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THE 



CIYIL ENGINEEK 



AKD 



AEC HITECT^S 



J U E N A L. 



VOLUME XX. -1857. 



L X D N : 

n. CllOOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATKRNOSTKR ROW; J. HEALE, Ilinil HOLBORN; W. ROBERTSON, 

DUBLIN; J. CORNISH, GRAFTON STRKKT, r)UBf,IN, AND LORD STREET, LIVERPOOL; 

J. J. CORNISH, PICCADILLY, MANCHESTER; CORNISH RROTHERS, BIRMINGHAM; 

SUTHERLAND, EDINBCRCIl; MATHIAS. PARIS; MCQUARDT, BRUSSELS. 



PSIXTEO iVD PCDI.lSnm BT Kits lilOTT, or PARK PLAI'X, SlirTH tl.(''i(NF,T, VOF. Till! PBOrSIETOIl, FBIDEBIOK WILLIAV LUIOH, i.1 TBI 

OFFICR, l.'t, VTAHirit'K Clll'IIT. nill.ll(.'UH, 



oVfA ^ 



^'l 



THE 



■7 



CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S 



JOURNAL. 



CHCBCH OP ST. PHTLIP THE EVANGELIST, ABUKOTON SQUABi; KLINOTON. 

(miA an Engraving, PlaU L) 



Thb ■traetsr*, the anbjeet of our firit V\»,lt, U In tli« Anglo- 
Nvmui s^le of tbe lj!lb f«itury, aud u ouiuitrtiL-Ud with 
Eaatnfc n^^tone in nttden walliu(r, nnd B«t)i hIoro drtwinf^ 
MBid ooatftlH ■ilWillllMllltlllill ftir 10.'>-1 iMTsonii, •.■liicJIjr KKtcd on 
tiM grauad floor. Tim uidmt huilicd form han bpen iwJapt«d, 
with CfrMin additiona. h> rtnder it laiubtt? ior a mudurn chimh, 
It cooiMa of nare, aicie aiilvs, and tnasi^pM, wild a itvinicireuUr 
■pie for tb« allu- at the «a«i«ru tcniiimttion of thn navn. Tho 
pMnUuitiM of the Rtri* will Ixi mcd to ooiuint in iu nuurivo 
nUdltf and boldnei* □!' outline, with k prevalanco of horiioatal 
Hbm aod a T*xt rari«ty of siufftoe oarring, for wliiah ^J>^^ 
Nortnan work, in ila Goal 'Jert>lo[itiieot, waa 10 nmarkabla. Tbo 
tower ia a lo*, Miuarv Ntnicture at the aorth-eaat angla of oeat 
tiottt, iaaked With broad (Ut buttreaaea. Its elemtioii coDiiila of 
ikrM alagf . tho loircr part farming one of the iiriacipnl riittaiioui 
t» tfae (%iirch, and the upper port the brliry. thv tuiivrm of 

[vhtdi are in p*ir*, wlthfaa dMpIj-rvoeaaeil npiiii'.-irciilar arrlim, 

oamM dlrirling the lower frtagna iif thp Inwrr; unuJl 

>Te; and th« mmica are nil drcomtod with nurfafe 

<ii«alar piniiacle ahafta at the anuleo tormiiiate vilh 

'■rTedToonodeapaiaDdaloir, timber, pyramidal roof covered with 
lead and auraioBBtod by avwie,llnietiMtlie tower. The priaolpal 
ntianoo donrwav in in thn Wist frnnt, and a* well lU that in tho 
toww, OMuiata lA a aerie* of *emidr<niKr deeply -rcceuoJ arches, 
wiifc a eoMidnaUe unomit of oarviug uiiou tbem. L'bevrou 
■oolded work, aaw-t^oth and beaded enrioliuiAuIa, twisted cablu 
AalOt, noettiM, and varied *itniillc«nt dnvioes, three Remiclrcdar 
hwntoil iriflilawe, alas enricrhol vith caning, and a larfce circular 
vhaal window, flU ap the western gable, whioh U aurmounted 
bf a dwraetertttio stone «roM. A amall atoue turret ia ZLttoohed 
la the waM and of soitth aisle; the lower alage ia aquiuw, with ibt 
«lnidar4i«ailad earrad doorway; tho uppor part is brooched into 
cfavalar form, and mrmoiiuted by a conical carved abcme root 
The Donh braneept hai* a limilir doorway, varied in detail In 
which the law-tooth billet and aiK mff mi)uldlnji prerail. Two 
MOlUirenlar-lwndod windown abi'vr, cthibit a furtliw vaiiety of 
carrtpc, in whioh the ilonblp chnvrun and bea>le<l onridiinente 
Bia <Aeliv«]y applied. A lingl^liriil drciikr window in tho 
griila aboTV u ammouated by a pUnlj cut itaue ctdb. The aide 

, 274— Vol XX.— Jaxuabt, ISO?. 



atalM are lighted bt a plainer deaeription of ■cmfebraalar-hMdecI 
wtndowv, iu paira, betweea the Hat maetive bnttt«M— , b^ whl^ 
th« thmat of tho roob ia aoataiued. Small dreolar wiadowi 
oUo light the {-i(iniatot7i carvad eorbd taUta and oontiiiaou 
molded fitter stooc* are lined with lead. The apae w™**''" Gvs 
wluduwa or eiiuiU aiw, uid the •emi-domed roof to tho samS la 
covfitvd with lead, — the main ruofa with pale green Weatmoralaiul 
alatoa with ridgea, and ornamental oruat tilea of oorr«*potidinj[ 
oolour. 

It ii in the interior, however, that tbe more importaol Cmtims 
of the atytc are ttna to advantage. Tliere ia a aombre grandeur 
and rvpoae {wrvadlna the iLabrucaa line of nava with ^ aiAad 
timber roof, toriTiinauiw with Ita deeply-raea«ad and alihoratwly 
carved circular duuiooT utb. A long range of eiroular pien 
ilirido the aialea and traaaepta from the nare. with their Mmi- 
circukr arohee, and eharacterintii! aaw-tooth eattiufb together whh 
auboMIuate arches of oouuhcLluh at the tfansepts, ^ri^og aa 
thny do from holdly aniHl LvrUIa, prodtidi^ aa tmai^a^ 
good eifnct. Open urcadc work rnclonea n pontion for the onn, 
and correaponding blank arcades the natij, at the mi os 
uorlli and loutli aialea, A dwarf atone acsMD ftniBS the SOtt- 
munion rati, open at the ends. It ia coinpossdof assritaof itflll 
columns, supporting Intarlacod nrchos. His pulpit, aUo, is of 
atone, dronlar in form, and ia placcil upon a misnint eqoare atolie 
base. It conntts of Dluik arcade work, with tbe twisted table 
and other ellei'tually oui-ed motUdinga. Tho foul is square, of 
iiuuuiro character, upuii a mined dais, and supported by a Una 
central and four smaller ihaftii, with carved caps, cable mouU- 
ingii, and beaded nnrichmnnta. It occupies tbe south aide of nave 
at weiterii entrance into the Churcih. The rcadiug<desk iLod 
pewiii(;>!it&U auata iu chaucul and roof tijubeni uiv at) HlAiiivd itark 
oak colour. A western gallery provides Hctxiinminktiir'n priu- 
ci|ia]ly for childn>ii, wiUiont braaung In npon the main linea of 
the xtnieturc, or injurious to the gasaial eOect. The gnu tilting 
by which the Cliurch is lighted are iron coroua, suitable in 
character, and embelllahed with odour and gilding, suspended 
from the rvuf. The warming is iMvMA by si* of " Tocer's 
ventilating ens fitovw.'' The paving of the gangwnyi gonerallr 
is of rod ana gr«y StaSiMAlahira lileing. The chusuv:^ wWA '«>.'ati 



THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AiT> ABCHTTECTS JOURSAL. 



Walei/k tBonrtk UIm, in knag* fltMBBtaarta; Mtd Um kpM 
wHti bla« tilM of inUvlMMi fiStma. Tht (odanro ■ bj » 
dwkrf w»U jwd low hoRBOQUl ina nili, mkI dIm villi onut- 
imMaI •Uadud*. The entire ootlajiiiiMladedm an •OMaat of 
flOOtW. h baa b««i exeiMlAd froa the dMinu wd ander tbo 
dhwtioB of Hr. A. D. Ooogh, AnUUct, of lucMter-pUaB, bjr 
McMH. Dor* BrotlienL Oeouwloi^ of UbctocL 

It k iBtondal, ira bclirr^ to eomut* tbt (kdf^ ■• npraMUed 
In ow PIkUv %r tba anetiMi af a Fknoeaga, aa tM aoMb dda of 
tha Chardi. In ArthiftoB^qian, and a oompleta att of Sdiogl 
bmldinn tar bon, gtria, ud laEuU. We bono tbia iaUBtioa 
viU beMfillad. 

Tlw lacuabcnt U the Iter. Jamo* SatberLud, B.A, ToniMrly 
aaoior onrata of tba pariah church. 



SUqGESTED REMOVAL OF THE hXW OOUST^ 

It ia higlLtiae that the praMBt Iaw Ornuta vera nao«ad from 
their pr«a*Dtsiiii»tion at WeMminaler: to the Ur^au^oritj of 
the k^ pnrfMMB and th« puUi« tbn are aaoiadiagly inconra- 
Blaol, thejr beinc at a dittaaoa from the Iaw OSoaa, the efaaai- 
ban of ODoiMeC the oSow of tlia attonuTi^ and the bmiiwat 
portkn of the uetropolui Thcr an alao ao inoonreaimt that It 
la with gnatdiSooltT the jujman, oonnael, and wttaaaMi attond- 
ii>( the miom iriala can m MaoaUBodatad. la ti» ercnt of 
newooariabahif enelad, an axealbat ihaBtiaii iwglit be Rwdilr 
obtalofd in the apaea boonded br 8l ClenwDt'a'Uiii, Canf-autct, 
Chancery-lane, neet^tnet, and the Sinad. The Ckanoary and 
ConunoQ l^w Courta, and WeaualDaUraad Kiel Priua CooHa at 
OnildliAll, might be both ooncaDUalad at thia apot, aa then 
wYiuldbeuaoleiparO*. A dopatationfnoiitlirlneorpMatedSocia^ 
Uteir waited OQ ffir Benjamin' Hall, aa Chief Commltionw « 
Wortn, toaik Ua -—'->—- but he my prmeri; polut«<l out to 
then that the inUlallTa fav iritb the prlacqiai law officcn nf the 
Crown fMthcr thaa with bini: at tfaa aaai* tinw he tspre m ed hi* 
vUlinnsN to aid |tbe work u fur •« waa in hia pow«r. The 
prapoAtloa nada bjr the deputation was ta tba ttteet that oat of 
theAuidaifl theOnut ofChaiioet;. law oourtaof flttliig aocom- 
modatiMi ahonid be encUd either ia or near tinooln'a-tnD-Addii, 
ao that nil tli« <lii)brent ooorta aUght ba oouoentrated oa on* ijiot. 
In the near bnildinj; room* ahould ba provided for rdcreacc 
meatlnai. At pnaent, oii n cniuK Iwing rcfcrml, tht) partia au J 
their Wlta—ii am mni|>clliyi to vitb<iraw iluiI vmI Mv^ral ikya 
befnre ao appolntaient uii be Bvu\e tunveuieot to all partii^i 
whrroM, if laoBia were provided f»r the purpoae, the rcferoooe 
oonld be at ouce proceeded with and gr««t ezptnae and trouble 



NEW STREET NOMENCLATCRE. 

Tnt C(m]nM(t«r appointed b/ the Mctroiiolitu] Boaid of Works 
hat* pat forth their rcporti rtooaimending aa catirelj new 
DODiaacbtnr* with reapact to thoaa atraeta in the tuetfupalia 
which bear the aanio ^oieric nnina. It apjioani from the r«po«1, 
(hat there are no (ewer tliui A71 DlrecU r«(iurius to be le- 
ehrbteaed, aince only 17 uameB fidi to the aban of that [ai^gna 
aambar. Theae are aa fulli^wa, fit. : — 



aarr:: 




nBtoa- 




Tort .. .. 


.. If 
.. 11 


as : :: 


.. at 

.. 44 


SfiL : ■■ 




TaifeplMa .. 
l-»k .. .. 


.. M 
.. tl 


Sa : :: 


. ta 


5«nh . .. 


.. n 


Uainl-ftlMli 


.. W 




In proof Ihat the oommittae have b«ab>w«l iiiu^h lalxMir on 
the taek aatruated t» than, they hav* laksa tlie )■"■"• t° 
•Oggart ftcah tuuan in the eaae of taA alratt, the iioiiie* of 
plaeea in the ofmalrr bdnv aroided. To prerent oonfiialon, it i« 
propoar d to pUee the old mniH of the etreet in very U^iblc 
chamrt4n&bo\c,aa[l the new uame below, prafl&lns to the Utter 
the word "mw." Tlila wonld meet Uie InoaDVeolence arlabg 
Iron a aaddeu ehan^ of naB]o«L Hi* two nnnca might bo kcjit 
up br tliree or fonr y*Art, aiicl tke^ the old name taken down. 

In i^ftireiioe to thn Mpw-rowl aiid a fw other grmt thoroogb- 
hnm, lb4Ti> arv iwiue peculia/iliea which liava recuivtd tba apeoal 
attention of iho cotontitta*. The great thoroDgh&re which nina 
fron the Edsware-road to the Ansol Inn, luiiigton, known aa 
the N«nr-rvaiT. omnpriara at jiment 5S pIn(^a, K|Hinitiily uiiiii- 
bared uiidar dillenat namw, and is ereij inalonct^ except one 



(Bath-ptaeeX the nMoea of th« plarra en the north and aaQth 
Met, oppoaite each other, are totally dillmnL Uaay of the 
abora aamaa are ivp«ai«i freqoantly in other part* of th<! tii*tro> 
poll*. Th« eoiaraittaa reoomaMod thai, fron tbs E4 
to Park-aqoare Eaat,itbecaltadthaUaf;nabe«*«ad: 
aqasre EaM (a Tntttaihain Coart-roai^ 8L Faneiaa-rcad Wrat; ' 
mm TetMnham OoattfiMid to Kin^a Croea, St Panrru-ctnd 
Eaa^ and ftcu Klng^ CWm to Uie Angel lun, PantoDTiUe-read. 
The naaiea of tba eepaiata plaeaa batag altogalliar abolitbedL anil 
the anabcra ooBmeaiiaE at the Angd laa, Kia^ fTrnwi, - 
Totlanham Court-road, aiS Fark-w)iure, reapeetiTcly. 
ne CoBunittee make tha following aaggaatjoaa : — 
I. TbaavdiealdnothatwioBtrcataoftheaBnenaiMia: 
S. Tba naoiee of atreeta, pJaoe*; &a ahould be painted oontpiea^ 
oariy at the cornnm ai>d at all poiuta of interanction, the inltud 
tetlen of the pnitnJ diatricta being placed Mow. 

3. "Hie namben of the hoDMa ahouM C>llow in t^^gakr enlar, 
aad not be hit^imutnl ia their ooune by pltce^ tcRaen, row^ 
Ac. Tba odd aamtiara iliould be oa ooe ride, the eT^en noniben 
on the other, and the order of onunliiigahuuldjirucviMl in a direct 
lioa fron aome eeatral point — my St. Pniil'a Catbnlrnl, ao aa ta 
prorlde tar the graduu cxtenaiou of niburhon aureola iDf> tba 
oouutrr. 

4. 1^0 «iniiYnii<nea of the Poat-offiee would be greatly eoaaolied 
if the names of the prindpal atreeta or roada war* ntad* to «osk-j 
tneaoe aud terminatfl at poiuta of inUTaectiOD by other prtaiel|M|j 
aireetaiaaj oIki, if iu the ace of *ti«ito nr rmda of ^leat leaglli^ 
tba line eoald ba dliided lata aeotions not Fxomlui;^ biUf a nile 
in length, with eorraa p o n d b c aepanie aeriea of numbeca and 
dtatineiire namea. 



PRATNAOE OF THE UETBOFOLIS. 

Ox the iiii uIl a d«putauon from the Uetrapaltlaa Board i 
Worka anbmllied the drainage plana agreed ni>on by the Voa 
wbaa Sir Be^jiunin H^l, barlag reeeiml tlie plana, made the I 
lowing ituLciuRut : — 

" 1 Bee by yinr pliua that the outfall propna^d ia preoiaety in 
aooordatice with thi' anggealiona of Oaptaia Buiitla), iui<] I wiih 
laeiabers uf thi; BlvlhI to undenlMid that CapUin itorslal uaiued 
that aa tL« Dtareat point of outbll reauiml of t-uu in oompliaBoe 
with the pniviaion* of the atalata. Tlii- Metnipulitun Bcau^ «f 
Worka hariiw, therrforc^ oomplicd with lli<!]irx>viuui» of the Act 
aa to the OUtlall, I accept thopUDa;aiidiudaiut: no, 1 will expIiuD 
the coona I afaall adopt aa clmrlv aa I cui. 1 think it doaimbla, 
ia carrying out a worit of mAi laxiaeaae magaitude, that wa 
ahould obtain the boat coaDwliuiil vivii^e. Mid tfaeooiuiie I intend 
to take ia to nominate tiurt gcuUpuicn, to whom 1 (ball ivfer tho 
plana — via. two eivU engineera and one military nnginear aa- 
lectml from the ni>-til txiiori(!Uci.-d lueu I cao Kh'I. to whom 1 ahall 
aend tlic plaua, with audi iiiMU-uclioiis as I ahiilt uuw iafonn you 
oC There ia auc |iuiiit to which 1 ahnll call thnir pitrllcular atten- 
tion. In the rrporla )irraaiiied to the Metni)i<iliiiiu Itoanl of 
Wnrka, lliere a|)iiear(d to be avnyil iliacrepniK^r ■■ to the amount 
ofaewagp to be (liacbargad, ana I ahall liruwUii^initlPUtiuuIo thia 
fiut, aa the atxc of tlic ilrainB muat gi'oativ degteii J on thu uiiuiiut 
of aewiwe tliat will Sun down iDlo Uie rirer. Then 1 think Uist 
we ought to hare the beat plaun which the ingenuity of luan can 
daviatvaod lalinll tell them thai tliay are not to owtfiuetlieinaclvca 
to the oonaidrnilion of the pbuit aabtoltted by the Metro|iolitan 
Board, and if they eon deviac auy other achcnio btitt«r odcuUlcd 
to carry out the object in riew.aud IbattaightnppcardcHi'able lo 
tlieui, iliat they ahould eel it brUi iu their ivpoii, eu that I may 
Liy ii Iwftirs your board for your con^domtloii. Parliftuieot will 
desire that Ike pliui ahnnld be exiuninod in the way I have aketcbed 
out, aud if tlifV aitw that ita mcrita had bacn niuniued by tli^ moat 
<|aalifieil miuds u( men of biluiit, they wnulj be norv likotyto 
grant the ninney thou if they had ri)iiTi»oil tlii^iiiwlvisiio uu« uiv 
ticiiUr jilnn. 1 nhull donirr th* eii^iiivvra to rvpcicx whether it ia 
deairable that thcfc should be o more diataut diaohnrga to meet 
the requiniiueutu, aud llic heat mnuia for Bocuriuji Uial object. 1 
fihidl get from them au occouut of the cuHt from tlie exteoaiim at 
B* ol thn HMrka which wimld b« fur tlio bouefit uf th« diatricla 
tliTouKh which they wouhi posi. It would be daairablo to atHlo 
thia, ao thut enuh diatricl oiav contribute to the work* bikving 
rela^oD U> the beoefita derivable from aaob axtaoaion. t>f ootu-si- 
It ia not my intanliou to impoaaon the aatrvpolia a larger aiuoout 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAU 



ffaution tfaaa for the oatfidi ftt B*, and h loos h the mctro- 
poUi cmbbIM wlUi th« renuLram«ut« ortho ut, to Qiai extent ouly 
abooU it V texel. I nhnli Ull thnn} tlint a mat ntuabw or plana 
k*TC been mqI io upon tliin irubjnct, anil I iiWl nfv all pWMOt 
kavfalg pliun Ii> (Ik^iu; uidl f«ol nasumltiiay wtU^nthOMpUu 
■A the att«allan tli«j rtqulra," 



LIST OF PLANS FOR POBLIC W0BE8 FOB 
SESSION 1697. 

TsB fonowtng b K ti*t of it)fl plana uul wctlona ilepotit«l at 
the Board of Tnd«^ Hoium nf I jwiU, unii If ouse itf Conunoni, vp 
Ib 30tb Novamber, IH-^ti, l>r ihe TnHaiiii Pari lameutat? age Qta 
wboee niuueB are eoiunonitfil. with the titlm of the blll^ hj Mr. 
OoBtof, Mr. Fknahawe, itU'J Mr. St«bbbK. nttho HoDMorCom- 
iBMia-. Rod- Mr. Stoaor uxl Mr. H.tltiM, at the Uouk of Lanli; 
aad Mr. iUckenxio, at the lltnrd n{ Treda. Tb« total namber of 
plMiR ilciHuiiol wai I7«t, of which 109 mm rallwiijrB, aud the 
reel for uueotUaiieoiu purponua. The nurabor dtpoiitcd laet yonr 
wna 1S3, •» that thi» vaar therv u un incroaM of ti, in spite of 
ttw operations of th* Limited I^inbillt; Act and the *teU of the 
iBooey BarkeL 

KiiAMButav. rariUaaUvT •fiet^ 0>V7 (ad Ol 

lUUM iBBHKKaM. lUoMt 

AdBlmlV Ulk tOMbiB;. W. r KobMO 
r««liBdllnBknMr. IMhb 

BftUitiMd IiMh Onsd JuikUob lUllnr. DrKSMdCtt. 

KdUud DvNivni lUUtiiT. tlutlu 

Itnqur fi*. lUrtiiBr, ud >aU>«. ItooUudOib 

hrCuil. Hirtmr, uiJ Kulnr "milaBd Ck 

bUH. tVnriiT. tit It-lltnr lUnia 

Wal MtMnM Uintnl Kailau. Uirpwt 

La««Ma1^ 4c.. VwTf lod Howl l^nmnilnD 

Sfwton ud HvkjvJMb KaUvit. Pilii ui4 0a 

Oritur Kh^ lUnm 

AbaiAa JODtUn R4il«u. Dnon 

OUbUB *s>l A>bM «&. bOnr. Floldto^ 

HwsuUM ud Mdbu KtUvv. Ib wn 

•Mkplid, DMcf, ud Wlukltntdn lUlInf . 



UoddlBti 



D;>ra 



Uaaff, KudiiH, and Tnniff Kiir otluu IUiia4X- 

Ldilll Billatf . I>c>l> rUiJ Cu 

Dabllnud WlcUuw B^lUni Uuggnl'ltit 

iMdoD wid Konib WMf ID R'll •i}. Uitiinfino 

Uikabcad Ovcb rtlii uul Oi, 

MriwDbH4 taaoddn. uildiiibln Jun'tlnBlMlav. rilMiadCk. 

tnuuK WMh, Ou. tIailtM. tod IUII>(7- Qrrt^ 

TnabM •«,, OndciL VadMWMd 

JE«na WMHn lUlI*^. tqwa 

ltalJtniiiU>»u. Am, 

TjW0 IWBiPWuiiwl , Diam 



Umtudi 



0»». Drufl 

Hit CiUnld Itiiimr- 



DorrtBgHs 
<MMIM Uw. DontetU'ii 
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OfM* TtnooaTb BHUnnu n>r, lUkM 

Hurt 111 Onr^iaUiu, Frtil 

IMnpdUuKM^iigiitblllaibaHia]. Diaa 

tlaaca^Mr. UnOfld. wd r.tinnliuhln lUUwr iBuiioBl- Pna 

nnw u4 SL UuT Chuifli. Om. ruowd 

Dualtii Md BaiikillHi lUllw.;. HdthscM 

YklcrU <lt* CvfafAIr*. Tnof L-id 

BmUiiI KhIIsv*. Dmtiiniii 

MjttMdTliulUllltr. llfaB 

WacktoiXis Oo'iiioMa}, DqralM 

Ooipiii't Wiuaautb, TrnU ud CD. 

lliif Knt ud Hjdb Km K*Unr. TrmO 

Cwdlcu If M^«U btd liDpfwvEiiviil*. Dqnfktfd 

Bwil*pad KurnalnB kDd Hfullud liDtiniitiiimU, inraDml 

MldlHid On*i WMl*n K*1t*«>. MuQieridjts 

Ibi« enaoaH B*ilir«j' "r ■« 

TCkary, llaldw. WHt Ccdnliuwc U*ll»ii. t>r™ 

1l»i*ii«ir. «t.am. md LimoliwMit Bae-ni ,^oibU)'. Pnn 
. KM* Ibm RaUnr. Mm 
. ■mfti d Md &MdlM aj«My. DanlBit<« 

nrl«Mi<b WMnvnrte DurrlDfiaa 
SiMaAguuudHiKisuBlUtlBH. KunUrd 

btvAtaT. BHkdn*gii.OMi,aHlUraWWiiktatldlUil<r<v. tranIM 
nxtodom and DonaBnte BaOvu. Dthii 

Ifiui auil lIuuUniDU B^ny. fifun 
t>n>biiiT, Ua«U, ud Wabdnld Ballaar, mit. 
KtfvuMinD and WrilMd tUUnT. Frill 
lllllWill uid Horns iUlltrw. Priu 
OiBl SnnUURi ud Walam Rnnnjr 4 Inlaad, I'riU 
' Gtafcaod Huilas Kallaij. T»n 
CRtoaadBndlMHailvu. tftmn 
puUibaiid Uddaklitcuid IbwUk lalln;. Ii;»iu 



QuiUM ami uudakuic ud luwUK uiinT. I);*- 
(a«IintaDdItldlu>dJBasUMlUUini|. Uirdiiu 
Att«T iBd Thb BBiln;- IWn 

I RMMUltiK Rullaw. WUtukuA 
nunbaBi, 4c., Kuwu DonUpM 
Id HadwarKdlvir, ittddo* 



1 Mfaim ud b^BOdisc A«ili 

YkaBwaiid 

nalBBahanT BabMkamt. PiliL 
Wal McwnpclIIaB HaOwv. Raddmr 
MumnOUa KtvStnM*iad ln>[iTdnaniiU 



DF«e 



Swtb Shlf Idi Imrnrmaaal a»d Qur- f«tv 

HMBMW*un«Aa Vtma 

touli bUn >aUnr IBaadtaCk Ml* 

WgM«iMB«MtKaUinr. Din 

WBlHB-l»«>k« lapntaual. Djmb 

Hoalk bMan Ridlvir lOniBirid). rrtH 

liaiiillnnil YiiilJilii ■lit i| (Tfiinliiiij ftMiij FMH 

SM«MBwtoat. ran 

BlttUafd-aaaa.ATCa Baflvu. TbuBod 
DarMnrBsdTwtarBaUnr. TMBid 

QundaaadaaaickBadvH. OnhM 
DscDtHtm WalKvaA*. Onhaoa 
raMlt oaew toeiJifc Oudla« 
Sbct Ob*. U "Dnicdl 
ntteBbadDMrfttOM. Mtlmpdl 
rwatarawhaadkhtt^BUlnf. Jokaaa aodCU. 
SbbUi DutaiB bOvar- Dxidi 
BHabMi, Hon. and maiM Vttnarka. Una 
AbBidfui.l'MBifaBait.aa, HaUnr. UobMa 
WM<tfVU» Miami Ballni MalUud 
UmlUD. CWt^ PwlBIg Bell uul Co. 
HrwifailbaiMUmatOmi,}. iithb 
DoHBBlaraad WakaMd llailnr. Uvhb 
.!<c«7, VrBinm«liil,a«.hUnj. byva 
&Hridf KauaMoBbanr. Bulnxa 
SmUM i^ainl bU«w ibtmiMa). Ofakaai 
MnaHUadBbllnL dratiBH 
Waldbd Barljvw TruL DoitliutiB 
Wturted aad Ttaoora bOnj. Orua 
OBlFdoBlaBlliawaT(LlHiWO«BUiB). OnMM 
Bmaua Md aWatMwa H«0»v. Diau 
llanllUB li |iH T «B ]« n l. Daia* 
IHIatairii aad QaiaufcnT h**tt. Diaai 
BBanvSrtriiln.an, btlnr. T.41 
noil (ad aunuEB BallvB}. Tudd 
llaldMoBBud Imx vuir; lUilnji, mil 
Buiiltkum. Ctaahrnnli. ai.. li>U>i]>. prfu 
fiuWu, Ac. bllBi;. Douii 
Hacfeban bllwBi. Prill 
rnMvMb, B«7, tc, Koada J. B. riaru 
MMwUaiidMiBldlBiltaUwH, Drua 
.■iBVfsrt. AbHiBtHia;. «E., ftallitBr. Iifn 
lUlsaall runJ Katrn^. k«B 
aaank IQMral KaUnj. d'DintBU 
€nk aad VWWs bUvar. Dfne 
»Mtk MaBeHMn Walanrarka Dnoa 
MBD^iBUr CbnanUos. MR 
ClidB KaHnHoB. tlgtiirtwn 
MMnnlllaa bUwir. Drwm 
Cam Abiohi bUw^. DmlofUe 
PnlwHrr IMn llanoat. Kdurtra 
Vldatia t«BdM D«A DonluM 
Wid X*at Hailn;. MU 
rBr«MofI>iBaO«gMt,aa.,bllTCr. MH 
MnnddrtValoaBiilwMr, PdU 
WmiT bd bUngr. Joeaaaa 
WHDob* KaUni, Dtmo 

UUlBad OnaC <vsrt(n bu*vc4 Imload. Ui^tnldn 
fanabuijaad VagiQbllVBi, UnldlDfi 
ciailug OnM Bildgat Derrtaiiiiii 
bo Kini bilaar nftnad, acj Duniuus 
11} Tidal Hartnar and Ulm. MH 
UtnB bj aad FannliaBi bu«at, DiartiifUa, 
Uijtttld BBd HMiibMd RbUibj. U BIbbc 
Kmib [aadsB bU««. Djwai 
^NiaiiBi anil Jliiillnj n«llii) Iiararoid 
laBfwItT aad Lkriiria ILulwv Mn 
FUt aod KIBIO* lUlliv. Rl'hii.lHH) 
UrtMol, aanib Waia^aade»nliaiu{««nL'iikab4iBM onw 
Blnnind, CtirlMdmidi. Ik., bilnr U«ldU« 
DbUIb BUd M«alb bUwai. iNimuiKin 
Mn-buij Put Lwltow 
Bk lluteut- RkliarUai 
BaclinMr lUulfB aad bad. Dwia 

KVaUexBalliTBjr. W;ail 
■tnlaaWr InpiunaMaL Wjralt 
^■tan Goaat» blliur btaaalaa. Mit 
XotU Laral DWd^Bl hlM 
Onk Oaa OaM ita aB Onttaar tliMladl. Mu 
Dmal OMol blKau.^uoad 
SanliDtrbnMiTbilwaj, Tiiq««ad 
■IdiBiuiu] uid Xn EimhIbb Ballvaj. Tnsad 
tVjolrtnii bUnf- TpobI 
MldK»l■IlllMm1F3rlallt.IlBrT-tCnr^ WjWt 
briiMU FcrK [•lylia. DontaiUe 
llmuni'iui^iUi IUU*u. iM^ntd 
BDjIOBn KaUvai. II17 
WIntMaa aad DcnUis BallMi, br 
Oiiial SMhm aad Wtaiaia BaO w el lirlaad. PiW 
Saqlhinploa. HiUIoI. aad Buiilb IT^ Sailviij. Dtbw 
ParuBHib UbIIbu. Mi( 
CballuiD Dlalrloi WaUmitti. rttta 
CHjrafldsdaaHDialandBnIldliiOoapaB;. UiMln 
Conn/ Valtn bUaua. Uoloua 
BL 0«nr^t nirioiu iit ADuadmiBt. IliABHi 

BoutbBork ImjM-oVdDiQL Bim 

lUrtn LoihIds ud !t;duhBm bilaay. Touif 



Al a MaaiUi e( mnafan rf Sonibmrk, n «m hbdIwI ih;>i ■ .kiiuUikm l* 
a|i|ialMBdlBnU«iairll.UaUlenomB«dUiBadcqNtaniil)L- r:Uu.'ituinif*a bIik. 
iBOppoalUaoHihalof Ihi Buanl of WnrlB. Tba plui inpunl t./ Mt. IVaaMlma 
[lAwaUnat BBniB)iHUt>aa'<b<T"ini llalUnd gnU>ii in aMnifhi dliMMaOraHHi 
\mptny of iraBll wIbb OBsraitd mli Uin buuil'i Jlco, in iraiulia Brtilag MaUno 
■ad ikBBca Ihrau^ ViaaatiaM aail U>i miw (raoad la (bat uEMlwurbnJd w Talk- 
lud, WaMUuMrtirldfiL 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



'THE CAMBRTAN AlO) UKITERSAL INSUHANCE 
COMPANY^ OFFICES, GBESHAM OTREET. 

Iv tU* building tha old l up pw to bd b> be reUioed aa &r u 

" iU*, KuJ Iba old bnarammer WW Left OBdiatartMiL, which vill 

Bt fin-BoiiM oftbe poiDU ill tlt« dadgD. Dm oliioct of the 

beet «H to eonneet Um two •loriM t«gath«r, uid to bring 

»«ldtti (fdMaMMrpleNpltMuitly uidMcil^ into the Icwer 

ifiporta^ eo M UMMfat wide windova Mid U^htpien, Hufflciuntlf 

Istrone without ftppMiing bory. llic Iniildiiig UAog ^tuate In K 

ntlter tuurrov otewt, attnation tiu li^n psJd lo ravoala and 

DiBtB. All lli« work la ex«ciit<v! in lUth Hoat^ Mr. J. Edmea- 

, Jan, &, Crowa-coovt, Old Broui-cmirt, Citjr, i» iix uddtcot. 



AHCHTTECTTmAL KXHIBITION. 

Tm rooDu of the SiitToJkntivet GaHary ara a(^ii open aa 

I fi>r tlin wintitr uiiuoii, and Uio space nvnilable ia, aa nareto- 

j wcli fiUed. Souio MO framiil clrkwin;r!t. Kud ■ goodlj atoolc 

r ^tiOfP xad fumituie iu lbs " L>«p.'irtm«ut fur >f AUciala,* tona 

UMowelraa aa Bean collactioui a.wi wh«n it is ivineiiilwml 

; Um on|orilJ of th»aa praaoat wnio cUiin to notice, and that 

ara new (tbe Cr^mittw huvliitt wiKlr odherad to tlieir 

' naotution of eicludiugnucliiuilutd Iweu e^lMiad befcra), 

; will be preewnad Uial tti^rit is HbuuJ&nce to latiafy the afe, 

1 to offer aaggMtioaa to thn mind. 

a irA gwice round Um Uajfi notu th« attention ia not 

1 bj more dun two or three prodoctioiu, luid by soirwlj- 

verj large or obbonto aoale. The prvralt^uce of 

, aa a UMdium of oonatmctiva aa wwU as deoomtiTS 

jr, ia not thia 7<ar ao appannt aa liuti that oT altarmttsly 

aod whits brick, altnoit uuivcrwlly tiT»t«l mpjvlyon the 

I liorizontal or banded priuciplu, rutiuuB howerer its huld and it 

I'la perhaoillienMalremciiiabieand judiolouamMliodof trwtoaent. 

Iln otM laroe drawing (1780. to which we ahall have occaaion 

1)^^ to rmer, the ooloumd material ia iwod but upariniil;, but 

I'tn ao blidtoua a mamier that it t-aitly aidi the ntalcitig out of 

Tihe arehiteotitial CMtitrea, Iriuda toother aa it wen th« aevend 

I parta, and enUvaiw the geoMal eOect In the " Haloiial "" apart- 

Tmeateh aerenl Uada ofjnoductionn am aubmittod which bear 

i'Uton the axtamal BMMamnoc of )>uii<liugi>, enoh aa the Oonii<w 

IKicka (3<A Stuoco Waah (28), Terr^cotut Air Briclc (31), Berpen- 

T tin* Marble (43), lUnaome'a Siliceous Stooe (37), and the eootri- 

I butiooa of the An-)iiteotaral Potl«rT Cnnipany, Poole (91). Witb- 

' out lajing too much itreas on tbn vnJur of thmo fpfcinsni— for 

< nunv of tlwm uv iximpamtivdy iiniriiHl — the prodticttoii of ao 

tnnn,T vorietlea, aiming at ^^rveaUa r«tulla ocmbdaed with 

Blcrliog utility, luuat tw hailed ae a eatltfiiotn; indlcatioa of the 

, diacKiaitioa of the Um<v). I)ut m retom. 

We have always urtied the iiuportnAoe of eonatitnttng this 
anuual Arafaitcetuml Kxliibitiou a uodiun of repreaetituig aa 
fnltv aa poeaible tlie uiistiiu nUii^ of the art. by toe dlepla]rii>g 
•ncn linwicga ae riiall ilTiutntte worlia in progrMi; and, in 
eaeee of onnipetition, the naaocoeaafiil aa well aa approved dcaigne, 
ia order that tlio profeaiion and the publio at Luge may hare an 
I epportsnity of ooinparing and judging tar tlieiaualvei. On the 

nt occasion there are not a lewdrswiDga of thIa kind, and 

liistaacN thpy ue aiifflcien^y nnmerons to miuire a 
elaaailicBtion. We refer to the oompetitiau di^aigns for 
liUe Cathednd, fi^r the liverpool Frr* Liorary and Muitt<um, 
I the Uothertuun Gnuuuar 8ohooL The fumier of tht«e wna, 
■biedlj, tlie event of the ywar; and, ia a challm^irn Ut the 
' it b no aoiall credit to oai oonDtrymeu that tlto two 
Paiuma were awarded to Kii)[li>ibmi>u, and it will be 
X aouroe of ttnktificttiuu to lenrii tbiil the i>nTii'i|ial 
of one of Uie«e auo-vtAful m\t< find a r>ln«« in the 
Cnaeot Sshibition In oompany with otbnr Ipu fortuDntc lirale. 
Tk« miKfa-canveaaed doriBii, " Quam dilerta.'' &c., which ulti- 
tnalvlf obla^ied the ■ocoiid prixe, proved tu be by Mr. Street, uf 
Oxfenl, wbo baa (brwarded a tilaii, p^rapei'livea. And parte at 
Urge, ufhlidaaigll — in all, nine drawing; and itmay l>or«TDnrkei) 
\l unoe that thej iBinieaeiiTsblv torpata in tnlent of design and 

InuutipalaCMd tboae by which tncy are here surroundnl. Why 
the Committee did not adjadse them a place on the tine we are 
■t a loas to coDOMve. The plan is more wraplete and bettor 
proportioiwd Uuui either of the otliera. It oonmita of nave and 
liugle aialea, Mveo faaya in length to the inteieeotioo of the 



truMpla (which are nther shallow): tfae east rod is apeidal, 
Mid uuatcriug aniuiid it are the several chapeU, afW the 
enatom oautii on the continent From the int^rswlina at tho 
cnjaa ristie a slender Jtfrht. At the wrat end *r<i the principal 
entniDcea and the two toweta, which at« flankml mpcKtiveljr 
by th<- baptiatetr and the mortuary ohapeL Eiternidly, the 
dnigD hna a Uild and uias«LV« Hppearanoe, attribntablc rhieAjr 
to It* tiuttreaaes. The leiwt soci'^wfu! part of the design 
S^ipeate to be tho wcatera lowr.ni, wbii;h in their upper atogaa 
are net very happy either in outliuo or detail. He spires are 
dwariijih, Btid look etill more ao from the belt ef lai^ gabled 
lurArno* wliich HUrrouod it. The interior view shows a Udo 
maasiufi of colmir aa wnll oa archlte'^nt*. In thia view the 
tapeatry and metal ncreona, ao beaaUftilly detailed on another 
■beat, are anen to great advantage. The oroan is designed Id 
two parts, ao as uot to ooooeal a ax^ nuuigold witidow oehliid. 
Hie oUiee- detalb of fgmiture, such as lectern, nmbe, confiw- 
aioual, stalls, and font, an each in Ita Iclnd ezoelleut and wall 
studied; pertiaps the pulpit, which is the nuMt anibStluus, ia the 
loBut dewirving of praise. Having aaid thiin mnch reepectiug 
Hr. Siroet'ii drawing it will not be uo^lful to etilarKe on those 
of other eoiuprtitora, which, aa we hiutwl before, fall l.-unont- 
able into tho baek|(roand. A very highly finished xtl Ly Mr. 
0. Brodriek (336-^MO) portaliea ver^' mnch of the horir«ulalitjr 
of the elasaio atylaa; ita beat featuroi are palpably copi<>d from 
Bhdna Cathedral. The gnend proportion! are better than 
most, as also is tho plan, which id many particulani ocoorIr 
with Oiac jiiit noticed, Uoe pemliority in "ibiM deaigti is that it 
baa but one orntml tower at the west end, when.'iM the olliera 
exhibit two. Mtasie. Lee and Jonea (321— 32:>) have enridmtly 
borrowed the HArm«t-«T.roet etaeple, engrdftiug fragmenta fi«n) 
the Abtiaye aux HomnMs, Cncti. Three lofly archo) fluob with 
the towoni form the portals; and the wliole is cfinxtrueted Liuide 
and out in red and white bricks altematelr. Tlie detailed t<or- 
tioua are wretchedly managed. Mr. llobinson's dmwmga 
(330— 33i) have not tlie advantage of either good ontline or 
oolouriog^ nor is the plan oompleto; lU small octagooally-tei^ 
minatod tranaepta have an odd look. The alt.\r. as iletaitedt 
is by far the beat part of the deoign. Mr. Kcllcy's ideaa in 
(33t, 33S) seem but a slight remove from thone of tho Batty 
lADgWage. Mr. Thrnpf^a (3-^ J, 303) is a eoHoT ooaiae Karly 
Knglisn, aeutely pointed, but with an abeanioably claesio- looking 
exereaoeuce at the intcraectiun. Mean. Evans and PuUan 
(3SS — 359) somewhat more sppmpriate. 

The recent deciaion reaprcling the T-iverp.K,l Free Library 
and Mnaoani will cause iicnrrnl disantiifnc^tion, if uot diai^ust; 
and the more ao since in iJie outset cvei-yttiinK pmmiaed »o fair. 
No leas than S3 of the cuuipetitluu drawiu;^ are exhibited in 
the present collection, the productiouH of twenty individual*. 
Copies of dioae 1)T Mr. Allom, to whom wrw nwarded the £r«t 
premium, ar« included in this number (174 — 177). Itlaeseeu- 
tiallya clasaic design, one that would aaanrtwcU with Bt. George's 
Hall, ita neighbonr, — which is appareutly imitated in some of the 
aohemee for lighting. It liaa a heMalyle Corinthian portico, 
on a woll-dcaiped atylobate, and flanked by iiiM«es uf watling. 
freelv reiieveJ by niches and sculpture. IntiM-nally, the central 
Hall' or Unseiuu for sculpture and jh-wintiug is a proiaiitonC 
ffaluiv, and most clcverty planned ana delineated in {ITS]. A 
vista throti((h some oolijmn' above prodnoee a ulmnuiuK effect. 
Among the othen, that of Mr. Ilugginn iiox itieist cliuu to 
notice. The elevation, ^urte Paliiuliau, in well composed. Mr. 
Grarsoo's plan {t-fH) has the uovully of a oirculoily planned 
reading-pwrn; the l)bmrian> office being in the centre. — a guaJ 
Idno, perhaps tnken from the new room at the lii-itish Mueeum. 
Tho externiJ upjwnmnoc of (336). by Mei»rs. Hay is on the 
whole, good: but then is nuoccaaiun for liio exact npetit ion of 
tho feaiuren of the ^nt ui the ^e elevatloua. Mr. Truefitt's 
design (17^ has nt least the merit of origiiialiiy : on the eoore of 
apnropriatcnoa we cannot >ay mudi. Wlit^ic is all the Deeded 
lignt to come fromi Mr. Uenitt, one of tho sixteen who*e lli«t 
skelehee were eele«l«d, has tm dnfrlngs illustrative of his 
finished design, whidi looks beat In elevaiiou: the pUd would 
anem very defective. The aamn may be said of that of Mr. 
Hugsins (2S9 — 231), whose view ia clovnrly but mysteriously 
tinl^. 

Id the drawings for the Rotherham Oramtoat School, which 
eoiiiiirine nine in number, then? Is little lo call for n<>tice. tiome 
of the letter doiigos were cxliiiiiltd lost venr in the Roval Aca- 
demy. That by Mr. T. D. Barry(413, 4I4) is bft^r the best 



THE CIVn< ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 






^ 



^ 
^ 



I 



bothio Uk gtnoral dwporiUon of ib* m—w uwl theari^nftlity 
in deaign. Mr. E. B. Lftmb'a (SOO), in Miotii«r itfU, ia perhapi 
nciuly M good. 

Tba Anihiteotiml Awoeifttion mntribaUi*, u amul, ■ birge 
•liMt rnt) «r nUcIoJ rIciUJim from iu Cluu of U»ign— not «> 
good ttiU year an fomicrlj. Mr.Clnrke niid Mr.Kaltkraniii have 
moat <Jiatiasiii«bi.'d UwuiuielvM in a " DnoMtlo Oothia Wiiiiiuw 
wilhout MuUloufi," naii t. " LuidiDft Pi«r." 

G«ii<!nll7*p<nlcin^,t1i8fnjbticbD^knK>"hitntod thiaycATkrc 
by no moana utriktne on thr aoors of merit Tlie gmiip by 
Mr. Wftlta* {!], and thoao by Mr. Golliog {B8). niid Mr. T. Bogw 
SiuUh (S), are amuuj; the b«Ht. The " Oftrpul Warekoust cnctod 
at Ki>)<l#T8UiMt«r' (G9), by Mr. J. H. Bliuid, U ■]»> good. It ia 
of nd brick, with bio* bricli occaaionally introduced •■ oheanared 
onuiacnt lUiimplidtyof IttatmBotidUgrmlnoaiiuiicnoBtian- 
Mr. Lockyer'a " Premiaw er«ctad in TMUoliaia Court R<*d" are 
good apecinieiis of the hloil, ftod wfll datAitoil in the olovatinn 
<iKhlbit«i1 (l-tU). Hot muK wA omit tho " Nrw public buildiiigi 
Mbant to be erected at Singniior?" (\i), bv Junca KdiuctUin, juu., 
u a haBdMme «Dd cbanwt«niilio pile. Mr. Eduintou alsoexlilbiu 

SI) tbe " Ofllcet of th# Cambrian ud Uuiv^ranl Fitv Mid lAh 
tanuot Comptuiy, ST, Grwham Stnot) m alt«>red by him. 
Early in tbe oalalo^o lint i( Mr. Murray'a " B&ptisi Cupel at 
OoTcntrr" (IIJ, a «tril£iiij;lv oriifinal nud olevor Gothic detign : 
fiirthor on (U), Ur. Waller'* '^Frw Tn-it HaU. AbnohMt^r." 
equally g(io(I In another ilylo. Mr P«liri> hnlf^donn akctchat 
are, IU Oioal, puwcrfvl, and a welcome feature in lb* room. 
80 ia Mr. B&wlinl^ " Care af KlephaoU" f 46J, a beautiful aiiet^imeii 
of oolouriog. Th« grout> "f deaigim exhibiltyt br Mr. MnHVii^r 
(3D) a» notloe&bia niorv uu nocnant uf th4 bolilnwu with which 
lh« lintinK u washed in. K My oontrihutar named Tmvnni 
hoH three drawinfpi, all n-nlty arebitictaml (-^0, 1211, ilS). 
Pmfeoor DoiuU'lii'<ii ntrii'M oii« of biit ancient otnour ntudteii in 
(OS, 66)- Tlie thoir of IndDpendant and other chn|>e1« is this 
j'e^r moat ininci^abU: vre oMerve acarc^ly one that i* even 
(olcnbly doooit. What kindof genioa etJi provoke *ueh adMign 
aa (TO), or(341, 3ti] t The l&tter, avowedly "cuil«d tolhelimoi," 
i« in truth m itl-(y>uc8lv«il uud uMuilAhlu aa pouible. To lanke 
tli» abmrdlty mora ■ppareut, the drawing is piftoad aiiinDg tlie 
Ulle picturn, as if Id bntleMue, Two or thrae bair-uml>xtvil 
hoiisea " in progrcu" iihnw tlmt that ityln of buitding in not 
axtlU out of rogne: (TBI by Mr. Coo, U deaij^ed in the true 
feeling. The thne dnwlun cihibitrd by Mr. Owen Jonea stand 
liromuiently forward : (S4] la an elHborat« view of the Intarior of 
the nropcnrd St. Jamn's Hall, nhsre much in cnatemplatcd by 
the aid of eolimr, and (111, 112)iihQwhiidnign for the MAnchestcr 
ExhibiUon boll ling, En secnou a ompleti^ semicircle, of iron 
conatmctlvn, mid ajirin^tig dlreiitly out of lhf> ground,— a novel, 
but not pr>|)0a«aiiiin|{ appcanuicn. Mr. E, B. lAtnb's dciiisns 
onntinnc to exhibit hin pi-<!iitiiu' mnnnenim^ and ingenuity: nia 
chnrehas are the leant Kiliafoctory. Mr, T, E. Kuightiuv is a 
frequent eoDtributnr -, tli<.' group of little dntwinipt in (IOHJ will 
attf«et notice : their proportioning la uiiiisually pictiimtqii*. 
Mr. Qny baa bnt one drawing (116), m a BtTk- that ho hu olmoat 
nude hut own. The prtamt work seeun toarcely equal to some 
■liowa heretofore. Mr, G. G. Scott exhibita (IAS) a beautiful 
design for a rtminibfrut inonanicnt to the Inte t>r. Mill, of 
Cniiibridttc: and iiliio (throiiirli Mr. ,1, D. Wvatt!, the " Porch now 
vredJng at St Mlchiu-ra, Corchill" (Sl.'O. Mr. TruoGll'a pro- 
diietiona are nmaiatakeablc ; iu uiatlereof detail, siiil irfiowork 
(Wpeclally, b« moat «scela: some rriy oikhI proofa uiny be seen 
in (130). Mr. Philip Bnnnon'a " Brickwork on .^thotic prin- 
«iplM*(16i!, IC4, 393], must fur almoat every other be rejected. 
Among the general HketuliM froui (ha Coulinent deaervuig of 
astice. may K; tuentIoii«d those by Mr. R N, Shftw. Mr. Hutulte) 
and Mr. Ailchiioii. Some <if the jilnna for the Uiddteaex 
Iiiduilrinl Sc^hoola will be cunui-d with inlereit. MesBTS. Uoigau 
uiid PhipKiu'« (300 — JOS} are on n qundmugular scheme: Messrs. 
Il(«vea liixd Butcher's no a mliAtii^! one (291), 3(13). Mr. Clnytou 
hns .-> Urge drawing [37 1] of tli« " btiii]^ for the coloaud figure 
<^ t)nr l>ord. painbid on tbe choir ceiling of Peterborough 
Cathvvlnd.' of whiub we gave & doscriplion hut uoutli ; nlaa 
name good gMmelrlcally patterned elAlneil glass ( 139). A fulio of 
iledgna for GrlMiUo sum also ia forwiinled for inapecUun by 
Mbmiv. HasAon and Butler. — It would ht euy to extend our 
ramarica on tbe oontf'uts of thin Etliibiliou, bat we have cuilca- 
vonred to aeiie on only iteuiuat iuten^tiiig or suggestive feaiurcn. 
In many of the deptrtiBNita ihera ia > uiiuiifwt room for gimt 
iisprovemcDl, wkich cuvful ttudy in loch a coUecuon aa this will 



do much to offeoL On every acoounl. tbentfore, lot each w<U- 
wiaber to Uie ut pay ft visit to Uie Exblbitioo, ud invite otbara 
to do ao likvwlse. 

The Department lor MJiUriaJa will be QOticad ia the next 
JoftnuU. 



INSTITUTION OF CIVH. ENGINEEEa 
On. S, 13J1.— Joasrn Lorn. M.F.. V.P., in tbe Chair. 

The Paper read wm " On Reetnt ImprwtmtnU m tFattr 
Jfafer.." By T. T- JorUKo. 

Aft«r nlluding to the generic merits and defects of piiton and 
bucket mctere, — mcrila which werii geuprdlly npuroi^iated, and 
defects whidi were appiuvuUy insvuftriblu from theae lUAohiiiM, 
and had outv ns vet been ]:<artijiliy removed, — the author pr«)- 
c<<eile(l to deworibe it niatcr conxtruclod OH the piaton or 
dinnhragm principle, which B.pp«nj*d to meet tlie objections 
hitherto nuulc to thitt diui uf meter, ll oonitisted of two 
menHuring cylinden, set parallel to cnch other, with working 
pistona, the rods of which projected out of tbe cylinders In 
opposite dlreolJoDS, cnnjing at their eKtremitica slidc-ralve 
finimes, for i^upporting and openting on tbe slide valves that 
goremeil Uio ports of the t^luiden. These measuring ^llndera 
were iMutuiiied iu 11 cast-Iron «i*e, or tank, into which tlie water 
to be meajtured eiiterwl under n certain preamirc. The water 
thence passed Into the cyliudera, from which, after having aotoil 
upon one or oUter of the pistous, it made lis eaoape. Through 
the agenoy of snitxble oouuting niipaiatns ooanectad with one of 
the piston rods, the reolprocating movements of the piston 
wore counted. Mid tlnis ito quantity of water pnstial through 
tho meter in a given time wna indicated. Themeaauritiachnmbcra 
were mnde somewhat like ordinary stoum-viigine cjlimlern, as 
resjiected the inlet and outlet )<orl«, but in fine of the cytiuden 
the direction of the inlet jiorts wn» inverted, in order that tho 
right hand port niiL-ht [iom the water to the left hand end of the 
cylin.ler, ond the left, hand port to (he right hand end. By 
tiiis means the two pistons were eiL»blr«.l to tallow eni^b other iu 
the utme dir«cti0O, and tomaiiiiAin a continnons etr«tim of water, 
without the use of oranhs. The nlide valves were prcdied up 
apiiiinl th« ports of the cylinder by means of springs, in order 
to retAiii them in contACt with tho faaea when the meter waa 
at T^at. They wore free to remain stationai^ during the grenter 
ptotioQ uf the progTHs of the pintijiis; but juHt us the piit^m 
of one cylinder WSJ onmpledng ilmitroke, one of a pair of tAppete 
on the valve-fhimo, oamed by tho piston-rod of that cylinder, 
vroulH strike ojpiinrt the vslvo which that valvc-fnime carried, 
aud altervd its ponljon over the pcrts of tlie other cylinder, 
whereby the rltieutioQ of the flow of wnter into that mensurinfc 
cylinder was reversed. Fartruifflnittiugthe reciprac.ittiii{ motion 
of the oialona tf> the index, one of the valve-fmmes wiu fiirnisbed 
at the l«iek with two ribs, or feathers, set unmllcl tii each other, 
but one in advance of the other. Tlioae (eathrrti .icted as teeth, 
and in sliding baokwivils aud forwiuils with tite pislon-nxl, tliev 
cntenKi aJtematety the teetli of on eacaoe-wheel, aLd bo drove it 
round tooth br tooth. The arbor of this wheel led through tho 
watei^-flsse to the counting apparatus; aud thus motion waa com- 
municated directly to it, without the aid uf pawls and rvlcbel- 
whiwla. 

By thin nrrnngcment the meter Iieciune a vei7 simpln and io- 
expFtisiro machine, not liaUe to derangement, or if injured, it 
was easily repaired, aa the only moving parts were the two 
valves aud two pistons. There was nil outire absence of con- 
cujuion : the prossurti of the head was preserved ; and being 
aimilar within and without tho cylinders, tliere was no frictioii 
upon tbe pistons ; and the water-tight eitermil cue, or chamber, 
served as « deposit for sand, or other extrHtieons BHttter These 
meriUwere atunltted by the ongineora of the Sunderland Wat«T- 
wnrks, where the motera had be«n connected with mataiv hjf 
other manufoctuirrs, and exhibited identical reaults. 

Models of Jopliug's, Keonedy'a, Siemens', and Chadwick'a 
Met«r^ were ezhibil«d in action during tho ovenlne. in the 
oonrse of Uie dlaonsdoD, descriptions were mven of Kconedv'i^ 
oi Cbadwiok's, Mid of Siemsna' metem. The former was dea- 
eribod OS consistinir of a ainglo vertical oyliDder, wherein a deep 
piston worked. wiOi a packing oonatsliDg of « vnloftaised india- 
rubber ring, mnde to roll lietweeu tha piston and the cylinder, 
allowing for easy motion, nnd yet tieing perfectly wntcr-ilght 
without friction. The alternate action of the piston was com- 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 




■ 



L 



■UBuMtod ID Um oonntlng appttnto*. hy mwna of « nek tad 
plnioD, «a>I «ctiiin tm fpvpa t>i tlia inlet and millet tbItw far 
SWUM or ft tnmblias wi^I/ht. Thii uitchiaa, ll waa cmit«id«^ 
wu rcry iluinblc, ;iud uaily kept io onlftr; dw olattidty of t)» 
pkokiiiK, viil Llii! peculuir i\illiii)|; tnvljoii iliminitlicd the frictino ; 
tbt pnMiU* ot Ih* waUtr vm prmcrreJ thmuttli t)ie meter ; ibe 
aatiou of til* nl»M WH rqpibir and liinplv, uiil iiuder the uoet 
•xtnsa liiftU the Tahalion had aerw b«en found to exoMd 
1 p<ir eaaL The nwteri were Bl*t«d to have been cxlviuivel; 
•Bplojad and mncfa approvfd hf vatnr worite Muuieen. 

Cluwtwidc'a new iDoWr wu deicribcd to ooneiet of ihrae or 
rellen^ ntoIvId)! on llieir dx«, kiucIiihI m the peripher^cif 
the epiBHlId air vhiob W'^rkeJ in jmiroftla in two Dpniht 
. . _. ; thete roUen twted upon a bag, nr piece of prepared 

.^er, with inJet Mid outlet pew^pta, and ao fixed npoo a con- 

ee W-tdate «f bnae, h to torn t1i« meaeariag ehMiiW of the 
meter. The water beinit admitted to the halt propolldl tJie 
ToUera torvtrd, ao that thej- eMcli iu turn pueeil owr every rmrt, 
jMd eiptMMd the iflaid belbre them by the ouUet pii>r. The 
uotioa WM reguUieii hj • ^Temnr, muTing iii an imji^te 
dirMtioo ta the roUnni; and the eounting appsMtiia wm ideutlcal 
with that b the old meter, deecribed on a fonoer oecanou at 
the IiutitatMQ. Theee met^ra had not benn Tery \img in ow; 
bat, M &r a4 ouald !■• aI preaent eeou, thcjr niiiiht be called 
MeeaerfuL 

Biemeoi^ meter wa« of the ctiteeleTHieil "iDfereotlal" moao'inire, 
UtA K> OMty of then wera iu u«e that it wjm nut cotuiiicnHl 
OMMeafT to give any niiaute iliMoripilon of their oanntructioDi 
hmml elating thai iu action wu eioiiUr to thAt of tlie BaTkor** 
■niH, the erater eaterion at (ho wuiro, aoil bei[ii;upelled through 
anaeroua ourred oriGcoe at the iHtriphsry of liie rovolTing meter. 

It w»« eoatenileil Ihut tlie laief dadiioniU for hiffh-pnwura 
oieten wewi ^weutacy nf maaauranioitt under vnry varying 
j»nwiiiia, fun pueeg* for the wNler without 1"^ of j>nMaur»,— 
onapaetaeei ud lightueea of oatwtruotiou, — with dimbillty and 
cbeaMeat. 

Oood nietcra wwn made both of the pietAo and liiaphngni 
cUa^ and Baay did regtrter oxcellently during kbotAlory expe- 
rimenta and for abort pcriodi : but the leal t«et waa the action 
aJter twelve month* conatuit work, and it wnagMemlly fonnd 
that eone litjury bed nvnirml ti> piaUiu niol^ni, from the intro- 
daotlaik of lend, or otbor eitrauvoiui amiler, whertae the nction 
ot the iiifi««minl melera wu iw perfect, aficr ■ovoml voaw, ne 
whMi 6r«t they wAre erected. Arguiutc that a ucrtain lureo wm 
rwiuiml to cauHe motion, it had bren siutMl. tbsc thi<ee metoni 
vrrn ant capahla of regietering eiu.Llt iiiiniiUtiiM of fluid at low 
v«4nciii>'ei ThU wa^ however, an errooeoua opinimi, in jiroDf of 
which il was mentioued. that a email houoe-mclor hwl regiilvrvd 
accurately eo einall a quantity ae half a gill pvr miuuce. Tlieae 
med-n gaineil in iPiieitivwieae aa tliey worked, whereaa pielou 
and other maten wen liable tA wear and tear. The former ocnild 
be (A ati^illed a* to preeent little more teeiatonoo than a bend in 
the ppr^—ihey were «o compnct in fonu, and *o email, that they 
«oald lie adapte*! la xliiiiMt any ■ituattun, however reetr^oted; and 
UMd^r eitbor hi|ih or low prreeure, and with coDetaat or inter- 
nittetit artion, thav bad been found to give utieGuAory ramlti. 

It wu itatAl tfiat the East LondoD Water Worka Oompauy 
bad twn h'ludrwl of SlameAo' nicten now at work. Tli«y bail 
«>*< on aaavfva^ l<Ua-pioce; biitnew&duraHliad ocourmd.Hud 
Utnae quite capable of being Temadird, eu that ouuaitioe were 
likely tn b« eron leia fieaiueul in tat/an. They were alao almort 
•xdiinvely ue«d al Brietol, where they were t««t«d every threu 
HMBtha, and U lied bren oburvcd, that they gained from 1 Ui i 
per cent. The new melera were ooneeqiiently niijoettil «o ae to 
allow Cnr that giun. 

It waa admilieil, thai both Jnidintr'a and Kconed/e meten bed, 
when letted, btea found to aot voy utialBUtorily, aud that piHu- 
tkaJly they oonld be reodvtdaa very gfioiiHifiuiuul luauUiuee, buth 
for the water onmpauiea and the ooneumera. 

It «M ehown, that there had been at lewt elovon dietinct 
<tMeee of tnotcre. and )in')bitblv not Icai than ten viiritftie> in 
mA elan: whi"b cimla be bikru ta 110 dinUuct iuvruunna. 
They might be divided into two icraat elawee: — hiffliprewiure 
n>rt«n, i. 4. working under Ihv 'lireot nroaeat* of the niniii^, and 
delivering the water witliout any (eiiaible diniinutioo of the pree- 
flin*; and low-nreeMrematere, which, tuowving the waier under 
[WiMauii merely delivered into a inetom, or other receptAcle, 
■■Mil ill J eitwitnj at the top of the buildine tu be iiupplinl. The 
mtter cIm* «u uaerted to be generally the bml, eepecially iu 



Ihoee oaaee where (ha oome um ption waa large and irTegnlar, — a* 
that of brewere. dyers hlcediera^ oalioo printenv &e. Of thii 
claai^ Farklnaoni wae eald to ruwar aecuralel^ under all oiimun- 
etauoM of change of head, and velocity, or quantity delivered. 



8ELF-ACTINO PENSTOCKS, OB FLITSBINO 
MACHINES. 

At a late meeting of the InetilutJOD of Civil Engiueere, Mr. 
Rofter Suiter espjaliied two models of eaIf«otIng Feuatoeka, or 
Plnahing Maohloea, breleaniiincbotiiie drutieand lewcre. They 
werp ot two kxntti, the one having a valve hung horiun- 
lally, the othera valve or gate buug Tertiodly. In bouee dnina, 
n tank or oeeepool wu funur<l for the ootlectl'm aud retention of 
all the waaie water riinhin;; fn-eii the hoime, wy iu the ooureeof 
one day, and thiin thU wi>U-r n'hioh would otherwiac priuibly help 
to L'rvaie the neoeauty Tur ttusliintt, would itaetf act iu a Bushing 
niediuiu. If the ritiu wntur also waa altuwrd to run iuto and col- 
lect in this lank, tli«ii the number of fluehlnpt wu<ild be inonuiMd. 
Although it wae not cnntcndcd that the couitruction ^jf fiushlud 
tiuika wae a new idea, yet it was believed that the mcdianical ar- 
nuigemeuta fur making them eelf-aellng were novel aud important. 
Themi^leofaMumplIshingthislhr the tank waa very simple: — A 
eMt-irvD pl)te waaDznd to the bottom of the tank, and on a level, 
or uearlv so, with the bottom of thedrain. A valve waa hung eo 
at to fiUl UD the outlet of this pipt^ Ibe beat for the valve having a 
oonslderable angje. To keep tme valve «lo«ed, and to preveai 
the water fifvin teoaping, a strut or stcipper, working on a Mntra, 
fell dcail on the valve, and hold it elneeloitasrat, thcrelw securing 
a wn(er-lli[ht joint. Toreloaae the water when it bad rwcu to the 
disehaiving puiut in the tank, a eraate |ilpe oouvey«d the urerflow 
til a tiitiiig baun, or bucket, hung on oentrea, at a oonvetiletit 
hoiiclit ahovd the viJve. Beyond these oentrvs an ariu or lever. 
eit«nded, to which was athtdied a weight to cuunioipoise thu 
buoket, and a nid oannecUng Ibe kver with the dirut. Wlieii 
the weight of water in llit? buuket cauieJ il to lilt or lUvp down, 
the lever and oouuscting rvd at the oppositv end <if tite immIu or 
bucket, tvSag br the tuting of the bucket, tau-riiii up the eimt 
and roloMed (de valve, and the contents of tltu tank were 
BUiUIeijly discharged into the drain. By mean* of a ntovc- 
ablu lid, [he buuket waa made to emiity itself, while the oonleuta ut 
llin tauk wtre being <U»chaivsd. When the water waa all out of 
the bucket, the balance-weight caused il to recover itaelf, aud in 
doing so again fixed down the valve, by ciiMiuiiof the itrut Iwfore 
raferred ta These maohiuoi had uuithur tntcb, catch, nor sprine, 
which by eorroeion eroald Lupedu their action. Tliey were made 
of caatJroD, and were said not ui be liable to get out of ot^. 
They had been need by ^e Board of Oi-dnancii for the cleansiuc 
of banaek-dtmnL The amngenumt in thcMe msia coniiiUdoT 
au elongated otaapool, or invi^rt, having a self-autiug flushing ma- 
chine died at ths outlet, so that wlirn Uiewater tn Uie liivi^rt hud 
risen as high ae was required, the machine aotsd, and the whole uf 
the couteuu of the cesupoDl, or invert, were at once disdiarged 
iuto the drain, bdlI swept away. In cavalry bairacks large quan- 
tities of bay, iitniw, and other matter, w^re thrown mbi ihe iuvsrt, 
yet DO incunviui iiinco hail bilhci'to arisen in their nso. It would 
be teodily inen that these niooliinos could ho appliod to tanks to 
all aitualiuuB, as uo head of water waa teqnlred, and thi-y might 
be of any ai|Mmity. In the eelf-actlug fioahlng gate, the giie was 
eaitirely cknwd the wliotc width of thi> sower, andwaaof any cou- 
venient hcigiit. Tlte gate waa kept ubnod by means of a strut 
jointed iu thi-c«Dire:aneeuduf the strut worked iu aueye fixed in 
theoeulre uf the (pxl^ whilst iheulhtTCud wurkediu aueye fixed 
to the wall of the aide onti^ancv. The tilting basin was huug on 
wntros wiUiiii the nde entrance, so ai not to interfere with Uie 
npoiiinx uf ihc j^Ie; the lever extendeii boyuud the oaotnM uid 
uadellicuLth ihe joiul uf the Blrut. The watvr hariu({ riaeu behind 
the gate to the iliHchar^ing |K)Lnt, a waste pipe took the overflow 
water liitu ih* lilting baiiiii, or bucket, when the lover raised the 
joint (rom the huriiantal pfi^ition, and the weight of water prce- 
siiig agiuusl Uie tiikir, caused it iuinicdiately t-j fly opL-u, and the 
■cour luuk ploutt. Thii le^ of the etnit, by the two nxtnmitiea 
heiaii bronj^ht di>Hpr liigf'trnT, formed the two legsof theletu-r A. 
Wjieii Uie rush of water hud subsided, the legs of the stmt, from 
their position, lia<] a leudoncy to Ihrunt the gato from tlieni, and 
the more nearly thelctpi oflhestrulaaauniedahoriBiatnJp'witiDn, 
the greater was the thrust, and the gate waa evetitaaliy forced 
Uume. 



THE CIVIL EMGIKEEa AND ABCHITECTS JOUKNAL. 



r 

m CUTBBBOE WATEBWOBKa 

I Tkk inhkbituiU of tfai* borough, long belta^ Uie mHoiu b- 
mnvmleiMi of k il«feative w»tvr vi'pp!)', tletemimnl. In 1844, h) 
OftU «pm At QjIMTiLlBoan] of Heal til uj apply Ui'- PuMic HoUth 

■ Act to Uioir diatrict, which kijumI w.i» eonijiliisl with in the 
fbllowiog vour, upon the report uiJ rr«>iiiiiirii<iaciuD <4 thpir 
iuDMbiT, Ur. B. U. Bkbbw. In the report maile by Mr. 
BtDbag^ & MhoBM for nippmaK the dulnot with waU>r wna 
pjopcmJ. tlu Lonl Board, however, preferred t&king further 
Mdvico ma bi tho b««t ineBiiii of doiog thin, >iid lecuml tlie 
•nrvioM of Mr. Pvk, of PtmIod, then etipoocr to the Prwton 
K WaUrworki. »nd subiMiquciiUy thtMC of Mr. UclAud«bi)rough, 
I dril tnglaepr, of Bnulford, who both reported upuii t)i? lubjcct. 
la 1863, a coiiiii«iiy wm fanned for iiipjilying llie borouoh with 
wnWr, Mid in the fottowini; uusloii of 18^4, an Act of pBrliatueiit 
wna obtained for auoh piirpo«>, to which there wu some l<.>cal 
oppoeiliou. Tfpon tii# Act Wina pnwurrd, the dlnwtvn hiui the 
worb airTi»<t out with ai litlln delay m poMibl*. Cantnula 
mro ODtend into in the aulunin of lh« lamc jiar for the whole 

I of the worlu, which bavo mcodU; boon completed at a m*i 
rather more than tea ft onC under the parliatnentiLry ntimnte, 
which Mtioute Indnded nich per centtge tx oonUngenclea. Th« 
main* through the itiveU ore now chbrgnl with wiit«r, and the 
inbAbilAnta ar« being auitulied t)i«n<rp>ni aa mpidljr a« the 
eanpHi; can pnt Iwaooh pipot into the houaaa, of which about 
990 turn already bean flxod. The company have bIm Hzed flre- 
plngB to the maim in all the public aliveta. at the ei{i«iM« of the 
oorpomtion, and by their uae have alremly, in one oun of Gro, 
bean the nuuni of saving coDiiderable property. The reoent 
tnpply of water for oiiUnary purpoeee waa procured principally 
from public nud private wella. which souroee yielded an abundant 
■uppir of wat^r, bright and dear, but unuanally hard; the 
principal town well (one of the sofUiat) being 13 de^«M of hard- 
neM, anil the otheni vnryiiig u hich as 34 Aeatvea, while the 
new aapply ut '-aiy 4 degree*, nnd tLij redaoeabte by boiling U> 
S) degrece. Not only In point of aoftntaa doea the new tupply 
oontTMt hvoumbly irith the rtcent auppiv, bat aUo in ita oom- 
CBTBtive freedom fruui orgivnic and aolid mnttora; and, aa the 
Kilowinji (able will ahow, it bmnt hvounthle mmpariaon with 
the wnter of other town*, iaclnding tho« nppliod &om the 
purest aonnea known : vtjtak 

iflfnliu 
per fhUuD. 

CUthvoe— Recant lupply from pnUIe welU 

fownj of the private wella oontiuu much 

hif^ prop<3rtiona of both organic and 

inorganic nuittor] 

Clilhan»— New eupplr 

Ohwow— Look Kfttrin^ new loiuxo of 

aupply 08X .,. 

Wbltehaeei)— Bnoerdale I^ke, new aonrn 

ofanpply 0-91 ... 

Dewabnrr— New aouroe of eupply ... 1*18 ... 

liTerpool— Kii-ingtun Pike, new aonrae of 

aupply 0'^6 ■>. 

Losda— ^lUver Wfaarie, new aouree of pnr- 

tlalaupply 080 ... 

Unll .-. 3-» ... 

London— New River Company 879 ... 

London— Supply from Thaince Dittoa ... iSO ... 

Malram ■■- Nolknown 

Aberdeen Ditto ... 

Yoik Ditto ... 

DkiewWalla Ditto... 

Looooa — HampaUad Water Cotnpaay ... Ditto ... 

Olaigoii^WeU water Ditto ... 

Leodon— Well water Ditto ... 

Liverpod— Well water Ditto,.. 

Tbia water, m uiteicepttoDable in <]ua]lty. Li prMured from a 
number of oop''"" ■pringsi thitt riao on Uie iuljn«nt fcUs, the 
diatrict bein{{ from 3i {•> 4^ uiiW north of Ulitheroe. Tho for- 
mation being of uiTlUtiiie icrit aiiJ from fl60 to 1300 feet 
above the luean level of the aea. The minimnn yield of the 
•ooreea ia the moat droughty aeaaona ia over 3W),0(K] gallona per 
diem, for the ixomedtate supply of which unoant the worka bare 



0-79 



fer ttOon. 



aii'30 
3-71 



been oooamciled. The oonddla and pipei^ however, have bees 
laid down of aizei to admit of their ,.«DVCTlag a nveh larger 
quantity, whii^i, wittK>ul furtbar povrera b^ff nqairod, eaa be 
auppUed at a nominal cxpviiw. Althun^ Uia populatioa of 
ClithonM in ISOl wu only 7144, in \Mi it had ao fitr inoceaaed 
aa to indooe provuiou bnng mode for an immediate niiply to not 
leoa than lO.CMX) urriHiiu, at 30 gaJIoca prr head per diem. The 
aupply ia ooUectea by ineaiii uf (artheuwitre coudulta, and cuU- 
veyoJ to a rmrTBU, rituated :kbout two miln* north of the 
borough, at an elaratkn of 7i feet above the Inval of the Caade, 
which ia the higheit part of the diatrict, and of SdO feet above 
the level of Low Moor, the loweat part The main from the 
rceervolr to the town coniiijita of 9-iucb caat-iron plp««, which, 
after deacendins for a length uf 7 furlunga, and a tul of £50 leet, 
croasea under the bed of the river Ribbte for rather more than 
300 yatda. Prom the river the main aaceods towatda the town 
for a diBluuue of half a mile, riiing, in that leiitrlh, about 94 feet; 
thence witli a gradual fall it crossea below the lltiu-kbuni railrav 
to its tenuinuR in tlie market-place, from whi'.-)i plaoe bmtidi 
pipca diverge to all parte of Ih^ iliatrict. The condiiita and ifon 
mainn extend to a length of twelve miles. The coit of the worka, 
incluaive of all eitraa, coikting'pipes, &c., but exclusive of land, 
)«rli(iment«ry, legal, and engtueeriug eipeuate, b 13*, per head, 
and incluaive of parliamentan-, legal, engineering, and every 
other expense, the work> and laud have coat K per head on thia 
above population. When the qoaiity and onaiitity of water anp- 
plied: the efliciency of the works eiecutoi for present aud future 
nquiremeots; the Eadlitiea they poaaeea f(>r eoonomiciJ eitenaion, 
and their eoat, ate oonaldered, it ia o.inc«ivo>l ihey will bear 
favourable mrapariitoD willi thoae executed in any part of the 
United Kincdom. The worka were deairiicd and enrried out by 
Ur. McLondiboroDgb, C.E.. of Bradford, Mr. J. Bnrker acting aa 
clerk of ttie works (siuu appointed mannger], and Mr. Booth aa 
inapector. The earthenware pip«a wMe nu^plieil by Mowni. 
Hi^ei^ Broueh, and Co., of Liv«<rpool', the iron pipm by Mr. 
Clarl^ of Clitheroe; the fir«-plug«, &a., by MeMni. Uuert and 
(^farimea, of Rotherham; and the tornintion of reservoir, oondulta, 
pipe-laying, &C-, were executed by Mr. J. Metoalf, of BiadfiMd. 



S-S3 

310 
3'fiL 

«75 

14-64 
18-00 
19-78 
Sl-33 

3-00 

3'AO 

9-00 
1079 

3a-.i9 

Ifl-OOto 

sew 

S8<0to 
IWD-OO 
13-80 to 



L 



ST. PETER'S CHnRCH, SCAHBORODGH. 

(fFUh en Ej^pvving, Piatt U.) 

The want of aoMtumodatiou for the resident Catholics, and 
nomcroui visitor* at thin fashionable wnleiing-ptaoe, has been 
long ^It ill the preeent building U3e<l as a cliapet, aud il wa« 
therefore reaolved to ereol a new church, of whii-li we present our 
readers with a view. The site, upon a rapid decline, and on 
tea narrow a pieoi.' of land to enable the plan to be reversed, haa 
oSered considerable difficulty to the njvhitects: resulting, how- 
ever, in a gain of nictnreeqneneea. The nlau, as will he MC% 
oouaiata of a nave and aisled, apaidal chancel with luleral (^pell^ 
baptistery, tower, aud nariHty. The atyla adopted is the 
<ioometriiml Decomted, vereiiig upon the l*lowing DeMrrated; but 
throDghout there is an evident desire to attain to origiiiulity aa 
oiipoaed to aervile copying, without, however, casting aside the 
eloqnnnt teaching of the church builders of L>!d. The moat 
remaricBbte feature in the buildinji la tlie " blind " apso, b which 
no effort is being niaile t<i avoid Hie gnAt objection to the over- 
flowing flof^l of light wiiicb procoedB from an eaatpm window, 
and utl«rly dealroyH the effect of any sonlpture or adonuuent in 
tlia wxy uf n^reiloB, &e., which ma^ he beneath it Is tfai* caae 
abundant light will be thrown into the chnrch from quoin 
eleieataty windows, two on either side; lenving the walla or the 
apae proper, frta for fVcscoea anc) sculpture. The exterior ia 
" veiled " with an aix^da adapted from the Lombard aroadinj)i of 
the Rhenish apses, Sij:. The tower (which is not itnloded in the 
proaent oontnwtt above the level of nave walls) ie ttiiatod with 
oonaidentble novelty, and is adapted to n^ist the sweeping winds 
to which the building will be of necesaity expoeed from ita 
elevated ponition. The contract waa taken aflw a apiiitod otbi- 
petition by Mr. tVlkinbridge of Whllby, for the amount of 33AOf. 
for the fabric, exclusive of all liltinpv and the npimr portion of 
tower aa wa have said above. The whole of the ashlar aud w;ill- 
atone are from qttarrtee in the neighbourhood of Wliithy. The 
walla are lined throughout with bnck, having a two-inch cavity. 
Messrs. Wcighuuau, Hodfield, and OokUe, o? Sheffidd, an the 
arcliiteota. 




Plwrf,S.Prtfli!| 
I fimni|) lis I 



?{'.mi{)i ■■ (illimiil : S(I,BKBO"Rpil0il : 



wiiOHTaM ■■•anilS ■ ooLBif 4Mh'.> i-ftndB 



leVoiiLflBh 



THE CIVU. ENGIXF.KR AXD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



9 



ON THE DESIOS AND COXSTBOCTION 0? 

UARBOOItS.* 

B; Tnoau Srvrcreoii, C.E., P.RAB. 

lUuwuu an slthar utnnl or utilkuL tkone pftrto of Um 
ItnUrfi wmM ve koiplT pKxridod viib luUiral b»j» »aA <«m1u^ 
irtiil« in oUwr part* Um ■MOBmad^iiA and ahclUr for aliippiiw 
bar* b«Mi cntinlr MmiUed tnr arliiloUl bmuw. Tbw, IraUad 
»^ tba wart eact «f SoolUttif an plancif i Jly tnlanootttd bj «x- 
«rflMi( deap wUar ban and aachoranwi bai on Uia eaat aiul 
MMtlfWMt ahoTM of Bntaia then are bnl faw natural luurboum 
CntoMitf BayiiairiltaUMiliaUultfroini Um firth of Poftfa. which 
ia lb* M*i«at •Nthcra natural harbour; while thorn an no taw 
th« 400 aUat bMwam Um llrth of Forth and thd tbanw^ which 
may b» waiidarad i» (h« aaxt raall; naeiMpttonbla harbov or 
nA^a. 0» lb« w«at eoaat tben u« »tM>«t 9lXl ntlaa of ooaat 
bHwam tha ii«ar«t ii*tiual barboiiTB of HolrbMd and Loeh 
ftfam. The <niutfu«tioB of arUttdal plaoo of nran htcommm 
tfaiatiii a v«r7 importBAt nMttar in a 00110117 whore onr^ 
vtetar^ Ibu of ehipwrodu and loaa of Ufa, rMiiiul a% huw 
modi iMtBra haa tpft fbr art to acwmplkh. For tha noat oou- 
alala boij of «vuUaoe rvganlmg Um port* of Britain, w« cnnuot 
do brtler UiMt raTar to tha Tolaniaa of roporta bv ihu Tidal liar- 
bear'a Coainiaiofi, fur tha ooonpUtaneai of which the pnUio 
ia aalBljr iadabled to the nal of Caotaia Waahingioa, the prMcat 
iadaiUuable hjdrosrapb«r to th« Adntlnltj. 

The StJl fp iiB g of buhotin oooatitalaa ooB f ia w dly on* of Ui« 
Boat ditlkalt mnebaa of <>tU aogioeariB^ In making audi 
dvIcB^ tba asgioMr, in ordar to anil luMiialf of Um adranUtc« 
vUSt ia to be derired from put Mp«ricaoat a«M mmImvout to 
tba baat of hia powvc to iaatltnt* a oonpariaoit betwrvn tha glTmi 
MBlitj asd aooM othar, wUeh ha anpMaaa to b« iu ptri oani. 
BhCM Untltr, howatw, inthophniim preoliarilUaof dilEennt 
tf ti-iit. wldooi if over «i>««, and all thai can he doue ii lo 
•daet an asiating barboor, whioh appaara to b« m nearly aa pc«- 
inhla aioitlarij ouwuMtanoed to tha frofiaatd worV. 

Ia MmUariflg Um aufajatt nf tha oooalmeUoo of harboqr* ia 
■xpeaad ritaaliawi, the GrataadmoatiBiforlaataHbjiiotdnirrfitiK 
vor UUnliM ia tba daatmeUn action of tha elafnaot viUi wMeh 
wa ha<r« la Hml, — what luv ila eiwrgiea wban eicilecl br itirrsiii, 
Mtd what Uie Uir<i>.-t>ua of iti furuM »u the Wil«t« wliioh have 
faeon miaod to coalr<i) it t 

fliii Willi, w hti litmoij of tile EddjMoaa, wbm iqirakiui! of 
tb* objaciion that Mif ht be rM«d asnuiat the neoeantjr for mii^f 
jog^aain UMmnaonrjr of thai baSdiog^aaji^ * When we baT« to 
do with, and to Midoatuur to control lAoat poiMrw oif iu(ar# tiuit 
■rvan^fnf Ut na ealfulati/m, 1 Iriut tt will b« iliiwned pradant 
not to omit in enuh a oim aoytlunji that oui wilhoiM dllbeoltT 
baappliol. aixi that wu«U be likely toadd totbearcwHj." Thia 
atMameai ofoar grtttmt uMrine eugioear. indWMM thepn>Tiriety 
of oarernlty oiitlaitiing: Aujr beta that iimtIm1|i in lo a more aiKU- 
tMa ntirnatk* xf Ukw* fbrcoa which be ra|pvil«l aa btbig 
" ma\>JireK to uo taleohttioti.' We ahall thprtforo atat« a few facta 
which h^rplieen nwonled of th«d<atnMtire power of ibe wa<rei 
in inland Ukei^ and bi Um open oeeaa. 

Tha writer bai aeni at Port Bnmwban^ hi I<och Awe, wltero 
tha Atch !■ iimler 1-4 niilee, a alMW wm^iuk a quartar of a Uitt. 
^m out i>r the niiwintirir of ibe hading Blip aiid orertarued, 
Ur. U. HtemiMiD, ill liin ■ Bnfrin«wtli« of Kortb Am«rica,'(la- 
aoribfa iIm li*rl*>iiri in lokn Erit>«* ramiudlng him of Iboae im 
oar own nca-inrt aliorea, ami nMntione havipg aeen cms atone 
trciKhin; itjiwuiU n( half a Ion wbidi bod boeu taken out of lU 
bed iu tlic pier at BnUhln, nu-ved aevFiiO htt and overtuniDH. 
ne Cania da UanlUI, in hit ■ Hl*toii« PhrtiqiM de U Uer,' 
pabUihe>l at AnMlerdam in 1T2\ eutca Uiat the hkbeat wave 
obMrvril bybtmofi tlMahoraaor lAnpiedoeioiha Uedilermiienn 
8«B, where the breadth ia about 8M) nilea, wna 14 ft 10 In. 
At tha moMb of a hartwur ou the Uennan Ocean, with a 6i4di 
ofaUmtilQUmllM. the writer hwl obaerved fbrhln the height 
cf tho wavaa dnrag •oDtb-eMierlr nlaa, nod on one ooeulon the 
nmlt waB llU fcet froin the creu m the wava lo tba Uoufih of 
the BDB. In dtefier water, and erith a uorth-Baaiarly vale then ia 
DO doaU Uinl tba wavta of the U«riiiKn (X'ean will niuin n 
bright pooKiiUniblr greBier than thiM. In November 1(<17 tba 
wav«a lit Uie liertaiux Ocean ovrrtoninl, liial after it had been 
&iii*lie>l. a oUamB of freoatune 3(1 (rrt hif^ and 17 favt baae. 

• fiua laa niUb MIUm tt Ibi 'lauUnaJla Maaka.' 

MdCa^BiBi tiun.~ttH. 
tVa. ST*— VoL u.-JBinitST, ISSr. 



Tbadianataratthaplaeaorfraetarewaaabant 11 faet In th« 
Atkotie Ocoan, Dr. Seoreahr ataUd, hi a tcan a i mi oBti on lo tha 
Britiah AaaoentMn in 1630, that dnmg aavenl hard pirn ba 
had oMBBured may wavaa of aboat 30 fast, InU Ibe higbi«t waa 
•U feet Inta the holkrw to Uh cnat. Wavea of andi Biagnitada 
eonld BoareelT, however, tt»eb onr a-rlifidal barbonra, bntn the 
BhallowneiB o'f the water near the ahorB. To Umbo beta it may 
bo added, that we kaow (froia the tMtinoay of an eye-wiinaai) 
of a Uook of SO lona weight being noved bjr the om at Bam- 
btad, OIM of tha HebtUea; nod Au ia fiur more •xtnonlinnn, 
we know and ma vouch for the fact, that hlooka of S ton* vreigbt 
havo been qnarHed, or he^en out of tbdr be-la in rUu, on the 
top of the Bound Shern of Whalwu in ZeUand. whidt t* 
•levBted TO font above tha love] of high-waMr epHng tliUa. 
Tbc Buand Skemr and Mcghhoaring roofca, which an- in Uia 
0*mi«n Ooean, certainly fiiraieh by fcr lb* meat woo-WfuI 
proof that baa yet been dbeo*«twl, of the grnt fbroe wMcb k 
fIsvBtoped t7tb» bUkiWB of tba ooeaa when laddaaly obeokad 
bj orqioaing mck*. 

TIm writer bM ■taled ( in Um ' IVnna. Boy. floe. Edinburgh') 
thnt. hocu the obaarvatMni which he bad made with the manae 
dTiuuiMmab>r(aBflf«tfiil>nnxinirtnim<wt dedgn*! byhbnfer 
lh« pnriuae), ha bad Brand the torn of ibe witvca i4 tba Gftman 
Oom(i ilnriuK linnl galcL tu be 1| IM )Wt taptrfieiaS /bol at Ibfl 
Bell R<rK.-fc, and of the AUaaUo Ooean to be a (dm (Mr mpeijtrfdi 
fiat at the Skonyvm LighthooBt. Bat thaae reanlU OMy sUlt 
be far ihort of the maiima. Aa the auirlne djmamameter baa 
oftFR been found OMful in iDdieatlng ibr fonee of the wavee in 
MtoalioD* where Imrfnora were lo be bnill, it nuy ba proper to 
give Butfa a deacription (tf it ai will euiible any flae to have It 




Ulf I 



■ IIBTiiietiii 



IdlaMoit' A»W 



Xi KV O il a owt'inM) c^'Iiiidar, whioh b limilj bdlrd at tllB 
IvoiecUuK ftuiiEm G, to thi rook whore the osiwrinieota ojv to be 
iniule. Tlia cylinder baa a dtoular flan{^ at U. L it a <loor 
which Id opened whrii t)ic otauMvatico m to be rend otf- A 
U a circular dlae 00 wbtdi the wnvu* Lwcdnge. FaMcnnl In til* 
diae nre fc-nr snide n>di B, which )uu* IhriMigli a imuhar plate 
C, wldcb ii icrewoil down lo the lhuii» D, nod lUao ihroiigb 
holca in the bottom RF. Within the cylinder Uit^re la Bitadin 
to the nhte C a |<o«eriul itecl apring, to Um olhfr or free end 
of which i« laatctied Uie nnall ciroular plaU K, which again ia 
oemml t<> tli« guide roda B. Thero an bIm tinsn of teaibcr, T, 
which tliile cu the gnlde rode and eerre sb indion f-t regitterihg 
how &r the rodi hare been poalied throtigh the holca in the 
hottuiu, or, in other worda, how Ur ihB eprtng haa been drawn 
onl 1>y ttia aotiou of the wavea acsioBt the diac A. 

lu oninparlo^ an ezbting barbonr with a propoaad one, tn 
ordiT 10 iiitoritnm tha dimenitnn* wliicli nre ncOMenrx lo ineare 
atsbility, perhnp* the niiiBi ohviotm ^l.'iavnt ia what nuy bo 
ti-rmed Uiu Wn" ^ Brartnuni e-rjiwiiir, (it, in olber words, Ibo 
line of gTHiteBl /rlek or micA of ii|ieu ivo, which can be roallr 
moBMired from a chart. Bat though po we a wd of tbla lijf-im>a- 
Uon, the engineer •till doce not Itnow In what ratio the briylit 
of tbe wave incraaaea hi tvUtton lo any givto tueneve iu tho 
line of cipuaore. 

Ad this ini)uli7 (■ one of grent aieoKnt in tbe practice of 
rnuiae engluetriug, and hoe no* been bi any w«y InvMU^inl, 
tbe writer baa for aotne time bach been making i«cnBioual obaef^ 



TUE CIVIL ENGDTEEB AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



mtiou <n tht n!bJKt, vbra brounble clrotuiuUaoM oocurrtid. 
Ib«M obfcinliuiM hkv« b«M but limJud in axtant) and 
tBBBOt b« ng&rded u lUwiiiim of oouMenoe nakM io cmm 
vben Uw two barboiin Are not fiu- dtStnnt in their Uiim of «Xr 
poCBi*. Bofcr MUiowrxperiiiwiuUlMWgOMv tlismTwawm 
tn inenua- in ll«)|{ht moat nnarly In lit ratir <^ Iht «fMrf tvot 
<lf titir AWanew/rvm themadaard (Aor*. 

It duM not follow, however, that th« Una of nuuimnm «k- 
poinra b In vrtrf au« Uiq Uoe of niiiimiim effiMtiva forM of the 
w&vwi far thii rauat dvpond oot ool; on Ui« Ungth of nwdk, but 
■bo on the anjclo of incioaios of tba wkvai c>n too wall* of tke 
harbour. What maj be tMmed the line of mejrMriuD i^eHv 
ttpoutrt, ia that wliidi, nftor baiog oomotod br obliqaity of 
ImoKt of tliu witTts, gtroduOM the mulnram reenlt, and thla ckn 
ooir be takea from tbe cbort oAor eHccoenva triitlt. Let «= die 
graftleat force tliat cnn aMkU « pier, A ^hariit of w»vee whidi 
produea (aiUr b«lag oomelM for obltquitj) lie him! muni cflaot, 
and which an due to the liu« of nuuiuaai tOeetivQ wcMnra. 
Sin a=«iae of asmutbAl au^lo formed betwMB dliwnonaof 
piar and line of maxinram eActivs upomn^ radiiu bvlog; 
matt. Tleti « a A an' a when the fbrae » mcdved normal to 
the lioo of the pier, bat if the foroe it t«Ml*ed agaiii In the 
dli«ct)on of the wmvea thenMlvei, the txpraadon beoomea 

It vboitid not be forgotten, in econectinn «rilh tliia ■Dbjoet, 
that there are rariona i^aalif^iDg oleiuenta to wbicb medal atten- 
tion T«i|Bir«s In acnia eaaea to bo (^vea. The wave*, for exaaiple, 
mar onto bo Botioed, whaci approacnii^ iho land oblji^uol;, to 
alter tbnr direction when tfac^ get doao to tho afaora (in «on- 
aeijuaiioa of the depth ohaDgingli eo aa to atrike it mora ncarlj' 
at ri^t aa^ea to the general lute of the beaoli. lo ihia way m 
■wairftDR) UM ocoan a»j *nt»r a bnv wlitrh 1b not dinctly ex- 
poecd to iL It aboold aliio l« oWrvvrl, that tli* llnoa ot 
expoaure CBOinol be dlrvutlj' componsl if the drptha of the water 
through which thfj paae are nat«rialtr diff«retit. 

Die tidea, toc^ osmt In ouiny plac«« a ft^ tl«dded effect on 
tht oatnre of the billow*, in nornr jilooca cnaiinu wnvna of an 
untwiMlly daofferoM charaol<ir, while at otben tlioy are binnd 
to run rfmon the aea, If a marliie work ia aitiiatecl in a net or 
npid tldo-way, Hucti, for exaiu])le, u those called "rooeta" in 
Orfcnev and Zetland, tbt wmnry will be ezpoaed to the ao- 
tion of a rerv trfing and daDgtrou hl^i'OntiDg bhl Ab an 
example of thit, we mar refer to Fort-ntriclc in Wietooahire, 
where tb« riolauoe of tbe waTee ia, we have uo iloubt. maeb 
dne to tlw rapidity of the tldea. If, on the other band, the race 
or rooal mm m >ach a direction aa to hn eotlrply outaide of the 
barbour.acdal lome dlatanoo od^ it will have ndocldod taadeiicy 
toAeII«rlhe workii,an(l toaotasabreakwater. Thus it apnean, 
from obwrvatlona ipectallj made (or the writer at Sunilmrgh 
Tltni] LiKhlhonao in Slietland during a anuch-wenl^rl; atonn, 
that ao loD{ m the Somburgh rooit (one of tho mnal formidable 
in thoae aoaa) wna crating and brrakius heovily, one could have 
«a^ lauded in a email boat at a oweU or bajr colled tbe Weat 
Vo«; but no eooner did tho rooat dlaappear towarda high-water 
than there oame in toweriog bitlowa (bat totally aobmeraed 
eliffii of rerr eonaid«niUe iMoglit. The atndy of the mnditytng 
and IntaoKiytiig elbota of Itde-curreata on the wava of our 
Britiab MB« aeama to liave bean enlirelr negleoted in tho kte 
dlaeuasioDa rqgardinff tli« triorita of vertical and aloplng wolhr, 
which will be referred to in another aoction of thia aruelsi. 

We ihiuk it right to mention that we oonaidcr aa erroDOoiM 
tho ouinioQ cxprtMed by a writer in the ' EdlDbnrgh Fhiloao- 
phical Juaraal ' — that the caoae of raof* or rooala Is UM mee^ng 
of two mpid ciirrvDti-. neither do vo boliere that they are oooa- 
^oaed br the projeotioa of rocka bom the bottom of the aoa aa 
nwjr aulora (umoati. 

From carvnil iniiiilriM, ae wall oa from actual petsoaol expe- 
iMoo^ of aoch formidabii^ bmakinn water* aa the Boar of Dua- 
eaiubMr, and the Uerty Men of Mey iu the PentlnocI Firth, and 
MvanI othera, we are of ooiuiou that the tnie cniiM ii the rw«ll 
qfliamatneaunUrtitgalUiiitMrTtnt rvuniftgi* <■ ilinctUm more 
or ttu MfOtti tt tM ^ Ote wavm. While It i« obrloua that two 
mpld tldea naj meet <«oh other without any daonFona affocU^ 
it ia alao ((ulte true that when two tidea meet eaoh other in a 
iwigb aca, a« in coming round each lalud* ae Stroma or Swuna 
in tbe I'eiitlarxi ^rtb, tho effect of their union being to iDereaae 
the eurreui at that piaoc^ there will be prodaoed a highly dan- 
glirow tea; but the EicC of Ihejr mcetioj;, thouirh caleuhitod to 
^prnte, li uot, we tbiok, the primary cause. The noea which 



oooor In opeo eoai^ wa, tar Loetanoe, off headlands and tumipe- 
polDta of taa eeaat, ar* carlaia porttona of tboae aena in wluA 
the wana brtai to a greater or leaa estsnt, although the water 
may be mj deep, and there ma* bono wind at the tiine. At all J 
suoli plaoea It wUl be (bund Ibat there an i^id tMea. 11i*1 
noata on tlia witat ooant of Orkn#y or of tbe Ptoittbiid Flrt^ 
for example, air in>rat with eU tidei and xeNfffjr awalla 
becaoK the AUanlio awell and cumnt of ebb are n pp caat 
Tboee again uu Ae aaet ocaM an worat with jCm4 tUin ai>4 
eneterfj/ewellafrnmaalmllar oaoaa. Tliiuat thaeaat tDd ef Ibtj 
Pentlutd Firth thii Roarnf Dancanabay ia wril known to lagvj 
with eaatrriy iwelb and a flood tide: wberaat^ at the wvot (tM j 
of tbe lame firth, the Menj Men of Mcy an eqaally well kaowa j 
to be worei will) ebb tide and a WMtorly awefl, at whlefa ttakl 
no boat coold rntor them without the rtak of bring overtnnied.] 
Tbe dangerouii mrf which eiinta at tbe tnoatha of aome rivna i%J 
W« believe, not xolelr due to the want of depth at the bar, bat 
aloo to the nieeting of the outwiud I'nirrent with tho wavee oif tba 
aea. 

Whon a awoll cneminc«n a rrt|H'd oppoaisK current, the onwatA | 
motion of the varea aeemii to be arreetod, and their widlU 
beeomei visibly decreaaed- lliej get hlriier and Maeper, w iil,] 
and at l&at broah, aoinvtlmaa vorf partudly, aod at other ibuM 
almost aa they would on a aholriiig beacb. It appean to asl 
poaaible that MnenJ w«v«b ninv ultimately eombine in avehj 
(tiatutbed waters into one mounta'mous bfllow; fortbe wave thn] 
haa partially broken may have it* onward tDoticm ao m 
dieoked aa to allow tlia wave behind loovcTtake it, and having thn 
eonleaead, Aey tti/ij, aa one iargt wave, acquire a superior Te)oda_ 
80 ae to overlAke tboee in ttoiiL, and be (hrther angiuentwl by thaf 
union of other wavea which havo been reAeotad from tbe ibojv. 

It it to till* canne we are inclined to mftr aaoh wonde 
ofTccla a* tliAi to which wc hove already alluded, where bloeha i 
8 tons weight wore quarried out of the eolid rock atan elavallD 
of TO feet A>ve the sea. Were each violent aolion oonuMn I* j 
all the ahorea of the 0«rmaa Owan, iiuMid of bdng reaEriatadl 
to one or two etmilar plaoea, balf of oar oaatem ae^icrt towim 
would, withont any donbt, be waahed into the aea during tbe 
flnit atormy winter. Aa a fbrther proof of the gnat emol of J 
the tideii iu exaapemting the wavea, ira may maniion that tba f 
time when rauet danu^ ia done to aeawoHca which are n 
tolerabljr daap watar, la from ona to two hooia befcirs and aftw 
high-WBt«r, which naariy oorreaponda to the tinte when tba tida i 
runa atrongeet ontaide. We have feond tbia to bold trveat i 
difRsrenl pirta of tbe coast, butwillon1;ri'a(n'toouDW«U-i 

iuetanoe. At Petoriiead harbour, which prajeola promioa ^ 

Into the aoa on an iithmua, the tidea, at out a abort dietaaaa , 
Btaward of the harbour, nin very npidly. On tbe loth Jannaiy 
1840 there wu a very tiMivy sea, and a orr>wd of people wera 
down, about taa Saura biifiirw AijrA-uxiter, hel|nng to anniM thi 
whaler* and other voaieli in tho barbonr, when tbree aueoeariw] 
wavea carried away Sib feet of a bulwark, founded 9j feet abovaj 
high-water sprUigi, whiuh bad stood fbr many years, One ptoesl 
of this wall, w^faing 13 tona, was moved 60 fast. Aftor thb 
outbreak o[ tha aea tha w«vea btoame more moderal*^ natll 
abiiut ttno houri ajler %A-«attr, by which time tbe large whi^ara ■ 
had tnkeii the gruund, wbea oUiar three enOTmona wavaaaalKi 
Bwept over tbe harbour, subtnervln); the i^uayii to the defU t/t* 
ttvm B to 7 feet of unlid water, r>y which lixtern people wen 
drowneiL Thoee wave* filled the harbour to such a deptli 
as to set all tha whaleea afloat a^in, and they oontiutied ao for i 
several minotee, imtll the exoosa of wator had run out through ' 
the liartwar mouth. 

Thmw gitpuitic waves were, in onr opinion, clearly the reaiilt 
of iDiuo suoFi action aa haa been attemptad to be deeeribed. We 
abould not hnve dwelt at auob length on this subject wcni It not 
that we migh*. again lufer to the hcta when wo ootne to treat of j 
the subject of vortical and sloping walla COr harbouia of reft g i^ I 
where tt ia of importance to ebow that even t» the deapeat WaM'^ 
the wavea an oot pimiy oaejllaloiy, but that w h eeovir Ihen 
ia a tide-way the waves mil moro or leia partakaof (lietpiaJltiM 
of waves of transUtion. 

AnoUior olrenmatanoe affeoting the expoeuie of any marina , 
work ia the depth of water In frout of It. Tbe ^raat mat 
ooa Inltows soemnmanlv met with In die Atlaatie Ocean < 
be generated Id tlie shallower waters of the German Ocoad, 
n&lass, parbape in aach peculiar dn^umitiuiccB aa have just baca 
adverted to. It beoum«, therefore, of great ooueequi'ooe to 
aaaertoiu the maximum powible wave In a given depth of watct 



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Hr. 8k>H Rn MlL wboM ofaMmtiiMia on wbAt nay ba ekllfd 
tbttaJLTini! bnuuh oihjdredjiuBiMftrcaf Muh mat vkla^ )»■ 
■Wad tbAt if mna M pmpis^Md in a ahAniMl wboae <lBpi]i 
dtaitaiUwa oaiibtialjr. Um w»vm will brtak wfaaa tli«ir luig^t 
kbOM Um mrAM of the kvtl flaiil bamoMi mwI to tlia dtpth 
•ft tha bottom bolow tbe Mfftoa ('p. 4W BnL A«oe. Um. om 
Vavaa'). Tliia •totcmeat, tb« aMMung aJ which moiim doubtiU, 
Hr. BmmU clMwlMn (' laKii. CUt. Bag, p. 138') dafiiiM ikiM : 
"Hw aalliOT h«i aavar aoUead a waT* ao uneb m 10 fnt bigfa 
In 10 tmt wmttr, aar to noeb aa M bat UA hi SO frat waUr, 
Bor 30 hat Ugb ia fiva fctboma w*tM^ bat m baa aaon waT«a 
Mpaaah Ttfj iMarl;r to tboaa UnuU." It ia pnaninaJ tbal Iha 
MUn kara ralutad to ia tba awn IvrA of tb* aiu&oa of tfca aM. 
Wa ha«« had no opfNittubitiM of varUyiiig tbaaa obNmlicaiaj 
bat aa Um anbjeot u Tcnr in|MirUBt— baoaoM tha dapth of walar 
mfroatof a woriiaay ba atid to ba Uu ntiog eLamant wbich 
tha amoant of farea which it baa to reuM, wbatavar 



ha tha UiM of tnanniBB aspoaiiia^ w« thall tiuply alata what 

"lolaanaltun. 



I 



^ wfaoa 



withm our owa kaowladff* and olaai ■ altun. Wt have 
lU; aean at (liStnai parta ti tha «MMt bcaaluag wavaa of 
IkMU 4 to 6 Cwt,aimanriDg from beUaar to aaaL in froai 7 ft. Sin. 
to lu or 1 1 iMt of waiar, mMaarlag froa tha Mtloa up to tha 
BMn ta*«l; and on ooo ooowioa w» won lold of wavoa whidi 
woi* aatiuMitaJ an 9\ fact it 13 Ktot water. It laiMt, howaver, ba 
faoana in wind that Uwoe obaerratiaaa, and wa eonoaiaa ako 
thoaa of Ur. B u n a H , apjilj 0017 lo eonnoB waTea of tha aaa, 
flrlboaa ahorti alaap, aad airaarfleial marm Fbl«h an daa to an 
TT****'f wind, and nolt<f tha gnoad awolU which ara aUiKMt 
canatantlj to ba fanad in tha open ooean, and wbiob may ba 
tba ramlt uT loraar gdM, or ara tha lakaraph, aa Mr. BoMtU 
tanoa lh#n, of thaaa wtiid) an ^ to coom. 

From what hai bt*a lUted, it would apptar tliat in meat 
anaaa the b«vi«Bt wavea iJiouliI aaMJl any tide-wurk at hi|{l»- 
walii Thia, howavert aa nMUtloaed in tha lut Mwtiun, la not 
nlwaja tha eaaa, tha greataat daaiaga bttmg olWu (outid l« ooenr 
at th<< tiaiaa when tbe tiila mna atronitaat. 

Kr. LaaUe fbond that tho Arbreath ilarbonr'worki were in 
fmanl Ltaa M varely tried I9 the vefj hoaTieat waxM dian bj a tIaM 
«( wavaa eouaawhat anallw Umb tbtmt, owing to tho ootljliw 
■odui which. Erou tba anall daptb over them, had tba vlAct M 
tr ifpt m f ap tha hanvMr aaai^ awl thna daaUoylw ihmi bri'm 
tha/ iwacbad tha harbour, whiU ih* dapth wai aalicimit to allow 
the MiiaUar wato* to p^w iivcr Iha ehcwU unbvnkeu. lu ■oine 
oaaca of aarara aijMaurt tha «avea nii^t to mme eiloot ba 
reduoad br droppiiiy very larm atonea ootalde uf tha hnrbonr, 
aeaa, bj farmtDfi ui aitmeial anoal, lo canac tlMui to ci<Ht and 
baaak. 

One are>t dtfiouHj oomDMlDJ with the ralijoot r>f tho geaerK- 
tiao o( waraa aliU miiaio* iinanlved, via., — What an tba 
ninlmnai line of eipoaura and ano of aaa which aio compatlblo 
with the rsiitena of n h^oud-I iwalll Tbit auoitiOB. «v tear, 
wnnrl be ui«wer«>l in ihr prownt tlataof our Knowledge. 

Detp Walrr Itarioun. 

Barbonn of nfugo arc diatingniahoil from tidal harbours 
walnlj bv the Miperiiir dtfpih of aratcr whteh lliey poaatae, nod 
tlia Im8«V Br<« which Hmj: eaolcob The ta<]iiiail«a are ab«li«r 
dorlnjt etonua, and oaay aocae* Ibr aliippin)! at anj' tinw of tide. 
There ha* boen niu<h diacuwoni aa to whether jiian br barboura 
«f rafitw •bould be eertknf or a^v^w Col. Jonec. B.K, hiut 
Mpaoinnjr ailvotawd tbe auptriormerita of ^o Tcrtieal wnll;aiid 
Ihe dbcaatkina on Ida plan at tha lnalitutian of QtU Bnnnoara, 
and the ahla pnrteal by Sir Howard Douglai^ will be fetuid, {c<aa 
tb^ iatercat and imnorUace, to merit a cnrefid peruaaL 

Tbe priixipla iHikli ii OMerted u^ that oceanic wavee in deep 
wntcr ai« pnndr oacillatMT, aiul would ooeaHon no impaet 
•ainat vertknl Wricn, wlueh woald ba tha moat etiKible; aa 
lCi{7 would Mtlf have to eneoiuitar tha atmpla hyiUiiaUtia 
p>f Bta lino to the heat^t of the advanoin^ kullpw, and wuold 
ndant the wavea witlwui (naaing then to braak. 

Were it eran ndniiued that the wavea wen paralj' oedllatorv, 
and ware raAeelad b; a Tertieal barrier, would 110 ferae, il may it 
Mlud, be cipendod when the moUoa of Ihe pottiolM 'wm 
rweraed I The redectioo of a ware w&a equimlcnt lo the Deailjr 
tnalanliiii r ne (nation of a ware in tlie oppoaita direction, br 
wbiah a very owiaWirahU force bom eimly be reonii«d. 

We baUen, hnvever, that from the effoot of tide eunwata, t« 
wUek we bare already refertad, and twrfaam from other mnaee 
wfaoae action aeema to hare been overlookca by the advocatee of 



tho upright wall, tmy tona of banUr, in whatever depth It may 
have ben creeted, mnat ba nnfa ■finally eatgeoted to hMv^ 
Inpaet. WeeonertTe that the pOMribill^ of wavea of teaDelatiicn 
bamggnintad la thadeapMt water haabemalreadyeatabUahed, 
if wa aueoeeded In aati^ng the reader of tlie troth of tha 
fbUowiag aMectiotia: Firat, That wavoa break in deq» water 
diuina oabn weather; a fitet which ia apparent to them and 
&nUiar to all atikin; and aeooadly, and negatlvaly, liut Co 
leeward of thoae tacM or portlona of broken water, wbioh ear- 
tainly do not reflect the inoemiof wavee, theee i* ooMparattrel* 
■■Booth water both at eoa and on the adjoinii^ 4ion% nmiil auCB 
time a* the etreogth of the tide ia exhatuted, and the neat baa 
diaappaared, whau rloleat notion la again flilly mantfwted. 

It mav bo ai<giMd that theae ara oxtreeua aaeao, and thai eaob 
high veloeitiae in the cnrrent of the tide are aeldoDi bm4 with. 
TCW ob^Mtion hai^ no doubt, truth ia it; but atill tha tendmef 
i«*buwu, end thonj^ the ealodtlea may be leea in oilier qoaruri^ 
thent ainy yvt be <)nll« enoogU to deetray the eonditiou 01 ttfo*- 
llm which the oeeiUataty theory aaunaoa. Tbe beeakiag of 
wavee at am, and tbe aiiatonee of rnoee, aeem to prore beyond 
<|naattou (hat wavee of tranalatien are poauble In tli* deepen 
water. Ia It not alao a pinbable caee that warea whidi nava 
br«u r«4e<:lad by a vertical wall, and hare (irreapective of the 
({ueetiooi of tide carreBte) oambinoJ with the adviuiciux wavee, 
OMV then beoome wavae of ttuiulittion, poeeeaaing all ibe elemanta 
which radannor the etabiliiy i>f a am workT Or, aAia, bow 
nndi Biofa datnaga woold (eailt to a vertkal wall than to a 
dope of looee alonne, ttom tha Kuking of tha lbBDdatioall^ or 
from Uteir getting noderwnebad by tho na«tioa of the warea I 
It tlierefove appears that the method cenenJIy reaortad to of 
fanning deep walorharbuoraof maaiia of rabblaatone with long 
(JniH-e, ao ai to form an uliScla] beach br the wnvon lo spiiDd on, 
il, it) oic«t drauuatauoee, thn beet and chcn^t kiud of cvnttruo. 
tion. We bclise, bowpver, (o tbe adontion of lui upright wall, 
fbanded un the rubbli> ae a baale (cimiliv lo tbitl at Chorboorg, 
about 10 bo deacribedk bi prebreoce to looj paved itopea, aa there 
ie alwaya asperienecd a grant difficulty m fonndlBg the toe of 
Nuch udw walle ainomg the looee rabble. When pitched dopM 
tra adopted, gnat benefit will be foand to aoonw from latrlag at 
tlM bottcnt or toe of the alope a wide fbn-ahera. Mnoh, hnvaver, 
deptudi on local peenllariUea in Mlectioc the beat deaia (br any 
work; and Lbe DBlareoT tbe bottom iaaU-importanL Wbete the 
bottom ia ioft, a venial wall can bnrdly, if ever, be attempted. 

In maktug theae nfmnrke, we muet nut be uoderetood aa oon- 
demuli^ the adoutlcn of rartlcal walla in nuee where tbe fontak* 
tico te good. All that we aaMrt ia the opinion, that wavue of 
tianaLtUuD do exiit io deep water, and thermon that horboura of 
refuge will prove failutiie unleea they are built In >uch a manner 
oa to leaiat the imgiact of thoee wnrae of iiaiialation. The 
Clierhouiji breakwater haa been often lefcned to ea a eo tm iaftil 
iuaiauee ^the eppUottion of a veriioal wall, and haa itaefi oon- 
tiaaied with the Kymoath bnukwuicr, which baa a long alone 
But thia appnl it qnlte UlaciouH, n« the profile of that wnrk 11^ 
A8 alroadf hill led, of a ooiupoaile character, conaiatliig of a Inlna 
wall eloptngattherateof 10 horiuatal to 1 per^ieniSenlar, enr- 
niriiititiM by n pliuub wall; >o that whatever merit may be e«|>- 
poaed lo bdoDs to the vertical twoAte ia entlivly nulliHed at 
Cherbonig b^ Uie long talni wall In fr'int, on whiJi tiie viulenoe 
of liie wavee i* much broken. Uoreowr, the heaviret wavee at 
Cherbourg ocme from tbo Dorlb-wcal, and do not aMul tbe break- 
water at right auglea to iia dirvvtion. bat ooue men UMrty atird 
en to thu work, lu a« to a great extent to ran along the outer 
wall. Tlie nortli-w«Bt wavea an propagated from tM Atlantic, 
while Ihe wavea which an moat iryma to tbe work oume tnta 
tha iiortli, in which direction the line of espcaure ii only 
abtnl 31 leaguea. Tbeee Aula we obtained during a reetnt 
viali t» CheinouijL undertaken tor the ipacial parpoae of 
Moertatuiog the phyaioal oharacterialioe of the pbica. Tht 
attempt to make out a paralleliam brtwoeu Plymoatb, whidi 
bnea the Atlnutio direoUy, and Cborbonric, which ia oampnnh 
tivelr liiud'lucked, cannot, in our opuiiiai, atand the teal uf a 
laud^il iiiiiiiiry. 

OUier ci)ni]*riiinnii may be reftrred I" which have been ad- 
vanced on Hiuatir natrnable groiuidiL Th<i>, Uio old |)&er of 
Dtmleary, which i* vertical, aud ha* ainrd well, ba* hpon com- 
partd wllh tli<^ lalufi wnlla of Kiii^'etowu Uai-Uiur, w|iii:h di>w 

Kilrct Pniilcary, and wliu'li hare i-Aen rewiveil iiiiich djuiiiiL-t. 
C all-iuiportntiC rlirmiDt of dvplh of water baa b««ti iu Ihil 
inetancf etititrJy orerlookpd; far at Kingatown there ia a depth 



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THE CIVIL ENGINEER AXD ARCHITECrS JOUEXAL. 



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of 97 b«t, wbib Dunlntry ia nil bat dn. An able writer ob 
the MUM fUMTto mnta in ounparing dUfereiit Mft wall* in tbo 
Firth of Fortli, ha*, ia like luajuirr, not anSetently ■dvc>rt«il to 
thr gnwt dilEmiwM is ih* dcptlia oppodte the vorla (« wbidi 
ho nScn. 

An irapoitMit adTvnb^ie of the alopiog wall ia llie nn&U 
rodatasM whkh tt offen U) ibe iuipiuglof; wav^ but It thoukl 
also he barve in diIdiI that t)ie wct^t mliBg on Ih* fkM atonoa 
IB a talna wall U dixTrannJ in proporliMi to U19 uae of tbo aii(te 
of the alop*. 1/ we auppaae tlie wave* wbioh naaail a alopuig 
wall to act ia Uie iMriaoutal plane, Ibeir dinct inipalae, wh«a 
rMolvtd Into tba fora acting at ii^ht an^M to t1i« aloptc^ 
nrbc* of tlM talM wall, will be proportional to iho aino of tho anglo 
of Ucidctiaf-. The oBectirc foKo when catimalnl in the honxoulal 
plaiM^ wiUbeproportioDal totbcfiuaieaf ihenne ofthaaagleor 
iBoiilnice. But If we a«Humo tbe moljou of tha Imptodng 
partMM to ba horimoUl, the numbtr of tlirrio which wilT M 
intmmlad hj the aloptux •ortaer will be al«> mluoed in tbe 
ntio of the nna of the aoffie of inddeooe, or of elevation of 
tbo lalua wall. Henc>^ ilic tend^Dcj of the wavea to produce 
luviaonlal dJAplAonuitnt of tli« wall, ou tlie aafluiiipUon tliat tbe 
diraolioii of the iDipinsing pArtidaa ia horizontAt, will be propor^ 
tionnl lo the mibe of the RbiH of angle of dovatiou of Ibe walL 

If it fiutlier happma that tlicn ia oUlquitj' of action ia tbe 
a^Buthal aa well aa In the vertical pliuie arisiDc freia Uio 
r^aliva dirooUoo of tba pi«r and of Uie wiivm, ihera will b« 
another nmilar («dnctiom in tho ratio of tlie •qiinm ur oibea of 
tbe aUHle of inciitenoe acoonling aa tbe force i* reaolvnl intu that 
at right anglea to lli« line of the pier, cr to that of Uie direction 
of iM warn. 

Let • = vertical angle of incidonoa or aofcla of doration of 
w»II; 
•* = Mrimnilial aai^a of toddeoco; 
/= boriaonlal form exerted ou unit of auriaec at right 

anglea to tbe line of liarbonr wall; 
k a height of greaieat aaaalliug wai-ea; 
/CI A («n 9 tin *y. 

The kbovt upreaaion aiaigiH, w«< tbiDk, too mat a leduoijon, 
U tbe motion of tba pnrticlea mair not he liorira>ntid, and no 
aocoant it lakan of tha cSlMtaof friction ngainat the rough mirfaoo 
of ibe niaaonrjr. Kxperiiuenia are IherMore waiiiios to ileter- 
uiue Oie couBUiii for convctiug the theotvlloal pmiiIib due to 
thla expnealou. 

Ur. Soptt ItnaMll reoammeuda the pantwlic curve aa that 
beet raitod fur tbe profile where the objtvt ia to hitak the 
wai^ and not lo rtoeot ibem, aa la llie cane in slo^ag bKak- 
waten. Thit curve poaaeMN, acoordini; to Mr. Kuaacll, lli« 
odvant^^aa of anpoi^or airangtb, of eeonomj iu the matorinli, 
of bftkking the wave tarlv, and of BontiuuiDtt an uniform 
aetioa over tbe lovgeat period of lime. Wheu the tide i« low, 
the toe of tliealope, whioU apringaoutof tlie jVeiAore and fomie 
tba vertox of the F*rabuln, would, we bar, be fonml ntlier 
weal:, and perbapa ilifliealt to fomi. On the whole wr rntliar 
inaliuo in aucfa owe*, ainply to ihruw iu tbe aialoriaU, nod to 
allow tba aea to fonu Ita own alope. 

Accnrdiitz to Sr John Rannie [* AecoDot of Plymouth Dmk- 
water,*) rabblr brcokwjitrn with dopoa formed at th« angle of 
rejioae, were adopted bv Uie Oreelca ia the nolea of IVro and 
Oaitliafa, «m1 bj tlie Itoniana at Allivois and Hallavnaatiu, 
Tlia «uiM dealgn wua al*o followed nt Vviiior, Girnua, fiocbell^ 
Banalotin, and other jdncoa. Iu thi> ItiiiKiloa the dml oxamiilo 
on a large aoale which we find ia at H'lwlli. Kiu^irtowD, Huly- 
ImmI, aad tbo noble breakwater at Plviunuth, wore aftKTwnnla 
ourriedouton tba aanio priudplp, and cliioll/ itnrler theilirec- 
tlona of tba lal« Ur. Rounia. Tbe grcnt national baibour* of 
rafuDa at pmnnt in proonai in thia oountrr, aeeording to Mr. 
Keudel'a deaiffua, at Holybeai and Purtluid, at« on a ainiilar 
principla; while ihoae uadar UaNra. Walker, Burgea, and 
Cotipfr. at Dorar, AldariMg', aod Jeraa/, in mora nearly 
v*rt*cal. 

Ilanng bow oenaidered tbe few &oia of which we are in poa> 
■taaioB remidiiig the ditpuUd nature of tbe impulee of tbe 
wavea Is oetfi watara, we aball direct tbe rraJer'e attention 
to their eflbeta in aballow watar. Thoae in dcco iraUr were 
chiefly itMe w aw i , and ragnnled by many oa oriog purdy 
oacUtotorr, while tbote in tfaoal water* an breaking waro^ and 



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I 




■ may b«"^H 



thervloR raganled by all aa wavaa of tranalatioa. We ban 
hitherto been oouaidering breakwater* erected ia deep water, and 
which were couataiitlT exprieeil to the wnveai w« now to tora to 
jnera and aea walla whidi are plaoed wilbb the migo of the anrf, 
and which aro axpoaed lo ila foro* for a litoitocT oeriod culy^ 
boixig aomotiiiMa IcA nearly, or altogether dry by (lie 
tida. 

Tlie impuUu of the wavea a^nat a wa-wall or pier may ba' 
reaolvod practically Into four duactiona^lat, The diieot bori- 
xoBtal force nhidi tooda to ahake Ioom, or carry before it, tbo 
blocka of which t,lic oppoaiog tQwoiny CDUaiata. Thia fo*C0 B»J 
alao blow up lh<! pilcbiog, ur overtiiru lliu iuii«r or ({Uay-waU 
b^ cundoiiatng thu air, or proealng uihui lh« «'Uer which ooco* 
piea the intcralico* of iba rnbblc. Wv know two eaaw io the 
Oenuan Oocau whore. In oomoquence of want of width in tba 
pJer, coupled, in one inaUnco, with iiutuffident workmaBildh 
tbo ianar or quay-walla ware obaerred firat to bulge and luL 
bafoni the aea-wall waa Injnrtd. One of thoaa piei* nuantrad 
28 ft 4 iu, and the other it4 feet on the roadway. Snd. Ilia 
vertical upwaitj forMtohioh may act un acy piojectiag atoM Or 
ppotiiberauce. 3rvl. Ke verlioal du«iiw*i>i foroe of ibe water 
which roaultH eltlm fnnui the wave lu'vuking iip<:>n the too of a 
talua wall, or (rom tlio wavo paaaingovar the parapet, and Ulinw 
upon the oitching behind, ao aa to plough it up. 4tii. Tlia taeh 
matghi whidi tend* }qr reaetioD from the wall to plougb up tba 
aofl bottom, and thua to undermine the lower oourata of tba 
work, or pcrhap* by/tuvion to pitll out the bcewurk. We may 
eoodudo from tho above that the [loiuli whidi require lo ba 
CHivfiiUy attended to are.— lit, Tlic i^iulvar and qoallty rf 
ntaarauT of the wall itaelf; Sod. Tbe pantpet, wliicb, if not oS 
•ofBcieut haight, or built in a piviper direction, leads to damua 
in tho pitchiuK behind it; and 'Ard. The fuundatiou eoiuae^ la 
tbededgn and oontiruolion of which, if ainulor nrocautlona ba 
not attended to, undrrwaaliiog of tbe bottom may in hjhio eiiu^ 
tloiM take plaot, so aa to Icava tlia lowaai ouiumh without pr^ 
tcctiou. 

Wd chall in the fint place cooBiter how far thoao loniarlca are 
appliiitblo where liie bottom ia aulid rock. Such a aoppoMtion 
will rftiilcr unsaoeaaary any preoantlont ariiing from iho waating 
of tbu bulioa, and, aeltri* pitribm*, there doea not «hui to ba any 
rcaaon for |ira(«rriog a talua lo a vartiod whJI, Thu (janaUon of 
prefermioe m aucb a laac will in the isnin doncnd upon the kind 
of material which oui be obtained. Sliould tlic sione ht *carre or 
GOelly, and tbo qmUity aouh a« to wnrnuit the iulriKtiiciion ef 
nttaonry cf the bMl daaeriptlou, tlie vertical wall may he fonod 
to he tba moit ooouoauical. Whrro frctatoaia is to b« u«d. it ta 
not only dcainiljle thnl it abonld be got in Inriie blocka, but thai 
tbe fixe siuiicti ehuuld |)"«Btita oo&aidarable hardnn^ Tib |ira- 
caulioti i» (lai'iI'.'ul.'U'ly oecoeaaty in sdeollrig tbe atonca for tlia 
lower courHi*. luid oapadally whcio tbo beauh coodBla uf hard 
gmvd. For the Mime reiMOO it ia highly lioportaut that all 
Kioiin which are auhjeot to decay bum alaioapharie influence 
klioijld be uitlier 4'iitintly ftyecietl or aoiieuihled in the upper 
coutaiw of the paimjicU 

Wliere the maloriahi an abundout, but of an unwotlcBUa 
nnlui>^ a lut>K tnlui wall will genernlly be fouud iihmI iiniliiiliilMl 
i'vt Euoh wiilTit lliB rate of Hiope luUBt depend very much npCB 
the oxpoNure of tlie place, and unun tlie plentifulupiu of rubw* 
DloDo hcarttnn. The (aaily.ureaaed and naturally Aa^ 
bedvled niatvriala, which the itratified rocka of the taooudai^ 
fui'iuativn vvry often furiiiah, are P*|iedally appliimble tot th« 
cwtiHli-iictiun of verliud walla; while the unoouth Uodca 
or the priauiry uid ignooua fonuatiooa are better anitad 
for tiJuit walla. Sodi rock* ni gneiM. tho achieta, liaadt^ 

KeuHtouca, nmyttdoluitlii, ancl Ihc tdighci* kiniU of gianilo, ar« 
I fitted for (iiAl purpuKL With aome of tliuno rocka llic ang«> 
larity of tlie pleoei, and the exoraaire difficulty of drcadn^ 
rendor it naucaMiy to aMombla them without aluiMt any altera* 
tion of their sluiie, by au adaptation of tlivir taliaot and ro- 
entraut HuglM, bu aa lo make a kind of random rubble faoe-wi^. 
In Cliii kitiil of work, mortar ia my addom employed. The 
porajtot j^cnurally oonaiila of iqnarod maaonry, aiinnoiuited by a 
neavy cope, and it ahould iu every cue be eat la good luw 
mortar. 

Where Ibe mater^alt are light and of email dsea it is dwrahia 
to eqnaliae die action of tlie eta over the whole work, and i»<i to 
oonemtrate it against any (mrUoular place. Ur. Buaaell atatea 
thM the oyckridal form waa recommended far tbia fnmwae hy 
fraos Oeratoer of Bohemia. Tbe uuly iuatanee with wbldt wa 



M 




THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAt. 



IS 



wrt liamliiM nf the tiivpOop of tkb nm vm ja k m* imll 
cmtM u THBlq', ntv Bdiabnrgk, I7 Uw bto Mr. Baben 
otaTBnMDt ni 1?V9> 

It W bNO Blmdy Mated lliat, irreapwCira of the ciniUlnr of 
tha taiMOBfj, tlie tvo pdaM hi Um atmctara which urn ««kX or 
dugnvni »re thu ton nn>l IniUoib of tito wall. Witli n rat/kf 
bdUom i)i» risk of fiulare at th« foamUtioiui [a remoTtil; on IM 
«th«r luMi'l, «Ii«f« tb* •hore oonrirt* erf raUm nek, moving 
dtlngi* or mnii, it t* ob*1a«a ibai praTtrioB moat b* nwdv for 
both thcMMUKiM of evil. Xn bet. If wo cMioalt (h« hiunry </ 
bulKwr^ w« tth*n flnil that bj' br th* inart freqiwuC oauM of 
dun^ M the reaction nf tlic iwn o^mt the abor^ 

The fftneni tic^if ot A (rnipniiDlary b«iuh BinHt <1i^m1 nnon 
th« nine ami tutura of tbe parlldw Uti III* tarw of thd apa. Tbo 
diMitniUrity betwMa tlia ttopM of a b«aob our the level* of 
Ugh an4 toVt H-«[«f , sriMa fttira a docrcaae id the fcrw of th« 
wsvea, owins (» their boinf; brokan b«for* (k«^ rowh ihn bij^i- 
vkternark. The2t*fttobject,lherefoTtt, la tndougn theproHleof 
oomU M a* todter lu little a* i>oa*iMit tb« arinnetrr of the 
hmA. Where hohud n^» or hrj[e bonlilan are aMii pnjeol- 
Ibg abor« the nrfim of » cuidy bMcb, than will geumillV h» 
fcniinl arooni] tli<-n boHow*, tonrcapoodlBg In depth to Die kiml 
«r obatnictlon whWi the rwka praaent Tho prineip*! point 
in tbe dMign, thcrefoce, muK b* to avoid grt^t and Midden ob- 
atraetioan to the moreaieDtoflh« water. The bnt form wfaidi 
«MiM W aiIopt«d in taf aitnatinc would "t «oiiraa b« the mim as 
Hw er<m aeelioD of the boaeh itaelf, bat thU woald anaw«r ao 
pOMfble pimmaa: and, m the wall ia tn onomrt ff heavy hlooka of 
flbme Lortoxl «r raiante partlcltn of mod, it •■ clear that a much 
■taMwr «lnp<> mv be adopted ihui fAa fnfih^mmirTanejf of tha 
enut, pmvvkd tlie lower imrt of the elope b* ftatteBod out ao m 
to DiMt tbe aafl-t at a low nngle. Tlia Mtion M' a bulwark U to 
HTWt tha wavt* before thej- wach ih* Mmaral hifb-«al«r mark, 
and V> change Ibe horiaontal liFition of tbe flaM parUHoa tu tbe 
WTticaJ plane, <rr to onrorel the wai-ea to deatroy thaniad'ns oa 
as *rtiG«ial l>sii:h onuiiatiiiK of limvj atoiiaa. To pr*ventna(l«a<- 
whUiik, the two foUawins iwjiiirflaa alioald tharefora be •• far 
•a P^hU" "pivirwl;— let, uie rjiiodatioBcoflWMorbotloKi of tba 
wnll ihoiild riM si a veir niniill nnglc vrith the bnich, ao that 
ihfir top ant&OM raajf op cnincidiit with ili# profile of coo- 
aarvatian of that porUno nf the toKrh out nf which lb» wall 

XriniTi; ani. ibr ooilin* of the wall ahould be aiK* aa to allow 
K w^r^ t<> p^JM nawanta withont nnv aitildti diaclc till il iliall 
faava renctii^l tbe atronseat part of tlic wall, which ahoiild b« an 
(kr f^tn the fouoibitloii aa pMnlblc 

TliOM two raqultltan ahow elnarly hnw biawiliaible a vertical 
wall louMln nneiauM be fcrn sandy bcaph ToMoad i<f alteiinf 
the direetloti ofthewnveal a ili^tniiM fiviin it* foandalioii. the 
whola diap^ !■ pm-lnt^d At Ihnt vnry point, luid auleo* Iht wnll 
Iw fonndeirat a grvni di-ptli, lu dcotroction it all but ontain. 
Vben the mateiUla are coetiv, bnt admit nf betnj auil.T 
draaMnl, we aro diOp^Mit to thinV tliAt a horimnlNl, or nmri^ 
horixODtnl will coonfct«d Kilh it vertlcnl one by a qaadrant 
<f > dT«le mar b^ found *iiiuiblp. Such a form will prewTii 
to a eotiiiiJenW 'xt^iit the danger of roictioii by caoaiDf an 
aherackm lu tho form of the ware at thai )wrt where the wall 
b Btrmgcat and al the ^reitevt diataDoe from the i*^ or ouib 
ooarM. Where the imttoriiil* tra abtinilant an<l oT a roitgber 
luiare, a cyeIo!d.-d wall, with renintl and horiBontnl tonjiaiita 
tooiewhnt alBiilar to lh.1t rrertrd »i Triniiy. to which weliave 
already ri^rrod, may 1« adopted with aitvantage. 

A •jwcinl cantioo may not bo out of pla« n-gnnHn^ clayey 
bottomL Mnny are apt to aappnan that tli^rr oui Iw oa Wttor 
(nuuUiion than day; and it u indent trou thnt >onie kinds of 
banl etay form a mtiaCtclory subeoiL But thei'v xn olhcn of 
a aoftfrliind, and penneated by tandy b«<i», which are ex- 
Imnelv truchcroaa If there W tbe alightrot dip iwawarda, 
there la alwnya a rink ''f nor pier lliAt may be biull nn aiich 
a baM tlippiog btalilr into tlie vea. Tbia holila espi>dally tmo 
of iDla&d Ioch^ wbriT the tidea very often slope ■nddfuly. To 
eno loitaaoe, tlie portieiilara of which <re giA on the ipot 
ibntlly after the iMi<l«nt, a plvr built on ■ cUyoy Ixnch, 
alojiins below low water at tlie ntte of I in I3j, Duddciily 
began tJ) mova, and afUr two boun it hud Uipmd vMwanla liJO 
feet, aad had by th.il time deaoendo-l U>ilily a Mght of 3t feet, 
the top nf the pi«r being thou no leu Uiui S3 bet below lcnr> 
water aprfog tlilea. 




Oi»Mtni«f{oii V fortoiira. 

Oar ipAoe will not admit of our going mnefa fiuther bilo tlva 
anUaet of th« ooaauiictkm r.f luubovn ibma tlia few raaarica 
we have alrtadjr niftde, A haowledA of woh nattaca ts^ 10 
aonte extent be aeqiiirad by a caro^ paavial of tha puUiahed 
bbtonea of marioe works; bat, afUr all, tt raitd ha oonbaed 
thut the only valuable tmoher ia thi« wide tmwtied Aeld li 
axpirlmut. It ia, in trath, impoanbte to Uy down aaj feiMral 
rnka of EuidaiMs aa to mattcn of thU kind. All that ah bs 
done wtthin onr inaoe ia (o uotkn tvj fariady aotne of the more 
Importaol metliwla of working. And finC with re(,-ard to that 
iandoAhle pioee of apparatni, the diviog-Detl, we woald rate 
t» Smcatoa'a 'Anonnt of Runmte Uvbour,' pvbliahad ia 
17il, where it na fint aji]'li(>J Inlilm to harbour morka. Tlia 
diviiu-hElmot la a moK uvful and ctnivciiieat modtficRtioa of 
the diring-bfll, luiil U n-ivr rcrv KcaeisUy enployad. 

Of lata ymtt Mr. Walker Ikaa'intTodiitiM mn nmiaa tha tMa 
of Men M n aubdtitute for backlii^. Thia artlfldal eoaorett ia 
aonetimts and in enonoiotia taawea Wa hara aeeo at Charboiirg 
blocka of SO toua praparad ia bona, whoae aidea and topa Bra 
miovoil after tbe eonccata baa aet, in order to be again ^bIIrHj 
eroployod. The propottlona uaed at Cbaiboure by U. Rabeilb 
were two ofoaiid or flae gnvel, to ooe of Poftlaod cemenL 

Wo nifty nltt) mention that the laethod of MaembUag atooea 
00 their eilgas, inatatui of on tlieir hod*, winch fanaett^ ««a In 
use in aomo old Scottiah hiirboun and aea-walla, aa at St 
Aadntw*, Pratonixuia, &c, deaervea to be more gtaernlly kaowii 
and adoptoJ, from il« auiwrior atreagth. 

The propoaal of Mr. Breaincr, of VTick, for piiUlnj; !■ lite 
ftiunilaltona of lov-walcf piera abo mi-Tltd nolica. Mr. BniBMr 
propom ta ounatmct, in tome ailjoqaing ntaca of afaaltcr, eoot^ 
nioua pootoona of timW, oa iriiieh Uie uailar porta of tbe work 
are built, and aft«rwarda flontod to the daatred apot in Ctvounbia 
wMlher, and eareriilly ^roundod. Svah a plan aiiiiht, wo have 
no doubt, be foond eooaooiiad nad naahl hi aeiae aitaattona. 

Mr. Rendd hu iutrodoctxl an Improvod method of a aaem bB a g 
the inerret periuM or nibble aaad in the oonatruetioa of huga 
hreakwatora; thi* tmrthod ha cmplmod at Millbaj Pier, acar 
Ftyraoath, ia lr<3S, in a depth ofSS feet: and ho la at praaeat 
e&rryiii; nut tho nunc prindple on a atill largtr acale^ in tbe 
(wiutmctioa of the brenkwalera at Holyhead aoil Portland. The 
improvement conriala In depoattlng tho raigh nuteriala from 
itA^lngi of tidibor atevaicd a eonaidenUa haiglil above high 
water. Tbe itoua* are brought on tbe ata^ofb *aitoaa,tbTQ|(igli 
tho bottoma of which they are dbAar^ into tbe aaa. iTi* 
principle 00 which tbe ataging* are daa^oaJ in that of odering 
tlia autalleat poaalbia noatanoa to the aeo, the under auiMuTe 
ooualating 01 nothing tnure than aingle upright pilea, thaia 
beiiig 0^ one lino of pil«a for eaoh roadway. 

Xu. Bendcl. in a kiter kindly aoouDani<nt«d to vm, alataa^ 
" I uae no tunber bracaa of any kind, a* tbtw uOer more n- 
uatauoe to Um aaa Uian atrcugth to the atagiuji. At PorlUad, 
however, whora any acviJeat would be a aerioiM tvU, owing to 
onr omployiog ooovicia in the quarHM, wo alay the pilot with 
in>n guya,' fixod to Uit^heir* aoroir bvoitdm, and »lao trsai 
the outer pllaa iu each row with inrn nxb. Wa alao &x ili« pQaa 
id tho ground with a aerew. 

"At Holyhead, howwrur, we only attach to eubiiUo boxaa 
filled with amall atonea, for the porpota of gettins them into a 
vertical puntioo, and um no aiaya or guya or ai^y Kind. 

" The aupentru«ture oonaiata limply of holka of timber, with 
ralU laid on thom to canj tbe wagutia. The ))il«k ar4> pLvad in 
rowa 30 feel apart, and ilie eaae and certainty with which the 
abngin;; ia couitrucbed k auob that a length of 30 feet, mdoding 
the auntwiu^ in of tlia ^aa, the laying down of tb« rttMlwajra, and 
all minor wurka aooMiarf to make them fit 10 Kir^ tha waguna, 
never occumra more than one WDrliiu^ d.ty ntid n half^ and nftan 
lea*. The tcuj^b of the pilea that we arv now uaiog variua fr^im 
8 1 to 90 feet, the depth of water nt boUi Uolyhtnd ao<I rorlhuul 
beios about 1 1 bthonM. 

"Oftiie atrongth of the atngeyou may Judge ftmn its carrying 
on each roadway aa mtich aa three wagona, wei^ng ia tha 
groaa 13 loiu eaolu 

"Tlie oflraiitagM of tho atuiiig are obvioii*. It ooolribniea 

Ctly to th» coil -it illation of the atone, it innke* a (.'reai^r 
Ui of hi-rakwntcr b> be under oouatruction at the lamo tiiii*, 
and it ennlilci lliu depoaita to be carri'-d ou vithoul intcrmptioii, 
almoft in tlie lienvitat weathar. Aa an inalaooc uf thii, I may 
remark that my raaldant at Ponlaud iufomi au tluA tm 



J 



14 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOimNAL. 




wudu ud loQCOUitlvM wtn toffifgiA Materd*; at h time whoo 
■in A N* wM niBntag thkt liuyc Ikmum or »VfV wen Umvn 
fit (M ibow til* waUr tevoL Aa * proof of the odlitiM wbidi 
tht itip jJbni* for npidity of conMruellon, I •honU «t«t« tLnt 
w» hftve depodUd thia fckr Rt Holyhmd, wbitra frao Ubaiir u 
OBcJoyMl, MUlj «iw miUioii tuu of atODe. The loan from 
MxMMtB to tiw aUg* ■ oompuKtircIf aiiULlt on iU tinrt r»at, 
aad whoit aprtad over th* cost of ihe whole wovIm li U a mere 
brUb. I find the Mirtlepee u«, Id Ui* dM|i nUr and exnoBod 
mrU^ fraiu ^ or e to 1 bMTotiiOfnvlkbovc Kigb-mtcr ana from 
IS le IS below lov-Wktar, fnxu which paiut th«}- mjiiiUr bsoomo 
abOMl to 1- The iundcaloPM are DCTwr mora thu Ij'to 1, Mid 
wliLwa man tltu i to I. Tlie iii»t«iala an •xmUsoL" 

Mr. Walker ba* nbo kinillf oonbribntwl aome liKta oaBOMtad 
rith tbe ooDMrnoliom of thn gnat work* now e^iiig on under the 
of UeMrs. Walker, IIutkm, and Cooper at Jeiaen 
lanw^i niid Dovnr. At Ald«ru«y, which it a vtty ^apUMd 
Ml tlw tote. D|i to It f««t Wlow luw-wnt«r, U fbmicil bv ^dm 
brown, or rvthur drupt in from barg**. Up to low-walcr the 
_ .rark ia all iIoim l>jr diTing'IivImoU. The wall U boed with 

KAlte, badtad with blooka of Mon Diade of laad, atiiDgte, and 
rlia&d eofnant. Above low-water It ts bmd witb atone of tbe 
iaUnd, k kind of mUbtoae-grit, aod it backed with blocka of 
rabble act in Bmuui eemaitt. The mUUtooe-gril u raited in 
T«tT large Uoeka. Tbc profile ia to oouaUt of a iiua;r, su eepln- 
nade. ai3 a penpeL 
Jecwjr it miwo tlie Mne aa Aldemer, but tbc peU-nuff work 
I tvricd to low-water, having nearly nrtical walla of ooodo- 
nmtc built ahovti Dover hM nearly rertioal waUa, fitoed mth 
granite from the tht botton, which it now -Ut fMt below luw- 
mrftt. Tliit work waa doue with diting-brllt. 

Sit J. Rtuinie. in bla ' Account of tha Iljniauth Brvnkwater,' 

aje, " From the botlom to within 9 feet of luW'W»lcr springa, 

wc £ml that tb<? alopo it £l or 3 to 1. Here the odeol of Uie 

waves i* o^parativetjr Nuall, belug nentaliaed bv tlw maMof 

^mur. fmn thenoe to low-water of cpriBg^dM tlie tlopo 

llmi^Hg [Toiu 3or 4 to 1, but between low-waUr of ■pi'iDg-Udes 

|k^ hisfa-waler, wbon tbe eSeot of ibe warat la greeleat, Uiers 

vt found ttiat the rubble would not lie at leaa than G to 1, 

vUlet, on tlia inikle, the alope etanda gaieiaUjr at fnxn 1^ or 

I to 1." 

The above iiiten«lln{E detaiht rcganlins Iheeu national work* 
' nr, from tbe variety which tliey exhibit howdilBcuU It b to 
. _„' down any Dcnocal rulee fi>r the oonstmction of harboure, and 
eonfinn the pnod^e tbat eadt work moat be jndged of />«r w, 

MittnUmwu ObrtrvaUm*. 
The nlttniate object of conetructiug haiboiira li^ by lowering 
itbohnghtof the wnvoi,lopre«erTc the tnutnniti^of llieareaof 
lUr wUd) b ondowd by tbe yien; and thi« property U 
- .jrfouily piiwtiitiifl b^ barbouni of dillcreot (brma, and dependt 
Buchupontberelntlre wldthaof the entranoe.nad of lhoiut«rior, 
tbe depth of water, the abaiie of the entranoa, and tha relation 
between the dirootion of ita opening, and that of the line 
uf marJmum rjpoturt. 

Tlie only furmula of which we are aware It that by tbe writer 
of tbb artiule (' Edtn. New FhiL Jounral,' ISB3), whtob girea an 
approxltoatlMi to the mlaetkt fi«(i>«r, or ia, in other word^ a nnnie- 
^Okl form of capreemng how much a wave of |pv«n height 
bMMne* rcdiKod, after it hot entered a harbour. Tlioogh the 
MMilu oMaiued by the Gmnnla may nnt bo abaoluwly correct, 
tiia will be nn objection where Uie object it merely to obtain a 
uOBii«rat3Te ralue^ ao, for example, in eompariog one deeign for 
a hariiour with another. 

When tbe paete ara higdi emouffh to eciMn tfae Inner area tima 
the wind, wlier* the dop^ it unubrm, ihv width of eotranoe not 
vary gmt iu eoaipaiiitoa with tbe width nf ibe wave^ and vlien 
the iiwy walit are vertical, and the dielanoe not lea tbu 
I bet,— let 

H =bdght in tort of wavm in the open ara. 

x^radiwed height of wave* in fcet at pkee ol obMrvalion 

In the luluior of tbe harboar. 
ftsbreadihof nntmnce toliarbourin feoL 
B=h««Hlthof barbonralplaceof obeert-Btionin f«oL 
D^dbtance (rtnu uontli of harbour to pboe of obaerva- 
tion in feuL 



Tkia formota baa been (bond to give good approxiinatioai at 
aevenJ barboure when tbe heightt of the wavea wanngUwnd. 
When n u ajwumed aa anity, j- will reprcwnt tbo 
J>eweP of tbe harboar. 

In eituationa whore the highcat wavoa oroea the barb 
tnotithatan obUi{uenug]e, afiutbcrrodnotion udne tolbbi 
Wehave bMnnnaUeto tLodanvobaervalionatbatbavabeaii 
on tliia inbject by othera, ana lor want of bette^ we aball^W^ 
tlircH obaervatio&B made nnder oar diroetimia at uthdOBwoMl 
Barbour: 




DIKUnnaibltiwb )M(kt of me alkw fWlil 

br venaL OneAtafl*. 

..... l«b«t........ IW 

aa OUB 

eg cm 





Anal* df sUlqutf . 

0' 

w 

I*)* 

Theee moat, howerer, be legartled aa but aDproslmadon*. 
b obvious that aa the wave ni^ be defleoled Ibrongh more f 
S60^, tbe ourvo ropreeeuting the Ndaction must be a apindi 
more obaen'attoD* an wanted to deteomine of what kind. 

Buccna are logs of Umber placed acroea tlio month of a harboi 
or the entrance to an inner biurin or dock, baring their eu 
•ocund by projoding into gmovea cut in the inaaonry ou eaefa 
aide of the eutranen The bocona are dropped into Uieee 
to the number of from 10 to 90, or aa many mora aa wii: 
doBo oonlaot of the loweal one with a ^•^iace placed in the . . 
of the harbour, without which procantum the awell m biind 
enter the bubour from below the boama. By tlua oontrlvao' 
wbioh forma a temponu; wall, tbe wavea are oompletwljr dMck< 
and pteveeted from ajireadiiig into the Intwior baaia. The 
longeet buooia wo have teen areabout MCsoLand in tome pi 
aa at Hartlepool and Sealuun in Durhamahire, Uiey are 
out and in by atenDi'power. 

Though p«rf<!Clly euoceatftil In thetr tnuii^uiliaing eRlNt ([ 
vidml ihay are kept to n>utact with thn ull-nicco at tbo boltoi 
faoNna are nut tuited far the moiithi of haruuura wburc then 
much tralGc. oa tbe ehippiug and unshipping of ao many loua «f 
timber Au hardly take leai than a quarter of an hour— add^ 
which might In many caeca be attended with acrioua oon*» 
■fucncoc 

It it Tory dwimblo, and in tcone coaea eaaential, that lliere be 
eilher a cuitnderuble intenni area, or elae a aeparwte batin oiipo- 
ttite Uie entrance for the wavua to deatroy or »)/tnJ tbeniaeivea. 
Such a boxia ahoald, If poaalble, be made ao m to preatrve « 
portion of tlio origiual uore for the wavea to bit«k ntion, and 
when cin^iinixiAiicc* render tliia impoteiblu, there ahould at Inut 
be a Hat IaIub of 2 or 3 to 1. Talue walla of 1 to 1, or ttevper, 
will not allow tlie wav«« to break Ailly, bat will redeot tbem iB 
aiicb a mannnr n« niight in tonie caatamake the entrance difficult 
or evsa dangerona i4 acoeat, and the berthage within utuHJo. 
There are many inabuieea of harboure being materially lojuted 
bj tbe eraellon of a anay wall aonjw a beach whore tlie wavea 
wora formerly allowed to expend ilieir force. 

It may be obserred tbat when there is an inner harbour or 
itilling biain. the elliptical form eeema to be the noei promiting. 
Let one fomie bv euppoaed tobeon the middle lloeof the enimuoa 
and 14 coincide witb the iKiint from which the wavco in expand- 
ing into the interior raoiate oa from a ceutje (wUicb they da 
approximately), and if the other focua ia dtoaUd tnlaad o( lildb- 
water mark, ibc wavea will tend to reauamble at the landwatd 
focua. and ou their way will bo dratroyed by breaking on tbo 
bead). Tfait appears from the well-known property uflheellipee^ 
that if two radii eci^rene be drawn from the two fM to any 
point in the ourre tliey will make equal anglet wilb the tongant 
at that piiint: and a« tbo angloa of uiddence and refleciioo of a 
wave from any obeticle ore nractically equal, eedi wave will be 
nearly concentrated at tbe K«ua oppoeile to that Ironi which it 

Another cante of diaturbancu in harboar^ which U ofWo not 
■uSolently coDtiderod, la the indttcrnmniale deepening of tb 
antranoe without a propoeliooatc eulbrgement of the internal 
arts or the eioontion of other worka for cuunteaoting the effect. 
Aa the depth of the water b more and more increaMd, waveaef 
greater beiglrt b^rame poatiUn at the entrance, ao tbat larger 
wavea gain adniiacicin to the interior. The writer ho* ht4 
repeated pmofa i4 (bta in the counw of hb prnetitA At (be port 
of Sunderland, Mr. D. Suvenaon reoomntended tbe removal a< 
nearly the whule of the aoQlh ttone {ntr, and tbe aubetltutlon of 
work* nf ogii^Q fi-amework in order to traaquiliae the interior. 
Tlicae work*, which have been qiute BacoMBiJ, were rei 





THE CIVIL ENGINEKR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL, 



U 



» 



jtKtmuy bjr At ft«iuaDt ilrt^ag of tba dumael u aod luw 
ttiacBlntio*. 

TIm pnMrrkUon of tbe depth of bwboan wbora them ii k 
tCodM^ to dapMit U ofUra fttlcndcd Kith gnu iKfllealt/ and 
•xpenae. Vh«r« tb« <i«|>(Mit of lUt it eoofiaod to th« ajmae 
httwetti high uii'l lov.mur hmtIu, Um toouTing by mMU of 
Mil or frvuli vmtcr U in Moiaral eoujiftmtlTalr mtv, bnt w1i«t« 
Umt* i« * twr ouUitU of Ibe eutnboe the eu* Moomw nuM 
ftiUrlftUjr duuigcil. IIm «ffiaa^ of tht wour, w long m St k 
not imMded qr cneoanwriog aU^tuat wUar, ti k«pt np (br 
(PMt diMftncM, but «K>a cwDM Va ut ond oa ita nxwUnff tha 
acft. ProbaUj tho oulr vaj tn whith thia diffinilty might to 
aoBO txiiaxt M otiTiUM w»iild be bT ooodaeting tbc mwr in 
trm pipea to tbe bu-, & plwt which tli« aatfaor pnfioaol In 1SI3 
Ibr Ilrniali hM-boor, bat tht azpanae «u noaldmbln ud tha 
•MCaM doablfiU. TbaaamapUnwaapropoaadbyMr. Alaxondor 
Smd Ibr RirkoaUj acnue yean Utar. Wbco tbe rohuM of 
watar libenlfld la gnM eompared with tha attmi or dhaaael 
ttmnigb which ft haa to pMi, the ebJsoUoB baaed on tha aUg- 
vaaej of the «w«r originally oeeopjruif tha (buiaol dtwa tuA 
Inld to tba aaue cxtoot a» vlten the aeMiring b to bo pro- 
duced bj m Nddeo finitii mommlnnt. In the ooe oaae the (kpoi^ 
liig pownr depeuds slmptv on the (]iMBUQr libented In s praa 
apace of tinia, while in in* oth«r ii depeodt «a the propelling 
bo^ and the dirMtion in which the water laavea tlw ahiioe. 
Mr. Beodel'a adieaie for Birkeodead waa oa the fenner prii>d^& 
The 6nt emaple of aitiSeial aceoHag fu thia wanti; aeMna to 
be do* to liiiiialiiii. who aaad It efftcHuU^ at RamagMa in liTO. 

At Biit« Docka, OurdU; dMigned hj Sir W. Obit^ tba 
Moaa til tha outer bann ia kept open moat aneeeea ft Jly hj 
neana of artiflckl eaoiiring on a aipotio ecale. Tie entnuce 
^n« ciii through mad Imnka for a dutuiea of aboai tliTN-foaiiha 
of A roth- Mawnrd of h'tgh-wstor mariL The i&HU diidiMfa 
wheo tba neervoir ii fan, a lOiUA to be SAOO tone per minnts. 
Thle writer b*i Icaown evim ao titDil«J ■ diMjiarge Ibr an boor 
10 two aa one too a minut«, produce verj oiefiil efbcta la keep- 
inx a aniaU tidal barboitr dear of *and. 

Hnuy pmpoaala hare Dram tima to ttne been mode for 
ttooriog in tbe open na lloatitifr (rameworka of timber with tbe 
tIow oT likelteriiig tlie afMce eneloeed hj iben. The objedioaa 
to tlr«lioc brafwaten an so great and Dbrloiu thnl lli«n 
eiaow lilUe chaooe of their erer Mi^ ranoh mad. From wliat 



I NtAied on the aobjeet of booma, it will be ncollecud that it 
li a reqobilA that thoy ahoald fit doaely to a rill<pieee at tbe 
faottom, otharwiae the run U fouod to oxteod bto tbe barbonr. 
Tnn wlMtwill be afterwania Ntat^d regarding the llaUlinof 
timber to apeedy dealmotloa from tbe marine wnrni, anil to 
irno by cbeuilcal actios, it ia obnona that floating ■tmclQm of 
wood ooBnoclnl by iron and mooted by iron ehaina, t&uaot 
poaolbly be of long duntioo. If to all tlieaa aonrOM of evil we 
add tbe rUk of thtu- being broken by the wa we think tbe enaa 
may be almoat icsaidtd a* hopelcM. No deubi graea-biart 
■icht b« eoL^yed^ao aa to rnriat the n*^ee of tht mm, bat 
Ita iiigb amdnc graWty and ita gnat cxpenae woold prove bat* 
to iu a*nploymont. 

la aome eidniMna wh«ra tbnn is a laaa (hallow bioeh, a 
haitwnr or pUr of timber or maaDory nuy W maile at or tMar 
the low-wat4ir nark, which nu; he ooiuieoted with tbe thore by 
of a aoapeaaian bridge. 'Hie indooMiieiica lo adopt tlia 
MO«i principle are Ita rcaaomj, nnd the free pafliw* it 
aOtirita to tba cunenia, wliich in thia vmy arepnventad »om 
fanabtgaeoamobtMnaof aand-ailt, or gin>«L Tbeee adTaiitoflea 
m*, howavar, afooh redneed by the gnat wear and Mar oouae- 

Erat opon the peitAaUe natun *f the atrvcture. The hua 
DUbmI Brown mwImI two diala pjam, tbe one at Brigbtoa 
md the other at NewbaTin, near Edinbn^b, both of wfaidi an 
BtiU In exiMeoo*. 

In ae«f7 aituntioa when it ■■ eaally ptacUcabla to make two 
e utiniMj ea to a barbow. It will ha fonna wall worth llie oxlm 
Hpeoae, prorUad ther can be ao placed that tho one ahall ba 
Bvallabia when tlie otbnr liaa boooiiMi ditficnlt of aooeaiL la 
hmboiin wbidi hare bat one niuulli, vcaai'U an eAen deteineil 
firantatlenirthof ihue by the oontinaaDoe of tin wind in the 
dbveboa which throwa a heavy eta into the estnuioe. Wbwaaa 
if tlten are two entraoee* eitaal«d aa wa Lavo an p p oae d , vamola 
are at onee able to take ihair departnn by the abeltend aide. 
At the port of P e U rb cad . the north and aonth harboutawo* 
aone ytttn ago aoHed by a eavl, aoootdlag to tbe wrttar^ plia^ 
iiHl ihen the advantage baa been of the BWit marked diaaiptioo. 



Vtaaela can ttow dear ont aa aoon ut loaded, eltiMr hj the mmh 
or aoutb moBth, aeoordliig to the Mata of the (ea. Soim caatlon 
ta aaotamj, bowwer, aa the nui ia apt to exiand from the one 
barboor to the other luleae there be a eooaidcrahJe area. 

Then la geaenltr aiach smdcnoe reoulred in the alteta^on 
or repidre of axlanog marue worka. The risk of havtag the 
whole ilniuUm deatroyed bj a gale oosihig uiddenly on whQe 
there ia an typnx breach in the worki^ mujt be obviooa; and fai 
one inttanoa^ when the expoaun of tha place waa gnat, and tha 
BvQ waa a hidden one. the wrilar coidd not recommcad tbe &ee- 
vorit being diatvibed. Tha canw of fidhmi ia thla inalaiiw was 
anppoaed to be the decay of the backing, which having doprtvad 
the f»oo«lonoa of auppoit allowed tbem to bo driven inwaraa by 
tbe foroe of the wavta. laatead of remoriog the fiuewvtit, the 
only nooBtoaDdatloD that ooold be ^von waa to Iqjaet the whole 
plor with llnid cement, ao at if poaaible, to rmder the saw 
mtmaliMe. An allernatire of tbia kind ii obviotuHy of wy 
doubtflil aneeeaa. aad can he renrded aa nothins abort ef a hat 
raaort^ for there le but a amall chanoe of getting the iit(eeted fldd 
to pertneato tbe whole mnaa of tho pier. The ayaMn of peraiea- 
tiotf tho maKinry with flnid natter oould, however, ba enptond 
with mare vhanoe of aoeotM in the j^rmofion of a pier, wbila 
each ooorte Uea open to view. In l&M. at a barbonrthM had 
atood for vary nuny yan. two or throe fnnlty Rtonea had been 
incantioiialy taken ont of tne fuoiwcirk byamaaoBwho iataadad 
to leplaoe them hj othar% whi^u a auitJeu gale caoM OD, aad 
aaaHy the riiole of the work waa levullej wiih the beaoh. 

Aa an annpla of the nuddannaee with which ooreaataoi eonat 
U viaiiJid by galea, and aa indicatiag grapbicaUy tba ralatire 
alijiiliitity of ue euauner and winter montha tat canrying ott 
harbour worka, we give tha aeeompaayiag diagran ef tiM boighta 
of waveik aa obaerved for tbe writer, by iOr. WllUara Hiddlenin, 
mlilnif anglnanr at lo^bater harboar. 

« 1 1 I « 1 C T « * I* tl IIU II It ftN. 




1 II 1 1 < T B sioiiuiiintrM. 
In landloeked baya, when a durp-water tanding-ptoce ia all ibu 
ii reqaind, aad when tha bottom ia aandy or atm, timber mny 
be employed with grmt advantage. Even tu expoaed aituutioua, 
timber can alao be need, bnt tha htal diaadvantage aHtfidiag ita 
employment in moat plaoea wban there ia no aduixtnia of mall 
water^ !■ the rapid dectnctlon oooaaioned by marine wonna. 




16 



THE CIVa ENGIXEEB AND ABCHITECrS JOCRNAL. 




Tbo duuiga eeeuioMd to bwboura in thb way ii notdeed l^ 
Staple in hi* tntUia ' On BiUhUng !n Water,' in 1776, Mid v»r7 
pnbftblir hj iuii<A*>T'IJar«rrit«n. Iad««J, the mvtffn <•{ tli4 
Ten^ nanlit we very Indicrgoiil^ dnKriM by Heolor Boko, 
(b Ua " CroaiUi* <it Scolluiil,* prlntoJ nt Kilitibargh etna 1&36L 
la til* Atlantic Oonui the 7Vr«db navalit, and at mtnj place* Ui 
Uio Ovrmaii Ocmd tbo Limnoria t*r»bmu, arc the uiiautu which 
Mv fbiuul to AutKj uiy atniettir* of timber vhleh la «ip<Me<] to 
the wUw. Timj on bund to eat tnoat mpiclly between tlie 
bollcni and low-wftt«r nttrk, but ttbove low-wntcr the ilnmiisti it 
uot M gnati ud vhat U Mngiil&r, the/ <Io not uipaiu- to exiat at 
all below th« boUnm when tA« piU i* novcrcJ wiUi mdiI, Tlicao 
iibaerv&tiooii do not, however, ijuiiilnLte with Mr, n>rl1ev'ii at 
l.ivorjiucJ, for be fbuutl tbe parn* which were nltcmaUily wet and 
tlry tu AeeAy bjter tiian the put* which werv conatkntjy im- 
menwal. Evea solid liraaBtona UonMidMtmvedby the pcnwverisg 
cdTorts of anoflMT marine aaimal eajlrd the Phetai. 

The lAt« Ur. R. 8t«ven*0D made •eveinl rxjieriinciita on Che 
imvugea of the Umnoria tmbratu at th>e B«U Rock m 1314, l&^l. 



KMrfrmtar. 



OmM-bMrt. 

Teak-weed 

Dlue 

Ditto 

TmnailofloaM ... 

BMf-woed 

IVMn^l of BullM-wood 
AMMoOtk ^ 

Ditto , 

BnalliibOek 

UItu 

EWlIAOak 

Hnglieh Oali. kjaniacd . 
AmtrieuiOak 

Ditto 

Ditto, hvulwid 

llaluoOak 

DauideOak 



SeM^OUc 

lUUoOak 

nwelVH 

Ditto ...._ 

BritWiAA 

A>h 

F.ugl\<h Elm ., 

Ditio .„..„.. 

Beoidi Bm- 

Amerioan Blm ...... 

Ckaaib Rooli Hm... 
Rondiuai Uahofwj 

Do. ttak tncnalla. 
BM«h 

Do. __ 

D*> Pavna** pal. jvo, 
CMar of Lebanon .... 
SenUhnr.teabtnenaili 

1^ fretn L«narliali 

l>A, do. 

Dot knut Intnaila 

V*mA (1r 

Kp Fir 

Daataie FSr - 

KooravIV- — 
Bailie Red Ptoa 

DilM kjrauJMil 

Plt<h Pine .. 

Dtato 
Vlrvinla Pla* 
TeJlow Ptne 

BedKne 

Ckwdie Fine 
Amerieaa YoIIdw Rim. 

Dilta. lDoarttK<nia> 
AMffaMi Bed Fine 

lanh 

rolUl«ndi 

BM^ Payu«'« paL |b« 



gbaarnd. 



rn. DO, 



i T 



4 II 
C t 

I 1 



S 11 

I 



3 11 

1 a 
s 
au 

2 II 

1 1 



I 1 
a 1 



I 
1 
1 

10 

t 
1 
1 
I 
I 
1 
1 I 

1 1 

2 t 

B 
1 
I 

« 
1 
1 



•i 
s 
I 

I 

I I 
I 1 



to 



Cuooad 

qsTW 



jn. SM. 



la 11 
« 



10 a 



in o 
* 1 

S 



3 It 
s « 



i 3 



S D 
S 

3 I 



10 



qoNe 

•end 



rn AD 
IS c 
13 It 



3 
13 



JtdGkKb. 



AlffKVd IK vBe am/*- 
alWr Uiog Wd ikim 






{DHajrlDf Txii duvly 
■ jn. uxt r EDOnilH 
t(lo>tala(laia<lura 

tHwIi dmrx] ■hsB 
■iMobHncd 

\ * ^n. luul I unnUu 
«n«t bttnjUiddnni 



(Iftar^ Hand 1 ( yn, 
WMfacd tit/ lU 



AUuMluMatoDc 
, ndudenwutt 



' A pial ctnJ <Ih*j*I 
I vluiu Aim uhnriBl 

IOdIdc fM whan Bnt 
obwnd 
rigcoldnlna'K 
1 Diji.aAtrl«iDf bU 
1 dcxrn-.mtnmiTtf 
lMTisalk«4n« 
f A fooi Ml dKunul 
t ebi aiW otiwnwl 



' DoUc Aim *liig Sm 



1837, and 1843, hy fixbz |>ico«a of different kind* at timber t« 
the rock, nod getting TeffuTnr reporta oo their dooaj'. From thoM 
expurimeiita it appeared that grMO-heart, beef-wotNl, and buUet- 
trw, were not attacked by the wonnii, while toakatood romarkablj 
well, although anScring at taat, The kj«niBng flnul and other 
propuationa have been tried, but wen not found to b« ctT 
permanent aervioA In adliliou to th«M axperimenta on timber, 
tto fewer than S$ dtnVreut kind* and eombioationa of iron wer« 
tried, including apodmonii of KalvniiiiKd irona. Althougli 
aepara'te (pocimena of eitch were trinl in ptncea wliere fhey were 
alwnji unclear water, anil also iu plaoee ware alternately wet and 
di^', j«t all the uug^vaaiitoJ Mpeolmetia were found to oxidiae 
with much the same mdlneea. Thn gntnniaed apedmena re- 
aiatoil oxidation (or time or four yean, after which the ehendcal 
aotiou went cm an oniekly aa in the othen. 

Tlie annexed table ahowa the dUTereat kiada of wood which 
wore majo tlie lubjeol of expariment at tha Bell Bock in 161^ 
1821, 1837, 1843, witli their relative tluialHliUe*. 

Qreen-he&rt timber ia now generally bail nwoune to Is plaoce 
wbcre the worniaare duatructivo. It appoui to bare beott firat 
neecl t; Ur. J. Hartley, of Liverpool, who pubiiabod in the 
'Minulea of Inatitntioin of Civil Engineer*' an aooouut of iba 
virtue* iu IMO, aa aMertaiiied at the Llvurpool Dock*. Ita ooat 
la ootMiJcnbly gT«ater than Mamel or than moat of Ibo otber 
timbM* genertdly luad. Uemel lop for the inner pile* of plan 
mi^hC perhaw, from their not beiji^ EipcmeJ to abvaalon noai 
thipa, bo eiail with t^rcen-heart planking at tbuM parte whieh an 
expoeed to the worm. Copperalieatliiug and «cu(^r nailing are 
ofkn and ■uuoeeHfulIy employed aaproteotioEiafor pica is axpeaed 
aituatlona. Brtamiag or aooriahing the wood, and aftarwaida 
aatatfttiag it with train oil, alao forma a partial protectieo. 

It ia mueh lo be ragreited Ib&t limber la so expenalve Is tfala 
oounliy, and ibat wme aluple and ecoDomiad apoclfio againat the 
worm haa not been diacoverad for prolecltng Mcmel and tli* 
choaper kiiidn of pine. The grand deoidenitiim in harbonr 
work*, which ii the uuni of wmttHuitv la tht ttnutart, would 
tlifii bL' BUp]ilIi.<>l. tt follows, fVom tn* luiown laws of flnldik 
tliat encli iuilividiial aton' in a pier which ii eauully oxfMaail 
tlir»ii|;li'iut iu whole lenj{tli, i* subjected lo a toroe whicb it 
can only rcsiat by it* own iuertin, and tlie friction due to ite 
contact «ritli the adjoining etouM. The atabUity of a triiol* 
liydmulie work may Uicrcfore be periUwl by the uao of aaudl 
■luDCB in one part of llie Ctbric^ whilo it ia in no way In- 
crmwd by the introduction of heavier Btonu into other narta. 
By tbo u»* of long loga of timber corefull)' bolted togeuicr • 
new element of atreogtb i* obvionaly obtafneil. A )>i«r ooold 
be ere<;t«d alinoet &ve of sea rt*k if cnnatracted of nctasgnUr 
or otiier aliii)HiJ priama, oousiallng of togn of timber traenailed 
and bolted togelber, eo aa to form bosi-e, any 10 liwt aqunre and 
UO or 40 feet long. The interior of the boxes would be filled with 
mbble or 6e(eM. The firat law woiUd be arranged scroea the 
pier, IU aa t(> fit the imvulRrltioa of the bottom, and above tha^ 
they might be arnuifod length way* of the piur, ao am (n form iU 
outer and iuncr widU; the apace between being filled with 
eoamon mbble or betan. 

Iu inatiy pnrta tlie iiriffinal depth hoa been decreoaed by the 
dofKOMii of ailt, aauil, and gravel Tbia in, iod«ed, a great evil, 
mill one which uufurtuuaUily ia most dilBault of our*. So 
obecure no-i a))[)areiiUy oipricloiia are the caiaaea which Iftwl la 
the fonnalion ofahonl*. lluit inlho prcacntalatoof our knowledge 
it would be littk' tbort of ^aaekrry Ut lay iluwa any gcnenl 
rulea for the uoidouoe of the eugluHor. Iu tixin^ «u the niie liir 
a iMirbow, allexialiiig obatrootioos aliould bo txaoiiiMil v> uaoar- 
tain wfaetbar there M a teiidene>- to dr|>0Mt, nii-1 the works 
ahould be kept aa br aa powble iniin |ilncm wlipro the lendeo^ 
ia meet atroagly developed. Tlie a(;uuU whii^ tH.'Oaaou ban at 
Uie montlia of barboura are tlie WAvei^ the tide carraats, ml 
land atreoma whore they exlit. Btver* are oAea more jiemidoua 
tliau benrlkinl in tboir eSeeta, eapocially where lUoy latenwcl a 
((ravelly auil; but in aotue coeea the dcHscDiliug gravu] may be 
auocco^ally ioteraected bv the rreuliou of weita. tima which the 
aeaenmolatioiu muat be irom tiuo to time rviui>ved. We agree 
witli Sir H. Dr In Beclie in bplieving that the ban at the munthe 
of river* axp moat generally formed by the cuoatont tendenov of 
111* wnvan to praeerve the eeniiauiVjr of tlie beach nrufile. It b 
tbeteGu* not to be woudaml at, thitl heavy galea ahoulil dlaloct 
and All up tlie narrow treodi which the Wk walen oat In 
mvelly or aandy beachce. The erootion of breakwater* on eoich 
Sdabaa imdanMedly a 



tgowi («CEntln.j)rol<90tuig the uhamw^ 



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Itmflvene SQCtioa 



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THE Crvn. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



IT 



^ 



^ 



■mikbtrbra-f wttofbriDouUidoofUiabrMkwttltm Innme 
OMM tha dtpth of tli« tnek mvhc pmbkblj b> mniniAioMt br 
drtring, on cmJi aide of tlia nifehaBDal, dwrf pilm to wbioa 
eoaiiniMoa waliiigi ifaoqld be ■llMisd ao u to cnnfino lbs 
eutmit ftt low-wttt«r. Tb« tirabar Aamework aboiitd out pn>- 
jaot man than > foot or cm fthm th* boUoin, wUiub iu Home 
CMw niiebt be pliuiktd, Hiu, hovcver, U bat a hiut, Mill 
bM, ao &r M the Kutbor ia aware, oev«r b«en trinl. Tho 
pfiadptr ou wbich th« propoaftl ia bMed ia th&t of contnutiug 
tba l«<r-«Kt«r diAun«l U> & amallar width tbui tbit of lh« bigh- 
wa*»r ekaaiMi), aail tbu bj flsbg dia low-wnin- track, to pr^ 
veU a lortuooa oh«iui«1. Tha mm* pttnciple ww n<lopt<>d by 
tlw writer with aucoeu in aontroUioit *od filing Ute mitaQilcrin^ 
oT K gravwUj river, vibicb ia mbject to very auJdvu uuJ boairjr 
tnAm. 

Tbe wuit of aufficJMit TaaiU ooeuioDii a gnM nittionAl loaa 
in Ibo euiutmetion of our harbour*. The hiitory of a Ivgt 
mtiatilj of tkoaa porta which hxn been matui ij private or 
logal eDlarprtatv pwtnta but a reooni of the biiLliJLn;; of {)icn 
at ena pnnoil whnn tbe fiiiiiJ* wKn amall, uxl ciftAkiug ihem 
dowa at andtbur whcnthti inula lud inrnnicd itad mtkCH niotu 
aad aowmmodatiija were mquirod. Want of laodt ofUn pre- 
Tvuu tba origilMtl worku from beiug onrri-Hl wllbiu deep WAUtr, 
knd IB M— qiMttaa th« moat aspaoalT* part of the pnitooting 
bMakwalar ia cftao put down Juit bi tha wry place wbiob haa 
afterwmfdi to be eaavertad, at j>rrat aspaoaa, into a darp wainr 
maaam or bartbua. SomotiuiM, iudeed, a wbalo line of pior ii^ 
frmn BotlTaa of aeoaomr, plowd iu auch a uamier aa to in- 
tarAra looat mntimaUy with what might baTw bean bjr for iJi* 
beat and aafieat liertha for ahippinc , ■» tlint in tbe farlbitr ex- 
*■"■*■«' of ibc works a gimt purt of tha old harboar baa to bo 
daHWilrfiad. Want of a proper miuiiie nirrey hxjt also oftcii Isd 
to *aiT eerioiM orrora Id tb« poaitiou of tlie pier*. 

Ta aveb an extent haa thi* »yiMm prevniled, that were an 
Sigineer calM on to value iiauijr of our works u tbcy niial at 
praaaat, bia Mtimate, howL-m- fnirlv and fullv Dinde uut, would 
all laBMBtably abort of th« actual ooat. 'Hiia eatiiuntD wuuM pn>- 
caad on a nuaauiwineDt of what he aee^ whili- l1><- ncuiol ooat 



would indncle the buildinK of picni and jAtticit whioh hui lung 
iaOM eeaat d to oziat. For theio rnuonii wo conceive there could 
kanUy be a more adrimbla cxpanditiim of the public money thui 
by a eyaieu of graota fbr aupplemuDtini the looal funda on a 
linral eoale. With auoh aid th'* aiithuritini -in llie aiKit would 
ba anahled to pn><«ict and iuipmve tbe asiating phyai<»l advaa- 
tairca wikb the abom itouMMa, by pntvantins Uie conalrncdon of 
propoaed IntptwemeuU on too narrow a aoalo. But a oompnni- 
tlvaly alight Ino rn aaa of the mniuia would, in iiuLiuiocs uf whirli 
tbe writer ia awarr, hav« iudoaed a great estn area, and aeciuud 
a deeper luxt!^ with mipnrior iatamsl traD<iullitv, the want of 
wbkb DOW cripples tbe tnde; anil ii the aubjoct of butdng rogrot 
to all fre^uMitiiig the luubount. 

Behrvoa May be mada lo Bril. Anoe. Xtp, IIGO iHconsliyt; Jfia. 
/ma Ofn Sff- 'S** (Rankloa): IMtle 1S17 (Sonti K<u*ll); Diiw iStl 
(BpBB>B«t): ItefMuu'e AqnoMf, ptaim. Krp, Om. on H'av«i iy Brit. 
Amt*., J. 8. BuaMll. Load., 184^. Ritrankn m fffdrtnlj/namia, J. 
8. Beaaill — 2Vaiu. Aojr. Sot. £tiin..r<tl xir. 19^7. AtroitniofSipii- 
rimnfi as Ftrrt v/ H'ufei o/ Allanlic and Ornvm Oaant, TboiuM 
SUntaaaa,~Tntmt. Rty. Sue. Edin., vol, xxi. litlfi, On Halar'ioii a/ 
Ail^ «f K'mBi ^f^rr pamug into Uartaurt, T. StcrenH-n. — A'ifiu. 
Stm Pill. /vwnt. ISll Ica/tnt of lAt Plyfnoalh Brralirairr, l<y 
■r J. Raaaio, Laodon. 1Mt8. Bulidor*! Arrhittttart UydnMlvfac, Puia, 
S*nn|*'e TVnruc SB Jl<ii!dtn-i in U'ltiir, DuMin, IT7B. Koi/nJ Tidat 
^ammr Ovmmittlot Umati (t'aplun Waahtn^^tonl, l.tindon I5(S-4. 
"n* Aitida on TUse and Wans in Die Sa^itlopit^ia UrrnipoUiana. hy 
G, K Airey, Aacmnomer Royal Rtptinbf OimmUiio-Hm v/ Uarbam 
<^ Ktfmjft, wilk Iht Pmtrl. by .Sir Howard Douglas. 



Mr. Jobn Newton has bi«cn apfH>int<>d Surveyor to the Praatou 
n»Brd of Health. There wen- U7 uuididatca. 

It baa been determined, by the Oovarnnient, In miiMiquenoe of 
the Kunnaafiil es|i«rimcnt* at Lelcoster ntid other places, In refer- 
«BCa to ntitinoff tbe acwago of towua for the purpon~s of manure, 
to qtpoiiit a aneatifio aouimiaaiou to enquire into tbe whole lub- 
jMt, and make a nport m koo aa poa^e. Sliould the n\KiTi of 
th« oommbwioa be to tbe allk^t that Mnruisnui b<< diwHlorix^d luid 
advastaMOoalr eaploycdi, an Act of Parlianiont mar Iw cipcctcd 
prohibi&K all • ■■ - 



tMrna from polluting itrvama which arc uaad 
iC and drinking purposm. 

.— Ja«i-jUit, 1«£7. 




FBESTAOB'S IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOOMOTIVE 
ENOINESL 
{WUk M fnpratAy, FtaU m) 

We feel satlaGod that tbe loootaotive which fonne the subjeel 
of the Rngraving will prnvo of ^reat {uter«et, aod will eoo- 
vincingly show that nmid the miiliiiiida of minor chnngM and 
modifioationa which have bcon made in the oonstrucLioii of the 
looomotlva sdaIiu^ otbera of a mach mora importwat character, 
embodied In uia iDvenlioD now under itotioe, have been pa«aed 
over with oonparaUTe Defect 

It will be Boen,oD nAnoce to the Plate, that the driving aliaft 
and working parta ef tbe engine, initaui of bring phuxd below, 
are «(««< ue bailer, by which amngeiuFui the ntoee beneath i* 
rendered avaiUble fur tbe oonatrucllon of a tootc to oontaitt an 
ample supjily of water for the joQrtiey. This Utnk t* continued 
to aa lo fonn the mcles of the nnokO'Doi, by means of which tba 
water beeomea hcatwl, and thus nit only provides n supply, at 
a high temperature, for the boiler, but also oooiverte the tank and 
it* oonteute XoXo a moat effectual covering br the prevuntlen of | 
tosa of heat fWiin the bottom and eides of the hotter. The foot- 
board ia Buibcieotly extended to carry a corroepoudinc amount of 
coke. Anuther »nd very marked feature of noveltT and im- 
pmremenC in thia engine {• obaamble In the paaluoa ef the 
oyliodera, which, with their valves, an enalrded by Jwfketit and 
EUMed immediately above the ends of the tubes In the amoVe- 
box. The co(isiH]uenceB of this ftrmnitcmcnt, in an ooonomioal 
point of view, are most important, inasmuch as the aleam, in ita 
paMage from the boiler tii the cylindera, is led into tlie jackeu 
Ware mentioned, and there, beooming saperiiealed, ha« Iu eloe- 
tluily inoTMMd to an extent which would i^pnnntlyjnatify usin 
anticipating a saving of at leaal one half iu the cansumptioD of 
fuel and water. Thn% aleiun, the preamire of which iu its normal 
condition in the boiler ia iSplb. to tbe e^anre inch, hua teo- 
peraturv of ;tt;r Fshr^ while thxt of the jackri* thtoMgh whloh 
tt mujit poos before enleri^ the cylindera is «]iiiiJ tn tiUO". Bnt 
■dinfltliig that the lemperatare nf the sicun in pausing through 
the laoketa heoomn raleed to only ■MX'", ita pressure will be 
increaaod to aomethlng like tlOlb. to the eniiare Inch. It will at 
once be eeen that a« by thie rtrraagemeut tlie ateam ie eondacteil 
from the boiler to a chambAr of a much higher tamperainre, and 
then lieated. Tlie only conditions euggeeted by tlie li*nsnUtu 
Inittltule of New Yurk, as being neeeatary for Uie economical 
working of eupiirheskled eteam, have been raont aaoMMifulIy 
obtained, — the committee's report being, that thi^re would M 
gml economy in iimur aiiperbeateil swnni, or " slame," if it 
could be brought iuto opuratiuu where the temperature of ooldeo' 
bodioe woold not iuturfcre to abalract the beat oefora it coutd be 
profitably emplnynl. 

The euormon* pownr of siipdrhratrd sli-nm is more than 
auIEciently demonstrated by the awful boiler explosions we but too 
oRon have to record; yet, tremeudoua at are ita eSeota when 
uiicontrnllod. there !« no mechaaieal dlffleulty to preveoit ita 
Bubjeclion and employment to our advantage In tlie manner 
prcmoeed by Mr. Fresiagn. 

Economy in tliu consumption of fuel ia evidently a eooeideration 
of panunoDnt ini|iciriAnc«: bat at tlie nme time railway ahare- 
holdere have aim hful. anioogat other otoieei, to aowr meet 
seriously from the fp^at cost of renewal and mnintonanoe of w». 
This bos been iu a great meamre owing to the esccasive wei^I 
of the en)pnea hitherto employed,— aa evil entailed by the 
large amouut of heating eurUoe rMnlied lo obtab anBlalent 
evnpnrntivc power to ninet tli.' Uviut axptnditsre <i>ot to aar 
wa.-iifl], of sU'Diu whicli has uken plaoe to a great eileot in all, 
but mire particularly in eugiiive with OUtnt^ eylindere, when 
the lo*» by coiidensBtiou baa in aoma caaea amounted to 33 per 
cent. 

It will be evident on reflection, that in oonsninnnoe of the 
reduced siw of boiler, Mr. PrestAgc'a engiiics will be of greatly 
dimiulnhed weight — a £lu)t aoiBoietit in iteetf to bring them iutt' 
general uae. Tina will bo clearly undtiatood when it ia comudered 
that an engine of raodorato Ixiiler apace, and beuting aurboe 
superheating ite etcam, will bo equal in offidnncy to one of miaoh 
greater heating euifiue iu conuection with which the ateam !■ 
not auperheated. The diuiiuished size of Ujiler oUo telle &vou<- 
ahly In ^ving the inventor tbe option of ouQstriiullag luaen^nee 
either with driring-whoeli of Urge or of modenta aUe. It ia 
impoauble lo deuy, Uiat for faat traffic the former m dealnble, 



THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 




Huaei 



not only on ■coount of th« incrcuiBd ipnn] obUinnbln by their 
me, but iilao oii Avuiiiiiit of the Uimiautioo of wnu- anil t«ir coo- 
•MU«Dt oil the □iinih«r of reuiproc&tiouii of the euginc being 
Tsdncod, tuid by ttaaon of the m(ir« elTective aad euuuuiiiiui^ 
muuwr iu which the 110001 i* work«il. Tlierv Ls a fiirtliitr 
' advaalAge nrUioK from the reJucuon of iho ha.i;W ptvMwti, to 
tlie elToct of wliioli, iu the prmeat eii),-iuiia, ii in some mcasuro 
Attributed the grant ciMt of vorkiug nl bi^U velouitiea, from 
(he bot of its inereuing gTMtly In iTOiKirtioit to llie aixwxL 

It U, hoorerar, to be renurked. tliitt nn in the inventi'm before 
U the patentee, by brinffitig tdc boiler down, is enabled to 
lengthou tbn rnnnet. thou- witl be more uatural dmft, attended by 
% «orre)if>oiiitiii^ diiuiniilioii of Ui« Uut rbjulred uitl of its 
attendant l>iick pivsjurv. 

We would nliKi In^ p&rtioulor >trew upon the fact, that in 
L addiUoit to the dir«vl1;|r econoiuimi Advnuto^B »tteiidnnl iiiion 
this oonatraclioD of engini>, in ;»>iiil of miety it prcsuuta f>^ittiires 
of M> eqaally im|wrluiit choi-ftcler. Thuii, it h uurleiiiuble, tluit 
■a the centre of cravitv in brought nearer to the Ixise of n 
[• !""•*■■"■, to it* etauUity u iuoretuiGd. In this instAiiee, not only 
t&a eentte of gravity btMUght ooUHidi-rably uenrer to the base 
nd point (if rMi'atnneii than in oi'diiimy locoiiiotiven, but is nt the 
une timv ■ituntod ucoil}' in the ilirrclion of the Hue of truction, 
'kud oau«e(|UL-iillv iu a hit;hly diiimblo pooilioii fur liiinmiiig 
■toadioeM, aurl thus at uuu* t,''*'>"S increaiKd (nfrty, iu.'cr>iiiji:Liiiud 
bj* a reduction of the wear and ti.'nr of uugiuea, roaJ, aud ii>lliiig 
■took. In nur opinion, numoroiu accidents have tukru phxcc, the 
ehnnccs of wliicn, if not nltogethrr iloue awoy vith. would at 
t«Eiat have beeu oaaaiderably rcduuod by the nee of Mr. Preatage'i 
eugiuee. Wa might mentioD many which have oecurrod in oon- 
aaqiWDoe of eug;inea leavinx tlie raUs : two iu |iarticiilnr have 
btppenod Utcly, in which the leading wlicela inuunted the mils 
io Imveiaing curves; aud inatAnou hnw been kuown iu which 
they bare Ulotally leaped from the rails. That ouualtiea of this 
daaa woald be ooruidentbly reduoxl. must bti apparent; and it 
maf aflbrd aoiae Mtisf^wtion U> the public to knuw ibnt the con- 
atmcttOD of engines mny be such oa to nlf^ird invreaMid cbanum of 
their keeping tin? ruUa, Ihaa iii louie degree coinpeniutiiif; for the 
anything but iniproviug cuuditiou of the permanent witye of 
MvenU milwaye wo ooiud aanw. We may further obicrvo, ihnt 
in working thnso angiDW. tlia driver has a full view ait<l ciuy 
AOOMi to UiP working parte, wbldi mny be reiuiity lubrimleil 
while nmaiujj. Thor are. moreover, acrweaed, and plauod above 
the BOtion ul tlie ballaat^uHt, Sm., which otberwiw tell» must 
•ariooalv on their wear and t4iar; uud, from their pnaition, cnii be 
Mpairtd with f[rcat«r eaao and at less cost than in ordiiuiij 
looDiikotivea, noalljr, from tlie large «ize of tlie fire-box of these 
(ouriaea, they are particularly adopted for the combualion of eoal, 
wlildt !e daily getting into more general uae aa a fuel fur 
looomotiTai. 



BBOUTEB or NEW PATBITTI. 

CTEAU BOILERS. 
Kowis Hcnii-ooD, Sutton, ?ork, PaUaUt, April 14, 1809. 
This invention relalM to « mode of Aiing veasela or boiler* 
oaod for gpnrrating eteun where two or more firee or firnaoes are 
uiwd, and oonaiala of aFrangiog the fumocea so that whnn one 
hrnace is onmed to aupply the fim with fresh fuel, a damper or 
valve will be opened Ui an adjoining lini or fiuTUKe One, thna 
forming a coumanlcatlon between the flue and t3i« chlluney, and 
Btthevme tine cloatng a damper or valve in thollnacf that fire 
or furnace whioli ia being aupplled with freiib fuel, ami also 
clixing the door of tlie Gre or fiimaca belonging to the Que made 
to eomniunii-iiw with the cliiuiney. Aa each liro i^ beiug supplied 
with frc«h fuel the uuobe is caused to paaa or be drawn down 
through iu own fire to the aah-uil, and through tnbnm openings, 
drapertura to the adjoining oih-ijit, and up through the adjoin- 
lag nr^ esuaiug the amolceoroomtiuatiUe matlrrto beeousumed. 
In aapplying treah fiiel to the bst-nomed fire, the damper or 
valve above n»a*d wUl be reversed, and the dirertlon of the 
lilrau^ht changed to the contrary Ilue, the smoke passing driwu- 
""irJ, aa before deeerihed, throngh one lire luid up through the 
her, changing the direction of draught allyrnalely m eauU fire 
ire^aapplied withfheL The grata bora ore liollow, and conueoted 
at each end with other hollow bnra or pipn, forming a compact 



hollow fmniework for fire-bod, and connected to the veoael or 
boiler, so as to be rendttv taken ont fur repaira or other 
piupoaet- The water citinuate* lireely through the *ald hollow 
rramework, bv which the moeration of •Imib is ucdenitod, and 
the fuel grmtlf economixod. 

The fumaoo doota are ntipeaded one at each end of a boun, 
capable of sliding up and down, eo that when one ia nbed tbe 
other ia lowered, A damper iaaaapendod bypallaya,andcap«ible 
of being trnvorwd unon rniU, nlternatnly from one flae to the 
other. To (ii the hollow gmle Imn in the other hollow side bar* 
or tubee, a thread is put 00 one end of uvery oroaa-tHU', Mid meh 
altemati! uue is {iasse<l through one of the alile tubea, ao tlMt it 
will screw into tiio other or opposite* side tube. Tli* apertoro 
tlius made in tlie side tulie ia closed by a screw-plug. By «vat]r 
alternate croiw-bnr being thus sore wed into one or other of tlio 
aide tubea, a compact fnunework Is formed, screwed together 
instead of plugged or rivetted In the UKunt manner. Wlien tbe 
door is open to eupply hwh fuel to that fiirnoon the liamper of 
which ia in nonttion to cut off the communication of that fire witli 
the flue or chimupy, at the satne time the door is dosed, and tbo 
dain|Mr of that lire removed, opening a oomiunnicatioD with the 
Hun, c^iiiwiipientlv the smok^ of the firet-namnil fiiv, or that whicli 
ia newly fe<l, will pans down thmiigh ita own fire and giating to 
the ash pit, and thence throu^^h the tube* to tlie other aah pit. 
anri up thrnugh the other gtaliiig and fin to the ebimnw ; and 
when it is deurabtu to feed ilie other Ht«, the doors antl oaiaper 
ore changeil in position, nod the dmiight is thereby reveraad to 
the ooulntry direction. By this arraDgament of the fiiraaooe, the 
•moke or oombustibte matter will have to pans through both lie 
own fire and the adjoining fire, whereby it wilt bu cousiimed and 
fuel ecoiiouiieml, ^t 

Clainu. — i. The method of Axing the gmte bore dencribod. ^ 
2. The general armngemeut of furooce or apparatus apptieil to 
boilers or vessels for producing steam, boiliug wtit-.-r, iSic, whereby 
the amoke ia caused to paaa down through one fire and up througu 
the other. 



STEAM BOILERS. 
W. and J. Gai.i.owat, Manchester, Falntlft, May JS, lbj6. 

According to thin Invrntion, boilers are conslructod with one 
or more flms or furnnces, fi-oiu whence the producte of eombiutlon 
paaa apwanls or down wanls through couic&l pipes, eurroundeil by 
water, and placed with their smidler ends iipwuda The products 
of oumbiistioD nnerwatda poMi through horlxnnUl or Inclined 
tnbes surrounded by water. A \arge amount of heating snrfoce 
ia thus obtained, and a power of generating steam in proportion 
to the heatliig aurfkoe and peoulinr form, choructar, aud poaiticei 
of such euuee. 

To each builer ore two furnaces, indosed in two cylindrical 
tnhea or flui'a, pltic«l side by side, and connected by one commoa 
chamber nt Iheir back ends beyond the fires. Tlus chamber is 
separated fi'oui another chamber placed above it, by a horizontal 
water <i|uic^ which is travetaed by au assemblage of conical fire 
tubea or fluo, pUcol vorticnlly with their smaller ends upwarda 
From the chomber the producla of combustion pas through a 
series of horizontal cyliudriotl return tnbeii to a smoke-boi at 
the front end of the ooilor, from which ihcy paad up a fine into 
tlie chiniiiej. The chambers ore itAved and strengthonod bf 
conicol wat*r tubes, oluced with their larger ends upwards, or by 

SliiHlrli:ul water tubes. The couical fire tuben are omitted at 
one places in which they would iiilerferu with the water tubea. 
By tuiikiriiF the fire tubes of conical form, and placing them with 
their smaller ends opwanla, the ascent of the steam from their 
outer surfaces ia lacitltaled. It is advisable to make these conical 
fire-tubes of larger Jiaiucter than the bori^outAl cylindriL-at tubea, 
BO that the II.iiuc may not be cooled and eitinguiahed before the 
pmes ai-e completely burned. By constinicting the tioiler in this 
manner, the deposit of Boot is In a great degi^e avoided. 

Ctaimt.—l. Couslructio^ Steam boilera with on assemblage ti 
vertical conicid fire-lubes, m oombinatiou with an aaaenbls^ of 
horixoulal cylindrical fire-tubes. 

t. Constructing ^tcom boilers with an assemblage of vertical 
conical fire-tubca, in couibiDatiun with vertical water-tabes, and 
au BBeuubkgu af horizoutiJ cylindrical Hre^tubee. 




i 



THE CITIL ENGrNEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



PAvisa. 

C. J. I.B M. DK u Hakboh, naibiu7, Pattnim, Mudi 31, ISfiO, 

This inveaUoQ eooalfU In tli« MBplojmKit of Itmoi Nuid, 
uphall*, oKHilclwuc. guUK parehk, moriBa ffiat, wid wood, for 
til* f»rpcm of farming mi cm uiil diu«bl« pavnaent. A Uj*r 
oowpoed at lime tad mad b Isid down to tim thicliiiw* of ntMat 
ft iMb«a oa Uu put Ui be p«T«d, tli«n » larir of upluklto niiztd 
with Mom* to tba tbkkiiMi of about i Inchtu, after vhich a 
^•r of anphalW, cillur *l«Iia or mix«l with Mud to the depth of 
Mont I iaoh, i* Uid down, in which an Muboddod, at eqiuU dt«- 
teiieca, Mripa of nUoMiiMil OMnUbouo or vutta peroha. la the 
Int uplkatloa, a iMytr sfaaphall*. of about Wf-ausadt iit 
d•ptl^ fa bid down, and (Iim Lb« Mrip* of rulsaniMd aaontohoae 
ar cUtMarclka, of about half-wt-indi in thiekiMM^ and from a 
ials to Mrce^piartcta of an inch in braadtb, •» aa ttt farm 
qnartB or loaMgMi Tht Mrina an plaotd from 6 to 10 iodiM 
Boan, sod aro Mrand tonthar bf irod hoolu or tie*, at a dMiMica 
«r 3 lo 5 inehaa fna •Mb ottMC, which hooka paa tbrouffb thou. 
Iii«l«ad of tuiog hooka, the atrip* majr ba bavoUed at Iba adm^ 
ao a* to b« firmly eabeddad in and aeoored b^ tha aaphaiu; 
iha attipa an laid down, a aoMmd l*T«r of aaphall* la 
), ao as to ba on a la*«l with thootripa of oaoiitchouo, 
ha fiavitiK may ba eoaatmetod bjr Btwt laying dowu ou a bad 
■ layw of Mphklic. mixed with ■null atoiica, amiill croaa piMea 
of about 1 U> S incfaea in brwultb, and lialf-«u-iuch iu 
i^ i^jaetad, aeoarding to Dr. BondiFrii-o praooM. Upon 
Jhcaa croa* plaoaa ara plaoad tbs atrip* or UiihIb of rulimniaod 
tdla-nbbar or Kntla-petclia, preoaml u litmiuUtfore dwcribni. 
Aa aaphalte 3o«a not luiurailv aiUien tn ckDiitdiouo, it ia 
eecMarjr to applf * thin ooat of niariar gluo or othai' •imilar 
Bbitanea to thoor porta to ba plaood in eoulAct with the aaphalta 
~ rs baing Uid down; tho uphalt* b«M hoi oatuea tlia marina 
I to Bolt and adhere to it •tronglr. Tha atHna ot oMUlohoue 
' ' ba embeddad in and ncund to tha uphalt* dnring tho 
[ of tba lattM-. 

-Tha raalhod of coiulnialLug pavement in the ™"in r 



SrBUARINE EXPLORINQ APPAKATC3. 

W. E. Nbwtoji, ChaD0Brr-laD^ PuteiUtr, Horeh 18^ IMML 

lliia invenllau onadM* of a novel cotmlnntioQ of boat tar 
ibonariM navlcatlon, aad iBipr«vw>) appliniicM for aupplying air 
< diTen^ and hmo imprnve'l moiuia far rstdng auukon arlidea. 
Tha aahattriae bont in uuwie itrong eaoneh to rtalot the 
of the wfttrr at th# tleotli it ia Entendeirto go, being oon- 
nf Iron wilh atost riba to prerant mlJapao. It hna an 
ahape witli poinud ooda, and ia propallad by a lorew lamad 
a eruik br peraoni within, or by a dock aprtng ur deetK- 
.__jn«tte maeaiDO. Tii ttiia butt an oidimiry nuJiler ta lltt«d nt 
the itera, and an npiuid-dowB rudder at the bow. It haa two 
kMb^ *o that It will all lavol upon thatn. lugreia ia obtained at 
a man-hole at top. The boat, which brma an air reaerroir, i« 
utdd lam W oontain air lullidpnt for aevwal mMi to breailie »• 
M tbajr maj require to be uiider water withont opporUuitj 
rantilDte it 

Tbe boat bdnf; coiwtiiieteil air and wni^r tii^ht, with the 
iwa ami reiitUaiintf «t»rtnr™, U ri^ily fir iwe. The crww 
It with balUat nmrty aufficipal ia 8ink thii bont, and bj 
of a itop-oocfc the;ra>iiD)l a lUAutilyorvator, ■n<l the bent 
afadn. Br th« ootion of a forw-pnnip a iKirtiou iif thi* water ta 
ejeeted, until the Ixwt U of iiirh n ii|)eoina gravitT oa will permit 
of il« riling ur ainkinit with cijuid fiwili^. Tho boAt in then jirih 
paQed tu the dimrtiou reqmrvd, and ia govem«d by the two 
raddMu. Within the bont ia plooed a Luan, or Pmmmoiid light, 
thlnittt through the windowa, and the [itlot eau lee ibroush the 
bMT hghta fab direeiion. ami tha objociia li* anooiiuteiv. whaa 
the air i«<inir«a naewal, a little water ia pumpo<] •■<ii, aud th« 
boat rtaaa to the aur&M, two pipes ue thrn ilimiit np about 
Ofcttabovu the water; tlieirnlvoi are o|>enml,iuid tbe air at tlie 
lop put of the Intador ia piunpa'l out, and It* plane auppliwl t^ 
that which notonllj flow* in. Ur, the air ma^ be purified ia 
rane decroo by a loull fuunuin of lime water iaialng Id mauj- 
)eta, to abaorb a*rb<i4i>(i soitt gait, and the iaaue fhim a metvr ot m 
•mu aoantilj of oiygoa giuk There may be a heavy ballaat 
fcfnaaln the Mttom or nndur the ahd vcm nl tlie aldBBi wliieh eonid 
be libccwtad froca the inmde at a moin/^nt'* notioo. If the weight 
bt onder tba bottoan, It ouuld be UboialoJ by taming Iwok a 



BbTan 



(oraw. If at the ^dea, the weighta may be held by hooka, the 
tnrainz of which fWim within would Ubmt* the bauwt, and l«t 
the boat Hm MUxhinnly to tha aoiflwa. When divera aoeompany 
tbe boat, thev ait i^on ahelvea ouUda^ and draw thdr bnath 
from within bj meaui of p«pea and a •actioa>falowcr, the pipee 
bmie long enoagb to adiult <i Uielr opatatlag at a dletaaoalnH 
tho boat. Whan daaitabla, tha boat cau ba aapplUd with vnnti- 
Latins pipM raaohinij abon tho ■urfiue. the circulation of thi- air 
being kept up or quickened wlica minircd by meana of a auction- 
blower within tbe boat ur above the water. Ilie boat an ba 
drawn by a low Hue bjr a ateniner, or dra^gad b^ the oatalde 
divera to any apot ruquired. Inataad of uaing thta ao««l mo- 
etruolion of boat, the invontor prvpowa iu (omi; oaeea to employ 
an air reaervoir for reociriog mid dlatributing ^tongrOBpof 
diver*. 

The diver ahonld have dedaomv* anuoor to mint tlM pn^mm 
of the water at grvAt dnplhi, nnd in nil cans be mit*t have a 
head^iiece, with which tbe two VEHtilatiug inp*a are brought into 
oonDMticB. Que of them, the eihaait pip*^ la eunneoled with a 
blower or an air pump, by wUdt the air ia oonatjvtitty drawn out. 
The other ia 'he auppU-pIpe, and eooducta to thw diver the (r«ah 
air which naturally torn down lo aiqnitr the partial vaenvm 
eaoaed by the exhaiMt-pipc^ When the dwenaire armour admite 
uf the pipm being ooBtained within the caaing whkh ia rennd the 
body, ili<» cxhaiMt-pIpe diould li*f« a bnacb eKtandii^ down- 
ward* to abaintct tha carbonic add gas. 

In dnrp witter, a lamp i> often necHMry. A globe oanlBinln( 
the Ump hw au eihau>t-t>ipe and a supply-iupe, and tbe auuply 
and exIiauHt olr <<rect«a ui the aame manner aa for a diver. 
A lamp of aaltable ahapa ia alao attached to tba bnael or heail- 
pieceof the direr, the eir fdpaeof which aiebisnchea of hi* own 
breathing pipoiL 

The breathing pipee mnat be mede flexible, and ittong enough 
not to ba«ik by teauoo, and with rlnga or oeUs of wire within ta 
radal c^llap^e. At the jouodon of tha pip"* with tlie diring 
dreaa, tlirrr miut be in each of them a rolve. no amURnl thnt if 
th<- pipo ibonld brcnk and wtmit wnlsr, the valve woulit doea 
and pnil'icl the direr. Iu cnoe of accideul to the drcai, no that 
it ivlmita the wnter, the aup|i)y-pipe mn>it be ao allualed that tbe 
diver ciin tAke it in hit mouth, aud ia:'kke lors of hrmth until he 
evt rt*e to the onrikce and open a atop-oook, which will oMitm'i- 
nicale air to hi* month fnon above the wntv. 

Ooa baga atr employed to recover aubmerged propettv when 
fynnd in deep water, *noh mt a tliip. Eara one of them ia 
oaloulated to 4nnt to the ■nrfiice n weight equal to about ten tons. 
Snob a bag would bo in cyliudrknl form, about 11 ft tf In. lon^ 
and 6 bet in Uinmeter whrn inSated- The bog mnat be niaJe 
nir tight, and atrong enough to coutain the gaa. It ho* a valve 
hel'l doaeil by a Bpitng and by the ontalde preexure, which will 
allow tlie gaa to **eape wheacvor thi- preamm within la gnaier 
than i* deemed anio. The hag* an couuecied to tho aunkan vamel 
by chain*, and then iiiflnled. 

The gaa to itiAati! the baga may be genemud from efaomiml 
BubatHucee of varivti* kind*. In the drawer at tha bottom of the 
bag, aud which almta witior^i^t, a quantity of alkali may be put 
disaolvod in wnter or maipiena in a granulated atat* Amid tLi* 
lid ■ twttle of acid; — bmiile tliiit. ii ou imu diaft having a nuu 
Upou it, and n crank oulaiJ«. When it in deairad to indota lh« 
tog. tlie diver turn* the crank, and the can ia tlumt agahMt the 
boule nud bmtha it; the add iadidbaed in the alkali,and agiwia 
evolved which dittencU tJie bag, and givn it a lifting power. Or 
iron liliuga mny be put in tbe Ofawer of the Um, or riiic; and iu 
the boltu dilute euliiliurlc a>.4d to evolve hydrogen gna, or the 
vemel may be Inflated by burning in it a alow gunpowder. 

The Invontor nunark*, that it ia not iu all oaaaa Tim muni ij to 
have an ortifloinl di'auj^it in tbe brralbiiw pU>ee. If they are 
tnodo thick and uon-oonducUug, the wnrtnUi of the body of the 
diver, nud the heat given off ^ the lamp which In came*^ will 
make n natural dmnglit 

Ctainu. — 1. The arrangement of aubmarincvemdiMdfeeribed, 
which ia capable of corrj'iug Ihe divera fnm place to placer *»d 
of anpplyiug tlieiu uith nir. 

3. Tlie arrnnffun'-'ot Hb«re dn<cribod for creeling a dmdation 
of air throui^ the <Livei''a bdmet at or Door the oaool prewiue of 
the atmoepherc. 

3. The couitrticiinu of cuUi^ible vetad, whereby the preHura 
of the gne geuri'atvd tbenlu nuy be n^ulated a* requind. 




20 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



METROPOLrTAN STREET WASniNO. 

'niVCOnUBitUtnppoinbxi to iiii|i«r!:iC«n<) the new ■y«t«iu of rtrMt 

wMhinfl wlaptod in MnrylolKiiir iltirinj{ tke lut autumu, h«iT« r«- 

port(?<l llmt the e^tpcriments biui lut-ii durinl out iu OriiMJ-****** 

lui'i t)i« EiJj{«wai«'ri»d, totbe<rruii<.>a(tafactioDoft1i«ialiBlnbUIU. 

Hi* fa^HlM toreurjiaa ont iIm experinwDi* b«ci^e m inoreaaed 

tiwtulMtthaantirv oFOsfoiiJ-atrMt WMoffiMtaallr wa^ed t^ 

K Knalt ffvng of mon in two Mnaooutlve uiDruiiigB, Ad uipen- 

meat upon inuautamun) rMcU mm klunuwlo, but alihoush ^t ut 

nnfiininbla period, b; oaraAiUjr aecuriug tlivKQlly holvs Ir«e from 

tbsiliMCpnt cf liwrriiiatur, ym; tiltlapMNiditito theu, anil lh« 

l^parimeDt mji Mtialketory, the tarfiwe of tho raul being woll 

mind, daiup. uid cIcad (br nuuiy dajs after. A new itrnuun- 

Deut WA« ■ulMuiuentlf mrriad out iritk reg&rxl to gullies, bj 

|«h!ch nil aoliil mMt«r wm bnitighl to n rmervoir or pit pliused 

hinder the gmtinK. *" 'hut notliliiu, evaa flui'l, could pua into tlie 

Llewcr until it luul luociidnd to adijxtuiie ortmp, whicli al>o]n«- 

EviTOled the MDoot offpuru from the lewer. Un teetiug tli«M yiV, 

lao depoeit of bMH7 nutter wee f<mu<l tliereiu, end ootf 4} ischee 

fmiid oriud wiadflpoiilud tli«rv. In n eauicery poiut of riew 

tkie plao will diniiaiali the exhahttiane from deoimimeed eninial 

ftasi vogctabla niaiteni, and on the ecure of e1«HnltDeae and comfort 

In Uie evoideuoo of mud. dust, tuL, the pubtiv w'uUI be grcetl.T 

benoHted. Thi- relative uostbetWMn tlilHiuid tht- old ■.valem wae 

M. the old e^stem being OITt and the oew lyel^^n Vfjit. The 

leport wu adopted 



THE SUNKEN RUSSIAN H.EET. 

Ot all the 70 veteele that were ecultlcd nr «iDk io the barb>iur 
efSabMlopol between September IMleDd Feb. 1SS9, tlien have 
bcm only oue etoetner, tho Chenottfoe, anil a few tranepoeta raised. 
Thr. r«ull of the ivuuniontion to which thp otheni hnro biicn aiib- 
iocUxl by divers showi idem not to bo wocth mupli rxlicnep bciuff 

^beelawed upuu Uiem. The thtpe of the line whirh were euiik el 
'm eatisaoe cf llialiarliour hudalraady beeo ten yeara aJloM. and 
Bve now been embedded in the aand thi>r« fnr two w>iii<:ii, ao 
bat tiity oerlAinlj cannot bo worth much. Thi* linera, Pitria, 

^Qroaedinit, Conatantine, UnrU, nnd Tuchnimn ere lyius on their 
benm-eudrt, and hnro bwn much injured hy tho lurchiutf (O'er of 
the cune, the bnllnel, aud olhcr pouderuue lutroliv^ the ChiTitiry, 
KvUewtecby, aod tlie aleamera Vladimir, Beasuabia, On>ni<>iie«- 
8etC,OdM«K, KriRiM.iuidTurakared<e«ribeda*etuidinj(upri)rht 
OS Uieir keeia, and it U pmpoeed to lift thc*o by moans of the 
OlianoneM uid the tmnepurte. A> regorde llii«e etaauien wldoh 
were aninm^ tJie ve«e«la that were Inet euult, conaidarable li<>pee 
ore eolerlBioed that they mtiy be brought iutoeerviee again. The 
peiticB who have uudort&kuD the noovery of theae wrecks from 
the bottom of the hArbiiur are to be paid for their tinn hie and out- 
Uy willi oue-hair the eatimnled value of all nbjecta rvcotered, a 
nmoDemtiam llmt la thought to be In aII probability very lunde- 

aOAte U> the espeneca. The uethad peo|Kiard i« lo fnnlen on to 
le nicies uf the veuol to be raiaed aaeke niado air tiKht wilh lor 
or gutta )K'n;hai iu the caae of a Mp of the lino it in nlciilnttd 
that ItOOO of thna aadu mual he uwd, ooutaining fiii.Uf K> cubic feet 
t^ air. Whether the ecuitlod veaeela can eT<er lx< vmi or not it 
aeenu to bo decided that they muit bo liftrd, and nut blowu Io 
pleooa, inaamuch u by tho Uttrr jinxxM theroiula would be eo- 
munbered wilh a vaet number uf cliuiue, guue, auohon, and uther 
llMVjr bodiea. which wuuld for ever after ob>ttriii.-l the ni)i:linrag<» 
TcrjBiDeb. 



A cnmmuoiatlon llrafD Mr. Jamee Coey was read at a nwent 
neetlng of the Unrpool Dock dmimitl^'e, dowribing a plau by 
liim tor improved approechea to ihe pier. 1 le pn>FK>«ce to en-ct a 
bridgeaoroiatheMereeT, ofSapotaof Sill feet nwh, and nt n kvol 
nbovothe pirrheuil<>r li'j fre^ to oouDert the Londou uid Xorth- 
Weelem lUitwiiy witli the Chwieraud Birkenhead Knilwnv; ih 
tail on the IjvcqKnl aide of tho river to be carried on to tlie top 
of apiJcofgranaritaeudiuiiat Iloeooo^treotiWhoren tunnel conlrl 
be fonued to Edge-bill. It ii etoted that the cominiteeo have alao 
under oooaidatatiou a plan pnipajed by the Dude Bunrevor, Mr. 
Hutlay, foralaj]geg(«ving.docJt Btthe uortb-eaal end ol' Prince's 
Docfcbaian, aa the tntnmoe will be thmuidi the noHli-VMt comer 
of PriBOl'a Dock. The Ir ugth of the dock will be 7IJ0 feot, largo 
aongh to uoommodate Ihrve ehipo of SUOU tons burduo. 



WROUGHT IRON BEAUS.* 

ByTiiovu Datib, F.A.IS. 

Thx material fint oard in the eoaatructioo of beama wm donbt- 
1«N timber, and althoufth it lus many nrunerliee peculiarly fitting 
it (or thi* purpoe^ yet, on aooonntof ita Hexibiliiy, and the dif^ 
culty «f geiii[iK it M aitffielaBt bIm and etrnni^h for long epena, 
ita tmdency Io de»y, and it* dnatruetibitity by fiiv, it » ia 
amay oaoM imanited for the purpoee r«|uir«l. 

When the mnnuriiMiire of out metiu beoane more g^orwl, 
and the mcaoii verr obtained of making laift if^HgTi the appli- 
cKbJity of thin mnteriikl to the fonoatioa of baama eaeild not 
bii to aoBgaat itaelf. This mntoriid haa decided lulvnnUg<(»— in 
Ita rigiol^, in ita capability of beiufi mode of olmcat any 
reanirod ahapo nnd strrngtb, in ite non-liabtlity to decay, and 
in iminoocobustibililyi nuJ uonnequently, it haa eometoberery 
eiteneivelv used for Ihe porpoeo refenvd (n, 

Tlicre fine, however, been a general wont of (Mnfidoeoe In 
bfoine of thi* initterinl, arising &om different ennaea. One objee- 
tion ia, that wlien o beam give-4 way, it doee ao without any 
previone wnruiuj;. Another ol.jnfii,,ti In, that although we have 
innumerabtBeiiwrimnntaf'n Ihc atronjith of caat- metal, by wtiieh 
we arc enahted to cnlcutntc tlie amount which any partjenlar 
beam of thla nuUriid ou^ht ti> carry, it does not follow that H 
will bear that amount, iu a lar^-v cnxling there may be eome 
iuoqiuditv in the metal naed; agnin. if then< ie much didTerenee 
iu tlie ihiclniMB of the purta, the cooling of one paK before 
anotJwr prodncm, to aome extmt, a tendeooy to A'aottm^ 
•epedally if aubjeeled to anr sliarp oonuoeeion; of the addng 
may be cle&ii and appai«nlly eonni), ami yet there may b« a 
flaw, of which nothing tnn be known until it is rereuled by a 
fracture. No donbt, to guard njtninet thoac defeclev we have 
Ihe «y»tem of testing; but this ia not alwnya to be depended 
upon, na it baa been ocmaidered, that in euuie caeea beiima bavo 
been tt-Bird «o nearly to thelimlce oftlielr I'reofirih. that, ihoogh 
paHting tlio a«deal, tliey have been pernnuientlr ii>jured thereby. 
Thia enggeate another objecdon, Ihnt though a bnuii bo iu even 
wny sound, yot, if it ia ocoMuonidly subjecteiil to great ntrBiiiR, It 
will ulumaifly be mi uiuch weakened, an to bivak with k load 
much IcM thou the original breakiUK weight, 

The reeult of (he want of oonndcnoe above mentioned haa 
been, that caat-wetal boame are geoonilly made muoh strunger 
t xwD, judging from expoi-iment, they require to hr, neceeelutrng 
heavy caaiing* and inervasc of cost, with the additional draw- 
back ofinvat weight aud difliuuliy uf iiandliiig. 

MidliVLble inm beaiiiB uult«, 111 Mime extent, the advantage* of 
both timber au'l caat-niclal. Th^y {■oaiieiu the advantaco of 
timber, iiuumiuch na they an! conipanitivdy light, and thenfore 
eaaily baudled, luid wheuoverloailed, tlioy show this by yietdlnc 
oousidersbt^r befoiv breaking. They poanai the advau'tai^e ^ 
cast-metal in llieir JnooubnaUliiliQ-, in their beiug capaUe of 
beiug oonvenieuUy made ol any rci^niitKi atrength, and even to 
Homocomriderabloextunt, iu tlirir rigidity;for alUiough malleable 
iron IB cominnLtirely fluxible, yet tliis qiuUity ia in a gKal 
measure c .unteraat«i(l by Ihe m'-de of oouelrtloti&g the botnu. 
Meeare, Sl«pti<'niioii and I'liirlmim, in tlinir iuTeetlgatioM and 
experiment* relative to tubular tiridgra, were the Ont to ad] 
goiieral attention to the use oruinllonlilc iron in the CMHtTUuUm 
of beuins. After uiaiiy experiuientti on various aooUona of tubeiv 
thev arriTed at tlie reetnugular tube, nr box beam, ae the beat: 
aiiij it wna a umide atep, by dividing it in two by a vertlod liiu^ 
to eome to the uouble flange or phite bcrun, which ia the moat 
eoaveniaut shape fur L-«nen3 uae, 

Ur. niirbdini, iti hi* valiuble book on cast aud wronght-iron, 
shown th» Hiiporiority, iu many r«*[H<ctH, of iiutUeable over end' 
iron for beam*. Ha shows, moreurer, that, contrary to what 
take* tilncc iti cast uielid, the upper dnuge Te>|uires to be larger 
than the under one, in the portion of 2 : 1. aud ^vea tbrmuhelbr 
mlunlntiug the atreuKlh of btovm*. Tliere ia, however, tbie 
dii>wlin«k, that while hie book contiiiiiH the det^ila of uiad/ ex- 

C'nionta on varioua sections of oosL-iueUiI and nudleable Itna 
tx^mn, there is aJmuat n complete want of experimrala on 
luiilleable iron plate beama. There ia given, iu Eici. the nwdtof 
Hilly one (ixpi^rlment on one kind of plate btMii, and ttusexpofi- 
ni«iit WM not altogether lutiafactory. 

Tliis drvuuislaQUB, there is little doubt, fane tended to deter 
many from adopting tills if lieiim, Having miide soverU experi- 

'Xiwlsi s)I«MUi(iif lbtArBhil«Hu*1IaiUluW.li<>UtBKiliuhuikaer*b. tliUH. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEtt AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



2t 



TImI 



<ia tha kiDil of bttui refsmd to, I c ood d mJ , imdar the 

■taaooH tturf tiu rantlu of aom* of thcao mijchl be acnpt- 

to (fail lMlitnl% and migbl teml t« the mora general um of 

boua whioh hu decided «dvMiUgM Cw uuny [iiimian, 

H*Tuig bud nj ktUntion dnwa to tb* uplinbility of loklla- 

fi>r bnms, and liaviDg long (liBrM w tho ([nncml wuit 

mcv ID cMMMlal alraadj oUodcd bv 1 drtcrmiaol to 

« fint opportuki^ of makiug a trial of tbcm. An oppor- 

ty haTJi^ afliwiloJ iiAclfar ouo^ iIk'iu, 1 MOfnltad Mr. To4 

■, I^th Walk, aud hod the Ninitfit of litH aip«rl9iio«; and 

ao aatiflSed villi Ibenault of the trial, that linco tboa I 

not naed oaat-niotal for boaiaa of luij impurUiKn. 

)mjaa to my fint ciperiiMuta, I am aony to nj, wen 

hy a BnuDiJ] I'rnH, vhicli I aftrmnb dlwovmd to 

W very iiiju«ara(«. Tli« roiulta at th« eipcritnoDta, howcrcr, 

vliich arc w bv laid before thia moetug, arc onl; Uboae wliiuh 

obuiaad hy Iha applicatioa of dtetf w(^, ao Uutt 

ba aothing to «n)at« want of oonHdanm ui tho «tat«- 

ttiw laid before you. Thcae cxnorinionla wcr« miid* at 

I timea la Mr. ToU'a rard. None of the boiuai wore 

tiU tb«7 broka, aa all were iutmuWd for nae; but, aa inunt 

of tbna vrera uatad to a datfeotion gnUar tliao thai to whidt 

would ba adviaabU to ban Umpi ptmunantljr Innilnd, thaj 

ra dala for fpudajua fit fisinx the duneniDoiia <j other bcatua 

* t=-r', - 




"txix^i Lugtb of Bum 



— * 



Ii«nrinj[ ... 



Wdght of Bonin 



IS ft in. 



4 cwt. 1 qr. 




Tba Loail r<Mt«d on SO inchaa to the 
middle of tho Beam. 



Dlrta>Mi« bad. 


LwA. 


IMUrUim 


iuHkUud 






t«ftilJ{IE. 


t'oUsdlng. 


Cn. <|n. Ih. 


Oft. <Jn. lb. 


Ini. I«hi. 


Ink Ifllhi. 














sa 31 


S3 21 


n 3 


a 3 


42 3 H 


?i 3 7 


8 


4 


U 3 H 


141 1 31 


4 


Cuaity 


S8 8 


180 31 


5 




WOT 


2(>7 I 


« 


Ofall 


aa s in 


■US 31) 


7 


7 



iMd lljtoiui. 

DeOeetioD ^tth iDch. 

Then being no appttnnt penoaoeat deflacllon. 



♦*xf 



Vxaxji 



Experimmt tL 

Laagth of Beatn ... 

„ Bearing 

Wright of Beam... 



17 ft. S in. 



6 cwt 2 qr. 



M 



ax ax* 



"Hie Loui reated en tl inohea ia the 
middle of the Beam. 



♦+xi 



D»rUuiII»4 


twd. 


IM«mHd 
Lndldi. 


UnluKTiiis. 




«n. »m. lb. 


CM. Qn. lb. 


lu. WbM. 


tlHLMkfc 




• « 


4 





1 




87 3 « 


87 3 


I 


9 




13 34 


70 3 24 


a 


laaarir 




14 2 1« 


ISS I l-i 


8 


8AiU 




83 


177 1 12 


4 


4 full 




83 


228 1 12 


5 


S 






Load 

Itdleetioa 

Penmnctit deSaetiaQ 



ift 374— Vol. XI.— Janiof; 19S7- 



llltol 
Atbs in 



tona. 
ineli. 
;tfa tncb. 




Ejperimml TO. 

LnigthofBeMn ... 30ft.0ui. 

Bearing... «„ 6,, 

— f Weight of Beam ... 90cwL3<]r«^ 

'Si^tilxi The Load realieil on 9? incbat in the 
^ — -^ middle of the Beau. 



Dif Uuu tit IuhL 


Lrsd. 




t»t(i«Ma 
Vataidlw. 




cwt-on. lb. 



Cm. Qn. lb. 



In. Itta. 




lu. Mm. 
8 




84 1 4 


84 1 4 


3 


8 




13 8 13 


47 18 


3 


A 




• 3 14 


88 3 4 


1 


Teaariy 




IS S 20 


TO a 34 


C 


1 Dearly 




13 i 13 


83 3 8 


8 


1 QfuU 




10 8 


DO 9 18 


7 


1 IfttU 




18 * 


112 2 18 


1 


1 8 




IS a 


115 2 18 


1 I 


1 S 




18 « 


138 8 18 


1 3 


1 4 Dtady 




18 « « 


181 3 18 


I a 


1 4fuU 




IS 


184 3 18 


1 4 


1 8 




IS 8 


ITT 3 16 


1 9 


1 4 




IS 


ISO 2 18 


1 8 


1 7 




18 


208 i 18 


1 7 






18 


218 9 IS 


i 


3 





Load 

Deflection 
Ftftnaiieat dofleotlon 



101 tona. 
SiDcbcft 

flDOb. 



J2X| 



liXStxi 




RgpeHimtiU IV. 

Length of Beam ... 39 fl. C in. 

„ Bewing... 88 „ 6 „ 

Wright of Beam ... UowLSqnt 



■iw.i- l' The Load ti«tad on 98 ioiAoa in tlia 
Itxijxft middle of the Beam. 



*-i 



LoAAiira. 


tTniOADiMi. 


DIlUtODt 


UU. 


IMlKUai. 


•glaO. 


UU. 


Ddaoua. 


CvLQr. lb. 


On. gr. lb. 


lunbL* 


(M.(k. Ih 


C*l. Qi. lb 


lOLflll.* 





8 











n 


iPi iiP 






£88 


S ) 8 


(1 i 


17 1 34 


17 1 94 


1 


8 3 39 


14 a 4 


S 


11 2 18 


■ 30 12 


2 


11 2 14 


84 32 





11 2 18 


40 8 


a 


11 3 11 


37 8 10 


7 


11 3 14 


sa 1 16 


4 


11 S 14 


49 1 29 


I 


8 3 34 


81 14 


D Smvly 


11 2 Jfl 


ei 14 


I t 


11 3 14 


7a a 3 


06 


11 S IS 


73 8 2 


1 3 


11 3 10 


84 1 8 


7fiiU 


11 8 IB 


81 I 18 


I 3 


8 2 28 


M IB 


1 


11 3 IB 


04 4 


1 4 


! 2 24 
11 2 14 


101 8 14 
118 9 3 


1 3 fall t 


11 2 IS 


1C7 2 33 


1 S 


8 2 2lJ 


la-i 1 


1 a 


11 2 la 


IIB 1 10 


1 4 


8 2 24 


ISO 8 SB 


1 4 


11 3 18 


ISO 8 S<l 


1 7 


8 3 22 
1 14 


180 S SO 
I4> 1 B 


1 e 

1 8ftill 


18 22 


144 80 


3 


8 1 
8 1 


15S 9 B 
161 S B 


1 71 
9 0( 


13 2 


ISB 2 30 


2 1 


10 


188 B 


3 ItuSl 








a 14 


171 30 


2 2 


18 9 


171 30 


! 3 



Load «4tona. 

Deflection f( inehea. 

Pcmiaoont deflection -^ iuob, 

* Tlw Stttauaa *ert olmnti U Klbi of u bub, bat Uu tUu «al; an km (Ina. 



THE CrVIL ENGDfEER AND AHCHrTECTS JOUENAL. 



7xf 


r 


ui V 






' ^^^ 


F^KSXiS' 










r 


Length of Bonm 


93 ft. 6 in. 


*-•■ 


-i 


„ Beariug 


S3 


II 8 t. 


• 


Weight of Bum 


13cfft2)qr 




r f -f 


The Lend rtMoA on 


81 inchM in th« 


^ 


l/ixzy* 


middle of the Boun. 




% 


xi 




LOADIKO. 


Vautxoam. 




t«*d. 


migcilaii. 


Uivlalou 
lit Tnil, 


LmI. 


DoOonlnL 


on. «r. lb. 


en, Qr. lb. 


[ultlbi. 


On,*, lb. 


c<n. Qt. lb. 


.tulWu. 











(1 





2 








IT 1 84 


IT 1 24 


3 


34 8 SO 


94 S SO 


8 1 


30 I 14 


87 8 10 


4 


SO 1 14 


85 1 6 


3 


38 1 4 


61 14 


5 


2S 23 


81 2 


8 


38 1 4 


84 1 1« 


« 


33 t 4 


104 3 4 


4 


33 1 4 


107 2 22 


7 


20 I 14 
IS 1 S 
18 8 


135 13 
143 1 30 
183 33 


S] 
6{ 
l) 


33 1 4 
31 


130 3 30 
ISG 3 30 


8 
» 


IS S 


180 8 38 


Q 8 


Si 


180 8 30 


10 


18 3 
IS 3 14 


tdB 3 38 

215 1 13 


8 8) 
10 { 


35 


SOS S 20 


11 


15 3 14 


230 3 3d 


11 


35 


230 3 20 


12 


13 S 
13 3 


243 1 2S 
3EE 3 23 


13 
18 


31 8 U 


363 8 13 


13 


13 I 12 


23» 1 10 


14 


18 1 SS 


269 1 10 


14 



Lotd 

De6«otioa 

FernuuMnt defection 



ni 



tona. 
;lih» iocb. 
th inch. 



I have lu ynt hud onlv one opportunity of testing & rolled 
maJleable iron Beam, of which the following in the reai^t; — 




Leogthof B«am... 

„ Bouing 

Weight of Beua... 



10ft.9ia. 
10 „ 3 „ 
3cwt. SI lb. 



pOipoMK. For inttuiee, it nuelit bu atipposeil tbiit fuoh besma 
mn, from thin enaae, ituipplicnbte to the support of n-alln idrMdj 
bi^t, ivherH thii lower puii hiu to be reiuored, >a iu Ihi? om of 
the alUmtioDS In tihop fruots, which nre coutiuunlly htaag 
mad* in thin dvy: but I may give the reauit of an «xi>eriraent 
mnde in an nlttmttun ia Prince^-sttvet, lu n cnae in point 

A juur of bcADu were ubuI, airotliir to that referred (o in Ex- 

EerimeDl IL eio«pt ih&t th»; w«Te 3 inebea deeper, the leogtli 
Ring 14 inchM grakCer, vad th« aetnal b«uing, when put In 
tlieir nlocn, boltig 1(S (t. A in. After the ntaaonrr *bove tfa* 
boimiliad bci-ii kcyul up, and theiupportaio thewuhiroiDOVw], 
•o ki to throw the whole weight of the wnll above upon them, 
tlie deflection wu only ^igth of aa inch. I do not aeui ta nj, 
that thia wan all thn bnnmi had yieldetl; but the ksjing m, 
before the supports WEW removed, had taken up whatevsradol- 
tbnal yielding Uiere had been, olthou^'h this muxt liavabMB 
rerv tittle, m thi^ro was no appearance, ao far a> tha ef« 
could detect, of any dctloctioii iri the beain& 

Appentti-i. 
Aa already stated in the body of the p«E>er, I wui inclined to 
doubt the ^uracT of the proportiooB of the upper and uader 
flaogn, aa gtAleil liy Mr. Fairbaim. Siuoe then I have moda 
another experiment opon the beam ueed lu Eiooriuient V, 
but reversed; that is, with the huge fiange nndamiott, tbo 
lesulbi of which are ^von iu the anuexod tabli^- 



The Loud rotted on H inchoa in the oiiddle of the 
BcAm. 



On Boeount of aoote circumatanceA, the iMting was not qnit« 
■a MiUfbietory u could hare been deaireii, no tliat thn observed 
InlMMdiato dcflectioDH are not given. The total load, howovor, 
«ra«(IH4 cwt.=) lOl tAUR. The defleetioawoe ithii of on inch, 
or pecfaapB ^thii of an toch. The pttmHWOt dedectiou, afW 
themncmd of the load, wai Jth of on inch. 

It Mljfat to be Dotiiwd, that the loads liy which tlie beamii in 
tha foptgoing eiperi[ueuta were tented, oonsiat^d for the moat 
part of nulway hani, ri'qiiiriiig two men at nieb end to lift Uiem, 
and that la loading thfim wiui a considemlile nniouiit of couciuiaion 
ud ribration, to tliat the teat was considerably more sever* 
than Uiat due to the mere applimtiou of tliu load stated. 

The foregoing are the deteila of all the eiperimentB I have to 
being before the meotiog. 1 do not attempt from lo few cases to 
■enenUM; but in the incantinio I l<nvn them ticfore the Iiutituta 
nir tbelr coueidontian. 1 may montioa, that t am inclined U> 
doabt tbe Boonraqy of the prO[>ortioua of the upper and under 
flange for pUt« beauu, as given bv &lr. F&irhairu: but I am 
not at prweut In a position to Kpeak doliuitflly on tliia eubjeet 
(8m Appendix.) 

There i« one remark, however, which I beg to make, boforf con- 
eludiojt lhi« part of the paper. The floiibiliiy ot ronlleablo 
iron beoma, i» no doubt grwitvr thui that of caal-iuelal beauia, 
but it u not to great u to prevoot (liwt bebig uaed for moat 






(Hub* haua AB t-wiMt 111 Kipf^nript V, tbe Iwfn 



Length of Beam 

, Bearing 
Weight of Beam 



33ft.6ia. 

23 „ 6 „ 

13 cwt. a) qr. 



/^y-ixi 



The Load rested on 31 inches in the middle 
ct the Beau. 



-7X*- 












LoAsmo. 


CvLOAnuio. 


DlTltlnlu 


LOMl. 


DeflwUoii. 


nrtdoM 
otLiad. 


t«d. 


MtacUoi. 


Cwt. Qt. lb. 


.Cirt. Or. lb. 


lu. l«Uu. 


nwi.Qt. lb. 


cn. Qt. lb. 


tu.inkt. 

















8 


34 3 1 


34 3 1 


1 


IP 7 


19 7 


4 


17 1 8 


41 8 4 


3 


10 3 SI 


88 3 


E 


18 a 31 


80 


8 


31 1 


80 





18 u 34 
14 a Id 


78 34 
D3 13 


4 [ 
Sbuei 


37 1 8 


87 1 8 


7 


17 1 13 

20 1 


110 1 34 
180 3 34 


6) 
J( 


31 3 34 


133 4 


8 


SO 1 


150 8 34 


8 


31 3 31 


1S3 3 


P 


23 16 

ill 1 1 


171 13 
164 1 18 


8) 
10 t 


81 8 8 


isa 3 8 


10 


37 1 18 


211 8 3 


11 


33 33 


311 3 1 


11 


15 20 


226 8 33 


13 


15 30 


226 8 33 


la 


16 30 


312 IS 


13 


15 30 


SIS )S 


18 


IE 3 6 


357 8 31 


14 


15 a 8 


SS7 8 SI 


1* 


13 16 


370 B 


IS 


IS 18 


870 8 


15 



I'Oiul lallona. 

Deflection H">a ineb. 

Perinaueut deflection -/i^^* inofa. 

The cimomatiuioe of this being the same beam which was 
tested in Experiment V, and wliidi received a set of lUiof an 
inirh iu theoppoiite direction from that in which It was strained 
iu the preoeut iimlunoe, aucouuts for the apparent anomalies in 
thentiove experimeiil,n«c<}iupared wiUi the reeulia of the fornier, 
Thus, at the commouwmcnt of the second lotliug, the beam t*iit 
more ([uiekly tlian oo the former occosinn, while as the expari- 
lueut proceeds, il veenia to reoover itreuffth, and there je Gttle 
dilTi^reDoe in the ultimate struugth iu butli uaacK, Again, ia un- 
loading, the beam in the seooud t^tiug Bpriugii up move 
quickly than in the lint, whidi is inconsistent wi^ the ideft Of 
lu beiug weaker, an the observed deHeotious imply. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER A^•D ABCUITECTS JOURNAL. 



23 



An kllomuiM «iu[bt therefore ti> lie nude for bbe previotu 
rhat ou^t to be auhiititul«d for UiaI ju*t given. 



PROBLEM: 

10 rata tsroi ntot cunua to sTRm ar EUtm. 



LOADISO. 


Vnunj>uia. 




tfLnid. 


Lai. 


DtStaUaa. 


DItlUuM 
d tad. 


LoU. 


MMta. 




PM.ar.itL 


en. Or. lb. 


lultUu. 


i>t.». lb. 


on. Qr. lb. 


luinbL 




00 » 








D 


1) n 


1 




■#* rwt 


Pii --' 


.-* 


lO 7 


l» 1) 7 


S 




sse 


as 


1 


IS i ai 


H8 3 


3 




»« 


u« 


3 


31 1 


tlO 


i 




S7 


U 


3 


S7 I S 


ST 1 6 


s 




U 1 St 

K 1 


no 1 St 
ISO S St 


«] 

e( 


SI S St 


18S t 


9 




ao 1 
«a« ix 
90 1 1 


ISO S St 

lit IS 

IPI 1 IS 


ai 
tI 
s) 


St S S( 
81 S 8 


1S8 9 
ISS S 8 


T 
8 




17 1 IS 


111 8 s 





S8 D as 


311 3 S 


g 




IS 10 


iS« 3 !S 


10 


IS SO 


!36 8 S3 


10 




1 u » 


341 U IS 


11 


IS n 20 


St! 15 


11 




lust 


3s; s SI 


IS 


IS 3 < 


SST 3 SI 


13 




1 UO 1« 


370 B 


13 


IS IS 


3)0 » 


IS 





Loftd 13^ tonm. 

Doflcetioa H^^* iuch. 

Penutnent d^Mlioa ^^U) iuch. 

It would haw baen daatnUe, In ordar to hava obtiuuaJ tbe 
lof thabram, u abova, withoat mtnlriiig to liavo ra- 
< %a alloinuicea, to hare iukiI a henm vhmh hnil not baan 
iowlj atniuvd ay UMiag. TliU wu iutoodcfi to making 
I above experiiiiMit; but Uiruu^b n niistaka, tbu auna baau 
I naedor«ragaia,aii4tli«ni wuDot lui opportunity of iiuklag 
otbv onarimant bafora the boama vara aaat awnj. 
It would be reiT nnadvuftble to attainpt to dmn' pnrUuular 
ilanona u to tb« exact proportiona of the iipp«r nmj radar 
, from tlieae two esperimcota merely, but the nuulla teem 
nrnint ua in oomlng to tb« gonarftl coadualuii, tlwt Cor thta 
kind of baam tie fliuigva ought to bo naorlj eqiikl, the under 
I boing mther Ifiivcr thui ttie upper, 
guice toakiaff thU lout uxpi'rimon^ uid cocniiifi to the above 
1 oouduaioii, >iul whilH preparinf; thia paper for the preaiL 
a saw wnrk bv Mr. Fatrbtum. autUloi), 'Uaoful 
ttion for Eagiueon.' In it be inaerta kiiic of the mathe- 
tieal ioreitipitioiu of Mr. Tate on the aabjoot, which quite 
I wiUi the alatvineota here uado. Mr. T^te oouoludaa bia 
by aajiuz— "TIte diflsKaoe in tlie value of Ihew 000- 
ala U ao iiniul. aa to lead iia to infxr, thnt tlio boam in 
friment 13 approaehta to ibnt of tunxiuium nirvtiittli with k 
qnaolitj of nuUrlat The a»cliou.iJ artn of tli« lop uiiil 
1 flaogea are to each other aa 14 : 10, which ia very nearly 
I «r etinaUty," 

rBICTION OF MACHINES. 

1 Boomtit, m hie work ou tike Steam- Engine. **j*: — " The frie- 
Ition of irou eliding iqM»i Iran has geiu-nUy been taken at about 
[Me-tAOtb of \h» vnmsatf, when the Rurfaom are oiled ami then 
un, anthaiaofilm ofoil iBLulefposeil The fHdtuaof 

biag npon braae but geuemlly been taken at abonl on*- 

ith of the preaaure, under Ibe eame nroumatnuoe*: but m 

I In aetuAl operation, whera a ftlm of nme Intuinating 

_ U intor^Kiaed between tlie rabblag anrbaes, It ia not 

.Bora Iban oue-tbinl of thia amount* or I-^3rd of the vraight, 

LlHula OiM, bowerer, U the avange nwult, the friotion in a gnod 

T deal lisac in aeme eaara. The faut nppeura t/j bn that the atnoant 

|o[ the ffwhtanee dai>nmliiat«d fVictlon depeiiili^ iu a ^eat 

upon the nature of tlio nii)fiuilt omptoyod, and in 

lace the viiMidity of the unguent may oooaaion a nmter 

Fntanlatioci than the reajatanea oawed by the attrition. In 

fvuekworic, thersfare and other ftn* nachanfam, it b neoea 

arr both to k*rp tlie bearing anrikce* umall. mid to employ 

■ thin a»d limptd oil for tlie purpoae i<f hihricntion, for the 

iMMtnooe oaoaait by the vliddity of the uui^eut iw^nuuiiM witli 

(he MWKUit of aiir&oe, and the amount of aurfuoe in nlntivoly 

frcater In the UDalhreiaM of worka." 




^im 



Either br calcaUtioo, or geometriaBlty, aa in dotted Unea [u 
figure, or EuoUd, Prop. IL, Book TI, &ua the 4th projNHtionala 
to the ooi^uAta and trauavene radii, and a«t the Larger em C B 
extended toE. 

Form the rectAngle A B C D and join D E. 

Th«n AB :CD : ; CD : An 
And OB: BA : : BA : C E 
Now atrike thd eurro CF, anil biuret the angle joiuing E O. 
From o aa a ceutra, with dixtiuiaB a B, cut E U in H; tba point 
H U the oeutn) fur cune L Unite D U and extend to J, and 
ttom J with diatouoe J B culJ D In K; Join K a and extend 
toU 

Tbe pMHta E, U, K, and a, ore the true centrwa for the portions 
of curve CO. UI, IL, and LA. 

Banelona, Ifov. Vh, issa Williah Moox. 

nOTES or THE MONTH. 

Mr. RRarwood, I'cuUtotie. York, propoaaiaaiatireivemeotla 
tharaiinuiuliDllii-pi'riiianentwayoriwweiy^ by forming ihom 
of twuixkrta Mu.-h having aT-«bapod bead or edge fbnned Upon it, 
».< thiti ulion thuv are plaoed together tbe two iriU eonatitulea 
contiQunui roil, liuving m eeetion eorreepoodlns to ihoea now ia 
gcnend lue: by tliii uieana the neoaanty of wtnit it munlly tcnued 
tlie " tuitijoiut" will be obviated. One arnWRvmeut, fuoud to 
aiiBW>.>r, is m followa : — mippoae two ban of any oonvenlent 
loiigtb.aad aultnble in width, Ac, aaob liaving, lui before man- 
tionod, a T-*hApcd head or edge; theae bate have also groovaa oo- 
alot* fonofd ill such a Dunner. that when they are pUeed aide by 
aide, one edgaofone will take into the groove of the other, by tbu 
meaaa Monnng theen *o na to funn the rail, aa nwotioiiM. If 
mmiaiiji, the two parte, formed lu above, tnay be united hy 
boUe or other suitable appamtua. 

Mr. Duff, oftbeOakfaMLkEn^^ne Worka, OtMgow,haaeAected 
an improvement in the oonatruetion ofthe hlgh-pneear«Doa-ooii> 
dcMiniciir cnKino. It oonaiile of two cyliodan, laitaadof ooe.ai in 
the cinTiiiuT form of oonatmotjon, The eteom bom tlic mnaller 
of the two Jylifidara,befbT« paaaUiK into the atuioaphere, eshnnita 
ilaelf into the eaeoud oyluider, wludi is three timee the capadty 
of the flret. The effiiot ie that the iit(«m gtvoa three-tLimtha 
■diltiiodaj powi-r on oontraated with tUo aune volnmo of ateani 
ikcimg Lhruuh'h tlie former or aingle cvlindor engine, in proof of 
whiuh tlie improved engine, with a oyliniler of oiilv eight iuobea 
diameter, ie doing the work with gre«Ur fitciliCy inan the tingle 
oylindorenfiitie, which haa one of 10 inohee diameter, tlie leogth 
of stroke and urMuura of steam in both boinc the Huae, But 
there la !u addftiun this materinl diitinctiuu, tnnt the iiiiproveil 
or douhle-d' Under aO|[iua rfftrata a mviuu iu fuul of about tO per 
cent. The engine ia uuw in doily upenuou at Mr. DuiPe WovKa. 

t.* 



u 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JODRNAt. 



The anniul geoml toMUnit uul emtmamone of tlia Arcliit«c- 
tnnl InitlMt* of SouUuinl wu bald oa tlia IbI ult. in Kitiuburtth. 
The attendjuiM of moniVr* uii giMsU wm Urtre. The coUfcIiud 
of phologniphs luid ore hi Ice turn! engnivinjiB was exIeiuivB, Tb» 
, pliOto|;nt]>lui oiiicli atLrM:l«J purticTiUr niteriUun vera tba InrgiMt 
LiUierU) attempl«(l in SwiUajiiI. bv Mr. Kibble, of Glongow. The 
Lorl Pruv(i»i wm oUkJ W llio cliiir, niiii l>wil Nfovo delivered 
the Introductory adilrcM of the «oinoii. 

Tb« fintaaiiual exhlbltJoD of the anociAtion noeotiy oalaUiahed 
iu SootlMid to iiDociuTviie the ip|tlicntinn of kft to objects of onift- 
lucGt KO'l uUlitY, wu opcnod nt Kilinburgh OH the 13lh alt. hj a 
briUknt &nd «ell«tt«u<!«l eaavenanone. The exbibltlou fs to be 
mn aaniul one. 

It la etiitcd, that Mr. Chiu-lM MAnby, who baa, nftor 17 year*' 
MTViMi rHiRiial tlic |x)iit af aocretftnr to Ihc lii.ilitulion of Civil 
Enffiiieen, hns bucomiIixI the Ute lu'. StArbiicIf, an the rapKaeu- 
tktiTe io Louilun auil oii the CoDtIii«nc of the exteuaii'c eiigiiie< 
nuuiuboturkiig Hnn of Itoboit Stepbeiuoii and Co., of NowchaiIo- 
oa-T)rti& Mr. Mnriby is ■uocmdcd on secretary by Mr. Jamci 
Foireet) who hui Iwcn ouumoLod witli the liuiiiuUuu for ibu but 
14i«ua. 

wlinbotM Uuttr ia about to tuderEo mioplctA roitorntioD. 
The duuied uid its uiaUs hnving mwnily bcoa repaired, under 
the RDIiomitBEiiUnw otMi. Wyutl, alaiynC of AOOOCntbodoolhe 
tmie^ thelieoeMity ofrestoriiig thu rataaiudHr of themtnBterluui 
' baoonM mors appueiit It is (iilly ox |x>ct«d tlie work cf rmtoricifj 
tUa flue ipedmencfNoniuui and &ii'Iy EnitUsh styliai oforchiUc- 
ture iriU tnpidly prcgrew. The nocnil ri-niura of ilip miimiflr 
are of the Konoan pwiod, etpeoIaUy the uaaturu lower, trifuriuui, 
the ohuioel, anit the ardiee of the novo. 

A bridgo of novel eonttmctiou ii now bsinff made in thia coantry 
for the out Indian Itailvay. It U intoued to eroae the river 
Soane, one of ihe tribularioa of the Oange^ uid when ooinptet«d 
will be nearly n mile in l«Dgtb. Then will be S9 pier^ and the 

rfVom pier to pier will b« lAU feet, beinK about 90 leet more 
the (pan of tlie atvbca of the Hi^'LmlBridffa at Neweactli^ 
npan-T7iii\ Liltu th&titruuturv, it wtll oooaiat of two roadwaj% 
loe upper one Icrthe nilw^y, and the lower one for foot-pamen- 
|pnudp«laiii|iuii-b«anits,thDh«ight from the lower to the upper 
way being SB ftot. The peritliuityof tbo conrtraation In that ill* 
two rrxblwnyi mv ruteucil tojtether and auppiirUil by Intiiccwork 
of wroughl-irau,couibiuLug groat atrengUi with a light aoJ ele- 
gant appearsnoe. The bti» nre of eliaunel Iron, and o^m* nwh 
other oiagoiudly, bcins firmly nv«tcd togothor at eodi croesini; 
Ono ooniplot« arch boa just bEeo oouairuotcd at the Elswlck 
Engiuo Works, NowcMtltN, by way of expurimvul, aud the r^ult is 
■noal ntlahotory. The eiititv woi^fht w 1^ Uins. It u-as niaile 
with a alieht enrve, 2 inches hi;;hvr Uino a iload level, aui] when 
tMMd wi&a weight of 362 looB it only weut down 2 iii<.-ha below 
the levol, or 4 iuehea allogethv at iha notiv. The se{>arate 
leogtha or archc* will rwit at mch rii-l on live mlteni of cut' iron, 
to ^liiw of rxpaiiiinn anil i^^n trad. ion, acconiinz to the variation 
<^ the tsmprr>ture. The oDtfinrpr enauod in tho oonstnction of 
this bridge la Mr. rjeotve Itendel, of LoDdoo. Aa aoon aa the 
bridge la com pleud it will bMnkeo to pleoM Id oniar to be ihtpped, 
and will be Roonatnieted in India. 

The Oianil Tnutk BaiJwny of Canada ia now open thronchont 
from the St. lAwnuee where the great Victoria tubular bridge ia 
in pMOgraaa to the wtatem t^nnuma at lAke Ontario, near To- 
ronto, a length of (i'lO uiilra, A aingle lin>? only has aa ^et been 
laid down. The whole route ia levrl. The Victoria bn<l^ will 
not be finiahnl till 1860. The onat uf tliia (trootare waa ori|[inallv 
aMimated at 1,4G>\0(K>/., but thin aum haaeinoe been reducej, 
and the pnMot colculalioo of it* probable cnat is about 1 ,SflO,0UDJ. 
It in aimpoaed that in ita cteetinn d-VijOlNi toin of atone and TSOU 
ton* of mm have been uaed; Uie iron ■npeniLrnctun- ia mppDrtetl 
OD M pisn ftod 8 abntaaotit the eentre vpau litriu^' 330 fi-ui ; ihvru 
uv IS Npena on each dd* of tiie oentr\>. Hi iMt ench— Ibe 
«Itrene length including abuUnonta is TiH» hcU Tlie hsight 
above Bununer water lei*el in the ocntn opening ia 6() foet, 
da^odii^ toaitbtroDdat therai«of 1 in I3i), The conteota of 
tliemMonry will bethree nllliona of cnbio ttvi-. the weight of irou 
in Ibe tab«i MCO lona The following are the dlaatuleoia of tube 
thrtRUh wbioh the troina paa> in the middle apon, via.: iS feet 
high, 14 feet wide; at the eztr«ni« ends 19 foot hiKh. ISfbetwide. 
The total leogthfrnnriTer-bank to rivFr-bouk will be ia,S84 fert, 
orftbout 00 jrarda liM tbaa two Eo^iab milea. On an avero^ 
Ibei* b k atation am thia line to erwr fl milea^ i men to every 3 
■nilaih lad a looomotire to cm? 4 ouea. 



Hie Lords ef the TrBa»(U7haveimnt«d toMrlnmao, theUt* 
tdtfaf eorveyor of the OfBce of Works, a pmiaioa of axU. p«r 
annum. 

The Queen has ooD&trtd the honour of knighthooil upon Mr. 
Rowland Mai¥lwiaW8te;Aenaon,ofGlouueatcr- terrace^ Hyde park, 
and late of Oalcatla, Civil Eugineer. 

Mr. J. Jay boa nndertakiin to omplete the Oannarthon and 

Cardigan mil war from tbo MyrtJe-iiili Htatiiio of the South Wale* 
milway to LUndiiull fur l3a,UOo/. 

The Becretaiy of the Tnaaury, United State* of Ampric^ baa 
aVMded a oODtraot lo £, Haimou and Co, for the erectioo of ao 
Inta building for a Marine Uoepital at New Orlnuia Titia model 
flraand heat-proof atructure is destined to inittaU the use of imn 
in the oonstnictlou uf tlie publie architecture nf the cnuulry. It 
is regarded ai the most irapxtant neaaun for the iutercets of Iron 
uuimirovturrs ever adoptoa hy the national govenunent. 

At tlie DuDctluBion of the inqneatonthebodleeof the men killed 
at Sonthatuptoii by the ezploaion on board thn aiOKmer i^nmo, 
the vcnlict waa a very elaborate noe, the Kubstuice of which was, 
thai the dc^eised met their dratlis by th-.- aci<tiJenlal burstiosof 
the starboard forward bottcr on boorvi Ibo /'amnii, diiriij^ the trial 
of an experiment us to tlie aujierliuous hc*l in the U|>-Iiik»; that 
by a grnit amount of cntitiao the aoi-idriit might have hetti vn- 
veolai. thnt the evidence provvH that one safety-vKlve applied to 
one boiler ia not a sufhcient protivtion to life and propect;; tlM H 
is questionable whether KLfctr-vnlvea are constructed on sound 
and eflbctivo pHncijiW; Hint the Ntfety-valve of the boiler which 
cauaeil the noddeiit wns inaiiQicient in dimeusiona, and defective 
in prindpl,^: and. liwUy, the jniy declare, their oonviotioo that 
the Itoyal Mail Coiii|}a[iy and their officsn had dbplayed great 
auxiely to "hiain [H<rf(s-tion in their machinery uid to giuud 
a^nat aocidcnis, lu having their boilen and enpnes In good 
order. 

Grperimente have recently been uiade at Woolwicb, to test the 
powurof Ttalstanoe of timber lined with tinch iron platee--the 
oombined mnti>ria1* b«in^ of the nuue IhicluuM as tlie floating 
bfttterioa eoni^tmcted during the late war; and also to teat the 
dnratnlitT and uunlity of iron pinto* mannfatrtured by roUiuj^ aa 
compared with Iron tamed out by the hammer. Tlie tajvet na 
on immBoae eoDstmctlon of timber, lined with i-ineh nlatea tt 
iron of both descriplJona, the total weight waa 30 tona TwectT- 
fonr round* of 8(4 poundnrs were Hred at thia torfrot with the 
fbllowiDs rcmilu : — the first 14 routida were llred at a distaaee of 
000 yanls, and alVr the first few rounds the tloiberworit gave 
way iu several directioue. The lust 10 rounds wnn? fliwl at n 
dlatuico of 4(M) yards, and the work ofdestructiou ooiiaamniaied; 
the timbcrworic of the target was completely broken and sptin- 
tored, and the plntea of iron made by the mtlinc pmcaw were cut 
up and split, having B}>parent]y but littlo adhnsinti. The tion 
piatos which had betn made by the old prooeee nvi^tcd the solid 
WTought-iron shot mnch more siicorasiyiy, and it waa appejent 
that Uieae pktee poasceaed more wlhMJve power than tlie rolled 

iilalea. By the force of the cauucinade Uie immense tar^iet waa 
uroed hv the eoaeoMfon several feet from the foumlatioo or box 
oil which it was placed. The last shot &Ttd went mmpletely 
tlirough the Laraet, timberwiirk, and iron includeil. It waa the 
subject of remark by scleral procUial men, that the principle of 
combining timber with iron ulates, was, uo doubt, lbs beat that 
could l<e at present adopted; but it was evident fmm these eipe- 
riments that saob plates must be improved u)>ou tiefore they could 
renat the ooncussion of ropvaled liiBobargee of hmvy shut. 

Meseengcr'i Triikn^ulnr Tubular Boiler, reoHitlr patented, oon- 
siate in aurrniuding thu Sn with tnbeo, wlilah form watv 
apame extending frt>m finut to back, and secured at eaeh end 
to aoekote cast on inner i>taMe, with aid«a, and ends^ and 
flangps, to whiuh arc scfuiod fhiot and boi'k platee. A wnter 
Kfjiuv is thus fonueit between in&er and outer pIntM which conk- 
iiiuiiicatL' with the tutmi. Water admitted at the lower tube* 
iMNToiiieH h«nt«<l, circiikt4vi through all the tubce and wati^r spomei 
Kid risMi to an outlet at the upper part of the boiler, from whence 
it is conveyed to whatever place is rotiiiiroil to be heated. The 
pat«iitM describes Ita advantages as : Ist. The amount of surfaee 
wbiuh MbvthiaarrangismentevMieed tothelire, rrduoes tJuqwa* 
tity of fuel required vatToonaidsmbly; Snd. Tiib» bemg naea Ibr 
ftre-ban, all burning Mthe iron i* prvvented; 3n]. Should any 
tube bvoome ii^ured, it can be replnood without in the leaat die- 
turbliig the other part uf the boiler. To ooavert it into a steain- 
boller. the pai«niee propoesa to add aiUnm-eheatioammuniGating 
with the watcr-spaocA 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCIUTECrS JOUIINAL, 



9« 



OBiroAn 

Bmnllr, Ur. Naab, OM of th« ald«rt iiMnnb«n of th« Sodetj 
cfPNatania WturCoIoun. Ha dtvotod lik Bltrotlon intvly 
li^ la Dukuv drmwin^ of ooetwi Mti a J Md oUior MidMit 
mdldlBti for Ui« IMmtniiJnn «r totio|[npbiekl work*, au4 oon- 
ttatwd ■Itsrwanl* to iiunt limikr tubjects. 

lAtalj, Ur. K. K M'lan, Aniat, u AMoeiaU of Uie Sootdi 
Ackilemjr. 

Oa tko Udi ull^ Dr. Pu4a, PhvaieuuL Uo wm bmi at 
OUBfartdge on the Tth of Anriiat, 1785, una at St tcmv of n^ he 
«U alMUd ItbTatetftB to tlw Watnii ii«t«r Honpltd. He was for 
■ ■liorttin*i<ipnieCieBMPcD*imar,iuidwViil>' thfro roumlRl cho 
Bojll Oeokmied Soda^ of CorowtJL When at I'tfuanco lie 

Kra to ihe miaem the gnat boon oT the " toiiif inr bar," tho 
AiiHiM'u( hy which tbrr am aoAblod to poniM llimr buiiDcai 
mmiA iaiUniaMt (juca without tho ter of atrikbc Are from the 
rod:, lie vm deotcd Prtaiiknt of the College of Phyaicioo* in 
Um y«ar IftU, t»d Uua odlee he held ontil the hour of hU death. 
Ih-. Puta poMMwe J iw« litonur talent, ami wae the author of 
mtnn l etarlbg work*. Uii " Life of Sir ITiiniphi7 Davy" will 
erer rtauUB OM of the duMJcal biogmphiei of thv EnKli>lt 

ooKPBTrrion. 



» i^Ml « ■ to tttm mmiitm m .amrg^ wUli »boai>diKTnU «a4 aBnMka^ 

a>ianib*in«M7Mirtoa»^«t«) bito pwWtfV^ 

«Kk n« pit* M *m HHi^aMbrikioKxK* tnltiW eVi vfa naiiiMf 

IMiaud ViiBiBaniHlOTfM (o > boUilln » t* mitol in Ih> !««■ of UiwIIt 
to W B B iawfcB «( ia» 1W« Mr. KumJ yir.lU rirtlnlHi ID4T te tad uf 
Ml- ri*l«U L Iltvaa, Smmht, UbbU;. Ihugiii lo t« ant Inlif Uw IM 




nMd uat, Tk> nawd vlU (rnlU br U» ^ ud nMlisilai epprmvl br 
StoL^TO^MSnuH^ "*"" "' ***""* "* '■ (*»«''"«'. »""- 
[W OhbHU' kfijalsM bjIkTUmCbgndlrflniiolioiBHrtDlaiditoHMtlni 
^» »n tViait LiibUA AmuBLoSn pCMdim •! I0«, iOL, asd lU. lur tlu 
*«• kM iIh(cm AtflbcMB*. niuiitatew«nBuM*tib«>t«AoMl>«> Md 
-m. Tlw taildlu le MriN W pHknt., .Iif csqaIMn tdflMTud wom- 

iIUMt.. Bd DM nwdtmta.ow. TV bgiUUit iut«lil It^dae U* 
— --J *^"**"*?" ■*"> — Iw^'J* TlK (InUhs to b*i4*dtei»b«t 
»■»■ ™Sri J!*! "»n— law ud lutracnsH" »r bUMlHlOBWH 
*«'■" I. patdUM totki CDOintaliMin Is UaMT.te K v ftr >i mefllfiMlL 

BMgLI*(k*14aK<tnw. A UlI>iKn|ia(d [dm tf »• liiNBd>d ilMk ad cnMa 
-J Jfc_SF'*"°^L ""r." """^ "p™ wpUoMlBn lo Iba Towa Qwlr. o»«. 
fh*O^Bl«bii»«r Rh M*jW*Wurfe>u^lilitk BondluCD iDVte aiAUMi at 

ftwdp jJ&b^toito»«>Bdwior8tofarW«. e«dnKlMl»iaitltwtwai>d 
Mm* tt. Tbum lad n. jMaitfajWk. idlelilu Otm (taaMtiwC Tb» 
dnatoff M kt wd> u ■ aalg <rf |^ rM uibtlBcb. Oaainl arlftalMu of 
*i W«MUbtnp«lut><i.Mliilk*lmiMlii«iaiHl>MmoiWDt>.adaidn. A 
•la^BlB(k«iiiih»UetlULi«r»(aappnHlu«liliHlha l» UnUdlia M«- 
(MdfahiMVCtrdiBijavnpkrtttf ■ luft tof noipnliuulfg ichaiia to Maaa- 
ImIIh Ikt jMtarliid jHtUi dBn^ ud fta tta iBpnnBuii rf ifcr ladlu Ibn^ 
tola todadlaa W^taMw^bildn ■under u R«iud. lu piwtl at uioibwilbi. 

SET ffir"w.2i'*"^:i''™^"'" S"""" ■***«■■ ""M""- •'•i- 

MN., (eM.tadiaal. aanaiimiWnt fur (ha tan da<^ to lb ftMai OBn 
•r tML. iOK. wai. ML. lOoCloM. ud IHf. m Oitbail dadti ftTa btak 
HUB. tjjW. pmlHiairfMM, WM. low. n*« o( lh» «o«ad, w« olhar Mkn- 
V;™^"'*^"'«Niy«aUwtBMrAMrrtA«tgom«arWgrtfcTSuw. 
^UU. IMnaUteMtlBblktSDaorMiRh. ^ 

PHTi Catliadnl, ■« tba DcmwT <"1» l*u I>oke i< WfUUoUa. Itt eM. irilk ill 
a^a«a^«n<K>«niaaf«inHU. rrvnlaiu «r 1001, MoITmi., IML, aud ni« <« 
Ml A(r<nBil;BlaB<d l^ allwdnl. and Die Kto of Oa nnn«4 nonwacM, At. 
«m to toiFwdad. an «i1«l«c«i to Hr. AUtad AnaUn. <W|m oTwotlu. WUktoi! 
Mtoa tr^ wtMa rawUiK lu tlw UalMU Klagdoa to Jnns M. IHt; ba utlua 

DMaawaviDMto ■ Sa* To« Ull. to bi cmudln^t AiidiT»-a -Uie m«al 
OMUnMltanaMdlMU. IWilaoU™ unj H tart «( M«aui. OimhuI Vuie. 
Twa^to^ «L AadfW^ to^imil- '■ 

SMIMtoaabaiAMbaMUdtl bna aae l»TUcd bn wrktMta of all amalrUr 

•ML ItodMiilMlim.i&arwdili.r'I'lUiddnr.matoaaimd. 
IW Koittl Bairt dQImMUt Oanwurr lii» .rimol itodatanfM^n. Hadlud 
«ad lUtadf, to naaavanawj. tnjui aliHu itolvmaalnMad brnnDcia 

''£'!.*?I'^'S^°'J'''*'*'" ''■••■''■''^""' ■'"'IP'"! *<■—'» W"<Uii.| lad 
■lliiQ Witia WncUwiHt, annllni ullwnilliD Hni urrniiiiin.iriMJ ITwaHiuid 
fnnUB na vtaalul I17 Mr. C a XUb-U.. «f IV-c lnvni.tch, tih aMImuad 

ll»»to»3llr. T, L. Knii>.af Abla|dai<(tnM, W"iiinlini»t, fur ih- ilrniiia»ofihe 
SSE^.Ow''""'''' ''*''^' '""^^ I*" •*"■ •«I'™-1 «"l lb. nnt vnaHam 

'»j?a5iriliS7.s,''i^^ '"' "-• 




INSTITUTION OF OTVIt. ENOINEERS OF IRELAND. 

A reneral nectitig of the menbera of thU bodjr waa maintl; 
held la Dahlia, ti. W. Hetnaiu^ Eaq, tb« rwetitljr daol«d 
rreaidont, in the chair. 

The Prttidaot, la hia iaaogtml addraa (In whldi, after mqc 
ramarka eaprwdog tba raapMt and gratiliule Ut bf the iuatl- 
tation tovarda the paat pnandanta, Oeoeral Sir J. Bui^jma^ 
Oeneml Sr IL Jonea, and Dr. Grtffltli, tor their oripnallj ftim- 
iag, and anbeaqaeut aiipport of the tn«tltattnn\ imMxcded to 
rtpraaaal Hu gmt iiifloniio! aaeh a aodcty might baT«v Sf pn- 
pitrly aupportad, in dovatlug nod eata b liah i ng the fitnt-uAim of 
civil cnicineeia. Ha oonafdered that tanu t«it of a public iutluT« 
wu wantinff to oatablhh a right to eoaHdenoe whan oien nek to 
be eutnalM with vorkn ofthe utnioat importanoa lo aociely. 
At pnaaiit tnuy a(ii|ualifiod perMoa aatonied the titb of dnl 
en^iioitr. Aa then waa no law to prevent tliia, it ahoold b* tha 
object of tlia inatttntleo lo ondaavonr, by taltiait aueh a anentiBi! 
Htatidiog aa would oomBiaad pnhl ic roa^wct, to dMingnlab Ita own 
niwnbera aa raoogniaad civil oaginMn, wiio oould not without 
ailpquata tnarit l^va bean adtnitted iato their aodaty. For Ihia 
object it WM neceaaaiT to make anrtloiia to elevate the aocie^ 
itaell and to kf«p np Ita pnblie iiit«reat b^ mora frvqiieut oom- 
noDuatiaai tnm tha iMinbar% deeer^n et pttwie worU. 
A iMper ought to be raqoind from every new eandidaio fur 
adouadon in order to teat hie abali^. The public worka of 
Irdan J were then alluded to, and aonw atatlatiut giveai of oatlay 
on, and remit* ot Iri«h milwaya. Tha capital wpendad waa np 
to the praaeut tbne atuut i\(iMfiOOL, and tba Ditmbir of inlka 
nbqot lOUO, ipving (in avcnfp of l£,000f. per mila^ about half of 
tliu wbcile luoffUi bein^ aiiigle lincia In Enstand the avera^ 
outlay waa abont 39,00M per mile. In IrvWd the working 
expense* wen 41 per eont. of groM rocoipta— in England, 48 per 
ceiiL; but thi* included toxea, from which Irclnnd wna •sompt, 
Ttia taodpta per mile iu EDgland yivrv orvr Mi. per week, in 
Ireland coily aol. per mile per week; but t4M dividenda in Irehtod 
aveiwd 4-03 per cent; in Bnghmd only 3-M ptr omt. After 
lusiitionlng the i^way bridge* over iJie Boyne and the Shannon, 
and the Cwk tunnel, the Proaideiit then poaaed in r«viaw eodDft 
nthpr Irieh work^ auch aa the new docks at the end of the North 
Wall, Dublin— the jKiagnown ILvtiour Worka— the arterinl 
dninago^ &<i. and regretlad that arcounu of theae had nut 
beaa weiKhl forward, aa a« to uiuhlc him to notjo* than now In 
detail m then alaied that •uiuc hitjhly intonatiag, praiitlcal, 
•eiontific proUema awahed aolttiion in the eaming year. Hie 
Ueneral Tnuuallantie Telagtaph Cable, of whkli detaihi wet* 
given aa to the proiioaed metliod of *MWTig and taying, awl 
explaining that tlio whole coet would oolr be iOOfiCOL, for which 
nuaiagea woald, it waaezpeeted, beaeotmm AiMiicato Ir«lan<t 
at th* rata of tdu words par minalo, or 14,OuO perday. The 
Grmt EfMtirn ebamdiip, ot 22,AK> tone burthen, waa then dw 
cribeJ a« a novel frature in uavwilion, doatincd to be one of iJie 
wtai>)or« of Uritiith enlerpriee. Sne ia to be vsaily far aailins in 
tho ouKuing year. The method by which ahe ia lo be hiuiiched 
waa exblaluM. A very interoiitinK; mnehino for boring tunuela 
through rocki in onn operation wna then ilcacriliad. Ii Y\t,i\ lawn 
adoptwl by mian eminent oonlRtotim and vuxiueora on IrUl, aiul 
luviDK euoeeeded in a tunnel ot A bet diameler, waa now Koing 
to bo applied to much larger dlmomtoiu. Ita rate of proKree* 
would far eieeeil onjlnarr tunnollinK. Tho inrration waa doe to 
CapUiii Pniirior, of the ftoyitl En^ineen. If nltunately anooaaa- 
fill, It w»nlil ouMtK great onanK"' m tunnel pnctieOb The Roqae- 
fnvour A<(ut<lu('t in fVanoe; llr. BruoeVagnat brid^fe at Sallaaht 
tbe cenltv piur fi which ia nbnat £00 feet high, and huUt in on 
iniu cylli»ii.'r to a <)«fith of INJ fLvt below hijjh walor ouuk; tlir 
Niogarn Kim mn lion ItailwnvltricI^, 800 feet i(pan:Ho«t«.Crordon 
nnd Li<ltlclt'9 Crumliu Viaduct; Mr. Steplieniiou'* Victoria 
Bridj[e, &c,, were tlivn brivily demribed aa eonatruotlodu wmthy 
of caiefUl atudy: and tho IVciidont eondoded by Hpreteing hi* 
aenaeof the honour done to htm by hie deration to the diair, and 
hi* hopD Ihnt all their raeetiojgi would be cendoetod iu good 
fading and hanuony, and that they would be well eupportad in a 
prafeaadonal point of view. 

On Iu oondudoD, Dr. flriffith mae to expreM the pleaeure and 
gratiitoation willi which ho, and he waa euro all preernt, KmI 
li>i«aod to the important and ebiborateaddreaa the rrtvident hod 
bvourod them wiili. He begged to move that the marked thoulca 
of the iunticution ba given loAlr. Htniaoa fisr iL 



26 



THE CIVIL EKGIMiEB AND ARCniTECT'S JOURNAL. 



raw PATOIS. 
nonuoxAi. ntoTscnotn uujiTni worn ihk fatebi Liwa 

AMENDUEXT ACT. 
fMInl ^oinul IP. 
me. F. loif, Pula—ImlininnDniti lii lit* U*u 

nufil .r-fMnnlw 11, 
lUt- E. OrvoD. Whltrfljold— Im^irutdmdiiu JD ftcT«;iK* oi»|iU?tHl to doUH bailor 
(ulHt tad floM for AXOdULtfinf tuoi 

IhUi XipUrHnt ID. 
aw W. J. niBAkfr, LnilnW-hlU, BlrtnliiEtiui— ImpmuDsDlj lu lUUvp or Mnt 
uiaI Ib (tf on modal LooniiDNit* 

MM, J, B. HimlL AhBlBgl4. uil !i. Huivf. lUjuvkM— tafiniTUDuK lu itMni 
ud mbar boUcn 

IU>. I>. Joru4W. BuK Ucdii— liD[jn;KiwiiliUihrlrwlloiDDUrt|»inc«iiElBg^ 
•Bililwiq^pUaUoaUimDf looium ivhl pari''*' 
MM OsMw It. 
lUa. fl. OalOuin*, BaaOaBMua— A> ippuMU fiit slxalnliig mMlni ponr by 
MMU <4 ■Mar « Mbu Bala 

AoMOBUiwtl. 
1R<, V. K. Htwue. nuiiHCT >u>— Imprarad mmUmit br "■'Una ■d^ 'i'nit^ *"" 
« ilAol. lOaauDODialkAj 

ZMkd CMlIwr U. 
3)11. II. llmJutMiiw. litniiiaiH— InprOTMHiat* In ebtolnlmi iMMiiarmm Uglil 

Ptkd OcMwn. 
UIH J Funlrtv], I-UnnoB— Inprananw la 1ui|h uuI kpnaniuia oninmnl ibin- 
uLih, ukl ui BiAiitirkijiuH(i( oanaln Hqnldi te tlia pmlufUou of li^bc, iC ^m u n l r a- 
tloni 
Sj;u, J. FonTon. L(y« ySoat. uru ltr%>lfi>E4l— An fjapmrfd moUkDil of add iifntl kppJ^ 
rvlua flit pmMbUll^ IccidcfiU «D rbtJvBjA 

011x1 «tMtr tl. 
SUI. B. OoxUkllo*, Hrdd, CbsUr-^lmiiRnrmDnuiulhaonuliunknaflliiiiBlwlloii, 

uid In tbt uila of npponltii ntHn-tu^cn in Uintr MUntt 
■eUD. D. Si K. A. do clmnta, ]taEi«tn<(. Smwl— InpnimuiifoU la olmiliit ill 
unu at clmb taliria uut lUu, bf tha ippUialUiB itf » iuliHu» w uiDail arbnrlM. 

»;il. A. Hail ud 1, IIMII17. Cu<lls>i> HiU, I^ii tMittj, BMf Wnkulald— Iraprm- 
uciiu tn luAchiud^ fuf vcftvUig tli;!! and vLliflr food* 

SOD. vr. Oo— gt. widBM^ Iiini««am^-lmpnmaa)t« la lla nmrnftwoi* of girbantlM 
«f Boe, of Irm. and Dt nueusa. ud in ttw uiAi] mppllacloii of nch ouWsWw 

fHMflb.—Wrll 
StM. J. rwimoD. Danrl«)r. Yock^IiBnimiiiinU In ipmnnt for oliimliij, Mloh 

■j|manliulijiJ«o4tn>llaUBloUteiruIiuif ofnnUud ouur mfatuqi^n 
StBL O. L Bube. (IlMnw— laimTODwaU iu luuw ud aiipiuwiu (u ithnllng o 

•opplflH uUBniil Ib^ 
■An. i- EdcIml lIlAubam — ImpnTHnrnu In nijiDUjuity fuf tuokiui; bhckJ. tUos 

plf^ ud ultivr «iiiju (umdi lif ifluiLc iur«rUl» 
MM. w. II, BabiulB ud T. Cultij. Mini IlilwX Lu)CHt)n--liiip7niHl maun of 

DlDiUat mtaiat nlaUaoa 
IwL J. AjipeH;, Htd «r. OUhdU. DudbrlJii. OkjoMMor— In|irui^ •iiiuintu tiir 

— J—J-^-^l ««»» .-J J>...«l,-,.„. lulaUiicH 

MM. X. A. Unmua, FlaoMUMt— InprenioaDU ib lb* pntMUUn nf SbrH for 

■ .jfof) 
1 nnood 



MM. B. A. unmuB, nnWUMt— lapreniawDU ib a* pntMMwu "i Bbn 
apluuu. null k mMUa«T auptojcd ikonlB. lOiiuoiualnUoB Croiu B. U^jCm 
mn. r. J. W. Mcluua, ?iielnililn Bsn^ ud C r. ntc, Oitod-itowt— An 1 



(hm at MFfarlBf lor Uh Umib ud Smm 



Mil J. tL Jobom, UDiBlii*»liuillold»-luipn»«iiHllU IsisubUirnT or ■opual 
tn vmlof ud tUmut p*ptr. ICMbisuMMUd tna C. CllUlb■l^ I'nlinl Mnlm' 
tau Q W. Olnr. Svf hmil na, lapnnummli la dasUo opan ilmii, t 



Mlw gloww of • rinllar nwora 
MS. X. S. Holt, UuKluacr. K, BtnulU* .ud J. tUrlov. Tlrrtirtik Imin 



ipKntoa 
ud 



anM 



lBantlDp*ruatiiaiiD.<nclBii^>ii«n.ba(lcn^udapp«Biaoaa>Kt>d tbenwia 
jm. T, Kirp^ Knuk-m'Tinni— A tip Ibr lumilu BqaUt 
mo . J. UonlborrH. ItqofrDv^LnpniiaicQUlDniouuUiitf ur ibapiiiH oiutalfl 
sin. W. B. Oxhiuic, Uunboi^nnoik BmdUIVtttri— taipruminwilaltttiif pmui- 

MM*UofnU>tkj< 

»K. P. A. In OnW d* TbaUiliOBimwi, Bmikamti, no*bun~Aa impnmd 

BMbodottgntluMHnud Mbtrdsiteioa moUls •nrfkoH, lamniunlnUtni) 
•m. J. HmUi* ftuT. IubMc— bamrcanM to mtaOitrj IM araUv, mUib- 

iB^ tat iiiaiiBc tbf di ud nm 
ttU. T. B-SMrpud J.ADOaor OdIM, V m A tmtl lapamaBum Is kaoButln 

MU, A. r. llout.M«ilb*aipU»— Aalinf«i«dtiir'(*Uiguti<(bUdt«i 

WU. K. Kninr. Kiu(«n*i> M> Jtoun Voqauo— taptvnnniU to tprtoip br oir. 

MI. U. Run, KlBHtnrt. n. JuiH'xtiiu*— iBpnxBHta hi ibo HutnieUaii 

ofuld ud tons ofnumcH tor MonuD nadt 
3UI. 7. K, ItafudT. KalUr, BlnalBchui-^DevDClmpraTtdciKtaUktitiifiirrKidnf 



or wfiKlni ImUdliiH 
MW, CUoiin.W. Jx 
MM t. K Dm. Rfli H. Uw*. ■■u1t--laiii' 



unai't^iuiv— An Isunnd amllcUI muuro 

" ■— iBumwnimiu lu prMortloj; viUiuJ 



ud 



naotaUs MbMUot mIMU* lor buL ICMiiiuiaicMhiB tno a I. Usttu : 
MM. J. Halbolud. raddUMsD— Ad lapnnM rMlnr taaak 
)m IL C Aab, rut.DUalKoUli, lAalan-ligpninnaiM Is nllmu Hiub 
MM. O. Sul Btd r W-dJLuD.^ nrtBBon. Uamnt'-tatn tmum labadlaM} v 

ippMUw tv (plunUif wd doabUai oiRiia and athar Itanw malwMi 
vni. A. ^rnlotfUn, KnUlD, Rh^InpniMUBI* lu apptnUa Cut tUjtnt rwu and 

mnofabrtn 
MM. C- Bloki. Laodon— lA|iRitSDieiik iDodnnntloslion telaMnl. ud la ilitBga 

mallaj d naal lu Iron 
MSa. A, BM4 WduDth-««tL S<vDt*|iun. and C. cr.VcU, a<Mm-0[iiiu*-lm- 

pMf^WlM lo tnaltoCIHUlIlf oni <» nbuiu niusv 
MH. J.CtuH. Wauftfni, Cbaiwda— lupnmidmMtlBairtH'aHMUMllibiM 
J«M. J. Onanv Oartwd-rtrM, Mn— JIa bunnd tamHaalca of tadW alda 

aUMla. lOmnnalnUna Dnoi U_ Adanuy Xav Yortl 
*nM. J. AMM, Utnit-xt— IiupnitatuDU lia Iha lumuai aBiOa^ lo Iba — — fc^ 

Ula<<bM«r olbarDinalt 

ruM .N)iat«l>r », 
SH. S. P. J. I*Miu*i HoaUkAivM, nUbnr—An luvnTai aabtuUliriDt aucbtoe 



ITM. It. B. Fat, ail1<«»>UU— ImprmgHuota Is ■KUBla'^aiiBit braabaa 

3101. B. J. Itoan. UunUDcnDwt. <^>v]idlab*«|B*rT— laprorrniaoula Iht imi>ti 

tint. R. Uoaliil, (Uilaid. OlmuBMiar— InpRinaniU In (be ruuii^Uioni sf Irm 

nui. A. Vanday, KUvam'Kk— lnLtmT'<mni]t> m Hik mnjiufM^o'* □' inm 

IIU, 0. Dafrlttk •artMii-^'i, Lmi''^lJj'*'ijin-*n ihitipitimI |"i^->r utiIUWp fnrihp fritrv 

ttDO tf UqaUl^ Ib*dnaaiu4f v»uiidj. uvl !m vie uiauLl^cluio uf tiO^clbpca. I^ca* 

handa, and for olhar aiviUr parpsaoL ^Ckjsimanicalkai tna J, A- ridwt, uA 

r. r. MalaiwR. ruIUan, rrucal 

IIM. J. lUIlUia, Alilo«itcia«Ui«t. "■'*-*ir'*-*T - '~T**~~""' ** '*•' T 

HOT. II. ft^t Ipyldi— An linpnirmanMlntrttlatand bfcaehlntoiUBB 

UM. IL fUaiikhurn, IluU.'rir.riili hull, naar Saebdala— InprunuaBla In bUUaa asd 

uiUatlbrtliibUiiaAiiJ ipijintiiE onnLoMIM.or otbarabKWBiBlerUb 
SnW. J. Dm*. Baci bill, HLddlDKri-'IiBprdimBPnlalii Ubrarr ubic* OF daiba 
ITiO. y. JioU^kuu. J. IJ^Ur. and B- BIdnmuo. Bndf^nl, Vur^^Iptprurnuula Ift 

loonii ftir i»r»L| 
TTll. C. ULoka, Ltjodoo — LuprvrvDioDla Ib Iha (DuiBAutnn of Inm aad fled 

(>4Ud Kbwafnr IT. 
MIS. T. U>|«. LI'iiriBut— liuiiriionicota lo lDb»a>i-fuHln( siadilui 
TTIS. A, K- J. I^kman, LIU«. Kruiw— A mu cJu al fln l tmkprr ood cuakn7 
nil. J- WiiniiiuifioD. Muvhniiic— Ab luiprotrd mulr of •IfiialllnE (mu Uw ivad 

lolbeniirinodn^FOu raUitajr Iraina 
Itll, I', MUbnJ, L^DUi. ml I- A. Uarel, Paria— Uakbl( aIID«|>liorlcal oUamlMw 
17 in. V. Ua>k«i, Miiiiui^liuB— A art at UnpOTtad nuhlnnir Im appl^lnt iMlH* 

ptmae bi tba iiluugbiuu of lud and oUwr acrlfwliiral apfiratloo' 
'Jlir. K. aiudius. IUiJ.>. FraBM— MaeUBafT aad apaMaiai [ui mttUnt and botliic 

iMili^vudalbaralnkllaf anliitaoBaa, Ibr Tt^'j aul cpUIdc mavwod pint, aad fee 

uulUnii InaUutr ud oUur almOar malerlala. iCGiopiniHtaUnni 
nii. U. Jooataod J. K. Julw, Utannl— ABlmprmdlUiiboat 

t*iud MiaMitw la. 
t;i9. J. Wilnin. WrM liromwldi, NtaOml— JBpnrBaaali Is aprtoia br tbObij b1 

oihar CBti luiiMia • 

UTil. H. C. I.uui. Jlonnlimliua. actt Bnidlbfd— InpnimnDuia la nirinnlti; 
i7tt V A UAj^naT, 'LArrrliaiD lAitU, Xorvlcb— Tinprbr0nir,nu In <ljunplDfl papar 

tut prliiilnir 
Ifin, a. HuiurwuKh Cbala^ — Iinpro^Diutiit* la the Laaaai of lef^udiLjE tbo rufb td 

mlalDrinlln}' 
^JH. 5. l^yof, linaL^^Inipfovnil mrrhanUm. aiijjlUiblD b, pfopfliilnf jihlpt add 

vfiMilj^ ajj;)lk'.krp|[ a]*u a< l^wfr Qiocbijicrj liir ihln^ piirj*^'''* 
nu. i. linrw. bsnk luii. Tni4aul, BiiUinal'iu— Improii^uiiuuUi AUuuq caBa 
Vtsn. )(. Ufvbviu''. IJo^n-alrwii-plndD, Nev Dmuun^itneV^liotnvaiBala is Iht 

ajaaiitiulutVi uf ITDu 

ivuil .VKiMhr ifi, 
Ifll. vr. Iliuidlo;, Mi>^rK>t<vitmt-IiBiiniraBEBti In ilio Knaunanl aad applkMko 

of |mplei iii^rhnfur oorFinijif Hvim, mob. and oLbcir Ukf u»rnl purpoaaa 
Slit. T. Oilluuui. CiTvd laue. Lndpiio-bill — ImpKHaiBUia In bun vr paAlnt 

i;u. II. J- llliUn, (:ruliinirn,>LnDl, LdloMariuui*— Impnramaiiba In caniMa ud 

Mbar mid wuiikal Inalruaienla. (CoiiBiiuilaiUOil) 
tIM. W. B. duinADI and J. Bradibav, BUIjrbiidgti. CbaaUi— iMUMWigalB Ib 

uacblBcrr or uiparmluB for ilrTlnjE Tania or Aibrte^ ^pjm^^Ht la naulaaa te lUqa 

or dnaatnt Fkma or Ibmda W pnpan Ihaa la ba «svn 
tflL 1. JuniK UIddlBibur«iitIi-oi] Teaa. and Z. Jailor Iltarpool— ImproniniFgila la 

fie uanuEaiSDn or iiiDdurlTiiD and imbiiml of neUl laaiiiiei 
1139. J. Lord, Bwtubila— An ImiirDTid aduUnra or ompuund u bo cmplofad aa a 

■ubailiuM Ibr oo Id ite Inatawni of anbaal >wl, pnpmlon lo "oudlOK." 
Vit. Jnuin^ItBilotCalthaoia, BatrufiU CbaUr, Otllbnaaa— rmprnaoeBla Indrtrlnf 

balla. atrapn. iir band* Ibr DiacblBarr. and in tht appUealkn ud naa Ibaraof 
tlM. vr. E. Ntwuiu, CbiAoMT^aaa— Ad inii'roTgnini la eanOtfiMial pomjs. (VM)' 

BilBkaUou; 
tIM. 0. WnUou, Uancbodfr, ud C. •Mlisiibvalie. l^taUB— Inpnioiaatt b Ito 

niBiiatuUm of On tlsbuin 
S1*t. 1. Taanle?. SaTlSa-rn. SI, Jainai'f— Ad Impnmd nothtd of and UaMaal 

fiir applrlBB artlllda] tJiDUUiuEiu 
nil, A, WaboBand A. H. WlUlaini. C^mlilU— An iupfuml cap or up IDraaDi 

bMtia 
VltO. 9- Put, Ikepru, ftbafllald — lupni'eiuauii m BiadiljivT F« diawlnc vlro aod 

III baa 
3Tto, L A, ilr UMy, V^r\t — ImpmrnmrnTjt In Ibe loAnnfaclorn of &tlr aaita 
S'll. Su Foji. l>«par, SbaJHald— lui-furvibi^oU m beatlnv ^^^ ^'^ acil mb*^ ale* 

riba anil iinlcliiira of smbrellu and iwa»t> fiii haidnnlug, and Ui appantw tot 

atm^tenlijg aln and iBbaa 

iM*f ffM'mlirr », 
TTlt. E, Salt, Bolum-tC'VooFa — Au ijupruvud palin-eDltloc mafbliio 
Vttl. J W. OUbert, Uanc^artar— linptimmanb lu ccruln iuai:bluH for oldUBj) or 

M|ia>luii 
nit. W. Brlaoi tod J. rbmtva. yowlDU-btaiUi. MucboaMr— IinpTniibittilt Ja miil- 

IDC ttUau iifn*l> or >lainoii 
ntt, r. A. la Oinu d« VnuUlnemoinin, ^tinilh-iUgil. FUiabui;— Iiuunml nppualua 

for pniniliic arbonlc acid (h and ImprngnailnK Ibinidi Uumtltk, iCumuuiKa- 

lluD) 

nid, C. ¥. 3. Foaiobon. Boriln— IiapniviIUEiDUinUiinuiil^tiuaof boati udihOM. 

,1'nrLE^ a1V,n>ii,ilnkiii.Tlmi] 
};<;. 1 F ,T. rnurotwrt, iio-lin-lDiiiniTaBiaaUlB Iba aiUBfartnTToftualalad ■Iraa 

for ck<i:irl(j LcticTaifb*- 1 Vutxij a iiiiumiinlEaiiloa) 
nil T. f. JWDa, fflnalwibain— ImproremaBta Id JoiBlBt. inpinrilwt. ud imnfib- 

tnina Iba noa of mllintja 
3I1H. w. Moisan. Oknluvlrr lerram, Didp part— An Impronnuanl ID hntlulpani 

of c;1lDdo» and oib« UuUoit bollnaf ininlo a«ddlB| bati 

Ontait .Vnml» a. 

Vin. K. B, lliiiwci, Nrw York— tniiHunilBaiiwbilwAn; alia 

jtb-i. K. Eaujn, Hu4ei.tfrTw, >~u«-(omL BiManaa— Inipi^vomm^ In ap|«ncu Cor 

bu[nn)(oji i^lwnj^ and fnl cflJt^E pDrpBaa 
nts, L. Uanolik Kouib-wnfi, I'lBaboiy— As InprvToil DiadilOD Ibr Uw dlcanaluf of 

loaulc and Wnua anbriauaro 
flU. A. M. M. da Harnilu, IbmnogdaBS— A matbod 01 lODibodt of psrldlog ctal 

vltboUt dA-U'lxllllh4tlcil 

V)61. J, Nuniinu, Li'urpuol— tinjiroiBniaDla iB propolllag UBrlaaMa Taa i J a 
Tit:. J, W. ClniTi, n"blic-<UnE. Humv— IraprenDiiwia Ib prrTtBiInc, riBunn^ oob- 
nooiai, uid amdaajdni uaaka and nuilma npuiita, and In apiiiniiu fitr tbia* 

EFpaiar 
C ToMb, Buftoauiuu-TKHi— tniprotnotsU la rharsUii or UUbi and snlBiap 
oaakaorNbar laaati hr anlaulni (annHiliui; lJi|uUli 
VfSB. P. tddftng, r&ria— All ImprDrad tr«Tdn 
StBa, H. BMlMnbaln. UmduB— Ab Inpnund wilking-xtick plf 
3T<SI- W. K. Xgalun, Cbnuri; luc— loprrimniiuu In niaebllirrj Ibr aidnnuf or 

lirUllne Ttbniu* ■ul>dian<iH. .I'uiuukiukicMiuuj 
Sns. J. HanuK NawCToas Siirrn—linpnintaaaU III apporalua fiir oppljdniotloi 
InbHoalinif Hold to the ajilca of laiiaaj t^iTlaiEQa and loApDoUre tag^au 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



» 



II44. B. XuHjl, Diunl^-tanv, OnuMBd" 



'LoproVfimBDU In ifad onutnutin of 



1T« %. X. Bfnou. FlMtMnaV-A uoiliad of awl BmoiKloo On nudgrUit laMk 
•M iMar lite bbrla •MltMI u4 ilUdlicUlU- MBUU. ICuaugontaiUia frna 
J. UtDHButJ, BMolann, -■ ^— 



to 

tm. 



to ado It It ii ii> te uDpwi l« »mnii( Ml liadiUH 

n. T. BrtCTK uil J. ItiL. MMrtMrr, tnd JTO. PHKIwnJ. WunnnWii — 



. /iitrt ,Vo«i»».. 21. 

SO. w. T HmJfff, St Jahd.irr-i f,*l. OrrkmrnOI— ImprorfflBttlj Id itocCilo 

ftn. A. K. IWtt. Onu i>«if»(i(«ci. WsMBlDMcr— ImpnmmnM ts HViw 

i^iUiic. mitgc. ud bud^ klBdiiiig vacd 
ttTl W K UiU, lim dw lancBwaMtt U uutalD*!* (br equina noscUu, uul 



- . , — — , uutalDtfJ (br oiUiiit [nscUu, uul 

tn>..l- TimAm, BiHMt liitiiiHiiiuii to pn|wlii|| *sd dtrUi; (luii ud gfJaUiKni 



■Mnatnaaai nsUoa. wimiIiHi h^IIuMi m inirtilrwrj to bnlBI ptaaUc nU 

anii. B. A. Onna^ TkaMlngl— tBfnmtMi to 111* Euuig&ctara ol ullOcJil 
«lM^«rUnncH(otoHUUui«4 tu vlaiL wd to tppuuiu be (Oloe hrmui- 
mMk lOiiM«i*i««toW 

flTtt- J' ^ Vflfbl, B^f ip fci f ft a n — TapmraBHttto to tilt luiuio&clun nf p«n*r V 

iicmuiii In loooi fer «BTto| 

rnM. ItucliMlcr— iMvransMnl* U appwuiu 

■ [U 

'HMDli In sll>v euTlit«> (OaouBiaiil- 



pdiB-BiAcU UHl nuUIbuUnai 
frtr W. H Ijinoek. SlKflUM-Inpni 
tni. DL UudalA. lUfrinL uul EC I 



fllP< 



EMWrlojl ntf T utd MlKT doidl Ulil lU 

W. K, > nrviQ, Cluimrr lav* — Ibpn'rei 



bU 






» 



OiMMwMtH-M. 

9TW. H, Hul. OUvw— inprnmnwiii lootMbr TMTint omimatolhMM 
mi. a. ""i ialtoln, Vnrt— Impwwat M t (■ nstln^ cu|>c** knd tU*r pBat 
_m rl» 
ITft- '^ ■Wttll'T' Vftlulrv. Yurh— Idipnrtafnrnt* ir> wnrljij 
>n>. /. R, )Uni>. Diuila*— lanrnmniu Id liuliiiiu ur nmhiaa DBnuaUu lac 

MptudolMfTCWli 
frt*. M. J. diiAi^ DWMUaM. Xo«nilU4B>T;Da — Impntnufnia In auliliii, 

■ilwliM . ml iBMlllTii to i rW iiiii 
g W^6 /riis*«T. ilUga-IMnas CMBonrtelmid aM-taprorEHmBii lo •ufu^iuis 

ITW. V. B. AiioD ud a BopktoHe. XMluid Milk, llnditonAiUI-tBprafTOnti to 
nVB-MDB DniMn aal ■ |i ^ f»»»» tnple^ W nppQilBi auer In ncain boDan 

fIVr. a. Brt^lCT, WI MMB. MM OteW M l M IW JtHWlBte to IH|U» tlT Flmllllll 

n«- C K lUli^ OiWI nMnf-^NW— lapnnd apiKinlin tw IJlunliHllBc 
«HMi taDMa Ibt aoitoeB of vUv, or br (Itlnt lljlil In idIdb ud utIiH' flMtm 
«fa«lltdti«tM«w»|it™'"T»-»"l-i 
INK f. €kr, OltMiiw -iBywmiDwito Ld ibi lumuhirtun of pUs hbria 
IM a. KkanMd W. Hilar, Junw. IHiriiiiii— linpiv?Riini(* In leawn bauiBan ud 



MVJ fir iqtoC U^i kUdoillKr ■nhflADraa 

Oit«l A«H»br M. 
fT*l. J. Bind. Bunlar. I«™t» iMmiTiiiMi to bmUbot ft« aKgUnfud 

todMNloftUi numit-r of mdallwa piifiPawd bj niUm ud iliiAt 
" ' " iMbit~'bunraaui>tod>Tiugf«innii«Biiiininrnja Ui 

•PTMMMkr iMntitta, Miwlii, dQint Mn*AiD|r ud iioliti- 



SM.a.Un«.l<ni.. II 
ir* >- — "-—7 ar 



II. I n h Tmii r i r niiiiiin In Uw g m itntllm nf (CMm boUsn 



Mtotrln 

am. M.B<ii_._ _ . 

inL B. A. BmUfl. rt*Bt-aim(— li,i[irirpinw)lj In utvUUitrj fur cmLnidunu, 

.OaBDDBlaUoa Dan K. UUi. »'. >iriiii.iiiii 
■nt. J. Mbh, SMAtoa-M-TiH, Durbiiu— Inpruml mMu ta mftntiaf dlffEnnil 

Hall ar aullUto <( wad or into Iriui laeb uikrr 
SfM. J. L nua. JalnqMqaan. n. Har; Au~Ad Imprenl pnn« ipplkabla la 

aa WM atoUai B af Jaa ilXBiianBJrailiHi) 
CVT, X. UanluU, JtUL, Balbf — An ^iiruvDmuEtl La Ibe (lutlfflnif of aili aad MWj 



ITH. A. V. KanMO, CbHaHT-lasr — Iinfmrcit oicUuij br lg(|)U( Inn, (Oan. 
■auntiDn; 

KU. J. «B^iiwa,jm..Olot» IfwUMto. 5ultnii-l»-M«CT^ I^MWIat— laMBWMMito 

to thdfiovinalldavf aliMlktaaBaCbf baaclaa 
MM. J. Mawa, Uulf H M i l, UaaHar. aud J. Adto. Viii f i i i [iiiimininai 

to Jmuv< toaAISM 
ML LO- BlaKit.Saath-flIvfC. Tiatharj—Aa jnipnrwt.| umEo nf nrvpvliir vluin' 

haaajmiB filtn. aad otluv rlaalLC IwilU <Ui|ilii}«l is Uic tnunUclurfi st VMftDI 

ttmTS. ■adanw, DU«i»— lni>itii.-iiinnu a roillnn. nolng, i« ilnplni ud 

tito, A. V. KawtflB, Cliarun-f -Udd—Au Lm^iruiDotf^ut Iji like pnacEaa ciT 'vnr.lng knm 
Mk tian^ ikfrt^ apttoia, iluIi. uul "Uinr niUrlcu M inm. vitti wrUIIIr allufi, (iir 
Ilia j a ma tlrn uf rviUoc or ntJiUUini. .<^ynkjrdiM4ii:AUcu Iivm J, F^eiu, ?<dw 
Tarkj 

IMl IL K. Nluar, iaODatumao. Doruu^lniLM^'vaajtoM ia jibalagmpUc nppnntiu 

MR. A. IaiaaadD,SchoAtld. OldLaia— IiiipTiiiniD--iiUlDu<ir«(liiEiBu:Bbiriulniiliu| 

MdJaaUbw 
HH. t. A. taOmlada rgBlaluuunan. ^uih turtx, FUi'burT-^Irasnnnt wclfUDE 

itiiwwi* iCMuaimkaUia) 
Mn V. A. OUba^ Boalhamvt. tlnilnirr— An iDjiminl tuodc af ncHill and 

liftlftlljiliailli (QgiBiBaalcnikiu fruia L B«. >dv VoH 
■W WTwaAb WiaiaD KM. tilmiiaiar— Ad Irajih-mrnl Inr [wflDi land, apnliHlila 

d» to Ika nnnlHot "ut 
■11. 9, B. BadH. illilDscior^ Dambiinnrt-InuiimnuuU In ifag uuaftcnDr* 

tflMMdoU 
m& B. IfllgilTr. ]f«w-nad. BrlghtdD— luprorainriDIa to iplrlt lantpa 

rniC^ M>HMt>r T*. 
VU. %. Ortinii^ UoffltDgina-road, 1t«crDiV|«rk— IiDpromswnla to T^ada and 

■( to aa tor jwfaUIX T I r i 
MIA T. WaJW. Wairtoflso— lia(rw*uicata la hrwlnf, uid In lh< nuuhlnrrr of 

aHanUi ttopkmd tbanto 
KU, J. HlHto. HaaAaaM— LmpiDT-imniu to Inttln^ arUbi Tif "tiUr dn>(iitlI|L 

m nr ap a r^imf (htfcfrueii ■& u iv ubuiD a culouhng aatotaiKa oi liiiaaa"! 

JBtTC A.niaM, ftaslh-dnrt, riiiiil iij liii| Ii ill Hiii ianlliillli| if mutln 

', and to Iha appaoMa egnoECUd tbtowitb 




«1T. A. OglU>r,a«ilb.itnat,ntobBn— iBtnmd onidbca^ applkabli tollia<d)U« 

ud pdulu d( MIUc BMBiala 
Mil. i. H. llaMda^ Unls*BMli|ar, DoUto— larruTmeDU in «a«UDf mar* 
*tl>, U, T, SwrMM|Bjdi^ rtiaMar lin|irm»inrn[i In to|>> or nliw, paite of Ml'li 

tm. T^WruSr, UsufS*^ CMm Vrnt^lnTCBTCwlTatliiUoib)* to 

Biad to tta Buaftwara at rtfa 
nn, A. Tnntr, UIcmMt— IiDprDTtDmili blh*toanh(tBn«r<1afUoUiila 
l*n. M. Allnn, i^tMulUb (run, "— ■— -'h-TWiV— lMrr-~~~'' '" "" '"■*■ —■— * 

af vLaab-fi^Laaa 

OilM .VohkIIv M, 
***. j-fl.lijlor, Ola^frw— linprwrrmanu In pTDfll-aa«« 
HH. Caiasui^ )afaDaum,>A<Ii'ltiIii^lii.|>rufRiicouiull*ldiiial(n 
tat. 1. OrfitM. Dudaa-lBptmugala to naitof 
MM. W, JdIiBBa,UlMato'a4an4ald»-Iapr«Tf>MtelBU<4ntll». tt^Biiiuiiiilniw 

tioa, K. acbaUald, Korauk, dttoaMoM) 
Mn. L W. WilAt, B)rdail]*«B— logptsmmaila h) jai^iiay ta tmldltii glalaa Ibr 

lb* brtoaltoii «lUpat aad lataa 
ina. I. •Man, Xm Vwfc— tmvn»«Bsgu to nwobliiarr t« ndgclsi flina u gUf 

\Ctmmaoieat\ahrrva J. Xla^laad. jaa y 
lUEO. J Uniim, Iin^t>>"l— Imnwniiuai* to lb* onMaglkesI Um tovatsMait 

«hlpfl 
tUV. E. H. AlUaan, Kaatltoglir, York— AnaptaratoilnciindanatoiTipoarvhBirs 

Kaw-,ud tu»kaafMDcb«BCMahial*Ddun<Ii xirki 
Mil. J. L. Clatb, aJJJj^—^ Oanrtwk bill, tiunpaUwl— lm;ninaati to 

tlaouio Ulafnpba iTai'lj a «<■■ Iriilliiii 

MIA &.IIanB«,miuia»alna(.4adM<»-'IiD|inin9iiaUto«ai«0MD^f4Mana 

OaWRwavtv I. 

Mil. J. WoRUiMttiiB, UaorbMlir— inim'fiDniU In l«lc(npliiii( and (anaonlniUni 

•a nllnf Inlna 
lUl. (X oak*. VDlun-nm. Tunr-bUI— luimiTad Hud IW iinlinaM lor rallnf aul 

nU. J 1 Joii'^ l^>l•lld.«^M. Clitort-at M t Iha ImpromHnt ollhc ODIDaBB|t> < 
■ncd^n lr« and cnlfA 



I 



3KM. J. Oadin. WiiUlulv.anal toalb, Mnad—IupnTnaiiab to totxhiattna tba 
Jaanuli of Iba uln oTnUaw ndUolM or alkv Mir(n( 1 

manMUon trom A. Mbefkaaoa, BnaHlW 



Jaanulj ofIb»uliaarnll«w*il>lolM<' alhv tnrlnf iiam of mulilDM;. T'^na- 

manMUon trom A. Mbefkaaoa, BnaHlW 
»at. J. Oadfa. VTaUlni li ia tiwa a w ia. Mcud— bapnrgBiuU to gaa Dgtan^ ICkim- 

mmlf^illan ttota A. liMnbanaa. UtUHotu 
mt. J. Haridra. Cbuua-Kiv, WaiUilnaUi— bBpranoHBtt to ptenftou* 
MM. J, Oiban, PaddloiMB— Ui|»unia«u tobiRIni ud drawtni •»■>*<» 
!!»K. a. Oulllii, ntlUu, ud J. w. i-nnl*;, nnfUu^ Vorfc— InponBinU tn 

npliwMoa uHd Di bnlinaitof. tu^ In ihu uiuDioftoawtocnrtocpadatf tffaniga 

uadtgrncli porpoaa 
SUI. R J. ttmoM. MHHdmHlU. I'alud Diana A bo* at larrorad auanj 

dtoV. (CbiMBaglcaUaa tnw J, IHnua, MaatacAovtbl 
Mtl O. Tanaa, Xortbam, 8oulbaB|ilai— [Dfrarmeui to dmdnrtalDf Mvict nMn 

a>d WM" wjaur, ■hraltaaiauad 
■HI, r. tWodji, Lu rf iba UidWd Mal^ WW rKldlu to SI. Jaoflrt^Inat— 

lapnTodapnnnthroblatolwiDslIn [»■■ br tba *(t&o o( tba wind 
MU. J, Kuidu, Bndfcrd— tapnnuiwu HI tunaraMa uf IbanKMalimof laama 

toi vuotoca orrlato daaa of ptold^ rhndu, vul Oiaci wotao Ihbtta 
MU. E. If. D. Haidat, IVte-tnprnTi<in>>aU in inaitof or pmpwtof coloaa ftr 

HH. RTlla^dff, hrii— linprDTiuiuwU Id bridlaa nod blu tot Mop^Bf hOMM 

Muad r>Hf m^/' I. 

MtT. E. DKrrr. WmlwiA— iBpronLiaiW 1u Uio In fail If iMliTiiaii'a i^iilii 

MU. F. nmisill, Blnnlmluin — ImpraTaniuiU to Uw onMnsQoa at SM-plana 

■pplicablii &ir dffD'ral [nrjiDaM, vhurpb; omboiUaa la nodrrod Buro iifrfurt aod 

npahlf ^ r^rrnlHElnu or motrul, milt ^liTnm|tiff ffiffirMftfrl, udlbodnncM to aprn 

llf? hluaa luucb lutfaoaEil 
SritV- J- LoofboUcu, T iiadi l airiiiiiiiiiiaiiTa to bpt^mua fiir dr^Lnf, raaiuuf;, fv- 

tiRii'lni. ud caldbbu TnWibli. BtoanL aD<l niiiinil 'nl-unm 
mo. R. A. finooiaD, nat-alceat — lapfoVooKbla In (luinpi ud id pumjilnc. inmrno. 

maiiiaulinil 
MM. B. A. Hnnmu, naot-ftno*— Iaaqi«)MlihU«Mhb« (OuBnniuallee (Mn 

B. llDSnlloO 
lUl. K. A. Urwiaiat, VtaMlraM-^ •**"'—' mnu'sii.lun -it urui io !• cmiOojCfi 

Id UiBUjrimif ofvBOlaaiidnjidlOM, {OmtnunkaEW fn.m ^1 Liiuiuni 
IMI X. A llrinnaB. WattWt .ItopKuwDiiuu In pninplcg ivt^arm tod u> pgnpi, 

(CaauuUwUuni 
MM. 1. D. Olfwd. hulfr— Jinproramnita Id bjdraoll^ torbmEN 
nw, J rowlei. ;iin.. lUnitnc Kwai-Au IroiutivfiBnol to tht muufaflBi* <d air* 

roioi 
nw. J. ApiKFlr, DndbrldcB. aiomwUr-Iaprarad (ibdc appUEalila to Uie iBanallK~ 

tarp itt fwd xloUi nr apmna 
1UT. B, Dfrdan, Ktoailtu.<tn(l. Umln(b, and 4. Mlln, )lniilbbni». WIIIihi- 

^k, BanHMlaij— Ab linprutinual In llu rofutiuelluD it (lUnilrr iirlDilBt 

t»d K 'nina-Dd. UUMlar— laa p wu nw ala to BMbtoit; for Uia auuula<iiiro<ii 

knlllnl liil>ln 
lUu. A_ Haver. Llnrtiail— liBpmtamiala to a appUaaUa to Uia kida oT narliiblB 

Hi;i) J. II. U. I'bwiKH. Iliinol— AnUBimndoctvahoH.ortoiUDlBn'^'^lplull'l- 



SHI 



tol and iftLar liiln"*™ 

r. <ilK(iiani, Johii-ainiii, Adal|<hl~liDpmed anuvanaal of liima— . wbltb 



ItopivroDtnU *r> agipllnhlD In all luii <1ii<i>> fnml btM li n^ulnd 

llstnl (l*«nd)r I. 
MM. J. Him. DepUWd—lBipRiTOiMaia to appanilQa fcr nakbc W^ f*i4r bppU^ 

abla to nlli]&T7 or otbnr dODVUr purpniai 
Mn. r. Xnrun. <:iiliiiue— imiiruvrm^u In Um nuuialt«n» a( aacUnl iMp ud 

^ai. F. A. uati}', AfcilDfMt. Iducaawr^lni4<itBDjfliiU to tbo o^uauqcfkin uf Slurb 

or dnMnm 
MU. K. Rider, CuBo u ala M l. OUr—" Impiorinutuu to Ibt laanutacaiitT oi (natmU 

uCnUa-iHivba, boliii Inurofainanu nnun tin Iu'ddiIod aKorrd to ua III LalliW 

l>rijni(,ilMdtb>vnhdnrurJDlr. 1»t:l" 
Mn. A. BalMfli ud W. huLlxiieli. IilMttiBiD— tmpoTCtomito to iDoni 
SIM. B. OtabiW. Utfa. Brlulijui-lnipiuiFOiauU to Bra^ifDa asd aninbsn bodol 

tba anrtdflaa or ynjactlln toIm aM.ii iTimfriib 
tMa, J. Dnbi Q<Haiibli>x— liiipiu»iniuii> .g ippstUM (btaoikUc ud OMSitlm 

butUaa vlibobt »*lTtf aaji hi/ boiKfvn Ilia lliiLLlit uid nob. :CoaunBblc<it[BaJ 
ma, I- Daoln. MOa-rul-mtd— liiiiiRivEDiiibiato(iinacatbiruB(lllti(and mafltoa 
Mti. J K liiniluiD, KmtidJilc— InpruniMnM to tt* appHiailoa af DbMcirapUo 

pldiim to laaial and oibar jurf^na, aud In rvDdfflai Iba aana ^pHatfir at prtnung 

•urfiuHo 
ttn, W, R ^^virt'ia, Hiunar^-lan*— IntproTHl prnaw— br enanooliDf satallul 

BUlbca*lDUIagllo,uiliiRUa(fiir iiitoUngfuiKaRi, LttanaBbtoUou ft™ C. WIpT, 



ss 



MTI. A. tMCf, Piww-tnr 



TIIE CIVIL EKGINEEB AliD AECmTECTS 



1 Ib )ijdni>ll« (Dtlui 



Mil. J.Aiij«$ ud_W, Clijaja, Dadbri^^ OlagoMR~-ba[im«d mttMurj ta 

M tx iuhI In tim uT hklr or Mhur t»1/- 
B|il"TT-! 

I'l-nait, Udikn— AS Improtuncul Is 



■iB. t. ium, m>»-As iMpiiiiManaM 



-.•. >. iUrti,Mt»-Aila-i>vi> 

•tumla wtiU mA •MldM an ( 
slt( 1 Unman, tintiiatOrvnti^i 

■wapnnllici^n 
MIT. L CBiutfl, Xn y«k~IapnniiiMnu In drrliu: •UsdMpn 
MI*. P Dtfnuilud D. Lichtauladt, ILcbrfiKi. Wmajfat"!— to|iliilMBMIilB 

iMnlnj 
MtO, J.I. HoIImA Wudvuk— tsTtn'HBaaU In lb* ownnbelim «( Ina. fn at 

■Uck b apiiUBtili ID <aar juipiu M 
Hn. W. UmoD. lliKklDfhus^ifMt. iUgd«alui-ra4d. IdlafUD. «b«H. Pklur, 

T f i»ni*n iliHl flilliiilMix i Biiiimiimi W III HFtncorMlUilngmKbiSH 
Wn jL B. L. BdUvl, B*4linl4lng(, Mtud-lBprattOMiW In •Irrtaf. tnnlac 

■id BdUaf brlcki, Uli^ MdMba amnio hMuch. OinuBaiilntlcn) 
9BU. L. 1. 1. Xuiiwrlua. FutcIaprnmiMiU In tnWini ut pnpuint Eulsriila 

to he nad in numlkaurlDc RUm, maltilw, btMi. iM ohn kindi nf (wUn- 

ISM. II. Oa*1Wd, mmii» Till [II II uiri lilt I in <rwtAv> diMilnt. taA jnjtHag 
Uiiik UbrUB iDd aiUaiiik 

HU. II. pmanuul/ CroaUirr. liiHrM— iBFnmmU In BidUBCrT fnr vindlni 

rvninc ibr>^ AV>lil>lK<airtiim'Snd(iii*|nndtaditt<BbT(«rarTiifi|nl obHln, 

uil fti ■^aunwift.tif rlUiti tuid <■ ponr lom* 
VM, II M«in;!l«*wi»dior— AtoM ud*W«ad 

jaiT. vr Kim, nmtDcliuB, udD. JiBM,LlniT«ol— ADlDprnnmeutorlmiirDTv- 
Hn. T. &uviKs*>'fc> !'<iltk(luni-.la Iniin^iTTd imiUiig mppknCiia tn ntpliig ud 

— IniaatlH B n 
MM. JL ilniii. Ctiin»f>-«un'-lB|>nni*ji«U In ihlrt*. lOuDnniiumUoo) 
MM. L P- KflrtrlC th>A^<Hi hiijuinitiiiB id inacJ»Uiar> ur ftp[i«ftiiu Ibr 

KincUiii i»l«riii| BMMi W b* tBpwr*t I" tl»' [lun*'*'* <^ '■T*'°ll. <" 'u Kbor 

MIL W. arbwn. Lmhwil-MnM— Imprmd BKbinKT bt BddBc tallv 

MR. H Ofdaud H, Illbtan. fclbtd^apnrtianta apiiilaUa te oIIIk? wl 

^■1— 11'* ufltiw ftir Ibfl pfUpH* of AnvHiBV w RtmUoi tlialr BOlitHi U r^uLnd 

IMcnab, ■ui^ ludlaitim ihonmuani al ntkduiit iDRUUuutawob [uumlB 
/>i<bI OnmAcr & 
MH. W. RMtr *(d J. Vrr. Uliiiiu. u4 O. NoHVIk. BwUmbiuT-lmTnn- 

iMato IB ■priBfi tir nflnf nnlMt«^ Md (at oUm twi«H 
tVI. <V H »»■•, n«tM. M nBi tm a w -totw wM Mli In appuMm to bi luxl to 

Ike nun** «r dliiluuloi 
MM w. & Ctark. Hltl lUtera— &Bvra*«nnM la tavMami aUno uiJ fiimut (Br 

urlmlwn) uid aOa patr— lOoBBnlcMka Iras II. Mtwiliui, IWikoDn, 

r^lMd^outi 
MM. C frhlalr. OMlKBL ImkuWt— [mfntMnniU la nivtuaoty or mpv*nMi h* 

coHl^ nnia, HRnL orboMt, nd loaltod wlwdt 
mr. J r>"r. B^lrn<>»r. AWUt— 1kiP»<«bhB U IUc irMtami, applluiUoa, and 

u( «( Binrnkl tu bt itaa ■«■■>«■» of cdHVlxxv *nil lubciotflnc lutttr ad 

lu^ . _ 

MM J. Umfimum. ljnl»- Im »n wm aMl»t«o"«Uiit, wtchMtun, or mtt n mi a^ 



J, n, lyi"'. Dwilnll-nw, lUd P. Idtnui. Wdl-iU«l— JU ImprcnauU to 

front lor Imnloi; 
BOO. II. T, JCnuUa, Lgulntuu—Jl co' or lupnrTtd BHtlud of buigiaf ud clalng 

dfim 
Mm. tl L ^vMl BiliUI— laptDKuiMBU In udim 
nra J. UiUi, OoDdaiHUMot, BdtWI-itnM— ad lapivnmail la Hora uid flm- 

pbom 

/MM AwnterL 
MO*. CoUlK, niilUlii, wd K. iU/wniid. HoMM Ctmiuni. our Laedi— Impmr*. 

Buu Is •uuB tulkri kBd BMm tniwawn 
Mot. X. Kwoa Iuhh IHTUB, iCt'-rud. BtUann— An laiimmniDt In tin muo- 

^Uf« i4 tpiU^ irhns Indla-riibliar i* ovd 
MM. J. Alloa md J. Kiul, Hlmlialiun— An InpnT«aMM la Um niuinEtaiin of 

eo«t»d biiuu ud ronMd onuamU 
MOT. J (kfina,ftIlDbiu|b~lmproraMBUlDA(Bm«iKli)« 
Ml. J- BUIn, Bdbtt'lnpnmiwMa lu Jdannl ippiiiiai lir *silB( 
not, H Cwkaa. BlrnilOfluai— Ad Inpnmd btrd ncs 
MIO. K. r. IdUUr.OuiiunDiUb-AnodaalVrtDilaiUblMBfbniitndTirtUannU, 

Boneih tabla^ otiwiUBUldadinu. fttnmi. Wl«tballk*Uiinn«OMU on rBliiMl 

or dibs niftm W tUHfMdt nlUlif 
MIL K Imill. OnlBMidvpiigb— An iDpforvmAut la roubonbircornv, cuoio. duon^a 

^g^ lljBlllf OultftaDOB* 

DaM finrntrr g, 
Mlt. J. HuTla. Pnidakut— A pooomallo itgoal upputtcu. loil aatir k« irurtiet tbo 
Bint 
B.Mll. i. lillr. Wuubaricr. nnd A. Dntaoo. Iiilbu— liDrnn«ii''nl> In ourtiinur or 
aapa/«10* l« bt uvl Ui lb* ynioainM of dr^ Inj; Aaloul. minonl, nud vdb"'*'^ 

rftiL J, Ilnmln(, MlnoriM— lotirnrMaviiU In (UirmoiiiK. 



MU. T, Vi<in.»"ii.. T. Vkan, jun,, T. -UlminfT.nDiIJ.SmlU), Liwrpnnl— Im| 



~BMB>> IB ttt luaaruMn uf bUcniU. louncn, ud oUiai Ilko utlda 



nnrnr*. 



^"i j.biwn.Bnn— InpniTotBWtilnlabrliaion 

Ml>. J K. MtnUlt, WolVMtjuniilaii— tBpnnoaU la aiiMntu U bo Mi(dOTad « 



'«• alwm ud diwcur ID (MO atbnmbfT 
MM. t. Watta^Mltf, aooa WUauloa 



-Inpn 



atotaubtai 



Mil. W. g. Out, KoiK T«t— lopnn^Hnbo In nMMloioM 
,)Ki. K. C MiMJiill. U ootpwl. and B. W. Ocriwd, II«oo OuhI— ImpniTonuHiM 

jp Iwalhii oia iiH[iTnm|rn''Tn *" "^ *-- ^..— ^ ..t.^..,^^^ 4^,1 in Hpam£li]f 

' Bilol. laloli. nnri winiK ftiiw liqildi ODnlaulai Uuia is luubiaiiiun »libmu(i. 
uoaaad Ifoa 
IM. ■- Mallo^ VortiT. Mar Loodo Aa lapntraaoni lo MUii( amD voolbo 

•M. r. 0. Ward. O)it-*u«ot. oad T. Vrnui^ Ka> d* la raia, Bntasl, HaJaMai'. 

iBpntoBoDBo B lb* isuurMtim vl naaino 
M, J. nocBial,Jaii., ^«• Niirtn>niad~liui<rofeBaui* lu gubunun 

Wall O oio.ilir 10. 
tM. W niiMoi aad T Sen;, laaaaiaw— lap « wM li fHrtnii^ DraimoBUl 

dBWwMilw ntlMairfcapa' and Calais pnpind van* bbria 
•n A. Wianlnr OaUHia Vtft Watat UaManw— lafntnaniU in b»IUns, 

UniidH, vwlUna. « daadni IMmm aaMilalo 
Wfc ». t lt«wai. r> i» ( WT to a lii f iii-n l appaiMot tor aapplrlnc Moam tnllon 

■rtib laMr, (CbiBBimleailooi 
, t. BnliL Wool •aHkllidd— .Vu UcpniTtil jnim tijr Ihldlnt budla m oUtta ol 



>'»». 



luiliilla oiiii jmnoih 

J. Oanua, TTinT>n» Impnrrfunl* in diaB-nlWm Buriilaa 



MtL J. Onm. nOadtliUi 




- la wgwawiu In Um 

i^Mdi 



mMalbroMgtniaiik oUn tdldW ond tiMioe boua, aad ita apiafMai l>r 
ladHnc or eoamlag tba iWMa flaa trra mt (bnim lo anlba 
MM. IL Boifea, liiaponJ-'lBititiniuficnU iu Eurluoi* oinipama •> ooBSbmsi laeal 



ol- 



aoiMttoa 
MM. ILBaikLUnra 
MMl T. Whaubraail w. nhouloj, op 

IkaMUBtfanUBg On 

bn' 



W. W. B«j. 
■ad Mil 



IdotigfaaiU and lanillii 

HIV mm^i, i^umi ■■■■»«« 

MH. W. Uind. TIcM^itncl— An Imprvrad iprlni dip. >» hnldlni a ulaiiibm koai 



laisiin'mirnu m Uw (suirniun aftwAti* 

i»wi»-toliiniMiinlo In tic^dcuk ood In 

lunaOiBWaol a lui tii inm aclj is ttmm Ut 

t>it. V, IMMda^a, Bao Voite, SebMrtmet war BnMla-lapnnnooU in 

iDtullle and dutlo Tirtlni 
MW. B. Bdb}, Xliw^UwI. M, Jaiaor>«iioa»— lainnoaoW In 1^ i 

otnoRalnktBilii^ocnoiiItsnllmplnimiB L>nr Inailaci 

tb* Mil, alM Wnn 
Land. TlH<.<tncl 

;iopcn^ or lAtitt Inniv wUolo* 
Mil. O. OMIti, llilllai— ImnnmnDomi la iDKblofrT or 4tiwwu tetba naaibv- 

Un of pUnI Mirls 
Mil. V- w. Aodenaq and J- BoaoUDd, Bradford. Yort'lmiiruvfDiJfliila m ajifanrao 

a Boaaft b ambfUnfl *IUi fumocvi u br^uiAi* th« wiiuoipUvEi of fmnfci* 
MM, W. IZ. T SobaoOor. Onat l^nnhatfir frrrt InnT-r-rntrn'i In dli(lIUo( CUlf 

U4l .^[|v nitllai 
tVK. W, P. MlharatoBlLx&racUin FornUBlU Suuuo. Bnsliion Kai)>v— IB- 

pmifBi'UU In loako aad IMaiilnM, (OhbdiibIiMWb fcwa Uw*. UoUoao. fuV, 
Mil, I.- Iliiinfnv. niin>na^(Saiba«<a— TWappUiatloB aad ho tlpaaOaa In 

itm nuuCictun of hiiKUt, otaUDoBla. and (daiotero lot nadlal nipoiaa 
WW. a. Klof. FnauL RBBaat hniniiTaawla lo aacUDorr In UimUi^ aod 

dnaind vbiai wd olbw craln 
mi. W. C CuobrldcB, Bniinl— Aa iBpnmdODBanirilaii uf ponablc r^nj 
9DU. L. J. t. UaicuoiilM, Pari*— Imprcrmnoato In yantjioi "<^ and aaaaall 

tHU. p. A. lo Cnml* )• FUitalnaHnau, SaiiU>.rtr«l, naibutr— lupnind ralla^ 

•Isoil amanuiu iCommumnaiaa] 
mi. J. T. VTrliUi uil IL r WiikLi, Binnlnahm A turn oc Unprond maiiBfarlari 

of npt, nnU. IIum. i«1wii. ami mlU hondlini 
ttAI. R- I. (liuidnDHU. ,M. l'iijE'«Cbun:hjrard— InproTODIMIl* tn«m' ■Jinoo. 

tnnnl'atloQi 
M61 K. Pauhtn aodC F- WaloL, Porth— ti&ttfotauaiU ul aiipafvlai fiv cbaijl^ 



(Ctai- 



ond faiiplnff Iba olpiilv- olttrvanBa 

— "- >« ~ ■■ '■ 

Car 
Uh Tains -f inam iiiilTi 



nui. vr Vnuat. UuikDIkBMiUstinittiru-lBi 
Kii. J. Canal. J. Bmdd, W. Ssllb. aad B. 



iHDiMiinau In iwulooou 
Ueiiobloj. Dflilrj—Laprarooioirto In 



aaaalt» 



MM. J. HoadlaT, Wilnl^ Raldlmaiu). I'^avU,— An iinpmr«l nmdr of 
MiUf aMWol fnuiA* la lutmu timu. and plaUng « TnHwIni <)m laaia 
Barb^aaaBto firMFOl u cxMrtur uT oiarblt auJ anUilnLuruIaljiiua urcnalBo 

Mil. B. Aiaag. Pi.-n^ni'jui. unr DarUsicUu, ud T. BlclunUou, KmnsHlxH). 
iBprvtamaBti m tn* ^n^iLTiCa^Euni.jf miD(«DDiUnf aAqmlDO 

Mta. S. X«vlnifUiu. Tioobiu^ Suooot.— liopnnoDaaulnbiulluoaaad rultlttaofv 

WM. W. B. Blrkltr, Ut>)H Ba^tiad Cord A-uiki, Clwtlwatai. nov I>«1< -luipcurt- 
BAoUlaUio naanbciaro ol puiaiad «lrv ftlloUaaodia lb* pfaparalini ol IU4.lo«, 
b«ap, aad sUht Bbmuo aabilaaoa 

MOO. 0. fiborwiB. Waiolou-road. SaiilciB— lapmroBsnta Iu ilic ■"— ifi-^'irt tl 
S>* brii^ Ulat. cnolUoi^ and oUwr anlrJa. ■baa R(s<^ l> Uwd 

B.a BUnl 



Bviittmt 



Mil, O, T, UauiKrld. Ruan plai^ tnKbhnnagb nad, 

loova for scariuc m pUed Una dwiblv. ii.^miuanlcailiic fiutt 

Bootoa, Ualtaa HUUc 

zmod immatorU. 
»«>. J. SaHb. PaUnonk, u«i MibiiIimIii IiiiiimiIbIo Jaoioanl 

lorvaatiBt 

MU, L, Bran. Wi»J.<iaM. CHr— i mja w wunu f teupa aad andi Uko antda 
MM, J. IMcali: Bairua^BMb. Bar 9Iina>4>i<r-lug.ii>T>>mnaii tn tbo iiioinlbHaia 

of aJnB or ftulpbai* (tf alunlna 
MM. H. WUtaOik lUaAooaB-riPd— A thml enanl ar tppaalua far pratocUi^ Ma 

Ibn4t ualoflforUVlBf aolDor«il<^ruB] itolcnrn 
IHT, J, widoanwb. HaialaD*^ oaar Au-ikinn— Impmn'iiu'nu Iu iMaUng ind Taa- 
.. Lilarinii apanibonla. bnUdlngiw and olJlpa. and La appualiia a^^ilkAblt ht aud Bo ^ 

Uant (ul ■ucll pVpBIOa 

VMA. ti ijtUpwood. LnadoD'Vall— IspraTumAnEB in prinllng fooaoiHe patbviu 
MOt, A. TuniH, I*lMoia--lBvn*«aKnto In Ifet nunAouni -'-■"" EiHIea 

ffvwl Mwabir It, 
SDTO. /. Oranl, llnlo-park-AnHt — LBprvTaBmo In beallnc or oooklnl by 9U^ aad 

•pporauu (or afcftlmMw ■*»* 
:m. J, Uiltaw, Qtarimod^inM, PlafllCD— tftrnTonu In ohlniaor aaw a _ 
VTl. I> D. JufeoBi. UBdvnaod, 5aMi«taB-^ paaB W ic tmk ur apcatMoa «a 

albfbeU Id Fadnf oarrUfa or mtu for Ibo iinrpvBO vf rourdloc ur "fc^fplnf 

Mn. A. T- dm CfantB, Rna doa TMt PatlllDna. Parii^inprf^TamE in boipo 

tJIi. A_ V. N'oUd. ChuafT-Uno— ImpmrrmrDU In turhtngrr fi> liwinii. tgoiaf, 




UpplBf, 

tai hiildlof Iba 



and oflrowina Ruinp for 94. vaMr. ntua, aad otbrr pipo^ asi in tiaa 
wultf iiuf an uv ' ' 



M». 

lalna. ud 



iraUd updu- 
Ihombr M. 



[(Vimmuuluotioiu 



Amain. Uitptrl^inlnadiilanv waaiti«Bitb.road— iBpranniBti lupipaoa 
ind laUoBMbKl irfJulurnaaDdlarlBfaaoBaB 
MIT, K. tlarnoil. HutUn OnimblUi, oaar Load*— iBpnTtanooM Id Baohlonr; a appa- 

nnotM IB vmtUib 
MTV, W. Oanood. Back Ptiinh lonn tn InqirtrTrm il In iinooi puiLon 
Mill. J. awbo, Lann Bask Wotlui. DonlBiiaa— luiprgtuuimto in llfUaK a tovUv 

wi r a lro a ibtmlcal H>iDldi 
MM. W. K. NvvU^CtuDari'lu"— lBipnrtRl]>r«>v<irpmiw*ii(tiT«Unifid4ffar 

anihai it BByWaadaAamaiion. or fur obialiiio( polaabor a^la tfaBrdfrnn. ^Qj^ 

mvalcaUonl 

Satat PKnUr II. 
MSV- n. & Tl iliiii, nmiiiij liiiiii liinuiii I III 11 fill" Mill iiriiWi biiFna 

.l^binuiunmbUiiEif 
S«VI J, II. U. TUnila. BiiouJ— \<« ur linpninl uiarliUiii nr tppirwui for linlinnf 

foaucB SI ncaiiK tiaopo. and apptlsablo nbuUy at In put to ouni aUnUar purfiaaa. 



rxTKtr* APPUKD n>It WITH OOKPUm: RPSOinCATIOX. ' 

UIL B. D. Dnpriand li. I>ripor. UtrnvhtH^U-^SH and BHtel iBproTROcalB IB 
uU fcrdarv. 1me^^^ itr can* fur uillof nwJlklO'rj. — UrfvmbBr a. 

Has. I. Vifut. Psiu--A nav iluli bsLrr aliu 000 a Bwa •Uatlla itrllraMna 
auf t,«im aliAlf T"r Th^t wi^'lrijf nli klitil. iif ' ' — "■ — '^■""nh" 11 

HR. D. tVni. i^iisiuunt plut. Nph nwI-.lTiipnifMD(at la yrt—m onoinioM Mt 
oivau I'r ''■'niiliiiUuD uf in>n \n-nn, aliicli pf—M anooipaiyad Ui mmya baiaa 
ol {41I4D, iMMop. fml. and Dliinr anldna i4 mar c ba m lJjip— DooBLbar tl. 





THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



S9 



IRWrOL WKSLEYAN DAY SCHOOLR 

, IWUk ait eKftvciay, PlaU IV^ 

^kl WMqru Dar Sdioob iira to b« viAeA nMu- 
IK md WQ intoiiilwl u> oanuun •omiuBodatiaii fur 
of 500 ebiMrtn of the poorer daMM od tbe OUagow 
inUm. Tttepl&iia kaie been «qbmllt«d U^ uiil rMWlvad 
imh ot the CoianlttM of CouitcU on Bducntloo uid «f 

rKdattHouI OoniBitW*. 
v* intmilerf In b« of |Mno*Bt Moim with (reeatooa 
\ tmA ibo roof will be eavet«d wHb ORianaenUl tile&, 
jbt of tbe n<DUn(l sbvy \a 14 IM, uid tbe upper Hlorj 
t k||b to IM wall pint* nii<1 ±s fiMt \AA to tli« nlUng 
re r<i)«m bninf eellml at lli« l«v«l uf Uan ontkr baaai. 
I«nf the iiiliiiwii* WMlla ar* PlitwwL An oitrimr* 
ind m froDt or the aeboota will b« prorided with awiDga, 
Mvrrred pkr ibeda win be emrlvd at eilher rad fiir bojra 
napectir*)*. 

al M th« bniUliog, pirlii>iTi< of Kxindnrin^ plky ihadf. 
ba allMt XlUUU. Tlie Hruliitrvu mm MounL Foat«r and 



baalwHit 



CONSTRUCTION OF ARTILLERY. 

[ eUtii penainMOB ta rejitr to ionic remaika in tha 
which tuce avf^ared ia the Octulwr and Nuvtmbar 
ct yout Jvurmu, of tay work, " Oci tlia Phjticid Coti' 
iVQlvoil ill til* ('Oiutraclian 'it AruWerj.' 
or reviewer aturtH with alBriuliig, that "tti-'nigit by tlie 
lia w»rk It would appaw li> tr«ii miMv at tbn itn'Qtjth 
XM%k<Mi of calUMDi^at " Mr. JtallPtt'i priiifi|ukl uli^fcl 
Iwmla ■lyateni of kuown for the eoualraclMni of guiia." 
; ua duuved with advocating a hobby of my owo, oitdcr 
ia to my book. 1 deny tha acowatlon, and ii)ipaa] to tba 
If for my Tjudtouioa. A fair rariawar uuallj tot* an 
lOMilf Ntate hia " principal obJMt' I haw done an tbu 
ifeae : " It boovnie eviileat tiiat progreaa and inprtfva* 
■^ ' in l4e eFufiwji mtlkod at eolwinictkin of ordnanco') 
M^ in tbe firMiaatancai HOI from ijUMtinu aa to maUioda 
iaOibnl by tbaaataUialuueutof prlauijilaa; thataarianca 
tmtdntf yat raqnir»d to bo tanand and ■yatooaaUaad, and 
nLiut coauioBnoo with a non acftrchinf aod axaot dia« 
r the propertka of tha ooaatniatira malcriaU for ord- 
1 strict raferaMa t» Uxir porpoaa and aftpUaatioii — ll>au 
wait g^rtu by any oaa^ and ae fiir Erou tba particular 
im which 1 ha** aufgwtad for wrooxht-i'va pan, and 
ywutlilMtiag tba pnocipal object of my work, it ia no 
ftioMtleniailj atrived at aa a method by wliioh Um otbar- 
pinUe dlluulliaa of oauUniotliw wTmi^it-irua onnaoa 
dlbia in oua poaaa or biglBD. may H mat. Yf*,appar«ntl/ 
Wr raaaoa thaa batmuH Ui* oocim near tha and of tha 
^BlhlU gntnitoualy and £Uaelr aSirmed to be the 
P^ICttff a book which, well or Ul, eubnoea the whole 
fW^Mlof artillery oomlructiun, and Lrapartially dia- 
sgr Inown maUiod. 

Mft the matlianaticaatoployed in thla particular fraipaoat 
irit foot iwvMWor baa •jxint inoat of Iub critioal tbondar 
( ant half the Giat ntriew ia occupied with a Aooriah of 
tndiiiK in aa aquation IdunlicAl with one in Um work; 
Ladv, ao &r as tba tbooratlo 'luaation of aloatldty iu 
a'bailt-npicniia'' ia diacuMied, might be aafalj mt to 
r tt my frKndf Ur. Uarti in page 369. &c., of yoor 
It •amoer. 

lOMwho tuv natltauattciaiut and ac>iuaiut«d with the 
wfl] no4 be initlod by the nrfurcnoo* mada to oxperi- 
lala which havt no eustcnce. Your reviewer, when 
hI bf Dr. Itntt to name hii ex|wrt menial autliority upon 
laflraedtlial " when Ihdcublftd i-il^iuiou in intruiluced, 
looal tenaiMi i* approxiuuU'ly In ■ oonatant ratio (E) to 
lalaxtaaaloe" a n d toygearaloeforthaeoaBdwit E, 
BUlty obtained, for any ot tbr most ordinary countruetiTa 
I— ■• only aUe to reply, that " iu roditj-, aiialogout espa- 
h*va bean made," uid liiat " some aocoutit of the 
I of the MiV(Mt BiitT bo found" in Mr. Maxwell's P^>er, 
Idla. IVvua., and Mr. ttankina'a, No^ xxt. Cuah and DuK 
W. 

moat raluable memoir I han mora than oooe 



ttpr mo 

t 



rtferrcd u tn aay woft, and I aifina that neither is that paper 
(whkh [a almoat puraly thaoratlo. and not •sperlmanta),) aor fa 
tha puUiabad worka of any phyaoial np lo thia A^y, ia a aingla 
experiaaont to be foond from which any valno (macb lana a 
rauahle out) fbr the aoeflkia n t E, for wrmghtaran, can be 
obtaineJ-, but thIa U the only experimental dwtun «« ara hei* 
CBma af ttwl with. 

Now admitting aiyuMoM grmtia, that iha raviewti't oalni- 
latioB* woiT in aUotherraapeota nnnhjirliiinahl*. tha whole foroa 
of hi* ol^octiou to the propoaodeonatmeiioii of hiil^ap wnmght- 
iron gnaa ia baaed apoo the laanmption that the valne of (ha o> 
affideut B ia aaoh, for toUad «rn»ght4roin, aa practically to afiect 
tha roMlUt aa indjoatad by Dr. Hart'a foranlaadofAad by na;— 
in other worda, that the normal oompwiona an aetaally auffioiaat 
ia nawnnt pr«ctiaally to aObot tbe laiwetilial atiaina^ and there* 
fore nay not <nfely be ue(;lected. I belteve theea ia no eagineer, 
nor any pbyaMtt. aoqwaiiUad with aucb exparimenlal data aa we 
4a pnamaa upnn tba axtenaion anil oompraaioci of wruuglil-lroa, 
bat willatoaoeaiiMiitthat ita eubioJ bMraaaamaU a ntio toila 
liMnl unmpreaiioii or extemou aa not aeneiUy to alTMit tbe icault 
in (he oaM ander eouaidaratku. No ona kuowa what tbe exaet 
cabical omapMaiau or axleBMoa of wrooght'irua ia— it can enly 
ba rodriy g a aaaed at. 

{:i.) Hut icuu— luauming for a inomant thai your trvie-mr u 
qnilo riuhL L'poo bia own aaanmptiaii aod eakaUtlou.a built-up 
wroasht.ina guSt of a giTon eallhro, Bioat ba^ Cor equal atraigth, 
ooe-lliinl tbldiar than a ooiamon gnu (i. a cf ona pJaoa) of the 
Mmecalibrtk Now, tha entire aim and objeot in view b *4loi>tisg 
buill-up gnna ia here ignortd : that otmct ia to eaeuM thna th* 
diffieultiua dae to furging in one mata^ the ohief of which ia the 
want of unifurtn diapoaltiou of the flbn of the irou io ■ huge 
forged gun, in diraetioDo all either laagtthwiai, or wranplog 
around Uia oirountbnnoa of the gna; inelawl nf whidi we obiaia 
a eonfuardly cryaialliaMl dub*, like aat-irua. Beaoo the rolled 
wi>onght>iniu bat* or hoopa of Uic bailt-op gna are pncticnlly 
{nay, aetaally] a different material In imptnl to atPNigth, from 
the (oreed gun, taking oqntO avctiolM 

(4.) In pan 1 13 nf my work, yon will find that thia dilftracK* 
ID atmogth ID itoiiKTitiing like teixn lo oaf in lavoar of tbe (tilled 
iron oonititutiiig itie material of ttie builUup no. If, tlienfbre, 
Mcordiiig to your ivriewer, ih? thiolcnMa or Uie oommou to that 
of the bnlll-Qp goD, inoat be for eqanl atresgth, and of the aoaat 
matirM, 

naS : 3, 
from the greater tenacity In tha right direotlooa of the material 
of Ulo built^p gun, lli« thickataara will be 

aa 8 : ), or aa S : 0-41 
So that aveo npon hia own abowiug (if he wlU keep in mind ibm 
oonditinn npun whioh tlie biiUt'ii)i kiiu ia prapaMd), it will have 
cqnal nlreu|,-lti with a cuniinou gun of tbe aame oaLbre, at iaM 
Uan inwAajTMa Uiefenaa*. A gooid aamjile tht« of what nathe- 
matlca are worth when appliwl without ntbeniion to niaaatini 
eonditinna. 

(iV.} Tiiue and yvur apnoe woulil not admit of aty following all 
the Mnwraplia of your reviewer ia which tbare k other ground 
for i>l>jecUon. 

If, for uumple, " it ia detnntulraUe that the expkaire fotva p 
can never bo aa great aa the Utuaiun of ulUflMle rapture,* how m 
it that any gun ever bnrala I 

With a nther iiedantio aupamliuni, the raviarwer awuaai tae 
of not kuowin){ tli* diSeranca beiwaon ai* oi'm aad niomanMaa. 
Tbn* bo aaya, P and F being tlie weight of the ahot aad gna, 

P P 

my axpraauou, - t^ — r"*, " ia eleariy wrong, and alionld be 

S 8 

the momentuu of tbe ahot ^ that of tbo gnu. Botli are true; and 
it may eooifijrt )''-ur reviewer lo hoar that my ripRsaioti in thii 
iuatauco I* i'lentioil with tbe ()notatioaa gives bv Opiwuh]* 
Ttobort ftiid Moriu, who alwaya uae thoae fur Ht nm, and Uiit 
t/it mtntrnlum, in trotlinj i|ue4tiou* of recuil ; aod that for 
reawna >a obviom, that it li anrpriaiog they aliould aacape eo 
preoiae a tnithcmatiuiao. 

(U.) Acain, at p.)^ 131, I do i>o( eay that U t*, " tlie vh virv 
■vf fVonU u intnMurr«d aa a pr«MnTe a^usc (he interiur of ilw 
breach," but that " tbv latter," oaniely, tha tvoiil Itatjf, la u 
ttannfomxl. 

Charigea of achoolboy erron auj;ht not to be axit opoa rehd- 
Inga BO grualy cnreJeaa and ineorreot. It ia nut wuith wli''-' 
bowevar, to puraoa tbeae leiaarka Airtlier. A critical 



XX.— FknvAiiT, isa?. 



so 



THE CIVIL ENGDtEEE AND ARCniTECrS JOUBNAL. 



^ 



Uli ft hiab oOlMi-^k* u u A UttitM b«t«MB katbtrittil pab^K 
bat he aaitobM Ub oBm tad akaadaat Ui tntt, vim. ia pkee 
of nnnluif lb* maia iaitai ^ bb avther <r Iti (lama of 
foUUBMot, b« k ocm^M In abowing ifaa ^hMr of Ui own 
vwjwna, or i> M^Bg to pidi bolaa in aoow miaankbU fngtmnt 
" imatad fron tiia aaiin. 

,7.) Allow Bia to add » few worik upon a part of Tour aaecnd 
noiiaa af my worfc, p. 30T of joox Novambv nuBiber. 

Tha dlflouh^ tbat jrott bkT* raiwd ■■ to ay tiawa of Ui« Uv of 
^■jilalllina([iina«iiiiiiiriaal iiiiii. lull b»»M on tho i wu iiiption 
in dtoiaa oebaratl oaat maMai t1i« intc^ruit oratali sm 
Irona. Yo« «y I itote tbam to be to la pac> >!• Brfar 



tba page, 8tr, Aitd yoa «iU find tbta again ia » aumka Mtd nta- 
) your p^ Th» paaatgo rofan lo tb* htm cryatala 
Haimj tit tmititt La oatingw, uid tp notu other. Ha 



inotuJoa no your i 



rb wbidi [ na« tbe term, " prindpad axb of the oyatol, it, I b«li«T% 
ilaar, froni p«n^{mph lILp^eS^of my worki&nd eTCU froB tbat 
of tMDOt«, pL ii3, whitfi jau print, to whidi there la no pafttie 
frineipti. if oorraetly raad, wlut it alKrma U MsbraMd In two 
propoaitibOi : 
1. Tlat tbe aymiiMtrie nxia of ifae iotcftruit crystals u ooin* 
[«Uaut with Ui« directioa «t cnagcnce of the hot wave. 

S. TbM tbi» dirtoUon ia alao tb&t uf tcsat pramn witbin Um 
cMtnetlM and tooling UMBi 

Ima, wbatbar «aat or vrougbt, ncror ia fbnod orysUllind in 
taaa in oetobadrona ■ albait tbnt anoh nmy be one at ita primary 
' ftnoa ;— it ia dimcfpbow. 

I abilll bM nuampt to aatar ftartbar bai* npon any diacuaaiaa 

of nf vlawa of ecyattUlna aggragatfoB in naaa, a* iinHui(«d to 

kiba bravin with which mich k mbject mnat be livatod in your 

I balievo tltoy wilt be done full juattM to, and oocepled 

'ibona wbo wtU Uk« Iba tiouble to bmUt tbem; nnd that 

pnotlaal hnportaneo will ba Incraaalnfiy racogalaad, sot 

ily aa appUonU* to tbo eouatruelioD of Mtallary, but in vTrry 

^Mracture, eivil oc othar^at^ into wbi«li aryatklliaw bodies ealor 

•a nMlerinU. 

Xua,AK, 

BoDEBT UaLUR'. 

*«* In (be snmber of tkia Jtvmai for NoremWr wu ptib- 
' U letter tran Dr. Bail, of Trinity College, OttbUn, replying 
^._ onr nrieturaa on bta inTMtig»tian in tba appaodlx to Ur. 
Mallet** 'Traatiae on the Cotutmctaun of Artillery.' Knttwing 
Dr. Hnrl'ii wieniific nllainiDBiilA, we preinisetl lo our uiawer in 
l^ foUowing oambn- of Uw Jinirnai, tbat we felt " none of that 
" loelnaoa In ^«i|pjt^ in oontievor^ witb bbn wblcb wa abould 
1 if arguing wiw an opponent wbo mbatitatad emda pbyaical 
tioBafornnexactknowledgeoftneobsnitnlacienoe. These 
J war* dleiated in tbo hope tooaaMoineanit nowappanw 
— tbnt Mr. MalUt had left tbo daAaoe of hia cnnaa In Dr. Hartfo 
bnnda. 

(1.) Wo print the letter whiiA we have reeeivml ft-otn Mr. 

[JtnUet, wilhovl alturation eioepl that we have reatural to prefix 

abtn to Iba pangranha tJ hii iKivr, inferred to in the oorra- 

jpnragnphaer Ihia tv|ily. In th* parsf^rapb ounibtred 

'TlX ** *** aoowed of mia-itatiugt in our review the " priocipal 

object" of Mr. Mallel'a work. Uu tumins to ibnt review it will 

be bund that we axprMoly BckaowledgBd tbst. tbounh, " by the 

btleof thlawork, it wwild appear to treat aoMy i^ tLv dreugtb 

nikd oooatmctMO of canoOM, tbn invaatintlooa Into wbiob tbe 

r eaten wlate to Bubjoeta of tho hi ijl wat naportanoa to tba 

Iril caiiiMaB and etadnntof the grornl theory of tbeatMagth 

■i* aad maAded that tlve nubjecu " ot wfaidi uia 

itnalaareaufajaotaof wrj-guni'ml t'ltrnMt.'' 

Wo flunM therafore batv gi*ntly wronjirn.l Mr. Mallet, enn if 

^«e bava etred, an be aayi, in atattns that tlie principal object of 

I work la to ndromte a Kysten of hi* own wr Ibe eonatniction 

gnan Aa ftr aa we are aware, ha baa aowbero In bU worfc 

[slated explldtiv the priudud olgect of It, imlf It be in the 

rflnt pag«, in wtiicb ia a dedication in Uiga type to tba " PrinM 

MinuttT," in tbeee wonli : 

" My IjNd,— By yofu- kindly-axpraaaad pannlaaloa, I adorn 
tbii vdIwoo witb yonrnaiBo; in raBanbtaaeaof my owing tba 
appffoanhiM trial of a project tor tba improrement of otdiiMtee 
to tbe attaeuTO aad intefligcBt oonaidaialjoa of ita doagn by your 



-'ore yon, tid vUof iq 



jaUp, and la booage to a long cumt of able ud 
aerrioe aaa alaiaamanof thaBritlah Crown. Tba inTeatintleoa 
<n tbeaa pi^** **" Pf"? ■>'x^ i> pnparatioa of my Makaa 
i^ihi^ >wU parbit* ]h fpiliiBM 



in the motto of your Lordabip'a howaa ' FltH am />aiwi— I 
bare,ft«.* 

It appean, tbeo, that tbe "npriiot" of Mr, Malhfe in««ati^ 
tiooa u epUmtiaed by the worda, "to be bea t • uM , brokaa,* 
wbioh olaarij tabr to the nao of wrongbt^roa. and the ytojiBt 
maalioned in tba ftataeataaoeof thia dedioatua. It might ba 
naaoanbly infarred, wa think. Ibat Mr. HaUat'a priiwipal objatt 
wan tbo advoca^ of the pt^aet in vpM&oa. However, ba uuA 
know hU owu luotivea better tban any one elaf^ and ba baa now 
bad lb* oppomutiij of eattinghiaaeu fight witb ournadanoa 
tbk nonntaoa tooia 

(Sj Ur. Mallet doea not appear to hare read at leaat be deea 
not notjoa— our aoawar to Dr. Hart, in the DooNnbar niunber of 
tbia Jawnai. Tliat anawor ahowod that Dr. Hart hMl artind 
at bia luain (y>ncIuuou iaa to tbe pgaaLbili^ of oonatruating gona 
of unifurm t«iiak>u; by a paNMe princ^H. i, a. bv aiwming a 
qnantity lo ba oooatanl which be inteaded to J emon t nwa la 
bo *o. The aoddental alip in hie rouoniug waa oaa of thoaa ta 
which ibc moat praotioal mothematiciana an, notwi^kabadbig 
the uimoat nre, oocaHOnally liable. 

(3.) hir. hlallet aawrla, with quito an mncb ooafideoca u illawn 
tiuu, lliat the wliole foree of our "objeollona to the prapooad 
ootwtniction of bailt-Up wmugbV'inJti gnna ia baaed iip>ia the 
iption that the valne of tbe ooefficioot E ia auch, for rolled 



wrouffDt-iron, aa pnotionUy to aOktC the reaulta, aa indicated In 
Dr. Hart'a fomiula adopted by me." It amma aufficieat to reply 
to this by the (bllowlag nootttion frcia Dr. Hart'a letter to na 
(mtr Vi>l. XIX. p. 380}: "8iaoe by your aubeetpiimt hypetbeaaa 
yon olirainatc B, I annpoaa wo may eondude that tn« rranjt 
woultt ccmtinue to bold if E = a" Onr reaalt4v aa Dr. Hart 
retuarka, do not in tbe leaat depend cm parliealar valuee of I^ 
tboooefHdeutofcubicoampraaiiblli?. Moreover, we liave giiaa 
in onr rofdy to Dr. Hart, what era boHavo to bo a rigorooa 
demcnatratioB, on iba hypotheaie that E ia aeriitfiUe, of tba 
ImpOMbdlity of eDawtructin^ a gun eo that It itZ\ bava mi- 
Ibem lonalau wh«u eabject to eigdosive fore*. We eoaaider it 
tberafera d<.'ni'>ii"if«Uid, on bcfh laaumptio*)* aa to tbe law of 
daatidty (_i, r. th« ooramogi one adt^ited by Mr. Mallet, whIdi 
Dcgtccta K, and tba more aeoonta one wbicli takee £ into 
aoooBnt], that his " proJMt" ia a pbyaical iBpoaability. 

(3.) Mr. Mallet aaya, " tbe eatiia aim and otgeot in view la 
adoptitw built-up gtina" are " to eeeene tba* tbo dISculliea thm 
to furgntg in one maee." Wo thought that a«a ti bb cljiati 
wae incToaae of atmngth. Tbe practknl adeaatagM ef B M gtBg 
in aevcrtd parte we readily admit to be ooaridenriile^ tf U^ 
eaa be obtained witbunt loea of Btreagtb ; aad it wia to tba 
latter eabject akme that we eaplieitly confined our inveetlgatlaBB, 

(4.) At page II3of Mr. Mallets werit, lie refm to tbe relaUv* 
tenaiJe atroiucth trf' wrnitEbt-ir»n in (he dinctioo of ita AbronA 
aeroaa it. He tbeu drnn a conoliiaioo na la the Jnertaaa af 
atrangth of mna, in which the andodva etiniai ata all rariam 
by wrooghMran in the buu of Ami Kvaa aappoaiag ba hu 
oavraetly eatimntnl tlii* incraaM, )l wiD not ftiUow that <t la daa 
to the peculiar inpthod of constmotion advoeatod by him. Tte 
peraliarity of hi* method ii^ w« believe, tbe eupcrpcniliaa o/ 
ringa aa uMri vwlv "abrank em" at dUfawat tempeia tw . It wan 
to the value tt tnat novelty that we cooflaod our attenttoa. Tba 
naa of gima which rteijit the oiploaiva ebaina by t«iuaoB of limt 
in the directi'in of ita fibre, is no novdty. Uf the oonaAraotka 
of wronght-tron hooped guna there are innomccable examplii^ 
anoient and modern. 

(A.) "Oi* quantity p, to whidi Mr, Mallat nkn, la aaad 
tbrangboot oiir ioveetiKationa to dnnote an aaploaifa folta whkfc 
a ouuum may bmr wilboitt niptun\ Anything more tban Ifaa 
niuai auperGciiki ku'mlcilsu uf tbe thtKiry of tba teaaiiim of vtaab 
would have prevented bun from oombatiug tba ptopeoitiea to 
wliicb he liere objaoia. 

(&) Mr. Ualkt aayi tbst tbe equation 

P F 

ie» = ^.«, 

S 9 

and tbo propoailioo that the moui«atuin of the abot = tbat of tbo 
gun, ara both true. The Utter propwit^oo give* 

P e = p-e-, 
vbeooe, oorapariog with tbo fanner eqiutioo, it foUowa that 

= 0'. 

or tbo vdoeilT of the balTe projection ia equal to that of tba 
(MHMtL'arawI Wereallyai^bl inapologiee to oarraktu'a for 



THE Cmi. ENGINEEtt AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



II 



taUaf ttp apM* by •zpo^ag bhodan m groM. Mo nttnaam 
imgmaba pnmafmot tha worla of Piob«t and Morin bjr Mr. 
Mum, hvt it ia da>r Miaiafth tkftt ba wMt )■**• mii^prabaidod 
IbowMtkon. 

(0.) Mr. Mit])«t MjB we hkvs ails«ut«d tiU ——■'■> «t pu> 
134 of bin work, awl th*t it i* not tka nw piom of IMoQ, ImI Uio 
w tni l iUrU, which lauaorfwToilMftpnMumistinMUwbiMdL 
Both etpreauona ar* oliko inoomct. To ny ihtt ritbiw tiio 
miooliT of Twooii. or tha ou cfM «f lUat rclocitjr, u » p>[««ur« ia 
to oaadound tba uaamireof iSiiiW forw wirh niMauraaafdjB^ 
nlat] *6r«U, dapondant o« oii>:ALor t>Irii>«ut liarito ta u » 
mauij, timm. Ifr. MalM nkoa ho aoniae of tba otbor bluadan 
wUtk «• ospaard in tbta f—T'f of hia boak-Mulaa tlio rsmark. 
■boat " tryiaA M ptok holaa fa ocnie ininniblo fn^aiaat dwoiiUad 
tnm Um aBtiii^' nfitn to thoia. Huivlr «« •hunU abandoii tha 
IraMof whkb ha i^Moks ao MtUjr, if, <li«>efn(iig cmto whUh 
ahow ui triUreomfoMaaaf tha almwirtajy priiuipUMardjaaalia, 
* Ued to appriaa oar raailata of than, 
f Jir. Hum aava that onr ol^eoiioti 10 lua " law of orTttalliae 
poloa of caaUnM* i* all baand on tka tUMmption, that ia 
oaharcat out niaaoaa tlia laiagranl Btya4alt ua oaCoW 
1." and that iroa ia out " foaiKl oT^aUUiaod in IBM* ia oali>> 
' fcajfftaa, alheil that raeh laajt ba oae of iu prioMfjr fiii lui Jl ia 
dioMrphoua* — (i.a. haa two fonsa^ What iathoMoond fvnal 
All Iha oTTalala of inm caKainljr faaloog to th« oubaal or odo- 
haJWl ajTMont, and tborafaro hara rtfw* rcotaagular oqoal nxtm. 
nimt ara a»a of ■jminotr;; and ttia dtficalty anae from tha 
iiieMiaiaii.ii of Mr. Mikllet «pcukmit of tha axia of tbo arratal aa 
<«^ vhtroaa it liaa Uuea aaob If TmauUie aio* of «aliieaJ or 
oetoha d r t l orjrMab ba aslNefdaU " vitfi tbo direolloa of atanrgenoa 
d tba boat wava,* a* b bara atAtol. tli«T hara alao &Ma p*rpi*- 
dfarilr t* tbo dtraetion of that wan: •» that tit* Uw, a* to 
■aAottiMad, givea no iofonuatioD amtn ibc poaitionof tlia "phoM 
of waataiw^' which iliat U« waa iateaJail hj- Mr. Matiot to 




m 



XEW SOFBCE OP POWER 

TmCvmaj aUanipta th^t hava baaa natia to apply alaclrlcity ai 

a niotira power, and aa a aeaM of illBtBinaAunk, hava hitWto 

Ui«di> etiMly froa the waal of aona ehtnpar rneana of exdtiaf 

that feraa i ur iha ooat of tba *allaio haUatiaa avployod t« pro> 

daai a Rtvaa aAot, haa Kraatly auMtUd tlia ooat of ataam or of 

Oa. A I'heapar moita of esdllng otectriciCv ia all tlwl i* mjuirad 

to mtdrr it Gstromoly aca-vieetble id taxur ilnrartHM'iita of tha 

aria. aiiJ nuflwiiNu atUuBpla hava coiwequcfitiy bc«n uiade to 

atUtu tJiatohjact GoMidariBg tlw ouuiv muroaa fhxn which It 

ia known Uiat cicctridty can ba obuiii«d, any da^ aiay hring to 

light arqiM moaiu uf rendering tho |iowar pnetiodly avaiwole. 

It i> wrll known that a looomotiTe eugine ffeneraloi, at rvoi^ 

ytirli.f it«pi o g n aaonamllway,aaainoQntof«teotridty enoMh 

Ui kill nil tbr paaaangara In ita tmin. Puriocthe buming of a 

alulle, nlw, I'bnuical aetlona eonu iatn play aomcttot to produce 

an alraiiJiuit otpply of drctridty, if the nwAna ooold Iw diaoevarad 

tf daveloping uie tnwar whicb in thui imprroeittibly genenOcd. 

iaovaai«bt iif t)odIta In cicav pnjiimity tu luaffnola haa bern 

I (o ilcviilfipa torroDla of Hentricily; an<l ProKaaor Furndny 

ahnwn tbat tbo iimasniou into acidulnl^i) wntar of iiiiauU) 

uf siao and ooppor wire, gooiciiiln, in lom than a minutt^ 

iBob olmtric fonx na ia dwi-lowd duriuK a powerful thiuider>- 

^ With thoaa and other kiiowd nmni nl conitnand, it, 

•««■» reiT probabU, that er« loug the aou^l-far 

of power and of light may bo obtaioml at a mta more 

ical Uian rill>«r ■team or gaa; luu) whpo tliat i* aocom- 

aocial ohaugaa aa great aa tboce prodiicnl by aUam loeo- 

or by ^ lighting, would diorllv be llie oooaM^uaooar. 

Among tba naaiu of aoeamulaliug i-lMop aloru of olMtrldtjr 

Uiat at [Tewnt give moat prouiao of pruclicallv uaaful raanlla^ fa 

Ih* *xtrnunliiMr|r derelopBent of power ta the induetioa-ooil 

InMOlad by M. uohaikan, of Paria. Thr ootnmon nodioal-ooil 

mathtm la a nlnlMiua repraarnlailvi? of that afiparatiw, iwd tlie 

rfirti hava bacD ao mach tncroaiod by rt^c^i^at itnpruTMiiMila 

tflMtel by Ur. Harder, of Plyoiouth. »* to pIncb the improvfd 

tppMatuv Marly M noob above M. Htiliuikorira, a« the Uttar ia 

1 lapcdor In pow«r to tlie medical iailuciiuDoiil. 

I Tbenporation of tlifadaaaof a|ip>niiiiii dtruiMids u)mii brluging 

I tMoaotkxi tlia aacoodary cnrrMit, which i* idwuyii itjJiicnl wij«U 

a miMit Ca auda aod brokan with o. voltaic Intlfr^-. A* the 




appaimtoa baa beau hlthorto aonatriMlad, avm wilb Ur. Haardn'a 
improTMiiaiita, bo diraot naa la uaila of the corrent of electrieity 
pnnMu^lr cxdiad br tha voltaic baMar?, tha rSeet beio* enlitvly 
prodno^ by the indaaad oomnt trMMmittad Ifamigh lEe BBcood 
wire, which ia coiled romid the ctia that eondvota the al«Aridiy 
of tba batwry. "Hio power thaa maalfgaiad aaou, tbertfera, t» 
be a dsar addition to that of tha dtraet aetioa of tha voltalo 
battery; and tha aArcta It nrodoeae, by tbo action of a Moall 
number of noe Mid ooppw plate*, grratlv eiceoil in iateoaity aur 
that can be oth«fw4*e obtained from t&e moat powerrol voltaw 
cemUnatioB*. or team the largtat eleotrioal macbtnoa 

In tha oitiNtmctioa of the Improved ItidocUon-oell, tha tbMt 
wire (bmaKh whidi Ibo voltaic corrHit i* tranamiltcd ti womtd 
romid a wooilon hollow oore, about 10 inehM long, and oror that 
ia pineed a (.titiaperdia tube, on to which tfaei«la woua<l abnt 
thn* mllM •.'f lin<< onppn- wlra, aboot the thldcBtaa of aawlm 
dlk. wi>)l inntUtnl by iillk and vamlab. To thi* ajipannR w 
applied a apting anaKtnrr, that antotpatiatlly breaka and makoa 
eoiiiaat opwaroa nf a thonuind times in a aecnmd ; and at Mdi 
break of oontaetthroogli tlie priniaiTwi(a,a«iirpe(itof«leclridty 
l« InitiiTHd In the luug eoil of thin wirtti Ur. Hnvnlcr )■>• aacat^ 
tainr,^! thut the olMtrtdty etdtad by thie apparatu* whnn actuaiod 
by a Tollaio battary of twelva celliv neowU thai i-idtr-i by (K» 

Elate electrical niaohlBia, each t wrt in diameter, and kepi fat 
rick action. Meiala «er« iu«ilti<d wlthgRatfodliMr,aiidtorr«lKi 
<^f brilliant aparka, 9 inebta long, pawiifbetwaw ta* tamlHta Of 
tha atcnndafy wit* 

Th«c etfectaaro, In addition to th*olaotridCy,du« to tha dirrct 
Bctiou of the battery, ami the fo««e )■ thiu exhibitad to a form 
hutniiely more iuteuar than wlien tnaamiltMl thtmigh the wfim 
c>iinr(n«>l with a voltale battery In the oflUnaiy nUBBcr, ho*^ 
aror Inrgn or numorona tha »eH«a of ptataa may b*. It la a 
poeiilUritv, alaa, of than* aecondnry eomata, that they may ba 
derelopeif either in aformof great intenalty aoaatogtvcpaaraHM 
ahocks, or iu Uripi iiiuvntitv an a> tu foae metati, bv pnnottioDlag 
the thicbnaaa and length of tba wife to tba affKtMi^tiWi. Ilia 
asdtaniMit of electricity by aeonndaiyenmMa wna diaii'verfd by 
PnAwiiir Fanday not many yt*n ago. We hare lera htm wrapt 
Ib Mimiration at the phmnmena rtiaooratad by himaetf, aa axbi' 
Mied ia ItuhmkoriTa induetjoci-oiril. "nieae pbenomeDN have 
been audi eiw.-<)etl by tbe improved appaiatu* ef Ur. Baarder, 
and tha pribciplu Niomi oapable of being fttrtliar applied ao aa l« 
beeoa* practically uaeftil. 



STREET PAVING. 

Ix addition to tbe aabtornuieotia dninage which haa oacupied tba 
pablic atleotton ao nnob of lal« wa ata bapny to &im1 that aa 
eltecttial reuwdy atema to have bam at laogth provided for tba 
evila of mud, duat, aoiae, and danger to horaia, ao aompluaad df 
tn the tbomi4^<M«o of tho melropolia. TU* remedy ia pro pu aad 
to be plAwiol Xv wliat ia termed a compoalta parioib pataatcd by 
Sir John Svtt'Lillie. 

The cooipooent parte of thi* paving arc won! and gnuute^ in 
altenint« twwi^ fomiod into blucka of about i rwt iu luogtb by 
I foot iu width, and it or 9 ineba* deep, wienleil witli aapbaltefc 
Tho matariala are rendered impervioua to water by hHumfaiMm 
lamoat, which give* tbem the advaniagaa of ftaadem frnn djMl, 
mad, noLM^ and danger to bonati wud by being fbmad into 
UodcB of about 3 feat aqvaro^ bdlitica aro nOarded for removal 
ami ra-laying, whaa aocaaa to eaa or water ruud* i* randaivd 
naoeamy. The dutalulity of tba luauriala appear, moraovtr, t» 
be rcrycunaidarably iBartaaed, If we may judge f^m aiiedmeu 
that linvo nndatgoae aevera taata by heavy wagona in oual- 
marahaBtiTvard* <<>r tlie but ttinoyoans without any apparaot 
iBJntr; aau from a *t<aoimeD laid duwii nl ihn cummenceaioat of 
Uat year at tlia Uolbom etui of SoatluimpUH»-*tnet, Bloouwhury, 
vblob baa bson aobjeetad to heavy traSo leading to tha Euatoa- 

auara railway atatioa, and to the whola of tbe traffic uf Holhorii, 
kieh W(B (lircrled into that atraat wbilu Uolboro waa being 
repnind during tha onmmaaeemenl of lacl niuuuoi'. 

Whan the vrfiuMa of our atrteta an tha* relie>«d from the 
evil* adwrtod bi, and our aublarntnaoiM dtainaipe oarried off to 
the aaa, a* ooutamptated by oui .MviropoUuui CuniuiitaioneTa, unl 
the pollul««l waiara of the Thanica abo purilicd. tli« inhabilaiila 
of tbia giaat amporJwa of trmlSu will have reaaon k> be gratet'itl. 



ttt 



TOE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



MODE OF TIMBERtNO SHAFTS. 

A iMtun WH Ut*lj d^tivcrvd b; Mr. Warlogtoo Smjtli kt 

he OorcnunMit School of UitiM. Tba diArvuco b>Hween tbo 

DM nodM of timbering ahafta in tba aeveral looUiticB in Ui« 

1 dteuicM WM poiutvd oni, and inaUnoea wen nhuvu «( the 

^iTorthani imJ Soaivnctdbin; oolliarice. A huowlmlgc of tba 

jIMtboda of tJRilMriug WM bigliljr aawDtlal to tb« lalncr, and aa 

1iia portion of iniDiag iraa v«rj axpaMlvti, it waa roquiaita tb^t 

he apnt afaoald b« prrfpctljr aoquaintcd vitli tho •tnU, ■□ m 

Ito be able to euouomiM) wiib a due regnnl to mfety. lii tlk« 

kfflBM In til* Harta UuuuUin^ and U Solimiuita, Ui* sh&fU 

limre ver7lar^illaabarlhanwaanlenliAi], and oould be obUioMl 

yat a dinp rats, aad, aMwaqatDtly, «u Doit •» great an objaet 

(In aonie caam. u «itb iKwan, traUr workit and milibuy tntiiH, 

rbere it was not roiairvil the abaft ahould but Tor a ouuitidenble 

' ne^ only aligbt tiuberuig waa u(i«d«l. Diogmus aud uiodala 

' the VMioae luodae of temporarilj tiuibcriuu ■hafU wtire tlimi 

howB and diicribml. Mr. Siuyili obearved thai io oar metalli- 

liNona mine* iu Coniwnll lomt gnoil exMOplea of tiubaring could 

be eeau, wkI the Corniab lucibud ^nm mueh tnorre aecurs than 

that prnctiMd In Comberland nnd l«iieaablr<k. The dilTerMioe 

rbttmen tiie l«oa7*tan» wnit llliMti«i«d b^dlavnuue and modola, 

''nd a wnll-axnmted cuodd ot a mine in the LlvoraUm* diiitric(> 

ipUnato«v of the niode of titqbwinff ievoU and ahnn*, wai trn 

lie tablr, and deeoribed. Therr bM been a gtent ilifli-Ktice of 

r»plitlo«i s« to whether it wu better to sink a aluut penieudiculu-l; 

Mr Ola an tDcline; In aoote eaaea tbe latter wait oDueliTaivd pnfer- 

niUe vrbcr* it »b» on tb« undertiue of t1i« lod». bni in eimaral It 

nam thiMKbt, if proper!; ef>iiiitnict«d (br tho purpou at dmwinf[ 

aa well na fur otbor cnufeuicocca, that a imrjicncllculnr ahnfl 

raa th« laoBt ecouomioal; in an iBolined abaft iUv caps linve 

greater tNidenn to brmlc. Tbe aliafl at Andreuiber);. id th« 

I, waa 410 fathona Id depth, luid It bwl btta fiiutid 1ier« 

thn liiubcT biul bci'D prcuni'viid by occaMoiinlly bring 

bgr oeld wator. Tbia waa eonaiiiBnid of ao audi im- 

I that pifwa had been earried ditwnfroiu tbe aarliioe, and 

% inlengediate plaoaa plnga had been dnwu, and the timber 

leatared, naeb in the Muna manner aa it Uin roao of an eugtoe 

had been apidied. It waa fonnd ibat tbia modu of Lrrigating die 

limber proiorvul ii for a \*a^ of tiine, and in bia ojilnioii Uie 

pnaervmliou and eoanoniiaaUoD of limber had eot roMlved the 

allsutloii lint iiicU au tuiMrtaut lubjcal mtrrited; owing to the 

laf aenoe of Lot air, aad olbnr cauaev, it waa liuble to decajr. 



SEt.F-INOICATlMO BALANCE BAROMETER 

M Snconi, of Itontp, haa recently Invented a new enoiatruatinn 
nf Hirometer, whicb poeaeaaea the advantagea nf not being liable 
tt lie broken, of girint Itie reading* cxnet which aneroid* and 
othera do not, and of n^oriling tnoae reultngi by ■rlf-acliiig 
tneetianlain. M. Secchi M711 that all IniproTemeiita ifiitherlo hare 
bees Hnited to the emidovmeni nf lArps tiib«a to avoid ihe erila 
of capillary attraction, and to the obuintngof gmtter exartSliide 
in the rauliiigL All att<iniplji U) m.^ko t£e initrnitiDnt gniphia 
—that in to aay, eelf-iicting to rMwrd the diffirenl v^^iati^m■, and 
to BuJce the iadloationo nion minute — bare not yol been auo* 
eearfU. The principlM on wbltrh t)i« new bamlneter ia eon- 
■tnicled will boiiDdenitoad by tlie fallowing alAtoTnent: — Suppoae 
the cnTctte of a barometer to be placed on a table and the gbux 
Ube eo unnsvd u to vlmit of iu being liftn! by hned. Tlia 
ftmw that will b* rt^uinyl to lift the tube will be eqnnl to the 
weight of Oiercnry In the Inbo, or in ot]i«r wiwla, to tlie amount 
of atnoephctic nrounm eierclan) on the mprciirv of the Inatni- 
ment We ehall tlierefon; bp able to rmlly weinh the priwiure of 
the nlmmphere by attaehiog the baromoter (ihc tube only) to one 
etid of a babinoe, and weigfite to the oilier; tir it ii erideut thai 
at tnrj change in ntmneiifaer^a preaaure a oorreaponding IncrMae 
or dtoreaae in wriKht will have to be mad* at the other eml of 
the balaooe to maiuin «|nilibrium. To aaoettun the value of 
abeolale preanure on a unity of »iirfiioe, it will be neoMury to 
take into OMiaideratlou the WHiKht of the lube, and alaoof the 
wetghiof that portion tbertof wlileh la ininienied in the mercary 
ooDiained ia th* envntte, and eapeclatly the interDal aretlonnl 
ana. The ki>owlcil;:e of the Utter, ao far from being an oh>*wl<<, 
la a poaiti*« advantage io (Mietraottou: for, by in<rr«uii>g Ihe 
eeetlaoai ana, tlie fbrae that aotnaini the iiialruinrnt will al«o be 
inoreaaed, and will ooneequenllj uermil uf more eini-t luid more 
^adiuga. If the aectloual area be IU equate oeulimetne, 



and tlia preeaore vuiea h^ oauUtnMre* in height, the w«ight to 
be ptaoed at the other and of the balance wiii be that of ll» 
enhleal eenlimelKa of norouij, or ISA gramum^ while, if the 
aectionol arM had born equal to one aquare oeaiinwtre only, ih* 
weight would have been but 13-& gramaea 

Slartiug from tbeat obaMrvatioM, M. Secchi adapted the 
MtowinK eonalraolioB for hia bamcoeter, wbidi liaa been made 
and naeiJ in the obeenraioTy at Rome. The baronieteical tube la 
attached tooueoiid af a itculrard or balanced lever, wfaiehcArriM 
at the other end a countothaUnoe wdght and a pointer, IS miUi- 
motrea, or |-lneh diameter, which ia radeelad in a mirrur. Thia 
mirror alao rvfleca a graduated ecale, ao tlut the variation of 
1-lOth of a line of th* pointer ia indicntni by a moveaieiit of iti 
line* OD the redeoled image. The wriUr euumeralea the CoUow. 
ingadvantage* peculiar to hia iuveiitioQ}— 1. Aa theatmoapharie 
preamre m weighed, aad not indicated by th* hcigbtof the oolnmn 
of mercury, the tube may b* cooatnioled of any DOD-fn^ple 
materiiU, *uch aa iron, which doea not anMlgamaie with the 
moremtj, provideit the bore ia of equal diameter throaghoai. S. 
By increarin^ the aeetional area of tlia tub*, the additiaoal 
weight will give aulhoiout motive power to a pencil attached to 
the other end nf ih* kver to mark tlic varialioRa of atnm- 
apberio preeaare. Ii. Uy the interventim of aoilahle gaaoB^ 
the acale of obaen-atio'ua may be aagmenl«i withont iMoa- 
venieiiea or danger to the esactneaa of the betruinent. 4. Tte 
new eonatraolion la independent cf the form of Ihe ninkcite, of 
tbo pnri^ of the mercury, of ita epeiaBe gravity, and of the 
teenperature and diflereDoo of gravity pvouliar Co differait 
latitude^ Cbr all theaa ({naltUe* exerdae influenoe upon the 
volume of nwrmn', and on the height of the eolama of namH^ 
in the toha, which haa to be maaaared to oblatu the wai^t of 
atmoaphoric pmaeore, whcreaa, with the new iartrumont, the 
weiffht t* given at omoe. Another ad van t^[e of etnploytng iron 
f<ir baromelrical tubes ie, thai there in no danger to Mar frmn the 
ailheAioii of air or mciieture, and that the mereurv may be boiled 
without rcnr <rf bnreline. Iron barnmetr^ml loDn* will llkewiac 
permit of other fluid* neing enipluyod, and probably adrao- 
Ingeously, iost(«d of mercury. Tue writer fiirllier atatea that 
he invariably found hia new lmn)iiiett*r iudlcate variatioiiR of 
atmos|>herie preaanre before otdinary bamenetere did ao, and that 
by nvi..i<llug Ion ftam friollon, moataxnet iuHlruinenta may te 
p'rmluo^l. Ill* penual of the d«acription nf tliie ingenlea* 
mventicti hasaiig^nateiliUapplication to lomo practical f nrpiMM, 
which are anbrnitted to tlic attention of enginDering and aacatiftt 
■lien- Tbe auggeetion hne for ita object to cauHtruiil— 

Ai'DiBLB OR DjU'OKit'SioMALiviNo BinoHETms, whidi. If 
placed oil board a ahip, would tell Itit- CAtiuiin and tbe wholecrew 
of tho approach of atorma ; or which, if pbicod in minea, wmld 
warn mincra and inepecton of thu presence of Hrc-dimp, aa weO 
a* indicate its preciae locality. For this purpoae it woaM be cfdy 
neoewary to (uiploy a weighing baromettfr, the pointer of which 
waa oorapoeed 01 aoni? inlmble oondnding mstorinl, but Inaulated 
fhMU the rret of the ineti-umenl. Tho pointer ahould he in eom- 
inanicaUon with one of tho pole* of an elcctro-mnnietic battery. 
The dial, over the faoeof which the pointer would nave to tncrmL, 
ahoold be compoaed of glaaa, or other suitable non-eondnethf 
material, with itintAlllr points tnaDrtod at those grMktlo&a which 
iodlcnte dnngtin>iia vnriHiitiiia nf utmoepberio prcuiur*. llieae 
pointa would have to he plncoit in commonioation with the other 
pole of ilia buttery. The ivaili^r wilt readily see, by tbia anmnge- 
meiit, tlwkt vrhvu till! prentunt uf the auuu«phere ahowa the 
priMence of danger, either at *ie:i ft'oni atnrnut or aqnalli^ or Iu 
loinoa friim the ncpiiiiiolution of cnrburettod hydrogen gM, the 

Iioiuter will como in l-ouIocI with tbe metallic ibutsar-pniut in Ihc 
lux of tbe dial, anil no oumplete the elwtiio ciivuit, which would 
have the effect, by the iuterveuUon of the urdiuarv or wetl-kaowk 
apparntua, of ioiiii<IIofan alArum, eithar by rlnEnigabril ortx- 
ploding gunpowder. The arnuignmnuta may ba varied to nit 
tbo particular caae, by making tho dial of eome oondncttng 
material, and the daugerpoinla of non-oondncting materiaU, ao 
that it witulil be thr bn»kiog of tbe electric otrontl that would 
give the alLrni. In tliv nuui uf ahljM, tbo baroRMter might be 
pl.iQod in the cnptjiiii'i ctbin, with an alnrunt thcr*^ and another 
on deck near tbe wheel Wliile in mine*, a barometer ahould be 
ptat^ iu every gnlterv, with au nlnrum to warn the minere who 
might be there; and tt ahould al«> he In ooramuulcation w|ih an 
alnrura and cornujHxidinz diiil i[iili>\ttor at tbe mouth nf the pit, 
ao that the overlooker miglit at nil time* know the atate of tbe 
atmosphere in every part of tbe mine, and be duly warned. 



J 




THE OmL EN6INEEB AND ABCHITECT'S JODRNAIa' 



*i 



I 



ST. ^AHBSlS PAKE. 

JtttM^i P»rk at the nrMonl tima loolu alnort in « 
law MBdJliaB. Ii uMiiDM at fint (igtit attf eaovA, aftar 
new atwar wax nuds, to dnin tbfl wnt«r fnm tba ttko uid 
to Icrrel it; bat na aooMr wm tba worit coMMnnwrf, tbaa an 
Ibbmiim nombar of eopkim aprin^ wan tapped, wtueh being 
babw the lenl of ib« outUi, ooald not be eam«d off bj tW 
qHIhuj nMluNja. Il wm fboBd imiiiai] ta alnk a aiuiiph or 
K w*n, at tba ml of tba bin oppe«il« tba Horw Giwr^ to 
KMtJT* tlw pfndun or thaaa awtagi, wd to araot a donbh-Mtiaa 
fmup, woriwd hj ■Uwui, to lift tba water Into tlw new aewer It 
WH alaa been fimnd rcnniaita to U7 down tfarew Uaea of tS-tnch 
dnrin pipM almtg ibe bod of tbe'Ukti, to oonduct the wat«r lo 
tba w^l, bialaad of ibmaitli euttinK*. u wu oripn^ly intrnidixL 
Tbear {npM ara now btiag carei«d up wHh earth to wiihin S het 
of the auriko^ wkiiib will than be cowed over with eancntto at a 
onUbrai ibiekneM. Whan tba whole uf the bed of the lake ia 
thoa eoupleloil. the well ■rill be (illnl uji witb ooDctet* alaOi ftwl 
IImm tba ootfaU iuto lb« aewer will lie mffioietiUy high tbat (b» 
water At any ttgaa naj ba dnttaied off bj itm-ibttion, m tfaat, if 
neeeKiuy. three or fear tinae a fear, with the uniu&cc ofaoma 
docm men, the lake nay ba dwuiead In a alngle day. 

Tba worka ar« now pfoooedinit mpidly, uuTtbAt nurtion of tba 
lake brtwean Baeklucun PoIim aad the proponed naw bridg* 
il n<nrly levdlad. AeoDi a humlreil mra Are at work, and grmt 
ttforta are being made to eomplete the worka hy tbe end of April. 
Tbe exoarationa for the foiudatioii of tba Dew brIdM ban baen 
nuk, aiid the bMenienta of the bridge will baiaunedlatety 
ttoUbad. Tha oontnttots, after dimiag A or S Uvty came to a 
bad G^ aolid peat of eocuo S feel in ibiekneM, whieh cut liko eo 
IBBell cbeear. Bud belnw tbli eMoa ]x>i>-«r(ul ipringl ware tappail; 
wUeli ootnpelted tbe civctiea of doubla-octionod pOBpa^ that are 
iMw fai fbll operainn. 



PBOPOSED NEW SUBWAYa 

0« tha I0(h nit, tba Ifatropolltan Board of Worka omo to a 

dataminatioB to rahr tba qneatlon of eubwaja under tba propoaed 

now eireeu in iionthwark and Waatuinleter U> a oommittae, lo 

adriMe *■ to the beat eoone to be adoplad. The ■ubjaol at fint 

aMl oMona a timpla one, but in practice it iafooud full of difli- 

raiUeeb Tbe Praneh Bntperm', to tbe new aireeta tlMl hare been 

fanncil in Paria, baa onUted Uie eonatruetinn of eubwaja, liir 

theparpoaaof laying tbe dilfcrentpipea for eew^ce, wMar, gaa, 

and tdcgmpbie wire*; but, aUbfliif h cheat Mn>eta mii faradvaoeid 

towarda oomiJetion, AkletmMi Cabitt, who Intel}' inapecledtheiH, 

■talad that Uiuy ^ra fir frt>ni satitifitctQcy. The •lueatlun of aab- 

wayeitadcr thcitmrtilicanipanltvely a new one; bnt Ita im- 

pikHUMc <Mi hardly be over^citlinitted, eapecially aa ngiude the 

ntottofwitU. It wa« Knt proiMumled by tlic lute John Harliji, 

the painter. There are (evvn ur eight ditTurrut gaa oompuiiea, 

umI aa many waiur ooia^AiuM, whi> drit-e ihoir jiiu^a and uuvion 

BaderDaatk the diflereitt thruauhrarea. In adJilinn to tliiii, in 

alaa<aLe*t(yatrMithoroiaaBiiiiiiaeww,witli Iha vnrioiu |>nvnUi 

•MpilUri'K At preaent tbe lrk-gni)ihia wlraa niu throagh a few 

ial«c«t«, bat e«» uinuy yrAn elupir we abnU ftnd almoat every 

|KraBt proTid<«l witlt Ui<.> nuiuiii of idtynpkic eoniniuiiicnUoiL 

|31ow oft»n th««i vArioiM pi|ie» miJ aewen rer^niro npair every 

LLmidoiier know* (o bi* oo»l N<>«oon(T batctheworkinnn made 

tbe tbomngblftre, lifter hi<>-iii|[ down watei^pijiei, than the 

I ciitipauiea braak U up again; and when tbey hare lSni>hod 

'Ir wurk. tlie evwen are fouud to bciniuSdeut, and neir ooea 

Kraluil dnwn. It la ibr tha purpoee of obviating tJiOMMiuoyanoee 

(Liuil Uio pr-poaiiioti of a icriea of aubwavi i» tnggntad. The 
ueeire i*. that uod*r eroty etroet there ahnll be a lorl of tationl. 
In which, eido by aide, (be vurioiudeaoriptionHuf •eweraniidpijiea 
Btay run, ao tlinl tbey nLtv at nil lime* bo aconwiUe wiiboiit llie 
uocceaity orbr«nkingiiptli« nuvlw&y, and tCorfuriug with the 
IrftlBc. By thia uk*ii« nrw (cb'jth -t i)i|>#ii uuuld be uwily Uid 
down or npiuced at » mtidi leu exp<-n«r, and without ioMu- 
YuIeocB. To adopt thin lyatvui thmughout the whole motro- 
Mlia would inrulia an euorinuoa outlay, wkioh the Metiopo^tan 
Board of Worka would beaitate to inour, at Iraat for the preacntt 
an.| tbey, tharefare, propoar that for tlie nonieiil exporimanta be 
triad in tbenewMreeta wbieb Uiey aro aeehiit); far ]>uvenilomb- 
aunct. En thk tbey are piinaing a juHlcioiia oourx^ aa, wbeo 
^_ tbe ftreela ai« bdng made, Uie outlny will be oonipnntirely 




trifibg^ and ahonbl Ih* plaa anooMd It can aftorwaida, by 
degneiL ba geMnlly axtauded, when tba nuiu aewen are 000- 
atra(«ad. 

The boMd have alao adopted a wiaa mtaanre in offering pn- 
ntlnou tor the beat plaai^ and in cnlling in the aMtalaiira of pro- 
laadonal wen, b>dep«Mleni of tba boud, to act aa jwl«aa. U 
woald bare been ailviaaUa If they had adoptad tbe eanta ooona 
with mpeet to the main dntiiug* anearioti, aa tbam. in >U pro- 
babiltly, tnatoad of the guverameiit UTUtg to prarua a proper 
plan at the ooat of great deh»y, tbe worica aigfat now fanvo been 
commeDOML 

Prine of lorw., SOC, and SM., we oAnd for th« three beet 
•tcaigna, and in order that Ihaniaarba no impnUlMn of carnality, 
the offloeni of the boanl are prohibited fton eoBpetiag. Tbe 
Judgw an lo be the chairman and two niaobara of tba houd. 
aariited by their engineer and anperintandlng arcbitaot, n lavia 
ennae*r<rfeBUMUca,ngaBengiiie«r, a wnur oo^noer. and nn 
arohitaet, who an not in any way to be eonneotad with the board. 
Tbeee genileiDra will inapeel thedidercotdangiMr and adriae tba 
board aa lo tha beat 



REPORT ON THE WORKS OF THE MFTBOPOLITAN 

WATKR tJom-AKlKS.* 
By HnfKT Avmv, WtLtxut Raiuh, and AtntXD Diam^ 

■ailallJtH laiffHimt U« Qtami fcanl <4 tK-gA-ilHj lU*.} 

BAST LONDON WATER COMPANY. 
WoBKa l« 18S0. 
Sourat nf SitpJf. — Ti* nvw La^ >.c abent ST per eeoL of ike 
■MfT •upplidl ti^ thii oampuy »m litvui^l lo Ohl Ford froni ibc mer 
Lh (Kl Ln> laiil)(ol, upward* ef aix niila from iw month, by u open 
canal. ocBriy two mile* in longtb; abeat IJ per oonL wu taken into Iha 
n aipiwr near Lea- bridge; and about on* pw eent wa* lakoi (nmt ■ 
bfaooh of the hm. «alle3lhe water mrkxtraain. 

A«rrToi>(.— Tbieoonipeny bad aix opon leMrrtrire, th^ eapMily, 
Isoluding tlie ouud, wa« about equil to SA.liCiU.ODO |»llan*. Th^ wwa 
■ttuUdl M (ollowi:— T«D >l Oiil Ford: two on the eaeltfB <>d< of Ike 
riter I.M. one at Lea-bridgD; and one *l Sum/ordhiU. Tbiae necf 
rein, for Uid msei part, aen linad with Kaatieh ngM>>aa. 

fibraTwa.— The water aa* not fillarad. U waa reeelved hilo two 
Urge naervnin of depeali, ptavioudy W Bowing into ttaaUar raawveii^ 
wlunw it wx puiauod iiilu tbe dlitriet aoppliid by 111* eompiay. 

Eitfint />«tf0.— Tba total ooniluat ce^na-poww wu Alo S horwe by 
Mown, at'i du. by iraiai^irbeBli. The Mttl nuMber el weem w^glnae 
waa Bve, aa loUowe : 

1. Engine, vUader BO inohM diamalar, (troke \U feel. 

„ pDiofa 41 inotaee diameter; unko 1 1 faM. 

1 Bngiae, oylladar SO inalHB dianotar; einke 10 boi. 

pnmpe 41 loolM diameter; ttroka 9 Cnl. 

3. Bngioav oyUmlw SO InohM diamatmi tuoke S bau 

piuape ij Inoba* diuiMlrr; Kraka SfceU 

i. Kiigin«^ cjliadar SO InubeidLuiiecn: atreko 6 f«at> 

„ pumpe 37 laeha lUauieter; eueke S ieeb 

S. Engine, <7linder 3« inehee diameter; aueka 8 faiA. 

pnnpa )Tf inoha diaaHaer; eueka 8 l^<«. 

ne ureter pD*«r luiaaaHd by tlia conpany eonrietad uf~ llw I^a- 

bri>l|[t walfT-slual, with (wd pnmp<i one hariny W\ laeliaa dUHMtMr, 

*iivka aevan fed; and the otbor afimii inofcaa ibwaMer, •uuke three 



(eel. Tha fkrelford waurwhed, with two pnntpe, oM bannga4c«*a 
iDoho* diameter, amka three (bet; and tha ether niao iMkree dlHaaew, 
■Uolte (bregfaoL, 

Mat**, Brandi*: *<i. — Tli* total length of nMna araa elated lo ha aa 
teaal Sti mllna, llie aiua Taryinj; in Jiaraater (torn 42 lachea In A lirflie. 
Theee ««re alway* abugDd nitli auMr, omler prtnora. Tlitea were 
baelda*. ll>l mUeeof eervIoe-pLpae of I and 3 iacbee dlanwl*f , nuking a 
toui iMigth of Bjptaga of >2» mUei. 

QitauMf 0/ Waler Pwap(d.~The qaantity of water dalirwed in tha 
ynr ending Ohrtumae I84S waa l,J2a,TIS>S76 galtona. Thia waa a 
aoinewia* luallar iUjiply ilian waa puiped In the peeiiau year, tba 
drofoue having been <lu^ it waa oonefakced, to the iumdMtion of tike 
•yaum o( <liily inth»l of eltemaM eupply, aod Ike Mviag of waale aen- 
imiuDiil tlt>-(n>ii. Tlie ann^ aupply to each houee, nolueive if jaige 
cunauuHn. nterios roada, ko., wae, tew eeveo d«|l p<e weak, HO 
gullviu per Jicm. 

Tftw^en/i SMpuUnl. — Tha total numbat of privalo houaee aiupUad 
Waa I'S.C'X. uid 304 Uiye oonauiDcra. The hi4,'he«t eenioe aflbrded 
waa about Ma f«et abere high-water mark, and liie towtat abwt three 
bet abore tha eami leTol. "nie (ul>|>ly »aa ^-ivau iii itayi Id the week, 
or orteoer ■( required, thraughuut lb* sompwy'a dieirloi. 

'* a-nf* Bt tt* tMiwal HMnl «l OmUb ea tke Wnp alli We»« >a|»>.-l»a 
On) taiitin of IbU gatign, tra /xfii, T*L XIX., pM» U«. 



a 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AHCHITECTS JOUBNAL, 



CW(/ WtU~Th» Mai 



iHm Bpon Ik* ««cki op t« MM- 



1 



R«oi»r ALftkiTioKa Mm Antirnoira. 

Sovra 0/ Supply. —"no riitw Ix«, Bhof* Tattoihun. Portliaoon- 
Y«jta«» is Um wuo' (ram Totunkan to Lw Brido*, & new open 
«huDallMlMMaal«f tO0iqBH«bM«MtiaiwlanB. Vrom abor* Uiu 
tww Mikik • lu|« Hid Mtpmf** i&Mtwpeinc drun hx bMii nceulal, 
four and a Uf milia in kdgth, whiolt «nU off rmm ihc riv«r ihi rtAua 
of^J^vofk*! and tbo draintf* of Bdyhbouring pU«a. «kcb nn Mated 
lataraapopntMiDaof alMUlU.UOO labatnUiiU. « th>t ib« wattria 
sow ttaahiad of Ui* muim ponly *« abova Chlnfil'util Milli. 

Mifr BaU, Ratmirt, ^. — Al Lm Bridn Uis w^Mr u rncaivnl 
dtnol (nmUio rivn on to 13 no* Sltsr bpli, wbicli covv aa ana erf 13 
Mm> IImw luTv b«a MDtfnictol in l«o cirolaa, «aob witli a piu»- 
•ralcr wtU Id (ke MDUe. Iliore an: KVcn filln btda ttnapA iu ous 
(i<Rte and ill la tba otbor. 71>« Gluring inc<liuin i< thraa bet da ladbM 
in ihlAneaa, oompaaod antlnly of tauci- tVom tbo AlWr bad* tbo mun 
body of «aUt b eonvayad by a (our fad (ran plpo to the two oval raai r 

nnw ba»D aannaMatf andcovtaod with bridt afdiMk mlimlnf lk«ni«raM 
aroho* raaMng on pi«n, the lurTaa* ot thu ardiaa b«ia([ oovarad with 
■oil. TImm taaarroir) ara St aona in axleal. Hi* othar rtaarroln o( 
tlia tompyqp near OU Fori, and lliat at HCamford UiU an now ilirvwn 

Mt^Ut Pomrr.—lxi addlUoo to tbo angiuo'iiowar dcmiboi in tbo 
fonnar rtturn. a now enifm^ with liin-ioeh cTirodcr and II 'feet itnikB, 
ha* b«Mi «o<Md at L«a Bride* for tlia lUfipiy of Ibe uppn noitbom 
AUriol. IWn aca «ii boilen t«tbkao(ioa. It ia oapabla of Uflini 
ISO oubio foet otwalm rauli (troka. A uww Conilab onstna, 70-lodi 
cyUndar, i* aUo in cotiraa of ermtion at Old ford. The lypacala 
nominal an^Da-pawiir of lim nmipuiy ii now 840 boni«*i oquaT to 
40,000,000 aybn* of water par diy lined 1'<l> feci higb. 

ArBMaifnra «^ Snukr.- Some appantat haa been cmiilayHl at Old 
Kord far tbe prevenlim of denao amokD tma tbo funuooa, but 
" amokaltw' fupl ia no* uihI. 

Qaaaftty 0/ Talc Pumptd. — Thi quwiUiy of water now pampad la 
IS milKan g'lloiu par lUy, itml ihn numlwr i>t laiiniiii'nu luppiiad la 
T0,IKIU, TliH aunply ia funiiahnJ lix dayi prr weak. 

ifoiat, itnuiAej, 4«.~t1ia total Inigtb of p<ptaga laid, up to Chrlit- 
mta. MM, waa SSI mHoa. Tba plan of tno Companya maim and 
■Uttriet maini^ miutred by ilie MompoliB Water Act. \i!.1, la completa 
up to Okrlauiiii laat. It i* draun to tbo looU of I'J intbi* tii tlie loita. 

Onti 0/ W«flt, — n* ooal of tbo now worka «iecui«J •iiics ili« Aola 
of IbSX ha* baan SSO.DOUt., makiag. with tb* ptavioua outlay, a total 
oapandHnre of 995,7811. upon iiw worka of tbia Oompany. 

Otntral Antanla. 
Tbo now worka of tbo Eaat London Wnier Company meet wsrtliT of 
nota, an the 100-ioob eyUndar engine, tlin ALurui); irrkii|[Binnn<ii at l^aa 
Bridge^ end tha Inltaeoptlng dnlnua. Ttiii cuttme at Lot Unilm ia 
(aid to ba llie htfaat yet wat t i d br wato-uiarlo, allbough il will be 
aOM thai Uia Soutbwark and VauxbaU Compsny liann ana A atSI larger 
dimanaiana bow in eoone et oonelniOtian, 

TVo lilur bada an tha idoM aataniiro worki of tha kind iqipertaining 
tn the motropoUtaii (vpfdy, and thay an admiraUy anMii[od. Thay 
were oonunBiaed In ^9o%•. (In Arat buf waa oamplmad la June, 1GG4, 
and the whole by tha t(h Navamber, ISIS, when nltcred wator only waa 
daUrarad ta the Coinfaii^li diatrSet. 

Tha watarof tha LiM waatpiila aa lorbid m Ibalof iheTliarniH at tbo 
tima of iaipection, owiue M tha raoinl miaa: but, althoagb the tillering 
medhun amploywl by tliu Oamnuiy ia of I«e ihl^nMa than thai of any 
<Mmr, tUntmd watsoanaioIyappMtrad tab* thabri^tcei. 

Tha b« London Wattr Company, aa atatad la the return, omployad 
M mMiia af fllttalion hafora iDa Att of 1868. Tha largo dapoaiiing 
naervoira opon wfaicb tfaoy had to rdj Ibr dgarucaa of tbo wata* have 
DOW baas alwMloned, and all awMttnidf tlon balwaao them and the 
maio* haa baan ont olC The ooeka are now uaed ia tha main wbiob 
briaga tha Htatad water frma Laa Hridga to the aovorad rvaerroira at 
OldTord. 
IVi oompauy baa no bigh- lenioo raaarroir (or tbo mpply of tbdr 
pwaaU; tiw walw ia pumf«d dueat into tho iGatriDt for dialnbullon, 
Tha now liijilhp at La« Brido* ara «f bridt : they an aubntantial, 
■d af haiidwaaa alovatlan, Aa «hib*«j', and etand-plpa for tho aajnily 
of ibanorttMnhlgh-temldlMriat, anemliMad In a aqoaiatowar US feet 
in bdgh*. m^iwohMheochaafaCaadbatwaantht pump and Hand- 
pipa, and balwaaa iha ataod-pipa and naia. 

No aapanaa hM baan epaiad in making thaaa werka aa eomnleta aa 
poadUe. 

THK KENT WATER COMPANY. 
Tua Wimaa la I8J0. 
8»wrm (/ Aftpfy.— Tbo waCor aoppliad by thii Comptajr waa, and ta 
ID^ tlka* turn tlte Ktbt Baeaubourva, at OepUotd. 



Ji^ntorra.— Tha tola] oqadlT rf the OompaOT'e rawrrolw _ 

bada ataonnlad to ll,7IO,7M gallon*. TVoof iheae ware intpoaiMing 
l aaa n a h a rttnated at Deptfordi the watar ww toDvayed from than la 
two SltOT bediL and Iben pumped to the Mario* teacfroiia in Gracnwiah 
Part, 00 Woolwkb Common, and nou- the Harlae Barradta at Wool- 
wkh. Fnoi thaao ttmnmn fire maine vera alao laid to ooomand Ike 
0«TsnnMDl aataUMimenta at Doptford, ilnwni>ld>. and Woelwlifc. 

mbrorwa.— Tha Mad aorfcoe of the two (iltn* anploTod by Ihr O^ 
pany waa 1| aore^ Upon theaa tlia watrr wa* admitted and paaaed 
throa^ diieet to tha aagina pnmpa, all the water aopnliad bavlDg bani 
liltRWl. The fillaring B«di«B waa aimn wwi h ad naTd. at tha 
bottom. wM>ahMFWofdiallaoalh«fiaT*ka«dwdoB«heabalb. 

Av*— /'ouar.— Tha Bt«Ma-ansinaaamph>yed ocndMadortwwBoolUa 
BAd Watt aniritiai. » ineb Dyliodmv ^ '—^ aUeke. Pvam lii faichca 
diameter, S n~ ) in. atnko; and ona Coeaidi aa^na, To-lnoh oylladar, 
lO'feet eUvka. Putnpe, donbla acting, 304 Indiaa ifiamoiar, 10 bat 
atroka. 

JfoitM, Brtaelui, ,((.—Th« total loogth af main& bi>*dimalM, aide 
awloae, and H-rrine for nnall atrwta, waa SS mllea, 8 ftlrbafa, iw4 
1 OS y&rda, the lim nryii.g fRrm 34 Inohia ta 1 1 inoh in diamater. 

Quanfily ^ Wottr /■umptd.— Thu tntal quantity of water ponipcd 
dnringtheycar ISlt) wuSII3.tit8,:£0|iiillau*. The a*aeae eupply 10 
each dw^fiag bouae, nokorDngaa*aidi^p*rwaDk,waan«riyB3(aa««i 
pcrdiam. 

rennwatr AtppfWd.—The nombm- of toiwnMDta mippUwl Waa tOS^ 



and IShusaooDnuiHn. Ttwaupfdywaagiaaadxdaraawathtapriiaaa 
oaniameta, and to the GorammMii aataUUbmaM at Woolwioh aad ta 
tha tailwaya, aoTon daye a wnb. Tlio blghon awjoe aflordcd b* tha 
tlompany, waa 32i> (eol abovi: hi^*WBMr mark, aed thalowealat high- 
watar mark, 

Cetlt/ ihi IToria.— Tho total (spendituro ojxm Ih* worka waa Mt 
atatad, aa the Company'a booka do not conlaiii any annont dtowbg ihU 
nwnit, bat the (apilalralnd amounted to 'Ji'XK^t' 13r- M. Tiw MM 
ot tha woiha WM aaid to bava eioasdcd tfaii mm, aa for many ywa a 
iBtfafrieiranianofthoaaniBnn waaUd out in ininduaa «< pipea and 
olha-««At, pnparly Aaigta tl a to oapllal. 

RauasT ALTiHATtoxa asio AuuiTiovi. 

PiUtr Btdt, tUmrvttirt, iLvi.— Ona new filter bod haa txoa adiad M 
Oap^ad, making a total anrfve tat flluation of lS,S:i} aquan yanhk 
mMSItsriagoudtBm conaSaMoftwofbelof grrarel, rii itiobaa of ihaBi^ 
and two ftol of Hud . lie aubaidlng rtaarvoin at Deptbtd, deauiibed 
ts tho formor return, ccmpriee an ana of iS.t!'; aquanjacda, and ara 
capable of boliting 1,)11S,2VS oubio be< o{ wt-fj-r. 

Tha MTvio* Teaarrolr In Qraenwtoh f'ukoxnnan areaof 3133aauwa 
wda, and ooalairM lOil.Srfl euldo feet of watar. That on WoatwUli 
Doamion oonea an aim of 43TS aquaie yarda, and oonlain* tr7,SM 
<nU« |l>et ol water. 

gngvii f'owr.— One naw CUvIA auBine haa baan araMad at Dep^ 
fwd, ;o-uicb oylinder, 10-lbatamhav Double aotiag pump, l« bnebaa 
dlamaiB-. It ta eoDtainad to tha aana banhUng aa the nmilar taglaa 
bafora iWBrlbad. Tho aggngUa nmnlnal at^laa power of the Compaoy 
il now (00 boiaea. 

Contmnptim of .^noE*.— No appantua for roniuuiptioo ot amoto 
ia employed. Webb ooal l> alvaya uaed, and DO ilaiiaa amoka ii 
(bnned. 

QuuAtttp ttf Water pHmpt-l .—Tint quantity of watar pumped in ISU 
waa SfiS.TfiO.SOO gallDn*. Tbo number of tenonracta to whieb the aopptv 
la now ramlahed b 10.OT7. For llie high aeretoo lh« water la now nMi 
ta a madinum bel^t of SUO f^t, and for tha bw aenioD, 17)1 faat. 
Thewiiihi for t)iv htgb and low asrriee ara ■joito diMlnct. T*bii ontitBaa 
dally »i|>(j|y to llm dintnct In IHiA waa 34 million sallena. Hie *Up|4y 
iieiUwroonttant or ie^vmduly ui all paru of tbpdiatrict. 

Maittt. Bntnchti, ^•t.—Ths loMl lenglh rd pipaij^ now laid dawn 
ia atated i« ba IM nilM. A plan of tha nuii'i aud diitrict mlint, a« 
roquired bv^Hatmpolia Water Aot, la i'laVorwunletUa, kid down 
on tha ORlnaneo eogi»nd outline abaeta, livD fust to tha mlla, bu« il la 
not yat eoinckle. 

Co)' o/ IA( ll'tirta.— TliB aoet of the new workeenouted alnaa t8G3 
buboen 37,033'., and taking tbo amount brfnni giren aa ibe o«at of th< 
prarlona worka, tlia total eipeodilure haa amouDted to 21^)1" 
ISa. «d. 

O emn t Jtrmorb. 

Tho now worka eswnUd by the Kent Water Company dnoa I 
vioua reluni, mil for 00 particular obaerralion, eacofit tliat tti^ hara 
been Wfll carrlul nut, and that the enginaa and baildini;* ar* amodd of 
cloanlitmii and orJer. 

No DUn't-piiHi i- uW, but a latyer air reaael than n<i>a] ii oonnaolad 
with the main, il being faut in dlamoter. and ^U feet high 

Withdonbta-aotian pump*, tbawaterbein^aliiByi in motion, noiidi 
la Inoumid in pompltig directly into tlia maiui, oitbur (or (apply, or ftr 
daKTa*7 lota uia bl)^-ktd taacrroira- 

Tbe anvteo rcaorTolrafor the flitsnd water ramain mm aa btCora, Uar 
dtuatcd beyond thu limit* praembcd by tha Act of IbSS; but, it abonU 
bo added that thay ara chleUy of uae aaiaaanw in I 




■ QfUto.aaa p at ^^ i 




THE CIVIL ENOIHEEB AND ABCHITECT8 JOCBNAL. 



Th>«iHk»MifaDileMd*tlb*Md«f lUf, vaiM ik* 



u* 



iMbc OMMhm aiA to ih«Cl Mill bilMifr Tk* 

«p|]r ta ite dMfiat l> cIvMi far th mom pwt diNM fr«a tto nukUa^ 



b iif l i li n ljof ih>i«i«r»oiii. 



TBI 



lb lame m w m r, lw*«T«r. i 
mag IB M olijatUoooU* Imtlalf, 
lib* «wk>. 



UAHFCTIAI) WATBB OOUPAITT. 

WoMS U lUO. 

^ aiy i>; — "ny MurgM «r Mntr *** <— ""J ■■> •>>• 



^g^bmnm « MM^.— I'k* courgM «f Mpfl* i 

H WUMM"Mriiigi>tHiapM>wlMd1C>sW«ad,t>»ari^ w^ 
^ MJMHfOMvl^thaKaw BiT«r.* Tlw mU* mn rittuUd Mpactinty 
M HMpMwd Mil KmIU Tton. 

g wi rr i in T^i lilri Wj wt ihl mh mf miHi In ll ■! in nliwi 

anaMjUalUbaabouaCacnii lk*d^pllM«l <iw nwrvuln wu« 
U TMT ruililiiihly, mJ Iha kaUoBi to b« »u irrct;uW lUl 
«• flMiij hw aw b«a ^uk of lUr total wpadly (bM ownU b« 

AfenMM.— Tha ■•Mr «!• Mt iltMad. 

■. J---. B ■!■«■-. . — i nt lBMiwiii ll n Anit n-hanm 

■•■wawMlly. TTirr rnndrttit nf ■ f tmlili nrn^nn. it If rtliihTir— n. 
M fcflW pMrv, 44-lni* ^Uodv, IO-ShI Mralia; ud k hlgb MMMN 



» 



b^ :i<M«Mfok.. 



Jtaimt, flr— rta^ Ac— IUt«tolli^Uicfa« bud*, btuefc n»la^ 
iMn»ii<ii^ aad Mi-ticM far Biikll itraiU, 



unoimUil M kboat M aijk^ 
ruied in lUi tram IS inaliM to 8 



1 farlontt. Ill yM>di, and 
inwaal diauaU*. 

QaoiMtry a/ ITator AiMpnL— n« <{iiMitlt; of *ntcr pumped daring 
•is «iiiii)u audinf IH Dcocabs, 1840, loeludlac a tempan/7 **PF'7 
thtm ib» Nav Itlrcr Coiafnany, *»a T8,0IS.0On (allDiii- lla aatlaikM 
•Mallirddivortil to aadi hoDH for daoMtfie lapyly wa* (IS plloin par 
Aan. Ibaopfdjwaapitao tknadiTtftwaakUwaUfflioaltkadMtiaL 

SVMnMtf Aip^lM.—'nia taial duibImt oT bouMi n^plM itaHac 
ite JMT IMP aa* MHO, aiBpljkousaliuiiulTa; oos hifawoaaiMr or 
BOO nllM* Mr diam, for ni rbjrta walk, and two dilU lAM nllasa 
pw aiao, Ibr lix dan a wcdL Tlie bigbeit asrvMc affmM by tba 
e^npanj, waa about 'iiS foei abova klsb-«at«r tnarii, and tha luwvt W 
bat abim tUt UkL 

Om ^ i4( Ifart*.— n* I««bI cafilal bivaalad In Ibe worka of tUa 
(■Hpwij, aa Iha7 BiaMd )» 1^5<l, «M aMiaalsd la b« tl,13U. 

ILtcun ALTuaniMia jlhd Adiktiom. 

Jbarew f/^fiplf.— Tbvab no baah Murea of aapply for iUicoiB' 

PM;. naa*l*MaawaUatK««Miab-tawBfc«M«biobav«orib*aapjil7 

ma fcnnarlr obuuud, haa iiooa bMu SDMlniwd to a Mb of llttt M 

frana Ika aiirtMa by a bma baU aoBBaaoJag «Mt 13 iMka* in dUoMtar, 



liwiaaad Bm to IB and ttwa to i iaobem. AAar pHdag (huMfh Iha 
■Mk ia (all axpaatoCim af abtaiaing water from iha Modi inpfoiid to 
Ha bwath ili a aHMaa af wbal ia ouiaiJarad to ba tk* now red tond- 
Miaa hm baao pMMntad wilboiu lafi|iln|t ihs «|»iii|[a. 

Mturitin and FiUv Salt.— Tht laaatruin lamain m baCaia. Ona 
Hal Stvbad, Manilla g an arw of OOP ai|aan laM, divbUd is lb* 
■Udlalw nlMiWii^ patpoMa. b** bam ooiutnMad witUn lbs rtoarvair 
M Kaolkb-tAvii, u> filli^t lb< wit«r obtauinl fton Uu HamptUad and 
BI(hfato pooda. Th* lUUring tnidiuDi ii 3A. S In. In dopth, and ia 
W pB Hi l of tba Mlawing kyara: 1 bol lUfC wuhod pabUsa; * Inofaoi 
MaU waabal paMlaai * ncbo* flue ablucU and gianl: I IL 3 bi. 
Mid. TV a iM iad Witto waa Biat anpplUd at Cbriaii^t^ l&tt. 

<ha —^ a* ^ fl>ia*a No aa^atw baa bean adApud br tUa 
pvpoM. WtUeoaltowedforkna^. 

Vata*, Jwaad Ua . 4<c. —Tba toMd la^tb at ptpca^ ddw laid oiUuda 
to abavl 114 nltat. Tb* nuina «f Ibi* aempanT harr boaii lulijact to 
wdl Iravi*"^ ahata liana for Iba parpnn tt nakiog eonnarttoaa at dif- 
pB«ito mlb tba pipaa of tba flow Rtvti wut Waai Mtddlaaoi 

■ le^Dlnmaoto, tbac it ia 
' plaa of Iba wular- 
Aol. 
Hmmtiif ^ Wattr Pmt pi d — Haaa wpaM- to bo ae dato for daur- 
■Inlaf ika |i«aa amaMg iMUiir auppUad pv day to Iba laoanU of 
tUa aampaay, aa Iba abaiii far tb* wpply io a<<l by *^' N*w ItiTsr and 
Vaat Mbldlaaai Cfpiiaa. bw baan fbuadaid 00 tbv aaiouot ol ibo water 
fiMH «f tba bi ai ai anpfliiad, and *ot on ibc qutntrtj. Aaiunuog^ 
Ik* aama wara g * OMMi^r per booaB u lu th< fonnar raturti, 
> dafly atmptrWMldtaDaDMtoUUa.CiUO gaUoni, Iba nuialtvTof 
I aoptiliffl bcMf ttlA. 
Ckarq^ttr r**^— llwoaMDftbaaddUMiulworkaanonUdby tUa 
w p aa y . auioa ibo bamar Mum, ba* b**a 33,131(. ii. Srf., Baking 
wtth tba ptcTiaoa outlay a total aapmbtora of ll«,16ai.S«. id. 

GttttU Kemartl. 
Tlu aoilj no* worii of ibi* Ocmpany atrktly poaaniiiatt vpaa Iko A«t 
' " '■ aUM* doHirtlwil. 

own waa toDuBencal In JoDa^ ISSS, 
wdt, wblcb bad bcsu auuk SIO tnK daap. 



C aapaaiii^ M Moal tlto cowtantly I aaiiia leqnln 

nU to bavB ba*a topoHiUa to pawiwa a aaaMkatocy | 
p«a»J waaka aa M^okad by Ika HataapoUa Wator Ai 



■oa amiy now wont di tni* vonpanj 
rf lUX w Uh mall fillaring apurata 

Iba iivw Igring M Kaauab Yawn 
tan Ik* buttem «f tba oM wdt, wh 



abovauatod, adoplk«tf laOlfaat ha*lB| ba«D obt^nad, andiManao- 
ditur* of liWL baving baan iaourrad. Ika raaoh e( Iba aodanaUof 
war) tniHt uDBiiwotadi OaooUamUe dhPMMOO baa ariaan amow pw- 
logiiu u lo uw lutBra of tka ttiMa <rbi«A Imt* b(«i aM wlu, and 
iDuati latvotl aUackaa to tk* aabjact. An aatii* aaalioii «f ika Mnri* 
•rriTBd M tn Ike btat^ la app^iad. U voald b* 4t impntoaa* i« 
Iba caou of Klaiaa if aay Baaua eoubl ba found ftt IIm wailniwni 
or IkawartL 

A *B7 amall dlalikt la now anpBad hgr ibi* Oatofugr. SoppUaa of 
■Btor bar* b«*o obuioad ia yd far aoma tama bvm tba Now Rlmv 
CompMnr: and baCm lb* llMr bad waa nad*, Ika waUr waa alao 
obiaiMd to Ika fupidy af pan of Ika diMriat Aoto Ike Waal Uiddbaai 
Ceanpauy. 

IV wator froB tba wall at Hamnaltod. fton wblab aboot TO nllou 
par laliiuta are 1 il—l. waa foond to m olaar tad bri^l, and af Dotur 
ooloar Uiaa Ik* Shared i aawoir wator. 

Tb* nmaaof au^ly of tbo Uanpatoad C«tBpn{y> w«iM| to tkawjci- 
fio* of ttiair pravioM wall, and Iba Uw» lad abwidnnninnf ef ika new 
OM^ an now Um IhM kafeta. b ia updawWad (hat toaaa ba*e bcoi 

rad, wbaMby the ■Afam a( Iba eomiai^ wiU b* ■amid >n tbaae of 
Mew BlTar; aad Ika HaofiUad Wator Compaq, wtoah ori|pn«Md 
In lb* ttmaaf Huiiy vm., wlU tbtn aaaaa to a^ 



Kamoa o» tn> Borun ax Kmrus Tewv. 



S 



£onda»<nM 

<lMftJ 



HWwU 

m^Amdiag 

Strtm 
(dl ft. e tak) 



rXaail 
Saa^a 
(Wft.) 



MiAiUCiaii 
{IllfLdia.) 



wtiA«Brjh~Ma 
(3H&J 



CIUft>M«rl 

(17 ft. fl IB.) 



UrrsB 

GaKEtKUTD 

ITltuain.) 



(ISO ft. «tlL) 



1. TaUowalay... 
S. Blue day, wttb antona MS 
S. Motllad(i«d,ydb)«,aiid 
Uuolday 

4. VUto MDiL wiib flint 

MbbUa 

5. BlaakMBibi pwatwiato 
0. MotUad (raw tBd twd 

0U7 u 

7. Clayey aaili 

8. Daik-grey aanda with 

P. (Juiek-aaada ajih<oclc>afed 

,10. nUit-pabUoi ... 

11. Aib-«oloiif*d Mndl* 

IS. AfsUlaoeMia aada 

IX Sark-mjidijarBU^... 
j 1^ Bad J auular paM 

I, aMMduMa 

flS. OkalkwilkSnto 

Id. UardohaftwitboatamU 

1}. Cbalk.biM bard w^lk few 

flloM -.. -^ ... SI « 

18. Mcdolar cbalk. with 
tkraabaikof laboW 
fliau IS 8 

ID. Chalk. wMiBaama *( ta- 
buhr fliBl and a few 
nodolar BiMa . . .. It 8 

SO. Ctialk, with a lew tinta 
aad aam* patcbia «f 
mad • 

31. Vary licbc-fiey ebalb. 

wttb a taw fliuu ... SO « 

91L Ucht-gray cbaib. with a 
fcw tbinbwlter chalk- 
mar) anbonfiaato ... 183 

as. Ony cbalk-tnid, wilk 
aoMfaot and narty 



futa. 

M 
908 8 


Dtirth. 
ft^la. 


n 


8 






« 






• 




10 
11 


« 
8 
« 









0- 3W ft 


118 









pyrito* 

<M«y narl 

. Harder gny marl, ratkar 
aaady and witb oo(» 
aioiiiil iniD-pjritea ... 
Iluij looky aarl 

. Illaiafa'inv ■"'f ntbar 
•Ml')/; tb* to WOT part 
nun arKiliMaew* . . . 

Dal^.crean eand, miiad 
wilb(reyalay 

Blaiib'ym auaaieaoiaa 
day, ahobUyaindy ... 

Ditto, with two acama 
of arfUlaaaoua ifraaB- 
aaiid ... 

M itooaoM blwa eSuj ... 



ISl 

Si 







SIO « 



8« V 



13 »— Bn« 



ao It 



8 7 

»1 11—1111 8 



i 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AUCIUTBCrS JOUHNAU 



J 



36. 



10. 



iP, 



67. 



«I. 



M. 



IM »»i jvUmr mait, tni nndatone 
CampMt Nd elaj, wMb patcbiM of vari»- 

pBra dwk rwl el»7 

Bad eUy, whiUih mida, aail mottlnl auid- 
*on* ... ..... 

Han] red ootig;lamemle, with pebbic* of 
^MfU, gmaaMCK, tnp-rotk. quuti, 
bMvatcmi^ red olajMonv- porphyry , and 
bwUMmo* MhiM,' vdl raandod, uul 
ntttaf tn ila* from a rurbt* lo > (BiitKin- 
Wf 

HlcMBOiu rad cbyt, oinUlvd ia ^Lutm ... 

Smim of *biu fbaile unditoaB and iwd 
•uid 

UoMlfd MndMoDS 

B«d mni anil ModaMna «rilli mull pobblea 
um) AlmWtnv aad a (tw wiall pba«- 
phatieaodalM 

HMUof ndtanditanaaad whilamid* ., 

Ptbbly fu4 MDdii, anrl Diailv nnditodo ... 

Whiu uiil rnl MDiliUmc 

FtDo Uoht-nd «Miili ... ... 

Hard fiiril> wnditoiw ... ' .'.. 

Vcryfiaa Ugbt'Ndaod 

rimradolajr... ... 

Ited and laottlad dajif «»iid^ with aaiit* 
Iron-prriU* 

Red undj iiiii^sMoiiii «l^ with fiMils Mnd- 
Mono ... y, .,. 

Compaot hard ([mniih nndittona A. \ ... 

Vrajr mioaoraiw tad day ... ... 

Gnr and nd daw wnda 

Li^t.«olaani) ton MndMeiM «tlh bap 
auatlMoI AmrnvmiUt 

tt«j uod and MiidaloiiA ihlghtf ludlnedl) 

Graealib ■andatons 

WUm aiul gnr dajay «uid^ with inn- 

PJ**** 

lUdduh ajptlaoaoul auidi, with aMmi of 

MndMiiDB .. 
HloMernu red day . 

fioaM of frMnlili larirlnldiia . . 

Koi DMtlad and ni«agso(u ebVi w^lh 

pat«hB* of Kght-ecilom«d nnd aiiil ing- 

BMUof ^iMMiuriiiaBd of a Sat p ltilt ... 
H«d oonpaot roioaomu* olay, with BeUm- 

mila 
Rod qnarttoM and micaoaotii aandalom ... 
Urowniab.red clnyny Mnd ami andaiaM ... 
Vary hod toicawMua andnoocv «^th nMll 

pbUaa of whiM qMHa „ 

I^i^lrtd tiilUaoaoDtaMd 

lUd ibikIMoiic, mlaaoaoua ami (|uarua» . . . 
Li^t rvd claytj audi (wtth aiuall anttular 

(rainniiirU of chart w luDt I) 
Wbitiita anil yT««IA hard nnilatons (hori- 

■iDtall) 



Depth. 

A. in. ft. fai. 
1 

4 
4 T 

9 D 



3 







sa 


D 


a 


8 


n 


4 


s 


a 




« 














» 




s 














t 




5 


10 


a 













1 






I 






3 











3 







3 


8 




IB 


4 





G 




14 


6 




30 







s 







4 





4 







to 







8 





S 





s 


ft.- 130 


2 



PLtlMRTKAD. WOOLWICH, ASD OHABLTON WATER 
COMPANY. 

IX* wwrlu w(t« •Nahllab'd lor Uia (uppty of vator u> the abovo- 
naiiMd fariihM in IU4, and thay ban now bmu in aotoal apuraliuii 
abont i«» yMi*. Th«y ara in onuNtitlon with Ih* K«iii. Waus Com- 
panyttrara Dwldarabla perlios oftho dfitriot lupplivd. 

Stoarrr <(f Bapptf. — Thia mv Company** •nMily 1* darirod from a 
*«ll and <l(rp barinf- In iha cAalk, Uid watar tUni tthi<A, vhan fint 
taMnl. hM >]*■}• ui tqual tanporalara of abont S3 dagiaa* Fahrmhall; 
bat UiaipMial adTaiiU^ aSordsd ta the lananta oftha Company i* that 
Iha walDf ia aoftaiad by Dr. OUf k'a pmoea. When lint pumped from 
IhawdUili wmlBT haa 314 d>|t»«a of harduoH, tliai li ta (ay i\\ gnina 
of hanlanlnamallarlatiusallao. Hi of iihtdiar«d«iTodlk«iiiearb«nata 
of lioM bala in aolvlioo by an oaeau of catbnnie ac'd na. Tbt inlUDlDg 
prmw maoipltataa 18 mina of ihli aarbonata of lime, and loavwa a 
d«ar bnifht walrr of nnly t\ dtgivaa «f baninta*. 

A •^on daacriiillnn of tlia aoAaotnf proeeaa, extracted ft«m Dr. 
Clarh'« papar n>^ b«(ai« the ttociMr of Art*, and aiwaa aooount afitaa 
irml" ' applioaiioD to thaaa woKi by Iklr. llom«r*haii^tlM«nBlnear, 

Amuw ^ t» p iaoiw haa ha«N *aiy McotaafuDy eafrlad anl, will ba 
mtB, tikiM frwB vtba acfaiata obaanratwoa on thia (utgtct. 

* waMr, «Wi tha Hma addad, la nimA Into three open 



voUa of a eollBCtira araa «f Mi'* anpoitinU fcei^ aaidi reMr*«if 
b<4nf «^abla af bdttna tOO.INW gaUdiu. They tm wjuaHuatad or 
oawBrau walb Snad wlA brkh, and the whole aro Inetaiii witUn « 
baoBdaiybriEk walL Tleae la— rrira ara altarnualy filM aad Mt to 
bMU*. when tfae prrafHtatiaD it oanplata, far whkb not Ian than 4 
haun ibaold b« allawad, tba alaar aonanml watar la laiaMl ialo aaaand 
•nrvloe icaemdnv lAanea It b dladlbntad Ihroosbout tiw dMiM. Qm» 
of tbeaaagvlnai Matwl iiii Aaaledntat nunataad Commaa, a^dooift- 
nauiIaaainViMoriS? feet aboaelVinlly high water mad. It oovara 
kD araa of 10,131 aquarefeel, ^ will bald VI (wt depth of watar. It 
ia oonatractacl in two divliiaii^ and U oovorcd wlih bfldi ardiia mda^ 
on itirdnni and ogtumna. Tha atJinr tarvloa naarvoir i» aliimad on tJi* 
aide of ShooCcir'* Hill Mid canunanda a Iwal of 311 faa* above Trini^ 
higb waiter mark. It ia39I8 mperfiaial bat, and 18 (t, Sin. deap. Th« 
aapply la not yet fnrtdahad bwa Uiia appar l aaartwr. 

ratrwian.— Tha waUr ta not IUlar*l, thit npanrtien bin^ wbdly «•• 
naotaauy. He wator aomia from the w«ll paifMitly bni^t; aad *• 
dtftatAOB in thia rcapaot «n be dMrctod after it baa nndargona Iha aofU 
enlng proceae. Thia provMa. tioiievcr, fniao m a the furtiitr ^lual ad' 
vaata« uf pnmnun|[ *ubiei|u«it Tegetaiian, fram wfaiA Iha anpfty 
wobM ctbarwia* anffer dateriorBCton If kopt in «fic« i wian dia. 

Ai^ar Paiwr.— The amannt of iteam pow«r at preaent f ntaya) Ijy 
tha ooDRiany la nominally 88 bon» . but the cncine ia miA ta ba Mjiahw 
of waiVnit up to SO lnjrcate>l horara. Ii ia a doDble-aetinK oondauiMr 
angina, aylindur 30 inohiAO diamatar, lUok* flTe feel. It perforaa W 
doable atrokaa nr motutinnt ncr mtnnt*. 8uam la vaed al a p f «— ta 
of 80 lb. on Iha ai[nare in«b abora Iha atmoaphara. "nia anglaa ha ai a 
■• oonaCrnotad for tha eraotion of a dupUeala angtita. 

Cttmaai^Hm af Stmkt.-~}io iip|5»i»iii» U cmplayid for thia piirpoa*. 
Tlia boiler iala^; Ltiere ar* two (in^ptnim; irn.l alienrai* atanaf^ 
ooinUiiad with oare, ara the moana nliwl upon tor the praaaotlon tt 
•make. 

Mmu, Braiu*a, A-e. — Tba total luri|[lL of pi paagc already Ud hj 
Uia oofflpMiy ia about \i miJn, tha muna aiid k'rviora laryiog in na 
fmm H inohoa to 3 inohn lO dlamotet, A plan of tba maina aad 
diiirlcl launa, a* raqaiied by the MeUvpoliii Waior Act, \i&2, daw net 
appear lo have been vol oonipleWiL A plan oiuu at Iba offioB, ta \ 
aeala of 13 inolina to iLo mils, ihowiog tha pipea u iboy wen origiaaSjr 
pfOpoaad to be laiil iliiwii. but the altemtiona naTc not yet been InagteL 

Qaoarirfi of Water /'luvwd.— Tlia ijaantity of •mm pninpad he 
many weaka In auooraaion haa boeo UO.UdU ([allona |iM day f« aartn 
dayn in tba wMk, but tba aren^a quantity caiinoc yol bt aulel Tbt 
aupply ia ginn to 3000 hoimre, ao tliat IH8 |;a"'"i« are funilahol par 
houae par day brail purpoate. Tbn aiipply ii gi ran daily, nr twieaa 
day, ir tcquinid, but ninpt in a rary fa* inatancaa U ta eat naw oaa- 
ttuil. I n the ooiDmenocmont of th« opantaana tha ooapany fumiahad 
a coiiataiit aupply, bot the honin apparatM and amngamanta oiw 
whiob Uiey badnoeoairol, a»aaid lo hare baaadaftatt*^ a^dtakaaa 
caoMil aaoh eaeoaalva waata aa to cuuipal the «niB(«iq> to abaadfitt Iha 
ayttam. Tba angtnaar apprtlianda uo oraal dlffloulty In the caaialant 
■upniy. ir proper apparalua la uaad, and the oonnBoiloua are eara/ally 
mad* lo a propar ayaleni. 

^Mf a/ A* Ifonb.— Thr Intal eipsndlluro upon the warto of Ihia 
campanv haa bam ationt .1i>,()0»[,, of whioU 8;uOf. baa been tha eoat 
inonmd in thi adoption of thn anttanlnit prooeaa. 

iJrntraJ tUmarkt. 

At It It tlionsht dralrable to enter apoii the aopaiata aoiuaderatioa of 
Dr. Cku-k'a aofieDtnf p wnf aa a general (pealinn. then ia IlttW to 
ubaarvn ujinn tbaaa wena, axoapt that tbey bare been well carrlad ant, 
and lliat conaidaring that thia la tha Sral alWmpl al Uw oooiplcta and 
parmaneot appllntiun nf tliat proaaia to watarworka for damiMiB aupply, 
iJia airangvmenla appnar M ba of a vn-y maluml and talltfcMaay 
charaeter. They bSTe complataly tattlnl tbn iiatation of tha |aaatiaa 
biUly and euy wDrkini of liie prooeaa, and of ihs i;nal adaaaMgaa al 
ila aduplioii in all ainillar Caaaa. 

Owlnit in Uir iTKat damaod Upon the worka, thsre ia nwod to faar 
that it haa nut ilimya bcnn praetloablD to alloir aufficumt length of litoa 
For Iha OOmplato pncipiuilon of the dialk, and that Uie nalef baa at 
timta bean doIlv<W to tha oaatoman in a ■omewbat lurbid alala^ A 
certain amount of dfpoait in tha aarrlca reaarvolralao niber bivaot* lUa 
aonaloaion : but thit la a iluriHl which ia mDnliahle u any lina by 
FXtenaion of Ihs worka. Tha waUr haa baon raiaaJ to Uid Hiiic* 
reasrYolra alter 15 boura' reat, but thia would not appear to be anffloiant 
lime for onmplela preoipilation of tha ohalk- Tartnty-faun aliould ba 
alIo««l- 

H wauld ba an improvement If thera wera fbar pcaeraoita for pndpl- 
taiCtaa, and if thay ware oovareil. In the conatruetlen of tbe aattllay 
naaarroiia already IbmaJ. tba anglnaer haa providud lot arching Iha^ 
over at any lim-. 

One ton of the burnt lime added to thn wat^-r it aiid l« prodaaa SI 
lont of precipitate. The eompany bare not yol triad tha aomraarebl 
value ef thii material. 





THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCUITECT'S JOURNAL. 



37 



<\L CI.AEK'S PROCESS FOB SOPTEKINO WATERS. 



By HKsar Amur, Wiluax Rakoiii, ildiI Auaico Dion*, 
SvperlnuniUug Impeoton of the G«ii*nit Bonri of He&Ilh.* 

BvoBK offoriog nay oXttarviMoat on ihe uipliofttdtitjr of tiii* 
natm lo the w>tcr nujipl; oif th« MAlrupolm, timlar preamt 
'iiwiiiMlMiiHi «« thiak it raav be lutrful in glv» ui ajEpIuuUoD 
rrtkt Uw prooMi it, in Dr. C'liu-k'a own wonl«, wlijah we hkra 
uUd frmu ika l*f«r read hIa mteiiua of Uia Soeiaty of 
I Mt Ui« 14th May Wt, " On luuu* uvnii.ibla lo tb« nntro- 
Ik aod other pUcM for th« lapplr of wator fr«« bun hudDcw 
-^ (rout ari{»ata impurity.' Ue obicrvea :— 

!■ «rdv to n]riua hnir tb« iwmtiam opanMa, it will ba nacMHiy 

I M tka oltMBinl eanparidoa udNaa of tha dnoial i«^erliM 

far whUa chalk nuftia sp Iha irnat bulk v( the matter ta b* 

Aalk alw oaiiuuii thu ln)[T"liant tliac brin);i kbool iIm 

Tt» iDVeslioB ia a chnmical one for «xpeUiiij[ «balk t7 

CUk Uun cooabti^ for aran I lb. of 18 oa., af Uma B ea., aud tof 
tie uii. 7 aa. Tba 6 at. of lime may be oliUintii aiitul, (7 humiins 
I dialh. a< in a lime kiln. The U ni. of burial Uan: may W iltuolvnl 
■naotitj of walcr, doI LeM Uikn lU k^IIoiiii. Tliu wiluiii>n woulij 
I lima wttor. During the bunilnff uf thn chnik 10 convert it 
, tha 7 OC- of eu4>«Tne add ara <lriT«n ulf. mn lurid irbeo uii' 
. i* luuuntDy toUiIU and mild; il ia tba Mrue aubalAnce thai 
iwfaal liu bocii Cklkt] luila water, when >Ji«a1nxl in irattr under 



> rcn ipariiigl; aalubla in walar i* ohalk by itielf. that probably 
Df SIWO (aliiHM would ba momm/j to diaaolva I llj. of IVoa.; 




S=51b. 



Now aoi 

■ ofSH 
rvantioiay 1 tb. of dulk in water <riUi T ok. ■dtllUontl of lai- 
'M (that li to My, a* niiich more oarttoDlo ndd a* Hi* chalk itself 

a), the Dhalk b«aniiM Nadlly aohtUa in wairr. and wboa an 
ia caUcI bicariMoat* «f lima. If the iiuaniity of water oon- 
tha llti.ofelialh«ttfa7aa.Bddlllan»lof oarboimi acid wno tuo 
, ifae aolutioB would ba « waur of tha sma bardaiS m wall 
FiTDinlhactwlhamla, nilT-l nntlHj iliiraiiiril in ulliai iimna 
Tlww it appgan that I lb. ef ohalk. •ntnwty aoluble ai all in waur, 
r ba nodanil aoluble in it by aithar of two diiliiioi ulimniai] ohaogaa 
'■blab; being deprired entirnly of iu carbuuio wuil. wlinn it waa 
of chaflipng waMT ioto time water, anil tuliililc by comlntiing 
t •aoend doao ufcarboiilc aotd. uiakiii^ iij> liiiixrl innate of lime. 
' if a nluclaa of tha 9 oa. of Imriil limfi, forming lime walar, and 
' aolution of th* 1 lb. of chntk and the 7 01. of carbonic add, 

■ Uorboaata of liinai be mixed togcthor. they will to act upon 
bwaaloraatorathof lb. ef ohalk. wbich will, after tha miltora, 
, IWTlMa bright waUr nbori: Thu uator will be bm boca 

• afSma, Ine from burnt time, ami free fran ohalk, aietpt a 
I wa kaafi out of aaieunt at pment tnr tba nka at tinv- 
IfUcMy In thb emlanaHon. lie foUowiog ubia aiU thuw what ooeuM 
ilhh wniBil filitn titTtpliw 

'TSeiAoi..iaofIli»)^'^: "-■ = "■"•"f'l-ik. 

'•*-««^'- ■ r.riie.old7oc 
Bvnt bne is 40 gallonn of Lnia J = 18 «, of ebalk. 

waiM- 9o«.[ 

Btt^ ia al od of tha wbola ohalk being aspiniblo by tlie |ir«<i«aa ftom 

watar, only l(i-lltha would beaepanlad; an tlla^ wilIj rv^trd to 

the aacwM* reault would bartpnmti, if wo «u|)|>dw 4tOgallona 

r walartobaaporated Dtwn, coutainiug 171 01, of ohaJk. There 

bo aeparalod, lit ai.;--lhm would ntoain in iwliilion, 1| a>. 

RpMM lbs raaull with referanoe to a aiugls gallou, «ub gallon 

lof ciialk, if UDuAanMl, i;4gnuui if aottaood, Itfiraini 

I Jipaait 14 graioa 

I ia a OMVMueni ptao* to oiplain a node of oipreaflug banlaM)^ 

t foMml uae now, but firat iniootad by uie, la ouiiueoiion with 

1 Maw tlxniieal Icata of water, ia order to wuik out vanvoniwitly 

hanilig praceai ihat hu been deacnbaL 

jBtt^ Jtyf t/ Kafd^M it It* frt u^h futninttM oj n ffntin 9/ c^jtik, or 
tlimt, or rtr rwMaai, «■ a-rmin a/r!iali, •Kiulit jirodttcr in agitllmo/ 
utr, ly wlhirr n i nnrw iV ni.>iv U di—alni. 
ThHa, our a uppu a wJ wl-r would be \1\ d »r > M of hanlne— before 
w fta aing; I4 wpaa alW lofioaiog. And tbi* would bu tlia ml 
fMoll^ aappariag than ware in tha water Bootbar hardanInK nuLttitt tmt 
atalki but in tha bcaa qnality of chalk ««tar from aprioc* or w<lli in 
Iba ahalh itrala arognd tho inatropalii^ them >• aolii Jly iiruvnl > aoiaU 
poportiou of olber hanJanlDK matlar, aueh •• Ui preniiit ib» water (niui 
Mag aofUnod lower than ^ doB^oaa. A (pilon of auoh wator, after 
b)iDf •\aponu^ wm (ounil to bava bold in aolulioti of aaUd mailer— 
BtRJaa aoltaning, 33 grain*; after •oftaoint;, 7 gnina; the differeaoe^ 
la graini^ wa« Jua lo malk nmovad by the anltening prooaa*. 

Xa|altlBaaa«aal BoarJ af HuUfe no tte Uoln|nlli VltUt^uytl}. 
I— VoLxi.— FlUtAItT, 1M;. 




HtM OKplanatiaaa wiU mafci ll mgj to eam|nbend tba aucoeaaiTo 
parta of tho aolWoiag piopaaa. 

It will tM plherad hnm mir daaeriptMB of Uio PluflUtMil, 
Woolwioh. and ChnritoD Watcrwotfa that tUl Miaatlflo •od 
ingtrai-jma prucesa uo luE^er rcninia* In tk» poritkn of n bMUtifial 
thiie*7 of tho Inbontotj, of wliiofa t>tw pnetioal applicntioa vt 
doubwil. it linviiig now bew in oparnttiOD for two yenra m m 
largo a MiDnla with onuDMlt mMosa and advantncn. 

Wo ahnll BOW mto Ur. Homoniliam'a aocuuut, axtnctoil from 
the prooeedlngi « thv nueilog badbn rofamd I0, of Uio mock 
in which tho prootH ia Uiai* iq^kd. Ho atatca,— 

"tite manner of ouryins out tha aoAaning preoaMat Ih* w««fct wia 
ai fcdiowa : — The lime luudvu Bar* luna, tMoafron the upptr cUHt. 
ftoeh lima, frtali bunii. waa (iiiliiallj ihnlml ill aiinjl iiiiMililiia in n 
Mb wllli wain-, and waa jiuvad Ihroogh aflnarim^itf MootlDiDiAli 
to tb* iixli, inte a ■aal'iroa oiitem. Tha tiil e rD, whlat hrid aboat a 
(lay'i aupply wben fall, remMowd usdittiU'bad for iweleo hoara, when n 
quantity of olau water, found to (laai! aliuTO the lime uaato, wiackawn 
ol^ and lb* lime paalo or mam of limt, >■ it waa calloil, waa UirToil up 
to make it all of a uniform ooiiHiteniy. ohrm il wu reaily for ute. A 
quart of auob oraun of limo oaotaiKd in wvigbt about lb., 
or mihcr mar<^ of di; nndackod Ina. A* llio wnter (about ftOOgalbra* 
a minute) waapBO^ad opfromtbewdl. aiuiUblenuutilyeftbiineMn 
'if lime waa pawed, bf moan* of a large cylinder and pialon mated by the 
alAam-aiij^no. Into tha pi]« through which tho water waa ccoduMad 
(tam lb* w«li. The ar«am of lime aad water wm mtimiuely mlxad by 
oauaing ibem to paa* togMbar tb>«iigb too, wliat wtn <allii4. agitaioto, 
(riaoad at a hula £alano* apart. Bttaram tba two agilaloti^ a wrll, 
a lint inMHldbaetoriaDloDnattholiop, waa Inuapoaad. •» Unl aU 
the Uma and watar, after it bad paaaad through (ho Riat a^lalor, want 
into ihii wall on on* id!*, and fuaaod oal of il a|^in un tha othari>d4LlO 
Ibe aecond ^italor. on it* way to Uie deputitiiig naerroiiu. Tha 
object of thin W4II. whiob WM S ftet deopbrloiTtbecnfairing pips, wa* 
lo atl'iw any gritty niatur IhatbraocidRit rnigfat be intmduced withlh* 
liiuu into tlie wator to bll l« tboMllom, and ao pietcnt it piaalTUt Into 
the dnmiting laoiiirnlii l>i« *|^lator nuraty oonoiitoj of an M^qpwl 
nips. 'i I ioohoaSntenialduunatar, and about S faat in length. cMtSn- 
iTiK within and around it Ihnw pintre of wrought- Iron, about 'JlM*tapaft 
harjnf; in ^um about 110 boloa, «aob 1 iaoh b dlametv. Aa tba Kmo 
and water puaad togalh*r llnwigh thrholaaalauvlof abontSO inofaM 
aaeoood, tliay Inptngod qiueklTagauut Ihewaurlnttahoilyorihapipe, 
wUohmovad only at tbamtooflSlnch«a*aa«ond. ThoUmoMidiwler 
In ihla w)yr bacnma intimately mind, and paaNil mi tgylhaf Into a 
TOMTvoIr praparad lo raoaito lliem, oapable ofoo n tai n i i y (altar laavlng 
room for tha chalk d*pont at tho tiotiuin) <I00,000 gallon^ or one djyra 

Ina roaerroir waa dltiJed into throa oomputmenta, oaeb eapabU of 
balding 31)1), nOO galloni, foroonvnoienMinomptylngand filling. Whan 
the foaerroir wai being filled, the lima, at tha oamnien«ni*nt of flUtsg, 
wu added !n viocaa to the wator, an mnob an. ihu ■nh'it the raaarroir 
WM only thme- rcioriln full, the renuniag fourtli part wu litl*d op wMi 
pare walar from the arall. In pHwHea^ On a^iuatmml of tho euct pro- 
portiona of lima and watar wM vaty aaay; Ibe filnr Ihc waa uacd for 
tlk* final adjuatment of oaoh oompartmaat of the raatrvolr. aa dtaortbad 
in Dr. Chuk'a paper, 'lliu rtaarroir being tbu* hUeil with lame and wailar, 
and adjuated by the ailtar taat, in about wxtotn bouts afUrwmb all the 
ohalk or larboiiato of Ihaa bad fallen to tba bottom, the water had 
booome perfocliy jnr, and h waa Ihea pumped up to the •rrriee raaer 
voir fur the lupply of the conaumora. when tho retnrroir waa amptiod 
of the foflcned water down to within about t fort of the bottom (ao 
aa not lo dialurb tlie dniHiilt), it waa again ftUod witb lime and water a* 
before, til* depoail not being takonoQt DDtUit «B* IT or l&ioebaadMp; 
thli did not oouur tnnr* tlian ono* In oigbt Or tan wceha. The pipe 
(hroDgh wbidi tbs wator paaiiil boa (ha wall, after the cream of Ibae 
wa* miE«<l with it, lo the dapoaltlnc w aarralra, waa u eloaad oaat'lron 
piptV 1 1 inche* in diaiaMar, and about TS yirda in Unglh. It waa found 
for thia lenj/th, at Plnioataad, that tba pipe got ler; alowly coated with 
a dopoat of forr or aijiaalliaad carboonM of lima, 'ill* aamo kind of 
fumng «r depealt of ebalk alao locdc plao* ia tlia a^talera, but by 
making proper proriiiuu for elearing out the depoail lAloh adband to 
thoae parl4, tbey eould ner^r eaally 1)0 kept clear.' 

Aa thn opfii-ntioii in Ihiia found to be perfectly pr»clii»hle, 
them now only reiiiaina for ojuuidomlion the balanw of the 
adTuitAgm cf tbo pnifuiB with the rxiwn^u uf tha u)ii^mli<ai in 
uiv iliiiividii.il UWF. 

In nntpr to a d*Ntr tinilfntlJiDdini; of IhoM pointn, — ao muHt 
enonnon* ■Mti>mniit having Ihhiii put forwanl on the aubject, — it 
may be well to eonaidcr what are the liinita of Ibe applioatiou of 
tbo proceat, what arc tbe bmeltts to bi! dorlvod, aad what ia ifae 
probable cotd. 

Tlie proc aw la oonflned in tta Konniing action to thoae watera 
of which the liardiioaa ia derived fmm cnrboDBCe of line, or 
preeiaely tlioae wbioh are olmilaHy mrflaaad t«j «iffn\)A Vd^Vti^vil 



THE Civn. ENGINEEB AND ARCIHTECTS JOURNAL. 



Uifwntw- TbencUon of boiling diiengagta or fjijwU the free 

nrboDie ncid from the wnUr, JubI dh ttio cnuatic lliii« iiJiImI hj 

Dr. C'krk'ii pro(«M neiilraliee* or Utkm it up. ftiid tli« carbonntc 

F tt linw on loDRor hrM b^ it in ■olulJoii iirpnmt*!! uiil adhcm to 

' tl)« aidaa nnil hottoni nf tho vewcl. 

The wli-uibtK™ of thd prowu msT bo coniiiilcrnl uiiiler thi«» 
b«uli ; — health, ucimfort, nod vcmdohi.v, 

1. The oomiwrntiv* wlioleaoiueReBa ciS linnl aiiil anft wntifr for 

driaUagbM bom kaubjeet of muehdiseussinn uflnt^ yam, but 

ttac* doM Dot Rppoar to b* anj conelueire erideucp whicii would 

FbUow ofuir (.Mrrrct utimat« of tliair ciiiupamtivi! rtfifct iipi.>[i I be 

t^Uem. AltliuuKb tliei'u eta b« littlu doubi Itinc wlivru wnurs 

r»n In^pragnaUd wjtb •nm« flO or 60 degrraa nf Imnlnninj; mnttnr 

Elte rwooval would be braefitnal, it is oonMadcd br mitnv tbal 

[ elutlk, to the extent th&t it exjela iu the waten supplied by iba 

.Ixindon companSw, oannol be oouiild<;r#d iiijiiri'.iiii to tit-nlth. 

[Upon this point wo do not preU'iid t-) ofltr eu opinion; in 

'■pMking of thnndvantuHpa of the softening prooess to hcnith, we 

rofpr omply to the raluo which it te (i»id t*) possess, ofr^niaTlDD, 

ft pari, ori^iik' iinpiint}' in aolulioii in wnl^r, nnil vrhioli 

eidluAry Itlcniliua will unt diMoga^. Wo nre not awar« thfit 

[It kaa been pnti'llcxble Co d«lenauie the «It«nt of thin property 

of the procxH* ; but that it efTeettuiIly prevpntJi the rnmJ vomtn- 

lion which enaii™ ou the eookpe of frwi cnrbonxc acid gam (ram 

inter dcrivwJ fram the chalk, Aud allowed to iwit, hiui b^uD most 

^Mtiabotorlly proved at the Woolwioh work*. 

% Tho oomfart of a loft water for penouiJ nblutioa niid baching 
thrill bo admitteij bjr oil im no mean oonaidenCtoa in favour of the 
tpTDoeaa. 

I 3, The «ooDomf to be dcrivei] from the um "f the softened 

' Vkter la <t*l«d to oonidet of thn Baving in t«« and other articles 

of infiinon; in aoap and in widn: the saving of Uboiir in woah- 

ii)|t ud of thir wmraud tear of clothes; the avoiding of incrus- 

tatioaa of enj^iie boiler^ kctt1«^ ftnd I'ther vcsmIk. 

The chief economy will obvinuslf be in tea and in eonp, but 
while oilmitlinji that thia mint b* ooiieidorablc, we must expreiie 
«ur opinion that tho gnviugi that have bocn oiiculatcd In tlime 
krtiulva fruut tho use of lufhined water btive buiu inuoli over- 

TtttA. 

The (Mnimlftnioners who reported iu I9AI fin thn chpralcnl 
uollty of tho iinpply of water U> tho rnetrnpiliii foiinil that the 
inou of IiondoB water, n* ■( if eammonly uinl afirr boiling, 
W1U abuut live degi'eea; while without hentin){ it amouutu to 
14 dH|[reiM, It is probabk that the wat«r Q«ed for umkitiu t«a 
Bay not tinaally Imi boiled anflieiently Ion); Ui retluce thn hnrdnew 

F.to Uiii i^itent, and therefore thiit a saving of tea «oniowhat con- 
■idorabte would iu iitch oose result from the use of wal«r whiub 
hod undergone the xul^uing proMM, bill we pretiuuie that no 
MUih eciiuoiiiy can bo titck>ineii upon oh would he found from the 

1 1MI of the aofUiaed water aa oompared with another which 
dorivod itA hacUneea from other ■onroM than carboufile of lime 
not nsluuible by boUlog. And in tho tnutUr of snm), atthoo^h 
ev«ry hunitred nlloQa of water derlve<l from the chalk utmtn arc 

inid to be opODla of dnitroying and rcndnrins of no effect 30 
«iniCM of «oap more than if it hod undergone the lofteniag pro- 
eon, it ia obvious that thin furma a tnost errouoous basis of 
calculation of the oeluid w.iiit« incurred froin the use of «uch 
water. In all wiuhing openition> the nonp i" "ffcclively used 
with comparatively a amall (fanntity of the wat«r in the vessel, 
tho bulk of the water in use betnK in fact employtd in Husing, 
in gelling rid of the siiap that liai performed il4 olhcv, lh« 
dostructiou of which in then no longer of any coiMer|ticnci3. 

N<itwithiitandtiig thnse ovar^otimalei, however, the great 
ailvKtitogai of the »oft*ued water cannot bo qnestionwl, and they 
ore well worthy ouiidcratjou iu all phiees supplied with water 
to which the proceee is applicable. 

Th« oofteabw proc w h applicabl<) with moat advanlo)^ not to 
rivvr w»I«n Dnt to clear cnring wntcro. nuch on are usually 
derived from wolU in the ebaJk, or to other w«tori of which the 
hardncu ii derived from carbonate of lime, but which have 
aoauirrd no tituo or dlsoolourlng admix tur«. 

In thia oM* Uie prodpitatod pui« oarban»l« of lime ia stated 
to pOMew oonaiderable commercial value ua on excellent material 
Ibrvdiititig. which, occonling to Mr. Homeraham's cniculatiuni, 
would nearly pay for l)ie wlK>le worktnf; etpentM, oiid Inwrest 
OU Ihooapltrtl eitwtid';'] forMlnbtiihin^ Che procM*. The public 
would. In eui^ i»iut, enjoy alt the advantogca of the ayitom 
•laaaalftwofooet. 
If tlu prooaM wore applinl to n wmler which Lm UJuu up uty 




impurity or diacolouring matter, oa tJie water of the Thooio^ fcr 
instance, U Is oilmictird that tlie prwilnltale would be vmln 
but, uotwithslAoding thix, looking M all the comfbirt and idmi> 
tajim [n be di'rivod trota the nee of a aoTt and puie water, we 
believe that there are few c«u<ee in which we shoiJil liwitsle to 
rwuuimend lis adoption. 

A* rvj^U the Metropolis, If 11i« MppllcAtioa of the ooft^niing 
pToconK nod fonned one of tlio rtqairemeoia of tho Act of \wS, 
many of thn eouifianica' nmnffementa would necouarily have 
differad widely fn.m thorn which have Utni curried out, b<at 
conaidenibtc laviugH might probably hayu ber n offerleil in ihem 
whicli would Iu )>art have comgwneated f'>r (he oilditionol outhur. 

ReckoDiog Ihn e<>at iif t)ie procOM ni>un the experience of tan 
worka of tlie Woolwich and Flutultcnil Coiupauy, the expcauli> 
turn for world executeil dt ROW for the whole uf the melropolin 
would have amuuutnl to about half a niillltin dlerling, and thn 
worklufi ex|)eu)ies to about iiO,0llO/. pw annum ; but now that tb* 
new work* and arrsngementu of tho nevcml compauin have been 
comtilelal, it ia impnauiblo to toy what expense would be 
involved in :1b ndo|itioti : laxA iudependeotly of anv outlay that 
might be reouireU in otlditiou to ttio large sums which Uie ootn- 
paniM have beeu alnuidy atlled upon to expend, it ia eontended 
that tho pnHvwi wimld now bo in great pttrt unsuitable for, if 
not quite incompatible with, thinae worki and arrangouivuts joat 
carried out for tho improvement of the suppUee. 



MR. FAIRBAnWS LECTTTRES FOR F.NOINEERS.* 

Not a, year ha* ebped ainoa we revlewid Mr. Fiurboire't 
Lectured to Working Eugiueerti, aud uow a second edition pn- 
seuta itself (or iioticf, i\iv »(>iin>l, solid infi-'miatjon which the 
volume contains having gained for it reoily acceptance. This 
mlition follow* BO dowly on the first that there lias been littio 
opportunity for alleraliou or addition, beyond a frmli arrange- 
ment of some uf the leuliirefl to fnoililata reference and to enaun 
greater continuity of piirpnac. Theee alterations are not ntfB- 
cient to cliange the opinion we before expreued, tliat It would 
have been far better if instead of reprinting loclunis dplivend nt 
various times, and often under agieciol eircutnstancoa, yeoni 1^ 
Mr. Fiiirbuim hiul presented the results uf his experieuoo in n 
murv consecutive form, aud written up altopifther to the exittinff 
stute uf kuowlLHlue. Thi^ itilditiou of recant experlettoM to m 
opinions sometimes pnidnces an incouKTUous patchwork that 
ap])ears unintelligibly controdicUiry. Tiius, for czAiiipli', in apeak' 
iug of the forma ufbuilsrs, IhecvliudricnJ aud heiuispbcriool ibvnss 
are reoomniended hi the origi'iuil lectures as the atrougeat Mid 
best; but the eii|M!riments afterwanls niniln ou the stremsthaf flat 
anrface*. which coutntdict that opinion, urn added to the fonsAT 
without any eipliinnliou of the npuareiitly contradictory alnt^ 
meuts: Thus wh tiiiil iu pages 142 and 143, the fullowing pAHMB^ 
a portion of whioh we have tuarked Iu itolictt immediately Ibl- 
lowing each nthnr : — 

"Ai riMusGU form, it lia< otnady been proved that ths ojiindrieal 
aiiit liiFini><|>liririal f<irm> (ar Uiniw funiii hy whlcli nntum la BOTamtfd la 
all h<*r CDiiiLrui'tU'm rvUlive to pn^dHuru) 4rv iLiii Ihtjc: sod It Wfll be 
iiK0nai>7 ii»Iy In iitjiwrvH wliAt lin* nlmily bcmn fvrcibljf er^jed upenyMf 
altenlion, iioin-'lv, <o atuid, uniUr ttrtain fnmlitiani, fiiU nrfaltl, Mid 
t" u-Capl ihr ipltcrifit! nr rylindrieal form* wAfrrrrr nnil uerftr aAaWin 
rVTiirf«'»0iu thr^ are adnuribU, 

"Tbii eunot, however, at nil tinas be aooampliibiid; and that llM 
iurfjkcci ihoulit be nijide to rciijt lovero (irf4*ur«, ii oat uiiftvqoefktly ia 
e«*eiili«l jiniiil 111 coiiitructloil. Noa Ih/tr far tur/ara art not ut ftty 
B/ijrrriunnliU uv ihr icurt of itrnfjih ai ihrg o/t/irar fo lit oi finl tigtt. 
On rJw fimtr^rift 'A*y iff, v'hn\ jinyjirrl'j ■fiiyrij, the ffr-^npejt paH o/iILt 
ra'uFriicri'nn; antf Ihia I h'itt prhrtit ht/ liirtcl fxjiriiHfnt, 

We remarked, in noticing the linit edition of this work, on the 
errvmeoui notion which Mr. Fairliidm ap]ioarB to eutertoin thnt 
the pent-up force in a steam biiiler is increased by iucreaains tha 
Burfac^*. it Meems ntrongtt tliiit the sound practical an n so for miieh 
hA is distlnguiHlied, did nnt at oncedntnct inch a fnlWy, which is 
rnivfttiKl in thn present edition. It would bo unneonuiuj to do 
more than point out the error if committed by nuy one of lewwr 
nuibority, but when It is thus repeated by uueu^.'inwrof eminence 
it may be worth wbile to disprove it, which may be readily done 
by a simple illuidmtion. The statement occurs in pa^ 44, whore, 

- " IVtnl InfiimiiiUiai nil lll|Tilwl In lii|[ ■ »rln a( iMtsnii dtUnml Mtbi 
irurkiftc f Ei^kiif4i', of YvrkAhlFeaMKeeanbirf. iiHtf^ibrr viih » t«rl» af AppAsdMa.** 
Itj WilLui FtlrbUri^ r.lUl.iSe. Scoml tMlUnu. Iduduu ; Luukiuuu uul Ca. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOUBNAL. 



I 



I 



I 



•ftor •Minutinf tbn «nonn«u« fbnw pfiit up in a bigh-proaora 
boilrr with two ccntrv fliiva ktiJ Bleniu at 4^.>)b. to tha tqaan 
mA, )m) pirooeMb to nulioe tubitUr boilen, ii.n>l obanrTM tfakt tbo 
amounl of force bprire cativtMii " in, hnwcror, iiieonniilcrTtblo 
wbcu «>>iupaiy>) with tha iMMtiMtiva and lome mariui! boilenii 
irhich, yirua tit aumber of (ii5m, prrtrtil a murA larger ttl^fitttlo 
nnwiMrf." Now it beviilcuU that if thi- (wtit-iip f'>ro« be incraMWl 
by dtUrKtng thesurfiUM, tlMiutradacUuninbialH»l«ri>fnt[rontcr 
UumiMr of lubMmight iliMibUor liukdruploUieforoetboiijfbekGli 
woniJ liiaphioi B eomapondiiift bulk of Bteuii, ui<l ihiu we 
tdBmrent theAbaunUtjoTsdJiuK to tli« power by itlui- 
'aUiitiR itaqoaniitr; uiBbMinlity which Hr. nirhoim ouniot 
&il tu jwraive aa aooD «• hia atlaiiti-^n in UirtcUsI lo the lubJMt. 
Ihtre M AD impnrUat nntioa iti the proHrnt edition of Ui« 
raanltBorasperitnent' nxicatlj ooiiducbMl M the r«queat of the 
~ ■ Sodety and of the Itritltii AasDcialion (or the Advance- 
of Scranoe, on the nalaUlioe of cylindrlaU vc»»itl« to cotn- 
(rani an citeniftl and anrrooiidinft fores. These cxperi- 
which ani Ktitl in f mtimui. nppor to ooutnuliut Ibe opiuiuu 
gaaai alt/ reeai*cd by eDf{iu«en, lUiti k luii^^cyliiidhokl lube when 
iab)Fcl«lloan utiUiirm pntiort ia«)ii)il in ila power of raaintAnco 
to a abort length of tlie Mue tabo. It baa been foand, bowrver, 
En tbe receoi pxp^riiiirntii, thnt tbo Sac of a boiler ia weakoet in 
the niiidl* of ita Imj^b, and thftC by incraiaing tile length the 
■tnogtfa ia liinuniahnl iu the rall't uf tliAt inoieaaa. SDOhareaaU 
■aimi inexptioable by the knuwo action of iwiform praaiure, and 
w* aluU wait with ruQcb intereat for the di^iMla of tbe nptriineuta 
asd tlwlr final im ligation a, to aaoertiuii wheOiFf aaisiv eriur luar 
BOtlMrit under the artwiffenMOta iul"])tvil for tnllu^llii'ittrenfftK 
of the ubo* aud the uuibnultjr of tlie iireHmint. Amiiniingtbo 
m to be nnifonu, the flge woiilil tie caiiiiUly lupfKirtcd ou 
aide and In erer? piirt of ita length. It ■oeiiu uriuDUublu, 
bm, W infr.r thnt if a tube lie miLrked iutu leu^^thH i^uhI U> 
dianictrr, each leogtb will be (•lually elrinig. ^^«< cnnnnt 
iiaip anapMtiiig tbal nuuiH CLrvuinj<tnnoM h»vn b^n omltloil to be 
talten into oraiiiilenitioD during tbo cx]Miriiiicuia wbioh bavc 
-ritjatwl the reaulta. 

Subjoined ia the notice of theaoaiperimontaaaipircii in tbo 
Appendix : — 

NiAitn ^ Eiyerimtalii on the Collapit of Cylindrical t'tstrltnaw in 

Whca troatiiig uf tbe eaoaea of Unlcr rxplonnns nriiititt from 
tbe oollajne of inlenuU flua, our kiiowlpdife was at thai tituv ao 
Impetfcet aa to limit the inquiry to a fuw niuiplu rilnvrvniioiiH tu- 
taov* to coilapH frniu the heutiiij; of Tlie plat^a, <ir fn-ni ibn 
tbrmatiaai of a partial vacuum witliin the boUer «hea it waa 
forced inwanla by almoupbi-ric prcMiire. 

CaUapaee artaint: from these rntuw it wai observed at (he time 
"could amrccly becaJIp'i botlrr viphjiiioiin," but Ibave ainw hml 
raaaoli ta altf r my opttiiou froiu tbo wmk anil apparently dcfrctivo 
■late of the internal lines ef boiler* whrn expoicd ta jovei-o stisiu 
from the nraaure of tb>> ■arronntiiiig wutor ooutiiiued iu Ibe 
boiler. 1. tu eominon with olhi^r eajpneera, had Kited nndtf the 
leaurtMioii that perfectly oyliudrical tube». wbeo anbjacted to a 
onifbrm prcBurs oonvefging tipon their centre, were oqiia! in 
tbcir puweni of nelatanoe irreapactiTo uf tbeir lengtb. Duubto, 
however, baeing ariwoaa to tlieaccumcy i)f tliiscoucluainii. fr<.<itL 
avniptoiue of waakncu iu the Sum uf a boiler, T i1vt«i'uiini?d to 
mbtnit tbe tiiieatioin to Uiv test uf experiment; aiiJ h.iviiig applied 
for Mnsiaaoe U tbe Uuyal Society and llritiab Auociatiau f>jr the 
Advaaeeaientof SaieDO«,lbe luenni were pbu^eil nt luv diaposnl, 
and a tunc tnit» of eipcriiucnt* were iinilcrtAki-ii. wbioli 1 li<.<pe 
will sboruy be Riven to ttie public iu ttie tr^iieactioDa of tbnee 
bodiM. 

Iq the interval, howevrr, it may be expedient to notice that 
fonoer opinleiM were erraneoua, and tbut itiatetul of being i^f 
anifonu atnngtb throughout, the Buira of builere an weakeat Iu 
tlie middle^ and that by inoraaaing their length their atrength ia 
diminiahed intberatio of that Incraaao. Or, which ia the same 
-tiling, the alreugllia nf tubes are proved to be inverselv oa their 
lenytha. For example, the iuUrual flue uf a boifer 10 feet 
long will suatiun double tbe preMura uf a aliuilar flue of W feet 

lout' 

"niM result aloeie ia of aneb iupco-bum as to iuilicate the 
.necMaity of an entirety new mode ufcuimtructioD, and we bopeat 
BO diauintiierioil In a'how upon what principle tbe llutw *h»ald 
•be dMisaea in order Iu arrive at ojiifomilty of strength in all 
paita oflhe boiler. 



ATTRACTTVE FORCES. 

Proleworf^raday baa reircDtly delivered acoorse of six lecture* 
"On Attntelioii" at tbe Ituyal loatitulion. Tbounh intended 
chiedy for a juvenile audience dimu^ the ChriaUna* liolidayn, vet 
hi* great power of illiiatration and hi> brilliunt style of leetnnng 
never foil to pvo a degree of uovclly auil iutereel evein to eU- 
uieutArv aubjeotH, and be idways atlractt crowded aadicncoa of all 
ages, 'rbia waa eepeuially tiie caae during the course of lectures 
eouelndod on the Mb nit., tbe prcaenoe of the I'riuoe of Wales, 
who came fnitn Wiudaur cndi time, attcoded by hia lutura, rOD' 
tributiiig no doubt to crowd tbe le<;tulV^roonL 

Tbe drat five lecturiM were devuted to ihe aepar«t* oooiudera- 
tiona ot tbe atl.raclioua of gravitation, of ooboaion, of rlwminal 
tuna, of elnclricily,and of magnctiam, and in the eisth lecture h* 
reviawed {{enendly the pheuoiucua uf thuoe force*, and showed 
their iulioialr tvlslium to our auoUier; thua leading to the conclU' 
aiini thai, tbuu^b ajipareiitly distlact anil dithrent, tbey an in 
iwdtty but vanom inoillii-aitioTutof the aanie bree. 

He commenenl by eiiileavoiiring to impart a clear idea of tha 
action of uttnwtire'foroe, sudforlbat purpnaaheosedapoworftil 
eleulnvuiugTist, over wbich wan laid aalaniingboard. A cylincUr 
of iron dntwn apwanla uu th« inclined nlano, and atrongly adher- 
ing to the boaid when over the |>olc* ul the magnel) was an Ule*- 
ttntioa of the tone ot ultractiuu directly ovideut to the aanaea: 
and tbe rolling down of the L-vlliider, wlieii contact with the 
voltaiu battery waa biiiken and tlie electro- magnet be^^ne inert, 
served lo iUiifltrale grHvitiition, whieh, tboiigh eqnnllj an exliibi- 
tiou of attractive f>rGP, ii;le» cogriiubie to tbe aetuea becauae it 
Beta iH|uiilty ou all boiliea. ProleHOr Fara-lny was particularly 
auxioua IJK iuiprvsB on liis audieuoe the fiict of the nnivcrsid action 
(if the Htlracti'ju of graviution, and that it oierta the aatne in- 
fluence on the Uehirxt aa on tlin benvieat aubsUnce*. A amati 
piece of platinum was oaotnuteil with a bur of aluminium of 
equal weight, to show ibe ditTetrnl Bpecilie gravities of the nme 
CUBS uf bodiea; it being observed that IhoDgb aluudniuui U the 
Ughleat of all tha workable melala, being four times lighter Ihan 
silver, and el^bt time* lighter Uinn ptulinuni — in uuuiy uf its 

firo|>ui-ti('n it ia a better nictsl tbiiu ibu bcuvieiit, aluoe il la mora 
uatruussnd ouuduula beataud eleelriciLy better than pUUnuRi. 
Though planum audalumininmareuneijual in weight, yelbuth 
are equally actail on by the feeceof gravitation, aapruved 1^ their 
falliuff to the KTuund in the same time. The equal altracu-m ex- 
erted ny grnviLiliou ou light and heavy bodin waa further ahown 
by uumeruua eiperimeut*. To illuatrate that the rising of a 
biilloon in tbe air la causoil by the prcwure of the almoapbere and 
not by it* specific levity, a large aolid ball of iron a'ae made to 
rise inu glau vcsael when surroutidF-i by a heavier' liquid lunlian. 
mercury. A curious illuolrulion uf the dilfcreut weights of arri. 
form bui.lie« was alTonlcd b^ floating a amall balloon fllled with 
common air on oarboiiie ncid gaa. and that giis wiu ladM froinoue 
veaitcl into nnothrr with a ladle in the Kuue manner aa a lan^hU 
liquid. In idtudiug to tbe allfuoliun "f gravitarion between the 
sun and the planeUiry liiiilea, Pnrfeasor Faiminy particularly 
noticed the diacovi'ry of the planet Neptune by (lie (limiirt»uce 
itaattraotion occasiona in the movement of L'rauuN; the discovery 
bcini;, as he m,id, Imt attribulublcto tbeantriini>nivrgxziii(|;Ht the 
heavens, tli.-iii to the tibiloaiipher natculating iu hi* atu<iy— tbe 
planet havini; been " felt out" ticfom it waa seen. 

In couiideriDg tlie atlmction of cohesion, rrofeneor Faraday 
advcrtol to Uiclaw that tbe atlrnL-liuu of graviwii.iu is invvrMly 
a* the squartw of lbs distance; and be rather le<l it to be iiitcrml 
thsn staled directly, Ibat tbe atti'action of oihesion is the same 
force M tlial of ifravitation, hut actiuK iniimulely between the 
jHirticldi of Vioiiiiai. This brunch of the subjeut, however, waa uot 
very clearly uxiilaiiied, nui- dirt the illustrations liear so dir»ctiy 
on It as is usual witli Profestior Fnradav -, hni. it niiiifhtbo gathered 
from what be said, thnt ax eaub piii'tiole of mutter baa its s^cilic 
centre of gravity, from which ]>oiiit<. thie law of dislaueu begins lo 
operate, the more minute the jKirticI™, and uonBvuueiilly tbe 
nearer their contris of gravity ate brought to each other, the 
grrator is iheir rcapeutive attmclioiia, tlie toree of cubeaiou brang 
in tliose CHBM etmnger than when the centir* of |[nivity are 
farther a|.<art. Among tbr. exfterimeiits iutroduceil U> illuatnle 
the inlluencnofheat iu dimtuisliiug llie attractl<.in of coliesiou, 
WHS Uic application uf tbe flame of a spirit lamp lo a wire *us- 
peudiuj{ a heavy weighl, and the cuUM^queut frucluro of tlio 
wir«. 

Tbe lecture on chemical attraction was pi' iuc! pally directed to 

6* 



i 



4» 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECT-S JOURNAL. 



theniiHtntioo, by»ni»iib«rDfl>ril)<ftnlMip«rii»Mit-<.ofll)«itctioa 
of chnoiirHl affiailiei iu cbnngin^ the cli&nu^UMn qi tha bodie« on 
whieh Ui«)r ofMrntA. 

Ill ifar !i^ai» r.11 olKtrkid altndiona Ihe pf^iilkr char»ptori»- 

' tica of (Iwlric foTM) trorv ptiliil^il oul aD<l «xeiiii>lifiiHl, peculiAT 

Htrea* Wlngtniilou th« ti-mnnnirynnt.tininflliat kln-lofnUnictioD, 

in whioh ro»p«ol it diHVni from the othirt al.traolive forcon. Aa 

, kn UlaMntioa of the freiiueiit txi^iteniotit of electricity uiiJcr eir- 

f «DmMmOM whan Wt thought <>(. Fn>fi.-!iKur FanidnT pinMsd Lis 

' IimhI on the top of* KDld'iwf olf^t^•^l«wr whilst fi« ruliljfxJ bis 

het on a rii^, ami on n!tnavinc> his hniiil thafoM Iimtw divrrgvd 

l>y ihc oloo.tricity lliin rxatod. 

Ob eonuuNiCTnc the leuture on ma^etunn, a niaBs of londiitiiDe 

ma bald aaapMiaiKl by a ttriag kh nu illuatnttiuu in Itself of all 

th« ftttmctivB fbroM. Ila weight in<liinU»l thf nttrwtion of 

ffmntatinn; Ita aoliditv and hanlneu rvprrmintAil tho nttnwtjnn 

I of oafaeiion; lb* ocmiliiuatjoni of the oivRrn am! irou in itn 

'-Stmeture cxhiUitnl ch(-mical aiHnity: a cfiargp of eleutricity wna 

comniiiuicatocl to tha loadirtonH to muko it eiom»lify «lm:lriMl 

ftttmetion; nod the peculiar pwptrty it noM<q<««<l of attrnctiiij^ 

Ipou and Mwl showed lU nuwnolie nttnu-lion. The induction of 

mnguctiam in »oA irou on Uie npjiroacb of % iiiB|nict witboaC 

I tODdilng waa axklUtad; and tiia ourioua (iu>t tha.t the miftnetiam 

f of tba aailh paa*e««a tha Mm* powar of oommaDicalIng llt« form, 

waa thovR by the following Hmpl« txporimont. A mafinotiimj 

st«I h«r WMdallcately bd&nc«il, und a kitchen poker, held in 

the nugnatie naridlaa and ineliued to tha maguctic dip, wm 

^brought near it Wlian bald in that pMltloDthapoltHr«-il>ilfic«il 

Uio propertJM of a mairnat, ono Mid ofit atCnictinf and tlieoUier 

«iil rntmlliiig the lu.ij^iulined ban auid by revorniiic th« ends of 

tbe poker, its polm were cliangod. A lew blow* with a hnuiiaiv 

r-WiwB held iQ that ponitiuu gava a dej(i«a of permaneincy to the 

'*— ", which otlierwino disappeared the Inatant Hut iJi* position 

a pokar waa ahangcit. The rpmnrknbin dlMppearkDoe of 

|lugnet)a property In a norw-aboc oingnet when the two poieaare 

~ BDeclAd by a plooe of aoft Iron, ii)(liaat««. In Mr. nnula/a 

|inlou, that there ia a oanfat of foroB eni!tl«l from «<idt iMla 

a mapet nd from tbopolaaof a vhKaIo battar^; and that wlira 

,^ DoaotfiHi U made between th<im by a good oonduotor like anft 

' imn, tha circuit ia oompleted, and for tlut roaaou tha mngnotie 

rff'-cia ftrn not pereeptible beyond it. 

The relation of the various atlncrtire forcw to (ooli olIiBr waa 
ManuilUeil in the but lecture bv a variiflv i-f '■xiioriiiiMitiiahow- 
iBKtluttiheintcal affinity, eloctnoity, nndinagnolimu am <wiiver- 
kilue irtir, n[|.> iiuuther. Havinir. for iusUiiiee. gireu an illuitrntion 
lof e4eiiiical action hv the (.imibustiiiii rif iron in uxyf^ngaa. by the 
Icombaation of nine foil in the nir, and by the solution of oopjMr 
ad ita aobeequent dopoiition on ateel by dipping a knifo iiitci thi^ 
olaticai, the tnlltienee of the crjiilact of ilisBimilar nictula in 
[chauging ohninicnl ;iL'tioii w;ui ahowii, by cauniug the d«<pu«iliou 
■arftmnitii •rtlmii-n <-n todllver wWn in coiitavtwiih steel, 
I BO anob deponitinn taken pbt^c nn ■ilvvr when nnt in con- 
i with A metal niorvmulily oxidimble than il«clf. Ilie eifoct 
baa prodnood waa next abuwii to be musud by the electridty ex- 
ited by the cnntoct of diaaimilar Diel.iK thu iwtion of Zituiboni'ii 
pi In, Id which the Tnltalo action le c«n(X'utrtt4<d by a>^ialniiinl>«r 
of altAniatimiR of metal Inavaa, lorving to indiiTatw that vnltaio 
■ •clion anil electrinty are one and t^e nine. Electricity having 
tiiuH been oliniiiiatiM fruni oheinlDal aeliou, the lattur was ahown 
I to be govemol )» •leotrieit|r. LitniiiM paper and lui'iiieri-; papiT 
; ware plnoed in thn voltaiecimiit,and thelitiniuiraji tnmeilreil tiv 
I eontaolwithoueof thepotea of tha voltaic battery, and the turmeric 
I luiveil bri'iwTi by the action of the other, in the mine manner aa 
[If the fbriDtThad been expoaed to the autiuu of an acid n,nd iha 
Vlattn to that of an alkali. On reverainK th? 7'i.lw of the bntlerv, 
I blnaooloarof thalitnina,and thn yiillnn colour nf the tn mien o 
^WWcnatOTed. Theeonverni'-nof eleotrioity iulomagnelism 
' tha fbnmtlon ad eleotro-nagnetH, and linnlly thu conversion of 
lliagnetiain Intorieotriollji wareeitubii-Ml; Ihu i.-rigiiial maffoetlo- 
HtaMiicnl machine, invent*] by Mr, .Sation. lining prodncod aa aa 
~t«tian that elortrieily may be obtJiinoii by ranjtnetisra of great 
aity and ([iiantity. The convertibility of Ihoe forcae into 
lone another proves, aa Profwninr Karaday o'lHervwI. that however 
IdileMflt they apiwar to h^, they .ire but niodilicatiotii of theeaiiie 
llnree: and tha traportaut problem now reraaiBlng to be aalvod by 
^hUoeophen ia tna diaoovery of the natnroof the breothatcaabo 
I modified to produce auch varioua elfeet^ 




NEW EDUCATIONAL MrSETW. 



Tbk Committee of Privy Conncil on Educnlion have amuiged 
to open the New EducntionaJ Muaeiim at the Now Bulidiny, 
South Kenaiiiglon, In tlic ■pring. It is hopeil tlie uiimnuB will 
atTord ffrwit help to all cliuwei of tlio puMi* in carrying o«t tba 
work oT national ednuation, and eaprcially ^oae en^igad in 
teaching. The museum will axfaiUt, under a proper n t aa w fi oat i nn , 
ail important books, dltgrama. iUnsl^aLiou^ and araantaa cob- 
Eeot«d with erlucatiim, alraady u nee or whiob may >« niUUbed 
from lime to tjma, either at Kome or abroad. The public will ba 
admitljKl free u a publio eihlbltJoQ on omain daya of die weak: 
and on mlier dnvK. which will be menreJ fur studeata, oppor- 
tunily will be given to eiamino and consult thu ol^ota wJlh 
the utuoDt fn^iitoin. The obieda ethibiteij at St. MartJD'a Hall 
til 1 Vi4, whicii were nre»rnUv! to llio Soraolyof Arta, and by that 
■ocirty given U> the Edinailioii Bonnl in order to found a nnaentt, 
will ^rni jHirt uf Ihe Giliunliouol Uuseuiu. Tbe prodnoen o 
appnratua, boi^h'S diai^mnii, mapa, &o, u»ed in uitching, will 
have the privilege — subject to certain regiilntions — of phrang 
their puhlimlintis and produotiona in tbei mnaeum, and tliua 
Ruiking thorn known U> tha pnblic; and »-e undenbmd that a 
uuuniinous dcainii to awiat hm been eaprwiril by all tJi9 gr»at 
eduoattonal aocletiea nnil publudiL^Fs. A oalalogua will b* pr^ 
pared, which will contain llie pricw llsta which cxhibitotw may 
ramiab for innertion. The liooka ami ohjeelji will Ix- ([HHipeid 
under the following diviaiona^— 1. School biiildingK and titling 
fenna, deaka, alatea, plana, modela, &a. 2. tjrueral edooalioB: 
including reading, writing, gnuomar. arithnieiie. mathefoatie^ 
fbrewn langiia«ea, historiea 3. Drawing and the dne arta. 
4. Uusic. 5, Household Mononiy. 6. Geugmphyniid antmnoray. 
7. Natural history. 8, Chemistrv, B, Phyaica. Hi. Mecbanica. 
1 1. Appai'atus fur teaching the Uind and Ihe deaf and duab> 



THE NEW SCHOOL OP ART AT SIIEFFTELD. 

TnK building haa iust been oomplotcd, and reflcotJi iLe greateat 

aTdit upon oil who fiavo liad the maua«tfmool of it. The entire 
coat, wilh filtium, purclinan of land, is "llXtf. 

The general iMrm of the builJiug Is that of on irrrgubr L, 
nuil it i« prpoled on slopiug j-rontid, so that the back iiart of 
thn bnilding in four stories hi«li, aiid about 70 fret wide, and 
herein ita magnitude consists. TIie main entrance ia iu Anindd* 
street, and u;icus into the vestibule on the nghl tisnd, whila on 
the left is the library and iwruiicil room. To the right of tfaa 
pMsngn ia the geometrical HMini, for Iho study of arvhitectnn^ 
engineering, machinery. Proceeding along the lobby, wo paaa 
the foot of the grand staircase, and reach ihe ihcalru or lectvre- 
room, which will also be nied a» thu life mwlel room. Tbe 
whole wi<lth of the buck iwrt of the building on ihis floor te 
fM-cnpiol by Ihe room for Ibo iTlnmontary elnssai, ita prvportiona 
being about TO feet by Hit ted, and il feet high. A aeooad 
siAircase couductn down to tbe niudalling mem, aub-maatec'a 
niuin, .'vnd clonk mom for the etudenta. The ^und-floor ia 
apprfiprint^l to rooms for caitting in cUy; fuel. Vpitrming and Ten- 
til/itiug apiBinitua. The porter or atteiiilani is honaed in 
premises which ciu\ be approached without havii^ to j}0 Ottt of 
doori RelrnciTig our step* we nweiid the grand atiurcMe and 
eutcr the corridor, at one end '.'f which ia a moat nicgnnt room, 
occupying the entire front of th« building upon this floor, and 
devnted lo the use of the hidies' claioes. The head EaasMr haa 
nccominudalioti opposite the heoil of the gmiid alaireaae^ and 
over the geomctvicnl room. Tu the loft of the staira, aad ovar 
the theatre, is t!ie pnintiuc ro<>m, liglitiicl by lofty side windows 
and a skylight, eitlier of which cjin be used as requitnd. At tlia 
end of the uorrid<jr, and over the elementary room, and of similar 
proportions, is the grand cast gallery. This is a heaulifnl ncn 
nir the purpose, and one in which the council havn actadjofr 
oloiwiy in aiiopting the only altomtions of any magnitude Deotlad, 
or even suggested, in the original design of the building— that ii 
to sny, elevatiDg the walls aboul thrw feel, aiid c«uiiiuctiug tliem 
with the skjligblby an elegantoove. Ovor the front part of tlM 
building, facing .^rundel^itrecl, are a series of private atndki^ 
lighted oy skylights, f'lr the odnincccl students, to use wh«n com- 
peting for priiea. All the armngements for lighting, wnmu^ 
veclilnting, wnxhing, &c., thr»u^h<>u', nn i>f the iiiiial iininplai 
and elfective kind. Urmt credii is due to Mesara. MawiIagMlit 
Uew, the arcbit«cta, and to Mr. T. E. Mycock, the contnotor. 



THE CIVIL £NaUi£Ett ASD ABCHTTECTS JOtJRNAL. 



«l 



CAST ntOK BEAMS* 

By TiiuMAn Davieh, T^IS. 

WiMTWKit bo tb* noaaiDMulktloDB of wrooclit Iron for BMina, 
[there will alwitva rtm^ii nui; cum In wbich Tt«rlll b*n«|n(ll«nt 
to ate rtnt tnutaJ for the aunn piirpoM. It U iloumblr, (tiorv- 
tlut whoi th« laiccr U >ilopt«l, it abould be awd witb mi 
, wtarlnn of iM ptDpertieis aBd of tha profHirUoai nqolnd for 
I diSkiMil ]Mrt« «f lh« B«wii, lo m b> Ktuin a gl««B Mra&gth 
I ^rilk the imm uiimuit nf iiuUtuI. 

I do not Uiink tlir.iv it aiiflicicnt ktUation paid to that, at Ihu* 

tu thl* lonlitv, if wc nutj iad|{* (nu> the wati«w of the Bmuia 

m*d in tht* nt*. in so fu- lu iMf haTC wna toidcr m^ ofaaem- 

l tiMi: For tiwUni*, I omj jvftr h> k dowrlpCiati of 1)>-un wliich I 

^IwM sotiiiDd •cvanl tinaa, and of vluch tbo antu-ml ii * 




>^ ^ In tbia CUM) Iha ikrrb«il rib U quite ateleat, aoaupjriu|t 
the wDiM ponition in wliicb tlia neul oaupotuiig it •.'uulil 
be pliLMil. At llid iniilll" of tha Bfiuii it •J^'i'iipii.-a m 
iMkHy upoMiibte llifl iHiaitiain of thamutnilnKi*, where 
llMn UuHhva fi-roF of coiuproNion tuir oUQ ofexUui- 
_j man utlui^ mmI whcrv, i-uuwHjuautly, thit inotal ia cum- 
JM plMclr thrown Bvay. UVra thi B<«uicaat plaia,Uwould 
' '^^ M aiuta aa •Iroaji, auJ nauM b« lunro aaailf modallad and 
» noaldad, and tha outiliic would more likely bo better; wbcmu, 
I if the UMtal of tha akIim rib wcrv thrown iutu the luwcr Suniio, 
I tlM Beam would be very conaidirntlil; alMu^lieiieiL 

Bui Icavum Lbii piirticular iaaUnc«, I think tbvra ia gMierally 
'**'?"'*'" Atttiiapt nyule lo aDimixiniata to th« alniott'''^ aoetion 
vf^Bcam. Thai* an do iluubt mno)* piutk-idnr aaom iu which 
UuB oantiot bo followvd out, aa, fitr i[iaUiio«<, where it is required 
to have tlie upper il.iiiea broiul fur (liu piirpiMd <>( iroulviiij' iui 
Inul 1 bat itill I t}iink, that «v(id iu such nucA tli« stri'U^^t 
WOtioil tniKlit mora nearly b« approxiinnlMl to thitu mcoia 
uaaL 

I do not attribiita tlila to & want of knowlotiie of what in 
«Tin«a on the xubiiict^ no muoli aa to a wiuit i.>f luuliJouou iu 
what ia written. I believe them Is a tecUiig, ibat nllliou^h ii 
MTtaia acctiou may b« th« ■tmiigmt fnr Gaiimit carefully <«»t, 
canftilly handUd, ami omfutty linded, yet u doubtful how far it 
fa« tbe atronjfMl. or nt all evpuU the beat, for ordinaiy 
J purpoM*. Thia {i^lin^, however, tuny bti carried too 
1 tboiigb we do not K" to tlie Mtrame of what Is abown 

ID ttrauMat Motion by experiment, we ought to npprosi- 

J^Mata to it mod) man doady thtui vie do, nad as 6ir aa other 
I ■nnriilrmlinna will allow. 

That which ia mquirwd ti> niva tlio atron^i-fit Hectiou may be 

f Mated in a general way to be — to throw aa much of the material 

pee al b l e out of the och into Iho flan^ces, and — toiuokc the 

mr flt^e coneldenibly hkr)(«r than the upper. 

Ur. Ha>lgkiaaoi>, in n prLfHir in the M«mom of the Uan<.'ha*t«r 

FtiiloappldaU Society, gives .11 the roaultti ofhla experim«ul«, that 

' Iha osder Bange ahQulilbi! to the uppir in tho pn-irmrtinn of G :1. 

I "Hit ezpariiBenla having l-ecn eilGiisivc uud carefully mado^ have 

\t9Wt einoe been conaldervii the utaudanl of nferenoe, nml 1 do not 

I n^poee that hia eoncliiainn on thiM aublect haa ever hueu called 

' I qaeetion. However, linvinE been led to examine hia «xperi- 

tt for the (lui-pose of oundeuains tho rvaulta into a general 

or Into a bw iilaMnieDlii that might bo carried on the 

, I began to enapect that there won autuethiug wrong in 

Inaion he had coma to. At first I could itmrraly bring 

fto think that tbia eould be the cm«l n(W Mr. Ilodgkill' 

hpcr had been no Iciug before tho pnuie, and after a con- 

ile portion of it bud bveu iucurpuriLliDd into two of the beat 

have on thl> euhject — 'Biirluw on the Streuelh of 

and ' furbairu on C'xat anil Wr<>ught livn,' by the 

lof wliich, the opii'ions contained in it have tboroby been 

n^ated. I bare Wked, however, over the aubjcct H^n 

Bad ■gain, to aee if by auy poasihiliiy there might bo lurking a 

Ulwj in my n-juoniug;, but I «an ate none. The ooncluaioii 

than, on thi« porticulnr point to which I bare come, druwu fMOi 

• »tU U 1 IImUbC at Iha AntittKiiiinl UMItule, held In CdUbiitli <a Fab. IS, DM. 



Ur. Hodgkiaiom'a own sxparimeat* ii^ that the etronoeel wettoa 
0fB««mbtltatwitfc&uiSMfi«a3i;l to 4 : 1, inatead of «:1,m 
ataUd hy Mr. Hodgklnaon. 

Ba&m aat«rin)c on Um mbject nun nuticulariy, I maj isdi- 
oate the naxoni <^ the overaigbt whieh I eonaidcr Iwii been nvade 
hy Mr. UodgUnaatL Ue gme tiie icnltcf ninevqNctaMote im 
beatua, with double fUnoM of dUhreat proportleiaa, frem which 
be oomea to the iMBctnalon already etated. In coroparinx thinipi 
logothtn', aa for inelanoe in the pieeimt caao, tha amapariaen of 
tbe atooiuit of atrenKth due to tbo dilFercnl propoitiona of upper 
and onder Bauffea, it ia necanary to have all other tUoff 'V^i 
or that aUowanea be made fur any dilTeretioa, and Mr. Hod^OB* 
anu haa aeeonllaalx kad thaaa Beama nade ef equal teo)^ and 
depth. Ho kaa, nowerer, in his ooMiariacnilefloatof eooaidetw- 
tion the ditferoncc iu tbo thiekaean of the wtjin. 

Ijot UH t&ke an inai&ucu : The B«m& No. 19 of Mr. Hodgkin- 
aou'e czperiuieuta,* with danuea 6 : 1, the praportioa conaiaBred 
by him the best, bna a web containing only on«-(iflh of the 
eeotioaal area, the other four-Aftha being ooulaiced in the 
flanm whieh contribute by ftr the greater amount ifalnogthto 
Uie Beam, to inoch ao that Mr. HodgHaenn throwa the web out 
of oaleuUtlon altogether. The Beam no. 3, with flange* 4 : 1 ha* 
however, a web <M*tw'"''"g one half of tlic aoctional am, ao tha 
there i* only the tenainiiig half of the material oontainol in tbe 
flanHna. 

To oompare the atrength due to th« dillbreot proportiona of 
taiigta iu th«ae two Buauie, an allnwimee ought to be nade for 
tlila differ»DO(t. Lnt bb take the material out of the weh of the 
latter Ream, an a* to rciiuce it to tfao aame prapo«ttaD al tJl&t of 
the former; nnmcly, one-Hllh of the scotional area, and let u« put 
tliia eurplua, amounting to 0-3 of the eeotioiud area. Into the 
flaom, where it may contribute Ila flill valae to (he atrcngtb ef 
UuBeam. The area of the >U)gM,*a already atatedi bO'Softhe 
eectional area; if thai, wc add 0*3 to tbu, we mcrcaae the 
■trengtb of the Beam by throo-liftha (that ia, iMviog out af eoa- 
(idoratiou, in tbe Beautim^ the atre&g^ Av» to tho vtb. which 
Mr. BvilgkiiuHm ncglecta), ao that tkfi Bmid, whbh brcdte with 
a weight »r dT3T lb, per eqaare indi of aecUan, woaU, by thia 
Kltenit4no, have ita breaking weight infreaacil bv thtee-liluu of 
thia anioiuit, nnmnly {ilXT -^ | =) 1S12 IU, niakiiig in all the 
bmikiiiK weii^ht per Biiuare inch of aectiou -ISTnlb., while tli* 
EtcAU with flnugcs 6:1, bruku with a weight of ouly ii'iri lb. per 
Mjuare inuli <•( Hc'tioii. Rut thia is not all : tho mnlal of whieb 
the htlti'i' beam waa nut, was Htrongtsr than that naed for the 
fomier, aa ahown by the staiidnrtl Ii«un out along with thenfbr 
oompariiuii. Lty anppoiiug thii former Beam to be neat of the 
Btron^T metal, we will h^vt to all-jn* & further luUlltloo to ita 
■Irength uf about GlOlIx, ao that the compariaon will now atauil 
thue:— 

BnaUMWMchipa 
aq, la. oIHHUiaL 

B«iun with flanges 6:1 «>Talb. 

Dith) ditto 4:1 4t480 „ 

jpring an eicus of eirenglh in &vour of the beun with lUogee, 
4 : 1, of about oue-rixth. 
Bat to enter on the subject more parlioul&rly and in detail—* 
Table I. ahowi tho result of Mr. Itodgkiuaon'a experimoita, 
referred to in thid puper. 

TabUh 













BUkULBiau. 




Propmlon 


Stt«|[th Hr 
Squard lucli of 




Ha. </ 
brwl- 


'^SSSSm 


umil. 


yunflBa. 


BteUaa. 




mult. 


SMko. 


1 


t :l 


SlOSlb. 








i 


% Tl 


««7,. 


compaied w)ib 


4 


aSMIb. 


3 


4 :I 


mi „ 








9 


4i:l 


3iBa „ 


ds. 


10 


2;B2 „ 


II 

13 


44:1 
S : 1 


aai4 „ 

88M„ 




doL 


13 


3603 „ 


IU 


a -i 


*0T5 ., 










ill 


;i:i 


3sra ,. 




Ad. 


SS 


SSBS ,. 


It 


38aa „ 











Avemgv of Standard Beam 



2738 1b. 



* amUmul Mcnaca nqalnuM baiudt U> Ur. Unrialitniuu'i oiinriinHiU, ai 
mvMM IB Uic flnt put cf U>. Fkirbaln'a vnit m Ciit ad Wniafhl lra«w K 
will bt DrrMurr w Tafer t« Mb mrth aa toln( bilNc n, M U naH fiaal^ laa 
unBHBMfUf (nitiv lUs f>|lar. W WsiTgnU vUb a ill Ike «v«riMA teM 
nlundta 




u 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



Hw third oolamii ahom the aotuaJ Imul per square inah of 
■Mtjon with which (bs difleiWDt Bauim broke. As these Bmhu 
wen Dot kU aat U. the sania tiiiiri, aud as it was Inipowiblo to 
■ecurs, kt diSbnut awtiimi, metitl i.-'f cuclly thn unin <iiiiilitj, 
tliort VM, atMohset of Bxperimouta,a llrnm of the utoc putl«riii 
out for ths ptupoM of asMrtuijiiiij; tile cotnparntive str^iigtli of 

betWMb till' uxpptUDcciU mufn at ilKT^reut times. Tho rmiilt of 
Umw sxperiuiHula uu tbc ■taiidaiil !ksm sre givoD In the last 
'cnhinui 

In ordar to oumpare the strength of tJie nrionB Bnims. wo 
Boat MdnM than) to oos siuidkfd. Let us take this stMJidaril to 
b* tks Kftnga itnngth of th« stAodAnl Brara, whkb is ^'38 lb. 
Mr ■qnuaiaah of section; thrn, bjrs nmplo qucstiun of jiropor- 
tioD, wa g*t Table U. iiutesd of tbe former. 

TVitfell. 



bientsMl. 


Piwoitba of 

nun*- 


Stnoflb per Sqnara Iseli 


1 




'i50a tb. 


S 




■2720 „ 


9 




IBOO,, 


9 




giai „ 


U 


8S68„ 


19 




W03., 


IB 




ssa; „ 


•M 


Siil 


sm,. 


ai 


8«8S„ 



Diagrnn I. npnttata the s&iue at od« glance, the Beams, with 
laagM of diffigniit |)T«p<:>rliL~>ii\ being mufked off IiorixuntAlly 
■long the base or datum line, ncRontiu^ t/> these proportions, and 
the various utrtrualha of these Beama beiu^' measured by the 
height of the bbick dots above this base or dntum line. The 
curved line nipreaeat^ at neorlv as poasible, the lav of vnriution 
of Mnogth br Ranmn of lUlTereiit proportious of Aaugei^ 
awordiug to the abova axperinents. 

Uk Oiagran L 



HOO 



im 









• 


^^^^ 


• 
• 


^ 


^ 


"^ « 


1 


















i 













ni:l »;l i;l lil 1:1 el 71 

The proenluig Tabic and Dingrun jurt rofcmxl to, show, thnt 
of theBuamaexpcriiucuInl un, Ihone with flange* sWut (] : 1 were 
the airoiigiMt. But, as tUreadj' aisivJ, Ui«re vught Ui be an alluw- 



ancp made for the dlifereDoe in the thiokneaa «f ths wsba of tlie 
Beams i^ijieriineatoii on, before we can cumjiaTa the strength dite 
to the differaat proportione of flfujjjns. 

There is eouie ilitGculcy in making the caleiilatiana nqoind 
for oar niirpnae with eiactucss, ou acoount ef OUT Wit of Know- 
ledge of the exact proportions uf the niwluli of alaatMty foroom- 
pmsiaD and for citenuon of emit metal, and wkaUiW these are 
ouUHtaut ur vary in some way, as the praaun^— of tbs amounU 
to wliich this uinterinl may be eitondcd or coniproMedi without 
injury to it — uud (hiis of the puaitiou of the neutral sJUS fof 
dilfercnt sections of Beatus. 

Were we to throw out of cnlculacinn the strength diM la tha 
web, we would be enabled to dispense with the cousidonlion of 
the DoeitioD of the ueutral axis, Ac, anci the calculaliona required 
would be greatly simpliliol; while the diinmruoe, though oobijm- 
tivi^Iy small, would be still uiore in favour of Beams with dka 
upper and under flanges of more equal uvportlons. 

Allhoui^h uuable to 6x the exact poaitions of the neutral axia 
fbr the varions Beutns. 1 hnve aHSumul iirubnbin positions aucurd- 
ing la thebeat of ray jiidguieut, con sidiTiui; that tlieawiuuptioiui, 
though perhaps not quite oorreet, will make a closer approxima- 
tion to Aiicuracy than leaving the qnestton altogether nut of 
considmiliou. I think, from cnleulntions made on ditferent 
aasumptions of the positioo of the nouttal axis, that any error 
that axa arise from tliis muse will probably be under 3 per 
cent. 

It may be noticed, in cnrrobonition to some eitrnt of the 
proximate correctueai of the law assumed in regulating the 
position of iho neutral axis in the diifrront Btrams. thai the 
a«umed pusitioDs agree very closely with those indicated bv 
the fntcliirM of the Beams in three of the four cases in which 
that ponitiou seenied to be thus indicated, although the law 
was B»«Hnied independently of thrae obeervaliooa. Tliiis, in 
Beiuu No. 11, the MMUmeil gioaitiou is within O'l in. of tha 
indioilvd position, while in Beams No. IK and Ml, the curve ttt 
the iwauuied law follows almost exaclly the nvenige between 
the indi(3il«l positions; in the former iJeing O'-l in. above, and 
in the latter tJ*3 below thrao indicated positiowi. 

It would Iw a needless labour, and a weiuing out of the 
patieuM of this meeting, to attenii't to go ilii-iiu^li all the esU- 
cnlations reijiiired lo come to the reatilis intendwl to he laid 
before yon; but your attention is requested (o the following, as 
an example of tlic process required to be gone through in each 
case. 

tn Beam No. 1. the dppth of llio IwLlom flange le 0-1 lo, 
and the assumed depth fivim nnder edge to neutral axis is 4*0 
in. Suppose the beam below the neutral axis, 
divideil iulu purls eigiial to the deptli of the 
thickness of ine flxn^, we will have 10 of 
these, the wabocciiiiyiiig the u[iper 9, anil the 
flange the 10th. The nroportionale amiianl 
of strength eontribiiCed by each of these parts, 
ia as the sqlure uf the dietunoe of the pott 

^ fVoni the neutral axis. The diHUnce of tlie 
: centre of the npr^er part is L nn<l the square 
[ of this ia j. and let us cull the amount of 
strength eonlribuled by tbia upper part l- 
The diHlanoe of the ceutre of the semud poit 
1), and Ihe square of this i» Sj, so tbal, in the muub pro- 
portion, the amount of sti-ength cintrihuWil by this jiart is i^; 
and M on, until we reach the 10th part, or nort of the flange 
iaiinedin[*ly uniler the web, the amount contributed by which in 
the snme uroportion Is iX'l. If we sum this series, w« aball 
find Ihut ttie whole strength due lo the 10 parl^ of 4'0 In depth 
la 33?j, Wi of which is contributed by thi> liith or lowoM part, 
anil the other 2-li| by the web.* But we have to take into 
accomil the whole flange. The flange being nt the same distance 
from the neutral axis as the lowest ur lUlh part. It will ooo- 
tribute in Ihe same projtorlion as thiit part to the strength of 
the beam. Now, the bremlth of the flange is 1-7S inT orfi'63 
times the thickupsji of the web, »o thai we have the proportionat* 
Btrangih due to il {S-83XskiJ=:) r>iG-ie. Add this to the prapor' 
tion of sl.i-ength due to the i> i>.irts of ihe web, unniely J4i'2S, 
an<l we have the proportional strength of the whole BeaiB, 
7i!SU.t 

* W« (M ihr auw nnilu nunv tlatlt ■ud man' inwlnlT. b? uklug Uk ssbM rf 
tlu' iMtvnlTi drntlu niiDi Iba utdim) ul>; Ibgj, Id' :li*- l>H)0.;^1i = H!I'S ^MS-W. 
■nil M-.-»— gil'tl- = VV II. M iihotr. ™ty nasrij. 

1 Pgttupa li In iinnresMtij l« ninUid taj. Uui Uis itnUo uT luuUHi on Uw pert at 



mitak 



HifSL- 



0-29 



inV 



I 

J 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCIUTECT'S JODRXAL. 



The Mtul alnagUi of Ihit Bmoh M nduood to om atuidanl, 
.ii^ M >lnf<l^ MHi, IWU lb. iwr aqaMo Inch of moIIod. By 
ftindiDV Om into the proportiooi nbon itaMd wa aluUl g«t Itw 

ooat ooDtrikntoI bjr the web to b* („,X!-V>9=]791 Itx.uid 

rlhs uuwnt oootributed br the taagm to be (8S09— T»l=) 
1719 Ik 

Wt b»To now to ooBMdar the altwsUon od thoM qu&utitJea 
pndnmd by iwludo^ tlie tJiIckiiaH of tfce web^ uid by ■dillag 
UM Rielal Ukeu from it to the ilongna. 

Aa Bnui*. Nu«. IS, Id, Jt) and <1, btiag thooo of boct ntction 
•foonlin); to Mr. BoJgkiuaou'a oxuerimeolis hare, uu ttie Arrmge, 
vebe i>( nbout oue-fuunli of tlieir ««otiou&l >re>, we ^oll uku 
. lUaw tbaqOMitity to which, (br oobimHaod, *11 lh» wobiara to 
iondnoed. Wo have tlicn, ioBMinNo. I, tb««rMoTtli*cro« 
aeetiaa, S'SS to, of which the flangea ooinipjr l^U iiL, and Idie 

Tabk 



web 1'3SA In. The am of the web will now bo oM'foiirtI) of 
S-(U in., th»C in, ('705 in^ being a nductjou i>f D'690 in., whioh 
luia to br adilad to tlie uva uf the Daugat, making it (1-4204' 
O-mw^) 3-110 in. 

Bf thia alientioD in the mrUi^o, w« r«<l<.ioe the anwDot of 

atroD^h contribatad b; the wet) bjr l\^ X 791 = ) MI Ih^ 

while we incrtue the amouiit of Kmniith oontributed br the 

iifi ^ '7'S ~ ) ^38 lb., which giTcauiiDonue 

to the attMlgtb of the braim equal ia the difTcmnoc of theae two 
quantmet, namely, -141 ll>^ luakiuK the atrcnvth uf the B«aiD. 
No. 1 (Kiterad ao as to bare the web uB^Jba^tll of (hn aaotlaaAl 
arta] to bo tMO lb., per aqaan inch of oroaa moUod, iiutaad of 
SAOaib. 

If the aasie proceaa be gone throogh with all the Beama, «• 
aluUl have the reaiilia aa giTcn id Table UL 

lU. 



Anat^Wtb. 




to Onu* 



n-«4 

0.S01 

om 

0-100 
03H 
O'lOO 

0-ass 



: I 

I 1 
: 1 
: 1 
; I 

; I 
. 1 

; I 
: 1 



Utrtga 

pw Sifun luft 

ndud loMi* 

tUaOart. 



aso9 

W80 

seoo 

3121 

83se 

3SS7 
33»4 
86SS 



DtflMmsi 
gs utwial ff 

lUetoMoT 
W«K 



ih. 
+ 4*1 

+ 703 
+ lOSO 



+ 



7<0 

47 

SOS 



tanahfrn 
tqoan uck. w1 
tt>bf««ndto 
tu Ona MMMa. 



I9S0 
8433 
SMO 
8SS1 
SPIO 
S7iS 

seis 

»4T 

MM 



L 



On IKagmm IL the Urge dole noil curved line rapreeent to 
the eye the aaxup remits, and the nntum of the law which tliey 
fcDov, while tlie bui&II poiuts withio the dotted cirdea, and the 
dotted corva, are the aaue aa tliow ahown ou Diagnm L On 

ttibwo, Mv* Ite Main! oil. 1> emikl In uiouni tn th> ■liiiMi iir lauiwiliiii mi 
Ik* tad ikviu It, ud tb*l tbiTT(iii» ihi> liLii'.r i\.Kt ii'ii rniulni ID te calcBlatad, U 
Ma* •■> ABk la ampHUK ib* •■mutii ur ikaiui, ui uauus ilit elato riManfa at 
IkalHBatf '■ *■ — '-- - 



I tttfn^iiit un ibc fatiiAiK]) w uMaMvib 



examinattoo it will be aem, that the reault of our lorMttgatlonti, 
in ■<:> ffir an mfpra In ths atrongaat wction of Bnain, la that with 
the web oDc-fourth of the iBOtional are*; this ia obtained with 
fliuiK^i rather under 4 : 1. 

Biifur* fir<iwe<ilii(i further, we may notloe, aa a corrobomtioa 
to Buiue extent iif the oorrMtuosa of llieae iurmtignLluiiii, Gnt, 
that In the two |Mira of exi>«nmnnta, Nna. 9 and 11, iiadNo«. 
IS and 19, tlie maiilta, after the rai|iiired oorroctiotia are Dlndei 
apTiraxirante rny cloaely, the former so aa otmoat to ooinade; 
and aeoondly, that aI) the reanlta (with the exception of the hurt) 
arrkng« thi;iTii>el<re« so aa to Allow the curve to follow them 
nlniMt cxnctl/. In the cnao of the laat pair of BeaniH. Koa. ilO 
and SI. ths aiaormno; ia increnwHl bv the corre^-tiona oiado; 
bat atili it k aatiuetory to uotioe that the corve fnltown newly 
the averaga of th« two. Ai to thia diaorapancy, it perhapa aioae 
ftomaome Inequalltv in the c*alinc»|Oraomeatherof thoaeniuM 
alluded to ia tho former part ot Uita paper; bnt the eReet liH 
doubtleae been inorenjrod by the Idvixju of tho noutral axla 
Thia was pruhably about II iiic^h fruni the under edge of tt« 
Benu, giving the eRMire levemgr uf the Hangi' round the 
neutral axia m II Inch OD thn nvuragv; ao that any amall dif- 
foitiQoe in the qUHtltf of the metal, or any other enuiie tdfactii^; 
the poaition of the neutntl axU, wxild tpre a eompaintivvly 

Cuter difference iu the etreugth of Uie Beam than would ha,Vt 
a if the oeutnl uia had bnto higher. 

Thi!«e remorhit point to ani-thvr curroboration of the bveatiga- 
tions in thia papnr. In expfirimnnt 19 and £1, th« fracturM 
indicAtod the ncutml axia to bn I'i:) and I'tK) inchea fmm the 
under edge* of their reapectire Bvnma. Now this aeeiua to 
inilieate, that by a eompur&tively nunll addition to the npper 
flange, by which the neutral axis wculd b» ooiuaderKbly miwd, 
tlie atrength of the Benma would thereby he iucr«uaed much tuore 
than in the proportion of the amount of metal addod. 



The forc^in^ oalculatione hove been mads on tbe MnunpUoo 
of the web beuig oiie-fourlh of the cross aeotian, •• that ma 
about the avomge of the weba of the Beams of elrongeat aection, 
aixniiiiiig to Mr. Hodgkinaon. Ihavealaooduulateil thvatroiuth 
of the Uoiuuf, on the aaaumptinn of the wt>b bving oue-hau of 
the cross accUon, which ia the proportion in the cmo of Bmhui, 
No*. I, i, and 3. The renuU ia f^ven in Table IV. and Diagram 
ni., wliich iudSmte that in tUb caae the Beam of etrongeat a»^ 
lion 18 tlutt with flaag<« 3} : 1. 



J 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOCRNAL 



I turn tiaa Uid down, on tb» Hune dUgram, the curve rapTft- 
WBUng tilt oompAnlln •trtogth of BMxnti with diffiirent pro- 
porltoiM of Bugca, vhoi ««b ia ODe-Uunl of tfa« leotiijDal ojul 

ToWelV. 







Btnaca p* 


riUlomio* 


Rtnnltb tiff 
Web tMliiwl >o 


Ho.tl 

Bun. 


Ptuwrttoo 
MnugH. 


radoMdUgn* 








BMBdiri. 


vn,. 


4 CnM SeoUon. 


1 


1 1 


Ifi0» lb. 


— 01b. 


a£OS ]b. 


a 


fl 




STM ... 


— ... 


Slid ... 


i 


4 




»D0 .,. 


— ,., 


S900... 





il 




SI31 . . 


— 305 ... 


fiSlfl ... 


n 




S«« ... 


— 428 ... 


2S*0 ... 


IS 


fl 




3402 ... 


— 819 ... 


sags... 


IB 


11 




88*7 -.. 


— un ... 


MS0 ... 


20 


"1 




SW4 .., 


— iws ... 


92»8.,. 


21 


8} 




3665 ... 


— B17 .. 


2788 ... 



Diagram IIT. 



Moa 




UM 



IMt 



Artojiiuinr .8* 



ONI 



n. t M 1^1 ■ M I - I t : I <: I T : 1 

Tftble V. (Plnli^ T.) ia Tor the pnrpose of getting the nHintiuicn 
or the n;e, in romuDjin jiiJinaeul ou the Cuinimnitive eligibility 
of the vuioua McUuiia uf Bmuiu. Tlie Jvpth uikI iiren o! oivse 
Bsctlon u« the 8Mn« Id all ; the upixr r>iw Iim the urea, 
of llio web OQD-fonKh of the cmss leclii^n, the hocciiiiJ row 
ono-thinl, ftnd the third row oni.'-liAif of the urusa ai^cliaa — n rect- 
lUiKDlar Beam of the MiTue aroa bt>iug plaue-l nloiigaiile «nch mw, 
fur tlie vaJca of oompariion. Tlie de|jlfi of the Gwuue is li units 
uf an; ktnd : the afm of cro<M Mction will ihi^n be 2i>. TIx' fi^ir«» 
xbove the RKim* Ip^-a tlie oampirutivi- strength of i>ju-J>, tlio 
BoUD of BtroncHt jwt'tion fhr each partieulnr ro«- beiuR tnk(.-n a* 
niiitr. The 6t,'ur«a lieluir the Buaoia pve the itrciiL'lli of vach, 
tbc bunm of itlnjuu<uit tiH'tioii In lh« unpei' row (thnt la, with the 
««b oii*.funrth of th* cmmt aFctioD) twiDg taken m iiniiv. It 
nky b» iioti«eil th«t there wore no experiments b? whicn tho 
et*et cmiinamtive sutngth of tlie rectuupiUr Beam coald bo 
dMenniuixl. The Htrength In the t*Me le therefom £iveu in 
roaod Dumberv, bnlnr only apnioxlmntive, for the purpmte nf 
glldlig eAine idf« of the utivngth of n Itmun with-oit DangH, tu 
«ratpkivd with thoan with flajijiea. The corrnirt utrength, liow- 
■mrrr, i* prababW nearly A per oeuU le*i than that itnloi). 

On cuuiuuiiUou of lUuiM napeiiAire MMtioua, I tliitik it will be 




ffmtnlly ooiwderod that the wob, one-fourth of the 
arvji, ia too thin fur onlinary praetioal purp««n. Oa the othvl 
hand, the w^, one-half of the Abotiunu aren, appears to m« I 
be uiuwoDiiiiarily tlii'ik: whi'tva* tlio wvboue-third of the aeutio 
Ar«a geetDit U< be more nnarly of a ppopnr pcflportion, lu ' 
wlierc the dr])th i« jtimtur in proportion to the ncctional 
than that hore mbuuihI, it might thin the web too much to luUJa] 
tbia pro|>ortii>ual area of oiie-lliird. In this olbc it wonld b^I 
neceasary to Iiiorcnm tlie pmportlon of tlie web; but prDbab)f J 
(n no c*He woulil it ho neneaaary to do ao to ft great«r proporUon' 
than on<<-hiUf of the sectional Oreo. 

(>n extunination of the aurvea ou Diaenin III., it irli ba Mra 
that there in very little dlOereiioe in tlie atreug^ of Betunir on 
Mch aide of the maiimnm. Now, aa it la g<.in'-rally deHirable^ 
for other rvaanna, to havn the Hangee of more e(|iin] proportloiw 
than thoae of maximmni strength, it will be adviaitblr to tooMtt^ 
in the cow erf Beama with the web one-hAlf of the sectional arnt, 
the strongest eeotioti to bo that with dajig<-B 3 - I , ioalvad of 3J : L 
aud in the cuao of BAama with web oii^-fourlb of the aedional 
areiL the strongest aeotion to be that with flaugoa 3) : 1, inatsad 
of about 4:1. 

From tbeie eonaide rations we oome to the oonclu.-iion, that for 
([euernj piirpoHen, the host elioiblb eECTiOH or Rkau la nur 
BAVIKO A WEB FROM ONK-TBIBD TO OHB-naLr O? THE 8ECTIOS.U. 

ARKA, AKD rLAKoES rilox 3j : 1 to 3 : l,acconling to circuin- 
etAncRR. 

There ant aome things, arising out of theee invMtigationj^ 
whtcli I fflit deaimue of laying before this meeting, encb aa rulwJ 
Ibr colcnL-iting the strength of Boauia, taking into account th«' 
proportions ofboth flanges and web, neither of which Mr, llodg. 
klnaou'a rule does; but 1 have been prev«ateil by ill health IVum 
entering into thise investigations ao thoroughly a« to be aatit£u>- 
tory; and besides, this pajier ba» piobnbly streteh«>l out to a 
BU&uent leugth fur tbe praacuU Perhape I tnoy hare the lionuor 
of Bubmitliug some further reuai'ka ti> the Inatituto on a future 
OGOnsiou. 

Tlie investigations luul oileiilations of this paper hare been 
founded wholly on the M(ierimecta of Mr. Hodgkinaon. 1 hare 
not the alighleit reason for doubljog the aceuracy of theao, aa 
they leem to have been mule with the utmost care, and are moat 
minutely detmled; yet hnving uuuie Ui different eonduiiona tna 
tboeeof the author of the exfieriuients, it would be sutiafactovy 
to have thi«e uuncluaions tested by a set of ex peri men ta arrviged 
specially for the purpose of Rxing tlio law of variiktion iu tbe 
strength of Beams of different seetiuun. 

I have tberefoiv n>8pectful!y to propose, that tht* ahoald bt 
taken up by tlio Institute. 

In the cose of it being agreed to do ao, 1 have to suggest, that 
the expenmi-ut^ be nuulc with Bcama oitat from airrfiiT^ formed 
patterns, ao as to be exactly of the under-atal«d dituenaioM and 
proportions — all the Beams to be 5 feet lon^ ;uid tnobea deep, 
and of exn«Uy the same itectioiml area, and to be tested at a 
bearing of 4 ft. <! in. The tirst Beam to be rectan^lar, tbe 
second with flanges 1 : 1, the web of thin, aa of tlie following 
being oncthir'l of the sectioual Hroa: the other Boimia to have 
flanges iu Ihe respcL-tive pro|>ortioniiof 2 : I, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, II : l,and 
6 : I. There ought to be nt least three coatings of each, ao aa to 
obtain tbe average, aud to avoid exceptional cases. 



The Boyal Enginoers have now destroyeil nearly one-half «f 
tbe <^>ld Bridge at Rochester, and the remainder will be detno- 
liahrd as speedily as pussiblo. The qnnntily of gunpowder used 




looaRtinil. The pier was built on pile* in the river bed. The 
object waa toihiike the whole without tumbling it into the river, 
a nwitll ci'initletely clfccttd, Tbe weight of [lowder uhxI ia the 
v.ipIiMions wiui neni-ly 10<M> lb., and was divided into the aama 
number of I'hnr^'ea as in the previous exjierimeuta. Sinoo 
N'nvomber. the sippers and minors hnve been cugi^ed In aiafcin g 
two shnfia iu this porlinu of tbe bridge, to Ihe resptctive daptba 
of j4 feet and ^1 feet, one in the pier, and tho other in tliAalBllt- 
ment. Al tho bnxe ofench |^]lafI sprang two gallerici, eaehSbat 
in length, and in theHo were dpponiteil the ehargea The powder 
WHS cont^neil in tin wnterpniof case*, enoloaed in wooden boi«^ 
AtXI lb. for the pier and aruh, and SOU lb. for the abuUueul. 




THE CIVIL ENGMEEH AND ARCHITECTS JOUttNAL, 



4jE 



I 



I 



I 



BIOIITSB OF MEV PATISTI. 

.STOP OR HEtiULATlNO VALVE. 

H. Wkwwoob, T. WiiiuiiT, Mil] E. Whiout, DaiUcy, 
J'mlttfiea, Juiiv II, 1S5G. 

"niu iuvuttion Ci.>n3i*l« iu a piculkr nmuimfiicut of tli« in- 
temAl puftaof th«ebMii)Mr'irviiIv« bux, bj wiilcb non aaomU 
ftuing MiHkeD* and tlm innnna of clouoe or Opening th« pumgv 
■wtj or pMBHgc v^ys of inch vktv* duunbrr lany b« wcjrknl 
nnmr pr«Mnra witb gnater HWsIImu liarctor^rc, wiil Uia riik of 
kduge «vaU«d. 

Tlw Talv« ootMiata of tvo lieDUtpherloitl oupa, of cut-Iron 
or otiiar hmUI, aocunxl u> Mch othnr by Saagm, aod hnviag a 
hraaA crabtat pipe □pou mch fur iho puqMwof ooniMcting tli« 
■■■■■ or pipea tlieraUi. Uu tbe Uiiiitr Bimnw of orio of ihoo 
fcail^iliiiiliil oup« Is mat or fixod a ciroaUr feoe of mciAl, harUifc 
tvo flfwtilii^ wboM Agiira la nearly a Dncxnr if a olrolc, tlie ana 
of tba two opttiinga exonoding iLo nrtn uf naoh of tlin bnuicbM or 
ifaotl pipes Wore DWDtloQcii; thin (svx ia turned in ft Itttha, or 
otlicrwisfl uutilv true and evva, uid u)ion tliU k diao of itnu or 

the tvii i>paaliif|« In tho flxoiT tnw. Tliin diK i« inaile to rotkta 
npoB a oonm mii vliicU i« in iha cnntro of thn Axed fiwc, ud la 
bpt firmly on ita bee byn itiwl ■prion. Tho odica of thi* mU- 
ti^ fiiee baa a wigumut of a tan^ul whcvl upon it, ancl motina 
ia ODtaiDauIntAd to tli« nine by ■ it-ruw, by which uiuaiia the 
Opwlnga lo Um diae and fix^l fiuxiSLH b# brought oppoaiu to 
•aehouar.wliicheoustitutMthoopaniiigof th* vftlve. or revecvad, 
and tho nire ia than cloml at plcantitx!. Itcan also by th« aama 
BCMUi he NgulatMl ur partly opeiUHl, to ft groftter or ]c!» oxtsnt, 
ai nfty bu miulrod. Tbar« may alao be an hidlaitoi- upon tlio 
nlwU* of tli« ■orowa which travarM upoD ttrn alldM, nud theaa 
alidoi fiirrn tbe larewifor the p/ie-kitie o'tboKrewaplsdla. Tha 
mt of ibis iudicator in toabow wboii tliovalrota opened or doasd. 
TIm valve ia appltuaUe t» M«Mn, gna, ftir, vrater, or any oth<ir 
tulda, ftnd !• capable of aoalalnlag gn^t pr«aeui<& For tome 

furpceaa tba mr&oe of tlia diai: nia^ l<equin to ba eovarol with 
raaa or other metal, but for fill ordiiMry purpotMiron fluea ftra 
OOBaidered auffiaipol, lu the hue* are tdway* in contact; corroalaa 
ia thereby avoided, and an extenaion of the durability of the 
Tftlre eiRKited. Tkla vol v* having- uu nckor lontiHrew, orothor 
ezleRial apjMndagM, occupies n «iiMl!er apace. «nd can alio be 
vorked by a ahorter sn<l moro convenient levor than Is iiow gene- 
fdly feqnifcd for <uch pnrpoiee. 

Gabn. — The pculiar form unci armngemunt of the intomal 
and wnrkiiig |inru of n vulve b<.>x c>r cliuuibor. -.la dnturibcd, fur a 
Mop or nigulfttiDg valve auiwble fur gaii, witter, uleiaa, or other 

CASTING MALLEABLE CAST IRON IN METAL 
MOVUiS. 

J>. Hottnnos, Bordaalny Worka, Bimiinghun, PiUentm. 
June 4, 1606. 

Her«tofure niimerun* artlelea have been cut in a do*eriptIc>n 
«f iron known aw inittliiable oaat-lron, which, nfWr caatiuj;, rony 
be ftnBeKled, iu> i* well ijnde>«tood;and when oMtingthfouiLrtiden, 
wtDd moiitda have blwayv been emplnvod. 

Tliii invROlion cnnaiita iu the ase ri metftl mould* wlwin cnxting 
irtklcB from tbU deaoriptlou of iron, by which the articlra mny 
be cMt with greater mjndlty anil witb a leiw exjienditure of 
kbonr. 

In mannfnctarinii artidea of wbnt ia kunwn ru m.-illivibte oiut- 
irOB (iron whtcli on he <nat into f<imi and then brnuKht Into ft 
•oft Mute by aniicaliug). it hafl tM-irn imiihI to i-iiiploy uind tnoiildn. 
The patent'* ninkm u«n of mouldii of mctnlH. gi'viiii^ tbe pre- 
ference to cnat-iron, and oncb mould of tvo or more |inrt^ aco(ini> 
iag to the nfttare of tbe artiole to Ik! cnnt. The pnrie of each 
IMNlU are nude to fit auuarat^lv lii^cber, and the intfirior 8Ur- 
fceea reodeced vvry timootb. Whon uhiug such monldi, the 
lUerior aitrfWa am nnoked or brnahfd nvcr with bhuik lend, 
iRd Uio monld* are then h«it«l ^> a low blnok lient befor« 
mmnng in the metaL By thai employing nielnl moulds tlie 
atme may be and again and a^n, and the nrtieliH p»>t iberpln 
will not only be mora emnoth, but a onuside'niile wiving- will 
natiH ia ant having to nuko a now mould for each article to lu 
aaL 

Ho. t7£— VeL XX.— FmUABT 1807. 



BLOCKS AND BRICKS FOR BUILDING. 
J. Bniaaa^ Fleevatreot, Fattmtet, .Inno 4, 1696. 

lUa Invenliijii conelMi in oonatmcting the pckita of blodu and 
bridCB (br building, wtietherof wood, atunit. iron, eartlieuware, 
oluy, or otb«r auitabU aubaUac^ ia varioiui furme oorreapondiiig 
with each other, aod ao that tmck aaonntc block or brick hna 
ftpsTtures inUi which may bo loaertad rods, bara, pJni, tic*, or 
bolta, ao aa to hold tbe block* or bridca together. The aperturu 
ar<» ao fumind and phicod that upon any two or mare Uocka 
biting brought togetlier iu the poeition they are intended le 
occupy, oou or mure of tlie apurturee Id eaJih block ahftU cor> 
reapotid with, or come oppoeite to, one or more iqierttma in (ha 
next bludc or Uocka, to allow of tbe paaaage of the tie nda 
iJiTODgb thirn, or of their biding Htippwl on the tie rode. 

Tu put the brickwork toguiJior, the holaa or aperturaa an 
pbtoed IU oa to oorreepond; ft pin or ping, fanned of wood, iron 
or any other •uilable malerliO, it then dtiren throuuh the bulM^ 
ftud mortar bclneplaccd liolween the bricka the whole ia mftdtt 
perCtctly accaro. The blooka may be aecured with pUia or pluga, 
and an liud io tbe oame way aa ordinary brickwork, so Ual 
the biuta of the diibroul bricka abaJl not awraapund. Orooroi 
or ohanncla may be forined on all aidea, enda, and £icca of theae 
bricks aad blocu which mil admit of mortar, oemeut, or other 
anitablc material being enqiloyed aa well aa the tie pina 

The iKiieutiTL. builda a paving of theee blooke wiUi the tie radi 
pUced uurizunlally, giving ft good foot-hold for boreea by etuun- 
feriiig olf the upper edge* «l the blocks and making gruovai ia 
them. 

Claim. — The conitmeUoo t4 blocks and bricks for buJIdbK 
with two or more apwtare niaJe therein, in the niKnner dcacriboiL 
fur the parpoae of reoaMug two or more riiuu to tie. hold, and 
unite logetlker any onmber of tlic lanie employed ti> build a wall, 
or paviiig, or other ■tructnn. 

SHAPINO, PBESSING. AND ROLLING MALLEABLE 

IRON AND STEEL, 

H. BKasxaiB&, London, PiiUnUf, May 31, 16.^1!. 

When ingota or mninina of mallwible Iron and utivtl am liwined 
by pouring or running the melaJ in a fluid at&tc iuto moulds, it 
U generally foniid that tbe in(^ta or maaaM to produced are mor« 
or Um Bpoagy or CBllulor, ftnil that owing to thia droanetonea, 
and to tliMrctYBlaUine cnoditinD, aiich ntat Ingota or nuueea are 
apt to be cruahed or brnltirii when put Iwtwecn rollcn of ths 
kmd now ordinarily nand for rolling malleable iron; itbaaataa 
been found thai the ordinnrv rotllTig mill doea not alfotd the 
diwiRid 6icility for raiting w! lb heavy masaaa of metal, enoh oa 
may bo ]wadnced by caaling. Tlie object of tbia invention ia 
to le.-Bcn or remove theae iliatulvunlagoe of the ordinary rolling 
mill. The appnnttna employed by the patentee canaiata of a pair 
of stout fnvmea or lUnclards of cnat-irou, further etivngthened by 
T«i1>orb»n of malleable iron, and wbidi lire aMiiii-rd ton nuwarive 
bcrl plnte mouuted ou matonrv, UrtWM-n l!if*« atandarda are 
plnoed two BC^ients of « oyliniier or roll of rery Ui]{e iliamoter; 
the cun'c>d siirfMwa of nueh legiiieiita are p!nn?d ueit to each 
other, and mch one ia i:iipable of luutton on an nxia working ia 
anitahlc bearing! furmwl iu the Ntniirliiril&, Vfr<n- menil'iDod. 
The curved porlicci of tbe Momenta formed of chillal Iron or 
eteet, and the ntlier part of caat^ron, and one or both tidce of 
tbvm should he provided wHh eegmeutai ipur genring, ao ar- 
rniiffnd na to itiaiire a corrmixmdlng motion of each Begmeiit, one 
or both of which is to lie attaehod to a canneoting rod or rod*. 
The opposite ends of thi>>ii> roils are nlao to be connootc.1 to a 
cmnk, the oouatant rotation of which will produce a r4>.'i|>ro- 
csljng motion of thf aegmeuis, Tbe crank shaft ahould have on 
it a hcnvy flywheel to regulate the motion, and it may nleo eei've 
na the cmnk shnit to auy convenient fi'rm nf atnun ennae; or 
tbe cnink «li»l\ of tbe segment mill mny tm iictuat«d tn- any 
auitable genring driven by steam or water power. Tbe &oe« 
the segmenta am to have gi^iovea funned therein, similar to the 
groom formed on the rolls nt iirew'iii in iixe fi-r mlliug bar iron, 
so that the ingct of opllulur iiH'Inl will thi» be supported 
laterally during the prcH^ing opcmtiuu, nnd will be prevented 
ftMm being eriisRtd or nroki'u to pieces, nud will be so acted npoit 
on every aide aa to weld or cKuw up any cavitiM that uiay hkve 
R:(intuil therein, and ^lua render the Ingot aolid, and ca|iable of 
liuariug the action of the ordinnry mtling mill. If the ■eg^en.ta 
etnployed are parts of dRleaoC'fran^ vi\A^U«>.'\&4ti«taBans« 

1 



46 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER ASD ARCHirECTS JOURNAL. 



thq will praM oD a much gmtcr \mgth (at mi* tlmt) of the 
jifaagot thui wouH b« ihv cue if ordiniirT rolti.-ii> of nbout IS 
plnonea io diuneler wrre obrI. nnJ itlKi tn<!rc will he much Ims 
' wodeaqr to MpKnte the iogot into piecn whpD prMAed bMwc«n 
[ loob ooiDMnttJvely Aitl aurftoes an uv prMfiiWd hy the Inr^ 

Xqnb Vcfnrn ilncnbcd. Thr rKi|)TW9)(iiig mntinn cntnniiini- 
by the crack to th« aegmenta will cnuae thcra to act on 
flie ingot both in pawsLtig Iwtnri^u tlicDi, and en ita Cotntug Wk 
to [t> oricinnl ])i>iiit[ou. *o tli.it nu tiinti will be InI in tb« |inji'i<u. 
nd UiB ubotir of r«tiirnlii|i th« miuM iif nietnl by hand, lu pmo- 
[tlaed in ordiuary rolling mills, will bn avoided. In ordar to 
I bring the curvnl faces of the ofgmenU nearer to each other aa 
I ibe OMnpronbic aiid eluiig&iiDK procculn, a hydnolio piMt 
Cj'llD<ler la ium, hariBj; a short miu acting on the braMM, tn 
irbick one of the *«gni>>nt« n»W; a ff-rcu punip, nctiintod by any 
teuvenimt moving part of thn machiiir, will iiijtct a regiilnted 
quaiiljty of wftt«r into thia cylinder at taeh motion of the aea- 
neula, and will thus briug them u«rvr togi-thL-r; or auy cou- 
1 Twtlent amDg«ni«Dt <if aorews or ecocuirica uiay be used u ll«ii 
'Ihmof if deairfd. At both *iil«n of Hip iippanima •everal light 
gnido railera an fitted up for the piirpoan of roooiTinf; the moea 
of metAl, aod allowinK the workman to move or turn it over as 
Lnqaiivd. The ingot or naaa of metal may thua be praaaMl aud 
lllu^vd Into the torm desired, or it may be flnlahed by rolling 
In A anitnble rolling mill until it la r^luocd to the dMiired fbria 
and dimpnsionii. 

In the rollins of in^ts ur niBanes of cast uallaaMo iron or 
el. oarv ahould b« tKKeu thiit the preesurr put uu thpm shuiild 
faotboauch."** tofliiiseioogrpiit an elongation "f the ingot nt wu-h 
time cf paaaing It through the rolls; this point ■iini]t<l l>n attondfil 
(o more eapecially in the oarty «tuges of the proonu, or before 
the fibre of the metal is aomewbut doveloped. It will also be 
fotind that the ingot 1« apt to lie broken In returning it over the 
rolls if much violence is used by thn workmen In ita removal; a 
rolling mill for the expreaa pnr|Kiee of rolling ingot* of eaat mnl' 
imtiLb iron ami >t«el ia oonatructed whereby tho amount of draft 
or elongation of tliu ingot at each Buwv«ivi! rolling niiiy be 
mxvMif reflated, and whereby ths dniigrr of breaking llio 
!■»(• u Um aarl; atage of the mlling ptoema may bo .ivoiJi^d, 
«M tntich labour aaved tn the proo«««. 

A strong foundation plate ia ploocd on masonry, and a aerioa 
oi rolUr frauiea ia plaeed thereon, ia which Buiulilo rolls aro 
&U«d and amaged with georiug, by wliicli the variuua roils are 
pat In ntotioiii eftoh frame wiui ita jiair of rolls beinu plfu:«d in 
radi a poeili-Nn that an ingot or maas of iron or ateel Day paaa 
from one to the other in euooeeaion; the spocc between tlie rolls 
baing oowipied by sevenl lighter guide n-liers, w aa i« prevent 
tlw IwW^h^ of the iiieot in rolling, and also aanlMt in akrrviug 
fcnnn! the ingot and forcing it into tli« jp^iovot foruuxl in 
tha pair of roll* next in anocceaion: the guiding rollers may be 
farad together by Kpriujn, m> ai not to take » vury tight grip 
OB tbe Ingot or bar, and tlit-y ahuuld aluii ho driven by a frictiou 
dotoh or othor suitabh' contrivaiKv, no that if tlieir eiirfiKei do 
Mt tMrol at tho cx.-ict B|Mwd (if thw ii>g>)t or l)nr n slipping may 
lako plaotL The apacos bctwoca each «it of roUn should tte «o 
ai|iuat«(l a* to giro mioh aa olongation of ihi? in^ot od it will l)ear 
Mfelj, ami eaoE aoooasaive pair of rutls should be au far in odvancie 
«l tM Ottwr aa will allow thn ineot or bar Uy lonve one [uir of 
rdls bafim entering another, and thns aviml tha necvasity of 
Bkaking each pnir of nilla travel at a apcod inereaaing in tlie 
•laat mtio of the incrnuiua length of tile ingot or bar. Tho 
loUi (nay be provid«id with grooves of ditrerent forms, no tliat 
OU train mn^ bo made iiso of for llie uianufactufv of bars, ruda, 
or rail*, of dilTerenl lixcs and of ditfemnt si'ctioniil figure. In 
aiMiie aunt ouu pair of rolls in fitted up having thnir axm In a 
lertioal position between eiiuli of the pairs of rolls, whiuh havo 
Ikeir ana in a hi>riEi>ntAl pi»iilii>n, so that the ingot or bar in 
•ompnawd alternately in oppoailo dircctit^s during ilniiaasaga 
Ihiongb the ntiea of rolls, in a mnnnor siniitnr to ihe all^imaie 
MmnreaMun on oupocite aiden, caused by turning ruunit tba 
bar ID each auceeauve ffniova in ordinary ruU*. 
Any convaniont outaoer of pairs of rolls may be used with pro- 

Cavely smaller gntro, each of which sboiild be only ao much 
in the groove as tho peculiar quality of the Iron nr steel will 
■afely admit of It will Iw onderelood tlint grooves of other 
Earms may be used, as already pnxctismi in rolling rods ur bars uf 
n varie^ of Kotional fomis; aud oIho that In soma caws the 
vartlMl tolh* may Im diapcnuul with, ami aaTaral amall rapport- 
ing roUcn be u*od in additiou to the guida rvlla, for tha purpoaa 



of forming a sapjnrt to tlie no'lia' aid* of tho ingot or bar, or 

supporting plate* niny be nsod. Tho grooved roll* generally 
emploj-ed iii the mnuofacture of iron and slool are auhject to oon- 
sidi'i'nbli.' WL'iu' and toir, and ixiusi^jiieiitly entail a heavy expenaa 
in their mvemwry mpair nr rt-ciewal, Till* teudencr l<i wear out 
is atill farther incretisrd in c'inKef|iienM' of their being ca»t tn 
metal niiilidentiy loH to hi- curnol in n latho. The patratoe 
makes grooved rjlls for rolling iron nnd st«el in the following 
niiiiiuer : — He limt cutts an iron oyliuder, boml out truly, and 
th«n, having two covert or and* fitted to it, eevMnl ruga ar 
hoop* of mnJlpablc iron ara pnvidad, aaeh of wht<di ia dlvidad 
aciMni tho centre; t'ie« rings are aecnrnlcly fittod into tba 
cylinder, ^ud ore put down one upon another, with their jme- 
tious at opposite sldceof tlie eyiiuder, the intenoronrftoe of aBdk 
rina beluffao Irinneil aa to cnrro«)K)nd with tbatntaaiMgroovaa 
in the roll; the cylinder go von ore bi'ie-l throngh slightly eooical, 
and the holes iu them serve to form the b<'arir>|^ or iounials of 
the roll. When all the ring* are put iulo lliecrliudor and tha 
covers bolted on, the fluid metxl Id pound iu, which will fom K 
ooroplato roll, with ita grooves anit bciarincD nil promrlv tonaei, 
without the iiecewity for tamitiK in tho lathe, and whereby an 
eKtn-mc decree of lin:dne« mar bo given to the outer lur&ca bf 
chilling, wLiile Uia cosl wilt bu much lea* than tli&t of a roll 
Sidehe'l in the Intha In some cosua a row of teeth is funned on 
the rolls (it one or botli ends of Iheiu, so oa to atuse the pair of 
rolU to revolvu together without separatd goaring. Tlia iratt 
uaed for making roll* in the manner above doicribcd mi^ ba of 
the same quality ns that which ia now generally employed, or 
they may tie cast Iu atwl or steely iron. 

Before using the monliU for costing, they may be baatad BB to 
iOO" oe '.StJU' Fall., and the interior pai-ta broiuiiNl ovur viu ■ 
thin coating of black lead, or a mixture of black lewl and oil; or 
they may &• smoked; and thus the pateut<.« is enubled lo cast 
Tolla with their jnaruals or bearitigit m well na the othei' part* 
thereof with safHcieiit atxunicy to enable tho sniue to be uaad 
wiUiout turning the surfiuM* of nich rolhi in a lathe, and form 
tliereuu ouu or more pinions in one piece, and whereby much 
of llie expense of such rolls will be saved, and their durability 
iocreascd by the hani sarfacea prodibMKi by casting tlie irua air 
at«el in metal nioulds. 

Clttimt, — I. The ahaping, presiing, and rolling of ingota or 
moulded moaaes ofcnat stoel and cost malleable iron, by laoans 
of seglnelitjil rolling apparatus, 

2. The ahiipiug, preming. and rolling of ingota or raaaaeaof 
coat malleable Iron anil of Rnat mool by a oombiuation of rollers 

3. The casting of roll* in Iron moulda. 



MANTJPACTLTRE OF IRON AND OTHER METAtA 

J. Weehs, Juhnstoue, and J. H. M'CnixoKtJ, Ulo^iow, 
PattiUen, May 30, IBM. 

This invention relates to thoai> prnceicwM employed in tlta 
smeJting, or alter inoniifactiire, or working of iron and otlier 
metula anil their ores, whenun air is or may bo used for aiding 
the action of the furnace or fnrnacea, aud ounsistB m heating 
auch air by mwms uf «teani'heiit«<.I surface*. Tho prupoaed im- 
piMved system i» pn^forabb in practice to nay of tlioae llitherto 
ndoptuii, uiid ia ca|iable of eSuoting the dcsirod ramlt with a 
diminisbotl expeudituru of fucL Iu praciicnlly oarrying out tliia 
invcution iu a miiuoer applicable, for example, to » cupola fur- 
nace for melting Iriin for foundry piir|>ose9, the air, uu its way 
from the blowing fan or other blast appamtus to the cupola, is 
made to pnjs tlirough a number of tubes, or through spaoia 
formed hy couceutric cyliudeni, or through poa^goi ot any oon- 
veuieiit iwutiou, arniugol in a vetMol supplied with stenm in any 
cnuvvoient nuumcr, an for example, by admitting thewutaataam 
of anteaiuengine. The tuliea or the side* of the air paaaageaM^ 
prefcnilily, of nielaJ, and the heat of the ileom is communitMaa 
Uiroiigh them tu the air iinssiiig along them, aud tho air ia tbiw 
niiiied U> a ooii^iitUi-nble tein|H.> nature, ita beiieSclal acUuu on tba 
furnaci! being thereby increoMxl at an ocoaomiciil cost. 

In applying this iuvcution to smelting furnace*, it ia fimpoaod 
to super-he.'kt the steam employed fur uommunicating boat to Iba 
air blast. In a moditicatlon of apparatus tat oarrying ont tlkia 
portiim of tlie invention, the air ia mnile to pasa through tobe^ 
which are themselves enclosed in laiger tUDea, Mid tbcae tabes 
are nrmuged in a furuoco, ho lu to be expoaod to tha dttoot beat 
th«rooC Steam ia supplied to the outer tubes, and aovalopa* 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCUITECTS JOURNAU 



47 



'tInMi 



tJM uuMT vam, whilat tbe hut of the furiuca •upork«nl* Ibia 
•Main, or MU«liMra it vith h««t, Mid the boat U DuinmuuioUvd 
bjr tli« alMm to IM ait patdag lliniugli the iuiior tube*. lu thb 
^-'•■"' tli« tir bUaC oMj b« bruu^Lt up Ui * rrr^ gi«>t bott ui 
MB •eODuaiicBl tad caavaiiit-nt DMDiier. Thia mih* ArraugaiiioDt 
of donUF (ubo* uiny alio be ■iJoptcl. vrhi^rv conveniout, wittiout 
•PfllTtBg (b« faruucu lo supcrhout llio akau). Air bUiita, buftted 

5MWkSt-)uM4d aurboM, Moordiug Ui the lLvei>tkiii, mny b« 
nutatgaoailj sfiplifil m •Dulliiw, puddilag, mtlUng, hf«^g. 
•ad otlier fUnwoM soiplajrwl in uio manufdictuiv or workiug of 
iiHt Mul Mher nutal* nJuJ tlieir on*. 
It U fiutber propoMd to OIUH m nir bUai) bwtal to a auffi- 
^«kat ^t^N*, in tiM nMiUMr Alnxly iadloMad, ta blow opoo iron 
'mr HMttl vhllM nuHwr thn mUod of Ih* huniner, or wbllat 
tomd at workad, wheroby tbo tuotnl t»iuf( warked ii 
lad ^ ft knfthoaoil tiiuo nc b worluiiblo li«nl, aud niocb 
I anil labour !■ tbu* laved. 
A Uu ia enploTcd fur furclug ia tha air, or for prodiiciag tlM 
air bU«t, and ui« air i« blowu by thi* fiui into a duuuber, tarn- 
I naoicatio^ vith th* hcktiog appamlUM, thiMiigh whieb the air 
inair I on ila way to Um lujerM. The hMUau kp|wnttu nujr 
eouaivt of a crlindiiAl vMwl of a1i««t Iran, nitml with tubai 
[ fiMiiiig ibrvuga it fronu «ad to and. Thaat tuboa opon »t on* 
f-««d lata * (|*M batwMB Um bloiritig (ka mod tha haatiag apph- 
. ntna, and at tbg otbar (ffld into tbo apaoe aommiuiiattioB with 
tha tojonv, aud tha air paaiw thmgh tha tubM uu iu «ay to 
Utf lujrerot, :iU«iB ia adiuitt«d into tb« wlindar «o aa to odto- 
i Im* Im tubaa, wblUt Um producta of oondaaaation fam off bjr 
• Mbar pipaa Tha tuboa, beiag baatMl bjr tha anvaloping aleam, 
I incart beat to tbo air pwitiiiK thivuffh ihocD, luid it w prafomd 
to tiit<«duoe the atf«u uaar the vtil eod of ibn tubea; tjia pro- 
I diMta of Modnoiatioii paaaiug off at tbo otbar «kl, in ordar that 
I «• ibe air in lla puMfp thruugb Ui« tubaa ^ndiuUy btconaa 
I iioUar, it alao eomaa ia wntact with bottsr portiaiM of Uic tuliea, 
, and tboR ukoa np mora heat than it otherwue waiUd. The Iwat- 
I iag appacatua ii fiiniialioil with la&t; valvea, uuc oueuiug wbau 
' tka internal praaaure ia too groM, and tlia other w{i«in it i« too 
I UtU* Tha ataam umiI nm)' bv tha wMtw (leniu of a atwun- 
tn^ta, or ataam nay b« {^Derated in a boiler KptaioU}' deaij^ed 
, lor (ha parpoatk 

Qriaaft— 1. Tha^ateon armodeofhsatinK tliDairaupplisd to 
fiimaeeaeanplorad iu the anal tiuu, or after- luauufiutiLn), or work- 
up of irou and other metaLa and th«ir oraa bjr inwuM of ataara- 
I heaUJ a(u<aoi% a* deacrit>ed. 

S. Tha ayalam or laoila of heating tha air luppli^l to furnaoea 

foaploivd m tlia inieltinK, or alUr-ioauufaclutv, ut worklogof 

iron aiwl uUMrnelala and ihair uiva by laaana of atirUeaa boaled 

by Bupcrheatad or nunrliarffvil ateniu, ur hy furaaoas tbo heat of 

[ wUoh is (namitlad t*) ihu air through an intorpotad Uiiduioaa 

I or aaoaaamanl of al«am, a* dcacribed 

3. Tba apf)lieatioB and uae of air liental by ■iBaiu-beatail aiir- 
HM lo biaw apon iroa or utbor UKtai wbilat balng (bi;god, 
baannerad, ur wrouglit, aa deacribucL 



SCREW NUTS FOR AXT.E BOXES. &o. 

P. P. [hurnil, Phlladi'lphin, Pititnlet, ^(«y 23, \M6. 

TUa invauttOD consist* in en luitr noting icrcw nuts in anoh a 
taanaor na to ntmovo thu linbility of ttiuir bvL'omiug uuaorewed 
or woricit^ looac while iu une, as in oftcu lliu cobl' with BOraw 
anta of tbe onUnary kiud. For the |mipu»e of pravoDtlng 
than iocDDvei^eiia^ it bus bei.>n nauul Ui enij>loy a Hmnll aerow, 
wbkli [laaaM UirooKh the aide of tlic nut, uud beat* njpioat 
tlia t)iiv-id of tbo icrow which carriLi the out; but thin uiodo 
of areuring acrcw uuta baa proved very uuBulisfai-tory, fi'oin 
the tendency of the aaiall acraw to work Iihini.' or to fkll out 
aJuid be lual whao lb« nut U alackenad. Ttic [latantcn diajwtw!* 
' ll tbg lateral cliunpiiig tsTavi, or other Khbc ur fr«e olanip- 
^ piooe^ and ciupiuyi lualraJ a amall vluttih lever or tooth 
ttaij mounted iu a rtueaa in the flange •jf th<.' nnt or of tha 
waalKn of lh« out, lo take Into tha thread of tbo ict«w on 

.which the ant i* pilaoad, and grip the throoil firmly. 

I TIm dnUfa lerer ia mounted on a ueutre pin and chamfenyl 
at It* inner end to enable it to lake lutu the Uiread of the 
urew of th«ailelr«e or bolt, a spring Iwitig employed to pr«M 

I -«•'-•' tbe tail of Uie dutch tevnr, and kei^p it in contact with 
fit tilfvail. The toothed oxtroTnily of the lever will, by reaauu 
pf tba aoceotric foran of ita profile, prevent the nut fruiu beiuj; 
. 



tamed baek nntil the tooth ia witbdravm from the thrcod of 
thn BOTBW, The tripping up of the lertr cbunp (lo permit of tha 
elaekeuiug of Uie uut) uia^ be i-tTtfoted by pnaaiug a pia or atud 
thToo^h tna nut and praaaing it iifoa the tail m tba levar; tha 
ohuupiug tooth will then tw raiaad doar of the thread of tba 
aorew bolt or axle, and th« nut will he free to turn. A alop 
piece permaaauUy oouuected lo the elainp lever, and projeoUng 
through a alot out In the aida of the uut, may with advantaga 
1m aaad, the praaaurt of ilia flagv Wing in that caat BoffleiaDt 
lo raloaae the grip of tha dam^ Th« damp flta into a reoaaa 
anilably ahopad to permit of ita turning, aa on a centre pin 
^vhiah ia in Ihia cnae dJapenaed with), and bv weaua of a iprtng 
It ia praaaed forward lat« doae ooulact willi tha thruad ■>{ (be 
■crow. If reqairwL two damp larara or taath ouy be titte<l to 
the mmo nut, tbo leveni oSmaa a naialanoe to tlie tiu'uina of 
the nut in opposite directiona Thia anangemout ■■ nwtful when 
the uuta are opwd a* atop* for odjustuig with great aoouiaey 
the r««iprouaUug niovamant of oertiLiu part* of maohlueTV. 
Thp acrow nuta oonatmcud or 6ltad aa daaeribad an wpJIoable 
to all <a*ea whore nuta are raquirad to ba aaonrea in any 
given pusitioQ. 

Ciiiim. — Pruviding aurew uuta with one or more apring 
oatehea or trip lever* for taking Into the thiaad of the male 
aorew to whidi Uio nut ia to be applied, and thereby pravaat- 
ing the tuming of the nut, until tbe acrow ia irliaaod f^'oeu 
the bite of the uat«h or trip leror. 



STEAU ENG1NE& 
H. CjUiTwiuaBT, Broaeley, PateM^e, Jnae 2, ISaS. 

ThIa invention relatsa to Bt*am enjiinea baring two cylindcn 
aide by aiile, with their piatous working to tha aanc omnk ahaft, 
with (np crank« at right anslea to aadi other; alao to coginea of 
other conatmittinnn, and aacli of Uia (^tnden having two Ittim 
coclcB of the conatruction deaoribed in a patent dalad Jnne 2; 
1S53, and eoniiitfl iu adnpliug and applying to au^b mginaa 
auotbor pair uf ateam-uocka of the eauie couatrucliuo a» Uioae 
reteired to, and in arranglag and combining all tba ataain-ooeka 
and ataam paaaagea, ao aa to admit of the cofpnea being atartcd, 
■kippod, or rcvcracd by meona of the addituinal pair of ateam 
cociCD worked by hand gear. 

Pur thia pnrpowi oue of the rvv^nfag codis ia pLwed betweon 
the two upper atcom-cocka, nod Ute othar batwaea the two lower 
atoam-oDoka, a ronnectins rod or link impariJag tha acUua trom 
tha upper revening cock to the lower; or the ravening oo^ka 
nuv bo plaoed otherwiae than between the redproutiog eteam- 
cocka. The ateam pUMgee are *o arranged aa to adnut of ateam 
paaalng from the ateam pipe into the open end of the upper 
ravenUig ctM.'k, nml fVom tnenoo through ita f^ont aat of apertnrea 
to tbe front piunage of the iteam caaing thronghout, from wheooe 
it ia oondooted through tbe front apertnrea w the redprocatiag 
ouoks to aot agaluat tne piatous. Oii the ntoni atroke of the 
piatoiiH th« Ht«aro relarna through the mir aperturea of the rad- 
procnting cooka into the rear passage nf the atoam oaslngi and 
from thonco through the ruar aperinrea of the lower revnraiag 
cock lo the condenser ur the atmoophere. But if the plugioi 
the ri-vpraing cooka are ini'iioil ito tbnt Uia rear aperturea or the 
upper r«venilng cock communicnte with the rear paNageofthe 
■team canng, and the front aperturea of tho lower revening cock 
communicate with the fruui paaoase of the ateam caaing. the 
motioo of theeugiuo will be reveraed, beeanae the ateam will b« 
brought to net Agiiinat the oppodte ndaa of the piacnna. Thai the 
motion of the ongiue la mvemd by revoraiDgtlia ulltoea or func- 
tion* of the )Muuai[ai in the ateam caaing, Bot if the ptugaof itw 
revoreing ooeka are moved only througli half the foiraer epao^au 
aa ^r each of them to dove one aet of aperiurca, and atop bokiri 
the other aeta are open, the al«am will be siupped olT from the 
reciprocating cock*, and the engine will atopi AI«o, if the plun 
of the mvoniiug tnoka are moved thivugh a atill abortor epaee, the 
ports of tlieee cuoka may be partly doaod, and the working of the 
engine tlivrvby cnseil. 

The aotitin of ilie rcvoming i^>ckti ie aa followe : — The ataam 
paaaaafrom the boiler through the liipc, euteni theopeBeudoftba 
reveraing oock, aud Howa through the frr'nt porta of thia eock iutu 
the (runt diviaioo of ibu atuam oiaiug, which ia thus, for tho time, 
fi aU-am pipe or paaaage for tlw itteuu !•> tlip cylinder. At tba 
saiue limi? uie rear division of the *u>tnu ca^iaa belug iu communi' 
cation with the rear porta of the itveniug cock, the r«ar division 



J 



48 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND XnCniTECT'S JOUBXAL. 



ui nuulc fir th* time An «iliictioa pipe or dobmsh for tlie itenm 
from ibo cylintior to the oondeawr, or to the fttiituiphara ia tho 
cue of a Don<<o[iiti!iiiiiug ^iigin^. 

If tbc lisinile or lever be moved ho ihnt the front porta of IhU 
cook will he turD«l oti or dfised wiiiut the front diviHiou or 
pMUfie of the Steaia cnsing, nod the ruir p'irU Ciirnnd on or 
OpniM to the reArdirisiuuor [.nunukge, thaaiiukking the latter n 
stauii pipe: whilst liy the tMnic operation, luid nt the tatae time, 
th« nur ports of the cock will he tnmejl oirorelowM! ngniuat the 
roar diriaion or pMsngv, and the front porta tumeJ ormropened 
10 the front iliviriOD ur pnasage. Ihuivu]' luKkitig the Intlrr nn 
eduction piiw. Aud thin tT»nspo§itiiin of thn in<vim pMsa^ 
will exteuil through tliereciprfltatirigntwini rocks, U> the nelion 
of tho «eKm within the cylinden, irnd cause the eujtiue to ho 
(iiverwMl. But if the hivodle or lover be moved through only hnlf 
tlitf nbore-unmeil amoe, then idl the portd in the phi^'n of tho 
n'veroing cock* will be L-lo«c<d, aud the enpiie will he itr.ppeiL 
And by tiiovtng the liniidln or Idvor tlin^iigh n still ■liorter ■{>tui», 
the porta will be pnrllycloiicd,»nd the Working of tlieengrlietoaeil. 
ThuH bv moving the bandle or lever, either direolly or through 
tbe iuUin'eilli'iu of iiny luil&ble liauil ^enr (irditiHrly«mploy«d for 
worklnj; the slide vnWii* iif «t«un cDgiiiea, the pliign of the rever- 
ting coeka inity lie placed in the resjujctive poailiona required 
for storting, stopping, reversing, or easing the working of the 

CWm. — TlicndnptACiunuid iipplicstioD toatenin engines, of the 
irvfTsing cooks ileHonbed lor the pnr|)09B of starting, stopping, 
reversing, and enaing the working of such engine* ■amuy lie re- 
quired bjr mcoiiR of suitable bjuid geftr iu ooiiucctiou will) aucli 

cocks. 



INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEEltS. 
, S, UGH.— <]. P. BiDun, E*q . Viee-PiHidcni. in Uie Chur. 
Pitper read wxa " On tht Imwi ^ the Slnmj/lh nf WrovgM 
nuirf C>ut tnia." By \Vit.i.i*« Bbli. 

lu this jfflper it was state.! that thi> chief point had bwu tho 
oousideratiua of the lonuitudiual, hs uuiuparod with the tnuM- 
renie, stiviiuth of wri'>iigiil uud ciut iron. For this purpose tho 
whole of the ci[«irini''ntii lumle up to ihc prtiwnt time on 
tenring aaiuidcr, or crushing, hnr* of cnstiron, iim! thono moiln 
tqr breaking bars trnnsvenolr, hod been tnken, nnil from them 
anil the known formulo; of ehiatiuitjr, mieb tiiluea of the couslants 
in tha formiilm lisiii bevii deiliiivjd ns would satisfy each expsrl- 
nwnc inilivid unlly. And by conijmrison it gfliieriU view of Um 
Booordance or noa-occorilnnca of Ihoiry with oxpcrtment hod 
bean obtaioed, aud houib geuertU laws arrived at. 

The malhainatical theory of elaatlcity as given hv Poitson and 
Navior was aMainod. By flodlng (or each «xj>erliiieutiil beam 
the oentnt of graviiy of trie area of cross section, thr'iiigb whidt 
aeoording to thin theort- the uoutnU axis ]hliuuc1, niid ciijciilnling 
the mouxdut of th« foruM with re^>ect lu thia .uis, the applica- 
tion of the (bnnnin to tli* cxperiiDents w:m tiia\\y uiiuIh. 

Tbn Hrst constant obtained wn* the weight per squ.ire inch of 
tha moilulua of chuticity, anrl thin, when iVlucnl from tho 
tranitrertie strain, wuJi tJUten from llic UelleciionB proiiucoii by 
smaU weijhiti, and in all eaaes where the betun or bur was wry 
little ttrvinod. For wrought iron, the most cuniparable eiperi- 
aents wore eoniiderol lit be those detaikd in the " Iron Citni- 
tnissioiMini' Hcport," which gave by trausvone strain fnim lil,2()0 
tous to 13,7^90 Ions per iKjuare inch, aud by eiteiigion of hma 
from I2,tfi>0 tons to 1i,9(xi t<i»» jwr square biuh For cast-iron 
the avunges of Low Moor, Blaonavon and Ctxrtfiherrie Irons 
wor« from tensioD 630JS tons, from o-iuiprnwiinn ,*(tUH Ions, anil 
from transverse ttraio S9Et8 tons per square inch. Other wtpori- 
meuts on th<* transverse atniin or wrought iron gitve from 9000 
to 14,0(NI tons per sinoro Inch ; whilst with cast-iron the results 
wan found to rarv fVnm 4il<.» xa Soon tons, Oo thie point it was 
statoi that Mr. w. H. Barlow. F.RlJ., in some experiments on 
ttia iwutnd asia noently laid before the Itoyal Soei*^, (bund 
nnilM nearly agreeing with the higher number. 

Another mode of anivliig ml Uii value of Vbt modulns of 

•iMtid^ by mauu of the beading or brewing weight of " long 

. pillars," was also examined ; the mtioa of Uie lengths of the 

' liUan to their dituneters being taken as absciasm, and the 

ailu; waigbti, obtained both (torn theorv and experiment, 
ordtiialeai It was thus found that, for tlie eipcrimeuls oa 
'^VroogbMroii i^Uan, ffvvu in tha befon-meutioued report, the 




onrve of theory affretd v«t well with the nirve of oliMiratie 
until the length became shorter than 70 tlniM the Ihicknew- 
The experiioeuls on oast-iron plllan exdmiiied wore those in the 
•eooud volume of 'Trwlgold on Cast Iron.' The onrvepoudeaeo 
with theory wna vnry goo-i for th<ise with tli« ends rounded, 
until the length became shorter tlisn i() times the dlaluetor ; nod 
for thn« with the ends flat, until the longth became ahorter 
than flO times the diameter. The hollow eylindrical pillaM 
with ou« exception — thnt of a short pillar — gave values lor lh« 
modulus of elastiritv of from -1300 to 6(II<0 Ions. The corre- 
e|>ondonoe between thtwiryand ex]>enmeut sotimeit in theaothor'e 
opinion to wamnt the eoncluniou that the theory wss pcrfcCtljr 
tniatworlhy when only amali eomprcasiooii and extensions nvn 
OOBOemed. 

The fuudaninntnl uisuniptions ususlty made in the theory of 
the strength of in.iterialx were then cusidered. I^isl, thai in a 
bcHm strained Imna verve ly, the extensions and oompreanonn of 
the parliclen were prooorliinial lo their diatojico from the oeulnl 
axis, betund, that the extensions and eompres«iuns wore pro- 

Krtional to the tensile nnd minpi-esHiie furves known as Hoolce'a 
V, and by the phmac, ut tmtrio, ne via. And tliii>), mnposing 
tho latter low to hold good, that whenever in a bciun subjeete-l 
Ui transverse strain ilie tension or compression on ilio outside 
partiolce ws« the siiuie as would be obtained by direct exjieri- 
ment on pulling asundT or cnmhin^ liars of the same material, 
thn beam gave way. It aji]ieKrcd, nowevor, froia «xf>i-riroont, 
thnt for large enmpresaions nod extensions the law of tlouke 
OM-icd to be upplitnble. It was found that in ciist-iron this law 
did nut diifer widely from the truth within the ranm of the 
ex|>#rimen1s ; whilst In wrought'! ron, although tlie dillbrenee 
WHS great near the point of rupture, yet tlieoun.'e of oainpremlon 
wns similar in form to the curve of extL-nsion, the ordinate* 
likewise beiny nearly equal in amount, Tlie true law mitfbt, 
therefore, be ruu;:hJy' expi-ewed by saying that beyond a given 
aniomit of force, the saine force oomtsjictnded to all oompressioaa 
anrl exlcnsionB, this force being nearly the force of riiptuiv, either 
by longiludinij eompreision or extension; in other words, the 
force wsa scarcely all«re.l by n large incrteiae of the eouipreaaiou 
or cxteuaiou. It was next considered wlint etfeot Ibis deviatlou 
from the law of Hijuke would have ns to the force ou the outaiile 
parliclea »» deduced ft<>ui that Ihw : the euppaaillon being made 
thnt the force was. eoiittant, and therefore miial to the force of 
ruplui'e for all ci impressions or eitensions. From this inreatin- 
tion the author thought it would be obvious that the uippoailion 
of a ouTiBlaut furoe wns dilfereiit fiviui the tnilJi lu one iliKctioD, 
while the law of Ho<ike was ditfiu'ent IVoni it Jti aooUinr, ao iliat 
these two laws fornieil limits between which tho truth always lay; 
in cast-iron the latter law being more nearly appruxituuieii lo. 
It was shown that the results tlerived from ei peri men ta by 
oanumiug the oi-ilinnry law were slii^htly above tin- truth, the 
dttTereiico, even in a recta ri((iilar snction of wruiight^roTi, being 
probably less than £0 per cent., aud in cn.-<t-iron still smaller; 
while in large box and double T girders with a brund bolleen 
fliuige, the ditl'eri'uue wiu priicltcally insensible. 

The other oonalauL oLtiiined was the value in toiM per eqaan 
touh of llie tension and cnnigireiwi'm of the ontsiile [uirtidn when 
tJie beam hecnme inipturcil by transverse stmiu. For wronoh^ 
in>n tiie exitertinouLi on solid iron bars were fewer than eoold be 
wished, and gave results viu'ying between Mi aud Itsi tons per 
square inch. In this material it was thought that It might 
probably he the compressive i-alher than the tenailo force which 
delemtlDed the fracture. The only experiments on the direct 
compresaoQ of wrought-iron were those on two bars given in 
the Iron Commissiouera' Iteport — when* one gave wny under a 
■traiuof 1-1'5 touai the other under IS'trt'ins pr square inch. Tbe 
quality of iron wns not stated, hni it wns believed to have boMi 
soft. It was asserted that the better kinds of wrought-iron were 
able to sustain n greater tensile force, the worse kituls n greater 
compreajve foroe. .\ccorvling to Mr. Ealuii llodgkiunoii's experi- 
ments, wrought-iron might oe detiued to hnvc itw t/^nnile to Its 
coupreMive force, oe^rly in a ratio of equality; easl^iron lo have 
thoM fbrcea in a ratio of about one to six. This being so, it was 
thought worthy of counderation, whether in the ptatiMof » Iwft 
wrought-irou bridge aubjMted to comi>res8iou a slightly Inftnor 
quiiUly of iron might be used, ant oufy as more voonomical bnt 
as better b itself. 

With regonl to rivettcd iron, the resulu from all the wrou^^ 
iron tubes in the bofore-meutiuiicd rciiorlgave from 7*1 10 38*8 
tons per aiiuare inch. The lower uumbura were a[ipareatl7 



THE CIVIL ENGDTEEB AND AECUITECrS JOURNAL. 



49 



WOMil bj Miu UuB pUt«* for Inbai of oaD|HtmUnI]r Urge 
dlaiDM«r. IT liiU wwn avoided. It wma tbenght th«£ in alsii- 
hliag til* ain&gtii of wtnughUlroD tubM 10 lona par iqnue ioob 
MfaAt be allowcil for llif lircokiog dm qd tho ouUide pATtiolM. 
WlMa tlw cxiwrimaaU on caA-lroD ««rQ eskiuineJ iu tkU 
—• •". tlM foJlowiiijt fikot IwouiM *pp*r«iit: eiperimoiilii on 
■B>U biuB bt«lwn tnon'enMlj' fpun rwalu of H) Urn*, and cvcm 
mtt*, tar Ik* toarion and ooiaptflfai of tb« oulaitU particle^ 
wbm lb« «tpenHunU ww* «ZMiiUiutI bf tb» onUoair Uieorv. 
If lliMe ratilla wera diminialivd bf SO per eWL, *lilah 11 
^ipcaivd w'juM DMK tliau mukc up llio didiEraioe caaMd bj 
— iiBliilf Uie oidiiwr; law, there wan itill a rcault of mj IC 
%om, wbila by direct Mpwliuenut on the taoiiil* bm of orun- 
irOB WTMi or eight tunn wn* foood to bo the ntmoat that it 
vimkl bcof. Ill rrganl to Uiia mbJMt, Mr. W. U. ISurlow had 
•llndtd t» Uw altcrnalirc hvpolheaia thkt the oeutRLl axis tbitlMl 
ha poadaQ aa the beam booaaie atnu&od, Mid that when ruptut* 
looc tiUc* tbo iMutrml asia waa " at or abova U>« lup of th« 
' * Thiii hypolbMi* mu eondiJnwl b; tha antbor to b« 



bMU.' 



8p«oiineiia of tbe recenUv ilUooTereJ iron depoiita in Ibe 
mmatavM, Northern Irnlia, w«r« exlubitad b; Mr, W. Soworbjr. 
Thw* dopoaita wem tonad in Iho lownr nxige of hilla, called tho 
Blabor, at a KooonJ olantinti of about MO fc«l abova tho aaj»r 
otol plaimi; and they vcre man or Ua* ooBtinuoiM froca tbe 
Snda river, om the oonfinea of Nepal, Iu the river OasffO), a G^ 
niUae above the head of tbe grand Gan^ Canali at Hoidwar, 
being about lAO miltui iu longlh. 

There were nix dideroat bed* of iroD-atone, Ofle above the 
otber, of rarying tbkkiieai and quality. The l"wiat bed wu a 
riob red IroB-atooe Meoeiated witfi clftjr, and it* tliiekoeM wn« in 
naoT plaoaa vpvatda of fiO 6et. They contwued oii au amage 
nearly SO par otnt of nuitiilUc iron. The Ibltuvlng waa \M 
analyaia of tlicae opm :— 

WatM- and L-urbaole AM ... .- ... S'OO 

Eartiiy matter ~. ... — SS-40 

Anwulo „ H, „ „ OBI 

Liiiio ..»..» _■ S'M 

tVaxida of Iran .^ 73'GO 



•oainiy to tlm ■liiiiiiiiitaMi prinajdaa of mechaaiea; for aa the 
mm of tbe oompenasive ftxme on one aide of the axb muet be 
•qoftl to tlie sum of the t«oaUe foroea on tbe other, therefore if 
mre were tmoioDa ou oue aide of the axle, there moat bo an 
an* out nf wliicb to vet ooniprMHOoe eufficinnt Ui balanoe them 
on tbe otber. Aa evideooe on Ibis point in one matteiAl, tbe 
abMrnOioiM of Bir David Brewft>-r in paeeing poUifaed light 
Ibrongb a piece of ghua aubjucied to truiaverae itmiii wen 
aUuded t«. 

In eigierinif nta on tlin direct lenaile itmiicth, it waa awnimod 
tbat the outvranl force wne nnifbnnly diitributed over tbe area of 
Ibebar; in other wurdu, that tberseulumt of the cstemal foreea 
en tbo bar puieei) tlirutiKJi, Aud had the eama dlreotiaa 
> tbe axie- Tliia prubnMj nobiincd in wmught-iron ftmn tta 
t cxieiuibilicy befora niptiim ; but in cnat-iroo there wm 
neb estetmibilily, aud thii piiini. wu thcrofore ta loiue extent 
L If a few experiiueula wvre luade, iu whioli the fortw 
froBi tlie axia by mrlaiu large nud menaumble amounta, 
were made to i^prooch tlio luia until annie lav woa 
wbidi oould be loated, ttiii point would be eet at mt. 
raa th«u given ahowln^ tli<- valiina of the force* on Iho 
particJca at the tiinn of rapliin: iu tone per equare 
I which it appeared that there wa« a diniinulicn aa tbe 
beama inenaaad. Beama three Inobe* by three inohea, 
' Willi tbeeeoae beb by one inob, ehowed a Uliug 
aoeagtb to the extent of Hliout four torn per uimrv ioch. 
ranlta derived frcou Mr. ilodgkinion'e and Mr. T. Cuhiit'e 
'menta gave abr>ut len tons ^r xiuare inch, when tbe 
beatna only of the laltt-r eiiieniiieuter weiv iudiideil In the 
itlon, or 9*6 lone per »]Ufti-f iiivh vlitiu the asouiid beame 
tokea into acoount. Fivni thin Uble it anpaarad that tho 
inK weight of tolerably large girders tnight be caluukted 
Qonaiderabje aeannuy by oeiug wren or eight loua iwr 
inob aa the loroe of teoaion on the oaUlde piirLi<.-l>M when 
I look place, 
euadii'loii the author aiprcmcd the liopi; that ho hnd sue- 
" ineetablinliinii the (oll.iwing proposilitmn : — 
L That in experimouta vtiTt tbe uint«riidii were but 
IMuly atnuued theory and euwrlmeU oobiieided. 
SeoMid. Tbat where the ordinary theory wa« applied to the 
nptMre of btaiua, and cNpecinllr Urge boonu of wrouglit-iron, 
tbeonr and experimcol practicnJly ouiuddod. 

Tlunl. Tbat Ibere appeared to be no good ranaoB (brauppoaing 
tbal tbe neairal azla ahUled Iu poalUon to any extent worth 
^aotkiBK, evea up to the time of fmctura 

ortb. That in enat-imn, altlioagb theory Meined to diHer 
uptaimeBt wlien the tranaveiee etiee^b of amall bare waa 
' witb tbe direct teuule etrength, aaanmlng the latwr to 
iy elated at aeven or eight lone per aquare Inch, yet 
irben tbe Haiwrernn stmigtb of ha^ girden waa eompand with 
llie direct iMudle etrengtb, the oouieulenaa of tfaeory and expcri- 
nrat waa nearir exact. 

nilb. That the unlinary tlieory of tlie Mreogth of niateiiale 
■M BDore imatwurtliy Ihsn was irennt&llv eiippoaed. 

In an appendix tha author explunod tho furmulB; UMd in 
■xamlniug the uxpcrrmanU, luid gnve the demonstmttona of the 
roanlta arrit-nl at ; the expennieiild for nac!ertiuDiug the modulus 
ef elialicity, and the fonea on tlie uutelde ptu-lidei at the time 
if nqitara being exaialaed in grtmt detAll. 



101-41 



Exo 



1« 

lOO-OO 

Motallie Iran SO'M p«r emt. 

The nthor bods wero chiofly n corapact brown day iron-atonev 

nlmnt 1.1 to H) fnt in tbickueiu, contiuning abuut 40 {ler cent, of 

metal. There were ahu yellow hydratei and liliceoua irMIBU»eiV 




of lea* thlokueai, aud of poor quuitv. Maaa«8 of tlie ridiaet iron* 
etoue, many tisoa in w«Sgfat, were found tying on the hill alo^Ci, 
and tho bode wem in nutnert>uit plaoia aoen espoaed ia high 
eacarpvnenla and deep larluea. 

The endeeing rocks of the bode were ougbomuh aaudnUiDee, 
not nnlUte tbe eandatonei of a cnal formalloD ; tbln eoanu oT 
liffDitic and aLtghtlyUtiimiBona coal had been found oalcropplng. 
Mountun limcatotia, ef aictdlent qnali^ for dux, fbrmed part of 
tlie ndJooMit hi) la. 

The divirict iu which the iron ore woe found waa a deoM 
priineval forett of nul, Imldoo, kya, Jainio, aod other hard 
wooHa, in inexhaiuiiblo qiwintity, *n<l peculiarly suitable tor 
umkiug chaiTioaL Tbe number of amall atreanis nnd Inrgn riven 
iuaing fVoDi the hilla wonid aflbrd ample w&trr power for any 
BiDouut of uaehinerr. 

Tlie goveratneat of India decided ou erecting a amall experi- 
mental work during the cold aeaaon'of 185^i-S8, whieh wh 
onlruatoil to Mr. Sowerby ; epedmena of the iron nrndnoed wen 
exhibited, and were «o oonclualve, a* to hare dftennlned the 
ijucnliuu of ihc extouiUDn of the works. 

The iuterior of tbe bltle wai also stated to contain Immenwe 
depoiha of rlA bnoaiite, epecular and mMuedo irou orM : lib*- 
wiw) eorper, galena, and other minerals. Views of the locally, 
and of the work orerteil, wen also ehown. 

Spocluuuui of eoal, iron, copper, galena, ftc, dieeovered bv 
Mr. Sowerby in Suuih-Koelera Africa, wen likewise exhibited. 
The eoal-bade wen* in tbe territory of Natal, and w«n traced 
from tho aea const to the Kalhlamba Moaats, a distance of aboot 
ISO miles : thoy r.xried in thiokiwa* from a few inches In 1 4 feet 
St the outerop. Iron, oo[>por, Ac, wore found in great nbundanoe 
niiii wu^ety iu various districts. 

Vet. Id, 18Ge.~fl. P. BiotiNH, Esii., VSee-Preeident, in the Chair. 

AXnCU. OKMEHAl. MRBTIIIO. 

The nport of tlie eaunetl for tho pnsi Sossioo, whirfi was read, 
slateil, tlint aiuco the cornspotujing period of tbe liuii year, 
though political tranquility bad been realored, tbe monetary 
criais oanaeqacnl upon the targe public expenditun ootsdonail 
by a elate of warbre, bad retarded tbe rtaomption of wo*ka of 
public and private enterprise. 

Some few of the foreign work* in wo g rtea wen then oolieed; 
mentioning pnrtionlAi-ly Ui*^ Huaonaful opeaiug and die extonsloa 
of tliD (Uit Indian lUilway, under Mr. Rwidel, tbe late dla- 
liugutsliej fast- President of the lustilution. In oosuisctioa 
wiui this eubjeot, it was stated, that the honour of Icnij^ithaod 
had been oonlisrnd omo Mr. Maodooald Siephensou, Aaioc. 
Inst. C.E.. who originally prapoacd, and had carried out the first 
portions of tho vast network of fntlwaye which wiu dmtiiiMl to 
work such a revdlution in tho Indian Empin. A similar die* 
tinotiou waa at the «*me time conleTrcd upnu I>r. O'Sbau^easr, 
tbe energetic projector and constructor of a eyslean of£leeurlo 
Telegrapus utteading over uetitly 40o0 miloe, Uuuugh liacuie. 



to 



THE CIVIL EN6INEEE AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL. 




jnnijje. or over the TMt plhinn, rivvro, and mountain* of India. 

[The liidiiiu PfFoiuniUr l<4itwny, cobatructing br Mr. Jttnm 

|B<^rkl«v. 31. lust. C, IL, niiii«r tbeillrvctionof Mr. R Siophpunan, 

! Bt.r., trident, hod now about kit luilea Djieuei), ftiid ihe f^reat 

(titIc of exirniion np W SliotntxnT, luiil tliri)ugh tli* Blitrre 

I'GliAiil, WM now fiwt pro)[r<4iiiiig; whilst the execution of the 

[JTorlh Etistem ex(<niiii'>ii, iwutim the Thull Ghaut townrdn 

Kag|Kir«,Uid Jubbul|n>[v, nud tba Bent cotton ficKU, would 

'•OOlweanBnMMd. Tli'.- Mndru, the Bonibn^ nud Bnivrtn, nnd 

he Sefncle Railwnya w«r! being vigoroiwly pivi«eciiled, mid 

iM-amI othrr liai'i wvr* pniJBeutd, ninong which njui (hnt fmut 

LSdIeucia, on tlit^ MeililermnMQ, toJabrC^attc, on tho £u|>hnit«ii, 

hrtiloh river it won umpuaed to navignte hj meuw of ateun* 

'tmmU, of Nhallow dniui'htcir wuter. Thia r«oent prajeetluu] 

bnca nntnistnl U> Sir Joho UACiieill, M. lust C. E. SIqm the 

kingdom of Oude had booome a part ff the British poMMsfons, 

arnvugeincTita had been mnde for nffordiag it the bonelit ofnar- 

ticiputiim iu the niilirair flystem, vhich would ho comunrDCcil by 

'the eonHlrnctioa of a liue of Afty iuIIm in leiigth, between 

ICkwnpore and Lncknow, whence limncliea would extend U> the 

' luost importAnt diitricta. Mid bn conoected with the Kiuit Indian 

luilwiiy, Older liuoi were bIjo pro|ioiiod for nornickporo, 

, Tithoot. Uid Puniouli, uU uontributiuii to the completion of tho 

[ tetninittilMtioiu of ludla. 

Tb* PanuLiabneo nulwar, ia tlio proseoiitiou of which the Ut« 

lUr. M. A. Bortbwid^ U. Inat. C. R., loat htn lifn, lind boon 

r plaued In the ohorise of Ur. W. M. PenUton, M. luxu C. E., nnd 

vu uuikiug mliatiaatj wo g rt it . 

The |)utu Pvdro tha Bawad railway, atartbg from SEo do 

r Janeiro, luid piiwiag up ili» " Serra, into tha rall«y of the 

ifarahlbo, and thraut[h tlio prinoipnl colTotvproduclng difitrlcti, 

|%oiild be about 800 nuloaiiilaEijtlh. Tbc Unit nictloii of 40 miles 

pm> eoDUoeooed in ISU, mod would be aampleted bv About the 

■iddla of next j^vat. The turvey was iiwde amiJit n dense 

prinMV&l foroat, and tn mnay plocM through wat^r 5 or U fe«t 

deep, and Krcat difllculty wiu oiicountcred In ciecutlng the 

•arthworks with nUve labour aud iaadciiuato tooU. By dceirei^ 

however, Euroueuii metli<jdi> were ictrtHlueed by Mr. E. Friee, 

Amoo, lost C. E., tli4 oonlnvutor; and under the supcrinteudeuoe 

gf Ur. C. B. lAne, M. hint. C. E., the Eugiueer>iii.chief to the 

Uoma Dvparbncnt of the Biiuilian Oovernni«Qt, tli« rallwajr 

promiaed ta hooomc a di^o ontc.rpriiHi. Mr. Chnrlna Neatfl, Aaaoc 

lout. C. K, wiu also eoj^nged under tli« Urazllion Uoveramont, 

in oouatruotiui; iiu[M)rtBtit hydraulic worku at Kio do Jauoiro. 

Th«y eonaiaUM of uiiaj-witlU slitii^ the ww-fruut uf the oity, with 

K'atB and jetdM, bnncd of j^mnitn miuonry net ia lloa luortar, 
r which the Uumtone wni lent from Eugliuid. 

Iu Canada, the railwav uiid<--rULkea by Meur* Petou BraiDKy, 
Bmm, and Jack*i>ti, uti^hl be said to ba uompleto, with tho «x- 
uption of thn link to be fomud hjr tha Victoria Tubular Bridge, 
»(Toiii the Rivor St. Lawroncs, which wnn now In prot^n^ai. 

On the coutiuout, j-mdual oit*'iixion« of all the miiin liuoii were 
iMlOfitnaiJu. The Luuibardo-Veuvtiiui iiyitora had been tnuu- 
fcdM to ft BOTCrfhl oompany. now pretuiriuK to act with great 
wiusriiitnaproMoutioiiofUwlrplana. The" Victor-Einuanual" 
liais under tho dirvctlon of Mr. Barllctt, M. Iniit. C, E., acting 
for Ur. Itrkstoy, Auoc lait C. K., the contrnctor, wiu np- 
{ifMtabUis the flmiu of the AIim, for the traverniuj; of which 
JMMnitioii* wore being innde. and eiiieriuieutti upon the 
tnachitiDrT for the work m tunnelling on n (ari;ti mule w»r« being 
tried. That i-ortim of the line from Aix-toi'IUinii, piuRin^ 
tbrMuh Ohamboir; to Sl ■lean lio Mauneunc, uiiwonl* of .'.n 
nllaa ui length, wm opened lor public Inltic hut Oetober. The 
vorka witd urlg:Ina)ly Imd 'lUt by, and t) a great extent eieculed 
under thr dlri'Plion uf Mr. Xlnuinann, whn waa *iicc(<eiled, hut 
^■eir, by Mr. Uiucvo, under whoso loporvision thoy wore now 
nrried on. 

In Turkey, and Iu BuMia, i>it«aaive projocta both for railwayi 
aad rtakm navtgatiuii were beliij; agitated; whiUt in Euypi, 
H. H., Ilie onerfietic 3ud Padui, wa* oiniplotin^ (he r.iilwicy 
OOmmnMieation butweon Cairo and Suez, iponninR tbc Nile by a 
*aat imn bridge at Kalfre Axxayat, and had i!u[ilideil to M<>uk«1 
Btj the ocoatraetloii of the prelliuluarv works firr the Caual 
MNM iho bthmiu of Bum, advocalnl by M. Ferilnand de 
Lwapa; whilirt he had anthoriaad the oMahllHhmant, ufion the 
Nile auil ibc 5Iahaiondieh Canal, of a complete iryiitrni of atcnin 
towing vaMeli and bargea, now (a eouiae of cuuatructiou in tills 
eoantry. 
. Oft* ot the moat tniportout, an woU «a moat lut«rveliug. 



)>roJ»ct« of tha period waa tho nabEaarine electric triigraiib cab)* 
proposed to be laid from Valcntia, on the waat ooaM otf InlMid, 
to St. John'it, Newfoundland, a diatanee of aixteea hnndnd 
mllea, along tha bank, or pUtMi), discovered by laouttnanl 
Maurr, over which the greatmt ilepLli of the owan did not 
excera SOTO fathoniH. By the method of inck>alnK the inauliOed 
oonduoting wir*a within a covering of ropeo, couipoaed of anioU 
wires laid in an oppoaiU direotiou to that of the general " lay " 
of the uable, a liuht and lle&ible mble was formed, wbiuh was 
Btatcd to b« capable 'if bearing tho atrain of <lepoRitina in axU«ma 
deptlia, anil having no if ndoncy to twUt or " kink daring tiia 
process. This ingcuioua modlKoatioa of the uaoal eonatriHtioB of 
enhle, was deviaeil by Mr. Bnuiel, V. P., whose oo^pvmtiou wna 
aODght by Mr. Cyrus Field and Mr. J, W. Brett, the projeotoi^ 
onder thp adi'ice of Profeanor Monw. The Rnace««rid rsaolt of thia 
daring project for connecting the Old with the New World would 
be mare effecrtnal than any eflbrla of diplomacy, iu oenonting 
that Intimate union bo deairable fur the true inlArCBta of the 
two oountriea 

Tlie vital qneationa of the Motropolitan Sewera^ the iie« 
■treets, and tho bridges, remained m undecided aa atthopcriodof 
the Ust report. 

The principal pa^iem reail during the lessiou were then nolietdr 
meution being [Nirticulnrlv made of the oral sd<lrsaata hj Mr. 
Bidder. V. P. Inat- C. E., ' " On Mental t;a)culalion," tha oljack 
of wliich waji Xf demonstrate that the ayntpni could bo taujtht to 
children, and be auqulrud with leu IrksomeDoa and greater 
facility than ordinary arithiuelio. Speoial notice was also lakea 
of the pat>er by Mr John Morny- U- l*^**- ^- ^-^ ■"> ^' 
" .Siindpi'liknil DiTkii," which, as an example of dock engiaeorilig, 
■ti^n<l almoit nnrividlod in this countrv. 

The members were strongly urgeil to oontinuo to p ree a n t 
eopiea of scientillc awl prufestional works to the lihi'ary, vrithoitt 
whifh ill utility for reference and aonnultation ooidd not ba 
maiiilained. 

The deoenses of the membere durinK tho year were aonoroaad 
to have been : — The Itev. Dr. Buuktand, honorary raenber; 
Mea^n. M. A. Borthwick. J, Bremner,J. Chinbolm, S. Cl^fg, Jiuu 
C. Raiumell, J. M. Itcndel, T. H. Stathara, ¥. Wbiabaw, um] 
T. J. Woodhuuie, meml>era; anil I.iaut.-G«)i. tJ, M'Ltod. Mwifc 
J. Bntiy.T. Cuhict, ]>. M'IntoKli, .1. V. Miller, and IL Wilkina, 
asBocialra. The memoira of tlieoe Konllemoo were Ri^'cn iu the 
appendix to the report. Tile reeignalious of one member and 
two BBWciales were aunounccl, and it wua atated that the 
effective iiicreiiite laflr ilpdiicting tlie deceaaet and rwiglwUma,) 
during the ymr amountoil to U, whilst the total nnmbar on tu 
books was Aoii members of all ulosaea. 

The statement of the receipts and expeuditurv showed that 
there was a balance of tipwanls of Tix)/. Iu the handa ot the 
treaHurer; and ihtit the tliiancial imailion was very aatiafactory, 
so that nnt only would the current eiponsca be oanly met. hnt ■ 
balance would remuln to bring up any ari'ean of publieatioa, 
or to provide for contlngeucies. 

During the year the Beo>nd pju-tn of VoIiiiumi 1 1, Id, nnd |.^ 
of the MioutM of Proceeilings, hail been published and jaened, 
nnd the whole of Volume 15. There now only nrmained, to 
complete the series of Hftcen voltuoea, eitendiiig over twnaiiv 
year*, the aecoud parts of Volumes T, H, and 10, and the wliide 
of Volume 13. 

It was mentionnd, that at thn hut Annual Meeting. !klr. ChailM 
Msiuby (M. limt. C. E.), who had hold the post of Seorwlarjr for 
upwiinjs of seventeen vcarai tendered his resicuatiou ; he had 
cuutinued, however, to hold the po«it>ou until tne present lime, 
but iu the mouth of June, IHJJd, Mr. JniiifM Forrnit (Amoo. tnat. 
C. R.\ who waa well known to Ihe majority of the mBmbani 
from his almost CDOstant connection with the Lunlitu lion during 
the lost foui-teen years, having, iu fact, been (Hirtly brought np 
within ite walls, entered on the poet of Awii«tant 8ocr<-tary, witn 
the wlsry formerly devoted to Mr, Manby, who had espreeaad 
his willingness t» contione to act as Secretary, gratnltoualy, aa 
long an his lerviGes were considered useful to the luslitutkin. 

After the reniliug of the report, Telfui-d medals were lineulflKl 
to Me«irB. .1. Murrny, J. M. Ueiitml, H. Bobinaon, C. R. Drjaitit, 
and V. M. Kellcy: and Council FrsminmBof Booka to Maaeim J. 
Mnrray, (>. Herbert, Evan ilopkina, J. W. Ueiukc, J. BaUUft 
and W. K- Hall. 

The thanks of Ihe In'ttitution were uuanLinonsly vM«d to iht 
Prenideul fi>r hi* nttontion to the diitiea of his offlea ; totfct 
Vice-PreHideuta and other Menibers nud Associates of CoumAL 




THE Cira ENGINEER AND ABCniTECTS JOCBNAL. 



SI 



to^-oppntion with the Preaident, and ooDBtanl kUeucUuM 

imMtuiM: MklaotollMi Anditoncf UMAwomlaacul lbs 

ntiiMirni <? tbu Bullot. fur th«lr MrrlOM. SpadftI voUa of 

I wm Mmnl«il to Mr. Biddtir, for his odilrvaK* an " MenUU 

..B," wall lo Mr. fX Uuthj, decrctarv, fur the nuwocr la 

I had pmfnmip-l Lhc dntiea of his oldaa, aad hi* vBoiUat 

I to tiM iudiri.iual wUiM «f tlw MaotMra. 

foUowinc geuU«iii^n wan dtctad to 411 tli* MvarkI offioM 

iOMUicilRirt)i«''nHnine JntM'^— Bobart StwhoiiMm, U.l\ 

■t : O. P. Btddor. L K. BruiuJ, J. Hkwkihkw. and 

Hka, H.P., ViM-Proitknita : W. U. AnnatrODB, J. Uubitt, 

, Erriitav-iL, J. Fowler, C. H. Qitgotj, T. Hawiult]-. J. R. 

j^wn. / S^ H>i«»<ll, .1. WlilworUt, ud K. Wood, HfinbMa; 

i R. W. Kraaanl tkiitl Sir MMdoaidd StopbaiiMn, AawoUtM. 

. 13, tajT^I. K. BacssL, Yan-, Vio-Prwideut, iu tlie Ch^r. 
Tb* pawr rOMl wm " Oit Submarine EUti/ir Tti^/rap^." By 
,RWiv(x>». 

la A bftif nlktiem of the etrlj hmtarj of Ui<! SubnuLriua 

ie TaUgmph, it wma atsled ti<>t in linv* beao tha Liivetitidn 

•a paraoB, but tbUiiM' t)ia nianlt of thu miuliiunl 

I Mill asertioiMof nuny nxpaiimetilan. Ttin linit inon- 

Ut&t tlia autfcof had beeu iiblo to Bod of Any method of 

deatlj iBBulatinR wii«a m to euBble th«m to oonducl a enr- 

rhan aiibnicrmd in wxtw, wu, in an luxxiunl of aome nx- 

Dta tande id India hj Dr. (itow .Sir W. D.) O'Shaugfanawv, 

1839, raoordod ia tbe Journal of tbn Aaiatic Sociatv. In 

MpaHsiaDta tho vim viu corcmd vitli Eam<I jam, and 

' In a ifiUt ntCoti, whicli wu ag&iu envelupsd in ■uutli'sr 

if tarml yam. 

__ Jy after th'ia (in IMO), Fr<iGM*>r Wti«atalon« gara It aa 

■npuiioa, aspnaaaad bafora « Comniiilm of tba Honaa of Com* 

m, that a aobswriiu ootnminueattan bctvean Sngland and 

aoa araapractiCBblD:. And in Ootoberof the aamayaar, a panw- 

>h i& tba ' Balletin da I'Acnd^niia Boyala dm Scicmoaa da 

ilated, that Profemar Whaataioiia had diticoverfd a 

' BtlffitiB and Bngland by a ■iihmarine tf Inftraiih. 

n* dfcHKivary wna not, hnivcrer, mcntiaiiod. All 

I MtpfriniFntH wcrr maile prr^viuuii tu th« HUggntiijii of Pro- 

r Tai^»J to nao aa an iuniilatiiift M-unt i-iitU-wrcha, whiL-h, 

^tba pfnKDt tiiM, had bwu uiilvi-mlly (■luploywl. An cx- 

'from an AnMrioan u«wa|)A)>ar waa givon, oonuiaing an 

BtofaaubMLrinaHlBgraphataUidtoihagobiicn ancoeaamllp 

etail bv O^iwl Oalt, mm HoU (rata to Fire Uland, and 

which it WTu alto laid tbat the uiiie g<.-ull<Tuau liad npfJied 

Usited States Uuvemiucflt fi>r fiiuiii fni- tht! i>iU'poae uf 

^ a tcle(^Iihtc liu« frcm Amrricata Kiiropp. 

1M8 a aubmarine tQlagniph wire, iiiauliitn) with jn>tt&- 

laid by tiietitcuniit Siaiiiena, of tbe Ituyul Pruaiiiui 

Qff^, Ditdcr the lUiine, frvm LlvulX In Coln^ne, a ilut.inO« of 

>t balf a taile. And iu Jaiionry. 1(^, Mr. C. V. Wnlkar 

ad a ajmilar wira two mllaa \n Imieth oat to aaa, olf l>ovor, 

I aifpiala to Leodon through it. 

It, lUIX a gutta-percha coveml wire waa hid by Mr. 

on, from DoTcr to Oalaiii, ihrijuub wliiiih aignala wan 

nt with ■aoevwi, botttlaatiMl porfeut only atimir twviit^-ftnirhonrk 

On the 2^lh of 8Mil«mbfr, IhSl, n cablo n^inaiiitiiig of four 

IbaalUni wirMlnoMeillnailicathDrtanNo. I iron wiro. waa lud 

nwn fr>iu PoT«r to (^Uii, by Mr. Cmiupttiii, saiiBLeil by Mr. 

rollMtOD, and waa atated to have remained perfect l» the preaant 

b WM MaMd furth«r that It wna tntirvly owing U< tbn onargv 

ikill of Mr. Craiopton, who undertook llie ruapoiuiblg Um 

' ouTTlag out a aebtmo, up to tbnt time lookc<l upon with dia- 

S'aosiaof theleadinKcu;{ioNi's of Ibisoauulrvaiid t'ranee, 
Mvad br tha publiu geuHRUIy to be ijapouibia, that tha 
tM now 'indebted for tlia baoffita of aiibmariBatalMnplia; 
> landing oireiinnlnBOaa of tho caao wara biiafly oipUnad. 
I nntltor than jiroreoilod to ffivn a delnileil kocount of llic con- 
I of tha litvrr and lUUiii oaLle^ wliiuli wna tliu Brut laid 
Dwn; and tbe syilem of conatrucUon of all tba priiici|ial uub- 
ine talagnpliK Iu Burope up to tha prownt day, with all tli(» 
|Mtio«lan rabittva lo tbam, ma abown m a conipamtivo tAblo. 

TJw utthor diaenaaad tba leapaetive mcrita of the eoiiipouiid 
abia ayataiB, or the onllecliou or many iiuiulnt«d witca into odo 
aablc^ aa in tbe Cahtia and Oatand Leiegniiihti; and the aiinple 
oibli^ containing hat ooa wlra, ni Id tho line* of the Intanwllaual 
TlBlt)Mph Oompany to Holland nod Irelaiul ; tlio gr»M«r fuUity 
vhld Uiaaa Isttar nflxdad for repair, and tho leaa cbaoea of 



harinv tiie biuineaa atopped by ruptui«, ainoe one wlra only, and 
Dot aU, would be afliNl«d bv tho eanaiv *aa pointad out, and it 
waa aliown that tlia eoat of* the two ayatcoia did not tiiat«riaU]r 
differ. 

Theconduetiropowerofaabmorffed wireava* then tUforeUoall/ 
Invaatigat^d. and it waa abown that a couiidanUe dUEennM M 
ia time existad brtween the tnuianiaaloa of algnali upon ana- 
iwDiled wire*, and upon iiiaubited yiirm imioenitil in water, or 
biiriHl in tha aarth. That whlla viA Ilia former it aptit-Artd 
that the ooly limit of MnetJcal apead waa tlie poaaibility i)( 
il^dphering to* aignala, Uat In the lattar tha elactrio uiirrvnt 
nraiurad an aparcdsUa period at tima l« airlv* at lu doiLioatJon, 
and anotbar u>iif|nr pwiod (e MO^ from the wire lato the 
oarth. and that tfaia period of titna incraaaed rcgulariy with tha 
lengtn of tha wii«; oanaaoucntly upon a line furuied uf aub- 
margad wirea of eooaidcrable length, there would alwaya lie a 
limit of poaaibility of the avoiber of algiula that oould be tnua* 
mittcd in a eivan i(in& liiaae aAeti ware stated to ba oansad 
by latetvl iDductioD,*tbp iDanlat4w] wire oaanniinft the nature of n 
Leyden amugemetit of viurt dimeuaious where the oi)p|nr win 
i»pre«eDl«l the innff "■^'■■■■it, and the film of luobturv inr- 
roondingibegntlManhaaiDledMUMOutarooallng. Thii Utter 
anouatad to nBtnnh of 3S) aqtwn? (cet per mile. Thr iirnclial 
eSeet pmdnead bjr thin Intnnil in<^aetion waa chiefly tbe retanW 
tien or the aij^nau, and oonaoquenlly, to a oertain oxtdtt, plaoiiur 
n limit to the 4]uBi)tity of mt— ftw tlwt eould be tmnamltM 
nl.iii^ a «iibiuarine liuu. Thia elTeot waa rlaible upon a*«f7 aotK 
mannn liii« of upwarda ef 10 Hule* In length, and e*eu upon 
■ome of lav length. 

Upon the toD([eit line yatconalmcted thaineiMiyenleacanrialag 
from iha retardation of the ouneiit in aubatarima wlrea waa n«b 
ywy great; It waa not until tlie Una waa prolonged lo npwarda of 
TOO iwlea that the retardation became ■ anione otatruciion. It 
waa arKued, from af>me oxperinanta dint wero made at I.othbuJT' 
by Mr, I^tituer Clark, npon 1600 miloa of laburtnueau wire, 
that aigii^la ujH>a ^e line whioh waa about tu be bud down 
betwwii Ir"!ruiil and America, would nuuire about 2} aeeoiidata 
arriva nt tlioir dcati nation, and tlint afUrr ench algnal, onothar 
4i aeoonda muat ebtnae before tbe lino wu fm: to nsvivi: another 
efeetrie ware. Koch word of average leuKtb wouiit thua ocoupv 
abtiUt a uiiuute; aii<l eadl deapnl«h of twenty wurda, wullld. with 
thn iiMVMvtry unile aiKnulit, and uiLwiiidable' r«|ielittOD», require 
adont half-an-hour, tho* making the limit of poMiUlity anout 
fifty maaagca in twoDtv-&ur honni. 

Tlie author ar)(i<o<l, iJtat aince •ubniarine linoe wet* inurtt coatlr 
than auipeuded linea, and neverthcleaa a auialler amount uf buaU 
none oould he aent along them In an equal lliue, it waa important 
that an pMn* alionid iS apared, whereby Uiim lateral iudootion, 
and eiMiMifDtintly tho eviU itriaing from it, might be radnoed, 
though, beuiR in aooordanoo with a law of nature, it oould not lie 
entirely avoided. 

ynn. 80 onrf S7. — The entire eveuinga were devoted lo the dia. 
euaaion of Mr. Window'a paper, which will ba ^ven noxt month. 



ON THE VAHIOCS METHODS OF DTDiniATINO AND 

PlttaEKVlNO ABOHITECTLMIAL STONEWORK, 

By C. H. SniTn. 

[Pmpir md at the Rof/al liutUaU (jf Brititk Ardilt*rt», D^ L] 

TifK firat fratent for indumtiag and )irwH>r<riDg alone which I 
shall uotiw wax ^raiit'.><l to FViuifola Teydieuiie, a foreigner, 
reaiding ahrnail ; it in dnl«d Fnbrunry, 1^47 ; it afterwarde 
bi>cmni> the property of William llulch'uion. 1 bdicvo tho work* 
are now carrieil on nt TuobrJd;{e Welta, and the patent belonga 
to the " Inii united Stone Ou[U|Niny." lu general tvniia the 
operation may be thus deacribed : the atone to be indurated muat 
be worked U> tha necrwinry form, then thoroughly dried iu a 
hentvd olinmber, or by aoino other convenient method. Tha 
aotution, to which the stone ia lo be imueraed, ia oompoaod ot 
teiin diaaolved in turueuliue, oil, wax, tJtllow, or other Citty 
aiibalauw ; tlie siaieriaja are to be m«lted in a boiler of auiUiUe 
titv, anil while tbey are in a atate of ebullition tlie atoues an- 
put in, and tho operation of boiling ia continued until they ore 
impreifiialoil to s autliLTicut depth from the aurfit«c ; in ordtuni-y 
eoau two hoiiri boiling will LmpM-'iiMte the etcuw one iu-;h. 

The next Inveulion fur a aiiiiikr purpose, |MkIeiiteil bv Bar- 
naboa Barrett, ia dated October, lOOii: it ia now workud in tha 




1 



It 



THE CIVIL ENOINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOL'RNAL. 



fiMM of "TIhi l/oaAim Stono-Ritnlonmg tad PnwRrviag Con- 

i 111117' r their ofliM wuat 41, Moorsnte-otrcet The fDllowiug ia 
if r. Bamtt'i mode at prMolure: trie iAodpu to be iuJuraiisI ura 
&nt wmpleielv wurl(«d U> ibulr reauiml form, Ui«n placed In a 
raiarabtr or uveii, whic)i ia bMt«il frnm SO to 60 do g r t^ to 
Ltfriva out wliAturnr lunixtiini thny niar i.-ontain. In nil cmui 
t where it ii proctiiabli-, thn utouM are to 1» opomlol u|Hm in &n 
Lklr-^gbt ctiuiulwr, cxhriuirt^il, or partially bo, ami tlii-n l)ie 
Mudunitiuff iiiixtur«i, wl-iL-tliFr liut or ci'KI, in &ll<iU'i«l lu tiirkle 
down or now ini^ ih* cliambpr I" till tti* vacimm ; Ui" I'rt'oM of 
which will bo thnt tho \it\a'ul iadiimliiig ■ubotance will readily 
fiti-l iu wity into Iho imiai of the ■tone, mid bocDme iumrponitixl 
■tiierewiib. Mr. BorrHt't indumtitig mixtunt ve GliuHn.il iiuder 
iris mrieliea — Ihu lint it cttuipoteA of naln dlmolved iu nnjitlin, 
lljilrits of wine, or turpeotiue, niixnd with (.oitUt-p^rrha, diualvnd 
'n 1X1*1 tur luvpthii, lUid whiiD wnrnie<l with sleiuii liviit, mixed 
ritli oil or »ny other ([rca»y mitt«nnla; after whieh "luili- 
tAOrraem" i> ground dowu aiid well mix«l with the above. 
luotber mixUire ie oompM«d of uiiHliu-'hed lime, with oil, or eoft 
fwap, and Rumts tallow, mixed with it whilst aincktng; when 
^itbU aUoked to be pUosd in ft copper with nlnm water and 
" Buta-comeia.' gronnd-np ooppenus and aeolution miule from 
potatOM and Mer •ettUnge: whDQ well boiled aud miied tu- 
ntber thej are left to settle, and the ecilatiim Is dmwu off. 
Thtm nu^iu prepanttJon* are nitlicr coi»plic«t»d, I will there- 
ftire not occupy more Ume by going further into Mr. Biurctt*! 
iavcntJDD*. 

The next pateul for Iba tame pur|fOte, crftiitdd to John 
Beujamiu Doiuee, is dated April, IKS. Vhv tpoclGmliun 
Ibee the loTitntion ns "An imprnvnl mode of tirating 
I of soft and p<iroiii stone, &c., for the presirrvntion of the 
•anie tmm decuy," Mr. Uainee' chief objei^t is to import to tlie 
eilerior narfiweii of elone or conipo buildings, the power of 
nBisliiig the deatnictiveefreotaofllie atiDospherf' nnil of ilninp; 
and in s^me meaaiire to omitfaliM t)tc teDiimcy to alkaline 
effloreaaeoco. To produoe these reaolta, he ^rst applici a nolution 
ofanlphate of lincor aiolutioo nf alum : after which nnlpbur 
dvMolTcd in linseed or other oil. This mixture is to b« laid ou 
the sutftce of buiUlui^ or baildJog materiala, bj thf> aid of a 
Imuib, or bv mcsna ofan exhaaited oaas apiJied to the w»ll nf a 
bnUdlng, or by any otbsr suitable meatui ; tAS atone will thou bo 
Imnervioue to moisturr. 

Mr, Ilenry Clinton Faffe luok ont a patent, dnteii May IBSBy 
port nf which in for " iiidnintiug comnii>» Ktoue wiirk generally," 
for Ibis purpose be distolves beiM-wax in otini tar naphtha. Hut 
if the oolonr of the stone ba very delicate, or the t)i«e«rvation of 
it* tintuml oolour be desired, Mr. Vage substitute! double distillod 
caai)>htue in place of the eoal tar n.iphtliiL, and white wax instead 
of common bees-wax. Thesolutiuu in to be applied with a brush 
b> the nurfftw of tliu stone, npnating the pnicess a* often as the 
stone willa1.>4"rb it, nnd until the poreBarecumpletetyfiUeilthoro- 
with; using the solutinn thicker for ouarae gnuned than for lino 
grained BtMi& 

Having ffiren an abstract of fmir di'tinct patentufnr attainiu^ 
tho name object, I will now endeitvoiir to sive a jzonernl viciw (if 
UietnodH of operating, and of certain pmcticuTdilliciiltiHi attendant 
iVrWD. EvelJ one pmclicnlly aci|uainied with ihn working "f 
stMie, whether oa a ma-ioij or a ivtrver, must l>« wnll nwnre »f the 
tin>e occupied, and irflhe llabililyto damage incurred in ronioving 
haivy rauaiet fit elaliomtoly wrought stone after the wurk is 
Iininlidl-. and tltnt the riik of injury or breakage is fi-r greater 
alth if>(l thnn with hard stouo. In several ef the patented inven- 
tKiriH, it ii nxpraady stated that the stones, after being completely 
Wirkcd, are to be tlioronghly dried jn a hot air chanthpr, or 
ovco: aud in one innlanrn it is staled, they are nf.envitrlK to be 
tittt into a tank of boiling kolntiou, nnd boiled for levcral hours; 
III another mathud tlic atuuea are In be put into on air-light 
ebamber, exbaueted, er partially so, and then flllr-l with the 
iaduntiiag mixture, either hot or cold. I need anaively stnti-thnt 
It ■■ an utter iiiiposaihility to exhiiut, even luirtialiy, n vessel 
cii]«douK euoueh to hold the larvestrtones that areffeaerally used 
in a tirat-elaas building. The fsUure at the almosphMio nulway, 
enlhef^roydon liot^aroan entirely tnm the impmcticnhilitv of 
Mhansting large vcaeela, as (t was found impoMible lomaketnom 
■nvlbing approscMsg to aii^tjght. If the simiiw anr to be com- 
pletely iiumerwd is the indurating mixture, there will be great 
waatri ns no ntber part than that which is to be expowNl to the 
weather i>e«l W indurated; In fact, the joints, bcrU, and back 
bdBg -covered with au oily or miuotia aubatuuo^ will pnTsnt 



1 



the mortar or other »qu»irii» cement from adhering properly to 
the ■bone: and the result must bo a cortoia ninouut of irrnVnci 
in a buihlinc so eonetructed. 

Among the wrttiugs of loriotia pal«ntMa I find the remark- 
able ■[jtteitiont, Uiul "the jirooesa givea to the most poran 
alone, tliu hardneiui of primitive graolta. It will bo nnnoica 
sary toeipatiat« on thiH imof^naty result— wo will look upon it ■■ 
the infatuatiou of a pacvut for bis ofianritig. The aaiDe pahmtoa 
attributes the decay in stouewurk to iilkaliiie elBorMecoee^ arising 
from the wmont (>r mortar used iu the wulis^ he has arriveil at 
this condnsinn after a variety of testa and trials during eleven 
years. Tliuse are onsertiooM, but no pmofs are iilTenMi Ths 
gentleman haa no doubt se«n many examples of stone in an 
advauued state of deeay, covered with a saline or allcaljna 
efflorescence; but ts he prepared to show, bv eiparimeols, that 
the same stone woold have remained perfectly free from die- 
integration, bad it boen situnteil fur from thn influeuoe of w^C 
he c'liireiveB to he deatmolive ogenta. 1 have submitted a piee* 
of linieMtone, which I knew to be uf a good and dumble qiudttv, 
to the niost uevere trstii of both salts and alkaline — triala far 
more powerful than anything likely to occur to itane in Uw 
ordinary eouree of nature;yet with all micb violent eiperiaiMtMk 
1 have never been able to produac more than a men tractt ot 
alteration or disinte'Tntiun: I am therefore diipoceil to believs 
that the Hilts and alknJifui hare little or nt>thiug to do with ihm 
dociy of ilonn. Among the puhliihed writings of jAtnntMe I 
tiud also thin remark, " In mimy cauus the ihicay of stooe Is 
accelerated by the employnitmt of sen or sidt snnil; a nroof of 
the deMtnicttve ell'ectn of «alt ui>un utouework may he obenr^ 
in any neaport town," No<loui>t the .iiitborhae observed atOBfr 
work in snme seaport towns in a drplornble state of decay, inaa* 
of the buitilingn at Brighton, constructed with Portland atoOf^ 
are in this oondition; but we have no "proof otfored Ihatsuch 
decay in ocoiuiioned by niarini> intlueuoe. The surface at tb* 
mnxrinrj- of most of the buildings iiC Oxford is so deconipoeed, 
that it is peeling off like luiper or mg«. Had tliii heautifol 
city bevu erecl«j with the lume stone, on the sea coast instead 
of the interior of the country, many might have iuuiginod that 
the wretehed condition of the aUmework was entirely owingto 
tli» ilestruvtive eflecla of sea salt, whereaa it is the reaull ofbad 
stone. 

Tlio bland of Portland is only five or ais miles fat cirailt; 
of ouuntc it is surroundeil on idl sides by the era; it oontidus 
seven villiigM, .ill built with Portland stoue, and they are in oa 
oxwlleut siAtti of prescr villi on. But Ihe wont munrluible in* 
slanc«, which pMvns thnt sea Halt hoe nu cl^ct wltatevcr 
on good stone, is that of Sandyifoiit Cast.li>. near Wevmouth, 
built Willi Portland stone iu the time of lleiiry VlU. It ja 
BO cloae to tlie seu. that uvery bu;h tide woshi-a the Iwwerpart 
of th<> walla, nuil in stormy wealber the building is ooupletely 
ovnrwhelmoi by tlie spray, yet Xiw stone la ijuite peri!Mt> aad 
the chisel marks are as fivsli ns whnn left by the WoriUDM, 
The fact is, giioit stone will reinain nearly perfoel in any atc- 
atiuu, during almost au iiulelinil^ iwriod; wlisreai bad stone, if 
ex|>o>ied to tlie weather, will rapidly moulder awity, whether 
^aced on the sea shore, or in the middle of a large eonlineilL 
The four palenta which I have described, may bo oluased under 
one geiiurol heading, because they all rccomiuoiid oily or 
resinous uiixturcs to be ajiplied to the atone iu a aomewlut 
similar innnnur 

t linVD one more invention fnr a similar purpMn to olfer to 
your ii^tiee. which has been rosorved on ai^oount of the iodatalJBg 
mixliiiva beiu;* 'if an aqueoUH and more scienlifi' olinracter, rad 
therrfi.in' differing essentially fn>in any of the others. Tli» 
inventor, Mr, Frederick Ifaiiaouie, has sent nie Ibc following 
particulate: "The process consiita in the •■m|)li>vment of two cr 
more eepanite solutioua, which, by mutually acting upon e^A 
other, proiluce wilhiu the iKires of the stone an iiideairuetihie 
njtneral iin-'cipilnte. In operating, ths stone may be eithtf 
immerseil in, or sntnnitcil on the snrfai'e witli, a weak aalutiea 
of silicate of si<da or pnt;uih: and afterwanls with a solution of 
chloride of ciileiuni or iuiriuin, when ou insoluble silicate of Itlnt 
or bai^la is formed in the puivs of the stouo, Tcndiiiius it impep* 
vloua to moiatnre nnd iiiHii«ue|itibilH uf injurions eflbcla dw 
atmoipheHe influcncea. Or, iuktenil of a ailicnle of pobksh or 
soda, a solution of sulphate of sluiuina may Im employtd, and 
then by au application of bnrvUi, a com^iouud uf snfphate of 
baryl4"4 nnd .■(ti]miiia i" prcvliiceiJ." 

Any at the before named uiixlarea, whether oily or waloT, 



J 



TirE Cmi. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



SB 




jvUl iwililjr bt kbaorbwi iotolka pona of « u«wl)r worked piece of 
~^ n»i b)3t itfUr ■ bniMIng hai Immi mmM a fevr ymtn Ln 
udoD, or maj otkor Lukc town, iu avfiMe bfoOBiM ao 
. ^y griinad with dtut, Mot, and fanparittM of s popnloui 
SBriioMj. a«BBt«d, in ud WMit d«gno, Iqr powBrful vjuili 
rdriviufi niai, ttiU Um iodtintUug mistura OMiBOt tmulj be 
~ ' tfiwiak iiii it will ninofftl)»«ar(KeorUi«*t<»suit would 
r^lM*, or otl>i-r noa-kbaorbeat mnlcHaL But If, br mbdc eon- 
iranc*. itotn ba EDodcgnKliully tunntor Titliin Uia pom, if 
he baltiliD;«lii>olil have bccu enoMl only a few luonthi, tb* 
|rt will tic ••< JiAettlt to mnon, ifaM a Inrge pottioo (tf it miut 
tvolilitblv Iffl lalsad with th« Indumling materiala. Mid the 
It will b* * ilirtT, ilim/^Teaablr apfw*nui<,'e, jwriiuuiiutlv glv*n 
Iw •oUr* nliiicc. Wore it not for the aoot ui<l ilirt, tlia oUj 
isturea applinl to UjumIOdc would he ■□ far bUoclial in aU-ut 
r, aa to e»uae the itotie to be nttlier whiter than if uu >uch 
L had beaa apall«d to it To owrconie theae objectioiH^ 
> ha*« iiimwleii that th« «atii« aiu&ee of the atoauworic 
Id he loovrtd, aenuioit, or evus ohiaelled afraab, Ui ordtr that 
ilndonitiiig inaterialawjr have naintwrupted accMB to (he 
noe of the atoae. Thla broceedinit would not aalj be very 
■Ive, bat it would be liable to alter the character wtd dbct 
I inuoLiliBgi, carvi^p, aad dacoratitms generKlljr; and aii 
be pTojoctio^ ftttta are naulljr the Unit to *]iow eymptoau of 
rwnatare dMaT,the7wo<9ldtherelbrarH|uiiBtbDgreKt«»t amount 
findnnitiaa. CnleaatheiiidaraliugSuid cati beiaadc toeaakinto 
)Mone,«tleaat half au inob, it majr tw worae than tuekiaa; 
, la all probabtUtj, wet will get in brbiod the haMmed 
_ ,an>d then-b]roocanou UrttrrnortigMti) earolialc thao If 

dM atMM hMd been k-ft ia ica oalural niate. 

J maj DOW olSer a l«w coiauii'iitA uu tlic ninnner of twtina the 

ito of theee patented ioventiDna. Vnu b.ivi* alreodjr bMnl 

BtiMwd eoBeextnMnlinarjraaDtrivBnaMofnLr-iijtlitdiAiQbBn. 

' ** 'iag Mid boiling bailding etonaa to renikr them imperleh- 

perfonaaaoM, upon Munplea like thoae ahowB to me bjr 

eotcM; an quite within the bounda of poMibilttv; but it 

I a noveltj to MM' tbe Parliament HmiaM Knt pbicod in 

1 orta and tlieu iu a tank of boUii^; liquid. If. therefore, the 

1 object cannot be aflbctuall; Boeuuiiiliabed by aaeh meane; 

Ftlw atoacaeauaot bapniperly protccteil rfumtlieaffhot ofalmu- 

r* eric inRumcc', without I rvatiiix Ihc-io in the uiAiiriPnlnacribod, 
iltferrt>op must be, Omt If a buildiii'ii u merely bruilieil oTera 

' tineB with a fold solution, the rvsult will cer'uiiily be ineUeo 
If the fomM'r tiUii be n mtrt one, th# lMti-r luuet be very 
btfal. Tnkin;! ull eii-ciiiiwlancre birly lulo cnibinlenitlon, I 
ropinino thiit no plan 6>r indutntiny and |ir«Mtrving aivhi- 
•f^aework a likely to aunwer the intendal piirpuit^ 
I it can be applird after the bitildinir ii creel«(l, anil ivller 
I monldlBK* and atrvlug* are cuniuleiely Bniahed. Then oonir* 
gneetkin, bow ia know what b tiia bn«t nMterial, aad Ikiw U 
■ucceaafnlly ap|diod. I haireweiimnltiltidoaoffmaUapaei- 
tnMM of iudnntedelMM, wlii^Ji irbtla freah eertainly reeiat the 
dMoapiNrinB indaeiHM orniritnrl «tntFri but aa the pauuteee and 
invantnre omr do praoft whaternr that the aaote or auah pieoe* of 
,9ietM would have rapidly montdereil away, bad thajr not been 
ervnl by their indnnitinit pfDOoea, howani I to know that t)in 
< piL-'-ir4of etoae would not have itooil the weaclior «|uiilly 
witliout their a|iplloation t and I believe, up to thie linie. no 
I iajirepared toahow what onoilitluii tbi^r apednM<na will pre- 
', after eluht or l*ii yean' exposure to the weather. 1 an ant 
I to iBten with crednlity to the opinfona or leatimoniala 
lirWIoala, however hitth their poei tiea —however uumetnn* 
the Boman WfHlal letteea may Iw at the end of their nnnMB— 
mdaMtbey haveeoiaethinictoreUtennd toahowupon theauhjeot 
ef a Men erideni and eatiafaiitorr chnracler thnn aoy thtof I lian 
kill »t I Jin e heard or wltDeupd. No doubt aotne may eoaaidar me 
aaMoBS fiver ■erupulonn, ku^l delt-miiiK^I not to believe wbnt I 
whareee or kenr; but the vAKlrfy /iff <^ Paleiti*. which arFt.%k«n 
oat (br Kipptaed laTentiotio r>r ■■«Drr>vetii«tile, nioat of which are 
teitber area nr beard of aR«r«ar<la. uliout Jiow nutny rnnn there 
are, who, although tliey An not rUvayi deceive other iwo|Je, ara 
«Ani rery aocoeeWnl ia deceiving ibi'miirlrcn, by bclievtux they 
Inva (li"C»v«red an iavenliob, of gnat publiG ullllty, which le 
ia " jfkU iOO ptr (Witt. pnOtt.' and whicli i(<Jden prue|ieet thair 
faodeel ailmircn can neithnr eeen ur compreliend. 

tt wonld be a good plan to try the oonaarvntire power nf a 

vlutlim on two or tltree epeaimviu of etoue— Caen, Unth, and 

fjrthuk-I r»r inetaaoe— dinreinj pleoea of Uteir napectivv kimia, 

i^U known lo be of a parialiaUe quality. 

In. t't—VoL u.— FtsBDinT 183;. 



PVtbeeh 





I an eorry to aay that 



in Loodtn there will be no dilBenltr In proeorinc aoeh Ntedment) 
each pteee to be between two and thwe fw«ta>aaad<ife n <Btiaat 
gifth to be aoeuTMelT worked Into a lew noalUBga, ncfa U a 
pieea oTeonlai. Wben the wo^og ia eonplnod, let radi pltM 
oe broken (not aawcd) in the middle Icoytliwiae, an m to Im* 
dean ftwrtnrea, with abundaat fatdantteoa; the two pwte will Gt 
eaoh other, without th«poarfblU9of«lth«r befngcoMlerfeiwd. 
I«t oal^ one pieoe of taek ■patdBn be weD prepared with the 
indnntiaig nolutloa, taking care not to m» man or lew of the 
fluid, in propoctiaa to the mat of the ipedaieB, than would be 
<ia»d if a large edibe were to be prtpand for c Mieer r a tkiB; then 
plaM the prepared nod vamfKredtpaciacBaofMtdiklndofBtoBe 
aide in aida, on the top «f MaMOlvealedbaadbKwhemhey wBI 
be Ailly ex|ffm4 to aU weatherit doriag efrtrMT yean, teon at 
laM aecarding to cirvunutaneea. We know beforehand that bi 
ooniae of time the unprepared piecei will ibowrvklenee of decay; 
bnt if theiiidaratiagptWMaaanawvtbelBtavdedpwpoac^ iftbe 
itonee hare abeortM the AbM aalldenily deep fron their anr&oe 
to be the iBtaae of rMdering them dnrable, the prepared porttou 
oaghl to be found after a few years aoallmd, and oocnpamiiTClr 
ill a pcrfeel atate, while their oomitAipart^ IwviiwbeeneabjeelH 
to pmuelj the aaine earfatioiu of cliMaii^ woola Deriiapa be fn 
an advanoed atage of deeay, and UM^rareUteelttta] nauiree nearly 
obliterated. BxperiiiieatB thun ncrfomed and f«eeinled would 
be valuable, beeauM thoy wouLJ pro>*e, ea nearly aa poenble, 
wheUiar eiwutmlly a ontnin pnooM ni^l be aerrHcaUa or 
neeleai^ or Indeed lojiuioim Utbe aUwewort. 

During tlie laat twen^ or thirty jmr* I have had naay ran- 
venatloDfl Willi eerer*! nf the loort Inamrd ehamiMa abOK 
prveetTJne atone from decay, and bave iiiieonl with attentioti to 
the rsMaAaof intelligeat and eiperiennit pnu.-tial etoaemaoMt 
for much gold ia eometiiMa oootatned in the roogfaeet ore; aad a 
ete«r opemllve meehanift though looapKble of expnwin^ clearly 
that whidh he eoneelvea hi hia mind dialiuaW, will, byjadkiaaa 
qneatloning, atale bela^ likely to lead the elwUout mno io(« a 
train of idraw whioh he otherwiae miKhl not hare thought ol 
But after nil, ilie object in pntnult Becma to be aa fiur off aa wheu 
I oommeuced the Inquiry ; fa truth eocae yean i^ 1 thought 1 
knew Bore of tte •abjeot thas I do at pnawt; the drSeultka 
appearing to Jncreaae ae more lidbtnatiiiin la eolteeted. All the 
nelhoda of Indai«tion which are now before lh« pablic are 
Betdy meohanioil tnUturra with the atone, a aort of dnld 
oemenl or ramiah, whioh ■nrroaada the gralna wilboot .tll'ring 
them, although lo a <nrl*!n extent (I gloee them to^"!))'"-, and 
parlially keepa out mowture : bui luch io<lividual grain cootinM* 
lo the utn* etatev— 40 elwinieal ebonge whatever haa taken nbkv, 
— the elementary cnulitntiou of the etotie ia the MBeasitWM 
before the indumtini; luauriivt w applied to It. It la a charac- 
leriaUe foature in qnarriee of ooliie that iboatoiteproeai'edfron 
the uppermott bM& b generally, perfaapo inTariably, of a dnnUe 
quality; wbenas the inwrnt hnria are the fint to domy, when 
eipoaed to wMiher. The caoae of thia diflereaoe ia known to 
depend chiefly on the iiuAntity and quality of the oeneuting 
antMMiee, by whiuh the pnrilolea adbora to Moh other. Hie 
wmentthat unitiMtlieglot>iileaiaioanawi«lbmiednf theaana 
rlfiraniitx aA tlin globulea themetJrn, hot more cryetalliBc; it ia 
iu tact the divotnpoaition of the auperiuoniuheut id.im. laturatiog 
and flryatAllisiiig wltbin the bede beneath. But thia aatond 
wwoe aa of imlnrating la not performed tn a day, nur In a ywr, 
onttnagee; eo alow or cradiwl b the procma, tlint in eearotly 
any oue U the Inweat lied eo han], or ao tboronglily antunted 
with the oryvtMllioa material aa thoae above. 

It •eeiua to me, that if w i:i<ul<l punoe or imitate thla nalural 
proceaa, it might lead to the bret meane of itnpivviu; tlie natural 
coQilitlt'Ei nf lift *ti>ne ; iir, in other vords w« ui^t Salah the 
atone wlilrh i* iin|<«rfci'tly formed in the rocka; Nntarr not 
having hud tinio to oomplete her wurk. Uiui can eommand 
Nwlure iu no otlicr way tnau by obeying bur lawa; in all oat 
exueriineiiuoriierfurtaaaoaii lUa aol weeriio operate, buttbebwa 
of Nntare whieli areaet fnapaitttiou. Tbe dunblllty ofoompact 
carboDale of Unie, in a etyataUine alato, cither ia the (o4to of 
•tahwlitai^ or that of a ponma material, rvnileral deuM and 
dunhle by iinpragiiatioii, niH b« witneaaed in ■luueitiiia iu- 
■tniicea in thb ooantry, eqieotallv in the petntyinf; cavern* nf 
Derbyshire. Li the Soutli of Italy and in alcUy, the peodnction 
«f axcoUrDt building eUioe^ antiinly fanned hj d*|»*iticn from 
water, baa been going on abuuilnntly, from the eoniaet ngea of 
the worM tu the prwent linif. The TampUa of FMitani, «Mk 
■truclml more ibau tvo thiwaand ytan age^ with aqneona dapmit 



61 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCUlTECrS JOCBNAL. 



from Ui« iidglibouriiv nvtn, juv rtill bat liule lUcompoMd, to 
br M tJw aUoe it «onMni«d. Mo*t or tbs nuxlem bnlUluga tii 
Bota*. Ineladii^ 8l P*t«t'«, vhlob an wutnuUd witli a. flmiUr 
tujitarijJ, Tnrertioo atom^ or CalMTvoa* TuK *r> ^Bonvllj' in 
BXnIleut vundilion. 

lu till! waters wbicfa proiliKe th«Me pctrifActioni^ tliCK nual be 
loiiiifl MuliJ body ■■ • niKleua to bcgiD upou ; but wbkt coiiKiUUa 
iL, t<t in ii<-i ntfpMllmportMit: uiy aub«tMiee will do for thawatcn 
lo couiiuence tliair pcCrtfirili^ work* a|Nni-, — ti«licp,at thacnrorna, 
" Utt <t«nitT Mctktr" ia invited hy Uie ^iltlca to purebue birdi^ 
DMt^ punM^ »ik1 varioii* olber arUdei^ Mid ta be «hiuig»d into 
■Wim; wharaos, la &ot, the objeuu tliemaelret are nmlj' en- 
cnwied wilh ittncij- matter. Allboiig^ thb natural pii>Mi> in 
progrnfliiiiit i><'*'i Mul h'M Inmii iluriag all nges, and, to n oerlaiu 
rateat, ie well uodrnttuuij l>y chemUu bdiI otbera, rrt It liwt uut 
been apuUeil U> uiiy iia;.-uiiaol purposes, sod ocrtaiulv uuver iii 
artitidailr iniliiratiu],' niid nrewrviog «oll »toue. Ii wi> coulil 
•UoeeMfiiil.V uuilAle ii«liirv tii this reepeoli antl apl>l7 our offorte 
to the purpow) now under coaudenttitm, I Uiiuk thrjr would be 
iiioK likvl? to MuwoT lluui BUj plan heretofore Hticnipli'il, It in 
not ill mj' (wwcr tu tell you how to prooecd, but the principle 
apfMien lu clwtr and tiiaple, itiat I mh ioduoed to believe tlte 
}>Toprr mivlB of aptilicAtiun wiiuld eoon he foaud If edeullAc mou 
wonlii torn thuir attL-otinn in (lint illniction. 

Tbo u«aBBUy for proivrvin); Ibe kbincvnrk of our bulMiiiss 
hmu ptvuiAliuv ilecnv, ii uultrelj an ovil i>f uiuderu dnt<S wliiiiti, 
1b nearly all amm, onuhl uut tit eiiaC; for il' buiMnn viiK&go in a, 
legal eciDtnvoC to urn the boat matcriaU uf their nepwtiro lciii<l>i, 
they an liable to au actioo br daiuife if it can bo |irov»l tliul 
defeolire el^ua bu Iweu introduoeiT into a builditig. an auch a 
piooeedlug B11UC be au iiapentiou, if not a direct jraud, u[ion 
thoaa who have Xii jn^ lor the erotki and I belicrt I aiu oorreot 
iu atatii^, that j>lr»liag lenonuKe uf tlie Uwa of this oounu; i« 
not oonaidored an cxcuae fat the rioUtioa of lhoa« lawa, and that 
therefore, in all pcobability, a verdict would be givou m^net tlie 
oouttacton. 

With reftrreooe to the pvooeedlDgefbrindiitatiiigthestonowark 
of the New Pakoe at Weatmlnsler, I fear the parllM in authority 
are nlber prvRinturi! in Ibnir docisintu Several axperimeoUre 
have becii eel to vink without iuvoeLieition or ioquiry; without 
aaoertaiiui^ wklcb plan is bout, or wlictlier tbcir moilc of pro- 
eednre loay or ntay nut be iujuriaiu to the >touuwurk, or likeiy to 

Eravent the euooee* of aome utiier irvuiui-Dt which lua^ hereiuter 
• found auperior. With ei'ery Heutimeiil of mpect for the 
indgneBt and geuand diaorimiiutioo of the noble and learned 
lora who h*« btely taken eo much inleixMl iu thia mutter, 1 IruMt 
be wtU AiiviTe roe If I euterlaiu tlit' idrathalhUlorUahiD baayct 
much to Icaru Ixtfoiv be oen proix-rtv adjudicate and oecida on 
uinttore relating to the decay an<l pn^vrvntion of BUinewark at 
lite ParbameBt Uouaea. 

If ther« arar waa a litae when a knowtcdf^e of uood and bad 
•ti»a waa of ooiuadanble importaooe to the Briii»ii public, thai 
tiaoa i* now arTivc<l. Ourgovemment b cout^uinlnting the cover- 
ing of more thou tirentr acrw of ground, at Won tm in iter, wilh 
otnoial building! of a paJatial character; il i*, ib^rcforc. Ui bu 
boiled that the aubjeet of our atteutiDn this evuutDtf will apply 
only lo the liniea past and preaent: and that iu futuiv, when a 
msgaificenl atruotare aliall be ooiupleted, Uis eitanul maaonry 
may remain niiiopured during the lives of Ihosa who were at 
the ooel at erectiBA it, withont tlio espanse and annoyance of 
•oaObldlng^ aatoratlB^ diacotouring, and many olber vexalJuua 
ifieldeiila attendant ou the eodeavour to make the beet of a dis- 
cnnli table aAur. 



BATTERSEA PABK. 

A oaiuidenbt* portioB of l&e work* ore eoutplotal, and aome 
tboumuida of shnitM and trees are plotitcd : but ■till there ia 
nueh to be done. A (rait part of the new par^ lies verv low, 
and wiU have to be tboreognly drained, otlierefiae trees w'lU not 
thrive. Tbia ia l«iiig done, whilst, at the aane llmi^ every 
eserlion u bcioft made to plant a» many ahraba duriug Uia 
present leuoii lu poniblc. Whilat the parlc » Uiua tnpidly pru- 
aicaiim. the Cheiam Bridge worka en mlrauciiig. Out of tho 
ini|iDimiT obains has beM carried over the almttnefita, aod 
«(ut« wfll ba pat up in Uie ooiuee of a week or twi\ and should 
Dotbinc advnae ariaab it is pnoifaable that the bridge will be 
KvaJlaUa lor Ibe pnUie ib Ibe eonrae of the summer, provided 
I appreMtiea M« «nlll«iently adeaaoed. 



UEV1KW& 

TabI* o/Qimrter Sjaarm of aB ntrger miinUn vp In 10I>,00D, tff 
iMeh the Frmtufi of T<M Fart^rt sMiy br Jmind bf Ottatd ^ 
ad/litinn onrf tuhtntrtivn aiour. By SaMUBi. Liyjt Lainr&r. 
Tyiudco: I^ytiiu. ItUK KViv pp. :jl4. 

Thii work is an uHtance "f tbc 1ob|> iinmspeeted power aMi 
value which may be poaaaaaeil bymeanaof whichlhe >eri- atnipJl- 
olly haa caniml them to be a^octod. By an idgtbrainit rormnla, 
ao simple that a boy mi{[hl ecini|<rehcn>l thu proof of It in hb 
fint Icaion in nlfiebra. a viuiiile way itt found of abridging tbe 
labour! orartth[iicliml ooinpDlera, liy aubttitntinji forraultlplica- 
tiun and iJii'i«!ou Ilj4i eaalar proceasea uf dlviaioo nnd aubtractiica. 
We siipjKMo iliaL the It-aet InaFned nl^bmiiit among our rfwWs 
can ascartain for himaelf that if from the aquare of a + t the 
sifuaro of — li be aubtiactei), the reinuludor ia 4 a A ; and oonae- 
quently that ((a + *)' - i (« - 6)' = ab. 

Suppciae now tlui a aadftare twonumberaof whlcb tbeprodaet 
U rfifairm] wilhunt the liibonr of multljiIicatloD, In tbe pr»- 
0»]iiiK fnriniiln this re'iuire'l product ia shown to be equal lo 
laarlrr of the mfnan of the lurn of the two number* minut tbe 
ijaitrlrr iiflhe ijunT^ of their (!iff«r*ui». 

Hence tlie utility of a table of l^iiarter Sqitarea. In anefa a 
table la placed, oppoatte each niinibtr, the auart"r of ita eqaan. 
For tnitanee, the (otlowiujj ii taken from iBe Srat page of Mr. 
lAondy*B table ; — 



Kuatar. 


<|iiiutn aqiim. 


1 ., 


-as 


S .. 


... 1-00 


8 .. 


... 3"M 


4 .. 


... <-oo 


a .. 


... ea 


II -. 


-.. B-un 


7 .. 


... 12-ii 


8 .. 


... id-oo 


9 .. 


,.. Wis 


10 ,. 


... sson 


U ,. 


... 8(J-M 


13 .. 


,., 88-00 


IS .. 


... ti-l5 


I( .. 


... t9-m 


IS .. 


... fiu-W 



HoBbVp 


QawMBiaat*. 


1« .. 


.. fllHi) 


17 .. 


... Ti"lS 


IS .. 


... 81-0« 


1» .. 


... SO-35 


» .. 


... lVU-00 


11 .. 


... 10-33 


33 .. 


... Sl'OU 


SS .. 


,.. Zirii 


at .. 


... 41-00 


33 . 


... 0ll'3.^ 


M .. 


... 98-00 


W .. 


... 83-35 


98 . 


... Sd-00 


SB .. 


... SI0-3A 


•0 .. 


... 34-00 



* Hrrc thr Unit and thirl columns mntatn tbennmberv, and ' 
aoL-Dud and fourth the qunrten iif tlieir aquares. By tbe pr _ 
ci|>le juBt eiphiucd, we have but lo lake the nnmber which L 
tlie sum of a 4, and End Ita quarter nquare fium the lahUi, lo find 
almllarly the quarter aqoars ot h '-i; and aublracting the one 
i^unrter aijiMre from the othnr, tn have al once tlie mqiiiral 
produut, u b. For initiinoc, to find the product of 13 aud 1(1 ; the 
sum of those two uunibt^ra in i% and their dllfureiico is & 
From the table, (quarter aqiuue of iit Is SIO'33 
.. u „ of 3ta a-S4 



Subtmoliug, MS-IX), mqiiired product. 
This, of courae, Is a very aimple inatauce ; but Uie real value 
of tlie lablea ia ahowu wheu the producla of higlier uiuiiberB, and 
Mpeciallv uf tltose invulviuf; dvciiunU are rw^uind. It will be 
olitnrvail thnt for inti>ger* tlie FiruJucIa jue iprwi exaotly, 
w)ioi'(i»i proilucta obLnlii«l by n table uf logarilluiu are seBentlW 
giveu appro xinintety only. 

The iiurpuwH to which a table of producla may be appli^ i 
anifold. For iiistanoe, wlieie a mullitudo of oompulatioiia 



man 

wbnl 



at« 
oompulatioiia fai 
orithmcticiana call " Practice" hns to be porfotned, Ibe 
Inlmur of Iho computer may be materially ahridued, — p*«islly 
where a itmtiuial Dotation of money, weights, ana mr^wirf. h 
uaed. Thus, to Uiid llui value of 74 oi. £ dwi. U Kr. at 4*. lUdL 
per oa, ia. of 741Uok. at £ittai per ox., ws have T4lit-|- 
in»i ~ 08917, and T4I£S — i47l)3 = 49Xa. 
Qnartcr square of 1)8917 ■= 8446U 
„ of £4793 = 60844 



I8-37T0=IU7«. ^ 
the reqldnd nnlL Agldn. Uic tnhle* mny be npnliod to 
oomputBllOM of almpta tad compound intfraet, olareM aad —.^ 
eonteuta. It appean fk«m our author ihnt the lilea of the atlUtr 
of a Uble of quarter a^oarea waa oHh-inally auggtataL or at ^1 
CTeuta praotiailly eThibilml, by vVutoiue Voisiu, in a wort entitled 
mtm ^9 Muliij-ttcationt en Logarithnift dee S'amtm EnOtr. 
AputolJ^iMfu'da^OOO, published inlHlT. AnoUierlabltvaapnk. 




J 



THE CIVa ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



<9 



b 



I 



IMiailofqiuuMraqiauMaf BtnBbMVDptoWiOOO, by H. Uetmat. 
Pw f for In til* CuUan of Vuiiim, En l^S ; ftiid PiuMwr 
Ltilk, In hi* < PbikNop&j of ArithiiM'iic' (d<l «>lil. iB»). j^ivM • 
Halkr tabU^ Anutlier aodi tsUe iii Ktron by Galbniitb, IB hia 
'OMmmI I^Um' (I83B), wbu muiuJt* npuo the utility of ■udi 
uUm to uUMiiiiiii«r* ud Hireyora. Onr anthor in uf iiiiiiiioa, 
kvBWver, Uwtt GiilbiuiUi uid L««li* mtnlv ix>pl«d troBt Volita'a 
CmMm. Pnitamr SflrwiM^wbow ERtiU miod, bot ocmtsntad 
villi tiM pmifoiutiml DMllMuiAlioKl wtarehn*. haa occupied 
UtitU «1«> aHth niuKrau more elemeiitaij. btit klmort nqooU.r 
vkliuUe arlthinetkal iBrMttoUiuua — Um caiitribui«d tu tim 
kaamMsfe at tbo anbJMl brfcr* iia p*)>en in llw * AMnnsM 
}Stptxioe' Olid tbe ' Londo n Bad EdinlMirtiti HiiltwcqibMBl Ut^pn- 



Tif wl^acl at qBwt«r equnrea b briefly noticnl in sn Miicle 
in Um ' Ptauj CyelopN^U.* AnotlMv artkde ub ' T«blM, ' in that 
viirk, (Cim> ui rwuraiit of uintlMT ciMt of tabl«e bnviug lb* 
aatD* olijecV— Miiuslj, Ublea of mulli^ioBltAQ, whlcb nive |m>- 
dviAM liirwUj. The ulilnl uuiienl i« Ibu of MorhanI, jiub- 
lUitd at Miinioh la 1610. Tb^ iitWn refejred to uv ' ilutiou'e 
TUiln of TrodscU' (1761), of which t1i« Mnnoy ie dottbtod: 
'BOrrX' O'^'): 'DodeooV (1747): ■ Cnrjlo'e Etedtentitlela.' 
{18*)); 'BohnhWa.' (1738); ' C)y.>a\ (1824); uid • CWUl'e' tl7«7): 
Iba taUes of CnUe Iwiug (bu luort estcmaivc of klL 

Of thfee worlu we bavo etuuiuoil ihitt of Cnlle only, wkidi 
«M pnhliehicid at Berlin in two ihivk volutaeei and oouiaiiu 
«t«7 pndtictof iiileKON u[i ia lUK) ijriiee KNV. Auolber more 
bmnrtant work by Crvlle (oonitled in the tintioa in the ' Penuv 
Cftlot<»dU}, ia hi ' Brleiditenitiga Tftfef (Berlin, l^t^ vrbicli 
slma th« pmdacta of all tnt«'giir* up l« 10.000,000 hy the 
inte^ en 1, S. 3, 4. A, 8, 7, h, II, mpfi?tivi>)T. Ry Mttioa down ia 
tbeir iiTuper |>Im« the product* of any nnnil'cr mnlniDln)' not 
more tb«u mvta CTi^beni, ae given in tliin labli-, va obtain by 
nwr* aililitioii any pphIiil-C m itleuoc of *iich n uiintber. Fc-r 
DVniben liigtier thnu thnee iodexixl In Mr. IjiuO'ly'a table, aud 
williiu tlie odinpaM tit CMl*** tnbU, we ii|)iirch»u>l Ihat the 
ui i HjMi of Dialli]i(i<Nlinii wuald ho lunra rtuj by l)i# la[l«r. For 
loMBnoB, Civile gircH tbe feUowinx esnaiirte of the uw of hie 
uUeio mtiltiiilj 9^157.^1 by 7«»tS3>- 

* 8 1 A 7 3 I 
7 * 5 » t » 3 



711 



7 

f i 

»|7 

13 1 
1 



3*414 
1)0 9 B 



4 I 

» « 

4 « 

a i 



7i3i;iS4ii>sftts 

CreOr** taUn are ao arnuifrod Ihat tlie prMluotaof eoe); mnlti- 
plK»n<l Inr the iiit*p)t« up U> •.' ate ^von na nn>- |uige. We have 
thepelon* ii> turn in but cue |>n;[r in obtAiii m^li required neull. 
Uw pnxlofta Ivr tli« fint live iii;;ila uf tlic mullipltouii) arc givoti 
faiMB«Di>liiiiui uf tlwMga, and fortliervniainiuKdifjita inanothet 
(eJbbiii 'rtierrfi-Ni, In lite imeediaj; example, ih«re im nqaired 
14 fin<li»Ci all "u ono paffc, and oeia addition. To obUiiB the 
■Mue re»«lt b* Mr. lAaDtI}*B lablea, a preoe i ia necnaar* whleh 
■III nil BKira Uborioaa. Anxntling to Mr. I^undy* inet(io<l, the 
Kittltiptieaad WMld t<(<<livi.le<liDt>>i<i<<|uirta,Btv'»»l&i= ^)and 
7M(— B). Tlie multiplier Ih umiUily dlvid«d Into two )mi1a, 
my 7i''>l> (= n,' and v<t (3 fr). We Imvo tlita to Hud tlie eunie 
NOd di(r''r<wi>eaof ronr|«tri ot ()iw iiunulitiea, vii., A-^-a, 4 + a. 
It + 11, B—a, A -^ It, A — t. Jl + 6. B ~b. (eight operaUiHia}. 
W* have IImu to Hud Uie quarlur miunraa of all tli«ae qoaiititin 
(ci|{bt findinp); ihea to nnJ the dlfTeeeaoM between eiub eue- 
coeive tiro of than* qtanjrter •qunrea (four more opemtioBs] ; aad, 
iMttiy, tn adil all thcne dilFereaceB. with onruiu i-y|iher*, tngetlicr 
(•lO* ii>>>Te oiicratioa). Tlie compAriBuii lielvecu tliis (iiolh-xl and 
J'r«Ue'* •t'lu'li tbuii — Till ii)ctli<>il n.'<piirei eijihl liuJiiiga ou 
dlffttnnt |ni,-e^ *i>-l thirl4<eiiOiii'nttiviiii; Crelle'* diacIkhI requiiw 
fourUwo £biliu)cs all oti one page, aud only uno oprnitiuii. The 
titter iiKtlivl appcnM, lherefi<t^ (ar nioni eSMdiiiuiin aud onay 
Ihau Mr. l«uudi'>. ni>l it Mrtaitdj ivi|uirM fewer B)[urr* In be 
writtrti ituwn. ^ul t)>>'ii^ii Mr. I^UDiiy'a iiKlhud ibus appenta 
«[ ■ •liHutvnntam wlieii high niiwiben an- ineulved, it ie by no 
^ie*n* to (« Itwrr*'! thai hie t a b lea are mr«ty way Infrr'or to 
thorn of l-'r>ll«. Ou the contrary, tiX all nuMMm uf whiob Uie 



Iuarter equara* are notvallT taholnted (aaaMly. alt iBtegjenapto 
OO^OOO]^ Ur. Laindr'B inetbod of miutipHoatioB k abppla and 
Qoniba ; and «• dovbt not that for moet pnwCit*] parpoaaa bii 
tableawill bo fuaadextrenely iwAil. Thvprintitigand anaiif»-| 
iBout of the fifurea ara adminblc. 



BLASTING OPERATIONS AT UOLYUlilAD HAKBOUK 

TniH grrat oatioBal iiiiderlnkicifc. whicb ia being oarried 0B( . 
i)itd«r tbe direction of the Board of Admimlty, by the UeMn.1 
J. and C. IQgby. of WcatsihiMer, an<l whkh waadeaigued hy 
tfae lata Mr. I&ndal, aflbrd* perfodieally tn tbn civil and military 
mi^iuar, an opjiortiuiity of wiOivMinf the ellertar larwe qnan- 
titiea of powtI«r brou]iht to hear En tbe dblodgeneat of inimeB** i 
maana of tbe bardeat deaeriplion of quans rock, anuniniing fa 
aeveral imuiteea to npwanle of 100,000 toiM One of tha 
etapeadoBa opanttioiia took plaoe on tb* tQtb ult. Th* enffioeai>' ' 
iuK artafiiienieula wim uiidnr th« [inraotial ■lic*<^ti"ii of Mr. 
Charlea Itiffhy, aaiaiwl by Mr. REilheinier, rmiduul eu^iueer. 

The asgregate dmr^' in the fnur ehamt-er*, adiiig iiMO * i 
6«e of SIO feet lo length and llfi f««t lu height, with a Una of * 
laaat radetanoa of about IS feet, waa lS,O0Ulb. of powdee. Tlia 
vol t«e battery waa ptaeadaabortdiatanoe Aoin the quarria^ and 
the epectatois wvra witbiu a proleeted battery or OMervatory in 
front of tbe mouDUin, at n diatniiMi uf only 600 vard^ tnm wnleh I 
tliey wan enabled to witaesa tli« exploaioB wlilioat daiipr, not a 
•t«a« having bean propped 100 yard« ftvtn th* faoe of tlia 
qoany. W« nay bare inention that nearly 8,000,000 toM of 
at-jue have been already diilodtted by thia nieane tor tfce oon- r 
utniction of the harbour, wltb>>iit fiulure and witbont aeddeaiL 
lu the iiiluing opetaitona whirl) lake pl.ite fi>r tbd porpono tbe 
qtiuntity of i;iiu])i>wder iiaed annually i)t>'>Kla .^\tXXl lb., or 
mora than HO ton*, aud tha *toii« depmilal in tbe eea (dt tbe 
fiimialjou of the rubble fouflibtiOBB and einbAukiuenl eieemia 
ycnrly 1,<N)0,UOO toua. In ailditiim Vi tbe ait*<ioy whiab gnn- , 
powder alluidfi fur Iho rapid ootml motion of the brealtwatar, I 
than ara amployail upnNuda of ISOU lueu. a large nnubar Of I 
loooBiotira enginaa, Mntioaary enginea, tinvelliDg ennea, with 
al«nin power, and avery modani applinneo which nie«baoinl aUll 
ean bring to benr to aoeelvmic ila oompieiioo- 

Tu ebuv ita incmnaing utility, it may be uieulionad, that In 
lest, 1788 veaeele, with a tonaaga of 137,1SB iodk aacborwl] 
uador Salter of the northeni brr«Jcwat«r, aud tliia oumber ha« 
boon tucmaaed to upwanl of 3U0O vowohi dnriou the laal year. 

The ayat«ni adupUd itf cuiutraoUng tbia breakwnleraii ae to 
oombbe the ailvnutaitea of obtaining eiooe from the adiotoingij 
inountuin wltli eoouoiuy aud ru|iiiiity of execution. Km bn 
that (if fiirmiiig limber Ma^ee^ with CHilwaya over tbe line of] 
Iho birakwator, about liu feet iiUive the bnttnta of theaeM, anil [ 
depoeitioK tbe lUAaam of alotie uf iill dioiciuioua, by ilroppiliK | 
Iheiu yeniually fmtu iiuu r^ilwnv wmjcouii, in tr\>ua of from 
10 to 12 nl II liiao, Iiilii the rvuuWiI Lioeitloni, tlio* bri^gtoift 
Up tbe nia«* liuiultnueoiihly I'. nVv- tlia loeel of tba nm. In 
tliiemannoraauiiiubiii^^jM'O to 3M,MO0 looa hn<rwbeeude|ioaiiad 
in onu week: and thi* vmetdenttiid i« aupplied by lli« gnat bUel*] 
ing openttioue. Altboiucli the aervre etorme which have re- 
(inatedly oocarred ou thia expoMKi OMat hatv done bmi time 
to tiuie inucb tiijury to jMirliutia uf the itaK**, iiot a itoue liaa 
been diipinocd fi'iiai iho ■ii|>ci'vtruclur(i now iu ouiireo of eon- , 
■trucU<>uupi>uibftubblL-viulHiukiueui,tliuaBbi'wiii){tbejud^-nient 
nnd ekilt evlmynl by the late .Mr. Kunilel iu tbe iuluj>lMn iif tliia 
HTtsteni of enciiie^riiig nn applitit i-i the mpid and uncmMaful 
forniatloii uf liiu ti'iur* of tvfiigu. Ill* oanlnii biTnkwiil«T (fi-mi- 
iua the inuer Hrm}, and packet n!ar will tie ehortly eoutmeucvd, 
wiih which the Oiealeraod Holyhead Railway will be c<'UM>cl«d, 
•II that imwvhgirr* cau, withnut deUy, emliark under oiver oa 
bnnnl Ibi- p>u-k'?'.M tViim the Ilnrbour Ttallway Station, »v,.iiling 
thereby any tnl('iTiiplI>>n tn ihn tmtllc in tlie Iraniifer fhini lie | 
pndtefa U- till- irnini. luid auviiii/ t),ercl>y nArly an hour. Thia 
pier will aluo rkilititt uf lirinK umhT aa a afre for a*, leaat ^IXNI toua 
(if onalx for ihu ueeof the packet* or iitbcr yeaaelatb&t may ataU 
Ihi'taaelifa of tlie harbiiiir. 

Tlie worts urero onmiiK^ord In JWC, nnder the avthoHty of 
1i*T Miiji-nLv'a ii'ivi'mniriit. hy Meaan. J. and C, Rigbv, and 
have eiuee lliHt time bmi unceoaingly carried fomnnl )>y tliein. 
Wl)»n cuiuplnUxl, it will eian-l nurivalM an nne "f itie moat 
*tU|>niid»u*nr4itevraietit*<>ril(r iiir^ut ajte. nud will f<<nn unei 
the tiiieat aud hu'gcat nrtlHcial harbonra IB Uw ^ratU. '-^ ' *>" 



-* ■- • 



^ 



TUE CIVIL £NGIK££B AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL 



^ 



VOTES or noE xomt 



Th« UoKuniMMiMn of PnWiii^ id tiwiDMlioa witb lb* OrMt 
S«U Ptit«Bt Offlm, bkva an<lprt>lu(i tfao fotiMtuii in tho Udmubi 
BuiUiti^, M Eooiiagtou (•«(«, uf aniu»Biunof nMdcbofpaUntad 
■nd bthor ill veil UuUB, &u(l of n librur of iroriu od KibJMta 
rtblinji k> tbn iad ant rial >rU Tbu biiildSog !■ ncir reul^, and 
pOMCMon of BodoU d«airout of bftving tlw-m ubtbiud ui the 
nnaram »t KMMingtoii, will b« infomod wbnt nw oui be 
allotted to Oam etikpf)ti«)Ltioii ^ ktter U> ibefupenaieoikut, *t 
Aa Qnoi 8eal PMmt 0ao4 S^ SoutbanptoD-buUdLim dutii" 
0M7-Uiia. Tb* nmUU will bt k«pl in porlWtcaJar, mM la ^mm 
OMN vh*D raqoirod. 

At « UMMlag monttljr htld at Um InsUlntioit of CivU Ea^Mn, 
tlia bUmriog raaolntioiM «*ra pMMd : — " Bawthtd MiwnlmoiMly. 
^Tb«( Mr, CImHm Mkoby. «hu Iim for nnoMrda oT aewitMU 
vwn keld ibe poat of uaerotatj of the imtituUon uf Civil 
CugiuMn, luviDg ntircd from the more aolive dutic* of lit* 
uflM, (b* prwuit ia a fiuiug ooaaioti bi adtaowl«dg« tbo im- 
pottMit MmoM nudMwl by Mr. Mauby daring liU teaan of 

cAce, M WdO U bkgCMnl UWnilaM* (o (b<> pn--ra«iolL KMol<ri>d, 

— TIkat the foUowuf f[HitlHiiaii b* a ooouuittcc to otrry out tbe 
•bim objaot :— Tlie Council of til* luatitulion of CirU E^giuMri, 
■nd UMin. T. E. Bkckwell, T. R. Cruafttoa, W. T. Ooyan, 
O. V. HamuM, J. &. M*Co(well. O. Pmtl. wt^nhan; and Haan. 
J. O. Appold, J. ruaMiiifi, 3. Iliuniltoii, jiin., W. Pipar, J. Allen 
IUnaon«^ O. P. Wbiu, and T. U. VijmU, ^MaktM, wiifa poana- 
lo Mtd 10 tbeir niunbar." At a aafaaequeat miiaHiifl of Uw torn- 
mlHMi it waa reaolvMd, that Uia ol^faet of thr •ominlttM baing to 
niAka tb* tMUtBoainl aa nnotal aa poaalblav aaob anbaariptioa be 
limitad to two gninaM. Mr- O. P. mddar liaa baao ivquealed to 
M*aa trwaarar to tlte fund, aad Mr J. Forwrt baa bean appoio tod 
lioiMn«J7 aaoretvy to ib« mliiuoaio] ooinioitlae, — A portnit of 
Mr. Manb/, Mintad by Mr. Sydooy Hod«*« for Mr. T. R. 
UivnptOB, C.&, baa baaa praaantod to tiM IiialiluUoB, and 
ovdarad to ba auapondad tn tlia maatt^TOOB of llw aodoty. 

Maoaiavr HittorlT, AraUMIi Bmaitay and Ootraapoodlng 
M«HUr of tfaa Bojvl Inatltula of Britiati Arohilaota, haa jiut 
faaan alaeWd Pnndaat of tba du* of Hiw Ana of tb* Inathute 
of t^«aea. Moaaiam- Bobaulc da Fleorj, uotbar Arebitect and 
cormpoiKUot of tha Inatituto of Britiili Archilect^ a Vieo- 
Praaidaot 

At tha ConTetaftnoae of tha ArchiUctur«l Aaaoeiatioo, lialH at 
Ljou'a Inn Hall on tbo S3nl nit, Mr. Ruakis detivarad a teetain 
on "Tli« Dan of InufinBtion in Modem Archiloouinl Deatgn." 
Tbar* w«a a Tvry Aill att«ndnno«, and lbs laotnn nve ereat 
aattahaion. W* batiovo it i* tha Intantion of Mr. Itmkiu to 
pabliab it. 

At tb* newt mwttnj of tbo MUdkM x Oourt of JuaUota, tbo 
iI«aiRi of Maura. BaBb and Barnr waa ael^ctml for th« New 
Middl«wix Industrial Schoola. The fint prcuimm hail boau 

Kivioiiilj awnidod bj the magiilratfla to Muaii'a. Aickin and 
pea, and thuto gaDtleioen h^ve cinmlatad a Utho^i^h of their 
ptw), with a l«ttar, ibowing tbetr otjaotlo«ia to the dcalsn uow 
adL^«-l. and tlio adraotAgai of thnir ovn, Thair daalgn narlo^ 
bocii •elected aa tha beat, thuv nrtrc — Mid we think moacproparljr 
■o — UiAt th<tj DUj{ht to hnvF bec^ii I'mploifnl to L-r«<;t the building. 

ll la fiilly eK[>vclr<1 that (he gurvniTiieNl will nmr to a voUi of 
90,U0Ot toward* th« aroction of a break wia«r in the B&jr of Wiolc, 
bi lb* aa ti aiataa for ISCT. 

PUaa for tbe et«ctloo of a new towuat SfUfonl haw been pr»- 
parvl, aad implication ia to b« made Jii the next B«a»!na for an 
•ot tocaity tM aatnciotoollKt. It i* kid outinfrootof Milford 
dturck, and i* altiamU-ly to lie cxtpodnl to Uullc Pill. Th* 
aurnjrort bare bwb actively eugaf[ad in marking oat tha ground. 
Til* Diana arv ^Ubont^, and co m pj iw tamu«^ ahopi^ and 
dMacIiad tUIu, with a oomflahi ainMn of llgbtiii^ wator, and 
drainog*. Tbo araclioQ of pnUie taatba and an aaaombly-room 
baa boon aottlod; and in eoqjnnotioo with the lino fma Johoatoaa 
it boa been dol^rmiDed t..- rrccl a new pier, a deaidenttnui long 
needed. To carry out Uiuae inii roveiuMila a coDipaaj bu been 
farmed, who arc taking tbe n*ceatti7 aUpa to procure an act for 
tbe bnnAtion of gaaworki^ oemetory, watcr-worka, &c, and tlt« 
r-M'mrtrj pHliamentary notieoa have been ianad. 

Tho w.-H-jp Board of Uealtb hava d*t«nnlD*d on eanyi^ 
ont and oompiaHng tha axtuuiva worta of •ewcnw* and drainage 
of til* lowB, Tbajr haro approrod of the plana ui thair aurnyor, 
Mr.JoluiUi&ftdB. 




Ilia udentood that tlM Ea«t Indiaa BaUwn Ofiy 
not ]M moseeded In Hading a auocoaaor to Sir MawlciMJil 1 
pliaoaoB in lb* agency at CaloDttik It ia a prtM wall wectll I 
attention of iha bort men in tbo nulway world. 

At a rotrnt meeting of tbe Soateiyof Arta,apAper waarMdi 
"Centnvl Americn, ."Uid th« propoacd Honduna Int ~ 
Rallwsy," by Jir. E. O. Squier. Tbe ullttntion of the 
wa* fliet drawn to tlie r*>culiarty advantageoua gmiephieal i 
tJMi of Central America, which, inhctiaHnoatraaluaa thai 
idea of "tbe oentre oT tbe worl<L" Tile lino of tbe 
work «ommencea at Puerto Caballoa, in the bnv of UnixUlI'M.I 
lal 18* lO" N., and long, si' 67' W, and r^tii nearly do 
acna the ooMlnaDt to the Bay of Fon»i\-K on thn Pacil 
13° Sl'N, and long. 67*33' W. lu tat«l length from 
toanobora^ ial48geo|[mphiailmilea,oqnal toabotit 161 atatau 
milea. The line doea nut preeent anv aeriona ev^eeringdir 
onltlaa, Bowharo Involrlng a gntdlont of n»nr* thaa 00 to SO T 
to the mlla. Kr. Snnire nottmd th* varioua loo uK aa of 
conatry tb* prmwaea railwnr would derdojio, 
ailver ffiinoa, wfaicb are uuiurpcuwtl iu the amoaut and i 
of their oiCB. 

A memorial baa jiiat boon eroctod at Bovr-bridga^ 
whereon it ia i-eoordr-J thnt nearthatspot Ho theremiuni of I 
Bicbud lU. It i* a hniidiioiiie atoue, wt in the gabU of a oa 
building th«re. The nioiiuiiwit In iti Kultou stoDu, tha dealgB 
bring guild and thi; execuliim of a lintt-rnti' cliararUr 

A oMopany, under the name of the Tliiunra Ironooifa u>d 
ShIp-bluldinE Oompainr, haa been formed, for tbe purpoaa of eon- 
ttnaing the Draliard Van) Worki, Blockwall, latdj Ititl-ngim; to 
Meaara. More and Co. 

.Rxperiinctita have reocnlly been nude at Meaan. GoUinge nad 
Co.'a. WciUui lister- liridgo-noil. by the Pateut Timber BaodiBg 
Compaaj, to try the Hfeot of thair tnaobiu* fvr beiuliug llmlmrw 
large daa Iti tlii* liiatanee, tfaa " elide* put in waa li feet long 
and 16 X ; in lliicknam; and upon the maehiDo betOCpMlis 
inotir-D. itaopemtiout'ullyabowed thcoorreetDoaaaf tbepnMBfia. 
Tbe maohine ia of <a<t-iran, of rigkt-angnbr form, a oaofre pls 
being proviiied ati aa to allow the moveable arm ti> be browbt 
□early parallel to tbe fixed odd. The timber to ba beat, wbieb ia 
previuualy prepared by ateamiug, ia Analf aeeured bj a acrvw to 
the end o( tho moveaUe arm, ao that fay toinging the extnmitiee 
of tho araia tugotber, it ia gmdually dmwu round a iQ<iald of th* 
fbrm required, it being preveoltid fivm expandiuA ou the uolOT 
aid* by a atrong ohaiu, aiiting aa n back atrap, and Uio ajlf li ertiaw 
of pnaaure at Uie fod. It appeere that Wooda of all kpA^ and 
alnioat any aice, can be bent to anv curve by Uiia aimple ^ewlBI> 
and that the alrvtiKlb in aetiiaiiy incrtMcd by the oj)ttatioii^ 
although by the usuiJ luctbud, which >■ expenaiTe ami JtMtie- 
Enctonr, the [lart wl-iere the ciirvatuji! ia graalMt ia rvtilivdt 
iorarMtily, the weakeoi. Tliia invnutlou admltaof tho oiiH^ 
muit of arched timbora for architvgcural par|io*ea, wbat* ulW 
wiae expeuae woaiil prevent it. Already a Roman CatltJh 
mthednu haa Iven built in the United Stuto, with a .I'Vi 
Curmed of wood bent by thia pruooHt; and it ia much lighA 
■iranger, and cheaper tlian the oomblnatioo of metal, Iwick. afi 
pa|Uer-maiali^, freqaently omployod- Thcwuod, after being btS 
mto the niquireJ form, haa tu be ke|it in the niae form, t 
meoliauical mtana, for aoine time, in order that it ui^y cv->l an^ 
dry; but It ia than almoat iuipuHuble to t*>b*nd It to Ita fo 
aliajML 

Mr. Taplin, from the engineer^ department of Woolwich '. 
yard, Iiaviuk been deputed by the Lurda of the Admiralty i 
pRMBod to Portmouth on board iba Dm, In order to note 1 ' 
progieea of Hr. Weatbnred'n apparatna for snpaHiaaling at*a_ 
fitted on board thai veaael, haa oonfirmed the reporta already fo 
waitled io the A'Irulrahy, and hna flolly oorrobonted tbe fo< 
atateinenta, iletalllug the spedllo amount of eoiuotuy ubtaine 
thereby, without oanaing the ellghleat perceptible Injury • r exl 
atmin to the maohinery of the ahip. A aeoond inrenliou, tb 
production of n Mr. Leea, br supet^heulinif eleani, waa lal«l^ 
Drought forward Mid aiibjeeted to a prelimiuary Iriat on bi«Ti) 
tbe ataam vemel IF^ttr Sprilt, during a run of two milcn l.>w: 
the river from Erith. The appamtua couelal* priuriiialt; >'f J 
hydra-caloric engine, by which the ataam la flrwt pnidaoad in i 
amall boiler or geuei^bor. It then paMeathraaghaBncoad, whi>' 
ia naioed a "ooil boiler," and travenwa a ooil uf 30 drdon o| 
oolled tnhea, and, imning tbanoe red bot, ia received into a tkL 
whm it ia oondaoaed with water and boiled. It ia aoppUed U 




THE CIVIL ENGIKEEB AND ABCHTTECrS JODRHAL. 



47 



Ihkt ttMa for the iim of (be mgiM. Ill* «iiMriRHalB wa 
I4Bfal7 ntiAet/Ti; uiil were noonuDtsiiled for nutiicr bill*, m 
tba mMbwl, aulnM to > mliglil iwuiiin, ia eoamderfd likoljr u> 
bxomi «f odDMacrable iBiportiuioe In (La navigation of MMnMra. 

AeampMi^liM Wn fimted toouTT onttbe p«UntofOiptMn 
Stopbr* uobiloU 8mltli, tar •ubmanne piufiMM. Hi* paver 
bnoght U> bMr in ChpUiii Siullh'i MbnwriiM Ufting>wpMlua 
In atMiB aopplicd in two flM-bottooiml Iron VMkIs. "nie amik 
ia Kiiffbl (br in <If«i|> WKtrr by Uw anrvajing apptntua, 
dtv«r> on atagB)L wftti c.-luin larfilpm, Mkit dnivD aSong hj a 
-•t«4mer, the COftili Wilen liavrog no eilber nde Ui« 
liDMv ftir Bad apMkiitg Mppantoa of diran. Wbon the voaael 
fbonil, (bo ftU-mOomod •nrav-nnela an plaoed on t»A Me, 
pow«rf«I atMDo Baaebuioi7, with crab-wbiebas and dluu^ 
r applM and worited iritb tha help of a acriaa of JToa tabta 
■uiK firani tbo d*ck of eacb lifter, throuifh ila ocottal Una, U> 
rbaUatB,att that tha lifting poim- ia append from iliv owitT* of 
•I adtbost Inrchlug or illitiirliing thelrTcKloal pealtloB, 
fay dii«el lutioii aad a dcaii pull apoa tha vradc or <i(b«r 
Ikt to be liftfd. When raiaed to a Hiffld«nt el^vntiMi h mav 
I uawaid to a bCMll. or Otlwr dt»tiiiatiou, by the ict^v 
I of Uiu liften; ot tae wr«dk, It ia Mtid, oait be Ooatvd 
iirthar 



At Iha GmU Wertan RallMr malinn, F^ddlactan, a rtry 

anwaat of baildiiu[ b in jiruj^rM CiQ tba way of additiona 

eMOmona eMabliabineiit), froiu tlie iluKiKiia of Kr. Bran«I, 

AmoDg^t tba moat proEainent of them ia 



BmanM 
B|^eeM 

FWfTUnte 



ragiiiMr. 



Mfeal 



gooda ftalioo, i1m> ptatfbnn porlioii of wbi«h ia MM) tot in 
, with an BverKga wiiltb of^abovt 80 ftala Tha roof ta ot 
•ofTUptcd iron, anJ lupportad by iron eoInoBmi^ finom which 
•priBg aeKBpntal arrlw*, roofed iu wiUi rIiuo and ijata. At the 
Matem end of thin Urip pL-Ll/i-rDi in a wnnkonae of iirecuUr 
plan, the \eoglb of wfaKh ta l'jr> fiwt, and ita vTcateal width 
M feet Tbia warabooaa baa a height "f four auirite, th« grooiid 

brin^ IT Gtat in boinht, the fint 1 1 faat, aod the aooond and 
Honni, feet each, twnrae Tery largo worluhoipa are aim 

nienrij ooin[dei«d, exlauding to a lenylli of 300 ft«t: the 
otM) Ut ba iianl aa a imniagt IrimiBl^ ■Hop) being 34 ft, 
9 in- vMe; and lh» lower oua, whidi ia appropriated to the 
rnalring awl paintioi; cturiafeiiv baiag SI n> 8 ia> in wtdtli. 
Tmm lowar ahi^w luv 4<>U feet in langtE. In addition ta thoae, 
IImto it alwi the (^uecn'a carrioice ilinl, which ia 42 feet bug, 
bf 32 ft. <t in. wide. Tliia alied is liuiali«l in a aomewhat 
nperior mnnnafi being rooM witli imu ofrdvra, arehed bt^weeu 
and phutartd, aod brated with Parkinaa hot-watar appanttiie, 
wWi thn view to Um ptVHrvatinn of its eontaata, aa a prtiwitivo 
of cUtnii. Hr. John Jay. builder, of Maoel*aficild.«tt«ot North, 
Oitj-roM, iMa tbe oontnol for the work* now in progrw, and 
ib, Kebert Bowel U tha d«rk of th«i woik*, Mr. Bartram beiug 
Iha ntident etigiiiaar, tha whole being andar tha ganatal aapar- 
TUon of Mr. Bntnol. 

A lUlue of the Ri«t Earl of Chathkai, by M'Dowall, baa jaat 
haau lutJed to tlie ^ruup uf eminent ■Utami.-a whioh lino tbe 
naod eotnna» to lli« new HouaM of Parlinineut. Tvo niore — 
ttoae of GraUan and fiorka— am elUI vaDliug to euuiplete the 
Mriea (lelemiioMl on fur tbia uagnifloent npnrtm^nt. 

At a public iM«4ing In North SliiilJn, Mr. Wm. Beed, CE., 
who baa b«en eugaged^ln ccaidooling axueriiuaiita for teatiiig the 
oompriiii^: 1-lniia tor tbeMOipremiuDaonrad by tbe Steam Coal 
Colllerka Aaaociatian for the beat devioe Ibr oooaumias auulce, 
obaarved. m to amoke peevention, tbe daacription of boiler expo- 
riMientallj emolojeiL aad tlw mod* of nauagiuit the fnrnn()e:— 
'' L TIm boiler d; wliMi tha exparimantaare carried out la a marine 
jndtitnbular on^ and gaiietslly oonaldered tha wotal adapt«J 
fiir tl» prorention of amoke. i. Tbo flrr-baia are only hnlf 
Ihickneaa of tboae oomniuiilv uaorl by cinjiincera ; luid iniitcnil 
utng n deaed dead-ulalei t^ere ia a prrtorftleil pluie. The 
' experimented on ia thatoftlie Cnuulingtoa CVliiery. In niv 
■rrancKmruIa of tha drr^tratea, lite aoioko liaa beau pr«Teul<d. 
I Hiid (hat it ia >|uita «aay Ui preront amoka without appantiia 
to iDfjuurie exHCtJr the ananUty of air soing into the fiii'Uiuw^ 
hario^ UBcJ nearly duuble the tjuantity in une experiiumt more 
~' in another, and pri'renting the amoke, eraponittej; Ihsaatue 
ility of waXer to each poiUM of enal. In the ennie time, which 
eean exact qnaniity is not importnut. LikcwiitK it iaaaeaay 
i^pr4*««it anaoke wittg 17 lb of ooal to each wiiian! Itjot of grata 
■iion per boor, a» wUb uuug only 13 tb. under the aame traat- 
tnent. I And by axparluient, no Um of heat in preTeutlog the 



"LI 
j^jndi 

m 

1 vnr 



amofca; on tbe oontiMy, ia fcTour of mooka pmventioa about 
3 per oaut Baring ortr moke making. Ha peraoa in chaiga of 
the firea ongbt to flra at regobtr tlmw at nearly m p oaeibla , and 
Uw quanti^ of fntl to be evUleieat to kiNp a ihidaieaa of fin ao 
leia than 6 inche* id tbe thinncat part— the oonaainptian to be 
roBiiUtoj to tbe time by tbe damper, and nut by puttiDg on aiall 

2uantiti«« to the Braa. Tbe beat antoke mvtntor ia a canAil 
reman, with aa ordlnar/ fira-graK and fine* wrll ananged. 
Theee etalementa arc made &«m practical experience and obaerra- 
tiona Oil experimenia— the qmintitT of fbel weighed, tbe water 
moaeaivd, the air entering the funMcn naainred^-tbapMa frera 
the chimney analyatd— tempecature of th« Onea takan— tha lau- 
perature and atMa of tha atnoapbar* dwfaig tba cxperineata — 
and the raeldue of the fiWl aeeotmted (br in Uia calcalatiaB»— the 
wbola being oarefnlly arranged to aa to got data to be pncUoallv 
ueeful." 

AlomiDiDni i* now beiag amplMvd in tba eaatiug of balla. It 
i* affinnad that no metal, or oombuwtion of nalala, rielda a looa 
ao mnaionlly aweet when atmok. Prvrldad, the««ore^ that th« 
ooat of ila prudoalion besot too (ptea^ no neUl aaneoai|iaiewitb 
it Ibr baU-eaalisfr 



ATPOunjULin. 

lie thrw offioeia to whom Sir Boajamia ilall haa aatowUJ 
tbo taak uf deciding npou tlie tireat Londoo Ifminagn flnhaar. 
are Captain Donglaa OaltoB, of tbe Boyal Ei^iiMeia, Mr. Simpaou, 
and Mr. RIarlnreil. hrth well knnmi in the engiwailna jiiiifiiiinii 
The aoope «f their ukqniriee wQl ba very eompcabaneiva, aa tliay 
are not only empowered Id oonnder the plana of tlw MetnMielitnu 
Board of Worlta, but to initiata others ahonld they think it 
expedjont to do ao. 

(Uplain William 8.Mooreoca,dTU en irneer, bat been Bppoialed 
bj Mr. SeoKatary LabooolMra to ba chief esj^ineer to tbe govtni- 
mant of Ueyloo, fbr the piir poita of a railway earrey. 

The cMnniMOfioni bare appoiDted Ur. John Fowler. CE., ae 
Iheir engineer- in -chirf to carry on the Nona Vi^ky Drain^e 
Worira, originnlly oomraenoed by tbe lau Mr. Kandei, C.K. 



oiinrisT. 

At hit roMilenoa. Barton-atroet, Burton -creaoant, acad 86, John 
Brltton, K.S.A. Me wu auihur of the 'BcMitiee of BnglaiidaiBl 
Walsa,' m vole,; of the ' Arcbitaatnnl Antiqaitiaa of Ornii 
Britain,' S vob.; tbe ' Caibadral Aathtultiee of Bnghutd. U 
vola; tbe ' Public Bultdlnn «f Undon, i vola; A mctioiuuT 
of tlic Atvhitacturo and Arclwology of the M^lt Ageaj' 'Ardu- 
t«utural Aniiquitioe of Noraiandy;' * Pictnretgat Antiqnillta of 
Ei^ieb Citieaf buJ neveral other workt. Hia autotifagnidiy 
ii left uiifiuiahMl. A <leputation of tbe Council of tha Boyal 
tnatitut* of Britieh Aivhiioou altauded hia funeral at Norwood 
Uometory. 

At Bpper Seymour^treeC PormaD^atiaret aged SO, Andnrw 
Ure, U.D. P.RS., P.KA^ F.a& In ibeyenr ISIB ha btought 
forward hia 'New Espwimaatal reeenrebte en eooia cf Uw 
leading doouine* of Chlorite paaticalarlr on the rvlatlMi beWMn 
the alaaticity, imnpemlare, and latent heat of diflatvnt nnoore^ 
and on thennomatrle admc^^iinTmeut and capacity,' whioi waa 
naJ before the Boyol 8uci#ty, and pubtidied in their Tteu- 
act'k>n« forthatyear. Mr. Ivory, Ur. Daniell, and other pUkao- 
pbeta ban adopted the caloulatiooe afforded In (hia paperu a 
baacaof tbdr meloorotogicnl tbeorica. In iM^l appeared (he flrat 
edition of hia well-known ' Dictioiuuy of Cbemiiitry.' In IflU 
appeared hit paper ' On tlie ulliiuate Aualyaia of Vegtufate tab 

-•-iieee' ia tlie J^iloaonhleal Trantaetiona. In **-- 

'Syatoin of Gtwlogy wat publiahod. In IS 



the year 1M» 

bU 'Phiio- 

<wing*ear hia 



etaneee' 

liii 'Syatoin of Gtwlogy' wat publiahod. In 1839 

auphy of Moiiufiictoree^ followed, and in tha feUoi 

work ou the 'Cotton Manufacturea of flreat Britain,' in two 

voluBBl. Hln next groat work wna the 'Dietionary of Arte, 

MMinhetoNa, and Mluea,' a work of inintanae labour and reacwvb, 

t)io latt edition of which appeared in the year IftSS. Thia work 

ba* been tciuudated into tbe leading oonttMntal liTignagna 

On the 23td Nomnber last, at Csirx), Mr. ThoRua Seddon, 
artoit He waa proitcaiinK a |>mfM«iouAl journey to the BMt, 
and ehortly after Itia arrirsl at cixn waa attBckod with dyeentary. 

Raoenlly, at hit iwudouoe at BauMeoth, Mr. BrtfaMc, tlaa 
weU-luiown railway COUtiwAMC. 



i 




I 



&9 



THE CIVIL ENGDfEEB AND ARCHITECT-S JOUENAL 



FOREIGN IlATI,WA.Ta 



Aiulrian Ritiiumyi. — Tim Emprror ha« iiisii«d tho codommod 
iif (lie E.-urt (Inlicioii (tiitraad. Th« liue of wo Vteaim-S^bnrg 
railmiul ia not jct drlini lively fiied. 

TurtHth RaVmat/t. — Mr. lAr«rd'ii propnuitian for tbc «mi- 
HtnictMa of nulnrkj* in Turkej ii the mibicct ot much dincuMun. 
Tbo proooMd line m to oonneot the Danube kuiI Blnvk Sea ivith 
till) AmDimlAKOl witbbruiohBa,nllImat«l7, to th» 'litr^reol towtia 
of AnumelU and BiiloM^ It fa U> coinaianoo at RaauUiuk or 
Siliatria, abd paM by Shumla anil Ailrianopla to Sues, or aomo 
ot1i«r appiuximato pomt in the Ai'i'liipi^Intto, [t* emisw ti 
ilirtmtly went to ea«l, anJ will bo lli« bigli rm.! of Turkey. Tlio 
•utire distaooe b eatlfliat«d at 32U to 3S0 lailea. Mr. I^vard 
biinarU la moat aatigain* mi the point, fbr bn a*ka for do 
S<innuit«n tram the f^r^rnmenC, and oouudatu that the traffli; 
trill iucroanc no tnpidiv, and Kich valuable ditirieta will Iw 
thrown opon. that there will be no oocaaion for the eecurity of 
aav miiitnitini mtv of iatumt. 

Funjanb RaUavs. — The projectril line nnder tbo abov« title in 
au exleiiaiuD of the Scuide railway from MoolMa U) IjJiore and 
I'liiriteir. It la daw bring aurvc}-«i] with the nnotlou of tho 
Hon. Riut Iiiilia Coinpaay. It la atatvd to ba vicaedlngly aaay 
•if roR*trnulir>n. 

Ralhrag tenpom Pranet and Syvin. — The Freooli (aiglne«ra who 
vt-ro Mat aonie liino back int^' <Tpp4<r ArrsgoD to axainiao the 
lucatioa of carryiiij; a niilw\v iii-:^<u tho Pyroneaa, to effoot u 
OODUnnnicalion Iwtwern Fniu<» and Spain, huvc terminatod their 
■urvefa, and the mutl hu bwu lu-i-ivi^l at, that the line ahauld 
•tart from Tarbee aud end at the eky of Hiieeoa, paadufc 1^ the 
hridg* of Onvaritl. In the iieighboiirhniid nf Hneeoi, not nwer 
tban nOOOmauaraeaiplojwlin thepmliiiiinarvworlu. Ica|)p««ra 
tmui the turvin-i, lliat the paan^ acrou the I'Treneia ia uot *<• 
iliffieult at waa DelievMl. Tbe greal drawback to the uninterrupted 
wmrking of (lie line will nriee. It U ihouvht, from t)ie gr#at ijuantity 
of Huow which ia to b« buiid lu tlieae diali-tct* during four uonlhii 
of the year. 

^oeq SettliA. — A lioo oi railway is in counie of oriiietnautiOiii 
ffonj Ualifiii in Nova Sootla, to cuuDcct with the ttntiifl Trunk 
line. whbA ia derigned to obrlatfl the dllEaulties ariaijig fmui the 
loi% lee blookado of the St. lAwrance. 



COXPETITIONa. 

an^a. iiiHli.'i)Lia){>B. A pliDflf ihn (iQui"! i"*! I>« •v" 

F aOea it llM ItarU VatrA KKt ihiiiel lo woihihiUu 100 [anriBf, anil 

' WH aiMBil (Vol. InrltdUw iba BtUo^ Tbc tvu <utui(ss ■llh Mon-nan, not %a 

tftmA U«l. na Vatti wID (in lot (iir il» pUn uvl irHiOnttMi appravnl hj 

na«. fliMla W dilliWHl *t IhtoAogaf IBc B«nl. Ko. f, Cbiinb'Mnfb Soa- 

eiflua. I? ihskiiialFtiiniuT. 

riauuT miainl (ur Uia taUndcd w* ib*|nl of lb* ValLcdlit Snw CoDoaloD, 
Wiollimw-lin*. iMdi. InInniMUoD of Ur. tUuar. H. U'hi Iw. !«<]■. lluu to 
I* Htl In br Uia na IBM. 

Tba Canuiiliar (IiiuIiiIhI b; Uic Tu*a Cuanra a( BrIiWI. In MiiahsErpd Uw mtlnn 
nf A 7t«* l^aii^r (.iji.sitr Kfj\iitr\, ntfpr prvihlnmit of H>01 . ^lU , mul tCt Ibr Ibo 
Utft* !■•■ O-'tjii* li'f tbf •All'' Vlui«lohr Mti>DT|iuil<-l feirli HiJpirlllalluK ead 

Tllr lluUillW lu mxHt aOU [lUuUlU. •lib rn)ul>llt liOlilM. Hill ■ROB- 

ilUe Hui raiikdpiit aAcim Ilid uixninl la bn 4|wfulnd nti th' hnildiry Id bv 

It.MOI. BHii liM ricHdlna n.iKrai. Tljr biiUiltDC mlnld fmnifan Ibe 

1 Mx lo b* QMtl u mHh Aa |«atf U*. TbB CIrtVICO ID tn If A aUpblB bat 

t) cliBrw--UT- Tha " Ruffofilao* and Jiulnicitobt" tat bolldlDn LniUile 



l^flgint. i>ubllihn1 ti; Uw CMSinMoiHn Id Lvhh?. w bi. u br h pnvltcaUr, 
p^t( ... .... — ...... .^ _ 

.. _ (4. MUcllia ribruwT. .... ... 

•I lb ~ nt m w Mn m." KAj H laiUlntd sptn •irultnUM la tli* Zvn OaACt offlir 



Tb< nil 
KWM bftbsllUll'tbru 



mbcdguliolu UeTmn Onlfi oacB, OmKil-bowa, 
A Inbopniibcd pita et Ib« latudHl 4u, ud enplM 



Tbe OxgHHiw «f Oe RbnMd Honaipail. BUaUa, BuilKditlrr, m dulrau nf 
MoliiM D*rfaiM,B|<rdBMloiiL udSMIisaua, iranimUMAiwidieuliilan. br n 
MuiuninnlMbwHUd Id lb* Bllaun OtnMnr. Id UM mewn of ibk Idu Ut. Jnhn 
tii)MI4». TlM BMXiDrat In To aniiratwil ol aoior omlaUl »|wMc oT iwIMiok 
F<mlh(r. TMDl«MH>biuw*d tow. D«uiu. iposMruluaa, *aa •AibiIh 
■tfal Id an« b*fbi«1b« MiblDi4.,il1<tliiaqbdifd brorpbir uruuflo, IbaauDv 
a ilMpw Id br «ii>luMid in ■ MtM (UTrlupr. Tbi ilapalDilnli i4 Badrtiji. 
I lO Mhs iiaitMabfi^ ID bt t^ u lb* pcmu Hadinc 1* Uw dsalyu^ bii laMHl 
■ppfanl a( tba OianlUai. Ab; tUfUM laliiraurim n; baiibMliHi irib' 
CMaanitD Mmn, BUMkl Mo imfiiao a^ b* (Ivu luc n)HWd 

rfcr* rbanfe •» ■■ (txtnl *■ Bmwan luvllwl riim UTblUicU u( tllrauiiuin 
*m »!■ > H I gf ibt "ttUnJlt janib nf lla ni; uf llmu.' Tbx cm BM tg tiond 

^ft*0air4hea iifllw Mf4iru I'dIxam* dwlivu of tnliiB [uniiibnl alA Pita*. frC 
■uHi, ud pany aMBnlkn hr ibr mMan uf ■ t(«r WutthNH (n ibil 
falon an ■ iua aw ManNt UdtliiiK. CtuUiwi. umUliiiUo InnUdi. A UU-a- 
tiapbxl Fdn«dn*MiD.mh>HUeii>aiid iDttncilnM le arsblmti. at u U» vinl^ 
bv tBil oAvii i«i«ln«1. «nd ttJ Blbcr pArikulaiv Bar b« bad uu *rlic«n appbr^ 
I iDKr- O. Ila(bun.CWIibiULigIi«rdci( auidtaiHjCbaibaie flu Biaiiaau 
■4 Id ri« acMidfd Ur Ibr build liifi \t U.QOOt Tba ptMi4 art fwulivd to 

cMW,iddn—«>Bihtao>«fitoii«td. bribaurd kim. 




TbaOMaM>aitfib«Lw|paHH«uld'IiiUnirwMi(a nMn*rtaBBi4l 
laHoa brUMnvUnnifa liulldlna lalUbl* ftit aiub as InMUiMaicnM Biilbai 
tlMt "ni* OsBiBlibn vlll Kiipli<r Cbc urbltMt *baie plant (ad twa* ■ 
waiia—dttemial (UgiUr; and. w kla Hn|itta( tba aDplgjnil, «■ CM 1 
Um aiiaiMc* >faiiB plaa mai anpaar Id Ibn Iba noil In bi4r <( iBEriL SbMM 
tlw aicUWct vbaaa idu* an iimti Cb* iB«t d^bl* dMllnr u undiftatD Ite 



•« bf 
■•M Id 



fOpnUtudaoiDatlb* WdtkLba >UI ba |iald IH. fa U> traubk la pMMUe Hitb 
plan. Tbg plaat and itiMUIniUMA liwiau vllb a kUM [ma <•>£ uMUA 
■uilog vliiibnrba sin naduukn lb* atcnlliB <if tba Wnkh and Ua Mmtlbrw 
dnlni. Id Im ludcid b; Iba Mlb iaal. MLb JitiB UucDcft. tm\,, 1. l\ Uap^ ato 
"ill fl<« u; tintw latbnaaUDii. 



Hid rlaiu br tba Halo Dnlsan of Ibr UaravnUt havlni ben Rfirinl id I'aia. 

" ■ "■ "Impn. Kq.. C, K.aadlUiiiailt llbck-iU, lto«, 

all twnw dMlraut << caiuiaBlcaUis aua Umm 



ODBflwOalU, R. B. JamalilBip 

CJL. aoU(a bw bHB rina ikai all _ __ 

mlMani opoa Uu «U«t, naj dinci Idtan. plana ae. to tham •■ Ibilr OOat, 
\a. »t Omil aaaii**iratl, WaMmlnMr, ap U Iba «ltb Inl Tbs kMnrtaf <»- 
dlllnsi tsiui ba nbasiml >-All rTTT'tr't"-' w onuin Iba Biaiai Bad id in in 
ortiHs |iarilarutaai4tD(Ui«a,B>dM ta nluaa OS ball ibanM «f {Mtcep |kK'. aa 
iflietldaaEilr. aUb 3-lBab Dui^ dq IbalaA. Ifplauanaail In. IbaH plana ablc^ 
an duirirt plBiu iDMI b* Ml a «al* aot !■■ Iban >nr Incliw lo tba nltr. Nrcttaaa 
at Uu*! <t iaiatiit, ariil aad Tnpoiid, la ba o* a k^Iu *( ili rm u an kacli 
wrMBl. and noi lis than tsar Incbaa to a uIIb bOfUnUI. ud lo ban UMfradlBta 
■lArlinl Ob (bHn ID bUc*«^ MU tba Mibla Ib (nt and iwanai nutdmtmtt 
cnHlliiiii. A blar Unabi doDiw TMnlQ blfb-aBCB marii, (a ba tbmii « all iiWMa 
ItbvUvi of aiorki WW* bo la a aala of oneilBlilb of aa Indi t* a fitM. 

Tbe DtraoUra of lb* IMndalk Kif&an« and Uwul OnDnanr an prtHrod la raodia 
Hm ael XMUaaMo ftir Iba arMtfu of bohaDtn. Smnoa, AuMKbli Man.. Ml 
Oeanal M*f boM: tar iba uprand plaaof *Uib Ihtf alOiiTt onnnlmif WU 
*lidllulb*B«tla|ipiondaf It(. riuio la ba luluDlilnl tilon IbolalDf llaadL 
V^nbv isrtloUn vtObaglmi upon appllnUOD uUin lt»nuT iixntuHa. Mm 
Bimatl ^.1 Jatota ttobean. 

TbaCnnmUaluncnat Hw Maicil/a Wutlnand FubUc Uuitdtop InrlW aRbhvtt l< 
all sooBUiM Id turslob ibaia aUb dnalfna lot Offvat lot ih> Mcrftuj of HWr be 
fDnlcn Albla. lai tbo SacnCan of «>M te Wat, ud fur lailui ontiba^Kiad 
Minwi Iba TbantB and Si. Jtmo^B-ii^ adkdnlna Qnal QauMtnot. Tk* 

drairt^ Id ba nada u ■ aiBtaaf Id a>oltaIb*l»h. fl 1 i|nilliiiHiw tl 

(he KaUrtaU pnipotad labaaaad iBibobnUdlBgttiiMaBOWBpawifcdailp. A 
blDOk-plao iliuaiui how tbo dla na; bi u af piapriiUad LbalUw laro Iiiilll1l>p laa 
poBad Id bo ar«r1f4 noj foim nut vi a lan(* and eoaprobtailta adHDO tkv iiHii— 
nulua Ibt nnurlpa] puhUo orbnak anil to Iba luiiianoiMiI (f lb* loading ' 
loR*, locliuUnii Waualnourbridfu. >Iii'I1hi u neonU iij iitBut oi abf 
Ham uroniului furtho bootdailKiia (ir iln WuOnmuf UiU , lOM, 

1«M.. lOOl , and loot, Horni pniinluini Ur Ibp bnl Jotiiia tat Ur f- 

B[nal..*i)Oi,30W.3««., lObC, IM< . and liHd. Vot ibr bno doUfa (Ma' __ 
niu, ibneiH-Dinluaaof MM,, WOJ-. IWf. Flauof tbonwiu'l. and otbor buUm. 
(an will bo btfvardnl on awllattluD to Mr, AUVad Aa4C <MI" uT Worb. Wblw- 
ban. l><Blm»K>>ia«miigtiT tbamaof Manfe. 

DoalKDi an IntUslhon iftliia of BlleoBBUtobe a Uaaaiaabi la bo nacMdlati. 
fVil'i (kibodisL 10 Ua maoMiT of Iba law Daka tf WolUuaUB, T>ii aat. *itb aS 
ttfimt.ivntnrtn^Vi.Wil. rnvlMOo or TOOf; UW. WOI . lOOL. aadateaf 
lOiit A (looDd |il*ii (i[ Ibt (allitdrBt, aiid ibailKnf Iba jnopMl awnB»ir«l. An. 
■Ill bo tiii*Hdi4. uo aiivUaUw U> lu. ABml AoAln, OAco of Wnfci^ VrbUakall. 
IM«|j[iiB fnijn vtl'lt nuiHinir In ibn L^iLlM K1n|[diiin Id Jmii In, latl: ftvei artbiB 
ratldinitabiv-rilbiibol&Ui uT tba ■amo mofilL. 

Daufiu aro atulod li» a Kok Tanu-bikU, iv b* vcwAkI la 9,1. Audmr>-4h* oiaid 
crooilnniioiiaausad UUI. ruiirulAn b^ bt bad ot Uaaan. On«* awl V. 
1ta*B'dink>L Bi. AsdnWi. atolLuid. 

tMcuianlailladbirBiloIivluiiiutilroflbaUla Lord PlanluL Iobo|dHi4la 
IIiII (if Uin I\ai Oiuru. Diililin. JnlbrtuiUiKi nf ('-Jii^iiu kt. crijifUa. 
M'^rriirii fjuhr^ Aigib, or Robi^ii J^ibii^bHi, 3. Ui'brl'<iia fiKft. Dubtla. ~ 

TboTuVU boll OiHU|uiJr, RlUby. ban uIuiiLuI Ibi du'ilm of .Ml. >lgrTlkr; 
bolng (Mkioalcd 1^ Uia ariluuict. viUi Hitalo a<ldlluiD«, at ^inilf . Tba dail|^ 
iiamn. (Ttirb'^d Wurtbliicuiii auvnl tMa, lbtlre>Un»i' r>-iu liolt 

Tb* dialfiu of Kr. Ji-hn Joburtaor. ttnUaol. IfjaMt l puii T^nn. hoio baae . . 
(or tba new Cum lUcbaiixoaod (Joiionrt Bwd to B«nltk.u|vHi-r*f*4. nadoaiM 
llttf.AHI' rim|iiitlEora 

A I'ailjp b; .Mf . ^'^nkit Ollvar, Jim.. aiubLKrl. of ftundQiUnil. hw boon vloffod frr 
iba Saw C<ii>i:niiailiiual i^nnb aud ttubwdii. pnjwod la b* ohbM on lAe Kaflk 
<m, ararlnr-^Eif U 

Tba plaiH uf )l"ui» lUdlklir and Urali. aivbllKM oI WirlirthaDiiHoo, naa •>Ir«4 
(oiir KlA uT tiiiuu nilALilled In aiui|iDllIliia fur Ibo oibnuiun of iba tt'i^v^f- 
WutkbiniM. 






IfEW PATSKTB. 

I'BOVl'ilOSAl. rBOTECnOKS OlltNTBO tJNOBB THB PATEST LAW* 

AUKMiHKMT ACT. 

tSiUt AMmbur II. 

IIU. '. T. Pltnun. GnnoborcbfUMt— iBpnnmaMi In Um (vmlnoUea M Ina 

brUna. tCtwanuuMilcaii 

f Jolrf Snyttnlut S». 
?TS1. IL A. Unmnian, l^^ot-tlirol— A lavtbnd of and tvnaln TareUica ur ovpoaaUav 
lilt Tvadorlnji VDudaiid oUiH laboEaiicM HDlBdaniDrible and Art uriaf, ap^loabl* alia 
to tba iDdonUBf of alfmrwBt evUu iod almie, and lo Iba rondprlria u# fiaftr lad 
fkbnai daaip-pnuf. MfMbfl' wlih ■nparaliuM to naaolMUirbic niA < 
{CWamialoaUra tram Hadaaa Donlanl 

/AUrl :V.)[ni.lM ]1 . 
SIM. Vr. Ja«Aa. AlbcTt-read, aibW fl'liK MUtad-AB lopnmd sai 
btddlag and nndafiiic brick* In furuaoAt 

fulnl llnrmtrT I. 
SHI, T CnUm. SalUU— liniinit"nieiiU la nrdaNlluit nuhini^ aat 
nnvchtuart ui a|>pamiu aupUvadln tb» OMMiattlOD UuiboC wbisb appamMi It aba 
apiiliialilii III uallit pufuoia 

«..« nun.t>r a. 

Kunn C J. tovMij, and O. ya«aijtii. l}iiL<]iIeFabiirj— laiirotanLnlUfo Ibo inoisKV 

aoil apiilicaUoh of aoud ovd lu tbc cvoalrut'Elou of caoka aad >ticb )^ vtaaola, a^ 

foi olbM ponoaot 

fb>ud f>Hm(«r«. 
«1(. A. M- M>f«. Pafli— A nra uaDiua to [miiUnf Ike also aod oUmt *■■■> 

aHauij frorn Ibd kIJ, aod fur ulbor almflar pDrpcoat 
/taUd /MMHdrr ID. 
WTC C V. VaBTtnt, Kwi-unwi. Hliud— mM<lat •almnn. irooi lod lOn U. 

OCoBBUloatlon) 
Vi'K. vr. C. TbuBaa. XevnbM*m*— tiDpnivcauuulaaiaiut niaeblM* 
1kJ<ia P. i|V, l-ivbard, TrBCa]farv]iiAm-.|Dpivinl iDaaof of ^vbi^^^iaf af'iMffilw 

octal. «Hl Um adipiatkn tbrnaif N Ibt iDanufadaf* ol nttain iwCul tnkaa 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCraTECTS JOPRNAt. 



W. a—f, Witim, UmwU 



bM la Ih* nuabcMi* oT 




- V A>w.i 1 «Mryliiii lamromto l> pumOat f—^ lOhuouJ- 

OaMOHMWrlT- 

9Mlk M'T ■««<■ tfowhliB —tmfnnnmiM m Budilni^ to pmnptu 
A. >*<^M»» yn nli ii mm ii. Haaih-atnH. nutarT-IauonaHnH la 

■■■•Hl'nroHr- lOMaBuakUJimi 
J PUu, iMluA. btMUliln - IinpnieoMla In nmloi fcir •plualui iCbm- 

F' I*«Vt. Jan.. m4 /. JiBM. C%B Oiljn nd Bklu Irb Worti^ MouBnlk 
Jwi m iMi u U la Ih* Sri* otaiUUInc Uia h>u fWM of tilM> ftrnuH 

L C Cknpi, •mkiiMiiMa bMWafk ntiimt liiiri Tmi r* u idBstn- 

i, rffc a— tf ^ m >» L I. a^ianm. TtoW 
'^ K«M, J(n^-4a MfnnMBi III th> BmbMn (< apUU akta 

DMiri n m wilf tl. 
F, H lln«*n, tftwaoa, OUo— IiufnTHnHtt 1b niitiliiHT A"* aMIaf w BuUna 
MvkL OviiiiniuiMkn^ 



MM. W. UHlTutM. Mnaiiiii-LiipwMwWi 
Mil B. agoUiUtnr. Rfdt^ CtMMv-lMpmrHuiiU 



4niibnac nun ud gttw Una aiUarUi 
IM*. O. A. a. Xul, fcbhaIXT lloul, LkcMar^iaw* 

lli< iu> irf chUdna 
■iitl W Tiflr.JlMHBthttB-bBpinBBtibBnla^wloMW 

■pds hial^p(Mr. ud aikar nrften 
»U1. J « Bwtwiaiulu lUllte— lawmMMoM la 



teirrartnail* li t^t Itr 



mUt^K 



•a. J « Bwt«laii|lu lUllbl 
HMB asl tor rMlu d^twr 
«. IL A. ■nganrnM-^H 



Iki n«u^ WiiiMMry. ot ^fk- 



WT. 



.top. 



■k 



, MW. W. llinliT. B«rtbrt-tn|iniT«g»ulB>THni>ln|(nm*l9riptiiiit^M«.hUi. 
ittMkMUn. Mlfe.lu, vtittri«b*rflbian*uliiMiKah « •Mota, Mpn Nta«^ ur 

IMl / Dnpir, Ckliw^Il^lnvt. niiiriiiij tiii|i mim IBr tniu><'U (ur fnttif 

«ad enukuii; wit uil 'Uc>i 



nc uJt ■nil f uckr 
a. U. Ouk^ <Mai^«^ Mwv— laipK m wiWr ta ttir iminh«iirt if ii»iild«d 
cndlaa 

J. ■>■•(, DawWt, BtutMdi A» Unpiiiiiiim In (niint (niinitl niMlat* n 



■•«MflB| Iktp t» ta tied tor Ui» muntactDt* of bimiit 




K. WInu. UaiabV<Mi'-Ai itpptntH tor I(iiIUb( looUft iriiftiri, m 

«rp^*lik Hi»pk«n< or IfBlilBf Awparitta 
O. Tmt. Il»ii*mit I»pntmmMlanarmj mntimmiti}rm^ 
J. Brv**, UTa-|B(l~IiBpnnMBn)>< IB ilwcniMrwaeDtf iblia^tMdi 
W nsi^Obtet. MflUB— iBprvmBtciU la Um BiualWiiu* «l Un[K. 
Vr. jL W a ^ a^ Smod, MMKrliiiMts IT. A.— Aa bapmd IB^^— rrmg 

/taM n«n<«r l» 
L B^Tv. Wiffcw>ar Iin|«wMninij In uuyr'btiirvt fitf prna4UH WHHlt 
vr. K]T ui-I Janiu Siotnon, Oldliua— Aa laiiinitid mltnait^ nlo* tor ap»- 
ftttluQ bid ulfttfr ASnia* oubnal* 

JL U. Ui^aiut U. K. Unc Muctia«ar, aad J. Suin, BoldUli-liBiironnMiii 
s atiliualua br pulbUol or asliUBt ^uiia or Ihnadt 
' OmillBilntt. lliHoo-fvdin — lijtpnrtmiiiiU Id (fipaMtu tor 



'. lynnf Md J. Kutth. lIivluiiBd'lk*. Vuck- loiwMvd nadilsn fM nub- Uli. W. Cbit. Q>iur»rr-lu»~In]irin«iac«ti In 
. -'-T-'tit. ml lT7lintmn lBlttlrapiillnUi«. ^Oraanatmloiii 



itataMlaivlltaadMtpOtMrtik 

(Ml In tta Buubotan of mnala awr pito hMB, W«°nwkaillaa tra« C A. 

<:uiD« 

■OU. J- nUAH, Biudn1*n<l— Iinpnmd saAlMfT 1^ BWBbifqrlai Ilr«t^ MM, 

•pifa^ ud oikit •Unnw aitMln 
* ^ uiIl^lSl * " '* " — fntat. fli. halVnad, Mmtoe fpinwHM la 

*M1 7 llMtiB, KHi-aU«ai, BiriBd-AD laproTwl wahwbn fer (topplic MiKw 

l/uri* 
Wft I). lUntDHld. Olaifiw-lNpnntBiBM la vutdaft MMtMn^ d«adM aai 

pifwtM ttiMk tobrka aad MUrftk 
KU. W-. Inllh. kUniMolrM. Q>Tw»Jlih hm w. aad D. VHIkk mwliHii 

wrnua. nn(*tafli-4>MnBlat<«|irM«gitB(«nrte tafUmMTBaadnraaaa* 
MM, W. Irtaa, ffllmMar Ina ootti. ^rwUib tjralh, V iiirliln laiLiiii laiW M 

ite (ooMnalnti i( mll^ laniUiiln >nd inri(hint (n»a 
■Mt. H. Kntart, lillii(tOB, and C. Ktiiubw^ Ontt AJU«nM— toynmauMi ta 

fcnx ud Mnala BMMtbfpnnBUBilbafUlwitfkikrL [OBmminkMkal 
MCT: r. CWapla. iBMd-lka Dwa^dan tf ■ fvlate UvlUa UrtcTmfe Ik* 

hnnlor Unu "Um» ban*," UHonauntMe tt<n r, U. UnlUa. FuM 
liDM. ). CUf. nim1ii|tHia— AarvarlBptncdMnaMrFlBtlotailnprWiwlHba- 
mfat 
tDEl>. J. Mcliil/R, Knta<Ufra]ai>1>a»-A ittiti «wdli| apiaratiu oralanalx 

■vllliitf ililpt asd ■BMHi'vaaiala 
MTd. 11 H Ondaiag, Haa Dnrua PM t U ga. hrt^-fiuKMOMW In Uw naNn» 

ibAMluclK -CMtnraMaUnTnia W. H AO^ tTaUtd imIm 
ta;i w. I. Mluhnii *lbm-»i?w>. Uoduiraid, Soaik*wt-[i4«i»«B«ala la 

rmLlira; ivlli^ ai>d HfliaJ tpMr&1iL4 
mt a aoviKil. riMuHT. DuOnd-Aa Imvnmd — ^-t f l-H—f -IffYT - 

r^UiTM UvjiiB bjr uiduiBiitf air 
MM. w ■' t)wW, lii-rontbln-cniaa, HrdPrart—ltBpniTSRMBUlDndadBtaiffv 

or*a. rCVpuTAmiocaitoai 
U)i. W. Cbit.Q>iur»rf-laB»~In|iri'TMac«ti In air aad nUrjrvit aatli^ aad 



I 



l«Utn 

(Hill, ibav] 
tbanau- 



Mil n. n i tuV lar . ilowpan, llmiaaiiOiihWT-ta M B nw li tn man l«U( 
Mil. J Ktmlga, Blr«l*|b*B— laMitaunUlBUtmiaafMiirTor hiit |i 

■id alVr dm* Haa. mmb it iillldi iBlaarnamla arg alB anlhabl* IB 

^••n <d (tela aad idiBlbf dnafc«wia(i 
Ml, T. VniM^Mnbd, Uaaola-Aanor Inprand MaafMiarg <d bm^ ibsai, 

Ml (Ow gaNfbW ftr (ka toN 
Ml. g. A. Sanbee, Ckfl. t«a mgfci— j— -t-p— — .— .. » hnwii-indlng tn<- 

•tl. T. y«aW*, TbuMB. r. H^Inpratad maabbmr to aukl^ wnn 
»».0 . OL wakHB, lbnB»<liMi. KmMstUI*— Aa Uaimnmsl la carrlBi- 

niMd r>HM>lvr ;l 

I IMUtr. rtailli»-AO llB|*nflt kuife clnailir 

. Onan» Hall— Ab laipn/tvd arlf-mgin^ apn^falv for ^aalliiic an rallam 
' Mil. Bln^U.alim^lmfnntiuml» In iMnlui bandi. IBCaMctlaf fkiBcblBIi 
Mtaodi, and ID utuklni lMiid< l>> aKIdH rn)BlrlBt Uuan* 

^^K 1 rafur. >VM«lm md, LauibMb— ImptOMaoBU bi SHtlnf and aatdilBf 
ttx^roKnl pV|flKa 

I*. kaiiiiMa. t;otd«i«nri, Drad^fd— latinin'iDoaU la anvafMo* imiilDnd la 
-'^totnai 

A. Uac Bo* d* Ckallki^ fkrla-A b*« inMn oT naalacT m«ka to all 
. HadasrnibldM 
•hi. K 1V«Mdo. iIsddtnttr1d~lB|nnBiiini*latorBB(K 
MM. T. L 'Piulm. B^uudVpart. Smnf^InipTHMBnittbi naidu rnvhlTin 
MVl W. H. [tuiUM. LvflbviA-vklk. lAblivih — 1 iDproTViri*u^ id iZi- ilTf duontd 
taauw 

ma J. Multala. K. KTIli. aad J. CM|f(r, Ttnllliiiliaai Impmr ti le tebbia ant 

« MM bws nacMDRT 
Ml ». I>arU,ClH*<aaill— AalMpRMdaacrtaalkutiaia ptautor the onUldroT 

da — and ■ladnn 
■KL K RliMAiId, CliariiircnB*— An laipnTrnianl iB UK mamilmara at M uly 
IIH. W. It / i b i M Oi Aliiiac'iBiB. CtiaU>^IiauimiMialHo>nai-aa|lBM«Bdaina> 
tannMUdUHnalU 



nwM />««abvn. 
aoTA a R- rtn. ranbun. IIui>^Iiopnin««aU la tba naintorlun a( wUlMI 

r«fV^ arid In muhlDHT tor Uui p4rp«« 
ur;. W. K. Xeabis, Ch*u»ty-ha»— laiiiroriaaBIB In mbIiu nadilDH- ICMiaoJ' 

caUutL] 
■D'l. T-fluT, rikftoa— luBiminaaii 1b tanaama liiidi— 
■VTU. J. rtCilrasdW. IltMuttki,BiKkd*la.-1aHafVBMilaUiMBn-aRlDaB 
aitui) T W. Lord. LMd^-AalDpnndBodaorAJtMlai, lAv. bauhMlk. oOan. 

and rttirrjann In Iht [TimM irf dnmtin. awflni, ibalkC baawlin, aad fttftAvt 

ran Iw vibtLm 




ran Iw vaaTlsf 

111. W. Haabi, DlalnihaiB— laprenoHBU la baaUna a 
Win, a, KlUbl*. ftaKBlT-fllnal— iBipmawau la Ibt 



Mh W. BaiUk, kaUiburr^im*. Adiliihi— IntHvHOnit* la nllwv ralllDi itak. 

fOtaaiaidcalliia Crum J. D. HninpbrrjA. Itladi J#ii«im.i 
■ML W. PllMa. '*^'"r--l--~ '-)— — — In BrFwrna 

Oalnl A(«ab>r II. 
Mf. ). 8. Baiter, Ealaliltf. Yink— ImpivHOieBltla DU>:hlDeri ft>r rainblnt ■»! Mid 

alharflbma oiMuliib 
ML W. !<»(*, Cbannn-lana— Innrn>«iMat*lB Ikeiuiiuhftunuf toll. KViniiua- 

■MUOB fiiim e. P. J M. Albrrl. Riie do rEmpmar, A Ifonloanr^ Mar) 
IM. J. X- tMd. AlBVick.Sonbambulatid-IiiiRmatU la atada* wbw 
IMl W. K. Ifraw^ (Thaaoi? iaiw-AB liiipni*«4 wda «r nauiibiiailUK <>i|i«l» 

llrNalalMB(to«dIdDaa fO«anBOlaitIai) fCen J. flinaiHr. V«ar. kbu %atlc\ 

lifcwilinil 
Ml. W. K 9f*wiag, Onm a rr -l w a - lai pum a H aU id nn^ion for wtUTi aiid nlbii 

MMa. n^nmitDlcBlMil 
MC t. A a air U B, W*al>1rk. Kmi^ImprnmnniU in pmtKllnK Unai'rtf baltrrft*. 

AlBL laad halfartdK, martallD teir«>. nr cpUi^r i:iwj«trui^Lnaa, uaUut ibxil ur rlidL 

« Mkar jnMUIoi 
MA. W. FTSnjd, Mandm. t^nrulilir, t Unjmiih, cd ihn imb* |d<i*. and D. 

MrTj Baralv^. l^iHwdtirr — Ibi^iti'iwidiiI* Iu immn tor vvtvin^ 
MM. /. lart, Mdiatoid, Vaiiihali-<n>*— Lnprtmmsau In bUiu tor bumlni 

■MHfala la ikr aiaaatoAan if lime aad ranaia 
MS. J. L. O. lUaiT, K lna^Biw la p io num ila I* wtadlaa sp cr DalBialDlDc Ika 

|a»ar«ltfBito 



aad Trfi'llnlni 
iiniiiil^laii tf k(d> aad 

ion. ji.C. W^^CCaanwiLiiM— IiniKvrtDnUlDUwaiaaBllwlaiaolMladtlMk. 

rPaHlf a aanaBBloilliipi 
MU. t. AlUa and Id. Wllnr. WoiIlBtbaiB-l iun a*M wu M to fcMaa laoi. pawr. aad 

olbrrUirfcB 
toai, J. Uard, flah Pna»-IaproroD«M to oaikin to SUlB> aad* ika feal at 

UUat. Mtt^ and oUwr Aallar pin- si booHk^ r>^ 

1U1. ~ " f ~ •• ," 1 . 1 . ^j --. 

uin|>ii>ic ■■"I. ud In banunbif mn aad vnaahMna 
Mit. J. It li. Wtlb^ »ai4lra«, Bicand-taniignMmW IB Mqa udialrwsad 

Uunralia. iCbmiamltailDa Dtmb H. F. Blrwgli*. TVnilMd 
■MP. T Ablai, Hiw Totk, U.tL-iMUiv aad duulbotua pnMti« irp* 
Hm. J. J. v^piwd. (iin aad J. A. luilij, Nun Vint, I..»— laipronaiMto la Ik* 

BHaubawiE of waiiilini pipat asd totH 

/hh-f l/tttmim 11, 
Mil. W. A OUbsr. •MOIIi^tlrm. rnibarr— iBpnnVBniH In W a M l l^ b ill 11 1 to 

tba aiaaub'Mn of rbxfw. lOxnmonlmlaal 
MH. J. K C F. OndnrflK Honth ■inM. nuhnrT—Oirwla lBp>*nnaaa> M toaMc 

anwaiaa 
UfL W. ( Xtwvia, CkBMaiT-ba*>--lBVrni4 gNao* of pnnwtui tk* irplrtia « 

itaaoi bulMr*. (OgaaiaMllna Mb IL k. ■crtn, PtUDii 
MM K, A. Hrsoaua. Bw H toaal t ppwaiaola la ihr auuwUui ol paHaUa 



fCaatanaMIM 



: 9. Oakajldl^ Flrt»-lB|avTfBeiil> In natfaburj tor BioDldUu aad iiiaaliii 

flMallMaad BtaMlowMaaoa., and todrl>iB( iMMOTfrm lb* TiuaUi 

I, O. ir. Via AteqAO^d— ialMpmiwaHa bant aoiaa, Ifck h aba ap- 



•Bt Mkar (IMto dotaatato 
btoirbaM 




haaaia aad o<k« balidln0i. tOnnaiaoliattai IRitB F l><4l« i 
UM. K. A. BiuuaaD, rtoet-Hmi— Iniurunnueou lu UIUbi laifet. 

fnoi Ur. MbiAnll 
Kftt. B. A. Bmoiaii. FleW ilii An iHipmrHwiBi IB Balni watMnaij. 

nlcaUoe Ihna Balat Albaa Usfiw*) 
U9I, K- A. DfaaoB^ Flaat-MroM^InitvuTaiDsiiu In iiiaiinfMlirln B^Hdia it 

•anhiaaan and otktr oafanlo aialaOili^ and In lb* aiBahlawj aid apparaMi 

•BIlBndMwda. lOawakMkatoB JL BwaqM 
HH. O A. Ikis, OanaaaltHB*. Mackkaatk-Aabapn^ ■ i* fti i to OmMt^ 

aadiltaiulainnrBsrtrBla. lUonnaBlMlliia (rua C Vi< Tnrtal 
MM. i. Uaa. Maattlaa-Oaiiala lapimnwali la Jaataaid fct. OwmaM» 

to* ton Gbatallu B. di Saa. a«gad, Tlula; 

UiM. J. I). UflDFT. >otlb4tf«M, FlMbiuj - Uij'rennMHiti ta Ihi pcdaitta of 

^irilHBaed iDr^oB oa W3od 
SIOl r. KaddM. flalt Ko4n-itrv«t, ft«aJlTlj— Im ^ woronmnti m tomv^ v ii*- 

plam tfit-Hiira* M aatti in lur tor alibnr heaitiif cf drrlng kilm, luuilBf gf «b- 

•unnv, "I iMBlInf of bsOon 
■IAS 'vf l^mjr, FollrtnEMiia— TmpnTTHBfnlalD tpvtion *nirlna 
Slitl. '' »' WiIlUiiL*. ij'oriKKil — ImpnniBainiu in ■|<p.uaia> (»- DicbariUBlf 

fdtart^Drhraaow vlibtool 
tlM, A. K. Tarry, todtbrd-nw— Impramiiniii la n«bta<r> tor mUof •scat aad 

glkanlMMiM 
IIM. W. HiCBlIoch aad T. KiDiMdf, El]iBanHct^t»pnm<nTiito la iid^^wkB or 

•alraa 
IML W. a HioB and F. i. tafnm, toil ftaadt. Uada— Aa taapnnd eiwU (f 
<Mb(aolkaUMM> 



GO 



THE CmL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITECTS JOTJRNAL. 



Band J mm a r^ I. 



I. J.T.Itau, awartiw* HrtM— A BBCAim fcr owklac cw^ II W md Mka 



*9" 



nlMM) 



V. fl.— Ab InpiVTRiiBni lu ths niMMrrf 



>. a C. K*li>ku«, BtfHBML 
■■WH* kMltt ■• tna^^ or ^a, findata, or «k« 

t Tf IH(trri Mfrnli nwrMinritiMirr lirfniTiaiWIi HjAiinrj iir»prir»nii rrr 
IJilil "**-'"- II J Bill m or Hlh» (iDploTid fet p&UiM ••Ufo ud otlur 

•.W . BMm BflUIV4lnat— 4a iBpnNd *Mn mia (W MtrtalM dtflM itan 
V K.T MouilbivwidJ n. Framrt, Mto-lMwwIi ta MJlrlni m»tl» wm 

(. i-SoUh. Qnu BrU|(nln>Mnai. (ad ll. WiaaJHa, OnM AHMta-Mnat, 
M MttM lir ■■JHTOHW1 M MigiMn br Amp tmOt, tad k atipHWu cwsMMl 

T. F. H. Ihbitlaj, aiovcurket, Softilk— ImnnrnuaU la tlu conMnolia of 

>, V, m trt wi FB. ImoVinn, Smad. iBpnmmanla la m^ttpf lui nrxaal vvar 
k^ r.aL.IMU,BMif(M. Ve<k-aarnn««l*iB(lliU«lta*pi>U(sMaloM<«Baad 

cttir ooiltp ponr owlnv 
1 1. A. larliotN, IWIOnl tiui* bii, CMniuniU-nNd— An Innnmninit In lurpuf ag 



. jtio.. Itnvrrtjitf. u^%t lUuifurd'impflmcamU b cl*^Bf anAioa to 



nMnboNa 
IL W.B. nUlii 

II. J, rtiw)n, 

t^m^ »'■ vlLh vtinilMni lu>lil*iDf*u 
IL IV LdvmiKu, rticWv-'Au Imjtnttvl cJiliDBf 7 <%p or cowl and *?DU]>lor 
II. & V, i, L ^>««)r|(«— IiBpn"fcavjjl« lu pjwniui uittuAi uibvUsf*^ fur fionl 
li J Biiukf, ULAh)rtr*~lij)|inrt«ttinlBJbcau9«uL/i»Ua|*iid pronxii^ laUknoiJ uUiBT 

!«. J. UiLfnii4ii,r*ik»UH,llktluiT,;. Pilmii. (nd^. 0-P*Innr, UDdn;*iniii, 
9U4tv KflBUuftuu— Aa nvbioUliJ O" lijfbt «li*fitor Mod OoniauMr 
* iUiiMBMaiiMuu*g(W«id 



IL J. IMHp**. >»■*"•' 
IT. i. II, JolidMe. Lluali 



■toip«wiw'»l» la . ._ 

In** Ina-Mo*— XBimmiuata In affwalu fet nuliDK mai. 
Iiai—Mloiiliia Iniu P. da Ittudnr, D|}(u). Fnnal 
W, I. U JoliBBB. UDmhi'tiDB lilli— tinpmniDipiiU In Dnnsn vh(h. LOoDiBit- 

tt. A. dnL UuwUka. Fiuw— luAumnfniU la abwUaia* uiUta punr 
n, J. Mrd. 0(i>an. aoar tUann— laqiRmnKnu la pUiiiBi u*aimt. 
n. R. C. RHnlmiT. BfRmida-pUM, lUlknad, PttUiaOi— la^nrw u aW la pn 
IMlni — ------- -■ — rrt']) [|-f nodwinc aalk aod Mba dracUim •■■v]irwf 

^L J. Tiani<r, ICIa^t.LjiiB, Tfartnlk-'IiapiiAiiiDBDU lu oacUlaUiig cjlludtt 4(«un 

IBH 

HifTla, Ituiirall. lliitiUcHi— tDf«Dv«flMiiU tq uMAlunf 4aJ U*atniUMu| 
■Wlw fnaat 
W, K. A BnsnaB. neM^trwt^ImivomnBDU la lauij tiain-fiicuiai. (pHBHrt^ 

TT. X. A- Bronnui. riw-iinM--Aa InpcvnA AnvD-ongitin. liVminiDalcaUiia) 
nutt Jatt^rt I. 
_M. L. W. WMliot, nuulMbiMnm, Xn'tav-n" inuufutani <i( a ooaipiiMiliin. 



•I; kmm u pull;. U to aiad In prluini uil oiln- pan«« 
trro, H»uo«— T)i» mnoabnuR af »prr tnun t tifataUa or 
1 Uif ul^ oT Suillott ind Spde. wd aUch bt [irujnMa U call Prnu iBpu 



•prr Cnw t tifataUa or bvb Uial (nun 

. J> bo [irujnMa U call Prnu iBpu 

VT. K. ITfvbVkH Chiux«rT-uw»— laiprmikOMntf lu Itetaiau of nanecUn^, wiirvu- 
Uu Mnlnliix. uiJ ajipMiii nwrrrd povgr IIk lb« fsUMm of nUot; brtuki 
■udilHi »iwr«mHM. nSmmijoBltiiUun,' 
(I. A- A- Oroll, Uanild'* Waod Idtn uar >oai(ii(d^InincvroaMBU la Die maaalke- 

WaiCoBBlffl 
11 K. A.. Snoaaa. FlnlMtRM— lEoimnomite la wiiutln^, liMIn;. u,t dimbllni 
■bniaa aalariablaUia Dadiln<ir7<»pli>r*ilibr»la.udui tho mnlr uT drlrtagUiii 
•as*, parte of ablEb ImpmnrniniU ur ippllia'iti- Id Urn nunmuulnUni of nutj 
•Mian W othrr lUCblnciT.— .UoaiDuulwIuu FnuD J. K IlilllnT. MnlliiniB. 
ti. C Blnb, liondun -ImranBMU In Inatlag on la Uu tnaunfuiiiiT ut Inn, ud In 

ofalaAnlaf |>n)dTiru Uicnonin 
II. 0. itol*. l-mJia— lapm n a igla (a rttallMng «mlu cwnpatinJ. uf craiictan 

/hila^ Jliaiwy I. 
U f. Vnnftk, Waaihodfr— liniinHanRililalaciimMiTniud oihnr Rmm •iiOnia 
U J. WoD. aad K tsAaO. BndlkHd, and & lathta. lUlKU-ImiirvnmtBte In 

■mnlBi ini|ilnii>l In Anlaklaa UMUa WrM 
IT A SmndM, BimlBikan— tapnTCaMilBU nuMBilrw lu»K •nd laoonURietlac 

ami DHinilni mo hrMAa, hMba. Ud vUnrwct llb> (ui>nlii|[< 
t*. r. BnlUlaiiM. Oapv«i«M,BaMWd-amar*— An iniproiM uirtbul ufrriiriailu 

Am bM IVin Ua n 
1* D MnkfT. OUlMv' AIbib WorkK VnluUra— An iiiaiinnuniial in ibi auabcton 



Vid, >Wl La ib'< nqU'lmrtioD of AjijtAftitu* it*«L fiv ivh ndnafuUkn 
U^ J. Wton.rrHUo.UvAu^-'tii k|ipniiu Aw clotflflg lb* flOpiiljr MrJa of (V 

■I. i. H. UfAh CWibirUBd Iron Woittv DrIMiri-tawmBaata la Ina and avadui 
Alfa « wi n li. anil In ;ka adaptaUot at imhlimj far pnpiUlBf tb- lamo 
li^ml J imm n I. 
W. V DvamrArj, S. Un, and J, ttufm. Paria— ImpnfiBRiU la ahHli ud 
H (w oHnaioa load (afflHat 
"" K -nii*f4, ftaaaiaricu. II<dit'|ittli— liniiraroniniU In mMallle jiIIh 
B4UIU, rn<MD«, Tann^ar limit—ijuio in Ut pnumkn ti c«iiiuiipUi« 
tt *^-^^^ lb iBfflbia and Arv-bteMa 
It L A ■IMwtaadt. Wirt f i ^ lfc »n«it«* r oot - lniprot»mrDU In Uioiranipiini 

tfnMMHaanaMlilgf w«ltpjib mitoii 
II J l>. Trip*. Kln('a>plaa. OmMfdal-Nid— tBifnni«Hete la ntMliiaUB lir 
i*rtlii| intraMd Mmnr U nta^ UpL oe oOw anaf*M> iMd M -nililfin 
*> tniMuiiUif Ibr B» af i^nn. wyn. and bi|uM« 
«• r. II, Hnbdtor, MoniiKha, DaMb— InpivrmDnnu In nuucniriiiw mpWIe* 
!■ •xi'nt'. (or »)>aniiiif lb* laid ft«a flu- aril J inuuim ibimiT, ai,4 liir nrUtiuf . 
•lufliiL udfafTTliic aanj llio «aaa 
14. n. laiilaiit. LufrnnD-lmiim'wnniU In mmb twUwi 

»L C 8. witibt. ftn-n-iftf-K. lUfUilnn-IniiHuraiBcDM la pmparliu InbrlnUnf 
— pwiali >-■-■. 

t': S. A B'ltman, rkartdlfcrl—tniprpvomnala In loiluific flantu [C^BmoaluUm 
II A, A I'nnlur. OlucDv— tnpniiuuiiiauilUtloi. lawwlaj. iiiddbraiiaiitBtoUii^ 

II. H 7VniUe>. fh^iba^ twIarvlU. Tark— tnpnmDiHiM ll leuli for gnuiai c iUd, 

4tMMd <«laJ tomt 
Ai. C nnt. Konnt4inqC, GriMraioT.i4aAm^lmiTr«pTUHQto la appaALiu tnr 

mlag drufbia la chlDavj* aad ftir iiiJiar parpwa 
l>aM,Aliw> ;. 
14,, B. Huinam., Ii ab «n ta ia Can*, anr ianlir. aad A. Uaandalt. Swal.*- 

Iwpww m ntJ Is Iwa* ftir natli^ 





IT. C.r.CUw,UUJM<d,mMw-Ot>Wala|llB0r«anpaudao(UBb«lb*w*Ta 



or ellvpiBa M Waned ibiiM ina 
Mk y, Mmb. Mra Konl Mud-Iar 



tetanaU^aaayui 



tf. P nlHnrwundT IfnTiriiilii ft rfrtnilna. I antartir ImwnraWMii h — *fcT 
« appaniaa f« ■iiMag, elianliM. ifltallrn, |r'-^'X f"'*''''!. <* Blilit nflaw 



matariali 
«0. W. i. OwVt. Ctna^Bol, Old Bnad«MM— tapmnBuli la nUav axMna- 

boiH 

II. W. T.BBlIk, BjrdMTMne^ SbiOgld— la InnniBHl tn laatoi all kudi tl 

mad 
II. II, C WU, (ka/doo— iBipmnBaala la Mmr and UAI^ jat k*. and In BaAUaa 

te UnUft imMH. and loa trlDn 

19. O V. Onapfr. W«l»<inli- ImprmmnUlaUicinaiiiifHtaiTaf ablrii 

«. B. KawUn, ltlruti!t:>iuii , A Me* at iatmrad uunuhituni of BiaalUo baS* 

KG. W, Fnalskli, iil^Iiiiii— linpniTaBmlaUipi buman 

nt. K J. Ilnifh-u. Maiirh.aUT— ImprwHiHOti M tba aiaDB&«iii« and ifi|llMilM «< 
Aioiiwnu'l- iminnilci: tmu piribi and tanMlKaifc fMaliMr, Itatoa. aiMm. a< 



4 



uthrr *fft(Alilc Bjiil mliu&I pulHUar 
M. 1. lUirU. Uu*.:JI— Ad taipnnnt lock, and mtbodT at adfaoapaatocb-bi*^ 

laiabaa. Uptaad nlT«. nUaajandglbiralinala. bilb. andolbor ■UlHMsliua* 
di. A. UeDoathl, fDUnbad OiuiU* Wotbi, AEndaio—ImpmnHinnia la Ui bmb- 

Ibcaon of ooluauiik pUaalBta, aad duhv nlinUar atnuthm of paalla^ narUVt 
bjn. laqat, aarpiaUaik attall*, aad olbai aUaat arablt il natftM(alil(b 



TOl T- ljiaaa,€bap»rT.Urje'-A Aaablnaoaappafafeaalaba otod la 

log. mil iti^lnf aolmiitiiid wgi la b ia «»t«iaa» 
!1 f miaudJ. wjikw.. No H ltOi—-lapra w «ilBiBaaiifataarta|la«padmj|a. 

•uluUe fui llir uiaXlet <iF (hiaea and oUur aitldiB 
TL J. J, llMaaU W«laa>biu7. and 1. H, flanll, UMM—trnfrt Ti«la la tta 

mnnuIWUn of iMtl Ubn, iirllaHi ii ibnllm i< nuati baUan aad a(Wr aaaa. 
;i, T. W. Knai*^ Cbalhatt-pUw-laiyronaada la Ibe lr«atiaM at Bnapnaa iMbU 

aad Mbar niMUa of M^san 
Tl. ' lobat^ Dpaar— InipfotwBaiUlncbaalDppvtaiaatclaMataf jari, i 

Mm aa ml i. aHiUshlaalu i* ihalololimofawlkeniiiartBua attar )dpaa 
Tfr IL TarnbuU, Hanr^cb, Ruau— InptmrFinDtiU la crndloa far h narl i n a|nblpa. 

i>alM Jiawtmry *. 
TA. i. IL T>aT.aad J. flLnbj^ BlrmlDj^hai^— Iippn>v>ianlalnoooa4nu41af Md 
knobi and liaudlr* of diamn aad door^ mpboaid Isrru. and olbtr i 



aiUda 
IT. J.W Jotaoxm. IJnFOlDVinn Mdi 

■Ing or unllLnjj aA4 omniornllnl Uhrus. 



tiajuir, ParU' 



.tntpmrvmaaUla macfalavrr or aannllA 
(OimmagJnlkin (ran CMlMai 



nulUi) LDaBTldla, anar FnaUia — lajproremAQU In lb* aiauubctar* if i 

BklrUa«i and cnnlairpaUtaHta 
TD, i. ti. Johnaon. Unoolifa-ln'llfltd»— liniirovfiD"ou In Iba appflalUni at tte i 

Inu M ulxuD pUailc imnHa. tOwnannlfaUna (mn Loioii, ruUl 
KD, J. A. Cumtborak Ov^r l>arTda, aaar BUokbora — batnratniniu u lb* i 

anlbad id fonulnE Un loaa* or abad la ilnltt. aanlac v VMriuj. 
■I. J. Uatdam^ tusolwaur— Inpioreamu In BwohiBarT ai aiipaiaUi tor 



coUun, ■oil. and oUiar flb 
«1. i. OUM, 



alBla 



I Id b* apua. 



, AUmdaa-aliiM, W wl aui n iar-tiapraraaaBU bi mraalat BoU lad at 
rninsibnlrBairtoiaBadlMaolbataiibalaiinawuiaisflala'BUbvbicK Ibif ana 



bia<«l. 



ar 



Datad Jmuary ID. 
-taprnnaaaUUIaMaa 

. IB ■achlanr ■> vaniilMtarl 



tl. J aad a On«U, rnat 
M. U J. BrMh. - 

dnlolag blpaa» b Icba, Ul*^ aad all ouar albUar plaatia artioka 
W tt. D, ijit, AlbaarrtiHl, Hauul'a patli-A aalbad si rrtwdlDf vt 

ttliwtj ttnUu and oaMacaa. a|i|d[aiblc alia (a mMtm' aa catDinoi luala 
II. J. Adaais Irj Cigwi«aik QaoonVraad. fiablm— A ailaU ut vibw rlkajfU . 

aaw and bnpiortd plaa 
M, i. Cbanwr. Kwoo(h-nol aad J. WakrlMd, farlilwnt ItiiliTIn liiiianiiiiMilll 

iba Ira-bana ur toiaacH of loaaiaolln suflar Mli^n 
ii- J. HotliMin. ftircstlajr.a(real. LiTurmol^An Itaprnr^maDl la onaalncllai < 

Inn nuau,rB[dik tuaipriM, aad oibar •byia' apan 
W. r. X. KoUa, Kano rov. Ulls-and lau— tinprarnnriiM In apparaua fe( haadil 

aunwbf laa 
1>1. r. K.0III1II^ Park-boa, Rrda-ivb. and J. A- aoOop, Mav IMalditrMI— («, 

pmrrd appnniiH tit ol«uUic Imlrta 
HI. F. Daariiiii, Faria— Impnimoauta ui iiurlTrlnf (*a 
VI, VT. Vail. B n L ft iM — I m pToraaiMnU lu inj^iiiE^ir )ir«paria( ladlnn oam abA ' 

fiain ud ain;lai«niia T'enuUe aub-UiLon lor (ormiuUUnn and dtalUlatMa 
». B. A. BrvoiaaB, Flaai^trMl — t*iv«nincaia li (alnak touorUn and m ap 

tmaMMd tbonvlib. lOonmaBlcalUio mm UIL Oraul, Jaa,, aad Da Pmik 
M B. A. llnnuu, flarMtnat— InnDniDHito la pmpalllaa ablpa. boata, aaJ 

I f I la (CHOinonlcaLllon from T, Joaadr4oi 

D,itiJ Jmiinry ir 
VT, B Blnn, Roibarbaai — ^ImpruTvaitnia in bacMnaa far muliirif nmi aad 

tt. A- (loadatu. aDihUii4-air«tt— Aa ImprnraaiaBi In lilac ^° labulor lla*ala 

bnilun 
lOI V. HooH, CMadag-town. and f. llaldif, Bapwalaf - 1 iBpnrTnn nia i n Uw i 

CjK-turBDfaialal tjpB,aail (bBarraaKDmfmioflbaaaoia fitf torlnui ixir^wn 
101 R. Cbriaiait Halborbaai—lBipniiauiaataliiapparalutfeir n(ulaunt ibai 

ntliltdi 

ftalad Jawnan 111. 
lot, J Mlnll*. and O. WilK Unnlngliani — An iiapivamaiil nr Ibp 

niMaUlepaM 
lOT. W. Ouaaan, Wldata, T a nf a nli lw ■lfnrT^f*infnlr la IhraABufnttnTt <di 

add.aadlBU*oBaaUiHU«olappaniliia oaad fiiraueb iiiaiiultilun 
IW. H. IMIa. MaaabaUr— Hw appUeallos of (eula auiUrUi lu iIkt inMoltctwi 

<< bllda Ear ■oarlga 

rlaowQiof ibaHaual.Ftanrv*— laiprTFTMnanl'ln AbCAlalnf aitraiAi fmai iaa4^r 
r. A. Vaidall. Baa St. Solliluc. Pulh and E fl|-1i I. Iiial tnif flilil rillaini id*- 
hr djaln< and ulDUni 
lit. IL ftuitll, DMbr,--ljBproiviavaUlu ilvraaaadlra-pla 



I'ATBifn AmjKD roK wrru ooururriE iiriicirir.AnoH. 

SOIA. J II K UanHhat. l-aiia~-l(npniiraBtalalsbjdraalU(naaf*~Una,M 
Um, C S. Kmultg. Unadeu-JaiunnMuala u pnyarUf aad nnbUilat 

■nbaUuca for ibu prodnelUn ol Dloun. aad lamaumtlurlnc ilu> laiua— Dk^ 
ntl, U, Wtan-. Uarama fumimttim, OiaBra itiaW An ttapnTad pwiMw. ;!>!■ 

BigD«Uan fraco Hi. Amdn. n«aaa)-I>aa. IT, IMd 
rfulk-Unn 



i»Ii3^ 



IM. W. X*«i«ah Wella. 
"PS T " 
I bapt 



Kmfulk-b 



ubd'iilot laaaa a( dgpaaH Iw tilhwiii 



Mamp^ labala, or pai^t*. h minaj'fii ihuL tout adbarfaa MjHra i 
la a aolibmi^ naaa 4»iiul au-l ~puw*-Jab, Ui, UN 




THB CIVIL ENCrNEES AND ABCUITECTS JOURNAL. 



«1 



STOKR SCHOOLS. 

(Via an JTivwWv. ''M* TL) 

Tmrnm hIkmI* uv Ntaalcd new GviUfiird, md an bailt of 
BugMc itMM— «tiMh M MMlafMn to tad wockvd tb» mow aa 
KatUi ng, ud b feund near Oodalatag— viUi dnMlngiH 
watoT^titbh*, te^ ot tht bMt wtiit* local brtckik E*di adioal- 
mnni w AS X 10, kMl SA ft 6 in. high to ridge; the ruofia open. 
Tbe tQftvLi an far ToatnAtion- The wb«l« ia arranged upon 
Ilia EDVFnua«nt aTilcni, and to accominodaU 380 cblMJrao. lli« 
«oatnctt UKdaiUng lluiiica, eatmiM pl*^ approaob road, 
taew, *&, «u Ittet lit^ Ibr wblcfc maa tbev hara been 
vnentad (7 Mr, W. Swurnr, bnildtr, OvUdlbrd. ander Uie 
diractioD <if Ur. ThoaM* Goodchild, ardiiteot, of Quudfbnl. 



ON THE APPLICATION OP MACHINBRY IN 
THB WAR DEPARTMKNT- 

B7 Jobs Avtmww, laapactKr of MadiiMaiT in tbo 
Boya] Araenal, Woolwldi. 

SmaU-Jrmt. 
Tbi ■mall-araa BUumiutBra et EngUnd, IwUi in (he pnhlic 
aaJ pnrat* wtaMiatnotata of tba oonntnr, h«* not kent pan with 
otbar branehca of iadiMlij, in the aitpuaatian of hUKiiir-siviiig 
Baacbinnr. ThU hu r«nilt«d hva vuiona cimw^ PM^Ij frvtu 
tba peculW OTgaaUaiioo oftliMaTMamafhaiid labour, bf wliMi 
the VftriofM [wta of tba notlcat bava baaa hitbsrto pntduewl, 
tbua mderiaeit dif5ealt1oa|^jnia«biiM>7miaJiSed toeompMa 
lliwwwitb, anil which, at tbe aaoia tiaiii, woold rep«/ th« u«ciit- 
mrr ovtla;. 

"tbe Diaaket befog an laatnUDtntof oonaldtnifala nflBantBt, 
ivi]iiiri>ig froB thoaa wbo imIm it a Mgb d^pw ofakDl, and *a 
utnma luoa^ of worlunjuiabip in dwdjt of ita oampoDDOt parta, 
tba ofcataolta in Ui« wajr of appljriuv tbe ordioarj maehinerj of 
AavMliibe maker are auraeroiia: (oraltbongbtbara majappear 
tame 1 laiiinhhin 1 li«twMn muakata and anudl madilacry, nt, 
wben eeoiMnd minnt«1jr, tha (imilu-ity JKMn ranLkhea. Tha 
(gnu an|ilo^ b* tb« Bsacbine nukt^r h.\v«, with a few oxecp- 
l)oaa,beMi Klmiilincd into the lini^, Ihi- plane, the circle, tbe coiic^ 
and Uia aphctr. nil of which ntv tery nuily prudaocd hj aioipM 
appantaa. The jiaru of the muiikpt, ou tke contnr;, are of 
fcma ao vatioun bikI noui,)i'«cripC u to call for anotfaer dvecrip- 
^ ties of teola, iiivulvinc a hishnr and not* adnootd itale of the 
^■arta l« laaurr 1u naocwfiil tntroducli«n. The parlj of unlioiuj 
^P mneliinrr}', altlMiiijfa aecurate, aa oooipared vItU llie geunal 
wurk of nMpeiit«ra, atill oome far abott of tba predaion miulnd 
Di Uic fabrication of tsiall anm. wbara the form aud dinteuaiona 
are (]«t«n&[nMl to the tbrniaandth port nf an inch. 

I For the but hnnilnMl fcarn, maehiom, >uch u tbe mae lath«^ 
bavr Ik*u nuule to prodaoe the moat nfioed batrumeQia, ao 
a«cur»tF, it>clr«d, that DO baodlabourounldlDiitata thcmi hut tbe 
Work U |i«rf^iriaeil an alnwly aaiorradar itaprodooafor lov coatJy 
for tlir work*hnp of the fantnoker, «bo rMLuiraa a qratam of 
Uparaiua whieb ahall aflbra the tttjnoac exsetn(*i, folly eqaal to 
£a of Ui« pbtloaupbical inaWnmeut maker, but which, at the 
■aiuc ti«e, will .rieid a rate of ravilaiiiiiin Miiial I0 that of tlie 
iiMT« limiJeaad laaarwAiiivl woridnnnililp of the marbino inakor. 
I Tli^ ditAcolly of rerondlinji tliiar two condilioDi, haa hitherto 

^U^u of *o ftrniiiUlile a chariMtcT, aa to have ollered a oompleic 
^Pbarrier tn ibe iM^iuive applicatiou of macbiuajT in tbe nura&o- 
tnre of am*]) araia. 

Bad tbe mauiifiKtni* of muakru boon cnrriad ou ia the aaaa 
S&aBMr aa tbatof nuchioer;, !□ Rtffiiriea wherr tbeaereral parte 
eaf abK-fcilock, bitrrel. luiil bajL-net, were uiotle lUideroDx ajatein 
of maHtgemenl, the ^-fiieral iiitrcdaotioii of refined toula would 
tiare been «niit»rr arritti] at: but ftvu tbe ooDatmction of Ifals 
of liidB4ir.v, with tha arparate parta prodacod br diflbmit 
a»d tltcu afttrwarda oo|]e<^i«d in tbe wnrlnhape of 
lube thete pot ta;(«ilier, then ia llitl« diiliuulty 
iv'lng at uiM catiae of tbe lltoiled ai>plieaiion of machinery; 
Um moraao tliat tbe ptejudiota or thoae eiisnged ia that 
■.m w«r« luitutally oppoaed ti> a ayatnn which pal tliatr 
ta U> one aidi^ and wbicb demanded a degree of 
ictit IB toob and naehliiety out to be met with tu any 
uaBaEitUin la the kbgilom. 




i 



»IX J7ft— Vol M.— Mjibch, IM7. 



Bafcra a aaaaaCaetory for MiaU-anna eontd be aatirfaetoril/ 
Qfoaitliad, tbe worid bad to nndergo a cerUis oonrac of tiaiaing. 
ne iRTCBtioeia cf WaM and Ariiwrighi led to the maBohclan 
ofwiai-hinwy on the laroat acatn whDa tbe invontione of Pft'liMa 
aad Bnuel oeauintd umoat all tbe laaintial cktDenia of tncdMa 
teob, and n»ore ecMdally tbe (Btm of tbe application of KMcbtitarx 
to copy btricaU iEjima fton a pKttarai a pri&dple of openiioa 
which baa been OMiat ■uceiiiftilly developed Is the new email* 
aroM loauubctotT of the war department 

Alihou^ tbe oifficoltT of intmlncinv radical clukit;^ into tbe 
g«n trade of tbe whole world, wbera it baa eiiited for ocntnnee^ 
and wbere tbere are obetade* of a tndilional and lotnl cbancMr 
to be ovoroima (btaidee tbe prime interaata witb wbleh tbqr 
come lato cr>I|inoD), are verr icreati atill, it u notanrpiitlag ttkat 
ta a new omutry tike the Cuilcd Statea of America, wbere (be 
Mice of labour waa rery bisb and ii^Maity aba&daot, in eebib- 
uriiiag tbe ntanubeture nl mall aniu, they ahoulii jNUaoe ft 
dilarCDt Indt (and all tlia Bora ao wliea pla<«d under tba 
nuMcoieiit of audi an able maefainiat >a tbe oelebrmted WUtaeiyk 
In wbich tbe e nc na rf ul inventioaa and mecbaaickl prineiplea of 
other dejMrtnieata of art are aaatmhlFd together, and apcdallr 
adapted to (be reqntrenienta of muaketa or piatot mantifaotiBa^ 
at the aamc time eonbiniiig tban wfUi (be Ina nasafccuutii^ 

Eriaciplea wliicb bave be» ao tninently aatcwftd In other 
nMicbea of bdtutiy. 

There hiring been aouie difficulty eiperienwd in obtajninclfaa 
Uini^ rifle in IM3 aad ISVt. tbo govrnimeoit dMcrmiMd to 
erect a mAouliictonr of imall-anaa wbich aboold corabaae iH 
nodem afititiaacee lor aanng laboar acil MM-uriog tha moat li^bi 
teeunty of prodnclion. Aooordingly inch ao retaUiefaneat baa 
bean oomplotad on a aole ca[>Ue of productnf about lOOO 
muaketa |ier waak. It oompriae* about ISO borw-power, 3U00 
feet of a h a fl ing in motioB, and Dpwar<la of IIXK> maeblnee.or 
appanlua, for tbe rariooa piorpcera ni' ibo manulhetim, up- 
warda of 800 of tbeae nocblnea Itave been brought iWin America, 
m Uff *ere obtained in Belgium, but by far ili« ercnter oomber. 
between eigbt and nine bvndraiL wem made in BuglatM], aad, In 
order to inavre perfbet aoootetk tbe detaiU are boii^ carried ost 
by an American flMtlemaa, brought over bv (lie govcmnHiit, 
wbo poeieeice a thoronffli and practical experfeaee in tlie worluug 
of thu mteiB in the United Suu*, and who haa tbe aauitaaoe 
ofaeretalof biaowncoast(7iDen,fnwa(baeiBall-atm fiKtoriea of 
New Eniitand. 

The leading priadple npon which thii manalaeAoty ha* beco 
orgaaieed ooMUtoof ao extreme nulxii vision uf opo'nttiona, to 
produce eadi of tbe aapante parta causing a maaltetj iu order 
that ea«k «pBt«Ucn or proc ea e bi» be in Iteelf eo rimplc, >• tlial 
it m^ be pecfcrmed br an uaakilled Lndiridual. and at (lie aame 
time mtyaSord (bat ngid aocwracy of fomi and dimenainne whieb 
are eeecndal to perftci fittings MM to tnaunt (bat anMont of pre- 
eielon which will euoble tbe parte of aeventl Binakete U> inter- 
ehange with each other. Tbe openilioue pertmued by tbe 
BeT«nl machmca are ao amagad ooMaentively, that tbe greater 
portion iif the work ta dooa, or BBtarial nmoved, by a (MeliBl* 
nary olaaa of mnehiaM, (hna leaving to tboae that follow after 
ooaipHtntivelf little ta do. laeraly to prodnoe tbat d^nM of 
exact«>eM wbieh ia abaotntely new [itial 

In the ciaitbina depaitmeal, atticlee audi aa the havoBet, the 
•evenl paru of the lode, tbe ramrod, and even tbe barrel, are 
prodnoed byaayvlen) of copy ius either by tbe forging BuicbiiM. 
by diea In the American drop bauuuer, by rolla oontaLiung |]i« 
fonn requiml iipou tboir mrnlw, oebyaonMotberBiadilieaUoboi 
tbat principle, ill wbioli Ibeforoiortliearttcledoca not depend on 
tbe operator m much aa on tbe appofatua. Wben tbrged, aoeli 
articleaiuilwbayotietandthapartaof tbe lod, peat toanannt*^ 
ing depftrtmciit, where thcv aiv pill intoovma to be aolWedi ti>ty 
then proveed onwaul* to t)ie picklios branch, where^by uieaiiaof 
add, all (Ik oside or auale la reoiovcd, ami the pure iiici.t]Iie aut^ 
flue le laU bare; by thb mraiie the cultiug iuBtniau^iiia in tbe 
Anialiing departioent are pnnerved froou the ligurv and Uaotiuir 
to whicB Ibcy would otlicrwiae be upoeal. In ttii> luAchiue or 
liniahiiig rDom (which iMuianareaaf 4U,0UO»iiuiLrD feet), when- (lie 
Bsveral parta are cut to (lie prouer diuieaaioiia, (be tool or inirtrii- 
lUttut wtiioh ia priedpally employed in tlio luAcliinea for cutting 
metal ariidea ia eoiae modiflcatiuu of the circular outtcrc, itvb- 
niodly termed " milling tools." Three milling utolt tin tnoi)«^,^ 
CTC17 rariei* aad form to pnxtnce th<- rc^uirod *liaWL, " ,a„m 
aevaralartloioi^aiidtbayarenMunledun adiuatablc t, ..' 1 l^ 
ankle to be cBt b«ing beU In a pecnUai vice ^r^iii^X^f^l^ 



THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



I 



I 
I 



adifiM Ui itwlf, utd h^ a (olf-kctin;; mnttoo pMtiog truis- 
Temelj K^iniit the revolving <«tl«r, iTlil<:b i* an amn^ tint 
«tmi th« aiwnUoii i* QDinple(«t the uiAchinc itopa ^ iudf. 
When bol«B tinvo to be ilrllled lu an lulidi!, u iti tli« luck-iibu-, 
for eskinpte, it is micIomiI Id • p«r(iKt]jr titling 8t«*l box, hnviug 
* liil provitM irltli holM aafrMpoDding with (hoM requln^; tha 
driUhis iBftcbin* ooetmu a nnaibcr of BptDdliM, «aeh carT7ing k 
drill M the [vquittxi lUc, and raooiiiff at the proper ■peoJ. TbcM 
drilla ia aucoMajiHj nre foaetd throngh tli« rvapcctire noW tu tli« 
ltd oftbe eaa*, at tli« mom tim* DMnbg (Im aoft article vhteh tt 
Mutalnai thus perfect idantit}-aiidalMolnt«itoeanu;^ are obtained; 
Mid R« ouch nucliiiic U innl for a Kn^tn onnratian naljr, that 
opemlion ia tlietebj raiidemt FXtreiiielv nmpfc, and rcquirea but 
■ amall amount afoan or tkiU in ita [wrfi^nujiQue. 

The bavoaet, fram tnA (o laet, nndergoea eeventj-eis opera- 
UOBB, eacti of whkh la definit* and nn]^ and at tlie coucltwion 
of til* iMt ooef the levcral bnyoDota are aa Ptnch alike aa tho 
diifciVBt piaeaa of raoiief from tJie Hint, and tbafprewnt a degree 
of Meaner vlikli iwuld not be equall«d, even at ibrM Itmet 
Uia ooat, Of the tools and apporatiu yibitii hare hitherto been 
enpIojM III Eni^aDd. 

To Bccare aueh a dc^pn* of preciaion in an artide whieta liaa 
to be nikde bj the Ihouaand, iovolvea an euUre)}' dilTcrmt ■yntcm 
of maatifBctiire to thnt pureued bj the mauhiciat ur thi; cugiiiMr; 
to adect a alugle illiwiTation out of fanniiiedi that uigfat be 
Bameil if time permittfld— the tbrautioo of the hole through iho 
bajronet aockot, where it fita upon the end of the tnnaket barrel. 
The Nolid iron eocket, aa it oone* from tlie pickling room, is fiml 
put into a nuUlug uacbine, where, by ni^an* of a pair uf [iiilliug 
inatminent^ It bcut at thn nnda to witliin the llftinth of au iitru 
of the proper aixe; thoo, by a lecoad machine, it la bored or 
drilled out roughly, and nearly to the correct dimeniioiia; then, 
by » third maobme, it in bored otit alill uearer aud very oiirofully 
bjr aal«tioi»i7 inatriiinorit, with the eorket revolving. It then 
prooeeda to another dnacriptinn of nia«hine, to hsvp nno nnd of 
the sookot eomplctod by n revolving tool, thon to anothrr aimilar 
nutcJiine to have the other rod aump!«ted in the lamF mimnor. 
Bx a aixth machtne the hole Is ulightly tinerod; tlieu, after a 
nnmber <^ otber openttionn have heen pcrroraiei) on ditfereut 
parta of the baronf^t, ihiii hole is again enttred by auother 
tapering too!, making tho hole within ■ thoo-inndth mrt of an 
inch of the Rniiihod Jimeimiouiii and, laatly, all«r tixe bayonet ii 
all but oorap1eti«l. thi- holt' reueiveH the ftniahiag tuuoh. By tliii 
■yatem the IioIm in thi: socket of nnch bayonet are pcrfeollj Alik->, 
•ndaatheinatriinionti which perform tlie more de1icatcps.ru of the 
proeaaa have so little work to do, they continue for moiiihi with- 
out the mtaUeit mrialivu. A sinillar timtuient is bestowed uu 
every other part of the eitnrior of the bayonet socket, on it* 
neok, on tbe blado and locking ring, alio ou errry other metal 
part of the moaket, but which tudescribe miuiitely atthcproacnt 
tiioe would oooupy too much apaoei yet <uch ia the preciaion of 
thia ayatem OH tne sevemi jiarti, that wlien o'^mplelwl wiih a 
■Dial) amount of band finish and polishing, the aeveml part^ 
interchange, and ni.\y be lelDCted at random from a honp, to b« 
put togetlwr. 

The gon atock ia au article which, from the irreealarity of ita 
farm, and the extreme >l'>gr<>e of einctneiw reouiied In tlioee 
parta where It has to rtiwivn the lock, the linrrnf, and its other 
oampouenla, » obviouily a most diflieolt thing Ui produce by 
BUWninary; this, however, ban beou doue to the utniont degree of 
perfection. In ita m»uufaetiire the etix'k liax lu iiaBii ihrouKh 
■ome twenty opeiAtio OS, all of which arr on the copying priui'iple, 
Imring only the polishing proecu to be pcrfi>rme(] by haDil 
labour, tho nttiiiK of tiie look, trigger guard, barrel, and all otiior 
■lee parts being nucb un could only be (iquallwl by the moat ciiro- 
All workmen, uo hand duishing being mqiiir«d, while the time 
occupied in perfonning Uie aaveral operations in under balf-au- 
bour, which mclude* the fixing and unSxing of the gun stock in 
the aeveral maebinea. 

The aame syalem ia purauetl in the manufacture of the gnn- 
banela, and oif all tbe other part* of the musket, bat which, fur 
want of time, ennnot bo dtaenbod at pruumt. 

The amall-ams ntanuhotorr ia now all but completed, and 

tbe ^lecfineBtof itapcoduoe, whiehhaveboennelectedat random, 

- iar« laid on the table for eiamioatlon. In an economio pc>int of 

'*^ — thi* uUbliahment will well reiiay the outlay whiuh h^ui 

(«. ^ 'mi in Ite erection, but it will bo found of still sreater 

)■] \nd T«lna aa an agent that will alford a higher 

■ncy and re6Bemont, that will aecurc that 



I 



1 



miuiit« dflffree of preciawo by wlikh the aevenJ parte of ma 
nisy iuter^ange; auil if the mllitarv gumnakera of bigland . 
Winn in tlipir gcnemtlon, they will not deepiee thia inrateai I 
uuuiu&ctiirc, but, on the oontror^, will adopt it, fur it will M«qi 
for them it high rantago ground lucuiujHiliug with tillivr partal 
the world. Nor ar« the pecnlinr advastageaof thia svstum i 
fined to that branch Mt trade sJonc, it i* capable oi ex 
application in other manufactui-e*; aud the Americiui 
which ha* bona iotroduoed into EugWd by the War l>e, 
i« so tiosuiiar aud different Lo that usuidly made iu tbiit 
that it pteoeuta a rich mine vf mi'cbanleal aotioua, W' 
being atudled by our luacbine makei^. The gun-ato«k 
•apedally, is a podtive addition to the mocbanial 
the nation. 

An attentive ex-iminatiou will bear out this statement, anj 
will show that our tritiulantic eompetitAru am not behind oa in 
the raoe of uiacbiuO'UiaUug; that tlmy show un ori^aality aad 
a comiuon-aense in many of their armngemenu whv<n ate 
not to be dcapiacd, but, ou tbe iwolrarT, are either tu be oo|de4 
or improvni upon; and, knowinuall the circumstauoee, i cob- 
aider thtit the guvifnimeut of tlua conntry are juetly entitlrd 
to A larpp nhftro of oi'i.'dit Pt the dotorminod ponuvtennec with 
which they have oarrinl out this great, hut uspopuUr, under- 
taking, which, I am sure, will be fully appreiiialed by the natsM^ 
wlien ita numerous advautagta an properly uuderatood. 

Ammanilian Store*. 

]>uring the latter port of the EWi-rh war couaidenUe 
wAH infuovd iuto ttie uouatructiou of laboratory Hrlictea, but 
uietliud uf pi-uJuciug tb«n continiioil, witli little alteratuo, 
until within ihc l.'uit few yean. After this lapie of time it ia 
difficult to accoimt for indifference lo nueli an impoi taiil particular, 
seeing that the numerous Luveutloaa uf Sir Sauiuel Ueulham aM 
uthers, which would have been *o niivii^nhln, were well knoint 
aud utiide avait.ible in other departments of thesnrvioe. 

Jktween the years )^i4()and 1^3 a few muchinua wcr« in: 
ducod into the raanufactuw of porcuasioo ciipB, spherical bi 
and metal fuses; but, upon the whulo, thwre waa comjiantl' 
little done to improvt) the systctii of production 

In lb23 thegovemuieiil dcti^rmined to ci'ect suitable 
or workshops which ahoiild ombntvethe leading priucijilea 
boat couductod manuloctoricH, in which the raw material 
enter at one aide, and, by n gnuiiial advance, arrive at tl: 
houtie ou the opposite side a finished article, and the macl 
aa £ir AS possible, should bo solf-ncting. The iustroctiona 
were then given have been fully carried out, aud to n 
grenU^r exteut than al that time waa HUticipatiid. 

Of the more important »pplii«Ltiun8 of machinery to RUni 
ture this numertiusclnss of ailiclcs, may be ODnmoratcd 
proilucing the ammunition for small anus, shells, fuiee, 
rockctA. 

The adopLi«i of the Mini* rifle having created a decDftad tar 
the etuiigated bullet in large numbers, and '>t ritremo acca: 
in Wright and dimensions, Ui iiinct these reijuirementa a plant 
ap|>ar»tns has bci^n provided, cii|iuble uf producing ^00 ~ 
per miuolo, or more than a cjuiirlor of a milliuu daily, 
nuuiufaoture the lead in lirst put iuto a cyliuder, frum whi 
squirted iuto a loni; rml b^ UKuinsof tiydmnlic pn<«sure; thel 
rod in then wounu upon tn:>n reels, which arc irannrprrrd to 
mariiini^ry for compreadng the bullet. The bullet luaahF"'* 
entirely snlf-actin{t and unwind tlie lead rod fiom the 
they require it, first cutting off the required quantity, then 
preaslug it Into form, and then delivering tho buUot ready f 
the cartriilge. 

For fAch cartridge a conitol wooden plug, of peculiar forrn t&d 
exact dimeuaiouit, is required. These plugs are made by meuu 
of aelf-a<.*tmg machinery, for whii-li the wood is lirat cut up Into 
long square rods by means of circular aaws; one end of the rod 
is put into the iron hands of tho maobiue from the extremity of 
which tho plug is fushioned by a revulviug cutter and then DUl 
off by auuther iimtrumeut, aud so on uutd the rod !s used up^ 
a boy being sufficient to attend upon several niachinca: the pro-^ 
dijoe iaequsl to a quarter of a million daily. 

Hitliiirto small-arm cartridges have beeu made Up with 
pinuos of pn|jcr that wore roIleJ iutt) the proper form, to hold 
Lullet, plug, aud powder, an arrangement which has been foi _ _ 
liable lu suuie important objections. A few year* itga, a metliod 
of making snanilesa sugar bags direct from the pulp, and witimit 
tho intermediate stage cf abeet paper having bean inronted, na 



tU^ 





•ed up^ 
;he prft-^i 

hoidt^H 

metlu)d~ 



M 



TBS CIVIL EUGlHEESt ^A^HD ABCmtBCTS JOUENAU 



RrywUwdtbt nmri u fta tpHllCiUUt? for ouIvUm 
h hkTlag apptand, atur cutnl aniniiKtton, to oAbf 

■tnoftli with ■ jiivca quantity of i»Mr,eaatioiiir, amlBliU Uon 
Ib MMnl to Mouiw^ of diiuBaloa^ UMi BfiMni (uM, aceordliiglj, 
boan inUMiusaiL 

la Iba BaaafiKtim at utidea, «ich mm oartriilgaB for anall- 
anu«t whicUan ra^uireil by thohaftilmt thiuaacd, k icrj trifling 
■>Mitinii»l DpcraUoD liAvioD h> be {wrTiiniini during iImui pivdao- 
lioe, vill nutcrinlly alfcct tbe qnoMioK et ttmaomy, and will 
baqocaOjr dMMtaiu for or a^ati Ita appllcatioti: it h, tbara- 
tbrt, «t MMDtMl ImpoitaiMa id BiaiiMlwtwriiig tbaaa ■nail 
ataoikaaliagi, that ikayabovMnnderyoBoaBiMeMHafyhandlUif, 
«r awti hava to be ■ubjwted to tfaaopcntiaa of pMUog pravioiiB 
to Um inirodaetion of ilia batiM and fCHupowder, aaelag that if 
ikaj an eraahocl or aveu <t«B|iUd, tba pnMCM of Ofiwtiiig, in 
oratr to raodva tha bolUt and powder, would hnva to ba gona 
ifctMigb, tlina iurolTing an aspcMtitnn of timo and trouble 
mma\j oqul (o the nine of tlie nateiial. Under tlieae aircon- 
MaaoM tbo {orcfanuBt detamiiMd to eraot a Miaiinfautory on 
pnrpoan Uiii eauMielinwH ■l e iiiwily eonlaiiia tlia ordlnarjr 
■aoUnerT of tlia paptr nalur tot tba ndoMion of the la^ into 
n|]p, awl aJao. id additioo. tha apMial npiianitaia raqnired fur 
tfcb pMulior manufoctarc^ but witttovt ilia aheM fN^ier-niakuig 
mai'tiintfj of ike itrdinarr pa|H?r-milL 

Tha apecial apMmtiia rviiuinxl for tlia amaU^ma aMinlaM 
flUtrUga-hi^ aonalata cf a BOMbw of amaU ptrforatal laoulda, of 
lire aana Ibnn aa thaoartridga-hw. whklvMv cliiirtt-iT<t to^^Uier 
oa tha «'nd of a flexible pi))o, iu wbich a vacntm U kvpt op by 
of an air pump. Eai'li hii^r in Uila grovp of tuoulili is 
with a wor » t«d slip oor«r, or ntttao, and tbo wliolo 
alaat«r ia tlw« dipfioil iat» a olatom couUining the liquid pulp, 
vhieb in as loataut u dfawn upon tiieni thrDuglt tbe agoMjr of 
Uie bHoTMl Tacumu, oombinecl wiili ihe astMBaTptwauTC of tlie 
a unoayhara. TIm woraiad mitwii-s with tliair p^par wnring, 
an tbeo plaoed oa ilriavanf tlt««xact tliiiicnaioaia, tliMare baaiad 
br auaai. tha whole opantMB of fonniag and dryin( ooaiipTinK 
about a ()oart*r of an lionr. 

Th« aaai* prindph of nuuiiifiwture ia alao applUable for varioua 
otliar parpnaea, to aoiiM of wbteb it haa Ixiea alioailr npi>li«l, sjid 
it will Im fully lakoa adrwUage uf iu diM tlma. Wb«u tlia addi- 
tional apparatoi thai ia now b«iuK coimtf uolad ia ooaplMed, it 
will raqaJradailf fiUOaiBHaiiilioD banwb to oontaio tfeeprodnao. 
lb maal tliiA reauiranMnt, a oomplela plnnl of ■Mchiner^ n now 
Idw BTOviiM tir Ibr barrd BaaaCuUkrc 

UadlunerYlinayallobedOTlaadderthalnawtiaa ofllia|wwder 
and the bnlM, ai alao to parfom tbe opmtioo of twitUog and 
balcohM tlia noiilh of tha aramliai \»%. Aa tkoM prooeaMa are 
bnth iIfIioiU Bod liuariloiu, the oontriviufi iif a mBcaiue for tbie 
Mqwoo i* Intter fitted ftir tlie laianra uf pttoca thaa for tbe 
brmdi bnatta of the bat few jaara, 

ShtlU. 

riawiiu to aaathar olaaa of aiipantna, that for the prednetlon 
(f (hella uHi fuM^ a Mbjact wlueh baa oocopiad a lai^ abare of 
•ttvBiion. 

Ib \tiA\, the danjuid for the ordiuary oaat-tron alielle having 
Ijeen eitraaidy argeot. tiiany of llu iiitireolittiblafouodriMof tha 
IdBgdom an«u<d in their Diaiiiifwuirei utill from niUBaroiiii 
dUknltio which u* alBoat inrarinbly ezperioucad \n a nav 
nabvr in producing ahalb of the tiM^iiired exaetneae, thiere wna 
oMHiiarable dalay and noeh diwippoiutiiieat esperienoed, both 
\>j ihe gorrmiMBt aad tbe aootnutont. 

Bafoew ihalU ew be made eoouowkalljr and MtiiCwtorily, It ia 
firranr;" to beoDme atf|ii^Btod with a norahor of lainulc pointa 
of dalall, tbe kuowladge of whioh i* ewtmlia] to eoaiire ihu rigid 
fMeUoa of forw, diaanaona, anherioity, oonoeuli^oicy of tlie 
atn, and prrfeot aoandnaw of tlia Mating; <iuallAcBtiana whkb 
•r* imwraUvely denuiaded. In ibia cstnmi^ it waa ooBMdwwl 
adrlaaUr lo en<t a model foundry, for the pvrpeae of aaiAing 
Mw onalnetnn with tbo roqnitite infonantion. and alao with the 
inlaotion of doviaing a more nwiuiMA and. If puWbl^ a more 
aaaaonriokl xyXoin o{ miuiafitctura, di« method oommouly em- 
|)oyed having b«ra ouiiaklamJ itrf d«fi«tj*a. A no* foundry 
a«a boilL aoconliiigiy. fuid ftiroiibed with a aet of ap^mtiM, 
nWch more than naliaod all tb*t bad been anticipated; iiideed, 
•0 imnonAnt did tha nndt apfiear, both in rvgard lt> aoeonuy 
aad the e«oeia«ay of prodaotlott, thai a atiU hmcer foundry waa 
dMemitiad npoo, then briag l&iln«iiae alorw of old iron, gSM, 



«» 



I 

• 



andothardaMlnM Hailable far tha fWpaH of bAg omI lato 
abella. Sach a fotmdfT ha» been araetod oaeaUa of ddivtcns 
90O toaa of abot and ihtlb daily, if each ahonld av«r be raqsini 
Ilia proTidcd with M*bor*e power to work the nuKhiaery, Slain 
oapoMt and vtaj bsility for oan7ing on tbe ihot and ahall 
BBUu&oIwa aeoMBitatlly. Iha fuel and iron paa in al ona 
aide of tha ertabliahment; tbe Bioolda are eMivajwl hy tailwi^ 
ftan the iBouldiDg arm to the liciiiity of tho cupolaa for Uw 
raorptiOB of Iba liqoid luatal. than, without hariiw bean lenOTed 
fron Iba nrriagc^ ihey at« oonreycd odwuxIb tu tLe braaUng np 
and alaaning departnMni; Um ahoUt nre put into tha rlMwIiig 
naehiMt aad tha aouldfaig bone witli t]»e eon afiindlea uaJ a i g o 
a rigid aaaminalion before belDC retamed to tha mrndding ana. 
Tlia aand ako haa to be brofean up, reaiiRd, aad atfted hv 
aianhiiMf7 before it ia retnnted lo the nioukleca. The ebella toU 
ou to tb« busliiog maefaiato, mAm whkili, bv thair own grarliy, 
they will rvU akiag a antlaUa rail acrcaa tna Arwail, ont Into 
tha river by nieaua of a loag t«b«^ aad into tbe hold of a vaaaal 
for traneponatian. 

The chief peealiarity in tht* foundry ia tbe taooUiiiK npparaiaii 
whioli ia aiMJi, that acouraia ebelli are produeed with iinahHlaH 
laboor afW a few faonra' tralnlngi Ita laadiag feaior* coubMb of 
Ml arni^mntit by which the pattera ia dntwn throuj-h the irco 
pUto upon whioh the mooLd ia fonn«d, (hua preKTriog tlia 
Ha^tlle ed^ of the naoU from bactare on ili« witbJntwal of the 
Iiatlcm, Baah Inadiiao haa two aela of a))iuualnB, eorreapoodiag 
with Iba two halrea of tha nouldi bat ilia two balvea bum no 
ooaaeetion nattl the^. along with tbe eora, an aaNiablad on tbe 
oarriaice for the eaatuig procMat. 

Tbe whole of the inouEding and oorc apparatua, together with 
tlie Utimi, have be«u mnJe with aa luucfa ■ctnintO}- aa can be 
obtaiiieil in tlie preaeiit utatv of tlir nria, by the proc w aea of 
luming, plfiniug, ami ecniiiiiig; and il ie invarulily found, that 
wiih Curreet apjiamUia, tho diaucca of fnilarc are noticed lo a 
tiiinlmum. To pirfonu the operatioui uf drilling, acrewing, and 
bii»biti); ahclli), fur the receullou of the fus^ a large plant of 
Dainp'>iiit(l ilriltliig and «cniwlng mnebtne* has been provided. In 
one day of Ivcdty'fuur lioun, dnriBg tlia Lttc vat, upwanl' of 
tO,400alitllapii»nl tlirangli ihia iiiftchin*Ty,Artat whicli probably 
onuM not have been aooomplished in any other wotkiliop iu iIm 
world. 

Pron the oompleteoeia of the arrangemeiil, tbeta abella only 
twiujre to be lifted onor, after whieli uiey roll oawarde till eout- 
jileloil; thia economical ayatetn of roIliDg haa beco intiodoood 
(luriii]( the war, and hail proved of eaeestial tervicc to tho 
dewLTtineDt. 

Towardi the doat of 1854, nn nrgeat denaiid wna nude tna 
the Crimea (or wrought-inn ehcna, au arii..'l« of nepuliar ehaiM. 
not nnliko an iminiUijM dianiiMigBo botilc, wlticfi it was fiHiutl 
iai|)o<cible to get by contract in aulSoiuot (iuiu and uiuuittly lo 
uicet tlie deniaud. In ihb eoiergency, a nictotr cnpaUe of pro- 
ducing 100 of itiww Rhnlle dally wna eroetfdi It covera 30^000 
■quare fcot, contnins 4 tleaai-eogino*, 7 eteau-haaiiurTe, and 
npworda of 40 machinet of varioua doacriptioa^ many of then 
urigiii.ll auJ *|H.>ciiUly adapted to tliia nianubotiir*; aa>) this 
e»UblLih[u«ui wna ia opemtion within two nHntfaa fiom the dalo 
of ordM-, and ihui, too, during tbe Mvcre winter of 18&4-2, ntact 
which la worthy <•( bring iwcunlcd. 

Tbeac alictli are made uut of n •iDsto plnle or alab of troti Into 
au arliuts rceemblins n boiiltf in fonn, with eii or aenii 
hentings; a faaaaHimbw example uf what weH- o i g aa l aed anaagr- 
monte will aoeumplleb. Twi> of thu innchiixre that arc omployol 
in thia mnnuAietore may, ftvin their uoralty, Lo irrerrttl to. 
Tbe ■hvlla, hnvin^ to be of one aoifcem weight, are lumol ia 
A luthu, both iiuiide and exteetullv. Tli* btha^piixUe. liow- 
ov«r, ia a hollow trunk, whioh bolaa a fhaU at botli ende, and 
oach ahdl ia aetad npun by a dean or von cuuing-tooU 
aiamltaueoaRly on lM>th niita, and in oppnaite direoliooii Uiuh 
(he whole anpaiMua la thrown iolo a eundilion of ei|Uilibrinni, 
and riiltered of tbe innrdiule amount of friotioa which vrould 
oihunnw eiuil,aud the i'nar roiiiiml iarodooed l:i proporlion. 
Tbe otliar loacliine that haa bo«u raferred lo la for eunverting 
tha rod hot cyliiulTKal nuM into the fam of a bottle, whiub it 
doM in Imu Uuui live luiunte*. TV> have perfonaed liiii oiirn^- 
(ion by tho otdinary uMauia of 111* emillwry would havo 
IbtoIvihI manv eiu* btaling* «f tbe artida. would haw 

Kwtly Injitivd tho material, and, at tbe aama Uaie, wuidd 
ro Deaa rt-ry espenaiva. By thia ooutrivaDOe tbe todhot 
maaa b pat into the giant graap of a laoat puwrrfnl apparMua^ 



k 



t^ 



TUE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCHXTECTS JOUBNAU 



uid ■ Ktod apoa in oil ^netiaaa bf an intenM poMDMiv* 
fora, tiiiw iMving tb* arthOa no aiUnmitn but to dung* 
iuta Um raanircfl >lup*>, uid wttboat as/ oranpliiig of tM 

idM ■> nuglll be iMUectAi. 

ADolhtr brud) u( ibe tbell dcptutiacnt ii the munbeMn 
of ttw woodM ubotiv vl^tnli hM beau wall d«TClo|Md. In thU 
pkat of ■uufciMTT, tht wb«*U of Uw caUlBg-bUtninMiU u* 
monintad on « «oinbiiMtioo of •UdoraiUu whl& anallMtiMUd 
bj on* nwTMMOt in tlicir wrcnl (linetiona, vtxtii htoagjUt into 
ooDUct wjih m flxed uo]\ Tbe adjtutiiix of this Mop datarafaiM 
the Mivml iliiaoiuioiia of Um anicle, whik tbe ehapc k de- 
MOideal on tlu poMtiim of tlie bfol-bulder*. TbcM tlitngt wen 
furacrij made bj tbe ordinu7 twlaof th« wood-tuner, in tbe 
Bflnnl iMnBwr: bnt, with (hit aMMnnM, bo;! or onduUed meii 
■» qiuM eafflieient, and the nUtava tutce of p«wlm!tiait an 
tnnrmBi< hma7 to sa 

Tbe beiBiBfiberi<«l interior of tbe eatrnt, wli«i« It bat to fit 
ilia aheU, ae ««t out in an eqaally nsuiy manuer. The gou^ 
or cuttii^ tool, le fixed on a moveable contrc, with tha ratting 
ed^ Mt at the nro|i*r tadlM^ iban, b^ ^ring a forward move- 
meot with the left hand, and a iweep to tbe toal-holdor with 
the rizbt bimd, tha tnu Mr&ea b proano*d Ln a few accoudu, the 
axaot depth being dotenained hj an a«(jtii>t«d et<>p. 

A varjr perfect and eitonairp plant of ninchuier7 haa been 
BToridad lor tU* nannfaoture of the diScreot aorta of ■hell 
itiaa^ both wood and metal, apable of prodimns 8000 daily, 
which, for aonuacy and eoonomj, it will be foun^ diffioiilt to 
excel, and in repiiJ to prodaction, i( ia fiilly equal to the wanta 
of anj tmttftacj; hot to enter into detail w^d require more 
apaoe than h at pneeot diapoiablc. 

War Rodent. 

The mannfiuture of war rocketa b a subject vhicb haa 
occupifd a lam ahai* of aibeiiti-;.ii. and tha gnatar portion (f 
a plant of maohlBaiT haa buen Gr«<^t(?J, wbioh will, when oom- 
pleted, pfodnea 600 dallf. T\\« wrought-iroa tubca will be 
made bj the lap-walding yraram*, than cut to the proper 
laagthi^ bored, twDed, and ilriliail \rf apvciidl; adaptad aelf* 
aeong inaflhlwMy. Uirliprto wu- mekeU have been fillad with 
the wBpoaidoB bf hand, and drivon by mean* of a fidling 
wei^t worked \»j a nunbrr of men. Thia ^atetn ii now bang 
abandoned, and hydraulic preeaura aubstituled. Aa (hia in a 
dangerona operation, the now vorluaranmoradfraiBtha violaEty 
of Uw other manufiutorin to a pieoe of ground oonaialing of 
about 1 14 aerea^ wfakb baa bmn eneloaed from the manbea, and 
BOW Ionia a part of the KuynX Arsenal. On thia piece of ground 
a M^un-eeijnna, with the r«qui«it« bydranlic ni.'Uihiuery haa bent 
(nolad. Ae wator.pf«aiDM ia oon*«;od ttirough r>ipoatotha 
aevard preaa honaea, which are eepantted from each other by 
otpong travecaeii whkih in the event of acddeot, may nrevBOt 
ooraBanication; lnde«d, everything which may be oanaldered aa 
oondndve to aafety, haa born dona mpddleM of aspenae. 

Uadiiucry on an extooaiva aoale haa been applied to the 
aamhetura of petvaMlon <Mpt, (riotian tubea, and to every 
daaoriptlon of thia «laaa of war atorea, and aUo to an rxienuve 
range of artidea, whieli an mode of aliMt-ooppar or tin-plate; 
moat of tbcaa aoaebiM* havw been brought from America, and are 
welt worthy ofrst^nBive appltcaUon in tha general tin ware 
jaaBObotnrva of tlio oountry. 

Qum* and G«n C»TTia$tt. 

SPaanng to another claaa of aitlclea — to the manubciun of 
.na and gun carriagta, it will ba found, to My the leaat, that 
e toala and Bianhuetj in tbe eBtahlisbmenta of tbe War 
Depanmant an not behind any priTala nuumCMtunn, either 
in ra^trd to aAdanoy or aa aeonomlc ayateai of production. 

About tha year 1780, tmriug mltti^ to be worked by horaeo, 
nana to England ftim tha Hi^j tbsM warn bt ana ttll lint, 
and altbonn elumayi ware provided wiUi Taritable alidc-nsta, 
and la ifatlr A^ uoM have t>Mn conadand fine apecimcua of 
(Bgisatrlag. Banram IMXaod ISAI a ooniplata plant «f maohi- 
iwy TTiaiiitiniliinidftiilhaiiiaiiiifiiiliiiaiifbiiaaniiitimiiWt whliih, 
altbongh OB a bmilad aoal^ waa (ally cqaal to aBjtbln^ vhi(& 
haa aluoe been aoeotnplnbei^ and ia aU tha mora intefaaliag (ran 



L 



the oirniiinatanea that hatn the conne of improronent may be 
aaid to haTo oonmeaoad. In 18M tha demand fur bnuu f^m 
wu ao gnat that a ooMtdarabla antCBdea bad to he mads to tlia 
plant, in order to niia tbs prodaetfadi to twain gone par weak; 
and many impronnania ban baaa ia tw d m n d , mora upadally 
in tbe tailing dajMrtvanL BiMa gua bad faitberto beta 



noolded on a loam modal, raqnlilng naawnl for aacb < 
ayatem which ia aUIl aOBpmrad St neat of tbe 
Ibnndriea: thia, bowrvor, baa wen abankmed, and a ayat^ i 
melal ualtema with buuI niouldi in iron boxaa baa boao i 
tul«d, by iDMnaof which mon aoMu-at« oaaUngaaneb(nfa>ad, i 
at a icea coat. Eiten»ive additiona have aUo been made in 
«r«otioa of additional machiuoy for the boring and finia 
brnaolMa. and alao for praludDft tbe aeranl nonntiDga reii n 
both for tmna and iron ordnnuce for tha tnoj and aavy. In i 
quantity likely to be reqaired during a period of war. 

From the gnat lUlun uf the iron mortara at Swoahotg , and tha 
great difficukv oxlMirinnnxlinobUaaiBgironof thepniperqii 
and ■tn'DKtli of metal, witbont prevwua pnpamtioai on the { 
of oonlnutonL tha Uovenunont detanninad to anot a fo 
and boring mill eapabia of ivodndng five heavy inn gun* dally 
In thl* aetahllehraeRt the grvat aim will ba to eaonra ucAal of I 
■trongral quality. An oitf naive oiurae of prtfiaratory ezpori* 
uiBDta ii now f^ing on with lodiou, Swedialu and Nova Sootia., 
Irana; aa alao with tho bnt of lli« Britiah btaada and 
««v«nl miituna; tliaae iitXn are both ebemical and pbymcal, i 
from tliaiu importaut and uMfiil rwaiu tat likely to bo dartvod \ 

In tbi> nuuiuEHcUiry of iron jfuna, oveo^ detiul ooodnctra I 
economy baa alao bean attended to. In tbe fonndty there are II] 
wrouoht-iroa ooating ptu, from IS to 90 feet la depth, tfi boriu-l 
maohuiea aultable for tha heavieot doacripllon of orduanre, witS 
the other madilnery and lifting oanaa of a cormiiiondtD 
character; altogethvr thia will be ooa of tbe finaot entaUii 
in the War IVsparttncnt, and (idly commenanraW with lb* | 
requinnieata of tbe eervioe. 

Ills vanalholim of gun oarriagaa had bean in advano* of lb* 
otbar departnien ta in the empbymMit of laboar«a*ing niai liliiMf i 
for working wooil. Daring tha latter part of the neneh wnqm 
the iBTentiotiB of Brunei, Maiidalar, and Bramah, wara 
availa;bla to a limited axuint, oou^atlag ohially of amring, ] 
and ndiar macbiaei, but itill tbe graatar part of tbe ' 
done by hand latmor. 

Within the laat fow yr«n all the improrementa of moder^J 
nia^hiuery have been apnlied; upwurda of 300 lahowMvins 
uudtinea'bave beau brought iulu operatiuo: bcaidea aanie twen^ 
Btaaw engines. In aucb an extenaive ooUeotion, while man 
the macfaloM aia oumiooa, than an a number which ban I 
bronzht from America and Praaoi^ that ccinuin many no* 
worthy of tha aticntioa of primta manubclurcni; but wbieh, j 
a abort paper, cannot even be named. Of tbu more iupoetiurt^ 
worka may ba onunamlad a now *aw-mill, witli VU-lioraa powinv 
containing all tbe lataet impraveoieuta in MWing niacfainary; tba 
anw frame* am larK* enough to admit a leg of timber .t fcctj 
■qoai'ei the mill oontaiua a drculor eaw fit} iuclies in diainctcr. 
which la arraugMl to ■qoara the eoda of the toga in tha aarecal 
fnunm, and to out In a ttauavataa line from oiia aide of tba mlU 
to the othor, tha law bdng nwnabla, and tha ural«r ■tatlonary; 
it ia alao pravidad with appaiattw worked by the pr'Wcr, for 
drawing the haavy baulka of Umber aud dnlivt-ring th«m on tbn^ 
trucks Mtwmn the aaw fhuuaii. AJjuiuiiig thetaw millaa I 
timber fidd haa been laid oat, whidi la provided with a i 
of nilwayn, on which an a number of owrhoad ttavdling i 
arranged to tnverae the whole field, and to pile up tbe Mulka i 

timbM in the best puation for acnamiing. 

Until reamtty tbv wIimiU of guu and other carriagea 
made entirely by hand labour; they art now wholly wMla \n ft 
■yitem of copying nuii-.hiiinry, which haa been vei-y Piiimiailiil 
and i> worth examining by private maoufaclurcra wbo mar alUl 
make their oarnatjc wiuwla by baud. The wheel niaking ia 
carried ou in a room 100 feet aqnare, ooverad wilb tbe ww i 
arrangomoot, wbidi admita mily of a nortbam light; it ia ) 
vided with parallel linea of nhafting at every twenty feet. Amoof^ 
the more intemUng macbine* may bo nainfld the eodie 
law, which ia extenaivdy naad in tbe M'ar DHpaituaot for i 
1"ir|K>«ea; lien) It ia Uded for outliug out aeguinnt* and a« 
de*uription of intricate aawing, which it don iu a style aa rMr 
both apaed and qnaliQr, anperior to any other. Eodkat nt 
knirea on the same prindple, are being employed in ootling i 
tha doUi in the flannel bag oartridga niauufoetura. Tha wk . 
felloes an turned in a lathe in whioh tbe fitrm of the (Orwrr i 
nude in tl>ft cuUiDg tod; thia tod bring held in a dide reat in 
pualiad against tha nrolvii^ felloe, which ia cumpleted ia a fcw 
ininutea Tb« nave ia turned in a latlit^ in which tlia outtf — ' 
tool la guided in tlw required irregular line, imspeoliva of 
worknaan, a copy or ptolile of the nave bdng attadiad to Ibn 



TOE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHTTBCrS JOURNAL. 



65 



■lUa FMt. Til* aorHebg of Um htiom uad uvm for the 
NMptioD of tba apokM, !■ Um doM bj njuhiuM^. The tpidu* 
■n «ttt to tiM propw ibapt bjr Mlf-utiag oojo^ UUim, in 
whi«h wn Uva palUm of tlia raqnlnd mm ia pboadt and !• 
MMintatj iMMd lir die kMMimUu, vUehW m iiianb Um( k 
Ubeonr «u bUmJ npoB uirM nacliiBa. Wli«ii tbe acvcnl 
tt tbe wli*ela an ftawpUnd, thejr we Uiiil in poaitioo 
1 ft dfde (tf lis hvdnuul« prank all poahisg Mwanb > 
"I «eatr«, br vbieb tk^ ata imldtljr, Mtonlj, ukI finslr 
llila imnnfart ory Hmt owUioa an AaericMi 
Bg ttacUna. tb« Ant «f tLe kind ia Euitluiil, wbidi 
m^alrai to b« inawB to Um cabinet tmlc to innur* iu 
d utrodaetioa: aaotliar '"■Ai*^ icrmnl tfaa Americui 
BOnlduig m a« h iBe^ hai abo baaa oni*r«d by the Wu 
UttMUt b«t It Ikat not j«l arri*«di tbit will aJm Ions a 
nnsUkry to tlw TnWitW-i—kiin ti^l* of this ctnuxirj. 
Mpacialljr in tba aoaavbebu* of tkaira; it ia alao n«^ 
lany ofber <l«aaipiii>na of ImgnUr ojf^iag In tbe CuUed 
[StntciL 

A pwoliar batur* [a tiiaapplkatiouariiMdilBrrjr in lb« War 
Dtpartaant it, ilia fnqiMQt aad ■aoetMfiil attaanpt to eoam- 
gU» a oombar of UiatriiiiMOU loptlwr, m aaeb a manner Uiat 
Ibar Baj act an an articU, or a •«)«■ ottunUm, (iiBnllanMuttjr. 
lb n d ect two auuiplea— oaa nacklno la aountad with Iwannr 
or men dmnlar Mwa, on diffetwnt ■■hwUm, borisgnlal, vartiea^ 
and at variau* aaglat, •» amand that a r—r^ tbrongb tlia 
wUrttng group will prodiiM the reqair«d ahape or fi>nD; a 
Mtmbar otpiMM oT limUr arc lli«d ta a moviug tabk, aikj ona 
after anoUier pan through tbe aaw^ and ara uMaiitl/ tnna- 
btnad Into ahapi Afui^ Uura ar» tnaeluDni in wliiob aoua 
iwia^ or BMta drilla an anangad in the imiw maimer, aud 
plaeM ao aa to drill ntiwwdi^ Ia a«ilrr to get rid of (ha cUpa; 
thia prinoipte at ojwratiaa ia asUiMl'alr Mad for hard-woud 
■Mctidng pariMMea ia variooa wajn^ and ia nrjr axpadttioiMi 

Ocdin*rfl7, tba aaMl and glaM pnuarinc of wood-WDrk, ovao 
in large nanofactortee^ ia parforawd by the hauil; in the Vfor 
Dapartanant tha glaw ia mooBtad en drvna, abuut four f«ii in 
dianuter, which are drivoa at a bl^b apaedi hj tlii« arrauf^iuFot 
the wotfc i* parformad mora n^Mdlv, and yet witli «uiltciunt 
bIm^ tortbadaaaof articlaaio whidiU iaitppliod. 

An axtaailTt luaoufluuua of woodfti boxoi ami packing-caata 
la OBfriad on, lu wbieh tbe wliole of the praiMiBta«7 work of 
■awtMg, plutiiA mortleiog, drlllitiK, auJ dciimtlliig, la pcrfonned 
b]ri|Mdal maoiioor^, laaTitig onlv Uie putttog MMUar tu be 
dMW bf basd. Dunng the war, tharo w«n opwaru of a thou- 
■aad ea ihaaa boxea nado duly, whi<^ involvad ooMddarabla 
•xpuditwa of kbotir in tlia mare couvejanoe at the malMial to 
aail Item the laaehUiary. and onward* to tbe (aotral depot, where 
til* parla are aaatmbM A aavlog of bboiir ba* beeu afKretad 
by an amamokant of eodleai boriaoutal banda. Ttta priaolpal 
band axlania alon^ the aide of die building that oaolaiu th* 
iiiaiihiBwy, and ia id ooeutaut motion low&iOi the depot: within 
tlia baiUtug and fna each maehina ia plaoad a aeriM of ainilar, 
hfltahOTter, baodi, all wofMng at right aaglae to Uia foraiar. 
At «Mb plaiee of wuud ia <xuapletcd at nof nuehinet it ia ikniwa 
Bpen tba traurvetae baud br Uh worlcniiui, and br it ia dcliv«««d 
ttpoo iha long band which oonrcya it to th« ilepM, when tbe 
parla an ea p a r ated ioio bto«^ roady for tbe woriiBMB who put 
the peMca to^tthrr into boxeei 

Tba <[tuuitily uf thia ebwa of articlea that ie nquiiwl ia enor- 
nuoa lAat]rttr they nambarad 387,171. Uf heavy uDrtar-beda, 
gun-earriagaa of digwaat dugripttona, with tli« li'iabfra for the 
travaUing-cairiagea, and liafMeUut plalfortnr, ilie latvr iiniubar 
of 3715 wan praicliMad, nod tbe toial anutlMr ofoomplato 
»rlidaa whllb ptated thro<^ thedoMrtanintaniouulad lo M^13). 
Thalr coupanant pari* would uamtwr miuiy mitlioiua. 

Amuridmbl* amount of for««J wruui;lit'imn workiaeinplayad 
in the eoaatnotioB of gun carrtaga«v and trom the ctrouioetanM 
that nany of the artictn at* raqnired of tha Muoe aliape, an 
oppartnnlV baa bean aOorded of prodaoing many of thom by 
n«MDi of ataam hkmman and other niMbiMi^ which, wore a fcwer 
avmbar mqirind, would bafa lo be mad* tf the banuner and band 
oftbabiaetamitb. An eilaaaiva vaitotj of audi artldea ia nado 
iB dl«a nadar the atean hanuMr; tbepiMtof iron Itflrvtroagbly 
b«Bt into tha ittft, then made welding hot aud put between the 
dla«; a «Bgl* blow aqiiaabaa it Into emy cranca, and the fin 
I the middla wbare tha dice fain, ia ajVcnrunlB cvt 



vhicJi ia 1% in I 

otfiy baingpnahadUupnghiaothardleby'i 



lOf a punching 



Ai . _ . 

baa bean foond axeeadlngly naf ul la alnnKng the 
ab4alnlng pacnllar forma of Iron bar that are not to be hnd In the 
Bvket, and alao to work up tb* vhule uf the aorap Iron ef tit* 
dapanmante. An intenating featnra in thia rollbg mill \m m 
nMttMdafaaUngkngabA luga, cratMoaMaof bar iron, -lor 
IndMa la brandtb, and tnm 4 to 8 bet in diametar; to 
roll aitoba bar Into Uwfcrm of a boop ia eounMn, balUMninUflg 
of ring* ia not ao gananl; it ia aoeontpUibad by plaeli^ a riglil 
goida MliindtlMinalgnwnintbarDlla,ao that, aa tha nd hot 
bar loMoa tb ar efrom, il aocnaa hilo contact with tbe gnid^ and 
thereby ie oonaoalnad to ewaap roand into tha enrre rM^nind. 
which itdoaa in aa isMant of time, and withonl an/ additiconl 
eiponac having to be inoumd. An immenae niuabar of iimilar 
and equally inimctautoontrivaiWN ooold ba namad If tba tima 
panuittod. foralthongb thaaa mlantadala i lico n atitgtathekeyatoBa 
on which Iba antOM at a inanithtliMir mainly deyenda, atU^ 
finun their manbar, Ihay ar« not admianbla iato a gananl alat*- 
meat. 

Gnapewdrr. 

Daring Iha Franeh war th«r« wara three govarament mann* 
betcrieacfgnapowdcr; th««« now mnaina bat tneoMatWal than 
Abbey. From tbe Urge etock of powder OB hand at the pMce In 
1815, thia «alaUiafan«Dt, by tha yaar 1640^ hadanak loaverj low 
atala. At that time tha prodnea waa only aqoal to about 3000 
barrele par anntun, and tbe grearer portion of the plant and 
DMohinerr waa oonplctalT worn out In that year oomnMoeed a 
eonne of iroprovenMut which baa been ooDtiaaoOB op to tbe pn- 
aont time, tbe ptodoca now btiag abont UjOOO barrua, and, In a 
abort tlmey it will amonat to HtflOO bairalB par annnm. 

One of tha leading batuna in tbe many improvamenta ia 
tha anbelitntioa uf metal for wood in the omattuMloa ef tht 
powder maebiaery. Tba wooden watar-whael^ anotad by tha 
oelahmtod SOMalon, are bcdag ivplaead hj Itgfat iroa whatb, with 
avan modem appUaaoe lo auika the Buoat oTihe watar^wer. 

The driving gaar of tlia ineofpccating nulla baa been placail 
nsdarground, ao that in tbe eveot cf MpJoaiao tt may ba aafo 
from tbe daaUnotiTe eftcC; and watartauka hare been plaoail 
Dvertuad, ready at any moment, lo dala^a tha mill in the avwit 
of ex|rfaeJoa in the »ajob>iiig homo, the cocomunioating amngp- 
meata bring aalf-actiag. 

A new ayatom of graaolating maehinrry baa bran iatrodoead 
to take the place of the fiu- man daageroua prtioeaa of hand-corn- 
ing. Aa thia ia l^ br tha moat etitieal part of the aa n tth rt nia^ 
a Urge aaonnt c« care haa btan ezpaadad to make the opetntieoa 
aa aaA aa may be attainable. Tbomaehiae hoa been made aalf- 
aoting to an extent which diapanaea with any atundanoe. A 
(loanuty of prewnl oak* fc pat intoa hopper hrion- ihp marhlma 
goa to work; fir-ui tbl* WHigtilJff* it anppllM iMlf br mruu of an 
eudlen band, aud Uien, by toothed roUant. it broaka the hard cake 
Into tbe different aorta of gnla. then. In aa arrangement of rierao. 
It aaparatae tham and depoMta the vaiioaa qaalltlaa of ooaiaa and 
ftM grain ie their reapoctivo boxee; aa Iheae boxaa baen ia a tlM, 
the maeliiite naaorea them uf it* own aeeord, and pata dmra 
tmptyotwainataad,nat!liuauppty iicihanatad, when it atopa 
uf iiaelf, and after having dona to, and all danger beinjg over, 
it Uini ringa a bell hr ita attradant, whc^ laMBWtifle may 
have boui rradiog a book in a place of aalk^ pforUad for tbn 
purpose. 

Tliia iBiuiuCutory oonUlna tweaty.ooe water whcel% each on an 
average of four horeo-puwrr, luid one itoain-eDgiae of 30-faor<te 
powrr, undupon tbe whdcUn very omlitahleMtaoliahment, while 
in regard to quality tbe powder U oonaidarad taoond to none in 
the worU. 

FlMlitif PatUtr^ 

Tho numrroai waoU of tbo army in the Oriaiea, and ita gnat 
linpcD'teiice on mechanical reaonme, enggeai ad the idea of eanding 
out a fliKiting CMtory. Aacraw alaam^aaBel,of aootona^haviaK 
b«en proeurmi, At waa Sued up aa a factory, with geaimg aad 
all the oanal bnU of on anginaai'a ariablidwicnti li oortala ad a 
cupola, fonr imdth'a forgea^ twaaty-alghl heavy maahlw^ and 
many tboomnd amall took, aad a gwaral aaaortmaat <f aneli 
atorea aad natarlalaM wan likely lobe raqnired: itaUocoBtaiaad 
a compMa aaw alllL*'*!' ^1 tlx* requircmautaof a bnaaandiren 
fonadry. aa amngamaatofpcTtablueuginc^etandaidi^anddiaA- 
ing to aat up a maiiuGkctory on aay leeM piaea of grovnd aaboic^ 
if Mich abould bo reqnired. Tha cnglaaa cf the vwaal wan 
arranged lo work aither thaacnw of UMahipor thamackinaaji 



68 



THE CIVIL BNGINEEB AND AttCIUTECTS JOUBHAL. 



•■a In tMi wMin 4ft«r Ui« WK-lCni)M«r cm tbe Older Uib TMwl 
WM iwdy far m*, with % mwufier ud h ftm • body at picked 
workmaaM eonld ba dMiMd: tbM w«n all atloetcd in Um 
rioinily of KaweHU»«poti-T}rne. Ob Mrinng nt BaUkUvn tin 
fanoMBM) Importaaoe at the wtabUabnent wu nt ohm duaoa- 
•tnu«d; a Ibuiidrjr wu srl np on altoM^ whidi vu ki^ In cqo- 
■Unl naployiiMiil wliliti lli« vmmI rmiunwl in tlu Crimea. 
BeqaniUonn nnorrd tii fniRi ntl bnnobMOf the Mrrien, which wen 
eznctiUd with nn nliuirit; that Bxcit*il tho oooiniaKUtiDa of all 
eodoiniM. Sevi'Qly-niuc rcquiiilioiia were oiada fur npnln to 
tli« tvilwny plant, brly-niuc rrum ibH uavy, and aii^-olght from 
Mm alMun tranipon wn)^ inilppcodmtljr of tha la^timate 
work of tha bctMy far tli« Bommi—riat and land tranB|)ort 

b BeaidM tlie floating b/eUiry, wmal other pUnta of maohlnan 
— 1 wot out; anoBg tb« mi a ooispltuaaw mill, wiib aaitabls 
n Mgiaa to 81no|w,Mi«ther in Bilaklara, with Uitli tireaLu 
E^MtframaaawaiaailottMrnMcliiMry. 

Pier and Jfj/dranlle Craim, Sft. 
_ Of nufloellan?oui Horrke* parried out duiing tli« vxr, ooa of 
UMl iiD|Hiriant wa> the erT>ctJoD of a ptniit the wharf ofttia 
al ArHiial, Fxtmdiug out into de«p water, h^ ni«a»» of which 
' of IW InrueHl cIiMt of vtmels can lia alongside during nil 
I pxiditioui of Ui« ticta : luul III ooitDocttoti with thia pier is lb<) 
ItppliOKlioD of bjrdraulie nowcr to work the cruien. 

Bitlierto *hipa bad U>lie offju the river, nod to be Inadctl or 
nnlowUd hy mttt>» of bargnit, v'liich wen* flonUd aloo^piide, and to 
, or from Ihp wliarf. 

By the ncwamosoioprit tturiihips can dmu.- up to the pier 
oii'> time, and by mcatii of the hj'ilraulic cnuiea. the work 
a vi-ek ii rtduc«d to leu houre, Ui« limit tospwd boing'.ha 
> rwiuircd to stow away or aUutf the nrtideiwlthin th«h<ddof 
tho Tcatel. 

Diiriiit; the ns monthii endingthe 30th November, 113 trana- 

rorl*, leprMmting a toiinnfie of 6B,9T3 tous, were nntuAded, 

rhich h cxeluHiTe of the •lilpa that brouj^t tiome the land 

anipnrt corp, the tiooiw, horwt and th«ir aevcral equipment. 

bo whole vipeoie of tlilH fcrvice, including the sl«am-en^oe 

'and hydmulic and aceumalalor apparetuH, and the cranM, 

amuuDiiii); to nekrlj' 'Ut,'ii>Of., wiu cleared olTin the Miviug of the 

itiiof of VBvetB alone during lh« Crat «ix weeka that It wiuin 

horatioD — an iinportaut cKtialdoratloii, althoiifh M-coudar]r to 
e far hi|{brr advuntaeo which itaffom the War Dopnrtniont, 
the rajiiditj' with which it can embark war ututerlal and 
omt. 
ITtiiil Imi j(>ar all iTiiuano* eloru wero convoyed to th« out- 

Eataand uuling hIix-im; Ixit «mi01 turew (teamen an now being 
troiluo-'il, the Mivaii t^e to h« derived therefrom being «o obvloua 
U M require no axplanation. 

no Anuatronglijdnulio apparatus, for working the cranM^i* 
nJao btiag adApled as an imm«iu« flre-«xtingiusliing engine, with 
tta air t^mI to iirodnco tlin omtinuotin tquirt of water. This 
* r r«a*«l is iu Uie form of a cjliiidrieni itcain boUoT. with heml- 
rleal ends, and is place] vcrticalljr. In ooanectfon tliMVwith 
I [nb rsMrt'oir, 100 b«t iu diauel«r, haa bom |)ko(d on a hill 
I Ihe Wciuiiy, S2ii fwl above the Arwinal, and is filled thronch 
te fire nuim b; the hvdniulic anparatus. In case of fire, the 
valeriiillie ti>iervoiri«alwa'r"teaay,PiciiuwhiIatheiitvnin engines, 
equal to 30 liorse-power, will gu to vruik on (he puniiiios sjipa- 
ratuaaaounnxllian', auil Xhe two ctinibinf) witlaffonlapienltful 
of water, equaJ to thft twiuiremoiita of any probablo 
ergeuc}-. 

Tfaan Me OB Steiun-boilera In the Var D«partment, — It i^ 
ktrtfare, of hnportanoaUiatm'erythina conducive to anfetT and 
MOBOOiy tu toel shouM be eanfiillT at&oded to. In order lo 
■BOuie thcM iwB eoudiU-ws, a syaleiu of reporting hu li<«u 
«r|ptni«eil, far the puipo« of nhowing iha working histoi? uf each 
boiler, iu teguU to jmiof, times o{ eiamiuatkiB, cleaning and 
,Slpain, also die couuniptioa of fu»l, tJie qnantaiy of water 
aponted h^ a pound of eoal, and other particulars. The 
^ salcrnunalMr of the boilenareaupnlied with Keiiiieity's water 
netvr, br uicaus of which, prucise and definite fcoowledKe of the 
«0ai|MnuJra nicrila of Ui« aevenl hoUen^ and tlie eraporaling 
^VBlae of diHenwt oualj^ will be vbtaia*d. 



ON TALL CHISOrtT COSSTErCITON.* 
By B. HawLiMOV, C.E. 

CHmutT CDtiBtruetioa may appear to many a vef7 hnmble 
th«in«, and if we examine moat oi the atrocwiree n«ct«4 to paai 
smoke and f<in) vapoitn into the atmoepber*, w* rtiall find sadt 
atmctarcsarosa bald as the ihema is bumble. Tobe''*> bidBOOB 
OS a liutory ehimoey" hon past"! into a by- word, or u i M mbtK 
oomparison; and moat certainly huge piles of brickwork, with«Bl 
br*ak hi lins or oontonr— hare, ban, and griuty— cannot h« mM 
tonrtaenttothpsremnchtosdmife. For tlie most part, (MTtorr 
and otliPT tnll chimneys hare one (ona — a vrrlicid base flclibrd 
with. a plaiu itring-«ounw; Ihm a nnifomi haitiT, finialied at lh« 
top by a nhuQ stone string-coune or oipitig. Some few tail 
ehlmaeys nave heavy, over-haugiag cvmiee Imishlaga, cramped 
and hmrid in [ilsce. Many of th«i<e are, bowevsr, lumpy bb4 
painful to ngli^ and danf(eroas to the *tmctun>s. CsmpanPsiL 
watdi towers, nod minarelA exist as (all and aslighl in soctiOBM 
wea as miuiy of uur tall chimueys. 

These remarks willgiTe the 1iey-na!« to the deatinis now pUoed 
btfon thn socie^. "n* Hortsqiu, Eastern, and Italian ftotima 
will no donbt be reoogniaed. 

In Italy and throughout the Gast, a bare or positively nriy 
chimney -shaft or group nf ohimueya, is tarely to be seen.' I do 
not remember to mvb ssen sncli, but I saw hnijdnth whtob In 
design and form pteaacd the cyn. A fint Tlaloii of BritU 
chimn«yj>, as con tcm plated from our railways, must, I Cwr, hav« 
oauBMl many a nigliUuure to seusilive foreigners. Our bonat 
chlmnej-s are fur the most part brick abortions, nwuie nioiB 
frightAil by pipn and oovrls of pot, sln^ and Ittai. To be ofAj 
ia an evil; but such diimneya an not only ugly, (liey an um 
dongerona 

It baa been said, " then) la a time for even-thing.* In Italy 
during the middle affes there wss a time of building (all towwa. 
In 1 1 So there wa* srmiit I o,(XXl tati towers Iu Plss.t and a pro- 
portionate numbrr hiul been erected in most of the ptinafBl 
dtiesof Ilaly, Tlie towers of Asinelli andnari>rniUatBol<wu 
show how udl chimney -like tber wen In Hfp«aniuoe. The 
Aslnelll tower M'muusidmuat entue, and is 371 feet high. U>. 
Gaily Kuiahl designaioa It "a alaadlng mounmcut of priileaad 
abaardity'-'an Annnlli folly. The noblta of luily built thsae 
towers firvt as a mpani of dcfmoe, but sobsequ<>ui)y ia rivahy. 
aa a symbol of illuHtrious birth. Tbey wrrs toslilonnhle; sm 
whit will man not do to head a prevailing fosbiool Ilie tntds 
n^ulremrata of siodrim times neoessltale tlie >>aildiDf; of tall 
chunneys; and Uanchostcr can match the 1U,000 loll towers of 
Piaa, as thenmuubotnrinff towns con match the otiier cititaof 
Italy. I ainoerely hope it may beoouie fashioBsbtc to atrivn 
after giaoo and ornament. A tall ohiuuey n«d Bot be u^y, 

MtJknvl CMmntj/t. 
The obiumey oonatruoliuua of metliKval limes atw only bmbmI 
for the purpoM of dtreoiiou tlia attention of the studrat nwnsben 
to their bsautios. Examplns are to be luuiid in CMtlea, barOdlBl 
residcnooa, and in maiiiions, dsling frtxn 140lt ilnauwBlils 
Brilton may be uonsultwl relative to brick cuii»li-iictioiM and 
obismaya in the secoud volume of ' Archiieolurnl Antiqnitlsi%' 
pwe ftSt ongnved rspr««entatioua sre alio Ik be fbniut ia uUl^i 
well-knovn atvhitectnrol work*. <.>)d Kuglish mausioiM i^y i! 
be inspected, but there are many modern imilatiuna in po^ 
tona-outta, and iu iwnieut, Few are worked out as tlwy 
worked out In ths boiicHl old tim««. 

mi CMmnej/ Finmdation*. 
Tbefonndation ofonybuUtliiigniust bo the Ant condor'' 
earn of an arohltect. Tlie foundation of a tall chimney,!^ "*"^ 
require extraordinary pre»tuii<>us. Ibjck will b<i ex<3tvU<i'-~~~^ 
dressed off to a level and own bed. Clay, uiarl, gravrj, «**- -_.^ 
varying mixtures of tbeso may tai nil the reviimws of that 
neer or aroliiti.'cl. An unequal or imcron fvuiidaciuu, portj 
and part hard, is most to tio drecuiud. A compmsible ' 
tion is also unsafo— that In, dny, mnr), or ahale, oompii 
weight. Many of (he oolitic .iiirl teri.iikry nutria arc coi_ 
to oouaderable depths, and ought not to be trusted, 
solid tb«y may s^em to be. The nroUvbillty is tlial imist oj 
UauiDg l'<w><i^<>f Ilaly arvfiiQDded on such "ImUL tv-<'i 

* PafMMsSu UioUruvwIAntilUctimJaiHl Arckaiil<«iials.>t>i^, 

I MjsataivUf u OOli KDl(bt. Bull tUsk Ibm bimI »* mom sMdaA 

(SSCISlB Wtluvn ill Utf* BDniUr. U^Sl ISIfMI^SiMl, Iht ril SIMrrtnL j 

sfHiM. V* \am. hO**nt, dm van ous* tb*o ■*«. ' 



i 





THE aVIL ENGINEEH A.SD AaCIIlTKCTS JOURNAL" 



W» 



"Ming Vtwtn w M <I«nU f..und»iiou bllgra. 
TT., BwdwB ««l,lt«t ku »t hi. e-winand mow. tad «». 

•MP «Mi. ud Ui^ fUHflg Umb ttp «Uh OMCMU bM hn. b>^ 
MwUm w«U-«telc«n «UI ga Aawu in any 



■Mek Mftttlmi. 



■^ or bMry weighting. TlU W?*-^ 5" '''"«■ ''?'^ ~^ 
orWvy Ba,nf b„i|4i„_!ftJarre«cUc.B. A bur; mbMilRiiMit 
fti • dliruiM oT aianr yiiLjyi''*'"^ aUduba tbe >iu&eo grooad 

w« rMtanuttd o*- on •iJ'^' '''••"™'**'* **"■*"* ■"'""'P"""'* 
-I ,. /^iniifr till*, uiti* cue Difty be. A UU 

:* IMMpurtioiM, b«iJt oil aadi a fonailitkiD, 

ju%eieiit dtpth, would niiot likrlv boOMoe 

uot actoiJIv K GtlllBji tower. PrnMUf tb« 

I ill tx>iu|>i>«(ubl« around ooglit not to be 

- Um tntoDil'Hl beigSlaboregrouiidi ib&ti*^ 

'•i tba flnMbtioB Moiil<l b« mdt mean to a 

hlacotitdtuUj bedoMby piling or by wiU 



"79 ■— — "•«! wrcra 
WWaey, or b.«.r of I 
H Bit m»iU *afe to 
■ "WaiBK loww," i 
deptli uf m fonuJaL 



— on«-f-Ki 



loAy to«< 
BIMI pAtlCoi 

tock>,uid 

noo «or 




Britht and Mortar. 
of llBly ud die ralnaretn of the Rwt im Ibr 
4lruol«il of brioln and BortBr. I have cxBinioed 
bar* tMtod tbe AortBT, awl tauiid that actthar 
olbw u bettar Hub, If as good a^ Uie modern 
re at hit aoiBiiiaad. Tlia pmporllMi of brick to 
iRii •(riMlans tUbn, however, noat naltrlBlly 

Italy and of thi> Kaat are vety iliin in proportion 

Dine uKhea niiur* tiy lach, or at tbe ntcal iaob 

in thMfcueaa. Tlien bridu, or, a« m ibosld 

l« tlimi, tilt*, an fra^ueotly art or bedded in 

TckW *pr«A<l M til* brlok, m that there ia afanoat aa 

T lu bricli. fVoiB Biy «xamiiiali<>n 1 huve no bMita- 

viuR ihat tfce pcrmaooMv nf the ir<^A in iti a grt»t 

ite(>c<ideut on tfiii libenl lue of hadl '«ottia^ totigb 

iTIi* bjnlBil'r'i awiri^p nil.) (he carthuunkA ahoek h»v% 

to overthrow t)i«o» rilrud«r and lofly pfloa; thoiuli 

tliey BOitt hav» «h«k')i, vibntMl, aod beat uoder 

effiMBof UieeontAn'ltug al«n«uU and inti tRcnbtiop 

'- Tbo daiticitv aiiO teniioity of tbt inurtar, hitv«, ib 



th. 



nlnti, akuM ^rM«r\'rd tbo ittuelurea ftooi •utldeo otti^ 

It ii a inndcm proctioo to atiitt the tue of tnortar. 

ilcKtioiii HDcrally aet f»nh that a b«d of tuorfar shall not 

d onw-elgwh of an iii<^h. It will bo a ii«w claoM — but not 

r loM Baeful one — if at tiniM wo ■pecify Ihnt a bed of mortar 
^tall not bo Irae in Uilokueai than half or (pwrter of an inch. In 

J obimueya or towai-a tbe oiorlar ahould b« uf the bvat quality; 

It abonlJ be tfouud by borea or alaaia power, and ahuuld be 

■ed llbeiaUy. "^ 

Thoea who wMi to aanrtain tbe noalilj and power of mortar 

tve only to viall tlia UraiiMol dook^ tmA inuwct tho worka of 

I Hartley. Iliay will tbeta find rinr and dock walla having 

lir eoanpontioB alooat aa laBch mortBr aa atone, aed the one 

nduriag aa the other, ahbongh thai etoBo la th« hardeat and 

Lynuita. 

ptli thin bneka and tbMc bade of mortar th* Italiana naed 

Ita for bond, aad aooM of tbe BaalnB nlaarcta bare polca 

|ber aadoaed vertkBlIy in tiiea. Ttoibar eaaaoc of mmne, 

1 1n tall diliuDeya, but hooi>-irai for bond ia ««{| known to 

bMloa, and ita aid la hignly dcaimble for many purpoaea. 

■ bolla of wioq^t iroo, W gin TBttiEnl tie, may be aaed; 



bat all tail atraittma ahould itapend on tbe amngtb, a ohetini^ ' 
add gntvity of tbs laalarlali^ far stability and praniMmina. ratbar 
thaa ea iron or oifaar atda 

Tall ■•faimoiBya ha** aUaaenta of il<atr«crtiaa to eemtand with 
whicb ar« abaiat ia Italian tower and Eaaioro tniaaret, naaelr, 
grtu haw, andaaaea which may affect and da Woy both briofca 
aad mortar, ni* only reiaclv ^luaat thea* alaoMata will bn eo 
to daafga wmI eooatnut iba e4liBiMy aa to han> an inner lining 
of tba StM, wfaMi nay be ««t oat, taken away, luid be i«plaa«d 
without audugpring tho ctructurti. A apaoe or air Jia iB bw 
bdlwiit Uirfine abaft and lining will ba of great awrtoa iB 
fn^MirviAg thowbola 

Towen and Boiiwreti hava, ftr a* SKMt part, intaraal ttaii^ 
or noana of acoeaa ap tboBi. Our Urgert and talleat ohimuM 
may naaily baro meana of acoeaa provided, oa alao umbm br 
erecting temporary acBflbldbe (br examination and renatts, eboBld 
repoin he ntiuireiiL lltla limt will, I doubt not, be auffitUBL 
Au arvhiiKt ur aa euglnen- ihoald provide for all eontingencle^ 
and ot>t build a tcin-er or chiumoy WO feet in height, and remora 
hia •caff>ldiog, without baring oooaideml the tnekna of futiuo 
axaminatiou and repaint A rtocae^ witb alep aad hand-lrooi^ 
and put'lock holea at rwolar Uagm, propatfy formad (br aaaj 
uae, may famish loeana withla tbe abaft. Opaningi through tM 
ahaft may funik part of tho ileugn, aiich openinM having the 
eharactar of aunk apaoea, tbe foniied apaoe Miig Glleil in, but 
afbeding neBna for tbe removBl of tbe ttUiag wilbout fractarlng 
the BMia work of tba abaft. All tall cfatmaayt or lowvrt aioat 
hava pmpar elaetrio oosdaBtoca^ aaenrod Jn iba beat manner. 

Cnleicr sai AMMoif 

Coloor aad oraaaiaat may b« need in tall efaimneye; eoalnat 
of ooleur may be ravla to prodnoo omamenL The oommoa 
brieka of almoat aay dietricl nuty be aotted ao aa to pctiduea ooa- 
tnatiB ttnlor toBe— red, audyeUmr, oroeamookitr. Tbia tiat 
of the brieka maT be prewrveii aad heightMied by oelag moiltf 
of tbaaunetoeaor tbtL FoiiMoe aaboa aad Hoa will prodneaa 
dark murtar; poaudad red htiok or red tile miaed with liaie will 
give a red mne to tnortar: and cheap mlnenl ooloaia nay ba 
udad to moctar for pointJiig. The oolour of mottar k Mdly 
Bt^kelad, aa the Mubo while lime and oind are naad for all toaaa 
of««Joiirin briak% and aotaufre^uently wliita|iutty mortar ia 
o»od for Jelating tbo raddeet aa well aa tbe ligbteat-eoloared 
brick*; tbe Ught-edonrod work haviu hanaany of bnadtb ami 
kf«pii^— tbe red brick portion bdag irittoted wad brokon up bj 
tbe ooBltaat belwiat bncka and bfda and Joaata. 

If pcraeedent amy ba our guide b oatUnc it may alao ba a 
guklo in tbe uae 09 coloured oontnut; aad althoui^ the mm of 
marfalae of varioua coloun with atone and with brieka m deaig* 
naicd " atrange and prepoateroua,* I rauai oonbaa lo a Icaaiw m 
&roDr of oolour, and moat atioogly advocate ita um where dtngy 
nouotooy luay be relieved. Tliero are plea^ of brisk and atoat 
ffuota dreary and wearyiog to tlie imagination. The oppraeriva 
fialiBg prvdnead by a red Sriek bmlt town -i f I may judge \^ 
my owa aeat i ona iaone of laatiag djaappolntmaat. My aarltwl 
eaaiatieiM ««e matored la lAacaatar, a dean, etona-bmlt tawa. 
Hj firet Jeniaey waa to Praaton, a town of red bri«ta. At tbie 
diataao* of tiro* I do not forjcet tbo diaagretable foelingi whiefa 
came over mc, and which 1 au)ipo*o I never ehall folget. 

1 would oarneatly reoomnteud all ardiLtoctural etudoata to 
•tudy the beat Mok atrnetui-ee of Buglaiid and of tbe eontiutrni, 
at alito th* builtllage b which alltrnat* uouiaca of hrieki, atvna, 
or marblaa are ueod- I woald not abriak from ariag "whtlat 
bladi, red, hfown,* or any other cohiur, if moDOtooy aoald b« 
prevouted and the eye aad mlod gntUftad. Tbe tlmricil m^ 
may call me a Saraoeo if be thlnln praptr— I bold to tli* oaa of 
colour. 

In advocntiog colour, I oaed acaroaly tay that at tbe auae time 
I advocate breMth aad harmony, that ia, "keeping." Tbe lawa 
of ooloor muet be well oudetitoDJ, and tbMe lawa moM ha 
attended to. A* in muric ao iu outline and ia oolour, th* atadeat 
muat laorti well the famat, and atlead to hb thirds fiflbi^ and 
octavei^ or dlaoord will be tbe reault of hia tabaar«-^iDd diaeonlt 
in archilecture are quite aa diaagreeable to Ihoreelingiaadiaoorda 
in muiic 

The liine ia ripe for origloallty of deaim in the ut* of brkk, II 
onr youag arcbiteet will oaly gnpple boldly with aiiatiBg diO 
oultlea. Mariiifacturerv may m found who will eecood hi* vjahea 
if lii( platw and aket-^n nre only pnutieable. Thev matf be 
practiablo, not ooly to tbe maker, but alao to tba oriAUa.'^. 



THE CmL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAU 



Abj aiw fono <rf briek moM work tn faoad, ot in OMim with 
comnoii WUik Tba dlnwaloM cfaajr imv brnw in briw oi* 
tcRBreoUn aheulil tlao sot sseaod th« «U7 uMiiintUllaD of tbo 
■nateriiiJ froiD the tAt^j atats to ths flntihnl tad bnnMd briek «r 
tile; nod the farm iu kU OMMtthouIi be om of •Uvngth, both 
bdbr« nw and after it boa been aat in an; baililinc. The 
tttm anil dinMaaiona of a <»iumoB brick an p«rfMtioiii vun an 
■Imgtii, bcilitr of huidliiig,aad adapUbiliqr to«urkaii7ua«rta 
bond. CoitDtuoD bricki loajr aUo beamngnl to lottn a vaal varwtjr 
of otaanwni. 

I woulil ^nct attaoUoa to the lata Arohlteotunl ElbibiUon, 
wbara tatay of thne maleriala were alkowo. The ottalopM fci*t* 
full infonoatioB both aa to tnakan and plaoa* of manu&cture. "^ 

rtrflMl lAiut. 
In the (lealgns now aubinitleJ, vertical Lnoa are, tor the moirt 
part, HBid wbara exuilii^ atructarea (UL ciiimaeyi) uirtsvAiy 
batter. Tlien ia, I ooDMin^ mat boautv in a verticnl liu« u«mI 
aa propoaei). for nrccodetil I miut rcter to Italian exaiuplea, 
the cbaate cankpuniln sod towen^ whiuh I would ftl& Ht more 
ntadied. I mhy rervr lo San mdkno, Luocn; Saala FrnnecaM 
B'>W'i"i Boom; Sao Zeuon«, V«runai San Mi^hslc haaat; 
tba ntftt woHc ot Giotto, the Ounpanito of Kloreoco; Ihc VaiAixxi 
PnUke, ^ennn; the Calhnlnil, Trvot; aud otiiera. 

Deaeription af SMfhe*. 

Tba anhitoctiinil atndent will nwililr father thonovenil tteeigiui 
-^hatie, uametliMroriipnandtypp, I will not, thorcfnrr, cuniver 
in]r notca with cbbornte diacripticiiia, but ilaipljrdrschbe each 
aketeh, aa numbered, giving mv ideaa nf thr ninlerial Ui be ninl, 
and namiagany peenlliiritleaafcnnKrurrtloD. M(>*t<ifthrilFaisiia 
an fin- dataebod atraonmi, and it la denlrable that tall chimnrTi 
abonU atand detaehed, on ^leir own biun. A qicml (bundation 
nmat th«n be pnpared, and the cbimooy wit] not depend on may 
bondidK for anpport, nor iujum or be injured by vibmtlon, or 
Mttlal aettlemeDt in tlie foundationa, or in the niateriala need. 
Th* vortical fortii adopted almo*t thronghoot may be objected to 
M oArinit a Inrger an« for the wind to act upon. My rrply it, 
the wind will not injure a aound atruoturv aUuidiag on a good 
feundatiMi. Tbefbmof the windinourgreateeletonuaranl^ 
naebea 30 lb. on the aooare foot; the nrnvity of any ohimnay la 
mudk greater than thia. Eafitem minnrata and Italian lowcn 
atand niot only atom)* of wind, hut abo ahooka of mrthcioake. 

In nn oaae are qnnina shown, either in plinth or abaft, anil their 
naeiarepudiated to the uttermnaL WhnteTor material ia uaed 
ffluatae* in wmrae with tbefanok^ortnuni form entira oouraaa 
renmi pllntb or abaft Tlib rule uuat have no exception, hut 
BiuM ag^ly from foDodatit'n toiiinimit An eitemalhaDdof alone 
mar be uw-kcd up with bfick to reoHva thr APtiuo of lire nr heat; 
but iu fliKili caae the alone must «t in bou<l with aone exnot 
Dttinher of oonraea of briehe, ao that the whole nnty be graniad 
and Buabad ioto aolidlty. 

In amaging camion and moAi on chininnya, it may he ncoea- 
maj lo nae iron bond and iron erunpa. In anch caae grent nra 
Diuai be taken aa lo uae the metal a« to run ^e leaat riak ftom 
oontraeiioa orexpaaaion. It Sh pnetiableto tmnbiue imn ariili 
atona and brickwork ao aa to en*iit« atrensth and aafety, iMt 
the combination ninat not be lightlv UDdertnkea nor caraleaily 
mada Then ahouhl not he any cntltn^r^bricka, ifpoaiible: but 
all fan-work ahould luve the tirenikia preaer>-ed. 

Ia penfkotiag ooatraal In oolonr bv bridtwork, I do n<<t eontein- 
ptate tba naoataity of obtaining emlV bridtaiyom n distance; but 
lor the maaa of the work the eommon bricks of a diitrict tnnr be 
an aaaortad and aet in mortar of the aamu tone of culcmr aa to 
•fleet all the cootrut rMiiiired. Moalde<l briirke for oniaineatal 
paqnaeav being iwiiiinxl in email ijuMiIitien, may ha obtained 
from a diataaco without adding very uiudi III tho whole coat of 
the work. 



TV Soiilaft$ CeJWina (/ HoHan .4ri.~After baring been 
aabuiUod lo public criliciam at Marlboruugh Uouer, iiuice the 
Tth Decenibar, the exliibilion of thin ouUvctiou waa cloned uo 
St>lurday the Tth Fcbniary. During thl* period It hna Ikvu 
viHUd by 'f6,(Ki3 perannn, which ii juitt double the uaual uuiuber 
atteudiitg at ihii h>uoii. Among tlieae vinton aa many aa 
61M hnva paiil ^ir admiieit'ii, being ninefold the aven^ number 
payiog. Wo umlervlaod that the utfer (J aale hna been made to 
tbe MorammcBt for latSSM., with tlie monoMndalioa that if 
boaght for the nation, it Day bo aont to Mancbcatar. 



1 



HANSION OF CHABLE3 BUXTON, 

{Wilk on EnfT^ving, Plata VH.) 
This btnldlng «xhibila a nrrr aucueaafiil adaptal 
atyle of Uie old mnnor-hemie. The prindpal pecnliai 
all the eitorioT moulded and oniam«uUl work ia oxae 
brick. It U well known thai a aariotw oUaotlaa to tl 
of ihia n>nt«rial ia the dlAoalty of obtaiatog atnlgfal 
aad v.>rtiad Ucira; but that difficulty ha« baen ably I 
ia Ibis oiae. Some of tli« bricka fi>r tbe anglM i 
window* an aa niiwh aa 12 iocbv aMlli way on the i 
10 iaohea hi^- The plan iudadaa tba naual a«ooaui 
- laatdimce of thia daae. U is intendad to dia 
kmtiBg in the iuterior : all tba jotner'a work ia to b 
.ilaal, ajxed and varnialicd. 
. ^^uliarity b btruduced on the aootb aids ol 
catudM^^^"* ^'"' "^^^' «mimnnic*ilog with ili 
^1 ^a! 'tJt'ffMe- »»d ccmroanilina estenri' 

tfa>a will have • P^^ .....rtm^olJ door of moulded 
eucan.t,c tile, abor^ ^^^^ .^ ^, 




A. Anb-pll. 1. Ouan. 0. rwlii. D, Omn. 

I*. iDiin Tatk. 0. IJilut-tnocD. r. $aarT}. 

Tiita lo<lge waa bnilt in 16.'>.'i.fi, nt the entrance to t 
anitoiuuU&([ a maoaion erected in ISU-a, for E. IJor> 
Tbe matenala an red briok, with mcmlded angle-ti 
opeulnge, and moulded while brick aichea and atiir 
addlticai tu tlie acrammuiiation ou the ei'oiind-flooi 
oellare below the hviug-tvoin, and two btxTrocmi alio' 

Ur. William Rrid (^>r«inn wna tlie uohilccljaM^ 
Cnydon the contractor. ^si^^m 





THE CIVn, EMGISEEB AND AHCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



69 



ON THE SCIKSCE OF THE ENOINEEft* 

Br W. J. Uioqcoui RiKKiMB, CE, F.aSS. LouIm ft Edia. 

TssfiiguiMrUlwwho, bjr ut tad (ckinoa, niftkM tb« tneelui- 
ai«l prapcrtiM of BMter Mrv« tt* Mill ef naiu In thf wideat 
MOM, tiiaoA wary nui b nor* or la« m» cnfiiiMr. Tba fint 
mftn wlio brblgad k tomnt with a tfilka tree, Iwl in him eaB*- 
' tb«cBgineer;llMflnt nun who dtig tatir ahunal for* 
■4lw ftrat BM wlio dmred a |>tttliwa;r In the ferMt, hftd 
_ Hm«tUiig of Um eogineer; bnl the title of cnpaeer i* 
!• p iotiwly tMUiotMi to ih«v who mnkc the bhAiI «ppUa»- 

1 ociiieeluniMi adeaoe tlieir pccali«r atailjr uid preAawik 

Uu ii bj utDan ■ ooaetractive craatTiTei by l&itiDCt he ii 
■Dond Ui put logeUur the hecUte which he flnde nrowod him into 
atrnetuw anil «Dgin«« for hU oe. Ha in sifted, though not 
iritk tnMta ikill, jet with the lUaire ami Ihp power of Mq«MB( 
iiiOl In eooatrnttina; aod be hi* other pureuite whu thq* Bay, 
be daUghU to Uut aliUl wbkh «iMiaa him lo maalor the 




I 



SEnes the aariiaet noordei) aotiiinity, men in power ba*e 
Moght to penetoftto their tune br n«at alructurM of one ktod 
W another. The kUig* of Egypt hail Uirir uyramlile and their 
cuttk; the Raisaa ooneula aod emperom their ronda, aqueduct*, 
•ad InrlMUTa. Unau-, in tlie hiatory of hii oonqneela, oflou 
nairatea a vktoiy in a few wonlt, hut he devotM the whole 
flhuWr to toll how, in the (ace of gnat dUBeoltka, ho made a 
hrijgo over the Bhiue; and then are woritt fe the paeaee of the 
A^ which will tmmorlaUaa, bio*« aonly than all hie battle*, 
the nane of the flnt Napoleon. 

NaitkMi, too^ (M an iotereat and a pride in the art of ooa, 
•bwdon. Theyanwrmglyaeonaedofhaviug, in anelaut Umea- 
banonrcd end nmcnbated their ocoquerore and lyrante only, 
^d of having aaglaoled and forgotun their bcnobctora, the 
lne«Btora ef the maAil artai on the conirary, the want of 
kuhentie reoorda of Ihoae beoeifiictara of manhiad b*a arfean 
frgoB Uie blind eiMM of nilmiratioo, which led the heathen 
natioiia of aniiiiuily lo tr«at thrlr memory with divine bonottra, 
M that tlwir reiki btatory bfte beoo loot amoa^ the &hleB of 
l^thol'^- In our ovn time, Moh work of meehanical tUll 
umai an inlorait ex(«iisJTe in prDpaTllan to the Importance of 
the work; the opening of a briifge oollMt* the InhabttantB of a 
great dty; the opening of a mllway, those of many eonntieai the 
eamplebao of a Cryalal Palace ti a national featival; and when 
n tnek la to be hniu in air ovar tlie Meooi 9tmiu, or the Fi^ 
of Hl^an, the rvauTt ia aaxioiwly awaited by the whole dvlllaed 
worliL 

Cr«*tiir«a lower Ihia man ban tlie diepoiition and the ability 
ta ooaatrucl; but th* oiantroctive power of nch kind of oaimnl 
fi limited to one kind if atructiirv; and within that limit iU 
opentioui nre ilirrotod by unerring skill, nnd neither can be, nor 
neeil be imiimred. 

Man'i iMRaim^-iiTc pnwer in not limited to any one kind of 
atruetiire; hut hi* akill, ftr Iroai being unerring ta never wholly 
free frosl tmr; he iloea not pomem innate HKill, bnt only a 
greater or lea Mpadty for aoqftiiag eUU by etiKly nnd pmcticc; 
aadhia ofMntiioua era capable of Uidelinite UDprovement, not 
ottty la tlie Mme man, but from nukn toman, aadnomage to age. 

In the htalarr of mecbaniotl art, tvu modea of peogreaa may 
be dbtinnuiaheo— ihefm^rrtraJaud tlie ttienllfie. I iToDotaiy 
the pnietusaf and the Ueerrtu, for tliat diiiinction b &Unoioae; 
aL ml prognea In mechauicnl nrt, whether theopetical or not, 
must be tiractiml. Tbetmodiitinctiobii tbia; that tbeempirical 
mode M pTDgreM ia porvly and limply practioO; the aoientiHc 
node of progreaa ia at ont^e prw'ticAl mid theontio. 

Empinoal prugna* ia that which haa been going on alowly and 
ooBtinoalty froB the earlieat udiph to the prearat day, by meaua 
ef grailoal anieHontioa in materiakand workmanahip, of imall 
ausomaive angrocntMiona of the rine cf atra^tuiK* !iii>l power of 
■a^dnea, and cf the axerolae of Indlvidaal ingomiitv in inattara 
of deiaU. Thb mod* of pro^rcMk though omential lo the |«r- 
faotfaig of meekanicnl art ia tta detailed ii oonfiaed to nutting 
•BuU alteration! on esiiting exampln^ and ia ooaseijueutly 
Baniteit In Uie range of Ila efllNta. 

BeieotUla pcogran in the moohanicnt arte takee place, not oon- 
timoaely, hot at interrnli, nAvn dialant, and by groat efforts. 
Vh4ii the Rimlta of eiperienoe and obaervation oo the pro)iertlBa 

* Ae Utioiacurj l^rian, ddlfwsi to lb* diM g( QiU Eo;liic«rtu( ud Ue- 
ahia* IB iW Crtnmllr at liUi^ f m. 

Xo. Srt-VoL ai.-lUaai. IWT. 



of the aatmmla which are uaed in a daaa of itruotora^ and of 
the lawa of the aotiooa which take pbm in a rlaM of machii w^ 
have bee* radooed to a eaienoe, then the Improvcmeot of each 
atraotima and mnf^'-— ia no Icager oonSned to ameedmHita or 
emhwitetaeBta In detail of pwTionJy eriating wi a mn l W } hot from 
the plnoiplea of eeionce pmetiial ralae anMlMNd, afaowmgnot 
only how to bring the aenoture or m aeh in a to Iha c on di t ion ta 
gtwleat aSmey eonaiahot with the avallaUe auteriak and work- 
manahlp, bnt uao how to adapt it lo any oomlnnatioo of drcnm* 
ataneee, bow diflhrut aoo-er from tho« which have previo«|y 
0Miin«d. Wh«i a gnsat advano* haa thoa baan made b yetaeB- 
tUe progrtaa, cmpirJoiiXprogTeaa again cornea into play, to peneM 
the leaJta in their detafla. , , 

Bat the beet aKxU of oiplaming the dieUnetioti and the proper 
fltnctloaa of amniriad and adenUflc progieM ia mcehaueal art 
la by a naaiage m ila UttMT; and I aeleet Ibr that pnrpoae the 
piogrw ofthe etMio-en^ne. The Bgyptfaoi need ateui in an 
biperfaet war to Dove email piaeea of mechaoiam, fkvm an 
nnknown period of anaijuity, aa we know by ihs wiitinge of 
Hero, more than a oentiiiy before onr eta. For aerentMu 
eetrtnrwe after Hnrc/a tinM^ wa have ae tneord of any progRan 
in the nae of the motive pewerofateam; but with the revival cf 
learning <Mme the intiodncliaa of Hero'a writtngi Into Weatam 
Eutnpei and then bMan the em^rical progreaa of the (team- 
engine, which lasted Ibr abontaaantaryaada halL and oon>iat«d 
in improvemefita by alow 4fgrae^ in mattara of detail. At the 
commeiicemeot of the aaveMieonth oentviT Ita Oana applied the 
dirwi i)reMUKuf nleam to miae a jet of the water ittalf freu 
which the eteam was prodnoed. Forty or fifty ream anerwarda, 
Unl Waremtor added a aeporaU boiler. After thirty year* 
mwiT, Papin inrwited the cylinder and rfalon. Then aavery 
introdaoed Uie nae of the eondeuatiou of the eteam bj n ainaB 
of water. Early lo the eiriitoenih aeDtDiy.NewDonMneombiaed 
theiDTfatioaaof hb predecewora Into the atmiapherie engine; 
ia whi<i, for about half a oaniaij, improvemenW iu detaU oon- 
tinned to be made by Potter, Bei|^lon, and othere, until, in the 
liaDda of Smealoa, It became, eouaidanag the geaetnl oonditMn 
of pnctiod mechaaica at the tlme^ a vwy perfect machine in 
workmanehip and meobanlaBL But all thia improvoiwmt had 
been merely trnpiHe^; and in eveeything that depeoiM on 
principle, toe ainam-eugiaa of tbat^riod was a meal mde, 
waeteful. and Ineffldant madiina. "Aiaa tame the tio* wheci 
adenco waa to ellbet oaore la a few years than men amplnM 
prcwrcM had done In aiaetoaa oentnrice. Watt eel to woric 
aoientiScally IWun the ftrat. He atnitied the lawa of the pmeure 
of ebuiie fluida, and of the anpomtiag action of heat, »o Car as 
thev ware known In hia time (and yon w«U know that near thia 
iipnt bo punmed hia alndlea); be aaoartained a* aocimuely as be 
could with the BMane of esperimonling ai hie dlspnal, the ex- 
jieudiiiirB of fuH in e*apor>tiag a given ([naatity of water, and 
thn irlotioue between the tomporalnre, nreeanre, andvolomoof 
the etmiu. Tlioa maoniog from the diata which be had tbui 
obtainu.!. lie fmiied a bmly of ]>riiicii>lo« exptvealng the oonditiona 
of tlio eiSciuDt uuouomic worlciog of the ateam-eai^e;— and the 
lirM. engine that waa made according to thoee prindpJea oom- 

C' ely anooeoded, and fulfilled Watt'a aatidpadoan aMctly. 
apedfiention of Watt'* fitet patent oontaina no mfaiBta dewb 
of mcohaniam; iiooiuietHAlmaslontinily of broad ganeral priad- 
plee; and down to th« present day, the Nnctioal impamnnMitta 
La tlie aleam-vogiaa have ooneiated cbioily in the enrtyiag iMt 
and development of the principle* of Watt, aod in ibe gradoat 
perfecting, by eiiv>ir>^ progrm*. of the workiuaaahip aod mecba- 
niam. 

Wntl's encoMi waa owing to thia— that befoe* proeeediog tu 
put hia ianntioa in pnwtioe, he had well atudied Ita theory, h 
r» true that the ompincol pructioaofaU arts is man andonl than 
the thei>r} ", and thia indeed ia necoouy, beoaiiao pnoticc fur- 
idahea part nf the data on whioh theory iiifuoiiil*!, luidpropouud* 
quettion* for theory to aolve. But ii<;rioi<ii (ram time to time 
Kriae (Huch aa that of the dieooverie* of Watt) when it beoooie* 
oecrwary for theory to taka Iba lead of pnrtioe, and lo Uv down 
the prinoiplea by which futnn pcsctioe mutt be guided; piin- 
dplea linmdad, not only on the fiiete of former pnctiee of the 
arte io quettion, but o'u the alody and eoupariion of all the 
UAtund phenomciui wbiL'h an oounectod with that art. 

And henm lioi the uioat important ndvauUge of the afiplka- 
tion of tcienoe lo practloe. Tboae who rtudy praetioe enpincUly 
alone have for their giudanee only the atraotnraa and machinea 
of former eoginecra, with the waate of material, and loaa a( ^u«<n 



I 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND ARCmTECTS JOFRNAL. 



and otbor fkalU iavolvod in tbem; KDd, vitli ill tbe patience anil 
utgcDuitjr irhicli un be applUil to thoM datl^ ootudderKble 
iiDiico<rEiiienta aw onl/ be aUAined at ttie ocwt of repented hUuTM^ 
AIM crron iu jtrUiciplfl w^ rcoiAla for (iT«r vntlM«et«iI: — but bn 
whbiiliMlio* tb« adHDRM tbnt bear upon hi* tat, him brforv hlra, 
in nntUTMl objocta, luid in tlie onler of the unireriw, stnirtum in 
wbidi there I* no wnaU of material, and uinchiupi in wliioh tliere 
ia no loaa of power. Thence he learn* to bm In mcli work of 
bumaii art Iiow br Et Atlla short nf perfect effidonc^; aoit, 
allhoui'li perfocl cfflcl«ic7 be nnattainabJo, he leAma to judge la 
wbal otrcction pnwtice ouslit to atrire, in order to apiiroxiinate 
(0 perfect tJRcieucv ai neany m ii poorible to hunaan ■ItiU. 

In the Mtinvl of tliU oeune I ahall have frequent ocuatiaa to 
A«w hov toe Hbeory of a itiuctiire or tnaclitne «ota before the 
mlcu] i't Uie cfijilDeer to Uraf perftctl; efildcat model, not eaiable 
of boiuf fall; nnliaod, bat aerring aa a gnide to the eSorta of 
pmelicu imprDrouieut. 

I will now pobt out more epwifically the nature of thoaa 
bnoche* of auMiw which are applicable to tlk« art of the ea(^- 
aeer. 

Tboee braodiaa of Hiencv loll under the general hcml of 
3tttiamc4; but thej are dlititict tn method and applioatiou 
(though ooCln prloclplfl) from lutronooifnifinfdMAlrf, which tnmta 
of the motjoD of the etars, luid from thom piute of jihj/tleai 
tntehatiSa which mlnt^ lo *aeh aobjeeta aa the tnnimiaiiou of 
■oiuul and Hglit. Tbcj arc alio eo fiir to he kept diatinct ttom 
pun or alminKt mwhuaiet, that in treatSog speLiallr of niecha- 
nice as Ap)ilied to eugiueeriiiL', oertalu ftandainentat prludplea 
are to be lakfo for gnviited, tdn dDRioniitTntion of which forms 
part of thecounc of Xattirnl rliilcMOpby. To that eniirw, nlHO, 
miKt bo left all mechanical prubleuia, which ore btcrcrting in a 
•deotiGo pcnul of view only, an>l not praetloilly luelUl. 

I fanve already fV«(iaontIy refenwd b> ilrttelvrtu nod tmuMnm, 
aa b^U the obiocta to whicli the nciwi™ of thu rngiiirnr rclatt*. 

Striwy apeauw, all machiiiei arv tlrucluret, tlioujjh all iitrac- 
tuica arv not macunca: biit it is convenient V> limit the term 
afnidurw to thoa^ eoiuh! nations of solid malerials, whose parte 
atunot inl«udcd to have nktlvs tnotioni and which aiv thus 
to be diatin^ished fruta machtna, wboto parU are tntcaded to 
bavD relative motion and tn perform vurlc. 

TbethaoryodatructurvN in fmcclcd ou the priiiciplei ofttntica^ 
or the Kienoe of equilibrium. It iit divided into two pnrta, 
relating re»MCtiT«lr to the two r<irtiiiiiilt/« of a structure, tiahilitij 
and «rreiijia:— etAbilln being the power of reelsting force* 
tending \o orcitluvw the atruetore, or to denutge the part* of 
which it i* made from their proper reUtire poaitiona,— wid 
euvQgth, the powerorreaistingtbrcestcudiagtuaJter the figures 
of Ihoae porta, or to bT«ak them in pincrs. 

Fnr example, in a bridge, tlahiliiy mjuire* crrtain tvlatiouii to 
oxitt betireen the dialributiou of llio loiul, Uic figure of the nrch, 
aad the diui^uiiousofthe abulmenli, in order to pivveiit thedi»- 
looatlou (if llu' arah-etonee, or tlie overthrow of the ahainierits; 
kud ttrfiiKfih rm(uim* the arch to Im of a thickniMM eufhcitiut to 
rMMt the leniK-iicy to cnwh it. 

In applying ibeprbciiJeaof atablUtrand etrenglh toitmcturen, 
regard must be h;ul to the special pnoiiertiea of the materials 
eiuplcyul, wlii^tilier earth, ston?, hridu, ceinnnt, ttniber. Iron or 
other m^talx, aa woU oa to th« kind of workm-imhip to which 
each material in nubjeoled, and the forma in which il i> uatil. 

The cart to iK.-vimed at ui every •clentifimlly deainied structure. 
Is to ai^ual exactly tlie position, form, and size of the whole and 
of mill part, to the force* which it ha* lo ttutain, Tlie more 
nearly Uib end ia attained, tli« better will the ilriicturo be, not 
only lu edicieucy, durability, and eeonomy, but also iu beautv. 
Thi*, independently of oru.'iment, \i the ftuidanieutal principle 
ofbMSty uk arehttsctnre, aa well as In engtnnrliig. 

TbetMoi7ofindetfn«*iafoundodonthcfirincipleiiof(>fnmM(fef, 
or tbe science of motion eonridered iu itsotf; and on those of 
rfpMMMtue, or tbe soleiiae of the reUlioua betwMu motion and 
force. 

Aire mrrAanUm is the name which lioj been given to the 
e\m*matkal pwt of the theory of ainctiinr'i, or that which takes 
into eansMlemtiou their aeUon in transmitiiDi! and modifying 
motion on Iv, without raoud to the ron-vwhii^liiaatthesaiiie time 
ttansttiitiML Aa examples of Its application I may i,^te pantllel 
motion, the amngeraMit and proportioning of wtienU, aad the 
oometabapingoftlidr teeth. The acienoa of pure mecbaniara 
haa of late b««n brought to a very oomdete stau^and reduoed 
enliiely to the couecquence* of one goneonl prlnelplo. 



The rfynirniiaii part of tiM theory of maoltinet ooaMdcn tkem I 
traoniiuUinK at oner, both motion and force, or perfofrniuig flw' 
It trust* of tbe reaistanow, wbetlier fitvo aoUda or Bnida, ertili 
Impede tha aotien of tnacUiMa, the lueana of regnUtiDg that aetioo. 
aud tlienatnnofthe eourcM of motive power, whether animal 
strength, the gnvitation of water, the correnta of the lur, or the 
uwchaniaa] action of heat. Tbe outiro theory of the work of 
maehintf ia founded on one principle, Chut of the (otuenvfioA ff 
eneray. 

lucblnee have furtlier toboconndered with icGenDoe to thnr 
etrnvU, or capacity for suatainiag without injury th« forces which 
they traoamit 

Tbe term Civii Snei»eenna U ajqilied to a wide and somewhat 
ind«£nite iMiceof auhjectsi but il may be deflnoil a* ombracuig 
those appUoaUona of mechanics, and of tho oit* of coutmctioD 
gauenilly, which bdoag to Itnn ^T troneporl fur Koodt ami 
pasaeogen, whether roads, nilwaya, oaoala, or navifanle Hvcn^ 
—4(1 work* for tbe flMaveyanou of water, whether for dxsiaage or 
water-supply, — to hai'boura, aoil works for the protectioB of tbe 
omat. All these kind* of works aiv cnmbinaliona of structures 
and machines; they comprise tirueturtt — in vATthwork, aa eultingi^ 
embaokmont^ and icaervoire, — in ninauurv, timber, and iion,as 
bridgce, viodnots, aqueducts, lookajbaaina, piers, and breakwaUr*; 
they comprise mucAinM, — aoeha*carnagt*nud locomotive asginest 
look-gates, aluioM, and vajvca, pumping steam-ca^Bea, ilroJging- 
maaihiBTit Their princinlce tlK-refore oousiet to a great extent of 
the gwunl prindples of^ oonstruDtiou and maoblDei?, oombined 
and adapted to *uit the cireuioNtnikcea of each kind of work. Bui 
Civil Euglueering hnn besides some pnndplas peculiar to itaslC 
It Involvaa the art of laving out linoa of tnuiapori, awl aelecting 
the ailee for works, in tho bust manner poasible with refefvnoe to 
the features of Uic country, su nji to ni^cure ev»nomy in execution 
and working. Hydraulic rugiiiei^riug involves the law* of run- 
lallMul of tSe supply and tbudowofatreanu^audtheengineeri^ 
of ooast works rtqulres a knowledge of the ociion ot the wans 
uid tulest 

Suoh ia a briof and generaloullino of tlie nature oftlio bntnohai 
of meohaniaal scienoe whldi coulaLu tbe principles of the art of 
th* engineer. The application of thoao priuciploa to pnictioe i* 
an art of itaelf; for tlus amongst other wencns : — that tbe exact 
exprosslon of a meelumical principle in often of cunslderible 
mathematicnl intririu;yi wheruuitie desireablo, that rules for 
practicnl uie ihoiil'l he as simi-le aa possiblsi and the sagilMer, in 
such cow*, rvqoiruatobuablu lo juilKebow for itiaall(TwahJe,for 
IwaoUcal purpose*, to sacrifice ebsoTute euclnesB for the sake oS 
■iinpliaty. 

Although Moehanioi is the sueuoe witti nhiob the anmaaat m 
ohlefly coiiwmed, and although the couno of losturea which I am 
about to deliver must beoontiiied to incclianicnl C%cim and priDiri- 
ples, with tlielr oonaeqnenaes and applicatiouH,— ntdl it is ri^hi 
that I ahouhl Mint out other depurlmBUtH of Hcionoo which ereiT 
enniwer would do well to study. These any Geology and 
UineikU^i Cheoilstry, esve<ually in so &r aa it relate* to the 
proMrtlea and treatment of raetoU, and of building materisle; 
and Butiuiy and Yogotnblo Physiology, with siwciol rtfertuoe to 
timber trees. 

Beaidas the knowledge of tha scientiHc prindnle* of liia pro- 
fession, ther« la a kind of knnwlodgc required by tho ttmata 
vUcii may bei^ledfiur</ypnie(icaj;andwhichiKile<]ture%book% 
or study can leadi- It oouDriiiea the power of judging of the 

Saality of materials and wurKiuauship, which can oiily neaa|air«J 
y inapectinff them ou avM-y oportuiiity; — the art of directing tlie 
operailonaoF workmen,— 4liat of judging of uoinmerGiaJ queetsoM 
oonneeted with engineering sohemee, — iuid that of coudnotlag 
buaness goncraily, which are to be learnt bv pLvnonal oxperienoe 
alone. But the eng^eer who has sludietl the sdeooe of hia pro- 
fession poMcasSi a grant advantage in the aoqiusition of purdr 
praoticol knowledge, and Icains mncfa more rapjdly and aovnilfr 
mm liis ponional cxperionoe, tluui uue who is willinut thaoretku 
knowledge;— for Uie sdcntUic anginoer |kism«m8 a mUm of 
priaoiKilee, the embodiment of the exporii-uoc of hi* predcciMeora, 
and of the axiierimsncs and nasonin^ ofthoaeBoieutiliomen wlw 
have BtiidipiV pnictical mechauios, which enable him to oUanlty 
liic fools that ha observes^ and to draw from them sound ooo- 
dusions. 

1 r^oice to know tliat no place b the world affonls a bcMv 
field for ths acquisition of the prootioal knowledge of the suglaeer 
than the grent city which suiroisnda ihle Unlvenily. 
Tbe trite antitheeis of practice and theoii7, with a view to enh 



THK Oirn. £NGDiEEK A2iD ABCmTECTS JODKNAL 



71 



_ Um om or Uie ctLtr, u ft remnuit of a Um 
^ lued to cLr«k tbv Uaodcn of j)r«tcuJDra IwOi lo 
IabiI pntKKl kuowUdifei— Iva luud* of luiowledge 
i can oziat only in luuuMujr, aiid wlww lunnony U novhm 
~ npwUnt than ia the art aJBd (cUbm oTtb* EogtiMar. 
he oOBBeMeaudt of (Lit Locton^ I rcfamed to tbo lutunl 
;M»d intnaat whick taea (eel in the art of oonxtruotiou. 
'onliBMry hdviBtagM whicli ntteDil tluU lu that art) lucb u 
. Jth wi>l rcMlatiou, art vm w«11 Iumwii and obvlout to need to 
J tnateJ in ileUtL 

f_&»t bcfoiMl tli« iBBpulB'' it a natural d^Ji^t in oonatniation, 
^~~ rwi>d iIm inJoooiiMnt of rejiatatioii utJ wuallli [jy wliiali 
Hi« Inl lo pnctioe and U> eDOdUnige tb« art i>f Ui« «ui(iuuer. 
I B^uirinn iDiod oaa ptnti-n gnat bmiafidal mkJ*, |)l)^Kical 
\ ammi, ifwarda wbtui tliat art U an uiatramoDL Pbf ncsllj, 
itinual inprovtowBt iwil rxtcnnoii of tlie eu^pnoeriiig nrt 
JtU, DOl Boralf to (Le oomiurt anil ta^ja^iuuut, but Ui itie 
I awl snWiHtvDce, of the ooutioiull/ nccuuiiaUlliig popuU- 
rgnatciiioi ai^JiHifiulow uatSoBai But for tlie poinirfu] 

lof trani|K«t by liut<l *iul vat«r itflbnJod tqr modem ini- 

vdneuU w Macu«al moduuics the miillitudea awcnUed in 
tcitiM eouM DOl bcpantiiuiUlj aupp]I«>J vidi food uul fiiel, 
r tlM ntani nov affordud uf ««ift and eoonoralcal trarcUinfi, 
jritn*BofpM)uloiuid!tlri(:tawoaldofUtDlaniDto<]cititiitiL>ii, 
hMBX uuabw U> raach a mxrkct for tfacir kbour*. The 
_laiuier fiuda health aiul ■trccEth in thu ijiring nnir lila door, 
1 the air aroumd hU dwelliiwi but the ritiwn would Ot^nerate 
porub, were it not Ibr the raUnur anil tho ttwunbaftt tlint 
him lo the iu«untaiD air, nod ue w^utdtict that ■nuiliee 
I BOOM with tb« waur* of tbo mountain •trcau.—Uonlly, tba 
: of the eugiuter tend* to dininiak the tnnatucj aod the oon- 
of WAT,— to promote the fremlly LntCTOonree of hmo mkI of 
lad above all. to aMiat in tho rapid and cxt«BMTO diSu- 
_ owledge aod of tmlli. 

; the 7«<iug fiiginear, then bo convineed, thnt the pnhanon 
i«h hi' ettidiee U not a oiere nrof table binhmi^ bat a libatal 
I a uibln art, teoitiug towarae gr«M and good ande; and that 
~ i<n lo the nuaort to i>vrf«ci hbaaalf m that art, and in the 
I ou which it dcpwidn, i« not mwely a tamer of i ii cK B>tion 
rpoUc/, bat a aacnd duty. 



OS WARM ISO AN1> VENTI LATINO* 
By I>r. Nbii. Annom. 

f . — Open FJrar. 

apra fit*, altlioiigh it \t jnon wMtt-M than the oloae Move, 
nd hvi othft dbndranlagw, atUI hu jimprrtia which <»i»« ft 
I be grti>rally ^ferrvd whererer fuel it elienp. It La ao liiBiilo 
at any ramw can lenm to light and feed iti it b pleaain^ to the 
litiBnil it ii felt by manr to >>(■ In winter a chenn]eom|«nio(L 
igr-fit fialtxiif open firoeof the oomnioa type are: l.moke; 
jMte of hicl; 3. unmnnl bmtioE of the roonta; 4, trouble of 
grmvtit and «rn!ciiu0. In Ixmdoa alone, for iDHtauM, 
Ilvi riirvrijuacd tlint on KL-otint of thn Mnolcy ntmo- 
1 itJi hiivp f jwy for wanliiiig tlioir clolhee 
, . ii.iifdterKiig prr yoar MOW thnn if tliey lived 
r; that thfy nnv trrtiiiunie nt l«nat nnollier miUioii'e 
I more thui vrtnx with ^ooil open tirta «-nuld bo 
lli»t a cocisiidunilile imrt of tlie wiiilfr HJanaiR* and pr»- 
urtalllr of the eitv !• due to Iiiiilt4 in rwtpeci to tempe- 
IvtntiUtiQii: xi><) tli.uth« number of doniMtioeervnnta 
naler bi^uuw ot their hAviaj; to tnannge the preMOt 

hot IfttelT that Ihew evlb connect"! with coimnon open 
„iv« bm fiirlv l<Mkr<l at and ackoowlfil^ by acientlfia 
ni>'l )«rlic'il»rly l>y nrrhittcta, whoae buaincM it was lo 
J feiul corrc^ the ermra. Archit«ct8 hnva been oanieat in 
Ming heantifol fonut, but have dMtiicd tlif chciuiatry and 
buucs of tho lirepliicn Rnd chimney not worth tlirir notion. 
: onfliflrnctlnn anil nranagrtnptit of gntea were left, thnvbiv, 
atf rtilir*!* to the ore nad minoonwptloOT of little-«<lnnsl«d 
workai'n uid ■ervHata. It in tnte tlint M . (lau^r nnd otlinre 
In "Fnacr, Dr. ('raaklin nixl othcra it: America, and Uount 
Bnmfbnl and nthtn In Rngbnd, nude important murka, iind 

llaMii K M il l III llii rr i* l ril['-'- " r' -'■'—■• ■- »■— --^ ■ 



I. 



gare rery oaeful ooaaael reapectiag tint, and that lh« latter 
partimUrly impni«d not a little ooramon pmctioc by eiplainicg 
the advant^ea of narrowing the diimney throaU; bat tnaiiy 
le«on* are required to change oatAhliahed pcMtice founded on 
pop«lar IgnoraBot. Bamfonf ^owed that -if the heat produced 
IB the couiaoci flrae of hit dny about •« veo-cigfatlia went iip the 
diimoey to waato. 

In 1638 Dr. Aroott, pubtuhed a little work on wanning and 
veoUlalliig, iu which tnasy eouunoa orroe* were pointed out, and 
•onw mouM of r«aiedyinj[ faulla were dMarllwd. He alao hoa 
puhliabed a aeooiid tn«tiae on the aaiDo aabj«cbv oMtt&lnlug the 
•nhelanoe of the (brmer treatiae, with nildilii-ina. For the 
oovelliea decm«d of importance, the Couudl of the Jtoynl 
Sod^ty, in 1651, awinJed him their Boiufonl Modal Tlie 
princl[»l novellies are: 1, the nuokelwa open tn; 8 eelf- 
rq^olaUiw and aulf-foKling doea etoTo; 3, the aaine, irith modlil- 
cattooiL Mr warming Kpaciona bunding* by hot wat«r or atotmi 
4, rentilatiiw pump Tor Urge edificea; A, the hent-trancfcrrer, by 
whlcli hot foul air (aaaiog away ia made to warm pure air 
oDlering^ 

The PrMrident of the Gonnral Boajd of Health naiucd a 
eomuiaaion to examine and tvport oD the perf^rmanice of aoiae 
of the obiccU above meutioued, which ore already in uw, 
Thia Ika* Wn done to teat again the meiita; and, if merit be 
foQud, to loaaen obetaclM always oxiatiu U> the Jntroductioa of 
novcltiea, and eapaoially if oo indiridual bu pecuaiftry intmtet to 
Uhuur for their adwtioa. 

Iu the new mmmtttfirt are combino) mrfout particalara 
which liit«UI»iiil tnen at former tlmaa had thought Maud uaed 
•ingly, but ot whiah, when uaed ain^y and imper£etjy, the value 
waa ao amall that thoy have not been duly appr«ciat«d. 

1. Such was the uarroviug iif the lhi>nl of the chimney pro- 
poted by Count Rtuolbnl, whi^, wfaeo elided iu the exact 
degree ntquirtd, allows cDly what may be called the trttt tmph* 
to paa* away, and not aleo four or many nw>re timoe ah louoh of 
the pure warm lu'r from the room acaompoinTing the amoke to 
waate, at lutppeua io otqnmon wid«-throat«d flOM; but, for waul 
of a throttle valve or other regiatcr in the flue, with na iudex 
alwfjra cIcarU aecn, which misht be adjuatod oaroAilly. oAer 
lighting tlie nre, to the foroe of the chimuev ilnttij;Kt tu> iTiniinnccd 
by the wind and otiier cauMd, the briclc-oontraclol thnut of 
Bumfotd wua found geoeially lo be cither loo much or loo little 
eontncted, aod the true value of the oeotrlnnce wtu out under- 
■tood. 

2. Such, aggjn, waa the plan of Mr. Cutl«r ai>d other*, nf 
lacing the charge fur the day of tmb cool in a box tin<l«miia(h 
le Gk, m that when erial wn> wiuittd, ft ouiild be niand up into 

the grat« by mechnnlral form. on»aritig that all tl(« aiuoke iiuulng 
from it ii)i"iilil poa* through the ignited c«al 10 bf hunit*!. But 
because of tho complexity of the raking mNhiuiinu Mml, aud 
the want of a proper tbroltlc'tAlvu or doioprr fur tlic chimney, 
aa above dewribed, with ouiilniciiiMi of the anaoe over the fire 
(yet to be eiplaiucd), to give strong dranght nnij ptrttet aooiniand 
ofthecginbiutioii, tlint pUn, Although strongly |>ra«at^ 00 pn1>Uc 
notioe, wua aoon abandoneil. 

3. llieu, again, mnuy penoua aaw how atrikiugty tlie actinty 
of tlie coiubuatlnii of a couinion fir* U uii(I''r ci/uituand whero 
there i* a blower nr apr^'U to the gmte, <ir «hpi« tli<; upaoe 
bctweeu Om fuel nnd tlie cliiniticy lhtv<at i* li«)Kticd b^ a Ihilng 
of Gni- brick, producinj- iiMirly the mnc cSijctaa a l4owvr: hot 
uot rufllcieiitly avniv tliiit cxoMslve nciiiuii of thoe la oouipt<^«ljr 
provf-nlibl* by tlie cbinio^v ihroitlp-vnU^i, and bflitviug erm- 
neoualy tliat the Ii«t Hiiiokc, while riting through n larvo open 
tfaM over the Giu, nulintci much h«tt into the i-oom, tTi>'v ijtd 
uot contract that ii|aoi> uor uiu the blower, and an iQiBi.sf Ix-ih 
the mjuirdl uoDir<d t'ler the («mbustluii, Kud Bl)owe>l the true 
aaoko to mix withmul dr^ along with It a Inrge ijiuuitlty of the 
pure warm nir aIkiuI the Tire. 

4. Theu.itiU'lli^viit iKinniutiiul noted the exlrauriliijfirypovera 
of veiitilntiug tha Kn-in ubtubed by ao oMiiiDi; mode cehr the 
cviling wlii.>re ll»' hot fi.nil nir ia usually colitcitir iutu tlie I1<k- of 
a Mroiigly drawing chimney; bat from nut kninring Uinl, by 
narrawiug the ii\>mx- ovoi' tho dra and (bn throat of the chiiuitey, 
only very hot air ia alluwed to enter the flue,— and nut n'llwtiag 
that the chimney draogbt Ii elrong iii proportion to that luui, 
— luid nr>i itwarc that a baliincod valve of metal placed iu the 
veiitilatittg o|>?oing wonid allow tlw foul air ttttn the nom m 
Micr, but no imoke to eecaiio,— «ucb anungemeut tina been 
rarely adopted. 

10* 



J 



It 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



^. Thm, Uatly, ptnoas h*v« nude chAimcU lor tttA ur to 
r tbe rtmat, «m aprnd froa setr the Ura-plaM, but U^um 
, Ibdct opeBiiip w«n «ttli«r vadar Dm gntt, w tliiit tb« ur 
w til* tin imgukrlr, anil acattcfvd th« uh duat, or b«c*iMe 
rtbo kir WM ■doilttM to ctuuinoU too etoM to tli* urate, in which 
U VM OVtrlitMcd, ud tfaeo uc«aided away to lb« oeilmg, like » 
2l»-bttUoon, doinc littlo wrviat below, the' pku got liLtte fnv'mr. 
Hj Allowing the mmli air, howorpr, to «iil«r uniler m broad cUao 
ftodar it In g«titl;r wannoil by •i>u loci witk thai, and tkra «pPMu!a 
' — nably iu th« rouia, pore and tefopcrol, pieveoting qnit« the 
diunghu ^iB wlodow* tar doora, m> muah conipkiu«d of 
I ordiimry ouea. 
^ In the aev m iok A tm Br% tli«M flra objeeta u« combliwt] in 
fit tnaBUM and degree^ and other iraportMit object^ a« tho high 
or low podlioD of the an, arc att^udod to. 

A nrjr bnporta&t ohjaot eihibit«>i iu Lh« Pari* EihibitfoD wia 
ftpnparad fiiet, oalled tho "eharbon •{« P)u^" The maniiiko- 
Ituv taluafiwinentaordiittof bibamiooiu ooal, orof eaOincitev 
chareed, or coiie, and mixing theee in ocrtun proportioiu with 
ooal-tM) h« malua a aofl maae, which, hj moatda, be tliapre i(it» 
^Undneal piooM oT about 4 iucfaea long and 1 1 <n diameu-r, and 
M afterwards hardcma thorn bjr bicat. liiM* bom t(v7 lik« 
charcoAl, tree from nnoke, and giving iotcnae heat. Thcte are 
BOW tBany makon of auob fu«t, mcuhqj co beliere the exceUeuee 
ot their product (o de|>8iid«h!«11]rontheproportioiieoif iheingTf 
dlcdla, and attributtiie too littlo to the uDubrm alxe and ahape 
of the pieoea, which aUow that riBhtlj- propoKionfd kpproMh of 
ftlr to then on which perfect eotubaatioii *a mucti dopcud*. 

Then were iu the Exhibition tnaiiy Bpt-dnitaia, both Conti- 
Bemtal and Endiiah, of artlftdal coal or fuel of kindred oompoti- 
ich Cuvor mi 



1 



tion, in mtich Cuvor maawt. AaobvioiMadTontagaofaadhover 
eommon oo<xl in Uiat tho lunipB, nheo pot tosstber, oecQpj leaa 
space tliaa on wjuaI weight of irregularly bnMun oonunon ooal. 
and ihenbre can be i(oi«d tnon advaatagMualj in ehSpa. And 
in tho eompoaltion there may b* of biiainea or pitcny matter 

i'nat what uds the Maady oombuatloa wllhaut ounlnf nnoke, 
lavin^ therefor*^ nmther the exeeae nor the dcflcieneyfeiuid in 
iM»aaUmIooi^ 

The see of etat^ u a fuel for cookiug, aoU eomettmett for 
wunlngnoma^ ie epreading over Eurupc, and well auited appa- 
nbu Md beta etut to tho Exhibition frutu aavenJ onnuW 
Tor tba porpoee of warmiiiK a room giM in ft v*i7 expenalve ftiel, 
but for i«^king, it may, in miuiy ouch, bu both comveniMit Mid 
eeonomlooL evident niivautogm arc, that th» fire haa not to be 
lighted until the moment when the cookiug Welna, that it can 
eauly, b; th« re^Utin^ clock, bo TcnileriMi and miuulAlned of 
exactly ttip rc^uiuU >trcnjcth, and that it may be cxtiDgiiixhsd at 

OUCe wheu tlir work i* doOr. 

In the Paria Exhibition then were open fire-gntea, of roriety 
iOiiio«t endleai, flltad for bUTDine wood or ooal. Uaii;r ""^n 
•nry taateful, and of perfect worinnuiahip, but ezhiUtiog do 
important norelty of principle. There w«n vary omamcoUl 
and ooatly srato* bwa Eiuland, aa might be expeeted. from the 
ouen crate hvina than tiw iiiilrnial flra-plaee, owins to the 
abandauca and chMpoeea of tlie Utnmtnoua ooal fitted £r tliem. 
BsTOsI of tb* London nuannictaren had aent apocimorui of tba 
new ainokeleaa grate. 

Until recetitly the kinds of fuel baru«l in Pnria wwe chiefly 
wood and charccal, which, fr<7ui their tutture. produM t«ry little 
iinoka. Hcnoa the reToarknble deaittoaa of the «ky in Parian and 
the noaoiled exterior nod intarior of the buildiug*^ uomparal 
wiUi tba moke-loaded atmoaphere and the blackened walls of 
Londoo,wbec« bitaminoue ooal almoet alone is employed. Now, 
howaver, theuee of bitumluoue Mial ie rapidly extending in Paris, 
and, nnlwa nrocaatiooa be takeo, thn Kama ooaaoqoonoaa will 
dtow aa in London. There in no jfoad raaMD why the lejpala- 
taree in both ciiiu ftlmuld oot interfere with reaped to the imoke 
of domeetio Htm, aa luu otrtody been done in London ao uaefuJly 
with reawot to that ol the nirnaoea ot ateam-englnM tad ethem 
Tbiu all Ad eiHa ftora imok*^ •• aet fbrth at tba beainidog 
of lltia report, would be much abated in London, and would neror 
exiat in Paria. 

Il^—O/lht Ciote Store. 

Thii haa been made hiUirrto iiiarly in the lam* ways in all 
eonntriea. It enotosoa the fim*, ao that no air can enter it or can 
Uaa by the chimney, eiceot what i* wanted to snppurt the oom- 
Dnatkoniand muoh of the neat of the smoke peasin^ thnragh the 
metallic nrbrickniat«risl of the oonatnctionremauia in the room, 
a* already mentioned. One portion of ooal burned in aueh a itovo 



warms a room >■ audi aa about four tamee the qnaatlty bonud 
in on open flre. litdo emoke ie produood in it. 

CloaeatoTca are very oommoa in Forii, and are of mat variety 
of form. They difler fmn EngUab medmen^ in having getunUgr 
greater extent of expoeed metallk ciiimaay-ntbaa for giving «■• 
hoat, amnced in tantrfiil way*. 

Amaag me doee ktoTts tent to tbenuwExhitritionbyEngfiah 
makers were aome for burning Don-UMoinoaa fuel, u cofce^ 
anthradte^ or chareoal, ahowing the modlficalleoia deritcd by l>r. 
Amott for obtaining important new (itialittea Intliatformof 
flnplacc The balanced valvo regulator girea oooiplaU eCBInl 
over the entering wr, canaing the oombaation to be aa nntfom ■• 
ia that of H oaudle, afMl by a almple aiHuatneBl of it, tba eon- 
gumption of fael may be inoreeaed or cumlnlahed at will, bj> a 
(ingle pooml in ii hoora. A reeeirtMle to eontdn Aiel movA 
for £4 or even -(H boura ia placed with tte open month immediaMf 
over tho fire, and freah fuel fidU from aboi-o oa the fuel below h 
COUKUiu«>J. Tlie fire bums thua during a whole winter wttlkont 
being extioguishod, and re<|uir<« little morv earvioe lliaaakUdMB 
clonk. Such a (tflvnoit nowducribeil haa perfomedintbeV' 
room of tho writer for liitoen ycarv, and during that 
there h.u not boeii uenl to aiirep the ctiimoey. 

Then^gnlatorofthls itovo Ie rolnutelvdeeortMd in the pnbllafa 
trratim'. It isof grant sinplloity, aotfeoataoijy afew ehUlinga. 
It linot tiMily hurt orderangcd. Many farmaof svch regulator 
wcr« Jcviaeil b^ the invtotor, wlien ycora ago be formedamaM* 
menta for luamtainiug an abeolutely unifonn t«»perat«re n 
ohemlcnj a^id r>ther apiiaiatua Hona M. E. RoUnBd, of Pan% 
has lately 'loviiMil kindred fonss of thermortat for hie apparaui^ 
oklled TorreEic^teur, exhibitnl in the Kipoaition, without being 
aware that auch arrangemeula hod been tnode before. 

UL, TV.^^tff-ftyvlatinjf Firr/vr hmting Watrr and fir ptwiitiitf 
Steam. 
The utore above deecribeil may have ila walla doubLcL with 
water betwouu theut, and tbun will luaiutaln hot any dealred 
quantity of water for the uio of bedroomay nuraeriea, to.-, and a 
larger £ro or furnace ao regulated may be used to heat boalera for 
the wanniuguf Urge buildiu^ by circulation ofwater,ar to pro- 
duce atoaui ior the aanic purpose. 



belowH I 
wtthont i 
tkUdMB 

ibUabeff 



hiohi^H 
chana^^H 
ihcrvar 1^ 



VESTiLinos. 
Ventilation of Bungle mom in aumnter may bo offfded by 
window* open at the top. In wiuler it is aupcioaed iu genefal 
to be auflloiently seuiired by tlie etreaui of air paaaing up tha 
chimney from thn fin?placi-, and it niny then be teooend 
perfect by a ventUatiog valve, properly niani^od. But whan 
a spacious buildiug ia to bo rentiUlol by night and by dqr, 
in summer and in winter, u a hospital or barraok, oOier meaiM 
an required. Thoee, uou'for tarns years employed, are obiefljrof 
two kiada. 

1. A lofty ehoit or chininey. healed by a Greorbot water pipei^ 
and baring communication with the plaeea to be puri&eo. !■ 
F^anoe suoli a ehaft in cnllod c^tuuinfr ifopjui, 

2. Air piiroim or fon whi^cl* driven by machinery, which 
be uafd oitlicr to forLV air into tho boildiug throu^ St chax 
ortodniw air out, like the boated ahnfli and by whiohcrvar 
these mcaoi the viiiaii'd.'kir from the roamaUoausedtoleavethsnt 
It may Lieue either Uitvugh opuoinganaar theeoQin^pndnotng 
upwerd vcitUlntion, or through openings near the flwra, effactiag 
downward vuitilation. 

In many ICugtinh prisons ventiUteJ by a hot abaft, the pon 
air, vurui^d or oMl«d, it caumxl t-i ent^i' the cells near the to^ 
and the impure air in withdmwn tlirongh opaniofn near the 
bottom. This lyitcm ban not given senvml (atis&ctioci. With 
aome doiirablc iguolititMi, it baa L>[ie which ia decidedly had. A 
good quality in, that it diiruiM<4 iu n rixitu the warmth of entering 
air uture equably than when the »oiir<» of h«ni ia below; for erana 
air entering being lighter than tho mau in tho room, i|veadi 
itself all over that, and deocouda uulynatt oiolsand ns niiira Trrali 
warm air enters. The system is ecoiiuujical olio, for the air 
which is paaaing awuy at the bottom, being the heaviest ur in 
the ro'iui, is aloo the coldaat, and therefore in departing iniiiia 
away little h«aL Tho heaviest mr, however, is not Uie omI 
impure air, aa that ahonld be which ii dejArtiog, for the impne 
breath bung warm olwaj's riaea to mix with the entertog frssh 
air, and so remotua to be in |i*rl br«iithed again. 

Iu France, for many hoeiiitals, prlaons, end laiga h*Ua af 
•NStnbly, this node of deeoending vsotiUtiom, b; d«pwilB( 



4 



THE CIVIL ENOINEEB AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



•unate at Ik* floor inn towanli « liMUd tWt li ■dai>Ud [a 
MOM lh« pore ■ar •■Ian b«low alnadjr bMWod, M>d in kiida it U 
fc ul ii tn tb« nom br conUet with wriheM of wbat ar« c«ll»1 
vkta* alevM, eotttalniiig atrcnUtiDK hot vxtw. It U IkiimhIU* 
>ft«r k liUie tuM UuU ui* penoa En «aolt plM« gob bt brmtbliig 
*ir parftoUj para, for mJoM Uio wholo auw* of ur in ths roem M 
(broad dowawanla to aaeapo at Uio ftoor with gmler ipaad ikaa 
tha hot braath b tkiiic through tha fluMnd mam, tba bn»th 



■ad ba diSawd in tlio mam, and nnat aooo 
dMoeod a^in, aUboag^ diluted, to Mit4r oMn or Um tha chaala 
of all ponou praaaat. 

la tha oU HottM of CotBrnofu para air, drawn tivm a 
faiilli lAver, ud Dioclrntoljr wanaed, waa admitlcd thnxngh nsa/ 
aponiirta ia the floor, and tha iiapora fiml air waa drawa awaV 
wo«gkoiNaiu*abo*aloal«Ajr haatod raatiiatiag ibaft. Thla 
plas, whwoatlartkadiractloaofDr. Bcid, vaa found for jraara 
toaaswar very wall 

[■ iha Hooac at Lordi ateaai-eaKioea of SO-horaa povar 
■f* Mad to isipal air aloog chaniuli anoag plpaa haatad bj oon- 
ttfabg ataaia, and ihw Itito tha graat hall oflliaBiunbara. Ilia 
Imiraalrlabrlbaaatatiiigparaairfaraadoataf the chamber, 
«hlalT throosh opaaiafi at UM top towaide a vealilaling ahaft or 
lUmatf. Thit «ratetii lo aot wiril iMuina oouataat aUUad 
MI■MtaBe^ and Id Ita fltat aaUblMirowrt b rarj eoatl;;. 

Th* plana adopted in Paria for watvhig aad vaottbUngeertain 
higa baildiBfa hy Miiaaia l>aon Duvoir le Blan<v Beni l>u««ir, 
GnBvvUe^ Thowwat iMinmt, and other*, in eipbuuUloa of whUi 
t here ««ra tnodda and dcawinfa ia the ExDoaition, an alao ex- 
■Biplaa of tha a/atana abora deembed. In thoae ia whidi tho 
heated eheft le uaad there U only the fecblaandauateadjrchiBner 
fcrcov which ia too liablo to bJlarv. 

M. Leon Ihivoir la Blanc heaU all tha tooioeof a bnfldlw bjr 
(fmUtiod of hot water tnm a eingia holler pboed Id the Daaa- 
IL The vnlar it Ibroad up fruni tliat U> a high rtaervoir bjr 
wrigtil of tlie deacvadiag cnrrtmta, from which reaervur 
pBH to cvory room, oarnrtDg Lhu hot water lo voMala 
oaltol wntei^COVM (po/fer ifmu], from which, when 
, it dceoenda lo be T«-beatad. The 1m<1t afn waur-etora ia 
hjT Baa/ paiMgaa or rabaa open >t Ixrfh raiim, through 
toa nah air la canatd to enter the rooen, and 




warawd by lb* eeoUet rieea toward* the oeiliiiK. Hw 

baavlwt, baoane* «old«at air of th* nwen aubaidee to near t£a floor, 
and (h«fts iu proportion aa freah air «ul«f^paaaeaawn7 bjr tha 
emtilAliug opHuiwa. TUiajetatuhH theadmilaftee of Mviof 
Ibcl «■ above deacribad, and of oauainic uDiform distnbution cc 
WMBlfa, b*tt it haa the dieadvantaflM of the iiapuritv Mt, owing 
tollwlowesilof tlkc air, and of the feeUe and Queuadj' pnpvt- 
£agpow«r. 

bl thaptanofU-BeafDoroir. nUblidwd at rEcole Poljr- 
tMliiii<)iM and efaewlMra, hot wniar cirenlatre Erom the boiler m 
larger labce plaoH in chumob funned in (he wall* and flo>:iri^ 
alai^ which aleo the freeh air niovea toward* the roooM. Iiiutlier 
iia|Wi<a there b naeh raapmblariM to tha pUn of H. Dnvoir la 
Bbnei It ia aoma adraatafte that tbuv oanuot be wonaius of 
Aa raona without TMtilatiou, beoaaee warmth can be cairi^J in 
aoJr br the froeh air. Than Um air in riaiug through warm 
■*"*■"-'- beooniM warm oolumtia, aiding th* aodom of th* <li«n^nde 
tfacnal or abaft. 

it. Orouralle'a areten hualao the thnftandeentnllmUr with 
water curna, but the watar in iho atoraa b heated not alwHS 
direetlx in the txiiler, but by ■loim rtalag from tha boQer to th* 
^ovm, or to dietiaot partial wator alnulatlon*. Thera are 004!lt% 
■a in all the oUmt arrangaflaenta apolwu of fur regulating Iho die- 
MbMion of heat acoordine to the uood. 

UNH^ThooUH and Launmi, M «ihililted at the hoaplul 
lAriboisiira, nae Bl«am«igin«a of tf>-boi»e power U) forco ihoalr 
h* flui-wheeli ihiMgh th* bnlhllnfe Tba neali air ii hratnl by 
to* M«an of the auguiea after that haa dona ita work iu Ihem. 
Tha iajeotion cf the fmh air dnv« ibe uiK<Juroulof th«warde 
h7 Opeadage chiefly in the aide wsUa, imue of them bdng halfway 
■(S wwu tower down. Th* eapaaae of the firat eatabtiebmeat M 
laeh nppanuue b mj gnat. 

'nw «vid*at daitderalntn. theo, for th* effeotual ventilation of 
Ihm buJIdiaMU aaimple.andthereforeohcnuiiti.'oliiuiiiul power, 
miMcnneilhor force or draw air aa dealred, and which ehall 
wetlc with ■nfiuling regularity aoeonling to raquiait* and okarly 
dellnad raeavar*. Itahonld take th* plaice of the expomrivo and 
■Biightly ahafle, and of the ataam-efiginea ahore deaoribod, ur of 
i.J«Ce, — wetkhv timfonalr Uirough th* nlghta aa w«U a* 



the dan, and avnidiug the neeeeiltj fcf £rea, aad for the valohing 
of ekilled attcnaanta. 

Si»h an air^moring apnuntoa, it t* brlieved. esiatt Ja As 
reoUlating punp drrbed hy Dr. Anotl, of the body of whicb 
tbara waa a modal la tha Pane BxhlbitiooL. The eonreeientiaoda 
uf worldngona,bow«vorbrg*,bnotbjraetaaB-eag(&e, but by 
the ordinary eapply of water lo th* hoaa^ delivaradM flnt lute a 
olatera placed high in the bouae, aad nmd* to more th* pnmp m 
itgndnalljdaeanidatolawarlevelaferthedaniMtbnaca. maa 
aMJ amuMCDwat eTM^ ^nt of water wfatch deacoade 90 yarai ia 
<aiued toioroetJOanlMe feet of puraairiiiV' the houae^ throngh 
braaomng ohaajMla of diitribution if dcairod* »"^ the pomp 
workebTnigfataabyday niA thangvlarity ofaclodcaadetoiN 
only if the daily enpply of watar from th* water oompuiy ehould 
Ihil. 

The foUowios extract from a Hinnte of th* Oonvral B>>ArJ of 
Health, datod Ootober 4. ISdO, reUiea to a trial of th« appaiiitna 
tnade, while one Entanoad (br the new bomital at Ynrk waayvb 
la the iaaiivlhctor7 of th* ooatmolora, Mcaain. Bailey, of fllKh 
Holbom. 

" The Board, atoKiipanied by Mr. Anataa, Dr. SntfaerUod, Ur. 
Qamnell, having iaijiucUHl the n«w cagin* aad ^paratus forth* 
teotilatioB of the Ycrfc Uoapetal, aad having coaanllcd their offl- 
«tt% *s>^ ■>'oF^al«D that the madhiae and amngementa w«r« a( 
ahlghly faaportaot character, aa going &r lo eolv* lh*qne*tiea of 
chen|i aad eflicirnt rcDiilalion. Ia thl* oaaa th* ooat of tha 
ventilation of a buQdiug to aooomnodat* 1000 ptnoat would 
probably not exceed one diilling per day. Conudeiing the im- 
portaaoe, in a eauitoty point uf view, of aa apparatua e^iabb at 
a email onetof re^ulatiiig day and night, without aaptrlaiaBdenei^ 
the ciuantityof air drawn in end out of dwelUag and rfeeptag 
room^ the BoartI deeme it deeirablo to eo m ia uu icat* with^lM 
dinetora of th* York hoapital, aad loobtaSn from tlieau th* reaatta 
of lla pratieal working.* 

After the apparatua had been in uae at York for two yean^ 
th* coraa^UM of ntaaagetaent of the boepiUl reported ta 
the Board of H*alth that th* performuoa '' waa Itighly aatb- 
Ihctory." 



BEPOnr ON TrtK WORKS OF THE MITHOPOUTAN 

WATER COMPANlEa* 
By HairaT Arsriy, Wiluxm lUxoaa, and Ai.ntm Dicseji^ 

»q| irlMialln lapMn •( ik* wnl llnMd ■( Unlit. 
ScuaART. 

We beg to preaHit in a tahaiatnd form a eoada* vtvw of th* 
aialn balura* of the autiro worfca of (he netropaUa «rat«r anpfily, 
already aqiaral«lyiIeeorib«d.t 

In briagiagth*ahi«/wQtkBoftli*e*vanlGonBpanie* thiiaiato 
JaxtapuaiUoa, varieuaamnaatlaaaud di^iroportlona baooma u>- 
pamnt, which aceai at firat aight to b* ifroooactlahb, anoh aa l£* 
qouittty of water »u|>jilicd, thoamonnt of aleaai power ptoridod, 
theamteftaaervoin and of Alter bed*, and the cu*t of the worke 
••oOM|Ni«dwtlhlh*Bumb*rofttooa«*aup)iliiHl l>y tordi of the 
Oompaaiea. But while, on the on* hand, many of tlire* eeemiag 
diaprotKirtioina wonld doubtbaa lie apiiroxiraatoii by a fall expon- 
tion ot the varioueaad apeoial drouaulanoeaof earefacaee^itmuat 
be bom* in nkiii4 on the other hand, UiM theae worfca are for 
Ih* moat part the prt^reanre growth of many years, under auuy 
ptofeMioiul adviawB wcirkinK tudepoudontly, and wiiicr whou^ 
with no uuliirm plan of aciiuu for guidaaoe^ vary ditfcrctit views 
would be mm to find exprMtion. 

Th* only dieproportiun of (ha kind to which we oonthleo' it 
deairabb to dir««t apocial aii/>iit)oo, aa probably aflbcliu at ilnua 
the quality of tha snppliea, ii ilia very aninll amount of filtering 
area provided tuaonie of tbeeo works at couipand with that of 
othera. 

Aoeonlbg to th* retnra faniehed by the aevoral Water Cun- 
paniaeia tMO^ it appeared tbatno^ihouaaawtmhauanpDlIad 
with water, the groea dailv ouanlitv ddiveiad having nan 
41,363,33s galloua. It will Iw uleerved Cram the preceding labia 
that tlie enpply of waipr lo the luetrcpolia haa now rea<li*d Um 
•noruQuaquiviiUty of upwardeoftil million gallon* per day, if 
hamag k*a near^ rfeaAM in tit *iarl »pace ^ tU georL. (i ia 

* Itifwi hi th. (huxnl BmiJ ot UttUh (a Uw UKnpola WtMr **ftlf. 
1 roi<l<UU«-inrturt.«A>nM^UUp. U. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AHCHITECTS JOCFRNAL. 





TbUf 4 


r (b ntin 


Worl* ^ 


iA< ir«r 


tfdk Wa 


MpAypt 


9- 






' 


LMttWiHrCMgMlM 


Bvam 

optdKd. 




MMBpr. 


KlIUMd 

Urn, hit 


Am<rf 

fclT It-, 


AfMd 

niier 
BMbk 


Ana«r 

<ip<i> 

firmund 


An»<f 

Watac 






y«> JKm^Lo, Chalk Spnnjp, Me. 


SS,0B3 


OatloM- 

as.ooo.ooo 


Huna. 


UUOL 

4v<.son 


AcroL 

es-00 


Aara. 
S'OO 


AuTK. 

None. 


Am. 
»-7« 


1,431,717 


stt^oei 




70,000 


le, 000,000 


UO 


SSI 


IIon«L 


IS-00 


Nod*. 


«-iO 


748,781 


3M,D00 


.ftwrtwart amf raurAn/t — "nianiM at 


I1.JS8 


10.831,133 


1006 


13a 


7-«S 


4-40 


}ima. 


Nods. 


434,547 


314.010 


[Hunpitoii 


a9,S41 


0,109,000 


OSO 


30« 


Nona. 


0-73 


1-26 


S-00 


207,362 


3U1.0U 


t7u( jriiiijlw.1— Thuna* M Qamplon 

(TnMttI /MKfi«i — TbsMM M HMnpWn 
£(■1 — tUrtBiboiinN 


S3.7S! 
£5,030 
17.S2I 
18,077 


6,8«,a« 

6,333,000 
fl,7t 1.303 
9,^00,0001 


430 

700 

1410 

eon 


178 

lesi 

117 
lU 


1«'00 
SCO 
T-8II 


1-60 

s-oo 


Ketia. 

KOD*. 


1-7S 


e<8,6tfa 


1S7^W 

4r3.au 
sii.m 


s-so 


466,719 


617 
S-M 


Nmo. 
I-56 


V07 


301^101 


»7.on 




e.sis 


tatfiSf) 


72 


sai 


Sa-00 


0-14 


Nooe. 


Heat. 


ei.981 


SS.3S4 


PlumltaitMtd ITmMcA— Challi »^ 
TMk 


8,000 


660,000 


S5 


i« 


0-10 


Knw. 


3-SO 


0-32 


Nods. 


64,0(10 


S£S,Sei 


61,D2S,SIS 


7264 


3084 


141-M 


wee 


ll-WO 


4,ai»,«»> 


i,'iia,tu 



a^itaiaio3a^Ioftha3«V»01iaiuMwMA now bm tix 
^pvgjida wHhio th* Bmfurtnr Qtoanfi dlatriet. Thoo, tho 
Kvwi^ (Lulj iuradjr of walorformU purpocM, vhieh in IdAOwu 
164 Villous per boiue, b now, In 18S6, 946 KaUona per hoiuo. 
Hw total iiotuiuJ rogiiM power omptoytd um In raoerre it ti\nal 
to 7381 bopwi. Tho tnAiti* And bnuich plpm Tor bHocing t1i« 
WAtor trtfia the Mrvra] aounen, asd dutribnting K lu tli« diKiricU 
oxdonTeoftbe prJTAU ierrioapipea, Ibrm n toulknirtliof 208S 
mVitt. Iht filt«r btdi oov«r na nm «f upwarda of 40 sotml 
BefaralbapMBlogof tbeMotrapolia WittM- Act of 1852, md- 
BidetKbly mora than bAlftha aiipplv mu not filMred; aubBtdtug; 
rtwrvoin mn in locb uuic tlieonly moaiia of cloAring tJi« water 
of iBpuritiM in mapcnaion; tlwae arc now for dio moat pnrt 
umpto^ Aa «r«U aa tbe fltUr bed*, tlic tolAl arm of aabudiug 
iMo rotf in M» bring upwuds of Ul scm in extent. Tlie 
Itltend walDr i* itorail in fnurtrdii oomod nmrfoln oempriabis 
oa ANftof neiHy l.^oiTd, ntiii tn fenr nnoovered raMrvoira, OT 
not quite 3 acrta, «biuh an l)l^y(md five milea dixtanec (roin St. 
PanPa. Tli« COM of tlie new work* exMuled under tlie UetrDjiolia 
WAtar Act, IM2, and tfa* recent Acta of tlie eevcr&l mmpsnleH, 
hH UDomttad to 2,282,SMJL, BuilcSnjt witli tlio fonnar exptiidUnra 
an (liiwru by tfae retunuiof IBSli^ tlie oMrt ofthe entire water work* 
of the mulropoUit cpintrWii iff ttven millSan* Hrrtiiig. hrtn thii 
amuunl, h(i«-«'vi>r, will &I1 aliort of the lotnl ezpeixlilurc; for tlie 
Inlennixtiat* onllnT* brtirroa the fbrin<-r rctnrna Anil thn pnjvilDg 
nf tJiencw Acta, and the co*t of inaBj worka hi band, butiioiyet 
QMnplete, ore not inolnded iu tlui enm. 

lo pKaentiiie thia Minunu^ of ibe eitnbliihiumta ta wliicluoar 
inieiriea hnre OMii dlredwt, we ilnlre to obtM-re, in order to 
gtarH ngainat miacaooeption m to tho nmiwion of other raliiAble 
matter, that we have ■ooflit only, in fnlfilnientof ooriDntriieUnna, 
to ipve Bucb a gennsl detciriptiou of the engineering fentnm of 
the vorka of Mch oompany a< wvuM fuinieh a MmciideAof the 
af/mpiie worka of tnetrapolitan water RUp^iIy. Numberk'en 
pmnta of dehdla of oonetmcUon, nnd information cemcemiBg the 
wotliiDg of then eetAblishraent^ woald, no doabt, hare bean in- 
urartingiD tbMtiMlT«B,bvt they toanvly appeared to ha ueoeBarr, 
keeping in view the mnia object of the inntiiry with which we 
]iAVe had the bononr to be intraated, while Ruch lui ntoitnion 
VKiulil haroinvolred a very einbonte and lengthened mnrirt, the 
ntepiuivtioa of wbicfa would bnve required much longer lime thtm 
It apfiMnd deiilrable to derota to the Inqnlry. 

In ooDtdiMJon, «• dealre to oberrvo, u the reaolt of ORrlnmrti* 
gBtiooM into the present eUte of tbo netropoliMn watee anpply >— 

laL TliAt the reonirenMnta set foetb in the ccniiueiieement of 
our Bepon. etrntpnaine tlie lat, ind, 3td, -ttb, 14th, anrl ITth 
ohHiaeaoftheMatropoli* WAt«r Act. inXibave b nil eaeenlial 
fMpxta, be«a fblly and aatialitctArily complied with by Ibowvenl 
CompAuiee, (tlte provinooi for eonatant anpply not coraiof into 
ejMrKlioo tiatil tlie lat July 1667). The new worka hAVe noil, in 



Cut, boon llmltad to vbkt» btn ocnfolinuce with thoMpro^i^gu 
wonld bATo IblSUed. MeaanraahAra t>Mu itdopwd for tM giuiiS 
tmpi«Tamenl of the auppUei^ whtcb evince apropvriuiAlely On UM 
partoftlieoompAnieeiDtbediiiabiirgooftbedutteaoftlii-ii-ixiaitlistl 
tOwanU llie [lablla 

ind. Tlini liavins regiuvt to the aerioni (tete of oontAininnticii 
to wbidi uiAay of the nrom and aticaiui of the country lurbeii^ 
nduoed by tfao dmiui^ceopenitioiia cnrriwl out in the ne!glibM»~ 
ioglowuH, And by the direct dinchATSevrilif sewage without niiy 
jDeana adopt«id fi>r tho provvntion ofthe pollution of tbn wAtct*, 
— ^conditloD which iaavldenoed to the idhubitADtaorthe nietro- 
polie by the suddenly iocraaMd polliitian of the Tbiunts ilnlf At 
the point* whence their wAtoraapplrbiuibutniceuUybceu drawn, 
—we deeire lo roooonuiwnd tbat earlv atti^utiuu be dirMted to the 
t«wiiedn£nlnglatothe TliAmeHADil lie tributaries, and iulo the 
Lm and BAvensboome, above thn pi-ernDt nouivoa of aupjilT.ao 
that oiaBAnrca mAy be Adopted with rrgardtothe dminiife of tboee 
(daeei which will periuAnenlly pmcrvc the supply of water to (be 
metropollii in iut uuuoal praotiuble etale of purity. 



EXAMINATION OP THE HIVER THAMES ABOVE 

THE NEW SOUltCE-S OF SUPI'LY.' 
By Hkhht AnrriK, Wili-iav Raicuo, And ALrnitD Dicke(^ 

fiaisiinlHiiUut IiupKUn of Hit 0«unl Bwd aC ll«*l>h. 

Is the conne of our early ciaminatioiui of the works of the 
vAter coupuiiai which derive their eiippliee from the river 
lliAniea, wa conld not fail to obaM-ve tho vary turbid and die- 
coloured alAte of tlia wAter, An effect tbet ie aaid to be for the 
meet part due to the chty waahed down by the beary nJas, and 
is found to be comoon alaa to the riv^r I.e«. Ihit thia Awt, 
coupled with our obMirvHtions In Other placiv, of (he injurion* 
ellbcta upoti rivwr* and ittwma which have Arisen from tba 
drainage of the nciglil mil ring towne into theui, led us lo enurider 
itof inpurtAtioe to imttiire ne to the aaioaiit of deterioration to 
which the supplies of water fiimiebed to the Bintrofwll* migfal 
beaubjeot by the drainage of the uwnairittiAtad above ilie newly 
Adopteii aonroM. 

It is difhcull to deterrnine from what Amount of popvUMoa 
the Thame* :tbovc Hamptao may be nid to nedv* the eewiga 
Mtbor ditMllr or by meana of ita trllmtarleiv but at tba amallast 
GoniputAiiou it is A very oonsidmibla nnmber. 

We ware the mnrv inipntned with this point of inquiry 6<Mi 
the Ihct, thai thu luoit urgent queetiuii which miw f r Man ti 
itaelf in the progreea ctf the sanitary iiapromneot of nanyof ibt 
wiintty towns, of wbieh the drainage baa been ouried oat wlUi- 
out proper nietiiie for niilisii^ ar tnaling the eewaf^ iMfttaF. ia 



P 



' l«rKi H Ibe Mansl B«^d tf BmlUi ub tu UctfnpuUi Witv 



:m 



THE CIVIL EKOINKEB AKD ABCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



75 



of tit* ri*«n kud atnum to «liich tlM 

iMBiinyliittvaMd potlntloa of the TtuDM from Ui« hum 

viuiiii tidal iaSnmoe, duriuf t)i« Uat IW ymn, bn ben 

' of MUptiM ud ooauoMU for mb* tim«, ud, looldnff iit 

I cril oooMquBeH of fodi "t**— *"***" of w»l«ra fwnUboil 

wrtie «H, it k ntllor ftr t«gnt that the ■HwkUoin of tba 

I ofmpiil; wai not wvmtr comiatinoed. 

^tii* lioM of the Mlbrckk of oholcra In 1646, Um aUt* of tba 

>t tfa« pi>iiit vhMoa th« LMnbrtli Ocnapuijr dnw tiiair 

■afmiiii lobaa^badaatoiiKliica tbMBtouluiiMMurea 

I Car tbe nttcmlion ef tfaoir Kiarm. ALihat time the w»i«r 

by the ^viuthwark ami V'skxIiaU C(Mi]p*ii]r, lakt-a at 

dda aad CKXtfullr fittcml, onioyed a oouparaUva npuUtkoi 
ftor purity, aud yet within Uia diort period to tba «aoowduig 
flfUnafch tba rivar at ibta b%har point lipcanM to nnidlr vone 
■a to load (■> the fearfnl inrnaaii of BMrttlit; wliich li** been ao 
MHlBrim^ ikduaed tram a mnpwiaMi of Ibe d«atb nU 
■BOM tba tatunia of tbe two ounnuuea in tba aamadiatrlet 

U abouid be boma bi aiiad tW tbla aouna of danger ia a 
«Mar aapDljr ia aearalf fwnovMble by any amount it cat« on 
Iba part M a oompuiy. It ia not within (ho oontiol of onlinaij 
iBntion. The poiaoa bciBK tlieni in K>tatMD, tba« aoatns to be 
■ft eui* b«t tba abandonment of auch a aouna of anpplj, and 
Ifca worka of lb* SnttbmTlt and VMutball Cooipanr, for Ibia 
pomaa, vara iti progrNi at tbe very time of tbo ovthnak of 
abolwiii vbicfa ia provod to bar« <iNnmitt«d cneh [ncraaed 
nvnyaa iritbin Uua diatrict 

Conaidention of thc«« beta led na, aa we li.tve aaid, to an «xn- 
■JBaMow of the tirtr Thaaea above tlie ii*«r toonMa of anoply. 
Vm amianiMd eroz iittiim^ioii at CarenbniB'bcidga^ anova 
rwillwn about &fty milaa livroud Hampton, now tlia higluat 
inint ofanpplr on tba riror. Wa look aavontMO aamplea of tba 
water below tbe WT«nl towiM and tba tribittary atreaioa of tbo 
^HuJaaa. 

^B Tba weaUi«r wa* dry during tba whola of tJia Una, and oar 

^Bamniuatioo tatiafiBl ua of k nt7 patfo^itiblo incraaaa of tuattera 

^■In au«]i«ntia«i in tbo water in ita pnograaa downwinlj from ona 

Vpomt to tlie otber, and thii inoreoaa wna eapecinlly notloeabla 

■Aa* pMaing WtuJaoraudKtou. two townsof wliioh tit* draiuMa 

hna Mao Uttetly carried oat lo a groat «Xl«it, withi^ut tba 

aduMion of any n>*aua tor avoiding poUutiun af the rivar. 

Tu wlmt axUnt tbe daagn- of aoefa pollution may be obviated 
bf the actiou of the atmoaphwr. or by otltar aanaea, in to gient n 
lenctb of flow aa there ia MtwMn theae plaoea and the (oilTMa of 
MaMvoUian w««r anpply, we do not tuppooe that an^rbod; is 
ea|»bH of ditt«nuiiiing. Wo «an onlr noli^ the ennaidarabla 
1—aaaa of innttar in autfinnaioD whim waa paxejitahle in the 
WBter M we paaaed down tlw nrrr. and whi«b impUeil, to our 
DBivdj^ ootreapoBdiikg impiuitr in aotntioD. 

Vo ragrat that tnen naa been ao opportaaity for aanlyrinff 
tba Mfltplo obtaiaad; but, lookfnf; at the iwult of ehemioal 
•xwDitmiMn of watora of more dadded diArencaa of qiuiliiy than 
oonldbeeonceivedtd cxiit in (beaaauD^ea, we aboulJ ii<^ eipcst 
to find maeh ebemiod rariety nol«d in tlii^m froni wblrh any 
poaitlve TCodusiona ooald lie formed-, for, tnroin^ to tho 
*lliipart of tha Coiatnlaiionera on the CImnicat Quality of the 
Sapply of Watar to tho Uatropolia,' nobliahad in Jnae 16S1, 
«« BJiil. in tbe aaalyana of thoae water* in wliidi w« aboald bare 
axpadad tba uoalnUikedcoatnial^-namely, iboaafrom Lamboth, 
bm BaMtwaa, and from Tbaaea Dltton, the following fi(rnra« : 

OnlDB Ut LdtpnUJ rmlirm 
^_ OipnlD tIaUtf. Aaauionla. 

^h LambNh. ._„_.,„„„ It OB tnwo 

^B BatMnaa »~«.. I'Al OfS 

^H TWinaaOiiUa tSO Inxa 

^B ftom thia axtmet it mil ba obaarrad that tho lAnibi?Ui water, 
wfaieb wna (ban ahont to be voluntarily nlnvudoued by Iba Oom- 
pany baaaiiM af ita poUai«l aiaio, ahowed very lltlh- mora 
cmuic laipariiy under dwtaiaal analvaia llinu tlie Thamoa 
Ditloa water wUdi baa baM anbataaiad for it. The BattotaM 
aater, auMdiad hy the Sontliwark and Vanihall Company, to 
th* aae of which a dire cnhunity wm ao aooo to be traoNi, 
Mtonlly «xiubll«l tn thia emninatioo br leaa oipala Imparity 
than atlber (if the otbaia, or. Indeed, than any of tba TnanMn 
watara, nod abowad tbo miniitaat tnuuitity oaly of aamtonin. 

Tba BatlMiwa waUr no doabt bad bacome woraa nt the time 
tf tbe anfaaeqaent outbreak of ebolen, bat tbeae are not 
4Uknnoeafrom wbidblbepullatedataleof the waterat Lambeth 



■a«4 



■840 



and at Battetaea eran ra ISSl, as co re parcd w{tb tbni at TfaaiMa 
Oltlen, eonld poanbly have been InAmd. 

IVmlag alao to the andyaaa eentained in the ' Report of tha 
Oonmlltae for Sdeotifie inquiriea io ralntiMi tu tbo Cbolaca 
Bpttdamic of ISM,* we ffnd the following flgorea : 

OnU* M tspBlal piMm, 

Lnmbtdi Ooaravr—tfaimm Dillon I-3M 

Gnad Jancfioo Cuapany— Eaw ... I'KO 

ChebM Company— Chd«a. ltt» 

Somkuntk and Vanahal Csmpany— I •..«» 

Battmea { 

Trvm which it will be obaerved that allbqogb both tho CbeUra 
and Bnttomen water hare ormuio mnttH- oonadcmbly in exctm 
of the anpply fiton TbamM DlttMi, tbe BaUarsn water hu it 
not •« much in ezcoaa of Um Thnniu Ditton an tiply aa the C'helaen 
water liaa it ia cxcnm of the Battenua: while tlto watar inm 
Krw, within tbo tidal ioHueno, aud noalTbg the drainn^ of a 
vnj Urge populatiun from iumciJiataly abova^ appomubea mncti 
mora searly to the qn&lity of Ibo Thauea Ditton wnUtr. Add 
to thb that tba Southwnrk aud VkuxliaU water, whidi was 
eondcmnod na tha want aupply, and the Thamea DUton walar, 
the new scarce of tapply, at tli&t tluM eart^aty the heat, wero 
the only two watara tbta fUniiahed to tbe Uatnpolia in which 
any tra«e of »n»»wFi*i> was ftniod, and the inferenee will tuturnlly 
be drawn that dianlcal analyaia does not at praattit oonrey nn 
exact nndnatandiog of the dan([er to health whkli a particular 
wat«r may ooanon. Indeed, we naderatand it to bean adnutlod 
&01 that it ia a most difficult tblof; to diaoorar, by any cbemieal 
nrooMa hitherto adopUd, llio jiroaua amonnt of tbeae poinBoas 
ingndisDta which may prodooeanoh injurr totheiyatem; whila^ 
on ths othar hand, it ia inipcMjble to ay bow tmiiH a quantity 
of sueb matter niigbt not, nndar oertaln dr roai ata n cts, bo ia- 
Jnrioua. 

Neither can aiK-li ingradiaaU bsuaaally d«*eetad by the aenaes. 
It ia irao thnt wo foiuvd tha Sltaiad water of tbe oom|ianl4a In 
every oase bnitht to tb« m, and plaaiant to ths laate^ but 
uttber «ye nor palate will ilaoovar avoa a danoanMia amooal of 
Impurity in a walar whan that watsr is in a freab and «ool alata. 
Tba watara froui tlic uliailow walla of London, parfaolly bright 
aa Ih^ ara, frcqiwmtlj- penant, under euuaiaatioci, evidweo of 
impnnlioii il«nviHi from tbe ionumerablo oHi]Miola and aewvni 
with wbioli the mulropolia ia riddled and tiavaraodi but thuaa 
hnpuTifua may not ba dataotad by tli« aenata. The waiar always 
MBoa oald and apaiUing fn>n the ptunp. and, iu itpiotaaos of 
anob daoffarons impregnatMn. it haa bssn aunuii aaivsnally 

C'rrMifor drinking. Tbe &ial oaoBaqaanasa that m^wiiiM 
tbe «e of aneli «al«i« are atrikuigly eridciuood ia ths report 
br a oommittao of Iba vestry of St. Jomta's Wcstuunslar, on Um 
cboloia outbrMk is that pariah. 

We a» induced U> eall ape^al aUmUoo to the point nmlor 
soasidemtiao, beanae, wlian the laoulria* ware inaUuinl br tlta 
Oenaral Board of lluatth in 1k,» into tbe watcravpply of tbe 
taotropolii^ gntat atrtaa wu htid, apparently with good ra a ioB, 
by tho SouUiwarfc nod VauxliiUl Compan^. ujMa th* aaalyma 
oonducted by etniuent cliemiula, in opposition to nny change of 
aourse of that vary aupply to which auch ovil ODnaeqaonow nava 
lines boon tnced, and it i> not a nutter of auipriae tbai, bacMd 
by aoch aaalyaoa and by the opinion opnsaed by tluroe of lbs 
Hnt uhemials of tbe day, that this water waa, " in the full annas 
of the term, wlioleaoans and proper for Ihs aapply of a town," 
remonatnuioM ihould arvan more reoEntty bava been urged 
agaiast any sncb clianjca. 

8«oh a tort, now oftenthnes rcfwatcd, having bna finud 
wanting, or at the kaat uncertain, we vanturs Ut warn aoainM 
too muoli ooiUldencs bring placed in tha roanlt, if analyak abould 
fail to dctaci any awiooa difforeneo of quality between ths water 
of tlio ThMuoa nt Ctt-on<hani-brid)[o, and that now inpplied fr*a 
Uamptoo or Tbama Ihtluu. 

We know (rvui ejtparitnoc^ at all evanU, that whatever nmount 
of puUutiua t)ia river mn now derive from tha towna along its 
banlu, ia aa nothing to what it will be when the dtainage worki^ 
for wbi<ii aorne of tlioao towna ore nlr«iuly [ircfiacillg, will have 
been ouried oat. 

That tb« water oompnnlea Ihamsalvaa aro fully alivo to the 
importanosof thia queatioo, ia ovident from the Ukrge espenses 
wbicli th* Lsmbetb and the I'^t Iiondou Coapaalea have already 
taken upon theraarirta, and the New River Caau|«ny bavi- pro- 
poaod to take, to i«more tbe more immedlaie contamination to 



T6 



THE ClVn, ENGIKEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOL'HNAL. 



their BOttrcea of rappl^ tn nbJMt ttma this (sum; utd, 
leUagat (he gDormouB oallaipa to which all hkra bMB anDpalled 
1 iiiiiniii norar n{ipliflt, in ioitiM to thtaa, wo eontidar tlut 
_ bOMnrw Mould be ftdopud for Kiuoving kdj pNTcntible mom 
[OfaMitamiiwtion wliioh, dt fntnre incrtiue nur tend to nwr the 
tetuj of tlie world which lure bwa lo w«ll earried out. 
Btrt, Mil qOMlion of public iMftldi, how much luore wonld It 
kppMtr to b« ui impentiv* datx, mpaatiij koepinj; in via* the 
m which him reocutly been taJagbt ftam too \aag oeulcot of 
tutiofflAry mouoreo, to urge Uwl no sbep be IcA unUWBD in a 
Pmm which iuvolrcatbepiuitjr of Iba maply dt w«lw lo dmtI; 
Ubo whole popuUtdou «f tha tnctropolia, lor dthoagli our noikrlu 
[Wra beau ditwMd iaar«Mp«daU|r (« tboHuoMa, tiwj'uwtqiuilj 
'■p^icablf to the Lea and to the mveuboum^ 

In HUtiiT dtntBtry town*, wniplcle worlu of water >upply utd 
,dnilM^haTeb««u carried uu I within tba lut bw v«ar«. aud the 
rKtttbantiM.pr«b!iblTcoDOMFing(bat there the probtMnofunitM? 
rnform woaUi cud, have been cootMil to ditoharge the whole 
IMWBM of their diatrictn into the nckrert walerccnme*. The 
llBMnltnil* of the new evil which ariee*, — the cuiupli.'t« puiaouins 
ef ue etrMma, — will, it a bofted, aoou work ila own reniadj, and 
enforea the appliotian of mean* for th« Icgitimato dinpoaal of the 
r refhae in the Mrtdliiation of the landa. Alreadj have aeveral 
[ibwna been oompcUed hj legal proceedlDgii, or bjureement with 
wa intereatail, lo toko meaaarea for avoiding pollution of the 
iiM^ and there would appear to bono iojuetitv, iu nay caac, 
lb aixiag upon all towna the adoption of a eour*G which muet 
ItiBUtt^ tenil to their own benefit and advauU|{e- 
We TcMure to hope that eonaidemtiou of theae facta inar at 
nnet lead totli* oonelneluD thai a auffli-ieat caae la priMeiilM for 
Oritur ioqnii? into the mmorable causea of oontaiDiiu)tioo of the 
inler anpply of the metropolii above the preaent aourooi of 
"Pplj- 

Cosirtjisit Sltfli. 
The purer sourcea of water aonply reiiiiral bv the IiO{p'aIntMr« 
haviu^ now bouu Hluptvd, and tie watur liltcreJ and pre^rrnl iu 
^Aoverod reaervoira frem local inipnritiea aad atmnnpbi^ric 
deiariotmtion, if meaaufea be taken br preventing polluiloii of the 
riven theaiaalvo*. the only reniaining aerioua oiiiaeof o>uiamiua- 
tiou will be the ciateru, water^butte, and other naaiia oiuplovuil 
tar etoring the anppltM now rumlihod by the oiiapiuunt. 
Althongb ooBsldenilile iu)pr\^vciDL'ut has alrvaJly taken puce In 
I- the diatribntiein, and the water formerly supplladonly on alteraato 
'aye ia now for the moat port giron dail^, except on Sundaya, to 
~~' port of owh Comnuiy'a diatriot, lu atonigv crcn from aay 
' !■ the privaie butta and datema of moil hoiti«, and 
'ia tliaaeorthepooreralaaaaOitoaicrMiteiteutdeatroya 
the advaiitegea tliat ao Blnoh raini linva beau taltaii to aeou>«h 
The iiiiiy oim]>lDto remedy for thia iwrioiui debet will be the eon- 
LMoolaupply, tlialii tony, a lupplyobtuneitalBi] tiin« by direct 
DHiunlcAtloii of ibc liijuae mrvicc pipe* with ibe conaUuitly 
ItBoiu of thoeompaniaa, thua avoiding the neoCMity Ibr 
nyineana of atotnge wbMever on Uie private ^inteM. 
Theoaaetantaop^jwaMldbethenieanaofrecCifyiqgabtiBnother 
I defect lo which the public ia not nn&aqneotlv liable in 
puapmaeat ayaicm, nanelv, the iri-ofiuUritiea of the aupply. 
^KotwitliatoaiUng that tlio Companlea have abundant Dicaua of 
Kfimuahinganyijuiintiljr of wnter that con be lagitiiiiately uaeil 
throughout loeir diatnut, loud oniplninta ate too nften hcnrd of 
a want of water in certain looalitiea. The de6cieuoy would atipear 
lo oriae not from kclual lack of water, but from mttav irregulnrily 
from tiina to time in " dMrleCiiu" the aervice, which Uia muittaut 
^oNpply would obviate. Wrwould nllndealao to tfaegrcat advantage 
rcoaetautly charged niaiui. in caae of Gre,aano«lnnlIc«i^aiderK- 
n, but wo rafmiu from entering at lenffth upon tliu and oth^r 
inla ioTolvedin Uiia imporUnt part oT the fluotUuu of a propor 
' water aupply aa the proTidonaof the Mutropolia Water Act, I Mid, 
eiopuwcring the inbabiConta under certain eonditiona to require 
. the emiatantaervico, do net eome into epemliou until five ytu* 
Rafter the pnaaing of that act, namely, let July lHi)7. Tti«napj>ear 
I however, to he no practical diffioultlaa in the w» of thia boon to 
the public It will inralea^ no doubt, conaidoraelecliangnio tlie 
private weriu for the prevention of aodilent and waalc^ anil the 
Act provldea for tlie proper examination of iheee wDi\a by the 
Cen^aiika' ottcera. 



EDUCATIONAL UtrSECTM, 80CTH KEN'SINOTO! 

Trb foUowiuu lecnlatioD* for the gnldoBea of oontributon to 
tlie Sdneaticual MuMum, have juu been lataed by the Deport- 
ment of Sci^noc and Art. 

I. The Uuaeum will be open tnt lo the Publk, ^ Ucodays. 
Tneedaya, and Satiir<]»ya; anil on Wedneadaya, Tlmiedaya, ud 
Fridays, U> .'ttuddiiU and the Public generally, on payment of U 
ea«h, or a nubecription of ten ahUtingB a year or five eWIMnga a 
quarter, payable in adraace, 

5. CoiitrtbutluuD fi^rwarded for eiUbdtioii willbodaaai&ed oad 
amnind br the officer* of thn MuMinm. 

3. Bxtumtcn will bo requdital to attach to their eoBUibutiou 
deecrintive labdx jiivio^ Lheoiuoee, luea, &C.; the ^ae aikd form 
of Buoh label to be hereafter determined, 

4. It ledeairablethat Ibeuaool mtail price ahoold bediatinotly 
marked on all artlelae ant for Exhibition. 

6. Aa it ia the wiahof the Cominittee ou EJucoliMt, and the 
evident inlBrrflt of Kiliibitora, that the Mtueum ahoidd at all 
timea repreeent the then eiistiiif^ aUte of Educational appllaneaa 
•very biility will beg^ven for thuintroiluctionofnewlnrent*o«s 
Book*. DUgnuni, Ac, relaiivo to Edui^ition. 

It. BiMiIcn. and ather Eklncotional applianoM out of date, or Ihe 
utility of which may have been auponinled, or Artiolee that nay 
have beoome injurvil, may he removed or replooad at the optwu 
of the Exhibitor. 

T. To pt^>vnnt contuMoo, and the powiibiUty of ATttdea bcu^ 
ramnrod by pcraonanot properly onthoriaod bTtlicExJiib(tar,du 
notioe in writingof the inteitiOD to remove artieleamuatbegWas. 
aad no Book or bl^eet la lo be rano>red until it baa bfen exUfaltaa 
at leaet twelve moatha. 

K Id order to protect the property of Kxbibiton, no Artkle 
will benllowed to be removeii from the Huaoiuu without a wrilteo 
authorilr from the Supciiintj^oileDt. 

». On' Wedumdays, Thui'siiava, and FVIdaya, th« Booka a^d 
oth«r o^oota in tbe Mnaeum, wUl be open to Stodentaoiadtolhe 
Public for inapeoUon and atudy, and«r auefa ragulatwoa oa ore 
nauiUly found oouvenienl iua Poblie Ubnuy. 

10. A oaulogoe will from lime to time bo [lubllehed, eo aa <• 
keep nace aa much aa poauble with the addilioua lo the MsMUm, 
and toe withdrawals from it 

II. ExhilHioradeaintnaof ailvortiniir in the Catologn^ nay 
aend thoir Froapnrtuec*, lUumirnlioiiH, f'Hooluita, &C- lOOOoooiea 
at a time, and printnt in ifcmjr Hue., so that they may Dehmuul up 
in the Catalogue. The binding will be free of coat to the Ex- 
hibilori but Exhlbltora will b^ nny depreciation in the value of 
the objocta from their ueo by viiiton. 

12. All eontribuliona forwanlcdUitheMuacum. tobeoddnMed 
totheSearetoijroftfceDepartmantof Si^lenwauti Art,Cromw(tl 
Ooidaaa, Smith Kenaliurten, ear* gf Biuhanl A Thotupaon, Ea^., 
Superintendent of the Muaeum. 



WROUGHT IBON BEAMS AND JOlSTa.* 

By W. FAiBSMiut, F.B.S., CE. 

Ix the moQuKi^iirearwroaKht-iton benmaandjolatathe PreMh 
have t.tken an un<toubted lead; anil the anecimen* eihihiied from 
tlie Forge nt Fonderle de Montatiurr, and mhrni at the lata Potia 
UnivetMl F.shibition,indicni«l a degree of perfection wbieb baa 
nut aa yet been altninad in thia country. Sonic of the ioista, of 
the seotionnl drmemriouH shown in the annexed ah#t<ai (fig. 1 , 
wera rolled 60 fi-e<t long; and another apedmen cfatJH Renter 
dimenotou aa at Ijg, t, wax rolled 40 fimt Ions. Tboae ii[ii iliiMW. 
and aevcml othiira of difTfirut lixM, xhowisl how much tiM bima 
done, and haw uitich may yet be aoi'omplitibul iu thta Iwnrli of 
moauiiwiare: aud we hare yet to leoni why the aame fiacditten 
cannot be ulTordad for the intraductica of Uusehaaof work direct 
from lulla by Ihr iron-makan of England and Sootland. If lUa 
deaeription of bcanu wrre properly rolled end manu(luUit<td, it 
woalo elfeet a great mvin};iuiiiMiliaaical mnatruotioo, and wovld, 
at the name time^ produoe niui?h greater oertnlnty in the acremtfa 
of baoma, brdiapenalntr »icli the prMeiitayatnn'of joinla,aadtbe 
liveled angWjron, which cDiuttiute at Ibe pt<wint motMM oar 
dabctive mode of conntroction*, u mhown in tbe eeetion fig. 3. It 

•Abonui ellt«fBtt»ibtfiwlfcim<U»— rt«<Ti*il«,»ait«faMt:it*aml 

BrfilM^tim 



I 




THK CIVIL ENOINEEB AlfO ARCHITECTS JODENAI.. 



Vo«ld inlrodtioe «1m iato our pwen t mtein of muiaGKtiiro • 
■Ad gnmtij calHgad bniMh of ladvMry, m l mftaA I* all 
i«i}ai(«BiMU of Uw trd^tMlt Uw boiUtr, tad dw ragii 





n* introdaction of thi* new tUneriptioo of biMiD, if [ iropwij 

^nfttrad, would caUbUih t onr uid tmportft&t eram the hiatorj 

[ of eoiwtncttve Mifocc, u i t would mippl; ikTcbilcMa ud aojhiwn 

>«ftli «ii utkk CO wiiidi Umjt Bal^lakMyilmeDdlbr dnrabill^ 

1 po««r of ititauiiee to KniD; wbkli wonld not br lUUs to 

■•fot, Mb or nnt of the doitruetiT* dltwiw to which timber ia 

Ak»: and wUcB would be free fron ooidntion wbeo kept Ary 

[lnlMdd*d in pUM«r. Thi« ie ibovn by the ooiwcruotioa m 

ia ccoMnBt OM ia Pari*. BeaidM, * building m ooo- 

leM^M tb» ftdmitkgM oT b«ing firapmof, itrong, nod 

■Bcure. 

It BUjr here be ■tnlnl, that tha flnoni nf all tbo better tiam 
I «f h o — >« in Pkri* are now bailt with iron joi>t«, pUoed kt db- 
^taaoat viuTing rroan 2 ft«t u> 2 ft 6 iti. aHnnder. Soma of 
thcur Soon «apport<d ou iron Jniats tn 30 fwt wlda. At abont 
•T«rT 3 (L 9 in. eroaa tjv-nxl* nrw phte«d, on which nat 
■leader wronght-irMi rod* ) innli miuatp. thnw bptwoen each 
^[•t; tb«ae rixli an ran ihroiijch [«rfnnit«ilbrickioflheu>beltd 
Ifenutfl^i.) TbaaeluacKian bniltinaaligbtlrarotied 





?■•.*. 



ri«. (. 




jtr, and the apaca balow lh«m Atlni with plHlw, G:>nning 

• paribdlj tolid floor. Actom tlirae rnda nad ardica vooden 
timiptn are plamd to reoMre the boanliog for the floors tearing 
a htulow apace betwoeo tnA ioiat, na at A A (fig. 3.) In Ibia 
deaeriptioa of floor* tberv la tiwry aecuHty from lire, and tike 
plMl«rbno(abad«aiodiictor(if bMt, equaliMa th« l«iup«nitnr« 
<<lh a rooei. Tbe only objection ia th« open ipaee A A (fig. A), 

^ tbu aKbea and tbe boarding aernng aa a reooplJuiM for 

ThU oljection migbt be mored by divialooB of plulw 
i]m» thick eartlad acrvaa the floor, and in oontaut with tho 
borii. ThiedeaeriptKmof bailding laiogenonl u«e in Farii 
ud Boat otli«r towoa cf Franco, and viewing it aa a permaaeut 
finproof tiractarr, I ahould tuunoatlj reoommeud ila adtiplion in 
thiaooaDiiy. 

In UieniMinbetarcof niallaablcironbckiDain FnU]ca,aulBdont 
•llHUtoB h^ not been pud to ftinn, in order to attnin Uie Kctiou 
iigrtMni elnogtli. Th« nvndi nbiloaophet* and mtfiuwr* am 
Ibl^ awaie of IM MiieriuiNila nade in tu jtn 18l.:i, lur iuvan- 
IjjIkUBg lL« atrmMh and fotnof iraiibaaBia,faioRlerto«atabUati 
Ihaprindpl* oa which thr Britanai* ADd Conway tnbaUrbridgM 
ihoud bo omatraotcd. Tbe funnula dednoed from tlinw rxiieri- 
■anta an wall known iu Fnnoe, and up to tbe preMnt lime liaT« 
hMn uatd for aioiUar oouatruetioua. They pruvod that wroaghi- 
mn bcaaia followad a totally differml law in ihrir PNiaUDM to 
tUftin, to oun-iron; that in wronghtiroo beaine tlia nrta of the 
boUoni flan^ rtqairos to be little laoni than on^bolf that of the 
Ml>: while in ntat-uvn b«an*theaK«of the bottom flange xhonld 
Ka. t7»-ToL n.— Mugb, UiJ. 



J^ 



be tv (mbm that of the top dang«L Thia difbmca ariaea tnm 
the ^naltwdotaaoe which wnMigkb-lroOatfm to a taa^atfaia, 
and ito wmpaiatiTtly laforior rw W Uaca (o eoaip(«Micti. Out- 
iron, oa the oUmt baad, pONHaaa a high power of rcmataaee to 
oompnMnoa and ibfaotira rwiataaaa toleaaiaB. 

The bUowUur labia of ranalaneea will ahow howiha aiateial 
■hould be dIatciMtad ta oolar to olM^ IIm aa«1iMia of atnagth 
with tbe BuilBiun ot baat nqnlrad quantity of iDatwial: 

Th* rautiag poww of.— 

laMaik laMfc 
Wroaght4ron plataa ia S> IS 

Ooppar » * 

Caot-tron . 8 U 

Tmm the above [t ia evident that 
to obuln the niaiinom atrength in a 
wnniffht-iron beam f^on tbe kaat 
qoaitnty of material, the ana of tha lop 
flan^ ahonld be nearly doabU that M 
the bottom but aa tlua ia diffieolt in 
praetlea, I aafamlt Um aaaexed form 
(A(. B) a* the Manat approMli to a 
maximnm aeodooal atnagth. It la da- 
airaUe to rnake the top fliuigo at bread 
aa poeatble, fer the punioae of giving 
the beam laloral atnagto, and in thia 
fem the B wl iM malarial now gtvea to 
the bottom flanga would bt aavad. 

In other deecriptionB of mannbotote^ 
■aeh aa nflwar-bat^ angle-iron, T-irai, 
and other vatMlK w* an la advaaoe 
of other natiooM, thoogh in beama and 

joiati^ nice thoae ao oxtouaivdy oaed la Franca, wa an far bom 
perftct 




n*. (. 




IMPROVED GRADUATED LEVELLlEfG STAFF. 

8ta — la tho ooaraa of my 
prattiee in the axMotloii of 
wotka, I bava ftnmd ptM 
diffieol^, whan lartlliiig oa 
a very fine day, in nailiim 
Ui« ttaff eomdly, u at 
preeant graduated Hen- 
with ii » paOetn of uie I 
hare adopted; lamnotawan 
of any ahnilar. Aa it Ima 
glvaa me ao mqcb —**■*» 
lion, aiid having faoen ap- 
proved of by (cTeriil CDginaen 
of itamling, I aiu indoeed to 
moke it public. The cUaf 
Gtataraa an— the oratn aab- 
dlviikra of the taothaan pot 
praminaady forward, tao* 
greatlv relieving the «n moA 
dimiaklihig the liabUity to 
error In iha IndkatioiL Tha 
diviaoa* an, reepoodvaly, 
two-hnudrcdth bud oma-haii- 
dndth part* of a foot In 
beJg b t Yon mw abo par- 
calve at the ootjoaetloa of 
tbe tentha, that the Uaa ol 
aepantion ia net dnwa the 
Ml width acroaa By thia 
amagemcnt the fignna, 
leeitha, and enbdlrtakuo are 
nndend ao diatiaet, that iha 
■taffoui be read at a kIbucv, 
and ata nneh greaiar dwlanra 
than at creaaaL Mora epaee 
in braadth ia alae gatuM for 
the figarea, irithont inwgaa- 
iiiH tlm wiillh of the atnlT 
wtiidi u of great inipoft«a<». 
lanijic, 
Gaoi Skith, joiL, (XB 
11 




30, ArlkW'itml, Bttfiut. 



THE CirtL ENGIKEEB AND ARCHITElCrS JODBNAL. 



BjieiBTiB or VIV riTBVTI. 



«»( ik •< 



I 



I 

I 



«i „ LOCOMOm'E ENGINES. 

J. S. M'CoicnLU Wolr««tof), PiiieiUtt, Juna 3, 18M. 

niu invantioo rrlnUa, fiin^to improrcHMiitB iu (lie fin boXM 
orfomAOMof liitvmotivc ADil nigh-preiuun tiiiUen, Mberebj wi 
liumwd fenl-intUr li«atiiig rar&oe U obUiiieil with tho 
Mhnltii"" «f bt«ud klr over or throiigli th« fuel, nfTKUiig a mora 
perfMt enmbiiRtlait of th* •tooke aad kiwm than is nt pi^icDt the 
ouetn Ibaordiiuuy looomoUve fira baits; •md acoandtj. to on 
impnvreil aud ■iupUSed fonn of wrouehtrirou or BtMl [Mtou uid 
pftcldng. 

A flx«(l irator imce or partition ii piftced Kt or dom tUo fWmt 
of the fin box. uid contaiiitng tti0 (ted water, whi«h u pnmpod 
into it IB tba oMtnAry muiiiar throu|[h the pipes lenitijig Cran 
th« iBniler. Tile fi>«l water attar betas he«t«d in thla parlitioo, 
Uallow^d tndreulnie tbrough ttie boUor. HiU water apoosor 
jMrtltlon la m> amuiged u M altow of a DOmnt of ^ to pam 
Mhiitdit frtim thi)»»h-p«4i,andbMW0Bln*toddgr<tigim[Mwiy, 
Hid IB UiLi beat«I *tittc the nir i* diieetcri over or throu^ UM 
boning fuel, for the piirpoM of oblainiag a more perAct oom- 
bnotton. AnumbMroriubabrHl^ytniAjr t«fltl«dLal«thianratar 
■pMa for tbo IiMt««] air to |Um through. A •maw apace or 
bridge nuj be plncoil tiaiuvstwlj, if fonad deairable, at or near 
the oentre of the jcn^te, and ntan^, or not, bchbd a tianaTerae 
ttidfeather tonueciod with the boiler. A nvmber of tubular 
ataj* are ileo fltl«d into tttii brlJ^ for tJie purtiofle <)f directing 
atrwunii orjota of b*AtMl airiotoor orerthafoou tf found dnir- 
abl<s two flafid water partitiounM^v b»nMd,plaMilkingitsdinaUy 
one on eaab aide of an onlitury nridfoathor, the air in idl onaee 
being )wal«d, anddirentd over or Ibrough the fneL 

Aoeotrling to acuthtr niixllllcatioti the paWutM propoeeatouH 
W air and nter chiunber or bridge, plaeed undenitnth and 
paiallol lotho ordiDU-yU>ii^tuJiaalDiidfaatJior,a>ulI)ciDntipaoe 
or opeuing bebg loft between tliatop of tbcbridfgeandihe bottom 
of tbamlilfeatliw toallow of the ffnniM paoilugfreel}- from one 
■ida«rtii*fiinMOek) ibeothur. Thia bridge ooaslAU eitherofa 
double i^iBbMrlotoinlaia tho nat«r whi«DWpninp«d iuto it in 
tbtonlioafj niAoner from the tender, and la Atted with tubalar 
■ta^ to admit hofttod air (rem the a^-iian to the fuel ai ehown, 
or it ma; be ouide with one central air paange having n oon- 
UnDDuB water epoce all round it. 

Wlif o an air and water beidge la employed Lu a looomoUve flro 
box which w ostpadi^ into the bnirol of the boilar, it iaproposod 
in aomo naee to bavo two valvn ordampcm in the extended 

Eartitm of the firebox, one on each eideofthciuidf'catliar.iio that 
J doaing one daaipeF, the flame and nwM will be (;um|Mlli>d U> 
IMM from one aide or tho fariiAue ovnr tne liridgw to the other 
•Idaof th«famace.aiul vioa vcim, thoroby etfofftuallj ooniiiiming 
tha VBoko and tmbumt naea diiriii^ th^irpiuMige over the inmD- 
deaeent fuel in that sitlo of thi; funifuju wherein the damper has 
been left open. 

Tke water in the tender hat been dencribod ■• being pumped 
1b thoonUnaiy nuDner thronRh, nod hnn14ii by water partition* 
or bridfM ioaide tin.' fire box-, it i* pn>poi>od nUo Ui h«it nuch 
water t^ allowing it to circulale by euilAblo pipes thraugb a beat- 
ing ohruabM- or water epaee placed Inaide tbe amb of ihe emoke 
box aud ■urTOODdiug the luouth or entnnce to tha chiinnpyi or 
lu |i]ace of ■implj' aliowioK thn water in the t«nd«r to eiivulat« 
thn>a|[b thle healinft chamber, the fccil water may he pumped 
from the tender or tank in the onlinary manner, and f<iivcd into 
tlie beating dumbtr iu iheamolta box lhroui'blht"4ilinaryaladc 
valvea, in which ahamber it la heated before entering the boUar 
Ileelf. 

Another portion of tlie invention eoniiiteinmakintiii>eof any 
oonvcuicnlamuiranentofappanitualbrtnavaiiiogur iliuuniahiuK 
al pluaaurv Iha kIt aiaocB b^ween the faniaoe bank 

AMonlia^ to another uodiflcalion, this may be otheteJ by a 
Teaettan Uind armnnniMit, thabanlHiingnui'latotumpnrtially 
or awivel on their uwer edgoM, ■□ an to be (n|iahle of beiiiff 
brvught to a rertioal peeitioa or edj^ewise whuu tne air apaoe wiu 
be n«U«(. or of bdng laid flat, vi UMirly no, when the admiaidon 
of air will beatoppedaDtirolyorpartiidly.acixirdin^totheaiDonnl 
of tn<)lin*tion oiven to the w« win. For the bettor aupjiljtna of 
heated air to ui« fiol, the patentee propaaea to uk n icnei of air 
tnbea, extendiiu (roan tlie nre box itin>uh>h (be tuba plite and 
■moke box, nod ^onin^ into the atmoejrbere in Ihs fruut uf the 



■Dofca box, far the poipoae of nUowingacamnt oreorreBleaf 
ftaeh air to enio- thenin nod heeoaie h(£terl by ila paeaage akiq|t 
the tubea. In tbia boated elate Ihoah- U dlnoinl on to or ow 
the fuel in tlie fire box and ipently — !■>■ wmby»tknk 

Aocordiu)- tu aoothsr nodUoanoB, nir pinoi or vwatla are «otk* 
talued iu the ioialto box and reonvo ttitk air from oataido llio 
engine, which air ia boated in aueh pipeaorvaMela, and ballowod 
to poet in a htktoditate to thelbelin the fire box b; a pipe or 
ptpcn phwed either outeide or loinde the birfler, and ntajr be (breed 
into the fire box eitlier ^ a fan blowar or fiaap. 

The eeoond portion of tbr invention oooeiata in oonatnieUnc 
wrooght'iroti orat«el piatone in the Tinn of anraplediie, Ibmd 
in one piece with the piston ml, and haviujf one or moreanivuar 
groovea of greater or i«tu width Din>lc round ita peripber?. In 
Vlu) annular groov«a of the diss or boily of the pielon aro luwrteJ 
ooe or more iteel or other metallic aplit nng), the inharest 
elaaliaiCy of which, \a ooniunatioti with iteam preewre behind 
them a* horein-afier dewribed, will lend to keep the packijig 
tight without any other elaatlo neilin. Wltera a ^gle lUu oaly 
ia umkI the jciint tharvin luay be krpt atoasi-ti^it by the utUav 
poaltionofa tongue piece, bat thia toii|[uojiiecem^bedbiMnBad 
with when nwre than one packing nng la uaed, ae in that cnee 
the joints nu^' be ao nrmogea aa to interaept each other. 8|ij^ 
■prinn tonotonUie tHtukiuguwy 1>« ix^ witborwitlioutateaiB, 
and the eteaai. If osed, ma^ be admitted behind the padting t— 
dot^ chwiieli. or nooMCO, fbnned in the inner (ideeor flangoa 
tha paoldno' groovy and eommunicating with the annular ohi * 
or apaoe bdimd the packing ring or nnga, or. In phioe of 
chaunda or reecnaw, being mode in the flungee of the gron 
neb alota, cHannela, or reoeasesmaj'beformiHlacroM the ' 
rtmn tliMiisolvea. 

Cialnit. — I. The appltco(ion auJ uau to, ai^ in tbo fire 
or furnace* cif, luoiimotivi* or othar hii:h-pr«sur« boilen^ of 
•paMD or partitions plawd (ranaveniply or luut^tadinallT in 
fire boxeeor furuaNn. and flt(«d u'ith liollowa(«yalortue 
of heated air to the flr«. 

fi. Tlio introduction of heated nir fii^n tbo amoko box to the 
b the fire tnx. 

3. The hmtitig of tlie feed water In an annular reatel on tha top 
of the wuokt' ln.'x. 

4, 'nieapptmtii.naod usoof a'ljiMtahleQrebaraforthepurpon 
of rngnlntlng the iblmimicn of nir to the fire. 

A. The pet! iilinr construction ami amuii;caicntof ■olidwroagh^ 
iron or ateul pIntouH, in cumbiiintifu witli (he [Mvuliar ni«b of 
admitting aiean behind the packing ring or riaga. 

(I. Thu ftpplleatlon and uae of wrought-imn or aieel plMooe 
eonaiatiiuj of a ■iraple iliac in one piece or wilid witli thuir platan 
roda, and drcunifercii tint ly grooved to admit pnchius nitgt, aueh 
ringa being fce^it tight by th/Ar own inherent etuticity, and alaa 
aotodnfMn by tpringaorataam preBnire,uiiedetllier*«p*ntal/er 
in combinAtiou. 




*l 



PURIFICATION OF GAS. 
?. 0. HiLW, Deptftwd, P»ttHtm, May S7, 1S3R 

Thia Invention relates (o purlfyiug ooal-gaa Irom ammoiui^ 
sulphur«tted h,rilrcigoii, nnd other Impurltiea after it leavea the 
retorta, by mcann of ii^rublx-rs or rmriflrnk, or Toaenla partiaQr 
filled wiUi coke or charcoal, or sawilmt, mixed or uomlxod wUn 
hydroled or pmoiiillali'd oxides of iron or lime, nnd kept daon 
by wat«r or »th#r purlMng liiiiiid, which it cauonl toapfe«t 
over It and to perealnt« tlirough It. 

The improvomonta cnuiiat, tint, in purifyiuK the gna wUcb 
eacanea into the retort houao or other gaa work buil<tin^ A 
aoniDbcr, made preferably of thin wroughl-iruu, or other light 
mal«rial, ia placed in thu top of ih« roof, or iu the upper put of 
the retort botue, and all tbn npcrtaroa En the sUtM or tllee and 
upper cart of the building are to be doted, ao aa to cauMthana 
in the biiiidiuj; to escape through the acrubbnr. To damp ne 
gaaea, a ■(enm-pipc with hol«eorjeti pointing upwarda anooU 
M placed Iu ih^ Vitlnni of the ecnibber, and to eauae the finace 
topasa through th« ncnibher, the top oTIt ahould be oovom air- 
tight, cither by dipping into a wntw' lute, or oUienriae, and a 
eonununicatioQ by menus uf a pine be made to the diimoey If 
there ie aluire draogfat enoogh in it to draw tho )(a« throngli the 
acrabber. Or, Inatetd of th* efalianey, an ei1:iauN(er mar bo uaed 
to draw the gM through tlie acrubber: uraeteam Jet will uavtr 
tbepnrpoa^pbtoodian tubeor chimney fixed ia the cover. Tlie 




THE CIVIL EKOINEEft AND ABCmTEOXS JO0BNAL. 



T» 





_i InsIbs npvariaikcn tlw J«t Utroufb Um ^iauisf or tnbe 
InrUJr Uiaur and niak*ilU|hl»r, mmm^mw Dm mm cut 
'' I bukluig throDfth UieBiMlucoiiUiiMdiD tli*MruDb*r, M)d 
I ■icdift nr tlii* porpeoe ■bonld ooonat of oolcei chueo*!, or 
or moh lik« nuLUrial, iuto wblch bjnlntiHl ozidM ot 
AA ateariMil, or with which ib«y m« muted, w as to form 
rgnMil>**d or poroua body niAanDtly oohw (o Mow Um tmoky 
gH fa tb« baitdiDf[ ta p<ua thniDxh it, lint* nuijr W UMd itutoM 
of Olid* of iron to Diii vith tlic cbiumwl, &c, bal it ii not m 
good. PMtor nvdut ohuvoai !• pcrluii* lb« bMl [a abnrb 
' : «ttJ) the bydrftUd oxidM of irvn Tbe Mmbber It to tm 

i ii to be laid oD tlicai iu (bin Uj««% *M should b« kept 
,1 by aa iui«miitUataupf)lf of water,wihicii*bDtiMbemiiwd 
(iiuu thruui{b it m la kn ordinary ombbcr, whii^b mil lo « 
Mt rileiit wuliBWAj tb* carbon of iba wiolwwidduit wliiuh 
I dspoalted u tlH diKraoal, and wQl ktop it pmMblo by thn 
Tlib acrabbei' tany bo of an; eonraniaDt fcrm, and there 
d be a buUniD to it, tiiroad up tu the aide* lo catch au; 
■ that may mo Ibnmgb the purifyiug ii>ai>a in the ecrubber, 
•hich irivi«r (n^ be tbaiiQ* «uiivey«d a«v- ^<* udaa uf 
tacrubber ibould not toudi the botion, bat oiily wene down 
» the lo««*t giAtiu*, and betwoon thi* );ratinK a&il tbe 
tliMC ihonld be leh toBBcieiit epaoe for the gna to be 
iiite tbe aonibber, and lo \jam up Uirot^ u« media 
I ooataiBcd. Ten or twelve laohea depth of opeadag all 
, Um aide* will ba in moat caaae aDflteient far pnniying Um 
I nfter it loavee the hrdnolk maiu. The aerubbor or ptuitter, 
'^&raivli which the gfs u to pMS, ia lo befiUed with ooke, brokeo 
ilastmrti, or other aaob naterial, and wUeb ia (o be kefit damn 
bgraiiinteraiitlentaiipply ofooJd water orotherpurifyiof; liquid, 
■s b tbe odUaarj way. Thia eervbbsr inay be plaoed on tbe 
■roond, and anat have a doaed bottom iutead ofan open one, aa 
EeAne Jcaeribed, and ekana ia to be intnduoed Into Ih* bottom 
of Ute ecrubber below (he hoUun ffraling; or Uie euam may be 
paaMd into the pipe thioagli which uie ^a« paeMs lo the atrnboat^ 
M aa to mis with tbe gia, and oomUne with Ui« ammonia, aod 
ether randonuble impurittea it oanUiua. The niiied vnpuur and 
fH will then |iaaa tinwanla Uirongh Itie coke or oilier divided 
media RooiaitMd in tne acnibbcr, and meeting with the oold 
pwifirisgliqakl which Upenolatia^downtbroti^bil, (he Tapour 
wilt be oowMued with the ammonui, Ac; which it biid taken up, 
nad will fall to the btiltom of the ecrubber aa ammoaiacal Ikjoor, 
nad the gaa will be more pure. 

Tbe emmd impnivmneat ooiMBta in niiag warm wntor inatead 
afeold tar inreaoiDg over the materiala onutalned In an ordinary 
Mtrabber. CM water, aipecUlly in winter, i* ant to 0>>ot the f»« 
loo <|iiioUT. nod thereby oocnaioo a dnpnuitioa ot napthnlinoi and 
Um tar, uao, which ia oualained in tho i;bii bcojinea fixed, aad 
•omaktMlly Mofm np the intenlicea between the pieoee of coke 
or Other mnii-riol, or eASIa tlien over, no aa to obatnic* Um fr«e 
paa«^'! of the gu ilir 'ii^h the ecrubber; but when the water ii 
varai,*«y 7U to Uii>° Fuhrenhcit, or tbcreabouta, tbe crj^talliim- 
tionNid depoMt of the uajithnliiie br luilileti oooliog ia toancsl 
-^Bl aroided, and the tar ia idaoiir<atty prevented from 
biag tlie aMloo uf the acrubbar. Wb«u ataam ia need Ui eon- 
. &■« wlUi tiM parifyinjc lK|uiil, a* alraady deaoibad, the eoU 
jutd which ia lyread over tlir top of the media in the acrubber 
1 beoome warm, by neetiuj[ the stenm and gaa wbicb aiv 
■iUk- up and coming iu cuutnct wiUi it; tlierefor*, when eteaui 
ie><i lu ooojancttou with water or other purifj'ing liquid, (lia 
luld apread oi-ar the top of the KTubbiog or punfyiug matenala 

I Thw third iuiprorenMnt comuta in a^rendiag water or cdlicrdeu 
Lliiinid oter ilie luaterint* coniaiuiul in tli« aeruLber br meana of 
— oo* p]p«*> dlaphiaffma, or filler aUmee^ which, by alJowiiig ilio 
' to niter through Uiara, will rnnacut n dow^- eut&ot lo Uiu 
, and the valer or othnr purilVing liquid will be osuneil lo 
Dp cjually over ibc nufaoe of tiie maierialn ooutniaed bi tlia 
aenibbei\ or a ecrubber or coB^enaer maybe formod wlioltyof 
llieee |wrou> lUlerliig platea or diaptuagtoa iaalead i^t briug filled 
with O'ko or otbiM" graailr dirideu media, aud the waU-r bcliig 
ewaiied (g filler through ibaw |>liitee or diaphr^piui, will preaeut 
k damp (urfiioe to the eaa, which wilt cmuleime the aniiuoubi it 
e«tiuDa. Tlie pCTirvatGaphrngmaltentrefemdlo are principally 
the artillcial lilieriugplaJleaM lundebj Ruwoueand iiima, of 
Veatmlaater. Anv convediient arrangement of the Ulter platei^ 
«hid> will allow ine wnter to paaa through tbom and preeent an 
nieeided damp or dewy (■rfaoe to tbe gna, wilt anawer tbt pur- 



MaiL Tbe tep «f ak ni illi— j Mbe Mrabbrr nay ba made of ■> 
Iron frame, in cotapartauBl^ havlw tlima Star platea ctn en ted 
into Uietii, ai> aa lo lonn a lank of a frw indiea deep to hold 
wnttr Eor lllteriax through and anpplyitiK the acrabbar, aa 
deaoribed. A gaa-tigbt cover afaonU be iitt«d on tbe lop of tUa 
•mrr-lanlf tlmT bit gat may f-tp- 
Tk» teiHlh iMproeamaat cohifaia to aptading water in a finely 

iMnperi 



k 



divided •tale in a roaael tbroodi which tbe gaa which hoe i 
into the trtort hnaee mingUa with air ami amokc h caueed to 
pnm bcfbre entering the aorabber alraady deacrifacd. Thia la 
efflKted by mcnna »t a (team jet. fiaed lu a email fnn&el-abnped 
or coDcave baaia. aud wlikh baain ia placed in tbe eentre of the 
bottom part of the veaael, which may ha of any eeurcnient tls^ 
or depth; and the oriEoaof the ataam jet ia to be a fcw incbea 
above tho bottom of the bann in tbe centre, and water ia lo 
he run at any rsuuirvd pa«s into tbe tittle coukal or fnnnal* 
ahaped baain. aoJ when it eooea lo the bottom of tbe hoain 
below tbe orifloe of Uie ataam jet, tbrvugh which h^b-pi*«Hu« 
■tcaiD i* caueed to iiBun, it will bu |«rli<dly cuuTerted inlo vapour, 
and will be diapenMd iu all direetiona, Iqr wbieh meana Iha 
graaer or uarbuvnoe<>a« imunrltiet of tJia naam paml B g tbroogh 
the Ttaeel will be depoeited or ooudeoeedliefan the pm tnmm 
into the acrubber eaolaiaing Uie purifying mnterini, ammdy 
douribo'l. Thia remel, ia which the water ia thue epRnJ, eboold 
be made preferably nf tight vrougbt inn, and may be wore- 
nlenUy plnoed beluw Lhe ecrubber In tbe n>of, bglbm daacribed, 
and mi^ form aa aateuuim of it br making it lo much deeper; 
or, if praernd, il may be ooaaoctoi by pipe* to tho eembbcr in 
any ooovenient way. 

CleJiM.— 1. Fur pHriryin^gaa(whethercaeapiugiuto the retort 
boone or into the hydnubc main) comUaing the nee of atmm 
with the uao of pnri^rnw laqnida in aerubbcn, or purifaia oon- 
taininx the purifying and dirided media. 

i. xlie enipkiviDent in Um ecrabbeeB of a warm tnatcad of n 
eold Mirifylug liquid. 

a. Tbe diitribiaUoa of tbe piirifjinji liquid over tbe divided 
media in the amnbbara or purifiun by uieana of filtering pialei 
or dij^iliraRiai: and lin tbe funning Uie eerabben or puriflan 
of a eerie* uf aaeb filtering pUtea or dia|)bngma ioatend of «3u 
or other divided media. 

■L Spraadiug valer by ajatofslean. 

ABTmCIAL STONE. 
t. D. OwKN, Londoo, I'otentei^ Uay 38, 16S& 

Thia invention eooaiite ia fanning block* of artiftolal atone, for 
building purpoaea, aa a eubetiiule for brick and atooea. He 
beeia of thi* improved building block an lime and slieioua mod, 
artidee whloli ara old and well known materiala for bailding pur- 
poaea, anil wbiirh have bmn iiiihI tu a gnat variety «f leuMvv 
proporiioDa, ei iher a* mortar In cement etomea or btieka together, 
aa ooDcrele to make foundationa, or for other purpoaea. The 
Mtenteeetatee that although It 1* compoaed of Mieb otd and well- 
Known nHtcrliJ. jt\ theae materialaare aooombined na to give to 
the blodc uflw pn>r«rtieaand advania g ee la ee m lallj diSertntfWiM 
thoae poa*i>iBctf bv any oUier known arU&ckl buiMinc material. 

A iiu.Miiity 'if fr-ane ailidona aand, aa free aa peealble from ad- 
miiture wiih dsy ■■r oilier rarth i» ororided, li<Ke(her with a 

Snaatity of fretbly alacked limv in pomler. A> much aand and 
Rie aa can he moulded tiiUi bloolu during an hi>ur are IImb to be 
thoroaghly mixed to^elher, in the proportion of about one part 
of lime to from lix to twrive parte of aand, accordius to the 
nature of the eand or the qutdity of the lima, tho lime bring the 
dry powder hydrate prodnoed when lump* of oUciued limeatone 
are freefaly •Incke'l, and the land having that decree of moUUre 
ilorditutrilyha* wli«idugouli>f the earth. IT preCirrrd. ibc 
calciaeil limtwtone mnv be ground anil ui1xi->l with ibn aamlpir** 
vioue to being alacked, aiM thnn aa niU'^h wvUt oiMM aa i* 
neceamry forthejiroone of alacking; thin entupceitiou i« then 
plaeedtuto the mouM, ofthe T«qnired ahapecfa mould iug preea, 
aimtliar to tliote used for making brioka tViNn ]mlverulent cl^, 
aud il there mbmitted lo great pree*nr«, wbieh ehould be pro> 

EDrtkined tolhelhirkueae roqoirod. A enilable pRwiiin hr n 
I'wk ofS tnolkM thi<-k iroiild beabmit 3 inue fo the ■>|unre inch: 
bl'icke may be fununl noilcr leaa prtaenie, birt it ia eruJest thai 
theei>iup(MtDn>t uf Iba bluck iBi^reAaea wllb the ]ir««*un to a 
certain cxteut. After Uie hl'<rii hiui been eahmtltod lo tbi* 
premure. It la carehilly remurrd from the mould and laid apou a 

U' 



■ 



80 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCmTECTS JOUBNAL. 



Oat waihee, with &m mwm of ktr, wbn« it riionld nomIii tuitil 
toAetaatiy hudMudor ripeiwd. wben U will b» mdv (br om. 
For th* porpcM «f fluUiUtiiw tiie ripeaiiiK of Uw block, it iboBld 
ifUrgirtbuiaooBuiuni bfM(,b«petfaf*lM viih cmw or man 
bol«i tlMMwinidalttkaUuMptMrieftir into the interior of 
the block, wbenbjr th» bvdMt* of HnN will b« MovacMd into 
t»rbc«iWe,*ifcMige wbicii,iftbobteck»wcreL«rjf8md Mlid,woiiJd 
rvqnin t, eotwidenUo tim«. 

Tb» partklM of Mad in tba oompoMtion uv, bf th* hMvj' 
prcflum to whioh it ii ■ubj«el«d, foradintomeh dowproiiiiiit]', 
Ihftt it Nqslraa but v«rr little ntaent to fill the intention) uid 
■cgloBMrua thrai togatntr Into m block of ooBput nndirtutie. 
n* blodn tliiu iB*d« boooniA iodiUkt*(l kftart fbw noatta to nieji 
a dagne thkt ihey m not readily dintin^bbkhlo tlma nxtiml 
MMatocie, In thV prawnition of thiiiuiit«ria1<nrcmiiiitbatAkeB 
not to «n)plo:r wet Mnd, booMu if there i> ta cxocm of moiattm, 
to ack ft da^TM M to extado «iit«r whilst the block !• pnmtA, 
it wonld ba inpo«IUa to give to th« nuu* tli« rwjubito ooUdity, 
na th* oobeMon of tbc water to tbe suid ftod titiw in no •troog, 
uid ita iooo ni pt aia ibility ao grMt, thnt it oould not bo expraacd 
In tbaTMyfartrfapaaa of tliM daring whtoli th« block ia oipoaed 
topntnr*. Tbla auaaa of wiriar would &fl«mi^ enponkte, 
loaTiDgi tbo block enmpMiUiTcly pomua, light, nod friable; It^ao 
wonld be muA tournr in h«riJenin|^ ontek in drjing, ftod not 
aulmdn Ita ahapa. WliwiaMtdi(B0trMdiIroblAiiuibU,emnd3' 
palv«riMd aeeria from Ainuwaa, brieka, or other polvendcDt 
■dlidow iBatt4T nay b* aaipto7«d in place at tb« mnd; the Une 
fcnd aand mny be mixed with oxidr* of oiotal, or other colourlug 
nuilter, to give the blouki anj diMired colour. Tbaaa bloeka dry 
withoatthiwiu or w»rp!ug, and beace paiif gmt adrantap* 
over briolte wUtG always ikriak nucb and rwy uoeqimllj, ud 
alM wupia buraiof. BkiekamAj bemad* tnanr deainble brat 
or abafc, tJiuo orarDani««it«l, p«rfontl«d or aolid. For Uoeka 
iat«MMd»r bnUding in water, waterlimeiBiucd. These Ucidu 
an mads In a hIoiIIm' manner to those ubove deaoribcd, but when 
removed fmni the praa and ealBcieDtly «t. It la wcU to aabmarge 
thamin watorfora ttme, bjr which meaai tlwjr will rapidly grow 
hard and lit lor iiae. 

OMm.— The mianbctim of blocka of artiSdal atone from 
•and or other pulreralmt elllclona mall«r ia eotubioattou 
with lime, and formed in mould* under great preaaure. 



PERMANENT WAY OF SAILWAYa 

F. P. DiMrru, PhiUdelphia, U.a. Falmtm, Ma^ 27, 1S56. 

Thb invention trlatca to a nuNle ol ooauecting the rail* of raU- 
waye i« the wooilen alcepera, whereby the rait* uv mar* firmly 
beb) tluui by tli« ordinary nlaua of aeanring nili. and ■ r«il of 
muck lighter w«ight than ta nsually euplot-ad may be adopted. 
lotMnd of Mf.Qriiig tha rails bv meMw cf pJna «r spikes to tha 
upper anrftoe cif a loDtptadinitl aloeper, tho p*t«Dta* Imbed* the 
foot of the rail in the sleeper, by cuttiiijE oat groovse therein to 
riKeive the rail. A double T rWil ia prvferrnl. To imbed the 
foot of the mil in lli« aleeper, the latter a out loniptuiliiiiUly 
down th* middle, and move* or recewe* are eat in the iuuer 
lido of the two balven of the loDgitoilinid iileeper of each a aiu 
and thuw a« to receive the foot of the mil when tbe two halves 
of the ttleeMT we brought together ajjfaia. The ftrMtcr portion 
of the nil la thua Midossd between tbe alee'iicni, and the font of 
ilrMtebiilf oa one half of the sleeper nud half on (ho other hnlf 
ot the sleeper. The whole is held togother by bulta and euta, 
the bolts psesing through the rail and the two halvrs vf the 
aleepcr. Tbe inner ends of the bolta or eome of them mny If 
nqulred be provided wMi ayea to reeelve the rode (br eonuoeting 
the tiro rail* of the tnck togetliar, and tho* preaMrlng tbe 

■ nncaof thelinc: 
Tbe patantee obsii riM, that in onler to pt^erent m niuoh as 
powible tbe latsntl deAertlon of the lailo. It may be lieiirablo to 
give eae-half of the deeper a ereaUr elevation than tho oihi-r 
halt the lower half baug at tbe highest eJeratlon compatible 
with tbe flange of the tnvening twilwny whcphi, denriug it, but 
the other aMtting i^nst the iMad of the rail. A reelstlng 
modfam ia thna proviiM agabst the IntemI nrceiam of the 
paadng tram. The atveral timber* fomituu tliv sleepen ars 
arranxwl *o that thoy abaU bnak joint, nut noily with (Mh other, 
but with the langtha of bar inm (btming the rails: thoa, wb«t« a 
joint in the nul cooura they will be suppcrted on both tide* by 



the loogitndinal sicepen, and oppodte a Joint Id the ate«pen Mt 
Ottbroken length of nul will be pnMaDl«d. 

CValsi.— The mode described (HT obtaining a oontiniioua bearing 
for the rails nf tailwayi^ and of holdtog them In position witbon 
the aid of eliMrs or outer analogona stipporta. 



8EPULCHEUL MONTTMESTS. 
W. Pons, Sandsworth, PmanUt, Jans 4, ISM. 

Thb Invention relalea to the moatrasUon of arpulohrml moini- 
meats, combining eponomy with superior arehit«etural and aniatio 
demgn. The patentee make* coTen for tcmbe by casttag er 
moaldln|i the ouver* in natural or artilidal stone or rnvtal, or by 
cutting tW stone, marble or other material, with rtoeasc* or pro- 
jeettenslD theeentre of theouvarm. 

Tbe insmption frame i* f>>rm*d at ha fewer put en as to A 
aocumtely into a remea. Where tbe bases an finmcd of naunl 
HtoDc, iron beams are placed nndeniBatb.inskad of aslooeBaiwSh 

Tbe Bang** are plaeed below the tbe leret of the laaes of ua 
covers, aoaaro made of a suitable width to sink or Imbed In tlie 
nnmoved earth between tomfad Th* flanges nreeerra the leret 
of the montunenta if the earth aoverinK "f the tomb ■hnuld ebil^ 
avoiding the neoetaity for briukwork Ui iiutain it The inaerip' 
tlon pUtea to be in«crt«d in tlm iiiitortfilicu fmiue ^re tupptied 
deUiehed Aram the inacription frnmc, ut m to provide the con- 
venience nf adding at a modcrato coit a nnw and durable reeord 
of a recent death. 

Tbe plftt«i ar«i fastened by a flange at the tower end, being let 
into the inacHption fnuno, and by a lock bolt Into tbe frame at 
the ton. In some scpulohtal monnmente, the Inacriplioa pUiM 
are all looae, and are neld to the iiiacripticin franr by ktow* and 
nuts, and remoT«able at pjeunre to be replaced by otbon con- 
taining new racord* of deaths. 

The ■c^^wn by which the toscriptlon plate* an *«cur«d to tbe 
monnment nnie throng hole* into thv interior of the monuio«at| 
ac«ea* to which (i gained for tbe purpose of acrewlng and bd- 
scrvwiog the insorlptioo plate* br the removal oT VM cover, 
which mny be secnted In [t* phuw by a lock. 

Claim- — The casting or forming covna far tomb* or gravw 
with recMMts or projeetlonii to r«cpiT« (he Insoriplloo frmmcs at 
the centre of the coverv, and alio outtng or forming the ooven 
with flangM bdow the leviel of the b«M cr ^nnd linn* of tba 
covers, to preserve the level of the coven if the in^ve itaelf (inki^ 
and alio supplying inscription plate* composed iu luoee piece*, »> 
aa to teadify affix a now record of a death. 



FDHNACES, 

C. DnNoe, Bedford -street, Siraud, faOnUt, Juno t(^ 18ML 

This invention consists In so encloaing the ash-box or pit ef 
funiaoca that the air Deceasaiy to cniabu*lion I* Impelled hy tbt 
ohimnqr draft to enter the Airaaco qnickly, nnd iri Cjikiiigaavan- 
tage of the low air nrcasupe above the fuel in the furnaoe to 
draw the ganes reeultmg (iow tbe diatilktiuu of the cvah^ ud 
canainj^ them t» pas*, together with the fnsh nir, throvgfa tht 
cnriioniiKil fufl ill the fiirn.ice. 

Tlie fuel riin above the upper level of the floo to the cbiianty, 
iK> thnl the drafl thureto luimci thro<i](h the bulk of tha fuJ; K 
grttvU oiwniiig or puuel forma the eutnuice to the chimney flu^ 
a^inat whinli thf fuel rs«U; a uietalllu plate eitoidl over ike 
whole vidlh of tliir fiimoco, dividing if, in two ]iarta, one of wbid 
remains free lor tho pa*ange of amoke, and th* ontranee pMi^t 
of the air Into tbe Mh-piu The draft proiluced cause* a eutrMt 
of air to enter rapidly, and to pam directly iotu the ash-pit, and 
uj> thnragh the furnace ban. The current and direction of the 
air tbui civen canam the smoke resulting rroiii tbe dlstilUUte of 
freah fuel Ui prLu over the partition down into tho wih-plt, vArs 
it mixes with the Crvah air, and ii with it carrlod tbrol^l ibe 
ni.iM of incanilewent fUel lying on the grate uf tbe fttrnaon nd 
»o xa the flae, wheniby the emolte Is oousnmed. 

C'^im.— The smoko-conauiaing fiiniace deaoribe^ In e Ucfe 
fhr rlii f fiiliir ii ttir rntiim nr niinilii 1 1 f ihii JIMS nnl sii tla^ 
or products of combustion arising from 6eah rod, nt an<v Wtt 
the a*li-pit, and through the laeudescent part of the fire, b ' ifci 
nctioD of the draft. ! 




THE crra engineer and archttects jocrnac^ 



81 



BATLWAT CHATBS. 



BjlILow, t)eihr, tad W. IL Woocnocm, WHttainater, 



Mxbr, taa 



JuiM 16, 1W6. 



tttvcadoa propcMM inpMvWMOla in eoniiMttaK *ai 
th« fuifU of nuU of nuiwayL For thM« narpoMM tba 
iDpli>THl u« «Ab mwle ill twn puu, which m not in 
iw. tbe htUrior of lh« olalr ii lbra«l to r*oeiv< tva 
liktea IB iddltloo to tha i^, kod ■ Mn* bolt puMB 
tb* tiro jkwt of tbn chkir, tliKKi^h the mil, mtA throuKh 
" fijih" plAtoa; where joint ohatn w« Qa«d, tha chain 
La widoi and lnr« two boUa tlumgh «Mh of tha jftw« 
)r bolU, M tlul OM Imll ommi thrangh th* vnd of Mch 
mU M Ihraii^ tbi " &>h* pht«a ukI th« jnwa of tha 
Iha "Bah" pUtnara aUo bolted to lh« rail* bv oUmt 
aim pawing throngh tlicon. And U i* fbaiiid ai^vut»- 
ikaBudiif^fiA" pUtMiB enuiMlingtlwMidnaf mlla 
f^n, to aoiploy pUtM with two or BBon boMla Kran 
tn plM» ot Mpwnl* nut* for mush ncnw bolt naed. 

^INa APPABATtJS FOB UDTSa* 
B; WjuuxoiuM Sana. 

Dtor tiBM bMT«ls w«r« awd, uii1 thn** now nailvr tha 
klbblM, wsra enptojrcd in onrniolaUifenMUiiU&ai; thcae 
nuiooi cnoftractMiM and noai, ncil ii ilopcnded wbethar 

E for wioH bone or Ntenin power. Thaj wouldisgaiMnJ 
1 ewL to I toB; ■oaMtlniM tha/ wara mndaof wroQgbt> 
a nt othara at wood, atrnnglf BuMnad wim bvo. luay 
hitd an ovil cocwtnictioo. In K«nml, in onal mining 
I, thia BrnuipatMit hnd been KuuennM, tlioujili it ooiila 
Inllr be aeen in Beigiam and the BrUtol awl Samenetahlra 
I. In thlt localltj, by tha arraogoiUHnt of a otop, thay 
)a to tolca tlio ■mtgoait to t1i« liilo 'if tli« ulinfl, nnd than 

coal, and fmtn Uicnoe it n-u drawn V> tlie mrface. In 
W^ to alrMiKtbu) the kibble*, and prvvealocciiJL'nta, there 
ilae bottom placed in tl>«m. If ^mil ouv wure ti»( takan, 
b tCBdermiaenlaaoMi vailiabletoUwk. lu Utunur, 
fpf kibblea ud Umk ba had aeaa atrong bafiefoz-ltiaa 
t daMripUon of tboM would b* foand in the woffca of 
%; tha/ wi>m morelr two ox-hii|«a tewn attougly together; 
k WM not at ail nndoairealile or to be eoaJeiiiued wheca 
biiiee oonid be nuro'iaaed at a cheap nt«. H<' h»d men, at 
lu, Cram fMO lb. to lOOO lb. of ulver ore drawn to tha 
hi one of tliaae bnga. One nf the Brrni objectiona to the 
waatheirawiittiDf backward! and Ibrwardii iu the ihuft, 
^wbenn ehaithad lobeliinbered.ofteDocawioDedgTnat 
: Then waenotonl/ the wear and tear hare, but llkewiM 
Uw ififw and kibble, ud It waa long «Da*ldor*d bolbn 
, whaUiar thekibUaeoould not beiuaed by tbomaanaof 
pr raila. At the latter end of the hwt oentur/ hnakeU 
icJojrod, and the/ had not now smeu entiral/ intoillauae, 
In be aeen in eoine of tha nsaller oolUerla* in lAnouhlre^ 
; b/ iroa bandi. TIm fint place whe:« ^-iiidaa were n«>d, 
) ymn ago, wwi in tlia Saxon miue* : ronii/ uf the aliafta 
txa underlie, atid it wna dMireable to obviate tlw great 
j Abonl the ruar 18^ the/ wpni fint emplo/ed In the 
Ik ODiUiee/ lUatrtet, In Sontare^tahtrtt. A doaeriptinn uf tha 
ba than given, aoeompaDied vilh adiagrmni, a&d this pr«- 
ti/ attempta iu the North of England. Prona IbM tu inm 
ttontioD waa drawn to tbia in aeverU of the ooai iJiairiaie^ 
^^ thoM /ear* it owe into general ua* In Northmubei^ 
d Uevon. In egBw cHOi tlia ipiidaa wen amall, but the/ 
nriooa deataipUooa, anob m iron ohaiu, iron roda, win 
bd wood: wood waa noat geoenil/ eDDiiil^ml to be 
r* Tkoae of inn w«ee generalT/ etreiened fruui the botteen 
It to the top. It waa OMlnbla the/ ■Loulit havi' iliJferMit 
OMi Ibr It was wttl known that when two ntnUla of the 
tm WW* oaed then would bo a great friction, an<t thin, if 
\, wiaalwa/i to be obviatod. The old method li»d been 
10 be ver/ ckeirucUvo, ae the ooutMtt re-loadhig of eo 
i ninml waa likul/ great!/ to datericnt* iU nlue. The 
I of acoaoMV waa uow graall/ aliidlad, ao ae to pnTani, 
I poanblek the rariooa (»-badiiif[B. There waa grant akill 
1 inlnTingontaabafL Sonetimoa one rope would be 

, ia other {natauoea two woold be fonad neceaunr, and 



^CMVali 



Ibsre wan cnace where it wna requlalte that four ahould be «m- 
ployad. OnMeBoMofthaTeBtUatioB. itWMndtinUathat tha 
wagOBt abouLd be nada aa amnll aa poadb l a, in eompnriaou wHh 
the ahaft. Tlia cage ehonld not w«i^ bearier th>n 4 or 9 ewL, 
bnt made ofaUnng and dmUemntenali^aa the ligbtor the cage 
the gnatar <|naatjt/af nunei»l oould belntupertaa to tb« lU&e^ 
A deaORptlon of the oedlaaiT eaga waa IKmi gtew. iewnnaica 
with a dagntn. SomatlBiea the Mga wm «> eoMtrndad that it 
earned two wigona^aida byaiilK m othan tha one waa pineal 
ovM- the other. In aeollier/ that he knew, the Grvid Honia. 
nearMotuLin Belgiom, a gnat quantity of odoI wm drawn up at 
one time hr a nsgle tteam-aogiae : the rope then uaad waa of 
aloe 6bf«: the cuawudividad into ooBipartsiaBta, and protaetcd 
b/ a bouaet: aaeb eompartmant «nied two wagnw, which would 
held about S cwt. cacli, Kod wen loaded 6om the diHitftntlevda. 
Onat meed waa there eiereiaed : th^ ordinaril/ drew to tha 
■ur&M from eoO to 000 tosa per dien, Irat If raqulnd OmU briuft 
to paMMmnohaa from lOOO to 1900 lona In twelve boon. Tha 
depth of thia eliaft wm about tW ftna., and therniring wna aAoted 
with gnat rcgnlarit/ and amooUmeaa of method, u I^MuUra 
and iome of Uie northeni diaUiola, It waa net nacomnen for n 
weight of oo(U tnoo WO to 300 lb. to be bronght to aorfhoa lu { 
tof«rnmiBulA Aladaep pttnlUonkweanDOoth, whidi waa 
IM baa. in depth, li»r w^opa hod been brought up in If 
minute. The averafe qieed might be reakaaed at &om 10 to iO 
milea per hour. It wne aiower when £r«t deaeeadla^ qniclor In 
the Buddie of the alinft, and gentler when approaebing the bottom. 
It waa alwaya aewmary not oaly to catoulaU the wairtt of tha 
rope or chain, bnt likewiaa to aMiiilaiii ita atrangth aBdonrabilit/. 
II«d it not hern for the ialndaotion of Iha wire-rope tha deep 
mineeiu the UariE would have bean abawJoaed ; thlawaalar^fy 
need In eolUerlea. The lactaror tlieu deacribad the Tanoaa 
conntarpoieaa raqniml to be aard, all of which won iUnalraled 
by loodeU. In Belginio, ia aame miiia^ (ha men wen for^nJden 
to go down in the engm: in tbia eonntij, however, the/ were 
albwed. He next deacribed the mfetj-eaga Innated bj Mr. 
FuurdriiUer; Uion was another, whlth had baeu need at Aaaia, ia 
Pranot.whiebhadmrvdmao/IJTM: thUbsdapairofanaa, which 
so soon aa the npe broke cLuped the gnidss. Another wna tiiat 
ofHcvm. White aod tinot, of Glaagow, which Imd likewise 
bem found aflicnciuuB: he thouuht howvvcrdeeirablo iheoe invea- 
tiona luigfat be, when the/ cousidertd the imporitlea the/ were 
tlkri/ to receive frem maI diiat, aod aomatteiee acid water, that 
the/ would Sul. nnlem thrac vai a conatant and diligent auocr- 
riaioa exerriaed orer thMO, It/ the late Act, collier/ ownennad 
been required to pivlecl tlii> mnutlii of ahandooed ebutsi iMa waa 
a ver/ taliitur measure, and he triiat«d gT«ater diligence and 
mon> fstondao control would be exerelsad than bad been the «ase, 
ao that uuuxy of the acddenta that now ooenrred, if the/ oouhl not 
be entinl/ avrndcd, wuuld at Icaat b* nateriall/ remedied 



<f alMtnedlnr«iMa*a«*gnims(3caMltf Mian. 



AuiiraUm Aif/u<ajw.~The laglelatun of New 3o<atb Wales 
have Duetd an liaportiuit act to eoablo the Qo*«mor, with tba 
aid of the Executive Coun<dl, " frotu lioic to time to raiae^ bf tha 
mlea of debeuluree aeourvd u)hmi the oonaolldatod rarmiue Atad of 
tlie colon/, aad bearing iatereat at a raU not airaaillng fi per 
ceaL per aaaom, aaoh aum or auma of none/ aot oxeaadlna 
KftfiOOL, aa autr be nqaircd for earrriiig oa of lailwa/ waefca5 
— --OoBtnicW liave Ihwu ncoepted for providing toeomocivea, 
rolling atock, tc. from Euclaud fur the Melbonma and WlUiama- 
town railway, the aucnaeiftil teuderan being Ueeet^ I>e Pa**, 
Brothers, aad Co., at ^ per esut. uptn the Kogiiah pricea. The 
Mma firm hare aUo cunirnctol [or tlio aapplr of 1^000 tona vt 
ralla. Tenders Lav,! likeTige been invited for the aoppl/ of 
11(1,000 aloopen tot the Melbourne, Mount Alexander, and 
Marra/ Itiror rulwar, aod the braadi Una to WiUiamrtowa; 
and for a tlircc'Rkil foneo on both atdsii of tbe main line for 
SO milee (rom Uelbuurne. Toodera liave been received for tha 
■apply of a larue qiiantftv of rolling stock of ooloidal annofcctniet 
bat have not boon vet Jecidad upon. Tbe mllw^ bom Hot- 
bonne to St. Kilda la being lapidlr prooaadsd with, and the lino 
fiom Melbaume to Ocoloog wiU M opened tor traffic tfaroogh- 

out, it la oonfidentlv SMcrted. In Fabniaty. The Oeelougnnd 

BnlUrnt line Is also in s forward utatej and oommunioalioa 
betwoou thaae pUcaa will be eaUbUahed, it is expeetod, on or 

befon the let of Decomber. ^Tha mmy of tha Noith-aastara 

litM^ to ccnneot Uelboame^ Kilmora, Seymour^ ^*-ia"*L Soech- 
worth, and Belvoir, is now in prograa. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AA'D AHCniTECTS JOCBNAL. 



1N8TITUT10K OF CIVIL ENGISEERa 
Jm. 30 Kud ST.— I. K. Bncxn, &>)., V. P.. is tlx Ulufr. 
Th« DkouMloii oo Mf. P. IL Wuvuw'a Papw " <M Aitounw TUc- 

> A4««eripttonwMfi>«nDf iJirtwakintUof nbaAiine cable* (OtplDftil. 
t-;— th« (impb OkU*. oompoaxl of ono wir* in («<>> nau'copdaaing 
I «i¥alop«, a ocfUin Dusibar ol then Mn^ Uid J'l'n ■i<lu t? nde, w Uul 
[ki OMof k OMuJlf oooiirrliig to c-ce win ttw otlmi mi^hl b« maile um 
Of;~aDit Uie oiaijx-und (stile, wboma > glrni tiumbti' of w<r«* nr* 
bortnd by one envolope ol iniD wipe. The rewot tuu&lti«t ocDOtTtnf 
I to th«M Ckbloa »er« quoMd la lappoK of ttm *ilv>titiigui offered hj tlia 
[ifanpte cablaiM, ia eaoaequuie*; the (Vlki* otblc, whtcb waaoftt* 
tetDptuBil hinil, Mtig torn uontln' bf the Jincbor et « v«mbI Joifaig Ui» 
rlM* (bIm, ihert had (fiRi*4 oonn'denUe incolirtD(«QO<^ uiitll tbe lr*A>t 
|«f tMmMn(ai«auldbekn»iignI bjr anotlwrreiit*, whONM lb* Mmplo 
[ mUm^ iltboiich ftrtHtilj injund, but nenu- eeMad to b« capaUa of cwi- 
I miog MHsige*. It «u oat mourt bj Lhii ta mkA, Ibkt th* iliuplv 
,^U« would be ttw beat fortboeuiDaelhig link beMMD tit* woM pmiM 
I ^ Iralaod and thn L'nlletl SeaIm; hot tbooeM vuirarUiMiiddantlMi, 
[}t the ouUrt of ito iuiiwrteot an un(lert«kin|[. Ithul not been tbe objeot 
I ar lL« autjior of th* ytflu Uniuifumgn IIm aUempt to oaait; tolofimpluc 
HHi Up^ Iti A nif^n, ii«i did be ineao to MarrI Uiel tbe epeiJ would be 
iilow u tobg ebar to proGlr but beWl^itnhieinipneiriDii^ lUrind 
tini cxparimont, ebieQy with tbe *icir of <<[ioitiiiKWan]ulitin, fniin 
■M* Obo had boiler opportoniliea of iiire«ti|[>tiiig Ibe >uhJ0Dt. 
It w«* remartlod, ttud lonts additloni wen titcrmmrf to render tbe 
Plfcr«ae>iDptetaT*parlortbopro]traei to tbe finaontdniD, endemeaiiJIy 
tbn tbe prepoitlmiM finauib and w>l||bt ot Ibe dlHbneit o*bW uxl 
Ibtir emiatraetios, thouM bare bwn ginni the deptli and cluuKter of 
kttiabotMni altheTariou* iStei^ and Ihetnaimirafpijtagoiil, would bav* 
rbem iatereating; ai aleo eumc inlonaalicni aa lo tbe powwr ua«d in the 
iMNriDWDttNOorded in the Wblra; tb* propoftlon between thepoweref 
PwMawnnt and ibedtffvrent lRiigih«afiakiiidtor«rireibonld have been 
I taaniit>«d. The cMof poiut eugipeted for dinuwon waa tbe diffiotitt; 
[if working, at a Mtbractory ralt^ thnugh eobb a length ot oblo uthat 
I how btinjt oanelnicled to oonneet Europe wtlli Amerioa. Tbare waa 
[i«a«on to believe, tbal tbe rifnlaof tbepbenDTncna oritiiluctton and 
I fctanUtion wetnenfeentn), Tbeolwctriot nnditloni of an underfrounit 
f frire ooinddnl wilb inon ef a tubmarin* wirv. Tbo fint Kn^llib under- 
aed line ef aajr impoTtuoe, eeaitedwilb gutta-rercba, wu tbai hid 
baM^netio Coropiny, Inlfttl, between Linrfioal and Muiobeetor. 
•BWl of bldiMUon manlfeeled lledir there, but Mr. Honleyli 
IbMnniMiH met IbedilSRuJty, and pramlaed, w^lb eoioe rnudlfleatiam, 
[.to VOroiraie any eitaoaion oril Ulicly to ariea in tbe loufcr Una then 
t •Oatemplated. "Hiey differed fraiulhe <>til plan in tbe u*e of revureed 
Iplllllla of ei|nal Oration, and ol high pruportiwialaiiiteaelly, eninpared 
tirith tbe ordinary plTanle ennwnt. Thia equaUlT ot time and tercc waa 
[iB very inipartaiil fnturr, for any diffentnce nai lalatto working through 
[irMClonnb* of wirn alibotcd by inducUou. In an luelmiDiint siODe 
jtODlTftMIO work wilb rsvereed eurrDDU from a galranio batterv, in 
rwUeli llie duration of the cnrrenti Taried according as the ngiini*. or 

raea, were lonifer, or ihorUr, a abort vumnt wm found not to bckhls 
nrmount the reeidual tllccta of a lar|[e one, and ihua a preper 
|iwn(fali«tian did not take plaoe. Tke inenaae of induution by a ourroot 
f |p«at duration waa eelr-eTident, aod nii|;bt I* praeticaUy even by 
bargina a ir«ll-inaulAt«d «rr< for eome (iioci the riliint ciitmit. Or dia- 
I rtaiia.liiiil Ibn more pawer tban a brisf current from ibr batMr^ Itaelf 
Lvn •hon eireola. On tlweileruion of die undergrotuid ■yateni, nooauae 
liar dlaoeara«Denl waa fbniid.aa. with tome altmilani, tbe inatnimenta 
I ^wfcaJ adiBifahly: and knatead of bang I'^'t'^i*. oircuila bad freqnenllT 
l^jOaa worfcad at the tat* of four hundred oorronl* pcv minute^ wblM 
lw«ii)«L bw U>"r length, only atbiw of too eurreota being aent at the 
lane tiro*, if tbe tlieory adnHiaeJ eueound. Some time einoe Mr. 
IQuuIh Bright, in ooiyuDctien with &lr, \VbiMliokUie, had made eonta 
[ niNciiuenti through twothouaandmUee of a-ini, oounrccoi eo aa to 
Ibna a continuoua circuit, icmlDating at both vudii in ibeeartb, Imar- 
[fiodialelanrameotawcre placed U«mIi loop, lo teat the tborooirb action 
['af tbe dedrlikl wave* tbroogb ih* en^re lenglb. and ijiiual* were cl«rly 
I Jateed al atate of Ion Id twelve words per minuM. Two large induo- 
I eoili^ ihtwe feet in lenglb, excited by a powerful '(imre' batten of 
t ipiM aallit but eoDnuoiad for quantity in aeu tit tan, wen u**a to 
•nto Ibe cvrrtslB, wbicli were very p<.w*rfiil. Krniu all that had 
I abown in ibe Paper, it wm nnteniW. Ibat no diffiuutly wa* likely 
I b aria*! in working trout Inlind to Nowfoundlnnd. that ooulil not be 
UfEMnully dadt with. 

J pDrtion* were o^iblto] of tbe nbinajini! cabiM loadius to Calala and 
ItoOiitiind, ubiult bad bnu rupturiHl during the rrcantguw tit a vtaaal 
Idregging bee aocbor. and baoyioi; upon lliaa« cabica oonaeouuvely. It 
Fira* reinacked, that tbau|{b 'ucb foree bad been uaol u r ujilurod lb* 
|fc>Dn wii*and Iwiated Hin a roniarkablo manner, tbe giill.i |i«n.lia cover- 
■ o(tW Gopor win wva bul little injured, and only mhibiieil a tfmple 
1 dlaai eecoao, all Ibe f**t of tbe ooreriDg being in aa rood a *lal« m 
■ftMttwvwtmbiddewv, STveaanaod aW/nvnoaaly. 
It WM obeerred. thai ahhacgB Ur. Cranpton* name bad bc«n pr*- 



mjjiotitly iDBntiancd. inconnection witb tbeflnlfDoe«arfUw>dp«ma<cA 
ai^jklibiatiofi of lubrnjuiDu cmbk'i, be did uoi ia any way daun Lite cnezH 
cl the inTciiiiou, and waa inoet auiioua tu brlon Mrwaid tbe 1n_lliiiiala 
cUime to priority of all tbeae who bad made tbe liirMtlnailniie n[iaw 
wbiub tbe tyateni wm baeed, and to pve thiia *ban ot mant to all wbo 
hwl oo-openteil with bim, In tbe adual opMatiea a( luri«c down Ike 
Snt worKing cable. Tiie invention, or diaeoeaiy, i MulteJ ja fat* friiB 
the oombioed bvMtintion* and exparinrattofacTital giWicnua, m 
bail l>«n oliKTTtd in UM Papwi ud la oorroboratioD of i^ a tnol*( 
waa eiliitiiicd of a drawtna m^ tot Pn/eaaor MliealMcoa In IMOt 
•bowing tbe aubmarine nble in tla detail* of cauatnetioiL '— t"*"*-' hj 
tarred vam and covered wllb Iron wire: and the mode of laying down 
and pl^ng up waa alao abown. 'lliert eoubl uul be aia doubt of the 
aolhoiitlctiy of tbe drawing, and II wia known Uial Lutwkke, wbe 
made it, went to Aoabalia in 1841. aaid bod net noe been ■■ tU* 
country. It waa alwan aaid oTUm tbal he bad aided RvlMaor WltaM- 
etonn ia wcgrkia|[oot Ibe mechanical detail* of tbe pWfiMad eyatam tt 
nbmwineUlagrapb*, natad by like I'nLf***er, befoiw « hrilanuataiy 
Qcamiltack M be uraticabl*. 

The rrmnirfTilr "''illrrTii nn -nrljln'- -iiirr hilhn llH irll^l. 
Wilkiiii aud Wuatberly, wlio klt*iiili.-<l to Itiv luacbbien Car ooiiatmetii^ 
Itic oat>Ic.^-<>r Mr. NewaU. nlio luaUd llir oible^ — of Mr. SUH^iDi «ke 
cffcclcd tbe gutla parvlia inaulaliun.— at Meter*. IJavia and OampU^ 
tuliuliurt, to whoae aoeivy and confidence tbe uMmato (Mmm wmib 
CTeatly due, — ejid of Mr. Hretl, whoae indomitable peeeae e rwoae had 
kept tilt eubjootoonitantljbelbntiiepublie, were tn r nranrrlj iwantlon^L 
and their raapootive aharc* in the merit of the 'liiliinaiiniiTi^anmili doly 
apportioned. 

It WM abown, that tbe eiporimente on the vatealty of elaebrk 
Currante on long aofanMrxed wine, made by Mr. LatiUMr Clark, m»J 
referrvd to in lb* I^aper, formed tbe aubjeet of a levtwre ^veii M lit 
Renl inititulioo by fWcNor Pandny, on tbe 20ifa uf Janoary. Itdl, 
and thU tbebatleiJiiMdcnnabtodof 3M pairaof iilataa (t by U inubea}. 
It wu nawhiw ui«DlIoo*d bi tbe P*|ier. IbM "ty no applunoa «Mil 
and wire above a certHO hnvtb be wcffced Ibroogk, but " tfaal ahhaogh 
tbediSoultie* otindneticncouldboleaeetied, tbey oouid bya»aMbM* 
be entirely aiolUed.* Though alluaion bad been made to Ibe Ml •( 
OToroonUug Ma oerlain point tbe eflbcu uf ehai^ and diaclurge^ dw M 
Induolion, Ibe mcdianloa] appllanoe* by which tbi* wac auoowipfiabal 
were not deaertbed tn tbe Paiier, a* they would be modi mon: ea4y 
underetood lij a riea mo raplanalion, The flnt (act ooiioed wm Ibe 
neoewitj fn* an incn i aa d iiilenaity in tbe current cmpliMrod; aia) tb« 
magneto-eleetrio telcgrapti, vbiob gnre oumDla of gnu utanaily, a*! 
taoh eurren) Id a necne dirvclloa m the ImI, appearnd to b* vary eoilad 
to Bobniarlne work, u tbe mverae curreol tadtted Ifce diMhar]{e of tb* 
wire. An iuiiniment invented to eAot the Mune tbtnc. with a galeauln 
bnUery, wiu iliowa and deeerlbed. A ka;. upon bdng aitMMlttf 
prvaaod down and rehiaaad, tont cnrnoU, firet in one, Iboa in tbe otW 
uiieolioii, whioh, aoUng upoa aa destm-oagnei at tht other cad of lb* 
line. CBUMdaueedletodcJIeot to tberi^lor lefi, ioibeceiecaM Tiding 
ooDtaat wUb the lom) latloy. aiid in the other breaking it. Oilier ia- 
ttrumont* (or the tame piirpcwe wirrealaodeacribed. It wa* notieed tlia* 
the Inftrvnoea drauii from cipeHmenla where eevival wire* is mia ^Ua 
wore looped up into a tingle Itn^b. might Iw falUdou*. I>rcaue« iker* 
would. Ill llui caao, bo oumnLt flowingin oppoeite dirrvtioM, in Imm*' 
diat^ lirotiiiiity tn eadi other, and thelnduoed eorrenlii wnuld alao ha «l 
■n appntlU nalare, and ibua neulraljao each other: and lliu dhei <d 
indueUon would, tbarefiire. ba wry didarent to that Upou a digit 
isaulaled wire, of the aucig length. oiUnded Id a vlraigM line. 

llie queation M to itiduvtiou from wire to wica, (u tbe mmitnl 
upon a Jeugtb of two thouoaud miloa, required tome e»|ihnali«B. Hm 

f;raa(att care and Ibe mutt delioale ap|iuatiu wen cnuhiyod to aacartate 
t any error cuuld ariie from Ibis uaute, and the raauU wM quito iMl^ 
factory. 

The tabli* (rem wbiub argunienta had ba«n nxtncl*) agaiut lb* 
tucoeaaful wcriiiiig cf Inng lina* of aubmarino wire abowed, lorciUy, tli* 
woakncat of thote ailment*. It bad been itatcd. Ibal Probeaor 
Wboatalono prortil tbe paasace of an etecuic current to naiA tb* 
■umnooa epved at 8S8.000 nUloa pir eeoond. uid tbe tiUtlt piihwHy 
deaoended to eolf l8,Ut)litnilM. with other oiperiineiiUealbeMjMdMB 
ol oaDdaoion. If tbn nature of the exlating pomn had bean le o ta d ri. 
tbe atalcmont would bare olearly deroontualal, ihal ditftnnk ftrttlM 
ofpowgr fenduoed Tuy diftirenl raaull*. Tbe finl aiporimeiiU ««ra 
nude willi hiith tauiaion vlMtriolty, the laa> with current* of cltalar 
']uaiitity. aiitl liuiiw the diJEemioa. A ttalament by l*n>lee*aT Ihm^ 
eon, o( lilaagow. ahownl ihiit Ibe nuouing from tluorj, without n^ad 
to praolical roaulta, taugtii tint a iciy munti gicator rate iW tbal 
named in the Fapa would U- Aiiunifd la the hue frum Ireland to Xaw- 
foundiond- 

Tlilt •latciDeDt bylVobnoT tliampeon, reealleil the hoi of the **9^ 
rimentt of Mr. Wlblinan Wliltahouee baring nlilbllal ibe ttMMrolaaMB 
of diatlnct auii*K at llie rat* of four per arnind. tlimuch a gtMltr 
Itogtbof nniWgrounrl wirw tban would Im r*i)wiml ef aeTiiiailnii eriia 
tooenneet Ireland with »wfoondl*iid, for the United Slat«a Ilk*, ll 
WM remarkad, that in the Prvceedinge of tbe Itoyal Society (May I U5X 
and Ln the ICeport af tbe Pnweodbige of tbe Britiab AaaodadtN, al 



JM 




TUB CmL ENGIXEEtt AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



as 



k b Ui* (MM TMT. tiM UiMrMlcal nhiM4i«M now Inught 
r ba4 b*M »rmi (fBliiM the ■•heme, uii im\Mft£Parf — iwKi 






Nd !• Ill* Aiirmnui nr Nomnbtr tSGit. and in ft iSipar f«>d 
||« ftnjtl tt^amj i* DooBmber IS&O. all lbs mmoiiIb(« bttag 

■haw innaUgKlioiu H >pf«M«il. Hut ■Uk«i>t viy dlnrt trUl 

nm. or MbnukilM win*, but br rvMMiIng- on tfc* known 

innnenU ngudliiv aladnn ooniliKtian iLrangk mpp«r, 

Ma MoetliM menm talif miulUan. tktra «sra ■trmg gmiKtdi 

la cf (MUns ihM ■ mMwa of twral; vonb wonld not 

M Mm BifaatM for iu i<r\irrrj. anif that two haiiHrnd 

oonU h* MM dnriuj iha ilar of mui^rour hour*, 

ft cftU* a* «ia w»e«d (o b«^aiJ aorcM Uit Allautla, 

•*n namn M tlilsk that tUa Bight WQlUnutolT eneainl, 

bitfnf or ifca mUn iMradoMit bj Mr. WillafcauM. 

nptrtnaot* through a \miglh of IflOD nlU* of win, niftd* 

Mbc tMUrr pavtn, imfuall; ioerraMd. hjr toMMaiTD add]- 

M BI oJI' to Mium Hdim JI nlli, thorp wai no MtiMlJo raria- 

n T«bdtT of lh« MmnU, which wm found on ^n aienfe to 

I lOOn bIIm Mr aocond. Tbm wh. h*«a*er. do oontlftnt 

al tfala dnnaidsd vpon the laaelitT of the lifttMry. Uia tMchiMi 

Ituf, uidlbaalwDr ih«Mpp«r<rI>«.BDdlhaMiiMqnontlndoe- 

WWjgalDtf on b«lw«en It and tfa* Mrtk. fiiilMquentJy, etpcv1> 

•laiflar «in< had ba*n nu<l*, SnA w!ih Ui« foltwf haiurr, 

wlib thaaofrniiuidiioBdbyaR ^l•«l>»■(KW^a^ imd a ililFnmiM 

UiMdl; nbMiMd hj (be t*n inaana Wat inant"! Thi >}wt«m 

bjlat alMmal« cumnta, or wa*M. of poailWo and Bngatira 

tf, wWck bad b«<«i flr« ■oounpliiheil bjr DMana of Mr. BnHtift 

•nl. NftbM groMtr apnd to b« obtidaod tbntagh luidersniiwJ 

OiiMinn win*, and «ai the ontj en« la dm at uio (maeut iky. 

bo. «r ihm rignala nu^t be m^o to lear* iho band of tbo 

r bfAr* the flnt h*d bate IndltaMd on Uia diatanl inatromanU. 

fe tiplainad, thai tlin Aflbrtnoa in tlia obitmd *t>Mdi «t alao- 

tnt from the oiroanuuinov, that tha arrind of tilt alvouio wkra 

[m BaiiiBAm powat only wu notlofd. and not ita MmnidDeaoilnt, 

■Ua ovu 'l«pandant vpou th« power etnpltgrol. aa wdl aa apan 

lar oaiiJH)«n« of the conduotor at Ihntimd. The uaaa^ of an 

iWimnt waa in rsalitj tnMantancoat. far «ttetrintf laHng no 

inertia, and being iMomtireaitble Into a Miuhiotor, and 

■ng throvfh aoT length of line. It muM tngla to flow 

end iJBuUftnooaJy vita the afiplieiillon of Uie battery at 

I ohaamil. that th« iUtmacnt of PinfMBDr Fm^ that diOerent 
L wsTM of •Itolricit; mi|-bc o>eiiit in any long mbmanno 
iTf at the MOif inataul of tiiso, wu fuUj- larae out ly the rueent 
-t«titi. Whitahooai. In ft length of win of l":in miUi, Itina 
r a llgMl trvkt bdl had taoo dbtiacllj hc«nl after the hand 
4 to tfamnit; aed In ft length of 499 milea, two «uch aljniali 
htil hteu biMd- Prom •oma eipnriinunU which tud !>•» 
• trlawo^arrlrlng at the Uw* aflacling the uaoamiMioii of 
laaabmarlna caiidnstor*, it bad b««i found, that the law 
. aa bUtrena b«U, wia totally inapplitkUn to tJw pbenomena 
abd Itol the ttudancjr hh to approaib inuali mote oearlj to 
arithaatical ratio, nichan amount of eloctrio foroc, inadt- 
with the ieagiii of win to be lUled np, it u-x* a*en 
ien, oocurHny in llie later portlona of the tfuiiit, iioiild 

- ^mHj ftaraneaUiig r«tlo. In proportion to tliv bicnailiijfly 

oaadluiio or the o&foebleil ourmit; wbilat if the amount of 

~n fvra vai gmiler, aiid aion> (airly r^ud l« t!bu lougth of 

w elected, iheti a aor* uuifonn rate of propaf^Liou of the dao- 

rti would obtain, on iJie nveral porUaiu of uijr pren length of 

with inacn«(A*ol(>otric eunrtita a rale dC umuainianon ta^aoda- 

tbrm time* gtrater ihan that of any loliaia impulao had bom 

I; and there na liua fiuth«r advautuua'alWu'liiig aueh oorreliU, 

•irv oDuM nevte be ovtecharipid (toiu mu inequality iu the duo 

M of po«lliiv and nagfttlTc oumuta. With rDj[anl to tha aubjeet 

I (ndudioo IVoa wlra to wiro^ it h-u atat*! tUat a ourrvul whoM 

>Uftl*g power wa«ai(iulta t.K.OOO graiua, when i«t into a wire 

M fn lei^;!^ prodoocd iu au a<^aoMt parallel wu*. nt eqnU 

ft toftnarai DUfrmt of ouly 1 ^ grain*, by latenl iailuDtioii, or 

MO, ft propertioo tnii^ificant in amount when comparsl ailb 

iMUnol UBiIer examination; and it >ai fiirthcr proved by elperi- 

«nrt BO iadueno* on tJUe nle ofpropn^lan. 

I that the nlblact andor illaouiwion Involved two 
whieh Aouhl be AtenMod eoparai'ly, namely, Ih« 
1 ana of InnUtle^, diliddiftff. and aubuvrging the nrtallio 
, tad the alaoMtat quaKlon of irsnanuttiag Pnaaagei tblQUvtl 
what laid. Wilb NSftRl le the firet, it waa ahon, that A. 
of Berliua dlKavencI Uw oon-oendueling pn>perty of 
•irtft in IMd: a>d ttat ia the eprinf of \»i7, Iw proiwini to the 
» OoramaBi, Uia «UbUahnunt of uodcefrvoud line wirv^ 
riih that matefW. In thoftutmna of that year aa axparinwntal 
M m9M la bngth, bo« Ofoa Bv«o to BcKin, waa eompletei^ 
iKtlwd to werh ao niaoeMUly, ttat in the yean 18(£-0, about 
irereUd on thiaiyeteoi. In Alvdi I8<S, BtreraJ mile* of 
Mated with pitU'P«rcfaa, bynuaneofUMOjIinderniaahine, 



rineoaled 



wen auhmaiswl ia the harbeor ef Kiel, tbt Iht porpoae o( trtabUihiag 
bMwatB the *e«« w« Mvanl polalata iba 



aa eteetriaeo 



caMon 



deep AMBad. and thia waa aMirted to be tfca flrtt atUiopi evv aada la 
aeUUiah eabiMrine eommuamalbue. WHh r^gaed to the kw of the 
retMdftlton of eleotfie waraa, Ike Iheery had been adraaerd. that the 
ntariatkm Jaereaaeil a* lh» a^uan of the diWaBoe; wyiat, ater* raegotly, 
another eiperlmenler had liialtllliwl (hat it tonMilil only aa tU 
ta&glh. UwatbJIwedthatlfftlllha JwBBMtanwaftheblee aipen- 
»aat* bad been tahan Into aeoeon^ (key woobl lend to oembontt lb* 
aeeriiai ihaoiy. It had bew anppoeed, that the I m rwing r ei lWaae* 
m long oonduelen inia4>t be onnome bj pnfiMrtionately inrmihg tk» 
eleetro-metire (brae, but it waa oonlended, that if lliia fon* bieawa 
omtiiw. lb* diatharg* would nalongar|M* thraugh the length of Iba 
oaUtt awl baA Ihnagh lh« ewlfc, bat wonld «TCM Iba inaalttiag nedcnoi 
la (he form of a epafk, and dlMbb Um mU*. It had alao baaa pie p ee** 
to aend a oanaidiraU* anmbtr ef wae m dm^ltaoeoih Ifatwffb th* 
oabla^ hut it wa« uiyad, that the auMbtr wbloh eooU bOow. without 
doMToying each othor, waa limited to three or four, aad that fa> (ht 
Allaa^o «abb it would not be poNtUa la eand men than en* wot4 per 
DaooU. It waa eaggeite^ thai the paatag* of an deolrio watathMgh 
ft cable mtgfat be ftcoMarated toniarly four timeaila natural rdtaitj, by 
■Inmtj ntumiiiK lit* cunent Unoogh a eMwnd inaalaled win within tM 
athb, Intend of thioagb lb* oartb. Tbe two wiree being tiMiiliHMoai^ 
thai |[ I if, the one with podll're and the otba with nemlln ebotriciR, 
eompletelv neutraUaad Iha deoMe nbaffaofthomtalMcaTeriacof tla 
w»«. Oiber dietorfaiag ebubm^ andi aa the maenatUatkn af tha iif 
nundiMg bvo eotaring, wbloh i«tt«ttad a oenMerable ntafdlag tBaek 
upon the eleotrio wan, w«ald *l*e be nnioved. The poeitire and 
negative wave* in the two eaeloead wiiaawonldfikewiaenwlually aeoeU- 
rale adi other, by nHaie indnotion. 

It wna obternd; that the Paper befcn the loeetliig did not give ua 
acomint of the lovee or hllan* of aeverKl nbtnarln* «dacifo-tal«gr«fUe 
oaUeiV attempted to bo Uld down, but from wlu'ah man might h* Mini 
than from a wboU Mtatevna at lUBoemful opecaUana; netUitr bad any 
nenlion bean taad* of tAegnpUog thimigh water, witboat wirN^ «r 
ftoy other metalUo eoododor. Ilio prwwnt aa ut aaM milaoMbie caUe* 
were a eombiaatiOD of a porfeetlv Inanlaled «1r^ oootalned within 
exterior etrrmg Iron wlmi, muting u a lougitudiaaBy epii«l dtrattlok. 
Tha isveniioa ot thi* kind ot <aUe waa olalnad for Bfr. Edward HIgblod. 
ou the authority of a judgmoDl itated to have baeo glTeD hi tho Os«r 
iDparial* d« Paria, and ft wae aaerted that the Solid torOonaral far 
'^ng'^'i ooncarnd in thia opiuion. Although Kutta-peroha, whan buried 
la tho oarth. and aolad apoo uedor paoiUitr ouvoinatanoee, waa ubjeet 
to deoay. y<t aa EaraJ paat eipariDDO* had gODl^ h^ water amned to ba 
apreeeivativeof that gum. It waa lUgnned, that the oondaDiiiig wire 
oia aubtemnean. or uitimarlM* lalagr^h, night be prolaeted from «xl- 
dalion, ordooy aluy point of leakafe^ fay maana ofaaaleouieeuinBt. 

Rcforenoe WM uiada to Ih* foUowlag (DrmnU of F tttvmo t Ohm, 
tor ikteruilidng the vilocdty of Iha faa^a of ft oumM of tb» 
irloity;— 

a it 
F= 

nnn tr 

~r + T 

in which X waa tha eltotiv-matiTe torn*: ■ the MiDiber of pUteaj D th* 
diMaaGeoTplateai gtb*rpedfio reejr) auto of fluid; e th* atolion of win; 
Stbeanaof plalaa; I the length of eireuit; and r IheapeciAe reeiMaaM 
of adw. 

The oOiMt* prodnood many yean tra with two battsriai, tha «■• aot 
emeediogtbe ^ of a«Dbtalnah^ aadlho othartlio«j|dth fanof ftoabio 
Inob. w«ra alao alluded (a^ aa iiaallWnlee l^o apidlralinti nf fiinltinaalni 
hydn eleoukUy, lor IdegrapbM pnrpoata. Tiie itaportano* ef a good 
« J w ar n el oode aiguali, wlMn th* eoat of the intervening wim betwaaa 
two Tcey diatant •taHont waa grant, waa nut mDarked on, aftd a coda 
waa aiUbiled by whioh an almoat infinite number ef *ig;njl* oonld ha 
tranmultad with very law euirenu of abctrieiv. A matbod waa 
dcMiribad of *eniliag meeMga* eimulianootuly thnogb Iba aania iaM^ 
raidng win in oaeh dinotioa. without iolorfiifeiiaa wttb aadi other; and 
(be opittloo wu tipnaiM, that II a Ihonagbl* inrulatod wire coold b* 
obtained and maisiained between Rn^and aad JLtnsloa, tbm could ba 
no doubt that a moeli greater number of mewaga* oonld b* tnn*miti«d 
than had bnn pndlet«3 In (b* F>p*r. 

Incidental to the dlaeonrfon, it wia ntntioiMd (hat an IngiBioD* 
hHtnunent. iuvenieil by Mr. Window, tho anthor of the Tupm, had 
b*<ai aubiuittvd by him t« the Telagraph Cemfany, and by older of lb* 
Dineton given to on* of th*ir ^««r«, who hid reporUd adreraaly 
to IM bat within a thiai tin* tha idonljoal iaalnaiMit «r** patented by 
the oSoer who had reported agnatt it, and it wia now almoat wnirer- 
tftlly employed be worldng tho anbfnanno talc^rapha. 

To tbu u waa relied, that the paieatad inatmnant in qnettian waa 
Im^lacd to beanieoedentlothelntrodaolionofaaignUat inainitneatbf 
Mr. Window, and that (I had been the remit of a long aertM of 
•beorvatlone: for *o ear^ aa the year 1S4S, tha uAela of induction 
w*n naUo«4 la lb* uadincround win* throng London, which wan 
iniulaled in haddi j^pea by pitch and ooUoni and thia hidiioed obargh 



S4 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AKCHITECrS JOURNAL 



WM nMd U • WTtn Utt of Uia pcvfootMfi of Ik* IniuIatioD, m bdnf 
.*«• dalicu* ihM Ibt fklTMioiBMtn Uiaa In oml A|t>lB, i> Ml-i, 
■vkM Um oobmsUm (f LMwIaD villi HuiebdM« tnd Urapool, ti^ 
lof wirMiamlsMlby pilte-potliAWMconUmplatod, thalnfanflo* 
I dnvB (toil 1( would bot b* powiliU to moA •> » ogmma-cial aptod 
h Uw priptiag ioatnwmrta In nt atthat p»iai^ and ■( wat lo obvfat* 
I (hat *• iMbwnMt hMl bMO larmlKL 



tba Grtat Nwlliara and SeUJi Waaieni Bum, appUoabbeaiulv U Ifa 
douUali«adtdM>dt^il«r»>t.«eoiiUMtw^nUliUr.W. k. BMtaWh 
doubt* w«dp k^ (4Air>: Mr. fanooa] lA luf Bud wood UMdJdal 



I that to ISM) Mr. Uenler. lb* patcntMoTUM M^ 
IpMa Tdccnpb, had inbautlad U* idcM lo Kr Cbarin Fox, afUr harloK 
l^own Iha Inilnittn lo ■oma ackAOwtadgad antborllla, b; wbom bs 
iloUlhalll wa«apt«U7taj, batafnaimiitlcBluiilitT. SiiCbarlM 
boviwar, bappaoiog to antarUtn a dlSnant opinioi^ took il U 
r Wtni>,j, who ocnfirTBfd Ua *i*«^ tad Ibu* moaangwl Ur. 
to ftnartti antH tk* piMml nMih ma aluinol. TbM* 
I vtra namad to luiaaiu^* pwavtranpB^ aitd to prartnt tb* 
B«at amnduit npoa Ihofint wantcf iWiMN. 
I tk* doM «f Ik* dtocMMOo It WH PHiarind, t^t it would 
tb««ndMlralit«lf ■omanirtbgrinfcnMtioa badbeao afionkd, a* to 
I meaiu propo«ad lo b« adoptod In laying lb* Atlaatio cabbi; naltbar 
' llB coaatnietjoii, nor tba malarbdi to Iw ompbijod, nor Ita ilnnfttb, 
I mMiAviaiiij MpUinMl. Donbilaai mauT oonliuganolw would 
I in cHTTinc out tbl* groat uodarlAklog— uid il bad not baoo itatod 
' lb*** wan propMtd lo b* onraoiiM. Tba gnat dapUi at wbiob 
I abla waa le bo lud would oauaa un untnpponad langlb of apwardi 
"^milM to be pnMotail to the action of onmnl^ and to tba ibovlu 
rtod daring Immj •••«. It w>a juit poailUa tbat ibc itnint 
oogbt npoa lb* eabl* migbt ba puiJally UMndod tbraogbout lb* 
oIb MMtlppoilv] la^tlb, ajid operate in (tnigbleuiDg tba ourvo It 
"laMiMin. but, on tba olbcr hud, ibey nilglil ba mora Itmlt*! In 
bair raaga, and tb«a tiis (|iiv*lioii aroM^ wbctbor tbe cable waa tulB' 
ott; atrong M naat tb*** *lninii . 1 1 waa tnia, tliat tb« M*dit«rT«- 
I Mblo b>d b*Mi laid at u graat a dcplb, and wu uU lo hat* Tailad 
,' bma a doSinanDj In Ibv langthi but, finoin whalvvw cauM, it wa* a 
1 tbat Ikat oommunintion ba3 not boan mad*. En-rjonc niuit foal 
■ Amep int«r«*t in the progrHa of BD undertaking, wbicli ooula not ful [o 
•ivrcuo 10 iisponaul mi mfluimoe ou oiTiliiKtion and on eonimcrva, and 
Ikt bop* wa* expreaaad tbat all would williusly oontributo mggtnioa^ 
«y A night bars tbe effect of leaacuing tbe diaucta of IUluT*a and of as 
•muring il4 prababU i 



FtA, $.— G. P. Bumu. Bai}., V. P., la tba Chair. 

n* bl l>aper raad «a« "Ok (U VarittiH a/ Ptmumtnt Way. 
frolitallfim kk an Aai*Iira,vv" Bj W. Biitiian AokHa. 

Hm Fapor mmiinincnl lijr lUliiiji, Ibal lh<> calculuiuiu nf Hn0in(>>^r*. 
aa to UioKrangtb and dunUouut '' pinnaneal wdjr,' had btan balHoil 
l>y tb* tt iBl bfwwi ioBwaa ofttmBc, aod tka4 lb* preportioa* *f Iba raid 
tolk* bakvjMtgioMPrqoirad tu b« nconaideTMl, It than doacribrJths 
princtplat involTod—Utnnl nnd iRrlicsl atriingtb ot nili bdiI Gnn joint*, 
^^^Ol^* boving aurraofi of iba rmlla on tba alaojiora, and of tbu hioepflr* 
on iIm teOaM, — chemical durability of tba mUcrinla.—ibB poroiu hallaat 
Ibr dnln^o,— and Ik* buoyant pnnnpla Tor boggy s"'Dnil. 

Tba hnporlano* of the depdi of tbe mil, to provenl too grail fleinro 
under tba railing bjad, waa then dwnlt on, oomblood with the priuoipla of 
•uinmrtlng lb* nil, by th« upper portion, a* doadj «a pomlilu to tliv 
•unaoo, to pnomt di«pUo«CMnt. 

Tlte chronolosigal ••qBaaoe of tba varloua (omu ol nil*, waa Ui* 
•iB(|a Ti Ibo Joubl* I, the bridyo. anil Iba uontTMlflr'i nili then 
tbn «b*ir ■arring aa an ulmiled bua to kcwp Ilia nil fram tllung 
mitmtiji, 

Tb* pNMoN of Bab jointing w tbsn oonti-Iani]. with r*g>n] to Ita 
•Seat tn conveHiuff oaiib nH idIo " a bckm fixed u the two end*," and 
Ikua pracUealljr addiuit to tbe Terlioi] atreogUi. It wai tbowii, lliat the 
■trengoat form of tbe double- hauled mil, lu which tba ihoulilan fonoed 
*■ obim* Migl* with tb* *«rCieal Bali, ou ibe wuntfomi for Habing, 
•■dikBt thebhoa wnoonlj k^tiiKlit 1>7 ui i"ieii>»iair»lii<iii tbulMlla, 
■bitfc eonmualy worked loo**, •» Umi if ti<);lacu<l. ilin «uipc(i<la<] fiab 
jcint WM Itaa p«tfa«t than an orlina.ry joint chair. The pnwtics of 
ralUag nill «flk tqoaNd aidr obaiinrlii, to t,-et batMrr hold on the rnOa, 
WM k a rial nil, f«r tbe odgea were ibui cipoaril to ba iIiuutnI uIT by 
Iba aMIUi ^ tk* Mgleo «b**U, A ramodjr for ibia *ia ■boHs lo be 
incUaallf, by atamelng Ibo uu<l> <,( tba nila, iilutil hot, m diaa, k aa 
10 «qaaao Uw obannBia to the lauijili of Uia ftaliaa. uiil tliii* lo miiipr*** 
tboOHUd la tba band*, and iu prove lU >|uiUily at ihiit |wrl wben it 
mm nauaUj tlio laMt •ouod. Tba* tbo aoaU for ih* fiaha* vruuM ba 
■qMTC iMdanta and fiie-aiadlau. Ao iiupruvoioeDl in tba form ii( 
Um Ui ilaalf waa lo roll it aa ao anglo iron, with a borinnlai rib 
bat**, wkish, wfaila ad£ng to tba boriaonlal alnnglk, adbcded Ibo mean* 
clMoiutagaKgfeUrdMB of b«lM ft«ni gattiag looai^ br kesvic thsm 
bMMBB iL )2* MdtheWtdltdridMoftboaotoMidbdtlMMbi A 
Mod* nf kaylng onBna^ tab bolu wm alao abown. hj driting thin pUl* 
wodgo* botwoan lb* barallad edgaa of adjoining bolta, A doaorlptlon 
loUowod of (■tiooa eikarjolnt*: Mr. Fowler'a Ibroe ■edus obalr; Mr. 
HMiuelV Sabcfaair; Ml. P. W. Bariow'* douUo obatr. bollml b*lo« the 
raO; Mr. HoCooaeblo'a wa^o obair; Ur. M«naal'a wood pile-ahair; 
Ur. AdaaiT bnak*^ or ka** joint and iat«nn*diato fialeiilagi, uaed on 



ebairr Mr. Bnrleigfa't joint ohaar a*d losg kn, without wood Utag] 
Mr Wngbt'a*ia»ioinldiBir; aDdMr-BMsbabMa^laagdaaUo^ialS 
on Ixi alaepM*. SplH nUn in two parta^ ln«*kiog joint TnngtluiianHf, 
<r«ra then doaoribad. and alio • i gaia n i of woodaa diain and atiMa wai 



in Fiuiie. 



He filling and ioinling of boi aad lnd|a nik wa« tbaa Iraalai 
•aflallm, and the ma* joint for bridfa nih OMMladi^ Ik* i 



dawntbad. ThonfoUowad lbo*erWoa9iM«rfe«pgmy,— Mr. BmoUa' 
"bey-troagb OMiala,' Mr. Greave*' ^diwoldJ alcqwra, Mr. 1*. W. 
BaHow** caat'tron vy, Mr. Saiirad'* wood lined caat^lton aleapaw, aad 
Mr. D* Beri;uv'a ca«l- imn alaapan. 

Wrought' iron way imrl alacpeiv, without timbar, war* lk«a aaaMlDod. 
beginning oith Mr, <:. W. Book, in l^li, who prodooed a plaa my 
rimiUr to that intnxluocd by Mr. W. H Barlow, in 18tP, tba » ari e«aa 
■attlont of wliicb wont ortticiaHJ. Thau foUowod the ginlar nil. iM 
propounilcd by Mr. Adaaa in ISM. and now nndUied aod iWHiwrfiillj 
laaUd anil atUndlng In nao. A nuipte of tbia nil T ladtaa la iwtlal 
depth WM aliuwii. with angle bnckot* aprtading lo a width of 1 1 inrhaa. 
Inakinj; joint, and bvll«l beneath tbe hantonlal weba. Plaa* of ik* 
aani* bind w«r* aim ithllnud, i>|>[ilieaDle lo tbe oatUaaay doabla T nfl; 
anil ofMlb., anil a bnu'krt of i^? lb., with beta bearing (■ tko« or ^ 
■xlaroal odooa; Ibo bearing aurlw* on the tadlaM baiH *4«nl la a aavM 
damr raad with tba aletpen al iniorvala of 3 fM. Tlaa* wraii^*4nH 
gMer nil* wen, pnctiaiay, beama; but wan anlBtaialty alaalia la 
Enarant daaauotioo in Uowa— a quality alwaya inaiatad ea bgr Un 
nabett Stepbeutun. Kxperuncnlal r«aulU ware giTvn: and a deaari^ 
tloo of Mr. Spaneer'a eorragalod panuaneni way ooinpkud ika aaaiaa. 

t^ittnii diagnou of vtfte^ee of Mnnutent way. baglnnkf whb Iba 
atour-lilook tyatam and onling wlib the (irdar rai^ wen eRhabMad, 
•bowlOK tba variou* hmeku abor* the baairing nufte* on tba baftM^ 
from 1b Inobe* down to 3^ inohe*. 

tfaeoimrni were abown of Mr. Aidkow' 4miU«- btadad gifdaf nil, M 
ued oD tbe Graat Northern tUilwni of tba bridge and iraaa joJM m 
wh) od the Gnat Nenbcni and WeBt«n of Ifahnd, ike BdM «ad 
Ballymena. tb* South Coaat, tba South Wartaa, aad Mkev tallw^ 
th> liraokel JolDt. a* Di*d on tbe Crnat Noitiwni and Sooth Weaian: 
and Bodalaof the bnudiel joint andintenaodiaiobndtMawiik two beta% 
and of the mode of keying fiab bulla. 

I'be aaeond Fnper rvbi WK« ' ' '>n luinr tinrmt Imprwmmis n At 
PtruuvuM Way o/ Kaiimy:' By P. H. PAMoKa, A»»a. Isat. C.B. 

Tbe improfemants dewrilwil in this Paper bad rvferano* portioularij 
lo the fortn of tha ohair and to tba nature of tha faateninga. A> laid 00 
tba Eaat Kant Bailwmr. tlii> joint cbaira iroighod ib^ut il lb. eaoh, and, 
•rith die aaaaptlon of being •iiueofaat tonyu. were iu gaiKtaJ appcanBO* 
■inflar to ordinaiy obi^. Tliey were I :l inobe* in l«i]fth, anil Ike ad*, 
or bottom, area prorided at the undecilde with a eroai rib at e*ch aad. 
orariianging thealaopar on oaob aide, aad forming wttli it an iavertad 
Bonob iiSrSu, at which ilie riba wen tha waba. and the aeb. or banaM 
«f tb* chair, WM the iUnj^, One Jaw of the chair wm mad* to It tkt 
•boulden of tfai' rwla, and tbe other wa* provided willi two rMtaaaik 
whioh reerived two thin cranaoted dm block*, out aci-nwi tbe grain. 

aetiog a* ooahion*,— a wrougbt-iraa wadn, protided with ju*. tr 
bata, babg driaaa betarcon the nSk and tbe woodea cuahiona. b ib« 
latarnadlalB dtaln, one jaw waa of mob a form that tk* uppar nirt 
prtaatd agnlnat tbe wab, and ttio lower part agmlnal the aide of Ike Mil, 
The other jaw had an ln««id Indiuatiiin ot about an* in tJtreo, and Wat 
proridod with s duvelail racttaa, lo hold iba wiinltii cDiliiuii,~>a eaa^ 
Iron wedgo bmng inlruOucwl Ixitwecn it and tin' nil. Thia wnlge, iaalaad 
of fitting agninHt both ilinuldim rA the nil. wu made to brar tafiwH 
tbe w*b, and tba uppai part of ita lower aliouldar. by which tha nul wai 
fureed down upon thp aeat, and wu held finiily in a Uteiml J lroedw. 
A ibort lanotb of wkt on thia ayntsm waa liud in IS&l. on the OrMt 
Nortbvn Bail way. wndoi the dincUon of the EngiDcv^inCUaf, Mr. 
Cttblll. and tbe nanlla wera conaidcrod to be rnj aatialhotear. 

Bpedman* of tbeae ohain and haioulng* wen aihJMtad, aod Aa 
mbjnot wa* ganontly fullv llliutnled by a larga aari** of medah to> 
nialiad by the PWmwianl Way Company. 



Pit,. 10 and 17.— J. LooEK, Eaq.. Mi>., V. P., )<« ibe Cbak 



Tbe diaauaaion upon tha " PamiMiant Way of Rvlwan' 
bolh e>aniiigL It waa remarked chat the Paner omMtod al Wlka of 
tha uinaa of r*ateiiini[i emjilojcd previoii* to the bitrodaetkai af tke 
wooden key. Iliii cbue conaiitcd eitherof iron pint, email Iroa aradf*^ 
er aoiww boll*, all cuilwilyiug the aame priucipis of email aMal aarihaM 
baaring upon email poiai* of contact. Ilia fit waa giai n Wy *a«7 1*' 
paiAnI, aod Ih* faMeningi i^dly datarioratad. Wbaa, fraaa a^ 
irrapiUrity of fit, aa anda* etrain oama upon the bolt, tk* Ihaiari af lb* 
itfaw waa *bippt(I, or tha nut look a panimilnr ant, tn wkiob k 
returned when (Grrwod ap. Tlieae hatoning* wan abaadoood rinakk- 
naooalj by all Bn^neeie in farour of ibo woodao key, « bid | 
an alaetle aiedium lo ocuopimiaU for ioaooundet, and broagki 
tlvdy large aurfaooa Into eontact. 




THE CIVIL ENGCiKEB ASD AKCUITECrS JOOBNAL. 



V 



. _^ amMliiUlmi gf Mwa bnduU. and Ui plalai^ wbioli Wl 
IM 4o*ii kbout l««l>* mmiUa mm ««ra mcoihI I17 botu uid 
id Uut In lU |Ain of imnt^ «Mk pur ^nng It bolu, :2<!1 
louM, u>d tf nor* oni >JI«p(b*r. Ihuiuh wj Wl t-«en 
>p *itlii» ilkmtm. na>uii^w4l)MM mIU •! cKh joiul 
. ._ . ■ 1 to 8. Il m%a oont^ai. Ilunforv tlwt bolu uiJ ouu, 
M •«« Miluuril}' Bwl. w*r< w«f«, iiwffldost, aoJ *xpni«iva 
10(1, for eaai»H)Uiis l«3Mlwr tba parti af > ponnvunt way, anil 
Ih^ ««n »M to ba nlioi <m. 




I [aoTaf hi rigiditj Mid want a\ piMUtily la be ■> pMt. tliat Iho 

nifbli nmr ouried on nilwan aouM Mon deftnj ita nppn 

•ad «aii*a it to Umioalc. ilk* tflrcl, Im^ af r«luotn|[ Ika 

bMt «f Uifl middk ••<)>. <nuld be In twnaM tlw ««« nf lb* nil* 

lo» -^d Umoifh cradit had b*aa ut« fcr a aviqf to tfc* iMn of 

«■ lU* mlan. It oat thouAt llM Bi^lMan g«Mt«ll; would 

iKka todbnlBrib Ihaamanniaf td^aaanulwiiT. 

It VM n Wa rid. tbtf a* w r n l ial prtnetiils In a ponnanml waj waa 

■ fttwUwTwtoiwIiafltiKfnukfaiWoflntlnaoibara. bf fisiDg Ibm 

'allb«ir«aib^«iib«b7cbaifa, w bfadiM^, » RAm futjfA, or 

It, or br hrak'JMBft aneto plaUa. WiUi a «faw I* prom iha 

I Araui SBning lou*. a mMM ImI bNad«*i**d tat Mdngboth hiKl* 

, an ■■ to prvTMt Ukbi (tw Uifiuir immid. Tbia w*a pnipo*od 

> ha •a«oapn*(d bf borill^ ttM odfca oT lh« bslU and naU wW* Id 

nuM vitli iWIUm, lOB* tobm grooica Ln which M •trim jilat* 

I bftwMB oealq{*Bn* balta. aiid than to dl thi-m bj Uirnna op iha 

I. It WM mantiiMwd thai tho oriaiiinl " fiili * wm kafad Into Uw 

I atkl sot bolud; tad it wu Wliovn) Uai llili WM SraiM- (ban Ifaa 

—imndlSaalijft ol t)» "fuhjaint' oithbutu. Mupmdad bMwatw 

To gonpna* th* and* of th* nilt. and at Ibe wme lune 10 rocm 

irha1nl*nr tba fiahaa to fie at reat, without tlrala on the bolu. 

I to iqotaw the «od* of the rail* whilal hot, bttwoan a 

. I iM a nat a *a Ika emMMtln valBhU of tha oaat^inm alMpan 
I as tha L ■■ liBdry and Awii*ktll«a a«d tb* .Sooth- KuUrn Liaa*. 
■aa alalal tint lb* ligbiMt pertion of liM lattor <taa S par owl. 
nar tbn lb* haanail poriioa of tba £unl*luUeu pannaneut waf, 
. tbf gaBil atraragg Ha* Ifl par aant. bavinr. Attogetbtr about 

nUa* of tboa navirun ilHlwri kwi haou liuil, on iliffsml nilw*j« 

I Soj^nd and Indaod duii^ tlu Imc i*n J wn^ »f^ ""Ij nlxtut I pat 
l,p*rann*mhMli«uir*diabar«idac«dmaiallmw«a. ExptrimeuM 

fMMtlj twon made to lait iha alrangtb vfdiAraat rami* of oaal- 

fir whicb parfwa* a bHiiii nxa, wwj^nng 13 vmi^ waa 

Twmt^ihnia fgnna wwo vsporinuntad apon. and Um ranlt 

I M «tifinai7 tii lb rail, will) 1 CM baartnn. w«* doUvjad, by 

nng , with a fall of S feat, whibt tin South-SaaWni iloewr bora a 

luf 4 II a in. Majt 1 (Mt mora than any utber whiob waa mad. 

I of a (ben bngtb of Da Bartue'a oaal^ran ainper way 00 the 

' Maftbcn Radway waa Matad lo bav« ahowB thai the |iIm« 

I mfilrad a >*■* auwant •( aUoatian m to ludunu and lifting, 

the ordkary inaafwtae wood al«ap«n. Tba rliiut ilaraol of ihu 

w»« awrtad to b« th* method *I Adng the nil to tb* ilaapar. 

I «oiD* adtant^ea of ooal in aome nCuMtona, and with 

bSuliani woold nrohably lie niade to aniwor will for liaht 

Adama'k auapnnled fli^r nJI had al*e been aul^eet lo a aimiUr 

ainl Uie ranilt waa, in mmit raaptola vary aatiafaoMcy. Jt waa 

r oaualty rigid in all it* ^v*». poai i Mid a eartain aaioont e( eka^ 

t ileri*«d (hnn tba wlnga, and bat little vartical dcfloi^un. Il 

' mat fncUIUea for pairing, and oonlil be Ilflad In Ua 

balf !•* tinM raquirad by tbv wood alcepfr ayaWin, Il aw^\ 

d«MilH*°i'* *«( tba fotun to inoraaMi tba width el the Insd v\ llie 

II an* aUtod. tb»l than- wei» i.nw about lOf milea of ringlo Bno Uid 
llifl BmIow nil, aoJ ihat tbouifb In the flnt Inatuioe truiivme 

I tlotpcrabadbHinaRid. y*t thiamathodbad now been atKndonad. 
1 bdng Uid <lowB without eloepani The dlfncnltlea went the 
kclsi'! <•( a Mu&d nil. and the riiridily of the way wlicn made. 
Piinju^bi tnu way wai mora rigia than thui of oiK-iron. The 
S^of lb* latt*- inl|[bt be onroonM, il wae baliavi"), by til* adoplioD 
Ts^u*!'* trougfa al*ep«r with wooden Autonirigi. It am* Nmaikvd 
bore were Dow noi* than 1100 niilca ofeingle line of iron pn*- 
I wi^ bid aad n opanlion. tlio imeilcabllity of tho nte ot that 
_ d had, ihcrcbta, b««n pmred, ilioujb, proUibly. the butt form 
iDOl y«t lure botn diTviao<r It waa n>n*iiler«d iiii)piUr, that B 
abciuiidiiig ill iroa ahould annually 'ipnni) Liindnda of tbouaaad* 
I in btiii(liig lixnW fnrni fonign countrioa, to li>y and rol on 
■ay* of tha LiafdcoD. 

I ttalad thai a rvHat examiiMition of tonie portlnni of th' !?oiilb 
Kaiiway dciioiiil rated lie aolldjty of the pnnnanrul way laid 
d> joii.u. leiy few, it aiiy, of Ibe Uitu and nut* wore looae, and 
Htoo iteiMTklly *aa la a nry jjood (lata. Tbs Buie mi^t ^e nid of 
SuiMfa id) chain, and of Onava*^ mUon, wtild, had t«i) lo eiten' 
4t*^ (sd BtMactorOy Mad on lb* Scyptiaii nilway*. Where bad 



bolt* and Dot* had been ua*d tboy wera looMt aod bad <aiuad ■butJi 
Iraubte, but Et tba ooRipnuy w<i<itil ptnn'it a du" npmdltim. Il wa« not 
at all difflmit tA make "tich a nij u uviold bo raaltypennaainl; ludac^ 
ai waa laUtMuMitly nmarfcd, wliecmrr gond maiaid* of aeffidrnt 
wci'iilit ami wall p«l toj^lhor. w«ra eiopIinrH], it »a* dllflaill to mako 
a lad p<nnaDent way. Nothing but undue oeonocsy !iidu<«id i*^ a 
muJt. The rontpnaan] woodn keyi were fine iHid on tho LIrcrpeol 
and IdanobMter Railway in 1 VSi. and the Improtuntnta io thrir maau- 
faolun iolroduaed by Meaan. Rmaome and May. \aA matcrUly ax- 
tendnl Lhcii D(e. Tbe doubto- headed nil waa ISiel rolln] uodnr tfa* 
diiectioa and fnm the dealgnt of Mr. L»dM, and it wa* M*aftad, Is 
eaalndictlaD of •una «uan(«tt foktita lo tMr not bdng r«««f«d, 
that iLara vera turn. If any, nil* of that dnoription ftntljy ri;|aetfld *■ 
bcitif worn out Ubro th^ bad bvcti revtned in the cbalra. A* to the 
aaausied rigidity of oaat-ima pennaDant way, >l waa ahova, that tba 
apaciiaeu* of Graan*' and of De Btrgqo'a uou way ilomonMnled the 
fitllainr of ••fh an aaeomplJDn. ■• ibey were bolli ruiind to Im^ aflar inaay 
yean hard luafi^ lo an ei«el]oDt aute of prcecrtatloo, and hid uoi 
prodooed any ii^junooa eSecIa oa Iba roIUnij Mod. 

Il wa* adinllMd, thai in many of tbe oxpeiitnaiit* on fiihbw joint*. 
lodiffimBl matatial* had been uied and will, corTvapuniliag naaJU; ibwr 
Lid beaa flnt adi^lad to railwaya i» a biJ conLlitiQii, where iba etHlt of 
tku fall* woi* iojurod, and Ilia dabaa did not fit; Ibo pina wife Uioa 
bcuLsu acxl IhrnaulU wmdlcaaUoua; butwfaen tboy had beau tidapt«ij 
to uaw or uiiinjurad raili, tha raaulta were ietaiiabl} good. 

Il wa* olfjooted to iht I'aps, thai it bad oveibokod many of tha matt 
talient injiraTcmeuL*. oodi a* the brid^ nil. and Ranaooe't aud May^ 
oaat-imn chain, which latter were, willt the oimpitaaad keys atid 
trenail*, now uaed on Doarljr ■ti tbouiaad uiila (£ allele tine of ptrma- 
Dant aay. Alao, that the llarbw nil* did nut, a* had baon firtnl. 
aack op th* water benoih thsin : but that ll>a hallait, when dii)y yaiAfrd,. 
waa aoUd and tMiainod (or a long period without bQing. 

Tlio eompje*! l J wood inaaija and keys, with nil'iroo chalia iS 
UBifuno eonttruation and good form, aad a nil not eueeding KS lb. par 
yard, fitad at ihu iolni*, mado a vrry finn and good way. 

It wa* aaaertcd, with reapKt lo tbo fith joint, that Mr. Kichanliaii 
waa tba rnl inrentor, hebemg at the ^e an naalolairt toglaMT on tbe 
Ewlera UnwD (Uilwav, whera tbo Bihaa wen Aral mad vj X/. Bniff 
to tie togatber and aciflbn the cad* of the nil*, and mi Jir Ibam, in hot, 
a ii^rdor aonxa a veil bridge on that Gnn. To Uiia il waa repSod, that 
llr. Richardnou't hnl idea naa not a fiabed Jniul M all, but ■iiu^jf » 
tmried joint ml, which wa* nut adoptod, boMua* U wa* m4 ooiialderad 
aUMlivo. Ur. Adam* than pruduotda joint baving tha iaiDeobJo*ta< 
the operation of Bahing a epar, an operation ao wclT known to aaamoDi 
it waa palantad in the naoiea of Adani) and RIcbvdaon, tba fanner 
gecllenita drawing the apeeifiatiau and making Iheinoddi at hit worii*. 
wbara they were toon and approvtd of by Sir. Puisr Aahcron. bafon 
tba ptrMd of the «ompciitlon for the |ir{ie effi'Tcd by the Eattom 
Coontloa Railway Company for an cAxtual inallio'l of aaouiiog Ihe 
joinu of rmlli. TbI* waa baflevod to be lhtmr[e>:l vrraion of tholutco- 
tiod of the &*h#d jolot. ft waa at tbo nia* llmf alMsd, UM apwaida 
of ttrauty yaara auo, aerenl hundred torn oftbeaaSahe* bad ba*n relied, 
and baen nxpnrtad from Limrpool, by Mr Edwin JIbwo. to Amorica 
and to Germauy, and lint there wia not any noralty in tboir tutatiiuaul 
tntrodootion on the Engliah rsilwayv. 

It WM arged, that the melbod of depredating alt pitrrioua ajilfit 
for tbe purpoae of adioaaling a nav lulru-lucllou. wa* ■iiwiaa. The 
Eujrlnoee* would judge (or tbemielvc* a* to the oeriMoI saw inTeotioMt, 
aad wara didoIi fwttcr able lo judge of ehetn Ihaa the 'nvenieea tht«' 
atl***. It w*a Tory juvjudbial tu lb* pcoCttaion, that Engiween, hiiiiag 
tha sontrol of nilway^ thoutd besome [atontaM, and l«id ihtmaeltM 
togolbar for tha purchaao of other innatioii* to bo niod on the Kno* 
upon which any of ihpru ware amplovril: it lud them open l« uumidoiM 
to whiob prcfoMional man ahonld nol be aubjected, and gaT« a owinr t« 
the ■talement*. that contnuilora wera obliged to pay br tha uaa of th*te 
(otenta. in order to prereai their teadera bMn being wjaattd, on otbv 
ocoaiioni, wboa aabmilled to eugincen ao plaead. 

It bad betn altemplad to be ahowo. that It wa* iirtiaiil«|LtuiM Ikr n 
eonipany to become poaaeaaod of a nunilwr uf fstanla, ia oaderto laat- 
lilal'- daalinp with Ihain; but it wa* oonlaaitrd. that whca Ihtre wara 
nuint-roua iiivHiUin whou olatina wore iMnrly lialanrod, it wm more 
propalile, that enginaon would ba able lo arHte at equiubbi and r«aaon- 
aMe arranginnenta for tbe uaa of the inrenlioii*. 00 belter lenn* ttit th* 
railway cvmpanSeaL 

Il waattaied, thai the permanent war adoMcd for the lliifaof rwhrny 
tn tbo Kaat Indie*, wu of ibc rtmpleat otanetiir. cnnaiating of the 
ordinai7 double- beaded rnll, bild w4lh chair* on inntvnr** wood ■Icepcf*. 
and cOnnooWd with flibod Juinu; nplanitioiiawer* alw- iriimi of orrtabi 
point* tn th* dtaign and conHnKtlon that had beea aarrfuUy atttwdtd 
to, in ordoT loanaitro a ■oonaaMrvaah. 

'Hie faHser of aaarrting. that a Kal eooa rt ry aAnittad of tha ua* of 
iinan*T enginra and fichtar permanent way, are* dfwittratail, The 

Srtontione neoe^ary nrconMruoting rail way* in Norway, l>*un**b. 
ua&K and all coQnirita wherr- the mM waa lalcnaa, wen Hptniawd, 
and It waa ahown, Ihftt the enginrer tnuat ailipl th* •yalaia of piraia- 
cnit way to tbe circunatanea* of tbe ooontry ibA nlllliahi 




86 



THE cmX ENGIXEER AND ABCHITECPS JOURNAI- 



1 



II wia mIibIUmI, tktt iiwud^nbtatoMfttnUai noeh m pOMtbU. 

t MnntMidat from Iha Itftnifl qoMtiao*, mTuidiiur tlw tcnam. In 

ewfUn* »t lb* IiuiituUaD, but It *h diffloalt M Jl lime* lo ■!« n. 

In mddkioa lo Uia iptaiu prcvionil; uonnoDad, ■pcoiowM ud 

[dnsiogi www «KblUMil of au^ln^ doln uiad on tb* Bait LknoMhin 

. fiaOwaj br Mr. J. B- Ptntng; at Spmotr'i onninud lUepw r«wl; of 

m new nil by Mr. EUcol; ud «f * aoltd diillwr iiTMaiii|[ by Um««. 

BMUOQMUld lUdlv, 

ACl M.— O. p. Bimn, V»n., V. P. ia Um ohklr. 

The rkparttftd. wm "Oa Oot'ii (7a((( Md 7iM«tr 7V*t>.>9 JVocAJM).' 
By T. Doim. 

no hfilnallii pTOM tUrohlnta. for UMin|[ dhato Cibl*^ bad boen 

Jly H) coitlv In eonKnictlon, kail r*>(uind luch aipmain tbnii- 

a, that ttw atlta cbMia mxiahciliirtn had on Ihnr pmnltM any 

I of IMtlne th*{r obain*. Uamn. Diwn, BaU«nl^. and Co.. of 

iWlndaor Ibidg* Iran Woik^ MancbaaUr, btTiuf badTtliBir attention 

' lo thk want, daajnw4 Mm alinpUflad tafUng nuMhiao. thn do- 

lof whieli tbtOMd uoaatyertM Um hpor, aad wfaleb oauld ba 

I br SOOL U> 3001.. iD*tc*l of i IHOL la ItOCU., Uu tort of tbo 

CBk aad oorfMnitloo Uatiu; suiAlnM. Tba bed of Uu new 

EmmUbo flondiud of a mu|tb o< cut-iron, wllb » dnt tbrougboat iu 

Flinclh OO ywda), to oonlaia lbs poKloa of lablo andar pnofi tbia CrouKb 

^na hli 00 vDiil(H» of wood aa > foUDdation. and a low nnu ban wen 

^M«d 0*«r tba llnl, lo pronvnt tbo and of tlie cliain from riaing, in Caao 

' ttacMn. Tbia arnuigcmant praeludr-J tlia ponibitily of accident to 

I workmen wb«n tMting rhuna, ai tbe ondi were rvuliied wiihin th« 

~i tnatoad of ivHfiing aenxa laKnJly, aa fr«<iueiitly ooourvl whra 

ifaw ««v laid upon a bandt for leittw. Tbe ajTan|[«iMnU for 

» mdn kydrMiRe qmodar, tba*aln«, and tSabTan^ ww« nryibapte 

IcAbetlT^ and th* mnlta of T817 miBMroiu Mriaa of «t}i«rfmoDl>, 

"iwar* glvto, deinonxnitad tba »w«r and uniform aoUon of tbsaa 

,_ iMa— oneof vhiuh wuiuad M lb* nuia UnlroroJ Eibibitlnn io 

lISS, for making alony Mrio* of rxparimetitKin thetcrengthaqroulonial 

and otbar timber, nndor tba dlreDtion of CapUin Fowko. It.E., part of 

^wboaa raport wm qnoled. 

lalbamwwoflliadiaoiualanit wu remitfcad, tbat tbobroksa link* 

~ , in alowal m«n tniMncc that tba frartnrta bait ariaen trom an 

feet anion of the Iran o( tbo llnka In waldln|[. It waa oonaidared 

i aoflUiaol tmtm and r>pldlty of blow* oonU riol b« obtnioad by band 

nir, and that lilt bammora witb tlie nH|uiiilt« (jtaad had not yet buen 

^•Bfloytd; o«icbn- bad lUani hammen, wbiob vara menlr hflol by 

1 fall by thoir own grarily. aaffialflnt *po«d (br heavy «1ialn 

A OMOription na fiinn of Kaylor"* linglo. 01 douUfrkcIini; alAtm 
tMBmer, which Muld be oliulgod at ploaaore, by merely niarin); 1 lerer, 
■ttd by whieb any amount of aloatn. tram a mora bmlliiiig U|>aa tJi« 
nbton, to ibat of Uio full prcaonrv of tba botlw MUld b« applied, add 
la wted wbilU tba hammer wia In fall work. 

Two oftbetalianuiHin ware employed in th-? vrorhihopiortbo Eaatara 
OMBtiaa Railway it Stritford, and one at Niirwii^li. They tmn aorae- 
what like the " Nwoytli' bammer. bat iqmpriiod icvenl modifioatioiia 
hanng rTifaraiiM particnlarly to tbe talioa aod the Talve Jtearlng. Tho 
hanmoii weigbed 10 ovt. oaob. and when worfcod with a leutboTatrako 
of IS inidiM. and doobls acling, 2M blan per minme could bo obtained, 
or acre tbau Iwloa the noinlier that could be gitca by an ordinary ban- 
mtr lUM by aleam, and lalllna by ill ovn unulilul j[T*vilv. Tb* Mnu 

Sicdpla wa* Mid III be ippUcabU for rinfllliiij,- tniii plutn^ for diip 
liSni;— alto for ballon, lanka. wiougbt iron liri'Ijfra. riret making, to. 
Some oaloulationa wbSob had brvn made In dltoorer the bw wbioh 
rapiktod tbe lia^ of lb* ohaiu cable and the nijthl of anchor for a pToo 

Alp, ibowed that 

i i^l^lad dilfjaccmeiit 
gan the dlai—Ur «f tbe ebun cable uauatly anplawed by aonw- 
a(«amera of tba p n a wi t form. 



ROYAL SCOTTISH SOCIEnT OF ABTR 

0» Ilk Appliiatttn 0/ /rua ottd Slat Wirt M dU Jk»mrt«i'iy 
«/ Obi* /ron. Ujr Wii.uah BaiM, Kliubunib.— ne author Mated, 
ml bl order lo ai<oamptiiih lhi«, adraiitage ia lakou cf wrought iron 
UMvlaelarad into wira being, Inr maqy rT>gr»u«, Ilia atrongaat fonn 
In wUdi it can be fniam£ Bat owing lo the tuwioUiibU Emit 
ef iu dimeoDout, Mtd, «onMfnmllr, iti waot ct rlgldlqr, exoapt by 
l«n*oii, which «Bi)Oo( bo aMMn(luned without oanauming a propor- 
lia« ef lie alnagib. It ia, whbont the aaliuate cf aome other ma- 
larial, tnafmlieabla In many eaaM wbara gt«M tfraagth ia rei|ulred. 
ne wlro Mo|[ out iulo dMirad Io^Uk end woU claaaed and (irw^ fnim 
«tii», and al*o ai^ B**"* " fther matter which might toid lo generate 
giam, ia Inlfodauaa mla the naaU Bn^arrJ to r«»iT« tba nollaa Inn 
•Ad Wd in a««f«d diieoticM; A amall loantity thn* maahanically 
•omUoad with owt iron, moulded Into beaune or othor wtlngi, na* 
Mated Id add gnatly to tboir elicogtb: in proof of which, be ataled that 
the Itltowing eipttlmtBl w»a made by him In ardir to afford a praotlial 



thaOtm 

DltaMH 




lael ef bla taetfaod of luf«ttiug ativDglh to cut Iroo >-lline irea ban 
ef one tnch aquai* aoction, aod od« of the aamo nii^ ooalaintaK a wbr; 
wfaoee aeotional area waa about one twenty- thiid of an ladi. were nM 
from tbe aame ladle, and, after being olaoed upo* •■ppMla fear fbat 
apan, wtn an^eoted to woighia nipoaded ban tbtkonrtreei Ilia lh»ai 
Ibnoer, which were Xfuad^ broke wttb GO* Iba., £04 Iba., and COS I 
rameottidj, and the ktter, notwltbilandlng the oonin«Doe of a 
■t lU point of fnictun, eueialnad S74 Iba. befon bmking. Dm ' 
neutt, ibereforo. approaohed by thi* eiperlnaBi, erea mhm int 
wHb by Iba bubble almdy nolicoil. wont lo prore tbat by tbe iMiwIacdatt 
of Iba (rira the alnnglb of the bar waa imcnaaed by about a aeraotb. 

0* tmml propoted tmproMttnU in SmoO jFypilofu; m'tA riwtnrfa 
m Ut tutramiagnxu tmpUj/mtut of Laryt Suplioiu fvr /ntrpairt Jar 
v M A At% an iM eommoofy nod. Kj Juaeii !':tMi>T, Loo V.P. — 
Tbe object of the pmpoeed iisprovanauia it ta laciliuie tho Slling cf 
lb* aypbnn in all ea—. but nnMciaUy is tboeo ia which it i* enployod 
for drawing elTacldeor olbar Bquida with wbloh manual cootaot i* nli ii 
tfnble. "niia ott^eol a itfMlcJ in Tariqu* wayn. mon or Im 
aooonliiig to the oiiaumMaiina of tbe oaae, but in eien ina 
maana or an additional tuboatuwhed albv to tbe ooma pan *tA 
(ypbon, ornoar oaextnaiitT. In Ibim iit lliii jainiiiiid tmmm of 1 
atrumant. the «ul«r end of iLe additional tube opeua loM a bollow I 
hull. wUb which It bai an aiftigbt counouuon. In uaing tbcae, ibe taiS 
ia first oumprvuml with the bud, cheu tbe aypbon le InLOianeii nUb one 
or both ciiremitlaa in tba liauid, and iba ball relaxed. Tbo eyoboa 
Immediately tSk. If both entls are unmenad, tbe iTpbon It lifUil o«t 
fnll: but if one oifl only ti iiiim<T»d. Ihr Cngrr ti plaotd apoa the othar, 
and alW relaxing the ball th-? fin^-rr ii nHihilnwn, irilboiit MIJ nnwfMt 
with tbe Iiij*ud. aod the liquid luatutlty flowi. Tbo onplajnailt of 
large ■ypfaona vaa r«nmniended in oerUau eaeei of dr«Iuiu ponde and 
muaMa lempannty — ai, for inUauoe, lo obuiu dopoeita c7 marl (ran 
thoir brdi, ioiload of lbs oonunon f«oocn of deep outliii|ia or I iiiniiiili 
and atao in *uot> owea a« a(hauit!n|[ Iba walat^^om eolEir-dauia in n^id 
atreami. inatod ot the uaual malhiM by puoipiog. 

ImpnrtmtrU in Hl-mr-eutlin'; Mathiiu'y. By P. K. Hurm, G«*Ma 
Foundry, BiaoohaeUr. — 'The object of tin maafaine waa -^n-) to be lo 
out freotoae of an* aort into ains auitaUe for baiUbg er oAor p^ 
poaeiv by mouia of baideaod toola or cutun 6ud in tbe putpbury of a 
rtvoMng diar, on tbo piindplo of a circniu oaw. and to eapereoda th* 
■low and oidinury loulhiNl of entthig by (riotloa with iron nltlaaamil wiwl 
TbM, by tlili new iiiiftliod, arammon grindaUnia of any ibiokiMM wab* 
cut Ibroiiijh with v«rv Utile watte of atoel, and fed forward to Iba mmUs* 
at thi< rate of 7 incboa pn* mi^ut4^. Tie tool* are of round bar tlnat. 
and ate made hollow «p the (Wni (inimpcCahapBdllollMUltateUieibBn- 
oning of their edgt^ which la ihiuixid out upon the born uf the anill, 
and ihon driven Into a mould rnnde for tbe porpoao. afttr wydi Ibty 
arc illBblly ground, lliu iliidtueai of col lakm witb aa II bel diM M 
1| inchei: ihlnnoroata may be taken with aauJIer fiasj diaEC. It wa* 
•taUd tliat a nambar of tbaaa ttaehinas are at wuik in diSmnt poMe of 
Scotland; and in D««B Poiwt, Oloaoaatervblre, nno wtlfa daaa II IWt 
dianiBCer la oaed for oulting np f rooetoaa bleaha inio flaga foe |tt«in(. 
and i( able l« turn off 3S0 euperfioial feet in tan boufa— Ik* force t<- 
quirwl to dri*e it being about oiio-homi nvwer. Two laboURn on 
iT>jui»d to atlend the Duchioe, and ■ imitli to ibarpes ibe taaii. one 
(et of which, twenty four in nnlnbnr. being able lo cut SO or Do fee* of 
ordinary (tone, and from 40 to Si) fnt of common grlnditoue, the total 
waele of aleel beini; at the rate of alx ouneea per IvO lb«( ef atone eoL 
llin advantage* of iliv minJiina wen alatad lo bo, Ihu it irquina ao 
•killmt iwnnii to vnrk It. u any Uboicrar Mm turn or nplooa the tocl^ 
Ihry bring cninpletrly •vK-wljuiting; and that it caa cut at leaM tm 
timet more none than any utber maoblna with Ibe laiBa aaaoanl of 
horafl power. 

Stl/ofting Vntilator /or Pnralt Raoiu, Offen. HaO*. *t. By Ro- 
nxT TiioTTKn, Edinburgh.— Thia rontiUtor may ba niad* anilraly of 
wood, or ot xinc, or partly cf aino and uf glna*. Il it nlaood Ib Iba 
upper furi of on* or more of the wlndowa of the room lo be TeoAnalad, 
Meordiii): to iu nta and oilier oirouoittanote ; and tbe pfindpio on 
whiob tbe vcntllauir aote ia that of allowing a frot eeoape mm Ibe nam 
of boated and polluted ain while, at the aame lima, it pniTenta all OOeM* 
into it by die window in whiih it it fitted np of cold air frcon wlihool) 
in oooaei^ueaco of the opening left by tbe vcntiUtor for tbe eoo^ie of Mm 
poUuMd air beiiifi tamparu-ily abut Up by any current of air froa wUboM 
allenipliug to flaw into tho room. Tbo adcanlHjcta of tbia v 
were alatad to be — 1*1, That from lla being actf-aciing, the *ent 
tbe niom dote not, to any degiee, depead on nro or altMitioa 
part of eorvinU or otben. 3dly, From It* ooutruiition and actloo, He 
rurrent ofoold air 1* iotroduoad by mean* of il into the r<;inn: ttA tH], 




¥t*v TiTiiiiUtinn it evoared by it at a n-ry imall oipeide, Tble nolM 
of t*Dtd:tcion haa been for tome time put, and ii now, in ■ueoceitiu op» 
nuion in Uto lam itutitolioiia of tbia city, and 1* abont 10 ba 



■*► 



of t*Dtd:tcion haa been for tome time paat, and ii now, in luo 

nuion in Uto lam itutitolioiia of tbia city, and 1* abont 10 h 

of in n MUb, ute aareni of the buildtnui it waa Intndacad villi Ifc* 

aaaoUoo and aptworal cf axperloncad and ablo Mobitorte, who, 

carefiil Inauliy ud panonal eiamlna*loo, eonRm Uia EtTomiU* it, 

mad* by ibc olBcaaU of ail of them of lb* •uooeeafnl working of Ibai 

iflaton, without produoing the allgbteat inoonTmiaoo* of aay klad. 



THE CIVIL ENGINKEE AND ABCHTTECT'S JOCRKAU 



W 




,BCaiTECTUa.\L IMPROVEMKNTS OF LONDON. 

No VUL— Ou» »iii«rw. 

oar prvrioM Mtiew w« hkn priacnpall; MsftMd our 

to iadividiul baiMian; w« unal\ now msr to aooM of 

ttzvet imBroTpnenU. In Jata| this wa nuij b«i«fljr ailnct 

vhsi the laifl Nfr. Null noraiuplUked in Btmot-Mreat nkI 

PittarlcM-pUea, in lirick, <xia»p<», ud muTir. wUcli M tha tioic 

■v* eouiikrtd my eitnoralBMy pro<lBctioM. Sinea that 

kowercr, » kew ipirit Mmu to h«va pMaicleJ OTttr our 

ilcetunl dream*. whii!li ar« utiw naiLicJ lo a largn «xlait in 

ad brtek, tko latuir tiuUrial ia muij iii^niuft Mag 

lo ahow ill vwn baauUfol and ijarabia £Mt, loataid « 

; aovand with eaiaeat that reqnirca U> ba oalourodorpidtiUd 

tv« ar tbrne tcslti^ to Dtako it look auythiag hko 

eUble. In Krerting to tlia aUw«t improveiacnU at LoDdon 

our qwa <lajr, w« Moat bagiu «ilJ> Nev Caunon*aueal. our 

Dttoia (daaJparaMutfMW !■ thia (Uevt vary gmat tliian 

boea doiM, if w« cnnoot nrodnoe that long atralgnt 

■wacp at prrapMlive bvanty, to b« obaerv«d in tba Bim deBivali 

>hrla,aaiiat«<laallbao'matarlalljr ovaUtga portMiii of oob of 

laUUi br tba Ikfadaaef tha Palaoaa of tha Luorra aad Um 

Naw QuMB-atnet, «• nenl acarcolj obaarva Kill, In 

lextarBalappaHSDMbeinaffraatmeuuremanadbyilaDortbera 

' L wUeh ia no* btuic rcbntlt peoa-meal, without much rcoard 

ilfcar gm tt lttr indlridwd cSml Ou ilt« t<.uitiem aida of 

, bowtvar, wa lia*a aoma vary hir »&inijlaa of ih* daaa 

■gi wUcb cone uiulai thn lioail of wbolaaale wanhowaa, 

J ofioK and atber biwineaa pramiaca, wliioh nuy Urljr 

aofue of the pilaiii of Venioa, KIorihic, aaJ VeroM. 

I br aa aiae ia ooaeaniad, outdo atany of tlieoL W« ahali 

Naw CaanaD-«tf«H at iia wMtam ««id, wliteb Ofitn apOB 

. I^al'a Churcbyard, and bafore duipig ao abailpaiwatAobawvo 

it if Ilia CorporatMa of ib« i-'ity tit Loadon wmIi Io inunorta- 

I *bair aaiue^ »ow ia iba iuu« u> do ao. Thia U to be «S»eted 

naaovbig ^^uA portion of tti>? h\iiA nf old nr«at bulldlvn, 

' ih abM afainat tba Conlvrnlnnni' f [nil, ao aa to ky opao Ibo 

rafSk Faan^ team one eoil ofita parnpot to tli« other, from 

rmiicalnir to La'J{at«-hiU, aud aba offval a pe«p of ita 

Tbi* being done, them tbotitd ba a inonaoient to 

ai archiiad. Wren, eneted on the iriMcuUr plot at gruuod 

1 baa lain waata no long, oppoaila to If aaaro. Coob'a wara- 

I Ia 8k Panl'a Clian:hyArtl. Tlii* baiug aeooiaplUhad, w« 

1 hava a uoat apleudid pciapadive riaw or the leoand bail 

lanpla of tba Chriatiau world, and a memorial to llic 

eMory of on« of tba greaUat arebiMeia of «ii)ier andeiit or 

nmlara litaaa Wa bava oonfidanoa Id beliaving, if a ntonainanl 

of thia daacnptiiMi war* propoaad to be «re«tad by public aub- 

omptioB, llisl one woiili) be proJaood at uuoe hoiiourabia to 

Wiwi, and a grrM pmbelllshmvot to thia part of tlia t'ily. Ou 

' Nrv CaatiOd-itratt (mm Iha ar«a^ Ilia fiml iKiportant 

< tbal naota ib« «ya la tb* block buill f»r Mcaan. Bnraiu 

OionbciVi tr«ta tliadaairna of Profcaaor Iluakinn the main 

I uT which jurtakfl of Italian ebaiactcriatica. It i« carried 

t to the fnai. height uf tlo feet from Ui« lerel uf tttefoot pavamaat, 

«t« wbioh at* atiiua in tho roof, hidilan by a |(anpot, Iwving 

'«■ tba pian raaea cut ia Batb itone. Ooliko auy oUitn in tho 

■BM raoKc, thii baildinK eontoiiu a niKlMumuout of two alorioa, 

fctlow llic stnet level, the lower vne of whiuh ii 6 (L. in. in 

Mokl, aod affomk targe addiiiunai apaoe t/r itiu purpoae of 

pt^trg gooda TfaaoroauiJ-fluurportlanof tba alavatioa, which 

m rntfaaiad ia a paonllT manner worthy of moiicr, iaiaoed with 

Btrllaad atones and tba npptr atoriaa to the lev«>l of the prtuoipal 

OHwiea at the cwrea are UeM villi Beart'a mtent briciu^ with 

I^rtlaad cavaat di aai iu gi lo Uio wiudowo, the pr!uoi{ial oomioa 

betagof the mm* BuUeriala. Tlia bDildio]^ iwa w e aiM aoun peou- 

larlnMof dalaiL Iliacobitnicledintbonioitaiibktaiitialmauier, 

^^J^wfaole tif the aupporling tinbera of the Soora bring of oak, aotne 

^^^^b tnain haama lO ihl-Iim wiuan, aiul othcra li> itichvn by 9, 

^^^^Bfeptb of the adtfioa u lOU tt*u and aa a wliok- it furnia the 

^^Ett« NwA friMn Old Change Ui Dlatoff-huie. Beyuiid thii, on 

^^^M miao miitj and estandtng to Frid^r-atnol, uv the ext«a>iva 

flMOiiaoa of Heaar*. Kerr ao3 Scott, alao euilHtUiilinl with Italian 

Maila^ and Uk tBterior elegantly Ulted-up, having wbat it tenli- 

Tiirallj termed a wail in the ocatra, Ughtad ftnin thx roof. Aronnd 

tUa well, on aaeh ftour, ibo gooda are ashihdtad. Pracoadiag 

ftwtliaf IO the right, eaatof PriitnT-atnet, ia another Urjie block. 

iha grovnd atoiy cf which ia diatingaiih<<l In- a wriei of ititted 

CBOt in T«>7 good (aat«, and an estre'tuely heavy ooitiloa 





fetthaeaTeaef thanwC From thin atMrtdua uuther granp to 
thaoBd of Sari-fti«e(,mnehpklaar,bMl in batter taaie. Nearly 
oopcMlU to UaMra. BooU and Kart^ pnmlMi, and oUaa t« t^ 
Cixrdwaisor'a Hall, n bollding i* being aractid Cram tba dimigABOf 
iSr. Boberla, of l^wreaor Pountaeynaoa^ and in eonatiwowd of 
POrtlaad atiHiF, malm, and r«d brlcka^ In thin alnclan tho 
aiebilael faaa de|ian«l from tba aet mlaa of lulian daaign, aod 
prodneed a atmctan nxsewinc oooaidMsbl* novelty. lu 
wiMlowa haveaomepcculiiihliaaMLambanliedeMgu.baijigaami- 
dnmlar beaded, with labela aroiud them reatii^ o|>oa oorbeb, 
and their Jamha and toffiu being hoUowtd iaMcad of cither aqua» 
or iplnynd. Thia bnildlng hM a frontM* of 07 t»H in Canam- 
■treei, and -IS (eat In FHiuy-atrert. Tba bat^t of Ua alevatian 
Irom the onrb laral la opwanb of 80 bet. Portland aiona In 
amployad br the (aaing of tba whale of the ground atwy. On tba 
oppw part of tfae niera, on each itda of th* aMnaoe^ ia a peofa- 
aioD of earring of fruit, Oowera, and Iwu' baada. adnOnUy exa. 
cutod. The plain baaga of the walla at« yOlaw malm biUka, 
and the atria g w u wea aad arabed beada af tba appar wiadowa 
ar«f«L TWmtariariaeaMtnwtMlIallie BMMtaatmdandnib- 
atantial maBMr, moat of the bnVkvork bdi^ a»t in cement, aad 
it baa Um aama atranganieni u Moaat*. Soott aa.1 Ken'a ware- 
hooaaa, having a wall, 90 bei by 10 feat, wbioh axtenda trtm th« 
baaanent Io the rent, nod b Mpported by a eeriea of iron ooliuum, 
which wUl ba omdted oat and adomad with Corintbiaa oaptlala 
and anricbad eotablatapaa. Six of the atoriaa In tfae buiUing will 
be entirely oeoupiad aa general warehooaaa, aaeh eoutalolniF an 
area of ft? bat by 43 fa»L T»k«i lu s vhola, thia adiOoa will ba 
wu of tba Bloat oompUta of ita kind iu Londoa. 



KEVUW& 

A Pndkal Tftolim m Catt and ITntnffKt Iron Bridgtt flad 
GMva, M V pl M to KailuMf Slnuiiira and tv BriSgrn 
gmtrtUjf, vIU niriMrMU namplm drawn U> a laryt KtUt. tet^at 
/mm tie puMiii aierAa </* the mott tminrni tn^nmrt. Jij W. 
IK-HueiL Iviodou: S|>on. Paria 1 to 7. Folio. 
Notwitliatoniling the eiUnt and variety uf theoretiaal SnlonB^ 
tion napacting tba atiiin^it)) of beiuiu, which the adentiftc to^ 
neer may reaort to for bb auidnooe in the conatructlou of girutf 
biiilgea, a vast ounber of Uie detail* of tboae itroctotaa moat be 
deaignoil by Ma own ezparienea aad lagasnity, inoapeetivoly of 
theocetiol knowledf^ The nwtbataiitkal priac^ptee of the 
atrangth of mntorinU inrolvc conaidomtlooa 80 dlAcult that tb«y 
can w«ly be applied to any but aimpJe awe% and it ia obrioua 
that varioiH oonplaxitiM of coiiatruatian muat freqaonUr owar 
ill praotkM, which im bayoiid the reaoh of alrict tboorelioal invea- 
ligatiou. It ia the dutyof thoanginMr toatcertain a«anr«dly, in 
er^ry inalacni, whether the rarinliona (V«ra thaaimpleat fbraia at 
L'inltTa which he i« compelled Io adopt d« not matarially albel 
kuown \hw of Mianuth and alabilityi but thia a^nimnca ia not 
alwaya coaily arrivodat Vta have aaan Inalanoea in which app^ 
rontly uiding deviationa from alaadard ftirma have been all«iMied 
br moat diaaatroua rmulta For axampU^ the oombiiiation of 
oblii^ae leoaian nxb of wroogbt-iroa with oMb-iron baama 
appeared aoma yearn ago to very etniaent engiaeeta to aaeurg an 
nuiouut of atrangth which the eipnienoe of a fitlal aocidciit 
ahowed to be arronoonaly eatlmatod. It ia dear that wbaa ao 

Ct a departnre Irom ealabliehcd modoaof coaatnielion, u thai 
alluded to, woa oon tarn plated, the new oonatructioa ought 
to bave beea preltmiiuuily tailMl oillii^r by octtial esperimeat, or 
by moat aooduaive thaoraliaal raaaonLng. There arc^ of conn^ 
minor novdtiea of OMiatruetton, which may ba aafely adopted 
without exact compulation of their elleeta, wnare the e egioMr ia 
anffirientiv guided by that gencm] power of perception of tba 
atalico) ediaieaay ofatractural detnilo, which U acquired bv coot- 
prehetialra experieBMr and a aonnd kiiowladge of tDMlianica. 
T« ibia llmitad oxt«at ouljr ana empirical rulea admlaaible ia 
deaignioK itnictnrea vi which the wciuity i* •» importaat aa 
ia tMt of railway bridge*. 

A well adected and wi'U ammged ooUeotlfU of exiuuplea of 
gbilar hrldcM cannot tli«rvfiire fail to be of great value to tba 
medan engmaar. Such a aeriea ought to abow the meana wbldi 
ba*a bou aaocamfully adopted in oTcrmminc bxal aad osoap- 
tionni exigtEndea by apecial oontrivancca. Or aneb a aerie^ tooy 
the value woatd be gnatly Inereaaed \n a ayaWm of pcogreadf* 
adraaee ftom the almphat tamm of girders to the moat eompUs, 



•8 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL 



Mid bj a MMDBuiMti of diAmit modM of doling wttli m^ 
AtfBM cbM of tKriktiou. Tb« woA htbm ns eantoiiii % am- 
tMsnUe muBlMr of nlBibl« nuuniila^ imt Udw the iTalMn aad 
umliiiil «Uch a|ip««r to m bo dcnnblv. Tba plates in ifa* 
dUhmt parte <k Am wArk lira glron withaat Mijr Kmiimiit 
i^MB, ■!« imgulvly naahrrtil, utA do not oomMMBd to the 
■ceompwyiag detcHptioa in (lis l«tter-pf«M. Fcrwipa ■* the 
^rark »dvuieei thu debet will be to k>iii« extent noUfieil, bol at 
M«MBt therearanotnwMof RyBtem in t^o arfeetion ofexMnpln; 
Tthf iBUndoetMR doet not ifiiNAr to ni written vitli a dwr 
knwwMp at the lawe of the atnogtb oT |;inl«ni. For iiuUncit, 
w» find it ■tat«'l fiotiN 3} tlut the dofleelaon of a ainlcr on^t 
•M to aOMd I ia AoO, whvrtna, it ii eertain Ibat tho amount of 
4eSMtl<>o «l>ich a fiiriirr will L«ivr d«])ooda aiooiig otber Uiing* 
M ttM nbAion of ita depth to It* ktitftb. A ^-irtlnr mav ba m 
dMptlut adeAectloaof 1 in Attuvonlilitnin it bojnond (lie limit 
of mpdire, or llie dqitb mn.V be » uaalL and ita Seiibilitjr 
Mnarauentij ao Knat, tbu a be ttnateET deAeotJon would not 
MMiUj imiMlr tbc rliunjiitr. Anlo, «c find in tbe nm» para- 
mph, that "asirdcr willVdtdKted iBorebfB land ranting 
Vkpkllf vr*r H, tban if tlx aamo ia carriod over it elovrlj-. Es- 
pnitnaDla bave bwa made, and the mrulta bave prored tbat 
Ibm it an lnorfa«i of about aae-aeveoth ia tbo former inrtanoe." 
We mppoM (Iw oxparinwnta b«re aUud«d to an tboae Bwda soma 
Team ago vndeir Uie antbority of tlie Royal Commiaeion of 
iBiiilry twpeeting- inia HnKtnrw. It would appatr (rota tli<i 
•TDt'iaee jutt quoted, tbat tho tnoteaae of deflection ia tbi! sun« 
in ail^iMi but b trnih thnt inonaae depcuda od tbe velocity of 
tbr load and ita weifbt. \^> liav« made thaae objeoliona h> the 
pnbtieatioR before ni benuae wo aboald slndly rp» it improve na 
It progreawa. The wovkt aaticttd for iDaatmion ore uoit of 
them valuabla examplea of cugnvingH, atid ibe pUu-a &» very 
clear and appwr to boBXocaUd with grtal atteution to accuracy. 

Bnmfkt tf Antimt D«mtMii* AreUleetnrt. Part I [., Boyal 4to. 

10 riatoB, Br F. T. Dollvait, Ardt]I«ct LaDdou: Bell and 

Daldy. 

Thin part of Mr. Dolltnan'a vulunhle work is wlxiilv deTf.t*d 
to tbo Hoapttal of SL Cma, one of th« moit flnciMl, iote- 
natinR, and cliaritAble foaudntiooa in tho kingdom, and one 
nerhapa which mains more of iU orl^nal intentioa and oba- 
rMter than luiy (imilar remnant of aucii^nt piety in the iahuid. 
Tbe Wintal stand* at Sparkford, on tbe bankii of the Itchin 
rirer, about ou" mile wert from WiuohMter, and owoa ite 
•XHtenw* lo Bixhop Henry d? Bloia, wlio founded it about 1 13:it 
for tbe liealtb of hu own'aoiil, and the inula of hia pfodeooHOra 
aiul Umm of tbe Kinge of Rngliuid, and for the nuiutouuiee 
and rondeuoe of in poor ni«n, ao dv0iy«d in henltli luiJ foittme, 
that withoat diaritnble BWfAiin«u th<!y cannot mitiiiiain theok- 
•dm'. and for the relief of ono hnndrnd othor indigtat p*rBona 
of the city, of deTout and modest clutraetur. Tlic daily alloi^ 
■ace Ibr the poor brethren coneisled of a loaf of {;ood wheat 
bnad of 3 IU 10 e«. weight: ais quarta of good auuU beer, a 
anSoient quanlin of pottage, and three nieae** for dinner, one 
ntled "moruvll, mnoe of milk and waatoU bread; ono of e,»b, 
■All one of flMh: and one mona for lupper, tbe ralue of which 
■moiintod to 17d. trnrlh par wedi- The daily dide for tbe 
bundmfl men »iui diapcnacl nl rJiuntT'time, in tbe place called 
** Hnudrajneaalwlir Ibla portion of tbe building ilill exists, 
and ia ao named in the ground plan of the bnilding by Mr. 
DoUman. It eonaiated of a loaf nf eoaner bread of 3 IbL IU tut. 
wvdght, three qnarts of atnoll bwr, a auflicirnt anantitj* uf 
pottAge or a msH of pnbc, cue herring, or two pilcbatds, or 
two egga, or one farthiniCa worth of i^hMM, valuu 3d- Thirteen 
of lh« poorer etadenta of the vriimmar aehool formed |i«rt of 
the ODO hoadred recipiente of tiiin bounty. After dinner wm 
doae, ijw frngmenta of tbe mtfti of oich wat allowed to be 
Ukto awa/ by tboae it belonged to. On aevml liolldan 
Ibrovghout th« year, and panlcularly on the anaivcnary of tbe 
foundri'a oUt, great aditltiona were made to the mtione of 
llie bnUiren, aa well as the bondral poor, wbiob number on 
theae oeeuaaoa wu trebled. 

■ ImetlM «>i iMM (UNBHii* <■ hofHal «MMd k«* Mbn Bltbaf Uaur'* 
(Inalni'nt'^'A ~' ■[■•"^-i't"-'^— 

I TlH iniMr» wtm fcrntd Ita (MdOit'i onnlllHel •tonaUDn In annun Ik 
tiiil1il-|- '^—"-~ nuuei, iwurtn, i}ib«. mU and bad* bdn^iii le tba 
^^ * In (■• nikttf* iwieim^ aa* ynlMJ. %atti^ttt u an aiUsiMtuf 

. hbiib; taS, aacrtlic M u aHintig auUtnl ikvanl 



WllltaB<<W)hi*a«,Meljpr hbib; aa4 

■I Ite tmt t«M, Am mi. ^ iBara. 



Beaidof Uic anpport ior the poor btn awn t Jotwd, tbeie ma 
MipoaUj an endowment for a master, ■ atewaH, (bar ohaplidiii^ 
thirteen elerins ■b'1 aeven chorieters. 

In 1107, theguudiana and adminietnton wrra oonatitntTCl by 
th* founder to lie themaeter and br«lhmi of SL John of Jcrw- 
■alem, laTing to himself hii cai>oDi<nl juriadictJoB. In tbc tine 
of Biabon Toelirc, a qmuTel arose betwesn Uin and the Maatw 
■od bretl»«n, which grew ta anoh a heoght that Hmv; IL wm 
oatnpelled lo aediata between Iheoi, and an ■■reeaieot «■• mida 
diat tbe admlalMiktlcn shonld be mded to Uie Biibop of Win. 
ebeator, npon Itis uadsHaking to givt th«m the improprialio)i of 
the ebuiehca of liardca sad iunnitoD fi>r tbo payment of 
fiftj-tbree marka per annua), and givintt them a disch*r(^ for • 
petieloD of t«u marks, two wtx oaadM, aad tea pounda of 
wax for dte Hoots of St Croes. 

The end and purport of thia charity, before tite pinla^ of tbe 
uunifioent William of Wykehom, hod besa so diTwrtsd by abnaM 
flmm the int«n lion of tbe founder, that he detcnnhiad, aad an^ 
cnoded. nfter long and ladioni litigation, to reatore iia wtnaam 
to thnir original nss; K-Mtablbhlng It tsourely, aeetr att^rtian 
woa huslowrd by hitn npon the well ordering of ila anaaaa- 
Biente. ao that those who were to enjoy tbo adtmntaaes of uia 
charlliy ahoitld fully be to enabled. The good offects nnanw frvai 
tha att^atloB to Ita intarasta, ^ William of Wykdiun, ware so 
evblent lo hie mkccaaaor, Cardinnl Beaufort, that he detcnntiMd 
to colarKo it liy giving it- niiditioOAl luid permanont means to aa|K 
port two prial* and tbirty-fivv more luetbreo, chosen Anoi 
dseaycdgentlemea.wboweretoreaideia the h«afiiul:tb«taw«» 
to be attendsd upon In slckneas ud fnKnnity by tbive boapital 
nana. Indeed, no vnac wiu the Cardlnal'e beneEkoUcm toward it, 
tbat be rauy be rrganlnl na the aeoond founder of 91. Croaa, X 
which he waa deBiroDt ataonld be callod " The AInnlwusa of 
Noble Povertr," from the grade uf sneb oocuponla aa 1m had 
dcetiiied it to be the support of 

Throngb t)i« spoliation and flendnf the hospital oaderawtt 
at tbe time of the Rcfnrtaation, and eince, dis estatjlieb&ieat bat 
beoome only the shadow uf ihe two original inatitutinBa; iaaUad 
of Itsserenly ttaideutclergr ami laity- who were here toppmiad, 
bMidee the 100 out-uiembera *l>a reoeivad their neat and drink, 
die charity unw only supports t«a naldent bnthren, and tbrva 
out psniionon, oxclnaive of (he uiami^r and cha[dftia. 

Here may be eorn aomolhing likv tbo conventual eattame of 
ancient tlmoe, thou)|h l)>e hospitij never wa* a mooaaleir, but 
merely a uoblu diarit«bli9 foamlutiuD for "uiciont and iiillm 
men, to live i»^tlipr in a reitnlar and ileroal manner.'* The 
innulea rudde lu acijurato dwsllinn which are reoiarkable for 
their noatufaii. and they woar n block flowing dnsa, having a 
large rilvercrowi upi>u Ih? l>ri«at, and aalate each oUiar with 
the conventual appoUatiou of " Brutlitr." 

From the alcetch of tho anxient and preaeBt fcttfidation we 
have given of this nnro importnnt pliuv, we will uow turn h> a 
eooahjcntion of the plutca which Mr. Dollinna baa ftambhed to 
•how the architecture and arTsugemenla of St. Croaa, t^dag 
thrill in th«ir order. The fimt plates in the jiaft are twohalF 
abwia, wbicli ahov ihe ground and Artt-fioor plnuB of th« tnlin 
ho*inUl; tiiese mstoro thoee mru which are not In extaUBC^ 
and lire deserving of beins well atudicd for ndniirabla armig»- 
ment and aenamtA conipleteDesa. I^te IA oompriMs tbaaoHh 
and south rWation of (be handsome tower pte-houae, bnill 
by Cardinal Boaoforl, who !* r^iretented in one of tbe Ihiee 
efrgant nichtn in the nppcr part; the oUier two have bstn 
d«e(ioiled by time of tbeir ttatun. I'lnie 111 ia devntad to the 
refbotory, which is shown well in tTnnnvcrac nnd kngitudioa] 
SHTtiona, boili of whidi ditplny thi? ciiistruction of its opta 
ttrobcrrd roof of Iriah onk; in uldttion (o tbsM secttoai^ the 
pUte is liUeil up with detaiU cf wiDdnwa, galeway-porcll, aad 
Mria|^coor•«a. Plate 17 contoina elcntiona of Uia hrsthraa^ 
dwulPinct, back and front, wtth sevcnil entire aeetioaia tbra^b 
tlie dwdlingn, taken at ditterent pari* Plate 18 givee iha ooia- 
plete armngemeni of (bo retired ambiilatoi^-, whMi laaj be 
oniuidcred uoai reronrkiblv pictar«iiuc in its arraagramL 
Plate 19 is filled with plans anil •lelaila of tbs deap ta^ 
winilows, the studded oaken doors and fireplace^ and tba bea- 
work, ooiwiitting ef knooksni etcalng-ringt, and key-ptatss: «ul 
the last Ilate (dO) is orctipisd with ft pciKpectivs cf tbe baildii^ 
■round the prineipal qiudranglr, with ila triiiiiaed IniamI 

I tha (dilliMuJ muiH wiilni IWn iht dmislkaf vt tba cadlls 



naflt laliH ts IM. loitudi H|ipanliif bli utoualiHi ut Ibe tMOdaUM «( It. I 



THK Cirn. ENGINKCvK AND ABCUJTECT'S JOURNAL. 



wd woUrtw^ valla. Baowth tii* vivr ia « blodc 

of tb« Mtin bo^NUl: iU dmroh and «alk>l (pidcoa, ami 

Ld«Uila at the apudriu ia tha dexUr and uoiater alMa at 

Bylaws; in ihr Dortb ■iil« of tiM mls-hoitM. 
J Dotlmaa bu now performed lulf hia task, aod wb alKnild 
; lo tbo eatb* «Uabelioci nf hU pklroiu and lobaiiriban. 
l|lUtaMari*a)MriarlOlhoMiiihi«linitpKrt,aiid arc draerritig 
r rrerr pniM far dcftmo* and bcku^ of axMoUon. We ahanla 
, jiok tbuM architfcta wlio are engued 1b boildiaga fareWitaUe 
■■)) adaoaiioaBl parpoaae, and wIm nav* not wan oranbaoribed lo 
Ibtairorii, wUldowoU toaiU It totbalraaoa libntiaa. 'Aiili«nt 
ack ArchitMCan' in ever; yny a^j be oaiuude(«d aa 
hj of bcinff plaeed bjr tbe aido of tb« laboon of Mr. l>oDauut'a 
r, tha alder Pngio. 

Av^iHar'* iWM BMk >br U* year 1807, mUakUif 
4ad aittaafaa 2Wm and FtrmaUr; taftUttr tBitk <■» 
BMd Diary. Loodoa : flmrcura and Co. pp^ 3KL 

I i» Iha pn eeni aditioa of thta etuukrd and omAiI worit, aovenl 

t bsve beta iBtradaoad. Fran o«ia of theaa, upon 

," *e ezUaol the 1c>Uo^db>- 

bkll vMiaalad«atb«|hwiinp*taoipl^~lbniacfn tiM pun air, 

l«lin|[it *ln*eout ibaimfnir*, aepaakarebonUbBkntar liMiilihaa 

N Twiiilatnl aa ik» vuvem prlndpl*— Jrawiiif olT the impura ur, 

baiiH ifct puT* io 6tid teetm. 

to iLa lorm of oooIomiI epMM (w aaauMloiJ fmpo^m, two penaua 

Mpgotir* lua of iw moIomJ ellipia, aail tN^onil wlui aUtiahdra 

■ring 'It «^ MBit ''U )>• aa^ola to «aeb othor tf lb* lUelaaoa 

ta any psiM iB lb* panpliK?. and tbcao* to Ilia «tber, m% 

'ithiniuoh hrariiw illilanna CoQldthe poaition for Iheapaakaf 

punt, kia W or tb* pUta of aHMDhlir ahouM b* a panbolk, 

I tae wflaetinl t%Jt la panllsl Ilaea. or a vidat auri-e. to dira«t 

^ iQlly TW wtIMt hu aaeocaarully applied itia bollaw parti- 

w an acouuie eaiinpj u> ■ pulpit, itia RHna batng ritoaud in 

ijwalUun of lha miaiMn-'a moutk, and the baaa aeit Uie 

Tlio nlatir* diataooa at atnal-baarias in frent~*t riibw 

t, vhaa tW nMBkar ia loskiDx ilrsiuhl brsard. 



1 tn (ba raw, 

myaqlii'dy. aa SO. JO. and 



30. Thnr prDportion* wUl 



^Bfc J u iBBli i egg-oTal ; aad th*7 nut; with advaataga bo twrvata 
il^na iba pkdns of a oaoinJ I 







pulpit or Kslrain. 
"7nm ttw pul^l, aoiiad baa baoi lud on with ntU'pcrclia tubce to 
IW pewi of pmtM oAiiAad «rilh iuip«rf«l audltioa. A oulD, oMn- 
idftjm lha pulpit withaoapadonatronipal-inaulti. niiglit ba r«|[ardad 
an autniaJ in a lar^a idiurah. affurdiiiK tha opportunity of atudiini{ 
S bf»n«h aai^tuU whtn wanted.* 

Tien la 4U» aBexeellcctpaporon "Contottr Lereli," and 

a pper an " PerTo-MetaUurgy' embnoM a good doMripllaB 

af BMMuer'a proewa. An ititenaUii( Wf <>■> " Mtuuriog 

laalnifUMita' ia aJao addad to tlili edition. 

^w oouipeaaating principlo ia uiiUiDcd that baa boeu applied 

foTRiatlo«i of meaeuring roda tor the triji^ni-'aietrical eurray 

The.ijriiiiratuBaatdbj Col. Colby wa« two lU-feat bus 

imJ iruti joinuil together, and to adjuxtedtbat two minnla 

nur the onda were CBMolaiiied tqui-diatant. Tboae w«m 

il by TrooffhtoB and Simnu. — Three nielhoi)* are ginni for 

, nut a circle or ciraular am wheie thattntre i* iiiaoii«a*lhIe, 

mdiiM i* an gnat u to predude tfaa poatlbUlt^r of itriklug 

anrva frua a Sied Motn, 

lorten'a BuUitn' Pficf Buok fir 1897; eoftatnlng wptranb of 
ami Pritr; earr/'u% ovrrtrM from lb* prMNt PHet of 
' Mattrlatt and iMbmr, 30(>O Vtrfiitmut Important Mmurnnda; 
lOfMer yilh TiA(tt fiir Piin^uuti^ Ltamt. Ettatei and 
Atauiti**: Arr» onrf Cireun\/'erenoei o/ Cirtiti, SrtnUitig* iff 
TinArr, U'lifhU of Iron, Tlmier, Jft. By Wii.i.iam Laxtok, 
AfvbilMl. Afd Ik* wM* ^ M* MrlTopiilU SaiMiug Art, 
wiM Nolm tf Com*, tim LOmpaiM Stetieiu >,/ the ^K Viet., e. 
H, end IM 0/ lUttrkl SurtrfW*. Tfcirtv-fuurtli Editioti. 
B/ Fiim. W. LArrax, Bun-ieter^i-Uiw, f.S.A. Ijmdoti: 
Jobn Knott, Civil BBgiiwer aail Ar«hitoffl'e Jouniol-odlca, 19, 
ArtmdetMreet, Strano. 

the prwaat odltloll li ad>t«d m Appoadli with Dlmtnitin&ii, 
'\aK awend n«« iavontiona ami tnat^riaie a<kpt«d for 

. \g ^unoaea; abM, the liaeription of cijitity birildiiig 

<BBia, witb tbeir coat per foot at 'iiuury nail in liOti dun, miii«rfJ 
Jaelgaation, ooloor of tbeatons, wbero koowii or rvp(:>rt«d to 
ha<r« bem etaplored, aad.iprii^nil romarka, the nuaniea being 
rhwiiliBil into diatricta and oonotleii. The Index bu baaa 
n-wtiitCB, ami aa lodes added to tba Building Act. 

Ka. m.—VA. n^XiXcH, 1U7. 



B» Fj 

^Jobnl 
Artmd 



WEarrMQiSTER IMPROVEMENTS. 

Sir Baojaain Uall baa in part aiated in the Itonae of Ooni- 
inona tbe peoapeeU of tbe Weatobiitar tnpraveineot pinna. Aa 
nuij aa 1791 apeciflcatioai bnve baan aant oat, ioriting doii^ 
for tbe War aod Foivtgn CXBcaa. block plana for o coaoeutrMjon 
id tbe pnblfe oAoaa on tbe Und between St. Jamea'a-park and 
tte rirer, and tbe tdte of a new brMge In Um of WeMoiiaaiati- 

' Wft There it a growUig opinion in bvour of tha pbw 
fuallj wegeetad of Sir Howard Doa^aa for pladnK the 
Ige aonwwhere nennir ChnrinK-«ran, whicb ia iu tbe dinel 
Uae ft«di iBoet of the graal fai^wajra oa the other fide of 
ttia rtvar. Sir Howard alao nB:eal«d aiioUiM- bridg* M LninbHll 
ItitTi !a the motowbile S8r BenLfttnhn Hall baa oaooed n mrvej 
ta be made of the bed of the Thnnea, which ia var^ ftmtly 
nhend rinoa the laat •orre; by Mr. Tetford in l8iQL Then 
baa been a grant dtqnaad for the ajieoifioatioiis front proAMlotMl 
men in our own conntrT', and ui nil {xirta of tlia w«iid^ 
Ameera, Italy, Pnuice, Donuwrfc, Spain, 8w«dan, and many 
Slaten of Oenuiiiy, The plana, vhetber on tbe Bat or in tbe 
round, will oocupya vory oonaidenthleapaecvand K iaevnnmleii- 
liitad tbattlMry cannot all be ^ into Weatnbiater-liaU, bnt that 
aaawanpnl«naitalbniUuigiDth«neighb(HirlKiodwfllber«inir«(L 
Th« exhiUtioB will be opened at EnMr to tbe wliole pnbhc 

BAILWAV CROSSMOa 

At a TKcnl Boetlng of the Inatitation of Civil Engineeni, a 
model of an Improved milwny oroninfc, by Mr. Hctiij C. Hnrry, 
waa «xhibau>l. The obieola aouglit to be attained wen; to nuke 
aprfwt oontionitjof the main line rail through all cnaainga, 
without " point and wlug" (or " elbow "^ nilii, and to elfVct a 
•aving In the evpenDO of the permanent way of railwaya. By 
perfect eoDtinuity of tho niniQ linu rail throngh croiainp^ the 
extra wear and tear which at praaeui took place at tsmttia^ 
both to the permanuDl wny and to tlie rollbg etock, waa pre- 
vented, and the iJiuigcr of wlimli getting olf the rail, or on tn the 
wrong rail, particulvly ia " elbow" cnaairtjn, waareinoTed, Ho 
■tMlM "point and winj> and elbow" ruls uaeJ in Ihecooelrue- 
tlon of cromnge, part* involving oonaidFrable wear and rspen<K, 
were removed. In thin iinpToveuieut, where n main line waa 
onwaed, the rell eroaiing, In appr<iiv:hini{ thn tnioi of ertxiduc, 
WM miwil to aboQt l| inch above thu kvt,] of the main tin* rati. 
Tbe «r<ieeing nU, botb ioaidc and outnile the wain line ntil, wma 
out at each a diaianeo aa to allow of the free pumge of wbeeJ* 
upon the main line, and both endaof the mil werelient d<-wn ftir 
aoout one fcut, ao that t)i<> ettretn* podata wi'r* on thi' aame level 
aa the main llii« rail. It''iwoeii tb* end of the mil and tbe ont- 
elde of the iiiiuu line rail wm lud a pncking at the aaun? I«vel aa 
tlie main lino, anil in t)ie line tliat tbe laugea cf wbLvU tra- 
roreini tha croHing would take* of a mifflolont width to allow lar 
deviationa of gtoge. Between the iiiaide of the mniu lino, and 
the end of the croaatng nil waa plncc.l n movable pocking or 
wedge, which reeled npon inclintB in aucli a way that it might 
be raiaed to the level of tbe main Hue, or lowered euHkiently to 
allow ^e flange* of wheela upon the mab line to olear. Tlut 
mav«meiit w«a prodnead bv tlie iction that rmrenoil tbe pninta 
leading to tb* oruMiiit^ By tbaae mnn* a level and eontiiiaou 
%ny waa mad* for wbeela to p*sa along (upon tbeir flangutj for 
the diatanne between tb* end* of tbe cut rail* of the orcMUg Gnn 
The gauge waa malntnined by a cheek nlL Tn the croaatng of a 
aidiuutaU with a eiilliig rail, the niovablo )inckiQii waa not r*- 
quir<M, at it was not nernaMu-y to keep the coutiuuity of either 
rail. Iu tlii* oaae both null were ca*t Ui the aame way m tha 
craninK mil before deacribed, and they were laid down on the 
aama level, their end* b«in$ btnt down a« deaorlbed, (a the Ifrvel 
of a pack ing laid 1 f inch Iwlow their ecnen^ lerel, and so placeil 
aa to carry wheala wh*n trnveoriug ciiVer line, over Uie ilistnaoe 
between Ui* nili^ tbe gnui;o being kept by check raila. 




Sir Charloa ButUke** hint at the Ai7ad«ay dinnn- haa been 
taken by Lord Palmnraton, wlio uya the arliata nituf haro more 
room; and the govenimeiit arcbitecta liav* prepared jdaiia f>r 
an allcmlion in the eotnneeJwll of tbe Oallery in Tralidgnr- 
•qoare, aieaat to provide a 'vff'' noto, better lighted, for tbe 
•v*r^«lar0ng acbool of Biigliah (OuIpAure. Tlie i-reaeut Inck 
room ia to tie thrown into tbe ball) a n«w dome ia to ria* ou the 
roo4 nud light the new room. 

18 



J 



9D 



THE CITIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



APPIJCATtOy OP BAILS FOR HORSE TRAXSIT IN 

THE STHEET9 AND ENVIRONS Of LONDON, AND 

ALftO FOB RAILWAY BRANCffEa* 

Br W. BKtoon Adavs. 

Tmk MriiMl Kodi wcrr tha •iinnli mibeo of Um mtth. Wh«a 

inla rala, a uew aud pftnulcl track waa takra, and Uiea 

lanoUwr aod uivtber. Wbal ar« aallc<1 wheal roadu In ibe 

Dipaa of La Plata aod tba aWppM of Bouia, an wuddIm of 

ka. Bat tbia kiad of aooguuBodatioa ma only avaikbl* on 

bnsd plain*, with land of little or no nlatt. Oa valaablc iMid, 

Lw in Diiiiend diatricta or rodij TaJleva, it rnu ttoaJful to reptir 

like tnoks whan worn. Wli«n atoiM ui«(«tl, tho ubvinui metWl 

^WM to braak H ialo anuU plaoa^ Mid Uiruw it iutu Ihe ruu, a« 

I tba aaa in D«rbj«bira anddaavbani aud ihio uo donbt «u 

I Mrlicat kio'l of mncadagi. 

In tlie ooal diitricta of thu North, whm Und «aa ntliiable, it 
I tho pntdioe in optaiiog a coal-pit to hiro a "way Lmto," 
■ right of «aj, or leave a wn^ ojwa which, if iho pit workail 
, could aAin ba luwd for cultintioit or gruiag. If tha ordi> 
groond waa nacd to inivol on, a boraa could only draw 
' aboat 17 cwt. of oc«U, aud u> amend this tba aarlicat nulwayi 
««re d«riaed, via, a a/vtnu of crou iilo:|icra, pinoad two or throo 
ttel Kpui, and on tb«*« went tr«uail«d duwn longitudinal woodan 
nUb^aqoaivd to aaactionof aixiiioboa broail by AvainchMdMp, 
tba goage oS wajr htiag (bar fnoL Oti thoM wooden rsila, which 
foraied a aubalmoturc^ were trFoiiiled ditwn other pieooa of 
timbar, which could ba ukeo away and roptaoed wljoa worn. On 
tbia kind cS railway a liorae coold dnw 4i cwt.. or two«nd-a' 
half timoa the load of iba ordinary Kjad. Th« intfodoctiou of 
thwo roada took plaoe about tho yor 1000. It wsa, of eounu, 
nMeMUy to l«vel tlie sronnd bcocath nnd amund the timbeni fur 
Ui« horan" r<«t, nod tliii therefore ccuilituled the first iuveution 
of railwaja, an Jiiv<.>uti()D (brc»d on bv tUeabaoluta nec«Mlty of 
A eoBtinaoiia atrtaiD of iniAc wbiob onliiiarr roada wora uuoquol 
(o. 

Hie wtar of the timber be;iot the praetioe at covering it In 
parUwith ulaiMof irou, in Btrako* like the tyre of a wheel. 
6isba«iii«Btly caauiroB pUlea w«ra uaed, of an angular fotiu, 
•trvtehiii)* ftvm alaapfr to aleepcr, an alenMd rib Halng from 
a flat plata Cwteaod down to tba aleapera, th* riba being 
callier ioaido tho wheel* or oiitatdo. Thi* kind of rail vma called 
tlM tfamway, either from the name of ttie eoipueer who lint 
lUMd it, Mr. Outrniu, or from tlie &ct of ibi tnmmulUiiif tho 
vbeala to thdr patJi. The objectiou to it waa the fadlilr of dirt 
[ on it, impodlng the path of the whooU. Thii i* ihowu by 



bpood hmd bqt ouTwr bwe, to prorid* )br vbidi a «a*t-irHi 
chair t* naoit f^. ft abowa the donUe-headcd rail, alao oaad 
with 4 cbair, aad urtemled for reveraal upaide dewa wh«n worn. 



IC^." 




Fid. L 

Tliii nltjouitaly jpivt riav to tha invention of the odga- 
rkil, i.*^ the rail projecting above the surfW of the grouDd, 
and without a j[iiidiuf( flango, whidi wft« applied to the 

wen nriona. Fig. 8 



vhwl iualead. Tlie fomu of the nil 




rial ru-i. 

ibom a aoctloa of nil, wtlh a broad flat baae, apQud down npon 
•iMptn^ oonuaouly ottA In the Uuted Statea. Fig. 3 n bridge 
l»H, wanail/ aewwed down npoa aleepaw. Fig. « a rail with a 

■ r*!* I*** M <k* 9«lM]> tt Ant, LoDdnc 




ne, I. Ttn. t. 

All thoe lyitfini of mil*, whether trtiniwayi nr «dga nXlg, 
prefect abuTe the suiiioe, ned the whf«l* are guided by boitli 
rail*, aud uuuiiot b« goided by one rail ouly, or tbey woold run 
off. Thia foct involvM a very complimted amuigeoiMit of what 
arc called awitoha* and pointa and croMingn, whan It b reiftilnd 
to move a train from one line nf rail* to ano4livr, a *y*t«iB whidi 
iuvolvea alao gnnt expetiae iu np«in and oon*ideT«hl« riak of 
getting etf tha llDa^ In oaae of any irngntarity at b%b apeedL 

The fiwt of proJeotJOD above the Mir&oiv uid the apude oaad* 
led to a Kenotsl iBopnMaon that railraad* mnat bt dIalliMt raid* 
&i>mhigliway*,aadthat it would be impa«iblo to oaetbei 



road for both purpoaca. Yet even opun the railwnym the bot 
waa wactlcally dMnooatrated tobeothcrwiae, for st what are 
eallod level cmwing* the apnccv bntwoi'u and outride the ralla am 
boarded over to the level, to nllow otilio.try Tchiolae to pMB over 
Uieoi. Itia truetfaalthii iovolroa n f^roaUy increnaod oxpeJlao. 

Id ycnn pa*l before edge railwayi exiatod, I waa fiuniliitr witb 
miuiy of tlie lo«.'omol!ste who advocated uid pnutiaed the nan 
of ■toam-Qarnagoi on oommon roada, and who, eaoaldariiic the 
diffiaullita they had to oontend triUi, pra«tiotlly aoaompluhad 
KTMt nwulu. Mr. Waller Hancock wai one of the moat iin- 
tiriiig, aud I fra;ueiitly i>o!nt«d out to bin that hli chief dif- 
fiailtv WM the want »> solidity to au«uiu the load of his wh««ti, 
ftnd thni )i^ niiiHt tnk« either to atouo curb* or iron nul* beflir* 
ho could itK^n^l. He Dould not nceomplinfa tbia ; for alUioogh 
the JAw allowed hitn to run hia ateam-oania^ on tbi> ra*d, It 
did not &llow bim to i«pair, and atill lea* to improve the roiid. 
Tlie law allowed the road tmalee* to dictate the wtdtli of lyrM in 
firviKirCinu to loaii, or to eharga aooordingly, yet, iMlwitbataBd* 
uig, pomiitiing di*1i^ whoola, with coned p^ripherlM, to aeoep 
out ue ruid while rolliti^, without rcrard to diuiui^, but givtof 
no specific iuHlniutiouii na to the hara«niug of iho road itaclf) ao 
that the it^udlviiiDH Bi>plioation of tuad metal ouuld, at their will, 
prevnut tniffic altogsther. 

Still, my nwn ooiiviction rnmained that iron tmdta wer* the 
true aolulioo of tho jiroblom. In proportion to tho amootliiUM 
and hanliieaa uf the auriW i> the fiiuititv of dtanglit and thenr^ 
tug in wiiar luid tear of vuhicl^it. A railway ia better tbuinhi^ 
way, in rirtue of Ita faiiril aod nooutli aiir&oe^ Ito (^If^gnt'IaltBt 
for the vehicle*, and it* better level. But if the vohi.-W ninaiug 
on a railway b« greatly in exceai of iia atrength, they may In- 
volve men rtaiaUiiM Uian an omnibua maning on a hanl modMn 
Toad which dee* not yield nmler the wheels, 

A 1^1 abould bo— haviog n^nl to tha load on it-^ wide aa 
to prevent lateral deflection, and ao deep aa to prerent twrtloal 
deSevtiou iu itaelf. and it ahould have *o much aurfiice-bekria^ U 
toprevem it frum siukiug in the ballaat. 

Bm it ia not iieotMiiry in all caaea that the liaubge oa rail* 
ahould be performed by itoam, though in moat caie* that (a iha 
eheapeel mode of traction. The etoiua railway* In the Unll«<l 
Statea hnve given riae to horae railwav* through citiee and towni. 
Xbar bepui in a peculiar aiauuer. 

Ttie American rsllw^a, it ia well known, wer* made to run lo 
ftnd throngb town* and citica, inatead of to thorn only. The la- 
habilMita were rarely anii'^iu, u In Enjcland, to keep tha ndl 
ttmj trvm theni, but the ountrary. It waa deemed neciiawjT to 
mn round atreet coruera. The nt«t engiue waa otdered in &ig> 
Und, and wm built b^ Meaar*. Robert Stapheason and Co.. U 
KewcaNtlfKin-Tyne, with tho loquircnivnt ot going roond a aharp 
our>-e. It wiu, therefore, conatructed lua two-wheol eri^liw, with 
a avLvelliug truck on bur low wheeb in fronl. Tbi* kind of 
truck, ua«d iu the work-ebop to carry huge oaaUnga, waa known 
nndw the enpbonioua name of a " bci|gy." The euglae wu^ then- 




TH£ CIVIL £NG1K££B AND ABCmTECTS JOUBNAL. 



91 



inptd «iiil iavoicMl M ft bogj-«a^e. From Uiftt ■prang 

■botenetof Am«ri<aa bogjr-vagliiM Md curiaft* upon 

jie^ or Mgtit wbcd)^ and Brother <ToruU]iiui eUined It m 

iorsQlioDi but th&l. u ol! — ia hi* awa ()u*uit pAmMOlogj — 

■a tbt fint nulwrnj)* b«gftii to work, tint Ui-ro aiithoriiiu 
' Btip*iiI&Ud tluil tbe eajpaat ahoold br unliooliod, and 1ior>c« iu«d 
b> <lr«w tli« tnina IbmuKli the slrv«U; though anbaequenOj tbU 
««• oimcouiuleil fur hy working th« enffioe uowly, under & Urge 
Bu)ile «!*)), tin whidi wiu {loiatod — ''Look out for Um «o^o 
WMB the Ml ria^.' 

Oitoe AuniliariMd with nulw«]r ctrrisfr* drawn hf honci, tbe 

obMTvaiit AmerkAQ mind ma not alow to pnrolve tli.il tb« ar- 

imngannit wu "nffj anperlor to omnibiiiw* for town tntiixit. 

fit vet after Rtrvei in New York tuid other dtle« wu Ulil dimt 

^^^^Anll*i imd OB itraoU of gnftl Uttfflc biiuij:' Itoe* nf miU were 

^^^^BttWB aide by ndo. Breadwaj u mm of the her atneta witb- 

^^m^Hwn, and tnu ibat haa been the anbjeot of a lair-Buit bit- 

twaD Mw and «M mikra, 

A i>«iMhn)M) ImpQCtwl th« pUo to F^rii, and it la probable 
that it will beeooM an UDivnnuU CnotineittAl )inmiai. 

Bat it baa ni>t been done in Knf^lnnd, n«l iIods id London, iu 
Mlimlwti I ] or ulher ffrnat (oviii, whrrv lb« amouDt dI traSIc 
■iirmt iiDDmtiveljr to call fur tbe tutmJaciiuo of the aTataan.— 
Why hMtt not hem dneT 

Tbe antwer u plain. The wboU thing ia *o «inpU and eaa^, 
WUi thr ontlav neeiled ao ■oiall, that thrre in no acojie for either 
hwyen or «nnueer» Tbetv nr« neither bridge* cor vorkii to 
enUYOMvTf nuiiuged rlgbtiy, anv aet of parltimeDt to obtain, 
I no large nomber of iiaraaai lo Iw Interealed. 
hi December, {MO, I rwd a paper advtmting the BTrteo. 
the Sodetj of Aru, in whidi I atatcd :— " It wonM 
to eoDverC the turnpike rood* into a aTatem of pcmo- 
nUwaTi, by inaerHng nila lerel iHth the aur£ww, to 
_ I od U ata^ooacb apiad b^ aleam. Thia ananDMneat 
ah) place th* wkola cf the agncnltiiral dialricta of &^M»1 
Lb a rspidtj impnvriDfE oonditioo. the fnrmeat one end of tba line 
ad tbe luarketa at the other. The oniitinrr tnStm would not be 
itufenil wUb try tbia plau of nilx, ui vcbidea ooiild orOM and 
MTOMitbem." 

Id iSill aa attempt waa nada by Ur. TbnuuM Wright to g«t 
BpAMIBpaii* to nuwe utront rail wave, but withont euccen. 

Evan aopDoeiufi tt>e Mreet nuIwAJr, i.r^ the pcmianont way, to 

'•oat aa tnai!B a* iJm stiMxa pcrmamout wny, ie., about iOtiuJ!.' per 

nile tingle trav, aiill It woold be a eouroe of great eoonomf to 

^^ make it. A aouna pri'ralla tliat a* on oomiaoii road* tli* Mliidea 

^Kjare oBipantivelr li;;ht, vi^ry litiht raih will enfllcr, but this ia 

^Kni'l tlio r<teit. Tbu nula ou (uiuiuon road* would be ■abjeetod to 

^■•U* blowa and diagonal hJowa frain beary oi«lm^gona and 

^P Atber vi^hidet, uud lh*rebre tliev uenl lie hwrf and toiish. 

Vrnngfat-lroa only enii ba uwil, lor caat-lroa nlwnya erauUaa 

«way at Uie joiuta, cvrn when tdada atrong anoogh uot to 

brttik b_T Uawa. If wruugbt-irou be noeJ, it mm; be uaed wit& 

or wiLh'.ui limber al«ep«i«. Li mort oaMa it will be an udvan- 

tafre to UM no tltnber whateTar, oa account of Ita mpid dMtruo- 

li«nh but if Biad it abould bo menly aa a packing below ibe nuls 

and nut a« a part of tbu Uraelupe. 

TIm atraotnral detail ia m nmtler o^ greiU imporloaM. Tbe 
nqitiaite ttnditiooa are -.—Vim. Strength lo reaiet violvnca. 
Beooodly. Simplicity of atraelure and ftwaeeaof parte. TlilrdJy. 
finSdency of depth and width to give verlic*l and hitml 
fieiiteiire. and conlitiiiiiai Mrenirlb at tba jointet Kourthly. 
J^a lity in Uying dawu, niaiuuintiiK. and r«p1aoiug. Fifkbly. 
tfntertevnee with aooea tu Jraiui and tawere, and water- 
^ below. Laatly. Eooeiuniy lu coet. 
are hnd miiiiy |Jnn* of itructuree iritli tulla made on pur, 
, but it hu {■•r •"■lie time ^wat ofcurird to uic that the ei 
J mile of railwaii wuni ont by the Inooniotive, uni perfedly 
I adapted to itreei uae. They ibnrelero albtd ua the meiuui 
f gr eat elretiglh of Iron at low omL 
Tliefv are two ooniiderationa— eith«r to ndapt the alroet rnih 
lie tbe wbc*la of tbe ordinary omnibnaee and cab*, or to adapt 
■them toe epedalfonn of wheel lyre. 

Por orrlinnry wbeeln. my )4an la aa followa; — Tli« common 
'4eiifaJe T rail naed on tbe anntiit gvage railway* la aa flg. 6, 
4bdi*a ra het^i< and it^ Incbea in width. It ia cosaectad 
to«elher At Ihejointa by a patented inreutioti of iBtIW,(Mllc)l tlic 
blied joint, iron liabee fitting iu tbe iuicinil cbntiMla, bolted by 
(mt one* botta. 



In praelloe tbe wheels of the locomotiTe with lU tone dead 
weight oa them, ahra>I' lh« npper enrfiue, wtill* Ilia lowar anr- 
ISuM ie dana^ in the cbaira. Bat the side chaitBela rrnMiQ 
iDta«t I tborefon Ulie the raili and lay them down flat, holtlltf 
tbaffl U tbe jojnta to a block of cut-Iran tbroogh tha bh-bolt 




r- 




1 




1 


[OJ 


[oj 


loj 


' 


1 



y«t. f. 



bolea. tlie aaiae bloek betn^ providad witli a hoiiaootal hole, ia 
which ie received a lie or goace bar, connecting tbe two oppoMle 
r«ilB together, aa ahown in ig. 7. 



^ 



-iJ- 



T^ne^^ 




IP 




FM.I. 

Tbeae rail*, li leet long, are [aid in Ilia eround flat witb th« 
aorbce, sad^tha tia-bar burial below, kaya uietu down. Aa tbo 
grealeet toad that can oouo upon them ia one toa per wheel, in- 
•uad of aix tona per wheel in tbe rvrtioal poalllou, tbe timigth 
will bo more iban ample. 

Them ia aautber coualderatioQ — tlieir bearing larfnce on tbe 
ground tu prevwnt the raile liMn cnuhing in. An nnlally lud 
on railwayi^ the bcwing ear&oe is fbmeuby tbe aleepere. In a 
llrat-<dAS* croM aleepor n»d the aleepen are Ui<l iliraa (eet 
apM^; the nradttcal hearing anr&o* of eaeb sleeper i> about rii 
fitet, wkiob la about two foel per foot run of the two raili. Tli* 
two rails tuid flatwiRc ^I'o a buring eurfaoe of ID inchea per 
foot ruii. If tberrjbrv two feet be equiraleat to IS Una on tv« 
wlie«])i, 10 iiuhc* wilt be more than ampla tor two loot oa tw« 
wheAla. lu ihu ciutii of the locomotive, tbe baanng is 2 inchea 
per ton : iu thi- i-u»o of tlie street trnffle it ia ft iaehaa per ton ; 
nud the lateral xtronsth of each nil ie compraased from 2j| 
tDuliee to li incliaa. They would be ecmpeCant to eagiaee with 
not mote than two tons on en«h wheel. 

In the ebunnele of these raiU tha onlinary onnibaa whaele 
am run, and, •up|Mxiiig the gaugu the eamu, utiliuan' nilway 
wngguua could run equally well, the whcela ruuniug ooi tbeir 
flangea laatead of their tnwieu. 

lu the tmmwar, FVg. 1, and tha adca railway. Fig. i, it will 
be aeou tlial both mil* sM eaeaatitt to keep the wagjton in traek. 
Bat it la woetby of rsmark that ia theae chauiaJ raik uoe rail 
only will serve lor guiiluacey and tbe opuoeit^ nil tna^ ba a 
simple i^ne ■urfBO^ m iu Fig. 11. Coniiderable latend irictloa 
may be avoided by this arnuigomont, na it will penuii of eligbt 
inaoeiirMi» of guag* la tbe omnlbue whoHi. 

There ie o«e disulvKOtii|{o in tbe c&nnocl rail— ^lirt may get 
tut(> it, wtildi will not rvsl on the edge rail Tlii* nmy Iw ob- 
viittrd in two ways; a spring scraper may l>e altMhed lo tli* 
vrhii'le, and smart lade from the rod or blae cihiw Brigwlo 
mijilit be selectal and provided with a crooked stick each, to 
patml the Hue; 

It is obvious that ardinarr omaibasea niDalng en tliese niU 
would be in no difficulty; if rvqulriug lo turn off and rta oa 
onlUuuy toitds, ibey can easily be turned out of tlic rail I'hss- 
nela, without any ueoeasttf for noint* and cruaiiiigs, or aer <>f 
tbe expensive paiapharuBaa ncedrd ou nulwava by na ao iL t.^ tbe 
great weighta. 

18* 



9S 



THE Cim, ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



The jflBoUoM Ibr nmiGcftUou ue auU^ nuda by ooitnteUng 
jtvo linM tide b^ tiJu wlUi » doabl* culisg fend coUiDg «««]r th* 
rib bitwMn then). 

Ob ordiUATf roaiU it will bo found tafficieot U> wne it rmumUia 
■urfncn bntvccn nnd lit tiio tidM at the ntUo. lu •UmIb It 
■ould be .(Mimble to |»t« next the i*U% If notall snr lbs «ir- 
^IkM, uid my pUu of pAvtng would 1m diinnut ftooa the ordinary 

For the pTirgr of wbeeli. It u dawrabU to bkte the sur&oe 
u nioetli M poaible^ but for foot hold for hotae^ ftet It in de* 
vnbb to Iwve • OMrtKlo smoaat of rougboMiL "Hi* euliert atone 
fMviag WM with boolden, gndoaJlv replnccd by cut gnuiUii, ia 
pUcai of greeter horiKontol width than vortic*! depth. The prc- 
aent pntctlcQ i* to iwc thcar deep xtotis I.ud in pukllel linei^ aad 
to counoot them by hot tluie grouilDj,-. ^Then uew tbn mrhea h 
rough, utd nited U> the hotwM' bat, and Uia bterlocking of the 
gtoatuga hukea the Modm » oontiitnoue bodjr. Bat thu inrfnce 
WMZS meolh, the gnntuig emeloi, nod the Btonea nuk in detail, 
b*&iK nftial Hul eoeh depoiding oolj on ita owq hut wliau the 
boadbraik>. 

I propOK tfi lav the ttMiMi nt ui an^ln of about 4-* drg. one 
upon another. Thus in the coim of rcrUcol bloffn evi^nr lUino la 
•opport«d bv the other*, And them ii lum timdeuc}' to crack the 
grouting. Moreover, one of the U]»ier udgu* of the atone* iw &n 
acat* u^(^ which loatantly bredc* awti^ m it in wf>m thin, 
and ■ mmoe adftpteil to the horaoi^ feet in thiu nuuntained to 
thelaat. 

In the rnilwftj wheehi wbioh ore faat on the ulea ae ahown at 
F^H. 4 and 0, the cone fonu of the peripbcrioa, aa before de- 
■cnbcd, in lappoeed to ix:im|>eD«ite for cnrvw uid Irregularitlaai 
If it does thia, it i* deer it ought to be run ae it wen on knife- 
edgea. If the profile of the wheel oorreapouda to the proRle of 
the nii it la elckr that » bugu amouBl cf friaUon moat euauo 
Muloffooa to that pnduoed bjr bnad «e0Bmi wtiaaL^ wUA us 
diahad and ourved on tbelr jMripheriea. The veitioaJ wheel la 
u all eaaa* beat, ami with & cy li&dricnl tread, but it i* «nential 
abo lu anch caae that evcrv wheel ahould ruu looee on its axle. 

It ia eaiontial aleo tlial bmkea ahould be tued for the puipote 
of etoppage or for retardation en iuolliua, and vetr^ aftaple me- 
^anioaJ mean* ntay be n-udcre J avaibihte to IkciUtate the mnsit 
upinclinea. 

SnppoiiDg aiugle linea to bo uml in the fint inatonce, It will be 
daaii^lt at interval* to mnke turn* i>ut,u eliawn by Fig 8. 




na.lJ 



tor the pttTTKMP nf retnmiDg, the rail m^y be of n honeehoe 
nm, to thAt the omnge. guided bv the whoola on one oidc^ will 
tam nuad in n circle, llie diagnoa, Rip. 9 ebows thia arnags- 
meat, with one rail aad a flat sor&oe. Ih. 10 ebowe a tum-ont. 




Tbii ejatam oStta pecaliiu- mlTAnlagea to ntflwaf aompantea 
for coDUBtuieatbig wilii town* utd Tilla^ne at a ehaap rate. Ther 
Inve abondaiica of iron raib, aad the ecet bej-ond the mifa 
aeareclj axeaada two to three hundred pound* per mile. There 
are nanjr loolitlee wbora raflwqr oommnuication ia veer daai*- 
able, but the eoet of wcrica^ bridgea, persuuMotway, atat)oni,aiMl 
aot of parliaineat, ia an abaolnt* proUbitiML In iiimifaiaailiaiK 



ia a hi^way or tnrapilce, or ooaajttdon read, aklrthig the tail and 
eommniueatinf; vitb tlie tuwn. with the old rails laid on the 
road on ^e pinii junt ahown do alationa arc mnirad, for Um rail* 
eaa carry vehicle* to the doon of the exiitinK ton* luoog Ihi) ei- 
iatliig dtrerte, luid if horeee be not laflieieat, email engjata, wiih 
whe<^s of ■mftll diiuii«t«r, nnd not more than two toD> on each 
wheel, can Iw micd on tliem, a cleaa of enginee ad^tted (O tht 
utaken of llie (lortable liinn engine*. 



o 



o 




Txa. 1ft. 

So &r aa regarda the cnorertion of the ordiBar; doable T nul 
to •tracta and roade; but then iaaoolborrmil alaowuUadaplitdto 
the ^^e purpoee, and poicaainii grealer lateral aad vertiaal 
Btreii;^ for thii purpciw — Lbe bndgo nil, f1^ 3. The fortn ef 
the briJjM i«il i* a huUow, and it ie appuad aa ahown at fig. 3 

ru raUwaya. Fur atreot aud road purpoaee it ia tqroaed, with 
groovea above, reaUng on the bottom aad the aide Aaa)^ na 
■hown nt %. 11. At the lointa^ the conneotioniamadebjaflliaB- ] 
nel-fomied iron cMting. beaiing beunath the ftangea and bollad I 
through the orowa of the rail. A tie-bar panting horixontaUy 
ihraugk the easting ccaairta iha two oppoaitc twli together. 





fte-iL 

He whwlH to run on thia kind of rail wQl require lUnjiaa in 
the eentrv of the hitndlh of tlio ^rr*s es ahown. But It it not 
nnilal>i7 io buTo fliuisea eicopt oa one lide of the carringe: tb* 
O|qioaile silc lany be f£un tvrea, A ipritig icraper *nll k(<ep the 
graovea dean, or a bo/ can M employed. All the other amuiga- 
mente will be the aama aa balbt* oaaeribed with (lie dooUe T 
rail. Tlieae rail* are 6 iodtaa wide each, and about 34 deep; 
thereforo the bearing anrikee of 19 inchc* ^loujd he o^tdntentto 
aiz loiiR, or tlirue tons per wbeeL 

This s}-alt!m of raila through the atreeta afford* a IkeiGty tat 
carrying ou the imlhc, when a c c aw ie mquiredlo the water-pipe^ 
dtsina, or eowara, which ie not the oiae with tlie ofdinarrpaviBg, 
aa ovMt people know to their very gn«t vexation. wKh the 
ntlli, if then be need to eioavate below them, the opemtion woald 
be to ojien uji horiaontal trenchaa tranavmely at three lo Awr 
feet npikrt, iu which to lay deopere for the ralla to rent on, nadi 
in tb4 inniii mo-Io that in uacd to luaptod the watcr-pipa*. Oa dw 
aleepera are laid plank* for the bonaa, and thua tne MccavaUoo 
oao go on below without nny iuleenptlon. 

Oirlinary wheela oould not run on theae briilge rallt^ but B^t 
cnKiuM cixild, in suborbati diatrieta, or on railway bnMMa, 

It ia ohvioua that convenient carriaRc*. ■iniiliu' in eonMmctlm 
tonHnj carria^ea, could be ueed on uiern lin«,but witbotrltha 
nir— iljr for their great dead weight. Framea uid wheela migtat 
all be of the lightest cuuetmotlMi, aa there 1*bo toa^todinaleott- 
ouieion to apprehcad. 

Thia paper relataa to the atreeta and aabttrha of Loodoo hi far- 
tjeular, nut the roenlt would beextcnaica to oomBuinkMol 
isllwaya and turnpike roada. 



J 



THE CIVrL EN0tSl5ER AND ARCmTECT'S JOURNAL. 



93 



wtms or TRz movth. 

At k nent lUHiag at tbo IdcUtatioa of Civil BogiiMtnL 
Scbeobt^ CweiiUtiw "—*■'"■ wai «xhibit43, tad 
•KpbiiMd bj Mr. B*Mmp ukd >£r. QnntL 71i«n 
MO iltawii ■ portion ot m table of logwitltBa, whicb 
had bMB eeoiMMil, odcoUlAd, unl printed entlrelj h^ iu kid, 
and witboat lbs «m nf tfpm. It «m MtJnMed ttut tfaeat oob- 
pansd opMsliviw wold ba uooMpUdiad IntMttbaabatf tfaa tine 
vUdi a oonpontDr wiwM take to art tlio npMi and at the tune 
tin* all liabtlity of arror ««■ avoiiled. Tba mfhint bad bMit 
wtamMy ^wehaaed br Ur. J. R HMbbon«. of Albaar, U.&, far 
prw aiiUlua to (ba Dodla^ Otmtmiorj, 0,3. Anerioa 

At tbo HoBtUj Ballot at th« Imttitiitioa of Ctnl BngioMn, 
(ba fellowtBff caadldaUa war* baUoted for uuJ dolr elected :— 
Haam. T. T Cbaop^ J. r. PurUnk. H. E. FmeaMa, R W. 
Qisbaai, W. WMllen*, ud T. A. Ymtow. aa nemben: and 
OalMd Oordoa, K.K, Major Jervott, B^Captala CnUlagwood, 
H^ and Uemn. W. Binaf, J. Bronton, K. Bvm^ W. B. Onilt- 
hard, O, Dtmo, L Entuiik, J. En)ttand, itm., H. C Porde, C H. 
Orut, W. B. Uall. C. F.. n«'mk«, O. KaUht, J. N«wton, O. 
BobcrtaoB, a W. IliiMon. G. T. Selby, and J. WItlicn, aa A*- 



Tb* ■«« Art'T^MMrM Pakeaat UandMator, tbe ah«U of wbkb 
haa enlj jaat ban oonpletnl, wm tbrowo o^ni fnr prooimado a 
fcw dan «w% prariona to reoeivinf tbe utwiud Sttliiga aod 
deeotmlwaa. 

Bmdei Ibe nanal annual prina olSarvd \>j th« AfnAfnj of 
flriMBei at Pari* for nentolra on variona adantitle iiiliinrtH, aa 
•UmonlilHrr priM of aic tboDaml Awaai is oSEred thia .mr far 
■n tmaj on the Application of Sl^am t<> [h« Nkvv, Tbe etaajn 
saat ba iant to tbo tiuljtata mt or M-m th< Is't of Novtmlwr 
aaaL 

EaglUi eulllTaton of mImcc have bMB faviraml randidatoi of 
lata Mr tbo bonoim oaiiferr«l bj tha Fn<noli Aoadonj of Seienoea. 
At the BOiiaa] meeting uf that body, held nwaatly, U. OtoSroy 
Bl. Hilaiie prMidiuA a priu for jLMronanijr wu tntowtd on Mr. 
Popon, of Osfonl, for ua dueuvery of th« tilAnrt Lna. One of 
tbe HoDibvoti prixM (or diaMTwiea Is medieine and mui[my waa 
l^ruiic'l Ut Mr. Sliupaoa for hla nooeaafdl nae of cfatorofonn in 
■msical opanttioita aad Meoueheneoti. The Cuvier ftiar mm 
weondad to Piufaaor Otreo, fnr havine, t>j- hi* laboara dnrluK 
twwity jeara, «> (craatljenlariied the field of ojiiDiiaratireiUMtomj 
and of paliMiDioi^Qr. 

Mr. M'DoiraU baaKOMredKooMBUMOii toeiaoulothaTuner 
moaamcet for St. n^nJ'a. Th« pUBterka I000t,b7will, briLa 
menorUl; and tbe eoupctition mr Ita axeeution wm eonhned tu 
Bojal A.faitamliit»na. 

Tba Emperorof Japan intenda to bava the miao* of bi* nalm 
worked ia a K«entlfia war, and to Ibat aod bu nqneated the 
^^Duib govOTBBiaBt In India to lend Urn a troatworthv Enrapon 
^^^^per Id enoMqnrace of tht* re^nn^ H«rr Otto Tliigunio, a 
^H^F)f tba Acadamy of DeUl, bw act oat for Jeddo. 
^^Ur. Dnvb, who liaa bean for the lait two iBonthi Mcaratlnc 
Vunong the nUu oT Okrthaoe, under tbo niM|H'c** of the BritlaE 
fmntncotand MaMttm, hna discorBml tbe rsnuuo* of ao an- 
3aBt temple, whicb u b«lieml to )i« that of DIdo. Afl«r cutting 
raofb two layvra of flooring, wliich rauNt have been laid down 
b^[tbened iuternla, be came on a sioet tpleudid nleoe ct mo- 
■any aqakra yard* ia aren, and in which were delineaUit two 
laada, •acli tbn« foet bi^tt, *uppoeed to be tboee of bido and 
^aaot beaidee wnnl graoMtit titlm SgiUM, and a numbrr of 
elegant davleea and omam«Uei aijoaJ, It la allwed, to the 
iantil\tl ipaetoMO* of Ui« art JK bniiaght to iTghL Mr. 
Davia baa taken anrnr pnoantion to guard tbe moaaie from tlie 
liidneiiw of the weatber Uiimppaaod that the Britiah govMn- 
■MOt will deejialf h a veisci to cravoj it to Biglaitd, aa well aa 
olber objecta <:^ iutervit which bf hiui discoveracT 

Hm CoiBBiiMiomera undtr the LUndudaa Local IroprovoBitiit 
Act have eatered into aoontiact with Mr. Ksight, of Uauebeatcr, 
bt the dtalaiM of tbe town. Tbe plana aBdipecificaUutu have 
beea proparad or Hr. T. U. Smith, of London, UE. Ther have 
kata cmnBaaoM, aod an to b* ooiupl*icd by Augiul ooxt. 

iir. Jtmpk TWdtar, of the firm of Iloekiiii and Tucker, of 
Bcietol, baa Inraatod a ndnj poop for aliiia, which i* adaptaa to 
bMb onllnary and aUam vcwelit In onx of foondering or fir^ 
tta poop b oapaUe of beioK iniiiMdialoly dciaobed and ounvtrted 
Imo a taft, aad proviaion ia uudv fur iteerfag IL 



Aa Aaetleaatra' and Uad Agonti^ SafaacriptkiB-roam and 
Ezchaiwe ha* b*aa oMaMiabod in Prinoee atreet, opporita tb* 
Beak or Ed^ukL Tbe nilea and regoUiUoa* i^iMd to fla tba 
aonnal labMriptiaaa ftom Janaarr lo Jaaaary, at 3(. 3a. for la- 
dividuaU, and 4L 4a for finaa, pa}-able in advance. Mr. C. Q. 
Roberta i* th* aecreiary. OtM of ili« cbiaf obieeta of tbii new aa> 
aooiMiaa la to eapply a porfeot lyatMn of ngutfativn, to cnaUo 
tb* mMsbera mof« readily to find pnrohaaan for what tbey laay 
ban lo atU and obtafai iaTammut» for tboee wi*liiii)[ to buy. 
Anotber o1|^ct ii the TaUng of tbo position aol public iiAndiog 
of tbe prof*«*lefL TtebriniliigorbiiyM-aadMiliitrVuOMoentnd 
point (■ itaelf an iiaportaat Mijeot for lb* hdliMf oa of bnalnaaa 

Tbe CoriuntloB of Olauow bave purchased ground oQ (ba 
•ootb of tb* rivw for aa aitlitiutial park, ai the aum of 30,0001. 

Tb* OovanuDMit have doddod on tbo orectioB of a laige priaan 
at Norfolk lalaad, for the roception of oantiata aadtranteao* of 
tnnaportitioa. 

Hi* wovka of tbe Plyrnoutb Oraat Weatom Dock* having been 
nSeieatly eomploiod, tbe Krew atoanubip ifOa entared lb* baain 
OBtb* lltb nit., aadwa* placed in tbe gravlngiodt. Tbebaalii, 
or laaor ioA, wbiefa i« now for tbe Ant. tlaia availaU* for laac- 
outila porpeaae, boa aa area of 1 1 ncrva, wUh a daptb of ft2 foal, 
and ia eatarad by imn jpiloi 60 foot wide ia iba olear. Th* 
wharf* wblcb aiDTonnd it an moH uwnoivty and mltabla itor** 
are la oonia* of araotlan. laaU* tba baiia 1* th* paviag dock, 
3TS feet \a^b and S6 whl*^ and capable of affording amnio aoeoin- 
modalion to vweL aa laif* or lugtr than th* ctounahip if iaw- 
I«|M. Tb* ouUr harlwnr being protected by Mill Bay-pier and 
by tbe otber work* of the eomiaay, tli* BiSa wbb enaUu witb 
great fooUty lo aUaia tbrourii tbe entnac* aad Into fa*r birth 
aloQgaido the bann wharf wuboat rainiring a warp to dheok bcr. 
8be M la feel ioag, rvitcca 448 torn, aadcairiea SOO poaa 

The Bradford bnuicb of tb* Qreat WMtem lailwqr from tba 
mwa line at Bath to tbn Wilt^ Somar***. and W«yKioath railway 
at TnwbrMgB, haa lort bwn opeo*d for paaaenger traffic Tha 
n«w line la aboat •Igbl milea ia lengtb, and. ahbongh abort, it U 
of conaidanble imponaac* by mttlncofT an aouto angk, and 
fcminir with the wUta, Somanrt, and Weynaoatb brancb. neartr 
a direct liuo of railway oo tbe br«ad puga from Both and BrialU 
to Saliabury, Southamploa, aod Weynoatb. 

On the aatbontr of &Ir. N»iU, th* Oound-OiitMal for Hen- 
dnra*, it i* Mated that the worlu of th* PimMnbneo tailwny ai« 
proKTseaiiig favourably amlor the laperinteDdcnoB of Mr. J. 
Bayliat, cTE- tbe r«preeentative in Biwdl of 51r. PurocM, the 
eontrwitor; that Mr. Peanlatoa, lb* eoiapany'* cblef enginear. 
report* rooet enooon^tuly aa to tbo aolfdtly of tb* aiaouoon of 
the wurlu; and tbat they wiU b* eompteted before tb* ttok* 
ori^nnlly •Muiemplatad ; and, from tb* intereet displayed ^ tli* 
pooolo of tli<> oimatry in tbe underlaking; that tb* tnffic ■■ 
likely to con«id9ntl>!y exoeed tb* proqieeUve ntbuta 

Tbe pivjooced railway from the Meditermneaa lo th* Enphral** 
will oommence oa tbe ooaat of Syria. The plaee ob oaeo for tki* 
bead ot the lin* u nrar a dmp ^ad walMwltorod biy, about two 
ndlaa from th* l«ft bank of the Oroat«a A port mU be coa- 
atraeted at thii ipol, whiah appoiu* to bnva bean dammed by 
DAtura for auob an vndettaking. On qnittbiK tb* eoaat tbe road 
willbedIrect*dtowardBK!U(*,aeomiHroial town in Syria, unm- 
berinx about 1 1,000 inhaUtaata. FMm KIIU* th* laQaay will 
be oobtinued to Antioeh oa tb* Ofont**^ and ftmca Aatiocb to 
Aleppo, the chief town of tbe pubAlik of that nam*. Akppo ta 
tho moat Important town in all Syria to raped to ooaunenai 
The inhabitant* addreaied a peUliuu to tbe Sultan, praying that 
th* ndlway might pa« n*ar tbeir town, and Uictr reqneM waa 
graolad. After paaung Al*i>pa t^n rond will mn neariy paralla) 
with (be Eapbralet to a pbtce called tha Cb«tle of Ja' Bar, ■tnata 
below UabytDB, between HUla and Semaoun* oa the BupbmUA 
Th«ro will tcnaiaal* tb* tnt •eotion of th* gnat irunL Tb* 
line will aftorwarda b* dliactod from Ja* Ber to BuMorab. It 
will enter on iho Pernaa t*rritoi7 by turning tb* t*ft bank of 
tbe Peraian Oulf oa for aa SUna : will eroaa (bo Baloooluatan, 
and RAoh British India by Hyderabad in the Deomo. Such ia 
tba plan of tha railway, wlklcb will bring pamangen from (bu 
ooaat of Svria to tha heart of India vitliout quitting th* line— a 
diftancc of •1000 milo*. 

Capiala OalUo, &£., baa preecntcd to Uw Boaid of Trade a 
valuable raportoa tbe BaUwaraof tbe UaltAdState*, with thdr 
Mogtapbind poouliaritiaa, inriili iif iininliiiiitinii. iMiiauwiiiiil, in 
Wc ahall give some eitracta uext month. 



,M 



THE CIVIL ENGLVEER AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



WKPETITIONB. 



rksiiDtiita^UHlKMIiiulHUKladMCiittiiiUDvutwdHiibcm^iClhtuvbarUI 
VHBdibrUuEUri^WtiNMwi i*u ciu)>aU loin f Dd Mbv taUdlofik Doom. 
ImU wil dnilucc at lbs lud btuif pnrtiiUd Ci '. Th* tMai of tbi {Qua tdoew 
biaawnnilihiwwki. nwalam.. IDl, u<J W, lUr Itii atcaBil ud IbMbul 

SL bifcruulniiaBftehaarili, Jobs Blil. Tii«»<Jjcb. ObIWmU, WqwIK. 
■ M la xui IB ly (be IMb luL 
lUuuil IrtiBktM an luiiud (gr ite EmUuo uf Bittu iiiii W ut liniuai in ihiiFiiII- 
■mw, Dvbf. PuiIcoUn DUf b< Kuivn im tpplkuluu to Hi- Fiut, Cbui»*ilalu, 
ViVB^adl, JMbgr. emBlam*U.totaH^ft|rtmi|<tn,^Bllll>LllUtt»mlKaibml. 
nui u biMUlo Ur. I'rwi b;Uu Kill mil. 
'Dio IWiMnuaii of <:uillfl, xiloc h tbt Barttl Hur<l. ure diiinilKt noinlll| 
DbUih, ApMllkMoii. ud EalEuiai tit tmittittad IHvaimU Knt «i UhI u 
MiMr, uutiudUli Citgnaiiit roo Clavt\t.ljiin, aad wciiyUaa'nniB^uid 
IM lAJtDCwtUiB lud w* lUrulUmaMi witb nvb ul pMbouit ud i»ikln( 
«i«t7 p»r( upact. Til* Koanl wiu hm Uml Hii»wlT«i (a tafiat At p—m» irtkuH 
dM|n »r ta u|irait4: bat lu mm b* tbgiiM DM bt •mpIg^H. Uw Bnni *iU pu 
.laB«fe*MBOlTMnrTi>aiBiiufnrliiid«]faL A pUa of tb* land, wiblMvlaMid 
•wMin. Bigr br oMnlDid « iiftn»<MI(ia u iba Town dick. DaMina M ba laa U 
Mr. ft r. Slobud^ Tan-tfixk. tianUO, br Uw Itib UH. 

t OKDDiHS«Mn tf B« ItajMif -( Work* tat PgUti BolUiaa IdtU* anbltada i4 
tU muirira U (Brauta Uuhb vUb dsUiu !« Oinm Fur ibe itatutj ol Mai* (br 
Pa««B AflbM. (Dt ib> latnwtj ot Buia bu Wu, »<] IW laj^Of •« tba nmmA 
'balnn Uw thum iBd Bl. iuH'a-uirb, KljNinlim limt ilaonB » t r—t. Tbt 
dimvjnn to ba made w » inlt of 10 Utt U Uia IrnJi. tiaMnl ipmilallMU «( 
t»« natwtkla pnpaMd la br lUEd Id ibe buUdUc* avt vtamimtt aaeb dnripi. A 
. Wack-pUa ibaalu bus Uw alia inx b> m tfpnfrU,»l Ibal iba im buitdiiifi pr» 

Kl to baancuJ BUf torm pan>l( ( W|*aiid ooiaprtbault* Kbamt tat SOOMB' 
Of ibipnortnal ;uMla vAch. u>I Icu tbo ImpraniUDni nttbr Icadiuit ihonub- 
tint. lucliuuaK Wouiliuiar-brtilxi. •bnber u nnrdi lu praaioi « anjr iMar «M. 
'ftone imuluiai Ibr Iba bat dHl|<i> lor Urn WaiUOlMtrf n«l., IM.. IDOf., «nl„ 
low., inM., But IML Sam iniDliiiui fn tbt bH> dulcii* (w ttr r^HTiia Onn. 
' « bgol., IMI.. MOI. KHM., luui:. luuf . >»d luul. Mr IbB Mai d..l|U Ki> * Madi 

e. iftiaa pHaluuiiiidoul,, luN. lUul. UAn el iba (rvoDd. ud lUut panlen- 
*UI ba Lnuilfil go Bunltnluui >u Mr. AUnd Aiuuii. OlSat ol Wwbi. WUm- 
' " OMaoa lateatBI bib/ lilt tOihuflUnti. 

PiMfc >ad BRIiulaa mn mjiilnd in Tolupni iba Dunn CVigot; tMuaUn 

Jus. nmoD. Tbaplau is iiroildi uimual aiKuiniiHdatUiu bir lui palkida 
Uq4t Btl l w l l a tt. vltb idtloa*. Aho p*aiuB;>, v^mli-bndgd*, uid b olu^HiL 
Ivnatumi, «M. Bad -jiU r>nicalan bib; br lull of 111, Eibu^ O101117 Eaiti^ur, 
Wiaihonin riBua la ba B0BL lu It Iba Urn loti, 

Tbr UaruJ KibuI ftir lb* TuUh ol W. Uar;. Wwvkk. wUb la ncMn ptaaa and 
WMIIniiB lu arMUBi Tku iJbai^ ud b Lod^* *i|>ob Um BarUI Utwud. Vmi- 
IkSbfa may be bun oe anIloBiliiB to Ui, lluaua Xtctu, dark i« ibo Baanl, u 

' ' whan riaoa w* u M diUrand br Ibi lln luL Itu pnaUBn li oaacad. 

Badfuan biTtta4 RaaXn Hnbaal.^ tuUlaUoa M Xsrtb lUrialda. la Ind^a • 
libnij « lacom-RBiB, nadlaa-nnm, duarwn, iwai (or Ibi naldauoi of Iba 
llbivlBR. k'. Trraiara. Kl, lubrDuiliia lUT ba abulued ol Mr. T. KeU'kk. 
JMnat* MmfDr. Xmb SblcM*. Dwliu i<i to msi n br U>a tind Iul 

llMOauaUMa tx mlHilldlnt Ibahrtali Cbimb uf BnUDcoU. ICiiliUKbaintbln. btk 
dalHuodwaiTiuc i'lauand Ifuinain-- H'lij inr^noBUoB inil lio^na w utUn 
M(v(nJBnllx1iiDrHiiii|-il, rtait Iht ftladA Bl lb< dliuoi^ uF Ibr CuhkjnJIIfV. in ApfiUfB- 
UUh Kn. w. H Ciuirall. HnLiuuW. PluH bl bn ilnllnind lif lb> tUb inil 



ABflB 

.ud t 



. _ I an laim<4 (ma biiWu •>( aU oMioulai Iw a Muunamui 10 lu >nU>d in At, 
RboT* CMbadlal, W Uu owoiif; \3l Ibi Uu Dukr at Walibuuo. Tbr «aa. iruii all 
mmatm,aMUm»^W.aOlil. rntBlnnK at inoi, tWM,. WOf. tDW.. (Bd drt ul 
Iwl A (naBd'iiUB << th> aaibadiBl. and Ibt alu of ibt jmiuHd BKuomm. A<., 

<mUbabnnfdfd.ONa(ipUcUiaulii alt. AUnd AatOo. onoe at Wotta. WblbiLili. 
l^iaUfrt Inn Bru^u raauiox m iba UulBad Kincdoio b> Jub* ibl. ItHT, ln>B) BitUu 

'^ nudiBfahraad WibaltlbodbattdHninalh. 

iiadSBUIoOB. Bad Brtlnabai Bra lavlud bir aiU^H aiiliol br tcrtnllBnl 
iBTav* Is BoBflMk^Tif. rrvialufB^ 7't ?', C>' Iba ImL ^kr uT ftilra^iia irllb 

^ 4 btd-lfHiiw taab, aud bl- ti, (nr Ibt Of«t aUU fiH b Mir «f wltafoa with l«o 
bnl'rooiBt aaA. pBtilnlBn aur ba faalof ilii HogsrarrBKnUrtn clibaOUtd, 



'^. 



' unobanu.add Ibidiutar LBWonn riuadtooaii. iballaf.J. A. Cola^al itbapcaa 

kiwuituuiii>, uav lluUaiur. tua IWi. u Wv*. wiaabui, aaartibBTiL Mid Mr. Vf. 
VfiarkK CRgkwna, Flain to br icui ia b; iba Uii UwL 

aDIrartuMof tb^ Diiudalli Xicbuifa anil Hvbat OiBfiaa/an pniMnd bi nalT9 
■naoaaod KMbauaa hr ib> lUKiisa at lictua^ SfVangs. AMaggbl; IhiaiB. and 
Oaaanl lUruti f<ji ib^ Bwrorad pl|Micil aiKbilu/ ml el" a prattlon ol M,, 
Mid lilt (ba aai aiipnna of Ul. riuu M ba aabaiEUd bbm Iba lad of Aprtl. 
FurUiar )ianl«ila» aia ba fleiiD apon »[i|iU(auiii ijtba llaoarBrr ^umlBnaa, mar 
loHall aadJattaaAtlMiUB. 
tViUuiBnuniBlbiraaiaiariu coaaUa nT ibs Uia LoMFlnabat, biba plaiMd In iba 
Uiill ul Ul* P«r CniiK DiDliu, InC'itTniiha) at CUaBa Id. OlsiUa. W, 
>t>iniui'>|iiu«tiiiiib.«r JbibrnJ-itiiAHi. t, UaiiKiNb^HTti. Dgbtla. flaaraiailat. 
[.AhVw bir B tbopcb la b> amud al Bama Bi* iDtlMl buuiari'blltcWvlall nMiUrlia 
> — B»> of Ua "tianullj UBOab ol tta tilt ol B 'i m. ' lai Htt iiui lu su:<ad 
ilMI. Taa am (uUa ta M, ; ba[audala.(<iU aiid •ilrii. an bIu giranil. 
^■IMmaotltf. tnUluBlUll.*nbllael, Laadn. hwa b««i actaaMd loriba Ualbodlal 
■iriwCCu«aaaaBFal,tabtaneladlBibai<(t)r. Tb* aailiuiad tuai to MOW. 
• Dadpu <l Ur- IdaHkua nooipaaa, MfUBaM. o( Xanaall* and SundtrtaBd. ban 
■■• ailnM l<r Ui' ignilarUad ttnialaiT CommltMa Iw li)in( 101 iDi (rimad and 
< (vatlloi Uie <bB|>>l< auil ladfi* 
iTa«o hall i^guiuBi. Kufbj'i b*»a(kOdiba DHdjuor Ur. Uumr. anbllMI, 
tor Ibi JfHTuantidlMbamnadl^flH. nie txlBaMd oul la UDOI, 
nt Triui~> it Uia Wb*a flnna IblaM. Xnmnl. Ian anriad Iba flnl rnMom 
■4 ui> liiiin'aa, lu U«~n )l,Hciii>iid I'blaaw, ul I. I'maa tta. Mlwiid; ihc&Hjuad 
14 luu Uuiuua hi )li, J. II lluu". ul Maiditiuu: Blul tlia TUid PfwilaiD of Ul 
Uuuirw u HaHi> Uiu aod lliiUiuluia, «l DauA-bui, Suud, Eh iba ban dadfM 
ba la; l>( KM ibla aHMa 

fDmnnlaa bs iba Uacniirlil Cbnrsb al CoMiaalliiapU tat* irlaaM TWiMn 
Mi^iii HI (f Iba luiX'*'>*"biBni4d, aapBiimlBi obtlua Em dlatlosUso. aid baaa 
ttaanlBaad Ukbi : 

maawiL— ■••. W. Buc«Ds lad. O. K. dinal^ M, 0. B. Badlaf . 
/>W«H AttM< raman an did/jr nKw rrU(.— W, MUBt. 

KlUa. a. Tniaatl, WalibMiBih fladlatd. and Ouldla. 

Mmtkmt t <i^£>wuill|r..— 4. Ball, r (naiba iVialLgia:, HnttU 



bBi£i3d. 



rrkkaid ami SrdUuu. 



nv PABuraii. 

noriSUNAL VCOTKTIOKH or.ANTIEII ITXDKK THE PATtXT 
AKSA'DHXyr ACT. 

nn*4 .V.waita' *. 
WbL K K.CbdaLaatiniUiiUittiiinrt. Farta-Iiii[>i«i«naala la A* 




»iii>l Miamtar U, 
KU. T. IDadlb DladAam-lBimnMBltlalba aaBobtUnitMEiUthMc* 

/loM Wwaaabir tl. 
ni«. C tL J. W. IL Uebnaan. raftsan. Uaddundlald ImijimwIi la lb* 
ptirUaiUnu lit ■B»ar, Bad la tba niiaraUm id »aiart»la ont^orad Ihafita. ffibB- 
munirallanl 

natM nbHnb" 91. 
tint. r. y-Clvib. Btnala<hao— lainvmiiutia ia uotaltlc laadic lar badUlagi^aad 
la appandnvoi (o rw& 

CUMf r»nrfii6<r t>. 
UK, T. PeakK AMkj trm Bill. IMrb;— ImiinnvBiniU la Um ■aaafctlan al 
obanUla and cabor pllni ^brlta 

finlnl OMMbrr 11, 

KM. J Cbaiinn. Wrabibaiii— Ad aipaadUf <anp>atallB( aUda fcr t«alalaia|pt 

aad atbir ItfM alaa appUeablc fet aUisr amilai inrpaaaa 

/laMl ff a m tarll, 

mt. a. H. P Bain. Vlmtol Oirtiait-H. SallUaaib, Klikniv-Aa ainal iftaiM 

or BppflJaiiu b>r aartjEBElBg iba air 

fbUal nrerm/itr l». 
Ull J. Mafdaah, Pmdaa— Aa Impmrrd afcipfimui paup. appUcabk la Mbat (at- 
naaa ^i"^ 

/MH Owa«l*»10, 
aOlt H. llaarbaoaa, DanUo, Ibacbaalar— liuprmaoianta In aaU^aclU^ il^ali At 

ndaap 

Utl A. B«>, J VdlntliiD.A Uamj. aulJ^- Uw, IWanidra, KlaiwdlMaUra, 
inpTovoinr-ni4 In cljn itunA^ilitn nf 1x4! gu, tbn rBadam If aoA pvUytaf |aacH« 
Mac BiiptlDtlitoalinaraaBmBBiiianrnir nuiDattaiiiilaa pafraiB 
/JUtNl .AuKirf 9. 
1>. J, WUaio.3i. Balaa'i, [annaaiBr ^lunmniaiawla la Iba HiBBiiflwtara at aUal 

OamI A wMQi I- 

U. J.flundman, A. Ufn, aad L. OuudiaaB, Rltt Da'M-ljuia. ttadaall-^avnao- 

l^iUa IbUlb uuiidfailiuafl^aBpaarcaiiartfifaliir Ibabi^d 

^altf-f Jtrnvutrf A. 

«1, J, lluitiaa tnd J. V. Binis Fhlaiml, Suir<ilk^Iisiiiurad laadldtal Blttoni^ 

adBpu-l Iir flulDC dlasaan «f (aula 

IHIM Jaimirr 10. 

n. J. P. furter, Firk4Lreai, WaMBlBoUr— ImpnjvgiBanU la lb* awaakcan af 

btwkaaad oDmr jnlija* vftlBi' bdJ liildbianli. <jt >>[lta; lUaouuilal 

rtiU.1 .r.ii-UiirT 11 

dl. O.r. Wlliun, Balmiiat. Viuthali— liDpnivimaiu iD iiaaUaf Bariaa aad mib 

Hbr p«in>lpikiD, and ibalr ihuUui^u 
IDO. J. II. lEi'sri], Sti'lllaliL Bid >' lltrrirr. lUfaarkH— tuponamu la ttr aaa*- 
brlan' <>f alaan buiisn 

lot (>. Eiiibiiliii>Bad U. IT1II111 n lib 111 tiiii I Ill III Bijiimm In jaaiaai 

tut ■M<^ Si "alar Ihm mrrm iripaa aad uiaiiviit 
;ugrl J.infHHy II, 
101 1. Brnrar, ]jT4rp*il— tiaii(w<n.-hia bi af B|ipU«bl«Bij Iba bnia af mt^bMI 



101. D. ('liWbBin. Bxtidtla -ImpcvrioaDU ID appanliu appltmbta Is . 

fltiier bikLlcr* 
Its R. C. dulLiiii, lUuOiiuiuiDn. anmr— An ap{knitiuliir||alB<alBiaitolkalB(aaM 

ot dirvlUiiii.liaiiw Ib eav« ill bajxlvj 
Ul. ). Htiihain..UbDn Itovl. — -„ j— »i. ■-■i-| ■ ■- ■'-Tn' 

(bAun uTiDBta or laiirls uad tat ptiKiit 

tr.itad Jtmmirf It. 
11*. Sir J. Uurrar, Dubllu— Aballoi ibr laiilb and Usaaal^ lbs fctOl^a niW 

QBaa ul Uiivld maBDraa^ «a*an. ga^ vf uther lli4iten,Buclfiirinaaaaaf fabiaf arpa^ 

mtneli Bilxuina and oihn tallda or Balda w eumuitni bolcu* ar dIaiMaaa 
. BadiUa. Cuiiif.ri^B. WaaliiilB>lf r— iDiproaaowjila In tDtlllaf uiaa Mdia 
KMuilDEasduUaixiiit [irii.liicu ibxiifrw. ii.'uiaaiaDloaUun) 
in. W. K Ifawun, CiukQ.:!^; Uu^.— An Uuprvod elaan aoiftu*- lA oomniufilj 
lis. 4'. JL tUfttbos. CbBDraij.laiit-AuliupinrBDfBI lu loUgTa naida^ad Ite . 

darUc, laaMllat andaUwr Bi ut aa m ofanalMPBartaf M iai. ,A «aiaaideau« 
III>. n. A. Blll£iirtU. NcV'alMel, UoUad fiataa oC Amitka-IiBpa««aHau la 
braauh-biadlBa tr^^tat 

i^JIAl Jfltti^rit 11. 

W. A. C. BabbB. Cb<a|»ldi>— Anlu>(iiiiTi.Mcuiisluduaiid lalcbaa 

121. D. II. Fi'wtitt^ >"'« Orlrvii., t^iulHBUa— Aii iDpiuvanuDql la alaaatbollBa 

III <i r.irl(p> anil M*. tlBJtiii, HuobaaUt— tmliromDalila U uacftlDofJlf 

AtrAQIm;. Aiiil iiTLU'lJif i.<iCli>ii 
Ul. J, IIikIuiid, bUijkjUHi^r-'liuiiivtaninu In *atva mudcal iaamasaato 
Ut. ■'. V. WIllll^l^ l.»nnaiil~lipp»THDinu Ul luman (TMaa aiid tprban 

110, T, If. IKiklb'V. I1rikiiil'>, Mlddlrwl— liu|iiuViTiaDala la Iba |m|iarBUi« ar 
iMMn f vHaiii U-niiiMa ar Ui|iiun ul iba iiaion and dianiiar ut ' 
alnaa, aad In Iba noaaa of ublalalac Iba aBinn. 

in. K WaUU'ul. HuauniidMd CHttOf. Dlni.iu|[bBni~tln|iTvaniaiitt In aucbltaf 

DiBnnlkcliulup bulla, 'pibta. aad lltolB 
lit. aV !Inua, ck(iioirj-1aar.-lBtntiiiuBlla Blaan-aagiMii- lOobb 
in, J. Homan, lIUk-aitMi, Cbaapilda— loipratiid laaiiblBaiT '"• liildU| 

tvafilk> 
10. 9. IVvl>>n. Mjuohoaut— taipn>vMimuuigiialla(aBdlBanIa<lii|iiatn 
lAOb VL X- Unlr, Bad J, ILaU^LaEu. i«l«.tfv»— liopruraowQIa bi ai^vldiBi at al 

latUla 
IIL K AdamaiD. lad B. Uidiaiid. Prbiuu— InprarmgEla la lovoa tbr v«nl^ 

/filial Aiaorttji ITh 
tip. r. A. T, rioJiin^DUon, l*rBMa-Aalin[gvTgdpn(iailMaBi](nlU|H«4^aU- 

UU1 Iha avUlaai^ at bcuIb fuiglfp Ifi tba bark 

111. C r VnuiMt. Kau-iiraat, Mnsd— A aa* banish lUgsnEbMaUlw •«• K. 
ilBj^ad, rrH>iii|i^ tiaaoaj 

IIS, <.' ". Va-rrM. Hui-itnal, Rlraad— Onarla) bU dvolMUa tl fiala aiOl a 

taiUloulBLuKia Mnannntand ibtappBfaiwMaidgivd tx Vtt turn lUaaaib- 

caimn lioDi L M.P. •!, d'IUlan,0>laut. Fraaaai 
II). J. |hbi>l»/o Buil tl. Iturvi. llalifai'-iEuprvvautfiiia la lomaa li« warfaw 
Itt, F. WolLrr VTurbiEi^a. laBiiuwi~-liiip(araDiBai> la apiAnMa iiai|tii|rt 1* 

dlttlUiD( aad la lb« niauaUkclBiv td inucfar 
lU. A. I. Aslraji, Bat da nScUitdM. PtaU-luipniniugntaiii tlig vldu af aaOaM 

andlaiBpa 
M«. J.CBAaaiid W. canha. Shmabair— A aawar IStniad nWatf «MMik 1^ 

ba aaad at a (ta*a»iWat, mat-abatC •ratedlar, ic i^qi 



^^l^_ 




THE CIVIL ENOn«£EB AND AKCHITECPS JOURNAL. 



95 



i Kh i H ii Its te nIM lk>_«MuMli Owiwr WMlSwlaMW taKan 



ta. K Mhm i^ '. >WH. RmWi. WHUBT-lopr 



■k li mJiliMrj to 



ii^KHBc Mm* l» atitahanl pH^iM* 
U>. W W*rnlbMHhu-I*Tra*MMI>lafhiBM*flMnini<4wUeMn|>i 
U*. J. iMfctlnt W latf»ria««mil>«<MlwiMa<>»i i «ctWMidattn«twlM 

flM*f JbwwvU. 
m. X. rMMw, Fwto-tnpnwmvBM it lb* BUB6c(iir> nf lilh huiillM 
IM. a. Yawir, Buda rMbxnt^B TioHn Fvit-lmpfmiBaikiR iMMtebt*' 

— XHdwIliBbUU THiowolkwalailupurpiwB 

rwJ C.Ttam,Btniti,UoaiMi~lmfimmt»)»ti pnff kaat hr 

1. HIMM, BrokktjB, X<b York. Q. l.-tOpranoMb Id atuu tu dl<M- 

, OnU Q«^<>ft. WialnlHtor-lnpnTMUUi la llMI^ do«b 
lliirk Wa(fcii.gMrl>aA1i7~lnipnm««MittlMtUBSiHian<tf uUdlai 
■J Mj I i I* to ■!•« H ■Ud*v kHdi ud tDK Itokli. ud gtbcr idalUi fiM of 

U>. E dirt. Oiiianm i*™*. WMtalmtw— laiirowiiiMl* la lUcklMiy « ip- 
mMm hr nhUf Mm Ml ■!«• nui tut ika pgrnw of «uiiiila>UaD ud Rp*lr 




IM. r. Urvdi u^ a. BnliT. DrMricr 4iU. Sufforl— Rot « lB(nMd mcUbht 

Ut. W. B. Stm^ GkuevT^u*— [iBpniniBiBU u H>(iia nxMiMi, [Oman*!- 

IM. r C Ctlftn. Wnfl—g IV «■•> appltarttso ofeulata nMuoa In jUffu- 
Mfc <■*» «> ilfcajlii IKHI IM iMIIIi fcfaai mil ngw 

«tt«tolU(4l>Moi(a«radB'lggaiH(luia. [ODaaoottsUesftm H. Im«iU> 

MHil 
IA( V. A. KWiiT, hrU^lQ|irOTMii"iLU ir> narblqvrr ^ !■* «ofkHl bf lidABi or 

ottnr pivtr, Cir da*<l«( ud plauiMiut t»d 
W, t. J ■>■— . f tiii I ■ laftttwiwiii l« yarHrlin tltollm I— 

Ul> R- tlBi*. F*«l illl lilili Ill In lUnvMiBB 

U*. «. It Butn, Dwhf. uJ U. WwUhuw. rwlUaent-WnM -Impnnunu 

hH tj^B ■■■■A^rill VKt of IBOBBiIS 

IM T lUflc, B^te^lmCMdCMf-lull — liBpniMiiDDU ia uuuUo n4Mlli« 



•laUMlk* 



m. J M JiliHH. liooOi'ilM AiU>— Imhmmhbu In ippuaUu fbr ik> i 

- - ■J.T.duHr^NHVsrk.U.H.I 



tiH<f UrHd ■nr*<r*>*H. lOi 

in. J. B- Ji.ftMfc Uw^Vlau-tridi 



uid 



— Inimmunu la appamw Iw Ika pf * ■> ! ■ ■ 

^ta»i*Mlt, lOfwIitlfalWnf, T-OarUtk. New Vurt, IJ.a; 
MUAf Jfn^ry Jl 

•■t MSI r<V. M kt uirfhiribt fwi>«r>IJnnB(iir iiiiuipii« iki. M<r. wd uher 



ttt. J. Mmh* m4 /. Hartmm. jaa., Bualv— Iiipnmamiii )■ mnAlnprr or 
.i ^yM imliiiln lAa prtpuMtHtr hum km Wk<r Bbniu lulaitik tot 



tU. R-OMKtafU^ >■■, JItitmiA NacWk -InprmaaU la ImpWniooC* or 

UiWiM*(W|lH|Ui^iUilikbiir«ghl*Mlnf Und 
IM.KJ.B Udrin.rvU-.UUmnHdnUVsf'krMt 
in. W. C- SMI. WtftUa OIU^H, CuilaimU^liDprunsuiiM la appualu br 

•■panUaatan 
III. K K. AIhUim, LhAm— Japntid if pvuut fur tlii im alia miW fin tl pnctuu 



119. !l Drn,*rliMl~tucai«(MM*latbtp«>Ulu(>.>udli tin^hnat, JIhhukL 

aCMMd >lkw tnnll'n 
111, tL Jk. BnMa*a. fi—t-M^i-lmtni w u In (kt BMHlMlua of lulnaulii( 
aiUffa* 'C«UBCIaLc4liMnl 
Hatttai aaMi6ad-[ii>pivt«m«l* la udlgirr or appuwa Mtploirri la (h* 



IB. fl.OM>r. Aubgr^mABtnnnft'lapnnaaUlBatMn-biilm 
■M. IL Uidl^ dnU Ibdkoniuih-ticwl, WiMui 



J of |l4H fend tb« flrliktf al jviutrj vur 
, I HmK K*«TiC(-parl~rBipruiiuiiinulBapiiaraliuftrnlrl|<niUa(oreoalia(^ 
' m«lti«it Iks Isw^mion li tvru and knai. •klsk lur aUa bt MDvland M 
IwaiUdliMaut 
IM X. T. Staua. Ck4imrT I w 'lapnifd inaaa* sf irauilUilMI iiinniiii br 
(CMuulMlw 
wMfiawL Bpalti 
haU II>i)kBnii(h-iiCH«, WaUUBOfr-Ati liaprvrsl mMhod irf 

'. L. BovH, lllniilnChiA.-Ak l(q|inr«<iBtnl vt Lmprovani*ntfl la Ibt CDaEiijfKtiBr* of 
ntiii^ ■{tta^ ■>!»■ Iiltal^ auu (iir anrai. aod ■(•ban 
>. N. tlduu ud IL VaUu, Pirli -Impfu'aiuanu ia pUnat and gtbor 
_td aemktltulnmmtt 
IM, i. Vtn*. WirBuaik-plaa. X*v Kini-nad.'A n« lumhlDWlnn gd sMali 

»MbU> u daonNn aid ch«IiiI parprM, jitn nT aliiob Uitsiiiuu li appUoakla 
B* ib« laethud «f «intilnla( nmajB uid aUur> of oMaI. 
lit. E JLudMiad W. M iMafc Uinalubim—IinptiinfBaiito li (b> MiDgbcura at 
pkMimfMi, IttMmf latttiti r*— Taiim vnadur papltr nlohl biudaUm*. 
aad Aiw nwd rtfolat ar IrrciW fiamii ti> rntKli*! la mtheaiat, and Ibt 
r bf cUTTtat ml neb rmpnmiuiHiii. pirb of vblcb an applMbhi to 



i« r 



T ITT H cUTTUt ml neb impnmiiiaiiii. pirb id nlch an applUkbki to 

•(kff p ii JM aban tavlaa <h ihipinf U ni|iiin4 
mac. Sw«f«ai. MKkbaln— loipruinainu to ih* ctnairamra oTinticlIha te 

r^odnnxad unan 
Ui J. Itokatj, Dlrialiiflws— tnpnniBaai lu nuiian. lapoMrliai^ udolbxpuU 

af aaAfUii* M>4 pa^wob 
IM. O. F. Ai TWiBia^ l'(ldi7'«lr<iM~lDipi<iT<4uiQU la th* onuirucalUD of utlBdai 



U*. a. II lUiteaa (ud i. Hltknaa, Blbtoa^Aa lupnnmNil Ib lb* CDMted id 
I -I*----— I Mf^ h4 boap rnie oaad ftir mUuic nmitbiUini tuba and uhir 

Ul <t LiiJiti^ Sittaa-lanHa. BaMB-huod Ilnrt KoUinfbain— Imprnirpiunita Is 

iklililM pBBO m%im oaaa. n. or air ■• lunl 
IM, B. Ji l kil m . CblbrMfrljlMT. A(ii-Km. St. PaDina-'luiin.niuuita iB lti« 

■ iipiihiMi fii mill m ifcuiiiii ni 

BL «r. Bcbarti, MlUnU— liqnnaaiil* la ananflgf lOilpi' and eUir itBlUr 
nl, iC <* WIDabanl, H. J<>kB'»BtuBd— As Impmrad nunliiif lawiubviuriDf 4ian 



n. J. 0. Uanbalt. L cwl i— ImpnrrmiaU is invpnilag lUi. bMSO, ObiM (no. ud 

■Av wgHttdf RkXQt wb rt a n aM 
BL P. ■adpvfi, VaMB-cavn, Old Rrnad-ftntt-ImiirateiocnM to (ha EOMtnwtkn 

M alrtu « Mb« aHkai ar ibutirn aad Inoaa 

MMad I'—ijiplI, 
M A. Biiyat— f iBd T. WbnMfp, (ipwbas, UiocbiMct— laiunnnBoiU In alld* 

-hn *-- -* — ni* ' -"^^ r~i — 



tU. O. BadaDB, ll§M*imu iMBiniuiH ta «oUIO| Ihb m1 Mbv MUt vUk 

■mUIi or BMalllB onoota. 
IM. &r Ti ipil. fcummttaad-AaUapntBdaiii^iia. 'CmmuloBHaU 
IM r. r. VaMM. lHK-a(n<a«i>d'-A kjAdaUMi kallon. ["— — i^rl^ 

tnnK A-Ld'AiKBMKBoiUBhMH.VMaoti 
m. C. r. Ta>t«wl. T fa »f m ail. IKaad-AB lapnfcd ^nphuMe Ibaa <■ lla««- 

bai and llj{kiar. .'Oim<B«b)atfM(MB K A. t.d'Ain.»aU«>3lliB, (Mga, PnMI 
KI. O IEik£i4n*,agdH.WlttxaMkates^lapnTaeUakiMD<>Baat<BcM 
«M. P. A. ]t nugta d* PtaWnaanaB, Sootb^Ma^ naataiT— Impmaa^a ii 
lialbabaJMaubaiMadibanWb. (CaaaOBlMllDn) 



drp^nu. and ( 



la ranabamlBT aad 



IN. i. r. PtoiMl. AlUm-plana, Urd»»**<l-lap 

Mbuliniaaa 
tia. n. r. WOma. Bamnil. YanibaH— An lain wraaaJI li lb» aauaftaB— < »Mit- 

Ugba 
III. r. A- laliiWlaC Ibaatla. ll^-lap i nwa n ala Ik <1rtt UtaffBpbJ 
nt. O. r. Wilaia. MaoM. Yauibdt— taprorcBalt In ike uaaidwMn af 

omdlM 

Oaad.KMMf*n. 
Mt; a MiuMr. Banald^ AbMib. InJasd— ImbviMMM to blawUaf or rtiiifna 

laitlwail>n«i«BMMlala>BdBaUdal<and tKBdl^pBnr 
IM. J. rinMl r lliBTrr. MmiNaii lapmnmaililiiiiiiliiknil iltlir aiBBitwi 

In (piuujit «ad diMbUki 

111. It llulBW "—■.— .-t- 

Jt». I' 

Tor .tnUhlob JtrlGA and **^*^*"t a 
ltd, J. BuTi«, J^ltda. Luie4*ur^luit*av*tt(al«lii1lfIlllnC9aftir lllaalnallon 
!«;. I) (1 r Oudui^ <Uln>ld» Brtdci, B>rrt<£. !(. B., 0. Yuoiif, Dquc. Hd 

J, timll. iJtilniiMr Urtdl*- Inrwonanu lb cnaniloinaaB 
MS. T. Ok^ Nn .itnM, Funland tan— InipnHMMnla u nallUMn IH BttkSmaV 

aad lb aiMmlua Pt adoaUu Ibi tama 
U), W.ir!UftM«a.aBaltaTOt— AnloproraDaDllBc 
no K. A. BnODU nM4H«M-A* ' 

•iMliirlat plabU. araba, lad 

•lallu Unelaraa. loBMbai wHb macblBtiT (or aanabtunpt tb« amo, i 

aiada iT iniipanlng l« sbab lauat liAmmiiiraUiiBlns J. Ou^f 
HI. A_ r. Ud*. Uatl.laua-Aubapra'nIaiiU'carUatawM 
in B. A-Biwraao, nM-Mnd—ABloprrrTadButhad 4dai*lta|i 



I (piuuiit MS ooaaubi 
B lluitfw BKukinn-IapnMaaaUbiappannalBbBappaidHMnMUtHa 
1' » ii.i>dJ. Tm himta. VnflafUe. UaaaUr— ImpnnDMM Is Btiatn«r 

r .tnUhlob dnlG^ aadllaiabiBA vaataJUvln 



wl-A* lapnnd pf«t«tlTC bmUbi er bbcU to 

Mb*r nnlabk rroluMiim. plla, Owmb, lad oitw 

iHb macblBtiT (or aanabtunpt tb« amo, aad tb* 



tiqnidi ,i>iBBiiDlestlan tna J. Baaiul 

- ' t.V«1«i.LB|BlalW«bii,anuilif, MMdlii 



UI. J 



-Inpr 



MMtailMllifar 



UI. wTOrul, Ifmliaa^tnit, Blfwan-TOid— InprnniuiMia la Ibc naudMMi*!/ 

baidb* and (un 
lU. 1. L. Kertua. taoaiti Wtrti, Bnublar. Ulddlaait— Lmrnnmnio In apBfalln 

tin. A. ilut. Illib-aml. »ialbui(iliiB--lBpnnaHla b Blpkl taapi 

HI. a. P Wibin.aabml, YaioUI-lBpnmacaU la uwUif Ivma* Mid h* 

UbapHnOcan 
»f O K. DaariBKl>KU>K>I«l*-tapnnaBitalaIt|MU|nd«M«^mb>(( 

nUvaj iWTlacBa 
IM. n. Cbiuibarlla, XaiUnrwct. N orfBlk—laiii w ^ata la patina ar »Hi1b( iba 

•artaca* ot fwK flfnc^ nr vtjrv 

fMlarf JltHvar a SB 
MO. aB-^BWDda, llOBialbid. SuuUiwb-loipniniDaia la Ilia usaOulBla «l 

OLlda <i Irard aad lu lalU 
gill. W, Uijmul. MaovhaMw— Iapni**m«ainbaUmftrno«nllR|itaaa 
mt. A. Mallni. lliruilB|han— A aa* m lapnnd oMbvl M — aBito( waton br 

lUnllarT. hap^ (haudalMi. eBfbiOM, and anlsa «nl^ cartalBlaBdfc and csnab- 

fui 
n. AampuB aad J. )UnpwB. Ogrdoa-aiiTCL Bndfonl, aad K. tuSfr. LBBboaac 
u>«t WabnAald— lupRimHBUIaappanlaa la alhntbii IB* (oUlBf » it|ili(rf 
^orao ^bAca 
M4. S. JaraodO.^nBb Il«aMU««»>-AB laprvrad hnod ar camtof ta Oa ka^ 
opablaoriidaauadalihar lapanUBna. or A) aiioMnaiUe ■lib, MbJpJat^ 
aacb «« tlaata. laaatlat npi» dwartmawa^ and oibBtaUMar pBitUI MWIaca 
till iiu, bnauB had; 
tU. C. UaBsaR. UomniUa-nad— naradacUogditfatfMB 
tU. t. R. Wi-frinM. lUabara—IupivitmiBla la Iba maaabalan «( lalla4<ibBa 

u aartaai. jOBaaiuiMkB fim X, ikjcani) 
M>. W. WdU, ttaadwalar— iBiiwnHDaBU In loooa tcr aaartu pU* MtlA|aMir 
■Ucb InpnniiMDti an ippUeabls lo l«mi tot aaariaa alb> Milca 
iiok^ AaA^np kp. 
P. E. L. d< Lar^eri^ B«e da ri(bli|*lv. IMt-lBpnmsaaM to Uh i 



S« - . 

tun of eamfsunh acaiA. and iKbat lite <vnfflii(> Kir Ibt aarb 
lt*L J. Furar. Bon. UnoaiMa— InpntnoM ia ippuuiu 
iv or pa 

of tb* haiHf 



I aad tern t 



ttt tajOiaUn lb* 



nV J. T. niiBUL OnMbanft ■»>■ I— An Im] 
lb* Inamaanlal aaala 



1TI. J.Tbm.LuDbMb-ltapfnwmMlaikaemalneMaaadaodtaf&ilafMUMri 

MaHi 
an. .<L HnUfn. OunbUl— Inptoteniau lb pafUv Oaai 
*I1. J. X. ^taoU. VfMUalaaar— An lapnaM BNfeod 1 hnUtt w iMWiilit 

am»1(* 
mi- C. UfiA Feiii'biudi anM—Aa Imimnaail la lh»Daaabiilan«rca<l>tHl 
ITL T. Kllla, Tj Mast. INioin"Ud- UlaOMVUiUi*— lapavUBtau la tb* pntMro- 

Uoa otladlimblvr aod (ntia-pwck* bf aiaMalBf ibanvlib -MUt Eaakcialt 
m. A. Wii(kl,NrvrMKMifad-Ablaiaoir*douaaftaHinafBaH 
lit. P. W. &Dpta, atnnd— n* eUBHbdWta tf a ounaU aaUl* kMa, laanl bp 

tb* Ibaaaar ' tlav OBuml*." f ^iii"»iwi*»iK.». h 
m I. HoldabBi. 0(al*> naai FWIa— iDpmbRiN)'. In ■uinuf and dr]rlB| void wid 

oOcr tbra^ part of aUcb laptPraaabB la apiilloabln ■hm aanfOliic Mpiiker 

lannba <if UolWbr atbir parpaaaa 
It«. I. ll<ildan.((. tiaula.uar IMlt~-t«uirsnB*alalot«ablacw«dkadMkarllbn* 
110. I. Uuldco. n. Da*l^ aau h(l»-lni|B*nBiaBla u pncorim aad oaMv vaal 

aad iiUui nliraa 
';>! I lli<lilTn.n. D«al>t onrlMi— lBpron»«iHIS(aiiDn(>wi|aBdoUifrfli>*a 
39;. EL Kwlib, UIU* Maii i Hai in w l. Knalaabau— ImpnnaiMuu In vindaa prioa 

iiikiTb. aurl Tblcb laid Illl imiiiiiiii Ilia «• alia appUoiUr w IM orbbiBiBltaii aiul 

pniia* 111' •nppinar^apaitntaa fbr biddloi taarf and oitMr pndik abu IuUh 

nii-lrDlMinrhiiicnraiuivudlatvladgv Uofeata 
3«l. T. AHw*. O^loo— Inprgwaaai* IB aabblnar a* «pB«i»Wa fa pulp^ioitff 
Ml. J. <>«a, Woniaj. UaeaiUr— InpintBaaaU la aa^lnor w a^ p ialM fa ifa 

WT'fnlMaafBnJdaaUlB aaosdlcvaad danndbif (ban* of alaa^ ablA aald la- 



iinmuKBiaan ajio applkakia Ut hulailDp and nUmliniiii isaaUai* 
IM. t. A- vniUatw. S^oB. WIU>— luiiKviiuKuu lu aiablnirx oi affantia fa 
pHafkUifl o( tailat ^'^ 'V aMan poai* 

SuMd Jaaaaip U. 



W. A. UtnaU HMtod plam naUoa-Makbc iMttWinl fwt 
" ~ HMalavuii 



Ut, B. AppliibT. XamwUpoB-TTDP— lapnMOaMala vuhini 

Mil. W. Uai^naaohBradhad— ]iBpiaaua*aMlUBa*Un«Tfa 

nU. half, ilU, oonae, lai, 1^ olbtt nbiw* BOlaMngai 



lapnitaaaalalB vuhing manliloai 

pwpaiint md oaaUnt 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITECT'S JOUBHAL. 



__f>. lLWi«d,a*Utanl. UMuMr-AalBnfonBMlBftdAlunrulBdMrip- 
Uou aftartluialM"«rd>''ui1 "lUefeMi" 

O. OmVv ud T. Wad, UwKftaMr. *ad T. L UnybM. iBlCxd— Ab BnponJ 
I i«nlBfprti8iM« In il« payw* rt tunutoilaa 
IN. P. lovarib. lluihmUi— Tba aiipllrsiiiia <■( > — ^— ***n. mtWtnw or timvt- 

' lit. A.T FrtWt IbnW Kwrt— liii uuMMWto lU wtiiUai nf loM hai wntlii 
■■Ann nlMank BrnpounAh uil ntdtcB 
BL W. Dnir. Sno-luu^ LgnilsD— As Inpimeuai la plntha 

J>*lal MAnunr t. 
OT- W, H. lloliltJitf «ad J. Rh CbbAf, CbflUhUu— Imp^ntTiiiDDl' ta (bo Buitf&ctun 

tf np 
Wa. C Enunli^ UnrWl— ImprDnnsBU In ablpi' mubi ■hdIiU 
m^ J. HMiTlmffl . i\Mii iTnp-TTTn-ntir tn nsaumlim Ihs anvka of fgrwa 
IDO. R. BiAitnai. Mbnl— Impnmniniit In sucUmit sr ApFUWiu for BciiiUii( 

SI. J,F. DiidatoM, tbatb-«tne(,ruutiui7— IninTinnaaUlii lunu kr aHMiui 
L B. HateBu ud i. Cular. Ibithi— tiiiinei wm iil* la ■mnlu Isr LBlndgdm 
th*iill« >lni U(4 IB «c*<lii( BniHili oifM* tA Mhtf flM fttirtA 
Ml. f. H- JohMOB, Unsdi^i-ua-BiIli— ImiBnvBainiu Is beiilim Uw Iwl-«usr of 

■MBfB-batlpni. rc^:4Ainaiimtl<T& fttfD U^an, ftaudwrim, IVillnrinr. u4 Kiobv4J 
)tl. M. A. lislrurl J. HtO'iuiiii Olwci* - Iiuiitmwixiiu ID minildiTiii ni iJi&iilai 

iMtali 
tO(. X. UinuBO, ]|ff>KMiI»-Bp«i-lyi*-Iin[iiimai*DU In itcHu-twUm 

DnM/WnHnl). 
Ht. T.O»buRi. lIuab«Mr,J. l>daB, ItadMan. u>l J, itinlik. SHIDH— loi- 
imnBula In tsvtamt iw npltllr^ tod IndloWInc (bo fmrnun of *Mun uid 

MI. T. W, Kunwr. Vint-(l*oni'»BMl— Imtmoaifit* Id Dock* ud nlm 

MM. J. HoBt. llDlinuiM. Xulini'l— Inpmi'iDniitalu tlrnnU uid >i>v1m fur lavnl 

••I 
■U. f. Ouud. Kan-anin. 6Uuil— Jiu|>niTeii»nb la MaoUttUif louUnu lud 

muu at (Up^aa U inntduiil/ 
tlO. w. Lund. riMtMnri— tiDpniTiiDiuU In iMurlif aiM aaelBliilBt bolllBt h>4 

oIlNr ibImU* rnpiMT. fwta ut vbicb iU4 appUraMo U Urn irauliic o( b>lBi wd 

olhwBBrtar'i 
UL. LlACBlat, lIvBWl'' UaaUi, CorkOaM— Inpnriai'al* lBpiirtl)1B| am, Id ob- 

Hlulat nmwuli tattti tv lb*i vorna, ud li oortUi af *■"** d>fM iituluftt 

cortBla nmouBkal and plwapbatSo inbituaaiobUiuaUcuiwlMB iii tbn paniylntf 

tU. J/TailM, UMdlHtnT-os-TfH— IrnlmfTiBHit* In Ih* (oiitum hi Uis cuj^n 
at «n« 'AtuDm. uta Mbar nvHJi prnpuiad Itam Iht Man 

1)1, J.Tnloc. Ulddlabiii'-ui-T»H-~Aoiai|i(uiaiUii(cnn* 

U*. U. wbn^ lAiune* rDUutBt|-lHn— lupnncuau It dfiUis ind |iiIdUiii tiiiUs 
Obntmil UwkL (CWnflioDintloo CmnC. IadUi. tlulbipuo. Fmiiio; 

|U. C. CwAniia. OanHAy tno-iniih.lUdilligtbia'-uu-TiMK-AiiuupromiiaBllabiW- 
laf Uul hr blaal fBnuait add capnln* 

Jit. IL UdMa UHOeld-Impiiniuaiu In Ua atiplUBIMi «( «hU bMl Kvo ndit 
vt«a 

OMajrUniaryd. 

tfljfvk <^i^ rii^ik'^iT of DaDlbiu nnlDCMn and oChor noclvw of maaor u4*r dsiUir 

dRunuUiim. 10 bn Btemaliid tm M UmIi loiplajgnk vltbiwl uMu K tDKb*Bk*I 

mllMOi 
■If. 7. BatHbn. niBlmli ilnM-icinli. rtiullai— IinpnnoniiniCi |g iho — --f— im 

tf Hfc"lfftif Ibr pulUblnj, tuflcnlf^ and prqarrljic InjU uid ibOML BfJd oUvr 

Itslbm MtlflH 
■H, O. Oaudlnr, Keiraisii •urn. Oifi>nl4(ngl— An InilloUtnt uqiai 
ni. E. U*l> kad O. Biibiu. C^iluiiudmi— tapntMHDU In piuiUni la cnloim. 

cftUad aa unirrvTTal pLuugilTabagnpfaic obraauipftplilc pneam 
9tL K lUrt, rmUud-nrH^ limpoal— InpKfnatBW In apfamiM hr nliuc aad 

Mi C. Dtltexur, Duvetie-blB'-tnpnnniM* la Ibc aitbador, or inBiBlw (<*■ 

laflpflba pAnniuirfil fTVorrtllwnn 
U>. w. ILJ<*noii.<%>inntTl*Di>-lDi|inrt«iiHOI(ln{ilan(i'fbnia. 

m, J nun<ws Vtif^^ImpninHDaUln Maaufnauii* 
na. J. u. jiibuu. lAMuiiA-iBn - - - - 



._ . , — — , , {OnaainiilcBtlnii 

1 . Xtaion. ChuKHT lUB—Aa InunmucDi m BadUaaij fn folMlnji Dtt 
n of fUk fuid ullim mtBlabfoa- iConaiDalcBliwr 



dtBilat UiiUi aiawrtak 
m. K- 11. llffilHon. Or 
tnM|ion on tiUr 



i-ltid*— tmniomnnB In ttw fr—mwil of Ou and 
(OuaiamnltaBora (Mti J. IcMnn. BrauHc 
npdi— ImpmusaH In tflactlBf gMM*] cvUTOj'aDCf or 



10. T. ^iBBUiicrs JVqnbnni Irva-wnrbi^ ftnuthamptiiD— liBpnmirDonla Id gn^jia tor 



•U. 



dlMaof Hwart aad nnasi 
r.MAraOd r. ihitULIW. BnnHlnM- 



'iBpnmBaBM b Innlllti !■«• i 



lUdanantralwIbrCHrilaf bMBiiibanlB 
V, MnUb, OuBOVT'laii*— Aa la|iiv<«auii ts cmUbi omMIUc utielga. 



Ml A. 

;l>noiDqcii<vivwj 
Ml. t; Bruil uid W. Om— ck. Cbuday. lADaadawiapmBnma In Idubu ta 



Vtfattatf 

i4. II. maltbt .'"Uml'fil — linfavtvin«i»u In Tifcjmdiliic in 
Ht. Tj* r WiTiin riiiiinnri (ini [rii|irr !■ in hiriiti inaiflii|llmiBi. {Ota- 



U4. 



iMiiltbt .^*lainr''rd — linfavtvin«i»u In Ti^jmUiliic rnvfilnrar 



nanltaWial 
nt. O. Obana, Jinw ilBm. Oav 
DMdvlBfcaia 



it^udan— PnnaUDi liintiDr CHaaUiai as Uia 



MI. T. SMI, Babda, aaw WbiUar. la 

■W, W. OtMB. rtmhreto Omtgm. C«lado»b>a-i«4 



bomU 



d. 
taipr 



DM iBpbAam 



_ . . laUaCCna— taipnninMa in 

ouuintuiunii(ocriadiialDK>«b>Uaati«t« Imlhatln bMiU,*b«^ aad oUut aiw. 

U4t lb umhlni>J or appaiiiliu far oftvdDf tba aaiaa 
fto. H. A Ui a iM M. Wii» «fi— iKpi w Baiilt la ptapfipa nr dwaiiuj l^^«»d^ anj 

•nd <Mti>r nimaa piaMlali. and It tba BacblDBj copIOTd tbanla, iiAuuntaliB- 

Un mt) K a T. ODOtallni 
111. i, (lUnr, AaMluiiHntlil, luat l>iiUad>ta<nk llMfna— InannHateU ia apnlr- 

laCKaRtKrolbnimllliUd ■iaaitrb7i>aiohIiifr7iawnBfbbiia 
■It J. M. Wonan, M<Dr4— An uapravoiami u ftaliblai a «<n*lD daaoipUiw of 

l«<Uana calUd " dlaf^ala " 
*ll n WrutH. WiHMM-la n i ii n wi m to a m patai » twplnw 
IH. T. RfMMi, WiIhU, Mafucd— bipfonaHUa tt lb* MotlracllBR «l ftocbarai 

■aaUMvaadappniduH UimHi, (Tinij a aaniiiwa toilaa) 
bu. A. Dbdt and P. A- DnaH. Paila- lk[nnii»nU la U» nunlvtm i4 



44& F. MaVB. Parift— 1nprDnm«iiifl ia prriivLiig aitd apiiZ/tac larb^ igr palnUag 

Ur. B. aaaUaadA.a*Bbl,!UdnWbaIliT,UM«aI(r-lBipnnDWWIsli»DuaDd 

in nnftai awd Itr anrlv 
lU. y. VMlia, MMiblw. aM a. Btr<^ Sw^-taiRn^MM h I 
Mtk J. A. LtoWt-IlMWMumalamarijai 



tU. r r Biilrla^ riiniinn rnw. TTaiiiiliMlif Imnmrwiiwifc !■ tii 

lOamQaalalua) 
lU. O-Oisiinv, OtDdI<ird-|dv>. Lntr If iiiilinl i liii tini iiii»ia> 

Undtod «ni* or pMola lot B1IIIU17 and tibM- paiynmi, and *bbb «M M 

an ifnUDabli. and sUI idBkU al bilBf 

UX r. Wnclai, HtMbraKT-ABlBpnr _ _. 

t6i. J. B. Jubaaoa, UaodnVian'ftardfl — ImprovflQiala ta oaU^ 

nlcaiiw tnm Jatten llnabiwi. TMii, QaMit. a>d Cta. RIM ■' 
»(. J. N. V. CbdUl. Parla-Tba apvUMlm otaortdlkivl Unt 

or aB7 oUlfr T'inflir banl latailaDBaik In vUUag 
■U. J. HbartcUaj. CUIeri-niw), Da liaBBtolt-atmi»-lm t wr» ai aB» k, 

miniifiniini nfiiiia 
m. W. UmuIa'hr%lM(l,aBdJ.Wind,ei.Fwieu.MMdlf>«-lBt>< 



ilatniirl 



bnuhs. apcdaUjappltablaWpBUtai^bnabis 
* •■---■"-- jrwa. ijjington. aad K. Omm. 

tataabaamttnan pruaiaM id puUia 



UI. 1. lijlai, rMHT^t roM. taliniton. aad K. Oam. AlardMB-unBc^ B 

Iinpfnniiifliii Gi [banaaabclafvof nDtai pruaiaM id puUia 
HS r. L. Saunas BaDal^.nod— An latpmiad iBodr at tnnl^ m 



bt» mattan, tad'ln lbs spnanKW anplond Ibanb, 
UD. T 1110*11 aad 0. IVtt, Ebb* Vds. UoDiEiMib— InpnaotwMt toll 

tun? o( ii^u 
K». K. A. Bnxaaa, nati-dnat— Ad Uupmrad noUwd li aUalulai 

{CkHDBnukMlnftwn G. Biuao) 
Hi. S^ a. Bmnpat. P£aBC-a(nia-^iapruviDn«ita in airvvtmic ib« la 

OBHalB «( aito Ud olb<T (UoUm naaK aad Id U><nBBiunr (fvoiU 

tbtfala. ^€Daniablcatl«) 
let. (I. T. iMaBald, SuiMt-plaoi, Lii<iibbcsniA«Bd. BMUn— tl 

Uorpt ads|iC>d (ur bunliif mlii nil, (UaiBionlialiini Qua U. Fi 

lex. v. lUm, l^tJi— luiimrvaiuDiiL* la utABOfKturliv Utad laArlaa 

lev W. WlUou^ rtoutlninwl, Hmbury— Ab unjirat-d canuw. vbl* 

nrolilai bsUwf . H^wiaDnMalkiB tiun K Amm. luJKmm. V. H, 
KU. f- a. l-mout, Itakfralnei, AdeM"-Iia|<niniuania In Iba 

raU*an 

naiml Fitnaryf. 
■fiO. J. Uunlirh. N4|>li: lau-An iDpniieBiaBI la IbinrmHiirf 

ll«> •ilk.vhiib !• •W.ippUisUatvtbalbnadaotolbarmnan 

muonliaiiou buu 1). Annand, Lnui 
UI J. Tajlcic, llrtuaula Wui>*.lUitBnbMd— Ln piuni i Bii W i lniM^I^ 

nHau lUhsiaDU 
m. U. Canvrlfbl, Daan Bnsilar. SbrssaUn — TiiijaiHiiimiia m IW mil 

BwteorimtU«maoMcaDaaMUB«n(tB« 
Ml a nnur, and L. WaltnaiBn. lJ»«TBal— Japw wa a ii la It 



AiBofhalagwdsfnBaBiiw, nua, palm bad, ar rtbar Uka DBlnlala 

110. t. TUabgl, OasaaCa d'AsIio, rafir-liiiimnaMUU Ui tba -^' 

andautl 

tti . J, fiBBD, Xaapil»atnA— An laiimniooiil It ofl^cnaa and olbar 
iCuDUnuakaUao t 

111. D. tatann. CaoaiTilda, hUajr-ImvumnHnia In (bs 
(r>c raliloi and ftnlBi «t •■Mi « Mbai anld, air. or taaa 

Vi, J. Uanllai. T iaali l iiiiaiiiiiicWa In ilta in^imaal «d motaUlc 
IK T. J. Tajlur, SwktirdMiMl, Unrbawnll-At Uniovnd 

lib, ft llriiTri fiiilil nhnaH'Mf Inipnnaiiiiaira Inot^ni 

lie. II, WUUa. KMUfialor^inM, OiVa-lbD^nnd, iBpnnnabUIn 

CMMfWnBiFlft 
•n, W. T. Walbv. KlaiMfur*. 9t. Inbla faiapraaunt* la apfMl 

■urka An- atbuiUug, fmiiUiii, InaoBlllbid kud ntnlatlat ilia Mw 

rtanwim Bad >BnMw ■■■ apnamiu 
tUL A. tlMkoL ainnlHjhla — Xra or iiupmnl nuchlnarjr (a ba 

liNiinDtBaut, Nab aowra, aad oUiar •imilai ururliv 
114. J. Dnrnanl. Albanjr. PlrjAdlllT-'laipnTtannDti In the manohiMf* dr 

a( brsla aud aboaa, IT enraftaga lor lb* tal, and la Uu Diai:hlwi)> n 

pJaTsd la aiicb ai a n i it a ct ara 
HO. D. B. Hota. VnabUl-nw— ImpiamMOta In apfaiBtaa Ibr 

Inc. iCamuiuiilaaHiiB) 
Wl. ». W. Onid. Oaadalk-AD IDipcand nalbod id aaibWlPi wti 

pIpMot ntaaa 
HE. J. Qraban and J. Mbopbunl, Bnmlaf, bwI T. Wmuter, 

mrnta In pnitpr Wicria tsr iri4tUif 
M8. J. M*r|>u, KidilamiiuUir— lajHorMiifDla la Ibe aiBBnbonm cd 1 

vIff Ibr bmbrrfLi and ^laraaol Umam 
m, W, K. IbilaE*. Uancbsaias— baprotnaauu lo ih* anumlktwri 

inatrrlal, aadof itaappllmUohtooArtAl^ ininuvv 
tU. A. CbambMK, Clbltfbury. aad W, ll! Cbanipinii, LTTHMd. 

mrUac nilaw tamka 
UC U. BidaD, Uancli*aUi.-lnpiamaoBlt la oaliag i»[al nib auMi 



tonpMnda 



IVu, ?rw Turk. C.S.— An ImpnTcd i>iiitii>l ••! ■ 



caadnealaf aad atiaorblijr rapoqra, fiac*. add Ibnoa^ srT«>UDE and t 

llicalaii, ■MUIIK or atapr panlctM. and muMTlai b«ai (na laif 

Hold! and puImstoDt inbalanm 
Kit, T, r. Johnwu aud J WUUuii. Lricaaltf-teyiwinaBl* In acw j 

till j>fy|«riiii; ami aad oUmi SbnHa laaiarlala 
Itg. J. J. Waiwn, M. JshnVavoaN, diT l sinaU— lapwwai B la la Ibt < 

olBalcliaa 
lUO. J. HrldDnnl. Ilni I m Inn I" 1 ■■mil till II|«B lalbil 

rloHiaand nb-haud taiiua. and bUdIb Uii< nau* (fMappUB ^ ( 

bajid tnalaa 
Ml. W. W. niobar, SU >lai|araf »M-OUI^ l>anp— UnprTmnBaiil* 1 

vltbrMblaa faaabiaoa 
W: A. Royua aud J- ICanTDn, Loarar^plaflr, llooi^dal'^^lBpr^mHarti^ 1 

t]i.jiiii*twnE lb marbinu (l4 tplDDli^; or auu1>Uuif, cvrumuatj knovnoii 
^l^^, B. A. HnuiDati. Flfrt aliwi— An ImpmnmoM It, oi Mtd H Ia 1^ ' 

KnaiBw. lUuuSaHlcBlioa Irsu J. B, Loucai 
»«. T. Ilnwird, Klna aad Qnsaa Inn WOIi^ BolbdtbUba ■Imp 

(nailnicUai otcntM abaAaaratlaa 
191. H, Haild aad A. Uoald. tebda WhiD^, la>Mal«i^-top 

and pklBrobadB aautowad la vaaalM 
111(1. II. T. BoHS BMl 0. W. 'nooaa, QTarpssI— lanntniinla IB I 

fUiort Iv ovtca. ia|a, otsUianlnsiatd WdiB«iiSlli{uda. 

l-ATt-na APFUED FOR WITU CDUFLXTE »T 

ISO. T, Klbalo«kIw«IH«iBat,IlmB."ii-li-.inar»— Aniaprota* tn«b_ 
dlDUiaW baia|ilv)>«lM»bnBk(a« (wailM. or attlda oddlH.— J«». I 



THE OIVII< ENGINEER A>'D ABCUiTECTS JQURKAL. 



St 



RIPLBTS noSPlTAU l-AKCASTEa 
<inu «■< Enfnmnt, FlaU VUL) 

Tan ttlitei U to be in t)i« stylt of lb* 1 Sth oenlorr, muJly 
dMomiDmLH) tho EarlT PoinM. TIi« plui U Knatwliat ia tiu 
form of the ktur C Le. with « side luiil tvo wto0,anilfraDUtli« 
nurth-vcaL the centre liiM of the biiiMing being thnngh tli* 
eeaire of Jolin o'OaiuiI'* To««r in Um CmJ«, — the dde batWMd 
the wing* b«iB|C IIU tMt is UiiKtki tad iidivij^dbila three •^ua) 
mce* b}- A bold nrojcctkiii in u* onitK wfcieb riaia to the hei^t 
m toar atocM* (6a fia). Th« two nde tfmieat rwo to tbe height 
of three itoriee (50 tett). In tlie woIfc 'llvuiuia of tlw lidi- b 
the priBci]NJ mtnuM. Aod MAir-ca»« iMiliu^ to the coiuniIU«« 
noco, upper lull. iaatj«ii'« room, widttng room, — and la tlu top 
•tonr it UM infinouT, uanwi' room, && At tbe h»ck wq the 
lulcnen «ffie«t, throe ■lorie* high i-iA feot). Orcr the iD&nakr7, 
in the middle of the front prujectiun. ri«e> ft dock towi.T 18 M( 
■qamre, mid 96 feet hl^, pierced with tbree (all lueet llghta on 
Mich liik. At tttc uortlk'weet a,ngh ot the tower U &d ooteconel 
tBfTM, vith«|iinlitJUr,nmoiuit«diritliO.O.nNf,cildo(I*p«ar 
uA n^Oit. The broken lice aS thi* aide of the boiii^itg by th« 
oeatre projoetiun, tlie Uiwer, nod pointed KkUea ftnd |ptuKt% rta- 
tiktiog luTTvU in the alcie tpMei^ utd the climtered chinuwy^ 
will produce & verjr (dcttmmiie elfeoL 

The two ltd* viMcea iwii Mljniiiisig wioo ar« rapectireljr 
■pproprixtad— the one to the boje uid the otber to the pila— 
having each ihoir piajr nwiai wul ^fruuiida nunpletelv Mpar»t«d 
EftMS each other b^ UiA eculre projection and Ititdiw'offlCM. 

From th' aeotr* pnf(tclioti on eMb lUe to the winge tslMd 
Mthed or doietared oorrittots, onisBuiiiicntiug with the wing* uid 
lido liiviMoun b)' brn»>l utonoetftirK. 

The wiii>ri oD each aide mv 130 feet long, each fonr itoiica high 
(C9 feet), and are terminatMl at the north-weal rxtremitiee by 
Mtiaee, one for tha adiootanutiir on the bo/e' etdf^ and the other 
for the Klioolmialna* on the girla' aide. Thee* hara each a 
■narsto tnlnutct and alair, and at the mmo titm poaaeae modea 
gfacMw to the aefaool rocTO* and durmilories in the winga. 

nia pound floor of the haj^ aide, 1)vtin«n thaadteol-iOMter'a 
houM and elaira, is appropruitol bj n covered plH Toata, open 
wched nest tb« plar gruaDil: and ftuni the wiagtotMcenirepro- 
}ectioiu ftfv ft large plunge batli, Uwt can be hnated in cold Wfather, 
a dreaeing nxxn, and wardrobe room. 

In the giilV aid<L on the Mine floor, are a waali-liouae, laundry, 
drying duaet, wai\lrobe roam, and play nxtm. Over thne apart- 
neola, bKweeu lli« oentre projection nnd winga, on aaoh aide ia a 
dining roam, CS feet loni*. B9 bet wide, and 1 4 ft. 9 in. h\A- A 
direct anaai to tJicac dining rooiaa b obtiunni from the kiichan 
ou the annia floor by a wide oMaage on each tide of aconlrftl open 
ooortj ao that at mekl tiuiea th« food can be carried into each room, 
and the uieoafla retnoved, without iuUrfering with a&yothrrpart 
of thv boilding. Overeactiof tha«oroeuui8ftik>m^tory,lntMid(<d 
to aixxmodato 30 cliildmn. 

Otvf tiM plftT rooma in th« winfpv and on the aame Icvd aa the 
dining rooBia, m a tdiMl room, each 69 feel long, SI fwt wide, 
and 14 ft. 6 in. bkh. On the oOier aide of theataiii,lneaoh wing 
and at the auda o( t1i« dining iwMi^ U a lantory, for wuhing 
eitJivr bafiire or aft«r raoala. 

Orer the acbool roomi in the two wing*, ora two atorie* of 
dMwil«riM,«nmeaiMaa tbeachoalroan>a,eaob cattnlatedtocon- 
tain 50 cbiURD, making tli*reby fnr eaeh divl^on of the building 
jwoowraodation for 130 boy* and ISO girls, or 300 alt^wrther. 
lie alaira are ao aitnated aa to gin the grcriaal bcility oraaxna 
to and fttMDthedioinff-rooaia,a3iool-roo4n*^dormiloriea^ and play 
ponnda, and ore with the corridora fire-proof. 

Anaple ueana Cor thorot^ TeutUatloD Ihronghont the whole 
lioiUing bftTebaan deriaed, and amy other rrqiurpmeiit for light, 
deaoliuea«v tMklth, and comfort to the ittmalta kiu t>oea raoat 
liberally prorided. 

The material dtoeen for the eiterior of the building la the 
biavtifa] white aandaloDe Croa tlie ftd^Ment quarrit*. The 
a|Mcea between the hewn parts ar* to Im fltleil in vlih Inaerled 
rabble. l««hnieft]ly ao termed, which hanooniaca welt with tlie 
•tole adopted. 

The ar<:h!te«t for the bniidlngia Ur J. Conningham, of Lirpr- 
|>ool. and the coDtrwctor ia Mr.OhadeaBbd«*,oif LancaMer, Tie 
Taliiiiiri'l ooet Ea nearly 16,000^. 



Ko. 177.— Vou u^Arut, 18S7. 



WOOLLAin>, WiFSffrSHIBE. 

A veiy WH— mt and aaoceaaful churcli liaa lately boeu mm- 

ftMd•( Um above plae*, &o«n the douxii of Mr. Oilbert Stott. 
t apat ia a muat paoliirenwe aae^ being liiiuite in the V'ak of 
Blackjaore, cloee to one of toe aeala of the old ThorahiU ftnitj. 
The property belong* at pi want to Uontagua WUllama, Eaq. A 
cfcwcb axbted bare aa «rlj aa aj>. M3, aad waa given by King 
AtfaeblHi to the Abbey of Middletom or Hilton Abbaa. Ueado* 
of thia draidi or ehapd i* made In the old " I>oainadny" boolL 

The church of the mitUle aM waa taken down and nbuJlt 
ia 1743, a liula further weaU The anoiaat cbiiroh had oerlaiah 
a nave, ohaiMv), and alMe, nml ^bably a tower. The one whlA 
aaomoilAi via eridenlly a very iuforior wi>rh; H eooaiateil merrlr 
of nave and chanoel, and hoii iiateod of a tower a anull belt 
tnrrct of wood. 

ThediuitthJwtfiaWied parUkaa mora oT the origiaal ^pe; it 
eoaeieta of aave^ ehangal, aoutb aialo, poreh, and a ramarkablj 
Sae atone hell-tumt. The chaneu la fiaiihed with aa oob- 
augular end Canning an apao, which ia fkiitlier diMiagniahed ia 
the akape of ita roof. Tina part of the bultdiug Ea eooiporatively 
plain externally, and is light«il in the ihraa Gaora of the aaae t^ 
aiogle-light wlndoiri only, wbieli are, howoTer, trefolled la the 
heMa. Baeidae thaec, the chnood baa on the north tide two 
two-light windDwa, and on the oppoaite aide two otbef^ which 
do u'^t puKiaely oorreapood, owing to the aeoweaiy imgolarity 
of the pUa. A 11 theae wiadow* ar*^ interaially, peculiarly rieh, 
In arch nMuldinsaeapecially, which apring from pMi«b(<d Piirbedc 
marble ahaAa. Tho whole of the chnuoel ia raulled with chalk 
Tftalting, on Bath-atone moulded rlbe, having elahoiftte canad 
boaaeaatthfliaterwectiatia. TbeHgroia-ribariae from red marble 
(J>evua»hlre) oolnmaa, which paaa down betwera the windowi 
aad In the angles, and have ioliated cajM of Bath atooe. The 
floor b laid with Uinton'a tiles, having omaUDiilal bordcn 
of other colovia. Th« chanoel aroh ii of twir urdeie, the oentre 
one bong oarriad bf marble oolnauieor DerbnluR encrinitiaal 
marble, the two tUe oaee by Furback aiarUe poUahed ahaftA 
The caps of all are fully carved. Tlie atepa both to and wUhIn 
the chancel are of poliahod Krntoa aloac. The Bttiaga lu tlie 
aare are low and open, but aiibatantial looking The aaau theu- 
aalvea arc liroed, and the back slope* atigbtlvi tlioeo ia the aiale 
an mortable. but atmllar iu deaign U) tlie lAbent The etiiU are 
moulded, and the material throughout it wninaeot. The fltoiiug 
of tha diiirdi geaer^ ie of Uiaioo'e tilea, diipoenl iu red 
and hiach patteroa- Tie palpit it of Uaeu atone, ocUgoaal ia 
ahap*^ eulend bva paaMge in the wall beluad: it haa also a 
Mode book-boaro, wbieli ia aupperted by folti^ of the " Firnvli * 
medinsval character; d'jwn the an^oa of the pulpit and under 
the capping mould are carroJ row« of the ball-Bower otnamaal, 
ami the iotermeHialc paaola hare cirulae eoaiaiuii^ dsliuatety 
oarvoil boupa of iViweim in qoatrefodU. Bebw the capping M 
cftTvcd a aui table imcription. 

The >M>uth aide ia divided from tlie nave by two archoa: the 
oentiul pillar ia a aiuglo one, of Derbyshire ui.ti-Me, aii>l ha* a 
Urge capital c\n-«d with "atalk" fouan. The bell-lumit ia 
carried partly by llii.- weat wall of the euurch, aad pArtl}' by aa 
arah croaaing ueor tlie weet end, and amu>|^ for the piupoee; 
the qwce between tlie two bdag gntned iu aioaa. Tlie oumpo- 
aitioD of this end liaa^ iDtarnaJly, an eacellaat eflisel, to vhich 
the pr<>porti<>iiB of the anbalanliij- looking weet window t44 not 
a littlft The nave ia lighted mainly by threc^light windowi^ 
which am lUIcd uitli omameittal gtaea by WailiM, of Ncwmatlo. 
The aiale biu, no Uie aottlh aide, a wiaikw, breNkiitf, duntwr- 
foihtoo, into the lean-to roof behind. TbenMaof botli ii.ivi; and 
aisle are o|i«n, aad plaatored between the niilen. Tk4> oriijiiuil 
" rerpeBdicalar" font ia rrfauued, but placed on a nen- pTiiitli 
and atepa. One old brae* iikewiee ia preterved and nfiied (dale 
1616); aa also some ancient claaalc mouumeuia. The tunvt 
before reforrad to^ riaas externally siiuare at flrelt but It ia imme- 
diately oonvertod into aa octagon, baring bullreaaee to lill out 
the aidpB which croaa the angtea- There i| a ainglr light Into lbs 
bell door on tacli of the canlinal fiuoa, tlie jftroba o< wbi^ an 
boMl* naulded aad abftfteil. Above Ibe curuice rieaa tlie tnfty 
la|>enug tpira, also of atonu, ornamented al various M^ea of tlie 
htiglit by banda of atnte wnrk. The whole is aiiraiouulcd by a 
crow of wrouj;ht-irun, painted and g^l, beftrinc on Iu top 
a revival of the ancient uut peonllar to thia cliurch— a fn^ 

The general walling mMerfal Is (tone fix-iu the loenlity, vis. — 
Haaalbnry Briaat, aad HamhJIl, with Caeu or Baih atoue fur 

11 



98 



THE CIVa ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



the ddfcKU e&Tiolinionta tud ewitig. Hu latter, wbicb it 
thnnghoiit ricfllvut, wu done bj Mr. ^inDer, of WntniiiBtcf- 
rotiL The ptnni war* canHfd oitt under conuct, hj Mr. A- U. 
Orm, of BUndfon), who bu mo** er«<llub]j pnlonatd hU 
tuk: nor miHi the anwc*ried Ubotin ut tb« cl«rk of llie vorlu, 
Mr. J. T. IrriiMv be pwaed over oiinotiaecL 

AllogethM- Ibixiimh it, in ita WET, ■ gem of ul, re&ecHng the 
Ui^eM pntM on nil eonoened in i'u enetioo. In the ohnrah- 
7»rd ta one o( pmbMj, the Wgeet yav-trfea ia BagUod. 




ACOUSTICS, IN BBLATEOS TO THE FORMS AND 
MATERIALS OP BUILI>ING& 

It appran i/> be &a &olciiowl«vlKal &et, that it u Impoeslble, 
whcQ a boililiiig te in coum* of erection, to foresee whether the 
ftaiMTlag e&ct of ra^Mtiarallan oif waod will exist in it or not; 
and It Metma to be Kltnoet u nneertklu wbeilier thnt defect can 
be remedied wben it does ciiat In the hope of drkwiag Atten- 
tion to the anl^ect, with « view topreseiit dau for eome prartiogj 
infertocee, we have eoUeeted nun particuliin m mw he iieentl 
for tbe pnjrpoM, tod th«a|Moiu of iudi ecicuUSc writcn u hnre 
trtat»l oil tlie jtenenJ qtieatlou. 

SirJ»)uillrrs«lieletktcaUiat "thereflccti'macFfeoiiod in anadl 
biillt]iii|{* &re liisardatUieiMnetiBieMtheorinnaleoaDijjbeaMiie 
M »>uiid tntvel* at the nie of nbont ll2A%ettn a second of 
time, the eebo eannot Beiullj bare eo fiu- to travel m to be heard 
•epanlelj." The ti»e inloreening bi>tw«eu the nrimitiva aotind 
and lu echo baa aomrtimee been employed iu •Ictennining t^e 
dUbuioe fi-OTii the ipsvVor to the reflecting object, allowUig S71 
feet for nch btertaediito ecooud of time; but, like all metbode 
depending nior'oiiiii'liviilualJudgineBtthanmeehftiiica] niraeaie- 
ment, iLia pmc«« mu«c be Aable to CMiiliierable im^&ritlM. 
When eeverat objecta reflect eoun't, tlie uiiitiber of eeboea L* 
greAtly multiplied, not only from the priranry eehoeeof each, hut 
nleo from secondary and tettiaTT ecboea^ by eecond and third 
reSeetiooi of retomlBg vaTetagauaM the rererberKtoe^obataelea. 
Saeli re^ecbo ooneiica of only ^rtlona or frvttn of the praeeiling; 
tiieir Inteueitiee tborvfore dimiiiinh, Kiid they gnduaUj die away 
Upon the ear, in the auiie manner tliat object* become obecare, 
Md bjiepiM imperocpUhlp, in eonseqneuce of the diminution 
of light wGco we look between two oppoeite and parallel plaiie 
Dimre. 

A* inataneee of the distanee at whiob founds «nn be pRrceivod, 
take the folUiwinK;— The watchword of the night, pven by a 
aentluel M th« lalrol ou the ramparta at Now GiLrallar, hiu lieen 
bean) dialinotly, on a ititl, eerene niflhl, and the water being 
perftctly cabs, at Old Gibr .cnr, a diitoiice of about ten mile* 
nd a-halC The report of Uie guue at Edinboiyh Caetl* i« afu>a 
dbtliunifahed twenty mOes ofi; while the nolae oooatioaed bv the 
lUla of NUgata U mid to be (ometimai h(!Ill^] at Hie diatancu uf 
twnutr milM. An e4Te«t of rapidly rvficatcd rcliueit uiay be per- 
ceived in the ppolonffed tiwul and ringing wunda which we tienr 
when walkinji in itiMunu throucli lou; Ipdleriea, dciiiti^ra, and 
other narrow puanKa with pendlel aidea, partioularlv when the 
ftir ie ooufiBeu; but hanKiiigi ui'l cerpociDga, yielaing to the 
iuftoeace of the eonoroua vavei, or itilliiig ihem by a multitude 
of interior redcctlona, (aether with open windowa or much fur- 
niture, diminiih theee eflteta to a great degree. 

" The meet (avountlilo pc«iiioa for th« ptodnetion of a diitinot 
•oho from plane eurficue U, wbnn the auditor ie pla^ between 
two *ucb, exactly luidwiy. In thii poeition the eouuda reverbe- 
ralod froin both will reucfa him at the laino iotaot, and reinforce 
•aek other. If nearer to one aur&oe thin anothrr, the nno will 
xmA hiln eooner thati the other, auil Ihu echo will be doubli* and 
•OOAiaed.** Thia,liowever,«uppo«eii the auditor to be aolW from 
the relbetli^ euTftoee aa to prevent the echo from being heard at 
tiie aama time aa the original aouod. 

FWim tbeee &cta we may foriu aumc eonjvcturc na to the CtHM 
of itreguUr whoee. If (he reiiiiliu-ecLrin arise from thercflectioD 
ef Um aoiUKl no quickly ai to V litar>l at the same time u the 
OTtginal Bound, th« irreKolar ocbona would amm to be a rcaolt 
of the refleetieiu harm); taken ■ longer oout>e tbrousliout the 
bniMinf, for, at therateal whiuli ■oondtrareb.itmuitbea very 
large buitdtag in which the dinet reverberation from any part 
«Ba Btrike the ear eo aa to be perceived aAer the original tonad. 
lu larjp bulldiags, each aa eatbedrals, the tegular echo can be 



' HhkUI, ■ tngOM do BmoA.' 



• nM. 



beard after the principal aonad liaa oeaeed; " aod it i* owiiw w 
this that oar cathedral eerrke J* mul in a eiHUilBad luUntB 
tone: and a good reader will time his aylUhlee, If m«tUev ■» M 
to make one hi) in with the echo of the hwt, which will thtie be 
merged In the louder souDd, and produce leea eeolWon In hii 
dellvei7."t 

Among other Impedimenta to good hearing may be tncntiooed 
deep reoeaaeK, open win<lowe, hanginn or cai^peting, ai>d BQiinw* 
roue audience in woollen clothing, 'flieeeareto aouad wbalblBclE 
•pacea Ib an aparliiiput would be to tight; th«v return back none^ 
or nest to none, '•( whAt tMt on them. Their fault is, noteo 
■anh that they rrfl^ct it im^nlnrly. oa that they do not rrfleettt 
at atL Vet there is nn doiiht that the advantage to be derlTcd 
fiom tchot<i Sa strenftthcning the or^j^nol eounda bat been <r*i^ 
rated. It \» ill reality m-:at desirable thnttbe refleetJOina of aomd 
alinll tak<i a> «hort a coiirm napoealble, ao that there may ti#MO 
ehanee of an irregular echo. Tne Hall of the Repr tem iiativee at 
Washington, U.&, appear* to be very well adapt«l for the 
object. The ontline of the phw is a semicircle of 99 feet ehord, 
elongated In Ite diameter lioe by a panllelagram 73 feet long bf 
3i foot tride. The height lo the'top of the entablatntv blocking u 
UfMt,and to the apes of the domed tetll&g A7feet. llie ovwb 
of this dome is pierced by a circular aperture, terminating ia a 
lantern, whii'h admits an abundance of 1i^hi> serving at ibetaON 
time to ventilate the ruom, white not mNlvrially interfering with 
the enrrrntit of roiukI, Some alteration! which have been nadt 
aince the building wna firtt erected have considerably impcovad 
lu general adaptation to the nurnoses for which it was deeiinieA 
Tlie deddiog on a semieircnlar form in the plan of this hall, by 
the arclifteet, iveulted trom a conviction of ita being the Mtt 
enitn! f«r iin ptirpoeee. Before the alteratlcna were made, th* 
mombers sp'ke/nini the cdrclo, and nonsequeiitly fethe diameter 
or straight tine; honoe on indistinccneas of voice, even nnder the 
moat improveil ibrni, but more esjiecially when subject to the 
fVetted aurface which the mc^m prevJoii«lv poMemnl. On almilw 
principlcH, the Hall of (he French Clinmfer of Depntles Imb been 
oonstrueteil; this, too, lammnountrd bv a very flatdome— «plaa 
unauimoualy recommended by a committM> composed of the mMt 
celebrat<.-<l architecta of France. It is eniil to be one of the fineit 
rooms, fur epeuking and hearing now existing, ^le walla an 
perfectly oMa, and the tribune, Grom whence the manbenBddreat 
the chamber, in along the lino of the diameter. cwMpgnently It 
the ciirle, and thua ennh auditor gains the fdl force of the wonb 
that are uttered. The ancient liuiiica form of plan haa iia 
admlreta, but more on the score of admitting or oonvenicnt 
armngomenta than ou acoustic principles. The niuroliaa bnlli hj 
Sir Chriatopher Wren axe generally s» planne-l St. Jame^ 
Weetminster, pleased him better than any or his otbor ehurtlMi^ 
and Ite has oarefully described thoschemeon which itaproportinia 
were act out. The breadth in hnil the sum ofits height ana Iwglh, 
it* height half Ila length, and ite braudth the ataquialtw* or la 
height; the nombert are 84 bet, 63 ftet, and 49 feet reepectlTCly. 
The church is divided ttanavcrsoly into three unequal parla, Wa 
range of aU columns each ride tit the nnve, forming aisles which 
are each one'tiftb of the whole braadtb; the reoMlning ihtee- 
flltlis being given to the part of the nave. The m>f ia carried 
upon these ^umns. Sir (Tliriiitophoradds; " I can hardly thiak 
it iioBiiblc to mAke a single room so capnriotii, with pews and 
galleries, u to hold above ^OUU pcriHins, ntid oil to hear the service, 
and botli to hear distinctly and to see the preaclier,* Concerning 
the place for a pulpit he aaya, — that " a uiodcnite voice mav be 
boiuti SO fset diatant from the pmiebor; 30 feet on each aide ef 
him, and SO feet behind him" — provided the prannnciatioB be 
distinct and even. The eipcriraenia tried by Sir. Wyait proved 
that the teach of the voice, wheu mulemtely exerted, waa in the 
proportion of about two-ninthx further in a direct fWnt llnethaa 
latetnlly; and that being distinctly audible on nch aide of thi 
epeaker, at a distance of T.'> feet,' it will ben* phunly beard at a 
dWaooeof 9S fuet in front of him, decliuiug in power bchiud bin 
to aa not lo he hpord at much more than 30 feet. 

Among theimportant building* moentlyerectedlothiacoBnlrv, 
in which wo mny siippoen ibnt theacienoA of acouatica wm dtll^ 
conaidercd in their oonatruction, mav be mentioned the Town 
Halle at Birmingbam and Uverpuol; Exeter Uoll, Londoa 
fetpeclallv aince ita eeUing waa altetvd by Mr. DaukeeJ; the Free 
Trade IIaII at Monoheater; St. Martin's Hnll, London; and tb* 
new Mnne Hall* at Birmingham and Rnidfnrd. The St. JunoA 
Hall, Piocadilly, now in eoarscof erection nndor Mr. Owen Jonaa 
and of which on interior view appeared in the late Architeetuitl 




TU£ CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCIUXECTS JOURNAL. 



89 



&UUUoa. !■ to b* uf IB oUow wtbraJcMi form, with a mou- 
(faMlw wUl^ ^Vi'y cariebwL bat with lurikeo nrnuucul onl^. 
Bow ttr tfcli KmnnfDctit wiU bo aflMted bj RrerberalioiM or 
«ibM> will b« (aatpd in » ■b«rt pcnod, m Ui« buUditig if now 
>■ Ml Willi mi mniplMian. 

It b b^ bu^ umI mootb mt&cm of plMtar Md wood, UiAt 
ln>inUrMliM*u«iiiMtlilnl)r tob* pcwniMd; (oTMioundBiuat 
hiijliiHi a^B tbtn U wvifT eouMivkble uvdo, wb«tker pro- 
— Il^ difwit or nttected fmn olher p«rU of Uio buiUIiiK, «> It 
^htairain iwllMtei) at Ui« oppu«w aagle WUMparpMwicakr, 
MTBved acmm tliebuUdlng. Such Urga ud Miootb aurfiMM 
I iw iiiMWTeiMvMM of tbia kind in u* roocna of dw«ltin| 
, bal Ib h<iiMiin» eoatuMiug ona vast ana, tbo aouod ba* 
I anwa to u»Tel abavL Agua. rou^caed auriaoea, if 
( UM aoand in ererjr dirsotlctii u aeA. Ibajr do the aaiiM, 
naoh «MU*r dcgna. Hum^ Uianfbra, pcawat Um 
I of ahorfaaiDg lh« oouna of aonada bjr ndwUng them in all 
looa, ItimUmI nrimmaiiiawlj arrnaa to aomootfaw [«rt of a 
itoir. wberr \hrr majr be IiuikiI into a new eouraa. Clotbea 
ijrkiod, (■nccUUv woollen ones, an hu beta obarrvcd, an 
ij HMludioiitl, and iha aame ranuik appltM to tba 
anJ Amltara of a publio buUdbg. 
~ aa boan tlKiiigfat nQfAToimble to aoimd, fnoo tba affiKto 
tapoaauunouiiutnUDeiiU, which acv friBqaauU; ■pviled 
taMUalioB. 

~~ » aoBoniM, and ptnduoea t, hanh, dlaa ^r aiabb tooa, 
fshte to ths traDantiauon of aonnd; and Molt powwawi 
lUu iwopMtJDi wb«D uaad by itoolf. 

Wf4 ia woti koovD to ba both aoiKifviiH and vibntive. Of all 
■al<iiiaU it prodooM the Moal agneable mhI ndodiotta too^— a 
mtUty owing, jwiacipallx, to ita olutioitjr. For thit rNMOU it 
H anitabto fair liaiug tb« wallH of biiililiog* uard for tb« purpoao* 
«#pabUoapaakiBg. It will b« fi>uiid not to absorb ao much a* 
■MM naMmU, or to eoadiMt ao ninck aa olbon, wliile the liltlo 
taoBBiioe it ocoaNDo* will be fooml mtlieraffrtoftble than iujurioua. 
Othrr anbaUnoea nigbt be BBui&entad, but we have proforrwl 
flmfiniiig ounalvea to taoaa moat in commcio uaa, ap aa to raodcr 
ear ofaanrrattOBa aa •ogpaltva aad pnwtiiMl aa poaiible. Tba 
■llijirt i* out aa jM wmpiuMiTelj unosplared. 




IHPROVKD PILE-DRTVINO MAC7HTNE. 

A p*pv *>* \aXe\j read at tbo luatilucioo of Slcchnnival En- 
an, oti u> Inipruved Pile-<lrivbg Maohiue, tbe joint ioren- 
1 uf Mr- Michael Scott, of LondoD, and Hr. Audrew Ri>bert- 
Bljrtli. Tlie pnf/w eoDaidared theoKtleally the ralallve 
_ igi of a groat iiiinib«r orccmparalivolr ll^ht blowa or ofa 
%«vrr« blows for liiiviog fUe^ and it wa« loand to be deair- 
aUe to hAve aa baary a nun na powible, with the greatect avail- 
kble he^t of Ul thai waa conpa^ble wiUi the atrragtb of the 
pUea, The iniprorad |>!]»drlvlag machi&e ia eonitractod on thia 
MiDclple, the weight of the nun boiog a ton and a bntf, with a 
Ul iocreaaing aa the pile U driven, the &1I beinR a smalt amoont 
at the ooBDieiioemeat, wbil«t at the later blowa it omouDta to 
twelre or foartoan feci. Two nuna are ralaod by a portable ei^tne 
'' ' a gohl**! whloh are nadily ai^iutod to any i«t]ii]r«d looll- 
thr aoictiit, toDothor with the gaidea, ia airrinl on a plat- 
_, high tamagh to be alw»yii above lugh water; lbs platform 
_,j oB a lower framework, nualiig OB A tomporvy railway Uid 
. the ground for diangiiig the poaitloa of tba mm-hine. The 
windiug app&ratu* for rAJon^ the niniii is sn arran;;;ivl lliat tlie 
RDo Twiasa them alternAlcly, tbe workiut; being cbniijjpd by a 
f'«etiiigapparaiua, without eilbor Rtopping or revetving the 
Sp ue. The eofiue can aoeonlbgly be worked eootiiiuouBly, and 
\ unpurtjuit aaring of time bi thereby eflMtod la driving the 
leak lu oouetiiMBoa of tlia diiuinishod nimbar nf blowa r«- 
''qitUwd for driving aach pile, on acoouul of the grauer foroo of 
neh blow, the head* of the pile* am not found to heat all injured 
In drivinit- 

Tl»e maehine it bring rmployed at tbo preaent timo to drive 
the piles ('It the ouUaUvolJou of a wharf or aiiuay on the river 
BIyth, la North nmbctland, above the untnuico to the propiiasd 
arw dooka at ihr mouth of that river. The ground is prioetpally 
BUil, and the nwin piles are driven to a depth of U| liwt into 
the groand -, the aane an^Bt alto drivn an inner row of alay 
^lea wlthoal ebange of poaitluu, luul the oiachine haa boou found 
IB (urforiB tha work with rapidity and piwonon. 




NEW STREETS PROPOSED BY THE METBOPOUTAM 
BOABD OF ffOBKa 

At a reetBl Baelinc of the Boyal Inatitate of Britl*h Anbl- 
toola, Ur. DoBaUioa gave a deaniptioa of tba stnatawopoaad to 
be forwed by tbe MetrmnUtBU Baud of Worfa. Ha obaervod 
thai aa the aKontiou of PattbuBaat would nco ba called to theae 
projecia, b« iboiH^l it Bight ba ialanatiag to the OMBbera to ba 
Baada aounaintod with then, and he waa happy to be abia to 
•abmit tbe engraved pbuia, whldi had aome Unw alnoo bam 
kindlv preacatcd to tbe iuMilule by Mr. AUrrBble. The flnt 
and aBorteat of tba new lines was tha ooa oa tbe Hiddleaax aida 
of the Thanti^ lla pufMae beinM to oonaoet Ki^'atraat, Ooveot- 
gitnlcn, with liolcaeiaf square. It had been long felt, that that* 
was n»t aofficiut aooeaa to Cavenl-|anlen-aiarlt<i aad DfVTj- 
laiic ThMUe bom the Weat-eui aiuTthat much ooBfUrioB waa 
produoed br the grast trafia lu that Balgkbomheod, a^wdaQr 
during tha DutinasBof the markat in tba awning, and at nigh% 
when tha ibaabaa van o^n; it waa alao ooonikrad vw^ necaa- 
•ary to form tba eoauauBiaation eo aa to oontinua Cranboum- 
atiaet to the Strvod, and alao to ralieva St. Haitln'a-hna of tha 
tiaSo between Tuttonham.Murt'Twd and tha northan parts of 
Loodoa with tba Btnnd; ami aocordingly it bad bean propoeeil 
aooia yeara wo by Mr. riniDctboruo, under the direction of tha 
CoBinuMion br Metropolia ImprorameoteL that a new alraat 
ahould be node in an oblique dtreotloii iron the aaat^OBd of 
Cranbonni.«trM<, at ita juncture witli Ijong'SHrro and St. HartinV 
lane, to U» Weat end of KiogsEreei;— « Hop whteb appearod the 
more elEgible now that the (ost end of Lraoester-aquare hod been 
opened by the enlargeiBrat of Ciaubonrti-atreet. Ou tbe othar 
hatuL it had beeo st^oMed, that the llBa of St. MartinVpasai^ 
and New-atr««t wovld ba more dealTahla, and mon dinecli but 
by adopting that llaa, It would intarfbn with a much loo^ lino 
of hnnnD iirn|iorty, and involve the neoeMily of widening aa 
nubliahctl tliarougbfiu« with a partioulor etaaa of boainaa 
(wlit(?b would Incur an eoonnooa axpaiHe), aod wnald luA pro- 
vide for the north truffle: anil tha plan of Mr. Pennethonie, 
altliough It waa a tnoro abropt detour than ooOld be desbad, 
wiMtId M ffrncuJly admitted to meet, to a gnal denw, Iha dU- 
oultiea of uie nas. Tbe Duke uf Bedfonl bad edbnd to «oa- 
tributo *om« 19,0001. towards it; and tbe plan waa aaaottonad by 
tbegovemiaRiiooaualatloaera. Bat wbtni tbe saw HaOopolitaB 
Bill wiM iKts^l, and tlia Ceatnl BoanI waa (-riianised, all former 
proo(^iiigi< were siiimaodcd, and Hr. Mnrrable waa orderad W 
make a fradi aurvoy and esiiinatA- Hr. MarraUe, however, 
after doe oMiaideratiou, arrived at tha same conolnaioo as Mr. 
I^aethorue, with ngani to Uie roato; and hi* astimata of tbt 
ooat of the new tliwt wna, tar purchsa* of property aBd coal of 
aewor !)I,H3U^, to be rcaliiwd hv sale of grtiaBd rente and old 
matoi-iols 4«,800f., leaving ibe aciual oost 48,0301. 

Mr. DooaUlaoa next odrartad to tbe tnportaBD* of a dinct 
ooRunuuicativu from the weaUrB parte of London to tbo Borough, 
t1i« railway tamiiai at Lmiduci.bndg^ Ac, ia order to avoid Uw 
difficalties of tha rout* through the dty. He ealled atUotioB to 
tbo bet. that tbe exiting line ou the other alda of iha rivar ef 
the York-road and Stamford^tnat eonatituUd tbe gnaler por- 
tion of the ootuiua&leatiun bow pK>jeot«il by the Uctropouiaii 
Boanli and that a continuation of the latter strcei eaelwatdi to 
the Borough would complete tbe line. One project w eAot tUa 
Ultrr aeclioo betwoFO Blackfrior* and Loudon faridj(ea waa alOQg 
tbe south bonk of the liver; but uiy line of this kind muat pa« 
allbar nuder or over South wark .bridge-road, which wooM be 
very objoetionnble; and, in Mlditiou, St. Saviuur's Cbnrch odkn 
a great obstaelo: for the church itoelf would be more loot to aight 
tlun at pniveat, or moot be entirely pulled down. But a pro- 

gaed Use mora auoihward would alao mtorfera direetiy with tbe 
irongh-nurkct, Maaara. Bardav'a tiremiaaa, and other properly, 
which BO man ia bia aooaca would Uiink of UneUag for audi a 
piirpoae. Mr. Danaldwmnextdatcribrd Ibcline pnpoaad b* lb* 
Buant of Worker which oammeDoed at a point north of tha Town 
Uall, SiKiiliwark, and tormlnate<d oppoaita tbe «ul eiul of Slam ■ 
fi)tx|.eirv«. Thia line waa noc taa arMy curved, in order to avoid, 
whiUi cloidy iofiin/iDa u|>ou, tbo Co&tfB Alma Houia%M— w. 
Bnrvbvya' piomUca, M«r>. IVll^ Tinegar Worka^ HnptooTa 
Ahnahousea, the prsmisea and amrkot of the Hop Pbauwra' Com- 

eioy, Mcaan. Euton and Amos' Foundry. &c. Tbe eatiniatee 
r thli line wer«, ftir purchoae of property aad coit of scewr 
ClDi-l^V., to 1m rralicil by oale of gA>iuid mil, pmpei'ty r^^iald, 
and old tuaWrinla, lii^i,^i^iL, leaving the neU ouet 3£0,e;K. Bat 

14* 



100 



r 

■ tmnli this VM then vm tiretdj aboat SO^OOOL ta Um twub 
H oT tbe gnrcnuDtat. 

^1 Coatnuted with Ui« kbora plin, Kr. I>aDKldMii deacribed 

H t)i« riMile laid do>wB by Mr. Peoncthorae in IS33,bei]iK«atT»iKht 

H line froa ■ polst mv tbe Lunbedi miI« of Han^rionl-bridg;^ 

H irtiloh It U prone— d to vidm (o • curiage wst, pMnliig doM 

■ to the north tid* of Surr*}- Chapri, dir«ct to th« Town lUU 
H in tlie Borooeb. IVa linn it mm jJdo propOMd to coatiBtM 
H nafMird* to Berantubn-, and wcatwarda bjr « eomd lioe to 
H tb* 8arT«7 Ibot of WMtntuwt«r-bridue. The nMin portion of tbo 
H UiM pnmad tkroncb a *«t7 iafiniordwcrlptloii of property, — tho 
H vathnau mad* by Hr. Hunbl* b^ag, for pomhaac of property, 

■ goodwill, Mtd oMt of anrvr, n)9,liM£, to b* rwliwd by profwrty 
V aold, ground ranta, aail old nutcnaK 631,704^^ Imviny tbo 

Mtiul Mat g63,31uJ. Hr. Daaoldaon brielly referred to another 
■duimUe project by Ur. PanvMlioni*, in IMi, tor n lino dlraot 
frani WeitaamKtra--hridg« toSt. ^^itwirg^'* C1ion;li in the Besmigb, 
<M throogh BrrmonHwiy, whic^ would th'n bo oponad ip to 
maetHl tnuflio; KaaJwi toaiintheraehdmu fur wiii«>niD;; tha «uat- 
Of liao of tbe Now Cut Wid tlie nlmui beyond Sumy Cbapal 
wMtward to the Borough, &• a «heap nethod of ineeUng uia 
rcqairad objoct. Ho ooocluded by iniprMring upon tba niMtiog 
tbe mperiority of Mr PMinotharDc'a plau over tbat Abniit to be 
■ubmtlted to l^uliiuneiit, *« bmng abortor, more eeonotniol, 
ftnd k« briBginr into moro <lii«et plar and cominuuio>tion 
WMtniuler, Htiugerford, Waterloo, Bluklriara, nud London 
brtdgM. 



THE CrriL £N6INEEB AND ARCHTTECrS JOURNAL. 




EETIXWa. 



I 



Dwdibigt pf IIm I^ittturing Ctasm i» tke Mrtntpatit. By ^it^of 
OenMnl O. B. TRiMBViiuftE, Ut« Suptrriutt'udiag Engineer 
of lbs TuaJBuh, r.O.& London : Kutghl \o>l Co. IHOft 
TKird AHHual Rifort <^ Iht Dirtrtort ^ On AtMciation far Pr^ 
matiiig /■yroewwwt in 'Ac Dmllingt corf AoaiMtte CoitJitioit 
of AiricvUtiral Labourer! in Umlimd. And Sufipltmralan/ 
MfftTi, viU Tico Jiaign* /or Otltaget, ty William t'curLKa. 
ArdiiUut to tiie AMcKilatioa. Bdtnbarrii: BIocIiwwhI auii 
SoBt. ISQT. 

■-nure ii no ftauro Id tb« grMt Military acbemo now in operation 
uoreiniportiuittn it* boarinn tbnii tbe <ar« bntowfd on thedeaiga 
ttiularraiMemeDtof tb«d<r«lingHf»r ihit hnrnblirr rlafwna a mok 
•ore whlen alt gr«d«a of t be commnnity are ill t«rrart*d in promoCiog, 
bat wbleh tamla to the kociaI and monl benefit of tboae mora 
imneiliataly andar ita iitfliiMiM, btrouJ. perhaiia, \uy other 
a>e«M Uwt eould ba iloviatd. It hM i>r<«ii wnll i<n>|>utiii.l'.>d, tbat 
"tba phyaleal taOmagt at the poor nra not Ui«ir ohiirf otIW 
Th* grwt oalanKy of tho poor ia not tiieir povorty, but th* 
tcnilmey of tiiirir priTUlcna and of their aooinl mnk to dogmdo- 
tioR of miiuL Soeioqr la net oidy d!»flgiirvl Init endangered 1^ 
(bo Dorertr, ijpianuiee, and rleanf a maltitniioof lu membeni; 
and Ita seeurily mid li-ippinsu demuul uotbing lo iln]M)riouHlv 
M Hint tbtl wKtohwl inua aliiralcl \ie Dulightened and elvmtei. 
TbanototliopowOTfiil wordnof Mr. Charlea DleltaiM— "O! fnr a 
good apirit— who wnnld take tho hoiiaotopa off with a more 
potent nod bfiDii;naat hand than tbo Umo demoa hi the Ma, 
■ad ahow a Ohrirtinu people what dark ahuHa iMae fhiln Utililn 
their hotnea, to awull tbo retinue of tbe ileatmyitig anxcl na ba 
inovea fortb among Iheu; — for only one uiglil's vivvr of Uie pnle 
phantom riung front the ■aoBC of our Uw long aeKleot, and fruin 
the tbiefc and aalleo ab, wbora vieo mud fovwr propagato together, 
niaiog thetnenmdoaaioeUI retribntioni which ±n over jwurlng 
down, and evareoming thicker! Bright and bleat the loomiag 
that aboald riee oo aoeh a night: for nien,del«y«d no more by 
atumbliag bloeka of tbeir own ranking, whicli nre but ifieoka of 
(luat unoa the path between ibnin and eternity, would apply 
tbeiaaelT«a lik« errainrae of one ootninon origin, owning on* 
duty to tbe [\th«ror one tunily, and teaidiDg to one eonuaoo 
■Dd— to inaka tba worU a batter plaoe." 

The attontion of laaiad pro|irietoni haa been long called to th« 
AMeNiir for tbe impioremieat oT labonrera' dwnUioga^ and tbua 
not unftfooaiilly ha« tbe lupert of a ri]^[« bnm IboronKhly 
oMianiaitAawd by tba w«U directed eObrta of n aingle huidhird, 
Th« Omka of Bodford, the Earl of Ohkbealer, tbe Lmcya" of 
Oharleeot*, at onco apring to mtnd a« Botable •lanapleai and ao 
br hmk u a centnry ngn, Uie beneroleat John Howard eonvartad 
th* rilli^ of Cardu^ton, near Bedford, wharo be naidad, Eroin 




OB* of tho fl»oat talaenble apMs ia tba Idagdoo, into ft iwj) 
hoalthy, eoafbetabU plan, whoor iababitaata becnse pntnr- 
lionataly tfariviiy and oonttnitod. Ho reaolvod to b«^ hU woric 
at tbe trae itaTting point, by bat improving Iboir pnfrinnl aa» 
ditiou, autiptyiug theia with tb* meaaa ofeoofbrt, ifaoi ■tiarfilng 
them to tneirowa Sraaklc^ andflaatoriagMKl drtatofiinciB then 
a ralieh for aimplo doBMMie tajmriiMnB. It ia nnt reoogh to 
boild ooblagenaa wawnnid bniUDanuor buUiIm, tboogh 
few people do aa aiuah for the oottagn aa Ibey do for tlw I 
yanf. It la no uae deoaiviog oufBdrea iu ihia nuttor. If 
prietore do not t^ce at leaat an equal amount of iatMnt in 
oottBgn fto'l thxir labourer* tm tboy do in Iboii- ban* and : 

thoir ilicpp anil thrir oxen, it may reaaonably be eumolaal 

the aame danger will overtake thcau aa haa already b]aat«d aoua 
of the faireet oououiea iu Knroiie. The time will anuvdly eome 
-^t nay not be (a thla generation— but oome it will, wbao tfaoas 
rich men only iriil be aafr «bo hare oonciliatcd the pereonal 
aHeotion of thoJr dependanu and nnigbboaring poor. Nerer 
waa a more eDaaervativD truth enuneiatsd than this (tbaogb tt 
course tba nuuuior and time uf itd enaamation may vni; [ia fl^ 
priety), tlial prujttrt^ Imt U* Julit* of «mU n« iU rigUm and ^rt 
viltgm; au<l lliuro van ataroely ba one nan incnnbenb or ntera 

Etefiil than tliatofprvvidiwdwNOldwtUinnEor tbe poor who 
-e erttlad on lui rataU, It n in thia UgU that lb« matter 
ahould be viewed, nther than in a uoaetaiy point of viaWt 
riooe good oot4ag»-buildii)g auiat not ba eoipoetod to yMd. ta 
direot tULymeut, even a modeiato ratnm for th* outbty wbith a 
capitalist might, in otli«r caeea, <uqMCt. The huidad proprieter 
muat b« conWDt to look &tr bia ntnra from implored eottagea 
jnat aa be doee from improved fonn-buildinga or brB>4wuaa% 
vix:— in the general and pennamtut ainelkiratkin of hia aMM 
thereby. T^ie fact Is, lliat it ia ihia vtrj noi»>ninnne»tiaa if 
cottage- building that wnatituica tlie landed oroprietor'a gm to rt 
■afagiiard. If Rood oottngea could really bo built upatapi^teg 
prioe^ every pariah in the eonntry lliat had an aera of grooM, 
indepeuduul of the gmtt proprietor, would soon wwann vjih 
tbem. Aeaia, under auoh drcumetaucaa, thort ia a natanl oo» 
atruoliva EMriilty In man which loada over>«ae to build that ma 
aflbid it, beiiiiloi a love of the independenoe of hariug a IwiNa of 
onf'e own, and tho privilegna of a comity vote; so that then 
WDulil he almya a honi of ■mall buiMent reaily to invaat Ibrir 
cnpiUkl, if iheybare it, if not, their labour, la thta moat |>ncaiioa% 
but t«iuiptiiig, kind of properly. 

or the two public aocietica whose pHhlicaiinDa are now bcAm 
ua, one devotea lu anorgioa cntirrly t<i the n.'<.|u)rcni«utaof abo^ 
of ffl«a iuclnded in tlic nboro reniarks— theagrioultURd bboeUW, 
and proaeuU ua with ita thtnl annual Bepori of ita procaedi&p 
Their aiude uf opuratiuu in cMeutially a yrarliad OM, it belilig 
thedr plan, from Uuie lo tiiup to iReuadiaetiuus, withitiobiaetrve- 
lioou and apeeiflcalione an may be needed in illuiti-ation, aad 
reoeiring in return the opiaion* of partiaa who barocaiTied tham 
ont, which ore Again printed and ciroulatod no the n«xt ooO MJon . 
TLu*, ajitivuil'^d to ihi* report Is an«xtonaiveoorrcapoud«ae«ftna 
wbicli mtidi sHrvieeabU luformatlon la^ b« gathered, aad it U 
elated tbot " thero ia ovary taaaon M brieve, from a pntty n- 
teuaiva mIc, in EDglaad aa well aa Sootlaud, tbat the Hti>:«tplkii^ 
aaut out with meiwurcinenta laat year, bnvo b<«o tlioual.il both 
oaeAil and iosiruL-tiiu," and tbe preaeut pnuaphlet eontalnif addi- 
tional pluiis, and a table of inetruotiona, on pointa of importaao* 
tobeattuuded to In regard to th* diSisienl portiona of'^wert 
involved in cottage croetions. 

In the plana published by this Asaodation onogeneml prin'dpb 
luki been adliered to— vis : that " throe aeponto aparLuL-D 
the tuiuiiutiin accoino<btian for a labourera famUy." 

" Some of tliaee plui* nnt arrwi^l to have no beda in tbo kii 
■ml nano of Ibnn liivv mora tbau odf (eiuppliiijc one ef the (ilaii* i 
Keport, in «hldi Uien.- u nxiiu tot a ohil'l'i orili in atUitioii 
parent** beJ)i lu Muue there a a tlii^D«t uid •qAnt* oiiimm 
apartiiient, aiid in otliom one or luoniof tlie beJ-clnirt, ).f» mudo lu 
from the kiuhun or rouiu; hut in all of them thera ii aoconuaoUAliol 
tbnw bettt in Mnarato aiiartmeot*. 

'- It will abo be oliaemd that then are no bafk'doore ta any o, 
iwcliTly'* (liana Tbera )■ a nrj cenaral ounpUlol that baek'doota 
■ cold liaoH, ooit thii i< not mudi lo be woiider«d at. when tbo 
area of tli< liouie U taken into oonaidention. Whon eottaKai a 
ia foin^anJ theyaron)iiohbctt«r in that way than wbsnalat]^ 
aivplaotd (Metlter).tbeeaiatiolnoOD*<ruesicainceiBcloUietiacl 
by iheenil oi ihehoiu*: a link in tti«tcuUerT)J«odaca««yi°oc 
with the aeoeaaity for a baelk-dogr^ . 



THE CIVIL ENGINBER AITD AKCBZTECrS JOCBKAL. 



af mmbrt an»nMRl«d !■ ilia m>*htti ot 



h»l«dbaMdfrgwllwirallr*ffr<MlMtthi>r tlaa. TbahaKcoUln 

iMiDg •!() d*ap DiMa Jrj tmi aoiafarUUa, n* fln-nlaj mU 

bad-nMOM and tiu dr*-«l^ Ig^HNd) MalUr7>iiak, hkT« oaen 

( Ui* piM wiiwn M diSeraatpkrU of tbo country vllkauocaa. 

. H pat u> vitbout auj pUmtMr-irork,— « puikl of Mina 

nporti>c in baiMiafi, ramovnl, u iliaj o(l«a v*, toutj nilM 
oa uif ptantNT. Toe famwr rviulm iia uoim jwnbi, uid *iU bo 
lOBd a (KTiai oT oipvue tn tb«t« puu of th* oauntrj *h«n (roHlona 
•eaKK* 

The coDAniclkia oT diMp uid dimblo flint w>lU u Ihu 

•wribeJ :— 

" FUnt vaUi »r» fanneil b«tw*M twopluikaor frafoet, thalimebaiaf 

wral unangst the flinu in a I^uid ium. In aonia oana Ui« ImsmI 

ntaan Nlectnl. twooannoi UiJ wltb tti*a— on* ouMlda, tli4 oLhar 

ieot ihc wkll— kod tiM aeatra Sited UB wltli •null v Ainu uit liquid 

tlM Bbi« ahMlil ba miiad witli ihur^ Uin'l anal olpan gnrol. 

I m fcnasd of Mek, and lon(Uu>£n*i bwidt of hrMt an alto 

I fr«B S fcM to 9 ft. < in. apart; Umm buibi an IbtMol of 

■■of tn«ka.oB«bwdarai>dth«ollnritrmbv. WltMvbtfcln 

; bo h»l. flat bwldad iloMo miy ba oatd br tbaa* bandn.' 

U^r Tr*3i'^ilii-nr*'« «aaK]p ti « coaileuutioD of aloUMloi, ni>d 

to ahov \hM under jndidotia nutnaMeMtit, acIioniM for 

oriht the dwellio^ at the Uboimiu cumm have not only 

id •A'«ipportiii>(, but hnre prandml beiiclea » bir rat« of 

(fiir th« atpltAt «ialiarknl, And th« cubJMt in oaiutderei) on 

•IMPCW groonda, exhibiting the rMiOtx of CAloulntioua 

DqntriM on tilt* intomttij^ poiai. For tliia pur|UMo, 

Dcebmade to the "Socicl}' for Improrins theOondiiion of 

h« I«haarkig CtaMM," which hiu-II.Obot. erapToTod in hiiildioipi, 

' wlileli otM hair or morp uunaittt of fattda Mtrrowed at Ibe 

not rati- of iotorwt of the d»?, ranging fhtia 3 to ij percent 

he ojMintMna of the Motfopolitnn AMneialion imsIaokiMlywd, 

I exhibiting the oafitkl of tlie Soeictj (Hl,034£} dittrihuiml 

[ the (Sur dHfrrenl waya in which it i* eoiplored. Tbiw 

and 0guT«t form an inbtmliiiv- tiase. In tlie t-itcuiled 

arks, allatloD b made to the model loiluing^hoiuea in Geowe* 

rWrett, PatU)ool-lAiie, CfaariM-«tn>et. Albert-atrvet, and 8oba 

' ChunWn, taa total capital of which •moantii tn St.T-U/.; and 

Ifct nvarage gfm* trnl per luintani fbr 3 jt*n, to 340IK 19#. id. 

■"^"■"•"Twratfre remucprtiUuii uniniiif their appoaia to be Mibjoct 
flnotiMtkm, arlaing partlr from a diwidTanlageona loov 
mrtlj from a too ntea^re mam of bnlliling, for when 
uidifvliiahi ooinn tngMiMn-, atmojrancra wllfariee, and 
era of diaagrecfliont* am ptvportroualtj iacrMMed. 
tihor adrooate* th« appropriati'tn of the ait* of 8inith> 
be erection of lod^ng-houaM, adding that it i« nAr the 
the nwtropcili*, and that In the jiorWi of Clcrkeuwell, 

eloM by, then were^ b.r iba Uat eenm*, SI.TOA potwua tliegreat 
B^fority of whom wen wovking people with bituliea. 

"Nothr ftauSmtthlleUioUiBGaneral 1Vit'aSlca,aniplDr1ngB«T«taI 
koarirv] DM*. Tbc •frrleee of ihoae mm vo loniatiinci raiulradal «liort 
Da(l«e, aad H womM bo oMireutont If t^ llnd In a kie*lli;i fTarn «b>eh 
the; oouU tw r«dlh (nnsonvd. If niodal lu<l|ciiii;-lii>UBa wn onotwl 
id tfcal Mt|Uia«iMad, the PoM-offloo Mnanu would probabl<r ba 
aUvactod to ili^ ia taijf* auBbwe; far it may ba aattrted uriUwnl foar 
of <ontndi«lion, that wbalhrr a* tingle men or vilhfkmiEe^ tbayoould 
»oi bo ao ««a aoeainHodMed. or on larm* ao modcnca, in any other 
le^ing-heaae •haurir.' 

ThB nnia In the model hansM dMerlbad ar« coUeetvd wmU; 
wtobovt dIBcalty; arraan ocoaaianally occur, but dwUoatloiM, 
axMTit tar eaonll annant*, aeuoelj- ever. 

~|n one mm, the actual Iobmb In one year were St., out uf a tola] 
foalal rf llrtlM., wbMl ia toaredv 1 per oenL A tenant i* nry larrl; 
ejected foe aeapajwat. Hie BocletlM naerra the r^ht of duiug is 
Mr rtotouaeondM, or lb* habitual uaeef bad lw]|;uafe, if pMiMtal in 
(ethamonraiiaeoroihar bdfen. Tbeae IWeie augur Mi for the (oeoea 
el tw nndai Mfiaf -baoee exeunt. 

"Ae acperiMeat. lo far ae the peojilD an conMni«<l, haa boee 
entleelj eveMeafal. and U ie bdiend that, tor Uid Futuir, it nil) be au 
alee to tlw opitaliai. if pnfm reganl bg pud to the cipcricnuc of ilie 

KI( a ■ujyreiti'Xi nucbt be vealnnd upon to the AetocUlion* ttiitt 
Ihsu the fooueere la ihla |[0od eauae, it it, that all the iieual raeaiu 
Aeol'l be roeonod to ti>r attracting Ibe oraalnymont of capital to treeli 
■ndertalling* ander tMr laMiigeineati and ai ihi) can ner«r take plaoe 
■Mmoi the orJinan MueeMmt, it might b« imrth tbvir conriileraljoii, 
^^■htfho the l«ue of pwlW an pe ebaieav to ohieb oartain deHnite i>tca of 
^HjlHHMet could he anacbad, would not fdace thnn in a paeitlan lo otoud 



101 



Ihalr opeiaUant «oaMimUr> and. la Ue end, to aaka die whole mmfij 
reeDUBcratlve. 

" The llaelt of S per oenL peofila Aould alao be reOMred. tat ii wUI 
be tnueh tnorelraiteartelnwetoaaund tbeadranluaa aTbealUi; liunee 
(o tboonnd^ than that the orer-etrapuWu* ebouM rafuet (o >v<«ira 
More than a lanlted petora for mone* whiA aan oaly pnride a fcw 
bandfeda arith thie blcMdag. Th a available eaplnal ciait be ioenaeed, 
or the whole thing will *Cudbi« loan ladeAalle period. 

" He MBtlarT eOMIe whloh teva rMahad Aom iBpeomd llTilllnp 
fcr the tobourli^ fl i mt i ate euob a* wight T eaee n a hly bare beea a a pad A 
If jou lake man, aotBtn, aadeUUrei^ ftoua aea&oe altaephei u, boo 
owaJed aarrotiiated rooiaa, and the deprenn^ InAaeaee of tllk, and 
plaoe Ihaoi ondar eenditaeae enlirety oppoailc, improred health aod a 
Uwir nu of mortali^ will follow, ai tOtct hum oauMt It ie actor- 
dioglj band that the lohabltanta of the uev and altered led^ag-beiniw 
have beat eutrioet to a laonallty in the proeortion of only oao-haU of 
that whloh la Known to oooiir to the rvet of the population ef Loodoa. 
... ..Tuialng lo the moral tMulia whieb diauitee of t^ natiuv In 
the dweUliiKe of the people at* Mloulated to {irwleoa. there U a arido 
Ud for thought, la the tiaio of cteanlinaH, decenqy, and domeede 
ooia£3rt% how many good iafluenow may follow and lakie peeaewea of tha 
working maul fteiaed Ant in hie own aeteen, ba wfll not eady hl^Ntf 
heoooa a hatter mna. but will aoek t» elnoua and aivHUM hi* cUUeea 
In the aa«i*) ac<J*k HUf My ■-—"■■i »n' ■■■■■■-■ ■i^'i-M-'*^ fnf 
of a bighc* and mare eodorlag Intaoeat.* 



EjHimrlt* ^ BtUUing Ctnulrarthn; hfi^ a .'Ana* iff IFwUl^ 
Dntu'iagt ta a Utm tvak, StUetti /nua tU Varto if KaOami 
ArdkiUcl*. By HtMKt Larrux. VoUiom far ltU>7. LoBite : 
Fubliahed by tho Author. 

&Uny •loolteat worke hare bean piiMiahad on arebitMUan^ 
but nsoot of thaiD aro far loo Bxptcudve for the Hmlted BMoa M 
pupil* and worfcoieti. Too artietto, piolnreaqna^ and nilBat«, tbej 
may pleaae tbe eye, diffeae • laate^ but fbr all prMtinl porpoaaa 
are lualaaa. The work baftira tia ia of a differenl diaract'^'; it ia 
•aliMly pmetMal,— Plate* taken from tlia actual worting 
drawinifBuf well-known archttaete, to a aeataUtkarta unknown, 
many of the dmwinjn baing made to the lekl liaa, and otban In 
Bfoponivn lo th« tiae of tbe work, fonoing; aa ita titlo-iwM 
Inm-nu na, "aa < Mu m aaiafci* for thie prafoHiaaal nun ancl ll>e 
ope rati v«." 

The volnine befon na eonlaina SO Imperial Platea, each of 
which po*Boa*ca tta apoeial inlvreat, and it ia pabUahad at ■■»cli a 
low pnoe, via. — i». id. per mcalh, far four large plaU* — that It 
la bmaghl whhln the cota|iaa* of any (nving wnrfcmwi. Among 
the g«n*ral wMauta then an naaeaimt and olker windoiNt 
Iwy wlnitqwa, donuwr wjodowa, aabanee and Inner doota, eor- 
aiota, atair ein ni^ roob, akylighta^ e*t«a> towata, ootnmn*, balna- 
tradei^ pnlpita, aereena— and liieaa by aacfa emineot nwn aa Sir 
Cbaijea Virtj, Sir ftoben Snirka, Meaara IVnnethonie, ^nw, 
Kaowlee, Owjlt, Somen Clariia, OollLng, Abtahua, BiUing, 
Onbltt, Ac 

Tlie lint plate coiuiata of a cMMuont window aai) boshig 
■hutl«n, drawn to the mal eiKe, from Ihoae conatttietMl at Iha 
workaliopa uf tlie oelebratad firm of CuUtt and Col; every tlelaal 
i* *o cloarly ihawa, that the menat tyro can underataud theoL 
Another raoaliant axamnla of a cnaMnent window {Plal«e 7 
and B\ with ialenial and external rinTinya. U taknn from 8lr 
CliarlM Barry, and execated at Walton i&naa. The brautirttl 
proponiiiii and duiail* of tfak* window ouy aerve aa a moiM 
to the apaoulaiira builder, who ia often mnoh in want at eitcli 
a aubject. Another window, 33 (not a caaameat) ii of a diflbreot 
eharaclor, aud ie eelect«d from on* by Hr. Shaw, at Oowbridga. 
The arcbltravea are bold and eOeollvc, and havo the f*i^ntmf 
of former day*, when a mon tilling and mmple etyla wrn in vt^n, 
Tlie a^icuiid-llonr windownof iliat eleTeTly-dMlgiMd baildiag At 
tha oornor of Chmuvry-laao ami Fleet-alnct, by Ur. KnowH^ 
exhibit Bame ox<i.-lloni and novel dolula ihat deaarvu attetitire 
Btudy. Then la no buiUlng in Loudon that baa takoa hold ef 
tho popular taete ao raueh na tbla dedgn. The norel tnatmMit «( 
the a}io|h-ft«ni ; theeev^^^il delniboToonalmuthMi; tfaeaooneenfeal 
RM of v><iod foe til* onMBimtal tracory; the iron ooltuana in 
give lightuca*, and bul>l niaaoairy aoljdity, are alt wall attidi«d. 
an-1 tktam a maater-buid in oouatruetioji. The new wiii-b'wa 
(U and SO) ofch.* Clinpul at nootonHall, Cbabirv. by Mr. J, IC 
Ikillip^, nn twautifal i.<«aai|deeof akighly ornamaatiU dttra«ter, 
and exhibit the taalo and judgmant of thia eniintint aod truly 
n*efWlmtrinberoftbenrofaMian.whoae*D<elail* of Gothic Arahl- 
laetnre ' have wbdilialMd him a bme not eaaily effaewL oir bow 
and bay windows then are aevcral eHunpke: one at Fnra* HUl 



102 



THE CIVIL ENGDJEEE AND ARCHITECTS JOCHNAL. 



Lodn (M)t bj Ur. VoBDf, of imKoUr odtMgrm pten. alioiri 
maw tiwtflail/ In packing tke wcl^hta ku<l ihutiera. Auuifaur 
bovwiocfow, from k vUU of ml ui<l while briok, hy Mr. J. 
BilliDK. in full of oatful dttall, tviny mouldtoff txlnc gtvin to a 
bugu nCTilo. A bow window (PUtc W],frnoi "TIw XSlaw" at 
PuUm/ (0. UorgMif •I'cliiteet), will bo found very uacTuI for 
that form of bow tbs pLui beiox aemicircuW; the bouug-iii ot 
til* abuttara haa oacn iMcw with muati thongfat. Id Sir C^arlaa 
Ban^^ oslabraUd worii. the Vrtorm Clnbfaouae, tlia oatar 
mad uuter doon of the principal «ntnuiM an vuaUtoi •tudHa, 
tmry detail givoa to Iha real aiee. Tha innsr doon are foldiqa 
mad Buda to awrtngi thej are at Uonditiaa nMhotpwr, reUMred 
wtth bast Spanish, the upper paaeb glaiad with plata^aa. 
TIm oatar doon art of dial, also biding, with bold bolaotioa 
BMuldii^a, and pNfWNd to act back when opao, and forai tha 
aide* of the lobtf^. The anrichud dooirwaf fPlatoa 42 and 43^ to 
Uaaara. Host awl Browu'a varolioosa in Wooil-BtrMt, bj Mr. 
SeoMn Clarlia^ i* a B])«ciineu wurtLr iuiutiua. Tlw Joon an 
■nqMuUd and nui into apaoa* k(i t!ir Iheoi lu tha walla: they 
an eirmlaF-headed and of bold daaigu. Tfaa apandrsla to 
the «xl«nud alone dnaaiiigi of Ui* circnlaT'hoad are filled in 
with ndii bUage, qnarter-oolaoina are placed on the ndo* of 
Um arebilravaik and au paricfaed Dorie coroioa fprtm H altu- 

ean inpOMBg chitrai-tcr. Dotailii are alao fArai of the 
(Plata 41) with oniaiueiiUl oelliiig, tha Inner ewing 
docn, feud aone of tha intonal fittinm. Tha fnldins-doon 
to Iha Aaatnifalr Boon, Aahton Town Hall (Plate 4A). bj Mr. 
Yooag, ara bold and eflMUre. TIm exlomAl dee Una a ciroulor- 
liead and a ihall-fonued panel ov«r the door, »itrrounflwl by an 
arahtlravB, and aapportad bjr angle pllaeiera. On each aide aro 
two ourichcd tmaa*^ fixed on plain nutor pilnatan, and ■urutounted 
bj a aijDple ooraio& The iulornal fiuwa of the doora hava plain 
arcfaitnro drtaalup, with ouuaolea and dentil ooniioch The door- 
way lo tha Tower at Richmond, by Ur. H. IaxIod, oouuiQa a 
pair of boleettoo moulded folding-dooff^ with glase fjui oTarj the 
r*De»ed moulded ar«dutrav«8 giro dopih and tMldoca* to ths 
dcaign, wldch ia umled on aooonnt of the limitod width of Iho 
tower. On aaoli tide ot the door i> a paneled pilaaivr, iiupportiiiK 
K maiMva cooauU varmieiitatoJ on (he aMet, wiiiuli iiup|>c>rta a 
anull bnlnetrailei) Ixdouny to the window over. Oimiiois, both 
exUrual and Julamal, eogrraa a ooiiaiderable nuTiibtfr of the 
plaWa, aad ara oxeellont axamplea. Th« •■omiiv at Mimt aud 
Brown's wMebonee eoonata of aDricliPil projcctintt mouldinfi, 
eapport«d by ft aoiiea of nioulilod tniam; belwnu the triwea 
tn panaJ-briaad windows, wiih bnikeii temicircular euda^ 
which aheraato with blank panHa throiwhont Uie comicn: tlkla ia 
finMied with a neck moaliiiux Chat iormn n contiBUoua allL 
Plate 07 npn m aU ihe UiUI •lautilaod block -oamioe,eunnouu ted 
by a baluatnul^ at Smith auil Son's pmuiwa, •ximpr of Arundel* 
BKOet. Plata 76 ooulaiiis ihi- main lii-iickvltcd ifiruioe of Bridga- 
Unaea, Richitmnd, iui<t an enriched hall oailins in the tower. 
Plata 48 hai the priod |utl coroico and attic aloi? of " Tha Oedara," 
Putney; and I'mts 7i< showa tha enre* oomtoe of tiie red and 
whit* brick villa at Tunbridge Wetla, whemin the gutter ia cut 
out at Uie Molld m-ai« aad mwd with canwut. 

or r<Wa there an aeveral exoallant aueulman^ the furoniost 
of which we may oonridar that of Coven t-garden Tbcatre 
(Plate M\ OB aooonnt of ita having been iloetmyeil aitico thia 
dnwing «*a eonipleted. The dt«iKti ■■ by &r ltub«n Sniirkc, 
and la one of tha beet eusiplea of roob of laige apau, Ua 
bearing bring Bi feat between Ui« walla, and having formed 
withiu it liir)(« room* lluit won uaed for work*h<^T>a, which an 
aeeurrly vaipcndo] by doubin king and auoni iKxta. Tlic dimon- 
aiooia of tlie aeveml timbera wrre taken from actual Dieaaui«uent 
A abort tln*e wavious to t)ie fire, eKprcaaIr for thia work. Plate 
SI flooilaina Uie drawlaBcd' a mofnt firidge-temc<^, Itlchnioud, 
whafoiu the motuaof tha attie atory are fomicil «iUiin it ami 
over the lio^wama, and the ^rca-KUtter ia ootiatruotcd in hiick 
anit tila, and «bwxI with Portland oemenL Plate :i ban tho 
roof i>f Exeier Hall (befbre Ibe alteTatiiiu), 7A feet apiui, and Oie 
roof of WhIieliatI ClingM'l, at feet eptn. The roof of Dr. Fleuhei'a 
Chapel I.Plato ;!.')) is an exampU of a very dal roof for »o larsa a 
nan aa 73 ft. <! in.; it ia strengthened by nn nrch foimol of 
time thlefcineeia of a-inoh plnoka alteraately bolted Co^-rihcr to 



hratk Joint, and atiffeoed by croea biaoea betsMo the Inieaea^ 
Plate IB ebowe tli* ronf over the Lambetli Bntlia and Waah- 
hottMi^ on Aehpito) a»d WkJeheord'a lauioed prinriple; the apna 
ia W fU U in.. Tbe timban ara licht, but nnnamna, hAving mx 
^naana with ctoa tmaKe between each pair to atitfeu them. 



The roof to Pkrriogdon Hall (Plat* 70) haa a < t i ie «B-fii»it tfSM 
witli o))en timbera; equaia paaeia an fi>Rue>l between toe eollai^ 
and hoeiMBInl Ughia of an ottfoa form an> intiodaead in the 
centre of tha panel. T1i*m are Vightal by akylighla, fvmllel M 
tho roof, and Band over them. Tlie mof te the new Chapel (bM 
IHonuaa) in the IltKenfa-park ia a atudy of eonetnicUoa, o*ar- 
eofoiag a dtflleulty where tbe enppoeta of one end of tlie truMee 
have beao retnored. New stmo^ qneen-poet troeaee h«i« bean 
fixed doae alongmde the old king'4ruae, one on each Mm af 
tha fall length of the bearing aad the anda of all three 
tnuw* are liuug up bv croaa-heada, fixed OT«r an iron boxed 
^tder, 64 feet lous. PlNte S7 iaahammer^Mamroofof Charltoa 
new Church, by Mr. tiwilt; and Plate 03 ahowa three lOoEi tram 
Wnatleiirh ChHfvh, I*ni3whire. 

Tbe Iron Shop FrvnU (PUtos 21, £i, S3, !»), erected in 
frunt of aoRie tiouan at Maidttone, are of tuucfa intereat, 
aa iairoducitig the oae of iron ti> the otnanientatiod of Ibe 
outaide of bmldlqra. Hie *tvl« la peculiar, aomawhat orieolall 
cotumna aad entaUaturea, full of enrichmenta, cover the aw&M 
from ground almoat to rao4| aod much Ingenuity haa boea <l» 
played in eecuring the icreral l»rt» ttinither. Plate XSexUbiH 
a ayntem of lij^tJug and VBiitilnti'iu, liy Mr. WbMioonl, wbWt 
ia effected npou a good prlaelpl<-, t)ie noxioiia vnpoura being 
ouried olf throogh tabea In the o^iting. The coatroctioB of a 
"aun-lifcht burner," with the rcnliUting appatntua orer il| 
ia alao uacfid, aurieii out on the miua nriacipla. 

The eimple, yet olTccUve, screen and ataitoaae by Mr. Tbotnaa^ 
Iht Kolptor, at tbe Begeot'a Park Chapel, of which then.- an 
eerenl plate^ and the campanile lately aracted b^ Mr. Utarj 
loiton, near the bridseat Itichrn'Od, of which detoili are girao, 
nn> oomojendabla Plate i!U is dpToted to tlie tiDber acaifclding 
need by tiriasdl and PeUi in ereetiiw tlw MeJaon Moanmeati 
it ia oompoaad of whole anil half tlniMn^ of dnpla bol atroM 
conatrueaon, and anawerod ita purpcee admintUy. The polpu 
(Plate 1 1) of Mr. Arnold in given, with all ite minitte ukooMinjie 
aod enriohmente: also b r«uUng-dcsk and aeat, wall deaigned and 
worthy of imitelii'o. The white aud red brink viUa encted far 
Mr. Baevea, at Tuubridfra Weila, from the daalgn of Mr. 6. BU- 
liag^ oocnpiaa many of ute plataa, aud will be fouiid oaefnl lo the 
pupil atuaylng villa arotiilortinv. Tliere an two asotUenl axan- 

S1<a of lantern lighto and akyliKbta ; the first (Plate 13) bj 
It. Pcnoothome, ervcled over the Mueoatn of QcoJogy, Jenaysr 
atreet, an^l the skrligUl (31) over the Bteimwe of one uf thenian- 
aloaa at Albert U'ate, by the Ute ThouuM Cobilt. 

The several platen hava beau aiaeuud on aine^ with Butck 
caro, by Mr. J. R. Jobbina, and hava been solooted aud tauefuUr 
arrongwl bv Mr. II. Loxten, from drawings liberally fnrniahad 
bv many o/ our ieading architecla, who hare gcoBroiHly aided 
the auUiur, and enabled liiiu te mrry out tbe autifasaot of 
fonaing a text-book w li ioh eliidl coniain a rasi«i«T oTaeiBe of the 
beat worke of the preaont period. The work i* well got Up, haa 
an artiatiaaUy.d(ai(med froutlsp'oce, the plaice are on a al/an( 
paper, and the whole neatly buuud, in two aiwa — the real iia* 
and half aia^-the Utter having the plato* once folded, »— n^j 
the volume of mora eonveuieut aize. 



PROFESSOR FARADAY^ VIEWa HKSPECTrNO THB 
CONSERVATION OF FORCE. 
Probtwir Fttraday hiia (t eoiue time paat bc«n engaged fai la- 
VMtlgatiiig the nature and action* uf force*, nnd at the Bonl 
luatituticii, on die S7lh Fvbeoory, ho slated the reenlta of nil 
tnveetigations to an ovfrrflowinu andluncF. Prince Albert boMis 
the ohair. Tbe title (giwn tu tic pupc r lie read on tliat ootnaleB 
waa, "On the Conaervation olFcrcc," lhpmiun|iciiit towhitkall 
his iihvrvntlolM tended being that forvn in inilaUructiUc, nnd that 
like lUAltcr, it eon be neither araled nor deattoved. Thia ii not 
inclcL'd, A nrw iliscuvprT. if dlicovcry it be, lor siniilar notioM M 
Ihe imloatrui-ijbiliiy of force have been prevjoutly entettatoadi 
but tbie IB the first time thHt It hiia been nropoaiided ae a 
tcionlitlc truth, euitjiortod by w«ll.c«t>»iilrro(i indncticma froB 
ciiwrimentnl invaell^atiooa. We will on Oif preeent ooouAna 
principally confine onreelvea lo Profenor Farndav's expoaition <f 
the pnuoiple of tbe 9>uservattun of foree, aud aliall reetrrc ew 
mnarka on theaubjeot to a future opportunity: ntertly obeaeviM 
at praMini. that If the principle bo admittM aa an ealabtiaheu 
*i£entt(tc hci, it will have an uiiiveewil applicatioD teaUbnacAd 
of phUoao|>by, it will being nioUpbyaica aud phyaioatt 




THE CIVIL EKOINGEB AND ABCUITECTS JOCttNAb 



108 



I nbUowUp, bkI will opm esuwli-a fl«Ua of aoqiilry to b* 
vnAad bjrIhaMilar thunew lig-ht. 

ViwltmM IWralav aa miaM cwl by ahowiiif tluU tk* Ion* of * 
yov ta«0BtiniMl Uttr tb» aftMa It prodooM twre Kpnmtjj 
•nJwL Tliiu, for •uajda. wImd k piM* of lead <■ tuttek with* 
lunner, ths omoI U IUt*Bnl, — mviI tint Mcna to b« oil Iha 
naolL MI in iwtidiKiBg th«(. fffoet, Ui« hlow nlao mBcraUa tiMt; 
aad I* «>MBpUfy thM ■oredMrlr, Pto&min- Fkndikj afplied (Jm 
ImJ M ft pire* of pboffihmrw, wbioh wm tniited bjr tho b«»l Uiiu 
wwlaoid. How, M rtfprdi haat, the pdoieiple of WBMrvatlon 
kM bM« w«U «l»bUdMd; for it ii Mlinltt«d that but U amr 
torn Mr iMiroy^i, b«t io diAucd or abwrbod, to b« ogTWii mado 
■■■IfaM M the MBMi wbsD ftBothor oxcitinf tamm tmarUM. Tha 
lallM«to oo — ct i oB, tr BM Uie idealitr, otboftt Bud meebuwal 
tant hm boaa giMnll/ admlttod, Bad tt ui • pnnlllDK opialoa 
tkaiomr* «n(Oi» of BMlwBlad power oxtitMtU •qaiviUrntof 
kaXi 00 tW if the beat prodnetd M ta«ftmn<.1 It mil lodicato tbo 
■iifriwtl of neebftotoal pvwor oxorM. Jt, tfawobro^ tho identJtj 
of b«ftt ftttd of nwcfciftMri feree bt ■dmitted, ftmd •!« tbe ioil»- 
•trvettbiUt/ of hofti, tb* priiidpla of eMutmtioB of fonw, to far 
u Ngwda ■ooh»aic»l fomt^ wonM bo aaiablbliad. Again, m til 
tonm an wi pyoae J to ba tOMwlj Bodiftntiom of oiv anil th« 
mtatt tbo aihiiiiMaoB of tlia iDdaatmetihility of hva appear* to 
lavolta tba principls of Um oooaomtion of nil foma, whi^h it 
Wia IV o f — or Fkrada^ooMtct to pron. H«ini|{bthBVepviMyded 
to donoiuUsto tii« pnuopla ia that nuaaar, leaving th« dilB- 
oaltMa iavolred ia partioalarooBritlontlaaa of tb« aotJoa of forot 
to be aflerwviii diapoood of ; and fcr » aatiahcM«7 aolntMQ of tba 
pnUuB loa Biud andieiua that would hart Men tho dtarart 
mod* uf daiaWniL But Tnttmoi Fanbdn; prefer r^oonaidniiif 
{■ tba ftnt piece the force of graritatieo, which appeaie to ba 
laaat reoooMlahle to the oosMrvatloD of mw^ teHag tbirt if tba 
priadple emild be eetabliahed in t]i«aelluaorgnTltatio«i,itiiiiuit 
De ai oace ^liniiMd aa applicable to all otfacr foreea. Tlii wna 
a bold lurilvud e( pvwTUig tbe prinaiile eootcoded fur; and no 
«faMbt if it ooold ban baaa aooovpliahM in the oowae of a ifngle 
ji0Ha «, it wwild hara baeii tba BnetrntithctorYMHliodofeatab- 
^MMtol tfae ooaeerratian of liiroe. Tli« remilt, liovnvM', did not 
^^^^Hthaleonnaafproeteding. Honvverhigliljrwamaycaliisata 
^^^^Hnr FkiBdaya abililie* >a a iMiunr aad a> aa inreetigator 
^^^^■MUe tnllis, w« oaonot aooonl to liim tlm merltof dear * 
^^Mbptu fa bla Icotarai tboee tuatten wbidi an uot ptvriouafy 
known to liii andWnee. Aa an a«««able leeturar and earefUl 
•xparinMnter. h* iawitbont an aifuL UeexpkioawitkufleiaBt 
abameaiv and with brilliani and wdt-^on tri red illaatmtiooa, 
deiealiaH part^bnt be faiie to pmdaoo a diatinot tmpraMton ef 
Ua avUect aa a whole; and ■• tbe ratJMdb of tnanyof hia aaperi- 
WmM ia wigipUiaad, any one not aoqualnted witb the anbjaet 
maM ba eoaa J wa bly mjMified by Boet of th* praheaoi'a Ucujw^ 
■at exoqiting thoae apeeialljr intended far a jaraaiU aadianoe, 
Ha baa alan a atrou tcaden«7 to entiv intn the inetaphjww of 
MJinaa, and to tndnlga In apeeulatloDa nliicfa nqaira more time 
ADd tkovgbt U> ooBprahead the b«aHn(p of than the delivery of 
• bobVB atfbrda. Under thaae dKntaetaaeea, it ia not MrprWng 
that Ur. Famdav Eailnl in hiaaacUavoiartontabllah thannneipla 
of lb« eoneervatwa of fome bj ita apnlieation to that kind of (oroe 
fai wbicbUialaaatmaiiHl Thita, Ibr inaunco, be tbraw bk 
aadjanaa Into a Kata of BTatLfioatiun iaan earlv part of hlalaotin* 
bjr tba tfartlinit annonoeaaeni, tbat oneof the lawa of gnvitaHoB 
ia inooBriatent with tha prindplo of the euuerration of (btce, 
wbilat he admitted tba eorreetoeaa of the law and ilia trutbof the 
prineipl*!. 

Ho law of pbTakal adenoe can be mora dearly eatabUahad 
(ban that tho force of attrartioo ia invanety t» tha aqoara of 
tbe diabuloe: and thi* Uv nmJica not only to gmntetaan, but 
la aa ^'iiriii oindilioii ot all (orov* emanating froB a oentriL 
NaraTthelMa, Hr. Faraday nid ihU law in iiioompraheonible, 
wbUetbe adniUed ita ralidilv: ami (bat it la OHitmllolory to 
tbe prndpla of tbe eaiuarvuion »f liiree, tliooKb Ib^t principle 
ha aflmed Lo be one anivvraally applicable. Thia panuloiical 
Bade nf pmMWidi&K tba qneatioa nndered ita eolotian morv 
dllBcMlt. aail tbctoore deBanded a apadally daar duoi<ta- 
tioii. In ai WB ptlag to mcooalle the IneoMlHiney, bowarrr, 
Ur. Fanday pinngad Into tha meUphyaloa of edanoa, and be did 
■at MtiWiwtarilv utrieata hi* tnXiirei fmin tliat Ubyrinth. He 
aMBWd indnoeJ aJmoat to take fiir nnuatBd th* tbiug to bo 
M*»l, and ibea, aauBiog that fbroo can be oeitber crefttod nor 
JBtr 1ft t, ha adiliMed tbe luroi of ^viutioa tnthar for tba 
fupaae «i abowing a aaeBJng oxofption to the rule, than aa an 



Illwtfntlon of tta applloklioB. Aa tbera oaa ba no oontndkAloa 
Inutor*, wbalU tnia in one OMe nuel be traa in alli theraftn, 
Ubiof Cor gnwtad tbe ptindple of tbe eonaemtioB of fcre^ if 
tbe lawa of |[iBntataoia Pt«MBt any eaatndiotiao to that prio- 
dpie, lh«y ouiaot be waO fiMBdad. PladaK a ball on the centra 
of a board, on which aevanl eqni-diatant eontantric drdea wan 
dnwn. be aaeomad it to be a aolilary globe, exerting altiaotive 
powvr in all diirctioni thronghoat epaoa^ A anoul ball, pnoad 
OB DOC of tho dr«uUr liaea, waa aaanmad to be aaotbar globe 
attracted by the finL Nuw, if thaae two ballL nttnetitig eadi 
Otbaral IbatillaUDoe with a oinaforw, wen tbaeolyottiecta iD 
qMuw, the nmoral of one of toOB to the naxteqniMliMBnt drdt 
woulil, aoeonting to Ibo law of graWtatioB, dtBlniah thaat 
natwJly attracttve foroca to ona-fbortb tbdr fbmar aBOoal^ 
The dimination and i^ipareut deetraetion of power tbna indicatMl 
waa, Ur. Fanday obeerved, eontradictoTy to tba priaeiple of tba 
conaorvatioB of lorotf and yei that prindple, if applicable lo ona 
kindofroroe,BtMUapp)iaibletoalL AKun.if tbcexittenoeafft 
dngla^abe ia apMB be BMOBed, tben eovM th«a be BO esartion of 
mrUadng powpr; bnl Immadlataly ob the intrndualJoa of another 
body, that power woald be ematcd, and tboa atmanBtly gira 
fiae to tba ptMoomeaan of the craUioB of forot, wliicfa would be 
eqMlly aa iiicnnodrable aa tbe ereatloit of matter, and wouU b* 
inoooautent with the priodple wbidi it wu hii ob^ to aMnb* 
li*b. 

Hr. Fhnday oombatad with tboM aaenned difBraltio in a 
varirtT of waya, bat ba did not enooead In vHn<{ubihin« tbcBi or 
at leaat, he biled lo nake it evident to bi« andienoe that ha bad 
done M. It nay bo obaerred, Indeod, that tba giant with wboB 
Mr. Faraday thna unavoceaaAilIy Ibn^t waa a taonxlar of hm 
own onatioD, fcr he not only atanBed a ataU of Ihinga which 
aerar eritttd, but wbldi, if suUtar eaaaot be ertatod. it i* im- 
peadbla oanid eitiRt— the iatroduetton of a aeeond alobe into tpam 
to hrine into opnratian the giavUatiDg force of the flrM, bdnc 
an axiinpUoin of what be taid tt ia iaDoonble to ooMoiva. TA 

iiai tiim in th* oocooiitcr. Ho »ociiiht tb* aid of Inertia, but that 




_ __. _ atrip' 

<uiitDie^ it aignifica tho idltnt** ^ vtaltrr, and Profeaww Faraday 
aaeBi to ngud this idleasM of matter aa laiaol fcrt*; and tboa 
— ia aome manaer not deariy dareloped— gra»il*linf force ia 
anppoaedtobe itond vp la idlaiaMwbcB H, apparMiUr, Maata to 
operate. If tbia doetrina be ndnllted, eone Bon iuli^ word 
ihan "in«rtin" muat bo aooght for to expreea the hidden power, 
nai tattHt fitr«i would be Bon appropriate than tha Ulmtmt^ 
matttr. Aa regard! tbe lav that ultnMition la inverady aa tbe 

Snare of the dStfauce. w* cannot aee that It preaenU any ooBtra- 
rthiB to tha prindpio of tlic conaerration of foroa. U ia aa 
iaIaUiglble whvD appli«l lo pnTltatitni, aa to light, or to any 
ffther OKO onunjilii^ frovn a oantrs. When one body ta rvnoved 
from anotlier, the inBuienoo of the mdialing aoiioni. on each other 
mual duniniah in tint ratio of the aqnarea of the distance; biit 
tliwe Infloauna on other bodlee an profMttiMany extaaded, and 
tbpre la no <liininutioB nor loaa of wne. 

HaviuK myitifinl hit aadiaaoe dniin^ a Urge portton of the 
lecture, vf iih tbe attempt to apply the principle of Inocouaervailoai 
offeree to graTHation, Froftaaor Faraday returned to iu llluatra- 
Uou in dltforenl modiflcntioDa of heat: and being thna on biaomi 

Sound, be prooetdHl much morf olenil/ and aatla&ctorily. He 
owed, that in tbe varie.1 ,wndttiona of heal. It at one time pro- 
duces duriug cberaical action with rine tbe oHccta of tbe voHaia 
battery; tliat the lattw roprodiicf* tlie h(«t io difTcnnl fbna^ 
either directly or indirwtlr, aud that In the tnaaiuiaaion of a 
wdlftio curreol their U an amount of hen* eisdt«l equivalent to 
that which U orolTtd in bringing Uie battery Into atdoo. Thle 
cffeol wna Bon dakriy deBonaimtrO br theaettoa of the u«nM- 
«Iuctric amngemealftn which the deotridty it csdted by tha 
direct application of heat, wbldi may br again nprodiiMd by Ua 
aotJun rf tlie cloetrioily. The Uw of definite nroportiona, by 
wbldi bodiea unite cbemlcally, waa alao addoced bi eapport of the 
prindple uf tlie oonaerrallon of ftiroe, without wbieh tbe definite 
prDporttoBt in diemlMl oonfainatiotia oonld not be maintained. 
Prvfew^ Pkradoy obMrred that th* higher we rw iu tbe ImpU- 
tttionof efrecta,theBore boiutirul And dittinctdoee the priadnM 
oftheoooeenrationof forMapiKMU", and ibeeatabliabBeatoftMt 
windple would be nll«nd«i) with linpnrMiit rtwilla ia aneatUM 
InvrMjgatkine, aa it wonld •em- lo dirwt inquiry la tbe aaarw 
after MUtm which have hitherto not b(«B Uwuebt of. 



104 



TOE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCOITECrS JOURNAL. 



OS APPLIANCES POE FACILITATINO SUBMARINE ENGINZEIUNQ* 

B7 HuoR h: B. Subs. 




■am titv a( im lavnui ucain. 



Tbs sraad nrincipla Ih&t air in an «iidoMil uid larcnsd vtawl, 
pNaeDting ■ DoiizoDUl xirfikce, will reaiat Ui« «ntnooe of wkter 
tiito Ui»t t-rcKl, ptoviiUd Lbour b of (lie wnie deiuit; u tb« 
nUr, La tbv prii)ci|)le which Rrat (IvtmniDcd th« uao of the 
onUiikjj ili*iiw-b«U, mi inatruntDnt now no ofUn xueil in the 
pKoantioa afKiuuiilioii<« uid tlie xubsequeat erection of vrorlu 

Ib lonlitiM wlicrv the <»fr«nlaiu U inadDiIaaiblo, dtliar Ibroogh 
the oMtor difficulty of wmatructioD, the ovdiuiuT ■uapvndod Iwll, 
pOKlMit from a arriiigc M ibo Burface, ofibrdN the ii«c<iM«rjr 
to'wia for Mljiuting the work in such mauoer hi tbo engineer 
tnay doura. It hoa been (o^^utixl, too, to uita the orJlnar; 
■ubnwritM) armour or dreia for the a^juatineDt Jo place of the 
■tonca of a work, which liav« baaD previoiuly fitted at the siu^ 
ft«b 

lu tagSMtlng a now mode of openttooB, b.v wliicU eiiRpeDaory 
action laight be eulirely avoitlud, it would be impolitic to 
dnwiuiMUieinelbaila Jaatniiuliou»d,aa Wing bi-)iinil the aen, 
tihot each would uadinibtMlly biir« its mlvcicnt's, who frotu 
Bnetiod optrations would ockaovrlodcc tbo ndrauta^ dtrivinl 
bj ibi nae, and perbapa look unfavourably on ntiy iunurstiuu. 

The Dow breakwater ia an iuntaaoe of the thorough cSl- 
aaaey cf Hbe ordiaAir bell, jrel at tlie aanie time by lla ut« the 
ptwrrrM of the work baa be«i uacsaawi])' alow. 

TlM |)laa aubmitttd in thia pftpn- far ncoompUihtiif;, u it [a 
•oMifidaDtly aMarted, a larger amount of work in a gyvtn time, 
•amd at al«M «Mt than bj preacul ueona, {a not a iuen> bacy, 
braoght fcnracd 1*4 theory which caeuotirtaDd invtatigation nnd 
l)iBa|i|ilicatiaBof pncCicaIkiiowl*dg«Ui trat itamcriU; but it ii 
boldlj pboad balbn jrou, cballauKinK the moat rigttl iurm ligation 
«( ita (tualltMi to aocnre the deurcS adrantagee of cheapneui of 
MnMmctioit and aartiig of tiuie. 

The pciBdnlM involrad in tli^ BKChtnery now pmantcd tn 
, have all becu thwooghW and pncticnj^ tested; not in a 



Deoeaaar? in ao; lOUliiiiorv iuJ(>p#u<IcDl of aiupeiiaion,da]wDdiiiC 
on tW varbible prepotidnmin: of one or the other o( ihoae «i»- 
moota, that thme uowon ahould be tuider per&L-t and oomiJeta 
oootrol. The aubtlp Datum of tur requires careful nkanageoMM, 
and a perfect nduplation of jiarta to aocuro Ita ewtrd. 

The Kantiliia macbiur, which ia prMaoted to yon aa iba 
iaalrunent for ovareomiBg many of the diSooltiM fatberani to tbe 
Darare of aubaiiQeoiia operation^ cinanaMii amou Mfam the fct 
lowing qanlitiM: It la entirely fadepenilcait of aoapcMaon; iM 
moremonla an entiivly dvpondent on tbe will of ihoee wtthm it, 
and without reEMfmae Ui tbooe who may be atatioMd vlthoW; 
Upoasewea ^Mmwer of lUUngla^e weighty p» as, and at the 
aama tine ia panaelly nbk bv aominon owe, in ita apantticai^~ 
this lUlar the gn«tMt daridacatom of all. Tlieae advanti^M 
must, I think, strike nil, aa coaihiBtng tfacaa nN{ii)aitea of aDeaB 
which hnre been nlurnvB wuilmK in the ]mMat know* OMMM 
for oonatructitm worka under nal«r. 

The fonn of the oaehine is not arbitmrr, but dcpenda etttMy 
on the Dabim uf the work to he perfurmed, nihtptiuH ibwif to 
tbo vntioua circutnitniicrai niteiiding luiy ^nm poailioa. B* 
rrference to the annexed clinirnuu you will pMvuni that when ai 
rent, bcioK entirely eaclomt, ita diaplnoemaat at watw ba^ 

Snterthanltaown weight, it (DuatllaBt at iheaur6MaL EaUilaf 
rough a miui-hnln at thn (•'•p (wbioh la closed «iUicr (ran lb 
inaida or outside), you drwaiiO into the iaiariM- of tlie uacbiM 
portioM of which are walled off 041 aitb«r«id^faevilBgdaaaibMK 
theae ehamben va «onneoied at or near Hie faott^ni vl tlK fif* 
m a, which ^>ena by a oook fr, outwanla to th«eataii»l m 
iog wnwr. An openiui in the boUou of the raacbiae at 1 



you, 



fautanee, bat by montlia and yearn of oarefal inveetiga- 



Air fe&d water, tbe two oombined and powerful el«roetit«, are 
.h diffienlt and dan^roua to contcml with, Wnier, by iu 
^grarity carries ua downwani: air, by iu ligbtucM or buoyancy, 
arriea t» upwai^Ia or Iwepa ua nt the mir&oe: therefore it bKones 



diaiBunons ia cloaed by a dour or doors, smcen^Me ef bsilf 
opeaied or oloaed nt plananrsk The chamtwrn X, X. ar« Uk nwfaa 
couicoted U too by ft scnaller pipe cc, which opou thraob ifee 
top of the nuoniiie, and to which opening ia affixod a uiibk 
papa, with coils of wiiw apdrally enckaed. Stancbaa on tUa laMr 
pipe J J, nllow alwi comiuuiucatiou with the htxger or w iafcb^ 
chamber. 

At the euifree of tbe water, pla<ad on a float or r^mtl fv lbs 
purpoar, is a reeeiTsr of vanable <Iiiu«nBiona, to which ia '"-fft^ 
at oiie end a hollow drum or rsej, tutbe barret of which »i 
the other end of llie fiesihle pipe a. Irading to the lop of tb* 
Nautilus. At tbo otbor eud o( aiid in conaaotion «itb tbi 



TRE CITIL ENOINEEB AM) ABCHITECTS JOURSAh. 



lOfi 




aitiuu Til* or imi »nmii >im)i& 



> pgiwar ft il sUwib t^r-tomlanHiiig rracnn. Thin l:onlbi- 
*~'1lti tfa* NaatilumActiineiuitkiUptoil to cnginMriiif 

tpemtor, with hi* AKiatAiiU^ rat«n the mnclune tlirou^ 
y whkli !■ tlieo doMd To detcciid, the wat«r-w«k b ii 
, uui the cxtenwl watar flowa tntv th* dtMotwrs, X, X; 
NUBt tUu« R o>«k 1^ on » pipe opening fmm the efa«nb«n 
il«, is <»>pii«-], in ottler thn^ the air eaotinng, mi nnbter- 
iflow of mter iimj lake pfaoe iuto tlie ebaaibtiK. Tho 
Mod of wetgfct of mxw ommm k ilBatmctloii i>f buoraoay 
lUi|ihiMBMt hf th« main ttMlf, tuid Uio Nantiliugrartnatly 

Am •Ood U it i« birty amlpr valor, in order thnl tlio 
I vmj b» qniot and nilhout ahoclt, Ui« water-ooalc It, u 

The rcMiver at tbe iutEm^ boiog pivvjotuljr cliargcd hj 
■^MBip to a diNiiitj aoBiBwliat griAt«r than tliat of tha 
A III* d«ptli ptvpoMd to altain, on* of the Imtnclt cock* od 
r « <^ ooBMcting tbe obanbcn at to|\ ia ofmwd, and the 
\tn int/> the wtirkinjc chamber, gnduallv oonJenaitig vuiil 
ttr equl lA tbe denaitj of the watv without it attuned; 
' indmUd bf propfr air And watar goaoes, /,/ ThoM 
' III! ill lug, aqiiu pouiU, ahnwing the eqailibriiun of fbnoi 
t and WTlhls, tbe o/ven to the botttom, of, hjc ranoTvd 
tA, an<l ocatauDicatjoD ii h«ld with the bottom on wbich 
lotUoa U n^ng. In ord«r to niowe »t>ont in localltiM 
Udea or currenta do not alt^ o»aratio«», It ia only n««e*- 
at^ out nf tlia bottom of tb« Naatilna, and plnciiifc tha 
t^oM ita aid* tbe openUor nut; mora it (by j<uihini(1 in 
netiotL When eunvnta or tide*, however, unm KVATt 
mea ntreaairy to depend upon IiumI uolnta ttom wblcli 
h(M may ba made In iiny direction. This Is aoooniplMbad 
luin iM hotiomof lh«Nauti)Q«*iiiifiD)(-tH)iniif fMcnliar 
l^mn, li,k, tbroagt) which Able* ui»t jcum over iiulleys to 
jBdial aide, tbertoe up throUKh tnbni'(to preveut them from 
toni, to fwd ov«r oairillntiug or B«iu{;iiig pulley* ptamd iu 
IW of lb* em I re of gravity of thf Nan 111 u% and UieoMto 
Inta of aSliBiFnt mpectirriy. Tlie object to ba gained 
ing the awingins piiliry* in tne plane of oeotn of gravity 
Riaaa, la to bold ibe macbUie ateadv and to prevent 
too. Within tbe tnaditn*. and directly ovn- Ibe abova 
F-bMCaa, are wlndlnaata for vinding in the cabln^ By 
C tbwa wii>dlaa»ii tnnveinrbt may he edeoted, and of 
tta nnnber of Ui«*e oablea will d^od on tbe variable 



^Jol 



:bL zx.— Aran, \6ii. 



eharaetar of the ettnatioa to be ooenpaod. Ilavuig tba" tecnrH 
tha DMwiaof deaoendiag. oammnniaiting with the Di>tt<>ni, &nd »f 
monmeiit, tbe nvit point ia to aaoenil. Wia^t or vrnter hu 
oiused n de*tructfoD orbuovuioy at fint, and ooaatqnent linking; 
if, then, any portion of thin waiiir i« removed, an upward eflbrt 
wtn at oDoa b* nortod, esiutly proportlonala to tbe vrelgfat of 
watar thrown oft tie air in tlie rcoeirer at the earfiiM being 
oonatantly nuuutiuu^ at a higher di^nrity than that ortha water 
below, if' we open th# waier-eock 6, and at the muu« time open 
tha eock on tbe top pip* ce, thrnwiiig tlie ooudenacd lur tvom 
tha raodrer abova dimtly on the aiiTfao* of tha water In tbe 
ehitnibcra, niavumcat and oon>ei|iinil axpulaion of the wataf 
uiuat tftjie place, aud an upward niovemeot of tbe machine itadf, 
wliioh will riae to the asrekca. 

It ii evident that If, previoaaljr to tbe expnlaioo of the water, 
the Nautilus be affiiad to an object below, tha power a^artad in 
that object will be exactly proportionnta to lb* weight of wstvr 
expelled, and di* power will oontiuue inereaaing, until iber* 
beiUDO Airtherwclglit (o be thrown off, the nuuinnn elTeet Ii 
produced. To apply tbia power to tlftlngmaaaM of aton* or rock, 
proper arranmiUnta are nffixad to tha oentn of the n|M>nliig In 
the oottaoi, Gy which connection can be iumI* with the weight, 
admitting at tlie aame time tha twinging uound of tbe oUaot 
auapendM, ao iliat It may be placed Ta any T«quirtd pomtion. 
In tbe conatraetlon of iiermaneiit wnrke^ or tb* noveincnt of 
otyecti whoat waidit i> koom, or can be (atiBiatH, a wniar nr 
■o-oalled lifting tiiM !■ tdnoed on tbe aide of tbe water fhambor 
which indintea ibe lifUuc power exereited by tbe Naalilu* at 
any moment. Tlie ailvanbiM of thie gnage will be recoguianJ, 
fnumuch na (without it) the eloaaat attantlon of the operator 
working very c*iitJoaidy, would b* necoMary to deteniiine «1imi 
the weuht wm orcrcome; by Ita aid, however, tbe opamtor 
boldly throvra opcu all ibe vaJvw pefiniary to develop tbr pr>wnr 
of the N.iullloa, watching only tk* gnage. Tbe water having 
rMched the proytr leval iudlartiag the rf^slTwl lifting pn««T, 
bo know* the weight muat ba orereooia^ or n ii««rty so that tha 
valve or the oncka may be at onoa eloaed, in order that the move- 
meut may Uke phvoe horiamtally. A moment'* rcllodiiin will 
ahow, that if there wet« not an inilex of thia i.-han>rt(T, mrelea*- 
n«a* or Inaltentlou on tha part of tbe operator, bv leaving tbe 
cockaopcn too l(Klg,migfatdarel^pa power grentertlMnreqiilrad, 
and the Nautilua wotild itort anddculy apwai\t The expanaiva 

15 



106 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND AHCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



I 
I 



power of kir, acUnK npora Ui« inccmpnMiUe fluid wkwr, through 
iIm opMiiiig in the IwWan, givM « moBwatnn, whlcb hy ru««w- 
■ire dev«lopnenU of upauJoa in tli« worldog dwinlw, if oob* 
•tantlf iaOTMiIog the Telocity of th« Naatiliu upwsrdM, nnlil ia 
ftaj eoDBileMblc <Upth of water, tb« rcault would be ucdoabtedljr 
of ft TOfT Mfioiu ehonbcCer. Tkk« for ntmpllflcaitloa Um Nau- 
tUu in 33 f««t of waur, the bottom cover* iMMVwl, ud an 
•qoUibriiUB &t IS poomU to Ibo iitdi tziMii^ bftWMsn tha tur 
and Um w»Ur at Uw level of the bottom of Ui« nuchioe. 
Upward momoioit ii comroiiaic&tod tlie inataut lite machina 
RM> in tbe ■lu[btMt degree, ths ailatlng •quilibviiun i> deetnj«d« 
and the higuy elaatio qadillM of air aMuue pnpotid*m)c«, 
axartlng frmn tho rigid larftca ot «at«r below, lui iuipulmve 
•itbrt Qpwanl in the dinotion of leait rrnalancvL At encb euo- 
eaauva moment of npwani maremeat, tbu impelling power 
inerenaei, owing to tha io er eaied diaparit; between tlie pnuiaare 
of &ir witbln alragglingtbr •aoap^ and tlie water without pr*- 
veottng that «eo»p*. lb BMMitM thne iltnatad beoomoe a 
marine rocket (m roUi^), in which tlM> propelling pov«r ia 
•xbaoetod ciily when the auHJwe i« nMuhed, and a new equili- 
brium U oblaiiied. It will nadilj be aMii, (hat wer« thia dilfl* 
ottltj notoTcnMoie, it would beimpoMfblotogureru the Kantilua; 
for, rifting with great Talocilf to tha ■arhco, the luachiue ia 
carri'xl nbovo Iti unlinory flotation or water-line; a littlo more 
air eaaipea owins to the dimiuiahed naialanoc^ aa that level ia 
pawed; the recoil, or •uisi&g downwardly caoaea a oondMuatien 
of til* air raeMdalng in the coamtMr; a portlom of the apace pra- 
eioiMljr oocapied bjr ur i> naiuaiod by water, the bunjaiU jtower 
bicomea loa, the machine etUlc* elitffatljt more bv condi^amtioa 
of the lur, • larger apoM ia ooetipied bj water, and the Naulilua 
redeaoendi to the bottoen with a ooutauUr aocelerUlng movo- 
Bseatt eerioualj lueoovenieaaing the oMraton \>y filling more or 
leaa with water aeojrding to the deptb. For mimj luootba the 
dlfflouItiM juat ennmeratnl baded all attroipta at control. A 
might attaobed eodd b« lifted, but the betAnt it wm entinly 
anapended, befbra die valvea ooald be oloaed, npward movement 
wu comBimkKted enlinljr beyond ooalrol. Thia dUHeultj, ao 
fctal, baa been ovetoome br an arrangement of the bottom of the 
Kaatila^ with chonnela whioh rulinte Crom the ojiDiiiag to an 
itMSUae direction, debouching at tlie aidce of the aukchiue. The 
BUffMiit thca, that the »ir, hj lUt expanaion from dimiuiihod 
wiatBnce, or bjr tlie tntroductioti from abov« of a greater volume 
Ihaa oaabe aualAined by the water below, reachee in ita down- 
mrd pM*Mr, the level of thcao clijunbet^ follawine tlie dii'ccLioQ 
of Uaet Kautance, il paaaea through theae ohauneb ruid eanpca 
into the eurroiuidiDg water, without of ooiuaeaflvcliug the inove- 
ment of the maohlne^ I have thua, I truat, abown the f'rinelple* 
on whlich the engioMriiig fiwilitie* of the Nautilua dajxud. 

FLnt, on natural pnndplea, from cotuttrootion, it muat be 
independent ofeHepeuBiuOi oud here allow aw to bring foreiblj to 
jrour miuda the diatlnctlon between a maokine which, bv im own 
pomtr, m^ daaoend, aaoeod, move horiaoulaUj, lift welgbte, and 
tranaport them bv ilwlf (for I aaaume the operator to ^ a iiart 
OT the raarhiuc^, n.ud Uie uriiuniT diring-bcll to long naea, bv 
which wo are L'i)abli.-d to jMrfurui the tame operational after mui^ 
time i;<eat iu Ibo preparation of piling, platfortne, eoalToldiDg, 
oarriago-wnj, &e,; aod where nil Docoaaary movemeota In the 
pfOMcati'-a of the worli mu>t be mjide at tlie rarfMe through the 
interrention of eigoali, whic^h ia nil caeca mnat be more or loaa 
liable to orror and uiiBUiiJerstaudiug- 

Suppocing tbv tame aVilloil Mid car«fu1 men to be placed nuder 
both cooditlutie, tlie ono time in the ordinary diving-bell, where, 
whco tbay have determined on tbo noocaaary mnvoiDenle to be 
nad^ they aifital to the autfiwc. aud await, fitst the proper nnder- 
■taoding of tneir wi^ea, aud llieu mibeequentlj, their execution 
hj Ihoee who cannot know pnwiM'ty the amount of aaeiataiK« 
re<TDind: or another time, in a nachfue poaawriug the capabill- 
tiaa herelofors etiameratod, bj which tbe openitor, having hie 
woilt iliroctly before bim, watchingatl theToryinffdrcamalJuiooe 
whicti await hie progr««a, foreeee* and tqtpllet mneelly bie own 
hand to the work, govcrntog and directing In penon thoee opera- 
tioiM which 1m roquirta to he perfonaod— certainly the bolauco 
m«at be nil in brour of the latter poeltion. 

Another thing in the caae of the ordinal^ divins-bell, much 
time ia conanmcd in making; the ne«e«»U7 pTepantaona to oom- 
meaoe the uae of the maclituoi la th* other taM, when on«e 
arrived at the epot reqairod fif iu the wata^, it ia randf for Im- 
DCillale atrrice, either to examine the bottom prenotu to the 
loeatioD, or to oommenoe the fuoodationa at once. 




To apeole now of that portion of the naeUiusT wbkh 
at the eurftoe : It ie neceaaary in order to rapid moramen^ i 
the aapply of air which, acting on the water In the «1 
ehamben, rnujwa the devalopnent of the UftJag power of tha 
machine, ehould be in anffident qoantitv, ao that no del^ mav 
ariae and that a coaAaot eupply may be oontionallT admded, 
that there may be no diminution of deueiiy ta the reo^tver. It ia 
aUo nipanary that tha density of the air in tbe reeeirar alioaU at 
all Umra be greater than that of the wnUr at the depth to whiah 
the machine daocEiida, ao that the aupcrior pnaaore of the air 
Bwj predtioe instantaneoua movement of tbe water. A ptopw 
proportion of denaity in a reeeiTer would be about ooMuid 
greater than that of ilie wat"^. 

The amount of nir cr>ntiQua1ly requinyl for tbe re a pim t oey 
porpoaee of tbe operatcra, and nlao br tha pnrpoae of lifting 
weights, demancle a larin iiUD[ily, wUch ie ODlahud frMn the 
ateam-ooodenalDg pump directly to tlie raoriver. Th« alr-poam 
are eonatrocted to throw any reqnirad amount of air, eiic}i aoS- 
dent if roquirod, to work two or three, or even mora maohioea 
Kungcd in lifting beA.vy wtighla. 

There ia uo heatbg, owing to tbe npid eondeaastaon of air at 
high deneity. The pumpe will woik contiuuoiialy at tha hlghaat 
donalty, wlthngt any peroeptible inoreaaa of teenpemarei TIm 
economy of workini; Mveml maehinea from the aama or dilfiuaBt 
reooiroTi, auppUod by one pnmp^ ia great, a« tbeaavingof laboor, 
fuU wear and U«r, m one engine over ae<reml, ia quite app»r(fK( 
whioh economy ia due In part to the independence of muptaMlxn, 
allowing the receiver to be placed at any eonveoieeit point, •*«■ 
quite dietant from the Nantilua, in^uiach aa tbo ptpe maj be 
eupportcd on tbe anrfaoo of tbe water to tbo point over tha 
work itselt 

Ravine the powerv of air and water then at control, to obeiata 
the nae (? platforma, tnickx, and oarriw»-way, to lo««r atoaaa 
into place, ao that they may be propeny dopneiud, yon may 
readily aee that a eaiiaon or float, properly anuig«d with ngara 
to the relative ceotrea uf mvity and buoyancy, nay ba imovad 
overor near tlie w>>rk, A Toadof alane, according to tha capacttj' 
of the citiaaon, may be plaoad UDon it Hai'lng this eabaoa ao 
arrangnd by diviaion into chnmlwrm, Ibat the water canuot Bow 
from Bide to aide, and conatructoil with water valrea and a con- 
nection wHh the receiver, when the land ia properly olaoed npoa 
it, and the waler-*nlvf« opened, it will oummeuoe to sink. B«K*- 
laling ite descent elnwly by the aame utocaaa aa tbe Mautuaa 
itaol^but goT«med from above, it may Da plaoad in {iropar peai- 
tion, no that the leaat poguiblo dialAOce will be roquiml to be 
paaicd over, in removing tho stosee lo loveml to their ultimate 
poailion of pennautncy. Aa the Weights are removed, 1 1 ie obrkna 
that more water will be required to be admlllcd, in order to 
rataln the caiaaou at tha bottom or on the work. Tli* whole 
load being remored, to retnni to the enr&ce, it will be aumiy 
ncceiwary to throw from the reoeiver at tbe eiir&oe a porlaoa of 
oondenBod air, to cnutw it to rue prepantory to ita receiviag a 
new load. 

The comparative coat of lowering away atflnn in thia miaaiitri 
ae oontnuted with the ordinary crane, can hartUy be donbtod aa 
being fitvourablc to tbe £nt method, inaatnuch aa water is vnlae- 
leaa, and the anpply of air required to eipe) that water, aa 
delivered from the oondaaaing pump, oan bear but a alight ratio 
of cn«t to the labour required to work tho ctanat. Tbe eoat of 
working a steam-condeosing pump luSicionl to lower aa Bianj 
stones aa would supply Iwo macbiuee, aa well aa woikii^ tka 
madiiufB theuselres, would not be more than thirty ehilliuga pet 
diem. 

Where wator tnuispnrtatJon of material Juaflbrdod, thacwaaooa 
tliemselvee may be used aa the mcAna of traneportatuin of the 
stone frum the qiutrnr to the eite of the worlc; aud tbeu folfiUinf 
their real putpme, of depoaltingtheirload la the bottom. A gnat 
bdlity afforded by tliia pruoMa is, that tliem ainet alwaya m n 
annpfy of material below, in advani?e of the miiiirrmiiata of iIm 
adjusting macbinoi, ao that no delay can aiiao by waiting tar 
materiala. 

For removal of roclu: the facility that is afforded by going 
down directly on the bed of tho rock, there drilliax a sartaa^ 
holes, eubaoqueotlj chatging tbcm, nod then explo^liug Unoi 
connectedly, would aoem to Iw almcat eqnal to that of the quatry. 
If large inriaaei be detached, eanidik inflated or ehatf^.l frnn the 
teceiveia, may be affixed to them (IT too larva for the NantOaa 
Itself), and when lined, towed to tlie place of dapoail, aud thara 



THK CIVIL £NOIN£EB AKD AACHITECTS JOUBKAL. 



un 



*i 



•4Imu) Uboitr akiM out aow b* and W»» «a«n br itCMii 
Mir fi«ki rebttilMlfc oaaiMt b* pwaMl through ae gnat « Uujgth 
nt hoOTt Mxi tbmgli tutuik t«Bi)ia»tai«, m u ■•ocmhj, wiUi- 
cM «cw4tiw»tioin Mt Mr doc* not diuifn it* danal^ bjr piMug 
Ifciwgli gnM ii»t»u»eik or bjp « mnteraU chft^« cf taniNimiur& 

B»ruigftHpply«f •lr»tth« nieaMtry dMaity for a notlvo 
power, it Buy than ha tmi w aueh, to propxl tb« Mcenkrv drilb 
iw faanng t^^ka, fajr harisf th* nropM' otfiiiiM pbwvd witbiu tbt 
MiMiiliM, uil «xhMMiiBg to tM ■lu&ML Air b«iBg M tb« 
Mna d w Ul ty m atMai, ud ooolaiMd withm lite notivan^ wluoh 
ac* ■bBMpbwio boikra, -m lu&y opplj tb« pow«r* of air below. 
th> WDM •• MMiii to tho ■urfaofy to tiM jmtanauMndiaif 
■■hour which nuy bo raiaind, T\>nv a do lUfffrHua bitlWim 
titimi MoMH at the HuiMdMiwty in U>giriLppliaklMB,utotiptlhat 
In tfa* OM of air, wbicb ia a luon lubtla fluid tbkn ■Icmd, wo 
mni o w pc iio idd ll ioual oare la lfa< anwiganeot of nlvea, &a. 
n«pow«n<if lur wfaiobcanbadovaloiMd M tfaa •wikee in but 
raqairoil uaount, ar« not oul^ applinbl* to tho working ot drilu 
tat boftng look, but the mwiim (yfTof pilo* in tha pgrapantion ot 
fomtAu'iODM, and for &[iy iilliiT piirpoM wfaa(« tho ajipliAtkm of 
n — ■! labour at oonipaiativalj high coat, ahould if poaaibl^ be 
obviaud. 

Ti> aftW off pilM for fooudatMna. If oao pile ha driTca or cut 
off at the nquaite lev«l, the Nantilna, whiob by eMiatniction 
TCtaiM ita lowtr aurboe in a Iwriuiital pmitiou. reating on that 
pU^ and voiUag a aaw In the pLaae oc that lower horiaontal 
munet, will of tiaoaadty. ont all tha pjla* with which h nar bo 
branghl in eontaei in the aana plana, tli«n preparing llt«j|rUlage 
Mid planking BooeaMUy, whan kiwMvd, tho NanliliM peaunc orar 
itnan oaoaa it to be aeourely affixed to tho henda ol the puea ao 
MtoK 

JUa PMoilMt that, unloaa Tory cnrafullyairaoged, any aubmMgfd 
Mad l i aa w p d i ng nipidlr, and atnkiug on any projaetlng ohjaot, 
wootd be li^la to be thrown from ita horiaootal podtlon, and to 
beoTerlnrnad. AaauiiM that theordinarrbdl iadaooMidiaf.aBd 
aMkaa on a projacttug or abelviiig rock, lowering awnv b^ Lba 
MlfiMei nnliM tha iigual* are diattoctly tiiiileruood. ibe chaaoM 
would bo TOry gnat of an ot-ertam, reaolting in gnat daagor to 
thowwithiu. 

In the okae wli«ro no mapeneioa exiati^ it beoomaa nam wary to 
Drvaroame any aueh teodeucy to daugtrr, wliieh ia dona by ao 
biraonlaing the otatraaof Inioyanoy aud of i^nvity, that under 
■a oJrewBWfaoaa oan thara be bnta rery aligbt deflMtiua bom a 
hwiftintal pnitkm. titariljr acta downwiuda and boflrasey 
npwanlot both iu rertioal hnaa. Conatruct a mnchma ayin- 
■Miilaally. then, with the eeotraa of gravity and baoTanor in tlw 
aame vertloal line, tha mia near the bottom, on aooount a( weiaht, 
Um oUmf by peeotiMity of eoaatmcthio, aa tu rviouvoil an pooiilile 
&vwitbo&f«t,ora«nMrthetapaBBiayb«L IC, byany neaaaibe 
beiiaouial poaiticn aboold be dotroyod, both foroM at oooa 
aat to naion ita original or eonoot elnta^ vrnvity downwanla. 
bwD^Micy apwanla; and thn power or c^tive lover whioh 
taOiU lo mUm it to thia htiriaootal atato, will depend on 
the cliaianw apart of th«M two eaoiraai tharafore I may lar, 
in a pcupciiy oonMractod nuwliine an orwtam could aonr be 
axpaiieoced, 

TUo ia n nay imporlant eabject to l<e oooaldered, for a* there 
iaaoolu^u or rupa to enitur return to tht aurfoo^ nuluaa thia 
paint were thoroughly Kuardcl then would be no aafety at all, 
•tnoe if Ike Nautiloa oaoe r«iceir«d an inclination by thoaecapo 
of air froia the iipfwr tide and outnuico of water on the lawvr 
•hbt the noTomeat would Incraww until the whole might be 
Ofwrtnmed. 

b woi Jd be nnadTiaabI* to (ay that any givan amount of wnrk 
conliJ bv pcrfonned by the NauCilna oiaiihine in a ^vsn timo 
oHlar all draimManoea. llie power of the machine ■* poeitive, 
■nd am b* eortainly roUed on; but it may Botalw»a be poadble 
to ««•(* that power to ita full axient. Thelangtli of^tima requind 
•nniikiBergea &nt<la» micbiur. lifting Stona^ will bo two Mid 
■-half Bitnutoa. tioanii ilbwn aluwly, flO feat par lainnu may 
be allainad. While Uie niMiliiiiE ia deaowdiag, the wcnkint! 
chunbar nay be flUed with air t4 tlie proper denalty to naiat (he 
■ntnnoe of water whtn the buttom aoT«q- ia ratuoved. Two 
aalnllUa are luAeient to uncUnp and nit* the covpra. If tha 
sl|tia( to beiMaedlieimiDntiiLtclTlH.-ui'alh.iuMMm^theucocMary 
BMMWetiwiia oaa be luaite, the irntrr oi-cka are oponed and theair 
la thrown Into llw wnter olianabeia, which cut be eotirelv 
■Bptiad giving lu full lifung ei^iadiy of 6 ton* in one and a-hau 
matxu. 



^^aina 



Aa to Riovaaiant horisontally. — Ever^ practioal mind <nn form 
iU own oonelDaiuua aa to the niiidiiy with whWh tMh a Uioyant 
maaa oouM bo lUDTcd throUKo the wat«r. An estnuA from 
the report of Mr. Gay, Chief KngiBw*. VA. Navy, to th« 
Buraau of I>odia and Yardt, will rnify the statoBienla 1 bav* 
isado?— 

"Wlih tha awiala tiw of two wpKi w aeJ pwecaw, I d Mn adad 

In the UD to about 80 IttM below tha (wAoa of tha walar. Tba Ihn* 
ocoupied to pnp«n IktUltai rwoh (he bottom wai abnit An etiMMa 
•nd (Iwty M«Midik and about a nhiDte aad a- half (o rMvn to lb* niffato 

One of aaTamI Uodu «f graoila, wdgUng alieut Ibnr (on* «aA, ' 

had beoi firaviowily pnpated, and pbeol eo Iha batum: tho beU «aa 

attachidto (U* alone b; a ' bwia.'. The time OMupM In teouhiK 

the Mopaaad oeming «p waa about three miautee I J«ee«ni«d 

widi the Itmt, and, by the aid of («o mM, IniMportad it aevtnl foel 
taunlly, with aa oia<A«MaaaHeaiild hale Wan dose w«nHaomend*4 . 
upow a'oMa, a^th (ha adfaMagc of flaeiag Itat any point er m any 
derired portion.' 

Bv skilful and praetiaed mantpolatioB, Uw povera of ny 
mnehiueTymnitbedondopedin agrtntordegrealaaiibjnnakilfi^ 
liandlin^. Id aoauiring tlte nmemary aktll, the n m iat r y length 
cf timenqoIrcddepaiMamn^oB tbaooaplioatioaof tlie prtif 
clfto Inrdrad. ortba dalaila by whidh tha loaulta are obtained. 
In working the Nautilui it ia not neceamry that the otieralor 
•bonldboaKMatificmanorDnotiaaliDechauio. Byiheabaolttta 
control of natural elemenU^ tJM will of tha opmtor aa it wora^ 
dlractaand govema the moreuentaof the ratebinK It b thaa 
tbaopetntioaiaof tbtnwchinoaraoouspanttvelyinaxpennr^KnM 
von an m^nirad to pay for labour nloacb, and not to eorapenaal« 
for the goniDa to oouprchend or tho akiU tooootrolnocanpUoalod 
anil dolioate inatmimnt. 

In any paper deecriptlon of a now «y«t*m, of wbateror antute 
It may My It U Impoaalble to ontor into anmaeDt detail to eoabU 
tha mind at a aln^e ^anca, or by a nngle bearing to fiillyoom- 
nrehonil all or eren moat of tho adnntagea dainied, or of ih* 
dimdrantagea whioh nuiy be found nppareoL lutheaaMbowevar 
of the ajHiem which 1 have the honour of preaantiug to yon, aa 
applied to aubraariae engloaaiing, baaad aa It ia on purdy natural 
pnndplasi wboae partial application hcfetofarehaabeenDttcDded 
with a d^Toe c^cucoaatt certainly of a latiafoMiry cbara««er, tli« 
principloa laid down I tnial arc k> eaaily undentood, that Boooe 
mo foil to admit that, eortainly if tha prindplea in thdradapbt- 
tion in the Nautilua, u« governed aa laortaoniod, the value of 
the Iniprorementa time made muet bo oi grant nmctical impor- 
taaoe to Uw OBgjnear, hjr raodoring hia labours Bee b%ua much 
aniirtty. and enabling him with confidence to undertake worka 
of pcculiitrthnrscteriatioB of podtion, which previowdy oooaideiudi 
would have acciunl baaardoua. 

I Huuot flatter luyaelf that In thia eyatam, a aovarciga pauaew 
baa been dieoowad for all tho dangarotu eymptoma whidt ihe 
wigiimr mceta with in the pnoliee of hia prafemion under water; 
but 1 truat you will admit, that certainly hia tolla uuy b* 
renttered light«r, hia riakadSmuiahed,luaeipeDdltur«aourt«d«d, 
hia lime aaTtd by tUa p r ooeaa. 

A dtetob of th* oonairuotloD of a work, by praaont nroeeea, 
and by Uie um of the KautUoa, may be pennittoJ me. We will 
■uppdae tho locntion Micctcd, and that the impniciiiaability of 
oooatruDling a eotfenlAiu bu reuderod ncceeaary tha nae of the 
orJioarr diring-bell, whidi w« will alao anpfioae la already vn- 
Blniot«d and rtMy for uia. 

The firat atep will bo to oannii>»o» driving thepilaa upon wbkli 
tbeacattildii^ » torMt; theacMffDldingmnatthea booonalniatod; 
tba nila nuat be kid for the poaawe of tho anqModing IriKka; 
theae truoks mnat then be plooed ia podtloo and pnf »nd fbr 
uao. Tho bell ia then anapended, and we will aupjwaeia ready for 
work.a mnsfdemble amount <f time baTing bora oxpendrd hi lUa 
prtparation. The Ull ia r^iatd ont of the water, the maaoaa 
entnr, and am lowcmcl nwny. The doaeent maat be dow, for tha 
weight ia great, the chaiiu imiiifT, andmanaal labour ia rw[idred 
to overocme thne difli«iiliie«. Thru too, bdngopen at thebottom, 
loareriiig away can be eOectad fnly aa &«t aa dr la aupfJiod by 
Uiepuiu)itfroiaaboretorMiattha«ncroochKieat of water. Tho 
boltTini ia ruichai Dili] work iaaomnieaeed. Uovrmentia neconary 
— dgnoU are mnile by Mtiwa on the ddo of the beU, or by Ui'e 
aigiial card — ot the aaiuo time the aignal in made and unitenilood 
a( (bo Biirface, (hey conmenae to mov« the whole aptnraiiia aa 
din>oled; the tradi nt ilie aurfaoe and the bdl beww mova 
togetbar. It ia dMirod to atop; bafora doing ao, now riguala at* 

' reatrietedii • ■ - ■ 



neceaanry, morauauta tidow batog i 



fin their tmoeneytr 
14* 



108 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEfi AND AHCHTTECTS JOURNAL. 



I 



th« pmpar nnderaUaitW of ■isokU. Yoa widi to mov* ali^Uy 
odIj, you are cmtIhI to £r uuf miut TcUim. 

Id tU« pr<*p)ustiDU of foanialious *li«n lu muijr «■••■ U ii 
r>qtui*d 10 iDora oHan ft«iB point to poLnl la esantiiw OCT U«il- 
lin^ thli d«Uf baojiBH ItDporUnt. Tbo loiiDd«Uaiw, iiowBvar, 
an ptenmJ, uid tlio •upontruclurc U oomnieaood. A ■toao m 
lowcnd. Tbe bell b; i^fiul b iuovmI orcr it, mkI tliejr u« o»n- 
iMqt«<li— algiul to ths nifMa^ and tJw wtiglil of iho b«ll »iid tiM 
rtocw ntiat M railMd togetlier;— tanial agam to atop liulittug^- 
tifcmX to nov* ui or ont, right or hft;— movtaiatil u nutde; — th« 
■pM M ntteh«d, am] the aloce muat be depMitod pfodaaly. Th« 
Iinaon aaj* — • liitlc to ibe ritcht, but be oaaiiot mj liow manj 
loohiM, auil gcUIoo br; ili«u Lj sucoetBlvv inorementa bj^ ligiul 
he it acoumtMr placed aod lawurud away. 'Hea to place auoihur 
■tone bo gooi Uiroagb the eaoat prnote*. Mark the time oonauined 
herefroQi waat of indopeDdeuoe. Jlcaooe the atane; belEDoweiC 
muet go then, in ihnl spot, bat be cuaaut Iiimaclf exorciao the 
power neotaary (■> pl.ior it tbew, but wiml wait llit- jiloa*uro auj 
nadentaDdiiwar hiedlractlonsbjr oU)»n,wbuof ooitraacauoulf 
haTeaniMralliloaofhUwbhDe. 

In thu waf the work b carried on. Other diScultiee are how- 
erer, la llie wajr. The bell loajieDded below ie a peudultun of 
nHable length; if the wuler be ruu^ at the eiufroe, a awaying 
or oeciUatlng EDOvemeDt la givtfii to the peDduIatn, which, iu Ita 
oedUation however ellglii, diatitrbe the horixnnbil equilibrium 
between ibe air and the water, aod tbp air ea^pea frum iho upper 
aide, and water eaten od the lower aide. The pamo oiuiit theu 
be algnailed to work, to restore the volume of air and drivo back 
the w%i«r. OulIlatJon too ia ilaugerou^ if at all of a aerioua 
character, for the tonaona may be ii^ared tDthelrliDibeifetauding 
on the botloiQ with the bell auajwDdod. Tbe nuuou kuowa, too, 
that if the chain, on whieh tvaU bi> entire hope ofulety, abould 
break, tbe cbauoea are almost iLiiliriputabt« that hla fife ia tont 
^BiUDoroaa inatanoee hare attetil<U thie latter poiut); tbo w(>ii(ht 
u too great Ibr him t« attempt to rsi*e It, aod hi* workuhop 
furaiahea him with a tuatallic cefflu. Il 1* cridont that no laaa, 
however daring lie may be, can work with eo mueh vill where 
tfca ehauo«a or daoger, bowerer reiui<t*^, are bdewiuluut of 
hia owD power of gnvumaneei aa he can where he feeia that hia 
OWD will can at any mooMat retnove Uu ftoot tbe poMibility of 
dasgar. 

In rcaaesndiiig to the earfoee after the coRipletiou of duly 
bdow, the movomout murt DQCoui-ily be rery slow, owin^t to 
tbe aame reaeoiia previoualy eiiuiu<riiil«l in luweriut; awar. 
If the ehaia break while aacetiiliug, where would be the lalwumi^a 
cbancef 

Enou)^ of the diRieultiea below. There ore itill dan^en 
and diffioultiea at the (urfaoe^ A atonn ariMe~tli« work ia ia 
an eipoaed aituatiuu— and a portiou it weakened, perhap e carried 
away. Tlia neceeaary time muat bv tikketi to etreugtheu or reeou- 
Btract the damaged pordoua. Thi* iuruWM time, It luvdvea 
exMoae. 

We will now eappoae a poeition, ae the remoralof a rock, or 
the eoiutTUL'tiou of a pier foiuidAtiOD, &C., wherv it is impraoticabte 
laoMutruut platfurmaatjdalaginga. A buatfroui wbicb to eue- 
Mod a bell iniiat be need. Auy motion coniuiuiiiuibvl to thte 
boat at ttia aorfaee, muat eanic the oaoillalion below whidi I Lave 
ptVTiooaly ipokeu of ae greatly trtanliug or eotiirly put^g a 
etoj> to opetatiOiiu while auch dioIiud in FX)ieHviK)0(l. 

Take imw t)i« lucatiua whera thu cofferdam U aJoptcJ. The 
fint it^p la to cnnatruet tbo dain, which lea work of time, wliich 
ia an etpeoaeL The dam however beii^ completed and fme fruin 
laakaM of ooanM tho work eaii thca be carried ou with gnat 
ntpEdity: bat iheraoredilBDaltieaeveiihereiaprUigeiDeutnecaeee 
caoae oifBaalUaa; laaka too, ariaa. A atom, by weakening a por- 
lica of tli« dam, may cauaa a daht^ for npaita, or even may 
dainand aa eiilirc maxulructioD. Ofeoone tothucuitii] of uvory- 
o«ia nreaent thia ia hut a auggcalion cS eoiue of the diffiuulUea 
whlea la all oMee^ in a greater ur lata d<gM«, altaod the cooatruo 
cJoa of tUa cUae of worka. Tliere la no need of bringing thtta 
fcirwanl fii(i>pit<i plaM them In coatraat with any meana which 
■uaj iitiliKatu (heir action in whole or io (lart. 

ToaoatnuttheaetionoftlieNautilaaaadta teehowfarbyite 
•oUoD, ae previoualy deeoribed, theatt dilUoultlee tt»y b«uVi-rcoine, 
X wit] euppoM aa in the oaae of Ibe ordinary bell, ike looatiuu ia 
d«eid»loa. And liret, before a deuaion apoa that point taarriviHl 
at,yD« will andoabtedlv racogniee tho facility whiclitbe engineer 
poMeaaee by iteuae in deaceniainghinieelCaud by aoeiirate eurvey 
detonuning the moat &rouraUa portion Air eudiloniioB. The 



natoTD of tbe fonudatioti roqoirod being detetmined, lie pc«paA> 
tioo may be at onoe eomiaeneed, aiixr, towing tbe Naatiloa t« 
Ibe Bpot, year wocfcaaea an ready at once to ooiaiBeaiDe worii at 
tbe aani« tiua that, In tlw otkar aaaa^ tbi^ caMSMtkce the drietng 
|Hlea br the ecafibhliog. WhU* Ifao eoatnUa an beiog Hweta^ 
It ia but fair to auppeea that great [iingiioi may have been nada 
by tho Nooiilua in iheeonatnHAian of the work tieel£ I * 
prurioualy ahuwa ihatt being iu pedtieo, bat a vary few omi 
aia ro^airvd for the worluoeu to raacb the bottoon. ^tey 
eoe thetr work, aod are ready to proaacuto iL No aagaala fcr 
tnoVDinaDt an noceaiary: they wish to nioTaaniiMh,afiMit,ar«d, 
it u done at ouce; tliere ia no raateaiainic iafloenee which ia aot 
aubjectto their own will. When their Uloura an anded they 
theuuelvM ntum to the eiu&M^ aa npidly or ae alowly aa they 
pleue. 

The foandationa batng prepared to carry on theenpaiatraetaret 
the atanca oeoaiaary aio lowenid dowa b v any oNaae, itilMr by 
cruiea or boate ka the purpoae, or by Uie auaaon OMtliod pf«- 
vioualy daeoribad. Tlkey will bedepoeltwl In a givea peeHion eail 
lowered in the order In which they will boreqnired in tba work. 
The rhinf maarn or opoiutor thon, knowiog the nredae podtiaa 
of Uepcai^ which of comae will lieu near the ultimate pooitkB 
of pennanen^ a* pooiible, will ao arrange hia beilitlee of mtm- 
iseal aa to paa» la a direct Una to and men what flkay be etyled 
hie quarry or plaoa of delivery. He afflaea to atoae No. 1, and by 
tho power of DIB machine he ■iiapnnda it, thou novea it, and 
depoeila iL la it not evident tlial with the great powerofliftiag 
in eo npjd a maaner, and the muvenieut dejieadeDt oa bia own 
wilt, and the aubaequent ellght moveinvnt of adjoetmeDi la po^ 
tioo, that the whole operation could be perfomied in very mmAf 
tlio aaoie titoe that the tmokauapending the on! itiarT bell, niorni| 
by aignala, coold be placed over Uieatone ready forlifUogl The 
aiouc being phtoed, Ibe Nauiilui letnrua to the onarry for Net fl. 
Nu delay laeaperieaotd, but tlwaotionlalfluneaiiitelypeTfannedt 
aineeall thou^t neeeasary ia previvoaly eMrnaeiL No. 2 fbllowm 
No. 1, No. 3 Xoi. i, and ao am; the exact meaaunof jiutapeaitiaa 
having Ijooo hud down before the machine i« called into nmaMi 
tioo, and the metBonndua of ladk detaU being ia hand. 8a 
long aa the quanr ia aopplled, aa Gut oa tbt VMiooe powen «l 
Um> maohiiie can M eaUedinto play, the opwadoManat eaotiaoa 
uu interrupted. 

The Ruaou or workman frela no amaatioa of danger. If hie 
■ingle coanoelioo witli tho aiirfaee which aupplioe hia power, be 
ruptured, he roturoa to tba lurtki-e to make a rcoouncotion. Ha 
ie reatniued for the time beiug. from exeretaLngaay lifting powv, 
hot hia aafety la unimtuired. LTaetonebreak looeaitaoonMctloaL 
begoea to tbeear&aeiuidtlMraniBaiuaantil hediocaeatudeMana 
to uako a reoonnoetion. So long aa hia eapuly of air ia onia- 
lernip(eii,hacnreanot ibr the enrAcecr what >a going CO then; 
out ou ilia supply of air, he kaowa It and lakee hia own toeaaarea 
•ad precaution. While the aurflice of the water la agliatad,ni>laaa 
OMf the eurftce, it Joea not intcrfon with hu opetationa, oteea 
there being no ouapenaiou and a aufficient quantity of p«pe eol^ 
merged, or anchored below tho aurlace, no aotioa <4 the wataroa 
iinpeile hiamoveuieula, aa thereia no oaoillaliou. The attamlhlg 
lliiaia may l» toaaotl at the plaaaun of the wavea, ao loog 
aa ihey >'«n ride at their anohon or mooriag blodia. Sfaoola 
however, tho water booamo too rongh to operate, tbe Nantilaa 
retui'ua to Uie aarlace, and bring eonftned by ita aaefaon, aod 
being u life-boat in itaelf, no damage can arioe by learlag It fai 
piMiliou; ur the whole afterwards may be (owed to a poiitaoa of 
aafiiij, and Uiera await tlie Meantion of the ptereciting aaeeef 
openktiona. The moment ihoee cauaee have b««n Kro<>v«d,ofiei«> 
liooa may be reautucd at once; einee no part of tfaeapparaiua or 
ftxturea baa heea expuwd to deteiioration or loea. 

The aaiao uuniber of men woold be iv<)uiredon the NaotUoaai 
in thaonIiuaiybell,attbesaiiMfricaeforUbOBr. Theattandut 
laboarota at the auriace required m the morelBenlaDdaaapeBdinf 
the onUaary bull wuuld ba diipeoaed with, eonaeqneaUy the ao« 
of prodndnglbe aiuuH auiuunt of work wouldbe Moa la thaoM* 
of the Nautilua But I tmat that the bcUmae bentn d«aM» 
atnttad bave^owQ thattheselfHWtiogpow«n of the ftendo^ 
directly at the ooutfol of the operator, afford the bcilitiea Im 
purfurniiog a graater amount of work in a given tiate than bC 
orduaary nieaaa, and aa the aatouat of labour ia laaa, than aaM 
be a aaviuj; of tMth tinx Md Bcoey. There an other ntoa^ 
auah aaciiueou* for ooiutnKAlng portiona of maaoniy which «• 
■utMoqucntly plauedia poaitioa.apoa which I need not espatiala 
Tlioir nio ia confined to particular toealltiea, and ihry mtt Boiaii» 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AECHITECrS JOORNAL. 



100 



oapUU* of gHUnJ appttert ton 1b tba wi l r ac tioit oT whriiMiBii 

In Uiii pttpar m<r pnrpeas Im« bMD, not to mftke lavliJiaas db- 
itawioBi baCvMn tiw i)Tiliii»i7 ttiTing-btU now ta um u>d tb» 
NaatUiia, ■hicb ooeapLoi «>|mniiii«at»p(Mltfa)B iMraiD, but l« 
hriag torwtrd Um oMriU Mid datMUMtlM whokqraUnt, atnl 
plBN llMm in ooBtfMt with tbo BiMhiotrr wbteh ho* denlopeJ 
, wkiob, in Mm opiuioo of niupeieiit>nFDlilicmiDdi,or*t^ 
nwaj «f Uieiliffi««ltiwuw<!llM(Uii^n irIiiclib*Te lieivto- 
■T«io])«d the •dcueeof aubuurlne eii)[iDeenii({. 



ON CtVa CONSTBUCTION.* 
By CtLpL FawK^ KB. 

lutnn of Ik* balldlng imiImUU 1b ooaimon ow In dlBweat 
lof Um world tiu •Iwbjt* •iiH«Ia«l «i Imfiortut indumoo 
'~ia ohMMitcr mnil lutura of tlio eoBttmotioi^ of irliich tbnj 

k|nrt, M> much m m, in Gkct, tu ioBiMtiM in ft grcAt (U^i'«: 
I ud BhtUm of nBlloud Breliit«etun; wa tnat ws bavo 

) ologBBOoof Rom«— «irUi«oaHiriBffof ■ hard, eoduriBg 

,mar» or Uu flabbora nndor tfeo cUmI ui>1 buiIIoL TIw 

tmuBgeaUe Dwterial* in tuo in the middls Bgea were 

" ' inMnunenCal in poroditdng m eliuige in tbo nature of 

^ tloo* of tl)e poriod, ami |>robabl7 to nek eeciduota 

' flBeo aad <JroaBiebno* m« wb indebted fbr nuoT of tboM 
"ilaadfitnlMticforau wiiiehddlglitiuM muoh b^ tlidr 
J at execnliot), «• by their hnrdlhood of donpv and in 
the arcbiltfot, aiiaptiiig hi* work to the inaloriBU at 
Nal, baa atooitd for kia depMlure from the severe oot- 
_ 1 impoeing uaaeee of claHie anthil«ctiire, by tlia inlroduo- 

tlaa of a oliam to wbtcli bii xumer predewMow ware atnuifon. 
luoor own lime, iu ncvly MlUod oaunlrieih aikeb bb AmericB 
Bad maar of our ootoniea, whero wood ia abuiidenl, and aUme ia 
etifaar dtSkuIl to be obUioed or eipeiuive from the aoarcity of 
UHrUTt we Sod BdUareatkindafcouBlrnciioaaprlnging u|ivoft«u 

CstBraac|iM in apMBtaoee, and axhlbilLug Binab talaut in d(«ign, 
lit Bipacially anditabla for i(a aluididl; and ready adaputiona; 
M tha auiM tiow lU ephemcnl and Uiapgrary ohorncter CBonot 
fril to pre it BorDor Imiui alri>f iuaocontjaadwuitoratreaiifth, 
buwever uiuueriteJ. Fitinll.T, wf rome to that period which hoa 
with iiuth bMU called the age of iron, ta wbi«fa a total eliADge of 
laatarial haa ellbelad aa great an aluratlon In tho oaBrtractioos 
Into whiab iteoiar^ rennertag timplo,fnatsof conatmeUoowki^ 
It wonh) ha*a been Mir to have nitcmpled in anrof theprerioua 
part«dai and of U*e facilllice wliieb are atTodMd hj the um 
i^tUa material for ooreriog lane anaa with eoonoBiy andqslctt- 
•Mi^ oo bellM- lUoaUtlon caa b* given than the bnildSagt wbleh 
hava beaa eiwtod l>ir the two great Exhihiljooa of Lotulon and 

ffaiUinj Stontt. 
Wanee ii extreinelr rich in thin tnatprinl, and moch of the 
Uteetaml beantj f^ Pane i* uudoubledlf to bi^ AMwauted for 
Uie puaeMioa of iiieihaiutible ijaarrieeof a beautiful building 
BB, i^un eitreineiy enduring qiialitr, and at the tanie iIiim eo 
I of toxtnn aibJio easily vmiight.'ubibeeapablo of receiving 
7 variery of oTDAncnt. Thn building ilonoa of NornmQdy 
alao jusUf renownol, and Hrend of the moat mlabnilcd 
I of Cnea are repr««eiii«il at the Bihibltiou lUiJer tho 
I of PoDlen.iy ■iaui<, Aiibifnr tlau^, &0., and atrange t^ wf, 
I beat apadnwii ot tbit niitUirtal, vis. C^d awiie, la eibibited 
,r an Etijjjiah Arm, Moavm ' iatoi and George, who have wiit an 
tkmidiM carrad altar, rerulo*, and donrwaf, which do credit to 
tbdr watkntanddm aud at theaametimeaerveaaadniimbleUtiu- 
ttBllnna of the npablUtiM of Chen atona (br the more dellnte 
dwoSptioBi of oarvlBg^ apperUInIng more eepecially to work* of 
a BMoWval olianrier. A good aainple of a pVL-uIiarlv hnnl red 
HBKlitoae Etmb ttMdapartiuent of the Voegai,ii found in ih^diulo 
which forma the lower uwt of the external wallii of ili« Puluie de 
riuduatrie, ^*i« !l* eoeoBr la Lntroduoed with guud elfuut iii <:on- 
traet to tlie paUr Pnriiian alone with whicb the reniBluing p*rU 
«f the buildiav are ooD*tr«et«d. 

Tlu-re at^ onridw. b«tv#cu twenty and thirty dilTereateihibi* 
lore uf iloae, nuu-ble^ aud alnte. from all parte of Fnnoa and 
Ugeria, b^fikr the greater number of wbum wutHbiite tiiarblra 

AMnn -4 Kffwt U Ikt TiwUiel <4 Ob Bwid ot Tnda. <u Uu IVia Cnl- 




Ut ehber roach blocka or worked op Into omamantal artklia or 
fonnB. Booing tlalea are alao aent lif many penooa, alnoM aU 
the rpfdnuna Mog reij ibimIi Uiinner than thuaa made uae of in 
thu cotinti^ where this kind of ooreringii more popaUr than la 
Fraaee; in laet, the mateat objeotion nude by Prandi bnndera 
to the ampJinBieRt of elate a* a oovering ia, thai it will not bear 
the weight of any workman who niay ba aent oo the roof for tlio 
pnrpoaeofrepalr.andUiiaol^liaB. which appeanat Bnt aigbt 
abanrd, ia ouilv iiiHlcrrtood when the umplea of FVtncfc loong 
•late an examined. Tlic rsry geacral «np)oyaieal of lUce, ana 
more recently of xiue, bw however diveated the elata tnile ia 
Fhuioa of the Importaat plaoe which It holda in tUa country 
aaoo^anaappertalBbigloaonatraelioa. IntbeuumberteMifDnna 
in which wa m« elate now naid tu England, Mck aa in flooring^ 
cialenu, the flttingaapof watar^oaela and other ooBvenleiwea at 
railway Waliona, Jbi, it aeetna almoat if not totally nnkaown ia 
FtaaDSk and aeoM date ahtba for pavea>eDt, (br IIiMt^ a bilHanl 
taMe, and a gardes aeal of the auna material tnm Anger*, an 

rile novnitie* to the ParUaa aMiatrocUnL while a alair with 
te tnsodi exhibited by Meavs. Valiniir and Or, U looked upon 
as a diaoorery. Same <rci7 5ii« coUectioae of Um maibUBOf 
diSbreut diatncte uf Fnnco are eeeu in the Aanaxev bat all of 
each rery ataall bImil and eet ta aucha way thai no ojunion an 
be Hvmed of BltlMr their general oharMlar or the dimeodooi of 
which they can be vbtainM In the Algerian eoUeetion anpeata 
a eery bandeotue cbim ney- piece, na wall aa ■■>iDe delated elafaaof 
an eaoeedJaKly die.ioa(cly autltod and beaniifuIlT tinlad Oriental 
ahbaatar', llie pttNhioc of thaV colony, and aoaia Blmikr tpedmcoi^ 
but bferlor In bIm and «»!our, anioiic the Tuilieh prodnctlona. 
ThiaheautifU wliite Cratikluoent nurble '.» oaarricd in ibe pro* 
TinaeofOran iu Algeria, at aiiiktaoooof only twomileefivntlia 
aia, and aa it ow he ubtAia«l in blocka of contidenblB Bin, and 
dellrend at the au*t at fruni IT*, to iil*. tlie nibic foot, we may 
hope era long to ea* It brought into u*a a* a malarial for internal 
deeaeatioB. Algeria ehnwa aeraial other kinda cf marble, 
alabaalM', porphyry, anil graoito, and of ibeee many are aald to 
have the advanl^ of being found eloae to the eoBaa. EVom 
Tmcaoy we barcv ftnu the ooUeciioii of the Royal Polytednie 
luKitutioD of noreooe, BMciinaM of the inarbloa tor which ah* 
haa lon^ been bmona, Bitch aa the yalbw aieooa, tlie tnecttiae, 
the maotguo) and other wall-kDowanamea. And OPBeoe alao mada 
■a aama of hitr anoieatly taaowned Penteticoo, green porphyrji 
and " Tonga antique." 

The moei perfect and oomulele oolleetioa of building atonei la 
the Exhibition la uiidoiibteilly tliatMBt by Wagner arStnllfard, 
and exhibited amone the Wurtamburg raw puDdnoa; theyareeat 
in neat btoeka, ana arnuiged like au uotaj^aia] p^lepoat, and in 
tbo ord«r of their geolojpcal formation. They are aooompanled by 
a deaoriptlon of each apeoinien, wbioh adda mutb to iheir value 
Among them an a B&udetoae from the auperior ebnia (called 
StabouniiateiiO ooane grain, from Sehlaydiirf^ near TlUugca, 
6rA quality, and a wuidatooa from Siattgard. TheiM two 
ooaiiT m bloeke of very targe •ixo, but nuely in dan ThooMCt- 
iug of German architecta, in lasj, proaotineed uia laat oanad 
Rlnne to b« one of the beat naterlala known for hall J tag porn oara. 
The ex Urior walla, MB well aa moat of tho BonlptarwoT CoMpi* 
Uathdml, are of thia stane, great qnantitio* of whicb are atiU 
tntneporled Uiere on Uie Nuebkr and Hhine. Thia atone aenr 
dMoinpiaee, nor iIom any vegetal ino grow on ItaBur&oekaaltiloea 
nut ri^iitAio any earthy ninttpr: it nutnialns Ita light fpvy eolonr, 
miaia the heat and oold, hear* a heavy weight, and u eauly cat 
wiUi'Hit injuring the hnUih of tlic workmen. Several charchea 
built of iheeauicitoiie iu the tliirtcenlh oeutuiy are nffw in good 
preeervaliou, thu* jirovliig ita power of nelating ibe deelruetivB 
inSueiinf of time. It Ihui vhun-i oil the ademntaaea of grantta. 
Tti« licut quality U Pniiid In t)>e neicbbourhocHl of TObingeD aad 
NQKiugen. It la nlao umhI fur dLffervnt lorU of uiilktMiM, ao- 
eonliiig to the GiKn»a of Iho grain. It enrpBeaca the tjngliah 
atoneauaed tr husking rice, audinakesoxoellentgriudatoaea. Ita 
■ptxrillc KravUy in i-Qi, .iu<) ita )K>wer of teaieUnoe to a oraahing 
witi:;(ht -ixOa lb. on a enbic iiicb. 

Them iaalao a lim*>>b>ne, fre*h-watM- ilpp«itafromOeia1iBgen, 
roBuu-kntilc for itt lijchlueu lui.l mnt miiiAiicv Ui the tuflueooe 
of the air. When linit qiiun'inl il ii nwn with a vuniiuou hand- 
saw: It hanleuton ex|>»>urv tu the nir, and benraalworyweight. 
Tlie stone hiuibt*ti cniplDyed tn lraIldI»grei7highohiiTehBpue«h 
for the ar«>hea of ratlwny viaducta, nnU fcir fi^UflcatioQ*. Ita 
■peeille gravity ia only 1'48, and ita (wwer of ra*iilanee to a 
cmabing weight traux olo lb. to 1000 IL per oubie inch. 



h 



no 



THE CIVIL ENOIKEEB AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



BmMm Ui« abon tbore t>n mmti of the GniolB ami other 
orauDMiUl work Intended Ibr Oologna Oktbednl la 111* sr«at oava, 
flikh Bboir in k rauikabU dagiw th« bwit^ ol the 9tobMi- 
MDaulit; il apptkn to Uke aa oxttoody uliarp arri% aad lo wwk 
with cn>t «Me inU ths most slftlMnae forma, uidthweqmlitiM, 
Ui^tliar wllb it* ileliuM tint of ctnr whiliah grV) wnicb It ia 
■ud to fcoop for aaj Ituj^h of tiiu«^ soeui U> rcndar U laoat vain- 
aUb fur eonatnMtiTo purpcwea, mora ao appnMiitl; tliaii aay atoaa 
wUk wUdi we an ixqpaLDMd 

8«vcral apediMna of marbU and atooe (ram BelRitini an 
•xhlUtod, will ID the mvr abtCe and alao «iDaght into <rariuaB 
oraanwital aitiolM. aa tablo Uipa and ohimiuy-plMe*, tu. Tbu 
pricttof aoou of tli« Bol^aa aarbla ditniiwjr^lMM ar« no lav 
u to dtty all eomMtilioii bom tbia oouDttjr, wbena tli« MCMMtrj 
labour uboe could not be obtiuD«d fur the aoni demanded fer tM 
flniabod article; tbe workuuialitp and Snieb of tbeoe cheap 
Mtidci U taaBlfeatly rer; loferiM-.uidnuioberlaeairiokBor tmle 
(audi, for JAaUtnoe, aa gettlDg np the anrftei b^ Fraoch poliablDg) 
are aaid to be r«Mrtod to. AmoDg the vuiettea an a good btadi 
marble ftooiNajiiur, vltile marble and radmorUo from llainatilti 
•11 ia the form of ohininqr-ineoe*. uid a grcAt alab of dark alat» 
colourad or blaofc marble about 14 tmhj S feet, bBviaaiUMrfteB 
oorered with handdic ornament in ba^nlief, but ft>r what pnrpoee 
It ia intended it i* impoeeible to form a ooojeclura^ 

Befure qaittinf ^e anbtect of buildins aloco^ it Binrt not he 
omitted to oMJm the etono of wbicb tlio Palate de I'liirlatitrie 
ilarir ieeoHtnioted.andirliioh wwi quarried in the neiKhbour hood 
of SoioKJOi^ ahoui 70 milaa front Paria; it beam the name of 
Villan-la-FoeH!, firvm tlie ijoany froui ntiioh it la eitnteteil, and 
haa been employed largely in the oanetruction of thp ne-n giUUriea 
of the Louvre, Cd the repaiiaoftbe Palace of the Elyico Nopd&n, 
and eeTend other public wurka, and aeenia tiholjr to beooma 
popular with tbe architeota of Paria, aa from the quarriee being 
vilhin three or four niilee of the river Aisna, a branoh of the 
OW, aotlalKi within a tolorably ea^dtataaoeof the Cbenin da 
for du Nunl, it otn be brought to nria eaaily and cheaply; ila 
priae in the quarnr U Id. uer cvbio bot for blooka not Moe«ling 
80 inobee cubei M. par oubia foot for bloclu uotolDlnobMCube; 
Bid. pereuhie foot up to 60 inchea oubei and 11 Id. par oubio 
foot Dp to 60 inehea cube; at PaHa tlie bial-mentioiied etoiie ia 
above U. 7J. the cubio fuol; ita eapohilicy of raabtanoe t^ ciiuhin^ 
U vei7 grtiti; iu ouuie ex|ieriment« it baving home a> much m 
31 toiiaiiu tlie eijuare Inoh. for wbiah reaaouit iaingrcat repnta 
tor fonadaliooaaud eubetruottuua. 

Arllficial Slorte. 

Tbe lorm nrtlGolal ati-ue ia uatd in conneetlon with the many 
diffierent kind* of eoiuiuiiA and oouapouudji that liave been from 
line to Ume brought forwanl u MbeUtutea lor alone aa n build- 
ing untirial, and mart eapeaiallr with a viav to Iheaavingof the 
ooally labour neoeaiar* la r«dnaiii[[ the nw malerial to the oraa- 
inoDtal brau roqoirad for arabiteouual deooration; many of tbe 
•uUuuiON known by that name differ from oecneuta only iu their 
apfilioatian. and in lioing moulded beforehaod, and umvI' in build- 
ing in bloeka in a hurd vlatc, and they may bo taiil to bo dia- 
tiHKoUied from tbekiiij of ui.iterial known an i«rni-<uctain being 
a cheuii<sl oouibiiiatlou oS (li« iugnHlimia uf which (hey anmm- 
poeed eObclcd wiUinitt tht aid of heaL In oueau^ indeed, which 
U reprearated in the Eihibitioa under ilie epithet of artificial 
aUne, heat baa bceu emplored to a mat oxlent, uamulv. in the 
grent Uo«k of •eivi-vitriiSedbHok or Sinker, contribuiod by M. 
Benuiil, and won fully deaoribed further on. Ami ia tbe cam 
of Mr. IhmaoiDo'a artllleial atone, which in, p«r(u(», ihr oao 
that ukM oS all thu rarioua alteupta r«aUy deaarvee llii* epithet, 
the cbenikal ooubtnatiou can only ba etfecled by the aid of great 
btat 

The neaitat aoproaoh to Mr. Ranaome'a prooeu in the Rihi- 
bltion aeeuM to be that ofM. Kuhlmano, who exliibiia >ued[u«t)a 
of his method of Mluntine »oU and friable eiooea with allieaia 
of jMitaUi, eo aa to render thorn bard and pmnaneot, and not only 
t<> iiiij-iKVo ill Uiifl rHpect the building etonwi iln-aily io uae, but 
to niiiUo what hoa bilharto bean thrown aaldc u qu-irry robbiab, 
from ita ■(•nnou, to be nnade uaeof iu aetate in which it i> harder 
and li."M liable to dolorioration than the aaturallyGmierand von 
valuable beda Another obviona advantage attaoding the eniplov- 
meut ot thia prootat, ia that the aofteet aionn may Iw wrought 
into tbe moal dalical* forma, and then aabmittad to tbe aolion of 
the eilioftla of potaanum, tboe Raring the expenae of the labow 
in outtiuj;, which the hudwqoatitieaneoeealute. Serendnperi- 



menta that hare already been made on th(e pr oae ae an mU 1m 
have been attandad (as Gv aa ean ba judged of without tlie edbet 
of time) wHb «nlm auoeoM, and the coet of nlimiluing Iha 

(aoeof a wall ia ilali il ii I I 1 fi iiii Iif m Tlif lliii iiijiiiliitil 

foot. The operation ooDaiatB iu eimply ntoratbg the awae «ilb 
the liquid made nae ofuntil it la do longer triable of ImblUig 
moiatnre, and the ootew, althoi^ M Ant mtth cbangad, ■ 
eventaally net Iqjared. 

Affloiv the many oxhibttora of artifirial atone who appear ia 
the French wctlon (and, indeed, Frwoe ia the only eoombolM 
tinder thia bead), a M. I>uiii)««iiil. socompantM eomeblocknof 
anl&cial etdue with a kind of mtimata of tbeeoenparulveaz- 
paneea of conalruetioD vith brick, rubblo, and aahUrmaaoary, 
and alao with hia artifidal eUnie, which he makes oat lobe in tM 
following proportion* >— 

Front exterior, complete in aaUor nuiKnu7 /Ilt4 

Tbe aane elevation tnbilok 8S7 

The aame tn mbble maaoDiy ., ABO 

The Runo in nrtificini iitc<ne 480 

No data ant pvon ou which theee (uma are founded, and kiov* 
iuj; the eitrcinnly Etrounible eye with which iattotota an apt to 
repnl tlioir uwo iuveotione, Uicy would uf ooune be received 
with cautioui hia roannfaoture haa, It la eald. btao iu una with 
•omo iiuccoM braitvcralf«are; it eeetna to bo principally Dompoaed 
of phutor of Pane, and ■■ coat in mould* into any ahapa. 

U. Coignet oxhibita a block uf the cuucrrtp which be has need 
in the ooualraotion of a bouae near du Denia, and whlcb hM 
exdted oonaiderable intertat in Parte. M. Coignet baa, aa tha 
rciilca of aeeriea of cxperimonta, Kiveo uatha roeipcafiir makiDg 
twi> kiada of ooncnte euitablo for houae buUdin^ which be dia- 
tinuuiahca bj the epitbota of economio concrete) and hard and 
aolid ooncreto. The lint in oompuaed of — 

Sand, gravel, and pebbhie , 7 parte. 

Ai^llnoHMia earth „ _. % parta. 

Quick lima 1 parb 

Thia concrete, li* aaye, properly beaten up and mixed, haa ^rea 
walla n{<arly aa hard aa the ooumoa auft rubble maaonry lucd tn 
hrisi ia priee it eemiMles with ordinary pi*< work, cr«r wbieh, 
howerer, it baa the advantage of beUig able to raiat ~ -'-— ' 
The hard concrete la compoeed of— 

Sand, gravel, and pebble* 8 

Common earth, burnt and powdered _ t . 

CloJera, powdereil 1 part. ^ 

Uoalnckcdbydisulicliuw..... 1} part. 

The mnt^naln lo bo perfeotly beaten up together. Their nixtan 
givoi a cixicrotowhich aetaahnoet immediately, and beowBas ia 
a few iljLye extnunelv hard and aolid, which ptoper^ n^ be 
atill furtlisr laoreaaed by the sdditiim of a email iiaaatity, a^r 
one part, of cement; uid tlie price. de|wudiug priudpaliy on that 
of Iho time luid labniir, wim, in Pari*, undor unmvourabla oireBB^ 
■tancoi, .tW. to id. per cubic foot; with mors hvotmbla eoo- 
dili'ina, id. per cubic foot. A bouee^ three itoHua iu height, 
65 feet X ^^ r«!ti atandiuu oo a termoe having a twrpeudicniu 
ni(4un1ug wtkll SCO fi^t In length and SO feet high, boa beta 
Kctiialty coiiHiructfd, with avei; |iart. indodlug fciuoilatJeui^ 
vault* of oellan, niaining val!, all walla axtarior and intetiur, 
without exception, of thii liat\] caoerete (Bctou Ihn), aa wtU ae 
the oi>rDice, mouliUng^ etringuDuraaR, haluatndce, aitd pantpeli. 
and without bond lion, lintela, or wood tlirougbouti the nae at 
pIoMtxr in the Interior la aleo avoided, aa tlie ooucnto taken a 
■urfibx (ufficiently Goo for papering. Tha ntaialag wall 
moiuurrs •iAyim cubic foot of mnaaory, and oonatrooted of Faril 
hard riibbte (mauti^rea) oraahlar, it would have ooat from lAWL 
to lACNi/. and In eommou acA rubble (m-jvUooa) and atone oDfaaft 
from B-fiK to TOOt; on M. Coignet'a principle it haa ooatr— 
S2,7Cu cuble GMt of ooncrate kkl at SdL per cable £ 

foot 180 

Baluetrade in moulded concrete. IB 

Total SIM 

The entire house, VL Cygnet Mva, only coat 40CML, and he 
furthvi' ilAini that to build one aUnilar of aahhw It would haie 
ooet probably live tinea that amount; the eaue peraoa bat alai 
coum t-ii^rted auliemio&l miuiuliwtorir at 9L Dtiiie, in whicji walh^ 
diaina, and water-pipee are all uf thia material, ai aleo'the foua- 
datinu of a 3Q.horaa eughie. If all iheae eUteueuia a« to ooA 
&c, are correct, the material of AL Coignet would appear ««Mk|r 



i 





THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECrS JODRNAL. 



Ill 



; futiiwr lB<iiUrBil into, w [t wovld ■Mm to aflbrda bmoi 
BctioB Bt » priM UUmtIo nnbMrd of. 

■ dwcriMM* of MtiAcial alaiM, a Urga block of whieb 

liud by H. Becmnd, eoniM ntli«r Bailor tike bead of 

I artiMal Moo*, u it U prooiuod bjr th» amUMtloB of 

', Mid ii, in hot, rispl; aa eaonaoiu ibmo of briok; U b pro- 

', M a aubMiMto br ctoiM to aea waila and otbor siaritiiiM 

JoaiV «b»r* Um auporior lianbilit;^ of vitrifiod autoiwl 

t it aa advantaM a*«r ooaontaa tiukla with lino or 

I oMieiita; it ladia ■■ the aas* elaai of mawriah wiUi 

I oaal iolo blocks siid propMod m a buUdlng material \tj 

mat, of BirmlngbiM, ua It U mucli to b« ngiwttad that 

I Im anil iir. Buaonii ■hould haw alMtaliiad ttea ailiibiUiijK 

this olsas, M tbs Bitiaeial stotw of th« laUsr maUoouui is 

ilj hr cnperior to anfthuig of the kiaJ in the £ihibitiaa. 

Ctmmlt and Limet. 

Tho lims whkb wiu taat hvonnbU- mootioiMd was a now 
jkuowti b7 tha nonwof Chnox A'Ti^mty, Ui* BaaniaehBro of 

. Janiiil Kom, of Angoolime, sad of wUth Ills foUowing 

-iymM is pveu : 

Carboaate of limo „ 80*0 

OtfboHale of laagiMma 364 

OuboBsts of protoxlds of Ireo A'8 

Alkali \i 

tynvm W 

day - - 14*0 

Kt(uii«ti 100 



lOOOV 



is mid %A be viiatfecl«d hj tho action of salt water, but of 
tliia sooiH tSoie ii tuammrf to Jndgs. 

n«^nt Tiim. 
The asTwal deKripliocul nf neGng iUm shown, almost all of 
hioh are (t<nu frauoc ilwU^ m*J bo coosiileTiMl as b«loiu|ing (u 
of fin diSsrMt niaisw, tlis flnt or which includes ths 
flst Ills, the aiamplss of whiult 'litTsr manl; \a iIm 
o[ which diiey ars oanipossd, and iu their grcalor or less 
aikd weight, govsrusd ia grsnt awasurs b; such 
The other four cimifp or gcneml fornu uf tilo are th« 
of di&rait aUeaipU wbioh hare butiu mode Troiu tinis to 
to ottriale tbs grast oMsvUun U> th« eiaplo/nisnt of flat 
ptUss— wunelr, Um uscetslij of lAjrio^ ilMto so thai tha r<M)f )• 




■F 

■ lai 



aSTSrod at svvry pari of its MTvioe witli thres thicknasieii of tils, 
•ad lbs oooswfiMul enonDom weight of this dsacriptioti of 
erinK, an evil so graU as to h>va almost oolirely tjauiabed it 
all lar^ moiLeni struciunst in this wuatry, as mun thsu 
iMangltsUDdoubtsdaivlgrsatadvantagBsofdurabilitj, 
jwil straagtb, rssislsnes to lbs action of ttis wind, obssposss. 
■Bid pschafia tha nost importaul of all, tha &et of its beii^ so bad 
% coDdiietor of boat ft* to randsr Uie altios of buildiui thna 
■arend, Isaa asosihle of the eitrwiMs of best atuL eold, wUeh ars 
■nndi fiU whssv melal or sivu akt« is suiiJoj'siL 
Tbs b«al sfiscitDSBs uf \ho RaX or Bdrgiindinu tiles (■• thsf an 
Isi litsil in rraaoe), in th^ Kiliibitiou arc psrhspa those of Ummb. 
Osnot aaH Co^ to whicb tb«v am Uts iiaice of griia Feranie. In 
appMnnoe tbie^ ai« alnosl uke ftos giaiixd Knuiite, wiili a 
TT Bit's lH" niA sxtrsnslj thia and light, and iio doubt of 
mat Mrsagth and dnrsbilitj. A soniawhat siaiilsr tils, from 
tM bcbiry of U. BouLuiKor, of Aaneiiil (Uisc), if BnyLhiD^ lur- 
fsssss the Grsl^aunnl in LfaiuDess uid linchtiiees; in botb, Lhe 
daj ia oo«npJet«lj TJlriged, SAd It is a pily tbatsome Mutlculan 
as to wslgbt, priuv, ,tt, of such a r«iimrk;ibl<) matsHaJ Iwvs tkot 
ben seat wiui tliem. It mny be mniitiiiiial hsn tbat Mtairs. 
OaDot sxhiUt draiDioK tlloa and pipes of the same exoellcat 
BSlsriaL The nversKc weight of Bat tiles Bisy be t&ken at 
Bpwanls of 90(K> lb. thu tboiuand. 3S0 tUs* to the wiii&ru of 
roo6oa, which thus waigbtfrom 1^00 to8CKN>ib. in this miLUrlal. 
Tbs Bat tile i* kept in lis plaes b^^tw^ or naiUdrirea ihmngli 
boiss in its iiipprr nart, nnd sack tile )■ hj this kihui* atUi^lied 
to lbs lath witbo'itWuifilepeiidoatou its oeigbbaun for aupt'ort; 
the «ms role sjipitus to the aext class, wlilcb i*. as wull ss the 
first, flat, aad altadiwl ia the muii« waj, aud iu whioh tbe 
alUnapt to isduos tbe woicbt eoaaau mervlj' iu cutting nwaj 
thoss parts cf the tQs whi^ arc concoaled wDcalh otluT^ nnd 
ia (DtDo easss also in roattdinff off or |v>inting the eipoaod part, 
so M at tbe same time to contribute mors or leaelo Its onMunenlal 
diBiacter, tbs naull is a tils soatewlul in tbe shape of tfas blade 



of a ahoT«i flaWmsdt and lasonecBBea approaahing tbs form of 
a spads pip oa eards, and wbicb is {sstansd, as in the lUt tile, 
bj a p«g dri«wt thrwub a hols to the shost stalk or handle st 
its upper cxtrBmitv: these tiles are Otrtbsr omamsntsd in ibsbj 
OMBs by the intncMstion of Agnrss or psUsna in rstisf en tbw> 
sur&oei the/ tuveihsadTBBtaae of bsisg easily fixed, and Kgbtrr 
than tbs plain flat tile, but still ucocsdiate a vary high piuh ctf 
iDof to sfwUs tbs bqis to bo perfeciiy wmlhei^preot liie first 
departure from tbs onKnarr Biir)(U[idiui paltBro is lDnstrat«d 
by the tiles exhibited by iL Bluadesu, which ars msrely (h« 
former with tbe lower eornsts rmndsd <X, and a litUs aoosip at 
esoh sUe tdcsn out of lbs part wbteh is hidden by tbe BOperposed 
tilsL Some of thsss tilss are more or le« oroameoted ut reliet 
on the BDHbee, and vbsn fixed bave a rery pretty cAei Tbey 
Mopear to bare been mdnsUy parad away by dmsnat mskera 
till tbsy bars ssaunksd the ft«D dsscribsd abovs as that of lbs 
qiads pdp oB a oard, which sssms to be tbe one geuemlly in 
nijnis amung tbs Frenoh and Belgian makers. Belgium seniUi 
by tf. Joann, of Antwerp, some good examples of Uiia daw of 
tUe, the weight of wliioh Is stelsd to be 3740 Ik, and tbs cost 
93*. per thousand; SSO of thsss tilss cover a v{aM» of roofing, 
ths "siejit of whieb ia tborefon 812 lb., wbiuh gives a remark- 
ahle difliiTenae In their ihroar in oompariug tliem with the 
Borgnndian tOs; their price in BehKam is 80*. tbe thonaand, ot 
SO*, the aguare, fixed. Similar lliss srs sxMbltsd br nwDy 
French iwuterBi amoaK thorn may be noUeed those of U. vauttna, 
wblofa only sshd to differ (nm those described above in being 
larger and chos{>er, the tiles costing from !Ak to ) 10*. per tbov- 
aand acoording to uze, the squan taking biit 110 of tbe larstr, 
and oosting only 13>. M. Martin, of BonrtmBiM les Baiu^ ijBO 
exhibited speoiniens of a HiniiUr tile, but of which no partieolan 
as to price or we^bt are dven. 

7%s dsijre to nmodr the obvious dindvantage* retnlUng tnm 
lbs long OTM-Iapning jobt and high-pitched roo( ths asoesMUj 
eonsequenote of the two descriptlans <A tile just meatiotisd, bM 
iudoccd mniten to resort to tiis ooastmotion of several varietiss 
of tile, tbe esDORKl principle of which is to substitute fur tbe btp b 
short vertical joint rendering tbe lap and higb jiilch unnecesnry, 
and st the same Ume eouaeetiog tbs UUs so flnnly tOMther that 
tbey arc not whollr dependMtontheirholdonthebttisferbdBg 
ke|rt in their positiau; these objocuarsattainsd IndilftrHit wny^ 
which, however, all unite In ths amployni«(it of lilt* having their 
edges lunied tdteninUlv up and down, so sa to form vsvtiotl 
ioints at their junction, instead of only overinppiug (aeh Mberaa 
in the first two oases inst deaeribed, and thr renialnlsg clanes 
merely dlflivin the modecf sarryliiR out ttiUimprovnmsutiand, 
fint <yrall, wehave whatmaybeolicdaibinlelasiintbaeoinnMa 
pentile i»r> much nsed in London, wbioh is made in sikIi a Ibnn 
that the tilss tn each iwpnmie course nukesuob aJointwIlbeBdl 
other, but without Kfrmn.'e to the course Immeillately ali^v* or 
betow them; this mode gpu rid of tin difficulty «f prnvl.linc ■ 
great amount of bp for tbe longitndtnal joint*, but tiwvcs Uie 
nmiiontsJ stiU nntoncbsd, sad still thenRire neooMatalcs a oon- 
sidsrable ovsrlap sad a higb pitch ef roof. 

Ia dis fiiBrtb olaaa w« have tbe edges inelcaInK ons angle of tha 
tile ttiroed op, and tbe lemainbg two down, ■uid lbs tU* Uld so 

that the an^^e II(Bt< 
mentionod shall lie 
up^ieniuist, sDil that 
tbs joints shall roa 
in a dlagoe«l (lime- 
1MB. by tbia bwmw 
CDntinniag the verti' 
cnl bip all mnnd the 
tile, which ihus en> 
nblm it to bs om- 
ploTvd si s much Imb 
tniJiDBtion, and wiih 
so little nrerlap ss to 
have only otie-slMh 
of ths surbee biddsn 
or uislssa for pur- 
poses of actanl cover- 
ingi in tbia tile lite 
peg is also dispensed 
with OS a method of 
fiMteminfi, tbe tile having n small prqjeetioe on the hsek at Its 
upper iwri, by whieb it is allacbw to ths Uih, n vrrv slij^t 
incrense of pKJ»ctIoa in ths lodge at tbs lower angle, wbieh bis 




h 



i^^^rifa 



THE CmL ENGDiEKR AND ABCIIITECTS JOURNAL. 



Into K Bow Mp oading doprtMioB (a Uw tD« atxt ImIow, Mrricg 
•till fbrtbtr to Mcai* aadi i& lU plaev. Tlii* cIium tiikj be rab' 
divided tnio meb tiki u wn aqfin, and tho» th^t are Iomum- 
•twpcd: of tli«M, tbefiwBicr, known u tiietile OourtotefroiDtlM 
lUkne of iU inrcntor, b perhap* (hv mual nin|ilCb whU« tfa« 
lowi^;e-dik|)« sir** nan mum farUM introdurliuD nfoniAaetit; 
th*Kinu« tllelittalM tbiadTUttgaof hnviDi; ■ Icaa loogtb of 
joint m pn>f>ortioB to iti longdl, ud convoqucntlj' of tiavliig 
ntlicr iDor* of ita Mir&M upMcd Uiui the losonge. 

£ach one of lli« tile Courtols w«lgha *S Ib^ uid 1 SO uf thrm 
Bra reqitEred G>r a aqiiare of 100 Mi|i*Ttldal t«»l, aa that tho 
w«l^t of Uili uiount ofcovoriag would be tiK'lb^ aud ita 
coat 44e. 

One of the prindp*! esbibiton of tbe logeetiKe tile of tliie clew le 
H. Bnidb, or l^ot, wboae tdle in MreagtliHuad bj e ■light rib 
•long Ita omtre, whiob kdda malcrlallj t« ite ornemeotal epfieep- 
auoe, ead eniibl«e It to be made extrMDel^ tbio ud light, the 





nan *i>*. kid tii*. 

anmre of this deacriptioD of tiling sot luiHianiinR to noro thAn 
770 lb., and the nnjclo tile being A'l lb.; it it Rhuwn id (Jihn 
dineoaiena, niuning lOO, UO, and 3W til«M to tlie iH|uare, ud 
ooeting n«fie(TtIv«ljr &., 31. 13*. Sd„ and 3l. -U. Die tlinunatid tilea, 
«r foe the flrat t-na. im. the Minarf, Bad for No. 3, If. 3«. 64. 
Aonther Doeker, a M. Oeillnrd d« Boooatiat, ttlun from Io'"ni, 
exhibiu a tile idcatieal in principle wilh ihnt jait (t»irrib«l, but 
with greater preletiaiona in the waj of bmanieat; id iliii tilr the 
■bbU atrenstheniim fillet ia deTeloped iuto a (irotcequc bini'a 
beed, •oneiiilng apinxMcblDg to tbegrol<equi-KiirgO}'k'ai« uftau 
Men In ntedlnral etruetuna^ vliloh le reuarluiblj' pretty 1b the 
biutd, err wben eeeD doae, but ie altogether ao in^gniflcast in «i»e, 
■ad eo 'wmating in boldaeae, a* to be iittorly thrown nvairatoTan 
tbe lowcel height of a Toof iu actual conatmctioD: ibon Ules ore 
•howB aa leld alternaleir, white and red, and althiiugh, ae befon 
DMBtioDed, the oraatiMuii inn*t be oooaldered aa ao Bmob waete, 
Ttt the vhiole *4ect iu a roof miMt be pleasing and light. 

Hie Sflil daea nf tllea may be ooDaidfTecl ns onlv differiog la 
priittipla (rem the tilo Cotirtina in having the tilea laid willi Uieir 
Jointa horinTiTal and vcrtioJ inaleed of iHacDnallv, and coa< 
■equently bai-iDg the tunied-up edge eanied ^otig ibe top and 
one lidfy anil that turned dovn unng the other aide and tbe 
biAtoai: but ao many mmlMIcatlone hne beea iulroiluce<l, that 
in mfuiy of itinwirxhibitnl tli<- orifpnalorgoreniin^ferm i> wiih 
diffionllT di>eoTcrc<l. Tliii cla», u well •■ the laat, uinT be unid 
to ooiMiit of two NubdiviBioiiii. diDvriui( in the manaer lu vhiob 
the lilee are laid; thtit Ih, whirthfT the vertind Jolntt cf tbe tiUe 
in dlftnmteonnea ooinoide, or wholber tbry are laid eo ae to 
what ia teebnicelly called brmk joiut-, the fottncr aortne to bavo 
tbe adnmtage in pennittins the li-dga or flange to be ouried 
uniBteRupteilly aloag the upper luid lower tdgea of tbe tiU:. 

Aneae the eumplee of rectengnlar tilea of the fitUi claaa, 
tboaeef H. PegtuMt (department cAte dW) approach, perbape, 
Deaveat to tbe tile Coiirt<nB in form. Hiev ei« ahown of all 
eoJoaia— red, bbck. white, beown, rtllow, hlue, anil greeD, and 
wedietlngniehed ftvm lucitil otbrm in the bnlldiug bvbdugDlaud 
oa the upper aurfim. In the tilwi of M. Gilnn^'Dl of AlUcjrch, 
who U aaitl to bo the ori^nator of ihia <^Uiii> '>f tiU-, a centre pro- 
jeotioii oreorragolioa inntrodimd, by whidi tho tile ii utrrngih- 
wied anlGdently toeimble it to btuir the wi-i^ht of a workman on 
theraol^aiid atlheaame tiuie to be of great lighln«Hi; 140 of 
tlteae tllee cover a iqnan, which ooata froia lb. to \3*. 

But, periMM, the bnt and nent cefiii>lct<> exhibition c^ roofing 
tilee ii that ofMeeen; K. MDllrmind (i<., of Pnn'i, who pnmng 
not mcTvly for a eovering, but also give lli« niciuia of iiitruhicing 
•kyl>]{hte, eitbertoOpeDorfimI, irentlb(ioutitn,aiHlorFio|iloying 
lilea u lUnliiiig nuid chimoeyi^ and in aimUar BltuaiiwDa. The 




farm of the tile eeema a little compUcnled, bnt not at all eo « to 
noder It more dllficoli to be &XM, or to requin a a>or« akilM 
deacripUoo of labevr for that oparationj aad thia ali^toanplia' 
tion ooee aot eaan to aflact the manulactMre in any war, tbeir 
wiea not dUEtnof from that of tbe aveiaM of the tllta •zntbttei 
liia lile, which may be bctUr underatood \fj a ralenBO* to the 
atxnniiiaiiyiuK woodcnb^ hu the tllleto OF flugca aioDg its lover 

a^ alightly retunied per» Ue1 to tbe bee of the tile; tale retnra 
Dg locked into a eorawpondiog roonv in the tile ueit below 
ili non eflKtoally aecnine it Irom the astion of the wiad, aad 




virriutiMi nu. 

at tbe aamc time give* a wntcr-tijiht joint without tbe BMee- 
aity of a high pitch. Tbe longiiudiuai joint ie fcrmfd by two 
■mall fillele on the face of tlie one lile, fitting into two grootw 
in the reveres of tlie next, thiM beiug Kr>currd by three edna 
ln[4'iiig ovnr two, iii«tcad of merely one over one aa is ua 
tiiti Conrtoia. Tho method of providing for tbe tvaertioo of a 
tkylighi ia extremely almple and ingevtone; it oonalata in havfaff 
a cani-irou frame, with edgea made to cnmapottd with thoee of 
the tiles, and of the "iite rf one, tw>\ thtwe, or note tilee; tbla 
ftvBie forming the ikylight fnttnr i> liird in any part of the roof 
with the anme fii«ility n« tho tilm IhrmiolvFa, nnd i*, of eonrte^ 
in evary rmpecl na wail^ei^ proof at the jointa. Should BgbT 
withont air twretiuireil, rvoourwis had toaMlllaimnleraA4ra 
frame with a pMi« of glaa* inserted in it; aad ahoalo vootlUtioB 
alone be the object, biwi^jnI rnitilating tilea can be intradocn) aa 
often no ripennAry while laying the onlinary tilce. In the 0M>- 
atnietinu of moft with the tile of M. Moller, not only ia the eieep 
elope of an orilinari' tilnl roof avoidablr, but Ibe pitch la rediKM 
fikr below ihat of an oidinary alnte rnnf, being only oiie-e^tl) tt 
the epan, or at a elope of one in four. Tho weight of ^ aiagla 
Ule on thia ayitem ia n A Ih, end aa it taka l.'<0 to odver a tDOaM^ 
it follow* that thia qnaotity of covering weighs ntS lb,, orVMB^ 
what more with Mome •>{ the lozen|[e4ha)>ed t!lea: but tte I* 
more than ci^oipeneoted f'.T by the dxreoae in BmoaM ef 
covering conacqnpnt on the allcrnlion of [litcb, by the a<l<ll4lMl 
•aetirlly aflbrded againat wind luid weather, and by (ho fw JIty 
obtaine'l iu the fltiing of nkyli^hto, &e., hy tbe employtitf tf of 
the tilea of Meaara, B. Multer and Co., whoee merit tbe ju^ if 
tijia elaia baa adinowledged by the award of nllnrt-'ln** midal. 
iiud whoae prodnetiona are well worthy the aiicnii'ij i<f on- 
alruoloni in tliia oonnlry. (The plan of roufiiig abvvp d(<)tcrbel 
will be mulily iieeu ou referetnw to the euKravlogson th*' i.at 
paite, 113.) 
Tbe only deacription of Ule thnt romaina to be aotioed >■ 




In whidi the loc^todtnal j«int ia f.>mi»d hv a aimihu' 1„ 
tha Ikof ofeocb ttle placed cuntiguiona to eai^ other, aadj 



I^Hfa 



THE CITIL ENGDIEEB AWD AfiCHITECT'S JOURKAI. 



Ill 




nnnkUa 
LinFteM 



lika 

I roofinK in Uie Atyt of > 

"~(oOTeriiu;tfaa JMiit. A 

ion «f uia *7«t>.>ni l» 

i bf M. CourV'iti. which 

rdnconotwpni to| 

_. I auna MlvuiUgn »s nuui; of 

' tkoae kiDtUabov* daavlbed, aad 

i% mt Um matt Umfc mora •!• 

pMwire Uwn uijr of uctn. b«iog 

/iMfiiv TUm. 

UM of UIm for floorisA 

>agb bat n>rri]r mod is 

in Bodeni MoMnio- 

to A vwy gmt 

I FteBoe, mmI m m cod- 

DPtice wn hnvo the Frrnch 

jiliition fall of niaitv variptioo of this dmTbI nutoHnl, RainR of 
BUUmbL-tcrBra daimiiig beaaty of colour or (l«)iif:ii, (onto 
root* w iliif*WIHy of material, tuid oth«n loin*** of prio», 
be ■IbtingulahiiiK inirk of their putioitUr mnke or daj. 
«D «r opMUc of Uia-inkkiitg for ptupMM of fleorln; or j*v»- 
nt luTiiiK kInMrt baooin« csttncl in thin oonntiy, wn mairt not 
to ■t>B>k of the revlTal of the nuuinfiwtnre of enoniiitic 
b miinl wli{(-h hiM reiRilieil in the flerelopiaBnt of thnt 
QCk of nrt-iBKrufacttimtotuiesteDt far auqiostiBC Uuortgltuil 
L umI of vltkh Mr. Miotom hta dnnmck beantifUl •xunplm 
^Buetioo vith hiieihibiUna of pottonr, exnmploa ttuit u« 
lOUpprMclMil br aiij eflbrta io tbnt dirMtion of the IbreisB 
■n In tli« Exiiibitjoti, and must b« iDmiion«<l ouite or 
tin*. At the iomo Uao, It aboafd )m wtxemd uiat tlifa 
nuDDbictnR!, from iu prior, in cMcntiatlf "detait','' 
from being so cxtrnnivcljr adopted in onllnftry 
> ia the oaaa villi the lea exwoalvo &nd more conunon 
_ I io vBireraalljr OMd hi FVaooe, lor tlie flootng of raaaagta 
roomii. b-.th np and down ataJra, i>t«i Iml-nyms hrtnjr (xm- 
ntly Sonnid wilh cliii> DaatcrU, which hm ihr ndrntitn^ "f 
fireproof, and when co»«*<l wiili a carpet, maeh more 
CM than A wnuiten Huor; It townm, liowerer, JoJ^^oe bv the 
i)pl*4 Mcn in Pnnor, to be iliflloult to mder anil ltt*p the 
periVcOr tn>« and level, wliinh mnst thna form nithor a 
ructivir nabatrndtire for Carpet*. Hrioio Ule», ftl«D with en- 
ormfvi pnltn-na, sMiaar uaang th« ountribiitiona of the Paris 
UMSafitctuf^m, wfafeli aeeta ox«cul;d wilh onnnidmLble nloetv, 
be Mttmta an r«i>I in thrreieivpn, hnt (hTc i* not ihnt 
of deagn e>r bigh finiili of ncculion whj<^li di>tiiiK<ii>h'« 
iliilT'trii inanuractmri of this r\iua; in one brniich, tndeod, 
' tuetcne fi^r pavement, Imi in the onlv exliibilvr, noneof 
uch or oUiur foririi^ pottert hnvitig trxliitiiuij asjlhbis 
ViniL M. Mnrtin-Brej, of neaaofoii, hiu unni^ (cooil 
ngtll«. aixl Hi a Biod«fate pri<», vix. — «rf. per foot aaptr.; 
tr »i» kLmp-I li!™ of a dark rvl'ligli bnjwn ground wilh a 

rif iMituni 111 vellow eacniaied in tin; nuriioe. M, VoUanl, 

' Ckaieaatouge, exiilhlla aereral apeciBeus of pareaMot, aotM 

la. S7T-— Vol «».- Arau. 1867. 



Hrnlm .iT CkM-tm Olurl font. A. (lUa. 



ID pattcnia (btmed trith dia- 
rooM-ahaped tilea, imitattog 
dark and light manlea, ialor- 
ar^raed wftli wbil«, red, aad 
Mack, tba price of which ia M 
Tier foot aoparfioia], one a chtaa 
Wrd pattmtia black and whila 
at Sd. per foot mipMArial, alio 
ou(< at the aame prioe in wbidi 
white octagonal ttica are fllM 
in with email euoniv red onM^ 
a MBple at 4A tlw foo*. In 
wbiefawhita htiacoaa] tUea ud 
diaBaood-aLaiied milativa mar- 
ble taake np the Sgan, aoil 
finaltr a nwj pnHy herring- 
bone bride panoMnl, in wUw 
araall enbae ot black brick an 
ibtrodvoed, with lood oSbet, 
between the end* of tba other 
bricks, tlie pviee betof Qif. per 



heal, 






foci. The tookcr dainiH (br 

that tboy are nnafleclcd hj 

frost, or water, that thej waab well, 

that their ooloora are unaltevabl^ 

and thai being of ptvdaeljr th« 

auno dray^ of hanlnsM, theta ia 

no poaaUlilj ot any Mewmnaaa in 

wear, lu ia tl>e «asa whara nuto- 

riala of dtSennl kinds ar« nnploved (a ooajnDcdoa. 

A piow of Soorinf! is shown br M. Dnfonr to iUtiatrata a kind 
of tile, if it amy bo »a mllod, of hb ioTeiitian, triuck ia nada af 
a sort of whiU oemest or pj**l«>'. with a patten in black aophsJu 
enervated ia the aiu^oCk Thsy <lo uot assm to have any advaaufs 
over tiles pn>perly so calleil, as th^ ars miadi doarw, **"c'*'fl 
fltna 6d. Iu 1*. (ti, th« niirrficial foot, aad do not appear to pro- 
nusa tha aamo amoont ot rraiatanoe to irtar and (ear. 

Tkcra ia another invention, exkibaUd is tha Annei«, whioh 
bslBR iiaailaaatila!ntheeaiatniietion«ffav«iBaata,nayp«rfaapB 
be lntrodar«d bero^ although not belonging, strictly ipaskbg, to 
t]iia kind of maanlactim; it ia a flooting mnteriol made of 
heaagonal oaat-iiVD fianwa, whioh have parta of their swiiMa sunk 
•0 as to fartn a tetias «t adit; iheas ars fiUad up lere) with 
aspbalta or oemeut of difhreat eoloortt wMeh » prrveBted fraai 
being worn down hy llie udmof the lieiagatia and thaotlierpeo- 
jecting nirta of iron, these lattM- at tha same tina being so 
ananna aa to form an orniuiirnbU pntlem or design. The prin- 
ciple IS somewhat ■Imiku' to that of the cast-Iran alrcetpavetoeot 
Intnir laid down in Ijmdon hall-el rMt; lh«i prioe is not Mated, but 
would probnMy ba cooaiderabljr motv than that of tHea, aad it is 
doubtfiil wboiJier theinonas* of dombilitjsouldbasofflciaiitu 
oompenaate fiir a larf^ otitiaj. 

Perhaps the beat epKimena of flooring tiles in the ExbibitioD 
are thoae shown br H. Chabert, of St. Juac dM Marals, a ywtj 
SBDoth, evi-R, QticlaMii, octn^oaltitoofa bsantifnl eraam-ooloiir, 
and ao dow in tcxmrc a* ainioel to take a kind of polish. Thty 
an aeooni ponied br buoII aiDars red tiles (br filling ia bstwsan 
the octagona Tbe' price of the oeUgons per 10 feet eupcrfiesal Is 



■THK CrPTL KNGDfEER AND ARCHITECTS JOTTRWAL 



I 



4a. 6d., nod tbe neoMMurr number of red MutrM for thia dioiM- 
iios la 1*. 3d., M Ihkl tno Mvement oomplete oo«t> ntfaer Uh 
Uuui 7d. par fool «iip«rfleUl. 

M. Cnrpontier. (6ainn Iiiromiir), iihnw« ivl unit crMRKalourfd 
flooring tiles, aiinia with only coo ooloiir an aaeh tQ^ other* irith 
nd pattern ou a while grouaci aud met verta, ilispriae being fram 
U tn U. per tiiuAti* foot, Fraia Pjm?hr>u (OisvX there an aoiM 
tilea in tfaa atyle ^i ti\\U:h tilut, blue mid «)iii«, lui I Vlue, idtitv, 
aiid jellow, in »>)iurtii, and a U. FViewioa (Parli) eshlbila flooiiog 
tilat offt mnteriM vliich be ealb "Carrelaffo ccnmitiuo ^nhydro- 
pbutit^" wliiah are palBted in variou-i cutoiin, luid are su.i<l t)^ ilie 
nuLker to be durablo; but thc«e aeaiu bebK mcie of a uiaMrial 
thAt Mta hnM in a few botira without beTnE eubnltteii tu the 
action of Bre, come mtber under the katd of cemonta than of 
potteTT, lu lilt ii.-uue would Mem to tmplr. Tharoareaomeren^ 
velllinitliedandgooilaJounHl tiimtromChartree; thajrare whoM 
ooloured red aniJ white ubglLLcv), of thr<« formic octogooal, 
haxa^oiul, and reetMigulnr, and clie iiricet and dliu«DaloiiB Area* 
fcllowe: 

Oatkgonal [pure white), 9 inchci ia diameter, 41 IS*, per 
tbrniaaod. 

Octagonal (red), D inohea iu dlaniMer, 4i. St. per thouiand. 

lUcrtasgiilM- (wlilto), » inohen \>y i Incbea, V. per thouaud. 

HexagDoal {ttd\ 8 tnolice diaiii<-t4'r, 1^ 0*. per thooMad. 

Some onriona looldog flooriiu tile* nie exbibited \rt Mean. 
Corballa-Delncca aiid Co, of rurin; they are thin, luht, well 
buRit Bud made, but being meanc to tepreeent a doU reJdlah 
ooanely-Taiiied marble, they are not eo pltwng in appoaranae m 
■ame of (bo FVaneh floorinff tilm on ntnerated above. Wjth thii 
iiimle riocptioa aotie of toe foreign alAtea contribute anything 
under tins heiul. 

Bridt*. 

Tlie prinoipal ahow of French brieka wa* from thn Uitrgandy 
didlrict, aud their diatingnishiug feature ia tlioir vrry brauiifut 
colour. Tlie;r are a mther email brick, ren oven, and of a very 
niBiArkabl^ tint cif ivddtali brown, whiuh kriid a gooil ouutrMt 
witb dntMinBK of any iruin light-nril.xinNi alone, >inv\\ it* Ciwn 
Btoae or the boildinK etono of the Pari* baain. H. Oeranl ha« 
Mme aniall red bricke rmixhly glaiod on one «id^ uppnrentty a 
rude imitaUon of •ome hollow brick* with oolonreii (jIomu, wliioh 
w»re exhibited in ISJI. M. Mall^, of Pari*, bLowb Bornn bricks 
with a very deep projeetion on one vide keyiuj{ into a curre- 
epoDtUng liollow la the next brick. Meenra. 'Cbamlxt And Son 
(Fdlii) have wme hollow bricka of a peculiar form for making 
partitioua, ceillnn duea, fto.; they are about 9 inohe* by 7 iucbca, 
and ll iiicli iu tniokneM, Mtoli brick having a pi-ujoctiuu at one 
end whirh fiu into a pt^^e in tli" end of thir ii^kV Tliey are 
uwd on edgr, and ■rinic' of th«Tii tliitt arr aliown p'lt tognlhnr 
n tn to fcrm an eitremcly «tron)( and enod partition. TtiPir 
weight la fnnn 3 to !l^ ib. «ioh; they are furrowml ■.m the outviile 
Ihr pbMter wrhere it ma\ ho r^nired, but the brtcrks theniwIvM 
being of a good gTt>yi«fi white ri>lonr, thia mivht, in-rhape, >>« 
omitted in many irurr*. Partition* formed in thin way hava the 
advnntn^ of bcinji proof a^iaat lire, vermin, and loiind, and of 
aarbg room by being not more than half the thiekucM of an 
ordinary lath luiil plaMtor partition. 

H. Panl Borie, of Pnria. htu a v«i^ larve and valuable exhibi- 
tion of hi* varioua kind* of hollow bnck, wlileh nre now eo kmly 
employed in all oonairaeliona in Pari*. They are made of six 
diiC^rent diaienaton*, to eoit the vari-jti* b»« to whiffh lliey may 
be put, via. — 



laiMhK 



1 ... 8 
S ... 8 
3 ... 8 


4 


4 ... 8 
fi ... 8 
« ... 8 


* 



\a IikImi. 



W"ll!hl 

as . 

S'9 . 

!■« . 

S« . 

S-4 . 



I'rlf" 

PH thlTllMflfl 

.... tSt. 

.... 4g(. 

.... 43«. 

.... SO*. 

.... BOi. 

... 80i. 



L 



These bricks differ firom the hollow brioka that are in uae in 
Rnt^laod in the form and extent of their perforation* or bollowB. 
ThuM) that have appeared in thia oountry being genonlly pierced 
with a number ofamall round hole* in a ttknavoreo dircctioo, and 
M. Borie, ea the other baud, oonatracting hia with one or more 
row* »f aqnare ojienb^ niauing Inm end to end of tbe briak, 
ttud M diapoaad tiiMl era^r part of the akeletoB, aa It might be 
oalM, into wbioh tbe bnek ia tha* divided, te predeely of the 
«aiue .thkkneMi, atkd tli«t, coueqaenlly, tliorr i* no teodeucy to 
•hriak iu one part more tbaa aoothcr, aud that aU parU are 







eqoAlIyburat, and the briok of equal atrtn^tbrotlglioui , 

Biv made of a very line eUy, and are eaid to bo atrau^ tluia 
aolid briek*. Theeo hollow bricka are niwd not only lor bri(' 
work in walla, but alio on edoc in partition* niaiUrly to tboM 
M. Chandet, and the principle ia aUu carried into Out manofi __ 
ture of liutela for door« and windowe. which are mode of the 
required lengths by liL Borie, of briuk clay, anil perforated 
witli longitiidioat oprnin^ the aamo as in hi* brick*. A hollow 
brivk bfjuu of the lame eection a* one of hi* unialleet ooennoa 
hollow brick*, vix. — ij inohei wide, and 8 Inchee deep, pieraed 
with two luugiiiidinal opening*, whloh redaoed tta MH!(>ual aran 
to 4:1 itijuani iucliee, was loaded during tlw wli'ilo lima of tho 
Kxhihition with a wvaght of £^ lb. on itaoentre, the exIraralUea 
being enpportod on bearingi^ 3 ft. 9 in. apart, and another of 
theeo long brioka or linteU, mewurini; H wide by 2j d<e<p, with 
a aolid aeotjoual area of not mora tbui US Mi'iare inohea, bore 
with the earae bearing via. — 3 ft. ft in. between tbe •mpporta, a 
weight of 44(1 lb, on it* centre. 

H. llanbrocn, architect, of I*nri*, ^owe brick* mouMed 
peculiar form* for ■jH.'cial uurpoiua, aa, for instance, for tfae ' 
etructlon of flue*, tar which he at 



employs a brick, the form 








which may be bettiT uodoretood by reforenoe to the onoeiiad 
out. He also propuHvd the same ahaped briok to be used for 
rounding; olf tbe angle* of roouia, aud wheu ouverMi with a white 
poroelaiu-like glaze [o be eniployed la conjunetioa with ft taau- 
larly gUxni flat brick, for linings of ^MiCmeota wbero ^axe is 
preforabiD to plaalor, at, for instUlDt^ water-claenta, &C. In tbe 
AgatB theu bricbi arc repreaonted as lining the oomor of au 
apartment. 

Terracotta and Poreelain. 
In pauing from the anbjoct of htJlow bricka to that i 
cottA omployoit to ouunt ruction, ve firat oomo to tbe ei 
of tbe Count de F^urtftiea, whoae guod* Kit a *ort of ink 
posItioD between tiles and bricks: tliuy are a speciea i ^ 

cotta tile or aLib, fflrengtheued ou tlte luwar eidv bv deep ribo er 
Oangq* runnine lontptadinally from end to eod,»ni1 are prencaed 
to bo employed iu forming odling^ mora eapecially « hero plairtw 
canuul be couvesiontly need, in slanla^ &a.; the apecimeiu shown 
are about IS inches long, by 6 or 7 Inoliea in widtu, with a thUk- 
ueaa of from half to three-quarters of an inch, and having font 
rib* aneb i iui^boi deep and half an inch thick. They are SMwa 
bridging from oue joiut to thenoit, their ends rcetinK on a amall 
fillet attached to the lower part of each ioiat. They fa«T« the 
advantage of combining great strength and lighUiMi^ and la oos- 
neotion with iron joiala would no doubt make an odiuiinhb 
finvproDf ceiling, aud the ayitcm might probably Im rxtendad to 
the cnnatructtou of floorv alao. Au KnKliahuuJL, a Mr. Tuvkc^ 
baa a method, a very iugouioum one, of facing brick buihuagl 
with a tliiu veneer (a« It tnay bo cidluil) of terra-uotta; the pieoM 
of tarra-ootta whicli ho ii»oe are flat tile.shaped slab* of aboH 
13 inohea by 1) ineboa, and I inch thick, witb a small return or 
fiUet extending along the upinr «l((c, which form* the mssni tt 
OOunectiug It to tlie brickwork; he pnipoiee lu employ lh«anM 
ajratom with auy^ buildlnfi st^ne that ia suilldeutty maaageaMete 
be readily wivn into aioularl^ shaped slab*^ and exblUta « modd 
showing a very neat way in which a ^oat number of iheat 
pieoeam^ boaawn out of a blook of atone without wu*t4^ aolliM 
a hoQM may be faced witb l«e> than a MSth pirt of the atene it 

E resent emplnyed for tbe same purpoiu; this ayateea Is mii to 
ave been tried to MvonU houses with pprfeot succwm. 
There are two French uuinfiicturen who exhibit recy te 
spectmena of terra-cotta, aa applied to arehitaotuml deooeuttoBt 
via. — M. Vinbeut, of ToobuM^ and M. Owimud, ot ^luit, the 
former of whom haa » magniSout deeply rsocMed and elaborotclT 
Kull'lurod Norman doorway, tfao riiw wi ildM of wkw 



THE CIVIL £NGIN££B AND AECHITECTS JOURNAL. 



i withfignrMof MinUiniualM*, and thamreli BMildiBi^ 
Dj b^hr-wnunciitiHl eooMRtrie rinni wanU bam MR 

K" b> pmlucE ia ptsu UMMftcataailtDoat OMil^-wraiiafat 
pnMnU & surfiiM) of bum SIO to 300 luparfiola] Itat 
~ rW. li b h«(* |>n>]u(«<l in a bntallAd OMB-aune-dtited 
tX K>r \'10L, or i»ot 10>. ■ font mpcriicial. 
A ohimuey-piMe in bucutt. bj M. (lillv, and aooM oarTatidM 
[vid otber agam lb llie aaiiw daUoala BaUrial, inteoded far 
lloUrior dtoonlton, <lo uol ^n ao ■iwcearftal a rMult aa tba 
iManer teTra-<olUi, aa tli«r eannot oompata witfa aMrUa in •{>- 
tpMnituw, uid |>ii>bably viil aioMd it in price; aod the difficulty 
1st nxr^uUiiv nicb [aim anb^Mta in mldi a matmial— a dilBmiltv 
'rhicb i> ••"■■li •rsi'uitiUtied br tl>e gmdu and failana of whiiii 
I axbibitml ut lull— wiil klMiTa prcaant a bar lo ila b^lag 
|v«ly emplovfd in onostmctkiD. 

tlM sanlcD Wbind Uio FalMi» do I'lndcutrio the treat of n 

4 ii «Im«ii, which is Ut)[Ely dccoratod with plaquai of 

Itsnwarv or |i>ree)niu, p&'uitRl witli Qgwcn and olbfir devicM 

Hiif vffwn ii mure &(itaali« than in auconUnce with 

l^laalo, but uill thn nltcinpt In not without rajna »« ■u^g**' 

Ifvnf ui Fitnrior dtcontion, wbi<^ migbc b* turned to good 
Faeooont in an atnoapbere like that of Lnndon, when iU qiuuitj 
of reailily wiubinff and bring eamlr and cboaply denniHt would 
mtiStr it w(>rthy Ui« at1*nUon of aliopkeepCTa, aa being in thia 
nmect iaof« toonoisMal and bntt«r loddnfj; tliiui paint. 

FWrtiapa tli* moat aacotiMfiil npptication of mrtliMiww to 
dtoomtioa ia extiibited in tbo conatmction of the KxliibiUon 
bailding itaell) where, !u iha smnd entnuim, in n kind of open 
porch, laaf be aMn Mnie two or Uiree oircolar plttq'iw) or Buoal- 
Uooa of Lnoea dntln RnliMn wiir<-, which are inaertwl in tbo 
Mihlar work of tbo wnll witli ntrrmHy f[ood afToet. A]tot[o>hcr 
tliei* ia enongfa to eonviiuT nny aaa who raav Ionic into tha 
aab}Mt lliat ternv-coUn and eariliunwaTe may be brnafflit with 
adraatage to plav an iapurtant uiut, both in tb« ceauiruoliun 
awl daoontioti <f our fdiflcn of all cIrmn and for all puipoaea. 
Atphalta anil BUummi. 
Apiin nfening to Ui« Frcnc^h (flud^cnlion of objocta in tha 
fihilriticn, «-e«>fu«totl>euctt Bubjecl, which is thitt of uphaltea 
[aiuI tiiiuDKua, twtli luttural and ulifiuial: aail h«R, lu iu Ibo 
: Krtioo, we finf] llio (pval bulk of the article* exLlbiled an 
Fnno^ whirl) country, intWd, RupplUi plaoat nil .tbo 
~ 1 of thin kind at prearul in iim; iu liurt, wilh tho «0«]>- 
of one exhibitor frutii SiFittriUud, U. Itnbiiii'aii, and 
■Mdmena ttf aapluJie tram > Oumdi&n CoinpAiiy at Hamilton, 
■U tbe Mpbalte e:xhibtled vaa Fruuuh. 

The floim of arvtral jinrtaof tint Exhibition buildine prMtcntfd 
good c^amplaa of tli« varioui metlindi atloplril in Pjiriii ut likiiiiiK 
Mplutlie a* a pNvaBSbt, wfaetbcr plain, onuunvnlod with iiuitciu* 
in rarivua wluunvur niorL.tt iutouunll BcpinTenwitli deep BmrH 
to fi>nu a f'^liu^ U'r bunua; tliia Nubntanoe ia now very inui-h 
ewplnifd in r*n« in ibu OMiatruction nf foolpalbs to the JitTer«it 
araM4 HuJ open place*, and m«di* lo hav* nict with much luura 
fitr thia pBrpoep tfann in Eiutlkad. Nothiuf; novel, oithor 
or isanoer of Irenlmenl of ntphalte am a, parmiviit, baa 
clkiud, bat a uatrriaJ exhibited fay Meaara. Aut-iuii.-)«r, uf 
U lUMrvui^ of nolloe; It la tailed "blttim* laniin^,^ anil ia 
' lor roofing fl.ila, and in bet for all roofing pur)>uHa for 
had or sine i* now employed, *uoh a* lh« euvoring of 
or npoba, diubb^ gutteriL &c^ and, with the esoeption 
)iaiioB*nt|«biIity torMusttbeaoticn in 8re>Be(iM well adujtied 
ioT tbat kind of woek. A amall iniiiue<rr-boua* wb« shown 
(DTercl with it, and wna inndu in tlic moat iirogulitr fonua, 
apparvntjy with a view of allowing Ibo facility with which tlio 
■lalfrial omld \k MUploynl, and ulUiough it vnuies{HHK(l tbraitgli 
the whole HtnniMT to ttie luteute heat at a Pari* auu, it never at 
tinir showed any •ysiptems of bceotoiag aofL, nor did it uven 
lb* part* vli«iL> It covered tbo perpendiculnrnd«aof tlieniisll 
ion, exhibit at tbe duae of the aninmer, any tnoes of having 
, at kIUkmI In form or Id any other reapeot; it is a pre|a^' 
(Sob of EUkfibalio in thi- fi^nii of shoeta, which can be pnjunrhl uf 
several tbickucMea nud vi.liha, any luugtb \tJiiit exblbited being 
bbooi A yanl wide umI UuGe-sixtientliB of an iudi ihirk\ luid 1* 
Miplied nouiewhal like alieel had, the imuta bang uiado b^- 
(llghtljr niellii^ or acAaatnc (lieparta to be jobied by a but iron. 
it ni^it, t<rhii|i«, bv employed with advanta|{e aa a nubetituto 
br Iw'l in Ituinn: WBter-tanka or cittflrua, and in fnct In any 
Mluatioii wliorv liiihljica* and chcncaic** wna an objiH-ti in the 
twu ijaalitieB of bgltUwaa Will laciuty of appLiatiou it luta a 
4e«Ued adiaJttai;* over tbe fanBtfaiaieriaL '> -A 





Ibov ly Cnsiwin'tTios. 
The Exhibition, m aMuld natunUIy be expected, pretaaU grast 
nricQr, eud oantaius numy pcnnta of internal in conneotion witb 
Ilia employmekt of Ino ia eonstriMtioei and tlua part of the 
nitijeet fa above all olfaciw chanotetimd by the diepbiy of novet 
liaa awl Improvvmrata in tbo appltcatrai of thb most iiBpartABt 
material; and ilwro aaem* to b« one "'"f '" difllnWK* MtwMO 
the two cottntrien in llio direction which tha enploynent of iron 
seems to be takini;; fur while in Bnghuid H bae become the pro- 
pertj of the civil engineer, and is almort entirely oonfioM lo 
large and iiiip'Ttant oonatroetiona, in FVaiMK^ on the eoutran', 
wood and Moue atill aottu bo be the moet popular materials Mr 
tide kiod of work«^ and iron, although emph^ed also to a ooif 
aiderable eztcnl in dvU eogUMering, has eut^md on a eonne In 
which It It oonparatinly nwcnoWB u thia country, namely, that 
of Hnj>plyicg the pkco of Wiwd in private nnd dumestic Mlfloes. 
The imu m-ule luc of fnr thia puqioae aleo sbowt ti dirferonee 
between the practice of tlie twu euuDtrIe^ Enj^d mokiny use 
afoaxtiuid wrought-iruu. wbil« iu France tlia inn now inranafalT 
need for all girdera and beams in the oooatnction of beoMB, {* 
rolled al oiiee Into ttM eiaM form required. 

lUlltd Irvn Gir^tTW. 
Hie employment of rslleil iron in girdera and Joists Ibr floon^ 
which i* nlmoai unknown ia Ki));lAnd, and which la now very 
hugely niiopted in Pnria. owes its origin to the cafcgniatanoe of 
a ^tij extemiTel* asanised atrike uf carmutcre whioh took 
place in that city In tbe jmt ISti;, bcfure wbieh tine iron waa, 
even lo a gniatar extent than in tbb oiiiittry, deibaned by itn 
prioe from ontrring into onmpelition with wood in tha conatroo- 
tion of buildings and privaW dwelling*. In order to eitrioue 
ihemHelvee from the poMtioD In wiiioh tboy wore tliua phoed by 
eucL an event, and with a vtsw tfi preventing; ila rocunmias br 
tlie future, the IVriaiiui iticbitec:ia unil liuitdcra luru«d tlicir 
atlcntioD to tbe aulistituijcm of iruu fur wood, Uith in tbo rods 
and also iu tbe flouring uf building*, and niom parlicidariy to \h» 
beet miMuia uf n-'iiiciRg the weight and ooet of the maternl, 
which, s« atateil abnve, formed the grtaleatobotitclc tii tie general 
entpiOTrment. The first difficulty to bueiiuountiircd was to u Uiilo 
a nufficieot miiply uf iron '>f tbe nectiunM uiwl 'iiilnlile fur Uie 
pujIKise, tlio rnofing of aeveral of tlii> thoaurs, which hail been 
ennstroctoi.1 by a c>jaubinatJon of such srcticcie oa mild Iw 
obtiiIn«J iu tli'^ niurbi't nvvtod toscthcr, allowing that the coal of 
Ubuur cuui-nineut vii auch an nnrangctucnt uiuit neowHUily 
prei'eDt iia being generally employed. 

M. Vnnx pmpceed &nij ciuri«>l out tbo application (if Vi>ry ibin 
flat bar or piale inu br floor joists; bnttheao being ohi-iousty 
tll-ailapt(Kl to gi«« tbe nectasary amount of hUeml MilTneaa mm 
rigidity, were cinicUy inperaedcd by a JMSt or ginkir whose 
sectiuD was in the form of a erase, propnted and made fay 
21. Hlonie, and in which he eon^it to give luieinl rifrulity by a 
■tngle ftange at the nontralaxlooifthe beam, wliieh thni asemeil 
in aeetion the Ibrm of a Orsok croaa. Ttiis, nltliongh a failure aa 
fitr aa the seotlon waa ooncemeil. wna a great lulTaaoe la oM 
respect, vie.— that it was an iron beam mads In one pieoiv 
epecdally for the iinrpoae fur which it waa Iniendfd, JuleM of 
being meidy made up of various eliapee ringed together, aa had 
been fimuerly the caae, and aa ia to thia dar the oiee in ««■• 
■tmcling wTvuglit-iron girders in England. Mnoh nf tbe dlfli- 
culty experienced by tlie French arahitects in pntmikg this a«« 
conatrucli<-n waa ocoaaifned by tlie fact that, acoordtng to tbe 
ctintom which obtained nt the timt-, the iron wna traiiamittcd 
from the mAuufHCturer to the builder throuub the intervention 
of a dealer, who was totally ignonuit and mrelen, both of 
the Teqniraments of the kttor or of the catiobilitiea of tbe 
former to meet, those requlreiueuts; and It waa not until tb* 
innnufnoturer and builder were brought directly into (onimnnim- 
tion that the best fnmis of irtJO were niddr, eapewaJly for the 
purjHiMe uf constmetion, furniiag what arc called in EVmniw 
" (era apeciaux.* 

The cKMHiliaped girder of M. bleuse being, m might have 
been expected, weak in pmportioii tJ> ita weight, rocoureo was 
hod to a gbiler which was flret Bilopted in tbe eonstmction of the 
St. Oeniiain nUlwny station, and which waa n alight nwdifioatMn 
of the oonimno I nul, hut which being made a cnal deal ion 
bvary, fell to the ground from il« ei:aiac<)ueBt high price, and it 
wna not till the month of Februarr |H.l»,ibut the I girder aa now 
wsed wna produord, ami fir^t applied in Pnrit in tbe lUvring of a 
honae, Kul 18 In the Boulevard dca Fillea du Oalvain for a 



: 



I 



w 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHrrECrS JOURNAL. 




t^lMtlng of 18 liwt, A number of experimeata w«r« hatitntcd by 

L M. Zdtm, for the |nnpOM of obtAiutnt; tli« bmt t>a*nbIo Hi.-tiO(i 
ftTlluMiwirroll«diran<;inl«rt, wliicb mniltod, firat, to prtMng 
AsOMtMBnevaT n Utira tSasigt which hod hena intnxjuced bj 
Moi« ndrarB, M in Ui« owe of M. Bleuxe'a ginler, kt tho a<ntr« 
or Bflutnl uu of tlio I ginUr, unl alUmrda in tho endoAl 
d«v«lopiDont of whut ttra now oonriileired in Pui* to be ttw b««t 
•■cl most practical fonua of rolled tron izin!«r, uid which an 

> dncritMd bilow. 

Th» priaeipte «f tbe «abaUtnti(iii of rolled Iraa br wn'^ faftving 
»ow bMB Mtkhtiahed, namerou* miKlificatlnna wn propoied in 
tb» in»ns«r of Ita mpplkartion kod arnngi'innnt iw to Uio tie«t 
nruta, And ooDQMitlnn villi tbt raouioins jmrU nf the floor and 
oeilinff, for both which % variatY of mettuMB of wnatrueUon have 
bMtt DOM tine to time kdaptvd, and of which eiime of what ai« 
eoBiUarti) tbo but formi bto hero deacribed. 

7ba finrt Km Ibc girdera of I nhkpe, slightlv ^relied, baring E 

[ tIm of -W inche* in each foot, placed at n clutiui..-v of 3 ft 3 lo. 
from eentre to centre, and ooDiie>ut«l at Intervali of 3 (t 3 in. 
throughoBt IheJr length t^ ties of flat b«r iron on edge, revting 
OB tbe lo««r ftange of tike ^rder, and IUt«tied one to another 

UvTBOD If <L I.— TUl. 




I 



I 



Bamoi liMMS OiwaH. 




A. JiW. B. Bolto. a Ruter. D. Hqnu* Ins. 



WniB(bt-lr« Chair. 
K ruitnn tic 



lUhat bj WKM^itJron itrap* or coat-iron ch&irs. Upon theae 
!)•• ar« placed eqaare ban, three betveeu «aah pair of girders, 
I zwmiag pftnlld to them from wall t^ wnl), into wliieh their end*, 
tctaed dowa. Me built. The girden aro further tied to the walb 
at oadi end br iron strap* wteoed to vertienl iron bolts iu ihe 
wall,aAdiakUMnildii«otlanb7tbeeiid«oftheeraa«tie« being 
h«ult in is th« Mine wajr aa the langStndiaa] ban. On the inm 
liamework ao formed the thick pJuter oriUnc is formed «iUiout 
iroodsB hilkt, » wooden platform btang hM ondar il while Um 
pbrtv !■ Ibrovii ia bora aborc, and rcmaTed after it haalfirmljr 
nd Bnall oquftra woodea joieu are laid over the girdan^ atid 
die weodcD fioor l«d on thwe In tlie ordinat; my. 

In the Moond method dMcrilwl, the I ginlon are alio ptooed 
at fram 3 feet tu 3 ft 3 in. from oinlro to M&tn>, and are tjed, or 
JlarauB Xo. X — rus. 



I 



n 



i 



T^ 



rather itratlad, at interval* of one foot by email tijuare hut, 
t ea th in g from girder to glnlw, and reating on the lower flange 



having thfir anda toned op is na albtfcr the bdii^t of tb* wk 
of the girder, and k*^ npi^ ncceljr bj the pMer wftb wUdt 

t»CTW MMHOiaMM. 




a, W«ed<iBji>UL B. IImMt. C InaiBd. S. PteMradB^ mk>dl<(M& 

they are filled in; thia, aa will be teen at onoiL U the i 

of theea metlioda, but it ia dafident in tlie tiea with whioh 

other* are streDgtliened. 

Tie third method differa Iton the Uttt mettljr in the 
in wlueh the oraaa-tiee are oonneoted together, b«iBg a ■impUfi»- 
lion of Uia dialr almdjr dwcribad. 

UtuoB Ma. 1. Flu. 



iwfci^^^ 
the maoaP 




, Jdal. B. niiUr. C S<in» Mo. D. Plal Ina Ihi. Ei tlMMt I 




Tbo fourth method is that wliich hna neneralljr bad iki 
ffRDCR unong the principal bnllden; in it the girden an 




A.J<aa. LriMM. C BwibooMMtaa, D. Km. 1. B<«Dib^ 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCIHTECTS JOUBNAU 



»IT 



ran to 

I 



in faitti, at 3 feet inloml^ bw ronad Inn bolM AUw 
'a dfeBttac; MMing Ihroagb boIm ftt the luaUw ui* 
>r. knd DttUM op M odt «iiL &iuU tqntn ban kN 
UMM tiv-bolta bj Itooki kt Uicir extnmitin, eC mIS- 



Bamoii UAM OikMM. 




h> p«mut Uiom to htng owrl; tonl witfa th» bottom 
icMwm, to which ihsj arepmUsI, m il«aorib«d la tb* flnt 
A lb* dMcriptlOB (if th« door and ceJliiiK of wliiob kunrtr 

Ipfiring of tlie gmdoftl dvnloptiMat and liupraveineal la 
If 1h» railed iroo girdar, an alluMoB «aa s>ad« U> torism bow 
|i !■ Futo «lki^ M« oaiund«rMl mipcTior to Um I Mctioa 
DOlr aa^rad, of whinh tba four matlioda>bore ai* ^ipli- 
Ilwaa won oxhibitwl )>t M. Zor^ tiiat with Una 
lloa of hollow bricka by M. Barie, aoU v«rv of two fomi^ 
I la ths iavaalor ** fer tnbalnin " ud " f«r i oouliaat," tli« 
bab(b f rfc li p ^ aion nriotlr apcaldog a sirivr, aud tba 
it joiat, what* only a uogle fliMr is roqninf 
I "be tnbnlMK" laxy b« dtaofbad aa bcjog in •mUou of 
ttn ef a «a|iilal A without tba matU triauguW tap; tboaa 

flucvinf ACmw fli*im«. 



a.Boll»<U<lw, 

Linaiu. 



C ItollowbtMl 




B|»L B.Jiuiif 'TH^nulliH.- L'.Olnla. D.IimHk I. UtflUif 

m3 ara nid to bo for a bnring nf M fnct luid ara of tha 
Inf dimeiurioaa, vix. — 1{ ineha hish. 2f inches wide at 
faiaMa wid« at bottotn, eiclnnn of a nnaiu flutg« of |-iiich 
Hon «i cadi aide. The *Sdea of the mr<l»r are iVinch 
Ume«, and the tofiaod fliugta ^f\aA. Tb«m f^rdeis 

rkl at a djitaaoa apan of S ft. ^ to. from oratra to oentn^ 
tied t ogrtbtf at intomJa of 3 feet by flat bar iran ticaof 
t X A-llMb bolted to the botUniv of (he flangee, and tba 
f Cmihed according to one of the (bUowiug luelboda. 
Iiod Na l.—nalaroheaof holIovbn>lctxiw«iith6Kirden 
riala of " fcr & conlleatf' (hereafter deioribed.) or of wood, 
voden flooriag, or for [aMijia with the inncdHlii filled tn 

BIaat«r and floorvd over wiUi tUra, ceiled imderuoath to 
' Oatanji. 
bod No. 1— Tlie epa«ea between the giirdem filled In with 
>blockBorpbeter4Ittctiead(«p. Flooring and oeilingaa 

hod No. 3.— Wooden floorioff u in No I, with eoUinf; oo 
iron Ulha; hollow between Suor and cciJinn. 
bod No 4. — Wooden flooring without ceiliug. 
jpxAen of tliu wction are will ta pnuMM the following ad- 
pi over tboae of Uio I form eommonly nan); fint, with 
Ireighta Ihcjr cire a drench or reeUtuiiw ni^rlv double^ M 
llB*d bjr the lollowiBg exMrimect : a glider of thta fonn, 
[ ia length, 4| Inchet in dentli, and weighing 9B poonda 
kt delleeUd 9*34 iiicbe* with x ioitd on ita oautre of 3 tona. 
Iraerof th«I form, SOfeet long, AJioclicstDdojiUi, weighing 
^-~ 'Hbaibo*. dedeeted fl'4S inebea with tbe aame weight. 



Anin, on tbeaoor* of •ecmotnv. A floor nf SO faat eanan. 
nIcHlated to bear a wdgbt of iOO IbLOothe aqnarvfootezclwiT* 
of tbe floorinjb eoeta In ntria U. fit. lOd. per aqnan, inducting 
eveiTtkiUi when ouealed villi the I nliii Inn mrder, and a 
floor ainiiiv b all raapeeta, bat ha<Hng llto ginler "for tubulaic*" 
anbatitaiod for th* I, cuaU hat 7L ik. id. fmr w{aiu«. 

Another t^n^t advuii*}^ tliat llu« form of joiat haa over tbat 
Id ordiiiarY use in P»ri» la, that it doea not require anjr atrnttin^ 
while the I ginlf r reqolrca lateral preainre tn nudi nn exientihat 
it ia aaid not to be rmplimd to lb* beat advantage ntilMi abn- 
la(«l7 filkd In with oiUiar hollow fariek arelie* or plantar, more 
than half of ita atrengtb being dependent on ila lataial rij^dity , 

The other foem of girder orntlierjoiet, VIX., the "ferteoulieee" 

exhibited b; M. Zor^a ii aald to be the inveotloo of a U. Chi bou. 

It ia tbe form of the I or doable T dnlv, bat with the additlou 

of a aecoad upper Bang*, longer than the flnt and doao to it. 

>niM txmtm Oiibim. 



Efflffifl' 



^ 






B. Huaiiv tanrlb. 

..M, .: \[rl(nL.l H^/ nil. 



C. BaSlum Vkrk at pUuUr, 



■^■■mH^irB 



^ 



l-Fl 



'^r 




A. uue«, n lUnrai ,ii nuur, c. CMru«, 
Hie dimeaaione of tbe ■pedmeoa exbibit«d w ^rdere 5^ incliea 
de*^ top and boMon flangna 1 inch wiilc, third flange ^-iimIi 
below tbe top oo^ aad ]| mdi wide, uid tba thiekneaa of the 
web and all three flaogea alike, viz. ^.-iudu A girder of thia 
Miction weigh* 3-0 pound* the fuot. 





Tbeee girders arenboeddoaH-Uigatberlbk&tboaeJMtdtaeri bed. 
i4i., at A diatanee of 1 ft A in. (rmaoaitretoeenln: andaraiwa 
to po*» w coDwdemblp ailviuiUi|ceaaa«a«iip>ued with tboaeof tbe 
I or double T form; first, km to stmigtli, tbe addWon of the 
eeeond upper dan^, from lie ^xMritiuii ao doea lo tbe fliata may be 
aaid to loiiB, in oonjunetina with il, ono flange, having nearly th* 
aame rwriataaoe (o ue oomprcBivo force ricrled above tbe neutral 
axia aa if it were a aiugla top flaog^aud ooming rar^ aear to that 
whbh hu bean Lud down by tir. W. Fairbaini aa tbe beat yn- 
portiou butweau the top and bottom Itnngn of malleable iron 
girder*; while, at tbe Mm* time,1t «ii-rU n cooBtlemblo influence 
In etiflbniagthe jtirdar* in a lateral dirvetion, and tliuannierially 
tend* to remedy the defL-ct ipokeu of aborts of being ItaUe to 
loraion or twiating uutler heavy etraiiiM, unleea well etrutlad or 
filled in lolid wttli brlrk, pliutt«T, or other material. A eeoond 
advantaoe cUlmed for thia vcUon of girder ia, that it a^rda a 
tnoaaeof Inriug flooriuK >>c once on the ircm withont the inter- 
vention of joi'U. and wlihuat tbe emplorment of natli; and ihlt 
iiclfMted in a rrry neat way by having meb end of th* oak 
batt«n, of which the iianiuiit or FVescn flooring ia fomied, 
plongheil wit.b n tnlariiblv <U<r]> cidovd into which the top flaoffe 
of the ginUr tiu, ihu liiwi^r aide of tbe batten reatlng on tbe 
aeeond ur bruad flaog«. and ita upper aarfiKe* meetlnu over the 
oentre at tbe top flange, which Ia thus effoctually biddeai and 
thia melhoil i* not only more Mnnomical in tbe fiiat inetanca, but 
haa the additional advantngr of rrndcring it impocuble for any 
board of the floor to get out of Invel or itart up, and oleo to siv* 
the mcani of removing the whole or part of die floor at any time 
and relaying It wUhont tbe ellghleil li^nry, andalao of tlghtmiag 



I 



lift 



TBE CIVIL KSGINEEE AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAJ* 



it np ia oue of taij thnaVnge of the vooiL The foeillUea for 
UjOif a floor la Uiia way are much inereued by tlio Prnixii 
m«lhad of flooring with o«k fa (hurt l«iiglh«, uicl in a kind of 
b«Ti(U[-bon« patt4'niollkd "poJiitikHnn^n','' A> toUioexpcaM 
tho followim; ta tho out of a wiDArP of Aooring in Pftrii, executed 
iu ihKv <Iifl«reai mijK, vic^ in wood, in double I iron, ami io tha 
'* fer A (uuliaiie" Juat doscritied. 

t\nt, in wood:— 

« «. d. 

Tir, rough and fVaiood, in gtrdw* „ „.... 9 10 

VMlap ud cvillnil J*)!*!* 1 B 

BsuiMrbaaidtiif uil fMgflnK i ... li fl 

tloonsif, iuuluding joiHa and DMb S 10 10 

Pini>i[ji>im 11 

Iranworic ..» • 10 




Total for a tquuo £» 13 4 



ftMadly, in double I iitm :— 

lUned iron. In I ^rtlnn 3 foft 1 iodi ijort. 
40i (mL, ircl^og 6 pounilt |i«r Teot ruB 
ItutUil into, in (IniU aiKl Hv 



lb. 




At 921. ^ ton, iiic'liutiiiu fiKlD|[ 

Cdllng, vtihout (•lliiiu jui*i« Itf 

TIBIbk up •oliJ with pliutor 1 IS 

FldUJaiaU .. , A i 

Flooriaf, incladiac joutaindiwUi.^.. 



d. 

a 



« 

i 

• 10 10 



Ti lb. 



foVawivf nnmbtn >-«c>iulract«d ontinir of «ao4 14 indiai; 
with donbla I iren girdon, R ioch«a; with the "fer labolaipi^" 
ioistcd with "fer k oauliMe," 7 iacbMi and with the *fer i oao- 
liMc," having tb« flooring hud diractJr on the fprdcn, the thick* 
n«aa doM nut »xct«d 6 inolm, which, in a moa m 20 bv S& 
would niako a Mving in tha mJla of about OS bet of rednood 
brickirork,«|aaItouapNiMaf 31, taking brickworit at 12J.par 
rod. 

Boiled Inn <a alao abown in Ui« Exhibition la tlie Cans of a 
airing IbrawolIatairca^lliepartioularapiilicatlODbeiDgafiaianl, 
tho pTOportjr of a M. Coulom of Fari^ aod in &et thii material 
aeoma to be toavBry ([ivat axtrat takioji the plaoeof eaat-tronin 
olneota appertaining to oonatructlfm iu tliat city. SkjUgttla of 
robed or wronghl iron, lome by M. Cunlcbut, of Angouldne^ 
maararing 3 net hy S (eM, an offered at from lib. to SW. tmth. 

AgfrderorbrMDiunerlaexblbiU^iii thnoontributietifrointbe 
nianiifactory of <'r«iuKrt, whieh eonaisia of two flat banorplatta 
of rolled irondl iDchr* deep bv g-iuL'li tliick, phecd parallel (o 
«aoh other on their echne, and Kept at a diotaaMof IStiwbei^iart 
bjp flat plaiea )-lBGh thuk, flttiag Into mbbeta in tb* lf«-«amd 
pioon at Wp and bottom. lliMe four aide* are (anbar aoatimed 

SktioI ar Siwu aiinia. 



Total for a aquare £9 17 

Thirdly, with ginlrni "ft for a oouliaM":^ 

* a d. 
Kotled iron, in ithden I It. 8in. *4«rt, llSt'**ti 

««i|[biDg 3-3 111- r*' '"ot nu. £l(>lt>., at iSt. 

par ion. induiliiitc fi>it>|[ — - S 9 S 

Flwriog, laid viiLoul n^lxor bbl> S 8 8 

Fnilog In with caM hollow Vlaek* «/ nbntr 

3 In. In depth. iaolniUng plMlcrivg thereon 

tartnlii>K - 14 

Wmght-itoBila*, atSfeWaiiart ............. 4 i S 

Total rnroneviutre £S 17 1 

Tlie ordinary prioo of Grrt-claoii rolled iron in Faria ia IS/, per 
tea, which prk'ie wna taken aa the baaia in putting tlie prio* of tliO 
rirdor* fixed at iH- p<<r ton. In RnclnEid Um rolled Iron euitld 
prabablr lie produonlal fr>>m M. to \<)l. tlu< l<'ii, and if ao, a floor 
of Ihia deaoriptiou, p<-i-factl]r liivprouf, oould bo oooirtructed at ■ 
oetl eooaidorabW uodor that of the ordluary wMKlen floora. The 
waif^t, and penutM the eeat, of each ftnont might bo much dlml- 
ttialwJ br the laiiployniHut of ribbnd tilo. iw-h aa tliuM alrrniiy 
dwnribw n* exhibited by the Count dc I*ourtn[i!i, iiiHtcailof hollow 
bnok or pkaier of Paru, for filling iu and >iuppor(Jagtb«OBilii^ 

SactiSM, uaVK* raamB riuUB vnu Iilk. 





loM umnibaioi couiDgjoiaif,iatii*,>oDn<]'noan]in^a[iiJ pi 
UiepUoeof «hieh it would aiipnly. M. Zor^ Tin« a i 
aoction of "fer i oooline" which he euililoyn for joiata, 
wbieh the wvb U reduced to 1} iuch in dtptli, tlie thUd 



c 

A. Bdloir, or DM wtOi TluMt. B. Tn«. C. CMUut. 

IImm would be much lighbir, would afford a good hold for tha 
platfering, and would ^re alao a fireproof floor. The weight of 
BiwA tiling would not exceed, perbapa, 800 lb. a Rqunm, iniicli 
loM tiinnliiatorcoQiDgjoiatf,Ialh*,>oDiid.boan]in^a[iil purging, 

"* ~ " wnnller 

and In 
liijd flanji* 
being exactly mldvay betweiin the (op nod bott'nti, .ind t)i« 
rfinaeitafeina of all three flan^ being tlie >anip a* in the ginlora, 
vis, I ineb, 1 ( iath, and I inch; three br u»e« with the " fer 
tnh'ilairv* girden inatead of the wooileu jcinl* uientioiied above; 
and in tbia caap the flooring ia aUo laid wllhout naDs, in the 
Ht.uiiivr deecribed for tlie clnleni "i fer a cooliaw." An nddl- 
tioiinladrautage prxuMuii hy Ibo ^rdora and joiati of theee 
aectinaR ia^ tbat a itronn floor ia obt&tned with a very much lent 
■anifte* of epnoe, aa the f'llloniug ataUment of tlie relative tliick- 
ncaaea of tbe Soera will abow, 

Fer tbe aame baerlugt, aiul to faUlI aimilar ooDditintiB aa to 
etrtDglh, the tliickDeae of the Soon wuuld be reprcaeoted by tbe 



in a rectangular (brm bj the hanrt lon at liit«rTah cf nbonl a feet 
of eMt-Iron framoa. In thefonn ofa i«etan{rie with i la diagonal 
and at each nf tboae fnunta the girtlfr la hooped round with a 
wrought- iron band 3 iachea wide and ^inch thick. Tbe wholt 
thua ionna a vtoy atroog wrougkl-in>D hox girdor, wiihnut lb 
uae of a aingle rivet. AJiother {^rder ia atnu ahuwa aimilir ia 
cnnstniL-llon, but douUe. bviog fomed of two aeparate onai, 
Ruch na that juat dMcribod, but only H Jncboa wide itintead of 11 
inchea; thai two are hooped together with wmnght-iroo band^ 
Ibna forming a breaaummer uf about IS inefaea in width from oit 
to oot. 

Another deMtripHon of glrdar Is thatexliiblled by a U. Orebel, 
of Valenciennee, who aends two Bp«eimeu», 04i« of do feat apaiL 
oonaiatingof annrc of rolled iron of thai foiin,4i incbeadeepui 

tiuch tliick, haring a bvigbt or veraed ain« iif 2 foot to tki 
ittom of tJie ohunl oonueciuig Ita exlrunitica, vbich ia of aM> 
troD 8 jnchea deep by j-incli Uilck, and with a bottom Saage S 
ioofaee wide; thin ie ntiinhrd to tlie aic at every 18 Ineliaa t? IU 
lenfftb by a wronght'iran atnip 1 inch by j'incfa. Tbe *el^ 
of tlie girder ia 1 1 2S lb, and it ia atatcil to U: rn^blc of rwMl> 
iiii; a weighl uf -10 tuna uuifonuly dktributtd. Tbe ooat ll 
\0>. lit. Urf. 

A lighter girder ia ahown by tbe aeme Unn, with ajNirtion of ft 
floor conslnictnl on it: il hiut n ajian of 24 feet, and la IK IndM 
&«in floor t(i the wiliug below: il la furmod of anarccf rolled 
irvU t shaped in eectiun, Si indire deep and A tltick, witb a 
cliord of lulled Itat bur i luchea deep by ^-inuh tbiek: a bar of 
T-iron,£inchrsdccp by ■j\ inch thjek, runs tanjz«1ittol]i«arcand 
fiamllFl to the ehorl. nuJ all thtec are oouucctcd at inlcrvala of 
lifoel hy anialliruii ilr.ipn, on in thofuruicrcmie. Tlieaugirderaan 
phiood i (t U in. nmtt, and have wooden Jo itla 3 by 2) iodxa 
notched down J-jncb on to tlie X-bva tnngont Tbe eada wf iIm 
arce are bold io oiat-iron ahoea, which bear 8 inclira by S iocfaM 
iu the walls. The ginlen an further tied tugether tmuavtislf_ 
nt bott-'fli by light Ir«u ttiupa. The weight of taob pnler U 
4TS lb, and iU piice 1* flf. 

A nioili'l iit a ronf, 1 !.'> feet apan, ia exhibiu<d by a U, Joly, <S 
Argctileiiil, the nrinelpaU, which are ii feet apart, arc fight 
wruuglit-iruu hillioe (^irdera. conuvcled by angle-iron to flat pltMi 
forming flangee at tt>p niid botiuoi. 

Boiled Iron of a variety uf iiecUuni Li exhibited by aeraal o' 



IBE orra. engineer ajsd abcuitects journal. 



B«rk> at Tnmot, MMMg whiA wmj be moiUoMd 

■m. Maabme, UnnUUiR, La rti»>ldcM»! tbatwo 
^ inow tollM girdani np to » foot in bxig^t and 

Out-trmi. 
UuhiUUd A good iJ«iJ in the form of onunecul 
ileenl**, and in tli« open ornaiucDUl faatl work •» 
nd in tba largv mXtum ^(m or " poriM vodtuMm" 
nooM* in Pkria, m aIm m (idaII oruaroonUl work 
rodneed witli mod eSect aadcr Uie nofflu tf window 
A mIw acitMi Ue 1o««t p«ria of Uie tVenefa wiadowv, 
ha auie tin* ■ prvwatlon agkUut aoddnil, nod k verj 
nRttoo. 

n a axial thiU enter* lau^ mon latvel v Into oou- 
Pnuica tbu inthfatooptn-, whi-win'Wi'lltlmbwa 
•stent tmpiojdr), inttaadof lUta nrliad, maa o ra ito f 
I BOC with Mch POBCiMi ft«to wurant iupjnemlftdop- 
; pnnnw; In (Hiwie It ia iiuv vur^ lnre*lT *>^ ™ 
V aod •MOM to gl** ntjabMioa, ■« Ita um la b«iag 
. almoM all tba EomM now la courN of oooatnietlad 
'nneh baSden gtrc a« a reamn tor tfau dlSbrmo* in 
^ of (beet itn<^ tliat in GngUod it !■ laed nraafa too 
obably it may be Iwttir aMouaUd for by ^ anperior 
ba Para MtnMjibara, and its oompamtlve trttdom 

from anj laline nuiiiila* thai may antar tatA tbo 
of tba air in Eoglud from graater proiimity to th« 

tiiic aUo fi|>f)Mn in a r»ri«ty o(brto*, both of onm- 
ility, aafortaManec, mbnck«ta.adiiiaiui.neii]diaRa, 
kluaindai, and in onuunanlal tUeahapao jtlatea for 
kiUted bj tba Vieille Uootagoa Company, and by 
F^lgla of Pariii it b aIm ahowa by a numbn' of 
en & diflarant pattoma of craal orvamaota for roofa, 
■nail open work fringa-llka omunMit *lud kIvb* 
D«ai and finish to the earn of the roob of Tittle 

nd pOnbe^UldwfaMl every ooe muM hAT» nmnrknl 

Bg qoila a featrne in tba ■tre<>t arvhit«clure of Pari* 
raa, aa a border for algnboanl% and avptied ta averr 
M. Pmaua Moda «om« very light winilowa In thit 
la wliola frame, alvloi, jcc bcaug formMl of hollov 
jdno tir^ A P^en^ awemBnt window of thia kind, 
c61d., b marked at U St. iucludiiig tbcnpagnolette 
aad aaemkJreaUr fnnllght of 3 fiwt radluaat 10*. 
I plata* of diflenut pati^ni*, to be aaod aa tllets are 
•ral inalauaea in the ExbibiUon,ba^eioeptli>rpor1»- 
advoaiageonr ordinary noe roofing ia not appannt, 
lar of lomta In the oo verinc, and <!onan)iient ly of plaoea 
ff-tunt, b maeli laereaMu, witboataayoirreapoadlDg 
ig derived from tbe employmaat of eucfa a not; tlie 
i are^ perliapa, by Lerayer (Vaagirard), who baa lino 
tenit uny he ined, 3 foot aquarv, villi a cnppsr hooJc 
k far Um purpoea of liuteniug, nnd with a raleed 
Fovn- a filled Sao naile for ilalluj; are eihlUtad 
lie Mudtagne CMDpany, aa a aiibetitut* for irun or 

■ btat esamples of arcbitmtund dac work ia oontri- 
*»»«; It la an odafCMial lanleni nf tbe geooeOie 
^•dkeval arebltoetnro, ■nrRiiiiatrd by a eroduted 
read with email openingi. Thf Inntem haa a two- 
t in Mcb aidev wiUi n <iu.iirefuil in tlip head^ the 
kin bollow tino, and ii 2u TmI biub by 1 feet in dia- 

1 1» •peeimea* of timbrr for eonatnution, the Oana- 
n, bou of woode, and aitiolea maaufiutured from 
■BrinUed for the magnitude and beanty of tbu ex- 
I raw material, and the ominently nnoUaU cbaracUir 
» oUectioa. Thtae wooda ara tfiown both la the 
ao ia aa immcnae variety of dillePtnt nbjecte luto 
lava beta oanvert«il, and many of which are rrniuk- 
EKiraBely low jiriuM nt wliiuh tliey oau he (old; aa, 
lalerior door, 6 ft. C In. by i ft. aia., of white pine, 
[Dan, with iamb-liniDi^ Im. omuiilelet tor f a^S or 
Mrtber, eame eixe, fmir-tonel, mmililed both aldo*, wlUi 
, doaUe rebalol. ami bcwiled, fur l3-»>(14«.<d.); alto 
asd aeefa, () Ctvt by 3 Ceet, %iV (6«. 4<0; uul outside 



rt9 



Vanetlaa ilinttna or jtloualee for tba cra*^ tl-fiO (6a SdJ Tbe 
wood* from eooM of the other Britinh Ookeiioe are alaodeamTing 
Ibe attention of buildMa aoil tDoatroctota In tbu oouatiy, ma«« 
eupccially IhoM cent fram NowSuatb Wale*. Brltbfa tiuttiu, and 
Jamaiuk tlia naulla of eume eapuuitetils upon tba atrcngib ot 
which ahow Oiat out of TfldUTerenl klada of woodozperioaeoted 
npoo, 42 axliibiudacatwfalli^ lo reabtaenwhingatiataanpetior 
b> that of oal(,anebanng three timm tbeetrengthofoakuitbie 
ntpect, while ita ipeeafic oavity waa Iom thka ono-lialf greater, 
or Dciarly aa II to 8. FoHy-aeven of tbeee Umber* provnl 
eup^or to oak in bmriag a maavetee itfain, aonia of ibnl 
nBmborbriagaCtbe mme tUneoTalaaimiecifieKnrily. A large 
ooUeotion of woode a|ipcartd aha from A^cria, btU none of tbem 
of tuoh a cbanuter aa to oome witfain the limits of this Keport, ' 
being altaeat, wltbont esoepillon, more oatoulaled f'lr 'taall wiwk 
and nmiture-making than for pmpaaee of oooatradioiu. 

Vntanoatboanbjectofwoode, it ia an wary to allnde to tlie 
proe e m of U. Boncberip for tbe preaervation of timber dcatiaed 
tobeespoaed to Lh>.- nction of the weather orbnriad in tbe ground. 
In the guden beliiuil tba Pklak de I'lnduahrtek eareral railway 
■leepen were exhlbaiad, each p^r cut from the rough traak of a 
tree, and ia each ca»c <ins of anch pair bail been eubmitted to tba 
prooeea in quoaiion, which OMui«ta in injeftiii)! ■ulphateof copper 
mto the porea of ihe woml. TIte tleepm «jiliibit«d are aaid to 
have been alt buried tide by aide for nine yeua; and they oartnlBly 
pnaontod a very remarkaUo coutnat, thoe* wbt^ had been 
operated u|Kin by M. Ik>u«b«ri( being porfootly eoDnd, white the 
renutniler wei« at POlir«Iy dcntmyeil and uwIch. The oart of tlie 
prootaa b aaid to be aotnolhing under ^^d. iier cabiofoot; and ooe 
of the adrautagaa clalued (a, tbnt it will glre (be moau of 
•mployinj;, for railway denper* and tel«8ra|ib poeta, woods that 
ai«chMp«r and have hitherto baM recBOMd wortblam iMlaad 
of the more ooetly dcaoriptioDS now need for tboee puijMeea 

Olfpellfr|^ 

Tie claat of wood-working ruacbio<« were tolerably well 
re^irueeutoJ, but one ia particular may be mentioned aa 
hriDj a novelty in tlila conoCiy, althoogli a good deal need in 
Fmnco, ria.— mi flitdleai or rihbcin enw (mjo mm tin), in whiidi a 
Terr flne ondlou aaw, not more than J-iach wide fr«m 6i>nt to 
Wk, worki like n utrap omr twii whccU or tiullcy*: it ia an 
inipron-ment on a reciprocating nw, Inoamucn na there u no 
up etroke, the saw being always cutting, and oODeeqiMcitJy saving 
half the lima of the former, and It p oaw e n ea tbe advantage over 
the circnbr saw of bring capable of cutting tba ebarpeat ourvea; 
it va* >bown at work during the Exhibitton, and waa acoomf*. 
nied by apeclnieiia of work of tbe most ebborate fcinJ perforuieil 
eniJnfy by tbe saw. 

Among the many nxamplM nf «irju>nU>re' tn:>1>> in tbe Hxhlbl*. 
tion, may be notjcwl a plane in tlio Frpnch (mn, in which tba 
wedn i* made of two pbtee of boa bioired lojtrllipr at the point, 
aiul Kept opeu to a wedge form by a n-rew tlirough oau of thrm 
aoliug OB tlie ulher; tbe wed^e, oii being plm.'eil in tho plnne by 
band, can thus alwaye be tighteaed or luoeeneil by a turn of tbe 
•orrw. without bisinfi oliliKnl ti> hare reoounw to the cliiinsy 
oxpnlivtit of kaocking with a hammer. It u to be rvgrr>u«l that 
uo lu-HJeU OT ilraiiriiH were iliuwn of the I''ivoch method of 
ecalf-^ tiling, wliirh atlTcr» in mniiv pninta ftvnn that ia uw in ihie 
country; it ia ontirvly of aniiared lunbcr, and piil tucothor with 
bolla and nuts, and instaad of laddetn rsguUr ulaire ara ooo- 
structed in different parte uf tbe ecnSbld itaelf; rewly means of 
a«vut and dceotait are a ^iut of mon importaMO ia fVnoea, 
from tbo fnot of tbe eabeuiatjon. In a gnat degr««, of nmnual 
Isbi>ar for mvdiiuiical nuans in rnisiag tnatarial to the woik: to 
■ucli an extent ia tbb carried, tliat in tbo oonalructioB of a wall 
SO foot in heiabt, which waa erected at the raqneet of tbe Oritiali 
Oommbaion oetweeii ilie building devoted to the ExhiUtion of 
Fine Arte and an adjoining eugar refinery, the alonee of wliich it 
was foniiHuod wore haniled up from man to man by men |>laoed 
oD a bdJi-r and along port of tbo aealfolil, nud ilO men were con- 
elanlly lo employed. A aort oftrnvcUiDK laffold waa exhitiitod 
by Msaanu Neiivet^ the omtnwtun for works in the Annexe or 
machuiery buildiog, bill which was note fur tbe pwfieaa of a 
etwio or gia than a acatfold: It oomsUtad of a oroea-beam aap- 

Krtad by fonr luga, two at oadi end, divurgine outwatde, awl 
ving a wheel aliimt j ft. 6 in. in diameter ai Uie fool of oatl) 
leg moveable like a oaalor, and uo which it tnvellHt; it waa a 
good dealaniployod in mUngaomeof the heavy Tnoch macfaiuee^-, 
aad eaciaeil lo aaewer its pnrpoeo woU) it waa reuarlubla for tba 



uo 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHlTECrS JOURNAL. 




glttaint of ■ofeiiUiiig of tba iiieeoa of whkfa it vta eoiopoMcl, k 
BOl^ whioh unan to ounwtariM U. NepTm^ wodn in 
itrj. 8av«Ml inull ptmea at MkllbMbig v«r«, daring ths 
kiUtion, finn ttm* to tlnw cnotcd lii Um ooans of tba vorka, 
^a&d all dumlftjrad gnat ntgannilj ud clavMBMi in adapUtioD of 
general riiM to ap«dal ca«o*. 

HeaHa. NepT«« Bhuwn) a moiUJ of a fino pieca of mrpvoUj, 

ibaia^tba roof of th«dr workabopa at C1i«hyi it baa a span of 

^83 feet in euh dinotion, aad ta ramarluhla' for the verjr aBiall 

•oantlingaf the piecoa of which it i* ootopoasd. 

A Ter7 novel aod eariaui form of roof i* tliowB near the oM 

aendooed, b;r U. Meliedin, of Ptfia; it ia a aemitirunlar 

Itnh or vnnlt, Had la oompoaed Mitirely of lallioe work of battens 

Dtly about (t inchea by H inch or 3 iochea; tbora are no 

ctjoUa or any Umbenng of any kind, bot the whole roof ia 

kept lu form by a nnnibn' of vronffht-iroD nutiel tie rode pro- 

oefiliuK fi^o tbu netnof theasinIoirc1e,«(koli md bnuiching luto 

fimr Hbnul liitlfway between (be oenlre aod ciiruiuffroiMe, and 

■lunng the ead* of tbeae branchm atURhnl to th^ Ikttieo work 



■•nd 



eapiM intemla; the aweanuiee of tho roof i* cxtrainely Ufcht 
d pleaaiug, but wbelber it h 



haa ever been applied doea not 



Cam 



Paltm Fboring. 
Tht oxhibiUon of wrMMlon Ronn, la orDaoental patteroa, wiu 
Tery rnried, aud votne of tlic ijionim^na vnry hnndnome and wHI 
'cxecnted; one part of ih? unve of ihe Piilaii d« rindiutric woa 
>nd with oak in MtUrn, tbe pleoM behig luid on the ground 
hot aaphatto, without Joiata, and of oourae without ukIIs or 
itcDtng* of any kind; thi* aooiDa a cheap aud simple wny of 
kjing a wooden flooring on tho ground, but it ia pronablo that 
W wood would speedily M deatroyed by the want of ventilation 
nderntalh. S-iuie of Uie Belgian esaraplm uf p&rquetHe floora 
Wore partJcolarly beaatlfal, aod ninny of them at priota maoh 
llower than miobt have boeaeuNctad for work of that oliua. Tho 
ipal wood employed in their eonetruction, and in fact tho 
geocnlly tued In all French and BflKinti B'jun and homo 
itsery, laaalt«ight grata waluseot or onk, thi? nlaiive ralueaof 
and fir being very dllFnenl on the C<>utlueDt from those 
"|r quottd in tbie oonotry. Tho (Exhibitor of llic ektap 
ian doon and windowa alTtftdy mentiouod, atated, through 
tiii amaiL that he oao deliver on board ebip at Montreal, fiooriug 
boar^ of black wiJnut, (a btAUtlful wood auacopUble of tbe 
fcigfaeat polish, and of which noeie fine aanplea wet« abowa in 
tlia Caiudian ooUection), inch thick, at Sd per foot superficial; 
and in that «aae then aeenu to be no rcaun why ardiitsola and 
fculldera in tliis couutrr aliould not avail themielvoe of thi* 
valuable adjuDciitilntonordeouialiuu. in fliiuatii^u auchoe hidls, 

£i*blieroon)s,&e., where carpets are out UDvJ.aud whvre apan^uet 
Ewf would form a valuable and Icgitinutu oleinoat of decoration. 

f r« (< tVttimatd/ 



RAtLWATS OF THE UNITBD STATES. 

By CajiUii) Doeoioa GAt/roir, RK. 

(ITttt OA Enfrai-itts, Pitt* UL) 

dnafj-uefton q^ Road. 

TMk cliametor of American railweyn, m diflbrent in iti promi- 

Dtf#etut«i from that of railwuy* in thU country, hi ihcrmultof 

want whicli ther have bMii cnllcd upon to supply. A meant 

. winiuunlcxtiiin waa roqiitred which oould he laid elieaply and 

a])Mlly Uirooifh Ibivata and anca1tirate<l illHtri«te whore high 

Wid WM of Isr lea* conaeqannce than eartaioly orcnminnriitntioa. 

raDwmy wm the iuotrameot beat odnptnl to euppty thie wont, 

id it would affotd a better mean* of cominimloatiou at a Iub 

ooel of Toalulenanee tlian an ordinary road. 

Ai tbe Bret onet of a railway wiu n more importnnt cnnnidera- 
tion than the after etpcnw lA working the hue whoo uind«, aherp 
rurre* and eteep grodicula were unbentatingly adopifld, and the 
ailwayi were o^ned with a minimina uf acooeatoodaiiou. The 
JUmore and Obto RaDwity aflbnl* a atriking illastraiiuD of a 
Dcoptned with auep grwljenl*, which have aioco been Improved. 
> order lo avoid for a tine an espnniiTe tunnel, wfaieh haamioe 
ounrtnicled. the liue wtu mrriod by a aerim of cig-xage, 
■Mending m-er a hill by a graalivnt of 1 iu 1h at its tirepeetpait. 
Buh zIg-Hg leraluatwl ia a abort level spaet^ m tlwl tbe Inin 



«M mu up one xig-BU on to tbia level apace, and thon b«Aad 

rha next Bi^iBf , aad an en. Tbe load wfateb eooM a^uad is 
eaae wna of eoune very am«U. There an etorrei oa tUa 
railway of 3S0 feet radiua, and curvM of 400 feet radioa are oob- 
moo; tlia railway lollowi the Hnnoaitlo* of the raOeya in ila 
paaaage acrcaa Uia Allogbaay Uountains: it ia also earned 

tbroiii[h the Btreeta al BelliiDon down totbu -'■ .--•'i — r 

round right auglea. Ia tbaee atreeta the traction is by bM«e- 
power. 

The embankmenle and cutting* of a railwav at ita opaaing an 
genenUy complDtod^ tlic bridges are ordinarily of tjtnoer, which, 
not being always wcU ecnwinod, i» often a oauee of oonaidM^jla 
vx|)enae. The dubigimrjf many of the bridges for Uipqiaa% aad 
alsu of the roofn of stations in whii^h timber alone, er timber in 
cpnaec^on with iron in uaod, cihilnt grmt nuineartog aUIl, 
aad an very inatructive. The nkilwny bridoe oTiargNt f|Ma ia 
the auapcnnon bridge over the Nia|pi» nver, oonneaUng tbe 
United Slalea with Quuida. Tho span of the bridge is 600 feet; 
aud tba level ot the rails Is HO feet alxivr tho water. Tbe par- 
ticulan of this brid^ have been nlm^y iiubliihed in thi* oouatry. 
On many railways iron and Htone arc being adopted to replace 
timber atructuiea which have di-cayed. Ihavuappuidedaakettli 
of a wooden bridge of rei'^nt oouHtruetion, which well deaorw 
conaidaration. (iiee Engraving, Plato LX.) 

The hallaating la gonomlly very defident at first. On Om 
prttirio linee it ia impcaaihle to praenre hallaat except froni rtnr 
coosidorablo diataooM. Iu couainicting tlieee liuea • ditch n 
dug oil each side uf the toad, and the soil bankod up ao aa lo 
cover the oeutre of the sleppem, but sloped olT on endi sld^ 
leaving the ends of the ■loopon eipoaed, m ardor to allow nin 
to dmn off tBipidly. 

The ekstioily of the noil inaket ihese roada br tmia iliaagiia 
able to travel over when dry: hut in wet weather and flnon tbe 
ahsenoe of hallaat is a source of groat inoonvenieBoeanddai^^, 
This may be ramedifd, to some ostcnt, bynlacina a good dnb 
under tho ccntro, a* woll aaat tbe aides of tbe roaiu; hat nothing 
cnn compeoaatu (or the abaenoe of balloBt, wbicb, iu a acrcie 
climate like that of America, should he of broken slone, not leM 
than 1 ftiet iu depth under ilto aloepon, with guod aimiiiag& 
It is sometimes customary to slope the top of the oallaal oa eam 
aide, so as to caan tha auow mcltod on the suHlue to diua oA 

The caugs of American railway* voriea: the genend gaiiga In 
the UbiteifStaies is 4 ft sl in.: the gauge of tJie Ohio nulway i« 
noutiuojly 4 ft. 10 in^ but it Lt In maiky cases la practice made 
'I R. !^\ iu. Tlia N(<w York and Erie, mid one or two liaee in 
coniiiiotiou with it, havn a O-fcct gauge. Thegnugo of Oanadian 
nilway* in & fL D in. Tho broak of gauge ii of leae eriaw(|ueneB 
than in tliie oonutry, bvcaiuie there is not so much interobaagt ef 
Working etouk between the several railway comuaoiea. 

The sliiepura on American railways are nauMly of oak, cedar. 
or hemlock apruco, of about C inchci by ti inuhei — ""■"■^ aaa 
from 7 feet to 9 feet lon|[. 

In consequence of iron being taied to tbe amount of 30 p« 
cent., the Amerioan mllway oum|>an!ea have bean obliged to 
•ooaoaiise iron to tbe utnioMt. The rail* are made aa light at 
poasiUe, the u»ual form being the oontracton' nil of from M le 
03 lb. woinliL Many nilwiT oi^mpaniea oblwned raib !~ 
"Eaf^tiaA, for which they paid by uuirlgage boads. The 
thus obtaiucd bavs not, it it stated, gsuenilly proved dv 
VTith rvganl to rails obtained from American iron work^ 
plan is fN'^uonily ado|ilod of contracting that the rail ahall 1 
a speoifiod time, the £ulure of any rail beiiig mode goud, toMbv 
with expetwee incurred in eonaequenoe. The nS» are apiked to 
iltiepera laid ttausvereelv, the j<>iol Wing generally aecomdbr 
means of a chair injule ui boil<7r-|>I«tn, with ■ lip cut out ok eadi 
eide and turned up; the liii ii baicly .1 inches broad, and pIO< 
jeola about 1} iaoh on each aide of the joint. It is aiaud that 
the lip tooD worka up, and when hammered down la apt to hnak 
off; oouseqaently tb* Joints on a rood of this dewn|AloB 
beeone very bod: and ■ei'ernl plan* have been tried la I 
tfaem, On the Krw York niiJ KrU- Itailwny, in aoou 
elevMi Kleepcra have Uwn jilncni no'ler nii IS-feel nii. On'i 
linw I I.1W a «rougbt-in-u ebnir H indiea In length, of dte f>ino 
•howu iu diiignm, tig I, made toalldeon to the rail without any 
kmrk. 

8eiw«] forma of oompaund nil*, for avoiding joiata, have 
liM-n tri<?d, but 1 wn» inforraed that ther liave iuv«rinhly cJled. 
Tlie uriiiu'io' Mie\ J'>ttit hod b«ea li-iud, but the wi oes a itT dr 
•eoMBUMBg irou, atul of preeerviag a lufflclaBt bnadth of vam, 




THE CIVIL ENGCCEEA AND ABCUITECrS JOUKSAL. 



121 



liM ao litnlud lb* dcfith uil luodlft*! tli« form of Um nul that it 
i» Ml gaBMsUjr vail Mkptod to thia moda of luUaiDii: kod U 




n«. I. 

I sot to bftTa ptrerod anoBMwfuL A ia<Klifiea(<cii> of the 

I joint, in wliieh a piaM of iron about 18 iii«h«« luiig la naod 

(iuld« of tbe rail, muI a JuiMe of oak « r««t ii>ng on Um 

de, hM bMB tried on tba Baltimor* anil Ohio uid other 

nQwa^aod aimartd toanawar. Tbii U «faown io the anMXcd 

agnviDg, fig. I. 







ria.1. 



^1* ««it4-hHi *ad p<vJDts In 11*0 Bpon BogUah rall«vi an 

moat unknown in AnM^i-ick, aliifUng raUa or eontnrtotV pointa 
being vniveimllr nwnl in liaa ; luid cotiMqMnttjr, if tb« pointa «re 
aet wroDit> the Tebtdea ohich nu« UiTooni them inwat loavo the 
niUi TVe r*>ult of tbk ia that the poanta are Blmmt alwaja 
lunt lofko'l, no'l a fignal i* invurUblv til1ach«d %u tlivui. 

On th« N^cwhftvnn Builwsy, in ordfT to rrndpr it impMtlhlo 
for Um awiidiea ever to be ant «xoept Ibr tbe matD lia«, tnoj aro 
wavfcad froia inauie a boi, the lerer of the <iiritoha* tvin^ ooa- 
Bceted witb th» tkmr of the boi, ao m to iliat it when thej arg 
hcU opea (br t)i« aiding; tlitu Uie poiotaniui oaunot get out of 
Ua bM snlMa tht pokita tn sot right for the main tine. 

n* ri^n«l amngmenta at ataUona, and ovra at jiin«t)on«, 
■t* genanllr vny imperfect IjbvA vi\mimp an imm-ly ever 
pniriitti with g»t<a or gpile-lrerpen, eimfit in tperiBl oaxe* ncnr 
town*: bnt ■ hirge beard ta pJaoed over ttie crMalDS with lh« 
worda printed nil it la Urge lettOT* :— " Aatfroarf eranriJio. Loot: 
«iff Jhr Um ear* itHtit tkt mgint Ml Hna*." On the Phiuul^plita 
aad Remling R>ilv». a blue ooloured light i« <hown at nil lerrl 
eronahiga at ■tsbt It ia the invariable datj of the eagine-drirer 
to risK « l«n^ oell, placed on hie eogbu', irbeneverheappraaohea 
» lawM onianng or pwwM nloBg a atreet 

Oattla-narda an (oDatrocted on aaoh aide of ei-nry level 
vnmta(L In onLer to prevent csttie and animal* from atiKjiiis on 
to tbe line. Thm* arv tnoehw aboot 4 feet deep luid 4 ft 8 in. 
bvond, eat acroea tbe railway, tho mile being nf^nrtAd trf narrow 
bBUul«d>e>«nith«op<niiii){. l^thi>,a tew laeboa apart, are laid 
aaroaa tbe openinit to enable peiwiiia to paaa over. 

Tbo nllvKT* are genemll;' well fenoed, eioept at eUlione nr 
where the railwkj la earrled along toada or abveti^ in whiuh oue 
■a eefMratioa !• made. The main Una of the Ballimon and Ohio 
EhUwajF rani through the etreeta kt Baltimore to Lho poJNeBger 
Atioa'.Oie traina aradnwnbylooimoUvot.aailbmati on lione- 
imtk ridea alonir in front of evn-jr train, bloviii|{ a tratii)iot, to 
want people to Keep off tli« track. 

A Tprv fcsnenil pmctjce prevT^Ieofditilributing the gi'ode traffic 
br loicaiuaif null luid a\atix the ttroeta to wharvta an<l priralo 
artaibliahmento, aking which tbciuilwny cara are moved by borne 
I«wer. At eonte amport towiu in tbia conntij, a*, fur inaiancev 
Ab«fileen, Dtitidoe, and Blrkenkaad, nib are earned on to the 
wharvM, but not to the Mine extent aa In America. Tlie pmcllae 
a, howcTcr, on« which might be lulopted in inaujr plaeea in tfala 
eonntrv with great odvnnUn^ and with aving of eipenao ia 
uloaiAng um reloading, ^e oaDdrudion of the aui in 
AmeriM alwblM them to be moved moud very shurp curvee. 

Um alKtinaa are iteni'mlly nnfcnced, nnd paaaenger ■tatlona 
are eooeidcnd pablii? tliornugh&ren. Th« accoiDtnodallui la 
(oienUlj liuulequate and very indifletent, there being ft greU 

No. a;;.— Vol. xi.-ArKit, 1&£7. 



mat of w^ting-roona and otfaer coMven i eMe e et m veil •■ ef 
meaaa of obtaining inlanDntian. At boom alatkna, bowevw, 
where tbe paaaenger ttntto ia large, the bsoki&g-offiea haa a 
aeeood opeutag into the ladiee* wmMing-nMO, ao that Udiea 
tinrcUing alone can obuio tidcato wUbont crowd or diScuUy. 
lliia amngement ia one wUtk might be ndopwd with gnat 
ndvaal^e In tUa eonnti;. 

CM>ttrvtti«H ^ BMtig Stedh. 
The practice of oonatntcting the ntUwaya In a bu^ and tm< 
perfKt manner haa led to tbe adoption of a fonn of rollinji itock 
c^Mbloof adapting itaeU to the inrtiaalitics of the road; itinnlM 
eonatmoted on tbe prindplecfdiiuiniibingtheikinouutof nedsN 
wti^teairied in a train. Iliia principle le, that the body of Um 
ear or wagon i* carriod by two lonr-wfieeUd tnoki, one at each 
end. The body i* attaolied to tfaea* trockn bj mean* of a funtle 
in the oentre, tbe weight mting en mall rollera at aach aide. 
The Dulu filming of tbe truck ia aupporied on aprinp reeting 
on tbe aslea, and ue pintle and roUen are fixed to a erae-beam, 
which ii attaohed by epringe to the main fnaiog: ao lia/t 
between the body of tbe cor nnd the ulc« h« n donUe aet of 
aprin^ tudivmbber aprii^ are m general nae^ bnt they often 
become hard; oonaMjuautly acnietiBiea ateel *pm^ are uhiI, 
with KTMt iulvu)t«^e. Any aide moreoieut whioh might reenJt 
ftooi the ^iglit phtv allowed to tbe cra«n.boam ia oountenuted 
by ■pringn placed between ita enda and the framing. Ao iron 
buop au^icd to the Ehunlng paaeoe onder the axle on mkIi aide 
aoaatonpport iheaxleiacMeitihoald breek. 

The baaringa do not diflier materially from thoae naad in 
Encbind. But the axlr-box I* formed au aa to allow of oil bMOg 
need aan Inbricator, oa It ia well adapted to withatand beat and 
cold. Tbe oil ia oouloiued io the lower port of tbe axle-box, 
otAUia nut« being proMed in to prevent it fruro abakiag ftboat 
aa well a* to keep it in oontAot with thenxlei U>efh>ntlaaorewMl 
on, and, at the back, a Itather file oluae round tlie kxlcy and pt«- 
venta the admiauon of dual. It la Oated that aikdcr bvouraUa 
ctreunutnuoee thU kind of box will run pometimea fera mooLh 
without teqniring to be touched, but there ii grcftt dUBouIty in 
obtaining good oiL. 

Tbe wheel* natd on Americnn i^rn^ are of ea*t-ino, wiili 
chilled tyre*. The wbeela are &iim 30 to 3ft inehe* in diameter, 
Fu. 1. made without epokea, and gencfally of tbe aection 
ahowu in &g. 3. Tbeac wheeli^ when made by the 
beat makem, will run from ftO/XPO to SftOOO laUoa 
hclbto tha tyro* ore worn, and tlie; are eeid not to be 
liable to break; they wwdi nitlier more tbao 200 lb>i 
and ooet from V. to 3/.lA«. tad; tbcy ore not of 
oourae ao true a* tnniud wht<dB, bnt tneir first uoat 
k lo**i th<^ wcnr well, aud during the time they 
loet tbay require no exnanditnje for turning upi any 
aaek can be mure eaally dttectad by aonnding with 
a hammer, aud when a wheel breaka it doee not 
alwava do the miechief tbat i* done by a broken ^n. 
CbiUed cui-itnn tjma or* uoed on aoma of the raU- 
««y« for the Jrivuig-wheelB of angiBrei tbey an 
load* 3 to 3j inchve thick, end 6 incM breed, and 
CTlindrical; tboy or* bored out to a tive oone to fit 
the centre, wbioh ia alao of oaalrlion, turned to k 
vmilor oone, and aeourcd !u place by aerewa. Tbiae 
chilled oaatiage are etaled to be nrefcrable to ateel, 
or to wTougbt-iron, on aeeonnt of their bi'ing Wu liable to frac- 
ture in boat. Tlie iron of which they arc mode i* of a v««y 
■Qperioi qoalilr. ftnd groat practieal akill i« neeeieary ia the 
opera^on. It u italetrthat there ate only (luea firma In tb»_ 
United Statoa whoee wbeeU uw fully to be relied vpoo. 




Tbe only oommion between adjacent can ia at tbe centra, by 
I of tbe dnw-bftri the dnw-bar tereiinniM at endi eiw in 



123 



THK CTVIL ENGINEER AND ARCmTECrS JOURNAL. 



vbat i* tt rt a a J & baspar, whUfa enkhtM it to net m a buffer, u 
wall M K BiMuu of <aoatxioa, (tm ■hown in lit* MeoaiMui^ag 
•DgrariaK, fi^, 4.) la Um IDMI kpprnrad vnnaunclion ot car the 
drsw-tur U oodIuidoiib mdw tlM ar, amd a UXaehed to cUiptie 
■prinijB wliidi act in both dircctkiiM. 

Nu (ura !■ ■lewiMy la •ntpliiiatiie tm, m tbc cnda of tli* 
dnw-twr or baniptrt, ThJeh an of ths ahaiia aliowB la tha ■k«t«h, 
idwt afCkuut ameb oth^r, ■ abackl* ia introdnocr) thmiigh Iho 
opeaiag be)iiDd,«ad two pttuare ikuhhI tlirouKhlhoi.-v«; about 
kn ioch p\»y bting all tliut >a iiIlow«a). An iron >ba<^kle ia gl!Dt^- 
nUr nam; bat on torn* railwA;r* tba vkackU ia mnila of c«k 
18 uiefaaa loDg, i inchM Uilek, mehe* bivKfi, witli hulm for Uia 
^u It inch X S iacb, at n central diilanoe apart of If inohiNt 
The block, ita well ns «a«h bole, U bona'l witli iran; bal Iho iron 
hand rooailtlic block ia divided on 6Mih«ideattheoeotre,>o(bitt 
if ft ear l««ve tho raila the aide wreneh would braak tbe ali^wkle 
tniMTenwiy. 

la Wiptiag piUMoagnr cnrs tbe nun ■tonda on tbe platform at 
tbe end of tlMcar; bolia &vi{[ht Okn, wbeu there ia no pbtforai, 
tbe (blloiriag eelf-ftctbg oontnvance fur dropping in tlia pin, ia 
aomatlmea adojited to prereat iidorv to iba nurD employed, w b»a 
two can are to be oonpled, thn pio Id the bumper of one of tbe 
can ia anpported by tnoaiu of a ball, aad the ahadde ia fixed br 
ita pin in Uk bumpnr of the other cnr; when tbe eara are moved 
one agaJnut the oOter, the ihackle in one biimper puabee back tbe 
b^l in tba oiber, andallowa the pin to drop Into the hole. 

A II poaaMieer caca^ and almoat all fMght oare, are eopplivd wiA 
breaka, which nn applied U> all tbe wbeeU, work«] frvm piilior 
ead of tbe oar. Tbe bloeka of the bmka are Itneil with pUtea of 
<Mt>iran: andituosreriateudad that the wlwelaahoulil beoom- 
pletdy dMded. 

Ob tbe Philadelphia and DeadinK Railway there U an uthdm- 
neat by which a sadden cbadt in ton apocd of the engine ajqiuea 
breaka lo tbe wbeola of all tbe am. 

Faaonxer and emigrant can, oov«««d frekht out, or low-aided 
■ad ptatluria ean fbr timber aad roinefala, eta, an placed npon 
tiM tru«kii 1 bavedoaeribad. Upon tome nulwayMooAlandbaUaiit 
wagon* are uii«d, oonatriiaied ia tlie aame manner aa tboee apon 
E^liah nilwKn. 

Ttie bodiea of the nueenger cara are from 30 to 45, and eren 
60^ feet iu letigth. Thia length mder It neoaatan that tbe aldea 
■bonld be aupportad by a trnrni either In the fhunlng nr by Iron 
tniaalng-roda Mow. Oa lioea of 4 ft Aji in. gnoff* tbn cam are 
about 9 feet, and on the New Vork and Griu, lo (vet wi.Jc, and 
from 6 ft. to 7 ft. 6 iu. bi^h. Tbere are two ctaaMe of panaupir 
eaia, of which one Ii limited to tbe eonreyaooe ot emlgnuta, In 
die oentreof each end of the cara la a door, conducting to aaiaitll 
pUtlonik, about 2 ft. 4 in. wide, frcnu whic^h ttepa doeoeud on 
either aide to tbe ground. There a a Milisg to the platform, with 
an opeoiug to allow foaaengen to Kiaa frotn the jtlatfunu of ooo 
oar totbntiif another, and tbns tbrua^h the whole train. On 
many railway* tUa fne paswa^'o ia ntit lUl'.'wiid to pMoeiigora, but 
the Mwaoet doee of each car i> locknd, *a thnt all jieuiaeDgqra 
muat enter at tbe rear door, and tbe wnductor or eervauta uf the 
train alooe paaa thimigb wf tb ktrye. 

"nia iDtaiwr of the ear fonat a large room, with a paaaaM, of 
from 1 ft 9 in. to V foot wide^ down tbe oentrc, opm roeb ude of 
wfaieh otia wa'.e are arraogefL Tbete aotta am inieurled for two 
iia«aahMiii> imli, tberare from 3 ft, 3 iu. to 3. (t. Sin.lang, ubout 
1 (L 6 ID. wide, aau 1 foot apart. The back it arniLgwl to be 
tamd, eo that Ibe paaaen^r may ait with hia ftoe In eltlier 
dtraetioa. Tbe aeala and buik* arr oomfortably coahionod, nnd 
Hun ia a window, and ventilator above, to each. A miuidioiui 
, settiag i« oarried along eaeli aide, from one end to the other, for 
) noeptioB of ambrallaa, bag*, and oloaka. In winter the can 
I waRoed br maana of an ireu aluve in the oentrc ; and they an 
htad at nif^t by iampa placed at th« eidea. 
'[ a eertain pr'puftion of the paaaenmr cnn, a [tortion, about 
I Ions, 3 fC fl in. wide, ia paitjtiouud off, in wliich !■ a muall 
I for Ube ceavandaaM of Luliea uurtlng, and a w«i«rdoHt. In 
I aiuniaer load-water ia placed in waier-conlera iu the car«L 

On aoBie nUlwaTB, when the jonmcy oorapic* a ecmaidatablo 

aa far inataaoe, tfae lllinoti Central between Cniro aad 

riue, eome of tbe oare are fitted with oom|>artai«nta about 

I aixe of oiir Gnt^slaM earriags compartmente, in which tlia 

tiaala are anaagad for tbe badce to tutv vf, and aa to fbnn two 

Hen of bertbe, or aojaa, foif tbe aoaommoilBtioB of paaatageta who 

■ay with to lie down, fbr tbeteao extra jwiee ia charged. 

'nt daat cauaod by the friable aatore of tbe eoU it tbe graat 



Ini 

'feel I 



iBie, 



Itbai 



lnoonveaUac«oftuamertraTelUngiiilbatTnit«d8tatea. Savcfal 
plana have bato hriad to avoid It Oa aoaw lallwa^ wtadvwa 
have bonn coaatruicttd ao that tba aidan afaoiUd alaat oatwarda 
nnd throw it off. 

Oa tbe Miohigan Central Railway a aereen of lamd akavaa ia 
fixed ao aa to nMb tfirta tbe lower mmii^ ol the can to aritUa 
about 2 incbea •>r the riiila outaide tbe wbeela. The aeraM 
terminate* iu a fnuuffirork, which ia amagad to abot uiUaat a 
Bimilar frnmework od iho next cnr, ao tbt from oes end of tha 
train U> l!ie olh«r a ttianel ia formed nnder tbe cara, in wUck 
tbe duat ia eoufined. and ean only eaeape at the md of tba 
train. Thi«plan pnTonta daat in Uie e&r^ but it iaaatd lot 
boated axle*, 

Un the New Vork aiid Erie Bmlway, the following plan ■« 
freedom from duat luid good rentUatioo. A fuamJ ptaeed at 
the top of the car, fiwaa the diraalion In which tbe trun ia f«»- 
ceed i ug, uid tlie mevemeot of tbe train caueea llie air to paia 
downSiafunnolintoaeliainber, wlienitiepurified. A datam 
of water ie fixed nnder the nar, and a pump worltcd by tfae rat»- 
tion of the axle* of the car foneH the water into th« chamber 
tliroogh Jew arran^>d to fill ilie okauber witb aprny. The air. Ea 
pnitting Uirtiajch tliia ajiraT, iM freed from du>M~ In oeld weatlur 
n stove is plaoed >o aa to warm the water. Thn air tliea paw 
through duea under tbe floor into tbo interior of tbe car. The 
window* muat be kept oloaed. A* tbie amngemcnt i* in practical 
use on several csr« on th<> New York and Erie Railway, It would 
be well woothy of a trial upon Eagliab railway*, eapedally la large 
aalooB eairiagea 

A baggage car, or a oompartment of a paaaen^ ear rtet rred 
for baggMEO, la Invariably plaucti next to the engine. Tbe faafpitft 
can an niniiebed witli dour* at the ddta lo (aolitate tbe kMlBB 
aad onloniiiDK °f btgK'^*- Bag^a^ can an geaenillT 30 toe* 
long. Next to tbe bag«^ cara in the tisina are piaeed tha fltaa 
wiln the oomportmnatioT mult^ or (br the Exprtna fVairaniiw. 
who undertake tli« paroela traffic 

Fnlghl and cattle ean an atoally cuvertd. Tbdr ordiaaty 
Inoi^th ia ^ or 30 frat, and they an mon alrongly built ibaa 
ponauKvr cnm. 

AlnioMt every car ia provided with n brenk, wbicb caa ba(^>pli*4 
to all tbe wh«clai>f the oar. It uwrkiil fKimBitli*r«ml,aollial 
one man can work the tirwak* of two oaiw. in frmgbl tiaina tbt 
guards usua!!^ [)1im along over the lopa of the ean, tbe amall 
niuiibor of bndna and luoDpla remdeiing tbia eoataa anier than 
it would be in knglnnd- 

Iu every ttaia a aimide atid perfectly edieetcud ooummloatita 
betwBMu the guacd ana engiaMrinr ia provided by laeaiM of a 
conl. III paaaaagar ttaina a eord, with awival-boon at caebaa^ 
ia providml to aaob car. It paaaea tbrowh riagala llin iiaHlag. 
and it ii tbo duty of the oonductor to aee uiat the ooniuiaalaallaa 
between iw^aoeut cajiii«oomplel«berureatr:uuitartjL In frvwht 
train* tlia cord la paaaed over the ivpa of the cuk TUa «otd ia 
attached to a bell on tbe engine. 

The oonKtniction of a train on Americaa railwaye &vocin lUi 
moilfloreumiiiuiitcalion more than am Engliab nutwaya. Tbe 
o&rriiigiM liri- luu^tir, aud therefore time an lewer of tMBi, and 
ouusquvnUy&wercuunfoiiouiitobwuadei aud tbea« oanoeetiui* 
an belwon rigid diaw-bara, without expanaiun or contractkmef 
boflbranrinp; andMapoiaon can nmlk from onoeud of a Icala 
to naolher, theae ooiiaecliona an made very •naily, and aay 
omUaion it immediately deuoted. 

From the al>ove accouat it will be tcco that tbe rolling atock 
on American railwaya difiim cxmfeidurably from tbat iu uM ia 
EtiRlaiid. 

Iu denigniog their rolling atock, tlie Americana ^ipear («han 

takau Uiw-ldaaanicirvfromaahip than from anonlmaryakrriiV'i 
and to have adopted thn form beetcaluul&led to acooiaiidau larf* 
masei with a minimum of outlay for 6ni( ooet, as well as ibcna* 
which iuvolvee a minimum of attendance upon tbe jiiawiinaia la 
gettbg iu aad out of traiua Wlulat the con havabeca daagaaA 
with a view to avoid every apptarauoe uf privilc^ or exclumi*- 
aesB, or of auperiori^ of oite iravellur over auctlier, the} hava baah 
conatructcd bo as to arcuni to every traveller aubataotial eoaofal 
and even privacy. 

There u ouly one dnas, but as tbe can arc deaigned witb inen 
leg^ tooomfort than £ugli*htallwiky<arTiaget,UueclaMis>«y 
much enporior to eecoad and third alBNaeairlageab and only iaiarisr 
to tbe tof finrt-claM En^itfa oaniagai, UieiDiNlilobetvgnrnaj 
that olmi^ all Ungliah railw^ oompanie* have ao aatireljr dbM^ 
piilfil Ihinnmfiift iifadnnml anil lliiiil ilamjaiaiiimn*. alllmai^ 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AUCmXECTS JOUENAL. 



in 



_M « fMOnl niK aMOBd-dut utd tamMtam «v«ii tltinl-<kM 

I tM5>Mgli«rfcf«tfaaiUlB(«qair(dlarUi*iiii>c^niperior 

Mion of AmeriMB rsUv.ijra. 

|do«bt ih* AaarioMi nil«>v cwa ouioot oouuio ao nuiv 

I M wmU b« eBaUiii«>{ in « mrwrngt at vcjiiaI iingtli 

I iata onnputantSi tM( (ha b« of ■ ikior ■( aMh cad. iH 

>afaev«nda|aadlddtk«aMakMviiif In lint ooH, m wcUm 

ual boofala to tha oomfMi^a aarvuta, 4iij Mow Ui* 

I aide widar than Uiajr eoald b* with «■!» docn, atapa. 

lallf rTi r y nniTtninirt fnrtln nMa r ii n nrHnhii «Vilil fini 

' "roaa)o^)o«nia]r. TfaaKbMnoacd'ooniiwtnMnla 

Ution, Wknaing, and HghUag at aighL Tkan ia 

I adWmUge dcrirwl ftmzt Uw aaa of tnwta, whloC dwnTM oon- 

,r»: UtMeuriaKaa AD banovodaaally found oorvai^ 

I oniw^mmlly tih4« U aune diminnlMin in Uia raMUnea 

■i uidtli*iu«ofdMibleaprjigaraiid«c«Uiaiiiatig«iaf Uw 

7 aaqr <in » good road, bidaed, tlMaa «ftn tnral wUfaout 

I oT«r bad rada U valocntiaiv «i>aa ear mnima would 

>ly leaTQ the Um Tfat anull dUiMtor of (Ii* wliaato 

alU^ iuvrMtan tlia (tieUwi U> »otae exteiiL 

T ah idaa cf Uiia daMriptMn would be *ocjr ootivaaMU is thia 

r am kll ont&ibw ibai, aad fbrftwooadutd tbirddaH 

but it ta Ukdy tb«t nwnj bigliali ftrat-daw paatMisan 

, ftwier Uw pnnejr of * oonpartaieBi, Th« naa of tliit 

ffiinnaf rahicto WQiild. faowevar, praboM^rnadM'HaeaaawT 

» iMOO^daration of lb* Hwde of baBag aaJ cuupliog amacea 
HfNiicr, ifnoithaadofMfamof tbai«np(r at tlie ogwua. This 
BMb of eoupling raiBila vait nueli law rUlc upon tkaeomptudta* 
■cmamhMi tlumodeiii nae in UuBaaa&U7,»>uIitnr«vaBlatlM 

twawad upi and (&• uk of a rigM dmw-bar dnvagb tlic inun 
wottld afloraattMfjr Bioaaaof oaabUaffllMMigiuAdnirtr toftp])ljr 
bnkka aunnlUnaoaaljr to all Uic wbada of tlia tcalo. Tha mnla 
of ooMaBti'm AawricMi osra alForOa tuthar not* prataatton tliui 
WM* Ma i w t ihat alua of aociilenl Id wbicfaoaaani^a ii farMd 
throi^ tba «dJ<u«ot onei aa iu aiuti omm tbe pl»tfi>im* at each 
■mL unountin^ to A bat of apMa^ mu« ba oniabMl bafora tbe bodf 
«f UM cur ia in/turd. 

Tlie main ad*»iiU^ of ilia AinariaHi an ia tlMt thar caarwf 
k Urgm ouinbirr of [ i—ei yw . in pPDjMrtMii to iba «Uad waiabt, 
th*a can ba oiutqjW ia t£ia vamagm gmenlly iHcd oa Kajtih 
nulw»7« 

Ub tlie KalLimora ami Obki BaQw^, on ftooonnl of Ui« abMp 
oarroi^ llie «n arc Mortar Ui«o on nuuijr oUmt lUifa, vii., 40 
fM( in lengili ^ thcM con will oontaiu (KP penoiu, and it wna 
Mnend UMt tl>G/ ircigU abont 7 tonn. Aa a RcaonU nile oa 
&mUab wwTow gauge nilwv" *1>* *■■■" nnnibor of aooond* 
daaa r ana mgara would acnrodr ba aooomodated nndar n weight of 

lUtOUA 

Tlio pMaeagtr ear of tbe Sew York and Bria Rjdlwaj 
Cnmptaj ia (M tot toag, and wontd ooataiit abut« SO poopla. 

Tba Imght can ou Uie BaltimoM and Ohio BaUwajr, U fort 
Irag, wiUi a wamtv Cor a load of 9 tana, weigh 8 Ioim^ On 
narrow gaop UnxtUh nulwnyn, aa a gauant) rulo, tha wwiglit of 
tbegoodi w^on ia not mudi lo« than tha weight of kniL 

Bnfinm. — The Amerioui eogmca wo onutrocted upon prinoE- 
plw aooMwhat nnakgooa to ihoae on which th« oun At* eom- 
•traetrd, wi(h lli« view of obtsinlugL-rtat tUttalHy on road* which 
pment at ccriAhi uaaonii eoii«IHenbl« imgulnritiM of ■ui'&w. 
The wifi^t n«t«u(i««H<riuiHiMibIeupon thn)Dpi>!Dbt;th«tlrfr- 
hox end oeiug annported ou tno driving-wheel*, <uiil lli« snioke- 
" ox emi Dpoo a pin which rwta in the oenUv of a »iaatl Uuck. 
'■■> drivin^-whMta nn g«n«nU)> four in niuulxr, oonnlod 
ether, with fnitn 3 ft to ft. 6 in. diameter, end rUonl at 
1 (t (i iiL apart. The hinder pnir of wlieoU [« funiinlied 
lib fla&sea. bat the leadiBgdriring-wfacolanragtOOnUjinthout 
an^M, aod arv fru(|ueaUjr cyUndrical.* When gmt aprnd la 
' T«qnir*d the wbeelt iu« Ineroued to 6 feet dl&mcter.t but itlntbo 
alniwt iBTmriaUe nulotn to couple fonr wheels in all eagmee. 

For working atecp indinoa, emgiiiM with night wheels ojupled 
a(T lued: the wheel* are crlindmal andabontS ft Gin. diiuneteri 
Ibn l*«(ling and tniliag wheel* alone havelhuixe*. InnlUichliig 




t 



t flataeniMriruiaid llMttiiBtfnr'bfniiNiHKUHi.cniMniaidbiUi, 
r « 1001^ ot ■UfA It 



~ «aMMIuta^dl(MMM IM 



lom^ot ■UfA It I'liiirHioullifltwIUiKifuek, 



the fmniing to the apringe the oow p an a a t bghalnnco lever ianaaw. 
Soege of thaae aBgiuea weigh 30 Uim^ tha pMllknt of tba cogin*- 
dnvar being en the top of tba bciler. 

lu tha oiSlnaiT aoginaa tbe track ia la nda an liirirt an poHibl% 
ita wheala baing gMienUl J from 3 ft. 6 ill. 10 X fU fl in. in dkunater, 
andabcwt 1 n.«in.npnrt. 'tbaae wbealaanof diUledcMt-tnn, 
■iioUar U) the car wbaala. Uia driving-wbaaln an genaralljr of 
out'irDO iu IhecentrevaBdUM^maareof wfouRht-iiooaraomn- 
tlaMn, aa ha* bean altandy mentHned, of chilled oMt-imo, whleb 
iaetaiad to be better aUe to atnnd Croat. 

In neont cnginn tba efUndrianl pntt oS tbe bolbir, inataad «( 
butting agMiMt the m^boi, b eonneotfrl with it bf an Jndlnad 
ptal%aotIiWth«nbiw right angle at that cart. 

Notwit^toncUna Ihal tbe ual fidiU of the United SUMn 
oecQpyiuiaRwef TadvOOOaqnaniniLM, andexteiHl into Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohiic^ 'p^i— ■■, UUBOii^ Kanlnuky, Virvinla,and Miehinn, 
until vnrj reoantly woodwaatlMftieiiBTariahl/natdoDAinenonB 
railway a. Wood hai^ bowavar, riiaa venr mitok in prioa UUlfi 
and on the prairie Itnea wood b not to be bad, but ooal b fonnd 
in thtir vicmi^; on other linear which pua thrwugb tbe eoal 
iDOMoio^ ooal b a cheaper fttcL Henoe It* uae b gndotfij 
being extended on nilwaya, and it will probnblj aoon anllralj' 
•apnaede wood. 

Sevaral aUaropt* hava been ninda to bom bitaminoM eonl im 
engine*, witbont ouUw it In one, the fraah «nl b aunplied 
into tbf fire-bus from below, eo ae to nikdar-iia tli* hMtad ftiel; 
in an-tber, tbe lir»-bo> b divided Into two patta, from encfa «f 
wbtcb a 8iMv ■'i^ * damper, leada to tbe tnbM, and tbere b an 
opening bdawUieeUTUcieof thoAwl Ihnn one pnrt of tba fir«-b(K 
to tbe other. ThottmanaKanMUly cbufed with fteab fM, 
the dunptn- of the fir« moet rMantlj efaar^ bdng doaad, U 
eavae \b* anadke i« paea thmu^ the olbar lirv. i aunot gjvn 
anydeeidedoplnlonanlotbeiBtuCietorjrrMultaafeitbcrBen^^ 
nMnt TlibiubjooliBreoeivingattheprmenttuDegr^ntlflatMB 
in Uib conntry, and the eoonoanicnl reeulte whieb sn atMed to 
have been anired at bj Mr. Beattie in aone new eBginta whkb 
be baa ooBatrwoled for tbe London aikd Sontb-Waaterti Railway 
an vnry extna«xlin«T. 

Aothraeit* ooal w uaad nn tbe tteneylTnninn milwny a. A 
CoRu at trtr-bax, odoplod bj hlr. MnlhoUand on the Pbiladelpbia 
and Reading tUilwny, ia alMed M be vee^ enewfol (Sen 
fig. A) It u ahallow, with a bm gnt* area; tba bare anof 

oial-UMi, j-indi faitnd, and with 
^-iaeb apacea hetwaen them; and 
a row of air hole* 4 tuebea deep bj 
1^ inch wiile, wliieb can be opesad 
aud doaed at ulaaaura, nrtandn 
ateng tba fi<Mit of tlie tre-box. Jut 
ovnr tbe ban. Then b rim aa 
amwiMiBcat to adnil air la the 
boated MMCS near tbe tube pbtat 
lite autbraelle coal b aprand near 
tbe ««te ban In nn even Injrar 
t» isoMe thidt. The flre-bos b 
made of iron, an b almont invari- 
nbl^ tbe Ota in the United dMteaL 
tbe MtB being oouridarahljr alopao 
inwnrde to eiienre that the alanin MDeniad firain tbe water In 
oenlaei with it ahiJI nee off iupMlljr, and keep tbe water tn 
(oiiat»it contact with ili-> iron. 

Ii nuf be mentioned tlint tha eontnct fyr the euppl v of boQer 
phite from the makera ia fm|ueiitlx efnilbr to that fur talb — 
^z., that if dcfeeta in oriRtnnl tiionuihatun are dbonvend, lb* 
plate ia to be nwde good, end all eipenditnre inenmd upon It 
defntffvl. 

In iboee cnipnea in whioh wood b burned, the chinuiej b 
survoundnl wiUi nn inverted flinuej of iron, with a gmling at 
top to <nteh and eootain the anarka. A door at the btrttow of 
the flannel albwe tbe Mhea to be nmoved when aaeeeaur- 

American enginea are provided with what b termod n " oow- 
catcher," in lion it axle pMinla. It t* nnn|M»ed of a eerien of 
iron bari nnitiug in a aalieni angle, fonued to throw to onn 
aide any tliitig that lie* un tlia tmck. Tlt« tower bar b 
about 3 lncti<M t'nuii Uiu mil, and tbe upper part lermbinlna at 
tbe framowi-irk of tbe track. Tliui implMDent derirea ita niona 
frun having bean nnn) to praleet tbe engine from rattle elraring 
OB the line, end with amo<len»l*deptb of enow ttanonren nil tbe 
nui^ieM "I a aiii-w-p|niij|th. Bveey Migin* la furniifaed wlili a 
Mlofat lewtau lb weight, whJob is nmqra nog by Ibedrtvor 




rte. I. 



IM 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AECHITECTS JOURNAL. 



before th* engioe la moved fw^nnl mt a rtatlon, and itbo when 
amnachiag mtwI W T Ml ngit or inoring along Mn»tM. Thn b«U 
K1TM notlM nf th« apfjTMMb of tb« Mdne witfaovt frightmina 
bnrtM, fw mtMih aa th* whistle. Tbc ai& (kub whidi the aoond 
proceeda out b« HudW diatiagtuilicd,aiul id tfao neigh boiutiaod o( 
tovDs it t> a niuh naa ab J attioMbh Msnd to tb« Inhabiunta. 
Th4 whiMtle la oatd on mmtmauim, anil aa ■ aignal to apply 
tkMbraaka,*e. 

Han ia one atTaiij(ctn«nt mniMctcd with the en|tiaea in 
America which mere hnnuuiitv abould eaoae to be adupud in 
tliia mmirj — vix^ the pratMVOB a0>rded*ta tlie eagiiMAlii*«n 
and firwwa agaJnat tlM liielMi»aiw]r of dia waatfaar. Tlia foot- 
|dat« of tlia angiiM ia oAvend by a roofaappntad bjrglaaad aidea 
and a ^aBed&Mit. Tbc windam are arranttod to ooan mdilv, 
and apajMnee la afforded Ki tliefroDtofihr euKini?. Tbiaafaedla 

rat the MCk towania the t«iider. Thia arnuigfiaent Baatai 
eDgin#-drir<Tii and fimnan mach mnf« OMulartaUe, and 
nuUMtheBi tokoopa&rbettarkmk-oattlwn whan naprotoctod. 



HEW MEMOBIAL CHURCH, CONSTANTmOPLE, 

It will bo but a thriw^lold tal« to xny that tba loog-aspaoud 
ileciaion in rsapeet to thi* oompatitiot] biu Iwpo mada, and that 
Hr. W. Bur^aa baa proved the auLixwifut oamMlitor; the 
tenalniag pramluiua tUvinK been avatdinl to Mr. Q. E. Street. 
and Mr. G. T. BodI«7, with the reeomnwDdatioa of an extn 
priaa to Hr. W. Slater. — Th<a<' four daaigns, coitiprinin^ in then- 
aetrcaa goodly Dumber of drawioKi^ wera fortutrntply ■nrurtd tor 
inapectioa al tli« bte Anhitectxiral Exliibiiiun a few dn}-i before 
It* cloaa, owing In aova meaaiuv, wu believe, to the eaergr of 
ita indobtigabte aacretary, Mr. EduaatoD. In acooidanoe' with 
an original notifiatkm of the Chnroh Coiomlttaa, the whole of 
the dnwingt are now on Ti«w,andwil1 reniiun ao till the I Itch 
iu8iaul,at Kingfa CoUcgts Strand. The hfiDguig and {(cuerul 
■Raogananta were bar* aao antni8t«d to Mr. Ediueatou, and it 
k oarwaljr dna to that nmtlamMi to ataie that tb« Iwet h*a bean 
made of a eompamtivMj' aKiall qiaor. Though the corridor 
allotted for lue ia aotna TO feet long, and proporlicainlily wido, 
il ia nuuitleallr inaaffieiMit for tba nqoireneata of thu occadon: 
in one Item. bowoTcr, and that an inporlJiiit ooe, vii.— liuht, 
thar* ia abundance, and it ta well dtMribvl«i,1. Allhoagh Ithaa 
batn aoDwiaiT to erect a doiibln acrtmn nlonf; the ccatra, n f^tr 
auonnt of light ia *UU obUiacd to each fntioe, aod Uita in wimc 
danee atooea f or the above and beluw level pliui of banging Ia 
wnJch ItWM needful to report. AuoChor ilinivully, not alwnja 
•0 oarafaUjr met, ia lb« kap^ng bwetheT each aot of drawings; 
hut in the prcaent ioitanoe it ia wvU mannfiod, and thojr 8evDra.l 
tlunuteriatMB are jndioioualf dJAtinguUinMe at a sIbqco; 

In all, tlien ate 4S aela of deaigna, Involviu^ abuut 370 
dnwinga, taallTamtiaaof "gattingupt" the for«i^n cotnpetiton, 
of whom then are five, graanllj' prafamng a plain woak outline. 
Thoa a fcatuTe which perracka tlve majority of the Kugliah pro- 
dnetioaia — intermixture of oulour by liiuidijigB, inlaying, &c. — ia, 
in their cMa at leant, nunDpiwIaUu aa pari of the dteign: nor 
woald il appMT, jndging from th« feeble ahadowiiigH a>^c foftb, 
that tha donaouey ia any grcM loaa. In a word, it i« matter of 
enrpriao liow viieh an extraordinaty yroduetioti ai that of 
11. Ecaile V'eillude (Parin) wan adv«ulUTed bf iu author. It ia 
abadntely beneath orliiol-ut, t">t.h aa to idena, and more Mpeci&llj 
tkHMng (fbr it ia nnt (Irnwinn], and renllir ia the nltinium of very 
much that in WDrthleu. The nciKhboTiriiift att, by M. llanaxla- 
mann, hiu th^ Atlv.-ktiUkgeiif utoarerdrnwing, anda waahof eolonr 
uo the iHinptxtite^ but tlii>«, uiifui-tunntrly.oitly rureaja ita povertr. 
which liaaacnru-ely nnvn'ditinial'le point; it look* for all the wnna 
likeoneof ourconDiryehniM-la cxoouttrd, lay, twrnly yean ainoe, 
and dulyamoolhed over with oompo I The reiiininiiij;eontineDtal 
«A>rta are more or leaa at fault, Uiough one of them, hr M. franko 
{MeiniuganV baa ba«i dlatin^niahed by an honoumcile mention. 
0« what grounda Ibia haa M«n deeroird wo are wholly at a loaa 
todiaoem, iuIcm theaiiniilicitv aud praportirm of ita pkn, whi«l) 
are ontaiuly iicepwwing, (ure gaiued the honour. Still^ 
louUng around, we abonld aay (with deferuum tu the adjudic** 
tora) iuen are nt laaat a dicmn othara that are equally worthy 
of tbo diilinction. 

Hnviu^ been ted oaaoally to rcfitr to one of the foreign con- 
IribviiuiM, wn have tboi^t it well to note aome letnarka on tbo 
oUueff and ao to dlapOM of the aubjectaa br aa llttf are Mdcetned. 
U tita i|«cunfH biibn u oiay b« tahta m t, Mmple tt vhnt 



■o3li 



will be aubmitted bom tbeaaua tgnartar for our ii«w . ..^_ 

mant OttoH^* Kngjlih ardutada nndonhtedly havg no eaowRr 
ahma. Before pi^eaeding to anuniae tba drawing gantnBy, 
it nay not bo amiM to devote a few wotda to tho aubjoot giinnrallj. 

Tbo oriHiMl propoaal for Um «MCt)an of thia obntvh mm 
iamied in May of laat year, and it waa intended aa > "nwinnwint 
to the gallant men who haea &Uen in the aervjoa of thiir 
GonntrrT*— " Adapted to tba aolamn vorablp of Alaai^ty Goi 
aeoordias to tha Kngliah Bitonlf Mtd to be Djr ita areUtortmai 
atTla and ehanwter, worthy of die people who bare niaed H, aad 
o^tbe dead wheaa BHaore it ia dongncd to perpatnnlo." A ate 
baa been grantad by the Saltan. 

TiM intending competitor* were ahortly after faraiabed wiA 
inatructiooa, among wlijch were the feUomng resuiremeoU: 
The aiylc of architecture to b« a Ibodifiealion (to aolt lh( 
dimate) of that " kuown aa 'Pointed' or 'Oothier" and tia 
building to be capable of eonlaiuiog, without galUriaa, not fcww 
than TOO peiWM: tiw coat not to axoeed tOfiOiL EMit gennl 
dnwinga w*n atipakted for, with tlie roqnirite detau dnwtng^ 
and twopempeelivaa only. 

The intereat which atuchod to thia oompetilioo ia atlribntaU^ 
not merely to the citvumrtancea out of which it originated, bat 
alao to tha novelty witb which the aubfact ta inveatcd — aoveltt 
of aikuation, wiUi loeal peeullaritiia u be eomUMrad: aa) 
novelty of anletiala, with their praeUcnl and judldoiia onnUna- 
tiou. It h at once eridant tbat what wiujld ho avacy wur 
deairable in wir northern dime, would be very wide of tba man 
in a (and of heat and lanli-iuakM. Henoa, it ia nmmia to note 
in tha aavinitl dwgiia where thaaa thing* hare baan duly 
wcighod, tho wntrivnnw* (r.ftrn -'dodgM') which h*T» ban 
r«wirtcil tot SiimeahowhiBh-nitchedruoiisolhfrv— the majariBT 
— low, anil each 1* nvMinmi-'uiW aa baat calculated to nsdndi 
bnt : levenl have double roof*— that ia, an outer and inner, t» 
the aama pnrpoaa. Borne have thick walli^ abaUow battraaea 
and aliu of window*: others thinner walls, deep buttraMM, and 
windowB of latgar openioK, aholiorod by hood walla; wbii* in 
many eaata (eepaetally where the oial^ or what may bn ow 
aiderod an anaworing to aucb, aerven «* tho recetitaelo for BonlH 
menUUhe light iaa£nitt«d anttraly fMm a lofty olcfealoiy, ao thai 
the lun'a mya would tiet*r atrilu dtTMitly ou penena a nm nhhd 
within. The modea of entnuii*, too, are wkriotwlv aoggaatai 
but il«eply-reoedLng portala appear moitin bvoor. The qnnatkn 
of towen, alao, baa beno ttraied with amuaing VDriety: far in- 
atanoe^ the aelocted deaigu ia altugvlher without ooe, unleaa th* 
detached and fancifully •placed campanile, which is aiMgeatad n 
a fly-lenf, be a<cept«<l aa [ion of thr aclicoie {though it woka Uka 
an aflerAhought);— tha ancond ajiptoived deaign liaa two anull 
apimd tuiToU: the third, on nnmintakeahU biwer; Mid the 
fourth, two nnmiitaktabiu towera «Mf apiraa. Itut it ja tin* 
to jiorticuinriae. 

Mr. Bur^rvB* devlgri, whir:h ia about to be auried oat, ia riufllf 
in arroDg^mniit, tiienaiiriuti iutcruoJly frotu Mid to end ahMl 
lAO fret, oiiil in biviulth nbouL £& feet. Tlie additional jaUk 
where the tmiweptii ucour in iilxiut U feet Tho nave c oii« i|l» i< 
■ii bHyB, aeimrated by ult^mntjily largo«4njrft. and amaller < 
oolamuai lEie line of the nnvc wnU ia uairied alao roa 
chance], whioh ia in form a slightly extended acmldrtla^ 
onter aiale wull i» alwi airried round, forming on unbulator, 
mnnumenbi. The exUtrual feoturee of the deaijtn ate aimptc 
Uirn west docrwiLya being moat elaborated; Uicie cDtranc 
alwlterwl by a plain lean-to aciven atreubiug acioaa the 
front. Above laa oontinDoua oraule, the three central div . 
c4' which an nieroed, and above thia ia a Inrce central maeyiria- 
dow. A comiderable amonnt ol inlay and roloured autfoce mtfc 
ia uoutcmplalMl iu lieu »f moiiMi^ ilctnila. The rooCi at^ of 
low pilch thr>iuf;liuut. Tho inateriola tu be used will be aelelolad 
from the f^Ioving: 

tjt (hiorge'a limeotoue, of a oonabtencjr betweca Bath JH 
Portland atonei , 

The Malt««e linMetoo^ like Oun atone; I 

The Itncrican atone, like the St. Urorge't; 

And a Muiah-block lime>lone, uani prindpally for nlMl* 
walliu^, 

Tbe Marmora marble, of a dnll cloudy white; 

Italian marble, uieii for paving; 
Foatibly, alao, a red marble rewmbliug tha Siauii with hrieki 
and tem*-<olta. The roof to be of itprace fir, tram the Ulack 
Sen; and tb« fiUiog in of ilie vaulting to b« of a light co4M*«ta, 
like that nMd ia ua lualy teatond chapter-bouae uf Saliabiaj 




THE ClVn. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



Its 





OktbodnU. fTbU aiWhii, the Kotbnr •Ute* to have oWrv»d in 

die ctoiM«T» of Rfxnon, ttnd <n other pUen in Fnui«c.) Tlie wre 

of tb« wslb will be nf hliink ston« rubUf, fii<.ixl in utd out with 

variouH MbUn of tcrra-cotta, brick, nn-l wtiile kod black stone. 

Umibom DiHfbli* U> b« lueJ for tbc dulo of the tiave, the otp* of 

Um eolDBina, and the Xncvrjr plane of the window*; while tii« 

black Mnno and rad marble^ eUgbtlj pt^hed, will be aupioytd 

tot tlie varioun ooliunna. 

Ifr.^SliMt't (iMisn (iiecnnd pnm) ^iffm oooaiderably front 

' ib. Burgnr : in pbui it ia lotunr but luurowv, and in 

N Mfta, their being uo ainlei^ whQe the author haa anuled 

Tof the nniuiul pivjccliou which faia buttrr— m naiuiiwl 

• wiuulcmct ilieainouot<iTtlini»t from tkevtoueroo^ toMutriv« 

low aiubulatutj between and throngb them, anliica which maj' 

av« bMB ainggiiatMl bv tbo Niiniiarly-nmaigcal Hide cbiipcla of 

'ja^t CcOitgt, Ouabnilfce. The nave in but of fonr ban in 

|leiij[th, to whkh >oor«e'l deep tnuixepM, in the inner anguaef 

t which rine Ihf turmia; thi^ cbaDit^l in nutrtv the width of the nave^ 

||ireportl|>iial«l7 long, and terminated pofypnnftlly. The roof la 

■inuUr in pjtch to thuae of the la«t-ineaU»nn<l dvnign, but the 

tmiue|ita are steeper owiug to their being of aarrownr apan, yet 

rising to tha oonman ridge. In the precantiona taken to keep 

Om buildioi^ cool ar^— narrow wledowe Itigb up, vltli outer and 

liUMr traoents; aliu a paaean roand, in the UdcncM of the wall, 

>(* their baae, •• to allow oTMinda of Uttiw w<irii beiw pot up 

and taken down if It were found ncoeasiry.'' The doragn wn*- 

nUljr oommoBda ilaalf foe- ito ajmplioity of porta, while the drloil 

dnwiaot ahuw to what extent devoratiou and fiiUMh might be 

Tli«ainoant of care which lias eTJdently been btMowed 

ithitdeaigti reudcra the wt nt drawing (twvlvie in BUDiber) 

°~!Uia niMt iut«reetiiig it ha» Ibrmme tim« IoIIbii to our 

I examine. 

T. liodlcy'a design, which gained the third premium, diffen 
oonaidvrablir Ib ila type frmn eitlwr of the prtcedina, partaking 
nore of the character of northern architoctnra. This U motl 
apparent in the general o«^in& and in the tower, whose dateil 
eIv appcnr) lo comport with tlie r«it. Tbo plan, inclading 
cl, is simplr a parall«I»grani, unusually lou^ f"r ite wUtb, 
lof verrludy |jmportioii». Tliciv !«, in addition, a uor^ivor 
n porch at iht wmA end. The towitr in pinned at the west 
Jot the wuth aiale; the nwla are of stoae, with atiiuu arch 
rincipale, the chaBoel areh uoUt^ aad ha« ila ■ub-nwuldtBge 
deticatdy cnspcd; the wimlows to the church are from the 
I lUreBtoiT only, and in arranG[eiQsnt nre of thre*-llgbte; la the 
fltuaeel taev axe ouupled in each buy, nn<l have abnvc and betweeB 
neb a muul cueped eiruuliu' window. Tlie nave ia divided into 
five bar* by cir«nlar CT'lumuti witli riclily foliated caoa, and 
tnuucpta are wholly ignorcii. In the interior view, wliicb la 
noBt minutely drawn, ii indicntni a considcrablo amount ttt 
mtftoe enrkmimita in iKuida .imt gRomotric pattcrni^ as well as 
tfc* altenwis vonsaoln of the stoue orchcH. 

Thuii much for th« three deaigns to whiub tbe alipulated 
pntniums have boon awanted; but a fourth hM bwu rewm- 
nMndetl to a like dittinction, it appoaring (say the judges) " lo 
ptienea a degt«e of merit no nearly cijual to that of Mr. Bodlsy, 
at would hare fairly entitled !<s author to a priu, had Uiere beoi 
a foartli placed nt our diepuaaL' Xow we muNt at once oonfeai 
that we oanivat d^«ct thnw superlative nierilsi on the eontnry, 
we iltuuM set it down without heaitauon as at least eecood-rate, 
and fiir iiifrrior to nuiiy of it« riv&ls. To aay nothing of a raw, 
IHicoiuf'irt-iM-'-lnukiug'OuiIiue, wilbiiut pnteiudon to tbe ItsMt 
ailuixturu uf l4uU lu ila oompoeitiuo, tlie everbatitig strt^ing 
and atriping, so pertinaclouatr carried out fh>ni ground to riiige, 
both iueideaiMlontside^woulJseomeiioUKb toaottln the i^unttion; 
but if tins were paaned over, what cati lie aud in defcnw of the 
WKKOo-vaulted iuterior, LutetUoed with ril>t proper only to a 
really interMviitig cdiuttractioti I It i> hut a mockery and 
deltuioB, iDcob*iirt«it with true art 
Five liHiiiaiu are conuilrrcil at >lo»erviiic[ of especial mention, 
I vit; th<»; by HesHrn. Gray.— Tullan,— Truefitt,— Weightmati, 
^Saddfld, and Ooldie, — uid Wlilt^ Mr. Uny's ia comparatively 
^Pfhiin, rather Lombwdic lu character; it Lm Iuw*piicli«ii roub, 
aniall contiQuoua arca>l«a, and a Urge roae wbdow to it« w««t 
front, uoxr which ia an alinoit detached ouupaiuleconnoet^id with 
the aieir by a abort aloliiler. There ia a groat deal of pliun GkCs to 
Ae wall^ whkh tnpart* oonridemUle repuee nnd dignity to the 
eecapoaitif<n. In plan It ia a paiaUtlogram, with tbe ohanotJ ter- 
minated •cmicirt^ulnrly : to tbta a siaall ootwoual eaeriely is 
^^fpHidod, cbaptcr-honeo like ; and in place of transopU, twp 




ttrr— Vol. XI.-Arat^ im. 



■mall eeukircvlar "memorial obtpela* are attwbad, whidi nam 
in rouf with tbe alalc&'— Ur. Phwd's oommended dcaiign {far be 
boa two), ie in plan exceedbgjy like Mr. DodUgr's, but it W aix 
bay* instead of 6*e ; estennlly, it partake* of f^igUek ntber 
thtw Italian cbamcteristica : this ia very notimable lu the steeple, 
whidi is Mtfaing km than an t/twyiiay broecli: the roob are 
also of high pjtch ! there U uo clereetdiT, but iitt«Rially a tri- 
foHiHB gained by the etiltiug of the aids roob. Uacb of tha 
ooutplete effect would be produced by colour, aa the architectaral 
memben an* but aomQ'.— Mr. Truefitt'e demsi iiL aa mk^t be 
expeolod, oriipBal and clever : tfau ■chi-me cif the plan, wEi>di it 
a oombinatioa of octagoua and Bquom, baa codaldwable Bovelfy, 
and occasions couniilenible pUy In tbe grouping of the roaGt, Tbe 
two tnasepts are very short, but the walU are continued oQt- 
wanU,fonatDg towers, sqaare up as high aa the roo^ whenve tbej 
take an oetagonal form, wcllmanaged. Hie metal screeB ehowa ia 
the interior w bappUy conoeived/— Ueaue. Veigktman, Hadlidd, 
and Ooldie, exbtnt » bigjily-fiDlahed set of drawioo, in wbidi 
more than the rv^nlrements of the "instructions'^ have been 
fumiidwd. We allnd<< to the spaciooa court of approach, with lt« 
sheltered ambulatotj and coBtnd fotmtain, whioii is added at the 
weat (>ud. Tlie planof the church does nut differ much frx-meoone 
to which we have already aUadedi anloM that it ia of longw pro- 

Crtioa (them bebig six ba^ to the navs); the icrminatioB to 
th chancel aad tranaepta is octagonal : there are two western 
towem; tbe spocoi group ia well abown by a roaMerly biid's^Te 
view, lutvruidly, we lia>'« a lul\y tMcf, with etoBC arched 
pmapols, and the bve use of pnl;r<hrome. This Intt«r dccoretion 
IS still moie profiwelv applied in tbc dcaigu of Mr. White ; 
indeed, there i* boudIv a bit of quiet plain wall cilbcr iudde 
or out. The arcbiuvt'i predilcotioua od this poiui ore well 
known; and if uut, tlic dutailed dnwiag> abewiog parte of tbe 
interior, would be <|uit« euOtcient. To tbe oooasiotMJ bonding ia 
whieb so nuuiy of the competitors iadolgs, there can be not the 
aligbtat objection; it is a reaaonable and pleaains adjunct to the 
ooustructiuD, oud serves to aatiafy the eye by bindiiiK together 
the part<^-A real as well as ■^>pareail neult. But when, as ia 
the inaunce before ns, colour Is indlacriminatety bcepatterad, 
its tawdry, kaleiilo«oA]dc affM i> mtber T«piiMve than to be 
coveted. The deaiga is illuatraied by an ample Dumber of 
drawinga, oarefallr executed: tlie mive baa but three bays, vet; 
wide, and each subdivided biheuIerMtory iaio throe windows,— 
(the wri(>h[ rtf thin walling eempored with ita sappoet loolra 
vcotumnmc); beyond the navo ts a central tower, aqaare at the 
base, with a low pynmidal roof, which, tnteniolly, ia eoorerted 
into a kind of dome. There ts a dMaohed eaminnlle, uAer the 
same idea as Mr. Oiay^s, but of much ugHerdeaigBt Ite covering 
ie a hi^ oeteonal smiv, whoee anglea start ftom the oentn or 
each fiue of wall and from thofonr main anj^ of tower, anodf 
not lutfreqnently adopted on Uie continent. 

Having thtis oommeuted on the seleeted demgns, we mmt 
dimiae tbe remainder with more brevity. In fact, tliere isuota 
gNAt deal to lu-ovnke cHticJnu of a bvomable klndt a vs^t pro- 
portion at the kchomndilftiriiig nothing fnxn what their nntnois 
might have been expectnl lo submit fur an KngUah building. 
Thus we have Mr. Derick's, in almost ewry paitiouJar of Ude 
class, even to minute duuils; his windows are targe and open, 
eopi<^ fn:im thfi nhnpt^r bouM at York, fmm Herton (^lem, and 
fllncwherc. Mr. Batter'* ia debased Enclish " Perjieadicukr," 
imu>tbert:Hi with nliallow paudline; Mr, Tlinipp'a ia a jtunUo of 
the " Early Eiisliali," Mr.»"r»notfeaiid Mr, Llabriel'a lltUe belter : 
Mr. Itohiie iluwki»«' deaign Is uoiidee^-ript at to style, and feeUe 
in compoaitinn; Mr.Cooybeare'8isab<h>lntolyatn>cioua,nol WOTcJi 
a eiu^le rcninrk but that it may beta iMiilytwearibedaseotuuatiBg 
of a lew Hfuun? tincK, eneloainff an asrarying aerie* of Inneeta 
iwiuduwa cr arcMliiig) Ihronghoiit; aialee, triforium, cbaaoel, 
Mfry, andaJl. There issomething rather pleasing in Mr, Baffles 
Brown's scheme, which has evidently oost some poioa' its tnwer 
and ^lire, however, appear &r ton ulcndcr for safe cioniLioB 
under local cuvunutanees (see section). Tbe apire is planted 
similarly lo Mr. While's. 

We must not overlook aelftss of deMgnswhkhbave the ft^ute 
of aneilemal domc^. It mny be iiifiirrod fiom the wording of 
the " inntructiona" that >uch oo intiuJueticin would not be 
aonctioued, sinoe "the imitation of any (bnita connected with the 
religioiuiarchttectUT«of the Mahometaztif'bexiiteasly mentioned 
as objectionable. Mr. Wjgley, In the fiiee of tliis,glveeaiwlpable 
roprcdnctioD of that of Sta. Sophia, which boa the additlOQal 
abenrdity of being suggeatod for atite immedbtely contigtiirae l» 

18 



1S6 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



I 



ila ceUbntted pra1<itjp«t Hr. AitehiaoD'a canocptiaa h entiralr 
Iwaed oti k dome : tba plu ba* but dl«lil *d<liilanB (o ifaii lUnpn 
Ibnn; St fonu kt tka mm ■ polfgoii of mIsImh tidvt, with • eero 
or inner dnme, vhow Mm »n Mdncml in nuubn- to cigtit. The 
MWlag U oD tb« rid p -md-furni w principlo. Tlere it ooDsid«r- 
>Ua brMdtb in tb« nUrior dTect, luid of colour in lb* int«i1or: 
tken^or Is*viil«ntlreMmr«uit wUbhistubiwt. Hr. Mitohdl 
bIm hM ft <ioni« M tu cbl«f •ImMot «f hU plui; illnvtlr und«r 
iU cnti* h P!"*«d tbe pulpit, from vhich ftU the nuta nrv showa 
to d£v«ffBe. Tb« oatM* •Ifoot b itnploMiac, pMtly oirin^ %o tbe 
mun ooUliw, uid pertly b> the itjrU (PlftinMTMii) in wbiob tbe 
aatbor bee itidalgM. Th4 >p<re la lb* oetacnn it ahown to be 
of pia«ad tmoery. Mr. Oerliug'a dealcn b, m tlie whole, but 
lame mnd vnpromialiig; we nolior U for the MM of ivfcrrio^ to 
ita iamt at uie latenMtioa, whicb in •videntlj' a muJI imitatioa 
of tkat of tbe baptiatery at Pi«. B.t Cir Ibo boat oompoeed deetgn 
with ft doBie ia, to our minxl, that \i( Mr. Klf^bnll, whieb, thoii|;b 
pftftckUt bnrrowncl fnnn noreuce. lina cnieid^mble uovvit; in 
parta. Tt)e cntiatrudioii baa been w«ll etvilied, knd thn interna] 
eSert of tbe maiu featuree eombiaed with tbe ^ndcntivra^ Ita., 
woold donblteea be tfttaefltetofr. Tlie ehuoci u finUbcd hy a 
balf dccafOB. 

AinonK other deogna mftT be einjileO oat for commpodation 
thoee oTlir. BolL hS intanor eapeoally; 0>7 ^>* '^7^. ^^^ eid« 
elenUoB ebowa tne dianeal Ughrr tban tbe nare);— Mcaan. 
Priebtid and Seddoa'a, whicb it pcrhain oT«nlofie in nbJea and 
eoloon— and Ueawe. Buwell and Uudd Tbe Mme defrel* tha 
loo liberal use of eoionr, ia in ibie aleo obaemble, wldle tbo 
whole deaigD ie far too ambitlone to cnnie witbui tbe meana 
atlpnlated. Another equallv oT«r!'uidpd dnijcn in hy Hr. CMtle, 
wboao pUn hiw eoaia good poJtita, but in otbrt r«ipeeU ia moot 
uuuniiiiiwianlnjr Tbe e^rio ia tbe <wntiooDtal FUmbojmnl. 

JaiUrtngbTtnenaniberewhufloclciUll)' to Ti«w tbe drawing*, 
tbe aobjeot le one of nnabated attnulion, and an boar or two 
paafcd In IIm gallery Juet now will rvpajr the aaorificc. 

It hae be«t proponed to publieli the whole of the 4S deeigaa 
tabo^tted (n eonpecitioo for tbe Uenorial Cburcb at Conetanti- 
nople, each ftrcbilect to lilhogn^h hleownwork or tosoperinteiid 
ita b^g done; To okrry out tbe Idea a meettng baa been li«ld, 
but M nothing enn be doue till tlie drtwiitgs are nttanMd to their 
ftttthora, it haj been thoiwht beet at praont merely to aak «U 
oompetitoTe to writ* to tbe Hon. Se& Mr. 0«orga TrueStt, 0, 
BIoouebui7-at|Ufti«, to m.y if timj wiU aaeiel in canTing out eo 
daiinble an inikiftakinK— one^ wkiob will be of no oxpcneo to 
tiien; tor if each ooinpetilor obtaloatbraeor (anr ■ubauriberato 
the vrarfc, tlie whole ocwt «f publication will, it it oaloulated, b« 
doAftjeil. Tlie Coumitee hope that the ootupetltora will write u 
above laqiMHtod. 

At ft ipccial meeting ofthe Royal Inititute of BritUbArchileota, 
bold on the £ad ult^ it waa naolved, "That Itbe humbly aiib- 
milted for Ilpf Majflety'e gndout aMialdaraU«n, that tbe Roynl 
gold modftl, for tfaeyeftr 18St,beaWMiledto Owen Jonoa, t'ollou-, 
mathov of tbe ' Almnfarft,' 'The Orammar of Unuuueui,' aud 
other works." 

The o»w libnuT which !e to be arwted for the Society of the 
HMdle Temple, (nwit tite derign of Mr. H. R. Abraham, will be 
U (c«t long, 4S f»et iride, and 02 feet hi|{b to the undenlde of 
tbe ridge. BeoMtb, will be ekM-room* ftad rooniB for the 
bencben. The building ia Goihio of the PerpeudloulM- period 
in atyle. There will be iin oriel window At the end next 
Oarien oonrt, and a bui^e traoeried Pointed window in tbe end, 
which wUl be aeeu from New-court. There will be a louvre 
and epiret on the rooC The new libmry will be oonneoled with 
the old ball by meftue of a new tum-t m be added to tlie Utter, 
with a flight of etain wliieli eitern^lly vill toko the ahape 
of a dying bnttreaft Tbe libtnrj will have an op«n timber 
roof. 

The aut^eot leleeted by the Royal Acftdemy for the gold medal 
oompatilion of tliie year, both in aealtiture and painting, ii "The 
Oood Sanuuitan." tt la expected that there will be a Urge 
number of eompetlton. 

We nmt to announce the dei^eaM, on the leth nlto., at 
Bdioboiipu after ft long {Hbm*, of Hr. WilUani PUyfair, one of 
thft greftteal of our northen arohitecia. Mr. PUyfair was bom 
in London In JuIt, 1789. Ilii htber wa< en BTvhitect of noto 
in hU d^, and hie uncle waa the oetelrrawd matfaematicuaa and 
phfloeofiher, ProAMor Jcb& Pby&ir. 





THE OOVEBNHENT BARRACKS COMPCTITIOK. 

It will be remembered by noet of our readera, tlut nauiy 
twelve mantbe ago, 114 eeteof plane, ekvaiioua, eectione and 
■pecifUatiaaa, for tbe new aralry and influlry Uunoka^ wen 
exbibitcil at BarlinKtan Hnoie, ami that tbn iiiniemfiil caa- 
didatea werr tboo declaivd. We tniat, after tbia long iatertal, 
that we may be eicuwed aaking tbe ComminuMMn who hftve 
this matter in hand, why ibe arelill^cte who tarried off tbe ftint 
prine bare not htcn JiiiitrucUHl to orry otic tbelr deeigne J We 
may etate that the Gnt prixe of IHU. for ihe jnbiitiy bamdfai 
wwi awarded to Mr, Morgan, ftrehileet of DariM'-inii; tli* aecoad 
of lOOL to MetKni. Luokwood and Maweno, of Brcutfocdi and tbft 
third of Sill, to Mr. Jonea, of Sleafiml, u«ar Liverpool. In 
reference to the mvnlry bnrrack*, the flret prise wee awanled to 
Meetre. T. U. ftod M. D. Wyatt, uf lyxtdnui and «e abocld be 
l^ad to hoar that the ancoMtful parlica liave been inainuted 
to cany out their nepeetire dndgDa. 



ABCHrrKCTURAL IMPROVKMENTS OP LONDON. 

No. IX.~OcK &nmta. 

I)c continuAiion of ournoticea of tbe new ertctiont In i 
Btmet Weat, Cily, wc may eepecijilty unnie a very huge Uook 
that oomprehcudii the eutira maee fruw Friday-etr«e4 to Brad- 
etreet, and now all oo(ni|ued b^ Hetara. H. J. Dei-aoa, MiDcbener, 
and Routledge. Tbia Ur^ pile, like taoet of the new alnictitRi 
in the etroet, pnrtftkoe pnncipiUly of Italian chantcteriatlea, aod 
i« carried five etonea in height above the roadway, with Urge 
haeemoota unilrnietitli, the upper portioua of the winduwa tX 
whieb are 3 feet above the fnolpMh. Tbe ground etory ie con- 
Btracted of a eerie* of thirteen etilted ar^oe^ wUch Itare Mg- 
Biental ftrched-beada, the extreme end onee betng ioaeriAiI !o the 
ebambred comen of tbe buUdiuA Within the weateni ooe b 
iho principal entnuce, the Jaabe of which aiv annponad c( 
piUatera and eleuder parallel ehafta, the Utter of which reminj 
UB at Oolliic treatment, and oortftinly ant not in aocurdanee with 
true orthudox ItaUan deaign; neither do the atllted ftrobeei, and 
the tame, Inespreeeive eiroular-headed windowe of 11m Snt^jloor, 
without Impoet mouhlingi^ afford avery favourable impweiUa 
of what may be elfMted, eroii under onlinary oRuiaetftBaea, 
with Italian elemeute of cump^don. The vanoue dreeainai of 
the three upper aWry wtn<low* are all of the ordinary kin^ 
without poiiieelng any prciiUaritica that tall In epictal c>-«uneat. 
The elevntioiia are lenuinnied at th« earo* t4 the mof by a eoene- 
whnl boavT, pIiuQ corni-.'s. the cun>nu of wbieh U anppor1«d t^ 
Urge raonlded blookft — ^The next luaaa of biiUding in the atreel, 
atifl etnteUBg eaatwftrd, and on the aame elde, eztetidft IriMa 
Breod-etreet to New Earlelreet, the Uiti>r of which brftncbti 
flroui Caiiiion-fltreot in uu ubiiqac line. ao>l inleritocta the enatea 
■Ida of Bmvl-ati>ooL near lit. Uildred'e Church, which b ntT 
ftbraptly hoDiiued ni hen between Cnnoou-etreet and Braact 
etreet. The geueral eflect of thie block la lu a grcst uiiaaum 
nuTTWl by the emrcnip tiUinnee* of ita eaetom purtioOi t^i 
although the «une cnrtolicd eoniioe ie eontinned throughout Ifel 
whole, there ie a ui^ulftr want of cmbeUiahmeat about the npper 
wtndowa, and theee of the ground atory have do dreeaingn ofaay 
deecription aronnd tbem, but merely eoueUt of ewtDeuial beade 
with a bMd round their jambe and eolltteilglvlnc Uham a atftrrvd 
ftnd meagre elTeet that ie vrry umeetiebotory. The weetam aai 
of the block is, boweror, of a much more ornate cbaractor. bal 
only eorvea, by aoutreet, to make that portiuu to whii^ we lutev 
adverted, look wone. Tbe ground Ht'>i'ie« of thoee biiilitinglh 
which extend aleu down Bmadnitrret, are not yet finlehed, bn 
the up|wr [lortion* arc ciuulr ao— at leant, oilorn^ly. The ftl4i* 
floor windowe are divided, Veuetiiui {uhio«i, into thtve lighla tff 
pilftetare, whieh have lonle apItaU, over which an aailftUr 
eatabtatarM. Theee windowe are Begmentd-beftdecl, wUl« 
thoee over them are eircaUr, nnd divided from eadi other hjf 
moulded plen, at tho top of which are enriched eonaolua; alMVft 
tbeae a oomice U run that bml^a into a e^puental pediRMtntoew 
thecenttftl portiuo of ibc wuidowa. Tbeprinffiiialeoraic«tWhhk 
we Imvc obaerred ia ooutinood throughout the whole block, of lolll 
the pUItifr itii'l more embelliiibed porlJona, li enriched with mciffl- 
lione an<l duniiU, — On the northern aide of tbe etreet, and et- 
tending fr'xu Friday *tr*ft lo OiB-laaf, tho old baiblllige oif wfaltk 
tliemnge iecompoicilpreaeulamoet heterogeoeoae jnmhleof dir 




THE CIVn. ENGIXEER AND AKCHITECrS JOURNAL- 



IST 



It •UfMoti, mam fa«iBg bur itonw hisb, In dlnCT btidt; 
^ftken itiree Moriea. piMlmd and pwBUd; and mbm witli piw 
Dwiv cltuMv bdoonica projected at Um tiUa <>r thmr teoaud- 
viadiw*. Otiicn, a^in, Have grMt aiMliig gUMd plwlo- 
tooBu la tliMr rMf*. aiuI Um whnla nun more or low 
■raj at tho icmiiiMtioD of tbrir chiiBaoTa hj long nd lU* 
Mill liiM pipes equally uiHt. AmmnHy thu* ii ntodi 
aveiucQl r«iairwl here, and wc'faope «• loDg lifct Um wboto 
, W (Wept amr, aixl nplMiil by buildluga enctad nnder Um 
~ ' of th* City uchitMi, who, wo tnwt, will cnforea (Im 
Q«t of aonM dagrM at uulfonuity mad hannony, lij Um 
bail-lcn of tlie nrw bitcIIuiul — EostwurJ uf Buw-lnnc, 
rertr, wo rejoioe lo •«• ■ proper ajiiril of impiuTcmriil 
^ndukliy progreMuig, two rc*pacUble atruoUim baviag alPHtdy 
b««B imli, uid auoUier laiige om twyood tlMa now nwrly 
Caiiliad, tnm tbo d««igiu of Uetare. "nUolt Mid ChamUr- 
bilk Tbo edifies baa a ii'oiita^ in Canaon-atRet of M fcat, with 
Beariy the mum depth, and oocupiea iho n(M of the tero houaca, 
}Toa. H and IJ, wbtcfa fbrmerly iUknI here. Th* buildJDK ana- 
ptttee Sve alorlei in li«lght abo<re tliv f'KitDtUb lerd of the utrMd, 
Bad iia gnwad-lloer ttory la antircly fiiood with Portlaud oWdk, 
iIm plain aur&C of tlu Rupnatnictnf* being whitsSulhlk bticka, 
-witli Purtlaiul eemeot dnwiugs to tbe rarioaa windowa. Tbe 
bfad« Kaa nerely a minor oarnioe at tli# mtm, the prind|jal 
mwi which la fai^lv eotiohed, being carrifK.! acroM Ili« front at 
the itmi at lb* ailla of tlie atll« alArv wiiidowa, and ia atopped 
■ft ila eoda by tmwoa id pun, iMtead of bring ralunied acfoea 
dwfablaa. Uoliln aonMof Um bnaineaa preuiaM fn tlia CSty, 
lb* opfMr toon will not be devoted to donteatlo pnrpoae^ bat 
tih> aevcnJ araaa of even- siage will be uawl for w»ratunu»e* 
■ad tli« Mie ofKOoila. The iDicrnal area «f eaoh door ia aboat 
SO CmI by 4G, and tlie whole are mmNnted by a eeriea of oart- 
ina ooIdidm, vbiofa rent at tbelr dmm apoo graaile plintbi^ 
■ndvr wbieb aps briek pillars Mt in »[nont upon a depUi of 3 feet 
cf aiinuil cMict«Ce- — fclstrn-iiug our review itill fiirthep eaet, and 
on tin aovUicm aUle nf tbp atnet, wa cv-mo ta a large, new 
Ufftda. of mnob more pnileiitioua diaraetcr, and niore omnc^ in 
ila MBDellUhnent* tiian anyof tluna pnTionilv nutiuiol. Tliia 
iawhat ia bniUarly known ••tli«"VDity Building*," dmigiieit 
br Mr. Belnber, atebitoet, of Adelakle-pl:uw, London-bndue. 
The at««ei frmt of tliii UrgeedlAoe ia purely ItiJiaii in iu atyle, 
and, loogitiidinally, U in Iburgeuenl dWlal-^nn, which, aa neanlii 
tlN Ont, aaoond, tblnl, and fuarth floon arc liBhi«d by larga 
window* of thr«» llgbta eneb, the widoat being (n tbe antra. 
Die dramng* arooud the windowa of the fint and aeoflid-fluon 
«u4iiain a very lanp qonntity of nonlded work and enriebmool 
abmit tbeu. ThoM of the firat-Boor an dirldod by pier*, on 
tlie (hint turn of which an augaged euiurona with tonic oapitalat 
anr wMA are highly eiirtclied cornioca, and abore thta ooniloe, 
•sledding over (he heada of carb, window are open baluntnwlbg, 
hnviog pfilcntala between ibem immediately orer the oolamna 
below. The Hvrae vertical amuigenieut ia ohMrv«d in tbo aoooaid- 
Soor winduwa, hut the oapllala of the column* are of the Curia- 
ttibui order, and above tba ceaml lighta of tbo window* am 
ngnMBtal noakled padii»CDl-hc«da, apnngio^ from the hoHioulal 
11m ^ tlw ooniiea. The dreaainff* of the third asd fonrtb atoi^ 
window* are of a plainer deeeriptioD, and the wliola eleraUon m 
tWuuateJ by a wall pn>|Nirtioi>ed mralc* earicbod with modil- 
HoiM, e^-andlongne hriii monldln^ dentih, and a friete of 
W>tlT-cut Miage. 'nierearetwopriaoiiialentraneeeiu thefaqade 
wdteU ar« both of timllar ilnign, oomiKMH of pllnatora on mch 
nit, having mricbed onpitab, over whioh are mmilded oonaolm 
MpMiningaaegnieuta] pedinteul. the tycifMnamof wbieh iiGUed 
Lmth fuliaife. Betw«^tAe*eentnUK*ilo(>rwnr>,audoTvrt)iebeailii 
rilte gruiiud-Aoor wlnduwi, citcnding the whulo width of Uie 
efation, ia a very characteriatja BtrinafioiUM oo&ipiia«d of 
■AOaldiuga ravaaiuic a Vilruvinu acroll, and an enriched ovolii at 
l)k>ttofD. The utenial angW of the buiiding (together with the 
{.Tertiad breakaUialdivj<letboetrnctaraiBtowlut may be urmcd 
WiMrtnienU) have nncioated fjuaina from the loweratriug-ooune 
< i»lae uppereomioe; thoaouwtiuaa of the ground ■U>rT,indudio)i 
Ibe •urflKM below the aiJb of the grDmod-Roor winilowti, ami 
which form portaom nf the pli^ni and head* of the bMwment 
wiwlow^ being veniloiilaod, Thla atroctam, a« a wbolc^ may 
1« ft>futdef«il a wry Cavoiu^U* exnmple <>f nioderu atraet arobt> 
.lacurv. 



COSTOUB LEVEI&* 




If (for iltBrtntion) a model, to ecak of the l»lo of Wight— 
with i» baae corrMponding to bi^'wawr mark— were plawd in 
a tank oontalnlng enoogb water to cover tl, and tber* were page 
in OM lUe of the tank (aay) at every 10 fleet height h* *'** *^*> ^ 
Nmova] of wbiii would permil the water to ran off; and if tbeaa 
pan wort> ■ucoewively takon onltbaglnRin^ with the top one, and 
wSmi the water fell to the level of eaeb, a line were Bcmt«lied 
opon the tnodd, foUowins the edge of tbe water, and tbdr 
r«aptcUv« halgfata alao markud upon them — theae llnaa wDttM be 
Iboeof wiDtJ level, oounting from each k^>wat«r mark m m 
datum : nnd tbey would currtapood to the oootour Line* whidi 
are Inid down upon majie for eaaitary and other purpoeca. Upon 
JoiiptctiDo, il would be found that, in tbe n>on level dietikia, th* 
line*, though vertically eqai-diaUot| wenv borlsoBtatly, wide 
•{«rt; whil«v In the precipttoua hMaUtlat^ tMr hortiontal proxi- 
nitv would be very decided : la thla ra^Mot, abo, they wttaU 
e^rrmpond with th« map oootoun, wluah are doeeet together 
wh«« the inotinationa are eteepat, and wuleet apart where they 
arc Itwt appreolable— oMMng all the Meep roada, bat nraniaf 
p«r»llel with atTMnkf, or whatever ia level. 

A map, eay of an eaute, may be oontonnd by adopting the 
IbllowlDgooarve: Take parallel and •qni.diatantlinte of level* aQ 
over the MtnU, alao nnJlel lino at ridit anglea to^ and of the 
■une width apnrt ■« the finL Id runtiiug tlie former, take the 
point* which onrrwipond to Uie InlerMotioDe of the tttuuvenw 
line*, and peg them. Soppoeing thediatanee* t» be Kmi feet— 
when) the land ia ooRapaniUvely lov«l. the iqunrea thua (onned 
will be email enongh; that in, the lerela will be •olIleiaMly 
fiMuent. But, iriiere it i> alflcper, divide, Md If wtpMlleat, •nb- 
divtde the aqnara* with other parallel and Uknaverw linaa. 
Having taken tbe levels— aU, of ooaraa, with referouee to on* 
datum— lay down the llnca upon the mnp, and mark the Icvcb 
in BgoTM at the Intanaction*— the linee ia peu«vl. bat the 
Uguraa in Ink. The lovela will be odd qnantltiM, while th* 
eontaura are to be wt at oven hcighta above the datum. Th*r»- 
fbra, the Lntonaadiate even height* will have to be aworlatned bv 
onloolaCloti; and the turboe from point to point, accttonally, wlu 
hare to be conaidDrvd stMight— which it will be if the aqoana 
are taken with due rvgard to the uudolotione of Uie kwt Sap- 
po» ibut tbe contour linaa an to be at S feel vertical dUtaneei 
apart, luid that it i* reqnirod to find the poritioa of (he intera*^ 
tkin of uue of them oo a lOOfeet line, tbo level* of the two end* 
ofwhk'h arcnu|icclively ^4'1I> and TQ-SA, didereooc 7-9U; «», ■« 
fkll VOO : 100 :: tall -I'lS to the diatanoe of point HO from 
81-15, := 3JI'33 feet llie nnnt thua (bund will be a point in 
eontonr 80; and Uie remaining pointa in Uia •amn cootuor will 
be tonai by ohwrving all Uiose paira of hnigtiia beiwno whiob 
the HO bet muat coniei and ao alao will l^e pobta in all the 
mher ivquired conlouraon the map The liu«« will Uieu have 
to )i« drawn, with du« curvature, throng ih* poCnU found, and 
iaked-in, and ligiirvd at llicjr terminatlnAa for tli« piirpoae of 
identity. The beiglit* fuuud by levolliny brinB Iriiu heighia, 
their uouUnuing to aoaompiuiy in fiRun:* thoee f<j(iii't by radeula- 
tlon will be found advaDtagenna miher Ihnn otli<.'rwia*. Ity 
eonsUng the Uuaa. and multiplying their namhtr by their 
vertical dlaUoofc dilfereDcta of level will be at any time readily 
aauertnined. 

Without contour tinea, thfl aurfcoc-tnap i« imperfsct,- repce- 
aeullng the locality in on* only of ita two chief pliasea, of which 
on* i* hardly leM important than the other. In the ' Report on 
the Health of Town*' ia a map of iho Ci^ of London, with 
contour lino* of Hi incbeavenioaldi*ianoe,ooanliag from 10 feet 
below top of eapetone at foot of step, taat aide of Kaokftrian- 
hrldge; and a map of London and iia euriti>B^ 3{ inchee to the 
mlla, with tontoura repreaoniJug 10-fbei gradea of aliitode, and 
the nn-tcff lliif* iiiark«H atrorifiry. and flKunxL— couDtioB from 
TWnity Mt»n<i«n! of lRO(t. taken at Sliadwell entrfui™ of Londoa 
Docks, v,!u> iwucil during lie pa»l ywar by Mr. H. W. Mylnti. 
Ordnniice ■urvera of nomieni, and other pirta of tlie fciD^nm, 
both county and town, of Inl* vtmn, ahow oonlouiwl lovda— for 
cinmple, that of tlie town uf LMcaalor^-^ fort to tha nule. 
Contiuentul goT«rani«nta purvue tha oaue pnotiee aa reprda 
llMdr tajiital* and princijul towu^ 

• VniB AiincT* rratirr- neut-Bo*. *w i*H. 



«• 




1S8 



THE CIVU. ENGDJEEE AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



mSTITUTION OF CIVIL ESGIKEEES. 
MttrA I— L K. JlRvniL, Eaq., T. F., in the Chur. 

IId Pk)wnwl«aa "OnlhAcM^a/ (Ad C'tt 0/ Clop AAort* />r 
Cw-ifohx^,' Bj J*ni CHmoR, Amm. IikL C.E. 

TbanMttntian of fin'cUy br meul, fai tbe cannncti'm ot r*l«(i> 
«MKttribiUD(] to Mr, GnfUio, and diiitd bade u (w m UiojrovlSSO. 
fMginkll; Uin »«t iquMfc m limAtvtrM wctiAn, but IhM farm ra Mon 
thaacol for um 0> °r uvon^ahifitv vbicli had bMti alooc Mlhcred to, 
boUiln IhU (uuiiuy and aWuadi (hia iattn Ibrai of rMort ailnilttiDg ij 
■ atnloiD of coal baiti^ diatribnUd of an aqual Ihioknaa* thrauj[haat. 
Um eaapwsitjva miaoutio* of g»t mado bjr iron and olay ntorla, of tba 
P fonn, of IS inohM b; 13 inchsain •ecliuD, aod 7 ft. tf in. in laDfth, 
bd bctn foun'l bj ths antbor lo b« u follow* : 

Tbe iifn rtvru luting SS&daj^, and warking off I4«*t. of Mai for 
Moh ehurgc. vSocted cbe carboiiiiBtiori of '^tD)> DWt. of nuJ. wliioh at 
■000 oubic foM -^ SM par ton, gsre a total iinantitr of 9IH,K)ti oabio 
Utt «f pa pw retort; wlitirt Ibe ola^ rakirta butcd dI3 daji. «»rbonie»l 
HT3 cwt. at coal, whidi, al fOUQ oubio Ent of gu per un, gave 
S,4tS.l')0cubic bet of ga* pur retort. It vould thua be •wo that Ibe 
•lajr Rtott* yitJdnl a gnstsr quantity of ne, from tbe •am* *«ighi of 
coal, than tha ma tmatu, but tbe apoetfie ftavl^ of tbn gaa io siada 
I lot. and ita illumLiiatiag poivor wu diuliunhad, Ib eonaaqoaniw of 
Lnaraaeed tempeimtun of the c^r rotorte, wMdi Mued tba laat 
Uon of tlw gae to ba dooarapoHd. 
TbeniMt eimcUoalmolbodofworkiiisdajratorta in lu(a warlu^ waa 
Kith Urn addition of an exhauitcr. Tbia Tadaead the preuuia on the 
ntort, and pi«Tont«d tho eacape of ga« thmuib the poraa and fiafore*; 
and bj lh>I tTet^m Iho qiiaotitjr niado wia biarewcd about SOO cubic 
(M p«r till) of oonl. Id nnall wk, tbe exiivnN of an oibauating appa- 
n/UM, and ilaam Kuahinerr to work It. *oiiId nutbaMmpcnated bi tbo 
p« aawd. I> euofa oaaee. thdrofnn^ It ma iiinfmij to norit at aa fow a 
nMoro M poatible: and it had Um (bund, that a eralar gaugo preaenro 
\ J inoba wta the moit pnfilablo. Um depoiilion of wrban trom the 
anpodtiiui of gaa at ■ hieb Icmpenciu*. >>a nun abundaai Ln olay 
I in iron retort*, and it had Iwen deternunnd, cipvrimaiitall; , that 
. amonnt wae alao iofluanoad bj the putioulu' kind of rUy uhwI. aa 
^nll a( b; the nnootluma or reughnoM of the loMnor ■uifwM of tho 
orta. the depoeitiou being graatoet in Uu kttar case. Tbe prlndpol 
tton of oarbon appeared to acparBto ttota iJi* gaa at the earlier period 
r iroiklng tbo chargeof coat, and e«utul to h* Mparaiod tomMi llie 
art «f thn time; to that ersnr time th« retort* w^rn ohaf^ad and 
, then va« a dielinal lajer of oarbaa tine formed, and vrfvituiJIj 
I aeoBBiaUtioii bxtune ao great, that It required to be TcmonvL 'CM 
val of tbia carbonaoeoue liienulatian. on aeoouut of tbe fi^ila 

J of (h« al*7 rsloitiL i«i)ulr«d to ba oonduotail very eafduUj. In 

_ tocdteary wajr alinaapharioalrwaaiiiliodiio^d iuwtlu ratortfor Amu 
dm M thirty faonn, arid then Uu Mrfaon wu deUobod bj nuani of 
ll-eiiiltil lura. Tliaaulhortiadtntil theplanof in*in'tiai;aDoartbaD- 
WIN fiyt through an orifioa in the loirer part ot on* of tlio lidi, the 
failSlMtioa uf tho pipe being changed, eo u to allaw the air outnriiig 
thraugli it t« imDinge euocHiiTut; on erei; put of tlw «arUinaaMu* 
maat; being, at the eame tiinr. a tempMui; oonneotion ratdaboMeca 
the Mcondiog pipe loadiog u> Itic bjrdrkuUe mabi and tbe main One of 
I retOTl etaOK leading to tbe ohlmner>haft. Bj thl* method oulf half 
I thno irat iwadod for the removal of tho earlionawoui ineruilallou. 
With je>p»pt to the quaalilyoffuel m^uiiwl Tor narlionifiiig the eoal. 
It had bwm fenut. that with aliart raiurta tbo r««uil4 w«rv about tho 
whether tday or Irou rvtoria inn u*?d. In nriliaarr working. 
^ ^out 21 to 30 pn- oaot. on Ibr >]UantUT of mke nude wu couaiiaied. 
F-Wmnlaff that I>o«aaatla ooal wai uanl. and thai a chaldnni of ooko 
laiprodaeodfajreMbton of<oal. With da; retorU of 2i> feel Id length, 
ft aavltig of (ud <raa effliMed. 

la oencJuaiou. tbe author itatod, tlial the ooat of elay n^torta waa 
about 50 por cent. \«m iliiui tliat oi irr>ii mli^rtA, uid tlkat lln^rti wu a 
■aviag of aliout 3D ("ir oeiiu In Uic aettjng. wbiitt their dur«bililj in work 
WW two and a half tiniM grealvr, the fonnar laiting two and a half 
jaan, and tha laKcrooly one yrar. 
r Id the diaanarion. Ihn gvnrnJ rtaatls gitun in the Paper, w«r« oan- 
l^fctned; it waa. howerer. elated tliU the qnuilitiea of gu obtained fVora 
I and (mn day r«Mita moat be tn proportion to tbe qualltlea of tho 
wtA. Id ■«•• idMOO wbare TtliXt oubto foot of ga* had been pro- 
l bgr iruD ratoiW, aa uuoh a* PtnO cubic faai had been made in clay 
K aad the produo* had ovaa bean aa high a* 11,000 oubio feet 
, tonofooaL 

la nsantl tlwr* waa an inersaaad yiehl of about SOOO aubio feet par 
tes «hw uaing ob^ ratorta. It wai probable, that the power of tbe 
iImj br retaining boat bad eome influenco on the quantity of gia ptO' 
Llnoad. 

It had bwn obacrved, that Inatead of following tho umial law, the 
iMbn af gM threngh tha pora^ or flatun* of the olay ratoita ww 
MDOlty aa the pn«nn«^ tnMMidof *« thoa«uar«of thoprMavra. 

Tlie eireumatanoeo undor which the bi^aulpburet of ou-bon waa evolrsd 
•WW mated ufalaoma length, and it waaabowu. that ovru 1^ niaUind 
as* addjilod, of Isaving in Ibe gM ft null portion of aamioiiia, wia 



not entit*!* oflactoal, in nmoviag ih* pffh>didal dbct <f Uw ta- 
■ulphurat n eBrbon which ma ao aararaly Mt in tha roowa trhara gaa 
waa burnad. 

It waa atatad, that Uu wrbonaoMU* depoait in tlw retort* «d«U t* 
mon (peedily removad bj the dm of ft imall quantity «f aalt thrown ■ 
whtn in A hMWd atalc It wm vcrf importtrol that tb* iBtcrior aurflM* 
(bould be H amootli ai poaaibia, to icduoe the tcndi»^ to depo^L 
•rhieh waa bcKaved to prontd from the tar predacvd in iba pneeaa c* 
rioatructlve diHlUaiiori of tha eoal, rather than fnna the gu. Tbe at* 
of olay nloru wa* adnittt^il Ia he now alnint univmsl. «xoap* in vtty 
•mall gaa-worfct^ and tfaat tlio ooonomj thqr iiiduoad waa «r*w greater 
than had bean ataled in the I'aper. 



Hani 10.— R. SnramiKis. Eaq., M.P., PreeMimt, Id tha Chair. 

With reforraoo (o tbe diaouaon M the previou* lOMting " On tb* 
ItMulta of tbo Um of Clay Ratorl* for (iu inaklng.* it waa ramarkcd, 
tint ihi> merit* of Iron retorta had loamly bom (airiy atatad, u In n*ft* 
Iniuixiea. (lulto aa much gaa had been njAda by the taltar aa by Al 
fnruicr; nniaat In oa«a* of peouliar i^ualitiM uf oual beiag uani, and 
ItiaC tlio Iron returta had bt«i In oonatant work for two yew* aod ft 
half. 

It waa atsted, that the ooune thv diioaniion had taken migbt laad to 
falladou* oincluaiani. for altiioiaph clnv rclorla. when widl aet and ew^ 
fully managed, might endure tnlco, or thrloe aa bing a* Iraa rMMIa, and 
the material* of theac retorta and alao of thatr aottlng* won choftpM' thaa 
thoae of iron retorta, yet on tha other aida of the aoeouDt tanat ba placed 
aei-cnl imporlaot iteiiu of ciiargo, wtudi under cvrtain dmWMlftOM* 
would turn the luluiiMin bvourcj iron rMort*, in oartun ntbar drcun- 
•tainon render it matter of indDnrriiim wliicli 't(r*cnption of retort wa* 
need, and In a thiid atato of cireunifiUinwe proTc ihtt olay retorta ot^t 
to he nreferreil- If. for iuatanoe. tiie tollowini; praetioal o*i*e wt* 
aaautnn ; T/Ct the mat of an iron ntort maunted for uv be IM., and of 
a ■Imilar clay retort monnwd for me be 71. Let tbe doikbillg' of Ibt 
latter be 3^ tima* that of tbe lormor, and let tba <|aantjtie* of gaa made 
in Moh be ivipaetinly Hoo.OOO eobio feat and S,MII,D0O onbteJaat ptim 
to final deatraclion. liraulod ako that the aalo pHoo of soke waa 
]£a. per ton, the eonaumptlou try imn ratorta 8-IOtb* of tbe iinaatity 
made^ and by day retorta <-lUtlu of (be uuantlty rnadi^ ftad let it 
be admitted, that one ton of coal cftiboniaod would prodiMB ttda ot 
a ton ofcoko— thenllieaaou&tforaqualproduatiauiof ga* would Ha&d 
iha*: 

tira SatnrUL Oaj Ketma. 
1. Haloriala and Setting . . C10x3) = <3S 00 £7 00 
S. Bxtni R(Fpiiii<i of Furnaoec, Jfco. 110 9 

S. Eiponaoa of Eihaatlar, Jto. ICO 

4. Blnwlng'oot AppatMui^ ka. C A 

5. CokataaadinFumaM 17 14 • M 00 



Total „.„„„ ^3 IQ «U 

Showing that whan oak* would aall at I5>, per ton. and ilie otln- •IT' 
cuautanocB wen a* atai*-!, imn retorta and day retoN* were of r« 
nearly equal vabw. U eoko waa dearer, iran retorta wen to be ptctcmi 
and if It waa obeapord^ ivtort* ebould bo preferred. 

Coalt, howcvor, rarfod Buoh In quality, and ao did tho quantity aoi 
quality of the tioka praduoed. and houo* the gaa «R)[iuaor muel ia ovaiy 
oaae tie govanied by the particular oiroumatanoM with which he h»d to 
dsd. 

Clar retorta w«ra well adapted for g«n>n«ting gn* fmm the ScokA 
cftimal ooal, whioh produoail coke of no apprcciahhi valua; but it might 
boAmbbN^ wboilierthay waroiDUMrnl<«MtequaltaiTonicM«to,fortlM 
dlaUUallon of ooal* ooalMning. or yieUing a lam quaall^ ef HfuM 
matter, aa for inatanoe with ootlM whidi yloldad liSU Ih. par tc* •( 
Blnmonuu^ llcjuor, ioetead of the very uaual quantitjr of IM r*lllU* 
Km nn' tbij tn Im iiKiiiniiiiilnil frirniiiill irnrira, iiaing >fin»l [Uiiitailit 
valuable c^Ik. tar in audi wurkjt an niliauater Oftnld BOt ba appUooj 
Deitbat waa Ui* matu^jnaeat and oniplonnoal of the ratorta eo Mtml ai 
io hmr ealftUiihmantav eonduotad under tnldll^nt aafMniwon. Aa 
error bad been osmmittfld by eome epeaken in anppoaing tbaldajr retort* 
could bo worked at a preaaure of 7 incbea of water wilb noiv ailTam^i 
than atloworpreaiurca Clay being a poroua niatarial, allowed tha ga* 
to uwupire through it* npllhuy pftn^^e*. and hence It wa* betf la 
work UEider a low preaaure. Ndther waa It ordinaril* egrrvot to lay, 
that ol«y ntort* would pradnce mora g*« than iron ratort*, or gaa of 
better nuality. In fiwl, olay letott* would not avolTe uent ncr indeed 
•o muab, gaa aa iran retorta, if they war* nal> by the axpMldiMra tl • 
maoh \»fg» quantity of fupt, ximetime* worked at a madi Ugbtf 
tampctftture than would be prudent with iron ntort*. In many 
(Ucb oaece, howeier. the additional quantity waa oblaiDed, aol only at 
the eipenae of tbo illuminating poerer, but alao at tho expcnae of purity. 

Uudi bad boon oud with roaptot to the auppoaod aoonaly of tae la* 
ol laahage through Uia eubatanoa of day retort*— tbe qiaantity b^i( 
tsond by expeiimnit tobe aa tbe praeaure, rslher ttiuiaa tfaaaq«a<* mt 
of the preeeure. ThJa, however, wa* no mU anomaly, for tbe law of If 
tranamiMioo of fluid* Ibraugh tutiea waa well known to be 
by tbe fotmnla 



J— I 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECT'S JOOBNAL. 



1S9 



pa«i>* + »' 



P lipw w Ud tbl framm, vthc 






^ ^Ul III rfM«llll Xn* wbiM - .. -. . 

■fwBT* ow tkroDitfa (SinlUrf tubal unl porou labiUaoc^ ** 
iMiAnital; tniall in n*p«ct at r, uxl oouMqumll; 

»a P 

or, ta aUer vnnl^ Om qunth* Ion wm m tb« pnMura (iUcmI upon Ibe 
iWort. He ana U« obuinixi iu iba ImIu^ «I (■• (ram aain*, uiil 
hMM^ I7 man ihiiiiniop. It «m ifaeManlibwlMthirlbtkMww 
frMB m bnlun pipe, or (roin caiBlUrj apMMna; bewuee in iIm RsetMi 
CMS t^ loa nia > gimi liwl P would bo ai ./P, while in Uie kttw 
fUa It woald be M P liMplr. 

Id fM^MK to lb* fraMar dtfioiltlmi of owtnn to (1» ratorU. it «m 

b«ll**«d l^t thu arocB in a oonatlanilile dagna b«m 1M ilacoiMMiUaa 

«f tk* caa UMupiring Uiraugh Iha MbataiMi oT tlw ntoct, Cbla bm 

gatlitig •mth iu Girtoa wLl]« anUcing tbe highly-hMtad pet«*i aUob 

I tbeo bcKMDe lad oo ibe LnDer corftM ot the nMrt. 

PlMT n«l «M, " Ok A<iit -V^ Aflut A'liriyartaa; Bad M tl« 

I Bnt put or Uie Paper wt» ilcriiinl to the aoniidaa>t4Mi «( tlia 

■liidi appaarad to liioii tlig malatenaiioe of hialnr 

I irn now aUalDad by ttcam alilix, in tlMp (m navl|piuoo, 

■a* wUsb had hitherto ^vauLol the M»«Tl«ii Ugh iptoda 

a>Tigal*Mi, on tha Anuruau riTara, fhini baia^ alluBBl in 

EiwlMid. 

11 «M nBuirliod, UmI it iru of pruKwy timwitaaae in oalcuLuiufc llie 
wlaalty of elcam •bipi. to "KiiMatotlieberfDRnaBoaaof thasMbioM; 
ftwa UM q«wii«i of the torm *t tbr eaeid,* Ibr It «m be&nad, that tha 

^^^^■Ihaef^af Um eliaqi uaisr liua, and that the eciai ertJch hadbam 
^■IBlo Mluoad wa*aat<Jua<aa)tiratr to tbaaUU of ihauval aMbl- 
^HitoH bid iMon aaaertad. Wbwacmtipead bad bMnnbtdnad, iina 
^Kk*i>, Ibat it wu alwaya irith a pnportionktalj anaU midilup tacUon, 
^ afatntcii innuth. ud inoreaaeJ ateam power, al»*e the ordinary pro- 
portioeu u( olbcr itcuii ttiip*. 

Il w** arned. Iliat tbe propeUiog p»«or waa a* (ka anare of the 

nioaty, and Mt aalho ouba, which wm the pMTalli:^ opinion, and that 

Ibe famnh baaed on thlalaw, aad on the bcl Uiat ona affsctlre honv 

I panew •«« raqoind for eoa «i|iiai« fool ^ miiUiip eeotiao, to prodnoa * 




1 1 H. P X 

^••t^-"-' = Slid:8=5on 



100 



fcOawi 



Proco the argwniMtu addooed, tba anttdc oanolnded >— 

let. — That in lh« tepantjan of the pBrfannaoeea of the naehinary 
from the qaaMloD of the lonB. la (aleiuatioo* oT Tolodty, the dotjy of 
Um a»t«t anUtaot nm mealy (o prorida the naiuelte dieplaoMMM 
M whieb lb* raaad nigtit fluau with Ibe fcpwtd bnmeiwd mUihlp 
ennioQ. and to ahow lb* rtabQIty, the UrenBlh. md otlwr preponSta rc- 
ijalfwl in a tMioI, all oonaidBatian* fgr T*looi^ bdof nRiraly lb* pro- 
vltMt of the engiaetr. 

Snd^-nat tb* rate of aaiUag brtwaan tva iww to . eittti aa an»l 
mofiiii poavr is each, did not dipand on the form of walarDna, Mt 
entirely on tho area of the graatect M ctlon to tha 11m of motion. 

M.— That iBtp hineaoat in Ibe Una «( diroetiaB did not malefialy 
add to tb* miHainie; and, 

4lb.— Hat iLa Motion betrnea the lidae «f tha raaal aad Ibe waiar 
naed aat ealar Into aay calMlif Ion. for aay nqoired velonty. 

It WM nMattad, that tha nquinta pruioipleo won not fulfiUad. («> tb« 



ti waa abon. tWt the aetnal ipcod of diMon ont of twenty-nine 
nraw etauotn mat wllhin lU per otnt- of tho (psol oalenlated by tliii 
faranla. Ibe r^ulu banic ([ixaVi a table. In *Iiioh the midibip aMtion. 
Um indiWad horw power, the actual epood In mile*, the pitch o( the 
ecfvw. aad the numW of reroluliona per mlanla were fl too, Variationa 
fro«i Ibo fonnula micht arie* from ini]>trfe<Uaaa of the engine, the tomi 
air Iba prmlbw, anJTtha immenion of Iha «••••). "Aa nidahlpaaMlon 
«M not ^waye the giHtait McCion to the Udo of moUoD, aapodally in 
Ilia ileaiain: aod at velodtiea of IS mil«i nr hour, or upwaide, the 
imoftnlao of the after aid rapidly iaonaaeii. With comob piMhad 
J tha actual ■>• kaa than tho oaJoolatod epocd by the fonnutL It 

«Bgwlad, that Ibo " aii|[le from the am of the ecnw* would bo a 

r wpiaadnn for Ibe pilsh tiuui thai now a^oplad. 
Hie leywtof tbatrial of Iha Frenob war ataaniBr Charlrmayite wae 
qvolad ia aapwt of tho auUior't view*. Witb two bollen there wae mi 
MyMtdManafSOMIb. afeoal, to propd tha v(»el at the ral* of t> nlla* 

Ckwr. aad with thMi boiler* tba otmiumption wae :!iISO tb. of coal, 
iltain ihiir^- ■[ r ': whilil with Knur twilirn. and a oonnuniptlon of 
ITU lb.of eeaL ihawaad wa« IU-9 Dilla perhonr. AMWrding to Ibe 
■fl^f* tbeory, l»aMan a ^eedof lOPmileeperbour, withlwoandthtw 
baiT1a«i raniiniir-|j. waatduTol'a anaspeoiSturH of fual aaihowntnthe 
Ulawii^ proportkaa .-~ 

8' : 300t :: lOP" : «t«S 
BBdS> : 3619 :: 10-9> : 4»SS 

•hilal Koordla( to the oabe Ibeory thiae proportiou* would bo 
l». lb. 

» : 3084 : : lOV : 77*8 
Md » : tut : : \0» : 071* 
rtiiaM tha Mtaal«onnm{iUon with fourboitenfaraipMdof lO'Sniloa 
pwbe«r wa^a«b«for«itaiad, S7S3 lb., thamidahipeeciionUiiiainbotb 
ea«« naarly efoaL nia Rapott alio (bowed a unng of fuel 1^ 4 tone 
fm day, tf iMiMMd boiler itMoa. It wu etated, Ihat in aca^goiiig 
It nam ibin C R>, of ooal par diem might be taken a* the oooiuiiiplion of 
me eBictrw hotee- p owir. Ilwaatemarkad, tbaltbeiyMamadoptodin tlie 
FtcoJah aary, of teconltog, in mlnuta ileUilI, the rceulta of thu trial* of 
oiilr Mfaroer^ wia 10 ba oomnianded, and that it aat nnv wtU worthy 
lobacile>dod to tbi* oooslry. a* it could not fail to be of eeaeatiil 
avrtoe to dwi«pnT«Dcato(Mralar«bit«<itiu«. 



mrimcnano* of higlitf ipatJ^ tbaa w«i« now alla i nad by eiwia iMjm 
todaepaca aaTi|>tioa; asd that Ibo Iwgth of tbevaaNlwaa ibanaK 



tnporWil alnDcnt Aw thle Mtpoae: a oompariaen betog divwn bNa 
H. H. S. Tacht Fairy acd Iha fftmalaya. tiu ipeed* of whldi 
naa^ identlea), whilet the other profKotioni were very dliarmlkf, ae 
the lallar waa Ihrae tinea lower, had twenty timai Ibe lUeplaoemoil, 
aiul jot had only fin and a bJf tinea tha powor of the foimtr. It wm 
beliaved. that n ioonMa o( 300 EM !a the la^fih of tha ^{laoJitfB 
would b« ad*anligaM« a« it waald aoaUe 90011 ton* of axtia carga to 
be eooTayed at lh« Mne enlo^ty; and by doubling Iha prtMnit powar on 
boan^ a i^ead of SS uitee jwr hcnir might be obtained, witb an iacnaae 
in tho oonauupUon of outU ol only iiOO ton% KiQ Ivriog (pace Ibr 
1000 lona of cargo, with the mnxt inunnaed mideliip aectloo. Ifa 
farthor aitanaion of length of iW (aet wat mwle, the dlanUoomaat 
woukj hf io ui a a w d tbraa timt^ anil the powtr bdi^ fiwlhrly Ia«rta«ed, 
■ ajio"! of S7 milMper hoar might be oblaJuod, 1^ tha diatann bna 
Liretpool to NtwTort wouU baaooooipUebed iDBradaya. Iliepfo- 
Mrtiaa* taatfatdioaud wan^ it waa thou^l, taif tioiiUrW thoteof Iba 
yttw VorW, oiwaf Ibomoatiaoantof the Ananoan rirnr alaamefa. It 
waa ebown. fhm Admiialty reoordi, that the foor tceaeli having Ibe 
lerMl propDrvlnnAJ d^pbocment to nominal hone-powcf, and aUu 10 the 
mldthip aeolioii. wet* tho meet uflloieut for apoed; proiing that Ibe 
midthip eectinn. and not tba walghl, waa tba 1010 baaa for cal o n l allona 
of laloctly, and that diapUoamoDt In tha llaa nf d lt aellon iHd net tuoaaaa 
tha ramelanca. llwaa beliarad, that the Onal Itn t i ra awa m 'ahip, now 
building, WDoU be pnipelled at the rate e( IS arilea pn- hour, if tb* 
engtnta worked np to the aame mdioatod bona powor u the Oimalufa, 
aiad that 10 loDi would ba oouToyed at the mne ipued and eoit aa 
i\ tot». 

VTbon Ih* fact *u r*Btliad. that the nu'iMdp Modon waa the aote 
baait for otluubliona of velocity, the btat fiinn <( walor-Iiue couki eoen 
be dtcidad. anil tha etabllity, ana "ibw raiuleita oouditlaiie, in the oom- 
alru«tiori of reenle, oould be ntablioiinl. T>iaa with ■ fomi of vfwerl 
inereiaed in length amidahipa, wltlwut the riak of ihat ooutlnual ohango 
wliich bed Diiitfld during Ibe laat twMity'Sra yeanv and which waa a 
■IraojC prttof of Ue abaenoe of oatabllabad prinoiplta in naval anbalcotiira^ 
iRiuliiiiury oould be meet praBtahly a«ployed in the buOding «l ahiia. 

In Ibe aeoond part of the Paper the rtjatin effidoao* of tha acraw 
propallar and paddlo whotla, when appllad la voaeab a( IdcMkal form, 
lounace, and eteaia- power, iiidepmilwl of the uM of aaila^ wm o«a- 
aidertd. For thle pnrnoM. th* tHala of the iftaMloyo, a aoraw-tUanar, 
witb the AtrMo, a paddle- urtiwel al^amar, woreraferred to. Tkt aapai a 
weni valued by their rfUniency, Alt. per nominal bone-powar tidqg 
taken ai a btaia for tcatjiig tlivjr economy, the oonennptitai nt oeal par 
EifeotJv* horee-powor, and that ratuind t» oropcl one tm of diiplwa- 
mantaitlviD dlatanaa wetaaalcolaud, and ibe (dScaen^ of tbe vaenb 
for Telocity waa taated by a •ommon aUndard of welwaneeL Vnm ihaa 
rt iiMultail, that— 

mnahn 

Value of angino per aSiMrtive It. F ti& 11 

ConiumptioD of ooal per alfeotive H. P. ... S'Slb. 
One too of dieplaoqment oarriod ona mite by 'Htlb. 
Ratio of aaCaal rate tn rn\n p«<-n by formala 100 

T%e anglnatof tho Ilitnalaga wera thof«ft«Sl) per etnX. 

than thnee of tho iitrota, tbe ootuonptioD of oial waa 1 1 per cent. laai^ 
tha diaplaoanient carried l»ni about the aame pee otneaga, and tha 
efflcinnry (or apaed. In tbeae taro emnplea, waa IbM tha paddle- wbed 
waa 17 pot oent, tea* than tho ecnw propallar. 

JforcA 17 and 14.— Tha Dlioustlon on Mr, R. Armationg'e Papar 
ceeupladiha whotaoflfaeae<ir«ninge,aiid waa announced Mbocontiouad 
at Ibe nuatlna of MaMfa Slat, after wluob the abMiaot of the whole 
would bepubUihadL 



Sinoe the Jealh of tba Ut* Mr, J. Maulowa Riaidel. C.S., the t,on1e 
of the AdniirallT hare appointed Mr. .Fobn Comle, CE., aa Rngtnatr- 
in-Cbicf of tbe Harlionr and Bnahwalar wvrka at Porllud. 



AlrMe. 

rji 1 a 

8-3 lb. 
■18 1 lb. 

n 

nHciMlt 



130 



THE CIVIL ENOINEEE A>'D ARCHITECTS JOUBNAL 



OOXFETITIOII). 

.__IMlEMIlDW«*»l*lIll»ll«buadil>tlili-t>SllDl'UllllktrkllUT<ll. Uwifld'^ 

^bnviwtkii tntt, •UMnmiiaU, feBumuikloii, wirl tumttl Ua Wa« AnSnlfc 

Cltta. KiuciLi>n*ttM«BuarMr Jutan H feri>ia,aHku( Uk rtHhDuT 
Ktrntatt. eum »t bt mM In l>f ih* iHh luUDL 

Tki UtoiBlHM << iba XonUltnai rnndm OkH'BIU HI 4Mi«ws( mlTlac >*>»•■ 
fyrlnntlini. intf ITalmUM. Iii( cnfllui tk InUUiitt, Um «wl» of t»^ina row. 
bar 1*^ of MaoH. nu addtiUuil nmi br MknTw pnln. V fcaalnd. laa^l w 
■Wklh* ■lwl*4BtMMiHrwiWh w tgrm ■ «MBpl>t( iwb'IbUI. UKkaUdUaH 
BivpMol M ks Ue ntuac* of t tivtlt oiuimct. runbtc ouiloabu* uM l> "•■• 
M llr r>iTv VucT, NwlbtOnUD. riuu id bi mdI W rToibtti^ faf- ^""^ 
tUirian, h; ihi :<>Ui \n» 

nm UqcM UuHil, Mirditoii. mth u notr* tliMk rr— |in. HpHSSMttoa, «d BlU- 
■4la> (kir Uir fiMina tr iso ilwpib, • nseltlo('biw, miniiW'pi— . and lodi*. 
«BII*bNB«UTlMa,uObirU)l«(<MlllWlud,i>Ufc na4>Md bw-pulu. fur u* 
WW kiuUlmriud. iV-iitiiin l"riln»- Pinicslkn eu ba aMMniri gB uffla- 
UMMllr,ll.lIal*^aMMIkillaitilBiiM4, Mlfh«MM,>laUMwi. riuiU 
kt MM In (IT tt* Wk EmMK. 

llM»iadMteintu*M«dnillkr(h*MbdldirMttht TWUbOianADr fi(nnI(B,Dcv 
AIMiitea, OoAIn. tlm wxlraii l^pi u b> pnanvJ. ud mMntd. h tir u 
rariM*. th* chuNk teaimt al a ■»«. MU riarinlMj. vsun Wp*«. iukIIi aad 
■Wlk alitor aiatt yonb ul uactli AtK. tbtunl «IU aiutfe and •«>* A i iili. "^ ~ 
- 1 •» W pmomJ M>d KdMUM. 1k> rag( u !■ nbnl. ud ilw i 



TM 



. « a* to InaoH Ub acBiiDintdtUni •• niiib a> |«>'i4*- bilmalM 
.tllaalacMr tb»aH«l ihA cOd OBixrlala u 1U7 bo nlubls. Tbt 
— r - Wpnw«4 vlUiMI catwrw ilnUaf i4 urkl"). u>iba •»!*«( l(Ht 
iliHti,aail t* 61 Hal la iddmawt U lb* Viai uia i?hunl«»ii]<iu oT Baiia, 
Mw AluiubUB. l-'b*WR^ at f tMAm Un »M Ma; hu. am/ folaiaa alll ba 
avmnlfd tf thr mo*! kpiinfad dialiii. aod 10 nluaa M Mat oouund saM la 
mini KiuibfT puiiL-«Lin B*/ ba gbxiaaJ itf Jska WoM. Cbmkaaidaa, 
lUirlxliiun, 

IM0> w> laaUollMB artlaia (< all oiuaUWfcr aUmaiBaWtota wrOad la lb. 
rwTa ChlhaJwI. «a tta awMff of Uu Hn Pat- if WalllMWB. IbaaM.aUball 
awa«a,aMtiiMO»IML(iMI. FmiIbiu a( ;mt MM.. IMM.. WN.. aaJ BhoI 
low, Ji tnaad-ulaa <f Dw ciabadnl. and ika MW at Un unipaial luwinmi. Sr.. 
■Ill UMvantadTiBatMlaauga i> Mr. AlCrai AjuUa. UUlc* or W»<k^ WhiMull. 
DwfW Itud atM* MaUIBI ta itn ITUwl KUi(*iia hi Jem IK. IMI; Iruia aMiu 
naldiBi abnad to Iba Mil ■< Uui kiui nmotli. 

UMKu(aNb»lt*10v*iUU>l'Mauhlrn(ib«M« Unl nsBkai, la b> ptauKl la lb* 
Han ol Ua IMr Onn^ DnMln. latbmMM Of (Mibb W. lyi^chlaB. SD. 
UOTftanviiuai* Hoaib. u KobHi Jntuuim. 1. HniMUt^tirat, tMlUn, Mcnbwlaa. 

DjAfadHacbunbiabxiwaiilU Binisan lartiod frsn aitAllaM* ot all aiutrM 
to MMhan ot ika " OiUiuUi faiub of Itx cli* ••( Bania,' Ittajuit noi to aiowl 
RMl tiiallrii iirlac baU.; bar medali^fsM wil illnir, an aua ofltRd. 

Tka OiKuiiiiaa al lb" IMMoI tuaalic Aajlum CuuiHUitini hai* asuilad iha Flnl 

IViialan id lOW. is Ut. T B. Iji^bi. »f liri*>l, ilia f»u.il uf idl. u. V'ih%. 

Mr^itaA tM IbbaHaj. af OlOBOaiMr. anililp' Tbiiil IVMhinoiiif IK b llr. J. B. 

llUM. irf Un«oi Tban «((• ft «aBV>l>'*>- 1'ba cwi uf >te tpptwl |4ao I* 

Cuoanta^ at ludai tO.IHMI. 
ni4a«*((Hr. Blr4. anliltMl, nt UucfaMMr. bu bKa awapM tv Itw IbtR* 

liUMii. nil rn I ni ttaalWebaHB brUittalUIHaivadila lb« mn-ball, 

CfcaWbaai. Mmftanar. 
Tk« W<lllii|ti aiti Burial Kiant ba*s avudad lbs jna/tam to Ur. K. r. U>, 

III XanbUDptMb wko bai Nsdni a comiulou^iu luiirstian Uw D en , Mary diialLni 

■ad 'iiadhMoaiiM ■« rtal ml tbo bailillaip 
rf nwliiininiinlii rr'li- I1 ■' ■ ■"--■•■■■■- TbU ta Himn. Tttt. 

r'h aiid iTw. Siaplwu «( ninaliwbatB. bH ban atlacMd M Iba M, aad Uiai il 

Ur K IMtiiai, aba cdHlnDb«liao.ailteiAaad leal. 



Iiadni van imiHi lur tbi nruaifnm CMaaWn liuldlatv tba nltnala 
nnlHlH I'*''' *>*'• *• I**''- 7*> Mi^ daoidal np« unpiUii the plu 
a«* i» »la< btMi-CIL Oaobiw aT LoudM, aUm aMUaax ow ill!. 



nW PkTEtm, 

YNI. X- rkili. (liM iiml. liBnlaVlaa-Mila— lapiOTWi i Ma In iba ai^Udlmi aiid 
fi^air^Wv of ran4rlBC a'la'oa abaiaan aad Ulad^aai] aioul *lBdu« tAvbia 
Aaaad OmMb' Ml 
MM. A. J. Bl L da MaaaarfMH, raMt-l>sranBMM tc iba awtaa ^ Mannto' 
Mm «r tnMOdHI^ Bollaa u FovaUlaa avpamM^ tWia^ ar naabtuij 
tut*' UnnAfr w. 
Mi: W. B. Boadlub. WaWlrld, York— lu>|u«>uiiaia lu Uv ououbcui* of • fun- 
IMiiul M b> aatd aa a •aralita bi aawr mfaua, ud aa a canUr lur aaiar mtguii m 

***■* Diuaf JiHirr I*. 

HI «, llMtttft. Btn«i«l!»«»— '""p™™""**.""*^!"? . . . 

|» 1. J. U.TvaBMd,SwtT> aaar nr^, liaadi— linpivaraml* tndnla plpia. 

atf4 la aailiin^ tut (avIaDiqa Ilia ama 
lit. J nulla, ifliiiliubiai lm|iriiTamin1i In 'lafili [rlni* hr ilf- 1 inil irrlirr ifml 

I M ' ^ BTUnaa^ I ail »l wm. Wartutnaaf— [nlwnOMBU lo UtatlDc att- 

•.>i uil iiaiaiWa Itaa ainlfttwia Irrf InrT «*i<«Tn«aii( ibo ■aim 

1., I. s Mum. lloakviamaa^ •a«d«l*a4— laipninnicak la waUuinii iMain 
. . iiira id1 ItJI'i vhaauatfaini icnoariMta |i'<n<(lar' t4 ibllH ir rnal< 

I - -J T UoDiAcM, fiaaHt'iilBii^ taaibbonosb-nao, IMilia— laajiMTnuiiuU lii 



■aviuiiatUii*. .CtanriuDlBUaBJ 
M. jTIL r^-ra Uanla't Ina BcMt- 



Ua j.JL/^oa.UaiDlB'tUiaBiiMit-tBinmmaaMlnacatcllaanavbbn. tOoo- 

■laleallaB tiuai Clajbm, Lan^ Fnmj 

Oala« Anury II. 
lai. J llawU. Viauaa-liBtioitiiHalalhiaminntiHiiitrailaafaafTlaitaK abifli 

laiMiriHiBli art >iu ai^iUcaUi la tucaDoUi* ««ta anilvat 

HB V. Waif. llMMblaiOalaMIlK l»a* ihK «-lwWg»adplMil »<inn TadU«i.«Bd 

■ III ■iBatlia 7«ii»»infi frn-'-— '- f 

Caiad J>Mii^yM. 
JEM » A.Ungau«,na»«^«r«.>-l«» ?«Pa"*'.'aU* pin«iillW«C«UtoUthiW|. 

«MMlMfa.aiA<.a«dcMsa}*. MtMMMiMI 



n^mwaryW- 

tU. T. Altaaa«B.A. AflKln., WajBa«b-tB 

■Upi. aot obv *aaA aarlgitbii a 
114, 9..' - • -■ -^^^ 



1 1* A* 



111. J. Warn. tMlkv 
andnbMl^ 

MB, - - ■ 



lif u pwl -l iaj tbT— BM U (Ua iiiU a i iWBrf aala biMMN 

liii|iiiii aiiaililiii n iyiiiillii 1 If I nil I iiiiiiiii il 1 11^ 



.a, I, tUnfh Oaanll. NlddhBi— JLB iBftORd oMbadat lUvvUc ar 
lallin; canlisai and tialaa. IoommIIt* and ■taUoBatr aauaaa (M ■ 
UfXbar imli «inala aifiannu vtldi ur ba atDplorad (MMb 



tir, J. WalioD, BnulM— iBpronBmtalDlaDaiBiriHailaf 

tU. C. J. Vl\,^ flblar^ln*. ICa»ila»o — >b imfmai trftnum Ik fcafl«| t, 

•apVlf W( ataaa-latMa Mlb aat* 
»». b. Othb. ranMall— JapfBT U BMli la frtWi^ Uaa 
•M. I Miniili nii^iii TiiiiamwMib Til II ■Iiiiillnii iiT iaa»i1fc|»r ■tilil— 

ur"b;dpvailuun" aiad aa Iba maaialKiiir* o( nvaaad aUar pafga—. and M 

tb*aiia»»^Mtal>tf<U» i— tapwDBUfMniiiAMi b fcai 1^ li n aia taai r 
m. B, Uriimipr. <|aaeB-a(nal-[iIa<a, Nia Caamia «UM— laipn ranaata la Iba 

nanafkcMin (f Ima and laHl 
tit. W. llbiMa, linpaal, lad J. Bvnn^ WI««n-tBHII if— l inBMblt M 

■M<riJiiK«a 

J;il&d jBaMryU. 
tU. r (ignatanM. Farta— Aa IHpnKid appuaisi fOr caatlnt asd bili>bn tfybj 

TIIDdtaaaiBl kirnlMlBC 
IVi. J. FHIcana, CharfgHUR^ Ulddlwi Ito[iiul— Impru i iM la la k Ite «a» 

MniailseattlubuMaai«(balHn'BanHlD(tba)>npiiaa af gtniw*^ iia itot. *Um 

lin|in>Tvni,-ui' arr tlw anllobla la (ba ooBaaanatoD idiBSba lb atbar (NnacB 
tU. J. lUUc. Warm. Uida lUaad. VS.~Smtnrummlm b BarMMn «■ lb 

maaatHaon of aiib 
at JL UawA m^Hil idaar. lliiillii Thi ■■TifMlin iTlliTini jiib*ll«aBM 
ni. W. L. Diuil, l^tualKtL. Ui'uD—IiDrtvtcuaaa bi fctnoiUa^t 

aUn>paratlii( aiitniatu Is ba tajlatti la bnalaa 
tM. B. A. flraoawa. WntMiwi — InpnmBuaia la iba pmanMaa «4 ■vOib 

liwala, aadbadlaafcfliawand baaaaia. lOKanUaUiai Ima H. Pa i~ 

auIUi. 
tM. B. A. Bwiaa, naa nu aat -A awboj o< imnteiUin aid waaaoi^ ib» bfU^ 

at ailK Juvraala aod baadafi lu nllatj toflui and oirUfia. f" ■ a laailba 

ftamd. baiunv] 
'jao. vr. H. li|vwB,IV(tak— UvmraMMalacaaat 
■Hi r. UuUIWD. JuMa. C Burntl. Tballort. Suiftak. aal J. W^tm, Ob 

o^uBi. cUttUta-Mau — tapnivaiBuila la eoMMtilag lilaiiibi nHb 

analnga 

~n r TliiV . "liii 1 nil i <. 11 piij - I 1^ liiji II mill n i in i i i iun h 

lU- J. H JiAuan. UocDla'i'liiu ■aldi~Iiaii(u<aumiii la acvliv tiiibliiaai ttMm- 

Blouku fniui J. E. A.OIbta,, VtiKl'ii^l-Si 

lU. J. « iVtJknd. Oimba*. MirxbaMer—lUiiiTanasaata It iHMaiiUir* Md «•■ 

■tiair rrif III! 1 
n< T- It tunn. Burndvn. aau AmUgMti aod T. AuftMM, 0*<r Bai l * ! ■ 

prgriivirtt* IB iooat 
tr,. i. Dnucnllclil. Will Brvmaliti. SbaScnt— In^nmiBaiia la lbs —r-'^tnrf 

cbajiw 
tM. W, A. Turwr. Cla(iw4iH«<. Ilndlllr— In|nv»N(i U Iba babili win d 

aurtii 
U>, n. I. UnrlllDg, Kdd DtmiM. ran*— ItBinnnMOti la BwAUtajar aipaiaiibr 

T,jriu(ua tfiiv tbrtbl^ 
)W. 11 f. Bowddd, Baaai-iriaMi. taa^bairaBjboad— faiiirDi mi low la 1 

or fiabar mraala altb Ub. OavimnialnllBaj 
?ir ti. V. $i«aifia (ftlafc*"— laftitfOTToiaou tn aiDatdU^iir maankvailaf i 

l>ipai 



!». II. mmiW VIo*^ Viam, aad B. fcMhtd. Xaiun«>M. 

laBKxmaania la Uw aoaauwtloa «l ibc alids lalna of Maao la^lBia. aad M tti 
BMi of aorUud tbv aama. B>r Ilte boHar lagoUilka ivf tli* »b lib* lu tba«|IUf4^ 
Wiatnf. lesoiaiuibK tBil. apd for ■a«na( ibtKr aad irnirtlw at im* ni'biM 



■blMUacU« 
»l. W. K. >>Biau. 
^c^uiiijuDltatluu rroiB J, F. 

in 



laaa— bipronaaala la Uia mtmlbMan a< balUM. 

Oatut UOrmari 1. 
V llor^g. I'jfM BwawiMa tba IM<t iiiaiwn IioDi ooiMi at dtnj aala-friM 
and lubniaiiBit oUa. ibarabj nodBrluf tluta 111 iv ba aacd a^Ua 

naia^ r*ntmry II. 
UT. }. T, ntBuui. anankORt-alnM— liapniHBciiU bi ihaBadtrf M*Ua|BMatii 

hiBiH Im hiiras. (OanmuaiaUeB frao a dttm •( Ilia CilMl lUaia« 
AVv. J. T ""-■.. n— ^-^1.. — 1, .1 — ■ y..^ ■ .-j-'r— ** — f-tri iBiiiflir >na twk 

ibrir rinducta. tMb aHUUIc >ad miDMW. lCgBmiuiliacl«i fNia a cMaa 4lto 

1'ulicd *tMr% 
tlW. A. i:, Llaiidniil. Rua Siun dia PMita CbaiB(a, Paiu— TraMaTlai L_ 

ual and natablr luaUan, aajatlaU/ alliDaaUi] labUiuK** 
dea. W.Tiddaad J.lBU.Bi]^ad, Urwaaltr— lapnirjnuiila la panr I 

vaavtu 

ttl, W, II. Anulrwg, "iTTi-llr Tirnn Tjni IiiiiiniiiiTiniilala laJbaii 
10;. R ti. Khj. At'ii\ttum. t>fiiAttt*r -liih^rrvvM Birthodof oaiBg aa apf^lpdaM^ 

lAlji <vl(>ii/tik£ uialui. fLUtdE klTbiilj "f m cuuililDalliin allb oUirr oAWfiDf BHHMIh li 

«n»t. vr fdlixil fitljnc*. j'ama. urUKasdi. nllhirlD Ihf *hn# wd^vd aialah ."QB^ 

aduiili'4ili»ni 
Vil, J. IVjIl'. lUlrjitieei. LMm-lBipnivaiuuca u laCnj « albar falaaih nd ta 



Ml. 



lff«liaiikBj awlUliDaa IbaiaiD 

J. MidiHiJi. Itwan-ayun— linjTBiMnaali ti Ula — iiifiiiiiii aad dlada^rf 

i-*r— t. W ra ad ImvntmnUi 
MO. tf . CliapyaUjioUih N*a mbrt nw al lafiOTtmaBla U alaualic taaka 



wTr*^ 



& Ibnd>. Baao-NraM. Wraad laip 



1 1b dUaiiMf bo^ (( earti 



OHBl/WrHnll. 
MT. J Morma. Jqa.. Briariaf 1(10. Kaffwl-Krw or lanoird MaAlBsj fer iw- 

\iatut iliitiD'-iailrai and pcaanin uf iLcuu InaUam bialBs, aud lai |<vaMMlii 

aiiiliiaiini id laaaffi bolbva 
Ml. J. LuffkudandJ, WDdtc, Dlnrinthuu— N«» or lai|iroT«d iljail and alanaa 
tn. *r. Bl AduDs Adain-airiM, Ado^i) — liii[in>ivi0iwu IB IWdinn mU dbf 

Mrgtiam 
lt». V n. llBrMra«, Lf-dibim. Baal— ta|ininBHDM la Biiilii tw VapaH 

Dm. iMiDp. Uid Mbis' Ibniua laaiirUla 

ui r r Ti. liiii r Vm " n . if ililln rmfrfi 11 nniiT miiiwiiif 

(aoinaBda at ataaiu aad <d nuDada 
m w.jrOMi^CkabarnU— InmafBHIalBlndUaiWMMa 



Ut. I. BhdAara, lA^M. aad K. BlacbMn. Babbatsb-ti^ 



MaliK 



tu. 



lD|il«B«aialoWas|ilof<dbia(rlcgltBn,a|iplbaUa aba •• tb* iiaaiii dl rf 
•nbadla>.iaUMlncUuB<rf (anUtMLndiotbaaBavnaan td fHaaabM^ 
Kttvoaid, BtMUTS, Ba* Vvk-^UfmnAaM tt ^1* KrlSaaSdra^ 




THE Cnm. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOtTtNAL. 



131 



Wood. UmUUI nm^ g<*r EMMItaM— b 



uithlmiy or 



■pMn)ii> D« in Ike nuufKUn of owi^ati mi (MMr pUt UriM 
•«: V. Wwd. ModUQI ILhk. Bar faaUlaidt-imrnnmmU la 

kntntuucd l« tri>cMg>ibiur*«(<vpaM«M«<k«pl)f tthrm 
4llL Jr Fiibjn. I'M* ICorif, near Bn4Ainl — 4a ln|n*eiliBfC4udij^«(j«ii«cilBf Oka find 

U«r /. Utad ud It. Uwd. Bjittari itw— lMp m »» 1 « la uaMUIe p«Ub( bona 

U) L FbiA »mli-MnM. riutair-teprviimMU fa tialllMlit ^b^ VI*«MlBt 

twislMlMalB «^ atM* 
Wi. W.K.»ef.rtiiiM»yk«» ItwwJ nttMnr fcr mMh P'«f«rtip Iw 

«WM dft. OMM irgol. Ou, kiap. ud otbir flluuu (uuitoU. iCvuMWMMha 

tram M 4. I. WuHiT. l.)Wt 
Ui. L.K.O' Ptyil. Kiia— laimnd iHUialu (Ihis ftr l^btlBf Md ntwllii* 



iU. J. IL Jflknioa. Lbi4at]l'a4aB-M4«— TiDpr<:pTpQi«Dt in hpivmiu or UilnDtDli fnr 
WMUttc illiiliatii and AoUuh. i,C«uiaBicailim bus B. A. CnndiU. Friiod* 
(klB. IfcilHT "T K** y"*^' 

MM. j] S. TiJlain IAa<a(o'*J9B4*l4<— [ivp^ntrmntf la c>fitLqc niHbiLiK4. Cvn^ 

%tj u. S. tVAioUo. Crvbj -■tfUft^Jmtinrtafii'At* ta pnpvhtg flu, lwin|^ aad 

MtaiBlinnaliMaMM 
«U. w. K XiM«, Owwr-tau— iBpnnd wtcblam ftr nnlBf Mikk* of lav- 

nhi biB> la t)» dincUn at Itab katf*. lOmmam^llioa) 
Of. W' >- Kcmoa. CtaseHT-Uan— IntHond HMUHrjr for ttmlac BMda «r (Mir 

kwdtakMwH. COooBaDtntlai' 
4». K nwniffc. Mmhailir liii|ii niiirinii Is tb* nugfiaiR at nsdi U ka Bad 

Uirtkto «■< taW — 
*1*. O. Oliiiiil. SUI«Tlir<dc>— IrBprnKgrali Id ibaD (ngtoea 
«M. T. YTlaiMr OlUfiw— tia[inmiuuiU Is Hn* )n|idltn Hid la *illiu>lii| Ow 

""* ftaM ntnurj It. 

tn. C W. WIMmi^ tlmrool— [BpFDnuMH la IsenHlai Ox dtBi(t>t and pi»- 

■oUaa lb* emJxaltm «( Ua foal Is tanipM 
tn. CCi ; ii>. D, tMBdi« *ad J. Cnwkr. Htnfu— laipiinvaMll la appmtaa 

Itt fciillTi aa d la Wy t *» M «Bi|ii<d la «— MnHlna Uiarnll^ aUA tataaia ala> 

US, w. B. Harrtaoa, iVMain. r«t]>t«ldd. fi l aaa M a -Inmn— i BM Ig Ua ■»■ 

tUat/ " apiisnWi b> si imeni Huplond tx ni^v ■■<'*' ft«> idIbh 
ML W. Me tinl a iin , g aat h n h -trota, HmlW-IiapmwnMlBaiaiaaadnaaaaj 

tXkt* tBtiil. tif itMMln ismbiuUni wiih nilin nialiiiHII fia itiirlniBliiBijiiHiii 
Wl I'.U. HilH^PiHk-MwI. l%mdl]]r'[B.pnindB|>faalu(viM»ljl>« or fcad- 

li^ bgtim mb ■■««. tvpllohls Umlilni ud rnnliin tli]n1ili riir riBir imniiiai 
4M. D, A- IaibIl brtfeiiA upaD-T*iiiHj— liflprvwuiAjiu la vkicf-cloMU, ud la apvir 

ntB* OBMM Uarvnib 
m. 1r. a. Clut. Blth HalWa— ImprvvEDCDti In mubiaia tm jrallsj (uMlaeMi 

iC^iaMatfSBtlfloi 
Itk W. B. UffM. nrulnjliaai— ITfVv [iBprun4 ratihud uf D>eiitii<.tl[i( duon uid 

■ lailuai Iw Itic pnnfiUMi irf liurtli/r> vhlrii mrthiid at nmiiniRlbn u (lUd amitlc- 

MMa •• alkw artldM vlMn •UwRli !• n.iulr«l 
(9. I>.C.lBllkCk<"*aB'MnM, nmUn-ImtwtK'pmtou Lii IfaediHt-Rine 
■M. H. W. Hallaa. M. 0»iT***K>id. KaEttaUH-uiun^lmunixiiwuia In tpuntoi 

ftf n a w l^ iBdaraaa attwan^M la buMdlnp 
tu. J. laaa ud ■- <Miaii, ImU— fBipnTiiaiuu li (uohlaeir tat (vilag. ipisDisc 

■r »Mfn| lu, MHaa, •«al. ud olhir Sbrvio laMucH 
dM O. HaidMin. Skcfl^ dilUuj, aar MaadUld— lni[ir«m»n» In ipjurBloi lor 

Bii»itlntiadi|[ri''n"" "' '''I It carrltcia otad « itilvajt utd rai <*iit>lli>c luch 

Ul. KUoBiUi, Job., Vridput Plan, X«s Xcinh-nad. lloKna— Impnmsiou la 



U*. T. SataaWB. >Uli>«<daH~Ini«af«eDsb In limouilli'a iDKtiia ilUcflr adapbtd 
teua r'ttfmmimmmmmAiMiUwti uaalua. uid tlu wortuic at icdcaJlan] 

IfllttWl 

dU. J. Ourferf. UiMM*— laiprnvBtDi* la. aail appmtu ftir. Uie Duaa&iWn 
ti *tf*. part If/ vbldi lapfVTaoicula ■■ jLp^Ucabla to tba aanHliikg nf iiliiar Dvtallln 
aitKlH 

(M. J. wmi»an.PaHMiJ«c,Cmiani)ii-liep m aWMHa la a(iparuiu (u kmiini 
■ad iWp fl u BBcbs <kilM IN InanI ablpi asd br aUw Mmllu' paty ii w 

Datad ridnurj II 
dtr. 1. IkViIfcv, Litfiiiiiol^An ImpnirM apMntu IBibwtloElnlda 
(ML B. it ruun, ud T. B. IU7. Qusfo alne^ VMInlsnat— IncnraBitela fai (ha 

OHtatirai aad tpiillfailun Qf «i<ain ya*m hr pnfialUa^ ^**"'x. vivla^ or caaiP7< 

Uifc fai Itml I itfaiiBlialilii to (arming trarrnm 
IM-JL fuiiaii BirTQincKtm -]in|4Tf»rr<TD'<ai' Sa the tttutniftloD aad cfiuaiDaUtlat of 

Ml ac haad [afUikisfB, tsd uiVrdri^k* Cwuaincft 
4Hl J CMfabiiik. ^snH and, unar Tljiliiu, nuftird— Aa Imprornn'ml w l ut ftr u tp- 

BHBW In nttat Iras and itHl Bin 
tii. t. Plf*. rfuk mm B«iBiond>rtin. infl J. Crabiret Mill Brlditr, y«t— In 

Bin agmMiala pjvar luonatof watlair tuigy ffmAt 
Ui. A. tallh. rrlnaaa nwal — toipniraiBMiH la nacbbuir; (nr Vbt iiaBii.tattn.ir at 

■In nar ud Mbv topaa 
til J. nrl", Cppar-ai i wt, liUnitaa— tnpnnmaita In ihs pnyarUlMi « manntw- 

tn* nf auaifaa 
4IA C. IL ItMl^Old Drabl'tfrwl— liD[pTi>Tpr]ifnt4 In the |>^iiudi*I]I vajaf nilvari 
M. W. Ondu. CtgnhUi— IsipnmBcsU la ai>pamiu tat inuUiatinf 

4W. J U- LaMHa, Fifia— ImpiMiiinnu la •1ku1> 

ait. W, IL^aitan. IMHann^ t^— Antmpntnl nllvarbrKk 

tlA W. B. KtntM, CKaoeerr boa— tmpnnad aiMMim] be ouaulutorlnt nala ud 

■Mhara. t<>B»"a>'>''asi 
tw. J, CMBhTi a^^ Waad«(i«al. Ctaapilda— liaproiaaHMa ta mOaB aad KiM- 



4M. T. XavMsA. CkBrii^'Plaaa, OacBDardal-raad, Farkhais — lapnmsnH la 

BatWuay lie ■aimbeaanec naOi 
In. W. X, WitM. Ornl namFaas •«<((, KmlnGbuB— tiatmaDiNV Is Ibt BiaDO' 

hilan a( aaial fiat aad pau hi>lilOT 
VL J. Qiit*. jna, aad A. Fri^ar. Hutnmit iti-wt, tbiiiiliwBrt— tnnor 



Bla tB 



anantx ha nvulatloc til* dniwtn;'iiTnn<l <Tir >»pHr niviiaaBd otbarflnlda 
US. A.rBi«M,B(U-r«d. BI>iuli«ti>in-lui{>»i«tirMi>b tbc iraaabcMn d( Balk 
tU- J. H. JalmadB. Llacula'a-lnn-nnlplt— ]jn]im«iTi;iraLj m mafhlnerrdr ajpai B lai tut 

tta •asataaan af (wertmant. i(Via>it>unirAiiL;r 1 
AH. W. Oaf k €baao«7-laaa — lapfuwBuito lu 1I10 DiaDulaftqn af nUv^ chalra. 



IV. T. RbQ, MliaaB m . Btee u alinfT— Ab Inprvrid t>nna)>Ia vraa (Oa IbUb( Imail 

ind titirt aniflai rf ftnl. la ib««aaip, tht flald. ur ibc fauoia 
Ul. IL Oraa, liaarywl Aa istnred itcn M ba haled t^ pa 



b 



<M C. Ownr, SsaUiBaiplailiuIUlaci, OmtaTlain lilJiOlaliill ■ mtUtt 

dralio. and la BiatbiBST b Ihal oBnoia. QiBimuBleBUBB) 
Ua. J. il«>dDua.lraU.niall-t*pn*WMailatonpantalar haUli« to«>ab«latta« 

andc auil Mbir lona ibHM [nnmiBBBlnalhiai 
IMl W. UunleiB aad J. Bnrios, Ctaalla. CWilai— An tnipivnd ■■ rlcto,' W »a 

aaad Is paafr Ihim tot waatlag 
Mt- i. HDiaU. Mnauiitom— A sa* a* tapnnvd Jolol Ah Bihlnt nda, iha ndi ar 

kaadlaa sf paiBKilL and far aUav ndi 
Ml T, WUbBBl^ HaadiMa— lapraaaBBls la tba iHBa&itBn tt cspiw, Ima, 

ic Mbar BslalbB tallaiB or crUDdM* 
Mt. M. AUaa. fnfa ariaai liniiaii—Bli la iMchlaaiT Ibr nWtK 4«bUBC u4 

atdaolM euKiB. ila, aal olbar Ibfooa BiaUrlaU. iCUBmaakaUgBr 

Mt. U. BbHw, Btlgrm, t ill— ii I nn Id kolUluc BuchlBarr 

tH. i. U. ra«a]. I^OBi. S'Taan-^iapand aniliii vlih Mtjj plaioD antUaaUi to 

aaiiouDBpaaa 
IM. A. Kalmuaar, Onnratnat.Caadaabx'ii— lm|nvnaiaaii taibi ictleo a( bail- 

Boia) piaa»lMtda 
la:, r. 11 Haa^toe. Vppar (Hansitai-pton. ti 1 m* a^iiaia l»p»niaiuiBla la llM 

ppiiiarBitDB vt laaiaMala aaal lu tbajB«aafjuturv nt paoar 
wi, fc.B.Oiailax,II.IHaglia— laptPWaM lathe aaaaXfwtdtoHaatiartw 
MS. W. YwBt Qaaafl a ic aal- ■faap umm a i la la af.nlBW arlaw 
tni. J. KmtlM. WtBtaiMB, tBwBnn UBsauabtn-tapnnmMa la brna baaa 

fHUM n»f*an 11. 
4T1. C dr BiarM, DoBialsbill-'taipmaiBialala awiaa ilaara aiMaaa 
(Tt. J. Ona. fUladalpbia, V.&— bBpronm-niU In ItoiBHaa ftr bonitof gaaibaa«m« 

pw> siidai in*«n a tba ouniMMn nt iIb«. Iitq, aad aibar mttim 
;i. 11. ChiliUt, (aUard— tapmwBfliEa lu luiihlaa aad t«UMa( *md« aad 

rania 
ttt. K. BtaL. lUmliifhaiB— laipfvnnni or liafanaotata la lllaalaailaM 
4T&- J- Kplaoda. WafTlDB;<4n) uaraileF — tupnif ttaeala la aoBaallaK am 
ITS. J. Blaac. Sua AL Xduii, BallnullaL ntu Vtiir^-laifrmmeBi* la natb^ bnad 

BBdHMaBK lOHBDiaakaUDalhiBi r. MasMaadL CMidj 
ttt. J. UsoK Saahrffht-tdBM. lladmnr— tuiWRd apnrana U> be iwd br haniU« 

li^nCKbale anspMhlDU fr pft|ia(*Uaiia ftir pndadai aiUldaJ U(tila <d afHaa 

BUoan 

r « appaniu ia (rtjiarfi^ 



. niMaiaa, hmmjUaa, gl«i^ 
adtnsta 
Ml . I. L TnoAtt. fMU Baa Tanaaa. IVU -laprotmuMla In aflpBnHa ttt Um 
DiBDnfWtnn nf Iipa and ultwr arudoi Hard la lnu(-pna> iirlallac 

ML O. C. 1> 'liiHn in\n ilnit. Wj In 1 ill tiii|ii "ilriiiltrl iif upljlinlaiah 

tii nilaaf «uilaM 
ML 0. l> rdoa, Baaubrt, Bradsock—liapniTRnwati In aladric apfunloi ftir grltf 

itaialL BDd aapUauaa J oa a aptad ibacn-ilb 
4m. -• "-■"■f--' W. lUfhoM, UwT. UMUM~Iiii|»n>l aelf acdnii " Mqtc." 

M ba amplaTad la powat uou* br wvaiiai 

riDMd ntnidnr a. 

Ml. X. Adin. Nnr TorK tsktad Btatai— iBpanoanla In ipnaf brd luclAina, aU|i 

batuiBt brlDf andlaaMa W otbar rlaatWpBiaa o( Mnltan 
ML A. T- BViiitlT. Jaahtma Walla laaniwMlBOidBaiiet 
M«. J, KkiL aad B. Bactkjr. Ilaanbaalar iByiumaliiM la iiaililiiaii br mabllst 
t«T. J. FfUdtat AaWao-aadsr-trB*— Aa bipniad •ppaiaUaapillaabla la iManptpB 

01 nibtdan aatd (or haaUai aad dirtnc, akkbiaU appaiBMa ou^ ba •UoEtvlT 

■inmujcd abf iwar ^aaia la luad Uw aocb portvafla 
COI. ^TWlinalHad, PiBNot-laiDmaoaMaU balkra 
null, r, U. TboiBpicia, WaMoB— IspniiniDaM la Iha luaabitiin of Ma 
]1D J, li. Juhawa. ^^Mal^?atlla^l^lldl TiujioiamiilalB ■ouiaint aMMMd. lOai- 
DinDlraUnatraBj.aaillh Hai«bbrid|i^ llwiliiaiin.. Intlad Wala^ 
^11. J. Barbaf. M aniliila r I nn r n w iiinri In toaipeaiid BclaUaj ■wadriPi 
(11 J. UUdlilaa.B^laba«»,MilW.Si«l,Iib&ihiM.uaa>MMduaMt-Uitnt«- 

mnti la nflav cbaii^ aad Ib tba lela(b« nf ralla (sr nllBtf* 

*>»— Itaiaataamta iBlbapwa— at Dianataaaiat 

■DtaiBaiia la Iba nambdan at 



rnnta la nflaBr chaii^ 
lU. J.Tanm. HtnahaB. Ka«b 



tnad, aad IB iba onBpoban pan* t((br lOBa 
m. V. Tvucb« Ibuhbona pbw» O rta d M i aal lap 
apn fna laaa m (oat 



pipn ma ■■■• m loaa 
Bit. 1. WilUan WlniBMA Oxfbrd— iBtfronaaMda la aMMna r»d TBbldaa 
IH. U. anm^QifM-aitTM-'Aniiarnndb 



iVpaMo* tbr 0tb« (MbOlV M lib hiala 
WlaalBtlnaarT taWnata, aad iBiarBliiy 



aad olbarboaaa 
111. a. PhiniK IlwBiunmnh— lap 

tabasKdUKravWi 
tlf . W IrcBO^ W^mo, LmuHlM — tniprvianMaU Is tba EDaaubtXdR uf nda Bail 

pDU«h 
till. A. QoUiIo and C Mafct, Blala. Uilicia, Aoalrta— ImproTtmaDla Id pniivllliic 

ZtaUd ratnary R. 
IN. K.B W«d.fl«»tball,»-Baa«— lBpa>anHilalBlab>^ 
Ml. W. Folinaa. UodHr-oVHt. tyoUoiTUb— J>anlw alllUDt tba lUiuailBMI]^ 

uviiaitlr* 4jf v>u. Iff uiinmvrmflala la baninrv wl iIimIm ^r rmoetafa 
tn. C. A. IkniiitirT iiid V. Ma—lnn. TMUfai-^iian, Cbafiaf inaa liaptoraiaaala 

la obialaluc and ajiplvinc aetlta patn* 
til. J. J. Baanliiu. fuuthiraik^AD (mpnHiad BBUb aad pnipcatT protediB poibat 
U4. J. Kiawa, AldfMa— A aatbodarmalbodioCpnparbmiiaiwUEtiablailltifaain 

au InpraHloa trsaa as aogmnd hbck at plaia., ifps, or otiiai jnlaiui aiau, iihUa In 

a dlfalMt 
tw y. C. U CroU. Nr* Vnik, trailed Staaa Aa iBipmnainil is tadtcia* asd 

rKflDCtb* BipuUa at tomIi 
Ml a.DaaloonAtladdiu •Ut«i— tupmrnoniU la tavdaolag flpina aad dnlfa* 

apga ^laii4 br |>rtatlu| lium 
tvr. r m dbaaiiliai. KmIdq— ImprmaiaBta la Hddbaaad eaUara br bonaaa^ 

otbar ^■.^'■.■i* 
tti. J. KliUwB, Ttabftdca vla». Xaar^awl—lapronnEola la tba ocanacllaa tt 

funiscaBt aaaaa^ or Ulaa. br dijlaa. baklna. ar hDralnf paMnj or eartlHiiaatt, 

b>tatetfla.«aib>r4BiUar>rtUMa,aadlB IheDeuaolttillMllai aadraDdandiir 

Of nnrlDf ofl Ibr ancAii^ fiaaa. m npvua aaolnl Ikooi aadli or uUwi InanoiM vr 

Hnplawa, ut thai lacapi at ail* ftaa lbs ratona aad otbar jaUa el tba apfaaatat 

Bvd In tha manubelaTa rrf fiu 
IM. W. E. Nmuin, I'tianmf liaa^An Improrad fnmaet bi pcaaBisttn aad atbit 

tnolan. iCuumiiulAtloiLi 
1st. C H. Mam;. UaUeJ Oitlsfai^ Old Km road^AD Impmrnl (w>i*nictloD si 

<iialD uumn 
til. 1. a. M. MBlailB>, ftiB— In p r oM iu mia la dlbbUia oiicblatiy tui dcpuaMai 

amLs utd nutdn 
Hi. A. Knell, IWIIart — lapnxoiaota la macUaaTT tor bnaUag and ■altbiuc lUi. 

biisii. and oOiCT fltinua aahitaaan 
m. L. UuiuL, Hun Fiwtiiao SI. (katji^a, FaHt— SeparaUoK Iha ditinM aidld hUf 

.jiri.lfv f^Tvt a:tid> frgsi ihD llftuld btqr ana 
Ul O. llaraaai, Aldtt^ aH aUii a t La M aai ia ia^la huMun Or saR* ol iiiaaaai 
l». J. Ultun. and W. Ttnmvim. BMMo UOt. KlUiriak, Imk-Iam w n M la 

louioa br atarlaf 



m 



THE CIVIL ENGIXEER AND ASCHITECTS JOUBNAl* 



Ut. t. %W . tut^itam. BitaUMV*!— Am Impivnawil l».tbg naMkaanut 
t(». A. atdM, B B r J «m — ImpnmBwnu Id nvfloj mOi 

|m. J. B. OIn>, Obi lBlM «< i»M. M. ruaaii -An Imuond ■■IhoJ of fuKnlv 
J UW 1^ jMUUM«'< teoicud •bOH 

|M1 T. d. Ai». OiHI SL HiiiM BUaa^dn— Ab lapvnd tHiuUnt (nrl 
L vtaoowuiiBWAlu, rticti h* tmlli lull (bruUnt iBiiitiliii lu onn ud aUwi inu 
rm. W. K Wltar, BkBdgcbMD— linpnimBnBla*nrp^Udpaiaai» 
rtn. P. O. Bdvirdh CWsbrtdiFTllI^ OUiUo-iwil, W«« Braopha— TibUIMU)| ud 
' (cBaiitafMapndiMUiir enatiHUoBflf Ciulud<i< iMplnun Ilwa Ito •fwimaM 

[](M. J. B17, •*■_ hUocna— iB^nfMMoiM Is (Muntiu lot dklribMli mdA od 

lU 1. r. tlv*. UBik-Uan—IupnFrHMalt In BMhlnsj « lo6ti lor dnUlai ad 

WrcVniloa.>o,. C. BrDUn. luB.. P. J. SraUu, nd&B. BnlSB, MiialtM 

AoMnnnd UB* tdaa lis dmmtlc fw p— 
MT. i. A. IdnnU, HlMUrUn-rand — n> uhuiUihi Brd nanl iiiiilliBlfeB of ft 

€«nil> (M'^ip Ml (r mMiblf u u mlab d fOed. cmfttUaawT, n m >■ natd In 

litvliif I' Ji'HiHw^ or lor tba muirflvliuv nf toqtr ud (bb 
Wt. W. MBh LsHrOnHD-plHa, KitMUO-UsB-^in IB|nmno«IIi Uh wUoa ot 

■jidglii iiinw-lmda 
n K. Bulpiiil Hid J. CwUf . IUUtu~Iiii|<ruTciiwiiU Is lonu In n>>lni BrWHl* 

anil* ■« bUmt iutj talitio 
m^ T, CwidjpHL QBiaa-«ti^f 1^ Uaidfu-Aiiiui* — laiprovoiuijil* bi Ut* nitootulvn 

•4 oMallls »n* udMe-holiliin 

I. W. llucubii*, (Hup*— ImpnTBuinila la moulding <u naiiiiftrWflBa om-linB 

^ Tt,i, Xaim, Uudxwta— tiii)>nmiiimt> Id michlHrj et ftppantti Air fiAVaiag 
ail iBlrlilf fviu or Ikruwlt 

DM1 Mmn ff. 

inler -lb; 



d«nuU taia, *ad •wb W drtBdinrtn ' 

g«L 6. Dw>r4. r r. V kli-LUI.r.l. ud ?. JL McnMr. PUb-la bmoTid MMkA 

«■ ad Apumma far, Li^rtiku 1^ uu 

OU K. r.ln-tiKi. \« Vork. I* ■? ■-, .. .. — ^.^j *^"^-, !■<«■ 

tiEb hu &]f[iuKEu* ibr pndodag lb* an^ 

tirihi iBuijIwiuniafibFni 
S9i. W E. Xniaa, Chaii^TT lag*— lnipnmd in»u br nnncdlBi Ikt hmn « 

iuiiaUin i' lank uvtoB. bill^ ^**»^^|^ dK>iW4 ^mJi^ dad^ wmi «^v Ofa 

ftrlldoL LOommuulciikiUi 
dU. wr. H Kflrta, CbuiMT-lwft— lofrarsd BuUui? fcr nooriiv aow bis 

■wJnjL iCMiatuiUMHiiii 
SH. W. K .tmoi, CliuiMij-UiH-A pnwwHen rf m«i«riib br catlui lafe «t 

aUwpait(oiu«(bal]itLaa>unDid<(ibaaW*r'^a><a>nt. iCtBmmtiMkaj 
01. TT. Tiylot. Hio Wgia, Hafnif— Im|riin«iiioUi Id Ihc DiuokaafBif itaa< 

n>- W, A4>in luid J. 3. Tan>iilr(i>o. flUngw— lapnt wi irDU In nurtag lina.il ad 

pua bbilc« 
OS, K- Uiti. Kdkitiuiili— liDHutauiiaU Id uiianitat tji utibxtiDc artlda vom a 

Itar— — 



m. 0- bma Ukd F. (fuiaf, HjUKhnler -lanrimuiuiU ki 
kialf^ i(n<^ v ^1* '■'^ dr1<wkg Diauhjuni, uid fur tlber imrp 



TinuiU ki ibi ukiiaCuiun vf 

i^tiL>Tiqikiv)l Jd itfpi fur 

STrw^lartBiiud J. a. Onliir. DundnudJ- M<mIbi. flntli MDl. rvnli— bn' 
'MVBUla nuAiDUT rir 4p|*nilait fbr vindln^i Tuna or rbnuda 
.. r, WflUruun. XirtliDglaBi— ImpmitirDnu in U|tliilo(. ud laUiuia 
i. ft ttadilDi', Burr, uiusitai— ImpninaiaiiU iDA^puitiu Iv bt aiiiTofnd )W tlio 
HraiHistnnllaiuid tncunilnc 
(it- /- K. FMd, rnft-nrxf Cn[iii|ngti^ J, nnodmu ait t. Otaldiu. Oini 
n«M«ll4l[«gl, Uoiliuu'* t/>ld>-.|a]Tin]tnM»ta U (nnrign 
■in. i. I>«p«, LmMB. Nonlugliaoi ■InpnmaMDM In (ppuaRufor n«udui(ii»l 
dnsiac cuiUtii f rDilnn. wd Id incka « Mjh tu>d fin «Mh ad Him parwca 
il. A. T. Hgma. nu nanluw— Ad knppnnmmt Id iprUgt for nUniKl <3HTia(a 
•(ollHrBMi. jCtiBmuiuTMlai 

W. K Jfvnin. (^luiaifT Itae—tnprond Tdn fiv fiv nvInimilaK tlouD 

MfloairtiBH |an<(' foppliod dli'-cit:t V Ux pWa MIIhui tDplDrlot > msiT 

■Ml. iCBIDmUllMliHll 



/laid Jtmft^ 4. 
*». O, Baliton, Tokmboui-juil— lonvmHnlD to llliiliiiii ad Id bklU « an- 

IdUa. lOiBiDWtcWlu,' 
tu. Vr KvVii ud T. S. F>mr. Dollon, lAncDitor— IrapnnauDU la loobi 
OU, U. L- Da Znft Omen. UaMiu^ Kcv V«K— Impnnosato 1* Mwlai ^ te 

■llindi. hr nvh diuI ahsr IkMIuid 
Ui:, J. w. umdIh, Omii fsnlHid-tfD 
•» Ci W. Dy»o. Tlsd>7, gar thifg . . 

lalil* lubUMv. br pHMdlcalki doUhi 
B41. " "■■•{ fllrmi ir riniiriiniiiiiiila in iiinnnllnn Wipiii 111 nmliw ■iiiin— 
Mi » SiiulUIi, a»d J. Stsob, UMiBliwb>H<. au gjidibrt— Impnii 1 wfa Id i 

or ti/t»nAm Id ansiialw allti diuii UiUn wd «tb«i tanuam la llrfttlili Um «•■ 

nimiiling of (iDukc Uwdn 
Mt. IL Or«Dn>, S>v Pabm Yuil, WnOniiiacr lnanniToin«ja Id lb* >«k rf 



Ml- F. SnhMn. ai«ij. Y«fc. 



-ImpnmnmU u prapsUInK t>«iv1i. 



t«* K U«l* ad M. A. IImI« AUiiag-tMTM*. UMMd Sim Towd, tlvtronliUn*- 

TV inMOHDi << npoU* Bad •Khar ntxuuM 
AM, A. n. A, DnaU OmU'Wtn Qab. M, Jusfn't-iitngt— Inpranmcnu to *ppk- 

tUu hr wcvKlntiit ud lodUatUx Ibt nnirlxriit ud dMaa mnUid br. pm' 

MiBHt Id pabHc cwTtMH. uid U>c torn twd 
*tr, J. Bii4p. XtnMf Uill. pDdot. MBT iMto-lmpnnwbaa b Igmu Ibr 

• Wtlllll 

Mt C # )lDrrt«D,W«sl«Idt— lnpn>«Dniatotibl*lnIi«ll«fatbrriM(rli-lir 

»g* T Bwiun. BlnoMfbtm— Ab taiBSnant a tey mMB a iB b ikt luuiubKan 



lui. ) ' 

m II 'i 

191 P A !• 



liViud lafB 

,-ih«— tapmvRnnu to ■VBVlnr 
Waln0V*~[upnnffl«l> Id nUvar Ivaba 
...,iiiiniK*oii>i. Ilrd'-|m^— lBi|in>faMsl>to<h>pmi>UHiiinT 



OH^diDf or oyimtiin jilpok ouluuuu. mkI aadotia U ibi nmhlDdfj te laii 
(Klurlnjt QiB boopi to St nad Id cuuuisiUnc nicb [dp* ad adUBo*, aod tow 
aai>t of uA pipa. ntoiDDK, ud oululti^ mmb/ Uuj biooDM «to(M lit Hi 
nJl^vrt and ojtnvjtum of tvbldoa 
dIV, It, IWfwrr, ?<l. Niwu, llDudDflilnD— ImpnyTfmailD to appDTDlDi Its '*'*■'■* ''T iti i 

AAL W. tfvri/ki Crao^COD, lAoorfor— ItDproTUDODU to fiiniDca 

ML J. K. lAatbDiB, ad T, XuDlbaonli. Ikwhdilo. 1 Immi' iliaidi b tt( 

ue or BtipllatioB of oDitito wbM*uc« fOc dMtoc Dt ■-'■'■'■( fas w UuumI ; tf» 

i|ivII(D)h> tui •lalof v (liSbBtoj wola ad iHbsr hbtiot 
ats. H. A. OviTDrd, lAiirac* FiMiiiBcf-Un*— lD|<«TBBMti to im* a •■ib(aa|ri 

pnrt4llan 

flnlKt Ifenik «. 
MI. F. A. I'Dlrsii. Uuehiirt*!— luprDtunDHUi Ui oaoblMij to ttnalDf altia. ad 

Ecir cl»niiiA uid ardiuff oihIod uiu otbrr Aliroiit mit^tal* 
ttH. L. OuWD, t»ii«rou, nar N<JUiii(b*iti, ad E. b. Bradica, KMUathito— 0» 

r^niDBb to lb* raDDDtodDrv tt IcDIHvd fubrug 
IV. Pnutr. Wmlwlrb. IT ml Inn ii mid nirini nf. imt hhnihIih fn. iiidHihj 
lacnaluK dituf tiia wd rumotJ. 

Cum JCmA T. 
una. K. U.nrdtab, ftitoi tlark'cCniKml, Xignl'tRitb— lopronnMBUloaaariN 

bildcM 
Mt. J. PirkM, Oral OilkreoUHt, ITsHaitoitgr— Ad itapr«t*d afpanUM Ir 

lihvniDEItv iHirpa«ot 
Ml. (7. LuDclrr. biKtard OiMi Dooloafd—Au ImpnTnl nod* gl iiimIhiIIm Ay 

ilwk' md l4«iut mr Cir sUiv^ of alp* 
QOV, U. A, iDbDuhD, l^oDit ftucB dtp lDpmr«d rolACln oDftoo 

DtUrd Mink V. 
8?Il C, HbDrp. HlrmliighDBi^jL nvm or tokiinvwl mtnufiv-IUTi' of thlpt tbloAlft at 



iiiUlomiifaii. 9«ib'*>nci, FlaburT— Ispnimniuu ui 

\nltB M aa i a m tb» BwidhMim of nlpbut of 

. ii^tT— Ab toipnmmul to wlta. BOd to lbs mtaa 
,1 wla, u»l oil,!!!! ad Uktof to at all* 

iiriDDt. HuDHnluir, lllriDto|tiui,~A iisv « toitmnd BuntlcHnot 
_,liiidin*irvnDUa(tobrlB 

IM. J KBtpby. So^Wfv, aooaontb— Impnirsomita Id ■mrlui nrow dbM a Iholr 

Ml*, ud MI* to 1M« 
tw ». WriibkHAl<taiLJbMgi-lB|>nainaulBgwr*(Btotm 
«W C, J. ISnTBBd W. BTtddoB. IdaaohMMr— A artato UBimmwai totbomua- 

tifurt nf alitrt oalbn 

T r*itH. tUnll4Uai, Dvto— lHfcaT«BiDl*torBll«V*bgol* 

r, D. '«>«. Tii'l>ui4,ilrssi. CnaUcwdco— Ab luprnumri to Uu ooDMcwUto 

btiliobUtof bMa (OnoiaatoMUiiW 
ADl V. IMdar, Itumniitwi Tivarblll— ImtnDTtd nvUioda of tum|Anbi| 

•auUiciBd olwrouvian* 
^'i: F' r ' -rin, Itodar. Ysrb-'lBiiiivninffilalD IbtDaiiufluuiiiiafiiliiaud Larlmn 



■ ■nitk. ruMatobto, VJtu J. CbrdoH^ JCurttf. Oluiwi>»*'iir<, *iid 
Raadonftal, PMabtnttiBliliT— Aa ligpniMd Hailuid uT miiDiibiiuiiiiii 
,lla*brMi, ptpw- ad olba biUn and alld Hank Irau d*f , ibali, ud 



1/^S^m aUDsnl •utol4iicc* 
«0«. T. Su*. JOL. IbMOT Bar Tvn, BUw Fao, yadilk— tDUuuniuHi* to appa- 

n^o* ftir cnlliBfl or dlalnliv^Pd T*|olabl« ndiianna 
OnT r Vr Moirbr^. nndfWd, VOCfc— lBpHIBM>Mto«rlllf 
(Ml ■' Pinriit, CUMImull, FrBBa— lM|ininBalatoEiDDluliirtii(lrun, 
«0^, >r, ratwTt. OMUUttuh. ftiea ■tap t a w al*to » a nnftn lBrli^o»»tiWri 
din. C. I'aufwt. ChiMIUranli. Flma— l^mfmato to DBBB&aMirUi Hal ud tai 

«ll, W. Papard. VfydM Ma t An toipmramai to bnMu — 1 11 -1 hnmifii 

to»M'4* b firfwnl* aad ^toto* 
sit II A lirwia, rh<t-«raH— UMbul of cnatranlBaandhMiiubuUdifui and 

ipiianau fw Ibr vtodtof otillk (ton Itatnwi^ lODBnudsaltoDfmnl', lUgBOB} 
dll l> rauidth W»l<r)i£— iBfrvtVBOnUtoitoaB UiUcn 

411 wr. Pmrtt. Oiiirta« ilMi' >D lapawd aoda of praaitot Bf fcr Iht bimIh 
«K J AHlHia, V(M HnaMcb— A* In^vrgocBi In too pnaat puwsUjtMSwJ 
■Ibiitoi.' lallB iln lamlbiwri nf mitiln ItiotoafdHa 
.Ud. T. On/, BMB-kw, SMpov— iBprnnamt* to •opaaUw t>(i>ihlii £bca bwa 

■iKdtotoia 

" Da^d J|to4 A 

'«» J Baato^ »«>»hwpi ni A— lii rrt pUaot'ut*riowrTw, adiadaJamhi 
- |>namMw«r»MtaMr 



Mlwr n I mill 11 ItUav bmI tm ilBinc nud talli ki>4 mr nwiiif lu L 
(T> n. Daita. Serla-airali Uood^i Tmi - Xu imiir^ji M if Inliiiii, inii [i fm jibwlii 

otd*. toM< BDd gl^ arUctoa. iL'omn.uiaiatiun (nin W. U. KtUui, iluwa^ 

Kn roMI 
mu A, rBCdkim, MaarhaaHr-Impranmata to •lasfatoeiT or lyatw fcr aidto( 

ana aad uUw tbrOB nMaata 
dgt. H. It. »aia. W«UB^bMBili. ;iaHbaiBp»MAlT*-liir» I WD i«a to I __. 

aud BDrifrilM pi made from Nat fr Mlwr bltaiauiMu ulMaoa* Ilir Htaisli 

IM. C, C. DauM, KoKUfliaD— A new aoatnutliai of lloon aod e^Utm «( 

boUdlua 
u;. W. f.. S'wMi, tklM«74at— Iniwnd aaoblDoT tot niuoc an* i.bWBdi 

ii'umEnUBlcdl&aU) 
U>. A. V. f<avUw, CbaDOarj-tuo— Ad Inpcorod (oniiruettoD of rnMff. CO^ 

iuuiili»;lnfl^ ' 

»0). A. Kdui, lUle Eaa. and T. Itobaa, Alitont*ic iinci— ad tspcaid pd 

laBtolor 
niTw; aT. «dvlbr, •tooalulax, nwr UMto- lufmnnnu in iraaU^ Itoi «•* 

mUifa el wndltB Btnl ocbw mlUa 
f9t. J, K> Dojik. Wen Farklcb. Soiit— An totpromniint bi tnatof cDMa oalL to 

utLur 10 artiact ajIot froEn cba oil otAatiinl Itxnfivu 
Uital JbnklO. 
dDI, J, XeaniHhBiuidHr, AlWoa WliartL K«naln|iia Banto-^ljanmaaaah k ■• 

piMCH i.r lERiKtiiaa Dlllk 
0>j, I- ibjiiaail, iUborlnA-m*. SEnud— lafniaiau >a tbt anftadMD ^ 

in>IIa mtihtr iprlng* M ma Himn . tob*, obain, aiHl otoiir (dAIm* ar aclMtoi at 

luKiiion'. (PuTlr aaiaiDiaBkahiuI 
Tni. lA lUjlK PuuliiT— An hapni<«l uctbud ot eooiuwttocaiid aoniHi nadD 

alMl wafT |iailE3Uarl}r appUafato to popotaa dUa aad aiwda tboPH^^Bn 

FATSNTH AFTUEO lOK WITH oaWUm SPECITICATIOX. 
(4*. T- Buroall, touibaU, Mlddlam— tiiL^iinird mafbiowjltar luiiBtKiiu^ 

AJIll lilv frMUi dAjr alODfl, OF IDllot vIEli 'lEIf'T maTfElpl* Wlffll ft, lU?. 

Rl |p. I'btloii, SUUm-Umait aujinnr— ■'"i"<'"<ncEtU touartDo aad tLcWtifcwfc 

EuqUfihodoEnpi EiuiF kff't^na.'-MUfx-h V. JK^T. 
(M. >i. A-Vfar. Mawaulnuttu, I ,$.-'A lu.-w u>d ocffiil nainllMi to In afltolw 

aivniWs Ik Uw >lilia uul tuub uf buUdlupk *Dd tor fwUnu Mba wnais^ 

UatApTwT. 
lU. W. Fiddtoc, >'•« Kcal Ko*d. Sutrrr— IinivoHiXMDU to macbUnr v inMB 

tv tbt nuu&ctiirt of piled IMitioi. abcUict plain or llKiir«l— Idknh It, IIH. 



nrmm—lDlbttortHBtaaofaUBMU'Dr l-mr. Firsdiy* ladm N ' Oaa- 
tdUud uf Fom," ID ear w— «> Doabw. fur Ibo miid " InnllnMa ." tbi mi'* 
m<u*M<l to utoUWto -aBflMBlka." 



Itluiit 

ud-tliat— Ad Imptvnd mnitnintoa «f dlnas b(B 
thofngld— lllttog Inn aad tit, at »mt oU» Ml- 




L 



THE CIVIL ENGI^•EER AND ARCHITECrS JOUBNAL. 



ISl 



THE SCOTTISH EOTTTTABLS UFB ASStTEANCB 

ROtlETY. 
(tTith m Enfraring, Piatt XI.) 

Tina Soaeiy, which ii otie of tha olitoit and movt t«ap«eUbla 
Icf tiM Sootdi ottOMi, liovi- riUiin the pout yoMr rcmoreil their 
^plkee of bualu«B^ (sr the LuuJou aaeacy, froi« IM, Kahopant*- 
■tKMl, to tha otora praiuiaeiit jMcftion Nok SOi Fonllty. wh«r« 
tli« aiDBll UU alBgint (Vodi which ftinu ooa of ear DliMtntima 
of the pmcot niMith hwi Imn orcctoil from th« dangna of Mr. 
J. Woriihajn IViifolil, of ChnHotte-raw, MkiMion-houae. 

T ho ouliuaiuaiinMirtiug the ardias t(>getli«r with th« tpaadrlls 
and panalaof tlit ptlaatwv^ m« of poliabtaJ P-.-(«i1imu1 grauit^ 
■id una as agrea ttU o conlntat is oolow tutd nui«rial to tho 
VRBaiadar of uio aloncvork; and Ihia mode af iotrodudDg 

riile ia now we pemiire being carried out iu rarioai bnililinita 
p t Bgwaa Ln the City. Tm plnt»^laaa tA eai;h wiimIow 
nnaalnr i« In one aatira hidats, and la Bnamallad witli tli* anna 
C( th» Bodel J, Ibe date nf [ocorpontion. Ac Th« oAcva on tha 
nontd-Boor bavc bt«u 6tt«d np in wainieo^ Frencfa poliahed 
Uroo^ftul, and connat of the publie offoe, Buuwgai'a nom and 
inedieal room, with laratorie^ Ac. on tha biWBaoti and kooaa- 
haapar'a roonia at th« lop of t)i« houaa. Tha works raflact 
iDBch <T«dtl on the biiildsr, Mr. O. Smith, of JE^mlioo. Th« na 



b b to b« ivgrettad that th* unprr jtoninn of tha hoiwa had 
baaa ratailt prior to tho SootUah fiauiUibli} obtaining rrntfinn 
of tha preuuiMk ai a anMU nilditional h«ight on the KTOuud-door 
would bave aililed luiicfa to the effect; but with Die hinited anaoa 
M ooBnand w« think mnoh credit it due for tha aUraatlr* fronl 
Anoa^ 




HETlEWt. 



/rr PdriiA Okurchrs, in Iht Ttrrt Stj/fft of EHgiSih 
iureh ArrhUtriitrt. tij J. Cumchan Haiit, AroliUact. New 
York : iMnaaod Col IMT. ppL 111. Flatca. 

1 are ao anl to aasoclate with our own ooaotry all tha int»- 
: Uiat atlnrtiaa ta Gothic archtt«!tUTi>. or at l«a*t to dream- 
Iterlbe U within RaniiMui limila, that ooo ia ■caroctjr jirrnircil to 
iMUti that Ita prindpUn an takiuiraloailjr niot in the Inr Weatem 
worU. Tet auoh npjMara to b<* the fact, if the rolunie betbrv na 
bcdeenedacrltMiuu; foritniniiiffnt* throughout auapprvclfttlaH 
of the ttM alamenta of I'ointnl an:hiu<clun! and n iilcolT of 
disGrluiinalioB which, it mar luiil}- bo profutncd, could cmnnata 
oaljr from a mind thoroughly imbued with the subject, and ba 
IMlataUa to readers already lu aonoe d^«e udi-aucvil in tha 
atiidy. To our Enriiah tan, th« titia at 'Domgm fur Parlak 
Choivbt*' la a rar? EunUiar louDd, and wa mightlw diapoaad to 
dliuxdaa tlta niaitar at ouee, under the iraptrwion that nothiog 
Baw oonld be added to wliat Iwi been over aud ovtir a^u 
already written', but a very cunnry dip Into tho eouleiita of ihiii 
book will conriooa n* that tha minn in not luitu oihaustod, and 
that aren wt way r«ou*% if we will, wholaaome hint* from our 
tw iw ath n tic ndghboura. 

" The vital pnndple of ttit Mudy of Oo^ic architecture," lava 
our author, "aailividtd into tha three gr««ti>«riod% uaiupIv. tli« 
Earlv Eo^lioh, the T>«»rnt«d Kni!li»n, and tlio Ptrpeudicnlar 
EBsIiali, la iIm embodying ciiher uuc of ihciu in a oomplvic 
dtaign. nnndulterated. aud frm fmm a<l mixture with tlie 
pnoeding or ■aoowillug period. No author tbnt I aui awni* of, 
in thia oonutry, him a« ^et iaaued a publication t>n)^ on tliia 
jtiudfit. The want, with all the bi'aiilifiil uiHlcnAl nt hnad, 
ahoaU ba rclirved. It i* hoped th^t th? atiiilcDl mn.}- 6iul Horao 
hinla of value to hlin In thii voluuic, wbidi i> a timple effort to 
■Qpfily a deficiency in the area of architeotuml publicatlcua.' — 
In mmuanep of thia tnotiv*, tli« worlc oouiproheoda a oomplet* 
analrik of thia style «F architocture^ principally darivad nvra 
En^iah aonroaa, aiM indudea au exajninatinn into the origin of 
tha English Gothi^— ita nometiclutiin.', aa ndvocAted by different 
wrttera (Ihat of IQcknian being iilthuately preferreil), — aud 
ttM aeveral pbaaM which it luooamively aMiiin;«il; iiit«nipiirasd 
with thea* tan lyiptoiu description of the varioiiait«nia of church 
ftimiturf, ir<ih«liailly and pr»cticnlly eonaidered. It most in 
r jvatic* be added, that the whole "getting up" of tli« book ia 

Kla. ns— VoL IZ.-M4T. 13ST. 



•varyway praiaawovthy: in the )etl«r-preai the author haa pMns- 
takin^y w wnprwaad a goodly anwonl of nintter, and tha 
tvpogiKphy ia pcffKt, whiTa tha nnmaront lillMgnplti« iUnatn> 
tlonaare nMre than equal to tha nsnal atanpof ancli pubUoattaM 
in EuglAud. To aav, however, that Om anhjaot-otaUnr of ^ssa 
plataa la muaI to ine acibject-mnuDer, wouliTbe nnduly to lualt 
It, ainca with all the ''vident good iul«uliotia uf the deaigurr, (hen 
ia aoiuothiug in almoat evnry deviation from rwogulMd old 
exaniplee the pniprioty of which ii opcai to qiMatkm, dtliar on 
tbo grouuda of ouiuualency with prinoiplea advocated, or of hat- 
moBji with thalr danlopmant. Do not let as be inUundorttood 
in thiarvBiAfki «» do not mean that aiMry thing Una ia "old" b 

Cd; but it Ml hatipana tltat tha antlior haa In tb« pntcat 
tuoca pmjaewortnily aeleoud aueb only oa hb nodats as mutt 
ooaw nnder the appronag designation, and ao trathfullv ha* be 
boTTOwad from thaaaaouraathnt Inatmoai everyone of bb viowa 
we can raosniae the outline Kroupiug of aom« w«U-kaowa build- 
iug, and, ill Ilia anDexcddetaib,tlia service n>ikJer«d by Brwiiloa'a 
'AnahraiiL' lUcy's 'Manual,' and other •tiuidanl pnUicntlona. — 
No aUitsiou Is uisJe to the iwiiuitivc fenturoa of the art, nor to 
thoaeof itadecliuiog age; nut two spedneDa are given of andt 
of the int«noadut« eru, in tho shape of deelgna suited to their 
raspeotin ohanutcriatico. and accompanied by ]>Uns aud the 
pa ct [W ary porta at large iu elucictation. boudea a succinct ile- 
■criptinn. In apeukiog of the Early-Enoliah stvle, ituraniArkad: 
" It wiw dorlug the pnnlaaoa of tba Early E!nglish styb that a 
great iinpotna was given to archlleotun, and probably to the 
projection aud erection of a graatar numbrr if occlMiaatlotl 
edilicea than ia any fonner or auheniueiit period. Ita groater 
flexibility and eaafer adaptation to the eodeaiaaUcnl wanta of 
those tiin«s^ the reduotimi of what waa heavy and cnmbroo^ and 
tk> almoat total disnao uf auj architecture tlntl putook oif n 
pttfU) ehaiacler, aoon ftrmly n'Abliihi^ it na puralr Chrbtlaa 
and. aa It wert^ indigenoua to the soil of the Chtinb." After 
treating of the doorways, ironwork, windowit, piers^ and aichaa, 
a* •Icvolopcl in lite earllor i^aa, the subject of "buttreasea" b 
tbni bricnj but dearly introducod:— 

"la llie Normaa sVlSt in whlrji tlia wslla wate vsiy Ihiok, Ihs 
buUraMss w«n martly bt prujootioda, afpareutly built oat of (he wall. 



mora for tba pun>oa* of rvUnf^ than ss a iliitiact arvMlon iinrmwtjf lot 
suppmt or reiutanoa. A oootinaiKl taduotion of the rliiiliiUM of tba 
Wftll, •ml oo increasil pngeotion ooiMv^untly givoa u tha Sm butlrtok 
eiynluklty madn it ■ ilutrnguliluiig fcklnni in tho AtlUM Mylos. 

"E*itj English walla tR uol ■» titick u ll>a*s of ilia Nurwan workSk 
and the aniniaa of iha lie baaia* in the eoastnutlon of iheir nMb, 
rendered It neoeaM^ Ihat gratfor rMlslMios should ha «van bj lii* trails 
to (he [xauiv bom the roof. Ii waa eflhetad by tti* buttrsss. At flrn 
Uiis butttass waa but a ilitilit iiTipnTamdnt on that of lb* Konnao, but it 
giadaal^ Taosivad ttraawr pmjiotion, wiUi a mlumd width; the iiwluia- 
ation of lbs sat-afla ia vary acuta, the lownc momhiir aomstiisea 
aunUiniad latanlly sroaDcl the bntcna ohen allowtd by the rcdactton of 
lbs unper stnge; thv augs* ue fsw, moai frfqaenlly two Id number, 
with (h« angtoa of Ihe butlrtai aomotimoa chaiiifiirad. pbio tlopsd, er 
omaneatAl at their ivruilnsliDna, 

" Tba plnnaclcrl, itsblBd. and arch bultross w«ra ool la genetal aaain 
this alylf. and wan loaslly tonniied to \argo buildlnga. 1W pUM* 
Hhic>i evidwTtly auuKatod iho gabled batlnsi^ waa sommsnly plaeed en 
till! alopintc wnttu-tiiiiic of a buitrsB^ oopng to ^Uaa. fte. Ons (■r- 
IJoulnr worth} of nnlica ts that tha wall* J a mainrity of Iha ntly 
Kngllah oburohaa. Mid their buttr i sii^ are devoid ot *U base meUIng^ 
or any afipnuimaiion lo a hssa." 

Design I. rspresoiita a «nall chareh lo aaaouMalate SOD wcs^ 
shipporv; ita |tlnn b oortvotly pmpartioaad and well ura^fed; nv 
are the olovationa in the miun amua, eiccpt tbo pord), which iu 
some othera of the il«eign« iklao ii very mragie aud bally. Tbe 
nave bprapoaed to be eslt'udiyl wntwardbeyoDittheaislai^aoaa 
to provide a space fcr the or^-»n. Thla^ however, b • sHnation 
which in nodam pntottoa U not much cniintcnauced. A almpl* 
stone gabled beU-tiirrvl riara ou the wmi w.dl. ThoaeooBd design, 
also Bnrlr EnKlish, wnnadmnwiD imixirtiuicenn thcfimaeroiiav 
and provides lor more awni'idiiTioii. A bx^r aud spire are here 
propMod to occupy tlie west end of the nortli aisle, aud to nuM 
neaHy willi tho axtenuil widb of that side, and of the want <oa : 
thnslar the plan b nmple enoogh; but iu tho elevation* Ihb 
aimplidly b disguiaed by an aEToclatioo of gnbica, two of which 
ria« higher than tlie oth«re^ and tlioiuih springing, duah, from the 
name wall, appear intended to louk Uke paeudio-tnuiaepts. Mure- 
over the windows inawtml iu tham are 1aueet>tripIel^«Milnity lo 
an almoat nnivema) CHnan, which the anihor himaall has noted, 
of yniBiiing them eepecially, under mck dreomatanoaa, to the < 



■ 



IM 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AttCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



ofid. *• Th« triplet vnoAo-r,' mj>i ho, " the nin«t mtknrkable «■»- 
binatlon nnd pcouliurit; of thii bIjIo, ia cfaiedly ooafhiCHJ to tho 
out aidoftlieduu)«l, unlit iiiuthlHpMlUentMtJtai^Imliini 
!■ DDoat ndUbte." The sicthod mizg^flMl for thn fnming of lbs 
KwAbuftradoMtd nnfininhod loa^biituBOtwitlioutingmnltj. 
Thvogb thntv kto rnngM of p'tllon juvn thu n&ve, Ui<j8e i^t^^ no 
unhcH, bot tlie htmaa of the roof lui'l tlii.* nWnj |>i«»* of Iho 
eablee plldt dirMtly on to theni. It U opro (o ([iMiiitian how 
nr tUaaawiialJiuttpoiitioii would pro<lnc«ut AtpvMblorMatt. 
In ^« two liMi^ii illuatntUTa of tho "Deoonited* •tjrlc, the 
one, M before, U nniplAr tbui the Otbi^r. the chiefly diMliictlT* 
ftulurc being, u in the foniuK- aaet, a b«ll-tuml or k piroporlj 
d«?eIoped MMpIe. In Uig foruiar wo b»v« ■ mmll slender 
ootagon, Mag u a triuar« from tho ground, and eapnod with ui 
)ktt«iiiiitt«(l ipTre, aomnbiaz like ko Mcieiit •xunpla at Swim- 
borrow, iMor E^-Mhun. Th« woand of than dteigns naa 
evid*ntlr bMsn fomidni on the model of onr «leg>uit Shottaebinok : 
tthtoh in outline it palpnWy nwmbles, yet m the pwle which 
fill up the cofajHMition a gmt mlitniv in ditcomiblc, *bowiiig 
tbftt Die antV^r i» b«tt«r MniukUited with chomctcrectic musing 
tluA with legititimi* doUtl. He baa duij provided a liuxe 
Inoeried w<«t window U feature wliivh prerailed in tliU •t;rra} 
copied exaotlr from &» old one at Boujjhlon, In Kent, Hia ta«t 
wudow i* <^ five ligliU, from an (u]iinll,T Cltinilar riniiiple in 
another pert of the cuuittry, and thenthor wiDdowa aUo are from 
ftnctent cxamplte, n<>t nlwnyi prociielr cmiaiitent in date. The 
plaii of tlii* ^urcfa ii that of a croa*,' with it tower and Rtono 
Diuach epire at the inteieection. The chancel and tran*epta are 
loQff in proportion U> the oare; but, oxtenuUtr, thia i> piirtiallv 
iunak<>(l by the aide chApels to tlie former, and the aiile on each 
aide uf the latt«r. [Brepird totheaceommoaation,tolargeacentral 
Area U la thu eeenredmay be deemed an advantage, but nmoh of 
tills It nece«BLrily interfered with by the plera which have to 
carry tho tower. The esplanaiof; ptaiee to tbia deaigiL m in 
the otbcre, have the objection prvTionaly noticed, of being mnltlly 
and ooaraely rendered where any devlatiaa baa Men mnJe trma 
good authorities. A atone altu- appeure to be Indicated, with 
nindry ritual and symbolic arrangeiuenle, but no niche*, or 
soaring turret), or pinnaulea, which coustitnle so <UatinguiihiDg 
a boautj' in "Decorated" stTucturaa, such m St. Mary's, at 
Ojdbrd, where— 

"aiiln. tone, tul plaMdt. 4 din wiw 
WkoH vlwd (Ulon IB Iha Bnollau mr, 
tb> MOV DaMBon s( Kbng OMIT pS« 
Km tflW e iVir br BwbiMlKil^nBllM 
WuhBla«Ulul«VBv^•P'nl-Ull• oi-pmIs 

Tolbs kiafaHIII*llII|IIHliUu'l lutuir CkIi 
Of sU tktt glatiaiulj >e iwlli or ik; 
BuMi Mm nnhlp a' nnr lui'if •;* '' 

The iwmalning style di<ciu«ed is the "Perpendicular,' also 
illuatraieil by twj ciampJci; one, ou plan forma a perfect Oreek 
croe^ Willi ft low si^imru tower rliiing from llio intefseotion,— a 
deeign in which the buautifiil little ^inrch of Poyninn, Sussex, 
haa evidently sen-tj for a mridol, though the ■upuradoed batUe- 
■nenla are Miythtau but an improvetucut on the original;^ — the 
other is of the ordinAry stamp, with au orthodox nave of five 
beye, chanoel, aialea, porches, voatiy, and squAre towor and apire, 
attachad to the weat end; altogether qnite of the Unoolnsbire 
or NortlwmptonaWie type. Id this, aa before, we misit iwmplalu 
of thefonltiaauof IhedaUil^ and al»abjeoitothelntro<lucti<ni 
of iliree-tight square- headed, domeetie-tooking windows into the 
cleMBiory. Id bia deaeriplson of the " PUrpMidJoiilur " styto 
the auth->r thus apeaka, and with a dagre of candour not always 
obaamUe in modem writer*.^ 

"ir the Deeentad atjrle be the aoknowUJi;*! perfnc^oD of Gotbie 
aMbiiaotiB*, lb* soaunit e/ aiehiieMuial nc4lla«e« atuload In Iho 
nrtiHk ages and eaeh an epiDiao bss (one nnos been teesdvtd — wo 
canaot eapoet t« Bod in a iraositieiial njie, mi tbv PirpendloiileT must 
thsn liii ilimiied. the pucitioit Iwantiei «iid eii.fllunoita which psrtaiu u 
but eee pufcel Gothic (ijls. TlieEwly Eugluhi*. in the same uuwnst, 
but a (naailiaD. It iiaMJated in the perfeotiDg of saolher iljrlr. lli> 
die inisplant State of Gothic vi; y«l it Is not on this seoouni lo be 
•lafireoiawl, slue* It eoeluDed in itself the t*nn which we* iQtinEquentljr 
upended and davelopnl into the I>«oonle>l siyta. fie with the Pntpen- 
aieuUr. DMivliuF Ita cb«meler fnm the purest sourae, its pndan^ 
Inniiiion gTvduallj led M a dobeeeaitait, perhaps not so duplotablo as 
that chjuH or sft fiwn wLldi the EaHjr EngUsb Oothio Diet iwued. 

"Tbe Psrpmdieahu- sijle omt hkvo morenedani advoeales thnn the 
Eaj(y K^iNt and (he [Xtoormiod: ;ct to Aspwage these stjies. for ihe 
BvnMa* at exalting the fonoer, ean only Mgua the •dToailiB'ignomico 
■n aH. Net mora iedieiewly osn the beaallAil Intrlcadea cf the fer- 
/MniUeulat ^jU b« ncriSosd te Ihe grand simplidlj of tho Ksrly English 




or the BiaciAd ooaibinattou of (ho Deeoreted. Bess of lie werbs, 

Bxeeoled even daring tht period of Ite uest dubased Uaie, sllll remnia (e 

" ■ aiusH lb* wwk aOuU ot uf> UUM K^L' " 

Nothing ia said reapeotiag the ecat of carrying out any of ihess 
dealgaa, nor of the malarial* aDntaaH>Ial«d. Tlw wnlUsg^ 
however, appaan to be nniformiy of etone in auMtU oouiiii 
roughly dr eased and irreguUrly qiwiiwd, — the ooty laoila ei 
pre u ervlng the true feeling of tbeetylo. Ae itwaa wdllaiddowa 
aoBB yeara ago by the Oundeu Sodety, " No oui' cui hn*v fiuled 
to obMs-re how seldom the aiideut Ootliie archUacie need either 
krgo atoue* or fine joiota ia tliair nutaoiuT. To find tiua 
peeiUiaritv at a titna wheu uo ec»t waa apued, and when tlie 
extreme delioeoy of workmnuihip in minor detnib waa wiau^ 
pasMd by that at any otiier age, is to ooiiviooe u* tlutt it waa Boa 
doetiluta of a aound practical reaeon. Moilara baihkre boaabof 
their anperior akill and gmUw neatneaeof worinMaaeliip in tli«M 

two rceptcta. Now«-dayi bulldinKs arc oonstmciad of trt 

larp: a^unml itouee, njlli jiijuri nf uliimet iuipiiiKplilili fiiiiiiaaa 
the nucieiit, of haiiimer-dreased ashlar, with morUr a quarter Of 
aa-iucfa thick between every la rer. This old syacemorcouairaiollTe 
maaonry eeeme to have lM<eu oeaigonl to iJtlco into ai>xMial tboat 
trifling satttiMni>ntii which are aliuoit nnHroiilnblc, anil which lor 
the moet part take phicc shortly nftcr the enctjco of a baildin^ 
otteo before the mortar hae buoome biird." 

Oiirnuthormaitlblly opjviiiMi the unworthy system of sAoaw. 
Inddeutaily alluding to thia BubJKt when dwcriblut; tbe proper 
character to bo given to " pulpita," hv write* : 

"Althongb it it dninble tbnt the pul])it should be nr«tooa. the least 
perishable if nil buililin); mjtc^rin), }-«t it mi^t be deemtd an mesa- 
sifteua]' to adriw lu uie in tho {InigTiii coiiUined in this velum^ to the 
Bxdueion of vofld, Tba (irinciple of luvine ciery ihlne Iho beet «r lie 
kind (hat wo ao sIFurd. will net b« attained until w* boiU nere la 
aoounluicv Willi our ciruuiiuiLiiiCfS, siui ilaro publlili <,h« [iniutioe lo iha 
world 1>y our works. 

"If twpnijr tliounmd dolbrt, th>> unount nf muty manor whkk a 
parisb laavpoesess or lubecribs^ will •roet an iinoilenlatinui chnnh. ia 
the Karij Bnglisb styK with nbanval-screen, doom and <uki* of veritable 
oak, and font and pulpit of carved none, end the wiur]on with (ha* 
sjinbolital painted elaas from the beat artiti'i handi. ii i> (nilyi 



honoiil. nere (JiateanHBllke and mere conaiiwnt with At ilifntly <f 
arohitsctutn. ibiui to huild the aaou eliurcb in Iho elaborate DaecMtsd 
Kjle, witli hIlw. pulpit, chiLnosl-soean sod doon et pino, (rained b 
UnitotiDn of what Umj ahould Iw, end oosling id (be end the sniii* amoaot 
of OUWoy. Naf. tho evil) of tbim ambitious byponriiy do not alwajs sad 
hers; it is loo oonunon U> And tho ohurcli it ila ooaiplctiea, giesAr 
iuvolred <n debi. s ooniiant df«in upon our psHib mourvia, and am 
SubJsM Tiir Suiidkf almebecgfiiiu tvnfiuiii: wbik it ii»i»i> u a MCMi- 
Dient of uiitnitlii, s pnncbor of ulaohDod in woodaodstana. Ifccesfae 
I Biy. if. takii>i; all Ilinu Ibinn into eoniidcntion, a Mono puhill CssiDOt 
be sflbrd«l, cue of rnriiable pme, cr cedar er oak, cae ha snJ oug^ le 
he Dboiea,' 

It is iiiineceeaary to quote from the rules laid down aa to 
Oniatut'titaj decorxtioos, or fWvni the very tiniel^ oheervatkna 
legarliug thn cannns of Oothic conipnaitiaii. which are ftvely 
•xtractaa from Mr. Pnloy. Much that is neefnl ia abe hinted 
reapeeting chanoeb, choini, guUeries, pewa, sedilia, ftc, and 
loclerni; there is aliM a aliort, but good piactSoal chapter on 
warming and vautllAtlng. 



Fucfi anit FaJlaeStt nf thn Stietntge Sj/tltm ^ ^CNrfns sa< aO 
UirM Tutaae. By JaxI'ek W. Rookks, C.B. Londm: Atehley 
aiidC), IHfl:. 

If the utatemcuta mnde hi this publication be " facta,' thaiv 
can be little doubl of the " fkllocif* of the sewerage ayiit*a : bat 
the question is, are thoy fncts \ la It poanldl^ after all we Ban 
heard and read i>f Iho " fiualiinit" of sewers in ordiv to remove 
the filth if the niultitude of Luuduu, that flushing Itaa do vKh 
eObctl — after all the uxpeuse iriuurred to increase the aopplr cf 
wnter br sucli purpo»w. that It in of no avftilt la it pomtblit 
that the old Board of Hoilth hu boeu crraLiug disease^ t& plaet 
of reiuedying it, by the street Intppiug of the sewi^rsT wludi tl 
appeara dutrly euou}(U drives the roulueM (lum thu fitth bade 
into the houses; although it keeps it ftvu the streeu aeodi it 
into the very places whera it could most eflktntlly do Ita aril 
work- 
la it poasiblo, that the " cftg-shapcd" tewers, respecting! which 
thore hiw btvu so much rackiing for so long a lime, bold filtk 
withiu tbeai eijuiilljr a« tlie old Oiit>bi>ttomed aewers, which bav* 
been voted as old monslrositias I And ia It poaalble, DotwMh- 




THE CIVIL 



AND AHCmXECTS J0URKA1-. 



iU5 



•II the laocwj vsmmM bj tbe nvlMU HatropollUii 
■■bImIom la eoMinetliig Hw«n, vbkfa wvra to makt 
on bealifcfnl bf cknying off throogfa tbma M tbt fll^i, 
Uwi in place of dcnn]! »a, t&oy hnvo bMO tukinK nuMiiitcr cmb' 
ponb tbroaghont thi? Ii!a|th luid ft Kood put of Uie bnwltb of 
•••IT Mrwt la ill* uMiiMMlia to ocmuiii ttoiiwi—C of tnrj 
coMMTabl* kliid, and bold it Ibsr* \tniil \\ bM nhaM dl ita 
pdaotM to b« brmthad br tb*iBb»bliaiil«l An Umm MManuDU 
*■ GMto," vr an Ihay " fBlUdei I" U Uiav ar* UU«*af,tii« Wtbo- 
rMM aboiil^l espOM Iham : if tb«r an koU. w tia not hoHtatt 
to wj Ui« ikatli«rittM aboolil br uipoxd. W« muM ooofaM Uncy 
upMT to 1m " Iketa,' Ibr «• fiml m ibe report uf tba Bagialntr- 
Owcral'of tb* 10th An^utlaat (givtn in tbU puUicatioaX (ba 

"Tba it b a w ia »tat«*l nra aatunl to man, but llMnrnvagM 

■M gnatlp aggntvalMl bjr tba pbjai<al ImpuritUa of tba aUBiV 

■ebmL. Tbadirt of tli« atrtrta out b* got rid of, tba vnoka of 

U» •wnirfiieiqraa owf be mwUrad l«a* dcnae, but tba third c1b« 

•f Imporitj ii iQTlaiMe: it ariaM frntn (be Iom ntanllM of Uu 

Keraniamt it l^xuliw ander tba houae* ana In tba aamnL 

Tnder th« praMiit >rniii^>«Beitt aorae bimdrada of thouaaoilt of 

DIM of tbia tnaltar lin in atorv in Londna, patriiyiaK io cm*- 

'aU and pareolating tba atracta^ while tlia rMtiilue la tbrowo 

< tbe Thanea U gnat eoat," 

Ham i« axi aatboritr vhicb can aeantlj bt ^vaatfomd. Wo 

IioqIi) like to bear iniat the Uvtropolitan Orauaiarionera will 

■¥ in reply. 

Aamiiniag ih# aathw't alatemeDta to be capable of verifieatloa. 

be^n«iRiou tbetiaritea — ahould UiepreaaatajnlembecontiDDodt 

Toot, whM U thf ba«t rfmedr, or wbkt ahonldbe anbatitnMitt 

ToalA it be a raimiv fbr the hanilrada of tbonauida of tone of 

buman ciovineot lying b store in Lotuton trader tbe bomee aod 

Id the lewen, to fant tn the end of theae a»aren anotb«r newn 

[fef 100 milaa In length, to be fllted la like nuuiDer, an<l which 

ntly ooold not rmw" ome pnrticle of tin- ■luif which 

ally eollartaaiNl remain* 1riiis<i')d<^rthiMtn-i-u I It nptioare 

I iu to be no nnedy lit all, and that eui^h a <oiiriie wnqld be 

•iUe in 9'nr;f way — a prodigioua outl&y without any 

, in hBtom. 

TtuvcMnMlhaqneatJoB — la the remedy nmpnv.! by (tieaBthor, 

■iUa t Can a laettl mkio be Uid thmagn th' niiitiug •^wart to 

tivp th* whole wvtar-clnuit 61tb nf Looitnti ; luid oan aneh 

PvMina hf made to diaebarxe their conteotii, without choking, into 

Ltenlu or receptaclea aa pn>pose(L — to intercept the maiter, Oiio- 

Jnnin^ it into a Buuinre, — and permitting the wntcr to paas 

••ay to a |iar« Mato into tbe ritvrT 

Tiiiii i* limply whikt tbe piiUioatioo anggeata; and which wo 
ntui «*y wa oaftiwl now we any r««oii for rejeciioK. The 
mtdtu npmarff appear io be ilniple and phUoaophivid ; and 
«• do not bwdta t a to reeommend tbe work to the careful jMtruaal 
«f all who an iiitanwt*! in Kuiiury impravewpat— aod who ie 
not I We bclierc it to be a i)U«lioa of paramouat intareat to 
CTcty inbahitaot of all large towna. 



Kbi 



THE LEADINO POINTS OP OEOLOOY. 



Paonuaon rniLun recently ooooluded a oourae of lectnna at 
ja Itoyal liMitatioa, on ''The Lsadiug PoLula of ticolqgr,' in 
'bioh "be bron^t httbrv hla aifliuuua llie luxin Uet* ef geo- 
logfal aoiasoe. acKl astJaiii^ iho luuet popular tliaoriaa which 
Imra baea prapaawM for the na^iUnation of Hm auccoMire 
pbaBMana tbat bavo oocuiral dunuft tlie creation of tho globe. 
Tbt aaocMHOo of etcala. the prntrrfwiivB vamliuua of auiiaal 
life, and lh« changee to Um |>byHiual oMiditiun of the KJ^ba, were 
optwideied la ibree grvat dirwiuna u! the aubjool. Wa do not 
'monoae to follow cloaely tlie conne pnniiod by rrofoBKir 
FbUlipa^ but weaball take tbiiuccnaioDlopreaeut a ocDonl riew 
peal pheDomotn, availing uuradvea of Mr. i'hilUp^a 
ao br aa aervea that purpoaa. 
nratilM roelcB of wbicli tlie cruat of tbe globe Ie ooBjpaaed 
aoaumed to hare buon <lv)>(Hitnl fnini lu^ucoui auMpeiwioQ, 
allmea at tbe bolUitn of tl»i te*, and in otiier caatn iu tbo 
Mtoariea of p^skt riven wbidi iit Itio ojiuac of geolagicalchaniiw 
l»Te eeaaed to daw, tbo tvcy buid* which tliey dfuued having 
faaio ajpia and anin aulMungvd Id ibu ooaan. The tust that 
IbMe imBanaa aadiBentaiT dapoaita— aevaral mllea in thicknwa 
have ba«n origiitalJy in horirailal pcaitioaa OHgr be taken 




c 



tor grantad. tnm tho tnj natura of their fonaUka. Th* anh- 
■oquetit elevaiiona of the atnta at all anglea of laolinatjoa, and 
tbair ovidant oonhNttoa* and oomprcauoua, ehow tbal long alWr 
their depoettion Ihxn wniar they were act«i au by aome intersal 
foroea wbioh raiaad up Iho Moantaiu rnugm, aa froan eeutntl tinea 
of foroe^ and hwlhttd the aupwineumbeut rodca towarda tba centre 
of aUration Ibr diUnntee axiandina artr auajf hnndrada of mUee. 
A geaeralnpheavingof tbeatrntaliy tbaaettoa ofaacli afbt«aU 
cieai|>lifieil in the geokigyof Etwlaiid and Walea. tht oleTntioB of 
Iho monntain langca of l3omwall, WaUa, ai>d Cumbniaad having 
|iroitu«ad a gaoaral tnoliuation of all tho itnta towarda tbe want, 
wbiefa inUuaaoo aitvoda to tbo aaataranoat narla of a«r illaud. 
The eoneiilaiona nf Natnro dntiag which tbeeo eideut diatuF- 
baneea of tho cmat of iho globa oaoinrwl, are auppoaed to have 
boaa •oeoapaoiad, If tha^ wara not cauaei, by tba action of 
latenaa hMt, which raJuOMl tho lower rvoka at laaat into a aUta 
of flMioa. That tbe roolca wan anfaiected to ignoowa actk« la 
inaiiitMl froBi th«r erTMolIina atraetMit^ and nom nnmaroiH 
iatanew of tba eiTident afaangfs thay have uodergoua by btal, 
iBdapandiiatly of tba avldaooa aObrdail by aitinct volaanuei, tbe 
lava of which baa boMi covered by aiihaaqnent dopcalt*. 

Tbe depoMtton of tbo ccnJ farmatioD marka an important 
epoch in gaologioal lualory. Tboae etraia ocoapy a poaition in 
relation to tbe wfiaU known Mologkal aeriea at a lUptb from 
tho anrfiwa of aboot one-third tlut of grauiio. After tbej 
ware <Upaaitad, the crurt of the doba aaema to have baea 
■ffilated oy a vaat aaaiber of iulomal Garcoa, Th^ne oonvnlMODa 
dHplnoed the atnln, aotnatunea naralyloonUy, and at other tiiMi 
tlw7 produced dittarfaawNa orar a gnat extent of oonntiy, 
thfowiag iha wbolo DiaM ilowa in one diraetkui, and nJaing II 
np ia anotliar, tbarahy oooaaiaBing variataoni in lovel of oaroiml 
bandnde of feet- Thow oout-vliiie actiutu ninet have led grrat 
inoqualitica on tbo anrfiaoe, but however much the rocka may 
have hwu thua rent and torn, and pped upon on* another, no 
indication of ancli diatorbanea nmaina on what was than the 
■urfiua of tlia ground. Soma lavalling opontion muat bavo 
followed thoM eonn^owi befiiro the aubaeqnent almta were 
dcponbed. which Bweni away the protruding todu nod ftIM 
up ihe bojioivi, and left a oomparMively aDOOlfa norlalnllBg 
aroa wbereon die neooudaiy attain, oanalaM n g of apwaria of two 
tiMiuaad yards cf aandaioa^ Uaa, oolUaa^ AuUk and dnya, were 
depeaitod. 

Tbe oanaea by which vnat uaeeea of rocka and enltpe nonn- 
taina have bfon awopt >war are anions tho myMerioo of geolo- 
gloal aeimiee, uor did Mr. ^Iiillipa in the oonree of hie iNtnraa 
•utar into aa asplanatiriu of the pbenoncna. Not unlinc^aaaily, 
tor iMlanca, ou the opnaite mdea of a nn^ of Dovnlnma tba 
Muto BiMCoaion of rocka will be found the edgea of wbEeh hav» 
been brought to tbe anrfte* and eipued, and tha underiylng 
rooka prutrndni The inUnBadlnl* apaeaa betweeD tbe aanio 
rock on the uppoalK aldia of tha mountain naga are br graatar 
than wnnld hava baoi oeowioncd by disruption aad aepaiuio* 
during tho elevation of tbo prituary rocka baaealh, and then 
■raat hare been iuunniaa innawHi of rooka carried awny by aooM 
•Bkaown agency, of tha acti<iD of which tharo ar* no remaining 
tmoea. Tho excavalloa of valliqn ■• a phenomenon of a cinilar 
bind, and though appanally aaplicable by tbe eroaire notion of 
ruunioit water opniatii^ during uuuutlfaa ngm, HUoh a eoono wna 
ahown by Ht. Fliillipa Io be i]uTio inadetiuat* to explain Iheegten- 
vationi of de«p vaUeya; and even (or that phmonwnoB no Mtia- 
bMorv aolutiou has y«t been aSbrded. The cirewBatsBoea 
attanding tha d(ip«iti thnt have been maite by tbe riven that 
Aow into die lako of tleiietA and of KMwick wnre adduced br 
iir. Phillipa aa proofn that the actinn of rivcre roBaing throngti 
valleja ia nut aiuSaienl t» account for tbeij- eaoivalioii. Wbm 
the Rhona anion tha Uko of Gaoova there at* large depcrila 
bvought down &om the mountaina. but they nach orar only a 
amallportiooof theanaof the taku. >o<l briote arriving at tbe 
point where the river again laMoa furili intii the lower valley of 
the Bhooe all indication of depoait diei|>|ifar*. It nay thai ha 
Inlhmd that the rfririf braogbtdowoby tbeupperlthonobavo 
bm depoaited ia ilie lake, and tbe qnaotity ia altogotlwr 
inade()uato to account for the excavation of the valley. 

Tbo foeatl ornnic rvniaiu* Hound In the ditfarant rocka aad 
atrata oibrd andenoe of nnothar Uad of dittinM depnnitiou 
at auooenvive perioda of gaologiotl liRW. In rnw>t«> and tba other 
ignaoua mcka tying immadiately nnon it, Uien are no limeea of 
Ofgaaifl ramaina. On aaocnding highor In tho aariea then an 
found (ooaila iubadded ihtvughuut the atracton of tba io<ka. 



I 



I 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ARCHITECrS JOCBNAL. 



I 



•howiDfr tbtf Ui« uiimlf Und i» the maMj «kbm during tha 
wbole time thai tlM fimnallon via gnuliullv JejxHiitnJ. 

"n* tint tnoM of lift OiBldrt of tho remaiai of uunula of ft 
low dtgTM «f orpoiMtion, Mill wtioM hftcdMed eaae* wkI (bella 
wei«tfitotomitauittieMtiuDoftM«t4od pnaaaro to which thej 
wen upoaed; whilal llie remniDa of mora dalioatc ofKaniiiBtioiu, 

■adi « tte •puQgVH. w«r«. It c* HppoMd, «flhMtl bi the vicdoBl 

Mtionaof b* uuT mwhuiicnl fnrce to which thcluwi'r nivktwara 
•abiteUd. An)(Mtiiiten!*tiDBf:u:t diadomt brtlo.'wnfowiil rotDMiM 
U, iLrt ktraooMmreperiodaof emtUin«aao«M[v« cUaM* of uimak 
lired in Uw mien, ud ttukt Umjt bieuM «xiuiot and ven huo 
wodtd br oUi«n of dlArnit, Md gananlljr of hiriiM, i»giuii»a- 
ttoBi. "niM* ehkogM an obMmtbU kgun and a^a m th4 
amu BUMMd Muti oUur towwdi tba anfftM^ In tba lower 
•alimtntAry roclu oU thf orgauio maaliu ar« tboae at lOAiiiw 
Miimsli and planta eidiuiTclj) noraraUisra Kay dialiucc iudiok- 
cioo* of dry bod ni tli* globs uiKll v« arrive at tbo ooal f-miia- 
tiott. At that pfrirKl, howo»«r, vogotnlioa moat bare bam Tory 
laiuriant The httit at coal arc ooUretf oompowl ot vegetable 
matter aocnmttlaicd uDiler circuuuUaan nuat brganble for the 
£R>«th of pUata. The remaiiM of *ueb pUnta a> an oooiaioulj- 
IMkil tn eoal m •tiilloieDtIf preannrd to ahov tb»t ihr; boloiig 
to tropteal dimiM, »ml that tni«a of pradt|pDua aiM oucupied the 
bcMta tbAtkrciiowccuvorta] intoooal. A* tbe oarbon wlueh 
oonatitntaa tlie nibitaiiee of &U pkote b euppMrd to b« ealirelf 
derived tnm tbe M]no«i>faet«, tbe iuib of carbon ooatained In » 
MuiafooaloDlyoaeTard In thldmiwi woald bavereqoiradkgM 
for Ite aocumatBtioD; and awiiiuiita tbnt tbe ooBMilneata of Uw 
atmoaphera of that Ancient perial were the MUS m ftt pnaeati 
it ia alculftlod tJiat it wo«ld liave ocoupial two bmidred and fiftj 
tbowutd ywn to form the (uU depoaiU of EimUnd and WaJea. 

The reiaaiDB of luid iwlnuUs do Dot occur till we Teach tho 
I«rUM7 alnUa. The vnat i^itiuititiaa of thnia found iu tbe ^psum 
b*da near Faria, whicli corree|joud in {^iogioal tlaM with the 
depoailioa of the Luu'ton cUy, first drew the ottontioQ of Cuvier 
to die Hubjett oif foaul boae«,'and tended iiut«nidly to etiuiulate 
moloalQal invartlgationa. OMof the anctintcKeting UirU which 
iMse loveMigattoiu have broazbt to tight ii, thftt tlie oeanir tbe 
imooaMive etimta apuraacb to the ■urihee, the mora cloeely do tba 
liMdl beaae neenible thoae of oxutiog apeoieei but ibkl ervca in 
the nppnmeat of the wriea of geoltvaJ depoaita— afiar tertfiim 
awajr ilie vegetable mould— organic rcmaliia are found of n nlotala 
that have beoodw eslincti and to no laaMnoe have auv fos»ll 
hanun bonea boan diaonvetnl. The inquiry into the ditlereat 
■peaioi of ahelU imbedded iu tbe tertiAiy fonnaUoDa haa proved 
•o atlRMlivo aa to have diverinl the altvutiou c^ geolo|patii, in a 
gteat Dieaaare, trvta tbe eonakletatioB of tba atructuK of the 
rocks of which the crnil of the globe i* compoaed, and geolutfical 
atttdv haa oonaoqQonily been too esetamvelj direoted to hinil 
oomIioIoiD^. The xnai minenduioU eoUecUon at the Britiab 
Unseam aSOtda a wunin;- eiamfilH of this tendency: for whtUt 
therraia being e»nliii<iidly added to tbecnilactiou iiumemiui ape- 
oioiaos of mianta rariauos of ehelU, them ia uot-^r, nt Icaat, 
tfaera was not a riiort time agi^-A single spedmaB of smuite, on 
which the whole svperatfuatnre of geologieal sod miiienduyical 
sdeaoe !a based. 

ThoUj^i geolnglaU are for tbe moet part eereed roepeotiiig the 
depOiittni) and onUr of auoceMion of diflentnl »lntta, there ant 
•avsral leading point* in geologj on which they atv itill at vari- 
ance. The oiua of tbe great cfanogn of tcmpcrKture of tbe 
globe which hnve occurred nt dlffisrMit gei)l'>;,'icul periods ia one 
of tbe questionA on which tti^v are not ngraed. Mr. Pliillipst 
after uotieiuc different eipLumtlona of the lumitted nhenoinena, 
attnbnted the higher tempcmtnre to the internal beat of the 
globe, the surface of wblefa has sines been eooled; but he did not 
sMlm soy oause for the ereat dindnutlon of temperature ife what 
Uoalled "tba facial penod." Whether the oievatioa of mouD- 
(aina and tbe oMocattoB of aCr«u are to be altribeted to eilii^ 
Otiauuj ecovtiUioDS, or whether Uiey were ptviJncnl bv cnuie* 
■till in operation, ia another puiul in diepuCe; Mr. fhiliipa being 
iaeliMd to take the progrsHlve vlsw of aiieh oliaugett. Another, 
and still Bors Inportanl, nnestion la geology i» — Wheuoo was 
tbe BSUer that euoipanm Uie diSsrent rooks derived ' If we 
aMOue cnuiite to lisve been the original rock fron the dininlcg- 
ratioB of which all otbera wav furiued, it ahould conlaiu the 
OonstiluaaU of nil. But lliat i« uul tlie case. The ailex, tlie 
alumina, and the poUus. which form nearly all tite chemical oon- 
allt«eitls of craddt*, will not e«ooaBt br the im ni enee liusstons 
depusiu; and even if we annme them to have been tbe reenlt uf 



M obtwned^^ 
It prabUms 1 

i:j 1 



aaiiBsl saeralwiHk tbe ouMtiaii wlienoe the lime 

remaioa uuuuworad. Ttisae, and aoma other difficolt 

in gKihigy, were bat alightiy ootioed by ICr. PlulUpei ftW did be 

allude to tbs dispulad ousee to which the [dwsinmwia of vok^ 

Bues are attribnledl Uncdi as geological iaveatigatious hava 

acoomplisbed, tbera niBaias still a vast &ehl to be eiplored and 

ample acope for speaulation. 

A strikiiig instance of thn diwgreeoient of geol'^irirti aa some 
of tbe l«dinc points of tbn Kienee wsa preseatnl nt Ibe Royal 
Inetiluticti, nal Friday nvctiing, the 84tb nit., when fntta Uie 
mmuapotwheee ProfeoMor PldlUpabadrMtatlydeclaiwl thai tbe 
tropical diuMte of ancient getdogloal pstiods was attributable la 
the liitemsl bwkt of the glow, PraAtaor BsmsaT annattiM*] that 
the climate would not hnve been affected by intensU heat 
even tbe half of a degree. Theevideuoe he adduced la ooafinna- 
tion of that opinioa. cert-iiidy pn ew e w d ooueldenible force. On 
the borden or Wales, for instance, mass** of tlta lowsr rooka an 
upturasd almost porpeudicubu-ly, no aa to brioj^ witbia ubiia ■■ 
IJoii etrata upwnrdi of two thouwnd yards in thicknew. Now, if 
the lempemCare of tlie globe incfmwa nt tbe mi« at wbitb It baa 
be«u asiertwl, there would have been a renr peraeptlbb dlfllFr- 
euoe la theaMlcm of lieat between the depoeflion at one end cf 
tha smea sad at the other, but oo each diffieronoe ia ohaerved i 
therefore ProfiMsor Ranuay infere that lbs rodu could not ham 
been within the raaga of igneous action. Another [joIbI whkk 
Mr. BnoM^ andeavound to eetaUiah was, that ihera hav* beta 
at least two "gLudal por^ods:" vix, the one gcnHrally admltUd 
by ^legists to have ooenrred dnrinff the dcpoaitioa uf tbe ti|i|Nr 
tertiarr strata, and a previons one, uumediately after the deDOH- 
tion of tbe cool meaaurea. Ue addaoed lu proof of that opialea 
the grooved, elrialed.and scnttolied auoolsr pieces of roek feurf 
ki the beds of msgiiesiMi lineetona, which are exactly nmilar to 
tlie marks found on rocks acknowledged to hare been borne by 
floating iceberg! from tlie nioiiu tains, and deponted on the 
bottom of the soa. The eriiiunoc iu oue oner, he avsirteO, U 
exaoUy theaameae ia tbe other, aud If glndid scIIod be admitted 
to have cnused the depaeiUnu q( tiuum fn^onUry rocks la 
rooeat geolopcol time, it miut niuolly be ailuiitto-l uthaeaaeeof 
the depoeitioii of Angnlnr slriuUii rrii|{ini.'iiU iiuiufJiiLtely after 
the fonnntion of the cdaI mooeuroa. &lr. BMuny further abowed 
that during; tlie depowtion of any stmtttm, whihn tbe lead wa* 
either giiuluallv elevated or de)>re«eeii, the diitncter of that 
•tnitum niu«t hnve varied iu It* cuuatliasiita anil in its organic 
rciimina, urid thua the auna oontinuoua depoait mar differ amaiy 
tioUy iu liilfoieBt poeitioos. This view of the foruutiiio uf etiata 
he siiil hid not, to bhi knowledge^ been previously ukea by any 
geologist, and he announced It lur ilie fiiet time uu ilinl oocadco. 



THE NEW BGADIKO HOOU AND LIBR.KRIBS OF 
THE BEtlTISH MUSEUM. 

Tab new RcadLu^-rooin nf our Nntitnial Miucuoi and libnfT 
ia now ui^;vi'ly ooiiiplctfd. It iluon tint iicuiifiy the entire quad* 
mngic within tbn main building, tbiirs Iwing uiiAVfiiilabty a elatr 
interviJ of froni ^7 to Au Uel ail ruiiuil, to give light and air to 
the ■nrrouudiuE buililtugv, and an a goanl agstnal postible 
dntniotion by lire fhna the outer luirla uf the Mneeum. Tt» 
dome Is 1-10 feet la dtMneter, its Iwigtit beiog lOO feet la Ail 
dlmeotiOB of diameter it is only lufenurtn the Pantheon of BoOW 
by dfeet; Sl Peter's being oiUy 1^; SL Unria iu Floroner, 130; 
the tomb of Hahomet, Bejapor«, 130; St. Paul's, 1 1 ^: 3t gnphta, 
C'ooslanttnople, 107; and the Chnreh at Danusiadt, li>A. In 
other partli-ulitm the new doaneUf^ superior. The new Brnd- 
iiig-rooni coiiiaiiis l.d.lO.tNX) wibic feet of <|iAce: tb> surroniadfaic 
librariea 7AO,4MXI. Tbe bnildina ie oonstmcted principally of iroA, 
with brick arohee between rnaui ribe, suiiporiod by an iron jitn, 
liariog a Motional nrefi of 10 siiperfloliu fret to (aeli, indnding 
the brick casing, or :{uii fi-ex, in nil. This esvlag of epioe by the 
use of iron ia remFvrknblo: the pier* of support iiB which oar 
dome renin only tbu* oa-upyiug iHK) f-et, whi-rtvii the jitrrs of Ihs 
Pantheon of itic-iue fill 7477 feet of anai, nnd thoae of the Tcsib 
of Mahomet S3U3. Upwatij» of SUCH) tuus of iron hnve been 
nsed in the cnnatruetlon. Th* waight of the materials aied In tba 
dome i* about 4di)ii tons— vin., unirarda of SOO tons on each pair. 
The Krat etandanl wu iinly fixed iu Januaty 18&Q. The frume- 
work and ecatTolding npou which the dome pasted were rtaiorsd 
on the £ud uf tlie JToUowinK Jone, No subsidence or "esC'nf 
niaterial was obaervitble on the wedgM being removed. Tkt 



THE CIVIL ENOISEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



Ebd ta Mid copper voKrirUiy kid hi flaptaaW 
mad Into iwo mfumU aphariad ud «oa- 
I dr^hwDbM*^ «xtMiliBg ovw Uw irhok Mf&Mi ens 

■ tha aotMul egrariof ud britk n»ltlag, tb« ebJMt 
Um aqHlimiiM of taaipcmbn* darin* oitMoiM of hent 
>y «nt of dioon; the otkor oluunW between the brick 

BftMd tb« iktcnal vUblo «ut&oe, beiur to awry off tbe 
■Ir &«tii Dm fiMidiug-reoB. TMa VMlilMlon U rffiKtsd 
jh kparUuw in th* owita of tb* arindowi^ and partly by 
at tba t»p of th« dome; tha bad air pauKtnjr tbrnaKh out' 
wvidad aroiwd liie Uotem. In order to obviate Uia effecta 
I*"—**", all Uia akyllgfab^ laBtaraa,aad wiadowa th rough- 

■ Mltfng an donbhh Thaqittati^af ^aaa u*! aaimuiM 
■t 00,000 Buparficial beL In onbr to jiuard agMnattha 
[iMBfiT iif an avalandiaaf Mowbllinx trcau the done <m lo 
iwadiog Ubntieik Ui* baUdiog tun been wtied up oat- 
KfMdmlar to mam a hd^t aboM tha apriag of Iht arch 
mm a galltrj 9 bat m width, provided inth proptr outleto 
ioh tbanow ia intcreeptad. 

I «aat dome ooaUina aoiple and ocfnfartable aooooimoda- 
r 300 raadeta. Each petaoa will bava a aepania table, 
D. loag. He ia aoreened froK the oftpeaita ooMpant by a 
h^Dal dirio'in, whiditi flttadwjthahaigeddaakgndDatnd 

rack*, &Dd a folding ahelf for afiara hooka. In the 
\ the Iwo^ wbuii i* fBoeaeeJ, an inkalaiid la filed, 
■MiUbla peoboUera. Ihaa tli« vhula labla-lop ia ftae 
' ]»g InplamenU or other embairaMiBeutet aad wnrj 
L b taken to prMerva the bookaiftbe nadcn will but 
wearoL 
t frainework of each tabic ia of trfni, (brnung atMiatributlng 
■klch ara oMttrlved ao that the air ho^ be daliverea 
iioftof ibaloaKitiiduMlaoraon divmi.ia, abova tha Uvol irf iwrtft 
Mdaof the riwdwa, or, if deaired, only at each and podaatal 
[ tabh% all the tfBllete being under the oontrol of Yalmfc A 
r fbolrail alen p aM Bi b«in aiu) to caid of eaah table, which 
>*>ft(ttrraBtM warn wator paaeed throiwb it at pleaanro. 
P OaialogiM tablee, witli ahDlvna under, and airdiatribatiug 
iMImaB, an nuijicd in two ceaoantrie ardoa anxiud the 
Laapariatandeut'e oiicla«ir« or roetnira, tbe Utter Iwliiji 
itln laUea, tkkatboaea, and wild dwnrf »rtiliuDa eur- 
4 trr |Uaa nieceia. divldiui; a inMO^i! Iwulmg l-i tli« eur- 
Bg Intarla^ Tba padeeuO* of the tiMm tvnu ttilm* com- 
mam with tbe air-ehaicbar below, which i* <ife«t high, 
oapiea (be whole area of tbe Btndiiyrooia. It ia ficMd 
nt*wKl«r pipea, amuitttO iu radialing linea. Tba aupply of 
lir ia obuiacd fci4u a eliafl GO feet high, built on tha uorth 
t tbe aonU wiag abo«t SoUhwt dieuutt, ooanuaieatiDK 
k tnonel or Mib-wny, which luu bnuiche* or "loop-linee 
•ritb Tal*«a for dJvarliuK tbe current uithcr wholly ttiniusb 
Mliog appantwi, ur ihr^ugb the ool-J-air lluea, ur poKly 
h iiOier, aa oooaiioB iDxy miulro. The air-ultanuala an of 
ni capacitT toodatlt a «ii]>i>ly '>f fmtli air Cnr JJOO paraoaa at 
I of 10 cubie (e«t per minute, and at a valocity iwt asoeed- 
< foot par aeeoDd. 

Iia new Ubnuiea two Ufla an plaoad lA eoavenlant atatioos 
I Mrpaae nf ralaing the boola lo (ho taval of tlie aama] 
' floors The bookcaw ar* nf nnvtl and elmple eonatrao- 
bo Bpri^ta or atiiiidnnli being formed of nullcnble imn 
iaed B»d fmiaed togellier, having hard wimhI iiieerted 
at tbe i(iM (o neeintha braw plM npon which theahalree 
Tbe franeworfc of tba bcokateee fomn Uie annpnrt for tb* 
mHjiWmI BofiTH r>f the giiltcirv annuo*, and which are 
Uf it^bt bet wide, tlie oentnu ais ftet Imlni; npproprlalod 
pt4fnBl«d Soar, and the rnuaiuder \jnag a cluarapaM 
n the badt at Ibe biw-IuaiMl the dootiiii;. and l>y whiob 
naoe (bo lkb( from the akytlghta (in nlfcwu extradlug 
All! width 31 (h« BVenuta) •• (hrown down the hitck of tha 
Im aacb aiory, ao that the tcttering of tbe baofca may be 
dbecreed throngbovt the book raii|^ 
afaetrea are funueil nf iron galvaiiMad plaloi^ edged nith 
Dl and ounred with nueet bide laaUier, and having a 
kU attached. Tbny an fitted at cadi cod with fpUvanteed 
Mtber oovnrtl. anil wadded pad* jibicted xiaxl the nkeUtoa 
•a 6waii% to prevent injury to the biii>liiig when the 
Ian takes out or roplaoad. Between theae pad* tha 
■n Cnning of tbe caaca forma an apennre, hr wfaioh a 
( of air may pnae a&d ronlilution be kept ap tnnu^ont. 
lalvea real upon braaa-pink, ibe hotea Ibr whidt are iwerwd 
la-iiaarten of an inch apart Croxu cuntn lo eeatra <vi by 



137 



a eontrinnMe in cranking tha thaft of tba pin, wfaidi bbt be 
tamed npwanb or downwanb, tide intarml It nnelieatly halved, 
and thopooitioBortbeilielvea may ha altered tlm»4ightba of SB 
tndiatatlnN^ Tberaai* VO^IOof tbeeebolat 

For eonralMica of acaaaa U tha oUcriaa tbe atalreaaia hava 
been pheed ao thn^ tbioagtiout tbe oailding. they an within 40 
feat cfnch oUmt. Hie boildbig eontaina time ioit<a lineal of 
bonkeaaei^ and wbloh Ib all tha cann an algbt bet high ; aaaitiB- 
iog then all to ha anaced br Uie avmgad ocUto boo« ekm^ tha 
entin ran«a ftem SA mjlea of ihelvee. 

The oooi, about IfiO.OOOl. indodM tbe attinf> and fnniitnn 
and the neeeaaary ahejvea for the working of the exiitliig lihnry 
eeubllahmanl. 

Th» deeovatJOM of tba tnlerior deena it happily an exoepticu to 
tbe moBotonona and dinn abadorwa oaaally adopted in tbia 
eouulry. Light eoloon and tbe punel gUding bare been pr»- 
b*T«d. Tbe gmt room, tiMr«(far«^ DctwiUiatandinij ila circular 
ahape, baa an lllnmlnated and elegant aapaeC Tbe inner aar&ea 
of the dome i* dliidcd iotn dD omnpartoaeitta by monldad riba^ 
wliieh luv gilded with leaf ptvpaiM ftom pnn coM, tha acAln 
being in cnuBealBl paitema, and tbe edgea tanehinji the adjoin- 
ing margfiia fttngad with a leaf-pattera aeoUojNNl tdg«. Each 
oompartOMtit oontaina a eiroaUr-lMaded window, m ftet high and 
IS feat wide, with three paneb above, the central one bdng 
nedallian-ahaped, the whob bordered with gih monldlnga and 
linea, and the field of the paitria finidiBd in eiieauatie ann bloo^ 
the Nrronndlug niaiglna wing of a warm cmn oolunr. Th« 
deulla of tba widowa an tnat*l in like manner, — the a{andril 
panola blue ; tha CBriebed oolnmu and pjlaalar cma, tbe ooiitral 
Ildw«t% tbe border moulding and linea bring nldad ; tha mar- 
gins onam oolour thnnghout npon the topa of tha main ribi^ 
The mould rim of tit* lantrm light, which it glided and 
oranoatad to oomwpund, ia 40 feet dinmetor. Tha aaati ia braed 
a( ({ill moulded ritia of n mv-likc pattan, emanating from a 
eentral medallion, iu whidi the royal nonegran ia dlomat^d 
with (ha Imperial onwn. 

The nnder eoniiea, fhim wltl^ tb* dome eprii^ ia auilahly 
muive and alraoat wholly gilded, the fringe Iwing fomeil into 
paiid* bouudeil by line* tenninatio^ at the end* wtib a gill fret 
omiuiieiit Kach oompnrtment of Ihe eomico i* Binrkcai 1>y a 
bold euriehed f^t ceneolo^ wMeb funae nt once the ■upport of the 
main rib and a baae m otatuary. The feel of ineao rib* ia 
deaignad br wiTaaail marble atataai, th« ndvunt of which an we 
ardently invoke. 



ARCHITECTURAL IMPROVKMENTS OF I-ONDON. 
No. X.— Ock Sraans. 

Tjuctm) leave of Now UuinoD-atnet, City, we may nmaric 
that on it* eontbvra aide, extending eaat from what are lermed 
Unity- biiUdinga lo Kiug W ill iiuu-«t reel, several very fhir ex- 
amplaaof alevatlon* liaT«b*Mi ersetad of aaunilor claHf but not 
quit* to omaniciilal in chanwur, as aomo of tlioae pnrioaalv 
notjced. We ahatl heexenaed if wo beatowa word or two of well 
merited pmiee upon the oolooeal atatae of WUtiam IV. and lla 
eiroular padatlal, whloh elands at tbe JoncUoB of N«rw Caa- 
non-atrett and Ki^ WlUiiun-etreet, and liBMediataly being 
Londoa-bridge, Thia, aa may be readily OMMtivad, ia a mmi 
admirable iiliHition for each a wn«-k of art, inaamiKh aa It may 
be Tiew«d all nrouod in evn-T direction. Both lUttie anil 
pedeetol wen- cut frvm the aolid Iu gny Aberdeen p,Tanite, bv ili* 
[U-bl«d and ill-roqaiiod ^iiog aomptor Nixon, ntid «UiilJt an 
•ailuriait mnnnment of bit grrat abtU^, aturgy, and untiring 
indnatry: J:-- work di>|>l»yB in a dookrire maniter tlie groat 
aupuriorily of atone over bronM f»r BculplurHl worki pincol in 
the open sir in London: ke, wlilUt the ft>nuer luiiiiLum to a 
mat ealeut ila OoloDr, aD<l ligbl and *Ij»ii#, the latter exhibiU 
blank, diamal, mekuieholy objectA, thut inateadof h*Mitliyiug«Dr 
metrapolit^ diafigun it, and lUEutd aubjoota brdepneaior^ oom- 
meut frnm foreigDen who riait ua 

CiutlnniDg our mbieel, a* raearda the arehiteetmal eenbri* 
llahmant of onr alravti, w* may cWrvc. without anytliing liJia 
iuvidloat oorapariaon, that onr City inMtthAiiia, apeoitlMora, and 
ahnpkeepenL an br in advance of our Woit-inid men in ihla 
napect; and w« rvjoioe to be euahled lo vy that within tJio Uat 
few y«an many blgbly praiaewonliy exaniplea have beeii bnilt 
in varioua part* oftha City, ibal might In their day huve done 
boooor to even Uctn* «r Venioe ia Ibeir paUuieat Lta^v 'C't* 



138 



THE CIVIL ENCmGER AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAI. 



^ siiirit of iiniicavMMfit, hwtttd of abttling, b ieaiiMj on ik« 

M Uw very DuaorooB vorka bi>« in prngnM watt- 

tiif Jprvrv. Aioaiijfat Uiom of MrlUr dnU U tM builditiK 

rUoh nniM tke MuUi-outtem eoniDr of Bnrtholrnnow-liuic u)d 

Cb(iMdiiMiU»«tra«t, iloiimed for tbe tiuo Tm Ufflon Commnr 

— ProCaMor Oodunll. Tllla •inioUtr* iUaHntn ia aa nniimit 

I *\uA mtf b« MOMBpJbfawl with tbt elmiMaiM of Gi««k 

ItlWctan, irtiM plaeed in tli«hiwid*nf abMoormpluliod niMtor 

lud (rMlr UMtod. Of oonrae we ore not kboat to eotitoad tbiit 

[111* bnildiii^ b pnfsct— far from tl, m wa oooitt readily point 

mt in ii mmt WomUhea and uoewea In deuU: but wW w« 

>i*h to urn i% thai tha olorotluBs of this odlfto* oviuo* uumla- 

|ltjH«blT whnt rniffbt have been pKxlilCicl hud tho triw foaUtift 

t Orate art in all iu reliiiMiient baa iaiiidoaaljr foIlawDd out, 

»Und of Iwt1b2 bUoil in it» aumeaaful kiUpUtioa in Knfland, 

Fw it liu uiiqttMtioaabljr docie> and giytv place tn & atyle of nore 

■utRtriciau* iplaDdour, but ou* which doM not eiU forth lh« 

higlMc attributca of Rcniu*, as iMiKtRiud in tlio workiog of 

"PtaUliu, lolioua, Mill th«tr onut^mpnnuin to the Pttridcan ngc 

* AoalMit Orwo«. Thia foilim ia attributable, not frum the 

atyls beiof laapplioable to our oliiuale aoil want^ but 

dm the fkct Uiat wo nad no imq or men at U10 right periud 

vbo bail the ir*i><i** to nuin a jniUdona wnaleuniitiun nf Greok 

ind Ilnliao elemeota^ ao aa to pntdnar a aatimotoryand vigoruti* 

vbot^ ioatMd of tha tana and (ojwi iwipidilieH of the elder 

[IVTait, Stuart and Rivett, 8naue, &ud Sir Bobevt Smirke. 

)>r(ifi-»ar Cocknrell led the wny loa bett«T«iil« of tiling*; but 

»iir<>i-tuiiiit«l]r bo alood aloM, and bad dc> fnllowrn' who [mt' 

•etoetl the maiu qmJilicKtiona for the tank — thiwe of ori- 

^.(iiMlity of thinking, and tlie apirit and ability to abandon all 

FwrMt copyiaiB. Do not let na, howvmv deapair when we 

know thitt wi> hnvD nbl4, Tor; able, meti atuoiigvt ui at the pn- 

ecui lime who are doini{ in'cat Ihinj;* in the Italian and Preneb 

Iteoaiaaanoe etyj*** Dotwlthatandiag the Mm: dof^ntlnuB of the 

late AiigDetuaWelbj Fugin, and the aophintrica of Kuikio, that 

L happily ATo Dnw brnwoiing rapidljr eiploded ; fur every one moat 

iMdniit. however rrlnetant^, that Italian arcblteotiiro aft«T all U 

iMmewhal bettor than "rottto rafti," and that in ooutso of time 

I «f our etnota wUl preoent pietuna of architoolural bcaatjr 

''irortbj of the i^at oily in which we live. 

In itie aoiuvi Vim, in B&rtliutomcw-lane, we tany nlno nntioe 
three other hnil>ling4 — not fur thvir j^ood deeign. but the ravene. 
^Tho fim of theao ia the AUiKnoe Inaumnoo Company'* Oi\\-x. tlio 
' ■■ of which ia formed of a plain {(round Btory. nunnounlod 
a Urge pfdimonl, aupjiortml by frmr attactipil flul«I 
ne, having cnpitals iidA|4«il from IhoHa of the Teiuiile of 
nIL tJeit to thin i-difloe, and aa if equeesed between it aod 
llha larici Auction M.-irt, I* a humblo-liMikiiigRtrDotnra Ciiced with 
IVbIWw lirifki. which cut* nu odd tipire niuongtt \U Urser 
I brethren in fVirtland etono. The Auution Mart hna uitcrnuljr 
Ift Aomiiii Dfrio groutid-Bocir with a Mit<erHtrui.-tiin> prveentbg 
fUia iBOcnuiHtOBqr of flntmi cf>liuiiiu, with (Irwlt fnaic capltala, 
upportioK a jpecUineat. On tha Thrwulnndlihetreot aide of the 
[Biu Ifin Omee, a plain tbree-atoried oonipoed building nbiite 
alaet it, the pantiet of which rendie* only to tbe eoffiia of ite 
' windows; and ne&t thia ie tbe North andSonth AineHoMi 
I Hnowt, which iaoneof the ajil(nat«di<lM« In tendon. On 
Fllie parapet, fanckod by a chimney, and mpprirtnl by iron otaya, 
[h th« Rpreeeatatian (« a huge gilded omk, rniton ci}[)it feet in 
bt, Hnaing, ae a, whole, the nioat abeurd apoetade that can 
M inw^ned. Thoaa two bulldlo^^ ehoutd aMuredly U 
I^IBOVrd, and raboilt in a atylo nnd eice COrrMpODdlng, in aome 
. with Uie t'irv Ulticva, which added to other deainklile in- 
oveoMnla in thia looOily, pmviuiudy noticed, would f»rm 
lanother groap havbg some claim to tbe chancter of a^ahit<^clun■, 
' inetead of renuninf u they do, a diagraoe to thbi part of the 
«iiy. 

On the northern side of OornhiU, the Enjiliih, Seot«h, and 
Auattatian Chartered UniikiuK Company have r«rantjy erecteil 
larea new boeineee preiiiiHee, the etreet facade of which ia in the 
kllaJinD atyle, de*igui«l I>t Mr. nrniT Baker The mal«4a1a are 
t-Fortland aton«v red vnuiitc. and Mintoei'a and eneaUHtic tilfe 
rvery judiciniialv blended. The i^ranito, wbtoh ie highly poliihed. 
Ih applied to the grouud-ator)-, and forum tlie pien and arch ud 
(bead of the window and entrauve d'Xirwny, and bIihi tbe oolamua 
[which (nrm tbe vertioJ divudooa of a Urge window iu tbe lint 
nf Uia aievktion. The plain facinga of the ftont, together 
ith the drcBKi^ of the windows and prioeipal ooraice at tha 
^flftTM, areall of nrtUnd atoue; in whidi miterial idao, are the 



varlofu oamngs with whioh the edUea k CBbeUtaked, tueli 
the cevata *nd nottooa of 8ida^ and Hettmume, with pen 

VTcatha auapended bom Ibeni, repreoentiog the fmita 

flower* of AwtnUia, oeeuted hf llr. Bolton, iritb hi* ohmI 
ability. Mintom'a coloured lika an Inaertad In tha meenla of tbe 
window drweain^ aud alao in the friese of tha anper oofniot^ if 
which a partial uiUuduetion of oolonr ta diflneed fioia tbe bonom 
to the tcnuiuation of tbe huildioK ■'' ^'' '»'"*, prnduesng n vtir 
ealja&otory reentk II nay be muarknl ihkl the prioeipal 
oomio* at Uiia edifioe Louka aomewhat heavy and exoeaaiva in A 
proJeciMB; faul it liaa been daelguad tar aitenaion, oa tha aajioln- 
uw property, belonging to tha aaaa owner, ia deatiaad era leag 
to oe rehniJt in a correapmding atyle^ whioh ia very d^inhl* 
Paaaing from OomhiU to LeadeiihAU-ati«at,an the notthna wit 
of Uia latter ia a wall-daaigoad ntodn* einaturei workad ooi 
with Tory good etfeet. It oompriaee four aloriee in height abon 
the curb kwl of the etreet, and iUoatnUee. with a oonadamhl* 
amount of eoibelliahniont, a jodioioiu mode of obtaining nlaiji 
miautity <i{ li|;ht in a Bomewhat narraw pubUa thoiMi^i&Rk 
The whole uf the window* of the &9ada are of wida |TP |fiti< i t i 
divided in three Ughta, rertioally, and twoa«Md beCeraaB |it«ta cf 
amidl projection, wluch are taatefhuynartioktod with TamieiiUtMl 
and eltiuitielled wurk. The entrKooe If the bnildinjc ia in 
centre •<( llie frou^ by 3 aeniicirciilar headed doorway, da 
with iJoria oalumus, iu ^re, luviiig enriehad ApitaU, 
■nenutod by an approprinte autahlntiirn, the friaae of which ■• 
oompoeod of Crif^ypha and jmttn, and ia eoatinaad, vn; 
jndiaioiii>ly, on eneb ude of the doorway, to the bounding qaoim 
uf the edifice, au tli&t the prujeolad entniM* haa nnl tbe ap, 
anco of being atuok againet tha uain wall, aa ia too oflao I 
ca*«^ Ovor Uiia aulnnee doorway ie a aegnMutal enrved 
Bient, the tynipannm of which hiu a ihield ia its eentiv, 
eaob aide foliage very vigorously executed. The windows of I 

5 round floor are a^neutal-headed, having carved fiwea 
ey-etoiiee, anil ipandrila iUled with very elhetivalr uodaBad 
omameDta. Howener good tha effect of thia building b, an- 
ludcjly its appcamnoB b in a great meuure ipoiled hj toe mean- 
lookiiig hoiisra thnt abut agwnM it ou eaich aide, which are 
entlraly beuvath alt oHticiam. In thiH alreet, oilier i ni pr^W^ 
nanta, on a amill m-ale, have been reoMilly offKted at Noa. 116 
and 14Si but we fenr nil iK'jie f>f iceoend good anhttectnral (AM 
moat be aband(mi>l until n uttled plan ia adopted by Rtrihunant, 
which will enforce Knne degree of uniformity in baikltog, ami 
alio currcct the highly imperfecl and ecceutric linea of nMt cf 
our etr««te^ eo aa to reduoa tbom to eotnetblng like geomelrfe 
form, iueUiacl of the nneven slg-ng appMmnee Xuty now praatnt 
In nuut of out city atrvetn, we limi aonie of tha boOMa la a 
stnuKhl litie. adjuininit to which, other* bmneh fpoan thoa at M 
obtuee angle: itien iu many ioaUncce the nest batch u rece^nd^ 
and ila neighbouring buiiriinj; prujected, the whole pnaeMinglS 
irr^olar, niKxIoily-pigglwly ium». totally ontinging all roleaef 
hattDonioni •ii^git. 

Anoth'O' biiildio^, doaigned with the idea nf obtMntng aa 
nmdi light fiH jHissitile iu a narrow iharDogbrare, ia now in 
pmgtwH ou the oorlhem aiilu of Fenahurofa-ot«e«t, althoiRgh net 
deaignod in auch K"od prdportion, nor flobhed with ao naah 
taste aa the one to which we linvc adverted. Thia atriMMi^ 
however, deiaonds atteuiiou aa contaioiDg some noreltlca ef 
eonatniction, particulnrlv iu the appliuatiun uf iron- The edifice 
ia lo be let for oKom aud chaEii1>>-i'«, and hna a ntreel frontage ef 
C7 fet'I, And a deptli of 1£m £r«L. Itn height fr^uu tlie Ibotfaah 
level to tbe priaTt|inl cornier at the eavei li 4) feet, above whkh, 
in tlie centre of tlie elevnttou, ia nit adilitiDDnl itory of 10 fiet ia 
haislil by 34 feet in widtli, tniTieil up on the aane' plane ae the 
mail) fivnt. with a dnraer at imcli nod iDeerted is the alopfaig 
line of the roof, whidi w covered with elata*^ anaagad Inaiiiii 
wile. The whole of the window* in the al^vatiaa ara dirlMd 
vertically bv irou Btiinchiona: thoeeof the ground and fint flaen 
are aqnare-headed, above which the nmniuder are aemMnralar, 
with nioaldad Hiaodril* and key-«lon«« in their archM. TV* 
blank aurfnre* of tlin building iwn faneil with Portland alone, and 
the whole of the window* arc intcnd«j tu be gloaad with plai*- 
gloaa. luienuUlv thia atruclure has the neeuliarity of MOf 
built iu IhrM dletiuei blocka, emh of whidi m ventjbtad hj a 
Bi|iiar« ehajl or area, eitouding flrom tha level of the tweianinl 
ihrongh tlie roof. Tlie pluB aarihcae of thtea ahafta, aa wdl m 
the raveak of their wiii<l(iw>, are lined with MintoD's wbit* tUek 
aad, aatiBe(|u#ut.ly. will nid very materinlly in tbe diatrlbstbo <f 
Ught to the various aparlmenlM with which they ai* oooneetad. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



IS9 




SEPOBT ON THE ffTATE OF TIIK RXVFM THAMES 

FliOM PUTNEY TO Ri3THEIUnTnE.» 

B; BoWAks BinwiAU, Ovaauader, KS. 

HAvnio Wn ivpplbd with th» ptitBiiMd* bjr Kr. GUoa, nndor 

1^ dl wrt iuB of Mr. TalforO, in 1 A^ I «DiiiMcl mj otmtmtiom 

IB tiiOM nrto of tbo rivrr ou wliiab h« UwD iB«le lnui4v«tM 

tr^ifi-. Ml onier t« Mceriain Ui« chwDtfM ibM hftva bkkau plaoa 

I UiAt pvriMlj ii> •JUilioa 10 whlel) I lun Budo • cmfiil 

'oallM of dia bad of tha rirw abora and balow tli« out- 

I at tmeb bridfi^ ■howing alio a tnuiarena «aoUou at aaoh 

I piiaitioea. 

; n«<r b> oatl r<mr atuolioa to thm Tarloiu oh&uga* Uiat 

I plaoe, aad la onl«r to bavg oomcl umpariama, tha 

am ha*, tu avarj ImUnca, bcca f«fcrt«>I to, vir, that of 

lifcli Water, ai nUblUliicd bjr Act of f^tfUamienl in 

and rEcUUrad on a largB ■(ou« at tlie lower Me of the 

» autnooe t« London Oodu, and tntuafcned from 

. ,' levcBiog) to tba taat-Uoo plaUa which ara lat Into tha 

I wharrra and bridgaa. 

Drat (huga I woald nwntioti ia the grwii altemlaon In 
be tow-waur (uftoa of th* river above Loodoo Bridge, wtdeh 
ia, doablleia, in Doanqnnioe of tbe removal of iba old atnictora 
In 1S33; which with Ita Urg» atarUngi, parfenoad la a ipeat 
maaaora the part of a dani to the nt-er, obatrueting the (Vve 
aetioa of th* atrtaia. The prownt low-water nr&ee at ■firintfii, 
eaminrot with that of 18i3, will be aeen fa; referring tn the 
Eallowiug table :— 
IBiS. IBM. 

n. Il n. IB. 

US 

i 20 

Bonthwark Bridge 15 

Blaclcfriu« Bridge U 

Waierioo Bridge 14 

Hongef&rd lUrfcot Wharf . 14 

WMtiuiutvr Bridge 14 

Nina Elnu I^cr ...» 13 

Oadoaan Pier ^ 13 

TanSiworth 14 

Putiiey Bridge li 

• Abun BtUvt. ■ 

Wkk leeoect (o the ewbee leTcl of lii^b water, I And ftoas 
eiu uWrrationa made from BWlCB-all lo i'ttloajr, whan 
tbe weatlifr haJ l>u«a for a loag umu aij dry aa not to liav« 
the rivpF ■wuilen bj- freaii**, tlial Iba UdaJ wave attained at all 
iBtacwcduU itiitiouB nowlf the aasie level. 

Br oMuparu^ the time anj height of high w«t«r at London 

Docia and Batteraaa with that of Uii, it B|ipoRr* that in \<ii 

tha time of htgfa wnter at EitterwA BrldifB U £^ iniiiutva later 

than at liondou IXidu, and the uutt-ee aitaiua uearljr the aame 

lerali whiUt In 18£t the Uuie wan 3^ miunua later, and the 

tnttitaf A iucb«e lower. 

The beil of Iba river m the noil eiibirct to whiah I would beg 

^^^^1 altaotion. It will be Heu on tlie alieet of traiutrenw 

^^^^KMfroin Putney to Loudon Bridge, that the river bed luta 

^^HVIeenblv dflepened since 18£l; Uie arerage deepoitiog at «iaoh 

^^^hUoo, and the awaa of all between cerlab poioia, will t« aaen 

By the foUowbg table :— 





la 4* 


" ««•*•>»• 


18 
. 18 3 
. 17 11 




■ 17 ft 




17 4» 
■ 17 8* 

. 15 6 
. 15 II 


8 


. 15 8 

14 1 




iMapnUiforaa 

BInr. 

... 14 fM. 
... 3 
... 4 

ft 

4 

i 

3» 



It 



ficMraen Futney and Wiuid*wnrth 

Wandaw«nhand H al t e w ia Ilridfc 
fiatteima Bridge and Cadognu fiar 
Cadogan Fi«r and Qroevenur Canal 
OiMvtaiar Canal aud Vauxhall Bridge ... 
Tauxhnll Bri-tge and Panit^itiatj 
Pfnttentlai; and Wcstmimlcr Bridge ... 

Ar^tM ftotn Middleaes aide of Weetmiuater Bridge: 

3rd, 4th, 5th, «th, ;ifa, 8th. Btb, lOtfa, UUi, ISlh, 13tk 
Ftet...5 10 6S7775 774 

Between Weetuinatcr and Hnngerford Biidgaa ... bet. 
Hiingerfbrd and Waterloo Brldgea ... a) „ 
W'atartuu and BlaekMara Brid^ ... 6 „ 
Bbukfriaia and Soothwark Bndgoa ... 7 
Sonthwark and London Bridget ... ... 4 






The above {belnc hat an aeenva tUepeiiltig of the vhole 
br^iilth of the rivor) U not euffidentl<r corraet lor eaotetaiau^ 
the extent of eooar that hoa taken place in the na<ripb1a chanae. 
for inatanoa, near the Oroerenor Ouial iheie are placea wbor« 
the deepening haa been 13 feet ; at Weatminaur Bridge, 10 l«ct ; 
Uongerfnrd, lift, C in. ; and above Soothmt Bridge, 14 feci. 
1 beg there^re (o reler 700 to the loeuitndinal aectioo which la 
miule throogh the deep-wsbrr otuumB^ and over a line dotelj' 
aadmllating that made bv Mr. Oiloe in 1'^^; the line <-f doepwl 
wabfr followliu nearij the woe oniu«e now aa it did at tluit 

Criod : from whieh It will be aaeD that Uis paateal thanna that 
ve taken pbwe are tma Oedogan Pfer to Chaltea Hoepilal, 
fW>m OB»e[glttfa mile above WMtminder Bridge to uittwnj 
botwwn Huitgerford and Waterloo Brldgea, and £rv>m Somuraat 
Houeo to Sonthwark Briilg*. 

In the viciiiitr of London Bridge thrre were in 1><S3 aad 1^30, 
b/ Oftjitain BulV^k'* •nrvn)-, deep balm or gnllejra eAteudlutf to 
45 fiMt below Trinilr datum, which in 13 Gnc below the bid of 
tha Pool, and of that between Soulhwark and Loudon Biidgea; 
H waa therefore deemed ueceeaar^ to lUl thoae holea up with 
mbMeatonoaand chalk to nich a Iprrl tui would aaaiadlAte Iba 
bed of the river above and below Loniion Bridge. Tron two 
eroan aeelloiie made on the rile of the old bridge, it appean that 
the wfaola of Ita nlctn and fowulatioiia bare been feinov«l to * 
lord of S9) fMt mIow Trinitj- datam, la a line with the oentra 
arch, wbidi oorreanomU with the deatha at the preaeat btiihte, 
and aa br aa AlUialbws Wharf above it. and S ttH hiduer 
than tbsKeoeral depth* in the Pool 600 leet below it: from uiMe 
flMAa, and from the aolid naton of the material of which tbo oU 
fonndatioaia are eccapoaed, it appean evident that the natiiral 
aeonr ofthe river haa bean amatad at and near thia point, eonae- 
quru(t}> tbr ufutr of the preaent ttractara I1N11 preaerreiL 
hotwithitandingtiiia, the ebbatreom ieao •tratiK in the Pool aa 
lo eaaae a antall aeonr, aa will appear bjr the eecUoot, and wh!«li 
iQij pr«babi7 be deamad aufflnant for porpoaea rtxiuired for the 
navigation. 

Tb« grenleac ehaoeo that lia* taken place in the rlvtr bed 
anwng«t the bridgee ia at Weetmiuater anil Blaekft^n ; a atrung 
diapoeition tu the aaffia ta avldenued at Southwark b/ the grtnt 
depth of ilia aeotiona iBaedhUalf above that hriil^to. 

The bed of the river ia ISO at Weatmlnitter Bridge^ and oaa- 
ai^th nule below it, wan \HtL 4in. twlow Trlnlly datum. Had 
IiMidon Bridge beeu reinored, the river would hare boon aenriy 
drr there at Tow wnt^rr, with a fall of 11 feet in the iniarcnediatr 
apace of two nllo« : and oonddering the oreat depth of wnlec 
there waa between Lambeth FalMa and tha Peniieutiair, rl^,, 
tS ftet below (htum, it ia not vnrtaeonaUe lo auppuae iLat the 
aoonr wnvld be veij gnat aa eoon aa vent via given to the river 
nnam bj the removal of Old London Bridge and the ^ukl 
below jl, aa nlao hf the oombiued acUoa of river eieanma ami 
dredging. 

The cxtont to which the natural doopeniorg of the river b«^ 
will altiniaielj attain at Wcatuiiiuter Bridge mnj be aaauued by 
QOtupnring tha MCtioua above Luaheth Pabee (where no >b*p«B- 
Uw haa taken pbce] with the aaetione above Hnngerford Bridge, 
which In nonrlT the average lertl of the Pool, or 31 feet bdow 
Trinitj dninm; a line drawn between theao puinta iaterMcta a 
d«{>tli of 5 feet below the preeent boj, or 29 ft. 6 in. below 
datum, which i< [I believe) abont oue foot below the eurlAca of 
the I^ndon dav. 

It ia pmbable that the aoour of thia point will not be In the 
anme ratio aa ;t haa been tor the lui 33 jvnn, becaoaa at Um 
time of the removal of Old London Bridge thii waa the hiabett 
part of th* river bed in a epaee cf aeven mllea; oonaoqnent^, ae 
BOOD aa vent waa given for the Ave action of the atreaui, the firet 
•Sbrt of it would be to dew a ohaunol for theimmeuao wtoghtof 
water 1^ removing the obetracliona ; tUa waa donbtlaaa priuci* 
pallr elected ahortlj after the removal of London Bridge, and 
naa Men gobg on In a KoaUar degree op to the prtaent timo ; InX 
not bavlnt aoj reliable obanrviAona made meanwhile at thia 
apot to onaole me tomj)kecotn|>nri»ni, thliia tbeooljeoaclnaiMU 
I can arrive at; if, however, the rivor should ever Im embanked 
or quajed, ao ai to eoutnct the duumel, the itnnra would be 
atnmser than It b at preaent, and, oouMqnently, the bod of the 
river ukely to be aUU moee doepcofd by inoetaed aoour, 



' BafwiMttenniOBnii 



«r W*rb, Mmd iuntrj It. im. 



140 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOUHNAL 



SUPPLY or PURE WATER TO THE METROPOLIS. 

Sin— If dMre b« one pouit of mora vital importaiiM Ic tht 
I Inhftbiunta of I<odi1od tluui tli« apMcljr nnoval of tfae wnsa 
|BOW ittatpng th« TbuDM, mnA lu projMr iitUi«>tioii. it U tha 
Iwinwiqr of providing ta nbancUat wpplj of wholcmmc, nod, 
I^Mir w«l«r, at « nuXMmt* t*ie, not oolj lor domMtic purpoaea, 
'dtMi^ng aUMta, Mw«n, &«., bat for prot«atioti fran lira. 

In t)i« able ntpon fornlBMiJ bv tli« Sitptrlnteiuiliig loopeo- 

ton of tbt Q«ii«nl DoftrH of Hnnl'th, nrnrlDg to Di« •aatwadcd 
Lveclu of tbn Anmiui Well boringn at. Ktintiiih-lowo, bv tU« 
l!BuiipiUaid Water Cbiopcui}', it ii rcmu-kcd, "thftlit would be uf 
[ |m[Mrt«Dae to tiio okuw of Bdouoe, if uxf m«uu oould be 

Ibaod for tbe cootiniutloD of the irork." Sadi nuana can nn- 
' doabtaitl; be fouud, if oogiiiMriiig akUl be eoisbinal in the right 
I'Vaj with cnpitnl ; ttie lOAteriaJt an abnadailt, oiilj awnitiDg t1i« 
1 spplitation and a detenainatioii to aiMewd. 1 havv for tnaiiy 

rm watched the ptognta of ArtMiatt Well ainking aad boring 
ihia conntr;, and alao la I^ace, where hucmim lia* been 
Ilia Tfenlt of |>iT«pi-«nuioc>, anil 1 feel cortun that thi* ia all that 
ie vantod in Eoglacd. It i> a litet that aa imminM water- 
bearing areft estwide around LoodoD witbtn a radiue of about 
i 70 tnllM, natlag; on the lower grwnMnd, wbidi If readied hj 
aiakiiig or boruig to a depth nuigltig from 1700 to 9000 fiwt 
tma Uie eatfiu:^ would afford a copious iiuppl<r of nor* eoft 
WKtrr, which by limplc KRivitatioo would throw itwtf at leart 
ISO fpot above the nirfni*, airotilinji erctj- fucUilf for the 
eaUbll*hm«Bt of high-pretaun b.v<lnnte or BCead-pipee Id our 
•treeta and roed^ *'> an to throw a euiliaoed elroam fo eaat of 
JIn, over the lofiicet buildinicii, bofure it wiu poesible for St*> 
aa^ee to arrive aud Kct to wnrk. At Kmtuh'towo Well a 
depth of I30i feei otil; luui been achi'^ved, and the work i* now 
diMOntlnued. I veatiire to anert that a fourth, or fay a tfainl, 
Inorenaed depth of boring would have bepo eneoeMful ; but if 
one-half extra depth were tried, it would not bo thrown nway, 
•a proved hf our rreucb OHishbounk A Well ii now boring by 
ainiple ueclutDiwI appantue, n-itli every proniiiw uf nicona, by 
Uonaleur Klndi the celebrated Freiit'li eu|{iu(y>r, (auder llie 
Wtr'^innga of the Emperor), at the Bole do Bouligue, where 
l4M iMt have been eiiuk in 16 month*, being an average of 
SO featper mouth ; and at a mucli Ifw oost than tha Keiitieli- 
town Well Auother Well oompicteil, at <!irruelle, extend* to a 
depth of 1770 feet (&40 metmX and took leveu vean t<> cxo- 
ante; but detenii! nation and pereeversmv' weiv fnllv nwanled. 
Another well i* in progma, under Moimlour Kind e direction, 
for the Iron Worke Company, Cnuxot, Somic ot Loire, and hae, 
after 31 Uiouthi^ work, reached fto Au^it InM) the depth of 
S8oe feet, belog at the rate uf M Act per nionth ; and it it deiur- 
mine<l to Kink irtill further, to a depUi of UKX) nieli««, ui' 3STB 
feet, tiefon! ahandontoji the o'>jocl. Such pcivcvcntncii is highly 
credilabic to the French, auil well worthy of imitation. 

I have prwluualy called public attention to atr dovetailml 
Uoeka — aoe Jimmal, vol. xix. (Ih'ifi) p. 404 — and I have no 
heeitatioD in elating that Monaieur KiuJ'e apparatus and my 
blocks combined, in a Irleicopic tuho diminiahlns gntdilally 
dowuvanl, would enable a dootb of from five to nx thoound 
feet ti> W acc(>inpl!alied, by siukiug and boring, tvith perfect 
anfvtv. »iM:od. and economy. 

A refufrnooto ihedeecnptinn of my ring of block*, before men- 
tioned, will ehow the aimplo but offidrnt contrivance for Well 
walling, mine anil coal-pit ehaflinji, li(;ht-li<>iiHs, tuaurli, and 
•evera: an<t which blooke^ oombiued with iron ring boie curba, 
tootJied or aermted (eoe accomjiauyiug woodcut), would rroder 
the prooeea nfe nud (nay for linking or driving to any depth or 
lefi|rth. Itefnge towen or liHht-lumxca, and ka boundary wallii, 
oould time 1m firmly plant^ on the (ioodwiu iiUutls, extnnilfng 

3 the edge or boundary and eoeloeiog the whole area {ii|>- 
I of i'Mi acrea\ whicli treacheroiw (joichaand now esiKutplia 
eveiT ehip which ii (brown on it It u aluo mitAble lor the 
Uadraa nrft, aSbrdius iu the Utter caM, by the oilditiou of 
bridging tubta or glnlera, a ab landing-pier at Madnu, now 
eoEMdered impoeaible to be achieved or oblaiu«d, almply bccauM 
the right method kaa not beeti aiiggoated before. 

1^ retura U> the aubjeot of water euppir by moana of Arteeian 
W«lle, Inelead of drawing water from the Thaiue* with all ita 
Impuritiea, arfatng fi«u aewage diaohargce into It, at Oxford, 
Readily Haideonead, Wlndaor, Sk.. and which will nut be 
daovaaed or remedied for anme rrara to rviue, utiIm* more 
eMtgetie aetioB ia adopted than at proaonl pivvaila, and talking 



(pvee ptaoe to working. I would etronglyrecommeBd the Ibnnar 
ttonc^ a seriea of diitriet Anenan dem Wcfla, aay finxn 40 to W 
In Bomber, wberebr an immcnae aitppv of pore, aoft, vboleaeme 
watAr c^^uld be obtained, equal to, If not Bore than aaaoitAt, far 
a librnil >upply to every InlialMtant of the metropoUa, the aouroe 
frooi the tower greeotand bring inexbauatibla. 

Hoping thaaa obaervatiom may meet the approtetloB and 
eooenrreoco of a few praclicul men poiiiMing enarg^i dctaral- 
nalinn, and iuflueuoe, eoubtued with capital, eeeking froAttUa 
inveetment, and that aucb men and meana wUl ere long M 
brought together, and by a trial Wat the tmtb of my aaeertMo*, ie 
the great mh of 

Your obedient Servant, 

W. Atwmr, C.E 

10, Ppptr Poftlcnd-flaee, Wandneortk^Md. 




Itttrifliait 9} JE^iyrsney. 

A — CMt-Imn ring margin or footing*, lnmgtie>l and dov1il»- 
Euued, c«n«tiuctod in one or more cotiiiuiriiii'-nU or divimoni^ 
antTformine tlie baae curb or iinni'iv:tble fooling; for Uj^t- 
bonaeo, briilge-plore, mino-ahafta, deep woUa, Ae. 

B, C— Tlie atone blocka, rising alternately in firmly lecnnd 
bode, dinprcl for lucrettsed strnnKth, and bored (abown by 
dotted linea); tbeea orifice* to be filled in with omereie, and 
iron eablea, bars, or rnila of wood or iron, aa venkal lieN ■» 
M to Rocure immenae etrengtli and mistatm to expanaoD, 
contraction, or ahifUng, even in quichaandjt, aneJi aa tlw 
Goodwin Saiida, &c. 
Tlie block* to bo of an im|K.'rishnble OMUcretn, cnat in inn 

mould*, to any required uliaijc or »iw>, with or williont orilioah 

For pqoteclion from the action of aon water, the bloeka to b* 

indurated. 



DEVON AND CORNWALL BANK, ST. AUSTELL 
<yrah an fit;r«etrijr, PiaU XIL) 

Thk BCootn|MUiy!ng drawing rcpteBCnta the aooth olevaUon of 
a baiikmu limidc now in oounie of erection at SL Anstell, a town 
ailnat^ jiboui haifwav between Hymoiilli and the I^nd'a End. 

The walli are of wrought freestone, with gnuiiie pliutha 1 ibe 
Ionic ahafU of poliahed Ituvoneblre marble. 

There will be a Urge banking- room, a oonaulting^vom and 
■troug-rooiu, and nine other t«iBi», forming a leudeDoe for ilia 
manager. Tlic Inn kin^ -room wiudowa will be fitted with Bun- 
net t's revolving ah ii Hera. 

Mr. aine, of Plymouth, U the architect; and Mr. tiilcsv 01 
Sl Anetell, the eoutnctor. 




•A - 



■J ^ 



U 



w 




THE CIVIL BNGI>'E£R AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



HI 



OS aviL CONSTRUCTION* 



im Fkascih Fomci^ Uoi-al Engineer*, 
r AncfuirnJ /rtm jm^ 110,; 



r' 
fMHutmlion*. 
lodifiation* of M«Mn. SbhikImsiuiiI MItebdIVi 
exUbttoil full n». Mid ktuaoM conaidMabl* wktiM 
Miul eoffiiiMn. The orrtuury •oiw pk U entirely 
Inb, jwil cnuiita of ■ pik alwut S tPudiM in itiiuu«icr, 
) ^Mtii -1 n. <I iu. in dtaiii*t«r ac iu lD««r BXtmuiir. 
Ingle turn of a tenv, aad Unaiiutod bj k Mrav or 
A of Ibe ilaiiii^Ur or ibn plln, Anntlier tionn la that 
MCU (mpkireiJ at fortlnnd, niid in wliich tke pik itwif 
* acrew (*rtNb<Uiou oiil* bdaK of iron, and aoaiewhAt 
Ann Co tiwt junt ilMorllMd; in iliie Uw mtcw luw fmir 
begfa* Al ahinii :t fl. 6 lii. fran tlw exuentity, wHh a 
a n. 3 to. ami w ifradniklly radnoad to nothiDg at thn 
t pile. Twti omleln, wtiioh ara doMribed fbrtsar on, 
id tolUoatnu the appliauion of ikeamvw |uIo lotbo 
I of tightfcooee*, vi&, tb« Ouodeel nUd llapliii Sand 

na do not mmd to be repnantad io tlie EitliiUtion, 
•al of the work* auawna havo bcra wed, |mriiara the 
tea* ia eba baia^ tfatrt ef tfae dniee or lock at Stock- 
ill wniiccUoD with tli« mnw woric may be HMntiouod 
■• ueed bj Mr. Ericwwit the engjoieer, in ovUlkg off 

Iha proper level; it eoimltila of a hollnvr erlliidernf 
H ta let dowtt over the piK •ud Iota whlob the U>p 'if 
lent a ttiort thiok eimvd mw trith four iMtb ie 
tida the eyllnder by a pivot through one end, and 
ridi a atrong *pnag to praw it fbrwani aniaM the 

ia itaelf prave-j aK"injtt tbe anw by a elmilar aprinir 

eoutrary dirtotMo: llieie ■prinici being releaeed, it 
li to gire Ibe oyliiidn- a bnnaonul ntorv tnotioB till 
a out Uirodgh; the time nenwMuy Ibr ibe operation 
rlinllnM lliiui an bour fiiraplJo l^iiBobealadiBBieter, 
nber of mi^ employnj, aii. 

uiiple nf tlie eiuploytiicat of meUd eyllnilef* for eon- 
ueilalioai nuy be cilv.l ibo IViraca I'lpr at Graroannd, 
rhich ia exiiibiud hj Mr. BedniAn, CK. The eaab- 
m of wliidt the ptpr le cotiinoani arc bolud ilown toa 
ne, natUig onapier of bnuk eel iu omieiit, aud UieN 

were exeoutad by iboaidof auMn^n cvlindera 4 GMt 

wkidi were pliuied oue iircr tlie otiier in ringi S bet 
«iled, oatU tiia l-wur cvUuilar wna firmlj imbodilcd 
. haviajic paaMil tUronifli iho ageeeaiive eUnU of lutid, 
I, Mid iHiid'ti^ri, or whii'h tlix liotlorn t* eom|iowd. the 
UMry to ilrive Iham bciai; froni A tii mi (ns«; the water 
Iu llien Ninixwl Ir-nn ibe luterior, Ui* mnnntay wu 
wii the cyliiidi'ra, witli lli« exception of (hnt at tlia 
hdmwn: at tli* bond of Ibe piirr, vihtn a gnntw 
oantinn wne neoMwry, a aeo^iid evliii'lrr 7 fmt in 
la uaail outanl^ of tbe otlMET, to nliere the latter of the 
leaqvaat rai Ui* rnrreneeil dntilh. 
a ai>pHnit<ii> ("t *<ii'<nnriii« (oiiiidotioDa an Mlmoet all 
I other eiiwi«, iind-r the liead of diving belle, diring 

and ■lo lint off-r luoeli of novelty, If we excent llie 
Mileaeenf by Mr. BninrlforilieceDtreinin-of fkltaeli 
tliie ewe il wiut ncwKU-y, to arrive nt the nolifl rock, 
M feet bvlnw lotr iriitpr, )iancn[' tbrouiili n itntntn rif 

thick: Mkl In exouiile Um ummiirv nl thie depth, n 
plnl«-ii>Dn -M feet in ijiaiiioter, awl 'of sulfteieiil baigbt 
> aUffMa nf ili« WKter, wan aiuik nt IheepOldetemliMd 
iuder wa* aeparklfld into two part* at about ■ ttiir^l 
t br a liwni*)Mi*rieH) p*nillou. the lower part linvinc 
bder Inai-le dividing it Into a drciiUr ohanilnr, luiil 

•pao^ eaeli eMiuuunicaliiiti with the Hiirfiim br 
laeerelinfta; tbe water iaoxpcllail from tbelaiterof 

by pompiiii; air Into it, atid ike iiiw iiij ie «x«oBted 
Muie of fnxn tbreo to four atmoepberMi 

IFork* rtloting to MmrUimt Xartgatiint. 

uwmIcI of a hirboiii' enierol in the l'r«ii«ti catjiloaue 
ilaU, which, altboogli atx«stO witli civil cB)riar<nug, 
m&dt-rthehM'tof luechmiioal tt)yi^ a&J i;i of no value 

' Ki*>rt «• tla VnMml gf tti KNrt tl ftata, b O* fv^ nt- 

aa^HiT, 18S7. 



L 



wbatoverMamoiMof kwork. Englandanda two weU-exoouled - 
naodola of docka or horboari^ ouo of Qteat Oiinaby deck* h*l 
Mr. Bondet, aad the oibor (wtuob wa« nafbrtiuiateJy naeh iqjanl 1 
in traMBt) oif tbe new harboar and docka at Sunderland by Um 
John Homy, ao w«U known for hie adtnirabJe and noMMAiL 
bwuklion of Ibe Ughthoaee at the aaina plMe. Tbe lupatMal I 
Gonteat of tbe new baaiu at Qreat Oiimaby ia i& ment, with naj 
additional tive acne for timber; it ia lorKninded by extetudv* i 
wbaria, E«i which are laid linca of nulway, afferdiuK teu^ eem' ] 
municatkin between the wnrehooeei, ihip^ fto.; thecranBeon tfco 
wharA are all worked by hydraulic nrMaure. tor which 
haudaonto •quara tower, 300 (telhigli at laeratraacoaf thedod^ j 
•orrae aa an Mxnanlator. There ia an ontnde harbour, pro- , 
tceted by two wooden jobtioi^ «rboae mperfiaiol content n abDot 
lAaeraa. 

I^e SvBdorimd dock* oonaid of lix bnaln*. wboee nniled areag ! 
anoiint to (W acne, tbe wluuft and qoan by which lli«* tmi 
anrroiHuled occupy an ania of 70 a<ne, tM euU'ro ipaea bcing^J 
tbue ISO acTca, iif which 110 aceee have been reclaimed from tbn 
eea; the depth nf tbe prinoipnl baeiu ie U feet at high walef; 
inilwava an earned aloiv (he iiiMyi In eveejrdtteotian. 

Modela of lightlioueca are u be found In both the Frendi and 
BnglUi parte of tW Exhibition, tbe latUr conUinitu thie* 
■anplea. all by Mcwrs. ^Vnlkcr and Bnrgei^ r'lt, tfae Biahop'n 
Budc lijifatliouao in nLieonry, and thoae of OanAeet and Mn|iUa > 
Sand, oonitTvcted of inn uti acrew pUe^ One of Mr. Oenlonyj 
nelriron U){kthouee% of whidi eevend Iwve bteo erwted In thn 1 
wlonlea, wonU have been a valuable addition to thia bnneb of] 
the enbject. of which the euUm Eihilntien oould only number' 

&>llr cxaniplca. 

The Otinleet and HapUa Sand li^itliouMe are oonatmMeil oa 
SciuuJcn and MilohoII'e acrew pilea, and are tyiiee of a Hin c^ | 
which sevunO othera hare Uloly been erected in diffuvut parte i ' 
the kingiloiN and eoloniea, tliaton the Maplin Sand having heea-J 
tbe fink It ia aupporteil on nine acrew fnk*, 30 fret Ioua wbic& < 
are driven 23 feet deep in (he aaeil, one in the centra and oue ntjj 
oacb Miicie of an octagon 40 feel lu diaiuetor. At the eattaoe of^j 
tiie Mild 111* piles are eomanilcd by a timber nmtiiiK covered ' 
nitti fancJDM aail bcUlMtod with atoue. Tbe piUv nrc prolongeti ' 
by hoUtiw caal-iroa pillar* connected with each other bv wrongnb- 
iron tio-tiNl*: theae piUnn an oanied np vertitnUy to bigb-wnWr 
mark, from which point tber oonvergo inwarda Ull tJiey readi lbs 
bottom of tbe pUlmrat, £tl bet in diameter, upon wliion tbe tJKht ] 
chamber elands. The total hu^t from the lower end of the ecIm 
to tlie top «f the light chamber u 86 feet, au<1 theclevnliou ddovc 
bif^'water mark u 46 foH. In Ihe Guodeei ligbtliouao the 
wooden gnUng ia dbfWDaed witli, and the pileo are rimply coo- , 
imxed hy orwa tie* of iron. The screw iiilo Ughtliouses havn , 

gnarnlly been ervctod to replace light vonHta or to nfbrdn I 
r pilots at (be cniraiico to norte Mid hatboun; and wheee theyJ 
hftv* boon tried, arc luid to liave produwd a oonelilanible avi^ 
in tlie yearly exjuMiEtp*. 

Ttie only other lighthouae in the BabibitioB hi in tbe FVtoA , 
•Icpurtment, nod of which there aiv throe admirable uodelti OU • 
showing the edifice oompleta^ a eooDndbeingavertiealaeaUoii,iuidl| 
tbe third a horixonud eeoUan through tbe foncKlatlon, ahowing j 
the method of oonetrueUoa and tbe arrangement of the atones lu 
each 001WM ef muoury. 

The llghdionee of the " Usniu dc Urrhnt " it OFMtoiI nn the 
rooVa of tlie Hune luuno, which are ailuated utt tlie eoaal of 
Urittasy, at about ton uilea fmui the toon wf lAKudrleux; it 
■hows a Bxeii light on FrMod'e systoiu, which cnii be illsiln- 
ifviaheJ el a dlslnnce of £1) uiilce. The nick on which it le built 
r« oovertxl at high water to n depth of IA feet, so that tlie wboln, , 
of the fbnoilnlion* and lower pert uf the edifice were ntPMIiirily ' 
tide wat4:, tbe rock, which ia an e(inui«ly banl black purjitiyrr. 
hnring been exeavnlfd to a enfllelent di-ptit to secure a iierfM-iIy 
i»liJ surface: an aannlar outtiug of i (bet deep by 4 feet «ridk^ aixt 
with a iliMiieUr of 49 ftet, waa nad* in the mck to rrceiTo the 
outer stnnoa of the Ant conrae of mneonry. Tbe msaoniy of thn 
lower part of tliii liKhtboneeiaoot acijdthrQTi^iotit,>orat«ainr ' 
iroii emmpe omployMj, u in the Eddyet^mi) awl otber Bnglleh 
lightbonaca, to the former ••( whic'i it has been ooiu^reil by 
snnie FVeueii engineers, but with which the totally diflenul rir- 
ennstancos of poaitiao forbid all analogy. In Iho llrat four 
amreem or to a Loight of abunt 6 feet, (ho mMoaiy oonrists of na 
BXlenor rini; nboat 7 tnX thick, coutaining -IS vonesolra, encb 
fourth oue of which niua in railiiillj i-i a length of IA feet fr»ni 
the Gko, dividing the ring into li«iLiMl«i^m«ni*,«ni&«iuuM<\'a%' 



I4t 



THE CIVIL KNGDfEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



1 



, h to an inner ring aboU 3 fe«t thi«k and 1 3 feet iut«rior dlamvtvr, 

jttM HMw batWMD tbe rtngi, at w«U a« tb* oentra of Uio inaor 

l4m^ MiD(; tHod In witb eoMmn about Ibo liriKhtof S ftai. Fmn 

^Ihis Uvol tlie tvn rio2> aro «MTicd on in one ling of abent 18 

■ iMt tfaMc, aiul tli» MDtK filled in villi eoocrete aji to ihobvalof 

tbe entrance door, whicli m 3 feet above hi>h-wat«r mark at 

tpHng tiiK or 1 S foel frotn Uie Kmk. Hio 1 8 Kr>yi in null eutine 

I W«M|^eil by gnuiite Jo^lea to tbe ooiirae Iwlow, and are annk 

I kt tlie jainta to neeivw coma]iafi(ll]ig ppojmtUodi in the adjacent 

Lmoom ef the emines as tint eaeta •aoaiaRt b tied in aepantelTi 

[ihia method wn adopted m that eaoi aegmcot, belna pirbet la 

4f, BilKtit be eompleied and Moand (n one tide. Tbutaodeof 

NtmeUoa «m eontinued up to n l9i-el oT iH (fat abovo bi^b 

* ifirinc tide% abovt vhtcb tbn walla wnn eturitil op in 

ordinarf nanlar vork, can havins txvn Utkva Ui ciDploj' only tho 

bMuaUrialabotb of granite and cement Tie etonMempIoTed 

«w4ed ttom one to thive aiid a-half tOBiln weight. Oraniu waa 

OMdfortboentlrecanetrocliun with thetxetfition of th« tbuIU 

,of Uh wveml ulnrii^ which wnr* tiirnod in brick. The work 

imneli fAcilitatcil by tlio drcimutnnco that a acoaU part of the 

MCA rock wna luwmred at hub water, and tbat a depdtwaa 

I obtained at wblefa the naatetwla oonid be oolltoted doae to 

'^A# watt, and at which nniiM ooQld bo Mveted to aid in their 

diaemfaBrknlion, Ik. 

The diameter at the baie ia 4A foot, which diminidiea l« 30 feet 

|at a height of 25 feet, with an elliptical pro61e: above that it la 

I «arTifd np neariy pemndioularl; to a height of 60 (mI, whan it 

in UnaiTinted by a bold ooruloe and ornamental atona pamtatt 

tI>F dimncter at thin pMot, exolmdva of the comieo, being AS f«ct. 

Lf roin thU aprinp a tower SI ft. in. in dinmoter nt the baae^ 

~1 fk 6 in. at th« ton, and SO feet hi^, auniiouuted by a ma- 

liolated oomioe aud atone pnnpet. The maaonrj baae of tli* 

nlan, 13 ftetdianMter and e feet high, aprlncaAmin the gallerr 

' tttut Csnacd, nhovD wbtob liua the bnturn itacTf, 10 tetdiametor 

md 18 bet hiKb, thn* making the totxl hciitht abovo the rock 

'"S ftet, and frain high-waUrr epiiDs tiOei IW fset. The buildinit 

dl*ldM Into «id)t atoriM eiclimivu of tlie lautern, and ia 

etaded bj a MiaJl newvl stuir at one aide. Its oonatnictioa 

occupied five jmn. 

A drawing of th«> mrt of the Jolietto at MMnieilla8,tho niodcla 
of tbe Now IIoIUikI and OiavoaeDd pten, ami a nmnll modol, 
, Snaeeampanted by any dwcription, of a RonUag dock in tho 
DCb part of the Exhibition, complete the lUt of objeuta that 
• under the head of thie eMliun, Tiie filer of New Holland 
on tha tlambnr, op|>aiiir Kiu^toa-an-Hutl, ha* been coaatruotod 
by Mr. J. Fowlnr fur ibo Manubeator, Shofflold, and Unodnahire 
Railway; It t* oouatiuated prinuijinllr of wood, and ia the largest 
eonatnietlon lu carpentrv iu the Exhlbitt'kU. Tbe T^rraoe Pier 
haa been ■Jreo'lv ■lliidoJ to In apeaking of the foundatinna, and 
ii boridea ao well known ia ibia oonntir aa to roodar any fonlior 
deaeriptiou ■upcrflaon«L 

Work* rtbuimg to Inhitd Katisation. 

There ia ottW one work exhibiUxl by Kagland, the aqnednet on 
Iw Aim and Oaldermuul, which ie eonneoted with tho aubjnrt of 
Inland BaHgatMu, while the Fnuch ooUeetion, on tbe oontnn', 
ia (epacially rich ia thia claea of oanstructiaa, mora i>articularly 
in danu or bam^ea acroai uaviffnbta rivcni, of which thera are 
•«*eral models on a good ecnlo From tlie " Eeola dea i^ti at 
Obaiiaiflii." The eaatnLrnn aquednot orer the riTer Cnldor, by Nf r. 
Leather, it rapraisBied in a very carefully executed inodp) by Mr. 
Salter of Hamnietamith (who u atao the etwatructor of niuet uf 
the olhor Bngliah ni<Hkla, including the minutely intricate one of 
tbe New HoUaud pier, the Sallaah and Chopttow bridKca, &c] ; 
and pwfaapa none of tlie Eotfliib works actrnftcd more admitn- 
llou Ron the proftailon in Fnnee, not no mui'h for its b«auty in 
an engineering poim of view, na tor lu " happy applioatioo of 
Greek arehiteelure." Tliic i* the more •Irange, na it in the 04io 
point iu which tbe true principle of arcluteolural fltnew haa boRt 
rather loet elfflit of. 

Thia arqnaduet, which bofbnt one apan or aroh, ia conpoMd of 
two rib* of enal-iron, frois which tJit- iroiigh, alao ofeait-lnn, ia 
Mapeo'led by wTonffht'iron rckli, after tlie manner known aa the 
bnwetnog bridfC': ti hu » a^an of IAS feet^ and caniea a canal 
9 feet deep aod H fMt wide, and en eneh aide a tow-nth 3 feet 

'■a Tba weight of water mpfiorted la UfiO t«iiB, and tho total 
f iron eaiihijed b 770 tons. 
*al of the head worfca of the great Qangra cnnnl, atnl 
iMoaam CollegD at Itoorkec, in tho noHh-wett of 



India, may be mid t« ooma into thte BMdoa. Canada, alwaji 
repraaentail in cmry cIm*, hna elm eome Biodeb of loefc^ntai, 
with imuraTcmaitB in the workim; of tha ?mlvaa or dnleaa, and > 
model or the locka and baain ou the Lachine ound at Mnntnal, 
wUdi wei» ooostruct^ iu IS-IS, aud ara capable of rvcfiving a 
vatael ItK) feel long, 44 feet beau, and 16 feet dnugfat of watar; 
tber ara oxecnted entirely tn granite aahlor. 

From Holland there b a model of a floatlns docii. ntfer- 
tiUMtely without explanation, ns well aa one ef the uulea tl 
Flnahlng, aa reoooatruoted Iu )H48, and cf a cnitMn for doniif 



tbecnb^noa toadoekorbaaln, the peoullarKy of which 

in ita btJBg fiindahed with n pair or gut«« in the centn, m HhC 

Hiall Taatab can be adoiitled without the ne«etai^ of rvmoviag 

tbeeaiaaoB. 

Sweden alao MOtributca aemevery baaulifuliy eiceiitfd nod^ 
one of the falla and loolu uf TiowhatbL which !>, however, 
nfovnarily on euch a amall acale, from the extent of oomttiy 
which it takes in, oi to be more volaabb in abowlag the naiaitf 
difficultiet overmma thnn oa any rMord or illiMtretton oS tbe 
euginr«riiw works iliPiiMelvim. A aeound model illmtniea n 
peoulbr kind of iltawbridg* for «ntiala, invented bynM. iranecn; 
and the Uilrd and moat imixirtoiti one repraitata the new lotk at 
Stfickholm, which fonoa the criiii muni cation between theMoekrao 
Lake and tlia Italljir; it waa luidertaken in 1h47, to repboe a 
former one of iuiuflideut alzo, aud Gniahcd in 16JiO, aiider the 
auapieaa of Mr. KrtuatKiu, brother of the well known inventor of 
the air«iigiii« iu Now York. 

Tbo new lock ranoaumi 1^> foot ia lenfTth tnm gato to bMl 
and is 33 fe«t in width at tbe satca, and 37 ft. 3 in. wide midway 
bolwccu lli«ae poisti^ the side walb being earrwl oatwatib te 
that extpiit; at tadh md of tli* Kick, on tbe ouUiila of (lie gatei^ 
dinwbridmt an oonatmoled to afford eoaunnnioation betweeti the 
oppoaiu nanki. Thn diflersno* of land hetweon the bfca 
Moelnrcm and tbo Baltic ia only i ft. 6 in, a dronmataiiw which 
ivlii-vnl the engina-r of mad) difficulty; in tho ooiatruclion of 
tlio lock tuuira aorioua ubataiilea, however, praented thiiii»ti|ii% 
in tha gtnoral character of the ground, which waa found tn ba 
compoMd of block! of inonn, taiS, debrbof maaonry, Ac, and In 
the dilTcrouca of level livcwueD the difiareut parts Of the bottciL 
of which the hiffbot poiut wot only 2 feet below the wmter bvM 
of the lake, wliile aome pointa of the aite madied n depth ef 
3U feet below the Mme brel. Tlie ordinary wodee of pracewfinf 
with the DonstractioD of foundalione having been r«n<lcn^ una- 
vailable by the natiint of the toil abov« mentkiii«d, Mr. GricHon 
conceived the idea of buildlRK the catire look with Itafenndaitieai^ 
floor, eatea, and retainlug wdis in uneirrcatcaiMoaof woudwoil^ 
a method which haH ni.iuy timmbevu.-ulopttdforpietiiof bcicbt^ 
bet of whicli tlie ni!u,'nitade of tbo ^jivMnt oaae niDderadlfat 
attempt aomewbat bohl. 

The aojl waa firat removed in that part of the site which wai 
above the propoaed level, and the lower part raiaeil to that point 
\n moaaa of large pilea itriveu aa uI'jmi lo^tlier oa fiowdbky ont 
Off to a. bvel and filleil in with tlie excavation from the npf«r 
part; tha axtrtuu^ of thia cmbaokmeot towarda Uw Baltic wnt 

Entected bv a tea wall of rough |nocc* of rock, and towBt\b the 
ke wna driven a row of abeet piling extending acruae the 
eutnnoe uf tho loclt. 

The caliaon, which wna bnilt in a dry dock, measured S09 AM 
in length, Aft foot in width, and 21 fcetin dejkth, the timben ef 
which it wna compwaed bcinK M inchoa iquan; it wan Boateil 0«t 
like a ship, and towed into ita destined poaition orwr the pOa^ 
the maaoury waa then oommeaeed and carried up in tbe latackr 
(care being taken to tecure a ngnlar and level sinking eif tha 
caiNoo), beginnin? with tho floor, and then the n-iiuuing walla 
and othirr parta of tho lock. 

Tbe drawbriiigea ore oliite in every rtepcet; they hav« nA 
96 ft 6 in. width ofraadway, and are diridixl in the middle, eack 
liaJf ruing on a horisontal azia, the ribe of iron of which Hb 
oompoaed being cnrried out to the rtar, to terra aa a eoonterpobi^ 
which b mndo variable by meana of hoavy weighta alnag to the 
eejllng of the vault iu which the counterpoise movaahy chaiaa ef 
diffan>nt lengtha, and which cuisutiuently lun fitted in suceeariea 
by the counterpoise, and gradually incraate lla wni^it aa thi 
bridge approocbas a horixontoJ potitloo. 

Wt next oiue to the French cullootlon, and find, bc<th ia the 
else of tli« uiuJel and the imporbincc of the conBtrucii<>n itarlf. 
atanda the Mjueduci of Boqtiebvour, whicli b one uf tlie rirla^H 
workaou tlie line uf tlie caaol that auppliealbcdiy of ManMW 
with wal«r; thbttuuJ wna origioally undertaken for (fcapniplM 



THB CrVIL ENGnJEEB AND ABCUITECT'S JOURNAL 



ua 



■ CftiM 



inlpUfao. kad wm «lUr«*rd« dirwtoJ toita pnaool (um; its 
rUi ii 00 inilaa Q furlooKk, in whiek eoaiM tlw diOinilt 
the «Mui(J7 thioufli whioh it jmamtnadtniamutmrj 
Kion M no law itiui Cbrtv-fln tmuxJa of nrtou 
, bMJJrr ■uaeioBs K|iMiltMt^ UM pnncipal nf which >■ 
. laa tb« *«J1*7 of BoaiM&voar, uid whidi hu k 
. Imdi air 1420 feat) and & heiicht abov* (h« lov«at ml«F 
i af Ute Hrer of 273 foet, iubr«ului at the tu* b 4a ft. ID in. 
1 kt Ui« t«vi>l of the w»Ler ooutm 14 ^ 10 ia.; it ii iMiapoMd 
' tiuM lUfTvtvut aturiM or nucM of anhM on* vtvr tbo otlur; 
Um iv« lowOT naka tit* pNn ar* diMCtly ovar each otlur, 
~ bail of tbt m.UM width (roM Miitm tocanln of the 
pun, Um aivliva of tba Uimr nvnlt bariog a aonMirhal leai apan 
than tboae uf ibe aeooiid. oiriiig to tba laorcaaad tUcksaMof Ifaa 
pUra batwaan theto. In the third or vppar raw Umn ar« thraa 
w^aa ta aa«h baj of tha two lownr aORMi, araiT third piar bdioft 
K oaatiBaalioB of that of thwo otfaar rank*-, the diauaiainma 
Bit a> foUoir*:— In tlie lower rank, li aTobet with a apau of 
49 ft (t in. toieii: iii tlie aacowd rank, 13 archee with a apaa 
of fiil ft. 10 in. ench; in the third rank Uiera ar» .'-S arehea of 
14 11. 8 in. epM^ whidi aupgiort ths ooDdait. Tba heighta are aa 
SaUowa>— 

ft. Ilk a. Ib. 
Frooi tbo low-watar Ipt«I of the riror to top 

ofjilinUi 18 6 

From top of pUuth to apruigtng dt low«a( 

Mvh 61 

Froiu npringiiw to cmwn of do. S4 B 

Friwi«ro«uof arch to level of Sratata^a... II 

Proco waUr to eopiaji of firat Magg ... 113 8 

Fromflmita^ tospringinff of taooDdanb 77 6 

Fnan qiriajtlBg tocrowaof do. Stt fl 

Ftonicrowa toaopiagof McoadMa^ ... 14 10 



ildgbl of aeeonil ttai;* ., 118 10 

FroB niar lerd to oopbg of aeoond ataga B31 7 

Frnm mfdtig of aeoood atage to aprln^iig ot 

thinl nrvh ... 13 t 

FriiRi ■[i«ii)ftn(r to crown of dot 6 3 

Pnmi iiown of nppar arch to copiiif of 

eomluit IS 3 



Hrishl of thiH itorr 



M 



Height inta water 1<it«1 to eoplog of eondalt, M7 3 

'Tbm pien are peqnndienlar na tha booai and of tha aaioa 
on* from taa aprii^ag of tba a|ipar ardiaa to tha oofing 
the lower tUirj or sUHte, meaenrinf in the trauaverao aeaUoa 
of lh<.' a<iupdiKt U ft. 10 in. by IS ft. Q ic in a lonf{it«ilinal 
diivotiuii; at the UtWr levvl tba tnnavaraa nwnani'eiuent ia 
faMTMaat by Ml ofiMt at each alda to 16 fL 3 in., ami from the 
fprintfiag of tba lower arch tli* inner fiioca bava a batten of 
l<i indwa ffMh, making Ih* ilimenriniia of tba piar at the tou 
of tlie plinib 18 ft. i in. br 16 ft. 6 in. The piera are aa^h 
atrenKthuupil by oouuierriut t> ft. !? iii, wide, with a projacltoa of 
11 ft. in. at the plinth, and baU^noK inwiwla aatu it dim out 
ttwlar the nppar oomioa of tliaaec-md ilAKe. Tha conduit <«tfri«l 
by Ihb cnotBiutM idam of uaaoery in 8 ft- 3 in. ia width, and Ibe 
Japib of (he waiiT ia il ia 4 ft. a in. The preponUorv woriu of 
tU* aaaoluL-t wtn undartaken ia 1840, but tba actnd ooaatno- 
tkn dill not c«aunan«« until IHli, and it waa flniahad in 
IMT. There were anployvd in ita ooMtniOtion 42,000 cubic foet 
of wood, ftIO ton* of wrouffhtoron, 180 toou of caat-iinD, Mid the 
rioae DMxl auioaoted to SSO^NX) cubic feat of rabUa tatmauuy, 
and 'Aufiva oubio i««t of atblar, and Um total axpaoaa waa 
I4a;,il00( 

Tba nlan all raat on aoliil rcu^k, ikoi* nf thaon having been ai- 
eaaalad far to a depth of 3.^ feet. Tbe cut (tone waa brought 
(rm » quMiT foar aillea distant by a railway, and waa drawn or 
a watefwbpei up an indlaad plana to tbo leTol of a aecond mil- 
wnj , wkkli nui til* wliol* laagth of tha bridse; Utia waa ■upnorlod 
by the mitiet uiiiU tha fint tat of atvnia wa* tarunl, after 
wUtti it woe (anicil olonv on the lop platiinn of the fint atori^, 
tad to like ni»no«T for ih« rvmidalfig two atwH of the work 
Duriuf the buildiug nf the perra a mo^aabla flyli^ bridge waa 
■ rt a b l i a h BJ,bywki^no(a»attBBicatio«ibyaTd]waywa«iBa i »ai t i«d 



dfa 




froen piar to piar. Tha aitiua ara all aamidimJar, tha aaMuj 
iaaahlar, rough) ti*iii"t""f"i" * on turn, aad with ruatkaUd 
jaintK tha blooha enploycd wyiag &wn 36 to 8O0 cubio bat or 
tma H lona to IS iooi ia wfigbt. Tht ooaduit ia (onaad la 
briok and MBuat. nMproHUraoetbafoandatioDafthabiKluat 
pier ia alalad to ba aboat 30 Icoa oa aaeb aquara foot, anil lb* 
ratio of the maaa to tha vei^t aopportad ia neaily aa 600 to 1. 
Beaidea a large anodal of a portion of the aqnadaM ai eoanpMada 
a aeeond, of can arob only, oa a aUU latgar aaale ia axhibilad, for 
tba parpoaaof ahowing thadatailaof thaoantfriogiiBadtbaeaa- 
atnMtina and method of workiofr of tbanmallnil«nyam«aitionad 
above: tbia laat nodcl ia muck mom uaeful and asplaiMdoiy tkaa 
Bodi thinip gtnerallv are, aa it ia atmoat what might be teniud 
a working modaLand the aoala oaaoot be l«ae than oaa-lanlh of 
thaactuaTalah Tba other aqnadaot, of wblob a ntodal ta abovn. 
U n ntoraaUa ai|aadaat o«ar tha libicti, whkh w ao oaaabvotM 
that tbo magh, ertdob ia only ju*t aho*o Uu levd cf the waton 
can ba Ptmoved at pleaani«: which anangaaieat waa rtodend 
atctaary by the lonvntial untura of Um atnall rfvar Lib«\M. 

Of daau or bnn^iai, the moat important la, pf*ha]w, that of 
tha natrroir uf Uroa-Bob, on tbe Canal da ltnfvc;i:nts a largo 
drawing of wliieh appaaia among the modcU; it b entirely of 
inaaiiiiij, aad oeoaiata of a twetineDt with a liatter of 1 in M <■« 
tha fiwe, and with fire atepa or oOKta at the back, «h«re it b 
AirtlMr BtmMRhcaed by a eariee of coantorCarla nlae in nonbor, 
and filled hWitnd wtUi aartb. Tba total btigtb of Um wall, 
tma oiu aide of tha valley to th* other, b 17ftA (eat, of whieli a 
langthof 390fMlat one eu'l aad 3l<lat tbe other era left without 
Oiuntorfbrta; tho llrvt two of which at eitlker flank are StOO feet 
apart, aad tbe ranainder at intcrrab uf 130 feet Tbe beigbt of 
tha wall orer Uia feotinga. at tha higbMl part, ja 73 ft. 6 ia., Uia 
haMt of tha feotina ia 17 (Mt, aad tha breadth OS faat Tba 
thimiMof tha wall b 43 ft. S in. at Uia bottom, aad II ft. tin. 
at tha lop, there being fire oAeta of 4 ft. U in. each at the bade 

AH the otim barragni or dam* am ram-oabia, and an dUidad 
into three duara, rix, iho*e on the ayatem of M. Poir^, in which 
tbe dam b removed by bond in email pieoM; ihoee br M. Tbenard. 
when oonnierpoiiwa am made uae of to facdluia tne raleing ana 
lowering of the duui and a third kind, iuvriilod by H. Chnn^ne, 
in whidi he auikaa nae of tbe ntiaiag of tbe watar Itcelf to lift 
and ao open the dan, whidi b thu* made iiilFiuting. In a model 
of a barrage on U. Ptrir^a ayatom, the Gi«d or pemanvnt part 
coniitts oTa itll of wood at tbo boticm of the i-i<-er, reaching 
from Mt to aida, which la kept in Ita pbor with mna«n of 
hydnulk rnortar, and to the upper aide of which b attacbod a 
email projootiag ladga of ir<in througfaoot ita entire iMigth; 
another frama or ffU, aapported at intvvaJa by ttancfaioaa firmly 
etnitud in raar, b carriM aemaa the river parallel to the firal, 
aad at a height of aome feat abore Ui« waltr; aad the tlam b 
forroed by a naaber of oniiUI baulka of timber whicfa nra placed 
TTticaily, the lowar anda iwrtinc ngnlnat the iron Indgn, nod the 
nppi-r pnrt bujog nppartad by the upper fnuno or nil; the haulka 
are Inabnl tvgnlbtr in aMtioua of eix or dsbt, for ooovmieacc 
of handling and lemoviu^. Aaollier uiuik'l hIiowb b nov^a)lb 
barrngo nada of pbto Iron of two thickne a aw, with cellular 
dirUom batw^on triom; it ia earrad in the arc of a drole, to ibe 
oontre of which it in eoitnected by iron ndii, or il may be better 
understood by auiiixiaiDft it tu U- n aecmeat of Bbant60° of a 
vertieal wheel on a hurieanlal axb, and ita motion In bdagralMd 
or lowered b a drcular motion on ib axb. Aaolhor klad of dam 
ijaxbibi1cdbyH.La«iebedM FoulaiDc«,andtlwrear«baiJdaala 
tbia arotion a model of tbe aoourinff iItiioc at Dnnkttk, of llio 
lock of St. John at Havre, «f the lock near tbe Hint in 
Paria, and of a drawbridge without a oounterpotae by M. 
Davalne. 

Roadt luirf Aai/bay*. 
Scvcml of l1i« Fteuok uaodela and dmwiDga, and alianat all tb* 
rcKiAiuiu)- Englbh worka^ m^ Im.- r#farrt>d to the eub-dlvbjoa of 
thin aovtiiju which treat* of railnuulB. The inaterial for the coa- 
atmolioii of common roaib hu nlraady ba«o notiotd under tbe 
general head of maloriala. There arc no drawiuga of apavUl 

a'lteuiB uf read niakiujt, aad tlie out' apiniatua fur swcejiius and 
couiiig ruaJaand alreetii i« that of Mr. VVIiiiworlh. which b 
well known in Uib oouiitry, and of which he exhibila a tuiall 
workiBg modeL Under the bead of fioger-jitata amy be 
mDOtiolit<d (KiQc Teri' irood labak for the namea ol itiorU, which 
aroaxbibiird by Miul«uic HaoheUo, Faubourg &L l)cnit, the 
aialarial uf wbiefe they are made b oaUad aaanMlbtL Vot%;. "CMa 



144 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHTTECrs JOUBNAL. 



fumei are twt plain )u»l eleu, umI tbe bbclt *r« ilmnsr in 
apfMwuioe to tliM* wmI b PmH ^'u^ *i^ wUU letun on n 
graund of a dear brif[fat blue. Mid which are mucb better looking 
>Ad more lecriUe dwu uir in iw: in InMxIon. 

Aa tli« niQaetof Hior« rspiO cuDiiniuiIaiiion bet««Mi the rtmots 
pwta at Loodou aad otfacr l&rge twwns in thb oanutfr is tt 
ftmmt to « oamtidanbl* utcat oeouf^ing th* Mteotioii of 
aogtiiMrm ud the pnUie gBiiMwlfy, it nay not be ont of plue to 
taUodnoe Uer« « ■bort noeonnt ot a •traet nilwaj whlok, 
tben^ not ncMally wpnaewind in the Eidilblticia, wna yet In 
■neh doM rnvsimlty lo om of tha bulldinm, viz., tli* " Aon'i*," 
■a to nBiird evBry opninsnii; t>t not only full; oiiuniniiiK iulo 
ita «oiiiiU-uctiuu, but Mao ot jodfioK <'' '^ gtnoril wtirkui); iiiidcr 
diffenul oiivuaiMaaoM, n» to «e«tti«r, &ft, nnd iU ctler-t o[»ii t)i« 
unUnkry tmAo of tbe road. The nutrcnd hi qn«Mloa reaolMa 
fnm th» Plao* de U Couoord« to Pntf, ooo of tlm MibuTta* of 
hria, ■ cUsUBoa of mora tlwn ■ miU nnd n lialf, and ia DOW batng 
ooatinned m fiir aa Uia vilbua of Bonlogn*, and ia travorMd br 
It larm kind of oiunibaa holding AO people each, more than half 
of wiiom otn acconUQodatod on tlierw4 to which aooraaia rained 
l^aamaUatalrat uach and. ThcM ore drawn at the nMMftwn 
eight to ninr mtloa on li''>ur by two hona^ whioh coo be hookad 
on to either ciud of the omniliua to avMd Ute nvOMidty of turaing, 
A detailed ncoonnt of the method of O'UitiructiLin of thii nnd two 
rifuUnr ntUw^ya in New York and in Nauteo, with ui ortioiate of 
tlw ooal, la gtran iu aFtvndi work, oUled 'L'lng^uieur,' from 
which tha foUowi^ partie«lant are utraolad, and to which 1 am 
ijudafatcd for much inforiaaboa oaDOaning the rnnch works in 
thiadoa*. 

The railway «waiata of a nngle line of roila, with a ahort 
length of a double Una at tlu? MLremtUta and in the oentie, for 
tha euivaniaaoeof pataing'ithe aurveaaralnnocaaeof Iraaradiua 
tfaoa U yordt, and the ynidieata are in gmtnl laaaUioo 1 in IW, 
exoept where it nroiea the appraMilMa to tirid^ or pared cnmt- 
tiiS>,inaom«of whlchcBaealhealopeaareaaateepaa7or&ioll>0 
for a abort length of from 80 to 30 yanli. The top of (he rail ia 
level with tha aurihce of tha road (which i« mocadaadaed). and 
has an indent or p«ova to recMve tha amoU flanges of the wheel* 
of the omnibiia. 

The line ia cloae to thn odgn of the footpath, partly on the right 
and partly ou the left aide of the lood; the nils are spiked down 
to longitudinal witoden aleepen, which ore notched into traiuverae 
alfopet* buried in grarel or sand wall raauoed, at dlatauoea of 
6 ft, 6 in. Tlie rails are in lengths of 1!0 faet, and welgli 133 
poimds to tbo foot; the ilcippcn are about (! foot long aud 4 tacbes 
by t inchm. Tlio fullowiuK ia ni^oa aa the eost of conalnictinn 
per yard niu on a mactuJaui'iiirtl road: 
Ualtriati. 

IiOD^-Twa nilH, weighing BO pooad^ apikea, a. d. £ : d, 
and joint phttM 11 S 

Wood, — Lou^loilinid timbora and aleepent 
and wedga 4 

Gravel for making good road, at Id. per foot 
eabi« 10 

Total materials 16 7 

[Mbwtr. 

Boring hole* in alecpen 7 

Fnuniag, oarpeoteni' work, 6m. 

Transport of maleriak 2( 

Opening traiKfaaa, 1 ft. 4 In. deep, for aleepera 1 1' 

Taking away mrijliis excavation 11^ 

FLcing aleepeni and toilj, ramming ft& ... I t 

Total labour 4 3 

Utiog up and nn-l making good pamiMala. 
«iuuv extra work iu curve*, pointa, raduoea 
to the yard run , ... 10 

Total per yani ran ... .£118 

A atrwl rollwnv hsa lataly been <Dastmcted at Xnntea by the 
Orleana Railwav fommoy, to ooBneot their terminus with the 
qiiaya, of whien the followiiig particulatit are given. Tliis liue 
of railway is nmrly two milM in length; it follows the liue of 
qtnya, eroMea tlie tncM crowded (haroucfafara of the town au'i 
iV apiiroaefaea to ibiM btidgea, and i* enlucly open to ihn public, 
)>r»vBttDg no obainola to fool paasangata, aud being open to 
catria^ trafie fbr a great part cf Ita length. The length of single 



M 



liDoislSTO yardi. and of doubln line exactly a mili^giring a tntol 
of 40Od ymnla of Una, of which 3fl30 in on road oaed by foot 
psaaeagma only, aad 8M6 yarda croanncs of streeta, &o. on the 
iet«l. and on rtNkds liable to be tnvetaed by nuviacea. The rail 
eiDpli'Vod isnhridco rail, wolghing 16 ponnda per foot, tlsad by 
solranised irnn screw* 3 inchoa long, to lonptsdinal timban 
To inohae wide bv 4i iucbe* deep; tbe ntUsaie oonnenad iuyHher 
by traaavetn ban, weighing 17| ponada mdi, having tbe cadt 
turned up ao m to lit into the hollow of th* nil; twoot the««an 
Dsad for each rail of ll) fnet lone, bat experieiMe haa obown that 
half tha number would have ■utHvoiL The e»>la of the roUa an 
joined and kept in the same line liv a «aiaU dowel of eompremed 
wood In the hollow uf the rail, ^r the o r ca si B^ of aueett, fa^ 
and wlierv liable to be traversed by earriagea, a flat iron bar, 
9 pounds In th« fnot, is acNwed In a veitloal poMlMM tolhalnaUa 
of the tiinhi^r. Wiihoutgoing into thadetails, the ccaioflhiaUaa 
may be staled ta followa>~ 

£ ^ 4. 
Tar s nrd run of single Itna on rood, where 
liable to foot tmiHc only, iadadlng payins 
all the woodwork with tfarett ocala of 

niitrine glue IS 

Aud ou eruisbg* of streets, &c. for carriage 

tRU!l«, |>er yard run 13 8 

This ayntem of ativel railway aeema to have been firat naed in 
the Mtraeia of New York, aud \* now eonployed in seven! of the 
dtiw of tlie United States with good raaulla. llie Amvien 
node of constractinn dilTora hut little fWim that fint dascrUxd; 
the onrvea or*, bowevirr, ren* initdi sharper, oomiug down to a 
radiuiof 4A fuel, for which lNtt«raut-ironrmlanr« employed, tbe 
ouUldA rail being Ibtt, and the inner one gruoved fox- the rooeptioo 
of l\vt Asnge of tbe wtieat. 

Under the head " rsilwar vinducts," ara includad aema of the 
most importaiiL works in the Exhibition, both froon Fninta aad 
Kngluud; anil, hp^j-iuDin^ with those from tbe former CMiulrr, *« 
have a uiixlel, iu.-oouimuuHl by a water-colour drawing, giving a 

S moral view i-'f tho crideo or viadnet of IVrascou, which eamaa 
la nilvay fiiim ManHiliei to Avignon (Chemin da for dn Midi) 
aeroaa the Ithone, bctwL-cQ the ti^wn* of Tanucou aad nnanraJia. 
and which was built hy M Tslnbot. It consists of seven afgiuental 
arches of equal ajuui, of ctut-iron, springing from masonry piora 
The piun are 70 fv»t by 'JO (eel, witu an aven^ height ofbOfoet; 
anit iliwir foiindacions ara ulaued at from "ii feet to 3S feM below 
tlip levul of low waiT, eneu on amaaiof ooncrate^aarronadadby 
a double row of piles, the space between tlie two rows being ftllcd 
will] n!giilur bluflu of cut stone of an avenge weight of 5 toaa: 
a sli-pe or bonk uf nmgb bliicks ou the oulaide of the seeoad 
endoiiura sn^-o* to iirot'Tct Uie pilnt without mudi ilimlDisbii^ 
the wnlnrwsy of tnn bri'le". This mods of fountlatjoa wai 
adoptiil Ui mwl the •liflicQl<inai-isiu);fn>m theiiataraof thabtii 
of the river, beiuf; liable t« be constantly worn away and nndi^ 
niioeil hy IIckkIs, which UBdnniiniiig baasometimea taken plact 
In a di-pth of as lunch sa 4A frat. Tbe pien ara at distaiiem ef 
924 feet from ooutn! to centre, leaving a wateiway of 198 fcet 
between them; each pier is corbelled out 3 ft ft in. nt aadi dda 
below the springini; of the arch, hii that the aiitunl apna of tba 
areliea ia KM fi. 6 lu. and Ihuir VfrnciJ Aitie Is lit fL fi in. ^e 
]Hera ara teraiinatod at cacti ami by semicircular projeetkiDi, 
which ara oontinued np to the level of tho parapet: and nub pier 
isofaufficicat solidity to stand the Utvral thnut of tl>eiu>eiMi aa 
oue aide of it, lu the tvtM of ou areli falling En«h nrdh ia ceo- 
poaed nf eight rib* of oaat-iron C fL Q in, high, and having the 
Mtradoa and intrados conotatric The diftanca fcetwpcn the riba 
is 4 ft l| in. with the exopjitiun nf the outside onaa, whieh ara 
4 n. 6 in. from tlioie next to thciit, thus eiiing a bnoilth of arck 
of ^ ft. 7} iu, from out to out. Kai^h rib onaviMsnf IT vnoMoin, 
of an nvurnfin tbiekneaa of 3 Jnoliea, strengthen i^l at the t'>|>, 
bottom, nncl unutml oxiaby oooceiiti-icor jwralkl lUn^^i^; they 
have nlsoa ilan^e 16 inehea in width at <n^ end, by which ibty 
ara hotleJ tugether by wrougbt-iruu bolls j inobee !ti illometer. 
The riba net upon the ^en upnu large idstea t-r chain of coal- 
Ino, fixed to tho gnuiiU- •kcwbacka, by «ki--h mean* th> prHaort 
of each arch is ditlribuMvl owr nraHySOOsquarafret, nwldonU* 
wedges ara in iriHlueoil into tho jt'iut* for the purp»aeikf iighteala| 
up the ribe to an eiiunl pri-siur<?. Two aeta oC erou t>ra»^ *r 
strata, at the liue of ihe upiier and hiverllangea of ih<- TiHiWMn, 
provide f«r the lai^ml utabiliiy of llie rilw. bii'I ki^p ilmu at tUr 
proper distances a|Kirt; t\v« st the upptr Hb arc ikbtly waJgel 
np ngoinat the vouswirB with iron wedgre ftllod lu irflli troa 



THE CIVIL ENGtNEEE AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAU 



1« 



» 



M ta la«v« i»cb vooaoir iiuU|MitulMit of to* uJiMmt ohm IB tbo 
aaaM rib. F(t>tu the b>)i or Mch rib ■ptiag a •arioa of franiM 
feraMd </ rertickl luuidnnb of out-irou, mA strngtlMned bj 
loagUacUiwl I1m(m or (Mtl)«n, uid witb bnuw la ifao Ibna of » 
St. AxtJrtw'aeniHbrtWMnUiauprigkUi Ui«M£IlLiitli«ipMkdrU* 
viUi na nwidb riaiJit^ «■ if tbnjr ««« Mild, aiuI IxioK bolted 
U^mImt tielp to diMnbuM the bud niortaiuibniilroi'crUieArcb; 
Ibttr «r« kopt lu ibatr (iImm at the larel of tbc oxIiim1<« pf tU« 
Msk b^ ooa«n or fnnM of eut-irou 7 inobea deep, ^'iuob thick, 
and viib ui kvonfo lai^ih of i fL fi tiL, *j«h«d lu a biilglit of 
U iacha*, )>oft«d togatber uid rcatiog BpOD tho liUKliIoiM Mid 
fiwuM uf the ^MfidriU, uid vrer the <xa«ti of tbo btcIi on the 
vouecin tbsiBMlvMi. Ou tboM i» qmMl ibe bklLu*, with « meiui 
t h i e ka n ei uf i r#«t, radacud ov«r the cnm of the ucb lo 
1 ft. S is, uid oufloacd at • dittiuiM of £ fl. (I Id. frdu (iwb Mds 
b/ « brink dvrut wall, od the exterior nd« of which nMsaa oub- 
uvn pltntli add balnrtnMJei the weight of ncfa arch complMa U 
1070 toiut, aad the p«nuaueut IomI oa eu:h >■ 007 toua. The 
inaterittla emplofed iu Mm ouoatnictloa of eacb pier were 84,000 
cotue (Mt of eaaactlB. Oi^OOQ onbic fcet of aehUr, SOU «ubic feet 
of ffaaxiit, 49,000 cumo fret of rubble tuMoBry, and 8 looa of 
wTOM^t-iron. TUtixig the weight of the arch b«UuUd at 1700 
Umt, kBd that of two traiaa of gotnU at 300 toua, it folliMra tlmt 
Um najiiiuiuu ]i««Miti« ootbaf(>a(HistIoaia](\334,ornkthctiuoro 
thu) 4^ tuu> on cncb aijoxro fixil of (urfoca. 

Tbc ikcxl bridge or vuduct in the liit, vit., that over the Seine 
»l BtKy, ft aubarb of Paria, and cnilal the " I'o&l KnpoIiKiii,'' in 
Car the doable jMirpMa uf ruad aiui Rulway, bAvina boou oai>- 
■mowd to eoiuieut ibo " di^tuin tU cuitiiun- with ue tenniau 
«f tbo OtImm rvilwn^, and iu additioo, to give iueimil &cU!^ 
tor Uic ordiii.-iry iraffic between tb« two biuika of Um river. It 
ie « Mjiim liri'I^e uf in Mffmeotftl ftrcbee, having each a ipan of 
1 1 J fL « in. wiUi A v«iwd tliM of 14 ft S ill. i euli areh U faxsd 
with PU Tottatiiini 4 fwC bigb, the net of tlic arohet being turoed 
iu r<n' euull rough rubble miiaoDry ««t IB oeiuetit, and llifl *pa&- 
ilnU built villi Ibt) aaine i&aterial, the Ixxly iif iliu ufh hotiig 
4 feet ill thkkii«« ihr^'Ugbout Tbo epuidril* ore carrioi oii 
intatvoJlr tollie l<>velurtb«<'<ilnido«oflbeM>:bi-*br «i-cii«aiall 
pBrallel loui|iiudiiuil rniilttf nlilch are «o<rered with oeueut and 
MiplialM. The foLuidatioBa mo «b tinber ipvljii^ and eonorate, 
Mid (JM tutim bridine wai open to the jiabbo la Diue rnautha ttota 
the liuM! of ita DiiiDtiK-iioeiueul, exduriro of the tiuic wbon tbo 
woric* won iutvrr^i^twl by ibt height of tJie river. The gprat 
peooUarity iu ibia ityiUTu of ciiiitini'.-tloti ii the xibalitvUun of 
MwU mtgh •u>tio lui'l eruiiinl fur uliUr wurk, thai trualiBg 
Btauet ciiiirely to the eeiiieuti the r«|iidity with wliioh aaoh a 
stmctare ean be carried out wetBi gn«ler lli.in in tho loan 
eoouion luetlMMl of ouDatructlon, but aa llie ooet ia not givrn, a 
nuUcrial eteiuBut it left out In ooiBpBriiig the merita of the two 
Byeteii» Tbe o>uiilru«tiir uf tliia bridge b M. Coudie, iDgtftileur 
«B cbef dra piiuu el cbnaaMke. 

The Oral bri'li[« we ooute Ia ia ako ia the cuborbe of Paria, 
Aodauriee the Sl Oenuaiu railway or«rtli«8eiueBlAHiiierM; it 
ia BBoaarlulile aa buig tbo ftnt atteuipt to Introdueo the eyNteui 
of tabuUr wriAiirhi'irDa girdof bridgna iiito Fhinoet and wu 
dnigned by M- tVchal, eugiueor ui chief of the St. Ocrawin 
railway, a«d Prcnideul of the EVeucb Society uf Civil EnfpoeeriL 
Tie origiool bnil^e having bica d^tiuyeil by &r« in 1846, a 
teaapMury wuudeu midgr woa iEiiriiedi»leIy ■uutStHt«<I, ami Ihe 
y««aeul bfvlge wna aAcnronli coiiitrucUiI on the aiuno ^le with- 
Mt a aingle day'a iii<eirupliou of tbo aorvica of the milway. 
Thb biiijge ia couipoanl of five htn, the two neareat the banlia 
liBviBgaapaiiof Itnftti in., ami the rei&alnlugtlineuf lOSfiwtj 
it ooimmU uf live pondlel wrouKht-iivm lubiuar ginlen, eaob 
MU feet Uiaif, 7 fL ft in. doep^ And 3 ft. 3 in. wido, oxotfit the two 
OBtaid* »!>-]>, which are uul y ;2 ft 7 iu. wide; the plntva cutDiioaing 
the aldcat-fUwiae tube* uȣT fMt loug, :} ft. 3 iu. wide&ud i-inch 
thiuk; tboati of tbu toji Mid bottoui asa S(l fiBt Icoig, 3 ft. 3 in. 
Bride, and with a maumam tbicknou of ^lueb. The tul)«e nn 
kept ill their pUcea lateraltv by mcana of tmnarorM wrouj;)it' 
IfoB rectMigular fnuuea, auj diutjutial bmuo* or Sl Andrew'4 
'aueaeit, wliivit MB pUuxl alternately bi>tw«eit tlie tube* throngh- 
, (Ml tJiv Kltule leu^i of tbe briJ)(c, and the upper aldea of theaa 
UBiuverse fmiUB* aarvc to Mpport the rails, of which t\me ara 
§amr aeiMBie Umb. oue in eaofi iutenul Uitvr^a tlic tube* anil 
im a levrl wiUi ibeir upper aldat At the porta vt llie tabular 
ginknat wtitdi ih«9'r(«loB the picn arid abutnimti,acnab-u>an 
, piMB ia bvUed on t«jlM udor nana uf the tnbt, vlilcb lUdaa on 



a grooved eut^iroo olialr aerarwd to tbe atcmc work, and kept 
proftiady lobricatad with oii. 

Tbe tube* are aiuple reotaa^ea in aeotloo), vitboutaayoolliibr 
diMnbcTB at top or bollom, and the iron uf which the top asd 
botloin platee ia ootnpoetd varies lu iliiokiwaa throi^oat their 
loBgtli, tbe auoantof VHnaiion having btra determined by oou- 
aideri^g each tsbe aa a ooutinaona girder acpportMl ot ail polnl^ 
and auilaiDing a load whoee poritMB In reutiou to the poluu uf 
■upport ia cooatwiUy varying; the braftUog weight wai thoa cbI- 
culateJ fov well iioaUfoa of the toad, and a nirve wm ouDetraeteil 
repraaa&tii^ tlie diAr«jit vulum ao ohtainm], and fri>m thia curve 
tb* thickuoH of tbe plalea wna detcfmincd. 

One of tbe extiditi'us iupoaed on the engiDetnineonatrBCitliig 
tbia bridge waa, iLnt ili« irninc of Ibe railway (being oa (creat aa 
aix or aereu timina an liour) thonhl nut be ioii'rnipteil, Mid aa tba 
new bridge waa to be balll on tho aitc of tlie teiii]H>niry wooden 
one, thia WH a inatt/r of do Mnall difficulty, nuil uo4 the leaal 
Snteraating part of the hialonr of iU couatnicCjoti ia the doierip- 
tiou of tbe method in which tUa waa cAected. 

Tlie wtMxUn bridge oouiaui) of four ribaaoppmitogtlireelioes 
of railway, and iu conauaellac tbo iron ooa to carrjr four lium a 
filth girder waa introdtioad. ao uac thrae of the iroa iptdeza aUould , j 
go in tho apacca betw«mi the woodeu ribe, and the reraaiuing two 
ouMde of tbe two extmue rilia. TboK two btter girdera tliea 
o>>uld evidMitIv l« pliwetl In lh«ir pMitiou without In aay wa/ 
iuterforlog with the tMnpoiary brldgn la onlor lo tatrcdttta, 
tho other tabular girdera betweoB tbo wnoden ribav (I «aa 
Mdeueaarr partly to eat away the crow brociuge by which theae 
were oounected, and which oonaiited of diai^nal braceu or At, 
Andrew'! nrriiunn laid horlauotally at tlie nppar and lower iU«a i 
of tho riba, Mid of a tfalt>i aeriiw iJaoed rertiMlly at inlerrala,'' 
Tbo troa girdom, being cmuideniblr Icaa in depth (biui the 
wooden rilia, perniiitetl the foruior to be placed without btaag 
obliged to diRturb the mulwar or oppoT aet of bnoce above 
Diicationmli tli« lower and Toixioal aerKaaf hraota haWag bean 
rawtiTol for a ontain dinanca at a tintr, tbo troa ^nUni vara* 
inln^loood from bolow betwoeu tbe wiKidcu ribx. in lougthaof '* 
atiuut iO feet, plo^ end to end, and riveted in liieir pogutioua. 
The roadway dt tlie tetnpotary bridge wai tli«n auppurtod troui 
the iron ginlen by nieoud of wvUm, mid the vrooden riba 
iBtnovedi authlag wen rainalued to do ikii>e hnt to lowor ibe 
linea uf mis to thoir Dew level, vix., 4 fvot below thai which they 
held on the temiKinry ■im>.*tni«, anl U> adjust tben in llie 
iuterval* between (ho luboUr girder^, the whole of which <*aa 
aeoumpliilied lu tbrveopemiiuua, aach operattoubvingcuiupleteJ 
in le«> tbaa a night Tbeeutirewaif[ht of Ironwork in thehridga 
if aboat lAUO loai, and the conatnwtion, exduaivc of nuaing into 
place, wna uudei'Uikoa at iSi. 3a. Id. per tMi. 

The vUduut of the Diuance waa oonatructed tu carry the rail- 
war ttotu LyouitotlMMr>litei-aD«aiiuv«rtberiverof tl>atuani«, 
nni] U •ititAHti about i^ niilaa from Avignoni it in outirely of 
ninaonry, niiil waa oootcnictod by the eiii^iuur of llw IWaMon 
viaduct, 51. TaleUit. The prinoiijal Jili)cii!(i» to be nvoreouie in 
ila coaatrnctiuii resulted fn>m the eitivuiely mpid luiluro of the 
river, and ila liability tu beniuie violently d">"l«l. ttiiuMiiieoUy 
to pr«:luca attddea chaagee ia the form and poeitiud of Ita be!!: 
at the aitc of Uie viaduct the iodiuationuf tbo water i*2£ ia 100^ 
and aucb ia ita iacraajae by flooib that iia v<.>lL)iiie, which in a 
oormal atale ia about 1700 cubic feet per wciiid, liawinea at aucfa 
tiuiot aa laach a* 2DU,OI)0 foot per aecoail, or iifnrly liO lliDca Ita 
original auauticy. Tliia rCDtkrod Uie gr«nt<»t car* iiectmary In 
the tuundatioua, and they were aocordiugly fortned in one coo- 
tiuuoua laiuis uf niiLOuDrv and ouuurcU! fniui oue aide of the riivr 
tA Ihu Other, i («Kt thick auil 60 feel wide^ pit^Mtiiig 11 ft. U in. 
bevonil the piera at the npper aide, and £5 ft. 6 in. m tha lun-er 
^deof thcbndm Under twelve aiclmoat of the tw^ntv 'lac of 
which the viailuet is conipoaed, viz., tlie lix nmmt ciu'h haak, 
the fouudutioa te carried ucrow .u a flat iiuiC»c« 3 fcet beluw tha 
lowest water lerel: hut iiuil:}r the rMiininii^iiiMarcbM,luvuri«d 
archee with a verMfil lino uf a frvt aro foniied, which are carried 
out to the oxtmuiiin of the maaoory. I'hia foiiuilatloti pMla OU 
tho gravel uf the lied of tbe river, which wna dmlgod away 0* 
the oeoMMUT depth by a lyhono power dre>lgiue uucltino; it 
la bounded aiioT« and beli'W the bridge by walk 6 feet thick, au<l 
8 ftet and !i fact rMpeclively iu bfi^hl, niid o-irerwl with llag|^Ug| 
between which tlio ooueroin wna thniwn, aud nftarwanla jatrM 
oa top with rubble ititerwHiled with biiuiliuK oiareaa of aahhir. 
^le vliuloct, aa stiiteJ abuvc, o'linistA if :il archea, each of 7i ft 
fl iiL apaii, aud with a rtM ol i:£ feat; they aro a-owmd, ellipti&l 



146 



THE CIVIL KNGINEEK AtTD ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 




to fona, and at Bwh lU* of t]i« bridg* tb« springiag of tbe arefa 
t« niMtl, ao M Ui proMot in ulcvation « •egnMatol onih of 
6 ft. 4 in. rite Th« jaisn are 1 1 feet tliiok, and an of ■nffidenl 
aoUdity to sUnd tbe launl thniat in oate ol a fuplura or Uhow 
of oMt arch; tbe abatnwota tnpleroed br archea tbroodi which 
the towing^th b cMried. The total iKigth of the bridge if 
1700 feet or a third of a mUn: and tbe width of waterwnr 
1390 feet; Ibe width ia iS fret extreme nieMiuntnetit, aod ti It. 
9 iiL betw««a the panpeU; and the hi-iglit of tlie raila abova tha 
low water lerel la 31 It 10 In. The &Rb«8 and piera are faced 
wilh aHhIar. and filled In witli nibble nuuoDry: tbe cetitm of each 
arch wore lixal aiiii utrack in one piooa (tbe atrikba being per- 
fonaeil bv douUo wedgee), from eignt to ten days aner tbe oom- 
plctkn of eadi btoIi. 

The viaduct of the BouMne is oD ^e nUl way from ChntMonnx 
to Liioacea, over tbe rlvgr of that name, and waa ooDatractod by 
M. Boret, cnginaer in chiet It conaiata of IG urnueirea lor archea 
of 08 feet ipan, the total length i« 1012 f«.-i, with a breadth of 
S7 ft 4 in., and ao eJevatloo abur* the low-««t«r lerel of 
1S4 ft S to.; the firandatioDS wore Itdd on the solid mck, of which 
tbe rirer'* bed ia eompoeed, by meana of ooffrnlnnm: Iho piora 
have a batter of J^th of their height, and tbe ouiwntpr* are 
carried un to the I^el of the ptunpct to form oLationa for tho 
guards aioBg ih« line; tbe arcliee are 9 ft. D lu. thick at the 
Bpeinging, aiu] dimiuiali to a lliloknceeof Sfeet at the crowni the 
mlway u csjriad on three longitudinal vnulta, over which tho 
halloat i* 2 foet thick, and there are weepen <*r pu^tnylea in tho 
apamlfUs lo eairy otT the itirfawi water. There were einptojed 
Id tb«oociatnictkinof tlii*Tindu(.-l 1 10,000 cubic feet of maaonir, 
and the total espeadilur* wim 4-\WiU. 

Anxmg til* OWdeU of rnilway vindiieta in the P.a);liah aoctioo, 
the iQuet importaut in that of the Uritannin Bridge, a stmcture 
so wuU knuwn in lliin touuItt that any deaeriiiiion of it would be 
quite aajierfluoua. Mr. Bruiiel'agr«*t Baltaali Bridge, now in 
proeeaa of coostruetloD. ttad whleh has been already alluded to 
tinder the head of Foundationa, nuiy be said to oreno next, a* the 
apan of ita two laigeat openings approaehea wiibin a lew feet of 
tlioM of the Britannia: in principle it ia a sort of combiuntioii of 
the arch, tubular girder, and suspension syntems, the roadway 
being snBpeuded from a wmugbl^irou tubeof an eUiptieal seclJon 
fsmung a aegiuental areh with a rise of abont a fitnrtoontb of its 
span, and the boriiontal thniKt of which ia oounbiRicCod by 
having its ends connected by a chain, wliich !■ also attached to 
the vertical rods by wblcii the roadway i* iuiipc>uded fr«m the 
tube, as well as to tbe roadway Ilaeir The trspeioidal apacee 
forawl by e«cli two verticals, the tube and the chain, are braord 
diagonally, as am abo each pair of verticals tbirmiclfcs;. He 
two centre ban which are thus ocastrooted Iinvc urh a 
BDBB of ■Hh feci, the height of the road abore the water being 
100 ftet, and they are conaeettd with tho banks br two riadiicU 
«f ten and eoroa bays iMpoctively, Ibnned of iron gir'lvrs 
nstlag nu masuniy [non, and the toUl length from shore to shore 
laS^fceU 

The Chepstow viaduct on the nme prindple, also by Mr. 
BruDel. waa exhibited and dewiribed In the Exiilbition of I'm. 

A tulraUr {^rder bridge, «t«cMd en the Manchcit/ir, SlmtSeld, 
and Lincolnshire railway at Gainsboroush, by .Mr. t'nwivr, is t he 
only remaining specimeii of an iron viadnot in the IJngish oollcc' 
lioo. li crosses the Trent at an angle of SO*, and has two spans 
of 180 (set; It Is carried by two tabular glnlem, wlilch form, aa 
it wertv tha narapets of tli* bridge, anil which nrn further 
atmsthnned bv having a wn>agbl-Jron arc or rib inscriod 
in each cube; i\it lube* rest on a musouiy pier in the centre^ 
and are cooneotod with the bank at each side by an andi in 
loasoory. 

Two wooden railway bridgoa are sent, one by Captain Moorsom 
over tbe Noen in Inilnnd, cm the American lattice principle, and 
the other by Mr. Brunleea, to show a uiitliud of resnoving a 
imrtiOB of the bridge forthe porpoaca of navlgntlnn, In wIiil-Ii tbe 
moreaUe part of tbe bridge is iDa>!e to run back by rarh and 
trfnlon work, siniilarly to the ninngle or rolling dniwbridun in nsa 
tn fotrtifteation*, the only diSerroaendng tliat this ruDx biulk above 
the roadway, while in that of Mr. Branleea the end is |r<w<-r«dby 
a senw to a sulBoient depth to penult it to pasa uudemtAlh tbo 
standing part of the bridni. 

The only othnr Biodcl of a railway bridge ia in tbe Caandlan 
collection, vit., that of tbe Great Victoria Bridge across tlie St. 
lAwrtooeat Montml, and wbldi, although occupying a qmce 
of sosDC 30 lo 38 (halfai laogth, batlU <■■ M mall a aotb that 



little of tbe detail of tho work is reprswnted, and it is to ha 
r^pwttod that it was not aecompanimr by a modd of a p«rtioB <rf 
the bridge on a larger scaler froen wliich the methfnle of ioinisg 
the tubea together, stipportlDg them on the phn, aod othor 
matters of deUU mlglit liavebeoi nthered. Tbe Vtotoria BrUg» 
ia by Mr. gu^enson, and is on lus lubvlar girder or BrituiA 
principlu; tho length of tbe tabular part ia 0130 fedt the langth 
of Uie maaouiy i^ntmeals ia 4M Ceet, aad the canbaiihmenta at 
both side* give au additional 3366 feet, tbua uaUuc the entiT* 
length of tiie work across tbe Bt Lawranca 8068 Int. Thu 
tnbuW inrt, or bridge properly so oUled, consisla of K hayi^ 
tho centre bnviiu[ a span of X)D feet, and tliciM at the siua 
MS feel; the height of the tube aboT? tho water is 60 feel in Ite 
ce6tn,and96fertallheabuUiieute; tliTtubei^inaieadofpsMiBf 
throng the piare aa In tfau Brilaiinla Bridgev rcat ou the top ^ 
them and abat togetbar end to end, so that the idde •levBUon of 
the bridge vrilt prcaent olio nuhrttknn tube of OMrlr a mile aul 
ai)aarteriuleoglh,tbcrnd« tieitiKrecctvodina ttiunelof masimry 
in each abutment. Tbe weight of Uie iron medinihe coaslruetioit 
will amount to 10,500 tons, all of which will be transported froan 
England, and 111* maaunry will ba not for short of 3,000^00Ocubia 
feet. 

iJrawiogs of serend of the moat rrcently coDstractod rajlwmy 
atatiuna bi FWioe ai* ahewD aloiig with tbe models alrsvly 
dMcribed, from the Ecole dea Fonts et Cbauas^ bat ki« saM* 
n:aiarkiibl<^ lui iirvbil«<;l<iral drawings, of which they arebaantUiil 
exnmplei, tlinn for hrt api«irent novelty in design ordetaU. Tfaey 
couiiiit of plans nf ihu 1 aris and of the Ljoni aUtious OB tli* 
PariB and Lycins rnilway, bird's-ejo view, aectiort, and three da* 
vatioDS of the Bordeaux l«rmlnua, and siuiliar dcawinp of tlM 
terminos of the Orleans railway at Kautcs. 

BHdgm. 

Tho grrnter numbor of tli* bridge* of which tnodola or daijgDa 
wareoihibilcd have already been dsalt with as oamingaadarthis 
head of rinduct* or railways, and this aptiLJe* more particalarly 
Xu England, where ^nuparatively few bridges of imporlaiMwIuivB 
of late years bet^n uiinstrauted, witli the exoeption of ihoee eoB' 
ncetod with the dilhrcnt milways: and It is, pivhably br this 
rt*son that a model of tho Victoria Bridg* over tbe Clyde M 
GlnMcow, by Mcsaia. Walkornnd Bnii{M,Mi^ou« projteletlbtiilges 
by i^.Ileiinir, are tho only models of maaoniybridgas con triUitsd 
from this country, 

From Prviioh there ia a photographic drawing of the Pomt da 
TAIin-'i, situated doss to to* mtuJiSiiery biilhlinK. and which WM 
nlmciKt entirely ooaftructed during the period of tbe Exhlbiticit, 
ajid of which the principle of onnstructioo waa simiUr lo tliat 
ali-mdy dncribed in spealting of the Ponl Napoleon at Itrrcy. 
nanif^ly, the use of sinidl rubblu woi'k, set in cement, for tbe entir* 
work, with tlie exoepUon of the piure and fndng, which ai« <f 
nshUr; tb* pieni of this bridge arr foandod on eoucrela and 
tnuoiirv. luid by mouia of caisaoos^ and each wna the nipUity 
witb wliicli the rubble work of the archee and spomlrils waa 
executed, that, aa k is stated on tlie dtawiugs, but tlin<^«nd- 
twenty days elapasd from die time of oommenulng tlie springing 
of thu arohea until the opening nf tbe briilite to tha public; tt 
RiiiM, however, bo boriiu iu mind that this upeniDg fee- InilB* 
took place before the ashlar facing wan apnljtd (tliis not havnig 
been carried onstmultanemialy wiiU die rMhUe), before tlieMutraa 
were struck, the f'<i>t-)]ath* paveil, ur the parapets cceninencnl, all 
of which worr^ unliiiishni nl the clone of the Bihibitim, In pMt 
owing to the Eulure of tho fuuadutinn of one of tliepient whl^ 
neoesaitated the retnovnl of part of tbe saperstmcture Kir its 
relief. One of tbe meet imernsling poiuie in oonucetiottwithlba 
constraetlon of thin bi'iilgc in the method emploj'cd for atriUag 
ths ccntros by mnuis of cylinders fillol witl) sniidi th* smpln* 
moit of this nii-thod does luit prodncc tbo slightest change in tha 
connini^tiou of the centering itself, as the cylinder ia simplr 
■iiUtitnted for tbe wedges ou which the oentres are supporieiL 
Tlie apinratiis consists of a cylindt-r of wrougbt-iroB, li indm 
in ilinmoter and IS inches high, wbit-h is ^sced (a a vertical 
position on a wooden pUtfomi, on wiiicb it is pravented tnm 
stijipiag by a oiroiibr piece of wood, |-iiich tliii-k, Mkiled to the 
ptatform, and fitting the iutcri-M- diaiuritr of the cj'liuder. N««r 
the base of the cyUnditr, at four eouiHlinlant points of ila w- 
eiimferanea, are bored boles I indi diameter, whidi are nomd 
by ttrtk* intm>)iieml from the interior of tho cylinder, whieh 
is tbcu llllcd tn wiihiti 3 inches of the top witb sand pnvlnas^ 
dried and passed tbreugb a fioe ejen; and inl« llw ipwa thM 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ABCIUTECrs JOURNAL. 



147 



; ta flttorf • Mild pbtOB t* plangBr et ^noA, oriBoldlng vxMtlf 

the iaunor dluuttrM UwOTliiidH', uilabovt 10 tacbM 

bt whot* appumto^ whwh ia tk« kbool M iachM in 

la then iotrodooed under th« onntr** io ll«ii of wedgaa; 

Bnaaiat, bj wfaeca thia nutiiod Imm bcea inrMited and 

gita tbe Tnll'^wiiig aoeonat of tb« proMM of ■triking 

■tm >— " Id ■trikiBjT oMtna, at a dna ainal Uia endta 

I orifion ID th« <^^Ulxl•nl iir« viUidnwn Df M Irvn rod 

J ud '31 of an inch in dUoiaUr, pointad at onw of il« 

JtWa, and ftatWacd and tnriMd ap at the oili«r; tlie aand 

I I Umc* alowtr until it ba« fonoed a liulo oobs opponU «acb 

^li^ aiKl aMpa. Wkra vynTthliig b raadj, th« «giBMr slvea 

tba Older to lover from 1| to S liM^ica; lh«ii, by meaiu or tlia 

^^taMwds Ow m«a r«iiM*« tb* comh of aimL, aad Im^ iu Moap* 

^^^Hllie ounrod cad in the «rent of ita harhu cot wit dnrinc 

^■InrMM* of tka warit, vatil the pMon ibul bam dtaecadM 

■Hm ditUM* rMoirwl, wbidi wiU be noted br a Mah Mtubad to 

^a«Mh|MiloB. ill* worknuo tlinn alli>in th« tlttlaeoaaitf auid to 

■w»«bt*^ and wnila a frrah aignal, aad in ihk way tlia o«olt<* 

iJIiiib J i mdiullr, >biI dctadiea iUMlfmirarBily Iran tho areh 

vhkoot nGakiuft it ll will bo aoKi UnU, bcaoK eoMplotdj nartor 

of lh> opwatton, lei«ur« ia glrm to taake all tt i t i i m m r j obaerva- 

tloML ao aa to bo aMqrvd UutallpMaoB w«ll,orlela](»tMaaar«a 

dhoud the ooBtniT ba tb» eaoe. At tb« Pont d'AnatoiUU, 

OMnmeWMtl tUe 90th Klair IRM, arid ojwnrd for tnttie no the HlW 

Nownbvr, tb« eentnw ««ro itroek in two honn^ and it mtxht 

1mv» bcvit perforatsl in atiU Inn tinM bj plaoing a mui to aaoh 

of tfM cTlindan; ao aa to lowor all Ui« ««ntna almnllanaanalj. 

Bkdi tm of tba hnAgt van cnpporlod bjr W nrtndimla, utd 

tba AMBDOiu w<n|[ht of botb Uia maanmij of tho arch and 

tbt natal of the roadway bore on the oentrea, th«y not 

bftviBg boon r«aM<n<d ontll aA«r tha opening of the bridge to 

Htm pnUicL* 

One of the moat important of th* Frandl BIMMUy h lU gm In 
Ike BxhibttioD ia tbat of LKnu.by M. Faaaudof tho"Ingtni<nra 
4m POuu M Chaaaa^" whiob waa oonatniGUKj for Ibo purtiMe 
of ennying llw high rOM mamm the valley of thu ItAnce, wKioh 
it epoaaii at an dmtion of 139 hot abm the lovel of the tow- 
patb. 'fbebrid^ which ia«iliralyofatone.ia6GD6>6t in length; 
and ita «xlr«ne heinht, ioclinling f<>andAti<in% ia 1ft'> ftot, and 
thai of Itia abiiUDBUU at *tiiA uni), 83 feet; it coTjuiKta of Uin aoni- 
elR«>lar aroho*, «ti«h of A8 feet ann, and aapportcd by pieni 
U Imt thick. Tlif width uf the bridge between the panpeta ia 
Dfcet, oaatainintrarDaMJaray of IQ ft 6 in., and two Ibotpatha of 
S ft. 3 in. each; ttie parapett are one foot tliiok, a&d 3 ft 3 in. 
The piera are (banded on the aalid roek, the foandation 
jint in in aahlar wnrk iu hy<lr»ulic morUr, which wu alao 
tn taming the arebee, the rtal of the work \jriiis iu 
on uonar; thn pinra aj« onlitely of out atone, the Intcnar of 
the ipMidrila and abatmnnta alone being filled In with robblft. 
Ibe roadway ia avpportod br two pariulrl aoiniciroiilap vanlta 
nBStflg the eutin l<>agth of the bfidge above the eitnuloe of tho 
■idiaa, a«far»l«<l I>T ■ wnll 3 fret thldc, and havjai; «oh a apan 
cf 4 ft. S m. ; t]i«y am in granite nibUe aet In byilmiille mortar. 
Tbn« have been oaod IB tliaooiMlrucrtlon of Uiia bridge more than 
f7/XI0 enUa feet of naaoBry. and Jn/xncubaeftotof wood; and 
ft* IMal expenae woB ti.lSOl. 

Hm brMge of Pontllfroy, at Meti, la eihibiteil in model for 
Ihf pBTpoH of ahowini;, not it* ouR«tnicli<^ii, as that daM aa far 
tatk ao ilie I ith oentnrr, biit aa an viaiiiplx nf a ntj aaeeaaifn] 
nMoration anil enlnrgeniont, which hu been carried o«t 
OB the original briiL-e bv M. Lejmndn, in whiob the whole 
Mdge baa bean wiileueif in frnt, and the old work entirely 
oawed with eonenito, U an axpenae of 340M, or 6f. U. per foot 
nm. 

The wuleoing ha* been aocompliahnl in three diSerut waya; 
tnt, by tli^ cnaabmotioa of a tt^t uf niuiic rlba on oaoh aldeof tho 
bridga ooisidn iIm iifl^nnl archee, and apriuging fioin the old 
fim, which lun cajrird up n ffrt abOTB their original height, ao 
Mto throw the new port of Ibe arcb into a flat aagment inaiend 
tt Mag aaatkareQlar, aa ia the caw with Ihr old onca, and Ihiin 
ndnoe tli* wefgbt of maaoury in the (|nndrila: oecondly, by 
■iryinjt nnt a oorlielled oomlee beyond th* fto« of the moaoory; 
and thirdly, by the anbititinioB of Iron ralUnga for the atone 

Tm new lib* above mentianed are merely tied to the original 
woffc by thne Iron cnmp* in eacb arcb, on'p orer the crown and 
th* other twi> at th« haiiticbea The t'liul Imgth of ibe bridge ia 
tmtMl, the waterway of he II ordiet t* 410 Hwt, anl lla total 




width, H iBoraaMd, k 3S bet. The period oecapled In (he woift 
waa lea moatha, dining which time tlM bridge wna botw doeed 
for fool paiaengirit and ooty for two iMBlha (taaaly, during th* 
laying of the ooncrato) for camoga tmffio. 

In tha daoa of bridgM oonatnioled wholly or in part of wood, 
«peoiin«na areahown 1^ England, Canada, Auatria, aad Fmu*) 
of the two la the Engtiak ooUeoUoa, on* by Captain lloonon 
boa *li«M|y faoMi nentioBod. in tha bat aadioa, m baiag for ih* 
piin> o*» of carrying a i«il«ay. A modd of a project for a woodan 
Bridge ia amt by Mr. Bcae, of Leitb, which exhibit* a Tory 
Ingenioiia method of Iramiag abort timber into the fonn of aa 
aMi; Ih* bridge rwniiat» of a anaiberof woodaa riba ur prinopaJ* 
nd* by aide, each rib being fbnncd of baoJfca placad md to and 
in th* poaitioa of tho aida* of a polygon, th* aheniaie rib* 
brcoiktBg joint with aaeh other, ao that the anfltr* of the polygon 
Ineaeboaaanreovorthecentreaf th*aida*a4fMaiitle them; th* 
rifa*«»«oiin«cled tog^thrrhy truuvarB* p|*eta of Uatbar which 
BM bid aofoaa tha ceiilie of tbc Uuiban of oae aat of riba, and 
paaa uadar the Mlieot an^oa of the alteraat* oaaa; the rondwMP 
la oapporlad from tbe or^ by opright thabera with diagonab 
between tlMm. The niodcl of s wooden baidge exhibited W 
Cutads ia a pmjtol for a bridge with a apon of SOD fret; it ia 
aapportnl by two g)(d«n, oMOB each aide of tbe roodway, which 
u a fool mde; aaeh gbnkr ia in bet high, and oonaiata of an 
upper aad lower aill, each of five ihickneBMa of limber bohed 
together akle by aide, (he Bppar aad low*r aUla being eonaeeled 
toother by two raw* of upnght woodaa ataBcUona and diagonal 
tt^nda ia wrcngb^bm ; thoae dlagouUa on whidi th* onaiprearfra 
atmb EUl* ore doubled in each bay, aad ia tbe two baya at aadt 
aide Dmrcai the abuimonl' are repluwd by wood; the eada of th* 
ataaobioua roat in ou^iKoa chain or ahoaa. The ginlar that 
foTBiad la ftartfaer atrengtliaaad by a alroag woodaa aro or rib 
apringii^ ttom tha abiHioant 10 foet below th* lower aill, p*edag 
Mtwoen the timbora of the mU anil beiweqi tho double row ^ 
atonohiona and diagoml br»ee*, ood rioing at it* orowa aa liir aa 
the uailenida of the lop aill, lo which it U attached by bulta and 
uiile aa well aa to tlie lower aill, and to all th* itonchiiona which 
aro croiMod by It A bridgo nsaotly Mtoilar in every raepact 
lia* Wd oMtiulail at Hodc Uund, near Slaosuad, la 
tjannda, but with a apan of lAO fcol only, for, a* ia slated, m warn 
of 7A0A 

FVom Anatria we have a motM of a wooden bridge by a 
Tattetian euglaeer. In which the roadway ia aapportnl by 
woodaa riba, oooh eonmoacd of two oonoeatrie ore* eanoeci^d 
by vertical or rKtber nilial piooe* and 8t. Andrew^ ORMwa, but 
it ia not aUtod whether the model la merely aa UDexctfotad 
prujevt, or if it ie)jreeMil*a bridge tliat liaa aotnally been ooo- 
■tnicUd. 

Under the haa>l of hriil^na in metal, KoKland ia r(pminit«:t by 
one model only, via., that of Uie <oa(^irL>u brj.ln at LotsiM, by 
Hr. Leather, oDnatructed iu l&U. which oanaiat* of a ainide 
•wmaoial aiiih of 130 bet apan and 11 tmt Am, eoBpoaaj of 10 
rib*, and having tha apandrila filled in with a aorie* of SL 
AnJTnw*a croaaaa; the moaldiaga aad ar«hitoolur«U dataila 
being aotnewhat Gothic or rnediicral in chonictor. The width 
of t£« roadway ia 30 feet, ouJ the total width of the bridg* 
I> 4S feet 

A anwU foot-bridga ia cihibiUid, full aixe, by BdI^iiid, In 
which the roodway (wooden) i« auppoited on two IikIiI rib* 
of T.iron, wliii^h orn outmectod togetaer, aad to a thir^l rib, 
rnuuing nnilvr ilie «ntrc of the nrldge at a depth of 3 feet, 
by wtiibk'i^'I^ob Ueaj the apan Ii w foot, aad the width 
:t fl. 6 in. 

Tamiag agaia to th* French ooUeotioa, we dobm to the Pent 
d' Areola, of which a Ttay large and bcautlftil detailed model ia 
exhibited by tlie Miniatre dee Tm vans PabUea, la one of the moat 
atrlkiag of tbe variously eoB*lnici«d PoriaioB brUgee; ft b by 
Mom*. Ondry and Cbdbt, who am alao the enoineenof tho great 
awtiig-briilga now bMng execotcd at Bmt, oud of which a modaJ 
aptKnra tn one of the galleriea of tlie Annexe. 

Tlie Pom d'Aroolc liM been boili over one of the bnuichea of 
the 8eiu«, belweea the blond of tlie ClUand the main load, to 
repUoe ■nnpenaion bridge which formeriy oeeapUdtheaama die} 
It is Kinatractod throiisfaout of wraiuht-lron pbteiy and ia 
purticuliirly mnorkiiblc TtT thv extrnue lighlbeaa aad IhiniMBi, 
evi-u tu ii|i]iar«ut want of atrriigth, of tbe ceotn OTCTOWB of the 

•injrle arch of which ll ia comiiuaeil. 

The aroh la eegmentol, with a apan of 9M foot, and a veraed 
aine of 90 ft d in., and the eatir* width of tbe brUf^ Vm^^hb^l 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AECHlTECrS JOCBKAL 



» 



I 



lh« p»np«ta U 06 font; the uch satiaot from two abuliacbte at 
BuuoBry, one of which U piorotil tor u« rvatptiou of • wwinfr- 
patk Tb« arch oountta of 12 wroufiiiHron rib«, placad kl 
4 n. 4 In. (nimoentre tOMnlre under tbcrMdwajiAiid II ft. in. 
nnda- th«fooCpath. ThMeribaAn foraieit of ft wcti '47 of ui 
incli in thickntii^ with fliuigN I (t. 10 in. wide, riveted u thra 
U tflp ftiul bottom by BieuM of u)|-MroD '9U of ui inch thtck; 
lliey an (iutlier rtnoKlheiMd by k eortaiii nunibrp al vnrUed 
ribt of T-irau rireieil lo t1i« wob, M«l cxtcndui)t friMD flKnoB to 
flugK Tlia d«rutli of tti<.> i-ib at tli« ■priu^nu U 4 ft. 4 in., which 
■ nsdocDd to 1 (L 1 J i». At Hat erowu; tU* rtM are Hlnitt«d froin 
one lu another by >Uiut;ht nod dii^Dol atnila of wroughUroa 
had plikle, and till.' ijiatiiiriU iu« oomptaod of opoa work, alio of 
wrought- iron: thcr'iunUntiniiforthanNulwKyMiorioed hy Barlow 
nila Uid tratMvenely neron the rib* and appcr pkrt of (he 
qiandrili, whiuh dimoaiUoD t«D(lft inagrMtdwrMtoUrvDgtlieu 
•ttil tie toRtbor ail the rib* aod otber parta of the briilgai th«M 
nila are piaDod to sloae toaichothfraatofbrniabottninoii which 
Iha boJLiat and melai of the roo'l tar doponilal; |]io dc]>di 
of tha mail ia 1 tool iit ita mutre aud il iouhni at the foot- 
patbi^ and thi- riau or gnulli'Dt of ibu road troia eitli«r ahoiv ia 
onlr 1-B io lixi. 

The fDonilatioaa of iha abotiupata am on piloa, and protooted 
by nil «DclaMU«o(ah«et |)iliii|[; the himodit is mbblo ineemcnl^ 
Bud tlia i1ieailiii[a aiw of toi aUxie. 

Tlw iui;h of tM bi'id|ca ooBtaina 900 tiwa of imn, vroiwbt and 
out; and tba ooatof tbw part of the vork una ST.SOW The 
ItnMdnder of the work, nnioely, the fotuulaUona, niniiinri' nf 
abutinauta, roadway, fuoipatU^ &i\, ooct 8600L, niniutig u taud of 
46.00UL 

The awing-brid^ by the aame eneinaera la now in eourae of 
ODOatructioo at HrsM,OTM-lba Ppn&<[,an(lcaii-«iBUiof twoawfng. 
ing or luniiu}- portiana, incetint: tosBthor iti the oontre^ aul 
opening horiuiubUlyi tliees limi-iuxliee apring from eiioalttr 
(owaia «f ca»t-iri>ii, mniiiig on friotion rollen^ aud are proJmised 
beyand Ibe u><ri-ra to f'inu a couiiterpolaa to die aeiut«Klie& 
ne afien of tho beidse bctwoen the piera w pivota ia 943 ten; 
thelmitht, (luroUiw water to iho aoffitof thearcb. ia 06 fDct,iuul 
(lie apriapng Ti fael, tbedaeoftheftrob being 19 feet. Tbu width 
between tba psrapeta U S3 feeL It ia ataled that wiib iwo man 
t« each pivot ilie bridge wiU be cn[aUv of beiug opened oralint 
is ten DainuUn. 

Wattr aiti Gru DUtrihtithn. 

The etily repreaeutirtion of wi>i'ka necowiLry when water h 
lakirn frocn rivera ia llie aiocl*] of Ibe head woik* uf the (inwt 
Uaocea Irri^aikin Canal, which ia aeot from the ThimiU'iu CoUera 
at Boorkee ts tbc north provincen, hut which !■ unfirtunatMy 
Dot KneoipMued by any<letail«i modohti>rdeacri|ili(>nfront whlou 
any liifonuatioo oouiMmiiig ii« cnnatniatiiin niinibt hftv* b««a 
gMlierad. Cooduit plpaa were exiiibiud by a«vend PV<niub 
uuiniifacurer^ aoioiig wbum Diay be ineuUoned M. Pnrm, wlia 
•en-li inw pipee coaud iiiaido and oat wiih a kkii<l uf •'lukiuul or 
gUM, M- Petit, SI. Uunmon, aud iL. Clktmcray. lu the \Apm 
asbiUUilby M. Petit, which araofoait-irou, tho only pi-culiarity 
Mttaiata ia tlie joiat, whieh hi a kiiul uf fnuoi-i'aud-spittui joint 
kept tight by a liiuof Tulouiaod itKli:!-!-!!^,*^. beiii^ iiiLroiluc«l 
between tlie end oione lenjidi and a aboitlder formed lo nctdve 
(tin theciid of theadjoiuingone- Tlie leu)(tbaare kept doaeby 
two lap raat on the end <4 eodi piiiv, whieli an keyed to two 
oomtpondlng Iu2« on the end of the unxt one. The oiwrntion 
ia ihua nerforuipd: tbo loagtli to be lal-l ia firat keyed at itio 
npfior liiL'. and tben hoM upright or nt riglil luiglt^ lo tiiat 
aJmdy in poaition while the india-rubber ring U iiiin'diioc<l, 
wbao, being bnogbt down tu ita pnipsr \Aia>r, it* own wri^fht 
aarvee to enrnpriia tlie India'fuhber, and it ia then keyml nl Iho 
under aiile, the entire opefatian for nw-li juittt oootii>>iug only 
aboni two siinntoa. Hieae pi|ioa wrro Uid ikiwii in tliv uiiwhiiiery 
put of the boUding U> eonrey the Ktcoui from tlia builera to the 
varioua enginea which druve 'th« uinchiuery, and bnwcvnr lerriee- 
ftUa tbey may be aa water pipte, the* are oertninly ii<>l ailnplifl 
for the oomvayaaDe of ataam, hi whIeh reapoi-t tliey fnilud tnUtr- 
ably, aud wan ultiuiatoly replaced by a copper pipe with dange 
jointa faatened together with bolla and nula. 

Tbe pipea exhibited by H. Cbameroy eonaiat of n cylinder of 
thin aneet Ireo, corertd Uiaide and out with aaidinlte, that on 
Ibe rateriop bniiig tnixrd with tand. The ilidervnt lengilia ara 
ioined by a apigot-aud -faucet >oini, and in aoine of tlw exauplea 
Dj beinf asewed together. Tliia dcocriptieu of pipe i« a^ to 



harebeoaiiaed to ft conaidenhle extant in and about Pant] it baa 
the Bilnuitage of being obesiicr than tbote made of laat-im^ bvl 
ita durabitily anileapiUiiliiy lureaiet any great aiiMaat«fpr«aau« 
•eem at leaat doubtfni. 

Soma pdpae, in which the eyltadtr of aheet-iran ie covered oa 
tba outaidr villi a thick ouatinR of bydnulic cement, are afaown 
by Meara. (IcDot and Vo.. which would, perhapa, be etill won 
eoonomiaal thou thoae of M. Cbaraeroy, but it ia not atated thM 
they hare been bTOiwht into aecml aaat nor am any pactionlan 
^veo allhar m to the^ price, mode of mann&ctare, or of joining 
the pinea together. 

In tne jetnt prufioeed and exhibited by U. UennMUt, k hoUew 
ring of pewtur of tnaugukr aeotion ia liiierted between the end* 
of the ^iMa, whiuli are tnndo aligbtly iMll-moiithad to raoeiTe It, 
and wbieli, on bt'iiig D'iiti>il np cloae, prna* on the ring with a 
wedge-like action, aail thus give n lucnua of cxertin|{ a puwcrfal 
praaiare on the juiut, the ringnctiugaaaluud of oauUting between 
tbe pipea. 

A HXth kind of pipe ia exhibited by U. Sehwepp^ which ia 
mild" of w<ji>d, ooverad both on the exterior and interior with % 
thick coating of pitch and titr, which, bo oonieoda^ will have the 
power of preventing the wood Irnm being acted upon by either 
the dainp of tbe aurrcnmdiug aoil or by the water or other tiqdd 
cooveyea In the pipe, and, o'-iiiteqnenUy, of preeaniug it fur a 
long UDie, or, aa U. Schwepjic hiniaelf «ky«,oiiiMkingit nnallet- 
abln; which atatement, however, doea not appear to be bariMoat 
by any prcviniu eipcrimoo. Tlieea wooden pipea are mad* in 
lengtha «f S ft. G iu.. and of dilTBrent diauieter*, tlie ihiehuaH of 
wood being in ««u>h cawe oue-tliiixl i>r the interior diameter of the 
pipe. Ther are put Ivgetlier with faucet joinU, and areoOered at 
extremely low nrlcra, iRoaoof ll-inch bore coiilinj(l*,ayard,aDd 
those of Id-inoli bora 9*. n vnrd, or if hoi^ied with iron !«. 34 
and \'ii, recpeoUvely; aiuf the lixing ia aald not to exceed 
]fd.fur tlieleBgthuf 6 fL (! in. of the former, and Odl of the latter 
dioK^aiion, thia being, of cuurae, exclusive of exoavatian. Then 
wooden pipra are aaid to be atrunaer than thoae in aaphnlte by 
M. Ohamurvy, and eome of Uuiite exhibited are Mated to 
have buruo a preetnre of TA lb. on tlie inch withuul being 
boojied. 

j^jnaeU Caiufmcflonj. 

This Important teuliou hoBi atrance ta aay, but few npreaeote- 
tivea iu tlie BKhibiiioti, and il ia to t>o regraited that uo plana or 
moileUof any nf the pnblicbaildingBofthif kiiid,of whicbPatia 
fomishn* ao uiauy exniuplea, ■hould have been inelodetl in the 
lulinirKbIc colle^'itun or modela cuutril>utc-l by the Minlater of 
Public Worka. 

A pUn nr model nf the ^rovt ccitlml iriarket wliidi b now 
being erectail in pKria, with lu ligliialicUa of mat-iron, iu uutler- 

Sound aCoraa, eonununiaating by u aubtrmuimn mitwuy eriih 
e Chemin de for de Ceintare, and, by tliii oienux, with all the 
nilwaydeutM'Liii; P'tria, would have funusd an iiitenwtluu: p>!UiLu>t 
to Mr. Ituuiung^ modvl uf tlie iMfHutit^lly-ariungod Ni-w Cattle 
Market at Ltliugbin; bnC tliia gnut wurk in ouly rniroi«-nle«l by 
uoouplrvf coBt-in-n cnlmuua,aiid the arch between tWui,fcnuiug 
one hoy of the ooiietructiou, and exhibilwl uiemly ma a eMciiwa 
of iron -outing. A Ini'gv ilrewiiijc, bi>ing ,iu unaoeefited dealA 
for the aauie building, i* contribuii^ bv that nii«i iuJalniiniNe 
of architecta aud dranghtamcn, SL itcctor llumu: and if tha 
oompetitora for alinilar anuatruciiuun lutil fuUnwoil bis exan)|ila^ 
we eliouhl, probabty, tuave had a uimt iiiiei<mtLiig and iuatmctive 
aeriea >jf tnibjeota. Englaml <^uib but ibi'ev lu^ilelH i-f jmbUo 
biiUdinj.-*, vi»T two i-.f .Mr. ItuuQJui^it, cif iho Cattle Market, 
alrondy refemsd ^. and "f llie L'iiy I'lUoii at UoUoway, ajid one 
by ColooelJcbb, \l.V.., of the MMel I'risoa at PeutonviUe, allnf 
which are too wi^ll known m tbiv ouuiurv to require any deaerip- 
tlon. Oiiiada uniilriLiutaa a modal of tlie New Court tlouae at 
Montreal, which, jndgiiig from the model, muat be a hnndaiHne 
buildiiift, add highly ere<lituble Ut the colony. It ia a rd-'langnlar 
i»lo or building, aiaadltig on a high nuiiiwtcd twaemeut. u baa 
bolhfroutH alilLe, each u«ua!aling of an l^nic heuaiyle portico, 
euiuiectcd hy a recmaal |H>riioii [i> tligliily pmjeciing winga. a«r- 
lUDuntetl will) pcdinicnta. The riiit I'roiita are uruamrnlM with 
Doric pilaalen, and furnialied with n (icdiinent at lop. Seveiml 
drawinn of churclios villaa. pulilic buildtugn, tu., are mLm eanl 
bom iWunto aoil HanuIloD iu Upper Canada, and allMrd 
pleasing evidence of tha ailvniicod alate of civil oMiMtruetloo ia 
that O'liiilrj. 
i'tom India wo have eeveral modela of native maikota, oo<u(% 




THE CiriL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITECrS JOUBNAIk 



149 



te : itotM at thflB, iMHmrer, •shibit with ft Tlav la •faowiiif tii* 
UB— li ui.tiop of thm buiMiB^ but ntknr u iUwtntiaau sfnuTa 
■iM ia wft auO «ualocna, and anaMqiMatly not wnuif viUun tlw 
bMndaof thiaClM*: uuj frcun aoneof Ui«etbarEagliaboalaalw 
or totmga aUtaa 4a «• &ud ftaj MolribuUoo in UUi atMua 
daMrriBOf-f notiea. 

From rnUMe tbera m« moddi b^ U. Duvoir I^bluio, of 
Pari*, eS a pariUoii of th« nsapiUl lAriboiriaf^ of tba innl 
hall of tlia InaliMU, aiul of tbo kitcbena af tiie PaLtM of tbt 
Bjwte Napi»ldoM: butMlhojaraezltlUleilteiUnMfiaaapaoiilIar 
moda of WMrnriiic and vntilaiiim bnUduia, tlw j ba*«, no doabi, 
baoL alraailjr ileaTt witb hy I>r. AraoU in hi* rapoft iipwo tboaa 
nUeeta. 

"fiitn aro Iva Fraaeh exbibdtun of medarft ilwaUiaga or 
lodgio«>b«iaM for wnrkiiMo. rb., M. Dnnaaiia and mmmt. 
Van Uuiwpkert and Co^ but in aaitbar oaaa do tba Biodvh ax- 
bibitad ahdw auj great departara fram tbo ordinair t;po in tbia 
vraatry. 

A nodal dwaUinc-bovuN ia nbown, AiU aiM, in tba icardaa 
baUnd tba Fkkia da riiidoMria, by Ur. O. Clark, in wbMi ft 
nmabtf of baildinii coat riruoM and paaatiaritiaa ofooaatnictioa 
a^ introdoead, but which hara all baaii ooticad aapamlaly in 
Ihair aanml wciioo* a* nnteriala, and of which anj oMitiaD hara 
would b* si«r«1jr a r«{<ciiUun, 

Bifbra inallj ukiaK laar* of tb« Bulywt of civil ooutructiMi, 
it nmj not ba oat of plaea la ii«tica a aobj^ct in coiiueotioD wiib 
tUa bmwh of aCMnaa wbi«b in nitiivaaatwl in aavanJ inataBcaa 
in iba farin Exbibilloa, and thv itnpoftanoa of which, in tbia 
mpaot, aMiaa bagbuiing tu be iwknowleilged on all handa. I 
ainda to Iba amplofniaut of phoUignttiby for tlie puniuaa of 
^ODg dnkwingaoir worka and buiLlinea, and mora parlkuUrij 
with rritnnaa to tba tfanamiwion to n diManoa of dmwinfpi 
dienring tba pujgiMi of « work in oautae of ooDatmcttoni for 
lUa pvriMMc it aaam lik«]jr ia b* peouliarl; uaeful, from the bet 
llMt It goBiaatcaa paifaet untb, uid adnilta «f no poMlbilitx of 
■iMaynaaatAiioD: this Uttor qiialidcatibn i« bappUyof butoiaU 
inpartanee in thia ooant^, but it may ba valuabla ia manj 
oaaaa in tba conamotion of worka abroad, whan Ibe work WAf 
be yertotmd bj eontndota of unknown character, nnil nt ft 
dial anna fton tha auMrintMidinA ang^awr. Aa axamploa of anob 
■rogw d fftwjnga of laiga wuriu, nwjr ba oitad tlioae of Mr. 
Vjnonr'a gnU work, tba aDapanaloB bnd^ at Kitt, iu BoMfa, 
vxbibit4>il aauNig tha Engliab photogrftfihic dnwingi, whioh fa 
probftUj tba Krat initanoe of Iba application of photogniph]' to 
OBCh a porpoa«. Plxihignipliic drawiun arc aiao ibnwn by th« 
fVanch of tha mw Pmii d« I'Aliiift, a&dof otie of tbo atn tulway 
otfttlona od tba Bordeaox liiia. 



¥ 



I 



ON THB BAJiS OF BIVEICS AHO SEA BEACHES. 

By JuoiCA ^iLaox. 

[trUh on Eifiwhtg <tr Sunderiand Dofkw, Plaf XIU.) 

TUtopiiuooappearato be fining srcunii, that IhaprogreMiva 
Botciueiit of a aea boach ;■ n<h«r to ini iittribiit«Hl to ibe octioa 
of tba waves, titan to thu ooour of a cuuat UdaJ-vurrvtit. Tha 
wan, when it bmka on tliu «borH, propcla tha hnbcb Iu tha 
diracllon of iu movement. Thus, no uD'Shore wave will causa 
■n aocTiniulatiou of th« beach; but if th« diractloo of ita action 
ba obli'iBc, tb« movetnvut of the lirift irill b« aloDg-ahore; and 
'" ■ drift will f.wm a Imf aoroai the mouth of nny river that b 
I to it* action. And if IhU tcDdeucr to aecumulaw Uotri- 
not k»pt It) fhtv-k by tho nctiun of the river ctirrwiit, the 
mill tut:r\;oai> until it rvAcbeil tha bigli-wat«r l«vcl. n'^ion 
nopcning power uf tlie wavoa becoiciu L'rn'lually wMtkcned, 
altber from tlia *b<rlt«- aSbrdod by iimA* {m .it V'iini'ncb i, nr 
that of tbo oppoaite ahnre Cm oq lht> iiooth-ciLst cnut of CoglaiidX 
tb« protcnsaaiva movement nf the boach will ba retardnl, and, aa 
a natond oonnMiiicacp. it wilt there hnvo ttio ^'n-aieal tendency to 
ftOL-umnlat^. T[i« *h«1ii.T afforded by an inhuid uliuitted near a 
eoaal whfn? tlipro i» « trvvelllo^ beach, will iotrrrairt the Inun- 
porting artion of the vjtvn, a,n.l, aa a uea«atnry eimsMnDnoe, the 
datriliii will fwouiuulnco between it and ih« ahoro undl an Isl^- 
nna ia fomixl ooDn^cting it with tha main laoiil. Thii dnam- 
•tanwwlU MlUlkctorilyaoMuiit for tbeoritfiiio/t)i«C1ieciI hank, 
wbi«b connocta tha U* of PMtlaod wiih (ho main land: ti simi- 
lar fortnatkin eoouecU tba vMiky prviuoutoty of Hartlapoolheugb 
" tb the ahoKL 

o. Sia.— VoL n.— Hat. 1M;. 




It magr ba raaarked, that thaae (bmialiaaii pTDsant a ooooavv 
ahora to the windward, pr«<rio« that tbia is the abano boM adapted 
for iwiatiiie Ibe iuninging acUon uf tha warca; a hint tbat might 
ba benodcially acted u|)od in daaignlng a coaat liarbour expoaad 
lo a t o mpaalaooi aoa. An isUind ntrntad a( a m«t«r dHtaoea 
from Um obore will only impade tbo taoramMtt of tba eoaat drift 
Mu Ibnt It may only be miitad to the main land at low water, 
of which Holy lelwil, on tba ooMl of NorthomberlAnd, is an 
eiamplo. The drift doia not appear to aooumuhta behind tba 
Isb nf Wijtbt, but Icnsa a bar acroaa the cbamiel, and oo pamaa 
round the uland. 

It not uDfrtc|uaatlr bappeoa that a ahingla drift will impound 
the WHter* of a small river, forrulDg n b.-u- acioae the entranoe np 
to tbo bigh-waler level, the rirer water eeoaping by pereolatJoB 
tbroogh tba gnnt; or a Uud ttood will aoueumea enable the 
rirer to aooor a etaiincl throu^ tba ahtogla bar, and wUdi will 
remain opoo until Ui« next gala of wind mm Ifao qoartar whIoh 
iuptuta iba pnpondentiog movement [o the b<ncb, again doata 
op tba ohaouei 

Wbao a river flow* into a murow, deep oatiury which gm- 
dnftlly widen* befare it reacliea tbn linr of the at* coaat, llie drift, 
iiwUail of ibrmiiui a Lftr aoram the eiitnuice, will poaa np Ibe 
aida^ where K will be depooitod as the waw gradually loao their 
tiaaaponing powar. 

Tba wrcuniglanco uf tba aiislance of deltaa at the moutha of 
ao many larfe riven haa no doubt given riae to tha vary prevur 
lent ofuaion that ban am tlie rrault of \ river dapomt. Bnt 
dritaa geoarally oeuur wbere a river debuucbe* into a ab^t«i«d 
bay, or whera it briou down a grtator uuuuul of delritna than 
ean bo lemovcd by t£a aotion of the waraa. The Blinal* oaujed 
bjr deltaa are not ban^ strictly apaaking, but have a aimiUr 
origin and an govanud bjr the same laws u tha ahallows met 
wiih ia rivfoa. 

It haa bean utgad a* aa ottiaoUon to tie Iheonr of the marina 
origin uf banv tlu^ if it wore correct, then woold be a niddou 
aooiuuulaiii>n uf detritne on ^a Dccurrouco of an on-ahore gftlc; 
but tbie wvuui Illative action Is in a groat nMaaiirc nantnUMl^ 
the aotion of tlie off-abora current wbiub oooompaniea euch a aSt 
when tha bar ia eompooad of buhL But ahlDgle ban are nbject 
to men violent cbangea in their ilejitli, because ehuule ia not so 
eaatlr acted upon by tha off-abora curroul aa aau£ The lale 
Hr. B. H. Palmar, in hie paper on "Shingle BntclieR," oolieed 
the &ot tbat OB n looky diora tka action of the wave civaa a eoa- 
ward direoticai In a tnfwlUng beach, ariiing from tbu dnnim- 
■tance tliat from ita retiring between the hoUowa of the rooko, 
Uie WBV« uooMaiee Knator power to nttnm dctritut in nn 
off«hat« du«etiun, than to aocumalato it on ita advance. In 
oaafUvatloD of his poeitiuu, it may be rvmarkod that after on 
oo-e)iora piile, whi-a the beaeb haa a leaa inclination nnr tba 
law-w>t«r mark than in-ebore, it will ufteu be found that the 
aond which bai boou removed by the aciioii of the off-eboK fbp- 
rtnt from thona purliooia of tbo buch where the elope ia greater, 
will be depcelUNl in the efaaiie of a bar nnu- tbo low-wat«r mark, 
until on the return of an off-«hot« brteu, it will be rctsmcd, by 
tha niNuuialativa action of tba waveo, lo It* furmer pooitioD 
in^oroi but whore the ahore ia rocky at the tow-waUr mark, 
tbia deUritua ia oarried oot into deep water. 

The oaa outlet of tba Souderland Ducka ia .> catc illoetmlive 
of the elbcta of a rocky ahor* in givbg a atuwanl direction to 
tbo oDoat drift. Doubta having been axiirMsed ai to the penaa- 
naut maintenance of the prcaent depth oi water at ibie ntitleti in 
Ibe diMnuaion which followed the reading of the paper on lbs 
"Sonderland Uoeka," by Mr. J. Hurraj, before the Inrtitntion of 
Civil Eneineera,* it maf be well to deaoribe the beta oonuected 
with tholocnlil^, ttitli Ibe rMiaotts why no bar haa been fbrmod at 
thie outlet, while at tba entrance to the old liarbonr (laaa than a 
mile diatant) sach au obatruotioa exieta. 

The ])repoiiderati&g ahore drift on thia ooaat ia from norlb to 
aontli. In fine weather there in iihuaIIt ftu aocnmnhiUmi of oand 
behind tbe pier to the uorthward of trie harbour, and the river 
channel aatoaa the bnr ia then oomtRonly to the northward, ckxe 
to the iwrth par. When a nottb-caat jpdo iu<:coed* tbia inierral 
of Sne weatbur, the off-ohorv curnnt givea tbii b«dJ n Mawniid 
direction, aud by the actiou uf the wavea it ia drivm to tlie eoiith- 
wanl, notil ii not unbwiuently ha|)i<vna tbiit the daep-erator 
cbanuel acrooe the bar ia oppoaitc tlie rnd of tlic aoutb pier, a 
diBiaooo of 40U or 50Q feet: and thi* cc^itinaiw until (lie occur- 
renoa of aprlug iklee or * land flood enable* the river cctrrent to 



I 



• an Awwl. Vai. ua. 'AII«uT«k Wft. 



^\ 



ISO 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCUITECTS JOURNAL. 




hntk out a onr chuioel to th< nortlimni, vfaen th« fonunr iitAte 
or thing* U nttond. 

A Tow liQOilrti] bat tn tbe *0ttthvBr<] of tba hartwnr. th« thoM 
^•Oiuwt* of • BUM f:^ rock*, a poHino of wUoh baa own «x<a- 
■tcd in dw forawtion of th« ilockv. Before tb« oMBmfiDwmmt 
IbMe woritB then waa commoiilf a travcUing b«*di bcUrwn 
be>« TW^a and di« baaa of tb* dtt^ but a haavy m-ahore ([al« 
iild aooivti&iai awoep away thv wbola of tb» tieach, and leave 
tio rocka Inuw doae to the cUfla. So, in onlrr to protect the 
nka from tJie tnvam of the «««, wooden jeitlue vaiv mn 
. from the aliore, wklch cauaed a eooiildembla aocumnlntion of 
ch on the north, aiul a miKlWr i|nantity waa waabed up on 
their aonlh aide* bv the artinu of Iho loulli-enat galMt 

It majiikowUe r>« itaioi tliAl there arc two atone grojiiw nin 

lit from the neir-formcd abore fiuiiiig tbe dot-lc, and thraa otlicr* 

I frout of tbnt portiou irtiieh fomia the eeparation batwaeo th« 

(le of the new outlet and the eca. The northerly drift paaM« 

_tie enda of the two brnH<r grornca, but it is diupcned by the 

IaoIIob c^ the wave on the rtick<r shore before it fiUa tlic angla 

Und 80 a« to enable it topaai thenortherDmoitj^TOj'De Ja fVnnt 

he outlet. This portion of the shore — it being in fiutt the 

lh-«ut piar of llie omlnl— 1* formed in a nun cMterljr dirw- 

1 thnn that which fronla the dock itoelf ; and aiiice tlie gro^nee 

run out from it at right anglea, it Deoe«arilr follows that 

hetr aouth-eaat oornera an fhrtber EB^ahere than ttie nortli-wort 

of the auooeeding one (o the eontbward, conaenncntlj- the 

ritua It a«cuiaulat^ by the action of tbe wavea ou tltetr eauth, 

Laad of the north lidca, u is iiinidl^r tbe CMC on thla ooait. 

In tlie diacuanon which followed the rending of the alwve- 

_kmiid pepi.-r. it waa suj^geetad Ilial the eaiiae 'X chin acoiiaiulit- 

'tion of deliitus ow the auutb aide of thean ^oyno waa to be 

fouud iu the ctKemalance of an eddy tidal-current eettiug out of 

Heiidon Bsy. Now thia eddy current eeta into the harbour 

and the aonth iner bead, and coiue()nently the mon northerly 

wooM be equally anbjeet to Ita Inflneooe a* ih-.»u> in 

Uon, yet in these tlie nccumntntion i* on the north lidea 

laapecllon of this locality wi!l convince any one that thia 

''soniinnlntion of detritna niuet be aiuae<l by the action of the 

wnvea, rather than the neour of a cummt It will be aeen that 

, plec«« of maf uoaiau limeMooe (eotoe of them several toua weight) 

' irhich were thrown orer to protect the shore on the south ride of 

I jetties, an rounded like bouldeta and bare of aea-weod. and 

.^ that tlie aoiitb si<le of Iheae grornea t« worn awaj to m depth 

, J aei-eml iuehea bv the attrition of theee itonee: while the mawet 

fl llraoelone whicn lie to the H'tHli of the f;ToyiiM, fmin Iwine 

merely ahelter^l frotu the sea. atUI retain their an^lar form and 

KR Mvered with sea-weed, — all indicative of a ataie of reat. 

Tlie channel between the termini of the iiiera of tlie outlet waa 
ori^nally a hollow between the rocka. A\M with thbigle to a 
depth of lifMt below low-water mark; and *in«* it haa been 
■ho^ thai tbe action (if the wavea on tho rocky •here give* a 
aeawaH directlcei to the drift which c<mBlitut«a the bar acroea 
the antnuKe of the harbour, there appears to be no reaaou to 
amrebeud the fonnation of a bar acrose the mouth of the outlet; 
■aclUiiaoOQCluaion ia borne out by thereanit bJih«rto, linee from 
tbe period of tlie oommeDoement of the nutlet to the preaent time 
there does not eecn to be the eltghteat tendenoy to accretion (u 
the channel, or the leoat appeonuioe of a bar. Tlie in-a)iore drift 
tppmts to join the off-alwre coast drift, wbii-h, aoxirding to the 
Ifatimony of the pilots, pamea the dock outlet at a denih of flvn 
(tthotna.' trpon Uie itame aalhority it may i>e atatcd that the 
mud or aLIt which ia brought dnwn the rivota, or abraded from 
tlie olay otiffa by the actton of the sn, aud whioh ia held in 
•jUecbniieal suapeuriou by the water for a cnntidernbla length of 
nie, is found depc>iit«d at a depth of twenty-two ttihnmM and 
pwmrja, showing thxt on thia oCMct the tmnaporting power of 
the wavM eesMM at tbnt depth. 

Sunderlonil haa long occupied a flnt position an a ahipbuilding 
irt : on the average, npwarda of a third of the toiinafre built in 
le tinlted Kingilom ialanoehed at this purt, regiateriuR in ISiS 
itftbomaud verMcIs, meoraring 8Al,91l) tone, and yield iuctire- 
. _,lu«noe only to London, Uverpool, and the Tyue. Tlie W«r 
irsina an arot ot about fiOO aquare milea, and by an old plan of 
the entnnoe, dated 1719. wo ftnd that m th.it ni'riod it entered 
Uie •(* IbroUfh varioiia low-walerehaniicla, and tbnt the harbour 
Waa not proved by art with a shelter of any deacriptiim. 

A aonUi |»er waa oommentie'l in lT£^i, wldoh wai added to by 
rarioat uyiiwen until 17^S, when the north pior waa coin- 



iannce>l. The aonth pi<7 appeaia to haTe betn cairfed oat in 
order to taich the flood-tide in lu paaiage from tlia Bortli, and 
throw it into the hariwiir; but it acted as a groynn, and intv 
cepied the cbingle in ita pr<igraM aoothward, eanainc a greati 
aoi'UQiuIatioD io the cntmncc, so that a writer in tbe y«ar 1774 
ooinplaina that "veseals ilrawint; only six or aaven tset water 
ware oAen prevented frum getting Ui sea:" Indeed, the OMal 
praotiee at that period waa to carry the eoala to aaa in koeU or 
ugblen, and put thasi ^oard the Toeaeli in tbe open niadate«l 

Thia Blate of thinga waa in a ^reai rot^wrs r e m edied by (ka 
fonnation of the north pirr, the good offeota of which may be 
shown by tbe increase iu tiM sise of the etasiis belongtBE to tbe 
port In lT$f! the aveinge eizo waa 131 toiia, bat ta ViiS it kid 
lacraaaeil to ICll lona: at thia lattor date the navifpUon of Ika 
channel waa atill impeded by rfioaU, oomposed of butl linteitoae 
shIncK aimilar In appeaiatsee to the rooxy eUlIb ritoatad afaovl 
a mila to the northward of the port, a depoait evUeolly do* to 
tho action of the wavea at a penod anterior U> tbe fomuUioo «f 
tba north pier. Aa thi* channel waa gndnally decpenad by the 
dredg«r,tli*Biceof tlie vcwola belonging to the pert waa inerwaed 
untiC in December 1890^ it avenged £34 tons. 

In l>t3S, a dijok of about S aerea, with a li<i:d barbonr of 1 ten, 
WM aenuMnoed at the north aide of the rii-er, and wm Asiahid 
in 1838. 

The oonatmoiian of the south dock was fully deaeritied io the 

E|>er before alluded to, read before the Inetltntinn of CktU 
igineera; but we can now atate that in an enginoeTUiit pduef 
view, the new ciuilet haa been perfectly ■nces arf oL The mU of 
tbo inner gntea in 4(t 6in. below the avetaKO level of Snnjir 
land bar. and 3 Ft. 6 in. below thv piloU' markn for that of the 
l^MHi anil &oni tidal otnervatious takeu by tho dndt-maalsri it 
appear* that at tbe high-water of the lowest nnap tide tn ih* 
month of AoRiiat laat, there waa 19 feet on tbe dt<-k aiU, aad 
84 ft. 7 in. on tlie hinhnal anrinii*; there haa been 2A ft 6 in. is an 
equinoctial sprinK tide. Therv have tif»n wnt to eea by tUt 
ontlet, 8300 looa of ooal in oae bottom; and (reu iu chasoal 
being fennad In a aMiUi-easterly dIreetloB, ahlH proosedtnc la 
SM are aheltered tram a iiartb-eaat ewell aatQ tfiay get into dasfi 
water, so that v«]w;U whidi have taken in tbnr eaivoea in the 
harbour or the w-rth dock frequently eome thnm)^ the soalh 
doek. in oirdcr lo avail thmnwlvca of this outlet when they oould 
not get to •»« by the old emtnnoa. 



THE NEW DUNDEE HARDOUB WORKS. 

Tua Harbour TniHterd met nu the SOth ult., and aaleeted the 
tender of Mrasrs. C*r«t.-kir«, Mitehell, and Company, onntnctura 
in Klrkcntiiy and Montrour, who offered to eicculo the woeka tn 
36,133/.; the matcriah to be of the beat quality and thewholtef 
thu works to be ftoished in the most perftct manoer. The wotka 
are to eommeuoe within one month aher the date of the Mntnct, 
ar»l all the roaaoiu^ of the eatfanee lock la to be eoa^ileud, and 
tlif lock rvjidy for the fixing in of tbe gates, by the let November 
]t»60, and the whole of the works to he oompleted hy tbe let Uaj 
IS61. 

The work eatimated for iticludei the oartyUig of the mnls 
coiuuiou «ower (whicli dischaigee itaelf Into the neeeot tidal 
hnrbuuijoot to the river at the so3th-eaat point of the Hvwrwalti 
the nnderfooting the quay walls of the orewot tidal barboar; the 
whole of the new quay walls: the whole of tbe aeoariiig hiBnels; 
tlie moaatve maaonry uf the sixty feet wide new Milnuwe lock; 
and the tllliag up between the new walla, formiug <)Bays, with 
the earth taken from tbe bottoou of the now dock. It '■H'Mtf 
all that ia required for inverting the preecnt east tidal hattav 
into a wet •fuck, aa autliorise>l by the new Horhoor Aek sod 
•aneUoned by the Admiralty, excopliiig tlie i run caUa, which wiS 
be a separate eontract. h is Io bo hoped itmt the Tnweee w(0 
be able to goon with tbe oomplotionof the north widl uf TUtotfa 
Duck, with ita lock, during the progrevi of the works oow ooa- 
tiaclcd for, wLioh wuut J give ac iiuuiocuie addition to the deck 
aociniimodatiuu of the imrt. 

Ml-. C&ntairs, cf Kirkcaldy, ia well known aa the boUdor ef 
the BjilQudiil railway auiion and viaduet at XeweaeUa, aal 
Ur, Uitcboll, uf Uunlroie, enjoys equal oelebrity aaaf^<ar 
oontrMtor. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



Ifil 



OK TITB UAWFACTURE OF 8TEBM 
By Dr. Psrct. 

Thk 1rctiiT«r tAmrml that there »ro two pritioiplM maoeni«il 
in Ibc I'roiluctioe of •t(«l. Wnikight-iroa bftn vtn cnibwklwl 
in elurfval, litid A Li«l H|<i<litrJ to them MArlj mfXiml to tliat n- 
aaircd fur radiieiug o>|>jier. Ot>»nio|i* ware maite m tbe J^iraao)^ 
n'oin «he»c» tnal ou* oould tw titkca. The onliiuuy foel aara 
VM ea*l. Tbo iron whicb waa nmaUj ooumtMl Into U««l «aa 
th«t frcni Swedes and BiMairi. !■ tke ' Joonnl of the 8od«(* of 
Alts,' I V>£, Uiere wm aa •Uborate p>rwr, hruiahed fajr Mr. S»b- 
dctaoD. «h<> hnj long be«it eoDiiectnl viUi iho tuamu&ctiin of 
■ual, sad wUieh klCnUJ much rxliubic infbrmikiioii on tbe 
aabjecL Here «m a gmt mjtterj obaerreil in Eu^lud aboat 
the maiiufaetHrc of ttcel. It wiu MimI the qoallttaa of iron 
i>nnr»ini;- u> nuke good aU«l dtpeailed npoo lh« nropertiea ooa- 
talMil tn the nraa. Aftvr aonemUtion, the iteci waa mdendl^ 
orvered wilfa blUien^ or boxea; theee^ however, abooM i>ot M 
too Wge, but aa'iturtaly lUatribuLod ovtr tbe bar. Char«0al 
Inmpa end doat are utfl. Tlt« chnrooal ia never onplowed twtee, 
onlMa wilhaD^mUtiin-nf avw fi>«l; If Uiev h«d •ntfrel; &«*ti 
ebaioon), acmcdinif lu the »pu)ion of llw vorkmen, it waa not to 
lUdinhlf , and although, perlupa. thej might not bo aUe lo enter 
islo tbe nUienoJr of tbe aubjecl, tuj •uggeatlona comtng ftrooi 
them ahouU be received with attmUou. The htr of iron wk« 
MntiGoJ with chareMl; tt wm |>ul in pulkable, >od oune oat 
•xtra)B>-l;r brittle. Tie tiaaaverM fractun of erude ocowut eteel 
«ihib(L* uoBierou* fiaaniM^ aanetimeaof ocaaLder*l>le (bte. Tbe 
Mmetnre wm hmellw, the aar&ai gnnnliu-, and nlleoiMl li^ii 
IMU7. Be next ailnded to cNet-etML The fomitoca in which 
this WM Dudo w(ve of a dnpte imtinw. SloarbiviKe cl&v wu 
9mi Ui thMm: tliiit waa well kaown, and of great repute. t>rrhy 
cbjr, and thai frocn Standon, bad been lately empfered : Ibia waa 
nixed vitb a portion of the old brown pota and aanw oindrr. 
lie itcel waa tban brokra np tuto anatl prioea, foKd, and then 
evl luio DHUIda. The neUied «f tuafcing oaatHriMl tnm the 
Ireu bad bean loog known to tli* Bindooe^ aad Dr. BooliuiAn 
had written a verf good ncoennt of it. Tbe propertiea of Wootx 
were a* foUowe: Carbon combined, 1*333; carbon nnoombloed, 
t^It; *i]iiA.(»M$; aalphiir. Ol^l; aneaio^ ODOT; Iron. DSWi. 
The adTanUtf* of eaBt««al waa tliat it waa onifbna througboat. 
la aaaair naee 70a might get the l>ar partly of iron and portl* of 
a1«aL If Sol. of tnannueac irorn iiiiii.Hl wilh SH lU of Inw 
qaatltir bar^icel it would tf^ily imptuve it, and pvB a lou{;h- 
OMa to it. One uf thv moat iuf-ortaut pnteota on Uir Hubjert </ 
Meel waa that of Mr. Haaih, which waa tint f«t«otad April 3, 
IS30. TUa had beau the anhjeot of mvoh lUifation, and on it a 
aacet etabonle article bad beon written hj Mr. Webater, tlie 
eouMBt pktent barriatcr. In thi« oate the mtanteo, owiag to 
tlM (lefMnive elate of the law, hrul not naiiea the adraatagae of 
hia bQVi-atloa. Mr. Ileath hail diNovarto that 1 per cent, of 
(arbiir<^luf maaaaDeae miictl witli caat ateel graatlj improved it, 
and nwalc it wcIdahUh Tbe infriaj[cn of hii patent lued oxide 
of ntaojv/ieae, with cafbooaoeoua matt«r. 

Dr. Pcn7 qbii alliided to UveOeraiaa Beifaod ofniakiagUeoli 
tfaia wa< rer7 Runple, piy-imn waa p|^'>^ "^ the henrti, and 
paitialljr d^ooiapaiad uj a UauL Tlic workman coatrived to 
rSmove to ntuch of the carbw at U> ivader it ateel. Gnat caiq 
and attratiiNi B-a»rrquire>[ in tbiiofwratian. Oxide of miuiffUMec, 
aauaaua mIl, ajiil cU; o-ai* <uei] t" improve atesl iu aocue worka. 
Aafae waa, bowcTer, not pntcticaJljaoinalated widithla method, 
he ehoatil oulv allude to IL Tbe colunr of ateel wae variaua; at 
atnat Ol' Vvi. it w>u t>f h pale «tn>« colour, and wai theu iit 
for T*j>iT4 luid *Dr([i(Bl iiiiilniDi(<nta; 4'iy it wm uwirul fur pru- 
knivea; •UMf the oslotu' waa brown, and tbe mutal waa iiaed fur 
eattintt-ahnii^ tus.i tlO* it waa brown, J^ipleil wiili piirule aputt; 
SU* purnlei 6S0* bri^t blue, fit for awordiii Seil" Una, lliie aawt: 
•DO* 4«rK Uuti hud pit aawa. A daacriptieoi of tlie method of 
■uhlaf; tin plaice loeether with the quiiitiea of iroa neceaHanr 
to be 4mfiaf«ii, aa «^ oa the aUoya uaed, <rcre thea gi*eik He 
, would beat reftr to atiBC of the laetala which were aot ao ftae- 
kaowB. In a previoa* lecture be had apoken of tun j^Mvu, 
be rtgrattcd to ta; that aa yet uo praotieal ap<plica< 
i,lkaJ tied) made of it He luwl menUoaed Mr. Ouaad'a 
and hail referred them U> Aikiu't ■ ]>ietiotiary of Cbe- 
wliere an identical ptoceaa had been ileaciiMd, totly 

* AMnn <tf a IrUk MErttel M Ibe OvrtruunI ScbsoC <it Uuc), 



year* riDsa. They had andeaTOored to alloy oopper with it. 
but had fidled) in mS, thaj eooU not even adull«T«U any metal 
with it. With regard to araninn, then appaaivl to be no a|>- 
nlioatton of II In a metallio Mate; it waa obtained frau pitch 
bleade^ tbe BTWttal depoeiU of which ware at .loluu) O^orgMiatadt, 
on the fionOeni of Bohaonla and Saxouy; they were not beooming 
BCnnx: it wa* hitihly priaad for ipvinE tbe cnnarr eoivar to naia. 
A good aoeoiut uf platinum would be A>und in Gia^lin'a ' Hand. 
boM of CliWiittT7,' and aaerieaof naeful nb«TTiitiona had been 
Bade on It by Dr. Woolaatoo; two parte of ailvee- and one of 
palladluiD were found 1« make a good alk^ for balancing walchta. 
Tboee iai« metala, oanlum and iridium, war* uaed lor tnaking 
the Upt of gOi peoa; they did not apoU Ibe paper, and w«r« 
altaoet indaalnctlhU. Tbe upper part of ilie f»a» <*»• mule 
of an alloy of xine and goM, cnniBonly callnl sine gold. TIm 

Stint of ""^i""' and faidlnm raquirod to he of a peeolIaT nte: 
B large Kialiia were told at SIL per oonoe, while the Mnaller 
oould be purvbaafl at I tit. per ounce. 

He woukl iieit upMkof aJBmioium: thi> wa> four timee liirhhrr 
than tilver, aad waa now eelUiig In Farii at tbi- rate <if lH. per 
ktbynuomei thw had been obtaiaed from cryolite, heated witlt 
Mlt and todiuin. SonM alloi^ of eopper and aluninium were 
then thowB, which bad the appearaooe of gnld; th« anal^ of 
two w«n>— No. 1. M parta oupper, aud S parte aluminium; 
No. 2, 90 parte copper and S parte liac, aad S parte aluaiUiiuffl; 
wherwvcr it wat mixed wilh gcM aad tilver It appwrad to apcU 
IL Some apecdmena of ainoiininm wen ahown, aa well ta the 
rarkua alloya Dr. Pert:y allodnl to th« lithoarwof Mr. Itcvill^ 
aad ttat«l tliat be beliond in a frw y«*ra a more extonded ap- 
pllotliou woaldbegiventothenaeofthienMbtl. They bad h«Ani 
ofailkoii: liepropertieaof thiawrToatyothotiiiiiKrf*tiIy ktiowa. 
A abort tune tinee aome pn-<^nRlnTe wiibed to form a nunpony 
(or the pUTpone of maJdng tint, and had tfaown Ui an FiDlnont 
manu&cturer tn Birmingham apeciniana of aoou aoliateDee, which 
did not contain one onnoe of iL 



BRACING aniPS SXTBRNALLT WITH HtOH. 

TjiKits la now upon thritockaat the Navr Yard. BrooUyu, the 
ftaiae of a war frigate, intended bv her builder, Mr. Sleen, 10 be 
the Btronnct and the Oeetcai of her aixe and olnaa afloat. The 
AW furk lI*Tti4 B«ya: "Thia ia to bo colled the Ntoftn, and 
will be lauo^Lid aomftime during th« pnaent year: ahe ia aharp 
at the bow^aomethiiiKlikothcliuvsiUiiiKynclita which genertlly 
take tho pritee at the nutch raoea, aud Mr. titeen expccla that 
the will mil terMiteen caileH an hour, under ou onliiuuy pniM of 
Qiavaa Her extrema lancth b 349 feet, breadth fi6 feet, and 
31 feet4epthofho)dfromtheflocrtotbanndnriikleof tjar deck. 
She la Intended to cArrj- twrlvc ll-ini^h awivrl giina. In the 
■tracgth of thia reaicl, little, if any, iraprrrveinrnt can be ntaile; 
her Aamu tt of the beat live onk, evHry niecn btiag oarefally 
•eloolod before allowed to go Into her hull. She it lUiupiaaUv 
braced on the ouleide of her Umbara, latleail of tbe laaiik^ wilL 
iron, wlikh Mr. StoeratajM willaddMperoent tobtratmigth, 
Thia wuv of bracing ia eutinly new, and tlie Idea original mtk 
the faiufder. The cuatMD baa always bean to place the iroa 
biBcinK on the inaide; but Mr. Stoen a^e, that laannudi aa a 
banel iroa-booped inatde ia not ao atroag aa ooe Itocipad upon the 
out^dt^ltOOQarred tohimthatareeMlnpnn tbopriucipli- acting 
ia tlie caaa of a banal muat be mu«h drongor bniiwil uroo the 
ontaido of har timbem Tlib ia tbe firet opportuaitv Im luia bail 
i>f taeling tbe truth of Ua belief at to the luode of iion bracini:, 
nnd bell oonfideul that thu Niajara wiU aitUaio hbn in her 
exuaonlina^ ttnrngth. Tbotc ir^ braoea a(« S toehea wide, 
ami toTfn-eigfatha of on inch thick, running diagonally at an 
onde of U^ each way, from the port till o<rer the hull tlam to 
nithin a feet of tbe keel, with all the croMlnga bolud through 
nnd througli *ith Irrga iron bolta. All the cliunptv celllDga. anil 
Ulg»4ttiMa Bn> cooed and bolted edgcwita betweiru every 
tindwr of the frnme. The veaael waa recently oxamioed by Mr. 
E. K. Collin*, wbo prMiouiiceJ tlie fraote to be, in nuautv of 
timber and wortooanatitp, anperiur t<> anytbinK which Im WI 
ever witoeiaed ia the way of aliipbuildlog in America or in 
Biu«pe." 



1ft. 



xa 



THE CmL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



VELOCITY OP WATER IN VIVTS AND CANALS. 

Tawui /br Jmdiitf UMa FtUoUkt pv Stcmd, in ftet cttd iheimaU o/ fin, mtUeifir Onwli, npM, or CWusrb,^ 

tind Shpe per MU*. 
Bj R. UnACn Omux, flwliliiH Onf hfiwrt of KajMln. b<aib*Ti Ut« Ai^itial EneotlTo betoMr, Bum Dwb Ohm), 

DoriaonUl aolnmn, u<l for Uio Wndndbbi in Um lift 



T« And tlM valooltrof m tawJ, (rip*, kn-, mnlliplj (h« hjdnalic 

i b tea IOC DoriaontM aolnmn, u<l for I 

bf fMiwl cbs netn rdoeitj in AM uul dvdnuU of hot per Mcond. 



tbNi look for 1^ fat* i 



* pipe U ti on» fourth Uio ilumeUrt by the £UI per mlk 
fuikal tolumii, wul kt iho iDMnacUou vT Um t«« mil 



■00 




loot. 



10 



-90 



■80 



■40 



■50 



■flO 



0-Bl 

0-n 
«-n 
o-M 

M7 
O-H 

Q.gg 

1-00 

l-Ol 

i-n 

i-oa 

1-04 
!-<» 
1-06 

i-oa 

l-OT 



1 

not. 

ru 

1-80 

I-8I 

rs3 

1-33 

i-aa 
i-a4 

I'M 

l-U 
1-8S 

]■» 
l-ST 
1^»7 
1-M 
1-S8 
1-3D 
1-M 
l-U 
1-U 

l-U 
l-4> 
l-4» 
1-M 
1-44 
1-41 
1-4S 
t-4S 
1-44 
1-4T 

1-47 
I-4S 
1-48 
1-4B 
1-H 

i-«a 

1-SI 

1-Sl 

1-n 

1-S3 

l-«3 
I-S3 
1-A4 
1-S4 

t-ss 
1-as 

1-96 
1-SII 
1-B7 
1-B7 

1-5S 
l-W 
l-«9 
1-0O 

t-to 

1-41 

1-41 

1-aa 
i-ss 

I'M 

i-«s 

i-« 

1-44 
1-4& 
1-U 
1'4« 
1-87 
l-<7 
Its 
1-4S 



9 

rUT. 

IM 
1-U 
1-S4 
1-M 
1-S4 
l-» 
!■« 
1-M 
I'M 
l-«7 

1-87 
1-B8 
1-88 
1-W 

1-as 

1-W 
l-W 
1-SO 
1-Sl 
1-91 

1-99 
1-99 
1-9S 
1-93 
I'M 
1-M 
1-61 

l-as 

1'9S 

1-oe 

1-M 
1-90 
I-97 
l-*7 
1-97 
l-9« 
1-99 
1-9* 
1-99 
1-99 
3-00 

a-oi 

9-01 
303 
9-03 
8-03 
2-08 
9ilS 
3-04 
M4 

9-04 
3-06 
9-05 
3-0« 
9-0« 
3-OS 
9-07 
9-07 
3-0$ 
3-08 
9-09 
»09 
9-09 
9-10 
310 
ill 
3-11 

t-n 

MS 
3-13 



9'24 
994 
9U 
S-3S 
93S 
9-90 

9-91} 
9-37 
9*37 
997 

3-98 
9-M 
9-98 
9-99 
9-99 
9-99 
9-30 
9-30 
9-30 
9-31 

9-Sl 
3-32 
»«9 

8-32 
9-38 

9-as 

9-33 
9-34 
9-34 
9-34 
9-85 
S-U 
9-38 
9-38 
9'30 
S-S7 
t-87 
»87 
3-»3 
3-83 

9-8ff 
9-)» 
3'39 
9-40 
9-40 
3-40 
3-41 
9-41 
9-41 
9-43 
2'43 
3'43 
9-48 
9-43 
3-43 
3-44 
»44 
9-44 
3'4S 
9-4S 

3-U 

3-48 
9-48 
9-48 
3-47 
3-47 
3-47 
3-48 
3-48 
9-48 



4 
nn. 

3'M 

9'59 

9-09 

9-SO 

3-80 
t-80 

s-ei 

8-41 

9^ 

t-89 
3-83 
2-88 
1-88 
308 
9'84 
9'8t 
984 
9-84 
9- 88 
9-«8 
9-U 
9M 
9-68 
9-88 
987 
3-87 
9-87 
S-8S 
9-88 

9^18 
3-89 
t-89 
9-09 
9-70 
9-70 
9-7» 
3-70 
3-71 
3-71 

9-71 
3-73 
2-79 
2-;3 
9-73 
4-78 
S-7S 
3-74 
9-74 
3-74 

9-74 
2-75 
9-75 
27* 
.378 
3-78 
3-78 
3-77 
2^ 
2-77 

9-78 
3-78 
9-78 
9-73 
9-7D 
2-79 
9-79 
3-79 
9-80 
3-80 



389 
9-1KI 
9-90 
9-90 
9-90 
9-91 
2-91 
991 
3'99 
9-03 

362 
2-63 
9-93 
9-« 
9-93 
3-94 
9-04 
9-94 
9-94 

9-sa 

MS 

9-9S 
S-98 
9-98 
3-98 
3-98 
2-97 
3-97 
2-97 
3-6S 

3-98 
3-08 
2-68 
909 
3'9» 
3-9« 
S-00 
8-00 
3-00 
1-00 
S-OI 
3-01 
8-01 
3<02 
3-09 
3-03 
8-02 
3-03 
3-03 
3-03 

8-04 
3-04 
S-04 
3-04 
S-OS 
3-OS 
8-05 
S-Ofi 
3-0« 
3-08 

8-08 
3-07 
8-07 
8-07 
8-07 
3-08 
S-OS 
3-OS 
8-OS 
3-09 



317 
8-17 
(-17 
3-18 
SIS 
8-16 
3-16 
9-10 
3-J6 
8-19 

819 
3-30 
8-30 
!-I0 
3-20 
S-91 
3-31 

3-ai 

3-91 
333 

8-93 
8-22 
3-99 
8-23 
8-28 
8-33 
S-33 
fr24 
8-34 
3-34 

334 
8-28 
8-28 
8<£G 
8-25 
8-38 
■■98 
8'98 
8-38 
8-37 

8-27 
8-97 
8-37 
8-28 
898 
3-28 
8-39 
3-» 
3-39 
329 

3-39 
3-30 
3-30 
3-80 
8-80 
8-81 
3-31 
S'81 
8'31 
3-82 

8-33 
8-39 
8-88 

3-33 
8'33 
8-33 
8-34 
S'34 
834 
8-34 



8-49 
8-43 
8-43 
8-43 
3-43 
344 
3-44 
8-44 
3-44 
3-46 

8-45 
8-45 
8-45 
8-44 
8-48 
3-48 
3'4« 
3-47 
8*7 
8-47 

8-47 

3-48 
S-4S 
3-48 
8-48 
3-4» 
8-46 
849 
3-40 
8-49 

8-50 
3-50 
3-SO 
8-50 
8-81 
8-81 

8-n 

3-51 
859 
8-53 

*'e9 

S-S3 
3-53 
3'58 

a-s3 

3-58 
3-54 
384 
3-54 
3-S4 

8'55 
S-55 
8-55 
3-55 
3-55 
8-5« 
8-88 
8-84 
8-54 
8-57 
8-87 
3-J7 
8-57 
3-87 
3-53 
S'SS 
8-58 
3-S8 
8-S9 
8-89 



S-8U 
3-84 
3-87 
8-87 
»-«7 
8-87 
■■87 
■■88 
3-88 
3^48 

3'83 
3-89 
3-89 
8-89 
3-89 
3-89 
S-TO 
3-TO 
8-70 
8-70 

3-71 
8-71 
8-71 
8-71 
8-71 

a-73 

8-72 
8-72 
S-79 
8-78 

8-78 
8-73 
8-73 
8-73 
8-74 
S-74 
3-74 
8-74 
3-78 
8-TB 

8-78 

8-75 
87» 
8-74 
3'74 
37« 
877 
8-77 
8-77 
8-77 

8-77 
S7S 
S-7S 
S-78 
8-78 
3-78 
3-76 
»-79 
8-79 
»-7» 
880 
8-80 
8-80 

tm 

8-80 

3-ai 

8-81 

3-ei 
s-ei 

8-83 



8-«8 

8-8» 
8-S9 
880 
IS» 
ZSi 

s-eo 

8-110 
8*) 
8-90 

8-90 
S-91 
3-91 
8-91 
8-61 
9-01 
8-93 
8-99 
8-99 
8-99 

3-93 
8-68 
S-M 

8-93 
MS 

8-»4 
8-94 
8-94 
S'64 
3-94 

3-95 
8-95 
8-9S 
S-8S 

r»4 

8-98 
8-9« 
8« 
3-64 
887 

>-87 

8-67 
8-97 
8-97 
8-98 
8-98 
8-98 
3-98 
8-99 
3-99 

3-99 
3'9!> 
399 
4-00 
4 ■•JO 
4'<J0 
400 
400 
401 
401 
4-01 
4-01 
401 
4-03 
4-03 
409 
4-03 
4-02 
4-03 
4-«S 



41 
410'' 

4-10 
4-10 
4-10 
4-10 
411 
4-11 
4-11 
4-U 

4-11 

413 
4-13 
4-1 9 
4-19 
4-19 
4-18 
4-lS 
4-18 
4-18 

4-l» 

4-14 

4-14 

4-14 

4-1 

4 

4' 

415 

416 

4-15 

4'1<, 

4-11 

4-H' 

4 14 

414 

417 

4-17 

4-; 

V. 



15 



■17 



1*1 



4 

4 

4 
4 

4-li 
4'1 

419 
418 

410 

4-20, 

1-2(1 

*%ft 

4'iO' 

4-30' 

4-1* 

4-SI' 

4-111 

4-31 

4-fl' 

4-31 
4-33 

4-22; 

4 39 1 

4-3tj 

4-9tI 

4^1 

4-38 

4-21 



THE ClVa ENGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOUItSAI- 



103 



M»1M<W 





1 


a 


a 


4 


i 


e 


T 


a 




• 


W 


OP MM. 


rsM. 


MOT. 


nK. 


nn. 




wm. 


fnt. 


f*M. 


me. 




Farr. 


fUt. 


-70 


1-M 


... IM 


... a-18 


... a-« 


... 3-80 . 


. 8"» 


... 8-35 


... 8» 


... S'83 


>>' 


4-08 


... las 




1-M 


... l-« 


... 2-1! 


... aw 


... 1-81 . 


. 8-OV 


... S-3S 


... 3-5» 


... 8-S3 


..- 


4-03 


... 424 




1 10 


... Vt9 


... 313 


... a-» 


... 3-81 . 


. 8-09 


... S-3S 


... 3-eo 


... S-M 




4-04 


... 4-21 




1-10 


... in 


... Ill 


... !'50 


.. r81 . 


. 8'ie 


... 8-88 


... 3-W 


... 8'*3 




4-04 


... 4'24 




I'll 


... I-T* 


... *U 


... a-si» 


... 383 . 


. 8-l« 


... S-8S 


... 8^ 


... 8-83 


,.. 


4^ 


... 4't4 




1-13 


... 1-71 


... 4U 


... 3-H 


... 3-8S . 


. s-i* 


... 8-S« 


... S«) 


... 8-88 


>!' 


4-04 


... 4-34 




I'lS 


... 1-71 


... sia 


... Ml 


... 3-89 . 


. 8-10 


... 8-8« 


... 3-81 


... 3-3* 


II* 


4-04 


... 4-tS 




IIS 


... in 


„ s-n 


... Ml 


... 3-83 . 


. 8-11 


... 8-34 


... •■81 


... 8-S3 


■•■ 


4-OC 


.» 4-Sf 


H< n*a 


111 


... 1-71 


... SIS 


... 351 


... 3-88 . 


. 8-11 


... 8-»7 


... 8-ei 


... 3-83 


->« 


4-08 


... 4-ac 




I'U 


.. in 


... %\« 


... wa 


... 3-84 . 


. 3-11 


... 337 


... 3'«I 


... 3'8t 


-» 


4-l» 


... 4-88 


■•0 


1-lS 


... IIZ 


... a-i« 


... S-S3 


... 3-88 , 


. S'la 


... 3-87 


... a-tfl 


... 8-8* 


... 


4'OiS 


... 4-86 




i-ia 


... 1-74 


... 3-17 


... a-sa 


... 3-8* . 


. 813 


... 3-18 


... 8-«a 


... 8-84 


..- 


4-0« 


... 4-SV 




117 


... l-7« 


... 117 


... S-83 


... S'81 - 


. 8-U 


... 3-38 


... a-ct 


.„ 3-S4 


41 • 


4'M 


... 4-a« 




117 


... 1-76 


... 8-17 


... sss 


... 3-8* . 


. 8-13 


... 8*8 


... 9-« 


... 8-68 


.<« 


4-«« 


... 4-S« 




1)8 


... l'7fl 


... 3-18 


... SGS 


... 8-U . 


. S18 


... 8-38 


... »'« 


... »-8S 


*•« 


4-0« 


... 4-84 




t» 


... 17* 


._ 3-18 


... 3-84 


... 3-8* . 


. 8-18 


... i-s* 


... 8^ 


... 3-SS 


■ i« 


4'«8 


... 4'3« 




lit 


... I'Tfl 


... 818 


... SB* 


... a-8« . 


, 8-IS 


... 3-8» 


... 3-08 


... 8-85 


.•• 


4-04 


... 4'4r 




I-SO 


... J -77 


... 3» 


... S-S4 


... 3-88 . 


. 814 


... 8-S> 


... 8-«3 


... S'88 


... 


407 


... 4*7 




1-n 


... 1-77 


... 31» 


... 3-85 


... 8-86 . 


. 814 


... 3-30 


... 3-83 


... 8'8« 


• -■ 


4-07 


... 4-37 




!■« 


... )-78 


... 3*1 


... SSJ 


... 3-S8 . 


. 8'14 


... 8'«0 


... 3-68 


... 3-88 


>.' 


4-07 


... 4-17 


•» 


i-as 


... 1-78 


... SSO 


... s-ss 


... l-Sfl . 


.. 3-14 


... 8-40 


... 3'et 


... 8-84 


,• 


4-OT 


... 4-« 




1-S3 


... l-7» 


... «ai 


. . 3'M 


... 3-87 . 


. BIS 


... 8-40 


... W* 


... 388 


... 


4-08 


... 4'38 


S M >>* 


I'U 


... 1'7» 


... S'Sl 


... a-5(J 


... 3-87 . 


. 315 


... 8-40 


... »«4 


... 8-87 


... 


4-08 


... 4-38 




I'M 


... l-7» 


... 3-ai 


... a-sfl 


... 3-87 . 


. 3'IS 


„. 8-41 


... 8-64 


... 1-87 


... 


4-08 


... 4-88 




I'M 


... 1-80 


... a-aa 


... a-67 


„. 8'8« . 


. 3'IS 


... 8'41 


... 3-84 


... 3S7 


... 


406 


... 4-a8 




I'M 


... 1-dO 


... !M 


... 3-57 


... atis . 


. S-18 


... 8-«l 


... 8-88 


... 8*7 


... 


408 


... 4-38 




I'M 


,.. 1-81 


... S-S3 


... 387 


... 3-89 . 


. 3-18 


... 8-41 


-. 8-88 


.. 847 


... 


4-M 


... 4-*» 




117 


... 181 


... a-88 


... «-68 


... S-SS . 


.. 8-18 


.,. 3*3 


... 3-86 


... 8-88 


H. 


«-o» 


... *n 




I'M 


... I -St 


... S'as 


... YSS 


... «-8» . 


.. 8-17 


... 3-43 


... 8-68 


... 888 


... 


4-m 


... f» 


V •■•*■■ 


i-sa 


... 1-81 


._ S-tt 


... 3-08 


._ »U . 


.. «-17 


.« 8-4a 


... 8-8« 


... 8-88 


... 


4'«9 


... 4'8» 



I 



ne iboT* TiMe li&t b«<«n c«loabt«d trota the formols qmiI la 
Dw^er's 'HjdnMlic Eoginn«rtng,' ftod b u follows : — 
Wbto ddc (lofM; in 1 to 1, 



V iv'a + B 



I 



Vhen B =: bottom lirtwitli, h = the depth, /the fall par milo, 
V ^ the menu relocitr, tatA a =: wta; oil dimBDnioiu bciaj; in 
h«taDd dwiroda of fwL 

The MetioaBl an* of aaj rirer ot eaiul, ia the aumber of 
■qnue fb«l in tlul Tertieol aedtoo whldi ia tX right aD|{!ea to tho 
tooraa o^ the Ktr«&iu. 

Tba boriar of • nr*T, Jw., ia tbe anm of t&e two aidea and 
bottooL or tlu pMiuatrr io actOAt eomtaet with the wat«r. 

The avdrulio mMa death of a river, &a, ia tba BMa of tba 
Kotioa, dirided liy tho bocwr. 



Ei. 4.— Tnliiiig tha miho dimoDtrioBi »a in Bi. 3, bat altering 
tho fllope to A fuut per mile, wh&t ii tho v*lacit7 1 
3-66 X & = Itl-3 

—^ = 1*143 vtlocitjT, corraaponding to 1-38 
1-38 X VTes 1-38 X 4 = 5-aa foot per aocoud. 

Ex. A.— Required U)e meau velodtj per aeeond thmub the 
pliw at Chinch Bander, whoae diameter U I'A feet, and £u par 
nule bb £«et 

-* X 88 = -Wfl X 88 = 33; 

V = 1« X ^16"= 1-85 X 4 =s 7-40 foot per aeoosd. 



"=-■ 



, Bjc. 1— Beqnind the mtau Tetecit^ and diacharga of a eanal 
Mr aaeood, tlie area of the aeetioa being 135 aquare feet, border 
M-14 fta^ hTdnuilio mean depth 3-OQ feat, with a alopa of 3-3 feet 

rr mile, 
a-eo X 2^ = »osi. Under 8 feet, and in a line with W wtU 
be feand the wlority = 3*07 feet per looond, which malti- 
plied into theartaof seotion ^ tli* diecliargo = 347 X )38 
= 44876 cttbaa t»A per aeoood. 
Bx. S.^BeUtiiing the aune dimeDiians, but alUrioK the alope 
lo JlbeA per uil^ re^iiured tli« meau Ttlocity ajid diach»rgii per 
Beeotid. 

»«OXB= lfi-3. V= 1-73. 
17fi X U9 = US'?;) eublo feet p«r aeeond. 



ft 



Ex. a— Beqvired the mean velodtj and 
of the pdpa at tha Pordowtiae BawrToir, tba 

tt, and alepa per nule 13-1 feet. 
'^ X lJt-1 =i-13»X 1»-1 = 1-81 
T m l-flfl; a = -TSM X -5» = -7804 X -85 = 
■1983 X 1-80 = -312 eobie feet per aeeond. 
flu TelocitiM in the Table onljr ranse aa br a« 4*29 feet, 
tfccivfara when greater on.- requiml, proceed BafbUiywa:^Diride 
Iba pt^daot of the h^nlraulio meut depth into the fidl 
bj a&f aqnani ouinber, theo look Id the Tabic u nbovn 
lot the miadyf, which niodtjr, multinlied bj Uie vqanre mot of 
die aquare diriaor, will be the rdjuirea relocity per aeeond. 



p«r aeeond 
being 



■1963 



ir mile, 
Icacribod 



BOMBAY, BABODA, AND CENTR.1L IKDU 
lUELWAY. 

M^raa (/ ti« Rtpiirt q/* Lieut-Col. J. P. KiMXaor, Jum I&fi«. 

Tne 6nt cxumiaation of tlie country waa Moeaaarilf of a moat 
exteniiive uaiure. It would havB been unpardonable to raeoat. 
mend a commencemeDt, however Hnull, until it liad bean clearij 
Mcortdned tbnt such c<»mittenceueiit would auiv for evavj 
advieablc extcmiiMi. Hcnca the necaealtf of eiamiuiiq[, hf our 
engiuecrv, a. (otjil iliatanco of about 4000 mllen. Tlmt mrvcy 
baa well auataliied the grounda upon wliicb attcatiou wiw invited 
to tbia particuUr pr>:'Je>:t. Il luu shown that the Imdiug featurea 
ia the territoriee thiongh which tlie Uue raugca an prticiselv 
what coiutitutc the first ementiala to ultimate nicacaa ic all 
nuiwny uperationi : firal, the level character of the oouutry, eo 
iudUpeuaable to the ooonomiool wortEJiig of n tine; aeoontL ita 
larse popnlatloii, nnmeroua towna, luid rich cotton pcoduee; 
third, iu atartiag-fnint bebg the great morcnutilo cnpital of 
India on the coaat naavaat U> Eurupe; fuurtli, that from the 
titATtiiig- point at Uombajr to ita fiirUieet llnitu, vmy portion e^ 
Ita OL'ume wptild be through ttrriWry of which the load caiNi> 
bilitle* an mloaiated to fuiuieb an adequate proportLon to the 
support of the liDBiWhiliit itn general diKctioaoonifaiiiaa tho meet 
numpniut and tho hmadeat re^niremenla, aammerdal, Kjiticnl, 
or inilitATT, of n truuk-line of mterooune from which bnmchra 
OOuld luDHl couvcuiputty diverge. 

At ^J tlie rij^lit tncrcantlle dtrecUon of our lino, there cvuid be 
no donht from the fimt; but there were twooawntinl points tu be 
inveatigutod by our anrvey : firat, the pncticabUitv of brij^.og 
the principal riven bntv-oea Bombay and Bacvaeh, which our 
borings and obeervationa on the flocida h».t« \umX ^-CoKmAu^i 




IS4 



THE CIVIL KNGISEEB AKD AHCHTTECrS JOCBNAL. 



catAtiUnhfld ; Mcocid, the mode of pftniog tha Tuidwb nuiag^to 
Itvaah Iba UU«-lu)d or Ualv^ and the atalM of Cetitnd ddik. 
[Fi>r Uiu objout th« dlrKCion of th« nuig«. lying jumlld bi the 
WUTM uT our propar liar, Ja tbo mow Civoumblu thnt oould ba 
Inircd, uul vd atb tlm* rnikblod tr> obl&iii a ^tmIuaI riw Ml ft 
liiuk from either Boroaeh or liftroda, to our ntmnuc tX 
lift Obfttj wiibtiut purpoaoljr IcogtliMiinK it, A nam of 
~— nmniiit! peqieoJioulu' h> tho UireclioD of ooe'a line of 
■ biaog tht wmM poMible diapoaiUoii of gnnnd, m tli&t 
J ia adjiouit and pMnllel u Ui« dlrvvtloii, na in our mm, U 
Jie \ML wb«H Ibe nugi: mtut tuniwaril)- bv imvamnil. 

Oa th* loth vt Aufcuat, I6A3, we »>:rv nutboriacd by the 
buiMunUe court to fowcuta our Barvcv-. On the SOth Sqitcmber, 
1803. our fine larviTliig V^y '^t Eiigl&ud for Bombftv; about 
tbo lit of NoTombcr onr eur*oyor» oinininiiCM'l their fSfld op«r»- 
tMiiia ihertL Ou the Slh of Jnamuj ISAl, I fi'tloweil tbo ■or- 
veytng |i>rty to India, with full delctcAU-d powen to act tor the 
(X-iii^uf . Ou Uie j^lL of April, 1U4, only nix monllia after our 
Imt ctiffiniwra had buidod In India, the rvport niul trial aeotloua 
f« li£l bafon tho govaramtDl of Bouibay and tti« govemor- 
ucral. 

tbnt daU^ our Maff engineer* in India remained ioiniei^ 
Hve awaitiac the dedtiioii of tae auUtoritied, iiiitil Jiuinar^, ISSS, 
vkou Iho direotora, having learned that the dcci*!oD of the 
Dor of nntnbajr wm favonrikblv to the itxccuUoo of our 

a'cct bctirtcii BijDibiy and AhmmUlad, orders ven e«Dt to 
a to prepan: njiidly, during wliat nrofuucd of the oold aeMon, 
th« wurkiugphuiaaiidBeotioHaof aa much of tho line, omiowacing 
at Itoiiibo^, as would ennira the pi»fitalile emplnyioeni ot our 
' Dgineoeain thaonaniag hoi aoaaou, iu ilie iaapoctlon ot working 

rtiee flonatruoting earthworks — achuaof aamnwr-irork oligiUa 

- Bitrop«a>ia, dunuj; the mdroing and preniog honn; although 
toraoaiaoutduringthedny. ure-fUtri'dby BUrvpyingopention^ 
wbiild be inelSgibie and daiigcroua to kffUth, 

On tlia Ifltb of April, IS.JJ), we nw«iv#d tlio official oommnnt- 
mltcui fioQ tlie honoimble oourt, adopting our oumpaoT for the 
cXKuUou of the line botireon Botubay ami AhnioiiaWl, but 
rm^uirlng us to oomawooe at Sunt, ISO uiile« diatouC from 
Bowbny, and thereby noderlDg futile tlie proridenw of our 
anangBtBMila to aecure pralStable work for our oiglneere during 
tlicMiMtiicaiUDmar. OutlieOthdayof Jiuia, Itt^'Aiiai-mipneen 
ptuvotded ftoEQ Ilombay to Surtt, but iwicmnarily nrrivKil uio Into 
to make prv|unliuD of v^irkiuii plmia and icctioiia for tlio 
•ntofiMr's couatructiuu uf (orth works iliere. 

ThenMiUofall Ittia hna beau, that uui of tliirty u tlis that 

our oetabliahuiBat of angineera baa bean located and jiaiil iu India. 
Uiey have been but fourloni inoutba proGlabiy e>mploynil, anil 
aixtecn man tha doing uuthiuj;, — a wiwteof tinieand rouucy which 
our dircolATS wuglil by evurv puwible uieniia to arert. 

At ike teraiiiaaUonoif ourQiataixiuoutha'aurveylnffojMntlofia, 
ou llw J«Tli of April, 1SS4, although ve luid autBcient {hia 
UOUectad, by the aurToy of about three ttioUBud milca, to juatify 
a ODOfideiut re|>ort aa to ttiv lujvaiili^teau* natuiv of our ptvjcut, 
find to JvMitj the ffuv(!rumvut in auiliuriaiuv tbe execution of a 
oci-labi portion of ft, thuic Htill reuniun) UiXio uuule tbo further 
vxamination of alt^f native Liuoi of cooaiderable exteot, which llie 
iviauiencciDcut of the hot aeaion noiwMnrily ■uapcDiieii. Ao- 
i»r>lini{ly, before I left Indli, in the execution of the authority 
veaud iu ui« by our dirrctora, wrtain of our eiupneem were 
dc-ta«bed, during the tamioitt, tv diataut jiuitiliona or the couulry 
fui'Mirable for ihfir raeuuiing tboae anrreya at tho coniuianue- 
tucst of tbe MuminK cold auaaoo. Mr. Cnroy vaa ulnctd at Delhi, 
and Mr. Galway at Mount Aboo, prrpamtorr to uie exiuuinatioji 
of the We»l«rii line of S-'O mllM, tkirting the AmvnJla nuigr of 
tnouataina b«ii>'M<n iM^bia ami DdliL Thoae tu-u geUtiemen 
eiorUttd tbat anlU'>UB duty wltli much leal and ability, iu tlie 
i^iM uauuia nf IHH. 

Mr McSlabon'n attrition wta din^ctod to dialricla of tlio 

rindiah range and ita table-loud, whioh bad bceu tho principal 

_ die uf hia prerlous bhoura. Be ma diiuitetl to attend U> the 

fiiggniioD* ot Sir Robert Haoillton, tlie rtMidviit of lod^ra and 

Tnt of the goTMnoF-genoral in tbe laige and iiaptiitaul dinlricla 
C^ontral India. Sir Robert < Midalauoo, IucilI knowledge, and 
euund juditmenl, in ilircv-tiot; the eiierKioa of Mr. McM^on in 
1&51 and IdM, oould only be equalled bv hie pKvioua aaaialauoe 
to nytelf. la ili« winter of lt>«>3-4: and fortiuifttdy It waa not 
wMted npoD Hr. McMoJion, whoa* Indefiulgable Mbouradnri&s 
m^ay aoaaon, antBtuer aa well aa wintar, aiubleil biu to fiirni^ 
an iiKTediblo amount of valuable data C-r tbia ootopany'a 



gnldanee^ It ia much to be r«gr«ttod tbat tbe oomcftitj hftT* 
eiuce ■UBlaiord a senoan tou, hy Mr. Mi^Maboa'a rwigaatioil of 
ijieir aer\itie to occupy liimM'tf witbamorenmonenliTeciaplciy* 
rneut elaewbarh 

Ur. Jacob, and aubaotjui^n My Mr. Ilardv, vmitltd Ur. McMaboD 
in the latter part of hu laluorv, of which tbe pfincipd jaJat 
neah wna a aurvcy fnm Bnroda, liy the T)'riUa Obat, laoor^ 
BbiJiiii, and Jhanal, to At-ra, whii-h baa been fnxwght by Sir fi. 
HamUlon wderthuoousiderationof tke^ovDmor^Mralof India , 
(br approval, aa an exUiMion lino from Baroda, to connect our 
eonunoiiicatiou with tha Kiui Imliii line, going to (be north-w«et 
torn C^cutla. The tmpurtaut data thue broogbt (inrarU liad a 
narrow ewnpe of bcinv mcriiioa^ by a nlenDJanlaadiiig whJdt 
bad nearly pioduue-1 the recall ef the ofllcen befbn ooin|)leting 
tbdr work. The repreeontatjon of Sir R. Hamilton to t^ 
gOTCmor-mneral alone averted Ihia, which would bare been a 
•erinua dianater, oooaiJering the lung diitauoeei and difli«ultT of 
aurtooontlog them In India, and Uiir gtwt defidonoy of etoaa 
cutii])aiHt!T« data eeaentlnl to a right selootlon of nil way pn^eda 
aa r^M^a the intereat* of differwt diatricta, and aa regard* 
the varioni modM hj which a ^rcn reault ia»j be be* aoedai- 
pUalied. 

Tbe recall of tbe oAoera, witliout baring eompleted llieir la- 
veatigatlona, would have inada little dlSetenco m rManU tbe 
abaulule ooat, compared with the exp«oae of eom^ting tbe 
important inquii-ie* thnr had been ciuplofol npon. We have lo 
tbaftk Sir It. Qainilloii that the hu^l labuuia and expuaiue of thoae 
ollioei* and their mirreyiuc parti«e, and the eiiiendiMro Incorred 
by tha company iu aeekintc to ^n indiepeoaable iufonaadoo, 
ivGmine to aeveml liundrod milra of Conml India, hare been 
crowned with complete auooeea, which wonid bare been abaoJntety 
de6MMd by a reoall of tbe oBoera before briugiiig tbeir Iafaoar« 
to a ooucluaion. 

In ooaaiderlog the aulj{ect of eonatnietion thefirrt iteia.fnicaa, 
alioald entail a very limited coat if jodicioual^ etecaioiL Ybe 
iJat natore of tho ommOj rmnireB that the raila ahull g«uerallf 
be laid upon a aliaht cmbanVtuent. lo keep the t«vet well abort 
the eflecta of inundntioa. Theee embankmonta will be nuule from 
aide-auttlnga, whicli bf proper attention, contribute the ehiit 
nqulremento of a fenoe or ditch, whb atopa to prervoi tbefr 
beooming rivaleia, oo each aide of our line. In addition (o their 
nae aa boeea, they will fumiah exoeltent reaerroiri for wai«r, free 
from th«aa efemcoia moat iniurioua to tbn looumotiTe boUer, a»d 
will be of much bvQ«tit in the supply of our atatitew, aa irell ai 
of the popoUtion iu the dlatrlda Ibrongb which wo pan. A Utk* 
portion of the wator luod In Indin ia derived fmtu tunki 
artittoially nifule; nn-t there ia no reaaoo why tbe esCftvaitMu^ 
from which our eui(aiiluiieuu asv formed, ahould not be lUkAl 
willi rHoivuiM to tlial ijrval iiublio ulijei-'t. The com|ili>(ioii tJ 
the aide ditotitfe into railway (Mice* wiQ be eSacMd by plaaliflf 
llur jirii'kly \»Mr, ^ on the iuuer crvat uf the ditch or ianik% 
at tne foot of the (-mbnukiucnt alope: the uioat fonulilabte 
fcoiva Iu tile world are funuoi in IuiIIa by llieee uotuntl ami iar 
eapeiiAire uieanL 

The exesuUua of earth worka ia India baa generally coat a Bincb 
higher rate, n« oompared with our hnmc works of n like kiul, 
than tho ooniparativG rKtca of day-labuur in the two ci>untrie* 
would jnnlify. The most naual wa^fea of a ilav-labourL-r iu ludia 
may be titkuu at 3d.; th.it ol a labourer iu England, ia. — nliboogb 
narviM would receive tu'ir*. Tlila ratio of Sd. to g-W., or oa* lo 
eight, will «ulflce for rpfvanninff, without urging tbe dilTerenee of 
wn^a to ita utmoat vrrxe. If the appliancea and cwubilidea of 
the Hindoo bbourur were equal to thoae of lli« E^gli■lllaaI^ 
the uumber of cubic yorde esearated and depoaiied in an 
enibnukuiutit by euob, under pevelaely Mioilar drcuBiala&oeft 
ahould b« e(]ual. 

Witliout ailmiltinj; the great inferiority of Iiuliati labooMI^ 
■cAeii properly arganittd, it may eatiofy thoae who bold a ountnn 
opiuiou '.o aaauQie tbil the <Iav*a work oS aa Engliah laboanr U 
e<iulva]ent to thatuf two HluJoo*, tbeir epplianoee or inecba&fad 
fitc.iliti«a biiiiig equHl. On thia luuunitition. earthwr>rka id Indil 
ought to be RAccuted at one- fourth of the coit uf precisely eimlht 
worka iu Uugland; wo find however tlinl iu pra<rtlcvv iuatoiil of 
eoating ouly oue-fuurth of £ngliah mu-n, Ihoy are generally c^viyt 
o^nivalcut too, if not above, the Enj^liab miea. Tbe otue ftt 
thia important ilUTerenca, ao prvjudiuml to Indian oMfaIMM 
can be eoMly aocounted for. It ia traceable to tbe lUffertnoev 
luechnaioal ai>pliBiiaFa tTapectivelyetupIuyrt.1 iu the twuoouatrW^ 
to focilitaie the bUioareri excrtlo'ua. In btigtiuid, every laboont 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCITTTECT'S JOURNAL. 



^B lavetbad iq Uu tue of tbg wbtvlbwrow, tho lalMtitatfl tor 
Hrhleb tn India U • vmy «DttU hMkct, mttM on tti* hauL It 
^*«mtlil r«qiiii« vn7 buv wch baaksta oT oaitb to flit a wtiMl- 
tunyv, vhich latur it u diSoult to Imla tho Hindoo Uboitrvr 
to BM^ aa it rcqnina moeh pnwtlM, aad tliair baUtaaa labonitn 
Mww tb«Bi ta rMBain Imt a abort than in the aanic cmpIajmanL 
VImo tber lum <an«d n KDall aiuu of mooaj, tbej- ]{«aenUr 
(0 k«»r till it ia (Kpaikdai]. 

Id EagViili ** <XV oateolato tlie aivrago work par nwa par 
dtT, in aarthworica, at from *ix (o fwitn. or «v«b oftMO enUc 
nHa, itKlaJijig tlte noantioo, filiJDgtlia barrowikaiiilwlMnlUig 
iraiB ality (o one huadra) foM, — the KraalM- or leaa mantltica 
dhtf OD tbo qonllt; or aliflfacM of Uie (nU. W« ahaU «al- 
ipiilbeiiiintaBinBqaBntitTofaUeaUojranl^rcilaaadMabavv 
led, to thrw tat th« HLodoot and fhia, at tlw nta of lioL 

. _Me jiud. wonlil enable tba bbonrvr to Mm 4^ per day, 

UU p«r oeot. above liiit orvlioaiT wapa. 

Ilie Ur^ nilnj oontncu fiir •■rthwOTlca mar rwy ttam four 
to •iffht tiaiM that nUo per enUe janL la order to Mean tli« 
moM eaaaoaiaal rMoha in tUa bmwh of tiba woric, «« have aeut 
to India a enpplj of mmU portable nila, 19 lb. to the ntU. and 
hao for bana-trnokHto oontain about a toaof oarth waU. tbeaa 
tncka, wh«ii fiUcd/wOl b* mDVol bj tlinn men each to tbt 
point for ckpoaHlac the tnrth. The men will rwtiilre no tniaiag 
& thMr na, and wr will do the work more eoonomMaUr than 
wtkadharrowB. The Snt anppir of matrriak for thiaporpoaa liM 
ban d«mtdi«d from Uverpool lo Bomfaar. 

TV Sarat haauu- prUe tnr «urthwai4i ia -M. per cuUe Tard. 

The MuMo we pntpoae will pit the bbouran batter wagea, at a 

oMt to UiF ooupanr of onlj IH- prniMc vard. Onr earthworka 

over 3M miles should thtia eoat only liH.tml., inatoad of IMfiOOL 

■Ilka haiHju' rates or probably 3^%0(K)f. at latfa ooalnalot^ 

nttML prodndDf a aaving on thui aingle itvm uf 19^0001. aa eom- 

nMd with the baaaar rate, and ofprobablj 980,0001. •• eoaopared 

«Uh the tender that a kne oantnolor wmld make, jndfbic from 

I3m iMce oratraet tnlee nfolher raUwaji. tinrpnndple hownvn 

•mvM not be oppoaed to oontracU; it woulJ ta*Mj limit tlirir 

extent within the meana cf enull native capitalieta. It ie laoet 

KnklHytag to find eoaclnaive cvidniee of the eitcocaa of thi« prin- 

tflite (n tho 'Seloctioua frotn tU Itooooiia of the Hadnw Oovera- 

1, No. 18, BailvKT IVp«irttii«nt, ISH.' It appeara from the 

irta tliFn given, flrat, that th« MMlrw RaJInr have executed 

'worke al rate* oooeidcraWy an-in i^d. per cubic yanl; 

that althoaKh eseoullag tlMir worka with thU enonuoaa 

their oomFaDr, and without the ioterreation of IntM 

1, their T«le of m o grew in opening their line for traSe 

_aec*rap«dUMn that of any other ennpan? in ImtU when the 

hrct onotiaet mtom hae been adoptod; an.l ikinlly, that wkiM 

w eie«iiting their wofb their ■trvaig:tb in euineen waa rmy 

nneh Wt-'W what it ought to have been, aeeetmng to the <iaar 

thmrtng of thdr chief enfineer in India. 

Thr amiimotloti of earthworita eMuiueooed nmr Sarat inUay. 
Thia wonld (wimit of but one momlh'» work previoiu to the 
noneoon. Wo biivc theMViru a right ouly lo <lebil oor diiof 
cngiiK^r in lodin with comneDcing oe in Septtnnber nezL It 
la nnfortanale that we were not peniiitt<\l to brtBh groood at 
Bern bat Novejnber, without walciog for the completion of 
worfcing-pl>M and eertioiia to Barowh. ,,._,, 

When the Eaet Indian Ballwav Cotupany wvre almllaiij dr- 
MBBtUMed U Caleotta, the diatrut bang ftxt like Ouaaml, I did 
Mt beeilate, aa eenanlting en^neer to the eupreme (DremiiMat, 
It neeire two mlln at a Une of the wurkiug-phinM and woUon^ 
Mri to leeooiBiCBd that the work* ehould he peraiilted to oota> 
^^nfji M rapidly a* armngcroenta conld be oiode for obtaining 
hiMteatin ofthe laud oii thoM nii-tll partlona of the line, having 
Int well Meerlatiied that the workinff-platia nnd eoc^oiM of thoaa 
laaJl nortione were In aeoonUnw «ic)i the general requiremeula 
if (he line and with tlie previoua preliiuinarr iniwtigationa. A 
dnOnr laoilitT atrontnl lo ne wauli) bareeonUed na lo apply the 
whole of the lad working ieaaoa to oooatroeAlon of (nrOiworfa^ 
«hl«h by thia tiine night probably have been eainplotixl frooi 
Bona to Bftroda, and our embankmenta over that dtttouce wonld 
DOW be ready to benefit by the aMunninf of the approachUig 
nonaoon. 'ini* noiiila (broroedngtheTuptoeaud K«rbu<l>la were 
bMennHly fiiixl u a fiiet prriiminitrr, and there waa no fput or 
mesntnin-ntnge in the way, oHeiiug a t-arivur of altenwUrai^ to 
BMke an ni^eer paaae in affijnUng oiory bdlity to rapid pro- 
Mr. Fordr'a MWsy may peadhly atjll gK the foorteeu 
of wrthwotka (ram Sunt b> the £tetu river GOUfJeted 



ISS 



befovn the uonaooo. ThIa ie aQ we can hope; and it will be 
important, by oonbUiw him to lay liowo the pemunoni way ovitr 
that dietaooe, lo nae the InUaating entpnea, and to outj up the 
■aleriile for eoutnioting ourfiral bridge nooat the Ktem dnriiig 
the nest winter. 

lu treaiiaic the aobject of viadncte and bn'dgM, the praelkhbality 
can be oxpUin«0 of rzocntii^ the worka ovttr 335 nuleaof tinein 
the aliort period aufflgerted of two yean, an compared with the 
riewer rale uf peat SigUth eoaatrueliaiL Thia la owing to th* 
recent imprvveaunu in Ima atmctnrea, which ll i> pmpoeed to 
employ lar^ly in our openttoaa. 

The tedioun prnoinine of drivnuji extenain tnnnela and of 
enotfaiK pien ct maaonry for bridgea arad viadueU hnre 
bnr*>toKire neoeaarily rcgnlalod the time of ounetruetiiic a lineof 
milray. We oliall lure no neceant* for tanaels: awTiroD-pDe 
ouuportB with the admitagM affi>t^lra1 by MitditH'e patent, nud 
ath«' modem improvomeuie in iron pier* otid eupMetructurai 
for vWuote, have giveo vMt CicilitM, both in rMpeet to 
time and ocet, in the execution of brhlcee and other etmetnrea. 

Nnaaroiia work* hare of Ul* yean ben rapidly and eoomml- 
cally completed by th* aid of iioa for U^tbooaoi, harbour pierk 
nulway vwdneta, bridgea, An, in eitoalione wheremaaoni? wdiUiI 
either have bceu inapplioaUe or attended with a rulnouaexpendi- 
tnr^ and Ita Adaptation to ihu briiL^Iiis ot oni Indian riven and 
innnakted land* will removD the Mi$ Jijktilty which in oar pv<^ 
jeot, without ila aid, eould hnve oppoanT oor mpid progrtaa. A 
•peciaMa of thia daaa of work hni alniaJy been cnolnTfttKivin, 
In India, over one of theiiveea which we ilull have to deal nith 
between Baioda rmd Ahmedahnd. 

It t* rvpeatr.] that the co^ aohject of the (ligfatect difficulty 
en our luw U thnt of bnocn, — a difficulty which muil m 
MMOoniered in every pnrt of uidui: and even indndiogthero, the 
avenge oort, a« apMan from the ntimate, will be muler OOOML 

ffirm■le. Diatilet No. toflhe work, taken eepnratdy.pnwfatlng 
t amaUtet amount for hridgea, although then then will be one 
of oooadenthle uutguilode, givta but an arenge coat of *C3SU, 
per mile. 

Our meet formidable liven^ the Taptee, Kerbiidda, and Mhn, 
prMeot theoutlTM b the diatHcta between Snrat and AfameiU- 
bad, whlcb we hav* been dlr(«te<l to execute in the dnC iDiianoe. 

The PaMeio CneL between Bomhur and tinrat, although 
requiring a longer riadvct than either theTapleeor Kcrbudda 
rivera, would, from the leM valodty of the BooiU, hv atotv (oeily 
(Ml with than either of the other riven Daioed. The width M 
the ortek wli«re we oroei at BaaMin b masy tttOM the united 
width* nf ila tribniariea,aud it* ooanMUkve],whIlat their* have 
a oauudenbl* UIl; licuco the vnl^ty of it* cunrat in floodji u 
proportionally ditniniahcd compared wilb theirs. 

The fint briilt{« we (hall have lo ooutnct will be that a«roaa 
the Eeeoi rlvur, about IS luilee uoilh from the Taplee river. 
The deeign for thia bridge baa five a[ant of 00 feet each. It will 
Uliutme the jBeneraJ prindple which it MpropoMil to adopt 
throughout, ^e >aper«tnictun ia that of Wama'n patent, tlie 
pier* Uoa pilea. ThM bridg^ it la hoped, will be erected during 
the next winter. Eveir bn^ge^irdor will he bolted tocher In 
England, and aornntejy leatoif Dj the ooropnny'i angiaocr erith 
eumdcnt weighta bofure being takwi off the handa of tho mnnn- 
bdurvr. 

The teeond bridge will be that aercM the Nerbudda, upon the 
■ante principle; it will have elmikr opening* to tlicee of the 
Keen. It i» hoped that it will also be oomple1*d ncii winter. 

The thiiv] loruo bridige will be that acron the Mhyo river, 
eonitmeted on the eanie prindpUe and with siiailnr opvuiagi to 
thoer of Kkui aii<l NeTTiudda. Ita ooneti-nctioo nay be eont* 
liliriotl diiHiig ttio winter alW next 

Tlio erxwlioo of our hridgea rauct depend npnn oor power of 
enrryiog up tho matertala, either by water or on otir own 
railway, to their nepective aitea. Tlile latter pow«r ag\iii will 
depeaa npon tho oonctmctloa cf the embaukmcntA niul tbo 
aeaeoniuf of the une by the montnon niin* pterioualy to the 
final bqnag down of tii« penuntMut way. 

W* nay hope to hare onnMrveted our earthworVe aa fiu' aa the 
Kaem river befurt tho nine eel in, whidi will rii.-tUi. tu tn mrry 
np the iron lunieriala from Sarat for tlir Kuem Ividge Jnring the 
next winter; and wo tnoy liki;«iiii< calnlat* on oompletiiig the 
whole of our earthworka between Sural and AbioWUhad Mfhre 
the DioMoon aota in next year, June IA.17. In that cacr, after 
themoowmn haa aeaaoned oor work*, wc thall l<e able to proceed 
with the bellaatiog and buying of |N>ruanenl nx^^anil.^'^ '^e* 



166 



THS CIVIL ENQINCER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



pro ^ TW uI rt eomttrictioii of Tatdgctn, Ac, without fbHli«r imperll- 
mMtt, uiil •• npSitIr m the mpply of matcnda ami «tber nicuu 

Hvl WQ got pOTdwioB to go ott w[th the mnstraeHoD of 
utnbukiiinata kttlw ciMaiiMiiKvinMit of lilt lul cold MMOO, tliera 
would have bem no doubt that bj tbo Ut of littj, 1808. tho 
mtire diituioe from Sunt to Ahmojabwi, IM milci^ woiUil b* 
eoiBpl«l«d;bnt as the wliaJaqiiMtioti in thia clnaa of MUHtractlon 
muM 1m TCgiilatAl witfa r«f«ntioe Ui Itiu alU'riiiiliDj; raiujrand 
working RCMnii*. WB may now pfwwiWy V •lelnj-Al in I'paaiag our 
lirat itootioa for traffic nnljl May Itk'-II. It woiiU liowoTo- be 
eiiualtj wttbin our power to opm at the aame dote th« eotire 
ilJatADC* of 331 Bd\t» \ato Bombay, if tbe goreniiuetit would 
ooIt nftutioa oar doing no. 

A» the firat apcnritj (nr hlg-h dMdetida and )nw lim« conniata 
in obUintnR the boat poMibloUrrol and tbolovMl nilia|c fn^lient 
for tbe roM, uid tfaeMOond theb«tclaaaor«ngiiieadapt«d to th« 
tnffic, ao the Ibitil in inportAooe depeoda upon the beat a^Ieolioti 
of Uw cbua of pcraaauDl waj to be emDlo]r«<]. IliU adectleii 
OtUi for « doM Gomparatlve Iotmi gallon of all th« known 
mithoil* in 1UM^ and of tli* modern pn^oet* which cxperieDoe 
may hare au^^eatAd for their Airthor' improreDMnit. having 
reRrenCH, inX, tn th*{r notjiaiitml (inalitin ; aecMid. to their 
coat 111 annaa] mainlenatic* aiij rfcewnl ; ihtrd, to th«lr firtt 
ooat fwpNtivnly. Ilavlng niMl« sooh an inTcattnllnn vjih all 
tbe oiatioQ that ita tmportme* dmuded, 1 (Ut jnntiR^d in 
coming to the enoclnaiaa put forth in hit report nddreaaed to 
the boArd of diredon on the 6th day of Oi>oeuiber laM, neom- 
meodicig that tcuden for mib on the auiMtided girder prlncIplSi 
■ulSoient to lav down Attj milai of Use, ahouhl b» luvIlM. 

The imQcipIa of •ohatituttRX ir«o fi^r wood aa tha gaedimn fbr 
■npportuw toe raih^ well pmred aa it liu boon, aud OMenttn] 
Bi It mar oe d««uied in BngUnd, ia infiuilely coore important In 
India, w)i«n>tlie ravngpo of white anta, aniltheil««trai;tlve eifecti 
of iuUriuM lieAl, aJternatlng with tropical nioiatuir, Tt-Dilvr wood, 
ftom ita periiihable oature^ paeuliarly Diifttt«d to aapport a 
ptmaueal way. 

Hy reemniueDilation baring b^a unaolmonilj appror»d by 
tor dimtora, ww on the 30th of Januarr Ibi-waraed br tba 
■Miction of the miicrririiig autkority. On trie IGth of February 
a reply wa* reclvod from lh« hononniblo oouit, d<Kidiiig, wlthoat 
girins iTCuoiu fi>r luoh decblon, tliat tbe ntiU to be jimvided 
•hoalil not bo tlioM petownowidaii afUr oreftit onmnarative leata, 
and ndtr the luiaaiinoua appraral of our bo&nl, bnt that a 
differMit daaaof pennaiiMil way should beai)opt«il. Hie naluntl 
eoiirae for tba •upcrriging authority to bavo punia<t| in thia 
Important ouw vntild have bcinii ta appoint a committee of three 
eugineera, one aelreted by th^mMlv™, one by oor directoni, and 
an lunptre \n those ibiu adacted. Tlii* eamutttea ahnuM liav« 
bom Miaived to make accural* tMta aud calcnlatlou*, and to 
npon (Uly upoo th« cmt. Snch an inrntigMion vniild have 
badi of rait nneral pmetieal benefit, fitr beyond it* mere 
twarinjia on the lUtereaU of onr auwle onmpany. As the matlor 
now Hands we ar« cotumliwd to adoipt what, we harv diniiuct 
proiib, la a cnoat iMIpettn nod ooatlT prinel])lo, at the ooiatnenoe- 
nirat of a bo« nDway Mttrpria*, when tb« opportunity otvnrred 
of rtjoctintc all that waa known to bo bail, aud adopting only 
what am )» ihuwu to be doikI. 

I am bound in aelf-Jefeuoe to lepudlate every portion of 
re*ponMibillty In thl* particnlar oiae, and \a cvot other wlme a 
oiinlUr arbitiaty power toay bft eiortod. Is iovmng tvniinn for 
llt« nrrmnnnnt way rctiined ti>, I hnvo uaeil no diaeirtion in the 
ipeeilteationo, but have adopted thoae poinifd to by ihv er 
nfjMD ilinwtor, on the part of iho honviirable oourl, having gone 
iialienlly thmngh all thoae Raleulatlon* and twx* which jirovrd 
indiaputabhr tba injnrinu nature and wiutcfal ooit of what wc 
%t* eoBtttaiDod, by tbe tone of authority, to adopt. 



At tli<^ Itoynl SoottUi Soelely of Alta, Dr. Sander* exhibited 
an a|i(>arstna eociatract«il U> ahow the Mcchaniun of the Cirvula- 
tioa of tbe Blood. Ileoiuiiataoraaerieaof glav lu ben roprawu ting 
the arterite, lvn|nl|atiol^ and veiu^-ibo heart being as iudia- 
rubber hollow Wl, liarloj; vnlrea attached bn the lobe* above and 
below It, and which, wlwn cnwipftaiij by the baud, nnipelM the 
tI<|nUI T^-preMntiBg tfa< blood into tlie artariaa, and ao on, till It 
mui-ue'i by tbe vetna to the naerroir, tnm whfiMt It wu pro- 
fmliw^uhtloim. 



1 



mON SUSPENSION AND TRUSSED BRIDGE, 
HABPEK'ti t'KlUlY, UNTPKU STATKa 

(WiOt an fnfrmfaf, Plait XTV.) 

Tms bHdge waa erected in '"'". * — 'ht Iraipi irf TTwiilil 
BoUnaa, C.&, iMpoolar of Repaita, Baltiowre uid OUo Bafk 
way. The apaa ia 124 fwt bctwivn abatmentu^ Tbe leaoth of 
OMMtvn in etrrtcliv, I 8H feet The weiffat of CMt-iron la the 
R.RtnHi,ft3,137tbi: cirwinaght4ran,33Ji3?lbL; making a total 
weisbt of caat am) wrought Iran, M^mlk 

"ni* vrongbl^iraa requiiea little wericmanahip, the nxla tnm 
tbe oiotn to abntmeolB hanriag but an eye at on* and a acrew at 
the other end, with a weld or two between aoeording to langtlk 
The hug counter rodn have two kuuckta and an« awiTsl bt 
adhuitmetil of Btrain and oooveiiieooe in wdding, aa well ■• in 
Tuaiog the whole. 

The eaat-lron acretclMT i* octagonal withovt, dicular within, 
and avetegee one ineh nf metal. It ia caat in length* ■'^■''^"■g 
to the lonhth of panel, au<l joinl«d in the aimpleat ■"■— "rr fW 
ono ««id of each length ia a tew>o. at the other » aodteL Tba 
latter ia bored oat, ami the leiioti and it* diouUer tunned ofi ia 
a lathe to fit the aodcet; tliua, wb«n thorough^ jobtrd, to loim 
OMooncSoamia pipe bcftwaaa abntraoita. Thuwili nf ihieiiliiin 
of ovlindaie, iiMerted to tboae eoatisiioiH, am ilaghtly raandadt 
to abow a null an^iUr tuovemeat wttboat riik oTjoint feactwk 

A oaet-iron plate ur wnaher aet* «n a bracket MM with eack 
abntmeM aod of atret<^«r, and at ri^t angti* to tbe oiatn 
acting rod*. Tbe tenidon bar* are paaaed throng thia waeliir 
to nwai** a aerew'nut for tbe orcctioB and adjiwtucat of tbe 
•yalem. 

The atntcber or atralnlog betm, the rertieal poala, abd ■•■ 
penilon ban eompoae the i— atial CMnre* of tbe beid^; awdl 
poet beinjt hnng ny two bar* from both eaila of tba atreldlMr 
independently of all the otlien; ajud en«b ptnl and pair of tiMIWOn 
ban fiTTUing wHh the atntcher a eenant* tmea. 

Thia aTatem, perfect in iiealC la additionally eoBnaaed tnr dia- 
gonal rod* in each ptuid : alao by U^t hollow sm^agt, acting •• 
Btml*. The diagonal ■itle mU mubt he aafeJy diapcciied witk 
for the peenliar merit of the tnu* hi tta perfect indepeodaBee M 
eaob proviiion. Thvx are tbervlbre ueed ae a laliignard only ia 
cnee of the 6nctnre of any of tbe priaoipal euapeMiov nxd^ 

By this eorabiuaiion of caat and wrought iron, tbe tomtit ia 
In a uate of eompi ew ioii, the Utter in that of l«uinn, — Ihs 
projwr eondition of the two metab. It iniiiMi the principfae tt 
the euapenrion and of tbe iniiA bridge*. JSaoft bar perfonM iti 
own part in aupportinK Uie load in propartinn to tt* dittaoo* 
hotn tlie abutaoeBt: to UtAt ilie entire •eriee of enafMudtng lOik 
tranamita tbe aani* tennon to the poinw of eapport ae would b* 
•qnally tnmniutted from thence to the orntreof bmdge- 

The tcDslo reaiatantw of tlie beat AineriMn tANioo taUM at 
80,000 Ih. per equarw iiiuli. Ita ptaotioU value ie MBeimlly nt«l 
at about one-fourth the nominal value. Ia thiie db^riiin the 
bigbett given vaiiic of inn ia IS,U0O, being redueail below any 
probable rate of fibral aepnnation in any pnrion* data. 

Now to prooewl for pru|)orti(in o( one rib; that it, 
0»»-ll<tif Wtighl 0/ Briiijt nait ^ixiil. 

Inn ... SVKWlb. 
Timber ... Ifl.OOOIb. 
L«*d ... l«HiO<i|h, 
Momentum :U,tuulb. 




148,000 lb. = wHght to b« netained by om rib 
Tbia, when dietributel, b carried at eight ditTereoit point*; at tbt 
centre by two «<iua]. aud on either ride by two uboqual forai 

Therefore, "^"^ = Sl/WO lU on each poet; or, is Other wtt, 

there ia a OMioMttration of 31.000 llx on each Boor beam at iIm 

polola of Ruapomion. 

The diatanoe from centre of abatmeni to eeatre of b*U|i 

31,000 X W ,.™,,. ,. 

-TT = lifSOO IK erelcht on *«a« 



ei f^: to that 



rod* at tbe centre, tbe forcee being equal. 

The dialauoe from eeuire uf abutment, or the point of anppoti, 
to tbe eeotre of poit, or internal llae <rf 6»l or abtibnaBt pawl 
= 17't; therefore, *|>pl7''*S *'^ petndplee of tbe lever, aa F 
■uattoMd, we have tnuHlWred to tb* brtb*el point of i 



JEHB. GniL MBQISMSR-JJni ABflHITBCrrft JniTRSlU.. 



in 



Pl.U. 



.\::T) i.iIIn;- RiM'-Way. 




ELEVATICm J 

1?AET PF s 




t 




J 













^ 



— «-<•'■.■■ I. 



«igbt 

peBM 
\ and 

thia 
den, 
S >t 
ig m 

too 

«4r 

the 
ight 
jor, 
oat, 






of 

ta 

ha 

10 

d 

• 
I 

M 
M 
d 

1- 

a 
t 
1 
1 



JR Joiibnii! 



done without traatling np any part of the bndge. 

ma of firC) the floor maj te entirely oonaomed withoat an j 

to tfae side trata. 

nMmancrDt priaeiple in bridge building, aiutaiiied thron^- 

tmoda of atractuTs, and in wMoh thwa ia anoh gain in 



uur, ma eeftr lawar (haii 
4-4 lb., nor bigher thui E'9 lb. on an; oi the uperimenta, tha better and 
lowMt ramlU being obtajoed wban a lingta boiler wM empJoytd, roar 
baing the wbole number. The figon 4-1 lb. might be taken aa tha fair 
npenctitare per iadieated horaa-pawar par faonr of the an^ocf in qaeation, 
at thrir follaat woik, with clean Walihooal, argedtoa lateofoombaBtiiML 
ef about 18 lb. par aqnare foot of grata per k«iai. 



158 



THE CrVIL ENGDfKEB ASD ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



To *bov tlw inniUno* of tbs Ums of > lUp ■• nfmried rpati. It 
WM lUud, tkMB.MA A^faxoa, whkb •rith SU bdlwua boiw-pMW 
only atUiDBl » ipecd of 8-0» knou par hour, «b«i bar awn £nw w«t« 
•lund nuinlaliwl m ipotJ of ») knou^ with aS7 indkaUd hoiM-povfr, 
■nd whMlUi«Mf«iiiio«dUil6<iiiifitBUdLDn»poww, tha ipaad wia 
B-01 knot*. Afaln, H.M& 7raMP origiiullT rfiuir«] ITO IndMtad 
bono-pMfor W MUin Ui* ipacd of 0'31 knoU; but villi redooad CwillM, 
warfeiav to 138 inilJokMd hara»-poir(r. oftor ihs lUrn linca baa boui 
BMd* Diior, tha inar«ucil ■pnttl ol 7 48 knoU wm MUlned. H.M.S. 
j B — tnil Arwv. filinl wiili ■ nuldei' k1 atclieac^, wai« found to Iutok 
pmAtr tp««d vihat goiag fthetd. tiiao whoa goLn|[ launi, u fuil l>o««r, 
Uw MIoited borw-pover bdog t^ ■■■■■e '" both wi Bij»*rtnuol>l 



trioU Willi B^.8. IfMor/ Aowad, that ttw apMd oonld b« >«d<ac«d M 
ha lb>a ana ball^ bjr tiling up. or doubling upon bar aton linta; and 
tho affarinal fpaad ooatd b* apin mMrad b; ramonng tba dottUiag— 
llie fawloMad horae- power being in botb om> Uis bom. 

It vaa afjuod, that biotioaal reiiilBQafl wh loaravod In propartioo 
to tho incwMaJ inmsned miiftet of bull. EKimUbc tbo djnuunio 

doty of TBa wl a by tho pawsUy nooirod •»■■— .-J-^p •— '' *•• •>•• 

■lOTod, that lliar* iru a limit to (ho adTanta(^iia inoraaao of (be laogtb 
ik itoporlMa to tba ban. Vcsula vhiah had uoduoad (bo bigbott 
inJwnuabcrof dynamwdoty by theabvvelaw, badbaoafouEdmvui- 
akJrto b**« aurvod wloa. 

Wilb niprd to ibe pnnMrtlon batwaaa iba pomr and ibo apoed. It 
«M •Wod that H.1L& J/mu!, vbao pmH>«d by Sl-S iixUcatod ban» 
poww, atlainad tba «p««d of 4-fi1 knoia Mr hour, but to propol tho 
notdatSlt bMlaroqDi*«dSS4indka(adlioTa»-paiMr, oroMrlf a«th« 
MlH of Iho Ifioal. Tba aamorula had baan found to obtain «>t)> H.MH. 
AbmAm, wbidk bad baao ^4f *"* 'or diStranl Mrrioai, raiiuirinu a r»in- 
tkn of ipBod Cram Jl IumuM 14 Imoto. Tho ipoed of vmhL whiuii 
had boon long «a a (onign atodoii, waa froqooaitty ndnotd m nuoh aa 
SO (■« OML durins tbo poriod of eomiBlaaiou, ohMj in ooooniucnco of 
tbo fonbuM of tho bollom. 

n'itbnfcnnaa to thoralatiTooOdoooy of tlw3a««IVop«lloraiid tba 
Fkddlo-WkMd, It wao aulad, thai tbo b%ha«l indoi numbor of djnuole 
doty, aod (hi blKbwl ratio of cAoetira v» Indiotad powor, <rtn praduood 
by tho acnv proinlkr. 

It WM tbown, that nxiiunor by fiieiioix betwnn tbo wiUr uiil tba 
•lilo) <iS Iht Tcoael in auoh a ahlp aa tho Jtaliler, would amount to about 
170 bofoo-powBTata ipoodof lu ktwt* p«r boor. 

TrCalo with tho fttnUmlton ptddla-whool Maaner, of 1801) tana 
bnrtban, (n July 18G0, abowad thai wUbfourboilar«.aadlUt)3iudiimUd 
boroo-povor, k «aad of 10-1 knota nr hour wm aUainod. whilal with 
oBo boHOT worbad at tbo bigbeit giado of niHiiaion, and Sid indiealod 
heno-pomr, tba apoad waa 4-33 knota. With a totally didarant dan 
of voawL ooo of tbo paddlB-whcol mail boata botwoon Udtot and Calau, 
Willi two boikm wonted to full power, and i'i3 indiutod liarw' power, • 
rnatd of IS'Id knota par hour waa realUod. wbilji witli odd boilir and 
US bofM-powtr tba apoad waa 8-4 knota. Wiih Il.M.-S. Vrijitmle, a 
Mnw^MDur, baCera rtAnad to, with two Ivilsn. a ipscd of I0'7a 
knoU WM attainod wl(b S^l ttidicatad bar**- |>oH<r, whllal wil^ una 
bollCT tba ipool waa 478 kaiia. with »»t Indieaiad bona-powor. 

With raiiaH to toMaariiiit thr powor by ()i« quantity of toala burnt, 
(be triala with tlio ArfriAuAnn *ur* rafocrad to, add two indicator dia- 
KTanii w«rs abown. by which it appnind that tha quantity of atoom par 
indicalad bono-powor wm ii cuIjid I»i in odb coh. vLoio oipoaaioa 
»aa adopts aad llsulNofeM in ilw olbcr, where m inudi atcwo «»■ 
put intolba M^inea ao waa poaubio. Tbi> bailor aurfiwa in the fartnar 
CM* «u 7 aatpcrttcial Ibtt p«r uullcMad barao-powv, and (1 mperAcial 
fort la til* laMari but tba fomsr butnl SO par oant. moro cuaL With 
tbo tkrptraU S lb. of cool wore burnt por iadieaiad hof«a-pow« wben 
four boilera and four anpnoi wara workad, and 8 lb. wboo two bmiaro 
waro worfcod axpoaaivdy. It wm MOMtod that nina- taotbt of tbo advan- 

S|o of wotUng ataaio MtpoMTalf nndtod from thondooad aspondituro 
powar, mth of oouno a ^mfaiiabtd apood. 

With • new of ahowlng tbo infloMioo of Ibrm on tho iiKvd. it ma 
alalad tia* tha £lar4, a LoadoD aod Margata "—"'■"' ori^ioiUly eon- 
Mniolad like a ailing ahtp, had a new bow addod, by which ber ^>tod 
wat Imfrovad 10 p<o oiM. In (ha Magfut iha orlaut^ bow wm at an 
•^bof43°: tbi« waoaliondtoSS', wbm th**|w»-rwwlnflraaaadftt>m 
H-nShooia ta U7S knola per hour, or navly c^O per ornt. A tooont 
InalaMt wm that of lb* Plfi»p FUS, one of llin lAiuor olaai of gotont- 
UMrt d«pat«h boat*. 1111* naael. with 1168 indiaaiad bono-powar, 
eolj attaioad a ipnd of 1 1 73 knota. Whan, bowarar, an olonnted 
bow, IS faat hi bngiii. wu added ao aa to diiide the watfT mora fraely 
tba ifaeJ waa iooreuad to Vi'ii knot* per hour, and oiaking allowanoo 
for (be prcfMlllac power belnic iiicn«aea 100 indicated bone-pixwer, tho 
paiformoaeo wm bKior Ui tho niio of 7 to S. Sy loaacaing tho NaiHoooa 
Iha acnw booam* a batter propoIUr. 

lo Iha latilaa btouobt forwvd by tha author, tt wm aanmad that tha 

HfueeO'OfflmfBtapfdied toall forma and klndaof Tiaoali. Now. U wm 

I k»»wa that for artir vamal a diflaraul co-aOIolont wm ootoianr, 

lOr H.M. Yaobt Fairy, tba oo-atBdoot wm TOO, wbilat for tho 

^ffA*iifa>a it WM ItOO, and )M thaao tw* had boon tnatod by tbo author 



M ideolicaL Espoliaeo ^d (bow*. Is a8 bmh, IhOilthOMrfrtaMOVM 

amiiy u tbo eatie of tbo Tolodty, and (bat whao a proper «o-aMdaH 
waa aJuptvd tba «po«d night nwdily bo calculated lo within a qoortaa «f 
a knot. 

A caniwiKRi of tb* actual icafd of two abipa fadonging to Iba pMdfr 
aular aaJ (Iriaatal Compai^, tbe Cawfia and the Ptra, whb tba afiatdo 
calculated l|y two of the ralo giTBD in the oouroa of tb* dUcuiiiMi obMMd 
the following laaulla : — 




^^^ILBIVMM 



U14. ScM, 



CAIIDIA. 



J 



Ilia 



11 -M 



ii« 



h 



III 



11-1 



«■ 



-M 



-«» 



Rki. 



I U J 



IIM 

it-n 



1 



it'« 
u- 



i'» 



I-B 



li 



i-» 



It had besD detcrmJoed by BiaUmuatitnana of tba biriiaM tloniHa^. 
that tho raaiituice waa aa the aquara, and tha powar m tb* csbo; and il 
«u. tbonfore, oonlcodcd that it waa uaelca to diamaa, whether Iho 
aetuiJ friction was m tha aquaro oT the Telocity, and wbethcr the 
roaiUano* lo a U>)y niovioK In watn vu alio m tbe ■niniT. TWtbaoiy 
of tiTon, and tha movamoM of «Btn m plpa^ Vath abowed IhM 
^nwnooa moai l>« made for tba roaiaiano* due to MMlan. It wu cal- 
oolalad that Uie HiKialoj/it htii %o inmMrwd aurfao* of IR.OUD oqaHa 
taot, Mid that thi>. ai a Tolodty of from 13 knota to 1$ knot* par boat, 
wouU abaoib MOO indiaaiad bcaw-powar wi^oaBi^ that tba bottoB wh 
parfaolJy dtan and frto from bofwa<dofc to. It wm aoay to oa«tfl*a • 
Cannula whioh should gm roaidta neatN ^roeing with the Mtual Eton 
al soma one point crar a long range of llguraa. a*d tbo cmt wm ■■■ 
appatrnt wbm tba actual and ealouuitod velocities wore ocnpond, (bin 
wticQ the power waa taliaii into acoouut. M a rariatlou of only T or 8 par 
Milt, iu the (bmieroaao would cauaa a dlOenauM In Ui* latter of 2S 0* 
SDjwr oant. 

11 WM ui[aod. that nothing toqotivd gieata- oars, knowMp^ nai 
skill, than tbo oooduci of eipatimoata on dn IHocioo of bodies naorte 
in watv. A bHi|[« nt-riei at exporiotalUaof thia hind, wfalota bad niaj 
for their author admiuiun into iba Royal Sooiaty, bad boat Eoand to bt 
iooapable of analyni*. Tb* si** at the veMd. and partluulariy (u 
longth, wem undoubtwlly of great irajiOrtaDoe for ocaau barigatM% 
u thu voaaol then aoiguirtd auRitaant moinootum to oreroomo Iha 
ImtiEuUhlliw aod undulatioDa of the enrfao* of the aaa, Kliieb It MMt 

ODOOunlOT. 

It WM remarkod. that in erattiroteta to aaocruio tb« mitmmtl 
of bodies {uasing liiiuugb iaiiU. and the amouot of etsom |iaw«r 
III! eisaij to ovaroome that retliUDce, It wu pruperr to aafAMa lb* 
difliiraiit parte of the oaimrimnnl, au<l to cuiiAue one CKprritnonl to lb> 
variation! of one ahmODl alone. It wm belloT'd, that, up totbapsMMI 
time, then) had not been a lulltcinil nunibvrof •ipartmesitatodetannlli* 
tho relation of the nsliUnoe lo tha ealoaty; awltbat any MMbontMlft 
■Eriaaof upeninenuon thia peiol oooM not fcil lob* of gi M l wlwl* 
acieno*. 

With lagud to Ibe acnw jnpeller, h wa> remarktd that thwo axn 
eeranl Oan*** tandiitit tu loenciency. One of thole waa the ' all|i,' ih 
aoraw not boldiB|{ >u |ilace a> if tbo water ware a aoCd Meditna. IV 
'aUp' varied aaconliri^; to tho pitoli of tbo acrew, or tb* angle at wbidi 
•bo UadM wera fia«<l willi rasfiaet to ttis aaia; It being graalaat wbtn 
tho water wm orried round by tho aorow. It wm niggnud, Ibai toe 
axtromo M««a might he ukan, tha one «h*ia tho pUoM of tba (aoi, 
Uadea, aU [aaoFd through tbs aiji^ produdng rotary 'aIlfs*Mid Ibeotbr 
where there wae no louiioti. but a dies oorfatie WM Mulad ia ll* 
ifiraetloo of (ha *|ilndie. canting longitodhia] dip, A tiwhilM 
of lb*a* two might ilien bo mad*, *o u to give tla* aiimmm 
amount of slip. Anulhar oauac of tnefflcitnoy wu friction, wWA 
ooniidarine tba opeod at which the screw was made to rnroln, mnat ta 
oonaidcraUa. 

It WM utgad, that the Uial* with (ha /'I)i«V t'>^ abowaJ, that Iba 
form of (be ship ought to be mad* auitabln to Ibe power Intoodad ta 
beappliad. Svbon tried on tba 3rd July, the following 
obtMned: — 

Ktndtnloui ladicaWd 

pu ULMioio. H. r. 

With fuU ponor 744 IIOQ-Od , 

.. I .. «i W7- . 

« i .. ■— a» sn- . 



U-40S 

11-3>l 

fi-ttt 



Hu% wboo tha powor wm doufakd, tfavro wm only u 



t 



THE CIVIL ENOINEIiB AND ABCHITECTS JODRNAL. 



I<9 




' lUnlallaiu ladlaM toHdIa 

nr BiUBta. B.p. baCi. 

. ... IT 1300- 12-JTS 

« Bll-n IllM 

99 B80-1! 1MM 

J tho pDVer, iriUi tbe £i1h bo*. giTe u Uarawa nf ipeed 
[2 knuu. (ir juK wlul «u due lo tlM cube of (bo eitri puww 
With tfc* temponij bow, do IniraMt of ipood wm et>uiu*>l 
'muI ihrto^autor po*w, wlilln at (till iiovtr M«ri; 1 kiiui uu» 
tilDwl. is lliMo triala It ww provid, uut t^*n wm aoatiilanbtr 
iMMaM* oSovd b; tb* walcr to ih* blailo of a Krait whin Mi 
p«GiiMiaa tovanU tba ali^ U>u ■boo U ri^t MigUi mth tli* 
iiaft. Ilia Kntr ef th* tlfiiif PM bad two k-U of bUdM, mm 
U U rigbt u|{1<« with tbe iImA in ibo anliau7 waj, uni! tlM 
• ■nuck o[ abouc It' to Uu iblp. In tbi 6rn owalbopllob 
fh, 9 In., lbs nnmtw of nrolQtloai 7&t p*r mioiiM, aad lbs 
|d Ww-pomr ISal'S; wlilliH Is lb* buor tb* pitch wm odI; 
L Ifc* nwntwrc' r«iYiIut><in* 77 'S per miiiuu, uid Uie lnilic&t« 
BK«r ISU'. iprinK a mnilt digblly iii Utdui of «irai)t(ii blailM. 
'tUtad Ibal tlw (taaiD'ahip I*mitt, ^40 bon* ^wot aiul SOD looi 
' — iiit, bad origiDall; a aortw of 10 It. S In. Uiamater, aoil IS fett 
itfaNobbiUa,aMb3ft. i b. irii]4attb*poml.«nd 1 ft. tOia. 
I the apMd Dbtaiiinl wu s*5 knoU p« bour. Wbioi « 
itlh two bUdM ««■ appUeil, of ibe auno dlaniaUr and pitch, bat 
I oolf S IndiM wiJa, and 'i b«l at tbo root, Iha apMd wM 
, an iha d(«iuiu(juieM balno allba, aloapcitij that tba two. 
' tnado ail rcmlulioD* par biTduU man, — ftilj duo to tha 
I fiiBtimi Mid to tba tnonMod ^Md of tb* vaatal. Tha luraw 
■ant-ahip 4iwiwlii, ol rtO boraa-powN-, waa S It ( is. diamoUr, 
I MilUnVy 1 1 ft. 3 in. pitdli, whan tha nnmbfr of rarolationa waa 
id IM ^aad »aa &sii luiota. Wbon tba pitch wai allarod 
L S in.. Uw ipead wu incnwed Ui 7 W kaota. tb« oumbar of 
lona. and all the olivet cjrcuiailancei, bolag cte auae. 
Iriaa of obacnatiotii, uiado JuKn|[ tb« nlniila^ of tha tmmI* 
Mt to tlia t'hoaur nnd Ilolj'htad ICailwaf Couipaaf. bctwaon 
■id aod Kiru*l«WB, wm rafarnil to; ainl It wu italfl, tliatthaao 
p-lba ini><M, dnArin, te<^iit, antl y/ilmiKi,— in.r« liuilt •«- 
■(brapasil, wkkh vaa to mnaiu coniU»t. lli« Turiativii* of wliiil 
b Ixuig mit b; incn^aad pa**r. Tba (lliil«nca brtwoin Iba two 
iraa about 4^ luilva, and tbia it waa projidard to In'ram in thiaa 
Aa OB iiiMano« of tli« u-inl ol oiiitoTmHj ID tbs pnctloa of 
1 ltt>|i* bulidara and aiifliiHn, It ww luentiaD^l that " iha voawla 
* 1(0 faUl IhM* r*^uir«inPi>l«) difTurtd In dlapkeenieDt bum about 
Mta 9000; in nominal bunvpawcr frani SSO to 1900; In ratio 
lib to Itsftb, fnrm 1fi7 to llO iMr o*nI.; in •Inu^cht of wator 
, frum 3'> to (0 jftr eoM.', ia nuuimum *pocd to Ix alliuntit 
I nttf, frnin 02 ta ti milaa an hour.' Tlia analyili of tba 
ai tlitBC vtaKli ihowcd Tcrjr rsmarkabl* nault*. aud 
HAlad Uikl In oaiiH>]ui!U<» of a deriallon from Iho lin<n of 
I ttf oaa of iham, the iimel wouM not ftntwtr tha helm whon an* 
I uiatnad. It «m mmarktil, thai a oanfnl record and aoalrm 
■ of tba auani-ihipibclouglBguithaOonardandCoUhui 
4n liTarponl and New Vorli. would aAunl van valuatila 
I vo«M cnaUi th* woriidonaaiid liitunounlaffualoonaiinad 
^uraitty oUainad, 
baa (UlBt, thAt the »ua) fbnnula of Colonal BMofoj, 

I m~ only (^t* tb* naiil&iKa to a boat with a aqnara haad; but 

fmi wsMad WM tbg rwduution upon thii tor a ocrtala aounut of 

r* of bow, (w Jifftranl loaa. ahapca. ami prujiorllalia of raMda, 
•amiciranlar hoad. it lutd bom bund tliat tha ratiftoiMa waa 
ra-thlidaof IbaamoiwtdariTod (roiu tha abora farmula; aiidwtlJl 
Mieal hau] ia waa acUl lan^ and it had baan gradually brought down 
fUUii oas-auth, and oiK-arTrnth. a* tba nnull ufa long aounaof 
pttHm. A coiupaiuon waa inatiliitad Uiwhd two Wi»l*. i» 
Mfatgthitu waa allka, bat fonn and length. Eaob waa lA fcat 
M tM« 144 twt, and tba othor lOU (oit in ianittbi ouo had 
pan bat «t midahip aattluii. the olber bad 43 iqiiara faat; 
pot* of aacb h»l ojrlindara 3U uiehaa dianator, aud :l It. 6 in. 
I "Hn one whkb traralliMl bMaal toad* M (wnluillon* pcv miuuta, 
|ar nuikiufSs rtinlutioo*; lb* apatd nf Ona waa tH'iS kiiota^ uid 
tsr waa It »i kuoU. In tmi otbar Taaula, wboin laiictli* wara aa 
ktibo aa lilil (act aud IMO laal, tteir braadlha bcinif uia nmei the 
f lu^ e^luiden ti Inoba -BimM-tr and 4 ft. d in. aCrDkat aad cba 
r «( nroka waa In Ibo ona «Ma 39, and tba oth^- from 3S to 40. 
|» Maila IS'3 knot* ptc bou/, and tba othor 1132 knola. Tha 
^et mu doa mlmtj to tbaabapa^ aalhaoD* bad 121 »)uaja tot 
' ' I aeoltos, and Iha othur 71 aquaca feat; lh« dmugbt of water 
iliTchr A. S in. and 9 ft. 10 In. In aiperuneiit* m*do 
I IMo (ona burthan, towad throogh th* watat at 10 knot*, 
tttiuamea wa* raducad to SO lb. par afuar* foot, and wHk 
I not l«»ad, th*T«M«tNM« WM aniy Cfi Ik pir tqiian 



dtk 




t waa ^oHa naoMa* to BWampt oqwaiwM lor nuroa loinu^ nor wa* 
Mea*« la do ao, aa by ilividine ibr iiamaranl a*lid tnlo (our paru^ 
lira aqAuiriuM planea, taken paiwlld t» tb* liMd valarfino^ and cal- 
illngfscfapait bj tbfoaor moreangleav formad b* lb* in(«ne«(i«a 



n* fctlawtac fannnba won BsbinMad •• tba nwoltf «( tba ap«it> 
DMDla InoltlaM by Sir. HawU^, Md of praaaBt aspaiianM a« tb« 
aabjaM; 

V = » { ; r^ yr \* - - Ko. 2 

Vu«a(_ain»-+«ii« j) + .^ 

in which (II) waa the alTaotira hatoa-pows (= about liha of tha IndlcatAd 
bgn^powat), (a) Iba was <d tha niiJtliip m Mm in aapMa faat. It} tb* 
a^la of (b* him Bna*. fit ib* ui^lo of tba Man Gmo, and ^i) iba 
•nuMraod, «r watlod tarCM* of tha tsoaal, in aquara lisaL Ilia valua of 
tba eo-dlielant of («) had beon aaeortaiiiad iTom Buisaroaa expcciinanU 
■■da I* drtonnlna tbe Motion of walar piaajng through fift, and b<m 
tha Mnditanej of tha ranilta. aiight bo nMided ai pneumlly oonaola 
ter aorlao** of Itod. At ■ valocltj of IS leet per acrond tl4 raaiatano* 
of walar imoaiitad to SS ouneaapar fool aupo^ciaL 

The pTMaa aalna of tha oo-aAoiaat of (u) uu tomawhat taaa cortain, 
iaaamncli a* the theoretieal and axporiMauLal naolU wara not allogMbar 
oiiiHiiilfDi. or in psfcot ^raamawt amongat tbaniadraa, and it wa*. 
thexAwe. propoaed to Inatitula a fnitho' oonrH of axpninanto, wldoh 
wouU, la duo ttma, be bud bofolw tha Inatitutaon. In tDHrpnaaatfomi, 
bowoaar, Ibo avuatlona would pTa a Mar apfiravimatiaa loaotual an- 
porteoea;— for tnaaancia when apvliad to the Atrote, a hfva alcauior 
iiatiiy upward* trf SOoi) IniUfaMd hoaa-powor on boaid, tba foruiuia 
pira a apaad <d IS mila* par boor, whUa upon tha maaaurad milt, tha 
aMiul •peed apptarad to be 19 uita* par boor. 

It waa ^oHa naelea* to attempt oqwatiaa* for nurad fomu^ nor wa* 

it DMQ 

byfii 
ouatlngt 

oflaogunlaiothaitafieotltocarT** of' tha bow aad thaat«ntBno>^aaj 
reqalrad d*ma of t~-^ ''■■■*- ml^t ba abtMDad. Ia geawal, wIiIi 
rward to Jiarp twelit a (Ingle caloulMiM wooU b* a iiM iliiit lor 
oriiaaiy praetiial purpoaaa. asd oapodal^ tdto a Utile ovpvlMHn bad 
baaa guvad, in estimating the ao^oa at the bead aad Mom, aapabla of 
appiToaimatliig to (be naulta of aarre*. 

In tha oeoraa of the djaraaaon it had bean ftalad, that tba awmem; 
«r working tnarin* ongina* MmaarTaly naoMad ftoM the darilopment of 
reduoad power) and that In the trial* of tha Dapml*, wbilat the anovtit 
of *l«ua u**d when working oipaunvcly wu only S| anUc lest, and 
II cubii; faat whau aing faD power, jot (bo oonaumptlon of ooala wa* 
61b. pariadicatadharaa-powar par boor in tbe former eaiOk and bib. par 
bow io the Uttar. From Ih!* ft might ha InlitTad. Ibat werllnit 
•taain ax|Minit>«ly wm an aipanain prooaa*. which waa oppoaad Io all 
uporicooo. 

In reply. It was nplatnad, ttat tba oondilion* in ■ marine (w^ne w«i« 
not the •aiua a* lu land tngilM*, wbethn alatinnary or looamoU**; and 
tlua hawaTiT atartUn* the iMertion* might appear, thnr wara Dorer. 
thai*** Ime. A reonri of Iba MTformaorc* f^ir three or loar yun nf 
H.M. paddla-what) ataamur ^ary, of CIS hone-power, iboind. that 
whan worknig full power, SO Ion* ef oaal were emaumod ptr day of 
M boun, or *-27lk per boraa-powar p«p hour, tba dxlanoe twn beliv 
344 etatute mile* per day, and then *ba oonLI tnvd, with tha oaal aha 
waaabla tooany, StlSmllaa. liVbrna workinc at tba fltat grade nf «t- 
(unilen, 40 ton* of oMil we(« oanauned par d^, or 4'6G Ilf. p*r horwa- 
power pa- hoar, tha fpead atlaln-id b«ng 340 atalnle mil** par day, and 
than aha oenld traral MOO nilaa. At tbe aavutb grade M axpaniien. 
IS ton* of coal wareaeenmed par day, or IS'Slb. par b*««a-powtr par 
boar, tha Planea r«n «a* IlOitatotamUeapardu', and (ban die muU 
tmrel S«»0 mitea. In tbe «a«e of H.H-S. TemAr, wUl^ bad bun 
onginaa of IdlOborae-powir, worked moderately, tha qoaauiy of coab 
aon«onicd per day wm 74 ton*, or 4'U lb. p« bane-power per hour, and 
the ipoed altained wai ISB knnta: wMlet at tba *t»tb paile af npaxlon, 
when tbe potrer ciErtol wu ^ii> bone-powar, tba (Ml* eaa*uiB«<l wv* 
4t| tana, or iI-43 lb. per borae-powar par hour, aod tbe ipaad at ta iswl 
wu 91 inola. As oppoalto M*e to ttda, that of eoiall angiiM^ worked 
harl, wu tbe Ufintlfn of 300 nominal botao power, hot ararked np ta 
18S0 indiaatwl boiae-powar, whan tha connimDlioQ ot ooala wu only 
34 lb. par boiaa-poirrr prrhour, inplacaol 4'U lb. u in tha TrrribU. Tbo 
AMainand, of iUU nominal hcaae-powar whan axprtlngbtrneatoalellbrt 
of 4M Indioated boraa-power, conaumad 4] lb, par lodicalad hotoa-powv 
per hour; bat when working only to t^ iadlaalad boiaa-poww aba eon- 
aamed 7 'B lb. per hone- do war per boor. 

In marine anginca, Uio atumpta hltbtrto made la oomply with Itia 
oonillliooa oaaeaaary for reallaing the banoGu to be deriv^l from 
working aomeaMiTaly, tu^ nut bacn attouded with adeifuata matcrm. 
Tbo loaa, wbm workin); axpanidvely, wu bellaved to anui. to a grant 
eiUoi, from the ooodenaation from tha aaundod eutCtota tbrougfa whioh 
the aUMO paaoad, u only indiSFreot DK*ne were adapted for ktopiiw 
up tbalanqMnttua, and tbu* then muitnacaaiaHly boa loaaof madianiaU 

Alladoa wu m^a to tba ntperimtAla "On Una ttM*Ma*ia >n A 



u> 



THE CIVIL ENOraEEB AND ARCHITECT'S JOtJBNAL 



Find* to hoifiM pAMiBe ihiougU ttam,* ioMitaWj 1 
,MlHUMlBlluPbU.TrmM.ft>rle3S. IW 
[•faOfaMudaSAMlnnK. in Uip But Indi* I>oalu 



Itt* 



L 



Ibrllc. jMoMWaUwr, 
IW w«n nude «Ub bMU 
1 Innif, in Uip But Indi* I>oaU,*n<l bf *uch tppliOk- 
, twadf mwwmooqIiI ba oomoUj artisulsd >ad oolbUd witbUMipoad 
•Utiiwd. AH Of nnll* ooafiniwd Of Moeptwd niL* ef tb* rMtaUaeo 
Ixfaf M lh« BiVir^ ud tba powsr m the oub* of tho volocity. 
TliU Gnt Mrioa of eipsrinuiiila wu not. howvvvr, lo Taliubbi 
w Ui« ■eoond »tnm, whidi it iru hopod would b« ginn to tbo 
liiMltation. 

It VH lUtad Uitt Mr. Andrvw HmdanoD b>d bwo libaiuiny f«r 
ttn mra (u obttia iMumRor Um puttnataam ot vmmU, for dBpandnK 
; In UBMd^ivMof tba lulitaitian. Lm«Ij, tits PMuntulir uilUits&Ul 
thiBin Varigatlan Coupuif b>d unHd to b« prajand > ubuUtiCd 
nuini of Um tri^ tnp* of > groit nuny of tboir vMtob, uid thi* 
•wild cDkbla Ui« ftppraiuokuan td tiuui <4 di&rant fotmulB U b* 
•eammUljt aM«rt«lB*d. 

In tb* raplj to ti>B rveurka. atMntiiiii wm diraetal t« tbo UDm«li>te 

•l^ieet of th» popar andn- ^wunion, ''An •xmuuMIod af Un oimun- 

[ ■uiMi tl»t BnMuvd to limit tho mwiittiuiio* of bisbar ipaeda iu doep 

■M ii>ri|[iciaii, It ••• inplM frnm tha prapcMiuoQ of Ihu aubjool 

tliai iIm naeemtrj nqainnuUi won not g|<nanll}' utuUnkud. 

In Ifcc aq^MMUoD «f tbcMdraomfUnMa It wm potoUd out, that Ibr 

Ui* advuiotiiMnt tt oAnl nrUVt^an. aad tha piapcM of nm^i 

j'tnafpoH (oanoKiy. it vu nnrrowij m obubi iho po*«i to lUMnmiiiU* 

[ Wweon tood and bad tmmIi, to t«ll wbMh«r tba tai^aa ni doiog tla 

|MMlK»ad duly, and irlwUiv tbt vmbbI wat IvIfiUing tha nqubwntuu (n 

Whidi it WM dengnod, and ig radoM^a n nawaaiy raqiiirPtmw^ fiwaiiT 

vidoclly. to a linlpla nullieiD*ti«al aalnulation. A* a proof that lb« 

nttnaituj renilnmaat* won not undontoi^L tho imi lU bataofiof lO 

ih* W«*t India Mail Coiufwij varokdducal; and it wai annUil Uial 

lb* p«w«r of alimiaation waa oonotntraiad iii iJio pnipoaod fnnnuJa 

- — - iT. ~ . ~ V. ■ But wbaibn tlu fonuub wm thoarclicalW 

SOd, Sec 
at or nott It uight bo coneedcd *• a ilaiidard nf «oinp*nMn (br 
ding thii progTM* of naval afchitoctiirc, on tha mna pnndpla that 
powarof tba (Uam-vuBtno wa* cadoulaUd. Witboot oiinf com- 
/iMm. bT mavu of that fonnuU tb* wulMLiioiro Bit of loniv ntnU 
ll.iL NaTj bad botn tabulated, and by ihoM aaraplei It wa« 
ltoiDpt«d lo be dumonctnud that bj that formula tb* prupotod lUblcel 
la* annrered. 
It WM iafofrad, Om m the ttmtit with the hi^hoM TalooitiM w«ra alJ 
on tb* po^Uvo fid* of the ipood dodumd by tb* formula, it might he 
MjTcly aalonlat«d, thatUunptRdilufttof paw«r abovs tho iquarD would 
notDBCMivft thoapaad dcduosd, up lo IH mLle* psr boar; till* ful uru 
•dduoM in proof thU "tb« po«cr only incnojvd u tho tqunr* of the 
vdooity.' In prifof of tho author'i lint anaumplion, that tho lonn waa 
not Moooajy In oalouUtioiii of icItMity. it wu poitiUtI nut that the 
aiMtda of tb* Vaitan, Ifinx (dilIlini■hl>d^, £*j>ntiiJer, SKvjHiMltr, 
aimohga, and 4j<'^ <■>* deduced by ike formula to within ooe-Mh 
ef a caQ*. and tha opoada of the Ardnr. Arnyaut, Hai'Ur, Xjflrmtn, 
S'igtr (diatniibol). JIma, Ctndia, Artt, Atiiu, Oaiiariuf, P/urtir, 
CuMa. and imphkn, vara doducol within oo« mllo. Tlii* variation 
wai bvliuvad la So miliriily owinf; to tb« rariou* deer*** of tSioionoy of 
tha prapalliroi tbe vombIk boiu£ labuUtoJ ia tho folluwin^ ordor : 

Kuloof 

1-21 . 
MS 

in . 

i-ia . 

i-oa . 

i-os . 

I'M . 
TU* taUe wti auartod lo b* In ciact accoriUno* ariih ripcrimonU 
n the 4j«r, OaitntUn, Miilc, Pkanii, PU-aptr, ttiiatian. {i\sm- 
lodl, and 5iai^piA4uWr. and lbtir«tbr* proved that Ibe fonn of v«ul, 
tb* prapoUlac powa inunaaiug aa the cube of the vBtodtT, 
UM UM tho MUM of tho variation from tho a{>aed doduocd by the 
tomuk. 

It *a> argued thai the elommt "fhctiiin*! rauitanoe* wa* oonpUtolj 
ijl-TMrad by Ih* power rojutrcd in the Itlnuiaga, btsno 4(11) inJioltd 
hntaa-poirar tea than tho proponionale power lo th« midibip tnotiun of 
tbo Airy, allbougb tl>a niuujiafa <ru llira* tlnm u long, twica at 
brOMl, tM had thra* tirmu ibi drah of wit«r, Hliiiat Ibv imincracil lurlkoe 
wa* *• 30 to 1; aad by Iho bet, tlial the tonguet and birgcal \tm»\» 
•reta all on Ih* poutivi ild* od tb« opaed d«daa«d by tho fonuula, and 
Uh amalUat on the nigalin) aids. 

In tti: oute theory. Iho (ombmalioD of aptco with velosily waj 
aavirtBl to be uaphiloaophical, aiid ifiin)! tha opinion of Briian on 
dyiiainici and brlrodynamioa. It wm pointed out, thai tli* Mimr wa« 
Vut only eiaaitJe Ihat faTonrcd Ibla tbtorj. Iu a compariKdi of the 
Uiiu idiailoialiMl), Tttlirr, and Fairy, Ibo ftola ware in favour of the 
t^uar* thaort; and fianaiiicriiDi'utaon tlieaamc vbimIo, Ibo tlauntl/n, 
btifavl^. & mtgrnnl, laii C^itrUmagiu, th* doduoed power b? tb* 



Plumper ... ... . 

Beynard ... ... 

AntKT 

Arroitaiit 

RattW 

Ttifl'man fdhofad^affi 

Nir* 

Alma . ... ... 



nicbio 


Klimbcx vt 


DlaBrtsr. 


Kmlniioni. 


■as .. 


... 100 


■»1 -. 


- 100 


■M ,. 


.. IIIH 


■■J« ,. 


65 


1-10 ,. 


... mi 


M3 . 


no 


ISA . 


89 


1-38 


... 67 




•quan tbaory wa* under Ih* MtOid power Id «mit am. I 

puwMi of lU Hwulafo, d^Uan, Mmx, aud TVrm^wt. 

wura doeldedly in bvoor of Iba power iocreaaiug m Ih* iqi^iw ef tte 

Ytloflity 

It WM uvued (Ikat the hiare**e of ipoed. by longlhailw ibe bow* of 
*teaia-vM«b, muat bo attributed 1« tb« effi^ot of that ImiaawJ laawth 
daoTwainy tho normal Immenioo of lb* after end of tb* iwnl MItU 
v«lodtiw, ud not from any deorewod rteMtanoa on th* bow of Uh 
v«M*l. lo ooRoboratlon o/ thii. it waa etaud, thai is lb« RfAv fUk 
IhoTB WM no Inoma* of Tclooxty up to 10 knot* t^ tb* li^thenJM i4 
hOT bow* U half power. Aa a fnrtW iDuatiatian, a v^id wa* amoMtf 
oTthoMuedlqilMamantuUu ITtmalayu, bat with 7D •aeu« f«M 1^ 
nddihip aaetion; it nditbt than be aakod whetbor the idnnCvM of ih« 
Aaq> water-Uoeaafthe Bimalayn wnrecijuiTaleot lotheranaderwtfm- 
Bne fiMUiiied) Taaan^ having 180,000 torn \<m •rum to d'q-lait. ^ 
aailiiii! ono hour. "Hir formaU, whan applied to th* four axparitDaals 
with thr DiiptToK. alluded to tn the early part of Ik* dUowMioiu 
noatiM ihe moat eAotive and Monomical power to b« Mcartaln«d. Id 
the fint oKparimtut, the dhotiva hoiM-power waa M pav ent. imdv 
the indicated hoi*o-po«tar; b tho wmii, with tfar«« baJwa and low 
oylindan, Um eOKuva honio-|iuwer w>« 41 per ooit. under tb* indtntd 
b<M»power; in tha third, with two boOan and fonr q lin i ta n Ifaa 
•AoUv* ham-power waa only IT per oceit. under the inUwtw) hen*- 
power: and in the but, with one boiler and two <7tinda>^ tbo '"^'iH tJ 
boraa-power Wm IH per wnl, under tbe eltn:tir* honv-powar. Hn 
inf»r*noe Jnjuewl from the*.' faeU wia. ilm miaU boiltn and hin 
<«^De* "ould b« tho inoit tonomtukl aiid cITitoUic, and indiaead doaM 
aa to the acoun^ of tbo nU* for caloulaling indiaUed hatM-Doww 
In tbo "^ 

i.B.r. Hin. •« 

at till ral« of S-47 nulca par beo^ 
B« 
8'»3 
6-IS 
811 
VJ\ 

It waa tborefoic bfilinad to )>« unpoailUa for IflP !a4if*t«d _^ 

power to propd 440 xiuarr frut of niidahlp eostion ta tlie Jfwajijfa 
7 mile* per hour. 

In eloainjf Iho pnwaediogi, it waa ob*anr*d, that lb* piM* bad bM^ 
aird with juatioe. (oTwaty oritloUed for promuleatlng doMriiM* m 
Jsuidwlly at larianoo with the actual olai* of KiAtUIo LoowIhIko; and 
ai iu tbo reply to the olMOnrallan* of varinua tpvakan, the aodiBr did 
not appuar to poKov* the error* into which ho had (alien, tb* emfJn- 
mctiC of atber uvunwnt* with ■ gintleiiiaii who oonttoded thai tM 
powoTWaenot a* Itiaoube, whiiiit hv kdmillod that tbo txsbtaoo* «m 
ai tho Kiuara, would be *■ uaeleM aa to altvtnpt to bold a rnniiiiaitiw 
with liimiualangoagowbJohbedldiii'luiirii.ntandl Stfll Ibr diMOMfaa 
would hv uieful in having olicll«d inu^y fart* whiuh. if proporlj IfoUO^ 
would aaiitt itt Ibrowiiig liulit upon the pnctiua] tnaloMM ef lb* 
quoatiou of the naialaiioii to bodiM paaaing through ttuida. 
l!>eu Bowutaiid other eminoDteiperiuianttn had naglc«t«d eaeantUl 





I.B.r. 


oth. •«•. 


Plumpfr 


. HS 


propelled ■in^ al 


Itaynard . 


. 10S 


\%t 


Archur .... 


S45 


.. 3rs 


Ajax 

PWiix.,.. 


. 84S 
. 883 


„ SOT 

.. Sir 


Ainptiiun . 


. G»3 


., 540 




elemenl* of raalMaooe, and thua luul pcrmilUd tha aiiatebca of tbf 
anomalia* wluoh had obaourwl ibe aubjoot. t'nr iiutaaoa. *biUt lb 
eSaet of the angin of tho bow had boon latnUt.^ isTOA^atud, that rf 
tbo anglo of tho •tern, which vaa atmoet of a* ntM '-rrrtiiMi*. 
had Ihwi entirely negleoted. llio quoalion ol that Unportaat vUmanL 
fhotioa, alao had not been dul^ oonaidarwl, and altbougb, whan nM» 
tinned, it bad been aivued tbat tho Motion of Bunli in the fail«ti«r 
pehpbaryof a plpo dlffiwad fma thatOB llie citeriur nirfam. Miehi 
pnipoaltlon ooufd not be admitUd. It waa inoun>t>eiil oo tbe twtitutioe 
to proaaouu Ihe imiuiry, aiid not to alh>w the lubirat to rest notU mij 
apparent anonialiw had baan ratnncileil, 

Tho <]a**tloii alao of tlio aeaerted iiivraaaa of aspeoditun of fBol a»b«B 
■oriling nlMun eipaninvnly in nuuiiio ao^nea, moil be Ibmuuul^f 
tnvMIi^teil, aBtboiigbtbeaffDCtofooudiiDmtioo miflhr 1 a i iiiiialil»aaM> jl 
large oiigiDM working etowtv, it waa not anffideat to ao*owit far lb* 
aagmamiUea of ftiet ospended in prodDmng a 1«m ofliaoL Umi* wm> 
mamfaae pnwant, from whom, on all part* gf thcae quattiiM^ vdiuM* 
papen nilt;lit h» obuii>«l, am) it wa* erpaoUd they wwaU davMB Ibllr 
timo and Iuiuh'IikIi:* fur the btnslit of tha probHio^ wnd ft«n lU 
partial promiaa* aliaady raonved, ihcee waa rwiaon to bopo Ibr lh*« 
paper* bafOn Iba axpimlion of the fircMiit eeadco, 

^prtt 7.— G. P. Bmoui, Viea-Preandent. in tbe Ckiir. 
Tho Pttper read wa* "On tSr tagmf »f lAe Pmtmnmt ITay o/ *« 
JhnlMux and floyoane Raiiwaf.' By t. R. Coiron. Aatoe. loaL 
L. E, 

The l*aptr eommeneed with « deaoription of Iho aitcnolTa and b«ra 
dialriot lying between 111* iujpnrtant cilia of Bordeaiu and Bafann^ 
and known aa tho Qrando* Laadea.. The aoil of the deiMtmcat of ik 
Landea wat iiLklvd lo Dottpiiil of fine dry nnd. ditefly oovaad wjib h^tk, 
larto, and tutboa, nnrj partly alotbed uith pine, nbibi in winter B wM 
gnianQjr w«t and iwampy. In tho couuuonofmant «f 1U4, )!«■( 



lfnlC«^ 



THE CIVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAIi. 



161 



i C«a4> mittti tola m eonbut br tlw iMjtnf «f tb» pwn»- 

Mir of <k* OnM SoBttHni Rulmij of Fnnw tfa«u«h thia d«Mn. 

MlDnl dwaiptlou m* (lf«i of tbw coiiMivcUan ot Um ptnuetat 

wan M of tiM MTtM of optnlioD* thM WM aaoMnry te 

II appMTKl IkM iIUNDsh oUail "Vat BruMi,* 

dfl* tibpUcI wu in no wv >ilB't>»l *)(>> that U Um 

(WartHB •nd otbar bnMd'gs«(« Bnglidi nJirijrt; tb* oolf 

I Unf tb* DM of a bHiI^ tiul, uif Uioloiitfituiliu*! poMaa 

V plMM «l limlwr that npporMd tlu ntla, which iran Uula 

I balf tka lUnanaliHu ofihot qmJ ob Engliib nUmji. 

t Orwl Wauna Unw Ik* MabUitT of ib« «aj wm «lhalwt ^ 

'oliha tnfiaanuiaWih*longliui)iaal«^uid by lit'liolu which 

1 itarDOfb th* bMCT, tad wnSm\j meiuml lo tlw ronmr; 

ttaUiniiiu of lb* lai^lMdiiMl Ihiihwi ami mil ill lij ■ i nt of 

mSmI » "joioA pku.' abiab iMd Im* fnmd in (UMtio* to unit* 

'■ of tha tiubs* *lih > ik|[TM of hIMiit tktt couU hanll/ hkT» 

~ . but vbiDh wM ta niMtuJ Mndltiop Is the ■jnioai. On 

[ Mid B^raaaa Um^ mlflonaiuUly, oil iboM pcMulCtiuii^ 

I hnv Mnfiorar ia BngUnd lud prercd (o b* a«M«U7, nra 

I. 'Am itiort loufflludlM) ll»Un wn« MaMlj Uld and lo and 

(tia*«oni. Ike nil* pIim« kid «« ud riv«ud to th* jolat-DtMa^ 

' U* b«l«M« tb> oiitar and tlw iainw rail wu vffiKMd by tb* 

I Tartiodly (braugb tha nil, tlH lonjpMiliiud limbar, 

Tha naall wu, that tha rivntini of UiD nait, an 

wWA hw) baa triad aad khandonad in tlii* counUy, wia 

r tha acla tbiaf on wbicli tha nnga a( (be w^r d«p*ailed. Tba 

I tbca ■()<«■ of tkamadaai eonatruslloa, ind it «u luiad, 

I oliC* Borta ■■abaqinallj tluaa mllM In advu;w of tba 

Aa oa taitaaaa <d Um dbela of •uaiiaiou and eon- 



p h VM ipaoilonail, Uuo aboTo oiia tbounud jari* at nvaiad 
tA k«M klM«m In baaom* aaddanlj aloogalad, w m )a fonn a 
to( lanioU asd lalanJ cuna*, *biob *«ra iinita impraoticabla 
jj^tfatl tawaw d Uia tampfntanv and tbui raditotd Iba addiUona] 



[bMTCK walwa a[ iLf touiilr; Innrwd *m lunb, that the work- 
■rf t* la ■oSDmodaiail nUiar In touta. which wna aupplied for tiM 
t by tin lai(«rial ior«fiiiiMai, or ia a ant of InvaUluK Tillajty 
(Ma bnUt on Inicki lad oiovad ahHig tha railwmj, tram oao la 
Baa a-hoad dail^. Ihihay Iha nMMh Ot AufUit, in which » ipaod 
\fij *n» nttt and • ^uaruc pardian wm maiMaiiMdL a ««uld«r»hb 
W af waakman wna obHfad to blvooao. I'Viod of all dMurtpllinu, 
■■ potatla waur lor Uia man la drink, hud ta ba xnl > iIUu/iGa 

■ Id 11^ milil. av that Iha caraa of a caumlMacUt vire added to 
\m dUeutlMa Ot Iba oHfaiioa. All Uw i^d* and Inw work naad 
ta to ba aisl frvan BanMaaz orer tiic ainitl* linu ia cvana of aou- 
Im, bbI tha diti wr y of tha tnaMnala w*a Ihu* • mattor of a* 
jHAODltj a* thair arra^aniant in pUoa. 

jobjaat of tbia «ilr*a« praaaura waa iha pnapafation ol tha Una 
■paani^ of thair ImfMrial 31^aatlaa«ii ihair riaittu Kiuriu. It 
M thai tha aaal/icUai eoai)Uatod a losga' l>ai){th of Unv, aud 
I a ahorWT tlma. Iban tha atiuulaiian* of tbaii cunmot raquifad, 
|l owlnif 111 tka noil com pl?(ion of a anuUlea purUoa of tlto Una 
kwM In tin huid* of tlas canpaaj, tha Kanporor waa aiiabla 
Ml bj it OB a autod day. althDU|[h iJiair Mnjaatiea both paalad 
■a feM on Ihair raluiun lu Hana. 

[Papal OMioludad with a liriaf indicatien of lb* uiatlioda au]{soaMd 
[Mitbor, from bia pttaonal obatrvalinn of tho diatrioi, tur im- 

■ Uia oonditiOD of Uio I Jindna: and for Ihua addiD|[ tba bloodlta* 
Mt of agnat praiince to tha clwnii of tha KmjMrDr Miqioloan tha 
n tba graxHuda M Ptaaao. 

bonkif lb* diaguadon it waa nnaikcd, tliat in a oonntrj lika tbo 
it I^nda, whara ttmbor waa acaiv*. Ilia baKitudiDalajraMai of 

CbanI *■; ahouU bat ba*a baa* adopiad, fb* uuo oaaanlM ot iu 
I waa Iho aaa af long plt«<w of tlnbar. Tliat kind of raad bal 
tlgfrtvd la utaj biaUB«n In thil souaUy, and It wm bsUavcd 
wy Tviatf of tba •jratam had baan tried. Un the uid BulU>a 
onlnaiy aonttaMotV nil wu faftanad M tba iDiwnndtBal 
L •&•(* liiin ««ra kt into onxa iimbor ImMOtaa. Tha naik 
p WH tba naa of a plaak ondaniaath tba laB^todioal Unban 
I af Ibe ItMiaain, aad tba adoption of a toidga rail, witb a jotiit 
It Inia tba Ihnbor. Tiim making an aoaorata bad for tba ual 
IfM iha olilaf tUbg to ba aimod at, no difflonltr hanng baa« 
kftcod (■ Iha rir*«l>i|t of tba raila M the pUlta. aubaaquand; tba 
inil WM abandonad. in farnur of a OBUtraoUm* rail t inchea In 
1 8 tnttiM in width at tba (out, and aaiitliinff is lb. to the yard. 
■II WM innifdy Uid an tlia t'-n|;lturiinal umben, which wcra 
B into ana) traoaoma, tba ipiufii Imnj; fiuthar maintain ad bjr 
I* I-iMb diamaicr. A tloal jilala I'iiioh in thiefcaaai^ bant up a« 
lea, waa plaMd on tba longitudia^ liialiar, at «acb jainti and 
tan r I II 1 1 Ibtoagh tha rail, tha al«»l plata, and the Uiiibar. Tbn 
Wt» farra of rau pnmwaal aoranl adTaot^^ orar tba bridga 
1m iBMail WM beitsr diapoaad for oarrjriiia a^aight, and auob a 
I BOtdi atlSir tor ibo Mma aralgit of itun. it wm aauly laid, no 
*«n raqulnd. and "Biboa' «oiiId be uiad. It wu diBlault to 
IJbadtliMiafaMa above (ivaa, and on tbia aocouiit great oaiefaad 



tab* lahm in ita Bianu&«tiir«, and Iba beat Mtal miy •ouUbaon- 
plojod. Tba longitudinal ayatam wm aMtftad to b* a Stll* nibr tbaa 
tlw ttaniTemi alecpar road. It roqoirad, bo«a<r*r, batter Ullaal, 4ii4 
tbera waa not tho auue faoility for putting in pointe and iinwla^i, on 
wbioh atoownt it wm not qvita eo 1^11 iiulad (or a lnin«ral diattMt. 

In PruMla il,o coatraclora' fall, 6\ IbAm la deptb, and weigbl^ 
eilb. lo the janl. had Ueo (coHnllj mficrad. It WM fMlcned hy 
"doga' u> oroaa alavper^ aacb 10 or IS uiuhM wido, and nlMvd 3 taat 
apM-L Tba jointawara'Babad.' and groat oaravMUkcii in tba taring, 
in thia r«|<oc( oomfiariiu; fikrouraUy witb the praotKa La Eiiyiand, hr 
a/ler atl Ihfi trouble and oipaoaa iaourrad in conatraoting mjwaja w 
tbii (vufilrjr, ibo nemuoant way wa* ganmll; laid Uu bnrriodlj. 

It WM atatod, that in ^pt, with GnaTea' CMt-inn abie^cr, ibra* 
nalaB, of panuanant w^r bad bm Uid and maila good lo a wei4. IVii 
daepar bM alio boea oracd In India with aoat hTonrabte raaulta. In tha 
Braail^ witb tba Barlow nil, not mora '>*^" ona mUo and.ib-lialf bad 
hiiheal* botn oamplaud la a areok. 

It WM obaarrad, that Uie rail adopted OD (lie Coldiaatar Una, ia 1S3!>, 
WM parfaapa tba d*a}iaat and Ibe thianaat tba* hid avorbaan otad. Thr 
chain ware Vfoy imall, and the tiil«mad>ata M Walt m iha jvcnt alaopara 
wata al] laid liia loot aput. Tbia road bad rwnudned in a aaiiafactory 
oonditiou up lo th# proaent limo. bat a bw Toara 1iia«k, it ww deeaaad 
adriaable to iaUodiiaa addldooal lutaraedlato (lacpafa. It arM rainarked 
that too tniMh atrtaa bad hkbaru bean laid oa tba auppoawl iaduanoaaf 
Utaral itraiu. 

In alaaiog tha dlaeoaaioti it waa obaarroA, that fton Iba ronarla 
wbioh bad bMD made, it nigtat ba gatbarwd. ibat witb good malanala, it 
would ba difflouU not to lay a nlii tvad. Tba kind of ayitaiii to b« 
adoptad moat alwaya dapand, in a gnat dagrao. >pan pordj local «a*- 
ridnaUou^ oD tba aupwior facUiUai far obtaitiing linbar, or iron. a»d 
on tba aomparaliire oaat of the two. •■ wall m oa the cCniato and on 
othor oonditiona. Tbo grealeat difflcultie* wuntd ba enoounlerod IK 
oountriaa liable lo ulicfiM variatiuiu of umparatiue. aa in Canada and 
Notinty. wbarv at tlioM thay wa» autjeet to alwoal irofdcal boat, and 
at otbcn the tompatalura waa 4t>°baloiir atru- In N'onny tbn &«al 
penatnled Madeptb offnim 4 to! batiaodlbitluaaturaarlh waaaoma' 
tunca ltn«l three inditB or four ioohaa^ aa that, on ana oocaaion, eeran 
lailea ol fandng bad baaa thrown down in a vaajr than Uma. On a 
railway in that oonntrj, longitudmal timbcri laid on ar«M Jcoixn bad 
beau adoptad, and eracy precautuui takeo to make tba to*A aufliaienlly 
rigid to bold togoihor, » h to bo paaaabla during tba wboleof Iba 
Hiular. Hiiberto auooaai bad been wnnpUta, for no iulacrvpuoaa bad 
hoan oanaad to Uia ragnbu' paaaage ol Iba traiiii hj llrn cttiiiaia. At firat 
tha joint pkla* wara aimply Uid on tho loiigttudiiij liniUara, and 
allowad gradually to maka a bad tor thomatliaa. W iln auocaci&nj 
anotCHri Ibe pUtua want heated in poaition, and allowrd w burn tbeoi- 
ael«*« Into tba tiiuber. Tbo lyUrin prKtiaeit iu Denmark, witb ■) 
niueb auBBMi , had baan foUowad in Canada, but for mne uoaoMUOUbtt 
raaaoD, it hadanlkad "oHlcial'coiidaiaiiBtion. 



k~Vat 



\Ut. 18A7. 



Apnl SI.— O. p. BiOD«n, V.r , m the Chair. 

ThePaportaad, waa "Oa At afplimim ^ Btttn-Mifmlun wa 
dfoIiK Powar." By RotuuT HuitT. V.R.S, 

Tha aathoroommanoflby giving tha ptp gra aa of tha huraaUiaUoaa by 
whieb Orrattd lirat praved tba ceaMMioa b atwa ia i aliMncily and 
niBgnetlam, and whiab lad Stargaan to Mnatrad Iha aUetro-maott. 
Ha powan at ihia fuem «f elaairio feror, M developad (ompanrily in 
eott-tun, naturally induced tlw id» of cm|>loying it Car tha imipaae of 
naating meehanlaal MDtion, — rfaiiig wtrri. Tba ^noipha of Ua cUoUw- 
raagnatiu maablBM <f Dal K4To,->ot Ooll^— of Jaoot^-^f Anu- 
alrong,— «r PufV, and ethara, wan noit dceccitmL It wm (bowa^ that 
all aochMa acting byadiraDtpull. ■«■« iiiitlbiaaiit, froatb* anuiuttauaa 
that tba npaaiad Uawa rcoeivivl by tba iron ao aluaad iu i^iarwiet, 
that it eTtstually aMumad tba qaaliiy of atad, and bad a (aodaa^ to 
mala a carUiu amountof parmweatBagnatiMn. TbUtaduood JaMbii 
aibtr a large cspondituta of nosov, to abandon amngeinaala •( tbia 
bind, and t» ■nplay each m weiild at one* produoe a tuiatorT natioa. 
Tba angina^ tboa arranged, wm atotad to hate bven trkd upon a 
telarvbly Ur^a aoala OD Iba Neva, aard by it a boat ooolalniog !«■, «f 
twalva |>fopI> was propallad al the rato of thraa mikn an buur. I^M^ 
angina^ and that ol Hjortb, wbioh In 1W1-5X aicslad mueb otUaMa, 
waadiacribad m baang iu |irtiiui|da to deolio>mj(iivtio pialeu dnwM 
within, or rmallod tma, an alaetro-magiiaUooylindM. By ,tbi» matiou, 
il WM UiongM that a maob graaUr Mwlb ol alroka amid bo atnuail 
tbaa by tha naoltlag wheal* or diiaa. After haviag ffencraUy duaciibcd 
Ibe fortoa undar whidi daolio-angiietic entiine* bad bea« oaDairacud, 
tlw author prwwdad to give, m Iba rcaati of bit espaalincntik auiiBrMad 
by iKoM of othan, tha difficullln wblcb allU aiood Id tba way el iha 
a|idioatiOD of elc«triaity ae a nuUta pAwat. 

In tha fint plaoi^ it wm uolnud out, that iba k«a of fvnpi ibreugb 
apaoa wm vary giaal. and that tfa* lifttng powar ef any toaauat wm u«i 
to be ragardad m tba power it wu ntfiatia of aierting at a iTaalawia fraan 
iupoloi, bawacwvor abort ibit diaMnoa might be. 

Ill tbe aeeoud plaoe, it wm abewu tliat,— «appodng lb« teduoaJ force 

•A 



Itt 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



•Mtud bj tw» ou^sU, a fcir Ukm apMlv «•• coiddarad knlbblo for 
j^Afviiig aiiiihliniy, — tba nMnmi Ilia lawMU tmnn to inava lii n^int of 
r<«M MWtbtr, diora ma «c»In a (it«t aiHitional baa of pawar. Ai ilia 
T ^aed «f Um aiiDliia tniwiaiaJ, Uiora saa cnimialj a oornapsadblg dinl- 
^aatioii «f ara^to MMhaniol pcnrar, a Uliog off la the ituljr of lb* 
tMllMa a* tba rotatiana baoaapa moni npid. 

[ Id Uba third pboa. tba aaniUtion* or iba toIuIo batterf ■«» om- 

hridar«i,— IbageDentionoraleatridl; waadwvltoD. — ttio (Dwla br whioh 

[ It p aaatJ bom one pUu In a aariaa ts anotliar. — and Iho \am of powar 

ontnt opoti the naSaUnoca. la paMJne fnini a aolld la a fluli^ and 

Itgan (ran a Jluld to ■ tolid, mu *i|>laiiiad. It wu inaial^ ihataodw 

|iii7 aJramuMuiMa, with tba pmmai rortu* of thn ToltMo latlarj. It wa« 

to attempt la utiliaa, ia Ihii ilirsotion, tha obpmiw! tXiaiieitj 

wd. All atuilj ahoinld be directed to tbt dcvolopnival «f *ko- 

dtf by abvniioal action, ao aa to aaciin. if poiiililF. liie wbola of tha 

■•boMtiQr dordopad hj artij «baii|^ of rorm In matcer. Hon nnpba- 

HLobUj tha author aulMf oured to cnfom tba kaw, that tU metbaaionl 

nbnok of whalorar Idnd. whtthnrhoii*. or man-power, ateara'powM,— 

|<r alacifiail ponr, — inTolfod a changa of tba foma of tnatbr, to 

' IM that foroe. T^at to piodnn motion, it wta aa antla l to tuo 

r, and that virtually, in all oaaoa, it mual ba dtatrayai) aa a naoftil 

. Ttiaa^thal a nun or hnrw moring a wsighl oonaumod muaele 

nalnlMl to that wvlcbt, aiid tlip ipun thniu^ which it morad. 

liat ■ ataaiD-vDglna diuraic a trua, punping ikUr, oi itapaUins ainr 

Btchinatj, ODiunm«U In t£ produoUon of *i«Mn. a ciuaatit; of fnA 

MMtff repnataiting tba work dona. That In prodndng motian bj aleo- 

ferMtj, tha ahment ohaa|[lns Ita fenn to (inxluco that motion, wm ona 

of lb aoUd ^nnla *mploj*I in tlia balury. uid thu adting fluid 

danMrtoaed. 

An oiinlvalanl of nultn. in ohuiginr tia fonn, wnutil pradnoa an 
•qulralMt of tann, which night bt ivndtnd avMlablcr-'but aa thcra 
WW a eoMtant nlatlon batwnii tba chemioal oofabiauig pn>portioi> of 
HIT altOMnl, and Ha oapatiQitj' to produoa merhaolMl power, tba quMtioD 
«f ibe applioation of deiilncily, u ■ molivo fanw, wu narrowod to tba 
(■qutij bio Um anajitic; of pownr prodnoed rcUliFclT bv fiial In tba 
fwnaea: and by one, or iron in tfa* Uiitrr. It had ' b<«n proved bjr 
•rparinaot, that fralna of carbon In tb* fual produced ■ moilvo powor 
aqnal to 32 gnlna of Una In tb* UtU/ry, and Uial, amlor tho b««t 
poailUa eondttiana, an aiiuij rrault would be •eoorwl. hf tba oombuition 
ef t pound* of anthracite cnal, — iha mtMt oarbonaaeooa fhal, — aa b; tha 
emnnlan in tba hattery of S2 poand) of linc into oiida. Another and 
* pantUal fbnn of potting tha cmc wai, that lh« 31 pound* of ddo 
tarut In tha famaoc would danlape prMiaaly tba aama quaittHy of boat 
aa that which woatd be obtainiid trtym bnming 6 pouniM of oharooal in 
the aamo furnaoa, Tbitt whotber prnduaicu' beatduringooinbuatiini, or 
ataetridty iluriaj ahnnical ohan^ tba ntetoaolml fom obtained wonid 
b* pnraMJjr thr Mma. Henoe Iha eoniiMreial ^aeation of ooat waa 
gr«adjin nvourof KcMn.MidailvrTac totheaaeofcIectricitjaaaniatiTa 



'Tto 



EOYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF ARTS. 

A Dairiflian^ lAe Oimftt Cmal. DyTiraau Loam, Eaq., C.B., 

Kueutiira E(i|{inoet In PaRO, 
Tha author atblWlod bnre and ■■■ll-w e cafl dia^iaaot lUualntire of 
fai* eamnimiation. He Mated that aieanali in lo^aandiiaSr iatn- 
duoeil Ibr irriolien, Ihoasfa alao aaTig»blih the; ar* p>Mttaal at (Itrir 
aewMi and dnnmiali In ntnma aa thof approach their lowar •uramltieai 
hwiiw toahwcffbiMiabMbr inmtlan all alonv their «»une. The/ 
•K, a u ma n , like aHotlaa, wUm ctattiy wiurr>bnient to the aoimU 
tjBUtn; wbll* riven, IUn tciu*. 000*0; it awaj, and Inoraaoe in eoluma 
aa thnjr ap>proadi the aaa, Thn Gauge* Canal, tb u ia to e, Ihonsb UO (eat 
Willi nt iu h"ail. i* only twenty fact broad at ile tomini on Uie Gange* 
oo-l Jumna rii>r> In ihv 6nl Iwvnly nllo* of lb* liange* Uwal, whara 
it oroaMa the dtainafe of the S««^ik or lower Himalaran range, waiw 
thnitiiaf dMI«iillia«l*b*«Teroom*. Tlii* drainage waa •Uipowi of tm 
lUloera >— FlraC by nIbiwtnK liw minor torrenia to flow into tito CantJ; 
Moond, hr paiitaf two rlTon ovn- tba Oual; tliiid. by making ILo 
BMaaao rttar to Sow tbrua|>h tba Canal: and laatly, by oonveyiay tha 
Oanal nrer the Solanl Talli^y. und ceuiiiif Uib rlnr to flow under It. 
"After peiiinf Uie Sohuii Vallry. Uie Canal rfaahca tba tugh lead hetwoiB 
tha Jnnna am Oaneoa. wtiirfi m nllod the UvUi,' ao that from Ihia 
point II Inwa abnc M« baekbnna of tba cMtrtty, gtiriag cff laanah linea 
aton tbe h«nia «f thaa* ttvo* which dnU* the Da»h. Vhtm ini^lon 
hrMKkcB, aa w«l a* <^ main eaiial. tharttitr* Aow pMalloI la tha oatuntl 
dnlnnge of the enuntrr. Vy thie bmmi* the water na be dr»wn olf to 
almaat every ftcM fwifriipiifen: a* tha aaaia timi^ whore roquiaiu. the 
Canal U niado to draifi tbe country a* w*!! aairTij|ateit,Mdtbu«. ilia 
hoped, improve lb* cfimatoi Tn aaiial in illuatntiiw the paper, a tf" 
dueram* wse ibewo, without whidi ns tery dour idea of auab a work 
a* tbe GaaMi Canal CBS be arrivid at. Ilowerer. to give acona ton- 
e »f it n e ef (he nuunitwle of thu Canal (It mif bt be oaCfd a rivrr, aa it 
dlaebaifM aa m«tt wMer aa the IVy, tha C'-lydr, aad the Fanb all put 
t»t<thii)v aaeaird to (ew public wurki ia tba <aorb^ ll may Lo bH aunimod 



op in the word* of Oelonal B. Smith, the [ n atnl Niwctor ; 
(innne Cknal with ita bfanoln, i* navinhl* ihma^twut for a 
of BM milea. along which ar* dMributad 1 7 dam* «r eMapea, willi 
van ft«M MO I* 13 tret; »)i brUffa, from 300 t* iofet f nt tr w^ai 
i9l talela far minor dnlnvc; IA titlla for tofnbitiu lb* 4ope of (ba 
CmuJ bod: 11 lock! and nnrlgnUe obauuab: tU rebate knda for 
llrintlon c)iHiiiii>l* : an agfni^to lanirtb of not >e** lima ten mllM •( 
bathkig tiiMi*, for tbe na* of the eommnnHy: 49 AiM.daM aoi ISS 
•aoond'euiaa cbokioi, cr bouaaat for Ibe abeluv of the ainabllibMwita : rts 
woriubMi*; iwofupar piwgw for pnwjnr towenta »ar tbe Ottd, of 
ton and 300 Ktot ■aterway : awl laedy, Uie gnat aqnedoat one tbe 
(Mud rivtr.* 

Aatolbaaiae of eomenf Ihoee work*, it diooU be added, that w<(« 
an thebtiaka uaod in the oonatniclian of tha INittri and IUiboo worte 
planed end to end. thay would bare atoiHled I* adiaunoe «<fa»r tbaa 
nnd mltf*. and thoM naad on the ISulani aqucdnot wonU h*>*e mora 
ibui ladrdad th* t'"!" ' I'b* utaTalion id the tlhoal alour. If fiiwl 
Into one cube. wouU have had mwb of ita ildm not hoa than ISW) fNt 
In tooKib: bat if all Um nirtli dug bkl bean aprDod ovit bMubiiq^ 
which i* about twoanda-balf B|iij>n< njiltw in ant^ the ■biibi lalj aniiM 
have been buried Sfty fnt l-rl'» ili'- •nil 1 The oval of Ibi* worii on m 
Aprils, 189-1, tbedav oil which it wmoffioiailyopenai.waa I,404.IMNL| 
and prabably riOn.COO/, laore will be npmiJTvl befcn it ia in full efHOklioa : 
jet, 1m^ a* tbla amount may appou. tba aune iiuauUiy of work eo«U 
not boeKeeutadlntht*eountrTfarlc«ethMi*e*«iKilHanponnde*laTUa^ 
even wUh a IVee grant of the land. Oa IboBnttwenlynileaakoethai* 
weraneaHy 30,000 native wotluHaamidamd; and any one of than. W 
siring fifteen clay*' warning, ooold dNnana fata pay np to tba day of ba 
Inving. About two-tbirda of tbaoa workman cnme mm iinM ; nnd hal 
that provii w bam annexed a few yean earliar, neitbar would the rnikn 
hare been MmpbMd in tha tima thay were, nor would the mMa bnv* 
been *u modaraM. 

Th* dIadMce ofthe Ganna Canal ia oaWlMed at «7S0 oohae bet fm 
■ecaod. l^li will (umUb abundant inigation for I.^Ofl.OUO aorm; aid 
ff thia wntur waa ^Ued to driving maehluerjr, UMlo duet ef CI>,M> 
hona-power miglit M made available. A* a Bnanoial mnmira, lU* 



great work I* expacMd to give a direct rrtum ef 7 par sent. 
It i* in ftilleperatlon, and donhla tliat aniount in inditMl tveeniM. k« 
btfaiginf portion* of lb* oouMry nnder oBltlntion wbicb ia mw all 
jnajpiB: nnd it alio provtdee ngaioH *aoh fiunoH* aa tbnt ef ISf^Tp 
whan Oorisnment had to neatt on* miUion atoriing of iniiiiiwtL wri 
IbouNinii* of inbabltanu pariahed from otamiion, Ae n miilliMl 
mcnaure it la of no loai liuportonoa. a* it *baw* 10 the aMtve of Ittdte ■ 
wirii on Uiepart oribe Kiiiflirii tiovaniment to add to Ibtir eeanhrV j 
but the Gangea Caaot will alao hava > powerful offfct ■■ Uindooima. ■■ 
proviog lo tbe Hin<loo that hi* aacied river ean be a«>ib«il*d like fj 
othar itnnin. Imlin i* indebMd W Oolooal Sir P. T. CanlUf far b^If 
tbe flnl to oonaeive tb* idcn of turning a mighty river Iron iln ««ww* to 
firrtttlea a oonntnr— nod not ouly did he deeign ercry work, bnt mm 
ainioat all carrM ont lo oompleiion : lo Mr, Thomaaan, the law Ue» 
teoant-Oortmor, (or aiding tha projaet by every raoaiia In bia powor; 
and to l>ord IJatliuuiie, who, durtng tbe Puiijaub war, crJertd (U* 
work to be pranndad with, m if th*re waa no onnaual dckin •■ A* 
Oovamment, though every ailmr ewrk might eiop for • lima. 



On (A« t.^>u*c ^ AuViMy Locamutittt and Cvrriagu naaai^r qf lb 
liar, oMd (it Jfniu </ Pmt»ti»g it. hj J. StzwaM HKr*Ciis, Km^, 
of Colquhaliia. 

In tbi* pupae lb* poaltian aaeaiuod aa the wuna of ifala lafilljr ik lb* 
notion of Um centrifugal (oraa upon railway camagt* in imiaiim. at high 
apeed, alone a curve, ooincidtot with what ia lorned a " jnnp' ef bb 
outer nfaa ij of the cnrriage, from tta aneountering a ilial<K3>l*d joint, or 
othoT ohatruction, on the rail. IJn a parraotiy ttrugbc lino of raila lb* 
direotlan of the manMntOB uf lb« OMnuea ia parallel M Ibw n^ tmt 
the wlied, on th* Moumnda of a "JtRDp, alight* again In Ua flami 
hnt, on th* ■maileat deeUtlon from the aUmigbt lin^ ihe o*Mrlf«p] 




tail, but n^Dii It, and. tbo centrifugal foro* at II acting, tlm 



off the line, t«uiiig up tha rail, and dta«tig the ouooMding anrriafi 
afUv it. Tbo remedy prapooed i* lo furouL uie wboala with a douMa 
flange, by wblob, *ben n " jump' of one whod oetnf^ tba lang* of tha 
othar wheel retain* It* bold ot tho nil, and preemrea tba cnrrlua on die 
Vm". Til* aullior atalad that he know nuthiiig to preveul Ji* ua o( 
doubln-flango wboala, axoepi tho amngeineut of tha ■wiubaa : but tlm< 
in h>( Bpinicn, lh*«o aooU ha ao allerad a* la pr\aant im inaupmhie 
objrcticii, 

Kme Tniftr Uilitary <nni oAtr Purprmtt. By Kuint LtnanenT. 

Aa oomparwi wiili ibc cummou iiiiliiarr bull ual, the pA{« •/ tbr pr^ 

po*ed lent I* matartally ahortooed, thor^ Eni-renalng it* ttaUtiiy, 

pnaonting muob 1m* ubtuuuiion to Uio furw of tho wind, tl ia j ~ "' ' 



THE CrVIL ENQIXEER AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



163 



kiMtoy wUkb«rMNi><Dnp«Milaf «MiludgilT»nU«i lr«n, wbloh 
I U rif bt M^tM uul opperfu to awb vUmt, and on mhioh tbaau- 
I oemnnf rMta. WIwd I^ Unt ■• ttrmt, thorn arm blJ into 
OTW, tj^Titfl in lh« pole to racflin them, uiil th* oanrM, which i> 
kliiDlly ie«iratl to tit mitnl, it folded roiuid Uie oppir half of th* 
Bjr meu* of iIm uioi. a tnuch \*rg<r itmaunt oT hMd nom !■ 
lined, and raciUcjr {br i>im|<letfl Twuluiun. From partljr Ming gA- 
1 b«a la Uc cduilnioboa of tli* inn* aod top of poU, grtUitr 
'land diinbnil; an Mid to b« atUined. n« plokei-rapta are 
1 (ho piekM-plm Ion Doaidrtnu in Uio Imptovod l«n( than in 
> Ml UM. ])y tbft pafticutar amnfUnoaH of III* B«w Mil 
I ab«<«, addilioiial fpMO ii ■u4 to b* ublaiovt aod gnator 
dw« afliirdc4, l/> a lareor uumbo' of (ranpo ihaa iu tho 
r bcU twl, siUiant ■ ynportiMiau iotwMB in wcieht ud balk, 
■t BMa of aanpiof gNUMl ioMid M b* invirad (or l^tanU 
•frtthnaimmmmlilwitirfi gi-rn Ti-mW irf mra Tboanthor 
the pfBMLcal ailvBBUfta of hk now tent maf b* Mdmatod 
tko ctK^mMaaoE. %bM toon luEuitrj »'Ulun taa baacoennwxUtvl 
Ij'Cicht l«sUof llir kind pKipoocil, wliilc •iiljr-HTan oT ihootdinat; 
i M&l* an miuiiwl for Lbs Mlna puitiOM ; and tbaC Uis wai)[lil of Uia 
*or>linmr]r WltcnU ii I tnn ISawt., whlln that vt tlio foitj- 
pwpo t iJ touW id ooljr 1 (on 11 cwt. 13 qn. ISIb. 



Ji^»' JVopMrim M « if«A'nr Asvr. Bj Jaum Eu.tnT. 
MNk* ooniidarod tliat it would bo tory iua(«l ifoliHUv-mwnvtio 
iMa of o*!^ dwwiption in Iho poMoMlon of Bomtnn oT (ho 
or within Ibwr r«ach, ooobl M laou^fht logsthiv and thsr 
«!>■■■ Jiwnwoi. Wilh that viow b« nxhibiud two or tfaraa 
bol toab a* migbc bo iutoraitina to thoM wbo 
Md not ana iJmm 1»i< oi<. fafidy allnllng to tholr diiUocaTo prladplM. 
H* tbowed that tba oxpouiicnea* of ettntrlcl^, oani|>ar«il with utMiin, 
a Dotln |>aw«r, woald bo ouiopiiwusd in wua oaao* by iu sou- 



ttiM (ho total aniiiaat of BMrluiiieal fon* oliUunM from a 
gtron btlov powtf »|ght b< In wv uod hj a bcunr mmle ol fanning th« 
(Ak Wod that tfaMv wa« anino rcaton to hnfw, allhnuj^ frvat diffiouItT 
WW inToliwd In tho attaBqit. that tho rapid itimtnirtion of powir wilk 
iaNwaaa of djolanoa mlfht ba emlnL H» ihowtd diOhvnt waja is 
«hlah it annivdpciMiblc that ttuUraanlic might b«aMaitieii TIm author 
tUo aufgaoei a now f»na tt batterv, appliwhb onl* to •t«o(i*-iaau(iatio 
qfla^ in whiob iba poaitivi maial. in tho (onn of a duo at ajundw, 
ikMtld ronlfo, kaTlna ouo put dbc of tkt liquid and Ibo otbor part 
imnanoi. 1 1 would Uia* bo ooiiMaiiUy fro^ from Uio adhoring pocuon* 
tfhnlnign. akick •> tBOcfc doailui iu *vimff, anil, if of aofipoT, might 
W uoanad a* it molToil. Thia would gin a oooaUnl ronowal of tba 
gnatc*- poafi Khich » "oil known in b* dffnlopod en Ihs Gral coni[ilo- 
lian of lliB ciicuit. bat diupfeahug imiDediaUljr atUrwardii. 



JforAw Ofit^tdie FrvpiBtr. npf/ieaiU to Suam Xartjatlta. 
PMoal«d hj Mean. Uvmrtn, Edlnburgb. 
Uia palcmtM* Matod that tht objon ot Ibli inrmdoa U M attain an 
■fMtad nslbod of proptiliiiK Ha-goiag vsMb ol oHr^ iloat, and for 
noj p a rpat : ■oltablo Um for ertry dwotiutian of inlaud naTtgalluD ; 
tw flron all thn debMa otlribalAbla M pMidlo-whael* or oot«« ; and ai 
(law • l ^ tec han bean obuinad. and praoticallj tiatMl, for a period of 
B«« Inn eivbt nrionthi^ ifaoamical nwciulatiat) a* to tho witont of tba 
T*nr, and lb* oimm of ebtaiiung it, i* nuw unn»iiiiiiry. Tbal tlw 
tyftmn ad*ant*c<a obtainod by Ibia bjrdraulio pn>|wlli<t an — inar«a«ed 
~ ' ~~ rolhvmxiln eimilar la lito, of tho nme borvcpowrr. aail 
J Ibc fame unouiit ^f f»t\ ; ihv entire oamiiiui<l oI tho neael 
° ha»le of tbo (ifBoen nn dwk : and from the gnaUU ipaait (a 
■Ull OF goiD^ bMk*anli ii acoompli.ihnd wiilmut miv cotamu- 
wltb tb« enginscr. or thaoglng the rnoden of the onginei^ oi hi 
rillffbl*ot ilogivo crtMin^' anjr atralii thereon. Thai (haiv boing no 
nwNen oa the eaglnea. the hnlraollo propelkrla Area IVom the danger 
line oan*^ to eoow and |ivtdlo pinpotlen. An iinpreodtented power 
tf baokini; and Moppcnf^ tho veuel in a (paoe little mare than Lor own 
iMgib — an iixlapimdBneo of tlw rudder, ae tb<i reeeol miky be oiado to 
lulBto au it* oim mnlr*. by the propelling madlum alono. Aa tboro it 
ne ■alCMi'I>> the hjdn>ulia propeller waa itatsd M be eminoDtly ada^Md 
f-v ta(-Tta«ki : tiui ifaat Low rougli eOoVBr Ibo aea nay be, tlili pro- 
pibr aevrr kwH aoj uf lla poncr. Ilial the cAntruy t* true both of 
(ovw aod (wliUi- ubicli. and of the latta in luttioulu- ; wIifii the eat 
rwa bt|[h. c^>* 'ir bHb paddle uboi^ti >re fnqui'iiltjr tliiono no niucb out 
ef Uie wal'r, i>nd iliv •(*a>ii-|>owar In ctriiefiiueiioe mi inuph lott, that tho 
Naia tDL-, K* w«ll ai l)ia eeeeH belli |r uwct{, brcomc nlmoit uomanguro. 
, and liabl* t» bo efcipwroekad. Ijxtly. thnt the fardranlle pmpeller 
■ MlnpH to vMMb not oKcMtltTig mt finA dnu^bt of walo, and 
I* tbceoltteaef Mine opphod to the oatigaliou of ehaUow liVM^ 
I Ik* acTO* aod paddtfwboeli wouU ba whutl; naeliae 





THE EUBASKMKNT AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE 
IdVEB THAMES. 

A )|is^al UMtlng of tlia MetnmoHUn Bo*ril of Worlu wu 
bold oo (b* Slat nlL, to conndv tlw mpart trTia tfao CooiuiittM 
of Woilu mill laijirdTemiriita oB ibo sabfMt of o eotnmuiUGMioB 
frMD Mr. Lionel Uiaboriiv, CX, napooUiiR a de«|iii fai tba 
MBbaaluDonl uul inprortoieot of Um TIuuimb, of which h» ia 

eroRiotar, and en & moinoiial froin UaMra. Loiiar, JmImqii, and 
jnl, tho pmmclCTV at as undeTtaking for tli« " Pnnnation of Ml 
Embitukmaut oii tlio North Side o( t£o Thatura, botWMD SouUt- 
warlc and WMtminaUir-bridgfa, and for the ooMArucUaa of a 
Ballwajr aad otfaor Work«," Th« fiiUbwiDg i> Uia repurt of Um 
oamaiitwa: — 

"Befor* oxaiBUiiag ihs niaiu fcatiuTa oS tha two nuMons 
which h>v« aapeoialty «ap^[cd tbdr atuntioo, j-our oonuBiitaa 
dvetn it inpartaiitto define oertaio Icadinxobjeeta, to whiuh Umj 
oonaider thai everjr meatiure ot Thane* erabankaient •faoi|]<l M 
■oatDlj dirtctod. 

Tlioj are of optDloo that Um ombauknMat of tha TtuaaM 
Aoold bu carrlail out irith rvfenDaB to Uie fullowibg otijectai — 

1. To imprnvo the Thuueu aa a. nnvif^blo rinr, having do* 
tvffu\i m tba miUty of eKUtiug brUg«*. 

5. Til iuoreaae Uie whiir6w|* aocoaunodatlon, and inpnive the 
iiMaMri:>r 111* abipiuaotaiuliteliverjrorgooil*. 

& To imprnvo tho Tlianio* b a eaxiitary point of new. 

4. To retnedjr the pnaent aongbUy onudilion of the baoka of 
Ui« Thaaiea, and affnd bulitiw bj oiMiia of ankitedural einbti* 
llalimeAt, for liupfvviag tbitir Hp|i««mu«*. 

6. To opMi lip a now tboroi^iCu* betvraea tba aaalara and 
wcaMm part* 01 Ijoudoii. 

6. To facilitate tho oonatraoUon of a lov-letd iiilarccptinc 
aewer. 

It ia propoaed bv Uia plan of Mr. ffiabinia to biiidl quaj wtJke 
oDbuUiaiilMof l^ThatDoa. the aftbotof which will Im to ooailiia 
th* wnUtrwHj of tho rivci' to a widUi of 700 feet, tho vi..{th naoc- 
tioDodby the Boardof AdmiraU? for tba uew bridge nl Weat- 
nda«t«T. For Uia aoeoianindaliini of tba praaMit wharvca. fioatim 
baniM will be emiatnietad af a minimum widtb of IDO feH to u 
nioviiM with aotrauoaa to admit of tbu Ingraat asd vgreaa of 
bam* and other erait, and lo ramaia ofieii at Iwaat Umu boara 
Mboh tide. 

Ua the ground obtained bv Sllilig iti,I«aheiKht of 4 feet aluvc 
higfa-walor loark, b«ter««i lli« river wall ami the Huatiou-bajiioi^ 
oettain worlu are Intaaded to bocouttucttd on eitLor aloe of ibe 
rirar. 

Tha quay wall oo the MiddlowK eid« i> to ntcni) from \Ve«t> 
mi Bile r- bridge to Xj(>iiiluu-briilg«,Mi-Jwill be81foetabov« Triuitj 
higU-wntirr uinrk, to avoid l)io naeuaity of dntwhrldgM orar tbe 
cutnuioni to tlie tidid baains. At that level, and a* lar aa 8t> 
PaoIVwIiarf, it Iji intendal U> hnve a oovcmd a*|>huiade fbr foolr- 
pMarn^ta. The ceplauadu will U* next the river, aud SO (cct in 
width, along whioli the i^utid for Mfeet badi will b« lei fur 
building, esoept at iiartictilar point*, where bulldlngi would be 
objoctiounble, nab M Whitehall, the Tcmple-wtrdM*, &a It 
appaarn b^ Uie drawinici aail rvport that ibe buildi^p ara 
iDtomled tu bo 70 feel atxivu the mpluiudo, aud ftl feet abovs 
TViaitv li)gb-wat«r mark. Fivmllct with the nplauade. and 
exlon^ag trona Hungertiid -bridge to l>oii Jon- bridge, it ia pro- 
Iiuaed to eonativcl a inilwa;. 

Neat tho railway there i« to be a etrcet, mring from 90 to 40 
fc«t iu widlb, fvmueiic-iug at WMtmiiuicr aoa termiuatbg war 
St. P&ul'a, wliii'h alnsot is denigBad to M*a oador «n«b of tbs 
pcoeiil bridjcea and hHve approacliea to tbe tiiain tliorMicbfarM. 

Tbu miuutidor of tbo omlnukiuvnL tinving an avoniMn widtb 
of about CAfeet, will be let for building ground, anilable for lam 
alorm, fto. CapaciDua oellan are propoaad to be fomed under 
the enLdnnndi!, nilway, and rriod, wb(<ili wUl eonneet the river 
witli tlittatorm aast the llonting-b»Aiii*,aDdaniiil*didadtoaJirn«tl 
fooiUltra for unloading barium. 

Opjioaite Whitehall, Ui'.- Tumplo-ipvdFW^ ka^ and in otber 
porta, the <[uay wall ih Ui bn built oiiljr 4 feet above Triuity bif|h- 
water mark, and the aaplaiiad*, railway, Ac, ntu to be «wried on 
columne tH feat apart, ao aa nnt to excludo tho view of thv river, 
orinlolforowiUi oxiating wbarvo^ between apoint near St. rituTa 
and LuadoD- bridge, ana for thia diaianoe an adilitional wialth of 
about 4Ufe«l will lie added to U)e invavot wharvM. 

Ou tbe Surrey aide the quay waU i* lo axtatid froin lAstbetb 
PaUoe to Louduii-hndgo, lor tli* gnatar part of wbletk dVAKB«k 



IM 



TBB CIVIL ENGtKGER AM) AKCBITECTS JOCRNAL 



i will Wftbont SI faet iu hright above Trinity lugh-w»ter mark. 

Tail (lit riv«r a roMt 70fa«t wida vlll ba GsnooL aJoog wbleli 

I gnrand in to bt i^jfiropfUUd to tb« orMtion o( Urgo atorwi, 

LtMeb of Ibe bridge* it ia ptnpoMil lo diride tbe rtmd into 
>i one half fiinalug an approaeh to the bridM^ the otber 
iMocmtmodattBK tho Ihroogh tnifflu uid pMalng iniamianth. 

Oalljm, •hnlW to tboM on tho MiAillrooi nHr, and apnro- 
ated to like pnrpoMi, are to bo coiwtnicCcd oiid^r Ibo rood on 
lii aide of the river. 

The ptomotera of Uie phn atate that El will aH^id peenliar 
LftdvantagM tor tha wnatniutloii of a ])onion of Iha low levat 
I Hwer, (onnia^ nart of tbe acAiaraa of main intoKoptbg dnunofco 
[on tbe north nile of tLe river. 

It ii «tated tbat the works nn he exeoitted for loM tbau 
LODa,0OM, and it ia oaloolated thAt the anntwl gtonnd-reuU of 
ibup, wanliOUMa, wbarvea, fto, with tha rwelpta (ran the 
[lailwar, wit] tmanaX to \09jaO0l. 

I The pntaotara oiler to appij to Parliament for a private bill, 
[naUing tlMnn to aarj out tl>«ar objecia, if thia Board will 
lantBtee tbani 4 per omt. npon a capital of tfiOOfiOOt ■eeurad 
L tiM siatropolltan nlaa; the giurantM to take etTeot only on 
I oamplation of tha vorka, and to be limited to making up a 
: Farenue eqnal to 4 per «ent apon S,iX>u,00(ML, in owe the 
venue derit»ble from the groiind-rtftita and ridlway ahonld 
J inanfficitrut; the enjo;n»eat of the trround-reula by tha 
^onpanr to be liinll«d to 00 yaan, and biitr the anmloa proHt 
UTond Spar oast to be baodad over to thia board Inmrthennco 
f rmbtie improveaientaL 

The object! of the ThaiMa Enibuiknicnt aad Railway, aa 
'kppcars !>}' ili<- Htatouieiit signed ou behnll' the pmnotara and by 
w explanatioM of Hr. Bird, are to oaDalmot an ambankment 
and other worka, oompriring floatinf[ and tidal docita on the 
ii aide of tha naoiM^ between Souihwnrk and Wcatminater 
dget^ and to fbrm a public rood end fouiwwi to be carried cot 
'n viadaotalong that pait of theemliaiilccnvot between Wliitehall- 
plaea and ChariBC^-croaa, and Cbattiaini'lnce, Blnokfrinra, having 
eommnnicaljana with aomaof tbortmiUilfadingoiiiof theSoaixI; 
It ba* alio fbr iU object the larioe down of n railway, at a low 
laveL within the line of em nan anient fm«n (jiMrnhithe, near 
SoMliwwk-bridge, to Haoeb<at«r-buildiiifA "™r Wcstminater- 
bridgcv luid aquadnota are to be carried uverthv roiltra^.toallow 
of tha Jagnaa at enSt ftx)M the river. Tha plan originally 
inclnded •■ extenaion to the Gr*ycoat Hoapiial, ntar tho now 
Victoria-atreet. to jmn the Weatmiuater Tarminua Ilailwny; btit 
in oo«i»M)ueuoe of the abandonment of a larf^ portion of the Intter 
aehema br Ita promoter^ It te undeiatood tliitt thia part of the 
UBilartakug ia reliatiaiKtied or atiapeaded. 

It in urged by the promoter* thnl na inter«eptin^ aawir might 
ba advamageoua^ eraeted in oouueiiun witli the work* of iha 
aBtauikmant at a sn*Uy reduced ooat, aa the dama which miuit 
aawiaarlly be ued (ortheooBairaotion of thaambanknienl would, 
for a eonaid««bla pnrtion of the dlataaoa, ba andlabla fer the 
oonatruetioo of the aewer. 

The eatiuMrte fbr llio cooteraplated worfca it SS3,T70^ and the 
pmauttn look to the tailwsy aa the aouree fh»n which tlieir 
proflta ar» to be derived. 

With regard to the flnrt of the oooditionii above aacffnted — 
naoMly, the Improvemeat of tha Tbamea aa a nnrigable river, 
having rManI to thi- i&Tetv of esiating bcidgeiv—Toiir eonuuittet 
bate to obaervH tliat ui-ilner of the aoheanea merred to them 
•XMtly eolDeidaa with tho line of omhuiknieDt Uld down by Mr. 
Janaa Walker, and which it ia uncluntood wan approved hf 
eomneteatauthJoritv; buttbey aivof ojnuion that, prorid^l the 
wkJUiof wnterway be ui>t duabiilied below tliat now oiisting 
at the oarrowaai part of tlie river, n little above London-bridge 
— rii. 700 feet— the variatinnn in the deaifpa belbra tltam an 
not eaeb aa iainriaaaly (o alfict the navigation. 

It may atao be atate<l that bv the line Uid down by Mr. Pneo, 
and approved, after luii){ (■xjituLiialiou, by a oommitree of Uie 
Ho«ee of Comniotia, it won intKnded to nairaw the waterway of 
tba river to a grealer oitcnt than ta propoaed by either of the 
•rbemea which bave been referred to your enmmitlea. 

Aa regarda the orileriou aet up by tho aooond of the above 
eoudttioua— nama^, Incrcoaed whaHii||8 aoe«niuodAlioii. iiupmved 
iBMna for the ahlpmant and delivery of geoda, and the meaai of 
aeoaa* fer bontva— thev ooiMder Mr. Glabonie'a pl*a au]>ef ior to 
that of Meeira. Bird, lioijer, ami Jaekaon. 
The harib or docb abowa on the hitter pUu are deeper than 



1 



th« BOnediie*a whldi lead to them, a tetore wUoh tfaaeaainiitte* 
ngiid aa objeetlombia; bat aa aaeli ef tlw attiaaaa bifere the 
board ooDtcmplnte tha oovering of the mnd-famtka, they would. In 
thia Tcapcct, both be heopScinI in a taDttary pojnt of view. 

With rvferoDOe lo tlie fourtli oonditinti, that ia to mr, tba 
Improvemeut of tiiv appearance of the rivet^bnnka, it ia'to ba 
observed that, aa by Mr. OiabonVa pkn it fa propoaaj to erect 
buLldinga iu aotne iulnncea 111 foetabove hyh-waier and 70 bet 
abovo the eaplanade, your oommittee ooinauler tlial tbia wonhl 
iavalve an obatruotioa to light and air, and form aa objeeticti to 
Hr. Olabarae'a plan wUoh doea not apply to the plan of Miaaia 
BUd, Lodnr, and Jnckaon. 

Both aohemM, in proportion to their extfot, antiafy the fifth 
condition— oomely, the opcuingupof anew tborofiKhfiinibetwcea 
the GBBt«m aad weaterti porljone of the metropoliK. 

And both achemfaprfMeiit eqiuvl Aicilltiea for the nocompliah- 
mant of the aixth objoct — nnmely, that uf heilltatitQ the oca- 
atrnetion of n low-lnvel iatcrccptiiig nowor. 

Your eommittoa think it necuHxry to ndd, that. In tlidr 
opinion, the promoten of «ncb 'jf the dteigua under itianiaatnli 
have prejudiotnl tli« elllolanoy and Taliif ifihnai iliaininiia worfa 
of public utility by eeekiog to ntuder litem ooMnenlally nam- 
norative; and tboy eonaider that the puhUo advaM^e ahoold be 
tha primary object in a work of aueh la^nltatde and of ao 
peeuuar a oboracittr aa the eoibuikment of the Thamca." 



irOTZS OF THE XOKTH- 

Tlie ahop, Na 1 1 4, X'iccadill.v, wvll known aa Hr. Trtwfttt^ h 
now bnng ooui-erted into a private realdenoe to- Tlteodaate 
UsieUi, ESq. The front la being eaaod entirely with atone^ and 
the wbolaoftheveTyoniameotaldcaignof tbe fcrmar ahop ba 
boea re-modelled aod te-carred where retained the now caiwl^ 
and ffeDeral deaiga being made to aooord with that kept. In tba 
old Iront, which ntiT— llhrttnndlilgTTaaatrilfinff.an[| arrTiatfulatlM 
tiun, the fFotiirtv vrxre tidceo from almoet every known etyla of 
ornament, and the whole tiffKt wna too " ahowy " fer a private 
reeidesQft In the new gToutidHoQr front, which is all that will 
be aecn by paaacra-by, onmtnent haa by no mcaiia been atJaied, 
and reil Horpoutitiv m.irble b naed— kr the 6rst time. It ia 
believed, eitcrunlly — f<>r the eotumns tn the windows, and fer 
Inlaying a inrt ■■( tlic window- hi>Hil«. Itrocaililla la need fer the 
nilaatera. The whole i> from the dmiKOs of Mr. Janxii Rdnieatoo, 
jnn: the carving ia by Mr. Scale; the Archiloctural Pi>tlety 
Compituy, of Poole, are au\ip\yiug the pnviugi to gmunl-doer 
paaaagm: and Mrasn. Hnrl and Sou have the oonttaft fur inm- 
work, aiiiiie uf which will be very ornamental. Tlie cuuvolvolaa 
nod paaaion-llower are taken a« ori^nol typea for the onaoMBt^ 
tion throughout. 

A new IndepeoihtDt chanel wu reimitly opened at Bailey. It ia 
built of Torkahlre atimv, lu the early Oi^nntted atyle <if tJothJe 
arehitectmns and ineai>nnt« tin timl by 36 feet, and 30 feet is 
hei^it within (tho roof not being opm to tho apei). It oouiata 
of the chapel, veatjy, wilb orpin gallery over, gallrrr at the 
weat end, and tow«r and apire im feet iu height blaccd at ih* 
aouih-wuat angle, ontaide ilie exlenisl wulls. The whule haa 
been eieciited miin deaigna by nnd under the au]ierint«m]ei>oe of 
Mr. Micharl Shoaid, jnn., luvhitMt, Uatley, at a coat oif about 
170M., exoliuiive of the land. 

In our iioiiue of the Ooveniiueut barmcka competitine (anla p. 
IS6)w«atated that the ihlnl prize hod l<cen awarded to m. 
Joiwe, of Slaafenl. Il shonld have boon, llie ihiid prise «t ML 
waa Bvardad to Mr. >l. P. Jouea, of Senforth, nnu- ld*«rpMiI, aad 
Cambridge-xtreet, L<>ndo(i. 

Moiv thou ten yean aliicv tlie realomtion of the cntbodial 
church of Uaadaf bi«in with that of the ladye cliapcl at Iha 
eaatern end. The preiitiyitry, the choir, and the unfallen portioa 
of the nave, have regained their uHgical chamcter by tiie ivooi^ 
atruction of the clereatory.the removal of the Italian ■.■orolcev *i>^ 
the reatoratioD of the roof to Iu primmva form. Tlie brantlfui 
Nonnan arch between the nave and the eaalera oliapel haa Uaa 
diadoacd to view, whila n luituble rcredoa haa replaced IhaA of 
Biabop Unrahall, which wu too dilapidntnd In l>e nermitted to 
remain. The nave haa been laid with cneanaUo bin, and a^v- 
propriate aeala have Imoo provided for a cortgregalion. Tie 
pulpit and aedilio, nf a rich >Wgn, are atill In prcyrea a ; but tha 
whole work waa ao far advonocd thM the MttMdraT waa reopaMd 
for public woevhip on the 16th ult. OOOOk have alnadj ban 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCUITECTS JOURNAL. 



ICa 



on th* TMtnraUan. Tlw work Km b«eii uwried on 
the dinwtioa of Mr. WjaU tad Uxmn. PrUtiknl ud 
, tli« dioosau anbilMta. apA ilw MWilt baa «)icil«>l gTMt 
A propoMl bM nomt]f ban ouwlo fiT tfa« «utir« 
on of Ui«t pMt of Ui* Cibrie vbkb i* atUt • riib. To 
npliah thin Ui.O'M mnr* wrill be mciiml: a eouldarmhlo 
I at which h*! bceo lUrekdy aliher BubaciibAil or proaued; 
■e M roMOn to itape. UwrKftm, that till* btaatiM 
! will aitwdlly ba ononplaMr T ua torad. 
ng Um aiui&nuata of iiMJ«rn witBOc wa bal plounra iu 
tbac k daaidMUaai anfMura to bava b««B aUatii«d for 
ijma oae of tbo cudiiMf misniaa uf diHaeatic 11^ — a 
^■Bjplawad iiwapattriy au« for Anuokjr oklmuar. Ur. Jviin 
„. F.R.LB.A., ot WaaliQiiwtor, liiu wi f«r muUrad tha 
nbjact UiAl hQ >iiu rtsiadM tha chimm^n upon a cauidnmfaU 
a «( Souonut Hnww, ■ abont lio flae^— which wef« 
tod to him fcr Uiat ponxM bjr Uw OIBm of HForiEl tlirea 
Btb« •iBoe : ud we *n glad to boar that oo ootntiUluU harA 
ftriam of h MihfaiMy or dafaet of aaf kind. Th* appaai^ 
* tba mILBm wdulctttarnll/ ia much impirnviid bj tba 
wkkii, M br u wc can judn, vill be aliottetlwr free 
nl, wbetbor from tha CfliMta of wvtilher. onliiiorj 
or awMpin^ Tb« instbod htm beau appUad to BUiseroiia 
idingi of all cUmm witb tba«iiMaiMea*aj and wa cniuiot bnt 
' bopa tbat It will proTa to bo what it appoara,— « nal paaaoM for 
■0 anoky boaao. 

A retam liu b««n pnbUahad reeratly of all naworfa aat*- 
bUabcd bj Act of PkriiuMnt la Boglud aU WiIh, with 
variooa panioiUara, aiKb na iba ehorga par Kwt, (ba nvonigo 
^VUiUty of B« aT0lT«J froni n (on of cod, tlie iUuniiialiiix 
powar, and tb* eoati Tbe Loudon Oaalight aod Coke Companv 
ckama frooi -U. to 4*. M per 1000 onbie feet (NevouUe ccola), 
and S*. for oaaoal na* Tho av»nm« ^uantitr sTolveil |a 9000 
aabia feet frocu Mawcaalla, aod tt\UOiJ feet fiMiu cauMil cotdai 
Fiva bet «f NewoMlo gM u ngiul ia li auidlan, aad An bat of 
«Biul gM ei^aa] to 39 oaodlea. Tlie InperiAl Gaatight aa<l 
Ooawanr charitea 4>. M per 1000 (eel, and prodooM M18 feet of 
^» MWB OM ton of oonl. Tlie qointit,}' uf gaa avoUed io Loailou 
nnea fron SfiOO to 10,000 fi«l from ono ton of ooal, and the 
iw powar fron i!i tn Ui candlea. Ttta PhtanU Oom- 
• Nawcaatls aad caniiol cinjj mUad. 
fim ■eetiom of tbe tJanUudor and Alar Bailww, Spain, 
Ub<!iii|[ c-joiiraciat bir Mr. Mould, for » Spanwheont- 
uy, baa b*m reoiuilr op«u«<L Tba outin Una Ia nilbHr more 
1 8U ntllaa !■ laoMh, and will oonuact Iha rich provinoae of 
, and oltiuatu; the cn|>itBl of Uadrid, with Sactiuidar, 
awl tbo KTtai aorthcro aoaport of Spuin. Tli« loulbcru loctioa, 
Kpwvdiof 30 milea luug, betmn^n Al>r~di.-I-Rcf (the lermiuiu 
of tba Canal of 0M4ileJ aoJ RcyTiowa, b duw |a aetlve openllxu. 
Tha imagunitioB pagtast took |>1ai>« on the iStb of ILtrab laat, 
tba tntataat of iIm upKtad* beins gf^iy cnhaneod by it* 
fXIItnunondtv, for IbocoaiphttionorantilumTaud tbe working 
•f loeomaiifca >n that lofty and nmiaotie rwiou (:(AUO feel abore 
iba lerel of tbo am, and, eonaeqaentlj, of tlie northern termloa« 
«f tbe line), Iwa Iwen rrK^^tlw na n nerfeot nuurel, even by 
•ome wbo u* aqiuinipit with auoh nnjnooa worka in niir nwn 
Montn a« tboee uf llio Lausuler and CaHlale linc^ with wliich 
iSr. Uovld'e oamo la a<aooiat«d. Ou tb« Itt ulL the buuoeM 
Dg of tbia aeetioD of t)i« railway vnt oomownoed. the 
are of tli« fint train, conrcviiig a^ut lAO iaa» flour, iron, 
_ bar good*, baiojt vitneoed by an immi-nM eoucoiino of 
OUM ipc^tAUin. to wlititn th« mule and buUuclE onrla of tbe 
■ntry lia<l hiUinto fireMnilifJ the only nimtna of ooaveyaaoo. 
Tte uaJIk of ibe liua will cht«6y c>'<n)iiat of llour.ffraiD, cattle, 
and lb* other ■DpenbaiMUiit agricultuml produca ofthe Caatllaa; 
add Uw railway, when eompletad throughout, will olTnr to 
uawiimiiia tbe moat ooavaniaat and diraot n>ul« Croui Enitkud to 

H. Verrier.an^neer, wbob engsgrd In clearing awny iheltoae 
Book, vkicb obolnictB Um eatrauoe of a put of th* harbour of 
Breat, ailled tbe Penflek^ made an expvriuMvt reoeotly which 
vu perfectly auoeoMfuI. A mao, covtuvd witb a diving-flrvaa, 
4eaaendeil to ihe rock al balf-iide, aad depodtad a txii full of 
|«BpowiUr, to which war* fltled two giittn-peroha tube», alao 
riBlljt/ly Gtlcd. Al aoon aa tbo mna bad come up a light wm 
apfillnl U> ibe tttbo, and afaortly afW a loud erackiDji noiao wu 
beani, n»>i a large oolumn uf wiitvr, wiih frKf^iieuta of stono and 
a qnaotity uf Mild and mud wore tluvwu up to the li«lgbt of 20 
bet. 




ooMmtnoKi. 



ni*OurrMWliM«rtbrDHwitto(aH4lbnl«Mi»n«rfn ntu (MtttAili^ Md 
— )«M«i lot namtUmcUMt ud nlilBf tha tmt at iIh Cvn KxiHif*. Im mmI- 
lululbtlMlUlaipHnltT. wJ BKtii^ itBun'QO'.MU HI Um uiMrua. rnalm, 
W ifleiM, IBl— WMhfW w iBlwLuWBil tt« ■i"l«, I'mlnlan unj Im bait it 
Ua TM* CMr* OBm, OmU« WimI. Herlted, u eMu pUH vr U> In mm tr 
•ha IIU ioaUai. 

A DMvi li nqWnd Mr ■ MV laUc rioi^ «*d mImv bDlMlnp, labvmcwd al «M* 
laoil^u. K<aiU. pankslu*. 'llh ■ pUa otthi •<W> mf baiaMudoa amtl- 
cuuu u Hi. L'. WabOar. Uonoik 9ac*q<(, RaodiL ML la aOMal IM Oa IhM 
dMlfu IiM(iwiabai*Miakra*t*lfelwa. 

TWqar>wilao(ifChiaiirwawdtaliwi»«f wetlTlM riua, Dadpi^ MtdtadaM. 
and RiUoalaa br Iij4u( «al aad BBdwlm Uv tniW'pund. aud hr a* naolko cf 



Iwt chajHta. Mt^ •aUBca. aad bandafy kaaa. A j>nuluu uf SAL kUI t» gum 
hrilii t>aMdnl(L gtaald tba at^Uall ■!» ««1 Ibt illi^. a —iiartalea ■< M. 
pa cm. Kllr bt paid. Tlw aun N b* u^toM M( u (toed ISoni. Tba ana M 



ba wHaaid la rtnaidi anaa. A jlaa tf Iba vmud, a^ lafelbaa ta _^ 

bxiMunotwarpScsUgulalba Tg'aClHker CUsaaMt. Daidpa In »■ «d( In kf 

Uk SmCIi lUiUUL 

riau awlIMilfui an iraMad Pir bTlm ml lb* BaUlnldgait anau, war Wa^maaiti, 
- " baanHnM/, ILUMIie. 



taoipndBcllDacrML te bUldUmpBrraaa*. Dwma id 

WariwuL bf «■ wib laaun. 

fkua *j>d aaUnitai an naabvl fer lb* labolldlu lb* Pwi 



K'ndlbrlbtiaHlldl^lbaPiubbCbntbef Bnil«ii,Mt 
• udnl Itt* to b« pmaiTtad. aad raawid, a* Bv ■■ 



nana. 

Ahdwbaa, CbcAbu ._. «».. vr- '- -• r-— — ■— " ■—•»,« ivaa 
paailtti, tba Aan* «nal«a s( > u<^ ■•& damliar. arawn ■«*, ouctb aad 
aMUbalalo^auiilbponliudaoHbdOer.CkMBrivItbBiiMftaadmilbcbaHii. n* 
aanamnW b> ba j / nmrrti tad talnMMd. Iba nuf M b« ralaal. aa4 tte Man 
Nanucnl. ■• aa M IMim* lb* aiwwlatlPii M BMb *• paaalbla. ''—■•—— 
an rT^|UlPBL aUuelDi tu tbauatf <adl aid (MerUI* m mtg t* MttaU*. Tm 
dnvhtp "I ■* prcuaml wUbinl nlaor at lluloi (if ur Uod. ts O* nal* tt 1 IMI 
MM 1Mb, aad whtaaol la addnavd Id lb* nsar aad ChanbeMdaa* <( BvlM, 
wu Allrtutaam. CbaaUn. oa or badin lb* TIM IHtaM. Elixj iniiaaa mta b> 
■■■niad to Iba ok^ nypnrrvd 4f*Ia. aBil Id nlniw Is tbal oiaaUtRd »»1 li> 
nam. FMIbar oanlnJAn hhi b* obaalaad uf Jnbii Uait, CaarAaudHL 
AlBMbbB. 

IMCM w* litiM bm ariMa af aUouMaitai ■ UauuMM M ba andMlluei. 
Vwl't Cbibadral, Id Iba 0*0107 of Iba )■>* Ovteof VaUiaiua. TbaaDil. ilui lU 
■allansa>d«;««« rniBtwBa o( l«ai UM.rmt, MOr.. and «•> uf 



l<KU. A vwnd lilaii <i< Ibc albtdnl. and tba alia «< Ibinwiaad nonunii.i. «(,, 
VUI ta torndadl oa apulIgMlOB 1* *U. AM*d AoMlb, OOn of WotKh, ITblubA 
UtaUna ftvnuiUai rnldlulBib* CalMd Ebwdaa (0 Japtlit, lui; Ihui wiau 
nridlaf abnid I* «#> «Hb A Ibt an* aoKh. 

Ta* Cuuiail sT lb* Itoruub of UrttblM an dodroa* <f obMlalat Dadfu aad tUoi &■ 
•ppKnifUilaf lb* MfiEwv bsDaiBp aonfitaad ta ib* hiUloa iltfaia. MM. vOi ta 
aildlbrtbtliail.t^le*. fcrlb»iw««d-b*iiew|mi. liiMtaBM b* nBlla biO* 
itia Jal; BUI. to Mr. ChadM tUwnnl, Ton Oub, Bi^hua. 

IIm) jkod ■nimnn m* maud IW alUfBliou and addUgaa ni|uir*d la ttm Omtj 
Owl. KniBUabam. Inland, l> ard«r la onr Ml tba »fP««aa aralaM. rinaiiim. 
MU til. and IIU. 

n* pnoulats i>t 10'- (v tbabBI D(Bl(s tf lutu Ml tto arv <*aialiij«t CbtOf, 



arKUai <b> <b*|wK bA . ba* b«B awaidad I 



H. tl. Tbaou, 



91c*: 



nrl, tfinuinnliUi*. vbo vtll ali* duaiUMad lb* aiiaiaal aqiti. 

TtoD^arurtartbaWM BI<Ud| Vatni BaaU^ OgsaMT tea* b4kM Iba VmUm 
vl 111. Ukbaal Nbnrd.lin.. anb»*M, BaMajr. lot EbHr »• tanli ajud iiiiiMir'a 
bouaOL ta ha wHtri a* Dambarr, n< (niMMa OM win be tton leMI. la inM. 

twWmu* Banal Board bH>i4«tBd Ma Di^lM tf Hr. B. R^sa)L al UtUmf 
ham. w a tiiilM of two abap'li anitad I9 acannd aicbwaj nmoiuMd br ■ biQ- 
IsmL TbaftiaitialDbapallionUMNfbt,*Dd(btDUBMIat^<ia lb*ba Tbrt 
art dilhrMit In dulan, tba bnaar b«lNe tf tba But]! DaaMWa^ aad Iba Uitar oflb* 
BvlinvHabprnoA 

n* OaaiaWae b*M *lM«*d Ibrf* dntoii fw Oh h* LMbMd Hunn. Dioh |«*- 
prnivod br Hi. (kuiton. ot Bln]a4li*D). ill. Tmtt, of WttTwbanpun. »*d 
ll*in^ Wdlaataid Urmt, of Wsl>wbtD|agBi aad bin mivmt* Ibaa osttasitn 
to tutia^ (bBlr piMB M (idt iioibir (Bd nm ommliBt alia. 



KjuD Bown fa i>onv a**v piaa uouoa lava toaj vian 1* r^iaa 
iiohlinUk lEoKumnL aud dbna, tboaua lb* laai nad* <4 l*)Ha eat 
liDUaaB U aa uuaiUil a** atraat la SiMibvaib. aaaa>uBi|M(da 
(, add at au Inuadud a*a Mr**! haipaa u Cma^oin a<n*i> I ifiiwlii 



na HoMVDlltui Board <id Worb ban ^T*a noUai IM lt*T vUh M t^laa 
daalcBi ftaiB AiohllnUk lEoKumnL aud dbna, 1' 
lb* aaifcaa aad n " 
Bn*^l^ai amaa, 1 

B^aart. ud Kiiit tattt, Ovmi UanUo, •• *■ naairea at ■ 111 Mud «(*■ *u«ti, hhI 
dwatat aaj InprotBd wai of Iirllliidlaf lb* UaBu and Dm b>U*r dHpaniMi id tbi 
prmw imIu. tamr^ ilcala^ a** aad waHI Mpaa, lalapipb vtna, ia., ^Ik aMb 
aiuUrxCHiud or imrim ■iniiiiiiiniili ai oaf b* Majdad ■• iba** and otta* aaiAii 
PBrKwa.— rroBiium ftir flnN rlaat airaei, leh tn, aad M duJaa*- (■ aacndidan 
■tn*i,ta. l*,aDdlOuUi*«.— rbcKldlhafibaant^bua «>*■« aUI b* » tial tram 
tnal (0 fnaii od Iba booaa^ aad tha teral cd lb* letvn of UrxatraiitHjuaritoaaf 
Slanlurd Bli«t tad BlaiMHan Road, «IU br ItOalonOrdnaimdaluai; tballiwt 
al WflUafUa SUnL loiiluu Bi)dg^ (i*It*hOTgOidaauOBdaiu;^aad ia«anarfih* 
aan* 11 aaiotflctd (*< 'Tba loaan loni at lb* OHD nt lb* n*d li W ba ll'W abvia 
Cbduaca diiUBi l«ijttbo( unci. Illajifda Tbaaldlbot thcamaJilta oaaot, 
■IU ba MbattiBialnnlM lire Ami <f lb* bo«K aad ibr Uml ot Iba lann ot tl* 
IT. ta HI. Jlaitln'i laa^ lOee aboro Oidnaoca dalan, tb* lanit at iba ataa* u, 



l[JBtAtn*t.»)-K*bmIMbaDM dulan, udllwam of tbtaaaw, t Mta±a^ 
tM. Tb< lomillawlidlbaeKWnnrih" road la 10 bt VTe abiTa ordoaM* dlUn; 
bmitbadtir**^ lUjwda. Ilk in — joU*) nuudnlMi at a Hub tba* aBaafc ttal li 

abinild ointala bdllUra tH lb* npplj «( fu, ■uttr. uliaraiit. lod naw m aal 

cailau to Iba boiUB on oaift iblt at lb* •mat, aad alaa fcadUu malni Sir u imVta 
aaronhdliif dlatrM. A Huiid.dB» aMwt naid foiilala IbdMM fbr (hi niipl; at 
fai^ watar. loUcnpK and mrrr (oaiBanMtlooi to Iba bonia* oi aacb Ud* id tb* 
auaat, vlihoai imrbton* (Or lb* luiTaaadiBC dlorlrL— Tlu dna^n* ubandiable 
•irphani dnaint MHT. dnva Id a Kal* ot bait aa lad) Id a bm, and anal HWprtta 
aid*n.alDD(Und[BdianiMi>(apartlMgr ibaaUvNUtoa don lb* onilc*. laaM- 
ludliuJ iiglUjii nau lb* Uo* <d lb* hooaK aad aba a msitn** aacilau, BNb aait 
dncrliiilia doUila aa at ba abma oa ona ttaat ct doabi* ilapbul paiar: lb* dnvlua 
Iflhafbliar. aodifaadad lit aadvharaBMaaMT) iBluUia lnll,«ra*pli(olr, Tba 
plan* muai satme* Nrrloa «nBB«flbi»a^ of gn and «4lw pipw. ta^ aad iinfti* 
ptvieif fiir AKft aad nad ira^a; protlaiua muat alao ba mul* tbt tqrfu* dralaaaa, ona- 

tirUitc (uUli^ cbannrla, kc btrr dailcn BOil b« aMoaiabltd b; aa vUDiUa at 
bomilpirUaBlnMtvtaiihc'laiiatiimt. tib prvpoHd ibM A* dHiniahtll 
be pBUIclr aibiUlad afUr IhxIitclilvD.—Robm JaipbmDn, 11 r, r K !!^ ; Than** 
B*aW»,CJl.;Thona>II. n*i>». rR.tHA.. A.C.X..Bod iKura, Ui<n. f.RH., 
C.8.«ni ba oMirtalwl vlib a rnBcnlii** onalMlniat JabB T^nlw^ Ctulrataif 
Uw UtUc^taa Baafd (f Works add Aldcniaa Ctibiu. H.r.. aad Ahuadrr 



Wr<0l.BnaM(*at th* IMrd, aartaud I7 tbt bilDcar aod S«|i*dDCcnd 



tAnhl- 



, - _ . .. . _ <ndbit A 

laal ot tb* B*aid. br lb* p<irT>aaa ot doddliit Upa lb nidu «t Ihi dHifim Viinliar 
UttmnaUia naj to Obl^id « aimlJBBlloB to (b* Aip«li>m<llii{ An bltnt d itie 
flfllr* id ibt IIMi«pnnt*K Untd at Worba. Onab auvai. Sobo ^aao. Til* MaUM 
labataatlhb} tb*latdararJiil]iMit.t«K,a. Woubrdi, (iRt ot Iba BgavL. 




166 



THE CIVIL ENCniEEB ANTl ABCHITECTS JOITRNAL. 



ȴW PAIKKM. 



rwomtoxu. naacnost oiu>Tr.i> ivtusi nu patskt uva 

AMUiDllK-VT AtT. 
Oaud IVMiater IL 1M4. 

WM. H. WluMl. AlilamuMan, B«t>— luqmiiTitiiiai' Id nudJnriT f" iprwnuu to 
Qa BUiiofktun of brkkSk ul**, plpiAp Bad oLtH krt»l« of *aUu[lfir utiufQ 
X«UI OwAtar 10. 
KI7. K- Loa^ l4iDa*idr-fquar«->tDimnv9HiU uj Uuoiuiit^tmcfouuaoli iBMlftr, 

OKOTWh UMl UUfldlJ UUII< 

tm. T. Ilsligrti ud J. OiU, IlanctmiDr. udJ, O. Prildurd, Wurlaflgn— iBprar. 
naBli In Ua maubetun ef — '-■- ul rtU, ■hidi imptvrKnuU ua *lB aiijilksU* 

. O. A, Jonclt. Stahf , Dw^— iBtirvrMWM* ta lawin (ngliiiia 
MM^MMry It. 
, C r. Tmmvl Simt^anU, ■Inwl— iBiamd ulat. tl?Dm>'i<i''«tlin from I. 
r«Dd r. I'MiUk, ItindS^ TnaM) 

Id*. 1, V. KosUa, CbaMHT'lua — luintenoiiDI b Uw maaubftuw of tioalair, 
lUnuMoiaNkcd 

UiM Jkinan tT. 
lit. 0. T- Balk, taaOul, KaU~laipranaBB(* lo Uia nuaulutun of papB- 

irrirDliiallTtil 

HI. D. UOTtaao, fk«<la>l>j Vtmkt, tUmln^mm—Hrw «r Impnnd masiilKtun of 

UsM ri^marf It. 
(IT. T. W. Pawiiarl, Onaaail.(tfw(, lllnnli«Iiiin. Hid fl. CUo. VmioB^lmt, Anoa 

Hunr. Wtnlik— Kvanr Iniproaad DMbMOf iUB<ifMianii| aad onuo'DiUic UU' 

HI. L. nitailMftird ■on-.An (ppiLnTiii tar ilinuiniBg bcCnso tha sunU and 

•i^IiH itrtTin ga nDiirlnlo-. ■Iiuh >< hIk m[i^imhlt id oibor ilnltor [innnait 
W. i. AtwDHlij, WaMolDMic-'Aii liuv'Vcil uulc it muanaUiii bnuJmun la 



lOlHIl' 



tap *»Ijar 



I 

I 



WT J. Oil*. WliiOkvalik Viae*, HncMl— bBpnnamnoU la Ikdi* fv naiuc 

■laitui aud iiUi« Wiam 
kU. T. OajMB, llaaAnaar.— Im(nminwi(a io maAlDNj or aMaratu fbr ana- 

ntaaUaiwd aalnalnt WBod. UMlwr, laiwr, aad «b« riBOar utkla 
IM, W. Clait, Cliaaairjr Umi— bapnnaiiHuM IB UH aaanbcMn gl itiattitaB.— 

<rffininiinlfB>MifiJ 
IM. i. Uird, Brlartj Jnmt. MtcMiln aad W. "oolUIt, BUdfRMd, RoeMala— lo- 

tntaaUt la Nngi MIm t>r tli> nun allMliul aiuuaipuaa ol auku, wbnalqr a 

prat aa* iDf of coal viu Ia DlTrdtd 
IDI, 8 Y. U !k»U. UniniiiUu Banda, aatt Gbalhiu. Rtot— An Mpnrad 

naiiulMMn 'rfcwBHit 
an. V.i'MoMilJ.Utauiai.UfTrTeiA—tmtnmtMamtailuaMtiijtttt.tL^n''* 

iDr •hlu •«- aalUaa Maxla 

fM^ntniHV»L 
Ul, W, Oata>,saartue«-THa. pnrhaiD^IinpRnviMiiUIn lb*iDaiiatni«iir*<itlnn 
Wt. H. T. UalfM, Bfdg, laic ul Wiflii— LaiavHainU U ilu egulnnuiHi of Iwlilpa 

uid aftbad flTtjctimw 
(W, B. UaaidKi ANnilnij nM<e. WiailiaiB, Fllat— tmpnriDHU la Iba nan- 

(•ftiin a[ clialoi fur aUaa and oUht inHptaat 
IM. J, OrtM, Ulo(Mi— IiD|»«*iaf«t*lB nuab UiBtandlu aiipanloaMtvtaiidafad 

IbanwlAi MIA aiipaniui l> ■!» aiiiillciatilt Is tbr bnitlii( wit b^plDji ip of a 

BomalMM dnaUtloB of Uuuid> lo uij ••a~l (u vhlcli U mtj ta iiBQB*a«i 
IK. R. A. BnaBU. FWi 4(n<>l— liu|mnini~iil> in iIiauuillMlDiappaiaUanilUWa 

lor dnlniBf and *i«<aUu| pniyMn. puw «( ulilcli an lifjataiMii Ui napius. 

'OriuruQaicaUoaJ 
t(*. J. K. 0»t, Blnolimham— Iiaprond oulaHal t>*. and an lm|ir<n*ra(ui la, iba 

iiiaoafhcCan «r hai^lpt, vbkb uaurtal la aW hppUcaNc l4 tbo muubDCara u hat 

■Bl aUwr bom 01 otna 
Uti, J, DwibB, laad*~Uapraitgaiania laita iniHtniilioD ud drliinc of yirmUnat 

111 iho iinnaUtn of •buHli^ and Id Um stadtac aad anaafanaii uF vtlt, pana irf 

■IiK^ laipniriinniu i>r< apidlaatila la nOar parw u ai 
Siiu. r. <.', Jniu". Uw^liaia Mraai l iaptwad BwaahcWraBfailKliiiaHiwliaf 
Ml. J. aio-ni. aud J Bold, UrwyoBl— ImpfwaaiCTla wiWlng of ulnodml nasi of 

|jlko(i^r"f''7 u anpllHl to dl^ laldft'. and pktana 
IdH Vr ZipvT and J. P. EMD. Hila. Oallida, AtMrta— [nprmod Biaebitinj or 

•(Aaraiuh lij !« mnl lo iba auaniafaore of viwIhd oIoU 
til). I, Aldilxd, f jnitacR-^lDpnnd aliHUa fiu lilt •iirlajp of laniM^a 

it'lnl f(>«iHi>]|. 
IM (' " l.uratf<\ Amh-iUwt. rtnihurr^IinpFMvimaaEalahiiailiit apparaui 



in K A. Urmu»a.TUtt-antt~liai<ivttaKuulo<uiir-tUn*ttpM>aiiilt. 
Oatadiad-apoB T)n*— tiBpnimaala la ndlva^ ctaUi., 



aiwikaiiunl 

W. llaarkK OabiAiad-apoB T)n*— IiBpnimuBla IB momcliatfi. 

Itauhijr. UntfA-laonrrmtmtt In nadtaaaiT t" Unnl aad 
atMftni*. atdM,aDd oikn nlibu ou ihlpboanL 



U(. tt. W II 



.Uoi- 



irUni 




II*. i. SiHaa, ObB(ii«-lamnh nansa-tiaak. Ploilbv— iDlmtniiMiU In Itia 

Mafia BMd lo DW«-bDnai and M'bHU'a 
ML A. RirtH. nnataftea -IispmiiHunU In aii«fUlot Un Ina tlB.i>lnta aBip, 

aad (In w (uehnn MXnattiAta* uf Ma. 
Mt. I. I%illaraiul l> fuUw, I'litL— tingmrMBiDI ta Ibe maBafaalnro of anitmUaa 

and piMla 
IM. /. H. JiOainB, Unnb*' lsa'<ltM»-tOF«''''an>l* ■■> (Manlop hr diwa and 

<il»T|nrBonfc ininmsnlnUntnniU. Harli. Fulal 
111. 1). M^lao. JohiHaoait Ifafnv— iBpnnaiuuU In air and nwr dtaduifa 

apaawaiu tot Wm ply 
lU. A. MiMMI. hiaiiaad, AbMbn-ImpniMDMii Id harpanDitiini 
tIA- J. tlHinAoB, Balbal— iiaprotoiBniUlatlianuuiifaalanatlirluki. IIIH. andnbaa 

ofaaittmnn 

IT*. R. HaaUoT. Bvrr. lAorailar— liapRitrwrDi la iht nanobnan of ■■alluilue* 
irt. W, II. tkomUTanoi S«m>la aliwl - liM|iryiwiiiBnn la laJuiiMian 
Oaaid nftrviry •!- 
P. A. la Ukibu da rgoUloMuimg. ttgu^biMM, naabiuT — [ini-nminaiiU lo 
flifR Md Mbtt rlgp. lOaaUBDlflaCiiBl 

f«M MinA V 
ttl. O. fficaal, Oona- CMalulBj Maich IKm a vlaal nllad ama uanlanmi iDd 

rifi iMlkum. and bum all otbor nub aiid ubala vf lh<r aniB ciBUa 
J llfiad. Draij laiif— Tb< afiiJlntlMi o( andliilal biard*. or papkt nacbt, « 
Tiaa«i omialUuD Inaidi .Kiwilt aoi of laj tiaalattla abw. aaJ tba Utr. aJthatia 
lu laa Malt or mikad ap (nn old aubtaaca^ Is (itfilm aiaalKn of cnij dacrlp- 
tl-<i>>J akfiM canlaa* tud ewi axial. alaiilBtmilisalBiasddaihueBHaait 
IvTBiInf btti boaida fbr Iluiaaaaato 



(txad Uar^ *. 
MO. B. BndinKr. IVtlra Ian. HsIboni—lDipnmiinil' in apiianlv na alllrin 

lOmnoiunlfilifin fmin J, D. Olitt*!, OrDoal 
dll T- Brown, Fvnefaurrii'alrHt-^lntprMWBiaBia Id npaUna 
III. T. W. O lyHby, WaaibnitrlainiDriiUa, [WdLpaB— l »i>iuHJ — l« U 

and lullm^ anit oudbD lo aemr* aiid luUrr*. aad Vt tnafa 
on. w, K. ymoD, c%aiuniy-laD«— IinrnnniBaBU Is maialuna lar caulac 

tTwa. iCknoiDqBlcaUiiBl 
<U. J. Slqilwaa, X««iaiii|«»Riad, aukanxll— laipivmBcMa la ratal knaba mk 

In iIbUu UMb of bruhH 

UlMd JTofiAl 
•10. W. p. T, Bndatuiw. Tbomaa^Un*, (UuiBiild Isi|iniTBMUia la 

aod oUiar Ilka kuliea 
«1. J. I^ r. Ba>4la. Parti-A »» nola o( anaBnalMlaa 
ML W. Uidlaad, euulnibacD—Xr'O or uapRRvl isasalaclBra rf 

lop uouImi Cor gnWcllaa and panaola 
>«:. K Aotrua. Patia— i H iii ro t aa gina la tuoalJa of fnnoa ft-rlnaTtarf , 
nw. J. Waadlor and B. ArU^, Umrbowi. UI<Idl<Mt-lDipr»Maawa la lOTIBa 

ndalilm 
IS: W K Hrvta^ ChaomTluii— IiDpnicd muiataftan of Iradim drAb. ;Oe«- 

nioolratliAi 
Ul. U- r. IknMUId. Hwwii.nlAH, Lini|ht<iiiHi|ti.m<!, DrUloi— IinpnrrBaaM !■ 

aacblMn fir oonpreoluii ili> ■ml oLlior luuerUla appUotUa M iIb nualaHiira ■ 

MtAaaad oilior aniclK. iiVimiannlaiioul 

Oilnl jr.rAI. 
IIH. W. rUullatar aad W, Xoadrjr. mrmlntliaHi— I mp i u u pbH (T Uapwa tiu la I* 

ein i^Ilurt. P P. Uoalllanl, and P. A- Mrrrin, rarla-l m p i w i— Wa Hautl ^ 
lu( or dUUUnc nod, aaU, oilak^ enL (n't inhnr nibauam fer ttaii d li rMn rt 
•aa for Ufhiiu In MitanMaf cr lunaaiiiE i>>* (IIiiiDiDaaloa «iM « ib4 I> <«»■ 

StMilBi na. alaii la Uio apuarala* otnplo.inl (ui (Uib |>aiT«>ro 
R. jL Brawuui. naauircH— IniprnritoHaU la (uniamand flra-^laaa. 

muulmUoa (ma A. K. UoaHfd, MMniUlHiJ 

/lout Jbnk r, 
Md. 0. lUirkHlaT. IIi«d1«t. UUdJiwi -Impnnalnolil la(«un«iB( a«pMMa« far 

baulw aad fwUo* air. auaiD. and iiUiii Siilila 
«(. wTtiMflluMTSov Oafcnl^r«M~N<v mod* of omaoanlDf baaaakaU flmdnia 
I7it a. J. AwTa. UaopiraUM, WaatiDioaMi-agad— Ui|in>naiaiiia ta IkaiaBMM- 

Koo nf fleam IwDiniAlfoouflaG* 
•tl. P. Ucande. Unar URr^CV- DuUln— tnpnmid nadMaaiT « anuM« %t 

irroinUlai atalna or Diau 
nx X. A, UtOGoiaa, nnMlraO—lBHOTtd loMhod <t, aod apparaaaa Ik, 

(afnlii Uh stMr Isnla la toUan. .IVxnDiUDlrailiiii; 
Ontal VifriA *. 
IM. 1 X>. tar, KUl4«, Dndtonl, and J. CnUna, WindUU. OaUtdtf. York 

provviDnaU In |w«r tvwna 
«n. F. ^ HiDiiiiltir. W iwinlo.ior— Ibu m « naa ia ta m lb* nuafcltar* i( 

(liain aud alopan 
dl». W, TribdrJcUJi. filnului^luBi— lupmWiMnta la Uu Danohaan tt kolkla 

•bat 
«U. XOnbaiulJ. WakMhlllrMaakaB— tDpnnaocublBoanala \Ut»t 

l«itar»ada 
<«l. r Hiniwg, Kalbm. Ralnla-taiprarvd moda of lomla( a an* la Ibo aodn 

Mile, faix aad oUinr fbMlar macb 
SM. C- H. i. W. tlHioaau, Partovn, itaildonAold— laprtmnata (a iba av Ucd' 

Uonut waltr.auKhe prnpaiaUoa dJ luUnrtali ruqulalla Inr Oio {(DCaaL L'.% m ai^ 

tatlim) 
<n, W. K X«a1«.Chaii)nT'laD«.~IliipnTminUlaaMaito(apparmnaltribl(aaal 

Btbat waaaU, iCoaiaiuoliiiUuiU 
aw J, a. Uankall. Inada- tai pr orono a ta IB aaddulT Kf pt*l" la ( fav "Vft 

CbHia tnua. aud otbar Bbraoi lObataacH • 

IM. H'.U. Datluv, Dvrbr, and J.aanod, Oiaal 0» u i | *al m di Wi ubIi iBw ! ■ 

pro*«uioiiL* 111 fakci-irun idoopflfi Ibr railaaja 
IM r, A miw. A>d*lDt, siwittiaAn— luptmnanla ID niulD mMbtaaa fer (^ 

parEnit apluolac, aad doDbliug (unoD auil ollior Dbioiia aubnaaiaa 
UtI** Mar^i 10. 
IIM- W. C. Doj, (be Strud— laumxiDcnla la poniiuuiLaana 
TOO. J- BaiBllbia. Boctidi]i>-lapni*aiD(ati la Mial1ii« U«n and «bcr Biuli via ■■». 

Lalllc auIiAtaDlna 
T«l. X. L. Jsii«a.C^aaUr— tDDnnacauUricalaUDi do^ bjr akcutcUf 

fMlal JfirJll. 
ID). 0, btnunltod. C^adoo)aB't«nu^ bada— lrapn*<aiRM In iiiKbliHT arap- 

paratoa Kn raiUng or rimpiilne iMt nipr. mn. and oUur aDhaiaun* 
ttU. W. Hafclu. U"Uliijt*vii]i. Cboiii^liiipiutiuwuu IB htuain iiid apparuaa fti 

■nHnittnfatBa.li' 
TM. C ILnli^Bla, nireilBKbun— iBprotrninTiUinoiadDratorTaoia 
T04. H. Dcabaa, ttmOunl ■ivaR, WakillvJil-A ■•lluuiii uivblao lir Iha i 

of laaUiii anil rreripl uani|ia 
in. W, lMoo,IHa(«viII-IinprDirdapi>anliia t«'mi<tiln(<nl(T'<1nMaM4 
Ml. J.R. K ■oaiflTi.Salfard— iBiprar'ntrDUIaapparsWahrbmlBf pa 
TDD W. Halo, taan ■aik, Cbalui— laipiuiiiMui lu colling Inn and ab^ 
no, J, IXOiul'n'.anaiJimna.ilrKl, IMlftita.ma-lDprDmn'Bia lo - 

■niTd aoflana kr aaibat utatlait 

III. S. }. Drn^n, Part*— tnfnmiuonta !d aiaililoaa ta Diaadacloitac 
wafrr^ or iiaillIbB of paalj' nialMiala 





Tit. A, ViaooBOl da WaraafaM and i. DrittUv. rwia— Inptiffiiaaia M ■ 

Tlllj^AirT. Eaan-atraai. tKisad— Inpraaed taMbod of ponfjlng icbMoaa at I 

Diiaoa* ci11i^ <(q4pniDalr«ll«(iflwCraBIBa, and i- UfaaOLa*, Pu^i 
Til. J. Anrr. Evn-aunt. »lraiid~An Inipniml nHlied <l p iw ui U d boiur. (C 

BUuimlin] [iDui J.aimnl, Ul Ctjanna*. Fruoel 
III. n.TnrK HimaUDD. liul^—lnpnTMBrau IB apparalaa natd Mlh BU 

tuTfi or tiboisa 
III. J. 'Uia* lud TT. llalami/ln& Brllasnla Worfca. fianborr—IainntawB 

BU'-lilniii; DiAiiiKmiuaRrniliiiicarndarin^ lumipa nr Mtnv xarlaMr aaka I 
III. W K Kiauni: i1ian»rT.UD<— tnpnmt bikUihtt ta diaaifa* iBd ■^t^ 

%\\\ oiiiau, xool. flu. brap, aad ol£« IHvw anlslaacaa. lOmiBB ' " ' 

III, W. K. NrMou, (Jbaaearrlina— InpraranMela Id tba pncaa otMdi 

liw Uanluf. iCUmDiBnioaUoo fiun C U Kaodnnr. danaboory. Vn^oa 
fteM Umttk II. 
III. T UorfiF. tun.. Blrmlntbam-Niiwor Imiwoirod waHod of oniai«llB|l 

Nd'ifBd' ijkij nnjti-huid alAoda 
Til. h »>ip'' iind K UiUli^ I'vla— ImprvranaBU la niarhlorry Ik 

bril^lilul lAJpcIa 
III. a. L. T»ili«, (Wuw buL BcdlMd. and T. Itollt, ynnliMll-lwire w ila k 

bilm for ganiiraUBf alaaBi. brauiig vMrr, and fin ocbu bcaUnc <ii MUa( f/m- 



THE CIVIL BKQINKEB AKD ABCUITECTS JOURNAL. 



167 



rf l*klBt unm* and Unix ud la dmUmit <iill>^lk*r 

.V.W iHulr«U*«pM-lB(nT«)M«WM«*MUIstMM^<aBd4nMtc 

K *B»IMIii>, lff*ii lB[»iminiiiti rii IPBw 
. !t. Jaiu, rute— lD(nmiB<Bi* l> prirtialin firMMat mi 
OMidWiHt II. 
C Oawfmt '*«lbuuirUa InUdlnci. CteMir; liH—Iaf 



It pnrwIiC 



I to lb* tUBB- 



cf ruillrui iraiwr. a ■ roBMluK br laalfetr. iCMBBOilalta fcu A. 
Hknl. l-uk>. 
t Tg. J- W w iiMfl imt J. iBHk. ah.l lHM l»BWW >M l«lB lb* Wid( oC olndlM 

■lH«MaU, aiHBi»-lBpr«n«BM IB M«lw or aAnMalar tnUI* bbrta 

K ■rtdgn, ftid(>*dar— fapranfflOM la talBBb Imtn. ud dn« iprtuiv 
f boVi* wa^ tar nil^t^_p^r^ottt 

I. T. OnWfc WhmIim. rf wnct— I m h t i ibHIii muU—n brihtBwalhB- 
(« Wlita, Mi^ llpi^ and MbB hMh nate (T iKMUt BiurUk 



tn. M. NOH. IIMI 

IcIiKki, 



-tapnimatia la bhUah? at tnpuaiiu Ibr niliinf gr 
--'•■MT aHMM 



tfT. 0. W *tjtr, Cofute, ITiaw twpwT»< MffclnfT i^ •>*Ppli| tf nUrdli| 

1M. I. AiUu. tod IL Uinw. " "lnTin 'nr -i la «tU>v ba 

ra. W. ii*am». LUtJi>lMfcMi-t«gn w i>^la Mmh Mtan w4 hraMM, 
M4la*ff*fH»«HM(iadttanli*. tOi»»iMtom») 

no. W. SmIm, ObaMT^iB, ktf ifi-aart— lippT^wiml* to lb* wWwBI.b •( 
*. M-BM. Burl t. CbjUB. IteB^ LbbihM. mtSTrm, 



a— A Ota or iBiptvnd naiolil (toriwtaf wiUin 



I na ft u 



I ■■••< naalilof INbi Ibi aihIeuIiij ol iUhi mol 



1 u ^putut h«M tr 



tU, H. Btwfbf whI X. hni— lBi(«Diw««ia la haaian OM* la (kraabiDf ^whltm 
ji^iIeehJ 

Pltd MtrA U. 
0. MuilHll. Uapafb. NanbaiBkHlui'l— ItDpnmd ■iit-MtlDc tmaiMiH 
). TV—m. Hact kalb«<D~Ii<n>Fi><tfDmilla ■BvlaaaDd naatu ».»ai— . 
■■•■HaMaa kva W, n«iMiL Cum, IlUagii; 

■. «t»itm, Ut tt WV>^-la>rnnaaBU la Haam^a bolhr and Kbv 
._M«at 

m. K. HwVB.CMalTtoBattiAiflBB, TTii nil riiii tmmM li ijiiibibIiii lia 111 

mtfgt tt BaUr lataaaabaOin 

K A i. Bad, Aiifcu iWii) ^ Iian'— tiDpnifiDml la lhiU>lii( bbrlo mad* 



m. *. Mmbm. and t. ClajUB. atea^ Laa<H(v. i^i. tmt^, lUUbA-te- 

twa f u la laa»afcf — ttofc abkb old liaannuBia an apfiUatilE M lana 

Iv vaantac iiqiWiaa* MbiriiB>id or [Had tairJB 
TH. r. UvnaM^Mtod— IiDi>m«>«H*laOMia«lMa 
IM. W. SaMa aM i. Baafe^ Baliin, Lwnaicr— lapnnMMa to MlMatrr. ■ 

■Iipanaaa *a ba aaiptiirad (« vulil>c »wiac « liirarHiii llu^ Dbib, aad slAar 

tuUla hbna 
IM. M. LalnsBk Ltnri«il-^LD|«*^avN IB taaalDf 
tH, O. nmM,C«li^»p»n(neMiUblna(tBltu 
TM. ft. iUiprnlai, tkiw. ttiddlaM ' 

balMlnf purpBHB 
Ttl IL A Unaoaa.nMtatmt— IUM)«««nMbat(i(4rl>b« Iba qlsdlat <( ^to- 

BlutaiBM. tCmanBcMtoal 
TMs 0, J, UuUwr, JabB-dnM, CUr tf badoB— Iiat«<»MBal* to (nfwaa Uo^ 

in1 1^ III Bii Tatllai laiiin^ 
TM. f. K. <Mt,X*« fwt, U.A— laiMiiauiiuli IbUh ii( od wrtUi Iba i^ tl 

*itru/B kUlTMala 
*o<> 11 A -iiniii.-i riiib.rn Iman—wiiTiiiaililH bnli 
aui IL UuM, UiMisd. OlHula HaHBnaiiM la Iba ■annfcalMa 4 m* 



tn. U. Kulin, lAMurd. Olisai 
I. r 8. UuBMiai. UTartailBHa 



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BWlalbaBanrtwHtwid — alwl 
to Iba Boda af uaaUu pal, BUad 
BBdto&apfllaMaa 



Xm.a i Ban, xr^ if laia M. IiaH'-tiDpntfiDnil la asUOiv fcbrt. mad* '" "^^ "■ ""^ "^ •'- "'>«'". r««l» >"» ""*^ «0(ln«nn»T»aa. 
TM. Tll«,BMdtrBuUqaiw. P»rV-lij.|mii«MBU la •»™iBi tuJ naiikuia "IJ'^ dnK ltbiioii-o»l'limia^J!Bnn-lii'l«™»a"<a to lb. bmi 



tf 



m wn mlud aiit MbirnvMablaaiaalBal 
i4 tha la* la awMM poniuna 
IM. T. II, Ucad and t. Wiulii, iMdala livn W«^ Stodnn-nTaaa-LBiiDm- 
— aodlatb* oaiuibeMntfBlbat iaaiu«> 

Buab^lai* vF 



WdlaAaiilaiaaUli 

It nert-«Ir*rl -iQiiirnvruiirtiUinapLianti 
dMIorv Ivba^ iIkmIib. uj^ oL^it ariicl** ll^HoDaiiicaUui] 



lO'Enmnnt fill Inn 
l-«ir*rl -iQi^irnvruiirtiUinai 



itiLHt Iv rptltUac Italbif , la 



IlLbnia Aom' nnidiuBa « 
m. H IMbrud 1. T. DUbT. It^Bl ■"»■. QaadtiM— tM|»nTa»i«alBto Mibtoaty 

uMci all's ynuuiif aaaani ealaiin U aoaaidaB m tba iwaa luttta 



tUMdJWant II. 
lOL. v. J. A>lah MaiiebaiWr—lnHvnBiatato DxUian at anaruua IDi noliiLlBa 
— .* ^j-fc*"- »iM^ iWw4a ' 

, Ba fB aaidMy— ImTJiwi'd Br* Kchur 




ibblaB*i>Wiit Uaaadi 

B hGHT. UatBHSdHr- 

0. r. Bo^Ti Mibaatawv Luu*«mi— A podaUa appantui bt «wUa( 



Liu*- 

Itaa. WUiUaJaaa, ew ■acalay— haiBii lataww la ■bob 
K ntvtw, CWb fz-lana— liaptai— mu ib Aldlw wladas ^Ji r ' ^ aad 

L OpaBBaakaaMa, 

X, rt-^'i. T^aanrrlinr rmiiii luiinnfawnU to anttiial 1^. 'JOam- 



•ui L A Vtmatt. J«B.. Jadd-attBi^ l»rga»la>-Mait» ■ laipniwd (*•>■■■ to 

uuiiiiTbturlog traa. lOgaouiMBMoa Itae d'AalvArDiL Kaa da ri£i-LU|i-H. Pari^ 
M> IV 11-ir flrlnnanikrlnii ImiimBialila nlfllMdM- lararr 
no. T. Xaull, tWnvanh aaf t toa cbu BB ■'Im tun tKtm a lagmiaii ■ 

saiUBatr to inliai^ aaOi^ dai, aaiC a alto* BWnat BauMal 
ni.l. Hbttai, Abml—InpwmaaBlalartlaJa^Ml^afa totbatoMlliaC 

iHnivs obnallai ibadow 
ad, HaaaMiWi 



■II. K SvatNid. Haai 
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IL M. ABoMk hria— lapnmdtnnOir'i'Ueb 

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4m U bi aasHmd to ntaUna nlloi and Mliar acrlHB 

» W »ac5aa|bfcBMMal*-laptiinninUto«B(lBa»>tad br alaBv 



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toifici* pr* cr. and Id tbilr caartaf to OBaaKtlag IbMO 
a"*a> uT [utrlcaUBM aacfc annaaa 
tU. W. UiC-uUwh. aad T. Xaaalr, KUBianui>A_lm|inm 



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rf ta ilaB ar (Hbar 
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uia ta itartnda sr 

ni. a Fwylb. t lul i to l rmaiij, tUmlliowB, Klit(adblWiI~Ia(r«t«aMla to 

«aaifiB4at( (natalw 
IM. J. Vai. ftin ina. lAacaMsr— litr|vut«l nuak aeal* 
SMsr v.n* la 

TfT. y.iato.BlHb««b~li>yraT«ul>iaMriMrHrdiBH|anatBMitodaiaal«x 
tanka. lad aihaa w >i* r iw 

BT. Tuna, ArtnaUk,riato~lD|HnnM>atokawaUi*(laBaatfBa 
J. UiH«. railadflabUi I'alud Suiaa — loiinnaHau ■ ^i tvaaiuBUf fni iiai. 
Wd ta (bi aauoarik acU« of tba nDtnJllw 'alraa at dampen tT Ibt Hid 
lbna<ai 
TM. T B LtalaiiMn^ FibbM ■toproiMHili In Iba BOBOtwIan ol papai. sud- 

b.«nL ftud oaia^atd 
r4l, J MudiKb, MoBla-taa— tapraaad pNCOai to [Biunit lh> •*!» ut aaliMla 

■TM hJ-l aWk. [CuHMliuiHifrMnJ. noowaadC. thiL IMUJ 
nt & lalUM, Mai)c5, saar IUM>iB~tU|»uffDiniU la ruraaoH wJ to iba manii' 
""'m-rf Ima 

, WUkak T. VUkH, and O. vrutra, Dlnalothun— A nnr nr iDptoxd oiaoa- 
^ •( nOan ar oiltodatf to' prtauoa hbrica 

BlibupBHit QiarvbjanI— ibiiirvTDitfaiiU Ln (be luanufutitn ttt tHpir 

^ UDS (Kv IL S-llh. t^awla: '^'^ 

fti Sr J C. Aadtnw. faifuif. OKk-IupmgunU b loaoBBilf* aad aUw 

tM. J. Tajto, 3la« Tsrk-toiwMBaaM to buctou Md m*s vM* to Mtoa aad 

<allMruH|B 

t«I- B. Ji*iaa^ *f i—n-*— TnpirfinW In rl laaliia bwi trrt Mbw iMrnlt ^m 

•b* Baww toam aa " Hcan^* 
T<| i. I«>u, Mbtd— lationaiBtala U nuwliliuaj at ap{iwalui to laipl aad 

BDVIaa 

ewat JIWxA I*. 
TdX J. Wil[taaa^llold.HlBl— loqicaniautoU'xrtanruiii 
n«. n AiailMB^OMBaiUaiwUr— taprvrad ■uleka- M ba wad to fv*« Imu 

to »Ba«-— 

ni- 

ni- W. !■<•<, SbaWaaaB-4aipTaHtBaaWbi(atora[7ianUitorHidliii Ibr manb* 

■d idu, cuaoUMi, aad aUi» o(i«iBp 

:L II. A C. MaWar.rviai W<at MlUi. K»lrr- ImprvreuRiU la ilounaUus 

di7luMM«idaUi«ndatofiaaBaraMUiiCiti>iu« 

A ff7 O. MmtbH, Lfdaaball wiaai Aa lai)nnaai«ii to oaM ud •uatcaaU 
n—* ManAM, 
tM. r & Adriawl. aad A. Odiba. Sanb tad UUK «at;M4»-tDiFt«nia.>la 

laaaitblaantoawdb(<M>aaaad«torllinBaBaMi1« 
TTT. / Xtai^ Bnaw-rt'aiK UD)da.auiwa ~ liBBnRaHBIa to Uaalaf otla. aa 

1H C •'•M^ aal H Oato-. aad J. UMtoll MbmrtdR aaar BaddMiOdd-Iv 

pn*HBaa*B to Mablai *a*aa aad labK laRUallibri*, aad hi O* Baobtoin « 

mi i alai —tlij ii l to ibaa pw|W 
TH ST. J. Onanod, Ilirlii, aur Load*— laptomma Id iipliiniu noto nod 

MHilaf ao^aaaa 
tK i. (&>d0, ilroaa. tonliaarb-totaBTTDiTDia io iiaiTiiimi to —nirl'-g gBleo- 

*ataa,arirwliC«*>to "^ 



Cnno-Tlan. MaaUaHoai Lafiawtato to ito arltoi ■/ 

ry* r"-' ' — 

III. JTHuillh Albkin-KiuAiT. IWniib tide, tiakloit— tupnuroOHOt lb afiptflnf Kiaia iv 

alba awlhiM tiitili ai^iaMnl; to anw aartnia 
Bid. T. H. awiK aamoicnauib, aad O. BaA«, BMl-aWM, XhudIu(Ui*-~'uP<***- 

—f^ 't "" fniri nTl I n -Tf iiniilala iititT-irlT It **■- Tnn-fti-'-r -' — -"- 
(14, J. J. ttoiugnU. JWb— lBi|iiutodDiMbiidul.aiidsppan<iuto. al(aallta( afva 

ihI«1iT> 

nr, r 1 Jmrt, AM'tmiaban— AatoiprurailliwblairtalaalBi 

IlK^ imiawapwa. llMUMaa^ auanJ-Uaiiratu ■■itol»f«atobtot-to«aw- 

tAual JIWabM. 
Rt. E. B. Calljw, Pait-nad. &ii>u-*-p>ck~.llB(n*ad —^toa to daaalacB*! 

aan^b^ vhaal «i4 alh«r frato 
■% i. TaiMji aad r Tanpi Blrmlnrtnto lTtTarl»]iiiiidlll»i|1ar* 
ttL J. A-flMto. rwu-lavmcBlatokiMtlMMaf ivUmJ Maa^ taawl}. 

aad nHfat, 
9ti. T. V, atU, Mf«iB«da-aii»Trt»-lBiii«nB(Bl* to iMaai- fm ai aad ■>!«■- 

iMlkaun 
fn. A. V. Xa«B, nbiamaj lam IiimnTiiiiiii la <atdto| otftoB.. (Oaaaai- 

<allasi 
Mt. ^roa. Pup t, dbaJhld— li^faammla to batdttlad aad Maipotfas ilatl-Mfii 

and to toMKbmU^ *ln 
■ U, T. [avh^ CtiaiuHT-liai — Aa iiapnnd aHulrucMa ut aiHnJNIal laplaaairt M 

bt mod ta tlllUf tba toad 

UiM Mart* n 
m. C.r. LOoiliT. AvUofl.MaiPBHa-lBipnmaaaUlBlbapraaKiaMiatf atUeto 

oloaM, •nrafbi.niUad, aad tojad kna, iliu and atlm oatolasiMifi tl ■Wa»i 

HttniloildaUan (nim tinnldU/andalbardaibwUtaaaMaatalr Bud aaut 
fit. W. n. CU]1B^ lllnnlnftian— lnQn>iaaaUlaaKaik«alaabaUi|Midlaa 
■M. T. Uam. i;Baii«ir tow— UAditoo at kwmiai la baaatd to #■■*(. pwU}. 

laf . and dirtu Bnioal aad nealaUa iBbilanwi 
»». I. Xkkh. Kf*oaat*-ipaa-1>tit— tnpnnvaKau to mac«lD«T M arpoiaaB to 

muncaad oavtof 
(It. TTRavaB, Bbf«Md-lnpr«>anaBta to MFtoc naAlDB, O iBBaBtoBUM) 
■It T. HUL UanprtMd— taivn»>ii»iita u na>±lB«iT to aumpto^ 
jirtBlliii aad atnatloi [aftn. born, aud ««trBMMn 



ablmllon: 



. n Aiaiif^uMaa. umvut—tmtnma ■uiekH m ha wad touvM 

« vaaiM 
Altoa^all.H«MBrtM,torta9r-l^nHaN0MUpi«M<li«iaaaUU*aeto 
X. A. anaiaBBk nm daw*— J«W H Wd wloalla. iCMoaiaalailton) 

. W. Il«ad. 8 1 ail i M i -dijTeiiaiB aa to teaatoy afiianitBHiit jawdlin Ibr c 



ni. 

di 

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r-toaa— Ab" Impwwd tBBMvUm t< a n ■ ai to. (<to» 

Ul, K. dtu^ Uadtod, Boar Lrlfh. iMnalo-— Inp>v*tni«ta to aaiUaajr w appa- 
ratus to fuiilpf ba>. ■tra*. and oitivr iknlto ■qn^aana 
Ml. J. Uuularaio, Laaiaaila. ul<ll"ihu>a— ln)Min*flwai*lB aitttox ItairaaiMa 
■M. t. llwirtrrmi. lAHnlr, lluiinMiiiin— tapntanHUto Ua tuaiAnmvmf- 

dund 4iii«liilalo anil Bifurbl lfcl>fl.> 
nr. V iViuKinill. Tim\i\\ AjT— iBiiiunuiEaia to Iba OTbMiM at pafanaloa <( 

Bbrvru iiihvrijilB JiH hnibir >pna 
BM. X. Uaaila and T. Uutidi, lda>bw«aU-4n|iTD«aBUDM to tb* ■aBBlkeWiBil 

Inn 
im. P. Qwpv, BaBUwnplDn-baUdl^i, ObaaWT-laBa imHiiiBiaBi to tbi OMM- 

iMlatvnrabM (od aMU to iUt« acdnaaoa. tttoaiaaladlitttnM J. II. Ufiintj, 

WaiMUnB. Nov T«U 
MO, H. M, AUaln^ PatM-^liaimn-nanM to •BBotofaattoi tola. MM aad bcayMi 
Ml. J. w. viilnm. UaatKiiT. Oihud-UaprimBma to Ito tolltoB Mto aiad to 

taamtlag Mrtoaa. atatttralaa ifialag aq aaad 
rtlid Jttn* K. 
Bn. J. ftadrnn^ J, raoBabaofb. aod J. »«UWf-laip«B»dwi W» Id toda-Bacbia.* 

apuUtabla la toOM to aaBTlu 
1(1 V. taosk RitM>7«rto«rBr%toa— ImprenOMBt k Ow iwii ill ill i id bmUh 

l-^mt 

• ti I' U, liakrr. Ancglc-nn.UiTgf rAidtB— kAilaar iwaiut»n ■l(Ul~>ton 

iib W. T ClHlL uuuan-plafB. nir-fiad— Twiaiit* iarMllU> apHnf 

>l«. (I. WUK laumin KunUttj-laol; Ctoawi Mml tolpaam 
fmicH. (CMmsBlcatlDuJ 



uu 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



', Rbi, Rlmiinchui> — tmprwaiiHiiUlD ttulu to 
I. II. rial, TiitTli](inn*ti«M, TWTliliwa«KMf 



*«KUMa NHIMAn dmibr «B< 



ml. C. Haa, nirminiliue— tmprOHiiHiiUlD twIM tlirdnon 

fMUim 
MrC.awn^fLthtniHlKMt.lDMbwk— LapnraBUBMla bTMob-Uadipf im* 

Ml. K. I iliiii. rilitii liiiiiiiiiMiiaili Id [-['■' j »-J *.l*i»« ifc™ ^ vrwai 
MS. C rMn, aw UwbMM, hf«*-«U«igp itntnngr g( Int ud 



IBH* 

itiliv 



I 



a. J. flii|pl«^ Bnulfanl. T<ii>~lBiniii m flWBlj lu Uw i B M U tMi iM«irf««itito> 

*n. A. V. Rtwuin. ■y- — jfani iMp-ir-itnrnli Id b*-uiD>. (CMnRdoiUiKil 
iw». J. OlStvr. Bav-luih >>|ilu — laixmoaM la kpfWMu fu' luumluiarlui hkI 

Vtl- O.Unrj. Uliinl— UifSDvgDWlalxwWaBTlarhHUliiiluudtthn'atniu 

n hli 

till. J. r WMIud, Mhco*— lai|in>nawU* la pirUhli iiigurMiii ud natault Iw 

(ItUldlttlBlMlfe 

Ml H- JL HoUan, Bli^taf Wotka. BItBilachuii-UipiwiaiimU In snUcalMiia 

ad (Mnnil «RUf» aad Wg«* foHMr* ud OHibo 
•1'. R. M»w, DDDDWMr Ino VIoitt, twtiliiW' Aa liii{inmiDriit Id Ui( r«lM* >> 



B)>. IL ]L BraoiBU, FlDM-Mmt^tmpnmaiial' lo Inuuig ud blaultUut 6liro« 

tCoo- 



-v. 



— MiMlCD) 

/M^ ilprfl 1. 
M*. W. B. bH, i^t Lg«. Onnll— Jo uaimml Rah bo>k 
•» K. lUtfar, liltrrilnitna ImnniT-ni n' >? improTOiui* In Ibt mtimilkrtww of 

MHl 

M7. IL A. llnoicM, riM> ilml A tuiubliwlu Uia niBOlMUn of Inlto asd il>«U> 

(OMoanaUMMal 
•W. D. Jiji, iMd*— ImpraniBiaB IbMmi intlini 
MI>T, Undda^1MbnDk4l>«M,niiUloa— lnpnrr*jMM»lii Ibc Mas aaclug md 

«t«n boUfr 
Vtl, F. U. Uuidlllliai, hltt—lDpRMIBflllllll Um almMajDdiwtnn ofnlnrlric wl»- 

tn(4ia. ud is Ob bhUbvt fif th« nwiubiiMn Ibtnof 

Mt. J, Doanw. MniMr4<»M— Ttig fomijiD Md tpgltlloa al aotit* wwr 

«;. Il_ BHfv*ad n. ftmiith MmjriltHt. !Unud-4iupmaial> la n^liif aankB 

■hips HUM iiMiiTi. ud iB iiTiii iinTliii ml tWi^. turn >intiilii Hi iiirt f l^i 

mut, ud •» innql Uudi •IdUbi 
Mt. K Adiir. Xts r«tk, ■■! r. K Ronn. LBbuos, OMe, DoUad aBtlw—lsipnn- 

omiu IB uifelM ta uBBim kiln* ud ntbtr iimuiu •nuiM 
MI. 1. AaitBB, Rm im >Url)>n^ FMto-liapKnHuirtt >Dr (UnoUni lUk uA otter 

Mtill« uil nfstibla HibiUiieH (Km Uu bulk aad Icata itf ttaj dnertinlaa nf 

Balh<«T Bm 
ML A- Liiiaitt|,TtllbBI. Ufiit, nuf V«l lllMi^ mut-^LniUDniDHMMilwptn 

Id na*an 
HI- L BukU. ja^ ud T. t. aiitlih K Wlnglniii— ImpigwiBwiMla Ua aaonlHlBn 

tlflnndlM 
NT. C ToMMtB. OhrW, Bilfliiiii— A nsir (riun for liw tpplkaUoo of d(cl<kil]r u 

BiBKliu ponr 
Ul», W, Mbbs. Pm««ii— ta i B TOMB ti Id muLlseiT « anwuiu lor prcpirlit, 

iltfliMnc. lAd rwjhf anniDB ouVrUa 
Ml. J. IL Juliuo*. uuaiili/t-lBii-Atld>— IiDiinnTuu'DUia pi— rr li igfanj- ICOuucuul- 

ntUiat tmai V- l^vi^ieum, tait U. llonl?fr. Itnui^it. Fruuw) 
Ml, 1, UuHt, Svai*. IwiQ— Itg^mHuciiti Ui tp|iuMa* b muiiailu (h 
VM- J. J. BlnMB. UwuluiB IMdI Wgib, uBu AixilnflMi— A Be* or iupivnid ll- 

■mipaul ar appumtuB for tCfvUtlnv or Aluriag mloora 
noM AprUt. 
MT, T. UalUiii. llsiiiUU Iiui^ Wifib. MMl'riiuiU'ljnpnnvnflik ID UfaornlTo, 

■iri la •pHntat la |<n«>l Um ohMpwIbc (< ud ItuUf off, (ha vaur (ma 

tethi 
«M, 0. T. BouMMd. l«(Uinm|b Fwti, SiWaa— lainnaNila Ib InUlBi lodU 

nbliB'aBdiuiu.pmlH.bi (jd» lo nadai- iha mw IPifamliltiii lUnmlniwTniiatul 

Mlwf naat. fCbojBiMilaDUoaj 
HI. S. OUffei. Altenr^Un*! lUsiBlV'parfc— InpnnraDaii* id 1^ niaBlkcui* of 

cwdlat ud Bl^t IMiU 
■dk A. V. Mama, imanriir lut In iBpronBiiU la U» unutiuniini ul uDinLUiuf 

Mm. iCawMaloUou 
HK C. Aood^au. llnwiiii ajuDii ftn laprand nuobaura nf viMpivf tiinir, 

•nlMUa H ■ MibilStHU ba luatbM, pnmilK amtmldiml ud •Miii uiuunniUl 

•iNlBud Mllfk 
Mr. J. IL TuliK, AlioktUHl. IU»liS~laifn>>nii(iiU b nguUllDK ilig Dm of 

(oida 

/XiW .If^ T. 
IW. W- MailU*. JarifT— iBpnmDwiiU m innlfinitim twuia wlaueoa br tta 

IMdntiogolbKl 
in, J, Rcabnll. bSald, Itlddlogi, ODd B. D. Oaym, WaaoglMat— lapraniDaDU 

a bncaMoUU^ dra-tima 
Vrl. i/- T. Pilau, OnnthoHb-ievn— InpniHBunIt in tppantiia uUcd fli»««Mpa> 

fpDiBiBBriwtlwi} 
Kl,, H. Dwdn. SodHlal*— iDipnniMala In pvnc'lttiiai liir *«>liig 
nr. K. nock, IMIv Wiftk UhalnUa— iBpronainil la nUnt) bcnki 
DM W. ■. ObK K*b Tinli— Itapivnd Biaou ftr nadarlUK ibo juliiia gf BB(iaa* « 

oikar (wcMMtT •uoib « daU U|(ii 
HI. 7. rwnf ud S. niu. IM^nn^Inal. AtirlB-iriuv*— ronaUa ctpaudlac Ufa 
Md taSStitj boal, ■Uabia alu idaiitwl tur uliii't |iutp«M 
UiUI *p^ (, 
tU, K. HloflafUdB. niotliQ. Cmdiai. Woronaur— tnpntomnuiu aucliora. 
Ht J t> "latit* aad A. >p*in> TbaaiB.Iua titaOij, Xoawkfa— lupanxuiaBia la 

a^lBf baflunaiT 
ftav. K. IMavda and £S«aihar.TVinHll0?vid Cha|)«llnvD Injovnrha. oaar ftbofllald 
— laxfnfHataula lb in a d iip cf T or a4i|*ripiBa ^ vailiij^ v "i^"**"; aloaini atd 
•MaatMlaAauu 
M, A, v. Navlia. ChucHT-lua— tuptvrad marMDnj (W cnliliulog Ikod ICuiumn- 

altfallwt] 
HI A. V. K aaWa, QuBuir-luo — LB|KDnd a>uain(i7 tar nuuiiilai'UuiiiK loikd 

•ftui(L tCMAUUMInai 
IfM. I>. BMbiuai, C«i»l«M|i lni»na. llTdr puk-Ui|irovciDaiiu la ap|ianiu bt pn- 
wiJac ar naaaulnc asMD la cl^Di;a^ juid t^tnMom, 

i«t J aHludi.<lii*ld-Mi«a^ ymutlB-Bia'TTH— ru%liKp1Mi>dar BMdlW 
ibaoiakiDiiiit tnuadaolautbuwar^ud ta Um <k»pH ud amn siradlUaaa 
aamCactan at krfcki. Ul*^ dHlalii( pips, ud uUiac Mtuka «d dij of a auuIUr 



HIl J. a. Malaaaiii. JrttMoo— I»proi«Baila launonmfcWt kallal 

oUiai buk-praaHm iMaa-u^Ma 
Ud). A. V. KjvaaMi. Oabont- plaoit njawMk— Saml^ lad i 

boala, uid lowluf caUoa 
lOU. i. r. AkuAa. U 



■hfaJaiMda imgr 



I lath* I 



■■ >J»"aM ■ ■■■ ■! 

BluUu ttmtm, •.GOwBOdaaUaW 
IDitJt. I. PaniaD, John-aB«ol Waal, BaKakaij— to pn rwamiito Id apinjMu 



uhobipapkM (Mona 
Iti&I. w;i3uk.aunf 



, "tiininiT lini /In Urfaottd biUBmaiu foi UidkMi^ Ika 

•laan. lOnamaiiiaiJiJfi) 
lODP. W. Anollj^fa. VtoXaj Inawurkj^ uid Q. Lea, Whnivj, aai> ^a^ 

maoM m llw mauntaiiui* nl iioa 
JPll, J. tiBrrh, Otaaduu/, aud J. WUUkD^ WalUoftaa, Fiatiji laiiaaid 

■Bcurliui lUc oOi of nDm^ In (kalr chain 
IDU, ). 0, lUddu, QuuHnrov, W«tialiialai— bafmraBnt w lM| 

■utlui^ a£id nOBlDK af Iran. tOaomoaUaUoaJ 



lOU. C. J. BiudMr. Kea V<uk-IaK«nd 



CWadilfrtllL 
dlilc 



'Ufa 



mil. I, MArrntt. O kaa M i toj caaaaa a li la nactdDoir « auMiaa Iv < 

■uTliiE Uilla. nTNk wlat Md albaf dailUr Avfla^ 
lOU. J.UaMte*i,lLiragUkIIILaaar KiddarailaaMi-^ aaa ar Imiiunt 

aaad la Ua gwanhrtura <d Hpu 

loil, K. U. LharlUar. Parta— miciimnanta Id alipitli 

lOU. J, lufjud. ilaTailcif—liuimniiiEiiia lu iwiliUiarT >>r fitkuif aat 

Mvtua fhbnca and aluilar aalUJea 
ICiV r. IJ. I«|anl, nalt— iBiirvfid aalrt/ apiiarataa la ta tgpUid In Ika 

nn^mta 
ISR. T. WUkiii. luJ J. BiiB°"i EaailiuuiuD. Siwwt— As apisraUa 

Aa« w ■iippEt of tfju 
JO10. r. 8. JuUd*. Kaniard'a'luD, UUban— latpiwaurma lo |itu| 

luuiiilifiiu* u( uaper 
1011. i- LiipiKtu, Laiaaltf— Imprand appaiaEiia fur (avroalDjg th* 

iKldn 

iMnf Ai-ra II, 
ItU. J. B. PucBl, ttfOM tVueB.-llupnivaiuiui> in ulivlriii lamia 
lOU, J, Manlon, Kj ^ a n l-acrr*!— linproromnnta ui Um faalva^DCB^ 1 

moQIa Dkfl ftiF aupEWIlDji or ipi.4riLij£ ulilUU] irtih Iri Ilia lobtillt 
10IT- J- and K. BoUllff. M. IViVaaijioit. Liriumg^l^ii^— Ad ijqpivtc^ 

vl ailjiulliu cTuiidulkca 
in*. W. K. Nevioi. L'liucail-laiit— ImpnTawadbtnllianiuun 

flLaai^ or nlbrr ba^aat amala. lOaoiDuilcallrfD) 
IVtl- D. lUadluii. Ckiwdiin. Warakk— An appanlin for ir 

(ba Utfl th flr*-pluva and data 
)M1. P. V. UMonaaDaDd O. btafd, Paila— A uaa udluinaadt 

tar nil**} aud Hhai w¥<a(Ba 
10U, C llaila*. UkaBTT-laaa Oaafenitnt tha uuita ud lUN <r I 

tkaaaai* niM fluiiliAlai a kot^r tdaal, b>iii( a iimikn aaiT caa Ml 

blaaifanan'- ;CUounul«aUiB fiwo T. AMildnii. Huilam, 7«ncr, 
\W. 3. KauubiMan, toaaaliitil. Sdudiiaier— ImprvnaianM la w 

tlialia. ud IB atMattimr tBuuraiUuiUit tha aama and oUiat i 
/UUf JyM IL 
ICId T. Wlckl, ud T 0, OhuNn, l'ai> al Uood llapc~*ait:iia!lu •.__ 

krlillai. CDCua abra^ Su.buBp. ■luIi'Uinc. Ac. lata ililKl u.il<alkJaa| 

fbr adapting tad ajj|jtjliig Iba lllir\>ij4 pEabU of SouLli A^Ua 1^ (|m| 

IDUBliftma 
IWI. J- Uulisr), Bliiuiu(Iiiai— U>[ui>niuuiia lu tiia luuutai-lun at i 

panuhdrfba 
11>il. IL A. Bnmpao, llart-aViwt — ImpEnTpmrnB* la ntadiUunj tat aalilB^ I 

pnailDC, and DHjuldlDC- lOjaianurai^'mrioiu M. ETiardJ 
IMA. IL Khoalaa, Uaadiaalar— libyroteowula Id bucIudvejt flr afvamlnaj 

nre 
InT. J, U. Johnaon. UuBatnVIDii'btd*— Inpraranmu In loarekiwai ar| 

raladofullvnliiieit Baida. lOaaBaanhgUaB fcmi J, l aia c mi 
lOAB. A. V. ftaaldd. Oh aa wf T-La n a ImpKiaamapf id oidlufl — il>M 
IMl. II. WUIh Uanuluaatraua)*. Ora^lua-raad— tBpiorad r'-nil 

bif air u> Dflfaaa and Oaa nad Inatmainna 

fMlad .4|>r« IS. 
UOI. J. OoHliUh WaUloilbm Lmlga. ;<iutl>iuul>i>tlai>d— An iBiavnd i 

tufoUiar tka pan* <il all kind* uf doalla.) koliea eoiupaaad at luialUi i 

mill aa TiaaJi tar onuJuiaii nmd^ |>*'^ *<'■ 
IM*. A. V. Noaun, CbanniT lone— LDiprwcd amaralu br mUu Iba 

lor eoala ud rtkar unaaiiU. lUamaigaballua fnut L. Vt^, Km j 
IMT, Kh F. Brunal, HampaCaad-Eaad— ImpfQi^Drfub la rvMitf ~~ 

dibar anbttieiiiad acrWaiaa and anUr^ and la uackliwy and 

Ikerafn 
IMP. T. KldianUvn.Kaonalli-ui-TTni^aiidM.rnnllawmBTiBUba— I 

iB Iba DiabDf4iiun of mauDra 
Ion. J. U. l^aiUcE. I'arU— lukprniiiDCDU In blndlBf aoeounl ud alkav | 

t.MlrJ JiWI II 
im. i;. UaQali. iHiJDi-nrHi. M. Jijnaa — liBpntnoiUi la talla 

aaillaaei. (CVHDmaDlmliio) 
lint. H. I. Cnnk, KaUlat— LupnniiKBU lu ibc oioda at oi^kid i..^ 

Inn raUrla, aaCca, ciMinii. nmit, IwUan. i^aaca. ud lakia atBlWI 

tUBBbffan 
Utr. B. lUodla, hUtaD. I^ouainr— Infconsnl* In Ihal appanlaia ■ 
and otiM prIailuK kuown aa Ihe aiava 

PATKSTS APPLIED FOIt WtTH COUPLKTE BriCIPIC 
Mt. O. tillamu. HaMariiiianu, I'. H.— Aaaa a»d luatal laawl 

fui' «liicklkfiiG ur laiafLiui; unrfJinr ani^ar lo iba ahaui tf on aacbar a 

biaj la tiding bu auiJ mmutian baUit amaotl bj* kUa a ' 

Hank It. 
Ml. A. 1. Quluka. Pirta —Imp naa nu ila In apuuwliu bi tattikt^ i 

IndlokUnf Iba iUiMdcc tnnUud kf ntaklH.— Man^i U 
t»». M. ttm, UUIaparalnat-A pmaMa prtaUM a|i|wMiM^ 

moaaatife Ijp^ UUmsTUdi/. anilir-irpaf-plal<i -A|tnl I 
Pol. U. bunntUu, Okadhidk l>e<i)u~]dakU| tba «u Ittaaal hr I 

*vi«< cf ii<Lvula wliiUt koiulng or trHHtumai (kaia Uma iiu 

Ajii l1 Ii 
Ifit. J. r, V.iAmau-n^RueOibrlalla. Uislmaflta.afarra'la— Itol 

dtvlaruBlkiD of aolnial and tafDialilaaDbBUvea*,— ApflJ I 
llOa C. Ilaihia, lAaMMT'lua— A uatlwBlodayi'uaiiu (ir I 

alia Ima of ur luUn p»st. :CiiuUBilaicaUi<u Itma J~> 

rranai. -April M 




THE CIVIL ENGIXEEE AM) ARCIUTECTS JOURNAL. 



169 



ABEHOUSES, CHOBLTON STBEBT, MANCHESTER. 
{inaam £nfnit<t»s. Plate XV.) 

Tn vi*w eihibiu oim bnlf of Ui« nnncipa] froDt of it dealgn 
I eitMiur* rnnn of mrahoiue Wliiilw* to be etnctoii In 
ibeuer. The bloA will ooiuiat of Mrorid nnhouMt, Mcb 
parfMtlj dWtiitot, Mid Mdt rtqolriiu three •ntnDCca, one for 
cnaloiDnr*, ou* for porttn^ *nd ou« }or wuou. Tim nature of 
tba lUa reqiuN* tliat all iJieM eotraneea aliMl b« fron lb* froat! 
■ad kdnuiU{p< hna breii Ukno "f this drcumatanoc to form aa 
nrehitMfonl fmure Uy coubEning of the thm Id each wap»- 
bona«L bringiiw iheoi lorwmnJ it littls In adnsM of tbe genwiJ 
Ua« of Um MudiiMt, mod nddJDg *om« luoowtt of doootiilioD to 
tha piani utd opriiiiin over thenu Thu treatiupnt vill, it U 
mmeUd, girs piny uf light anil abede, uid AD mppearBDce of 
ikbnm to ihr whole taout, wIilU at (he attoe time it will moet 
dMucUr iu liAtr lbs iMuUng dirialona of tlie building. 

(.^4r« line been t&kcn to omut)t« the dreign eo that ili«re ibnll 
be a* lilllc likbdlity mm pamible to diittarbuice fn>[n the iiiiMUkl 
•KtloBientof Buwonc^ aad briokwork if carried up aide by •idu. 

Tb« baaeuMul, itnag-ooDraeak kej-afonei^ ape and bajoa of 
ptUaca^weaicM^ajidotmreevataiMilubsturM an proposed to be 
•■Mated la DarUy Dak aloae, the reuuDlng portiooa In briok- 
iree%, tbe onutukentAl gntinge in front of bnwnent irtBdows 
is eaat itva. Tlie lUalgDa hATe been preiiared bjr Mr. T. Boach 
itb, of Adom-etnet, AdetpU. 



THE DESIGNS FOR TKE NKW OOVEItXUENT 

0F»'ICE8. 

B>fou> the iame of our next number, the jodjne appointed to 

oa the groat oanpetitioO of the Amy — the future " (tonni- 

OfliM*" — will, ill >ll |imbal>ility, have tuvlr ibrir nwrnrd, 

tbe bopw or feara uf Ibo Slti oomuetilors he •«( at khI. 

iWbila, aa put of tli« nijihtHM'oing public, it boliovt^ ue fire- 

qoentlv ta eaUr an apficaraiico at WcstmioRCsr nail, an'l nlio^ aa 

j«afHtaloQid •crnlineeni, to euutribatc our quotit to the atocfc of 

noopded erilKiMn. 

It ie iaapaaaiUe to orerrato tlie iuipuitance of the eubject before 

n: whether it be virwvJ m ,-ui ari^UeetDfal uii|Kirtuoiijr not 

ttkelyanoti to'^M.'ur K^ii, or >u a *|>oeinJ ooowioD lor thedemlop- 

t of talrut liithTto ran^olaj, ur far ripruing iind expnaMog 

oherialiod ■eotunoDta towariU art which have oidiuAtily 

vhannel of iliflueioni or, once uuiv, if it be reoanled a« a 

ovlnatmS' open to the world, and in whioli, thorefore, 

mA whiienur tlivliata might be vxpecind to atnun every nerve, 

a»d tax (o the atmoct hin encrttiee and akill. 

When we t«flc«t, therefore, on the coupnntively limited period 

for the cLtbi^ntlioii uf ei> <y>iii[irvhvitwr« and diflicull a 

and tli« hn thnt other public c«iii|i"tilio)iK, oocurrius 

•taaltaD^onalv, hnvn (Ueidnl the atti-'Otion of luanjr of the 

it ia tnilj- n marvel to behold wfant hu been arconi- 

led by the vorioiia authora, ua ehevu of UIuHtmliou ranging 

bmm 1 (a 4i to tn-'ii iodiTidoal. and oo drawings in the aggn^wte 

Miuiuiting to some tbooMiid* in number. 

fiefcn enteriug in detail on our taak, wa cannot withhold a 
tribata of eommMiilation to the wny in which, gtaieraUy ijxuik- 
llVi Ibe drawinif* hare been lunuiged f-ir riAuiiii&liuEi, Kuch ant 
takeptaamnchaa poeaibie tomlli«sr, aud le pUinl/ mnrked un 
*nry Amvi with Ita own aerial flgvre^ aocording i<> jicNitioii, ao 
■feat It la no dIKIculi nuttar at onoa to aaeerUiin to which aot any 
pMtlniliir JrawiiiK may hajnien lo bclonji. Tliia ia tJie mora for- 
^Viaif, tinea, m tlie n^ationa inued iva|ii>cliug e^e, cUametor 
^Umwinga, and mode of Unlahiag, were unuaually auiiiKent, a 
^*^Sreie of ^milikrity In appeaTnaea la eometunn oecewamy con- 
it, and this might, tberrfore, luve boeu otherwise prodoo- 
~ eonfiHfon. It mmt not, huwei-er, be a»ticoalcd that a 
penporlion of the «<iiu[iiiliUira hnvu bri>k«a througb the 
ib<>d onadhioun. and have liutod In uoniiatakeable oobura, 
JQ Iheir pinna and aedione, aiul aome even their elsvatioaa, ao 
™U tbe "light brnwD India-ink," which, and which alone, woa 
J^^pulaled for in the " Inatraotiona," wuuld arvra to b* cbauioloon- 
''*•*, Tiiihln in many a ahade and hiM; and, io juitii(w to lh<iae 
fottiuri who luive oooadeDtioiHly adhered to the rtilea laid down, 
'^ >• to be bcmd that the JndgM will not orrrlonk Llieaa trane- 
KriMiiwiL W« Bftke thia remark for the «ko of faimna, not 
I ^u; wa hold in avny particular with tlie judidonaaeaa of thoae 

^1»V «(,— Vol. M^-Jci.«, im;. 




inelrootiune, nor ou emy point with their capability of betnc 
dearly oo<I«relood. 

^^'hen, OH (he opening dmj of exhibition (^fay 4tbX all Londoi^ 
aa U wcrv, aalliad forth to Weatoiinatcr Hail, luid oanArtB ameag 
the number, the fint irapreaiEoa generall/ created by the ligbl or 
the drawings wu ona bordering on dlMppointaient: and, aflor 
oar«M-ily gLujciag roand the eeveral torMB^ It waa iMt luiaoca- 
moQ for frieade, who rceogDised each other, to ahmg tbeir 
aboulden, and mmt that the whole lot might be w«*ded down to 
ahoQt a doaon. Suocaatlva vialu have, bowerer, to a great eximt 
eet aaide ibis harty jodgmeat, aEnoe it tiinif out, a« &«t)u4>ntly 
baj^ptom that not a fow of the leaet aiaiimlng are the moat man- 
tonouai while the bolder and more ahowy, baring atnated a 
momentary attention, dwindle into thdr tme rank ofooaipnndfia 
nothlnsiiieaa. 

In tu« architeeltral duiraeler which ha* been o^rcra to (ha 
deaigne, tlxre i* gJmoat every oiaivivable eariety, dictated either 
by tile predilectiona of their authora, or by the aappnaed bamMoy 
or BctiiiU iiieorporatloa with exUting bnildingii. Acting oo thdfe 
ground*, there ar« eeveral Gothic desigu which more or leea 
agroe wlUi the giitantic nnUonal work Immediately ad]<»'>i'>X> ""1 
now boarly compleleal; and aUo with Wntaiiaater Abbey and 
Uall: othrn have fnumlcd their dedgnaupeciClaailDnodu^aod 
eonform to the dotniU of Wliitcball, th« TroMafj, or, It oi^ be^ 
the Ooree Uuarda. A third dau aeeka to oonpromiae mactara, 
hr corrriug that portion of tbe ar«a whkh borden ranai upoo 
GothiobaUiUnge, withatiothioitracture,aad t<{efi«w4. With- 
ovtpronmuicUifua tbe great qoeatioD of OotlUsw Claaatcorou 
the wropmrninog •apedleDta nut referred to, it may b« gathered 
tnta an eioRiinatinn of the beat drawinga, or a perai^ of th« 
" RaportJt," that eaoh poate e ae a maa^ an ardent ^unpion; aad 
public "piuion, where diveatcd of pr*ju<lior, aeemti |tretty equxlly 
divided on (ha aubject, to that it ia impovible t« a&tiopate the 
Important dediice). 

In regard to B/oek Ftltm and Grmtral arramgement, we eoncoJvo 
that tome diflicoll^ niuet nltunatelv be diacovured. lince, eoma- 
what heedletttly as it may be thought, a liberal pmiiluni i* to ha 
awardod lo the bnit hlujk plnn, aud uthera to the boH detalleid 
arrangomont^. N'lw, on the fni!« of ihiuga, the pmunptton Ii^ 
that, practically, Ihaae duuhtlon good, but abor^e^tai^ Intan- 
tiona will he, fnisiraiiil, liiadmacb aa ibera can be Uttlc hope that 
tbe apprvred bijck flati (that U p(r *f) and the approved foirral 
dttlyn will at all ooincide^ «n a« to reader the blradlng of tM two 
n f^ble mutter. TMa dUBonlty appears b> bare bMB generally 
folt, for while there are some eompetllon who have from lUflbrenc 
oauses »ont in for the block plan (a BiaUen-, moreover, inrotviiv 
much more head-work than hcIuaI labour^ the majority of COO- 
pellhin whoae design* will repay *cruiiny, have baaed their 
ilMigna for the respective OfBoM oa a "weli-aooiiderod* blodc 
]Ann. 

Aiiothnr diHSciiltv, with wlildi in all probability, the Commia- 
xioner* theiiiM.'Ives liod not the skill to grapple, wa* WeatmineUr 
bridge; whether it should bo retained or removed, and what meana 
of aooMB eliould be provided from aoroei the river. Aeoordingly, 
at the oiitM-t, thie beeonte* a main tiueatlon, aud we may atata at 
oneo, thiLt as fur n* nor obiHTvntion goe*^ though anme being it 
about \iy* yarda farther north, the nMijcmty<^achen)eBBlMW it 
retalnnl iu itaprsent pneiiiou, but reckon on tbe widooiag aa 
ooniuH-uced by Ur. Page. The o'luiuiitiee which sat hut aeaaioa 
to o^iiHider the site of tbe bridge, advised (bnl (he new worfa 
should u-it be procoedrd with until the block i>lHii>t fi'r the eatira 
area were prefiAred. It waa alwi recommtiiiauil by Urnn that a 
new bridge shuuKl Iw ercclFil between lAmbath Palace aud tbe 
Horaeferry. Nearlv all the p^mpetitora agrne In pladng a naw 
bridzo of anii'lv else at Charlug-crm^and tbl* i* ahMiluUl; 
raquulle to relievo the uv<4%rnwded traAc which now at an im- 
meMe diaulvnntase i* compellod to travcrae Vfatmlnater bridge. 
Eron if one of the block jilans be dedded on, it dnoa not follow 
thai it will be iuiniediatelv uan*ied out. ll seeiiii, however, lo be 
lint coniui"n iH'iise iheC thlaebuuld be tbu lirat thing determined, 
and tlut the now War and Pnrmgn offieea ehonld be prepared in 
con form ily with it: after which the remaining works conl«iuplaled 
may be procerdetl with al leisure. While on the 8''i'«ntl «ubjrc( 
of arreuifaineDt, it nu^v be mentioned, that there nrc very many 

rilaiM which 'Mx-iipy a &r greater area than that defined by the 
uiindory lln^" prnMribod: in fict, «orni> partle* have ebame- 
leaaly beggrti, b»rrv>weil, ur stoleu, ni iiuitvd coiivfuivnce. thai ob- 
taining aa ioiiueiuureulileadvnnlageover thoae who rig^ily krpil 
within bound*. It ia to be bojied that avch treapaaeen wtlL, i«^ 

1.^ 



. 



ittt 



THE CrVIL ENGIVEER AND AECHITECT8 JODBNAL. 



tfce toftre of jsiriM*, mnftt with thsir da*. Th« qDoMlnn to b* 
decided ou oogbL in Uio fir<l tnntjuice, to bo, whidi drawiDg* arc 

rilj In wofonoitj with inntmctiona ; and next, wbicli of ihcw 
oa th« «lvol« moat anilabte. Any iIa<rUtjon tram rul«ii Ui<j 
down •bovU liAV9 bMO ihown by aupplemnutu-j draningt or 

fly-IcftTM. 

Ad«iiutel]' to dMcribe awh of th* boat of iebuao* in tn%y 
bafon w, would ennrDocfa too much on the ajmcr At oar dkpoMl ; 
va ihall t]i«ivR>re exa-ralne k portiou Mtrialin,, u a Gur ouDpla of 
the compIaxlaD of the whole, and att^rwarda aalecc ouI;r audi aa 
frvm tbvir tncritu or MculUritlaa hava ■ claiin to tioltr«. 

No. I, oonaist* of 8 ahaata in plain ointli&a. Corridor anwiga- 

.aWQt wbU oontrired, affordios a aoparat* eotnnM to auJi rocdn. 

iniaaa cmridon are li^jhted Tnim open ftrcaa, aod the prindpal 

M hj two glaaa dumea. Tlw elavMiona are p<>ur. but Id 

lUM dag^raa aaaiBulata with tfae praaeot Traasnrjr buJldiiig*, 

No. % la a kiod of " Roman" daaigti, but aeta ai dnJianeo all the 
nln of oompodtion and precedent. 

Na 3, praadubi tlim Ibdiui dealgna, on 16 abeet^ »lt of the 
itfroplaat and moat iiiiohar*ot«r!alio atyle. 

Ko. 4, In plan exbihiu two uniform btocka of hajldlng, hod in 
devataoB an Ilaliao front, aoniiewhat t*mp, nwiDg to tha ropati- 
tkoi of oartAin foatarca. It i* apariot; in dcoontiot), but colironed 
hjr kftw trophiea aud eruiduUDra, aUo bv oomaianAl uicbea for 
approprlala autoea. 

Nol S, ia ptiiiM tltrovn awav In er«ry reapoct; one uf tlio most 
Upnxniainft dcaigna in the place. 

No. 6, parlaktaoftba Lombardieelement, but with "BriUuaDt«" 
&r Ita motto. Some portion* are diwidedly Freucb, aud (li«re ia 
A* diunotarlatic IStfttur« of high aud pMoUar roofe. The dwioa 
of tha wings ia good, and tlia attira and dome* ara oxoellanUy 
deriaed. 

No. 7. UDitea the (wo department* in one bulldinfi. The deaign 
'eases to be an adaptation of Botana atchiteotni*, but ignorea 

orUooi^ which tlieaulhorarjrsareauiielesaappendage^ esJudiDg 

tht,and sdmittitig rain. TomakonpforthiaanaaiMloiiiisaloDt 

.(ra attentloD hu been beatowad on Uie windows, which aM 
Ivudered proportioiinbly important. The effect of the whole is, 
huwuvcr, ft«ble. A well rrtti^u report Is appeuded. 

No. 8i is ia aome resiieota ambltjoua. There are IS drawings 
to explain but a aorrr ttaliau deaiga, which looks beat In fUuK. 
Hie report abounds In bad apelllD^, is vagnaly drawn vp, and 
dwells Ear the mrnt part oo the daairafalenoM of ample "suaca." 

No. S, TAe Idei ^ Marth art eome, and No. 13, Canfiie reelt 
dpeae, are two of thoae nlMuiiuable ]ior|jeimtioDa often put forth 
under the ontne of " GAlhic," but with which they have uo actual 
freliug in common. 

No^ 10, ii a aueful set of dmwioga, well dolinoatad, and in 
outline only. Thehci^tof buildiug i* divided btothniDatoriai, 
In wbloli the lower hua ruittiuattoua, and the upper uoea are 
oolumtiinted. The whuIociToct ia uinenfldpoor,notwithatiLudiuj{ 
•undry hitu nf acnlptur* and other enrichmctita. 

No. 11, noma, — u a ^ond apodmen of bail Claanc 

No. li, nitracla, na it dvavTri^n, conaiderable altentinn. It i* a 
fbralgu dwigu, aud in chiefly noticeable fur the boldnua and 
■ytuuetry of iba block plan. Weatminster-bridge Ih pruixMMl to 
it tcinoTad M br down aa Richmoud- terrace, auil wnuld •'•pea a 
vule ativet UTiiiiiiatini[ in a houdaanio ir^OAro, to be'callctl PJAce 
i* GouverDcmrnL On each aide of this slmtt thtve offlcea are 
prupoK-d to be erected, the Admiralty and the Hume Office facing 
the river, and the other side of the squire would beapproprfatod 
to the remaining offloes. The now Tniainry woidd form tlie oentre 
of the wrat aide of the aqoare, Correapondent improremants ara 
nggMted on the Snrrer eide, aud alao a new bridge iH-lween 
lAnbeth and the Ho mftiiij . Nurmiiat the arL<lii(«i.-t(iruI p^>nioa 
of iha detl^ he overlookoj; for though oertniuly moat uiililttily 
la haniioniee with uelghboiiring buildlnsa, being eeeenlUlly 
rmirh, it hna great iatriuaic merit, and Ilka several other pro- 
ducuooi of the aoine achool, ia meet beautifully drawn. Colour ill 
alio cleverly aud /rmlj/ oaed. 

No. H ii a ttxT Bjwciweu of "0«ruua Qothlcv" but not at all 
pnpoaaeaaing. 

No. 1^ la a kind of "CUaaic" ileNign.Tery whiimiically treated. 
An cSeot is aDparoDtly attempted to be gained by certain 
ioeqnalitiee of level in the floors, &%; thia it by no meana aatia- 
&ctory. 

No. Ifl, la a modiltaatinn of " CUasle," saroeir more eueaeaiAiL 
The plan embneea (wo nearly oqiuJ block* of baUdiag, wilh a 
haodaome archway belwean them. 



No, 17. outlined in brown Ink, b Italian, prtttj wdl yrouptdt 
but wanting in atrlklng feaiona. The block plan oontoin* aeaa 
KtAxl aoogertiona. 

No. l^ia a moat loborioua prolDction, but withal not Mod. 
The whole block arm Is oovcrol with one huge mius of bofldbiK 
which from this very bet becomes inconmiimt and annoMge- 
ablc. Tlic elevation is Ilatino, and nrateDtioiu^ ImttbawfBH 
with their double doniea oattudanoe tne centre. We obaerre m 
thia doign what ia straagety wauting lu a great nnmbor cf the 
other Clamiu ouea, a long panel of aculpiure under the priacipal 
•ntnbUture. 

No. 10, [alao Itfllian) doe* aot call for partieulornicaark. 

No. 2(^1 under the motto Conmo, exhlolle deaign* far tha War 
and the FurcigD olficr, iu a aerie* of SI ex<jai*it« diswinn. He 
geaoral block plan lie^n Biiut rcwtuliknc* to that of Na It, 
axoept that here the Troatiury biiilJiitg would Dot intercept th* 
view into the park. The principal objcot of tha nnthor ha* ben 
U> ooncentratc theao oflieea oi much aa pcaaible, iu the diapoaiticni 
of the two blocka luid down. A new stnet is propoaed freta the 
Victoria Tower aa far as Tlctorio-atreet, 'Mennng aww the 
manaea of a^joiDlug housM, and taking dowo alao the aoDtbidile 
of Great n*orM-etrc*t. The stylo of arcfaitfctnre adopted it the 
Bomau- Corinth inn, and eome pnueeworthr novelty of trvattunt 
ia obsprvaUc in tbe windowa. Although the genermi dfeet b 
exoelleiit, the oulUue agalnal the sky ap|>«an to be too modi en 
up iui<i fritter**!. 

No. )!l, ia nnolber of the atrociona ehuaie perpetrationa of wfaM 
tlie leaa that la Boid the better.— eifihlMSi loi^ge sheeU of waited 
piprl 

No. as, a "Reooiasanoe" ooiBp(Nllioi).laoiindoB*, in IfaeaUk 
oapecially, — wbicli, indeed, would have been bettor oimitt«d. 

No. is, (,£) ilniwiiign) la IbUiiui, au<l bju aome Bood pcdntS) only 
that the atoriod levdi are not wull managed. There i* a cos- 
tin uoua arcade (feoieatmled) along the firat'Door, which hoa ft noble 
alTeet. 

No, Hi, a very eomplet* Bet,good in parte, but not anuidi 
for the object. The cotnioe ii w<ak, and i* deroid of r 
aealptun or attiea. 

No. i6, baa novelty ia the plans, Ther*Isalarg*of>enai«»«r 
qumlruigle iu ilie centre of the block of bulldiuga, haviagalair' 
mae* al each uf the four eomere. Th* aUvacioo Is eoe of A* few 
founded on the castellated type^ . 

No. ST, exoepting it* plan, which i*oleTea',iaperfeotlyabatirlj>* 
"(3crmaa Gotbio." 

No. 98, ia oootlier tustance of troiibl* thrown away; for Imw> 
ever aatlalhetory In other rtepecta, theelevaUonaof neiOiaraf tlw 
thfM dealgns cod for a ni'imout be (jilemted — Frotn the plan w* 
learn that the removal of Wostmiuater-bridge is conteuuUted. 

No. id, ia vary ordiuary ClaaBic. TheonlorisCoiiDlUai^ with 
eolumiui engaged, aud ruuuiiig up between th* wtadowi to lb* 
helffht of two etorim, 

No, 31, Italian, in 10 dmwinn, ia a deq^ better. 

No. n2, Laban H era, la iadeed Ubonoua. Tbe daaigit ia KB 
esecmble one, of tlint atamp tiuUiarly known aa " OarpanlM^ 
tioibic" 

No. 33, may also b« pa«*ed over. 

No. 'M, two " Ronaiaouieo" doaigna, are well oompoaei^ but 
dcficiont iu Ituwling ruvhitcctural fcntum. 

No. :ts, ia dectdeilly oup of the hit good Gothio dcrigaa ; tiM 

Clans, too, an w«)I nmuged. Tliev comprue a nobi* aqaar* 
lock, wh<^*e outline Is quite unbroken, aod the high pJMiwd 
roo6 whif'li cover It, pmaerve the some aorerity of torn. In the 
penpiKtive is shown one of the chief feature* of th«*clieiDe : VIX., 
a Urge stiiiicase, oocupyiuK tbe anglev and whose line* of mifOUT 
and opeuiuga follow ii« direction of the atepa. TIm firlMl|IM 
merit of tli* da*ign. liowrvn-, apjienra to be tbe proportaoiUM of 
it* horinontal Cntium nml tho grouping of it* window*; tM** 
are aometimea in couplM, and ■oraeiiiuM euchiaed by a eon- 
tinnons orcada. Scul|>ture is lavishly liitrodiiead, •onetiiBeatt 
would app«nr, at ron/bim, mjieoially over the grouid^tory 
window*, and the riohcat omamnntali"n is ■iispootd ncKC the qyft 
A very beautifhl vi^ctte drawing, ahuwing one bay rrtmpleiit 
aecompaniea tliia design. 

No. as, is Ilnlion, aud ?re!l drawn. A mala feotore eooalM* ef 
aplaxn. The plAn propose* an alteration in tbe podtkin rf 
WeMminster bridgo. 

No. 3Ht >* nnothnr good apecimen of hod Oothlo. 
No. 39, (Italian), hna a mu*l oomblialed plan and il]-p^|M^ 
tioned elevation, orowued with oa Ul-tooUng domft 



TH£ CITU, ENGINEEB AND ABCHITKCTS JOURNAL. 



m 



H«. W, fa T«tj inianor CUmii^ ijiaiU lubdued in detail. Tb« 
bD hM brntn well •tadied. 

Nu. 41. tirvMola mhos anouAllM is wtuit bs^ b* Unaod tb* 

-ViUft ityla, Tbt (ffaet of tb« dectwniig or gmliuUjr 

rMtlnii iUm fa (oiioiM. TIm ^rlioa i* braltea bjr bhiim- 

g4loBo*liMooldiig ofwa towsn. In the pl»a l» •iMwn & 

t fcr anbukiof the rirer, Mid oouMnctiim k ({MoLmu 

) ftlong llie aide. 

4^ i«, m pnMiSMi fonadwl oa noiao of the upecimciu of 
lUUiui, but tb* fMJ>« of tho mMter ia waatiaa. Tba 
• lue ft pooiiUroat bckp of nutiontioai^ nod of oomm, 
ornamoBta ; in fiwC there ia not Ml aion of aeoalbk 
I wall nnjwbere. It fa to b« lioped that tliete t» an chuice 
■ mtli ft devgn, omwttbaUKlIag the inSi^te mtdj aad labour 
It muM bAT« ooet thu author 

No. -U, fa oC four atnriee, the eentre annnounted hy An <ieUr- 
geoal doiM, but tbn detttiU ia tbe ooiauadtMi) «f which an 
foaUvtir larger than thuMi in the m&ln building below t The 
plan fa irregular, and nwkwnnlljr ooDtriret^ but tbe written 
.fagood. 

, M, oven mach to artirtii: ildll. Ia tbe deaiftn Ibe pabUo 

I an Um eaat ei'te of Farliameat^treBt are iuleoded to be 

!)!(;* and, od the wrel, CUenc Tlie poeitioa of Weet- 

brii%s fa not inteHerrad wiih, for raaaoDa which are 

Nix 45, laboun «nder tbe mufbrtiuie of being aonroelr appre- 
le. owian (a the flreblcaeee of tbe dnwiuga, aud the great 



brldc& [or the purpoaM of tbe Bonrd of Trade, Adminltj, and 
the Htme nad Ooloulnl oBoea. In tbfa deatgn, ootunuu are 
liberalhr enplojreil. 
Id 67, ample proviriMi baa beao Bade (ur li|^li&g the dUlcreQt 




P 



|[ht At wbi«fa the pUu and (keeriptlou are abeurdlf liaog. 
I par«pccilir«, wluch ia > bird'a^ej* (IlenauaaBae] doca not 

iae nanh. 

. 4&, fa quite A barleeqtie. The drawing! kltogetlier are 

Jlo, lU, ha» the ceoeatrie mottOt " No corridora," vhloh proree 

lo be the key tu the pko. Tlie alyle at architecture cboeeo fa 

Om Italian, ail.! ihuu);h io point of wmpoeition it manifeMe 

BooaidMabfa ekill. yet. for the object inteoded, it ia Mauredlj 

faMppioprfaie. The olei-atiua ia krpt low, luid rignrouely pUn. 

[Tlie bl'wk (ilan looks at fint aitflii doubtful, but tuma oat ta 

' arc Kimo r«cvniii>eudntory fmlure*) eepociolly the one implied 

the motto. WueUuinater brS>^ niisht be either retuued or 

0ved -, Huogerr^nl bridge would be wideocd far carriage 

Fha^'^ and a uew bridge be oonatrucud at Huratfvrf^.road. 

No. fti, fa cluedy notictioble 4i a plulu milid bum of build ing^ 
bat mixrfa too iiuipid for eatiilkotory uffetl. It may be ofa aae d 
H " Antyfar Itnliao.' Some of the deiaile will bear exaraina- 
IMH. and there fa aoaw novelty in tbe trcKtmont of Uie nroh- 
ImuW window*. 

Tbe author of N'ol At bae produced tbi' giant work of tlie ool- 
Itotlvei, lu auhnitting oo l«a thuu 43 van'fulIy-esecHttd draw- 
iajCa> expiatutory of two deaigne, one being in the Uotliic etyle, 
and the other (whir-h la inluiitely the belter) in Iteuoiaance. 
Tboogh tbfa latter eviiicoa cooiiidorablo elUll iu ploii and el^tire 
■rangeoMnt, it fa ouircelj^ up to tlie mark, aa a cominrieou with 
oUient in iramnliale onutij{uity will hIiow, Tlio <>o(liic deaign 
fa borruwod larKvly fi^m a well koowD Fnuch example, upon 
wfaicfa the &i);biili f><aiuTee art oalj grafted ; and, na raony of 
theee an i^nlle out uf pUee^ aapecially an euormouut ohurch-like 
wtadow, — wliidi isnslitultM tlip mitral fraturv, auil ia tui.>n)oviir 
by no mMiH required by oircuuitlauive, — it luay be iniagioed 
that. Ml a wh>ilu, it ia not pleMinji. 

Na ^6. ia wvli pUnned, eepeoially in tbe raonaer of lightiu, 

lor wbioh farge gtowd an^ an aecured. The drawiuga ihrougn- 

oax ara cnmU. tlic detailed pirta etpeually ; the flMlgu ileelf 

^^onld haro looked bett«r hatf it been fan fuiay. We are glad 

^Mp nute a liberal nee of eculpture. 

^H^ Ni.1. An, in a kind of Bemuaeanoe, luokiua inuob better iu the 

^berotiwii Uuii tbe iMrapeotire,— ou tli« ParUanieDl-attvet aide in 

^F^kitt<iiilar. y\UA eirvation line tbe wiiiua alightly projecting, 

add ailmitanrn Krrcn KCroBt,c<>iiiiectlna the two anil oain|>1etlug 

itba regularity uf ibe plan. The Park clcvaliMU i* olao good. 

^K Koi. Hi, like U, variee tbe etrlc of the two buildiop : ibat of 

^^Pie War OAc«, Mxt Whiielull, very luiioh rMembliag Vvfttt- 

I Till<i'* Witi4«^r CMatU, Bikd Uiat of tlie Forfign Offioe bebg 

P«ii»lian. viih thu roof forflieil into tcrroccx. The plane are 

vvll efaU-nled. Aaioag tbo uuti^nata propiwut to be employed 

•re OaUlompOU) granite B4id Conimill nerpentlue. 

I No. IU, " W*U emtrUer^' oiuwora to ila motto, but is on for 

i*o eatennTc a acale t*i be imrrieil out. A lorp block ••! biiiUiog 



aputmenta ; of'ooiirae tbfa fa ao all-ioiportant mattor. but one 
■ haa proTed a diflicnlt probkeu. 



Tbe 



that asdttr tbe oinnuuitaucBa 
elcTatian fa ttaUan, well maoaed. 

No. 09, baa eaiaued a vaat amount of labour. The perepaotive 
■howi B kind of nlied deelsn, in wblob Ootbic, ItaliaJi, and 
Ueoaieaonoe featuroa ma^ be oWrrod. It fa beautifully drawn. 

No. 71, fa a ooDtinnaboa of the ^Vbilel^U building. 

No. 7S, reoeounenda the removal of Wealminelcr bridge to 
Whitdiall i to make a w^dt entrauoe bito the tvk: and to erect 
one Mock of building! in tbe Italian a^le. The arrangentoate 
are ooufueed. 

No. 73, oarrire ont tbe Tn«cury etyle on one aide, and that of 
the HoDM* «r ParUauetit on the other. The Whitohall front 
hae a tower SOO ftet high, with a clock and belfry otct. 

Nol 7JI, fa n eerica of 14 exquiettedrawjiup Ln peuiul, alttMetber 
•Otoe of the bat that ora enbaiittad. lliey are from a £nign 
aource, aud niny be ranked with Na 1^ before ooticed. Tbi 
plan fa very good, but eepecially eo an the clavatioaa, which are 
m tbe RenaleaftucH atyle, and moat perfeotly etudied ont both ia 
detail and tli* rimmUt, In executico the ohfaf tUi^ that etrikea 
na wotdd bo wnnliufb fa one or morv projecting CMturee, ao m tn 
produce greater vahebr cf light and abodow. The front oooBati 
of thne elorie^ beaidrw the attic (in a Uaoaard roof] Aoi the 
boMmeDt (which fa malicated, and wholly above ground^ On 
tbe gronad atm; tbe diTiakoial pfan art broad aniTlIat, the firet 
floor fa eiig{aind«)luniiualad,aiui OD the eeonid are narrow Suled 
pUaaten. Tm aeetaona are very complete, and abov the fitting! 
of library, &«., nicely touched in. 

A4j>'iuiu|{ this liut Ml id ail Eugllah one (No. 77^ nnqueatfaa- 
ably one nt tbe ven- beat in tlie place. The ate many ingai^oaa 
novelties in the plou, which, b«idea, beat* grideuce ofhariag 
iMca well thought over ; we may inalauoe the centriranoe of tbe 
alaircaen. A^ thoroughfitre of 76 feel fa left betwoea tbe tm 
Uocka of building. Tlie elevatlona are in tbe French BewiiaaaMB 
•trie, of the time of Fioucfa I., and ate rvy good adaptatieoa 
of tbe kind. 

No. 76, ia diiilinjniiah«d hj eomnderaUe novelty and eSbelive- 
nea uf detail ; atiU, oe a whole, the deugu w not n auccoMfiil one, 
being BTDatly wanting in repoee. Tbe area of the groinnd fa 
divided into three united ({uudranglee, but withont anv carriage- 
wav through, — a eehonie nearly foHowed out alao ia No. 7S. 

No. 70. pmpOMa a general ayitetn of ambaukaneut on both 
Buiea nt tbe Thauier^ auio a bridge at tbe HoraefarTy - — opening 
St. Jamea' Piuk to the river by deariug away the houaea between 
Whitehall -place and the Duke of Bucvleucb'a (esoept tbe Ban- 
ilui'rniiiK tli^iiii?!. htid by pulling down Lady I>over'a hooae, with 

Xrtion of thu Ilorae Ouanh^ auid aubelilutiug a acreen of 
ana. There ore 19 drawing* ; the dengn, goMrally, poor. 

No, 68, la on au extetiaive auale, and eclubiU an oallina ^dl 
calculated fbr a moeiderable amount of pfay and oUect 

No. S4, fa decidedly one of the beat uaontf the ° — '— nint 
designa. It fa atatcly and oi-n;unonta]. There fa perfaape a 
•upprabuuiUncG :^ enrichnent, Hid it happen* to be Jnat of that 
claM which, though tetlina well In eTvcl, ia, on clow "xainina- 
tion, oiUa uoianuiiug. The plana at« afao v«ry well omugod. 

Of S'o. 97, the blook plan fa chiefly aoliowablc. 'rho anther 
•uiueeu two bridgae, each CO feet wide, one at CbaHng-oiM*, 
anutbe other oppoaile lAmhoth Garden* ; but tint If only one 
abould be determined ou, Uiai it be pboed in termed Jatcly, aiy, 
opixieit^ to Dover Houec 

No. UH, a an.-itber capital nroductioo in t)ie oame atylo, hut 
niure aiiUliicd. Owing to the drawing* bring unfui-tunatelr 
fteparatol ia llie bao^nj), tlic autlior doe* not nppaar full) to vs. 
plaiti hiiQwtf, ur to have the cmlit to which he fa ecrlaiuly 
entitled. One good feature in lifa deelgu fa the thrvogh-oorridora. 

No. 00, ha* eutaUod Infinite labour. In the block plan tbe 
limit* propoacd nre briMly iiT«iiilri)iptd, ao.l oonitiJerable on- 
oroaobatenu ■buwn on the I'aik. Tliiawtciiliccoaulilill be nuule, 
a* the pieeirut I'linilc-grou ud behind the Ititrae Gnard* b tlM 
onljr convMiifiii aiHit we li^vi.-. MureoTer, the acheuw, !n ita 
oiiiiretv, ciinteuiplaiea a (xeeli l^ing out of tbe arf* between the 
nnraeferry-road aad Sonieraet lioibw. A new bridge ia prnpeeed 
nt Lombetli, and an cmbankiiienl of the rinr m tu' aa SotiiwM 
Houae. Tbe War Office cuualituire an iiu|>ortiiiii featnre among 
the puUio building It fa intended to joiu iuiiucdfataly eoath o4 



: 



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172 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAt 



mom£a 



dw prtwnt Tmuary, but *H h»ck from lh« muI line, Itioqgh h 
■BTHD oxtcDils BcrciM, ftttd to ba crmniad with ui raoraioua 
dooM. Behind thii ia the Pordyii OfRoc, while *till aauthwarl 
(■ uioIImt nogs of buililitu^ uiiifona with the TreMury. Al- 
thoo^ t)i« plana an gaDemnjr pnltj eipltdt, it is uut emir liixv 
Uglit ia obbunad in tbo lower muo oorMon; tb« nppcr ooni axv 
lifted from tbo root Tla luoa qnMtioa viaoa in No. Hit, uid 
ludaed In very niftuj of Ibe dMiooa, a« bafon hinted. 

Vo. 103, baa a well amnnd nlftn, th« tntilduifta iivning ft 
i|ittdnui|{lo, Id Uia e«atr« of which ia a anuJl MiJigonal uU, 
wtmoB Mrridnra ndkt« to tha raapcctlre ild« building*. 

Ho. 109, ia K ouT^ini^ out of tb* Buii)uetttug Hou*« atjl* ot 
■rohitectiuv; the groupaga wvnld bo piuturaaqiio. Onat pMna 
have been beato««d uo ibe drnwiugn. 

No. ll:t,laon«af tfae im|>n«tia>l)le scbemea. Tbcnlaauoha 
rMklwa diaragud «f inatmctinua, uiil of upeoM, tiMt, Ihougfa 
there i« much ibatiapTuacworthyiiitUed«algn,ttouib*r«gud«d 
buL AM n dnaua. 

No. 110, ia n CDoat t«mu-lub1ti ut of drnwinK* both u to ooo- 
Ifon MM maoipulBtiafi. ItiHxhonu by3):)(inkwiu^ including 
rjo block pUn; tb« daajgnafcr tb« Wiu- and FomgD offieea^ 
, ara ihowD under two »R*u(*tnriiU, Th« at^la eboaco ia ft 
ifioatum of that of Nortbem ftaly, trcxtod is a more niitform 
ftnd mfttaive w»j thut uhohI. Urnii vuriet; ia, bowtvor.eomnnd 
t^ (lift alatoM whldioocnpy nluhmiuidtiwlniuIialoiigLli* vnriou* 
frauta^M. Th« author £«Ungiii»h«a hia angl* atftircaaca eit«r- 
uiljr, aa alivadv nntioad in No. 3.1, 

An [lolian deailm (No. 121) hna on pUa, in tbeerntrcof tho 
Wu- otiice, an «li)ibOftl court (l&S bv 1^ ftwt) frvm which 

BMftnt afflc«a radlaM. Th« fronts mrt well oouo«ir«d. 
, No. \i6, i* Bwaiaiftnco, »&d very good. lmiu««iaa labour haa 
lacn btatowod in perfecting ovetjr put. 

No. 198, liK two dcaigoa. That which agraea with the model 
below b Buonealionablj the preferable of the two, and haa aoine 
«xaellant polnti. 

No. IS9, may he nuotod as it apeclmni of pur« Golhio h"th in 
dailga and general noling. Still thar« i* nothing in tbe tout 
fBaniMr beamakiag iti pnrpou. It appear* t'l be rath nr a collec- 
tion ctf pleutngfbgnieuutlianaootiBiaiciiitvhole, nud in oeriaiuljr 
innocent of the appearauoo otiliaaril}' auuuod bj «uc:h buiidiuge 
aa It purpoTta to repr«Mnt. 

No. 130, is of that kind of "Carpenter'a Gothic" which we 
hav« brfarv bod ocmiioli to ajicnk nf. 

No. 13-1. iii niiiolljr D'.ndiucript in another waj. There are 
14 huge clniriu^. 

No. 136, luaket a very good group, being bold In parta^ and well 
Baaeed. 

Na 137, ia one of the extranwant ■chetnea norer likely to be 
raallaed. A good notiuo in tbe piania the covered street down Uie 
caatrei and used aa a Walhalk. 

No. UOHUarw with 3.t,lltl,ani] t£0 tbo Gothic honour* of the 
cxhibitioti. EvrtT part ii woll worked ouL As in 3'j, n good 
remit ia ffitiued by the oouuling of the windows in the dilTeroDt 
atoriea. There ia also coDaldentble play of outline both in plan 
and eleraticin. Tbe dcy-line ia iigr«eab1y broken by toweea and 
■plrelet^ though tbmn look nora for ornanii-nt than use. Some 
we4I-d«ngncd lantera-lighbt in metal luv introdnood over tho 
alairoaaea. SUhlaa alio are lUjQfi^iioit, to o<:«iipy a diatinet 
biuldiag if deeitftUe. The acoauipauing report la well drawn 

No. 141. ia ftltogoUiPr a dcbasud dmign. A large mnan> tower 
tlM* at one angle, emnlating both arcbitj>«luml1y ami in outline 
tbo whiinaiaal one at the " ^hooU," at <.>xrord. 

No. 144, ia probaUy tlie uoat tiuil«rul aud I'legHnt uf all the 
Pallailiau iletlgna. Ewy part la detailed wlih tlie lurwt tizra- 
palou* can, and one can anmly help being allured by it, nut- 
wlllutandiog ita annuoliei of bruken sntaMatiirea, ic 

No> 144, u another iuiluice of piXHiijpotu expendituro of 
labour, without an adequnt* reault. 

Noe. 1&^ and 1S3, oonalst only uf gixtund plana. 

Ho. l.'SS, i« (iridi-iitty a burlmquo. 

NOk 1^4, atlracta attcmion. It eonnata only of a general plan, 
aad a bird'a-eje iictnetrital riew. 

Nn IM, propoaea to pboe a new Weatminiter bridge about 
100 yanla mta (he old one, asd to have wat«i<gatea ui'ilunJiog 
auiis on the praaent ait*. It alaoeonteinplat** the taking duwu 
of St. Ibiigarefa dtureb, and nbaildiog it at the eotoer of 
Llttl* Oanrf»«treeL 

No. lOT, baa (bur laige alieeli^ with nothing to ancet the «y» 



except the magnitude of the aoalei. Tbe eleraliotis are Ttaliai^^ 
very poor. 

Nob. 909, «X'>, fiO«, 914, 91ft. 9ia, 817, oonaiat of block pin* 
o«ily. No. 80A, ia a block plan of a most mtephtf ohanMter, with 
a amal) view in one comer of one of tbe pniiMMd boUdluga— « 
palpable reprodoctiou of the Itoue'e Fklaoe, Veoio*. 

No. S18, (the last Damber] u ft moiUI, naeeosipftiued hf 
explanatory dravinsii. 

The awnrt] of the jad(!c* ia eipflcted lo be morile abo«t the 
middle of the mouth, aAvr which tiuM the Hall will be again 
in requisition for the diaplay nf the deatgna for the WaUiagM 
Mouumeot, wUoh are to be aeat lb to^y. 



THE NEW GOVEENMENT OFFICES.— THE JTTIK1E8L 

It appeara that the appointment of the jadgee in refrrence to 
the design* for tbe nrw Uuvorument (MBces to be built at 
Whitoh^ has given great diwMtiirfairllcm not only lo tlie prs- 
fesdoo, but alui to the public gtuvnlly. Thla la the more to be 
ngrettsd, wh«u It la so well known that np to the hat a(«p in 
the tnaaaetion, her Uajoaty's «hirf oommiaariener of work* ha4 
oondncAad the busineas in the moat foarlaa and adintnbie 
style. Unfortunately, at tlie duae ot the tan be has stunbledt 
by haTing been moat iujudidouMlT adviaed. It is a rikring 
and nMnarkahle fiietin the afhtr, tW»utof the M*«a Judge* 
appoiut«(l, four are Scotchnicn ! not one of wImib is r«all}[ oa«- 
petent to thedutini iminwd. The head of Ihe coroulauoa u th* 
Dnke of Baoclouch, who has nt his elbow. Mr. Bom, a Seobt 
architoct, and, by-Uie-bye, the only a>,ditary ptvfeeeional ftreitt 
leot aiuougst the " aeveu wiea mm." It i* well known that 
Air. Bum baa been fur many yean empl.iyed by tho Duks c^ 
Bucdeach in designing and altering; luaosioaa and Cum build, 
ingi, and, aa a nutter of count, it wuiild be nKnt uiijftaeiona ia 
him to expreaa an opinion ci-utrary to that of bit noble «*n- 
plorer. — therefore hia tdIoo in ili* mnttor i« nnllibod. 

Again, Lord Stanhope Lis lioen erroDcauaiy called by atvttil 
of our coDtempornrics. the Prendent nf the L'oltege m Ardil- 
trct*. The fact is, there it no such innlitiiliuu in riiiit:u<e: Loed 
Stanhope ia tho Freaident uf the Autiouariau Socirly, and ereiT 
niie must know who has stu Jiml the acienoo of arehltectnrv |rb^ 
tically, that it requliw aout«what mure than the knowledge e( 
aatiqultleatoatUndicateonoueoi' the moat o>mpr*lieiMTe anAi- 
teetnnU •chemo* that baa been aubmitted to puUie oompetitMB 
during the prvami century. 

In rvfercDL'e to the appointment of Mr. David Roberta, we 
freely aiiiuil, that an a jwinfir of picturMqus ftrdilteotitre on 
canra^ lie is iirobubly unequidlod ; at the same time, we beUnre 
he will hiiuaolt admit ibat he due* not pcsaesa sufficient technlod 
and adcntific knowledRc tu qualify bira to decode ao purely arcfci- 
tectnnUa problpiu as Uieuue inqueMion, 

tiovtif-Ma doubt theen^neenng^aaliflcBtioBAofMr. Rrand; 
and as tbetv are some oogineoriog pointa at inue, tbatgoutlemaa 
is, so far, veil placed. 

Aa for the other membeni of tbe ConiniiaaloD, they an purely 
amateur*^ and ooneequantly unlit for the duties thmat upon 
them. Aa regarda men who have almost ma>lo arobttcolurv the 
sole atndy of their live*, apart from studying Ae scnmo* pr»' 
foaaionslty, it is with surprise that we find uio oraMa of Earl 
de Grey, tlie Preiiileiil of the Royal Institntica of Britiali 
Arobitects, and Mr. Bercaford Hop», omitted, gentlemen wboM 
high aenae of honour and integrity are boyond all iiBMMJimeat. 
There ahoold have been ahio, at leaati two eminent Bigllali a^ 
chitecta on the Oommisaion who hod not ooni))eted kr lae prte; 

Aa the Comminiun abuids, we have aa Judges a SeoMi dnke^ 
and one Scotch architect unknown to IWine In Bngland— • 
paintm^-one engbeer, and three aioatenra^ to ai^udicnlo one of 
the most diffioiut and importaint arohitectunJ qneatiaau that 
ptobably over came befars any tribunal, modem or andaat 
No doubt some of the " acTen wise men" will have the niodcaly aail 
Ingenuonaae** to throw up tlieir a])pointn)eota, and leave the 
dedalon lo more axperieeced hands. 

It la probable that the jndKca may hare f^ven their awanU 

fircviously to the publication uf our next Nuuiber, and we trual 
nil justice will be done to tbow ewnpecitore who have afrirtiy 
odhciwl lo the ioatmctJoD* lanwd by Sir Benjamin Hall, and 
that the judge* will give no undue prcbrenot to some dcalgna in 
the ooUoctioa, Ihs Is^ea of which are ao bcdiMsed with oolMr, 
aa to produce fabe eBect. Aa a matter ot oowae, tboaa «f Ih* 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAU 



ITS 



^iwyw «Uck eoabuB «nl]r Uodi Mid gmtai pluM will (w M 
VM raiMKedi and whaa k ckKful •■tleeiiMi of tka rtoMUultr ■• 
■adfk aAoM « do«en will be ••« aaido, on vhiak fiiul jodcmiat 
wiUfaepMMd. 

I«( m hofwi, tor tha bowwr of our OoveninMalt tor tke howmr 
«( onr eoMBlfjr, Mid m » pnaadMU for nil future oomptlWoM^ 
that Ba jobbery will Iw permiUeil in tliu mntUr; bnt thtt th* 
aoihor, or Mitlion, of tli« best dciisn wiU hkv« tbo tim priM, ami 
WlmuacMd to eury oat lh«> wurlu; loUuit w« nuj'bBTt no 
nrclitiMortbaUILoaiid Uverpoetjob^ 



I 



THE ROYAL AUADKUY^ABCHITECTURE. 

Fon Mi-enl mumi* tt has bean our relaoUat ''■*^T; *'^*'* '*■ 
vtawing the urliiUotunU dtjmTtnwnlaf the AewUmv Ezhilnlioo. 
t» IMto K p*diul Cdlikg off. Doth in tha nuiub«r of (Irawlagi uiil 
ta tbtir M«riL Thi* j-ew, iMfortutuitrly, wa niuat raacw our 
liuBeni, for k aore aiuiit«reBl>ag uriea ou> •earody b* inu^aod. 
Of oourw!, llm apMlal Anliitaeluial Exhibition hu doiM mnch to 
■llwtlwooapMilaaof aflUn,ud it I* but ririitthattlialMUer 
■bMM bt ■apportod to tbo otoicat ; «till, m wohav* bafera in)gad, 
tWr* ia abonUaea of raaia far tlw two, and, aa thi^ banpaa to 
ba ofta at diSereDt parioda of Uw rear, ibera om|fat to ba Uttla 
dlSflttlqr fa talcriBtf ftir both, baaldoa Uu iawDtira of koepinK th« 
MlifMI peaalantly Wbra tli« pablie oy*^ But lu reapvct to Ui« 
Aoailaiaj, waaiay take Another ^ronD<l. luxi, ifoaada Im, laalal oa 
IIm <D4ra equal reooipiitioa of th« clnima of anhltaCMifW and 
Mnlptnia wilb tboM of r*'"''"gi >■> (^ iaatltation diaitHad 
tafnmfy to baiMtt aack. Fnai Aa Una ^laa (ha prafcatloB 
Wiplaaly allowad tba wiarnaehmaatof othar i«intlB8a on tha amtla 
of a IWUB which hail hitliertu bno tlieir cxcluaiva ptoper^, tba 
ehaaica baa been a ta&rked ooo: after awbik tlia (MlgnaMaB of 
the touei, " Architecture." vai eiGlianged (and ooMMtciitlv, too) 
tor an iudefioiu pliraai!, »o that oil, pwcil, and walar^olour 
pietara* bow «lbow onaanotbar, the raault baiug iDooagmoaa and 
raUoM to all :— 

" Abl timt tnm fow ■» jt»t *• m ud nt. 

And llwMr hMfl ■ tal*,- 

How lonf iKii attte of thinfp i* to cDaUaaa, it raniaina with tha 
anhiteetonl NmIj at large to deeide. 

A« oaiLiI, tbc orchilcctsnl drawiaj^i ooeapy tba lowar poftioa 
of thrre sidea of the little rooni rafeired to, wbioti tliU jmr oon- 
toina au npMial atlraetioa bi tha bcaatiful lenea of hiatorieal 
anlllaaa in iwucll by Mr, Macliae : th(i*e, liowevrr, take up aa 
Uodi apaM, that the opportunity for oxaniloinK otiiar worka ia 
mdlj ini«rfetvd with. 

No. (1006;l, " The Caaa StnJl^ Uondovi,''(J.T. Wood), tliaojEh 
diawa ou a lat^ bmIc^ baa nallj utbing to reqtiira it. Tba 
balhUfls iafuiic alajo Italian, and vat; Bwiwtaaoua ia traauuect. 
Knt u ita Boi]ih(»ur(IOOT), Mr. lUchanlwD'a " Haaaioo for tba 
Earl of llsmajpon,'' vbivb ia ihawn with ita aoUt apurcMUhaa 
and a o m aeoriaa, tnelndiMa handaame acnen of ftxnaneuMelor, 
wfaoaa pilaater* baTg rieu raaalag fidbge lu Inus panela, while in 
ibaqiandrlbovartlMpriRdpalaTch araBiedallKiDiabJecta. Tlia 
aoulptural f^upa on thaauniniit are ai>l q^nito aatix&olory, and 
tban ia an UMMuiateaejr in plaeiuK cquaatnan tirnnw longitudi- 
nallj oo tba ooe pMiinj, and tranavenelv on the othon The 
arakwaja orar tba aide footpatka are diB6Kurwl by a kind of 
«IU|Mieal padiaant above the arvhltrsTw. PmWwurtli v attmtion 
■MMBM to ban been paid to the ironwork of tli« gnlM. Mr. 
nmy axfaiUta two dnwiuip, both of doiauitc vhanut«r. In 

(lOOe) " Canbridge Aaylum fur H:.ldicn^ Widowm," the chapol 
hma tha eantral and priiK'i|iAl (iMlure : it ia cunuected witli llio 
baUdiag apparanllyat tli« wmt iiait,aDJhaaad«v«lopnldiaac*l, 
with a aaoaa b«ll-tumt on tbo aaat arall nf tba liaTa. The geiwral 
daaigB ia Elinbelbao, of red bride and Maa^ draidiiga ; clilni- 
BBy atacka an aude aarvkcaUe ob)r«1a, and tfan atart fhun the 
maad : tba wladowi^ howerer, which arc inaerted in them on 
Hn dlffnaat Aoon bava hf no nttana a aatiabolory look. It mar 
W pfaaiunid tbara ia a flnplaea baoaath taoh. In (lOlO) bu 
" Dniiga Ivr a blaacfaiiw «atabliahn»Bt," wa hava a pUin, low 
nvap of buUdfain wita w«U ovarbaaging ravea, and a lofty 
MM oay abaft la tha oaBt(% altoaetber vei; itood IooIubr. 

Of tM Otuutantiiiopla aontpatitioB tbera an levenl ramhideta. 
Tbai* ia tbe waal elevatioa, to a larg* aeala, of Mr. BarsaiF 
Nbetoddaaign (1000); alao is <I01£) and <li:t«) Mr. Stroot'a 
aearaaBoadiBa clatation, and bis interior new. The btlier aome- 
■liat diMppMBUd n, bat tba other ia maaterlr in a bi^ degree. 



Th* pracaaHona Ibr abalt«r and aoraaring from haal ara excal- 
lantlj minimiil: tba ambalatot; ^ao, wbKli fonna ao Importaat a 
CMWre, arotu ia euitally becwean Om buldly projcotliur but* 
Mr. Ow^bwaV daatga for tba mum bulldlug (1081) b 



about aa mneb baiow, aa tbaaa othara an abo*a the avaraga: Bor la 
bia " McOMrial ChuKfa erectancat Bombay," (1047) awhU bnttfr. 

lu eluM oontaot mtb Mr. Barged " t^MatauUnople," ia Mr. 
Straet'a " Lilla* (1010). giving tba aoutli-woM view, a partion 
Botabowa bf tbe diawioga lat«ly ax]ilbit«J in Su&ilk-alrtet, and 
which wmaa out eaoch more lotif and tn battar pv|>urtkin than 
Bight hava bocn luitidiiated. Aa wo had ooeaafoa befura t(> (aka 
exjaeption to tba mode of liUing ud tbe gabka in the tnuiaopt, ao 
ia tittt of tbe waat and equally obJeotiMiabla. Tha tnaaepto had 
a auacta ri na of uaelaaa dwarfbatueea e a rMag from tlie geaeial 
aoralea: tha Bare haa a aoocaMica of little oreekattad nUaa. 
Tba ro«a-window below ia noUe, and ao are tba thna da^]^ 
rcceaaed doorwnvi ttill lower. The battieaaea, too^ bare an- 
dently Wii carafully Uiougbt orar. An ioterioa' Tiew ia alao 
given of ihia deaign (10141 wblob ahowa a rery baauiiful pul- 
pil. Tlia Krdatnfc wa onawva^ ia a^barical. (1013), " The 
Cliaacal of £Tna»ury (liurch, Uuntuupknihirc," natonNl by 
Mr. BlomGald, ia cleverly pictnml fbrtS. Hm eaat window u 
of three ligbta. and a{>pinra to kava beeo mvM from one at 
Hotbeaek. Tlirru ia ««ty little to anannwaid (a tbe " Natioaa] 
Diaeouat Baak, Mark-Una ChambanT (10S9), bj Mr, itaadaU. 
Tba whole bpade ia rcry flat and eaporfleial ; if taoro play of 
outline cooM not bo introduced, a greater variety might bavw 
been impnaaed on Uia artadow and other opetiiaga. (lOM) ia aa 
iniagiiwry " lateriorof an Old Abbey Church, iu Hareferaalu/^ 
In tha oldan tina^" hut what buikliog ana ia at a loaa to «Mt- 
ealva. Invention and liuicj bare been qniw let tooaa on the 
aubje<t, and the resoll ia n painfully claboraU niniblD of tha 
gilt-gingerbread echooL What a ccntraat dofa tAe nnkud an- 
pUdty of bet afford lu tba aeit plctora, " the Ballot Hcma- 
rlal" (1031), G. Ubambera; a lain oil painting. In whicfa tba 
Biaiaonal itaalf, n puny aqnan oMiak, pcrfccUy plnin, would 
make bat a lorry taaure but tor the adveBtitioiM trenloient of 
the ticht. Ai A background, part of Oramwtdb Hnapitol ia in- 
truduoed, but without the altghlaat Ngud W il« correct deliaa^ 
tiun. The " View of th* ItnprovaaieuU at Mllfurd. Penibnikr' 
abin' (lOiiO) about to ba carried ovt by Meaan. Wehuert and 
Aabdowu, an oa a lai^a acala. and induda now ■(orka. Inline and 
tttnvcuionlly diapoaed. (1027) " Buiusof Hl AudnsVe Abbey, 
Fifeabtres" O. I* BcaUiolmev ia a pictureaqua view of a piotu- 
reaijae ruin. 

In (lUiUl) ia a daaign for a church, bv Mr. J. Jaiaea, whioli is 
nod and latiiar out of the eotamon, and ia very anitabla for ereo- 
uoo in oar own country, but not ao lauoh ao for tta propoaid 
dMiDation— Malagt, Spain. Tlie trvaiineui throughout ia 
deddedly "Nonbara." Mr. Uaoqnoidand Mr. Pnlk? nor exhibit, 
aa beretoforo, aoina vary olavar roi'roiliictioos from abroad: tke 
vtaw of " Epbaaoa, rvatored,*' ijy the latter ptotlemiui (IO|IS)la 
STary way a maateriiieoa A binTe-eyc view (1031\ to a tninuW 
icale, ia enowu of tbe propoaed Uetropalitan Omninua Srrviuit^ 
AJnabouaea aa doalgued 1^ Mr. Wobb, of whiiar Printera' Alnia- 
houaea tlda anpaara to ba a Terisiniilitude^ Thure luv two druw- 
Ing* JIlBetratiaff die new School fur Orphau Girlant t>«nb(i[h, to 
be oreotad by Mr. Uerbtrt WiUiauia (103i, 1 1 li!J, but the tMWn 
)• a very ordinary one. Tliia mnuul b« naid of Mr. Tonlon^a 
" PruJiH.'ied chunh Car Haatiaga" (lusa}, noriBdeed of any of hii 
win-luk It ia rcfroabing to aae a novrl id«a carried oot when tt 
eomioeuiU ilaelf U> coomatciK.'y auil i^iniinan leiur, bat not wbaa 
fuTOed inl>i aitujttiou and gmtiiitoua. Vet ihi* h anfoitunately 
Mr. Toulan'a failing ; originality and bacy are (ure to be 
abuuilautly preeeui, but th«y oftra trench on Ibe ou/r/. What, 
for inetjino«, can be nion abiurd or ogty than tha eptaw^in^ 
flaraboyaut hnail to the traiiaepl doorway in the drawing bafbra 
n« I In Ilia leaa nmbilioui atti^inpta, auch a* the plain bride 
cburch iliuwu in (Ll^l, he i* much nion aneoeaifiil. (lOM 
and 1079) are d«vi>t«d to the churuh at Teddlogton, aa propoaed 
to be rebuilt by Mr. Artnacroog. Ilia (aolt <? thia ia the ob« 
jnat nutioed in Mr. Taaton'a, adesraeofnncallad-fbr fbaalnaa^ a 
qunliQ- evideucLil alao in Mr. Wi-bb'* proooeed HoniaeT Church 
(1049). The porliiu of Little Unlby U;dl ahowu in liO*»). aa 
enicled from the doaigna uf Mr. B«ll ia highly oooimrtidohle. 
Tlie stylo is early Outhlcv boldly and eiinplv treated; tbe laa- 
auarr appenre to be aahlnr, and to 1>a work^ oooiaion^ly ia 
baniJioga of a darker nateruL Attached to the boBia la aa 
elegant cunaervaiory, framed in metal, and onitabl; daewgaA. 



L 



■Sb 



tT4 



THE Crva ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



ta a loUllj- dlir«tr«at ttj-lr bnt sootl tn iu wmf, if the oorH- 
dor U Mvrebtuit TailiW BaII (1030), R I'ADaoa. Anothvr 
metrofioIiUn buUdiag, ioK SnutMNl, u th« " Soverrign Ufa 
AaMnaoe CMBe^ (I^Ji br Ur. Honee Jodm, In Uint nhoM 
of srahlMctara denovuMtM b^ » I«ndlitg writtr, " pntilvnt * 
Thv " Ke*r Chnrch ftt n«iQ[Mit 0>l(«ivll, G]oaoMt«nfain," 
(li>':'0, by J. Norton, ouIem ■ deiiffhtful pi^tnre, tbaabi to ii^ 
tiMie builllni^ for tbe boiUIiiK lUelf is -r^ry oHinarr " Pw- 
MiKUcDUr,'' kiiil btlow Mr. Norton'! u«aal itemitml. Hia 
''Chiirchmt Highbriilg* * (1130) to better, but bonier* on tbe 
Opuoaitc eitreiur. 

Mr. 0. O. BeotI eihibita in (1073) «i e»l*Tior. bb*) in (1007) wi 
inl«riar v[«w of the " Propuwil Town Hall at Hnlifiis "—a vtey 
deTerblotidin^of tli« Tunnawith th« BnjflUhOotliie. Th« open- 
tlmberc<l ftxiTtivor th» li»ll ia pkrllculMlr effoovWo; il »• of 
iu«li (oTia, Guspnl, ka<l hai, iDtArnx'^UU'l; Mtwotm tbti areli Mid 
(>iindp*lnft«T,»Brriea of opBttquB-trrroiln. Mlinj; rcry wpII. TTi* 
Mhar diving esbiblWd b/ Mr. Scott pAitAkMrfnsltuitirfMUaj; 
u (kru plemtiita are oonceruei): it abowi (1111} the moeument 
kbodt U> b« cft«t«d at M«ItiourDe. in meiuorr of tli« Ul« Sir 
ChulM nolbain, E.C.E, Ooromor-in -Chief of Victoriii. It tntiy 
hr brfefl/ ilMcritMd aa a l<?flf gnuiitc ooltimn, atAii<iinf; on a 
»ltiAni potMtal, and aunuounicJ with a folioffe tapital iu vbicb 
•e«l|)taml aubieoU are iiitr>dnoed; abure ihv otpiial ri«f four 
IMOda or iii«hM eoBtaioing riagle fisurtH, and ibu wliote Ja 
orowMd Willi a fioial and croea. (1066) U th« " New Pb«-office 
sad Kleetrio Tdegmph SUtlon at 6kIcntll^ by Mr. Tytghy Wyatt, 
a \argf atniiiiure euibodjing the Dannl InlUn diamrtariaijca of 
their paevllar riurof>uttMardi<e,MBd tb^ir l>uilMm diun**. Tiro 
akelcli doaiffn* fortlw "Npw OrtwrnmeulOfli«i»"»ipni'it dia- 
linguUlub^: oon in aa rilmiiira aehatne, ort^lliuirtiirAllT r>iiindod 
on tlie Wbi[«bnlt buildini;, ami tho olhcr, tir Mr. 0. F. lUywird 
0*^1). Veoeliaii Gothic, well grouped. Tliu demffu. by Mr, 
Rldtev', for Iiifauuy Barra^k-'i nOTS) miist noi be orMonked. 
AlnipU in the estmao, it alino'* tiiiw luofli mny be done bjr mart 

fhy of fomi in a nUn. (1074) ta Mr. P. K. Miiaoj'a "IVaijfn fiw 
.iierpocj Kree lilimry and Hnaenni.' Tamein ooo«i)tioii, and 
Roiuoa Iu ubusL'ter, il j^rentt/ uirai ila valne n» a pioiurr to tho 
abnilj luid nre dlap1nye<l in Iu tinting. (IWS) " Feiopr HilU, 
Salop," In oourae ct crectioo fmm the diVKna of Mr. Norton, ia a 
fdbaianllAl-loiihlng F1ibnb«t)iAu atnMtan>, In exeelletit iMpiug 
thravghovt^ Tbf temv on which the maaslou ttaailata a vaat 
inipnffvlDent t» tbi^ eKwl. 

" Mr. Snitke »*ud> but one ontribiition flOM), and ihnt not a 
very hapny one. It rqinwuls a pn>pii»«l nrreiloa fin Llotidfid 
C^lhadnu, th* funrllitig tn be nmnfuented with the minenU |rro- 
dacta of tbo HioccM. In point of iir*iga Itila rmdee Is i&laenibtr 
weak and atrippy, a bnd iroitaUon of a bmonaaenenat Darbam. 
Mr. Pu* baa a drawiu^ of the Albert Bridge, Windaor, which 
!i|Mii8 tSe rtTer In a ain^le foor-oentn'tl aroh, of caat'iroR, whom 
•pandreta an lUled In with tnicery : tbe dry anbna on c«oh aids 
tint tnrtiad in atone, (lonoj ia marked In tke catalogue — "Town 
nail at Cork, Ireland, J. P. Joiks," and we looked twin to AM 
lliiit we were rijtht, for we diil ni>t expwl to find m> gennlne a 
Ir^nuiUuUuj of a MOtioentil buihliu;; into aucrh a loeatity. 
(tOSl), "Coltage trectJDg in C«mherliinit * A, M'aterhoiiae, 'ia 
lialf-Uabcrpd and prelty; and Mr. Biltlii;;(/ "Wemyaa Bay 
M iir<.-. Orecn-wk" (lOflflX in unmialakeahly Scoleh, 

s .iiie tw<) nr ibrfe iloiij{DH for deoomtiona an exhibited. Two 
ant by Mr. Warwick (1103, HOT) ; th«e apr too Aimiy to took 
well, and remlml one of ilie itiroe kind of work by the Adaina', a 
eentnTj wo. SM mncb inrrntinn la diaplaved iu Mr. t.an'Ta 
"VJowoT Interior of iho principal Ijbmry," n« tent in to tbe 
IJvcqtool cncntwtilion (1100). It ia niiit« a plain afartinent, 
wllb wiiDe Corlnlhlau plltare ; tlie plan a «iiiare n-ith ointnl 
ani(1ee, and a lantern llnil abnve of a almilar romi. One of the 
luHtnt and noet ardiKaclnnil dniwinga lii tbe room ia(ll01), 
" f 3>ar«h, ParaotutpNhoaw, and Scbnola, now ereeliuff at Bumt- 
laland, near BrlinbuDch," by Mr. SUter, hut dntsnea origlQanj, 
we believe, by tlie late Mr. C!aqa>oter. The atyln ia, of ooarae, 
Gothic, and raiher |4n(n1y trenled; the nave and chaneel rooft 
kr* continooui, and ill* towgr la on the north aide, alnibat 
4eUob«l. 

' Mr. H. B. Newton'a dwijpi for tbe " Propoaod Et'm Memorial,' 
woukl oocapy the eentre of llie iiuoMlranBle, dinplndiig the ancient 
ttatue of the foulider, Rt-nn' ^ I,;be«ide« which it i* fif niimiin- 
lnir -rhamirler, but very niiKli like in fnmi (he old markel.civmM 
al Siitintiurr or (.liicbestrr. boioe octangular, open below, and 
eovcrtd witli a aott erf" done, aecntiqity in OMiaL 



SoBM few other piotoTM ar* liM4finw tally, or (Km i 
inivreatingt audi aa— the old t«eton' at Stoke NewinglanOOUli 
joat pnIM dawn ; ruina of Sndiler Caaalai, 01sinaM*nhta% 
(10R9h the Interior of Sc MarUnVin-Uie-neld* <1100h llw 
Hotel de Ville^ Louvain (1113); the Anbttlalory of the Cboicfa 
of San I/ireiwo, K^ila*, (1130); and tbe Watmnu^a Hall, at 
Olient. 



PROFESSOR FARADArS VIEWS OF fORCR 

SiKX tbe article on tbe " Conaervatioo at Foroe," whkh ap- 
peared In the April number of tba Joatnai, waa writlau. Pro- 
iwMfor Fandajr hna publiahed tbe leotnn h* dettrerad at (he 
Hoyal iMtitabOB, aad w* an tkua ebahlad to exaniao nwr* 
oametly the gfiiiuMU oxpotiaded. Tbe diflMnltf we nndrrvtood 
him toFipnaa in rcoMWiUnc the foree of gravilatioo with tho 
prirxtiple •>( tliu oMMervntioii ol torn ia vtij distiaotly adaDilint 
ta ilia (Niblielied atateuant, wbenin ba aaya (hat the onUanr 
idea of grvvity, vU. that it ia a mimple attnotive force uasM 
lietwoan tbe partldea of nutter Taryiog iaveaacly a> the aqnan 
of tbe djatano^ appaara to biui " to iuuore entinly tbe priuciple 
of tlie ooea«rvation cf fone, and by tlM (enoa <i ila daAoitkin, 
if taken in an abaolute aaoaa, ' raryin^ invaraely aa thn aqiiare M 
the diatMioe,' (o be ia direct opfweiuoo to it, ud it beeaOMi mj 
duty now to point out where ihiii oontimdiction oooura, and U 
oaa it in Ulnatrationof tticpriaai|^of ooaserration.'* 

Tliia pnradoxieal oiaiuicr of pfovinc tbe iirindple of ibe «•• 
ea r v a tion of foroe ie dlatin^iabable Uiroti^lioul PioCaaeor Ftt^ 
day'a enileavour to aataUMfa the propoeition. The lecture, •• 
delivered at tlie Royal loaiiluliiMi, Uiuugh illuatnried bf mau 
BtrikinK esperinteaita, •eeiaul mi panutouaU and iUoipoal, ani 
peuMDtiid audi ■xtnunliimiT vtowa of the nutk'o of giavitatio^ 
that we ooooeired tlMt iu die horned delivuiy, and in Uie n^ 
nmaion of matter to bring the aabjeot within tbe aceoatoiMd 
nour, hie naaoain^ waa imperfectly developed: bat now tlial the 
lecturr ia in print tiefotv us, it .ipiieara uiore panJoaioal ami 
ten lugiual than we were williuu (u believe. We oanuot, for 
inatniie^ anpraelate the aeleclioo of^mvilatioD, wliidi ia auppoaed 
to IgiionUieprlndple of oonaervation, a4 a iKoof of pria ' ' 
be eelabllalied, nor caa wo peraaive the difflcnity wliti 
f aaaar Fannday experieueee in reooMrillng tbe reoelrod 
of icmvitntiflo with thi.' c»nMirvn(i'iD uf futve. Il apueiira, 
aaif beoritttnl tbe iliflicuily.iii tlie linlplnoe, and tkea hIv, 
It aa a Dtoof n^uat tlie ourrvcuieaa of the priaoipb he wauta 
eatabliak. Tbe variation of Uia rtnagtb of tbe attrantkitt of 
Eraviutionaa the aqoate of the dialonoe^ia tha great ohataoUlba* 
nvfoaaor i>'kniday cnnnot anraoTUiti bimI llual bia nieaniiig 
aot be mi er e pwn eoted, we quote lUa own woe<ila:— 

'* Aaeomo two pnriliilea M matter, A and Its in free tpooei 
a Ctirca Ui aacb or ia both by which tbej graviutc towatile i 
otlier, the furco beiag oaaltorableforan uuchiuiKiuKdialuj)ce,hat 
varying Luveraily lu the aqnare of the diataoce when tbe Uiiar 
vaneik Then atthe diatanueof 10 the fom may beMtinMtedaa 
1, whilat at tlia dlatanoe of 1, i. e. oa»-t«atb o( the foemer, the 
fcrM will be ItXI ; and if weauppoaoanelnatwaprinic to lie intra' 
■loiwil bntwuen the two ^ a oiaBeure of tlio atlmolivc force, ibe 

Ciwvr ooinpreaauut it eriU be a hundred tinea aa laocU iu tbe 
Iter aa in tbe forroar. But (rooa wlienoe caa ibia euorwew 
iucruaw of power oune ) If we aay tbat it ia tbe character of 
tbie fiirce, and oontMit onraelvea with tbal na a aaSoiBnt anavar, 
Uien it sppean lo loa that we admit a trmtien of power, aud tbat 
to aa enominua amonut" 

It would alraoat aeem from tbia axtraordiaary eipoaltMiB. aa if 
Pnifnaor Famday were eutliely igaontnt of tbe principle by 
wliioh all radiating fororo obey tbe *aUK law of dimiiiialiit^ ia 
poaror iureraaly aa (heaqoaraor Ibe dialanee. Tbo difScoliy he 
expeeinioea in lefptrd to thin law of i^iavitatiuti ia e^odlly, if nut 
lUOTP, applicable to li^-hl ; ami inngueliain, eleetrieity. a'od iMal 
praeeot aiiuilar ditliiiullivH. We ciiiiont inafciuebow Profaaaor 
Familnv oould hove ovortuoktd iu ibin cxpoailion of bia vieen^ 
tbe unlluary Cict tbat hy mooviuf; a biidy lo a greater diataaee 




limit I 



fritni an u|-umting power, tlie elTeut vu that budy ia diminialMli 

■ ll;i " 
ati 
whea graviletiiiu ia ta ([iHation. That tbe partiolM of laaMv 



« tiUi 'lit cnuiiug any diniiuution iu tbe power itaalf ; ret heaMann 
abuilulely to iicoora (hat onbaar? operatioB of atlfaellve wnaa 
' «ti.iu ia ta ouaation. llint tbe narttelM of n 



vrbeo brought fiooi adiatanoaoT 10 to a distauoe of 1, inaat Imto 
their matnally atlmetive foroen lamaeed oue buudml-foU, ia 



• nOwpUia] Ui^dM^'— Me. It. 



3 




THE CIVIL EHOINEEB ANP ABCmTECTS JOUItNAL 



17« 



ktoaarmawhohMpaklaaykttmtiloii In tWanbjcot, 
IfctnJoN it ia antpriBog U •bonld prtMnt uiy ilifficnlty io Um 
Mioa «( fTKvituioa to ■ philaaopbar wlio miiat ncooMuiljr be 
ftialUir wiiii Um Mine kw in rsUikm to efootridtj wiil ni^ 

ohiaf «bJMl wliloh ProfMMf FmnuiMf hM ia view, ii to 

■taUith tka prineiple of tli« oooMirrathia of font, Jud jal, 

dj'monih, h< advuiaM, in th« oommeDoniwnt, n whU- 

>b«d U« of luture m inaituucUeit »itb thnt priiidplri aiiil 

lk«D ha inmMUatal/ aftarwarcU ubuomb liie priucipl* iu dinota 

la b« "tlM bi^Mt law in ubniml MrieiKw wliidi oor faautia* 

m^g^ <n >o poTMtrti,* and » "a fiuidatuMiiiil prineipla" l>f 

^^^^B the cimwcUieai c^ th» raoogaiaail Uwi <if allifuiaatalisulil 

^H^^HtwL It Iherefon^ ha proo»i« to arjnio, va aeMpl Um 

Vbavitialoo tniiat be an (mperfaet aeoaoiit of Um wbola of tha 
nret, bmI i* pcnbably onlv a daaeriptian of om» «xaroi*e of that 
power." tlaring tatt«a for vraatod tb* anQMrnttiau ol Eonae aa a 
fitulaaeoUl pnndpio ^ whjeb tba aotkina of all foraea DWt b* 
giMtA, aud. usuniio([ lurther, that the attnuttion of gravitatlca 
u MUnllv underatuod, doea not acivinl with that Drifloipla, 
ftnftaMi tmndaj cooolndBa thai the ordinary Un of mrlla- 
tioB ia an arroiwoiu Ma, and ha la tbui M iulo the lullowiDK 
■pMolatioo:— ^TTie prindpl* of tha oooMrvaUxo i^fforM would 
tnd ■» to aaavna that wh«ti A and B altiMt onch otbar laat ba- 
W U $ of iBorNMing dutance, then ■oua othar exertion of powtr, 
ahhar within or without iham. ia proportionatdr growiiit! up; 
Md again, whaa thalr dblanoe {■ dlniiuahed, aa from 10 to 1, tha 
power ofattraetiaii, now incrwwd a hundred-fold, haa b«eu ^m- 
anoed uut of wata» other fomi of Mwar wbioh hia b«on a(iai*»- 
ICBllj- rvJuool* A» the wnll-ealaDliabiMl law* of gravilatMn only 
Indiotbi a «aaamtratlon of [rawer, and not on iuc^mM of it, by 
the diminvttoB of diaUaot, thin spaoulation of rmfouor Kara- 
daj'a, foanded altogttbar on Iho iiicreaae of powej-, tnuai fiJl to 
fhegmond. 

In moat of the mtaoninf of Profuan- FnmLty nn tha OOBNT- 
vatton of font, h« aiijwan Dot U> JintinKuiih U'ln-oaa forae and 
pow*r, a«l tlia giiioiii^ principle for wliioh he oonlandik wbca 
plunlj atatod, rwolvM iMf, lor tlis moM pari, inla the gtotnllr 
■aknowUdgedjirincipte of tb* Indaatrtiolibtlitj t-t nutteran.! lu 
pmwrtiaa. Tiie oonavrvntion of form, a* thuit cx|>Uiiied, no ono 
vm ba tadincd to diapntat Pamr ia tha inherent properljr 
vbidi on* body poMaaca to infloenea anothor, and /^lit U the 
•MlroasaniBe of that power. Tb» latt«r ia an oflbctaod not a 
aAaa; though ProAnaor Farwlaj aMoi*, at tiBM^ to taingU the 
hkaa of power and fona tog«'thar, a* if be mnwUed theni to be 
una and th« auiic. Thr lawi of JcrnvitalloD, wfaiab proent a 
diKcolly to bim, wein to ua in tlie omm aupjxiwvl, u, l>e ji^rfcctly 
neoiMllable with the priuoiple of tbooonaerrmtjou of poweri tbe 
pMlar dilBeolty, to our raiuda, ia preaanl«d by mochnaical foroe; 
which difieultjr ProHtaaor Fkimday oontidere to be olt'iKether 
lemarnl by finding ita equivaloiit in tha liaat geutfmted. Wo do 
not nadentand bia propoailion to be that forot^ enoahlered aa Urn 
MtlTe operation of power, ia in-rer aaapeoded or liantroyed, axid 
Htwfaig U tnarrly ai the trauafHvRM of powrr, thnu It no 
dUeolty In »ilintt(inf It* pmfrraiion, nur la then anything uaw 
■^ ** 1 pnndplc at thua anuouticod. 



ARCHITECrCHAL lUPftOVEMEIfTS OF I^NDON. 
No. XI.— Oun ara H tw. 

Aa if tomako wny for tboimpmranMutaattlioeaatera cod of 
Pul*8 Cathedral, which we auggeat«d in a foniMT twivr, the 
-^ nding bouae which abuta so aCniptir on tha ixodwi^ m the 
aoatb-«natatu «oraar uf St. Paul'* Laa Uwu in n Krtat iiMtaure 
Inmtdown, ao that tli>-r« can ba uo raa*u[i.tbl« objootion to ila 
bainff olcamd a«'«T»"^ rebuilt in a Um with the bead* of Su 
Stara aehoola, which, if done^ two grmt oUwlM would bo guncd, 
—the widening of tbecarriage-way, and a Ana viarw of the eaalera 
nd of the cathedral would be obtained; wo are alao oonatnuned 
mat a a p h atitally in put in our prol«« agKuuL buildiog on the 
triangoUr apac* which Uya betwaiqi the aoutliern aija of SL 
VhoTa and Cook'a warehouaaa, tho Uttor of whi«h haa alroH4.r ao 
wnA dHeriontMl ttsm tbe eOcot of tha building by iia ckwo 
pnzimlty and ezoeaaive latitude. In advrrtinjj to tbia wu mutt 
atOl adliara to uur orlffioal Ida* pTDrioualy uprawad, that tbe 
.Sptn triangular •paw ahonld br-Mppropt U ted for a monumout to 




tha Bainocy of Wrao. WaJlingtoo ia cwMB f o w ted in bnwua 
to nanav ^-Pitt, I'ox, and Canning and our kbg* all nJMOo in 
blaeh dinnal alataea in variout parte uf Um luein^ti ; and yet 
we have not om fitting monunant to tha greatnt arcfalUtrt 
Bi^and baa yet prodooed i and what mom fitting locality can 
thm ba for aitcb a work than tho baoa of tha bolMii^ anotad faj 
bit oMwoiniuala genioa t 8ho«U bowerer the Wr» inonunMnt 
ba afaaadoned in the particular ■itualico which wa Imv* poiiktod 
oat, we rvaeatly eutratl the oity anthoriUaa that tbay may not 
allow a number of atariug wvahooata to lowWi lilta pMt bnlUai^ 
to the akiaa^ to nae tho laaguaga of Pom ao aa to daatnj th« 
efleot of tha lintat bwiUlng w« have in Lcntdon ; and wtiilal Ifaa 
ooDtenjikted improvemaata ai* in hand, we tr«rt Um attha<fa«I 
astlMrUleB will om the twcMattj of raoMvlng the iron nUiur 
frots the boundary line of the ohnnhyaid, and allow adwarf«^fl 
only to rMBftin (proparly protaeUdJ^ «a that wa may be eiuUad 
to aee tho booe of the bauiuog all aroQBd. 

Auother very great improvement haa been afleftid la tbe dty 
at tha eouihetn and of Mark-Iuto, whidi oomprlata n Wg» 
edifice reoanUy erected for Meunt NioKu and Pkrfcer, the wbol»' 
tale atalioDen, fmra the datlgna of Mr. Itiolianl Boll, llila 
boildii^ extendi pnrUy iu Mn^-taoa and imtUv iu lircat Tower- 
atreet, and oomprlaaa a total troutttgt of U9 Aet, and a lieight 
fKtiB the pevaneot of Si (e«t 8 inohea to tho top of the ounpef, 
oomprdiending live alorletk to which then wilfbe an addiijomi 
ona in the nU, The building la In the Italian iQtIb of arabi- 
iMtQie, and eomaponda externally In Ita srnetal charMteriatioe 
with tbe Mfuetnra oppoaito to it, which onu preoled a fbw yean 
agit by tbe aame proprietor*, from tho plans of Mr. Ball. 'Tlk$ 
new buDdlag b a v«fy touud aubatantial cdlficu, the etitir* of ila 
briidc-work heinif aet In o^uMut, and every floor rendet«d fire- 
proof, on the pnuriplv cf Fox and Barrtti'* uttcnL The t.imm 
and Uoilinga of tho iburcniw ara of PuiUond ttnoa. Tbe 
elevstiona of Uie atnicture ha.ro wide window* coat^iv(^d for 
tbe adulaaiao of at much lij;ht aa pooaibJe, and ar« x'tced with 
plate glata. The building ia enUrely fhcnd with Pbttland 
cement, and aouM of Ila ambclltafaautiu are of a highly i 



^Sptntt 



BODtitl chxnustcr. p«tticiihir)y thn upp«r eomiee and ila fiieogM^ 
the variout hcndt in which wore eiocoted tWm mod^ by Hr. 
KidioUt, tbo ttninent eoulptor, of Gluuuaeter Cnocont, lUcent'a 
Park. The oonisr of the building docn not come to an itDrapt 
nght-au^ft, but b well rounded, agtveably to tlie City bnptvve- 
mi-nt Ai-'t, thiu forming a mnon wider anpfinch to HarK-hute 
frurn ijroat Tower^traot, to meet the highly iucraattd tnlBo itt 
tbit busy vicinity. 

At tbe nortb-vnatern comer of Mindng-lane and Fenchuf^- 
•treaL a large bulhling b now in protrrn* from the dea^na of 
Ur. Roborta, of Pvunlneydana^ CknnuiinUocit, which «aai(aiiia 
many obanujteriatica well worthy of altentui^ and wUdi, 
when complete, wilt form a grcftt improv«uienL AdjcJnlng to 
thiM ttmctutc^ in Uinelng-laiie, tho Camjiany of ClaUiwarkera 
are rebuilding tbair hall, which ii the hufpMt edlfioe ouw in pn^. 
Breaa in tho City of Lundcti. The tuutmct ia undertaken by 
Mr. Jay at the mm of 3:1,416'. Mr. &iiuud Angell la Um 
architect eugntfod, who luu adopteil the Italian t^le at tbe 
grouodwork of hit oompotitiou; tho principal eknliou will 
aiaplay Id ttone n viry larec auooDt of cUtiort'ed doanrstlon. 
Intrniftlly, the grant hull wbiali it intended to lie 60 feet leu; 
40 fi-cl wide, and 4l) fntt in height, will b« (iiiiithrd with a 
very grtttt amount of elnbvr.ilivii. It it inloudwl to tomfn- 
hend two atoriet iu height, tbe lower odb to be funned 
«f a etrlee of fire btrgo •emiaU«uliu--h«ulc<l aivhut on 
each aide, and three at each rod, which will ho divi.led by plaiu 
ooIumoB with CorinUiina capitnla, to bo cut in (.«i<ii riti.4i«. T^ 
oolumnii wilt be aunDoautM by the ntual enlablatura of the 
ordar, ovar wbiob a ocrtiun portion of the rouf npit Uie tide 
walb will b« vaulted all nruim'l, and hnv^ the imcrtiont of 
}u<Amu windowt nnclng immediately am itx<*e uudei-neath. 
The cvutral portion of tbe roof, which it flat, wQI be enriobed 
by deep tunken oeffon fltled with higbly (Afoetire pnt^rm. The 
ahafta of the oolumna will be of poflabed red grsi.it*, and tbe 
■paudrila of the arched vaulting of tha upper story anr to be 
filled with flgurf* iu alto-relievo, raibtptnat'o of the moot im- 

Krtout comnierciftl citiea and towns of tb<> TTnit«d Kiugdom. 
iB Biyloliate of tbe ord«r will have inantiona of varied qteei- 
meuH of British morfaU*. Tho windowt will be tilled with 
alaiued glut, on which will bo pnibhtioord (he royal ama, 
togothpr with tboee oTthe principal City eompanlea. 
At No. US ou tha eattem tide of Gneeeboroh-etreet a aaT«li.i 




THE Crvn, ENGINEER AND ARCHITKCrS JOURNAL. 




bu bcm jimJnord vith oi>loar«d maUriiJ* on tho *tK«t front of 
tlic pPMiMM nocnllj pnipared for Maura. IJoyil Brotbrrai. Tbia 
oomiiu, in th« flnrt plRM, of bnningtlip bkuk fac«a of tfae vkUii 
into pkiieU with oMoMit, uid tli^u iiisvrtlu^ in lh«iu omunie 
WMnttlc lU«» in Ecomntric patif<rn>i, nnd id aoin* iottjuieM 
mUrialt In rtUtS. Uie principal i>f tho Inttor of whieb coniiata of 



Ihe order employed i> tii»t of the Bomaa-Dotit^ umI Uwt no* 
(nil)' enricho). Tb« plain aurCwwa of tli« wklla axUnall; hftr* 
beea fa««d with w1)il«auffiplk brlcka, and iha BioitlilMlwpfk n»nil 
tin wJBdowa, iho ground-Aoor atorj, and the upper cornice at 
tha aavtt^ ar« of IVrtUnd atona. Adjoinisfc thi* building ia (ha 
London and W«MDDtnatHr Bank, otcMd aoow jtan ago, Ilia 



natarUM m mm. tbe principal i>f tiio inttor of which conaiata or London and W«MDDtnatar Haiik, a«cud aoow rcua ago, Uia 
afriaaalbrmad M noaela of bopi, (uaiiu&K birdi,and bUuce, &fadeof which ia diallBgaUMd hj had proportlno, ponm tt 



rkidi an whlt« on a hiae gnniiid, and croaniig the elenitlon 
ftbove tho 6rBt-fl«or window*. The propriety of tlih mode of 
damratioD (at leaat, eitarnallj) wa tliinlc maj \ir fairly quwtinnnl, 
tor, afttr all, H ia uo more thtin a npn-icii of vnnivriQE; nnd hnv- 
n«riqipropriat«ly thia aurfitae tiling ninj be applied norizaiitAlly 
to the floora of churt^llea and oooaervnloriea, we certaittly doubt 
tba B«aur«cy of applying It vartioaUr, except It may be in the 
lining of hatha. 

On tbe norihern aide of Ijothburv, Umwtn. Jonoa, Lloyd & Co^ 
the uuBant banker^ arv rebiuliinjt their biuini!** pmaiaw 
from the dadgna of Mr. Philip C Mnnlwick. In thia 
•trootoR tber* la no atlAoipt atade at ornate etnbetllaluuent. 



detail, and aa a whole, approxUnataa very doatty to poaitipa 
u^lnaai. 

With aome few ■hortcoaungi it ia howcrcr a aubiM* far e<»- 
^tulatiuD tliat ihc metropoUtaa architects of tbe preaaot day, 
in mir alreet architecture hare nude ■ marked and dedded 
advance upon tlie tam^ dnmaj and ill- proportioned inaipiditiea 
that were a fbw yean aco parpetmtvd in King William -at rMt, 
and, if they pmoecd at the aamo no* aa during tbe laat Ave or 
«S yeani, we may expect to behold ■truotnraa erected tb*t will 
do na bononr and dmerve the uamr of amhlteetare, and will 
not be darignated paiuted eompo puui-ditiea. 



GATE liODGE, NEWTON HALL, NEAB LEEDi 





ru> ot «ucii> neoA. 

A. Adipll. IK iBmi. C laaat Pord. D. hnh. 

DlBiarna^ 1* <t- ' ■■■ ■ 1>'°^ IM^rnw. tlhat ■ II fl. tin. 

Tnta lodm and gate bare beoo rocetitly com|iIeted. under the 
uiwrintruaeuue of Mr. William ICred Conou. arahi(«<;t, for 
Lrtliur Lujftou, K*)., at the eatruioe lo Ilia grounds, i.>ii th« nMid 
iiag lo Hanupto Crom Leeda, 1^ niile Cruiu iJi« ktlvr town, 
__m b a baaamont oonbdulag waali-bouaa, pantry, nnd cool- 
eelUr. Tb« walla lira of pllebed-boe delph aiotio, with mill- 
•toi»e grit dreaaiuo, qnoiBa, && Tbere ia a puiel of moMie work 
ID one gabUi, and atringa of enoaaatic tile, by Miulon and Co. 
Tbe cftTvinjc ia by Slawnr, of Leeds, and tbe genenl moaon work 
J^^Hr. J. fienier, of Cbapeltown. 



ABCHrrECTTJRAL PUBLICATION SOCfBTV. 

Tub annual general mcetine of tlii* aodoty waa betd on the 
SOth idt at the Boom* of tbe Unv"! InatitaU of Britiah AnU- 
teeta, Mr. Godwin in ihe chair. Mr Wvntt I'apwortb, hon. mo, 
rrjul ihc re|>ort There ore nr>w 313 uieaibvni, and tbe incoaie 
for thr pikat rckr wna 4191. ; the amount eipended waa aboDt 
819^ leaving in baud SiM. for tlie worka alJil due to tbr aubacvi- 
ben of Uiat year. The irport aaid.— 

" For the year 18^6-7 juat oonclnded, one part, ran lainii^ 
eleven ptntwi uf illualmlitriig to tlin tnttfra A nod B, haa been 
IsaiKHl. At the limn ilicae plats were formed, lite anionat ia 
hand Would no more ilmii ooTer tbelr expenae, but aa aabaariiH 
linna hare been paid in to a lotger amount, prefMntiMia ai>a 
heiuR uode for another aerlee t>> contain illu*tr«tiooa lo tbe 
lelWi- C, which will bo put iu hand oftar the next mcetiBs of tb« 
oonimitu?. Any frisniin havii;); dmwiug^ or Aotebe* rdWriag 
to tlie iRibjocta named in the liat aeat out, or Iti any article nndfr 
that letter coiiaidured eligible are re<)inat«d to auboait tbrm 
for o-weptaiio-'. The thouka of the aoote^ aredM totbe fbtlowiaj; 
out) iribu tors who hav« thia year *o libtmdly plooxl their coUee- 
tiouH of original aketcbee at tlie diapoaal of the mmmittee, vla^- 
McMT*. Urnko, Storforth, Mortinoau, CWIce, Wttlion, OodcMttU, 
Bout<^cr, Lightly, Teulou, Shout. Fowler, Aahpitel, HnaMid, 
Lewia, Lockyer, and Newton." 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AaCHlTECrS JOUBNAI* 



irr 



11 



TII WOODBIDB IRON VOBKS FOrrXDBY* 

{WM m K»grm(it§, I'laU XVI.) 

iubJKt of tlu pTMant na|i«r U an inprovtO ft])plloatkiD of 
itnuMnl piiTpcM), vhm gnat hunl ■tmn* meti m 
iriooed W the Mtioti of pow#rftil lifting emnM, hkTC to 
t«]; which hM t«eD mrM out in th« coutnicUonof th« 
ffootUkU Iron Worki, vraetod bj Mr. John Down]* of 
r, b 1U3. 

MB monldiM ihop of thwe woru it •liown in lie*. 1 and 
ta K Imi^tomiftl •Mtloa along OM half of tlic rcnininr, 
1 * BMiMml plan of lliat portion of thti worlu, ahoving th« 
; of Um roof and lie pMition of tbr cnuMa, nionliliiig plt*^ 
n», &0. The (vundir it cotwtructnl whollr ot Iron, «ith 
Mtlon of thi hMisantal tinlMr fmming tor tfa« top* of 
DM. Th« wpante |«rti Of vhich it u oompoaed are 
daud UQJud tcyvthn-lnnchainatinarMtorMntUttnt 
In all dinciiona, and tbt thnut of the cnmot i^ earritud 
>theirnnin<lb;«aMi«BofaUiping atnitv at the tidca and 
the (ottDilcy. 

noatruotjiin of th« fowidry ia aliown to n Uix^ Male in 
ind 4, flg. 3 being a tntuvone tactioo of half th« mliop, and 
aonwfiondbg fJaii. . „„ , 

^)y»nn« A lUfqiort the longilndinal mrd«n BB, tlie *nida 
^ Ibnn aock«1a to r»erivetbe«ad*oftIi« ti«iu«i*n»timben 
la giidan H are connootad out^da to tb« atrata I) h^ a 
H £nl and bolta, and Ik* ttruU thiM arrve to bind the 
I tMathcr whU« the; ntm** the pull or thnut of Ilia itndna 
oh tho building la aabfaeted. Tha foundalJonB for tho 
|a and atrata ara cnbei of brickwork B, vail ^rootad and 
itcgtUur with tnp and butlum iiUt><a and ti« bolta, Uie 
krODod than being i>«11 luiiiiimi aiul mcuhkL Bf Ihia 
HMBt Iha htKTj alraiiM of the cmaaa at* oarriad down 
• fnnBd and dlatribatad over a loise area, giving groat 
J and atrength with rcrjr little propmtloiuita oxpnditnre 
eriah 

juikctioa of the oolDnina, gini<«is and alruta, in ■Iiovd in 
n HrilA tn 11. Them>lunna,A, fif(T>an>aMCwttha«niig 
Ming piaoe F on the top^ in the nhnpa of a T hoail, Sga. 
1^ whMb fatna a atrong eoonoctiion between the giidtra H 
t oiiniiiai and lodu tbam aeoorelx tccetbar. The tuipt 
tdi ginler fonn a aocket to netin uia and of the trana- 
istber C, and the outer ooman ncMva Um and* of Ui« 
Ua Hit. Th« fi:inlen ara bolted toftether hf a cnaa bolt 
k tbo tnuuTcnc baani, and the latter ia aeeuiwl to the loj) 
cotomn tw a nruoal bolt Tka nnderaide of tba beam ■• 
1 out to fit upon the benil of the anug r, wliich thoaaorvea 
ion to take tbo atntiu off tba croaa bolt whaa the beam ii 
«d to a palL The atral D in OMt with a dovetail jaw I at 
MT and, fiM A Mid S; which graap* oamapondiuc doretail 
oo mM cud of the giiden B; the doiMall Mint 



1 the ginlera UigMber. and abo take* the puU of the enmaa 
« the fonndntioM. Thu thnut i* raeeind ly tbr atntt b^ 
of tba palm K, llg. 7; and the itral^ ginkn, and oolumna 
m nnitad firml/ and aacarclj, in each a maauer aa to offer 
«tva rwluanoe to all the atnuoaoocaalened bj the work 
boadty witliont any injurx ordiatortion of tha framework 
building, whkli ia farther itrangthanad in the lonoitndin^d 
» bf ooroer braiDketa bolted to the eolunioa anil i.'irdere, 
WD in ftg. I. IlieuplMr roof it cutirelj inikpendentoftlia 

the framework of tha foumlr^, and takea no part of th« 
, Hie main princdpala L reat on tha top of tba tranavurM 
■ C iumadiaulr over tlie colanins A, and abut AKaiuat the 
I Si M that the uofiat la toodred bjr the atnita U aiidUtrown 
ba IbitBdBliDaB In the oiauud, thua obviaUog Uie naoiaiity 
roda lu piveant aprwding. 

work oSr the foniMlrj ia carrlad on by moatu of a aot of 

emnea, thalant^"'*^''''**'*'"^^'"*''^'*'^^^'"'^ 
e enallar fixed to the aide eotniBaa. Tbe Lug* emieo an 
Md at tbe top by a alep nr eockpt M, Hgt. 3 nud 4. Axed on 
neronM tifflban C, ooBMUngofn bnring caat wilbaocketa 
upper afal* to rooaire the loneilndinal tinibm N mid tha 
ala H. Slmilu aocket piaoea O are amplojrad at the inter- 
e JanotioM of the kin^tatU&al and tnuiMTene timbeta. In 
ttontnnangenMiitaoeefiliiigljrtbe looRiluili&al and diagonal 
an aappotted in tbeir entire deptb bf Uio tiwurerae 
, and m good abnt mewt la obtained for tlie gp.U in tha 
• np«(H4MlWla<IMUaB«(3dMliutal 



^VqL«a.-J 



i-xi; 1W7 



•oeketa, inatead of the otdlnnijr method of ali^^tly aotchiug the 
loB^tndinal timben on the timnanna odm. and thou hotting 
them togotbf r. Tha maallar «njMa aiuprinciiially danlek ctmne^ 
worhinc about the altornale 'vl"^"" of tha tonodf^. 

niadiataooo between tbeeolmnnaandroofprinoipakiaSl ttet, 
and the width between tho two rowa of oolumna 43 feet, with a 
dear bdgbt of il feet under the ttmiMTove baaioa. B/ taking 
adTaiituo of the alojH&K atnita to fesm nde lean-to rooEt, an 
iiiiioimil widtli of fottodrj la obtained, bounded by the dwarf 
nde walla P, at whioh tbe roofing tenninaleai an nninterropted 
floor wp»M of M iMt total width botwaen the dwarf aide walla ia 
therel^ left available, a daaldanUuu of moeh impoitanoe in aaob 
arrangcnienta. 

The upper roofing oonnala of alieela of corruaatad iron, (up- 
ported on Irou puniua oarriad by the roof priuoipaJi L. Anijile 
ventilation i* aeouivd at tba eavca throiuli the j^irdeia B, whtoli 
are out with a aariea of opauio^ fbr the purpoea; and alao by 
the top opening raaning the entire lensth of tbo root, and ttw 
openi&p loft at the overlap of the roof abeeU, Tbe (oundtr ia 
Ugblodentirdf from the aide root* witli Haftley'a no^ abeet 
gbm. ftsed In metal atoh bar* wliicb reat on pariina carried 
bv tlie atiuta; the dcjllght rana naar^ the whole length of 
the roo( ao aa to ^ve a Hood of light direct npoo the moulding 
6oar. 

Sinae the ereetion of the worka in 16A3 this ooutmcUon of 
foundry kaa been (bund to moot all raquiremaata of redataaca 
and alrounh, without any apparent ^ving in anv of ita parta^ 
idthough diuiag the period tliol hoa aineo eiapaaj it baa beta 
•ubjoctal ooeoBionally to attain* at betwteei 46 and W loua 
on the omoee; and the rcmilt baa iboa proved Htlalholr^ly Itiat 
inn nay ba auooeaafbUy applied in prefermce to any other 
laatariala in arectioBa where great etroDgta aod powCT of (wfaCuu* 
an required. 

Sir. DovmiB eshlbliad a half-eiio model thowlug tha mode of 
(bniiingtlie junction bMwoon the ginlen,ealnauu^ roof prindpala, 
and atruU. 

Tlic CiTjiiaHAX ask«il bow many onnee wore fixed in the build- 
ing that liiul Iioeu deacribed. 

Mr. UuwgiiN roplitd that 17 cniMa had bceu put up in the 
foundry, and tlie greMeat wengkt that had been Uflo'l at ouw by 
one crane wasaboul40 ton^ tneothercnuiae doing tlietr ordinary 
work at the aainn timo. 

Mr. rAiMUjns enijuired how the tongitudinnl and diagonal 
alayingof tlie roof framing waamaaMiedtaoaa to reaiat the aevere 
thraat uf the heavy otauea la tbo diflertut dlrecttoiw. 

Ur. Dowxts aaptuuod tliat the prewait miutruotiou of apfXT 
roof IhuguiuK ra(|mr*d no diagoud ■ta}'> or lie rud^ Uie thnut of 
the principola and eranaa bemg oarried down tbe •loping struta 
to tbe ground fonudatioua, ao that each por^n waa dincuy aup- 
ported aud alayad ttum tha ground. 

M.r. FAinii.\i»x obeorved that tbe whole building wat in fact 
like a tent without wall*, carried down to the gmnod on all 
aidea. It waa certainly aii higeuioua nod eoono«iiioal 
anansemenl, well adaptod for Ktuatmoa wbrre laitd wa* che^ 
but not ao admimlble where land waa dear, from tbegrnater ax- 
tent of ground covered for tha aame acoomodatioB within Iha 
biiildiua. 

Mr. IWkib »aid that tbe raverbantory air furnace and two 
Utve cupoloa wen plaocd in tbe luianal angle of ike bnddiii(^ 
uaoi witiiiu tho range of two craueo, and all the onun-a cum- 
mnniuated with oat another thn>U]|fa ttie Lnlermediaie onia, twu 
otlirr amollor cnpoloa beinic placed at the tide. The Cuuudry Sir 
haayr work wna 84 feet wide, dear between tbe dwarf ude walU, 
and biAaji riubl auKlud waa 166 feat kug aaeh way; tho fouidry 
for light work waa a oonliniution of the mmc roofing, ami the 
whole area unilor oovcv wo* about 1} a«re, or 60^000 tqiure foot 
efleciivo mouldiuf; floor room. 

Mr. BevKaeuquiruJ what was the tiwof thecantropArtof Uw 
building, luiJ what uu the whok coat p«r aquan )'ar>i ujwti the 
gruuud covered. 

Ur. I>owxtR nplicil that 30f. per square yard wai thi.' Av«nu;v 
coetof UiowliolebtuldingdivnUd by thearwaenck»eilniikiii the 
walla. The oeotn portion awcpi by tbeuraoM waaiifwl width 
between the two rows of pUIaia and SI bet height daar atuia 
the tranaverac baamt. 

Ur. MoKKKo:! onqnired why travelling cmnci wore not naed 
Iiiateeid of the indiatuig cmnet ahown in lue dnwinjt; tlit-re wtA 
aoBie objecUon at finl on the part of the men ajfuiul travvlUn^ 

1& 



I 



4 



IW 



tHE CITIL KNGCS-EEH AND ARCHITECTS JOUENAL. 



L'JMd 



, baowiM the men pbwed klcft raSer«<l the ineooTeaiMm of 
tarn fiaiaff tntti tii« hot Mad: but hJa ovn eiperieiMa biul 

1 Un lo eoB^dw tKTaUtng cratiM mora oomraiilMtt Mid ocooo- 
|] for «4ridng a fonndrr, and ia th« oonntmetiaD of fenndfT 
' dMarib«l tlt^ fronkl 'do Kwaj witli the neoeastjr for th« 
OOlerMmta. 

Mr. IXtwvni Hid that If tiro or thre* tnrriUng enaes ««t« 

they would intvrftfia xotA with om* another doHng tho 

ta of oMtiiw, and it would b« iinpraetiwUo to gM throuj[h 

I tuige qnaabUea of work •• with awi^ erutei. He aoaord- 

[I7 p wB wwd radUUag cnan for foundry purpoMa, although 

' otbtr woric, auch u in enctiog ahopa,th« fornwr might tw 
pnEnaUo. The radiating cranaa wan mora raadU; and (jvicltly 
ntfUd than tiavelling cran«a, and sons ot tha man w«r« rcnnirod 
•toft, but all remaioBd below, raadjr to holt) nt nnv time tn th» 
work going on. Ou Iheaa aooounts Im had Wn loil bj- Uia uwn 

parirao* daddadlr to prefer awing cnuiaa to tmvaUIog enuiM 

■ workiii|[ a fonndiy. 

Ur, Moaaiaoic thon^t as important oljmUoD to awing cranaa 
Kaa that th^ wa«tnl lo much room, aoaing inoonTonjanoa ofUn 
I auctia sbtlung of the monlda to make room. If a trnveUinii 
rua w«ra at one endofthe foundry it oaoldoarr}- the oktUI the 
vhol* length of the foundry direct, but with awing cnitiM thia 
oonld be done onl;^ by chan^ncArom one to another. In bin own 
fcundiy, which wna 4fl fMt wiao, a ■!Df[l<! trnvnllinE rrane wu 
med runalof ibe whola tensth, and aerrisl th? fnnodnr v^rr isn- 
wenlontiy. It waa worked vj two meu, who otoU coiac dowu by 
a Iadd«r wli«n wanted, but th«y umaUy remaned aloft, a> thor 
Wen (0 oonitautly n^nireil itiort. The cmiw waa eonatruelM 
with two 1 1 inch b«im« of Mi-mri titnhnr, wid mangled a in ton 
CMliog raadilf , or about 2i totu ti^tol weight inciud!n|[ mnd and 
bose*. 

Th« CitAiKUA.'c obsemd there was oertalnly an advantage in 
bavinff the men all rady below in a foundiy, wb«t« tlieii' lielp 
night lie required at any moment. If a traveling emnc wato 
worked by band power the men were requirrd to be aloft pretty 
OOBtiautly, whether wautvd or not, no un to be rondy without 
ddav. 

ilr. McFarijixk diwiiindly prefcnwi tmvriting cranw for 
fxindry pnrpoeM where a tvgularmnof thonmedauof auitingi 
wae mMe, auch u i»pcs, &c; bat them wu no ooouion 
to have the uieu alon, espvdoUy for the lighter deacriptioo 
of caatings, bo had a travelling tiaae worked enUrely ttnta 
below by a winch and chain, over a width of SO to 20 feel; two 
Biea oould travrl the eninn with a weight nf from 2 lo 3 tiMiit. 
WIh'M iiiufh shifting bowerer wm requiwd, avfiax cranes might 
be advantageously uted. 

Mr. DowKta thought that the advantage that had been itameil 
ef a tnnllincc crane nmying metal the whole Icegth of the 
fiiandiy would not be fiuod to exist in practice, aaagreatnamber 
of workmeumUBl iii«oeinuirily be kepi waiting till it wiwdiWBgnged, 
and wher«- lanre qiiautttles were luclttMi this would amount to it 
aarioiw loMi. w ith the swing craiips tbi- [wwhokp of the metal waa 
titc work of only a miniito or twi), nod tlicn the cranes were at 
the »erviou of tha int^rmodiiitn wnrkmcii, with scarpciy any dahty 
from waiting. At the Loudoa Works, Itcnfrcw, m timt neigh- 
bourhood, travelling uranes ha<l i;lvou phuM to swing cr&uee, and 
be boliove-.i for thn ahuib reawjus. 

Mr. HAnvKT thought it wjw an iraportant qnwHon whether 
ateaui power were the chtaport and mont nuitnblo for working 
fomidry crauea. He rumcmbeped that at Mr. Ncilaon'i Hydn 
Park Fouiiiiry, where there waa a iwl of awing orauei, 12 feet 
loii^, lifting 4\ tons each, a trial w)u> 111^4 of the cumiKiiative 
adiTintnge of tMiua and hand power, and It wiw found that in 
Cmitiii^ 1-j.rno pipM by hand labour fl mnti wnrking 2 honrs were 
required for <»Stin;; each pipe. A steam cylinder of fi iuohes 
diameter and 111 iiiahea ttroke was Ibcfii appliud to one of th>7 
cronee, to lift the metal and pour it into the mould, aud 35 minntes 
only wei-o then nxiuirt<d for the CMl.ing, including linwing the 
oari! bar. Four at«nni Mann* wor« set to work nt first at the end 
of the foundry where there were the largist weighta to bo lifted, 
and were found to anjiwer «o well that sttam power was applied 
to all the Qtanea in the fonndry exuopt some of small size. The 
at«n pipe was carried through the foundry tike a gas or water 
pipe, ana by tumine on the iitriun the crnnnii wrra put in motion 
aa eaaily an by hand lalxiar, and wcrR complalnly under controL 
Oreat eoonomrof time won thiuoSectod, and naviug in the amount 
of lab«nr requir«d in the foundry. 

Hr. DowxiB aaid that he had found band labour sufficient, and 



conaidared it lafer for the moulds and chains, &c : h» tiiMffiA ft 
more eooDomteal for his work than it^un p^wer, tbough tt t)M| 
be othenrite in the caw of a diffenuit cIrm of work, euoh aa U 
been referred lo^ wliere the ctauu* would be kept alntoatcooMaBllj 
la motioa 
Ur. McFarlavs was not aware whether steam powvr «h 

Ertferable for general johhiDg work; ho frarod It would seuidf 
D manageable enough ; it wiu more applicable for manUii| 
purpoiws where a lurj{u run of the name kind of goodl m 
required. 

ill. E. Jo»» tlionght there was more perfect mntrol over Oi 
crane with ateom pon-or than witli (DM), and *t«am waa acn 
thon>uidiIy under comnuuid for instant rapplication wbm l e qali ei. 
He unJenitood there waa a t'ouudry in that net){faboqrtiOod whm 
the application of steam power n-vi carried out so compM4ya 
to dispense with men for moulding as well aa oaating, pcodnc^ 
j^roater nceumcy as well a« eonnnmy of work. 

Mr. FuTiiKiuiiLL obMrvc<l that tntich time waamuivoidaUylNl 
in calling the men together in a futiudry, when the power m 
wanted lo be auddeuly ooucentratod fl>r a mrticular porpoae; M 
with aieam power there was the great aarania^ of the whgh 
povnr being instantly available at all timea. 

The CnAiRKAH luid that fnr getiprnl purpoaM be dee W i^y 
preferred ateam powur for working cranM,and in hie own andiH 
shop had found great lulvautage in working both cadi^ m 
Iravi'lliug crauo* by «tea[ii [lower. A shop of 4.^ feet anan bad ■ 
travelliDg uaue rituning the entire length, and driven by aalall 
too feet long with a £roo\'D in it, which eomrauniotted motion t» 
tho rarioua parta Four radial eranoa wen alao wopJojw^ tht 
tiarelling crane working over them. 



ON OPTIGAii AND OTHEit INSTBUMENTS.* 

By Sir Darm BamrerEft, K.H, P.RS. 

Tua lUPLBGTiNa I'loasoorB. 

AUhongh thn refriu^tiQe lelewMpe, fanned by glaaa le■lMI^ «■ 
tlic lirat form of the telcooope, and enabled GaUloo, Uaygw^aBi 
CaiiMui to make im[>ortant aatruuomioal diaooverica, yet bm 
variiua {^-luaes it was, in the time of NewMui and hia oontemMfir 
riea, supei-^ediul by tlie reflecting talesoope first propoeei if 
James Omtiory, .md improvad by Newton, Flullay, Hawkab* 
Sliort, TTeno.hel. Itamagb and Lrad llo«ao. lu the I*aris EnO' 
aitinn rcrv (iua niL-delJi ot the reflecting t al eeeopw of the Emxfd 
Koase and Mr. Lnasell were eubn^lMd to the JurieiL 

Heflfctiiijf T*l*Mopt: nf (Jm Sari ^ JtatM. — Having erereeine 
the great prnetietl di^oltiaa which had been experieaoed is 
casting metAltie upoeola of a large lise, liord Roaae aoeoaade^ !>■ 
eaeting one fully 1^ feet iu diameUir, ami whieh, vrtMot grouBd taA 
potislied by maohinery of his own inveotioii and oooatnulian, 
bad a focal length of S3 feet FW ibis large spMulom, weMduc 
nearly 4 tons, a tube wan ^rovideii, f* foot wide in the nlddwuX 
Bfly feet in length, connlnting of dovl atavcd hooped like a tatk. 
The speculum itself waa fixed in a large cubical wixxlcii boxabiMt 
8 faet in each ude, in whi<^ lliera in a Juor. to allow two bmb to 
go in, in order to remove or replace the cover which pruteota tha 
apeculum. Thi« box la fttatenad to the end of the tube ao u t» 
form the lower «nd of it, and containa an inj^nioos contriTaac* 
for keeping the ■p(>eulaiD from moisture In* abwirbeat ni>tenala- 
In order to prevent the speeulum from brmking or changing 
iu form, very ingenious and effoctive means have been pe^ 

Tided. 

This enormous tube, threu^ whidi I have walked w|im it was 
in a horiaontal position, is celabliahcd betwvcn two mUs «f 
ftuiteliatod an:hilectnre. about 60 feet high, 10 as to enaUe tiM 
ob<vrver to eiamine the heavenly bodioii for aboot haU an 
hour before and half an hour after they pass the mmdlna. Iba 
ciai'hinery for moving it, and the gillcriae ft>r ohwrvntioM. akof 
WLlh th<^ telosc'po. weigh li! tons; andthiamaaof naattar iancy 
ingfuinuity bnlanecd by oouut«r< weights a«spended by dhaisa 
Axed to the silks of the tube. Tlie galteifes »tr obeerven hold 
twelve peraoM, and KraQeera are not a little aiaxtled when tiuy 
find themselres enapMided midway between the piaas over a c ' 
60ftetde«j>. 

With this ginntie instrument the moat important dieooi 
have been mMe. The great and etartltog &ct of aiifal 



• JdMitalt! Xcpsrt lo Uh Bmid et tniU as tb« tK)t 



M 



THE CIVIL RNOIXBER AND ABCHrTECrS JOUBNAL. 



^V aibnl»^li» ramlntion of neboki into itiw ^h» dapUatiaa 
^K or ttan bltlitno ndcanttl nngl^aul noiMurkaU* BtniiMnra* ou 
V Uw mooA's anrfaoe, an amoag Um oduavataatitB of I«rd BoMt't 

Mr. lM*ttt» AfitaMnp TO w wyi fc— Thft pnudple of ooartnio- 
ttoB of tlw twmtj-lbot •qmuriol, origiaaUf MWitad «i Sbtik 
Md, M n«eJMl7 tho MiM •■ that of Ui« iiiii»4bot oqaUorwl 
dwcrilieJ in the Ivelftli volonie oS tbo McBiiNn fi tha 'Biorai 
A^lnmoiiuaU Sodut]', uid eugrartil iu pUtoa V. sad VL of tW 

■ TOhUM. 
Tbt tub* is of aboM-iTOO, barrijr ft traUi of wi lacb (hick, 
10 fwt lon^ aad SAiochM inddo diuoatar, andlA) by rivau wfth 
tlM fawwl* inddc, M tlwt tlta oalaide ia UDootli ud aiipftrtntiy 
fritbott* ««». Ita wclgbt U 604 lb.; the sqiuuw box or OMtiiig 
. iriihih MKloaea tb« tub* k 6 ft. 6^ in. loug, > ft. 3^ in. iu tbaaidi^ 
•Dd ire%!u SSfl lb. Th« tiprl^ ki* 7 Cm bii(;, aud 3 feat wide 
U til* MM, wMb weigltuiit 'UO lb. Tho ecow ud buga drde tft 
wUdb til* npri^hU era boltot w* to oue oaatiaft.aad wUgb trixwt 
•010 lb. TfaoapecaliunitM'lhielMidtuiicdu-, 2f() iacfaBi Ciwiui, 
■ul welgb* About 3tH) lb. Tlure wm, iiuWl, Uirea kpooidk 
bdeBglBg u> tbe fluooiio. of tlia Mme diauwUr uid foca% but 
vinrlxig In tfakkiMM mn Kbont 1'4 lo 2-8 iaehM. 

^MVptenlvm i> monnled in a aort of ekdeton box, tit* back of 
trbioh IN of wroogltt-iron, 0^ iucti Uiiek. «od when ia ita plaoa, 
h «»wUy filU (ba end of Um tuba. Tba box or plnlo ia bnld ia 
ill ^aea lu tbo tuba \rf ibna atnwg aqabUataat aoivm ta|^ 
bto It, Mtd lavolriBg in wiUn attMiad to tbraa brMuta 
■owd to tlM taba^ ao tlul tb«e eorawa baving aquKra boaila 
fittM tri tb K kejr, oMninacad tha peiftM wjiiMuncBt of ibc apacolvai 
at all tiniai, ^thoat lutcffenog ia tlia Mnu vlUi the nuiutar in 
which it iDMpporled. 

When tbo ulmtropa ia pointad soar tho seiiitfa, Ih* apaculnin ia 
■opportfld mtirolT by tbe faaek of ihia box, whLdi raoeivai tha 
three altiiiMta pointa of a ayatein of levera, dividing tba back of 
Ihe •poCulDlu iuto cigbtOMi irartcom ot utiiial nno. As tbo tal^ 
Mope, bowerer, ta dapraaaad from tba oaiiith, it is cridani that the 
ONHUra of tba ■panlwBi on that* knn amat bagia to b* mtM- 
Ibnvd to ita ki«vr tAsCB, which, if aiiflerod to nat OD anj banl 
nbatnner, woubl iintnaJiatelT be^in to produee dialctftiou. To 
ppevmc thia, in aome dogree, tba aprowlnm baa ita loww half 
ming upon a br»d, tbtii,aBmldKWar faooptMoiunlat tbaoKli 
of a horiaontal diaiuaWr by alout bracket* attached totbecircnai- 
fkrenea of Ifaa aappotttng box. Tbii hoop ia iiaarij aa braad na 
tha a p aeo lw n, and not tlueker tbnu a piaco of onliiiaTy canL 
fioow dUtortiMi ia ilill percvptiblL-atlowalUtadeatLyUupraaaiuo 
even of tbe opper fnrt or tbe aiMouliua npoa tba lo««r, uud anotber 
^yat wi of lereva br praT«nting Hesiire in tJili pcwitiou ia alao 
tmUiiad to tJia anpportiug plota, Tboa* uk« up t)ia aupport aa 
Um Mbara yieltl it, and laoder the qioealiiiB — |— Nt of ntainhig 
fk Bonoal figure in aU poaitiooa. 
^B Aa ante* dtMrription of both niteaia of lerara will ba fennd 
^Bn Iba fifport ^ \h« Urltiab AaaoefaiJan, BdiBbiugb, for tha year 
^HtSSO. Mr. hmndi bad not then eoaatruetad thia aeoowl ayateu 
^Baf levani, but ba innnediat«tj aAarwaida oarriod out tbepliui than 
^ lavpMod, with ao alisbt a rariation na not at all to adaol iia 
prtndple. or vitiala tba ilaaBripCion. luaMad of Itiouinug tlw 
kbow of caattag a new ■panlon with riba on the baak, be 
C«B«ntod a Banbir of Uoeka npon Ih* baok of tba MMculitm, 
wUeb lerTe aa baatinp Ear (ha anda of tlia levaia. and have thia 
•dvnnlAJTE oTer the propcatd rlbl^ tliat Ibey arv su iJu|»aod aa to 
be oat of tbs way of the lev«n for venioal aiq>porl— au cawutial 
WBdttion. He hoa fa«od twvnty-aavau lavara to be anlBcaeut; 
Ihe lone and tlwrt arnm bring in tho proportion of about IS to 
I, and loaded with about a ponnd weight at tho rod. Ae thia bt 
a Bouat-iioportatit aikl eflkneioaa arriuigcuMiiit of tho looda of 
aopportinD a laree apeonJuni, oue of tbi.' aiodeb exhibitod at 
(bePaiiaExpa«n(iaDWaaafBll-aIaadM«mfXir of thia method of 
aupport. 

The fouat'irial it driven bf n cloek'^DovotMiit, wliich ia 
■btmdnntty iiowMful, and goaa audBciently wall to kaop a atar 
apparmtly uiunonible iu the field, but wuold aoiroetj anSoa to 
brp it biaeoia) by a wLra br uior* than p«rhapa a miuiitv. 

Titt flndT of (ha (atoaoofi* ia a Mowtonma r«dacb>r, ti 4-3iiicbeB 
■MttuK, and 4S Inobaa faeoi, cnnyiug a maguihiag power of 
9T iJmaa. Thia eon of finder ia more eoiivenivnt than an aobro- 
■Mieone, aa it itowa obye«ai la tfca rnxue wJalitw poi'tiona aa in 
the great ulMoope, howavar It may ba diractatC It ii very 
raniiiillal for the couvtniMioe of obaarvins, and oapaolullv fur the 
tl){ht parfonnaiKc of tba teleaoopa, tliat tho mirror abouidalwiiya 



DnuiBnoy, mora lanu irom nn Boor mM ^liai: 
wkieh period Jt imiat b« tahoD o«l and iripi 
bowGTer, lorn than mi^>hC ba •xoeetod, tw, \ 
«acb Donnted in a fiaaia; wfakn b* ntaana 



Iff 



pr«Mmtke«neralnUTQ periliM fa fMfaat to IlB aewment 1> 
nllitnde being in a ptuM patpaedlenbtr to the horiion, and thia 
ia aecaird by wheal work attaobad to tba eaat-itod bin eontoli^ 
iag the trleaoupo, whidi ratntaa Iha tabe, and aeeoraa tha 
horiKwtaliqr of the axia of (ha aya-taba in all pooitions of tha 
talMOopa. 

LuMdof nplane«peenlum,Mr. Ixiili goBat»lly maa a priaoa, 
which inandia a penoil two inebaa ia dianater, and ia thopafon 
jart Inrga enoogb to inclnde all tbe nn redaotad by the laifla 
apemiuiu. It wna made for Mr. Laaaell bjr U. Ucn, of Unnica, 
and ia uf ndnintbia ^tmbiy, no teat that baa bean appliad bung 
anfflciont to reveal any imparfrotion. Tlia only iaoonvenianoe in 
Eta nae (a that on very dewy nintbta it will aoargoly main ita ftiu 
briUiailoy, mora thnu fromnn boor and ^half to two boani, after 

{pad. Thia ttuubto ia, 
r, having two iiriann 
__ ._ . frama, wfakk by maana of ataady^Uia oan 
ba inataatly placnl aa that the prian iball batn axaola^jnab- 
nient, not more thnn two or thnc minntea >a oeeopiad in oxr 
cbonfpng thn jirjiiiia. 

Mr. lAoall poMoMai aa afaaoat ■nnaoaa w y vaiiMy of magni- 
fjring powen^ joailiva and aagatiaw, aa wall m aiagia oaaa 

Tux AcHRoiiATio TxiiWOorx. 
Tbe achronatii; telaaoopa. iu which the object daaa ia oompoaail 
of one or twi> oonvax tan a aa of crown glaao, and a concave ooo 
of flini ^Uaa, waa iorauUd \rf an Ei^iah countiy gabtluaan, 
lir. Mora Hall, and alao W J<>l>i> DoUood, an En^iA 
optioAii. During more Had half a Rotury, foreign naSooa 
wtn auopUod with thi* iiutfuiucul aa amde by DollunJ, Ujuim- 
dan, and ucliec Kogliah artjaia; but owit^ to tbo dlincniltyof pn>- 
tvna^ t)rupcTr flint gUai^ and tlia acvent<r of tli* English eidw 
law^ whicli pTcvi-utad artiata tntia impn>viiig it, tho uuma&etnn 
of ochroautlc t«lMOopea hoa iwaeetl into foreign workihopa, nod 
England deprived of a valoable aouroe of einploymeot and of 
nt'ODUa. 

Oftat TManapr q/* St. Lartbaar*. — U. I^crebogra vshibitad 
tha object-gbiaa of tha grant achromntie taleaoap* of Ui* luiitfilBl 
Obatrvnbwy of Foria. TLa fltut glnn of thia adminble o^iact- 
glaai, IS aanltiQittot, or about 14 inehoa, in dinnietor. 




olitainad, about iwouty yean a^ by tha yoogar Oniiuuid ftom 
the riaaa-worka at Uhoioy )e Uot. iL LnabouV &thaf began to 
grliuJ il iu 1S36, but after aorenl fraitloaa atbunpla with orown 
ffbuM iif a bad quality, though llie buM which oould be obtoinod, 
be abaudouad the work. Be auvutod, however, beforo lua 
d<ttlb, which took pLsoe in ISM), au obj«<»-glnH ii iudiaa in 
diametor, and whicb waa paffret, with au a|i«rtiuii of 
10| incbea. Ilia olijoetflaaa ia now in lb« poMaaaiou of 
U. SoarMan, the anoceaor and fbnnor portaer oi the pnaMU 
U. Lenbouia. 

Having obtainod, bi \S4Z, tram U. Bontampa, at tha alaai- 
worfca of Choiay le Boi, two liiaoa of otown glaaa, U. Larebovn 
iCHiaied tbe aonatruotian at bia objaetflaM of U iiishaa, and ha 
oMDMded in ostuptoiing it m tbe ooaiunanoemant of 1M4 Duiii^ 
Ihayear 184* and Ituti It waa frenently triad and axaaiitMd b/ 
M3l AngiK Mathiau, Lnugiar, rV% nn^ tiotiioD, at»d at tlip 
beginning of 1647 M. An^advia«d the Fmich Ooveninicnt Co 
oojuiru it for tha Ubaervatoiy. M. Salvaudv, than Jkbuiatv of 
Piibli« luatnwtion, after aoma delay, »ffved to purcbaae It br 
4u,lM>rranaa (aboot 1«70(.) FUtaandi^aftarwaMa the ['tmch 
nvolgtion broJca out, and tlio ainunnaot oune to au and, 
Amioyed by tbo« unlowanj vteiiU, M. Lnrcbonita olftml it U> 
tlia Board of Longitude for £6/i()(t risaoa i/t \iaia nion iJiau 
lOUM), aaUDi acaiorty one balfof ila ooaL Thoc-iror waaorcceptnl, 
aail tha laleaoopn i« now tbe tiuwl iu the Iwprrial UbMtmtory. 
A niaiUl of honour wan adjudgad to U. Lanbonra for thia objaut- 
glna*. 

Dr. aMithilTi JakreraoMr ZWHotipar.— Variow takaeopaaof the 
OMumoB aiw liir ordiaary putpoaea wtn expoaed, but by fiir the 
moM vklnabla iaatrtimeola ware ashlbited by Dr. Uharim 
Auj^aatua SiainhiU, of Munich, Thaae laloMopea. thu toigeat uf 
which had an ob^aet-|^a«a of Hi i^uia incfaaa in diamatari made 
of the glaoa nmauftotared by U. Uiwnat, of Solann, wara uM 
only flae inatramentai hut wore alau mnatkably low ia priM. tu 
Ihoaa whieb I hadoomaian loaxMidae, UMdiattoMoemof naloa 
wna vary gnat, and tba aaeendan apaotiwm luooaaiil«>»bhi Br. 
SuaBkUl givea a graatcr loai length to liia -^Ji[l nil irii, 
In nloilaa to their aperture, than had pravionaly haeu done. 
and ba la thua timUed to dimiaiah tndcanitaly tba detrimrtkial 



m 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ABCHITECrS JOCBNAL. 




of tiia taeaaitgy tpeetnuit, wlicn Ugh BugnUyiiig 
po«r«n w« lucd ia Twwing n>7 bri^t objocU. In * ooro- 
fwiMo of oDo of FrMmhoAt'i b«K tnatrumoDla, 34 Uum iu 
untor^ KBd 48 indiM ia tataX Uoffh, with one of h» own, i? 
liBM in uoTtiire uul U ineboi ia fooJ leugUi, Dr. SteinluU fotmd 
rttM, witb lU UgbMt povM- of 180, Fnaaboiret'i autpHMd hia; 
pint whoD both w«« wad wiiK ryenlwea tiMt nv* ■ taagniiyiiie 
power of SlOud 82Ar«spectivaly, Dr.StsinbiU^ telctcopeahowcd 
mimU dote (defecta in a priutoil po^), whiob wci-n invUible in 
FhMtnhoAr'* iiutnuueal. V |iou redaemff, bomver, Uie ■pertura 
of tlia UtUr IiutnuuBt (0 St< liiiM tb« dota w«n eMo. 

Tbceo -*-j-rr fllimti of great fuc«l leugth, badde ^tuniehiDC 
'tfiBit«ly the eMomdupr iMCtrum, im much mot« MonomicaL 
objactglM^ wUk 4 iiMfaoe npcnare, lOQ inohee food length, 
I nagaU^iag jxmr of MO, au<l giving & parfbatly bbwk bwk- 
1 to a vwy bright objwt, cui bo biiilfor SOO Aorine (lef. 10*.), 
[will with tube* and ajr^iaeia, for Icn thin 300 fioriae (tM) In 
tier ta obtun tbe Hme rviitti with the lunal object^ Mw e, one 
' 9 inohee would be required, which would oaetfrncn nix to eight 

I u auich. 
Dr. SuiithlU'i obJeot-gb«MM«iiHd«oftheElueof M.Daeoet, 
r SoUant Ita homogeneity is taiefiiUy ttaUNi, and it* rafriMi- 
Vlitj accnmtelf detannined for tho n.y$ B, C, D, T, and G. "nm 
lierioal abermlton ia rigopotuly eorreotod for the wholr objcel- 
ftom ita caatn to ita rnvgin, which cannot be doue hj 
1eiii&0M. 
' Jf. Sttmatt'§ BquatorUI Tdettope »Uh a Oaek mmrnnrnt.-^ 
Via btantifitl inatmtnent i> 13fovt is fuad1enfftb,iuiililii objoct- 
I bae a real aperture of B) inebca. The polar itsis Iff ft.4 tn. 
f, aiid U f<jnuiid of eix hnra or cu)>ra, tntveni^ by alrODg lUrajNi 
un bulled l'> tbnir two «xlrvBiiiiaii, &u<l ■trangtlieuKl by 
•roa* roil of pi:iliiibi<d kImI beiwwii them, whicli forma rtty 
gii! priim. Tben^ are two prisni* cf thU kind, (MhcomnoMd 
tiiiM principal rodi, between which the axil of the 
• b enpporlad, ao that it dan tuovc trt»\y (n a Muup1«t« 
Irele belweeu tliem. In onl«r to take every poaEliou l;i liemiaa- 

"Rie cirde of ri^ht Mcpnnnn, which ia plaotd on the plat- 

fbnu thikt rMPivea the dock movement, is 3 feet in diameter, 

and ahowa eeconda of time by means of two vcmii^ra The 

moTVttent haa a 8v repilator, and a wnt^ht made ao 

to muler Iha elook inaepeiideol. The circle uf deuliuatioa 

haa a IctoI fixed t* th» »ty«-tiib*, in order w give the optica] 

axis ile projier altitude. Tha Jllumiiuition nou- the cye-KlaM 

'* I obtalnid f^m a lamp kept vertical in every poaidoai of the 

>p«. 

Tho WlMOOpe U fiiriiiRh«d with a micrometer haTtn2«^V fixed 

llwireaijEN in one direction, and rhrrr perpendicular to tho dvv, and 

Mbo with two moveable parallol wine independent of each othar. 

iTbe motion of oa« of thcae ia nckoued upon a gradoated drelcv 

"vUdi ttraats up to tot^ revolntlona The other performs the 

part of a fiiM wir«, aiwl on be placed in any part of th« 

field. Ilia whole mieromtrtor bu a motino round thf> (iptieal 

uSa of the tdeempe, ao m to cnnhk the olivrrer to mcn*nre 

Um awle of noahioD. TUia muliou is mcaaured by a drcia 

divided into minutea, and li faralah^d with a damp and endleea 



Mtmr*. Oaneifi DitetnfFUtUmdCrovmGlau/itrArJavmath 

>/— Amotig tlie ni«at remarknblo and vitluable prodncti 

of SMtleh mannfuture exhibited, we miut rank the gtganlie 

ditea of glan from the works of M«ana. Ohaace Brotbecs and 

' Conipaaj'. 

I The** artidet oonaisted of two kind* of ciowo glaw, ud thraa 
lldada of |]ln( glaa*, the btter varying in ipedlic gravity 
MfotB 3-i to 3'8. In oHer to anawer the vnrioui purpoaea for 
I'Vfakili they were waBlod, fbr camera*, ideaLvpus, and micro- 
iBoopca. 

I The latgaat of these diaca wna a pair of flint and crown, 
I SB laobea in diameter ! The ilint ^laas diaa wu axhibtled in tho 
^Crystal Pidaoe in IMl, and obtained a Council U«dal. Binos 
|<Ut time I have MitartuBad the bops that the EiifjtLili Ouvem- 
FVMBt wo«U pnrebaaa tbaae diac«k end eonalruct wilh them the 
lyaodMl aehroinatio telescope tliat wiu over ooutatnpUted by tho 
Inoflt MUDgi^e utRmomer : and with thi* object in riew, I 
llmn^ht the snbjeet under the noiioeof persona of high position 
fuul inflnaiiee, but the only individual who took a» lalercal lu 
[the nbjsol VM the £arl of EUeaiiiare^ who liberally oflbred lii 
IIJveseTOal hmulred ponndi loaMislintbe)nuchaeeof thaglaaa, 
iiod the oonairiMlion of the itutnimeot. In the hope that private 



fHonoB 
rhioh h» I 

ud ^^H 



munUoeoee nig^t fupplr the means whid natleoal Bmtaanr 
hodliftMiil, Iwaaooea(rtedwitbaacbcni«ofux|niriagi'arBritiiA 
SdcBoe tba power of extetutiug widdy ita bonndarica, wbea I 
reodved tbe mortifying intdligenoa that U. Levcnier, alivs to 
tbe interaata of adenoe and the ghit; tA hie eoantry, had in his 
powse u iott tbe itinainj^ian discs, and had antmd fBb) en 
arrangsBsnt, depandoDt on tbetr exoelUnca, to pin < ban tlusi al 
a bi^ ptioo for Uia Fivncb QovtmnMnt for the ooiwtmrtiap ef a 
telewopa. 

Messra. Chance exhibited also a pair of 90 indi diaoi £> photic 
gn^Uo puriMHNw, another pair of 16 InohaB tat tdaaoopat^ and 
a mat vanuty of amallw ones ffom 9 inebe* dowBwarde tat i 
inch. 

D<tgfit(t Ditei </ GUom.— Very fine diae* of flint and awn 
glaaa from 16 inchee dowDward^ aod pciaisa of tbe aUM 
maletiali^ were exhibited by M. Dagnat, oi Solenra, in Switai^ 
land. This glass is in high eatinialion ameog foreien oMidaB^ 
and ita ninker wae honoured with a Ooundl Uedal at tbe 
Kihibiticinof IdAl. At IhcFVinch KipoutionaMedalof HoiWB 
waa adjudged to M. Dtuunt tor tlie diao* of glaae which h* 
exhlUted. 

AcmioKaTio HicnoooorMk 

ThoMhroinationuonaaope^an inatnuneat of modem iai 
and of the moat axleanve use in the arte and scieaeea, baa, J 
the apirit of oompeiitiou esdted by the Loniloa aud 
Exhibitioiis, bean brought to a high degna of MifroU<n. 

Alvatra. Smith and fieolt, who bad ao EngUah rival, evried off 
Uie microaoopic prita by roopivinK a Motol of the Fint C'Wa 
Althoogh thenuoroeeapeof M. NKcbetwaaiioiequalloLhetofthe 
EnBliah artiata, it had audi u hiiih degree of merit, that a Uedal 
of the eaaie value wm adjudged to liiiit. 

MM. Oberbaiuar, of Paris, exhibitoii an exeoUimt adiromatk 
nueroBoope^ and alao one intended far obeervntkHM ia tbe 
vacuum of an mr.pump^ for which a Medal of the ElcatUlaaawas 
■dju'Iged. 

Mr. Pilliecher, of Bond-street, exhibited amicroeeope with aa 
odirDitiaticoliJw^lRssbalfaniBoh in (onl lenxthaad of sndi 
excelleoc* that a medal of the Second C1m« wae awarded to 
bim. Ur. IMIukihcr alio exhibited what he oalla a leotiealar 
microscope, for cxamiawR urtnury ilepocitu at tbe bedaide^ which 
hAs been higlily spoken of by the bite Dr. QoldiiijC Bird and Ur. 
QueckotL 

Mr. Filliacher'a "etadeni^ microacoiw*'' were remarhabl^ 
not only for their ohe^ne^ but the oxcdleaoe of thoir oon- 
atruclion. 

McBn. Smitli and Beck sent two adiromndc micraeoopei 
namely, one of their very hast laatninientH, and another of ea 
eutLrel;^ now eonatmotioo, to which (hoy gave th« name of "tbe 
EdueationfJ Uieroacopn." Tbe first of iheee mierDeoops Jiffimd 
very liUle from the one whii:h they exhibited in ItsSI et the 
Cryatal Palace. U had, hoa-ever, objeotfleaiee of a ahorter 
focus and greater auuiilar apertore. 

The S^ieulkruU Mkr^tecipa exhibatad Inr Uosbs. Smith aal 
B*6k is aa iaatmmeDt of great valne^ and Botn ita low price tad 
axosUenoe it cannot £ul to have aa extensive sale. With obled* 
i|la«M*ofoue inch ami a quarter, aiid apertures of 2^° sad 7^, 
ltd price, jMokiNl iu a aiM is only IW., aud the additional ap^ 
tatus, including one Lieberkhnan, a Wenham'a paiabolioi>adectaf^ 
a. Wollaabin'a cnmvia lucida for drawing, and a polarixiu tffm- 
ratU9 complete, with primua and edeuile, amoant only to SL 
ulditionul. Siuoe the middle of iU.>a no fewer than 100 of ihMe 
Kducati'mal Mii^rosoopM liiive beoD sold, and two-tbirda of this 
number had Ibu ailittonal appomtiia. 

When the Jury won.- coiiipnrinii the rival tuiaroaea|iSL iL 
Aniici, of Modeua, disliuRuinhiil by Ida optical iavoDtMO^ 
showed a iniuroHeo]H.- wliioh eiliibit«<l oertaia atria to tOM 
objeeta b«tt«r than any of tho iiiau-tinienla nnder examiaatiaa. 
This suprirFrily wna proiluccd by the inlroduetion of water 
betwoon tlio object and (he objot!lrf(!aai; but aa M. Amid waenot 
an exhibitor, tho Jury was uol called upon to adjudicate 
aMedaL 

Omcat. Aptaiutds for Lio)rniotis«a 

Polysonal lenses, or lenaea oompoacd of Mfwiate cnecea ! 
a common focne, wan 40 ycon a^io reoanuaeoded by mnstf i 
pecnliariy adapted for li^thouewi and their IntrMuotMa ia 
the Scottish lightbooeea hi plane of the old parabolic reSecton 
waa pteasetl u|»d the ^iglneor and the Comniatianeia of the 
Kortbeni Li^h m Ihifore Frwod had suhtuitted thorn to tbe Pmdb 
Lighlhoaee Commiaaioa. I pernsled for many yeaia ia W](ii« 



i waenot 

2^ 




THE Cim. ENOCIEEB AND ABCHITECTS JODBNAL. 



ttf 



Iba THsi^ Houm ud Uw oHmt IMtbooM BMnk b> iidopt 
tUt grwt iHiprDVNBMit. Tb« Seotch Boud ax U»i ■alhoriatij 
»atag«l«M«<UMdkiptfu Iuhm cMMtnielad in LoimIoii. It 
WM «XMBli«l in tiatr^am hj Um If mhi. OUbcttn; bat notkitw 
brtlMr «M tk>»* in Uw nattar till Mr. Aka StannMii wu mbT 

S> tb« fioAfd to l'*m in 1934, for tiMpiUfMM of aoH|MrlBg Uie 
optoio tlghu, wliirrh had h> Iook ben nidiRg th* turimr ob 
tha FiraMfi eout, with Um HnEnlb nOMtora wed in BritiuD. 
Tht iwoil WM auoh u bad Man long bdbra pnwed npao Ihe 
Board and tl>« Britiah jniblUh and tka mw bnaca bav* been 
partial!/ intiadiued into Boetlaad, En^^d, and IrcJaad. Mudi, 
n uw Ttc , nnmiiia lo be dona; and m Maanra. CliaiHa and Company 
bttT« ao MaUWuncnt when tbe djopbie unaiauia can M 
mMa&eurad to anjr axtaat. tha Bawd of IVada wsld not 
paribnB » Rimtar atrriea li> Bunanhj, awl la tb« oonnaraU 
utemta ofoiar u«r«aiitite navj-, than bj vstiagniMbiag mrtif 
nflMtar on our liMrEa, and reptaciiig thaio by U* Haw 



MmboUs 



I 



Th* Ifmlalar of A^rimiltora, Ooanaree, and Ptibli« Wctka 
ashifaitad a oaladioptne l^fathenaa a|ipuaUMof lli« lint onlar, 
with octipwa crsrj miiuita^ oonalraotml bj M. H«ar7 Lapauta, 
uider th« direoticn of MM. Loonee, Bejriiaad, and Dopsnd. A 
Qiaat Madal ot Honour was acDudgad la Uia Admidairation of 

abtbMWM, anda Madalof Honoor toll LepanlcCar tkiab«anti- 
tfftnkaa. 

Anotber IcstimiUr apoaratan wnji exhibitad br M Ik Saattar 
atd Co^ wbu ramired a Medal of Homonr fron tbo jnrj, 

M. Blaiy Jsliffliif eihibitml rarivoa plaoea of appamtoa for 
li)(lilliiwiaai. and tor Ugbtins town aloelca and railwa;ni and wu 
nwmfdad with a MaM of tb Fliat Claati 

Tbe eaine hoooiir waa oontured on Maava. Chanea and 
OOMiauiy, tba oolj Britkti exhiUtora of lM)falboiiaa appaiaUu, 
fer tbair caladlontrie llgfal of tha £nt order. In tbe qoalilx 
ef tba eHf, eitbvr in raferaMa lo oolonr or froedom travt 
atn»i and Id the fitting dd of th* varioiu paHa, thtt appaiatoM 
•MBWd to be very little, i(&l all itifaricir, ta iu rival. Ila glaaa 
laianti to be aciinewlwt whit4^r tliiui tlie Ii'nucli kIiui, liaviuK a 
aUght Unga of j«Uow, that of tbe Fruocb glsM baring a tandtn^ 

touu. 

Smaoaconm. 

Tb« ftiaibiBeDtal |inadpb of the eUKoaeopn, that ta aeciof; 
ti^icU in rtllef v« nniie tho iirr. dUaimllar pktaraaprodBead bjr 
tba riffht and left eye, wu kncivn to Qalati, Agnilonltia, Porta, 
aad owera. Tbe finit penon thnt H^^a* to have thmiffht of coo- 
■tnctiaff an ImlriiMPnl fir uniting tvo aucb pii^iutvi vi4 Mr. 
Bitot, M Bdinbureb, but ha did not publiah hia inventiou. Mr. 
m««taoDa, ia 1^ eommuDJcatad to the Bonl SooMjr of 
Iiondou. and waa the fint to pobliali, an account of nn npparalua 
atUfd tae atenoaoojw, for imitiostwo diaimilnr piciure^ and 
tfin pTodncing ■oliditr or r«llwC Tbiaappantluaacauictedoftwo 
ifSaolag nurron, ami m kii'>wB bf the naow of th* f^/ltetina 
Hmmttt^t. To another fonn of the Maraaacopa lavantad bjr tnj'Hlf, 
aad now in uoireraal um, I gave tbe oatnaof thelmtlcaMrfttreo- 
an^, frwi itn oMiiatiugof half orqiiartrrlenaei, which magnified 
whUr Ibej eooiUBeJ th« dlnimiUr imngaa. 

ODI7 "aa •leraOMOpo. niuiial; a UnUruiur oat, waa exhibited 
in tb* CrTRtal Pukoe of IhAI. It wna mnde hj M Duboaeo, 
of Viaii (from a model one whinh I hod giten him in 1800^ 
and ftrmad p«rt of bit &ie aoUection of pbilotophicol ioatru- 
■UBta. 

Although tba •tartoaoap* {• known prlndpalljatao instrument 
«f unnaHiwat, it ba« eUima npm aolcnee and the arts of no 
ar&iat7 land; and Uie lime ia not diatant when It will be 
laprded at an ladiapenaable auxjlioij in the edaeation of the 

Ajgrtat Bsmlier of itaraeaeopta baaldsa the one nblblleil bjr 
m«t£ war* aent B£ Claudet, Mr. WQIiams, of Remnt-atrMt, 
UDuDMcq, and Mr Mitlct i!Xbiboto(l liexagonal atanda iriili hIs 
■MveaoOM*, wbkti were riiitcd b<r crjvrdaof tpectaton; U^jurv. 
Lefort. QoaUliBi lamicbe, Warm Thoia»>n. and Dejunee aUi> 
«xhibii«d ttareMoopea, and MM. OuHiler, Moulier, and Snuller 
prsdaoad adtniiabla Unocnlar nliclw (or tba initrunieat. 

KiLEitoacom. 

Altboogh the fatUdaaoop* baabaoQ bog uaad both Ju Bogland 
aad no th* Ooatinaal, fbr craatiag pnltema for oarpata, and (or 
■aalo^«iiia pnrpoeaa in tbo deoontivo arta, it iagai»endl;r re^nrdad 
■a an iDatnaiatit of a m uaaioeMt 

Tit* kideidoaoope* which I waa nqoealcd to exhibit were two 



Man 

HLefo 
■lexhi 

r^arnd 




In number. Hi* Jtat waa a rar; loa bilroiBt,' BflMtwata< 
with much can fy tha lata Mr. R Bat*, ootkaa, Ijcmdcn. II 
eooauMd of latadata ef apooDlum metal, which eould b* aat at 
TBiwoa aa^ea whiA war* tba aliquot puia of a orcle^ 
Tbe wawid wm an Mw la M aaJ ka liU iMe pt, oooatnutod ao that bv 

an axb and give cimilar pattama, or lalca a parallel poaltlOB at 
Tariooa dlataaoM to giro rectilinear pattaiiM, or oooTfr^ to a 
oentJT at any raqntM diataooe, ao ai to prodacr carviliiiear 
paltema of uiy radiiw of eurrati»«. 

Via tptwimua wna exiiibitad of tlietWMnMnetelMdMmpt^ itaowiat 
iataraatine fotm, la whioh o1ij«cta at anr obtauea, lirlag or dead, 
at Nrt or In tnotton, can b* Intredncod lalo th* flgora or pattan. 
PiioraOKunnc Cucnua. 

During Uia taat finu'7ean,gr«atimprovaBentaha*abMBtBada 
in the pbotograpliiacaoMn,aAd macli bgennityhaa baon abowit 
in itauaplatian for taking biooottlarpieturoa Camecaa have alao 
baao made lor the nae of travuUeia, in wbidi the nhotogimph can 
ba devalopMl and fixed without reaorting to a dirk aMiliaent. 

AmoDS the noat aniucat iiaproirarB cf the photographio 
eaiaeiii, M. Voightlasdar. of Ttaans, oocnpoa a diatiii^ikhad 
plaoBj bat be haa not eibitiitod any of hi* inatnunenta either id 
the Expoaition of 18S1 or 1»36. 

Stvenl pbotognphlo eaiaatw wtr* axhibited by tb* Engliah 
opticiaaa, Hewn. Hbnt* aadThorathwalta^ and loL^'- ^'"g, of 
Briaio], who raorind a Madal of the Saoond Claaa; and br 
the Prenoh opticiana, M. Jamin, M. Ch. Ralaadin, and M J. Q, 
SehlertE. 

M Jantlo, who reeelved a Medal of IhaSeooadClaai^ eshiUtad 
aeveral flna objaet-glaaaei fur pbotogranhk eaaiana. Ho c«n- 
■tnicte them of throe kind*: lit, on «nat it oaUad th* G^miNi 
ajraiem, with two object^^laaMa; 2adly (or landaeapaa, aad 
aoconlioB lo the w iah of the unrefaaaer, either for n^id opmtioa 
or fiir pietana of a laiga au«; aad 3idly, for laadaeqiea and 
poTtraita. 

Howcrer ertditable it ia to the ingpnuitjr and ent«rpri*«of tb* 
artirt in exacnting leuae* of awgnitode and raltip, ii is tvtj diffl- 
ouU to appreoiate the adnuitagM wlilob an eif'p<:t<Ht rnm tbrm. 
If «« requln to take a phoMgtaphic hadaoape iriih nag<dar 
npldilr, or la twilight, a large Ucib la abaotnt«lj arcemary. If 
oar object ia l<i take a larga piotura, it mar ba takan with a aowll 
oaiaera, aitd aftanranla o^arfsd by aa ealargiag iiutraBi«Bt,a»d 
therefore a tai^ leiu >• bj no meana oeoeeaarr for thia purjioaa, 
Th* oalf adraatage of Luga laaaa^ whioh would jnatiff an artiat 
la lacreaatiig th« expeoaa of tbam, would be In taluag aUnoA 
inttantAueonaly th* portnlt* of aniinak 

In taking the portnula of hnman bvinjp nueh IcDws itr* woraa 
than naeleaa I hare proved, both from theory iLD<i cx|ierim*(i(> 
that aoeh portnita ao taken an moutrooii repiroeoUtMoa or 
bomaaity, ovao wkao the leuaaa ba^-oNiapaftnreof 3or4inalMiL 
Willi an ajwrtura of U inchaa th* fanuaa bo* woald b* ihamoat 
voloar carK&lar*^ 

U. Janiin exhibited alaoaaotiur nbotogntphicab}eet«laaw)th 
aew properttaa. It wiawhat be<BBaadoubJeennbinedi]aa,with 
the optlnl atui >:))<.-micaJ foei oolnddfai, and waa fUraiahed with 
a COM «MnttiKitmr, which ia laid by the Abbtf Idblgno to add 
wouidarablr to tbv dintiiicuiraui awl to the prompt ftnngof the 
mctoK*. It Um &I114 a variable fociu, and mar be uead atthar 
fat laodacap* or portiaita. With tliia Ian* U. Diideri took 
mIoomI plctaraa Marty 30 indiM high by 31 broad. 

M. Jamia oxhibitod alao thr«« arta of l«(i*M of mat per- 
faction, and of all ourrvtnree, mode nf crown glaai. Mat ^tm, 
and rock ofjital, and alao a fine aet of prUma of all aiaia ua 
fbnu*. 

OrricjLi. ArPASATva ran Phtbkxu. Bnunain. 

Tba Pam Expi«iiion eaotaiaod laaay iogoolout inatnunent* 
fur proaawtting rcaaarohda in pbyaical optiea. One of the uMat 
important of thaae *a%~ 

A Solar TWwiwpa,— TkiM tnatrnmeut, which wm nhilntad hy 
niyaatf, waa oouNtruotad far m v nae^ at tha expenaa of the Ron! 
Society, bij tile lat* Mr. Dolload, fiir the purpoaa of axaauauc 
th* daUeioat linw in tha aohtr *|>*caram. fWaaTeralyaaialhad 
b*on engaged in thia inqaicy with aa achromatic tolaaeoM hy 
Ranwluu. and a priam executed bv the Intedinlii^iihoiiopUcIaa, 
M. naunliuGN- of Mnakh. Aa lie part of the apoctnm luidar 
oxaminaliou o tcet a a rily ocinai*fd ofhoeaogeaaoM liglit, it oceufrod 
to m« that au achtomaiio obioWgUw ««• unaeoeaMry, aad that 
an objeot-glaea more anilable for the pnipoaa ra^obwi ^> ^la 



18S 



THE CrVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITECTS JODBNAL 



vonvoUid onlj fcr fpborioal obMTVKtJaa. Tbr ob{«ct-gU« vm 
thtnfere eampoMd of Mo >niMM of plmUy-fflaat, ^t which tha 
cumtuTM vetn obuiaed from 8ir John Uennbd'f formtilii, and 
tlieeyeKlaMMweremdao4itlM«un«nttadplK The fb«] lengili 
of Uie flS^Kt^UN b 3 ft. 8 ia; the dbnatcrof Ui« oUtM-glsw, 
4 tHhM; tlMtiMght of tb* Urn priain w w m d bf M. U«n la 
a uiek«^ and tlie time aide* of tia horiaontal trimgtikr mO^oa, 
A inchai^ 4'4A, and 37. fhrgnJ crlindrMal Ioimi*, wbidi luro a 
pacuUar aolion In nodenng VHnle fiunt Usm iii lb« spcdrom, 
and a luge hollow priaiu forboldlas oU of oaMia aad otb«r flqidi, 
aOBMnpauod the l&ttmtiM&t. lu dd«a w«ra «qi»lt and H iuobes 
InltDgtli. 

Araf/l Pi^arimeler.^nAm iDatminiiiit, iatandrd to lUManra 
the polarijatiDU of ibu atuioapUero, wm uiLibitul hy M. buboaoq 
in hi* fine eollaetioa at optical baUuueuta iu the Uryaul Palace 
uf 1601. It conasta of two parts, not tiuQy explftSoDd vlUiout 
iliasnuiu, ODO of vhich U to nicuara tha dngrM of polaruntioa 
of Um sky at any poiul to which th( jjiatTumDDl U dirootcd, nnd 
the other to ilctrrmicv the rdtituda of that point nbovu thphoriaoa. 
The fint couBUila of a, buiulle of gloM-plivtai, 6 iuuIiM loliKi aud 
1} wide. TUabuodlahaaamotioaroiindtheaxttorngiaduAttii 
are, which ntcaaurM tho aasla of iucid«tice of the lijthl reflwtixl 
Grom It* Rnrfncr, wh«n ita degr«a of polariinticii u balniicod by 
tba oppoaitc poloruiation of ifaa bondls of plntea. Thia angfe 
afforda, by a well-ksova proceaa, a inoaaure of the dugreu of 
polariMtion nquinid. The polut uf ajtti[i«tiaatico. or the angle 
at which the polariMd light of ihu sky u nJnowl to conimoa 
light, ia aKwrtnioed by a paluiiKapn with a doubly nfaicliiig 
liriam at tlie ey« end, aud a pieca of rock ctyalal nt the otlier, 
which exhiblta none of the twlariaed oolouca itj oomaiun light. 
Auother aperture in the polariKope, cloae to the pleoe of rock 
crysUl, and receiving diroolly the oomtwuaated light, enoblea the 
obnerrer to cotoparo the whitanaaa of ita two iwa^ with the 
wbitanae* of the other two^ 

In the polnrtmetera which I employed iu the thrte yeata^ oliaer- 
ratioci fruni which I deitenuiaedtbefona ofoll the litiMof eanal 
polariaaliouiu iLc atRiciaphara,Bapubliahi)din Johnatou'* Pliyaical 
llhu^ I employed tfao iugaoioui poWiaoope of Savort, and 
meaaured Uie nqniail^ allitudn with n comaion qtuidrutt The 
detenabiatloD of ihopoiulof couipeuaatioudoeaaotrc^alrenioely 
dlrliM iiutninctiu. 

LiAMCopt firr ditcrim'ntating Miiuntli. — ThiH innlnuueut was 
CMiatruct>.-d ('jt lot by the liit« Mr. Ilolloud, anil exhibited furtlu 
lint time. Witlioiii ooiiciiig the itm;nnuity of (he jtrtiit in Uttina 
U Up) It may be daaeribed u s mial! rTcUiifn>1ar priiiu placed 
horiMOlallT aborts and Upuu, the puliabcd surfiio! ofn iir«cioiu 
atone or muiend. A drop of one or othnr of three or four oDa 
hnvti^ th* leaat and the gmateat and intArtnediftUi nfractive 
pDwetS, ia phwed iMtvcon the lower aiul Invjcev mii&cc of the 
prian and tli« npper aurtaco of the sbwc. Tlie film of oil U^ins 
a|wnUelone, ilie iui-waof AeuudlcaodleordUcofliuht rellecled 
from the ooroiuou ituHiuy- of thu oil And pilam, and iJie cuninioii 
HV&oe of the oil aud sUiimi, are coincidriil; but if by meaua of 
a acraw at one end of iho priani we lill up that cod, we convert 
the dim <it oil iulo a priaui, aud tho two iioagw leinrate. The 
brigliUieM of tlie image reflected frocn the giata and ihr oil in a 
cooatanl qaanti^ for That oil, aud tlie coiupariaou of it witi) the 
loHfatnen of the image raQectod from the oil and the atoue» 
enowea na to t«U which nf the pradoaa atones we ant exiunining. 
We oan thu*, nt a alnvle glanee, determine whether llio atone 
la diamomd, ruby, aapphire, or oojy gloM. DiOorfut iluidd oiay, 
iu like manuer. bo JiatluxuishoJ. 

jtmantr't IttJhwtomrltr.^Thv object of tliis in»tntninot >» to 
meanue witli gmt nceurncr ttie iuilex of rvfrx.-li'Jii of doubly 
nftwtiwt cryatak unl other IXMliea. OurouuiilryEiiaii, Dr. BLiir, 
llret OMd aoenrately-diTldcd hiaininieDta for thi4 piirp^nti. Mr. 
Brunner, the Tnughtou nt Paria, haa prodiiccil an iciainini^^i of 
gnxt bMnty and aceiuvy, whidi withonl diiq^nuna il ii iini>oa- 
■ible to deacribe. Being a juror ha reodted no medaL 

jfWfaAUTa g^wtow A r.^Thla InatnuneBt, eonrtwHed by Ur. 
Becker, Newnun-etreet, London, and exhiblteil by him, wna In- 




ranted by Dr. Stelnhlll. It eoaaiata of two prianui formol by two 
plane panllei pliwmi and one plane oonrex IcniL Both priuiia 
an lilhd with ditiillod water, and the croM wire of a niorotneta- 
k Blade to biaeet a ptatiuum wire, when Ibe index b ai mvs. 
Om eif tbeae priama la then etnptind and fill'.'<l with aiMtberflttid, 
wbOM index of refhictlon we wish to axcortjun. The wire no 
leoger Uaecta the pla*iaum wirv a* be&>re, and when they ore 
bmoglit agntn Into Uaectiofl by the nicrometer surew, ita divided 



bead will g!*ia a maaaore of Ot» iniaHea of Die win prodnead 
by tbe Ur^ reCnotira power of tha 6sU in eootpartaaa wlih 
wnteir. Thia inatrnoMaK girea meaaorea aqoal to tbe f^ of as 
inoh. 

TWeMnpf Ihf BMoawrfM Diabtnoa*.— Thia iaatnmeBt, tntanrtnl 
for military pnrpouae ana for a e«aiiM.*is dhaa at aaa, wn* axU- 
bilad by myadf; and wa* oonatmoted by W. Hairi^ ofAidaii, !■ 
London. A pair of wu*e or polnta abaolntely Sxad In tbe mii 
of view in th« foeiaa of tht- eye-jplaa naweat the m waa opeaed 
and ahut optioally by the motion of a aecond ohject-glaaB to or 
from the firat, atul tlie cban^ of angle waa iudieatodbyiUTiaiaM 
en^vTan on the tabaa. In another form of tbe iimimiaiiil a 
divided olqeet-glaaa which gave doobleimagaawM made l» laoea 
to aud from the main oli}Mt.ghw^ and ihoa to vary tbe an^s 
Bubtended by the Iniagea. A pataat waatakeaemtbymefortbeta 
InatrumenEa in 1813. 

Htrapatk't Ati^eltd T'ounna/ina*.— Thaee VMy Intanati^ 
eryatali, to which the nnme of HmpnthiU haa beta given, wwa 
diaoorered by l>r. William Uenpath, of BriMoL and wan eethi- 
bited. Tliey are iutended to annetaede phttea of real bDOnaaUna 
and NIeol'a priamt^ wUoh have beaa hilheno need in expoimaali 
and raaearabeeon ^polariaationof Ij^ht. TfaaeeplataaarotUa 
cryntoU of tbe aolphata of iodtMiuioiiie, ottd ao completaJv do 
tliey abiorb one at tbe penuila prvdoccd bj doable reAMioa, 
that two tmncpaient platee, ecaroely thicker than gold leaf, an 
to(4klly imMniouB to light when e r eaae d at rii^l anriaa. Dr. 
IIcmiNiUi noa obtained them mora than tu-taotba or aa intb 
brortd. Thaee delicate plaica are preaervod betwaan two tbia 
platca of mieroaoojna ^aaa, intorpomaii a film of an ethmJ 
■dliittDD of Cunitda baliauD. The fcooeM of making Ibaaa la » 
eiiapie that Ur. Hc«^>ath haa often p«*pai«d > itoaen good artl- 
lloiu toonnabnee iu an Itour, and ha ramarka, "that bedbre lose 
thaw apleadid aod nanrnl cryitBli will be oflered for aale t^ epf 
OBM at oa miuiy ahilliuRs ai ttbX u>unnaliiiea coat poauliv and 
eertaiuly of equal value and pr&ciicul utility.* 

Fsrkff'r GrapMc Tala*n>p«.— Mr. Curuehui Varlay esblbilad 
hie graphic telaaot^ia, an Iniiinimnat with which the moat dwfimf 
Tiawa or the neanatobjacta may bo dmwn of any aiao that it 
requirod. Tbia iaatniment nu>y be dcwcribad as rreamUlBt * 
compound microacopa liaviug uu objeft^laaa, a Gold.glMa, andlti 
ey».|{laaa. A pluuc npcuiiluiu plaoeil nt auaimlnof ■U' toihe 
axis of the juatruuieut reHoula the objeet to he dnwn into llw 
object-gloati which wonld form an laiage of it in Ila fiMua if tbe 
raya wero not obaCracted by the field-glmw whtidi octtttacta iha 
iuioge, Olid tliia image i* aceu diiliuctly by on ey^glaat> The 
niya from theeye^floai euter the eje putsllol, but being pnrioo^y 
received upuo a email plane aptouluw inclined 4S* to tbe oxia ef 
the iiiHtruiui.-ut, the eye reorirea litem after ndeutjoai and ahilo 
one ])ortion of the pQpil look* into the apeculuui, oud aeee iba 
inm^e projected upouaaheot of paper, the mat of the papillook* 
piuit the «iiie of tbe qwonlum, and sec* the piper iuolf, ujxe 
which the drawer oau readily Jmw with n |>r.'iiL'il Iho pict<u« 
betlure hiiu. The rise of tbe ima^ mity b« vimed vtty cooaider- 
ably witlwut nlteriug Uie na« uf the apporatn^ ao that altdclM^ 
on 11 very large or a very email acalo may be tiukde by Ibe aama 
inatrunicnt. Thia tctoaoope may be oooTerted into a giapbio 
niioraoape for dmwinj|t the niBKnifie*! iuiagea of ohjectti 

M, Duboteift Polariicope. — The object of ttda luMrvmoat, aoa*, 
atruetod and exhibitud by M. Daboooif, i> to enable t>hil(MOpbem 
toobacrve thelawa of elliptic polariantiuii prulucnt (^ reflection 
from the anr&oea of boJIea aa diaooreted by M. Jamiu, aud ako 
tha bwa of redecliou and double rellectiou iiroducad by eryatali^ 
having a mptallio loatra, as invaatinted \if M. SeUiuuMut. 

Aras'i* Inlrrftrritte A^rat^or.— Thia loatnuneul, cooatnuicd 
nud exhibited by M. UubrMH>4, it iuteujcd to aliowandto nxaaota 
the diaplaoemont of dilTmctioa b-iugoo, in ocdor to determine Ja- 
eqtulitiea iu tbe refrviUve power and Jenaitiea of aolid, fluid, and 
gaaeooa botUea. 

M. Dnboacq oxbibitod alao the new uiul iiuprovad bdiotiaia 
of M. Slberaau, nnd the icijcaiaui phoConietcra tavetilad bf 
MM. Babittut and Ueruord. 

IsmrttouiwT* roit Scibsttfic Iicstboctios. / 
Many iuatruineulo uf ^renl interest were exhibilei) fo&mi _ 
the teacher or lecturer iii conveying knowledge to hlikaaCbn 
8eTFnd of tbeia wen' inteaile<l tot inatnaotiug tbe blinfU ia wntle 
nnd in writioK; but the moat iogeotona aud Important fMnthaia 
f<>i' exhibiting by optical mcona pheaooaaa and aeleutVtfK (Mlv 
to hrge BudMueee. Anotig tfaae alanda pm-askHBt-'U 



JU 



THE CIVIL ENOIKEEB AM) AfiCHTTECrS JOURNAL. 



189 



AqrtfalM- ^ fflMfHiB £^IU>-Tlw n«cle batMO 

[Mfioil th« 0BI7 hMtRiHMBt tfl u* Tor aihlfaUIng 

> lu^ ■nditsOM. n«in tlia lUntBOM of tta l%tiC 

, aad tb« iniMrftctkiii ImUi of tbt optickl •ppanitiui rm- 

nd ibe dnwiBgf which li projected iatu[Tii&«l upon tba 

I cdM wu W17 immlilkatoTy. Th« llme-tiaU tlglit of 

)raiBBmnil b«c«au ut «XMUrat anbaiUnt* fer tlie oil or lh« 

I of the nuno Inntcni, bnt th« «i|HitiM of btiMiiu- th* 

[ to a irbiUt Mat witk kleohol, And the duig«r mAmaaW 

L mixton of oxTgeo uid bj-drogcD gaaen hnre pnraitM it 

[ hto gcnenl ow. 

ut Itthl ijroducwl bv plMiiis ukareml batw«CB tha 

I of m nlvtinic twlMrr Mn^ cabJMt to nono «f tli*M 

ntan^ M. Dabowq had eoo ln Tpi kb appustn* bj which 

i«li^nDiiftbtpri)daeed>tth««(mta«tofthetwDcbftrcK«li)Otnl* 

»-tr»l bjUi««l(etrtecami>tiaBiniiitBiiiedwithahi{|b(Umo 

brUtiaae)', motiimltj', Mid MiiaJkti of iateaiiity. He bna, 

'bra^ bom «D«Uod to cmplovdii* light 'ItliAr for thiordiiMiy 

MM of iltnmiiiAtiaii. or for praductiif: Mid pihibititig th* 

I pheBomeDa of ptiyrioeJ optica, I1i« itmaiure of ortTuiio 

njlIaJ pheMimem of nil Icitids, dieiniaal composiliobs 

nporitlona, Bokronopie objeoli^ asd objwta m aMunl 

Is MhlUtJBg with thii Kprmmtii* r«tj ninnM mlereaooplfl 
dtJMta, nicfa M tb« ^bnln or blood of diflbrant aainuJ*, when* 
« nuBifpnf power of looi) or i 9(tO diunetcn ia i«qiiii«d, tbo 
low <n lifijit w K grrftt Uut llie obJHtx thCTnselvea would dis- 
appear. Tbla (HfflMttf bjw boen rannoiintnil \>y MC. Dubown in 
1 wy In^BloM miinncr. With tlie«1«etri«1igbt,«hii)h is liiAlf 
p fceteg tR ic, he talkrai DPxativ« piciuR* of the globule* of Uood 
wftb A power of aoo diiunetna, w4iich ilom uot extini^uiih too 
mud) M tbo lisht that be coploje. With thM« beeatin 
pbturea he obtain padtlTe odm upoii albumfnlaed gltut. Th«M 
poaitlTo Ima^ w« thmi nlaeed aiiobjMlalD thstnlwdf adonU* 
uipMiutoa, antl whou illuiuiiiiiu>l l^ tbo eUotrio light, whldi 
divcrsi^ from tlio Ibeiu of the l«OBCt^ they are rtfiteMiited upon 
the irtiite Kncn of an euonuooa du^ being augniSed 1000 or 
laootjmea. 

la onler to aeasaro the din«t>rion> of tliew minnto objects 
Iboa hIghiT mugnUled, U. Duboooq pUoM in on* of the lubea 
whioh rtcoln tbo divet^t light a ^l« of dnM, en tii* ntrikoe 
of which t> a nierometnail Male oat with a fine diaiDOBd point. 
A cagniliot Ita^fi- of this amle i> projected upon the ttxat, and 
br a dight mottuD of the tub» whitfa oootaiite It, It la made aa 
dwtiact aa the image which it oover*, in oniar that tba obiwver 
nay Ma and mcMara thn ditnetudoB*, that ia, the (fiamaten of 
the ipherioal gioboloa of blood, or the ax« of (Jie olliptienl onra, 
•0 that be IMt obIt aeea, but hna the uowtr of apiir».-i>liug the 
Dkagskade of the dtflhrent bodloa aud uiuir parts, which ore aab- 
mittod to hla o l atrr a tfanB. 

Sadttfi JfvAom/ar MUrtiropr. — ^f. Nnchet, of whoiauIcrD- 
icopta we have alrawlv b\* <kcu iu high tcrmit, exhibited Toinona 
an: fonni of the iiiatruiouut, hy which tli«ir utililj hiu been 
gtcatlj extended. In order to adapt thu miiroouopo tor 
marrtiiilral danwiMtiatkiia, ao thai two or thnw penoiia uuir 
■•• at the aaiae ttnu tha result uf microecopic di weollona, M. 
Nodieit he* coaatmctad two microacope*— a douUr and a WnjfAi 
OWL B>- meaiu of the ftrat, one pereoQ em exannne the pmgrcae 
and reitdl of a dlaieotlon whkU ia performed bj luiuther 
patnoi and by maatia of tha Moond, two paneoa oan enjoy tbia 
advaumg*. 

In tbe mlooaaopa for tin> penou^ tbia reanlt ia obtained by 
rll"*^ above tbe o^jeotrglMs a priem. tbo aeotion of which ia aa 
•qnilateni triangle. The mys l^ni the obteot-glaaa antennc tbe 
lower boe of tha Drinn pprpondionhu'ly, Uie two halvat m tbe 
pmeO BM tJiBlia in oppoaita diractioBt from the other fiwai of 
tlM ptbm at aiwloi of u^, and thna enlar two teparate tabta, in 
each of wbicti thay form an image of tha objeot. Theae iraagea 
are, in a eertaiu senae, erect) but bi onler to aae them !o exactly 
Ih^ Dahml poaltion, in wbioh <aaa alooa the anatomiat eau dm 
kb aealpd, a priam ia placed in each tuba batwean tha former 
frtKB and tha qro-pieoes ao Uiat tbeir plaaaa of rtflootion are 
ncfpntdicoLu' to tboaeof theotberpriams. By thia moana tha 
tnii^ea are Derfbotlr enct, aad tha demonstntorenn procMd with 
Ui work withoat oUgua or diffieahy. If the demonetrator aad 
ctaeprar iboatd have ayn of dilToreat fon) lengtha, tlie adjnal- 
Kt ti affactad by moring the eye-piece to or from tbe ot^eet- 



yfhm the mkroaeope li floiiotnictad for thtoe persoo*, tbe 



pcadl of rayi IroB tha ofajed-daaa ta divided by thna prima 
placed in Um eame plaiM^ aoid wlian nteodag Cua% if briMght 
to^ethar, would Ibin a triaogalar pyramid. Tbapendl Ihxn tbs 
object-ffhwa i* than divided ud dlwinad into tbrae aetiarata tobaa 
in whi<% tbive priama etaei tha tiiraa tmagi^ and plaoa tham in 
their nataral pontioo. 

Bd. Kachet haa alao emotneted (he inatnunent for Um twa of 
fitvr pernna. 

Nadut't Bimaaiiar jncrvMWpe.— Tba idea of a biooevlar 
mieroaoope am hnrtJIy be called an inrantiffli, if oonatninnl 
on tbe aanie priairiple aa tba binooolar tclaampe vitli two 
objeotglaaaea aa w«U aa two eye^aaaea. Tm additional 
expeoa* of aneh an Inatnunent will not be rapaU by any 
advnntue which ttnay baaappoaad to [iniiiii. An ioatrumeiit 
of tkia Idnd waa oonabwted bjr Pira CharaUn about I«;>s but 
In ao &r aa «a know, no other binoonlar mieroaoopc tuu boon 
mad* 

In ISai. Prafaanr BUdaU, <a tht CnlTwaity of New Orleani^ 
deriaed and coualraetad a hiMtoular nusroaoofia with tlw 
vi«w "of raadaring both 9ym avricnablo ia micreaMpic obaar*^ 
thina. 

"Behind the obiaotire," *aya Pnfeaiar HitlJell. "and aa uoar 
Ihacato aa pnaticaU^ tha light to eqiwlly dirldad and beut at 
iwht BBglea, aad uMa to tiaval in oppealta diiwetioH by mMua 
at two rectongnlar priama irtiiob are u eontaet by thair adgta 
aomew h at groond away: tkariilaeledfayaarereoearedalapropar 
dialanoe for Uaoeuhtr viaieo anon two other reetaugalar piiama. 
andagdnbeiitatrightaB^ei^ba B igthaaaithareomplalalyiaraetaJ 
far an invntad aanroaropa or mUrad to tbair &nt diroetion for 
tbe direct miooaaofie.'' 

"With theae iaaIlluneutl^'' tka author addik " tha mieroMopic 
dlaaxTlW fcnUe can ba eimctly girided. laloountatBiioFsaaopia 
animal tbMo^ tba aingle eya may periiapa bafaold a coafuaad 
amorphova or nebnloaa mam, whidh tba pair of ayaa instantly 
ahapea into delicato niMr-impoaad membfanm with iutarrsabg 
■paoM^ the tliickuna li whiek tan ba eetreotly mtimatad. Blood 
oornoaclea, tuunllv iraii m flat diace, looon out as ublste aphcnrida. 
Ia briei; tha wbota nicreaeopic world aa thns dlaplayad aoqnkia 
a tea-fold griBlar inlanab fat araiT pfaaMk aibifaMng ia ft MVliglit 
benuty Bad aymmetry tndaaofbaUa." 

With thin inatrnment, rinlTamrir Biddall ohtniaa dianmilar 
dmwiiigi ot aolid objeeta by tbe aid of the oauont ludila, and by 
unitias tiMtB la tbo atereoaoope, ha brought them out ia their 
DAtund ratief. 

When tha two tnbaa of U. tim^it^ doabla mieroaoope are 
plaood vertically and narallal to ono another, and aro brought 
BO DCAr to the oentnu priam that tbnr dialanoe ia aqniU to 
2^ Inahas, the diaunce between the Wo <n>ei^ (he tnatniment 
becomea a tduooolar one, tbnilar 10 that of PtofeMor Hiddell, 
to whom we moat aacviba tba merit of the inTeitlioii, anil of 
tfaat ingemona oombinatioii of ptiMoo which cooatltutae the 
noet nnportant part of tbe maltoealar micrfMOOpoa of M. 
NsclMt. 

PotKWilfa Fmiutvm /^ tktiriitf tlu Earth'* MUioa.—}A. 
Foocnok's oalebr»tad axperimeat for abowing iJie uoiiuu uf tha 
earth was aihiUladiBanawandhwhlyintereotiiigfonD. Abovo 
the eentre of a hug* etrele divided into 300 partj^ thore «&■ itia- 
pendedfrom tfaeeeillngbya wiraSAfcetloogiabhllof aufiiroD, 
fi Inchn in dlamatar, tenmnatiug balow In a point. Wliea tbe 
]»ndulum oaeillntcd. thia point paipcd along a ilinmeter uf the 
cirdc, Bt a (hortdietancemmibieurftee, aoaa to ahowany chance 
in tbe ptaaeof oacillatMiDof tbependiiliuu,orio thedividoddnJs. 
Tlie plane of oeviUation uf the pendulum being iovariaUc, a brt 
which we need not hurt «x plain, tliadivided ci^lll^ with the buitding 
in which it atanils. luid the oijeerwia who ato watcfaiitg it,ai«aS 
tuned round by tbo cnrth'a daDy motion, ao that if tha iades 
below the iron ball bwia ita motioa aloag thenuliua corrtaponding 
with MM, It will in thirty-two hooia i^ipear to have amde Ui* 
round of tha compl«t«- olrcla. 

In M for thia la the expatimcnt exhibited aoiao yoin ago by 
U. Foucault in the cupola of the Puitheon in Paris with a pen- 
dulum about SOO feet iaag, aad repeated in ererT part of Earopa; 
but In all thoM experiments the McilbtiuDii of the pendolma 
cootlnnally diminiibad, and ooased before tlie iudexhndoomplelcd 
ita round. In tbe prcsanioxparimeot, bowevor, BI. Poandibaa 
amploTod a aingularly ingenioaa oontrivaaoe for natoriaKto the 
pendulnm the force which it loaea at every oadllation. ^Iiii Is 
dona by the ageucy of aa alectro-inagnet of a cvUndiieal fonu, 
rettiag vartkdly apoD a very flaxlblaqiriag, and r«abhlBg nearly 



m 



THE CIVIL £NGtK££B AND ARCHITECrS JOCKNAJL. 



\o the ctntTO of the dividcil circle. Wbeo Uie boll ot soft iron to 
ftt Ui« flxtraniljr of its otdllaUan, the g^vanlc ciimnt m caUl>- 
Kah«d, and tb« awnrt, bow vrHve, altntote ths h«II in iu cl»c«Dt, 
anil raalore* to it mo bret which It hiul 1o*t fmra tho reButanov 
of tho >jr in ila pmrioui aiccnt. But the momeat the index 
reaobM t1i« oentre with th«bvll, the el«<:tiv-[a»gu«tiBnl«Ml with 
the ivriaff whicfa otrriM [t, m u to Inlanvpt the enmiit, and 
dcprivo U)e nl«ctTo-iiiagn«t nf It* ma^tltsm, and thMitGire it 
OMMa toact upon the hnll dnriiig; iu MWDt IngiviDannaocoaut 
of thia baaulifiil inveotinn, thii AbtMf Mdiguo muarka thut the 
Mtotionaof ibepenilulDmaraaonffiilar tbatil willMonbein.wIe 
to indicate the time ot the dnjr, and ihua beomiie the most extta- 
otdlna>7 of dodn. 

Oumitit UrauMeop* — Thii Mtmiion>ical inatrament waa ex- 
hibited in thapuiionof tb« Pnlaoe of Indaslry.niid wuinteiulMl 
to bm Ml it were, "a popular obactrvatciry,' in whio'i every paawtr 
by ooald Mudy the pboioineaA pmduoM b^ the daily motian of 
taeeartlt. In the laatniinent itaalf thero » no nevtlly. It ia 
nothing moi* thna a ^gantio armiUur aplMia in wineh u rcpm- 
■Mit«tl the earth'* axia, the plana of tiia neridian, the oeleatlal 
MBator, tho plane of Ui« ecUptii% and the mnitli and nadir of the 
puwe. M. Otiirien, of Hancnlle^ who oonatriHtad it, propoM* 
that oneahmldboaaUUialied in enry town in aomo pnblioand 
OroqneDted locality. When oreetwl on n li>fty pcdoatal, 20 o«- 23 
Ibet above the ei^nnd, the axia of tho itiitrmnent it plaenl 
parallel to the axw of tha earth, nnilita meridiaii in thp nieriilian 
cif the ptoocL By looUnit oIodk tlio luin thu obMrver b«low will 
aee the plaoe of the pot»«tar, rounil which tiM abury nult leeina 
ilaUy to revniTK By plncinf; himaelf in the plane of tliO 

Soator h« will tnoo in th* »ky tho tnio ccleatial equator which 
ridoa tho vault of the heaveoa into two henlMihena Ho 
wtD obwrre tho sun at the venial oqoiaoiea follow tliat line 
in hia daily movotuoot, t^proaohing cradually to the northern 
point of the ediptlc ai ho aavaaoM to the nnmer aolaliot, relum- 
iniraAln Co the plane of the equator at the autumnal equluox, 
and »en deaoeoding to the lower cod of the ecliplioat the winMr 
actoico. 

The daily motion of Oia ilara will aUo b* nndentood from tho 
UranMcopei Ths oban-vor will traco them from thvir rininit till 
iher paaa the mwidian of Iha UMtntmeot, and with tJic aid of hw 
watoh he will i>hiH>rvn th<nn dcacen'tln^ in the aame time tu the 
horlflon. Day after Any tliey wilt repent the une ptrKiiutal 
ntomnnnt, qnittinn the horisim at the aame point, and reaching 
it wherr Ihey leaolied It the day brfora. 

The pbioeta, on tlie contrary, will, like thn nun of their syatem, 
|xua from their higtirat northoru to their I'lWi-at souLhuni dedJDft- 
liMi, vanin^ in their meridian attitude and in tliair oemidiumal 
area, with a rapidity of change dapendiiig on the langtha of Uieir 
years. 

In lliuf(Teatdaprtineiit«ofi«flect)ngt«1ea(»«aandaohtvnialia 
inl cr oaeopte^ Eopand oocaipied a plaae above all otliernatioiia. In 
the department of aohcMnfttlo telMDopei^ and in that of pbilo- 
•ophicu inatrnmenia of the higheet clua, aa well aa in tliow Cor 
nlumtionnl pnimaM, ahe waa hr behind Kraiioi and nrnaany; 
mid oatcaa tka Britiah Oovammcnt lixik vith more favour upon 
invenliooa and invnniom, uiwn ■dauce and aoicntific men, alie 
rnnat be oonunt wiib noFupring (lie |>lnoe of a seoond-rata power 
is all thoao phnaea of drllisation wliicb depend npou inventive 
(teuoa, and the atill higher forma of intaUwOoal power. 



liD-ROVED LADDER FOR DREDODJO MACHINES.* 
By Mtctun. Soott. 

Ix the eauna of opemtioua undertakra with the riew of 
inqKoring the harbour of BIyth, in the oounty of Northumher- 
hud, it bMame neotMory to roinoi'o from the bed of the Hv^r 
aouie very obdamta material, coniiiling of bnuldor gt«r*1, rotton 
rock, and very tonaeiou* utny with bouMer atonea in it A 
bnucwater ia in rrogma, but i( ia not lulHaiently advauoed to 
aft>nl protection bvm the awell uf tb« German Ooeae ; and during 
nrlng tldaa Uiara ia a very rapid etream in the obaunal of tho 
rivur. 

Aa it w«i coondcred that the above nutorial oonld be mnovol 
only by dredging, a ilnale nacbinv waa procare>l, the ladder of 
whxcfa waa furaied of tTuiker atronfEly put together and trutMd 
with lonakiB roda noderseath. Very aooo anarthiatnacIiiDo was 



waa carefully npaired, new timbcni pat in, and platea of itoa 
added on eaeb Aat, tbe whole being alrongly boticd together: bat 
in vain, fbr it bnlte a atMnd tim«. As it waa now evident that 
a new ladder mntt be pimided, the tnk Map to he taken wm to 
aet to work, the ladder got atnined, and idUtDatelr gave way at 
tho dist&uoe of about ane-tliird the lei^th from tbe lower eul. It 
make oDi^alry aa to the oonrtructiOD and atrength of laddera 
employed olaewhen; and atteutiou waa nauumUj first directed 
to Uie Clyde, where dredging operations of anoh eztraordinaiT 
extent liave been earned on; bnt the wiiter vaa tnfi>nu«a 
that both there niid elaowbere tho kilders wwn fiinnod of 
timber, aame being plated wiUi iron. Pwlin|{ ouoviooed howevar 
that thin madii or oon«t ruction wuuld nut nnar the TlT"^ to 
which Ihc BIyth umcIiiQD wat oxpiittnl. he devieed tbe amti^ 
ment ronuing Uie sohjeet of thi* paper, which baa proved qaita 
■uccaaafoL 

In invMtigating the oauaee of the brenlcnge of the origiml 
Udder, it appmrud to arise chiefly from btetal weakneea; far 
when the machine was at work, and the lower end of the laddff 
in tlie bottom of the trench fonned by the workinaof theiuukiu 
waa prsMluf: the buekeie aadnat the bee of tbe benk, if wlukA 
in thia position a been swell aune Bgniaal the veMsl w aa to move 
her ■idownyi, than the ladder broke at tliat part where It came la 
ooutaot with the bottom of the aide of the well b tbe dredcar. 
It therefore beoame a primary condition that the new laifiUr 
■hould jKiawaa grsat lalemt sttengtb. The other leadii^ ena- 
ditiona wt-re ohnoualy — that the Udder abouid have veortkal 
etrrngth sufiloiont to cany the chain of buekeie with their k«d; 
— that it should be anffldently rigidi— thxt it should bo capable 
of realatiDg eomprettion in the diroctiou of ita length;— 
that there aJiould he a <ree pa8sn|{e for stonest fev, falling out 
of thebnclcele when over full;— that theUdder should be dutabb 
under tho indnenca of sm waten aitd Uatly, tlut it ihould not 
be over heavy so as injitriooaly to affect Um diqikotncat of tha 
veiael. 

In attempting to fulfil these eondilions, several armugenMnta 
of tnnl«rijil siiugusted theuuelv«e. If ids body of the lidikc 
wi^ro f'Jinieil wholly of timber, it appeared dilBoalt to obtain tbi 
neooewiry atirrueth combined with a free exit for tho etoiM^ 
&c A|^u, if the Uddor were made in the form of a wroaf^ 
iron girder aud of Uiiek pUto, it would be too henry; \t of 
thb piate. ttiere wuuld be danger of tho nppcr Range buckEm; 
and IT wltli a ooUnlar to|>, then the celln would be too SBmU to 
ailmit of pAinUng tho inwrior. and the Udder would auffw tna 
osidntiou. 

For these rceeons tlie writer decidod upon adopting the eon- 
almcdun ehowu in ia. 1, i, aud 3. fig. 1 i* a loogiindtaal 
aeotion of dredger, ahowing the genenl puaitioti of the ladder la tbt 
dredger whm at work; fig S la a side elevation; and 0g. 3 ia k 
tnuuverae section of tho Indder to a larger acala. 




ti.nfiajLffi- 



r<e.l. 



Tlie 1nild«r ooualste ftnt of a tubular wro»ghi-lit)B girder A, 
oompowd thi-oushoot of plaug j-ii;ch thick riveted Iwctkw 
with iiiitnblo nugl* ituuaaiul covoriug jiiecca. TbcspaoMMRoeil 
by the piijcL'tlon of tbe upper and lower flaoMe are occupied fay 
two lewia of timber fi seoorod by boll* both to tbe weha aad 
flaugM. At each and of the Mdder are stroug wroi^Jil-iRia 
straps, riveted to tlie pUtos and bolted through both platea anil 
timW', tbexo itrspa or jnwi cam- the pinmmer blocka in which 
the tumhiera vorl^ and it ahould be noticed that tbe 



inner aet I 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCfflTECTS JOUBNAL, 



185 



H Uoelu bcttr a^puatt the cml* of the tiatbor bcnoM, wiUi 
Ukv an kepi in couUet b; ouUcn a<:ting upon tbe ouUir 
\ Aft«ir Ui« bauM wara Stt«il uilu llivir plaom, tine pLite* 
M rivwud Ob outaide thoiu, ili« Mtgle inoB alxiva kud 
(being bent m *a to pntvcnt thfta from etching tbo ridM 
well U uf tli« ili«Jgi*r, wlieo tlii:U<l<lcf UloverMlornuaed. 
n«acli Ui* botly irf ih« Imldvr wv »roiii;l»t-mio atrutu H 
^ r«i» I, farming a truw of tbe onliowy kind. Then m 
IP ia iliG t'lp uid bottom pUi«i of the £^nl«r A to permit 
) &«^ Ihtliug outof (L« buGketa to (xupc, tli« anpcr opening 
perpvaiiiculir vvrr \Lv tower whicB tbe lotldor ia at ui 
|t wurkiiig itiuliuaUuB. 



mtialiMtarilr; its danl){Ut7 waa MW k ijiMltloD ehiedjr of oxida 
tiou. Hi* clitl ooit tbinli it wuiild be poolble !■> oombili* liBibar 
■o a« t) j(tv« suffiuient vlRfigth (or Ui« piiqMMe, m the ratJMaiMe 
to be ortircome wm m> grmt; tbe mcky nuierial lifted hj th» 
dredger WM no biwd m to t«ar the eleel off the tdp* of atauy of 
the bucket! in two moatbti. Tli* ladder «m eoB*tnicl«d with » 
muall expenditure of nutcrinl, and waa not more expeiuir* 
tbaa one of timbtri and tbe whole waa made in about tbirt7 
dftTs, 





ria. I. 

sabfnlttad Ibat several adrnBtage* an obtnioed h^ndoptlng 
nn of ladder :— 

Hy, vortical atrem^tb : aamminj; the body of tbr ([ircler to 
^te a aoffideat upper flange to rerirt oompri'ui-ju, tbe 
•1 ana of the iron pJal«MaliC4iebWD^ifioreUiaut)iree time* 
, (lie tie rods, aod liienfore ooaiiilenng tb» atraogthef the 
to be limited by tbe t«n*ile atnagth «f tbe tie kkU, Um 
f atrcngtb of the ladder calmilAted from tlie aeettonal area 
tie rxida would be Dearly five timea tli* grenteet weight 
tt uiMu it, wliicb will not exceml U} toue dtetribul«d luad, 
bg the w^ht of tbe ladder. For, the unctlnnal nitn of 
rode vhicli fona the lower fluige (■ 7 eqitaro inehce; tbe 
e between tbe aupporta, or the lettgth of the nider, ia 
; the depth of tlie nrder from eentn to oetitn of ftuigte la 
Hpuee, taking iM tenatle breaking weight of wroqgfat 
n at :te toon itn- aaiun Ineh, tbe bnakinff weisbt would 
m in the middle of the ([inler, fv TO tona JtrtjibntcdoTer 
ire lengih of tbe ladder. 

idlj'.lalenlsLnDglh: aaauming the ladder (o V laid on 
I BM oMuldering the strength lu be Iimil4>il by tlie t«nslle 
b ef tbe bottom ftaiwc, tbe lateral stnngth of the ladder 
led ftam the area of tlie bottom flange would amount to a 
ig weight in the eeuln of 36 too*. Tbiu, tlie eeetiuaal 
tM iron plates cnnttiitiiing tiie bottom lUnce is 9\ sqman 
the leitfctb a* beforo alj hut; tlie dfpth 3 fi-et. Thpo, 
tbe ultimate tnieile atruiatb of wmaghuiren a* boftire at 
perMuan inch, the biwOting v«ight iu tbe middle of the 
vonkl be 3ft tonii. 

Uy, tibe form ben ailopted alTords ooulderable rigidly 
rer to rssiat comproMion in tbe dincliuu of its len^h. 
tbly, Ibe new Udder ii miKli superior to theold nnuin the 
wbkli it aflbida bt etonesi &o, Ul'ng out of tbe buoketa 
■e. 

ly, it is expected to be diirnblr; f.>r there ui no part nf the 
•nmetd tn tbe action of tlic water which ii not mulilj' 
lie fr-r (laliiliiijc. 

J, tbu iaddvi WM easily and quickly made, and at a 
InoNit, 

Seott observed that the nfiedal nosou for making the 
if tbedndgiugmBobi(ieai»<tniug wasthat, wht>u jiabnlded 
> at tbe lower end, the shifting or boaving of tbe dredwr 
a eevere latsrat etraiu acting' at a Ions lever^n. Tiie 
I of tbn kdder bad been severely teried by an aoddental 
it bad uocnrred «b«u it was ruttiaji on tlie dndger at one 
I cieTttted 80 feet abovv tbe Kronud at the other end; tbe 
laf eliala broken and t)>« Udder fdl on one end, but did 
•in MJ iuinry. Tbe Udder bail been in oonxtant work 
id day &>r two monthly and bad stuod the w«rk quite 

— V«l. u.-Ji)ss, mil. 



THE LIFE AND WORKS OP CHIUSTOPHER WREN. 

By T. Boosx Sumi.* 

AwwT one o'doek in tbe morning of Sunday, tbe aeeood of 
SeptemfaM'. 106G, the inhafadtanta orPaddiAg-laMv New fUi- 
atnet, ia Um «ity of London, were roused by ■ cnr of tin, and 
soon foand it no Idle alarm. A forious fin had broken ont W 
tbe house of Farryer, ibe king^ baker, and was raging anrnng 
the timber bonnes In tbe narrow Unce, wbkli then, as now in 
socne oonliiientAl citMS, wnrc tbe onlr thnroosli&nib All night 
lou;, alnrra and oonforion smad Inrongh Aat neigbbMrliood,* 
and the lirst mwb that ran aJI oesr tbe city the next nsaniing 
Tfus lint a dreadflil o^nflagratltm bad been bfauing all mgbli 
and van still nif[ing with morn fun- than evor. 

All that day aivl niKbt, aixl all thrtnijth Mrnidav, • fierce test 
wind fanned Uui flameii. mmI epniul dcr&ilation thmaghout tiie 
cily. On tbe Tneeday, Mr Evi^lyu, whose ■'■'UT fumisbee Ibe 
beat ootemprirarv soxinnt nf tbta, the Oraat Fin of lioadoo, 

writes: '"nil' hninin^ (till tngoa -The stones of Sc Fanfa 

flew likn ;(rsiini]fi«, tbe melting Isftd mnning down tlw ainertn 
in a ■trrntu. and tbe rtay pafvnMiit glowfaig with tnrj ndiMas 
HO u no botse nor nan was able to tread on tbem, ami )li« 
deaoelltiMi had Mopjied all tbe pMeig«e, so that no help eonld be 
applM.' 

it was not until Wi-dnoMlny, the 5th. Ih\t the approaeb of tbe 
fin to Wliitehnll and tlie l^Uace seems to have roused tli* antho- 
ritiss Uf take accire measuns. Bnlyn mys : " Now they b««u 
to bestir theniselvee, and not till now, who had liitherlo ■too.Iaa 
rneti intoxicatol, with tJieir hands menmt." Vast Knjie were made 
by blowing up houses with gunpowder in evory dim:tion towards 
which tbe Aaioea wen ademxittg : and thongb tbe fin continued 
that day and that night, yet it was senajbly abating. 

TV "nintBday wm a day of Uboar and activity, and now tbe 
disastrnas fin migfat be said to have Bpont its stntigth. On tbe 
ensninxday ^Ot), Bri-lyn say>: "1 weul this morning, on foot 
from Whitehall as Ikr as London Bridge, tltm^ tbe lats llMe- 
Blreet, Ladgate-bStl. 1>y St. Panr*, Oiespslde, Eicbange^ Biahen. 
g»t«, Aldei^te^ and out to Mao^fi(^ld■; with extrMiSiiuij dm- 
cnlty climbing over hnvpaof yet ninoking rubtiirfi.aiid b^quentlr 

niislaking wbirre I wns I was inSnitely oonottmd to find 

that goodly church, 8t. Paul's, now a sad ntin, and lliat bsamlftit 
portim (for nlnirtnr^ companU* to anything in Europe, as no| 
long belbr* rciutiivil liy the late IdngV ii»w n^ot la pjecesi flakoa 
of irast Ktoae mplit uiinder, and nothing nroaining enttn but th* 
tuacriptioii on the architrave, showing by wh'>m it was built, 
which bad not nne lettr of it deCMtd. It was astooiriiis^ to see 
what immenv stonn the brnt Usd in a manner ealoiaed, ao thai 
all th« oraAiDMiis, columns, fricwi, capitals and prtijectiocu, nf 
miuini-e Portland HtiMie, fltrw off, e*en lo the Ypfjf not, wb«n a 
sheet of lud coveriag a great span (uo leas than sax sons bv 
meaenn) was toullv meltenL The ntlss of tbe raultsd ruf lull- 
ing, hrnhe into Hl Paiih's, which being Ailed trith tbe niagaaiues 
nnil book* belongine to tin Stutionses, and <nrrfed tbiHier br 
(afrty. they wena oil OMinuined, buming tOr a week following. 
TbiBi iajr in adiee that most venerable chimb, one of th* meat 
ancient pieom of Mrlr piety in the Christian world, besidM nmr 
nive hnndivt) mom. T%n tntd, ironwork, bnib, plate, Ao, mcltedi 
the exquiulcly nronffht ^Icmts' Chapel, tbe aiimptiioni £(• 
change^ the anguat bbrio of Cbrieioliurch, all tbe reet of tbe 
Oonumnlta' hsJla, spleodld bitildings, aretiee, mtrMs,— «ll in 
dust!" 

&Iaillnn<l givn a summary of the devastntletis, frrun wbtdl it 
snpcArs that the haildings on finir hundred and thlrtr-six nenM 
of ground wen laid wast«- and couhuunhI, oompritiing )3,jn» 
bonses, Ibe cathedra) chnrcb of Bt. Paniy m nuisb wnreheiv 
6 ohapflfv Si oompanin' lulls, 4 prison)^ aarl tuIuu other poblle 

• aliiSnct«<ar»pKi«4Ma«lWAnUt.c«wdAMcMtoh 

W 



1M 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND AECHITECT-S JOURNAL. 




tndldinga; tlie aogrtgutt Iom being onnpulcd ot 10,73l\A00t. 
■iMUiig. The aomber of live* loat, ttnoga to »ay, wm h*pp{l]r 
Onljau. 

I DMil DiA to mcothiD Um niuiM of the naga*t nuui who. «rs 

t]MMBbatmw«nooul.liiuld«\'iMil»n>nbta plnii for the rebuUdiag 

ef tb« eil/, tt> which, lud it haoa iuli>ptoil, we ahould l»m bo«B 

JBibbtpd for ODD of Um b«st AmngM capitali ia Baropo;— wh*\ 

Mbiled in tliU, laboured with heart kud eoul to canr Dot in the 

■liHl way tbtnluUUliigofourmetTDpoIiaon ttRold phui;— whom 

dtiU sod geoliiH «nrkbod (he rtetng dtrwith k Mrim orchurch** 

mad Othor adiScn of • bowutT ctoiiicuur orijiiml. kuU ahowiog & 

dlmmty llial nooc hot a jrouiiis ot tho first onii-T oouU bsTB 

M«>mpii>hMl: whilo. •■• worthy CTOwniuji-plw* tn ■() niuoh thivt 

LVM iliitiugiu*h«<)| be pInntAl in th«'!i- iiti>1irl n cithoitrKl church 

tirbicb oims no equal (of iM •tvle) in Kiimiw, ami is nuTpMwl 

^Oiily, iu (be nnzlv nidnvnta of iriM nnd ricnDMC or inxtenKl. hj 

"be ohuroh built (o •erw a* the nmttopolitAn mlhedral of th* 

1 bj' Ihn grcnlcM nrtiat who ever H>w the li|^t. 

CBKtnoPHn Wkui wm born tit Kaat Enorle, in WilUbire, 
, 111* AHb 0««ob«r. ma. Hw &ther, Dr. Chrulopher Wr«u, 
M « iMTood liiTtDe, il«MMi4«d frotn «o uicieDt KokILrIi £uiu1r 
_' Daoiah oriinn. aoil wm ft fallow of St, JoIlb'b College, OsfurJ. 
baplaiu iu onliiiiuv to CbarU* L, ])eaii of Windwr, wnd ivgla- 
_r*r 0^ the Onler <i the QwUr. Ho wna ad ««aocukte of mort of 
tfaa IcartMd bmq of the dny, mnd binnlf a Donou cf oonsidarmble 
kUaiuiBoU. U(^ hnd iiiTsn altenUoa to tha art of architecture, 
ud it afipew from mi eacitoato nroMrved amoDfc the atnte papen 
vtatha ukI booit anplojiad bj tiut court to dawgn a builoliig to 
W aiwrtad for tfaa oomb of Cnarlca I. 

Wranwaafrom biaenrliut 7«kn a nwUumaUciuuul natural 
pbiloMpher, nnd for ihfr lint thirty yeara of lila lilSl waa luunljr 
occupiuilonpunuiu RlatiuK l« theaa two bnnobM of knowledge, 
aii.I uliit>dtkuown to fnmn bjrhi» sdeulil1cdiM0T«riaiand innn- 
ttoia. Tnare ia bat little aocnuni nitoot of nnythiug lUu a pro- 
foMional odu^itioB, in our acuwi nf the word; and I oanoot faolp 
ilioring that it woa to Ilia fiuniliAnly with practical gMIDvtry, 
at ^Vri-o wnit diioilv iudebted br a luaat^ry ovar tbo art of 
Bning whiofa few, i'f any, Iwn ever cquallai^Cor tli« stability 
aooBil MiiaUwitlon (^ bia adlfioM, and psrhapa loo for that 
I Moaa of proportion and (ir 1 01^ adopt tho word] rhytlun 
wbicb omincotly diatin|(UL»hoi hi* buUdiogn 

WtDK.in hlaaarivymrt, woaaickly ami weak, and was brought 

np at houif by hi* &tlicr; kia ow> Ingeuuiiy and hia good nao of 

hu bthpi's itiRlriicti'iDfl aru both diapUyod by liia inventing, at 

I age of thirtoen, an aatronoinical indninieut, which be uMi- 

* to hU lather m a U^n leiUtr, writMu with caso and oor- 

ML Tho "Parmtftlia" ocmtaina variona dadLcatlona In la^ 

, wbioh pniT* hla ■^rTrf'nt Kiuunmunta t« have biNin voi; 

deraUe. 

Wkm foorloin, WreawnieotcrcdatWndhiunCotlege, OiUord, 

ud here ha raiidiKl «]flveu yean, having be«a deolcd a fellow of 

Ua aolleoe in 16A3, whi-u h« waa twouty^ne yean of age. Ho 

■Iw ataJied aBawniy wlili gnat eneoata, and lU the wibrly age of 

Macn was empl^ad by Ifir Cbarlaa Scarborough a* anfttouicnl 

dwoiMtrntor; and aeveral ingenious experiments and investiga- 

ItODB were nadu by him iu ibU Bcienae and oouunuuioatod, as 

, Vere moat of his diacoverint, to tlie Philoaophlcal Society, a dob 

iQf lilentl whieb daewTie a paaahig moiiiion, on aocoaut of its 

itbeaquent oriebrin. 

In IGU. a Mnootifle dnb waa fortned bv Dr. Willie an eminent 

^Btathoniatidau, which, ooinmemung iu London, was ofterwonla 

InuiaCBTred to Oxford. H«r« Vfrta j^od il, and beoame on 

^eUve menitier. Upon the removal of Wron and other sclentlfio 

MO to bswlon, in 16G7 — tliat is tn uiy, when polltieal i^in 

*art hap nil in r to bo tranquil ontl«r thi- i'rot«oUmto— the mect- 

' ^p of the Philoeophicsl Suael* wore treuafiuTfd lo llie rooms 

of (ireahMnCollese. Aallw Society oontUiuad to grow in bf 

porunoa, it was, two yean afW the ReatoratioB in Idea, iuooi^ 

kvorated \>y the kisii aa the Itoyid 8uciely, nud fnxa that period 

nt baa cootinuod to bo the highort icicatific body in the kinplom. 

^"Witn took on oolive ahan w the inooiyoratioa of it, and bis 

I WggMtSoas for tb« ftuuter and ooaditatJon i>f the Sodcty ore in 

nilTTTT-Ttj — "itT of the many intarcetiiig sad vrr^ able paper* 

ftoK Ua pan, eoatained in tbe "PaarontidiB." Thoawievork 

|;«a(itaiM a catakttpie of fif^-tkree aaoDtifie inveotiou oommnpi- 

1 calsd to that Sodety: and amoBg his aohieveBenta we may man- 

tioB that there is rtuaun to betlere be waa the real inventor of 



lint «Dgi*ThiA— that Ix^ nnsware of Torriedlfa rmrf- 
, re^iiiTMited (Ee barometer,— anit that he aoived a problem 



metzotint 

neota,) 

propoaad hf Paaas] to tbe matbemaliolana of all Eorope for 

solution. 

In ItWI, Wren, then twvnty^ve ycara of »^ wna diOMa 
Gmsbniu urofnaor of aatnmomy, and retaovod to LeBdaa to leo- 
tun^, Btid l>y hia eloqnenoe and lennitiig gaiaed at mm a grwt 
eeleldrity m a professor; and soon alter tlie Reatotatlon b» waa 
ohoain Savilian profeaaor nt Oxford, one of the Llgli««t boaoars 
which eonld then be oonftrrod on a ■cienlifio man. He looJt tbe 
honourable degree ef Dertor of Conimou Iaw in 1601, and ImU 
die IJAviUan profeaaotsliip liU 1(>73, when hia oaaoy atoatleos 
oonipelled him lo ramgu it. In 16o(), hu waa elected i^pildeatof 
the Royal BocMy, pravioiu to wliicb d.tlo be had been, in Ign, 
kai^tM by Cbu'los L He alia an^t ns aucuber In two parlia- 
ments. 

We havu incoJ tlius far tbe oourae of thu man or aeiMiae, ittl 
wo aboil B(>nu Cud it mcr^p in tlial of tlie iLrdiiic<;t: bat it la DM 
ecuy to follow thetranntian or to abow when Wron linct Uusad 
bm altiiotiou to ardiitoetur^ or bow bo gaine>.t his ncqaaialanae 
with the art. It ia pn>babl(v however, thai hU latber bad gim 
him some iaxigbt iuco it» priucipln, and that hi* own Imtiiirti 
aiiorwaids led bim to follow it out; fur it ii difiioilt to auppow 
that a nan >o fittod for an archiiuot could hn^o U«a quiu at 
muuh at heme in any other mlJing. Certain it 'a, that ba wm 
not articled lo any arohitoct, nor ia ho known t<> Liivi- l«n tiM 
pu]iil of any partioulor profeeaional aian; nor nro Hiiy arcitilee- 
tural proJMta referred to among Uie oooupntioni luul siaiiisia of 
hi* oarliar yoois. ll ntbor would aw-tu that anihitcOare was t^e 
deliberate seleetloo of hb tnatured powers, aa the noblest pnnall 
to which so groat a man could be dcvotod. 

It id stvld iliJit bin linit oommtiaion was to design a new chapel 
for Feinbroko llnll, CiLiubrid)^, tbe fouudaliou cf whirli wna liU 
la I6Q3; but na early aa lliBl, at the ag« uf twimlr-iiiiir, hi. wo* 
■rnl Ibr fi:om Oxford by tho king, to Mslet Sir Jutiu Deoham as 
surreyor-gutietal of hia Majesty'* works. By inen, we find Ida 
to have boon engod^ on various iuvhil<.'ctural works of msori- 
tude for bolli th« UnirerailJesi and iu the suauner of that year 
he Tuitod I'oriH, when at that time tlie Immense worta at the 
Louvre and Vemtllea were actively going on. Be atUrtna^ 
went through Fmnce, and rolnmod to Uiis country ia the spriag 
of IGSe. Some of hi* lotton from Pranco are «>xtaut, and an 
written wllli a degree of spirit aiid vnlhuainniD which one doa 
iiot odea soa in tbe ouuibrou* cfluuunii of that day. 

AfUr Wren** rvturu to England, he and certalu other onamia- 
aioaers wore ordered to survey tho catbodral of Sl Paufa, ikn 
in a dila{ddatod eoudition, and to report njion what was to be 
done to restore il. Th«r report was sent iti, nnd tho soaJRiUi 
were already fixed, when the tinat Fire, which «« have briefly 
dMOribod, swept away thi- object of thair f rouble, and with It a 
hundred other auble ediSw*, — leavia^ for Wren, just at tbe 
mcmeut wheu bis nowan wore at thoir bri^ht^st, atid when be 
waa becoming well kaown to faiii'^, tlir fnimt Arid tliai 



start oC^ 
OR-bailS-J 



orcbitcot cnjoyod; xatl nubly wiui it ul-cujiioI. 

The rebuLldiug the city waa of ocume Uie first care : ia<f an 
tlie smoulduriug «uib«r« were cold, Wr«u had snrvvnred the niiHL 
and producad n iilnn for the rebuilding vhiuh wonlil hate servM 
to OS a molropofiii uf luriuiBinE Wiity anil gr«ni oonvodemai 
Jolun Evelyn ahM drew a pluu and preavuiod it to thr king, oad 
thus alludes to it : " It was tli« si<iM<ud Unit wni seFu within two- 
day* of the ooullagralioD, but Dr. Wrua hod got the start 
me." 

Wr«n*s proposal is described ia tho "Farenlalia," but 
of this doieriptioa mny he ijit«reati[ig. Ue propiaad to 
wiUi firepniof toaUriaUi to widen the streeta, and cart7 tboa alB-^ 
aa itniglit a# might he; to moke the parish dinTcbea eoospkai 
oud iusuUr^ to fniiu tho moxt jioblii: nlacM Into large pb 
tlie contrea of eight ways; to unito tho nails of tlie twelve 
eomponin iutu one regular square annexed to Ouildhalli and 
embank the Thames, nrmbg a ooramodloua, nninterrupiod 
from BlookfUars to the Tbwer. The tlirea priudi^ strectt 
to be SO ftet vide, tbe main atitoU BO Dwt, and tbe alleys 30 
St. I'mil'* would hare been at the meeting point of two it t 
main streeti^ and tbe Exobiage iu an open piasn of grant ana 
the heart of tli« meiropolii, and In a apot fW>to wbctioa alt 
streets were made to radiate. 

This schimin waa *huwa to bo praeticabkk bat had to be _ 
up owing to tho obatinacy vith wliieh the dtixns leAsail 
exchange the potitious occupied by their houaoi and 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOCBNAL. 



187 




iwU 



■f atlitr. S« tho i«btuUiiag btgui, uid wtot oo intiuul 

' oMmU nhonttgn in tlut pUa ottba citj. 

>n> ytara wen aoiHiimwl nbont tli« ruiiu ot St, Puil>^ Bttiog 

ponkB IdMt miM«ai«J Cir Umponty uae, kod doing aliglit 

till rstialn do iIm bbrie, vblcti, iu ICOd, it waa foimil 

i Mitni Mf locupr- Propanitioiu Uwn bogui to be nuilo 

■ilding Um wlwla atruotuivj not, hunrercr, till Vi'nu had 

1 tu rtoiwibitnte ou tli« folly uiil diuiger of thia (M^. 

lu rvpljr, br«ii iaviUut by tliv Archbtdiop of Guilariiarfua 

' ll«Uio|]a of LuihIod Mid OtIonJ, to eoiifor wltli thoin. 'n[^e^ 

uumawtljr raKlvod," wja die UUar, "tliat it ia lit inuntd)- 

Wtr to iiUiKU|A aDTDctliiiUL and Uial wiltiout jva tliev iNM do 

string.* Tli« tviult of iCia interview wm k uioat aMt nport 

W Wr«n. folUtwvd iiy the nppotntiucnt ou ib" :iSUi Ju^, 1066, 

MkKoyiJ tJoaiBUMiuD toaiiperlouiid iti« douwliuoa of llio niliia. 

^^^jja noi, iMwavor. tlU 1(>73, Uiat th« niina were all removed. 

^^^^Hkifflui HUlod, and Um rabuilding ooiDmcticnL 

^^HHMneUr o^alfetefaoa ud deaima ven- inad<^ till Wren, tliink- 

' iBf be hfuJ arrived nt what wuvld nlUiy tl>« vorld tiaii IkimMlf, 

nmKNlipj bi* ideaH i ii the lurga nwdel now eiittin^ half docnjrcd, 

ia tha aibednl, upon vhicb hi* aou aaya: "In )>nvAle oDovcmi- 

tioB be ilwvfw ae«nud to act a higber ralue aa tliin deaigu tlun 

o« aojr he had made before or maoe; aud (bad 1m DOl b«ilD orw 

rnlati b/ tfaow wlioiu it wat kia Jatj In ob«^) what he wmld 

kave put In axMutioD with more olMerfidnoM Mid ntiabotian 

to binMaLf (baa tlw lattar." The vhrgy. knvever. objected to iti •• 

BOt cMHJ|[b oOWlnd-fMbkm; aod ftt laal it bad— ^ufortuiiatal^i 

1 tUok-Ho give way tu tbe preeeut boUdiu^ But though not 

•rMted, it is extant in a fonn in whl«b tha arduteet eu w«U 

jadp cS ita excalltDOfe; and, m Wrea'a niuturpieee in hia own 

Tf'lHT'i'l' ««U daaorvi^ our oniiaidcratiau. 

TlkD InHtTig Uak in ihia de^igu waa tv nwke the Okthednl & 
km chanli nr Proteit&iit wonbit-, «her« a vaat ooagte^Uon 
■ignt aee aod hear. Tliia waa lu luve been tli« d«iiliiintioii of 
th« vaaA circular dioir under the donvri a eMioa of cx((iii(ile 
iBn]t«d apaoM aurroaiidcd it, and the abort nave {witboul aiain) 
nd the inuiaaMe foruod ao tnauy TcetibulcH or antt-obapabi 
There wu» to have bmi oue lofty urJin- auptiuKlDg the cupgla, 
snd m Iuv«r ooe fiiMU which Uw nave wdwa would a^tioa. 

Nothiuft in BttroM oxiala oooiparable to tbla dmga for tbe 
mg{« iumI beauty of the crow vieiaa which would be obtained at 
vnry point Fimo the atitiatiae^ fircta liie ^«oe* between Um 
fdecB, Qom the obdIt* of thf ilomc^ the eje wvuld liave bees led 
^t^v»m aide alous wuDdi-rful aveaaeeof arvliitAaural form% aaob 
^■^HhatiKg in » niche or au a|Midal ebnpeL Tbe loodol, or ercii 
PHHbeotlon of Uie plan, will eatiaf^ auynae how tntioh baa been 
■ iMtoT inteniid bnuilr b; tb^ icjiviion of iltin desisp. The rMt 
riof of light ID the <irtim, tlic b«nutiful way ia wmoh the doiae 
ta pLMed oa the piers, which iu the jiiweut building Is aomowlint 
tioamy, an aoone aauoug tlie maiij oxhJ1«iicm to m (bimd hen. 
Tbe ezlafior woold abo hare betn vary fine, tlioiiKh the gmt 
jwint of OMtnut between the model and the executed dedgn 'ut, 
that tha fomter wonid have uxoaUed iu iolnriial m tbe latter dote 
b cxtenuU edCecL The btdlding would have anpanred Um lof^, 
bM 1 ikiikk aiiuijler, and |Mrlu|w niutder, tJuin the prcaooL 
Thart would bare bocu a woiid'ufurtibiy of li^t and ihade ou 
to varied outliue, unl the Unuiy of tLu penj^iective effieot which 
■la rarrcd aidea would have bad i* only, I ihtiik, to be tinulnfid 
br thcae wIm have vblted tha aemiuirculAr oortile bebiud lJi« 
Villa P*\» tiiitiM at Rohm. 

Vjaia the deAoilc infection of thia dengn^ Wrt- u, wbo had up 

R|. lie mdiavuuml to arrive at tlie opinioua of evcty one^ 

r '. rxbiUt DO more of hia iketuhea or uiodda for gaoerai 

riiii-iiii. Tb« ilMlgii «it)Mi neculeil waa tben worlud out, nud 
Ib 14th iiajt IGT&i A TMyat wnmnt waa iasurd fur oaiDDieociuK 
ibt worit/thp iauf oilowitig Wreii to make kicIi nu-iiitiuui id liia 
<liMtj[» ^ be thought fit, aiid leavuig tlie wbule to hia tiuuin^o- 
UMBl. 

There ia a Dimt iuteroatiiig aowoDt in the "I^ivntAlia," of the 
Ukinc down of tlw rulua of the old mthedral, a wurk of nudi 
dlffioolty aad riak. AfW prooeediog by ordiuary metlioibi till be 
imbImmI tha wnlla of tbe towrr, he fuuud tliOBe to be to etTong 
ud thick, aa to reoder Uaetiiig adriMOla. The drat bbiat, 
TuMMgcri under hi* own ■upwiotaudenoc^ waa emincotly auo- 
aMiT'di but tlic aooiad, wliiob an inferior officer hiul iu bajid, 
wna maiunl with kea judpueat, and cnuwd arekt alarui to tbe 
MigbbnuAuoiL So tbe buAlng was problbllpd lor ilia future, 
■ad Wren IimI to Und other nMUKuU to ilrni'^llnh the imineoee 
I of mawory, aod detenaioed to try that lucicot etigiue of 



war, the battering-nun. Ue took a etnwg mtat 40 feat ia langtb, 
armM at one end with a grckt ipike of iron, and alone in chalna' 
to ft tbre»-l«g«. Thirty men ewayed tfale to aud fro lor a whole 
day with no appareot effeot, and it waa not till the eveolog o( 
tho eemod dky that the wiOI attAdted h^pat to give way. In « 
fuw houn ofW, it fell. Wrrn alWnnrdj made good uee of tbia 
tuacbiuo in beating dovrn all the lofty ruin*. 

Wheu the raina were cleared aw&y, Vmx ioTeatlgiited wti&t 
lie bad to build on, and found that the old catbednl had reeled 
on a Uyer of pot-earth, tn pIncM only 4 feet thick, below wbiek 
waa notlitnff but looae, drj' aliiftiii2 "Uid for n grcot dopth. This 
SB vnu tbe Taynr of hiwn) loil, lia wiib the luoal acuta mtelligHica 
iluoidfd llinL s* tlia I'ld chuivli Iind *tood there befoie, the aamt 
STOuud tvbidi bad boroe »o weijjbly s bnHdiiig ml^bt leaaonably 
be truatnd attain, autl pooeoedod proHpnii>ualy till wittiiii Sorl n. 
of the nurth-eait oaglc, wliore he came upon a pit from wbicli all 
tbe Dot^arth had m«u taken by tbe jtutiera of old time, to form 
earthen veeael*. uf which abuudout fraj^iueute wen- fouud. In 
till* dilfiuioa his lu-iifioera propoaed to him to 9m jAUa, but 
WrcD rvfiuwd, aaf lug pile* would rot aoma day, and ha propoted 
to build for eternity; aa be mink a pit about I9lb«t aquanaad 
over 40 feet deep, till be came to the tolid clay; buiknog up a 
pEarnf maeonry lOfeelsquan, towltliin ISfeet of the preaent 
grounil, hn tnnied a abort arcb from it to tha formeT foandation, 
where it hod been atojiped at tbe briok of the pit Upon this 
tbe mirth-oaat angle of tbe ehoir rNl& and no doubt will stand 
ai eolid aa the reminder of tbe buUdina. 

The fouudatlou alooe waa laid ou tha latof June 1679, and 
ttio ti>p etoue laid by Wn>ii's mm and the eon of Ur. Strong, the 
maator-uuuion, thirty-Mven T*v* altar, tlia wbolo having bcati 
acooupliahed by one uaatcr builder, under one ardiitoot and ana 
biabop of London. Tbe total ex|>eiHe of the cathedral waa 
T3e,7fiiL, and Wteu'a aalary for th« rebuilding waa only tOOL a- 
y«ar. 

It would Iw *u|>er4uoua to ealci- into a detailed deaoription of 
the eatbodnd aa it *tand% and I will merely adi vour aUentlon 
to one or two lewiobvioua ueooliaritie*. The gnuid feature ia tha 
arrNigeineiit of tbe inur* that aupj>ort tlie oaotnd dome. In meat 
(fmflar atructure* tbia Itaa bean done by four lai^ nunira of 
naanary, their inovr facta ranring with the Inner line of the 
hara pin, while Iboir greater bulk eaiieoa thon to reodi t«dt 
Ear onopgh to intercept any oouUnuoua view along the aidaa. 
With couaununate judgment, bowewr, Wreu baa dietriboted the 
weii^t over eight obloug plan, lumlc but little wider than tbe 
nave piers, not tiMtrly iirraorvlDg the main vislas ftwm eaat to 
west and north to »outh, but abn opming out a vww Gtom cod to 
uud along the aialc*. 

The deration nrctetita another reni.-u-k.ible nmuinment, to 
which audoubt«(lIy wo owe much of tlia beauty of the church. 
A Una drawn froiu the top nf tlie oroaa to tba groood-liiie at the 
end of mther of tho inmiwiita will touch the outaido of tbe do«ue, 
the halnatrado n>utid tbu druQi, tlic^ 'L^^< """^ almoat every pro- 
minont moulding iu 1)id campauilta. Ilie eeotlua will abow bow 
tlio aujiporu of ihu dome get wider toward tha ground, bow tbe 
cohmuaile acts like the uaoAale in a Ayiu bnttreis In giving a 
vertical direction to tbe tlinjat, mid bow the oolumna an made 
to lean inwanlis aa that ibe wtiuhl of their eutaUntntii rttting 
Ajininst the foot of th< tl<>ii>o aI lue poiui where the tri|i)e doviaa 
tuute, uiay both ^od to oquultso the weight oud a<l aowettlhig 
likfl an iron ring to tie tho whole fabric togeUior. 

It has been cnitoniary to compare and oontraat St. Paor* with 
St. Potot'a at Home. Thia latter chunb waa dniiftiiil iciiicb 
noi-o wiuare nti pluu thiiii St. Paul's, and in ihls rcif-cvt moiv 
nearly reaembliM tbe nioilel tlutn tbe urMont buihUag. .St. Peter's 
is on a laiger scale oltogotlior, and toik, with ita i-icn niarU* and 
luoatic, reuder* the interior far more imoresaive thau that of 
.St. Panl's; but tbe effect of the front boa ueen quite apoileil by 
the IcDgthtiuIfig it, ao aa to hide tbe cupola fivm n fctnmbit 
■tandint; i" fiuut. To view tlie bnHdiug as MIobal Angeto do- 
tinied it should be accn, it ta DoctM>ar^ to go to the rear. Hiat 
Wren muiit have had St. I'elci'* in hi* muid, aa he hail every 
other uobla work of ite cUm, whtlu drsi^uiuK our ^thcdral, h 
undoubted: but a glaooe at tlie very dilleirut plan nnd hniIhu 
of the two buildings, will sulHi* to show bow tittle than,- ia In 
t)ie hilcr one lluLt can be said to have bv«'n borrowed from the 
earlier. 

Dtaide* the gmit work of St. I^iul'*, tVreti was engaiftd un a 
TMt number m uiber churfbe* nii<l iiut>Iii< building 'Inr num- 
ber of pariah eburcbiM enccod uuder hia superiutrndenoe «-aa 



MS 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



6>ti«i>Jent1>lT over fiOy, wl Ctt thii labour b« vu not overpaid. 
He i«wiv«d tar the ivhuilduif; tbe city chan-hea » «Bla£T "f K*^- 
»-nsr, to wliicb ttie pnmhiononi of St 8UiibeQ, Wn]tirtK>k, 
Md«d of their ovu mimificeuce a tloiutioD of twenty ^imuui, to 
iLiark tboir MtuliMtion t Ui« oomplotJiHi of their ch'iuvh. 'rbese 
churvbci hkre nil ft diimcter of tbuir own, — aunple, gnui-1, oucu- 
modioiu, they ure nil eonnpiRUOiis Mt«raftlly for li* gr*» &ii<) 
beautj of the a))irM, which Virta jimtly doeintj tbe oivtiocti't 
featim of acliarc4i. luMnmlljr, tbc/ on emionntly weQ ndaptnl 
fyt Protottiuit Wl>nltil^ auil ixUr nuu-ka of th« ■tromK good kiumi 
KDd toand judgment bronght to bear upuu Ibeni, both iii th« 
eoDipnibeudiug the requi mitten U at audi baiidinga and in adapt- 
ing tb«iu to IbiHc n-quiretnetita. 

Hla vaMMl and inuitl auw««dul aeoular building wh Green- 
wieh n<utpiul, a noble nik, wbicb would bhrt bem rivalled by 
the paiiux eoDinieuood, hut DUT«r coiD|deted, at WlachMtor. At 
Hampton Court, Wren vran not left Xo lii* own jiiilfni^nC, and is 
len hsfipv- But atiU bit work in tbcw tbrec cditlov, not to 
amtlan Cholwia H(iif|iital, iihowB bow oorapleie n mriiitcr he w»i 
of n^ndciir, i)[gnlty, Mid pabitial Huleodotir m buitiiinga wbcr« 
■ueli .1 character hnd w bn eiprmseil. 

AtioUicr da« of buildiu^ more orijnnal perbagi* than anr we 
li&ve 7»t Dieiltiou^d, are bin circular and octn^oal thoaCre*. That 
of tbe OolUige of Phj-^lmua U a per&ct ULUter-p^ooe of optioal 
Mid aoouMic adaptattou to iia uurpuae. Tb«ra » alto the Ibcfttre 
■tOrtord. 

Among mbeelUneoua workt may be cIawaiI the Ttoytii Obme- 
valory, at OrMawicb, Temple Bar, thn Uoniiaicnt, and the icioti- 
tlll': repoir* Anuf to SnlUburv a|dr«; asd creii ntiw wc have not 
DMrty eibnunuil till; iJKi of* kit greater works. EapeciiJI.v in 
tbi» the c<we with bin clinrchm, among which are eeveral — «i 
SL Mwy-te-Bow, St. Stephtai'a, W&lbrMk, and St. Jnnie^a, Pic- 
cadilly—each claltniug a 1unj[ and emrofiil *tudy, and each un- 
rtvall'i'l in aoma one j»rtieiUar excelleuoe; 

True it b, oa pointod out by llw moat illiutrioua livinjr eritJo 
in our art. tiwt when Wren »at to wurlc to d»ria» a building, ho 
followed tli« name p!»u that leema to h.tve r^alated the d«usn 
of er^ry portion of th« mal«riiil world of nalnr«. When the 
boil were to b« peopled, antelopea and goata wtpc created, awift 
of action; lun of foot, ttmoroas, and haidy; iheir fraiuea were 
made lij^t, tbcnr joint* unpnlv, tlmr motions active, their ato- 
ttanlu capable of bmriuR iih>tiiicuc«. Thn plaint were to be 
filled, and beeveo aud &t outtle ak plaa«d there, rIow of motion, 
grwuioD* in habit, built, not for activity, hut for alolh, and 
made tamo and eauily npiirnachahle by niau. To each olaaa, too, 
ia given an extemiLl apiwaiaiicv baapMhing ila habit* and cha- 
ncier, anO perfeutljr liariuouiiiinc with and crowing out of ita 
atniotiiTv, So ahoolJ It nlwiiyabe with architectare,— ao waa it 
ftlwuy* in thfl work* of Wr*n, He nm-itieJ to tonipr*hend per- 
'Swrtyall thatwaa reqiiirnd to ha .iccotniiHaiieilhy liia buiidiug; 
hf lonniM) it so iw iierfectly to fill all Ita purpcMo* in the bo«t 
maiiu^r; niid lie uuule Ita appctranoe *o to harmoninn with ita 
{»t-Millc>ii nnii XWM, th.tt, fri>Qi bin aligbtuat work U> hia uob!« 
Ciithiiilr.ll, there in not oiw that d-wa iiijt bear witnnts, oa much iu 
itn apiie.iriLUce oi In its diapooition, to the ahlll wbiuli bud fitted 
it fi'ir the Wirt It has to fill. 

Wryu's Liter daya were disquieted hy factloua oppoaiticin and 
thp intrigues of carl fiit'ourltM. In the eighty-aixth year of 
hill life hn wna deprirnd of Ilia pat«nt as aurveror-gcueral. iu 
favour of Sir .lohu Bon*™, an iiioninpetent aye^pnaut of Oeorgu 
tbe Fint. He retired from public Irfn, not to fret and repine, 
bat Co apenO the evening of hi* dayn oftnr mich a fuihiou lut 
' nieht fanrn boon exjiect«ii of ao ooble-mimled a man. }Ie rotiml 
tollampton ('«urt, uid lived there the but live yeiuiof liia lif?, 
in digiii!i«l retirement dividing bie tiin<) between the renilint; 
anil atudy of the tacrei ■eriptorea aud the rcriiion of hin niatlie- 
Riiti'.-iil nnd phlloaophieal worka. Hia liuil» began to fail him, 
thtti^ii hU fa«nltio« did not; and it waa liia greattst delight to be 
carried once a-yn»r to ([ozb on hi« jfhsat work, SL Paul's. 

It ta of him in tlieiw yean of bin lifir tli.it bin mia write* !u the 
' ParpuUlEa' : "The vigour of bla mind coutlnnoil with a vivncily 
rarely found Iu jwraooi of hii age, till within a short pcrio.! of 
bM doith: aad not till then oouU lie quit the grcui aim of hi* 
irholc lifo^ to be (to um hia own wotIh) a benufactor tu iiutukiud; 
hia great humanity appearing to the last in benevoleaee aud 
onoiplaceuay, Irve from all Doroaeuciw in behavioHr or upoct. 
He WM brtpplly endued with auch an evennow of temper, atcady 
tmnquility, and tlirintldU fortitude, Itml no iujurioua inddenta 
or inqoictudea o( human life oould aver loffle or diacompose.'* 



With these nttennoM of filial piMy, and what we bava nlnadf 
had oucaaiou to aav. we leave tiM exalted penonal and adittiUe 
charactcir of %v (^riatopber Wrra. It remaim to iky a ft* 
worda on him na aproAmKirof our own noble art. Aadhoem 
cauuot but be atruck at the nre, osution, skill. Mid doaign «Ud 
Vr«n potae^aed. He waa a man pre-euin<>tit]y a modd farUl 
proftMion. To an aplJtada for bnalneaa, eviitood bj hi* aatc*» 
ml diachnrgc of mn«t oneroiia and muttiplM dvti««— • gnml 
ciipaj:itj' ami wondorfu! VBtwatilily of laJcni — be addMl \ fuim 
for Jeaigu which hna never aincu been rivalled, and k oaalkvttal 
skill Id construct l<.<n wliii/h have ivnd^red even hia moM dufaf 
buildings OS st.ililc an nionnmentAl ndifioan. Nnr waa thi* all: tj 
no many brill Innt qua! IticH, he added gracea of spirit wbieiiappmr 
to have disiinned envy, and [iroetuvcl for him miiveml catttn 
and ragard. He punanwed, iu a piveuiitieal degrWr tbe naata^ 
of true eenloM; ^ud evi<ry gnvce was li«ighteiMd, «nry uliat 
tnnctjfieo, by thnt Chriatlnn piety which pin-vndad hia WMle U 
and chntnctAT, and without which' even in tbia life be oonld hwiS; 
have attained the auoceas which crowned hia oanw. 

Tbe grvAtest marvel iu tbia extraiinlinarir man waa tlntll 
was at once a mathematician and ao artiat. SolAom ia the At- 
meter of the man of aeiance greatly expanded on tfa« mde wUib 
has to do with the Hue arta. If be even appreciate and tilMt 
theni, it mmlv h.i|)[)eu9 that be oaa practice tbeo, aud siiU mm 
seldom does tlie nrtist abow one particle of th* inaa of acAneati 
falacharactarorhablta. Wrm was both : we hav« »a«a bis e■l^ 
brity in the adtntidc world of hia day; we otirwlvaa aa laac 
tcalimony to hia ikill and power na ab arliat: aud I do not motl 
tect a aiugle great nam»— not excepting llie mighty Leooanb)^ 
VIncI — uf which the same U true to anything like aa «qal 
extent. 

As on architect, we bclinre the higheat of Wren's many aMcl- 
lencca waa bis Sue fceliog for form aiud jiropxrtioti. Yoa nny, if 
you pleaae, call it n aeuse of tlie brutuly i.if Kiiiline, far it isln tbi 
outline uf hia*biilld!nc* that this faculty hid nimut on|)oriiiBltjr M 
dorrlopinif itanlf, although it is na clearly evinced in tbe W- 
moniouB balance of hia mnsaea and iii the armngetBetU nf hit 
pinna. 

Wren w9« Buch a mnster ot pAin aa archltaetore baa i 
seen, and an ill-proportioned, ba>lly.diapoMd adifloa waa i 
an imponibility with him. Hia maaler-pieoe iii thta rwpaa il 
the onginnl dcnigu for St. Ptuiiy and ueit to tbnt will ptriafa 
cuTiie 8t, Stephen's, Walbrook. In lh« Inlarion of buUi iMt 
churches he has with the aimpleat mmtia, and aa arrangeamt J 
plan appnrently the moat nntiiral aud artleaa poaiibU, prMtnods 
complexity of perspective elTccta, a riubuens, a bean^, ■ hr- 
muny, that len ttmee the amount uf materials aud lalnMir «nU 
full u< Kiic, lesa skilfully dispoeed. 

AnoUi-T grftfit excollencn ni Wren is the economy at fall (to- 
atrnctiona, and their atnbtlity. Theie is the more credit da* la 
him for the latter cxoelleiice, as il ia known not to hava baa 
aiwaya in bin |)owtT to ])rucure aiiL'b materiaJn as he WOidd Ww 
v-i^hisl tu iiae, for t1i<^ excessive ilnmattd for thctn In r«baIUin| 
Tjiitiilon reodortHl it impoiwble always to obtain nod atooa aoi 
brick. In <!orn)bomtiou of thia, I have been iimrniad by > 



who had lately an opportunilyof euminiuu the interior laaaan 
of pari of tlie w^dls of St Jumut's, Picoulilly, that they arabwt 
of the most slight malArials. Yet Wrcn'ii buildings harlBtM 
of thnm fallen — few of them have emekcd or acttlod, and tbm 
ia, 1 luppoac, no txlitice of ila size iu Hurojie ebowing ao fewrigM 
of failure aa St, Paul's. But this is not oadug to exoMi cf 
uiati^rial; ou the ooiilmry, there is in tiwilt an loteraallug labb 
showios how small thn points of support are hero oompiuvd vilk 
those of St. I'oter's and the (.'athedral at noreues; to^ merd 
those of the I*antheou al Paris, and the Pantheon baa pnnd 
itaelf too weak. Tlie GioC is. that the material which {Sasii 
is none of it wasted; and though amply anflidoot straagth in 
employed wb««itv«r atrengtii ia iieedeil, the heavy wnighia and 
Inrvi.- mnsies ^.tv oonliued to these points only. A E»w nunalc^ 
study of the aeciiou of 8U Paul's <!^tli<dml will iUDstnOa tW» 
better than oould many pages of description. 

Tlie foundations of Su PnulV alroidy nllnded to, and tf & 
ttnrlhnlnmnw's church, dneribed by Prof t.'ockerell in sa iols- 
resting paper communioated to the Boyal Inatitnte of StiilA 
Architecta, are instanoea of this eooDumy. lu each «act Wrat 
found timt the old building bad boettaniBcUntly carried tffika 
original foiinilniions, and judged that be ooald akMy avoil tl* 
nxpensR of Rxcvivatinii and i-omoTing and i«-forming wittthid 
already done the work ao well, aiM tbeK&n a|Mn. tboi i " 



THE CrfIL ENGINEER AND ARCfflTECrS JOURNAL. 



,189 



I 



I 1m bwUt, ^ai tlw neMMfiii nnlti prow tho wund- 
Ml of bU/wlgmuiL 

Wnu ha* faMit mtteolud DpoB two potato. ItUefawgodapuMt 

hnu llut b'u oiouliliuiTf «Bd detail wort aot rafined. Mid M wm 

not k GuUitc atvluievc, o«r an a|tfir*c«itor or tba •tyw. 

Hu (oonUiiin to Uk* np Ui« Unit to\ik, «r« not ia Ammler*. 

m mt aoM eonnM, •qniJ in roAiMiiMitt b) Uiomi of thu P>fUioiioti 

I'Bltd tb* Thowuiu, nor yM to tlio<w of nuuiy butliliotp errcteJ in 

|jO>Mi* Britain ■iai.v tbe intrwliMCiua of (imtk ft6aoiii«tit; uiir are 

• gnueful an tkuM of Bnouuita nud Itifl wliodl. Bu^ on 

lar ImikI, il qui iMvur b« tud UtW tli*}' •» pUovd wban* 

joagbluol tobefutiud, or UmiUwtmv tlivwroBg luouldiugs 

' UlciF puaitioti: nor cvco, I tbiak, that from the poiat of view 

L irQB wbanoe the buiMiui; is dniinMd tn b« Mva, anr allien would 

.be mora aOMlM, or ereii u nticb •». TItP mooldloA tbaii. ar« 

I MA InaniroprikU^ uid ili* sum of wh*t can b« tauIalW nil U, 

i .tiiat Wt«a, Ilk* nuaj graat pwoUn, put ia bin clfncta with a 

< baarj* band, and hi* buildinn, ooupareit with lU^iiu of notue 

othrr oituta, iire a^ Turner'* luidanpM oomparad wlUi QaoikTa 

>^iacli utuitldLug iu tli« buildiuf, aaob loiudi iu tbu piatUMk IfM 

*bla lo bfttf doer inapeatMa : tbe fCMnl offioct, how«var, not ontr 

trtiit tbe iMa gnMful, and tbe idoa* aod g^vniu* dijtplayed fnr 

IMcrlf. Nor i> it may tn ccc buir Wrvu muU har« 

(o all Uw tvfiiiinuoal eithor of ■ivhil'.-uifl who have 

I ia white luarblo all tb«ir day*, aiid their liilbera bafora 

tban, M wna lfa« OMa with tlie Itallaiu, or of ttitiwi who havo bad 

tba advanti^e of tiroek miideb to •tudf froin, aa i* Ui« caae with 

.Mmalvea. 

^le anriehmenliv a* &r a* the iinmll«r o»rriiis|[OM, are, to Mf 
Ibe Uaalt aa good aa tbe mouldiujpi and that Wrea would not 
aoorange and oulce ace of g;ood earrlug when ho eooM g«t it, i* 
•bOBdaotl/ ditpmvod by the (ioiiiU Cvct, tlial ho brought ont 
■od aBplo.red, and no -laubl hel)M(l to traio, the graatail carvur 
&|{laiM CM boaal of — UriuJiuf; Uibbooa 

An anawer ot muuh the aaiuu e\nia oaii at odd* be gi*«n to the 
objadioa that Wren waa not a GuUiio mvbitoot. Dor an adnurvr 
of OuUuo. ( aak yon to run over, fur on« iiiiimaDt, tlie Llitor}' of 
bia limoa, th(! atata uf public fi.i)liuK, Lha tide of tnate, aud I a*k 
jtm — 1 amk tlie moat deroled admirara of inedlnsval art lUiinRgtt 
jDU— Uow eeuU aucb a man l» a follower of Outbio T What 
poHibiliij U thara of it t Wo have oocaalonally Man a great 
artiM ^ Ml br in aJvatu* of Iiib time; but there i* no toatauea of 
a taaa of lii^bly iuoi^imiAiI geaiua being tlioraiif(Uy opjnMd to llie 
pravaiiiiift (aato of hia »gt and oouiilry. UiUiun energy, lO bu 
tlunoiatmy wwoeMTiil iu the bigheat deKnw lu the art*, miiitt 
ban tbe auppon aud enoour^fcinent, tlie eoucurranoa and tko 
approbation of oulenpnmrioa Had Coluinbu* had to paint a 
pciiu«, watcad of to make a voynfla, tba oppmition be met with 
would have dMtioyed Uia lxapp]r •^octrfuluea* needful for the free 
pUr of Uia hacy, and he would lun Cul«>i H.-ul Bal&alle Uv«d 
In an aarliar a^ bo would not liave tur axoaUwl Ciniabue; and 
bad tbranbitect oTourovu Houm of Lonb been alive, and been 
called to euente tboni, iu the day* of tbe Adauu or of Sir 
William Chatulwra, thctv i* nrH ouo of yuo who would suppoee 
that tbay Windd have besu — eveu bud be b«un Ivfl uiieou trull mI 
to tbe axerciae of bia own taaW — aiiytliinK like wliat tbejr 
■ow an>. 

So wa* it with Wrea; he lived in an a«;u when the whole 
£atwpciui world w^ filW with admirntiou fur ibe ReaahwtDoe 
alrlflb Tba tiBpubM whluh luJ liei^a given bjr tbe di«aov«i7 of 
tlM remalaa of anaient art, aiid ih« rvvlval ••( ulaaaie learning in 
Ilal7, had tuned tbe laata of all artitla and nrchitodta in one 
dlrectiod. Tbe atratig proteiUDt fueliug in our own coontrj co- 
inciilsd witb it, for we Iwd had next to no nrchit«utiire tynuootcj 
wUb the BuuMB-aaibaUo Kligtuo b thi* country, *avp what wm 
Qolbloi and beuaa tban unit hava been n luiiuiial partialiij for 
Ptir'-r—M*""!?"-""*!. "'*"""'""•■'"""*>'"'•"'""'""• and 
• rapugnanc* to reoogiiia* any excelleaoe iu Guthiu art: an art 
wbieh wonld bo Mt to be inrnfunblv alliol with lliu irll n'li^uii. 
now ao eutiroly furaakeii and au uiKU'Uly abhorrail. Mvn vf 
Um»rj taate, bM, bad their rcMons fur calling the luedivvB] agea 
tiiDM of darknea*; and Wrvn'a intimate AMocintca would liave 
■tlgmatlMd aa illitentte barbariHn. tbe woii' tliiu)pi which tlie 
|hrjMllti** would bare imued popish wi>;kedueB; «u tliiit It i» 
Ml|r hard to ounjectur* wlkai iniueixv couhl have cuoie to the 
■tfnJ of Wren, to Indoo* him to think &Tonnbly of nwltinnJ 
art YouaaknM^i*nottbebmut7nfthothiog<itbc>ni*elvcaGaoughl 
and I anewv, nabaatatin^, not enough to produoe au entire re- 
Toiiliini in fialiim. ptindplci^ taate : and I would point lo tbe 



opiniooi beU hj nuiaj nea of tba preerat day, wboae afcill aa 
■edinval anUtaelB caaBot be qoealioaad, aa a proof that il ia 
poeaibte for a al^le to be foUoweil, even by a hwrge-mindoJ man, 
*n sxeloaivaljr, aa to prevent faU rwognlaing tbe true benoly that 
esiala in other ri^rlea. 

But Wnn, tboo^ ha ne*«r atuUed Oothie detail, and thou^ 
ha KLid a Cew baH tbinp abont tba "Ootfaiek behioo," intro- 
duced inHniMly nun of novaltv, drawn EroiuaeluilyoTmedbeeal 
buildiaga, into BauaiaMaca arcbllaotnre, than any arobitect bebr* 
or ainco, lie oieil, it te troa, tlie matariala of hi* lime, but be 
ouipluycd tbcia upoa tlie fomu wbiiJi arc the i.tuuinOD browatf 
of all time, and I do not think evea tbe iuimduulton of the doine 
itaelf to liava been enoh a atep in advaaoe la the hiit^n' of Be- 
naiaHooe art, aa waa Wran'a ad^ttatioa of tbe niodi«val chiirvb 
tower and apira to tba purpoeee of bia cIbm of building*. Look 
at the ontliM of 3L Michael'*, Comhill; SL UnTT-l*-Bowi Ut. 
Brido'e, St Uninret Patten*, St Magtiua, or a donn othvia, and 
tell UM wbetber Wrwn had not learned eonMtUag from the ma- 
diwval arebilaota Or, eompar* tbe aection of SL Pnul'a with 
that of a nadiwal calbednJ, uid eay if tbe *tady of tbe two doet 
not iihow a deep acquiuntanoe with tbe law* of etruotDia aud pro- 
[wrtiou obaarred by the Gothic artiaU : and nat aatntH) that it 
u aaklag an iinpoatibilttv to ntquira that a man living in the 
OMuitiT which Wren Inhabltad, and amoeg the poraon* with 
whom he aMooiatad, aliould ba*« doao men than Wreti did, to 
latjodam the idcna and raodn* of working tbem out) vh(A pre- 
vailed autODg the medinrval artiaia. 

Wa oughtnotat the preaentdajr, witb tliarlefa inbnitanee that 
baa eoma down lo na froiu aver; part of th* globe, and eve^perioil 
of time, to divide into factions, anil 6i;ht the luulm of Gotbk 
a^nat Claaiic— Boman a^piut Urtek— Chineiw i4,'uiTJSt Bi^man- 
«qiM Onr atndy, our um, ihould be greUUciutv. nut nn archi- 
tacwre; tigia, nut a elylei and aa we have, mora than any paM 
^caeralion, the ineaiM of knowinft appreciating, and collating tbe 
worka of the akUful in everv oouutiy, and in nil time, we ihoold 
gleaa tba iu*tmctinD Uioj all oonwy, rcoogniae the poiuta of ej- 
oelleuoe in oaoh, and coiliavour by tlieM tMVia to cultivate a 
Urge-minded, oomorcfaenaire view of uur art; and a> lit oar*el*«a 
V> jiroaMute It with a akill and a auoceai thai amy make ua not 
quite aahamed to resMmber that we are of the aame nation, and 
bbonr in tlte aauu meirapc^ aa our great maater and pnttem — 
Sir Cbrietophor Wren. 



ELECTRIC! Cl'BREN'ra: 

Simpie Eltttrit MiuMat. — M. ^ore united the enda of n atrip 
of pa)wr libuui eight iiichca in width, co a* lo make a cotitiniMiM 
bniid uf it, fiiKJ HtrcUhud it on two wooden i>nllie* corer^l wltli 
eilk, one of which wna m|ddly turned around by a band)*: the 
elceuicity waa developed bjr preeeing a warmed flat-iron qpoa tbe 
paper a* It paeaed over oiw of tlie ^iillcya. He deamibee the 
etTNta a* mioarkabta. There ia nothing new in tbe obaervatiou 
of tlic eUotrioity developed by pnper, aud many of our maeblniata 
liave noli^ how often the bsuila of ibelr mnchineiT bocanie 
dectricallr charved. But the appamtua le eimple and Micnp. aiid 
capable of workUig under aUno«|ihnricooikUtiaiu which atrcet tbe 
notion of our onlluary msdtinea. — Pant Aondnng nfScietum. 

SiMnUWRerfu and Oppntile Etettrie CummU in tWensM IFire.— 
M. PetriiiA haa iuvestigated tlii* diamitad pbenooMnon by 
mraiu of the reduetiuD of iamparauirv which IVItivr diicavered 
to take place when an aleetrio enrreni punc* fiuiii biMnath (o 
anliiuouy. A uietnllie bar of riiaaa two metola aolHetul logetbcr 
in the iuiildl«i waa inlioduoed in the bulb uf on aii^thenauoMM', 
awl dlvidcil current* f^»m the aamo battarj, (arefully equalfatd, 
wora paood through it in oppoaita dbaoUona. In tlii* caae, if an 
current poaaea. no etfeti ahould b* prodnoedi but if both pain, 
«iiic« the cooliug eAKte are known to be much lea* than the htnt 

Sruduood by the enme current, when paaeiuff in Ibe oppoaita 
treetion, the thermometer ebould imUoala aucb heat. Ia Ml, au 
•flbet waa peoduoed when the ourrenta wera eqnaliaad, and when 
they were allowed to ba Boei|oal, tba h«Mt wa* that dne to tbe 
dilfcieaoe of iha murents.— Cbemea 



190 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHTTECrS JOURNAL. 




SAILHOAD ACBOSS the blue RIUOK MOUNTAINa, 
VntGlNIA, u^.» 

Tba UotmUJn Top Trade U * nut of a coatinnimM Boa otnU- 
road la cnurw of oonttni'-Hoii ifiron^ Orrtml Vtiwinla, from 
BldtBiond u> tlie Ohiu. Th« Com mou wraith of Vlr^niti ttntl«p- 
t«ok tlio ooiutniOtioQ of 17 nrilM of thin roii<« nmlinidnK the 
jiaamge of lh« llinc Ridgtf, auil th« tunnel wbioh w»i jnii>iioMd 
uecwnry '<"' ^'* ptMs^o; btii ftmlVng aft«r four ^ean^ w(xtk on 
tba tuiiu«I, UiAt at len«t thnv 7«>Lrt mora would b« BMtMnry for 
its colli ptption, nnd that in th« mnftntiina, tbo Conii«n;- of vrhieli 
he wiui thA «n;^UMr, contil not mjov the reremic of th« «npil«l 
eipcoilcil in itio jncanipleta worki, Mr. Ellet fovin«<l ibe dMiffQ 
of crotuiog Ihn Itiilge by a t«iu|>onu7 tTsck lo be w»rk»d 07 
loooRiotJr^ {H) wr, luiO Inti>n'1>?<l tomamtelu a oomplott'cotniMtion 
of t1i« rtuuli At iho motiTii ttiid imrtem brntt. Tho ilmeriplion of 
tU* mute, tbc i)v;'n>c of iiiceeM Thi«b it hns •tbUDnl, nml tlio 
mwuw 1^ wb^i'li UiU 1>A> Wa aeciiKd, An giT«u in Ur. KIIm'h 
iMunpUet. 
' DttKHptbn t^ RimA. 

Th« Uonntnta Top Tm;!! (iTnMa the •mnunit of the Blo« 
Blika at Itoek Fi!>)< Onn. where the ricvntion of the niounlAin 
b TflM fool abnvD tide. Tlie crert of the riJa* i» T^ty 
narrow, anil Is {Muod on a curve of 300 fert nu4tiis. Then 
\* boirel^r notu for an oiigino with an orOitiarr tnun to 
■toiiil on tbo Miaamlt, twfora tho rMid alopn olT, dMcemlins 
botli towanLt the «Mt and wMt, to the valwy* on cither aide of 
tlM> rii^. 

Wetivn &'Hle.-'The leuf^h of the denent on tli« wMtem side, 
fraiu Uie summit lo what it here aaauuiwl to lie the fwt of (ha 
uonutalii, i« lO.UO fe^t, or %^, milm. Tli« track deaoMida in 
tbi* clifltaoo*, ou tho wD«t aide. 'lAO feet-^r, at the averaQu rate 
ot 04ii> Gwt Id S3) feot. The aemge mie on the wmtera tlope 
in. thcRtforv, 3!3X feet per mfle, and the me^rJixum «Rufc ft^ 
feet iu IIXI, or STilf*^'^ faettwr tiiilf. On l>ntli HidM of uia mona- 
tAtii the rnliuff curreii are ilaKrilml with a radttn of 900 fleet, on 
which the gn3« i« 437A fcot per wile. 

The ex<o«*"rtlieniaxiuinnioreTthearpmeoj[niaeiaaeaunonad 
by the ntt<iiiii)C to ^<>»ir*n»«te, in the diBlrilmtion of the neowwuy 
aaconti for tlip tSvel of ciirrnture. There wiut uo eiperienoe to 
KoiiU the wribT in UieurilhiuetiualdetemiliinUoD oftrieinftuoDce 
of auoh curmliire ns it wa« ne CMW Wy ti> inCnMtuce upon thie road 
and the proper dimlimtiun nf 1)10 •lope requireit 00 the our<-ta to 
ooiap««i*ate for the berthed tmction wliicb would tliers be due 
to thccurvea. Oa thia point profcMional iufiimialion \» »UI1 
vei7 deficient, oTen for ourvea of on.lin«r)' indii. travenwd hj 
eiwiDeaof coumon oouelruotinn propelled ai the naiuil veluciliea 
of IMcbt or pHM«ny:er trniim. for mch an anonialoiu tbe 
aa tlie writer was a1>ont to conHtroet, there wna abeotutelj 
no Kuide; and liU allowauoe waa thereforo alnioat entlraljr con- 
jectaimL 

WboD the road was firet opened, it apoedily appeaml timt the 
dilTeranQa dS 43 feel on tlie wcat«m Kide^ and fiS feet on the 
«iataru aide, betwoen the gradea on curves of ;iOa feet radii and 
llioM on ilral^Iil line*, wn« not aufllcient to oompenivitn for the 
iiiorcAHNl traclioa due to such ourvBlnm. The velndty, with a 
o>uaUiit -nipjily of »t«aiu, wna pnnuptlr relnnii-d on pusflng from 
A Mnljflit line to a oiirrc, nnd aeeeleratcd iipiin on paanng (Km 
the earve to the HlraiKtat line- But, aftrr a iilile experienee in 
the working of the rnad, it waafonadailviiMlile Uiiupplraamall 
ikQionnt of grtwin to the flanchof theedginebynwaDacdnepon^, 
Mktttmled with oil, whieli, when needed, i* kept in contact with 
the wlieol by a sprlnD;. ^nri- tlia hk of the oil wna itttiednoed 
the ilifflcnity of tummi; tJie eiirvea haa betii ho i»v diminlehed 
that it ia tio longer jnanltle to determine whether frailni of 
SS7A feet per mile on tarry* of 3f"l ftel radiua, or jpiulee of 
SM teet iwr mile on stral^t lin«^ are tmvetsed moat rapidly by 
tiie enr.liie. 

F.attm AMr.— Bnt tiie mora difficnlt pordnoi of the work wax 
nn the natem lUe of the mountain, where the aacsnt wn« |(rpat«r. 
nut the elope, in order to rcMJi a onUin level, which lieisuur a 
n [ cCMnry condition of the [nciblND of location, waa ivquired to be 

Scaler. The teogtli of tb* line of deaoent from the eutnmit to 
e foot of the gHW*. *■ 1*t«» feet, or 8^0 nOlea. The road 

• 'llieMHnlainTupTruk; A eaHtlMlA* at llw lUUrad aow Um BlDr Hldgt i> 
Kirk noi al|^ Id ilff iuu of VlrxbUa. Kj Cluua Suar.Jiui,, CK. irituu Uu 
J.uiul at tbt riukllD Itutnait.) 



Willi 

riod ' 



dearenilM In thi« diatmee AIO IM, or at the avenge tml* of am 
font in itA feet. The atvage froJt on the eaMm elOM ii^ 
therefore, JdTA feet per mile; and the morinmn yrairU i^ 
U^ in 100, or3DM;)t net per mile. Thb maximom gndaia limnd 
in a eontinoonB Ime of hdf a mile bi leni^h. 

Tba ahJorteat radina of enrvatnre on th» aUe of the mmiMa 
waa inteniled to be 900 feet; bnt in the oonalrwitlcat ot tW wort 
a more abrapt eurre wm iutrudnced at one dHHenlt point, fai evdar 
to I til nil llii I Mil I fill I hill iiil I III! liillBiiiIlin|iOii iinitiiiil mm 
offa face of aloplus and traaoherooe reck. At tiiia rarink w^U 
is found about hHlf way down tlie monntain, the twUna of enreiK 
lure ia only iM foot, and the grade upon thai cnrre ia 337^ fret 
per mile. 

Tbe total length of the track from tho foot of the nonntaln oo 
the wect elda, aefotn the aunmiit, to the foot of the monDtalB «■ 
tho CHt aide, la 4^ mitaa. Bn^ hi oDnaoqueDo of delaya wbiA 
ooenrred iu tbe eonittruation of other patta of tbe road, it becan* 
neceasniy to cxtimd the track 3) mll»ftirther, ramiae M nroimd 
iinliniabed cuta and embankment* at tburdllforast|ioriita, eothat 
the distAuee aclaally worked by the monutmn oB^jiBc* ia aboot 
H mile*. 

This road wna oponoi tu tb« public ia tbe epring of W4, 
it baa DOW, in atilumu of IMfl, been in oodoImiI uao for ■ period 
of more than ih year*. In all that time the admirable ea^nw 
n>lled on to pertorm tho eitmordioarv dutiea nopoetd npcu uam 
In tbe pMMge of thic unnimit, hare &iled tut tmrt to KHikv tbe^ 
regular trim. Tbe mouulain baa been covered with deep nem% 
for Weeks m auooearion, and the cot* have becei (beqoently filled 
for long periDdenmuvfeetlndeplhwitb drifted Know: ifa«gmmd 
liHS been ooTerad wiUi eleet and ice, and crrry imiTdiment daeto 
bnd weather and inclement ■aiaooa has been caooontetvd and 
ancceMfiilly snnnoiintcd in working the track. 

During the last wvore winter, wlrni th* travri upon all Ae 
mllwaya of Vltvlnia and the Nortiiara and Woaltrti Stslea waa 
lutemipted, anc^ on many lin«, for day in raec fe ai oB, tha anghiw 
nuoD Inie mountain track, with the exeepllati of the single day 
afreniir epoeifieiL moved regularly forward and did tbeir appotntM 
work. ' In liMt, dnrlng the spnoe of S} yeara that tii« rntd hM 
been in uae, tbey have nnly sdled to taMthenullthroivliliilhli 
dngie inalanoe, when tlie train wm canght in a enow drift near 
the ammrnlt of the mountain. 

Thnie rrmilta are dne, in a great degree, certainty, to tbe 
admimbia adaptation of the engtnea emplrnyMl to tbe M-rvice to be 
performed; but they are due, also, in no small degree, to the sklO 
and eneivy of the soperintotideiit in immediate chnsa ef tbe track 
and machinery. 

Tho looomotiTea mainly relied on for thia lerere dnty were 
deikned and couatructed br the firm of M. W. Baldwin and Co., 
of Philadelphia. Tbe sllylit niodlllealloBe lulroduoed at the 
instance of the writer to adapt tbom better to the 
servico to bo performed in erosaing the Bine Ridge, dkl 
tlie working proportions or principle of tlie engSbei^ the 
which are doe to the patentee, M. W, Bildwin. 

These eui^Iuea are mounted on six wheel*, all of wMcb 
drivera, andooujdeil, and 42 inches in diameter. Tbe w h ee b 
eel very dose, an that the liiitonce between the exirane 
of contact of the wheels and the mil, of the front BI 
driven, is 9 ft. 1 in. Thia eloeeneea of the wheels, of 
greatly tvduaea the dlfflculty of turning tho dent cnrraa of 
Tv>ad. 

Thn diameter of the eyUndera ia 1ff| inches; and the 
the utroko Hi iuolies. 

To iucreaae the I'lhesion, and at tbe same lime nrold 
rsstatance of a lender. Uic imginx earrim ita tank upon tbeboUtr, 
and the footlioanl is Icni^ihened out and prorided wIthanapeaiM 
siilc boxea, wbero a, siipiity of fuel may be Rtoitd. By Ihiameena 
the weight of wood and water. Instead of abMmctlug trom the 
efleoiive [lower of the entwine, oontrlbutea to ite adheaten and 
conneqiiont ahliilT I0 dlmli tb? mountain. 

The t^Cnl wiri);iit of these enginei ia 3A,000 '.U or ST| tn^ wtMB 
tbn Ix'tl-T and tank are Miiiplied with water, and fueleooi^ltan 
trip of (* miles is on boaro. 

The napocitv of the lank ie sufficient to hold 100 onMe Ibot ef 
water, and it lias storage room on top for 100 enblc feM of wood, 
(n nddllloD to what may b« cnniad in the aide bore* njid <n tke 
footboard. 

To enable the engiuei better to adapt tbemsel vea In tlie Beiuiee 
of the rowl, tbe front and middle pair of dneen an bald 



oed at tAe 




■9 bald ^y 




THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECT'S JOUENAL 



ISl 



I 



paiitkiB by imnghi-am he»m», hanug erlindriisl boxM In 
Oidi mtd for ihc journaJ beariagi^ vhich beuu vibntta 
OB ip hirJol pltK ftinl in U>e &anw of iIm eng^ on auh 
nda and raatuig on tL« «nlrM of tho bMuns. Tli« obivot 
cf thk ARUigttnmt >■ to IbrB a tmck, «i>inevli«t 0«xibla^ 
wbiek eaabha CIm driven iBani readily to Uavane IIm corvM of 
Uwnad. 

TImh vcn tluM MgiBM ooittmotad axfctalr for lUa Iradk, 
«f lAkli two anawar ta tbo dwcnptlou W* gtWL Tba iJiinl 
e wa« boilt hf Mr. Joaqih R. Attdarwo, of RiektBMul, 
ia no exttHeat ouehiDe and cnjiabl* of doiu Ku^'J 
n. ItMting 0* riKkt wkwU. and baiag men rigiil tium 
Um Mbm, It doM net yield m cnaily to tho nty «faort awwM >if 
tUa tndt. It bi thwv&ira kajit on baMl aa ■ raaem ■Dgttio, 
■■d ia 6«qDuitly sin|Joy«d tor«IiaTatlMncalM'eB^BM«rtLa 






XhtftH imrf A)MBrf ^ lU Awtew^Tbe writer haa ii«vur psr- 
nhtMl tka power of tho tnglBaa oa thla nonniaia read l« be luU^ 
taatml. Th* objnet lu* boMi to work tka lioe ra^nrty,a<xiiMiiu- 
CftUy, and, aborn al), M>^; aiu) ttiaaaoolulitMMafaiiKnmpatihle 
witlteip«rtiiiea(al laiaiUanbjoetia)tthaimn<liitt>r7Uiaavsre«tmiB& 
Tbo nvular dailr Mrtiee of eacit of the outfiiwa ii to nuke four 
tripa, of eight tuil««, avvr t]i« mouulaui, drnwingane ei){bl-wlieel 
htggf* C> logetbtr witk t«a«Ighl-w)i«c! )iaaMag<rca4«,lo each 
dbMtWB. 

In Mnrayinii (Wixbt, tli«(«citlarlniiina thoiDOUDtaiiiMtlirM 
flf tho oight-wlieel hoiue nun fully kwded, or tWiir if Uicm when 
MBMJ at partly loadel. Tlieao ihne oin, whuu full, wei^ with 
ttmr lOMli front 40 to 43 tone. Sometimea, tliuu^h ntmly, wbeo 
Aa bailiiiw baa baaa uouaoikUy haaTy, Uia loads hava auoedad 
Mtma. 

Witbamh tnina Om eagiaeaanrtoppad on tho took, Hoendiiif 

(teoeendliig, iuidaroitt[irteda0dn,i)n tbeateopeatgnulei^adho 
dlaerrt^m of tho oagfaiaar. 

Waior, for the anpply of tho wn^nn, baa Imnhi found difficult 
to obUia on the mouulaui; Mid rinoo Ui* road niui rtiiMtntclcd a 
Isiilcbaabean eatablkhed o« tbeeaatem riope, wbecv the aaoeu'ling 
tngilMa atop daily ou a endeof WOCwt par milu, and are tliete 
hMd bj tha breaks while tho t&iik la beiatAllad,aiiilitutedacaiii 
■I tha algnal and whbont any dlSonlty. 

Tba ordinary apotd at tho anpaaa, whou loaded, i« 7\ nules aa 
baaron th* aaeeading giadea, uid &d<b a} ^^ ^ milea on bow on 
Ihadaaeanfc Onialar apeed and laigarlowla might tkiubtlcat be 
panaltaMl with neoiH^ but the poli^ has boea to work the Xnek 
with porfaol aafrty, lo risk nuUiiiig, and to obtain aod hold tha 
pablic ooe&dcnco. 

Jtradn, CoapSnfi, J^.— The rulewaiailnptedthBtooaarahoilld 
be anlEpred to enaa the UKiuulaiu ihnt dul iiot paateia a break 
Ibr vnrj wheal, of jtower eitl&cleot to duiob tlie whed finaljr aod 
provant lla robrtion. All fixtunM by which tli« bnaka migbl ba 
■Ctod upon by the cneiiii^or. and tho power oinvRynl *iiiin1tit- 
aaooaly to all the wbeeN throu);b a Oouiibod bar or chiun, wur« 
Fa i eete d . faooauM tho glvine way of thi* oonncMlug bar wuaUl 
laadar all Iha breaks whioh won made dupcitilviit ui>od it 



«ata. Hmn ia alao a vahra or ali^^oek la tha itaant tiieat, andcr 
tha «onbol of tha mg i mar . Thia aii^«nck Ibnu am fadtmedant 
break, emlariralT at the eonuaaud of tbo anginerr, and whiiA can 
alwaya boapplied when the eDgitieitacifiauiwotkiDfforder. Tho 
Motion of thit Dower may be nade arer ao gndaal, eilber aligbtly 
nUavios the tlutjcf tha breaks oa tbe <an^ or brijiging iato play 
tbo oatire power of tha aa^s. 

Aiapply of taadiaoot uoi^oetod; for, though the breaks com- 
pletely ooattol tbo trnia in oniinatj weather, 3-0I, wbao tbo eolil 
IS intoase^ ood tha tiaek, wheoL^ and bnaJu an all ooveied with 
Bouw, tntxa tnlo bard ka, tHutr will not bold. Tbuo, aa uauaL 
•and is wppliad ia tho front of tao forward driven or iu frout of 
the inidala drircn^ aa ia ouder tho ciroiUDatBaoas most exiiodieat; 
and the friction auy bo incnasod to wbnteror amount ii wxxmmij 
tar the aafety of the train. 

With the uaasanger Uain^ than it a man at tbo break on bt«ij 
plMfonn, who aeTer leaToa hb poet wliUa 00 the uoimtaia, 
whocbor tba tiaia ba aao«ndiii^ or daaeandta;^ For the fiVlgbt 
traioa, four bn»keicB are required to attond (o the breaks of tluao 
oan, or fivu brealuuca to thoaeuf four eorm. 

Suohtntka ta thia over the blue lUdge are t«it danyeroua . 
ouder nwlignior uoskUful niiuiii|{viuflnk But witb tan to 
obatrve vm rulta braambed, and to keep wlthla the autboriaed 
kada and ipeed, thay are qnito m aab at, if they are not tafee 
than, ordinary railway* worked witb ordinary «an. 

Carrml Mrptiue*. 

The enrrent eapoaset of DMiatataiiuand workiD(thistiackan 
BCaivoly a« great at might bo axpaolad frona (la aaoraalaaa aad 
difficult efaatactar. The ondinair eoBMimptloa of fbal by eoa of 
tho mountain enfpnea, aaceodinff tfao oastora alope of tha monn* 
taiUiAom the foot □fttoblasoa^HoHowlothDaaiDnit—adiatABca 
«f Similes — in which na elevatioa of OSO Icet it orareomc, aad 
many onrvus of 300 ftot ndloa are tnmed. Is 48 onbiefaet, or 
mry nearly oao-third of a eord. Tha total weight at ths onciaa 
and train, or maaa nxmd, it 70 tons. The eoat of fad is there 
92«Oaoord. 

Tk« fuel nted In tmvenlng dia whole length of the tnwk, froia 
lh« Oraanwooil Station to Uio weatera baas of tbe nkountain. a 
dittaimof Smilw. inoliidiagboth tha aaeeat aad daaeantof the 
mountain, it two-tbinlt of a oord, eoaUng ^-33, asolasivo of tha 
oott of firing up. 

Tbe tolal ooot of wotUok tba two oaginaa when makioy two 
immd trips ea<h per dlMDt Ta aa foUowa >- 

S Enctnetr^ at^T' cadi per mantle $190*00 

ABnakoNO, ., »> „ „ IIO-OO 

2 ,. .. »» „ .. M-00 

i rtnncB, „ 3d ,. ,. fiii'OO 

3 .. ,. U'U) „ .. SG-OO 

1 MuihiDKl. .. 7i „ ,. ... ._ 74M 

WiM of eqpoe and tnln hantU, jwr month I4SO-00 
FuM, ol, An., tot two aoj^uw. pw month, wbvn 
mahiog Mij> tdur trip* a daj, 33<>'<t0 



I 



Tba breaks were required to he inepected at erutj trip by an 
•ipatiaBoad man, and to be in perfect order for eervioe before the 
MMmtaUt eogina eavtd be attaoiod to the train. 

Tha giving way of a ooapliog was aaotbrr aonroa of dsngtr lo 
te gaankd affalnm nnon aut^ grade*; for, if tha breakmon cm the 
■aeamfiag tram ibould benoKleetfnLand fail to apply thotr breaks 
wImb a oouplioft bar or bolt aliould break, the disenBnged ear 
night be nrriod dowa the grade. To guard apdoettluadannri 
nUaUe eou|ilingt were prnrlitod for all tha cam; and, for furUiar 
■eanrily a^aat th* poatilntity of auch an aoadoet, two powerful 
tag ehsias «!■« attached as extra oonplings belweon the looo- 
Botire and the forward oar, aud also betweea eaoh two 
■epatata eai^ whioh an reoerved oounliuei, ernaLug into 
aarrka oaly ui case tlte rtguUr oooplinc nar or itacanaexioiis 
«|M>nid pan. Thoeo gaard chains are aiwa>-B attaidwd km soon 
aa tho UMunlain enginei^ or "eUmber^'' aa tlioy are caJled, luo 
put on. 

Wbi^ii tba trade it in good oondltjon, tho breaks of only two of 
tba oani poaaata eoffident power to oontrol and regulate the oieva- 
tacat of the train-HJint in to my, thcr will hold badi tbo two can 
and tha eo^ne. Wben there are tlireo or more are in the treia, 
tha hrtakson tbe aun, of conrae, oomauuid the train no muck (be 
men easily. 

Bat tbe aaMy of tha train is iMt deptndoat on the breaksof the 



Annual looxmotive expfOMa. IBBOO. 

M-tininmeii 0} lit Kaiui, 

Salary of Saperinisiidiuii, por annum, 

SSmUoii Uutei^ CBob tl'id 

1! Laborer* (ii«|[r«MX *t C^O p«r annum 

1 Laborer at wood ttation 

3 tV'alehraen at trailJta. tS«0, 

1 Mgbe Wateb at tenidno% 

Aotmal Coat of SaparinttadevEe and Uatntcaancs^ 
Add Loeomotivai 



tm-oo 



fistotn 
»*o-oo 

lf«0-00 

tsa-m 

4tfW 
SMiW 

4TH«0 
OOdV-OO 



Celt of Uaiutaining aad Veddsg, $14,755-0(1 

or, per mile per aonutn, |1M6, 
To this total must ba added, of ooune. the ooat of repairing 
tho locomotive eiigin«e anil can; anil also tha doiweeiatioo, 
pTMirriy dno to thia track, of the can and enginot anJ tlu track 

'rbe engiuea, when deiirerod lo the Couipaay, wen all exoecd; 
bgly Huhatautial, aod have naaded but ssudf eurteal repaire 
beyond what tbe uaohiikist uf the intiek. has boon able to give 
to tbem anil to the cars. No av^ralo account hat bean or 
eoold bo keot of tbe other nparn of tho care— tho track 
being worked lu counooUoQ with lbs rood east and went of tbe 
uoiinuia. 



193 



THE CIVa EKGINEEK AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



I 
I 

I 

M 



BLOCKS AND BMCKf* RiR Bl'ILDIN'O. 

J. Baaaott, Ftoet-itKot, Fateatrt, Judo 4, 1SS0. 

(WUh EngraBlngt, Flat* XVH.) 

Tbii invQDtuin cnDsuls in u>nBtructing tba pixU of bWki Kud 
farioki hr building. wliciJirr of v-uoil, txoae, irtm, mnh<nv»n, 
oIk;, or olber snitabli! fluUilAuu!, in niriuuii IbniH oorrMpooding 
wiui Mth Dtlier, ftD<l 10 t)iAt each *epa»t« btoek or brick hu 
ii(i«rtiLrM ialo which raar bo inarrtM nnh, \vm, piim, tin, or 
bolta^ ao M to hold Uia bUidw or brick* togAthrr, Tlii' Hiu-rttirvo 
mn ao (brmod uil placed that upon any (wo or mnra blooKs b«itig 
brangbt togetlier in th« poaitlon tbov an inutulcd loaccnpy, one 
or moro of the apertorM la oach block dial] oontapoud with or 
ooiBO oppoiilo toosMOr momnpertunw in tlwoMit block urbincka 
lu allow of tke paMa^ of Uie tio nxU through ibam, or of their 
bciiu; dipiied on th« tie raiJL 

Pi^ I, la a dile view of a brick oonatmetad aeoording to tba 
liiveDlIou; tg. S, a vertical leclion, and fig. 3, a plan of 
U>o «Kin«v abowlBg the aptnnnM for the ai^miMioo of piiu m- 
bolti; flg. 4, a aecHon thmuffh tli« tina a, t, of tig. 3; 
Sf;. a iM a aids rieor of naoUier fonn of brick which ia iitwd in 
«u:yunotion with that ahawn at Jig. 1; fig. 6, a ■ratioii, and 
lig. 7, a plan of ihc »nni«; fl^ cC a orow aeotioa tbronj^ 
the lina e, ^ of Ok. 7; fig. 9 la a aUo view of a foandarion 
or tia block or brick of diiretvnt aliapo to thoae hafore given; 
fi*. 10 ia a i^an tluTcuf abowiug t«n> nwa of aportPma for 
tlM uMcrtion of pina; Kg. II, a verliml KCtif>n tlimu^h tli« 
Km ^ / of the tame, and Hi;, lit, a crata aeciiiin ibraugh tlio 
lina A A, of llg. 10; Hk, 13 abowa a aide vi«w, and fig. U, a 
nlut of another form of brick; Gg. lA i« a view of a piece of 
nrick or atone work o^mpowd of tlut form of brick or atone altowa 
At tin. 1 Mid A; fig. 16 rv^-'n^NfiiiB pari of a wall built with 
the aeaeri|itioii of brick Htiowii at lig, 0; aud (ig. 17 abuwa a 
oonna ef ruwiuit or brickwork eapjiortud by (k>Iuiuiii>, jwdvaUila. 
or bajiuttndua, allowing tbn munURr of nttacl)iii(( thu iui)irovmj 
brick* to Uie aame anl the coluinct to the other parta nf the 
■tnioture. A ia the briok, iha eud U of wliich ia formed of hnlr 
the thiokaeai uf thu <.i'utrul firt, oud tliu «iid C ou the <i|>)KHiit« 
aUe ia made in a aiiuilar inonui-r, the two emla B and C hAvo 
liob« or apertnrM i, I, moulded in them. In Kg. Q the enda IJ 
aiid E are ioraiad oppiMita to one another, the holea A, A, in the 
(■uda boin^ of tho Biine nse aa tliotc in fig. 1. To jmt thu 
briukwork tcoeiher, the part marked 1) ia pl&ood rni tbe end C, 
tlw Mid K at Uie aaiae tluie rextliig ou the end of another brick 
■itiiilar to tbe jNirt tuiirkuil C, when tlie holaa or apertnrea i and 
A will (urnMfiond; a pin or plug, funned of vrooil, iron, or auy 
uib«r luitable material, ia then driven through the hulci i and k, 
and mortar or other adhealve aubatauoe beuig olaoud betvonii 
tlie bricki the whole ia naade parfectlv aeeiire, hdiI, wIlcd atrvurni 
layan havn bean brmed, pnaent the aiiManuice ahown at lij-. 
14. The blocka, diown at figa. 9, \0, U and 1% arc neLuri^d 
with pjna or pluga in a manaer ainiiW to tboae before i]c»;riliedi 
ther are Iniil in the tiusiv my aa urdiunry brickwork, so that the 
joiuts of the dilTeivut brioka ahiUl not correapund. Groovoi or 
cluniiela, I, I, nuy bn romiealouxll theaidai^wMa^Hndhaeaof the 
bricka and blocka which will ailmit of mnrtar, ecnicnt, or other 
aiiilable mAterial bciug piuployml aa well lu the tie piua. 

Tu allai-b tho bricKwrok to oiluuins bs lu flg. 17, llie 
■letcripUoffl of briuk ahowu at Sg*. I aud $ la uaeil. Turough tho 
oalanui or pedaatol la pbtcad a nin or |>lug,tlw bottom onrt lilting 
into one or the improved bricka, having 4pertiu«s tlioiwu; ou 
the tnp ia fitted the eud of one of thel>ricka ahown at fig. I or 
\ the plog paMJog tkrttugti Uia hole iu tbe end thereof; other 
brick* of ainuhr ftvn are tWi plaowl vpon it, nn<l aoon aiitil the 
work be oonplated. 

A pnving of ihoac blocka may be nude with the lie roiU placed 
horieoiilaltv aa ahuwu at fig. 18, wliicli citm n jroiid fwit-liold 
lur h o r ma fay chamfering off the ii]>(>er Mg^ of Uie blnokaand 
naklne gronvH In thero. 

OTami.— tile Mtentew doea not limit himadf to tbe fimr Ibrma 
abown, or to the oumbor of holea or aperturea innJe in eadi 
brick or block, aa the «ame may Iw raried aooordini( to drcum- 
•taaoee: bul cUima the conMruotion of hlooka and bricka fi>r 
baUdlag with twoor more aportareamado therein, forth* pnrpoM 
«f rMaielng two or more pin* to tie, hold, and anile kigeuier any 
ftimbir of tbe VUD* naployed to build a wall, or paving, or other 
ilnMtnra, 



BBIOKS. 

T. SeinrAttTZ, Nmr Torfc, Baltnttf, Jose 10, ISM. , 

(IFftA Engravlngt, PlaU XVHJ 

Ftg. ) la a bottom perapoctiro view nf a mooM btlek i 
impmnd plan, ahowing a cavity with vortical comigaliona and a 
top monlding: fig- 3 la a Uitiritadiiial aeotioa in penpaotivm 
ahowiog one half of a aimilar Inkifc, dlfibtisg enJy from tbat 
ehown in fir. 1 by tba introdQction of a oonntatwiak altaaUcr 
{a. a, a.) in the lower edge of the oarity, to iadlcM* that the fbnn 
nwy bo modified by that means far the parpsae of ■*'"*'■> 
aepanttaly moulded proieoUona like tbe one fig. 4, when ilaiiiiiil 
deairable Hther W bcilitau tbe naanabclure or improTa lbs 
working qioJItieBOf tbe fariclt. I^g. ia a view of a bnee aodi 
nsiuajr beuaedaalateimlatnn^hi-Dingiii the cavity of the btUk; 
fig. ^ la n, Inngitadinnl lecUon m perapectiro of a mould bridl, 
having l.mgitudiual i.^>rrug&liona on the tuturiorof tho cmvityaad 
moiililiniia nt top nod bottcm. Fig. 7 ia the plan view gfa 
pFrfuni^J brick on tbe Improved ^ao, Bodv ou (he eipnMwni 
•yatMn by mcanB uf a alnglc oorc; n^;. I) ia a oiMLi&calian of fi|^ 7, 
in which the principle of the xig-mti arTangoment ia canied oat 
lonntiidiBaily aa well aa tntiuverBty. 

Ilie ohgeot of thia Invention b to Modve* a brick ntimam 
oertaiu pnclioa] deaideratA not oombined in any hitherto derianC 
wIthouC altering the gmanl external form or loaiog may of the 
nropertlaa of Uie eommon brick. The followinx deacriptioa and 
illuatntivc fiunree giren in Plot* 17, ahowa Uie Mtitni of the 
inwutiun. Thia object Is attained by removiag verticaily 
from ita ceutml portion, by a variety cf maalM, eneb a quantity 
of tbe mnlfrial oi can be ndVantnRcouidy dtapenawl witli, aud (rf 
giving a peculiar coufignratira to ihe oavity or cavitiea tbua 
produoeil. 

Tbeprinciple of theae improvciiK-nU m»y be embodied in aevcnl 
forma of brick, on* or anotlier being pnrfRrred acoonltag to tbe 
oliaracter i>f i.he moaonry tti he ciocutcd, or tbe partlealar mod* 
of inanurKturln); the ■rtlcti? tlml luuy be faund moat deaitmblt or 
oonveniont. Five such fonua are H^trn in llga. 1, i* and 3 abowing 
bricbaon thenewplanforiMdin ni'^ubls while figa. Sand 7 abow 
bricka mode on the same principle by the ordiuonr cxproanoB 
brick noobiuc. The fonna of the latti-r, although diaoimilar, 
realiae the Haiae aim oud mlvaotouo a* thefirat; thuae odvMilagaa 
am aaperior lightueea, incnsoaeil facilitv of dryit^ and biiraiu|^ 
grcai«r non-condnction to damp, nouDii, and bent, rtoily ventila- 
tion, improved bearing, binding, aud keying, sii eooaomioal mortar 
•orfoce, aud a farm that can bo cut to advantage; tbe aim being 
to prodnoe a light nom-eondneting vcotilnlioii brick, which la an 
peribnitad a* to afford an effeoLive aorl uniiona dLitributwa of 
tho material, and whereby the thiukneM of the article may be 
iuoreaaed to any dealied extent without prejudice to tbe drying 
and burning. 

In th« moulded brick lig. 1, tbe cavity a exleoda fmo the lop 
to the bottam of tbe artidt^ and leavee it tn fiwC an open ht^w 
frame of day. TbeiaMrierearlboeof thia frame ia mooklediato 
vertical corrugAtlona, ridgta, or ribi «, a, of nuy deaiiwl fbno and 
nomber, to impart thn u>nxiraam of etntn^h to the malerial. 
Tlie boUoma nod edgea of tbeae comigatioiia aSbn) atipcrior 
bniu'iug and bonding aurfaca. Ilie eorrugationa do not, in thia 
inslaoue, estjmd to the top of tl>e briok, but are cat oU by and 
mergM into a bori2i>nlal inmilding or fillot b, which, tprMding 
out alvive tliem oontmcla tbn cavity at the top to n normw ekm- 
gll^<lI Rpertnni, redndble into a mere alitor baauie m fimiiiaa iif 
wbnt'^vercuutigurattc)u,tfaa»leaviBgaa ampleand properly atoatad 
receiviiig auriaco for the mortar. 

The form thna produoed may be atrafigtheiMid iat handling (n 
tlie K'^'^*' alale by tho inaertion of one or mora tnuiavcrae btsoae 
or anpporta, like fiff. ■% at nay oonveoient Blin)>c, made of clay, 
aepnnttely moulded and put in place after the bridk ia foinicd; 
braoOB thus itiaerted baooms inoorporated in burning with the 
body of tlie brick, and greatly dimintili tho liability to breaka« 
■n tranaporlAlion. Fig. 2. ahowa another fonu of moaldad bridit 
diir«ring from fig. I, tu having luui^tudinol iuaieod of v«ttieal 
corrnj^tiona. 

I'lifl two atyleaof brick reqoire to be made In moulda, whether 
by handor bymaobinery; ther cannot be prodaood by tbe ejraiev 
of exprMtion through dieawitbontmadiliaUion; na it ia dcambb^ 
however, to apply that mode of nanulkctnre the ptttcntM baa 
ileviaed a variation of form, which •ocurN the oombtuation «f 

tvanlngea atattfd to be Ua aim, while it ia eMlly produced 1 



THE CIVIL ENGINEKB AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



193 



Bun of iiiin(tt°coreb>thrdiRnf luiortliaiuyexpramaii 
"lie iiiilure of Uie modifiot! fotiii U to w--cure a (iroper 
f by reJucLug tLe liuUow *iMc«a or groovB»lwtwt«n 
<ltNp«iiitv tviththatuoiililiiif; b, &e. 1, curyiuj; the 
I und throiiKh, thii* pruiliinng a bricK wliono top ivnd 
rCiuicii ar« oiilcc, nitboiit Bbniiil<miiit! aiiy of tho obJoctA 
iuvolvtO in Ibc oonstniction of tbc mould brtdu. 



7 ara UlnatnitMBa of fonna ptopoMd la ttpfij a* 
ha ait p w B om •yatrat of brick oudtiDit Th« adaiKiUlon 
qaMlieo ii aeeoeiiilMh«rf aimpl]' bjr «nWgiiiK 
"tiona, ftnil <')uuiging the shapo «f thn centnU 
a tortuous line of elite or narrow cIuDinit«l 
i^lor or uiiilokwd ooDfiguntiuQ or urtvurlE of 
riun, arnuiKnil m (Mq In flgs. 9 itnil 7, so (Jiat the 
rib* e, r, on una Bido of chi> oitddte iiii« ab«U b« 
or p«rfurttli(-ti* c. (^ on tb« other, in oth» word* 
Ition of t]i« riiiB and iJitii oiic with the other, 
to atuin the lauiuiuu Btmigtb <'f the 
ling of the iiuuu>tirT. To pr«V(<iit tlie briek 
MeiQDg ita proper ahape bV th<i ngginf oftbe upper 
the green Btate, h alightJj raiandor arcbea) fbnn ia 
nt xiile, Htid to the eudt of the liba e, e, Ton eiUier or 
I in oiitM [irojrcikii]* like ^,d, to that wiien the claj 
1 or «a)tiicd far r^iutii^h to mnko llie raiwd aide ^ the 
a »tnig,\it. the uiil projrctinn* d, d, vlll oome to bear 
m each other, aud prcvent luiy furtbf^r ilepTMaioo or 
I }>roJec[iouiitbuH brought ill to cciiitniTt majtormaj 
if united, Ihey itave tlie brick perfoi-ntol \yy 
MiwiiditaoraDgaWcnvitieBi tiiu uo[i[ie(.-lii.iuB, 
I united in a wet ■tAtt', nre likily to cruiublu away 
I so as to Imre the wholo perforation one coo- 
doe* net oonHne lilmaelf to placuu^ the riba e, e, 
,0 iilita *, t, but prcfcm t*. pliwu the alibi oppusitv to 
ll is coDtvmplatoi) to taukn Ihn alitu no narrow tlutt 
will hav* Ultla or no tcndtncy to nntcr thutii (con- 
I abeorption by which it bwoomisi thickencdl, but if 
iblo in pmctioo, the mvitive luHy bu made wiier by 
rowed nt the ti>p, hy indenting the riha c, c, iu euvh a 
I to widen tfaeir ■uriiitc. 

fhe paUnteedoes nut L*bini "lonkiii); bricka by forcing 

Hi a tncnllding orilice having a aeri« of oorcs to form 

prforniiona in th« brick," and he inteuda in no oue to 

a Binjtie oore; but rlaim*. — 

.tiuu of briekaor building blocks, rohataRtiaDyaa 

[ and llluntralcd. 

DM of pldiKatwd perforations of andulated or 

D, n« excmplitlod in nge. Q and 7, and uf rila, ridgei, 

uleta, or other aualogoua forma, aa iu figa 8, 3, 

ig-sag arraBgeinetit uf llie rib*, a> a niean* of xrcuring 

Dg perfontud brick* on the exiireaeiou avuteiu, with 
eooneoted cnvitiea or indepcDilrni holea by meaQB of 

■ application of ln<le&tatiuns, deureanonn, or irroarci 

hrp«M of oontntoUng the jwrlvratjuiia, to enlarge 

an which tbe mortar la to br spread, and incmuiug 

inrtlOB or attachmeDt of porta Mtpamlcly mouldnl, 
log tbc improved brick of any aim tJwl luay bo found 
pnetioa. 

KOOPS AND n,ooBa 

loOKAN, FI«*t«tr*et, PalenUt, SepUtmber 4, 16.18. 

: of this iuvcntioB ia to nravjde euiiuoniiml ninum of 
nofs, ivof fnuMN, and other buildluL'vCT [lartaof 
IrHD. Tlie parta ure niaile in plccta, and «>i tbnt they 

Kaet up, taken down, «n<l carried from place to place, 
or framework for roofa, are fittuaed of lie beama or 
, pfaKed on and along tbe walla of a building, and 
w knee pieoet and bolt*, apacoa being left at tbe angle* 
IVora (o book lo. The wall platea may be atnmgtheued 
arch or cnrred riba. An imnrnTwd tnuia is fonued 
bent ia ao " ogive " or pointed arch abnpe, and ooa- 
- ridge piece by kneo F^mw*. tearing a dovetailed apnee 
Icit^ port to paaa. j!Le arcli apriugv fiuui the level 

k-Wwa, IStdT. 



of the wall, and terrainatM in a knee pieoe built Into til* brlA- 
work. Auolber of the improved rooiii, ecpeolalty ada|)tMl fbr 
baniH, Is conatraotol of two alanting boldfut* or nbs, fitting into 
a cup or '}og^\^ at the bottom of the king poet, aod terminating 
at tho bej{inninK of the wall To guard n^ainat praaenre on tbe 
kiug post fmiu oalwanl itntin, two honiontol bOldbale or tie 
bsama are employed, oonneotoi by screw lies or striiia to the 
mun tie beam. For boarded buildings the binding ia not 
employed, but a tie bsam or wall plal«a are used instead thereof, 
or intermediate traasea. Hie king pceta are mode slanting to 
auppoct the ridge piecaa. To avoid Uie outward strain qttoe may 
be left behind tne faatening of the tnui*. 

Tbe supports of tbe laOBiludiiud raflen or purlins, aiw of iron, 
thdr icoar ends bring hau by aur^w bolts, and mortiood, fur tbc 
iuaertion of a tiglilwilBg w«dg« or key; tbe end of the support 
projecta a little beyond the mortice to receive the end uf the rafter. 
The longitudinal taAtrni or porllna ooniiat of alraight bara, fixed 
in tbe angle of Ibe building by screw bulla, and chamfered off at 
tbe ends to take Ibe aquare shape of tbe tafCers, according to tho 
slofM; tboendaof thepurliuaanfiut^nedtotfaogableLorprojeot 
beyond, and are aiipportod by a volute bnwkrk For oertalu 
building* the ridjn piece ia made of a itnight beam or Icir, with 
a "lanleme" knob or turret at each end, reatingontbs twogaMo 
ends. The "lauterne" la made of rolled iron, fittol in tho rldgo 
pieoe, providnd with a cap at topaadbottoffi, and havingan orifice 
at bottom to receive the king poat, and at top for liolding a 
Ughtaiog conductor or weather oock. 

The ciknuuou nlVn are mode of f iron, with one W iborter 
than tlie other, and are fitted to the rid^' piece to wbi<£ tbey are 
fixed, and hook on to tbe puilina, to which tbcy are bolted. The 
raftera are fotmod with bolee to reocive rod* for oniryiog varioua 
■jeaeriptiana of roof covering. 

The angle or hip rader*, sre composwl of a t«r. bavins another 
bar Hxed to It at eacb end at riglit angle*, ami held by clampa, iu 
wfaieb the ends of tbe purlin" nr» plocnl. 

^r flooring improved joiHtii are nmploved, eooaiatlnf of two 
bars held together by a damp. Iu iulroJucing lie lower bar it 
expands by heat, and on cooling duwu the upper end ii 
■trclohed. The two bars are uniteil .-vnd held by rtirrupe, 
and connected by -iBIpt, which am not pinned done together, 
>o that material* for the flooring may he pawK<il betwveu thctn. 

Improrril galai are conatructed of iron platee, biJted together 
and b«^bi In i iron l'nuii«a. mpported b* oilier barsi the doois are 
niaile folding, and oloaedby an«*|iagiMleU«,aQ<larelaat«nedby a 
book; tbe gale reaU OB fHciicai rollm or wheeb, and are beld Iu 
oapH or castor fimmen, which ran on a rod or rail at bottom, and 
being al»:' provi,icd with wheels or roller* at top, working in a 
groove fonued b« two ban cliuuped together. Tne rail is aet in a 
wooden bed let into the earth. 

The roof mny V covenNi with Rlntca, tilea, dnc, nrotber ivofing 
matcrioL The wnll iilnU^ consist of n lio I dfnat resting on the wall 
forming ihefrnmeul' tlie building, held together and or-uuected with 
knee pieora, leiiviiiK txx.'ui at tlie coruets for tke book* •<! tlui hip 
ntten, Tbe»« wmII plates mark the apace of the ti-nw and the 
dimanaions of the Btrnctiire, so that roof &tune* may be prepared 
beforehand. 

CloifU. — 1. Tlie roofing of building* hi tbe m.inner dMeribed. 

S. The oonatruction and airaugeiuent of roofs, roof frames, or 
cnrcnse roofs, iin licsciibeii. 

Z. The construction of joiata and flooring ai described. 

'L Tbe improved conitruetion of dour or gate aa described. 



BUtLDINO WALI5. 

J. Tatwb, Hounalow. Fattnter, September 1(^ 1M8. 

Thi* invention piiipows an improvement in biulding walla. 
For iliis {lurpoH! Ihce jilntoi or alnba either of briolE, eutb, aluue, 
or artificial Binue, m" ooinnoaitiou are need, eack Mag made with 
a Range or projeclinn on Ita inner lower edge. TbaMadug platea 
or slabs are used b combination with concrete in tbe MIowing 
manner: — They are employed in piura, so na to form blocks i^ 
concrete faced on the two lurfaeeai or, several of ibe being ptute* 
or slabs are amutjcd end to end iu Iwopanilt^l linos, atarliatance 
apart depending ou the iutemleil thickneMof tbe wall, tbedaucliea 
being Inwanls. Concrete is to be ponred Into the space between 
tbe jianlld llnsa at fadag slabs or plates, but only sn as to 
partially ill anch space, ami tho concrete ia to be allowH to set. 
Tire space is then to be ouuupletely tilled wiib eobcieU, tbe upper 

•a 



■ IM 



TBE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOUBNAL. 



m&M thnvfon iMbs atruck oC or nuule l«vel with tli* npper 
•dgM oT Ui« ficinij ibM or ptatM. Otim bcinc ■lib* or {lUua 
an tlieo plaeK) m a rimitM- nuuiin' is pwtmUal Una* on thoM 
pnviotulj' meutioiicd, tlMae aUba ot plaUa breaking joint with 
tboae bel«w, aod Uia aiMiMa belweea the alaba or pUtst uv then 
U be fillad, aa daaeiibad, witb ouaumto. 



INSTITLf-nOS OF CIVIL ENQINEEBS. 
April M.— OoitwrT grenmMV. M J*.. PiaMvnt, ia (Iw Chair. 

Hi* <li*oii«tan on Mr, Hunt'* Vtiptr, " On EUdra-UayiKtitm m a 
Mtlin Famr,' ocvoplMl the aatire ■*mii>^ 

la cgmiDMieiDC the cliiouMion, It wai rinukriLwl, that Mr. Joule'* 
iMcarebc* on tha talncct kppforcd not to Im mffiolrot; known tn lither 
tbcotctioal or piMtioM men. In aHK« of pupen. iathe'PhUowpbiail 
Huiukit,' tlutgcntUnuui bad ilioirn. hy ui klils oumbinatioii of UiMiry 
Htl£ «pTri(iiont, wluii tb« total tDtchknW offoot. darivabla from tho 
wnaimfitioii nf > tuiuil qouitltj of iIdo. in ui; of Ilia ofdliMf; ^Tuiio 
ba(tail«V ftmoDnMd lo: and, ia ae«tji)iiotLaD <ritb tlia lata Dr. SoMwbx, 
Iw B a aal rnBtaJ as (d«alra-mapi«tio oDaiDi^ drivan by a UwtivU'i liaU*^, 
aWdt aotoally poribnoed mora than ju per cent, of tint nbaloLbooralJial 
(■aty. TUe ifaeiorotia*l<liiijoragnmof liiia, uied ia a DantoU'i battoy, 
WM ItA fuot'lbi. Now tbo oii^G ntomA to aclually porfonnad 
SO bot-tbi. of worii per (nuD of nuu ooiixumoil. or H per e<3it. utth* 
full iloly. Amoiw otLcr toiiclualaut lli;il m^ht be drawn from the** 
axp«riiii<iiiti »Mi till*— that until aama tnoAe wna tuvooUil of prodnmiig 
claotriciiy. »• iiixo; iimn* obaaptr than that of an ordinary galvamo 
batteiy, at ooaJ wa« chfOfivr than linc, clsolm-nnfftiaUB (ngtnea oaold 
not Mptnedo tho (taam i^ij^ino. For tuppoiiiiK an aioctra-niacnotie 
■ngine to porfono TS per omt. of tba tho'^rfltiiiu duly, inaUad of iIm 
54 par coak obtained av Joule, then laah an c«g)iM, aa naar pwfeMIoo 
ai «aiild bi raaaonabiy oipeotcd, would uaa t oimim ptr aaosnd, or 
S'4 lb. par iioor ot liao; par botao-powt*. A pwtot BlMUO'iDa(nal>e 
angiMa ilrirm by a Duuiolr* battaiy, woaM we 2 lb. of tine per bour, 
par bon«*puwer. tioma el tta* beat ataam^vugioai would portbim 
11.1 foot'lb*. of wodi. pfr grain of coal, or would ua* SO lb. of coal par 
bour. per borae power. InaMncetiflo point of t-iaw. tiia Dlaclrt>*nia4fiiulio 
awtDe wia atatod to be mnat lalemitins, ai bavitijj bann tbu nioaiia of 
aglring tho problimi of oonverlingalaiyepcr coiiUfD of the whole enoi^y 
of diemlcil fonwa (Uiom of cnmliNiation at tine wiib oiyfnn nod Bold) 
iou maohuiieal *fr««t«. witliout IvUing It ints the form of tirit at nil, 
maliinc in faut tba oombualinn of ■aaa nut c^nerate nu>n> than t<1 ]>«- 
oont, ^ ill pqiiitnlcnt of heat, and dimUng it to raiaa waiuliUi wiUi iIim 
tMaiirring At pur eont- nf it* enoigy. But tlui very oireianiaUna* toik 
ft«Bj (nm iu praodeal in&paiuaoak ainoe it (bowed bow little oould be 
at|ieat«d trem deottiKiBBgiMtlB^ uora than bad bocn done hy Jouls and 
Soaraatv. On tba otfanr hand. Juulo'* Ihcoi? abowed tbat tho lull 
ttitwwlMal duly of tha cumbaituiu uf tbu ooal waa abbot uislit timci ai 
niMb aa tuul boeiu obluned iii ibo Iwal itiaiuoiliKiiiea, uiiT left a wry 
widv iiiiLruin fxr iiniimvaiiinnt in nrininiw, d«Hvin|( DDcbiuiicalaSaal train 
aoal SnM. It oU|[hl, bowstar, to bv addcil, that although ■t«am-»nB:ilia* 
(ell W> far aliort in tbs duty thi^ rendered, for the ooiwumplion of the 
coali, tbg b«t ataamentiinc* did. ia reality, perforiD SU or '10 per nint. 
«f llie duly of a (nrfeel enjilno, taking Id beat at the aoUlal tampcistun 
«t their bollen: and that to attain roor« than double, ar vna to albun 
■■ nudi aa donblo th* naaant aoooomy of ■ good ataam- angina, It 
w««ld b* rr>iultlia |n ktradaoe angiua* taUng is haat at a much 
bilker law I'oratur* lliaii tho bigbaat of tba aMoal lugh-praaaure 
boilvr*. 

It waa eKpiaiiied, Uiat the autbor't knawledtre of Lhia anbjwt waa 
Ibuaded on an uteniire aciiea of czptdinflDIa which 1m bad nude at 
Fblmovlh, tot the Buaa'tan Imperial Commlinlon, ai wall aa en another 
aBlta. inido aubicqueutly, at the rwi^oat of toma gautloioai eonBeotcil 
with tliu coppsr trade otilio Port ofSwaniaa, on both of wlitcU ooeaaiona 
be bad arriitil at tho cuiwlutiun, that it waa only alau onnnnoua enat 
tliat •lpcUv>mit[iin<iim oould bo applied aa a motive puwiir. 
It bad bovii ulalnl, that it might poanUy be advanlageou* la 
employ ttua powot in abija engaged In the capppr trade witb ttouth 
Amanoa, eren If Ibe ooaC waa thirty Umea aa pttX aa noam jiower in 

tUimontry. 

It waa nmarhed, that IVwfeaor Bolto, of Tarln. had aatimoted that 
wHb a Gruvg't baltarr then woubl be a auiiaumptlou •>( t.'> lb. of line 
par bot*»|»w<r par <Uy. SiAriini[ with this and aaaumiog a liattery ^ 
«•• otil, the aquiralerit uf aino biiog ii, and ona tbird ofwi aqtliTalfiiib 
«f nitric acid bniiu IS, tlwre would be oonaumad for f i lb. of una, 
15*3 th. ef nitric aoii^ i<qiiBl ts about £0'<{ of oofamertiaJ add. Taking 
the aioo at (breejitaoe per pouod, and tha nlcrio acid at aixMooa per 
poooid, and aettmg off tha aniall quantity of marruiY Dwd for tho 
amalgamalloa aad the aalphvrio add agaluit tho aalla formed, the 
awlmalad eoat would be II. lAi. \o\d. per horaa-powarforarwy twanty- 
four kouia. Tboo cam* tba tbwirtiioal diAeulty of tka a«aif«*aia of 
paw«T. Tbe Ida*, waa, that the auna auMtitf of moUar, btmg iliiiimad. 
woaid fra>io^~a all Ifae foree eeold l>* Milltd— tha iUDa aounmttf 



power, Ml that, theeretlaBlly, iriietlMr a lb. «f aoe waa anplaTad, ty 
tmraing under a alcank-enginOk or In daoompoalDK walM, and tbaa oa- 
plodiug tba gaaaa, or In turning an aloctro-magnado macUna tba mnh 
woold be tibntioal in nach sae, aa to tho amount of power eblafaal. 
Then tharo waa tha dlffiouhy, not only ef eoipbi^ing tiac, bat alao irlfcfr 
matariala. — aulpburic aoid, for inalaaoav wnMi waa tba dnMiMI al 
tiiaaa went IbrDUgh acoatly prooaa bafore Itiey cotfd ba ewpfe y aj fcr 
tlieaa pn^oaea. Iliaa iDMMlaanirad, and aonM^nenU; i«p—l<w 
matariala waiv naod, Inataad of a omda matter. Tberehm, atUaa tha 
powar oould be utilind, to • graatar dam* than ia the -* — n mtkir, 
the dilHDulty waa appsranily iMuporawe. Witb tba (caaont loam w 
majpata, it waa belivrad, ibat ilioaa powon souU Dot ba atilbad to tba 
laquiaita axUnt. Tho taiia advantagt^ In uiiiiig llua bind ot poerw, wm 
due 1« tbo fact, that tbe inatant the maoblna nwii working, tb« expMi' 
dlture of pow^r a]v> ccawd, and it waa not until ibe power waa again 
applied, ttint any aoniumption of material ooonried, and then oaly aa> 
carding to the work porfonned. Thb adranta^je w»a not, howvear, 
(uffloient M eomMiimto for tbe diiwlvaiiiaiie of having (■> naa SO ar 
SO parta of mmuMclurad inaloiiida lor tlia prwloctiao of locsa, fauMotl 
of d parte of onida natter. If riaMridtv ooold b* obuinad traaa anal 
and wator. Or from ooal and air. tba prablaca woaU be eelTad. It wm 
known, that an alaoWio oumnt oonld ba obtainad hj tba oambwAian at 
abarooal, or fnm 9»n», but the Milirr'tTTT of nriii oowhnatiaa wia fer 
dialant, « aa to ooneeft Ita fawa, antiwlyi or anlni—liaily into aa ataoHfc 
oumnt, although an infinltarinud portion of that fonn of fona ooold ba 
obbuiiod frum tho burning of fud. Practically i^icaking ooal had dM 
bltburtii, in any fum, bam made to act aa ilin )>ui>^vc tlemaat of • 
battery. It had beau iw^nnd, that lb* dllHi:ii1iy cnijfbt ariao ftia 
carbon forming a onnipound with (w» xiuiralcnta nf oaynn, wbioh waa 
not elNtro-IyUc^ or ptacticjilly antiitil"; and ttiia iom waa paftif 
oorroborated, by Ibe <li>mvt-rY, thai nirbuu aot*<l better aa tha peettiTa 
demaiit. in an alkali, aa potaib, or aoda. where the carbonie aead Woold 
ba immodiaUly abKrbod, than in an acid lolutiea: bni tbo OUrtiBl with 
an alkali waa beldoi 

Tbu gtcat daaideratum waa conaldcrod to ba, no* ao mudi tin fens ot 
the uutcliitis, aa Inipiwvamcnl Iti tha auuivs of the iiowea Itaatf. tta 
batlary, ur romao*. Tb« fonnauf iiiochin** might b*diirid«4 IdIa Aiaa 
typaa. f Lrat, tharo waa tha priiivii'lo of auainuaari, or —•Mill aad 
atopping the magnetiam, fallowed in the uiacbiuea of IXd Keno and id. 
Batip; eeoDiidi the priaaipU of the * inveiaion of pohiriEy,' adopted hj 
Itllohie and followed by Jacolu: and ihinl, \txr jFflwlinjf. ot (dfaa^ 
molar prinoiplo, where Ilir needle wu delli^clu] wiili a mil roniid it! 
thu waa Srat ptmotiMKl by folri*. All tba larger maslnne*, whiA hal 
bean oonatmalod, wn« on the anajiamnoti, or llie invtrK« prinalplat 
the lattor being thnnuht to be the boat. Tba boat, rcftrred t« by tha 
author. wa« worked upon the inveraiun princnjilr, and in it thne peraoea 
bad travclicil at a rate ol three milse an hour, but tbe eipcaae put tl Ml 
of tho qusattoo aa a pnooeal appUcMioO- AtprawutateotfO'mBgnMi^ 
iiiiiat be confiiiud to apix^lal purpuaf. wher* tho dangir of atcam a*d lla 
craatlou of vapour wore aought to be aioidail. or w hem acoapnlj *f 
•jiaoe wai a (onaldoration. But It waa Car nuiuvvd fniiu nmmal ^pl^ 
oation aa a mulive powor. 

It waa tliuugbt, that the ahajw of the m^piat might b* attend, by 
widanltig Uik polM. ao n* (o baro a atitl ainwer diDiiuutiaii of tho fMMa, 
Tbe attention of the fone of tbe ourrvnb, by tbe motion improaaed npM 
tha appaiatui. wai thought to be due to tbe geueration of laducad 
ourrvota. whoea aotion waaoppmed to the primary eurwnt. aadthwifaa 
leaionod ita power. It «u aug^nlol tn euidope Thit atrntrTt macnn 
in a duaed ooll ii wire, not in euutaet aitb ihe baiuvy, laUDfa eall Maa 
th* mallon waa aet up. abouhl have an InduunJ enma* fertMd ha II; Ml 
induoo') currnot ini|[bt than be carrivd to a atcniid ili iiliu i»HMt aili 
wound found iu a manner ao that tba sniTant atuald aa»iit tba pitaaij 
BUfnei. Tbe rrlation bstwccn heat and sMobanUal (BmI waa i 
of gnat pra«ticnJ importauoe, iulb to tho man of acinno* 
pt>vtical (Dgino^r, uiil it wa* auggualvd that rxpcrimcnlaof aoi 
a ohataolar ibuulil not raaC on the unaupported tcatimony. valnaUa 
aa it waa. of oiio Individual, but tlint aiiothvr aerlv* of iodepaDiut 
•xpariniBiita ahould ha iiiatltutad ao an to pbce tha ^uaatioa bifOAi 
doubt. 

Tbu reaulta obtainnl from Tatioua Tuachiun wero mnriieiiad. Ow 
witb a Died bomihiH! electro- magnet, and a rvrolnng abalgbl Iv 
eleotro-magnrt, and drireu by a aiugle Coll of Uaniell'* batlaiy, rabal 
3 lb. one loot high in a mlDuic, witb the cananniplion of onu amwa *f 
lino Id 8 haun. A oaoaidersble advanla^ wu deriTHl frotn mahlni 
tbo revolving bar ot aeieral tliin plaUa of Iruii, iualasd of naUu K 
aolid. It tbon rooaivad and partad wilb llie BtagnoUaa man r^m- 
Tliv commutator wa* made of dlvor, io avoid oxiMieu, a»d iIm apMM 
were anppraaiaJ by oauaing tho rubbing wtm to Icuch mi* *Bginant rf 
the oommulator bofor* leaving tbo ailjoininK rnie. A bobhin ud fly tail 
been driven, and ootico bad Men apan by thia machine. 

A. larger innirhino with HTpral magnaU prvduced lea* powar. \^ t* 
firat macliine, tbe magnetlnn mm* have bean iwverwd in Uaa tbv-. 
thonoandtb of a aeoond, otherwiao tlio machine oonld acBrcoly haro 
dnoad any power at all. 

Anotbar madtina wa* deaerilied, b which a ctanhad or *«aaa)tr 
riuA, waa all«f«alaly aUiacted by two elaolro-m^Bat^ «r l» 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



lUt ■■rrtJB* cwt HDO rvTolBlioiu pu min«M iia- 

ISM U MKKI NtDliUioiia pat nioulc wlib tha b«t 

SI 'A, one firat higli In a niiiiutat witk aix Sum'i 

L 

■WHti^iMMttMlukf oruLf<ui<Jiilcli,OTtaMbail<UM, wound 
pnr ribbou, ui4 rvvolTlw ovar « •IiniUr Bnd flluldi. Pt iliae. 
i lb. a** fool p«r minut*, nib two of L«nolt'a ailria Md wid 
Wtcriw, 

I nnilte f l ii l In ihoir. iWt Uio oa«t of «lMtrifDUBQMia 
«• ooocwBw, io pvoponioo In (Mam pvvar. U ni «i|[te*Uil. 
Ma tiuit en* atoa, or <diainlcal aqolTiilaiit, nf tiuu conauaMd €ir 
, ia driring a pctfettdacUo-mMiatloaawliia, would nut prwiaca 
mr Uun osa alom, or ohomiaM aqatvaluat of oatl ooQianad, 
■ad, la drtviat a paritx* Mean anipna; whtl* Uia out 
^pbahol uf (iue wm Ibo or tlin* bundtoH lima* thM «( lb* 

la ^Mcrad, tLat ia all roroaa tlio primal^ cbanffo of mattart or 
Mbaction aot vji. (o pradnoc tlio pbeiwaMaa wblcb vers anai- 
B«M b* n|ai4adC In Um rtcaiD-«nipite,llM wDnaofpowtrwM 
Mdon vbicA aat araa to d brtwoM lEa coal and ttia oiyfiaiardie 
tmn. In ika baCUtj, it ma Iha aUrMtlon botwacn ibi tbia an') 
1^ af tliB ni«r. It w>* oooiidar*! tbat tba matt Mtftci 
■kk f«l[aid to tka priiBU7 cbaofM, wara oblaitiiod with tlM 
bMlat;, b«catuo In a wall oonalruoUil iiutrani' nt, tlie initid 
wbiob toak )>UcO to pmduoa tho pawar. oouM be a>»l lailh a 
mU par cantata of waMa TkooroUMllv, baUory powar oiiiibl 
idalaprafit, but it waa dtffioalc U flDdamariutfar tbaalo of 
baiou tiee, Uuxub it mlgbt badlSanot. »banlt wiauraduead 
qaanlilM*. >• in iJio prcpaiai'ao of tlie pUto* of tb* Ordnaou 
wWe llio aulubata of line bad boao aalJ, aiul hail boeoroa a 
ifcaniUwatlouinaeoninwtdalpaiiitorTiaw, Wlwo. bmrevar, 
> waa lalun bMa aowunt, tba diflannoo ■>« sr™''T "> f>*our of 
IsaoiatBut po«*r. Tho nn of hjdradaibani luid boon Irioil 

ritir* polo of a liattn^, bat tbajr won not pnMtuaJI* affiauot. 
bt uaa aa a fuudAJBDOtal pnooplo, tlial. ud to Uib ptawot 
I, no w^ tho beat nuUnisJ for tbu pufpuH. Where bMlariaa 
qdojail, tbaj ciooedod, it «u butiivoi. ttatj otbar ntoolunical 
1 1*0 lbiiu|i. Tho fln( wta, tho Knai diaUueo at ttUoh ll oovtd 
llail; aniTik aoeond, that wboii onoa wt at worfc, tba bMMrr 
caalloua In Dpcratlon over a loiijt noriod of lima. Altkoo^ 
fvmt oould not ba praJuotil. at Ibo (ama aXMoaa, on a lam 
7 lb* a^Aqr of Ibn battery. •• it oonld with coala, jml Ilia 
kmoDii of tba rieouio telogrnph nii([bl bo nifanlBl aa an 
Itloo of inotlig povur by elenricitf, obldi wu bj no maaiu to 
Tho fkll of the ball ai Uoal, by whieh tho Bhraoonalan 
lOa navy wo* ntulatsil. and situ Lb« niaana of ngo- 
Iba llmo at tlia Gwiarxi Poal (tlDor. tlw Uraat Wca(«fn 
Sutioii, tin Tolacnph OtBo*, Weal &nnd, &et, ware Une to 

atalol, that tha otjool ia riev. in coniCmotitig » nwrhln« fcr 

lion, waa to got rid of tlie ihori djauanoa ovor vhicb tha 

in the iBae of orilinar)' cUalro-inittpieta. Suoocaa had •« 

ihiaa nlCirta, that tha dolliiotivn aotSon bad baaa axtonilod 

loaioad ofiMily n fncliau of Ml inoh. A urDnaura of about 

baaii oblaioed niiuid > eurEhce 30 Innbaa in diamatar, Init tfaat 

!«aad, ilafvatly it ■uallaH*Jlo atuinanl rakwity. ThanilDoad 

waa tha eaua* of Ibi* i^ut nidcioljou ofhrum, and in proportion 

■tiou, *o waa Uia action at the raduoail cttnoiit inoaaaad. 1 1 waa 

Iftat IW coat of (bu oitrio aoid. in tha «atinuie whiob bad baaa 

thaaariy partof tbodiioDuiciD, might bo omitted, aa it couM bo 

' kj a (inifila piooean. 
ipanaan, whiob had baaa IntliMtad, aa M lb* Mat of difbrant 
afpraJaang power, alMwad that far amy diiUingaxpanded, ihera 
|fcanui>ad by 

I Powar 000,000 lb. ono foot high In a daj. 

s.4oa,oonHi. ditto. 

Sd;000.oun lb. ditto. 

»llM|»at[ai SOO.OlWIb, ditto. 

■ipklaad. that lh« naoit* roeorded In the Paper, aa to Iba 
in M magnetto fora* throqgh apaoa. «rcrt the aiiui aforiffo 
MUuUy obtaltwd fniai a number uf Bijioncoaiiti with magiieu of 
farauL eomo hating long and olhtn ahort arioit. The ylan of 
; raoM lb* magnti a Moavd coil of wire aot oounootod with iJia 
lb* iaduoad ournoit in wliioh might be ompbiTod to produoa 
m in aootboT bar of iron, bad bnn triad by HJcirtb and had 
iMadoaad. o«-ing_ to the diffloulty uf ilealing with [he current 
ha m^tnot araa b motion. It ^ad abo bcoo found, thM iha 
■ iht aoeond mi«not. thua treated, wm of var; inforl'ir 
t la any form of maahuie than devlaod — and waa not practioally 



Io tho t«lation betnon h«t and niaohanical al&cl, 
paananod, that the eiperlveota ot Joule had baaa oanHrmad by 
••artkaa of rvofmaor Wu. lliuinkin. of OlaaK^w — that Dr. 
if weaJiad witb JouU on thie pmblein — thi>l it Ih>1 riii^af vJ the 
M of PnCMBor Bunaeo, of Marburg, and more rvwntjy of M. 



Fan^ who had anrit«d at lb* «mb* eewlHtiona m tboa* Moetdal by, 
JovloL 

tt waa tqgtMUd (bat. in FtMO*, tbo dtlanon aa (o Ife* poanValiiy of 
olaet/o- iimgnatif w^ginai aup— adliig atanro till piwtaiUd. FtfWni yaaaa 
ago. it had b*eo proroi^ •sparinionlally, lliat ua bent otoltad by MJ 
(ollaio droalt in which aD«ngiiw»uuolbiJuded,mB ctaetti th«t dM 
to tbo obBmiad aotlooe taking plat*, tb* canduoting wire mtrdy praaoil' 
tug the meaua of «volrlag lb* bant in any gtron Unallty. loatUHl of ii 
boiuB all eralvod where tb* dianiiaal action took place, l^iia diaoonrj, 
whioikhBd boau arrooaoualy attnboled lo M. t'av^^ » hue* aiairi— ii» 
wore only tbiv* yean old, era* fidlowol up by Uk Jiiooiery, iW if an 
eleetra-oicnalio angina lie plaoad in tha roltaw dicuil, Ibobeatorelrtil 
oorreapoDiIing to n oefUln duml^ aoHoi, waa lUminiehed, tho boat 
whiuh appealed being ooavartod into tha maehanlcal focea given out ^ 
the enmiio. The greater tho qoautity of boat which dlMppwuad fi«m 
the ToTuic drouil, relallwdy to lb* boat da* Io tbo chamiEalaolione, tba 
mora porfooi wvuhl bo tho eoosoin of lb* alaotiO'iaBfnoU* toffmi Mid 
a* it waa poaaibl* to laaka tba mgmo work, aa aa to ndnee tba inini^ 
of tho ourront lo a Tety email fraetion of iu altangtb, whan tba iiiiuiaa 
wae not working, noarly Iha vbolcof ihebatductotbeshemicalaetlaM 
of tliu baittcy might be eToWed w «arlL Sopnoriog all of it wan oan- 
T«rt*d Inin work, thora would r«*ult 14S bat iIml for aaoh (nan of noo 
conaumed in » iSuiiall'e battery. It wiaibe waaknaaaof ^sbunicnl 
action* of a Tollalo pdo, aa compared irith lliat of tb* combuitiuo of 
eoal, and the r^tlve ooat of aino and ooftl, wbiidi deoidod ao ooa^oulr 
in hvour of the eltam oi^in*. Aertgardad tbaeUangihof tbeobcaniay 
action*, one grain of dnc ooummed in a Darnell'* batten ga<M out bent 
equl*aloiitlol<SfootIht.i bat one gfua cfooal boraadln air produced 
hoU equiralonl to 1341 foot Ibe.. or nine timea aa mueh--eD that if a 
eUam oogiue waa aa bad a* to ooarert ooly ouo-aanth part ae much heat 
aa tho alettro-mijpotio ongino, the two would atill be on a par. Aa W 
•ipenafc it waa obrionalv lmpo«mblo tbet th* ea*t of coal oould eecr 
baeuma loota than a bIuuI* fraction of that of aiae, to aay noibing of 
that of oUl«t naoeaeary matoiial*. 

It «B« obeervwl, llial tho*a who bad bilbcrW atteanptod the aolution 
of the problem of «lootro-molire power, tocmad to ooneider thai Om 
wbobi qoeMSon tooolred iteelf into firodudng a ci«<alD aoiouut ef da*- 
tnuity at a giren ooit. The chelnloal qocalLon, in (act, ma &iet oon- 
aidereil, Inalntd of tbeitloBluiilcalapplloatlonoli^vau (brea- MafnMJO 
foroe ilitil rapidly anr through but a aburt ipaoe. If lb* geometria) 
ourr* of tile dynainic torca of uiagnettc allraolioii vw drawn, and waa 
(Evided into ton paru, then it Would ba found, that if the Mo^ nwaat 
the nugnet gara a mann powar •qua] to iOOU lb., Uio mon font of tk* 
tcDtb-pert funliMt from th* nwfnot would only be 31h., tbcugh tba aaan* 
araoum of «Iectrioily would be aaed in the ouc eaae m in the otbar, 
Takioglbomoanofifae wboIoMtrMdoucfamunM, onlyaamollpoww 
waa obtained tbrongb a abort diitanoc. In Jaoobi'* oogiMv ■<> >Mtb tb* 
rotary princtnlo waa adoptod, tho mblnom portion of tho m^ooUo 
aitracUon ool* wai applied, giving but a tnall powor witb a Ut^o ca*- 
■umptioQ of eUclrlolly. Iii annlbar olvolro-mAgnotie englDo. in whidi n 
diiruronl farm of mafiiut, with 4, <I, or S polea plaoad apoD a plato, had 
bcoo adopted; It liad beeu ondearaurad to app^r tin OHilmam portian 
only of tha dynatnio fon*, and tliia, by a a uooeiaelaD of m^'i*'*- *** -*^ 
eeealraly annf omtinuoualy brought inM action, giving a osaiiamUvriy 
lij)[r iwwiir. with a amall oooaumpUon of dootrloily, and prudnoing, in • 
aiavliiiif. a (nntiiiuoua noiion aoalogoiu to the overebot walar-abeal. 

It waa hoped tlut, though apnartntly impnotioaUa now. in prooaaa 
of lime olMirioiiy might be an>liod aa a moUre power. For wbe» it 
waa ooneidered what kul taken place with regarl to olociHaiiy. how. K 
bad flral been oblaiaad from IHetlon upon amber or glaa* — vaa tlion do- 
vdoped by ehomload aetion troia mHala -and waa aubaoquetitly maoa- 
beted by the Indueiioe of beat on eolid bodita. aa abcwn In the b>na la 
which tba niuoo of lWrmo*elealj)oity bad been given, — k waa feJl tbata 
aerie* of induelnon* reaearoboa into the undeiabpod aBorMa of thie aae. 
Talloua alcment. might raaidt in Ibo mtan* of ptodndngtb* power abteb 
wonU noder it aaaoonomionl and ndvanti^aeu* aa Ibe bntt wbiuh waa 
now ablMtied •• aaall;. It wm only a fuw yean iin« Sir Uuiopheey 
Davy wa* oeanpdlad ta employ a tboneand pain of lino and eo|M«r- 

filataa, to do the week wbi^ tailv* of the mms agtnta wouU petfcim 
a a modwu batury. 

It wma thought, that tho eubjeol unds dlaouaion dughc Io be dividMl 
inlu IWQ dialinct pacta— &ret, tho modo of prviloeing aleclriniy, and 
aaaond, the ^paniui to which auch eleolrloliy wa* to be applied. If 
poanhltb Iba oMurml producU M be foond tn lb* tarth, ought, fat ite 
aak* of ooonomy, u> tin employed in b»tb oaaaa^ inotcad of prodiiei* 
manufaotnnd at oonaidemUo cuat. It waa remaxkedi that, tdlhortev 
olaotro'magnalic anglnae had u«i bouu mnalrueted in aooordanco witb > 
power varying Invenoly aa ibo*i)uaro of tba i^Mmiw; for which cartaui 
ivmodioa wara auggartad. h waa alee laoootnandod, that a modifiealion 
of Ihu wavaa of oonlnolion to nneanlar fibre abooM be uloplcd n 
elootro-ma^otJc engina. AUoaion waa made la eertaln [tmiiillailllM 
common botb to muecolat fibre and to tlw al*etn>-ngti*ti aad nUenOoa 
waa partiouUlly diirstcd to eound, whiiih waa dovelopoil ht both, «a lb* 
pnjiluutlou of a pulling power, aiid tobutli being a *ub*titMl* formrvwai 
oucegy. Klaotnoit^ eoald be uaed adther directly h) mauuk -A itHK 
aleeUo-BagnoiiBr uiilireelljVltbe«Hgto«uni<A^;M». %ia«..,4e>iianB*ii, 



H6 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOUBKAL. 



jdMro-Bt^twUnD, BUfDeHnii. utd miDlog pow vera ill onlj HiflWtmt 
^uifMtion* of ona ud lira mana biM. and bbcIi vh mui-criiliia inio 
V7 other. Hie meefcjuilol dSmi at k flasb of %fatiiliig WM MuJnad, 
;aM it vu ihovB thit, (n a eartala fauUno*. the pmrar dtTMoped 
ttroub SO fMt wutqiul Ma 1S,!3<>-hnn»pow<r«iig;Hi«,uid tl«l tba 
tataUasplodn po*«r wai naal lo ■ prewan ot tbrao hondrad mmiana 
of ton*. Hu diMintHlitj of obtaining a motiv* po<f«r faqvtrlnn 1«h 
voUt par hiiniT-pa««r than iha (tnuD-Dngiiif. «■■ th«n ailiraTt«d to, 
■BotaManoe vu incidDauJlj mada to taait expcrimcnia whioh had teao 
a4*d at dilhraM timsa. aith thU otgoet in mir. Id ilii* wav it bad 
baM aaMrtaiMd that iha motive pomi darivabh) from Ui« dialL fmna- 
tkn aaar Lcndou, weaU eoat four timta more than that oiftained fnm 
He never to be darlvad hf tha prcnluctiuii of tba lapour of a 
» apMI hy tbr oeDdtanatiMi of itMin — fmin ilio axplodon of a mix- 
tare of hjilre(«in awl oxygm b]r rlMtrioltj' — fram the oanilciiaallon cf 
the iBf>iur of a hi;^lj *olaUle ^nrit hj ioa — and liy a oeruin cjuanllt; 
' Bolid hrdngm aol ongen, by meaiM of the itaam-engin* aad by 
of llhr nnariaa of too breaa. wm than advctad lo; and it «ai 
•Mad that tba latter Ear* oat neariv Ian timaa a* nwh poaiar la tba 
flUflp«liN(pn««ilartaiifement oTthoiteain'etiginein Cornwall- 
In atoaiBg tb* dlaoaaian It waa leoufttd, that tbne ooold bo no 
ubi. bom «hat haJ tweo Mid, that the application of toImIc sleetrioity, 
•hatorer ihaiia it tnicht b> derebwed, «aa entiiely out of th* question, 
flatnauRlalty (imktng. Withoul, bonrder. oaundering the iniaelloD in 
Ibal petnt ef Tiew, the nutbaaioal appUalioo atvnied to ianHTo almoat 
IniBpeiaUe difficollita. Ha pomar atbibilcd bj ele«tra-DU(neti«», 
lUgh Twj gnat, axtcnited IbroDsb aa null a apace aa to be pnatisaliy 
A poverM magnet nlgU be eompared. for the mlK of liW 



rtrvlion. to a Mcam'enirlno with aa enonnoua nlnlon, bm «lth ao eioced 
dialnible. 



liBgly (bart •troke. Sucli an arrangraioiil wa* H'otl Iiiiowu tu be vcrj' 



In the mochanleal application of paver, retonily, nr in oilier word*, 

'iha epaea pmaBiJ orer, va« ma'le aa lirse aa pooitiU, and in pmpoitioa 

a« till* VH MOiiDpliihoil liail lhaT(!ldi:n€y ofthe niatbine been oilcodal. 

Kow. thia aaa pirrivly tliti difficulty undt* vbicb the applieaUon of 

itinn labournd: ike ipaoe Uifough vblch it Oould Iw dhuIo to ex- 

I lieing II Biiwijlingly noKilt. 

With mpem to the veiy ini|icrf«ct iub made of heat. In the oidiliaiy 

n>-eag(ne, soma naaoiiablo ikiiibt toi|[bl be enlortaiiiad a* lo the eM~ 

ne« tf the nelboda tn>lJ<trt<l to arrive at tlie niilt al brat on« <■>- 

,'ed h; adantifio mm: Tnr vheo It via itatad, that tli* imliiiary duty 

ibUiued by a good atearn'mfiiw vaa about I-1i)ih of vlat tbe quantity 

I of htat actually gencnuod by the oaiiniiuption of a gixeu weight of ear- 

Ibnn vM really oa|Ablt of porfomiiiig. tonio doubu naturally augraled 

IhemivtvM, BB to the oonaotmaa of the tnode br which (udi a rtault waa 

arrt^ed at; for It a«paBt«d impoa^Ua lo eooeeivo wbaia luob au onor- 

none loaa eouM take phwe. 

"Riia part of tbn lubjiot vniill atmn to rehire hrthor bireallKatloii. 
and tt might be uiggnted. (bat llio poaer neceaai; to deetroy molecutiu' 
altractiini toigbl not be compru-able with tlie ordinary modeof divelapiuji 
povcr. by imparlrrjg b^l to tluatie I'ttpftun. The one being an 
cnonBOOB fom excited over an loBniicly amall ■fucc, and the atber. on 
IbaeoBlntfj, being k limited power exerted ovor a vcrykfoe ffM- 
Thia *le* vodM aeem to be eerraboratad, or mivbi d<.fi(e lUnlmioa 
from conddrefaig the vdl-known modraiiiial dltncully of oompaeing % 
gi<cn preaturo at reac, with another pivoura viUi a given valoottj. It 
WM w^ known, in hiA, tliat tliey were not companble. 



.V«y S.— The Paptr raid vaa " Oa lie Emj^ymnl of HMtt BlM, 
OP CbncnM, I'a wiuAt of Emgimtiriio aaa Ai " 

Keraift H. Inat. C.E., P.R.S. 



IrtAiMorvr.' By Mr. 



Iha aDlhor enmmenatd by (■iicoinclly tradng the hlitory of the art of 
ooiiitrunUon, or bottdinic, from (he esrlieft ponoita, aa eibilnled by the 
■lehitattnnl ramaio^ m Etiypt, Asyna, Gneoe, Blrarla, Rome, and 
Oili^ aad In aootb Anrrica: — thmoatotbeoeniparBtirttyniororaafnt 
MTdoMuia cf tba oentlnent aod of thia oanntty. whoas tonditiao eri- 
danoed tbe eare and atlmtloR devutnl to the fclcetlon of luateeiala, and 
tbe doe pcnpottluning and siliinj; of lh« mnrtan and cinniniU. 

'11m author* on thia lohjeot wtee aiao no^cod. tram Vtlrovia*, no- 
wani* lo Pbnilm de J>t)nne. who look up Iha auliiret of hiiddliig in 
1>1|^ and wboee rxainpl* wic (blloved by nunirrnuaesrallcnl writer*, 
■aoag vhooi atsod promiDeally, BeUdcr and KomMut a* graat antlinri- 
Ua*«n an^namng oa— tfn oHon. n>llovad, on the mote laimerfiaie tab- 

dof Ibe paper, by Vicai, and TreuaHn, the famer of wboK labsnre 
beca mwe more gnuoally koovn to thia country by <>ciiei»l Paa' 
Iqp^ eeireb ei MttTe eipertmanta. 

, A looc ({oolailfen vaa k'**" frota the report of the jury of Ih* XlVth 
Me of the iB t waM iia nai fahibillon of IS55. at I'aiii^ U*Hnu buriaiable 

7 to the merila ef UonMur Vioat, wbei^ in avariieg him a 
beooar, it va* itaUd, (hat be had darotad bimaelf antirily lo 
iportaNt aalueat, and had anoMiiafblly defDODMrnied that France 
Momania of iba poEnolana 



I all Ibe alamania of ibe poEnolanaa, and ihat by tbe rimpla 
•Imlxlare af caMned, or ef mv <ky* with hue, in doe proportlona, ai^ 
Jitofaf eemaan A«<d itr alawW all hydianllc porpaeaa, nauld be produced. 



In hi* «(l«ni!T« raaawdMt h« had dbeoTond tMAj thrae buadrad 
ijUMTlaa in FMaee, wbeoce bydraollc enncnla ooold bo dnfred. 

Tilda (ad W (be nore inuneiHata oUact of tba Mnt, vfaidi vaa lo i»- 
Indeoe tbe ^mam ftdrocalad by Maniienr GaneL Ibe mamdbatonrr «f 
tba Van; eaaiant, of tnlhUng bridgea and <Aber dnOar etrwUn* vllb 
fubblo-boton, or eonorete^ in the p waacotioo of which be bad been mj 
(uoeoaahl. After ananenUlng a long llat of itrucluro* execated In tlib 
malarial, la all paru af FVance and Algceia. tbe autbur doacribed toe** 
minutely Ibe oonatmction of tlw IViut Je I'AliaA, tnToitf w tbe Sdw. 
inmodijilaly adjoining Iha lewar and of the buib&ng of the Aitnei^ ana 
vUoh bring In pregreaa daring the period of tbe laiamatioaalBdAfr 
ilooaf 18U, had ifireolad bia attention lo tbe lubjeot. 

The Pont de I'Alma oontiated of iIitm ctliptloal arehoa (nt naae dr 
pttaier), wboM apani war^ for the two lido arebea, SS.Ii) meMa 
|l^-!3 feet) (wib, and tiia midctle aroh. IS' metrca (NI'^O feet); Iba 
lialght er ciinjauaU aili ef the two tide axcbM waa T'70 mlUm 
<3S'SSfc«tl, and the middle arch, 8*<Mmelr«a(3>^: feat). " - 'MrkiTl 
of lhearoh«eattb«c«ntrta»a«l-50 metre {i-K bet); the u^*jih W 
tvaon the likON of tbe arobaa wm IO'SQ tnotrM (33-73 fmj, aad ttl 
total length of the bridge wae \l'*«V metne (IGSIS feel). 

The peonliarity in thia bridtp) vaa tbe mode of oonatruotioa, tW 
materiab mtployed being, for Ifao hearting, or body of tfaa tuvO^ma, 
rubble ilane. film it meulr, o<inen)t«l by Vaaay ooncai. Tlie BtiMM 
of the InUBdoa of the andwa vera roughly ■qoaiedliad laid aa veeualn^ 
vhllM the reat of the atiacture oonaiata eotiraly of reogh etonea^ aa Ihff 
left the Hoany, b^ug odW «d| waAad wllb vbIm to defatew tb«««f 
any earthy partidaa kwariog to Iholr (urfaoe, vhleb wouU ban 
prevenlail the adhaaioQ of tile oomeal. In vbich tbn ware wdl bedJe^ 
and whirh wa* pfliirp>l in a* groining lo fill np all the tnleratioa*. Tba 
ouwt fnoH of the briilgv and of the picra vara bnitt in out atoaia, ewT 
otefoUy tooled and finiabed, Bka all the other bridgta in tbe Fi»* 
OMiUaL 

ne bridga otdy oooapled nine tnontb* In <«natr«Mten. and wooM ttm 
been Bnliibed aooner but (or an aooident which oeonrred to ene of the pleiv, 
during a heavy flood. Tlila iiijary waa ulated to have been •tiiea f rpairal 
by injeoting a eonalilerabli quantity of Poriland omneDt, whkb bad em- 
aolidated t£* whole itnKitura. 

The method employed for etriking tba eeulrea vaa (nopla ial 
iogenioua, and had baen prarioualy teated in bridgae of oof^daraUMpaB. 
it ooDiDMad in aupporting Ibo oeotna on aereral cyllndiaa fiDod with ikj 
■luid, which waa pvrmiilol to flow very gradually thro^h an apertara 
in lh« hollom nf mcJi, and thui to lower the plitontand oantraa, ailbeM 
nak '^f lb" ini-^)iiatiiy of motion ariaing f^in aloukeuing Um wadgMaahi 
Ibe "f linnry rraWm. 

Tbe aothor UioD notioed the laboun of Brililb a^ u eora. arcftttaol^ 
anrl otiuin. in tncrodoolag the iiaa of oonivatei (itiriz tb* aamaa af 
Sionainn. Sempbi. lligfflDa. Barker, Froat, While, Wa&ar, KcMida, 
Siiiirke, Bninol, and raidey, and the Ewi* hf Godwin, on tba anliie*^ 
whiuh. thou^ now ioniewluklaiiuienl, bad eoaroely been improvol upaa. 
'nioir reoorded labour* in Ihatbnuioh uonimenoed la 1774. wbaaeoMfMa 
wai Itnt noticed In the worka of Ainoaton, who gave the profaMkM 
arbioh bad bean found prantioaDy iLe beeL by Mr. PoMar NkkulL OapUa 
vera then riven of tiio letter nf Mr. T. Maidwlek. aad irf Ik 
Report, in January, ISI3, by Hoaart. Raonie, Lawia, (AKbendl, mi 
Bmwue. adrieing ila nm for the fouodationa of tike PcBlUoitlaiy; 
tbui nlearina away Ibe erfoneoui impmnon of Mr. (iinw ab 
Robert} Sfflwke having intndoood euacrnte Into that bailiriag. 
upon vWeb he vaa not oonaullnl until DeacmbiT lAlT, tJinw yean 
aubaeqaently to ttie Report, vhldi had (n the eaoui iSma been a«l*i 
upon. 

The Paper waa illuatnled by aumutoui drawing* aitd aedala of Ml|ai 
eonatruotatl of robUa and Vaaqi oanurnc, ami by (pvolawaa of the o*MMW 
farmed, exhilniing lie baidnoaa and aoundneai. 

SevenJ apecamena wura alao oontributod by MeMban Mbily pul ii 
the Uiaooaawn. A oobe of 18 inobea of oon or ete, uimiiuaad of oaa part. 
of DurUng lime, wilh eleven [arta of aand. and vaahed aa«i|^^ wa ^bf 
13(1 tb.,— of the aamn mauriali and deoaiQr M the river wal, IM !«■ 
In length and -'i feet In height. In (iontof the nev workaaflbaCMa* 
Water C^ampauy, al Seething Wella, near KlugaLoii. abowad thM IH 
d«ua<ly wa* very iiaarly equal to thai of Brunlay rail atoua, a oulaelM 
of which wiii^liad 13S lb. 

Spooiinrnfl rif ooucnte and briok-worl from Uia Ruin* of the Idhran 
at .Vleiandna, and of oament from fompeii, exbibilod Ibe r^aarkalai 
BooaduoM of Ibo malarial after tlio lapae of ao BMBy agea. 

Spooimani were alao ahown ef the oannrtla ooanpoaed of WbWt 
Puril Mid oament and ahlaule, forming tbe Daattve blooka aaed tn I 
tlw pier* and harbour work* al Dovnr, Aldcmay, Qierboar];. i 

plaoaa, dumonalrating tba jnval lolldlly attained by ibcaa naaet 

enablait vary extonatn wotka to b* oonairucled with gr^ laoldiiy. 

JTh^IX.— Ha Jlaouaaton u|wn the above aubjeci took daoe, aad* 
naer vaa afttrvanli rnd on the " Helbod of Building widga* i|p« 
Bnck Py1ind»n^ in India.' by 0. B. Braee, wUcfc our ifaae oonipaL • 
to poatpnna till next month. 

Jfoy ID.— The Ca|<er read vaa '■On tbe DialorUno** of Som** 

Bridgae, and the modcaof tonoiataollng tbtaa,' by A. 8. LaUn ■ ' 
t;. E. l^iDder. whloli viU aba apawr not laonlfc. 



THE CIVIL ENOINEEB AND ABCHTrECTS JOURNAL. 



JOT 



Tk» Fmteiirr'a OoimuiiMvi. 
il'( WMoal oMvmwoDs «m held at the kmhdi o( Um 
I, m M(h uIL Tha naat ww filM witb chMM aaDeetloiu 
diMriogi, •oolpton, mrn^ tad osunio art. A wtety of 
WW tnmtiaiii wm« aibiblMd, and lomo of Uio lataai appU- 
mIma. Auobg tbaaa eap«cljdlj kltndita won M. l^nbwt 
._ '"a •aU-aolliiK lo|^ for indicaiiiis vtd rwUtariug tha ap ai d of 
lUi bTvntliui, ta Ua aiotplaM ttaK ia oaM tha lillonatar, and 
iSettai, villi maUiomaUnl accuracy. Hi* (paad of a ahtp in ilt 
nriationa, a hand on Ibr dial fnllaiing til Uw TarialtoDi of tlia 
mia. Vban XSm inKruminit both indicaUi uid raoanl* or 
I Qm iv««d, It ia nantBd aiUompba. and nriiM down bt ItacV aU 
afiona*! nM«d wbiob tht ■Ubmatfr ouljr niiAi. OUSttAim 
■skr »clbod of bvorinf baala «u aba UhuinUd b; DMdala. 
, mietf of a«hmiiatle nUavMOpai and lnm«««d Manotamm 
]liUta4 bT M. PIUMmt. SpadntM af varioua a»» bmIm of 
baWfiMf laO*, and niUDomia olbar iBprovaaawla adanlad M 
■miw of our tailsar ajatan, want ala* ibown. A enUeolua 
■Wb, aawka n war^ ana ^Mi. ahown ia Ibg diKwiaf-noc^ ^7 
■> Cayalaud. waa jwf auoh wlinlrad (or tu flna aaaOBtton, 
alitt^pt, anil briOiaaqjr of oolour. 



MEMORTAW OF WATT* 

b Walt Ctnb of Grernodc, tko nativa town of tli« DlintifoBi 
Watt, hnvB puhliolMd BMunala of hia Ufa eollaetod fttin 
MUM lo wblch lb* o)IUt«r, tbe late pcrpeliml pmidMit 
dub, Mid pKulur idmm of acoeat. Tbe wrk ia rmwrk- 
'cU gnt ii|i. It ia priiitati In ({lurto, on fine tUdc P>P<V> 
UlaiimtoJ bj aevcnl w«U-cxa»)tsil on^rsTtagi, tnoIcKUag 
to of Wau, from an 'wiginftl in tlia poaaaaaion of >f r. Gi*j 
HWtk, uliH) in ItJOS, wlieu tie gratt meoluuiical pliilo- 
' waa MSty-aeveR yaara olil, and rqirMootiiig faim witii a 
11 1 Tbo eoiuUatiaacc of tli« veMinU« nui had «U1 Im- 
p on it Uie okMwcur of IhoogbtfiijiiaBt ud «nerg7, but ttM 

■jWatVa iiKdlaetnal Ikoultiea wtn iu their mnturitj, Tbe 

m|» WH »tii)ii of hb diy«al«r; the uiod«l of Newcumui'a 

ft^lnlha Uuiromitj' of GUigiiw, in iv|itiiring vbiah Hut idea 

Itad ilaelf lo Watt of a appantr cnudvuaor ; than la a ra- 

tUtioii i-f the Got Britiab atMuboet, the Comrt ; and th« 

JJe of Mraral iMlna by Wau, the ftiat bearian dal« tlu 9lh 

iber, 1113, wlian be wm la hia 3Sth jrcar, and tbe laat b 

Jiuinarr I^th, ISlfl, rather Bion than llim< r«ai> before 

^tfa. Tli« cfaanoMr of tha hawlwritiBg ia wdl praaemd 

k latter, but tbe ktten arey mrioiialy enongh, nncn maltar, 

Kb tha azMption of Bone biota anil tBt«rltiientiocM^ tbsre 

m iodicatioiiB of aga In tha praaiaiMfaip, ihouah Mr. Watt 

ka eifhtjr jean oU. Tbi> work ia further Qjiutnttad bj 

■aiSB enffrvringi of the Wcsl liidLi Uoynl Hal] ataam-aUp 

h Iwill 1^ ititHn, Cur\l luid Co. of GreeoAck, «od with a 

)t tli« nvar ClTila thm Gl.-tagow to PortincnM, twto aa 

aarvny nude b^ John Walt, tU fntlwr of tbe mechani- 

Lod aiUprtiaed a« "aold bj Jainea Watt, at hia abop in tbe 

I* of Olaa)[ow, prioe i*. M* 

an thn* (ariicular iu Dotjcion (he Rollioff-nn ruid illiw- 
M t4 thia quarto voliiiue piiblishi^d bj the Watt Club, 
H, in truib, thun ia liiila viae to nMmaamii tL The objoot 
I author MCBia to ham bean to eollaot tOgKliar all tbe 
howe<r«rHunule aod fintiDnJI; unintartatiuff, by which Watt 
MOaal«d with the town of Greeoock, whibt ha baa dia- 
«1 thoae greater mattM* which gave tliephiloaopher aa 
mm TMatation and aa vh^ag naoie. Tae perionuaaoa 
pla; or //amM, with (ha otniaaionof tha Prinae oTDauatatlt, 
la wanally oouaidered the dimax of abaonUty, aeeiDa to be 
M(t in nenorUa «f Walt without anj aotioe of tha invea- 
[ Um Maaio^gwinak The naaia of Dr. Blade, who wna lo 
tialj cmuMCtad with Watt and lila aetentlfio experimvnb 
malaliona, and with hia aucoaa iu lifa, doca not oemir la 
izti aad the aatfaor diapota in a few lia« ot Wau'e ap- 
ea^B ia Lobdoa, napectlas tbe ciiciuiiatan«« of which ha 
ta to Mva bm (gnonat. 

piat part it tbe votuiM fa oonipiaJ with tbe lioawe of 

whidt the writer iqputa oaaiwl be tracail Aiithet bade 

di graat-fniMl&ther, who waa hillM iu one of UontniWa 



nolB (f Ihr Umwn Kwtf hit'. Iilurwlm, uii] Imrlomnl of 
trn^' h Uani WlUwMHi. 1^. taw rtrjHtutl fMlllnii uf i: 



ibaOcBlusf 



L 



Vol. D.-Jrx^ IMT- 



batUea. Some neuae la, iadeed, oObrad tar giTtng ao ptramiMat 
a plaer to tha aacMton of iho gnat ma^aaMaa, on tha plaa that 
thtir adf Bti&« and piactiaal atlainnteala (aaatd the mma which 
fructified to adminblj iu their itloitrimiB deaeendaDt. Soma 
podnla cf tntereet, ooviaected with the achool daya of Watt, 

f>raa«Dl tfaanatlna aa redenalag pagvti iu tbe j^ucnl mua of 
ocal iuaupiUeaiioeb Hfa &thar^ved, during the early part of 
WatVi life, in what waa eoaaiderad in OtMOOch, in thoaa dan^ 
"a aoperior etyle^ aa an iUnatntion of whidi it i« alAted that a 
voDaiaUa bdj. who when a girl viaited M tbe worthy balUl*^ 
hanaei Infonaaa tha aathor tliat Ae waa aurpriatd to act Am caa* 
dl«a lightad on tbe table. "Ria nolher of Wntt vw dcacribod by 
tbe aaiaa asthority to have beaa " a bmw, bran wciu&u — none 
now to be aeea like her." Tlie Cwble votwtitulion of Watt, when 
a boy, aad hia peailve cbaiacter, tended to jn^iu bUu Ultl« credit 
at achool, when ht waa ooaddmd, by lila nllow adioUi% dull 
aad (tiipid. and ba aaOhrad much from tlieir peraeentioaa. Hia 
iutelleetual Urth iadatod tteaa hia fburtecuth year, when he oom- 
meaoed the atudy of matbematice, lor which he appean to have 
had a natuni aptitude. 

Wa have looked throngh thia Tolama of " Unaorial*,' boniof 
to fifld at iMMt aoma illnttnliTe anecdote* of tbe gnat maa wnoae 
cbiu«cter it attrmptii to depict, but then an abaoluldy none: 
aad tbe aathur aeena to IiAve ngiuded ewrytbing inuaatcrfal 
that waa not oonnaatad with (he towa oT Greenodt, (be glorlfi- 
eattion of wbidi town ha aatnu to have had sinch inon at heart 
than the illuilmtioti of the tifo and chnnw-l«r of Watt. After tbe 
very intcrealiug work by Mr. Uuirbecu), " On the origin and pFO- 
grtu of tlie BeGhanloal uiventlone of Jauea Watt," uoU««d in tha 
jMimat, Tol. XVttl. p. 330, thSa prelantloua quarto voluue of 
" Uemoriale" ia naoat^'flAt, atale, and nnprDliuble." Wc pidc 
out of it, for extnet, the (liUowing lMt«r cy Watt, in refarenoe 
to improvBinenla in lb« h&rbniir of GrMbock, a litbogmpliio 
oopy of wbloh la Inaertcd with the aknub mfrrro] to : — 

'•Ol'u^n. AfcmnifT 9, 1773. 

" Bli* — I only ratcmad from a nim? of tbo Fortb two daya agn^ and 
haTB bwa n macb iaillipoaed lino^ tbai I could not ooatider joar eeb- 
Jfl<<. I am to bq at Port-Olaagow to-niarrowi with our inamatnrtei, 
Kbere 1 hope Id have tha plotmre of aMlnc yoD. ta I unddMaadyaBaM 
lo dUia thai* with Uism. I ralw meal of whu 1 bar* to My fill that 
time, and heps y«u vill oom* pravicM with lb* bcqi— uy qaatMa^ tad 
tha plan «f the barbour. Iq the nxantiB* 1 oMidyuu lb* dlioeiudMa «f 
tb« bnait-waUt^ which I ttnd I inlanded la be Gftaaa fa** high; that la^ 
I inppaaiii thom to b* (onndad m law aa the oitGnary apriug-lida*, low 
wfiirr* — you will at Port-Gliagow bm tbe ooulnct (or tbnr pltc, which 
1 propoa* for ■ mode) tor your*. Uio braaat diould be Touiided amn 
feet tbtck, and ibocld. bv two Intahot in Ih* Bnt two coanM, b* taken 
toefftbeoouiita lo ni /oet thick, from which it ahould bMtor lo bur 
feet thick at lop*, lb* gnatait pitrt of the batter abuuld ba olT tha mtt- 
■id*, thui: — [llara adnwlng la gtvea of (ha aaedoD.) 

"Tbicknna at bottom, etna feat 7 

ThlekDu* M top _,„ „ 4 f 

Thi two aiai iam a n ta at botloa „ 1 4 

The luibia bottom ^ ^ • • 

Tha outdd* ditto » »,..... 1 • 

T ■> 
On «»ooDd thoufht^ aa It wSI act otoch locnaaa (ha Mawia^ I beUeva 
it will be boat t» mt* It ou Ualdo batter, bat to make tha lop thlnkain 
(nur feat tix Incha*, and uaka the iniUle popasdloalar, wfaiA wtU 
•tnmgthen it aaainat the aarth thai prwsn it outwarda. I weuU boiU 
to trwhet of oil ahipa'.oak lo fix tbe ilidcn for beann^ off lUpa' tiitt, 
aa propaee d io Port-Glugow no* quay; but tbew lacticidafa aM cthan 
veotaHty I will explain to-mam>v, and roroiib artiolo* of oonlraet. 
Snob a «*ll will otmt&in twelve <rardf of maaooiy. of two Tael thick in 
tb* runalng janL and iboutJ ooat aa fbllowa : — 

" For the bF<«n (tone iu the fiuing, B*«nge letfth t\ 

loM. lOA cube bol. at «d £118 ft 

For tbo (apping Jcog atooM quite aeroaa the wiB, 1S| 

feet, alSd. , ,..,. B 71 

For the tahblaaUnea and leading. S( yard* oftwofcet 

thick, at le. 3d » « )•( 

Buihhi^ hawD •ten* and rabble, ill lanla af S ftet 

IhicAi, at liL 2d., that M, 43a. • rwd OU «| 

Total mpirntn of rtDao-work per rconiag yald, 

cuun); Itie roundalioD, and diaiiMgo tS I 10J 

" Kmism haiM. I ban net dma to oapr Ihi*. and wLll b* obliged ta 
you br copy when we nMat.— 'I remain, >)iti r«|[>rO, JEc, Ac, 

13. 



IM 



THE CrVIL ENGDH^EB AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL, 



KOYAL DISTITtrrE OF BlUTLSH ARCHTTECia 

At t BtMiag bdd on tl)4 I8ih alu, the Karl Je Orer, 
pcwidMit, Id tlia cfaslr, tbo tactiiiicmlals were pnaeuled to ibe 
Iblloiriiis (FMiUFinni. : — 

To Hr. Tun, tha medal of tfae laititnte, Ibr bU mmv on Uio 
*■ Applintiou of UAthenxioal ScUom in Anhiteotunl rnclio«L~ 

TV> Mr. Ona, tlie So&iu niaikllioD, for « dwigu fiw a Metro- 
poliua HoteL 

Another mocU wm pruaeated to Mr. rftrkin, tor his d«^ Ttn' 
the nma •abject; km] a prawoi in Uokji to Mr. Uadenrood, for 
hta Student'* SketdML 

Tbo tliainaui thm pnoMdud to prateut tbe BortJ gvU medal 
to Mr. OwBO JooMi In doing m, 1i« «x|iiviBe(t tlve |>l«aaur« he 
■ Ml in Kttanding on ocoMlou like thu pr«*iit. Hor Miywly"* 
liMdal WM a ffiA which th« Iiutilule Nhuuld be rroud of, aod he 
had had uiach eratifloation iu pnneotiiig it on fonuer ooouiiona. 
It woold DOW ba prMent«d to one known by hia wor^j worlu 
whiehbadcortiuiiV bMuofKT«at««iTioetohIspTO&uion. Titty 
aad not blten niiLin ilic r«aali of •rvjr one, but In tha Crjatitl 
Falaee, which wa« aco«Mll>le t* hU— whether Nnnact«d with art, 
•eioDCO, or maDUfiuturat— tbo iji-uimi of Mr. Owen Jouee w»a 
manifratly diupbyetl He hmd the grMt«»t poaaiblt pleMuro to 
ptcaeuliuj^ to that ceuilenuui a iMtimunlul of (lie n«p«ot auJ 
flaUMD ofall hit brntiircii In the nobla and IionoiinbU profawluD 
of which be wuB *o dutingulalied a member. 

Mr. Owen Joum briefly Mltnowledged the award. 

Jir. Tit*-, M.P., mid with nhniux to the gold niedal of Sir 
WiUwu Cluuuben, which hi* liieuds had rtwdreJ to jiresent to 
Mr, FitaQelfaome, that the minplimeot whtcli it wm pivpo««d t« 
w tl>*t gentlemMi wu aa well deacrvrd aa it wut uniwuaL 
For nUDf^ yean tlwre liod bevu an oIGm under the Govcru- 
neol, aimilnr to that which Mr, Peiuietliome uuw held. Sir 
Sir WiUmm Cliambrw, the Eivourilo arclittwt of O«orge the III, 
Iia^ lurt Somereat Uoiim !u au un&niBhiiJ eUto; bat the Govoru- 
ment hod entriuited ita coibiiIsUud to a man of judgment, tute, 
ftod skill: and the work ha^ bwo moat •uooetafuUr curied out. 

r»fe*aor Cochenll conaidortd tha trlbiiie to Mr. fciiiietliorao 
* men meaaure of juatlce. He hinwalf belonged, if nut thv miuiu 
lamilj, to tJM aamo Mhool aa Mr. pi<itii«t)i<miH, 

Mr. M UiRbv Wjalt tlicu nad n imjar on the Sacred Otutto 
of St. BeuiHliol, at fJubiacD, and itn Muiuutie Inatitutioua. 



NEW GOVERNMENT OFFICES COMPETITION. 
MoDBL ASH Deqoi«, No. 138, 
Wk have been (avourtd bf a ourreapoiiduul with a faw uula, 
|4Mari^«e of the Inine »uu<l»l ami ^Icaigu No. 138, which we lu- 
t wrt with much pleaauro, believiug Uial llie iikkU] eiuUidie* loiiie 
exodlemt mggoatiooa, aud that it la deaerviug of particuUr 
atteiitioci. 

It ie propoeed to reinon Wealmtuter Dridge, and r«coaetruct 
H L)war down the rivur. The bridin im it auw eucula, would in. 
tueept the view of the Uoaum of Pw-liamont una of th<- new 
OoTtrameot Officea, aud ibtt adnknti^ of ito removal will bo 
«Wdeiit. Aa efaowu in the model, one protraaed new bridge le«d« 
i-«->CJiariag<roaa, nu.niiig almoat panlMwlth the Haneurfoid 
ot-bridgu (whwh Utter ia »onr elegant and effeoiivo nov, but 
rwinud not be impnvnl by Bitching and piooeiug it to giva 
i«tMMth for a genonl traffic, u ■•isgestej by ihu Bridge Com- 

Kjr), The new Channgi-rom Bridge wiyr i« prouoMd to be 80 
a«j.™" inaide parapota, being 36 feet wider than Lcudoo 
IBnd^ and would aiford a dinwi and quick rouie for coauueruial 
Iwd foiMnl tnffle from CharingHtnws to the Town Hall in the 
fBonmgh: tlie new nj«<l fjruiiug au eoay ourro diraugh Ltm- 
hbelh ami Suulltw.u^k, aud adapting itealf U> main Mivot levels at 
craaing^ aud to iliu panllel poeittonii of blwtka of houaet, Ibcw 
u etreeta, &«^ an aa u> pMvent deffnutioB ot property by Avoid- 
r tag Ilia catting aijuarae into auglee, aach aa i> abown maal occur 
liB the other rontoe laid down in brawn aud purple coLar on the 
laodeL The sew road* and divemoBe of roada lo and from Uio 
l«ld and new bridges are all ehown in whit« on the uodol 

I The centre am of Liaoola'a Ilia riel<Ui*propo«.J to be laid 
[Mt far uteoded new Uw Court*. A l«w atrcet la .hown run- 
king on the eaat of tlie mtal miuare, wlilch etraet it ia coolem- 
-d to extend ultimately to the auglo of Teoiple Oanima, ami 

■ TTT "^ **°" ^ * "'" ^'^^ i^ »" ^^ model); wUch 
Anifffo jni4 om the buirey ndc^ would be prolonged thtoo^ Uw 



preaont line of Princes street, and ao onwards; forming an 
unporunt now mute ud river eroMing, midway betwemi the 
Waterioo aod BlnckfMara Bridge*. 

The rebailding of BUckfrian Briilge ts imperativei ndsdH 
the number of arthea aud giriac free leope to the tldes^ and, at 
the «(un« time widening the brljge betwixt parapets^ ns ibowu 
ou the modd. 

A new oompoaite bridge it ehown cnMaing from (he new pro- 
jweed street line running [uuallel with tlie Pcet-ottce and e*«t 
eD<l of St Paul's, and theuce over to tlie Surr^ eide, to be oalltd 
"St Paul's Bridge;" fh>Ri wbrucc, ou the Sorrcj ads, a new 
railway run* lu the Bricklayera' Amu StaUon, bringing in aU the 
coutiuvutal nuiila direct Cj the Po«t-o4Bee, withuut delay or 
chanue uf mrrlaKea, Tbaw mail-cnni would pan by a vellnbr or 
tabular way nniier the genenO carriage-rotid of the bridge «td 
tlieace by tunnd direct tnio the Pnal-oflico yard. 

It ia hojiod the time ii not fordislaut, when the proposed nil- 
way belt arouud Loudon, iu one oontinuom linMi f abi>nt iwmity, 
•even miles extent, will iutenect and connect ptery rnllway 
riiuniug into t)i« MetrojioHn; and thus aecomplisli two great 
objects —"The quick aud wife delivery of letters to and Avm the 
General Poit^mce," and, "avoiding the lumbering tnAe of 
goods tbtoui;!) our OTer><rowded streela, from one nilway etatiM 
to another.' 

The prnpoaed widening of the ar«A around the csMt end «f 8L 
Paul*a. by remoriog St. Pknl's Bdiool, and other baihltnga in Haa 
with the same, is followed up by couimeuciog at the foot of Ltd* 
gate-hill with a MC-bauk of twelve (e*\ ou aaoh side, fiutnlii( or 
ndbtin^ towanU St. Paul's CHtholrol; *o aa to afbrd an fn- 
pTorcd virw of that niagnifloent buildiuic; with a MihlB rwtge el 
nouaes and shops, having Cannon-alrret ou tha noie side, and 
OheoLeide on the other, qwning two dlallnct nada of traffic to 
and from each, i&etead of one crowded way •» at preaent. 

It will be seen by the model that a iww bridge ia prui-oaed (o 
cmiu from near lAmbath Palace to Holy well ,«t net, Do llur owo- 
site shore, with trapri^ved roade lending l« it OH each aide. Inil 
new brid^-e ia arnuiged for a double purpoee, rinllar to the new 
St. P^iul'* Bridjp<; excepting that in tlie u«w Idambeth Etridge, Iho 
riulriind is pro|><4ed tv run panJkl with, iitstend of imderDealb 
the general IrmiHc road. The lerrulniui "f the railway, the '" New 
Weiurru," ia ahown nn the Mlddtceei nhorr; forming a west euil 
terminna. Kroni theuce the mil vrotat^ the rirer, lakii^ a eorvsi 
and mnntng aliTnjpii>le the Suuili-Wwteni Railway forsfmedia- 
tanc^ trniii wliuuw it la intended lo branch, and ma into 
Clapham, Itrixi<>ii, Dulwich, &c 

Tiie iaipriirriiiruls anggestcd in themodclareof a very decided 
clianclJ^r in the nei){hbourliood uf Cliarioe-cnMa; oouni.iling of an 
Inipriived Nniiuuid Gullprr, by apt.a«nr^iing for tlMi piirpm 
tlin prtvutnt Htaiu* uf biLrrauKs and workli>>us«, in the tw^ of the 
pnsent buildiug. It is alao proposed to widen St. UartlnVlane; 
also, to opcu tlie Mall drive into the Strand, erectinjt n new 
Aendemy -jT Arta buildiug at the angle; together with mv 
Pulice-nntoeu, hotels, uid otber bnildlngiv wkliiff Nocthav 
berliind-gardeiM, and the new road to propeeed Cnaring-oui 
Bridge 

Uue L,r the disliuctire features of the ptopoaed imptovifmeatst 
as shuwii in the model, ie tbe narrowtog the river to aa a>«ive 
of 800 feet througiiut. By this amugtmeBt, a truly aMte 
■trenrn will bo maiiilaiiicd, and ibe preaent Althy mud abnevs will 
be gnt rid of, L'lidcmeiitii the lioundur}* walU. on each side tf 
the river, it ia prupieed to euunlnict cinduit tauoels, bekiw (he 
tow liile lereU aud «h"r«<t, fir Ibe purpose of tweeirtng sad 
reninvlng tlie whole (>f ttiv sewnen. Arrangtmoeta are nwk is 
oouitruciinjf the new river wiilln, m> as not to inlerftra wlli 
wliitrrn, niounfacinriei, storey lau'liug places, or docfca; b«l, M 
the ooulrary. aflorditig snpt^rior advantiiicee, by ptvrMing ftoatiat 
docks, m> ihitt barges aud bunts eon load and oidoad at all tlatf 
of tlie (.ill'', wilhont boing •trandaH on the mnd shoiva m Iftif 
now arr h«lwe<tii tbe two tidt-n. Prcniensde walks and dlins 
are propmud, and cnn be iuirodum-d at such point* aa iha fiMi 
of Temple-gardens and SoinerMri-b'xi^-v, the spaes ftom ChuttT 
crosn Briilge to the Huuees of E'.iritiijTieiit, and the ooposlleiftti* 
to the llriueos "f Parliament and New Offieta, whlrti oonU t* 
eosily mnila available fur the pnblio benefit and recfwtlasi. Tb* 
new river walla would .ilso form one oouliuouus pruoMnade wift 
throtiglioint Its leugth on eitlier side, and allbrd fs<dUlI« t» 
landing st««m-lMRt passcngera on both aidei^ at any n^iM 
fcaaU 



too 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND AaCHlTECT-S JOURNAL 



IT it w«iit hejpotHl tlwt It Kppeut ta have b««n rcpadluM b^ th« 
.mae court, in both Rimtnn tad Tij-lor, uid Bra»'tbtiit Mid 
[fiambotUiia, Mid I tliink rightlj, ui'l odoptlogth* U« lu lAid 
r Botrn in Iheao ttn buer tnta, I sm of opinion that the motion 
I ttoDut Im malnUlnod, and that tba JndgmcBl of Um ooort below 
iniiHt im lUSnned. 
Jattiau Kauli, 

CaoxnoK, 
WtLLum, and ( 

CnOtTDSH. 

JutiM OoLBtiDoi diMented. 

JndemaBt of Exduqiwr tn bvonr et tfaa Ctujdaa Local Board 
oT Heidtb afGrmed. 



■\ 



CoDOumd with Hr. Juatlw CranweU. 



PBOGBESS OF HAaWAYS IN WESTEBN INDIA.* 

Bt Da. BotR. 

Ten author pt«ee«(M todMcribe iho gtsenU ptajaUal ImXmm 

of HIndoaUn, aa baaring apon tli« ootutroetloa of mlwari. 

i^n* phjaical dkanctar efut eoimtry ^v* rlae to thrae aajiante 

lfe)M*BW of nllwnra,— th« Odtoid, tho QhaiitM, and lh« Ooa- 

I vamy, «nch wUh it« tenaratii Cuiliciei nod difflcultien Tha 

' Deltoid, Invenioe Um delUi of tlie Indiu and the Qmmgm, 

with an aaoent of jour or fire fcet per inlle, ralleved tbn cDgtncer 

of all auiet)' about onrrM and sraillant*; but tboa ihan were 

tlw innsdatioitt lo ba «iuoDBi«rM, eBoriBon* viadneta to ba eon- 

|ltnKtod,aBdrimoonneatob«croiawL fWhrndndaolaiiiiaro 

nMtaaouDoeofrtcnewH tobefboad; aadtheda^ raqairad 

baral iuto a tort of monjcrol brick, to ba brolieo up (or 

rtug. In the OhaBtM ayatom materiala of all doaeriptkiD*, 

I of the beat finality, \rar* abitnduiti bat tha akill aod (■- 

anity of the eoi^aer were taxed to wee onrvea and gradient* 

mmMuntiog » mounUin naaa IhMn t«n to Iweutf milra 

I, and from SOOO to 3000 ftet in elevftUoa. The gnat diffi- 

with llie Ooneannjr jrailwaTS la^ In the vaat rivers anil 

^aref-reearring ttlt-WKtor creelu, eometiiBM a nile in bnodth, 

wluiih had to be croeeeil, and whet* a dieap and eaaj eea oou- 

wmnoe had to be eoniiwtad with. 

Tie Iwtarer th«n pmcr<vli?d to ffn a hiirto«T of llis Intro- 
dnctioB uf railmrtvB iat'i [adia, ^>in the periwd wliea Ur. 
VigBoile^ ia 163*^ brought befinv the Court of fMrvoton a 
■duoM fur eonatnethic, at the goverBmBU chaiM gmt trunk 
ttuM from Dombar to the neamt aooeorible point of the Oaugm, 
and ao down to OtlenttAi from Bomfaaj aeroea tha Deccau to 
Bbdraa: tod from the CoroniMndd to the Malabar ooaal; and all 
UMaellneahaTcvoflatoreare, been taken np. MarivaaorigtnallT 

njactad. After gotnf over th* htatoiy of the diffieultiea aod 
kjra to be earmountcd, with epecial rnorenoo to the pnTlalatw 
of the gnaranteo, the l«etur«rpnwMdoiltode*eribetbeop*mtiona 
ea the epot, nutrictiDg hia ohMrnUiciM to thoae on the ffnat 
PeoinanUr line^ The work waa oonmeaoed la IMI, and the 
firat twenty'^ mr milea were opened lo 1643. Farther eroilone 
««i« opened in the foltowiBff jresra. Up In Umj laet Dcajlf 
aiWiy Btlea wvnt oooiptete^ and in nee; OO uwre. now fiu- 
ndtmceil, wem tncagedtobe enidiedin ]S90,willitheexo«ption 
of a brtak of fift««n milM at the Bhora Ohaul, tbe «nmplotian ef 
vhieh coald not bo d<-|H>ndad on before I86t. There wen at 
piwoat 30,000 natirg workpeople etDployed hy the oontntAora, 
■ad thtj were found docilr, peaetkUe^ and nrderl]', h»j>py b* 
raalUag thrre or foor timea the amount of inoome they hwl ever 
befbre enjoyod. 

Working eorreya had now been eempleted by the Peoinaular 
(ionipany, the groat «etin»at«d coat of ennetmction being nine 
tnillioiu itorlla^ Of Ihii, neariy two BiiUione wn<e incurred by 
ttie Ohant aaomta, vhti^li •.•oA upward* of 40,000/. a niile, 
BUUog the net ooe^ tualiiiltug many heavy bridge* and riiuiucta, 
tOOOI. a mile. Between June ltU>6-Mi when on)y a imall pot^ 
tioa of the line now opes wu oompleled, 40,000 tana ofgimb, 
and 000,000 [aeenmiiie liiil been <nrried without the oorarrence 
of a eiiigle aeoidvnt. The foUowiog wen.- tbe mileage ivtea and 
diaifea :— FIret'clMi tnrellera, Sl&per mile-, aeeoiid-vlaM 1^4.; 
and Ihird-ctaaa, M The aTtvage diatanoaa tn<r«jled bv each 
daaa were, fire(-<u«i, 31 mllaa ; and aeeood and ttunl-«faaiv '? 
MUeaMth >0BRiey. 10^000 people were employed in tin Ghaata, 
and Um lame anaber on the woAa to 8lMla|»ra. A very high 
•ak^m WM pamwd on the engineera and eoatracton^ wbuae 

^AMrMrfkUMt ddinnd Mm Ibt UMk BettMj 



aldll and ooodnet were apoken of aa aooroc* nf priile to EiMliab< 
aiea. In tho Bhon Ohut tbare were 17.000 Mreoaa enptoyad, 
and a ton of gonpowder waa asTCDded dailvin Dlaatingtherottka 
The ooat of l£ !■ cutting wa* eetiniatrd at BUKOOOL 

From tbe i-itTFine haidnem of the Inp rook, tbe workingi m 
tfca BonbMT liae eeeu lo be maeh more diffloult and uinly than 
thoaa <nt tM SomiMRnf^, in tbe Auetrian AJna ;— the taUar it 
now opeiL Excareton tiKinn at almoet nominal oboigea had bami 
tried, ont were soirnjly evi-r nwnrtnl to tnr the imtiveL wfeo 
ikaver Uarellol ex«pt on busiouiw — who look no pleaann u Uh 
b««utiee of uAtun^ and who bestowed their leiaura tn jp— t«j 9 
aloop. Tbe Rhoro nhnut workiL though only thrae Iwnitf 

«umey from the FreaidcDcy, hod boon viutea but by (ew. 
lev abound iu tfa« moat beautiful mineral yeameiM in tbi 
world. CuUectioua of them were to be met with in Loadou, bat 
not in Bombay ! An attempt had at one tiraa been taa^ by tha 
Dutivii dirpcton to exclude low cant* moQ (rom tha carria^i^— 
but ilioy liad been oi-erralnd. Men of all raelne now tntvedad 
oordinlly together ; and railwm would thu* prove to be tlw 
meana of brMkiw dowa one of the aioet puwecfol iaititiuiou 
for retarding oivinaation. 



CONVERSION OF STEEL 

At the meeting of tlie Society of Arte, on the f7tb alL, lb. 
Cbriatopher Binlm read a paper " On eome Omhaoattoni and 
Fheaoniena that ooour among tbe Elenonta eDfind In the 
Manufacture of Iron, and in the Convenian of Iron utto SleeL* 
He raBarked that the genmally reoeivad tbeory of Uhe fimsf- 
lioa and oocDporitioa of etad waa not pitfWuy MtiafiNfanf. 
Ouboa had been gonemlly oonddered tbe only element 1 aw mill 
to tbe coiiearaioo of irun into eteel, and otbn* mattara thai 
aniiilyM* might have detected in il,iDmiuut«qnantiti«a,liad bne 
looked iq>on aa foiviga and nu^ldental only, la thia light tha 
email partioaa of idtrogen and manganeaeeometimea detected had 
not beta ngarded. In attomptinc to thiow any aew llgbt apee 
thi* eubjeot aeme auggmtive &eta mij^t be diaooverrd among 
the oniiiiaiT proc nm w employed by the aleel makera. Tie very 
0I1I pmotice of neing faro-^ranide afpotoMinm aa an agtui of 
cnnrravioo «iu worth oooeldetatloa. ThIa ooaiMmad oontaiaed 
nilrama and poteaatoK aa well aa carbon. Mr. B3nka then p» 
oeeded to give the detalla of a aeriea of nporimeata made by ei- 
poeiug eommerotiO malltaUe iron to the action of rarioaa eg^ 
Hlanoee at a liigli temperature, and, aa br m them triala eitead, 
then hM alwan beeu n n>«pentlon of both (arboB and nitr^mi 
whenever uteef luu been prodneed. Ihoogh It ItUl nmabw MM 
ilotvnuiued witetlifir thi* is alwolutely neooenry to Jta fbrmalka. 
It waa alao remarkable that vjirtotu tiitroKMioiii mattery aaefa aa 
hnru and leather abanuipi, uiitnal uhar<?.iiLt and other aiirafanrm. 
were oommonly need either in the nuouiiieture or la tbe tem- 
pering of ated. 

Mr. Binka then ^v« an aoeount of eome analyata made by 
himeelf, which proved that tbe beat kindi of eteel oontaiu aboot 
one-fifth per oenl of nitrcwea, the gemeeal reenlie of hie ciperi- 
menU lending to ehow >-Thal the eabatanoM whoae appUoatMa 
to pure iron convert It into steel all contain nltrogan ana cathea, 
or timt nitrogen haeMonMlothoirondurinfftheopotatka. Thai 
DL-illier eitr)>nn nnr nittoeen, ueod eeparnte^, eonverta iron l>M 
at«e), bui tlut it le eMential that both nitragea and on-bon eheaU 
b« prevnt. That nitrugm, as well m carbon, eiieta aubeiantU^ 
in eteel after ite oonverelon, and thnt thie ia tho ival eauee of ttw 
(lijiinctive plijvioal propnrtioe of MmI and imn, in whiob tatur 
theae element* do nut vxiA That pmumptinly, bnt not d^ 
monatntively, tbn form of combinslion ie not lliut of <yaaagfl 
(Ihouffh that compound pinyn to important a part in oonvardte^ 
bnt la apjiorenily ^lat of a triple alloy of iron, carhoti, ni 



With tagatd to Unproremenla in the prwent ejatan of fiann' 
ftotutw, Hr. Bintn wae uf opinion that tho mure esteMiW w 
of mnogen eompounda waa highly Important, and bef *«• 
partieular attantion to the £u» wat theae oorapoands lat hfc i I* 
coonomicallv formed in the onlinary opetataooa at ' 
furnace, and, at the tame time, might nbeetre tha ] 
purifying the metal aod Mnvorting il into eted. 




THE CIVIL KNGINEEE AND ABCHlTECrS JOURNAL. 



sot 



vona 07 ras iionB. 

aoflivwpMtb &IlMt fom;>!pt«d It will be 1009 
Hid U faMvicle; cmniuunicaiioii with tli« slrare will ba 
bjibar ca«t-tron briiigm, Mcli 113 feel loug mhI 13 ft. 
e, eoa«tmet«il with tiihiiUr (^iHnni, sinilUr to thorn 
t !■ ibe BritaniiiB'bdJ(to. Thp r.nginrer li Sir Wm. 
mi tkamntnKtvni tm tbc entire work Manm- Cocli- 
DwfltJ. Til* irrMl !), put at lJO,00(ri. Tbe sub- 
■ mn H i w i. T. Vtmou ami Son, LireiT'Ool, uul 

ft rwbling qmlitiea of «& eriaiptncnt, <mt»d>tiD{t oT 

dtiakli^OT**, oonli, iluJ boots, in Otct, a ownploCe mit 

" UBiAnthniL* « tllli1uen^>l1B miu(<ra] wurked in wire 

M hecn («aMd in Pkru. FireiMD dnM«d la midi mlta 

Iked thiovch «rel«i of flune aod on burning nat»- 

withatood Mat of » ilegrec of inteniitjr tinbtaniblo to 

mUa flv* yanla of lu Mteri'n-. Three nmaiunl two 

f taHf-lavt MiMiida In tlt« Suam — iWr pnUea roaa 

[B^aad 68,t« 124, I3>f, lit rmfXKtiyt]^. 1W add 

P Mparianotd no peculiar ptuaful MaMtion, aavo that of 

bbeat. 

plntioD, ooninerfUtorj of the Suex Catial project, baa 
M«d by the tliroctoni of th« Manchester C^iiumerdal 
ion, and tfsuwnitted to M. F. de Leaecps, bv the aeo- 
Mr. Flemiuj{. Tbe pmmotcini of die iicn>me relir 
ly OK the auani )ii«r<nulila imvy, wbioh they ■how by 
atKnmmn ui coiDixu«tive i[u|K>rUu<ju «uu)i year. They 
the nB&VDimhlc notionn hitherto ent^rtaiued ra- 
ttle DatigUioo of the Kod Srn, hnvi; bean mmnvcd by 
rieiiM of Uw PmllUuUr ntid OriEntal Stcun C'jniiiaiiy. 
r. T. Ilnnlay, of St. Juhii-fltivet road, oalia in quo*- 
founbUitT of Mr. AllenV pluu at eiupluviiij; a mmll 
Uwut aa axtarior wiro covering for •u^iuariue t«lb- 
Ifr. Henlev inataaeM the cnw of tbo Unt rope laid 
Dorer aad CaUia, that between HolyhtaJ and 
WB, and that bctwceo Sootlaud and JntUt>d. Two of 
ire cat up and appropriatod by llsheniuti, and tumt 
I tuond beyood th« linit thrco or four daya. 
loie la UMUr MOaideraUou for tbo fDrmation of a bridge, 
woored ok |mbtoo«u, aonxj the Uooriily, at OUeuttA, 
nninna of tbo nil*ay at Iluwnih. The eoet of iiuch a 
I baa been wa i niatad at froaa ii&fiOOLlo ISO.OOOL A 
lid aud permaaeot ratlwi^ bridm, at an exp«nae of 
baa been moolwl : but it ia oMiaiderad a gnat obiacl to 
na aort of ooaummlcatieu, at onoe to aimraide 11m 
tnaoDveniait mode of emaiiug ; and beaidea, bonnRi 
i«ra thai theec waa no foDaiiatii>n f<>r a maMive atructuie 
ad ot the rirer, nothing having bc«ii found but a light 
I ion ud qulokaaadiv '*«o to the daiitb of 37 bat baa 
ea of the livar bmL Oh^tioiu, ■neb ai the bora waw^ 
ea, &0. have been oouldered, but at a not thought to be at 
, Tb« bridita woold be «o made aa to open for the 
>f veateU, and to Ul ot hm at Iha river banks, ao aa to 
tidea. The luwlway would be ±6 to 30 foct broad, or 
for tbn« ouTlaget abrawil, with a foolpatli on Mthsr 
uu and a raport have alraady been prepared by Obtain 
:at aaaiaburt maat«r attendant, at Calcatta, and approved 
1b T. B> BMem, ■uperiDtcbdeiat of marine there. 
ra-proof baOding erected (o tvceivn Ur. Shec^pdiiuike' 
nt gift, being OB the point of wiuplvliou, tbut gentle- 
handed <iror tbo whole of liia pictuiv* and drawiuin to 
tttowot of Art; and wo undcratnnd that they wfll be 
1 to the publiu eu-ly in June, wbou tho MuHiim of Art 
Kakri^too will ojMu. 

iohhI AnpU and Mr. Oeorge Pownall, both Pellowa uf 
tote of Ar^tutoda, have bi>0D ap|)oiated tiMeaaom to aid 
» in aelecting the draigna for tne Qovemment Offlmi, 
iLibitloa of ileaigiM far tho dcw I'ublic OfHcca will lie 
t Satarday, Jane eth. The tuodcU for tlm monument 
to be aTOCted to the meiuury of the late Duku of Wei- 
ll St. PaoTi, will 1« mcfiiveii on or U'f.ire the lalot 
im artiata teaidioK within tho United (Cingdnia; and on 

I the itJIh of Juue, from other artiata. WeatminatM' 

II b« npen«il lo the publie for the exhibition of theae 
■riy in Jaly, and thoaa deaigus for public oUluee which 
n* bata adoclod by the judgm to receiv* tba ]NraD)iulN^ 
IxlUbited at the aaiue time. 



OBmAST. 



April I, at Rio jBaniro, of yeibw-farer, Janiea Harria, CLE, 
aem ot the lato Janie^a HAirii, of Wittemham, Keiil, Kg«'.l 34, 

April S, at Bio Janeiro, of yeUow-fever, Thonuw Edwud 
Ctlngtr, (XEL, aged 39 yean. 

Oa tlw IMi nlti iir. Daniel Bowlinsm Hill, burongfa ar- 
dilMCi^ ot BlrtniDgnaiD. Among his prlucipal worka are the 
boroD^ik gaol anil lumttie uyluui at IJinuin^iMii. He had 
laldy dittikguiihed hinioelf iu the erection ti Driaona. The 
Sumy gaol woa his work ; he wan aliio engi^M to erect tba 
eoonty priaon at Leweii; and, at the time of hi* deAth, he 
and hia partner, Mr. W, Martin, were employed in doii^ing 
or nineatios aaveral M thue impurtaut bolldinga in varioue 
part* of Engumd. The IJirmiughaiu Arehltactaral Sodety, at Jla 
ananat ineeUagalneabeld,i«aolTad— "That,inoaD«oqii*iiMof the 
death of the reapacted meoibtr and linit pruident of^ the aodety, 
l^lr. Hill, all lhi> buainoaa of the meeting should bv p(.>«tpoued, 
and the moinbein abould ■""'*»**■ Aeir renpect by attending the 
fniieral.* 



MM«ia«a 



■fBr%laaB*nd4raa<<ati«Bbli« I)Ma»tad Flunfe* 
>BbiUUIu>ogBHtoidailtel'*iUUaa«*H. S>M.e«ba 
. brlbfHOHuI'bMdMKML Imi^h In tn Mrl In k|r tt* 



ooMnnnmn. 

Ibi OgnnlKK ft* Or tncUm et a TMUwaU JteUdiw W HmWH Uiilni, b„ 
uddxruUl^BMtHteSMkB'itpoa'TnBl.MvdailnHuoIraHlneg t>Hl<u (urU* 
aBL iBdodlu riuH, IBmltaf, ShcUOiUdm, aad IMtwiM. lie vM wa U 
'MIHU. n*ai-|>Mn<l4irfca irtH li«B( *• inmnr ofia* CMuBiMM^ 
Uh iiLoai«at ■wlillwl ^w lo imnniUiBd ibamKOUMaf tali4*ap>,Ua 
B wili BUfw la th« uuli ttwalMtia tH tta umtmiij dnelui Mi mft^ 
nsa tte diairlifli leta Imnt^Ul bf Ot lad iBAtM. nllr. WtuW 
, Htek-MMN, eWw-elMa-Inst, rwMW««*W. fcrlhe t t 'l u l a n , 

II iili iii ff ^l in iiir n [iilrillVT- r i TatmTm i^i n'r - 1 — r"--| f "- '"- 

J^Mh HratUnniL ttn., MJ. rnolam, » nliiiiH. InKxBiaUM tf DmU CtB*. 
•if^ton Hsll. IMM, WlUUa HmiIs, Tdwd Out. ttimbmUt. WiUMm 
FnnMr, nooMUU/, N*M(i«lu, UOBDOrr BastUrtH. lladtl(wdMi«n><at«*Ma 
is b>U 111 Jill'. 

TheCaead>«riMHn 
uonptlWiBS ite MCtawB t 

i3d£(tbaEM.udMI. Ik __ 

tML Jii1>m0.mU>. lAwlHiamcd, T»d CMl, BriaUia. 

PMatMdw n ii i » m WBiaMalnr * i wl l«ai«ad» « IHpai rtqalnd la tht Oomgr 
Oul, KIfauiBlBtB,IMasd, la e»d« I* «•»}«■• Ua npMMtQMa*. Phmiubhv 
ftU. lU. tad IV' 

Dmiti' w iDtiM Ut > llaaitDwii U> b> nK»tt el SbiAtU, u oiiili nMlttt al Uh 
lavB M rvliAnl IB tbt ru vlik bM*. Ite Bcaaam la ytataaaJ •• b* uf aa 
mcWIuBumI ihtraWcr. mhndjiM iMMMi d Its tea nr, ud (B «aisk qan) 
DUi ta imafM •■ thiA Ika limttl vtrnf aaa amBamanMd auf bt Iqtftt^ 
iBKiitad- tiMivk, as^Bsdauurisl oIiWbwumiiiu ba M wMr Miba 
•araraMon TbaaaidilN aMseBivWe ■« u aaeaad UMd VndMaHiir 
■Ekvud Oauv ■ rnBlBBi t( W filMie vID te aamaad- aad In Mb wwail taut 
niuiuw. BmIi daJJua i» > «wie»tta yi iiyaWiratlli»<l l'iini G t tiiii Tti* hwiiIbu 
far«B(t»<ad*l(ealUMCMalBaMUlDB U Ibi aiailaowiilaUDa. AJlderipM 
miui la ga Um biI* <rf ou iiatrUr id as iiwa la * fML Md uvt eiMlat rt pte^ 
■Imiluiv Bad •pKUMUoat asd ba aaM la « Ds Men Iba IMi Antoal saM, 
addnwdWUKTonaat,fllwa(U. Tlia daaWx rUI bt afUmM* peMiri; 
•lUUHd. 

Tlw HMrapoDMo Bond at Wocta ban ffna aolk* thai Ibif eU la recilir* 
d~Ma fna AkWuM^ nwlwan, ud nbm, ibeirUf O* ba« aada at laib^su 
UMiw&naBlaeleaa at m lauadid am amat la Saotbeaft. w aa aiiBfla «( a 
irn nlan aln«i. aiHl of as Istaiidal eh* Hnn bstmco OantuHRi Sinet. t*lw» HT 
Suun, AOd Klos atnat, Omval Oardan, aa aa aamfte af a •awud^diHftnai.Biid 
•bcimnfHv lopniwd iua«ai< II<IIWtlaa lb* laaOj Md Ow bff tar dUpcMUaa 1/ «• 

I^nMnulB.amn,dntMeMaiid ■KMr r - "■ " 

Uiiiiu^ruujul ar vartw* I 

uanoaa.— Pmlaaa IVn ... 

tma^MI.I*,iuidt<iiuBaa>.— na<at4Uial'Ulr»daB lUHlMllto la taM ama 
(lum 10 Itvut of ttaa hniHa, and iba k>al of Iba tnttat «( Uw afatr al Uu JaioUia •( 
aumbrd fliRca and lUactMin Baal, alll >«l-«eabJW<Maanni dMan; tWUiWW 
at "ft" 'if"" aum. ijoOaa iMd(a. «tt abvn UidaiMadaaui, «b4 Iha ana a< I 
mcr 1 1 MpnecUl h*l— Tto lueaailMd Dflba ■«*« «t Aa taod la M bt U' U aM . . 
0c4iiium (Uiuu . loBfUi at dnai. ItU ruda. tba eMlb iC lbs iiiiiiiil rliia ^aaal^ 
■iUbaMf>olft<ialnuletbtfnDi«ili> taooaaL asd Iba ton) if Dm laran at «t 
Hnr. lon.MaRU'aLaiw.MWabaaaOfdaBDiiadBUmi Oa bNMaf iba itMriB 
Ktsf aintt, H tt, alBn Onlaasm daUn *oi Iba an* sf Iha lant^ S ni[>cacW 
tnL. IliEla*«alltMo((MBendlbaiaail la u t» ar-B kMm udsoBca dalaai 
iMflboIitcoal, lUrwl*. It la aa MH W al <BndntoB at a flnt-ilaaa itattt, ttai It 
■hiinlfl iWlalnft-l'HI— *"**■* —ff'T "I IM ■•M'. lalaafaph. ood aescr ecBBnt 
aallsiu ID Ibc boaata OS aach alilii (if Iha tUail. and aba UMlu atiut fn aa aUUe 
a«nmadlt«dMiM. A aaeoad-ctaB amat snM egalala bdlGtaa M Iha aapplf a< 
f*. *aUr. talafnph, and aomr ougiMnmaMiDni te Iba baWH an <*cb lUa at iha 
MraM, eubiHi fmlaloaa Av Iba lumniuUBi dkuta.— n* dsUai totoaaAMhi* 
aiiTblkaat drvlu^ psper, diaan Uf a aeaJa oC huf an Inch 14 a Uoi, and uoit aBlljljia 
k pWBl«aliBdUiiilMMIoea[(|n>Uaa(( iba aWM laJna dvm Ua eanm, Iriinia 
luUuial tHUOi mat tba lino at Uw kouaaB aod nlv • laaaarant aatllaat vUb mA 
duKniiUiii dMalla H CM iHihoanwHwalmiafdiiulilntdctihaalrt^cfi Ihodnwiui 
VI 1h in tlM. and (haded '.If aud irhn* amianQr, In ladlaa Inh, w aiida tolf . Tte 
liiaM mmt aalma avfluBceanaetMa^tf gaa aod aiaw gtM ««■, nal mithm 
imrliia Kir tM«Mdi»d>a]ra|BnivMiia aval abe ■-ii ■lArf-irrilhTi -f-itMp. mia 
pruma lallla^ -'■— *^ be Btny dadm mnt te aeeoiapaalad I9 an f ■'—■ 'i «r 
ihooUurlliHKtnrdiBrnaliilaaerMtaal. It la pn i [ «mi ttui iha dadiaaAMI 
UpnMMx (lUIUtail aftar Iha diailiw— Bahart MaiAcDHiu. U.P.f.k.&inHiaH 



nn,diaMeMaBd eattf M—, tdacnpb ■<(«. a«., ■UhaO 
lime umiiiiiimn •• >i»b> adapaat lo Ihow aud Mhar ta^Bl 
•am taranm— Knsl, tio, ao, and » tfalmwi ftir Mund-dM* 



tU<iMn.i:-&iK>e°>*'H. WrMl.r.X.LKA., A.CS i and ORna Lan, rB.a., 
C.B.vUI V WBdMad «llb a ansUMa Mmlittw of Jabn nwdla^ OakMn at 
Uh HiffopalUu Iksad ol Wotb. and AMtnna 430111. ILF., wt lUiiialii 
WiUlii. atoibanut Um Buwd. aauud br Iba Bualiiwt and fliiiiailiiliiiilfca lull 
W(t ot Uw Moord, Air lb* nnsat Kdaddfif Bn lb* iHall* of do daal(iH>MhH 
Inftmiailoii mar b* ohMLMd wajnlhalka lo the SapaUtHdUc anhlieeL al «> 
UIBaaot lti>U«>iorvUiMBMrd(<Wocli^anadiSlnai,8oligfiqi«i^ Tba bataw 
tobtaaiIlBb}ttalatdKrtfJii)riiat,leB.H. Wat*7cb, aaitatlbalUaad. 



Ktt 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AKD AKCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



irzw PAmm 

nuTKOVAt rmanermy^ uru^rrxtt uxdkh tm r*rii.vT lawi 
uasoMsar act. 

fMM /-•««>»* I*. 

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['•v1 Ka>i -lin|iramnaDU la u|ii>nitw ftr aWiHUij Alp> ud 

MHUir I 'iui 111 itiXia <b«hI* 

•M. J.KW.m VmblB't-tuv— IsttnumimblutlMiuiiiitKliiniiif taOawtttaa. 

iOiaiBIUlMUDBI 

att4 M«*». 
tW. 4. A. OobIb*. IMCm. aid O. lIVDi^r, 1 jMiiwgh— IbitiiitimmH Iu tlnlrS' 
■Mipuatii iiinlnw und MMhIib 

nicpf VaT*}!. 
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UiU. tt'rt*— tBrptvruoojl* ID lb* w**"*^**-— of ail 

al 

A>M MtriA to. 
It tIjJL •tMhnd. BMU(lf«Aa wMiitoo m ihnsLliii hr ilnfflni ibi babUon 
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wapMnlvcaiplnTH in Uir niiLihliit uf nulirir uid uIm unibhMo* 
n. /.YmIht, lk«l kuUui Bw l^olvl. KoiihwtuB-IiaprMwBnili In 
Mt t* Mpuwli* am aiul iuk rrua iinl woli tmu daM, (^*ff, uul othK 
m. J.r./M>«O^Y*(ft-MMilncH>tn.wnl. 



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Itm, a. D. Kulf ud J W. blffinodik OuitanoU— kMnd tf yndotfig (iMi d*- 
MoL Anra. and utHsriii 

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chiln iBd duoilrr caaDidai 
L ju, t.t C Buite. BuF JmMilnn, Dwili— A on Bslhod of a|iplflDt nut* oo 
I fVa hrmui inrpwai 
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J.J. PiliBH. !l«r V«k. VUMl «al 



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HI, O. wblir. Pail DluM. Rasfrvo— tmprvniiHnbn vaaTtaf 
M. y. Kuakca, Ksa da Fatli, MlcTlUa, riuar-lKipnnMiMiiUja niJ«aj-tnak>. 
lUumasMoiUMi^ 

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hUtliHI" 

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to Ai»i>Usn, cUBa*7. 



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Ml 0. MfeiUn. CH«l»aifaBI. Kaadlnc-IapniniiHiiU IB n>klB( ■k(Wl iwpanuu -m 

Ml J. Waid, Ola^iia 1i»[«imiiniila In Iba maaututun Of pnd«U0D si Biautina 

«r IMtUUlai Maaa 
m. W, ■■■k AlUfuw— lapnnswuU la aiifanta* Kir ngaiUin Uia |an^ at 



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aid tonal Diaa 
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' I lautoUM MviliU* Mna «t (cdilBMan, 



■>• B n ttuml, r*na-l«nmmota In I 

Md la apw>M» [or MncsUM (Wdi win> 
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fit. J, Tliir'^. OoailN-u. Cimin — An Iniinmil wnAv-nua (ui laUaf vaMr 

fiaM Mval ID. 
$Tt. k. Kalld, and M. II. ftnUIUIr. Adlao'lu■d(^IlIIe— tnrivnuiau blraaUaf or 

^MMlAt «*n*IB deMrUHlont of eoUaD «art* 
fr*. I>. 'a^ OlMia*— l»piv>«a*a<B (i wtMag or tfaasalic MoU* kMa tad 

mM^ait 

n*- J, >M>> alBW— IVprvnouDla In lulliB. and Uwir «le)vmii« or dfalDji 

dtuBi 
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tniM. naaa. ■BdnmUetx 
tri J.J L'udmnS, Adtod.Xnl— [nrnmuUlBtoaaoUiTlHrllirlaiurH 
Itt J, tl JohuoB. tlaeBtf^■I^^ ^ ^ W « -lipnwimal* la aanDlnf *ad raaUlaUn 

anuiMiaU. ^OnaaiDliaUoD Ina D. laaiaw. KmoaMl*, ruiovlndb. UalUd 



I III ■ - [ -~^^- ■- 

ffl A, OtNpT. a](li IMkwn— Aa IMpnngd naaUfciWM (tfafttf «D>*l«fB 

OMad JTaxAtL 
m, J. E. IfAral, rarlt~laitnn»aii la dWiUUiC aod raffUrlt >*■'. fio*. olb, 

4«mMmi IfeaAaa^ aod aUt«r imHin, tmt In lb* appanftw liir wa wd* 
(M. h, V>aaiJ*. Wan Hnad— IinfdinniiiA* to nadUBMj (or p1<mi|Ui4 aid awk- 

auTl.U KiiB twill t^nibrib— logpwwMila to nanr nUlDi rtact 
Mt. 0. UaaiUoa, BtocUud KtU, nWV-Iapc 

•*T J a.(ianl«A>*>i>. awVMM^aa-Jbl^nnMMartafnnBal* to 



-Iafra*<B*ato b O* trHtami orflUabl^ 




Ui r.c HUk,lii(Mliii>d~[Dt*i>naiBituBiaa(dheu>iatM*.aa<to 

awudUwrailA 
Mt. O. Lando and T. InLand. Dniiitwllii*— Impni i wji ia la tta 

Uta ta k> wad to U* maauliaai* *f aali 
no. 1. TTiritii. niniit lliiii[iiliail I Ill mi iiiWhil irfllwiAil^ m— 

«1riiir. ruuDiaqJeadDiiJ 
UI. f "nhiM ilairrfTTI. "ntinwAlr-iidltirl In IB|inmtil 
■It W. Otom. UaadwMtr— tm|vn>arai9Utnbsatte maiifai 
Ml. A. H A. Ihinal, OmMmiln Otib, )[. JuMi't-CMuta Ibi 

aanlhn—i 

nuaO^L 
IH. K. A. WrtiM. Batltanllaa, taaf fiaila. apd L. J. fiiatW, Urta-A aaw a f f wa toa 

draitirfd la pndiK* ffaaolial daaapHlUuaa b} nnf of apsbaalMl au^ mi 
water 
*B<. W.fl. Rgnga, Oifiid-ainai— AB«it«lai|inMdBiaa^tai«at ndtoia**)^ 

drfhtir prlnllikB fjvbiini 
H". J. Inlic. iiluana— InpnnniHBl* In iha tnaaaxol tf vaak *il«* 



o« of cmMnuilH Utt *■• 
wiilaibe ifBMMBl (ftaaA. 



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Irorit. 'tVtniBaiileaUndh 
MI. W. Knlto. Ub^aa— toprensaaU to Um iimi^nwi « indwita rfMM- 

fbdnul lihrlc* 
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M*. H. Hinlth, Atuii(nnl~IaiDn>*aia*al> U tbS«iiRlfig n*cW«« 
tOH J. Cnad^. HI Kilctfa, I aawiMw- lipnwaaaii U — atowj ftr MWOto* 

ilaai 
- IL Uania, <:Wmbrtd»Miad. Klif'*ai*L aod J. V. HaHa^ laalTa 
•ii«>[ -ImginiTMHiiif In tiM ataa* oT ftrtiil alans Is iliillli hiaiwiart 
buUillB^ la eaai of nbb«T. tn. or olbtr anasarha 

KI. r. A_ UWHtiVlfcteBlfe^totM, nD>ba>T-AB tBfavnd OTNtaori 

diaHtlril map* or cftui* 
»lt. H. Iliabuiit, HawboitK— lapruiraicnU to lb* BMonfMlart af Ma Md 

iiiWr nrnnip WUw bMd, ud la ilu ImanwwaM a ap lajad la (br laU •<••- 

fiK. I>. lloFTlm. Banbnloj Wota, SlnnUwbiB, aad 1 liDtf, riip^TMM IM 

InnriRt'Bml or hnpnrfaDiabi to telB 
tlA. k omf. [ambHh— An loipniaioMil In (nari 
ra>- IL A. BtiMuaa, flrct ■Ui*(— A ■emib vUHlIua and luQcr tir Ibi auaa, M^lai 

•lib vftaln uudincaUnni I* aoalU* Dm aindlaH la In aichd tj baaj. (CM- 

malnaDU 

Awd Ja>«l. 
m. W. Wiitiiia aad 1. DodalOb Pwvmnb. baai UaadwMai- 

lUM-rilnnrj tnr nrrnarfnf biUob, flu. onul. or olAir Ebiuu iuUaila)i 
n*. W. Hfilluiil. Btmln|lua>— AMaorlapmndBBmbcUnsf nil 

lap nnultBi fc> qmtanrtlaawd mhU* 
M^. W H. Ttplli, LuoiIui-JaipniwiBCSia to Iha MB«n«ta ■( Mc-flaaaa 

tM. J. NniHb. ll»ailfBrd— ImBrawnoMabia iMitdB iiTomp ai wiiwdtolb*— »■ 

laai«fai*Miubntiirl<ardi«*d*| Barblo** 
IWV. A. hn^ Loitflibamntb. tdMatar^lniiininaaUU Barblaor**' 

Hb* aarmlMuin of bioM IbMSh aad la lb* maBoot of cVBainu ' 

Mt. T. mil'ctMad. 1«M<— iBipaavMHBM In •(iinniD; I 

9Ti J H- Juhciaoo. LlnTdtf* Inn'OuMi -IroprvrriDoali I 

;Oininiiinlnilloe tlnm R. Ro^uuT T. Simm, PvU) 

titui AfifV I. 

tn 1 r T Ill, nmiiiii i iindf ■ runiniiiiniii laiimiiiiiadliKiiiaij 

ofhwiiiM. tUvi. oi dtwrioraluaa In ib< ininivd rr baldoB panaaTaita •■ i^M' 

Ibo bIht* if niacDtif*'7 vibltTi 10 dnar and mjBoir 
Mt- O. Sp*imr. CUiooB janca W^— ln|iRii*u«ii> |g paeMfHa uad ba 

Utlai <bi> dudiatx* of <naK aitoonla. ariba. aod ubwdnUii mtiriili. tna 

mti oari us nUnn, ituyiniik and enoiana nad« 
U". f- xnur. Xia York, lad IL P Absliglhi. OnobiUll. OhiK ITaUrd 

pRUvninita to wuMbbo (br ebwiinf balna and nOia ^mllat aitldia 
tit. a KandUir. inkaabiU— In]|>niv«moDla Id mlt^MatSttrntlti tilna 
HI, }. UIIdh tad vr Moabtar. Uradbrd— ImixvrtaiMiu to Ii1kIm*Ii« lb* | 

aiHl rolna oT «lfaia ancfnM 
««A J, MaadandO. Uo^ llilhinl iiiiiii Tiii|ii inBiiih la laitallli inliilba jm> 

luf Uii***ccai» 
til, J. A. JubaiAa. Uiuilb't'liin A^Mt-lrnpTfrtvioMU li> iba aiiaaftiHiM rfbvd 

IDdl»nbbar. team— ibllw fnu A_ Uvnt. IWfai 
HI J. r Utmr, toaldlH, Unoaln— [nprarad awlilnafr far OBAiof I>»1 m «Ma 
til. W. p«i1u,Jiin.,atniilBghao— ADnorloiifnindmaiiattawarfdoawtadibai 

ikM 
Wd, i. J fUpnua, Qakaa*Ua« PrtvA Viu^ near Amncliia.^Ln iBiiar^tavaBI v ^ 

|inr«iHola IB niUm or tjlladm [» pKnUnt bhtlGa 

Ml^ C VnrroO^naCfiHd'Irqpivreincbla la ^xitMt tlehtn/rt^nm nllabla W Bfl- 

callanl isrpniM 
Mt. C- Oaody iv . tjlo**ftr-aqaaffT IniyTOTHp— u la (br aiAanbiCtan vt aaooifiatf 

boiai aad abni^ applhahb *1» to pail tu bB>iUaad>bB«<d(lb>rbiad*.aM f 

ttn>vr tmi^ AanrfnsB for Ibn faat 
M!> J M. MUat, *valb-«lr«M, naAwT— At liaprarad palp let lb* NaartaMia <l 

(•l"r 

Aalad JiMtt t. 
VTii. K Rii|p>n^ Atnrtwn, Mmauisib— Iniinnd nritada «f tiniljbn fW ta ^-"i 

mi o'llnm. OnPinHall. OUn, L'alHd MUtta-lninnwaiiaia iHaaaadcMi* 

til. I) Pnnwi. OMNani, ud K. Jtavp, MmibMat— la p ra n an aai to taiBf 

PTt J Hablftmn. Dlaanp, UMbT— loiprmad amianlDa lot drttUf m ilttivaMB 
u piaa losn^ «Utb aald unprfirpiunni It *1» applMabla la Mfi^i M« 
mB-'blnurr 

tn. C. OKbiana. I>nwln Inn Watka, 111 ITIi^iir im Tin lai| Bl It M 

TiMlliH ttTbiMinlliiMir firm-nn 

tUlaf .lafd •. 
ttl. n. Taf lar, EkaalHwik, KaDl-lB|rv>Bf anut 

btf tb« aaa or lataliilt 
Mt. K K. IkiaItT, Uarlac-cnw— Impnnu<Btt n 

(DribalM 
tilt, M. Bllllu BlnatofbatB-'IspninDuni or lutpnimnroi* In lb* i 

mrialll' oofinoa and* 
)M A. P>«arb,<!iiao<BbAitra<a.Wandannbj»d.~IiapninwMalal 

•m tad dun 
no C. T. Brifhl, Hvim Wrald. HIdilInn -InprnTncau to hrtM Ai** ' 

tiM M>«>i^ cabh>^ aad Id affantaiH to h* aiBidrTttl Oiatato 
Ml. /. «'■ tUvn. IVM IbBK Nabota Tan. KIUh 



apov^u tir. AlbcUnt fat oh ilw amaial •( lavBt i 
laH .( lb* dralufi of bswai fi; 



tadiMwa,M4Ml* 



w 



THE CIVn. ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'8 JOURNAL. 



UU. JL J. »vUl ud k. *«(■. WwkxA-niwl. cti*-n«4, wd J. Cmmm, Bdns-ntl 

IIm*iii^ — bDrwnd UBililimj tv vubu^. viucini ud niiHri <■»>■ u br 

lltf. X. Mukn, ttiirHnn l iiiij 1 ii n «iiiaiiMi i i In nbUiBlBi fbnidiilEtst toi amttat m 

IIM. W. Ctuk. Oumeirf ■ Im limiui uinii lu bmsUhmj m tn^ukiiu tOr amtnil- 
- 4alM. {QmamiMtaau 
llltl. J. K Mllo;^ MtHgUr^nX Chusbo*— ItDfrnraDak la oiontaota (H lut Id 



Ut 



itam-tjDlf« 



■ImiirwudwM ta tk* mmm n^nt wd 



. ( l>illT[l> iiiilT WiMlillilp OuBdp'i In>«iBta. ud D. C>4dldc ItiF Rbb* 
T4l« IrsVHto. Mar Mtvfoi, UoaBOOib— faamnania Is pndiUlof ud btUlni 
fttBMH br b^lB| ud minH Ina sr tMri 

nufxf JrHtn. 

i<. H. aDlth, HcTvind. l«iit-*-T F-urr— m-irl* In looMlbi wuirtiic 

iL 1L ITAln*!^. alonkport— liujiroTTiDXitolimtKbliur/ fcr pnp«hii|f and iplniilDt 

cBtMi ud sUw Bbrant tanKtm 

m. aTonlB, J, Bwrfw ud W. BmduB. Blmlattam-A nw bt latron* pi 
butnv, 'CQiDmunLQllm) 

S. HUDdwIud uil E. EMU. UaniliT— l uip T v »WB«il« la kKU 

K W.Otvur. Weri Biiia*Ui-tcapiu*«d iiipuiCU (Bldgrgd It tatadlll 

auuidini i^fliw >luiAa.>iid ntitu iDlaanili ud iKfcat hadla* ll wm frwa 

U* W. Wkiu, Ad^ld»«iM, iMiib awUi-IapniTaMBli Ib duMoi mnlda o 

DBlriMt «1D[ADfBd III CMIlUA JlrtUll 

Did. T. Huu, AJdiinatb, uow llniiii|Mirti|n Ti»> Iii|iiiiliiiiii iin Is huM 
pwnn 

IIL J. SlMBHB whI L BlsDMi, Viitiiniiii IiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiM la Viotliu bllgda 
n. V. KytvUn, Cbuoirr-lUB— tlmupUnUmifcRUUi HbnuunBiiM hliberu 
Pad Ibrlbdd, jkafe«Hir«*iB DUiHUnau'J 'UT'paTllM^a'viiLnidvTorswuufivituiali 
rOwiEDralutlofi tma H. W. Adamis, KrHiklTn. Nf* Vnrk. fnli^l !iuu*i 
'C W. OofTt Ju, l>iir4aD'n«d^ Ovrdau-tiiiun-Afi liu|ui>*niii4Qi ui ihp iuiiitiIk- 
anid vAn 

t. J, Umtint, JuklDrd l^mnic*. Ikkmll— InpnntiBaiM U c«citi| ■miU- 
Um 

lie. ff. FkftiloM, Ibdallfrbiidn luu UuduMtr—ADiinpriitTinciitliipnpuiiiji 
<r nunbcUilBg d|«lu buuw pmsIIwIt ■pv"'*''' '° n>ii™ tvl °»»' 
■iHHMj Dmi, ud udd «bn dfcUu ud iHiatl^ oHiiir Dlmi unil HiUln. 
ICuuniiiikUlini 

It;;. J. Ibi^btT. TilrliiLlmii Iiui^uimwCii 1b DunbctoriBc Jwil Cubiin 
IIT) A., r I'lilinluT nnniiin' rtmrrm in tnnifmnninl Hi iriTn-iiifintlrlillTH 

OiMl ^pril «. 
UK. 1. V. P. Idnlilu. rvto— JnptiitiaMBM In Uw -"'■*"*-— dI |U. lOlu- 
~ iiDallgD tnm U. Ummm, nwinb CMtua. fkioM 

0. OmvVi Hiii* iBiwa-ballda^ CihuT-lw hiMtwKali to (iMCn- 
Ih uadnmUtu CDilnM. fn?nini"'T''^"'*'' Ctana ^L ^— *^'^* aad L. Pulvl* 

111], r iiii iTiji n r iiii ii Will *ii nn 11 1' III \m i«w»iiiiin>iiiwiiiiiniim 

;<kaiBUkliUianl 
im W. numpHD ud ■- Woati, XvatuilvHBi'TfB*— laim^Mt* h landai 

■«IAta tr ■■■• of *NMK MBdiH. ar iliBUif unnlBt 
IUiTK p. Bubi^ Km Tork, UnlUdiWaHi liann.»niMlal«MlMiiMii laHiu- 

. P. ii, te Oouto da PobUlnrmonaa. Coatb MnM FlDitmry — tiaimwKU In 
Hlabwanllnpnw. ttiHuimlaUaii 

. 1. Ididid^i, SHia»pl*«k tniam-^aw— *B tngawwart to «W aui^tlnii 
tutr^t, (sdiiiaL ud iUb U* lateUd aad fliihl«cM ananMi tt iMi 
IIM. A- EddSiwlA). Bpiltitiktd, nair Cluluufmt— turranlaaM to uauerr lir 
. UlIi^aiHldn&lDff lud. 

■aMk <w MI»>i trnnt—Tir* and ai*(al Inpnoinnti In (» (montiai. 
' iTiiwiiiiliartiiii OaB A. A. Baf«i ll>*atliti*Ht>. Vnicolsuia* 
— W. Lwnliy, »t»BiW— iBiUPMicBla in auubauriv tta Uuto «! ferb, 
iriuin.ciltin, ataWih wdaUivlegl^ vUnhlBBRHDiBla mffUmMla *a Um 
> luanMlMi or iprup br poAM kalnib ud aitm Uk* uiMm am pnpand ty 
I l>afcnlB«>niMi 

_. , f, BIDIanI, JLoA tian-^MfT ^ tni prampflql* In Iba jurvigunaoea aad eob' 
MiMllDB at Itanuaa aad oUirr InidiKw. <;Cimiuiinli>tlnn} 
rintof April U. 

tlN. 11 Bl*lliMlil. Taiaiil iill Inni Ii in ll fi 'iiii fimtilna 

lltl- J. VnAnilL Uaw^lMbar— liD|m*ioii>«ql«lBlh'iTi4DQ[ViL)nDrn<[InrifTCjUadrn 

H ba MB|A««d tv trtoltoftiUa tad atlv Mibm 
im V, i«r„aatinlnus, nanvlnBla, tWM i>Uw»— Impivnd dhIo vr hsUIng 

aaddIB^wno» 
tllil. J. Bwvr. BlaeUlut'niad. Bumj — Ab Impnmd pnpalldr llir ihipa and 

ItH. K. I. tolb(irlMd[ JnniB VdIM taito Qah, W. Jama^a-Aii lapmHl _Mr 

nodii taom 
IIM, W A. nuto*. Snth-Mnd. PiBilniT—AalmpnmdDttlaofnHlauudroludnit 

tin^allt ;iViinini|hlminl fnua L^u Kva. Now Vork. ir,A.) 
IIM. V, anodT. Tydadiy. lanfaaliT imtiniTiinnnli In Ibg -—'—"- gf kgeto, 

ibe — . ainlduM« 
IIVT **, Jv«. Pndlatao. ud T, Edmrdi^ Eixlai. l^ncaaMr— An tiBpntad 

lutirlHUT. 
DM. J. KuubMlaa, Aarlncwa. aud J. BaOay, Ralrnnl, Ijianiur— tHiFnTUMDU 

In IwilallDf thp ISo* apd pnaniv «f Ui|i)ld4 and fluid* 
DM. e. KfUMo. Vyya TbaoMHWaat — Impnnnnti ta apjim aad Mhar 



Itn. C ItetaO, ifomiul— tmiHvraBtBta Is lik-DaUnt ntacUBOT 

IMt. i, AUba. laiu^rinal. UluiMi— laivsnmnpU Id fuiuoi te nalUm 

te aaUilak tt iftm, ln«, ud altar shMK and Iv tntUoK nur vl mIik 

nMasaa 
1104. A. P. Vow, MMt-luB-Aa lawraaad ooik buldtf br Mlka ud oUaar nuila 
UHl W. J Ulflu. C»Dn4H(1, Old Bnad4li*M — iDHOtMgnto la agifanlu 

H Urtlfrl- paaaifaa itirtadtnd (o ud dMiiMdlnii Ihaa Ua KcA tt aaaUam 
IIM. A. A. >>id-]laM)Ml, SaMh^ROl, PbiliWT — Ld|ii«t«b*IM to 4ffllolal 



Itn. P. MmaOm. imb^tnM, Pla>*«rr-Aa tapnnad ba»Ur* 

ttSL J. BXMBlv. C. Rodua. u« wTnaUen. awfcdala-Ilil WW 1» wOm 

Umy aSbal oaa*. UallUirn. !(<«i^ Brtlub-ImpnTHnnU la usDir^ ud 
canHR bi^aa 

Itn. J, B. JJlu.iu liacaln'j-toi -aalda— toptaTwiniila la appafaua ftir dUtUUu. 
ip|4lAUl ate u tta nlncUOB of Mt, mlariiii malUa, ud ii iiawfc aad U l£( 
HritattoB rf (BM. tftawal^llaa Itia 1'. IC Imiamli anfl M. BwJiw. »«w. 

PlMOM 



aatai 




CUnnM 



llaMl.t»ilW. 
ini. P Wanna. tttn^liVD Dab KlUm Biar Haaot 
liE.-(iu«<rf4-;ri iw<i« r^T mnBaHLc Ivwba^aadivcafdlaf 

int. LILSpwaic, MaBloctrf. Koa^XdRbBrlUlii— Aiwv«la«nindi 

or palBC and (lafar palp 
lilt, A BuwvC^ BukUOa HiU, aaai UuAiirtar— Inprmauato to i 

lilt. T, BaMviD, Varf, UuhMt— hapnmamto la Ind k Maia hr 



1111. J. llcI>i)iniU.WaltliulMi«P»<udtT, JotiaMug^Kodk**— iBfi^ntoa 

balamen 
ll:l, !l. Uottlow, llnlKiit— lmpn)nniwiUla'*cn*|IU-bam'a«adtol>a| 

of mol ud oUlM llmiu •dMu» ^ 

IIIV " * *■'— "T "ifimirr 1 irriTi^iil inartiinrrj fnrnwnlillni 

lirttto. lOKmaanlaiUaa) 
inn o. niaiiD<li,«iMaald-la|(DfW)>mtoU tbiBMDlMuratf aria 

tw nlivaj anitam, tad Aana ta tartuaa wfipt— 
irjL U. FonHn W f tllelaiiniiafa— Aali»pwT»J»BqlU»lDrJimi 
UU. T. r. UtK BrWol— Ab UDprarad Up « toik 
ISfL A- R. t^wlB. i:¥CtiartilD4tnel— ImfiroTftmBfiU iu tmuHtn 
lUt. J. CaUlu. BlmlBcbain — [upiTngDiala Is tuniUH auit Raah u 

diTlnf fihainl^n 
im. J. Aadanes. Oluga*— Impnnwwciu (a ite inaincBl. kiipUeaUno. 

aUMar ladlu em 

aimi Mif I. 
in). J. A»HT. gia m t ml . gWaad— Au lapnmd tMliUn « WIBg 

niitniiiiiliin tncn J. L. Baoiftal 
IVO. K. ILivlua. BlmiiBIIiaBi— Xaw or Impnmd muUnacj tea Ita 



jilim (ir luiAlBI 
lU] J. 11. Jghn 



ID] . J. 11. JghoMfc Uugltfa-iaaBaUa— IiD[>n»HiitiiU In appaMu (nr 
nnllMiii* al laa. (Cagimiuialica frooi UnaiUun T. ud P. Pt 
Fmii.'aJ 

Ittl. K Liaks ud U. Njkaf, DtnnJcj— tiapnn«Hnli lo "™'— tf 
gpQmund baal la hruhm at Mava euUia « oTLu Mkn^ alio I 
■Btar nfcEa nM MUct^ (iHnbn aoiasBUac taal bi a (nul uual 
tuna Itaf r. 
int. S Xukir, IW&«— laprornMUa to tlu uuBluUi* alHink. 

Itt>, a CbaM. luu«iM, Unad— InpninaMBta la Ua saMtoeW* 
■mankROaeaarh aad (ttar tnlelH d(a flailar HUn 

If II J. DavT. aod W. StnnnT, Biadbrd, Yuik— tnit*inanHaM to 



nil: A- L. Ckaitiw tteW-lBpnngMc 
111* J. UuUul. Uanoer, Tilwinliiiiiiti, 



flbroai tabMiji 

nit* IH Iha maanruMn «( ibtai 
. PaUad MatH-bai 
ibtiH ntnJ la tpinninf 
nil J. p. Umh, Onli^AB Imprnad aunatocMiasf wnflnf te 

iVfiaiiAL and gltar wall 
1H«, T. J, Onk^ Wali(itampMD-lnprin«aD«* to Ue auai_ 
naa^ aad iiaiinicbaiai OMd te don, dnvHi^ ihaMai^ and nlhar 

D«M Abp i 

lU). T, K. Mgaaln-. ITppar OtaflBtto aw w l. flunqr-^un— As Impnmd 

bnUlir, adanud Im iliiilsanplils and Mki iiniiinai 
IIU. T P frllij riiiilliiiiii II mill, ttliinliiil iniiiiiiia Mill 

pfocUt 
lil;.' iii'lXtfioroiiB^ KaUtilnci-Aii ioiiiniTaBUOl ta tlw 

napi 0f rtKoJqpu and WUr ^po- 
I9.MI. J TniTih Uanuuiu. Dorbr— bnpra'oiiiaiiktoaiifanNa *a< to 

IMI. J. Ttvw. UleaMar — InpranniiiniU In Uw auBbAon g( alaaUa b 

tot Um awlUallOB g( xKb toMa M th* muiilhoiur* o( kaaW and aWat 
Ittl », t. airwoA. I«le»*i Lf *qna»— All iiapnuad lamlrawlMHtiaita 

and luaam fur rvndoiBf Iba mma apiiliAtda 11^ auppljUf nr dlMhai^i^ 
anil Efibor Oiiid4 

ni«d Mtfi. 

ISM. /. T. FUcuo, OcaeecbaKb-aUMt— Ad bnpnnsunl In Iki ii witlill 

ggaba. (OnaualcaUoa.- 
IWT, T, M.<iUy, Umnlnaliui— KairorlBiimigdsactiiitiini Im — "'-i ninr 

(BbKaBoaa 
IKP. W. B. PuL lu^nin. luuianM— ImpnmDiaU la •lKiiallli« apoi 
IVTI- J. KaalMlirvfdE vii 11 P, i>rai7, Utaftl*^— iJn^i-nirimHnu lu 

te dhlllui and towbu 
HI). U BbKll, ^fivVi 

aniliiga 

na*M Miy «. 
1171 G IL<I<7fUo. LfiUiliur— MAU■J««UcUa(I)<IiIHlIlUHteb*d^ 

ulluT purpiiBDa 
\in. W. Hood, Edjtannn. Winrtct— An ICDprond dutval Ula Ibr 1 

olaaiMliu tplriu. ud aMoli la alio appUoalife te OMrtni vnlaf aaloB 
Itn, A. Stfidor. Wamatir-IopnirmiiatalBnUlniilni^larten^tl 

f^lawv or jLvivaCua ga^fad Uinvla vr ncAnvflCf"! Ikarmlb 
1I«1, ii .■«>ni^i\^MiidiMUt, I'ljuoiiUt— AnliBpra<cdplptnb*i«M^ 

UdalMfT. 
lUt. t.Uatln. It<llbnia«,WartMnbus~AmitaunMteaalBii(luraal, 

alio u a cobrtirluit uatur 
IHU. C W. Kuilf, Oainlsmll— ImprDnaimU IB (ba owda ol aIUiJU)| 

tpiodlan ^^ 

IHl. D, UiinlMU, Doidadn; WrvlLi. UlnBlunliui— A ogii a Uapnnil 

of ndlanorullndiinteurtuIliuCaliiki 
IM. J. Maalmua, Uj *' ' 

toncar* of rulaoa 
UtI. 0. B. Prtcn Badftird— laiptvreiiHiDta in apparalaa te lAitng 

Id [trCbdn and doL-umBDla 
ItM. J. lladfi'J]'. WaiLbinini»«inM, J^Hia*|uuv.~bBpnn«DwiiH la 

■ny oanlaiiea 

Dowl Jfa«« 
ItM. r. B. Dtrbr. Bijaba tnemrki, oaar Wi 

Uh inOuuutda paaa (HHIU 



Vark, Voliod Saaiot— lapnvnnaBla to kacfctftr 



uuion uir yruiim^ uurioi 

a, UpHT UaraibuiT-flraK lalliVtaa-IaavMtoMM It 

u DM* «( fluf w (riulaa 

, Badftird— UuBtvreUHiDta in aoparalaa te lAund ■■■• 



laiibBB— Ito|»i««Mato Jl 



rATiiMnAPruis pox witu cohtlkts stacincAil 
IStt. 0. T. BaaiiBld, tgatbtemiA-ttad, imiioi— liBimiuwtoa la 

boaiaaodpnUBDa. |C»iB»iiafcaiIi«i tnun S- Tbwaiw^ jo*., BiaoMj^i 

luiial Mucul -AvO JO '^ 

twc. ft. W Sivrigr^ KBDdi Crrl, ItniAi*!*— ADinivTrmnaai la tba 

u/charlni JqLoea In tb« auDiilnota/<i* gf nKar.—M^ 1 
lU;. a, W. M(in>. LooUaai. tTnllod Stole*— laimgd 

Uvll 
imo. C P. Vhhioi. IbMt'M>>a»l. t>nuid — A inoanpUtaJ 

[OnuainnlcBilaa tnu A. TtvaDler. rarW.—Ma; u 



TUK CIVIL KNGINEEB AND AHCUITECrS JOUENAU 



2M 



SOATIONA!. CHTTRCO, CHE3UUNT, 
HEiiTB. 
ttmk M Bitfnvatt, Piatt XVHL) 

«omn>nie«<l on tbe 191b of Uay, aaii (1m 
> wu Mil by J. R. Pag*t, Em,, qo |1i« Ord liNt. 
sUilOfnn ia torm, about IW feel dMpk "iid 
DtiBg OroMbrwik-flbvet. Hi* nwiii building i* 
Imv« m finv-fiCniTt, raid it 60 fiMt 9 iuotiw hr 
1 Heaanodate aboat 400 )wmiM on th« grooiM- 
mdajr-Mhool tfttddmi Is a gall«ry m the wMwni 
ffd at uol lo inUrefpt tlip viewofto* Urgvwifiiloir, 
i«i) by a •epknito doorwaj* ami ttona MiureaM in 
'b« not it uf den), alaiDcit n,aA vnnitlted, opM lo 
I called on tbe back of tJi« mfler*; tiit ornamnul 
•, (brmlng 6re baj« in lli« Irasth of lU« bnlUlo^ 
• of rack of wbinh am nnglv-lij-hl pointed alon* 
!■ oaa bay ia tbo aoutk wdr, vbera a Momi 
1 for Ibp ornn. Th« acaU an of d«il, 
with mkiug iiaclu add low dooia, Tba 
laatFiial with a atoat bate, and Naadi 
ouMkd bf aa oruutanUl mmmsitlon 




[ Sa A rM(a% opeeinx lo the ebapel by a ttoM 
i wluMiM wlU> foliated sapibili; wittiiu thit la a 
to, Ibrming a paMaga batweeu iha uiiDiatei'a 
Mnautt««-rooRi, which ar« litnitM on cilbartlde of 
»d hara dirvtt ooiaraanidiUJoB with tli* obafMl bv 
1 of the Mrr«n. Abure the aavrii it wan a uuall 
w; and arei tlio tloue aKb, a liiuid»onia wh*«l 
pica tha mntr« o( tin mUotq mbla of the cliApd. 
TOoiD foRna Iho bonadai; In Ui* mr, and it 38 fMt 
19 (Mt 9 inelica, with ratnuiee lobby. Ifetwonn 
Ov auil phapt'l tbi^re it alto an io£ki>U' rodin, 
and bvat«t7i aud beatiog room aiid«a- 

1 it Ootitle, of (lia oarly d«««r)il«<l or gtena- 

n'd Uw froat hat towirr and apin W (Mt ht^, 

d aad inatildtid doonmr. and la^ lhrt»-light 

The materiabara gpodataek bricka and Itath 

htnct >■ taken at aboat I80W., which include* lh« 

i DUterlala 

an M«Mn. L»ud«r and Badella, of Qnat 
loritw ; th» buildwv, Povo Bn>th«ra, of 



f'UKIVBIlSm' OF IX)NDON, 

An nt Ipnj^th ONatijisg lh« alt«Dti«n of 
Oifbrd hiu laid botbro trio world a toh«ai« for 
AuiuatMia for all who may prcaoat theinnlm, aod 
tnbordiiinlfl Jcgreaa. UuubridK* it eoKngod ia a 
.■•2. Lou-iun, Ihuuatioanl UnlvtraitTof tho empire, 
hdIw a n«w ehnrwr, whkli la danttd on a noat 
U it propomd tliat thi* now oharldr ■hall throw 
oinacinoii for nil deiirvaa and all brandhaa to whom- 
witliuul the m)ui»iii«u of any ecOtgial* attend- 

n boa hanot ariion which ilividaa tlw Univenity, 
yai, it ia to bo rt^retlcd, has varf little tnnvcd the 
lOMl the Unirrnity of London belonoa, and who 
if iotereit in iL To tbe libend nieawiw of Rform, 
Mege, Kin^a OoUtga, and wa b«ll«Ta nuiat of the 
! UiiiveraitlM throogboM that* itUndt, aro oppaatd, 
bar tlia abolition of otrtifieatca will dopriva thpir 

miiona feet. Thii ia at it may be, but it i* too 
Iw Ibr tbate collpjcea to tet up a re tt ed intemt in 

Mhan of Cuodlea. So tar aa the eall«crs really 
irt tli«y will r«Mi*«it,Mt diiirvralty Uollego and 
fa did bafbrn then ware d^pMa; and with njptrd 

p, Owm't Colli^ and the oollogea at BirmioK- 

Iter. and altewhere, tbny are iMarly till rndowej 
aa diawutinf bodlea to which tbry belong, Ixre- 
ij aonnacilan with the Unit*mty. The oppotltton 
• ratta tlMrirfore on a moat flinwy haalai and it la 
whether they will auffEr any diminutiou of revenue 
Mbe gtven to edncatwa, mi on the contraiy will 

OLT, lUT. 



ncilr* Ht aootMOK. Unireni^ CoII«m, wUdk lilda Ur to 
attain the hirtert plaoe in the rank* of illiberalit^ and intoltr- 
anea vaeatad by thofloUegM at Oslurd aod Caaahndfa, baa 4g- 
nalUed iuelf t^ poJilBg a voU in oppoMtion to tbo now ohMier, 
with uuly a Binorilf at two; but of Ihit miiwrity, Otvt^ Ik* 
hiMotlaB. fbriMd ona. The leiailar of the n^ority «m Ht. Jaeob 
Vtiiy, ona of the Jewi*h gradoale^ who davoUa hia a»v 
liberty to nuuntAJn cxelorivaiMai. 

Ut. Waley, iwi a mduaMk ia likewiaa a leader tn anotlwr bodf 
of oppctitiooitta. Thi* ia tlia Maoeialion of Onadoatca of Um 
UnifWalty, which, tmof oonpoatd of memben of the ooIUmii ia 
amUtiona of rataininjc a oertaia odour of aemi^riatMratM m> 
apattabili^r or entire tnabbiehiMn, and tharafon oUtctatotb* 
Uuivereily being tbcown open. A atrong Dkinontr tiowenr. it 
i* fair ID lay. baa daolarod itaolfi but Mr. Porter and Dr. BanM< 
tlie iwn aaoretariat, tho leaden of the liberal parly, are diapoa- 
■atard of their tninoheon^ Mid Mr. Waky ia tbe officUl <bun< 
pioo nftha majority. 

The LnMMl, wUck bM taken up ihb (|u*atiaD very ably, aaya : 
" It le auWaotorT to know that tbt ttnato, who hare on ao mnny 
oMulona fnlt the injnatice of which the prDhiUtir* tenna of the 
chartar eooipelled th«m to b* the luatranrata, have alnkoei 
annnioioady naotred to free the University fr^Hn rattrtettoaa 
tliat have axuiv ihim aiiylhlug olae reUuded it* diivtlnpamt aad 
iinpairMl it* puljlic uMfuloeet- The roioot of auch ora «• Lorda 
OraavllU. Burlincton, Snuiloy, Sir Edward Etya^ Fkndar, 
Amolt, BUlinjc. Grota, Warbuiton, epcnk with ant^oritj. In 
thit coarao thsy hav^ aa muAt bit expaoiod. oooonaUrM ttw 
oppoaitioo of aume of the eullt^ei^ whwh •• we have tbown 
derive a diahioMat profit fmai lUu m>inupoly. Tbe opMaitioii •• 
alao Birengthenod by a body of the andnatct, mottly newly fledMd, 
jiwt fiattcrinx their aoademioal teathera In tbe aun, and nu)y 
ima^ninK thonualvet the true typital «all«g(al« (p«dnata& Oo 
tbe other hand, tlie Seiiala ia aupporind by a oanai-lrtable array 
of the older gmdnalaa, whom esperleuoa, the mora libarnl via 



aoquirtd by a wider interooone with •oetety, and a tner inticht 
into (bn iiit«reat and miaMon of their Coivenit^, bare ted to 
perotivc thu ihia it not a DaU<^ or a anulttalM ituaatioh, bat 
one which ojucerne the Uuiveraiiy anil the country. 

" Piufowor Fotter, Dr. Bacuea, I)r. OuU, Dr. Stomr, all aoUve 
DMoiban ot Hit Gfadaatta' Ciinffliitt*, have annonnoad their 
adWion to tlie prindplo of opening tlie Univenity. We 
eu-neatlf iratt that at tbi« eritia tke tenate and the Hotne Skt*- 
tary will not rc|mrd the eUavMir of numbna. Iwt their own 
deliberate eoavioiiona aod the volot of the older gtndaatea. W* 
append a nienorial ia aapport of the liberation of tlia Uiiiennlty. 
whioh hat already reOHW many aignaturai :— 

"The Memorul of the nndanigatd (lraduat«a of Um Ual««*^ ef 

Loadaa, and othen. 
" ShowtUi— "niat tbe KR-lmi^sd htf napeMAill* lo expnaa Iht |rtal 
uLiifBotiofi mk wbicih tfatf bar* tninial itaat Uw tenaU propoaa la 
loiert in ihn ohu-ur ii«w nadM' ooMilieatian k ftvTition le aJa4t eaadi- 
daka to aiaminauau for dcyreeii ia aiw^ wilheut the aaaetian el a atru- 
eaia from an affiliated icitlitntien. 

" TtuI the naJenigncd brlieiu tlut Uib rettrlolioni hitherto jo fbna 
hava iiu(n<lad tbe grovtli of Uio UniTcrritf, di>ooanic*d In* edueHlo^ 
aod oporatw) with tips«ial ijijuiii«g, hj axoluding niuijr il iw i n iBf Mteue* 
wbom nJigioui cpinunt, rnid«uc« abrotd, DuTwd MWin^ or otaer dr 
euiDitanoM, ban pnTrntKl fnm JoIdIos an aflUated twHin wita. 

"That Ike underaigonl, rorlbur bdlevbiK ibat ih* aa in h f ef Iha 
CniravItT win. bj nnng frvt «oap« to the prluelt4* el BrnnfiriHwr 
ImiMTta Wlth^itinulaatn both osJiiclat* and anra-et8i|hl**daa» 
(iun; and Uuil >i ■ill. by widDaiDS the bMia dT Ih* Uoiveni^, nacarially 
iecnsH lU publio uUBfulniaB— 

"TberefDn euixally ptmy ilikl the new obarter. ebandnnii^ the n- 
ialuig pnhiUtin «y*l«at, may tx allnwnl to ihim.* 

Tbe Laitetl AiTthcT Myi* with mat tmtli. a> the exp*ri«n<« «f 
our reader* will eanfiraa, that tWr "am ntHoy cirouBtlanoM 
whioh may ptcelada an earatat ■tudoni from entering a collwc*. 
Hi* rell^ona onlnloM may not allow him to etiicr tbe partiooW 
tlMol«i|;ieal eallece whhin hi< reaeb. Hi* heOtfa may be un 
feeble |n enot-le liini to aoeouatar tha plinloal Urmoil of oollegn 
life. Hi* meane mav he tuo limited. Bat he mar even rv^iW 
ahrnnd, and Milually naw gone ihrongh a louj; courxi of etudy iu 
a brrigii univeraity — he may have enjoyed a far bettar Madf- 
bImI tntiatng than olne-tentha of the London afflicted tvIIf-).* 
ean impart, yet notwithaianding h* cannot b* admitted to *x*ai>- 
nation. 

Tlua SMmorial will w* traat receire tbe rignaturee of many of 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



■orpntarioiMl TMckn. It Un tt th* ramftniM ofDr. Smvw, 

Tbcwipphmwid ohkrttr of ifaetJDtTvrritjrof Lat)<loii,gT*i)t(d 
t jmn igo, embodUd naon thiui Oclanl and OuDbrUg* ka,ft 
w muDtiai, !%» NationU Unlvendij' wu tben ■npomnd to 
gnat ofrtitelM la tlMiiiMi;, ud Um tdmem •Oiml (a nrcbi- 

MMura, oOgiaMriDg, ud tfa* prnMlcftl Utt. Tbo unnto WM, 

kowevcr, to badftend bj Iho gntdnktra, that it wna obligol to 

l.poMpaa* ft ueuure bo unpnlatabJe, im placing ehduiiU, >n>hi- 

TImK wigtoew fc tMOnnliati, utd ptnuu of th&t kind, kloflKaado 

' if bMMlon or uti and liMbawr* of Uwg, whoM MboiMtic 

Apd^ ftftnd A* ooatMt of pnetleal niML Aa thMe uJd 

mdwtM kro likelT to bo cennltvtod tha ConvDwtioii of the 

[ UBlnnf^ in tbe pUMw of &» toMit, it ii dennble p r oft w iottal 

MB it poniouUr should devote r little more ntloatlon to the 

WCiiiiufti. aod o Mfcl w » Mlntkiy vigitAaoe otot a bod^ which 

M ahown no Itbend mpprocUiIoo of pnbHo Istorata. 

As peweticttl men wa uo no bolWora to Aa axanunatioa 

. ntm aa a r*""". *^'l *''> '■'^ rcoo((iiiiw it n* a practiwl leet 

[« tka hlg^ieat eloM; but we think thnt the whuto pubhc have 

a H^t to ntjuln of the NaUonal Uiiiv«raity a fr(<« »vfU<ai of 

eikmin.i(ioii« and oertiAcatea for whomsoever obooHO to t«*t hie 

pmieieuc; in tha varioo* rnc\iUii;«, whether ho ofTent himeelf in 

) Awtlatij, matbematioB, Lntia, or toy branch of oduealioa. 

lUa tlia new chvtor prouMM to offeot. 

The aMortlon, tliat a UnJTerai^ degree ia oot a UWlmairiil of 

■mple ouniiMtloii, hot of the etadant baviog uodereona a r«ga- 

iMed eonree of collcgpate diiicipliDei, it toay ■juipl]' M afflnsed 

ikat it ia a piece of bnmbng impoeod oo the pablic. Hoat of 

Dw MUagea umlcr the Uoivenitv of London have so qritein of 

b doaartio eolleginle dliMipliue, but tupplj a oonne of profboainDit) 

^laetawwaBdoxainloAtiona. With r^ud to the o>llegtAle aritem 

,<f Oxford, Ounbridgc, and nnbUti, it it uafortntiatclj known 

rtfaatUa tkBorvtiml cdlcBej i* not nMliiwd, and that the ■ni\)otitj' 

h«f Ike atedputa manage to eviuie itii beoeficial influeaea. Aa a 

[|Haiial prluciple, we may avail ouraelvea of the well-known Act, 

I^HMtovaCTwhare a ajalom of cramminK or coaching at the laet 

~ BMnMot eooatilute* the clHoieiU edacatbiMtl prooeai and prepara- 

ttOB for a degree. Then; is, thnrcfim, no reaaon whj^ aujone 

irito b ready to paw hie einminatioa ahoold not go np (or it and 

' take hie degroe, eveo it be have not pretended to go through a 

aolbwe at aojr of the Uuivenitiea. 

Vf OMIalBljr think it deeirable that the toIle^nU' ejnlmn 

AaM bo V])held, and tliat ool)pg»tt« iliRciTiEine in it* rarioua 

lea ahoold be eocouni^rd, rnthnr than rlclnwted from ; hut 

dao the natural deiire a( poreotJi who have the meiiuji to 

afford overjr requialte of eiluntioii, collego* have euuh lUJvHiilAgea 

btlHlr OMOWBentaud in ihcii-aMial prlvilegea, tUnt lUey will 

alwaya command a pr>'f<'r(>iio<v Sull. when tb» private tntor can 

('tma a pupil for a dntt'oo, let him (!•> ao. ud oonpele with kia 

' batter eataUiebod rival*: but above alt, let not the yonog maa 

' wkon the Boddenta of furtuue and poaition ka«a d«friv*dol tlia 

BMoa and opponnnitjr of atieniliug a im11^*i be daprfvod of tha 

frvita of hie aolliar^ etodjr, not law atdaooa perhapa in ite diid- 

pKne, beoMiae achieved bjr aelf-aiurillea and exertion noder dilH- 

r«nltie& Let, too, tbo aolf-UuKbt student, the arohtteet'a or 

[•mgloear^ pupil, who hoe w>>rl[iMl himiwlf lalo a oompetent 

Tknoolodge of tiialli«inalii;a or ouural philosophj, have Uio Uni- 

^ varaity owtiQeato, whioh will aSbrd a toatimouiid of hia *ttain> 

men la. 

Wo oeoaider that one result of throwing open tlie Univerailiei 
rill be, that inaieail of caadidatea babg natriotcd to tbo cur- 
Plieatum of the baohetor of arte^ and tharabf dimbitahed to the 
[iaw who oan pam th? whole of di* nifajaats (tanay candidate* 
' oUifrirtBe cnoincUiiit bnitij; tikeviM rtHOted on partial Krounda), 
j aartifinatea will be t(itcu for the aiDgie aubjeel, and Ihoiuby the 
TamninatioiM be more nuiueroualy atleaded, and boeowa of 
tgrMtor iaipoitaaee. It ia not piieeibla to eraau eoginaan and 
I arehitocta at eoUa^i*, aor eaa eoUagea av«r give mor« than a 
' Taatrioted daae of lafumnUon tor taeas ptofeaiiona; but ao &r 
aa the IuiowI^Ik* poeaemNl ia of a aeholaetie charaolflr, the 
BtadoQl altouJd be entitled to obtain a eertifioale Ibr it. 



The aiim of 3IVI0OI la to be expended opoo the wMUna of a 

jotui lunatic wjiluin fur tlio oountiee of cSinnarihen, OaKUgaa, 

, and Penbrokr, lo be built in the vicinity of Uarinortben, wEaro 

40 acn* bare been purvbawd io pruximity u> the Biootimant to 

lieuL-Geutml Pi<tou. It ia iuleuJed to hold 310 penona. 



IRON BUILDDia. MANCHBSTTER. 

Ax iron bnlldlnc baa boon pat np roeooUy near the Ait Ttw^ 
nna BkMbtUoti, Sfaoohealor, which boa rxoited aooia attention, 
In KWaaninnfui of the rapidity with which it waa dooa. It hM 
boan buHt at a ooat of about «X)f.. by Meava. & T. BrQboiiH 
and Col. for Mr. Ogdeo, of Loag Sllllgata, Unodieator, tat tbt 
purpoae of rooaiviaf; a valuable eoUactioo of pain tiny, aati- 
quitiei^ and ourioMtiee, which that gentleman wietiea to fanag 
undsr tha uotico of the viaimra to the Art TreaMna KiliMlbin. 
Tha bnPdtt^ cotuieU of a oelUr and UM>or room, aod ta Qa fat 
loag and 33 feet wide : thu collar is 9 feet high, aod the «ilb 
thereof are of brick : the upper room ia 10 ftet bixh to tbo aaM^ 
aod the roof U ralMid eo as lo ^vg alopiug and perpeodleoW 
gland Ughts; thus leaving the whole of the wall spaoe (rae kt 
plotarea and other object*. The ehell of the upper portion of ibt 
Doilding, above the ifooT, is ouuipoaed of corrupted iroa eheeU, 
attaohed to wI«Htora nod roof pnocipale. The latarior of aU IIm 
wall ia UnM with boarding, opoQ which am paper and marooa- 
ooloniod ealioo olotfa- 

Tliirloeo working daya only ^lapaed between bijrinc tin Ant 
brick and tbo oompletion of tlie baildiug; aud this ahort tint 
includce the mauurncture of the niatoriulo, aa well oa tbaoomplala 
otvctiou uf the oauie. The building is of very cKditabla axtenal 



UeaSBS, SARL & SON'S NEW PREMISES, CORNHIU 

Wtvusht-inn Tububr Oinirr. 

TltBua jpeeoiises fnnn a. conapicnoiia featuro oppodto to llu 
Bauk of England and the Itoyal Exohan^. The building ie tf 
Bath atone, id the Vcoeliou eiyle; tU beaglil i« 'J^ loet Cron the 

Svemenl, and the width about 40 bak Tli* grouad-atvy it 
fovt high front Iho floor- lino of ahopL Around tho shop on 
coupled Doric and Ci»iip<Mlto columns and pilaslerv sapportiag 
a lundi fom 't plleiy, with impoata and arched reoMses «a thee 
aides of tba grouad-duor, BIW in with plalo«laia. TbapBny 
has dee|) ri rnwia. oorrsapoudius with ibe groand>fioor, fltlsd Is 
reoeivo separate ebony oabiDcta (or iewvllery and plat*. 

Thn whole of the front of the building above the abep-kitl, 
70 feet high, in carried on a wrouclit-irau tubular vrder «f SI 
(eel epan, tbo weight of etone and brickwork vhicb tt cmtIm 
being about 400 tOt». The fnezo of the ebop-ownioe is auiculai 
bv a wronght-iroQ aprou-ptcoe bolted to the girder, auil havilg 
Clorke'a revolving ahutlere lixed behind the aproo-pieco. 

The Bbu]>fn)ut in composed of two cirriukr- beaded es ibtfcln 
brouKo. with arched lobby 6 Gtet wide, with a huge olook n tm%i 
over the dooi«. 

Tlta whole of the deeiipu are by Mr. John Qaruott, of Venhoi- 
boildiag^ Qray's-inn, who in eupeiiutending their excctitlta. 



Maabatf 
nna. 

3 ... 
i ... 

4 ... 
4 ... 

a ... 

4 ... 

4 ... 

a ... 

4 ». 
4... 

A .. 

S 

4 

a 

la 
s 

4 

10 



n 

8 
8 
8 
8 

14M 

9W 
ISO 



14 
IS 

IS 

18 

W 

la 

la 

18 

18 

so 

18 

11 

la 

.. s X a 

..8x4 
..8x8 
.. S X E 
14 

s 

8 

.. S X s 

ff 

_ 8 



lo. Ii 



n, in. 



13 e . 

18 8 . 


.... Kxumal oevirlag fUa* 
.... lalomal «na 


11 a . 


.... Dtilo dMs 


la . 


.... Plato I. 


15 . 


.... Ditto 


4 8 . 


.... Wlto 


IS . 


.... Rate n. 


8 . 




IS . 


.... Ditto 


* S . 




la . 


.... FlMelll. 


IS . 


.... DilM 


10 8 . 




B . 


.... Tcrtlcal lido pUt« 


8 0.. 
4 8.. 


.... Angla- inula 
.... Ditto 


3 It . 


.... Anitle-iron at cbA 


a 11 . 


.... Bantpbiiai 


a a - 


.... Stitteniiig platas 


a II ■ 


.,.. bailie eoTsriac pUM 


4 a . 


Angle-iron oovb* 


1 8t - 


Ditto 


4 S . 


.... Innda^tco 


S 84 . 


.... Ditto 




.-. Eiv«*a 




.... Dltla 




CI w*die(Bsep«Jn**8' 




titjtrfea to Engrvitmft. 

.IVnt[4a«i* I. I in. rivMa 

Joint tavsnS in. hy ) in. M I in. bolt 

iMAde ooraring phto 3 fai. Iij8ili.b7 (in. N StlapUMSft. by 38 in. by | m. 

CMl>lrDn wnwn O. ) in. tntMnv 

..iBMnuleoMrinf plate P An^e-!ron 9} in. by 2} to. by ^ In. 

..Btt«n>l«ovHln>pl*ta K Stiffening pUto ^f t. )) in. by S in. by 4 '■■i' 

. Omnia In. by f In. B Aof^le-iroa f- in. by d Is- by | is. 

!in. ImIi diroogb naam W, Angl*-lron In. I7 t lit. tf I in. 
«. rirtu 



•Of 



sm 



THE CmL ENGINEER A>T> ARCHTrECTS JOTTRNAL. 



RBVtBWK 

nbv itntf Cottof; a S*ri»* 0/ Daifnt hji Caltsr Vadx, 

Ajuliiloot, Newbaixb oa the HudMn, U.S. London : Low. 

1SS7. 

TTirvw monlha ago Vttm enxat into oar hiO'Ia fnr rcrjcw >n 
*Am«ri-mc work im " PnrWi UhnrohM,* b» Mr. Cobroiut ll»rti 
we b*r» now hofm- u« a volume fniin tb« aMiie quart«r, but 
anoibRr iMurcq, on " VIIIm aad CnitogM," praoUallr eoQalder»d. 
Tba aothir, Mr. t^Uvarl Taos, ii^ wn hcfioTp, hd KngUahinmi: 
and he u&i alreutjr beginning to diilintiuiiih bimiwlf in liii nro- 
f«Mlnii. whtn, a< s yoaniT man. be baaune introdnwd to tho late 
Mr. Downing, of Now York, witb whuin ha aventunJIr eiilerwl 
intoa jNutnenhip, ««von-il imly by J-mtli. Mr. DowoiBg wnaa 
niMi otooiuidembli^ arvhitcRtornl \a,vu; u hin (ix«enl«d worlca ftttil 
litonr; pradaetioo* iMlifjri and hi* pnu^tice was larso and io- 
oMuIab wfasa bia oumr ww Buddooiy out off by hia lom in that 
Ul-Atodv««tl, dia Mmru Clav. 

A kiM prepoftioti of thn aacJMt in*ti«r of tho prfant toIotim 
i* bajMiT on project* dmiiifnod ami curri<»i oat, «ithi)r hy Mr. 
Downing or br him nnd liii pai-Lner ounjoiutly, »o thnt thore la a 
tOM of T«alitj infiMod which a<Ul* imraenieij' to tho weight of 
wbnt oth«rwtat> cni^hi go for mere opinion; and, bMijM this, the 
ricwa of (hn aiith<ir* ar« clenriy Inwronted on gpoenwl polnu by 
Um ho<t of illuniritiona with which ttiH volume abouiui*. ThM« 
lottar appear to be a oocD)i«rativel]r new fcatiiTa in th« nt«hitae- 
ttttui biiiikoiakiiig of oDT eiater-Und, riooc we find tbnt till 
wlthio th* tiMt fow ym,n It )iaa not b«eu an mar matter to place 
befnm thr imblic th« Dootnwiry illnntraUou* in a form that would 
ba avsij.ible: aac), aa tncni vrrbal dawripllons M laldam 
Uiorouglit/ iuUlligible, thin diHicultj' biu prvbaUy TCtartted tho 
4UMon of jKipuhu- arohltcclaral iuf >niuitioii. AlUioujih Atneri- 
OHu urn aaul to b« alwaya reading- auJ ineeaaautly builitiug, the 
OBO bahit ha* ■cnrcel)' lui auch infiuen«e on tb9 otbrr aa might 
nafairally be i-xpeetecl, when wo ooatldor ths pnctlcal charaol«r 
aad nnlverMlly rerurriug iulomt of the nabject Of the general 
rtalt* of arcliitectara in Amerinn, let the author (pwik for 
htmwlf:— 

" Over t^ lenjcth and breailth of lhi4 oountry an *Qitlw«d citiei uiii 
rUlAge* by IhuukKriJi^ a^irl public and private odtAe** innvDi^ifcbla; and 
JM *o nuiy ftirly nj, Ttium an> th« buiUingi, bnl wlitre ia the arehi- 
MHaral 't'bsr* 1* th" aiMl«r, but wbera ii tbe nnuinitrT Tbm ii the 
opportenily, but <rh«ri i* the agraoabla raraki la it in Ibe cburchait 
—« 6>w rMillj oruditabU apacnmeni ma* be pointed out, but the luys 
mqarit/ >ra naqueitinnililT deHoisnt In trutbrul diifnity and ailiMle 
iMaiicy. !■ it id tbii publju biiililiiit[it— •evenJ fiiiu woik* of art may 
at oDo» ocmir u> the luind, and allbuufh a fliutmif doubl Biiuawhut 
quoalluu* tho Amcriouiitai uf thiir uproMiou, ilill, u Iliuy ue nobly 
DOnotut^cd, 4od do not abrinli fruiii thi urdo^ uf Lba nrtint'i pui^oil, it ia 
granted Ibsl itiuy arc (uocsMful. I'lien oaioiw tba i)ii«tian uf tba tjnsat 
nu^lotily liE'''"- 

" Da*« U»* Mcirel of boauly liv in the priraie buildingi. tbe iterfa, 
tlw vaiubnuaoi, Ibe nunainni, tbe tUIiw, the hoieli. the itreeU. or the 
OoMagwI Tbere an prohibly aa majniAoent hoteli and norv In Ihc 
laig* ritiea of Amerioa at may wlien in ih« world. Architecture, wiihiii 
tiM bM ten yeaii, ha* manii)i*d to get « |[enume faalbuld in thia depart- 
Dont of building: It baa biqpin lo pag. and that ia an aMelliint «ign, 
and one iliai oSm food for ndeeUon and aolid eneaungement; yet it 
I) tbe fow and nut U» miinj, evea bm, Uial i^eak of nGnaman^ and > 
Im« of jciaiM. which u at a(w«« to meretrinniiB diapUy a* it ia lo 
vagaiuly awkwanlnwa. Amnng the private reeidence* a great nonber 
am auelleut: bnt (till the mav are uiiamiafaciorj in Uam, proportion, 
odmr, and light and ibado. Wtial ii tho rsMon oT all iblal Why m 
llian) oompariiiTcly lo IliUe boiDiy in American buitdlngit Socne wEll 
aay Amoric* ii a doll sir luvinj; counuy, wlthoul laato fur the art*; Olbur*. 
that oaponw U the abatHjlIt, and tluit the re|iublioan aimplieity of 
Amrfea cannot affurd the luiury of good a[<)hl lecture. Tho latter of 
thMO tnlaliont it cleariy inesrreet. for it ia knowledge, and not money, 
that i* Ibe ehiaf aaurm of every ptaaauraMe amotion (hat may be oauaed 
bj* baildiog. Indeed a aimplch wi'lfplanned MraMoM tails Icm to 
enamMk to* the aooonunodation obtained, tliaa an lltplMinodMie; and 
tfaa iMt of lu being i^reeable and cITcciiva. or olbnriae, doaa not 
di^and on any omaoKut that may be nuparaddtd lo the uMful and 
BoBiaaary forwia u[ whluh it a tuiupuatd. but on tile arraui{<mtnl of 
the** ruima ibeuintlroi. to that llicy may baUuao each olhar and •oggeai 
Ihe plaaaint idiaa of huiDoniMue proportion, fiUtua, and agreeable 
■afialj to tb* eye, and Uirsujjb Uie eye to Iha mind. All thi> ii limply 
a swtlor of efady iffurt buikliiig, nul of addilionol roft in bullillng. 
Thft olbar •olatiaa of tbe pniMam, that Ametinni do not appreciate 
thi b«utifiil, and do not tare for it or value it. U a more apectoiu but 
eqoally trreoeou* one. 

" ne truth liv net that AmalcB la a •klIar-wonhipp(n{ country, nilh 



a nalunl ineapadty to eqjoy the arta^ bM a ilidlif mtUng fooatiy, with 
raniioted oppnrtuoitiee for popuiar, ariiaiio ednealioB, oa ]«■/ b«t whoa 
Ihia want la freely cainiatemj Us is the apirit that h May h% and ll 
•• hoped will be, ere long, there I* even rtawn to oonjcsUre tint Mtroet 
arohlMvtaial tatte may be a* ganeralfy diffuaej lfarough««t the Halted 
Statoi ai we at preaent Cud tho Idea at a ro|iuhlican fonn of gOVOnUMU.* 

Tho atudy of wlinl hna \)t*n dc4io b^ otbor uatloaa, thoogh 
aaeful aa a help, caa novnr lend to a <lin»t iwintt In a cow rti y 
like America, where tbe diniatc, Iho itutilntionB, and the hiWla 
of Ui« paopht, bar« n dittinetivB oharacUr that rcqair^ apodal 
adaptations. Thai, tha Oreek modo, thouuh oomnletely boatitihl 
when contomplntoa froni n proper point of view, ia chamotortod 
bv au enerraljng rcpoec iMt m not boartily ayiupttlhiaod wiib 
eitlier by the Aaierioui ■InMaphetv or tho apirit of thta loeonn- 
tivo age, Bvfrywhi-ni thof« ill a 07, and a aendblo one too^ for 
ventnifnbn and vi«il)le cbluiaeyo; ao thai the pure ulanaln o«tUM 
iu due coiimc ouffore grievoua mutllaljnn. Tlia intatloA of 
vcrandaha might auggeal tbe bomwjng of Idoaa from Moariib tr 
Oiinoae atylea, bat neither of iheae phoace of aichitaetim] tnate 
la of ooin|>rebeDaiT« value. They are both wanting in oompaei' 
Doaa and coniplelaneas of pUn; and in artiaUc denign tfaaj depcod 
too mnch for tlioir effoct on daliont« and ahil<orMa omaHiant^ 
tioa. The free [tnlinn, Mid tha later nodificatioDa of the Ootlila 
are the uiciat lueful lypea to aualyse; but the flat-tenweo roeA 
of Ilia Hint have 10 tie atrolded on account of the mow, aad tbe 
latter haa to ba eonfonnad to tha uaa of vanindaha befon U «■ 
be aeeeptabla. Book* kavo lilthaHo doDa bat llltla, fat aaf 
genoiae alep in advaoeo will ba raapoadod to at onoa bjr tba 
ayiupatlietic poroeptive fiicultica of indiridunla who may baiIm 
it; and tlia raault, ao Att aa ic bears on thoir re^niremcnta, will 
be cvor Imprinted on the nianiory. 

" One aqteeial dtMdvantuge that rural aK Ubenrt asder la A»«te 
ii, that (be plaua of cDuslry town* and viliagM an *o fonoal aad ti' 

Siicture*i)ue. They genorally oonnlit of eqiiare bleot* nt Ininaaa. mtk 
aclng tlie ether with oonventional regubtrily; and thia arrangeBMlb 
eo diauorduit with tbe varitd outlinn ohamoteriaing ftmninan aawpwy, 
that Uatua Nauire refua*l^ at tha oulaet, lo have anything to do wM 
than, and lliey neier aetm afterward to get any belter aciiuninlal wU 
her. Ktorpt, perlitpt. in a very Urge city, thsr* ia no advaotag* gifaal 
by thii intenae moiialony of arranniucnt, and it ia mueh to bv ng>eU*l 
that In the many new rillaiiea that are being oioeUd, tho auae dntl 
onintereattng initbotl it ttiU prtdoniinant. 

" Tha great ehann in the fornu of nalnral landaapa liee in lis wd- 
balanoed imgubHtv. Iliii i* alao tbe eeoret of ■doobm in eveey plM- 
(Mque viliagiv and in orery ptgtoraeqae garden, oenntiyha^n ■* 
cotti^ Ths made ahould wind iti gnoanl, eaay eorroi^ and bi Ud 
out in aoonnlanoe with tbe fnrmaHen N the ground and tho batnral (oa 
lureaefiDtereit. A ■tnglo eiiating tree ought ollnn ta bo Uir aflanttiBnt 
reaaon for aiiglitly diVDrtintt the line ot a road. >o a* 10 take advanlap 
of Ita abode, inatend of tutting it down and i^rubliiiij; up it* roott.* 

BeahlM all this, it ahoold be remembered that in toimtr^ 
lioniM tho design lias to bo adapuj to the looalily, not t£« 
locality to tho dwelling; It m, tnoraorar, uudealrabia, and Bene- 
rally impracUetble, tu iQnko the natiintt sabaorviaul to tlN 
artificial. WuoiIh. 6e!dt, uunutain*, and river*, taUl ba atot* fav- 
portiint thiin the hu'i-iqi that are built among them, and aTwy 
attempt to force indiriiiu.tl buiblLiigis into prominent notieo ia aa 
oviduncB oithor of a vulgtr dcwira for nniorlety at any ttoriGo^ 
or of an ill-ednoatod ere or toate. There miiHt, of aeocMilr, h 
A degree of monutouy in ibe varietio* of any cinaa of buUdian 
iiuder Iha sama cireunutanoea, and arisiug out of pn>bablr tha 
samo mnlerUUi b> obviata litis, Mr. Vaax aujymata intoratsia| 
th« natural ooloun of the matorials with tha^rae uae of faM 
on tho suitable porttoiu. 

" Every rural building requlrea four Ilnia to nuke It a plaaaant o^^ 
in tho way of colnur; and thia wialy coata but IllUe more Ihaa M*SO- 
(nnoue repetition, while It add> much tu ttiu uumplatrncea iff the rtfiWI 
The main walla ihauld be of lome aKTUOaliln aliiulw of colour; tba Teaf 
(rimninga. venndabt, and olhur wooJ-worlt being either of a illBaiial 
colour or of a Jilferonl abada of tbe nmo colour, ao that a oontna^ ^ 
not a hanh onts may bo eaUblialied. The third tolaur, not widaly dtl 
femnt tram the olhvi wood-wnrk, shnold br appllcrl to (he oslid parte if 
the Venetian bhnda, atid tlie moveable al&u ahoold be painlod wi Iha 
fourth tint. Thia liat ahoulil be by far Ihi? darkest uaed uu i),* premiMa 
fur the effoot of aglaai window or open iii); in a vail la atway* lUrk wba 
aeon from a diataoos, aod if ibia bttuial tut ia not r<«ieaibw«d, aad 
the abutlcn am painted the umo colour aa the real of tba bnaia. % 
hlaak, uniiitoretUng effect will bo pruilaoad, for when tbe blladiax 
aloaed, whlDh ia geaarally the oaae, the bnnta, except to apcrioa t«* 
oaar It, will appear to be without any windows at aO. Thu omr m 
ofUo falian into, and nquliea lo be oara'uUy guarded againat.* 



THE CTTIL ENGINEEK AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL, 



209 



ltd 



Wtfor 



tt will b* jndg»d ft«M lb« feregoing BstaoU whal lUlul of 

■tUW 4i« niMt In IkTour; hut «« imj aa w«ll wld, iW ft 

■l« Tviel;r of effoot in fn^Mnlly giT«ii by *ligfat okkU- 

ot * oartain plan, tmA aa tha utdition or omiMion of 

ratofj, th« adillog of a porch or rrcuuiuK Uie ctitnuicSi 

I ourriag op of mi* porliuu of the buiMiiis «i extra ■tofr, 

1 numeraM ooatriraatw vliick vuYifiX circa nnbuieea wiil 

41otat4 atxl whidb an avctiLf^ Mnoiiot oT akUl oulj la rnqulMcl to 

turu to |>fxiparaecoiiiiL 

It wvuld not apMar (hut America in leiy pruiuclivo of ijood 

aildiBK-atMu^ aoil 0am atoM luia U«n iuporled into Nr« 

rork, Mil ued to ioim titsok " h Menw, howerer, a liUte wi< 

_, »Ural fur a ocoitiuent liko diii in aMJc baildbg natfriala ia 

Bwopat anil tbitre cu> be lillla Jonbc but tbat a alrlot gcofa^oal 

auDiuUon will, ol^vr a tiuK, vupiilr oa wHh uaaT nww vmI*- 

llM of biiaUiiV^'i'-" A oapitftl Inrmtoae. of a pteaaant, aoll 

IIbI, bal Utdf eonia iota om, browbt fn-m ihe X>nr«lie«ter quar- 

^^^^MlOMiWaail ooantjr, N«w Braawick. 

^^HjTMttiW atTMiglr oppcaea tbo im of "eompo,* whiob, be 

^■^-"liaa osandaid « no«t pemieioiM ellMt tipon areht(4>cliit«." 

Hpcwpo fronU now *wm«i lit to<ni aatl roQDirr- Choifi luau-riaU 

■Aaaplf nui up^ and iiMartd uirer with i'orUkiul oe Uoman 

omeut, Impcae fcr a year or two. porfanpa, upon the pawrr-by; 

but the daj of nidci4iitij[ a»on cninoa^ and the pMliOA. aputtV, 

« — nbtn g <omplaxic« that the falw Mom ■ll>llR)<•^ nrodalnu the 

Vbule affiLr a wortfalMi alu^n and ocatMuniibU Ciilan. Fonu- 

■atdy^ ibe DM of citanal cvmaBt baa tuade na gttU progma in 

AHMiea at preKtit. and it b to be hoped that the more gaouiM 

«r oonatructiwo will contitiDa tn be pwfrrreJ. 

For eoTtriag valln of poroua fariok or ioNrior atunt, Mincnt ia 

i«aUablerDoiigh;aii<l iliAMwIioamcQoitAiilljroDnigadiailaHiaaa- 

AitUtra ud am, apotk highly of il aa a untarial tor gaami Mt«r- 

twi work, e*«B withoat t laiotiug. Siill, we ehould alwaya ptvfar 

rid plaiu brieJkwork. Bat ai cireunwlmwea will arUe la wbiob 
ia dtelrable to Irv the «iporitiieBt of vanMrntia^ yrr lubjoti) 
tiM tlifaeliaiu /nrnirihrd hjr txfiprivDiurd fnrtioa on xhft •iibj«ct. 
Ilkere can, hnwevrr, be no doubt but tliat the raocca of tbo work 
depMida quitv an muoh on Lha way fa wbiob it ia done m on 
tbe naterrab mol :— 

" 'Yii*l, Mlnrat* lb* MtHaoi to b« awatai upon wilh wat«r uatd 

atwiwlMiily (a forarpump and buts I* Uia bMl niclliod,) dfoaedlj, 

a vuh ol lii|u)>) oem«nl, m tot iiiiil4a Iirick wall*, applying It 

t br^i, n iJikl aH inull cavitla nut; li« tnlinly AIIbi^ Than 

en the 6aHbiac euat abocit a i|uvtar ol aa inch in tbickuaH, lad 

in fn)t«ti«aa of l«a of unj to «na af wnont. Durlajc t^ 

<n of palUiiif on Ihl* mcodJ tn>l. Die llrwt ooal of ll<ial(l ormut 

M Lcpi i)a<l« lUmp liy fraqannt •pnukliui:. AfUr thu oMnvnl a 

IB WKll, il (■ Hiiporlant that it ■houlJ bo lyrlukl*! *itb WMer, » 

< ketf i^ >l>inp 0» ■ «nik or twii. 

' laoukiitit ibonmiuj'cin' ikiiaM be taken to hitn none but oban, 
I eand, fn« Iruni I/>vhiiiii1 qiiickinnJ. 1 f taksii (nun ihu ua thora 
DoU be imy il.or.jujlily wuiird with fnah vrnUr bvlVnv uainv. 
II tbe eqmsnt iwinrrrj i« juit aa laueli m wHI V ^iiffivirni locniteMli 
' rie or Bad, Ihe laiiil and eeniDtkl (hrurM tm thorKujhl; miiad 
>ai*r la apfi nl . and winter ehoaM be afplisJ to only eo muFb ai 
ba oasd iwaudiauJy.' * 

toe (if the moM iDtertatin^ lectiona nf thU hook ia that which 

luinn In dulail tha various porticna and funttiica o( detail 

Mtc'ir in cxMtrr rHbleecea, and Tnini th^ae pngna nttoy 

ful hiali m*y beglmlM^I. {Kvtu in tlic buokwurd cunditini) 

ruial &rc(iilecture is our own uouotry, liuw m'Kh ia duo of 

<d llutt uiaU la the ponw««ring endoavuuni of the ill- 

laKftl I/uitilon. eiiiNlatly in hia 'Cydiipuiilin,' luid hl« 'Archi- 

ral Ua^atiM!* — work* not of ej'hirtuprkl but IjMtiog nliieO 

Bnil part of tbn i\r»\gH tliat «pj)eal« to the atuutina of the 

tor, is the porri, nhiJi admita ul mudi vli.unvti-r and aiprca- 

Tlte doe rtliliTe propiirtioii with tli« nwt uf the huililiu2 

i*i on, and the elTecl of the ndii'iibfvrvnxica of Ibti point 

L Sevnral rarii.'Uri of eiilnmci:* mi' dcpialed, aucb aa 

doori murolT, hiipiilvtl iltio™,Jind the hoUl projecting poroh 

ituD-' nr wood, pcrlinpa in oouiiMtiuo with a oanMrvaiory at 

•enuidnli. Another liUa, larsly adopttil iu Knttlaod, but ana - 

M(Mi<4r of pinuiag tSettt, i» a remMnl entmndp, wlioM nivhod 

bead ahall br forllMT hooded by a boluony atlacliai) to a window 

•ver, BUil whoan an-hil«i:|iiral features shall blnod in utilaon, 

PoTcboti niay Iw liltui up wIlli p»iRiaiieiit or moveable araia, but 

Ibwv «t»>iiJd be (it Wood, in pn-fn-ciice to anylhiuff else; they 

kwX ^ floored witli w<K>d,-~wiih uoua or uimbie iu variona 

tiati^— «r with pUia or rucooalic tile^ 



Hie Mi^ It fa r*co«iuiwnd«d, ritonld on catering «pp«ftflo •onw 
MtlMt ijiQRiptrioal; tbat ia aa nosnh the airangemfot of it* 
donta and wiDduwa, and amroral mcttiodaan atiggartad far obtain- 
inoplcaainit reauJta. 

TbeAtnifTiaaiiapMKJMDliBgtBanl domaad in moat ooaBtr/ 
bovat*. It need not b« of large dineoaion* under ut7 clivBtn- 
etanoN, bat ahould b* ao arraajctd that, evta wbao owDpied bj 
tody oaa or two potaou^ it may liarc a cbeeribl <loB«ati« look- 
It n»ay be adapted to iU uicdal porpoee In bmoj waya. One 
that moat readily auegeeU ttaelf b by rMewod bookcasen, with 
dwajf cloaet for Mp«n and ma^auoL To pnwrve lyniinrtry, 
ilr. Vattx apbolde what ia a veer ftoqnent ewtom, the nee tt 
imitatioo booltcaaoa, i e^ door* made ap el beok-backa oor^ 
•fMBdiuK with auiroun-liDg voluiufa. Tlii^ aa a tarllable ebam. 
ia ODW-'ttby of hovwil arvlii lecture, and wo are aih anted 10 fiw 
tbat the prnctiet baa beou coanieiutnoed In tbat nobU arw 
BeMUag-room juat lidded to ov Britiah UtweunL 

In the dlitb^rsam we are abown an arrai^BeBt (very ennve- 
nioBt) for a aideboard in a recce*, with » door to a prirate 
cjoaet on one aide, and one to a paatJ? or aervlcMroom on the 
other. Anothcratrangenfotahowaoneeadof tborooiBi^wniag 
by glaaa door* into a coaeervatotT. In this eaae the gfaee 
might b* froMed or ali^lly out, to nalieve mouotony. 

For the dramngTMrn few atrietly arcbiteolaral featnn* are 
wanted. A bBr^'iK!''* bt • nrj dcainble ad'IiUoD to >uch a 
room, aa it bnaka np the moBoton; of OBtllne, and f^ves tt moi« 
free and open eSeot. 

In the planning of the upper Aoon^ aoue neefol hinia ttn 
dropped, aa veil m reepeotmg tlie BumBflMBent of etoirca— , 
batb-roome, the pontiooa of windowa, and th« oonatr«ell«n of 
obimtwyi, roolk, gutteni, and vpniUalore. ITigh-pitehed nob 
are Inrarinbly reo^niroendMl, bnt tbdr forms arc nuicd, aam« 
bdog plitin htpe, others curved outwonlsoiLu waida, and aocne with 
aao|C(vi>nUine- We hrtveoftcn wondered why more dIat of form 
fa BOt obwrvikbie iu Kii^Uah roofa. Tbe expenae addltlonaUy ie 
ioeonaidcrable, minpATeil wiili the aart^able vnrieiy of eliecL 
TfaeaBtboratale* that he i» ia lh« hnbtt of rnployin^ in pnr- 
tioe^ bigb-pilehed roofa, with a flat on the loD^ Tbe acute aiufa 
of the rati preclude* the poaiibJitv of anjr large surfaice beisf 
etpoaed to tJie vettiial nys of the suoi and the flat on tbe top 
ba« a epaoe belweeo il and Ihe altic, wbiob neU aa a eatiaheloiT 
tbield frwm llie heaL Tbfa apace am be Sooced, and Stted wit* 
a elairoiM^ and need ru a lumber Rarret, If tbvuitfat woetb 
while; and anch a plan of airaofcinx the luoXs, eo a* lo incrcaee 
tbe valoo of Iho attic-room* without losa of eileri'ir e&ivt, baa 
bcvngrncrallrapprored: th« flat la not uottomblH from below, 
aa Ihe ridge lioee alon? ore apjnr^nl, 

Aa an appendix to Ibo general subject, iltuatntion* and dc- 
icriptiona are Ibrniabed of thirty-tvo dcaigne, all more or lae 
mcntorioua, and which bnre been executod under the immediue 
BU|HriQi<Midcnoc of the author. Tliere oan be uo q«e*tion bat 
thnt bin vicwa arc, in Ilia luain, omtni, and ooBeeqaeolly that 
bie book way be peruaed with uileraet and profit b7 alJ to wbom 
tbo aubject oonimutda itaell 



bM 

■•*e 

■fo. 



A TnmUtt on Ihe tnlrgnl CvlatUi and itt Offttettlhoi, tcUh 

numemiif txvmplf*. By T. ToDncirrR, M.A^ Fellow of St. 

John's Collcgiv Cambridge. Mocniillan. 1667. Crown Sto 

|ip, ■iti'6. 

This 'v, wc believe, tbe fourth of Mr. Todhnntrf'e cnntribo- 
tiona bo the lial of siathematioal claai-booka for the nae of Uu^ 
bridge studenta. Hi> ptfvaediug tnaUaea on tbe DilforentiAt 
Calculiia — Annlylical Statica— and rinne Co-oidlnate Oeometrj, 
faavo loeli auil this woik probably will meK, with the eBOWw 
due to seionlitiQ boncaty whicli abhora imporfoot denMnatralioaa 
and will not "ahirk" mnlhcuutlonl dilhcultiea. The alixly at an 
Biitlior who aiaauiea to leaoh men than ha knows — knows ecr- 
talul? aud clearly — iaalwava Bnaatiafactorvi and ko n.Hlundium' 
of illnstratioB, oa<l«ca<tftil eTiuioa of difflcnltiee, no dlplonane 
tcenemlity nf Unjpume whoro the aubjcL-t b not thorangitjf marr 
t«reil by the author, will enable bira lo produce a good alndiMtif 
book. We know that the elenunle of nenrijr all the wtaot ari- 
encea involve oertab theoreoia of which the demouttiitioaa nie 
diffioult or imperfect, and thongh iu modern llmea aumv of tti* 
Dbjestions to thorn have b»<in ntnioved, aoma atill refoaln. Tbe 
anthor data not deal fnirly with bis render* who keep* tbaee 
«b)«ot)on* out of eight. Among ibe iheoroms the demonatratioaii 
of vhiob have been the eUiublin^- block* of ntiideataLiaMk^ki**- 



• 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



r" — 

■ 810 

H vreniMd Um ingnnitv of tb« me« MMiDfillAed artlmnrtldMM^ 

■ a.n Uie oelefamMd 12ui asiao of Euclid— Ui« UnmiiJ tiiMnn 
^ Mti Uw thwM^ oT V— 1 io alfBbn — the pukUelcpaai of foreei 

nnd Um priiia^ of virtiul TctodtiM in atatica tha "tfaiva Uir^' 
of motiaii ud l7AleMb«rt'K iboorMu in Apinmita—TtfUa'u theo- 
rvra. th« TMiliA^tnn of ourrM^ *»d tlie camplauAtion of ainftoM 
ID Ui« EMSerMitUl ood IiiirgnJ OUciilu*. 

The lalur two *abjccUi are ooiMiilaml in tho jimrot work. 
7*h« nMrtiileuiaB of a earvt ooovitta in finilmft a noU line eqiul 
in Imgtb to tb« oirve, uid it U ontinarilf awuiiMd— or bat in- 
perfceltT dcmonatraulil — thai tha required length ia the limit 
whklb UwauiBof thacfaordadmwB fh>ni point to point io the 
otir«« lia«, wlira tha diatanOM bMWMn Ui« (xriuUnrc indaAnitdy 
dtnlnUhoJ. Mr.Tuilhunt^riuwuinu thiapropoaitioo, and rafacm 
remotiii^ it (Art. lai 1 1<> hU Ulifcrvotial Oslntltiii, i>r Momn'a 
IWRr«iiliaJ aad lulivnd Uakulu^ «ud Honentuuu Cox's loto- 
^i-al Uilculua. lu Hr. Todhanten fbnntr work, Ui* MMuuiaSon 
m «tM«J to be depandeot on an axiom which U^dlMmlt anil will 
rot 1m oeofMftrirjr Wiw" in nil caMw. Another way of (p'ltiiiK 
over tha dlffleully hu bwn to ■anply define the length of thu 
carve h> bo thvUinilJnotianMiaiied. But thi« i« a men erulon. 
WbU i* neant l>y ItnjflA r If the length of a carra wan • men 
nrtlCiGiiil voaoppcion, a wrilor might d«flno ft arUtnril;; but 
knowing !l lu be a nulity — a ijnautitjr which all ourvo* necomt- 
rilvpOMM*, we have kn our buik inoomplate until wd >tri«tl7 
dwiM oBT iheoreiue reapouLiag it frooi what is wrinjiity kuown 
ulwui length. Now, in iu«a4unug luugllia of ttmighl liaa* tfaei« 
la BO dUBoultj, bewoM tha Maa of aupeipoiitlon of aneh Uaea 
an^Mtalnmediaid.r the method of meaniring than. Waaaosr- 
tnio a amight line tu be 1 j fcrt In l(in|(th br anparposing on it a 
feM'rule twnlvo tiuio*. But in the oaae of oorvea the mailiod 
i* inappliatbU, for the stralghtedgaof our "rule" oanaotaoeu- 
nttely be aaperpoMd on any portion of the oorrev however aniall. 
If, then, the leiigtb uf a curve caDOOt b« thua obu^iwd by rmnrt 
to iIm axiom which ia tacitly aamuncd in BieMunncP etraight 
linaa. it ia ciMr tlint we mutt reaort to nomo other. The asioiu, 
Uuil a itraight lina it ahotter titan may curve joiniug il> extmni- 
ttoib i.<; poaaeawa I<m of the aaaatity cnJled baglk, taoaiBBeada 
itMfjiiilaa clearly to Um nind m the lut^Bcationed azbm, 
nnd la, we balkvo, a Ruffioicnt hatla of the theot; of reotiSoation 
of curvea. Id ibe a>mc wny, ttir complaaAlioa of onrvad anr- 
faoea ma j be haeed on the axiom thnt a plane pcawMM !•>■ of 
ihaqiundty called ar*a tbim any curved lurfoee harinE the aama 
bomidiiry. Wo do not d«8F*ir or««eliig (hi-H subjeote Uiorougbly 
elocidaled in a fntara oditiim of thix work, Mr. Todbuuter has 
the b«<il of luind which peculinrly qunlidui him tar tills iuvaatl- 
gnlion. 

At ih* end of his IKStrrential Caleulim ww giren a abort 
Moount of »inyk iotegraUon. The preaent work treats of that 
<nMKt mon Adty, an<l of conrae InrMtlgataa the pnucipin of 
IHiiltliib lnle)(t>llon an<l iu Kcomctricnl npplicaliona. Tlient are 
alM obaptera on elliptic and definiln ialeK"^« The ohapt«T on 
Iki dmiiga ef the varlablat of a Biultipte inteirralii ii on oxoellent 
•xanpla of Mr. Todhuntar'a t&lont of eipUlniug nbainue tJitnga 
pnapifliunmly, and we eapacially ndnira the gounietriual dluatnt 
tioM of thia aut^jeot 

TV Gnmmar tff OmtmmL By Owra Jotna. London : 
D«y and Son, Llthographera. ISA6. 

It i* true that nrioiu eSbrta have boon mndo to illnntnite 
Deeonaire Art, but all prerioua alcempta in lliia deparunont 
hai-e &)lcd lo ffraptiU with the subject In Ibo oomprrheniiive 
manner in whiob it no* now bnan aoeomplUhed by Mr, JonMand 
hie aninie anlatanta. In tlieoreboe the author obarrvet: "All 
that I hare prepnasd la myael^ in fbnniDa tiie oolloction whi<ji 
I havu vcntoral to oUl the 'Oraaunar of Omamont,' haa bora to 
select a few of the moat prMiiiaenl type* in eerlain etylea doaely . 
(onnsetad will) each other, and In wfaMi eertaia general lawa 
■nMared to reign bdepmdenUy of the imlivMiial pacoUatitiee of 
eaoli. I have Tauturtd to hope that in thua btinffing inht Imaa- 
dlaia juxlapoaitian tlta many fonna of baantv iriueh every a^lo 
PPBMBI% 1 might aid la atrealjng that uofoftunala Icndeney of 
BUT tiaie IO be eontcnt with eopfuig, wliikt the bddon Ivla, the 
fortos peenliar to any brgene age, «ntbo«t atlemptlng to uetttnin, 
KenoraJlT eompletcly inwrin^ the peculiar circumsianeaa wUA 
ivoilerMi an onumeot Maniiful, braiiu it wiu appropriala, and 
which aa eKpranirt of other waDts, wlien tlitia tranaplanled, aa 
rniiioly &ila," la hutLanooe of hia peenliar viewi tfae anthor 



lay* down thirtteti pifpoaltiona, mntaiaiog what h» 
tilt geiMnl prinoipiH in tlic arrangeinenl of fiwu In aralil 

6o<u and abonld propeilf 




and the deeonitire arts, vix. : 

I. The decoratire art* ariM 
attendant upon arcbitectui*. 

i. Ardiii«>otur* i« tbi? niatn^sl eapremkin of the 
lacnltins and the scntimciilii of the krc in which it ia oraatad. 

3. Aa afthiteotttra» ao all wnrb of Um i)«coratira arta 
pouraa fitnesa, pro p orUou, imd hiinu.>uy, Ibc retutt of which i 
t«pea«. 

4 Tnie bmuty raolta fKim tliat repnse which the nind _^ 
when the ay, tbo inbDlleet, and the aooctiona are aatlaAed, frvm" 
the abaenee uf any wauL 

A. Oonslnotiov should be deoorated. Dcooration sbould ae 
be piupoaely eonatrooted. 

0. wanty of form ia nrodncod by lines gttnriug out one I 
the oUier in gradual nndnlationa 

7. The K«ier«l fbnna boinK first catvd fnr, lliMr shoiild 
Bubdividi-d and omameDtnt by gfrncnl linen: the inlviMjg 
iliould Ihm be filled up with ornniUFUt, whioh may 
eubdjvidad and enridied for eloaer Inapcotion. 

b. All oraameat sbonld be bnavd upon geometrie i 

0. As in every perfect wnrk of architcctDiv, n li-o« riro| 
will be found to reigu belwrtu all the memtieni whi^ M^tpO O 
it, so thioDghout the deooiative arte every awwnblage of lb«M 
ith'titlil be arranged on ontala daflalw proporUoaai 

lU. Harmony of fnnn comdRia in the proper balanring and 
eoolmat ef the atnujibt. tlio ludiuoil, nail ttie enrvrd. 

II. In sur&oe deooration all lion afaoulil grow out of a nanat 
stem. Every oraaaent, however diataut, aliould be tnMd i« iu 
bmuch and root. 

a. All junctions of curved line* with curve<t or of 
line* with atntijiht, ahonld be tnnftontini to cncli other. 

IJ. Flowers or other naiaml ulijo;^ should not be 
omnmeiit, but oonvegiljonal rtrprmciitaliDua founded apon lliM^ 
•nthoiriitly Mi^^aUva In oonvey the intended int^p to thn bM 
wiOiout doaiTDying the naity uf the object ther deaoratSk 

Twenty-four propoattiona at* also enforred in refereoea to 
colour aa applied to onuunent, which arc wdl worthy of ""■■■**- 
ration. 

In tlie strictly lilstorica] portion of the work the author dieidm 
the sutyect Into twenty chapteri« In the Ulowiag ordw of i ' 
nolofpcal MnaQgnnent, vIj. : Cfliaptor 1, noder tlM hand of f 
menc of Saruce Tribea, eompriautg i)u«e plalaa;-^ 
oraameot, eight platcei — 3. AiisTriuu nnd nraia>L thi«a~ 
—t. Greek omameut, eight iiiatn; — B. Ponpeua 
tiiree platen; — 6. Roman, two pintce; — 7. Bvianline, three] 
— tt Arabian, five plain;— 9. Tuiliih, tfiree pUtes}— 1( 
ri-iqiip omumoiil, fr^ra tbo Alhiimbrn, firo plates; — 11. 
Drnauienl, five plates; — 13, Indian, seven plate*;— 11. 
three pUcvo; — II, Chinese, four platm; — \&. Celtic, three 

16. Mtvlitrvnl [including iUuntinivtcd MSS^]!, eiglil plaiM) 

17. ItonaiManco, nine platm;— 18. R]inb«lhw, three 
If). Italian, 6vo jJatea,— and, 30. Ton pUUe of leatrce i 
troai unturv. 

Takiug the oloaxifiaiUon of the author histurieally, wa may 
mmark — withont however Impugolog the aoonmcy of pladni 
whnt arc t«micd the "savii^ tribea" firat on the list — that, 
vicwiuj; the Monue account of the creation as a i 
original inbabicnuts of the earth are toarody to be da 
mtre MtvngM, but WL're ouiluitpd with a ooualderable 
lotclliK^'nott, ranging much above the brate. At tli* i 
WD adniit that tlw South Sta or nny other aantgea wt 
amidst thcrir nrimeval forcirts may be taken aa oxamplea i 
tioua of the olden wurld, who disj^ayed an iubcT<!Ut 
love ofoniamenc ao adniiiahly lUmitrated In the work 
Some of the spfcimene na copied from the prodnctiolia.!. 
South Sea Islnndere are really natoniahing, not only for tbl 
nutty of their dcaign, but alio from the clnbomlM reeolti pm- 
dnoed by euch simple materials and tuota 

In the Egyntlao seotion we hare a highly important aeriM rf 

eitt«e from the works of aa andent ponpl^ who elaiat * ~ * 
m tliK gTvat pioneer* of architectum and decorative i 
who laid the bwds of the ancocodinB devdopraenia aoc 
by the Oreeke up to the period of the Phidion age, wl 
airiTcd at ita perfection. The great beauty of some of i 
Tentiooal forma (<( Ej^tian omameut ia ut>qaeMlouab)e;~ut1 
is eoriouatoobiirrvo ineome of them ths orij^a of the P * -"^ 
capital, tiie Uteok fivt, and the Vitruviau scroll. 






THE CIVIL ENGOnUEK AISD ABCHITECTS JOCRNAi. 



Sll 





OoBtnr^ to •OBI* wtUtoni, w)io pUw Um Nlnvvah and IVraULit 

prinr to Ui« E^jituji, wt aoll* Bgrsa with Hr. Jobm id 

~ Umoi &IW, It bciiiti •vioent tku Uie esunplM from 

ami Peniim ut csttibit * mnoh non kdnnowl lUM of 

ilpnlatioM tliAu Him Ej^jpiUu. Furthur, «e h*T« bo doabl 

th* uitli|iiittM braaghl to Ugfit bj Hr. Idfud Mid othun, 

acHT dcpoMted in tLo BritkK Momodb, km not vwttgta uf 

die aaoant Nincroh or BabjrloD or the Kripturca, but 

ito of tb« Fertiui i»]mw of CjnMt L^mb^Ma. Daniii, uiil 

Wa fcar th«nfor« that th« ooly ooMaptlm wa bavo of 

IbttiaafiMldttMoftlwobl woridwlUMUl 1wv« to ha mdtctmI 

^Ifciaiigli Uw gWIWU comblsatlooa of th* tnoat aiulncnt krrJiitMV 

' painUr of tfie tfgt, " tba priooa of noniieclivp sml thi- lord 

"" wbo oivM ui Babylon and Nioevoh in all lit«ir rap- 

r and iiugnlfiupiK«, adipaiiig imniMaumbl? vnaj- 

• kinc) In audvnt or iBod«ra tlmM. Wc jtUdfy acoord 

tlia full btnoSt of n avvvpiiif and nulimit^ poctio 

in the mir-wruJoui crvatiorin of hi> fiuicy, for ihe loko of 

ftutillg our rjva on tbe wonilorful pHKluclluua of liia fertile 

iMl^natiou, but a< to wticlber bu wtirlu give a^yiLiiif; lik« a 

fcc WBiila of tbo retd i-itivx lu ibejr ai>p«ttr«<riB tha dajiof Niin- 

ml and Saminmia, w« abnil not UM* apoB na to iloWrmaa. In 

at tka Aaayrian vxamjita of omnoiant it it cnriMU to 

tbo Ints bnu of th« tuodnrn guiUooUc and ao^kd 

; taUaft adopted lu fricMt; alao in aouM ibatauoAi^ pftnala 

I with enrichiueut iioarly m nusb abbontad ■■ wonn of 

pmdnetioii; vhioh Mma, to a vory iiraat asuat, to 

Ipmve tM bet that tba data fiud tctt tile uevolion at thm 

Aaijiiaa afieeinuua ia orronooua. 

Ib tlu aTiinlti of Oretk art, from ila carlieA derdt^ravent to 
Hi aoat rtdaad finvn, «• oanld bavi^ wiahad tli»l a flrw apod- 
BHoa «f Mpitala aul baata bad alao bMo givao, whidi would 
bam nadarad tbe eolloetioo noro iulanatinit to tha atadont, aa 
UMDpliQring tha way in wbicb tha Umeka luul improved ao ad- 
nltkU/ uiMQ til'? im^-ttiAlg net baforv tbem hy tlic ancient Bgyp- 
tlaaa, la thaaa uopottikut uemben of arohitaotural dealgik. 

Tba few wmiMi auunplM of Boman wotka are btyoad all 
nraia«^ aad aBbnl a fand m emploTauBt and atiidjr in fret-hand 
anwtfl|b noire nrtL-uIiLrlir in fbJUffa, 

Hi* BCXt ityle illiuLntcd ia the Byaantlap, aud we tntly eon- 
bm thai wa have no ■jrupatliy wjiii mtat of the forna of which 
it to OMBpOMd, ftirthar thau its admitted aupraprlalaaBM for 
noaaiot and th« daoontloii of plain aurftcniv Tbia itjrla ia di»> 
tiO(QiBhed by ita dnnuy propurliona, iu atiimNr oofauiiia, and 
the heaviaeaa of Ha arvh^i. Mutt of the li;[UT«i mtrodueed into 
It ara ill-drawn, aad ita oruumroU rudety ounoaiTed, nnffbly 
Otacalod. and poeawi ntither wfinemeol uorHdioaey of flnlatu 

Tbe apodiuaoa uf Aiabiaji orDanient. drawn fmm or>i;iuab 
ttadnlod ia bfauk and wbila inwbia and lUca in tho noaqitaa and 
private hooaaa of Cain, are truly wonderful. The ntattfriab tot 
tlum MunplcB w«» kiniily fumaued to Ili<? aullior by Ur. ■lamea 
W. Wild, who pww^il a oonaideiablu liiui> in tli» atuily of the 
liil«rior dcQiinuidn of Arabian hi>aa*8; tlicy n>ay tliarefore b« 
eoDaider^ aji faithful tfaaaeripla of Cairian ornomatit, ami atfinl 
Valaabl« liiuta to onr nwiubctarera. 

Tba tliraa plat«a ot Tiirlciifa oraameiit an «itmuety i^unoiiii, 
•oma (d than alaborala in dMi^n and eoloiu«d witli an rxlra- 
ofldniaFy dwrcs of taacai omiciio^, howavar, Uk* ib« Arabiiia 
and Alliainbraii, the fe|w«MatAUoa of Uia huuiao or animal 

. In lh« pUt4M of Mnt«(Niu« oraiunaal froui llio Alhanibm. aa a 
of ooiuw^ the aalhur ie entirely at li'UUf, uid tile whole 
ia exejutad with exqabitu liiiikh. 

nw aame degree of praiao May alw ha atnu\I?<t to tbe dre 
plain of Peniau omaiDAiit; luid auooeeiltug thoas are tlw v»oi- 
piM of iDdlaii dacirative art, Noa. S and (I of wfaluli ace frgcii 
■ptH"'— ■■ to veneered uiublaa of higlily daborala dedgn, tba 
ptrti-odoaring of which U at anon gnrgatMta and vary Judkdondy 
Banatfed. 

IW a«tl ihraa pbtea am il)u«tntiive of Hindoo art : then fol- 
low four plaUa of QbiiMae oraamant, many ladividual exaniplea 
of wbicfa oAr gixid hliila in dadgo. and allow llnl lli« frrt en- 
rickaiaiit waa not ankngwu at au «arty period to Uiia myatorioua 
noa of people. 

Tba three pUt«<a uf Como are hiatorioally tnlersrting, bnt 
toMawhat rwd« and anoontli. 

The plain of raodivvul ornaoMnt iiictii-Hu «poo!ni«aB of atained 

iIbm and illiunianUd niiuinacripu Tli« ehuu oontpriaaa aooM 

^^ptaotifUl dcsigiu from tlie fhurcJiea ul Colotpxa, tlie calhodnda <^ 



and A 

■. Inll 

■sMtter 

■■niaai 



TroyMi BraM Aagcra, Soiaona, York, CaAlerbury, aiMl Straa- 
bnr^r, the abbey of 3l Droit, and SonlhwEll church, >ottllig:hAB)- 
abire. Wo oould have wiiAed to haTo aecn a few more exaniplM 
of oaoitola, boan^ Ac, in thia inexhauatible nj\r, in order K) 
ducHate ita rar^ous hiaturic perioda uf Norman, Early EofUab, 
Deooratrd, and Perpendicular, the peculiar oniaiBonla ofeach 
hnving th«ir diattnguiabing ohaiactonatica. Tbrre arc, howerer, 
fire grjoil apedmiica from moiUEnd earvinn of capital*, booMi^ 
and apDuilriV io woDdenta in the body of the woi^ 

In tlie Booaiaaauee *e«Uon, the aatlior aduowled^ the valu- 
able aadstaaee of Mr. M. DIgby Vy»tt, wbo baa wntteu a lawt 
adnirablo away In the worlc. on this «tyl«. and alao ooe on that 
of the Ilnlian, wbioh, nrv illuatnlcd witli oumrroua wiM>iI.cut^ 
aud aa a whole fortu iutorcaUn^ adjuocta. Tbe BMHuuaBC* 
•tyle Ig nrofiiwly i«pn.'v.-iJtml in v\ght plaMa drawn by a oaaatrr- 
huid: tli«y include examiilM froiu ib« work* of Ohiberti, Sasao- 
vino, aiid tho litfr artiaU of tUa period, which admirably denota 
tbe chiunctcriiitica itf tbo itylo, and aflbrd a wide fidd fbr canAU 
atudv. 

Tbrte pUlaa are Uerotod to Elimbethan art, aoeompauicd br 
aa ably written eaaay by Mr. B. Watiug. IliU Ayle, althougb 
eompridng la Ita naniiToua nunlficatione tovora] ingeiuoua oom- 
binationi, ia diaUtiguiahod by graaa and vol^ ooDCcptiona, bad 
dnwioff, and, in many inatoooea, rtidc execution. 

Tbs Italian atyle ia depictod in &ve platea, aioat of tbem talMO, 
we regret to tet, ttvta paiDl«d freaoote. We abould have prdkr- 
red eoplea fhxn tbo atucco work of acme of the Italian pakaii, 
aa «ocuI«d by a few of the beat nrtiala i-f Italy. 

Tbe work ia appropriatdy eoiiduded by a acriea of ten plotm 
oontpridae a <nui«l nannthlage of leave* and Sower* from ttatnrr, 
aa applicable to the purpose* of omameDtatloiL 

Wo tmat liertwflpr to w* a aupplpinrulary Toltim* by Mr. 
Jonea, in whtdi be will oniuidnl«' wlint oiij^it to hr th? fruf atyt* 
or atrle* to be adopted in ^glond. aa made up fVom the gnas 
■tormoaa* hen anroul before ua. Wo wasn a atyle that nay k« 
adap4od eilMTitdIr to onr dina(4% aud iDtrrnally to our r«<)nlr«- 
nwota nni) pn-iilliir notlem: nad* thoroughly di»lInTti>'p in order 
that vfl m»y rvontiully bare a a^l* of d*oorativ* art tb^t aball 
with propriety he fnlleii nalhim, and our own. Not dinotly, 
alaviadty, and dct;mditi|{ly copied from any exiating egtampleo, ie 
they mcidiKviil, HrDBtiaaiKe, or ItaliaD; bat partaking cf the apirit 
of progTMH wiiK-b dijttinf^ishe* the age Itt which w« tire, and 
that nay ataBip oar own time and ooBBtry with something Hke 
origindity of conception, at preawt unknown omoncRt nt. 

Great cndit ia due to Meaara. I>ay and Son fbr the ndTTifiable 
getting up of the wm-k, which 1* one of the moat beautifnl apeci- 
BMba of lithographic printing In oolour* we have seen. 



TUB ROYAL ALBERT BRIDOR, 8ALTASH. 

Thk oooainialion of the *uep*DdMi bridge to croaa tbe Tw 
at Saltaab, thua joining the ooualiea of Devon aad Cornwall, la 
being wirircl out with grMt encray by ihe Ccmwall EailwKy 
Company, nudce- tho ilin«lioa cd Ur. Itruud. About four htia- 
iIthI meu are employnl on lli« wurka, which are ao br advaneMl 
tliut iu about two njuuUia one of the atupandoua tnbaa fonniaig 
lui arc uf a oirda, with the railway atluoad by immnnen di^u^ 
will tie ready for removoj to the oolomn* arected to renrre the 
KDurintiun buitlen — on* in the oeatr* of the ri>'«r, wbcrs tba 
water ia eu Ewt deep, and the other on tli* Saltaab ihorv, juat at 
the vei^ of low wiii«r. Tlic four iron pontooni to be vaad !■ 
tli« tranwpoft of the tube are iMariy r*adr; tbeae will eneb aup- 
piirt a wei/bt o^ubI to 2MP toiia. Two wUl be placetl uii<lcr '^A 
eUil, Htul by thia uicnua ilia tube and lailway — th«> Uttvr being 
KUHpended 70 feet from the oeotre— will be floaieil aoroaa the 
ri^er. 

A larip portion of ttio material* for the aecood tube i* abo 
ready. Tlie conatruction haa bean oomnaacad at both end*, aad 
u aoou oa the linit ia reumveU the Mittre vlnfigth cj the ealab- 
lldmieni will bu -^lliij iut'i mjuiaiiiou, in OToer that the work 
may be exptnlitnl wiih nU apB«d, the opening of the nUlway 
lUftending on the complntion of thia bridge— tlie worka on the 
Ibae genmlly bcinj; in an advnnoad atat*. It ia upeotad 
that the line will be liuidieil and opened for traJEc in Auffwt 

isae. ^ 



THE Civn. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



■ OOTTAO^ AND CWCK TOWBB, UTTLB BLUNO- 

■ UAM UALU 

H (irirt m Eivraeiitg, FtaU XDL) 

H Tm bailding tbowo id our eDgnritiK tanaa put of m wrtM 

H erwted by Mr. Juha Tlnnjr, uie fimMit occupier of Ullls 
H RUingliiuD Hall, fr4n) tli« dmgni luid nnder the •aiicrintRU']nnc« 
of Sfc. D. Cubitt Nicliol, of 1 1, nMilliCt>t*-ittrMt, Mcgklpnbutjt- 
M^Qftre ; conuating; of ■ rango of t«nu biuldiuK^ Hi fret br 
141 bet, oouteininy boxc tar fniteniaB ihiiiT'-aU buUockn, ^uH 
yurda for «baut eighty more, with root DouiM; aUibiM tor tw«iii,v 
CKTt honoa iui<l l!v« nag horsM ; bone boi**; couh Iioum; 
ijiirMtitw'* and noiUi'ii ahop; implatnrat •hcd; bnni ftnd itnuuin*. 
with twplvo-hnrw power tltnia eu^De for thnuhioft nod oriua- 
ing, Aa Fbnuiaii ana of th« Urgnt r&ngM of fArm buibJii^ 
cv*r eiMtaii by « tounl bnner In EubIiuiiJ-,— a houM for bis 
principal dtA, with oSloa ulj-ilnlng;— ClocV Tow«r fewl OM- 
tainH, Add n hoOM (not yM 6ni*h«<1) «■ > rmidenor for biiDiwIJ^ 
The ootUgM MV inMiideil foi' n btoooi lutd Kardcocr. The 
docik li M rerr Tsluable one, auil hoi bcea madr a feature in the 
tbe fietitnl iitiga, Mag er«oi«) in conDoutioo with two oottagM 
propoaed (o be buili. 

The Brehi(«ut wa* not nllowod ta mnk? any alimtinn in tho 
bnll vhamb«r, which hiu boon merely iv-rrci^Ud. The building 
anr nnliraly onaiLructod nt' brick, no itoae being uicd exoriit 
fir 'Uipa to (loom; all lliu brlciu Aud Ul«s w«re btlrut on Ui« 
MUto. 



8BCTIONAL FIX>ATmo DOCK, PHILADELPHtA, U.l 

This dock emuriata of oinorcotat)^tlartanlu,e)ii:h 103 feet lonK, 
from 30 to32GMt broad, nnd II feot dtL'p. At onuh md of every 
Unk tbore an three pumpa with p4»luu<roda from 40 to SO ktl 
lung, est«ndinK upward* to a plaw^rni iS fsat broad aud Sftfawt 
ioDg, aupported by a fnunnwcirlt attached U> tho end of th« tank. 
Wban ida tauka nre laid lido by aide, dthfr with or without an 
iatumtl betwopn thata a* the greater or lea* IraRth of the ship 
may r«)uire, theae plalfonas unke a conlLuaoiia nwe, whidi will 
be about 8 leet above the auiioe of the wAler wben ihu laukd 
M« nnk tn reoHve the M\>, and about 40 feet when the ship ia 
aiupended. Two of tb«M laulu lure a hi|;h-pr*aiinrc «ik)(ino on 
««u.-a of their pktfnrmi, making in all four cni[iiio* of au agj(T»- 
pita power of 64 horM*. Theae engine* work ■ abaft ruotiiug 
along on eiwh line of plAlfana. to which all the piRton-roda of the 

Cpa are aiijiclMdL They are alao employed either to lift or to 
I Idco tlie water a recUngnUr uNveaael aliding up nnd down 
witbln each of tbe framo on uhiuh tbe pUtforma are eractad. 
Wben a Ttawl ia to be docked, tbe lanke are moored aide by aide, 
makiog Dp a leuglh of from SS2 fert to 330 fteli ae ia required. 
Tliey are tlira bnoed togeUier, and Ifae acrenil parte of tbe abaft- 
lag an connected with oach other and with the englnea. The 
laiilta u» allowed to fill and to alnk nntil the bloi^k* laid on tboir 
upper anrboee are aWtil i feet lower thau tlie bottoni of the keel 
nl tbe ahip to ba doelwd. Tliuy are prevented fruiu linking lower 
ilakD tbuW the air-vMaela a^kan ot, whiob are allowed to move 
tip a line of oogii on the flvining a« tbe tanka dnoond, until Uie 
re^nired d»)ith ia maohed, when the eogi nre piuled. Thn franies 
then rest oa (he air-reaieU, «'liioh, floBliug on the nii-(ace of th* 
ustur with an iuinteniioii of between S feet and 6feel, tnittiun the 
wviubt vf till' whole appftmlua. Aft^T the veaad la baaled orer 
the Uo<'kii the lanka lun n'uoA nntil tho hlocka touch tlie keel, 
bjr eonncv-tintc thu eojiBoil whrcU by whli-h tlie nir-vraaeb more 
up and down with the ■liadiug; the tugiuc then tiimi tbcae 
round ami, bringing a pmeare eu the air-reaaeU, ntUet tli« 
buika. BIIev bloeba are tlien draggid under the bilge of the uliip 
hf men eMUoMd on thir plntr.-riiui, and graduated ahorea are let 
a^itlnat the aide of tlie Mp, froin tbo aide framea, to keep hor 
uptigbt before the ia prcperly abored. The panpa an aot to 
work, and the Uuka, being grailually freed from water, riao; and, 
if tbe aUp doM not weifh idoi« Ihiu 6000 toon, lift her eulirety 
oat of the water. Sba u then abend tnm the topa of tbe tanka. 
If it ihoiild hn m|iiimi to raian or depreaa oither end of one of 
tlie tauka bernre they are bmecd loj^ther, it may bo dnno by 
cnoneetitig tli« gearing a«i oue of the end air-vnoeU with tho 
abftfti aaJ IbftJMg li into the writer, or fay lUIowiug it to riae uj> 
the fogt, aa tbe <am may be. Tlie chief oae of thia gearing will, 
bowaver, be to r||^UM the daasMt Mid aaoent of the lanlu. It 
will be obaerved tlut Hue dock it e^iable cf diviaion into two 





taparate datHa, eMch having a pen- of etigiiiet. It k «ld It ba 
capable of miaiog tbe bcu>-iuat aliipa in two hour^ It ia eaeUy 
repaired, a« one aection u.ir be raiaed by two otboiw for that 

Siorpoae. Tbv ahafting whiuQ convaya the powcf of tbe 
rom one nection to aiiutber rune into a hollow altding at 
nay be alid in or out, ae may be required by the ixvxiBiiv 
•MAiooa when united hy the oonneottug bMOiA Between all 
eectiona there la an snivennJ joint in tbe ahaft. to provide 
any deflec^an there may bo in the line of ihaftisg cstrndiii),' 
al^ig and over tbe platforma. 

The «OBt of tbe dock, with the eiiKiuea complete, ia mid by 
Mr. Stoort, engineor-in-chief of tbe l/uited .Statm Kavy, to have 
bees 76fiO0t. 

A ahallow boain ia uaed In oouiiectioi) with the dook, 
which it may be floated. From thi* hcuin a ali ling way leada U 
covered alipa, up which the ahvp may be liauleil bv nydmulie 
nuehinery on a omdlo prepared on the top "f tbe t«aka pnHooa 
to her being docked. 






THE NAUTH-US DlVINli M.^CUINE. 

SoMHTerrinterettiBgexperimonta with thii mnefaiue ("f wbkh 
a full deeoHptiun, with diagnuiu, will be fuund atpkge llM of the 
ptvient volume of Ifaia ./ournoJ) look placv on the Sth nil., al 
the Victoria Docka, Looduu. A Urgn utunbvr a( ongineert and 
•cientiAc men were bceeent. 

Varioua portiea woia time to time deactndul !■ M bet ef 
water, all Mtursliig highly gratiiioii with the KeiiaailoBt evpe- 
rieneed. Moat nriticnl csnuimatimiB wei* miule by the vartiwl 
etfwrinnewi msrineei-a and pnu-tlcal meo wlm wore proeat, all -4 
wtinin eipreunl lhemaelv«it marl favoiiral-Iv, not u«ilr a« tn the 
principlea iuvolvnl, but aa U their aievbiLoicd ndapUliuu. It 
waa ei^rly donioaitraled, not only that ivr./nil peradna ecndd 
remain in It under tt«tar for a Guaaidenible iini<\ bat thai veeu 
If the tube eommiinioating with tl»e iveerr.iir al tli« buHh* 
ahiJiild acddciilly beootuo dla«ioneol«i. no lUnRer wmild cnaoe 
to thoae lu tbe aaohlna^ aa they wore able, by neniM of the 
compreeaeil air within tbe bell it-elf. to CX|>vl a portioa of the 
water, and thtia to riao to tbe aurfic?. The Nautilua Ikoa ban 
fur eune lime In oae at the Victoria Dooka, in tulaying the alBt 
df the dock-gate. 

At the cloae of the cxiierimenta a djnner wm provideit f.» 
the company preecnt, Mr. fi. P. Bidder ««ii|..vinK tl*e chair. 
Mr, Robert ijtepheiiaon, in propoaiiig " Succeni to tbe Nauliloi 
Company." aoid thia wu a mnahine of whiiJi nlmoal eveev 
engineer hod felt tho wnnt^ and wItiUt tlin iiuo uf tbo old dl 
bon WBfl eooliiicd to certain oondit^unanot alwnyi to bo obti ' 
thia wai univemlly applicable and rmdy fur tue in the MM 
difficult maea. The euxine nnd eondenaiug-jmmp, which he ba4 
inapeined, were acarcoly iufcnur in iugciintty anil oomiileUwet 
to the diving appomtua itself. He expr«u>ul bia oonrictioo, 
from a potvaual exaauuatlon ef the oapablliiica of tbe ■Mchiai^ 
that ho bad never witneaaed one eo berTciUy adajKcd to * 
purpoaee for which it bad been dedgned. 

The following ia the report of the reudent endaeer : — 

" Viotoria Docka. Juna Sth. IM7. 

"The work perfarmed by tho 'Kaatlliia,' under my anpevie- 
tendoncc, in replaciuB; tbe ivtllrrpath of tbe uticur gate* at thii 
dock, faoa been, for tho wnck eudiug the 6th itintai.t, [bily-thm 
houn, or four daya ami Dirco houn. In lliis time two aeetieaa 
have beeu cut around (eoncnile), tlie coutiectiuu bolte cQt «ff, iba 
old paths Iftkeu up, and two new nnna ri'phice,). One onlin ti^ 
of eight li'ium was lout, in renlncinn lomo H*ed|-ea which •«• 
diattu'hed by the opoiiiiig of the dv^k gitra. The laal a oltfaB 
waa plaoed in twenty minutca after being towered ilowa. l>nrii( 
tba time the dock h'na boen uiidergoliig thia operatian, the gMM 
have boen ngularly opened evei? tide, no delay whatovor hanag 
boon experienced. ' I have yet nve other aectiona to put dowa. 
Idat aiimiuvr, in putting down » new and reuoring ooe old aio- 
tio<i, by the aid id my men in aubmarine amour, I waa oemphd 
three week* and four daji^ during all ff whUli titUe the |pM 
weroofDeooBaity open, and tbe lockinic waa dime from tlie tUll 
boain. The elKoicuoy of ihn ' NautiJoa' in titia a|irratiott II 
demouatratcd by ila porforniiiig the wmk uf three weeka aal 
four day*, in two daya one mid a half huum, there boing txi mtf 
men euiployi^d in tlie one c»ae thiui lu the other. I have batf 
down in the ' Nautilua' very often; and I am aati«ii«d that vaiy 
nearly the aooie amount of work caoi bo dwna uudei ^a ahvo 
water In layfug KAaeiu7, &o." 



.1 

he I 



lauliloi 






THE CIVIL B^GISEER ANP ARCHITECT'S JOCBNAL 



213 



ftAFHAELTTE DKHNmON OF ARCUITBLTUKB. 

C0PYI8M.— COSIPETITION 8.»— 
By Smutj. IIcnoiKx. 
I of tlte mtwt nnurkHble pliaonini'Tin io thn wnrid of wt ia 

lowl <nM writer or eninRice, lawwn u that of tb« Pr»- 
«Ute Bntkrcn, wbow nmiHar doetrlM* u« put ferth m 
pmailoii of trndlcal prindplM whiob an oot only to opwato 
uriiitiictara nail punting kik) tht- other artJi, batlop«rad« 
loie of our intellectual, Hicml, kikI mor&t life: tboojch from 
ATS h««rd or seen it hiu lia<l lint litllv uf n oioraJ iiifliietioe 
jMir own. Tliii h*t alnatiy itrt<Kt'r.\ piucitiiie utA tciilptur*^ 

I mto vnry dtpartnuit of Km and nanfal ul Bjr thi* 
1 wMch liM been rerr jrwtJy «e«uddere>i a reTolatioauy 
[l our delinitfaiiu of pwirj nuil ui, aa Mil dnwa ndiI act«d 
try llie grsataM puvta nud arttata, are revert^, with thmi 
' U but higher Itoowledge^ and raalitjr the only t^enDiuo 
loe fi)*' full^rowB p*noiu; UmI tba pntpw aim of art U not 
m, but tit<^ imitation; ao that those (aculliea tliat hare 
DM heeo oonaiderod eweutiul ta tlie artiat — iaveutloD, 
latlon, Inaginaliou — are, If not ignonHl, at l«a*t kept in 
IhntkiD, and employMl onl^r ao fiv a« they can oontrflmta 

iitaral mallRi-^r'&ct rendftring of tuiturc. 
ntiay ii requireit Io nbiuidiiii her lime-honoured office of 
ing and retining the miud by dint of a truthful nmilering 

beanttfU and poelfc In nature, and to betake benelf to tW 
of ttM praaeher and moraliRi. Scolptnre in to follnw in the 
path, a* iha bent can; uii'l «veu arriiilfcttire. lhr<)iu;h the 
mof aonlpturtd lukitx^ whif h arc to be biinceforlhWaU 

baa taaka auiini^d her Roeh aa neither Gre«k nur Bar- 
1 erer dreuiut of 

ikin makes noulptiirn thn vitai vanmco of nur art, and unAen 
I <4d dv^finiticin which refcra ua to rnnportion and form aa 
ror«e of iti charma. He dellnea architecture — "The art of 
ling Boulpture for a partioular plam, and putliug tt th«r« OB 
Ml principles of building;" irfaleh la not a whit mom Muribln 
to call naval areliiU-cture or ahipbuilding th* ait of dtaiffn- 
t<i fijTuro-hcod of aveaaaland ftatcntntt it pToperijaa. P^Ui 
nothiu)[ ia ontiUed to tlie name of architMture hut what 
•culptanJ lubJKtfl of high altmlfianise.iu which ttataraaall 
I and p>.wer of tlie work would lie— like Saraton'* atrwngth 

hair: » warrior would W inapirwl by it with bravery and 
id«, while the j-oolh ihould gather oonnolatiou under its 
w for uurHiuiiPt) love — ooiiditiona, you ore awar«', indirectly 
own in hi* Edinburgh IpctuivM, in which lie i^bnken the 

I of our WhiUliatI hiMiiuelinu-houne frr being withont unch 
lea. I cannot aay whcthnr the rhainii of proportion and 
■roald go to the extMit of eonnoling me for the uukindn»«i 
■iftrew. or of awakening iu my brea>t anv exttaotdlna^ 
rf; but I know that a piece of noble arcnllM4nre, bj it* 

II eSbet, to whkb the gmcee of proportion and form were 
t the aole oontribulor*, haji alwayi had a wonderfully pleaa- 
id hannoouing riket upon my mind. It iloea not apenk to 
•on with me aa a poem or eaaay would, bnt it aoolhea and 
N me jiHk aa wnate doea. A »d this in the legitimate riTpet 
UlMtuie, and tli« etbct whloh, judginc by the way in 
It la atwaya epolien of, it hnn alwnytWI upon luinda nuii' 

h ofaneh impmaiono. Such in the eflect it must have hod 
the mind that called it fruceu mi^lody, n iiiiisi<' tliat hna 
to vibnte. Such la tliv uffect it trinxt h^vv hod upon 
dm, wbe* he called a Gothic chun-h a polriiied mliBiou; 
^medaStMl, whm the oiIIhI Milan cathedral a beautiful 
of gntt Byron upmiui of the eUnfuml prupi^rUou* of 
tar"* church, at Itome — 

■■mick uimli 
In iflkfblx frwiuMloo'. pmt t^ ftai, 
Thr ^forj vUch *l <■■■ ipMi iIh dtd not dut." 

Rniaa of orchitcctarf, like that of poetry, dellghla in 
4 IciniU of effect*. A poem mav abound in oompariaouv, 
M, and pathetic alluniona, or, without being deslltnte of 
it amy M deroid of all tlie«e; aud »:■ may a building b« 
and exda^n, and yet be JnatJnct with ■ome of the very 
C <)iialltiM and nttMancoa of art. Mnnnuic architecture, by 
lion KoA tana aad eolonr alone, will bicnd and lianucuiou 
( nmoondinx workn of the Supreme ArvhitM-t, and ftilly 
to l» the idea of their peculiar purpoM; and it nrfonu 



AtMHi*(lkaAButtA4dnBlalb>Urar|Mil AreUlecfonl SMtMr. 
k— T«l. u.— JCLT, 1U7. 



■cope for tha ucvtcIm and axpaiuaaM of all the Gicnltiea of Ibe 
architocl, wad Ilia MnplojrniaBt of all hii aympathim with the 
variad bcantiea of nalvri, which may all exert an influence apoa 
a dedgn, though they hmj not Utenllf find a plaoe in it. Archi- 
(Mtw« naj anbraoe in Ita nlchea and panela, or on lla braoketa, 
th* peraonagM aad eventa of history, or it mav not : it mav Bad 
abnadaDt vraric tor the iiiwf[inatMn m oonvcoitictialianl ua taw- 
ftinory folioRe, and iu the beautiea of gMxuetriml fa i i u than 
wbicti lalter notliing cMi be betUr lltt«d for latroduHion into 
ftrAlt«citiu^ or appeala iDor« forcibly to our warn of the beau- 
tilU. dw peetiCi tiM romantic. Tbm* b MthiMg within tlw nuuc* 
of the aye, or awn the inuigiaation, but what mMit be laid imaer 
onntribntion by the arcfaitoel; bat anhiteetare w imkneodent of 
any direct fmila^oa of living forme, and the alyle of a people 
who were problbi(«d from uaing Miy iiatnral object — the Sara- 
cenic, whicn ia form and proportion alone — ia Dot Only a tnu 
■tylc, but pcrhapii the moat lieautifiil iiver proctiaed. And tbere 
ai« huiidiutta nearer home uaivi-nuilly admired for thrir bcantT, 
acme aa geuia of art, thul ar« all but voU of eealtrtai^ and m 
which what they do poaaewi uertainlyoonetlMMehntaemall per- 
tion of tlieir ohai-ms. 

With what is exdufively archiieclural aculptnrc, and forma an 
integnd portion of the aubatautial &bri<^ each aa modiUkm^ 
Qu-ved keyitonea. wulptured luouldinga, aetoUed foUagty of Ihe 
Greek* and Ronumai the corbel*, dripeloiw-lermiiMtioiM, beeeee, 
watjir-tablni, niid no forth, of the Gothic; tbe «ap4tal* atid bMee 
of ali atyloa-^featurei which are each capable of infinite modifl- 
cation and deeltfu, while \l tli<^ xiuiie time they oaa be exeeuUd 
byeomnion workiueu — you way pn-xlooe archlteotute perfect iMh 
aa to deeorati'in, compiinition, and akyline; and in a domeetk 
baildil^ the cfaimneya may lie ao arranged, formed, and deco- 
rated na to auporaede any other umbellinhroeDt in the way of 
finiaL The winrlow alone, redK-tiug the iiuea of earth and ^y, 
and of every object of art around, batkiug in Ihe glorie* of riciag 
and Miting ann, may be a perfc^ ever-chaimi>g plctnre of la- 
ooncoivablr Iwauty. Yoa may produrc a hiirlier and a gtwdor 
whole by adding to the architectural eUnientji 1 have ennmetatod 
Uie (xintributiuu* of high-art eouipttu^ which amy be viewed aa 
drew. (H a iowelled robe thrown «vw Ifcl Uiatw of beauty: and it 
Id Dot till! shjunc of architnetiife that it ahoiilil be dependent for 
ita miMt vivid mniiifeatnlioiii upon Uie chiarl of the arlint-aculp- 
tor, but ita glory that it will embraoo il« lugheat pnvdoetioax. 
With sculpture it beoomet more phooetia awl may have more 
direct tuid iiumoi'iate Inflneuoe of a moral and laiellectoal naturei 
but without it, it may ralH emotion* of the aabUnia which, aa 
Mr. Forgaanon jnatly remarki, are tha higheet that eculptnre 
itself oottld «iei(«. 

Maaonie anhilaclure may be ao deelgned — aa U tlie Parthenon, 
the order of which, the Doric, la mom depondinil titan the other* 
on acDlptiir« — aa to renilor the aculpturo oaaential. and it may be 
•a doiisnod that the orchiteeturc becomes tbe mrre framework of 
tbe aciuplure: but it is not an iaerilablH oeoeenty in any order 
that the arfli]tectiir« should be aoboniiuated, or ataod at inoom' 
plele without wiilpturc. 

ArchiMctnre in tiic art of iileolising the gnat uhyaical exlgenu* 
of abelteir, and euoloiung siiaoe by funiu that (hMl poena* fitlMMi, 
durability, and delight. U i* the art of oooetruoling tbe bcan- 
tiful, of traufizLiig tbe melodjr, of patri^lng t]ie ponu — not by 
tbe bricht uttoianeta of hialoric or poetic eculpiaro, or by ih«M 
alooo, but by ite orenato'l and o>lamnar penpeettvea, it* myal^i- 
rioiia recesea, ita fretted vaullo, ita majeetio dcmea. It ii the 
creator of the eurithnkal mm, the ■ynunetrionl aad harmonioiu 
uiilitv. the ^or^eaa* palaea, the dood-oapped tower, the aolcmn 
temple. It la, in a word, the tent, the cave, the hut, the « ig- 
wnm, exnlcoil froia tbe lowly vole of material necejalty to the 
cthrreal regioua of art aud beauty. 

The popularity of Ita anthor oould alone render aeoeamry any 
uutive of eueh a theory, if 1)1*017 it can be called, ae the one «« 
have been eonndviag. It ie, I take it, nothing aiore than aa 
exprcaeion of the very peeoliar feeling of an iadiridoal whoae 
eloqiiunoe ai n. writer eEne to hie view* aa importance to whii-b 
Wtoally they have no dain. Let ne wan the young architect 
of the Miiisw of hmug led captive by mere ehxjiMat wank and 
remind him of the neecaaity of hMildug for aad oanMly weigh- 
ing the nrgnmcota of evny author he muU I^ad, mya Loiil 
Bacon, not (o oonlradiLi and confute, nor to believe aad take for 
granted, Dor to ftnd talk aad diacoars^ but to wcogh and con- 
eider. Nor act, I woaU miA, npco aa^ nau'i epiaioD, until by 
dae oonmdeiHtioii fi it you have nwde it jmor owa. 

Ml 



914 



THE CrVTL ENOINEEB AND ARCHITECrs JOURNAL 



BiBMBbtr tktt Delthor Mvln nar worka u« lo b* tMted I^ 
iudiridaftl fwMng, but anrt u broiigbt to the imantabk MM)d> 
aid of winw! iHthoat tlw fUl naraM of which io yoantlr», 
wbatanr of poetM faling or inuginotion jon ouy powMi, ynn 
u« la oonmwt danger of Iklluig into the mart mtKliicTou tad 
ralnoua abaunlllf m. 

SmIc dl MlMval light, bat ooimlt tout own {Qtaltioiui, which, 
liko tho promptingpi of « riiDpto nad uneomptad hawt, luv to bo 
tmited nthar thui the inar« diota of otbns. I iwnambor idnw 
that oomiiTAil to nw when I waa a vaty jvattg atndent, remMfiting 
th» atnhlteeUiral tMagt noond nu^ wtiieh at tiie tline I aoana 
THiturtil to espiMB to mf ntarMt mmtda, ao altomthar oppoMit 
wwa thwT %o Ui« ttachiajji and jiractJoa of th« o&y, but which 
ara BOW Mfiotuilj' antcrtamad by all thinktBg mmnbetm of tho 
pTofeMioa. 

I liave gir«a jnou what I conopiv* ihu true definition of anihl- 
taetora— a daflnttlm wliluli Tkm it tmm all tha tmmmelH of 
•nha aad actioaU, motM^ luxl oannnti, andent and modani, and 
nuMa it aloimsiilc) the frca IDDa* of Cowper lui-l WonUwnrth. 
My viewa aa rcganla itn rebilion to the pnit. what Donntiliitea 
trcw originality in anihit«cture, and what u likely to be ita oouna 
mk) dlMction In (blare, will bring ua to another pbeBoinanon of 
ibt day,^! atloda to tba diaparagfag TJews taken of tha aithj- 
teetiuv of the laat tbran oaatariaa by loma of tha ableat anil to 
many napaota moat iadieiom writen of the day; with which f 
oaniiot entirely ooincld«. 

Nnb^-xly views with luore C4titenii)t than I do auytbinu like 
eopyiiin- Hut 1 cannot think ihiic ihe art i« to ba oalled lUaa 
that merely toakv a free ami «Qlt]i(liioDaJ ow of tbo alamaata of 
other M*\m; aud that to bold an arigiual relaticia to aroliitccture 
it ia Daeaamry lliat wii aliould, llk« tlii* apid«r, weave all from our 
own nturailH, and <tn'at« oven the eleueuinry language uf the art 
itMtf. NfltiD but artintic giaati oottid, by the ignoring of all that 
haa been Aoaa, and eommondni; ahcolutply anew — guidod alona 
by preaeat retjiiiroineuls aud oircuniatJiiioei — eniat« worka auoh 
aa wonld laliMiy t,h« ta«t«a of tlie day, oultivalad at It ui by the 
•tvdy and oont^m plat ion of the beet worka of autiiiitlty. 

To me it app(*ta mo«t ratioitai to take tho olcmoiita of tha 
piirert and moat tnlellecttMl atyla we can find aa onr aUrtiug- 
noint, which I ncod not Miy ti tho aMo of arehileotnn oripnatod 
Bj the Ggypliana and Ureeki^ and pnwtiaad and enlarged by 
aaolant Romana and luodMH Italiniu. Thia being the progeuitor 
of all a^Ue, it i« motl iialntiU that it aliould b« made the btula, 
tbeoiithnc, the fnunework at niicloiM,of our hi tare arch itoaturib 
Nor ia there any style bo mncb adapted for growth, cxpuiiiou, 
and pr«f naa, or that baa ao gnat a power of digeation and ab- 
anrptiou of new detail aud dooomtive eleuieut tltat time and olr- 
cnmatnnixiii taay bring to it trtm other alyloa and from every 
pMnbU aonra. 

Tlie atylM of the paat are not so many insulated archite«tiim] 
•yMcoa-^-lhey an one grent liriuj; and breathing fitbrio of anrhi- 
MMtm. Tho diffiireoeaa brtwmn ihem are lUpntfoUl — their 
NBsmblnntMe am |wofoond. The true artiat dlsnoren wlmt ia 
■impic, perauuiont, and Mir-exiaUiut, and ttaoH in each atrlo of 
the paat ihe gennaof fatore expamdoa; and true prwrOM, 1 oon- 
■ider. liee in Ihe direction of extracting what b Htill vital fnioi 
all ntylm, and bringing it to one broad «y«t«Di, tAkm aa a frame- 
work; ind which cm tw Karraly confined within Ifw than t]|« 
cxtrviuo ninice at prcKSit indulged in. Tlie niiilcifarii>ua and 
gnre-itig rooitireineota of iDoderu life render the ooofinenient of 
tulurv nrdiltactnre within the limlta of any one atyle of the paat 
impoanble; and there la T truat taato auRlcioDt to render any- 
tbmg barbaron unaatiafactoty. Tlivre will alwara be purpoMa 
fbr whioh a ehaate Claaiic or a florid (lothie will be appropriate. 
Tbe cvotval prnduc^ua of the alrle will lie a Qnion of the two 
■ystemf, brMtlicd ou by the spirit of Ihe beauliful that brama 
nwa the works of the Sanoenlc ereationa, In which, I believe, 
many of the ptoblema of the day, more Mpecially auch aa relate 
toculoarand palyohn>iiiat,lceiiitH!lli(hmcnt,nnd marDj deconttiou 
by geumetrleal Conn and device, will be fuuud all but worked out 
anXaolved for na. There is mooh of intitoale relalionahip teal 
architeotural and nhlloanphiciJ alHnlty— between Olaaaio and 
Ootbie. Bow Bbonld it be otherwise T And a progeny of beauty 
nt vndreamt of will rmult from their uuiuu, beloo^Dg to or 
nmUng a acyle or syitein the mutt eomprabenaive, tM mual 
naponalva to nature and hamaulty, tiiat haa yet been evolved. 
This does not apply unerely to oar own eonntty. If archiwetuni 
bMomaa pnoliaed on tras prineij)lca in dlAnent eountrioa, tlien 
iuiiian of inttraatiuttal ogmmuuoalfou must operate to (be pro- 




duotioa of a general reaemUaaccy till we ehall hav* i 
like a iiniv^mal lystem of architecture, with b«t stiglit 
modificntiooa. 

In the ou'ty ages of the world atylea of arohitoeturc grew np 
but little aHuuled by each other, wliich nutT b« aaid, I think, ef 
tbe Egyptian, Aatyriaa, aud IniUiui atyle* -. bnlaameaaacf ooa- 
munioadoa belweou iialiaua increasod, tho iaSMaea of oae bkU* 
tccttuv nf>oD another became apoarcnt. There will dosbtlen ht 
a gnaUr intercouma in fotnie between dilTereut ooontrica than 
ever existed before; and we nM^ uatumlly look lor a oorrespond- 
Ing inereaia of genenJ unifiHnuty in tli«lr arobiUtture. Aadai 
it Is Impoesibla to sa^ (o what axteal jnternMioaal wDusBBiea- 
tion will not bo carried, ao wn cannot tel boanda to tba nni^ 
tluvt will spring up in the ardutcctunt of drjliaod land*. It H 
not impoaaiblo thai mankind wUl aome day apeak one '»*ig— gn 
or but dillereat dbUeota of on* language; nor need w« dtafHkirei 
having but SM anhlteoUml style, modified in each OMontry bj 
dimau almie^ 

The number and amount of the premiuma in the great Govbi» 
ment ooupetitiou alioulJ augur good lo anhlteaiire, as being not 
only in ibBiuselTea calculated to give aa impulse to tbe stwy «f 
tho art. but by their example to shaaw oommittrca ttma the 
insulting oOrn which, tliough not neponded to^ I should thiali 
by any deiorvin|{ the name of ardiileot, are yet catoulatad le 
dcoraae the eutire profeasiou la the eves of tbe pubUo. Bat 
while as an ardiituot I cannot but foal beholdra to tbe Qovem- 
OMnt Cm- ibua oomfaig to the ntscuo, I quortJon whediar if At 
evil alluded to were nmedied there wonld not still mnunabuaa 
•nfficient to prercait any bnliLUCu of guud accruing to arohitectnni 
la proper bwicU 1 knuw uu meauB ao pobeut lo give new life lad 
vSmur to the art* aa pubUo oompttltioD. Itighuy onadueta^ aa 
noble patronage^ do roytd ehartrr could do half to much &«■>. 
Some of th% grsataat nduaverociita of art, you arc awarr^ both in 
this eonatiy and on the oontiuuut, are amocigst iia fruiia; aad it 
ia to me a matter of astooiabinent that any one thoiiLd be acft 
onaljr oppeaed to tba aystem in the sbatnat Oarried am, bov- 
•ror aa at prsaeat, tho rmnlting evils, I ii:ar, &r ontwti^ the 
advantagot. By (m- tho gnutcst of tbeee arista fratn lb* nadat 
rolativa iiaporiauce that, by the usual and obviooa prtedfiU «f 
deoiaion, beoomea attached to tbe B)*n maolpulatioa and flettaw 
tip of dnwinga, to wbioh if a competitor ia to liavaaay ohanae* 
suooeta he ivally must pay moro attonliun tluw t« ibedcrili 
itsalC 

I believe that in Qin»-tctuthB of tlie aompetitiona of tbe day, if 
tho beat deeigu that bad ever bwn cotiueii'nl in tliia world, aor- 
uaaaiiig in ei-ery escelleuoa ilie matter worka of all Qmk, 
HtdlBVal, or Italian geniaa, ware submitted, in tine or gtame- 
trical shading only, the author diadaiuiuff to deacend to Ihe 
trickery of eoknaal porspeelivea. ni^i^iJeuial afaaJowi^ and atma- 
niberic «4fecta, it would aot have Ihe least chance of beling ohoeta. 
So eertain, generally ipeakbig, U tbe eiiooMs of the largtattad 
moet dashing set of drawings, that then ia aoue little <Uagw of 
arehiteoUm getting out of the hand* uf tbe arehitect altngetber, 
into thoae of the seonnd or third rate water-oolour artiat, wbt^V 
he neouired a little kiiowlodge of the otden of i-olamua aad ib* 
diaorden of buitrewM, Just aiiDieiant lo enable him to atad 
deoeutly, would stand on a better GMting than tho afnUtaet 
himself. 

One would mippote that the iaooracwtenny la oommittees thst 
oould bear lucli fruit on thia, and whiob I believe I* woridng 
mndi misobief to arehlU'otiira, aud degrading theavaUmfitrnwN 
than diahonesty itaelf, the " acboolmaelor," who hua been w> auHh 
abroad of late years, would noon remove, liurely. the Iklaaal 
glinuuer of intelligsnoe would aulliue to idl aaroni^ thattka 
executed work can be uoue the beliN- for thr farilUaUL akf t^ 
bends over it, aud the flns ladlo* luid geoUi'mr^ who gaxe adnlr- 
injtlv on it lu the pictura— * part of it wliicfa I tnppcae the 
imiiest and blindcat contractor would hardly nndarMm I* 
exocntc. 

The cleii^i for a royal palace or town hall might be fuOy m- 
dervd by a lucrclv ari-hltwtnriil draQehtiiuiui, on a f»w pm^ 
slieela of pnjier, llic noit of which is all the expeoao tb« ileelui 
should be oomjielleil, or, indeed, allowed, to go to. Nay, (T Ilia 
tribunal were composed of men potsetsed of one spark of oommw 
annao and another of common hcmttVf, an idea aent ia by a 
working joiner, drawn on the back of a piece of aaadpaper, wM 
beaacertalu iifntcciviugfair ooniidemboaas wotdd aglaisaJad 
guld-Aamed piotareb 



THS CIVIL ENQINEEB AND ARCHTTECrS JOURNAL. 

TIHBBR-BE^fDINO MACHINK. 
Till TiMKS-BitSDiiia OoMrAirr, York-rowl, IauImUi, Faintttn 




tu 



th« procMa IbftttlM 
„ I all ita miliw doriu tkt 
1 aver s fono. u hM E* 
pcmotioe. B7 Uiu niMiw the frova u praTmtcd 
I a««UUu{ or DtmUng, M it £• Ukbl* to do when bent witkout 
mrti aupport. Th« aiipantitt ciaployMl for lu^ Uiuber ojuobla 
«f « Ivvw, «bi«li tanu on n contra or uusi to Ui« lavgr in 
■tlMebxl n trovgli, of th« curve to whicb the vrood ii to bo btnt. 
Mtt nde ot Um ucn^b btong inoTMbln. ao th«t it oar be pww w l 
bnly affiiiMt Ibe nrfiMe of ifae wood by wedge*. Uad«rii«ath 
Ummvot i« * tnvellijig uUa, tJi« dMtwm of which from (Im 
onrcd fcrm ceo be atUiMtoil br % wacvn. The pioo of timbvr >■ 
Uil OD * flexible bMuT of mebJ, phuie4 od thU t*Ue, ati<l cUmpal 
ttbenoa, ao that it in pnwed apoo all siila; nav cud of the 
.■ k titen i^mp'il to the brepert of lliu iiirved trough ou 
ver, tlM other euil of ill* tioibor but* ngkiiwt a block, acted 

hj a ecnw. When thU ii all arranged, the lover ta dnwn 

■bwiit daring wliich operation the timber paato* into the curved 
ttoovch: when tkie i> done, tin- two imila nf the wood an ooti- 
acolcil logetlier by a tie, whicb lakw hold uf the enda of the 
fleaible band before nenthmed, the wood being atill conGoed \iy 
the carved trough; the flexible baud aad tho tic ar: rMuovtd 
Amd the iBaohiiiei and are no held tmtit ii in kU Tbe line ooou- 
ned in bendJag a peoe of ttuWr, a^j 16 r«ct luug, and 13 iacbea 
"hf a incltea in aectioa, ia about Iweuty uiidulva For bending 
jB ^ll tinkber a much ainipler niwhiae \» employed, and Uie prea- 
la con&ned to the ftida ot ihu |>iec« during the beading 



■blpe' tlmben,awl euch like artlclea of about 16 ftet lotij b/ 10 
incbea aquan. Fig. 3 is another view of the tuune macbine, after 
the timber hai been bont into the form ahown bydeUohcd new. 



^M'bra 



Rp I ia a aide elention of a asall machine to be worked by 
^Mtaal labour, and auilable for bending Muall articles. The 
enoaUUoek abown fitted on the maobine ia for fonniag cbwr 
benone, bataay other blook omovMcaa be lubatitatod. Fig. i 
J(a plan view (to a stnallacale) ofa machine aiiitable for benduig 




BBUUILDING OF NKWUATE GAOL. 

Thb Court of Aldertnen having determined on the reboOdlng 
of Kewgata naol on the oollujar ayatefo, the phuui prepared tat 
that purpoee by Ur. Running, Uicir arcliiti'iH, have been adopted, 
and the works commenoed bf th<i deuivUtion uf the prteent north 
wiug of the prison, containing wanl* iu whicli several pritooei* 
«en! ueoally migr^gated tostUier, and also the cukdcmned eeUa. 
Tlie portion dT the intended tniildinga uo» in piDgreai mil conaUt 
of five atcriea above the basement, and cuut^ii 13(3 sepante ctUa, 
with acccw tlierHo on eaob alonr above tbe ground Boor by 
roeaoi of g&lleriiui on either aide of a central oorndor. The boae- 
ueut Btory will uuobain poniahtncnt cell*, batha, and ftoro-rCKina 
Ailing yards will be attaebod to the building, and adetioate 
acGouodatJon provided for the offioere iu charge of tbe priaoners. 
The ayatou 01 the cells and the eyslem of ▼eatilattoo will be 
timilar to that wlilch bu been suooessfnllr adopted at the Citr 
Prisou, Holloway, which was alao erected from Ur. Buunlnga 
deslgiia. Th* building wDl be cntiivly fire-proof, and tnalead of 
tbe priaonera being, as now, token from the van in riew of the 
public, the plan for the new boildlug ia ao arranged that tbe rui 
will be driven into t)ie gael, auJ the gates dosed on the priaonen 
befoev they alight. In the rebuilding of the gaol, the govemut'* 
liouae anuthe esti'mal w>lU will be rclaincd7 ao that the >irchi- 
lectaral appearnncD of the proicnt •tmciuro will not be interfered 
with. The amount of tbe oontnct for the works now b piugreaa 
ia li^SOI.. and tbe oontn«lo[a are MeiMia. Browne and Rohin- 
aou, of CoU««o-hiU, City. y ,^^ _ 



i 



216 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCinXECTS JOURNAL 




OX THE SIjTPLY OF WATER TO flEELONO. 

By Joas Mill.ik, C.E-. Eugiuwt^io-Clvief to the Uedoog Water 
VfiwuiMioa.' 

"niFN ibimIm of anpplj Iwre heKtoforo Immi propciiml bj 
Otliarm prior Co my eoniMctiou wiUi tlie CoiumiMioii. 

Pint, in 18.^1, Ur. Hennr'»— A (Nuu|iiiit! uul •mry partial 
_ Kritatloii wihviiM ciMnbiDM. A Drixin uiJ uiiUigMtal pbui, 
Fflpon « rory low mcale. 

8eoDDi), in 1863, M>. 'fajrloi'H— A pumping whoiM. 

Thin), Ur. Dnrbjvhire'*— A modlficatiou «atbi«eiiig bath th« 
foKpiiiiK pl&us, being A Moibiaed pumpina And Kntvitatiao 
tebeiQ^ from th« rivar Barwon, «l BueKl«/ii PUla, aLui altitude 
of M Mt abova raMO ttda lava], fn-'iii wli«Doe tho wat«r wna to 
b« nlaad tnr piuBpiag b> an adilitionnl altitude of 170 ft^t; tliiu 
aupplyini^ OoetonK proper, a population of 90^000, at a 1imit«<l 
GOnKuiiiptaou of but 10 ftalloua per h<«d per diem. On tho 
Mgf MOTDg merlta of tb« Mh«De it vjU not hf ncoMaary for me 
lo tnalM any ob««mtdpn«, aa a btal objMllon oocura at the rerr 
oataet of ita eouiidemtion. namely, in th« (iiiallty of tbe mt^r ft 
ta propotcd to afford. 

SutmiqaaDtly, and vitty latdy, a fonrtb propoaltioii ha* been 
mooted, namely, an extennion of the Yiui Y«aa to a««long. tt 
teqidiva but the enumeration of a rvry few QonntAr-rauana to wt 
ao ratUe a Mbeiae on one aide. 

To tbuae not quite couvenant with tbe Tan Yean ictieme, I 
may brieSy aay that it ia the iiam* of the n<«ervolr whioh la 
intended to auppty Melbourne with waUr. tt i« nn exl«uaivQ 
natural basu, oomparatirely ahoUow, (wveritix abaut 1300 ncrea, 
into which the water* of the river Plenty are direcUxl, and ia 
•itiiat«(l S^ feet abore tlie leT«1 of Hobaoti*s Bay. 

Tha water, if bruuffht in an unbrokeo line Into tli« city ^aasum- 
ing the pipe* to ctond the prawnre] wnuld command the bigliewt 
hmuea. It ia however imperative on that oommiMion lo fdt«r 
their water from ita vegei&ble and oUwir impnriUea, and it i* 
tbelr inl«ntion to oonatnet anch fllten adjacent lo tbe lino of 
BBina at Darebiu Creek, about midway, my 300 feM above 
datura : therefore thn preoatm ia nlsUoa to the height ot the 
higbaat hooiea iu Mohioume or elNwhara miut be reokoned 
our from the altitude of the filte^beda. 

The length of pipe main auryiad tbe watei' to Mi-lboiimn in 
ia about SO tnlwa; and the idea in lo eunliuue u iiub-nioin 
(bmwbiur to WilUamiitown], alnng the Oe«Ioii|j lUiJ Ueiboumo 
Oompanya Ruilwity to Qeehog, the ilinUiuoe l)oini( an additimial 
60 miloe, tu be fnl by the re-ercotion of the old CoUlogwood 
tMt-iroD tank at Nortii Melbourne, frum whcna; WilliiumitowQ 
and Owloog would b« pemiltted to get a niuht supply, thereby 
Intrndadnjc anil i>nri-<!tTinlin<; (on th« fnippusition ot there being 
water to apnre) tbe expludod intennittinj! itnpply. 

Beeidea, in alluding to it at all (which, of nucmily, I am called 
on lo do) a* the only work of tbe IciuJ tt yet auproaehiuK com- 
pletion b> the mloDij', tbare ara a«rtaiu geographical and phnicAl 
oonaldaratiooa, which I ahouKI ii«tlo«, were It not that by ao 
deJsg I would run tliia paper to a greater length ifaao I had 
omtemplated. &-ei!i^ hnwcwr that attempta have bocn made to 
fi^iat thiB water ou the dimrict to which I have the honour to be 
englneori ttaiA haTing proved the groat dinereuce of exceeding 
purity bMaraen our own aiid the water in the Yau Veau mer- 
vulr, I therefore object, on prinDl|>le^ to lla intro(luct.iou to 
Qeelong. 

One among other error* which mii^t have been cibviati^d by 
the appliance of engineering forethouKbt and ikitl— atunely, tlie 
ahUlow tabaokment, cauaing tha baek water for a oonaiderable 
aeraage trom ita perimeter to be *o ahallow In Ita depth, aa mu«t 
inevitably otnae mi;rtdn«t tnu tt<om evaporation, (LhiK>n)t{on, iind 
the ma«atureen(«nuf; vcjfctAblc life; connoqucntly i^n<rertn|{ tiie 
wator apt ta avgetnte, and beoauie highlvimpuiv. What aaplen- 
dld opportu&l^ WM b«rt loet, and whioh pneenta itaolf to a 
compreheoalve miad, in tbe pnaidbltity of having the finiMt arU- 
S^ inland lake ia the worVl, imp'tnudiii^ wat«r euntgli autl to 
apare, the annnnl value of which m a motive power alone, or for 
Irrigatiug purpoMo, wuuld have been equivalent to the intet«M 
of the eutira expenditure, large aa It ha* Men. 

In addition to lit* Aral outluy in any attempt to lupply 
Oeelong, then would be an annual ctiarge by the Melbourne 
UoHmiaiiao for the water itwif. 

*AMrultf •riVcrna^Mln ittt nocMptJal tcaUtotc ot Vldorli. 



From my enilioat eoanoctjon with the oomialMlaB 1 bare 
advocated the adoptioii of the gravitation pruciple: aad in all 
By •abaM)iiMt aad Bonaeoutive report* I have inv»riaUy BrvMl 
OB their attention the adTantogea ariaing from, and the DMeMff 
of providinft tho vsfVfy from a rtwrvoir pbtcfd at BUdi ahltDitt 
aa would mve a ■Dlnciant comimuid above the (aval of Oidoag 
prmtar and ita ■uburboii district*, na would enaUa «• to have a 
hlgh-pre*«ur« aupoly lo all, and ot; mch a aa»le aa wtnld be 
ample for the nt)iid]y iuriviMiug impulatlwi, aud of aucti a naton 
aa In alt fatura Ume ooul-i Iw eupplemeuted witliout loaii or detfr 
rioratifin lo the then existing worka;— belnig, aU ihltupl aoiiil> 
dortil, tbe ohenpeat and b»t : the anoual eoet of the niatiilaiianni 
of Rich a ayvtem being a mere bapletle a* eomparcd with the 
numomua ailvantagm gained by Ita adoption. 

It ii an odmittod axiom, that water ooUeeted in teireUia 
frotn the ndnroll over rui extooiir* catoh -water diatrioti U Mt 
only purer thnu river water, but intinitaly mperinr to well water 
artofflHU or oiJitia, all of which are liaUe, more or Ico^ to muu 
minaraJ imprognallon. 

lUdng the fongoiog u a tnilam — and who can doobt it I— «• 
Kgarda the old onuniry, how much mora ia it applicable to tUt 
oonatiyaod to thia particular lootltty, theantfectof tbe pnMOt 
paper, where the river* are uitlier nriginally nadt for atiM naei^ 
or are being readeted ao. The MoonbMl— ooUimv bndUA, 
nanaeou*. Tlie Yarowaa, urigiually one of the ponet, loNt 
aJbe, and moat wholaaotne river waten In tlie oolony, biu be- 
oome toifllly UD6t for domoetii! purpoew quite tnrbid mm tha 
uara made of it by the uiiuing population; mnning na It don 
thnnijih one of the mtwt populous and auccemfiil gold ni^n|| 
diatrieta at BAllamt, it baa became ao dhatged with finrlr emu- 
mfnntcd ptrticlna of clay held ia anajMudon, of an unuioaUy pe^ 
•uiteut chnraolflr, from the gold-waditng and puddling openmoaa 
—And which I liiid do not lubride even on ita rcnchii^ the Bor- 
won river, with wliich it intamisea cm lla ooutae to tb« amn 
border; and at • d isianu* probably BOtKneh abort of 100 aBM^ 
taking into account ita many tortunn* and capridoua neaiite* 
ing* tbrou)^ the bnah, it ia utill foul with extraaeoaa laalHr, 
iMxt to impnasible to arreat oven by tbe finoat tiltarisg aiedbL 

FlndW Ui» Barwtin above ita coufluencc with the YarowM 
^>par«ntly pure to tbe eye, ahncat tranaparent, but palpably 
not to to till- pnlate. being hIgUy oharg«d with oaltiM matiari 
intprp«iuttoH, no doubt, by liavuift Ita oMine oww or interuisiog 
with the niiinerous naliferalM Rpnog which then aboai>d. 

Whilat DU tlie mibjeot of aariftimu aprinn, I troM it wlU BOl 
be oouaidered out of place or an unpanlotuible dignioaJLiB rai nr 
port to make a few remark* thereon en futnirtf. aeeii^ tliat, M w 
well known to every aeltlcr, tliey abound in Uib mlony, teavini; 
the toil-worn trawllnr no Hitematim hut to partake of them, 
however nanoeoua the dniught, whieh but turn* out to him a 
^wtalii* oap; and inatead of th? expi-oted pare watar, be of 
neeea*!^ boa lo jwrtak* *o far of Eptoui oalta aad donpw Ifar 
breahfut, or damp«r and Riwnm Kilta fbr dl&Bar; ao twe coW 

1 doubt not but that it niny have ooni* nnder (he obHorntiaa 
of many that moat of thn laree oa well iu> ■mailer aalt lagocaw 
are cap-like in fomiatinn, wbicli 1 believe to be oanaad bf a g»- 
dual Biiikiiig of the outer crust of the earth ai the auttwoa 
■pringa brin^ tlie brine to the eurlboe, *nil whioh bare fuoad 
tneir way thuher by " fault* in tho flag," cauead poaribly bf 
alight *hocki of earthquake in time nuit 

To moke thii theory mire n»dily imdeiatood to tbooe who 
may not have had any eiperieiice iu mining, more jmrtiooUfly 
fialt mining 1 aball flirth«r explain wiMt I mean hj tbe ■* Omg^ 
It ■* a term gonandlv u»ed by the miner* of Knnipe for a veiY 
hard tarlhy matter o( about J lr«t thick, at aome SO or 10l» ywda 
from the aoi^ue of the earth, under which the npfiar atrata of 
rock-oalt i* generallr found, varying in thiakncaa Gram 10 to IS 
yanl*. Brine la made hj thepuaing of watar (pereoktia; Ami 
a higher level) oreir tht* bad, and which, bamnlng aaiaralail 
with th» rook, eionpn to Ihe lurfoce by limpl* in— inn riainf 
through the fault* or fivuim which may have MOB fbraed *a 
bdbra explained, or by other eioitiBg cauaaa. Tbia, when ernf^ 
ratad by our dry atniusphHie ia theae logooni aoeoonta tor ibt 
emal of anlt fbund In and around them ia auoh qtBDtiliea. 

A* the bed of tbe roek ailt i* diaanlved by the moUou of wata 
over it, it beoomoa biine^ aad on making it* «ay to tite aurtMai 
leaving a vaeniun, the ontar cmiii will naturally link, and tMvw 
the waoting away of the rock; acourdiugiT we find tbcaa l^oool 
formed, anil, 1 doubt not, iDcreaNing in depth, bat an Uapgiwipll' 
biy aa acarcoly to «xdt« a peariag notice. It ia a wafltiiaa 




THE CIVIL ENOrNEER AND ARCHTTECTS JOURNAU 



«1T 




UmL thftt*Dcb lua Uken )4)k0t is tli« motbcr MnnUr. nt North- 
VML ud <i(h«r «Ut ncigfabonrhoodii wbora Uoil lorniorly d^ 
OUu ii IMW ■ubnMTgtd ouuij fert iukIm mtvr. No ikinbl tlU» 
in llw old eo«»U7 will uid daw uko place tniKi Bon 
. wlkieh M «mI1j •moontcd for, wbMi I auto th«t it ia im 
1 Uun^kt manr of Uimo pUoca to pump np an »*«nga of 
i tlkoniMBd PuUioci gaJioM of mIi brin* pfr ywu. 
I ihooM uMatioa, UiM gcDeratlj under ttM firat or apper boil 
' nK^ Mlt (ttwt t« betwMoi ilie iir*i uid Meond b«iO » to b« 
k ■trMuiD of too fuda or ao is rliinlinnaa. eontaiiuiiK no 
ta of Mlt, but quite inipaniioabl* to mUr; it i« titerrtira 
■■it* aatonl to npoot tliat tha brina from tb* nppar lajrer will 
udila way tu the •tufiMie.jaalaaitdaaa with im. 
To ntorti:— thing faUad bjr ilie innariUea of Ike tooreaa of 
■upply which oArad thamaalraa ia Uie nelRhboiubood of th« 
1 1 Inracd mj attantioD to tba aoureo of tba Barwon iuelf^ 
t olaruad diatrioU— thr high nod ilaoaal^-tiBibend m>cB^ 
aa an onttjiag b«lt, int«KcpU and oandeoaea the raln- 
[ dovda from abrapt oouUct with tba Mturalad rolume of 
'd7 dtargfod with banidlty ftoa llta SooUwni Oocan, 
ladwaid hy the pr«ir«iling winda; and, na Car u I liaTo 
baan aoahlad (o judge fioro tlia gaoloipcnl atrnctara of tbe oouulr^, 
iu ganaral euafigunaloo, ila wild and prvoipitoua gtaua, ita 
of d*«plr^&dMit«d rarinHL abrapt bilii, dam amka, 
\ lUfM^ and astaoalT* guUUa, all Mid W Ui* baliaf-^ 
loe of aD7 waU-foniutad sutaoaolofdcal dabk or even 
1 InfortDation to iro on— that ttxt lo<^ and *iaib)e edccta 
kra bets prodtiiW b;' llic copioiu outpouriDgi omouQliiig to 

ula of Kin, vliich must have beeti nipplicd froin the oMl- 

vapoan prreipiutarl on ita wurtnee; a aurbee provina 

■idil/ of tho diiuata, olotbfd with all but perpetual 

, even in lUvaumaeraaaeOD, when tbe low Inndi or plaioa 

rmll; acurched up, and not a blade of gnua to be teeoL 

tdKumatMioes ouaatitute it «a one of the Ijeat nun ptberiag 

jHa pfx^hablpr in tlt« oolony, Ibe aggn^te Tulume of wbicb. 

Dbt not, will ultimataljkeep tha reaarvoir, wbem I l^ra 

Jed on, after luueh and diligent eaareh in the valley of the 

i^ombete, well eupplied, after making ail due allowaooe for 

entioo, kftka^ abaocvtiou, deoompoaition, or other waata. 

the oocaakin on wtueh I laid before tha oommieaion ay 

) of thia dietriot, and a reeoauneodaiiuti of Uw dta for tha 

oir, I bod the hoooar of their apiiruViil euffioiest bo warrant 

n [u ultiiiij a r-«tiire tatmy uf the vidle/, And ile utimenHU 

~m1u, dyitt^ uut, ur rallier takioK thwr riie in the high timbered 

Ogta, abnuiog a^ntt the e«it uid weet anddlc K-paraiing 

L frooi the ttr«r*«t Crvtk uf the Wonubeto foreat, and com- 

2 at le«at ten thoueaud imuerlaj acraa of gathering urouud 

t lh« water-abed margiud line, tha eurboa of whiefa f found 

ike the genenl aut&'o of the oalony, liwid and impenuea- 

I nnck ao, that the body of cho water* fidlintt on ila entire 

m qinekly dnun olf, fcuin ita peouliar confanuntiou, ntddenly 

'^ng tbe namcroiM oreeka and gulUea to an eiiurmuue nie, 

^aoelng npiil bot teiuponiy flooda after Ili« nun, which, 

^Ttbe fvnuialvn before niliuled to, mne off in fi.'ur or live 

P^ iorgiDt,' the Bajwuu, and caonng it to ovcidciw iu banke, 

WUimtiui the eurrouiiJiuu ll.iUi, ■oatnp^ uid lnf[ouiu nonb 

I Uw leaerTvir, OKaiu to liuiTita war iuto mid-air bvcvapuration. 

Tisrenlot; tbeee etodce, nud &nding that the u»t}urity of theui 

__ bd other uiiiiur ^nlliee wore the natanU chaDDela of tlie avMl- 

aUe truataU at this brounbly eireuiiutanred x^thoring ground, 

Mch an I liaveattempted twdeicriboiuid rcprewntby my Elnjihed 

, which I hare lou huuuiir to exhibit thin cvcuidk, oentiwl 

laelvee by an almoal arl«rial ayvti-iii in llm valley of the 

Tonnbele. u«w Uopkiiia'e pro-^niptire purcha**. 1 at onoe 

nnbe>l on that m the beet and moat vlviuble alte for the 

rvi>ir, (>roTided a luure careful inepeeiioti and mature atudy 

^nmuiloJ it. John MMaJoiii, Eaq,, M.D., voriSed, in almost 

■ every parlicuUr, my orit(iiiid aMurtiunn, tli.^t the »iuomi which 

I had rK^-miucudod, namely, the Womibetv and K^treat Creelta, 

jrielded ne jiutv, if not the pncwt, water in Uie ooluny of Vic- 

a, and i|iiiui eriuul to the majority of the pureat koowD 

en iu the niiftlier oouulry. 

Subeaiuent and more mature eoneldentinn baa but af1irm<H] 

ijn ny timi reaolrc, eueing UiAt all that wae re4uiml in thia 

"f fonii«d Valley of the Wonubeie, ii tlie conHtriictiou of 

rite IM uuy enable nie to arrvat and iiiipaund tlie whole 

pd-««tera of the hiliy ouuulry, on theii- i^uwiird paaage 

, b}- the cbiuiuvl of ibe Barwon. 

I iMTiDg diic/verad the poMibdlity of otiiurinae inorea^ 




ing the qoantitT very conaiderebly br inUmpting the RetrMt 
Crwk and ita tnbniatiea, >*liiug '<• nee and course anoih of the 
great dividing ranm of the Wonubete Foraet, hating ita em- 
Doudian) into tbe Banron aome raikn dnIaiiL Usher op the 
atraam, by drifting n ehorl tunnel tfamigh tke dieliung twiige at 
a auitAble lerel iota an ainadr formed tuitnntl ehnniMl, t ahAll 
b«n;nbl'^^l to eonverthia additional aapply into the Wonnhet* 
reaarvotr W wnjr of Weatani Gnek. By tteBong thia additicoal 
■(Maatity, I aaaka anaatuw* donbly miv, oonaideriag that in our 
rariabia cliawtet it ia but pnulent to put beyond haaard. or evett 
doubt, the qMMioa of aopply, by embndug all available eonme 
wJiUb oompm. 

Evefjr attaslkin haa also bsaft paid to the principi^ point ia 
nawToir eonatnietian, L «. tha oataral impenneaUltty oS the 
bottotu. and whidi 1 h«n thorough/ neeerUiaed by Bumernun 
trial pita, which I ortlered tit* chain and nUff beamn to idnk to 
an Bv««a«B depth, whiUt my aMiatanta were otbermte employed 
iu camp dntJea, plotting their deU-wnrk. 

Caie haa aleo been tal(«n iu eolcctinit the «dte tea iiml«riMiiT 
within certnin limiu of deviation, tlio fouiidntieo ot wbleh noM 
dtfacr be eoUd or onptbl* of being tuul* n, having good uttuffll 
abutmeuU oa either aid* of the valley, at the ehowet poaribl* 
•pan, the height ■oAeieiit to iatpound forty foet of water a*> 
CMtr* of mbanknient; oooaiderin^ aa 1 do^ that the i^rcai laliie 
of n raacrvoir, mote particularly in tbeee Utitudee, dcpetMla 
prinoipnllv on ita greatflrt eubiual coatente with ihelaaat pimbl* 
auperaoial evaMntlng aurfooe. 

To make thii a oettainty, and Um non Balpahle to the ready 
nnderatkodiiig of tbe oommiaaion, and tlurt aneli in«' not M 
oltogpthor depending on the mem aaserlioti of my verbal OpiaioBt 
I hare had an accurate nurfuoe lurvcr, lunKitudiiud and nUBaawM 
traneveme aeoUoua, lakes at evary live cbaina acroae the valky, 
ehowing ita eonvarging dilee, and pnnj^ at nmo Uae, the area 
of encli croae aeotJnn, and the tnouia of plotting ^wueata eofttour 
liiici on the map, dcacribiuK tbe tortoona perimeter of the water 
lereie at the three aeveeal depllu, of forty, thirty, and twenty 
feet at embankment, thenby aikabllng me b> oome to aa eloee an 
approxliiiatiou aa may be of the eeparatn eubieal qunlitiaa »f 
water rrtWBcd by each propoaition. 

Aemiie Ktiatt oatt Oafoiiif >■ 0oUaa« vf tPenalM ffaMtvelr. 
OiTvor. IniMfle: Jkam. OUlMe. 

tU Sii 1.481.SI 8,810 

Tlie flni or forty-feet oontonr levd ia about half tb* aaBiul 
rHlnfAll, and which would be equivalent to two and a half yaan/ 
eoneamp^n of donUe the prteent popiiUtion, at the MelbofwiM 
etandard modicnm of tweutv-live gaOona per diem— «v«a aftar 
taking iotfl aceount the probable maximum waat* ariaiag ftMft 
abaurplioo, de<xini]x>sition, taaluge^ and ovaponttioo. on tb* OM 
hand, and of no rainfall vhatrvcr for the above period on tha 
other. 

Thia, be it remembered, ia witbont taking into acoount any 
portiun of the evaporation reuiniMl to the reeervoir duriitf ihi* 
iwu and a half yeat^ amamed drou^t, ia tb* ehapa of daw 
praoipltatad oo UM ainfiw* of the ^nieaotnt watar* of the reeer- 
voir, which of itaelf alone would yield nearly another moath'a 
■apply. 

In the abaeae* of all meteorologlaal obaervMiooa to be d** 
peuded on la time* paat for thia locality, I moat perfutm draw 
my ooncIutioD* from net* founded on thoao of tbe utareal adjoin- 
i[ig di^ttrji-u, where a known au>efol rejcUtcr of tbe ^uantitic* 
of rain faltiuK has b<:en kept for n htjoi of ycivtv, a* iodicnted by 
Che pluviometer. 1 gnnt, however, it it d^cult to onfoobln the 
rainUll in atty giveu diettict, even to an ^proslmatioti by data 
netiug OD obeervationa taken •leewban; y«t at the wme time, in 
tlie abeeoc* of *uoh ralnahlo and naoeamrr local lafoimation, C 
mnei tnj that iu proper hand* the other will approxiraal* nearer 
the truth thiiu by ijuotinu autliortllea from another haminpheTa: 
it being eiKcdiu^ly dnuLlfiit, in the prtaent elate of meteoro- 
logical ecienoe in tfie colony, bow far it would he eab to nly oa 
eoch analog, liwidn aflbrdiuK no guide to eetimatlaii the ptti, 
portion of ruiufall in to fuvoarably eireunwtnnced a looility m 
that of Wormbute Furvsl. Beiidea, I prefor dealing with facie, 
whaa to be had; aii-1 wbiUt <-n tbt* Hubjeut I will here record 
one bot not Keneinlly known either in tbe Oi>tuuy or the mother 
coantiy — a wet legiu^iiDe die great aracunt of dillbrenoe exiaiin* 
betwevu the rMuUl of Uelhoume and that of **v«ral dtlca at 
Europe. 



a 



S18 



THE CIVIL ENGT>'EEB AND ABCHITECTS JOITBNAL, 



Mellwarne tteeeda LeodoD by npwwdi of 33 pnr emt. From 
S m«u) of Gra ooDMonlvA y«*ri| «n«nnMio(Bg with ItUT ntul 
ndlng IMl, botb biehuiv^ K wm m bigli m 38*63 Incbcai wbilo 
Londni wm hot t*iH ladian. takta (rant ■ ia«i) «r twea^ 7«ub 
■nurior to 1M6; Nbowioff • diffinwiat of MS incliM^ or in other 
wonl*, «A extim 130,005^000 gHltaoi of ntia per aquwe mile, 
iMving a Imm btluioe in bvour of eolunUl koeeonta, aoi) vrbldi 
but rfi^aire tM ftMitlanoN of tkUl to tarn to •oim prolH>bl« m*. 
SimiitUDfoiu »bwmllon upon tha quutitr diaoluuigMl bv 
' llic naiiobi of thia now Meort«in«(l apm of anrftoe dnin^e^ ua 
■ OtapKriMn of th« qoMitilj of minfiJ) will •ffiwd aonacUiing 
Uk« dftU of th« graMwi iuipori*oa«. TbU, tooMhM- with « 
ovaAil Kiblf of th« oouflgimtlan ot the aurmea of Hut diatriot, 
with iu i>tt«BdBni or Hdtlitg mum*, MutbU im to ■pproxiiBBtt 
p(«ttT Botr th« tntb of wbnt prapoftiaa of nin o»n ho eon- 
oMervd AViulaUe: no doubt, bowsovr, tbii nnut b« modifltJ bv 
the lomi oinitmmuicM of th* Wonnbeta dlatrid, tnetmroltwieal, 
hjnlro^phlul, fmit plijralad; VTRporadoii, mlnlUl, etoersT ood- 
^[■cMton, •»!). &f-, not oolrwltlila tlia boaad* of tha «tcli- 
wntcr dittricc, but th« NrnKindiiig «oiiDtT7 feneniUj: ■• weJl a« 
otbar vftried ciroumatAncei, mch m tb« prarKilinK wiiidM, knd 
other 0MiBl«r-Mtaia bmriug ott lh« r«ault& All latut b« talteo 
Into MaooDt »ad propcrlf ooMtd<nred, with auoh aovmto Infiir- 
mtiai) M I nmf hm bcM aoiihlMl to ooUaet and raeoKl, ao a* 
ullunatclr to pvn mo K paribet baaia from wbkb to deduce a 
ttleuklioii iliAt mo be depended u|mti in ite raiuttant litcta: aot 
forvelliug to taku iuti> ncoounl ihnt the watar«bad oonuueaoea at 
ft high wvaU aoaietblDg like twelve to flftean hundred Aft above 
ihaaaaboaRUIblling with npid but regDUr gmdienta l«wud« 
the nllej, eoeoring a mpid oondticlion of the vator fnUiDjt on 
ha avt<Me to the reaerroir, thcrebj diroiaiehiug the likcliliood 
of Mtanaive anpomtlon aud minenl impreffnadon. 
- ToneUoig tiia vased queetion of evnpiwatinn In th«w oole«le<^ 
I nuT bore atata, that tlip hiihoito theoretical opininon fomiprly 
held or aevoral [wrtiM io Victoria, haro been ounaiderably lon«I 
down by pnctisnl experience. It ahould mrt, however, be ior- 
§Mm, Unt t*>|>oni*OB ia mora or leaa moiltlied bjr aereral at- 
I lawknt awnw aiatlw on the atmoapbere, each u trCDpentura, 
Mimituni, Ibtoa and direction of the wiad, all t^ndbg to that 
l^oertain eoaiditlon, which, arer vttrjiag the ovaporttUon. prv 
pludea the poauUlity of having any fixed rale, axoepting an 
■verage Ibuaded on actual obiervntion in the looaUty, and extoid- 
' onr a oiiBtidenble apaoe of tim^. 

ny opinion, bunded on nutunl obaervnti<in on luge boiliee 
of ileep and almoet ijoieerrtit watar, aueh iw rencrvdra in a atill 
«t«t«, onablea mo oonlideatty to pnaoBnee it «• oonciderahly 
^tndar fiftr-two iaebee per Kinan; and verr wobahly the opinion 
^•U by OotoneL Cotton, frcm more axlaMed obaarvationa in th« 
l«ioii}- aa rvgarda time, am atiJI mom ia oonfbrmity with the 
[hot. Ui( opinion waa fcr^-fire tncfaoa. 

. Aa a genenl priadpte, I have adviicd that the oonaninption 
jt OecloRg be appnrtioued aa follows, looking on (he staudard 
[audlnim, twent^'tivc jnllona rDowa,! in Melbourne, iw uo ori- 
'UriOB (or colonial Boidnnori, tinving ihn likclihocid of a moat 
.abandant a&il nolliniladiupply. Id my caloulMioo, I allow iiii^ 
L IpaUoua per head per dion, for the Kiuniasr coiuomption, to nip- 
1.^ tha oniiuary domeatio wanta, Ik. Ac, a* hereaner entime- 
1 fnlad, for a population oumberin|[ fifty thouaMid aonla. For the 
wintar half-yew, whoa ooaanmption occawarily (for public pnr- 
L pMaa) ia vety much diminiihed, I allow forty gallona; being a 
[ inaau of fiAy gallona per heul per dkni. 



aurrLT. 



Aauntd RainM taken at . 
En^Mton 

2G per eant lalnUl 



8rt-00 

a: (10 
»-uo 



MtS Imperial octm, or iMo-lbbla of wUer*heil, 1 Qtlkaa 
alloariug V inche* <a 25 per eeot. a* anllabla i 1,UII,T5B,S1I> 
nfahH ... ,., ) 

3394 imperial aene, or two-tliii^i nf waUralMil. 1 

la the ImBedlate Tlointty of iba rMorvoir. cr [ I,3C7,1«,S78 
10 per eeot e* ■vaiULU ralnhll . ) 

U3 fanperUaeroieuifacBlsvelef MIetleonlour. ) 

&"'..::•::::;■::: ":« I «* i"*^-- ■ ( '"''*"''" 

aOblSa ooM. rlvlnx aeailoU* gaUona ef water pir 

aanum .. „ ... 3;B41,UI,HO 



OaMca' Capaeity */ Kitmflrt 

WcmbeU Vallc; Proper. . . 
W^amt Inlet ... 
Vortb-Mtt Inlet ^ ^. 



CMIeM. 
U,H1,0t7 

s,i4;,An 




s«.w4.i4a er i,«in.3iB,in 

f rapororton ,' 

Aortoge at 40 tat leret ) Ueao, }1S 

of eorfeee iM} to 

DIUoatUfaet ... luWiMbat. 



nam so. 
Ceoiumptlon of GO.OOO pofnilacioo, u on 
tyrnic* uf SO gajloni per heed per diMn, 
(or kll piujKMM, for lw«lva ■wnUia 

ShowiTic a balonoe of Ave bundnd uElbni* 
of giiJluDe, u pnivirion tgainit oooaeional 
droui^U 

Coniumpdtn, for an additioaal fix nontbl 



M4.4«,t4« 
Ult,MMei 



ai3.U0.0M 






lUance of forty-ali mUlon galloai for e*»- 
BocaUan and oontlnfendae, after eapply 
f»r rigfatoMi Bonlte M,10I,M1 

Tn cnlenlating tha aupply, I take tlie wai«r-tdied, beiag k mu- 
&c« catch-water ba«dn, aaaumed to be at a moat modmla latiaati 
IM thoa»an4 acrae iu extent, the <lniinag(< of which eJtbar Bowt 
wftli the Barwon, by war of lh« Wnmihcte Valley, or other 
tributarire. whidi onn be <bveeted thither and embanked. 

The worlcias out of the hut table ahowa a balanoa of wnlir 
atUl on hand from the mc»JBItitg of the reaerroir, and aflar aop- 
plyln^ a M,000 popuktioii for alghtaan montli*. and without 
lacdnos daring that period any additiona to iu ijinntitr. tl 
will be nbeerreif that n preeeDl ixipahitjon of 2A,00O coiud be 
aupplioii from the mma quantity for two and a-half year*; or, by 
ceaudng the allownnoe par bond to the Melbouma ntaadord of 
SB BalloB*, for 6ve yoara. 

Tliia, Irt it bn obaoTvcd, ia without htfringinc on but half the 
niinfiill. the whoio of which, beine 8^4^1,880 teUon* ware 
it imponndcd. there would be a anmcwncy aRer ^uciinz for 
you-ly evnpomtjon. for nearly double the above peiioiit; mj" ilin«, 
nre^ and eight vears reapecttroly. Quite euffident to lutl all 
aniietlea reepecttng the probablllltea of n watvr fiuDiX^^^aa If 
three or fonr connccotive Tcnra of dmtight ahould over rjibapptly 
Bgnin occur, ok it fans in the niomoiyof manyof thocaiI\wt(Iar& 
It learn a my ample maripn to meet oontiagtmoii-i-^pf any 
nature or kind, and more parti cnku-ly aD cavU. L 

It may b^ that an|)arfi<nnl oberrrera, or peiwns who t)|*WA 
made hydranlie qneatione thnjr stuity, may at flnt aight, iViR'B* 
that I bare ntber set down tha nviubibtc minfall nt a highV"*'- 
or from imaginary data. In oontravenlion of mch idea, T 'f*"'' 
a table of ottunl raiufnll at Van Yean rBservoir, aud i|iiitAllea 
aaoertoinrid b^th by careful gauziogs al moutli of inlet t>^ 
and chfckril by wntar^aage irtaff pemwaenily fited at tho WJet 
tower of the leaer v oir. I wiah to ahow the teveraJ fbctn ivla- 
dble thereAom. 

Ha fellowlng lablea are compiled tram tiit moat aooura] 
BOthentlc data, and eheokod tnm meani within my own of 
The quantitiee of water, 39,71^ and luO per cent, reapon l ^ 
may seem to be eioeaaJTe for the regiatcred lainloll, but I tvw 
that nearly aamucb waterconped bj thebye-wnah, ir. th<.-Ji*<' 
Plenlv; thi« r«Mrvolr having no bye-waah prope^ it ia thcr~ 
a miMiomer, wi nt prea«tit applied by tha authoritlea In conD< 
wiili the achonie: it it nlmply itn outlet orarilor, oonstructi< 
n portion (or mther at the terminncion) of tha embon lemon i. 
real by»-n^ ia the origiual river Plenty, by which all 
the aqueduct cannot receira purauea ita onward oourae to 
aea. 

Tbno tabtci prove one of two thinvii— either that tho 
viometer inilicntoi Itioa than the real hll; or that nearly 
Dot quite all, of the r&iafalt on tha 40^000 acrea (and the 
acrtaj foiin-l iU wny towards the reaerroir, and wooid bare i 
tiled it if tbi> (vo-milc noaednet had been oapaolow cno] 
ooBvey it. That the whole quanti^ oim* down I do nc 
moment donbt; nod it oroae from the Gict of the gn.-^iii' I 
been thoroughly ««U aatunted wior to the nun now ivi| 
fbr June nod July, 180S> ^ercoy proTiuj- that beretuf 
theoretical allovancaofauoBial aagloeemaudotlti.'nfijrav 
water i* mncb under the amrk. 







THE CIVIL EKGINEEtt AXD ARCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



219 



ban W tltnrrfMv Infrrrvd Ihirt th« por«nnt4ife u 
bjr me for Wornibet* u no wity Jn oxcean, Dot otkerwUo 
Meiag Ui&t it ia ft mtieh more fovtMinbijr drcHOMtaneed 
Bg-groiuid, »i\ th'aigi crMisidercd, tlnui tfa» PlMit7. 



1-70 



tm 



a-H 






(O.UUO Mmadnlaol by Flciily 

river. 3H ptt com. 

.'>,.^0() uTM liralned by Reitr- 

«air, 140 porcvtiL ... ... 



tv,000 MiMta, a* kbors^ 3f per 

o«nu 

S.SOD *<TM, u kboM^ 70 par 

M»t 

1,300 ■on*, ai sbore, 100 pa 

oeut 



sor,i78,SGa 

187,-141.05* 
i9,91S.V39 

lII5.t)01,S71 




0Tt.llV,7S3 



MIUloB 



B74 
l«7a 



Sy tptij, lAowi'ng Rtgiittr rf PU m t nul tr n t'Mftina, 






IN. 



UO UM tWn ami «■ l**el. 



Metn of Fire 

Vwa. 
June uiil Jnly, 



iiM 



Jvaa urd July, 
lUS. 



6-m 



OhIoiii. 

UtfHtatoieBBU 

•MkwL 



June Hid July, 
less. 



4'U 



ItfuraJ Lata, «• wnpami >i(A lAWr JtrraUt tValrr-i^/4 u* 



L«ke CenuinuiM ... 

LUa Ctolu 

L«ke UWyallodi ... 
Binnglan VMM (Rn)[Utid) 
Wonnbeu 



Ons-nlntb 
On»U>tib 
On*-«t»vmitfa 

l>lM-lW*llt)Mh 

Uaa-fortieUi. 



Ord to tbn piiritj of tbn WonuboM Rracrvoir wabera, It 
h» borne ia miiid tiMt from the tim« on which thty ur« 
led on Uie mu&W until th«v are im|iouii(ir>(l iu Uie i-Htpr- 
liera m no lagouiM lo filt — iio aeilgv luaLrsh laiidti, no 
ve awtunp* to pwa over, abanrbing much, <li*>'olc-imiig l^« 
, knd cmktiiiff Tflgetkblo poiian; oo fiUIow Undu »r af[ri- 
i dt«lne(, to inprvgnate tn«re or leM by the impuriiiei 
thej «Mitaii), ukI which may be pttiered up bv the 

Ctiog over them; no ooataaiiMUng [ikQu«iiceii arleEng 
p or wool wiiahing MtabUihntMit* ; and bnin^ fiir 
d ttom populatioti, then kk fevr floaltng impitritiM io 
and no mvrmgt matt*r tu tteterionte the aiuTouiidiiiB 
M«ely a human bdog, all b«ing atill, nve the ocauAcmu 
note ot the f^litxr; wooctMuMi'a use. Aod It ehoul'l not 
Ditaw. thai nnimnl mati*r mImoi hold of In any nhoTw b^ 
r«nt power of pure writer, tlioiigh in miuiile jjarliolM, a 
■ tbe fiml uutliorilii-a Io lie prfiudicioJ iu n-'Biini Io liealtli. 
oold furt)i«r be buiue in ulod (ami it U uu aliuht r«oata- 
ioa) that from the ver^ natnnd conttgnrMlon ofth* Uiou- 
f Mrea in this forest, it never nui in all time brixinie an 
Mini diatrict— mint Temain aa it in, lave bcinK d««iadcd of 
>er; thereby Riviii^ an amninuioe that Doming geuemii^iua 
liwllr with the pr-^xeiil. enjoy a pun water ealli^rlng- 
and pim w-jiter, without the IntcrTMitina of artifinal 
Duw;' of whirli iu HiRie of the finMt worko in the mother 
r Ktc beenaiing a naiauiee mtber than a bcoi^Iit. 
Belrent yiddii wnter of the greateat natural purity, tbe 
1 atream uf which ie uouipantively frM- fiviii pv«ii v^ge- 
ontaminauun. >fotwJtluuiMlliig the adjaeoDC^ in nch 



Ditmbm of tbe toll but giaeeful and laxuriaot tree fern, ami 
otber planta of an almeat wopical growth, little or uo pcreectJUe 
diange haa b«*ii trnputed to the vater th«nby. It ie deliAutudy 
omL atrangly imiiidiBg ma of tbe bri^taparUingwataraeXtu 
■aouiar fionnttj. It ia alniMt aa piura aa tha pur*«t known, and 
ywf muek bett«r adapted CbrdonicMJe purpoace tbaa moal^ boinif 
laaa UnpfMnated either with iniiMnJ or ohemiod eonatitMnia) 
not roqutrug filtration, pnm, brilliant, and eutlrely imasoaptlaa- 
able In tnlnur or t«<rta, betraying ao organic taint, and evuxing 
^imi/aeit bttM. purity. 

Haviug i^own ibat more than a awCBdency of water i> procu- 
rable, It now teala wllb tbe eonuuiaiioB to o^er tlie oronaary 
atepa nnst in proertadon to b« taken, by which »j abundant a 
■upply can bo tawie aralUhl* for the lovm, by thn codbI. ruction 
of *uch world oj may be rvquircJ for coUeirtiug, ccQt'oyiiig, and 
dletrtbutiug that whicli tintare ha* pulwithiu our grasp, iiAiiirty, 
the fnoilaiiifuliil giuundworic Ibr creating a uvvur-ovtuimg gravi- 
tation mi I > ply. 

UovinK giTMi maeb and Mriona atudv to tlio ichuc^raphind 
feaXurtm of the town and it* mburban (fietricts, with a view to 
high and fuuatuit aurvioe, it but rrtnaiuB for me to nay. lliKt 
lUH'ing it in a matter uf the grettvst iiupurtAiiiv, aiid iihuulJ be 
kept [iiri»i pi^iminnally in view, the *upply Iwing not ouly Ati)pl«, 
but good and uuliinil4xl, with as av«r-continued jirouuro cnn- 
atautly on, avaiUbk at all time* day or night, from itu nltitutle 
suffiuieut to o^uuoaud the upper atury uf the higheHl huunu In 
the rnoKt elevated dietrict; inncieBt to <iuii:kly aud rfli'»ciijuidy 
GXtlnguiah fir«B, however nxloiuiva, and that wilbt>ut ini-urring 
any aililitlonol outluy for power, wrr the t)re.plugi or hydrant*; 
protectiug the Uiwu nguinat tbe deviuilatiuK clement of fire, a 
striking pruuf of the Laoouiable eUtwu of wbioli w« au latdy havs 
hiL.1 ill the rwva^'M (;»mmitt«d in the Markol-equartv Oealoug, eo 
the nls^it fif 3(it,h Dccrniber lut, destroying in *n abort a wfl/e* 
til' lime !i(i,(IO(tI. worth of proportYi whorcns, hud thew.- projected 
wurka biMU but comolete and in a working stal«, they would 
moat aiMitwdly have kapl tlie total l<iu under .MO^., a diflerrnce 
ot 'U,AO(M. — A Wge amount on ihia one fir« olcue, a considerable 
ittta in the ncotasory cxpenditarr, 

Thui^ I take it, tbe future protection of the citixeca and their 
property will be better M^ured fruin nucli a aoourge hj eimple 

Caare, obtained IVnin aoch an altiluile a* will nnder obeivlele 
priniciva mode now- obligrd to be r«mirt«d to aa a mutter of 
neoeasity by an otherwise well nmilalcd, energetic, and fearlosi 
fire brlRiLd'c, briusing to tbeir aid a ooiBpantinily weak and 
inefflcivul uieohaTiicnl power. 

Snlliut it f) Mj, that by ilil« gravitation waaroid tbe naceaait^ 
for the orcctjnu of steaiD-onginM or other expennve uaehiuerv, 
in duplicate or oUierwIse, erer liable to get out of order. We 
alao avoid l^levatiuIl Hyjiliuut^ with all tbeir patApbernalU, which 
i» rendered uun'o^sviirv, b««ldee other expewre ajtpeudagea too 
uitmciroua to detjiil wittilQ tbn limit<Hl compass of this jnper; nor 
ia It DenuHury that I should do so, •cclDg that any or cvc-ry 
pumping scheme Is aupetaeited by the adaptation of nature's own 
providing — a gnvitatiou tchetutf, eligible, eafe, aimple, and 
eompreben^va. 

It m.iy be, that I ahall have the honour on a fnture day to 
submit, subject 10 vanr wiabw, a farther or nipplemeotal paper, 
on on extended echvme, the peaaibte furuuUiou of a niaervoir in 
tli« Kuiie l-j«aliiy, covering an ar«a of Vit> acres depth of water, 
aeventy fset at Mnbonkinetita, and cba onbical content* <•( nix 
handredandEortj>five million feet, or foor thoiuuind and eighteen 
tuUlIoa galleiis in qMntttj. The which is wortliy of our cousi- 
demtloo En a clIaDaU «in:b aa tbia. where tbe rafnEdl haa been 
known to be occasjonally exoeedlngl; precariooa, wiwrtaiu, and 
■canty in amount. 

In tbe experience of the older colonists, we have had two and 
evfU tiirce (totne eay fo<ir) oonweuti»-e yean of dronght; if 
each iihould uDhappUv again oocur, it nu^ be that tli« population 
of Mntboiime mwbt M dependant on Oedoag for water. Suuh 
beliiK the rose, by the nreirtion of an cmhaDKmirnt, aueh as I 
coiiiieiuplatf in my supplemeota! paper, we would iukve enouffh, 
and Uj ■{un. ao that Melbourne could be aasisted without .a,~ 
friiiLiiu^ i>n th« rigbta of GeeloDg. 

I brtii^vR I am warrantrd in stating, that the vain* of wafr 
for irrigation purpcum is by uo mean* aa yet aundently known 
in the colony, but it b Io be bopvd tbat the day i* not hr 
dlatant that ila mmta will be Hppnwisl^ as it deserves. And 
in oonneetloa wiili (hi\ T will bnt draw tout atteutiou to a Bpw 
Guta eooaectod with audi a tu* iu a •diawte not wilike owv, 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCniTECTS JOUBNAL. 



ruuiirijF, Ae iootuQenble tiwln itncl reMrroin of our onoqaered 
fMOviiiCM of ladla, which hiul bMB coiuitrucI«d uudtr thi> »ittir« 
fniiiMa for the two of tli« p<Ki|)iA Snot* ft rilb^ u witbnnt 

r«M; tad when tb* popnktloD wtm dtam, nqiiiriag gr«ftt«r, mak 
aa tba piMBnt Hkoiva PrmidracT, tticj has « nue n tnr Huity 

ImilM in draumfsrencr, hiviDit an embankment of aome twelve 

< miUa long, uiil appnubmif a itcplli oi titiy trtt. 

In raftnoco to tiiu aobjMt. I iloubl do( but whan tli« tiina 
uriTM fbr OUT GovsrniiMDt to Uk« th* natter np m datail, it 
Ou be wtithetorilv pnivpd that iinch worla can b« nude rcpro- 

Iduetlrc^ and luuiaM down to pottrriij lu tba triumph of the 
infut ago of VIotArU, ud wortby of Ibe tiuM* in which wc live. 



THE PRINCESS'S THEATRE AND OPERA HOUSE, 
BJELDOURNB. 

Thi« edifioc, known u Aitley'e AmpbithwOre, haa been en- 
|tinl)r raaodeUed. It will sMt about 8300 ^wiioua. All the 
ftt» io th« drMa circle will be chain, and the ntaioot ove hn» 
tukta to reader that portion of tho Iiodm comfortable and 




ooBdMdhriM BauMth the dnn circle ar« arranged < 
K *oiu««hAt novel arran^mect; but in thi* partimUr Jnetaace 
a rer7 f(ood one The two tinni of boxn, with the pit and itaUi, 
oompriac? all tlve comportnientfl of tile IhcMtra, ao tiiat tltera will 
be no gallery. The eutnUkcea to Uifl drew circl« and to tk 
boiea art) tliiough a building apeoIaUr endoi in FtftbuMB^ 
plans. The itaga baa been advuioed 19 fcM, and ao arnagad 
that no part of the houee wil] be witbout an eicoUent yWw oT 
iL The house wtti be lighted by a uuuibcr of de^uit eban- 
detiaia^ and a baudauwe jnild ornament in (ho MUtrv ct the 
mObt$ will oorar a ver^ Bffldent TMitiUtiuptOMM. Tliodteo- 
nitjeiM throoghont ara m wUta and mid. Ob eitbar aida of the 
pcoacDmuni am two htgUf-finiahad figona iiiiiieiiiilin)[ Hone 
ui.i tiie Dramh The bo«i«7 haa been pdniaJ bj Mr. 
aaaislanta. 

The entnuioa to the pit and italU will alao bo in f^tflia 
piMS. and qnlta romoved fron the hotel. The bUcr hna beta 
Hreatjj anlargcd. The whole GiQade of the building wtU be pcw 
tec(«d by a verandsb, extending to the edge of Uia tsetwaj, m 
aa to form a protoction to vicjton in wM waatlier, aa wall aa w_ 
agreeable promenade^ 



IMPROVED OONnNIfOUB OOMPEESSINQ MACHINE Tbomas Koro, SpiUUdda, Fattntet. 

FIC. t 




. Tkib innnlkn oooMata In amngliig two indlaM poftralad 
baada of aitioobtad bars or linka in aooh a maaoer, taat whilat 
eadi woi)» round two drama placed at a -^t"**""* apart, their 
Siurm aliall bo indinad (o each otbor at aa aagle ia thedlraodon 
ol Uifir laagtb. Tbiu the tpaoa betwoeo ttw boea of tfat two 
coatiaaom hunk ia wM|g«-like, aod aoj luatariaU placed bctwcta 



tham will, wben the bandi are eaaaed to eww faat.L 
end toward the dbitow cod, be gndnalljr iiiiiii|IIMmJ[.T 
waj, tan, hope, &o. may be readltj oompreaaed. 

Tig. 1 is a plan of a maohioe witli Uic drtust placad ' 
6g. 8 U an elevation of flg. 1. 



THE CIVIL EIJGISEER AND ARCmTECTS JOCaNAI* 



SSI 



•ffE MONOOENESIS OF PHYBIOAL FORCES.* 

By AuraM. ti^.x, F.R.S, V.CJL 

• our itttcreMitM wiUi nalim uid uOnnl pbowiMiia, we> 
vt tu, kcoofvtiiig to (ke mcidlarity of our mindR, view ilia 
iphMonenk Jn t. MmcwMt dlff»r*nt nuMUMr; h-dmi of at 
iv* morv rivMly hf onr ot^na of mm—tiop, whilict othon 
\tm pfcnren of peronptiori •torn up fiicU man aeewmtalT. 
geaenlue Etinpte Utata into «ib!iinrp lowii whUrt it is 
:U«tI 10 a few 10 eamp»r» And bring tuto rtbtira nnaMmna 
1tnti«iM At flrat npparfnUf fliulDnt Fmoi Uila dtvimtT 
ponn-n nf tlwi humut tntod, I h«*v alwajv »troag\y felt 
'cietT ii txTiirjictrH liy meh pnnca nnfoliliiiK the impn*- 
wfaieh hi* own mind ivwrr«^M b^ that antun mU ■» maila 
int«(l with ilie rarioiH aa)]«ots mm which axtonifti Dfttim 
I viewed. 

iv« dwarii fnr ny them» iho " Prwlnirtiim of PhynicMl 
,' uid thi* IwlUM) will bo > citnorT Klonoc of tbat view of 
I pKromaciu which I publishmL, in tbo year 1^-13, in A 
eolitltd *Tlie 8<>urcM of PfavsicKl Bd«nM,' mid which 
tvWa one of thM iinri<w nf BiSUMijrtitn] works whinh I hare 
the bOHiMim of tny lifn to d«valop« trrtu lutlunr. I vimtura 
M thai vna will Dritlior b« mrpraed Dor oflrndMl in roj 
lUinK thw rifw of luting «<peetaU;f >■ I liavu mjaitlf nnw- 
apfjio) it for « iwriol of ronrteen jMn in tlie omluMij 
loiia of tifo, hhA I tnxt not aJtof^otber whhooi Mm* 
itaM to ttin pnhlic. 
lire in k WBtcm) world, but we am neithn' ii»lca nor 
ij matter. H<jwcver lunnv limw mailer m*)" be mmUned 
upon by other inMtfr, it rmiains the Mtme ia MtiouDt> 
when It i* w> nhftii/nl that It pnmMM* tM native of ite 
italt, vet it U ncithiT in«raund nnr diminkbML 
oar great poet in hi« Inflr flight nj*— 

" layciM Cellar, dcwl ud lanH to rUf. 

mjU Mop * Iwlc la kwp Us vlitd aB^;' 

ige b not more woDd«rful than the d&llj intnamvtatiotia 

ir nuuHiGkMoriMi, wh«rn olbnaive oAtI is converted Into 

iliii piKiiicDta for tho drouH of oar fairent dui^hloni, ami 

Bot raidun nn chmigcd itita Hxquista diivoan for nwect- 

a. 

i«rer7 obm Iu which we ohiwrve matter, we notioe that It 
wee a power whereby tiro )virtiD4ia are djKwn toother or 
HlUj attraelcd. Fn-m this we deduce a Uw, "Thiu whnl- 
attracta ia matter, and whatever oaoDol Atlnuil i> not 
er.' To my miud, attnotioo la an Inberent properly of 
er, which )l has poMMWd aa long as caatter baa oxi«t^ aod 
till niatt«rceaa(ato<>xin,byth*fiAtofuilaimntma) 



• know not how lar mailer ia diviaable, Iwoause we cmi 
ly aoparale it into particim &r below what our Mtiaea out 
edate; i<«verlbete«s, it ia ronvcDiaDt to ajwiimo thiit nialtar 
rUble into deflaite pnrtii^In which can no longer be divided, 
bmea called atoima We know uot, moreover, biiw m*nj 
I of mnU«r there an^ or whether tlian ia Bum than oue 
It by 00 nansB foUowa because we cannot deeonuiose the 
UeJ iiixty elNBents that they M« acpaiMe boiliaa. We su*t 
nber ttint It ia poanble, aa artry element Iwa a (lifleruit 
ifauofc nnmber, that eiwh may be only a Qumbor of ntonu 
eled lomtber ao lirmly an u> n^iu ODr power* of Minnttiou. 
a ooBBKnniioua aie entirely within ttie bonndary of specu' 
t, nnd not at prewBt of lact; yet, this view moot* all the 

BCkm of the oaao, and when two theariB*, equally «x|irniii- 
the dreoBiatanota, are oAered Gm' our oonaiduraiirjri, it in 
eDaaiateol with aalaral MieuM to ohooee that whiuh in- 

the S»weu hypotheaaa. One of the nioxt aiibtle divisto^iti 
M matter w to M finiad in the blade pulverulent atatc of 
li^ aneh aa aaployed for my fotin of baii«ry. It haa been 
Mcri that nlJ matter ia hiaek wImoi Mteuoively divi<led, 

' the [mrtiolM ara loo amaU to lellact light; bnt the fonn 
» Uaok partMn is anhnnwa to ua, beoauaa the lii^boM 
n «f the Dkroiwop an- ineaffident to raiider tliem visible 

•ya: At the Uni Unlterian lecture, PtoCmbot ntradsy 
< loMwn naetboda fir dividtoff gutd to an extteuie amount, 
iiccipitatce the metal fn.'iu iut wolulion by bi-aulp1inr«l uf 
a, and obteina a riihyH^jUiiirod liqiiiil, in which metallic 
[a ao minato, thai the pcuiidra an iovishla by any micro- 



fti Umt'm ilirf nii'mt YarM- il Udiin MinnJ al Iti<i \jmiim lulllo- 
Itiwr IMIi. im. ^ Jtinn rmtx. r.K.*., fCA. »iit*in >« »» VnA >4 

»?.— v«t».-ji;iT, lasr. 



•oopii: power. This iJittiQgiiiahsd philoaophar Mtiafiad lunudf 
that the rulnr ^am owes ita oolonr b> gold in a motallio etate in 
an ioSuite divuion; and by addina gelatine to the ruby aolutioi^ 
he ditaiued a ruby ydly preciaely Suilar. 

intimate tmrtlcles of matt«r are aggregfttMl or attracted Into 
nuiafa, of wliich wo may obeerve m«Ay wiotMa. Uxik at iov : 
how dilTcrent ij ita appausnca at different timca; and in iMir 
electro-uetaUurgio dvp«tb^ wbcre we build up our objecta atom 
br atom, we obtain many rcn- dilTenot Uuda of tggnffaioa. 
'Lhe toMter electrolype from whioli th« Bank of Eoglaud nolo la 
printed la ao excaUaat, that a portion I tried was taaai cspabi* 
of belug drawn into Utrco-«nd.a-half miloa of wirti whilst, utMlor 
owtaiu circumatoncea, copper dopoailed brtkka with a cooonidBl 
fmctnre with the greateat oue. 

Wo are ignonut whether there ia any dUfnunce fn the mode 
(if attnction botween the nlttnukte partidaa of aolid, fluid, and 
l^aaevua particles, but, having Ttffao to tho ontim range of phy- 
Klool kauwlcilge, we may aaomo that the parljolea are mnal 
firmly attinuted iu Uie ■uti<l, ai»d more in Ui« Uuid than the 
giuKuus stnli!; as by differeut auwunis of atltactiuu we obUiu 
ibe fliBbrenco b«twe«n tlie solid and nscoua atates. I have 
spaeulotod whether oine atom mi^bt not ojr itaelf have bouodlcai 
cJtpauiMv Mid fill the ficnuuncol'-w limilaUon of extent being due 
to thf atliMtion between two or mora atome of matter. 

Maiwra of matter agfrogaleii together atiU have the power of 
attracting each other into one unifccio mum, by adhcaioii, as 
when two piecM of lead or gloM are bnnij^t into contact lh«^ 
mutually adhere, and aouetunea greaUy to the manu&oturer^ 
disoa«ulort> 

Liquids and aoUda in ooatact have a power of mutual attrac- 
tion, aa in capillaty atinutton. 

Qaaiu and liquida have aUo thia power of altracttoo, ai in the 
ease uf aiariatic add gna and wuter. 

I lutve proved by ex|«riuieut that attraction ia existent be- 
tween g^iaoa nud soliila. Some yoara ago I •iiwovtirnl that oohe 
or cbarooal mij;bt have eo much hydnigen firmly attneted to it, 
that when piuugnl into •olniioiu of gold, eilvvr, or coppeo', on 
extensive d«]>oaitiMi of metal takes pUce; and I h^v* fowtd that 
it would retain the gaa lor many day*. 

Attiaclioo ia alao axcn«d betwcon saaooua bodice^ aooovdUig to 
the Uw of diffuaion so elegantly doreiuped by Graham; and oven 
oubunie acid (a very heavy gaa) paaaea into the atmomberic air. 

lAMiy, li^rnda atltact each other by a law veiy atmihur (O ibal 
of the (UffoMon of gaaaa. 

ililherto we have cotiudeiod the attractiou of partiden of 
niutlvr iu indcGuite (lu&nlilie^ or of the allractiuii of oiaa«ca 
alreaiiyaf[gi«gat<id; but partidtMof twoor mure ditTcreut kimU 
nf mattw may be attneted to produce a totally uew sabelauce, 
baring none ot the propaitia Ol former partidra : thus chloriuia 
and awlium form common siit; oxyijen aud livilrogea, wntor. 

Attracted nmtter, eitliev in mnwui or iu tlie uioat attenuated 
partiolee, altnoU otW nuiasaa at any distance, and by thiapower 
of gravity evetythtug in th« nnivone is kept !n poaitlon. To thin 
power tbio suu, the moon, the earth, the ston in the flimaiiMni, 
and every anbatuce in the world, owe* ita pwitiaa. 

In the GMM of altniutios alrca>ly i!i-iH;ribvd tlie power appoan 
to be cxerdaad ptumuKuuuBly, but tli«rv are caaaa in wUcb 
aluactkiu Is exerted in definite directions. Crystahi are mamw 
of attneted mattar of (hia diameter, im their pertidea an> 
attracted uneuuaUj iu diffsrent directiouiL In coiuMqttcuce of 
thia they yield to niechaiiical force iu eome dirvcllouM, not in 
oilier* ! they expand unequally by heat, they are acted opMi 
anoquslly by mngn«ti«n, and thoy Have -ntj cnrioua propeitlni 
iu fiction to lighL Not only in enratalline bodiea do we obatrvo 
liiat attraction is exercued in a deuiute dinolicn, but we obacn-r 
II diravUon in tbe power of attraction during the uaguetic atatc. 
.\ Ixu- of iron, when it suddenly aasiuoea this state, aupmn to 
have ita former attiwcttona altcKd, for under IkvouraUe ciraam- 
alMiot* it wm sound a diiiinot inuaMnJ note. When a ■""grriitii' 
body nttraeta another body capable of asraiulng the nrnguatic 
state, tbe eeooud nibstance also evineea a aimiUr direction in the 
exerdae of the power of aii^wcUon. From these views we deiluoe 
that the Ulok of magnetism it derived from certain kinds of 
DiAttar, under certain dcvunialnnueo, eviuciug the puwurof atinuv 
tion in a definite diractJoii. 

We have uouskleted the mode in which attraction acts to unite 
partlclet of utatter, and thus consiruct the various ubjr>.ts uf 
which the material univme is compuaed. Now let oi pause Iw 
consider the earth at mt. Tlie initi which gitM the loveLinrM 

SI 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCfflTECTS JOtHlNAL. 



to e«aaiii|^ and soottiM the miad ttter th* bnalneM of tho dftj, 
(knot bat K dim iIimIow of Ihftt kwftil qolat which wonid «cwt 
I'veN Utn«t«d auUter not capable or b«u)g aotod npooi, wlica 
TfiMn wonld be ntitber batt to cheer, light to i^adJen, mimd to 
I cmlivtn, or uMiaa to axclUL 

Natoiv, bowwar, aUion quiet, aod deiights in aetioD. In 
Lfrei; onae vheni attraetloii ia axsrlad, it can be Heatr^vd br a 
Fsew attraetioni and tboi, whiUt Attracted matt«r exhibitn coltfr- 
Jlloit, eoTuporitiou, jwiition, bo a unvr sttmction om cause <tutDM- 
■.mHon, dwoBipoartlon, and motion. Hence ve dejooe (he law, 
I *' that a new atttaction can doatray a foiTu«r attiaotion." 

For a ttody of th* afToot of a new attisotion acdn^ upon 

attnMtcd matter, the voltaic battery atanda (brtb ptv-eminentij 

as an Laatnuueat wdl oUcuUted to exein]dify the phenomenon. 

I Tor a voltalo clrnilt it ia nwotial to have a flaid-eompoiuid 

bniJt np of twi> atdtna oatv; thia oomponnd b deoompoaad by any 

uiatter either in a nolid, Auid, or gaaeoiu eUt^ capabU of setting 

up a powerfal attraction botween itaelf and ono olranent of tho 

eocupouud ; this \a (lie pocUire pole, 'fbc n.-cmid clemrnt in 

cvolveil nt the negative pol«, and tlie two pointu mnv bo tnuuecltiJ 

, toyether by rontt^r extending for mllee and milfa; a but on which 

rdependa the electric clock lud tnlegmph. In a dngle battery 

mm ii but one point at which the nn« altmctinn ia excited. In 

I tile oompound tmtteiy there Arc *m niiuiy pointn nn then an oelta 

lio the •arletL A single Toliaic batterr may act through a aeriea 

{of riioitar trough^ provided that in tiieae awondaiy trougha tho 

I tcodenpy to deatroy the former ailiactJon is neariy eqnal to the 

I tendency to maintain iL I plnce before you an exampl^ in wiiitJi 

on* batt«ry ia reducing gold, lilvcr, copper, tin, lend, iron, aae, 

In tenarat« cans, baring aolutiona of toe poantire polea of ihoM! 

metoM. In thi* caao, one grain of lino fu the battwy rvducea 

1 0| gnini of itotd, ^ nf rilver, %t lead, 1^ tin, I Mfipar, ^ of a 

I faiaa iron, tlicae being the idalire weight of ons atom of each of 

Otaao DHtala. 

By the voltaic battery, eapeoinlly if we employ the platiniied 

Liilver battory, na >* now almost luvariably usm for heavy work, 

lin oblAin roiulti oqaivalont to the original attrw^ou within a 

Iverjr trifling peraenta^ a nmh which miut l>r nwarded m a 

fgloriooa triamph of human tkill. Ou accmint of thia perleotioa 

of miilc I hare been enabled to couiLnict an in*tnunent which I 

cxll a btiiwrvineler, iu which eT,'cry degree ahowa that a gmin of 

zinc hiu cntsrrd iiito cointiinntion. and beoome milphate of zinc. 

By thia we oxn tell the lunonnt and thicknem of incuJ T«dncod in 

nor pndpitating trough. Tbia inatrumcnt ia tho drat inatiuice 

In whleh man kaa eat! ma ted work done by tho primaiy attraction 

or Bonroa of power. In the BtvAm-enffine lli« ooali borat do not 

L.point oat »o acmuatoly the result obtained; and I hare elMwhere 

1 «h>«rred that emn in the animal, the nort p«rlbct of all machbety 

the fbod tho aoldier eats will not uf necenity indicate the nombrr 

of tniloi trareraed, nor uf ibe enouy killed. 

Thia iutrnment was dnigoed for tlie Bank of England. You 
ar« all donhtlcia awan, that, npon mv propcxition, the ontire 
^;;rt«ui of printing the Bank of Rngliui'I notra hna been cluuigKl, 
lud that tkey are u<tw priutcl fmni nirtacc : a cliango which oaa 
Poomlribnted M mnch to give ideutitr to the note. The origjnal 
Pdioi ar* cat 1b copper, ateel, or hraaa; from theae, mould* are 
inade, which again are olcctrotyped to make the out for printing. 
VTbt battery-meter, jilnoed in tho Imltery, ahowa ua thn tbicknes* 
[of our drpoaited matEd in the trough; and Ihniig'h our pnictinnl 
re enables oa to dhipenae with citnoeoa* aida, I oui but think 
■ia little iantrument Ia a v«ry buautiful pncti^ applimiiou of 
[profbtind pbyiiral Uwa. 

The caiue of nil voltnic phrnnntpna ia roftrable to a tiev attrac- 
, aitd when thie S> opposed by obatacle* Icnaion ia tnanifeated. 
alon, to lua a figxmtire expreaaion, ia " a deaire for aelion 
DgratiflacI,'' and tlma, aa aoou aa the l«nition is iwrrBaaed, or the 
^obrtacle* are ditninUhr^l, action roralta, anil disintegration, de- 
mopMitioD, or motion onnira 
It waa tna the long-oontinnod aod clow atHdy of the voltaio 
7 rvqiiisite to enable me to write my trentiito on ' E1t»:tii>- 

II'"Ky/ *"* ' "*• ^^ ■'^P by step to'develope the ayatem of 

F^hyaioal philoaophv npoo which thia Icotiira Is baaed. I oonld, 
therefore, tarry nnd dwL-ll upon thia boaullfVd Inatrurannt, ilid t 
not remembv that on thU oocaaion it wilt he my cudeuvonr to 
ao M preaa into one lecture a alight aketch of the entire range of 
phyneal phMicntMia. 
haaing from the study of the action of a new auraction unon 
inarr Inid oomtioandB,'w« may noxt, with advnatag*, oonaider 
Iu efltet apon solid suhatanota^ or aubatanoes noder Um atlrac- 




tknt of aggMgatioa; and tho alactrical mwihiiie ia wall 
br thia porpoae. In this cms, fovve ia appliad to a aoUd hodr. 
wkecebx tenaoo, fitr exoeeding that which ia raadUv obtabaNe 
by a roJUie battery, ia nanuoMed. WheasTar the tJoe t iieri 
Machine b exdtad by any torw, th" origin of that loroe ia da* to 
acme new attnwtlen, and haooe tbe new atlnctioa ta the prinaiiT 
okUM of the electrical tensioo: aod whao tUs ia ia cra aaad aift- 
eieutly. or the obataelaa d«naaad.Mtiai) onaam h;^ a dsvtraeliw 
of atlra.:tiuua, aaoh ao diaintecntloB, dMUnpoaitioa, or taotini, 
aod la freqaeutly aoeanipoBledoy light, haat, and aoond. 

IVom the above viem, Ibo tund is lad ta aoppOM tliat elcctii- 
dty ia not an immaterial owence, impondanbla^ or iplrit altoAad 
to matter, to which the effeaU are due; bat that the pbanooaw 
of electricity are entinly owing to the anion of a new aMnelkB 
tipoit matter aegrtgatad or oampoaed by ftmner attractiuna. 

By IHotiouaTeleclridtr we can tiaoe now repuldon ia a phaoe- 
monoB of attraotjon, nnd not att inhsrait POwer of matter; a* bj 
electricity we can rutdil* suaiwnd aome of tho nnwannia foroat 
by which any body i* held ill position, when it inorea io the 
r«aultaul of the olhera. Two balla aoapeuded doee tocethar, 
whan aimllarly elactrlflod, appear to repel each other; but la 
Rolity ilwy are attracted to aiirrounding ol^eola. 

Cairj the reaaoninf ouo Hl«p Aulherr we find Uiat which we 
term positive or negative eleetriaU phooomaaa ia due to the 
direetjon ia which the new attnwtion acta, and thia diiecUoo ia 
aoolagous to the polarity of the magnet or the ooudttioti ul the 
olootrolyto in tho voltnic battery. 

Paaoug tram the known to the nnlnown. we may glanoe at 
the thunder-cloud, the awful grandeur of which mvat Cor aver 
ap^Md the hufaan miud. Fr"in tli<^ danae blade Diaoaaa of cJoeda 
which oanally aoeompaoy thta vraud natural phenoaMnon. wa 
have aoldoiB aa opportunity o( obaerving that which ia taking 
plaoe; yet on oneoecadou, on F^nat-hlU,I aaw tliat which |a«- 
Dftbly ia the oamw of the dactric acUco. It wao a damp da; ia 
June, and there had been muoh rain prcvionaly— the entire Ay 
being oorared aa it wora with miaty clouds, throogh whloh tu 
ann waa aaeti in an obaem-ed form. Suddiriity, without wandag 
or the digfateet apparent nsaaoD, cloud* aggraptod aliov* «er 
heada so n^udly, that within five miniMea wo weca in oomfdn- 
tive darkneaa, when the moat terrific duhra of ligbtniog <uuear 
nd, aecompanied wftli peida of thunder. This was loUowed 
ahnoal almultanaonaly by ooormooa hnilatoo«a, so thidt thai oe 
ooold acarce m* a 6bw yarda before tia. We had great difiooltr 
in prooMding ta the neoieal houae, which was acarce a huodrtd 
yards, nud it wna ooly alVa' inoceauit rinfpng that one «f ths 
ininatee venuired out to open tlie ^te to give ua ahelicr. 

In this ease there waa mauifcaiJy an i nsta n ta n euna ami n|dd 
development of now attrnetiona m (he nggregatiou of aqoaeaa 
nqwar into large hailaloDesi and I bdleva that OBpwatNa </ 
vapour acting upon the atlnvcted matter of the OMMa >* the 
true aouree uf the electric developmonL 

The enblim* phenomenon of the thnnderolond 1 have waUhaJ 
a« it plnri oviy the ooMn'a bed; I have ben in th* midst of it a( 
the tu|> of the moiiutain; I have eeao it lioveriag orer tba laka. 
and h«krtl the thunder reverberate from shora to ahora of iha 
eaaile-bcaring hills of the Rhinui yol it is worthy of nuMin 
that Iu no ])taoe haa it been tn grand as in (his rircoa during ih* 
stillnoB of night. Here wo have a mnltipde cclio, and whao tk* 
cloud ia overbuail, the muh ia reverbenUad from aide lo aid* 
willi n oi^eely unc(iunll«l \iy any other nalnnd pbrnoiaaaa^ 
and which well marka tho pouor which is acting duriqg th> 
olaetric diai^argo. 

The aipicity ta produoe action is called force, and whaoeTav* 
new attraction ii set up, fort* roaalta. Fciree diffora from laaaiv 
In being ahli! to du that whioh waaion i* pravcnlod, by a mi*- 
anoe. from aoooiaplisbiug. Aay kind of attractioa gives rfat* 
hrao. Tbo attraetion of gravitation, oapillanr altnoUioa, ib 
attraotian of aggregatiOB, or of chetnioal aibnUy, will pcoJV 
force. 

When a new attnolioii is exerted, tbo foroe emanating tk«* 
tma may bo propn^tad throuffh nerifbrin bodim, whua il ■ 
tensed pnenmatie force; throiwh fluid bodiaa, wh«ii it tacaJW 
hydrostatic force; through solid bodiea, when It ia called B*d>- 
iiical fo«ve. 

I hare literd i( stal^l that whcnenr fot«e ia genaaated i>* 
nerer annihilated. To i>ach nn extraordinary p rep o ai liBy W 
ayaten not only gives an uui|un!ili<il denial, but pomla ep*^ 
manner in whiok foroo oonce lu an ctkL However la^JtM 
endure, howei-er many bodice il may peas thrangb, iu finJil* ^*^ 






.u^ 




THE CIVIL ENOINEEB AND ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



233 





» itKtnj wme fnf mill inn aUnotian, Mil •UlMr disioMgnM^ 
, or nwva fmrioiiafr UtncMd nutter. 

of ■mitar andM- aUnotion to a imw aUnetMn, 
tlia pradoetiMi of vuioua ptwaoaiMia. Under oertoia 
, Uwt wfakh wa tail hott m cTiaoML Tor li«at, it 
I OMMtMjr tbftt • r«rirtuwe to tho iMvr AUnotion abould b* 
■fcw tod b^ th* pra^xiating UtndioD. Id tha toIUjc cijvuit, if 
tt ui eontmctod liMt ia nMBiftttad, uwl iu tbu vaj water 
I boiJad, or platiiiiim (oM tt tbe murt inftuiblo of nib- 
) BBj b« nude to fan like wu. Ueehutiixl force <waMi 
rhcn applied (o aoUd bodiea; and wliraerer utnotion acta 
raaAointMwn upon uuMUdDDaUar, heat fMulta. Wfauw 
«• nqnln iatMiM uat «• muit Minkjr an iataoa* iww attta^ 
tioa OB an iawn* aanpAwa, tad lunoo, orerr praetkal niaii 
nasi liglit or atriNig eoko aoootding to tha ttiteiuitr of heat h» 
nqnlni. WUbt luat nkta, tbo uevr altncli<ni in ummIj 
att«atp4lag to ikatTOj olliar aUtaetions, aod the fo««a m^ n 
aarxM to anj' Mfi«r bod^by canditction, that ii, tkrau^ 
» iu ooataet; or by ndkatwn, that in, to bodiea ata diabutoa 
I arery mae when) hMt mmm, either the up* attractioo ocaaea 
I axert iUtU, or the foroMr attnction ia dtaunjed, and db- 
iUgcaUon. dMOmpoiftion, nr lootioii la the maalt. 

SoBt dlfflcal^ » prfMotod to oar knowltdgo of tbe actiona 
aad ivaetioiu micli oouatttata boat; bat, upon the whole. I am 
iiudiaed to think that ImmI ia beat daaerlbed aa tfaat acuon of 
raattea- vhiob ftxm a dtotanea laftBeiMM the Mrvea «f aaiiiatliMt 
la tha akia, or in oUmt vardi, heal la tliat whldi ia bit from a 
dtataaoe bjr the akiiL 

llitia ia another mnite of actioaa aad rsaotjona which are not 
■ppndftted bf the akiii, but are alann aeca bj the ejra Thia 
Taase ia tamed Ua;hti and bj tlir priam w» an cnablad at imaa 
WuatJBgntali thai wltloh la (m-ii bj the wyo, or liichti trom that 
wUch ia not MOD by tbn eye. ChemiatfX iodicatrai tlut Uure 
are Mlima both more nfnui||[ibl« tluvu tho violet i»t ob tlia 
one IuukL and leaa lefhuiKiUe than tha ml on (h* other. For 
tba production of light the new attractioaa muat be of tha 
BtM pownAil kind, ao that lliey may act viU) grtat iattaaity 
opoa matlnr atuacuvl, anil it U pmfnnkUe to he in a ■olul alate. 
7m iaflanmaiioti of hviln^n kivub little or no light: aikl solid 
rotlifr and a beaotifal linlit i* ibc recult. Hjdro-<arban* give 
■a tbr moat oaoTtoWat light wlicii they are Irarut with aucb 
eaergj that the eolid matter in lirel ilepoiiit«d to be acted npoB 
tj tbe ue<r attiactMn, and aubaeqnontly burnt that it luay paid 
nft amokai if ^ i« bimit at oaoe, ao that no ealiii matter itanaina 
in tha flant^ light will Dot be iimiiicvd. An Ulwnuialed body 
may ooiUBBBioale the force which ia iweltiiig to aot upon the 
•eljii maU«r tA other bodka. and finally deaonimiitioB, dlalac*- 
pBiioD, or aoma <tMtntc(ioD of attnction taJtes phkoa. 

Aa the aloB feob heat, the eye aoot litiht; ■», by Uie ear, are 
we made aoqnnintad with the octioiia and reactioa* ocouiitutjiig 
aound. Tbn vibrUiooa oooaiituling aeand have been aoninlely 
motawed by pfaQoaoplMr^ aud t.hough dLflkrent people difler in 
llie power of appraaattng the higher and lower notee, it may be 
jIBaimHy ■latad that all ribratioiu froni A in a leoond to 21,000, 
an ^pretiated by the ear, and are oonaoquently eouud. 

S^und, like light and heat, teqoirea attnielad matter; tliia la 
MSed nnoa by a new attraetlon, aad Is tha eonfliet botween tha 
old atid uew attneiiona vibtaiioiM emeue; whllri tlio ribration 
eenLlniMa, the torvt may be propapted to other uialter which 
nay aleo take on TibratMca. 

1 have alvaya thought that mIoiub oonatltuted a fiirtliar rangs 
of actiouB an>l itaotiana 1 am the more oouJinned in that now, 
Ihe mom I watch Ifaoee anioioliy aa the bloodhound, whieh have 
the DorveB of tlie noae highly dcnJoped- Upon thia matter, 
however, we are oiuob to the eane nwlUou a* the man bora 
hUBili*ho<na only receive fail ideaaorlight through the madiom 
•f the eyea ot atlwn, for man has litemlly ooIt a nidimentafjr 
Boaa, if It be eompaied with Uiat of other aiumaJa. 

A theory ia net to he a men m«aital creation, bnt a law or 
priscipte to guide oar aolions and bring (brth fruit. The law 
vhii^ [ have deeeleped is m> preeaninsntly of praoijcal twplica- 
ion, that every hmaan action may be legnlatod by it When we 
I to okAain any result, wo b^pn by gciicratiu;; new attne- 
For thia pnrpoee wo aolecl MbclanecB baviug the lowest 
inJtnl, bseanae the Least wei^t would answer oor purpoee. 
1 and carbon have tbs lowi st atpiinlstit, sad ooal being 
rbcn, ia tltat matter which b p(»eiuneotly adapted 
I witli oiyifea, the minv oqisdaUv as the product of 
altracttoo is readily dmipated. If we compare tjac 




wUb eoaJt «« lind that It baa an eqninlsnt ei^t tioua Ughsr, 
■ad its wamff ol combnstlon with osygon is parhaps not more 
tlianooo-tlurd that of carbon: moreover, the ooat of nnc ia fiirty 
timea dearer than ocala; oonaeqnontiy, aa a eouroe of power, sine 
would be 900 times deoxur than ooala. 

Our theory thne indimtee why we select ooala for licbt, heal, 
motlou, and chemical changes, inslAsd of ainci aud thIa lUdtrenoe 
of coat prevents the voltaic Inttcry, tho most perftct human 
device, from uuivonal applicatioii. 

In auitns]^ the kydrc^cen and carbon in the food they cMiaume 
b the suiires of power, and the horse witbuuc bay and uain is 
aa ncwerless as tha atean-en^De without coala, or the battery 
witJumtsM. 

Stariji^c with the new attraetiou of bydnwen and arbon, witlk 
oxygen aa a amiros of power, we most ta£s m* so to apply it 
upon attracted malUr, Cbal we may produce, according to oar 
ainssdtji beat, light, motion, or elscliieily; for It would not be 
difflcull, ia bdt it constantly liappeus in praotioe, for ana varle^ 
of force to be nroduced vhun another is cuaircd, aad whaterar H 
thus uuproperiy gonemtcil is wnaled. 

In plinics aad phyBwl<4nr, in meohanlcs aitd meiUaine^ fiwt^ 
no loss than theory, dedare uat no eSectoeours without material 
oiuse, that no initial chaa^ talue place wilboBt aqnlvaiant 
rteult, and in all omcs there t* but one worcc, in tact a oomplaU 
" Uouogenesw of all Fhysial ForoM." 

In ooaaequenee of the "mouogenetic origin of phyeicnl fonc^* 
each noascasea within Itself tha power of a nawattraotko, whka, 
according to the amount of the initial chnngiL can prodace au 
equivalent or relational amount of any other force. Electricity 
autf pntdnee light, hmt, or motion; rao4iea nay'pndaoe beat, 
light, eleotridiy; light may produce eleotricHr, notion, beat; 
heat may pxodaes aiotion, elsctridty, light; and so we may ring 
the chaagce of tha oonvBrtibllity of iJiyaiaj foroM od ii^nilum. 

Whenever a Dew attraction acts apon matter under attiactioa. 
the attrsMion already entirtiag seeKs to ipaJataia itself and in 
cooseqaenee of this reibtanee time is occupied, and, acsuniiiig 
to thr eoargy of tbs ehaags, so b tba time dimlidahed or la- 
creastd. 

[ know no part of physical scnenoe which nreatots more 
important matto' tor consideratiou than the jJionomonan of 
time; for tet oa soppose tliat a ebange of matter oould take 
place wlthont time; toe eoals in our grates would be oontamsd 
tttstantly— if our house caught light, the wboU wonid matMoU- 
rily vBiusl^— ^f we sot in motion any body, it would ainriva at its 
domination quicker thau thouKhi, and be ilaafasd to [deoea. Che- 
niiatiy sntmnaa us with itiibelauoM the partielss of which are 
Iteld kweUiersosllf^lly, that npon tbs sU^test appUcalioa od 
fteve they ars seporalad; icdkl* of mtrogen, foe- instancy aepa- 
nttes upon the oligfateet s^tation into its component parts. The 
safety of the proper use m gunpowder deoeaus upon its progres- 
sive nction, which la slow as compared with Iodide of nitrtgoi, or 
with soma varietiee of gun-ontton. 

Uan derives tha idea of time from the rmalsaoa to oban^ 
If the total changee constituting an event an perfonued with 
enei^, bat little time is occupied; if the iieiitauni to chaqp b 

rt, ooD«dentUe time in v\ luoed. The earn total of all time u 
lepreeentation of all the ovenu whioli have happened from 
the comaiaaoemsiit of matur to the pnucot moiiMot; and liie 
aamber of levolutiaiia of the earth round tho niD, or of the 
earth upon its axis, are gencmlly the erente which arc counted 
aa our measiu* of time. 

From the uniure of time, one preoaded all subaaqneat eveuts, 
namely, the flnt mshing together or attraction of paiticlee of 
matter, which |^ve to every object Its comporition, form, and 
poeitian. We muat look for the muse of tbw primair atlnictioa 
to a source extrineio from matter, as it ootJd not have ouised 
itself to lake od that power. From this considoralion the mind 
ia led to oontaiuplate an Immaterial I'ower to confar tbb pm- 
perty on matter. Thb aivument is independent aad altogether 
diffHtoit iTDia the argomenl of deaiga; but tbb b not the proper 
plB«e to enter luio this cou^donttioa, whkib I now leave to year 
oan nietlilati<jii«, or refor yuu to tbs sevsmlb cluipler o< my 
'Sources on Physke' fvr il> further development. 

Every ovnil fivni whidi wc derive our ideas of time has a 
beginning, tbe generation of a new attnotlon— and an end, ihv 
destraction of a former attraction;— and sa events have foUowiH 
eince iaalt«i- Fxi»t«d, and will continue till matter ahall oowe, 
tine began wiUi matter, nod will tcniiinsie whan matter ahsll 
t, and "tlie gnat globe, yea, all <rti>cb it tnlierit, ■haU.'lii»- 




<2« 



THE CIVIL ENOINGEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



, aolvo." nvm Ui«m rievra we fiud ttuxt tlnw am hsM noma, do, 

[aol flvco the fMblMt qnilftjr of etnnlty; ind that however 

I eug^nUi'llj- it RiAV be jncreued, tinw nervr bncnmM eternity. 

f^me i> a tnov iwpAlltif-n of erenti, eacfa bArioK ■ brjrinning uiil 

iBD end. Klemily ii uoc mhde apof evente, anil has tbcrefora uo 

b(uiiu)lo([ uid no ea<L 

I hAve now oMnplcted, oe fiu- u the limited time wilt permit, K 

; ahort eketeh of the views of the Uanognieeie of Pfajruw iWae 

'which my eudy of nAbor* and natnnl pfaenoomui biui forced my 

niind to adopt. Hiii doctrine hae the merit of dieoarding the 

notione of ellMre, eeaPuoM, impoDili-rahluo, or a pluralltj of 

'breea being studied to matter, and placoa eiicU ra^e Heutn^ 

rilon* rather amonget tliu mentnl creatjona of the pfailoeoiAor, 

T than amonget the raalitici of nature. 

I I am free to oaatem that tliiii oaroUnntiua of pbTsiraJ Caola 
l-aad known Uwe inta one oonelMteot dootrloe, was a iiMtter of 
rlntenae etndy anil pmfoiincl tli>>iicht; but s1i'>ald tt fortanntrljr 
flkare the aaao (xiwer "U vour miniin, to nrnil^r pliyiriiaJ «ciaDoe 
|'0f«>7 application, aa it fiaa hod a|>an minp, yon will paidou me 
libr oeoupyiuff jonr ntteutiou wliilst I linvu corlMviMired to leaoh, 
^that attnction aetbc ou attniot«d matter In the eoiiree of all 
t; and that tliemoin eret; phyeind fierce itt* a moiwgtDetie 
[In, and, when gtnoratml, a truly eqaivajcnt power. 



L'oToe; 



EDUCATION AND TRAININO OP OFFICERS FOR 
THE SCIE-VTIKIC CORI«. 

By W. Yqluvi), LieuU-Col., B.R, niid W. C. UxK, M.A., 
Fallow of Btdiol Culloge, Oxfanli 

OwlMriiiii'i w>pl»W< I* A< Kin-rtm «> Kv IB MMMr Mm UM <n* if 
n Willi Itby U* «(*K <f rr^ni^ QftovJW M« AMHtlli <^iTt- 

Tna ROTAL RuatuKxiaf Ear^n.isirxnrr at CuAntAM. 

I. — 7*« AVure of Iht frutruetkn afforded to gming Cfgirm. 

The ooiiTiK of inatriK^tinii, vhlcli uiually uocupio* about liflMa 
mouthy M ootDpreh ended uud^ tlic Lead* of — 
1. Field duty. 
i. Scienti&o iostructioD. 

). Under th» tint head are eooiprleed com* of thoee dntlea 
whldi are i^iiired of the military en^neer in the Sold, euch M 
jupjne, mininii. hatteriaa of poiition, intnncfamenta, fbrmatiou 
« niliUry brid|[eB for the pcMsofp! of riveni by artUlery. mnUry, 
and in&ntiy; the fornutiou of utoohndM and their deatructlou by 
gunpowder: enhneaeeua explodona, eacaJading, lalej^pliiDg, the 
use of the volnuc Mttery and the diving-belL 

& Under the eeoond heed, the offieer, whilst emplored upra 
Um above duties. Is slso expected to derole a portion of liis time 
to leading the bert ptnfi-«i --niil author* on niAilary engineering, 
and, iM a peoof of hia dilii;pD<y. Ii« is required froKt lime to tjrao 
to pradooe tnuiahitiooa of ibe boat examplM of eieges, detbnou, 
evtraots of mining opentlons, &o., soeoeDpanleil with neatlr 
drawn pUns Ulnatrstlvs of the epemtiems detailed; after ^iloli 
ho is rti|uired to prepare projects nnaded on the aboes elomen- 
t*ry oourae of (tady~-Ilie atlaclc of fiirt resets; the demolition of 
nTCtments, bridms, &e.: the fcinnation of militaiy bridge*; sod 
Ae repairs of bndges which lutve been destroyed; with inemolTs 
«n «vMeau, and on the projeots of other effi'oera or iDdividnalti 
which nay be deemed worthy of inresti^tioii: with sitch olbnr 
extreiMB of a similar chnnutrr ns thr direetor of the cstablish- 
ment may ooniidM- to be n-^fv^a^ty. To lli«e sro added a conrae 
of pnotioil arehltecture, wiih a series of leotutes on elril engi- 
mnrla^ inolodlng tlie dHAili of encting and wodring a steam- 
sog^BS, whidi is pncticnlly explained on a smnll engjee belonvtnz 
to ^e establUhmeeit, the whole of the working parts of which 
are taken (o nieoea and put totfetlier again by the officer. 

A amall hitjomtory aflbnU the ineans of praotlslng euL-h opera- 
tions in siulytinl ehentiatrya«arere>]ntr«dof thsenKioeunsand 
it altn rnaUci nn iiRlcor to latiafy himanlf fmm nctiiiJ investisn- 
tino of the properties nf the Tsrion* butliliiig materials with 
wtiioh he may oe workiog. Surveying, with milltarr recon- 
noitring and pesetical astronomy, complete the eouise of study as 
deUlled under the second head. 

Thie deeeriptirti of the ooime of instrcKtion is abatmetod from 
Ui* official eynopsi*; and we shmild ohMrrv in reforenoe to it, 
sad to the sus of instncton prorided fW the eetnhtishBieni, 
tlu^ wttfc the exeeption of the oounes En architooture (which, if 



eoereetly described, sbotiU be called bnltdiag), swreying, uul 
pnctiosl aalnmaniy, It would be more Mcaivte to eay, that (he 
young enijiineor (at all evvnts, nctil very rsoaitl;r>) m* hltbetto 
received htlle or no instroetion nt Clmthmu. He is only ailbnled 
time, luid lis niiiy make out for hiiniielr, u he Imt oan, the peind- 
piea on which tne Tariooa operstious depend; bat there uv bo 
pro ftes ors of fortUcatlon, lallttsiT tut, ooDStmottoo, or dvB 
enginonring; Ac, to set him rtgfat when bo is prooeedttig on <(t»- 
aeous prindples in drawing np the various pex^eds requinl 
Ann hnn, or to ftive him inforauitiou on points on which be b^i 
desire It; end, in fact, hs Is Idt Tery mudi to himself^ wiihoM 
aor stiinolne or definite purpoee being placed befi>i« hfaa to 
■ndnoD him to spply himself vigoewidy to the attniniasM of a 
sound knowledge of hu proteaduo, both theoretically and peMli* 
tally. 

II. — A mnrt ttttnHvt toartt <if liutmctUm re^irtd. 

In addition to the inijnirics wc thouj^it it neoeesiuy to make 
raeatdii^ tlic tiiiAlifiuntiona of the yunus ufficora whoD thqr 
Joined at CliAihum, we ooniiidenMl It UuHinible to aecertuu whe- 
ther aay additiunij Instractiou at tbut twuiblishment ooskt bs 
■dvautagvoituly given, so ss to render them better qiuliSed (far 
the proper peribrmiuiOB of their various duties; and wo now beg 
to add extracts from some of the opinions with wliiuh we h«n 
been fovoured on this eulyeot. 

Colonel Suudluun observes thst — " Geology, analyttea] di»- 
mislry, photiumphy, the use of the elevtria tejeunpli, and boek* 
keepiuK, which ciuld be taught wlcli the architsctuiul coan«v 
taiglii be added to llie ouuree with ndvanie^o' 

Cdouel Portluok nukes the following nsurke on the ^'"— 'Vt 
oauiBe;^"ThH lime, howei-er, luut IntUrly bsan too sho<rt,Md 
Uie sobems of instruction is far too limitn), not toAuM^m U»- 
tures OB military taetics and Mionos (viewed in a genetm] uAtJ^ 
uor koturee on dvil engiueeriug and snluleotnre. ProftsmjiJiipi 
in these bntnobes seem abaoliudy neocssary to prupara aa cngi> 
neer for the rartous dntiea ha hae to perform," 

Lieutenuit-tJolonel Simroomi reeommends that tha fhOowiBg 
additions shciulJ ba made to the exbtinr^onrseof liistiBiliiM. 
— "Ist. A praetioil aoqniUnt«noe with the enploymeM «id 4b- 
trlbntlon of laboar under TSrinos conditioDD, cudi ae bo wlemt- 
dmcB er a vwry rwiiioeil lunuont of IooIl animal labour, or peno- 
tieal means, Ac, in making (idd works at pemuuMott wncha 
entAiling Istsp exiSTstious and embonkuimU in puwpala attri 
nunpnrtH, including the npplimliou of modem ecirae* as in use 
la the ooustruotlou of largf* n«r(bw»rke nnd excsvstlcsH Of all 
sorts on milwars, anil in tno mnkhig of docks and braakwrnlera 
The he«t wnyof itoquirinjithisknoHledgBii bypnMioal aonuafail- 
nnee with the lubjecl iUelf, >t pnincul only to be noquina nfssi 
the large civil works ia prognee lu the eonnuy. As civil engi- 
neers might posslblv evince jenjovsr in nllowing offioers lo sidt 
and remain npnn tfiese works a suifioient time to allow of thslr 
becoming praotioslly acqnvnted with their mode of execvtioih It 
might be worthy of cousidemtioui whether troops might not be 
employed, with advanU^e to themselves and to the mBBtry, in 
executing any sudi works that msy ba m eonne of eunamction 
in the oountiy, or even whether it might not be sdvani^eooe ea 
some nf the waste lauds ^Joiuiug some one of the pecnsaeal 
carn|M now being estkblinhed in tlieouuutry, toimikesaobwutkit 
either in the shnpe of butts for tArgnt-pntctlce, or iBtreachtiMBb 
to tlio esmp ileetf; and so, at the sjuud time^ to tnstnwt saldtm 
and offiesn of the army genemlty in timt importaat braodi af 
their •errice, without the applimtjon ot which they ean saeetly 
expect to )>aaa thrmigh a cnuipaigii in actual wsrfAre. It b lo tit 
obeerved, tliat a knowledge of tliis description of work is almal 
sa eseentaa] to Uie soldier aud oflieer in the stnt* ta wbidi wwk 
now reduced as tiM use of the particular ann ihsy at* osSd 

ro to use. — 2n(L A pruiiical knowledge of reBd-aiakiB|. w.tk 
■tudy of the materials beet adapted far metalUBs^-Sid- i 
Cractleal aoqn&iulaoce witli BiaMug both Rontine naa Slaadlf 
ridgee, ami the adaptation of beats and materiafi of all dpe^ 
tions to each. This would inolude a knowledge of the stran|B 
and applioation of materials nader the most variable drasB- 
etancea. — Ith. A fhr gnnter praethnl aequolntaAoa with Mi- 
eketchlng, iudiiding the eetiiitktioM of hetgbts am] AaassK 
Upon theiHi ski'tchnii the student mi|;ht be mqninNl to fBdloM 
the occupation of the ground dther fora penDsnoiitorlsupsMf 
camp, due regard being had to dmiuwe and supply of wmw » 
well ss defeuotv and tbe applicnlloo vf fidd-wurks to Mten^te 
given podtloBs.— Stli. It would appesr ttdnsabls, If mpam 



THE CnrCL ENGHJEEH ANTi AKCHITECrS JOUHNAL 




In BM to bv oonUniud hi ttw oonMnietMn koA ebMrgc at bni^ 
I, tint tlio wralniMOinil omnt ■hoold be nuniieLl. On 
nbJMrt, bovavM-, I ffk wilh esmoM ditSdcanea, aa aj 
aeqnkiatAiiM witfa the ocnira« iImb bm utcad bcfOttd tfa* yaw 

CWptain flnltoa otwrn-nvthaflM Uof opiaUm tliat it iaiWMi- 
bla, and vrtf dcuraMr^ lo giva flutlier iualrsatinai ta ««iKln«ar 
qfleara . T1i« pro fcati on of an enginetr ofloer miiilrM Know- 
Wee, Snt) of mililar/ duUea, anil, aMoadIv, of dvi) dutioa. A 
thorwicUr pnutical aoqtidata&OT with tM Knit «an onlr be 
■oquln^ is tim* of war. Piwtkal Inmwladjis of Uw aMooil cna 
ba ginm at nil liuM*. In botli, th* knowledge of a wrlain 
MDOiuit of iHBthciuAltca, mndoni lonKuaeta, (Imwing, bttMqr, 
and geognpli)' may b« oouidend aawittUI; iIi«m nught ba 
tanght to a gr«at «iUnt befen tba 8tAt« ^dumlioD b^snna- for 
the efflei«ut pnlbmanM of both dntiPtt it U tsaeoiuJ (tant Uia 
oOetn itionld ba oonvcnant with tbs apiilioiituu uf umtheBatiM 
rj nriety of nircbaniaal queeUoD; aiu) lluit thay ■hould 
I a tboroufrb knowladge t>t tnaidiiiiat^i and nf th* atfoigUt 

£litl«a of all BiatMfaJa otod la angiBooring woru, 
in vhieh Iheao mattmla are worical and applied. 
.,' iboold )m coarowuit with obcmiatnr, Rietal1urg<r, eoulocf. 

^im&iKniogj Tliia knowledge ahoula be nuide arailittiU, by 

tMcUag thflm (o dM%a, fa) a datailed nuumor, cinl and nilitAnr 
worica, aMording to «pMiil«l oonditiooai lui'i it nbould be itill 
fbrtbar taatad by iba eoaBtmetioa of tarfte luodola- A knuvlnlgig 
of gMJogT.rorvn^inK, iind bUo of pnotlca) aatroDomy.'araqairal 
in dvil mA miliurv eogiiiMniig; aorvevln^ la, I b«llaTa, taaglit 
eSclentlf br the prwiat lyctaro. F>>rtttl«*tion, the art or attack, 
wtadnf, umUny, and ioaunetion in th4 dutiea of an engioMf 
ofllMr in tfaa field, ahoolil be tanght in a mar« oomprehenaiTe 
Bunwr than b at prMPut the oaaa, and Matnmeutioa, the 
daiiet of the qaartMnuuter-^Benira denartsicnt, mllllaiy aol- 
awe, teetk^ and stratdKy, in which no tMtTuetion wliaUrer i* 

given, ahnald be added to tbo eouna. I think that the com* 

■bImImu ahould be EiTsn proviMaaUran leaving tli« military 
nttags, anil not onaHraied nntil tlia oAMrs am ready to Join tlie 

BDTpa for duty The wfaote adncadoa would not oeonnjr lata 

than three or (War yean. It may ba nmd that the age at which 
■n oOerr woabl Join his oorpa altar thia edncation would be 
ipeatar than that at which il ia conndcred deaiRkbl* Ibnt lino 
ediacra afaonld eater the army. But it miut be (vooUeotM that 
thay wooid bc^ to all iatonla and pnrpoaea^ In tbe army, and 
111 Ilia J their proCmioa, from the time of paaalng tha ftnt 
anatlnathnL" 

ointahi Soott, the pr»oat SuperintMidont of Sarreyin^ 
Pnct*cal Astronomy, M^ obeervea— " I (hiuk that to tbe pr»- 
■ent inalraetiaa In pvaetleal ardilteoture alionld be added a alx 
■otttb^ contaa of dvil eDgioecriog^ to ba carriod on— let By a 
Mfin of tw«lr» lectom, wall adapud to i^ive mi officer a fnaerel 
via* of the nature and extent of the worki whicli in tbo dril 
braneh of bin prufainuQ bi> may be called up^n to perform, 
■nd. By drawing np abatiaota frum guod pr»feHioiial work*, to 
obtain a mum norumte fcoowlodfB or tho clftalh of tbe aubjtota 
than oosld be eonvayad by lecturea. 3nl. By dmigaing and 
dttalHng in napplied data, and with tbe MaiaUnoe of good euun- 
ptei^ of whiA tfcaertptloaa atul eatluiMaa have bteo publiabed, 
emriowengtaectinc werka of a anltabla character. -Itli. Byrisit- 
tog, nader the foidaaoe of a coaipntont rifflcor, tnntruciive civil 
•uineeriag wnrin. Mh. By a Nbort courao at chemical nnajyaia, 
aradent to enaMe an oJlicer to euuuioe roughly, tboogfa with 
tbe reiiaiaite d««M of a ot a raty tor aoeh a pnrpM*, the i-ariooi 
bnildintf maloriali and other bodlM with which bo nmy have to 
deal, ai^ iboK, m fWr aa poenble, to nin>Iy the want nf niparianoa 
ia Judging «f thrir fitnea* for thoir intended applimtioo. Ctb. By 
a ilniilar oourac uf practind seology, tarried on obieflv by oxa- 
jBining, under the gnidnnee of a oumpetotit oBkxr, looalltjea rich 
!ninatraecli«*ahetiaaoffciiniaticin,iuid mnkinga report on the 
tnot of Mmtry awigaad fbr bia military rwonnaiaauica. With 
nany offlcen, tha paat impediment to study in n1t«r lift) ariat* 
fiwB their iipionuioe of the manner in which thoy ihoitld net to 
woriL Three eoBraea wnold remore tha dilKoulty iu two "nry 
important branehae of oduaoloa. 7(h. By a aulfioiont dome of 
vxperlriMuital itutmctinn ia tii* ekniMita of rlentrinly and nui^ 
netUrn to anable an oBoar to deal iuipIliRniiTlr with the nnme- 
nna jwactioal •ngbieering ^tpticatkiDf winch iheae icimoa* now 
have. UfiMra have now the meant of acquiring a knowledge of 
aaalytknl cheialatry and tnagnedau, but tliey ar* ooi eoenptlM 
to avail UwauolvM of tliem With refemx* to the eaooud part 



285 



of the qoeatioB, I eonatder tbe g«Mt«l mode of inatnetioa pw^ 
aiwd hen wall adapted to the parpeaoa iatcndod; bat 1 dioubl 
reoommund that tnouia wore gianted for coaUing espcffimenial 
ooiMtnictkiiia to bo oarried on non exteUHivuly tliaii tX pnam>* 
Aft«r pnaung lhro«id> thia oKim uf baUtiKAlou at Chnthnm, 
th« young officer cf onginetn mnat aoqalra pcofta ri o nnl iaforaui- 
tioDin iIm beat w^ lio can. Colonel Wandham etoM, "Hitherto 
aa oAmt haa had sinat dUGcidtieo to oonlmid anth in Ua euden- 
vowa to Inpfove ninitelfi aeaiodT an offloer of the oorpa could 
obt^ leave of abMnce froon hta dolleo evan Ibr anch au object; 
thit, and tbe expenaea of tnrallln^ and of ooQeetiiig inkrmatioo. 
hare ainton eutiralv prevented lua eeeking infonnation beyood 
what a llbcai; oonld aJford." 

Ul.—. Vo/urr <(f Me Enginttr Dntitt. 

On qilllling Oialham, tha youo^ officer in ordered to aome 
fcnln OOloijy, or M •omo out«talioo in Enoland, Ireland, or 
Sootbud, whera hii dtttioa are man nearly allied to tboee of a 
dfil than to thoae vf a miUtaiy eogfooer. He ia pLued under 
the oommaud of otBcen who deaign new worka, and b« bao prr- 
aooa nuder him caigdoTad to anjierioteDil and to be anawerabla 
for carrying out tlie details of conatmetion. Not, indeed, that 
th* eyalem unJor whiah hie dntifi nra (nrried on bean any does 
ivMtabUnce to that under which the cWil etij^iueer la em^md; 
for, uulike tlic latWr, b« la not oftan nlaoed In a ntnaliaa when 
he ie r«<|uiivd to npply bis thoonaca] knowledge pmetioallfi 
neither I* ho inadn mponaiblo fur the worica cairira on under but 
oiidcrs; and thna h« i« not pliMwl in a poeaUon to (pda that prao- 
tial kui<wl«lge wbiob hi* educatlnti and Luatroction at Woolwich 
&nd Chalhiun have (Ultd lo ntTonl him. 

In aome iiivtnnCM he is i>laccd in arenmataaoea wbcrc be ia 
oMIgod to think for hiaueU, bv bmng made teeponoihle for iho 
axecuUon of important worka; Wt even licr« miupleto reapotiaf- 
biUty ia aeldont given to him, at h* b veij liMhle lo be dlreeled 
to haiul them over. In an IneonipWo atate, to a luoccsor; and 
thua young ofBcar* «oa*a to take intorot in the perfomunce of 
their nofoMuonnl diiliea. 

Such oflioera u are .ilioched tu the companleaof Royal Sappcra 
anil Mioons wbuu they n>tuni fi-om fomgn Hrvioc, ftMompany 
them l« Chntliun, to enable tho men to pats throngh tbe nsuu 
oounte of BeM instruction; but the propottion of oSom that 
retura a accond time to Cluithani, and thus have the opportunity 
of keeping np or rencwini; their knowledge uf pnrviy luililaiy 
dnttM^ it oioeedingly ainnUi im l^at wIim a war breakii oat, lli« 
ruit of ysata baa to he mtM off; at a very great disadvanu^, 
and at a very loeomvenieat tiwa, and a conaiounible proporttoa 
of the youngest ollioen of the oorpa are amou^it llioae aeloeied 
for (orvior in the Beld. 

Thia nnnll prMMtftioa of olBoera tliat revisit Cb«t)iiun is, ao- 
eonling to the enullng system of eariTiog on tbo engioccr dolka, 
entirdy dependent oa tho aouill number of aappera iwd minen 
wbii;b are kept up in the British army, eompnied with the same 
force in foreign aruiiea; butitoertainlyneed iiotbc mndedefwad- 
oat on any au^ cootinj^ncy: and w* ahall pnaeotly atala in 
what maiuuT tbs drawlmok we have allnded U> might be done 
away with. 

TV.— Cnt^arifnii vilh llu Frtftdt Sy^tm at MtU. 

In France a very lUlEtront ayaloin ia puraucd. An elabotM* 
cnnrw of iMtmction at a aoliool of application for two yean at 
Het^ after two yoais cf Ugb tiieorotliad teaching at t]>« Pbly- 
toehnkv ia foUewwl bv oontiaued prantieai eaar ri ew anil theory 
ticn) dIacutaloDs In tho TariniM schoela into which Iba French dt- 
ride their pmoliral ileld initmotiou, until the oAeen of engiaecra 
are promoted to tho rank of oecond OLpttla. Up t« tliat time 
they omtinac to <lo doty with their moo; thtty are eonstaally in 
praetioal traitiiog in ullitiuy liuld duiiaa, just as uimIi m the 
officer* belougisg to tbo artillery, infantry, and cavidry aro being 
trained in tli«ir esnocial dutiea. The turlier part of the French 
entMn of practical Inatruetion, that •% tbe part carried on at the 
IMiool of Application at UeU, b aipedally thoorotieal. Tha 
E^linh ■ystpo] of iaaunction at Chathiun ia alraoel eutirely 
praeUoU. bat it requirva exteaaoa, enn as rtgarda tbe practical 
part of the military operatioua, by tha ytnrly exbiUtion of sham 
■i^ta, in which, to be effiMtiva, and In nooordanoe with the usual 
o^ieratuna of war, the teooti* of the garriaou ahouU be called on 
to 1ak« part, and addltiooal thooratioal profsasioual inttniction U 
^wohiMf ladbpanMbls. 

TUa will piohably be made moco oppaient bj a comqatWrbi*. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND AKCIIITECrS JOURNAL. 



rvlntln unonBt of tbe ataiT eraploTcd In iMtivetlne the 
voon^c (ijltcm >t M«ti, ami t)i« TOUDg ofllc«ra Mid tko Royil 
tJAppcni Bul Mionn «l Chntliiuit. 

MBit AspaJ &ifipCT>«wl iriawn. 
1 OcIiwbI bs dinwlar. 



Jt Jr«i far Or m^ q^Eaer* qf 



S Ckptaini M adjuuol*. 



Hmm «n wiiM itidvpnidwit cf 
Ett* oOotn who vo •mplo^ in 
FoMtmiMtd af uul diirgM witb lli* 
tlMtnioUon of tlie nm of the 
ITtand mrinecn, whicb tnitnio- 
I'Uan i* camod «n iiniu apwt from 

I ujiocl of kpplicUloD. 



1 nantnd oSmt u comnunilut 
1 Colouol or liBiit.-o(d. H MWDd in 
«oiiuwod and diraetol of Mu- 

\ M^or of ullUory. 
[l M^ur ofoi^iiMr*. 
'5 C»puin> of wtilUrj. 
!) CkpUins of sngiaoil. 
1 Surgecm. 

Inmnoroa*. InRTiwroM. 

V hoftwom. 1 Cupiun. I Baonllj appoint- 

4 AmiiImi* prafnKin. 1 Liealeciant, ) *A iixtnioton m 

1 Dnving mMlrr. The proKei- flcldvotki. (upuriiitandctiu of 

•on tmng pnncipftll^ apuini iJio f oung ofBoeii in the btib 

cf arUUa^or of ciiginooi*. ofatadyuidof ^cBvyid S«p- 

pn* uid Mlnon in nihaol. 

I Cipuin. tlupatiat«iid*iit of nir- 

vinnnD Mid |n»rcUoiil utruoii- 

my. cbMnittry, *nd o'lTil woAl, 

uid in till! halli of dudy. 

1 C*pUia. Siip«riDtandin(;tb«in' 

MraetloD tai llio deoirio. Ihe 

muDHo-dcetrich and odmr 

fi*lit tel(f[implu. Rsoantly »p- 

polnloil. 

I drrk of workji for Ui« aichSUo- 

iBni onuiM. 

He tupuloi of companlM of 

Ro;nU &|ip«n luxl Miott* at ImmI 

<iujut«ra l>k« \ax\ !a iho nporfn- 

triidmioo of tbtiroompMilo* m tho 

n^ooli and in tha field, and th«]r 

an dttailod for neh (pMnal in- 

•UUclion lo tiiO junior offiOEI* a« 

mnjr be fosnd moal wjnnlagciiua. 

M mat tho tUff cf ofEcsn »mi)]o;«l iii eiviug Itutnicllou fo 

wlutt bu htthorto been wmied (be pnctieu «1mb at the Sojil 

MilitAi7 Atadeiny at Woolwlcb bo iiddwt b> U)« &iimb«r (im- 

itojed at Cliatham, tb» diifiroportlon in tho relativp tiiin]b«re of 

iufdniirtora in Fnnce and Englaud will not be muteriallj 

lenoiod. 

Indeed it jDity h« broadly and dEstinctljr stated, that until 
rcMutly, Uie Bi'^al Bn^niKr MtaUiithin»nt at ChathJus ha* nnt; 
had one oflion' RNxnnlly appoiat«d to allard inatniction to tha 
vovBg oJliaiin, vix^ tlio aupvrintcodcnt for aarvojrine oud nrae- 
' aatniMinT: and Capt. Oalton ta^ra, "StitTqr{ng la, 1 b6U«ve, 
% taught by tha [imsnt ■7>t«m.'* 

Vj~Su3ge*tittiu villi r^ard U Ihe Pttturt IlUtrtulkTt. 

OciiB|«riag the eatahUabment at dialluun with the eatabliah. 

Dt at hfati^ not onlj oa regards tha adooation^ ataJT, but alao 

..Ji icCEnuce to tha anbjccta and ajratain of alady, and taliliw 

ib> oamidacatkiii tha aunnn ve buvc rrctdvad fiwn oflloara cf 

pg i iwawt aoma of which have btwu aJr«mdy qiiat«cl, we cannot 

nibl that th« eataUtehment at Chatham la saaoepiible of eon- 

lanble inproTMoent: and «« would rtoommeDd tliat It should 

I oMtk) lhoimi|^yaSdont for the ptactioU application and tlia 

:teiiaton of tha adastiKc knowledge which tho yonnx ofiicon 

* ihould haT« actinirtd at a militarj aoadeaiy or ocUcge before thej 

ucErovwionaUy oomnbalaoad. 

Tni* nay bo moot alBdeBtljr dona \^ tha appointment of oflloara 
of aspcridUe and aoknowlodged abili^aainatruotota ia the rui- 
Ma brasdMB of study, and l^ altosether nCmfuiihinff the Nystam 
ifUoh haa hitherto iirevatlcd of ouigiiig the young oBloers to pidc 
OB thrfr koowled^ on most autijerts, aa they bait can, by refei^ 
^S arttrely to boolts. 

, We also ooaddar that the appointment of aanatant director (cr 
^ I wa dionld dangnale him, dirootur of stadlea), which w«a abo 
thed In ISai, abould be revived. 

It alio aMtna very deainblo to bare a board of Improvomeut, 

unilpr the prMiile&cy of tha dirtctor of the ealabUahmi^iit. i^un- 

j of tna diiaMor and aamalant director, tvu offioeni vporially 

a by the inroootor-general of fortiliciUioDa to RpraHnt tha 

Dta ot^tbe aervMe an n^t'da ttie snUMta of iBatraoUea which 

bonid baaObrdedtotlMaAonaofaiuiiiiflan^aiodafthneof tlie 

[ oSeen. lUa board abonu Mioot balf-j«arly, (br the 




parpoae of eonsUerlDg -ritat cbaagn should be made. Ami timt 
to tune, in the isalniatlca, in older that ilia proper rsprewMa* 
tioti nuiT be lubminod for tha ooMidnatiod it tha aiwcffcr 
anOiorttfea. 

It appears that the instruction at ChnUiam ia nuunly d<Aetti« 
M re^ud* Iha cmtekut of the higher hmuhea of miUtary aci- 
esce, and that it rMaina ngnlar oowaea of Mvdy ia fctlificMkn 
and the atudt anil defanoe of pbicm, arofait««tnr« (not ntidr 
buildingX uouitrtietion, iniUtatT art and hiilory, tactiesi nd 
atrategy. Th« study of the saenoea of chamiatry, uotallnMT, 
geology, and raineraloor, and that of Oennaa and ftwich,efco3H 
alao be oontinncd; and, as w« ha*« already obaerred, praperty 
^naUfied netvoni >boald be appointed to cany on each Inaarn^ 
bon, whidi, when once cslahlwiad on a proner foolui^ and ih^ 
roughly svsteoutleed, might adTamageandT be opeasd to aB 
offieora bnloOKlng to the garriaoo who oeaire it 

But wo inuRt obwrve, in additioB, that tha nstm ilsetf n>p»- 
r«bUy require* to ba nnentiaJlT dianged. Moat of tba agtaia 
who nave Men connoi^ted with the inslnotioo at C>»t*'»in wpttk 
of the want of a atimnlua to indnoe the roimf eCceta to net 
thomiielvM in porsning their oomae of atnay; and Lieut.-Oi)laMl 
M'Kerlio, now one of the mcmbera of the Imh Bcanl of Work^ 
who waa for many yean anpariataDdsnt of tarrsyinc and prae- 
tJcal astronomy at Chatham, aayB:-^TlM eonrse which I wuald 
piropoae to mnedy these tlefteU, >o &r aa they r»nlt fhm the 
■TKtein, asd, as Ihr aa posuble, to Inanre that on leaving Chatham 
the otfioen should b« eouipetanl to entar npon thsit 4«tira aa 
engineer*, would be to Kpodfy a liinf say iftoMi or ai^leem 
ntonthe — within wbich they abould be iwiuired to acqoira the 
necmaniy profaHlonal knowledfp, and nt ibe end of that (fane 
that tbey ahoold undergo a monhiag eianiinatioo by a board of 
officKn iJtOB(dh«r nnconiioctod with tha aatahUriintent: wben, if 
found iiunliiioil. ther ahoiild be gaiattsd to the tbll razdc sod 
pay of ueuteDouita, tbeir previoua ituik being only tonpoiary n 
probatJcuaiT, with pay an at prOMtnt. Their stadJea I wooid 
propoait to leavo in a great dssree to the ofllcen thetnaehca, hot 
would proriilo an[de meana ibr thalr jrnidaaae and awisisia i. 
through tbeappaiutmaiitof eompetsntoffiotnassnparintaBileBH 
and by instituting scriea of lectures on the acvenl branduaoi 
■tnily and inquiry. I do not thiak it would ba dennUe to ualce 
subject to altsnilimi the relative [xjailiouii of the cffioMa aa dataf^ 
mined on loavina Woolwidi, pruviiiod the ueoeaaaryaoqairaneala 
were attained wfthin the praiicribnd time; but in tbe event of au 
officer Guling in this. nnloM thioagh ■ickness, which wt 
apeoiAlly considered,' he wouU be panMd over." 



■m 



Yl.—S]/ttKn TKcmmanded lo be /oUovtd at ChaOmiir 

It nppaus to nt that theaa diawbiwk* woiilii bomoel sfetnally 
removed by ftill.v carningout^for ibeeauUishmcntatCWham, 
the aanio prlnolplra of^ mansAenieiit that we have already ailT»- 
«ai«d with refrrenoo to the Boyal Iklilitary Academy, and thus 
WB should recommend that — 

1. All Toung oflieent of eugineera that proceed to Chatiiam far 
the purpose arr«eelvina Ina^uetiou at the Boyal Knjpieer Brta- 
blisuRKint ahonld only oe proettionaU]/ commSmioned. 

i. All of the nune prcnaotion should join at the bubs tbai^ 
preoeed tbmuRh the same course of instmoticn, and fioall* ba 
exaaiibed at iui close to oaocitain the extent to which ther Mia 
beneltttcd; anil we afaonid also leowiimeDd, as an additteni 
alimnJus, a* wall as Icr the more ooancileut Arrangnnent of Ifcc 
eouTMB of instniction, that the HoDonntUo the Court of Iliiwtoa 
of tlie Ba«t India Company should be invited to eencor bi aa 
lurangemeut by wfaioli their young officers of augineeia ihony 
join at the tame time, and proceed through the aane eomo 
ofioatrurtioD. 

X If the reBultx of the examinntinn, which nhonld be ecndiuled 
in tlie mme manner and oti tlio unie principtea aa we Istve 
aln>fuly explained with ivganl to tho eanminationa at tbe Hajti 
MiUiary Aoademy, prove that thet« hat bemgreeaiaattaotiOB* 
gmu idjensM on tho fnrt of anv of the yonnv eaeet% tbe pe- 
Rianeot oammiiuion rai^ht be altoeoUicr withbeM, or h* givM 
under oertatu modilicatianB in anotnor arm of the eintwi. aa la 
F^ucS) PriMaia, and Auatria; but we think thia ooonie thauU 
not be rtaorted to except ou very atrouff grounds, and with 1h* 
special sanction of the conunandar-ln-ctuef 

4. The final cbuadficaUon ia As order of OMrtt, whtoh AaM 
detennine the relative podtions of the young officara ia ihilr 
oorpa, ahould i)e|)vnJ partly on the marlcs obtained dmrliqtlltl 
officer's examination, uul pertly on the marks awarded to dv 



JM 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECPS JOURNAL^ 



at Iks Boyal MitiUn Aeaiiomj; Um muka ofaUlnad at Ui* 
nnjr bdog Mlded to ibtme Aimrdod for tfa» &aal uamlnalloa 




Thu £tutl iilaMiftmlion for eocb proroatKiD ahoaU also 
wko an «Qtttl«d (o r«Mlva tlu iaerm»»d ra(M V" P^ 
to tlic MgiaMra. 

diuatMD of tha eonne woold mqiiira to bt utandod to 
aootlia, tad ibw period ■luiuld doI b« ■seemlod ascvpt 

With tlia inerwaod fom of offlom of bigiuMn tnd of tba 

1 SkpuerB ud Minan at tfco oatablutuMa^ voaNqasDl on 

uuu wing tuule Uie boad-qturtnn nf the- cmjm now atjlod 

t «r|M of Bmral BagiaBCiA «« oanoilcr tlut th« a|>)M«Bttgcut 

'. dirMtor of Mtodki wo«U be higlilr advubiftiou*: aoJ tli^ 

hHora or iutnicton in ailHarf ut, xUalfgy. uaA laotioi, 

I Migiaeenng, wokitoettuB, iVonoli »ud Q«nu&ii, ttUould b« 

■tod. 

SuullttB) alao oaU* fttteoljoii to iho neeoMi^ for« 
lMtu»«<QOm, ch««aical lAbontoij, &c, lliui:— " Aa all cBffineer 
, oCeefB OB obtaining ihsir ooiiisiiMio«u coiaoitiioa tWr (Tuti«a 
HliB a (Uie of Puinlajio at Cbathiuii, I ooaRia»r It ewwotial tli&t 
^b^tticalra lot Ivcturca, a pconr cli«roica] Inbontmj, awl r«oiii« 
^Kbr tfaa olactrie talampk and pbolognpbie uutflMtiDn, ahould 
^Ha faoilt: and that offiovra of experianot and acluowledgod Inlenta 
^^ahould be aalaeted ftota tba ootfm, and emj^jrvd aa iDatraoton ia 
due rabjeola that may ba from time ta limt introdaoid faito tba 
eoaraa: and^ Ibr litatanWi aa geobgjr, taiamSoiff, eboniiitr;, 
pbotognpb/. Um oaa of elMtrio and utlier l«l«gmpliB: and that 
" « ao aeiMad aad emptoftd ahould netlrt a Ubenvl rerauoe- 
I diniiig tbeir emplofnudit aa inatruccor*. Aad 1 oeoulder 
J erorj licilttj', and nfibidiag every TraKnuikle aanat- 
I aaaunn^eBaBl to offieen of engiDran to waaXAo tbom to 
el tad impart knowledge and Itd'onualion, wilboat tvrefinice 
ta tlMir laagtn of aervior, woaU\ (and mure tbaa aaytliiiig to 
moat ooBpMetjr qualifj Uicm for the diadiarM of ibeir variuua 
ilaiiea." 

Ilarin^ tbua briedj pointed out the clianffi* which ebould be 
made ta Um <j»teia to be fcJIoved at Clmtbaw, we diould add 
tlttt it abonkl be made apparent to all, tliat otKoen who cotiticue 
loaUadj. and thtia make tboBiaalraa fallv uquiuted vitb ibe 
tmried lUitioa of tbeir proAMion, batb tWqvtically luid prao- 
tiealtj, will in fatvre derire advanlago frnm it; and that for aadi 
«• do to^ thair auperior qualUIatiuai will heroafler be bold to b« 
the ba*t claim lo •dvaacemaot. 

If the enutM «r ia«tTUction at Chatham ba n-organtaed in the 
MUUiMir «« bnve rentund to rtonmaiiuii), wc oonaider that all 
flAeenof eagbeeni ebould. ai a rulu, he periodioalty permittad 
lo aitoud ihU oounw ol apclivd study nc J pncCicad workinK, and 
(liiu ban the opp»niiuity of raaawing their aoi)i)aLntauoe with 
Iha ordinary nilitnt7 o|H!ntiona of war, and of komin^ up their 
kBowledfe of aeieutifie aul^eota bearing on tbeir proMHion- 

V« an of opiuion tlinl the aludiea whioh are nweiarv to 
ywwg •nglnaar olBcan ahould be fall»«ed bj all, and uothing 
aliooM be left optioual, or aeeording to their ponlonUr wishea. 

The «aae it niKogelher diflrrent aa tvgitnla the oAcrra who 
raviait Clutbiuu after a period of aervio! in other pitrta; ttie trae 
beut of tli«ir uiindi b by that time folly deraloped alul known, 
and fikciliUoa ahould (baa be aflbided to them for punulag eoob 
atvdiea only aa they ooiurider to be moat In auooidnDot with their 
iividual taatea a»d eapadljaa. 

It will be renarked in die evidenoe that the offloer* of oogiascn 

I not ooiuUer thai tliere la any ueceauty for a dietiuct eeiAb- 

luaeut anakigona (o tlie aanior deparlRioiit at Siiudhunt, but 

' diare i* a rciy ftcuora] ^eemeitt of oiHuion aa to the uaoeaMty 

tor a puriwliual nliim tu Cfaatliam. 

Th- ■trwgib of the oDTpa of eagineen ahenld be aucb aa will 
ailniit r,{ thia airaiwesient mting luadai and bv ibia meani^ wbeu- 
erer a war ajEain breaka out, a vei7 Urge body of nlBow*, all 
perfectly ooguiiont of field and etege opcmtioni, eoald nt oneo be 
made avmiUble for military anYioe in the field, their militaiy 
knowledge briag ^ded aad aaebted by tbe experieuce obtained 
during tbtir alwixe of dril worka and buildlara. 

We liave thoaghl it nop-eeary to call epecinl attention Lo the 
pnwtke liDilawed ia tbe Frvndi arniv, of keeping the yoiinc 
nfioere of eiuiaetn MueianUy doing ^uly with their iiicu mitil 
they attain lu« nak of aecoad wplalni but In d<>iikg nn, it luutt 
aot If iaf<jfni that we caoeiiler tlie Pr«iicfa armngemunt to be 
wholly mliant^poo* lo the peblte anrvice; bat we bai-e adverted 
^^a il mainly la diow, ia coatnut with the Eitg^iah prtuitieo^ the 




n? 



lity that exlata fot aUowia^ our officers of er^neati to h» 
Mriodi>:ally made oooTanaal with mUilanr opamUooa ia tiM 
Sold. With luoh aa arraagemeat oa we hnn aoggeeted wt^ 
teODed and oarried into opmtlon, and with oeitnin altemliooa 
In the matuier of carrvinf; on the eo^aeer dutiaa, by whioh th« 

Simf offioen iliould ban opportnaitiea afixded to them of 
log made pnetteajly aaqnainted with the working delaila of 
largo public undertakingv, and by tbeir bdag made re^tooaible 
for the works carried vu under their ordan, ao aa to indnoe 
them to takegnaUrlolereat in their inofeeuon, we ahould prefer 
the Engliah to Iha Ftvocb artaoi aa it oaa acamly be dotibted, 
that tlie more the yoaag omoen are obliged to d^ad oa their 
own reaoureea, and the aoonee' Ifaey an aocniatomed to do eo, the 
greater the probaUli^ oftii^ provlDg affleitot public offieera. 

We oanoot ooBOlode the anlgect wilEout calliug eepecial all«n> 
tioD to the Digaat BoetMh; that exiata for allonliag the young 
eii^eer oCoara greater opportuailJea than they at prearat poe- 
mta, of becoming more pnotioally aoqualnted with the maaaer 
of exeoutins estmudve new worka of Tu-iout deacriptiona, anch 
aa military buildiaga of all kuid«, railway*, docke, breukwate:a, 
harbour* of refuge, dminnge, Ac It in not for tu to poiat oat 
the particular manner iu much thia should be done, but we oodd 
not do IcM Uuin call altentioa to the aub|)ecL 

ThiUk Sir John Burgoyae alatea that — "Brei^ pari of the 
dntjes of au engiacor in the fteld dopenda eeaeotially on the aria 
and opwHtiona, conNtruc^vo and ecieutifie, that are in cunelaat 
nee ia ciril life and in {loace. The mor^ tiMnlbte, that ofBcare 
of thia eorpa oaa be cbaiiged with the deetgidng and prattlalag of 
tlioae arte and opeiutiona la ordioary tiiana, tbo more oonpetaot 
thay w411 be fiv tlic Taricni calU that mny be mmlc upon tlicm in 
war. Tbe drill* and eKerciam for the urditinry uiliUry iluliea of 
an en^aoer in the field an «f easy acquirementi but occaehm 
are uumaroaa where iIm oAlcerB may oe of great aerriea by 
having a ([ood knowledge of conatrudjv^ gaodiMioal, and other 
arta and aoeocea." 

Lumtanant-Coioad Simiaofxe obeerrea tbat— "Engineer o£Been 
might TMT pniperly be uooaidered aa goreraaient engincera, to 
bu f miiloj'ed upoa lul goveraaMat worka of every nature, at bone 
.-iiid ahroad, anob aa docb«^ bmkwatcra, drainage, earveyin^ toe, 
Tliia moaauni would probably be »ttandod with great aavug to 
the couatry, ami tbe worlcB thonaclvea would be exaeaied eqoiUy 
effidemtly, that ML if a proper eyat«ra««(« adopted, by tbe (orau- 
Uotiof aoenlral twardof hlgherienoa lo^)iroro tbepUittiLBd 
ptojeeta) and tbfowlag the antire nafiaDaibilii; of the works 
upon the oilloera who plan uid eseout<^ ami even making them 
reepousible under penalty of profeanoual diagraee and iliaiiiiawl 

Tbe objoetioa ordiunrilr made to tliia ptaedoe by the dvil 

proCeanon, vis., that it wouU be lakiaff th* Draad in laaay caaaa 
otit of their mouUis, ought not to ba iiateiiad to; for auraly the 
oountry, aftor gcing to the enormoua axpoiiM of cduoOiDg and 
maintatniag a number of profMaonal men, baa au undimbled 
rij^hl to tho empLoymeut of their ptolMBfonal aervioee. Tbe trua 
objection, Uiea, hiagw upon Uie queation, Mother or not a oBrpa 
of military eti^eete la neoeiaat^ to the goversmeut l—« qoeatioei 
a« to tb« reply to wUcb I concern there can be no ahaikiw of n 

doubt Knch benefit wouUalaoaoGrue to tbe public eereice if 

uffioera were aanaUd in Imvelliiia to vblt ^ublhs worka, both 
cnril and military, at home nad uDfoad. Tliie aaaJetanea tnl^it 
be givea a* » reward to mrrit, and iu all enam arefiil reporta 
ahonld be m<i<l« by tlie oSioen, from vrhieh tbe aae they hav* 
made of the ujiportuoiliee thua giveu to Uiem might be Judged 
ot" 

Jitalor Du Cane, R.E, i«marks— "But aa it haa beoo (bond 
deaimhle to emjday atSecn of enpaoere upon dutica whioh do 
not atrictly balooff to their military prcfeeaion, aad which oomo 
under thelieed or civil appoiauueuta, and ae aa eciglneer olBoer 
poeeeesed of a ccruiu knowledge of meh duties has a mat 
advantage over, and will be (bnud (eaptdally in eome of onr 
oolonle^ more nsifijd to Um publie aerHoe than, an officer who 
doaa aot poaaem auch kaowledge, I am atrongly of opinion that 
inatmotion, Muietauorv atid dnuooragenent should be given to 
officen of eagineera In the prcaeontlan of auch «-stm dutioL 
Aai'Hig the HthI •>( Ihew I would name civil engineeriDg, l>y 
wliioh term I mean particularty the mnatruetiua of railwave, 
machinery, bridge^ vnaU, dockvarda, public huildiiijp, tec. In- 
struction ut tboM aubJeoU might be giv«ii at Olwtham to lb* 
youog odicera on JoblDg, sod mi^ic be made to form a part of 

tbeir coiuM^ following alter the militnjy portion I am also of 

opiaioB that oveiy means ahonld be afforded to ei^neer offiears 



m 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCmTECTS JOUBNAL. 



to tniT«l tfaroagb th* Uoitcd ElagHam uiil on tlw motiiMflt, to 

W (« UMtke tbeiBMlvM ftcquBiutiKl vith the «iNi>lni«tioa, and 

priuciplM of oonatractioa, of Uroi: ami importaDt work*, aitH 

'Umd ullItMj. Thia fiuility ia &ffi>nle(l by the Uua. Eul liidi* 

ICooipuif to thnir officm of nigiaeen, And by iho Uuitod SUlM 

ud ooDtuuotal iwttoiu to Ui«tr offiona." 

OUmt UatliiMu; to tlie nnio Hftd mlghl be tnt«(L 

The qnoMiou b vai; birij put by Lieuienuil-OokiiMl Sbunoiu; 

rlMtW or Dot k oorpi of tnilitory ensiiwen is oenwimy to th« 

i>VBninMal1 If it i« oeooMftry, toeo tnun nn ba do doubt tlul 

ho noTc thoy am ouplnycd by tlia gov«rauiant, th* mora vnriod 

hv luture of ihdr dntia* mny bi^ tno mort offleivct tli«y will be 

band when tJie etnerpiDcy ftruica foe which their aervioes in a 

_nirrty mllilMV opacity ut more jiorticuliu-ly *ant«l; uid It 

^iBDnM lUTrly on otlierwi«e thiui n. very iui«tak«D economy, to 

■Jl iu * dvilJBii to Ruporintanil worlce of a mltitsry or fUoW 

nUUiTv cliAnictnr, nnlen the nnmbcr of militnry rnginocn bo ao 

'uiited tliat wmit oaa bo obliiiacd when thi^y nre witcd. 

Wo hftT« not ilivu^ht it (Kiiuu^teut witti the omeot for wtiicU 
we weN ai>|Miii(«il, to atlenipt to enter lulo tbe ooiuiJicrBU'iti of 
"^e imfirioty of nay ro-a4j'**tiDoiitof tbo dtiiiui of tbo two corpe. 
f tu quwtion be broi)t[bt under eoiwidpnlion, thoro ia very 
little doubt tlial the propriety of any oluuiga* will bo mivJe U> 
': OQ well iuc«rt&iiie<I Ewu, mid not oo opioiniu; and If any 
igea are nutile, Ui«v will piv>Uibly be based on otber gronniu 
I m«ra odaoatioDal one*- 
Hkring been tnipr«a»d with the noocauty of tmattox militMy 
limilon u a wholo, we have urged thnt it ought to bu brougbt 
Oder tlio dlrectiou of a specikl depftrtawnt; mid tlint llie im- 
l|N>rtaaoe of militar; aeadonlea liaa appeond to oa to dalm mora 
'^temotio aUentioQ and more roni oitcoamcvintnt than they 
have hitherto rwi-ivwl, — and nitliout this wo beliovo it U inpoa* 
llbU tliat uililarjr HdaiiCe uan bold ila projier jibuM in tlie army. 



THE PmLADELPmA OAS WOEKSt» 

Ettnieit fnm the Knginrtr'* Reporl Jl>r Iht Ytar IS-ie. 

At ttieaeveml man ufnctii ring ■tntiona no new eoMtnictions 
aw been tmdortakan in the piut voar; the iraprovetneata com- 
bine only thoae that had 'tireu pnvioualy ainunenocd. 
UuM tEe meet Inpoftanl ia the large gailtMer, No, 13, 
hrtiicb WM ao far eomjileted in th« autunui a« to be i& good vork- 
pBg ennditioD. It waa put in opentioa early in the wintor, and 
piaa eonUnufd to work with great ateailineaa and ngnlarity. 
Ita eflcieouy aa a great reaervoit luid reguhitor of preanire, 
Intug the houra of maximiun oauamptloo, has Miy oqnollM 
«7 cspeotAtion. Ita adrantn^ea in Uieae roepecla canuot easily 
I ovcr>«atinwt«il, and by ita aleady action dunng eeveml violent 
I of wind, it praree that a giaboIdeT of very Urfp diraen- 
I ia inaeli more defwadftUa thfto thoee that are amaller.t 
SotwithetanJing th* nnaxpecttd obalaelea enoouutetvd in the 
AulraaUoD of thia nubalder and taiik, Iv reaaoii of the dilB- 
^•oh diuadter of tbe foiiudotioaa and caioaltica of thu woathor, 
[It ia worthy of note, that ita coat per cubic foot of capacity ia 
Ewuch lea* than that of any other puhoMm- ever built at tboM 
fworka, with the uoeptlon only of No. 11, wbinh being alao of 
jUiaKially large aixt, vaa ooaatmcted at lost CMt per cubic bot 
rtiian any other of whieJi I have any knowledge in tha Uidted 
tSutee. Hod the nulookcd-for diffieultica alluded to not occur- 
rwl, tbe nlAtive coat of No. IS would luive Iwcn hdow that of 
No. 1 1, and it may now be etteeaned an ntabliahed trutb. that iu 
all lai^ worka economy ia pi<onioto>l by the oao of ((aeliolden tS 
fVery Iwge dltnenMODa. Aa it ia believed two gadioldon of aa 
\Uxi» oaptdty aa Uieae, are nut to be found at any other i^worka, 
[tbe prtMHit may be omaidSMd ft milable oocMou lor ft brief 
< deecriptiuD of thom.Z 

No. II waa built tu IfV-0, and hna been in ilnoat coimtant uao 
■bioe that rcftr. It ia of teleMopia plan, 140 feet in diameter and 
70 bet Ugu, eonlftudng one mlUion cubic Icet. 
Oftiliolaar No. IS waa put In opeoatlun early in Deoember last; 

■ FMb <te ■Aniiwl ar Oa VtiaUiB iBlUtDM.' 

t auK* iba jnitDiMiM «( (U* nvot M OaTnaen. ihinaniiiMiJUl Uit(Ral 
mnmia ar/unuij IMk MBspaalM bf a pli ul uumiLd TtuCnov hu ■Mvd>4 
■moUiv erpanaail) (br liiitai Ua ■WbUU^ otiata puititia^. XX Uii uuaaf la* 



it b like the obber, telescopic in (onu, 10a Geet in diomeUr 
00 (eet high, ooulainiftg on* milUoo eight htwdtedthouaaiid ' 
feet. The tank la lexfeet In dear diaaaeter, and -UUm 
eioantad in grnrol and day, with a central wonud £G bat 

When the excavation (or iMa tank had been sunk nearly to 
dupti) nnjuired for the foundation and floor, tbe sabelratiuft «( 
atTir eluy waa fbned upward by the immure of waur beneftlh, 
rovealiiig a qulokaand that ejualad anoul Q5feet beiow the tOf 
IcTol ot the t<uik, wliioh bad not bean dat«c(«d by borioga fn- 
vioiwly made to a depth 04" more than 90 fcet) for tbe purpose cf 
proving the nature of the ground. Thia onweleoiDe dieonnBjr 
uatla It uece«aiy, (br tbe proper aeourity eS the fuandfttioaa, (o 
adopt some exjwdWl fur reaching a Arm bad of gravel, wUch 
vaa found to he about TD feet frnu the enrfiMa. Tha gnat Intf us 
of water at thl* d«pth, of more than 40fbet below tidsh fbrbftte 
any other mode of nskdiing this aolid bottom than by drivitig 
piles. Soine thouaauda were iliivcn in aueh poeltiona ae wovU 
allow the tank walls, the iniide towers, and the floor, to nat un 
hoa\7 timber* aecured by bolting to the pilea aAor the Luteir had 
beeu driven home in the aolid gnkvel below. These tiBiboes an 
laid doee tOKother, radiating Eroen the oeutnl mound to the 
outer citcumlereuos of the nuudalioo walia; their jotnta vet* 
tig'tlly caulked, and the whole oovered witli a bed of hydmtlil 
concrete. 

The tank walla are of rubble mnaonry, built in two aepanla 
rlug*, the outer one, i feel thick, laid in gravel uiooiari the iaaar 
onu, 16 iucliea tliick, laid in hydmulic ooiueut, with an tnlavliee 
of inchn filled in wiili hydntulic oonoeta. To incseaao the 
tightnea* of the bottom, it is covered by a doBi»«ha|>cd pav«- 
tnent of brick, grouted with hydraulic cement. An aBBolar wall 
of atone la built within tbo lauk, midway between tbe oatar wall 
and the ouutiv. V^toa thia are plaoed ttreuiy-four Untie fnuMs 
iU feet hivh, whjcli eusioln the crown of the p*-hi>)dcr, ao aa to 
Drevent die awag of the aheeta when aneupporlad by the gftb 
No rvfters are ueod, nor any interior framework, except a eeTtes 
of tie-ifxls, which are aeaured to the crown sheeb in aoch a w^y 
an to dlwtrlhuiu over ila euiiie areiL the weight of the ocBtre-peet 
and the verticid Hidoa. Tliie airanaemeot waaadoMed in oaaa»- 
quonoe of the great weight requiredta pvo tbe holder each pra»- 
Buro aa would oantrol all tb« othera conneelod with tbe several 
worka, all of which are more than three miloe dletaiit, asd acme 
two and three tiiuea more remote. 

To fauLlitale the future inureaae of Ila preastm, the lega ea 
which the inner aocUon standi, and against which the outer at^ 
tjon ia guided, ale made of cast-iron, and hollow, (or reoeavlDg 
the adoitlooal weight* that may herciafter be rei}uired. 

To support and guide tbe gaaholder, there ara twelve towen 
of cast-iron, DO feet hU^h, standing on stoue basea; tbeir fora Is 
pentagonal, about 13 leot in diameter. The gitdem oonnecting 
the towont an in the form of a hcaTy haluetnde, with open 

aoatrefutl paoeb, and ar« jdaoed 10 feet below the suuuoitt ef 
le tow«ra. The weight of metal iu the whole etruetiu* ia over 
1000 ton*; that of the gaaholder alone about 30O tons. 

To tfaoao who are not liuuiliar witit tbo prvpertiee of gaasi^ H 
nuty appenr iuccedible that a vent etructurc, weighing tipwa^s 
of flOO,000 lb., oan be iii.ntaiu«l with ufuty, reatiiig aoJely iipos ft 
duiJ ao light and subtle aa illiuuiu.itjug goa, whose deuaity M less 
than bidf tlini of atiuoeplierio air, or uuly Tt^gth port tbe wigiit 
of water. But the great dinnieter of this machiue givea it aft 
ana of 20,000 aquore feet, and the wliolo praaanni dne to its 
weight ia only 30 Ih. on the square foot, equal to a c<>tamu U 
wnter not ipiic« e Inches high. It ia therefore niiand with th* 
gmatrit eoie tnr the inflowing gas, by which it cau be lifted out 
of the water of the tank to a height of 00 bet; and as the jjat t> 
oouduued or paawd into the olfaor holdets, H la gHitly Inw^ndL 
with the dlant, atMdy motion of a gmt piMumntM ~ 



I Bb,Bi4iifeiai iTIfhti ■jTninnri ot TuuBc^UD^or euAiBlir Hftlo- 
; tlw aiaiQ^Hi. -nk mneiup ud daacriutoa. of Ibia luhoUlar, w 
> «ta. A J. JtaTMl TaL^TILtliHj p. Mt, atd Vol. XVllI. jaUu, p. 



sr 



Anotber structure which baa beeu complied diuing iha 
year, is the kffdraaUe ilrvat», used fitr raiaiiig uoala tnm 
wliarf bito the coal atvrea reuuntly cotutroctad at the E^rst Wi 
work*. 

Tlie coMlTVctien and ojierAtion of this machine an of siIimi 
umpllclty. Two rsctftngulor waur-tlght bozes^ mado of boHv 
Iron, capable of holding about 1 1 ton of water ench, are m^ 
peuoed to the ends of a atjong chain that passu over * whsd 
pUeed at tbe lop of tbe hoUtins tower. The langth of ihf> dita 
u siicb. ilwt one box i* level with the railroad tnttk on tliv >W 
when Uie oilier ialcral with ft ainaUar track leadfalf inU 



I 



1 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOUBNAX.. 



229 



jt Um oottl •tons; a tbati wction ot nil tnck on top of awh bos 
~* t ■4jnal«d to lil Umm mdn tntk» wbun tbs boxoa wa in phot. 
A lonilail CM Mag nm on to tbo lower box, a&il k lii^t car ua 
Dptinr on*, wMar li kUowinI to How mto Ui« LtUcr from « ei»- 
, uulil iu vcight prrfWDcIonlM, when it d«ae«tiiti mid niara 
led ear, iu nlocitj U-ing T«eulat«il by dimm of a power- 
den hn»k, whicli in worlud 67 an attemUnt, trbo UuwIm 
I th* valna for tuptilnng tlie nt«r. When tha dtaecoiluif 
' FMcliM tbn bottMD (X the tower, a aeir-noting ralve opcna and 
llnvs iu load of water to Mcaptv 

AtUr Uie cdoIh Iuto boeo doUr«r«d tnm tba ve«el at Ui« 
■f, into ail Itdo nr, ulaoed on a nilway laid akog Uie vator'a 
, tbny no«l uo furLIicr liiuiJliiiH, Vaina dmwn oy a mula to 
i pktiarm of IIm oltTalor. hy wliicli tlieir are lioinlc*! SO fact, Ui 
leading into Um attie of tlia eoal Bt«K wlten th«<r ars 
I from iba otr, at a height which aJowa the pUa to (Hid 
• lh« slop* of iIm not : thna fillbig op lh« atora mor* eoB- 
elv ilinn oiuM br (|rin« \,j any otlier miHle. and aanng man 
HI ihrv^faaribi tli* expeoM cj itorinD in ibo unial way. A« 
' tw-] cual-atorM now or«ct«d are mmnh oflioldinj; only about 
Da-holf tli« Doal required for tlie mnUr'a aupply, il will be a 
DMxuiy of gixtd eoDouBiy to buiW two luore in lie preeent x«*r; 
* er«by tbo *nviiig of expniae in handling and bniiling may be 
ned upon tJir ttbolo ijUHiiCily luiyi, aail ibc t-uikln nuy bo more 
' protoclod frcuu iIaiu*^ tbaii tlivy cui be in t«iD|)orary 



vbarf. 



took 




n 



In CDOatriKtlng tb« retarl ttndiM at the Plral Ward atation, 
'don WH made for their Mlaptation U> nwiomi difiervnt 
of neiting the retorU in tbe Are arebea, without diatarbiog 
ptmuiMiit iniuomy. Tlie niNirlur flwUItlM for n)ak:ug 
paniive trialii of difreniDl plana tbiu MCur*]. have not been 
•lit Ibetr proper fruii*. 
Miiatant engioMr, itaAer whuae imiD«diat« dirwtian the 
U ibia BtalioD are plamd, haa tDtrodueed a inew plan of 
1& aa vpen aroh, diMBoiunbered of tha oaua] oompleis 
_ Biant tf fliiea, rroni which ho haa produovd iwnll* IBSdi 
•eoMBical ibas any beretofbre obtauiad at th« older worka. 
The daily yioM whefi tlie beds are nnr and in good eoodilion 
ham been oror 60(N) cubic feet of gaa from eaeh retort, or about 
KfiVO hom a bed of diraa. The aveni^i: yield, daring the ope- 
raUooa of an piilire Maion, haa been nearly 7000 feet a day from 
neb ntoft, or SaoOD feet Ti^ni the bml of three. 

TIm eontraiit oinMuludarivnUi.- frniiidKrcmnt modtaof eetting 
rrlarU :■ eihibitad ttTt dearly in a trial, niiulv at t1i<? rajneat 
a troatcv, of another plan of eeUlug uet^l in a ueiijhUiuriug 
ty. In order to emanra the uUnoat fijruesa and aocntwy of tli<» 
Mipariaon, tbe r«lurla oMd were erf (ha aaiBD pattera, euwUy 
■like ia ail nwpMli. The bedi in which lb«y wara phued ware 
inuMdialely enatigiiona in tlie nine aBotlNi of retort bench, and 
wvrv worked by tbe aame gang of aldkerai aalng iha aana klada 
of eoal aail fuel. The tnal waa conUnued many montha, and 
aatll tbe retoria were naed up, eo far aa practical nconomy of um 
would permtL The Miitnuit i« rvmarkablc and ioatructive. 
When the new Mtllutf wm liml put at work, with the flue 
<laaivria<lj\iatnd iu;ix>rdiDtf to iuetruatioua given bv itoeuggaitor, 
llie (Jailj viM WW) about 371X1 flral to tha retort, ur ll.OOU t« the 
bad uf tbm ret-MU. By a dilfurent ailjUMtJiient, found upon 
•SpariNietit to pnxlnoe the beat leaulu obuiiutble, thi? yivld wm 
taaraMc d l« 4JUii feet |H-r day (mm eadi retort, or abuiit 13,00(1 
A<oai each hnl of thrw, Tliiii wsa the utiDoat lliey coiild l)n nuulc 
lo yield, without endangning the daetruotlon of the b«<l by oiett- 
ing (ki«n the fanwce. 

Aa tbeen multa opeok for themeelvea, they n<qiiire but brief 
mmnKUt. The ooet tot tetorU. for relT^honne room, and for 
labour of working, in (ha muu« in boUi the pUna of lotting; the 
dailr product in one caae exoeeiU diat In the othi-r bv uDcbiiit 

lie aetling in open nnhea, whan fully iotrjUuiKtl. will niudi 
iOffwaae Uin caiacity and proGlabla rwilu of out work* : the 
Other wnulJ taku largely from u* iu both thaw reepeeta. The 
pnwiioal diaereiico betweoa the adoption of the ono «r th« othar. 
in ita mnney value, on our preeaut acnJe of operaliona, woold 
Binounl annually lo the inUroM on a capital of mon than bailf a 
MiUiou of dollare. 

Anr^her ywAr'a trial of tlie cailulsr ntttrt, for tbe prodncUon of 
ow /n» v^gttattt MvMauMi, haa oanKnned the reeulto hereto- 
five nported, with i««j>«:i to Ibn qnantity and Ultuninating 
— Ittjr of line ipu thut ubtaiued. Aa then aretned (o be eome 

, 2S0.— VoL u.— Jdlt, iu;. 



doabt aa to tlie pannanaocy of thia aa, it wm tiwu|^t worth 
while to tMt it ID au«h way a« would brfi^ the qoMtiOB to a 
■ktiaCictonr aolation. 

A coualderablu quantjtr of it (30,000 cubic feel) wm itored in 
a gaaliolder by ileelt and after rvuialaluc thut kaulateJ tevemi 
waaks, waa taatad pbotometiicaljy. It nad not cliaund per- 
oeplibly, having retained iu iUvinioaling power aa computdy aa 
coal fpia under aunOar triaL 

WiOi tliepreantt rahtive price* of wood and coal in tlie Phila- 
delphia naarkm, tlbt «eat of making gaa from tlie fanner ia taiat- 
what the lower, bat the diAreom la not >a<lleieat to Jnatify the 
immediate abandonment oT th* lattar. Should a ooaunardal 
chotiite itccur, br wfaieb tbe priee of mala ^ould be again nd- 
vaaoed to the high pnial readied two or three yean ^o^ Umk 
might ariae important advantacea to theae worka and iU oua> 
tomerL fkxiiu tho ability to make tha aabatitulion of wood for 
cual. It will tlierefon be oonaiatant with good policy lo continue, 
aa hen!ti>f>n, the use of anch number of wood retorta aa can bv 
Mpplied with that material without aeudblr affeoting ita market 
prnai paitlookriy aa their «*• ia aaooiii|«UM with noma inini*- 
(liau profit, and antaila no aatm eoat ibr tht eontingant adian- 
togea It proimta. 

A careful and aoeorate analyaia and photometric examination 
of wuod £B* haa beoa nwle w two etmnent analytical cheuiau 
qtf. WcJooU Oibha, of New Toil, and Dr. F. A. Geoih. of Pliila- 
delpbbX whoa* report of thtrircbmilaU reanlta fttrobhee a highly 
■itiabetoryaxplaiialioiiof eortainoui^oiu phenomena Utataoeom- 
pauy the cmnbualion of thia gaa, Tliey ciamioej two varietiea 
of ^jaa, one made frnia old fieUT pine, tlie othir from luoall aecoad- 
growth oak, with tlw following reanlla : — 

OHftMnea, (totoMlML 

Hydrogen St-TI M-44 

Littht car^retteH hyilrogen ZI'SO 3S-I3 

Otallant gxaod hydro-cartuD vaponn Il)-ST t'44 

Utfbonie oxide ST'lt 90-11 

rarbonje aoid t'M O'M 

Oiygm ... „ IHW Neae 

Xitrogen , IM 838 

100-00 100-00 

Bpodflo |[ra*[ty ... U*4I» O'SSO 

ThoK gnata van ooUeeUd at the Ninth Ward Worlm, and 
taken tv New York for analyda Tbeir iltumtnatluc power wtm 
tmloii, and T'lUiid to be over lweR(y.«ts cajidlra fev a A flt«t 
bomer. A aubeaqnaat aeriea uf pbotoiaatpic triata of wood ga<t, 
previondy paaaed thronj^ a long pipe exnoaed to a tempemtxir* 
of IS* nilL, gave an averse of 18*3 oandlea frura a burner wa- 
euraing I'S laet per Iiour. 

The condiwioD at wbiuh theae gutlemen arrive from their 
claborate cxaainrition ia, " UiAt wood gai^ in UIumiiiatLOg pvwer, 
in fuUy equal to the avenge of ooul gaa," 



The growing magnitude of tlie operation! at tha dJAnat otteea 
and wurka managed under the gna tnut, luid their oosato&t 
mutual dependence, have created a neceaeity for (reqnent inl«r- 
cammnnlcaUon of Intdl {grace, and official dfrectiona, *uch aa out 
he nioet perfectly oblAiui'd only by menna of tha utafiuHc Ultfitfik. 
No Umo, tharefore, boa been loat in carryii^ into effect Ibe 
recent dircotioon of (he buunl upon tliij aabJMt-, and the ecu- 
trni^lor in movlii); «u iirotii]illy, tliat tliu line will very aooB be tn 
rmdinaaa fur uae. Of the advantacaa to be derived from tUa It ii 
not oaay to form in a>I*unce auytuing like an adequate oetimaia. 
In the ninnaiieineiit and enatnl of tbe nnmaroua gaalwIdfrB. 
luany luilw ai>ar% but Iu ekae medianioal ooeineetion, it will add 
greatly to thvir security. In the regulation of tbe atreet-^wriu 
praMure^ at variona poiiita duritig the lioura of lighting, It will 
jirevent the inconveniencea tlint now to frequently reaalt from 
the want of prompt infonnation at the work*. In r<^latii^; tbe 
Ifghtins and oxtinguiahing of the public lampa, in giving a know- 
ledge uf ttir euut locality of mea, and ia a vaat number of 
other tuatuim, it will be truly of bcatlnable value. 




The eerend laetotiM belonging u the Tnut have prodiKMl in 
the year 166B, ■(34,T4S,(XKt oublu feet of nu; of whiuh 1S»,(KKI,UOO 
cuUo GM4wei« made at tlie worka iu Ftiet Ward, 18t,337,0m> 
in Nintli Wan), and ft«,4Ii.'V,000 in Fiftonnth Wnn>. 

Tlie lorgcHt quantity iiacd in twenty-four hours, waa :{.1Q(U)0C< 
cubic fari, on the laat night of Ibe year) and the larycat dally 



330 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



prodnqt of the awanl work* hu boon, 799,000 in Rr*t W«rd, 
1,OM,MO in Ninth WMt^aad 410,010 iD FIfUeutliWwd. Thew 
tukumam djUly prodaotioiu did not oocur dmoHiuieoiidy, and 
tbtrafon tiidr ^gr«gat« amount ma not produtMd on sar om 
ibj) II bBTiog bean foa&d most connalMt to mMuwe the dUTir- 
tBt flutoriM in *ach w«y, that odo miffht be in nill working 
wbsn tiM jidd of ntiothrr hod Mlpn off by nadon of tli« ««u of 
itantort*. 
Tbo lugcat dkUjr nvorago jiuM of oach retort ill the year wu 
71M fort at the worka in First Waul, 
0383 „ „ Ninth Ward, 

SIM , „ FIftwDth WanL 

The largeat quantity flrom tuuh potoid of ooal mp«<tlT«lf, 
mada for >aj thlJ daj** work— 

4M, EMt at tbo work* in Fint Ward. 
4^ ■ „ Ninth Wanl, 

4^ „ . FUli-eDlh Ward. 

JoBK C CaBsaoK, £nylnwn 



INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENOINEEBS. 
Maf IS.— RiiBiciiT SnriucitVM. M.P., PTMiilent. lu tbo Cliur. 

In MoimaaoitiE the dixtuaian upon Mr. Ronnia'i I^p«r, " On Ae 
AtployawM V SiMI* Bttmt or C«aeritta m martt nf AmaorHy md 
AnkiteMrt,' Ibe autbor gan Mma huthcr dola^ M meA» whUa had 
beoi alloded to. and pactloularir of tha Puit de TAUaa. It wm aUtad 
■hat tlia Dutorial oonipoiing tliaBrohea wu found oni[<iiaI1y ta dtr w 
itnculartj, •< to catua oaek* In laveial uImm. 'llil* wu Aral maaiUad 
br iWatliig laif* dMaobad block* of the concrata ii nik, and tbvn 
Mmanliua tlimu ttnathar. But a fuTtluir improimDaDt wu made, It 
una found, Unl in making an ar«h of noKijr i tmi in thioknoa, thorn 
una unequal expanaion and ooatnotion of the oiatariala. To obiiata 
tfaii, a ling of amall ttonea «et In camcmt waa Bnt laid, ou vbich Oie 
<natilig of ViBj onneDC oouoretc wm ipread. In (aot, tlie areli wiii 
boOl in Ivo riti^. Aa rotfaidnd upoiiw, It Lad bam aaid that tho foiit 
do I'Aku had eou lU.OOoT . hut it wu bolievad tlial Sl'.OOdl, wm mora 
naul<r ootmt. Now a bridj^ built at Lwi[» of ilr«nnl atone, of 5iO 
Text ia leiifttk anil 30 feet in vidlli. or 60 fast Ituigei and b»lf tbo ■ridlb 
of lb« Alma Irriilgr, had oihC on\y i'i,i»ii)t, TLii Tic! iioi ibow uiT creat 
aaonamy in oo*i in favour of tbe UH ofcuncretc, but, u nqfarJod timn, 
(be ona >u built in aba uiuntbf, M (taled In tha I'apcr, vhoroa Uia 
lacgv biidgo oociiplod thna vNin in Itj trcvtiou. 

It waa profuSMii ibat tbo Paper «u tu be takon a« a bUtnry of nibble 
and eaaaroie n|> toaearuun ilaiv, for it did uolonnvfyan; idn of tbe 
•xlant of ita na* at the piaeaiit lime. There wan now oaiiiiiiK ia 
nuiout pett* of Onat Britain eouis ramariubia woi%« In mbfala maaonrr, 
wliioli had not bean illaHad la: amongit whioh inighl be mentioned the 
Lit«rp>)ol and tlip Birlivnhsad Dodu. It irma thought that woryii): in 
rabble iuki bent grrmtlT ne|[luat«t. uiil that cn^inoon had (one to Ibu 
oppoMM ritnaic of building id eipuiiurs uhlar. Rut what wu to be 
meet ouvfuUy ||var<l«d a|[aii]mt wu the aiiopllon of a bjliri'l maanniy. 
osaaliUng pertly of uhlu and perily of rubble. TliU wu looked upon 
aa a daago^u* •yeuni, u tbe uoequal ■ellling wm aliaoii lun to oauH 
tho aefitai ^ciaf to iiilit, or pan from the rubble backing. 

It mM remarked, u a generally reosiiHl opinion, that oanorele nudo 
arith canAiUy nahed gravel and aand wu preferable to that whioh 
ooDtaiiioJ an adnlttors of loan. Now [» laiiie iimianua thU had been 
pnval not to be the eaee. for loam had been uied with po*ltiv« Kinii- 
tan. [f eapenelTO pranana of mflkinK coiicreta wer* adopleil. it would 
bo DaUar (o rtaort ntonoa to ruliliU work, 

T« thee il wu rvplled, that it hfl been flinwn that the onmpoeition of 
tha HAd aaght to bear eome relatloD la the lime with wbioh it wu 
nived, and that andtr csrtain droumelanoea tbe pmonoe of marl in the 
Mad >aa naeeewry. A oareful naminailon of tbe ttaatiate on tha aob- 
Ja*o( rabble inuonry eliowed ibat little wu kaownuM tlio w<l|tbt il 
araald euMaia or tbe duty it would perfona. It waa of gri-ai imjiuriiLnoa 
to aaocrtain tli« raaiitiog powofaaf nibble oompMad ul Jitr.imiil mala- 
rial^ and a«i 111 dllKrant limua and uemonla; and *imt the aim pot i lion 
and action of Ihe ingredienle whidi aotarad into the oeaorela. or whioh 
f>w« Billed D)> with the rubble. 

A diflinirtian ought to be drawn liatwocn oonorete or baton, and 
rubUc work The lonnor wu jonerally uieij for foundatlona, or (or 
making an apron between tbe pion of a bridge to prevent the evil 
•flbeto of aeour, and alio ui brtskwatcn, wbeta larfe uaaaa* of lliat 
Material wwe tkrown In, In rutiUle work the alooo loniied i^ioat tbrea- 
lounke or Hn'-aiiibe of tba whole maca, whilal in oonerola tha proportion 
mo racy muob l«a la lliia raeptnt the autarial of aueiant buiblinn 
aao u pae d aslaoe betwoea tbe awdera emereta and rvbUe, for in the 
■aifci of (G* Boouaa the itMW tanned about ooO'tUfd of the whole 
■■ML The betOQ ii»d ia Bum had bean niljeoted to a proeeure ct 




C loaa per equare feel. Il iru nutde of ■ putlenba day, borst aeeerd- 
ing to ill* fonnnla of Vleal; and tho* a paifoM artiHotai hydiwnlU iM* 
had bean fomMd, nearly ai^nal to natural liuie. 

A dwcription wu givea of Ihe i^Mam fbllowad by Iha !■■• Mr. 
Walker and t'apiaia HodJart, in mIw aaihed parol tm iha liirkht 

of qnqr walla at tbo Eut and Waat India Dooka and other f * l ^J 

wbCah great aoUdity wu Mi*inod. Mr. John Bfato aohaafeMMV 
iutrodnoed the u*e of Uiue with tbe graved fonauig ee*aaM. Ik 
Jainu Walker had need wiiiviit tuucntg var^ extaualvaty ta leatiaa 
warka. at Dover, Aldoniv^, nii<l utber placnt, with graat euoOBM. Tha 
oooerate oead at tbe two tgmar plaoae wm compeaed of rialleal 
oemoDt miiod with atungb. ia the nroportiona of one part of oasMA to 
Mn naiu ef ebingle, moulded inio tdowarwy^ fmoi II lo 10 tonali 
■rtnghl. 

'Ae geoMal dtmeeaioD* of that part of tbe bnakwater ea oeoetntcted 
wora— mediorn a4dlh, Wi (eot, eompoanJ of a biiih^ of oenaaa oeo- 
oeto blodte M fMt b iMadlh, noiaotad oy langavark of Miiki if 
Koadi Pattlaad ebuie faced with granite, al an aeoraf* Ihlnhni rf 
IG faat on each auto. Tbe fouiKlAiiun of tbu wrall waa ii bat befaw la* 
wnter ci epriug tiiiua, and the Uip raee to Sn leet abore that Hiiha 
making a total height of i)J leet. 

Il had been obearrtd that the ^uaUlj of tba Poitlaud caiuead ww aat 
alwv* oaiforn, and that etpuiiion or ditlulapatian of llie bteaka hal 
takaa plao* two or three raonthi after Ihejr wan made, and beftw ih« 
■arahadded in poeitlon, whleb opamlioD waa gukenily dabyad (ertt 
or nine moniha, (o allow tlinn to beoome thoioiiKhIr ary. l%a ■Ma- 
ftiotiira of Portland OMnaiit wu ovidontly am wbidi raan i red MMh 
car*, aud wu not free from riak, thou);h ita general amftoyaMlsM 
antlafaotory, and tie uae wu dally extending for all worha *l (i*(l 
aaguieariag and arahitecMrV' 

To ihU it wu replied, that Ihe oaac* of eipanaion whbib faej 
BOtiaad probaUyaroee IVnm the pcceeooe of too muchllBMlnlhaoat 
— the raault of oanleaa or Improper mannhccare, but andi raaalto hol 
aot beea obaon'nt in ceniaiit auppliad by good mannStcturnia. Tha haa 
eo (bund in a fm atalff. and not wall tocnrporated with the otber liigii 
dieiita. would untlary^ ihu action of alakin^ by the atmoapWa, awl Mill 
man rapiilly by era water, and diaint'^jralinn would enaae. na ■■■■■ 
fiwtiiie of (bia cement waa eauntially one of omfidence, and i 
u thoee mentioned raivly if ever oeoomd with tbe podooo af i 
anotd manuhdotm. 

With reganj to tbe works at Dover. H wm alatod that tho^ aaarly 
halt a million cubjo fbel of oonorete Id block* wore now laid »aa«dly, 
the nroportlon of breakage Matoely little exoaailed 1 per oeoi. Tha oM 
of the onnoreto blocki wu utum«d to be about one-balf of the Metaf 
the atone waits wliich hivl orif^ally b«n intended to hara be^ acfr 
etmoled, Tlie lar,^ cubic o^nteau, and oooacquaQt waigbt of llMi 
hlocka, the uniformity of iheir aire, aud thdr oloae eonlaet hi Ihe wort, 
were relied on u prominait advantage* In tfaair uae. 

Tbo Frendi eog^iiBera had need onncrvt* bloc^ made of Daae and 
ardfletal pouubuia, at Minrlllee, Boohafort. Algiara, aiiit Chaiboax 
After a hw y*ate' eipoenre to Uie eea water, tfaeee Uocka had dbtae- 

giM*d and bllen ta ^eeea— a nai 

aeinie of magnteia in the aea aato, 

I I wu not without hesitation. IhoreTon. that come yean lalM' tkrf I 
ounmsDcod tbe employment of rarthuid cement for their beWn wee 
but the reanlt* aaoertalned lu the interral aa to It* duraUlt^ aliw 
capoecd to the action of aea waUr, appeared la bavejuetillad iliapnMM 
general *da|iilon of that nutarial. even to the eztaot of vtaof tbe bte«Aa 

III (iti-Tiial wall* wltliout the protretion of atone oednic. 

Till) injiicllon of Portland cement Into the foanilaliona of tfca Ptat 
de I'Alma wu noticol u a method of fanning beton aniW wMar 
which, though al)nw«)i]e in DiMptinnal nmr oould not he mnnmiaanilad 
on the Horn of eoonoaiy. u in Ibe OMe bi qoeMion a quantity M oceaMI, 
oaating not leu iban IliUtif., had bton employed, one Uiird of whU hal 
In all probability b«D wuhed awity hy taa onrreut, and bad mtw mi 
at all. 

At AMitniay the da|>(b of water w«> mular (baa at Uovar. aad Ihm 
WM alnindanca of etonr, wbiab wu thrown in M " plena paring* ■ 
tonn tho eobetratum: and from a depth of II feet below low water a 
vartlatl alone wall wu bniught up, biicked by canorete Idotdt*. to (ana 
the heartily 

Deaeriptiana were gJTvn of the largo blook* of ooncrete uaal al Am 
now hartiaar worki xl Klaradllee and at Alglon. Tkaj woMhI 
upward* of 30 toui ufli, and were moulded aoae to Iha apat WM* 
they were to be ui»l, .ind tlinii thrown iiitn tba aa. At AlgiMa il taa 
beliered that oonaiilmlilM diaintrgralion bfd taken place, aa it wu e«t- 
■lant thai larv* oavitle* eclated in the work. When tha aea waa *flHAd 
il WM eeanMy poiaibl* to walk on the mole, on aeoount of tbe }*t) M 
wainr. wbioh wm driren through the apertura* ailb great eJedlyt* 
codniileralil'i diltanoeiL Tbe looiU engineon antioipoMd Aat lb«w Wf. 
tlsa would III time be cloaed by tho McniLiona of afaelh^ b* wUcfe tarwal 
hid bean already etopped; hut tbl* pneuined that the dulatapadM *f 
tbo bIo<^ wu not alaa prugraeaing. It wu quaetiooed wbrlW M 
(liaintegTktiori bad not ariun fioin the uae of artificial inalaad «f nacvil 
poiMUiia. 

Inetauoea wura addaood of tbe abaotute orerthronng of mAb ha 



to ine eaa water, uieee oiocaa naa ouaw*- 
-a naoll aasibad b;r H. Vioal to Ihe ■**. 
aativ, erfaioh aotad injarioualr eei the llHa 
n. therefore, that eome ye^ latitf tbea Ivd 




THE crviL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOUENAL. 



231 



I baton wcrei 

riba 



»ir«wl*« bshmImi of the eaniBt mad; uid «m of > Ibln oMtiiig 

iHH klM of oco»ai4 luTinf •rpandod In th* Mma r<Riarii*lil« 

It WM aiplnliMd Uut iki* moM hmra mriira from ih* admUlora 

tndM qunUty of lima to di* oanini, hb fTTor not unfroqiuntly 

iM» bf lMxpiTl*no«t] mairabotunn. 

■ loo [(Mnl ••■Mb of uiin^ a quantity of Ifan* in tb* tmklng 

w doNiaDaod ■■ iajnnoai: u tba lime wbea ootiMl upon by 

iM. oplit tfc< btMui. umI ilMtrojnd tho work. An ImUbm 

I irtKn • Ucbtbaaw k^ b«an pvUod down entfnlj in oon- 

OiUaalra aw of concfBl* bj tha tnolanta ma nolload. lod tlio 
iflwat •cvkt in Kama vara quoMd *a ioaUnoM of Ita darability. 
H bal bean aaaJ far rMlling. by Brtt eanMtmtiwHb* of Uln 
nakntt «anrat, and fUliog in witli conoreto. Thv «M«ll«Bt 
af tba —Iml iwlarial. which nhoomM omt Kama, bul so 
FODtribaled to its gvuml uid ineoHiful nnpionnent. 
Woriu of Uid French in^nem dmiripllTi) « thnir praotaaia In 
re Dcnlloiied. ud ■ Pi>|i« on tbs ■object WM praotwd 
tail nailen. wbon it wu lioped ibkt the msmbcn woald 
tofW* Um oompanUva prioaa of marina irod othouoiuUuc- 
tiana o'f ooninta, Mtd «f Muwad Uodi^ v of " plana pardua,* a* that 
^nM>t» had baan OMIioawj aroliUd oo Ika praaani owaalon. 

It waa K qoaation wjtthar rabbU CDnvrvt* >m nallj aitfaar ao aAotiT* 
«r aa cWap aa good hmka and •gmmt for tha (upanlniatun of a bfidn, 
bewoT^g piDd and applicable ii might be fer tw IbaiidatianB, to wfaioh 
It had ham gonvally reat ri« tad in lUa wvnifj. In ancfc piiiitioin it 
«■• axoalhat. uid but for Ita ma many banriooa woriu oontd )mraaly 
hara baan eieeuMd. 

IW Pasar rvtd wu "A Dtttriplimt of lit SftAod e/ B*iMiiig Briijt* 
^m Britk C^Mir, .'■ l^idia.' B.t Q. R. BRCcm. M. Inat. C.E. 

na author Uvan by ardrortlng gtnonilly to the ooDititotioa of Indian 
nilwaji aa put (loek BiKlatta£ln(r*i havinjt a oertun rale of inUirHt 
1 to Umm by tba Baal India Company, la raUni for cliioh tha 
■naniaa vara oooatnuniKl id lubmii to ■ •t*i[iiw of t^vemment 
I ibI tatoribnooa whldi miUiaWd vary mudi ifaiiiit tlie apaady 
JlcJooi amonlloa of tha worka. 

iPaptrnext nbrmd la the Madia* Railway in partiouliir. whidi 

b mj of Bl^rM aa ice laraunna on on* aide of the pnunaul*. ami 

r, lUmt CbKout, on Iba atitet, and eilwiding onr a lougth of ISU 

) nBM of tbia Una had boce opanod fer tnSe, aMd tha ranahi- 
TwM n»d«r oanMnotJon, AJl had faaan wattad by tba rallwv 
fa own ongineen, a ayitam wludi tha aatkor atalad had ba«n 
_> aaavar amaadlwly m\. 

rbrSdga to which ^ Papor «m BMoaUy aapropriatad wu built 
^ mar Polnay, abcnt TO mUd* MB UMm^ and BWirfitad af 
tanbM; aach of ilO feat apan,aHnali«lMda«bbalBgbMltaltod 
powcn of the aatir* waiiman. and tha ehafBOIor af Um illo of tha 
iitatf. Tba bad of the riiw balng of aand to an anksown depth. 
uy lo raaort to loma dfaoriptioa of ailifloial fiiuiiclntiiin. 
iBntlMul tbo probabU (xpwliani wonU bava baan timlirr i>il<n|t. 
lUadkaalhaaipanMof tirabar ptaahtdad ilanaaio that **y, and 
■al native espedkat of bfbka^indMSWHnaottsl to. 
h lim «aa loaodsd ofion foortMn (QpUndara built of radiatsd 
, af 3 ft. A in. hilamal, and C bet nlemal diameter, nnk to a 
f IS t«t balow tha bail Ol the riTer, and Riled wtili brcAen atonaa 
Baiidta tiM q'llndan^ Imnuiliauly uDdor the plan th«a 
I twa TCiwa of ovlinden atiatahing tha anttta langth of tha Mdga, 
I vUm auh aT tbo inrtatK to proCast lliua ag^nat tba aflaat of any 
Mduf thfaagh tba anAt^ tdming a* it ware two brisk walla aonai tM 
«Mua bnndod M Id fc«* brfaw the bad of tba rvtcr. 

n* eyllndan were pbwcd ■« obmly tos<^«' ** powble. and iba 
JMMilbaa balwaen them Blltd up wllL brokon ■tone to aa emu a depth 
aa it ooobl aonvmienljy ba ptaoad. Ha maaonry waa oammcnoad at a 
danrib of S faat b«bw Oa bad of tba hnr, on the top of tba eyliader*: 
tiM it waa balianrd would pnve tnOdant pracaulion offainat tba oflbota 
•flbeMTMni. HbouU tbria, howenr, b« any landvnoy to uudanniDo 
Iha BMiadatieu. tbia oould ha jaanlarl agai'utl. by ibmmng in an apron 
•f nUda-alona on tho daw9-(tnw> ■Ida of tha bndga. 

TW mMonry waa of mtiaa raok. found in the ndghbourbood, aod 
qoarriod by tha apphcaUon of Are, which OKuaad it to eplit olf in tagolar 
byara, Taiylog to t^lcAoMi (ram 3 Inchaa U I foot. Tlie total oait of 
tha ba^lga ma about II.IKWJ, or 7^ porlbualfcot. 

IW aotbor. in mnclurion, obaorvad, that tha ayalam of boUdlne on 
brick oylindan wm nmilar bi prinoipla to that acmatima* numaJ in 
tbia OMintiT, wbtia pian wen built on larv* aaat-iren qllfiiOOT, whiqh, 
hnnt the difflcalty of ptoooring tham, and Ibair gr aatl j r tntnaaad ooat, 
•ara not a« wdl adapted for nibUc aorka in Indiai and it wa* dogbtad 
■fcatbtr aq plaM eooU b« davtaad wttiob. for effieUocy, wadiniii of 
•xaeviioa, aad eoMiomy. would b« a* wall auitod to the purpoaa aa iba 
brl«k cylindennf India. 

Attantion waadiravtad to a Puiar by Captain (now Colonel) (ioodwyn, 
BE., raad bafor* tha laatilutlun lu February XHl, giTtng an aeoount of 
a very dmilarmadiod of obtaining feundaiiona in HengaL* Hii dawaip- 



t 



tian waa; ''Aa aoon aa tba maaoniy |nf tha eyliader) haa budanod aufi. 
cienily, Uw walbiiiihar flwa a plinnb^iaa to tha Uf> of tha cvltedtr. aa a 
guiila. and danend* witUoibU, oanrying an inoinmaot aallad a ' phaaaa,' 
or'mamoeti.'aiMnawbal nmliarin ahipe tn a hoe: with tbia hoaaoavataa 
tba aarlli, nnti tba water ia too dnp; be then cMnmanoM tba «■• o( tha 
*}ham,*wbioh tmm i tm the 'phaoaa'in ohaptv but ia about 8d inoho* 
liiim mil iTwi^iwida tanl li iiMpwiilwl lii a iiiiiiliiiMlni iiiin a |iiiIIiin 
abore tho cylinder. Fpou tbia Inotntniont (bewell. linker dcwenda, aoX 
ditfng Into the water. excavaMa with the ' jlian' the *u(t cailb undt* tb« 
■Idea of tba eorb, and la al iManala ilntwn up wilL the iulniBMat. 
Tht eyllDdi* daacan^ fradually ftoaa t indiaa to H hot par day, aa tha 
earth it <iiili<lrawa liwm banaatb It. and relay* of workmm keep it 
aonauntiy going, taat tba nod Aould MltJe around it, aad oaoaa it to 
bangap. 

lUa prooaaa appoarad to diS>' aomewhat from Ibat employad at 
Madraa, and the wella wen dilftfenc in fien^. inaamuoh aa tbcy ap- 
paarad to be coved otv. and the migbc ol the euperatnioture waa tMM 
thrown upaa the outer wall* ef the mrlindara. wbmao, la Hadn^ tba 
Weill wtn Bllad up with matanal whioh raadarod tba whole a aolid 



Hm Impnraoiaitla lauvdooad by Oolaaal Cblrio, of fonoitu tquan 
or alongatod matat* of fanobwerk, with a a a aia l walla in oaob, bad baan 



AirUior DiitfiKlffl by Colonel tilr Proby Coutlay, who had made ■ 
of tba full <i>e nf the Ibntidation of th* atnioMra to be planed in it; tu 
Ihia way be oitoUiAad tba plan of tiia groat aolani auMdnot oo tin 
Uangee QuiaL SsoM anginaan Bllad in the wclla with loeaa nibblft, 
with Iba objeet of pending for any (inking away of tba aand htta 
boncMh the cylinder*, wbivli freqvanily Mourod, aa the fbnndaliona 
won plaead un the auuiy bedi ef Kfe» which wore dry la eiriate 
aaaaoni, bat botame lomiiU at utber purioda. Depth* of from SO to SO 
faet of Mnd wwa not URfneiuenlly mutiad aw:iy. and it liad ba*u Ibera- 
ton neceaaary ia aomo inalanoaa to carry thoaa valla down a* daep aa 
Kifeet. 

Ttaea* walla aolad ia a doubla capacity — aapilaa holding by latwal frio- 
tion. and aa forming a moaa onilar tho bnildi^. Tha eyrtaiB ■HBOt 
■nirenallT appUoable; for Inalaao^ in a rinr oanatantly fall of »*tv 
thorc WMUd be oonaidenUe difBonlt* in ualug it, in (act, □tho' ■yaloma 
would prebnMy be rheaper ; the Indian rinn. wtilob were ernarally dry 
fcr a utfe portion of the yoar, oonhl not tie trareraod by ^ny olber 
lyitwm ao aipeditiotialy or oaonomically, nor the woHu ba atbtrwloa 
landarad ao pannanant. 



•6aa A-nul Tgl. V. (Ittl) p. t«). 



May tK — KoHkiiT SrRrantWMI, H P.. Piwndaal, ia Ibi Ck«in 

The Vnpsr nud waa, "On At datarhanem nf Sat p aulm Sfidfn, 
OMi lilc nodea ^ eatnUratiii^ tAtm.' By Meana. A. 8. Lusu and 
C. K. Coiiiita. 

Thia Paper binughc under ooniidermiion the nnnua Ipn-la ■/ aaqten- 
•ion bndgaa, and cumiifll their gruater or lea liability to onduMloDe 
■if the niuway. and otbor dialurbanoce, ooctuionad by a trareraing laaJ, 
or 0Lh«r auitiM. Thsae dlilurbanoaa war* attributed, chiefly, to tba 
Stiibiliiy of tba diaiiia, and wara •■umataUd aa foUowa: 

I . I'ululatloaa eauaed by lr»eni«g loada. 

3. BoaoUou on the roadway of the efaauia when aol In agltaliea. 
i. TVanannoaaing. 

4. Diatortiona cauoed by tha naritalidg uudeuey of the dialn*. 
fi. Tba oSrat of nnaqual loading in bnil|(*a of muU^o.apana. 

Hi* ttcat djwa ef dlatnrbanoaa might be reduoad by lacrsaolnc tbe 
oww «f the ohaina. Tlie objooiiaii to thia waa, that not coly would antk 
aa aKJwdiant prove waotaful of luatorial, liiii the gnaler ib« weight of 
tb« obaina tbe (^rnriar Uia ilaiiger nf (bair <Ir*trayiiij[ tho plalfon^ if 
onoo bM in agitation. Again, the mwlwiLy might do aopportad by a 
rigid glx4m. atrong enoogh to withatand any diatortion of the chaaM 
Snch a irirdiir wouu, howvrer. bo nearly atrong onoogh to carry the bait 
liulBpendBDtly of tbe ohuna, which would beocene dangaroua auxfliadca 
[n an liiflcxlblo platform. 

Tli« NUgarik SuapEiiiion Dndgo waa advertod to. aa having llaBablBty 
to undulaU much roduued, iiol only by oonnaollng tbe upper and lower 
plotforiDB with bttioa Iruaalng. but aMO by omploytiig atrong upper and 
iiDdar bnrdng-roda. 

It waa coalotidad, that while a oertain dtgreo of aUffnaat in tht dat- 
fnnn tmuld bo ndraaligooai, aa ot^uaMng the diatribu^on of Ibt load 
on the dutla^ llM ouin soint fbr inquiry moat be thi' irrangMncat of 
oholnt and roda boil oatoulatad U abaU the Ualnlity to ditiutbanoa. 
With UiU view oil modea of arrangamaM wcta dcaoribcd and illuatratrd, 
via.- 

1. Tho ordinary ■Dipiniiou bridge. 

5. Tbe mode 01 luopctHlon by a dooldo art of ccoaaed chain* (Bua- 

aall'a). 
3. Tlie «ing1o-rod direot luepanalon. 
t. The cbun with lUi'tiiig roda ([>r«dg**«). 
5. Tlio doublerod diraci luapanuon. 
t. A naw modo. diatin^iahnl >■ tba oonveTvoQt anapontion, of which 

two ratietiea ware «xluUt«d aod jmuaiaed by miian* of dia- 

giauii and model*. 



su 



TETE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



1. Il WM pointed oat, (luit *hlli> tlia orilintfy fonn of (iimmilan 
I ■B wmJ k autktd Moaomy of iinlaniJ, ita paat npiilnfiir miiI 
If to •™^-'"- aad OWiog, OpanMd a^lnul iU rmpliiymviit for 

S. Tho nod* oT nuptmrion b; tiu na j ahuin* <im in Mr. XunrH'* 
id^X *tilB wndinii in •onw degna in Todgot Ifacaa diisdiiinu^ni, 
nquirnl kn oaannau inci la.ic of nutoniJ, tdgKUicr vUb k double haghE 
ol toit<r. 

It wu (Ulod that tlio itntU-iud dlnct auif-ciiiian, oliil* perfoet In 
(T. u n^rdnd riwdom (ram nndnkkliuii. <*■• iltfMKivi^ owing to 
I lonjtUi nnjuirad tor lh« nda. Um liurp ■nKira >! nhcdi thoy not tha 
whaj, and Ihmr oomniaeiit lUbnily to itrKtoli aiol "ue." 
4. TIm inlnxIaD^OD of a ohun (n mpport tti« tUnline md* fM in 
Mr, Dnidse'i liri'Is*), dlminiilitd tinat vnli uhI ■horlannl tha rodi, at 
tli9«BiuaUma that it iKarad ■ man tqpMt cfcBribolwn of Uw toniien'. 
BdI (Ikii arransonicoi, in oonunon with tbo proocdiog moda of dinot 
■uupmHon, (mpoHd pomful horiiontalttninaantboniwlvayi andilic 
oicoHire (treniitfa ihuii demandod m tha plalibnn nllilatod (^uit coo- 
uoiuy, [( k dill not airan Imp^r tho aafaly «/ Ota wbolo itnictura. 

£- 'l*ho ilvublo-t^ diract tiUiipaiiAitn anliraly raliui^ Uui filntfcirm from 

r boriMntal alnin. But th* great bnitth Mil uislo of iuosuamn 

I Mtailad aad inpriawJ all Iha othor rvtla to laluuh tha aingla-rad 

Br«M aiatbad waa aiipoaad. 

C. Th« aonrvrgant mods of ■uipcorian *■• dcviaed U> aToiil, aa br aa 

~ kUr, kha •emral clafecta which had bcun pointed out in the Ira 

Dta above montio^fcd. Prom k duuUa tat of chaini (aaoh 

J from liia tup of aim tnwar (o ibn pUlfbrm level M the Oppo- 

Itatnnllyl. a douhlo aat efrad* ««• aiupanilad, alanting lu o|ip(itlto 

Uon*. *u thai a pair of rad* nODVor^l to avgiy |>oiut by vhidi thv 

no waa aaap«ad*d. Ttwre ««• thoa an aatii* ahwnea ol horitimtai 

on lk« raadmiy, whioh taiffnt, Iborafm bo made of oilrama 

, OHt whit* tha adTantagaa of djraat iuamniion would be to a groat 

[•xtoat aacnrvd, Uia undolanona of \he roulwiir aiid ibr ttimlsuoy to 

•wfng being rndaoad to a minimum^ and tiie nartion of ibo 

jne on Iba platfonn would be muoli ilunmiihed by Uin radialJng phjr 

iroda. It wu ihoHD. hv mean* at ulilei. thai the caaTer)[etit 

plo admltlod ooniidaiaUe eoonomr of material. Two daaigfii warn 

, the aaoond of whldi. althoui^ theototieallj {sforlor to tlie lint, 

I a gnat wuqt in tha walgihi at tba obaint, by blowing a aluiqier 

UTO. At tbo aama time H wae aubmitled, aa a mativr wnrtlqr of 

^ Iniquity, whalbfr an applioalion of tha oonvBrgsnt matboi might not be 

■mtvd al (till bullar autted fur large apana. 

A mode H'U luggaalDd of nrnnacllni! eacli pair of rodt witb the plat- 
;_fiirm, byiDaana of a anltbljualing lavar. ibo (day of whlob, by aqnalialng 
I boiuaaiat Jtnji^i. wuiiiii cond to dimiiiiah tha donBgomonta cMiaed 
' an tmaqually ilialrltiiit^ lowl, 

' , wu [luintwl out. thai (ha |{i«rtUtin(; Moilanoy of tlio diain* woubl 
(o ofiarale u a aourvn uf diaturbanm, if their atotiuna] weight 
^Wrra ao mljuatod (by balbuting orotbermcamlai lo oauar Ihtfm to hang 
'BalURtlly in Ihe ouma due to the condiliotia of iiupniaioD. 

Till; cfTetit of unequal 1ow£ng in biidgoa of laaitipWapanamM than 
adiHftfd to, M givuig riae to dannr, through the nneqoBi trndooa 
indudpd in tb« chaini on oppoallo (Idea of a towar. A uble mt given, 
' owing thai Ibo omploTmont of oonvngmit rada roduoad lliia dangar lo 
F Kme «tttDt. Invarted chain* balow the pUtTonn ««« alao advocatod 
(n bridge* of multiple- (pain dniifiiwl for railway Imffio. 

The matheioatiiaU r*auoiiing and firmulio up-jn which th* fofwang 
oouoliialona ware ha«*d wm nnl mnaidcrvl aniuMe for roadinp Noud, 
nd ware Uwrelere given mpanUnly in an appendix. 

It waa anaowiMd thai the ncit meeting for tlie muting of Papon 
Iwnuld be hold on Kovembur lOcli, until wbicli time the masting waa 
"k^ouniod. 

TiiN Hjk3wi Tismmnat. 

The mtmtian of tlic Inaiiiution nf CSvil Engineen had for •ame time 

LBUtcrlaUiad th* iulanlion ol damonamling io an approprlato manner 

^(Ir Boreonal aetaom (or Mr. Chariae Hanby, wilb their acaae of tbo 

nlOaMO aaraioaa rendered to tham indindoally and oollectivoly: and ut 

^^'•Mnc time of aohnowladglag tlu ability with whicli ho hod daring 

*' I yean DetCorinacI the dutioa of Socratary U> tlia Sodol;. Ad- 

ni takoo of tbo otiportonitv of bta rellring tram th« pott of 

lid BeoNUtjr, to oan? tbli Inientfon into affect : a ootomitli« wu 

ltd. and III a voiy alion nariod aiiwarda <if 3>lil0(. tna iDbcoribod. 

ith which It wu deUrralnad to pureliaan a fitting teetimonial. and to 

nt tbo bataoco la oaah. Tbo oareminy of preaentatinn took place 

. I the Uiaatra of tbo Inatitutieoi. on tlio :tSrd M.iv luat, in the proaanoa 

of a larro amimblay of tha membtti and of Mr. Mao by 'a prtTul* fnaiide, 

wbo had bean permitted to jmn In the tribute tu hia merit. 

Mr. noun ttasninlaoir, M P„ the Praaidont of Uio Inilltution, 

took the oinr, and eaid. the nbjNi of the meeting waa well lioown. Mt. 

Ibnhj bkring, after sigbtam yean* aemoe, reaiguod tha putltion <•( 

. patd BeeTctBiy, It bad bean raaolved to effor to bLra a laaitmony uf the 

laot and moan In which ba n« held; and In dulng thi* bo would 

a few briif oba of r M lo i i* on tha droaualansM under wbiob Mr. 



Uaoby had become connected wilb tbo Inailtution. tba dallaa be W 
pcrformod, and tba mr l cea ba bad randwed. After tb* Mual alru[|lH 
and ^oltaitudetk tli* joung Sociaty, altbourii mj aNy diiweled by 
Mr. ThaoMB WebaWr, had eoajoaly eftobllibed ilaalf arnoe* (ha iiewiiiti 
bodiae of the metropoli*. Tba minatoa of i(a iwotewat^ ■«• bat 
meagrely roported. and ill tnnuctiona were aoanitly keowa beyond *a 
mnnbrm tbemBelwa. From tha time bow^rer wben Mr. Uaal^r nvla^ 
took tba dutJca of Secretary, new vigour wm Infuanl isin all tbalr pre- 
ecedioga. lh« number of mamben incRaaod. the oluuacttr of tba Papen 
improved, and tlio eara beatowad on tba ediliii|[ and publioaliaa evoBla- 
ally rendered the rword* of tba twoeaedi&g* a meet oaaful l«ib-bosk fct 
tba profataion. Ur. Maoby'a ipbere ef liiifnliiwi wai wkA, bowwrar, 
eaofioed to Iho porfomauoo of hie official dutii^ for ba waa avar nady 
to gi** advioa to ihe yunnger mumtien and to alEdnl ai-1 U> Iba eiaina 
momban from hii welTatorad miod, in rer«raoo- to arciy dopanum *f 
esginaering, h well aa to a varlogi of waya^ nndend more [iluila( by 
the alwriWand dMorfulnaa with which ibo Moidty oOoaa wan paa^ 
fbrmcd. The vdno of Ik Information alEinkd waa aahaMod by ila 
aoourecy, which wa* to aesie eitanl U> be atiributcd to tlia practiwi 
foundation of hie preliHiiional oduoalion, the ivrly pcattoii of bia Ufo 
having betei apont in the irorkehup a* a moohankal ea(i*e(r, at ilia 
purirKl whan the profaenon waa brjnnaing lo aeinme ila iireeeM Jaapnt- 
anoe. In aoma otnea, tberefont Ur. l£uiby loat the sfid*! chataeuv 
of HeoTMaiy, and SeMMi tha Mend and oompanion of Ik in^ottQ «f 
tha Diomben of the angfaieetl^ pfoftawao. 

Mr. S(«pliaiiann llien lawwiteJ tlie teaiimnnial. eonaiailing of a lam*> 
pinof and a pair of aanJelabra, with tbo aum of :<liIH<I. TSu riiiinaem 
and canil4latn bore [be following iiiaiiil|ilinn " Tlii iil<d by lb* 
Membrn of the Inalilutiou of CivU Englneon aud a few (wnocal 
Mead*, witb tbo aum of Two Hionaand Pound*, to Cbaile* Uaoby, ai 
a lokoo of eatoam. lod in rueugnitlon of hi* valuable asrvicae daring a 
period of elgbtaen yeare aa Storvtaiy of tb* ]n(t>lution, Mny 1M7.* 

Mr. MiaiiT, alter a Tory appropiiote reply, Mated thM b>> ooMoaMiae 
with 111* Inatilolion daltd from a period long aDtaoodent to hi* Hipoant' 
maiM aa HecrrUry. Bo bnd bevu, be wu ptuud l« i^r, appnottOid al 
an aarly a^n m n pntotioid mocliuilo. and cwned Ida bread by dally kA 
He wu eent op lo Loudon by hii Uto eKoetlaol father to wiiril upoa 
Dontraeia al tbo doolu. whera h« vra* aoiioail by Mr. Jebn R4BBiak by 
whom, a* aieo by Mr. Talfianl, h» wa* aflbrdetl InMtoaUa vpporlooitiaa 
of loiprovsnieiit; and baoun* knowu In Nimmo, Pnma, and Patm<9. tai 
to tbam, la well aa to Field, MaudeLay, Bramab, and Siiapa-Bi, bewai 
under gnatotdigation. Th^ had permitted him to attend tb* Meetitf 
of the tlian infant Sooioty of Eugioocn: aud whun hi* faLbec httnmU 
to him the oouatmcllou of the linl pair of niariiio onulura wltk oedIbtia| 
^Uriden, and the building of tha Aarvn .Voatji, tbo tint iron Hvamrii'p 
that rvir made a aaB yoytgo, it wae lo the InaUtuticn bo raaonad Ik 
advice lu dlSoutiieai and hu wu happy Ui leoord tb* eiprteaiog of tit 
gratitude (or tba aid ao kimUy and uu n e ar vodlj aflbrded to faiM. 

Ha than elightly aketobad bia earaor in Fruiae, niuler bb fclfcw. Md 
In tba|pwBnimeotec>vioe,~hia ntura to KnriaoJ, and oeeufaiaea h 
tbo iron work* of South Walc*.— and Ivia aettlW lu IduJon, whoa U 
embraoed Iba turlleat onpnrtunily of joinbg tbo loitltuuou, al that ibaa 
prandad over by Mr Walker, aiid under tbe able dlmctlon of Mr. 1W 
mal WebHar, wbuee etortiona, lu giving lo the etill young 8oca*ty • 
oonatltutlon and goud lawi^ and in attraoIJug to it* meetiagi aaa «J'b» 
ootiflo omiuaiici^ aliuuld ever b* gntafully ranombaeod. On ao eBO- 
gooey, Mr. Uanby* aid wu aooght bjr Mr. Sim;woii aad Mr. Bfa«>k 
to perform Uia aaoratwiil dutiea, and eiantually. in 1^8. ba wm %f- 
ponied Saonlaiy. The poaition waa novel lor a man wboee uaner U 
hilbeito been aaHnHally ptactlcal, and bo Icll th* dhudrauimc cl eot 
Deeding a Caiobrldgo man, wbou pureuila were purdy Ittaaarjr and a» 
ea^o: but again good frlenda lent a hand, and aercial liteiwiy omb tti 
iiMmbere of the pree^ who bad liiiae attained weU-deaerred aniDMa. 
aCorded bim invaluaMe oeunael wid aaaiatano*. 

The atlmiig pwiod eJ the engineering binary of tba oowntfy eai 
tummanclug. aii'i il waa evident how much good woald riaalh ftM 
brioging into intimate oontaot the toen of taloni and eoaniy, whoae ft 
faeaionai oonteaU tended Is eaUangD tbam from wch other. Wilb Ae 
olu'wt alaadily iu Tie* it ■■• noccuHjr to be aacfol lo aU; aaul 
ally— «aareanBlDaaMaimiT change^ whicli onuaoouiivd* iMntorfl* 
tbe PreaiduitU ^r Sir John RmoI^ Mr. Flold, ar WUKaa OeHl 
the laM Mr. Itondel, Mr. Sinpaon, and Mr. Hubert SloebaMoe. «< 
brought intu tbn OsuncU tba well-koowa oamve of Biidw, finlA 
Litska. and Hawkaliaw, u Vico-Preaidaul^ with Ilawkalay, Foel^ 
Kmiigiiiii, McCi«an. Uragoiy, Wood, Bum nil. mkI otbere— tlie **lM" 
tbv InMitutiou <vh rao^nieed, and it baeamo tbo mod* wbora tbaa* 
of the day mti. and whdit mutually leavniug to wUmalo ifcafr mn 
powara, they fann»l (ricndahipa wbiob had tended lo uoat hairfM 
iwantti^ and wen imbued witli ambition lo uccute tha fleet wmIi^ 
Anting euch inoatimabl* beoeMla on auoiaty, ' 

The labour reqoliod ftir «hUiiiiiiif kiuIi mulu wu no doubt • 
able, bat tba Council judicioukly liintcTAl ilia cuuree, and it 
fortunately eu o Oiea f uL Tie liiatitulion bad been eitaaaivdv i 
WH u wall known and reapeoted abroad aa at boma^ for it 1 
fdeaeiiig duty to Mr. Manby to pit a eoidlal wdeotna to 



THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



£33 



I ani td*Dti£o mm. Mid u obUun fcr Hntta tlutt G>T«iinble 
I Oaf iiii|[k( DDt otharwba b>Te cxp*ri«iuiciL It only dtprndod 
nbcn to extend thii iiibtre of utility, ■ud to oacmcct tbe In- 
■ith llie rooorda of the frot wariui dlftliictive of the dId*- 
|««iitnr7. "Hi* v»Xa» of til* iMtinioni*! wu l'^*''! tnhknatd bj 
MmK whioli [iniinf 1m1 it, Mill h' ihouM tnuk D]wn it wtu 
da pri'le. H» mIi*cI u » (urnur in lin pt.rmilU»l to 4"T<it« • 
I of Ilia MDOunl of the mlimonisl to talabfiiblng mi KDtiaai pra- 
L ohicb aliaalil b«>r hit atatt. Thtra •>« uiatW point on wbioh 
iroolil iriab to nj ■ ■••« wordi: ths cnginoctiiig pranHioii nekodM) 

[ iu Buabtn inanjr tieh Hid praspwoni racA, but there «ore >1m 
I fan«nU« Dtambtn, to wham *ld In tima of alduicM or Dcod, 
or lo k ■tragglins ud bonkvod Cunilj, woaU bo InaMlnuble. 
fat Ik* «^itti«w <Mr« tM enlj pnfiMiaiuJ body not poMMaintf omq* 
"*~'* oT a iDUtoal tii todiily. wsuU it not ba peovbia to ongiiwU 
I plan for UiU> iloiiif: laoci t Hii tima uiil raouu iniffht ba freely 
d, uil br (boulil f«l buppT in davoUng to tudi «i objaol > 
r portion of Ihkt wbioh had ^Mn ao niKroaih plaoed at bia djo- 

It ooh ramkined far him to renow tua hmrllclt thanka, not odIt 

tha nmnifionit ^nvamt, but for the kindncM ud fHeci^hip wita 
"i b« bid boen faxoured daring to mwir JtartL 
' )Ir> liOCKi, M.P., VioB-Pnaidvnt. pn>po>«l * votti of thutk* to tha 
"aot tor hkviog ttlcm ths ohur on tbv aiTiuion. uid baiiiu ao 
Jtf iiljiliailiil the unuiimoui feeliog* of lh« mrmbcn Ivwudi Uiair 
I oSkM* and friend, t» wbun thay all iriihad erety [irvapc«ity in 
r In whidi ba wia now oiobarkad. 




SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. 

Tim New (Sovemmciil Mtueum nt Soatli KroHUKton wia 

<ip«ned Oil tliBS4lli ulu T)i«obj«(.'t4«ibibital aire verv Qumemis 

\ <liviiniiri«<l. In tb« Muwum of OrtttuiutitAl Arl lire u|>v^n]( 

' thoiMMxl ■(Micimcnii, althcmgh imty a mutll portion of them 

*t liraiont exhibited, one thoiMuid of th«in boing at the 

DcheattT Art-Trewom BshiMUon, and th« muttinder drcn- 

1 wnoDK the T«rioni proTiooial achoola of art. Thin depart' 

iDcliKkM ntaBy b\iDiIrv<I>' if planter eadl8 reprsMotln^ thn 

[iit«aiirsl *ty^ of ancimt Grwpce and Rome, lb" Bcnni*wio» 

r Italy, nsnee, Fhadan, te. Tber« an nUa mu.ay photu~ 

ODKraTiiin, tad ooloumd ArKmam, illiutrstini; lh« 

aiionii of pauoM atrd ohorebM, ohfeujr Ilalian, the tuMt 

tant work* of art In the Lnnm, Ac Th«ro is a nilradtd 

Joo of poretflun frnm tho rnml ninnnfltctorf at Sirrea, 

and an fiiaolljr ehoim aetcclion of EoitlUh ori^n, the product* of 

t}i« nunufiut'jt; of Mwsn. Minton nud Co., auil iiom« beautiful 

■ptciiunin of auolent and imxiem painted glaw, 

Tlic JMueational cotlecliooa, which originiit*d with the Society 
of Aria, bi- whum aa exblbitlOD of aiiinratux. ili^^'rHmR, and 
ImoIw «iii« '>r(;>»>iaed in ISiSI, afT-nrl lU'Uil crunpIeM information 
nqwetisff DRhoal tiuUiliii([a and fitLinK*. gi'ur^ritl nliicatioo, draw- 
ia^ and Um Ra* arta. miuic, houiwbold ccoiioinj, guugp^tiy aud 
aatrotiutny, oaiural history, cbetnlauy, pbyaiua, lOMlutBla^ ^^P** 
ntttm ftrr t>f«cbiu^ tbe d«M and dnmb, fdlota, scj tad ^bvncal 
traintnK- Tbwe coa«tttut« tbit principal elasM* into which this 
cart oflh« mnscilui i« diridaL The Kducntional Library uiini' 
Mn fire dioiaaad volamtii. 

Id the ComitibMioiioni of Tatj-DU uuscum ia a mImUou cf 

■lod«la of rarioDn kimU, bnidii acrmd hundred volume* of 

apeciiDCDiL and dniwingi uf Bpeci^ivtiuoii of puttruta. Hw iJIiit- 

Iratiufu of Um at«(Uu euglue ar« ulrantely UitcnatlDg^ 

The Architectural Utweon, whicb waa foonded in ISSI, in 

n-row, ia tulcuiled Ui affc4ii lb« meatu of studytDg anki- 

ad, a* dereloped in all oountricM, and dnriag avary an-, 

■ a* U practicable, the t-arion* caula nnd ap<HiniFaii will bo 

IB tM order of their Ante*. Lcctuioa vlll l>c delivend 

during tbe teoiiMi, auiue iutriuK appcial nrfercuce to arl- 

rksien. 

Tbe fvulpture departiDont, which is in Ike went gallery, already 

eobtaina oontributioiu from liailcy. Bell, Foley, Miinrt, t 'aider 

^Maraboll, and the lato Sir Kichatxl WcBttnacDtt. It ia intended 

I ooutaiu the worka of Brilial) Kulptora, botb Uviof{ aud tlead. 

Id tbc^ialUiyc^Britiah Fine Art* the mnjitiiilnintmlntiDDii and 

dtvwiiiRi, aa ia well known. at«, fur the meat pnrt, tde tnunifioent 

ipli of Jdr. Joba i>luM|wbanltiL The uotltntioD ooqnpnbenda aome 

etf liie cMctst works of Calaa4t, Oollins, Oonetable, EUy, I^id- 

•Mr, Ltalia, Mulrady, Rodfcram, Twnar, aod WUkie^ 

Ttio Eoodotnic iDusuuin is itiiriilr 1 liilfi lliri fiilliiiiinn rilisw i 

Et^'O-ling de8i^;us, '■ihlbliing th* arrsD^tueats of dwelUnga, ft<u 
hm woritDf ckasaoii nrntOTiaJ) for building and botuehold 
IW.— ToL 







JULT. ISiJ. 



pnrpnaM; fitttnA fdnutnn, and bousiliold atsnstls; bbrica and 
clothing; food, nul, and otbar hoosehoUl stortsi mnitary depart* 
Dent: niaMllaDMns artidea; and tb* acenaaiie library. 

lite Mnsenm may bo regarded as a moat titoroualdy Hefol 
and pmctical nttfmpt to edseat* tbe peof4e in tbe varioos 
bnuietiea of art, not only with a view to InproTo tbeir aocial 
oondition, but. at ibe sanM tiiue, to rsfins at>d cicrsto their 
minds aud pursuits. 



SUTHEHI^VNiyS PATENT RAILWAY BREAK. 

(ViU fnfmvinjrr, PlaU XX.) 

Xliis invntiOD !■ inteoded to act an a linijilt- aud efflcient snb- 
■titut* for tlie htraka ordinarily employed oo railways. Its 
condnii^OD Is as tcdlowil :— A flancbed dnim or frictioo pulley, 
formed in tw<i halvva. Is fixed npon each of tho mnouie asl«« of 
the carrisgna Thaw drums, wliich are litiialed in a line with 
«ac1i otbnv sn acted upon by frt<riiaii itntjia or bauds of m«taL 
irtiieh encompaa* a greater portion of th«ir cirnuniforonw, and 
are Duh attadbed, at one of tbeIr ends, to a rod running leuffth- 
wise of the earriflge, and silnttod directly orer the drumSL The 
other ends of th« "trapn arc Btutehod to bmcbets. Cited Ifwinfly 
upon tho bar, but cocfinwl from movtug endwise thfrcwiih by 
means uf crruaa ban attached to the fraiulng. One cud of the 
londtudiual r«d is oonn*cte<) with a bn1l-«nuik lever, to wlilcli 
motiOD Is given by means of a screw, worked by band in tbe 
ordinary manner, thn rerolution of which fn ellner dirfction, 
eatuMs the loui^tudiual rod to be moved In tbe direction of its 
length, and tbiii to tighten the stnps npon the friction drtuns, 
or to reli-jve thwm therefrom as r«|niprf. The Patentee speciflas 
that if fniind nriM-Mury, or pir&rred, the nietal Btnps nuty b« 
lined with wood or other suitable material. 

If the praotical diScultics whioU huve hitherto provente.1 tbe 
iutroductianofabrMlcofthlsdeecriptioo arc found on trisl lobe 
overoome by Mr. Sntberland'* very simple arrangemi-ul, it will 
doubtless, owing to its lishtncas and the DioMy with which the 
amouot of Motion applinT may be regulated, come Into extensive 



THE SOc:iETV OF ARTS. 

TttK one hundrrd and third aauiversary dinner of this Society 
t^jk pt.-u'v nl the CrnUl Palace, Sydenham, un tbe S3rd nit. 
Nearly threw hniiilr<<(l jiwBttameu weire present, The ohair was 
taken by l^nrd RtAnby, JIP. 

Thn Chnirm.in, on proposing "Prosperity to the Society for the 
KccoiirnKiMDcnt of Arts, Uaunfactnm, and t!ommcre«,* said he 
ueed not rvuall what the purpose of that Society is, or what IumI 
been lis history doriBe the century of its cxistenoe. iiljll he 
referred to tlie past todiow ont of what elements St sprung. In 
1721 an eRorl wiu iruule for Ibe eetablishment of an Rssociation 
to promote mechauicsl ini'ention, but it failed. In IT4<*< another 
eflbrt of the sxme kind snocsedod, not ia IHugland, but in Ame- 
rta: and it wns mther a remarkable fact, that the pnjsDecttises 
of the Hodnty that had suoeecded and the scieSety that had not 
became the foundation of the Society of Arts 14U years sf^ 
Thus prvxeut failures wwi< not always real failures, for such fail- 
ures sowed thn seisin of enterprises that were to oome to luatu- 
rityj Ho Bpofilied tho objects orifpnally aimed st by the Society 
cf Arts, in order to show how much many of tbnseobjnAa had been 
taken ap by eoBJetie* which "prsiig from thein. rbiloaophy st 
first, he uraed, ini'ludnl every langs of snbjeut; but in tlie ooune 
of lime It Mcamc dividni into brant^ieB wbicb r«qn!rtd speciGc 
application; and so at one tome all the sdeDces and all the arls 
w«ra comprehended iu the programma of their insUlutioo, bat 
Nueh societiea as tbe Ro^l AcMemy branched off (ram it, in 
aeoordsnoe with the innviUble Iswof progrew in study-^ law as 
Inerltable as that thn pliuit shouM yield Its seed, and Utat tlie ated 
ehouM ipring np and grow. At pnsent the Society bad directed 
its attention to two giuat purpusM, the uni'Mi of roechanioif insti- 
tutoi and tlie promotion m cortiAcate eiantinntions which mi^i 
be of iwrviee like acitdemleal degrses, bat to a lower class of the 
coiuniunity. Tbcm w(^n> now 360 mechanioi' institutes in 
anion with the Socii-ty, aud a vast n^urily of llieiu were oer- 
taioty in gou<l working order. As to the ocrtjficnte siatDlttatloos 
lie could nut speak wttb oertaintr roUtivo to their snccesa, but it 
might be encoomgii^ to know that wliite at lirst only SO eandi- 



tt4 



THE CIVIL E>'GINEER AND ABCinXECrs JOURNAI,. 



dktM tffmnd for nmBatmitioo, th»y had bow dow laoro tbtiD 
B30. 
The Prian airudml by t)i« Socipt/ii Examincn »l the euunina- 
' tUn h*U la LoBilon durin^f Iho flnt wockor June, were xJaudla- 
tribaMd to Ik* nicDtwfiil mndicUte* on the S3nl ulu Sir J. 
Fkkington, B«rt^ M.1% prcsiiloil. TboSlxUi AuogiU Oonfonnoe 
betwwi repTMentAtina fivm tke loatitutioaR in Union and Lh« 
Uounoil of the Societ*. wsh holi) oa the i4th ult. »t thu Sooinly'a 
HouM, iu the Adtlplii. And alao the Aiuiual UrucriLl MiHrliug 
on the MUM dajT. Oobool Syka< pnaidud. 



THE TWO WATER COLOUR SOCIETIES. 

Each of iheae aodetlo* oponcil their unnuitl sxliibitian on the 
STth April, and thejr will wvll repay a vinit, na oJOiuiigli tliem 

1 10^ be aotkillg atiutiBgly auporiur to wliat hits bmu «ueti li«roro, 
Uiwv la acaroeij a woric la tha two oolluptioiM that may not b« 
looked at with pltumre. The "Old" Society ocrtainly makoe 
the beet liianlaj. Ntit uDly an the veteratu m the bujy nt tUdr 
Ibrnier leveC bni ilie reoeut mombera have exATtud thuDieelre* to 
til* tttmoaty luid tliv nnult UaciUeotioii iu vhioh there an many 
cnnaplououa beatitiaiL Tli«01dSod«ty pmujntiiHlT plctum. Mr. 
W. HDntidU contributea hix vary natural HtQilim of piuLWtnt life; 
Mr. W. Topham ha» esoeeded binisdf in bia " Zouitvc'e Stnry uf the 
War ;" Mr. Carl Haafgn head of a " Rom&a Pilgrim," ii tine at 
the to^tt etriUng worlu of the oolloatioa, Mr. Burton luu a^in 
aahkvadftsreatauoarae to hie "Faoat^ef^rit Sight of Uugarat" 
A rwnarkably fine laodacape hy Ur. CL BraniriiiM, " KUj^ema 
CaatJet North Wa]ea,'ianniDngU)ebe(lpToductiaDiiorth« exbibi- 
tion. Tb« artihiteotiiral nhjeata ate very fijw in uuuibcr; amoug 

I ttiMD may be parUccilaHy mentionaJ " BranMliill, Manl*," aa 

L«itMlletit meuire, br Mr. Nimb; nad a good interior of " Milan 

' CaUMdnj;' by Mr. kcwi. 

The exiUtiou of tb« New Society oausiita uf 3H drawing*, in- 

rdddtiUMme wDrka of blgh merit, but taken alusetheri aotne- 

p^dMt attappoliitin^ aa fW>m thU eoctety prodnetions orcouepcaouii 
•xoilUoca have bithorto boon upeccat. Tli« landaoapea of Mr. 
W, Bennvtt are emi admirably promincuL Mr. W. Tolbin^ 
broad Tonetianriew, with the biiitdiuK* very diatinctlv ihown, ia 
a Tery aaooeaaful cd'i>rt of ibnt moritnriritu arliat, iir. Vnober, 
wh« Cinuarlj' bnuffht home auch Koretfoiu r^iuiuiwooeH of 

[ Tenioev bai pniMDted inat«Jid *om« Algenan xoonery adnintbly 
pkiiuad. 



E.E01STEK OF HXV PAtBHTS. 

MOULDINU METALS, 

JoHK KiaviBOReH, Kenfrvw, I'ateiitue, November 13, ISU. 

The iuveotloa T«Ute8 priuoipally to the manofivcture or lumdd- 
IiitC uf taetfil pipca or hoUow or tubular artii-lni of oyliudrioal 
omttiur, bat ii iUhd applieabln in the luuiufiioltire ur mooldiog of 
Other metallic ariide* more or lea* fnunibling pi|)es In g«Deral 
' Mractare. In niuolding and oaating pipe* or aiinibu- lu-ticlr* 
I aooordlng to tliia iitveatioD, oore biuH mpable of expanding and 
eolkpnag or ouutraotlng In dlaiaetrioal dincDeionEi are uned; 
Ibeae eziHuidinD and collnpaing oorr hate are each cumpuHod uf 
thie^ more or leM, lon;^tudtaal piece* of curved metal or aeg- 
meuUl metal pUtmcoubiuuil t«mther, eo aa to form a bar of tLo 
dealivd diameter, with their longitudiiiat Junction edgea in con- 
. tut with oaiib othnr. When three awmenbd pieooi are iuckI, one 
, of them, ourved to oorropond to we lu^geit diameter to which 
the oue bar I* to beiiiljujil«d, ita flxturoaaregarda tbaadjoaUug 
Mtlon, beliic CuK upon a bottom or end plate. In the uial line 
it thU lixod f late, or la the Hue from which it* curvature is 
a'4iiak, there u a central adi'uatiiigepiudle, somewhat longertbaa 
t^e tan bar eaffmouta, tupablo of revolution In a tbot-elop in the 
end platu at tSe bottom^ mid in a collar bfaring in arma con- 
noted to the upper end of the lix*il *.-nmonl. On tlii» *|nudlc 
theiw are keyoil two or mor^ «m.ill ucooairioi, their radii ufecoen- 
tricity being ooiuoideiil. *o tliat Ihe^ tfivo Ibrlr etTiwl ■imultiuii!'' 
o^y un the tame eide of the Bpindle. Couu«cling-ro>l* (hlm 
radially outwanU from theie i.'coenitiea. and are jointed to tba 
inner aid? of a long narrow esUmally wodgo^hapod piece whioh 
vutually fomu a fi^urlli aecmeul 04 the core bari this wtrd|{e- 
pleoe ia gaideil *o an to tnival Ju an accurate radial line by llxnl 
•ml gold* piftMa The two uuin adjuMublv Mguienta, which are 



■imilar to the fixed Mignienl, aremeb hinged, jdnted tov or othM> 
wiw piti ID oaniact with tlic filed ■egment, one oa mA aide, en 
tbnt tb«ir fr«w coiitiguouiieudii aro onpaUeof folding orer lovajdi 
or from ua«h other, tbeae oontlgiiotw rd}(n bring foraed with in- 
dinea to oom(|)ODd to tlie indinea on tlie inlermediate wedgt- 

It in intetided to keep the om bar olwn^ or n«Aiijr alwm ia 
a vsriiud powtioD, bolli wbibit being prefiared for the Bumld and 
wbilHt ila ooatEiig U being dried in ttio atov* When the oon btt 
la thue kept in a rertienl poeiUon, the eagmeDte have do le n de nq r 
to Ul outwaida and do not raauiie relaiiuug link* or ektdMa 
When the oore bar ia to be ueeiC it )• aet U> Ila moulding dianw 
tor fa^ tntiiiDg the aplndle until the eoomtrloe thereon ptve* oat 
the wedge piew tut enough to bring the MdiustabU tesmente isl« 
the poeition mwsMu; to omnplet* the rirde of whii-b tba fixed 
engmeDt form* part Ho bar ia ooated with luuni or other nit- 
nble material by tnninn of n rettiaJly traivnaing b'-pper ffl*de U 
eui-'Irulu it; thin hopiier lit borisl acoURiIerly (o tho di.-un«tar nf tbt 
iuitidfl of the pipe, and Ixring ikt the bottom end of tho oore bar, 
it is oiu«ed to riw gradunlly up-, the coatina material, •■ip|ilkid to 
it in any oonvenioiit way, being Liid u|iaii uie bar by tlte actton 
of the bored-out anrfoce to a thii?kue« ctiiiid to that of tlie aou*- 
tar apace betwaen auch boredout aurfaue and the ouleld* of the 
cure 1)11 r, 

Tlio bucut portion of ttie com ia formnd at the bottOIB, the 
coating material bung applied to tlii.' Ivkiuini of the oore bar, and 
thoti broufllit to the proper (btm by a icnper ahapod to the •*»■ 
tion at the fauoet. The core bar ooattvl In ihla mannu- U placed 
ia the stove in itn viirtlcitl pneilion, and ie more equably diwd 
thaJl if pUcvt ill a linrlzoiitAl poiii^on, na ia eustoainry, the hat 
acting equally on nil part* of the vcnjoil ndea. Wbcn the mn 
bar i* Ul be removed from the newly-produced oatiog. ibe ceotnl 
Bpitullu in turned *o lu to ouiuie the eui/Hutric* to draw kn the nar- 
row wodgij place aud leave ilie coullguoiis eil|;e* oS the adjuiubh 
aagDwnta ftae; thia allows the ibJjuitAbJo acgmeiiU Xo bt fuhUd 
over upon their joint* and be turned inward* to futl^ ouotmct iha 
core bar'* diametrical dimension*, nivl thereby Cu.-ihtAte it* twn» 
val &0U1 Uie owling. The uarmw wt«h(e pieoe uuy be iramad 
Inwatda "by miinn of varioua meohaiiioal airangtawute, iuatoed 
of the eooentrie movemeui, if found iletirable. 

The invention also rvlatea to coating tlie oore huv with loas 
or moulding «uid, and the appamtn* for effevtuig the «aaM> lb 
core bar to do coated with loam or raouldinji aaud ia placed la a 
rertical poeition on a low cuiriikge, the wlieela uf whMi run oa 
nils laid down between atautdarda. The lower end of Iho i^dadb 
of the core bar pntjoote Uirongh an atierlure in tli* oarri^fc wd 
when the ipiiidlo ia brought under tno contm of tlie cium head, 
the lower end i* reoeived into a hollow nut. wbiuh can be tsiwu 
or lowered by mean* uf a nrew working in a boaa cm* on the 
aole plalei The upper end of the apludle is centnd, and held is 
like manner by a screw prudent (ram tlie craa bead. Whrn the 
oore bar ha* been properly nlnd-il in poeition umI luljniiol, the 
fannel or hopper ut lowered to the bottom of the Ouiv bar and 
filled will] loam; the hopper in thuti slightly rained, whidt aanew 
a portion of the loam to piwii lliivLigTi the qinoe between llw 
hopper and the core bar. The hoppor ia tlicn lowetnt, whith 
lia* the cfliM» of eompraning or oouaolidating the Iomb w^i^ 
pkMcd between tho itiiiiuUr npoce un ttftiog the hopper: 
thu% by nlterii.iiely lifting uud lowering the hopper, tho core tar 
buuomt'ii (jiiic-kty cuiit«d with lo*m, care being taknn 10 nueatb 
ho|>pcr uiiiiewlint higher after Mch oomnttMng or d ow awri 
action. The thickniua of the coating of loaoi depoaited ca lb 
com bar will eorreaponrl to tbeaRUulurepaeeordMaoce bet***** 
the lower edge of the hopper aud the esl«rior of the not* tar. 
The al» of the lower {utrt nf ih« hopper must tWefora be n(>- 
liU«'d ncourdiniz to the r«quir«d thiokneM of the eaatin|[ of t«M 
which vill ciirrtspond to the intomal diameter of the pipe tf 
other ai-ticic to be out. The eore of the Isiwet portion «f tb 
pipe ia formed bv pladog a tjuaDtitT of the loan or aievUkl 
aaad around the lower part of tlie cnre bar, and givlni; ild* 
reqnii-ed form br means nf a template, the internal part (? whkt 
oonwianda to the ahiiM of the Inucct When the eon haa b*ia 
thna formed, theapindla isrelsnsed from the *ciewa,aiKl thai 
i* wheeled away into tiie Mot« to bo dnod. During the opei 
of drying the cora, it b kept In a vertical poaitjon, by • 
iiieane It is more rapidly aud uniformly dried than by the 
mode of placing it horixonljilly. In order to temovalltf oonl 
afWrthe enaling i* onmpleled. it i* only neecMair I/1 uml 
cculnl siitndle by nie«nii uf the key or efntuMT fitted to I 




THE ClVn. ENGI>-EEH ANIl ARCniTECT'S JOURNAL 



H< 




1 Md, M> M to MUM the ecccntrim to wilhilmw tlie vt^Ik*- 
pieoe of nwtAl or the tftttiK-iit to wbich it U ■ttnched 

*: Om MlioD Bduita of Uis moviuble aeginenla colUpang 
or fokliafi oTtr each n(Ji«r, ao that the eonmcted am hu 
isftT be rtmtmd ftoia tho iat*mr of Um oHtins vith ill* nUiKNt 

^^ C>alm».—1. The Kaneml lurBOi'Fnient and conitruflUoii of m*- 
^■10007 or Appuktaa for nouldiag pi|>M or oth«r tubular or 
^BiDUo* «rUcl««. 

% Tb* n«MD of eoMtrtKAisg kdjnirtabla «om ban whi«h u« 
cuabto of oang exfandcd or cooUactod br nuaiwof alongitiKli* 
au wadgo^haped pi««a of tuXid actuatad tnr MMDtricB, 

3l Ttw tpnint nf cooalnietinf adjnft*bl« om* ban io wliicb 
ene of the wipiMaU of tha oora bar in aetiwt«d by nsans of osa 
or mora •onatoict 01- oUio- nuohauioU ociuivKlant 

~ha amnj^MiMiit aad oonatraetion of tho madiiDnrj or 
u for BiipfKirtilw and anlntaiBllig the cum tiar in a rtr- 
•itioo during the aparatfam of eoattng it with Icaia or 

i\ltf MUld. 

&. Tha nodo of oooIJdk tho eon bar vith a Inyor of loan or 
Boolditig laad by mcana of a hupper to which a rertioal autioa 
iamcD. 

& The qralmu of drjiag iha ooaud «of« bwa In a ▼wtkal «r 
upright pMitlon, In onkr to hdlllat* tha opantiou ot iliT^sg 
nd klhet It in » mora unifbrm miuuicr thu b; Uia ordinair 



SMOKE ANU Am FLUBS, 
David Oaavr Bovd, Wribeek-atraat, PaUntm, Ootobor 3, ISAS. 

Tlie nViJcct of thl* iiivantloD M to fiwdlllat* tho eonRtrnct'xin nf 
air duea "t pwaagaa to aupplv tmt air to aud vithdnw vitinuvl 
air from Uit atvaral mouia nl hnuaea. For thea* parpowu, iDitoad 
of atpanttine the ditlertnit dues of a iladc bj nioani of B£>l!d par- 
litiaiia of bnok or other material, the patentee foriO't tnoh panl- 
tiooa of hotlaw brioica of oiny, traa, or otbar tnaitrial, tud on* 
mm the other ia bnlUinc the p*nitiona, «> that the puufcn in 
the brieka nan from top tii Imttom of tha paria of the l«o fluM 
whieh thev dirido. The iran bricic cif the deaeription iiaad for 
thia porpMr, in fnraidhsd with wings, which build into the }oiata 
of the brickwurk, and it oIm hM tit one «'Ui) a aoaket for raoriTlng 
tha oppoalte end of MioiharaiHitlar brick. InnUiad of •mpkTiog 
hollow WAn to fonii air flnm boiwcfn rniioke Himh, na alMvo do- 
•nibed, ehMa of clay, iron, or otli«r nialcrial, are aoraetiinoi 
awplayan, wMeh ar« built into tlie fr«ni Mui back walla of the 
■tMk, two tin* of platM ar« uanl to torm «arh partition, aud tha 
inHrvaJ betweea tM twotiera forma llta air flua. 

The hollow brifka and tha platoa mciilionoi an deaoribad aa 
Mug ooBHraotfil of imo, bcn-naiL' thii ia the laatsrial which it 
MtJir w l, bat day or oth»r inaterial may be Hubaliliil«d. In a 
nntiUtioK ttoe. fonuing a aeparMloii lieiwM<n two amoke tatm, 
plaiii piataa an iiw.sl laataad of plal^a hAving wiiigi and mckMlt 
aa (hoae bafera d*acribad ; in thia eue tbo brioka or atonca of 
which the aiuek ia batit bava groovaa fomoil )■ thena, iuto which 
the clny or Birihonwure pUlai fit. The OMia«cliouii belwe^ti tha 
ftir riuc* aiul the motim In he v«utiUtJi(l are formad by pipaa or 
pniB^et, wliiah ar« miiJ<icWi1 ta ap«rtun-a in th* mlinipi and 
ifclitiDga, or alaawhara, aa when vontibiting llu» or puMgea 
hava bervtofon bnB ampJoTOd. 

ARTIWCIAL 9T0NE. 

PiumucK [U3i«>]ii(, Ipdwich. /'a/Mi/m, Sept«inbor S7, IMS. 

Thia iurentioii la apfilicabla, Until, to ttii»« deacriptioua of ar- 
ti£fial stona whUh ura eonpounded with und, clay, and olhar 
minatid or aanhy aabatancea. together with «i|ublv lilica or a 
viliibia aijiaitc; uid the Inventiuii <unaiat« ia adding to the ooot- 
puaitioa of aaoh artificial ilone*«iibataiJM which will fuM mom 
nadily tlwui the na>U and will ruu iulo and fill th« norvii of tlie 
(•ad rvuder it mora drnNi than whrn enupouudol witltoul 
diUllon. The mihaUi]«<a employed for thia purpoae an 

J atona, or a rtadily fuaible Klnas- When jnimloe atone k 

■ployed it ia prcfwred 111 tha foUowiiig uOBDer : — Finoly-pnw- 
imd pandor itone b nlKod with a aolnliau of tolnhla nlica an. gr. 
tl'SOO) a<i a* to form n olilT }uwto capable of bcinic mouldad inU> 
IbIU of aboot 1 iueh dUmutcr and baed in «d oriTiaai; cruoihle. 
Wbm fiMod, it ii ground iulo a powder and Mcaiu mbtMl with a 
nlaUoci of»lica,*iMag»iulo<onuapaate. Tha iiwradianti ant 
Btml iu the following proportJcaa by auaaura >-alic«ou« aand. 




30 parts; fiitflTpowdertd hUSco, 10 parta ; aotntion of ailioa, a 
parIa itp. er. ifoo; powdered pipo clay, 9 parte; puniioe ato^ke 
p i w a r p d ui tho way above de«sibe<l,'A lo 10 patlA Wliea a 
rtAdily fnaiUt glnaa la enployed in the maDufactsra of aKKIoIa] 
atou% the gUaa i> pr«iMrad 1^ fiiainc togatliar tu a revcrbontory 
famacn or orudbiM, ailicate or«odl^ ToO jnrta ap. gr. I '400; Oxide 
of laad, 100 parta, Aod in preparing arCifioial alone the pateotee 
eubatilutea lor the ft to 10 part* of prepared pnmloe atooe la (ha 
ntlttun befon mentioned S to 10 parta of thia ftialbl* gUaa. 

The l&Teotion abo ooudata In a laetfaoil of rnndoriD)! artificial 
or aatnni] itona, brieka, and other matarinla oaed for buiMing 
pvrpoBoa !«■ liable to decay. For thi* purpoae tlie atouH or otl>er 
BMterial ia couttd or MKtant«d wholly or auperfielally with a, au- 
ledoa ofaoloble lillcate, and baa aflerwarda apblifd to it a aolu- 
tioa of ohlorideof oalciuro, by whichaB iiiaolnbleailiaataof liine 
b foniiad b the bodv of the atoan or other ntaterial. laaUad of 
a aolabla ■Uoata aaa chloride of ealcian other prap*ratioaa m»j 
be needt ibia iuTeatioaoonaieltiig in thei^licallaii In aaoeeaikiB 
of two •olutAOUB, whtA by mutual deoonpoaitkni prodnoa aa b- 
aoluUa anfaatance, wfakli la depaait«d bi the atruotnrc, and on to 
tbeanHlwaof UwatotMOrolharnUNiaL When a anlnhle aiUoata 
ia onployed, a soliiliou of etiioate of aoda or potaab ia takea, (the 
ap.gr. of which mualdi^icnd upou the uitun of the atooa to bo 
cfientcd npoBibut geuendly atxiut thcaji.gr.cf i'MDat onlinair 
tempar&lurea.) aud after having rewored uvin tho atone a> uiacb 
esti»aaoua mattor aa ia oanvatiient, the aclnliuu is apptitd o'er 
tha aufihoe of thu itoue or other roatorial with a braalt or other- 
wiae, until it hu abaorbeil a lutfioicuoy. Soon after, la a vaiikr 
aiauaer, aaolut^oDofdorideof calcium ja applied, taking care b> 
fueorporalo the two aolutioBa aa wncli a* )>oafib1e b^ ummm of a 
brnab or otlMrmae^ By thia applicotioa the ailiaBi eomblaaa 
with the lime, fomung ailioate of liine in tlie porea and oa the 
•urhoe of the atone or other material, whilat il» chloriua^ cun- 
biuing with the aoda or potaah Ibrming chlnride of aodium or 
]iotMaloai, is raadlly nmovod by waahing. When the atone or 
othor itiai«rial ii of a very poroua natun, the alnMlll of the 
ailioto aoliition mny be increnaed, and one ooaling ml] be aalS' 
dent: but il^ on the other hiuid, the alone or olhar material ia 
very alighUy poroua, tbeu the atrength of tho ailioite lolatina 
•hcmld be nduotd, and aevetal coats ahould bo laid on. Or, for 
•ome dMoriptlona of etone^ more particularly audatooea or frca- 
•tonm, a Kitnnitt>l anlatiuu of aulphale of alumina la oaad Ia*t««d 
of ibpiJIioitflorwHUor iiota^, followed by a •aJaHoa of baryta, 
by which loenii* a oonif-'Oiiiid precipitate of alumina and harytn 
la pTodnoe>l. Whvr«ci'>nr<>iii'-nt, inataad of applying the aohitJiiaa 
bf nteana of a brouh, the niono nr other material may ba Im- 
aienad In Ihn apvernl 11111)1100(1. Whea deahed, tha pndpltatea 
can be coloured to any tiut to anit the atone or other ual*ral by 
meana of aolable aatta of dirome or Iron mistd with the aolutionn 
enpIoy«d. 

The pateatae remarica in reforence to thia Mrt of the Invention, 
that wood Imo before bean traated by two aolutlons mntoally dc- 
coinponinc nnch otlirr : he doea not, therefore, clano the prooeaa 
as npplieil to wuod. bat only na applied to artifidal and natunl 
atone, brieka, arul other maleriala aaed for buitding pn r peeea In 
Boniie deaeriptlone of atone and other buihling materiaia there ie 
ooatainml a frw. aulphaie 01 carboikate of aoda or other aehibla 
Mlt which in liable to eWonace; to pnveut thi^ and paftWly tA 
indnralo the clone or other aubatanoa, a aolntioa of barium or 
citlciucn ■■ cinployod, nalng a eonoentnttol aoluiion of the ehloridn 
of barium or calcium by preftnaioa. 



RAILWAY SIONALS. 

W. R. Mooui, Wo^lock-pIao^ CSly-mad, PiitmU* 

Thia luvwntioa timpoaoa to amage aa appnntua in oonaeeiioM 
with a line of tvllmy. to tliat tbapaaMCof a tniu byactiiigou 
Ruitn)>1p iDKlrumvnts rniuM a atomp^ which, when nnothar liajii 
poiar^ cnmea iu ooulaet with iaatramentt in eouneetjon with tbe 
wbiiitle of tlie enj^&e, ho •> to oauao the eame to aound. The 
■iitmii, when raiaed. W retained iu potltlan for a euilaUe tinw, 
wliioh it regulabid by the ounpe iif air, wntjtr, nr othvi' aultable 
eubalaace tiirangb a Hiuall oritlco from a re^ulnlinit vrwcL At 
the Htmc liiDu that tlie atTiDi|i in iniaod a viaiblc <iiani\\ u alan 
broui^C up, and tliia viaible mjiiulI gmdoally dctvvuils u the air 
nr Ollior aubalanco eaCBprii fiuiu tbe rrguLilins v«^wl. ao that tJie 
pntition of thi* ugnnl indiontjnt thu liiiiv whioi Lm oI^mhJ nsM 
the paatago of a trnin along tlie line. 



tM 



THE CIVIL BKGINKER AND ARCmTECT'S JOURNAL. 



irons or TRS xovth 

la otir dMoripcioa of" Wuvhouiies, Ch>>rltoD-«tnrt, MiuuJiiw- 
tm," «■<• jiag« 160, tlM ilMlgni ver? sti>t«i) to have been pr«- 
uind bjr Mr. T. Roncli Smith : it shoulil have beeo, bj Mr. T. 
Bogar Smith, c>f Aduii'«troet, AdalpliL 

The fouiiliiliiMi-atoiiie of » dsw BonuD CUliolic Church bu 
l>ef>ii Uid at Coftlialuid, conatj' Tyrono. At Cookatown a Klnillar 
cUh of wlifiw i* ia pro|[t«M of erooUon, in tbu QotUo ityl«, 
with A Inwcr sod (pircv from the deaiKiui of Mr, J. J. UcOtruij', 
arohitrct. 

Tba cbnrcli of Kilmorc, oaunty Kerrr, im to bu buUt, H slao 
that of Bntekaville oounty TFrone, unJur ibe dinoUou of tlw 
aji:hii«it to Ilia £cci«<iwiietl CommiMioucra. 

A Ucgt aiim of moDdj {nid to be 4A,O0Ci^) i* to be exp«(i(lcd in 
tim tneHeai of ndditioiuJ Cottrta for tlio IuciU)b««l EaUtca 
Oflmoiiinonfra anil the Lord Jiu^u- of Appckl, ia iuniodinte 
proziuiitT wlih Ihe " Foiir CourU" in Dublin. 

A churv'h of niitsoi'iv't proporlioni i> nbout to be mwiM kI 
Dadseelv, ID tlje ilion«« of Bngea, tcova tb« deilf^&a of MMRni. 
Pnglii aad Miim^. It will be «aaiatTUat«d priaoMllj of bdok, 
M Boat of tbe lUtciRiit Bttlgimi churrlmt. The windowi^ oopbn, 
fto, wUl be worknl out of etone broa|[ht from FVnnoei Tue 
work* «r« to bo oommenosd at th« fail of tbia Tear. 

An American Inalitnt* ofArcIiifcU Itiujuit bwMi fbnn«d nt 
New York. " All the iMdiag onhitocU hare ooJDcidccl; truBt«ea 
bsva hMn elecicd. faoda mhaoribed, ao opei^DR addreaa 1ia» b»eii 
made hj Ur. Upjuhti, ihu Nuator of Htm Yorlc, and iuint.h*r by 
Mr. Wall«n,thHanhilo-t of the Capitol. Atthrncxl mnctjng— 
the finw rtfuUr oni» for Ih* Uwiwotion of huiintaa— Ur. Cnlrert 
Vnux wM 10 road the paper of the eveniog." 

The iron churohM r«c«DtI* enctiNl Id I^ndoo an found to 
uurwer *vary piupoa* for which they were doaigiied. There ara 
DOW Ave of theui, one in caoh of the foUowiDK diitricia^ — Ken- 
niiurton, Keiitiili-towu, Newiugtoa Butt^ St. George's Enat, luid 
Houitwfty. The nollowny church ooet f 1000, mwT in aipnble of 
H0OiiiiDO<latliig 700 peojud. It 1* dMcribod u **a moat conifort- 
ftble plaM of worahip, w«ll vaiitilahKl, warm In winter, cuol ia 
•omnwr, and can easily Im taken down when no loogor ooedod in 
the diatrict." It ia !K) foot long, 40 foet widn, and iO foot high, 
lined with wood, which ii cov«rv(l with oanvu and papered. 

In the yiuir lliatt-a7 llie itiun toUl of 302,4672. waa oxmnded on 
■mUoiulI coUcctioiw, BgninA 22I\efltlf in lit.^O^^S. 40,490/. were ap- 
iroprialcd bo the Britinh Uiucum eaUbllahment, 49,TG6i. to the 
uildinga, and SO,iM^ to purchmw; 13,077i. Ui the NationAl 
Oallery: fi,81S^ to aoientlRc worka and experinieuts; SOOt to the 
Royal Ooographical Society; 06^6011 (o the Departswnt of 
Science and Art; 7,^12^. to the Mnaroinof Practical Oealogy, and 
1,000^ to the Bond Sodetr. Tho tiitol amount expended on tbe 
parobaa» and layiug out of the Keuaiiigtoii-gon eatate tram 1661 
TO 16M inclualve in S77,309^ 

Tbe following iaan acoountof the cxppoditure of public money 
ia tbe department under tbe oouttoJ or managenMnt of tbe Oom- 
■nUonenof workeand Public Building* In the year ended the 
Slat UarohJSSG,— viz,, lH.l,»n4/. forroyalpakeai and pnbliobuild- 
ingai hl,^TiL for rontl jiarki imd ploaanre jnmlnn*; 124,045{. for 
thaNewUouiwaof tarliimcut: 13.1^8^ for UiPRcncral ICepoaitory 
of Pahlie BeoonI; S,6M. fbr Uolrbmrl H.irbour. tie.: 31,8071. for 
theaalarieeaDdexpenaeaoftheOlEoe of WorliH,&i\: 64,9<I21. for 
the British Muaoam bnlldlun; Sl,407;. for Battonea-park; 
I«,eatU. for Chobea-bridgB; S3^^ for the Chelara Embnnkinnnt 
Bti<) public roadway: 3,^71. for the Britiah Embe«y Houac in 
Pari*: Htuidrr other auuii for other foreign embMiiea: ISO^ for 
lite BritUh PruteMonl Cpniftl«<ry iu Madrid; S.OSSf. for the Down- 
Ing^treet tmprovnaaanla, nnw publio offloet, fto. ; 11,000/. for 
'ingham Ilooae in PaU-Dinll; 3,TS(U. for Wtndanr iiui>rovO' 
lie; 484^. for geological aurvcy: and ^!Mt. far tlin NeUon 
DOinit, making a grand toiAl of 004,707^ expeudctl. The 
balanoe «n the account amonnted to S9a,34Bf. (net). Partioulan 
afnriafn "b|>mIbI aooounia'areippnded. 

The ffnuid total amount of expenditure on arterial dniiiage in 
f reLand, nn tn the date of the llual award, ia 920tlOfl£, indudlug 
theanin of 1V3,I7<>^., the amount of awnjila maJde Snal between 
the 3lat of l)«o'iii1iM- Ikrt and the datn of tbe reum. The total 
amount efaorgeil under the final awanU to proprii-ton, owner*, 
and aounti«ii ii iKfiSOt, Thia luid othrr particuLua aiv em- 
bodied in a r«lum moved for by Lord Duncan, ItLP. 



I 



Hr. John Bnker, of Tlilnk, baa jnat taken oat a tataatoo 
behalf of Mr. .J. H. Readley. of Walpol^ Ukwda, wlutfaeonw 
likely to open out a oew field in ardiittotnrA TbaooveJty vt lk« 
pUb eoeudil* in phxting or veoeeriw a maea ot ooatea Btoae ao •• 
to preeent an eoiteriar coat of marble. Aftara vsrioty «f expari- 
menta Mr. HMdley haa attained great eoocoa in imitating tbe 
qoalitiea and vniietioa of diSerant kinda ef marblo. He ha* 
employed oxide of iron largely a* n oolonriag matwial, and flada 
that by ailicate of potoab rxl'ta hanlueet ■* pven lo tbe faJodt, 
wfauA renden tt sueoepUble of a high degnttrf ]Kiliab. lie 
material haa been axtenaiTalr need in Cauula Ibr the laet two 
veare, and ba* reeliaed evcrritiing antidpatod. Tbe patent fight 
hiM been aold ill eiirht ooiiutrioH for £12.UO0. Monrft Pttond 
BrejBoy have paid ^4000 for a liucuiae to uae it in (be 
of the bridrai of (lie Omml I'niiik Hallway. E^tauUe 
IB und lo the «xleut of lUOO lb. to tbe a<taare tneli, aat 
blookaare turned out of a machine ou tbe rotatory priaolpleflaQy, 
and an ready for building, tlina eaving tbe eciuaniie of etone or 
thn bumiug of brick, \u<X tunkiug a much more haaaaone etniO' 
ture, and at a lower uoaL The maofalnery will be exhftited in 
Loudon, iu Aitgunt next. 

Prof. Way haa npocilied bSa Improremente In obtiuning IkM 
by cleLtrioity. " What I claim,' he etato*. " K the nee (rf a 
fliiwiuij vti-ctrode of mercury in combiuation with apparatoa Ibr 
n>gutai)ng t1i« diRtnnoe apart of tbe two elcotrDdea; and I alee 
cUiiQ thn ci'inblnnUou of a email overfloerlng cup, or ragnlaUd 
Burfufo of mercury, ae a tecoud elBatn-Mle with a flowIU{[ elMtiaJi 
of meroui^ iu apparatne for obtaining light hy electrioly. 

The Inatiuitjou of Mi^cbauical Eogiucen conineaaad lUr 
meeting at UaDohMlcr, on tlK- ^4ili ult., iiiid^r tbe preaidaD^ tt 
Mr. Ju*«ph Whllworth, 

The atatue of Watt waa fixed on ite pedeetal, in fhinl «f tbt 
Mandicster Buval Inilniiary, on the iUti nlL Tlir atatue U in 
iiruuiv, ulW Cbanlrey'a, and will occupy ibo ooriuapoiidiug ptde- 
itt^d to Dr. Ddtoo'a 

The Stockton and Darliaeton Railway, the eaHUet is tbt 
kuigilom, opened in September, 1n^.\ Uill potmrmttt iu fint 
eo^no, now an antiquated {mbcb of wotkmaiiBbip. Its weigtit b 
about fi tone; and tliat ita apeed oaunol liave beun vary great 
may bo Inforrvd from thi- lact that a rwv caiue .jtf between It aid 
a BtA^[e-oaBoli. It in plaonl uu a pMli-iial iu froul of the Darltif- 
ton mil way atation. 

At the dinner given to Mr. C Uanby, at Onenwfeb, OB Un 
23td May last. Mr. Sl-oII Ruwell aaid, the moat reotarfc^le fea- 
ture connected with it waa, thnt a body of nieo ahonU ba flxml 
who would aubacribe TlK^OOO^ for aa nudcrlaking, the ancceM tt 
which waa declared to be very problematical; that (eeliug would, 
however, bo diminialnd when it waa knowti that Ihree-foiRtha ejt 
the ahnriH in the undertaking were h^ld by Mvinliera aad Aaaa- 
dateaof the Ia*titulion of Civil Engineers. That Inct alone afnfce 
vdumee for the eafety of Ibe etructun:. Mr. Brunei bad d«ind 
to have the amancet ship capable of taking ita own fuel b> Aa» 
Italia and back, and oenTeylng eucb a oano of gooda and paaMn- 
geni aa ahould be rtanuneratir*. Calculauon anowed tba arttii) 
dimeDBioue uoonaary, and the i^atein of ceUalar oonetnietiM 
adopt«d at the Britannia Bridge nflontod tbe utrvngtfa for 
vaatly incraued proportioua, which had at fint nirprieed 
Ungliab en^neem, with their habit of regaiding evee^lfafng al 
posaible. The aiu ilid nut now oatonhlt evoo tlie mercbanta, wb* 
ounteniplalod fiudlog uarguee for lier without trouUo. 

The promotan uf the Isthmug of Su«e Caniil Company bcMt 
meeting on the it4th ult at tho T.ondon TVvpm, 8ir Jatne* Dob 
peoairliog. when the fitllnwing nvi>lutinn waa agraed Ut: — 'Tlat 
tbn pnin»»pii *tiip nuiul aerow the bthmue of Snec having baet 
d«cL>rpd pnu^ticat by oouigietotit Qngiiimni, and all natinoe balif 
invited to join in th# uudM'takiog, which w^tl not be placed tai* 
lb«exutuHi(v prote<*lion of atry individual govemiMUt; tblBMci^ 
Ing, b«4ag perfectly ealielied with the exphraation given by Kib 
Lflaeepa, couaide.ra ila ■iiccee* will prow eminently advantafeMi 
to the oomucrcial inlAreita of (Sreat Britaiu." 

Tlie nubliciiliou of thv Ordnnnce MapH for Scotland, OD a eab 
of one inch pur mile ii now ba0iiu. They are reduced frcealW 
eix-inch niapt, and publiJibed in ah'^rta ■□naaniuig 34 indNB tj 
18 bicbea each, dellneatiug an area H nitlea long by 19 adi* 
broad. Slie4t 3i, the only ono T«t nui'ly, eoibncua the roaaUT 
on both (ideRof tvliobuish, fixiio Linlithgow on tbe wed.** 
I^eatonpans on the out, aod in tlie otiicr dtrection tram ftnkiil 
to Dalgetty in Fifih 



mm 




TBE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOUBNAL. 



237 



VnAtr Hi* titl* of BaUoMop*, VfOM. PonOt the Pmnah aatro- 
nonkai^ baa jnat ooiwliwilad ft taUMop* of tlia NawUiuIaii form, 
Iff which be ia oinbM to «baerva Iha am withont the inurrtoi- 
iMu of a j4am of ikrkcaad glaai (which ia always diffionit to 
obtain auDdattltf pura and tree tnta oolour), nud without baicig 
iumTaniaaMd oy tbo beat, «hi«li In LuatrunMuta of m mag- 
attada aooa de a<wj ^ tba daricaiMd ^ww, iui<l ondangara tna •?•• 
alf^t of the ohacrtWT. In th« firat IoI<ukoiw of thia kind, which 
hm ba#n «e«iaUttol«d under the dincUon of lh« inventor, th« 
Ini^ga alrrar haa an afwnnra of S dMlmetna and a Iboal dls- 
taoM of M dadaiatna. Tba axeaaa of Ilghi and h«at ia got rid of 
Irf aaaaa of thnv rollneloni. raiubiy amui^od. Tho tuw" of tli« 
•VB tfcua oiKiyBed ii perfectly wbita and well defined; the inton- 
dlf of tbe llglit on be ragulMed «i plnanuv, and tha beat ia 
■faaoat ootJiing M th* ^•^ptoee, m> tb&t tha obawrer [a ennblad 
to wevlc oormfaruhly fnr Duuiy boon. 

A aaw Batinnal liatik i« to ba built at Olonmel, acoordlDg to the 
dnwit^ fnmi*li«d by Mr. WiUlasi OaMback. arehilAoL 

A nntnlwr of ladlea hnvo fenned tlieinaelTea into a Sodetj of 
FiBala Artkta, and tor the exhibition of their prodoctious kaT« 
MOt 3M wnrka of art to Nol 310, Oifbrd-atnet, wImi« tlMiy af« 



On tha Ml ult. tbe rocf of tha iMTe and the wall and roof of 
tba aouth arodie nf (h« Booun Catholic Cathnlnl, bnildin^ in 
Obdl-atreet, Plymonth, fell to tlie (round auddenly. Tba build- 
Ibk, whioh in ia the Oothic atyle, wu apprwtcbing oompleltan : 
it u ISO feet loob 90 f«et wide, and 77 feet acnaa tlie tnnaept 
n« walla an ofrKigli aalilar, and tbo doora, window!, fto. ai« 
Sniahnl with worfced Bath atone. The areadM on each mAe of 
tha nave are divided firani it bj four octogoiud oolumna of Bath 
Mane, 1!^ inelm in diameter, and abore 17 feet long, up to the 
aeele of tbe tuouliL Theae eolamua sopported brick archea, which 
raoairaj the walla anataininc tbe roof of the natWL Tlie mof 
ftrnaad two aidM of an aqniUtenl tnangle, and imw oovarad with 
■lata. It ia aaid that zino waa laid Mtween t)ie joanta of the 
whimna, and, aa it olEeratl noi« nalatanae and wm Mather ■> 
thick nor malleable na lead, which i« ^n^rally tiaed, tbe stoue 
ipUalared and pealad, In oooaaqiMnooof wbicli two of the eolumna 
OB Ui* north aide were oondainned, and ra|iliiocil b; n«w onea. It 
iaaboatated that the wall ovnr win unuauaUy thick and high for 
Um diameter of the ooluniDM, uach of which bad to auatnin a 
««i|[ht (Ktiiuatod br aoiM at 80 loan, and by others at 30 tooa. 
when the w«ight<>f^tlisroo(iiof the nave and the wjoga waa added 
to that of tbt wall*. It ia nllottcd ll^t the faricka went not good, 
and it ia orrtitin the hrickarork waa conaidered defeotive, for tli« 
Kiiabiteut, Mr. Uonaooi, of Clifton, waa in tlie act of •uuerin- 
famdlnK the re-«ouBtructitin of one of tlie arvbea wbrii tbe fall 
oomrred. Tli« four aouthom column* gare wa^ in the middle, 
nod tiM roof of tba nave case down, oarrynu with it the roof of 
Um aouth arcaile, one nf tbe tTauiept piert, lialf of the tmnaept 
areli, and a part uf the runf, leaving the oUnr part !u a very ba- 
aardoua eoadition, aa aome of tiia principals aro dialodgcd. aod 
mMil,!n the event ofatormy weather, bring down the remnlndtfr 
of tiM traaaept roof and thoeaateraroo^vlMai all the wall* of the 
CBlbodral would Iw FSponnl to danger. The wtatnm wall, the 
apex of which iiabout^ofwlhich, ataads now perfectly denoded. 
Uttdor tbediteclion* of Mr. Uo>Ige, tlia t^wn Hurveyor, stakea 
wvrt innnediotely driven ioto the ailjaoent gmund and poloa 
•anied ncriMi. The injury by the Call ia evttmatod at fnuu 300/. 
to 1,0001: 

IKed, un Juue Snd. J. Hanrrmve Starnw, Sornyor, under the 

etTOfMlitan BuildioiE Act, for the Weatom Diatrict of the City 

1 London. Mr. Stcreun wu iatioiatelr aaaoaialed with the City 

.oUoltor. Mr. P«it«'>ii. iu the plana for nietiV|M>htiku railwaya 

rhielt he hna al ditfereul tiuiea bruugtit befotv tbu puUio, 



DOMTBrrnoKS. 



I lit Vtj ue auadi; frtHiK tmOirft txww. ta. W tw 
.TuitiUn. rRBlom IDI. ranlcoUn nil; br ulMlMd 

Tta tna nt Uii IMIiild f»tX Kualv, W*riiHiBlb. oOka • pnnlgiB tt My plMM 

TW wUM 

vnb niriBt ' - - ... 

UtlttfrLhe«C4 Tile dOi^^U *n (0 t>t HQl 10 Hr, R«lHR Dhimd. Wv^mLU tij 

ilK«aUv*u>i. 



r ua iKuifd r^ri f^ABiv, wv^nwatp, guns ■ pniwDiiKV onTnuni 
V Iij'iuC Ml ihU inptnj fof tinlldinf pan MM : U Miiii alw W aWM. 
I u »rr««ibd hf nidi, u tttly ilmliand. ud U *tHiBibn>4 •npfiUHl 



Tfctnmnnll tl la* Bstnuk if Unifiin* » d«lnni> of obuininf DBtiw aiul V\im t-c 

StnwiBi iiw lonMii boiiiliiu 
ferttinmi, u>IMt te tlxx 
U, M lb. <%Mln lUnnl, Tinni Clork. UricUm. 



i: 



C' t tonlMii ballilliv wmpnird |» ib> rmUiau Luti*. nil. *III la 
,U>IMt tmfhameBai'1>tiK*alriu. tIttifBtit Vt hdI In bj Uii 



n> TniiUm sf Um WiteU Hw Ctal led Xaltad llstoeU lunw l^aa to Xn 
■ekMk an« Om Smo* la WkUA •■ McMa W* lana aad no fMh iBt u bdw- 

trial nan Ut Uu laiur, vlia ■ lapanU luiiiB k* lie '- tmA iimliiiM 1W 

pUM nnai emtinn w At iwhikhbU df llw UxamitUa nf Unnctl ta Ua* 
Ml) «tpiwM llw uita la aie jaiti*!. !%• anUlHI ebMe pin !• id)f*(4 ta < 
liilial Ub anaioa (rf i)n baUdinia u* tbt uoiJ Unu. Tlxs ilu oulj Ih 
•piUmUB M Hi. nwMn, X*. ID, btihMk VT^mU, Is Tk^iB Um n|i«>w*l*M 

•ui b) ik> mil tall. 

DcdiuknluilUdlitfdluuiKualUbaarwMdai SbdBiU, W lucl utlna d la* 
toTtt V pwlfluHl lo Utf V4r Vila KuHiA- Tba utfnaaiaiit U prnpwi Ut im ai tm 
■itliMcianl SWwM. mlKMtrltC IbiMnM tt ibt tmr nr, wd un trUcti ^ant 
(•aa t* wnoail m Ibu Iha aaiM •< wmj tnta iwoWMwalnl uti ba tiSt^ 
iDMtftBd. TtuMjl^ ilM. wdnutectil at tha ncmiBaiM be kit mUrdf talW 
cvEnitfUioA- ntovtdftbtirfaiilii »>iD[ilitB adt to ■iioil WN. Porttvbvitf «r 
ii>i1id diiliB ■ pTHBlaBi of U (nlutai alU ba ■enwli^ Md br tba ■Dnd bat 
Wialnt**. Hora dHlfu iab*oiiaeibr|«iiiriyara*OatuBtllas. Ibtpmalaii 
tar iba biwl da*i^ vfU m ^m in aildliuii lo tko UHal commlavloi)' AU d«lpa 
niul bias ibn mle «t«u qiunHoT u lot^to* fM. — ' — — — -— -^f'-— 
dnaUioA aad Mullif i, led b* ant U of on btfbn Oe 1Mb An(iu( ten, 
■ddnn>cdUlbsTbmClBk,Ilb>lll''ld. Tba dmUu «UI ba iftgrvu^ uaUkrly 
hIUUIkI. 

Tbr nuuinlnil •nballUal oT UoBnlfMil ban IniUfd anUU of nil onutilH to ntnll 
duWu br a fouataUi rf oosiiuoniUI dunttgt lo ba anxtcd lo IbU lUj. IW 
aiili* 'if cntartiJ ta M) ojiait. ■ndmar tarfaannl la>d>; Ibaanallt aM InuoHie 
WOOL Apnaduaid ItM *U] ba avardnt. IfadtalcioIaolIMnlBHantolaiailr 
n ba |iFV«olnl. ID adduan. aaaam at 1«AL MB b« [<mH U Uia dliiOHl (< tba 
]iUT, aud ba appniiriMad aa (baj uu) dadda. Id tbe atanl of Uiananilaa at tbe 
aotKUd daatia b«tii( ntiMad ig (bt aaibnr i( K. bn latonoaln. laib>i*tidRiiltiJ 
Ibt aaUctad dealfD. aBbuonrfiiin npu taibu- mtUuboltbeelulaaBlllf. Tba 
dndfU an w be am in b; Uu 1Mb (f Ituntabit mu, 

Tba lhivdctfSiii«rt(it<oda<K*of KHiiudtihannAoIbatvavinlad Ibe pfveilnmB to %• 
Ihm bM Mgm IbrtolvilBt w* muDdrDru Uiaiflaaa. WMr. Joba ll'Cai4>. 
■nt; Mt- K arQwHa.a>«aadI>»dl(r. Orar.W'd- » b pniwaid ta |ln (naUr 
lucmwil amimiBidAUaQ to prlBMiarv <n Iht aapariU ifMvin. 

Tba i.tiniiniiin' Itit tba 5>ir Vliwil> at IMalhifion. Soaianat, lua* tataitad tba divfna 
uT Mnaia. eufK aod BludiN, anhURK^ af flrfalil. 

lla OiuuDlUat to tbe law Cbard^ Rvanirlnli, ItMUubanablnk bwa cbma tba 

TBunj-ibna aOi nf dMiui to iba fin^iwd rbanfe tfti. Mar tad #1. faid, at 
Bctik nn aoBl la. Tbe Juir bate BTm iba niai uila- (u iho doiltB, la ibe natt 



a«qaaorTrwiaiUcmaI*(jlt,bj bf tC nvi^TfTin* tjj,1 ilan-rhtl.ftf Hbelaui. TbaaHw, 
sriaa lo U. TDnlnn. at Sntaiu*. tbe tbjr,l u U. Uuill. uf • inllisrf; Iht IbDna, a 
IblKlctMmidBraillr.lMdla, urmieffltUt. Ilu Mbmiw nw (bate la atetk 
and raaanlad oUli Ulni madala : — I.C Bnlamnai, Onmi Katfcr lioti, Badasi 
T. XaaHr^ar. tUn. J. L fMTaj. (mUuDplaBi O H'wiloii Loon" 

ThBllufUlllo*M,C%laiai«r. baieaalKM iba daaUM of Mt, Ont luta, tf IVrta^ 
fUr iba uiwnDtaBT buOdlOip. Finr-taaaMaof dadpHvcra aaai It. 

Tba Ulwtm ban arboMI tba |>lut br Mr Kdvird HnlBf*. at »■— i-|fi— to Iba 
nnr Gttn XidwDK •■ Ahwiai. TWn *ii« tnOf-mr annpttlum. 

Tm TwBOnucUarJtbenlaMibaitHlacial tt Itew Iba JaUBM — i latatbaKeir 
(IfWBuiat atbiul u be anvUd In Oat tUy. Xa. 1. kr Mr. Onrt* Hula, Mahtub. 
pniUiiB lUM.^ and Ko. 1. br M>. MaUbHi^ AbMdati^ arwWaia t»L 

TbaBuFlal Buanl, OLdbaJD, ban aadtMol Iba tmli^^ fti. WIHl^UQ.fll Dadkr, 
far Iba fbapal*, Miaa, tu. Iw lb> Xaw Cbiniaan. 

Tba Ten Oouncil o« MafifiiTd barr adoiMd tba tdaia rf M(. T. Kttaib •< AUaei>«- 
•inel, WaaUaitaWf. to ibt ieiteOTwaeat ottaa CWm Kwhaiife. 



nw PATBVTS. 



raomoiiAL rMnmoNH oittNTKii uxon tix rATBtr law* 

AMBNIIMKST ACT. 



lie J Banwe. Allnr, no 



IMU4 fitmt *. 

•""Sir"-"- 



III fcaUUflct to eallki eaaa. 



neit;, <iMA, laaUiM, and Mbar auu 

JMed /M 

lai H. Kran. IMbbeae.]ils«- ^ Aakn aod ^. Aibn. Chir1~-alnf^ HampHial 
tvad— Innetinuuia la nUsaj and alhar bnaJb^ aad anamuiilaUir bttitao tba 
faanl aud driver dfiaUr^atmac** 

rwud iCnl t, 
C6b T, J. TboopKA, ItreaDVcfeBl ^arb, Xt«TT. tuarfly tm*D-.lD]pnr¥ciaeiiU la tie 
(DuMriHIua oleaaoBaUra, wba nbf Ibrf an ned(r*d aiiidloaM* In t||1iBi| otlaaj 
Olrtaa* 

flHMd Mini Ml 
Tta. J. r. Mali*, llw dr rBcblqiilar, <sn»— lajmneJ udBBi aniawlaa, imdodtf a 
aatjjjc of tuDl 4iid tlufi 

Datnl MaMk IL 
IM. It lUukbane, aiphiei-flnrniniin, iniiaj—liBinnainUa la iba ntaaketaM ad 
wu 

tMatd nltiivt lb. 
Ill J, II. Tarbr, Aleaalwtt. Hiim— l»p(areaieli t» aptaaaiiia to ract>«ll^ tba 
tlwe ul fliiidi ap|,)l«Ma to vtunliitala and otbar alinllu parfDiH 

DaM .l^ftt I. 
HD. J. IL Jotantnn. UaHilB'i Ion Mila-tiut*""™*!* b itiaW'baiBnwii, ICfya 
alcaUuDfnnU. J. D. Futui. Pnrtsi. Unn, tbit^ 

tMtol ^aefl !, 
MIL a. tWalanaUa. liw«t K aMi ll i t> eet.»adairl<MH» A aw autWa paww 
M4 J. HUik. Idam-baalar— liBinuaaneata la labriaUag oatals pad* id lata* to 
tnaruit 

flaairi Jr^ t. 
IK H. Drtoilif, Ifteilar, Uaowua^liapruivd mnla or ukWubit Ig ba mat la 
apUmlatf 

auni .Ipi^ II 
laU. J. a Rubiun, Batnln. Todi— iMimtcmHila la aaabU— T «t apvanM to 

OMtad.lpaaiL 
l»M. r. VrlVUin, mairl^ rwtbtUra-la n ii m a iutafc la iaonatoswrlBt 

fAiM^peCU. 

leta. T. I. Hanau, Alka-mtd, Blake Xe^iiataa— taTeuUoa ad (ba bieiaMal ta- 

atmnSlIlt^l^O(^n to (airitdK, boaU. and gilaoaa 

ruiat AfriS II. 

loat W II D.OnnMUe, llEilbira'bUI--lviiniTniinili lalraaiaaatd la tb> twaaa 

ut luaillac (be aaoM 



228 



THE CIVn. ENGINEER ANIJ ARCHITECrS JOCRNAL 




1K1 * r. HkW, at*iluei-rinM--lBpn«iimU in Ih" mumNrtic* cl iBia\At tin 

.H)QBIn1IDliatlao) 

IIM. J. T. W^, WdtadtMrnV— ImprOTdDtat In ih> cunaluni* of Hap 
OMal JpritU 

nil. C T. B. ftriM. HtMoB AbM, DvngiiUn— tnimntf (ppumM^ (a to b»1 
fn louUjir puRttllTbntmMigfMf fiXflf iha bamu (niDa pnfMw M > niftckl 
i^sniUB, tbr th« purpoH of pHliiMat dw mU uiMnUtB ■tthow r«to 

IIW. [> Chnilvldi, SttAmt. ui<l H Fnai. Viiii.tiMlw liiiMiiimimi^i iu i-piamiiu 
ta UEMuriEiu mUr ud Mbir ti^aiila uid (m, if^lhifr^i mh M lb porpSH n( oh- 
lAjnbf ibaI:t* pAiTBt 

IVOI. J. tL Bent. ChtrtsMrHl. B«W«T'«IMra— Invroii 
or I'l 11 iIj 

/MkI ^fu« 10. 

lUL F. Wilbn, HasiUDulMiMUla.BtuKuctafMw—IiiipnTaMBUlBlbiiiiuui- 
bABi «( clMlc sgapaiMuu 

lt]|. U. IW],()TH(]te>rft«n(t,IUiniliubus— liuptv>«iUDUlon|akaiiguil«bn 

1X3 r. A. Uuun, <], Uigr, tat C. Uknvr. niU— ImpromoKta la tba piadaalim 

0l4rtU)cUJ kuiaa 
tlM. /. BattHft. BUdtban. Luculiln— ImpnnBtoM la imjuilm gr la ■■rliliiT 

<br Muarlu rm* M thnada ft« narliit 
im. A.*.WlnJ/.Mmii»».lt*CTUa*,Can»<aM» lMWFi<a*<U^aoQMlK 
I tka |ilM» <f bHB a( ■nUdiilmtli 



/>MW Jbyl. 



mbW la |inip>lUB( (Uf* 



(UdtMl^l 




Bl ibi nak and dMisf lUi^ Uo. ud olbv nnda w InwHiak fcHP (b» (IOb 
(basud iMiihlii.uvlcantbiauvf labnnB^ADBkasdittirwlnaJ* 
, UW U. Lnr. lli(b-rtrH>,Slicaeld~lmpiDi*DMU Id wiin rtl M , T^ ntrni irr*-. 

a *4i BBCll Itw Dlil'rtAb 

«. J. r>Ui-ia. Ulubaqb— lmpnn«l aiUud if caaWiWlof nd pnpdUDg 



IHt J. 8. Owtog, mnairfjfd— IfroWBiM ii akna aptanliu ■lira iuln| 
tlMtifc nRwM 

ua In InotlDf IMr 



IBdlrflf MbOUOH 



npt 



MJ 



ItW. W. K. Wifcj', at. SUBplsoMrM, BlnalnglHBi— Im p rgm» « it« In «««•• or 
ea«a lac wtnlnlM and)*!, Uuli t« pnFlli, psui. Hd otbar arUdn 

IW, r, ralrMn, load*, ud T. Mardcu, Bmuglrioo. nav MiiwliMi(r~lini>ni*- 
joteu !b uMblut; lur IucUIue Su. buut^ Um, uul a«b« nnu* uatulala 

»M>d Jby *. 
IIW. J. Foi. PmuD, LuCiMhln-[a|ic«niMiU to Iba oak Mala, and rnulnl 

bumuBiaii 
Ut], A. IMU, Cnyhw-rm, Otrtoanll— LaprvmDnnu In Ub makinf of all klndi ut 

Mate (i(da.>od>ilU. for aRIOcWftfVanMil trulu 
IVt J. naolar, WUkcIupri>ruid— iBpniWHti tu ihi omiUwlluii and mnlc uf 
omaa ud otbir hoUUai narhlnw In bMatlif. ■■■puiriim. luinutnn. ind 
part M m >Ib in gfamaltt, iMumnloK lal i«>p9M iHitj>i> lunr km 

J. floncd-Jui. ud W. Bovud, MartM-pUl*. Lnk. Malbnlahm-'liniinnnl 
puMna to B>* niuisIki<Uin of obaaat 
J. Laalla. Ojndiril-aimi— laipratRiHnU in >i>|an(itii [» TanUUilntt tnlldln^ 
1. J. T. Wat. WslbK^kilnH—tDpruniiMiU la aUatDlat UiU IQ (liK<ni:ilj. aul 
I aapluTiBjt llglil n nbulanl to llgliUiiKMi^ ud Cut (lirlog i^ula 
'. J, Jk. IVUpi. r«fl*— tiupmfinflDU In acuiattngnilw^ Ijnaka 
. K. Dnica. Lsob— Isipnnl nmmnclhin id pR«m etap 
/loud JMf e. 
IMl. J. Smnu. Ku ViiiMoi, r*ri>— Iminnd IdUhe and lUiniiluit tnaiJilDe 
IM*. L. laCtHTaUarOailua, WloUrOMvi, Uitod-unH— lapninaiHiu ib fUtih 

SUIIB 

Itia. w. WUUm WamlBf— laprvndBalbolat UrlWataariMtdiVnpliaahUa 
lfT£ S- R. flaolc^ ShdflDld — Im^tv^iiaaaU la fltfra gntUa 
rvbd Mat 1. 

1^4, IL lUbrlirj, uid ^ Blnitli^, Cnd]*;, mtfnnb<rftbir*^linpn>rHnfn1* In anobkn 
tfH II. T K-tp*>. Ur*rpvFJ— liDi>nr^ntruu in rtrrtgpralor* w portaLtlc irr-boiiMa. 

iPUUUBOni/Allu/l, 

11, HnArth. Ai)itlL»Eik-lamiai — ImiirfiiflJ ipparMui to nkAlof ud HoatUif 
■la 01 uumr luaity bodUa 

. O. T. BoaMleld. lAdfhtonxict jntt. BtHiloa— ImprutciaeBU In mubuinT for 
ilTarWnu nlbj and otbar «ahi4aaea^ ^CMnam n i uM o n ^ 

W, 8 Xvnua. Cli*ii»rr-lu> — laiimrvd mtUneir to mMabclBilJi( papar, 
rt of aUili la appllaatde ID oIImi pnrpoH, ^OmBUikallM) 
V, U. Uttneo, Cbanaarr-lMw — Infmaiimila In l«k> bt dooo. •>!■•> aad 

'LD|iroT«DeDla In brvat^b-liuulinA ttv 



(UDDQaDloatiobi 
r.'lt.'Mhnl^ CUIUiHliHl. Mlddltaol- 



. P, A. laOantada FonUiiaiDAraaD, Londaa^hni. aad Unaaola— IroprumDmla 
In til) pmarrMiai of irali ud alliBeBUrj anhnanota Id (ootnL iCuuiuiuilMiluui 

H. Itutninb. oanm, Oloaawtawlilw laprat^iMiii la iha tiiaaUMUua, 

lEopanliin. anil inaUnMil «f mlnml aabaUnoaa, tekh aad Haraaa* dadflik ud In 
ruMilac and dapdlliii aadi nlMuaai asd In oucblaair aad 4p|iu«Ma to tg«ti 

IMDI B. BeonMI. BaddlM, Wwowwaahtr*— ImptBwJ loMlwd of |*paiiui nai^H, 
' ar ■akiu up oaadlat to lala 
Utl W. A AbanMo, ^Inr Konb raad. tiUnftDS-Tba Mbolar daitlc toUnor aud 

•tod to pmllmui'i lUnaDllira ud nlubandA and oibar jpmaala 
IJM. C. T. Krtlbl. HatftW, and O Da Baisu*^ Powgati HIU— lapntaoanCa in apts- 
ratw la b> loulaTid bnlnlajrlnaoruiilibicotnibiBarin'' I'lfKiih oabin 
vUMM. Bti ' ' 



I^M, t. C I>oua«iia, Kiaaa-attwt InproTeftenl* In iNiiniuihiLiuiit tairoJain, rhlDa, 
■uHl^aas ud liadlat prudnsK b} UttmniiUe chium»-llUui(is|ilil<> ptiDtiri( ud 

linll. J. Omwfcrt. ailUBW Inf W www to h Mint ud frokint ap;<aral m 
IMO. W. C Ouabridw BMgl-lMprmd aatUnciT to oieuuiiuw cmn ud him- 
faiina i Hd j 

(ljti>« Mat >. 
1K1. F. O- B. Wuilaud. Bontio Icrfan. Old Kinl Bcad-Iaicntloii of nadinni 

toabaaanofdroiw 
KM. C Tarlv. Ile|'liiinl~ltn[in:i>iini<iiU \a Iba minubclara of abaala of nuurial 

Pillabla lur marlaf floira. ud for uUivr bWiiI piirpoaaa 
1104. I. Lipkan. thnU'itnal. Funbair—lnrmwl auHvfl^AUis ompiuud 



J 



> li wnrj ar-ctifam a( laaa n a t fm 



ItU. i. W BoUMlaftr. Onm, MoUi I ii ilii III lii|i nwli to Nv bdito ad 

anm id aceaigM buu- and nilut tudia. lOmiBiiiitnrtfcia; 
im. t. nrinanabB and A. ilalnamaan, Xasdnla^latrnnawaM la ■■lii|>adn 

■am lUrua and dbnnw maMrtala 

IMr, W. OlwiK llinehiatar laywiaMM la nadbin to "n"^ 

\V». 0. Ilonpall, V W onaw. Ttallaihiili* limnim—nia la raoUIMoii ^mm 

•stkUkanaaa 
1*H. W. UcMoB, htiUaa, Waadoa, HeHfaaplBB IWIm iW aM^M •* 

diHb. Ibro. ud alt atbvmno iOtim, lim ' 

vbl'Fi a leralu caa baautud 
lliu. J. IL Ff»oel..OaaiiM««««w«^81, B W Aa»dfc.Ord. » Drp M»ri«i». 

«irK<, ] ■UpgloB— l ai jragaaaala in lb* uiaauaaud apfanHa BHfliffiid tocfa 

Itll. W. r. ItllH. DwUBMiltTlDai. rnTT-nlr, BydtabMB-lllHW I 

Dacbloa 
Itlt J. S. Macank]', KmauilrM. Oitod- Wrt .la n i m rMMti la 4rii«i| ■ 

ramtainc tatte btocB aad Nfacr -ittHtm 
Mt r. WaUda^ Tkurta WotK Sambvlcii. mv Bmnmbaia rim ■ I ■ 

mv:Uii«CT to malclaa rirala^ baU^ aad aftiltu ;€uoiuiiia)i*litiBj 
III! A r, Itiir. lUA'lasa— InpreiBBcaU m arcnlir htvibaa iBr avaaptii bds 

kud oihrr tuba* 
lilt. J, P;to, Puulim— ligunntauHiM in inublncr) 10 be uaiilujod «i lb* ■*( ba 

FftlAlne 4rid IfiMcnng valgbu 
lun irilciMja,CaiBbnd«V<iTHt. ei. Fumh nd X Bmba. Ofo*a. Saaabiart- 

ImpigrodBiadto(pn<iuiiU|t ibo locnulaillMt <d •leaa iMUcn 
flabd Mvll. 
HIT. B. WILwB. rwrlawO, oaat Muianalaf— lapnrr aa a ii bi tt auabliaaj w aw »i i- 

■oa to t*Mii( «r IViidai Mdt 
Ills. J. J. Kfn, BatUm^tt, SoaUuBptua— A aas matbid n( ti^oMlaf papwIM 

OB In ba pHnWd 00 « or bolk aJdia. at aad if <iTlliHln prtmlnc mKbiiia. 1^ ■■■■ 

or nlda^ vbantn lh> pmaal vaau ol papir la pni(i*a ad prijtina b aTgCdid 
in>. A. DalTHB. Banua-lriaK. ini(-iod'Kad~laiiin?ad ■nufhl-lna nut. iilldMi 

to *(Mr, ilMi^ «• faa 
lltS. C W. MMlaaa, f oba-alnal. Adal[M-IlaFiVT«oniU li miaaat, anl h to 

andloiUM of baawd camoia 
ItjL J. Ulllor. Nnr laoaib, l*narbdil»— t in pcnTaia aB to » tdl iiaa la a|i|Bia1Mlr 

labrtoatiof manblnen 
ItM. J uillef. X» I^uari^ Unarialil»-tnp»n««iu l* *aM awtoa, )aM i^ 
■>M. W. <; I' I II 'tlaniiii liiipiiiliMiann In il iiln iii ■linljinlai liiilllii 

olber rr*"'pt»f i"« 
Ittl. J. D MniUov. Btoktod SMtu. laaaaiblra—lapiw^MM l> iM BBaBa- 

Inn of tulliin at i^Uodin to be Rntjluy td fiM urlbUnt caltoo aad ottar iSflbcB 
IIU. K. Fillon ud I>. HaU, Dldhain. l-mrjiliiw— linpiwaiaiy m Maiblaii] <t 

hifparalJif tofpinalndcoUob vi4ofhi<rdtpr^<i*«iJbfUib0aa 
11*1. A. BaIIsh. ClwtMtnM, FlRBdJiUf^aifntaaianta la plaaretolaa. iQa^aa- 

attoafniD J, Dackar, 3i«« Vorfc 
19II. A. V. 5««Ni. Cbaneacy-lana-— I iBp rnvad wMdUurf tonMU| i iamn - O*- 

ihULicallmr 
IIU K, A. BnDiBaa.naavainiM— lDpiin*dtoiiaH«lna]i|Halu tenaoBd Mdl- 

lUIT rvad*. [ rtmnrriwilf^ll.iii I 

/aUaI Uai It. 

IIJI, r. CniWrlll, lllmitiiffbaiii— AnfworloprmadDiobndif pfavMtlBaUiapdi^ 

of urdiOHf^ LucXi, ud otber tolrniuir» 
Im C A- bvljx^i. I'arl»— lihwvTdDituii* ia ntoij ae^laaa 

mA. K. C ^'iil'iiii 'Viiloa di rimi. Fail* fai|inmin«iin l> ma* liaj 

list. J. VTnilklir. U^lib-B. Obu anil — Impnw WMu la In rltanlnr aa il a M t. mt 

difmiini i»jn uf imJri'rimi tin, w|tpR, 3uad, ftUvbr. and Mbe* taiuatfal^ wv^ aad 

ISSi J. D Malrriloi. l^lrvdoc^intn^—tBiprvmntut) In tbf oaiiUwMia <l Mkt 

apiwniiu fiK Mllaar aotiiiea and laiTbuai 
lU'l. Vi. II. Ibnlov. IltiV> and W. R. MlUi. (Ina( AaviaMflHl. WeaWbaB*- 

iniiiftrrfimriit* m tbf |«»rmaflrtii tnj**^nil*m!f 
1:3;. T. [oinh^'t. Hluin >UrFi. Krv rai, ami ir. Wati«cld. lanball^tanan, teaar 

lujpnirfuirnl* IP aitjiarHib* fur djairiujf 0JI •aide ud uibar Aalda 
HI,*. J C- Jiiihol'. iWlA— IjngtrnivliuililA iDQJlvTK 
IJJli. B. A BruHDU. Fkcl-MnM -ImprvirfmcDU In the Mppiiralkin of rtnl. ladb 

itn >iiwIiiiK ui ouaatoOin oflrm. ihafta, ul«, ud •Abn IvB^ats; jOanmal^ 

lAtn. J. R. Ovbmir*, Oljn^it^-'tmprnTfrmnut* In tJir tn4tai<4it er naaulbAaia if 

ur]tai»Dntdl rabiSfa 
1)11. W. K »ab>u.ClianL'oi).|iun— [nipto-riiKiiila in furvxca ^iogUIIt aditnrila 

\hn f fof^rnllnn of rt^iu fur iniEltn [tnwfir. but ^pptiiabW ta htniuta tnr vu>r par 

poan. rO^pojoiiiulrMInn'. 
lilt. W. UuH7. and J. SiDlib. NciipKi. Iiliji ImuhiiimibH Im aiaftiUivT la 

IitugMoB 4Ad caltltaLliiy laud 
1. Vf, JUiae;. ICnvpnii. Xaltip— Impronomli ta •■>(»«• to tb* salilntM *f 
land hj •loam po"« 

lUt. T. Bni»h Wmdhuuit.laae. l.(d^ ami J, StArkif. PuKw^lnit, Umpaai- 

loiprntriuc^pu m madtin^ llir whmif. *nrii;ip^ and man^bn^ 
IS^. S. Yf^ldbrun. Mtamfbird-^trrtiil'Tbt linlt'T a^pUiaflim and amufaniMnI cf radM 

tu bbuluuf *I1 iluda. 
lllfi. W. W. Iluunuj Fuftum— Inviqllon <il » thcumxl <uiu|]ibilbiii or ajnil 10 If 

DTnp]njTd in jloq i>f or hi bn tTlliBtltdVni fur a^oIh IaHai. wI ururte KtA. ,Lk» 

tuuiiieallca^ 
I9IT. IL Urr. ITBiuti-plaic. Ciiitnad-tupiuiuii'iiii is itu wanumjum aad awll* 

UoB of ^pia Ihr hading piinHwa 
lUI. U- TalUcD, Labdon. and 1. MhtdlMiiii. Flnabnij— IrannnvaMoii la ulfdf'«a 
DM. A. Fliiqilbtai, Otbada— iB^iraTEiciciiii la ih« tou of ralli to aae ta nUaw> 

and Iramaajra 
tMO. B. R. Ncirall, OaMbtad, Dnrhais— Inpramnniiu hi iba m a a a l^rt aia tf M 

■Iranda far alKtrlijal purpoaea 
lyl. K. I> Ktj. AJfTJcCuo. lannmT— IttpniTonoiila b p»aitM«aiT nr appaiuia If 

prfotliit WfiTPD IU faltad fabrina. 'Cournudrstlin; 
Int. S. Agei. Uppti EimrT-arnn, Cindltn— tDpromwiU ta MBicWag 

ludu ud luehiia Kliti iliili kiiula udhudlH 
lUl J, I'bk, WWu— [mtiruvninublaialbrniaanDictuniuf eta 
13&4. M. Birarj, fLm: •t^r.'E— finpnirrnthnt* In «lt>dlii^ ariV tad tt tba i_ 

anipto^ tbortii^ P^lti nf HUiuta If applicaUf tu apianlnf taai'TilnW7 rooBUBBito 

lloD Ixan Mulolaaiit and Cu ] 
liA6. J. FlnldlQVi A'hiitn uadir-l.^nr— ImnniraiaanllDapfandHaapplHsbltblMMa 

iilpM ui- oyliudrn UKd fnr b'atlM "id driluE, vblab *al4 arpuaina naj baiitf' 

liirl; impturid atmrrfcr Hiaua ii wfd Cu iscb poipaaa 
iih'- vr A Aldnruin. Ilri«hIi>n~Iai)inini<Baila In aplndtn fui Atmr laata^ IMIMt 

and -jtbai ilinlUf t"iFvv*v 

nalrd Jhy IL 
IHI. V, lton*rlir>)>, i:«Mi.(lnal. Strwd-^IuipceroBmla la iIk munlbcnn id to , 



THE CmL EKGINEER AND AKCHITECrS JOURMAX^ 



9*» 



mm mt P. Wblu, kUBtos-ain-BiiU— Inpniwanu u iMna pUt- 

bl^, mfdub— ImpnnviDaala in «>Ltar-vli«lB 

^ nd J. Il74«, uMtf. W«tci«4r-lKiiRim>isl* Is Qa (mMitrKUno 

■( a^ U. Bmh^ UiaobMHi — lavivnauau la tit mnaluun ^ 

' ' nil^wit li^ iiMi III fin 1 1 

0lMHV-4ura<<«n<PI* Is lw<lii( uwamkaal Mich 
mnatk Wntaa Uadmnn^ DartriUK— lopimM bkAIwc) « ap- 
■ i^iwllfii* lail iTthif wiliiw 
iHifc^ tB*w Uoltr. l ii nm ifcl rB iMrr ii m i'T li nuktainM apn- 

t, KUlrlMCiL ouMf l>Dn. Ii^nit — layi III Ml ■»! la owUbbj lit 
u. h«aL ud othw nlmiBa AbataiwH 
"^ - r, BoaiirtoiB. HHl J. Ha i i UMM li, Mu twf. YirtiUr*— Imprvn- 

(U RriUit qrn* ud iHsra fbr nil**} uid oUitr atiM^h ud alio 

if ImudHsl 



lUi. A. rmllBa, rl iiatiii liii i «iiiwli M mlBi « psiuUag tfgiM, anil la ■»- 

tilanj tor Mck unaaa 
Hit. P. tafnrmt,SimfMHd-tlml~jLaitUta rbkJ/ lu innM aal 4I«<«* tka 

dcfMiW & hellm aod Maaia VHiaBbn iCaiDaiiuUatiDii ftoB J. StUbL fHtk. 

tat J. UAnuu. ''VBI 
H1K A. A. Uibit. %nDliahaiB— !l» ar UDfnmd BOdflator laap 



HII a RBHEb, Biifti^lwl ud p. A. Kavk. lanar 1knl>-LMtliic Ik patttc 
»lu4B Ib lb dSii aad tvnw of Ufwt nute ul iTitaad t? alKlifat'f , nd te 
tnntfit <ff and a Ik* ni lo ho* liaalCaiHadf 

ll». J. LMliiiUUa^ raHa— lapmnd oiaehlM *v DOnKUu aad • 
IUm. asd olhoi uticlai D>d« bT •« uUrtite 

1(11. K AUIa. Xiftt-airMt. MitirtiwMr IWTTT-tminilr Is <na| 



1 gmipj—Li^ tWAi, 

ouDpa in Oulai aM 
ottvparpMia 
Ittl. J. BaRbiB. X(ir aaitb>nwl, Soalh BacfaiT— tapniTaciiii la nlln; •%■ 



im. J. AMo>,Jlui,BlMaB. B.lLnanaa,KU«nn'. T«u«.B(Ma. U.JJ 

urtT of Staabrd- " 



K, 



Batl, BIcUklib.iiaat BiMi>ft,aIllaA*aniiiT d Miderd— In)iniT*d laicbiiHfT fn 

bllKVllDUUaa 

nil. I. JalMW, ■aiT. UiMaWf^ lapnntamW appUoaUi to prlnUac tat drrlaf 

avviD Cabcloi and ibmu nalailalt 
KM. t. R- T^Hv. [jrxveal— laimnnmU apiiUsUt to tnnlUag «(■ >«4 Mut 

anwtBfa Ku Ui« biad 
liM. w.a.QM*.ai|hHolb>in~ta(nw«Ml*l»D>Htds«alat(l*aiiU>a(idaa^ 

toftalna, (OmUBlcsUoa ftM J. WIMi. PUidaMi^ UattalMaEaQ 
lUJ. W. Oaik, ClMKaiT.|»B«-liBpwaM»taltaf wfnrlairftlmatoMm w^ 

■ar aalM B«Nil4t, raaaiulmUia) 
Ittt. K. C KwiB. Biralukaa— iBtmnaali tti <iiandrtlw or MIut aadaal na- 

lUK and in ita Mliv >« Iba HiM 
Ita. K. C Saatt fnraUiitui— tapnmnMnU is iiskaa IV pi plfat ud Mkar fifaa 
vIBkta. {Oins«siaML«. 

NX). J nc>|*lMM.0Miaa'>-ls-aW-b<^aoiO.»<aia;llll>«Hl-laivn>Kw>Mk 

^?K?*!rt*1i>'llS?yiirt T!"" ■"" P.A.l>Ooalad*»»aMlBM«Ma.8-nh4»K>.FiM>«>T-I<a|««nnMI>lte 
nwo^ *** "'•-»™ "" I"'™ niMM tind<afMMarw^i«l«<atoia— wcfci VaaimnkaUDBl 

Ills. II. Ill li^ iiai Wiafiiilg tirn imli lii laiililiiiij ii>||iiilM 

hr umAIU nna bMlai 
lUI^ W. MMtodf^Jmi., Hi^hliifcLaiiaiihli^MJQ.taaid. ftaoJa^Mow W 

pmaiaMiM In lb miMMiiWIaa ivAanK abliA oU laipnn«a*Bta an *W vpltt- 

•Mt M altar ^UUw « Mln^ apiwnlai 
lUI. W. Tnd4. Harand, baguur— iB^nnoKaU is (b* Ifliot oT rv™ ■■ 

IbrradL aad la lu aMacatu ba urfonalnitta Msa 
lUt. Vf ■ FbHar. WacK jlto Mlfe Biadtenl-lajiiiiftMi la Uia aaUiia «f —Wad 

aad BwUasnn 
IIM W.BiaA, lland«oi.auaiiri— laniiinBialiiii|wniallB< and ainilrlm imiwa 



l>at Jfay Ik 
•■sad, DaUu rusndry, BMbnhim -Iminroaoala la hal iBd aalinU* 

Tiiidahwll. Xa* X«i«. Bruaalt—A sr> niliB of raarUiiRr Ha- 
■sUaaaoaSr Ika UmbM atrs of aatluc limUBt^O, asd nbUnf 
;1 af taMlw cUncun 

Kiw XaSnad, WaiwMaUn-bipunnaU la Uhu and >«H* 
Hatef, UlofUa — laprnnaaaU u ib oBuMnudoa af naAlnsr tar 

wS!^hSS\i>A. raJM StMM-tBtnnMM* Is mttUttrt IN kaU- 
n^ «*a aad dmOarMMaaai 
HiiflK wd vr. WUIaUU. Ola 
mUi, BanaT4UKt. Sinad— A • 
■Aoa^ csblalala. aad cMiar 

IK, Vmkj. M«r HtddanMcU-lBfrvMnaM la nttUMmr ora p fawuss 

■( Ma «aiw il voglkn ur Bttar tbn— iiiaasftwaa. » l» ismirtat *a 

■r nra hmi SKb ■aaaaaahaaataaor aatariak 

ippw. Wlai*iam Wart, SaUkMit— tMsnrcd BMUBiaT or appanlBi 

^ dnte. aad daanl)i(«an. taut, Bcnttaa liaaaa, aralktr ysba 

b, Tfiiltimtniii Iriiinii III lit ill Uw muobcliu* ^ ti^tm- [DtmBS- 

lanMi aad D. Bntdin, anddtnflplJ — Imnmr— lala la illat frsia 

|>««ikffsaella,«iintad, mUB, •iU.voiW riMi^ ; ~~ 



-lapr 



■ )B«aa«Nf 



,|Bpar.uao«a 

inooaa. Tlaa miai l«n«ini« I In Iba waatracHas d aU-asK. ^Unt- 

ji 

hi II mi all. Flail-aUval— InprsToiaBla la luaiAlnarT M b* otplofM hi Ibc 
Imt^t. lOomanuMaUsa IRoa f, A.d*Oiiawr, Pailt; 
(fcv. Dm Boon, Booaiua— ttDvrvMl UU-uIr larjwblle *«UAa 
«■«, WhlMAat^ la^ Inpmwd natrriat nvfaliBot Inaj 

pifjff^ JtfH IG, 
, taadd, CMstviarll—AmgdaifaliatUiiikaBdlHlotablsfsaMT 
•la, HnstMbam^Iunnttaial or Imnmriala In aaalBai tor nUsf 
- rUpidi 



■ti;. »'. K. TtMaa, naii^itjliai li 
■ngKlur. iCanmaalalkaj 



1^ 



•4 isalhad irf .evl^ or 



Iter* 



■ ■■a 1. faa nebtaW r— tB i B U i wa a a i la iha tamrmtoB at a ilUlDiEdBmr. 

tliat Maaai'niilBaL Wba ><ad at taaaoUas, te (fca dMribaUa (tf 

iHOra. or Uqaula, ud ■llbn aa a aM*ra paiMr ar ftr aartadMfklar at*- 

mm. .Cunnoaitiaiioul 

. Uran^ DitoDpirt -lupruinnMa In MpsaUa br ang||1ifl U « 

nra tor ManiB a<~l la •Moftac laUan aad olhar arthte 

Ufc tvx Hopt. Ikaada-lBpnmuana la Uta nanalMlaia ^ Mllaal 

nar. VnalhsitMoB>baitdlgfi. Cliaati i .ha»--laipniw«miu la lanaAf 
•sd tnnouoir IbaaolNfiu Miaar at i*aitd« and alba tlacaailal aab- 
■ d))ts«*Bdp>tailBt. ^fiaamWilBUai ftw F, Ultaobntlrb, UlMbanL 



BMadJtBtl 

)Uli. J. 0. ThIv. Olaw*— lapratsnaou b vMUac OMrtsla 

IMO U IJniUci, LundDB ■alt— lD>p»nnaalabap(iatBaulgf MbMla 

B( tloir 

IMI. C Uwauil, Hd' I.a1Iii«, PuW^OMalalsg i mv inn oT ablu M ilUma at 
BiaCDiaU and ottile or liui', or hj itHaaiaot mainaiia and sartoaUc M lad, is Uw 
■nl oaar a oaapailiioii •<! tiin\ miA in Uc ■eogod a evDraatlfon vf [aad 

IIU. W. Htoaoan, IJuAlaIl^ liiii:kliu{IiaiD>b[»->lBiprDnnHilt lu driUa Air tvalai 



Uiavi. AdctphI -topranmaia In sablof aiaslda Sm i 



ffS^*! 



•d Biaaad at onii^liif and miilaUnf aUpa 



, fWlliii liairnTimnali la riUsaj binOa 

Ij aad W. cnnn. W itrfcid— lapwamiiaM ta nacUwar or anaians 
ffMMiarUlaa 

4aar. Tbaiia^iaB. Bolbnn -tepnttauata U Itoowan i^iw isdiaaa 

^T7, Ktv(-<v*«4. Niruid-.lviirnTnaanU la nilJla fur fHndlif cam and 
nlrii--- (OuBmoaUaUtiB tiwn J. PtrrVauli, rruMi 
ValnnuuAar, fari*— InynncowtM ^p i>i)i« « MbM lor amoUii 
L3f#BtM, Ctiaxaij liim IiihiiiimiiiiiiiT ixi ilvt aauaflKiiai* irf buaa^ 
I Mbar sanriop lor iba IWi. rCtauaiwiaaUnivj 

laartH. aad W. Obaald, BwlbridHi akmoMar— lapntnaani M anlisi 
lOd la BBdnaan appUaUa Ornlv 

lark. CbJumrr-Uiia'tisproTaswitalfl Iba nusaftu-'tan of lUk. isd In tlia 
f vmi itenin. .fluwaskaMna) 

IMUi Mam I*. 
•Mtf. Ba«»km-l«p>«n4 fagMwlsf Indo for IK aad atbgraiAm 



•aada and dtpoallisii mu 
Uiy r. U. Panou. Duke 

U< rallavr rbium amt orhar arlldaa In nMUl. and Id apfantaa Iv thai pvps* 
km! J. T. wrt^i, awl E. 1' Wright, Rlimlniliaa— A uiv ot lapnnad BUidK>ws 

it lUba at wrario^ lie nlivaj infki aad oibcc ndildat. iMi^ and alkir Mck Iks 

l(n!!rTvrtfU* aid '. nsaoa. Walnrtanptca-Ko* M Inpniiaad nucUstiT IM 

atanphi (C nMst mMala 
I4U. t. B. Hlaa, agJ W. Ooiun, SoWlagtaa— Im p tw taia ti In taJllbf aaMatT 

tot Qm manubcturp at n^^^il n^iprka 
IH>. J. ft- BBfiadiii HHJ V- . Cuiiia. MUhauptN-tiBpronaaiM ta aaollhiarr k« 

abib^ caUu, asaHBiaal*, aud plaoat 
liM » PmTO"! " - - ■■ 



■in^ uaad tar 



■K'. 



Worids IbafflcU—IinLnutuinnii in Uia ■anhMsn of tM mhI 
nasnlMan at Ui> ntm wd itnuliats si aabriUu ud pan- 



. BHib SaathaaiMali, Ui 
lOaMtlaaiplBinJiana 



Uai(itWl.S» Vo'li. 



taaa, BltBiblbuii— !t*«st laptvHd grLndliif and ^ailubiiif maf hijKiy, ta 
k (br ■HKlaolan at Isliw. MMbMa^ fViKdv *ad wti-i •linilu unlcba 

r iM oabW (Uallc BahlB 



k (br ■HKlaolan at Isliw, MMbML fviKdL *sd oiti-i •linilu I 

v. tiraat Owrfii^ilne^ W<«oIiiaur-.Ui|«t«n«ii> U fanwcaa to 



lUL r BSkcta, )taliuD*iiun. H Ia rt ilrtan-roaJ — Im pr sTtawala la maoUaoT (H 

aiUnr mWm 
lUd. A.d>3dMMalb«^9i. hMrbsm— Inftonnonnin |**|wib( fiu^ anH ii s 

to Ida Manalkttaw «f aodlss acd p a ipsatt 

mt W. OtTOik Bb«la(b(m-Aui*«lmpn»ed uU, ([ilki, uMI, and naAlMtf 

ti* Duinlbcuriac Ito aaaa 
ll»( y, J. tt. Diiidalfc Baalb i^sat. Wmbury— laproHBiaaU In <la waaatoSiM ol 

toll btia wd btnaata 
liU. r. r.Owloa, toalbalreit, FhAuir-Imiinaomsla la nIfaRlBI papar aad 

laitlla fbbrls 
14H. & Tn>l^ Oldbui, aadJ L. OaandlC IlMKhaaUr-liaiwand aiipantaa (m 

(«altUnf Oa aUHdr and diailiato at «an>, sir, ««H(. aad olb« floidi 
IMI. J. taaUa. luscbaritf — Iniptoviuuia ia rniUlaian 
iM. T, II. ttsbaiU, PVaumlb— Idaclilunj ur appanU* to ihiiiliii ttv Inaidi at 

nubiandpiUKliauM 
l*I«. T. Sllnr, niladdi>Ua, VnlU-1 fulA -Impwnad aMam-iliw gannoi. 
](W. U. a da la Bam. Dial lUehfiEU MnH. ttmdlab^aan— lAptOTtaaaH U 

abialalat and sppMaa iai«ln smr, XVHnmaaHauaa; 

J. mi " 



P. L. IM Hpsin. BLikDia. riniiU— ImiirnTiiiDaliliiaapaiittBt NplataaeB 
"0 (larliiah and Is Uic uafAlDrty and apfMalwca au^ggid Ibart- 



IML J. FKIUpi^ 
asdpnpslUnf Uw 



atnfi. raKlaadnad. 
isnaa bod/ la aaiar 



-Ifwatd sppata f to wppwllsi 



RIUafaABcUand. UubaB-Ia|«nd>sc*-iiBlaiidnlcbat-bniwW 
Ian 
rbUabaad. RiiddfniWld— Irniiruvi-iuriruln Anil to Jaceaafd mprhaniviii 
■Ml Ul. lunOi, I>lU"iiiiiiI. Hid F A. H. tldlWT. Baium u>ii - lui . 
U la ndisa paper, and la tlii< ptii> or iiKUmnwiU to tba aaina 
, BaitOD. TpMidi. and ■!. Tji. IdotiaM almi— Inprvnnnit iii ptmlng 
Sal, b«ia|^ aad pibar ftbmu nuhaiaDDM 

Aeioa-fnaa. blkl-UnH— lapivHUBla tn aoap audilnv^u 



[sbti>.TiJ>iiai ipitiii liin iiiii laUianuBtKtanofsatallnaand 

fWMt wny gn. 

. Harrtaon, Waalneb— Impummirrou lo lAuliiiQtf Uctilb^ 'Ikitih^I; 
Vdla^ Mblda, Ua at W i|ki~iiiipfu>ad appanus to bniuiif and KtiiidiU( 



/MdadMapId. 
I«W IT I n nmin. tari I mil. ■Yiailriir I iintlinil nf lllia it |«jpilllsds 

waiii m Tiaiili ouiiit « on tba loitoa uf tbo ■alar 
I Mi. 8. C iibaaM and a . Vodtrwood. Srerthvic*. saar BriminhiB ttil|l" ■ ilTl 

ill lUiipl^iiiK bcllfn alU run. pnaniing abvin. aod muwmTb| iBtto, aad ■back 

■Hid tnipriinucuu an tppIKaLlr u aiwlua. iDeoMdaa^ AUmbJ, and a«bM 

bMm 
IM*. X. t'. Ovrtlmff, Barnndftpliea. haokbus— laiprnntoita Is prapari^ coabt- 

satluBiuf maiartalatowtnof nadmBiillnaiblliaorQlbar aaiada 
lilL W. Pu, Bualutnovc-ldcr, Ftsuta IwtBHiiBla In tb» iHostoUi* «t Mad 

pma 
Itri. II. W. I>lar. NorOiIk-«(«aani. Mjda- pait— la pw iaawils la ttu fttvasat 

■Af of nulaaja 
liD. 11 U<M. TriM. ata m a i -liiipiwtrf aJiatta M i M sa n lnn ar jxlaK patt n la K y 

appUubt* W acuMMial Inploamtn 
Jtn. B.A.lliva«aa, rtotflml-lmprvncaantalaMMpt. |0o— kWbi^ 
ltl(. H. J. A. Hula. Farta— fiBfrntnoarta ta pndulBf pa 



I 



as 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANU ARCmXECTS JOCRNAL 



Utt. a. p. bcbi 
I 






IDMUBUiOlUlKl) 

IM. J, T, Wkf. wilbHk'MMt— Impnnoaml IB Uu (utmlum* if iDip 

Iltl. C T. IL PiroB*. Ksvtog AhbM, I>in«uhlrr— Impmnl iptMniiu, 16 bi uBl 
to MUllyor puiunj NunUDi uj iwi of lh> bimiiui (nniA [iittWiu to ■ loiilal 
apciMlai. (Br tha pvpat at pDrformlnc Ui( hM vpfnilria mUiaBi pda 

DM, D, Cludwtck, SoUniil. uil U , PnM, UUKAoan— IoprQ«MgNti la kppuUgi 
to ni«nrta2nMiuiil«u<r liquid* ud|H,*nU(aMid« to ibrpairaM it lib- 
UlaiDf aatn pvoM 

I'Ml. J. IL R*M. OWtKMnM. Itol>daf-«i]uiua— tapranaw* In pnpiUlic itaipa 
or Ttmtlt 

li-U-l Api« 14, 
ml. f, WilKo. lUaihlaD IMIi Iblk. dhi HuhJicMu— ItsiinnMiabi in tLmum- 

(kour* gf nlMiU «)D(niLUMia 
Iltl. B. IM, Btt KimiJl antt, IMiaiHnlmii— Imiiraiaiwito tn wcUag «nd otlm 
Br«4fmi 

DoM JAu 1. 
Ilt'l r. A_ Butwo. O. Uiv. ud a CUrnj, fiili liiiinuiMiiaiM IB Urn piulueUun 

i-ao, S, lUiMlUrr. BlurkharD, lAusililn— ImpnnuHiitt tn prapariBf w In aitcbuiHT 
All [npulug |oxt» ui thlESdi Ibt ■nvliu 

113], X, A-Blu4]r. lUllluan, UurUnil. United «Mw-~laip<«nd Bad* of ouiuliUiiji 
wdnOlDi lb*|iIMnof biHisfwiUciillaoUi 
/Mat Mif t. 

IIM. S. HUWs, A]1>l«MnM.ll«(kul-(nM— Iraiminnniuu tnrnuM 

IIM. A, A. Di B. Iklr. Oiliinl-Mnit— iBiiioiiaaiia t^ilUBMa In llw Mmint oT fiu 

tni. r. B. Juui^ ClapbunrUs-'tmiirvnil i;Tim|ia>llii]D la Hit puilu« uT «rW 
•r pnmillBf Uw ab U (bHp Hud lintii,*)il(<ialllUMcnalljpnmi>WllK(n>Ui 
•I At ■osl, ud dMtnf Ueb^ IIa^ ud oltor annU or iBtunUlcB. fcMp (te iMu 
■iu Mil haalih7. ud «n Ilia iii iiwi Is honn, dOM. tai Mm uIimIi 

UU. B.Lart. HI|b«lnM,ttfmsId— lapnnaaita la aalNklBa.mtKaaM^ earth 
tadaw^nW Dittaflali 

IHO. A, J. riatnaa. Sdliitmii«~Inii>»vad aalbei a4 onatnicU^ uid prufnllUii 



IMl J. a. Oi— haw, CbtlmdMd— Uapnaraan* in aUniiii afipuiHu vhgB uliif 

■iKMcraraM* 
UU. B. 0. ''V™'". PhDidalpU^ Pnltad nuo—lBininwHBl* ta lnWlB( bXT 

ud aOj •ntntuoa 
IMC w! K WU>r. 0<. BiBptaO'Mraa. BlnilimlUB— luprvMNaBk U bona sr 

naa* to Hnulniu ooed)», l«di Eiir i<udU, pdu^ wd aU»r ulldia 
IMl. P. FalrbakiB, lMd>, ud T. UinilVD. Bitiiifbioe, uaf UufJioaiai— Impran- 

BaaM la aicbloxfT f« bttkUug &u. btu)|iw iw. ud oUar Dbroiu maMiiala 

lUo. J. Put. PrMoo, LuKBdaln— tnpmiaiii'uiu in ihn aiali taal*. wul miukemi 

tnmitgniu 
lU). A. Ouu, Cum>i>»row, dfrimvidt— IminrDindaUlBltiiiuUacotiiUUiidaor 

■afc hndi^ ud DalU, to inMcit] (brnra ud Irolu 
ml J. Mukj, UThlinAupaJ'niad— ImpnivaaKDU In Uit omtnicLlDo anl motif oT 

amlrlnf aaaaa ud oUiai LoUUdm uu£tiiti« to bntnlna. oupsoilii^, lumBlm. ud 

■•Vliii>( i«i im ^ aba ta gnanlliiK, iruimiMiii, tod tfijiiit aalift foimliii 

Ihii tunc 
IWL J. I)u»i.nl, Jan. lod W. Bm>viI. MutM-|ilv>. Ink. SUSsidabln-lApnw! 

aiipanUu for lijd mAHnfi-^lara -t cJiw** 
Itta J l.**h«, ■■ntliUJ.*irif(- -^mproiTiDpnu Lu hpprtiatiM to Taolilatlnjj linllilJnei 
liu. J. T. Wii. WiibKk lUHt^lDiiiuniuDui' It abWulat lUbi \ij <lecU'idtj. uul 

la mplajf at Ucin w aMainid to UfbUuiuMi. ud to tltUi( liipiaU 
IW J. A. Patlri, Parts— IiHpnmDKgl* to aaDUluit mUaj tuwk* 
!•! B, Dartai^ Laada la^iniwd autrwiliin of immin eaaca 

JiMf «ur t. 
IMl. J. Vacnro. Sag Vlfiusr. pjulc— Inprond loklat ud iunplii( aiMkina 
ISO). L. la OwmUbi OMam, WUukr-rtn**, Uito<l-<m>i~tiuDrDvoiii«DU In aUUt 

SaUaa 
HM, W. WnUD^ WunlBC— ImiavTvil mnhod of kjlDi; wifaEiiarliLa l<la|i*ph cablaa 
im. B- R. tbuK SbuAold— IspiamMBU ta auia |ctU> 

fiutrif Jfa< «. 
ItJo. ft. BMctflf, uid 4 Hinnl^. rndUi^, V^rr^HAmvblr*— lEfipra**dD0nl* Id urlion 
Itn N. T R-ipu. Ll"r|iail^lir!in»rainiu lu itniiiiiilan or forUUk l».|iriiiBa. 

tSlO. U. Bujprtli, AilBl^|.|Bri«tia — UfijirotEd ipiuvrMu to IBtidac aui] Itoallnf 

ToaMa or utbor b«i7 bnllai 
13H3. O. T. HvwAcUh jAaglilnttPiifb park. Drtitpin— Imi-nttanaau la ttacfaloHT to 

pulniliiac dM and Mbst HibaUiwiL sOuiuimJcUuiii, 
IIU. W. K. 5aMiB, Ohnaary.lu*— Inpnnnd nidriaNT to B««toilar1i« papH, 

lari 4 vbMIi la appllcabla In olVr pwvaam (fliiniiiiailnllniil 
IMl. W. K. yavUK. CluwT-lain lM|miT»aaBla la hiifea n dien. utoh ud 

uibM imrTAVK. [Gmaajbbka^iA? 
13U. r M. Krbnb,<UI>^°4UT«i. UlddtaKl— ImrroTfliieultln tnacliluduit Ira- 

IV4- p. A- 1* 1.>mdU ila rubLaiDaiaurYAu. Ljudcin, i^rla, aad niiiaaah t>>|iniiiiiiiiMla 
tu tka ^iTrvnUiLm of ^ma Mii iLt^jnrtniArj •ninUoaBa iBffu/aJ. ^CiiuaiiuJcBilau} 
(AiUf Kir T. 

IW. II. ICackvank OUAo. (lla(Mii*anblrv--lai|)miinaiili In iba dajalOalloo. 
IKiMBltoi, ud DHUnuC uT nlatftl anbaiauoai, aHoa, and Btniaa dudari. ud In 
ra*H*lBg Bad depe rt U in lucb aobriBBcBt^ ud In oucbufrr biuI ftp|Ara<iia to auob 

tmTtHtOMm. fladdNoh, WonaaWiUn-tmiiFDnd Dnbad al pap>rlu| oanUi^ 

ar HaUawp naadlaa Jk lala 
l»» Wf.C AMoin, Xe« XorU>nad, TiUBfUi— Tha tnboto bIhUc toNuc aad 

>i<i<l topiBilanifnr>iUii(Dlliu*Bad BtlMtBgdi. ud olbir Vvswata 
IIH. C-T. BHiU. Bam«.aiKIC[ne«rukl>»l(aMHUl— bqnnoaBialBairt*- 

nauB to b* EiB|flarad IB Uio l^af or alnkiiig of nbinjutDa 'itTapb nbtaa 
IWI. L R IMUuu. Raaai^MN— laDnMnmu M orwBBaA^I Mci^ ddaiL 

u^flaai, ud dmiUr prodaM, I7 DtbopvpUc Cluua)»lllkapB|iUc prlaU^ lod 

tlH, j CI»»toil. illu^s— Ininananiii lu hMUnc wd "nkluc t|ipaniyi 

IKId, W. a. CboilHldca. UrlKol— Impnnel TuartiUxr} to •Inunvlnt cm ud aapa- 



tlutm HBf %. 
IHI, t. 0. B. ffanlvBrd, Hmiu-ltinm, Old KtM Botd-lsnatlDu s( mndidne 

to Ui> oar* al druHr 
IMl. C Tiflaf, hpuonl— IiBpnrmaDlB in Iba muuCictan tt lAaaU of Dutanal 

■aliaUa to «B»ailM , A»n^ and to mbiw oaM nipaaaa 
IMA t.U|*u,*nlMml, na>biiiT-lMvra*adaBav]iUink<aa)|nBd 



IIM. J. W adilnlnipr. Ormn ftiglh LunMh-trnptmnanta la At 

anrniitaawl boM-uidailur boolA. i(\'niinmiig>il'>iii 
IWI- L. KalBOBkann aad A. PUBtmaaUp MMUcbnter^-lBpfufHaaDti IB 

voNB bbila ud Abrau BuUatab 

IMIM Mil 9. 
110T. VT. Gkprar. MtBdwato— iMfuraudita in bucIiJowt to PiBitU 
lUa. a, Bsppdl. UUoiaur. IHaSbcdahto— IminonaHinta In >aallliia( 

fdob lib* flluaa 
IHt. W. Mflidun. PanUiiD. WanlaB, XoHbalavtoi-rrMliif Uia HMftti a( < 

duib. tlnon, uu) all Mbir <ninn) tibflBi. abu <4 wtrj ■l>MTl|4laa al laaaalal ar 

hhlcb A Birun sn ba aBavafti 
1110. J. It rnadt, OwiMM-ainn. M. liaMn% and X. Onl, Minwl iiwip. taa- 

•imt, labuKtaa-OBipnitBwiia In tba aiaaui aud appanna anphwi to >~ 




nil. W, P. Mlln. OutoDuibiUlM. IWTr-**I*. ■ri<*nb>D- 



■JapiBiBd (M«» r awl B i 



tIK. J. B. KioauttT, Krvnaa^tnow Ottorl-atnai— InpnanuBla M 
nnndiif pafiag bbxu and othar anrliait 
III. P. WaiUiw, Vu«grtB Woiti. MicbBldi; aur UvnlaibBiB— Inpav 



111 



ukchiuary touialiiiii rt'tai, bulla, uil >|U1iaa. lOuiB(DijalriBiinii 
lilt. A. V- Bow. llwk-lua.-lDipiVTioMiila In emmlBr ImHbiB to <ainln 

and nUirr tDb« 
nil J rjiD, nmlMi-tDWnniaiBiBU Id uaehiatrj la bt *B|4fiMl n Iba walH to 

raiBiEijj 41J1I liiBeriu ntoila 
UI1. if ttuilM. CHDtulil«HtrTc< 91. Iteinws ud K. BhUo, Or»a. MMbwart— 

luipn/TTd DXMf 4I pnTToUiig Uv InimuUUuD fl( attain boLkn 

IMtt Mnr II. 
UlT. K, Wiltoa, PaUlmtL Btar Mtattaalflr— Impm.amanl. In mBtkA ni y <b ilfBra 

Ma to rtlalBi ar toidw Md* 
Ul«, J. J- M)Mi^ P u la awi. toniliaapiiw— A in» inrth.»l vC n T i<iBla» paftod 

all 1.1 he jjrinlad BB BBB BT bptii afcdaa^ B* BiiA bj cyllndgT pnnilm ttia dri aM^ b^« 

nl jntilf*. wlM^tV lb* pnaaM *aata <( papat I* pnpBB n( inluttof li - ■• ■ 
lllv. A. lii'MHi. VmmsAwr, MUp^ai^ad—laprond v(*i«blAiM 1 

to ■iiAT. «i**«i, or pa 
IJIP. C W. NlaoiaiUL Jabn4lr*«l. A'Inlpbl— liBprataupijIa |b 

BppUatU"B tl IwMad cunDI* 
IllL J- Uillar. No* Idnul. Unarkiliin— lupmonniii u til (Baa (r tftm""* to 

labricBtlBf natbiniin 
lin. X Millar, K>b IJuarK. Innarkilili*— tiDpniraBnw invabiriBMan p"*. tad 
UU. W.O.B>irn8i.aiM(u>~Iup»in(HBUiad«lBtaraW|Vifta«biUltt 

«hn r«iuUslia 
UM. J. D Wncfebn. Utobtod llrtito^ iMinaUn iBpinmuiiHa In ito ii Biii fc 

lure af raUtim ar OTlliidn^ Bo ba eBldoTBd to pMiAl^ BkUaa aad olbar turfbcv 
UU. B. Pil'<u and i. EUL Oldhui. LbbohI 

nrl^ratua to tplnninf cnUfm and atbar Bbmi* labalBBMa 



■BtkaalaaUi 



iB BiaiJUaitT ■ 



I»i. A. BiUleEI. ClM i f m att. PlMadlUr~I(Bpn**aituto Id siaaotoiiB. 

uUm baa J. BMtor. X«w VoA; 
HIT. A, V. !(twUu, CbiBOHTtow— tmpnmd aBfUotaj to aalUiil 1 

nnukMlaa) 
IStu. IL A. DroamBB, Vl«al4lptal — liBprovH) lannualn apparaliit to mil apl i^t 

uarj road^ [QavtlnaakaUiinj 

ZtaUdMi*lL 
1111. f. CotlarllL Knnlafbui— A DcaorlinpninidtnalbadnrpnnMlBglbt pniit 

lA ar^Btrr tok^ and nibA- CBai4<oliiji> 
Tftf C A. Bulvun. P&M*^|jibujviatm<nni In naarj rnjlptt 
1111. IL <' Oartioriino W id'^w ■L' Pirn 1 , ParIa— tmptovnBfOtt In nav-bi^ 
lUL t. We«lAk>. llrl.Uo OHunU— ImpnnsawoM la «Hilia. mfimt. »t 

drantni om al iittltortod Ub, aupfat, iMd. tlltn. aad olba laaMBlh nn^ M' 

tubiKaboaa 
lilt J.t> HahnliB, LdiMaraqBUW-laipranMault Ui lbs MilrmyB tl tiBf 

apfAvaniAftirrallvBjtQffJBfBud danlagaa 
IU1 W. II Ilailita. Uorbr, and W. H. MUh Ocaal OwtiatUald, Wa 

IiiiproionKnU m ibt nmuint «a^o( lallnri 
lUI. T. lBiuten.Rbi>rwtratC tCa>-«ik biiJk. WabclltM. LaabMMwiaa^ . 

Impranamnla In BppatBlua tot disulBf nB nxor u-l uibat toidt 
IXII. J. C. DubnK ivia— iiaproniDiaiito In nalnn 
1»1>. B. A. KntiiBU. ritai-tiiaat— liDpnininHnu in >li> nFrjianiM <l Mt4, a>4 m 

Iha •Ualini ur DUantoXaiC nl IJTBk lUana. uJn. audulhri tollnp. COMMUIMB' 

IMi< 
1110. J K. Cmbnnik OtaaiDir— lapraramaiita la liw iraalausl « ain^ilaia ¥ 

Qruaintiiul Cibrto 
IMi. 



Ml. ff. K !C«Btoi, Obauoarr lu*— ImpfOFanMOIt la toaaOB umilaMf ailaftad ■ 
th* i[«DtnulnD dF aiqiiD to Bujilva piiwar, but appUsablt la faruMta M Oiaar pal 



(■ 



puwra :i>>tniDnDlra(l^i 
III). W Uuacf , and J. Smlih. Nrvpstt, Salop— laipnntoiaw la 

Bitiitfhlna and oklUfatlu^ laml 
. W. >Luw7. KiBporl, talaii— IniimiiiaDte u tiicuiat to Iba . 

lud It mwu ponr 

ItHml M* 11. 
tMt. T. BrUSti. WundtuHiwIaoa. Inda, and J. Starh?. Parkw iHaal. Unafail- 

toipriimnnnla In ma^lnoa to irB»bliML vnnfbif, ud mati^lDf 
III! * Vi-ldhaiB. BlaaOWdglwal— Tbtbalbat iMiKaUoa and arwM— « at tt^m 

t« t...k. i.r all IcSnda, 
Utn. W. W Ikninar, Polhaai— laTaBtloa at a (toubsl cmtAilUMi (t Bpol Is It 

ampMad Id Uaa nf nr Is ba •ubiiHslad to aivnl, MiUr. iml unuV and. ^(b» 

aantoUm' 
1)11. K. Klai.l'OlDO.plBet. Qti.nad— bapronBiaaklBlliii nuinuCaAwaaadBitk* 

Una of ulpB to baallii paipawt 
lit). IL TnlWtD. Liodmi. and J, MUdMoa. PlnihuiT— Impm^rBitiiii inidB 
IMt. A, Plituibbon, Cinada- taptOTMBpnu In iht fuiiu <J 'aUi to aia la 

udmaiBaja 
1IH. B. R. yanU, OaUthtad. Dutoni— IinpnniTnicnta in Uir uiaaalbBUaa «( *lF 

lUudi to atoutfltl pmipatat 
lyt. R. U. Hbji. AmrfnaMa. taaaaUf— IttpronaBaPla la aatblBcij or ap|Btaf It 

prlBlliu itnTaa or Mwd Wvtea. .'CMnnBa l aB lb iB; 
nil S. Ajtr. rpptr KbiUT'tlniH. PlmUon— iBiptaiiuMBit In (iinnawtai < 

!<■;■■ and luif tin aliti Uitlr ksoba and bandloa 
lUSI. J Pfukv ^TiEM^IuiprviraaHDbtlnlbamunfbcleib at cat 
Uil. M lli'iiri. pIi'i-atrMi -InpnrTTOoaU bi Bladlu *«t, ud hi Uit 1 

(oiplinBJ ibeniLn, pan cd ataL'li It appUoaUt U qiiuiilim BHcbluarr. 

U4U Ipm JduloUau and Oo^] 
UM. J. nildlnt, Aaliinn undH-I^Do— [inpmranuBii laappBntoaafpbeiUtUMaB 

pipaaurnlluii-i'' ok-i to butiof ud dijliig, vUcb lald ai>pania> Mf laMt 

latlr >iBp!nr«1 *bi»iF( itMnili Qatd totneSpoIlaic 
IIM W A. AldnrUiu. DricbloB— liBiinmlBiailt bi iplodlai to doat licb^ latAn 

Bad «btt •linUat parpatot 

M<inf Nuy IL 
IIU. V.toiMrtnr, lMi-«*H,SlnBd^lB>)iiuTgBMuta fa) tte uiBobrMat rfttr 



THE CrVlL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL 



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UW V.lbHM ma r. WMb, Kti«rtM-Hm-lUU~lB|>innMWi ia «aw pU»- 

4il(M wuMam 
Um if. AOIif. CnyJtn-liwi' w ^n l» If ■hf 
Un. «. Bjda ud J R}«i, DwUar, Woiwtat— lo^tfttnoak Ik Be a«Mre<tIOB 



1M» D B. 



' ud U llaiH, MtachaWr — laipnma*au Ln iIm oMtlkiun sf 



^M^ ililrt IWatOfl, and Mliflr uildb ^ mulbf upml 
IM*. <li. Ourtad, kdUMrib— lainnaraM In iiiuu'lurta* 
UM. J, <l«TiM»a. OUwi*— iDpnirdMeb la ll)^UDg iiawtmnli oad piiHfM 

k WaAao f Ww iid. pvtTAln— IiB]m*«d bkUmij m ap- 



UM. ft gJ^iuiilL waMo I'sdavHd, twbj 
BHsU* fcr nddiw UiM wd olbw MtUn 

U&T J. 8kNT«k%C>n( Hatof, Uaaitaj»-ti 
■Mv hr f)«riH tifKto. UK iBd aik« bImUi 



I iiiriitilii lm[iiii rw w<li la laatWMiy k appa- 



jtincto.uiKi 

UM. D. ■ndi^ CUwdaa, WanUk-A niv s f |Mn d «tlw Iw laM^ m 



MkwnMrta 
IMS. J. Out, KUIrl 



MS. J. Ck(r. KUIrliMk, MB* DVMi 
kHdiOH lak. kM|i, ud albv ttevH ■ 
NIL C lanMoiB**, MnWuilMW. aad J, 



ami Indand-lapwi— all la IMrtlnwr Iv 



mm. V ■»<».»-, »Bm.«^«. aad J. OaH^aiU, Maitetf . Y«kkU*-boint*- 
•Mu |» i>»A1i>H7 far nUliit ijrM lad kasia tx nilwiv aod Mbv alm^i, aad alH 
fliaar WIMIh Bade •( li^aadMHl 

K't. J » >l< ■■■■!. fbtta Fmiilij, BaUiariiaia— La(nnDiaala la bal and uilftUa 

11' I U. /. ViBdtttaM. Eur Xfun. Bruaal»~A nav tfUta tl HaAbafX wv- 

■l*>H aliBiillaiuiiauj Uu llrM-Odd lOxt uT caaUuc vtaUtfttB, aad robiUc 

It y-t ft PiinUnt AwkImi 

tmT W. HT Klu^ XaUwHiiI, Wucdtaunldra-lmnranaMDM la Ulai lod Msnt 
tni. r.Wldtakar. Ulofuo — lapramaiDU ta tta cwatrartliw vt buhKIhij far 

•aralac *ad tBMvblfrliic 
Wc ft. P. Wattar. HinTVork. Colnd ilaaw-IiwwiMi b tia^MT to haU- 

>■ Md laaitia g*w Mid «liBl>»r igadw wd 

im. I wMUi.^>a«»«w.wma«iiiti.Oh^ii» iBpuwinamaMartag 

tn«. H. itkntdt. Suinj lUHi. MnBd-^lBwaMBialaatoaavanMiv la nUau 
aatrtHf a. aaMthi]— ■ oMakia. anl bAb ^Um. lat la IbaMna lad patdfc 

un. P. CaW. Uiwlff. n«r MB<J.nfl.4d— liafi-DTMM» la wa J daii j afacfia'ai 
tM fhwuri^ Ur raMi •! aiUlHi ui vilKi lUvaa -— »m«— «- |gr nmrrnt Ua 



««* gr aMv «»»• ftvB lach I 



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Ur« K UHrpM- WiBihvtot akart, *»Qttwi> Ii»po»ad rtMaiij k anKiaiua 

!■ aaitlaB. diilaa. lad rt ia a .^ tan, wad. I fct dfa n »»a^ ar aUitr pja. 
im. B. JMJi. ■'liJniMin ln|-iriii[i'- la Ua ■BBulxmia •( lia«ia lOwa- 



um. W. UanloU aad D. SOfdM. BaddrnMl— tHiunranaBM la hiilHi 
fMw *■ wntHm ■aallw. — «i*id. oaooa. allk. or aibf Mftat, fatwr, aad < 
MtMat 

an. ■ .1 nuMaa^rtiilMiiii Imi linrin rfiiiliiiiMi ii if ill rin ih» 

■Mltamaj 

un. L A. Bnsmaa. Haata 



dB( a( tocar ,<kiBBigiiWaiue (ma I*. A, da OaMv, PaMij 
rTVartR. a^lMM llau 
nin^ Wanva^H-iaad' 

DoUd War It. 



tDnunmola la BUfMacrT la ka naalonl la lb* 

ua— tKi|i» 
inpn^v^i 



UH. F.fraitet. I^BatllaMaHca— laiBwrnl Wl-ialalnrpaMmatitriii 
UM. a. BroHB. WMIa^^iaad— taptwd matwlal wmfflilln 



UM. C W. BaaU,Ckahra*U-Anad*g(«uailitn|biaXlaaUlitil>nl1wT 
UM. II. Jiaa, MnolafhaB — tapntnawal oa LEiiminuauU la aaflaaa Im taliM( 

taMMdOkvlMaUa 
na. B. Tnaaas tH a tl ii lrr l i ti i f iiiaiia T la Ihi oaMnMIn (f ■ iMIu dnaar, 

anitoaUafaaU iMai TiMfnri, Akw Iwd <r laeimUn, *v A* dMiftalM <d 
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a Hliiaia feraani- aa<d la a«is|ilet Mtva aad aUar artldaa 



UM. i. SIUk rut Uui^. I'uada-lnipnfrauHela la tta BiaaBbcWn «f MMdal 

•MM 
OM. a CMaMT. aMIfeanMBa-l 
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■■balMUfL Cbuon-kn*— IiWcnMMl* I* L 

I iMiiiHiij lain I iitamliln aiil Mk« UacMkl OTb- 

• ftrdrMvMdfMMW (OaaiaaatMlaa fraa r. IIMaAMlIgh, tllMbnK 



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X. Olla. J<n>r— In|(vrad aiBUnd of propaUInK and ?aiiUlaUa(*U]M 
IMI. W. Bill. OaiUila— ImprvnnKWiti In nll*i)r tmski 
UM, IL UnWaad W.(Vm?ai. Watidclil-luiiiRKnuEuUla BachlaaroraiiMMMa 

dHsMlactintti Ottilia 

/tatad Jbj 1*. 
UM. ft. IKiiiM. Iteilaa-lBB, HuDwa— lB|inirMiical> Is ImDwBn l«M'M|laM 

l ^^ immli ait m) 
IIM J. >*riT. Etaaainoi. !>lniid— ti<ii>ciFHBKiii> Is mill* tat (rtadtaf turn Md 

■dliar Ba •atauaBM. lOiaBUDHauia Inni J. IVrnBuUi. FnoMI 
U»«, E I. ralivcaubif . Fwia-Iiii)icv>ciucal> In »i|™ c utiB 'W •mUiid 
UBI It & Xaatat, UiaaoHT'law ~ Imvieimnil* la Iba laaBafoiun at hwiK 

dwia. aad MIm oMwInti he Ua laK. iCtooaMMauni 
UM. J. Avpiakr. (ad W. OlMld, IMMdM Oha wn a - InptwaaiH M ev4tt| 

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ttm. W Cbat. Cbanow ^laa i liapniaiaata Is Uw oiaoabrtun of •«». ud la iba 

r--r'-^r — "* — " lOmwmTMHiM 

itn. J.Oar^M.taaaMU-taMandnfWniictiidaftirnauilutbaiaiaan 
ItOl r ir Ka;a, Su«lkaiii|iliu^ LnoilAnd. >>■ Vwt. Oniwd MUMa-tapmv- 
lati apphakla W aiplulia thalli 

b* aaal la ika auiluun a( kWtaik aaMuta, awinliL aad oltin Uinilu wildat 
Itut. K. Jl. Otarw. 9tm» Otm^iulm*, WaiUolaaWr - tapjurranaiiti LB IBnasaafcr 
VMlaaiJt asdDUin«la«ii'anlda 

tU. J/F. !■. l.«sD|«ni'. Kuliba.riiuda— t«i(v»aiiiii»>Bia|iandli»iataUaMa 
rf ilirMail naiiliniiialii ■nil la rtiMBjilniif ml ifiiii'ii rlil < ttirri 

[.J Bwa. MIAo^a AatMaat Owtaa— Inlimad mraatt aaJ latAW-traca W 
. aoUM*''* auu 

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Itoa. J tl tie. bJI. EarM. AaMMrbod, lad P A. M. IId>>«, fto»anMn-lB> 

wniBBiaia ai lallu p*»«, aad la Ihr f<M ■« iBatnsMOU fcr tlw MIM 
l«M. ' W. BaTuClHaiA, aodd. P^, lAB»atd<tnM~l»)ifin*iBrai la rnmlut 

aad <nrtU Ou; Wap. •>■< iiU« timu lobuimiM 
Itin. M- tTfeaUirf. A«»* yjwi. WuI.lkao-lKipwtiMaB to la laati Mdd n ati m 

•n^anUiiai ampiaiidi 
141 1 L. "nildaa. Tralilnj n-iirr Irum— rniT- la Ua laauabftan <■( lalaUiM tn* 

ilai 

ruaM Mv M. 
Kit. 1^ W. NHnHB. Waolvuh— iBpvnuHaMa tt vMalnlic tl(bi >v fJanitrllj' 
Uli. J ltaf«(T.»Uda.U(<idM>fUv-liuinii«da|i|aialaBlut WoMi^aadtTUHlUc 
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d>(»i|i> Tn Idtlm aad Uaaa CBanUn. ["— •™-"-''t ^— ' '^Trl. tr-'t. 

aad J. OSiraitaB, Braaa) 
llin. A. A. Cdir, MnUMbao— XnialaravMdaodBitgilaiep 
KIT. U Kwrb, a■al^iinn aad r. A. XMb, Ina« Tnapla-UilKlM <W raUto 

na-teopa la ikt djbaaad Mna 4 Oraai MiuId and inlud b; dacMUy. aad Iw 

MralDiMT «ad aa tta |m ta laiaa «liaiill«w«™ii 
lUD. J. lathalltlat. Ttm laipnwaJ sudilnn (ur Biouldlni aad fwiaiiwlad Md^ 

tUfLawl mbw bMM» madr id »ft attUitilt 
im. K AMla. XaiOi-abtai. Uawlutac— UupniraDunla la mmpi In AntMg aad 

«bai |>oipsaat 
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oal> 
im J AtibM.lDo.DiWaa.B.H. TlHDiaa.Xld-Ton.J. Taa^BIMaa, W4J.I. 

Hunl HliMlaHininrWlTt-n >lltnt>i mufirj rf niBlfnnl Inmmit mutimuj H 

Uagailaflna 
KM. t. ttkmt, Bon, LantaMw— Im graitrnv i M apidlcabk to prlaUts aad dJtiMB 

«vt«B Tabrla aad dbnua oalarlala 
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iBflmwa (OMnnNlfBilimllwJ.miam, HilMMpklfcValMHi^ 
lltl. vr.Oait.CkaaonT'lM*— bapnnwBMtalntlMiniMaUMafiWadna^aM- 

Iv KDad MiT4lda. iA*fnTmr'**'*'^t 
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bM It aolooi fbr ^ pipat aad utbar pIpH 



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pnrrria ftird T i l a f M M irr Tupantfar la l f a fiT Bt rrTM ^OoBDBalaEbml 
lUX "•' "Tiin. IrflTlrl iiiai llaiifiliirtir fTrmrniinli In aiiililnrrr rrarTiialin 

IMA vr. (UaSlUdkjBB.. Uichlui. Unaadil'^ Bad O. Baad, IWraJwHaan—lM- 

pninn ■■! |g IW eaaMTKUaii ol aliarua. obIcA lald IcnprwaniiaM an alaa afpB«- 

aMa Id cCb4racllalUif at fUrrtaf apvamaa 
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iknadi, aad la ibo ipaamna Itac laiftnglaa >bt aaoa 
tlW W, raitsr. HaiA^iM 1 

kut aontlHrini 
IIM W. Bax^, Uanb 



finditid-^lapnauataH la iba B^laf tf aiMMd 
W i ll Wd Iwi a n iiBBBtolacw aimMdappljlt»*«W« 

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Kw 11. tinia*r,Uindcn-atll'lnpnnD«UlBBf|anwift(UdleBlti«tttp«aVi 

nil. C. MnaUri. Ron LaBn*. Paria-OMalatlc a MV •an ■< ablk* b> allliai* rf 
BWDatoandoililiior Uof. vbrtUlMlaof BwHaUandcattoBalaat Igad, taUa 
tnl eaai a eoBpoalliim «r linn aad In iti* HiBia ■ ennpialUHi af Itad 

IIM y naiuouD, Uutoda, nullatbuntlilrv—lnpnnaBanta bi driUi fa Bffate( 
•«4a uid dopnUlBf Biaava 

IIU r. M. Fanou*. Puk*aiiaaLAd(lfU--ligp(vmtiaoulD BtblD( OHnldabraal- 
bifl nllaai ibaln aad ndiar iiutlaa la stUA aad bi appandaia ftr ibat parpiaa 

llltTj T. Wrlghi. aDd X I' ITiifhi. 8lrailii|lna— A DaworlapnttdaBBulhcMt* 
(d «tnab> M onailaci fa nllai]' mcta ud olbM i^klc^ itcto, aad MtaaaA Ik* 

IIk! r. WalM and J, naam. WdmbiuiploB— Nt* « Infrmd niirlfliifj fa 

dMmploi at nwif mMala 
IMA a fl- BUM, aad W. Onum !l«MB|kaB— iMfnaMMI* la tailiui« laadaMrT 

fa Ui* Banalbclan at rflArd frfariiB 
lt». J. I. .IbMMaa and W. (MM, BiiBlbamidnu lLi(imMnuta la mUMm to 

tba BU<ABaaa( Bb bhI 
■McbBi tl ontnUu aad paM- 

■uU 
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ntkiit bmlo 
lUI. A. d( MaMMtad), M. IWaWban— JapiMiaMBiii a In pRparl^ IbMf 

tor ihD uiwulMnrt of oaulka and potpoaaa 

tUUd Ibftt. 
liU. W, CWraa. lUnDUfbaB— AaaaarUBpnmdBldliflkti at Inll, aadi 

fa BHaatoturlBc (Im aaaia 
lUl. 31. J. U. DuiilaU. SeattidnM, rUMboij— lapmwnnli in Iba BiaafafBi* tt 

IM bala aad bDaaalt 
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laaiUt Ibbrlfa 
11*4. K. Tiatla, Otdban. Ki J L. CwacUIU. MaiiilmlB' l^nmd anatMa to 

rq[iiliiM(lbaMjitdf aiid4iiGiiHxa ui bkb, an. ■Uai, and oUmt Iowa 
IIAT. J- "v^l'^. Ilaacbwtti -liflprvTrnntuu Lu nuUJaBan 
IIM, T. H. Kobana, Pljoinub— MacUnaij tt appanUu fa rhaii1i| At bwM tf 

Mabaaad i 'in^r'f** 
lUA T.niTn', Pklladilpblfc TolMd iNaUt-l>Bnw*rinau»(^Ui*«»»ia«. 
IMUl il.adelaBMW. Piaal TtidiMdtlfl. Oaatadl'b-T'Mf-linpii'iBtMi la 

ehwalw wulapeMB(iDaUiapa*w. 'OooBimtoiUoi 
lUL J. rbUllM, abMan.•lM*^ rmMad-iaad— tapand ippaFWu fa npfirtta* 

and pnpdUm Iba baiuaa tndr In < 



rMMatafU. 
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IWA W i. Rftadd, Btfl'i-awl. WaMala>iar-ABMbat(d«ainM«pnpiUI>|A 

V4^l ur vaataUlHU lid <it ca Ibe auWn nf Iba aalar 
ilia. 9. l:, fltaiardandO. 1IadH«ad,BniilIiTlak,Doar Blinluli^-4«(nai-«««i 

la nppljliijf bolUr* alth vur, r-nTratinif tUaiu. anJ oinjiiivTqf aoKOLn. aad abkb 

iaM ]ni|i(vtantaiiU *m apiilWaalt 10 ballaA Jnvninci'v. bUUdioo. aad ttkm 

bdllan 
III). IT. I.'. !t|DHlii»T. flam<ida-plB<r, r-jliani liiiiBiiiHnrnii la ftttumiamlt- 

hUiuu ••( uiuMala fa oaailiid aaodaB aad Ina iblpi at Mhw •««*)> 
HI). W. Piu.anilvia^W'llar. rnaDa-UwvtaBcBto la Ita diMiiBMWi al Marl 

llitn. W. lylar, NoiUk'Vainnl, Il)d»pui— ImpfDniimali b (ba [iraM r i i 

n;id raUaiifa 
liri. It . tv<»a, TWak tBBw HI— tmruiad aiUialabli waMllaa at jdal, |Biliiafc«l| 

wUotbla la acNnwmt Inpltoaila 
ml IL A, U Bii m ia. mataui— liB p i»i«o» aa UI»p«ta. lOMItinuMMIMt 
UH. M- J. A mOt. Parta-toniiiiMMy Ml ^ '^ 



210 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



I tn ID. A«b«n. fWt»— tiiipnn«BtDB In Ruunhici *w wntliii nnt In lb* ctaab* 



i>;i. w. a. CadnAUi, Nniort, ausu— 



.liu|in>rHnn)i* la Mnclni mvMrm 



BfrmI notlt at nU«Tlni l)w tCilvrilna «r 
i««iim>tfw Am nattmmrj pnanni fOniiiBiHTlaill«u 
IIM, B. J. Itwdrta, ;w.. DIoHMi'iirMi, MoiMi-HnM— iKpnnaBl b dao 

taA(M4Mb>tUM« 

tin. J.K.OHilE.O»uaA~lanranriaBpod(i(>s*«UapntiBlloaattfa*4HaT*M 

UB CTD. Dvrtak naOiivv— IiD|m*emuU In At aniliuUM of rnir or (nook-Din 
tna On 4a a hMIwU Ik bill In Iba tunubcMn ut dotlu UMl u Hid <rad>- 

■iU. W. S. Out. UUft Italluai— ImpnmEicai In nrtnttiig | nm n. lOmiiiiuoiatU'iiit 

d«E^b<IHI. lAsDBBBBlaUiml 

IIM. K Itefclun »il J. MudUb, EUMktinni. I^uudUt-InpromguBt* la ou- 
r ir amnlu oHd Id tto |r(w«Udd sr aonca, ■ool. Ou, or Mw Btmu 






(DhgwnD 
W, I. Biu. Volan rwrndrr, Vin1n<WB. UmmMt* 



-tmpnte 



all In 



Pmi, StifMriaaKnr— toipn**- 



im, 

Itti. IL tov. TiBlau imtt. WnlviA, ud W. 

ntant* ifi (ti« oooAlrutLiuu of vioot 
ini. i: Walob, IVBn,ilaniv— ICBprBTnuMi It AnpluMnd aa«,ud Kpt'/nltot 

MiMtatt Ibsnrtlh 
in;. J. L Onlit-)>«pt(r, h>1»-~liar(«muBU la O* BunlMlars ol bmu, iluw. 

Mn«% wd Mbv anick* 
ItM. ftOWMWB. Cfiil Uli I JLBt»«HW«Nb«criM"ITptta ■»!«».' maaliU 

bi «HML hmlnn huflw, aiwlBC appwA wd oUa BHlBl pan«(«* 
UH. J. WUtamt iM f AUUuuiis. K(l|U<>i: J. WrliUi. OrtlTe illU. Undftxd: 

•od J. WidfHnrlli. OlddAld, rorlaklr*— iDgptnonmH (n tmiai 
U*l. r, Josa. R. IMm'* CnUlary. [Mrtiim "IiDiinmoDaila In bammiin •oriml I9 

atiDnrtihmfs prtmu* 
tM6 H . TWmnbdi, Bitirada. Bmli— Imf nxinTinnt <if prajHtllM BHd *llb tn-afm 
IfMI. T. GniLfeDt. tippH tf^nwur-Anai. I\niuu»rjiM(r— laaprarmniU la Inland 

tun. T. T- Ji^Ufii. DuDBlui^mi TmtidrT. B<ia d « ri «aJ~- l » l iHW »i D«ati It ■«la^ 

■aSM al MHun bMlDo 
UM- ■- K. BhI(i>. SnnhunplOB'ni*, HlmubirT— tBpnTMiMM la pagm isd 



• 



1111 W X TCtwtan. ChaaaafT-l"''— loipiond mlhod al apfWaf |AoM(iaiiti]' M 

ilm <n idfiimnm 
UIIl T. 8mi, nut't^Umu. Old Kta»ii»d~lni)inimiuola In Ibi maMbBbn* of 

lanp (laaMh appUoUo U nflvt; atiia^ and «Iiu Un|a 

lilt, Alauodtr aiupaui. CbMiwi? Uua—A d*v or loiptoiwl (top aad WIlM pUL 

«T<wii |||| II | f****"1 

1111^ J. AaUaa, hrt*— Einprumd affaotiu nr prlnLlBj Aud vumplnf 

tHI- J. 11*11 J IMi Pi iaiT— l»iliwiiwiw«tt In «>»■ naaiihaMw w pnaiioUaa rfawtola 

•■d Mbor muuMOMI bbrla 

Itll*t May M. 
IM. 1. BAMauoaaad 4. BalaraUBn. UimJieaUi^lmprmcBsnU bfbtMfniU nt 

y^itmoMMam cdM "dMUiT 
UU- P. ft (AarA Ija M l»pwf«mou Ln nadbUar tv aaaalMWrlai ilbkoui^ 

itlniiiliin. Moai. and ttmUt 
ten U Clark. M. lUir C'nr. K <ildlhU md VT Aalnm, fcnU rmr. K(n»- 

InpnrtaMQti Id mbdilvrr '^ anvrtfoa lurd la tb^ niaauruiqnof |4Mr 
in*. L r. Kingj. Buulr) •>'™l. (Sallm. UiihIud— iDipiiniinuDU in vUiilaa Inuim 

Wtl. K K. IUdt«r. Ikilna. XoritivaheThiid— IiD|irinmimili In tlm iwnaaariil n/ 

<tf faUifhj-t 
ttU F. C Warlldi, Roii>«>iUa KinlUi-tairB— IniirotniuiDU Is (iiwruiui •Uhs 
IH*. i>. UiTTw}. HouibMnpUii — lavwl appatUH rnr tt* ui(Ibs msH ut Misgi 

will bf «mmiinI«(Ui( dcnali and otdan boa Uia n^lala on dnk IcUimuil. 

■nr ir aUaidaU bdo* 
lAT, T. WHao^ CWnrliA— tiD|icuatarata In llraiUiv budfat uaad In watbiuc laa' 



llM. L. V. UubM-AlaiaadR, and L. F. 7. Uallga. Piht-lmiimnaiBgU In na- 

ohlun (KBOpalHui nM»ta 
lUt. r. r. fiDawa. WolnrtanploD— taprannaanla la 1)19 mnufwtiii* of Uncai^ 

wkiLaBdo«k(rto<italMiMa,<ranklga(f aUeb miparl lan^uind la baCBya- 

Ua n (mUu vpna at In aoMbnr part ol tla mbm arUala 
IML J. A. MiH^ OlaiM*— iBpnnvSiBla la itaaiB miiUiib. aod la ippamu to 

hadror boOML aod Id nrouia 
IMt. iI!l BuBiaiik htta— taiiin*«ama In (DcIbi. r* lommualMIUin) 
ItU, G. Ttaib, Xaribwond, <luabrdibli»-lii>iiniTnDiDi or iin|>nF»iiiHiU la na- 

obUMrr toib>aiasal»(MI«graMU»ftiiiB<1laTaad Mnrr idarUo aatauuea 
UU IL nanpiBB, HapnUiWrt— lapnnaneoU In pUacfwMa 
ItU. T. Ikarr, Flrtu Mil. HoU— [mprovr luni In iilaimin 

IM], B. Ban, MarTlaba)i(«nM— lm|nn*nigBi in (aaUnf tht igrbriB oT Ola nllr of 
- pItMir bHnbia. and ate UN laifbaa 4 enial>lB 
111*. B, 1. Wallar. Jbil. faria— IbtwIIm of a im mraw -I ndnrtlunt 

AMal/aH K 
IML W. % Omtt aol B. Muta, B1(b Rolboni— f BtanmiiaDU la uKuial M|i> 
tlliX. f - JL la C>D4il> da Vaatalaaokmai^ l4aabB— lBpivr«d maarii oj OoaUqi (qIk 

MtndkadiA AouBBOnMIMu 
lltt. 9l. DfliUa)', SaUbrd. aod J . AJaiek, UUIa BoIUl. LauuiUlK - liu|jruT«mRila in 
aaAkMTT or apparahtf txbr^jo^ aad MampLng mdaJk vhicb t* alau afpllcabltf Id 
)ll»4rtnnc. tr^Unc "** aad MMh tiwlltni and UlUf ■aim bbna, and gUiar 



UM. J. ifiiia and J- tW— iMaarll— torigtad nnKnijuUt 

ItW. J. MwnMk Barfli^JWarto, ftHl^nrl-Mdf^naid— iBprmmnta In 

llST X, etna i ii, f^iillmiia Wini Hamprtaad mad -tnpww—la in pul^iuf 



/MM Jim I. 
Ulf. r. &. Arrnwvolib. avd X. Cunw, lloll«)^tfr3d''va'lDprairrmaata In macb t wry 

Ibr cardiac f^^/oit and oliwr Abfwia malvlala 
lUl. r. K, Obaopolik FlaM-Mnai— tspmnoMH lartNmnp^ 
UN). K.Kai, XHd>?rbUi|Dlir. r^rfa-lgniwiiiMaW b Ma foiirawion jd nifliBg 

TiMiIra lilt (kf •BHlal HrpoB <( aOxlut (kra W na Aarit to ttiol onnad Km* 
Um. C Kotata^ tadas— AppuMu Ibr dMtfac Ma bottaw rf Inn aUpa vhOa 



IMl. n. tmk /. I«M. and r. Uh, Saqbdal*— InprXMamla b nacliinay (br iwp^ 

MI naue, mdHd. aad •ttcf Itnw labiMMii 
IMI. W, lam, K/*ni-tam^ Bwaaaaa I bj W Mi b h«Mli« aad nmproiAif 




IKi, K Ma nm d. Mamtmlor iMirawratnH la appandw 

diTlBf ratataa 
IML D. BcoliHIoa. H-nbnl-iqinn, Old DniFBVlia, and /. B. Brim 

Uim^ tmiCbomaib^wd, llrlibn -lini>nmoniI< la |gnita(fl<a 

■tall to ««nnon nada 
IIOS. J. Daal^. Wan Btacnalcli. Slal!brd~laipr««d omm to p>«*t 

■lifniaf ■aaaoi-bfdtam 
IMt, K, A. BcwiDU, nMt-itivei -iB H inwt iWM In rai banwfik "f 
Uit;. J. JiitHK^Dilauk MrHt^ DonrwtaijmiMmli b lAda' «rl 
IKI. W. But, PubB-Uml. Otrmarta*— Impnngui 

ddluHUE^ ganaaoM. lUnuasakaUniiJ 



-fmpnnguiu* lu adn^ 

Jb..!. I 

Mn* tsUMamih rnas^ 
rIB■•^ otnad nilav lrt*r I 



1130. U P. tVnrln. Onind Roa DIapiK, SMn* L_ 

nil**!' I>nak^ applliKblr la nllny oarRB■•^ • 
Uro, II, C. JanalDia. Oraat Tii)»r *n»~lmfnraamM te th* MoaM 

aaplBr-macU. aad aLbar aiiullir M^btlAaaa 
Utt. V. fUoabotK BlooMlaU-lttliin, Xi«UH>U]l-~[BpivnaaM ta I 

Bl MlUard I - - 



un. W. MOlar, B»k]B(luB4ifHi. —mt-lmpn'mumtt a «• 

•1^^, aad In 1^ apparalDa Hand Ibtfvin 
1114. W. airdlof. r«wl-bUI, Kiot— iBipn i wniBM U iM^ biMm 
Utl r W. Hop, ftHitiaaiiaiB. Ion I<Uiid. X» Yowt-lavimaaM 

drcuuf 
I6*a J. Kkn(. OhHBTaUry-attart. OltiM ^ tiDprovsinenU In Ite 

i1iin< 
ICTl. T L DacUudB-Bm*, BanlOB— Inprn«>ttbbtt**a*« 

uuinUJ voUai7 aad artUa nala IMi dtj aad olbar Ut* pbaMi Ok 
flui^ Aw 1, 
Utl. B.H.CUIfV.Pafk^iBlbtBt'a'naC-linprnavdaHidrarpi 

daaof bMin>».,iaawd-v«rtMl,a»l«lb«iMdaa ^ Uvcmim W 

Mtlnt and ilbwialbfc «o ha — « m lariil la aabag ti-«. pa* 

bnud, and ailur ^allH ■■SaUaanB 
im. K. Bobotb^ Saaloa Morhr^ UauMr. aad W. Sbaw ud & | 

CbaalT— ImprwamHila b laachinrrr for vaarbg and lUUluf Ctbrte 
IMP. K BofloiUlak Jaraagcn. naar l^ii, Fraaoa — Inproraarola b 

Ult. J. K IL J. Oalr. AjweDar. mna— Ii 

Mttaotr. (anmalrwm fRwi / 
IMt. T. WMaboaai^ MIOrd, and 

BBM b MalUallat ToUdaa sr ewrUna lo awtlM 
IIB. H.fckBldL.fanaralnBi.dtiMd-^n' otk nllBr fix ifti* 

KwaaaaiauMB; 
UM. n. CMliar, lUUU— tafrara 

IDr Bi an n h rt nra bio Iklirla 
INK. r. Joar^ DUopa la^aal tiahmw IggrrmBlaWaMllM 
UfT. V. B. Kavtoi^ GbanoBXT lana — laMvafOHiia b Ibt DAiin 

ptiMM^BU^caadbaaid, aad Biter iladlBraitlclah jPwainiiulrMb 

br.laa flohlMdwlB, Varwabmil 
IH*. L K. ItaaiMM, UmftL aad & W, iMrbad, UqniiMaL < 

dwaUr— tatHMaaMM b «rBa>li«awM Itnora pndaard ta «M 

nbtaVia. and H aananlbc nlda^ oDball, and oippBr, Iivb Uioon ■ 

Id tiiaWnilbK Mm aaaguMc and Inm 

UM. T. 0. !»«■, DartBoutb-n*, DUdibaaib— lopiURiaaM k ba 

taaakaiua' 
im. r. O.Ward. Ovt-foaat. BarltaiM-prdana. and P.WjvmI^I 

— LnpnnsaaU b maauhrwrlat oaBan nod obUblDH aMaaay | 
Ifsi. It. ruatrn. niimnrja— An Impnnd Baoblna br paMUnft Ml 

luaula and WtH- ditaaaMM 
UM. K. IHuIlnfrr, Barlia-tBinmanl* b pampo. ■Urb ispm 

andlaUA MaUB mfbo 
UM. JL ■. Undaab, llurkfn Otlrj'. Vorluhlr^ — ToiprDVamonta in 

la nmnt drlatni aUapi lapnlnc on U» atrtlUac irbiln Uxf (Uft CB 
- D«, hHa-lBHintatMMa U ««^ 



Pianca iMBWUBbb araialll* 

d / onsawd. ftedUM, baa 



■UbinpMaiprUNt* fMri 



IIU. H. J. >>«. hHr 



UM J. llAcn. Kanlibloaiav.clnia — lim i aai a a u la b 

iDf dn»r7 api] otfw 111? fnodr 
110;, X blaaclak lacMild-uiaaL P> BMnw T^iva, Tliii^aa 

nDdan((V'niaraUurndtaBd olharada 
UM. A. r Kbaonaa.MMMij. XaUk, UaaadiBMU, (lonad _— 

b natUutT to t«akln& kaUMIbis. nrrlnf, qilnnli^ aad W 

mjuilli. sr aor Hliiwu BUAslal at siaurUla 
UM, A. 3, Y. Dapwr. flrla— Impnnmanu b onanaMbf dal 

leaUirr, aad sUwr rurfbMa 

IMI. P. BAhiaa, C^bild(M<mM, Hjdapart hB|llo»a— b I 

unninlkt or vmaasdM aunto b lluaaoaa and Alnnan 
imt. J. IHna.lMd*l>raan. WM BnnalA— Oirab Inimnam 

nrtnoUon of Ueam Inlltf nplortooi 
UN. B, Bmto. Blnolmlikni— A oaw n Imfrmcd ^uabctoft of 

olhar artldM sf Oka n^uivl^lan 

(XiM JwrP. 
WU. W. Wri(bt. ToRb-aicwI. NniuUi'tin TJiiF— ImpirmmcMa 1 

anaaaling alin b iwaiw 
l««r. J. BohsUDa. Vall>f4rld, UldMUn— bapnrtvwsb b 1 

to irwribf nr prtaarinc Mid baUbf nv (Bd oUm BMHbb 
UDt. J. n Tnok.ndl«dl— lavrvnOMIalatlwappUaMMBallUI 

raUnu andir vaur 
imi. P- A.laCWBHdag»nlilBrWtW»»,>»all>Or«W. Pin-bnir— !■[ 

onnatnifUn (d ula baarb^ (OnaamnltaHoo tna F MoM} 
inii. K. A Uiw(naa.rtB<M«wi-^tDipnTfflnaoUbhmaBia. (Oaa 
1«I«. W. K..>CBaiUa,ChaMnT-la«"-lnipt<Tt*dUlbboal. lOsniiaaa 
iniv. J. A. BiirdM.Smnb-autat.FunburT— tmprmoanalnapiam 

fKpanalui lafflc«infenda4bBranl.iva-(»i<*trsivlDaa 
Idll. T. IXulol. Darkr MUJa. u>« Dnt^— liapnvaawnU bdnnkf 



PATKSfTS ArrUCD FWR WITH OOlCMJmi HVtHOi 
IIU. a iharp, and W. Kldar. Jinow, DurUia— ImpnnaiaBb b 

and nasblni-iT lur tiri^ Ino and oibir labal MiiM — Maj M 
int J.Oadx*. WidlUiitaa-alnolBoiilb.'Iapntasanta 

■UhnHaaor «awn«icb<aBrrt]Hrlhnaaaa. *" — 

TODrw, Uctrlonil — 'ana 1 
int. T. Italo. 11 wa rb i T iaa. Cnlt«d SMta A tt^ and MaHil ar In 

ta bnMiiiii and miUlaiUBi a baU4lH|. {CWMBaabialbi (nn J. M 
IMa. T. Tuiaiir. Wid r ii l iaiaii n i* Inu mtr iaii n» b tf ti dw hi 

alanu and drbclsr b oaMi at bwBbtr-Jiua It 



i£l 



THE CIVIL EXQINEER AND ARCHTTECrS JOURNAL. 



Ul 



OF C. BUXTON, Esq., NEAR WEYBRIIKJE, 
HVRREY. 
{WUA an E«iinfing, Plate XXI.) 

1 MiKMving r«prMent(t Uie Dorth cUvntioii of tfaja building. 
»Te olnaaly giv«i it* »o(iUi elevation, with a dmcriplion, at 
of llu) prPMDC voluioG of th« Journal, to whicb wc beg to 
■ our rauJen. 



ON CHOIHS AND CUANCHA* 

B.v ARriiuK Aaarneu 

Aihpit«l cotniiiMiced bj «oiiiinmting| on th« diihreot 
Htblloct finda htmadf in vhik dwitpiing Rliurchm 
id inediKTkl Mylt*. That lUiy one wjih any fmling 
Ut tatat DM how anetiutuj It wm to tba «tf««t of thn 
ttinit t" haw a IdOK chauMl; thnt id nncjent buildingH tbcM 
I Mildom lew than onii-thin] of the lotnl len^ of tbs MLitioe, 
faC Oftm the chaucel wwr eqiud in leugth to th* nsv*; (iial 
Hot) hM) Udf •tiriiuff ii)> ibal the Inily ooght lUraji to b« 
kM (roan thr chancrl, whiln M the sauie time, by a itninM 
Illy in all onr otthedrala, the iaitr ««»> all huddbd iulo the 
■^ and Uie nara left vaouit, m> tlial it waa a raproaali on 
uiof Ui«nlililnrintu, that ou«-tliiitl of our chnxiliM and 

E-tMtPtha «f our cstbsdmla war* altarly waatod. Mr. 
ll«l th«q Mid, that imprMMd with th«M nutiuuB, he au«- 
ohKrvwl, on il lute, rtmt iji Italy, tb* conatriKtlon mT abotta 
_ hacorls, ihu iuit>< miuiv ol' tlimi, and tlio tnuiitjana attanhej 
ir ■!;»«». Uh wiinlrl tirr< uall Ui«ir attoDttoD to »hat tbe 
or X**" ^^^ ■'■ ^h^ fHi'ty C'hriMlau Chmvh; tbsn (o iu 
dnring thn m«iiiri-al jMriod; and la«tty to ita prcMUt 
and nan in ttoDChrm Kiiropa. 
diTUlUtu Chtin.')) was not a oony of, or dvriTcd froiu, the 
tMuple ill Huy wny, l-ut li«ni \hi Koinan Biuilica, or liall 
Jo*. Fn>ni womliipping ia cnvm aiid latuooDib*, Um curly 
iana ware pcmiittcd by waaltby enuvurla t« oampj their 
l(w)ii<.-h u-pi-e attiuTlied (o nioit]traat taea'n hoiiaM) for the 
iBaw of worship; mid the furin was found no cotivrnicut, thai 
M UiDe of Cut) HtA[i tine rtiaiiv were cuuvcrtcd into, and innDy 
■Dgs of aimllar form nmclciaa, Cbfiatbll ehtudiM. 
y. Anhpibtl thea went into a doae dwotltHfam of miMt of 
I atill eiiitini; nt Itotiip, and exhib:t«d a pinn of the 8au 
mte. whkh Blill n-taiun in erery it»[icpi all the tiuitiir«e it 
IMd ill tli« <i»y» of ConatAOlitie, TIihit won a lar)[e icmi- 
ir Iii«h« at tliv Md of tbo buiMing, in thn middle of which 
tar atood, th« aoatii for tbo biahnp and prntbyterw being 
to the wnll behind it. 'I'bU waa on a pUtform ralaad aoDW 
never Ibm than three; at tbo tup them waa n railing called 
Kilt." In front waji a apMi- iucluted by marbli? alabt about 
high, ostnoding a abort way i!<>«rn tlie tiavc, in which th« 
ru)i|Nnllrntinni"orchoir(iraingeM«at,and fVoiu wheuoeit 
^ it* oaiae of choir or :^^i; on «ach sido of thU weiu the 
Ma or palpits for nnuling the gt«pi)la and opiatlM, and 
rvMiUtiK. WItliiti the iii(^lo«ure wm ning the {mkIiiw, 
Ik. and itnxolngiw. 
thoD rcmarlcRd on tho iixAgc of the wonlo *' I^»eau ' and 
Mtiati" An aa rvRurded arHiiUictnm, an'l ■■iplaiUwl liuw 
M of tlir^He teriiiH, origiiiully intended to do honour to 
tVal art, were riiliciiluiiit .-iiid clfenaive ta the citmnie to 
in of Italians. " Whaf!" Irnvn tliey <jfleu »»id. " are ibone 
Bg* In whii?h the Holy ApiAtlca and th»ir suKeaiora baiv 
kM, which hctvc b«n imbued with iho blood of nattnu and 
Tt, whpre dVtiiKjs and councila lia*e ailii, aud whipli sxUtIo 
went duT iin\IU>rt^d — are thme (o l-e uilled I'a.tan: whi1« 
Byk which WB know to have been brought froni the 
bjr the (Viuadcra, and, howorer It atAy have Ituurialied 
I North, hu never even taken root in Homo— is llii«, the 
Mtev (o ^ eKll«d Chriitianf while the tmn nirly Chriotiau 
Style of the Apostolk: ag»— ia to be oUIod Fagav ? 
OuuedlUi callnt Chrittian, and Chridtiiin Pagan — it in 
lug to onr cotnuion •ennc." It wae dUHcjlt to auBwor such 
ha. 

. Ashpitel then UxM a mpid Bkelch of ilic ri*f and pnigreaa 
I Monaalic Onier*, and puticuhu-ly >■{ the cii«toia still 
«d in the Romiah Cbnrch, whviieve'r there wm a " Con- 



* I'apt* rH4 MDn lbs 8MdIj ut AaUiiiurMi 
1.— T<1. «i.— AlotsT, 1667. 



ftntna" or aMerahling of the dergy. of meeting e»»ry third hotir 
of the day and night in Die ohurth, and rrciting and 'ingliKg 
certain wrvina tJled the Oumileal Hont^ or more oinnnionly 
we Brcvurv .Seroioea. Tboaa wm maif la the choir The gniat 
Ronun autDority, Oanwua, attribatod their Introduciiua to 
Pope Danuuui (he Hrat \x.b. Xl\ bat our l«arood divtoee, 
Dbghan and Jnmpfa Hede, thought tlieni (o be later. 

Sn>n aft«r their introduction, chnin seem to Iwre been indoeod. 
The brat authority on thw point i* tbeeelebnrfed Dumndna. who 
uja in bia ' Ratlouale'— " Ui the prioiitdve Church the p(^^ibolo« 
or wUl whioh eoclrclee the choir waa only cibow-high. 4ind which 
ia atllt otwerval in •nrnechnrdieefthiawaUofoannic stood ioth* 
niddJeof the unvc bcforathea3tar}-, but In ihi* toine (he My*) 
atmuat alwaj^ a veil ia hung no, or a wall interpiwd betweeii 
the dorgj- ^ud the |ieople, loat they ahould niitnally look at ea«h 
other." From this ayalAm of raising the peribolna or wall round 
the dioir, may be tntoed tlie prtwut state of choiw and chnncelsi 
one great di&rcDof being that tlie cauvoUi or mib, whinh 
fomii^rly aepwated the altara from choirs, Dowaepftntetbechoini 
fiTtiu the naves 

That the laity iii old tiniea wire admitlad into thp cbi>ira la 

frov«il by niiiny iiiatannvg, in none mure so tfaan by Iiar«lay in 
iK'.ShipfieDf KooU.'acrtnvl pa— ageefrom whi<b were read, one 
of whi.;h iu paitieukr, aUndbig to the ludoonil behavioxr in 
churchfu, talkw of men "cUpinnyw^th their hod* in churcheand 
in queere;' hmiiies the ctutom In ottr own conntiy, Vnon, 
atid in Belgium. 

In Itnly ibe laity ontjrr the choin aoil take their seata in the 
■ta,IU just as they do hi-re; and it ii aaid they always have dciie 
■o. The word '■ ohaucel " ia naknowo iu lUly a« applied to a 

Crtof thn building— "i»nc«lii" mean -tuIv the gales or mils 
fore the choir or '■ coro," What we uall uiianeal or choir, th^v 
call by the primitivn t<?no of tribune {ilie Sum of the t«rly 
ChHstiaus). The wonl " ooro " i« nppliol to any part of the 
building, side cltn|iel or otberwiae, mere tho eboir anaemblMv 
Bucb brinit ihifte-l frr.m pliioe to place aocorclins to the wcnther, 
or U) conveniemv. But whUt the cholrcr* Hsaeuibled there, and U 
it \"cm>,' tlie gatn are abut (ofWitiBiM curtains are dnwn)and 
the Uity are carefully exdndM. 

Mr. Aihpltet tliBU eipbioed how a friend of bia wna ptincled 
by talking uf the choir aa of the east end of a large church, wlw^n 
ilie saorivlaBSud, "No, air, ihU t* tho trlbnn«—thf choir i« now 
in the aeoMid ohapel on tho rijiht of tho nar»— next wcvk it will 
be in thn Spontab Chapel ia the Green t'loiater."" And hea)»> 
inatanrni. aa the nuM striking lUuattntiou, that the chnrdiM 
built by the .lesuitK hnve no choirs or chanci'lM, Ignntiu* I^^mln, 
liudtug huw the recital <-f the brevinry nrrviotH at every tbini 
h'lur interfered with the active life lie roqnired of bb fol- 
lowers, would nut Hulfer thein to do an, and coniiM{uently choin 
weiv narloM, and are never built in his churches. 

He then ahowml that the notion that tho iHily should nerer 
enter the choir wm ijuite novel, and had arisnn since tho pubtioa-' ' 
tion of a Irnnalatioa of parte of Uurandua. who aaya, " That the 
Council of Mayeuce bad detenuinml that the part which ia divldol 
by the rail« from the altw should be open ouly to tbedergy while 
uhaniing," " psallenttbna tantum ]Mi«ald«riciaL''— Now, curiously 
eUdUgh, ihia dogma is not to tie found in the canona of the 
Council of Mayeu»!, but it ia in tboao of ths second Couneil of 
Touni (A.D. 060), and would quit« agree with llie notion of the 
prMont praetioa, if we suppose by " psalleosclericuii'' waamaaal, 
aa it ia in the present day, the r-hoir trhilr tbo br«r|ary olfloea are 
^'iiln^ on — iu other wonu^ the c-hnir whilk it ia a nkoir— but ca 
re*Jiug the wurda of tUe canon ilaulf, it gooa on to ny, " but, for 
limyinraud for comuiunicating Ivt the holy of holies ilaelfboopta 
to the laity and to wijiuen, m the ciiatom is,' 

He then cnlui-eil at length inln the quealion of tlie canoa* of 
the fourth (.'ouiit^il of Toledo, and of the sixth of ConaCautinopJe, 
and d«acribed the use of the cbnrclm in Home; thai diffisTt-nt 
•errioM are held in diOereiit parta of the edtfiom, aa the nuiuhnr 
of persona present or other ciinvpnience may nqulm, the Uity 
being (rerly admitti'd to all parts of the building, with ooe extep 
lion only — that tliey aiv alwaya exduded from thr di*p«4s tM/r 
the breviary <«rvIoM are Mlehmtiag; but aa won aa these ar« 
orer ibo ^tca are thrown open, and luasiiea or other pubUc 
•errioH siud, and the huty adnlttsd agun. 

Ur. Aahpitd then alluded to aomo ttaditiona extant atuoug 
tha Bng^ah Catholin at Home, one Uiat the svparatioD of the 
•«x«* ta diorchea waa teid to have beeo an innovatiou •.•( Zningliiea. 
The piasage lit Saint Augustine de CiviCats Del, he wna told. 



L 



242 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND AHCHTTECrS JOnRNAl. 



■lludM Mft pncUeeatill in qm at Rone, that ua certain ocouion* 
nuo alnoa ga (o oeiteio dioichM utd woouut to otlwni sot thu 
tb«ra u a •ooaiAtiaii o^ tli* mxm in the Mina doroli. He ftUo 
«x|ibin«4 thnl thuo ia do "caieutaUon," m it w <kUiiI, of 
cbunihociu luly; aqJ that there is » Inditiou tli*t ll)« fntintn 
of Ike Pny«r~Buuk iw«d the pbnao norU Mv at ibo lUtar, di*- 
llkiu theuMuritie wonlt "QoapelMdVor "Corou F.vui^lii." 
Hd abo mlnt«d uoch«r tnditioD, tlwt (Jie modern DrauiiuciftUon 
of lAtio «u iiitrodooed in the time of QBthsth, tiutt tbow who 
hfed raeeivnl a fonagn education, and to be aunp«ct«il MMminuj 
priMtiy might be deteot«d u toou na they <tii4l«d a elMOc 
Hthontj. He coucludod bv jt li<^ that th(> anbjeet uisht ba 
t ojwftilljr InvoaligAtod; and more inriioulorW. whether 
..ungprwcr kod occkuoiud Krviocs luigbt uut siiU M hdd in 
|**""'H' mtoer tfau MntteRDg people tfciolv owr » Uraa oold 
fifasrek; and *Jeo, whether the fiut of the Church of &igkud 
~ bvliw detdmiineil that the tJtAr ehinild In iwotabla, may not 
tra Ekd, and may not (till hnvn, a moiC iiQportBat b«Arinx oo 
llbiR rabjaet. 



Juiis IIrnut I'AaxcH, P.S.A., Kutweqonntly tmi Mme 

anal oboervati'^ui on (,'jkanMb, ouupItuiiMiUkr; lo Mr. Aahr 

Vt pawr. Mr. A*)iiiiU)l li&via^ ooamwd hU aitifntion chiefly 

I Ilaly> Mr. P>irk«r nml thn principal initanoea which occoirvd 

> Um ahowioz tha iiorly priKiioe in Frwnot and En^iUnd. He 

tiCNed with lai, Aah|Mtel tliat the word "ahancel" origiiutllj' 

kHHniKoi the apaoe inoloeed bj a ancttUiu or aarMu, aod wm ia 

> tliat auDM qriwi^niaM iritb the ohMr, or piaoo for the dionu; 

I but tliii waa not nooMwirihr or alwaya the oaatrm limb of the 

LdlUtvbi aod in thia acniao tnorc were fivquoDtlj iwvctsl cboncela 

lin til* •aniochnr<]h,«ftdichai)trj-«hnp«l liaving jlaowucauoejlue, 

iMBd b«i^ fr«qauDlljr called by the iiame of oliauoel, aa in the 

lOonatiUitiona uf Arehbfahop Gr»y, a.u 18&0, and tbom of the 

■Legale O^oboo, a.i>. 1^68. Th* pniictpal chaaoel, or cboriia, 

Iwaa alao fm()nootly ploeni in tlia oave~or at loaat partly in the 

rmaTe— both in Fmooe and Bagland, iu earij timee. In the 

I South of Kraiice the chonia la piMed Ln the oenlie of the chun^, 

I and a Urgt )Arl of the ooogragalion nawonible between the Mul 

Iwtd of the choir and the high altar, wbicfa U agun iadoMd 

within ita own canorllui. Tlie tinoo aruund th« altar— callad 

the holy place, tho uncliinrv, Uiu proabytery, aod bv otW 

atoieo — WM nlao caltwl tlie charioc], being iuduaed by ite own 

euwelli. Tbia u'lui ibc vaji^ in Uie pagau ba^Uoaa, where the 

Iribnne waa ao looioeod, and vhrro the canoellariila aat; and the 

•tme cutom wsa oonUnned in the csrir Chriaiiaii ohurohee, the 

ClirietiaB altar beiua pUceit uo the onord of tlia ^y*e, ou the 

auM spot as Utt pagan alur had stood befon^ and being iooloeed 

ID the same raanner with ita own ouicelluti, the place or which ia 

laupplled by the altar-ntiia iu tlio EiiKliah cbiirch. The cuatom 

■of iuoloeing the high alUr aiul llie cburiia villiiu the laiue solid 

«i only auue itiUi ate in tlie twelfth I'vutury, and uiore uoni- 

__-jJy in Uie thirtventb. alone wiih the jiroeesaian-path and the 

UlMihuiel, in eonsM)uoDce of a change lu the ILimaii ritual at 

thatporiod. 

By ihr- law of Ku^land, the obaaoel, b the aBOMa of the eastern 

FUmb of ihu cKurcli, la dialinut Ooni the churob, eauh having to 

be kept in reptir by differaol partii-s; and at the time ot the 

BeforiBAtioB the vonJ "ehatcb" did not include the chancel. 

, Tba oiOar that llie twu tahlea of the oummandmoola should be 

tatthueaatenduftlivubuivh.uieant at (heeaslendof (he 

avw^ a^tut the ehauwl-arob, wliere a particiou was eoinnionly 

l«r«c(«d for tliat purpoee, Hie onler dint " cbunonU shall remain 

Fa* Uiey have done in times paet," mcnna that tbcy shall not be 

dmAroyed to save tlie ei{ioa>o of keeping tbi-m iu rpcair, na hiui- 

dreds wen at tlie tinii: of tliu Uefonuulion, many o( which were 

, nbulll at the ifeeloratiun, uoder tlia direcUou of tho great 

iivtHM and biabope of tlie time of nbarlea IL The miatoma of 

the Chunih of Rogbtiid at tlwt piiriod, to which our preeeut 

Book of Coiumiin Prayer iind nor pruoeut Aol of Uuiformily 

bdoag. am far more biudiug upon us than ilii.' cuatonis of auy 

eariier patiod. The wonl " uble," both in the uma of EUabelh 

' in the time of Chsriea 11^ meant a shkb or board ooljr, and 

not iucliide the fnm«work or other aupport uu whii:h it 

Ij and thia slab w^m ordervd to be moveaiile, and ia actually 

IJbiiad detachD>l ou all old cummuuiun- tables, when not faatuDed 

1^ noderu uaila or soqwi. 

The owtou uf lh« orientation of chiirchea in France aail Eng- 
land appean U> Mat on ancient mditeou, aud is one of mauy 



ancient customs which aeent to riiow the (aatera ori^ <i tb* 
andent GaUican church, and throu^ it of the ancient BiWth 
ditudi abo. It nevnr was a law of the ^itrch, nor a Rmmb 
oostom, and noicr was a DBivenaJ pmcliae, thou^ always lb* 
utnal enatom; and pmeided that ua djtttctkn waa wiaiiil. 
(hat appetue (o have been *aiffici«<it, urithoat any great eaaetnea 
bfjog Decenary. The ehaneul wm often rebuilt at a dUreraa 
time frnm the usve^ and, the grvuud-pUne being laid oot oate- 
lesaly, Iboy do not both folluw tho same lino. 



THE GALVANISED IRON ROOFS AND THE STONE 
OF THE NEW HOUSES UF FABUAMENT. 

SiK CuaBUM fijiMir has recently sdd f f t i the fbUoving 
letter lt> the T^toiar on these •ubiectl^ in raGwenoc lo the aaw 
Houses of PaiUament: — 

"PaUieaueiitlon having, byaiwoentdlecueeiiwi in Paribuual 
tMtn dlreatod to the eoDdiaoa of Ibe iron reofa aad ili* etoaa «t 
tha New PaUee at Woaiminster, the foUoeringi iiifaraialitM 
rc^io'tiDg tbem tony oot tw imacoeptaUe to your rewlen^ sa4 
mrty Hrve tu remove any mi«i|ipr«heBBoa that may csiit on (ka 
sn^jecL 

" Metal roofa w«ra not contemplated in the origiua) dcdgn. 
They were resorted to npon the adoption by Uie ffoveinnieiit «f 
Dr. Itoid's pbuis for warming, ventilating, &0, by wliioh Ih^ 
wet« requiiad to oontala, aa they now do^ tbe main mdoIw flam 
of Ibe buUding, and therefore it hueaia ainewify tbat ib*y 
ahould Iw oaiuaruotod notindj of flreprooif materials. A eoaliu 
of mucin preibronce to point for the external plates was adopM 
npoD the stninReat teatimoaials from tbe French Ooremment aad 
other aourcpH na to iU lOBK MM aad anooSMfU in Fraaee, whm 
it slill coutiiiuea to be tuployed extcuArely, particnlarlv In Ibt 
dockyards of that wanay. Since its adofttioa at tbe New 
Palace at WastmiBitar it has also been nteM exicnaively tuad 
both in public and prieat* werin ia this oooatn, anil u attU 
being need by the governmeBt In ourowadodqvraa Eipeneoce 
bawsTOT, has proead that it w not cuiable of odarlng a leaf 
laaistanoe to tbe daletariooe electa of a aiiofcy and hnpnis 
atmoapliere, nod ^e roob of the New Palace of Weatiulnila 
haea oonse^nently beoomo partially oovered with an oxiila tt 
iron, or rusL As repude tbeir stability and wvaibar-pntf 

Jnalities, however, they are none tbe wcrae r>n ihataociMurt. No 
Iffioulty, raoreovwr, eiisls in rmisting all fnnhar axidstlan, if 
corering them with one of Uie aati-<nida ownpo ei tiona new ■ 
nso, which may be done at a •nry moderate oosl. Seretalrf 
theee oomponUous have been in eootae of trial is emtious pan 
of the roan for annie time pest, and I havv nason to believe tbil 
I have dieoovcred one that may be said to be almost inpalil^ 
able. 

'■ The choiot of the stcne adopted was the result of tbe kboan 
of a cnmruiitiioii oousiatlng of two of the mod eminent gKtogjMt 
of the day, an intaUlgeat masoa, and the an^hltect, who, la lit 

('ear iVHt^, viniiad eveij quarry and locality in the kituploB 
ikely to fumiah building tioat. Tbe stone at Aaston iu Tort 
ahire, waa ■elet'Iad aud aJnplad by the govvninieinl, aad evety 

trecaulioD Las been lak^n in supply frnm tbe beat bade in it. 
FpoD the wliole, it has tnmni out to be at least aa ^owl aa mj 
hitherto empluyed in London ; portioos of ii, in paitieular situa- 
tloDn, ami BBdor peeoliar eeaiuUans, have tloubtleaa yielded M 
the (leleterionaefliMiaof aIiondauat(u«[>h(<rv, but tha propoctka 
of the parts aSMited to thcae which nn- prrfr«i]y sontid Is inflni- 
teeimally small, and it is rrmarkable tJLit tlie ileoompositkm b 
atmoet ezelnnvely conlinHl u* the pUiii Ewwu, ili« moalded aad 
carved portioBa cV the wurk bviug geuerally as Hharp and perfwi 
aa when Brat eieculad. To si^, theteforc^ aa baa baim ladUeadf 
ssetrted, that the elonn is peruhing in all directioo^ OMtTeya » 
meat ni^r aod eiaiKoratod impn^on relative to its a«eanti 
oondltioQ. Various ccoDumical meaus, however, an arailabla te 
smsting all further decompcMitton of tbe |AJta afletted^ aal 
expmimeDla have been in ooorse of trial for yoanv with a view It 
determine upon ihe miwt elTectiinl sod unobjectioaiable prootM H 
ba em^oyed : and it is hoped, therefore, that ere long all fiulW 
deeompoMtioii will be incofiiafully amated." 



J 



THE Ctm ENGIKEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOUKNAl! 



243 



DESIGNS FOR THE WBLLINOTON MONUMENT. 

It vitl W f eiuw nbtred by Hwuy al car nadnw that CDvam- 
nt Tuiml li>0,000(. far tha piwpOM of k public fiuund for Uia 
I I>ukii of WaUiogtou. Coatnry to moM pneedeBti^ tbia Mn 
- - m«w]1t found Id «X0Md Uu eip«iiditan by 83,O0OL It wm 
Mnawtij first prapoMd tli*l thiH hric* •inplua dhonkl ba r«» 
. .toi into the pnblic i-xGb«qu«r : but crraitiully it vu datar- 
iKii, mith tb« apprcral uf the Uouw of Uimiuikiim, Uiat it 
did bi< appUail to tlia «r»etian of a nkOKuniant in St. FmJ^ 
liMlnil wonhj of ong of EnjrUiid'a grwUrt bm. Wa glnUy 
r tbo Chief (*<MiualMinnBr ofWnrkit all praiv (or Um atntl^t- 
<rani ko^ iwlvpeiuUnl manner iii irhicli bo baa thrwn opooi 
«HD|)etiti«t) to th» whola woriil. ami we tnui tbat Uia artiat 
|t,,o iMliTCallia hi(^i«al pramiuiii will be imtnioieil to foUov 
.Madaalgn io all ita inUtgritr without govammnit oc Mbar 
IIHItM^ We amy perlinpa bo permitted to aaj* th«t wa do not 
it* adiniK tlia tuna adopted hj aotne gf our eantenparariaa 
MtlhiaoeoMioii.tuaoMwhomaoiiMovarlay llieir nolieea with 
) moat MamM and tnjtidieioua pniaa, and it> odiera Uutn la a 
, ja et uarbily vrhuih wa cannot bat ragraL Moat wa or mnat 
I not proaoance tbcae autaftnaiatic ramarka aa ariaiaK fivn 
jLOrmaee «f tlie aultiaali or tliat in ooo or twu biatauuu* it arlaca 
■in K feallog ot ptraoMl Ul-will agaisat ovtMa oompctitora ; for 
r own part wagrteva to know thnt "ilaapair aad gruiatara loooft 
ODCCltiJ,* ami w« tutrvai thow to wbo4u wa wro now r«r«n-ing 
. to bit ■■> hnnl at Arniti[liii([ kuuim, but to ba to iu "faulia a 
g blinil,' aud eixlaiiViiar to obevr it on it* wav ib>(«atl of 
_hUii|{ ita ardour br olM*irv»tioiia that umj loul U> deapoa- 
tacf. wt fr»<*lj niliuit ttint in tba wltottkin now i*x)iibit«d is 
^aatiiitD«t«r UaO, tliciu are mutj axamplaa that do uut naoh 
youd tbt- liiml tuvdioority; but at tba aama tiliM W« ara aw 
E*in«*d — vc know it to beau iiieontnvortibia fact, tbnttheraan 
nukny ipecinwaa tlwt do biiuour not Mdy to our owu tiaium, but 
alao |A our OMitinastal naigUbnura, ootwilliatauUing tlie alat«- 
KMBt uf anma of our coatcfoporwi^a tbat ibara ia aut aaiugla 
daaign In tba wlwlr tut that dewrvaa niotvthaii a MjOL priia, and 
tbat tbcre are oaJr aae or two worthy of notioa amouipit k lot of 
rabbiah. Wfl MtiiBaU an at iu true aad iDtriuaia valno, ao fur 
*■ it cxiniL-« op to * ontab atauUrd of arliatio axoeUmcs, aa miu 
b»dyiuf; seotunesl. tMUag, Axpnatign, and tlmnslic powar. We 
eooMaatfaal tliarv ai* fewauoh io tba axbtlutioBiand aotwith- 
-^— ''"J that w> know that auch moo aa McLomll and Foley 
bava not eotnpatcd, w>t yet ar« awaro that tharr are anniD fcacd 
maa wfao have, aad wa tnut tbay « ill L>- r«wanled at-coMlin^ lo 
tbrir d«wrtak Wu are proud to ta uy Ikat if our oatiie anitU 
ha*« a ttii Said and no farour, Iboy can at tbr prMaol period 
compet' wilh anr iKnlplt-ra uf Kuropc. 

On poUTiiiK WiwtiulBaler iiall the miff^U of tbo swdala 
pmeaU a muii piquing pcniieetlve, koJ will aurpnae the ma- 
jori^of fpaetiU viutura. Tba modeU of Muraa form a mucb 
nirora <ranad and tntarBating esblbiltoa tban tbe arcbiwulunl 
luLjxta wbicb have been *a t«oontly diaplftyad tor tbo new 
gi>varuniDiii Ddiaea. In tlw latUr the visitor leqniied a oonaidar- 
aUa amoaiit of twliitioal aivbiu-ottmil kuowted^B boTun he could 
eompralieiiil tbeir ui-ia[i*rniiva bMDtiaa. In tbe foraaer tbe power 
«f forni aiid MtiUiui^Dt appnaU to hla araiaaa, and be niuat be dull 
JTnlaarl wki> cjuiiint imfii|irch«nd tlie dri/t and aim of the artiat 
who Mubc'lim hia onuci.'|itiuna in palpable ah^ie. 

Of all tbe deaigM Id the coUeetlon tba ooat toueUng to tbe 
fruillnffiii i4 oD<iiitru<rtMl by aa artiat who baa aa Ua Bkotio the 
altuple «ord>, " I'luucl aw.ij.' It rvpnarnlB a niauaolanni, nu 
ilia top of wbi<h i> a biniilifully cxocateil alatuu of tba <liikc, 
•nppoMcl by iwii GKurei tvolioinif, one kuldinir a wreath of 
UunaL Tli« iiuuiujeuin, withiu wliioh ia a ■wvUe KVcnpbaRUa, 
baa btuca gata* «xi)uUit«Iy draigoad and eJtaouUid, on wbivLi, on 
medalltoa* im d4>pavU<d tbo priiintpal epooba of tbti iliike'a lib. 
On eue aiilv of tbn ipiU: that* ia an anRel, obaroiiDKly modidlad, 
who with nfw lianii ii vloiiag the gntt^ ami wiib llwt ulhrr plaeaa 
a fine*''*"' '■" (■■•••>' if buAbiugall to ailaaw, luid whiipetiug 
tbe oonU, ''P*w»l away;' oiiuideandgiuirdbi^llia ffOr radinm 
a noble Itiia. Tlie dnif^ truly p»rtr<iyi> ibo wanl* tj ilm nriiit, 
"The aasel of UeaUi aimpletea the tale. The gtta urecloBoJ, 
the wamtv and KtaXearaan dm yenadd away, and UJaiorr writaa 
hi* deedi." A fmvr ptuduclioii liaa uul i>rru broUKbt fiirlb fur 
many a tUy, stxl tbu author mfty wall bo piuuil uf hi* work. 

No. la i* niK-ilier great work. It ia iiitradKl to doapict tlie 
duke ID a twofnld obaraeUir, vijt., that uf a warrior aod a otalca- 
He i* repcueDted atandiiig on a rock, with a awutd 



bi one hand, nd a'ltt^ Eq the oOuf. 6ii om rf« fa a flgne of 
Tlolory rtatpg with bur wroath to crown \uv &nniril«, and or 
the DtMr * won of Turn*. In the oeutt* ara baantiAd 4gw«a 
of Feaoe and Plenty. War la repnaented by two male wuaa; 
one, with a broken awonl, looUu njion auolher figare bowvd 
down with fiar and deqwtr. At tba foot of thiaastrendy well- 
examieil gronp are flgutaa tvpraaatitiag I^gialatJon aud Hialofy, 
and at the bock of tbe gnnip^i* a figtlni of Britannia tnouitiing 
over her departed hero. TTiia dnign will inerllably attnwt 
apecial aotioa. 

Na C8. Thia model diaplayaan extraonllnary anotint of btkuti 
and fa the work of a true arUal; and what ia o( great 



qnenc^ it appcaini to bo of the «tact aiss and p«opo(t*oii to Iha 
aite where Uic inQnaiBeut a inieDd«id to be placed. The figurs 
of the didce at tlie saKUuii nf fitr pedeataiC for iadividual Iik»> 
n«aa In bia laU«r y«an, la without a rival In the oxbiUtion, and 
four frmaU atatoea at the corsent of the podeatal fur i-uiuiaite 
fooling and admirahle modelling are beyand all praJw. "ni* 
work )t truly roonumeuUl witnont aa exeeaa of aidiil«ct«nl 
dttalla, wbicb Ed auuyiuataucaaaiantbaefliwt of ftRrent number 
of tbe worka, which ought aeaasUally to partake of a wpitfabrat 
duuwtUr. 

No. A7 and 60 are rttj beautifully eaeculed dengna, and wobUL 
appear to be Uie work M tbe atine artiat. They are very aiul-, 
Ur, tbe only marked dlAiirwce being in tba character of tbe 
baaea. The front ropnaoota the duke in nacUtatioii, and terer- 
iins hi* bttun in tr>kta of peaea. I^gunaeinblematital of Ptwe 
ani? Wot arc mi ■-■ither aide of the hero. Beneath ia the Oanlua 
of Uiatoiy rvootding bia " dccda of high etnprlae," aad oa eitW 
ride are llgujea repreaeallng Belgiam iwiting on b«r nwunl, and 
Spain wonndad, boldiag a BriUab (word, her own britiu biuken. 
At th'' tnck ate two gatea openiag into a mauaoleuRi; nbove the 
gate* ii a figun^ of ijrilannia, muuinlag her departed buro, and 
un uacb dide uf her are flgureu reprMantlng lania and Portugal. 

We ars fully aware that it may ba eonaiderad inrliUoua not to 
notice tite whole »f the wcirku, or at luiy rati- tlin greal^T [Mrl of 
tbe model*, but wc caourit do >o whure tlinre an w> uiony uUlm- 
ing eipeeial atteuliou- We will thfrefure fur the preaent be con. 
tent to luuue thow tluwo uuly wliioh we cononve o>«taia ia 
tbeuiaelvra auiua auDerlatlTety excellent qTiiditl>-a, and wbicb are 
appruprintv, not nuly for tbe nciwainn, but alui at adjatial* to a 
buililing that ili«y ought to adoru. Amoopc the mudela in 
which coloured tuatvtiui ai« adopted, we nun eanmente No, it. 
Tbe lowwr portiim of thia work falntesdad to n of porphyry, over 
whiuli itirn: is ii iNMuiiiiiut of brunu, praftlael^ uruaMenlsd lii 
ba^'rvlLxfii with ilir imno of tho CDnquarod nMimiit. Upon thfa 
ia raiMfl luiothrr baw, of an ami fijrui. ofOypivliue marUehttpin 
which ia to be pliMxd whatever iiuicriptiua way ulUmat^y b» 
determined npon by the Judge*. Four Agvrea, rtpimanilag 
Strengtb, Jiutlctf, Temperaooe, and Pnideuc^ are at tbe oomrn; 
ou the aeeond bwn then are boa-relief* reprvaentfng Ireland 
inatmcUi^ Wellington in aoiruce ; Victory crownini; him aa 
^ Arlliur Walledoy, on tbe taking of Uvaorv: tbe I'entuanlar 
campwgn; and the aotnnca of Wellngton Into Puim. Upoa thfa 
laat Data a aaroophagiia i« plncm], upoa wlijoh Ibe iirincipHi gronp 
ataada, which reproaouta Wollingtuu priug back lila aword to 
Britannia, who ia in the ad of cruwui^ the apiril of the dohe. 
On the left an Aoffal of Pmm inviue him to h«aveu, and Hla- 
toiy, on the r^ht, U reoordiiis hi* various eiplolte. Altogvlhar 
thia fa a work of great ra(<rit; b<il oouic, from the lutroJuctaoa of 
•i> much colour, may think it bna w^niowbat of a itiTrflrtnlilaa 
appeaivucc, nii opituou ia wliii^h we are diapoaed to concur. 

In aome of thu apeuiniiMi^ wht'rv pdychruuiy i^ iotroduo«d, the 
reeult ia eutirt lailuiv, nior» |urlicutarly wlivre tfildiiig ia nliin 
adopted In addiliou to brniizc luid ooloaiml n>arbl«. We mny 
howuver reniark, that in thii >.-l»m there are aoveiul biridy cre- 
ditable ammplea. Many of Hie arliila have tweiiUatly Taileil 1^ 
nuking ibeir worka cuiiaiderably too high; amongst tliaw lua* 
be enuuiented a bage nnhitfOluial proditctit-n, unurrir ImioMd. 
that aoeutedlv wgidd ii-'t go underumtb thv arvh within whielt 
ilia inleudeJ to place the uiintiiUKrat. No. (tH ia alaii prema- 
btroualy hi^b; thi< uiumplc ia miriuoutitwl by « domo, and uai 
a whole muLth too anrhitMtural. tDdrpcndentiy of ila being (olally 
iiu6l for the Hliuailuu wharg ibe munuuent fa intendMl to be 
plaoud 

There are riehlytfami mMlefa in alL Thtre will be nine 
preBlnnw awardnl, via. uoie uf IVOt^ a shvui) of 40llf.. one 3U(W., 
njiolber of £00/., uud live uf IdO'., and the cual uf the noaawanl, 
ia not to escevd i0.iXOl. 



* 



244 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AM) AHCIUTECrS JOURNAL. 



UEODORCSDiG AND VTILESIHG THE SEWAOB OP 

TOWTfflL 

Snamarf <^ the Rtporl of tht Gmtnl Board ^ Htabh. 

A KKKOT k» juit been iaiiod by th« <}nD«ral Bnird of Hwlth 
on (h» applk*ti«ii uiiJ the dHxIoriiing of Uia Miwiiiicn of towna. 
In Um twaorthn'tliiiiidrod vnma In whi«b tho Poblic TlMltli 
Act hu liMD ftpptifd, «o<l to vkriotu otli«r towtu, wnrlu nnder 
private improvBmeBt uU hftve bwn curled out. A nneral 
■TwUflu of RiMB and lioiiae dcunitgv bM b«mi «lleot«il. U.\ osm- 
poob in thaM i^MM eitber have or an in oouna of bring done 
:.L TtwnftaM of tho towiu, i&«t«d of findiDg iu way 



1 



kmqr with. 

into UiiMo old-fiuhmoad MOM>Ud««, 



BOW lUaduuiged iato tbc 



L 



dEfllBNOt wMteraaunM uid nvmt; and the nmtmueaM uy tliat 
tha watM* ui t)i««e riven Lava boooiaa to foul and impnn •* to 
b* aaAt for huniui consmnption or dcmutic tine, whnt, th«a, 
to do with ilif *»wnf[p b a aubjoot that catiaot be put anil(>. Iia 
value (or ■ft'^'^'dtunxl pumoww \a mriouHly csluuated. Uon 
MCtion oT a|[^*^o'l'>ri«U and cli«mlata olve It almoaC a bbnlotu 
valna, vhlliii oXher* dnni it all but umMh. 

Mr. Aiwtiu. the chief •ttperiiit«ndai>t of th«i board, waa depated 
to examio^ and rtport oa Uio autgecL He viaited all thn pHo- 
cipttl brtmi wIi'tt ipwam usonn^ either In a anlid or liquid tnrm, 
haa be«a aduiKal: and Im baa aIbo direot^d hia actratiDu tu the? 
dUI^Dt EOHihoda in uae in deodoriidBg tlw aewa^. The r<«ult« 
of his Ubouit ATB aliown ia aoine of tfaa tbllnving cODolnaloiia. 
He aaya, "That, althuogh from the nrliut nffication of the 
uneatiaa of Muiitarr raform ud of Uie aompl«fte drauume of towoi^ 
the iMbohief b^nt pallntion of rivera, on tlie one hnnil, anil the 
waate of valaablo niauuti; on thn other, by the direct diwhargeuf 
tho luwMge, was initiated upon, no coneopciuii waa at nor time 
formed of the €*t*ul of the evil which now ao impemtirefy oUla 
for a remody." 

After atating thnt thn moana of ramody by deodoriution am 
aa yet tiBperfooUy nnUeralood, he aaya^— "tliorntciJ KMarcli hna 
not yet orrirvd at any HtiafactorT method nfeeoDMiiicallvatTeet- 
iug tifun aiilaiiuii tli« ferliliaiiig iugre<)iMiti in Mwage, w'tiila the 
Aiuilyaia of aolid tvwwm luauimw, uiauofacturwl uuiler variona 
pateiitiV ^o«* tliat, although for the moat p»rt poaaiaaing a low 
value, Ibey do not juattfy Uie high prlcea at which they have 
t>aen olfeml to the public; nordoat t&are appear to be evidenoe 
of any agricnitnral raaulu derived lioni ttmjr use which will 
aopport auch a view of their value. 

''The mMtnfiietiiro from ozeromeut of a dry, portable mannre^ aa 
pmetiaed at ISrin, although mliiiing resulia eS nvater value, i* 
appUcabIc only vjierv tbc cimpiHil ayaMD prevaDs, and IcatUa to 
an ■ggmviitiuu <.-f ibnt nyvleiu which due regard for the piibUc 
healta would ii<>t tolerate. 

"Tie wpatate «yi(riii of drainage fre<|tiefitly propoaed aa a 
■ulotion of the muiitiiry aad Hgricultaral dilficultiee of the 
aewage <)ueatk>i) would iticre»«L- itniumacly thn coat cf draioaire 
werin, would add to the aourwa of dauit^r to the public bi-nlUi, 
aiid wouhl tend tu a waate u( furlilUiui; power. 

" TTic iiractiol experioDce obtalawl during maiiy yearn at 
Kdinbargli and MilBD haa ahown the grant value of aewer water 
on gnM Inuda. although applied in a state of great dilution; 
while valuable eiii«riiiitruiB liAve ahown the power of aolts to re- 
move from aolntion, and retain for ve|{etAtiou, tlie fortilisitig 
elttnetitft 

" NothwitliMnndiag the (mormODa qnantitle* of aewage water 
whlcA have bwu apiilicd to tho land at Edinlrargli, the produce 
la aaSd to be alwaya m ooireaponding ratio to aach (|iiauUty, nod 
the llmita of qiisatlty to be applied, and of produce lobe realited, 
have not yet been aacertained. 

" The prsdae value of tha manure iu a given quantity of aewer 
water ma^ be rvadily determined; and therefore the coTT«apood- 
iug qoaiitity of wnt^r which must be applied to oanvey a eartain 
raqaind qoantity nf midi lunnuring eleraenta on to huid may bo 
known. Altbuugh inoti tianiaMe agrioultonl reanlla have been 
obtained with the irrigntioD (ram aewage water at Edinburgh, 
Uta metliod employed hiu pivcn riao to much complaint uf 
■■laaliOC. This anan for the moit port from foul deponita in 
whla ditehaa, and from the large evnporatiiiK iuHocm of tbc 
aewage oonataatly eapoatd to the cliaunele of iniKaiiou. All 
BiMfasonrseaof nuinnreand ilangcrara pravealible, and ehuuld 
bM be toleraUt" uo Jitchoa should be tiaed, and the aewaga 
aboald be eiiMeed only during tlie act of irrigation of each por 
Hen of the land, when it wiinld be imiucdialdy abaorbnl auJ 
daedoriaed by the aoil. 



ibnti'Mi 

>ay>t^^ 

Mei^^H 



" la order U> avoid all forthnr title of Injury to health, whether 
tnm the liiaobarge of the aewaga into the rivets and atraun^ or 
bwa Ita applieatloii to the huni, it nppaara ilowmble that the 
fdid matter alKiuld in ovory caae be aepaiated frotn tbv UqaU 
sowafc-e at the oiitbll, and a cboap portable maninw abonU bt 
loaanfiietnred tlienfroan for nae ia the !inu>ed!ate nett-hbourhood, 
aa pnunised nt ChalleDhaaL It ahonlH W mSKtd wltli tlie aaW 
of the town, or aiteh othor deodoritiiw matorinl as inay ba meat 
auitable for applicatlnai to the eiuTi)Ui3Eii( land, and prtparetl, !f 
deiarable. with othor iugrtdinits for paitMular eropa. It nppeate 
probable that audi opetntion will In moat plaoea pay ita own 
nxptaap; but OH aom* each nicaaure m abaolutaly iinniaaiij ftr 
the publie baaltb, even thon^ involving aoroa expeaae. It abooU 
be the dnty of local boarde and other Kovomiiw nodjea tA oany 
it out, juat aa mnch aa the arrai>gemeDt<i devofring npoa them 
for tamoval of ilnat or other tnfinw of tho town. It aboold ftra, 
in (tot. ptrt of Hueh aerrice, and might be comUned la tite aaina 
contrnct. 

" The liquid rwirtlon ••f the aewage thita dporvl n( (la aeUd 
matter, but still maining lie chief value aa mntiurv, might bt 
applied with bonriit to thn nnlghbuaring lamb ia Buy quantity; 
but all land upon which thii methal ofapplloaUoa of the b-wm 
is praciisMi shimld, if not naturally jwroitiy b* arttMally JnuiMi; 
OS thn liquid, if allowed to beeoiue8tagnaat,wDutd,aa In eomnra 
irrijnitinn, be llkoly to Mgender diaeaae in the Boi^bboariDg In- 
bshitanta or in cnillr nspoaad (o Ita hilliienoe. The iltAnbnti'Mi 
of manurea In the liqaid alata. by the boat and Jet, frmn a i 
of nndemtiund pipea on the Und, bss hoiei (onn>t, by tfaa'i 
riaaea ofaaveral yeara npou lanna in Enithitid and SmtUnd, _ 
ndvnntagooiia, and the ontlay for xuch works ia eoaMdarcH 
rminont agricutnirista who have hail exp<>riaticv of their bm 
aa a very pn^filabtn outlay, Irreepoctlva allooether of the qncatlea 
of aewaga iliatribution. Although the aiLoptiaa of the aaae 
ayateiB at Iingl>y and other plaeea for tiia diatribution of liqnM 
sewage haa been fonnd deddedlv anceeaaftil, the great Rlinburrt 
rcaalta are not attainable by th^a method, unleaa eonjojaod wnb 
man ampin and ready means for gMttng Booh larsar Mngn tm 
a givvn oren, in le« time and with l«ai Tabnnr aait expenee thaa 
can be done with thi' hn*e. L'pon grass lands, for vhteh Kl 
application ia beat adapted, thexo lorgnr qiunliti«a nf the llqM 
aewaee, deprived of ita groaser particlca, may be cof<i>o«ikally 
dtttnouted. eapedally upon the lower Innda, by a combination it 
the nndergmiind pipe svntflm with the aubeidlary open trrigiitloa 
by arnaU oontour gutter*, praetiatd by Mr. Iteckford. 

"Thia work bring of a ooiiiimercial or speculative natuT«, and M 
ao much required fur the safety of the public, would btl ratlw 
within the province of local oaanpanlea or pronrietora than nf Iba 
local anthoritlra, and to thoto pottles all Eadtiliea tfaonU bt 
grantini fnr carrying it out 

"The solid tfoiaffe manure, prepared and drodorised aa above 
pronoaed may be auywhere used, and onv qnantity of tho UqnM 
applied and abeorbed on properly dratneil land, without atiy risk 
of ininiy to health, and wllliout anv of the odtnaivenaK coD- 
stantly nxpnrioiicnd (mm fnmi-yfuii aad other ootid raanait 
apiilinl OS top dmaiogs. In any neighbourhood, however, 
wherv no opportunity exiata for tbia benelleial irrigation, Ui( 
liquid aewaga before being dlaeharged bto riven or atrial^ 
thonld, after eeparation of tne tolhj matter, be treated with Ifaot 
or other dedorising and praelpitating ngants, a duty wblobaboaM 
dnvolvo upon the local board or other govottting body, aa a pre- 
cantioD in which the public health is materially canoerixid. 

" It ia an objeet or immense public oonoem that Ibe poitM- 
iina acoiimulations uf onr towns, now faat beoominft the aoatoM 
nf pollution of our rivora and streama, should wlthoot delay ta 
rendered powarlnaa for further mitehief, and apjilind aa Naioi^ 
laws demand, for reprodnctive aaea By thi* mcnna tha greatMl 
atiiitaTy prahlcm wUI be eolved, and the greateat adeancamaat of 
agricultural prosperity aeeured. 

Such are the cooalnalons to which Mr Aaatb haa arrived allv 
a most caiDful tawarcb. The report itself contaiat a naaa of la- 
fnrmBlion whirh will prove of tjeat vnlae in aiding the aolittiN 
of ihit very difflcnll but iinportaot aubjoct. 



Mft. T Hod-ison. Brooklyn, ftl.S.), has invented a pbutie 
rial, capable of mikinj; moulds for metAl outings, whi^ cbh 
usrd over and over again. The leucntiug loam mouM ia cafial 
of withaiauding intense heat, and of oonceiitrating it iaaan^" 
manner upon tlie metal to bo ainoltad. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOOBNAL. 



245 



THE ATLANTIC TELEOBAPH. 

BKrok> this munber ot the Jmtm^ b publUtioil the two lihtp* 
IiImI wiUi Uic iii«uUt(Ml win Uint ii (o ntnbUah ttJQgnphic 

tiMir w^ meroM tbo AUnntic, UTinc liovii tit* line; ud 
I g«r DMt iMHitMr >■ MiiMd Uia nnrm fcoi Amariek maf b« 
"A'm r«r)k''<«it HMntiwr/" It b >CMwIr poMbU to 
le tlie iailuauo! wbioTi «o npail a iohuib of intef««n> 
may (irudiwa on tlie paliUnI, the aocwl, Awl Uw 
«anK wd*\ nkUoiw of tli« oouulnw Uiiia i&timitulf oonaeoUd, 
,fti»d j«i tlM work which is intended to cAot thin toportMnt 
~JKt hna been |>rDcrDdiii£ Juiiiig Uie Uct aix DMntha vrithont 
I aitnetcd mi*eh |iubl>u MUfDtiuu. 

(glMlM tongUiof Una from lUHott to nMJon la ftbovt two 
1 xiMm, mliu tJi« •antlMHt oout of N«vfeiindta»d lo 
. of IniUliii. Use luJf at tb* inmlmUil vim hiu biHin 
Itf MrMM Newoll, 1 Hirkaafa«afl; th« nthrr halt 
OUaae &iuJ Elliott, of Uiut Urwuwioti; the IcoKth 
[)e hy «^li bring l£t>'> iiiilo*, wi »H t>i hIIow for uutvntibMa 
I Cruu Ui« dtracl oaurMk mhI Cnr tli« ooiluUtlOM of tba 
I AUutic, Tb« BfltAliie eondiMtor Uirongh which Iba 
nt u to be tnutMuittcd oowiiw of a mpfiep win 
^ eocnpiMed of aev«D atnud* of No. 85 wire, (be iliiuu«ter of 
he cortl whw twijt«d uol ImIiw mora than j^ of aa iuuh, wliieh 
ia alioai th« *iau* ihlcknoM a* Ui« ooppor Tira luad for the eub- 
MahiM Ule^mpba [r<Mu Kncland to UUaia and Oatood. Thia 
copper ootd w tnai»la<H W iAree ooaiiiiKi of Kutta-tieraha, of the 
oooiUmJ thiduMwof lotan laoh. Over Ihu MtUftiereba then 
ia twiatcd a oorering at Urred vant, to earva t£e <louU* purpoaa 




^^01 



of protediag ihesuUa-percba roib oorronou, and of imiirorlag 
iha ii9«aUtiou. Tbia inul*tuif i 



_ rooe ia »«^ proUetad by a mp* 
tluu iroo arirr. The wire of whioh thia axienwl eorcriiiK ia 
uaile ia wry ibln, and It la twiateil fato a onnl, aisbloeD of 
vhiok ooriU Iwru iba •ttvida tiMt Mivalo])e the " oable." Tba 
o^foet of tbia vint oiivariog ia lo pnitoct tha inaulatinf BiatariAla 
from abnwion daring the oneraUou of lajrinjc darn tha Uu into 
the aaai (or it ia too nii^jUl (o airuni iirul«a(ioii from riijent 
atomijuL anek aa tboaa to whieli tJi« aiibcuarine cablea in the 
Enfliah diaiuel aiv «X]>uiie<l, it Ixiltiz conaldemil Urn iu the 
daap «»t«tB of tha AtUatta tli« vini, wTico ODoa aattljr dcpontad, 
will remain aaenr^ for no anuhota are cant ao low, aor do living 
tmaltmo esiii under laoh prMaure, aad where do light cnn 
Mtnetma. Tbii " coble" na it !■ callad, tliiia ooaatfuclei], ii verjr 
Baxiblc, M*rlj' aa tuuoh ao iodetsl m n IiaiuiMQ mpa of Ui« loiua 
thiefcauw. At «aeli oad bowai-cr tl^ ioaalniiiil wire la proteuted 
with an axtarnal eorai^ng of niaoh ulroOK^r irun iritr, to tha 
extaal of iS tailaa, to guAnl ^ptitul tli« greater lUogur* to which 
It will be expoard naar ahore. 

Of the London portiou of ilie wurk lh« oiipper oonducUiig onrd 
WMa oMIcd witli ila iripla ioniUtiBg abl«Iii nt tli« (Jutta Pvrcba 
Worka Id the 1^ty-(i>a4 tbo other ooalinga nf titrrvd vm-O und of 
IniD wire haviog boea applied at the ^ctory of Masra. (iUaie 
BBil Bliiotc, who have aeveral naachiuM whi^r« the operatiau waa 
coadnctcd at eai;li at the rata of i\ milea per diem. Aa the 
caUe waa maaabetuFid it waa dmwn out ioco tha factory yurd, 
aad there dtpoaitad in acvcnil Lu^ cojia, oara being takaii to Uy 
it -porfactly oven. Each of tlicae uoila coutained (toiD two to 
thtaa bandnd milva of lh« iiMuUtod ormdncior, and iu the 
ooime of ita inann&ctare It waa ooiitjniiallj tmted by a wdl- 
eaatrived eleetrlcal apptrntiui, in aaccrtaJD whether tlie current 
waa Dobrokeo, and whetber the iuaukltoD remaitird pcrfnot. 

XIm i$r~ . one of the fioeat ahipa in tlie British DnTv, 

waa placed hj the govamnKnt At tha oonunuid of the Atloutio 
lUcfTDpli OonpaDy, to ttaiT^ out dwt pavtjoD of the cable 
BanaihetDnd at Eiut Grceowichi and the iVlapiro, tlia boaat of 
tka tJaltad States navy, wu in like manner plaoed at tliair 
oawunaMl by that govrnitm-ut. The liolda of both abip* were 
dMwad oat, ao that tha cable might ll« Iu one hinie cuutiuuoua 
eoil, of (he dianMler of the entire vidtli nf nicJi a)il)i. The 
JfWMaNMW hn in the river about £00 yanla fmiu Mnttra. Gluno 
and Blllott'a MCtory, with a public footpath iiiterrcniiiK. Tic 
aacDiBaDiatlios between tlie ahip aud the ftctovj waa maiuuiiied 
\ifj moored barge^ with plaoka laid fk>om odo to the other; and 
ua the bama aod on tli* bank of the river uprighta w«re 
enotad, ou uia tope of which Urge pallaya racnived the cable aa 
It waa dntwn froia the o>ili in the factory yard. Tho cnhlo 
pa wail over an eDdlcH l»nil, kept in acUou by a anuUl atcam- 
ia the ahIp, and wa« rtcoivad by meu in the hohi, who 



catefuny Uid tba fblda of the ooU ride by aldc^ to preveol it boui 
baoMDiiw twiaud. and to fitcUilata Uie paying ooc. Thia opan- 
tion of loading the ahip went oa toeiaaantlT at tbc nte of Mi 
milea a day, aa iadioattot by a laatDr nttaclisd to the mdlma 
band, whien ahowod tlw number of fitrtooga, of luiloa, and of 
huitdrada of milea taken on br«n). 

The AmmtmnMt eompluCed her freight on tha Slat ult^ and im 
the iSnT abe aailed to Jota the Nii^n in Cork Harbour, it 
waa origlDiilly arr^uiMd that the ahipa aboold depairt la oom- 
pMV, and when in mid-Atlaatic, that the eadaof the two halvM 
of the <»blc ahould bo joined; and tbeo, out itoami&g toat, aad 
tbo ollin- weat, payiafr out tb" oabte aa bat aa they could, thai 
the ^piimrniHun iIilmiM uinkc Ibc port of Vnlontia. on the weal 
coail ui In^LuuJ, anil that the Niagan should join the other «id 
of the cable to tJie colegnph line at Kow&uudUnd. It waa ttu-t- 
wiwja iJiongbt beat to conunence paying out the uabl* fn>w 
Valentin, and thai both ahipa with two acooupanying Imdera 
alionld make tlie voyage together to Newfoundland. By thia 
meaaii the progtvaa of tlic work will be known on thia nde llie 
Atlantic from mianto to minute. 

Co looking at the thin copper conductor which m intoodod to 
tmiamlt elcotrio aignnla thraugb a laaDth of 2000 tuils, il 
aenma, aeoorttbg lo ordinal? notioita at the coniLuoting pro- 
perOM of wirea, Ui b« awUy too amall for the putpoas. Uut aucfa 
notiooa am)W(r to bo oonttwdicteiJ by tlie reaulla of axporimenta. 
Hr. Whitoboaao, to whom in DoiOanrtlon with Mr. UriKhl, tha 
eleotrieal tlepartment of the undertaking hna been eotruatnl, wm 
for a loug tliM engpigeil in radoavouriiig to aaoerUtn the beat 
niethcda to ha aduptod in tnuuoDitting an eleotrio current under 
the aaa to andh a iliatAnoo; and in the eouiw of thoao iuvaatiga- 
tiooa arvernl new mid curiuua beta wero elidloit reapacting Um 
couditiona of alKtriuU dlaoliarae. The prindpal diSicuIlv which 
preaentMl itaelf wa4 tba detennoD of eleclridty in the aubutarine 
wirei it having bvcu Iband, even in ttio aoiiiMmtively ahon dia- 
taucoa nf till' mbmorine and aubtemoeaa tolegrapba ia Enfooc, 
that tJie oxutocling wire coaled with gutU percnaaud anmunded 
by witter, rvtatua Uie electric ahatwa lor aoma aeconda, and that 
U> free the w{t« from dautrioi^ it ta reqnijqle (o reveaaa tbe eur^ 
rent. Tliuot fbr inataaco, after each inatantaneona tratumiaatoa 
of a poaitlva earrent throiigh the wire, a negative cnrrant b atnt 
through iL to diwliaige or neutrallaa tha poaitiro eloctricitv, 
after which another poaitivc ciirt«at may ba tranmutted. It 
wna feared, however, that that mode of ditchargiiw the wire 
would nut be effective at graatar iliatanoea; and ctJoulntiaaa were 
made, founded oo eaporimcntL to ahow that it would be oaoea- 
wy to have a very thick oondnotbig wire iMattid with a great 
thioknea* of gotta pereha, to uverwnie the difficulty of the dclan- 
tion of the eWarloity acroaa the AUantic. 

The r««ults of Mr. Whifboua^a experimeuta tend to diqwl 
thia fear. In hiu eiperimi^nt* through 1000 luUea of the AtUatic 
cable tho poei^ro enrtant waa oouibleldy diachaigad fay tke 
nmalive, and he wna enabled by uaing a modification of Mr. 
MotWa tel<Kn[Ji, to traDemlt four diatincl aiguala in one acooad. 
Ttiat rale oftranamiaaion would be aufficleni for tlie aendlag of 
meeaagca aa i^oickly aa in the ordinary working of tbo Uorae 
toloEtaph. 

Magneio-eledridty la to be enplmred, but inatead of a pervtt- 
nent magnet, elactro-magnetiani wiU lie the Immediate »(pati. 
For tliii purpoM) elootricM opparatua of glgnutlo proportlona baa 
bwu conatructed. The electro- magnet la nva l««t loo^ and it ia 
to bo actuated by l«n or mote ocUe of a Smorfa voltoM: battoy, 
each of whioh la of prodlglouauM. The lliin inanlated copper 
wire, (iirouJA whioh llir induced mngnelo-eleotricity ia traaa- 
mitted, ia made of Nr<. Hi copper witcy nad tltough many miUn 
juogth of il ar« coilol muud the eleotro-magnel, the number of 
couvDliitJODa ia not ao grtat propcoilonately to Uia lonoth aa iu 
ItulunkoriTa inilm-tlon coil. Tho sti^mtu* lor raaCing and 
breaking cuntoct la a pnndop^iia mnobioe, very different fodeml 
from the small key uaod for Uiat puipoaa lit the Morao taUfiaph 
inatramont. Thia enlarged rise waa (bund neoeaiary, ou oMoaut 
of the grant healing power of the Urge OtUa of tha voltaic b«Uter>', 
for an urdinnry apiuuatua would have been melted on mnkiag 
contact. 

Tbe apparatoa contrived by Mr. Whitdiuuae for hia oxpeti- 
mrata through 1000 milea of Uic Atlantic cable iiiilioit'^l exiu.-tly 
the Irngth uf time occupied iu the traiiitiiii)u>inn of >u rlei-tric 
current that diatanoe. A atrip of pnix't' wna hico'rI l>y clock- 
work OU aa liiataiuuant which contninf I Him- iixIcTitin^ polu'.a. 



346 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



IMOOfnA T-FT..... ^i^^B^B ^^^-^^ A. 

tealVrMMUl milM 

SbwiOnirit 

ft Umw curmU wu bitmght [dIo wtion b3r a aemod'a peo- 
daltun, M ttwt •• tfa« Mrip of Pi^xf '*>* (Imwn throiu'ti the 
faNbwiMiit, ftltMiMU rtrakM anil Uiuik* ^m prodnoKl, rarh 
ooa bting iiMuljr half ui ineli long. Tbcao DMrka uiili«»t«d 
•Memdi on tba ptptr, and wr t cd to ■how huw nuDjr piariiB in a 
•oeond wen inaa« \ij th* Cvo other polnta, wliich wen mouecud 
MWotimly with tha lODO mllM of wire aai) wilh a oironit of bat 
aftwnnU 

Id Ui« acoompanjing iIia{(T*iii, which ta copied from opo of tlie 
experiiu«niiU atrip^ ^m nurka in t>M (op line ahow the aeoonJs, 
thoae io the nidale Kdh an the mark* nuuls br the ioatrnninit 
•ftar tha elfctric ciirrant Itad paaaed throng 1000 nllca of wifV, 
aad the laark* in thn lowaat lino ware mad* !b th« aame iDl«r- 
tnUa of tiuie, bal throu)[h a aliort ctreuil onlj. 

The fret of innal iolemi to be notod in this dingniD \\ tbat 
tha narka is th« raiddia line an liitraX tw-thlrilii of n eoonid 
haUtHi (hnaii in the loweat, though tha eiguiilR in bnih wrtc 
liainiHi I al tli* nanM tnalftnt. That tnlarval thcrcron indi- 
oatoa the time oocupied in tha tianimiaeiou ortfae«lcctrioc«rreot 
Ikrangh the tluniaaud mite* of win. 

Tht» reaolia of Mr. WhitMhtniar's experiraenta Mrm to have 
MtiaAad him that he nhall be able to tmunnit wnrkinE lipiala 
llimiKh the AtluiUc cablp, ahoulil aa aanonii damase be dooe to 
it in Uic lairing down, and every pouiiblc MManUon aMtna to 
hftve be«a Uken to preTcnt aueb a calamity. We hnve on a 
lonaer onaaloit* ahown that no a<c<irate o"i)dii>i'in* can be 
dawn &OCB axperintanta mide with an inenlntn] wire, Iwth end* 
of which arc oonnaolMl with tha vnltain appanktua; anil thnt t1i« 
axcaUtui reault* obtuned under audi druunutiuieea aSonl no 
)i(oof that aimtlar ellheta would be o1>tain«) when the telegraph 

■aoJawn^TaLiii. {\ur,\, sap tCk. 



iiutrument wm placed in the middle of tha eiraiit We dneenfr 
huiia tliat the mean* ndoptad hj- Mr. Whilahouee will have 
nnnoved that difficulty: and tliat wn ahall har> in oar next 
number to csngmtuUia our readen on tbe oomplata anoaeM of 
the impoitant undeKokinft. 

A diaooveiy ia alcetrio acioica ■• laid to have bean tnnrf* W 
Mr. Bcid, of GMabaa^onaa, by which the wat ^ tckcraptiie 
wounuuiatioa with diatant atatloaa will be dinlnbhed to aa 
esl«ut aliuoat bayond brikf. Tha Oraat Atlantio Telegnpk 
Caaxym had oouatruoted U OrceBwicb a monater lM(t«^: It 
oauMtad of fofty piura of plaHnitad ailvar and liiM pMaa. aad 
prcaenled an iouncnao inrbo* lo the ioflnenae of tha cxeitie^ 
Uoid, and coal Uie H>Ri|any S6()0L Itappean from ■ Mri« 
of expariOMIita mnde by Mr. fteiil, that by a rfl^ pair cj pMea 
the MOW aauMint of work may br pettonned, he harinr tnna- 
niitlnl mrrralB d alectridty with hia aimplo battery ihmojh 
MM milca of the tnlesntph cable at Uirfcenbead, the mat ef 
the but(«rv being 3d:, whid> ahow* a wooderfbl oontnat aa eiB> 
|nr«<l with the ootDpaay'a appantua. A bntterf of 004 platn 
lijul b«en in oOMtaat uaa for teating the cablt^ and the whofa wm 
fviind to bo pta-feetj bdt Ux. Bdd waa doHroua of making anta* 
further eaperimcnia to Icot tha power of dtlftnait batteriea, aal, 
amuugHt uthen, tried the effeot of the month battary, wilii the 
reeult givoa. Hia aaa i x an t placed a pjala ot ptethia and on* ef 
xinc in hia mouihi «eh being thraa ajiteautha ef an indb aqaar^ 
and apon the onrtwnt prodnead tboefa* hOmg alloweil to pw 
through the lUO milea of cable, the gamuMKetcr waa defleead 
8°i and although tbe expctiinent waa tnada many tinwa, the 
•ana raaolt wm ianuiafaly oblahMdi, 'ritleb b a moat unuaaal 
oocnrrencn. 



LOKnON AND KORTH-WESTERX RAILWAY 
GOODS STATION. 

Tax opetatioiM for rebulldli^ thogeaenl j;ood* Dtntion and 
wwehooae of the Loadon and Nonh-Weelera Ktilwny hnv^ been 
ooBBoiMad by Ur. Jay, the aMtinctor for tlie building, under 
the aaperiBieMenee tg Ur. Baker, C.E., and Mr. Stnnshy, the 
anlthact of the company. Tlie new bnlldlng will ncouny pra- 
eieely the Nuneelu a* benre, but will eiumd nver n eonaJderably 
eabkTgod area, and will cover, altogolhor, a eoporfleiea of 00,000 
•qnan ferU The part of tbe original baaement that waa vnnltAl, 
and which hu not aufl^red fnm the late mtaatraphe, will be re- 
tMned; and the basemi>nl of ot«tt part of the enUr^ bulldlns 
will, in ixwnUnco with the now dealgn, he vnnltoil. The gronnd> 
floor of the bnildinit toKethrr with the pbillbnn*, will be clear of 
all ohatmction throughout, for tbe better aoeonnnodation and 
niaaagrment of the exteoalTe gooda tralDe. Tlie eterfce* and 
raanagenT offioN will he on tha nmer floor, and will be vanlted, 
and T«Ddaro1 fire-pmof. On all eideaof the bnildinfr, which will 
b» Tory nearly n Kiiinn!, the ware hoo»o« for Btririiig of mv\* wilt 
be oonrtnutAi, una ilic interior will be lighted ftnni nb-ive 1j_v a 
giaaa roof. Tlie walla wtU be of bridtwork, and \iiv girders of 
theHoora of wrought and cast tnm, eupported \j Imn (Wnirinit. 

The itabliiig mui amithi* nhofa thnt hilhorto fornied pait nf the 
bulliliug, will, to prcvcct ai br ai oin Iw all poaajbilitv offttnt* 
6n, be mmorcd mm tbe bnildiuK allogethrr to the ot^er ride of 
tbe Olonoeater^raad, but oummnnTmilag with tbe grindM alation 
by neane of a toaMl; and the gronnd time ^ined will bo app(i>- 
prialad for aUire-iDoma. The nrw atablinK will ba ritvnitiva 
anongh to eonlain STO hoeaea, with all (licn^iiiiiite anilhs' tbojia, 
hameae-rooraa, and uadllnery: water-pipm will be Uid on 
throughout tlie new atructota, and tliei« will tw mlla all round, 
lo bring «p the cooda trticka to tbe gooda platfenn. It {■ ex- 
panted Uiat the Gilding will be oonipleted in abont fonr tnnntlia 
ftan ihia dale. 

New atatieua ate being ooaalriKted at Watford, and at Hnrtnw 
aoil Pinner, iu comeqnenoe of the wlilening of the line out of 
Ijoadon, wliieh will iillliuaCaly extend, bi inadruplo mlU, down 
to Blat«hley, anni« fi>rtj-«a niiliw frmu Ivntdon. A nrw atmo 
ton ia now erecting in fnitii of the Kiuton Station, for (he 
■bihnr af nhielta a>d tbe public. 



MTirws. 



J 



A» BltrntMnry TrmlUt en Orthogntfhie Pn^eetiot; Wjv < "*w 
mrtkad nf leaeiing the tfitnee of meduinieai an4 tngiarmi^ 
itrartrng. Br WilujlIi Bihhb. London: 8f>on. 18a7. flea. 
pp.i:i8. 

Sup|M>ee n abower of r»ia to taii vertically upon a antUl And 
above a hori»>nl«l plane: iheportiou of the plane not wotlMlJa 
an 04tiiographic pii>jcudon of tbe aolid. Or if tbe enn ah«M 
vertioally on the aolid and piano, the abadow of tha futtnewwoaU 
be ita orthographic projeetion. The eomnuiii gaognqifaleal maa* 
of the globe are &miluir UiHtanoi* of these prafooliotta. if tU 
curve* of Intitndo and Inngitude were repiMCIilM by wiiwa bal 
to the convct aliitpn •/{ a hvmUuhvn, tha atuKfewi of the wim 
alnne would be tlicir ortlifwinpliiaal projeotiMU muwuarnl liy 
the curves uf latitude and longitude on the map. 

Thie bnuich uf geumutn lute naneroua moat intantfing apfiU> 
caUona in varioua braucfaea of ecEeaee. To tha iiigiiwi aai 
arohitoot it ia the moat important part of aolld geoBaUj. Ubm 

Srinelnlee of atnUot and dynamioi an nioat oonvesientlj' cmm- 
nred by referruce lu the t'buury of nrojcctjone: and "thaaablatf 
of orthognphfc prrtjeotiou" in, an Mr. Binn* eiptaita it, ''tht 
A B (? of that deacripticu t^ Uniwlnu wliicli ia utvanally 
adopted aa a mcaiui of IDflwaentitig dl kind* of ebgineaeilg 
etueturee, na well a» arliolea in the procca* of Buuiufaclura'* 

Thepreacnt work oouipriara theauthoi'Boonnc of iMtraelieai 
formerly nt the College of Ci vU Engiuoen at Putney, and aev 
in the Kiivcmment DcporUnent of Scieciot and Art. JJUv aani* 
[ifvliminary inii I ruction*, the authoda of pnyectiog p<">>la Md 
Htraight lioea ia one plane upon another at right aOBMe to it lie 
treated of, nntl, aa ImuiAlUtely oDnnectnl with thia lopje, the 
datortninHtion of a Plan frun an Elevaliou, and the ooeivasi 
prootM, are explained. A aubaequonl abapl«r Inala of prqJM' 
tion on inclinod planea. The wqtIc thoB proeeeda to the mm 
diiScnll auhjecta of the pnijo(liou of ounvrf liaee and aiiiftiwa 
For innCuucea of the former we have the pntjectioo cf the ^atb 
■iinn< and paraHela oJ tlie leritetrinl glot>e, fur varioiM idalhi 
piMUiunii of it* axi* and tbe plane of nenjecti'io. Tliediafitarw 
" Penctr^iuD and InimeciraD of tinlutV ■* ceie of the meal ifr 
moating. It ia often difficult to forufer by a netaly meMal 
ettM WLaC funna will result fniui tlie inter-prnetntiou of aolUa 



ritartta^ 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHTTECTS JOUBNAL. 



S47 




jipU, if twa raiul cvliiiiiara u)t«f^pan«tnit«, ihctr tue* 
: MrpradkuUrlr, il n uot ercn^ oue who wmiIiI m* at 
__ t>oat kB^ »!•! fk mAleti or dtsw^ng*, Uwl the ooo cyttn- 
■ «iiu off (Vodi th« cher nii «ajpUar boi^dad ulid. No one, 
pnibfttily, witboat unilenilAailiag •omethiaff of Uic nrineiplca of 
^opvpliic pr«JMt)aiit^ or leeing » model, could aeliac«U the 
of pdMtratMn 1^ ipbarN pnutattA by oudm IhtwIoim 
' oa ; but by moua of puiu and «li)v«tloua of tbo two 
_ til* HWtfaod of obtaioiiig tlujr 11di4 at pi^nctrattnti t« 

'SwidcNd p-iuiilv istellifihle. 

Til* work bring iuu-niled to bo ciitird}' pmctkol, oooiu al[UO«t 
"I nltrcnoe tu lOe ili«o«7 o( tli« mb^iML Tkia wa oonsider A 
talM. A book wfaieli glvM ni«ro fam^ for ptultoalKr omm, 
iS«i(t«brlhQMCMM«idy:Bboolc whjob givM • pmenil view 
' tlia tboory of which tlmM auM mw oxMoplea, ennblta tbu 
' ir to work out otber rwmplrw of the Hne tlieorj. lu tliis 
w* tklnk tlwt book* lateMfoil for " pnotioil ism "—which 
to k qnoajia for "uoiMmattd him "— •bovld not 
•U thwntHftl knowlodfp). Our Kiealifli: nadera, of 
, knuw th*l the mb)tot of oKliofjmphic prqeetiooi ia ou« 
«t ekfiBt bnackca of aoliiil gea«ii«>iT7, tli« aubiMt of 
atkbnU«d mrtbaiMrioal naatrthm. Ia the «il«nl of 
I wul tbr po^w of tii«ir mctboilR, iho«# rw wrdiw 
tueli Ui« MDM nution lo ■ "pMcCMBl * nmrk wbidi * alMuii 
loM to » £7. The "pnuMiod ibhi," of coorw, ol^}«eti 
I bigber i«m1u and more powiirful netboda u« bvyond 
iinMut Tbi* ia not quits trno. A thoroujfh nuulor of 
ouMrj might, w« b«)wr«, vsblbit Kom of th* moat 
I of hu lueUioda Uid raaulu to Un{[aag* whieb %n iota)' 
1 workman would a|]d«nrtaad- Bcaidea, then ia aonMbing 
fti nan UI(«elivB aud readable in > treutiae wliiohcoolKiiia 
Mtkigod Tiewa, Umb Ui on« of iutn«w M»p« wMah t«whM tnvm 
lUkaatpeUiag-book. W«byBomMDS,ha>WQ*«r, Itttaedlo 
f» ilr. Binua' work by tlMWob«mtioni, u>d ahould be 
10 Aud thai thor •umwt improiviBaiiU in the tr«itbe 
KarMftor. It bear* tarongboat «rMMeea of that Mnful «mi- 
wkratioa of fnpO^ iMaaSam which rwulta fmm «je|i»Hmo* in 
tMidiiDg. Tbo <g»»|JM ■!« wall ohoam, dmrlr wnrhad out, 
ud the w»tk gNunlty abows Hut the writor hiw in m high 
de^irM Uiai porcaptin beultx wfaid> often M>rTM inatead of 
qratematic aMdy in giving iiui^t into goomatrioAl priodplM. 




» 



y 



n» EUmmU 9f Itnurii^, in Tkrer Lrtltn lit AyiiUMtw. By 

Joan BusBiir, llA^ •oi/A lUvUrmttaa* Jrown ty M« ^uMor. 

LondoD : Siuith, ElJar, & Co. \M1. 

Tiutn oaa b» 80 Duaiake aa to th« authorahtp of tbU bo(4. 
Bnr; paga ia maricad bf thr tnn* ourroot of (wing wUdi par- 
vaidaawa 'S*v*«il>in(w oi Ardbitoctora,' — tbo 'ModcmFWln- 
ten'aad tbo'EdjnburjihLntui'oi.' Thrre k th« aame eshaiwtl«M 
tunBj and power of deaar^rtion whioli «> fraqonitly Uada tfae wril«r 
beywid hia tuark lutoabiUowa and iDoartaititaca, laytug bin opMi 
to tbo diar^ of falat Inglo aud InoonalatoQuy. luid tlia aana ingo* 
Dulty ia anting on lutiintc *ii<I inibtld £ti!l« which kiv divxlumi^y 
laid OQikr Iriltate to wrve tlic immctlinta object. Thli veraalilily 
awl alnll, joined with n bii^ilj attnolive ilow of hiuguagth makaa 
all hia prodaotloaB nnat norioUt onus; aDdoDaiaueith«rdiiipna«d 
nor, at lltat alfl^ parhapi^ wiUlng to ba oonrlBatd that ao fait 
wpraaantationi ar» to aoua extaBt iUoaory. 

Mr. Kuikiu ia eoadoauiad •• a tlwarinT, although a wonld-hfr- 
pcaetioal nion; be ia eendatfoed a« a meddlur id mHllen wh«r* ho 
haa lilUe prMMulou: aad he ia open (o th« charga of itiicoinpro- 
miafaig dogOHtiak With theae drawbacks it i« not to bawoodered 
at that bo ia not a miMa] favnurita amonit th« painter* aa>l 
arehitaeta, wboae abdiuica biuI worka ho ■» frroly preaiunM not 
■> iBiub to critidae a* ti> pr>>nouDoe ujiou ihem jiiOgiu«iii aljao- 
lul«. Mr. Boaldn nnat by thia tinii^ be HUHiblu uf tliMu fniilta, 
bitt badoaa nci appear to mra to rrnimly tlioiii; th«r« ia quite aji 
nneh perttnaeity In hii daw na in hi« fnrniBr bootu, ami he ia 
qtdto a* croteheUy. Still, no otndid raailsr will dony u> iLiit 
voloBV the merit of eani«at lum foundad on iiitaiiai? otitiHrvation, 
aad tboKgti (he authov'it •rhMnot for oJur^ntiim iu drawing aaa 
pafaitiig daab mightily with time hooouruil iuag«, luid cjuiuat 
tli«rtfoc* ba HipeMd to eommond ib"in>iplr<u w old-fiuhiaurd 
MMtitiaeani in art,the«yatempropoanl ia one whiafa cau amroely 
liil af > a u eetarfnl iMue, if only the atudi-tit will luTe patleiico 10 
<t«0p oa in the anything but rayol road iirepiiml for hlin. Tlii* 
rafltnric it, of ooaraa, in«apactlva of tht> di«auniive i«a«ou!ug* aod 
^■aatioBibla aaipliflcatioDa ao abondantly iatcrlaided. 



The book ia divided into thraa obaplen ia th« fonn of lottera, 
napecrUvely traating oC^-Firat FneUoe, SkMahins fran Natsre^ 
ana Cobnr and Ooimaition. To Ifaaaa ara added an appendix 
ou Thikga to ba dtucHad; and tba reader 11 tnld in tho opnlag 
•anianoe, that wfaather Ifaa booh ia to be of uae to biiu or no* 
depFiida wholly dh bia raaaoa brwiahing to learn to draw. Thia, 
tbervfons ia > key (o the whole, and Is uiiM «xplah»ad : it ia nM 
inlMided to Mable one manly to poMOM a piMAil aoeooipliBh- 
tnant, or tobaablR toooovaiae toa SuaBtDUsarabontdrftwii^ 
or to amnae liatkaaly for u, few bonra; bot to maUe the laqvlnr 
to set dowB dcBTly and uacfolly rrcDnlaof whaiaaiiolbadMBribad 
iu worda, to aaaiat the buuiutt, or couvey idea* of than. Id obiaha 
qaloker penaption «f nalnnl WtHJa^ and to reudrr him oapable 
of uodoiMBOdbg and apftradating the work* of grati painiere. 

Amid rory much tlialinoOBdandiiiDBibli- in thia lintdiapaer, 
we find much Ibui ia, to aay the leaat, wfaiouiml. Thoa, in apaak- 
iog of uuUinlag, ita valuer and th« proper mode of Rhading iu 
li»e^ ba adda: " It ia a good thing to aoeaalom younell to 
•hapsandbewyonrdmwiiigoQt of a ^My piece C'f paper." why, 
doaa uot appear. " SUla bread " ia obJMtod to fbr obliterating 
Uae n>ark% "aa it cnmiUa about the room and nakeaa maaa; 
aad b«aid«* you waele the good bnad, wUoh it wnmg; and yvar 
drawing wiQ aol for a loi^ time ba worth the eramba.'' lliea, 
further on, ha deyraealM, ud wiaely too, the onatom of making 
|iiiilli iliaaiiiuifii iiiiaaiifa "If any on* aakayvQ fiir a pnaeut 
of a dnwit)^-. aund Uiom a oonple of eakca of oolonr aod a pia» 
of Brlnti'l Uanl; ilMae mnuiiala are, for the pnaent, of mm* 
value in tbnC furm than if yoiihwl apraadtba one over the other." 
Tbia ia akin to au ot»ntou broached iutlio* Seven lMttpa,'tbal 
in early atagoa half tbo «n«Ba Baintnra Die ia mora nlnablp in 
its pun siato than when their ptoturv luv fiQtibwL What ainrt- 
lluguatrtlona are tlia following: — "1 belief that a papil nerer 

ought to baable lodnwa amlghi Una ('.) 1 do not belteye a 

perCictly trainod luutd avw oaa draw a limi wlthotit aome oom- 
tura in it, ur aosie variety of diroetion. Pront eonld dtsw a 
tmigbl line) hut I du nut betievn Kanhnel oould, anr TintoiFM> 
k great draaghlaman can, aa Gu- aa I have obMrrtd, draw every 
Ihie Aul a atraigbt one.* Then ngain, whan apeaking of perapeo- 
arc : " P<inipcctivc ia Dot of the aughlaac uaa, axmpt in imUraaik- 

tary work No great paiBten «T«r tronbl* thmnaelvea ahoat 

perapecUve, and rcry few of than know ita lawa; they dmw 

evei7thiug by the vye lu tnodam daya I donbt If any artlM 

amoog ua, eioept l>arid Roberts, knowi ao mnoli pcnipeetive a* 
would enable hun lAdtmw aOulbicnnili to aoale at n ^ivi!o aogle 
and diatwioa.' Taroei^— (he rovemd TBm e r y rwhwi- of Per. 
apaotiveat ilie Aoadouiy.oonMa under the atigma of not knowing 
what be profaea w l — " and never, aa Cv aa I rMnmnbir, drew a 
alagle buQdiBg in true perapMliv* in all hia lifo; he draw than 
only with aesincbpMnpectiTeaaaBited him.* Prout ia anowd m 

another ioatauco "The aapeoteof thlnga an BoauMle and 

eonfoaed that they oannot in general be explained, and In the 
endearuur to eulain eomew* kee aight of othnn. ...80 that 
merely; adantl^ dma^tenwB otrioaiufv a third part i4 natnrr, 
and niiat two thirds. Th« beat aoholar is he whoeo eye ia ao 
kern oa to ko at oneo how the thing looks, and who ihcrefbn 
need not trouble himself with any iwaniin why it look wv" 

The author'a obtervatlona on &aht aa varying the appewMMw 
of obJMta, are inl«reetbg and iihJosophioal; a ooaaideratile ew« 
ia allotled to the discuaaioo of dun eebjset, which ii tn«l«d uf 
btith iteutnlly and in oolooir. The lUuatraUoi* aiv at once 
huiiltar and exoeUent. A giddca rule is ever and anou enfotcrd, 
vi/, : thai a little bit nerCMted la worth more than many wsmvb. 
Than are tnaay subUetioa iu aaton which nra dittniltlo be ei- 
preaed by art^ and Mr. Ruekin duee not prtaume to teach luiv 
infallible ml«e; the great acont lite in obaervntimi, aud in the 
atudy of the beat worka of etching and (ingmting. In oidpr i<- 
find am what method oan da, we uiuat look tf> art na well na 
nature, and (w what means paiii(«ni and engmvont havii MrtualJy 
omiiloycd iu iniitaUng llMse aubtletioa Tu fiirtlier thia aomtiiiy 
tile author rixiouimenda the iUuslraled editiou of Biigrre' Italr. 
or Riigi^n' P'Wms, imd a m-lci-lcd lurie* (whiob be sivM, notiiig 
thu giiod <|iialiiiM iu eiuib) of Turour'a Laudsciipaa and Sot Viewe. 
Still, ihoan oni pnucribrd mora to look at and esaniini- than Ui 
copy. But thia is a point on which the reaaoning in diffi'rent 
pacts of the book dues not appoar wholly to agree. When ti~ 
brrlug furthui' <m, to ibe mode uf indiowog the ohanietMrisiita 
of fnllnffe, b« trulr jiraisua the uuappnacbed skill of Harding, 
yot aurdy ia soon betnyad into erident inooBiMteacy. COaiMn 
the fallowing pnaa^^ ;— 



' 



248 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AM) ARCHITECTS JOITRSAL. 



ID- " It ■■ «9NBllaDt, ID n fv M it fowfl; •UtTTM wMi mor* boA on Iba tltarao of indiridtul obMrvvliMi, ^iplicktioii. *ui 
«fik«kiiid,aMgrMtk<raaf sKwtbuidaotiocilii «r, uit ii lonely mdend in Ui« mflM»— " th* bt^ i 

of qaMllona It penttonnca, uti tlw belt dnwing-nuL 



Uuui uijr Mb« worti 

tTMi: li hH^'-«DJ obMrro. not b k minor, bat la iha priuoipil poiM, 
baouM it ounoi hslid; randar taj ««• tnoUaat or lUtaa «r MUgah 
And iu tliii It GtlU not frotn nwn tartimufm or tnaemplMiaa, bat of 
MCMailT; Uk tnu dnaiuB of •tnuil tmug fur •vomoi* bnnoMlbb t* « 
hand whioh hu »D(nWMir» hnhil of moulioii. 'rim nulOa dnughU- 
maii dnn ft l«<tf. knd rtapi, uid un oklmtv, — TlutL laaf U of luob Mid 
luob ft ehftrtdtei; I *iU prt him ■ RMnd ■iio mil •ntiraly luit biu; lie 
tlun conndon »h>t bii frioad OD^t ta b«. Mid b»*ing uUnniiMd, Iu 
dtftwi hi* rrietid.' 

(!!). ' ■ Euwpt DOW Bod tbon liT chvioc tbe tana of • eomptgla \e»( i» 
nevM' Man; bot a marvdlaiu and quaint oeonMlou. vny ilcnniu indiwd 
)u lla Mjdanoa et grawlh, and onitj of aotlon, bul vboUy indcSnable 
■■■•1 JDntrioabtah |wrl by part, by mj aninunt at pativnoa. Vou CMinot 
pwaihlj vrork it oat in Eu-«mib>, Ihaugh jna look a twrlvBioanlli'* 
linw to a tree; aod you muat Ibarafor* try to diaonvo aoina moda of 
(icootion uliioh will mnn or lea* imitate, by iCa own titrialy anil mys- 
Urj. tlia V4ii<.-Cj and mfiMr? of nalura. vithoul abaolute dDlionaUoii u( 
d«lMl.* 

Ve linve tliiu antail aoiue of the erntobeta mi<\ thvnrining in 
whicb otir AUtliir w wint lo indnlmp, to th* grMt dftinage, wr 
Kiibmit, nl moat of hia wrttiagii, coiiUiniag w tbvj do ao iiiiicti 
tbkt ia raluable muI inipuitine, Whikt, for example, cnn betnL>r« 
auggMtire or iMerul Uutn tlw Icaaon on tbe atwly nf shallow*, nit 
p. 140-7 In the work befon aa, or oa tfa» tnodoa of nifirfnontiag 
«-at«r, oDp. I'HI 

Some OKoeUMit pnutical oAviai ia abio tendcml na to water- 
«olotin aad their am, piutiinilarly ihe proonum bv irliich ffnulft- 
liou In tcacondohMlgeorUur are pnvtucible by Kiicim«!<ri^ larvni 
of linla. Tha Icwer ooloiira tbat tira «niployed the bftUrr It ia 
uigti] in B. noui tbnt if onlonn v«r» twimty tiiuM oa ooatl/ m ihey 
ore we ahoul't hftvu antiv mnrti gooil pnintt-n; 

" If I vera Cbannllar -if tlia EicbBi|nar I Bviuld Uy ft tax of twenty 
aliUUnga a cake on all colour* trteepi BUck, PruBlan blue, Vandyke 
brown, and CLliieaa white, •hioli 1 would Icavo fur atuilunla. I don't 
tay tbf* jiulli)i{l}' I 1 balioVD uiuh a lax ■roulil do man to advance nal 
art than a ficat many wlioola of duiiiii." 

Uow ia thia to be nooneiled nith the note on page SIMB t — " It 
ia, I think, « piece of ■Bbetntioa U* try aad woirk wilb few 
crjoon: it Mvee time to h«TC eooagh tint* prepared withuut 
wizinB, anil ytm mnv at oDoe «Uow Touradf theae twHiilr-fi'ur:" 
—tamiaf tliaHi, koJ the oHer or their anaogcnipnt in the 
ooloUF-box. 

D17 eolotire, looreaver, are reeommcnitctl in prafcreiioe to nmiiti, 
and practice with body colour ia adviard, na teaching the line of 
<nlMur bMt«r than wot^tiiig with tuerelv tranapnrent UnU; not 
IrtCMSae It b an M*i«r prniwaa, bnt bi>(4iiao II la n mnrc er/m/Me 
V09, and alio bccaiiao it involvna *<imt ivorkiag with tmnipiLroiit 
tinta in the brat wat. A aalden rule for tbe leat of oulour iimeii 
ia. whether tbe wbites lu the pietim are maile "precious" an<l the 
bUoka conapieuiiuai 

Tbe mini of oamiKMitioa an trMted of vndar «ght btnda, d«- 
D'jOUKBlerl "AtiM," vie, of prJmripo/ifjr, rfpetllion, eontinuUi/. rur- 
rofim^ raJiniiM, confrwf, inlmAunjr;. and hurmnnif. In enfiTuiug 
tlieaa an luoalngy U often dnwn bi-toiwu the ucutititauul pnrla m 
n moaieal eonpoaitjon, ahowliig tha depeiiilnoe* of one uotc ojion 
oiiother, and their cntnbined inflacnoa in producing the deaiiwl 
hnmiony, iw-l the aevcral portiona of a well wrought picture. For 
llnr latter (aud iudee<l tliroughout tlie reat at tlie worl(\ coiiti- 
iiMol refiirwtioc la made to TDmer, and in th« niuct noqualUied 
lerma of praW In thn prcxlnctloiia of thia gn<at artist, jor ao h* 
unnnostioiuiblf' waa, Mr. Ittukiti ia pr<>oc to diaoovcr benutiea 
v'hidi it maj be doubtnj wore eror iy>n tern plated: perGhance lie 
will allow pinie of theee to have bmi etuuiO, bat lie will trace 
tliem to lb« working;* of a wnll-trained rnind. and to a hnud that 
iMuld tMTcelf dc ainiaa. Bot we ntnnni cede all tbe adiuiration 
wliicfa tha aathor clninu fir aomc of Tuniei'i pietnrea, nor aawot 
lo all the inoenioua twiatioK* with which be diateeta them, oa iu 
li.rilluatnU<ffloftiie"01d Bridmoirer tlie Hoaetl^'' where pto- 
tai-ce(iiwae«e b challenged, ad alwaye oonbleteiitly with common 
aens*. (Sea f.ieitt m.) 

Hm appendii on " Thinga to be StudieiL" eontaini some im- 
|iortant remMia 100 nninaroiM lo boirow tnm bene ; but they 
cmbnoe the atudy of fl)]dctnr»fa]lerie)>, with thedlHiuguiahing 
tmlta of the aiimi eanmnnt nainten ; {i\ ptiblliiKqd nr iiiidtliilicil 
ait, Moh a* lithugni|>h«, otcbiojca, ±c.; (3) litomlure Kenirally, aa 
artietiag the tnatu and judgment. All th«M are » nuuiy Iii-Iim 
by tbe wav, which it would lie fully for either the atuilfut or the 
iBUwar liiiud Id dbcati] ; but the great iineetloi of rainlt bUigea 



qaealiona b pentvannce, 1 
Uie wooda and hlUa. 



emwuyj 

atuwrrrr 
dcawing-niaaters lue 



£nnfiAM »/ AneitiHt Domntk Arr*amurt. By P. T. DlLUUIT. 
Pitrtlll. Itoynl 4to. Uadon : Ucll and IMdy. 

{WM an Enyracing. Plate XXU.) 

On the appeanutoo of the former Farta of thb work we toeli 
oocuMon lo call attention to ita merita, sod by permlaa faff i of the 
author we are oOableil to gire In the praeeui Joaraal a plat* aa a 
epeciuru uf the illuslmtiona In Part 111^ which ia a aainple <A 
tlie eleven Uluetratiuna it oontain*. 

In thi* Pftrt the ancient Benevotent luatitatlon of 8L UMrft 
Hoapitol, CliiuhcetBT, far poor mm and wmien. ocmpln tbna 
plate*. They embraoe « eonlb-eaat view, a block plnu, it p-nnntl 
grouad pUu of the entire boUdlug and ita chapeL witli half- 
•aotioua «r the aimcioua tefictoTr and ehapel, and anunnnu 
dgtnjla of the chapel wood work. Tbe wliole tA theaa phtea ate 
remarkably iuteraeting^MKl give with ncKt aonua^ evarr da- 
ture uf the building. Wbei> M. Uaiy'aMcniM no boapibd flnt 
then b eome tloabi : It la aaid to have been port of tbe nuDnery 
founded by WUliant, the fifth dean of the Cathedral, iu 1 173 or 
1174; and the eiinting building ia aaid to have been rebuilt 
about 1407. The govormneDt of tbe faundatloa b oarried oaXhj 
the I>Au and Chapter of Uhicheatw. 

The StAiufoml fiede Houao (kavwa aa Browne'* HMpital), lin- 
colnahin!, fonnit the hkomA MaUeat,and b fully given tn live 
I'litca, which embmce plana of tli« grMUd ancT ftrat floon; 
a auutb elevation, and lougilmlinnl Bootion; a we«( alevattan, and 
■eotlou of thf porch ; a tntuavpTse ttoctinn looking veat, thi* 
ahowa an ulevatiuu uf the ulojaler; and detAib of window*^ door- 
way*, jatnbe, Jtc, with a penpei^tiTe of the porch entraaee, a 
■tnking fnture of the building, wortliy of attention, which con- 
pletca uie pictorial repreBcuiatioriaof thfanndenl ehar4tr.It atnadi 
on the uurth aide of the Oam-ntarltct, aad wna fctnued n (hi 
n*iga of Ricliafd the Third by an aldnrmnn and merchant of the 
Staple at Oilai*, named Willbm Browne : it i* emlowed largidy 
for theanpimrt ofa warden, ennfrator, and twelve poor men, who 
are mtut comfortably provided for. 

The thiid and ooncluiliDg subiiMt uf the Piu-t b the free Onoi- 
mar Solioid, known aa Blund--tr(i School, 'Hvertou, Deroa, to 
whiuh ia devoteil three plnlea, Tlier eonaiat of a front olevstioa 
and gvnnnl groiiml ptnn (in thia jitan. wliat waa once the entire 
buiUTinii ia carefnlly fKibled out from birr additioa^; a tnM- 
verae BKtioti of the rtohool ebowiiig the onrwuB nnen •arara e( 
the iubei^acUuliiim, which aepamtea the higher and lower Kfaoefa, 
with detaiUuf ilicumeauJ of tbu nxjf. The third plat« ahow* 
the ioturioT of the ichool*, with the timber roof c^ ranwrkabte 
couatriiotion, and tbe ganlcn front of the bead maater^ Ituoth 
with ariiuc iulemtinu deUila. The Free Dnunisar Scfaonl i-f 
Tii'eTioii, where lAO lioya are Inatructed, wna ftmsded in IGOI, 
by a opIebr«ted clothier of the name of Peter Blnndell, who 
worked hirmelf from a rcry low atation vp to « dbtinguiibnt 
and wealthy pontion. and left for eharltkbw pn r poeee tiie gnat 
Bum of 40,UOW.; part of thia ereoted ami endnwn) the arhool. 

Before ilisiuiadng thb P&rt we mni>t aay. there are but bw 
wurka of thia chanaOter which come under our ooUoe tbat Ofe «d 
Welt anf I ably carried out a* thi* of Mr. UolUunu: every Pan bM 
iuutewwd in value, and tile ntmoat care baa been beelowtd 
throughout, to that whether it ia nyiiLnlnd na an archltecctnl 
or an «it!<juarlan work, it muat be Oinaidered na worthy ef bebtt 
plitoed btMlde tlie kboun of Bntton and tbe older Ptigin. 



TriK Bnutilian empiire ia making numoroua walMJrectad tSoK* 
to rxti-ud her uiAriliuie powvr. aud i> at jH-eeeBt nMitpl«*i«ig jM 
first dry dock at Rio de Jaueiru. Ii id Biiuai«d tn Snaka Idaaii 
near the dockyard, and ia being exoivatnl out of tbe Mild rodt, 
ciinvicta having boen amplaycd fur aovcral yaare in noghing it 
ouL Mr. Henry law, an Kngliah engineer, no* eontimetal wilh 
tlie Bnizilian government tu vumpleie it for lifiOOI., tDeladitg 
the cu*t of a 4U-botae power engine U> be e(u)iloy*d in pwnnlnt 
the dock out, there beiug little or no tide iu the harbour. iV 
diuienaiona aiv— UnKlh, 300 feet; btvadth, bi ficet; dafith. 3S M: 
hut it ii ao aituBtod that ita length luay he iucreaaed to any 
deeircd extent. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ASCBITECTS JOURNAL 



US 



OATTOINOS OF THE SEWERS OF THE CITY OF 

LONDON. 

By WtLLUM Hatwood, CE, 
S^HMT to At Otmmiitiimtrt of Stwrrt af At (Sif of Lamimt. 

In Um yw 18(3 I reoelvnl pencioion from tlie Commiwiointn 
«f 8rawra of Urn City ot London to tjilt* > mtri** of Kaufiiesx of 
tbe wbolo of thowwan. vUich, ^iUiM- wrrliig for the Citj alone, 
or p^MBg tbroogh il, tiiiehar^ thnir ooiiUnU Into the Tlixmet 
witnia the limita ot their jurUdiction. A ernoral total of thia 
dh^arge ««■ abiniiMd u <|iiickJ7 a» poaaiUe, and bdd in mdi- 
DM* for may j>urno*p f<>r wIdcIi it ntght hm rt<ia'mA; bat a« tha 
Mcttoi to wbKh I hod ttia giia^Dgt takvit gave intftH of thovLng 
T«r]r accurate and detailed tvmlU^ Mid dMMJDg infbnnatloD i^ 
lui inlerestioK a« well u vaefal natiin, t iMaved ropcrtiag to 
voa apcn the nibject, until time wai aflbfited ine of DollaUng th* 
lar^ nuua of Ugurve «hk-h reoord the actual obwrvatjow^ and 
ihcir rnIi-uUl«d eqnlTslMita; and 1 now liave the hoooiiir of U,viug 
the rtsulta btfon jou. 

With ft linglr exception, the whole of th« miOnta giiiif[*d are 
within the JimwliL-tiup of the CDnuniaaioD; tho rtcvption U an 
outlet whj^, diMhardog mx-a the eaatero aide of the Tower, ii 
witboat th* pttMot Corporation arM, Mid la termed the Iron- 
nte. B.v arntiiifuiDrnt with Mr. Baaalgiitw, the lOgineer to the 
Um exia'.inft Aletroituliinn C»nuiuBrio(kera of S«ir«n, 1 under- 
look the i^Ujfiug uf illiB alau. iuaamiicb a« it ii almoet eotiraly a 
CS^ •tiNr, being fa fant a portion of the Old Oitj Dil«h, and 
nowvingbDla very tririinic addltJoa of eewD^ after (t leavM the 
Citjr boooitary: ii* jinudinjiii are (henlbre iiioorjioratnl will) the 
«tben in the geuerul tahla; with it the liel of outlet* i« aa 
IbUova. oomuencing wjth ilmt whiub i> nurMt to the eoath- 
ewtani hMHidarjr ol thie juruHiictioD ;— 

|¥l— ti Mwtt ttttt. nrwnico MIB. 

^ He Irongole .. lOIUO 
• Tower Dwk SM 
Tlie 



He Irofif^le 
' Tower Dwk 
Wool Qu>7 
Cutfon Hoiua. wt 
Cuecem Huuag, wntt 
lAiiil'iii Kridge 
Davgt.tr Dock 
HaniWn Wharf ... 
PM1-* Wharf 
The Fleet . 
WhlwManDock .- 



T»uilu«a 



14'Sa 
9370 

llS-50 
1000 
MM 

inoM 

«H7 4» 



P Tlie Tov«r of Londnn dntias br Ita own Mwere into the 
ThiuDM; theM wm not gaufn^ and their am i» c»duiled fmiti 
thif tablet and eoa>|>aUtioinit, a* well aa an atttt of 24 a. !!r. Up. 
within the Ci I J, which aliio dnina bj numeroiu Biniill ontlcta 
dirteilj into the river. 

The diaohargee were tAken hj inenna of wain And aerota the 
•even, ennttnieled ut iih Io ineura tiia whola et the aewage bald^ 
dboharwwl oiw ilium, and lu near l» the ontletn &■ tnu pmeti- 
abla. Titt gnnginga were uarried on bjr night aod >lav, when- 
ever tbe alate of the tidn anil the oooditioti of the ntnlher pet- 
nitledi and when tay salittanta wet« driveu ont either hy the 
tMe or nin, the gaugiiij^ wcm mURind at tho wuna miawtt or 
hM«r apon the neit apportunity whivh a cunjunction of drjr 
WMthtr and ailitaMo level of the tijol wiLt«r* allowed, UbMsrvA- 
tiaBa wate reomle-l every fiftivii niiimtm, ati-l I'XIended over the 
pCTNid bettreen tlie niwilliii of June and Ih>Reinh(ir, IKJj:), during 
wUoh How the WHUtlirr wa» uaaUv dry awl wnnu. OfaearvA- 
tiona war* alao fm|uuiitl]r nooidsd anring mio; but thoao, tuee- 
iher with all aubanqunt gMigiiiM anti] the flow had reaumed ita 
wnid dry woaiJier level. bav« been oanhdly excluded frum the 
aMi«cta frum whli^h the tabulated teeulta bad bMCi obuLned. 
TloM tablee I have hid hthn the Ci>oiiniattouen^ balieving 
■hat every vnettQabUeare ha* bean talieiu to inauvo thdrnceii- 
>»cy, asd that with the dBu[?«inii they ahow aa exactly u poanhle 
the dry wea^r ilieoharge m the year I8K1. 

The aewera KMignd vumprUe among thain two of tbe moat 
Iniportaot in llie mt'lmpoll* — (.lie F1<«t, and I<nndoa Bridge, the 
fcraer of whtoh ilntini nrnrly aa larjce an nito oa any in London, 
Hid the lattpf, 1 iipprchoii'l, rcoeivea the dninage of a more 
deneely popaUted dutrict for ita araa than nny of eqnal CSleDt; 
tbe othcea r«B thtongh dtatriotn where the o'fiMumption of water 
taken ptaoe onilerr ■rn>o*t every variety of wren n«la nee which 



k: 



all.— ToL a. -Aponr, l$S7. 



can aftet the rate and houn of dieobuge) and, Icldng tbe eleveo 
aeweni, TrmvaeDting a* tliey do the dniiaan of u are* of 68ST 
a«re«^ or about 10} aquare milca, 1 Iwllave u*y will fimUh date 
U to period* and rates of diaolurste from areaa, wfaidi wUI be 
ftpplicaUe to nearly the whole of the aeware eem'ng for the 
IwiMlaifld diatrioie of the ntetropolla north of the T)itiiiK«: and 
ooniidered in ntUtiou to the Itiiowa witter eapply At th.tt or any 
ftitw dny, will enable the probable inoremi-uia of MWago tnm 
the melropoli* to be eettnuted with loleraUc accuracy. 

I will DOW direct attention to aooM of the reaulta shown bv 
thcM tablea. 

At to lAe Uoun of Dudteryc 

In aewera draining the eiiiBller ereae the hour* «f nlniiaiun 
diacharve are nearly the name as thoee of other diatrida, bat 
looal hnbita and drcamalnnQea dinctly atTeot the honra of Biaxl- 
mum dl*clL»i-gu; tume reaulu do not tboreTore a«aord with fha 
larger and gcnemJ mnlle, bat nerertheleaa with one or two 
eicepljoni it will bo foonil tlut ttioy Hgree in giving nearly one- 
half of the whole daily diachatge aa taking pIoM dnring tlM 
eight huun> whiMi arw bulwMn o-m. and A p-m., a point of 
Importance Iti ita hoaring upon the eiie of sewera and rceerroirv 
for the acbenie for the blerception of eewage from the Tlunea. 

The total ftTeragn diadiaive in dry vaattior per diem daring 
the eix dnya of tlie week (Snnday being rqaetedX ia 3,ta&jB40 
cubic rf«t, or 20,316;M8 gallotiA 

The maximum dlMh&rge la between iln.akMid I3iuil, when 
ita atren^ la »4»7-W cubic bet per miiinta. 

The minimnni duKhatge ia between t a-m. uid 3 a.oL, when ile 
avrrTigF is 1(I3J cubic feet per minute. 

The perioda of mean di^orge during the day ore at 7*30 ajB. 
and (^10 p.m., when it ia SKtBi cubic feet per minute. 

The hoar of laaat dlaoharge la between :! and 'i a.in.; but from 
1 to A Am. (4 hour*) the dlMhargo *nji« but 31 cnbic (t^t per 
minute; which exoew ia between tho houn of 4 and H n.m.; 
during tbeae (bur hoarm but 776 per oent of the wh<rie duly din- 
oharge lokee pbtce. 

From ly t/i II Am the diAcham gradnolly but rapidly iacrnaaea, 
and b the f<mr liuun fading uo. the total diaebarga ia U'4S 
per cunt of ttio whole day**^ or donble that of tlio four prroadlng 
noarA 

From 9 Ain the diacharge bcreuea leva rafudly, it naobca it* 
highaat point at II ft.ni., at which moment it la 3i30l cvUc fwt 

Er miUDte; it contiuuo* nenrly at that rale nulit 1 psi., and 
en bcgini slowly to doereaic At 2 p.m. it is nenrly tho usine 
OS at 9 «jn., at 3 njn. aomewhal loa; and il then fidl« off mpiiUy 
until S p.m. The eight hourii of the greateet diatAoige ar« 
between l> Am. and S pm, during which uma 4ftV7 per oeuL, or 
ue«rly on^-hnlf if the whole daily diaoharg«, tAkca place. 

Prom A to 8 pm. the dlxchargo ia nearly the Mme, it then 
deollnea slightly until 7, during Uiat time 10-3i dct tvaV of th* 
whole mna off; from 7 to 1 1 p.m. it &lla off rapinly, and diirinjf 
thoae four hour* l-t'17 per cont. la diacharged; from 11 cud. !<> 
I B.m. biit 4-11 jMir cent. runs off; and thia eomplataa Uie cuele of 
tweuty-lbur hauTA 

SolecUng and amtaging the houn into three diatinct groups of 
eight boon each, It wQl be «eeu that fn>m 

1 ajn. to 9 ajn. 9i-S0 per cenL of ike aewage ia diacharged 
a ajn. to B p.m. 4S47 . „ 

a pjB. to I a.nt. M'83 ■ « 

lOIKlO 

At Io Iht Acle of Ditdiaiyt per Atr*. 

Tho pio^nxa sliow the largcat diachargna from thoae diatrieta 
which nn the moat doeely puimlHled, and tbe leaat from thoee 
where diere U the moat auburnan and uucurorMl arcA. That, 
the Paul'a Wharf Sewer, wbioh mna through tho henrt of tbe 
City, and tnkca an ortn deualy populntsd during twoJve home 
of the (lay. gives a diaetiniga peroote for tbo tweuty-foar hours 
of 1763 rTubic fri--t, which ia the hlghMt rat* ahown, and ia ti«« 
llmea tbat oS ilie Fleet Sewi^r, which diachargee but 3478 cuUo 
feet, It muat be obaarvad tliAt ft Uivo portion uf the Fleet ftt«ft 
is ynt field and pnmly snburbAn in cbAnictcri between Die Fleet 
and I'nul's Whvf seven, which an tho citromea, the ratM uf 
diacliATgc mv viiriouA 

The mean disohai-ge from Ibo whule area ie 0'3£9i cubic ti*t 

CncK per minute, «r 474'0» cubic ^t per acre in the twonij- 
r houra. 



MP 



THE CIVIL EMGINEKB AND ASCHITECTS JOURSAi.. 



EXPERIMENTAL CAfiBUQB-WAT PAVElfENT. MOORGATE STREET. Lmb nr Ononn 1SI& 
Bj WiujAK Hatwooo, EoginMr to tb« Commiiuionera of St'wm of th« Cit^ nf I^niloii. 

Tabu Aawiaf Uu nature ^ Ott Paring*, mUk tUfirtt C^tu, thr CaiU/or Jirparatign and AfoMmanM bieurrtijir tim 

XiflU Yean mAnf 29M S«plml>tr, Hii6. 



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The CoBBitMioticn of S«won hurUig rMolved that it bo 
red to the «igiiie«r "To report upon iIir diflercDl aorlj of 
. J ptring bid m Uoot5Ilt«HEln^«t ia 184^, uiil upon tbecom- 
ktiv* nJoB of tbt atoDM for paving puriiOMa in thin dtv," I 
_kva MOsrdinBljr cuvfallv collated and arnuiead tlm wboU of 
til* duusM mMli haro Wd iiunrrtd upon this BxpMimuitBl 
pMCBMiil, u well BB Buch oihor iniisnuatjoin M mny aid in it*l«r- 
njoiiig the point* of rcforence, and }teg now to Babmit th« (ol- 
lowtng i«pott tfa«niipoii. 

^le cdroaiuBtanom whiali origiiuted llie laying down thla 
pavMucnt in HoDrpd»-«trt«t wore BB foUovB. In IHl^apieceof 
-,CBrriaf;*-naj| pavins, formed of vtrj amsJl Btanc*, from Mount' 
^aoml, in LcaaestHuirey wbb laid i& WatliogHitrMt. Thia pavioK 
axdtcd miMli Uil«reat; and on Uio S7(h of Juno, 1846; I reported 
apoB ita oonditioii, Ita probable dimlloo, and ooat, ooatiSBtlug It 
with otbnr pavcmcntH which hnd prBviouiljf been in nae, lu my 
loport I adverted to the difficulty of obUuungBueh a utiafofitory 
leet of Uie dunibiliLica and enM arvarioiiBde*oriptJona(>f paringa 
iTBB dealrable, aud oouoludcd with the foUowiug rewuimcnda- 

" The only tnoatiB of obtaining n pnctidJ te«t of tli? rrlnlive 
TaliMn of diSerent liiiidi of psviopi, u by Uying certain varietica 
^botli in alone and oonouuetion in the Baino atjccl, nod at the 
ae tbucv and In a altuatioD where they wiU he a* nearly lui 
ilbia BObjact to thn aain* amcitiiit of traffic and tlie uaMal dis- 
hing and doitmeliva inflncneii*. Thoir vain* would of coiinic 
^Ilot be ihown at oooe, but a few year* will vive atopic apportimily 
of obMtT J pg *«ciinlely their diffetvnt degreca of azifcty, will 
ahow the nreciBB amount of repaira upon e*au aud Miuuiiialiuu 
will then dotamiiDO thnlr loasm by w«ar and t«iir; and <he grand 
qiMBtion of relative ocait being thereby BetUsd aod ihnwii, a baaiB 
moBt valuable eiperienM! would exist for future icui'ln[ic& 
"- ou be done without any additional outlay, wheucver a 
. BdNsttd for the eapcrimeot aball need repaving; auch an 
artonity Bowoiren itarif in Moo igato B tr ert (wliich i* ordered 
1 re laid), and it ia in my opinion a BtrvBt eligible above moat 
I for the purpose. In the firwt place, it ia one having a &ir 
1 oflfaAck and not having any collateral Btreets of iinpoTt- 
, the traflle note oat diverge, but when it onoe eutf rti upon 
ordinarily tmretam it* wholB length-, and you wuuld Uiiis 
tain tliat which in moat iaiportaiiC to an experiuient like Uiat 
liieh I have the liotiour ol Bobmittitig to you — an equaliacd 
nut of inJHo over the whole of the vnrietiee of paring which 
hi be laid down ' 

111* r«en«nin*ndatloB the CommlBiion ware |il«aBed to agrM 
to, and tu Oelobar 1H8 u experiKMBUl paring «w laid down. 



llMMBlb 

l-taibii 



odie 

-anounti 



taidit 
Thli 



of whioh thv dilfereut deecriptionB and first eoet «rQI be aeca in 
the nbuve tabid 

Tlie pavings had in October 18S6 been down ngbt yeMi, 
during that period thny had had, I think, an arenge ajnoaM H 
diatoTMnce by the openings of gi* and wator compMiie*, and hal 
been na nearly aa ponible aulijeoted to the satna amount of traffic 
and the ordinary deatrUL-tive agenciea; the r«paiMioiM wen <■»• 
fullv made uu<ler my peraoou euperintaidBnaa; and Ibe taU* 
will ehov the cipaodltufe Incorred (or them 6001 tb* |wri«d 
tbi-v werr laid down to Micbadoia* 18U. 

Whuu 1 itute my belief thai «adi of ths paving* haa be«ft mk 
jeot4.>d Ui about tbe «atne amount of deetroctive agende^ I arvt 
rt^mark, that It Ib difficult to arrive at thia piwiady in iiin[Hit of 
iho pipo (TOiicheB; (or the ronditioas under wbica p«viagi at 
taken up for the piirpoia of the various couipaidn having bmuu 
boneath tbe atreeu difler uatoriallyi and not coly Ib an opailBg 
tnode by them ^er aa au iojury, but Uie degreB of injutr Oui aty 
result aependa more or leaa upon the depth and width of dbt 
trench, tne tint* • trench roinains open, the atate of wnlhar 
diirJDD that time, the way in which the 611ina In of the Cttrtbaid 
the blocking in of the Btonea ia porfomtDin and ea«h of the** 
ooudltiona not only baa a direot effeot upon all pavii^*^ hnt t^ 
vary in their degrees upon tbe dlfl'ereiit aorta of pftvinfja. In 
tliis tnoniover tnay be added, that ih« ettent of traAe la <k* 
■trHit, and tbe ootniJ oondition of the paving at the tin* ife 
opeoinp are made, must also be taken into osnaideration whai 
fairly eelimatiug the damage don* to tbem; and it will be at cm* 
•Bin bow diffloult it la «lther to aeaerlaui or determuie thflr 
lelatiTO efbcta upon diJhr«nt •pociinsos biviug many yem aMa 
the pulilic ways. In the following conoluaiaas ihei^i>n^ u f 
have rejected what may in oome cmmb apfiear to be obtfaca 
dediutiou* frcm the tableo, ukiug tJie figutea aa (h«j tiaad^ it 
Ib whan Uioae dsduetion* differ largely fn>m the nanlta of w 
oba*rvaUon« upon other navement* during the rean I have lad 
the BUperioteiidcutK of tbo«e within the Uity oT Lcoidoa, urta* 
tbat which etponeuoe baa amply ilemoiiatratod to be tbe litcL 

Making due allowaoee fur aocidtiiut ciieuoutanoa^ whitt 
•van wfaea apparently trifling !u thuir nature may eonaiiMaU^ 
ftflbct tha rsanlt, throe poiocs appear to be shown by the cifii^ 
mental paring. 

At r^anU QuaJUf qT Sima, 

iBtly. Tbat, irreapective of size of slone, tbe Aberdeen onalb 
gBnerally roquirad reparation «artier tlian the HoaataorrBT 

aadlv. That tbe Aberdeen alone rrquim a larger aiw cf 
repair than tbe Mauitlwnel^ Uhat U haa bad mon atooai ««> 



TBE Cim. ENOIKEEB AND ABCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



SSI 



te ba tndtt lot ia», Hid Bnawgiwatly h** roqaind lh« 
I vft nan tMW Ueat, ud luu com atom par aqun jtri 
• uuimi for npura tbui tli* UoiinbMtrcl. 

Ai rff«Ht Sixt (tf Stone. 
3rd1y. Tlutt iiTMpcctin of tbe lutara of tbe fm^t* wed, the 
tviap aiiB[MMd of Um miller itmiM h&VB needed more rapant- 
' Uie inuriiaa of % Urger qoutltf of naw atocw, ud 
) Mora for reparatloB, tluia tfioa* eempoMd of tlw Urger 



nMeNMllaaooord witii m/ obetmtloiui apon other p«ve- 
B«Bt^ bnt the prMiae teUtiva nlns of the difliirent pAvemeota 
.nader tlM varioiu mIomiiw of the laUe would be found to vbijt 
7 jTMT U aom* Atipt*, if the ooeta Inewnd apoo Mch vara 
.• up usiuLI}'; yti, ostemling the ofaatmtlou over k Kriea 
WT vwr*. Mid iwlaotuig a lur opportnni^ of conuutia;; tliem, I 
<lMi«Tc it would ba found to bo >till tnon in favour uf iIm lat^gar 
•tooca thao i« now ahown to be the cue. 

Om eonclneioD oDly whluli ie, ooiuouant with gneral c'per^- 
etioa can, la mv outnion, m yet ba aafaly dedaeed, -nz^ Thai 
within tb« iimiu ol the *uad Moaee whioh Iiatb been Ud in 
Moofgit*-e ti MJ t, tito coat of repain npon aimilar paring* will ba 
inroraoly aa the lixe of the atonee- 

But i niMt ranurk, tliAl allhoueh is aooordAuee with inatnio- 
liona I UB DOW rcpoTtiuK u[H)a theae BxperimeaUl pavenieiM I 
do not ooaaidnr that in any reapeut euoh defined conolnaiotia can 
be arriTed U with nspeot to then u nuy ba don* wliea obaer- 
TMiooa upon them hnn bfwn pxl^ndwl nvar a longer time: nor, 
notil that period baa eUiiiinl, tliiti tljoy vill rumtiili lutlk-Ietit 
inbrmtiOB to euAUe me to rrport tu jon frura the mulls which 
ef them ia the moet eniUble iMTing for general adoption. I 
tharetire beg to b« pennittnl U> defur reportJiia upon that por- 
tion of the fMerenoe to mo at preaant; bull innj alate tbftt lui 
jrat I aw BO rwiaoD to doabt much that the iltacripliou uau&llj 
•mpjorad in luhing nil the Kqoiiitea of » pawiue iiiU oouiUdara- 
liiMiJ uie mual f niuble of tluue wliick liav« bean hltbarlo laid. 



■ 




PROGRESS OF BATTEBSKA PARK, 

By Jaxik PiLiiMimtoRiiR, Arehiteet 

Ok the Stut March, l.'UG, as »)iuwu by tbv gvtier^ report of 
April 1^ ooaMdeemble progreaa had been mail* ki>w)ude mlainit 
the ground aiul preparing for EraTelting the Viclnrin-road, ihe 
" Ibert-road. and ibo Priooe of Wnloi''riifvi, which ore llio tlirm 
ipU public roadu ouuidp the park; but at the cuoq time 
^lag Iindbiiuiiili'iiF within the area of Uie park, beyond britut- 
tB oMth U-t niaiag the f^Unade road along the river btol, 
for foraiiuc tl>« foM((ntlu and Uying in tlio foatuUtlona of 
,_ carTM([e-wa^ <it diat roaJ. Sincr that date the warkii both 
ontaide «ad iuaide tlie pork hare proKrencil rapidly, eqicdally 
the Utter, aj ihown by tbe fuUowiug Btuttauenta ; — 

ITedW dme OKtride M> Park entoe 31«t JfercA. IKH. 

"nifl Vi<.-tori» or CheUa Bridge ftowt.— The fllUuK in of earth 
to the hel;;ht at ST feet, for the fortnaiJon ef the ootagon at the 
foot of the brvlf:!). foriiiiug the princlnal etttnMB to the park, 
hi« been eotDpl«(e<l; tli<^ prnmlnnir of th» tmtwtjn and of the 
eaniace>WBy of all ili* rno'l hiu aUn bren coiiipMcd; tfao f«nM> 
en eMn aide line brttu flipd, ami for lomc nionicii piwt the mad 
haa been flt for tmfli^, and luu besu eabjfct to heavy eortaf^ for 
the work* of tbr bridge nod of tlie park. 

The Albert ttKid.— The eouth end ef the Albert-road, for ■ 
length of 800 fi'ot from the Lower Wanda worth mail to llie park 
mte hull h«cn Kravcllftli on iron culvort, 3 feet dUmeter, fau 
been bud for the public Mwvr, whom it crnmoil under the ivuLd; 
the tb«ntUii-jn of the irmd throughont liaa been oompkted; a 
length of nbiiiit 000 foot haa been capped irith broken KeuUah 
nif, Mid Uie footway* hAre been raUcd and made good; but tho 
gnrelUog for n looKth of 3300 fret, anil the T>i|Ma luid graiiuga 
for the dninage of about XIW bet. rointin to h« done. 

tbe Prince of Wolee' lioad.— The wealem partlou of tlie 
PriDM of WaW-rood. for a length of about TOO feel from the 
BaCtcnea Bridge-road up to the park gale, and one footrnty the 
wboio Iciiftib of the mitl, hod been fnrraod and KravoUed in 
BXnrch WA; ahice that liioe the wliok- of thi- other faitwaj lui 
been fonuad Mid grttvelled, and the curis^way lias aleo been 



eompleled the whole length, except about 16O0 feet weat of the 
Vktotia-tcod. 

The diuronal road Itew the *oiith-weat nte of the nrk 
tomrda Wandeworih, about 700 foot loo^ ha* bee* t^aed. 
fotmed, and gntvetlad ooenpleto; and tho feiindatloa of tlu 
diagonal road &d4u the aauth.«iiat gate ho* been ia part fonned. 

Warkt done wMm thr Park linee 31if Marot, 19M. 

The worka dona within tho Park iiinco Uonh ISM may be 
iliortii' atnted aa ^owa : viz. 

1. The oarriwe drive roond the park, whi«b ia about Sj milce 
long, haa been formed and completed fit for tt*e. 

S. The walkii in len^ togeUer about 3 miJait coapriaiug alt 
thoae moat reqnirod, and an avenno -K) foot wide from tree to 
tree, wid nearly half a mile limjr [the walk btintr 30 fwt wiite), 
have all been ralaed to an uniform level of oidy 2 le«t below 
Trinity datnm, or to im Iii^h » It-vcl w the parade In St. Jamee'i 
Park, aad are all ifnivelled and fll for me. 

9. The pUntatiD«u,oovcriog toK<^thcran arraof about iSaena, 
have all been niieed w moiuida, varying from :t bet lo 10 Ctet 
above the orlglaal level of the gtouod, and bare been planted 
with about 45,000 dioloe tme and alirvba. 

4. The omamonlol w«tar, wbiob ooteea an area of about 19 
aerw, baa been eieavnted, emhaokod, and filled with water: the 
puddle bank aroaud it being about a Buile aad a (^muter long, 
exelndTa of a dam next the eewer 1600 feet loos. 

A. Tho bouDilftry fonco on tfae eaat aide of the park haa bcM 
fii^ witli alao wateh-boxea to eaich of the five ^Ini aad the 
p*rk ia now entirely eacla*ed, and perfoctJy eecurD from deprada- 
tiiJii or tm|iaBa. 

In tho raport of ISlIi April. 1850, an opinion waa ezpneaed 
that tho {lOrK might beoonplctal within riglilwrn moiHhe fttmi 
tlial lime, " if the walk* and pUiitntiom nrc to be formed upon 
the preeent level of the groaod; but if ib^ walka are to be formed 
on a hiitW level, ami monad* ore to b? raked for the plamalioaa 
(both of whieh an -net damraUeik it will be niniiMnij to cnrtail 
the aonool outlaT.And sprnad the work over aoma yrara." Al 
that Ume there did not appear much probabtlitv that earth, to 
tha great eiteot r*<(iuiHl, could Iw obtoiaecl mpidly for filling in 
tti* lower ground, and railing the levela uf the driven walka, nad 
notutda; but, expecting to obtain aome earth from the river, and 
from the escaratloD for the omauMutal water, and belDg folly 
oenaiblo of tho I'rrv trmnt vlvantofe lo bo dorivod from nUug 
the levela, wliii-h ftrualod might bo oooimpliihed within a fow 
yeare, I propoaed to eoB^pbtc vlthia twelve awnthe from that 
Ume, anil on the niatd Wveb, " the eaplaaade nmtt Hi* river, the 
driro rouad the park, aad all Ihe plaatatioaa between the drive 
itad the boimdary fenee^ with aiao two or three of the prlacipai 
footpaths acroae the park." 

It li iliervCcir* with tli* greatest pleaaiire that I oui now import 
that drcumataucee linve enabled uie to complete, witblu the pant 
elerou months, dia drirca aad nioit of Ihe walka and ploatalioua 
upon the high loveL ao eameetly deeuvd and ao oaiential for like 

erfa. The exoavatione for the London Doeka were coatiaiM^ by 
oeare. Cubitt ; aad, taking advant^^e of ao uidouked-for M 
op|)ortunity, tho earth wax wcurcd. for tuieing the levela rapidly, 
and waa eontinued to be delivnreil tbur? up to the Oth l>tcaniber, 
when apprebrn^ona r^^rdiutf the Ainde oompulled me, wich 
rocret, ut ceam to teoeire it. Within tliat period, about JK^WM 
euUc yards of earth haw been liroii^ht b^ the river (of whioh 
liboat laOLOOO came from MomnL Cubitt) and win oourejwd from 
the river oank to the low ground and moiudi Iqr ueaoe of ih*' 
railway pUat, purohaeed in I8A6 for niaing the Bridge-road, 
aeaialod br a la^ plant which Meaar« Cubitt fumiriied irithoat 
ooet. Tbu earth, witli tho adiliuon of ftjl laOJXO ouhic yaida 
more, exatTalad from the Likc^ from the gravel pita, and from 
tlie building ground within and around the park, together ncarlv 
tOO^OOO, b&Te enabled me to laiw a laive area, and ia eabcl the 
whole area of the park, wheraby the «bief dieadvantage oif the 
rite hae been la groat moasuro overcome. 

The work* have been carried out in ooiifaTaiity with the geua- 
ml priuciplo) uinn wbioh the pUaa of 1&44 and of ItAf \lUiS 
were deaigucdi but during their progreae it boouae mrienij to 
diauge the pc^tion of the watar, on aoeouut diiody of the aat^ 
■oil, nod llip dticavai^ of oond bonka, itx. Thi* altemlioD. tc^e- 
thur with the iiL-ocMiqr for working tho railaayi to advoatage^ 
ocoaeioned cuuaiderable clioogoi in tlic walka and plaulaliode. 
The chief obieot of the Ueaign throughout baa been lo overoooM 
the natural lowueei of the ait«) fur thi* piirpoae 1ft aoeaofthe 



• 




v.- 



.w 



THE crni, ENGINBI^B AND AECHITECPS JODRNAL. 



tiiid< 



Fl>««rt graamte ban bten eorand with mMr, Ih* top level of 

[wfakh will b* ooJr 3 [Ml ImIow Triaity, or in numj puii^ 3 ft^ 

I iibo*r what tka icnM Mrflw* mw boom. Aboat uiolher 50 

■era* tavD been trnMod Doro cr 1m^ Bnob of then 3 fnn, and 

■Moe uouniU 8 uiii 10 feH kborc tlM orlgliul l#v*l«: and iho 

pUatatioo* haT« been made Tei7 estMiaive, aad trva(«<d mora w 

cmunmtal nrdena tbu u opMi park Mwaory. Thus bj Iuuik- 

' u[ in ouib,thoM portiou which bsforewera the hi);her grouoda 

rtb« rile Itava bMome the lower, varielv Mid uii<lulntli>a hxw 

given to the mrliMei uid the whole haa bNti ao dirided, 

i th« vlataa liava heeu ao amuiged, that when tlia plantaiiona 

' aball bare grawu, Iha oomparatiTa lowoeaa of the Hte will pBM 

nimotioad (ram the higher muod br the river side, ruid will uol 

^(h I belien) bo objeettoDnble erea from the vnnr bigli Kr>>uiiil of 

Itbe Clielaen Bridge-road, whSoh haa been niaed uaar tba bridge 

ttl faai above the arlglaal level. 

Bspfuditurv Mfon Work* far tha f'armetimt nftke Port, 
Tie origuwl eatjinato oTthe coat of fomiiiig tbapark, nhiub t 
^i*|wrl*d U the OoHinlMloiHta of Vooda and Work* on tho 
ilttid March, IIM7. wm :i>vSOat, «zaliuiiva of the oniainenlol 
nater, of the cnginmr'B ratimnlo of iAfiOOL tar the embaahnieot. 
^and of the a>Dtinj[«it oipeuwi; via.— 
Pur furmiug publiu rnvl* ontKiHs Uia park 
For builitiaf aaah lon|[ttM of iimtr a* ■rill not 

In biult br the leneo 
Per fmbaDkiag tlw prownt ■bore, witbouc nia- 
ing the grauod, or bringing out to a ttn^t 

ine 

For dtivo^ walki. dnin^ pltnllog. ievetlliiK, 
baandar^ fiuuM^ Iwljf**, and iMatlngeociai 
OB tha eama 



10,000 



S,000- 



IS.OOO 



33.S00 



18,000: 



/3S,S0O 



The above eaUnMtle waa inercaaed in mj report of 13th April, 
1806^ to about ii,Wli. S<. "id., to covar the oast of forming tlie 
Bcidga-rcad and the park emiKuikmeut ut> to ii, the ontameDtal 
wmUr, and tba raiaisg of the levuUi the Htatement being aa 
MIowa>— 

"The cipaiulilnm upoai the worka up to the 31iit March huA, 
indaHiox tbe ercat emhanlcBioiit for the Bridico-road and tlia 
drire oDimccted with it, hu bceo 2B,267L bt. Ifld.: ood tbe funda 
DOW applicable to worka, iachidiug 26,000J. remaining to be 
lutwl, are, [ believe, De4kr 30,000^ 

" Tbe <oit of tho renuuning wnrka Inalda and oQtnde of the 
park fcnci' will depnad n|»a what ma/ bo deemed etacotial, 
auil uptici ihe ratfl iT cnrrjiog tliom forward, both of which »ub- 
taiita rwintre graal ooaaideraiiiui but the 30,000(. will probablv 
oa aufBeieot, aieept for the riv«r embankment, tlia ooat of whien 
baa been oatimated hy tbe engiuaor at i\Wl)l.' 

Theaiitn voted in the leieton of ISfiQ waa only Sl.SBlJ.: but 
«lia«i Riuking tlio aboi-e atatemanl I bail autimpated 25,OU0JL, 
aeeotding to iho turn printiil in tha Yot^ fur the year 16&3-4. 
Tbe «x|wtiditurD upou worku for the park and for the public 
la outojde. from llie aurunieiiceinefit to the SSth Februiu-y, 
7, baa been aa foUowa : — 
K^andHare to Iha Slat Maith, ISSfl. aa before £ t. d. 

nfDtud SS.aS7 8 10 

Eijwu-lauMi from the 31*t March, 1016, to the 2Slfa 
Foliruw, 1S37— 

ChI> puJ fur o,irk* at,PlS U I 

Liaijvliiiv* iiioiir(»J fortrwa, abruba, / ST.SIS 9 

gnai, aaadi^ ruadiuakiug, &«. ... 3,603 IS | 

£ia.JM 17 10 

He two pracading atateinenta «how an orlgtoal aelimati: of 
ttajKOt., augnaated la April 1(108 to about ii.'itni. Hi. lOd, 
llgainat an expenditure ta tho preaeot time of S0,1SM. 17(. IML; 
Ilral tbe worka, aa eitimuied in 1847 lor a park on tlie low lovot, 
[diflaeed io entirelj from the works for Qiv i»rk uu Uie bigh«r 
Lkvel aa ooolempiated in April ISSG, and iiliii.-o esucuteit (even 
I Bucb Doro r«pidly ihaii wm ihdii iuiticipNt«di, thai Dtijiul ootn- 
[|Mriaoa am be niiile bclwcdo tlicae two eatiinatca, Tbn atal*- 
iMenta alM Rhow thai ajT'UO't the ealiuale uf aU.OOOZ. in April 
laat, tlten h^a beeu nu uxpoudllure (iududing liabiliiiea iucurred) 
flf tt/ilSL 9t., the former having aupjKMWiJ the wurka to be 
t«uHeii oa prograaaivwly, aa oarth eoold be prucunxl from tha 
[ilritcUKgaitaa: and the latter being for the W0Tk« aa they have 
tbaaa axenttud 



pDoadft 



rapidly, and at the ooat of filling in ibe low 



RwptKiUim vpm «U wMt Un 
The eatiraate of tbe espendllim upon the whob lillillllrtln. 
aa reiK>rted by me on the 9Snd Harrlt, 1847, eadiMtv* ef Uriarart 
on borrowed inoaaya, &«, and of the aoeoeer'a cadoMte of 
^AfiOiL tot tbe river embaakmont, wna aa followa : via.— 
PurehaKe— 

Fraebuldon 1W.7U IS « 

Laaaaholdm t3,70S 17 II t t. 4. 

It7.<3a IS W 

Worka 3«,«0<> • 

Kipenaaa attending tha niidtrUkiDg ... IS,00O 4 

fMo^ins u 11 

aratotalafa69,933t. ISa. IK, with tbe embaDkauBt added. 

The ex fiend it lira Ulmn thp whole 'indrrtakin^ frooi tbe ooa- 
mencnmi^nt to the 24th February, 18.^7 (uxJodiiig eatimatad 
liabillliee to Slut Utarub), baa been na followa: vi&— 

Purfbuea (iiidud-ng ISIBJ. liaUlitie* for Mra. / a. ^ 

Arnold anil nthor* 331.779 It • 

Works finctu'lin^- 2&9ZL 1S(. UabitiUca aa before 

■UU-d. LLni! C(JOl. (or worka ap Ut March 31) . . S1.3M II 1< 

ExpenKo (inolu'ling .1000/. liatdlitlea for rutM, laxea, 

architect, and oUcr ooalingenoiea SS.SII * t 

^If.l>M a W 

Theae two BtatamenM of gmnnnd expendititre ahow, that op le 
the 3lRt inaMiit thn cxi^caa of exjicpdiliire npoo tbe whole lllld«^ 
taking over tbi' unKiuol Htimnt« of 1547 will be ^uclnding BaU- 
litioa) T5,06a;, e.. Hi: vix.— 

< «. A 

Upo4i Ihe PorshaiM „ ... .. 44.3t3 3 I 

„ Work. I'J,HSO 17 I# 

„ BapeuHa 17,841 9 t 

<7S,0tf « II 

Tba etiuea of exceta have ariwn entirely rram cireaiBalaBMa 
wbi«b oonid not be provided for in tbe eatimale, and orer whkb 
1 coald Dot bnvc bail the alightert ooutrol: Ibej have been fnlb 
expUinnl on oureral oaoaaiona, and eepucinjly la the giaienu 
niport of April l^Slli, ISAO. 

X'be eioeea upon the porcbaaea alone liaa been 44,343t, cr 
about i& per oenk on the aaiimala, and tf lliey had beea mub 
within two yean from tbe poaninK of tlie Act, na (hero waa tliM 
rnuon to expect they woulil be, uio ratamaten buih tor tbeoi aaj 
for the eipvuHL'H would not bare been exweded. But the Audi 
appropriatul by the Aet were not (hrtboomtng; the EiiAeqair 
Bill Commiaaionara oonld onlf mnke their advaaoaa (fowlr, nd 
ia oompamtivoly amall aumi; the whole of tbe pecyer tl ea waa 
not aoqaired uutil eight yean after the paaaiii^ of the Att, 
daring tbe whole of which time tli« lands were rtetuf; npidly k 
value (aa hail been foretold), and biwiiieaaea wnr* oaisbliabed er 
laoteaafd which luul little ur n'l exiau-ncD when (be Mtimala 
waa mad*, and tb<^ purchnae of which became mty eipenaira. 

Tbp cxuuM uiKin ibi! i!X|JciiH«t haa arisen elIiu from ihe dehiji 
wbioh occurred in mukiuu ll>e piircbaoea, and proceeding with 
the wdertakiJig', theaa deTaya ^ve riae to the payment of inla- 
realon loauaaod purchaaoa, which in 1847 had not bntMexpeeM 
to ariao, and was n^rrcittlly eicludod fn'in that ealimnte; for ihit 
alono there has been [Niid a sum of Iki,77^. 1^. Id. For the 
law expenaea alao, wbiuh have bern very oouaideiably increaeal 
by the aane delay*, tst<37'. lot. tid. baa been piud. Th«e tve 
aooia together make H^iSlSt ba. 7if, fnr whieb, whan Ihia aA 
matea wore prcpnroil, but a email prvviaon waa ntaeeiy. 

The otlier incideutal expeuaea far aurveyora employed to (ratal 
and givnevideuoe before juriea and arbitrator^ for tbe coau <f 
Bwarda, for ratce and taxea, Ac, amount tii I0,19U. 7*. id.; hot 
tbia luunuNt lnui, of couraa, been iri like nunner iiicroaaed by ike 
dtilayn, but not to the aame extent aa tlie purchnaca, tbe iiilm<. 
and tlie law expenaoa. 

The npeaaea upon tbe wurka haa exeteded the original ealt 
mate of tlaroh im7 by l!i,»»^ IT*. lOd, Tbe worka tbeacM- 
ti-mpki«d are, however, aa before atatod, ao totally diKtwit ttam 
tltoae oxoculctl, thai no comparison can be made belwevn Um m 
eetimate*: but tbe total experi<iitare on works up to tbe pneaat 
time (laelndiog [iabilitiraX wbiuh bun been, aa before alata^ 
Sl,380{. 17a. ItkL, b Wlow the aura uf r^iff7L St. lod, wbtAl 
ktated la my refMirt of April HHiG, would probably be 
(4txo)pt for the rivor embonluncut), depeading, bowevwr, e« ' 
might be deemed eMuulial, and upon lh« nite of cnnrtaf «b (be 




THE CIVIL EKGIKEER AND ARCHTTBCrS JUtJBNAL. 



US 



H to abo ta be otectvcd, Uwt Uw oxpaditeM of the 

Hthm of patkMfmr*, «>Niatabl«a, rejAln of vftlka utd 
other work* ntaallj «obi|uW1 aixUr iba Unn of 




I work* remaiDiiis to be done to eouploto the pnrk, or 
I Bkbt b« uihleruken for [t« further iuiproromeut, arc m 
om, tCa Mm* bvlo^ eidatire of th« work* to be pnrided 
tor by tb« VM« tor uuuuteDMico br tli* yi-kr 1b£7-M : — 

^B 111* mmpIrtioB of lb* Priuee of Vlt]m'-n*d, biuI (h* 



IfKtcUug of lb* AJbaft-rud uid tb> ViuUiru-nuil, tlta 
Siming aad snToUing the lotJ wp to tbg aoutU «caU« 
g*to ud lbs Jlt^Ml rMv) to Uiv wuthoul gala 



DrtTM: 

OrkfcOlK lb* loop rwil oeu Uw Albert Titwn .. 
W>Bn; 

OrBvclllDC tba broad mtXk uiutb of tha omiawntal 
walOT, the iwn profowJ iliagoful inJki Tor lb* 
MsbuuiU, aiul oiht* nn6iii*h*d cooDMAinit walk* 
Mldioc » ouUffrt n>r tha pvUic **««r andar ih* 
Mdriv* ... 



2100 



ISO 



Mli 



150 



I 



L*f«Minc mhI fonnlog (round; 
rormLntf ilBpn tiaag ih* ed^ of Ibo Muth dflv* 

■nd (£• *Mt drlva SSO 

Fwsing ground tluiitf tb* *»alh drir*, lb* ««*i 

driven and lomrdi til* aaulh-VMl g*l« . . ... dOO 

IViDcLbt ud ttUDIJDg to lh««itaiit of twdTtMrw, ia- 

dudiug purehnaa of lr*M 

ningup: 

Vhacflii( ID alop. for one jvtt „, 

BtMng tha knit of walk^ and W tke low gnraiul : 

~ £. 



lUO 



luoo 




Mn^og iu (Mtb, I7 railway, from Ilia building 
gfHiiM. lo niM (he anrhM Mtorotn iho Tlotoria- 
Mad aiid cut drin ... tUUO 

BriiigInK in MTtb, by lb* riviw and failwaj, for tb* 
two di^Doal walk*, aod Ibr larx* mmiiidi niar 
tbrm ... SOOO 

BriNgiag ia earth Tor a bug* mound near tba old 
itniltWff grnrin 1 and ilope for ckit driTc 10<iO 

4000 

Total . . ...£S600 

WvuimI work* ««ti]iutMl, 1 b«g Imve lo offVr 
J'rtatub: 

"n* MtUiMle for the MnplatloB of the publle roada appIlM to 
tboae whMi itro, in mf oj^Moa, feqnired br teillns the building 
hitda, nr which 1 ahiiuld rstorotoNiil th« ComnuaHonera u fom 
thnaaelvia; it (appDacH tboni ooraplntod in a ptup«r manner with 
•urfaop dralDA^ lit for traOic, ami in a aInCe to be aurmiderod to 
Uivdiatrict, butmittiiug la iDdii>li<(l for a atvuuil coal of gmtel 
(the •um of BIA4. hnviog b**a proriJe.1 fur rM|i«!ci in tli« eali- 
nue of tba vol* for roaintvoanM), nad tb*r* would itot be a •lone 
lnrt> (o lh« footpnlha 

When the cootinaalioa of the Baltoraaa Bridge-tuMd waaanr- 
WMd w a il tu (b« Jiatriel huanl, llxy called Ciir such a kerb, but 
■A*r»nrcla aureui) to take to tba mm williout IL Ther* are not 
■t proMni abtio knrfae to tb* other road* in the diatrict : the coat 
•f Ucm lui^hL be from iOOOL to JOOcN. or mgr^ dopendins on tlio 
•aaiilliii|{ aud in*l«rwt, and it would be an expeodilurv which 
woaU iHil bcBKitt the ComnlMloticn, wbiuh 1 oelieve tli^y aru 
soi bowsil to undertake by the BattenM Park Act, and which 
under an* arcumatanaia cannot naeonabty be required from 
then. 

'fh« woria within the parte for completing the drive, the wnlka, 
tfao forming of Uie mnnd, aiul the plantaiinna, and eatjmat«d to 
eoat l.iaV., ar« ptirltaiia not all nf them oeacntlally neeemarv, or 
Uiay might be done proifmmvnly one of the VAt#a for niatnt»- 
■MieB; bnt I have anjtRMtcd thrm to be done within the next 
Mvalva AOBtha, ai tber ar« T«<]uiny| for the eotnpletiiMi cif ibo 
dHign, and li wooM he an advautage to bring th« park wrait^ 
biM good eonditioti. 

The vatlnaU of HXNU. fur pUnling ia lot«iidod to Inolud* all 
plmtatinna exMpt tba*> fow by tli» rir«r aide which depend 
span tJie eoweioiBtiow of the rircr wall. 

Thm catimue of SOttf. for wbeetiof in elop brought frofn the 



iotSu to MibtDhlad w bk Monoailcnl Mmagmmt, nartknlari* 
—mill, and of tba gnataat eerrioe to tiM aoenwr of the park : 
the alop wh«n dry become* rary fine mrtfa. Probably not Urn 
tlUH 40,000 onbic yard* bnv(^ alrviuly bnrn broofbt, aiid appUad 
to the fimaatloo ot the li^iv, grailual, and eaiy alop** from tba 
oepUnMl* road into tb* park; and the oratJanatlon of thi* pn>- 
eea* for at leaat aneither year I atrongly lecommNid for oon- 
pletioff the oaplanade ilopca, and mora capeeiKlly for the large 
centrd mound of Ifae eapLtnitde, wbldi it caleobted lo prodse* 
great effrnt npou tbe toeiMn from vmy part of Oie park. 

The hat ll«tt of IOOOL i* propoatd for i*iaing th« lerel* of 
mlka, for AlUng op tlie low gnrnnda, and for forming additional 
monoda for plantatlona. 

Uot) of tlie li>w«ai poHiona of the lauds pvrchattd wai artmad 
thejabutiou of the two main aewera, or, now, a*ftrb> tbo eoutli' 
«aat gate uf the pnrk. Tlil« haa oowiatoned gnat difficultke; but 
tb*y have bean iu groat meiwurt orrreoroe Inr conTerting one 
taroe portion into oranioeDtiU water, and by fiUiog up another 
with earth brotiglii in by ntJIway or eicavsteJ fnim the bile, 
which latter portion Is now oompied by the eaat drive, with tlm 
avenno, and by the broad wilk at the w«ter-«id(i. But then atill 
rtmaiiia to bi> raiard a C'>iiai>lumblo arm of low ground betweni 
tiie eait drive and tb« Victcrin-road. In the coaree of year* tlii* 
perhapa niigbt be done with rubbUh and earth bronght froen the 
building ground and other plana; but It (brms ao ImnoHant B«d 
oontpleuoui a part of tbo pnrlc, that, tn my opinion, the propoftHl 
onilay of lOOOf. wotild be fnllr juitifipd, and would Iw repaid by 
the immediate eSicot it wottla produce. If, lioworcr. it d« dnun 
at all, it •hcnld b« done in the prtMut ynr, before Uie bri<lg« in 
ojreunL, aud while the railway work* nn in progreea: for iho 
weiuui I propote to adopt arv>, a line of nUla laid fiuio the bnild- 
lag gnnnd, with vagg^iu, kc. to bring from there the earth 
wMcD til* buililcra would eviolually liave to excavate for llie 
baHUDenla of the houaea. 

The (SM ia Btat«d to bo Mtloinled at lOOOl., and I beliore it 
may hv llniited to tliat anm, but it would of wane depend oa the 
oxtunl ti which it might be dccniud adviaabi* to eontinau the 
6lting up. 

Tlia mat ot ntttug the ground along the Udm of two dlngooal 
walk* yet reraniniug to be fonund, indudiug uounda for puiito- 
ttone connecltd witli them, 1* aet di>wn in tn« ««t!iiial« at tOOOt., 
•lefendlsD, tike the laet, upon th« extent to which tlic wot4: OJiy 
l« carrisa Tli«ae walk* atv intended to lead direct from the 
river pier, and other wotral attnuUone, to the tootheaat and 
•ouih-weat gatM of the park; they are eaaenthil to the park 
tmnmuiilcatl 'oa, and ought to be foraed on the miMd levHa of 
the otlipr walkji. The inoand* oonjoccted with them an prapontil 
for largo nlantatloo*, to curtail in (nch eaao the viowa over tlie 
lower land, to give vnriely to thove portiona, ami to coiiu^ut ihv 
ptantnl)OU» adioiuiug tli« river Mpluude with the pluitalion* i» 
the bterior of the park. 

The raUIng a mouod for a larjco plantation in the onen «pK<r 
or lowgroiinii belwepn the ctuit drive uod the embankment nf 
the V iclorin- road, «li muted to o(>»t 1000/., i> propoaotl ■■alireij u 
an addi'.ion to the aoenerv, and lo break the long ltji« of onhMk- 
meat whi<rh forma the Vietoria-road; and In my opinion It U 
very dmintble fiwm alrooal every point of view, but oapednUy m> 
from the very high embankuout which forma the appuDnca to 
the park front Chelaoa Bridge. 

BeapecUiig the two InM mbjectft I hpg loan to obeei-ve, dial if 
Iheae works ahould be dodo tlli* erjiaon I abonld extMct to obtain 
iiiuoh of the earth from Mcaara. Cobilt'a; Init whether dnue thin 



• 




year or next, they uu4t be done while the river bciuk reniaiiia in 
iu preaentaUUvoruot Btall; thehaigeaoau now larBpdaaeltt 
the aborev ■'n bede whioh have been espramly uian* tor thMn; 
ttut after the river wall ha* been baiJt, thvro wtU b« no mnana 
of Unding from them. 

Hitherto the worka of the ptrk have been mrried forwani 
on the ]iriii-H|ite that acwiding to tlie lerela nod fomM now 
adoptra fur the walk* and plnutntioHa. wo they mnat roinatu for 
the fu1i>m On thin prindpl* it waa that th* high lernU w«ni 
•dopUul, and the walk* formed noon a healthy lew], with goo<l 
viowa. nnd with varied aud undnfating aueneiy, inatcud of un the 
low level, which wouhl have periwtaued all tlie e*il» of tbo die. 
By the adoption of the high level the park Iina becmie nffreeaMe 
and Milnyable; and ft la •nhtnittAd, that aa IImi two itaia* laA 
riAitTml to wouH only oc*t 3000/., the gtvat prinriiile on whiuh 
the wnfka have hithorto been carried forward .uuijlit not for that 
•am to be abandoned. 



_^^^jg^ 



.SS4 



Ti^ CIVIL ENGI>'EE& AMD ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



WMa vlftA dM Ml «( ymM hfiML 

^le work* to wliicfa I hxt* not jvt klladed an tfao maio 

Mwen ksd bnach rovU for tbe landi outaida the botUKUrT 

Fftnov, and tiw lodgM uid Ui« river waU (with pi«r] fijr the pwK 

IImUI 

Ontaido tb* Fkrk— In tbf raport of lut ;Mr I rtAtod tlutt tb« 

. miblic Mwer or opon ditcb, wiiich aow tntvcnM the wbole 

^Ic^tborttMaoulhudooftLepcirkiUiiicMuiat be filled up nntil 

ti« new BUkln wwer bu been ooiutniet«d, la a pnblio aulaaca^, 

kMdwfll,ao lon^a* IteonttDuea, beasrwt drawback aixl lilud- 

[nac* to Um oojojiuiit ^ the park; tb* •tpvrioDw of tho ptut 

■ indnaM me to repcftt thia opiniom evea mon atnDDoudjr. 

t aeww (iodqwoJeat o( the oaiauiice aud aiuishtitneas) han 

' enaled rerjr gr«tt difficulties and ^ipeiMe, and in Ukeljr to Lateo^ 

^An fTMtlj -trith Ibe lotting of the Iniildiii^ Itinile: BDVorthdeH, 

^ 1 fcar that no stSM can bt Uken renpraimK It nniil the main 

■cbemo for the eoutb aide of tho river liiu been delor- 

niised. and the work* thereof hare b«ea oommeuved, or at leiuil 

proTide>l for. 

Aocordina; m th? rtkoa propm^d by Hr. Bau)g«t1« fur the 

pBonth tide dntion^, tlin Urgif uinin wwer for Battencn would bo 

[:«srned under tiM wbole lungtli of the Prince of Wala'-r<«d; 

hi*, with a brwDoh &«ai it up the Albert-rand, to iuttrcept (be 

•Mnt open ditch, would provide all the dralnai^ rc<iutred tor 

I bonding lauJa, exoipt tlie wnaU aewcra (or the branch roada. 

«VD i* profaablj' little doubt but tbnt tbi* ittuat aewer will be 

J bnill, tbongh four or five mra heoce, aud as the <Mt would bo 

^'defrajed l» tbe tatMk it Ita* not apjjviued to nie neoM«af7 to 

I provblou fur It In thcM e«tUnat«e. Nor have I ma>lt \>m- 

non fbr tbe anwllvr mwtn «ader ibe bnuich road*, bcctiiao 

I Hetropoli* Loenl Mnnn^emont Act provide* for all icwer* to 

bniH bj the dhtlrict boiird at tlieir own vxpeiue, ttic coat to 

aflerwarda recovered by tbein, wholly or in part, by an in- 

1 rate opoo the propertlea improved. And m theee 

r aewu* could not tie built until aftrr tbe main Miwor, and 

__ not be rtquiiol until tlip land haa boon let, their coat 

'■Mold fiUI npea the le«ecH, u wu before contemplated. 

Wbeu tbo-BBW naln aewiir fana beeu bnill, tlM> prewnt npen 
dltub will, of ooane, be abcmdoui^ na a public »«w«r, and will 
|uira to bo fille'l up, which would be a eeu^darable oipena«i 
; I would tAke the liberty to «ubuiit to yon, wholhor— in con- 
ation of the iowan beins n public work a* well an the park, 
of the adranlaffe of both world to the paHiih of Battcnea 
NJallT — !t would nut be reaoonable to r«i|uiie tbs Uatro- 
SHui Board, when tliey hiilld tho new maiu aower, to fill up the 
Dt opali ditch with tho <>arth to bo excavated for tlie lewer, 
itnd alio lo form pro|ior outlet* for tbe lurfuoe diuiimgi' uf the 
~ : and of the ornamental water. 

Tlie roada which bare b«ru funnfd, or tho oomnletioD of which 
included In the eatimale herewith iiubniitt^, am all tho«e 
j which, in my opinion, would be nrocunr^ fur the public, or for 
l.tlie letting of the building laud*; and tbe more ao an tboy will 
Vprobftblr ranatti uuooveiwl and almoal nnproductivo dor aome 
I jOHv. I bavo thenlbn not made provision In the eiitimata for 
fdieooatoftJiobruich riiadg; they will not be r^nuiml until the 
Flanda are let for building purpoara, and ■hould then bo con- 
atmctfd by tho leweeOk 

Inside tbe Vvk. — The ooic of building lodee* at the four 

l«riaeipal antnooea of tbe park might be AOMI. or OOOOl.. 

I depending on the aiMdeaned ncoeHai?; but I bavn not includod 

1 any euinTn the eaUmato, oonaideriuK *nch an expenditure uune- 

far at Icatt aoma jenr* benoc. (Juuveuicnl iron hnle, 

with ArepUoe*, have been erootod at Ciuch of the xatea, tar tbe 

day and night watolunan and oooutablcH. Thn woot lodge, which 

it now occupied by the head gatekeeper, an<l a* offiea* for Mr. 

Corriw and Mr. (iikwon, la u very couvcniont houao, tlioogh it* 

•xtarior appcanuicu noedi iniprDreukcui. There ate •otue nnall 

liou*e*inth«nei£hbourliw»l which thi; catttkoepera an now per- 

),initied tooocnpy, and tbe huuM in which Ur. Eniruw, the auper- 

• lataadant, Bowlivoa la very auilablo for hi* pufpoan. Victoria 

fiuk haa tatnained now for abore ten y«ara without ludgca 

(eMafit Um bouu onnipicd by Ibe aupflriutendeut)-, and aa tliey 

I'm* not aaBMlctl for itaiteravia Park, and might jHwaibly ntther 

dotiwt fron thaa add to tU» tc^avj, 1 euhrait that the coat of 

' building them nwy be poatponed for aomc yean. 

The river wall or embankment wo* proposwl, 1 believe, more 
for lb* tmnroTNtcfll of the rivvr than for the advuntage of tbe 
fmrkf but I bare alway* ouualderad it an liUagnl pvt of the 



pvi; the oqslaaado (a hading feature of the park) wnvU H 
formed nlmoat entiiely on tnod neareni from IM rt*«r, and the 
omiaaion of Ibia part of the deaigii wonld be gnatljr to bo i«- 
^tbed. The conatniotlon of thie embaulpMni wna eonfnphM 
in IfSKl, an<l wM providod fi>r in tb* nliauta upon wlwfc aMll- 
oiticd waa made t« Parliamvnt for rotoa to oconnJrte the •DMt> 
taking: but the money ao votMl (which aUo, a* I ticliore, indadwl 
BOflOOl. for the outUy of the pork) have been ahoorbed bj the 
groallv iuLTvajied oMit of tbe pui«liBs«a,and no n«aii* now ronab 
avmilaUe br the embaakmant 

The CDiit of thia embankmetit (naUmated hjr Ur. Rigs tf 
3:^00Ut.) hoN not lieon included m my eetiniatM, bemae lb* 
work belonn to Bdr. FAge; and though the aonieiy of th» paik 
very much depend* npon ItLand tho work mnvt appear mSalMMd 
tUl It i* dona, It la not adtiMble in mv opininn to make npplk»- 
tion -Air fiind* for at lenat two jeara Loacc: becnuae ao lo^ m 
the river ahora Knuiina in its pr^ent slate, the bam* cnn H* «p 
to Und earth and einp, and it ii of much men VDporlMMt to 
oonlinuo that lupplj for one year, if not for twov than to hilU 
the river wall. 

Annihor xubjcct heniafter to be considered wilt b* Uw eso- 
*tnicticin of a pier, which, oa connected with the wnhMikMWW, 
beloii(n to Mr. I^gi^a denrtmenL Ttie coat of thia Woife ka* 
not, I bolieve, y«i Wn included In anv c*tiraat«, aod tb* nnooat 
will depend upon the nxxln in whicti it may be bnilt, and tb« 
extant of rivi^r wall that niny tie ioclndod with it Tbe eooatne- 
tion of a pier «• a frm acceu to tite park would not benefit tbt 
public, but outy tho ateiunboat eonpanie^ who would charge dw 
same jAsangfr-moncy whether thia one plrr bo fr«e or not; sad 
therclom it nhnuli], I think, bn built, and lot to the eompanta ibr 
n rent fm the Grat inalance) that would return a proper fir- 
oenlage on the outky, to 1w iQcrcnacd aflerwatvli as tbe UnSi 
will juatinr; or a frontage lulgbt b« let to tlie oomjiaujea on !■« 
at a emaU rent, lor t.hcni U- oonairiict the pier. I appt^iCD^ 
however, you will prefer the former eounc. 

During the next ten yean many expentea must be ioeimeJ 
for the mnunjieineul xud lotting of tho ettat« outaido th« park, c( 
which noeetiuiate cau well be submitted; but th«a* azpaaaoi^li 
n \nemtaixl, will bo paid (br out of the annual nal prodond b; 
the e«tal«, widcli after the SAth icuitBot will bo aboat 3000(. pr 
aunnmi and that nmouut will bs nuKiuoulod year bv yMr, 
though the inertaie may not duriog^c bml yeara bo rKpnL 



. > ground; mi 

llillUD. 

i,.'d,St<« 
1 h.'v ulimU 
Mil,,- It* P* 



Jtflumt frtim BnUding iatitU, tfC. 

The total cjunutitv of laud applicable fn building purpoais m 
12A acree, nn<l I believe It is curivvt to stal-i ihiit aWut SIf tarn 
of tlia lawl (inoluditig tbo r^'''' "^ Inndinj; atlached to oae pUi 
have been dispoaod ol to the Woit London <uid Crystal IvMI 
Hallway Curopany, in perpetuity, at a rent ot ^M&l/. par aniW 
with power to tlma to purchase the sniuo wiAin «ia y*ar%M 
the aoni of 6i,tKKK. Of the land so let, > ^-r.U porliuo kfc 
least nJoablo of that which belevfei to thi- < .iiiiiAaaiDi>era ro^ 
the park, being very low, but part of it u ;.-" >' h 
the pier alone waa eatimaledaa worth ICKH I' i" i 

At a general lueetiag of tho oompany i i i> 
Petoalatad diat "avery latgo plot of laii<i <' > 
atntion had einca boon purchaaod at more itinn 
the ooiupaiiy bad paid Cjt their land;" and though ctii.-swt'^ 
cxplaiool \iy oirouuistanom, it ahuws the oompuiy lu-v w** 
fiod with the leroiH accorded ibuu. 

Probably no oorreot iuferenco* can be dndncod tlma 
letting, but I think it juxtilica me iu luunming tlut 
realAlto be eventunJty derived from Icltiog the whulu 
will not be In* tliau 10,00Df. pur annum. 

It would be dilKcult to hiuanl auofiiulon rMpMtlng tbi 
or lotting value of the huidit at tha present tinw, and It 
tniproper to make it public; they would Ear the next h 
be valued low, and 1 wouhl recammend that ao attempt ~ 
lor aonie time to let or aell, except nouie wliarfs, hoiuusa, 
lyiux twrliuiis of Und. 

The ChuluM liriitgs will not b» open for Iraffie till towa 
end uf thin yvor; the approach to the land* from Nino El 
be iutcmiptc) for a yet lunger period by tbo worla of f 
way; the looality oaunol aoMime au aspect ver? dilferfi' 
that which It at present bsan^ nor beooms much kiK' 
some tins after thoaa prnoda-, the main aawor for thi> d 
the lands may not be built Ear faur or five years; awl 
I au of o|Mnion that it wonld not be advuable to 
let the liJiJa by Cordng them prtnialurely into the 




hi> d ter 

u 




TOE CIVIL ENGINEEB A»D ABCDirECTS JOUBKAL. 



9iS 



UiAt U woolil b* adiVBUmoai t« U«tv tbm to Mqoii* Incnucd 
Tklnc bjr Uiapro(nNWT0TiDpn>r«iiMiitor tholoealit;. 

Th* Skitr Walt OJtd BmbaiJaaeal, 

Sttimalt. 
The •nJL boflt «f Mi^ «il^ iIoim coping uid with «»» 

oreta hHki«| 

tha P||i>l|- ^ *bich odIj ■ frorkiaa can b« lotit, t^r ... 
l%«aUm Id, iko ■■ k prvrialon, wj 



16,000 
0,000 
«,0OO 



Tbut •MimkUd OOM . 



.. 01,000 



w 



Some partt of thb w»U would be built oIom to ths p«a«nt 
bo««i bat otlwn woaU •xUod into tb« riT«r nnuij to lov-w*Ur 
wk. ooM—qiwtttly tba luiKlit, thielcMn, am) gwenl ctmgtb 
fjpt Um wkU will diAr in the iH-vcrKl |)VU: bat tb* abova cad- 
■ate Um been fnineJ atx ibc suptjoiiUaD tW th« coptag wuald 
c l«vel thceuboul »t a height u i feel above Trinity dfttmo, or 
. ft. « >A. UgDcr than wm pmMsad bj Mr. Rue itt Jane 1B4A. 
tb* MtUiHto iviipOMt tbat a luKth «f ISIO fi«t would be 17 
Ut hkh, tliat 22M fort would be » liet U^ and tbat 400 IbH 
vontd M a feet luglt. 

It la propoaad to dlv^lae tbe appeamioe of a patmpet by 
ft>nu!ag a atai, whioh would exUnd lor about 1000 ttot in front 
of tbe wptftiiido, and voaU add grMtl; to ifee appeanaoe of 
that part of tbe pwk. 

A aum of 6000J. baa been att down in th« eatimate (or pUbg; 
but tbe qnantltj tbat nuy be rMuimI utUl depend eatir«lj- apoo 
tb* nb4o«L rMp«cting which 1 am uBlnformed, and tlie aum 
■tat«d nuj he too low. 

A lam of 400l)t. baa alio been aet down in th» Mtlmata for 
filling in tbe gToand beblnd the wall; tbe total iiiuntitj' roquired 
will bv about ljn,uorj cubic nid^ which at BdL would coat 
4000^.; but the mnuai «oet wiU depend Hpon tbe apeed with 
which the vnrk ■bnll lir tamed oa, «fid if It ptooeed npldly tbe 

eatiniate will In- fXCrhW. 

The toul length of the river wall froni the tcraiination cf the 
■biilmeot wall of Chebea Bridge to the weit tide c^ tlio IMnoa 
Albert-rceul will 1w about nSIOfaet; and the total ooM, acoordh^ 
to the abdvc eibmatc of MfiWl., would be, taUw one put with 
another, aa arenuo of about iL U. per foot lineal Aiovo the 
aatimaU made bj Mr. Pajio in 1^40, ariatns chi^j I praratn* 
from tbelbllowliigatneea: — l*t.Tlia inGreaaed leiwth of 390 feet 
Snd. TIm Increaaed height of 1 1^ (t iii. above Trioily dutum. 
ad. Tbe inereaad ^nutuy of etAncwork for th« parapet 
■ Aa thu work i> id the banda of Mr. Phce, I woold reapeotAiUy 
anbroit the propriet}' of reqneating hia prtarat opinion npou it, 
twelve yean having elapaed ainoe nis eatimato wu raiulF, during 
whWh pcvtod ha haa derived experience from tli« wurki lie lm« 
already done, and baa obtained uifunnatloo na to the fouodAtion 
wbidi mnjr be expeeled for thli porlioa of the walJ, nellhrr rf 

bicbl 



Sar/ace Dnnna0e. 
ftirfhcc draini barn been Uid down for tlio lov clajr land*, and 
for »iQie waiki. at a ocat of about ^OOt.i the oulJol ioW the open 
p^io dildb or eewer being about 100 wda wmt of the waal^end 



•flbalake. Afrmt pan of the nark land iaof a ver^r abeorbent 
ud tbe walii* ber« all been formed bub above tbe 
enr&op; boih am thvratbr* at all tlmaa dry, and it It 
1 to nsdertake any further eurboo-drainiwr. 
_ » of the low elaj huida ia the deepeat (Jiac the pro- 
open ditoh will pnrnlt; but poaaibly it may be deamed 
mble to deepen and to exieud thie dminage, whenever, by 
^on^nelion of tbo new eewer, aoch a work may beoome 

iTf* Ftnttng PlantattMU. 

■' ^^ttf» ankosnt act down by m^ fur wire and other f— ■'■iny in mr 
- ^Mikte Ibr nuinl^nanco, datod 3>l Dijoember, 18M, waa UOoL 
* ^.^fc« other porki the pntctke haa boon to inclus* lliu phuita- 
» g. ^th wttvlcn fcnOM, to be nupencdcd jmigrwuivuly ty iron 
-MJ*Wa. and meet of the pbutationa in Victoria Park are now 
'gli^^d with wixid; but, preaumUig vou mi|^t deem it adviaikble 
^ i-^<ipt iuBodiaUly inin fendiw fur fiatteteea Park, I inQloded 
>fT-> ^*** "> luuBod ia the oatimate (or malnlenanae, and appreheod 
' ^ '" ouvvr oU rniuirod within the ooraing T<«r. The total 
' J^^^>Uty neoemary to iocfeee the nkuilationa which liavo Wu 
rl^'t»letad b 10,000 yarf» lineal, which, «t 3*. a yard, would coit 
^? ^ Aa all tbe fnnce will ronuirv to be fiiL-d un curred lino, 
tke park will ho graied by aheep only, I believe tight iron 



hsnUM wouU be preferable to win, and thftt lh«ry nlgbt be 
flsed aaSchutly etrong for tbo purpoe* at the price nameiC 
TV Cnm Rimd*. 
The two croea roada net fbraied are^ tbe read np to the aouth 
centre gate, tad tbe diagonal rc»d to tbe aoatb-eaM jpto; the coat 
of Ibeee two node ia inelnded ia the earn of SOOOL net down a* 
the — *'— -'r* eoat of road-making ootaide the park. 

Tbe total quaatitf of the landa to be enfraaohlaed win sot be 
MowtaJaed until the adnitMioiu bar« brta onmpbled; bat I 
believe the nirr«yor to the lord of the manor espeeta it will not 
be leee than 3u aorei^ and thai the total coet of eufranchlMuamt 
will not be leaa than AOOOt 



Having now given explanaliona and detalla, and nported fully 
upon all eubjectit oonuected with the portbaaa and Jorawiloo it 
Baltanea Park, I take the Ubati; rtaj raipootfbUy to obaarre 
that thi) object* which the firrt promoter* of th« park had ia 
view hnvo now been aeoompUabed. In 1^43, wh«n the Helro- 
polttau liuprorement CammtMionen tnned Uieir atteoiioo to 
the aubjvc-t lu coanetted with the embaakmaat of the river, to 
which tli«r Qrat report referred, the bade kaowa aa BattoraM 
Finldt wnv a low taarah, iateteectod in ereij direeUoa by broad 
black atnonw or ditohea: the river nhore waa ooenpiea br old 
timber dooka, little better tbiui rvix'j'taalee be mudi aad tbe 
rivur wae only divided from the mareh by a narrow laiaed caaer- 
wny. The marah had been egld eome few yean befon in uaay 
amaU allotmenta, at iOL, VOL, or 70^ an acre, and tbe eevenl 
proprietor were about to oomtncooe buUdinir houaee of tbe 
eauUleel deacription, cooaiderably below tlie level of kkh-wator, 
and without any poeaibility of diuna^ It waa ohlefiy br tbe 
purpooe of prevautiog eo giwvt an cnl lu thie, ami to etop the 
objectieaable purpoooe (br vhleb the Locality waa made ■"■VVt. 
that the Improrewent CommiaiioDeia advued the pnrehaae of 
the hutda; aad though aJrwimetaacea have mdtnd tbe Mat 
mnch more tlian wat at &rat oantomplalwd, and llMUgh the park 
will not be obtained and funned at a profit without coat, yrt Um 
onet will be oomparatively email, and the recti mmcodn lion of the 
Commiaaonem will have been fiiUy jnatiGed by Urn rceutt. "Hie 
approach to tbe park by land will be good; tbe eteemere on tbe 
river will briug people eaelly from au tbe dense parte of the 
City and of Southwarki tbe eepUnii'la hj the river elde will b« 
peculiarly allraclivu. Ti>a eeeoory viU he dii-otaifiad, aaii«ted ^ 
It ii by Cholaaa Huapital, the SiujieiuiuD Bridfn, the Cryelal 
Palace, the bish grouudu of C'hi|>hiiiu, Wnudnvorih, &e.; and ia 
a few yean, after tlie plauUUons ahall have grows, aad the river 
ombankmenl etiall have been formed, there will probably not be 
a pArk near l^oodon praaonting mon attiacUau* of eoeaeiy, or 
more aoaree* for the mjoyniont and rMtrealion of the pablic^ IhaA 
Battoreea Park; and the looallty altoselber, iaftod of being (m 
would have betu the cue) a hot-bed or malaria, (ever, and enow, 
vin be, a* 1 firmly believe, a anbnrb worthy in ovary napeot «f 
the wtet end of Loudon. 



I 




BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADV AHVEMKUT 
OF SCiUNL'Ii. 

Tn ■ twen^-wvanlb meeting of the Brftiah Aaaoeiatioa for tbo 
AdviinoeiaeatafSelenee will mmmeaea iu Dublin, on theSMk 
IneL, with tbe tMlvmy, by the PraJdnrt, the Bev. H. Uoyd, of 
the inaugnnJ addrtaa The eDnelodhiK meeting will be held oa 
WKdncadny, tlie 2ai] Septoniber, at 3 p.m., when lb« Aaaochtini 
will lie odjoumed to ite next plaoe of moetinK. 

'Ilieoamuilteeaofaeotlana will meet dailv, from the f7(b ioal 
to the tod Sept. lodueive, at 10 B.ffl. The eeclioua will n>eft 
dally, tcvm tbo itTtb inaU to the 1st S«|it Isoluiive. at 1 1 ikm. 

CoBimunicatioaia may be preaentcd to the following aectioaa: — 
Sietton A, mathemataci aad phyaiM; B, ohenuatt7 aad mln*ta> 
leeri Ci gc^ogyi D, aoelogy aod botoay, induding phyeiohwy; 
B, gaognphy and ethnology: P. eoonontk eeienee Md atalimica: 
G, mechanicid edtaea. 

Noticea of commnaicattona Intoudod to be read U the Aofoeiap 
tioa, aooompanicJ by a atainuciit whether the niilbor will be 
preeenl at Ibc meotiug, may be luldreaaed to John Phillip*, ['«^ 
Mtkiant^^eral aecretaiT, MMdalen Bridge, Oxford: or i« 
Lnady E. Foot«, Eaq., Bav. Profeaaor JeUett, aud Dr. Uancuck, 
local eecrolarie^ Dublin. 



156 



THE CIVIL ENGIKEEE AND AfiCHlTECT S JOURNAL 



DOVER HASBODB OF RRFUOB. 

QtTiitT>iii.T Rxpoitn or UMtn. Wai^kr, Btmont, A Coopnn, 
to IIU Sterttarti lo Ihti Atlmir^. 
Jatt t) 1SA& — The fouadfttioiu ot itie p!**- Imt* bMo * xtMidod 
M b«t daring Uia put qiurtor. Tba uil uAun of Um bottom 
«(ill retArda th« progtvM of th« work- An kvwrue lettKth of 
34 fNt of the pior hu be«D rninod a bi<i|-ht of 20 foel from th« 
l«ve| of 36 fi^i-l bclrrnr low watflr, AU'l 't3 fc^et nf the pier bft<re 
ImD raised from I foot below U> <^ f««t abov« low wAt«r. Oao 
Ibooaud tout at enuiiU Iiaw benci d«llv*r«d, knd 8M0 ouba 
ynnli of eoacrcu btoclEr hhvc bcnii mnile nnon the vorlu. Tho 
■i«(ing hiu btwn exUndoH DO fwt. Th« •liuiv nven^ oiuuber of 
nxn DDou ibi! norlu boa been \H. CsrU^ntM uMUotlii^ to 
SI.OOOI; hnr* b«cn graBt«d to Umu*. L»«, Ibe oootmeton, doring 
tbctpMrtM". nakitig the total ■am eartifledoDlbofinrtBodiiooond 
vtmtrmeU HSJOOOt. 

fJelaUr 8, 18U.— Tb« fuaDdatioiu of th« pior hare been «X- 
tviidMl 35 fM(, &iid riIbkI 14 fe«t bigh during tb« put f|ii&rtcr. 
In ndillllon to ibL% th« tuiMonrr for aa artniffe leogth of 49 fMt 
of pwr bttt b<*n r>iW from 39 (M bilow low wntor to •1 fert 
Ahova low wAi«r, nnd for ab artn^ Ingtti of 41 feet it hu bora 
nuMd from >he leml of low wn^ to 27 fbot kbore that tevul. 
Tlie foundAlioUB uv dow bsinji; Ini^l upon tbe Bune il«soriptioa of 
iMtlom u dfnoribed in former ntporU, -16 fMt below low Wfttnr. 
Oae IhoimnH anvtm hundred toon of ^Dit« nnd Portbuid •lone 
h.«T« boen dolivDred, had 3300 cubic yardu of eonoret* block* 
lukTV been tnadf opnn the work«. The ilaily nvenm Qamh«T of 
mm Mni^oyed apon tba work* dorinj; tlic qiiArter Iiai boen 173, 
A MvmatonD on the Hal Angiut, luid nnotlier on th<> :d7lh aud 
'lAth S»pt«mb»r, dittorbed amall portion* if tba work in pro- 
gntm, but did no damiin to thnt which wu oompktcd. CcrtiG- 
Mtae to lh« lunouDl of 10,000/. hnvo bi-on gmuted lo the ooulrac- 
lAnt daring the pMt qniuter, mnking the total aum wrtlfied for 
th* flrnt nnd Mcood contraoU iSe,O0iM. 

JanHorji 9, lS,t7. — The staging f"r electing Ih* pief hm bi?en 
n«rried out 43 fwl: an awniKB length uf %'i feci of the pier pre 
rioiMlj foDuded hu been nleed to witbio £S feet of luw w&ur, 
•Mil ■ leofflh of 49 ft«t has been nised from 3 feat aboT« low 
wib-r lo tTie und*niile of the cajnug of tbe harbour wall. Six 
hnndro^l And forty tona nf grmnlta and Fttrtliuid atone hav« boen 
ifnHrornl on thn worki^ and 9B00 onblo yard* of eonerete Uneka 
tikve been made:. Sevoral etomiit hiivt oeenrrcd iluring the 
qiorbiri thAl from the 6th to tho I3tli Uciirmber wna the moat 
iiever«, but with the exception of washing olf leu nloiiM from the 
nnSaiahed portlnn of the pier, no damage wa» done to eithi-r the 
tMspomr or prrmnneDt work*. Average number of mcu cm- 
nlojred upon tne work*, 10(>. (^irtiBcntoa luuounting to 6500^. 
tinve been gnnted to the oontraclon^ mivking the total amount 
o>rtLlUd tor the 6nt and eeoond conlraula 36-l,fi00f. We have to 
repeat the lom of two Uvea hj aMldeot. 

AfiilS, I«.1T.— The etiigkng for ereotinc tho pier hw bwn 
en«nded 4? feoL The advance mnde with the taimdatiunii of 
Ibe pier haa been 4S lineal bet. The aanourj of thm leuflth baa 
Keen Tat«e<l «it the average a hefuht of 1-1 feet fr<>m the biinda' 
l>na. Mil] a furtlker leogtn of 37 u*t of the upp«r work baa been 
raiicil fi-om ;I3 fort Mow low-water apriog tidoi lo 7 ft Sin. 
b«lnw the Mme laveL The wall* ar« now pl^ed at 4fi feet below 
litw.waivr apring tidei^ upon a foundation of bnikeo diiite and 
aand. Thli^ though not eo Mliafitolory a* tlio aolid obalk, liaa 
■kowu BO a^plon «f laaufidanoj'. Eight hundred and torly 
tone of mnit* have been dollveted on the worka, and 3141) cube 
jarda of «o«iarM« blocka have been niadr. Avenge onuiber of 
»em employed upon tbe work*, lft3. Cortifimtes aiiionuUng to 
eOOt. have been^nuitcd lothBoontrnctorH.makiiij; the total aum 
^ttitiAed far tbe Aral and aeoaod oouineca i'i,i>'H}i. 



HAUWICH HARBOUB OF REFUGE. 

QoAKraLT Rktorth or M«««ra, Walkkr, Bprom, ft Coontn, 
(o tht Ster*il»rg to Ih* Admiralty. 
Jmlg I, ISSOl — The ooottnuanoe of rungh weath«r delated the 
paceAienl of the dredging at the OdIm- Sbonl tinUI tbe titb 
Tho dredging of tbe Ouanl Shnal hna, with the exception 
r-f a hw Hmutl pnli^ea, been oomploted to the extent orueevd. 
The qiMstilT vf matOTJal ntaM) from Ike Uut«r and Ononl dioala 
htrii^ the qo^rUr haa b«en l&fiOO oubie yard*. Dailj avenge 
ambir of nwa emplojad, S& The total amount oartiflod eiiiee 



Iha eoBunaaaement of tha woiric* b SfiOOt THere haa b«e« bo 
exlenmon of Ijmdgitard Point above tbe lavel of low watar atMa 
laat reporl 

OttAtr B. 1 SAB.— With the excepUon of eome email Inmp*^ the 
removal of which hu been dalajM by boiatiM'ouB weaiber, the 
dredging of the Untor Shoal baa been «ompJet«d to ili» astest 
onlered. The c|uantity of material nieod froui tlin Ontar a*d 
Quardakoalsduring tbenutqnartcrbubeen l£,tXW«ibayM!^ 
Dally avenge number of men employn!. i\i. No certi6aaI«B fiftn 
been Ktiuilod to Msaan. Le«^ the coutrniitori, aince laal reoaet. 
There has been no ettonaion of Laodgoanl Puint abo*« iha to>^ 
of low waler iiDoe laat report 

Jiinaary H, ISHl. — 'l'b« whole of tbe dredgioK onlemd ba« bcM 
oompletej. Total quaiiiity talaed from tbe Uoter Sbual darinc 
the peat quarter SOtKleulwyarda. The contraoton have received 
a final pnynoul oo aooonnt of their contract tor tbe reiuoraj «f 
tbe Oulcr and Ouard ■hoala; the total auoitnt being BI7S^. 4>. W, 
whieli, with the unonut nf Lheir Bral oontraot, make* a total cf 
Tl.Hi'L 16f. lid: paid to lh«u for dredging. There biu been do 
oiteuaiou of Laaguanl Point, either abov« or bdow low w«Ur, 
aince laat rofiorL On coinperiug iu prMM-iit etata with what tl 
•mu in li>4\ when oar Oral inrvey waa made, tliara ha* bi'«n a 
toCni exicnaion of &80 feet, or on the average 00 feet per aBBi^ 
A* the length of the point ha* IneiUMed, iU width hnaaiHuninlMd, 
aud it M iiiiw TU feel leai in widlh than in 1M&. 

Xo further Itepurl on thin harbour haa lieeu madit. 



ALDEKNBY HARBOUR OP RFFUOE. 
Qp«RTBnt,T BBroBT" nr Meetni, Walkkr, Bdrow, & Ooom, 

lo the Stcretary lo the AdminHg. 

Julff 1, IB56. — A (vitTiiTii'ni'oiiieDt wraa made with the fbonda' 
tJoQ of the walla of tbo wciUrn brcakwaUr on the Kind Ap^ 
•inoe which time 1 1 lineal yards of Btafing have baan «re«lad, 
beyood tbe end of hut eeaaon'* work. Tbe aea-vaU liaa bean 
fonnded 07 yania iu length; of Mr, 77 yarda aiv niMd 4(irt 
above high water, and ^ynrds lo the levelof low water of epriu 
tides. IIm foundation of thn harbour wall has bam extendM 
196 yards daring the paul c|uartiiri of this, 7.^ yarda have bam 
raised to thv kvnl of tho onping, and thn rf maioder to the levd 
of loW'Wnter apring lidc*. The hearting hotire«« tba aM aiil 
harbonr walla has tweu eiti-nded along with the wall*, nad kl 
75 yanIa In length la rdi»»d ifuut abuve high water. In wt<HiiiM 
to the atone URed In Ih" work* alxive deecnbed, 8S,000 toiM have 
been deponltnl in the baao of the branknater during tbe past 
quarter. Tlie daily aven^ number of workman emplcyM hu 
been 103& during the tiuartiT, and S2 borMa. Tbe aBionntcf 
oertifiottea granted to Messrs. Jackaon and B«au, coutractora, hm 
been fT.OiVH., making a total of 3i)6fi&iL duoe tli« oommcMe- 
mont of tho work*. 

O'^ubfr H, ISAU.—Thc f»UDiUtiou of tho wall* of the weatera 
hrftikwatar has been exteuded 'tSyardafoatwardadaring tbe past 
quarter: their extreme outer eitda ara now 9-17 yard* from IIh 
allure. The total bmslh of the em and harbour walla fenniM 
thiaeeaaon baa been 1 441 yard*; of thia. Tit varda of the aea wall 
have bean bmu^ht up to the level of 18 feet above high water, 
and the reuuiuiog 74 yard* to the level of 4 feet above bi|^ 
watar. Tbe harbour wall tar the whole length haa been laissd 
4 fert above high wator, and Is n>>dy for the oopiitf. TIm 
hearting bclwei-n the Mia and hHrlmur walla, fur (be sam* 
length as the wall*, ii ready fur the pitching. Tbo pronwiudt 
waH baa been carried furwnril for a length of TO yanh^ mtd ii 
raieed lo a level of 10 ftvl above the pUnth. Uia haaa rf 
the breskwatirr udiIt tow wittor has been ritended aeawarda 
.V «afficient quantity of lUino is depuMtod for the foundatioB 
of the wall*, f<ir a length of 00 yarda in adviDoe of tU 
masonry. The total quantity of stone dolivtrrd on iba vnrki 
daritig the quarter lias been alxiut 1S0,000 ton*. Tba «i«rw 
iiumVr of iQPii «ni])1nyed haa Iwen 096, and of horaea 00, n* 
amount of certiiicaUi* granted to the conirtictondiii-iDg tbe quat- 
Icrhas been S8,30af., making a total of HlfiMi. sine* tbe eon- 
moncement of the worka. Two workmen have Icat tbdr hni 
during the quarter bj accident 

Jmiuarfi 9. 1M7. — The twa and harbour walla of tbe weatsn 
hraakwftter have not bci^n eitemled fiirlher taalwanl sinca bwl 
report: their outer coJa are fil yard* from tbe abore; 1 1 7 yarli 
(if sea wall hai'e be«n raised In tbe level of JD bat above bM 
waler during the [out quarter, and the Kauiniug 8d yarJa teua 




THE CrVIL ESGINEEB AXn ARCIUTKCTS JOURNAL 



257 



. oT ig (M kbar* kirii waUr: Bll yrda of ma <ndl uul 
II Twtb of h»rhnur vivll nm oDioplMa, cxotM Um cojitnf. TIm 
ptrm^vl- vdl ii mdj- for tUe ooplilg for • Ungth of 883 jrmnk 
It 'KXii. 'ni« tMM'if the weaUm bnclmtar hiw ben 

ivaplii, ooil • portion of til* Mom bMbera UiJiluwu 
tni<><« i]i- laT«1i)f low mUar (or K dMUneo or 1 W Tuda (Mtv«rd 
of thi eiUem* ea-\ of tii« wUk, Th« total qnaiiiitj of «toii* 
■IvponlRl ig the wMMm br«»k«al«r dnring tfa* <|um1«- hM bcm 
?2,nno loiw. Tii« mitwny freu Um Mwuim qMrriM to the mmI 
brMkmtor. uiil tlip JQBCtion nUva^ ffnai Am prcaait nulwKj U 
ltl« Munw puiiit nn iii pnigtviH. A oHinldeniDle ■nppl/ of Oob- 
ptfi>' liIiH'lc* mill •ImiKvl iil>hu<? Iku bwii pnpand for tha MSt 
rk. Tli# wettber Iim bmu Blonnf •lorioj; lli« qturtar; 
iMVtrtl-T iIm wiacM-ri«l»«rity tli* cMitmctnr'i pUftidK, 
nil I l.u-ctl K iiaiull [-irTliB nf thii rnawnrj TbadntlTarnni^ 

u j'Lii-r .r Bii-a pniplornl dttRBit tho quarter ka* bwii 74'S, and 
4U Imiw*. Tb^ uii'Miit or«erliScB(eii);rButi»l ti> MMWt. Jaokaoii 
Ill4 Bmii >|iiriDit tlir qukrler )ina Ixve Ifi.iXHii/, mnkiag k loUl of 
443.(>5U. Htnoe iTir c<>iiiiiK>iiMaiunt i)f iti« work*. 

Ap^ S 16-^T.— T)i* >]i4tuio)> of ih« Ma «iui hnriHmr iralla from 
tba ibur« nmiuiM aa itatad in oar laat report. *it. \H1 ytrit, tba 
lin(th rmAt fi>r tha owiDsbciim 0t I yarila of aea wkII, And 
Ml TnnU of bwbMir wnlL Tbe proiamiaida nail te randy for tba 
oopln;; for k lengtli of nKl *:>nla frpin iha Aom. Tba t>l*l qiiab- 
quantit* frf aCona <lt|maitMl Id tli« Iim* aud foraahona bdow low 
w»»tr, iliiring lb« liwl qiwrtar, baa barn a»fitX> lona^ A Urp 
4ia>iitity nf aton* him b««ii <lruaaJ M tba nuarriea, mhI a nOMbrr 
of eonvrelc Unclta have liMn Buide tar thk Maaon'i w^rk. Tl>« 
nllwaj from th« Masiimi ijnmfM u* tha ewit hnnkwator, ami 
lb* Jaaellou nil'^ trom the prtMnii nllvay to tfao *mii« paiiii. 
*r* in prngwiaa. Th« rail* auil chain liavc bean delivered at tbt 
wurka. Thn <litilr anrajt^ nnmlmr iif warkmcn HMplnvwl dnrinn 
Um quiut«r haa been Mt, anJ <if lionwa 4tt. In tha niMilb of 
Jftnaarjr tben wan aeveral ptltn, luooiDpalilnl br iMnvt xena, 
vfaiah otnsad daiit.^* m lh« uni«r ani) <fi tJia wurk, and to the 
•aa*-.)' - '"" vinU friMii tlia abort-. Tlia amount rof rortMcftlaa 
fno'' iiilnwV>ra diiiint lli« (|UMt«r lina bNO I4,M0C, 

■ ,,^..^. ainci! (be eoiminimoaKiuut of tba irorfca. 



JERSEY HAR80UR Of RBPUOE. 
VAMmLT KxroRn or Mrun. Walkhii, BtmoM, & Ooonut, 

-Aijir I, l»U<i_Ttia foDmLiU.iii Tm llif lichtbmua nt ilia howl of 

'' >\etdut Dirakmtcr it coni|il«t«il, Tlie «MtU>^ ar* brlnx 

hj Ur. Wilkini- Muara. Jauk^m uul lleaii, oontnMUira, 

raiwiTol a certiticste t-ir fitK^l. ISi. id. ianaf Ibe paat 

T, belbj t^a halauM uf thinr ai:iv>iiiit, aoil icukiiis & total 

lOT.OffU. l!^. U. lino- ikv tiiuiMiioiniviit of Ui« wo^ 

iWtft — Tbe w»rk]i al Jnntry biivo been (BCpvndnl bf ord«r of 

I Bconi of AJmiiultjr. 

FOBTI^ND HABBUUII OF KEPUGE. 

PAiiTm.i' RnrmtM or ^inwr*. J. M, Rmrnn. and J, Coook, 
M lit Srerttaiy fa tit Mmlrvltf. 

Junr r», IH.^— Dunns tlic quarter DOW mdod, 1 13,7SC Una 
>v« Iifvti >k|i4Jl«il in iliv bn'akwator, and a Uuj^ of 
Unibcr »Ug1rig hu U-i-u 'iori«(riiutc>). A miilmct bnit 
ntvroH into for ilii' ininnliiiction of > maliag aud waleriiig 
*hmcB'. ia r^nixr'.ioci witli tlic inner brenllirawr, and for 
' - > ni'iali of 'w* aiiiii-otru dun- x> it uuommij 
i't wliitli will hi.' niiiulile nl all timm hr lli* 
' lli'i' Majmtv't Kaiy, TImr vorka are tii>w 
I Willi, ii|>vin{x of !(Oti fwl ItiiMl uf tbe foflniU- 
ih-^ niij-L-ntmslure of the in[i«T bn-akintlor bnving beoii 
In, and thp? fiuii'latioiu •■f the jt»y oimnirficnl Til* arerago 
h^at wurkiu«ti eiuploy«J kiu b««ii :U4; oaiivicta In qgni- 
•<!>3i honiM^ 30. Anoant oxj>eail«d duriUK llx quartrr, 
TJl/ 

Sfftetntirr 3U, l&Jft^ In xkt qnartar Dow niikMl tli«<re liavc bcru 
•tlrJ in tbe brenltwalar I23,00(> l'>l>« of Moiia, tin Ipnipli of 
I ei>MtrMei«<J ia tha <tuii« penoJ buiiuc IMJ fmi. rjivardn of 
) iHt uf tha fonoiUtioD oonrw* nf iiuMuiiry fur tli« auiwr- 
I of (be iaucr bi«ikwitt«r lutr nuw U-«ii iiul. in, aad <.f 
' AflO fnct in l>'tii[lb have bcvii raiiuil abuvc (bu Uvvl 
Ji watar uf ■]>riiic Udia T)iu o»a*T*liouJi for the Cnuuda^ 
> to tha cuaJing ami wat«iii(; jetty an iu a forwDnl aUta, ao 

la. Ul.-Vol. n.^AMB«t, 1157 



tbat Um fint oonnwa of naaoory fur tbl* part of tha work will 
ba aoaimeouwl fnrtbwitb. Atoiuk ntu&b«' of workmea em- 
plmytd, 413; oonviata in qiuwriea, S27; lMrac% 30, Tbe Anxrout 
•u|ieiMlol diiriii]; qisu'ler, iXJi-iil. 

<JVA>Txiu.r Kkimiith or Mr. J. Goods. Ei^iDacr-iii-Chia£ 

Dttaah^ 31, lASit— Tbc qannticy of roQgh aloae (Wponitrd m 
tlie breakwater during tbe |Mt qnartar aiuoiinla to 111,032 tou. 
maUag ibe (atal aboe tba comuMaoamntl %fiVi^l toiu liia 
laogth of ala^ hum tli* abora U now 49M} M, ilmI Uia depth t4 
wnl«rat th«out«T end nl btbona. OfUMauparatnictBraof tlia 
inner broakwator, iiSU liawl feet hare now bf«ti niaad to ilia 
levul of S (t 6 in. nbore liigh>w«lar uf apring tklca. Ilia botUiH 
(ir foundatioo ooatae baa bten laid for aoarly one-half (be iKtigtli 
of ilia oonllBfi and wat«riui( jrttj; the aetting of ibnc otner 
oonran hat bora awiiiMiiiwd, and tit* divar* era nUll auiplo^ed 
Ibereuo, but the ae«aiii nf tlie vur i> now aaob aa to raiwlar li 
mure Utan prvbable Uint iliu diving nptnUoo> will very ahgrtly 
hava to ba aaapctKled for aboiil thr** Rioiitha) the Drenimtkin vif 
thvatonabr tkiajftty will, howvTar, be prooaaded ^tli ia ttM 
meantiuM, ao tliHt thin fnti of Uia wivk nay ba rcaomed aad 
cnniad on with uipoliiiou Haaounaa tbe fine wtalbertnaf lulnilt. 
Air«rag« nambtr uf wurkineu aropJoyed, ^91; eoancta in qnnr- 
riaa, ff49i Iwntnt, Si. Amount expendail during (Le qaarlci', 
l8.;iM/, 

JtfoK* 31, laaT.— Tlia braakwatar haa bafu advancad KUtfaet, 
tba Intal length ex««aied during the paat year being 746 Utn. 
Til* l<>lnl longlh of Um breakwater now aflbnlinR alielter to tha 
harbuur i* 014$ feat, lb* outar cud beinc in ^i Eathonu at Inw- 
wMer M apriiqt tuka. Hi* qoantity at Ki^gb atooa dcpoaitaJ 
duriu); tbe quarter baa been \iAff7Q VMu, and for tha year 
WSiJtal tons; making tbe total quantity dopoaitcd frona tbe com- 
meiManieai ui> to iliiatiiMi, 2,007,907 toDn. Owing to the auanwl 
■lildniaaaf tba waalliar during the laai tliree mouthi, and tt>* 
amount of ahelter aOordad by the outor portion ^ the woria. ik« 
divBTi ha*e been onaUed tu eonUniM tlidr i^perationa bi aatiing 
tbeoroiraeaof tbecoallusjettr ander lowwai^r with bat llttla 
intanuptiun.and tlia two i»oilng oounm and tbr«a ooanea nbova 
Ilia fbotiup bavu now been anL Tba naaoni? for the niinrMme- 
tnra of Um iaiitf brankwater will be raaumed forthwiilu 11m 
nrerage nuiaber of workiaoD employml waa XIM: of oauviota iu 
qaamm, IM3. The amount axjNuid*'] duriag lli* paat qaaitar 
waa t\,msL 



ON ASCESDIXO ATMOSPHERIC CURUENTS IN 
TBOPIOAL RBGIO^. 

By TtHWAa Honumi, M.BJI.3. 

Tru bet, that tha barooMiar Mandji loww orer the AUaiitic an.1 
tbe Pacific Ocoana near to tha equator than in porta aboat the 
latltudea of 30' oorth and umih, ia gaJMraUv aL-knowledgtd by 
BiPteifTologielj^ luid tburvfutr may be admittaJ to b« aatabluMd-* 
Tt ia accniiiiicd for by modt writer* on the anWct in iha won 
way. Tlicy my, tlutt in aeoordance with the IbJIrion tlwst; of 
wimU, at)ii<M|ih(-rir cumnta Auw from tbe pohtr rtxioua towardf 
tbe eqoatur, where the air beoonifa wanner. riaM and fluwi ot«r 
in IIm higher r«(pi>n> north and aoulb, to raturn towanla tha 
polaa; but the nuaa uaar tlie tqoator, being wanned, it ia ntd to 
be Dutda ligbm, aa abown by the averse lowaMi of tha 
bnniweter. Tha nnng of tbe air la thtrifora nqnired to lie 
vMwed aa a neoeaMry port of the Hadloian 1W47 of wmd^ tint 
thaos; rMting apun it tu a known and ndmittad tntb, wlddh 
arrvoi m a fouiidatiou, Sir J. C Ron Mya in VoL 1, p. Uof 
hti ' Voyage tothaAiilan:(Mi>»aii,' tfaathe "oMnuirauwi bomiy 
olwarvaitoiu for the puqviMi of lunikittg the prograta at barnua- 
inc ^frrtmon in iti^imMlting, ait>l rt^actnuhn in niMJiog Ctuni, 
the cqoUtfT, a phenouKUon rejMT^Fiiisd a* being of Lbr i;r«ntml 
ani) moat nuiTrraal Inflwixr, »« it it, iu &cl, no otbnr Uutn a 
■lireot uMMura of Um movius tm*, by wbtch tbe great enmau 
of 1I14 traile wiuila ai« prnJocad: ao that iha aiaaaun of iu 
nniount and the lawa of iU gocwranhiaal Jiatribntion Ue at the 
root of tlia ibaory of tha tnulu wttKU." 

I have fonuerly fioiu led not that noaaoeett^Bodlaetahavvbaaa 
bnnigbt forwanf aa proob of tha ngmcUiMa of Uiia thoorv «f 
Mwnt of air . ladaa d. tbe aUuMpberio (banoinraa whieli'ai* 

'aWO.a.Aiia.ifhwWi ^ ilwmiiwatwBilamWwt- L.»J»rWMK 



sss 



THE CtVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



!■« 



■and 



«LMrvftble over the iwo omwu tlutt kkro br«n luuatii), ([ire no 
oniiBtMiuiM la it Id no part of tb« equatori*] rtmoa otot them 
JMmiw ou endi nmf of t)i« atnuapberc be tnoeJaa ia aHiBO«d 
order to fumiah % aopport f<jr tfafa tlMory* It U tni4, there U 
■r«w of MmiMiMtire calm od tli« oorln eiila of the fqnator 
■mm tiie aootli-eut and itic north-nutt tnula windi whioh 
jUow ovir botfa Umw oomim, iiD>l more p«uti«iiUrl]r orcr t1i« 
AUaalie; and thow aniaa of culm linve melMrolo^oI [woulinritir*, 
^betng PUBMrkaMj buxy Mui mratv. The itlr in thf«e piirtA \i, 
■eiMnJIy inolBt and ataxiuuit, or thrro aiv fliiciiLitlcing ligtit 
Snmea, aiul ucoaaioiuUj loni-vloni: but uo tadi rcKuUr aaceat of 
bMUd air titar Ibe eqnaur ciui be tr>«il, u lins bueiijimtuitoiieljr 
wiuwBil to lake |)Lmi«. Even tbe direct influence of Clie aun In 
kcatinc Ibe ti]u:)U)r at any one t^M la knami to be leu than it 
Ii Id oUur pkrta at a eeruin duitiuicp on mch ride of it, bacanM 
tfcU hnbuin paaaee dirertlv over the ainator twice in th« jear 
■t eqnatly dulMl Intervals of time. irliiUt H oroBMa other parte 
«f Iha ttoTOoa ttie aiune number <>f iiiar* wlcliln abort periods, 
i tbercrore faeata tli<«i, at tliciM tltii«A, to a higher dwree. 

tlwrefere^ tlie diivot >ieatiii)( jmirpr of th« eau CMlwd B& to 

•od, tfae asoeut should b« witliiii the bdu that are the mort 
boated, and at th» tJmee when the mn exertcl the gTMteM 
koKting pnver nticin nub of them in each trvpic Bat euppoabg 
for the pretent, tor the aake of iiiinpllcity, tlmt the eqaator la th« 
part noet hcAted b}' the eun, hnvp wo raoaon to infer that atmo- 
•pharlc pr ew raa between tbo r^uutorial aiid polar regiooi would 
M thcntiy Binde ancb aa (hoy an aoUuUl; toatid to be by the 
lie&riiti of the bwnmetar ) 

Tm dtBereuo? iu the diraot h«aUa|[ power of the aan over the 
•■IDator. kiul over other i»rt« inunediatMj' ad joiniiiff, i« very anudl, 
but thai liilVntnot uiny fortbepreaenlbeaJmittod tobeaoorlain 
ouoniily, and to beecme grrmUsr Ln proportion U> inoreaee of 
Oiatanee frooi tlio oqnator. And wheti the air at the c[|iMloml 
bah beeaiae a little more warmeil than the adJoiaioK nuwaee of 
air, it would eK|KU]d, Iw funwd to nee, and ti> ovaritow to the 
noftb or the aonth. But an It overflowed, heavier air from eaob 
anila would begin to pren In briow to teatore an equilibrium of 
preaeora; and it woald be otil^ to the extent lliat the wanued air 
overfowad bmroiid the iaflmi of ooolrr air below that the whole 
oolaraii wtndaboranilureii tijihieir. For the flrat eS^tof beatiug 
the air near tbe anr&oe to pcwdnoo tlir overflow, muat be a heap- 
ing of it np iu the lug^ier regions: and it would be only when 
thai heapiiig had boon aufilcieiiily gntt to cauee a oonelderable 
overflow to other |>nrU ihnt th« tittal nreaeur* of the equatorial 
Mlnmti would be ilimiuiilicd. But wnen that dimioBlion luul 
.token place to an exieut ■uffivicat to lulrait uir lo flow in below 
from ncetb and eoacli, we •hnuld bcirin to bare etnaDW of air 
lnwiuK towiuit ou tho iiirfuw (jiitii the polar regioo^ luid ouk 
vanl aoove fiviu the vqujtor; auil ihe dlminutjoa of atmoepbarie 
nre«tire in the eqaaloml b<;lt would be to ih* eiteot that the 

tier prMerrad Ita mperioHty over the fbnncr, and thia dUfcrenee 
^pwiwi* would he ehowB by the reduced height of the 
nrenMir. It would, however, be neoewiuy that the overflow 
abonJd be k ereal ae to ndmit the cooler ^r tnax north and eouth 
to preM asd fleer towanU tho equator, and therefore to lean the 
baraBelrr atandiae proportionaUly higher at the polea than at 
the equator. At Uio polo* the prenure meat be u nach greater 
Uian at the parte nbout the cquntor aa to glee notion to the maaa 
ofairthat wMmoviutcon the eurfaoe between the «quatoTial and 
tbe polar I^oa^ ur-lwiihatanding the fHction and other obetruo- 
tioo* it ha* to rncoaoU'r. Wbal thie diflitrcDce niuet DcoeMarily 
kiDODnt to ia Dot oaay to determine in a aatUfiwtory waj-, bnt it i> 
•vldent It muat be very gnat at compared with the aioount of 
diArent* known to eiiet. The barooieier staitde at a certain 
Iwighl at Ihc ^luatoT^-eay it ia, acconling tn KaeniUt, 73H milH- 
■Mtrea for the whole atmoepberic pnwaurc, and that up to 40° of 
'ladtude it riete to 76! or 704. eav 763; but at Iceland io 94' of 
■oetli latilDde it ■t.-inda at only l&t ntllimetree, and at Cape 
Bora la 54* of aonth Latllude it i* no higher than about 741 
nilHrnetne. C^pt Roei fouiu) the pr«nin to be— 

At Uie etiualor £0-974 

la 13" of eouth latitotle aOii\9 

!S" ir ditto S01»ft 

WW ditto W0<3 

[ The but two of theee regMratJoon were however made in tbe 

*4rf parte of tbe aonth-eaM trade wind of the AilauticL Bat In 

latiade U^ aoiBlfa be found the barooietric preeeiire in Januai)- a 

■ >n "Oi al WtXm CMMitH.- *t f. M. 



.aofoaly3»')M indies, and in Februaij, SfrSOOT iocheaiUie 
fcnaer being -778 Imt than equatorial preaear^ and Uw laOar 
I*1S3 beb Ims. How, then, can it be nppoeed that tmpmiit 
atmoephoric preaiure of cool air bear the polar rcginna «an Ctree 
the air over the earfaee of the globe litKn tbcM i^oeut of mally 
intoior pnriBuie, into the belt of waroMr and UgMtr air at the 
•q«abMr F What pivrente IHcUoa from elopplag tb* iow cf tbe 
euoler air until tlie dtSwenee between eqnaiorfau and pokr aimo- 
epbrrio prawuree iB reoderod ttrentor ibko It b at preeenlt 

Bal {■ there, in /ad, >D«b an naceading comnt aloM an 
equatorial bpll of calma aa (bat aMiuned to exiet in tbe HadUaa 
hv])oiheai>l No such (.-ui'renl iaever dMuribfd a* liavli^ bem 
OMemd. It ha* been auppoeed to exiot bat apparently, beoaiua 
it waa naeewary to the building up of n theory; and certtun ImU 
baw been alltttcd to juati^ the auppoeitiocu Nonh-eMt and 
eoiitlt-east wino* blow over large exlenla of bo4li the Attanik 
and Pkeifie Ooeana, and theee winde have been aaid to maat aboet 
the eqaator, and ascend tbero to the higher redone, aa already 
ttaloiL But theee winda, inatcad of aacMding near the eqaakr, 
•• aiawted, dmb Ibrward weatwnrd orer the oceana to onrlaia 
eoiuitriee, where (h»r are known to produea Inporiant r e— lia 
In the wiile tadian Ocean nwu- u> the equator them b no beltvf 
calme, aud tbero&re no air can be there pieennwd to aeeeud n 
one; but the nuweeosa of the lodiao Oce»ii, like the trade win^ 
of the Allantio and Pacific, blow lowarde >xruiu areaa ener (a< 
etuthkr in their cbanolor to thoeo where the Atlaatio and PiMi 
iraile wiude terminate; and in anoh arena ever land all the wWa 
— thn tnble* and the moneoon*— are fonnd toterminate, inmni 
of lUcendinK >n on equatorial belt over the ocean. 

If BT MArah for a tmpHal beJl of boated air, we Gud indim- 
tioue of iie exiatenoe, audi u II ^ only in a amall paM of the 
•ijaatoiiAl cirdek On the waetera tide of tbe Athuitie a certain 
kind of belt exttta moetly aorth of the equator, which ie \im 
neaivet in eboraoter to that deeeribed gesetally as the belt cf 
cainu and of aeoending air. Bat in tbe central and moew euMan 
part of thia ooeaa the belt eahirgea niitU it axpanda Inte a 
tolenbly wide reglcn of oaJm. Iwi log the name ako of tbe Balay 
Sea, in which hnrricanea and toruadoea ooeaaionally oeeor. The 
upper rpgion in thie locality ie ganemlly miety, and tbe air beto* 
ia often ulill. makiug it then a tme nginu of calm. But in time 
tbe atmosphere in the part, by erapoiation, becMnee Mtnnted 
with vt^Knir, eome of whiuh la freely condrnaed, and a etonn il 
produced, and winds blow in all directioM towatda the locaU^ 
where the principal eoodeuMtion of vapour lakea plaoa. Il « 
probable that the whole of tlie atmoqibere in three generally 
eatm ngioiia ii wMriiiMl above their natural tem|>eraturee ^ 
ODBtleneaiiou of the vapour that prodnone the miirt up to a oca- 
ridarable height — thie warmijig more or lou afleoliog tho weigfat 
and preeeure of tho air; and It niay accouut for tbelow avemge 
level of tbe barotDFtcr that ia kmad in thooe parte about the 
equator. But aa in ibew reglona whai* the aurnice Ie ao laudh 
heeted by the etiii, and evanoretiou la therelbn *o en eiyetll t 
coDilcaeation takes place with oonjiidemblc comuaey, aud lb* 
more important of itn [wocoww appear to occur at a oonaederaU* 
height in the atmoepbere; it loweta the bar»ii>elar IcH dw&u 
Btoruia than it would if the aaote amount of condenintloa ooeurrel 
in oooler laUtudee or at lower levels. 

Wo faaee seen that north^cant and •ontb-eait winde blow over 
the wide expanica of the .Atliuilio aud I'a^Sc Oo>au% and tbaM 
wind* OK known to pw* ou to ocrtaio )iarce over eleralod laal, 
where— and not over the equa[<>r — they inuet be preauwed Ie 
asoeud; and tlie air couiMAliixwtontirftly from tbe oortb and lb* 
eouth, becaote to tho caaC mountain* intervene and cut off a 
eupply of airfrara that ijuartef. But other elovatidt land mey 
aleo lie iuatrumeiital la produoii^ such a vaouum In tbe atiao- 
sphere aa to cause air U> flow to it also from tbe weif, north-mt^, 
or eoufA-tN>(, iosteiul uf coming from oppoiite ()uaTtera. I ban 
olnowherp nhowu that n aiimo cvideutly exist* iii th« unknown 
porta of i-'catral Africa, wbiuh determlnea wind* to l>luv frum Ibe 
Gulf of Ouiuea aud th« oeighbouriog sea to tbs Inlriiir of tbe 
ooiitiii«nt of Africa* from north-west, wsetj and eoutb-weati ani 
tbniii winds are preeuuii'd to be pradooed t>y lofty menalafan ii 
tbe interior parts of tlie continent. Theee wcoteHr winda aadM 
in determining the form of the Rainy Sea. or r«glan of eafaa *l 
which we have s)Mken. Tie line ftvm wUeb tlie weetcnt wiai 
starts foitiis ou* side if the rei^ of calm : tbe two other rides W 
form an irregnlar triangle, being conalituted of tbe ■imtb-MMH' 
Dortb-east winds already named. But the exietenoa «f ihr 

■BWOttApBwptwkciumK-aB. p^irt. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JUCBNAU 



£$9 





■uilMtr viad Ulowitig ttom ibe wliala of tbt Gulf of OuiaM u 
twrnliable oviileiwe «gkiii«t lb* notion at Uien heing cooatMtl 
nertb-«uWrlj winiU apiMioMhiiig tha aqaXoriUiil Maeo>lliM Ui«n^ 
H aaMatil In tli* HwjUiui liuory; Ute w ma rLy wiwb in Umm 
pwtt bang in dirtoi owlndtctuu to ttuU Umof;. 

On th«Mal«ni ntle or tiia PMi&o Oiti^a bJ*", Mkr t1i« boy of 
FhBUBa. ft n^oa u fouoil whkJi (urnuhc* «vij«ti0(i nut Im* 

r'na chaL Uieurjr. Fraoi aitoas, 6' of norUi to i' of 
dM 1b Auarioa m rug* of oUvaltil biul cxUta, wUeh 
IB to prodaca aiiuiUr aUntNubwric ph«Kniiui» to IhoM 
ha«a been fouotl in Lbe (iuuof IJuiDo. Towsnl* theM 
t wiull blow fnim lli« '"vt, luid norlh-vcati ttod of eoiinw 
"ha Faoiie •quatorial oceuu ttmm tb« B«y of Fanaawt and 
icd« of Uwt port wblcb U liluatod b*lw«en tbe GaJapujos 
I uJ ibe ojui of MrsioD, txtMiding to CiJiCwni*. Thia 
tm ha» «Uu (rctjuonl (nlmii, hw*y miiu, and tonutdoM, 
' Uko the Rjuay Sea uC tbc AUwitic Uwaa. The trxdo wioda at tba 
P>4fi^ Ulu llioMo of Ui« AUwniic, blow, not (uwarda Ike oqiMtor, 
IbewidaaspuiMof ooMU towArdtthw AtulraluiiuiMid 
dina Uu<li) bMnua* tbara ia gni*nll^ n ooiapamtiva 
I In tbe ninKW|ib«N nrodacrd by oamlrniiinji ripnar orcr 
I olontad landa vt iImm Mland*. Bui lb« tnounuiim of eqiu- 
Amaric* will not pnnll air to pnu from tba nut to furnUh 
tkMo winda, nad it tbanlbra coataa lu UtanUy &wd botb tba 
vrtb aad tba Matb, and eouatitutaa tba norUt-aaat and aoulb* 
Mat ttwla viada tlml blow otct larva axlanti of th« eauteni por- 
tion of tfai* graat OMUL The aunply of air thna Hovi ftuui tbe 
ftortfa-aau aiui tba aootb-eaat, ami paaiaa obliquetr l>/ ilie leaat 
obatnictol— ibat is by tba oaaiaal — routo to tbo vacuum iu tba 
weat, and it leavaa mm or laaa of an iotervaninc oaalni Una or 
belt ia tl>« nlddle and woMern part of the oecau utUa dUturbad. 
Tba winda la dt* ofion Phoi&o having north and aoulb in tbem 
M vaO aa aaat, la tb«nifara a ociiioa((U«Doe of a direct anpply at 
air frota Iho caat being cot off by alavated Inod; thoM from Ui* 
•oriib and auoth npptoaobing web otJier and becomiag mora 
paiBllel aa they prooeed to the placo of their lenuitiution. Oa tba 
Boutbeni aide of the e<iuator a aopplj of air oomea appanaUy 
from tba aoath near to tba Amcnoau ooaal, and In dua iJma It 
a|i|iraach«B the oiuatOT, and appaan^ aa It prooaeda. to occupy 
Marly tho nkolc of the KMtham tmpie, and even part of iha 
Borthent. The ait wliich Amt from the north dooa not eoiue 
fram a part «o fur eoat, bcuftuoo, a* al/eaily atatcd, there are 
eoanteraciliiit iiJaeaaaa ia operation from the Bay of Panama up 
to Celifi-rvU, wbidi Indoaaota that* pivduoc atmoaphario dia- 
torlaooFe and enrrenta in the oppoeito dinwtion. Rut framabont 
Hff of wc«t laagitudc the aorth-eaet trad* wind nuj be found at 
a Mrlain dttuiiee from the equator, soou, bowever, bocominK 
mon aaalaia na It pjooaadi Wwarde the Phllip[4ae and other 
Unnd^ tbt pJaoaa of ita tacmination. On th* aoolb uda of tint 
•fnator, tlia laadou? of th* wind aa It procoeda ia to bocome lean 
■oodi aiKl more eaat, but the geaoral oaneait ia more farolum in 
apoii and diaiurbed by ielaods tbaa ou tbe north eide; it, bov- 
•rer, extooii* to ilie neetbem tropin. Tba dlatanoa between tbeee 
two trade wiixla ia the grasUat in the aart^fii part i^ tbe ocean. 
and itdiminiehea oa tboy proceed weatwnrd, nntil at laal there 
doaa iMl appear to be muob ajiace between them. But in tbe 
vbote of ifu* belt of calm, aa it i» ualled— tbooBb ibe t^rm w«ilp 
or iriaB^ would be mora appropriate, partlcuUrl^ In iha eaatam 
portioa^a ao part eaa an aaoondiDg cnrrent if air b* traoed a* 
a laanlt of aooui aad north winda preeans agunat eaeh other. 
■od aaarndlag to the upiier r>D>nunB, na ia onen plainly aaid ann 
■narallj implied by wnieni ou tbe aubied. The ataumenl, 
Uieraftirek tbat aueb a belt of naeandiag air Bsiala in tbla ooaait, 
nay be taken aa a aeeeaiily wliieh bae been inipoaed on thoee 
wbo have adopted the Uadleian IbeM; nf winda; and the obscurity 
of tbe anb^eei hae peranttisl the aaaenion to lie repeated, until, 
iy the mare fore* of re^wtitiou, it ia received ea au entabliaUed 
tut. 

The nartb«aBt and aouth-iuat trade winila of the Atlantic, It 
fcaa been abown, blom tovanla the mountain* of South Amonca, 
being at firaieupplied by air from the AUantic Ucmi; but Africa 
iniarrening, K oomea afterwanta fboia near Madeira ou the north, 
mi froM aaar the Uapo of Oood Hop* on tba aonth, b^ oblique 
winda. Tbe area bnwarda wkiefa tbaae vioda are peoMdinx ia ia 
tropienl Ameriea, anil aa tba aapply from eaeb aide oonte* frum, 
mj9(f of Uttimh^ and ftaai tbe eaatera part of the ocean, and la 
p iew pji ng to a part lliat la tbr waal. they ooavafg* mora or Iom 
towaada eaeb other ae tbey peaoeed waataard, leatHog a apaoa 
''^ ""~ No heate d aw, howmvik HV^ tv mokuI in 




thia apaca, aUowlaf other air from the nottii aad aooth to flt<w 
towanU it aa dnwrtbed IU tbe tlioory that baa been named. But 
ia due time ovworation from the ■taguaut and beaUd part ef 
the ooeaa £1U the aUnoqihere aritb vapOiUr, aome of wlucli u at 
laat cuadeuaed, and a local aaeendiiig current ia urodaeed- Thia 
tr^ou of calm ka tlieu chaDgad into one of tornado and bnrrionae 
—fain deaceods ia torn-ata worthy of the Bainy Sea, thunder and 
lightning aeem to leud tbe aky, and tbe wind hlowayVea* tvirp 
flurUr twanit lAe (oraada witb a fur^ that Dutfalng appeara able 
to naiai; even the dry Uarmaltau wind from tbe great Afrinn 
deeart tbea ruahea Into tbo vortox tbat baa been cnaUd. Yet 
three lormidable diatnrbajiaa .ippear to be local, or at leaat au- 
eonneolcO viUi the traile wind; efuniing in caeli inatanoe to ooia- 
mMwe spoil t4uiouu!ily in their uwu lo<n£», and dnwiiu air frotu 
•i-err f«rl aroond then, and after gMiu Uuvogh their own 
oouiaa of aDticu ia a nwdacato number of days Ihey ooa«, aii<l 
tlia |m1 beoomea e^iaiu a region of ^m, tutil cvanoraUon make* 
it ouot mora a OiinT Sen. Tbe whole of tbe belt of ealm that 
exieiuU aoTDM the Atla&tio to the ooul of Aiaarloa partake* lo 
a cartels aslaat of the cbwaderof tli* lUar Sia, and haa its 
rain and local atom* in proportion to ita bnaalli. 

We thu* see good reaean to believe that the nurth-eeM and 
aoulh^iaet erindji of the Allaalio and Pnd&e Ooeans do nol aaerad 
hi an equatorial bell over tba oceans, aa ia aaaamed in the Batl- 
leiaa theory, bat proeeed forward nearly panUlol with eaeh other 
to tbwr plaoN of termination overLuid ; the winda of lb* AUantae 
going to Anuriea; the aasthem piling over BraxU, vf tba 
nUera of the Anuu-m aud Oriuoco, and aloeu the ahoree of the 
Carinbean Sai into the Gulf of Uexioo, the principal place ofita 
taralnatlon appearing to be again*! tbe otrvated eordillera of 
tb* Andea, exlandiuf from 1^ north to m" aouth. Tba nxetb- 
em wind from If adcira procecde wealerard, and appeaia to join 
tbe eoathem near tbe ooaat of Oulasa, eUeadlagla Ha bwMll b 
northward ov«r the Weat Indian I■lasdl^ paanng orer th* 
Caribbean Sea to tb* Northern Ande% and 1^ tne Gulf of 
Ueiioo up the valley of the Miaiianppi. Deeiued wiade ate 
found over the ocean alani; Uiwe IndJi, and allbongb dieturbed 
when afn^roacbing laud, tbey may be traced over tlte pan* 
named. Up the broad valley of Die Amacon an teat wind ia aaid 
lo be always blowing and It arau increaaaa in itrengtii aa it 
approacbsa th* mountains which (oni> ita terminoa. fte aaiae 
•HMtora aarial onrnnt ia found in aaccndiuii tbe Oriaoeo; and a 
moderate wind ia atated to blow up the Blianmipiri dnrtng leu 
monlbaof tile year. Here then w* see whea* tb* trade wind* of 
til* Atlantic reallv go; and aome of the etfacta they pmluo* nay 
bo traoed along iJi* eastrrn side of tho eordillera of the Andoa. 
fiom dU'aoulb latitude to 40° north, tbe whole line of which ia 
eupplied by these winda with lite vapour that prodooa* tli* great 
nun* of tkeae parte. Tbe wiiw.ia of die Pacific paaa to Auatnlaata 
and iha East Indian AivbiiMbwo, attending in the eoalheru 
hemiqdiere to th* Feejee Islaa£, and in the Nortbom lo tbe 
Philippine lalaiidai and tbe overflow of air iD^ be from llieee 
areae of oondwiaitian of vsiMur, and not from the equatorial 
belk 

Not only may the winde be tiaord through their weeiem 
eouae, bat the waten of tba ooean aUo wbiob they put into 
motion may be followed. He wind of the Soutbem AtlautM 
•end* an ooeauio eurreut agaiaat tbe RraiUian coaal, which, split 
br Gap* Sl Boqne, goa* in part Bouibwsrd, oven to the Straite of 
Itt^ellaiii wbilal another portion enter* iLe Oaribbean Sea, oudi 
joined t^ tho oeoaa stream of th* northam winds, the tw.i 
ooeanio ounenta pass through tlie Caribbean 8«a to tli* Oalf vt 
Meaioo. tbe watm of which the^ laiee above the oeeann level 
Bu muon aa to produco by atoUoal preaenre ^e great Florida 
ounviil that flavi iDto thi.' Northern Atlantic lu tike luanner, 
the two trade witidi of tbv I'acifio Ooeau erud tbe vaUr* of that 
ocean urealoniTd (afUr the average rate, It la aud, of two mtlae in 
the twpucy-fbim) over (ha tropica. And among th* variona 
lelanitt, extaudias to th* Foejee on the aouth and to tbe Philip 
pine* on the north, theee immeusc ourrenta show thetuaelvM in 
the variona ohanui-la betweeu the ialaudg, going aoulbwanl 
almost to New Caledonia nod AiiHlralia, and northward towani* 
Japan, to feed nlber cumnla a*t in motion by other winda. Tlie 
machineiT of the prim* moving power which produce* all tliix 
tnnafor of ^r and water ie to be taund over oertaiii landa wberw 
eondenaation of vanoor ersatae n partial vsouuon in th* atmo- 
apher^ that give* birth to the laoveuMaU Bret of air. anri tlh« 
of water. Aad Ibe graataat fiiau* opwatea from eaat to wm, 
wlmra elevated laud auMm aad not frum north and eowtb 



aw 



TBE CIVa ENGI>*EER AND ARCHrfECT S JOURNAL. 



townTili (li« line of the cquater, u has 1«eu «ai«rt«i] wilhoat 
Sdnnt AUthorilf. 

Rat it mikj' poadbl^f bf uik*)!, whjr nhonlil Uii* great tone 
ire lorve quanttt)p< of Buid inikttor m dccidnUy fnin tint to 
~* . aaa ad in othrr directions t And to this qaMtloa tha 
int •lat« of onr knowledge <1i)m not fumbb tm OKHni of 
triiKt nil porKiiM nrnr emitiider a Mtiiifticlarx nplv. It 
17 however Im> Ihp bet, that th« American and the indisB 
innlaiiiJi nre betti-r silmted |{«o^phtc*l1r Uiui xay nthen fur 
Ratlvlug knd coudfliuiing the vnpour irliicli Ihe suu in con«utTii1r 
' lag mn tha Mr&MC of tu« itvpiaJ Atlsntlr And raHfle 
ucMSA. Thia it M jirMumod irnM 1w mbntKntinlly tran, thoufi:U 
it tnajrnat be poMible to ndilaeo evidonce bevoM the circiim- 
■taoee that » Jirrait portion of th« npour Ihnt poaae* troai th^K« 
OO^uiH h tntideiiaed amnog those iDouiilaiiU. It is not, how«mp, 
Mil oondwtei! there, am wo hitve m^d that »i>nie nf ft U cmrrrtNl 
Alto nil) ill (ho Attuitic tbltiv S««, and in th« belt nf mlnM, 
Ontain diniiirtuinotM bmiig tber*Dj prodiiccil in ihoe part«. But 
■iiioB Atl^inltc vikponr olio soe* to LViitml Africk. iu llie wind* 
tlint blow fnim the (iulf of liujiiea; iLnd here »gntn *a ngmiiio 
uiirT*iii in t-rfa«<J by Mtd follows these wimk, ruontnir from wcrt 
ti> luurt with gTMt Tflndtv. ThiiH on thr nnrth tide tk tha equ- 
tor in till' Atlantic Ofwui, whilst wo find both an ■LmiMpherie 
Slid ui ooeuiie currant poanng WMtwiird b> the (Viblwnn Smw 
two other Kimilu' corrNitJi are ramiitig eaatward into the Oulf nf 
VuIfiiM, but lU moTliiff toward* elcrateil Und. Saw Ibn iw<i 
ipheric currant* thiM tnovin^ with the oceanic may bo cud- 
id finite nulKeient to prcvost air flowing froui uoiili niid 
'•r>uth to an equatoiial belt, to aicend there into the lii^1><rr 
'n^ona. 

t ta«in(nUar that w««houldfloda Btat* of thing* ■oaimilar in 
:be MaUini part of the IVdflc Oc««n, iu the norihcm hemispbere, 
lat whwfa luubeea tf*eod in theEWtrru pitrt nf the AllAntlc. 
a uorth-west winddoea in Eiet blow fniui Collfoniiii, uvur tha 
D OffMexim, and into the gulf of Pnci.iinM, apimnrnlly pro- 
iduced hy a cundniMtifii of nfmnr nniong the dIctiiInI bodn of 
Citntlsl America and nf New llnnxda. And thiu we *ee thM 
tihilea norlh-cnst «ind i* blnwing in the open Pheillc northward 
rif the eqantor, a iiorth-wcit wind prerailn from Cnliroriiix to th* 
eulf of Paiuma, the two windii at the same time tnkliig; ihr nir 
in 0]nMM(i« direct! out, that ia, wMtwanI aiid «mtward, iiiatead uf 
nllowin^ ft to go to the iiiu^iHrjr nqnatorial bdt, where it han 
hffia anid to aaceiiH. 

But ebb u not nil the Ansvlnrity that i« found in tlils Mrt of 
tite wnrld, ur rather, it doea not exhibit all lh« facta which h<-ro 
Cinitate aKninM till Hwll«iao theory, tltat air ■iceiutn to the 
u|>p«r r»giuiia from »u e^uatoriaJ bult The •o-ollled Pacilia 
rcpon of calm ertand* fiir wcitward from the bny of hliUM »■ 
anotbvr aiainnr region tiov* iu Uie Rainy dm otf AfHaa ; hnt in 
thn PadGc, in the aoutheni heinl(i|>li«n<. winda aonutimea blow 
frini the wwt towards tlie niountaina of America, pawing w a 
i'''l(ii1nr mnniorin in the unrnmer of tliat h(niii|ihera from the 
Si->-irtj Inlon'ii, ABRxu ibc ooenn to equntorial America, in>>(nnil 
I'rifoiuij aa a ■outh-e>ut wind to the equator. Mr, A. (i. Kiodley 
ly\i also fonnd, from Ihe rooonh of narigatora, that a belt of the 
I'l-ean near to, hnt nn the north *id« of the equator, ext«ndB aerma 
urtirty iu whole bmullh, from the iaianda iu the wwl to the bay 
1/ Pnaanin. in which bfli a wind blnwa/p«7n the wen. W« thn* 
■rt that a WMt wind blown icrow thla wi'le ocoau jnirt where it 
lin* l)e«n nid that north-tiatt and aouth-eoat winds iu<«t and 
Hiuwid to the higher ra^ona of the atmoanhere. N"W if it he 
title Ihat R we«icrlv wind near to and on the northerly aiile of 
the a|nnCor genemily blowi acroaa the whole PAdlh:, north and 
H<>nth «in-1i oaunnt meet and asoend there, BntJ> the Hatemenia 
ctinoat be (me. 

Tlie ttate of thing* in the Pacific Ocoui preaented to our view 
l.y the diicorety of thi* prevalent equalorial w*rt wind, ia 
fiinoua. It B|ipcira aa if the various elevatcil luiida in the 
weetent and toutliern part of that oeoati eondeoaed anffieient 
vnjKiur to produce a ^ow of air from the «»<t and aouth to 
Aiutt«Iaria, ooiutitiilin;^ the annth-enat wind of the PaeiBo ; and 
iliat llie rlei-atcd land* to the north of the e<{iulor uji lo tlie 
Phillp]>ine Iflliuidi. bitiiight wiuda In tbe tome way from the 
iiordiem Padtio; the two jHirallel winda alnoat biaeliina eaoh 
••(her near t)ip tennini. Bnt, at tlie «un« tine, it w<ml'l «eein 
iliat vety ootii-ma oondenaation of vaponr agalnrt the lofty 
i^ift of the Andw of New Onanda, enated »i»eh an atino- 
npheflc TManm U enu*od air to flow towanUil, not only from the 
iirigbboaring gulf of PiuiaiBa, but in uUitioa fron F«rU bmyoad 



lie whole ' 



it, near the north eide of the eqmtor, •(retching Mmiw tlie whole 
oc<-nR. Tliia w<ut wind wonld thu* appear to ahow sM only 
that north and •ortch wind* in th^ Pnolic do not aacend ia an 
equatorial belt of olm, but ttint the whole Hadleian tbeoi7 of 
uorth and aouth eaaterly wiudn meeting in open oteana near the 
eqiMtor Is ntterlv deetiiate of rontidMtV'O, andooatnu^ ta known 
flirts. Here we have, in the very [art wbore Ibes* wiada ahoaU 
join and aeeend to upper rei.-ian<, no oxicnwive and enalannon* 
weat wind I And what can at the same time <nnae an CKat wind 
to blow ill each troptial tefr><^n, while a wbm wiud In Moving 
near the equator between thitn t Two wioiU blowing one w»y, 
and a thinl between blowing the i>|ipoiiito way ] It app(M«lhat It 
can only be a voeimm at the terminalion of ench wind — ihee]pvat*J 
laud, — the forma of the elevation*, the exlenl of vacuum CT«atn^ 
and the oomu patha fer the air to lli>w iu, detennining the dirac- 
tion in which the topply of atr come* in each eaae, nnd the 
ditUnne from which ii la'dmwn. 

Thn mnuntaina of New titnnndn may poaHbly, by the vnna 
which they eieale, be able f> ilraw air fknm the whole eqoatcnni 
extent of 'tbe Pacific, whilM thon* nf Aiiilrabwia and the Bm 
Indiaa Amhipelago may pmdnce ncun into which air pawn on 
the one aide tnta the ■oinhom, and on th* other mm Ike 
northern tropical repoin of ihm ocean. 

It may (iDMibly ^ vtid, Ihnt iu the Atlantic and PkciSc ti«- 
(lical '•oeana. windi blow Iwth from (lut and the weri, but lo ■ 
iiiticli l:trs,-Hr extent from the f(>m)er than tbe latter, eeolng thai 
the anuth-nuil and north-na»t tmde wind* are of very- aDpetier 
niafpitndo ir> the weat^m winda that blow toward* tbe gnlfa of 
tioiuoa and I'linnma; and as it i« ailmittetl that no pn)|«Uc 
cHuae COD be pointed nut to account fiir tlie ■itperlori^ oteaaten 
windik thia clivuniitflDiw may l>y eorae ]wr«ona ho held to ^re 
coiinteniuico lo the Hadti'ian theory. But aappcBinK,aa w* have 
Koia rcn*on to bvliove, that cnnilFti<iatinn of vnpour 1* really the 
prime mover of the atuioaiiherv and the orij^nalnr of winds, it 
in not likely thai that uoiidcDiiatiou wonld be precisely eqiul m 
both tlie wettt aorl tIte ea«t eidee of the two ocoan*; tint it might 
be much greater on the one aide or on the other. Vet aa (aium 
wiiiilii predominate in both the owon*, aome pernoti* niay atjil 
inin;rino that thia ludicntn the extilencu of the onii«! rMMgniaed 
iu the Hadleian theory. In opporiiiou to this •umiia& how- 
ever, we have the welMtnowu fiiai, that Iu the wide In^n 
Oci-jin w«item wind* gtvaily preponderate, aa none but Budi an 
found uortli of the I3ch deKT^nof M>nthem latitude. And thia 
preponderance of woelern wind* in the Indian IJor-on ni*y bead- 
mitte<l to rmtoro tbe bidonce of prohabi lilies betnven tlie ch*n<es 
of wind" from the two ojiposite q«iirt(>ni in the tro|ncaI T<i](ioaa 
i>f the three ooeana. Bnt the «irc>iigmt nr^imenl Ojipiinat the 
truth of tbe Bodleian theory in it* abuilirle iiiOMa|mtiHlKy wjili 
these westera wind* ! If that theory wa* Inre, the weatem 
wiiidit could not exist; their ciislenoe couaeqneulty prnveall* 
falai'bood: and, in the preaent atale of otir ktiuwledtfc^ oliligm 
an to have rocouree to toe condcomtion tli*or7 to acoount (bribe 
phenoineiiA that are cnuatantly occurring 

In treatiuc on our jirraic-nl subject, ii ts neccMary in tin flrrt 
instance to Hi upon the main gcuerat fealurea of CMi one, ai 
not to »tifht the attention to be too mnoh directed to pvrtU ' 
l4iinpotarT diiturbancM. Both air and water, when impelled ' 
certain directiuma by ndtquate foroea, are liable to be interfal 
with by ditlurhliig oatuM*, acting in vnrions kinds of way*. B 
if we are to obtun a (olembly clear perceplinn of the priarip 
pbenotnona that are in openUoD, we mnat ditlingniah between 
tli^m and the ocoaaional loterferanoM of dialiirhinc eainca. la 
thia way alone doM itappear p»cticnUe to dent with ench a sub- 
ject with cleaneae and brevi^; and it appeara t» h« highly ■>*■ 
sirable, if not abeolutelv neceeaaij, that (be primary notie* 
l>owcr that is in operation ihould lie dietinctly reoognleed, b 
o^)er that tbe auooeesive phenomena may be oonnocted with it aa 
etfecU reiulting frum an adequate cauw). 



Mr. John Steell, of (Minbiiivh, ia eraploved in the Kalptoi* (rf 
a aUlue of Allan Kamsay, in freeetOM, to be erected on the new 
tarmce at fUmany-gnnlriia, Edlnhni^ Tbe blodt in 11 feet 
lonf by 4 feet aquare, weighing brtween IA and l< tone. The 
Honrewillbe 10 feel high, and thr pedntMl IBfeit.— Tbe dale* 
of O'Connell, by llogan, bu arrived at limerick, anil hn* b*M 
placed ou ica pedestal ai tb« Creaoenl, where it will be boaidel 
up and euckMed ptadiug the day of inauKnratleu. 



THE CIVIL ENGIN*££R AND ABCHTTECrs JOUBKAZ. 



^VyEKTILATIKO TAN AT ABF.RCARN COLLIERIES. 

^^^ I>Migiwd by EuBiuxH Bouiul 

^P IWUk M Entntob^, Pbite XXIIL) 

Trk mode of TeotiUu'on that U atUI genenllj tiMtl in tlie ool- 
lieriM of thin country ii the old furnac* TantaUtioi), whan t^« 
nquind Rin«flt of air throi;^ tbs iniiic U mnialaiacd by tba 
nmaotion of ili« ei>luniii of ur la Ui« *acieailii)|| (iuA, br mauii 
ef k Isi^ fira kicit constuthr burDJog lU tfae bottom of ifae aliAft. 
In Bdffiatu and Fnuioe,on tbaeoDtnujitltiaiJuUftlnuMt auper- 
Miled Dj tb« uM of maebinery Ui BiuBbtln tn« «iirr«nt of »ir: m 
l)i« fiuiac«T«utilUloa,a]tbi>Qith pUMeMtUK the iuiportoiit •'JTmn- 
lagN of grwt •iaplleity hhiI fraeoom from liAbility lu daruiga- 
mtn% froiH diMnrbinic ckiii>>«, Lm aogae aarioua fnijectioiiB Mid 
daftdanoiaa. and in tota« cue* baoaioa* ao Inparfaot « pruriaioii 
fijc vaatiUlioi) aa to noder a bcUor syatoia bigbly d«aii«bla aad 
•Tan neoMau-y. 

Mr. BogMTs luTing ooOMton to vaotUate the workinn in aoai« 
•Xtaanro and rnry herr coni aaania reoanllT woti at Aoeraun in 
Sooth Wain, ncitliir oinrumitaiicua whora tat fbraaot ventilation 
maM not be aiiplkil, after carefully oolleotinc tmj nrrwatlilo 
|j||brai«lk>ii aa to the ventilating OBadiinea nacA in (irtat Britain 
■•d (M the coiitiiMint, caue to iho ooaduaion ibsl a plan of 
iwuhioe ptvpuaad for tba purpoaa aotna yean aiace by Mr. Janwa 
KaMDVtli aoiild ba Um moat auiublo and oflhotjva. After eon- 
nltatioa witli Mr. Numytli, it >r>« ivaolvad toMttha nrindpla 
aadplau by ai'Iualtiraclieci and tlie rCdUUtiaiflMi nowJcwnibed 
anu nada at Palrii-roft by Mr. Naaiuyth, Uid b ereetMl and now 
woririnit U tba Abercaru colllarlaa. 

Hw ftnoal amnttomonta of the top of tho abaft and th« ven- 
tflating Gui are aliuon in Rfia. 1 to 3. tV^ 1 and Sara vertical 
•Mtiaic^ ahairiag the nir Talvea at the mouth of tha pit, and tho 
pawga onunectlng ttia bn with the pit; Sg. 3 ia a aecliona) plan 
•d the pit and bn: fig. 4, a aide eluvaltun i<f tlie £m and angioe, 
to a lanar acala: BacTliit. S, a TMtiual action of iba hn. 

nm £■ A. A, fig. S, ia 13} f«et diniDutpr, with eight ranaiv **ob 
3(1. 6 in. wiiie and 3 fwt loti);. It in fiieJ no a Iraruontal abafl 
B,»ft.7(ii.fiileB0]ifruni cruiru to Miitrv of the bearingi^ wbtdi 
«t» A )ncb«a long bj| 4} indie* diameter. The ranaa are of thin 
plala troa, and earriair by firlcad wmuglit^ran anna aecuTud to a 
eaalra diac C, filed upon the ahaft B. Tha tan worka within a 
MBBg D, D, eocunating of two fixed ddca of thin wroughl-iroa 
nkte, open all ronnd the circumfrreeo^ and connected ingeUur 
oj alay-rodi; tbe lidaa are 3 inche* clear frum the edna «f Ibe 
laiwa, and have a dreeUr ap«niUK 6 foal dtaiii«<4r in Uie e«Btr« 
of MCh. from whi«h rectangular wronglib-iron trunk* K, &, ara 
I cnrtjod down f>r the eotraDoe of tli« air, U)o bearliiKi (or the hn 
iAmIt B, being &tM in tlw mrtar aidea of tbeae Iriuiki. which are 
BiTcngtbeBad for tba purpoaa by vertical cait-inMi elitiidanla F, 
boltM U> tboB and natii^ upon the b<>tt«m fnaiidatioii-aloDe Q. 
Tba two air-trunka E, B, join togolhor below the fan, aa ahown In 
fig. 1, and CDmauaaieale with the pit II, by tncivria of a horiEontal 
tannel I, which eatera the pit at il (evi doplh fmni the top. 

Tie bn la driven l>y a anMll direet'OoUog aon-comlwnaiiiB 
Migina K, wfaicfa a tixnl npon the face of one of tlio nrtloS 
caaMron ataud>rda F, and i* onnnocted to a crank on the and of 
tbe bn-abnft B. The atcwn cylinder ia IS inohea diameter, and 
I iBobea alrolie, and ia worked by atoom Croni the boilera of the 
[Wigfaitof tba pit, at a pr«aaiuvof aboat 13 lb. per aquan 
W aeoaotrie L, for the alidw-valve la ptaoad jnat luaida tbe . 
air trunk E, and woirka tha ralve through aahort weigh-ahaft M, 
with a lever on the onUide. 

Tbe pit H, fig. 3, la of aa oval form, 10 feet by 18 EKt, and 
diviiled near the eaotre by a timber brattice N, the one aide 
C>rB)lBg the iipcaat thnft and the othnr tha dciwni^auL Both of 
tb*M are uaed for winding, and the tojfrt O, in which the trucka, 
St^, nre broujjbt up, work Oetweeo guidea Axed to the titnboring 
oif the piL Tbe puinM P, are plaeed in the dowucnil shaft. 

Id ofder to allow of tba npcant abaft being uaed for winding, 
t|i« to]) i* elOMil by an air-valve It, which ia farmed by ainijilV 
Iknarding np th* andonride of the onJtujiry giinrd upon the mnniJi 
of the anafi, learin^ only the bote in llie oentre thrnu^h which 
tti* dhaiu woeki^ Thia alr-valvo ia carried up by tho cnge O, oo 
%rrivlng at tbe top of tba ahnft, and than drop* down ^alu dnc 
Qpoo the opening when tlie ci^ ta tfiain lowered, aa in Bg. 3. 
X>iuilig the time that the •aIi'd la lifled, ita plnoe ia occupied by 
Um owe bottom of Uic <nge U, which it«arly tiUa the miangnlar 
e>peaiag left at the top of the abaft. By thia eimpie m«au* it b 



261 




found practtcnlly that • oompleta poixvidoB It luJe far keeping 
tlie top of the upcaal ahaft cloaed, nod nutfataiaing a nntMnn 
onmnl of air np the abaft; for the leakage of air downwaida 
tbrmtg^ the t>ip whilat tlieeagfl lain the act of opening or doabig 
the air^slvc, and through the annll area that alwaya reaialaa 
open, ia found to be (leiba imiB*UriaJ,nnd the eurplne veDliht^g 
power of the fnn it amply anftident to pmride againat IL 

In the original ounatrnolion a more perfect air ralve was aup- 
poaod 10 be nqutalte, and wa* nrerided by Ui« indioed flop* 
B, S, vhifh arx fiioil juat above tlie horliontal tunnel L Th«i4 
are tittivi doMily logrthnr, Inving only a aniall upeiiing in tlie 
eeatte for the chain to pa*a through, and were intend^ to be 

3>eued by the aacendfng cnge omning in e»ntaet with theni, 
[idng again directly by meanaofbalaiMe weigh te befotv tba air 
valve II at the top of tha ali.-d\ waa opened, eo aa to preaerve a 
thoroiwh dodng of tbe top of the ahaft. Tbe Ibpa were to b* 
opened agMS by a lever from tho top to allow tbe cage to 
deaoeod, However, ft waa fouo'l on trial that the valve R at the 
lop wiw amply auffldeet; and CLMiMx|acnt]y, although the olhee 
vtuvni S were alao provided, they havr never been put into uae. 

The total depth of the pit ia nearly '.iOO yarda, and at a deptk 
of 180 yitrrlii a aiilit of air ia tikm ntf, and couraed through 
working* from which Otwl and fire day are got: the lar^i yur- 
tioa of the air 'laaovida to the bottom of the pit, and la there 
apJit into many couraai^ to work two aeiiarate asama of ooal and 
a rain of trooitonr. The tntal length ot rood laid with platea or 
raila in tbe working! ia nboai 7 milea, and the WDfldnc foeea 
amount to niinrty cVoiible that dialauoe. Tbe longeat dtatAiice 
that ia tmvnraoii by anv dngle eourae or apllt if air in ^Aaaiug 
froiu the ilowncoat to the U|>caat ahaft la Baarly i uiIm. The 
i]iiniitity of tnalcriala rmiaed from the pit ia about .'lUO t«ua <lai]v. 

The apeed at wbidi tbe veotilaling thu ia uauolly erarkedk 
ab.<ut 0IJ reroltttlona per miunte, giving a velocity at tiie drcim- 
forenee of the fon of i6Vi feel per minute; 4A,0(XI ouUc feet of 
air per minnle are tlien drawn through tba mine, nearly one- 
thini of which reiitiUt«a ihe upper worlungB, and the raat paaain 
throngh the lower w-.^rkiuga. 

Table I. (appendeii) glvaa the icaulu of a aeriea of expnl* 
menta maile with thia reotUaliiig fiiu, under the direction of 
Mr. Rogora, ahnwing that the total quantity of air delivcaed 
at the vdwitica of lU) and ^Mi rcvolntkina of tlie fon per raiauie, 
ia U,000 and .'.((.OOO cubic feet jicr mlnnte, with a vdodty of 
Oiirreut of 7Sj and 1037 lintal feet per minute rMraetivoly, or 
about 9 and Ii niilee per hour; an<i the degree of vacuum or 
rxhauation in the npcaat abaft la ■& and "O inch of water rwapeo- 
tivoly. 

In th»e eiperimeuU the mode ndoiiti'il for aacnrtaiiijng tbe 
velocity of air cuirvute w;ui by ailculation froiu the difTereaeeof 
preaeuri?, oa obwrveil by mi^na nf a carefully oonatmcleJ vacuum 
gnnge, the nwalt being checknd by the nuemonteter, and b}' tbe 
time of paaaage uf the atnoke of powder fired at fixod dleUnDee 
by maana of wire* Irnro a volbue Mltcry at the lop of tbe ebaft. 

The working reJooity of the fiin ia readily aod inetanUy regu- 
lated by moane of a throttle valve fn the aleara pipe of the 
enpno, which ia under the cnntrol of the ni4a in aUtft at the 
working of tJie pit, and iaadjuated aoeording to the reaaimBenta 
of the ventilation ariaio^ from ohangea in Uie atmooitieric waa 
Kurv anl In the quantity of gae in tlie wcaUuga. It b*B UM) 
found that a velndty of about 00 to 60 revolnaone tier minnte 
givoa tho beet amount of ventilation, and that beyona SI) tvvoiii- 
tiona the current of air ia Uta atrong to allow of the lampa being 
kept alight in the workinga. 

Thia ventilating fon haa been now in oonetnnt work foe* two 
yean, night and day, without onct^ atopping for rvpalra of any 
kind, and ia in oa gnnd working order na when Brat clartni: 
there appeara lo bo nothing toget out of order about the niai>)iiiie 
on aooount of the aiuipUc^ity of ita cuiintnietiou, nnd no muon ta 
aiitidpate any fnilura. The engine b made very almple in eon* 
atmction, witii Urge and durable waarinjE auiboM^ and the 
Bteam e^-linder ia totted with a aolid metal piBton to prevent any 
occnaiou for aio|>pitig to adjiiat thi; pftekiiig. The whole oott of 
the ateuu ]iDWur for wnrkiiig the un ia bu inaicnilicnnt thai a 
little leakage of etMun ia quite imiaaterial. The oomplete ar- 
nuigement would be to have a aecood duplicate bo filed ca«u- 
plate, and roady to be aet to work at any moment if the rirat w^a 
alopped, or to work in onujunption with it on any eni«r{:ei>ey 
rmpiiring gttaUy incrcnetd ventllatJoD: (bough from the up*n- 
•noe of the preaeot ba it baa Rot appwred reqalaite to taJtc any 
autfa precaution. 



^. 



;«. SB).— Vel. u.-Aiii>eaT. l»n. 




S62 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB ASD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 
T*mM 1— gytpii */ Srperimmu «■ Jtam VtfJi l a li gm, 




NaMnl VMtiUtioa 
UtttB «f bv npwiiDtnU 

M(BD of ftn cifHiritneiila 
Fm VMlUktlon 






Alflw 

HncbcA 



lacfeH. 
'JU-tfl 

»-ai 



Altbt 

ftMtn. 



3040 



SO'HS 



sa-fli 



TtBMntnr* 
It nkmlvU'i TbnniinDln. 



DDnuHt 



41 10 



BmucB 

Dnmcut 



AlfTMI. 

»l-78 

»'ia 
eo-70 



Botlniu 

■( 
Upon. 



iff 



S3-»3 



W-00 
4780 
48-70 



■Mdn- 



«0 



so 



Vim 

Oufib 



■If 

•ao 

•SO 



ValtigRl 
dMr 
tetoft 



*t"10 



781-8 



lOSi-O 



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iTAIr 



SI»SS 



isier 



MUS 



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tbi. 



UD 



11I-3 



tfcB 
MtMl 



Ok 



IT-* 



s-a 



In tmtte ot putting vp imnthnr fun for a (rimllar ]>nrpow. The 
[wthor iiuuld atlopt oufi of All! lurntr dikmotflr, prntublp £1 frat, 
I naaiDg at k alow Bpeed, which ho oonnilen vonld be pre* 
lU*, ud atiU man eootiatBiaal La power. Th« ooBMrucUon of 
icaaingaf tlitt fiiah« wovld pnpoM to maka of k aim pier and 
BTpotialve deiwriplioa, maag miy tiua lirick wnlU for tho 
I Hid ttrt >ir tniitka. HiAwiiolaexpeusawnald thoo bcvmj 
bl« cnD for ft oomplMe pur of thu venCiUting liuw. 
*!%• vntthtuig &a haa a ret; ImportAiit sdvuiUg» orer the 
funUKv vvntiliiiiOD, iu Ui« powar It Aliurdfl of Huddenly incroMtDg 
the ciurpnt of lUr to • grant Urt«tit in nny cnivrgoncy; whilM 
with tb« taniaM any iooraaae ia very dnw in nftion mid liraitail 
in SKtesi, knd cannot be tfleoteJ (roui tho aiirliw* of tlip gr«uiitl. 
Aaother idmitaga ia the ooolnaaa aad fraahneat of th« nticaat 
\ which am be iwed for the pnaaago of the meD a« rnxOy n* 
|4»e dovDeoat ehaft, being frae (ran iSo haat and amake of' tho 
tAunftoe veaiilation. 

There ia al«o no rink of explouoo from the aooeat of gnu to the 

lAmuM (Ire: and in the Kr*t opening of n imr wena, aa in the 

nt caae at Aberoarn, a furnace oould not hare bean aafelj 

id «ntil after a long delar for drainage of ihe gu, ewisg to 

,.M indden and eitonaiTo liberation of gas, and even tlien it 
f mold have bvon nttrndod with 'MDnderable difSeulty Aod dan- 
jger: but with the h<ilp of the iaa, all delay and dauj^vr waa 
lavotded, and the workingi oommwieed Immwlataly on nadiing 
Itheaeani. 

A braltioed abnit was tha onlr pbui pnictimble in tho nreaent 
_ne, on acoount nf tho smat diffioulty of liukiDg deop through 
ttM rock, which was of remarlcable bafdneaa; and io aauh naea 
the fnmaM vautiUlioa la very ofajaetioiiable, on acooiwt o( the 
eoMtoot lei^tage cauMd bv tho drying nf the ttmlior of Ihn bmU 
[tioe troni (he eflhota of tha boat of tho Gn, and tho corrodiug 
aoijan of the aulpfanivin rapouia of the funutce enoke. 

aampk^ing Ihe •aatton in plaee of the Uowbg netioo, and 
g a M of lam diameter, great vxhaiwttng power \* ah- 
[itidnaif without rai|inring a high Tnlncily of rotation. The eir- 
scaof the ft>n caae haiag left o]i«n allowi tho air to be 
Lcxpellad all roimd wilh perfect freedom; and the central di&- 
.phi^m plate on the Eu apiudle pr«vuuU the opposite cumnta 
of air entering at eacli aide flrom ImpadlDg eaiie other. The 
■implo iiuuuivr of driving, hj an ao^aa aotini; diract, bjr n cnuik 
I. an Uw dn Handle, aavea the ueeeemty for intuinwliate Koaring; 
Mai to having the fiktt ea the aurbce of the grouad exposed to 
r*Ighl( ila action and r»t« onn be eeau at all timea U) be effeetive, 
I ^Albt it is nfe from thn chnitoe of any damage ariiiag frmn an 
fKnle^Ot, were ono to oocnr. 

ID the pit at Abtraani the qviintity of gaa ia lU acrtuua tixaX, 

mhtj faoapa an new deed exclaaively thnnghout the workings, 

I' and Bot aniigle naked light laalloWMtexwjit at the twostuioua 

taar ibe ihi£ wlnre the mftly lampa are lightod and locked uo. 

Bercnl vevj lUgbt exploaiona have oecunM, but nnt any at all 

iiaiuui in their eonacqacneta, eioept one, which may be meu- 

i^kaedaaauMnfiil exampleof the great practial value of a meaua 

I. of «Didilealy pn<dncin)( a greatly Increind cnrrent of venUlatJou, 

in pnvenbBg la« of Ufo troia tlie nantl of expkeion. In tliti 

'fiMtaaee. which oMnured abont Octobor 18&9, one of tbo men 

took a naked candle into a (tall in which fire-damp hod nccumu- 



Ial«d In tha lower workings at about IMyiinledlstnacebMn Oia 
•hafL An exploeioa ensued, wbicli being hsaid by Jdr. Bofm, 
who waa (it the lop of the abaft at the tune^ be ttislaDUy tnnad 
the steain full on to the cufiino of tho Gui, which tintMdiata)y 
iucreaacd tliu speed ef the Gui to neuly donUe ito nM, tai 
caused xiii-Ii u snddaa bunase In the reloeity of the can«Dt tt 
veatiUtiiin, that the after^latnp rcKnltiog tVtnn the ecplaalen waa 
earriod [ia;<tthc nieo in the wnrkina^iio quickly that Inij fiannl 
all aerioua injury, lo momcntiuy wai their eipoaore to IU efisda 
But if the otxUnary velotity of curraBt onlr hn<l bntn mainhUMd, 
some of these msn eonld not have eacaped mth tli«ir Uvea. Ilie 
Dan who cnnsed the Bsploaion waa sevinly bant, but reooneed 
from die injury. 

AJnoit imroediatelv after turning on tbe elcam to the hm, a 
ahower of blade jiartii^ra waa thrown out of the £u^ which wottU 
be the reeult of the explosion, being the tine partidea of carboy 
Itbantod aa li^t flaky eoot from tbe deoooipoaiUoi) of the cafb» 
relt«d hydn^pD bv the nxnloaioo. This U oonunonly bat incat^ 
roctly called ooal liniit, and ia alwaya the iDColt of as axplciiM; 
and in the anlhoi'a opinion Uiia ia tho canae of tho &lal albat ef 
Itu ofioMlamB, from tha acavBulatteo of the miniKo aotid f'"^ 
dee wMn thetiuiA and net the expoanre to the oartonic hU 
and nitm^ nmltiog (raa Ui* eombmtion of tbe gaa nod lu. 
Thia oimuon is oonftrmed by the nenit of examiimtlaB ot (he 
longa of men killed by mine exploBiona, wbidi are Anud tt bt 
loaded with theae blVk hl-IiJ ptirticlea. It haa been obaomd 
fn>iiiicnr1y that men can live for some tiane Tn the aflernlMBp 
fallowing a mine explnaion, if they lake the precaution to evTSr 
their mualhascd ncetrili oompictoly with a handkerrliie^ se m 
to aifl the air they breathe ouo pm ciil ibis.- Ilaating portidM cf 
oorbun firom entering the lungs; and ibiii precsutiOB la snjolMd 
in the rule* of aenial minei^ to prevont bns4hing Ihe eo^ 
dnat, aa it ia termnd. Mr. Kfi|;rn eivea a can*, wbeto a niMr, 
named John Hull, now liviuj; at A Iwnurn, K<>t through ai" 
of half-a-milH filled with the aflerdanip, by taking tkts 
tion, and eaoapad witli sefoty to the abail. 

One of the moet •xploaivn miilure* of gaaea UuU can bt pr^ 
duood in a ooiU nune ia in tho proportion of A volvnMa at svW 
retted hydrogen and 40 volaines of atmoapheric air. Whan Ihk 
mixture ia exploded the reeulta are S volumea of vapoor ef nr- 
boD, 3 volumee of chibonic acid gu, 10 voluniea of rapow o( 
water, and :t ^ volumea of nitrafjm gaa, After the axploMOB Ifas 
carbon asanmci Uir farm of light flaky lOot, whieb u Taff Sb*^ 
diBtributetl throughout the air. Table IL illuetiatoa th* tnaMtf 
iu v'hiL'h Mr, ICogem bi<li<>vni that the deoorapcaitMn auad oeat» 
nationa a>^v>iD[uiityin^ the exploeion take plaoa 

A aimitiLF Tcntilating ho to that above daeetfbed haa bna 
einoe erooted by Mr. Saam^b nt 8kiar Spring CotUan, nar 
Eleeoar, whioh ia working with complcle auooeaa; it k or iMfar 
larger sIm than the ono at Aberntni, being IA feet ilismetar. «1 
4 ft. :t in. wide in tlie vaum, and ia worked at 00 mrnln linns pB 
tninule by tho aUniD frum a pumping-eogine boUer at ISIk p* 

aoare tndi. Tha nenlt is a tlitmMigldy efficient nmilatica d 
e workion eampletehr nuder oontral at the siii fcss of Um 
ground, and m^ntalnod at an expenditure of biel nXnmnij 
email aa oompaiwl wilh that nqntred for the onUnaij .' 
rtotiUtion. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AfiCHrTECTS JODItNAL. 



363 



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^ML— Tto «lw«Iod on»m*1 af aiTffn ^ foloof . or ttt cnuMalni nlniw ot 
mnim. M« ■ Wlf^d.. Oil i«lL <(«tna wHifb « ■■ wAuWI o^rm* In (to 
* Ml* Tuliilw npnntf lk< 1( aqut<nd«u rur tg bdtnb.l atUb ■» la crbcolBl 
ITlliMlirMl vlib ib> MiVn (Bd ^rdivBU *ft«t (tpbidui. 

X)M««unon iqiM tA« (rbir* /^l;>^ nt the /atNtarioii (t/* JVeobmlaaf 

Ur. Llovd (Ibe Cbaimmu) uid tlint * raor« lateroating uv) 
impoKAUl paper oould not bftv« bMn brou{|ht bcfbre the Inalitu- 
tiBD, fur «rv; MM ■oqiuiutcd with iha workiiia of ooUuiria* 
■nnst tw awan of Um gnat value or tfaorooghlj' «lnoii!Ut <renlUn- 
tkiD, and tko dai^r ^d •rrioua rule oTUfe atitDdinc au^ ioiper- 
ftcliwi in tlio aTil^iD. Ouljr a few mouths pranouujr na oxpli>- 
non Iwd oooumd in WaUa, bjr which laon Uiou a haudrad pvr- 
aon* hlhJ bMn killnl la on* jnl, Hliowing the Dccoailjr of adovt- 
iof MMM oSdoBt njntam of vcuUlatioD, that would not t« liable 
to ba dcnuiiEcd' from aecidcnul caiMea; aud tlia m«tbod Dtfw 
diwcribvl waa «rrtaialy a V017 iibnpla and mrchviKiLl way of 
actt>tn|iliBliiDE ttilaobMCL Sivcml attatnpta at tucchiuiifnl ven- 
tilatiou had lioni kiim* pMviouolj, but djd not appear to Iiav« 
net with much aueom in actual aduption. Mecnaiilcal moaua 
bad bera triad, he believcil. imore in Waloa than ekftwhen, 
banuw the onal in that dlurict oontatntd aueh a Wg« propor^ 
ttos of MpioatTB ouni|)ound«. Ho inquired wbai were the caatn- 
tfal poinU uf 'dlfferwuce in the previoiM melhodt Ihnu the one 
now dH««rll>«cl ) 

jt, RwiKU Mid there waa nothing srw to th« priodplc of 

ktioii 1>T pomly mmlianicnl niauu; the Mino prindpfo bod 

ji iu« c«iiiiiriM nzn »n thi- cmiinent, although of coinpan- 

rrami iutrodoetion inbn thU eoiuntry. Tfie old (tcrmnn 

had o<wd an invertnl tub, pUo«d in wiit«r, Mid workfil 

dnwn hj a twer, with an lur vii1r« at the top opening 

. ibe tn»h air being altormitdv drawn into iho tub itiid 

J along an air main oonducUng il into the workingi. Tliia 

^ I cofflUiTHM* had been feceotlj improved and tlw pbm carried 

'oot on a targe «al«- in Stmve'a ventilator, iu whieh the iuvericd 
Nlr Wlh wore like large KMomewra ; but tli* nppnmtua waa 
txpenrivn, nad pnT«d troublwoma ju working. KoUiry vmii- 
loMre, acting on tlie principla of the screw, lud hofa iHmI in 
•oate caaee; nod tha fiui had aln been Applied, but wiihnul nic- 
MMb iu MttaaqoaiMB be aan>idanNl of n wmit of niochanical 
lEBAwladsn on the part of tbna* who luul tought to adopt this 
nolboil of v(!Dl(laili>u. Tho niied of aouaii tonbanical apolica- 
tiOBs in (wrn-ing ont iniprovMiMula of ibia nature fimneii bla 

^•^1X11 rttuviB for brii^iig the pttaent subject before tha 
UtutlMi, with tkevicwofdntvlagatleutiou to ita intimrtaiteab 
The 6u at Abcraaru bad proved eootilMelj' »u<!oea«ful, and b« 





waa not aware that am rwUr (Active machlM had heen m«- 
diioed prevloatly; but the subseqneat one at SkUr Bprinf Do)- 
Usrr waa still bettw, and expsrieoee wonld no doabt lead to ytt 
Autlier imptwunents, paitaonlartj in a still further innreaee of 
the dbmeter of the fan. In aome of tlic early attctnpta the air 
vas (brmd down the pit bj a blowinc fan, whlefa wia bcslfiBtDf 
at the wrong vnd of the prooMs; and anolber mitteke t&t had 
bMO nude waa that the srsa of the bmnoh air-pnaMgM was too 
small at the point of ukingoffthcair, auisinga aeriona wnataof 
powrrwidncbeok to tbs current In naaingthe oontratied parta. 
In Hr. Naamjth'e fiiu the simple direot-«otlng engine was an 
bniwrtiuit feattini, together with the eoiBpaet«rnuig«D>ent of the 
machinnj, rpiiuirin^ no limiKlaUoa bat the ba-eaoo itself and 

Ono limttile in keeping it in rapair. "ntc eugioe wiw op*- 
driring the bn M 100 to 190 rvrolatioiu per mionts^ If 
mjnialte In lui anw«gran\ bu the ordinary speu<l wm 90 or 00 
revolutions ptr Biluai«. Thb hu hsd been nn> vtn ui oondant 
work, without fn^niring any r*nair, and appMred in as good 
order now tie at brut Htarting, iiie ooet oif workioig, as oetnpamd 
with the old iniporfvct funiaoevantUation, waa renarkabW aaall, 
the &n Mving otrtainlj nfaw-tenihs of the ftwl eoBSiHiMd by the 
ordinary vMtllaUng mrance. The eOcMney of tbe nir-vnlve 
oovenng the top of tbn pic v-u an anexpeetod mnilt, imd dnipti* 
fiad the oooatrnetioD of tbe sppuvtn ooandatnbly. It Iwd been 
thought originally that two air-valree would be rtqiiind, to pva- 
Tout loe* by drawing in air direct from the top « tbe pit, and 
doable T»]vee bad coneeqaeaily been provided; bat thU pro- 
vision waa found nnuinMaai 1, aa it appsared that a eolamn of 
air of DO grcitt leni^th, e:ct«ai&nc orer li or IS nub* tlHiMgh the 
mine, vlivii alien sol in motion waa not pere«pttU|r RlbtMd by 
a alight check at the end of ita cmues, ami waa not olKubad by 
the r allege of the cage in and ont of the month of tfas pit; the 
aiin|do flat door at the (op aooonlingly aDswered tbe porpoe* 
oomptetvly. In tlio erection of •afaaoqueat hna Ibe esiutn»etliMi 
might be further oliupliftod by (he aubstitation of thin stone or 
brME wkils ou each «Ue of tbe fiut in pUoe cf the pneent Iron 
eada^ with tbe advantage of eheapnem and fiuility far re- 
newnTor repair. 

Mr. IiLOTD obM^rvril tbat the plan sow deacrlbod apeennd t« 
be fiw snperior to th« ordinal? ayston of Amaoe natttMkni, in 
which a large Aimaea waa kept bnnihw tX Hi* bottom of tL<> 
abaft, so aa to rArelV the nir nud nufco Uie reqoisile dnneht up 
the shaft to draw the curroiit of air through ibe mine. Snefa a 
method waa unavoidably attended with contlonal vuiatiMS in 
the current of air tbroi^^h the workings, as the bw ftnctoaMd 
according to the brightnees or dnlnese of burning at diAnnt 
tluiM, anil the ventiUtion wiw direetly nfbcto.i by irrvwoUrttiee 
in keeping up the firca luid vnrtatiana in the atate of ue atano- 
spheie. The om of jets of steam for ventilation, propcaed by 
Mr. Oamey, hod rvcantly bean in fcvour, the steam acting in the 
aame manner aa the blaA io tbe diimnoy of a looomottv* uigtBei 
he ln()Bired what vai the gweral result of Ibis plan, and whe- 
ther it waa DOW in regular work ) 

Ur. Koona thoit^t the eoiplorment of steam ieta must 
always be an impatoat and expensive mods of applying mean 
power fur vcniilntion; it was mueh profsnble to apply Uie Maaa 
direct to work fi liui, by which mean* a low ptem u i e of nmm 
(oald bo made Adly arailahle. He did not think the plan of 
stcnm jets was ooalinued in pnctioU use; vof sarioaa objeetioo 
to It that waa experinoed when tried en n Urge smh, WMtbe 
Qoostant shower of water onaod by condsnaatten, tnu the btgn 
(jnan^ty of rteam ihrnwn into the nirabaft 

In reply to a ((UMtion «■ to wluL degree of racuom in inobM 
of water was obtained by the fan v«nlilatioo,aiid bow th« velocity 
of tiie air bad ben estimate'l, Mr. Itog«rs stattd that in his own 
experimenta he had (bond from ^inch to 1 inch of «st«r pressnre, 
•oeordlug to the speed of the Gui: ho had tried the nunam by 
meani of a wat«r gauge, aud had aln aatininted the vvlodiv of 
the air by IM Button's thcnvUcBl cidcuialiaaa. The naults Wl 
been cbeckHl by Biram's and other aDcinomelen^ and had been 
found to apee vary woll. A thini tost bail been tried by Griug 
powder al niuiuiMml dintaixKii iu tbe working* by mean* of a 
voltaic battery al llio icur&oe, llie time of jutaiage of the powder 
amoke to the >urC*oe hviiig nc>t«d by a waI<1i. 

Mr. LuiTii said with r^ermoe to tlie amonat of vaenum olr- 
t^od iu tbe ofdinuy faraxc rentilatMn of colliwisi^ tbe bifer- 
MMlon poMMned wu Tcry imperfect, from the unototain^ nbont 
tha «iperaiWBtB; he aupposed tbe vacuum waa genemlly below 
1 inch of water, perhnpi flooaiderably I«m : hnt io large d«^ 

■S.V 



261 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



mJoM a raouiuD of u maeb h t btAtt at <mter wu •ntnetimM r»- 
qvtTMl U> Qivvreaaw tb« ratbUiiM to the cnrreiit in the woddogi. 

Mr. Boanu naimrked th«t tliur« w«re hvvmiU ^•ntrfatng 
•MMi l« be l«krn into cosiiiicmliOD, 4iid grMtl |>r«auitiQiu war* 
iMOMMrjr ia Maeerlainitiji the Tocnain wrrtoUjr. The bMmneter 
•howd 1 Inob difiarenee of height »t the top And bnttADi of • 
dM|i Hhaft, Mdt H tt»i «t Aberaun of nurly 900 UmI dvpth, 
w{ier« it atood ftt 19 lutdiM at th« UfD, while (t ahow«d 30 LudiM 
U the bottom. The pftrtlcnhn of Ui« height «( the fauometer 
M>d ditfenDoo of tanptnttii* hu) btuiti nntioed in hi* txprnr 
mnnt*. ftiid w-nrr gireu io tliv tolilo rtppciidod in the paipcr, IOR»- 
tber with the degree of wuiun axinuK fnim ilie nattiral veatilft- 
lion doe to Ibe difettdoe of l«mp«TBturo, which uuoiiut«id to 
•boat I'iDeb of w«t«r. 

In ivplj to ■ queMiod whMhvr the diRtinm of Ihn fan from the 
pit mouth uul Its reUtire pmition were nuttvrial fur lU good 
wotfciog, Hr. Rogen nu) that t)ic iliatiuiot' d tlic Gin fiuni the 
riiaft WM unmWariftl, tirvviilcsl that ilie ur phbhakv from the pit 
u> llie fiui WM of Uio nill bIm, fnM front ooDtmottoM or oUtnto- 
tiocu. All tb«t ftppearad roqnlxitowM to ntkw the bn luge 
cooogh to have ui ampla nLuvio nf nunliu power of ventilBtioo, 
witboiit r«qairiii£ » hig^ •pocd of working; muI from the rwulia 
of bis uMrianoa he eboiud oorbunlr reooiumead In futoro it 
onorideMbly laig«rttte of ba, prabtw; ob largo u 21 f«et in 
dionour. 

Mr. HaWKIB montionod thkt fe apociw of Ua for ventitfttiou 
hiwl boni tried auuty yeuw ego by Mr. Bmntou, acting eouiiewh&t 
on tho priaclpto of * eoraw, to which illiiaiou had betv inado; 
bat be waa not nwiire what raaulta had bmn obtaioad with iU 
Ha r«iu«robered that Ur. Naraiyth bod rwkd a puixT on thi? nib- 
JNt of ventilating Gma at tho meeting of the Britiih Auociutba 
at Ipawkh, atvenl yean ago, but thooghl tlie nmuiguiaBDt then 
prapuaod wai dlAtvut froni Uiat now dnoribed. 

Hr. Booaw* atatod that llie &n on Mr. Brautoa'e pUn At Mr. 
Powell'* eolUery in South Valaa, wm &nt put to work about 
aina rean a^ It waa a horiaonul whoci alwot 9 feet diameter 
oo<r«nii^ tb« top of the air ahaft, with a larL^c uumUr of vano* 
•nt ini^lmml liko thf< vano* of a windmill or tlx- blad«* of a lorew: 
thp air had acnois to the vanee on tlii! unde««tdr, and wis 
eipoUod from Uin upper fndf of the fan. Tho pUn waa found to 
b« imperfect hik) luuuitufnciorjr aa a Biaaua of vituliUtioo, and ha 
believed it hmi beta oDtirely abandoned. In (lie pkpor read 
babre Ihe Britijth Aatodntiuu that hsd bceo rvfcrrnl lu, Mr, 
NaMDVtli propnaed n fnn r>uly about 4j or 4} f«vl duitii«ter, 
whi«h wiw •■> imoll n aise dial It would not have at all answered 
tho purpoae. The krgr alia of th* preeenl fiu) waa tho mnat 
lotpoHant feature iu the Improvompiit, by which iotleui) Iha rnno- 
tloal dllloultloa hiul bwn nrorvamc. Tho whole cmlit of the 
oalogUtioM nod amn],iinieiils iu tho form uf the preaent fiut waa 
dM 10 Mr. Naanytli, and thej were tbunded on the rcenlta of 
hiaaporiMioe; there might no doaht be many modiflcations of 
th* lora and proportions of the different parta of the fan, but 
thew did not aopmr to be nul«rial polnta, and tho Hmple oon- 
atraelion that had bean deecribed appeared pnwtioally aa got^l 
aa any. He mirht mrnilai that the plan had been thrown open 
bnr Mr. Naanytli for fmaral nae;, wilkont reaenrlag any exolu- 
aiT)t fight in it 

HrCocmuHE thought ft groit featnr« in the pUnof&n ren- 
tilation wu the •Emplieltv of Ilie apparatus, and the unallneM of 
ooit, an<l alio Uir applicnoility to deep niluea; the great freedom 
fran riak of dpnuiKeiDnot wna an Mwntial [NHDt, removing tbo 
objection otdiuArily nr([oil aainat rontilatioo by mcchiuiical 
■anUb Any plan whleti teniMd to preacrre life was of*):r<*'>t 
vahu^ and In* bu vantilatiou waa oerUinlr au inipnrtiuit atep iu 
the ri^bt dinction. Qrmt credit waa dnc to Mr. Itogera for 
iBveatigatins the Biibjent ao comploldy, and toaktag fluch n tho- 
rough pracliuoJ trial of the plan. Tb«rr waa no doubt tliU Ika 
waa dMng the work of vuuLUation adminbly, and he thought 
aarpMning all otli^r plaiu, and it rettuireJ only Iti be belter 
knowu to bo •itanuvely adopted; they were greatly indebted 
to Mr, Namnytb for •ffoeting ihi* nloable improvement In the 
mod* of veniilating mines. 

l£r. Roana obaerved that tlie power of aiiddeiily increnaiug 
Um mrrant of ^r throiu^ the workioga ia any emergency waa a 
great ndvanlago over the ordinary fumnoe v«<nUlation, in whit'li 
BO audi change waa practicablv. He waa oonvinoed tliat tlie 
mi^Ofitj of il«Ktha (ran exploajoni rcaultod from tb* «affocal4tig 
aONta of the aAor-damp, and nut from injorie* oocanoned by the 
WploaioD itacJf; and la <aaes where men recomvd after on 



eiploalon, it waa observed that a qnantily of Mnek< 

mnttor, or "eonl dnat" *• It wa« tanned W the afaiera, wa« Am 
thrown off tho lungi; thla wiw tho naniit of ^e dapoaltkiB of 
onrbon in the atma*plier« that hail berji inhalad; for ovefjr 4S 
Tolnmea of firo-dnnip, wbicli vaa a miiiiire of oirbmvUod hydfo- 
gen and air, urodnoed ia the expl'wiou i volume* of vapour of 
«artion, wbieh wm pr*dpdtat«d iu the fonu of minute hladi 
Sakaa filling tihm air. In the cnse invntioiwd m tba naper, iba 
raault of anddenlT turning the aUam full on to the ea|aiM of tba 
fiui waa lenaricanle; an immenae volume of air, pcvbaoly 70,000 
or 60,000 ouhlo feet per minuu-, luiUullv nwept throng (be 
work* like a harriciuie, and cairiod utf wlui It all the partietw 
of carbon precipittiu-rl in tho air. With tho (kinwieet bowevtv. 
tho ventilntioii mij^ht have been deranged by the aspkiaios, aiM 
thua made wone iiuteod of belter at the vet; tanmeM wIud 
moat needed. 

Mr. t.i.oTi) remarked that another advantMe la the bn, that 
had not tH>Rn directly alluded to, wonid h* the uuifonnity with 
which the vcntiktirm wiu conitnntly maintaiaad; he lud DO 
hcBtntion in ■nyinK that lli>? loaa of life IVom bad veiitOatioa wm 
muob greater than ibat from cxpluaioua, *■ the men wMUng In 
lli« pit were exjioatd to bad air ooiintantly, anil the cflieeia miM 
Mil HeriaUAly on tb«ir bonltb wlxn th<< venttUtiuo wna drfrctm 
for any lanrth of time, which wna IJablo to b« tli* cat* freqnenlly 
with the onlinoty mode of ventilation. 

Mr, Ramhuottom lliought the fnn an excmlingly perfect im- 
chlnei the loading fwiture In the luechauii!*! arnuieenuot a^ 
ponrod to b« th« eulnrcrmcnt of tlie Cui to a aixe Mmittioyef 
direct action of tlio anull Bloain.ragiiic by wbMJi it waa ilrivi^ 
the engtco workins nt the anuie apecd oa the bn, tho* dlapenaiag 
with any ioteruiatiatv geariuL', ami rnluciug the whole tO th* 
almpUet fanu of machine, wluch oouJd be readily kept in geed 
wcrlUDg ordor. A aeoond cylinder nii^ht eaallV be applied if 
daairod at the other ntul of tli* same abaft, whl^ would reiuW 
any atoppoi^ from the fiuturc of the working parta nest te 
iinpoaiitjle. 



INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEKRa 

liLixaiMrsR Mebtu'o. 

Trk aiiiinid aaauon of membere of lliia loeiety, for Uw r«*di^ 
nn<l diix-<i»ion of papers upon en^noerin^ topioa, oommeaoed In 
the lecture theatre ot Uie MechaDtaf Inatttntion, Maiidieetor. as 
.rone 24, nnder the prealdfanr of Mr. JoMjih U'hitworth, wm 
the following enminunleatioDS were hiid befori! the meeting: 



Dr*fTiyliaa of a largr T^hutnr Wrought- Jrvn Cratu, rtetmOf 
rrtfUd at Kryham Dockynni, Dciv/nptTl, By Wiluak FAIIinAtn>. 
— The crane i* built on tlie priDvipIo nf a tubulnr bridge^ and tb« 
advaolagM of tliia mode of C'.'iiatrucliija an, the aaoarlty ttd 
Eirility with which the greateal weight can be ni»od to ih* top 
of the Jib without th* Blight#ai rink of fnSluiv. It would roqate 
a vnijlht of 63 torn to break it, nnd with a weight of :iO tuna the 
dcilexinu of tho jib ii only 3'T3 inche*; ita actual atmi^rth ia thna 
much greater than ia ever rvuuired to lie uanil. The goveramMI 
boa taken th* Initiative In adopting ihew cmaca, fay baring dx 
ereoteil In the Nnw Keyham Dooke at Devonport; toti nun 
have been ordoral {'-t Doronport, and one of oolo*«il diraeMieii* 
fur Keyham. Thia liud'Ouned aweopa a drcle with a ndiM of 
53 (cet : it will lift tlie huiviest load perpendioalorly 37 bet frea 
the quay wall, to a height of US feet above lowwntor mark, Md 
will land It 8S font from th" odce of the uiiny. Il can lite 
Ixtilnie from th* htilda of vcaaela ot the line, life the henvicat plfaa 
of onlnanoe from the deck*, and ahip and noabip maata wtthdia 
greoteat eaae. [Thia poper wfllbe),'iven in full, with engixTiagL] 

A Keir Moitt of Connrrting the /errf Pipf brlttem /.umiimWW 
fiMfntw mill Ttn<kr». Tty Javes Fe!eto!>, uf Low Mow, Bni^ 
ford. — It cDiiaiula of tw<i cTUndera,oiw of wfaieh b bolted to tbi 
food pipe of the engine, aiid tho Other to that of tho leader) th* 
eonneciiuK tube, of braB or iron, worlca in Ihe c^Uiiden npca 
four ladiu-nibber riugs, which arc pivventcd from ""■ jrln g ool 
by email irou collnra or hoopa round the tabe, between whkfc 
each of the nni;* worka. Tlie advaatagoa of thla oonaWMliM 
are Ita aimplicitv and CDQacqneut clieafinitM, and Ita doiabBUj— 
the nioliou of tlie elnalic riiif^ iHiIng- a rolling inatand of a rabmig 
one. The ring* coal td. each. — Mr. Itaimbattoia, of the TiaiitM 
and North-Weetcni Railway, miJ h« had had thia moda of aol^ 
necliug the bad pipoa in opantion on one of the eompanjll 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOUBNAL. 



265 




lar iDora lh*n (wo iiionth% mii) iip tn Uil« tliM it k»d 
. _, tttj ■oinlaetoi^: it w** iiiiii|il<' anil •Autivo.— -Mr.Oaif 
he hwf applUd thu invmtiuo to n (aroe tmmii, nud on* or 
tvd digitwa, with mry gral aucMML K wa* itr ■npcrior to tka 
oUI (nun««ii(iiu, luxl oimI atn4t Imt to kMp it la npi^r. Tie 
Inilt»-nihher wduM tut oo ui Avvrag* aboot •!■ months-^Ur, 
Tli'inin« Fonjth cxi)reM«d a dnobt as tA tha danibililj of ttia 
indik-rabber naAer the nctiou of hot wat«r. — Mr P*etDa laid he 
bad a ring trot to hiiu whicli lia<l bwii in operatiou in an «iiKioe 
wfall« It »■ S3M railM, and tbarw wu ao gritat apparent i^lur; 
vt tba India-nbbcr. 

A N*m Amnfrmmt it/ Fumacf, hj Mr, WiujAK SrnriRtK, 

bich in tnitiijiiUily iip|'lii.ii1i1n whora grtnt hcut u rnquiml, tb* 

', b«uig to uttliM a Urn pro|K>i'liiiii of the heat which is 

iDol; mIuwimI to cMape lato iliv diimnejr. Th« prodncU tit 

ibiulkin ar« taaAr to pnai tli rou^li a iiiaja of p«rfnmt«i] hriclt- 

k, l«m«d a " rv^trator," whicb iimeuta au «xl«nJeil h«al- 

ilulng Hurfiicp: the portion of thr bn>k-work wtileh U Drat 

aeUid Upwn a beitcJ tu ibe htghut clflgrf«, nnd the •uooMding 

Krtioua to A Icoi ao<l Ifu dBgrrc, •» that the i>r«Jilcti of ooin- 
■tioo on Uioroughljr <l«prlv«(l of their heat befoiv ih*}- reiuih 
the ohimncj. Tli« iJirfiraoD of tbo air cumnt (• r«varwd at 
lat«n-ali of Mlxiut nn lioiir, hj umna of a valr« U tho bvttam of 
tbc chitDDcT. aui) thn hent pn;viouKl,v dcpoailed in tho fint r^ge* 
iiMKtor U tiLken Dp by thi' frah air, wbich mKhea thn |ila<« of 
MUblUtiofa iu a hiutil}- h«itvJ cuuditiou, .iiid protlucM \ ^(ini« of 
araob greater Icieiuit^ than eouJd bnva been obtaloin) bj nioaiM 
■rf oold atao«ph«ri« ur. Tho iotoniie h«at of the flatns eo pra- 
doew) ie oonimiuiiattcd to the Hooitd reg«ii«i«tor in iho Mina 
g"""— m» before dMcriked, ihe pnMlnola ufoombiieUoii rnu-'hiug 
the ohimnej cunparatlvely eooL B; the repetition of this pra- 
ttm of rertniog the directloB of th» dmoglil ihrougb the for- 
■utoa, an itntiiaitMl degree of lentperature may b« obuined, and 
the aeviiw edcotod !■ in proporaoD to tlie incmaed degree of 
beat re<|uired. Un« famaoe upon thie prinoinle hue been work- 
nig for the laat three montfae at Uetare. Martiult and AtleJnioii'e 
woike, Sheffield, t/t baatlos Inguta of *to«l and lit>D-, It has ao 
far Wtirked moat «ati«&ctonly, unil ivnliinil a unvinji of 'it p«r 
omt of AmI over tJie ordinary hmtin^ furnore, in dnina thn 
•alBO amoimt of work. The icgcncnilive priiicipto hai lately 
beeu ap[iliad to other purpouv. A puddliui; fiiniaM ««■ put 
iulo operation rseeatly at Bolton: lie rvaulte Iu th« Mrlog of 
AkI an Um aaOM es In the caM at Sheffield, and It ie aleo H- 
pecled Id aserdae a mv bTooiable inSunncc npon thn purity of 
tlie i/oa prodoeed. The new fnmaoF elTeiTtiinlly prmcota the 
amimunt ofnnoke fioni the ttag^ — The applicntion ot Ihit regeoe- 
ralive principle to fumacea wae eugoMted by Hr. F. SiemeM^ 
brother to Ibe writer of the paper, and hiw been carried out by 
the two brnthom irnnjointly. — Mr. Atkio*i>n «aid the tmiiH of 
bh ei peri men tn with tlie uew (ui'uace waa, that dnring lix dayi^ 
ooatiaendng with the 13th nlL, it rnneuraed 1 Vm 10 cwt, 
wbile the rraiiniDipllc4i bv the old ftimaoe ws« 7 ton*, meh far- 
norn- dolag the aftrar kiiio of work. Wttli the now fbrnncr etv^I 
h^ beMi melted with a oooauniption of Ini thnn I ton of oml. 
He coaridertd tlut this furnace wai adminthly ailnpted for oTerr 
tieatiu opention, and tfanc iw reauli in the nivine of fnd wu 
gipotic, ne ftiniaoe wm nlon calciilMed to hat three tlmea im 
long aa an ordinary one— Mr. ('•loliraue, of Dudlej^ mnarked 
tliat It wmdd be a greet boon if the nmulta of the worliing of thia 
fonaM Cbr paddling iron Doald bo fnmiiihed to the Inititutian. 

Larf* Bfttl Engine aitd St» RoUinoMUt ai Oomlait ironwork: 
By WiUJAM McKKuUB, otf Uerthyr TjJ»il. — He atated thiil tb« 
ei^na eapplKe btaat t» sis Airuaoee, eutuu of which uiaLe 336 
tiNie (4 MiM iron per week with eold bUat and raw ooal. The 
bMOl of tfle engine and lie appandagae woiKh npwanla of 40 
totia, asil the dy-wboel wcigfaa sii tone. The cuKine waa designed 
and ere«t«d bv Ur. Truran, the l>awlaia Company ■ eugUteer. 
Tba rolitDg nul ia now in oourae of eradion : Uie driving-wheel 
i« iA fmtiD diameter, and with tlie abaft weighs H Xodh; the 
Cy-wbeel, )tl feet in dionuitcr, makae 110 rcTulutiouit nor minute, 
Micb ia the eimod of tbe roll traisa The cugi uea wiU drive one 
laQ-mlll CHpable of making 1000 lone of ralle per weeki one rail 
or loagh^ilown mill eapaUe of making 700 toua a week; and 
OM bar-mill BaUoglOO tana a week: beaidaa two blowui^-mllla 
and two banuiMn. Tbe large rail-mill ia arranged to rail ut Uitlt 
dinetioae wliM neof arr, at a apeed of 110 per minnte. The 
mill win be capaUe of rolling ban of leagtlu and *evlietia never 
b^on attempted. [TliiH peper will be given in full hereafter.] 




On thm ramparaffea SvaptraiiMg Pnttr o/ BrtiM otJ Irvn fltrtt. 
By On'liaK Toan, of JtafypnrL— Mr. Tcah'a atleoliun bnTing 
boon called to tbe eobitct by an artid* in tbe Amtrkaa RaUreai 
Jvvrnal, be made a aeriea of etperimeote. He had oouatraetad 
t¥m vertical boilera of eqna) diiaeiuioua, each liaving a tnbt of 
braaa and iron reapeeUvelr of 8 iaohea exiemal diuneter-, tbe 
ftiel need wea n». The Wttn were lllled with wnter of tli* 
a«mo <inKli^ and temperainre, and were espoaed to the kctkin of 
tlie gaaan equal leeigtb uf tinw; the height of tbe water in **th 
boiler was thfui oarefUly gauged aa anon aa eballitioa had ceeawl. 
Bight experiuMala wne made, an equal nnmber by day and 
night; and Iheirenlt wn* that lOj lb. of fael with braaa ttihM 
pTaparainl the mmc qnuuttty of water aa il lb. wltb inm tubea^ 
P^rtber eiperimenta with copper and bnuw tnhM iliowrd eflpprr 
to be as moeb avperior to brnaa as bova to iron. Tbe eopper 
evapontiad abodt M per cmL mote wat^r than the iron. — A die- 
ciianon etinied upon thli aubject; and in anewer to a aueatfan, 
Mr. Toah laid no account wee taken of the eupplyof ga^ to 
eee if it wu tbe nune npoci each eiperimeat. Tbe reeulta 
detailed In tbc iniKir wure iberefnre ivgarded aa Inoattelnrire, 
and Mr Toah laid be wooM make fiirtber oteertntlone. 

Plan far At PmtMUn of Sntalit in SUci»-B«ibr uW vllir 
Fvrmaem^ By W. B. JoniCMisi,— The improventeut oonsieU ia 
Intrednuing air in a downward direction immediately over tLe 
fomaoe bridge. Tbe apjiAnlui which rvffalak* tbe aupply of air 
b aelf-aeting, and reqiiitM uo eiin duties fruui the fit'onuc. It 
ia ao regulated that the grsateet quantity of air ia aJiuitterf 
iramediatdT afler the farvace ia aoppUnJ with fu^l, luid Uio 
quantltr aamitted gmdnally deereaaee iinlil it ocaae* alCocetber, 
when Uie air admitted through tbe lire-ban In tlie oMiDiM7 
luantier ia aulBdent for comboeUoa. ExueriineoU with a pyro- 
meler ««re made to t«M tbe cadeocy of thia armweneitt, wbiub 
showed that en Uie(«ue of beat waa obtained by admltttng air in 
the matiner deecribed; and to thiit citcot eeouotny [a Jaii, n 
we)] aa tlie prevention of unoke, wu effecteil. 

A Verti*^ Stmtm BnUtr, i^ o mm «iiM(n»dfa«. By T. Dvfiii, 
of Haiicheatar. 

A iimimal Mnuttrt «f I-nftk fir iftrkankcl Bntt\*Ki<K§ 
tVarh. By i. WurTwonnij— tneioad of our englaeera IhliiltiBtf in 
Bibi, lOtb^ ami 32ndi, be aonaklM«d it very desinhle tliatuiey 
eluiuld apnnk and think iu lOliia, lOOtba, and lOOUtha flia 
eliaiigc to the decimal meaaore waa ea^ ef aUalaaneat, and wbeti 
attainrd ite nee and ooaveaieiica would amply mj»y any trooMe 
in aeqiiirmK it. If we had a better syjitem of aolatioa for oiir 
lueasuna, in wbioh email differenera of sine war* aspraasad ia 
terms couveying their vnlne to the mind, the importaoOT of 
lalnnta and aeciirftte (unuiirviDUDla would become more fnatliar, 
and more generally applicable Many opantltona would by that 
menoa be more oeeily performed, and in earn* laMaMM gtenMr 
■afety would be the reeulL After can^iil thon^t, txA a oompa- 
riaoB of diflerent aeale^ be had oone to the oondu*ion tint (ha 
soalo which be had Drepand and exhibited on the dingnuaa wia 
a good oueh altliongu bodidnotaatuuie tUat it waa abei<lulely the 
b«t that eoold be aaggeetod. The ecale he had prupuMd oou- 
bioed Uie sTcateat puaiiblo advantacoa with tlia kaet pnarihio 
eliange. Tue eyaiein v>ae in operataon at his worin and (ha 
workmen were eiiabUil to work to tlie I0/)00th cf an inch. He 
exhibited the internal and exieniA] gsuaes to which the EnfiaM 
n^e wan mauufoetuml, and abowad that the bolennl Bai^e^ 
which was nAiir''><^h larncr than Uie exieraal gai^a^ woaTd aa» 
pnas tbroiigli lliD estenial p»uga In the iotrndoction oif this 
ayatein. It would be iiuoteHuy fbr tbe wDrkmea's r«ln to he 
divided into tonttie JoeleAdof elsbtlisof an inch. — Mr. FairtMirn 
said auch a aniem would nmbliiy nur opentiona ooutiderabty. 
He bad no doubt that if employor* of mecbanice would adopt 
tills ayaieni, tlie other oarte of the kiuDdom, and nrohably other 
nations, would follow Uie example.— Mr. U'Oonnoll Bp)ir*iT«<) of 
tba pmaldeat'a euKgeailoD, but remarked Uiat it wiw dninible 
that our dooimal i^ystem abould, If possible, be br><ught into um- 
aon with that already in nac in Fmnce. — Sir C. »i spprnved of 
the aratem nggeeted by Mr. Whitworth, aiul itaied that ia it 
J-iaoh was repreeenleil by ISS, and that every nniaber repre- 
apnting olKblhe wonlil teinuliute wjtli A. He believed that It 
would be found impmcticable to bring our ^Btein and tbe heneh 
into nniaon, but tlieiv was a aimple modo of remembering the 
differetiee between the Enstiuli yaril and the French metra^ which 
would be cnilivleut for all macii<:iil pnrrxiva — ibe F(«Deh metre 
waa reprteeLMil by thrae EngliaU uiciuuroe, 3 ft. itg in.; vitiua 



JIB. 



■ 



THE CtVTL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECT'6 JOUBNAt 



the lUokiun oF a Ut of (Over paper thb na Uieontkalty oar- 
reeL H« ngrntteil that imtMd or th* dKliiMl wt ahonld luir* 
Uia diiAd*iciiiinI a^ttm. — Mr. IhTConnoll unggnUd tliAt tb* TD' 
•titntioa thould ailupt Mr. Whitworth'i^ nyiiUni, tuid nulte in 
endcftvauriiii; to liiive it broiIDhc iulo general iwe. — Mr. Dyer 
Mid h« thouglit it WM very JMinible lli&t tli« [n«lltutic4i nhould 
dMUre iu npprnrxl of thn <lecitaAl ayiiUtm, nnd it mis peciilliLrly 
■nitable (hut thia approW nhoiilij bn decided npon In MAiichca- 
t«r.— CoL Kanii«dj lud hr liopifl the Inititntion would ilecliir« 
iu itiloptioii of thi! principle. — After Mine diaetmiOD. the retolii- 

to llie xliiiitloti nf th« dMJnuJ Male, th« iudi being divided [ni« 
■ UmuiuuiJ ptLTt*." 

Thin plan U la opernbaa upon tlie lADOuliin: uid Yorluhire 
ItAilva)' between MjkDolieMtnr, Uldlkoiu, luiU Aahtoo. The nioile 
eon«iM> iti buililiog longer aorlam. — Ur. Fkirbaim uid tlmt H 
tba p*in«ipl» wera «Mri«d out on On London mid North -WMlvni 
the nduetion of weight would cauwo n wving of 900ul. a-jput; 
hot it waa rvnkarLed Uut the neooudty which would •xiM for 
nMkiDK larger tunitiiblM and iii-iv workEliopn, in order to accom' 
■nodato tli« Urye earTlwi>a, would pr«*«ui ihttlr ndoptioii. — 
Mr. Flaj alao mc^Mted thnt than ahoold bi> regular periodical 
ntKtinga of railwnj' oarrugc buildon, and oxhibitiotu oT rolling 
atodt. 

li Hf rt V Uiitntt in /(wn and SImI, and Ihtir appIiMtian to Rail- 
inru and Uker furpott. By Thomas W, Uuun^, of Ituthprlimu. 
— Several apfdniDns of iron inverted inlu »Tm-1 wurt exhiblteil, 
aad tba paper atatod that the nroo«M which prodneed iheni vm 
M bllow*:— -The iron in the fumaca i* covered with [ihAri>»kI 
mixed with a nuall porUon of lime and atkAJinc niatlor, itnd 
npoaed to the eti-oughoat of an ordinary ooal tire for T.S btiuni. 
file ina la Ihnn drawn from Xbt furuao«^ the tempcmlure of 
wblcfa ia aomowhut rnducod, atid tho oonveraion Into eteel ia oom- 
n4et«. Tho ■uporioritj of thia procMa to that g«n«ndly adopted 
liailiiamMaavliigofliaiF, whiohiaafleeiod t^auawamuin- 
iMntof Uis ftiruao!v and an eoonomy of ooal amonntinK to fifty 
par flWi. without dvtraotiog in any degtt« from tJi« qimlilr^ 
the OMtertal. Th« wore rapid oonvanaoo ia effecMd by a modifi- 
caticB of th* cboroical nutlariale ordinarilr natd. Balu nada by 
Mm proceaa will laat twen^-ona year*, wkeroM ao wrdlBary lina 
of nils raqntrea nnewal ODoe ev«ry (Fntn y<«ni. Th* KBe prin- 
dnle eua w applied to tha produolion of tym of wtaccla, and of 
aU kioda of toola, whlob are thua vnatly iiuptoved aa to their 
iiMfalnaa^ at a <r*rT aliKhl additional coat; a file, for iuatnnaa, 
uigtit be coanrtad in tJua way Cor ooaHii^hth of a ponny. liaiU 
Biaanboturtd on Uiia priuoiple had beeoi in uk nt the London 
bridge BtatluD for ejghiceti monibe, aod Uiay wern n»t perocplibly 
worn; iba old raila had to b« rawwad avar; tkna montlia. 

Jtewnl tmprwmmtnt* in Wnlrr Mttfrt. Br B FoTTmiotLt^ 
— Ue dcacribed a number of meter*, whieti be nnid wnro objac- 
tiuo&ble on aoosunt of the bulk aud weight of the machinea. 
KeoMdv^ waa the beat aa y«t brongbt into actual noe; but It 
waa dabeUn in tonaeqnonoe of Ita great weight and auu>; il waa 
Habla to etoppaiK, and no toallow the wat«rtnpa«auoregiaterfd; 
•ad il raqnired frequent lubrioition. Chadwiek and Front aaetned 
lA have remediej thcae defecU. Their meier wai hot half tho 
Niikand weight of Kennedy's; Ithadfewerparlaaml lea* wearing 
.aurftca; It raqulnwl im lubrtcatinn, but worked amoothly, wiihonl 
any offeuive nmae, and wan not linbin to iillow any lMkni(e. It 
had been ttniod to ng^aier with a nearer appmach to auioluM 
corT«ctnijaa than any other meter. 

RottOtM* Safiiy BtcQpi Ptpef» SUam Boiltrt. Br J. IUms- 
Bonoit, Manchmttf.— Tlie furnaca la connected with lht> stde 
flua by an dbow ]>itie or fliir, 4 inehoe in diunet<ir. In tlin u\-wv 
\wat of lliit elbaw flue, and above the elbow, n nnmbor nf niHihlo 
plage are inaert^], Aa aoou aa the water fnlU bcluw itj {•ii>prr 
level the action of thn h«At«id gaaea in th<^ duo ciella the plu^ 
which are made of tin nnd bimniitli, and no poB«ibIo aoddont can 
oocnr. BxperinieiiU linvo been tried with thU anfrly pipe with 
complete aucoMa. — Mr.Toinlioion laid that hi* eiponenco tanght 
him that In locmkollve niginea a lead plug wore away to Uie 
cupper In a few dayBi It then became oxidiaod and encruMed at 
tho top, ao ta to become parfrcily useleaa In a ahort time.— 
Hr. Cnlg Mud hia eipnienco waa to tli« anme eflfcct, and he had 
conaeqaentlr given iniimcliooii to hli Ibreman never to uae a lead 
|>tiig more (iian aix niontha; ainov thia had been done he had had 
■■> won trouble. 



Hr. I>AVin Jor, of Leeda, deacrlbed an Enyitu to &r moral 1^ 
Waltr Pomr, /or vmrktng Iht AWIWv ^ an Orjaa.— It U ufn 
thia principle, nnd bv one of tbea» enginn, that the orgut at the 
Art ^Msorea Exhibition ii mipplied with winil. 

A paper, by Mr. Wiuoit, of Patricroft, waa raad, npon Baln- 
citig ue Falitt tif IHeam Eagiav, it anc illiutiutwl by iliii^pvaa. 

Aa Apparaliu for Bconominng Fatt, By W. 0. Cnaio, of 
MaodieHtor. — The apparatoe it the invention of Mr. Gntu, <j( 
Wakplield, and ita o^ecl ia 1*1 eooaomiaa fiial. and inercaM Uia 
evaporative power of tho bodlor. It oonaiata of a aeriot of npriglit 
pipea or tuboa introduood hetwoou the b(Nl«» auil the obuDDey, 
throDgh whloh the feed water ia made to pane oo ila war to the 
"boiler. Tho wat«r le heated above the boiling point, and a coc- 
■idnmblo ((uantity of atoam ia gaaanitad bnfor* entering thr boiler. 
The fonnaUon of a coating w aoot on the pipca ii pnventcd ht 
an appamliui of acniponL whloh coiudata of a nomber of cua- 
nectel rings that an nude to encircle the pipea, aud are kept 
UKuatJinUy but alowly in motion, tnveraing the whole Uiwth of 
ilm pipra. The npnnnilua iit nt work at Meaaia. Iloylo aniTSoo^ 
iiriutworka, MayScd, whcru it haa b>vn appliod to eight lam 
uoilera. The lieat of the boiler unteriug tlie eooDoeniaer ia A^, 
and by (he action of thu etxiuomlBer it is taiaed to an avenge 
letnperatun of £1S*, Thur» an) iu this apparattte SOO funr-la^b 
pIpM^ each 9 feat loQje. which preaent a total healing aur&ce of 
iOiDO aaunro feet The tcononiaor haa bacn very exlviutre^f 
adoplecf iu thia country, in Irchud, and on the CoDthtent. 
The eavioj: in the «,usumpti<>n of coal la from 17 to as per 
cent., nnd the apparatuo vill Iiiat longer than the boiler, aa it 
ia not tinhio to get onl of repair. It mn be a)iplird to obi and 
new boiicnt of (Very dMcription without aloppin^ the wortta— 
Mr. Ijcuac, of the firm of Korahaw, Ixeaa, aiid GndeboUooi. hIJ 
tlie econoinieer bad been in nae for aevernl yeva at their tttock- 

Eort U|1U^ and ao eoouoiuical waa iu woriunu foand to be, that 
a i^cominefldod all h(a frienda to adopt It. It bad tavad tli^ 
a conaumption of 33 tone a woeL 



ON UTAJ.[PED OR IKOISBD STUOOO.* 
By B. FsaRKT. 

I wian to call the att«'ntion of the metubera of the Iiutitau 
to aoutc upecintvna cif atniDped atnoco, fraax which 1 tiiink II nay 
be wen that it i» punulilo to obtain large aurfiice dccnmlwiu ai • 
anull napeuM. aud that a couiuiou uiatcrial, whtub htM kithartv 
in modai'D piactico boon only uocd for perCnily |>Iaiii ptupoaoh 
may be nuide the mcaua of mxich aoccaoiftll earieliuient. My 
mlud wuB lint directnl to thia matter by a denn la obtain aouia 
aurtof auitable oruaiueulalion for the latcrinrof ohnrdiaa built 
at KTuall ouUay; (ft it appeared to me that when every elfon aai 
making to rouilcr churobM botli aulid in ooneiructkiB aud beaa- 
tiful in mateiial, by tha uaa of cmiI.v miu-blea for walla and pulr- 
cfarotnatic devioea for internal wall sarfoc««. there ahonU be 
auuta attempt (where eoonomy in ooat wm obligatory) lo ampl^ 
common producta In aoch mauuar that iu thair natural nae Uuf 
ahould eonduca to ehiirdi-lika nffta^t, without adoildag than 
aur&oe embelUahment* wliicL iu their application beouna aacat- 
Mrily expenaiev. 

Mltioh attention haa properly been givrn to a better lae ef 
hricka for oocleMnatica] boLldlnga, and good effect La* bean jk^ 
duood by thmn with atonp and iliiit; naked brldcwatk, however, 
for the internal &oing of walla ia teeaaaoeoaafu]; and tha oaw 
way of obtaining duMle amlaoe deoonitiona U 1^ paiatiiig apes 
lartnl plataa and affiahig ^em to the walla W ith nany paopli^ 
however, then ia a atmnc dielike to jwlyohroiny; tbe/ vill mm^ 
tion any axlenl of neninu tint or bl-oolonr, but obieet to httvtag 
ooloiu«d d«eor«tioBa, however well exaontad. Thb may bcL nl 
probably ia, a mitlakea view; but the nrevalanee of tb« opjalen 
la a " great tuA," and muat be dealt with accordingly. Any kiad 
of eancbmaBt thovfore which can ba ptmloeed in tbe pjaabfi 
and ia oonuatant with " tma prineiplaa of Bedieeval art,* to 
worthy of notioe. Anything aflaotius lo be what in rtnlitf li la 
notahould be excliidoj from nae in ohurohea, where trothnlaaai 
oogbt lo piuvaij. Floater ia therefore very pioperlj fbtUdia 
to oa vaed for ciilunina and an-bex, or any ootutnietiTe ^untea 
which ought to bo of BU>no or noine other tlslil avbWktBo*. 

In fermor tinuw the phutered wall* n oar dturcttaa wan 
covered with colonrad device* and texia, or iltiMtration^af aoip- 

* OMUiiiiUiatnl (0 As Bujil IwlliaU c( DrtlUh AitUMclh Jaa* ta, MB. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEH AND AftCmTECrS JOVKSAL. 



S67 





bml lubjeeto entirely plus mniuM wcra KUcm l» be fiNud; 
Imu Ib iMer petiodm k parltanieal (iiirit pi«vul«)l, which led to 
th* «MWMliMnt of «U thM« cUcutXKioi bv rvfieaud ooUuigi of 
wfaiiewwUi. Ilafipilv ft mora MlightMiod Mliig mw nials, kait 
tbere w a gcaeral oedn UiaI oar ehnrchp* hIiouIiI br auiuhlv 
omMMDteili iDcl««il, Bothinff hinden decontioii but the want of 
flmda, sad in ail wodera oburctiM thrtv u a •DokinK Rir Mme 
«eoBOiniol iBod» of onricUiig the int«raal widl turfai-M. A venr- 
chwg and amplo nod* of ormin*nUllaii bmbiii hilberlo l« bavo 

~ led —atl ou iptod. It !■ wuU knows Uut the rstornal 

<uttD( OB old woodea build iaKi mu aUmpcd or wi<oaght 

Jl d«n«ea, kuown by the Mns " pmettinf," but it new 

mI tho Impoitaiiea of esl«Mi*« wairdeeonlioai^ oa wh«a 

•Ad brick «otirdr anpanodad tlio om ofaBaiierad oak 

tfao ajritatti of |MU;g|«ltiiig tlao OMaad. Tban WlWa bo 

mverwhjtliiapriBcipIoardcMgnahoiiU nocbalargoly 

!■ »aolli«r war. The plan bow pifopoaed i« to improM th« 

•liwvo wiih genaelricfti and oUwr forou : Uwy nay b* 

•p^ad koeordiDg to tba caato of lh« arvbibiot, «itli(v uudcr 

•tnag-ooanqi^ around arohiM ia niwiidriK tHiSl«^ or in larg* 

of diaprrins-, nnd text* may be iiiiprint«il ob tbo plMtar 

of being aimply pointnl on tbo walli. If oatour U 

ilcd, it can Iw (daoleJ by misiiig the deaind oolanr wMh tba 

il brmiug th« groiuid<mrl^ than bv bying tbo ataiMUIed 

' pftttam agruiuA it, and fllUsg ia tlio wild [lortioDa of the devlea 

witb th* ordioaiy •toon itruiuUt. 

It will bo obaarved tkat I hftvu uaed tbo word atuMo in thia 
deanriBtioo, Mid sM tdutor; it ii not however to be soppoaed 
that tUi pfoiOM cansot be naed with fise plaatcr or any cement 
vhkfa doM not aet too ropidly. htf objeot la to abow that the 
eoaunoBori niatoriiil i* capable of dmi^ omplMrad, aad tluu it 
■nsy be ttspraaaed in ntx. If aannun atvooo, tlieraibn, may be 
tbiu mated, It abowe wliat oppurtanitiaa are opes to u» ftir 
^TJng inloieat to Urge wall nrfacee which are genemlty left 
pUio. 

Hy bria^iu thia aiattar before the laemben of tbo Inatilate 
ia aimply witE a aoggeative view; eodi peraoa will judge for 
himnu aa lo liia pMtiaulnr vay in wbidi it oMy be ap^ied. The 
oMtof ottkijig the bnaa pMMraa ia not expeiwive, aud tliera l« 
BO reaaoB why trmk decigna ebould not be made to auit auy 
baildioB, thue the frequeat repelltjuu of the aane onuunaiile 
wonU be avoideiL Tiiia ehoald not aisi at aBporeeiUiu any 
faiglier Bdoda of deoontioui but that it laay be nude oondneive 

I to mod ofltat ia the isteeior of buildinga I can entertain bo 
doglit. 



ON SCOTTS PATENT rRMENT.* 
By CArr. H. Y. D. 3wi7, itE. 



I 



Waiter ecpeeiinentlng in the apring of ISM on a lime poaeaa- 
lag Aetile hydraulk pr^iorttt*, Ion one occasion placed n jAeee 
oftbelhMttcoeinadinmK-TOoinflre, and thno loft It forafiiw 
boon to aloDO it In tbc me^intimc some 1^:00011] ically die- 
paced penon mnotlicTfid the fire with eio'tm and duet from the 
Martb; and 00 my teeliug the lime with a-Hd, ia aaoertain if it 
waa profierly burii«>l, it efierrwoed ao violently, that I vain 
retumol it to tli* cnto. Bui now the fire could not be nmJe to 
bom brightly, and on a mcodiI trinl it olforvceocd ne much as 
beCbre. Somewhat impatiently I tubbed the time to a powder, 
to aaaiet the alaklng, mind it with wnter, and waited in expecla- 
tloa of aeelD^ the oike 1 hwl inade crumble to powder; but much 
to my ajitoDMbnieBt it grndtully eotidilled, niid at the end of 
twenty-four hoitn would not yipld under the luiil. 

ARcr niiuiy nltempU *itti cake and oniil to produce nimilAr 
MBSlta on a inanu&oturing eoile, 1 lueertnined tlint tlir pbeno- 
-neuon waa is eomo miuin>>r or other caaiied by ttie ■olpliurcuii 
a«id genented trvta the fuel; and this led to the jirooeai now 
adopted. 

Thi* procaaa eonaiats In anbjecting qnidi-liroe, whioh hM been 
ndaed lo bdptolit redoesi hr the eorabustiau of □rdinnn' fuel, 
to the Ahum atUBg tmm tnlphur burned with a limited socese 
of ur. A avail amount of inlpbal* of lime la ttim formei), nad 
in thia cn^M apparentlv the extniordinaty ehuigo pmdaoed in 
Iba lime !• to be mtributed. It now no longer altdtca, in the 
evdfaiaiy aenae of the terra, and when ground to powder and 
wed an a eameM, it not only flmiia a retjr oecuentltHHU niurtar, 

M ite JhTil lIMUeN sf BiMib AMUIacM, Jon* It, lltT. 




but a£>rd« a vary cheap, baaatUid, and durable coating for walle, 
whether uaed internally or exteniaUy. 

Tlie onlinoiy method of ooaling waUe internally ia open lo 
naay objections. 

1. lime and balr plaatar often blittan ttom the uta of irapar- 
fattly ulnkKl liuM 

i. It a]wa}-a i^iena ia nnaeemly cmeki, from unequal eoalme- 
t*ao in drying. 

3. A long period, ^^ryloj; with the iteaeou of the year, miat 
elapse between ths applkatioo of tlia aeveral eeatiuA iarolviDg 
aanoiM kM of time and tBOonvaBiteico is moviog aaufelding. 

4. A TBiy long period mut be allowed bedon the waDa an 
papered aad paiateil. 

i. It never bMocnea eufflcieatly liard to reaial a Biodaratejy 
iMAvy blow, each ae maf be |ri*<iB Is mowing funilara, be. 

From all tbeae •■bjecKoiu ue new cemtM ia free. It arttber 
bliMen nor wadca. It «eta with aolHeiNtt rapidity to allow 
the ptaatorer to fuUow 00 with the fiaiehiug coat without leal of 
time, and Iberefcea the expenae of moving aoaiBbldlng ia avoided. 
A room can be papered and pafailad aa aeos aa fiuiabad. ajuaM 
in the winter time, and tlieii t» raon aa the walla eao be UM* 
anfficLeiiUy warm to prevent the d^ioaition on them of the SMia- 
tnre of the atmoiiibnre. Ani lo all tima advauto^iee i« lo be 
added thai of coeting. If bid on haU-«D-iodi tliick, £0 per eeul. 
laea than the ordinary maleciaL 

For exterior coalisgi the Portland cement ia now g«oetaUy 
need, and if well made and peopetJy treated thia eemeat Uavva 
sothinK U> bo dMired ia point of haidueas. Bat o^eotiott le 
ceaelautly aiade lo the great varlaticoa iu iu oolonr, aad indeed 
It la hw jwwlh l * to get two aapplioe^ or evea two caaka, cf p*«- 
cusly the aame tint. Very fn>c)ueutly one portion of a buuar 
ahowa nf a bluoiab white, and tiie nmainder, by it well marked 
line of tcparation, of a le^len blue or dirty bruwo. &ou'e 
cement, on the other hand, ia always of the msie colour — the 
ayiiaable light buff of the la^uaaiaB luaeetone, and any raris' 
IMa of linl that idtow* ilaalf after applicatioji i* of a nature lo 
inareaee ita reeembbmce lo iL At tlw Mmr tiioe, at (lie expira- 
tion of a week il cao o.'>m(wt« witli tba ForlJasd oeDMSt ia hanl- 
Boai, Bsd the saviiij; el^<ct<il in the maMrials omd ta aiaooo weak 
ia not lets (liiui M |)er ewL 

The only pr>:^uiMa aaoaami^to impram on workmen is its 
nseiethiil wliich teaoetaaaiT with all oenMota, and the nagleel 
of wbicli f often brii^ anduatt nd axpenae asd abuse on the 
eamrni manHiacturar. I mean a thorongUy watted wsH fer Ibe 
rsndeting-ooat, and ^till more a iharauglily wettad rmtdsriag-coal 
(tf the aettlng^oat le not brought on at ones, aa it ahonld ha) for 
tbs liniebing work. A eemcnt t&nuot eet properly, if the waCar 
Beteanny fer ita tolidilication is etnuued from it bafcn ihe 
ehefliiaal Aftioa witli the water ie ooupleta. 

In aiunmer time, I would furtlisr reocomts&d tliat two dam 
after the coating hu baoa applied tbo flsuihad wall ahoold be 
agMB watted with a ayringo or watoring'jiol— as operation rfr- 
qoiriDK a low manMnla only, but greatly nirirting tbc doe actios 
of the eeucnU 



8MEATONIAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENOINKBBS. 

Toia society, foundeil in 1771 by Ur. Snasloo, for tba porpoaa 
of eneonraglaa dtdl snginneni, mid introducing through eoctnl 
meetings, a meodly intorcDurec amoiut the pncwmion aad nien 
oftdenoe, hnd ui ontonaiamsnl, on the lltb olL, atOreenwich. 
Moat of the leading merabeia of the protewm a aaembhd, asd 
aeveral gnnta partook of the eTsoin^s bospttali^. The parly 
during the afteraooB risitad, under apeeial nnangeaneoU^ tbr 
Grtal Katttn uteunahip. the Atlantic eable co board HJAiJu 
.^jameinnon, and the Nautilus diving Iwtl at the ViMoria Dock*. 
At the dinner lie chair waa taken bv Mr. Hawkahaw, tba pnei- 
deut for the year: about fi>riy senuamaii wan pr aaen l , ancng 
than Mr. SUphenaan, UJ*^ Mr. Lodie, M.l'., Sir J. Beouir. 
Sir J. Maweil, Mr. l^ktak the tnaanrer, Meam. Walker, Uud- 
ley, J. Bimpaom, &c vfails some few members war* uuavoidabty 
aWol on aeoouat of profe^oual engagcmcnie In the eounir>*. 
Among the vialtora were Col. Dawion, B.K, Cspt Ulaxton, Ca|<t 
Mooreum, Capt. Gallon, !(.£., Ac The anal loyal and aodeot 
toaals cf the aMisty ware givuo, and mndi friendlr iDtereovree 
aad dieciMsion on the angiaoeiing asd adeotifa topua of the day 
took plaeo, and Ibe Ceatin prooaadiBgi UumlsaUd at a Ute 
hour. 



S6S 



THE CIVIL ENGIXF.ER AND ARCmXECT'S JOURNAL. 



SAFETY CAN ANT) I.AMP FOR SPIRIT-OAa 

Tna OnnmlUM oonatltDted by the Fnuiklln liutitiito of Ponn- 

•rli'iuiia, u> whom wm nftrrcd for UkmimlJon ftSafwty Cnn nnd 

Lamp for Spirib-gu, invmUd hj Hr. Sotk E. Win«lov, of Fliil.t- 

l^dclphia, — Koport: Hat tbe improveoietit coniista ia tb« iiM«f ft 

vEtv gMUW diftpbngm of oobio*! form nxti.-iKling frnm Uw moiith 

iwmrd like a bag. The caiue for tli« una b d4uUe for erMtcr 
, i tJw gaiiM iu tlia ump In atasle on];, and i* pammtod 

elAw, th* Unn-wick paaaing throngn th« orifioe. Hm can bikt, 
rtr, au atr-tnb« paaung bom tliQ ipout nou' ito month to 

ha body of tbe oan jut und«r the oork, to that the Auid may (m 

owrd aleadiljr witlioiit tvniovLuig the oork. ThU la not, how- 

rer, claimed aa new. 
DiapbtBinna of wire nOM, an wall IcnovrD and tn tonj; u>*<l for 
Ihv purpoae of prvroitinK tlie prapuation of explcaimu, linve 
b*«a barttofore eroplojed lo bimbg Sind Ibjum and mim In mie 
of two fonna — either aa plane trnvvctae dl^liragma atntohinff 
MTDM the Mck bolow the eloppr, vfalcli prmu'nt a rnry nKiivll 
mAea for tho [MMiag* of thn nnid, and nr* liable tn bo cl«x;;ed 
I17 acdnnent, and to ho bmkati b; tlim«iinK the airk loo fnr in, or 
}iy other violeooe; or in huBp*, ni e^lindem eiteodlug fiviiii t)i« 
top to the bottom of the tamp, mthin whioli the Intup-wlck Is 
onntaiaad. Tht latter ferm aUom t<y> much apnt* for th» Antd 
vithin it, and an oxploalon mnv be •afHcientlv vidnnt to t«nr the 
aaine^ or, although ont oitRDdioK to the liqwd in the body of the 
unp, may yet lend to ■eriou* damaffs. 

Tkia caanot b« the Mae with the ootii«iJ disphnvj^a, wliinh, 
althou^ aimple^ yet ap|<«ar lo be a nen anil rnliiable improve- 
iDODt, adding oaurially to the tafety of theae (ucful utcmnli^ 



Wben Um auppl/ ptpe aud gam bns is plaeed a MHietaL 4tfith 
below tlu sOT&oe (say, about Ave bet, which ta the depth (he 
ffTOnnd haa aotDetiiuM ftnanX as there is do waal* atnec tha 
box, it ia inpoauble to (tveaa. 



NON-WASTING AND NON-FHEEZINO HTI>RANT. 

Tnx CommittM «nnsllni(ed by the Franklin Iiielilute of P4nn< 
•ylvania, to wbnm vwi referred for exam i nation, n non- vanillic 
»A>I aou f(««nat( Hydfacl, invented bv Mr, .Iniuc.'' l^nclinui, of 
New Fork. — Bepool: 'iliat ther hare uaiuinod the abuvu-mmpd 
hydrant, and ftnd tteonatruelM with a hollow en^t-inni budy into 
which the feed-pipe enten near the bottom, contnimnj; au iiu- 
moveablq ooikx^'o iron pUt«v and to which le attached a diso of 
Ktun elaatio, acting aa a moveable bottom: under this ts a convex 
pieoe of oaaUtron, alao moveable, vrhieh ia nttachnd by meanji of 
au troD yoke and entaka to a vertical rod, and it to a lever hiuxlk 
at the top of oaat4rou fnoie. 

The aapply and exit piim enter through the imuoveable con- 
eave plate into the box, formed by the plato and K"m diac, no 
that all the water paaaca Ihroush thia box. Upon the aupply ia 
COQiUiicled a ooaical cap, >o amnited that the water eiiteni at 
one end lo the direction of the taper, and is dinoharged thi-oiij-h 
a recUkOgiilar port ui the aide, f-inch Iodi; and J-inch wide, «o 
thai a very amall motion of the tan will open or cloao it ontj^ty. 
The watw acting in a longitudinal diroction of tlie top, na tlie 
lap weara by tue, it ia iuuuded to be kept tight by the pmrniue 
of the water. This lap ia attached by a cumbiuntiou of liuka 
and pinioiiH to die yoke and rod before named. The handle U a 
b'irar of tho second order with fulcrum at end, and the vertical 
I'll ii atlaolied by meauR of n naall roek abaft, b» that by mintig 
tii« halt/d^ the rod movo* in the same dircotiou- By railing tho 
lianJlu, tlio tod raises the oonvex plate^ and it the buid; aud after 
moving aboat one inch, the tap is opened anil tlie wiiter 00m- 
DHBOSB to flow. By letllnfi go the handle, the v«ij{lit of the rod, 
yoktk Ae., logetlter with the pr wrote of tho column of water, 
draws it down and oloees the hydrant. 

The pteeaure of the caal-lnn plate Iwiag taken from the bottom 
of tlie ^um diecv the wel^t of the water from diso to point nf 
exit is lateaiied to praas it down; and the capadty of the box 
beaBg twice as great aa the exit pipe, it empties the pipey and tho 
water retunu agun into the box. 

Upon opening the hvilnuit by nieing the handle, the convex 
plat* tt eaBMd tn aaoeati sad press aralnsl the gum diac^ foi-oiag 
the water ooatainod in the box into Um exH pipe, and a oontiuu- 
one stream follow*. The tap in so iuTant[e.1 that it dnv not opea 
ntitil the disc has uearly imched its height, so that the water iu 
the box b thrown iiiio llie pipe before mon is admitted. 

It is daimed, tlat thi»hydnuttoaitb*ripaInd without di^nc 
tt upy which, if BO, is oertaioly a vary destine ot>j»ct gaiDwI. 
Tlw iron peat or hydrant in encased m a wnodrn box, which will 
not iv(|uire repair ofleuer than an ordinary hyUrnnL 



ON THE DRAISAOE OF WORTUINO. 

By Dr. Cot^nr. 

TiiKKi: nrr mmt BOW living in Worlbinf>, who refnrmhcr ll a 
nnall (iiliiiig viltaft*- It beoime a popalsr place of rr«oet. Hid 
amaequeoUy inoreaaiog and proqwroui, frtin the miranngee of 
lla poaitioD oo the cmM. its wide-eptracl Modi, and the vwrioj 
beauty of tlia avimundlDg nelghhourhood. As the popqlatinn 
increued, however, the drajiingo, which wiw from th« beginning 
without arrangement, and baaed upon tho old poUuliag sjileiii 
of oeeapoola, proved defective. 'X%e*e poured their Said eoDtenIa 
by aeveral tninlu on the abore, a abort distance from the bemrtj- 
M esplanaile, wiilch at times therelV<im, uS|)eeiallv daring the ebb 
of the tide, could no longer be resorted to^ Who then oan he 
surprised that the town bnoune iiijiired in repntacioa «• a water- 
ing place) Bultliiiv-un.ii all. The vdlsia many plaoeabersme 
ooniaraJnaied by auakage from the cea«(H>oli wttli which they wwe 
in oloaa {ooximtty, eo that the water beeanae thereby nafit br 
us*. 

The requiremcnta to remove theae evili were — a tiew syeten of 
drainngo carried /nm the ihore, atul a gtmeral \nc\ sidBcH-nl sap- 
ply of pure eiater. How three wants bnve been met, Uie f<<lli>wug 
deaoriptlon of the worlcs will show, Aud firM, ae to the drain^jSk 
The essapooU in the tnvn (and there was one lo almoat eveiv 
hnnae) have been fiUed up, and wnlervlosela have beoa •abstiliiUd. 
The peenieioua ■yntom 1^ dischargiii); the sewage into the sea in 
fimit of the town, hns Sera entirely nbonduunl. The drainwe 
has been wholly remodelled. A main brick aewer or eulvctti <f 
an e^i^hapofonn, 3lt,:tiD. by2A.3in.,lissboencArr>edthna|di 
the pruidpo] streets, at a depth, in some part)^ of i3 feet, asdH 
conuected with the other etrteta and with every honae by bnmck 
dmius of Btoueware, varyiuff in diameter ftotn Ifiincfa tofflatlL 
Tlie main wwer tcrminateailiaaampSlt 9 In. bySft. lOin., and 
a HHWit^B wull 30 fpet deep, and 10 feet in diameter at the tap^ 
iwluoed to 6 feel M the bottMii, This well in sitinteil ooMider- 
ably to the noi-th-iuuil of tbo town, and an orllAcial fall utrtaincd 
into it ftvm evvry direcliun. In it is ploued a arwafa pnmh 
Riiiiiiitiua of thrve lA^iiiuh barrtslii, worked by etiAO) power, and 
connected with the engine in the watertower (ahortly to be idm- 
tionoil), bv nil iron shafting and driving gear, by which ii is 
puni]i«l Uiroii);li an oiiUikll lowpr, emptying ituclf into the •«■ at 
n |>l/icu, two miles enxtivard of the town, called Sai Mills Bridga 
There tlip eewage mixw with a alreiuu of pure water fttiw tM 
kiln* and with the guneial dr^nage of the district; and it Is 
worthy of remark that the abundant supply of pare wafer to the 
tnwn, mixed an it now ia with the sewagi^ ao completal/ by Im 
antiseptic prupertius couuteraota the puti«&ctive wnMBtatioik 
that neither at the works, dot in the iiumcdiale neightxiartiecd of 
the out&ll, la tlien any disagreeable amall. Thus the bsMh aail 
sanda ara wholly ftved from tho sewaga which foinerly damaged 
both them and the esplanade. The tanda are rapidly uupivviug 
and will, it is expiicted, before long, recorer their former hm SM 
drv oouditiuu. 

The water-tower at the north.«ast of the town, with the eogiM 
houKe and ohimnoy-shaft adjoining, have been wacted uadar the 
BDiierintandenca 1^ W. Bawtituou, CE. It liaa a total aleTaliot 
of about 1 10 feet, aud la -10 feet atjunre on plan. Them b a Ma> 
tntl pier of brick, aud a sjjlml alairoaee of oaat-irotL Tile fbo^ 
dation la of ooni!i'E>i& wiihln the adjoining en{^n»houac a wall 
hut been sunk in thii clialk u> a depth of TO feet, which ia liiaid 
with iron oylluden to csclude the surbrce water. BeJow ihll 
depth a bot« has breu driveu into the chalk 309 feet fartbet', aad 
maklug a total depth of 365 bet. From it gushes ao mti.inil.i.t 
sup|Jy of the piuast water, IS* of hanlneas, which is lifted by 
tho engine iuio a water-tank at thr top of the t«wer, aad theoea 
distributed into all the hoiisi.'!i in the town. The tank la of cast- 
iruD, -ID feet Bqiiarv, 13 feet deep, and will contain 1 1<V>00 (^JloDk 
lla bottimi is 70 feel from the ground. The tliioktat plates ara 
^ibuh and the thinneat {-inch in •nbstanoe. The nffiDe, wkiA 
also works tlie arwage-pump in tho sewage-wall, b hub-prHsats^ 
made by MesanL Ucadley aud Manning, of Cambridge; it auof 
uienoed work at Om und at last yt»r. 
The public sewen ara all oonpleted, the whole of that part uf 



m 



THE CIVIL ENOmEEB AND ABCHITECrS JOUBIIAL. 



2H9 



fai«ki«b*kUon raid* u «Stctiv«t7 dnbiad ud isp- 
i muar, rad Um reuMiiilDc wttrin in tlw •nMlltr itiiMU 
V apprauUng eoaipUtkoL All the work* hkv* bMO 
I aMOT the «i|i«riataiid«Dot of Ur. CbariM Itiik^ nr- 
Worthing 

Jl knowM lo vWton who have fnyinatitMl tht town, UiaI 
r at ■ w td U apt to be iluuwn upon Hi* bMch in tha 
Smfil in com bM ftion villi other ntwlMiM* wbkh 
ntaldMonitodlka, it ouknot b« ooMidcnd tmbodlkj, 
IkL Th« fete Dr. Ooldins Bin! wm woU la reiiurk, 
I for Ui« Mwag* mizing wiili tbc •m^dmJ (Iiiyiwh on 
it wooiA b* an *iUitKiul iodiicninent lo Mad iwtinila 
lag." Tlia wliol» dniM^ twvia^ bean now nioovad, 
wo* uAiou imn ofpia ooear froui thi^ •onroe. 



BZOISTSB 07 REW FATEMTlL 

EtiriLIBRIfil VALVES. 
J, KIng«too-m»u-HuU, PtUntn, NovMBbar 10, 18M. 
oHlbriHiB *»ln Ii oompoiwd of two pktaa of beU-auUl 
utaUr naUl, Bado ctlier lu revolve on a nMtal aUl 
I of a rMarr ralva, or lu illds iu tLo oaaa of a didijw 
I dtflanee or abnut two or Uitm iuclMa apart ftn™ fwS 
Ua H oMtAt ralvo-box of a drcular oraouaro finm, tko 
M Mtd box baUig ali ground wuootli aod <ttad ao aa to 
\j alcMD-ti^it, oMMt at the ^MrtwM in tho lower 
eafter maktMBoJ. TIm atMni intesckd lo paai into 
tr i> Ural utiaiiteil into tbo Tmlvo-bos in Uie IntanDe- 
> batwveu auck tiro (iUim. TIic pnaHre of tbe ■iMun 
l»4Ma OB tbe iqifwr or outor pUlo tbiu cooalerbalancea 
bo) ila prawnr* id a ocuuu&r^ Jinciion on th* low«r ur 
« and piodacM an oiuUibnuni, Uiereby obviating is a 
ree tbe friotim of tM valvo lu It i«volT«a or elidee. 
r or oular of iKoh two platca ia without %uy bol« or 
br the p*«Wge of mmidi. Tlw luww or ioDcr of tbo two 
wfamteJ with boteeorapaniifeanniMrlbr tbe pB«M^ 
hwi Uu vahc-boz into tA* efiiubn aa Um valna didai 
la. 

meter or tbe ana of the iinfcoa of the npper or oater 
newbat 1«M tbui that of tbo low«r or iaiker plal^ and 
i w eiere of the atcaiB. though wrr nsmtif at aa oqsili- 
■ouewkat gr eate r on the lntt«r pfoto on aooonnt of ite 
i&ee than tbe other, and hj thie neaae Uw Bwrinw 
e valve U maiam ni o d in ita proper plaoe with lafldeo* 
le eeoure ite efiea^ut worlun^ hot wliliout any anch 
n ite Mat m lo oauM dieadvutagoou* b^otioti. 
IK Ihr CBoring part of the ral vu (rata oearly the wholo 
Mean of tbe atauB opon it, by the nuniia (teeeribed. 
Is the friction inavefT«ofuid«ral4edegra«^and tberehjr 
mRMMUag ■aviag )a tbe oonMunptioB of Am! rrqulreil 
Ig the oD^iie a* oMOuaied with the quantity ooMumed 
t engiaoe tMUtnioUd with the or^ixaxj vnlvea. 

CHIMNEYS. 

'a, Abiogdou-etmet. Wo4in!niUir, Patr»ut, 
I N»veuiber IA, ld3& 

tnMtiag a atack of dunuietv, the naleolee makea tbe 
n (Mmnaj of n oanioil or pj-nunidal kam, of aunight 
eoMour, wlih or without a loid or incliaed beee oc 
eaok tide of the top of the ttlaok. A vcrtiud partition 
MtwMn each chinuioy top to provent the lUoke been 
1^ deeoaiidlng into an adjoiuiiiK aof. 
loftl lope are nvtde ftat at the eiilnt vh«rr» iha^ ootne in 
Ih the vaMical f>artiii'.>iiii or MnMiu. Whoo tbe p*rti- 
M plwad euOcMiitl; Or a|iart the aiilee of the cooee 
Uned. or are only elightJT flattened. Th« aide* of the 
7 be Am or hoUowed. Tbe cooee are nuile hollow of 
V or baleed clay, or Ibey may ooiuriat of a eohd block 
tioil perfonitinn: tber bk maile wiib oneninn of dif- 
■ to adapt tlieni to dlAerent ivtm of lireplaoe; bat iu all 
are 10 proportioaetl and airaiiged that tlw opening or 
dow the level of tbe to<p of tlin partiliona or acreene: 
J lop iiuy be nupJy plaoed or let over the Aue: or the 
ihe onliaary eqnareorreetMigtthtr form, aaay be brought 
alar or oMagioaal ferm at Ui« upper part, or mar bav« 
■BillMiiwaiCDrotharptpebailt into the top. ^e par* 

U, Kb— AUftlKT, 1SJ7. 




titioiu ara wpaiate pieeea or lUea of tcrr«-«otU, bat they ami the 
eeidal too* may be sude of iUhm or other vuitaldo tnalerial, and 
the nartillone nay be made ia one piece with the oooe. Mid oUier^, 
■iraiW modlfleatTuat (n the dctAlU of oonitraotiou loay be toadi 
In lieu of a ooim^ a ecraan or qoadruitiular or polyvoniO pyraaik 
May be cBiflnyr*!, nJuioufth the fMwcr in prmraNa. A a' 
chimney top may be cunnmelaj in a ritnihr loiiDDrr by pli . 
one of the ooiiical ur pyntnMal top* on the lenninatioo of tlu 
f M^ wtth a rf r(i<«l •(r«>en or ptutltiu* on (wh aiibu One or mon. 
hollow oonical or pyramidal cape maybe placed above the oonica] 
or pyranidal cbimner top^ "o ee the more eSfetwdly to prereai 
guaie of wind from Mowing down the chimney; thaw addltiooal 
eape are, however, aeUom teqiilred. The oouiuaj or pynmldol] 
Ibrm of tbe tope, la oonbiaaooB with the morw tufty parUlio 
or eerana, cainaa tiie euirenta of air or ftieta of wind to he _. 
deflected and directed iw lo prarent them from blowing diowa Qm\ 
ohitunej- Of iinpeilliiff tlw aMout of the tmofce or air, and the^ 
■moke from one flmn laalso jtraveoted fhiin deecendiog tli* adjoio- 
iug ftnee. Tlieae ddaney lopH are appUniUe to ohiranuya imkI 
for fiiea, and abo to ehimneye or fluce ueod for v«adUtioii. 

Claim. — C'>nstnicllng chimntys with moImJ or pynunidal topa^j 
in cmnbiaalion with partilMO* or iwrsellt rfaing above Uiem, 
ileeocibetl. 



ABTTPICIAL GRANITE. 
J. H. Uu&LXT, Walpole, Cauda, Patantm, Oeoenber 19, ISSO. 

Tliie ivvontlait nlalee to a protea of aiaaatuturiDg nitifidal ' 
■tove by tnouliling and prouarc, wborchy Ibe motildM block or < 
article may be loiide to preaect an exterior of marUs, while tie 
inlwior ie eanpoaed of a ocwecr owteivil. 

The peteaiee takeagood cUau aaivl, floe sntvel, or any pnl* 
verable tiUoaMiii paattcr ill uy deaired qoaiitflT, and (o thu adile^j 
a portioci of freah burnt lima (protoxide of OMcium}, rediaeeil by 
■(nnding 10 an iuualpaUe powder; theee two •MUaaoee are 
laoorpontcd by mixing then toge^r ai inliaiatelir aa poMble. 
The aaMnJ dampncee of the «ind or ^vel will alack tlio limo, 
whieh in heating will cantecis the ailtooa, aod form a tbb filtO'l 
or pellido of bme otm oech gmia of ailioa. The proportkiBi of^^ 
MM amd lime vary, aeeording to their parity and atmiigth, from 
lire patta of ailioeoue uiattor for evary om of lime, t« forty parw 
of tbe farmer for every one of tlie Utter ; a cood proportion U 
ton or twelve parte of eaad lo one of liin^ When the oncapoal- 
tioit baa bwoBao eold, and ia tboraa|fbly aualpmated, it b tv Im 
then flKiialaiMd with water nntil it h anfficieiitly damp to pMk. 
Tbia compoeltioa ia need to (una the gruille^ or emrae baae uf 
Uie aiUalee to be monlded. 

Or he takee gnunilaled marble fpalveriMd oarbooale of lime) 
and nuxca it with gPMUid unebickod ItnM tB tbe lame proponioiu, ' 




way, and maanar, aa the ailieeoaa nwtter above deaolDed, ami 
(uoi((iena it until aitt&deuUj damp for pwiking. 

When It li deaited laaoiplor taeeetwo eompottlione in moaU- 
ing anr artide, tlutj are phwed in a aaioolh mMal mould inaaoh*! 
wnv a* to loaiw the eand and lima in the interior of the Uodb' 
and a thin lamina of the marble aad lime on tbe onteid^ frov 
<|aarter to half an incb thick. Tbe laaai thua prefMiM i* than ' 
eubjected to a great prawure, aiy, from one to three tone per 
ac|iiani inoh of earftofb after wkiob it it twaoved Qvai Uie pita*; 
UtB monlded block will then gndiuUy harden by the abeorption 
of carbonic ftdd gaa fhim tlie aUiMepbere. 

To make pavenient^ taiabetonea, Dathe, Ao, byilnulie lime ia 
Died ineload of qaidklime; aod fur «U pupoeea wlwreiii the maai 
it snbjccloil to fioqaubt ohanf « of tempemtuta and the oooatnnt 
action i^ wnlcr the omi of hydraulic lima or eeoont te aooaldaied 
preferable tu uuicUiuw. 

To Imitate nil tbe different rarlellea of marble, tiic patontee 
propoan to employ aa a eoloarlag aobataooe gronad Itoa ore and 
the oiide of iron, haaicil in a clou retort and then mixed whh 
the greanlalod marUe. 

To give extm hatdaem lo tbe oionUed bhick, it ia aabirated 
for a lew hoora in eoUble ffUee (alUoM of potaahX *&*! heated to 
a tompeiatore of 3iXi* FahreoheiL Thia makea It rtij hanl, 
aad render* H capaUe of rcooiring a bijib pduh. For all i>rdi- 
iMrv building purpoaae thia aataraUngproceaa will beunnaceanry, 
aa lAe Uiaai Mud, and marble will euhoBiae with timo, nod ao 
form a block capable of haUug (at t/^ 

Ctoieit— Tbe nMuhlint of hlotka and other articin in artificial 
■toaa with « earftoe of mBrUci la the maanrr detoriUd. 



8TO 



THE CIVIL £^'GI^'E£B AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



BEUblNG AND KEMDERISG BRICKS IN FCIiNACES. 

W. Jacobs, FiittiUte, Mile Eud, K<»-einber il, 1696. 

lliw iuventiou cotuisU id Iha lue of an iraprorcd oorapodtlou, 

, eonaiHing of tlis GoUowing luUriili for btdiliag ud RDdfrins 

' brick* in ftirnuM. Om jatd of loam, of the amadfltioa bond 

In KaB^Ul(l known u black bollokiDithnwj'iUTt* of putvcriee)! 

chalk l&atm, or (or this doKriptioa of «iid other ihATp ian<l, mch 

AH liror or road lud, mar be aabttitnted; ami uuu j'iml of 

rk^dnnlio or Moim Ume which bat botu previuudj alacked by 

iupMnre In Um air. 

Thaw iiiA(«ri»hi produoa an «xceUaDt oompotiUon for boddiiiK 
and rBudorinji briolca Id fhnuuM, bat the ii&Uu)l«« aouoliioiM 
I adda to Uicin the foUowina aubtrtuoM: one Calf jaid of groniid 
;,aialin bridu, aod one thinl of a wd of br<«» or ftr* aabM. 

In place of Uw Hunt mootioDM aa fomtiag part of thv aomp»- 
' ntioD, au <iiual quauldtf of Portland acanont ii loiiiotuiiM nb- 
RtituM, or a part 0017 of the lime vmj be raplaced by otowiit. 

Thv mUeriala are mlxeJ with w«l«r to the oonaUlcoo; of 
Siortar, aoil lu the (u«apo«Iti>ju »a pnpared tba brick* are to bo 
'bedded in tha onlinary maoaer, mid thojr maj afUtrwaids bo 
' Modered with the lainc onmpocitioii. 

Thii eompoeitim will odbera to the bricki of the ftimaM with 
much gT«al«r tenacity tbitii Are cIav when expuaM to a high 
boat, and it will nut, aa the lire clay dota, acale off aod bll 
out of the jointa, 

DEODORISING SEWAGE WATEfta 

O. J. Vbbto^ Souihuroplon, PalenUr, Ueoomber, I, lUO. 

Liiu« u tlio principal ojcciit iwpiI, ami it in mannlial thni a kiln 

ahould Iw erected at > ipot coiitifto^^ui to the iirwcr pumpiiiK 

■Ution, dnuo, or wi^llii through which the eewage matter paaaea; 

I the liiuc to Da nsed liot fruni the kllu, and plMed is a tank or 

LtmhI in which worka an agitator driven by atoan power or 

fotberwiae. A atrBam of hot or oold wutar i» lad into tho tank in 

Taaliaieiit auao^tiea a» to biing the lime into a perfectly liquid 

jifcrm; the iiiue aoJutlou la then led Uiroogh jitpea (re(;ulated by 

UMfca or valvea) Uito the aewen, and tfaua, mijiiiig by its own 

Cgnmtation witii th« aaw^ matter, purifiea it and renders it 

ijuiie iaoflenniTo and Don'ttgoriouB (o the iidghbourhood of the 

out&ll or outlet of the srwers. 

At a abort dlatanoe frutu the mouth of the aewer, a rircular 

naaal of wood or other uaateml in erected, and in the centre of 

I thi* vencl ia placod an upright ahaft, having on it itlrring aruu, 

Lvhieh, when the alinft nvolvea, aweop the whole aur&oe of the 

fTeeiiil at a aUort di*tauoe from ila bottom. To tlia Tcaaal tbua 

arrniignl a pipe l«ada in a oooUnuoua etream of water, nnd there 

U aiiiiilinr |iipe wliloh leads the water after it is iDii<-l with llie 

Unie into tliaaewnr through wbiolt the aawaoa li pnatiuu. hy the 

taide of the mixing reucl there am lime kilna, in w)ii'1i the llino 

I nqnired for the prooeu ia burnt, and from one of then: kltiii a 

'wiirknunciiiuUuually takea quuntiliM of the lime while it ia atill 

bot from the bvniin^, uiH tlitvwe li into the mixing reead, whent 

it hecontca mlitd with the wat4>r alvii iniroJucod into the mlaing 

reaweL Or, if aea waur can bo obtAinol, it is advantageous to 

see it In place of frash water for mixing with the limo. 

Hie qnantity of )tme neoeawr>- u> doodoriae a raeaanre of 

.aewa^ will viuy; hut il la genenlly advfMhIe to euijiloy tho 

[lime m the proportion of tw«oty-«ix tone of lime |icr atiuum fir 

{every one thoiuund peraons of the poputnttoo of tho localily 

Ldndaed by tbe sewer. 

Cialm.— Mixing the lime while it is still hot from the buruioR 
I wiUi wntrr, and then saldlng the mixture to the aewnge to be 
deodorisod. 



FIRE BRICKS, Tn>ES, AND CRI7CTBLE3. 

O. Shkrwin, BurBletn, Pattnltt, Dtcember 1^ 1806. 

Tb!a Ini'ention baa for ila obied improvfinieuta in the manu- 
Ikctur* of 8re hrioka, tiles, ci'uablea, and other articles when fire- 
.day is used. For theiM purposes, In plaoe of euiploylog the fire- 
> day and liliceooi* mnttcn b tlia oraiaaiy eemdmon, they are 
t£r*l " sUoped ' separately, and dien oomhinad together, aod witit 
rbunwd clay and aUioaona naatien. Tbe firfr-ehty or marl i* pro- 
[ pared hjr grinding ia (ha oidlnaiy manner, and then " alipped," 
^•U pniDdsa of irm tn, atonaa, and otbar anlislannna (not elay) 
beiDg removed or aepaimtad. The crude or caldntd fli&t, sand, 



quarts or ailieeons matlen are alsogranod and "alipfMd." Tbesa 
uMtem ar* oomfained with suitable quaublias of siniilariy pr*- 
iMKd day wbldi has ht«i\ bunied and omslMd, aod tlie w>i> 
iHned pbuitio oompound b made Into bricks, tilu*, and otbor arti. 
dm in the onlloiiry manDor. 

The Hre-dar or marl is fint nivpand by grinding In Ifae ordi- 
aaiy way, and is then mixed wltb wator to make a slii^ woA a 
proportion of wat«r being used tliat one pint of the inist«i« or 
slip ahouUl wdgh X lb,; Utt slip ia then pnaial itiivu^ » wirs 
mr*, of whidi the wins are phioed at a disbsaoo of about tb* 
aUtaantb of an inch the one from (ha odiar. Anotbor slip ti 
also proiparod by takiug flint, sand, qnartit, or other ■lioatms 
mAttcr, Githor in a omde or caldnod ■late, and grinding H sfban 
mixed with wntor; or it may be ground in a dry State and atUa^ 
wards tniied with water if preferrsdi iu either enaa tba dip pre- 

fired alioulil be of the smne dendty na that prspaiwd frnui the 
re^ny. The twoallpaare now iotimatdy nisM toffotber by 
agitAtlon, in the proportion of thrco or four moaaurea of day sbp 
to one mcoiniro of ■iUoeoua dip, and with tbe oosubancd drpi an 
additional quaaUty of fire-day is mixed; and tha Kre-cLy for 
this purpose is prepared hv grinding aod allppinfTi as alrewfy da- 
aorilied, and by bivnlng It lu a UIo ; wboo thns prapirvd it is 
orushed to a coatsa powdar, and ia mixed with the alipe In the 
proportion of one port of the oonne powder lo three puti ef 
dry day and allic» eontsined in tho sued alip^ This mixture 
having bean oonpletely made, It la btredooed into a slip kilo, 
airaUar to that naed by entbenwars niBonbatnren, and the water 
ia thare o*apamt«d until die mixtnra attain* a mftcirat eosuh' 
teaoT to be moulded into hrieka, tiles, cracibleBi or oUier artldA 
The same mixture is also wed tor bedding and (•nderin* flia- 
bricka lu furuBoea, but when uaed for thia pnpoak tbe d>]rfai( 
ia not carried (]uil« so hr as when It is to bcmotudai into laiaki 
or other oi-tidaa. 



ABCHTTECTUBAL MUSEGM. 

On the 1Sthnit,Uieanniudconreruuiioneof tbe ARfaEledsnl 
MuMuui viu held in t)ie new building at Binmplan. Tbe ^11^ 
Uou. Earl Dk Uokt, the ]>raiiiJent, 00 taking the dialr, aaldhi 
had attended some thne or four previous oonvenadoni. but thi 
pnwoat was the ftrat ooosion on wlucb be had bean able to " ete' 
all who vajv pmrnt Thoie who nooUecto) the Ebnovr pUort^ 
meeting wuulil rciuembur Uio extreme preaiure that jmrraUnl n 
these oecasions, the UilGcitltv llint there woa of dtlicr seeing «t 
being seen, oriDpriiii^-rlvtixhit'itiiLgtheoxampleeof architertml 
tAsM which it was tho r.bjm^t of tlio Miucnm to bring before tb( 

fiublie eye. The uhan([<-' of utantion frnm tbe confined podlaea 
n which thev- (brmerly wen woa uudoubiedly a great step in the 
ftilviuic^ lo be niiule iu the futnra prognaa aiul improvmMiii d 
thr Ar>ihlU)ctural Musoum. liie first spot thnt wits si'loetad «M 
the best that ooold be obtoinisL In the earlier lUii^ cf its ext*^ 
eiicc ila poaition waa adequate for its purptiar, but it was tonai, 
loiw beiore Ibey actually did remove, that il would be intpw- 
albla the oiJleciiou could (iNijmMa, or that tlie Institution cooU 
confer that reputation on itself, or that amount of proflt on tbe 
public which It wns intended to oonfer, Inr remuning in its ecn- 
fined locality. It bad been olAcrred, Uioagb be tbooght th* 
ohnervitliou was witbuut foundation in fact, IliaC, t)eeaiMr Ihri 
bod sdecteda qmt mora or leai oonoeotad withgovenim-.n' 
the locally of otber public inatitntioos, they w«ni ii< 
lilccly to be what they might call obaorbed by tba paUic innitD' 
tioni nmund them. He candidly oonleesed, dthoogh Ibe mM> 
iiiiiituti'JUB around them might be larse and vrrr powerftu, mJ 
iliiiiit,'>i ihvy might hnvu a grvst awallow, ba diif not think tbiT 
woulil nwollow tho Museum. Hn thought the Moiuium weoH 
hold its own. The gmtt object of Uic Muhuu wax not naitlf 
to Ciillcct together isolated models or auto, but to coUeot ibiB 
iu the inuM. Taken iu on laolatad way, or individtully, ibn 
were of litUe value; but takoD ooUacttvdy, It) ooB&aaikn with 
apedmaus of tbe same date, and of the some a^lo of arckr 
tootun, they became for the purpooc of atudy and o^ 
norison iuvotunble. It theu became of value, tuid aruloU* 
by all oonueeteil with the noble profiadon of archlt«ctBiv. 
Bvteytbbg, undar those drcumataacaa, tbai fev«n*d the impor- 
tant object of doasifiGadon and separation, and aroided lbs) d 
confnaed intermixture^ by appropriating pmpcr things to ftvfif 
periods, and jdadng all in duvnologioat ot^er, in eonaeemn 
with oU dossea and atylea of arebitecture, noat be of I 




THE ClVn. EN'OIKKER AND ABCBITECTS JOUBNAL. 



271 



-Jaa^ lie belier«il UmI the laitiutioB onlr roqnired to be 
luwwti to be k{ip[MUl«d; tiinl ouiofacn would min» to jt, uil 
Ihal il aouU tvounucBiI ItseU tu iJie iacrw d Mippart of tlia 
BMOibM* and th* public. 

ProfoMor DovAiJiaoK, in uovioK tlio •doptiam of Ui« report, 
ob w r wl , ID AUndoB to tlw cbuiffc ia Ike HuMUm's loduitjr, 
UuU Um7 mul all ailmlt liief luwl laoved from > b*ni into s 
ul*o*. WhiU «l W«aUnInal«r tktv were a, iolltuy InrtituUk 
Mt BOW tiMj w«ra BO aMOcikta whll Othiir Mcfatun of oitlnr]g«d 
ooooeptioii, Add for otb«T punmita and itxidiea. The* were nut 
canfiiwd Co Mie pogrsphioKl pontioo u it werv, Irat iliufr con- 
fleptioiu bMkiua eiiliLtg(«), and Lbejr ragnnlvJ nTcbit«ctur« Is Iti 
IwUflt dtvtlopiBfUt. 

Mr. SouTT tlico mand a vot* of thanlu to th« De[«rtmBtit of 
Sdence umI Fine Art, usd to tb« Committee of ConncU on Edn- 
cuioa. for ibeir BOMtid oo-opentioo, and •leo for much peraoii»l 
AtMBlioB Arom Ur. Cole, C.B.; Mr. Kk'Ii^tc, R.A.; Dr. Lyon 
Flkybir, C.B; Captain Fowko, KK; and to Mr. Oven. The 
Arebiteetiual Miucuiu wh nineh iudefatcd to all tbeae geiitleuiBD 
lor tfaoii oo-operaliuo aoJ MaiaUaoe in a work of RT«ai diffioult7 
ud dialutiMMO— (be letDOval of the Uuaeuni. 

Ur. ti. OoBWiX aeoooded tbe tnotiou. He could leatifr to tba 
faWhfalneaa of tlie utm* \a wtitch the moiiim «m oanohML aod 
|0 tbtir geiwral elTnit* In tbe promotian of cxliibiUcoa a^miiated 
10 be of ao niuvh utUitr in the cnuae of art and maaufaetura iu 
ttii* ooiuitr}'. Tb« lueciiiig would well nruieaiber luoat of Iboia 
la cnaaactioD wiUi the GreAt Exlilbillon of 1801. aod would bnva 
tiaud of tbo wrvioM tkity had purToraud in eooneotion vitli the 
Vvi* Bibibitioii. Our ardiiiecU, our arlutic maiiubctimrs 
alii/uld ninlie it a potul of duly uot to tliiini)nkrd ihuae wlio are 
tJaoed uimIn tbeiu, and wlio, fur want of audi an iii*cit'itioii as 
we prtaant, bavir twm oblfgwl to be cvutent with wluit they 
eoolil pick up in the vorluhiip or the nffi«it; but nhould make a 
paint of aoiidiDtt tliem to the Muieam n cvrtaiu uuuiti«r at h>.<un 
oo quiet (lajra, wliru ihej^iui^lit draw niiil Bti»ly fniut vxninple* of 
at«rr perioil to W futuid tTiroui^out (lie country, without the 
traaUa of travvlliag ftrthar ihan Broioptou 

Ur- HutKl CoLK reumod thank* on bohnlf of lh« ItepartineDl 
«f Mane* anil Art. He tainht be gicriultleil lo axpnua an opluloo 
that tbo ArdiitnrtunJ MiuBtiui aahtIoI and allowed iU raliie &r 
nofe in it* pmcui luuattou iluiu It did In the old gamla ia 
Oanoo-row. He thought that it did ao on it« own ii>orit>; Imt 
tflbcy looted at it in cotmoolion witli thenrvbitcotural colltfeiioo 
below, vhich bctoRjird to the Rovrmniant, he thought they would 
ft*] that t)ie twi ti>tirthcr made a ootlection much mora noble 
IbaD tboy did a|Mrt. Farthsr. h« would aay the effwt of bring- 
iag togetber theoe two architectural coUectioiia Imd alreiulr borua 
v«t7 ouDtiitorahle and importiuit frtilta. Hadj of th«in had 
b«u«l of Wrto'a mo-UI of St. I'.iuI'k. and it wu no doubt till now 
amjrtli to iDoat; but tbo etkei of the ntablidinieul of thla joint 
■ort of ArcbiCutural Muaeuni hadiudui-ed tlie Uvna anil ('linpt«r 
to tak» it tWim a room wh^re it wm rarely mnti and to ilcpoait 
the ori^oal nkonmiMiit iin-prired by Wren in th^ir Miuaum. 
I UaDy who had riniml lluuptou (.\iurt had, no doubt r<r>iiDd ttry 
mncu nat of plaoe, a oolleotioo of inodela of Greek and lioaian 
architMtare, nu-l iu MiiMquenee of tfali coMoIidatioo, the Office 
of Worka bai-e allowed them to bo depoaited liere. This waa 
aaoiber proof <>fth* adTantagaa that had ariaen out of the union. 
Tbeo, apiii. within the loat few day*, the Dean and Chapter ho 
had almiHit aaid, had fuunil out what we liad iiar*r haard any 
Ihhig about, 'It luut the pitbllo knew nothing of thera-^ixlMO 
Bodel* eitmu'^ly Iat«re'(!nK and rurioua of Inlgo Junea' 
■ad Sir Chriatophar Wrt>nii chuiYliu in the nietronolls, 
•ad which h«d bwen lAken ont of a little la oilier- room and deiio- 
aile<l io the sallerr around the mudel of St. Ptvnl'a. The m'llt 
would tio doubt' be, iliat, ia a very few youv, indeptfudeot 
of the ameirfon of iituiionta in )ir«^ttooture tlirou);h the 
AtvltlMctoral Miuoum, and the influence of the Architoe- 
Mtal Mweaiu on IJovcmiueut, we vhuuld be aUo to a«- 
■eabk OB Iboae, or on muoh belter ■riIIh, a cnlluclloD of arohi- 
teeiinv which be ballevad would be unriralled thranghout Europe. 
Id bet, be might aav, at the prownt lime, that he kuew of no 
npital ill Enmpe wnich conU display upon ila walla anch a col- 
iMlion of srebiii«tural objeota aa th^ had In that muMuro. It 
«•• quite true that in nine collectlona, aa in that of the Beaux 
Arte, in Parif^ ibry might tlnd a few much diiar thinn but any- 
thiotf like >o eitenKirn a cullaction oonid oulv be found here; 
andba tboaght be had a right to my, with r«l«reu«e to the od- 
lectloB of ar^ilMWre at the Ctyit*l PalaM. thai the two tbinga 




wero quite diidiict. In the CtTntal Pake* it wm a eollection of 
arebheetun reprodncod, ood more or lea* a aort of pictorial and 
popotar coUeetkin of arthitMlnre, which, however valoable to 
ifaoM who know iMlhiDtf of the art. wait, he wonld venture to 
ny with all raapact U> wiurt wu there, far inftrior to the ooUection 
of the appfirently lamahadtliiig <aaGi that were iin, and wlucb 
was like predoua gold lo thoae who knew soonellung of the nntter. 
He did not wiah lo ilepredMe the Cryaial Pklaoe coQectlom, but 
they would all feal tbia, thai If they wlahwl to aee a cenaino east, 
of courw Uiqy would like to aee it antampcr^l with altogether. 
The CiratalPnlaoe, probably from rorr prupvr nioiivoa, nod with 
which he entirely lym path iaed, had thought it right to puliab up, 
paint, and deootal<> Booordisg to their own noliooa, caata that 
aiivf or may not be correct; but thcae who knew moet abovt th* 
luBttcr took Iniro to queition wbathor thia waa quite eoneet. 
One point of great importance in cconcctJon with the Museum 
wu the field of iuformntiuu il offered for aludv. As regarded 
the eubjwt of siiev he might observe, that wbatevar a^r one 
wasted he thou^t it pretty well worth his wliile to go and get 
Ue noaIIe«tad it was pronhesiod and almost prnved to dtoiKiD- 
Hiraliou, that no one would gu lo the Cryrtal PaUo« in Hyde- 
jinrk iu 1S31, and how remaiitably the pn>phecy araa fulfilled — 
nobody did gol So bolbre the Mnseum wu o^n, th«r« won 
those who in their dobitancy awl djwmiog, md. " Oh I youll 
have ncino of the working people here: no one will think it worth 
hill while to oowe here; you are quite out of the rrf.'iont of dvUl- 
satlou: there is no place in Loudon lliat [leople like lo Inxuriat* 
and enjoy ihcmavlvai in no much a« Charing-croia." Now he (Mr. 
Cole) bail hotd of people Koing to Uydo-pn^ to eqjoy thcmselTc^ 
but he had never heonl of their going to Chariag-eraa* to do iL 
Hie experieuoe on the matter was, that iit« had not so moA to du 
with these things as attraeliou. With reject to Iho subjset ot 
■ubMriptions, il waa not intended to give soy aid to the Mnstan 
trow goremmeut: il must rent with the public. He believed the 
day was past when guTCfnineot thought it ihouhl give gnnls to 
large anu tvepODsibw bodies to speud. If they were desirous that 
tlie Ouunli7 HioDid possess an architectural muMnm, it must bo 
wrought out on the voluntary principle, and they most bring iu 
their guineas bnnilso<nsly; and nut only would the guinea so 
■ubaenbfd enable the subaoriber* to got all the advantaaes of the 
iuatitntioa iLenueUe^ but be the mom» of (uabliag the peoj^ 
at larj^ tonarticijmte in iliose advtuilsges. 

Mr. S- C. Bai.i., ill seconding the motioa, congratulated tho 
uievtiiig on the tnuudvr lo Brampton. Though they had a latgo 
number of fiiends pratent as viutora, it waa not lo be fbtBotlen 
that the balldlag was for working men, aod for the votsrtes of 
art gensiall^. while it held out oil the adva&t^*ss that aroso 
from education, it alaa gave every Gicilitv for c&rryiug out that 
odocalJOQ in every department, and was aoMgnoil to wurk out as 
much real good omougst one cUis as atiDther,^y ditliuing a right 
taste amcoig saplciyera aod employed. The oinduoiora of Um 
mnsenni, in view of tho public interest and the promotloa of nit 
and science^ congratulated tliemarlves on the advantages that 
they had alrasdy achieved, and on the prospects that wen beJbre 
Uieiu. 

Tlie Hon. Mr. Cowpait, in movinj; the thanks of the meeting 
to the [trendent, said it was grati^-in^ to think that in the ap- 
DToprialion of depnrtments in that building, so liug* a soace hM 
been propriat«d to the Arohltectuntl Museum. It would bo an 
importiuil aid and coadjutor of goremnunt iu carrying out the 
design for which tho building was sncted, namely, the praiao- 
tion of an iiistilnte for the fino arts; and these who pnosd 
throuKh these gallirriea and aisles wuuld learn how to sppreeiale 
the {irutliiutioiiH of past tiniM. and enter into the spirit of Ihosp 
diivH whi'ii nieiliioviU architecture reached a height that leR. all 
lliAt r>n>oedod it brhind, which wo luight lmltat«, or ratlwr emu- 
late, bnt oanid not excel, iconic criticism bod been indulged In 
on ihe Iraildiug, and II had been aud we had brnught leather 
a tHther heterogeneous oolleotloBi but that, !n his opinion, was 
one of Its advnntagpa, for people who oame lo e«e one ooUeclion 
were bdnoed lo visit the other. 

Dr. W11KWW.L, Master of Trini^ CoUegs, OunbiUge, in 
secouding tlie motlou, said be believed that under the aosMcesof 
the Archiloctiiral Mnwum, and such munificent and enligtit«nod 
jiatTuuii an ih^ir cbairmau and the eentlemen eooneoted with 
the Institution, archimrtnri] would Dea>me on* at the roost 
popnUr lutijocts that could occupA' the mind of tlin oommuiiltv. 

The Cbairmah brieSy returned ihiLnks, aod tlie •■einhly 
aepinted to view the newly atraoged ocnitenis of t,lMWnMKmk. 



.2L> 



S7S 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL 



NEW OOVERN'MENT OmC'ES. 

TiiK Report U) ibe Pint OonmlMioMr of Woriu of tit* JiuIitm 
I ajipoUiUd U> eooMet Uw dadgai for tbA aaw OovanuoMit OlBcw 
IliMJuit bMB iMued. AfUir •niuiMratitig tlie derifcn* to which 
)'tbaf rMoniPMid Uw mvonl prcminnu U> bo B«nin)«J, they my — 

"In tnakiog thu4 racooiuiienilAtioiiii wc desire to obwm, ta 

the first plAoe, that vre were not in poMMaioa of kuy kugwlodge u 

to the Bum wbioh ber U^tj^ goTtnmient m^t pnnoM to 

[.tha HoQM of Couunouto «zpsiad npoa tb«ae work*. The derigus 

-' Wbn ni were aaoifoamfatdA by anHtiaim, miiI did not adiiih 

of ujr kccumto etJciilktaon with nsivd to their prduible cost 

"u exARiiniDg the deogna, which art sm Lu nunibar, and 
vhich embmce nearly 3000 drnwlogH, onr first ehjert wm to 
aaoeruhi how <hr thoM eompotiton whom we deemed moat 
worth/ of noHixi, b>4 nr bod not rafluuntlj complied with the 
uutructioQ* turned by her Hjgeatj'i gorenunent. 

"Is thi* detailed euuninaCion we obtained, tlirourii foa, the 

iirlfffOTiT of two geutlemen of gnat axpsrimoo and m high pro- 

fawlanal chikrMt«T, namolf , Mr. Angall and Mr. I^iwnall, and we 

^m aaxionit to brnr our t(«Unu'D]r to the Tuliutlile torvloMof 

tlMM gentleiuan. 

'' Or the block plan* we detire to reiiuu-k, tlut wp would not 
be auppoacd to approve of all the extensive alii^rstiona nnd derao- 
vBtlona reoomiueudiMl in tlio cetectad doignii, which we ntn-ertbe- 
kn belicro to oontnin nuuiy valnable miKgeatiann. 
' " With ttjpiM to tJie dnuns for the Fowigu and War Domrt- 
k.ineaia, a dil^L-iiltv preeentetTilMlf in eonaaqnoiwo of Mvoial of the 
Loomprtlton bavfhg mdI Iu destoina oooibining in one hnilding, 
[lOon or len niiSttM for aubdiranon, both the pihlie offiwn for 
Lwhioh diitioct pn'xea hare to be awarded, whilst otliera have 
F«itbcr oodfiDoil Ili«ir eflbrta to one of the building*, or have given 
[ veponte itoiign* for ench. 

I " [C will bo L'vi<l«iit thai theee nnitad duagnt compete nnder 
Loonddenblediaailviuttacowith theainaledeBgn*,Biid thatuoleaa 
[m Halted dHloi ahonht he niperior in both departmenle to all Ha 
•ingle eom pet) tori, it could not reoeit-e a pTU«^ becauae one por- 
tion of it Oiiuld hanllv be ex«oiit«iJ withoat tbi- olbpr. 

" We hart! been obliged to tu«ft this JiffiuiiUv by trwtiiig the 
[ lower priaw as marks Mdialinctiun for nivrit rathnr than aa indi- 
cting apedal aaloction of thn cLeirign u fittcl for ■ppnrate con- 
atractioD. 

" tVe derire to expreat onr great admiration of the nnprsoe- 
deatedeoliocUouordeaiguaaiibinitled to ua; of lbeani»tiegoni<ia, 
vsaiul akit), anil patUut laboor which have eombinml to produce 
It, aa well aa of tli<? rmin«nt ability which ao manj of the ooinpe- 
tiura bavn dioilnycd iu dinliiif; with iuttrniiU omuigement, and 
in adapting the rv<|uired acai>iuiDOilaU<.>ii to a d<^fiu!l« area of 
ground, and to leoonl our opin!<in thni tlie colk>ction rei1«cta the 
Elgbeet cr«dlt upon the archttBctii, ForMgn and En^iab, who 
have eo tibenJIjr rvijwnded to your nppml.'* 



HVTSS or THE XOSTB 

Tax diatribution of prim in the Glnaeea of Arehitedure and 
Engtnocring at nniTcmi^r College took phoe on the IM of July. 

Fine Jrt.—Firtt ytnr — Priw and l«t coi-tifieate, Frederick 
Jndffn; Sod wrtlHcat*, John S. Etahb; 3rd oertifiuate, Walter 
SmiUi: 4tli certiBcate, George Moleaey. — SnvwJyMr— Priae and 
Ut i?crliticak-, Ueorge Hula-, iai cerlilicAlc, John Thouias 
I^oiutm. 

Comtrt»eti<m. — FInt yrar — Prim and lit oertifickte, John 8, 
^Babb; iiid cortiGcatc, Walter Smith; 3rd certlSoat^^ Qeotge 
UolQeey.— SM»ntf ymr— Prlte and let oertlQcttte, John T. Dain- 
tree; Snd oertifioate, George Milla 

CirU Kiula»tr{H$.—Flnt rfltWot^— Priw, Joaenh FoffcrtT; oor- 

tilicat^ Jonn Auttio (eo), Laurie Magnua, and blwarJ Aaber.— 

. AraMdMrim— Prixo, JoMph Pogcriy; certificate, Leopuld Bauer. 

GWfcjl^— (Prof. Morris,^— Ul prixe. W. H. T. Power; Snd, J. 
B.Tiwston; wrtilicatea, J. 8. Mlnihall, J. F. Pajm, and Leopold 
Bmmk 



A aociKtT nader the titk ot the Inatitntion of Engineen iu 
SeMlaud wa« fovaded cu the lat of May hiat, for tbe enooarage- 
ment and advaneemeiti of etigitieeriug aoleikee and ptactSoei and 
to fidlilale tbe eubauge of inbRDatloQ and (deal aaoo^ ita 



menben, and ^_plaee on neord the rceulta of operimee eUdM 
in diacoMit*). "n* BBeetiiiga are to take place ngoUrljr tt Uaat 
once in everv fonr wooka during eadi i w niJ ntt . coBflMdKiiw in 
October and aoutinuing until the month of Aped toUambif^Tha 
dodelT conalala of Membm, Aaaodataa, Qndnatea. ■wTHano- 
nry Blambac^ the aubeeription baing Ibi- Mnabeta, Aral jwo, 
three gnineaa, aecoad ymr, two snineaa; A jnoan t o*. firat ytv, 
U. lit. ed., aooond year, W. 1 U. Rd.; Uraduatea, one goinn ercey 
Tear. The following inutleuieu nre the (Jlfiutvbean^ra for tCHiMI 
186T<&— PraeiAtni, W. J. Maoqnom Ranklne; Fke-PTwIAaCa 
Janea R Napier, Walter Xoibao, Noil Bobeon; Cau-tMirti, W, 
Runuiy, W.Tut, A. MH)mc. W. Johniitou. R.B.BelU B. Connor, 
A. Allnii. J, Downie, I>, Maokain, W. Alrxiuider: Trrt uu nr, A 
More, Muntniae Slrtel, Olaaguw; Stcn^ary, £. Sunt, St. Elieeb 
Squat*, Gla^ow. 

Loo-i'HonKTitD improrenanla npon Dunbar barbonr ar« about 
to be cnniad into eSeet. He IVtaaury are aojd to be prepnnd t* 
■uicCion aa oittby of 30,000(. towards earrriiw Ht the inpror^ 
neate and ulterationa on the Victoria datwmr, agrrenhly to 
plans which the local nH^Htratea have kid betw* ibesi. The 
hnrbour vlU then be capable of ailinitting vowria amt bnoi* at 
low wnter, by which ihnlter wiU be obt/Unea by theni at all linu^ 
iuateod of mDQiiig for the Firtli of Forth uiaMonn. 

The Military parade-ground, or Brickfivhj, at DevoopoM, will 
probably be converted into A Park (vt the public, at a o«« «f 
about MOl. Tbe authoritiea of the War Dopiirtnittii are told lo 
have approred of the plan, on condition of having still the not of 
tlie ground for panda purpoMt. New roada arv alao in cooteo^ 

filaUou, one 40 or 00 tt«t vide &om the Stoke.toad aloog the 
>onndai7-wdl of tbe plMaure-gmnnd in front of St. MklttdV 
terraor, and pnralln) with Tatuar-temce, to the propoeod railway 
ttation at Sinku, vluch ii to be ereoted on toe aoutli ride n 
St. Mich^rii Cliurch. The nUwar oomnuiy will <»ntribate 
Boot, tuwiirvin lt« funnAtimi, which will nearfy cover the ooet. It 
i» alao nropoMid to form a, dlroct road trota Stoneboua^-hlll to 
the bead or For»otrcet, for tbe oonvenioooo of tbe nitiuuy freM 
Plymouth and Stonehouse going on goanl at Keybain and Boll 
Polut,audaliioforarvuid> mi-anKofaoceaatothegeneral mililaiy 
panJe-grouud — the BriukfielJ. 

Th* Vmttmi Cvr^i the pioneer c( a fleet of large aoew ooUiof 
intended to run between OardllT anil Londou, to aapply the 
Ixiudou market with Wclah itoiun conJ, wn> launcbod hut oaoalL 
It ia but a few yvAn aiuoe tlic drst it«am aoUier waa laiuadiad, 
aud the arenge cargo oarried In' tbeae vcMela doea not exMM 
OOii tone, with enduea of about 60-ltorae power, but the millino 
Corey i* inwndedto carry a cargo of ICOu tona. eaduaive ot IM 
lona of (bol, imd ibr ha* cnginea of 120'hone power. The trao 
hull ia 80 conalructed that 400 tons of water roe faalhut can ha 
admitted, a luge and ellimui atwun.puuq> being aUo provided 
to disohaige tbia water wltliin tlinw boura^ thua avoldiulg deue- 
tioo in port She in of imuMue etrcnslb, and wfaoD la^en will 
wdgh 3000 tornt; it ia catimated ahe will delivor into tbo port rf 
Louduu duriiig one year 50,000 ton* of Welafa ooaL UydruSt 
machinery haa been erectod in the Victoria Docka for tbe entin 
diacharge of her cargo in 16 houra. Thia reaael ia built to aaift- 
tain the coiupotition with milwnya in tbo London niarkel; mJ 
if thr viperimoni ■uocvhIi, the btuldcis, ilema. UitcbcU and Cat 
uf Low Walker, will Lavs luj i>i-d«ir for a vc«mi1 d«aUu the ibik 
The owner* anticipate to aall tlie veaael at 3*. 6d. per too, aod 
that a TCMol twice her >is« oould be tailed at S<: per mm; of tUi 
the owner* are perfectly attiafied. She i* an rsoccainly haodune 
looking veaMi, of givaier length thou the Duke «r WAingtait, be 
23 banda on boanl, and luu been built and ftniued for eoa at a 
ootl of about ■ia,000/. 

TitK nowa that recur* moat fiwiuetitly in the ITnwInii prew ia 
the diecoreiy of cxtourire fieUhi of coal and atrata of iroo. lie 
iMt anaonnoanenta of thin kind are (rom tbe CUmea and ike 
bind of the Coasacka of the I)oii. In Kainieoli Bbtui, )* Ike 
neiftbbcnrbood of Kertcb, ibar* Iwa been iron or* diaoonndL 
which yielda aa per cent, of iron, and i* odmI tod by antfataclM e«H 
miftftlou Uie baokaoftbe Don. In thaldiatriol thepei* wd to faeao 
exleoiaive ocol-tteld, of about 3ix>0 aiiuare vrnU, the ridiert pwt 
of which b found tn the ncighbourhwd of Aloaaadro^'aka (aoeot 
SO rerata from Mnrioupol), where two atrata nrytag froia A to I 
EbM in thiokneai, arc found at a depth of 10 and 90 wh-mia ftntt 
theeiutfooe. Aocotding to the ailoulatioaia made on tbe ifo^ it 
iaeomputed tbataaquarc verntthertiwlll ptodace ITd^WUgoOO ft 
cfcoab. 



F 



THE CIVIL EN01A*£EB AND ABCHIT£CrS JOURNAL. 



273 



TsB BifBBiiigium Pkunt Tabn Caa^iwji hmn bUnAveai 
ftn hnfrwid dMoriptlou of itov* «ud biX-wkUr kpMntua, hy 
vUdi aa> ordiiMi? 4m la nado to h«U ttnnl cbanbani. Th» 
haat ia geooraMd ia a ooil of tabing pbuwl bekiiid Oa Enria; the 
VMM- ia Um ooil bwoaipg vmiu, bmu to Moend and ToUow Ui« 
Invd nf tke ptpingi tnasmiiting lh« bnt ohteiaud In tlw ooU 
thfoagti lo aur bogtk or pipitu. Hio Mcoliaritj' ia tU* graU 
imaiiiiB ia il> nanag a doabi* back, •> tii&t if it be mnirad to 
iaanaM tlw beat, the ramtur U abut, and thu hvnUd air pwer 
threnab tba omI and up betvom tbe banlu: wbU« to daoitao Um 
beat, It !■ fiupljr MCMmrr to tlirov back thi) nghUr, wbm th* 
dutmbw b«tw«Mi tike baA> u closed, aud lb* bMt aamada Ih* 
dummty in th* Mitalw way. Tb* iiupnrvMBeat in tfae arranc*- 
Bicnt m tba pipiii| eonuiti io having the coda open, wberebj 
kodideaU beedaic iiujiMHble, auJ tbe [nconrauieooH g«o«tatlj 
atUniliag (be um of but wat«r fur luniliig uw rtnovwl. Tb« 
•|)pantM may bo oMrfbllj applied. 

OoKaacrsD wUb (ite batha ti«nr lli*S4abiao Oato at Pompeii, 
a oocTMpondeBt of tb« Annaam aDnoaneaa tbo dlHovery of a 
vauJt«l diaiBbcr. viUi > apvciw of baun ax P<>1>** >■* daptb: it 
ia thoogbt ptuUUilc it wiw a Fullooiea or publiu waahboiiM. tfaa 
aaoicat Oraeka having waaliad Iboir olothea hy Ircadiaa on thani, 
aa la •a(iw4itD«a doue la Scotland aod elMwberg at tlia pwmt 
d^. At on* lid* of lb* OQtTMioa to tlia oh&mbiT ther* are (wo 
lauoa ipoata in the form of tbo btoka of gwao. Cia aat alda of 
tba apartment are (our verj aiMU chaaibera, each with a uoall 
balb. An ioacnptioa Ui another rootu ai^uitag icoonia (be 
natoratloo of th« iNith* by thv .&liltit. from niooey aaaigood by 
IIm law Cw tba public gauiaa and for iiMBiuB«iila> 



1. 

Wptt 



OinUAlT. 
On th« 19tb olt.. Charlaa H«>id VTild. Civil Bagioear. Mr 
'ild waa n pupil of John Bmlbwaita, and nltarwwda atudled 
InaetiMlly in tii« Cutory of Mown. Bratbwaite and Co. At a 
vary early age be waa entnialad with aa importaDl ini«aion in 
ftuoi, b> uporintcod tfaa eou<lructioD of Erioaauu'a propeller 
boatL On bw rMiim to BoKbuid bo vm pUotd »l tlia bend of 
MaMR. Pox, llpnilrraoD, and Cq.'h dmwiiig-nlfinEi nt Rinnbebam, 
whera tha daaigoina of nukny iuporlanL oorka waa coafidid lo 
tilni; and b« bere dlapUyed (uob a imnarkable aptitn>ia for «rn- 
gbM«riDg aduioa, (kaS. be waa, on being iDUmliwvd to Mr. Robert 
BtepheMoa. eanigad by Iiib mt una of bit priooipal aMiataata oa 
—Tiral worita nt aiagnitiide a m owgothrr*, the rtritannla-bridge, 
wlicn Mr. Wild largely aaaiatnl in dc^-itinti luiil earthing out ibe 
SnUiag of tb« tubaa.' In Mr. E.lwin (lark'a work oa tho 
' BHtaaalaand Conway TubnUr Bridgei^' tbere b a rery valuable 
|>a|>#ron the "T>«fl«i:Llon nii<l rrlnilve Stnilna in nitigli! and «aai- 
tianoqa Bmnu^' lra<n ihi; pen r.f Mr. WiM, vbkh furatahea a 
Tary high iilca of hia powvra. On tbo rDcuinutrndtLtjaD of Ur. 
StepbenaiMi, Mr. Wild waa amHiiDUd nmiatant onginavr under 
Sir wUKam CaWtt, to the bulMiag in Ui^ Pork ; and on tho 
(oraatMB of tba CrTauJ Palaco Uucnimav, Mr. Wiid mw 
apfioibted engioicr to th« biiililicc nt Sy>fcaham, which waa 
ctMud uaiter liii HDjiineering ■uponnteiidanop. It wna at tbia 
period Ikat a biaia diaoMtt wbtcli baa j««t tanmnalad fctally, 
lint declared itaetf -, aad be waa rwonimended bjr bia inediad 
adviaar to neiga hia poai, auil to travd abroad m two youv, 
whielibe<l)cl, with, however, but little banolit. Mr. Wild wna the 
autliur of aevcml valuable improveiaeBla in railways; bi» railway 
awilch ia now auirenaUr adoptad, and it U oonsidcrrd by 
Mffiaaan that he oompletdy lolvad the prvblaia of a chauoc of 
niU. " Warrau^ giro**'.'' which ia now ao miMh employoil fbr 
railway biidgn^ owea tta aucceaa to Mr, WilH'c aMnianoo, notably 
at tbe NewaA-bridgc aiid the Crumlin vlwluct. Bia"Kaiia- 

Ci turn-table,* an.1'' dMh-gnM*," an) atao amongrt the valuabla 
ptonoiesiJi wbk-b Mr. Wild baa left behind kiai, in aonta 
war to oonpenaota fyr a life of audi gnat promiaa being IhuH 
nny IVBiinatML 

Oa the l^lh ulL, at Vichy, in tiM fiAintli year of hia m, 
Moeifilvar lA)«'Tl^ Ihp erataent Oothtc architect* of nanoe. To 
thn arvliiieeturaJ world ia Eaglaod be ia Cuailiarly kiwwri oa tbo 
of ponoiit ef edaetiaam. aad aa the aBeampPMiialng enemy of 
aay bnt Oothic architecture. Hia wurka. which mil alwaya 
oKvre to bia aaine a diatinguiahcd ptHtion in the art-raconla of 
' M( eooDiry, and are th» beit known to EngliihtneD, are tlic intal- 
Ikoot, houral, and artutw rertonUioaB of La Salute Ch&peilB, and 
«rUi< Othetlnil of Notre-Damc, in coajaBctloti with Maukur 
TWet-te-Dttc 



OOUFXTITTOIfS. 



nnaapeaUwMi HO wiMut (« I>*f uii .-hud^ itialt, nmrlu^i torn, as. ■• hi 
' amadvtkgL TotAiCK taaUB IK raKMbnavart 
In, HtttBulaflK 
aiial 



tnoM al tUABumanikt. TotAiCK 

- - - - ■ HT to oUMMd «t Mr. 1. Ma«, hIuIm. 



IMatm M» hnui tat » Maaiiiamt 



1iiaM|ail*illal>«Tii ■ aa Bm'i TW un a — m l U I tcfm* Vi >w at — 
■nUiM«a>d«aanM«.*abae»lai hvldula iif 1^ liuwu, ■>« « vMth lyBaa 
ama M imngrl an lau Ui« d^h tt ttmj two taaiiimnnM uu} ka l><i>4r 
f1»iL If ayh. Mn. lae awM rf ifc» — wiaai i» W lift ■Piiwif m iha 
•UBpatkn. TWfmndkokmteaoifMt oolMiaiMid Ifoei. IteUokMM 
•■iKMedHlnaiinBiiiiB of 10 lalaiH vOI baMCwML ad !■ Uu imul UH 
MriiB«^*acb daiaw**ton»*tb>fnaatta(aaOMaUiM>. tUmnmm 
te tag t«a frlin ■tUb* flna Ib xLlldga it da aeid wantobiii, ad imV'* 
am* to «a ll« Mala it eat ^vtam tl aa bHh u a IM^ aal laiui iwnii u< i<ui^ 
iiiiall«Tit aod ■ictllMalaai. ud an to ba Ml la M oa ItAtt tu Uib umhi. 
•>UnMdb>ih(ftnCI(ik,iaf)atU. T)m Men irll] tx tn^rriKli nkliilr 
BiUlUWd. 
lb« IMnctsn aad OwbMIh <f Ito DiMw BuUJv OoBMar aa* Aaalraaa (f nwi I IH 
DHlVa(EirtlH*li>nltna*<-'rfaw«Bu>ah«»laB<ilbii. AptaBiTtUtiMdL 
tad oOm lafunnaiUD cm to tad » apDlMadaB ID tto mamtrj. nanloat iMl. 
|iiid(Ri U to trni la dr i^ ITU Iniiaiii. 



am MlBki, Iht liuililuii In to nf tirut, inOi iha 

Wat 

lufui. 

I>»ttatot4i» Mink H jJI a wl F»limiwia«»HB7lii»Jiouaaf |» »cqila| t> N»a 
lot Ito RKUHaf biDdiaca la to uad fetanuk ML (ooMf •> fWMw |adB< 
- pahUi toitH asil mUHQiH. Onllv «• M aaoia TWML PnoJwa 
- '- A atoidxtf iki Ml* lad 

BlUnun. naa- 
toU». U^lMHton^tolirr 
DnatMi « B^^ af dadffi an H 

RiklElU>n itf IliL rmlulWaMaMn. Dmcni M to MSI la bf Omtor M. 
TtonaaMnlaMluaUMaat BgoMaaai bantniliad wlMirf^ aaoauMMnban 
iatoa B* a Vautaia tt auai 



milalii *i bski, iht liuililuii In to nf tirut, inOi finu (ninth tsd IM uliBi w M 
pnevalalilia'iaa WfWMTuuaatMa hiUailUKM to iiMiian] •( Mi. Tto^ 
Umwia, Tvm Om^ Blukbora, '■—*■'■''- nam hi to «I la t* ito Mt 



MifHK sad pahUi toitH asil aaiUHQaia. Onlla^ bM M laaad 

lot, ■Ultociw tf Btt tOfttonl Warn OBI thr •mto. Aatali 

knLi nnkulan Dtr to vMalaad <( lUan. Bacd lad l-Mar 

toU». ll«lMHtoii^tolirlto)tias>>t«iUr. 

■•«« « B^Q af dadffi an Hfttod fcr i^ (KltoD <rr a IIOBudl i< Ito OfaM 

RiklElU>n itf IliL rmlulWaMaMn. 

-- - utan . _.._._ 

jaW itonOB Is to laaMJ l> Ihatcaj. I\« 
di<4cB((Mlaialbkft<)Mi,(adBVtonr>r>aralUad»:lto«Bll( anignmnl 
MOM. AnodBBBtlUlaUl to»nf4(d.ltid>alffarBaa<kMnarUMi<i>Uiy 
atopaialil. to(iUIU>a.ltoiDusriAlt.aiUltoH*aa4alltodl«roialiitIM 
(arr. mU toappniirUMltoitogtiairdwU*. In Uw mni of la* BtaitM i4 the 
wimid iladnMiiH tooldnl lu iha aukw at U, to li Wiwdta. lal'eiaitiMlJ id 
ItoMMI^Mff^aitooHVluBBtttal tvOa f«eU*<a<(fbaab«i)OBlbf. IV 
dai^Mauto ■Bttobr ltolnkrfX«wito>aial. 

Cpunrmnn AwitaiD. 

tb* Jtdni appotnud lo lamclfiia tl» nxrin if ibg RMpw <H iht Onrwaaaat 

l>IBaMlaTflf nlilfalud la WMialuati RiU, ton null aa MlBwlof anfdi. Tto 



an wniis^ in Ui* sntH of oiwll a* dgodM ^ tba Jnil|Wi, vM Ito BMM 
Bad anweal oT imiilaiB. 

Itob>ML L-«Ml flm. 

Xa.. aad UfMa. rr*Maa. 

t. ». A. Cnf>li»4, OraCLiI rut V4q(lnnl, It.— A. a MOI 

r»ii» 

t Mr. IUmIbb, IWbW ... It*.— OVaL tt* 

I. U<Mn. Unu Md nipMn, I. taaw m-OgaMa )*• 

I. Mmn. Ow aal Uadaad, t, ItaBft^inii. 

aitul 
1. >UM(.llaakaaadllanT, IT, fi*ct<rtllp 

I, Ur. a«a«a OlltoA SMt. *0i RpMv 

4. tCSTD—nal Wudntd, UrrrtM. 

atn«,tMIM. 
t. Mr T. Btfanr, «, CUrtMia awa^ 

t. Hmt*. Boimb aad lUtonaiK M, 

mnamaarriaaia. 
T. Ur U. a MM, U, Honucaa-plMab 



^-mutoa 
lUi.— Xm eh IMl. aa. 



M 

ta— IIbi baM cennd «T btad. 3M 
IT.-.* Z. ite 



B(dfMd*|au«. 



»iL~A nUluu (Mn, An 



Ite 



t>. 



Kl^tnai. tl.— TanUw M Iddan. 



£Me 



Tt.— Dnn aUM ft. 

Me-^^ava. 

M.— Octua 
•«A.— Aa toadrau. 
lU^WatMoUuagt. 



1(4 

lie 

f3 

110 

lie 



1. Ur. H. B. OMllaa. 

J. M. A.rrllunai(.r»da9(cc4,ri>ta... 

1 Mr J T RKbHi. Olwo* . 

1. Mvn ivifbard »d SaddOD. UaodaS 
». Mr.CHUiliwlkrodnck,i;.KaM.pua<l*, 

Isnli. 
«. Kmm V. O. aod R. Abnboa. U^ 

llU<ini«barj«iiar« . 
T. Ur. J. Owjrr, U. Dnal Mtttbeavafb- 

•UCM. 

:Ci>. t, a, r, In DeriaiX«.3ni41,b*Iaa MHladla fnmMBaafaiaal •»)••. aie 
lilaMl acnnilBi to Ibdr tuabM la in aknUkM. eUbial Hptd le mux* «nA 
Iba atnaUltn IM tba atoMlM rf «. Ltaaanl-a Xaibxul BilM< BOMoa ton KlMMd 

llwdMlcu«IUM«a.llrtinaat Knnl. (< UmiDahaia, tabollM In <v>a»<alaa 
eifMM>alBtau*w*i«rLtiriA> LiHib Tvaa-hill One, aid ito me af 1(41. 

•saidtd lalb* plua towiiit ito mtia 'Auiyn UalM. la to paM «i noMMi 

ibti Ika aaawbat aaa Hoad la oakiDf a Miuad to lb* oomiikuoe ol ito ai«ia 

to ito a^alad wa <£ leaM. Uiwv II. Smut, at Idndaa. aod W efwk al 

liTtift tr* 'H tTi^hli»iiiiiaw>. 
IlitaiBBIilHtoffTrtlBiitoBraChDrtii, Bflis't-flPMl. Wivb^BK, ban ttMaid 

■to jOaot at Ut. BwMi •d tMOkr. a> ik« ftwa vbldi Ibc latadadtdttw nU to 

tb*|aiTiMn<i(lb« UMlua Kadamd Sebooi bm aa*id*l Ito tmOua ts Miw*. 

KlldwU lat nnKk orMitaiM. to Iba bw ptaaa air tobari^nav bM MneO^ 

Itv to Ito t'PMT Mii»l, Uuuluu. 

Tnilr-Blm dMau ""^ -"i la to Ito Ulnloe TiaumaW. n* JHl^na »• iM 

eaoaUiea nab tl mill ol -'TntoitaottaWk'* bf Uaan. Roaaatd Mina^tt 

■ W (Hfrr aai aa oaflfa to tto hiie 
Ito aria tl iba •daiul dw^ m 



Laadnaod OtnolrT. Tki anblkda (uinal 
fMMd lartoailfawHm naaitr, MeU. 
-TiaMMOiilbIc,' 
Ut X PtrUturn ha> toM b|ipUiM4 to iba ctlln <d lilflrlrl Hucthib to tto Wtttne 
IiMuairf UaCKf el LaAui, ncaalbf ttoOatlbatUi.l.llLV' 



S74 



TBE CrriL ENGINEER AND AfiCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



irzw rums. 
rmtviaoxAt, racrucnoin obaotkii cxuxk mx rATurr laws 

AlCBtDUKNT ACT. 

Ulfc J.UmwjIm, Gnnlav Btctt, mu- S*«iMiaMlL UoCHkli*— ImprvmuBM la 

itaM Mwft. 
1111. J. r. DidBr, rui»~tepr«rcsiimit is iwuadarf lilnMiit viltul, ngnUblD. 
knd sUatntstijact* 

iMUt M>y ». 
two. P. A. ts OnM* 4a Fonuluiiunaa. Umtue— As lapnned tqrdnuUo DoMi. 

/<WHJ Mir M. 
tut. T KalfW. Vpum, Cbaklr»~lm|inn«rt oatlar Mil 4alU«Mcr ol taad 
/MM »« a. 

ItK J. W. BkJiworlk. DvUnfon — tmnvniBaali In nMUanj or nf^uUin foi 
ftnliw. lUUni, ud oubuMlut mrUons }»liH ud Ui\iMt, ftifiifasbli Ui Mat br- 
aWH 
I nunf M^ It. 

Illtt. T. BaDDdi. muMT-plu*. H'lniinj-TtKaiuininlisrtvUB'cliHU B|ig)>«b* 
|clniU«l' it latfuritoa uul (alt'Clmiiliig, sullnl Ilia Hir-daualni vub.^wm 
Ml. vr, Biibtnwi. i)b^t°>'— I<i>p'<n^Bi*>Hi <•• plOwit. uat ln>p|iu>Iw oittLWOtrt 
Ibonllh 

W. B, Stntm. daiueiy-liat—tairioni nniiUii( atiiiuiitiu, iiiiillcablg (i> 
cntKlBg nnlDpH, anli. jirloM |*pnik « otbxi uUcka thjx i*iuln w ta yui ap 
ra iiiitiM n iMiiili niinniiiliii fin4 nufflUm. ICiiiiiiDaniiBllonf 
IMr. II. W. VM. Ohnoartar— bipranogsia Id BptitHUu tiir hdUtMlag Ibr dnraibl 
and kaacDeUn (f iarTla(« 

A. Onnuiil, Vvu — InprvrtaraM tii btiliii tod raUini Una vlusli fee 

in. J. OwJiT. St. Bslcn'i. UiKaitilr*— tmpnnaiail< <ti iiuichlDi*7 tw ErtulUig 

nil UDMIhhw lUah marblr. ud uUw nbitiaad 
^Id. /.BwDdi»,jiu..Ow»,DiwW*]MMd— ImpmraNDli ta Uw unlbad omir- 

Uipof n( muliliK qUadtn^ ud la Um gwtUMIT W (pptnia* br pniiulai lb* 

Ilal. W. Bon, Bftgu UraitaAIn — IiBpnTaiiiMI* In MbhI lampi 

IIS^ W. & Olwk, vwt HolUo^ — InpnTUBdni' la (D^Ufoa tot imdu^Dg vHtaWt 

IM AraBi ««am uid otfinr liquldj^ (CoauaiuUMimifninO. W, fiubt^iwu Aud O. W, 

to^ VaXM SUM] 
tUI. W.S.caitk,UI(baiilbura~lnprannMMtileNVlacpnaa. {Owa im oI' M wa 

tra« IT. toMb ud r. HUDU, VaiUaflvii, ColMlaWHi 
laa. J «aiiilli«.Kinntnin^capwT«iBwii«i»— lar^m— 
IIM, W. HalUad. Blmliithtiit— IminnBiWM In (inbrFlLu sihI (Hmuli 
IV>. U, CrODpUi. FwvounK luiitilm Impurnm mii Ui queUuiit «t tpiiLTUui 

lilt Mnuhtnc rnina bbrte* 
im. J. BaxHT, TMkMMiT— A otMhlo* tar — r"-'"» M»di^ «lut«Biii.s ud dM 

turn irtml *ad Madk anu ud din bm kadaj, and IM daalai ud pDlUUim 

vlual, Mriif , ud mW (nls M tat mwiM 
ItM^ W. tenif, tt—rUr. Yurkikirr-laipnfi'MiiBU la iHiiiiimliit ur cani4iiiHliii{ 

I4tiL V. 8a«|iHTiD»-ft«Un^ IVri*~lmpronnBSDU Id cigulde bUiuli or >I>j>ilu ful 

■iM d u m, doon, utd eUMt pUcai 
im. K. Oi«mU. ODndalMinH-tiopnnBMDU la inuaor labMaUni taua tBi 

uIh aad olftar ratocr paila «d toMtnattj 
im. E. A. nraaoaa, «■« a U wt— Introwaat la dUMUtiv ud tu »t'|on"u 

taslond Ibinlj). <CM»iBmiM«lBa) 
ItM. U J. A. Duu, CMn-JtanAMaifigiUU-panba (liM. ud kpiUflst >br laJd 

AHM, CMaliir<nU— ImpruTaoMib Is (fipanUi Eui biwttug 



du ta rnlooa a«* pa n m i 
i,III)|h«n< . 
> and«ihar loidi ud laatun 



llit B. r. Ortflltia. 1 

IIIOl vr. UaK Mu-anlk. ChalMo— [lu^irDiKinniiU In rnlllue inm ud \\^ 

XUt- A. V. Nffnoa. dMbarr^-lAOp—luf grated Ap[jiini(ii« ki tj« aviJ u> ibe iiubu&a< 

Wn <4 Inn. (OooMtnaUuiou ) 

Oiul itaU. 
WL S. CU> Unipwl— [lapntiHaBte In nirmjri. (OomaulaUOBl 

£BUd Vw tl). 
IM4. vr Willtw.ynVorkUaHadliaKi-AnHufiLlipuMutartallbvBadadniit- 
lat n<l< Inm almrgiiM aadt 
Ull. T UriUuudn.Ohell,I«(i||iltlii.niw U>ni:tiaUar— InipniHtnitiUIn maohlauT 

la- oloBl^e. doaliJiBf . uid vlMi^ jtru and Uinad. 
Kit C. Itarl, IMaMoG -linpnmifu>n>> In tlw muuItaCDn oT pnallBS lak. (Coa- 

miiBl«Ua» mia u, kUiUus**. UoDtml. Giuadaj 
UHh J. llaATlfa't Palid«jr— loiiivnuifliiU la cba lauafwjlun ar prvluolioii ol arofr. 

■aoUIUria 

/i»r«i W*yti}. 
int. W. >. Clait. D1|li HoUnn— laimnaaaolt Ix uchloRT for tlis ouurteiun 

al tm iutnuBnl Ur dunNilag vtua-dauUi atuto OMd bt muliBiatan. mid 

■■■nuani balat aln aiqllaaUa le tk> ikupoitac of WBall multo crlliidin Cur 

vltKr laiiiii . uift ai liad pvtiK *c iCuanmamtioe) 
IIM. K, AluaadnL Wmamm* ImiirwiBmiia In Iba aanubclun tl ufaai ud 

sikar Mmilar diiulaal lutniauu 
KB. Dr. U. BWKnu. Alas ■nrb^ Doat Pittii hi lliit BhliMi A on modn of |m- 

BUtuaotetoBMallanpral nnaaw 
1HD, jTJan* and W. O. QniaAaB. ihiBUMiapMa— IiifKnad am* iirarcllar for 

nni^lUa ibin or oUwt atri^Ua nsali (ton^ swaf 
uKTWlM raiia-Iapnmd aatbiT look 
IIM. 0- W. na and T. Oldkuo, XnUlacham — IiBBinaBagU In bukIiUiut I« 

MontaKUDtiaMiMa «al w IM« kvM 
IIM. T. nMnib, >Mtk«taaR^ Onrnlaa— tnpnmaaala Intlau-katpm 

AUBl Jwu 1. 
lUA. W. B. ITakwi. OhuoBfT-lJiu'i^I'bjip'KLucola in Ihd dK<hc ddpuiiiuB of 

owwih and aauillo allori 
Ml. IL 0^ hcUa and ^. WuuUcT, MuuUnicr— t»)irartmHM U Ua aiuulunita ot 

■on fmB aairtaoana •sbriaDm 
l^lt, ^ Wrlfhl. Br^toD— iJnjiniTnirtnnl* ta «uaD boUnn 

f Hb.! Jani t. 
tMd. C. IUa>i BlnnUu^ni— A or* ot iiDpniiid naaalkaMf* ot miHa fta ptuHcn- 

ijilr ud tfbpr victurm 

(WW A.M I 
UII. 0. tlartrl, Baalacnt lapnuamnui a Dihivu 

riuud j>K t. 

IM*. J. Jatdan, limfool— iBiimnntsU ta ib> aiaiimUai of Inn •tiipiar twU 
UM. f. MirM. 5irrVt-— '"["■"" "'" la dOBaataa; lb* lalla vl i>ll»}a, and In 

.MM A Ckftav BomcMUi^LtoadBitdre— Iapni«DalMlnniUiTei[ioia 



UU J.MdEfanl. Oadllao, Dima-lBpnimMaM Ig ■aftlawj to cmUm 
brMgwubadaBdftir(*ula|M(>«iBiftaa«akaartalM» 



. ronii' 



(•adiui dm ud (oreacH vlik (gal 

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UM. I. WUUnBltt and W. WUHHOlIb. Qli«n-tn)inmB<ota la nw^ 
KIO, U. A, Knnaud L. A. Ww1~JafionaiuiM baimtli^ ita oitenM ^«W 

Ihaajnua lae aad oliiat •lullar — ■-■— -t-. and In ifllm lAn tnJiliim UMwd 
leiL w. I, a*w«aB, OMiDttT laf ■ lji|imwl anmjaBiaH ar (aaiUMUa id al«( 

Mt kr tUaa MsliM*. (CuuimaalaaU]) 
IiIIl W. K. X«Me, ChaawT.liwa^liDiwvnd aeatfuttoa «( baoM M 

Tfr"ml"i'lnnt 
in*, n. UdaIit. CloadmlcT (iinarf-IniprmiDRit* lamacblaMTtel 

dtfUa, aad olbif onaawnul aurli 
1910. uTBftUar, yaflhamptou-vqiui^-'liDpriTrviDaau la prlnlUig la i 

balta Jim IV 
Idttl. J. Bmn, Aldnta-^BpnFmBwI In th« iaun&««» vl taear 
KM J. It fIdlH. KtiiUar. T<(MUf»-[inimiWBaaH la i 

vnvl and iMhaf lt<w> BaNblk 
is-ii. O. JwnM, tODdgD— tmpntnaaDU la anantai tr pnoUaf at aatealw ■ 

oiliiun sD lapar or etlus aBrnaia, Mu InfnmaiBli nan (ba kvaatlM aaanti ta 

bin h, Uutn raianl dalad Jolj It, IW 
liill. IL MUtef, Olmii»— to[i(ofwiiiBiala«»cto. laa^ ortalwa 
lai]. "' "-r- iiiM l^ilIrT* lllimliiiftim ImiimTtd imliliini «■ il i nwrnfii 

Ld brii^i ud nahcr anidai of Ika aaaabMan 
inM. T. ILBAtana.9UaabouB-lBi|inmuHatalalbt^uit&clarao(aab 
KH. 0. Sarapwa and J.bnipHo, &iuUDtd, and K Udf*. raniiiniii. im Vato- 

<>ld-taim™>ma ta ombu cr ^fanna to adhctti Un feuiM « iWIW tf 




invnauM ID Bmiriac and ■ 
iV*«aaa, WaotaMi^aBd. -* 



aTDTag Cabrloa 
14U. A. Diioo, PatiMti— lui 
IMl. M- PoddiCiiM, <bi 

uimtug matiiim 
lOI. K I^ui4i1iir<. f ari^-lDDpnTODaala ii pa owlR* 
IdM. A. V. KoaiieB, fltiiiiiaii laiiii liii|i mail mill la mptag imitilau 

(■tiOQ] 

IMA A. r. X*«o«, naaawlua lat n i mui U in Ott lanMnKlka aad 



ML A. r. Smat, Ottaar tia» lay mw i iii U 

nropdUuf aod Mi»tliii saaliaU* aiualiL (COmn 

I1U. vr. e. Srwtua, CEaaaBji'laug—IuiimiuomI 



iC0iiitoui>i4^*lkHi 
11^. Vf . £, UtirUia, CEaoactjr-Uoo-'tiDiirvivDonit* lo lolailof 
uettion) 

/mud J<M> II. 
ItW. 0. r. BandtT, BlAHAUrt. Unrotm*— InptDrad ananM* 

nMacUo^ ud nnpalUu 1^ kaiDu laij la BMer 
14)T, A. KdaiHi, tmian, t'olM SUUia^iafiDraoeBl) b Iba (nuiriuUaa irf 
« vdf t under valor 



I nil. 



[> J. linly^ Tudl■^f-*■r*>■. Oirit— lai]trvT>nwi}i« la vaallMa 
iniiliDDi Imm bamln^ V ''" vali^rt aitbt llqiion moBalaad n I 



t, J. aba« aad tl. M»«, WUortuad-mlll, uldtaa— lainfamau 
r acfafalai to pnpaittc aM nttBlBC aoUm and olhtf ttaw aate 
t. /. L. Oark, AdaUZaroad, HafMatodi^UI— InproimMa la 



IdU. J. RotaKHB, <lla«ii«-liu|K4<niiinu In Utlli^ lanrio^ 

rafnlaUoi Iho nollOD uf Imry lullo 
1«H. J. *ba« aad a M»«, Wai 

or> 
Idlt. J. I. dark, Adakldaroad, Hafantodi^UI— InproimMa la anwaaai l> 

nonHiw kun or twoala bolKBBB ptaaaa to th* pniMra gfair and vwaaa 
1(U W WUklBi, LsUoMr-IoipmaaMaB la DuAlnaiy to Iba oaa^MMM ri 

^fpvd ralifla 

AoW JlHI It. 

Hit J. Hm aod *. lltnkT. MaadkartM—liapninDeoM la i 

luiiiilda to aaiUii Inn <m othat iwula 
lOU, J. Wblivonb, MaMlaiiot — iBiimmaaaM la ardaaaaa, iraaiBn, ^d toMt' 

uliv. anil In laadUnaiy aaipb^ la Uwlr auuCHtun " 

]fii4 J. Iincliaiiaa,01aa||im— ImprovrBMnla b Iba ibaaotkietimand AabAlMOf ta^ 

din ur lunMi to wcapiuc Pv> o( ohlnli lujinnoRiu an afpUoatfe M tta amaf> 

llig fuvi iraaTia^ at AlHuna m a mi uli 
1M:. T, Kaurr, IWiir>iTi|>iwB, aod J. Baolaar. tUnBlafbaa — ImfOMaaBM b 

aBbnllaa and |*rH*4la 
1<U>. a. DailoL aorto4iron. linoahi'a-inB— [ni|mnad appantaa to ai^itiliM mU 

and otliar otUolaa. U ha calM ih« •laAntauniitk nua aoaln^ iriiMi»Aaifca 

qxiibs.m ndmit<}i<*yotH ■ 

IflOi. B. Nualia aud t. VTood, B|B-niul, Sunn— A DMbod Id tad apfanlw It (a 
DiDpla:ml lu Llii' Halin^f i^r lliv )iiint* la ninitUu oultf aod alWt aimilM v^aala 

Mn. K. Ii(x<if>r, AU|iiM7.-lDii»nj*fiDfnt4 la tnallaf iai, hni^^Hl at^v vvAtb 
Blira^ aad In ibe manllloeo' oDplUTad Uunta " 

lug. C. d'AmUji. MdUpn— lapnnBuaia fa caHlaz and pnartH kn. tVpM 
DiealHBi 

IMl. " " "-- • — ■- - - T-n[r-ii - Ml ml lid laniiDiii Inj i.. 

II lllilll T^^li * ■ r I-.' 

Hit iC Ujudooaid, (>liufo<a^-Inpiifr«rtfnU In vvUiaji, «■*!*■■■ 

pniannf l«Ulr bbnn uil nuuntltli 
IdU. X. Bawaall aad r. tuandd, nonat»-Impnm4 apumiB to 

Biailro jumr bna ctKB 
Mtl. C Drull. Cbfirlnf, ' ' '" ' i r n'iaiiim lii linim llii laiitM 
Itfr. O. IiM«, fUnn, naar Dnnlt7. UinnaiatriMw A» liiiiaiiitoMI h wtAd 
■ outoot 

/JttUkJ Jw lA 

I44n. K. MoibM. Oilntod. OloanitHililn-'tDimnBuaW la tbi manrtkoMva rf ^ 

■Ual 
lanl. J. KiB&aiaifu*— iBpmnaMnialB Uw BaoibMan ■> tndwUB «a*K 

oaSi, ud atnultt artldai « ttdla^ df*a 
Idilt C. Manti. AlnlUn-BlUa— topraaaDaattlaaMalalacmoUn 

liiiiy H Cuinlaal. Purta—lDpmraaoaU ko prtaUag ibavli tad othw 

incl T II. J<ia». Dualiridft'nilat, Vnlbun— loproTMaauialB tnamiM to 

tnd gtUvrliic 'roll aod >antt 
lOei. A- V. Nkiod. CbBDoaiT-laaB— [aipmoBnl la Ik* ataoftalH* i 

ofjd. ICooiQioainLluu) 
ICflil. n irannvr, Uoantfardut, iJaihaUi — Imi u u — i cooMntllB id 



ftljlac aikd dlasbuili^ i 

niud Jnx It. 
IMT. T, lltuloa. RalLmi^lcapraritmnnu la vjf trLla« doon and iMiaaja 

1«M r Tiiiitiidt riinil. Iilminn -Tiiil iiiilni Tiim ■aiafcUui 

baton of btu ud oitar enrartop (ui ilu li<ad, aod In awousan tr aiaH^ai M ta 
woplor-l to Iho ■« r — "■—- " 



Idilli J. U. Jnhaien, UaoobCi-Inn dnidi— InpnmnBnu ia imdiaidt. tMtoML tad 
Mbar rtuilai toaroBaala. .^laminunkailau [Rm J. C Um. Kratbtea, Saw tal. 

rallwl Mat*/ 



IdTI. W, I. Htwta, GbaBo*T-tv»— iDiwinMHBIa la |iiid>Uiat Ina, and |a IMI*> 
aaaiBtadt|ipanliM«ap(D]wlto(tafanaB. {OaaannlatHei 

is;- r. L«ldi.laa.,aDdJ. J*Ba,0*m(Sd]« aad BItIn InmavkL ! 
Inpni>nl oonMrurtleii etbol tbui aim 

Un A.V '• 1 "liiiniiT larir ImpT-rl mum rfn^iiiilna ^i 

of nilut) inua. [CBuaatntoliiig.! 
nonifitfa, Htfaarft 



U'i. B. nanipua. 



BtBiB la tUMtol* liamnaa 



VbDiaoc. Hsaati; •llb^tonMi 







THE CIVIL ENOINEEE AND ABCHITECrS JOUBSAL. 



S7S 



. T. vr. LM>t. la 



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tail h ■■ rtln iT ft« artlat Bat. Iw. lad alba 



tin. a.aiimta. «1A*M»M«N- 

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ilttimpuiia 



MCL W.%.S«wtm.atttMr-tior~l<iiiiT<ntimtttliaifyatm fct b^u la 

Mtoteu(HM4ln-tauh .OMuuoinMlgal 
MM. W. A. Mnrti, tlMMtt-MBl, Oatndl-lBpranwM la upMlW ^ 

iijpi HH lHWMd Mbw MB« mm «*• u4 dbo nlirnnrn 
UM. J. rsatH-, Jun., OnMU. I. aoHca. IU»«1aT-«nMa, ■dl'HHd-ml, tod 

T. Chi^ H. /MMVplua, B*(«)UT-n*d~Iapnmdiata la Ua —WrMtka um 

•macnal <4 ImaiMin ud oUin carruca^ It (wUltiM OA «aniH« w tan- 
_ jw a nmi tat hUbw <Brtt«a 
MM. O.T. D frtiM. LuotktHMQibpwk. Druiua— tutrunmnttlatbagBaMraMkio 

•f afcadi M>d ulfr-tnuK. OmaiiBlcaUaii. 
IVM. J- KilM, 8rUbi«B— ImnruTtfD'qta Ld AppftrviM to t« lunt f«ADaallat wtoa aad 
_«hv_auddL id fcr 4n>li^«<*ti frnoi h^Ui 

UO. K. OodOat, B«Bu^ru4, Viniru fa-t-lmpiiiiwiiMi la iha olnMM tt 



Un. V.'AJ* nia^ai^ nJl-BUU— iDirniTaDsnU Id onnJuclUig Itw toUil lub- 



lu4<dmudolta 



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MW. " -'--"■, 1 1 iiii, I|iiiniiiiflinliiil>lilwl^— HnlHiil 

MM. J. 9«U^ oiilhiiD, lAUQulnn-LBpnraHau la Ito ■■nifcrliii •( votvi Ik- 

via 

Wl. W. n l i I I atd S- BaltMa. UndfoH. rnkililiv-tmprvrod InMcauf or 

mm 1* aMa* tl fum iwiBpt rir nliai 
IMt a.«uinB,ai»l IL E llnr. Fui•-ll•|«>lt«coUlaopllallIlMa^ag4culShla« 

mt iaaaiif»flarlB| ik< uiut 
UH. n. Hneli. OU /injr— lisfmiiii >liin-cuiuii( nxhliH 
MM. f. Waraif, JnU'CTHCgat— lopfwnaiMla lu u|>)ilfUi( mm 1j -ilirnlimli 

aaavakarnaiili 
MM. O. Hai^hf- Portaam— Ima bi iiaaul* la HUallv rulnr ilcDali 
UM. a. Betauuad, Rm ■!»« «, Ipia— lafttfiaMM In uiKbiBcn br iliiartrt 

aon 
MM r, h m am*. IpHMi^tnipiavRuMa la mooMlat {iljHiir mtiTiMa 
1*M A- V. Xivbiii. CliwKiTr-la>>»-ltiiDnfmHiu la luitiliHrT fur fiirfiai ailk aail 

aMv telkim. lOuiBUBUufaa) 
ITM. H. Ullitat. fultoil. iixt a. Rl(hu4*an. HagcbentK— lanwrmiml la OLliIilBf 

«r taOiUll fmi « tluvad* 

OM4J-M U. 
I WI-ft P^Claffc. Xmrt^ y«* Jai^. VaUad Maoaa— iBpraTWl ufcV '(I" Air 

im T. L. Bal|iti. ud T. L Ktlpb. Jan., rriiiiilitMn IiaiiiinwiHiiH 1* tka Mum- 

fartan *C uctoUio igln> 
im, T. WmiI. lirvu nrtrffi, BUftfJaMw -jmmrtBttM la tta BaB^oM* tt 

mhtrnt Mw I"* 

UM. K. SriM, awl K W. Cravlint. Otoaaik DirtM)r*-liiiT)«*HuiaM la Uis «0(i 



tmnguawt nl Mr pau <v mada. aad Ua IbniadH and Ooa Id Iw 

■ula)«il(«'lbiiiirtaHi(<M>plinlla(.iaim B»tilii(, hiw MUao, dm tvllliia, 

aa« lika •lalur albvln inrnnim 
UM. W. J. nanima, Xmb MMr—larmwamU In iMnWiMrj IM pn^arlur 

aaaU <aal WM nUvr aailin w Cia and ■• nsl. ,OiMmuBiea(ii»j 
ITM. U, Vr. Ckarjvaad. IkiblnkAW, CdMal-caidui— IiupiuniDiHiCi In luohUMi 

tot ^uvtug aod paa^no- iCorDiagnlivcliia) 
^1*.l ".' '.^' P*?i ?** ■'"^- I'niwl Hutaa— tapiomii<-iiU Lu impiiriBg and nlsu- 



lain ladia'rtti W , (BMatmret*, Iliii tiialniiHm ''---"nliiinirtt 

IIM. H- a. Dar. Stw Imlc, I'nilol !tm w - f npiWBiMnU u iha auwaaagia e( 

daaUcbtau 

lMa4JaH)«l 
Ull. '. Ckaiaplcw. KuukMar— (apnnd arraacsoiuU of iplDdln and tjm, 

apfllawla niadhhwj or appaiwu llr pnpatt*. qilBiilBa, aad duuUM Hbrmu 

ilitlali 
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IhjMka 



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«Ut la inaliai maddat, sn^tHl, or aoj d 



IM( fnfwsUuiu 
ini. T. Uptaatt, ■t wilta ia iHan.piaiM InitmaqllaM — laprunuoala la Iba parlftcaU>ia 

•( *WM. Hd vtatt talrl toil taHuui tullsi 
lili. J. UlU. Mnaiii rUauni. uhi fsirT Rifl, DurliaBi— laipnitmnili la ibe Hnoa. 

aal *u of (111*97* 
lilt, J. N, JahwHi, UonlB't uiallaldt-liBiiniTaBnu la pnaHn aiaia. lOaa- 

awkallu) 
ItU. E. l upt, laiatlx-KM—imftanrntau tu laoiiH tK vmtIiic, POuamuslralliiat 
■III. ■- H. Vtt. Stt V«k. UsIWd Nlaln-liBBniTtd uMbnl .il Uwklac or puii^lu 

oMpmluL lOnaiaaflMMlMJ '-^ ' -■ 

nil t.O aarrc<i.na>nna4kaa.taadli— InpimlaoBilrmUoier lim-bni 
mt. W. S. NMum, Cbaajty h na - liuifai «»<aw In Ite a^Mtsakia of nilnt 

C»«a<aii». lUbiaiBanlcMlia) 
im. R. Knal^ JtaUervoad, Daialiacliia— iDpmtcauaM In taU^cllai cmMlOBn «r 

OMiirf JaMS*. 

na. 1. Xlft. J. V—dbmm, ud a WOaaa, Uada^toprvnoBBLi in Ihn tnaiin' 

Maan tl uaata, bmi^ aad Mtw> AmOa dvuUailia 
Iftt vr WrS^bk. Mbdfilald— ItnpFtfrant^ii* In Biuliknf «{][*r^ut tpidlcablaiodaimu 

•ad nainkaau 
im £ V Ov<lii0r. N'or^kimfV Uiil^Unri'liuvplut^lmprvrviiidiiU la ihaianu 

«a#V(d IN taialu b*l aod la itat dUdlmkH af baM 
HM. a. r«. DMptw, !tto«.ld-tapH.»ataaal» la If »»■■ 

in*. T. " •■■■-■ "IT—*-!—— "—- i- r— - ■-■■■■ 1- JLWii^.i.^ .i.. J — J. .. 

nvaaati ta ib« sauobcdus af oubnllaa aad 



1*. T. Wniini UppM-tanou^in 
eaniapa «* facuoca of rall«»i 



ITM. 



DaolacuaL yaBiitfiaw — LaianTMsaM In Ibo OBBahnUta of eoaloa and 
I otttt aurp iiUa lUrtsi 

01*i< Oraal Oaorfi Mml. aad J. M. Tack, rafl-iaal]— laipnnniiiiU In 
tdaMif/* anwUif (Un antl nibn' naada rw iho pirtoH of dHUaf Uhui 
na. J. iTbiM, Ovraurr— liufmtituisuu laaKapnuaU br (feroDouMan and oxlinr 

ila>>aiMi 
1T 11- L. >H. 1. Dttoa, WaObnok— lapavMaiDl* in the raauQ&Mim u( Wijjiactau 

Ma* 

Itll- W. B- liHnu. Albtaroad. Bamawmllh — Inprvtsnwui* Is fonnion and 

i;n. T, r, qJiIImU, kgil«, VnlUd t n im IiBjCT*Ma»«U ia plaaaL [A coamual- 

aalaoi 
ITM. L. Cd«U. AddpU— Ab inprend aiiiOhla* kt HMUod Ibt art i^ mmailoit 
im. W K. Xmos. Obaao)i> Iwit— lapnnBsIa la taoi ti« tUcuW •~'lii(, 

■arltaanlloablBinakapariiaaEit. .(butcaaaiaUonl 
ItM. /. 0. t«ata, l>na* UoacMMMt. WalalaMnw^BpraiM amii at d*la(u>( 




IIM O. W. U Ban, JawT. R>4m. ralM SUIa-OiaaUnd ibt aOt af 
Croai Ua daA bt laaiii lif rmlnat iliifta 

fiaaJaiilS. 
ITM. F, A-ii CVniad* PsatalBtDOnao, Li»diia-~tar(at*i propila. (CaaKaira- 



uAlBBjtoaaut^Ua. |C»ubv 



ITMl St. K. Xt*Wn.C«UHT^a»»-lsi|in>t<d I 

aleailoaj 
Ittl. J. .tarta, )aa„ Stw Tort, and O. Wontaabslai, «. iMla, '. ruud 

WMM—laimniiDuU lo iu<iiU)HT ftr uaMag uO*, baM^ t|lka^ aoaia^ iint^ 

aad Mn« Uaaki 
IIU. mi r.C. KAWla, LmllMU. B«ki— IV auuboiBra of iluBiBIa anl (4 

ontaln t»«ffBia la b* uMd (haaOa 
IfM. K. Kiuio^ DalUfflan. Uarrtaad, Uoliad SUta.-liB(nt«4 nBil>| (Mr ia 

abUia 
ITU. T. MadWuli^ Salbboa»'i>lwa. Oafctd^mai— lawaiiUHMi Is lb* nUful 

daooniMu ciI tboa parw of balldUif* lo vtuob atsdo* drapnlM ar* Is M ii<l>wl. 

and la iba amaiBBHi aad ouaiirnrilao of lb* oonala (KUiaa 
111^ IT. Ki»plaa.ltoak-bw,Tat— lB|>rat*dB*ibla*lbrd>llllD<balMl*BaUlMd 

Dtbar nljilauH 

ITII. T. C. Brldpoaa. Burr ^ Bdutiad*— Initfvnnioali la ttw aoarMko id tlnat 

aormiu. or rlddla 
IIU, IL Hteaand J. Koblaia. BamlaiN-lBKxwiiKUa a oachiBfij fcr pr*9»lii( 

(nUno kiiil other Hbnoi maUrUla 
IMu. D. Frimdlm, Qlaanw— laenmDMataludnluaiidafaialBiainDtfM 
1»1 / tlink^ WmloTun. aaj J.«. mbta, BaaXmiOlfiaM&iv^laiimi* 

inm)Ulo«c«(lBtaB41lba*Ba(lbia))ki<r(Wppaio(b*ul*^*fid Is Ibaoaiumo- 

Uuiinf UwMitoaf bgilk^ferfMlEluUB|lhaaoartBC ud Ubaitti of e«k< ud 

ItU. KKnuM. lUInr wmn. ^<« T«m, WraUad—InpraraHW* hi bscaain 

and Olbar ninuukK *ad Ui tmallui •>;« to hi lapiiUed a aHala bdtafi 
17U. R. A. ttnaatii. I'lart-drai— InpnToiaU u btaaob-loadl^ fl:*4nM. (CMt> 

oraalraika; 
llitt. 1 . H. KouiHlai. IVW—lBpnad cnKbod of oMalidDf iDttl** fnn, wd a]|lat 

Im aBlilliaC Ua HBIB 
IIU. i. 1, flnoQun, noM^lnt^-tapvaJ aalbod rf «tntlB( aad of wntnc 

flfnni. puiHw. aod nlbn iloTloa ^CMnBadailati,' 
ITM. W. t '— — "■ T '"' '' T~ I**'* r" — ^■"- ^"'-'- BT^'™ 

invu. <1«iiiBaiiliaUiHi tmn W. tittm. M(« Twt 
mr. K W«>ll>r. UMb<uxM. Uantobn^-Aa mdlala hf Ti^ilu ^ Iba uaaaf 

pfnom oanpfiag cfaaoihan iiia oibir apannmu a oMBaa. aad Ibr Mpll^ai aba- 

Iba aaa ranaai an In a om, ud at aba Uai <h*r •'■■ <*•<» 
oaui /<w It. 

ITM. B. Unana. IMniih. OmwUI— luprnnuanu la draalnir ona 

ITM. C. Il«muli, IVIi-Inpnina-DU In apparalua tur fridudai aMMad *aMn. 

fOaiEDfLnlaallmii 
ITII- K. lilalki, Brid|»otn«t,1V'*tii)lBUa— IntntannUlaiUaaadtaaUciK' 

fMh and oUia pani of baUdlan 
irn. C. r. Vaaanl, ■laai'Mntl, ftfaBd— InvDnatBto hi lb* panaaaal nr >* 

lallaaTi. iCttaUBOUiaillaa fan J. C. Dvaul, >lanr<l W 
nn a, llnban, Ui^t, BaWas— laptotamaDM hi dr»<mi^ tn HOMi tbi tutK, 

aad [n prMMUIa WDidDiadihafBlIli 
Itns ). Jiidia^DBiail iaa . lallntiM— fcapto w aiBatiiaMblMBaablaiiT 
t;M, A. Pubis afraiiriiaa-4apraT«m*Ma la anaiUvniNalaalUaibeainBla 
l»T. J. caiaitb.l H pa t M»lmoriaBa. Vi a rt all— la tniM iali la Iba maaholaa 

m utlUdalftd 
1)01. CSaadtrao, IbaMil*— Imprwomoala In Iba maaafcalaw rf laflwg tarutt- 

dHi^mdflbaranUwnqaMBiPHiMnatlbaadilUtBiaunalNpnaiin, oa- 

cm*i«Lor itrala 
IIW O. B- UiibU. HaDdiraib, BuAirdibU*— tiii[inir*BnUUi Iba aaai&Auatf 

maul tubva, and ailu ra abina 
ITTOi 1. Kilr' and J. Ugdaa. iMda—IcttmnoHala la hmara a nnplaa fc* lb* 

ImVfkOll*'!] iif BWuk^ 
I K A. lUiiinr, -<i. iWt. AnlUcriiDd— Inpmnmcali hi appuuai a naUlanj 
f«r vorUiu. «iprrol'iM. uiil Bunldliu cli^ and oUiu plMlie naUcMli 
i;tl J, IL luhnaiD. UBailo'*'lDii-Beld.-)npriiT*aiiBla In appanUt Icr i«i.ni iba 
Mrafibof laaUrUi. 'QminBBUUlOBlkaQP. a La«bgii\ Tnaua. !ln Jaia)', 
Uallad SUU* 
iri. J. B. Ji*luu.LlD«li't InHMiU— ImpnrniunUnUiDimvataaieaif •ariwai 

lur ncdtifia nidaiad ur prlotad hapradnu ibanoo. .'OmiaanlWloa ftta K hat, 
UalUronn, Valud HlaM 
ini. K. JL BiaoMia. nat-ar*(i— Imavnd «npoaltltm a pullib br mainliuIB| 

Uw hrflUaaa tt itnlthsd a umdI Itatbrr. iQMiaiukallsa frum IMUlur hfakav 
IVIiJ 
lltl. LH dc I* yoniwiarla. Viit—hBfr<mnm» In awiM» fcr munKla t mit» 

DaM )<mt U. 
ITtn. C. a, ^H^ Wuhlnitiai di*, I'ulwU tMaia— tiaprOMmaMi la crlUidnal doar 

hnlU 
HIT. J. T. TlUata. armt-hiircli.itREl— ImpmoDf ou la iMAInar Ibr BabU« aiaa4 

■rfrai. rC^iumuTUiitiluni 
ma. t- jL lioiiirT. >Wiit il&ll. »vli»<rlatid— ImpmnmaM ta kOa a anat (a 

bnndu or hiUnf hrhlD. tne*. Bd aba nuili"n it nnailc m«l»« 
I'tii. J . Ludi. IliniiliKbaiii— A BcUUIc alr-iicbi cDfllu 
HI) J U'rlgbt, Knmtarai. A, WrUt, m}ba»-|<*tt. and F. RubaH BubiM- 

■imt. (*. niuna^-Tnailw iba maurb Mmi, lo noda li> ntira appBcaMa W iM 

laaoii&rtQrv nf pa|«r. and tEtioIer tbPnhifioibeiDanufvtiwaalaaaiid tpina 
Itil. I, J, CrnckM, Unnuil^luipninimuit* laibc (lic(Uitid>lilpiaoda>bCTna*l« 

lOoBBUOhaUuiil 
lla J. tnfbas and S. tnabam. KrvlAifd. aud IL Incbiua, Hallbi— I f f' na a u 

In Lir«|Arinf avrinl ^ikmi In- droUi^ 
IIU, A fela. ^ihaaptiin-tiiillillnp'A nair loinpoiuloa fur Iba iimiiilHilan af 

iialuUTD iiunH. lOgaauMilHii 
IIK. J, lirvm, OodiaiMi, Simiuilioi. HniKilk— Impmaaaaa afipUoaUc ID bad- 

(Wadtanrt aitinranldaoffaiiUur*, (u iha inupeaa «r exfodlif lbai*MB laiftw 

uib(r BlntUar lii*<l# 
i;i; W I'dijiDr. wmoti nad. DrljbttiD~- IW H awiH n W U awauc-paik (*M>B> 

• n|[lnM. Mil viUkt aitpan'iu Air aoltrtu^ muwa 
Itn. J. I. MwMK*, NaUiDMU*— IaipnaD«ahiaauaa|ipaatu[iir aMhuifir 

6aouuf 
irm. vr. r. !nnit<.9ir*iua»-ba|>onnMI*hiBlDa«'iafM7-kiBpa 
ITKi Wl' lloiiiib. BinilifDrtiir—lBiproniatnl* hi teiaTi* liJr bondiii radii idd uiliiir oA 

mill ilulili, dn an ImprDmiimi In ilifuid ft* tmrnm 
i:i>i H H-'iimn, «. LMiiatd**|un, Keniiab^oan— Imptcnmnit in lb*nunuCB<,1wa 

iiM<ZT«>l Utiitia 

/loWd Jmi M. 
I'liS, J. LloTd. Aajiliara— Ifflfratoniriiia lu uUUiIui ud daadurlitat naiff aiiHara 

of •lnll1iH|>baiiM»Bd caba idaaa. and lii*|v*'^<>> abi oail la oodb*iiIMib aJb 

Ihr am* 
UN. E. Baibnl*r, AM*l^a«rUaiirbat<r— lapvnBmNUBaUBRf >s dM' 

ulbulii^ aiid aUlUf a|i a «ilifalD< lr|a 




876 



THE Crvn. ENGINEER AXD ARCmTECT'S JOURNAL. 



irM. W. hmiM Bfl|l>MB-laf 



BM la IMIapIs doM huuUn 



uiil iplDdlra 
i;*;. B, SiiiAoUa uid'H Lrdwud. llwitaMa^-^BpranBMiti tu uuln bt >t<lD> 

CLlnf 
irM.^, Onck. e. BoliVa. *B>1 J. Cnmtha, llkrWtiira. TannMr 'tti 1" 

m iMlui 
■>», r. ir«iktu, VkBsuWait^ SoMitabfc Mu IUmlnai>u>— iBpnumoU la 

Ibd uuinfkitim of im*'fiii^ Lt>aaaiiBbB<l«]' 
UW. M. MlrtMlli and J. Gluia. MuitaUr— Imiinnuuiu lu Ua prateoUoB at 

MMUnUl wiul* Miria tr pUUnt 
IMI, K. J. Urrmnd, Itl— i r tum— l im i nn n m il* In I1h< iBiniiftWnn «< bdl*' 

nUMfDoda 
Un. S. Uudn«, ChuoorT-luw— bnpnmsuBl la (b** pnl"QB>>>- tOoouDUkloMlou) 

OUMdAiwll. 
UOI. 7.Pna<wi,ItadlE*]ii,Luimblm— IiBiitvnmenUlaipruWHbrRC'ilMiiCttt 

1, J. faUud. UUtdan, dhi VltiAlik, UaRlbrdiUn— laprnvmnU limuhlDcry 

41 inpuuiii ^ itMiItaUuiE Buun 
IMI. C TtiuitKr. irnroWf^ M Mn f ftiurfU, rullol 8laM«— laprwcd nll|{np>i « 

vTUiai niKhinr, i« airlittii ud ilnltorimr Mn 
MM, J. Ol'^3L, S»tMUr-an»-^ii*, uldw.CDpplii.jaii., Dlrtfa, X«iliUBb«rUad 

—Tin iiir-TijUuii of Vmbr 
Hi;, n. III"! (soil, Uodua— Iokpra?«s«iu Id Itat osMnicUoD of nuaatoi 
!• • r K. IJcn. RvtHi^ drjiunuBI of >«nb*, mBe»-toiiini<«ai*Dl* n ertaUat- 

mihiUmt •Dli 



ilUi 



1 ><» ^. A. OD'ba, IVU— InimmBaBU Ui (nallat or pnpv1ii|[ ftcil 

inw Uu mun, tnil li ■prxntiu (Dr iha hum 
til*. O. Martudolli, kud J. AmHiL BoUIdiIm, nou XwlHtlrtit— Iinprimqn'iiu m 

■IdSaJuf iDd dvQUliJc ]*nu^ uiJ !ii uvfibitT or kppanaui «r Die Uud «i»ninii)r 

Uwan ■» bibIiii ud tnnioc jihuih 
11II. J. CWMtaul h. Oniipvo, BtliSht—larmwant la wtadiig ivp*U taduUnr 

btnea 
1^1: W S, Xovtoi. ClusntT-Un*— laproiol bucUhot A>r pbidlfi( lbs ttelb of 

Hit. i, Btsc^ Kr* Oilunl-Hml— A juiuhlc (.liUui penintinlalar. vlnct bdXiMi- 

■UHMd H 10 BWnr Uv aiAQD (AUI 14/ UiAt klH bluorlO ^aCO iQTTtltf^ 

OMid Aim U. 
Idi. V, tiuuMt. Pwli Imp I awiinifc la »h« p»WM at drmtng ud munfMionna 

tbBKtty b4tb*r 
int. a. Kfi, W•rdN^<■»rb-tup1l*■awaU to oUli Aa fnadUig mOiia. inptcr, 

(PlOB, wd Mtei olMinn* 
Itl., J. PinUaa, Monnaw itron iBprawd nauj ikbui 
Itm, J. L>vno«ai, Uotannwk, UMdltao— lioimHDiat* In ikpptnlva Fur bmiii 
IniO, J. r. UartUi BWhi-mth^ IVrtim rrmrr InrfT-nnrTTT la gbidm* Cut 



ddUfi^ (HBmualr aDad vaMubokUn ud 4ptilkklil« l» aiTllWn br laiilUi 
IUOl It aSOmr, SDulL-flrwt. riubaiT— ImprovoBml* Sa ouMb^ S» nuuidlnB 

•MBMUMdOlte WUSi itbaBBriOtfoB) 
un. J. L nild. LunMli, ud <.'. Huurtr)'. jun,. Cunbotnll— lupDnsiniU In tlic 

Diuafudun of **t*^** 
]«>!. U. A, nuobtudi, tunttiuic, ftiacf -ImptBrwl uuUiiSiT >> boDSoG ud oloui- 



SilMi, wtaa^ wd •Mk'Bib. 
W. ;■ ■ " ■ ■ 



. OiMbj, anro-)iUtOuBlcr«rit~lnn«timanU la Oo nod) of •iimUnf 
■ibbmU Md mIhc agopmad* iraa pa, SH Ihiiui, imrsigo, ud tftier lutiMUaa 

/JMMd AmW, 

im. T. HiAfcMk^ BiadtbiB. aar BcAoe-lB-IIinn. LuuMdOn-HMtitoe Inr dia- 

MUc, Klniliu, pJitltlDC. *nd miaagrug ioHiid ud oUun hbnoi 
KMTr. C. CHiat, GbiMHrbiw-AB iKpnnd mb ud bwtar alll 
lin. W. rHwut ailla(i.MMtl, Brl^Mo— topranmnu to ftilwitiiy Ibr Blndom 

■ad —tola, ud br oiliu lUaUti- jnipDHn 
!*». A. RfcMlmMt. Jmat^ttntt, IfiKM>tt>«a>«u»— IniwnmnHiU lo nudUiKiT 

to MnnwUw wUAoUl biol ud athnr tuuuuina 
ino. «.>W^ Blnlan-walk— iBpnndDButof •upponlti|iiDlt||»pk wina. (Oom- 

nniilnin~r tam C. C. Adltf , Mnnspon, Khe lodiai 



lUl. J. SUihm. Omlbmhltia. W 



M» L 



'. Hrimdihlw ■ IianwwBaaW in imbIiImi t* 



Ud T. Bimi, KMUirnp Uuban. (htuidaUi*— laptvmBMiW in duIiIbu fer ffil- 

ftbdud pjdudjiji LuinEiia ud cuor ■ccMilttB •ubauui.T* 
UV. A. fnaa. TnUlfu^um— iBBRinoeBli Id Uio cmuruKka <t M» uwl hT 

UOin ud oUuHi *■ jiu ial in dotb ud Mbir Bi>Mn*i« tO>Ki»>>id«o>l>'a tna 

Wkolte and WiilfllH. Bsrlin, ud J. llfncUniuiD. rnf u*l 
ttU. U. J. L. IclDa. RaMDaia»UniB— iDpnnvd DaOLwrT br cnltUig enb, 

VmHL ud oUvT 'I^^M MtW'lai tOmBUiowda) 
KUl'W. K. Ktaion. CIiuoii^1m»- lm|iniwd praoMNi to onuDuioIIni aioWlUu 

m^ai^^aA to t>aliidt« nrfMn lu luucUo oi La wnrf flit ylnUagtw n — . 

^CMamuteUHi ftnm C Kt(R^ Fuitj 

lin. P. L U. tiuiriifll, X*wOilMiUUH(,ud H. KltDttr, OnT»wmae. Qnhui 
— iBpivHuiuuuibtHMdbMaNaf OnudMMipni' taOa, tUm, mMOm, 
b4 niitaai TUMiiL ram* (ill Aiiliu^ ud iltitUw anuta. tCaanaaloMka fern 
C Sulag, ItaHiU. UKhUiibuiti 

tiu. A. MniU. Priaaa alatil laproTaniMla is >ba ouiniOtoa of Ub ImaM ud 
itbHiiiaM Of »imI» 

UW. & a tHaftne. Gulota^ Piui^a— [apranmiou In iba lUOiilUlat* of |ilsDrUa 
in iidiwti lir imiirTliii unii 

I>4«. A. t. lUMd,&ii)a4U«at,noala»T~<liiipraiatuiiUlBdllarbic*al«rud ottiar 

I«4I. U. A. Laoml. Hoitb'ilnM. PVnilnirr— A cm ttillaafilli; nnnpoalliiici 
IMI. T. tl<i|, Clutod'a-Uia— tnpfvmimiit la tkn oala <A waUm itaai antUiv 
MO. W. M'Cnu. CJluliintli— ualininiiwau In Uia {(odoetkin nF phtiUij^jiUe |ilD- 

IVU. E. T IhlllmiM ud W. J. DaniliHi, UauhaNsr— Itoproiuniaiili la Ucui 

Mm 

UU. r, flrphln, and C Ljuifc BlnulnchuD— lupnnoutuu in uliln ud iHlut lAmfa 
144a. O. I>ft*l^ :wr]B4lrv«i |jDa>tnVlni»^lDE|in>vAl saukod A«ani'iiiijtlaB j>if emof . 

.JVniniitilnllrt ton W. a UUnt. nuttWiK S— Yotk. L'uMd BUIaaj 
I to, O. CMte. Muiluatcr— InipcnniwDU U mtuflH 
IMI. T. H i M TO, Umpool— An mMTUUnl to aMcnalolJit Uw IniB 01 kUuI udl'tiT 

«daJI>l(TI>'hgdlH 
1*19, W. Bovaa, Baltaat— tnpntmaata la Mautdu ud totUlac flu ud Mtitr 

■tniinf nfitadib Uvb, uhI 1b ■MKAlMti CBpliirnd utnUi 
IIM. W. BcrauB, BallM* - laipiPHimta b Maan btaJsn ud Ainus Snca 
UU. a V. Wnidmfit, Uiwyoal lapwwuimn ifpUoabla in apilua ud iilhar 

tti imntiaji iltMoimuloUiia' 

PaMAdri. 
KAI J UrtPtl. fciu>w^>». MaaaHlw. ud W. WaH^ Alawadit^ P»>t»tMB. 

— LuipwMiala— 'a"p>lto«pitfal«rlt«<iBdi%B»a>C)«aa*«l«toltcr 

•irfuaa to lalatlai «Ilat ud Mttw aMi*n*b 
MHl a. a. Oid^ ■anMt Vaad LadM uv Ooatod— larnNButi U tbt mat- 

■HI «( Umn BMWtdai conUnalliWi K nlfbw vUfe aaaigala 



1111. E. Battt ■nU-ifrM, nubuT— lBI«vrad cilndar lahWind 

UW. U. 0. flSwaUd W. doolwn, Jul. Wuimn^ VilM fca f [■ (WWJ aM 

to nllnr lUHice Tua ud to Mitt pnrpmtt 
IH1. VT. T. HudcT. Vnm TIjm i— ■<, ud R, O, Buinct. nrm Farddnal, 

muarln*— ttmtmoiiBialiittBMaalMUiaat t^tltir tab** v kas alaa* 
UM. T. Kord^ T. Kuaoow, and J. lorL Bacbda)*— laipnnriBUU M inan JHa<T 

todla wider oniM clmiMIBm*, aUb aa ndwnla or cUcr latotaataa 1Mb Bhar 

to the niituo of iht uiUi, or Ann «a •Mry of u adUc* U aiMtaa, aad ia ■■- 

dUaaiT or ag>t*i«ta> to ba aatd flir nrb i«irxiswt 

fiiaud .fury 4. 
UU. M. HniiT, F1*«-«n*t— lainvRBinU w DudUnan ct inmu to cnlikf 



itadlf (ta^ 



_. r^M^MdiaM 

lllu ;i1tim 

Iltl. T. BonlH, FndltiiKi. lanoufalrt— loinnnaaM Id appanWi to i 

the valor naiililui (nus ihg cnodaulBa oT ttwra otad la apruam ki 
im. P.O.QlUi, AptfLinl, Sui — lupnmmnti In Um — "-fc— - 

aold 

OM>d Aifi. 

Hit, J, AUhb. Italuagn Fora^ baai— ImpniiioiMita In pnpailat t^rtaUa Mb- 

alanfH to ttadUut *aliulh and Id anifaUa to ilwi jcupota 
HIT. W. A-niuGu^BinBlatliaB— ia>*«IiB|K«ndM«i»dud«oBBpgMMU 

tiauiad umbttlinlalfttciiin, |u<tr,and o^Ul^Ildtla•lv•■Balarial^aad totafaUai, 

■lilnbof auaitagstktirtaiand Mbcrankta uaUA tk« aao* U « Biff b« a|fO. 

osI4t 
IBM, J. Flalv ABdluin, Obslilm— lopnnaiBaola b |sn lo^ 
■)«1. J. Kpalghl, Dndni^Impremiiulaln irool (aoblnt aad to mitblnB tin— a» 

" CbUlart ouunc (DaalibB^' 
ita. t. B.a. Bd«d,rari*-lBi|iraraiaaBtebmuiito»ilt(aMkaDnn*tnM«lli 

to photographic and oUiar [iiii iiihu 
iml. J. L JnllLan, yogra Onj. K«U-Jne OMttoiiLnl ud dwoLiial aafWMIr^ <t 

HOIda Ouu Aoldt ■> 

im;. R. a. hrnHDu. yioK->lr<*(~T)io muubniiin Viot dttubr tnnu of ■ ttlit 

•oiulilf fill paEUowa ud oUivr unucuia, ouuba. ud Mlior atudaa id ti n imn. 

LOauniuuiualliiii fiuui U. LmjaiUlIani 
Hfv. W. Bnnp*. Nnt)iU-aun4^1uipniToiuaDUiBnB|iiEi(aadBa*{iti 
t|[il. U, Unn. riHt-BlnM— [mpnniHiita b nllnrt and «^Bna uai 

Id loa-linit ud dlKhaitlul toala, alout, ballaM, aanh, and othir mnMlblh 



ouukiUluii trva B. A. 8uiiIUil and O. vi|;gi*ul 

un. ).T, niiuD. Onsfllmrah Mmi- A nmluliuL tCWaonnlsaUaM 
laM. T. V. Hantar. BmnlST, Idlddlaaa— Inumauuoia In Uw pwparulta 
toLora of <«ftaiii bonran tf l^mra uT w anlan and dinnftar (d ' 



(0» 



miHW, ud btlwiHMuitfaMauucilio 
ini. J. Olliba. Ablo|idaa-aUu(— Impc 



iz^M 



au IB Minounii (old nd tf nt to« 



IfaUr maUtnu. and torn oOtr iiiliMiim nd iMiHiMi vllh •U(b Itof an i 

hinnL ntiid, nr aianlatal 
■ US. S. T. llrUhuiian ami W. J. DondDf, Mmi J ii^ii l li um ii w wli U ^|llli» 

pra^aa 
IVAl, L A tblm, linvk^VH*, fcfta— lat iunini li b |alt*BlAg ■lUb. oad ta 

Ibc apcanlu cmploHd tbib 
IK>I. B. Uure, UnnHh, UUdtoai-'tsiptofnQUla ap|<lDal*i N aan^lie aiaak 

ud Uka nrape^lu clian«f 

IMI-IJulfi. 

KM. C f,Hann and IJ. OmlWgi. Mm r li m ta r l apm t ptala lalbandn («M«t 

kmilBOiltv and aaltnr ■iirHi'.a 
11)01. J, D. lltcKMnl, lluibaaUr— ImisnTnooDU U nicbimuy v iifainMB to 

crUnilut prtsUu 
IXM, J, Alu^aatfl, MIDmll— Ivvrarmoiila In appanliH and idi^ to Anl^ Alf> 

and riili oai at. ud IMo. (hr mtn 
ISll. C Lualc. Koyal Bimi (hivda— InpFomnanl Id oraddntomlra am a 
1*IJ. V. Matt, h(l>— InpnnomiUlii'nHbibiaWpa.nlaB.aBdOthn 
IklA, W. JolitiaOD, l.lDivruViun-llald*^lni[in>roDiauu b oapotaaa. 

from — Uulrtirad. HallTu. <(on SfMI^ 

{•and JWr 14. 

IlilT. C di ll.«ririii., Dmrcaia-hUI— liBpivTnto'uta m lb* uanabdan ^ 

[[!( aioduuuuii uul oiHdIiui punaw* 
t'lli, I. L- FulvnTiuubir, Pull— Inprnrnnuila lu plpia aud what to i 
int. Kir r C. KooalMk UnU UiII, llatka-laipnnaniata b Ito Duu 

livo 
l»J. J. OUl. Htwxjit. Piifbniiln— Ifnivonnitnia In napliif naiAlBn 
ins. J. UoHk Uallaa, ud K. Ball ud O. EFbikuk, tuHu, )C«cMUi«— ta((*TC( 

inf W, WoodDu, Parti— Inpmaaonia to riUmd vbaali. (OaMiaWal lu turn 

J. W. AUb, Nh VmU 
IStt. X. llonHh;, jiin.. fpMfTM, but QmniKui, UnnilDilur*— btpronaula b 

aiipanma tai hiunuiIUuii, niuirtiii ibn hnik frou, aud daaaaUa into 

tliaUd Al> II. 

IMt. K. I'rlturd, IVla— IrapRmoooiib irtatbt uiUMuaa.antalltotufcM'ottir 

uolalUForM 
lull. I>. B. Kna, Set Titk. tolled Suua-bDpnmDan In mrr-^asa* to ■»• 

boUrra 
IMl. r. Bnni, raib— A BH*t>nMai* to flldlai and ptoUoc I 

ud ftll oiliai laiiUk tod flbnai nattKi 
I W, A. A. X. Mpbhar-Fn-Hamoo. Faria— iDiprwamanla b i 

AMod Jtfv 11. 
1941. B. 8UrT. Unrpijul— luptonimoBU tohlBMi, !i.'oniiBSnlca>)u1 
VtU. H. WilUuia and T. WOUaDh BaltWn. Oxsnli— [U|«taiBuB b Ibt toN 

ami anucameDI of Iho dlttlng |i>ar at thmtilDf oiacfabia, ud b Ito toB atri 

modi of anMu Uw atuv abntan u audi mid naabkaoa 
luu. 3. II. ffUbUad Kuial Qhx^ Milk Haddlnwttt. YottoUiu IMIW**— 

la Bllllu andlaia olDiba 
li>t'. W. E. XavtoD, CbanraiT-laBr— Lapnxomrab b (ht Bianlhctv* 

atplaunani. lOoBBUlsailulranJ. IL Dtbaf. IMal 
tM). W. K NavKin, ChuiMT-luo— Ad luiirOTad uvde of pttnnlttt I 

btla*»teUan. ^OgBBOBteikBl 

na>rf.ri>b II. 
IMI n. rnr. VanltWorb.lt«wpM,bb($WbW— InpraMBuBboaadAak 
IMI r. c CBl<«n, UuUihm, and C. r 
Faflamof <ba 



. tan, lldiilu— IvpnnaBirala b tto I 



FATEST ArruK[> nm wna cwmujtti: »PECiric«no]r. 

ITM. J. Boumr. BlllUu^iim — laipro'tJ »wui tnttu fa Im Ipwlat ibtflao 
JontM 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCmTECrs JOURNAL. 



r? 



SARL AND SONS' PREMISES, COBNHUX. 

(WUM nn Engraviitf, I*hlt XXIV.) 

TkmM iwv builiiintfi, of VmctUn chamrter, overlook the 
I ^ehaoni aad form a oounfiicunus faktun- in the view from 
be Butk of Eng^il. The dibid fn>iil, 40 feet iu width, riaM 
' 90 feet tnm thm p»v«m«iL Fbp«'»-li«)id-id1>py, T f«et 6 iachm 
wida, kod Mt feet high, hM been netorod, >n.l proriilni mi Ktendo 
to tlie baildinn on each nde. Tlie gnuiid ittr.n-, -ii feet froin 
til* floor lino of ahop^ baa loalo pUaateis of polialio] red gntill«, 
Portlatultleiw mfm, ami erej malte baaea, with btmiM aeeba^ 
tbe apudiU ovtr btdng nriMa of wklla nwiUa, ri«litr oarrad. 
Ilia entnaea lobby, rcecaa ij 6 tttt, with an oruanMiilal dock 
owr tlie docm, ia paved with mlaid Boarble. The wbde of the 
boat above the ebiip level U carried on a wrou)ibt-iraa tubnl&r 
girder (tm dcaerilwd lii the Jeumat, ante p. 806), the fH«xe of the 
ealaUaltin over the ahop being eupported hy & wrouctit'iroii 
■fn^ftaee, iimidc o(f which ivvilvinK *hutt«ra are &M. The 
vpv itoriea an baill of Bath etniic, jioliehed nd granite 
■p^"""' anpporting the eatabklurca of the fint and aeoond 
ator;; poUaDM gtwtite bciu); ilIim> incroduonl in the panda of 
IMitlaaraln U> prindpal pIlMtara. The apandrtla of tke wJndowa of 
Uie aaoond altiiy an Uled in willi emsleinatio flgima of PoatiTt 
Hnak^ Paiutinc, Soulptnre, Architecture, und Uctiiiw; a frien 
of BMka and foEugb t«TBiiiul«l at au^h cdA bynuuairti feeluaiu^ 
balooniaa with eariMlniaM*, Mid uioh«^«(uio£ Die upporetoriee, 
the wlicla befau aimnoimtad bv a Biaa«T« oouaole eomlM 6 Cnt 

A aUght deacnption of the interior of this bnildiiiit mnv not be 
aBlBtefeatitig to onr rtadera. The jilan is n tvewoKlc, W feet in 
front aad 38 feel deep. The ahop floor, 3d feel high, vitli k>11bi7 
on tkiM aida^ ha« a doable order (Dorle and Omupoaite) of 
rplumn* and pUMtera, with nreheil rvoeawa (or pUla ^aae and 
ciMnT eabiaeta. The ceiling of the ahop b deepij coAirad and 
Muidwd wiUi coupled fignraa. The bondaomelv <]a«>nted fltair- 
caae, in a receaa at the book uf the eliop, leada l« the j^Itrry and 
■faow-rooiu^ &o.^lih Ml olBoe attached. The ahow-nwai u de- 
(onted in the Eliubethao eOrla, mib ebonr cabiuela, &o. Tho 
oontiniua to the ahow-room and offieo on thq ercond 
The nunaining portioa of the buildiiij;, coDnititie of a 
J partaera'-rooin, varioua oflioc^ kitcjicn, and dormi- 
,'v<™>™*'*i*'*I^Jf ^ ^ eepanie fireproof ■Uiircasc with the 
inrte anUaiMia Id ]np«»-)uad-aUe;. 




THE WELUNOTON MONUBJENT. 

Tax following ia the reportof tlie jodgea appointed loaxamina 
tlia modcU mbinitMd in ompeiitlon for « DMiiuueiit to the lata 
Duke of Wnlliiigtoa : — 

" Wo have thua endeavoured to adjadge the priut we have 
bean instnieteil to dlatfibule (in the aoale of which we hare not 
thot^i outaelvaa at Uhenv to moke mj chuive), In the order 
wbidi uipaaml In na to be that of the nlative ilesree o{ nerll In 
llw DXWMi^ aneb isodeU fitlling within tlia preecnbad condiUona 
aa to tho flDa«e to b« oceupied, lud the ouet to be tnenrred. 

" la ao doing we have not oouaiderad ontaatna bound to Inke 
into exdnafve conaldentJoii the nacalUr fltnfea and adaptation to 
that opot in St. Paul'i Oitfaodnd which appeauv to be la oonlaiB- 
plMiad for the erection of the propoan] nonnmant, whieb ooo- 
DiUtation oiiglitpoasibljhave led to aoioe difliirenoe in thcMloo* 
tion. 

*■ We eaiinot, at the aaaa thn«<. (Iirbcor anggottng that, before 
an/ deeign i* (inally adoftad by the tkiveminent, It would be 
daaimble^ oonaldering the pecnliarity of the eiination oonlem- 
pUled, aad that it ewmtially diffFrv from that of all the othor 
mouuaeata now exialing Iu the UillieiJnd, the opinion of tome 
•xMrlaaoid ariieta ehoitld tw called for, who would be lMtl«r 
JudgH of th* local effect than we cnnaidor onreelvea to be; mora 
anuria II J aa Mr. Cbekerall, the only oue of the appninled indgiw 
MvfeHiMiallT coBDeeted with the aria, though we have derived 
iron him voliMblo aMlatnace and lufomMtioii iu the progreaa of 
Um auuninatinn, ho* declined on Uiat account taking a part in 
. (be nltiniate dcciaion. 

" We uuiy Im! pmuiUed to add that it is with much rtgrotlbat 
I wa hare found ounMlvo* precluded from admilling into ^e emn- 
. patltlou aotiie of the nodela, fhmi the elr«niaacauce of their havbg 
I noMded thi< limita m to apncay diatlnetly laid duwu in the piv- 
I aenbed coodi lions." 

^^to. SU^Vd. xs.-S0TKnBi. 1U7. 



THE SUBMERGENCE OF THE ATLANTIC TELE- 
GRAPH CABLR. 

Bj noMaanHAK Cox, M.A., Harriater-at-Iaw. 

Tub reoent occidunt to the Atlantic tdegniiifa cable, bj which 
It waa brokea in the oouree of lu deaeeot, lioa been attributed by 
eume peraona to the thinnea^ aad mnaeqnnnt w«akiMai, of thft 
cable. It ia pattlj the object of this paper to aboer from 
ineehaDlMl oooddantiona that thi* amnion u incomct, if the 
eaoat of tha aoddeat wnr that which it i« genemlljr nDdanrtoud 
to ban baeiL He win in the couree of ita deaoent ia atated to 
have acquired a velocity which olortned tlie peraon auperlntead- 
ing the p joeeee of Payiui! It out; nnd hi.', li^ diuuking the appa- 
rntue unduly, retaraed the doacout, thnrctir imliicing in the cnue 
A atnun whicli ita atrongth wa* nnable to bcur. 

It ia not however correct to aaaiune thnt bod the cable been 
tUaker it would liat-v been belter able to bear tlie atnun juet 
nMnttcoed; hr thoujili th« tensile etreugth of the cable would 
JDcreaao, all thinp dae bain^ aimilar, proportionally to ita ww- 
ticnal uw, the mate and weight of a givun Ieu)[th of it would 
iaoreaao iu the tike proportion. Tbe etxnin of retanlalion ao 
dependa on theae iiuontitiee, that ao golu uf taaaile ttreagth 
would uiae from euchan iocreaae of the thickoeMoftlie rabli. 

PnvloUBly to the InriMl^Mioa of the airaio due to a givrn 
Tetardatlon of tbe deacoidiag wire, it will be iuatmctivo ami 
inl«reating to oonaidcr tha natnr* u{ tliu doionit of the wire if 
mX retaided. With a little ears the prublem ma^ bo eoli-eil with 
•oareely any aid of maiheinatical ayiubola; and it la certainty a 
{iroblani of rraiarknble InterMt, not only on aeeoant of ita piao- 
tical applieadon to ao mud an «nt«rpriM a* the AtUatic tola- 
graph, bat alao oonndered nm«ly a< ao abalnot luechanloJ 
iDvwtJgalion. SiHne of the raulta of the inv«atlgatiou art^ aa 
will be eeen, very ourioua 

Tha problem wUoli la the jCreif place will be bore dieciiouil in 
tAla— To dotennuie the grtaleat vdoeity acquired by a uiiilbrnt 
perfectly flcxtbU and smootJi ohain, of which by for the grtatw 
part rcats on a borizoiitjil plane, and a email |mrt d«aoend« im 
mcio, under tbe action of gravity, rertimlly frnm a fuiint In tliat 
horitonial plane, and la dopoaitod on aoothiT horiximtal pliine. 
Of oouru In the problem thus atated acvunil auppuiiljoua ixxwr 
wlilch wilt liave to be corrected in applying it* rosulU pntc- 
tically. 

The part of the ttble wliloli Es not deeo-ndln^ will have aome 
motion 

UUULillt'J 

But it i» obvioua that only a email par 
be tliuN aScclod. When tbe chain urat Iwgiua to run out, before 
any part of it rawhee the bottom tilauft, lbi> moti'>« of deaoent 
will be a oantiunally acoderawd coe; but after iho chain lai 
begun to be depo«il«d, thera will arrive a time when the motion 
bevoiuea timutg, that ia, when tbe dioiu will have acquired n 
Itmlnal imtArm niAmtjr of descent. 

The canea of tkia tenniaal rvlocity mHv be eipUinetl a* followa 
Oonaider ftiM tha dmpttr caw) iu which the dcMendiag portion 
of the obaia, lualead of boiug coanoctoJ wiib a much lat^Rer por- 
tion aeitef em Ibp doper pinuf. ia couuti:te<i will) a portion not 
tbu coDipuatirely laiae luid tlntighl ou the ii|i)«r ploue. Th« 
moving chain then oooaiala of two paria at rij;bt nagleii Id eadi 
other, and liaring at every point the oamc velocity. Call tlie Itti- 
aion al any jioiut in ibe deaocoding maia, (. Now eo long a* the 
chain la deeoeudlng with acoelemtM station, f nauei be mm than 
tha weight of chain below Iha point whare ( acU; for it la tlie 
difference betereeu tliia woiglit actiuji dowiiwanla and t acting 
npwarda which prodncea tha Booelemtioii; the forw nt ilia low««t 



rbe part of the oable whloU u not deeo-nillnK win bave aome 
lion; the ixiile neanat th* deaoonding |>art brioj; ancoNdtvly 
jLillrJ and apprunchine the point at which deacent coRuufticm. 
t it in obvioua that only a email part of the coiled efaain will 



fioiat of the daaoending iomb bmug nothing. But ou tbe ollwr 
land, th« tMwiou I can never exceed (though ii may «|sal) 
iif weight bdow it, na nuiv be eeen u follow*. If it Jtd, the 
upward force would predomioaui, at)<l produce TtlarAUitn of the 
nuuM below L On Ihe other hand, the moving nun above / 
would be mxArattd br t acting downwnnb, aud by the wei^i 
of |<art uf it; the atmight part on the nptwr hoflioiibU plane 
moHiig without reaiatanoe. ConaMDOotly tliorc would be aooele- 
ration in the )i«rt of the ohala below t, and rvtanUtion iu llie 
net; which could not happen if tlie chain were inuxlruaible. 
Conaeqoeatly t can never exoeod the weiglit below it 

Tlie aame eoncluaioD appUea wherv a Urgu niaaa of chiun ia 
ootl«>l on the uppar jjann: for aa we enid, but a v«iv unall part 
of thia hiia any motion, and thewfi-ra any tendon. Whaw **» 




ITS 



THE CnriL ENGINEEtt AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



teiMian thus cwum, th« ehian tot the purpo»e of onr ftrgniucDt 
Bnigbl b« cMuidnvd to bo (wvorMl. llieD, u in th« prMtdiitg 
[flMet all the nwritig iukm «bore ( !■ •ocslsniUd W f nctii^ 
Fdomiwarila, utd by iha oetioa of ffrmrity on |iiu-t of it, ttoA ii 
l«et«d on bjr no ntitnling force. Cotuequoiitly, u before, there 
Iwoiild ba rvtnrJHtion in om jialt of Uio uhniu and lu^oelcntioll in 
Faiiolbn-, if f cioeedod th« WMght Mow it,— an izupOHiUa result 

If the rliiJii be tuexletuiblo. 
W« arrive Uicd ni the ooudoiioD, that tha touion at onj' point 

of UiD dcsModlng eh&iu bcootoes nftrr a tima eqaol to the wciifbt 
rketow that point; and after tbal linifl ili« motion in ooifurui. 
rieokttw (OrCh part of tho chain Ja oi^Utl ou bj two equal auii 
[Oppoalto foroa— ita fimvity aoil tciuion. 

11m tcraiinal ouifonii Tclocilj in qneatinn taay now bn deter- 

miiud. Tk« prladple of CanMn-aLioti of VU Vivn u applied to 

the pnMmt com abowa that tli« lotnl vu viva gained lij tha 
Lnioruig DuiM in an; tamo h equal to twice the wvrk doiu hy 
[graritjr iu the kudo time. Now conaid«r tho motion of oU tho 
tSAM morlng at auy time, eicopt a iiuiill portion (n; 1 foot) at 
llbo lower end of thd inoving chaiu. The orfeot of tbi< I fool may 
fbe DCKlocttd u iBoonaldfu^ule. When all tUo nioa* iu iiuraUou 
rbM deMcnded 1 foot, it ia clear that Ui» " work duue" [a «qaal to 
Fflie weight of the dtitoendiuj chain multiplied by 1 foot; or iff he 
nba larw ofgrnvft^, m^ the wciuht of 1 foot of chnln. atxl h tho 
flangth of th* vertiool ohab in feet, moA ii the weight in ques- 
|tioii. and mgh it alao the work done, tliir dnornt briuf; tliroush 
ll foot If WL-mippoM the coiled cbalo aliHoluielv ui rMl, iLe 
lal&Ctof lhl« work hM been to giro 1 fiiotnt Oie lop ( which wtu 
F Wore at re«t) Uie tome velodt; oi the rat of tlio chain. CaII 

that vnhiciiy i'. Tlii'ti by the principle of the Cuneurration of 

Via Vivo, counting the vt« viiia golnea to twioe the work done. 



mp* .= imgk 



... (1) 



^ = 3,* (S) 

That is, Ih* lirminiil velocity u equal to that of a tody daetndlag 
fr*ei3 to Iht Miut depth tu the etmin dtnaidi. 

Thia nMuli Ih aomewhat analoj^Qiui to Torrtpolli's oelcbiuted 

lifav of efflux of duida through kiuuII oriiia!>^ tlin iiuantil; of 

I bnolug fluid bfing auppoaed noall comjiaird vilh tbal in tlie 

nacrvoir. The formula ohtaised ia th« imuic. and a very nmilir 

proceaa ia applicable for obtaining It, aa may be neon by referring 

to the nuniDer of thw Jottnud for DereraVr IbAS, y. 398. 

A correction of the preceding roanlt muRt lie mailo on m^cdudc 

of (he buoyanojr of the fluid m which the cable daiceiids and 

«bo fbr th« friaion of the fluid with the snrhet of tho cable; the 

^ lntl«r iaprobobljr amall as ooiQ|iM-ed with the weight of the 

onbte. The eSeot of ttie bnoyan^ ia, by l)i« w^ll-knowu hydro- 

1 m«Uc law, to diniiniah the weight of the cable br a quontil/ 

I «inal to the w«ght of fluid diaphMwd. Hence, if m'a bo tho 

t^reightofamliuan of fluid ditplooed by a fool of the chain ({.(l if 

ttibo relative epecilic L-mviiiPii he a> n':m), the bociTancr of a 

length of chain A will be nigh, and fnr the equation marked (1) 

mnat be mibatltulcd 



B}r the fomitla {i), tokiag ^=32, v=S\fk, or ^e vetooitiea 
per BMood oorreepuijiliug to vaxtona diatunote of deaeent, aru 
■• fellowa : — 



DepUi Id r«l. 

4un 

WO ... 
1.000 
%SWi ... 

a,soo 

A,IM)0 ... 

AIM 

8,100 ... 
to. 000 
12.100 ... 



VflacJIf tn IM pn •Koid. 

ItfO 

... MO 

SM 

... 400 

... 180 

«eo 

fiiO 

n» 

BOO 
8M 



7V> allow, however, for the effect* of buorancy, we matt ivduoo 
theae v«looitlet acuoidinz to formula {3\ by luultiplyiug by Uie 
fVocUon on the aeeond aide uf that eqiiatlou. The ejieoific gravity 
of the whole cable doea not am^em lu have boon publiahod. U 
DoofllMed of on inner "oore" of copper wire eurronnded by gutta- 
pemba obiI tarred berap^ and thia again by apinJ atnuide M iron 
vlraL Even IfweouMnea thegutu-porcha and hemp uo heavlur 
than water, tlie apeale jsnvjty of the whole cable ia at leoat «« 
great aa (hat of the wirtv or about eight times that of water. 



From tbla It wotild n<anlt, that th« velodUaa tn Una abon vUa 
oucht to be redaced by not ao moch a> 10 per ceaL 

The above inrcvtigntion of the teouon of tbe cable ratnaloi 
tme, whether ttie catile deecend at ite lanwaal or an* Um vale- 
dly, ptuvided that the velocity be luiifono. Tbe tontfoB ia ihia 
the •nme aa if tha caUo wef« aa^ieodad at real. 

If tho catJo deeoead from a ahip which u moring, the daaeeod- 
ing part will move through the water, and, owing to Ita realaw 
aaea, will not deaceud teniaallv. Tlic d«f1<x-tion of U» cahia 
from the vartlcal may be cauaed alao by oimnte oi the waiet 
itself. Tha deflecting forow due to tbe nUUvo motion of the 
coble and water wiQ act Iwriacmtallv. If crwy |M(t of tbe 
cable were to move nnifbrwly in boUi tho fconsoatai aad 
lortical direcUous, tlie teotton would be tlie aame aa it wonU 
bo if the cable were at rraL Thea«(brai by staticKl priMapta^ 
oqnniin^ the vertical forces acting ou tlw deaeeoduig aUt, 
the rertiool oompoonnt of the teunion at its mmmit la aqoal le 
iu total weiaht. Tbe euiount uf that wririit cannot ba aanw 
buned FxactTy, as wo mnuut necertaii) tbe form of Um oatai^ 
whicli it aiMumea. But wliat«ver tbe tana be, if tbe ctiida more 
anfonut])-, its leiMion may ba oatitnaled iotbewv^jual montioeieJ; 
■o that if « bw the aagla at whioh tbe obain m indiiMvl to the 
waUtr at its boriaanlal ani&oc^ and ( tbe tolal tteiaioo ibm^ 
( aiu f ii tlie horisontd eomponaot wbieb U equal to llw wai^ 
of ill" Jtwoendiug cbaiB; alao msk ia Imb tliao tbst weight m tha 
th<^ diain ia nut verttcal. We bai-c tberefere I gPMder !!■■ 
"igh -i- aia ♦- 

We may now ooneider the tension iuduocO by retardiiw tbt 
motion of the ebain when it ia moving umfiruiiy and eartically, 
with any felooily e. Supiioae th!» r«iar<intii>ii to he nnifona^ 
ajid the tension while it tsKcs place to bo s aiiMOant T. near (be 
top of tbe descending cbain. TiMn tbe total force acang ob tbt 

ch»n is T gtt, and if this act tor 1 aacoiuls it wQl p«. 

dnoe a rotard&Uon 



(t--^,.),. 



or if T be the vi^lodty at tlie end of ( aeoonda, 



Thcrvfon), T = 



M — m' 



gk + mA 



V-o 



In this formula Uie quantity mA ^ = tmgh ~J^ i«p» 

aents the ortn atrsin due to a given Ktanlation. We may oam- 
pulG from this formula tho extra strain which tbe cboin will be 
aubji-ot l.> in order to reduce its vclod:y any number of lent p« 
sMiuDil, V— V bMDg the amount of that rwloctlcti. SappcaiM ii, 
for instance, to be 3:1 feet per wcond: then the extis Misla wUA 
the chain will have to bear will b« mgk, which i* tba weigb^ ^ 
tbe ehoin itselll Su again, to reduce the vetodty by 16 Ciet pr 
aeooad, the eitn etnun wilJ be | the weight of the cfaiJn, aad 
simllnrly for any otlier Iractioo or any multiple of 33. 

It followfl, that If Me cWm 6e moving tnM uniftrm rtlacitg. At 
tention ii the weight of' Ike tutpmded thttio in itater, tutd Hal ifte 
TviHT'liiig thf iipimralud the vnltieiig tie rerfucerf btfiinii m iMipIt w 
/raetnm afii Jeet per emmd, the etrain itill bt inrrnuW ty Oe Ms 
multijite ar /raetioii of the tutprnd*it weigki. 

It ia iniportnul to notice tlie n|ipllca[ion of the foriwaiDz eav- 
elusions wiib rcBpcot to an apfiorauis called tlie " Indicalw,* 
which ia Miid to have been aonitroctod to iadkmte tbe suA 
sustained by thecableatany time in its descent. IslbeaecaMl 
of the Atlantic Tclegni))h In tlie TiiiM*. dated Valentis, AtWHtlL 
it is aUtud tlutl^ 

" The cubic possua round aaorioa uf rfiearra groane d torttehs 
and «iiibrfuie nearly half ite oirouiufeRace. The pnaaiut ia thai 
thoroHKhly diatribuled and tha oinmlor fonn ia praserrvd. Jdue- 
over, tlie slioBves being fitted ou their asleaeutaide tha bostiagb 
tbe cable cnn bo releoMd from tho paying-out ma«bii>ery at «(■ 
when requited, nud tlio iadicntiug anpaiatns wbicli forma a (M^ 
Uon of tlie nppliuucm used fur the Atliuilio Hl>g|ajih ufrmla ihi 
gnat improvement of enabling tlie engineer to MS ei lain atav 
moment, with accunuiy. the utroin which tbe caMa is «bdii>i^ 

In the mgiticora niport to iIiit Direotora upun Iha aeeidafc 
after staliiii; Imw the velodty of the cable innrrainl iit dMp 
wxier, he says:— 



^L " The nUidinft form wu Uianbra increuad at 9 o'dock to <ui 
^nnovBt ecinirklent to 30 cwt^ and Umo Hfpiia, in oonMriorcKie of 
^^Wa apcsdeontinuiiiK to bo more than it wooklhkra b«co prudeDl 
to permit, lo 35 owt." 

£■ it to be iur<-rr>H] from lh«M »iid Rintilar atAtements th&t thtt 

en^iiMr aHntined thnt, becAnM n rauinlini; foroc of gimn ftRinuiit 

waa kpfiliad to thneahle, tint wiui the Malamounl of Itn tcmioat 

Ifnn, a terioiu ininUkn wu comniittctl, and uae proboUr quit* 

■ufficirot, if aclttl oil, U) uA'Ouiil f'.T l)l•^ ruptUK Of the ttl>I& It 

^^te nut hflof MMrU^I tbnt tbn «rror wm ooDiBnittail, for there doM 

^B<>t appeoLT to b* anr diatiniTt nMimnt of tlia aabjaet; but cartaielj 

^^■ka matter ii diucrvitis of ouvful inquiry. 

^H^Tlie taaaion of the eiiajn miut (vitfa the approximntioaa fndi- 

^nkliMh foUov t}i« laws e«Ubliabi!il Id. the abure iuvuati^tlotii^ 

^rih«tMr a ntanllng fnror bi) itppliod or not. If the velodty be 

Mt ofilfovsi, thp tfiuion (IcpiindD (a> hai bonn ahnvn) on th« 

liuntion of vclrmity in agivea tiiiM. Ifthe VElociU bcnuifnrm, 

teomonmuitbenjiultolbeWghtauBpFiiilui, — for Uie niiuple 

in alread/ girua, ibat if a bodf lUure uiiifunuly in acj 

loo, tii» forcM r««olr«d in that dlivoUoa must be «qual and 

ta. 

naaanrc the tcnuiona or other internal forena of a ajatam 

motion by meaiu of jCieif iudioaton would bauitrrlv fidlacioiM: 

Where two {mrta of lli* aania KjMm laoM nnlformlj together, 

"icalijr laigfat be niuvl between th«m to ahow th«ir miitnal 

m or tennton. Thna a dvRnmometcr placed between the 

and finit carriage of a railway train moving anifitrmlu will 

lOW the total re^atsnce to whiob the oarriaKea an aubject. 

_ iu, the teuton of a ropa (i>wbK a bai^ niigbc be ibowo by 

a Hpriog iBterpoMd betWMn the ropo aod the barsp, becwue tha 

whole antam movaa togatlMr nnifonal;. Bat if the inditutor b« 

ibed at points which approach or rvocdc from each other, il 

•how the ntiioant of atraiu to wbidi th«y arp subject It 

thci«f<u« iuaottMa*»ble how, in the cu« of the Atlastio 

'ttbia, au Indicator atUcbed to the ahip, and alao to apparatua 

raUtivaljr to It, eoold of itadf riiow tiin atnuti of the 

A rerr aimple coae may b« takea to ahow the error of aach a 

node of measuriDg teneloiia. Sappoee a hthvj rope, oee part 

of which la roaoy timea ^raatar ttiaa the other, to paaa ovar a 

fixnl axle which ii no Tou)[h that the one port <lc■Cl^nd■ and 

the other ascendi uuifor(uly rprtiiaUly. Can il b« ■u|>pui>tH] 

that the Irictioii nt the iule iiidioiiica the teusiun of the rop«t 

it ia quite dear that there in uo tiinr« r^aaon why the frioniiD 

■ fhonld ii>dicata thu Iniuuoii nf tlm Ajtcondint; mther than that 

I «£ tfca deaerndinK part of Ibe rope. But it ii alio quite clfnr 

I Ilia trictiou aaanot iodloata both temiona, (nr on norouut 

tbe KTMt diapartlT of the weighta they are niauifwlly uii- 

lal. Ta the <suv jiurt mppntata, the tanirion of cHcb part of 

rope is lyfani to thn wrii;ht iiupendod hj it, niid an (i|«- 

cntarv dynnniical invnitiipiltpa would show that the friction 

dependi on the veliKritv. Il the viiue wav, (bu fric'liuu nctiuji 

on th« Ailiuitta cuble in mirtiuu wim not equal to iLc tcD&iuu, 

but drpeihl^l on the velocitv-. 

Tha extirme depth to which <!opprr wire of any unifortn thick- 
Ma oan be )m<rol out without brtakinK mav b« seen in followii : 
1 appears from Moaeley'« ' Kuftiueering.' Table ir, that the aps- 
[cifio mrily of cupper wir« a abi'Ut 6'S Ibat of wal«r, ami the 
raiAt of a cubic foot of copper win> in .'itBi lU. Cunaeqiienily, a 
■tne foot would lose about 63 11m. in water, and ita w«i;^ht in 
W naay be tah«D in Tnutid numbert at SOO Ibo. Thernfore n 
I ■ aquare inch iu sactiuual arttt will weigh bi water 3*47 Iba. 
•fiwlaf lenvtli. Now the tcDocity of copper wir« la 01,!{68 Ibc 

Swar*' incTi; and at IT.flU feet of wire of that anctionnl area 
wniigh that number of pound*, it follow* that a nnifiirm 
. nttkikl copper wire at rrst or in uniform motion oaunot be miii- 
ded Iu a (TCitter depth iu wat«r than about (Area miht mid 
\i»e _ t igU t. Takiuj^ tbe t«iiiLcity of trun wire at 40 Ions per uju&rs 
' , and nvkomiiig fir iw Ickk apeclflc gravity, it n|iprnro that 
I wir« cniinot be ■imiliu'l^ iiipandcd to a nn-ater ilepth than 
laitiiihal/. The eulta-perrba nnd hempen twirt mn- 
I iappoaMl to have lultieil to the stmi^'lb uf llie tvible relik' 
if to ita weight. Tlie <nblo waa lost In a deuth of Sj rollM; 
at U, half the dopth to which iron wira could bn ansp^ndal, 
'and about thnw-fonrlhi the depth to which copper wira could be 
suapendcd. Oonaidcrinj; the eflecta of deflection and aitrrtEnta in 
Um water, and the atraiiu dn« to octagonal retardfttion of Ihe 

Cof th4 cable, thla aeema acarurly a euffideiil eioeaa of 
— 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT*S JOtTRNAL. 



279 



by oonneotdng tbe caUe with bnoyant materiab of te>a qieefic 
cmvity than wntcr, or by fomiing it partly of materiala whicti 
havf Ki^utcr tenacity than copper or icoii nlatirely to their 
aped fia fjravitJeB, 

ThiwreiutirksliavebeenwritlanuiiioapiritofhMtiUisiticiani 
of tha oDuduct of tha groat entar^ao of layins down th# Atlantic 
Talagmpb. On the coatraiy, it m conoaded tbat great iugeouity 
aiid icientific knowledge baT« been exhibited by tlraaa to whom 
the vndrrLLkii]{{ h.u b«eu eutmsted. But It aeamad itoportant 
to ahow the effects of KUrda^n of the dtaoandioc «bl^ and to 
•Mubllah a formula firotn which the t«naton to wfaioii it m likely 
la ba aubjaoted naay be at lc«it approximately detenmDed. 







Erptrimmt*. — T>Drini[ the proi;rcu of the AgnnumaenAbB veaael 
cn.rrj'in^ the cable, to the Duwnit, tbe wechititical up|Mi*iioaa fw 
rei^iilntiu;- Uie dvlivory uf the Able Into the aea wera kept tea^ 
tinually Tu nititlou by tli« amall engine oa board whicb waa 
connect^ witii thcnt; tha diaavaa and gearing worked witli 
fCnat fonility nnd preciaion, aod aoquictty that ataBluirldistaKoa 
fmn them their motion could Kuarcely be hettrd. 

The atreugtb of the girdera which curled th« boarinff of the 
anttra apparstua, and wblefa to the eyv of a peraon ti&Aille<l in 
th« prakjcal working of thia deaeription of miiofainery might 
■rem at iirat to bo linduly ponderous, waa (bund to oontrlbute 
^r«aUy totheenay motiun and SBliafactunr aUadlBeaaof thiaiaoat 
important Hf^ut iu the svioceaa of the uDoertAklng. 

no aonn aa tlie Asamrnanon had paaaod tha track of tha Sub- 
nMrine Compnny'ti cuhlo between Dover ami Calaus in order (0 
aroid the powibility of ita being injumi by tbe layiuj; or liauUng 
up of another line ut right auglen U> it, tbe expertmnnta oam- 
meitred. A IS-iiiub sliell waa attaclied to the and of a spare mil 
of ih« Atlantic cable, for thapurpoaeof ninicioft it i«pidly with a 
atrain upon it to the bottom, and was then tyut into the sea, 
drawing after it a anlBcicnt quantity of alack to enable it to taka 
hold ol the ground and ao set tbe uuchinery in motion. Tha 

fityiag out then oomujencod at th« mt«i of two, threo, and four 
D'llann hour reai^ctivaly. The ahip won then sVippetLand the 
cable waa haulad Up from the bottom uf tliu aea with great 
bdli^, by oonnaoting the amall engine to the driving ptnion 
gearad to the abeavea. When the end waa brouifht up to the 
Huifaoe it was found that the shell hail broken nwny from tha 
loop, by which it had boen £ut««ied for tlie pur|XMie of lower- 
ing it The cable, when rewivered, waa touud to have been 
cleaned aa brij(bi ob the •iiedmeun wliiuh have been ao fr*ely 
diatrihuted among the friends of the antcrprike, and which are 
so generally known. The exterior caatint; of tju- hud been com* 
jdctrly rolilied off by Iwlnjf <Iiuwn through the miudy bottom of 
the wn, and attndiej to the iron cuatJUg uf tha cable were mime 
wwda and aerenil amall L'luha which came up witb It to tbe 
anr&ce. 

On the following day a langth of cable was I'un out and hanlod 
in with parfect aneeean, oppoait* tha lala of Wight, attnclied to 
an anchor. The ipeed waa increaaed iu this tnae U) fin knota, 
I>iiriug th« uftcrnoun of the aame day a length was run out 
having f)iB^ne>l to the end of Jt a log oftiniber, and alWr having 
been tt'wod with a mile and a-balf of cable waa coiled in again 
with *ncceM. 

About halfway between tbe Land's End and tli* eoaac of 
IrehinO, another leiijrtb waa ran out at the nite of als and a-half 
kuola per hour, and anhaoqnantly hauled in. The vf^HMiniuM 
then atiaarad (oe and rtaehod Quoeoatown Harbour. 

Scnte hi^ly auoaaaafiil eatperiuitmta wera alio at the aanie 
time performed with an deolrlinl log iuveuleJ by >fr. Chailee 
Bright tor tbe purpeae of oontlnnnuaTy aacertaiDiog with aoei)- 
nxy the rat» at which thn aliipa ana nailing, and thereby of 
enabling him to give oomuponding directiona aa to the rata of 
ItnyinK tho mblc lo on to prevent the poaoibility of any iiTHiaeaa 
■ary airaiu being jxit upon it. The log la suapend«d In tbe Ma 
froni iliB sbip'a quarter by a line, carrying within it a wtr* inau- 
lat«d by gutta-perchn, whiah ii in eiraneclion with a battary and 
electro magnet cnntaini^ within an indioatiBg inatranent on 
deck. Thiii ia ao armuRrd that at each revoluHon of thn wbed 
below an electrie cuireni is biukeu, and by the defleettoD of a 
magnet which funua pnrt of the ciiciut a atep by atap moTeneiit 
is cQannunJcatad to a ragiator which indicatea the diatance run 
and tlw rate made by the TaaarL 

On AngiMt 1, tha deotriotl expertmeuta through the Atiauiie 
cable were eompletad. Tbe tfgoala passed tliiuugh the SAQI> 
mile* iu the wost •alie&etoiy naannar. 

3»' 



480 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOITRNAI.. 



When th« jtganmmun cuds to moorings In Qiucnatown 
Barboor, at alMut a Uitrd of • milo froa («• JVio^ara, befora 
nooa uae <iid of «Mh cftble wna cftrriod to tha oppoaiw Bhipt ud 
•o joined np m to fonii & eoBtinuouB trsKth of S600 miUa, both 
Lnaa of niA wan on boutl tLe .^jumnn'tM*. One iMd wm 
1 eoonoctsd with th« npipMntus for Imunttting tlio oUebrio 
«nt, ftnd am ft •nntitm ga]vutomtt«r boiug fttudwl to tii« 
tbertudftlie vholo cable irMt«at«d from end to tnd, ud foond 
aboparKok 

Tb* MMBgMnants for kttMltiog tb« rMording lutnownta to 
Lindiiulo aigul* ynn left to be oonip1et«d eltorwiwlL "Hie 
LAiaount of eleotrio power developed M the Airtber end, and 
[ exhibited bj- Mr. Whitcbouiw'i mAKDctoclcclronictor, unouotcd 
I to au allrncCivft force of 2.^ gnimi. As 3 ^ius »r« mficdsnt to 
Lxacord iatAlliuiUe aigusle npon tli« rMeinug upmluii. it will 
Se peKoi*edl«at»ooiisld(rabUsuq)lueof eleoinopon'iirrciitiuiu, 
I oonnnoing proof of the perfect iutegnlj of the oble, and no 
Mt of the outfol af]n|>tatioD of edantific meana to the denred 
object. 

Od rMuming operatloae, it wu Ibund that all eommunioilioa 
uoatolf; niidnftar nndarriuudug the Mvtions of cable laid otit 
iwoen the two eliipe, it WMaacertaioad that one bad boon com- 
Lplotetj eevemd b^ ootanglcmeot with the mooring ehatna iluriug 
, tl>« luae the Agamemnon «u iwiujtiuj; with the tide, aiid that 
^.tbe otiier portion ww so it^urod from Uic ioidc oaiue iw to b« 
I unlit Ibr om. 

L n-cetaUiabing tbe oommunlcalion betwenn ahip and ahip, 
I tiuamiamon of electric teleeiapb uiowmM through the ealira 
^urth of SAOO milea waa uumediatel}' oonuucuool, iui.J pruvi-nlod 
raaUiBctori]}'. 

'u carryiiu; thia out, each terminal atatioo or end of the oible 
I aeporatolv connocVd with the narlh, aa Je ueual iu Ibca laid 
i !■ aotual lenKlii, arid tho ctlcctriouui ootcd Ibnt a comidomble 
, Bterva] of time elapwd during Uie faaaarti of tbe currvot, Ihv 
^ADKiuul of reUrdatioa bcnng equal to D«Mlr a eeooiid and ihrve- 

Sunrtem ii|)oa «aoh eleotrio waT« or sigiiaL Yet notwitbutandiog 
lijt, it wu found tliat tlu«« algnala oonld be practically and is- 
, tclligihiy ti-aueoiitled in two aecMida, Thia oonfiniu thr aconracf 
~ toe pniTloua exporimenta made upon »hort«r circuiU of wire^ 
' whtok it hod bven demouatrated that acroral wami of eloclrio 
I can oiMixiiit in a long unbroknn length »f coDiptetclv iuen- 
I ododttuliiig wire, and yet nuch Lbeir dwtiusuuu wilJi AuiH- 
: bitervala between ibem to reounl intelligibly tbe indicatione 
rth«T aia iuteoded to convfy. 

[ Tbit battery eiuployed by Mr. Whiubouan coiuiiitnl of a voltoio 
F'MriMOf iOoella, the platteof whi'^h were formed alt« mutely of 
tLiio and pUtinia»{ nllver, eaub abunt nioe iuclie* mjubid. The 
exciting duid or medium ia aiinply diluted eiilnbuno add, the 
I traogha oantainine vliivh am awnng upon a ^moallcd frame, to 
Ipreveottbo duiil ^0^111 beiuH n-uli'vl over the eotinecllona between 
[eeU and wll by Iho motion of Llia Hhip. 

'le force drvdoped by thia batl«ry in ita direct action waa bo 
; that n piece of iron three iiichoe long and threo-eighlha of 
inch in diameter, oon bo ontiroly ooneiimcd in a fnw minnl«e 
by tbe heat developed on retaining the two pole* of the battery 
' uultaneoualy in coutaot with tL 
Tli« bati«ry cnrrfrut thui niiernted la, howerer, only the 

£i'iBaTy n^nt in tbe act of te^gniphiiig itir<>u];h tbe cablev and 
tolely naed aa a meuM of induciiig, through ihn aid of eleeUo- 
rnagnetjc elcetridly, a enrrent uf a auitahlu character, for being 
[Imnxmitted ihrough eucfa long iliiftAuuw. The eleclr»'inagnetJo 
^deetneity J^tiully employed ie ubuiiaed froiu largo Induction 
c«il>>. 

Proi^on liaving liwn mad« in thia mniuier for tho through 

tnoamiaaion of the eleelric curront. the adaptation of an inatvu- 

■tent Buibible to the iudioatiuu or renirdiug of iiigDalB ia eimply 

~ ~i BmUer of mechanical Ingenuity, and any of the aonaltiTe iodi- 

KtiDg or moordiog taat<iimenta now in nae may be amplayad for 

I tka panMMe^ 

I Tbe fonn uf inntrument at prawrnt uaod for developing signala 
by lli« Ailniitic Telegmph Company it a modifiaatlon of the well 
kuuwii ui.irkiug iiMtraioent iuveuu>d by Pro f e ei or Moraet 

Tha voMiila ruuUinlna the aubmarine cable Inft Qiic>«n*t'>wa 

Bartwur en route for Valontia Bay. Daring their miay iit that 

, aachoraffc the two cable* were oonaoeted. and the lime occupiod 

I in travcniuff liic 2Gi)0 mllea was aaoertalued l-> hv ana ivcodJ 

1 a quarter. Frtua experimaota ioatituieil wbilat tbu two ogila 

ia eoaaeotiodi. tbe maiunun obtained waa an avan^ of 

iwwdapef miiiat^fivabaiugtboiaiiumwa. Ofioion wtn^ 



however, entertained by aome tfaat, when auhmcmd, and the 
warn of deotrloity sot eonpelled to lake auoh a aenen of cbtl«L 
a ia^M iMa wonU b* obtamad. Some diflicully wae eo ip eria»«aJ 
ia eoiling the inehore portion of the cable on boanl tbe Niagara, 
wbicb oanied a alight delay, it Mag of modi greater ainDgth, 
asd &r aum difflmlt to manage than the Munller. 

The end of the oaUe bavincbeeo hid abont three milea from 
OablrdveeB, on the abor* at TaleBtik Bay, Um TOMel |irooealed 
on it* ronto. 

StjMtrt qfMr. CMriti Bright, Rttgintfr. 

AHit ioTiDg ViJentla ou tlie ei-CDiui; of Ibc 7U) inrt., tbe paytdf eat 
ef tbe cable (torn the Xiafom pmgreaaed bmmi Btiafkotorily until bnme- 
diala(y before the mlab^). 

At the junction beiwaea (be eher* and the noiJW oafate, abovt ejgk 
mllci ttvat ilj* aiaitiog point, it waa neenMry 10 atep to renew lb* 
•plioe: thi* wu luocearfutly effeetvl. and tbe eoil of tin beaTlcr eMt 
lewared Dy* liawwr until it reaelied the bottom, buoya beliic ailaclud el 
» abort ilialuio* apart to mark the plaoo of unjou. 

By Donn of itie ^th we had pM Oat farqr rolloa of eahli^ Including lb 
baavy ebon rnil, our uac( poailion at Ihal time being ia lal- Sl*s7 H* 
N., fang. 11° ll>' If." W.. Mid the depth of mtar, aooordiw to tbi 
Huudio^ uken by tlie Cyrio/u. wLoa* coiue* we oewty toBowe^ aiacly 
fatliomi. 

Up tu 4 p.m. on Ibiildqr ibeagrauorUie cable had been a«dUMIy 
rvlBM*l by tlia power neaaaaary to k«cp the maehiner; ia tnotlea al a 
nu k liitli> (mUt thim the apaeJ of the ahlp; but aa the water daepeaal 
ll wu iwoHuni (o pUee aome fiirtbar leetralut npoa ll by amyiac 
prmiim to Ibe riiclioD drunt in MUnecliou with the fayng-oMt aua<ai\ 
iLOii thii wu cnduKlly and cauiiauily iiiumuad from tioM to Uma, ai 
the ip«>l of ILu (ttlila <tiin|iu«l with llmt at Uw (eaial. and tbe di|<t 
of the wiuudiiij;*. aliawod U Ih rwiuiiiiui. 

By uUTii|[lit, SO miliii Wl t>>«i i»tr\j laidi iJia dtptb of water bcfa| 
than a liltlu niuni tlinn 3110 (athoui*. 

jVI 3 in Uin inoniini; of the Vlli ws bad flniahn] Iho il«ek ooU la lb< 
alter part of the ihip, liaviug paid oiit 1SD milai. Tb« c^ag* to Ibt 
coil between daeka forward »u uToly mide. 

By noon we bad \aid 134 nila ci( isUs, ihc ^iuara batinc uiaihri 
htt.i3*ll'.40" K., loDc. ir IO'2u"W..aiKl(bB(Lpth<)f waierban^ 
liifimiiiil to 410 £tthomi. 

In the avonlim tha apeed of tbe vaaeal waa isiaad to fita knot* pw 
hour. I had jirarioualy k^t down the rale al from three to four Inoll 
for the email cable, and two for the bean end oeit the ahora, wiaAatf 
to get the men and muchiuury well at work prior to atlalnlag tbe tpeae 
which I had antlcipAted making. 

By mlHni|[lii. lav uilloi bad )Hien laid. 

At I o'clock on Ibo mora<n|[ ul ihs lOih the deplk ef water began ta 
incRnaa npidly rmiii !-'iii rKtIi'jiiia to 17S0 io adiaiaiwa ol ctgbt nOaa. 
Up to tliin time, r cvrt. Klram milKcvil (o keep the rate of the eaUe dmT 
euoueh Io tliat of tii> iibip^ but aa the wataa daapted tbe propoctloaaie 
apoadortbo utile vlvuionl, Aud ii waa neoaaaaiy te aogmaot the pp» 
aure by dagruea until in the depth of 1 700 tethonw tbe iadicatoa iboiwl 
a (truJi of IS owt., while the (able and ahip were runnlog H and S 
knola r<apee(i>ely. 

At noon on the lOtb «« had paid out 310 mile* of cables (bo vewl 
havioit made 'il4 milea from •bore, bslnj; tlien la Int. 5:f ' 17' SO'' M., 
lang. IS^OD' IG" W. Al ihia lime wo eiperieaoed an iagraaaing eavlt 
folIowsJ Inter in the day by a atrune breeae. 

From thia parioil, having naohod 3000 hthoma water, it wae naew 
aary to ioomaa the atnin to a Ion. by which the rale of tba caUa wM 
muntained in due proporlian tn that of the ahip. 

At flin theer«ning«inodiSei>lty aroaethroui^theeablecvCtl^eel 
of tbe abtavsa of tbe paying-out maohinea, owing lo ibe tar aad piM 
baatlaninir to Ibe ([roovea. and a afdioe of larn diinmaloaa paaaang eiW 
them. 'Inia waa rootl&ad by ILtlug aJdLuouiu auarda and aiiflawiag lla 
tar with oil. 

tt wu naimauy to brini; up ilie uliip. huliling ili* cable bj itiipjaii 
until il waa a^n properly diii|>n(«il round llie pnlleya Seme imiiia 
lAiicu ia duB to tbia evont aa ibowinK Ihat it ia paeaibla to He U> IoJm 
uatiT u'itbant eontinuiag to pay out the eabIv-4 point upon arbu 
doutita have been ftrquently eipreBed. 

Sbortly after lliii the apwl of tba nble gained oonndaraUy upon IkM 
of Lbo ahlp. and up 10 i> o'clock, white ihe iste of the lattae waa ahnei 
it knola by the lay. the cahia wm running out fTom tH 10 5| knela •# 
hour. The atntln waa than nilied to 'iH owe; bnt, the wtnd and aea v- 
craaeing, anij a ourimit al the uiiui tunc canylnj; the oaUa at an ea^ 
from the diraot line of the ahip'a u'ltmn, il ■>-» nut bund aoMetmrt tt 
ebeok Ibe oabla^ irhiab waa al inidoii'hi making 2\ knota above ika 
apeol of the ahip, and mmetimta imperilling the nfe euoolUiitf lo lie 
hold. Tlie ntuding foroe waa ihenfore inert Mod at 1 o'diick lo a» 
umuunt uquiv^ent to 3u cwt., and then again. In oonaequaace «f <ka 
«|iaBl contiuuiiig to be nioro than it would bavo bcoo ptwlvot to pan^ 
to 36 cwt. By tlila ths rate ot (be cable waa brought 10 a Ellle diartrf 
S kneta, at which il oontinoed ateadlly natll 3-1$, wfaM it parted, 1» 
length paid oat at thattioM bdqg SIS milae. 



idbi 



J 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAU 



Ml 




I lad up to (hh ttina HUnxM fttmmaUj (o tt» w^gviMoa of Am 
\imlu, bal, Bailing; tiiU, ill wu miag on w«a, tad that il twing 
aaoMBkry Itiu I abonlil b« lampontfiqt *waj fnnn Uw nucliiiic, i» Hoar- 
UdM lb* tait* if lb* ihiii. Mid to m* ho<r th« cablo «m «alnili( out of 
(hahoU, Mtd klw W viait (be ri<«tH«iuv Uio DMUhba vm for a moniaat 
loA bn chMgn of k ninfctnjo wbo Iwd boM ooguod from tte tni in lu 
oniiitiiiiitlnn aad Atluig, Mwl «m aeguihitoi wlu Ita tf^rf^lini 

I VM praoaodlBg to ibt fon pan of iba aUp whan I baard Iba b»- 
^na iMii I IflMBiUaialv ealUd aiu to aaia Iba braak aiul ranna tba 
«uiaa oTlba *hip. but wIiod I raaobad tha not tho oaUo wm brakcn. 

Oa aniwiiiiu tba nucbloat iibieh waa olaarwin in ptrToct Mdat. I 
fMDd that tba onaka bad not baan ralaaaad, ami to ihia, or to tbo haind- 
, of tba break being tantA tin wrong w^y, oh/ bo attrjbutad tbo 
i%e, and tba conaaqiient frHiure nf ibo mUs. Wban tba ma of 
hoda greiT dowot >■ tho *Uip Jrappod bar tl«» la tba fnll, iha 
[ anonld bava bean eaaed; Ihli had l>««n done toguUrij bofon «l»n- 
' M UMunialy anddon doaoaat of Iha «hl|> Mmpcmrily vilbitniw tbo 
'prtanra tnn» Iba eabla In tha aea; but. nwiiin la mir 'jitorni^ tbo ilaap 
t»M«r Iba pnvioua noning. and baring ^1 I»n<li nu.<y fur uij amef 
goooy tbM mi^t oosur tbarat IbacUaf (onof njr ataff had bean oom- 
pallod to giTe in at ni^ tbrougb mar vrfutMliMw ud hcirae, btiag 
ahortbauded, I wia obUgad for tbo timn to bar* tiw mMhkio wiihoui, 
M l< prufoa, aafflsint intelligenot to ooQtral JE. 

I p««si«« Umc oa Ute neit occuion ll will b* Doodtol, from Iba waac^ 
ing and aiiiiaui naluni of (bo work, U> Lara thrca aaparato tal^ja of 
Maff, aad to ompluj, for attoniiaa to Iba hrwhi, a highor dagna af 
■mhaanwl akiP. 

1W origin of tha aooidanl waa no danbt tha anovnt of nianling 
Mnda pat upon the oablo. but had tba Buohina baan properly maoipu- 
latad at tbo tint* it oould nut poaibly han ukan jiLtoF. 

It baa baen ■oggeitsd a« a oauaa of the fulurs t^c iho ntirMnnij ia 
ton Btaailvo and ptodennu. My axparloooo ol ita attino iTinhn otbar- 
wiM; for llir«a day* in ahallow aad da^ «at«T. aa wall aa iD n^ Ina- 
ailka tnta ono to tha otbar, nothing souhl bo mora parfrct than iu 
■foriun^b aod nno* ItHrfomad ila duly aa ■mooihlr and efficisiiity in 
tho amdlar dopth*. whaiv tho wrigbt of Iba oabls had Icaa abilily lo 
ovamiaH iu mction and nattanoo, it can aoaraoly ba aaid to bu too 
beaty for deep witcr, *hrr« il wm nonnuy for Iba inonaasi! wtlght oif 
oaUa to raalralo ita rapid motioQ, by applying M It a oonaldrnble dcifiaa 
of wlditlonal Motion. Iu action wu mcial oomploU, ami iJl puia 
irarfcad1«i«U logMbir. I aaa buw it an ba Impravol by ■ inodiliaiUon 
)■ IW form of olimva, by an addition to lbs arranganiont lor adjoating 
lb* bwafca, and aora* othor aliriit altontioni; bat. with piopM managv- 
n«M. without any Dhaaga wbalovar, 1 am oonBdent Uiat tbo whola 
loaglb of cable isitfbc Itava bean Mftly laid by II. and It miul ba tmtaa- 
batwd, aa a leal of tho work which it baa dona, that, unfiittuiuita aa thia 
twnitiiallim to tba opedjliou ia. the buyut ktigtfa of cable otot laid 
tat baan uSd out by It, and that in Iha daqiaat wawr yot paaaad o*t>. 

Aftor Iba accident liad oooanaiL aotwding* wan takon bj Uentmaiit 
Dhbu, and Ibo depth found to la SOOO (athonia. 

A will ba nnuKDMrvd tbal aome imporlaDOe na aUaohed to tha 
OiUca ia Iba Sio^ara and difomrmnon buirig inunifnoturcd Ic oppoilM 
Uyt, I thongbt iliii a ^Tounbls opporunity to Aow that [«aeticallv 
tMdIAnnoa waaniit of (nnR(|uenaa In effecting Ifao Jauoltan In raid- 
oofn. Wo thvefore nikde ■ aptica between tha two eeaaeh, and attwil 
wUae wars Ibos paid out without difficulty. 

I nqueaWd the oommandera at Ilia voaaali to piooaad to Hjwoutb, aa 
Iba itedi* thn* aJTonl beiiar facilitiai Ibao any ulbar poit for bading 
tba Mbla, ehould it to iiocoaury to do ao, 

n* whole of Iba cable oo board baa boon (Arafntly ttstcd and in* 
■ p aotad, and found to ba in aa perfeol ooDditioa m wbsu it loli ibe worka 
•t Qreonwiob and fiirlwoliMd. 

One important poinl preaoa for coaiideratlan at an eariy period; a 
luge portian of the mdIo alroody laid oiAy bv noovenid at a coiapan- 
ll*«ly auudi expeuw. I append an aatlniato of lb* oeaL 

I danot porcdva la onr pr m nt poaflion any laaaoo for diwonrage- 
■avl, bat I liave, an tba oontran, a graaUr oo^onoo tbaa atar in the 
mdarlabing. Ilbat ba«n provod bayond a donbt Ibat no obataola aihiia 
lo pmrant o«r nlUmat* auooaa; and I ta» oleariy bow ereey diSteulty 
whicti haa praaantad itatlf in ttuj toyag* «an bo eSwtilally dealt with In 
Ifceiwxt. 

The oaUa baa bom Uid u tho eipeolod ntto In Ibo great dcolba: It* 
daetrieal worklog tbrough the euUr* length baa been moat itifoetorily 
aeosspllahed, wbde the purtiuii laiii Mtually iingiroved In efflcltnoy t^ 
bafalg lubmorgcd, (rum the Imh tMujiDnLuir u[ Uiu woUr, aitd the oloaa 
eompreaiion of the uxiureoIUiugutta-prruha. 

Tho tlruulur« nf the <■)>!« had anaworcd aTiay •zpadalinn tliat I had 
Ibniwd of it. and If !i irarw now naooKiij to aonalroot another line 1 
ahoiild ooC recommenil any allcrmtjoti fnim Uie pivecnt cabli:. which in 
ila working baa o«uflnn«l my beliaf that it I* exprcaaly adapted la onr 
rmiaiitmeliUi Ila weight ia tho water ia ao adjuited to the depth that 
iba atrala ia witblu a UMiaganhlo MOpe, v.lillu the dfKU of umlnreui^ 
rant* upun Ita aurCiee praTM bow dangcruun it would be to alleiapt to 
lay • much llgbtir topo, which n'ould, by tb* grealor tima oooupied in 
lifclltiH. a«p«>e an tnawatal tuifiM* to Ibair powar. 




no eonomatuliiw oOewa of th* Mronl abiM oampoatDf tb* 
AUmUo Tahmpn Squdnm lu** tnrMMd tbnr omtAoa* with 
rrforeaoa to ifia Allaotia (elagrafik. fhiew an of opanUn, dnwn 
frotn Uidr aovtcal obaarvatlaaaal^ axpenence, tlikt do obttadM 
of a twuiioal or phyaiMl eLmneter exbt la tho way of dia Mtor- 
pirfaa, aad lh>l tlw ttBatnof of the form of oafale w^optod by tli* 
eomipM* la In vnty mj adaptad to fta mlMioii. With r^sn) to 
tho iD*i;hiiM(7 th«y an of imicion tbiU ibo torn of McitivlUag 
power adopted, and tin? tnodc of lub«iat(JDg kod s^Juotlag th« 
bnalu MUul oi vory gmat iinprareaieiit. They an Uiopmigbly 
finariaood front the aminilliiB nwdo by LleutonMit BerrynMHi. 
Uoitod Suim' navy, on tho ^iilwii betwwn NewfonndUod UM 
IrcJand, anboMiaontly oenfinud by LiontMwnt D^ymao, Boykl 
Nary, tad tho laVM^^ou of Utntonftiit Maory, tTnltod 
Sutoa^ Ofaoemlory, tniTf^m thdr own uutioal (Mporienais that 
no nndor or anrlkeo mureiit oslMa betwMo tbaoopointa to intor- 
ttrr wiih Ibo moocaaffll laving of tho eaUo^ Thoy nil afimio 
thinking tlwtBOfonnafmiWarwotaUmptiimbloooold bed«- 
viood fnon aaiUbU in ovecy tM|Mot to tbo objoct Intaodod to b* 
aooampliihed; that iU BghtBOH^ tmiAatmt, and Aoxibtli^ adapt 
It in eivry wny for the purpooa of b«^ UM botweoo tfowfoantl- 
knd aiul Irvtuud, nud ara unwilling to rMMBineiid lu modifioa- 
tiOD or all«rUliMi in any way. Tbejr arc aloo of opinion thM DO 
natoral ohataclo* oiiai to prevpni ita boiaa fiMMMfblly laid bo- 
twoen Ummb pointa, and lh«ir vitwa na to the futura ptuapacM of 
tbe oDt«rpriae am aangaino. 

MfMn, Bright, Ouining, Webb^ and Wocjillioaa^ wbo bava 
boon engaged m engioMre dtijing tbe osnstriKtinn, Hliipnant,MMl 
■ubmetnion of the oiblc, ennudnr h to be an omtiiuntiy auiled for 
Inying in deep waUr thnt they oaDUot sn(tg«t nay iiuprDreuient 
la lu form and ooaMnutiou,' and Teouounend that no chaooe 
whalavor aboald bo tsailola tu mnanftuMi^ cf aBf hlwo «hla 
for croaaiiig tho Atlaatlib Tbo miter oovoHng bong eooipoood 
of atmnda of iron v-in, inirtnwl of atnglc wirra, na in former 
Otble*^ fprta aueh Boxibllily to the rope na nimoat to pnnnt 
tha poaaibUlty of kinka oeourriog lu tbo paying out If tha oablv 
b FAnperly ooUed, wfallo tho atrenffth wit)) an tqaul weight of 
metal ia uao iactiaaid. In eaaa of a t>rok«n wim paaiiiit; iou 
til* paying out nadiino na dnoag* b done, nliilo wiih the aolkl 
win it aomatiiiipa unnivela, and ocmaiou e«noue UMODTenieBoa. 
Tbe oondnetidg nirrr bciujt aliK) romiedof a alnuidnf aeveaoopfier 
wina, tbo ehanueof coutiDuity b«i(w loatin thooimdt ia twlnead 
to a minimum fnim the improbabiuty of any flaw or waakiMM 
ooonrring in more than ono of tbo aovon wire* at tha aune plaoa. 

Moaar*. Wbitohoiuo, MorM^ and Thomaon have nportod that 
eTory exprlmonC which th«y have made npon the atblr, every 
teat to which they have inlii««tnil it. both for ita inaulating and 
cobductiog power, hna uiiifonnjy reaiittM In demonatnttins tho 
perfect fitnaaa of the cable for ita office. Tha treble oorerCng of 
gulta-peroba ao entirely providaa tor tho rtiuoto pnoiibility of 
aoaidenUiI flaw ooenrriDg in either of tho flrat or amxwd coat, tnat 
all riak of defective tuauktion ia thua avoided. Experimenta 
made with a short lecgth liad previoualy proved thnt an hydnu- 
tic preMure of live tona to tba aqnare Inch In no way Iniiiivd tho 
ItiaulnUon, and in tU« hiKhoat ilV^mi coofitmalory of tbla ia tlio 
raaldt of lb* trial recnoUy iiinde in Iha ftrcat oetaa dqiUia. Hi* 
actual preaonn which a depth of wntor exoeeding two milea bad 
esertod upon iu otmclnro produced not the allghtcat injury to 
the InaoIaUon of tlie imbm<>rg«d portioo of tb« cable ; wbllo Iba 
low torapamtura by whioh it vrnn thnn aiirrrniiidad prvdMOtd, aa 
liud biHin antici|wt«d, n diaUnotly bcDclidtd ellbctuo thealoctrieal 
onditioD of the gntba-petrsbft. For a cable of great lengtli, 
necenaarily United to « atngle oondoctor, Ihoy cannot angga H . on 
alectrloal or other groaacb, any Improvomaut upon Um fom 
adapui by the oocnpaay. 

Tint Bomhati "Hmet haa a notioe of tbe railway tttnuel* ami 
othrr worbi ill the prooeaa of eouatruMiuu at the Bbore (ibaul, 
where Uie Uuu aaoooda lo Hit groat oontral Indian pLaleau 
lowarda Poena. Tbo total aaoant of lUOO foot ia to ba aolilevail 
iu H diatanco of fifteen mile*, tbo miblcat gtndionl belnti one fout 
in 73, and tho ai;vor«t one in 37. In thia aaoeut ibero are 12 
tnnaela, mcwuriiig iu all £100 yanlt. or alxiut a miln aud a bait 
The longeati nearly a (inarter otn mile la leogtb, niua Uirouah a 
nnaa oi " porohyrltio cUntMon*^" nbaolutaly bankr tluui tliiitt 
and Into aniion aa many workmen na cnn aiaod todcthor cnn only 

^vtrato a foot a day. Therv are alio wvvnd viadu«ta uf gre^ 
fh, and one of tb'em ISO feet in h«igbL 



J 



8S2 



THE CITO, ENGINEEK AND ARCHITECTS JOORMAL. 



UTIEWS. 



,.j n-A. 



M rU tmta t t ^ lit Sfi€ifit»tUFiu relating b Marine PrvptMo^ 

Pftnl. Londou: Gmt>j«lF»i«uiLMBce. 1867. pp. US. 

Thia Abridfnent w piintfld bj' vrdor of Uie CMoBuHinMn of 
-Pkt«it& It w oMvftilly prapared and fbrnu « t«tj lataraMtog 
wul *»lDaU« rr«cinl oT ue Uiv«ati<aa nhUng to bmtIm |n«iMf- 
■ion. An iadax of b«sim of llt» ^trntMS cncoairaoM th« work, 
forci([iKni'iiiuiM bains pnaMil to itoliei. A hunatTorpropnUioD 
fnim tiie etrtieat mricwt u gi**n> from vhicb it ammus ibM on 
Lho Nile and tbe Knpknttes uid in llie WaM IndiM the iwtlvn 
■tiU M* bundlM of rMik or inflatad akiiM, m wtildi tfaa^ SmO, 
|>n>poUiiig tbaBiMlvM bj tbalr Iws moving in tb« wAUr: tbcM 
Mug tlw nwUioda admtod b; Ui* andant pnofilc of Aojrria, 
Bgjpti Bkb^lonk, and Chtnn. It U. however, viih the modem 
a^MMn of nmrine prapulaion th&t wo u« ommrucd, the tirognas 
Of wiiMi, thiM Its 6nit onida dweleptMSt. maj be tncad id tba 
fiiUowing brirf autllsai. gleuisd froa Uie work bafora u. 

In (he jatr hua Bluifo iln liitnv. o SnuiUnI, ta aaid (o have 
pTfipolM Uie reaa(l''Triu'ulml"iit'B*roelon»,bTMnmnina which 
(ouaiitvil of a large cauldron or vaoel of boHiiig "mXtr and a 
noTwbla wliwl iitucb<«l tn each alil« of tli« ehip. 
' 1682. A lionw "tow-vMBrl" wm used at Cbathnm, tafmA hy 
paddlea on an axle tnmcd bj borio. 

ISSik Du (^t tried n pn^iieller "in whieli fotir cara act In an 
arbor »xv uixiir to rerolnr like \ [iwl'lle-n'hml, Uid tlia eniergjog 
float ta (Mlbared by being lurnoii «<lgewiiya to the wntcr in tta 
aaatBt." 

170T. nipin natd Savery'a enjpne to propet a tteauboal on the 
T^tda. 

1T8S. Counl de Sum pnaent«il an awoont to tb« Aeadrmy of 
SdaaoM of a bar]g* twvrad by pnddlv-wbeela turnoil by bono*; 
alw of a bai^ aiond by boraea upon it windfns up a rapci 

ITTft Jamoa Watt mcatloaa a aerew propeOer turuM by a 
atftun^nniBek 

1774. CMut« d'AtiKiron trM aipatfamoto on tba Soin», which 
were followed up by Ferrivr, who mtd a ataam-annne (of ab"at 
l-hnnp jviwnr) tn move two wlw^U. ona on eaob aide of a rtaill. 

1TT<I^ Tlie MnrntiiaduJotiirmyniwilaatcnmbootoii theUoobt, 
■witb prc>|>nllan which opcnod and cloaed like loarre buarda. 

ITM), Joaffroy need aa an OBKioe far bia host witb the dnek- 
■fctit ptofieller, two oriftiden, inclined at an uigla, and turned 
't^ a barm wHh a ehido. 

1761. Joufflroyiiaod aatcaisboat at Lyou, «rilh paddle-whoela 
OD a abaft Unraod by obaina 6x*A lo THBtoaa la two eylinden in- 
diaad hi optMMi« direetlona at aa angle of ac^ to UieborUMi. 

1783. J. Filch moved a boat "by pndiilsa," woriud by a alamn 
'«nfine on the Delaware river. 

~ 1788. PMndl UUWa "dotibte nlefutunsbont' wna proiiellDit by 
I MMm-enicina UtminK two paddle-wbcelB, oue befnn! the other, 
'in Ibe t\>aca betwcFii tiie hiilli. The at«aaiH>ne)»e of tfate boat 
nMd by Millrr. Tnylor, ni»l .Symtiigtoo, will ba fnond ill Mr. 
Woodigroff ■ odlaetion if Ciiri(«itini «t th« tin«t Seal I'Blejit 
Offloe. It ia of about l-horac poncr, witb two npri^lit eyliuilen 
workinz tbo ibafl by cbatna. The Callowing> notice le given of it 
in th« dcaernptir* obalf>gue of tlie Muaeum of Patented Invan* 
lion* at South Kenaingtoa, wbem the andao wa» exhibited laat 
jane:— "Tbla little maohba haa the felLwing dnitnB to bo oon- 
aUerad th« jiarniit antfiiie of atdam narii^tiOD. Prior to the yxtr 
17S(Svheait«iunpplial to propel a boat, numcRMia projects bad 
been nn^MMrd. and a few abartivo attanipta bail been niad*v to 
propel i^Moela t^ itaain power, oammeneing with an np«rini*nt 
■II IS43, but tbe whole of lii* projeeta and exparinMnta made 
peerioua to Uia application of tfaia engine ptored valuel«ai fbr 
any f)m)ti«al'uae. Tbe rcaulta ortheexperfmenta witb thia, and 
wiili a Urtfer one aabaequently made oo the aaiiiR plan, ilrnion- 
atraU.<l luBytniiigtondiataiuoreainiploarninfnicat of the farU 
fonainr a alaam-^nglno waa reqnired brforv eicam power oould 
ho apj3ied praetically to nAvi|[ation. In 1801 Syuiinfrton waa 
employed by LoM Dnndaa lo conMrnet a M.minbnat, and harinc 
by bia fonaer &ilnrM learned what waa reriiiirvd, ho availed 
maiaelf of 1]m graat Improvenenta rrootitly niiule in Uie alcnm- 
engbie by Watt and olbrra, and cctintrurtrii au imimiTed enpne 
da eombltialJon witk a bgat and puddle- wheel, on the plan which 
i* now generally adofitod. Ttila boat, ealleil 'Cliarlotix Piinrlaa,' 
waa tbe flnt pneticu ateamboat; and fov the iwval oombi nation 
of all tlie parte Synbigton obtained lell«n patent on the Uth 
•OcMber leoi." 



1760. A woond aUamboal wm oaed tn the Fottk and Oyda 
cuut, of IS^iotna oower, and abnllar in cooatnittioo t« ual 
alnady nada by tna aania tfaraa paaMUa, MUkr, TWyior, and 
Syminglcn. 

1783. John Smith nwd a steamboat witb paddle-wbeeta *m the 
Ihike of Bridgewater'a mnoU from UoBeom to Maiwlieater. It 
hod an «D0iM on tlm old atmoaphtrie pitodple, waa workad witb 
a bean, eennaoting^vd, double etank, tn a btn^iontal tine, and 
with aeren pniMIc* on each aide, which pnpeUod bor after ibn 
rale of two mile* an faoiir. 

ITDG. A Dntcboaan need hortea and ponlea lo pi>op«I a boat on 
tbn Ohio by pftddle-wbeola 

I7lts. F'ulton tiied auocMafkilly to propel a bant witli n toaX' 
bladnl acrew propeller. 

Ittm gymiiigton need on tbo Forth and Clyde tsanl a ■IcaM' 
boat (th« "Charlotte Duudaa') with one pnddk-wheel m ifc* 
•ton. 

IIJ03. F^lttin dMmhril annie pxprriiopnte with naddla-wbael^ 
fimu wbicfa bo waa coDvinced that their lue wonld be more ad- 
vantageona than that of tbe "cbnpelct," or endleaa band ef flcntn 
He alao proyoaed ao to form tlie bows and aterai of bonta to be 
towed in line tliat, bdng convex and conuave, ibcy would fit Into 
encli other, and form a line of boat* with alwoat cuniiaaoiM 
•id«, and free to bend at the pointa wbera tbe «nda of tli« bo^ 
touahed each other. 

1603. Ftiltoo aud LIvbigatoue lannahed a auall steamboat witb 
paddle-whiwia, on the Seine. 

IWi'l. Ktowni, in America, tried a alesinUial propeUed \rf a 
■iTew propollor turned firrt by a rotatory engine, and tbcn fay 
Walti' rein pnwating engine. 

I K()4. Itonx tried a aerew propeller. 

1*OT. Falton banebedaateanibiiaton UieEnatrirrr, Am«rin 
Thia Tcaecl (the "Olennoat*0 waa proptUed by a^nca mad* fay 
Boiilton and Walt, in England. 

1 %09. The " Fulton tbe Tlrvt* a stenm-lngato, wM lanncbed at 
New York. 

Kill. Tbo "CoDMl' waa built by Bell at GUbkow. 

I81)L BcU naed tho "Comet" betwoen Ulaigow awl 
borjih. f 

Ittia The '■EHubeth* ateaiiiliont plied on tbe dytle. 

lii\&. Ur. Uodd went frim tila^ow to Londcm in ibe 
veaeel "Thiunea" (built ou the i:lnle>. She ■> refoVMated a* a 
acenMboat with one maat, and aniU on tbe (bnnel used as another 
maM. Thw vnoel wm «rigiiia11y called tbe "Argyln" Sbe wai 
of 70 tone rrgintcr, 71> liMt long, and 16 foet beam, witli MiglMa 
of 14-boiiie power, conamiing a ton of oc«la for every 100 ttPtt. 
aud oarricd 13 Umi of coala. Tbe padd]»-wl>eela wero 9 feat 1> 
dlaaatar. Sb«at«nmad7a6naoticaluil«aiu Ill^hour^ 

ISIS. StOBQi navigation waa intnodncrd into Fisnco. 

18IN. O. Napier alabliabod tegular almtn pMiketa bn t waa u 
ilroenock and Bfllfiul. 

ISIS. C'llnuel Bdinfii^ deaertbd a "apinl oar," or acevw pe» 
peller, with two jfiiral nma Axed oo arme which he liad aeeo Mtd 
thirty or f.^ity yean liofura in a model inndo in Cliina. 

Ixia The "Snvnnnah" ateamboat fiivt cruwnl thv Atlaolk 
from New Vork to Liverpool. 

tSK. The Oiat at«am-T«HM>l that tnrried tbe AdmfnHy m- 
naul, the "t^jmct," waa built at leptford by Mr. lAng. The 
flnt that carried guna waa the "Sahmandtr, bailt ten yean 
aiWwarda. 

1623l An aooonnt waa pufalUied of a double boat at Nyplvn- 
borit iDOvod by hiugod propaUera on levcn workad by a maai'* 

fNt. 

I8U A NTolving paddle acoll or acraw proptUer waa tvad kt 
Waddcll. 

1S2L Swan tried doable-bladed acrewa inunened at the Mm 
of a T«ael to propel her. 

1899. Tba"Enterprui^aUrUdfren)liandon,rtMliIngQalcwtto 
In 113 daya. 

Ibtd. A boat ^th a »en!w propeller in the bow waa uaed oa 
the Thamea by 8. Brown. 

The varioUH iureulioua that have been patented an girt* ii 
ehronological order, with the dato, ntimfacr, name nf paicali^ 
and a abort abattact of iheapodHcntion: witb noteam umbma 
and refi-rmcea to the works in whirfa the patent or an i 
the inventiou ia to be fuittid^ and au iudrx of the anbiMt 
it given at the (od of the Part. 



IA 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAl. 



26Z 



TUB MEDIEVAL SOCIETY. 

. SooiSTf bearing tbe kbove aune hkn bfaa formad. tii* objaet 
jng (JbeooUMtiMioffiOpiMof worluofutaTall luDd* uecnUd 
during Uw nliUla igv, bat «if»eciaUr of thoao ezeouKd before 
Iba md of tke tbirtMatli cmtury; kad this not m ooauUmi^ng 
Of indvpeadenl inflwooo of our ovrn tibia opon Ita owii lut, but 
with Lho rirv iif jimiiiutiDK (he Andy oT tho uiodiHival pariod •• 
the bighpiil ukI iHirwt of fomwr liium 

TtM MbaariBtlon for MdlBur nwinben U one guiue* per 
unwB; uid w uMdogi tbr diaMiMloo and rMidlng of pniMn 
Are to bo itAA Ktaucfa tinwii ft* tho cnmniiiw* niAV iipfioliil, but 
Dot to be l«N tlian »lx in number daring tbe jtar. Thn folIovJDg 
MlleneD b^ve heea «i«cteJ on tbe oammtttec »tid u offii»n>:— 
}. P. Bodley, F. Mwlos BmwB, W. Bnnm J- U. 01b*u«, W. 
^ ' I UoDt, W. Hum's. CoveolfT K. Httwms R. PujpleireU 
D. C. RxBcUi, W. M. BouAtti, Jobii Raskin, Rav. .1. 
aoMcU. W. iL Sooit, J. P. Sedaon, O. E. Strort, Tom 
kfloT, W. While, R Woudwnnl Bonorarj Secret&rjr, Frederic 
fatnti, t, Dnke-atTMt, A>l«Iphi, W.C.i Treeaurer, Qeorge 
Bdmiuu) Stnet, 33, Montagu -pincti, Bfdford-eqiiar*, W.O. 

The onninuttee bavo ponvr to pratMt, io the tuune of tha 
Soaet^, agaimt asjr attempt to dettroj cdd worlo of art, cdtber 
vaBtMit^i or und«r preteoM of rMtotsticm; sad to r<i4^eftrd anoh 
pmlMta to tbe prnper qiurtore, or puMiah them when It may 
aeon to tbem to be d«w*bl« to do ao. They have idao power to 
tend tho dt^winfa, OMta, Ae, bakiD|tinit to the Socin^ to the 
BMinben for ose novtfa. 

^le Sooi«4y an la miltinte, aa Inr aa poMible, friendlr reJa- 
tiona with >irebil4«i«, iwulptm, |«int«n^ uid otlitr^ Who are 

Crauing on the ouatinent tbe mbc ubjaol* aa t^e Sooietj, aad to 
re pover to deot tboa bonnrary tuciubera. 




ABCHITKCTURAL UNION COMPANY (LinmiDX 



^EBritlah An£uccta, to ooiiKidcr tlin bmt mode of pnrchaaiug cor- 
H^uB pnoiiiea. No. 0, Ooailuit-atrcet, tbe reei'leooa of the Enri of 
UMSkafiald (wbifb are held on Icuc fi-can th« city of LonduD, at 
• low ffKundmitiDad which ia perpDtnn.Uy moewoble &t n email 
fixed Sae\ for the pnipoee of providing tbo dSlForeiit aooieUee ooo- 
BMled with Uie art of architrctwo, witli a btiUdiuf auitablu fur 
tlieia, aad on eihibiiion tnJlery. 

Ur. Aah[ntel, F.S.A. (Uie cfaainnaD), briefly ilatod tho object 
of the cueettug. and Mr. Jamee Edinoitou, iun., reparl4xl on tbe 
Mepa taken. lu thaoouraaof hla remark* be uieatiouedtbattba 
premiitM in qaoalion hod bnen flrat biuu^ht uuder notice by Mr. 
ChailM Cimy. The matter liod then boon carried forwanl by 
Uovr*. .^hpitel, Wyutt. Patiwortb, Gmy, IIc*keth,aiul WrbMii, 
aaaanUiviuinitteeafipointtMi bj' the cunimitice of the Arcliilco- 
tnral Eshibiliou, who had beeo moat emilinlly received by the 
premiere ootaioittse of tho Rn,val Inntituio of British Aidiitecte, 
■nd no one bad bcetovod more pcreonol paina and troublo, and 
wdated in a more uraolical uiaouer in tbe latter ■laicoi than Mr. 
IMgby Wyatt, tlielionotvr Mon^t^i? of the liiJAituie. 

U WM unaaimonaly deteimioed tliat a Cumpaaj under the 
aibora name should be at onco furmcul. Tliia hu bMO duue, and 
■ proapeetoa iseued. TheEarldoUtvyhaeoxpmaod tho wnmioit 
■jnpauiy witli the nndertaUiiib and hie intenlion, in tho evont 
of the neaaure proposed b«lDg earriod out, of purebnaiug i& 
•faaiw iti tbe coQUniplAtoil Ciimpaoy, SOof wbleh he wuiild< pi»> 
MDt Kiatuilonaly to the Inatiluts, and 5 to the Architootnial 
Eotbibition. Tbo tsptal in l.'i.OOO/, in lAOO cbnnv of lliA each. 

Tlie following geutlemeu have been dectud Honorary Dine- 
tore.-— Chairman. Sir Chiiric* Barry. ILA., F.RS, Ac; Deputy 
CUman, WilUant 'Hte, F.B.S., M.!*., Sbc; Moeorg. Aabpilul, U. 
W. BlUiiin, L K. Brauet, U I)nuid»n, II. a QsrliiiK. C. Gray, 
F.BanlmLP. C. Hanlwickj W. U. HabeTahon, R lltakolh, 
E. rAnean, J. James, J. JMininin, O. Jones, J. T. Kuowloa, E. 
B. lAinb, J, M. Lockjrer, C. Uayhew, O. Morpw, C. C. Nelion, 
J. Peauotlwrne, J. U Sockhnm, S. i^Tiiirkf, J. Wbicboord, S. 
Wood, M. U. Wyatt, J. Wyljoii. Itonnrary StcTttarj/: Jamea 
Bdjneston,jua.(lfon.Soc. Arcbilccturnl Kjibibliii^n). 

Arnuiceinenta an alrew^ node witli die Itoyal Inatitute of 
BHtlah Arefaiteela, and witli the eoinmitlev uf the Aivhituclural 
Bxhibition. by wliicb :t rental of iOJi, aud a pmiiiiim of MMil., 
la at onor secured fur portiooa of tbo pmniaea, iijxiu th« uudn^ 
itandi^ that certain alteratious are mado in the huiucv nnil that 



tbe galleriea are sreetad. T1i« renU estimated aa obtuBable fer 
tlie ground and aeooad and thiid floon^ sad tbe galleries, when 
not ooeupied by the Exhibition, are odcuhued at a fnrtber sum 
of scot, BiaUnf; a total Kntalof UXHi/, nfrannnai. 

Tlie main object of tbe Company will b* to derote tbe whole of 
the pTcmisca to art or scientific aodetios of a kindivd thancter. 
Tlie oost of eotiduoting the butineM of so mnall an underlakine 
wilt b« but dttle, aud the npenhe of a tecretat; will be ehnreS 
with otlicr todfiim who may be taoaats la tb* Mndinu, and tbe 
whde oaloaJBgN for taire, gniaiMl rent, ftfi, are estimated at 
about nPOC per annum. A net rent of '001. per annum will 
thus be obtauaed, which will return .an intereet of My 8 per 
cent. npoD tbe ot^tal (oi-eeted. 

Tho Auailiarjr Donation Fnnd. so Bohl^ cemmeneed hj Gart 
(l« Oiry, with bia don.ition of 2'W, to bo invented in sharw lu 
thU oompany, hoe ainoe been Airther subscribed to bv A. J. U, 
Bereeford Hope, Eeq., M.P^ and other gentlemen, and it i* in- 
tended to keep the list open, that those who jnvfer ilii* mode of 
Bffi3rding aeuetance may hara the op^rtuuity, Tlie Intereet 
payabte on the sbaros may be deroted, in some w 



ike euooaiageuionl of tbe art 



I vnty or other, to 



AKCinTKCTDRAL PHOTOORAPHIC ASSOCIATION. 

TitK firoviBiaoal eommiltco of tho Anthltootura] Photowrapbie 
Asaodatioo bare uac\e n rejuirt to tbr jirflmotm of iho AMMia- 
tiua. wbieh waa received and oilufitedat the|nneralmc«tjag1litld 
ou Thuradny, May MUi. Th^y reeammended tJiat tho Amo- 
eiatixo be fi>rlhwitL eiiiAUiahad. The Conadl of the Institnte of 
Britijdi Aichitccta have allowol tho further nae of their rOMus 
tot the meetioEi' "f tbe Annciatiou durinf; the eMoiiiK tweJre- 
Moailk Aflor tMIberatlBgnuun the nriuui meiliotUwhidi have 
bMB already sngneMd by wliidi tbe objuou of ilie AaKxjiBtiea 
may b« otoaiimj proraoteij, aud others iriilob have siMO 
ooeurted or bars been su|Q[eetcd to them, the eommlttse «xpnsa 
their aanrio^on, that not only may tbe Aseadatioil obtain their 
photoKTapbii iu eiivh maiitwr as will prove moat •orrioeabta 10 
them, but aleo at a gi«a(Jy reduoed ouet. Tbey oonaider tbat at 
least three ooplea of Uie laigest onlinair siat— vtx, 11 inebea ity 
17— miffht b« imand for a Rnineo, wbereoa oae of ihem la 
now orJinarily eold tar about ii*. BmalW aiass nal^t he hisueil 
in eonaidsrably inaif iiiil uumbera. sod thoy intimate that 
probably from 30 to 40 atseMWopio views might tw ffi*e«i far • 
rimilar aubaoriiitioo. Bat it ia (^looa tliat au AmooMtiOB, hav 
iualomeanddolinitanambarofeollin toprorlile,almoatall of 
whieb wul be iaiued-. baring no vendoi's profits to nav; and pea- 
aea^Dg many other tidvautagea not aooesMla to iainvidiiali^ mny 
j^WilIj anlaige the iaeue h^ood tbe nnnibcr wbiob estimalea 
Dpon preeeot data wontd alfbnl. Aa additlaeial ofa^t to aretii- 
tacts may vrotubljr be attained hy enabling them to ascer'Ain, 
not only tlie nlaiivs proportions, bat aIwi the ortoal siaas of 
buildings and tlielr dewU, m would be cdectoil by umply maa- 
Buriug anil noting the dlatanoe from the atntlon of tbe matra* 
raent to a fixed point on tbo objmt. This would orCQ render it 
praetieable to lay down, ou geometrioKl drawing, •vat; tine ur 
point eeea on the picture. B tbe disianoe abouid be aoted in 
the nanaum of other eoontriee^ thia advantage would be saually 
extended to thaoa. After the main objecil of tbe AasocsatkiB 
shall bare beeo proridod far by the dblribwtlon cf pbotegre^itia 
amongst mumbeta, lo nucfa extrnt aa the fun^ls nhnll admit a( tlm 
fntmation of a ooUectlon of i^otoKrapha will ol>viou«ljr fonn a 
faatwv !n tfaeaeheme, and perhaps their eihiUtion Croon liiM 
to time may be made lo fkirther the int«rMta and the obfeeta of 
the AHwciatkm. 

The fallowing geaUemen haee been olaeted onoera far I8fi7: — 
J'rmidml: a R Coekerell, RA. TVwrsm.- P. Hardwiak, R.A- 
8. Smirke, A.RA.. and W. Tilo. M.P. Traumrtr : T. U. WvatC 
Ordinary Mm/bvrt: A. Asbpilot. the Rav. tX boutell, llA,, 
E ChrUtion, C. U. Clarke, K. N. tHIfton, J. Edmwton, inn. 
— Ferny, U. B. tinrling. P. C. llariltrick, a Hmketh, a Hair, 
C. C Ncl*M, Sir W, a Newton, H.A., .1. W. I'apwortb, Ourt. 
Roset aiL, O. O, ScoU, A.K.A.. Cspi. Boc>l^ REi., S. Smirkc^ 
A.R.A., a Wood, T. II. Wy«U.BtKl M. I>. WyatL Aiitibmt 
O. Aitohiion, juo, and R Tliuntoo. Hottnry StcrtUryt 
B. UuskeUi, 9A, WimpufeHitrceL 



L 




S84 THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 

DE0D0EI8IK0 AND UT1U81NG THE 8£WAG£ OF TOWN& By HntaT Aubiw, (XB. 




It will bt evident tlmt tli« bert tiMMia of deodorlsbs aad 
dmliajt witli the •otrue of towim dnmuida mnah funhir inVM- 
timlion UwA liu ]r«t boeu nuule of the wilMeet; but it will pt<»* 
mdIt Kt ths MiM tim» be gUhered fn>m tee oxperioDcc ao &r 
obtaliMd, UwC b)r oartniii pmoeuM uiil kdmLxtnra* the nutin 
object of tliii iaquiry omj Imi in grtni pnrt at oDca eMiiretl ; thM 
U to My, tluit mudi of tlic oirei)Hivnn«im of the unwage of towns 
maj b« lemovcd, uiil tbereforo much poUulion of the rirera uxl 
■IRMne of tbb toantry aruided; that u lolid inaDun of ■ oertaia 
lew ralue uey be obtniopil hy theee srooeeeea, which under oor- 
tjtiit condition" will pmb«bly pw for tlie oiiUay: end that on 
uaitoiy groundi, tiiercfore, tlie adoption of eooie euch [irixvea hy 
local baanln, wlicrutvr tba I'ublie HmIUi Act ie appllnl, or by 
tbe local aulhuriliea of the towne where It i» not, ouHbt to be 
In^ladupon. wberevaraDolhoeiveoutfiillextate, wbuthdrariBUig 
troin nev werke of dreiuag* or fh>m old. 

It would appear that vanom pnloat procoiace arc "l^fpiatf to 
tbia partial dealing with tbe lubjcut: but while tbe anaiimneatB 
or materiile aclafrtad In thoee whieb have been brought into 
peMlical operalioa an for tbe moet pan expeomTe, there ie no 
•videaoe of their having rtaliwd any better rmulu than hnve 
been obtained by a eimple aud eoononiical meibcKl adopted nitb 
Um aaine objeot iu the town of Cheltenham, tiucli methods, 
untatend by pateuU or other ilLffioultiee, apjiear to ikuim Biricily 
within the daty of the local body charead with tlie disponal of 
the rAmo of a town, htaag, in bet, little more than a tranefer- 
eotee to tbe ouUall, of dutiee v|it«h they aru alrcndy bound to 
pcrfbrm, nanelyi tbe removal fn>tu thu lenante boiuoi of the 
ooMtutanf the midden oreeeepool audduntbiu. 

Id prapoainib however, for nnenl adoplion, inniq eucli arrongo- 
nant tor eepaiating the eolid portion of acwage from tlie yraUtr in 
wbiiib it Se eonveyed,— aa the firat step towarda the rcnoval of 
tittt preaaing evil, the poieoning of riven and ilmuus liirougb- 
ont tne eoontry, — I drnre to aubmit for eonajiloratiuo ceitoin 
modifloatione in the plan, with a new to the ijioni elllcient and 
Monomioal workiu of the proonw. Tb«e taay porhape bo »f 
aerviw fur the guidance of local bod!«i, mure eepeeidly m town* 
of tbe antaller elaM. 

The great bulk of tbe eolid matter, when the eewage ecmea (o 
comparative reat in tbe reeerroir, diviil«* iterif into two bodies; 
the hoarier parUaiee at onoe depOHit Ihemaelvea at the bottom, 
and tlia lifrbter portlona oollaot, in a aolid Boating tnaaa, on tbe 
Mirfeoe. U appears to me that the chief propi'niou of theee 
matter* may tw inU««eptcd in the linit tank A, bolli nbiive and 
bslow, without a filler, by a liinplu ditiaion, B, with bnakDl 
woi^ aud pvrfarated buarda in the middle, allowing the water to 
faea through only at a eertaiu depth beneath the aui&eaL 



The lecond tank or reeerroir, C|&eed not then be ao deep or m 
large an the 6nL At tbe end of it, filterinjimateriali of different 
kind* ahould U amuged, through which Uie wnngi «o«)d paae 
laiotvlly; let, coarse eoreened gmval, beacfa, or broken atonca; 
3nd. gravel of RiedintD ooareenaMi and, 3rd. eoma OnernaterlaL 
Auil then would be much advaotnge in having thie filter, D, 
•hallow and brood, rather thnn dpep and narrow; tbe eor^oi 
wKt«r only would |>aae away, and tbiia allow of further (lepowt 
from the main body bcfom filtrntioii; it Wonid be mbjett Ut 
greater friction and diaengagement of the aotld matter and fenl 
gaatai and the flltoring mMEun itmlf woold ho leM readily 
clogged, and woubl bn more acetuaible for cleaneing without re- 
moval, ae it oould bo tuntcd over in it* pboe and ■nbjpdcd it 
oomplete waehing, from a water tank, E, nbove, a* ofl«u a> d^ 
aired. A veiy unall area of filter ao placed would be foand aof- 
ficieut tut all pnietical pnrpnaen. 

r proper nrmuf^inmt, the work may be broegbl tann com- 
\y logetlier, DDtl Ibtf soTengera' cnita may drpoail tbe aafaea, 
_, on tbe Hpot wiiere tbey are wanteil, and where (hey may be 
at oiice formed into contlnnone bonka for Iho rtcepti>on of Ibt 
•ewaga depoeit, which would be hoiatod in the bueketa and db- 
chaKoH by a ehoot into the roidat. Much labour in lltlia^ 
whedinn; and mialog would be thue Mved, and nooh espnmre 
also of tne aew^e, wliieb at corlain tttnee diurI be aa oBenaive 
to the smelt a* it will always be to the atght, when such an ojie- 
ration ia openly condufteil. 

The same liecewiity for a coveriag ebed over the filten wiO 
then no loiiKt-r exixt, and it may inKlf be diepeined with, pr^ 
vided that the premise* are oncliMie<] with a boundary l^ee, tv 
wall. A small shed only will be required for tbe liming prvoM% 
and fbr honaiDg apparatue and toola 

The rwervoir fir depoeitjou, F, after iJie Addition of the line, 
iibould be DOM«iderably larger than that at rTbelleiilinm, Then Is 
not time. In that caie, for the iirrdfiitAtixn to take place. Tlit 
limo and remnining eewnge How off ia lUHpenaion to the vtrwaa^ 
and hnvo an unaightly eflect, if no oth«r iucoDT^nience. 

It ia at;L(«d an one of tbe reeiilts of the Mancbester expeti- 
meats, that tbe lime falla at the rate uf an inch and a ball ptr 
minute. The ailmiiinrr bcin;; made ni the sewage flowa Into 
the nserroir at each aidt^ I prvpaie tbaC it abonld be intcroapted 
try a Gnder, O, that ft inav not disturb the main body of water, 
and that the discharge to iheoolfall slioiild take idaoe overa weir, 
H. hllowiiig only a eiirlocc film of the w»t«r, ttom whldi lh« 
lime lias deaccndei), to paas over. 

The depth of thia aurfaor water paMiug over, and tlie tengA 
of the raervoir, must be of ooui-ee detenulnail by llw ipanut 
vritich bM to be discharged. 



H THE UOySOOKS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN. 
^^ Bj TsoKu HopKRs, M.B.M.a. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHlTECrS JOUBNAU 



3S6 



Tbb mdi-WMt nr tninnwr Bonaocm of HlsdMUa nrwanta to 
«w ut aztnoHiliu? diapUy of i«otaoroli>|[n] pMiiioiDam, 
wkieti b»r« loajt cidltHl the curimit; of icK|Dii«n into Iba viiri- 
ona chufte* HMt uko iiUw in our &tin<)B|>licni. TliU m'utd is 
bond M«Ui of the i>qa»lor. In Ui« laUtiul« uf IS*, naw to MoiW 
; aail ii awMpa ov«r ili« IndiAD oomd U> HindoiUii. For 



nMW, 



in tbe ««at to the raoaib of the Indu ta Ui« vtrt, « tircftHUi of 
nj 30* of looeltuiii, aad UiraiwWit %h» whola Ktanl lu dlrwe- 
tion ia lowuda th* HlBtJqrab mouiitaiiii, vbcn kt thM time 
hMVT nJn* KM bUing. 

It M Bot BMy to obbun InfaraiBtieii mpeetliw eitb«r iheiriDd* 
or iha amount of nin iu the liiglMr pirta of tb« HiaikUjVD 
nuM, bot all aoeouoU r«])na»t tb« ■umntAJn to bt ooTtrcA 
witE inun elouda, wfaieb ponr down voortDatu qtunlitM* of nia.. 
Th* brvtbrra Gvnrd, nho pMietnvted br into them, «tatc^ under 
dtta «r )7tii Aiwil, Uut "troni Budiiea Ui«>- croaiwil tlw SutM. 



(ptantiljof ritin ihnt it tvinT*;* to ■ami' of the plnce* of ita wbore it raiucXfttaouM tlx whul« v«j, aiKl moipletd; dnndiM 



tMIHIinlinii. il ii pmbAbty uii«iiiikllc(] on the *utiJL«» uf tbu glub^ 
»Bil it biu uetcoraluicicnl pcciuinritiM which mnka it k iiulikjvot 
wottlijr of inquiry ud (tudy. Inili* ia out of thoM plnoM th&t 
tre reHrrvd tu br wrilara wIm adrovatu a partlcuUr Ihaory of 
vJDil. a< pnirine lb*- iailumief of auii-lwAtra «ur(iuaa nf Unil ou 
BMiTaHwnta of tb« ntnocpJiarB^ and thetvfbre while it juatifica a 
atfii>r»<a axamtoAtinB, oballeniiEa cloae inreatigntiou. 

Tbo bkiving of ibe aunuuer nwDMMn ooidbivuom ih t)i« (outh* 
am hamiapben, and tanuiiwMt in tlie northorii, oxiendiuH lu 
nana paita b^rvad 3D" of north blilud*. and piuaiit^ over ift' iu 
tba two baBiM|d»rm. It nlttnutca with aiiolber wind, Itwt for- 
■lidAhla in ila duumctrr, callod the north-wmi miniHooci, wbiuh 
doea not gn E>r to the wuth o( the «)uator, aJihoiigh it a|ip«ara 
to aome overland fmiu a gi«at diMniMe bi tbo nni'tli during our 
*iul«r, gen«ndly t«rii)iiiniiii|( lu Hlndoataa about the mouth of 
Mar<ib. With iiilrri>nii,K perioda bolwcou the changea, tbeae 
two wind* M'lv durioK llic jwar over a VKty oitenaivo arcft. 

MiliMT, in the '(rOlerj of Naturv,' my: "It ia an eitnMMdl- 
narj bet tb«l, is Imtta, an aooii aa dim uiouomi oeataa, thoogb a 
Bootb mar alt^we befiire tho auooafdlng <nw Mpaant th« clouda 
laka the direction of th« oomiu; aioiMooB." Thi« uovenient of 
Iba eUwda La<iicnl« lliat Ui« partioiilar eauiwa nf the mooeooQa 
flMM into aolion lint in the bigber pnria of tlie ntmimphere; and 
in the aoutb-wcat moMoon tkeae pnria muat be near the lofty 
TMi>K« of tlie Hlnutlayah moantaioa, aa towards thtrn the aoutJi' 
w«M ntoaaMiD Uowe. 

AU Mcoanla rcprcaent that thi* wind be^ina trr blow, in tba 
lower ntnufi* of the atoi'»plien>, nb-ml the mpnth nf April, wliich 
U abortlV aftrr Uie luu \>aa euttrrM the uorthern h<-iiii»[ilii.-re. 
The auriaoe of the aoutlieru tropical Indian ■■<a»a hwt tfacu b<<«» 
naeb beaied hy nrtlaal acjar njK and em]»or«ti<iD of nter 
frocu that eiirfaoe iiiiuit have vnt n larcn anionat of vapour into 
the air, whkh. woendiiiK n-iihiu ii, niakci it iniutT, anil probably 
hj oondoiiaati'inii iato alouda oii'l rp-L'Tnponitioiia of tboae douda, 
aa ia cooubou in tlie ii»pioiil regioua, ibe vapour ia uken to gnat 
elevationa iu thit Almoaiiber*. Now auni* of tlii* vapnor, when 
«3|iai>(liog norlhwanl, «d reaching and aacondivg tbo llinuilnyah 
mountain*, wnuld pmlmbly ba oondanatd, and auutt on inllDx of 
air, in which «lou<U nixht be borne in the higher regionalownrdt 
the moualAlu, aa di*.Tl>KTd I>}r MUner. 

It anpean from Forixw' acoount of Ceylon, tbs most anathem 
put or Indi*, that iba nun* rnim Iha aoslh-weat hofcia than in 
A]wil, and It it IcBOwn that in the following month they auoee*- 
aivel* roteh variona parU on the wectem ooaat, exieiiding to 
BomiWj and Sunt. Un. PoHtane iofonna na that tba aonth- 
wtat moneiion may ff«n«nilly tw expeetad to set in in Cutch at 
[Iheeodof JnMorbBtrirmingif .liily. Bumaa aayx, whon aacea- 
; thr river Indna, " We piuuoil /<nia on (he 0th of Jnne, anil 
'onthelltli, atiil mnnrtii oif Uera lamflet Kbnn on tlin 
Jina ptrforniine a voyage of nbtut 2CK> uiilr« in vlevvii dnVH. 
iiid being fair lul the wny. nllt>i»uh tlie weather waa nijiially 
I rain, tliiinilur, and ligbtnin^, Tlir prtvnilioj; wind* of the 
dna <vnform tn the dinolion cf the rivsr. bluwitiK for moutha 
up the river, and aa tumj down. Kmm April to Seplembar the 
breeae i* wmthrrly, and daring tlie uthcr laouttia uf the year it 
«««« fn>m the north." (p. 8&.) 

Ob the oaMara aide nf the Bay nf nrngiJ, in Anwoui, iho 
pat^odica) taina, aeoording to Crnwfuid in bi* aoouunt of binnab. 
are rxirrmcly heavy, aau eotilinuc from Ajiril to Ni'vi'iiibi-r. At 
Martahan, in 16* 90' of Intitiide auti Vl" ^' of l»iii;iiude. "the 
■mitb-WMt mcinaood iu>d ibv ntina net in IngfUi^i' atKiiil the 
baglnniiw of Hay, whim tbuy an ooinpain lively Diild. They are 
•mreat IB the noathii "f June, July, and Aujiiiil," At Chterta 
nxiniee, among Ibe hiUa, moi'e than 4000 feet liitth. iu iA* of kl4- 
twle and BI*' of loiigiludev the aouth-wnt wind wla in ateadtly in 
April, and continue* dnnng tbe moniha cf May, Jnne, -Inly, and 
Avgunt. Th na we ace that Ihia wind ffiu the utnth-wmt, coming 
ft«a (he wide eaponae of tbe Indian iixnn, blowi (I'oui liiraiali 

KftMS.— VoLii.-S»TM(i«ii, 18(7. 




the tarty," Ami (heae raina become more ooDttnumis aa the 
summer advaacea The iuctraaas of water iu the rivont in the 
aame aiMoii. aandently firovoiv in addition to tJie nieltiujt of 
•now, tbe great and eoutiunoua fall* of nuD among th« HKinB- 
tain*. Tbe grealat blla with wbkh we an aoquaJnted an thoaa 
nt MAhivbnleshwar near BonilMy, and at Chiem Pooqje* iB Amt- 
oau, tlie biniMT boiitf 90i iacbea in the year, and tlie latter the 
enonaoiie amount oTOOO inchn; and thcw bill take place prin- 
cipally at tbe time when the anuth-weet rnoaioou n^ea in ita 
ffrMtcal ■trrni^b. Duiinu ihia period, alao, the large riv«r« fill. 
Bf the end ol Jun^ the Ganaea rwca IA foet, and at the «id of 
July all the low ailjoiiiing land it flouded. It may bo aald, in 
gtmeral ItrniM, warmntcd by innumomble aooountai (hat in the 
montha uf Juuu, >)iily, and Aup^at, nearly tbe whole uf India ia 
deluged with ntlu. Tbeat bote, taken together, thow that tJie 
vapour whit'b ]ir<Hliii'e« the rain in braiight by the aoath-arett 
wind, and that that vapour ia orin-leaeed amdng the mn<inuUB>.. 
But then oouoa the iuqniry, — What Oiuaea the winda to htow 
from the Indian ocean to theae mounUini I Thia la the iu(eTWt- 
int; poiui fur tlie mataorolo^ca] iuvoatiuaior, that it not aatiabo- 
tonly trutiHl iu book* writuoi profejivlly iin the auhjact. 

The Kenwal atatameBt iu met«orulo)(iuI work* it, tliat the «un 
heat* the aarbco of the ooutiueut of Amu in the tummer, anffici- 
ently to warm the lower air (liat ttaU npon it, and to make i( 
aaoeml; when cooler idr iti mid to come from the Indian ooeau to 
supply the plaoo of that which tacandi. Malto Bmn, who may 
be COnMderad t<i exprcw the tnnend opinion on Ibe nubject, anya: 
"The Kooth-weat luooaoon Qowa orer Oylon while the ana ia 
north uf (he line, Uie tonperatura of the ooiitinetit being tJieu 
hi^er than tliat of the ai'«afi; tliit contluueia JVum the end of 
April ta the btglnniog uf November." Tbe Bev. T. Mltner. 
white admitting that wa have a icanty moacare of infoTTnntinu 
on the aabjact, i>fa«Tr>a, "thnt tli« mulJi-weeC muniKion wbii-h 
Tirevnila to the north of the equator, ia coincident with the tun 
being verticnl to tb»t «<«(,'><■». when BindnttiiB, Siam, nod ibe ad- 
jaceut ootiotriea, receive tlieir maximum of heat. Oonsraneutly, 
tbe Incumbent nir. hnnj; rareHcI, anceuila, nml a mah of colder 
air (o supply it* place n pniduced ttvtu the aoutliwafd." He 
anrrwuoli anv^ that "tbeae are explauatlona oammooly given, 
tbnntth they do not aoeonut for tbe wboU cf (ba phcDometia." 

But wh«Ti> doea the iMailnj; of the Imd eurbce take place I la 
it over the low plaiua of Xliudnalau I Tlie iithrmative of this in 
not plainly auertetl, a* it i* known llut tlioae pluaa an wrll 
screaneil in ibe ■utniiieT by a thick caiiOfiy of olonda, throngh 
which Ibe ai<]ar ra)'a du nut nwlily peni'ttaM. On this auhjact, 
Ih-. Baiit, at Uie inMllne of tlio llritiob AaaociatiuO of ISA), 
infiirmod on that, "on tbo aRllinjc In nf the anulb-wMt moflsook, 
with ita dduK(9 uf rain, we bate the li(;bt of a cloudy '^■'g'Tth 
day tuKl(«d of iut'>lentblu cbre, jiuI a fall »f 10* or 12* of tern- 
{lemlure." Thin aocount la iu harmony with otlierw that ar< 
given iieepectiiij; ibe state of India during tbe aummer raoMoon. 
Theee r«pr»eiit that on ibeaFttinginofllie rainy vnaon, elomU 
so far protect Ih'? aurbce o( ihe pviuud fiuni the itiri^ct adion uf 
the MUi'a raya, aa m mutv the lump^nituii^ of tliat wirbc« to Ul 
greatir below wliat it had U.vit ptv«'ionsly dnring tbe oloudlcae 
perioif And during lh<- wholp nf tlio wet aouon the tempera- 
ture nf the aurfsce in onipnmtively l>.w. !Sa thit ths wweKion, 
thnt the liui.l in Iliadoaian i* giVAtlv hetttui by ibe direct aotion 
of tbe lun in the miiuincr, wbiii ibe iiwinMiuu blowa the stniOg- 
cKt, iH manifestly ino'rrrwt. Vei the MMartiau ia generally made 
in lo luiNW a way, with rvtVn'iKw to the eontincul of Asia, aa to 
render a glnnce at the )hit1* beyond India neoeamty. in order tn 
Me whotber it i> their h?Aie<i ■urfni-'es that uanie llio <i«lcr air 
to flow lowarda tlieni frviii tb<.- lixliuii ocmn In tlie acriitb. 

Aa the wiiul. of which w« are *|>eakin^-, oiimet from the aoutb- 
weal, if It were pixhIiki*! by litHteid Aiirb<«i> beyond India, tlioa* 
eurftiow ouiiht (o tc in a i»nr1b«*M«n dirvctjnn. But a barrirr 
of lofty mounUina extending from Aimcaa to CabiU, ne already 




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THE CIVIL ENGnfEER AND ABCHITECT8 JOURNAL. 



dwvflMd, liM in thtf qurter, whk-h mounbaJiu are io grt^t pMt 
, M««t*d vith wov b tfca •aonnur, whltei bejond tli«ta ia tbs 
"' Kled aowrt of Colli, diitiflfBiihcd in A« mIdnoN of its di- 
t; the heated Uad Mnght for ouuwt, thprofoni, b« ftiQad in 
hi* dlreatkn. The onl; part Irft tlmt mn bn thonj^t to oomnte- 
Psaoea th« atatenaata that an hon* ocmUUicI U tlif lov (ttwrl of 
Bokhara, aod parbi n^JACvnt extcoidiag townnla th« Cnaplnn ack 
It ia to ba ofaaarvnl, bavrvBr, that thh couotry la to tha wcat of 
LIiu]ia,aiidUiai«foreaaoal^-w«atwJBdiD IndU cmnot ba said t« 
t^low tovftrda tb* deaert of BoklMra. Tha j^met from Cabul to 
Ilia daacat, to a oerUua extent, admit air aometimoa to niskn ita 
i^ny throogh tbnn; In paaain)> froiu India, bowevei, Ihk wind 
l^roold bo mn «Mt and aol a went wjii-l. euoli m blvwa v*vr India: 
: in hot no naltiable niod blnm thiriiigh thp j mi aaa from tfaa 
' la tnanfore do fouiiilACion for tlia uaertioii that 
__ _ aim heala the parts bnnnid India, ao m to permit air bma 
'fh» Indian owan to flow tfaJtliM- Crotn tha ■oiitb-'<Kat. 

Bat wbca tli« low diwrt of Bokhara, l/iag to tha mrtli-wtat 
of India, aa it doe«, ia viiit«I by ti«vall(<r% in what ittMa do tliay 
I Cnd it, and, pariiimkrlj, whnl trimla pirmJI in it 1 Do the winila 
j vhicli briiiff n much rain fruui llie luiliiui ooetin, iu wme wajr 
I airar Cabiil anil through the pudtea of lis kittjr uicuntafna, to 
I daaut of Bokbam, tnkiog wlili them tiidr vapoarl It nuty 
hrith eonfidoDco be aud that thoy it« not. Is tb* part of IM 
rdaaert aeareat to the A^han nionntiun* no tnnth wind ia found. 
land tt never talua there iu the aummer, whoa at that perioa 
I ladla Ea d«ilcved. 

Buraea, who tnvereod the dry doaert from tbp Cnhul uaaaai^ 
ad hia attention etrongly iliracted to tha weaihT that ha en- 
^wnnleKd, and theae are ^mploa of the wav in which lie aponka 
* It: — "In Cabul, during Uaj. the tbennometer atood at M" in 
I botleat llmoflf thedaya, and therAwaageoenillja wind/ram 
! MorfA coclnd liy tha itiow that mvera tlie BtonntnlnR. It niiwt 
Uy blow from that qturttr, rinc^o nil the tlWM of Cnbul bend 
tto the ■outh." In advandnt; from the llimloo Kooah monntaina, 
■ paaahtg the OsiM, goini; tomnli llokliam, be nya: "Tbo 
limal^ woa dry and ranahle. acJ the tli««iaomet«r, wbleb atood 
Itt 103' in the day, Ml to W at nljflit, which was cool and da- 
'-htftiL In thia oonntiy a ataady wind eenenJly blnm from the 
{p.31R.) TTiJ8W»*aboutthelfllfi Jnne.— "OniliP Slnl, 
harin^ paaaed the Oxna, the dtwert wa> ovi^rKrosii with 
diwood, but the tract was eiilircly destitute of waltrr. The 
i of tlip (and rose to ISO*, nud tliut of tile atinoapbera ex- 
lad IOC, but the wind bl?w at«adily, nor do I b«lieve that It 
lid bo puanihle to tnToiw tliti tract in eiiinmnr if it cnaetd to 
flow. The ■tenily mnrnipr in which il oonws" finm ono dinelion 
I remarkable iu thii inlnnJ eoutitry." Thao cxtracta nrr quite 
Infloi^nt to «h'>w thai then ia tui fbiindntioa for tbe oaauniption, 
Id nncrally made by oompllera of books, that the air from tli* 
Indian oawn ninhM an a wind to the aiiit-heated aurflioo of tho 
oontui«Dt of Aaia, la bo by that Rorraoe heated, rauad, and acnt 
into the higher ngioiu of (he atmospliere. 

Some of iha north winda that bl'.>w in the deacrl of Bokhara in 
the atiBuner tsakn their wny aoutJiward, not only to the nvlny 
■ounlaiM of Aflghanintaii, but over part* lying farther weat, 
tnetntog Peaaia and Bolooehialan, renderinK thoee tsthor ele- 
Vktad eouBtriea dry. Tlie wind* tlien pua forward over the 
AnUaii aea, anil aacend the vall^ of the Indna, up which, ao- 
eordhw to Barnea, wind hlowa diinng ibe alx aummqr moniha, 
whan heavy nuna are falling nenr iia laiiTeea', and the wind* to 
neooaideeabk extent rrtnin Ihc dn' character of the eonntriea 
0»er which Ihey have reorutEy pniuAl. Bnl in going from Peraia 
to the Arabian ae^ the wind paasm from auii-h<ntt«il laud to the 
oomparativeiy oool Arabian ma, wliloh, in tlii* in»tnnce, ia the 
rateno of the prucM* ao grnonUly, but looaely, altegod to take 
plaee, of blowing from the cool aea to the Land; ahowing that the 
alleqntlon ia not only without fbundatSon, bat ilirMlly oppoaed to 
tba ncti of the cue. 

We have now arrived at tha point where it booomee ni u iaaa i y 
ta make inauirr •■ to the i-eal oium of the aonth-weat wind 
blowing with itit^h (trrat ntrenith, ae it doea in the asmmer io 
iMa part of the world. And iTiera ii no reaaon to doubt ^at it 
ia Aaeame an lliat which pnxJuoMall the great wlnda In other 
parte.* When the nun piUtaa from the aontlitra into tho north- 
em hemiipborr, bin niyi net with increaaed aScot am the aur&oe 
of the ln<lian ocnao witbia the U'lrthom tropic, Tapoitriaiiu 
aaore water and eeDding the vapour into the atinaaplien. TUa 

* ■■"OatkaatoMbalcCkuinthMteodiiMKiliiaad Wlud." tudMi: Walg, 

mOMa. p.tn. 



vapour riaea in the aLnioapheilo apsoe, aad expanda in all dlnc- 
tlona; and annie <J it may, even at an eariy period— «a aaana (o 
be indicated by the riirmgi ef dovda at gnat heigbla towafda 
the moantaini — reach the more eievatod part* of Ibc HioMlajah 
nuiM. It is, indeed, piobable that aorae oondeatatiaa of mfaar 
ia taking plaiM nniung the higher parte of the meunlaiua dariag 
the wbol<- winter, aa anow U bllbg there heqaattlly. Bat ea 
tiie npArrr appi-cvkch of tb* etiB wttb n buigar ao^y of vapuv, 
more vapour iaooDdrnird,whaD comparative vaeua are eevmtedal 
Ku^^li elsvationa aa doiennme air to flow low^rdi the bwali^ of 
condeuaation in the higher regiona, taking donda with it aa 
ainady deecrlbed. Thin will aoooiint for the aoutb-weat wlad 
ahowtiip iiwlf Hrmni-r in the uppnr than in the lower ragionatf 
the atmonphcre:, wbidi would not oociir if mirfcna heated laud 
waa the moving power, aa then the &nl Bow vf air fron the ia 
to the load would be in the lower regiona. 

Aa the aun adraoeea aorthwud. and addlliooal eoadaaaaUta 
of VK^or lakM place iu Inwer partat eWioaphark vao«i an 
made in lower atrala, nod air pnaera from the oeeaa to the had 
at leaa li<aghl<: and when tlic nortbem tropic is readied by lla 
auo, much water la vupouiiaed, the air raaila very hiimiJ, Md a 
targ? amount of vapour laemdenaed. Within, but ue»r to^ the 
tro^e the ann reiimlna Ibr a e«rt*in tima^ having tint to advaoe* 
ncrthwnrd, and then to ratum; during thia tim* therefore the 
grea1«it power of the aun ia exerted oei the eor&oe of tlie ocean, 
erapontion ia tlie nteat energetic, and ahortly aftorwvdi Ibt 
ywleat vondeiUAtiaai of vapour lakea pine* oTar eootignona 
elevated hnda. Tbia ooeim pHnd^ly againat the aide* wT the 
gliAla and the more eoathcm portion of tlie Uinalayah ntavn- 
taina, wbev« eondemaatioB of vapoar oreatea eomparatire varna 
in the atmoapbera, which allow air to nth fmn the Indfaa 
ocean witli the (broa and oonatane^ that la exparien^cal in the 
wmih-woat monsoon. Here, thai, la to ba fonnd iIm aouree rf 
the wind. It i> the heat, whii^ bting aet free fiocn ita dicmieal 
union with wnter, nttaoliea itadf Io the atino«pbecio gaaea that 
are in the lonliiy where the ooudeoMlioQ taken places oxpaada 
thpin an<l tnnkM them lighter: whet) (he h'svior air finan iht 
Indian orenn niahM into tlie vncrnim, and bviog itmlf wall 
eharncd with vajwar, haa that vapour cotHleii*«r aa tho ur 
aaeefida, prniiuinn^ thr [Iruicliiog and ountiniieil rain* tItaL di^ 
tiiwuiah tbia port of tha world. 

It ia then towarda theae healed u«aa — tbeae wmpatatiw 
atmoapherie vat-iia near the mountalna, and not to ami-beaied 
land, that the aoath-wfat %nnd« of the Indian ootnn blow. Tbey 
come more from tho aontli when paaniw over Amiaui, frotn the 
Bouth-wcvt over the ghati^ and to the middle ef tho Hhnalajahi^ 
and bewme nearly imt «|ini pMaiag from the AmbfiM S«at 
hot tliey all blow to tlie tame raniraa of tnotiuuitiH, ami with 
atrength pro[>ortioned to the nuii>IUM in the diffi^mot inula <f 
thoee niaiuitai]i>L Air aluo paieoa townrda the vacua that haee 
b«f u thus criuted, fi<Jiu tho tiorth orer Fenia and Belooahiataa. 
aa well an towarde the mountaiua of Al^aniatan, being eurm&eii 
by the eonetani irind that Uowe over the itMiiirl of Bokban 
(Srom the north-enat no palpable wind oomaa to India, on accoiml 
of the olontod land that intervonca. and any air that ootnea fraa 
the fiutber eawl in partiv arTeaied by Uie loftv akowilaina ff 
China. Thua all thf &«ta h&niiouiae witli the hypotbcaia that 
nttributaa the anmmur wiuda In thia jMirc of ihe woiM to the 
beat darivod from ooodennng vapour: whilut they atv in ia«a 
dlaUe wHh that which noinU at aan-binted lund aa the twina 
mover; — leaving aa at linerty to conclude that the latter nypfr 
theeia is falladoua, and that ihe foruier luay W troo. 

In Ihn PhitotOJihkal Mngaiitu' (or OcloW loi*, "■' ' ■ "t 
ncrliD, ia reprearnted aa having atntrd that "a si' .. . ..a- 

ialied almoapheric pmnutw taking place in momer over Lht 
whole continent of AaSa mutt produoB an influx tnn nil m^ 
rouudiug parla; and thua we have weat winds in Ebtsm north 
winda in the lev eaa, eant vlade on the eaat ooaat of Amim, and 
aouth winda in India." No doubt ancb fltcta aa thoao wunad I9 
Uovc exist, but there is a wvit of pivciaion and of oom|iletaaai 
In his buctuge^ arising apnareutly from au endenvour Io nnta 
Hia fhcta oarmoniae with lii« own vivwH, which are TTadllili 
Eie sajra that north wuida in the snmnier blow In the Uy mm, 
whiab ia true; but they blow a> north vrinda mucfa brtlier ibw 
he deeuribua, na they extend over the low nrikeo of Nortbam 
and Ctotnl Aeia to the feet of the Himalayan mountAina ; lUi 
ia atatad by Bnmea and other Uv«UeT% and la ahown by ifaa 
elimate. And when M. Dove naya that raM winda blow on tha 
•aftnn ooaat of Aaia, and west winda in Barap«s b* alao imKB 



JA 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



S87 



ta !■ HBoHuM wiA facta. But tbaan wiwli do not 
Mtnljr proOMd ta m dry, auD-hwUil MrAw of Und, to be, u 
isMnnaMd, tbsro niMt); on tbt wkntmrr, tboae wUch naoh 
Gratiml A«ft go to tbv lofty laotnrtaiM In V»b aMilli wbart heavy 
nfB> mn UliB|(, Ttw dimuiialMd atranapharie pwaawi aroat hi, 
M Da«a weavBei^ U tba put is ilip lUiioapbape towarda whidi 
•OthawiDilalaaili bat tbia pari etinnox be thcaiin-limted nrlitM 
af th* UaiI «r A«i«, Mafag that wbure the wtnda twllj t«miiiM« 
tlMi« U no iKKJi aariiwo. iliit Uim u a vny \ujgt amoQiit of 
npottr MailrDsnd in that pwt, anil ta tiia eowieaaatloa of tbat 
MfOttT the vmcuum Uini naiuM all tlieaa winila nmat ba attri- 
botad. 

Tb» aoDth-wwt, howMTn-, it not tli« onlr wind of th« Imlim 
ooaaa that U callad ■ moeHnii. Thon ara two otbany atmuitj, 
the Mfth-wM. alntuty alliulnl to. and tlia ptttjr noaaoen. The 
fa naat af theaa U a irintur wind of tha nortbani hamuftbara, 
tmi k Uowa ovar Pfi-iiu. MeaepaUunia, and AivliU, la tba 
Isdiaa waan, m a raiy litj north vIbiI, Caloncl Mmmih Bay, 
af Bwdad, in an UKarvirw with th* (^iacnnw««lnl Ai^urintlon af 
HancSeaicr, BMsrtad "thai it nei-Br raianl at nngdod.' (.¥<■■»- 
tkmmr Oii<tn«an, Dtc 13, 18M.) TIm wind pwaMa* m a dry ona 
•law Un> waaWfn vide of India, anil cromM the (Trent ooaan to 
tba Eaat InilUn Arrhi]>«la^ In iW jwunapE, li->wevM', fai dati 
tinaa it kia«a ila drmoB h_v taking np nii>[<<tiirn fpnm tba ooaan; 
and at tiat reaclKa ita pliux nf binnmntion an a mciirt wind. 
Valla Bntn aava, " In Siuuatn tba nortU-w«c »r miny manaoan 
baglna in IV>wnit«r and enila in March." (p. it^.) '■ In Timor 
tba hot and <lry mivooi, wbi«h nigBl tnia May to Ntiveaibor, ia 
■oeaaadod by Imtfiiu of rAin. ]tM>ini]MiiNl by a violent north- 
wait wind, la*tini{ rmtn Novt^nbor to Mnreh." (p. Mi.) And 
DavidMO, in bin 'I'mlr and Tmvulii in tho Kar (^t,' aUtaa 
tkM " at Hatnvb tlia bnaUng np af iliu [nunonon uhM pUw in 
iipril and Ortolnr. In Nnwnlwr and Dooouiber th« aortli-weat 
nouMoon brinir> oa tbc niiw, which carlnhily than oicna down In 
lorrata," lu brurike'a lumatit af Bomao wa ara told tluit ** tba 
MfoH tt (shtpj will probabiT reach Sin^npora in tlia month of 
MhcIi, M tba lattvr end nf tlia nurtli-wMt or nuny mouaooa." 
(A|ipaad)x. p^ vL) Aiul thnc ■■ tba wm aoaaaa amiKieiMBa fr<c>m 
MpMibar anit anda in April, wh«fi baavy raliu, hard aqnalla, 
MM Bndi Ibanrfar ai« DX)ir-ri«iiri>d, To tbn aoulhward, nboM 
Bai^Jannnaiaf , tfaa moaaoaca arc ilio auno aji in tba Javn aaas, 
L«, ww t t rly fnMii OMobrr to April, and eaMctiy tbc mt af tiM 
yaKT." {Hmit'a 'Sketch.') Enil. in hia accoant of tropienl 
Aantntia. iiifomw in that in Ilia Coburg poninsolo, in, atr If* 
of iMilh liitUiidi% ''lhi?u-»tiTly monaoon laldetD aola in dacldadly 
tUl UtvMuber, it ttwn blowa with conaidambl* atranpk, Mn^ 
ocntfatuM wHhont IntcnniMioti for dayi t'^jiiithflr. Imnfting dnma 
oleuda aurahargad with nolatura frou the Imlinn ocoan. l^fa 
H tba ootmnaaeanMnt of tha rainy nwaan. Daring intamJa of 
Ana waatber Ifaa aontb-anat imdr wind ofti>n inannifn ita aouraa 
fcrnday or two, but it ii oomparativety bint and iaurrmptfd.'* 
Whan at Port EtHinitloD, in latitude 12° aautli. hi- nvii. fa 
Jauaivy lot. " Tlia wind wm notr lunmllv froot tbr wenlem 
^■nrtar, ud oo^ocwlly blaw ratbiir fraa^. In aqnulla. The 
naaanca to the wMiwaid Ihmtigh Tormn stnutB U Hujipoaad to 
W cliiaed by the woitarfy tnooMnn dnritiK Ootobrr and ftva 
following month*." (p. U and HI.) 

niaaa fovta tjiki>n lather ahvw that the north wind fmin the 
analin an t of Aaia Mowa ovirlhr- Anktilnii laa, ttirning towni^ 
tbn caoi, and then pnuM ovnr thu IiiiIuid neaxn nn a nnrth- 
luafaiily wind, nntil the loOy inland* of the Kail Indian Archl- 
pela^ are r(«rli-:r], Nt-w ibeaa iHlninIi are not at thii time 
a awMgly boated by diract aalar mva; on tba ocnilnry, tbey are 
IpaMtnlly mvrr(d with donaa olnoda, whidi abower down heavy 
aim, anil the mDnntaJNa af Ibaac tiUniU on^nd atnn^ ■ broken 
abnia troot bumatfa an the wrat to 'Hmor on the «>t; — hut it t* 
anSoieaUy apfiarant that among tboae monnuinn tho anme 
oneraliaaa aia ^ne nt) in tha winter aftha Dorlheru beniiaphera 
tbatan found in tba IliMutfaiynha in thaiummer. And to tlia 
CMidanMIJaw af vnoour amone the lalandii, and tho vacua tlial 
are pandnoad over iWn, we may attriliiite thnt irrf^nx of air fmtii 
tbe Narthara Indian oaaan wbioh in knon-ti by the nanic of tli« 
north -woat «oB»aan. 

It ban bean mid that the aaatwniil flow of air armw tha Tmlinn 
MMB ia aanaed by the ■!«> btMnift Nonhmi AuatrnKn. Itiit If 
Ihia vara him the wind would baeonie atronjer aa it appmnchnl 
tbBtpan,aiid iha part ila«lf would lie drencbed with nin, like 
Soaintm anil Java: wb^raa* the wind baooinea feable m it 
aflic^Mhca Anatndia, and the cQnutry la dry. Our InAmntioD 



reapaeting tbia porton of that aoturtiy b h npiriWt, bat nd> ■ 
we have poinU at no arid diatriet, ralbar thnn oam towanda 
which sir waa dmwa froB an •xtauriva oomu. Eori Mya, "la 
tba Cobnrg pcninanla, at tba conmneaBaat of tho niny aanMit 
ia DaoM^«r,aaaaU after aqnallpaaaeanbatr with bcavyabowc*^ 
aAaalbrMrMilbonntagstber.ndMnlbe brigbt aaa apptnn, to 
be a|un obaomad by ouier anowen Tba vMtnly noaaooa 
blawa nfaaoet n gala, bat tba nootb-aut tnda aet ao atronf." 
TUa neeouot doea not lend na to inftr that tba baatad amftoa of 
northeni Anstrnlln prodaoaa n Tamram in tba atmoapbere, into 
which air ntthea (km the wide exnanae of the Indian ooean, 
bill it aworda witli tho hypotheaia Uiat ooadeosatiou of vapour 
over the lofty tslanda creniM auofa ■ vMnimn, wbicli drawa air 
toward* tbem. and that a pnrt of tba AoalnUan ooaat reoaivcn 
aoma of the ^^ipoiir tlitiH bniiiDhl. 

The nantli •lut tnMl« wind )i»t natned ■■ that which, betweau 
tba latitndts of, any 13= and M' aunth, ailanda weaMnid Cratn 
near Anatralia to Atiim a« a coualant wind; and it ta only in 
the wint«r <if the uortliani bamispbatv that the oartb-waM man* 
aooo partlaUy breaka in apon it abont Anatralia. Earl Mya, " at 
Iha oomaMnaamcnt of April the aouth-eaat trade blowi utesdily 
witb oooaidaraUa atnagUi and ootaelonal abowent, unul May, 
when nin oaaaea. Ft«m tbia tlma tUl Ootober tba waaUxr ia 
flne.' Thia wind tharafbra blawa ftwn Anatolia ganmmlly aa n 
dry one, and na anoh It U known until it npproaehmi the Hauri* 
tiaa anil MadiLpiacni', by which tine it baa acquired molatare, 
anil fnroiaboa iwn to tlieoe idaodt. 

Itui iliere ia another wiud, known to navlgaton br tba bbbm 
af tbe patty taonaoon, which haa not bean aotiead ny aiatearm 
loftiata, that blowa altneat paialld witb the pepemrial ao nl h^ait 
tnide of tbia oomui, but ntauly in aa opminia diiMtiaa. It ia 
fonwl at aone diatanoa from Mjidagaaear blowiac mwaida .lava, 
at the time that that ialand U dranohad with rwo; nad it way 
ha praannod to bo pndoaed by the nun* of tbo Archipolago. 
Tbia aeeena to ba auotfaor laatanae of what ocmra in the ^tlantia 
and PadBc ocwna, where elevated landa on oppoefte aidea of 
wide ooaana dmw air oT«r theaa oceana tn ooDtnry dtraetlina, 
throagh the oouipaiaiive vacoa that bnvu boon created oa botfa 
aidea of tbe oeeaaa. 

It nay, however, poaaJbly ba atill imagined by tbooriatB, that 
tha aouih-«aat wind of tha Indian oeean ia prodnoed by tbe 
caiuo raoocnluvl in the llaclloian theory, no4withaiandSn(r thai 
it ia at aneh n dirtnnoe from ibe «q<utor. Bnt an that HMOTV 
bow cm the petty nimitoou l>« awniatad Carl Thia wind not 
only blowi In aa oppeaile dliaction to Iba aouth-anatem trade of 
tha part, but ladaflanM of tho theory tiavehi dooe to tbeeqnator 
fbom wnat to eaat; aad of eaone, in t)ie rotatory molioa of tbe 
oarlh, movM fiutor than ttie part of tha ^ojba ovar whldi it la 
paaitnx. Navigaton fiwiautly apoak of tbia wind, hut it will 
lie aoAelant to give the fot]owtiii|gr ostrart from tha travoU af tlia 
Rev, H. Malcolm, He aani, " 'ntc potty raooaaan ia a reisaric- 
able intvnrioD on tho Kmibimt tnulu wiod. It exiMa aU awutha 
ia tho y«ar, from Nonnilwr to May, between latttndea 1^ and 
to' aoalh, and estauiiiac frnn Mailaenaear to Java : it b aonaa- 
tinicn bniader. After laavinir Java Ucnd, ia 8* aovtb, on Dae 7, 
wa bad It na far aa 18*. It gtnerrdly blowa fraah, aad often 
in aniialla. In 16° aoutb we reaohad tbe regular aonth-aaat Hade 
winil, aad rolled before it more tluui 4000 nuba In a Booth." 
(vol. ii.p. liff.) 

Wa tliua lliiit that in the In'iiui ocean three ourrenta cf air 
flow IVnni tlia weat towards the eaat. and of coune tbey nran 
inova War than tho enrfaee of ifaa globe over which thay paaa. 
Tho aonth-waf raooaoon blown hi tbe auRnaer from AOlca, ovar 
th« whole ovteM lowanU the Hhaalaynh laomilalna. In tha 
winter the north-iwvl loonaoon blowa frnm the Anbiiui aaa, 
aemw tha nnrthnrii Indian ooeaa to tbe great area of condwiB- 
Uon ol vapour in the Archipeluga And duni>g the aama anaoa 
the pettv mnnwMn blowv froB a Ultlf aonth af wwit to tho aama 
nrea. Nothiii;^, tber«forc, in the Indian ootaa iadieataa tfaa 
i-iMtvuoe of Hmlli'ian ■itDlh-nut of norlh'«ut wiodi blowing ta 
the e<{iiiitor to nscrn<l there; but all the windi htow lowartla 
lomlitmi wfaate abundant raina are falling. 

It aaoma airange tiiat in llw face of aneb avldraea an ihii tha 
Hailleian theory of winda cnntd have barn ndofrtad. In order lo 
■uatain it, bowsver. It waa naeeanary to aaanne that ■uo-htaAad 
kind eziatad bi Aata, whare the lofty Hinahtah mouutaina iwar 
Ibinr Hi>nw-oovaroil hendii; aad tbtt windt lilow ftntn the aovth- 
wtit to the ilrv plaina of novth-wtatani Auairalia. Hia lattaa 
aaauBfitiou ta bowevfr aa aafoiuidad aa tba bnuer, aaaiut, ibaa 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER A>T) ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



. an (utani witui blowi flrora UiM p»rt of Atntmlu dnrinff tli* 
'llol»7«vi whilst VMtcrn wtad* blow to tli« luitiau liiUnila 
I thrangli ToiTM Htnita on«-l>t>lf tiv^ jmr, oitlx jnvl rmching 
FAiwtnUin, thoujih thej pmbBbly pu* an tn mMo of Um lofty 
(idttsd* bejoiu) tlioM Mnita. All ottMrr mrteoroloipaa] facta in 
rthia piut of Ilie awHd ftinnah «vi<l«noe. tkoDitli not cqutUf 
f itrikiiw, of tlie blliuiloiw lutiiK of the HAilltiaa uitorj «( vriadi, 
■nd or Um iiitMt*Btinl truth of that wfakii mUribulM itroog 
wioib to oondMUftlJou of >tiiio<ip1i*nc rapoitr. 



THE HIKDOSTAN AND THIBET ROAD. 

Stptrl on IA« Oftntthn* JUan ISAO lo ISfi.t. 

Bjr Lieut. David Buoos, Supcriuleuilcnt, Uill IWdn. 

1. In the (priiig of 18A0, > nrinty of drcumttanoM comliined 
lo titlraat tbe attention of the Mari|aia of Dnlhoniiio, goremnr- 
Bonl of ladln, to thn luoal upprvHivp umctii^c of "bpmr," or 
Md Ubour, iirfvnleul In tli« |>rut«'ti-J Hill SUIm, which oc- 
upr that portion nf tlin llltuklnytiha ■iliMtud hetwMD (be riv«n) 
atUjtuidJiiniiu. This apMM of Hrfdom htd bMn genanl 
Kbout them princi|>nlillcii fram timo immotnorinl, Bod was 
nndy introdumd, not ouly na n substiliitc for revenue in 
I kbaoOM of oiImt mekus of tAiatiuD, but booauae the Bxigen- 
dm of tb« clu«& Tvqairod ttio nitlr* lUapuMl of tli« lima aad 
labour of their aubjeota in paacr, aa well a* in vnr. A* long aa 
thfl ohhA ir«te mImj depeudenl apon thoir atib)«>ctM for anpport, 
■Bci m(« onlv pnaervcd hf their lielp from thr cnaraaehniiintB 
tof thmr warllk* nel^hbontv, t1i« uiiiuu b«twt«a th«m ma aaoh 
raa to enanre th« aabteiTt a certain amount of coMid<nttioD frimi 
bia chief; eW would tbe aabjcct tniufirr fall aJlf«ianoe to ano- 
ther auJ more politic tnnatcr. Hinoe, however, the BritJMb guvem- 
meot oxtetided ita prMeotion to theas atAC^a in l»l&, lhea# rela- 
liona have elwnged; aud the aerf brin^ no looger ueooaaaij lo 
the mfupr and auppovi of tha dtjef (iheae being auAicieutljr gua- 
nsUed by the parunonnt power of tlie Britlah goT«rnineot), liaa 
*~M the ntUoM of power ho fannei4y poawaawl. Witboot dread 
' liiUrfervDw (which the nature of our political relatioaa pre- 
-*«), the chi>if may now at hi* pleaaure incraup hi* demftoda 
1 the time and prop«rty of hie mhleota. TTul- it is, the latter 
•T apneal agaiont hia opprraalon to tli« Stij)crlnti!uJ«ut of Hill 
«te^ but &i4n the nalon of oxtatiiiff tmtiea, thnt olBoer baa In 
Deral no uourte to puniie but to nke the caao back to the chief 
at wbom the enmplaiiii Ilea; with what hope of obtaining 
• for the opprteMxl, I need not aay, Thoe "benur," or 
■nrenunomted forced lahnnr, aa the tomi impUa*. la a ■yatcm uf 
Ike internal gorenunent of the Hill Statoa. 

9. In 1810, Sir D. Ochtarlmiy, fimliog the Ultl Stale* impove- 
(fillwd to an imniuoiia rit«nt by iht* protracted lumeion of the 
~ trkaha, thought it luiBoiont to imiMiiie upon tbe ohlefii whoae 
Dlltei he rMtf-rMt, a rrua^nitirn of our paitiniDaiil aiitlinritv 
I tiia diape of a trilling annual tribute, and the dut^ of provlij- 
Dg benr, whenever tlie exi^unclea of the itate required iu 

And foroMOng with hia wont«d aftgad^ the only umuia by 
which the eoiulition of the inhaUtaota t^ the fertile vtiUpvH 
cmboaoRied within tbe Uitualayahi onuld br nraul in rated, he 
added to tlie engagrinvnlA uf oacli chief the oh1ij(Blion if con- 
^•trnrting rciild*, lUttct wide, in «liiit«virr direction the Briliah 
nvrnioient ihoiild deairn them, within th«ir own aliiufahipa. 
For thirty-6vu T«ir«. or nj> to 1800, thja loat oondicion liad 
rcaaiuiHl a fUml letter. \\ Ith the axceptian of aliglit jnijirnvn- 
~eBta made iu the dillerent bill patba, eomniuuicatuiK nith the 
•idenoei of the atvetnl aliiefa and Simlali, thtme iiiijiruveiiLeut^ 
'ept in a few instanoea. effeded nu cliaDge in the tuode uf cax^ 
igB tbroughuat the hilbi as they were oonllned to tha wldnning 
old pathway!, adopted before the employment of bcnat* of 
then had been thought of br the lull uii-n, aud were couio- 
stly of a mdieot JiD])raolJcable to nil but tbeuuidt-ea. 
The accutiil eeoidition hod thorofoni of neotaaity been more 
. JMtenllr euicloJ, aa the exigencic* of the Britiab gavoranieut 
wlthia tlieee ebilee beoune yearly gnater. When thu uniurin 
at Btmlali. Subnthon, Knaaowlle, and Dngshai (which have proved 
wl wadh iuettimablo benallt lo UiouMUide of GuniveiLiis), wer« 
■lalliihed, great and cootinnooa waa the demand lor labour iu 
all ebapea. Iu tbe abwinee of other carriage, tbotMnada of 
pottera were yearly required for the caoreyanee «4' govaniraant 
iMabllahiaeotat tavalidi^ sud their numeniua aerraulai troope 



and ounp followan; euppUaa and marcliandba, fron the plaba la 
the aanitaria; asd tfaeuaanda wan again tvqnired a ftw maalla 
aftarwatd* to eoovoy the wunn down a^in. Daiiacka 
ivqatrad for the troop*, hoapitak far the JavaUik; aad 

for their oowtnietioa had to be biMBghti by the ititawtuwd i 

of men, from ^ene and iBovnIailM lea tnlle* in the Interior. To 
eadet iu theae laborioiia Uuia, the people of the pkine were 
found to be perfediy unfit. The long ragged aaoemta, and nanow 
tortnoua foolpalha of tbe hill-muu, were •earcvly praotloabla lo 
Uiem under any drcuiuetancef, wholly iupoaaiUe wbra bukn. 
Thaa tlie whole duly fell inoo ih* acanty popidatlon of the Hill 
Statra, and hnary and siiUvovt waa the burthen. Be^or Wk 
claimed by their own ohieb; begnr waa an oUtffatMii owed naby 
their treoliea vt 1613; and altlinugh, to tbe etedit of oar govern- 
ment be it epoken, they never were oatled upon to work witboal 
lecaiving remuneration, jret what amount of wage eonld i imiiiM 
mtu a man for boiag diaggeil agnitut h» will fton hb boma and 
fnniily, vlthoiil warning, without oonalderation (for what Koeaw- 
meat uative official ha* ooneideration when anued with faia &«» 
ttr'* warmut}, tu n dletAnoe of niAuy dayi^ journey; tliere to wilt 
weary daya, with<iuc abellxr, without bb amal food, ■iitd hei 
eervloea were nviniiiid. Then tii be la<Ien aa a baaat of burtlMa, 
to be inmilted. to bo Iniflettcd by the low dependeuta of aa Boi^ 
pean niiuiter, until the time uf liin ulaveey waa acooraplulMd; 
wheu he wa* auffered to depart, with feelioge mortified aad 
wonadod, tohiedlataat ralley. There pa^Ap* lo ftud, (bat wed- 
Uroe or harvwit had poeeed during hb abeeno*^ and no prwvlaiis 
been made for hb ushappy bmily. 

It might be suppoeed uiat t)ie inSnx of targe eiuna of maafy, 
within a limited period, mUHt have totdcd toeiuioh the popnla- 
tioD, and eo reomdled th«fli ta the avtli of bagar. But, aa pie> 
vioiuly ehnwii, the aytlfm of our political ivktkuM w4Ui iIm 
chief* allow* of nn irajirTtuni in imperH^ aud thna deprleen ibe 
aubject of any pnitecUou agutuat the tyranny aud malpmelieM 
of the lative auUiitriiie* uf the elnlea to which he betonge. The 
conae<)uaocc b, thitt uo amouiit of care on tlie part of Um d^ 
btiniAg officer io*um« to the "befftt" the permaiMnl friiinadwi 
of Lfae wage* paid bo him. I have been annrad by tba lalt 
SnperiDtendttit of Uill Stately Ur. William Edwarda, that Wr- 
ing on one oecneion a hum eiuu to diahuiae to lubjecta of the 
Hindoor StAtee, he atteitded In paraon and *aw tho money mi 
into endi mnn'e hand; notwitbataudtng which, he aftcrw»tda dia- 
coTcrod that th<> Imrdara of that atate took (rom tha ■afbrtonMa 
men all thnt he had been eo oareftd that tfae^ afaoaU reeelva. 

3. Beeide* tbe oruplty of the ayelam. It waa to our jinMnniial 
ft moat i>x|i«nMTn out. 1 linvo Inarued ttvm ill* SuiMnntendcnl 
of Hill SlntM, tlint tbe «um» dUburvd on account of the onrth^ 
of tbe gDvenuneut enlahlinhnienta from l^iEUU) IHAi, to aud boat 
Siiulidi, amouutwl to iievun Imb of rupeM. Tbe ou«l of the be^ 
radtaaiid other bnildioga bronai<agim«utattheI>ngahai aanila- 
rium, haa asionutad, I nndetvtand, to *>a hwa of raMea. Taking 
the aarae sntn n* the ooet of each of the other aanitaria of Km- 
aowliu and Siilxithoo, and one lac of ru|>ecs for tbo other bidU> 
inga, the ttipcnditure ou public work* wiihlu the Hill titalaa hM 
probably not bsmi leae Iban aineUeu lao* of rupeea. 

Vmnx ponoaal exporionoe I will venture to etale^ that tbe ohitf 
item* of expeaae in tliuc works woi aurioge of iitalwlell lai 
yet there is no uounLrv in the vurld whete building malarial* if* 
mora abundant; at"U«, lime, and wood auei in peoAiaioai whUn 
a droiit of ten niilea, and all that waa waniad waa tha aaaiu ef 
orrying it. 

To tbe otficere and vervnnU of the gorcrnmeot, who ntimdiy 
vieiiSimlah and the beEglitiuuriug aanitaria for tbe rwowryrf 
th^ health, or on duty, mid average about MO poaona, (be eeat 
of the jniimey, and the high priM of *u]>pliei^ beoomea Ut nnj 
a moAi HriouB ooneidoration. The cnat of the liaaaport of atom 
and •u|>pUe> from the plain* to Simlah, a dblanoa cf 4S nUa^ 
average* about 3 mpeM per owt, a aum which ewchi to airihe 
fir the eaniage of the aune weight for a dblance MIOOO mils. 

Had eoniage-KMub been at once oometmcMd, goTenuMait voaM 
hare aared W per oent. upon the peat outlay, wUob, an wUI be 
ebown lienafter. would have lufficnl for tha oooetrweiloai rf 
G(>0 mllM of carriage- rood: and the icrvfiula of govccnaenl, with 
their familic*, who have vitilted the hill*, might hare ivtaraed le 
their dutiee with reaovntnl health, pui-duuod at a iMa rallMMi 
ooet. 

1 It retmuned br tbe Uarqoi* of Dalbeoaie to ipi - t in' r tt- 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 




IaOU hAvtitg for their abjMl tbe oMutnetion of nufc UiAt 
titmit of th* lniM|Mrt o( Imgguf oa four-foot»<l waliaala 
or cvU, lind thtu rabdw tli* agKif^ofnuiMB baiugi io omplojr- 
yauatM ao degnulinc maoamutf. With tliis now, hU lordihip, 
I tka Mpri^ o( l&M^ Baotiancd the MmnmiMetiiaBt of k hmm, 
' ' lb I«BTJiig tb« plauia iatlMiiciglibonrlKHxIof KAlki.30inilM 
. OmtMllali, di^MiIJ Motod to muilah, IiavIiij{ bnneli lUiM to 
tho tuijoaa of DugiOwi, KaMnw|[«, tad SaWtina Purlbcr, ks 
K D>rt of ih* atino pmject, hi* lordahin dirvcUi] iho coatitiiulkii) 
lit Ui« line berouil SiaiUh towutl* Tliibet, throusli tlie tctope- 
nitc v&ltflj vt thr Sutlt'j; villi tlie lB-afol<J oly'tct of nifordiDg an 
M*y «DtraDc« ioU> tli<> jiuUr eriubntWd aalubric>iu raMay of 
Kooawnr, n&il of opmiog it ainct oommarctkl lotMcounM wilb 
emtnl A>ln nnJ Wiwtem (liinik, ki>d tluMvby ilimcliiig into oor 
L«nm praviii-:u> tlic tnuie al {imeat luouopolued by Roan*. Aa 
I esiciitad hy tbe tvrmi v( tlia Imtica of 1815 Uiat UwM 
, to liiiiuMM niiil LinpofUiil ill ibairobJ«ottWoiiUb««ireat«d 
,' Um bill cbi«£>, Ibe «oiitinuiitioD of ibo Hue bayooi) Simlah 
WHkBicMUre of klkxI (vlicy, kt it voulil hnvo bccii objoctionabta 
to hkVB o*Uc<l upua a few au>l Dot upou all tlic cbipfi for oaoat- 
ttaoai Mid it woiiU hsv* been but a «oiitii>u»tioii of tlie wont 
tm ta n at Die bigar ayatain, to hava dpmauiltul iliu ulUiudum of 
tba tbjarta of Dortlivra dii«Gibip« to tli« louth of SimU, to nwuty 
~" idMtkut&nta thoir owmliRtricta. 



S89 




■06 ni 
^dtaaj 



& Tbe diataooe bjr thia new roni] from lb* pUiu* tu Siinlali ie 
mUw, wbkb BpoD tba opaniii^ of Uia lunacli and tlia oom- 
t)M of otliwr iiuprovamoQla, will be roJooad to W inil«i. The 
.btantia bv tfae old rood («hi«li is pnaticable tmiy for porters 
■od lubt-iadeD bcoato of bonJco) in ■li miUtt. Tb« prawnt aaoer- 
taiBetTinUffic ia abora 6000 toua ptir aoDUiu, wltlioul mlculating 
tba ooeaaioaal becaaat cooaaqnent au tbu pnaeaua of the beatf- 
qiMrton of tbo govommaiit at SiiuJah. 

It bai been ttet^d by toui^ thnt the luitiual repoira of thi> roAd 
wilt be oDomwiU. T1i» i^iiiiiioa U pruvtd tu bo errooroua by tho 
&M, that tba Tuada liitWtu oounlructC'i aiv at thU preaetit 
pumcnt io a* good iwBditioa aa tba/ tvtr wun*, aiul tlia total 
Muoniit axpnodod in thrt* jwan on tba rapun of 7tt milaa haa 
bam Ba.e3l2 : 1A:'1, or [ta.35 :8: A pcrmila pcraannm. As 
tnfie f"""— — it will probkUf be neceMxry to aiaULl Mrtain 
poctiona of ibe liae, but it ia t« be auppoaul iliat the ioonaaad 
tnffic will atfonl increnaed luoonfL 

But far above and beyond tlieae coaaldarali'-iia. la tlie openinj; 
out of ilia r*iiil« t-alleTs of thfac moiuitaiiiii to mtitni Ruropaau 
eolMuala. Iil<:iua-1 witii a dinute not aurpMsed iu Europe, nca- 
aaaaed of a k'U whioh rdqiiiraa but tbe bbour of man to produM 
aajrUtiag; prejtnaut v|Ui miaenUaof uiiknowa mine and extent, 
aboundlug ID virgin forsata, tba deptlia of vbicb have not y«t 
iMMfd tbe aonnd of tbe voodtnau'a axe. All, and br oiora than 
tbe avlr eoJouwU of Aiooriaa ever prouiiied tbemcBlTea, ia to 
ba fooBii here: wbera uuiler the bl««tu(n of a mild aad |ial«nia 
gvranuneiil, the culouiitt might iuiuvaae liia atora, na fiilly aaaured 
of aafatT iw life and pr^pni'ty, a* If Ihf toene were in tbe beart of 
Olirt Britaio, iiwtewt of uiidrr ihn nhiulowii of the mighty Hioia- 
lakyabc IiuImkI of pcnnittiud the old woru-out Kuropean md- 
aioner to idl« away all that ialeft biiu of life under the eoorcliinit 
aoD «1 Chiuuuv it migbl be wortliy tbe ntl«titioii uf gor«ninioQt 
to give fatm a oottaga and a spot that lie mi^ht call liis owu 
witaiA MDie of theac alevnt«d vnllcyt; where, with aniDrtbiag t/i 
oeeupy bia time, be might, uudor pro|ier «u|wrlutciidonce, lay the 
foonilati'm of an Kuropcan colour; tun youtli of wliiab, nluoaletl 
to K luilllary life io the nelKliOouriiic Lawrenoe Aaylum. and 
Bocriuo Colle^, (oigltt furniin our ladutn arioy with raemita aa 
Mrong, and ^ttor educated aud aodiiiiiiled Llum th« mother 
CDiuitry doea produce. 

& It ia Wa tteoowary to ahow that thia waa the beat line that 
ooaU ban been wUct«>l between Cootml Ai>in and nioduatau, 
wbetbar eotiaidorad uatheauitically, MDnofrviikJlv, or |M>litically: 
tba more ao aa it ia one that haa aot boeu hitliorto ao genendly 
adoMed by nienliaula a« otlier routM. Viuwing U on Uie lodua 
u lAa eatr*j)At between Mutnil Aria and Hindoatau, wa find five 
dIStnot ruolv* from it to the plain*, viz, tw>> ta tli^ Miuth-ffeal 
throvgb Kaahniir, otie to the aoutli ibrooKh the Eaat India 
OunpKny'a tetriloriei of Sahnl and Hundee. and two taaterly 
bnochee uf tbit Uat tbrough Spiti and BuaMJblr. 

Tbe drat twaraadaan!,aeoard!og toCaaningban), SOOmileain 
bngth. Tbe neat weatarly eroaata tbe paaaaa of Nanyika, Pbo- 
tȣ, fir Fai^'al, and RaUnpir, ewTing frou 12,00(> to 13,300 



bat in height. Tbe other ia atill awire diffionld and croawa Sve 
paaaM. r«protively 16,U3, 19,405, l(s.l£^. U,7S4,*i>d 10.164 foet 
U heiu'iti Tbe auutbeni road la 37U mile* io lenstb, and cnoaa e e 
tbe pMaea of Sung S«ag (17.MD tmt), Lunga Ueha (17,000 feet\ 
Bant Uoha (16,200 feet), and RotaJng (13,000 fcet). Tbe two 
more ciutcrly tinuwhea are reapecttwiy iH milea and 479 aOea 
iu lusgtli, tlie firat of which crowie a fire paeaaa varying (row 
li,isi lo 18,603 feet In height, and tho aoeotid noounten the 
aaue number of obataelaa varying tnaa 14^3t to 17,000 fret. 
Ttio Rnitt elevation of theac [■■tit DBceaiaifly rmdeni the 
Kvoral liiica I kavo nuaod imptaclioable during aiany montlia uf 
tbcy«Ar. 

Tliey alao, with their comaponili&D de^rfnriona, render even 
aa appn»imataly tnw matbcnutioal Une impoaaibl^ and two «f 
thorn, from lyina within a foreign atat*^ are politieally ofajeotioo- 
abl^ even had tbay poaeceaed other auperlor advaM^aa. 

7. But Li^ ia not the mut oonveniently oitoated ipot for a 
oonunerdal entr*j>At brtweeu oenlntl Asia and HindcKtair It 
Iiaa Mrt«Bly long enjoyed thii diattnetioo, but rather uu aooount 
of tho drspolic in^tienoo of ita rulem aud the jealooa oare with 
which Lbcy have directed the tnde of Central Alia towarda ihoir 
(iwu territariea, than for any advantagv tlie jilacc itaeir po fe e. 
A glanoe at the mitp will riiow how eircuitoa* ii the route Ia 
Hlndnatan cM Id from the Tbibetan provinoee of Changlhag 
and Builok, and from the productive diatticta of Weatem China. 
It will aUo abow that from tlie rich miueni and allk-pradudng 
proviucvi of Kbotea and Akaoo, a aappontioua line may be 
dxnwn tlirongh Bodok and Chang Tang to the plum of Indin 
conaldorably abortar than if drawn through 14, or through any 



other givMi poinL 
The Urituh protected Hill SUtea lie i 



< oomparatively eontigiiowt 
to Cban{( Tang' and Rudok, and are bi*acU>l by aueh a line. 

There m another line from Thibet to Hindoetan natd by mer- 
olianU Urom the oaatwarda, that vii the Niti Paaa, tbratu^ the 
Almomh dietricL It doea not afford au direct a ouBUnimioatlau 
with Thibet aa tlie one we have adopted, hut It ia oMre «aiive- 
uienl with refemiee to L'baan and Wentum China. Tlie Niti 
Past, however (uearly 17,600 fgct high) will ever prove au insu- 
M««tile obatade to regubtr and active trade. It therefore appean 
beyoad a donbl that U>e beri line between Tliibet and HIodcatMi 
fa lue i>om the Qolonda of C\uuig Thng tliroufb Buanbir and 
Simlah to the platua Dwr Kalka. Herey and bar* only, haa tba 
awful barrier of the Hlmatayaba been pierced and it* muiiSoi- 
tlona Ihnadaii by tbe vat«r« of the Suitcj, no that nuwea of mat 
cJevatioB do not praecnt themeolveL and the inalbematicaTcer- 
riotaeH of tho line ia not impaired. Tbia b the line tlint baa 
been adopted for the Biudoalan and Thibet road, and I boUore 
that (be most eoepttotl will now allow it ia thp best that oooM 
have been adeoled. and tbe beat cal«olatad to impruvo the oom- 
mereial ndationa <^ Uie two eonntrieA. 

8. The project of onltiu^ Hiadoatao with CentnJ Aaia if a 
great oommerulHl line having bom determined on, but brluei! 
oi>entiona bad been oommonwd, Major (now LieuL-ooloael) J. P. 
Kennedy, military ercrciary to Sr Charlea Napier, ((haa oom- 
mander-in-«hief in India], an uffievr of grent talent and Buropaan 
reputation aa aa engtueer, iiroffored bin ici-vicea oa trmpoevT 
auperiulrudeut of the new road. Tlie priudplen upou which be 
determifliid to conduct tho dutica of luperiotendeoiae had for 
their Wipceial objoot, first, tlie beet tuathematiord line of road, 
with ceiicuial refereooe to levela: leoondly, tbe ooutractton of 
tlip Hamu at the enull(«t pM^ble coat. 

H ia Unit ctre waa to obtain aecuiKlc information legardiog the 
ouuntry through wbicb tbe propcwd road w»a to ruu. BtMirviag 
tu biniwlf the examination of the country toa dlManw of 40 mOeii 
on citlicr eide of Simlah, be depuud me >o examine the muntr* 
towarda Thibet The reetilt <A our examination waa, that no 
oonditioD of the lint prinaijile need be vitinted, but that frou 
the difficult iiaturo of the ground, the leooud principle would ta- 
iviuMiterably affectoJ by the iionipuloua obaervanoa of tba int. 
Major Kennedy ai>uiuderL>d tbu im^wrtance of the lint principle 
of too much cosaequeuoe to admit of modi6<:>tion; bat I (eel 
oon&ileDt Hut greater axperienoe of the aatoundiug obetaolce 
prcwnted to a lov«l road by tho Himalayalia, and tbe uumhev 
and depth of the inAecUone, which add eo much to ita lewtli. 
would nave indnoed him lo admit aa a ooodittoa of the brec 
matlieumiical line, e«aoomy tn diatanca. At any rate, I have 
f^und it neceeaary In praelicn to adnut of tucb cuniideraliow, 




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^ 



but at Uw unm tiaie bnve been ouvful thut tbajr diouM oM be 
■Uowed to ftSect tlw gencnl oorrocUMU of lh« lino. 

9. To iboM vtio hftT« eumlned th« HlBala^ht it will b* 
known tbnt tbojr confortD to a KjaUm of rinr wdus uid diiid- 
iiH{ riilm*, g^mlly esteoiling at ligbt hdjcIf* to the inalii chain, 
Tncae ndm. from their numeroua eubonliiinte nuuifioatMoa (m«1i 
fait of ttbicb fbnn their ovn tribulot; basin), preaent tm th« 
unliiili;tteil eye a ooofuiteil nutaa wftlioTit ■yat«m or arrMi«iia«nt, 
Vat, betVMn each piincif*! artery «iut« a oonsMtad oluiu of 
mountfUBS tnm tlia anoif? nnga to the plains ot Htn<h«taiL 
B«tvoea the Sutl«i nod tiiwra* there are four (uch aoiii)e«led 
riitgea, foniiiDa the wnt«r-ali«il linea b«twMii thu four great 
riven, the 8<atl«^, the Toum, the Jnmnn, ami the Oangea. It 
reqafrM no <]«nu4i«trative proof to »how tliat theae ridgea allbi^ 
tbe bent matbentitical linaa for a nuu), aa they pravat nnbrolwii 
bMT^ interacelcd by no wateroonmea. If thr cicvntion of thr*e 
rldni «M gradnii] in ita icGrenBe, aa tb«^ a|ipn»obeU tbs main 
duun, et anowT range, tbura would >i« btile difflcultr in oin- 
atnctlnga rondway along their wst»r-k)i*<l lino*: bill the inoliue 
ia t7 no tnoiuis r^lar; on the eontrajy, tbo oiiltin* of enrh 
tUgt OonaiatN of a aeries of riains penlu and oonvtponiling d»- 
pRatioui: anil it is ft sini^Dliu- fnct tbnt, in miuiy iuitiuiivn, the 
ridgta tUK cnpped, ti<Mr Vj u'li«r« they huImM* into the nthinH, by 
paua of greater alutnde iliAii the generality of th<i»» Melng fWim 
parta of Ute range n««nr itin ininwii. la likn nmnner, iT>« de- 
pfftNton* or piuttca on the ridfce* atv irrc|[iiUr iu ihoir niei-jttinn, 
kMI thoRc RtATMt to tlie niowa are fre<)iieiit1r of leria lUiiiude 
IbU othura on the aaue mngei nearvr to tbe plains. It is tliore- 
ftreaimrent, that if a rorul vha couttriictod bo as to follow the 
enst of the ridge, it iiin*i ennfonn U> thoM risca and iklU, nnd 
cooMqnontlr woiilil not hp mntltcanticiilly oirrcct; u the 6nt 
fuoidilion or nnch n line U, that it ahal] not rite or fiUl aniie- 
oeHUily. A MTfect bUl roitd mtiat theivfbrv be laid (nit with 
twnrenee to tnese loweM or "oblig^loty' poinu, luid inttead of 
wnuDtIng OT«r tbn inl^rvi^iog prnk*, miint piuu mnDil. nr cut 
throti^b thpni. Twd objection* may be rained ta the fn:ieti«il 
apptiatjoa of the nbore prindplea. Firat, tbe incniiscd Irnitth 
aod lortur-uH moiTK wliicb ia giveb to the road hy paaidug rvtiod, 
initeotd of over. Huch impedimenta. Seoiud, tbe oeuetBory de- 
itrnctlon of a portion of tbe hill to nfTml ibe roulway, which 
tb4^by depriVAt a part of the bill eido of ila antunil baae, and 
rmden the hvnk nbr.ve the rand liaMe to flip, and All up the 
roMlway. Bnlh obioctiooi nrc good, but tbe nnt b cnpaUo of 
fOnaiderable nodificntioii bv tbe jiidicioui roiuitruetion of the 
read; and the aeoond eontinnee to eaUt only until tbs bank 
nattmea a alc^ which will admit of tbe cftrtb retnaiBbg at 

mt. 

1<X Afiplying tbe Kbore pHncinlea to our inrMtientiona, we 
eeleeled « line the maximuro gradient of whieh ia 1 not In 33}, 
urSfsKlu 100. In but a vrn' fnw plitcv bnve I thotight it 
DeedMity perainnently to in<fftnjio thi« uradicnt, and thnn only to 
i^ToCl a gTPAt wving in diiiAore. So jiermnQpiit mcrifiee of 
principle wM adniittet) to avoid nalunO diflicalliea, eucb lu pi«- 
utUoea, deep nvbie^ &c; but In future operalEona witbfn the 
Hhnalayab, 1 would recnmniend tbnt tbb point should receive 
di^ kttentioo, na not unftrwinantly a icarctiy ajiprteiAbta derin- 
tiMi from the true nrulient will enable the engineer to cacapa 
din^t ground. And to efGwt a rvdnccion of expenditure. 

11. "Die new lino leaveii the pbiins In tbe neighbnuiliood of 
Kolkn, Mid gnuinslly nucniln, for 14 milpii, to a goriE* '» tb» 
etUinaive range nf bOb which boninr the pinion, and Ditond 
tnoi tbe SuUej (o the Jnuiua. On Ibe left liu KniMwIie, eix 
mitea dialaut; nearer, and overlooking the gorge, itnnd* tbe 
lAWTCbM Aevliiiu, To the right ia Dugahal, cloee under which 
the roail wbin t-) the low n^k of Und which cnnnerta the long 
oiltar fang* above mmtionerl with tbn main bo^iy of the Ilima- 
hjah*. Here an abrupt enur tbrovn off to tbe enelmuii, at 
rtgbt angle* to the deaired dircetion, reodere n tunnel of 1!HH) ft. 
ntfriiaiy Tnm ible the line nuis to the next obligatory point 
uear the rich vallpy nf Solon, wbich ft cntore at aimot eminontly 
calculated for n Inif:* Knropcan aettlemont, It then nkirta the 
uxitliern Rank of the Krole mounUtio, nnd running tlirough the 
ntxt oWigaton- pciot at Kandali,comniencisas x^cvnt of fi miles 
to K(«Tee CthAt, paaahig above the valley of Bh)«gum«. From 
thie it nM nearly le\-el, tlirongh the volauiio elifh of Tara Dwvl, 
to' IB obligatory point witlilii 4 mile* of Siniab. to wbieh it 



] 



aicenda at a grndieot of 1 in U, ataeper than iny on tbe 
llne^ but rendered nutewatty by tbe elevated peuion of tbe aaal- 
tarium. Two nud «-hatf miles beyond Situak, after (mergtag 
from the fitUt obUmloty Deck, another rmggti apar, ntnninc M 
tJi« aoutb-out, tt^ers a tanitel of 060 (tat MCMsary; from wUA 
the line rum nt an impareefitiU* gradient, (or 40 mile*, to the 
Nagknndnh !'&«, 9300 leet above tbe levd of the aea. Yitm 
this, ^rting the northern fitee of the moasire Hutloo Kioanbkl^ 
it holds a level eourse to tbe obligat'iry jinint under BweK fkv* 
which an easy ascent brings it to tbe highest point m Uis Ua* at 
Knndrtlak, wbit^ haa an sleration of HGOQ feet. Daaoradinit t» 
the oMigntorr Soon^e Fas*, it toma northwird to avoid ths 
Know limit of the Himalavnlu, and eceks ths vnUey of the 9mM, 
Skirting tbisiitagw)«m]'devatiouor60mibet<teflii>ot«tlly vHt 
atcd by tbe tramSBdovs cHA bordering the NtvnrT** lorrvnt^ it 




eroaaes the Svtbj river above tbo old nridfrt e? WaDgtoo; tnm 
whieh it aaeenda to the village nf t'hini. unnrnlkd for Uie bsMity 
of Ua scenery and the Kilubrity of jla dinial«. Uenlly dMceodiq 
in order to avoid the deep inflections of the auow bc^l tribntariai 
of the Sutl^, it runs tbroiq^ the noli vineyanle of Rarvuc aud' 
Akpah, nntil it apkin msete the Sntlej nndor tbs town of Soo»- 
from nnd Konnm, renowned no teM in the cocleniiutical history 
than iu tbe ooromerdid estimation ot T1iibe4 and Western China 
I.'uder Saiiooree the Hue again ctuta to tbe left baoik of tL* 
SntlvJ, now flowing at an elevation of 8300 (eel, and lakioa ad- 
vniitnfpi of an old bo>1 of tbnt mnnt turbnlnnt ■trran, 100 IWt 
nbove ita present level, it emerge* on the high huida o>f Tliihet, 
nenr the Chinese village Sbipkc; from which, road* as oh) as the 
people thenuelne, run east, woet, and norlb. ttavened by bag- 
gi^*e cattle of lUl dewriptiuna. But It must uc4 be suppeasid tM 
the ease with which 1 bnve sketched tlis direction of ths Mm_ 
affords any adequntai notion of ths estsnt or n«t«i« sf 

obetscles which optHue tbe construction of a iraul. In ; . 

a auRimary view or tbeae, I eannol do betUr than aeooapabf 1 
with such remarks on tJie geo1<^oal fbrmatioft of iha cemtiyail 
my llmitM knowledge of the *cieiK« will iiermit: for thm <W- 
bc no surer eritdrioii of the natural obntscles which oppoat Ite 
100(1 engiuccr'i progresa. 

12. Ou Inviog the elevated pliun roomprsed of loose eosfrit^ 
mststs and illurium formed firum the detritus of rocks) l^ag 
between tlie Svwnlik range nnd the outer smirs of ths llinak- 
yahs, the line sntirs n unrint of iiidni«tsd sandstone piM in 
conf^ised mBssca. The sn^e fomied by the monntain sids muifs 
fWiiu 30' to 30°. This coiitiiiueii for about S miles (Km Kalks^ 
when tbe line eutera the basin of the Kosiilnli and Its irlhntot 
ries, when the slope of the hill becomes lees sbnipt, so that aQ 
the minor spun linvn been rednoed to terraces Est the t>urpaa«H 
of caltivatiim. Higher np, tbs spun are capped bv ma«— of 
granite and other inferior rocks, famung hard ami difliettlt «iitla 
through wliidi to excavate a reouL Ae tlie line appreaahssth 
mimmit of Ibn extnnwve ridga between Pu^bai aM Knansr" 
the slope of thn hills asanme* nn .intilo of 40 '; and ihrir i 
xition IS generally of brokrn and •Idnchnl ninaea nf grsnt 
imbedded in ttiS ftrrugiuous clay, fraouently interwcted srill 
walla of guriee and ovenyfaw beds of inonnklM sandateu% 
iug obstacles of oeitsldenSis tnagnitDdo finni tbeir •» 
hardnnvi nnd ftnqnent recuironce. Perahed abnre tiir go*^ al 
DhiirmiHior, at an olei'stiou of 41)00 feet, b nn esMMive nwvnd 
of linlF bnkrd ilrntifieil rock, nhoundini;; in (niBilif^reaa remain*, 
«tpecl,ilty frhellii of the Sjriri/er tt'almtU, OrsH'iM oMfM***, 
O.vnyHla, G.dlliilntii, PoiLiptitlnuietilata. TWrriUtUI 
and othen; which 1 have boem nnaUo to identify. Hm 
mntinn of tbe Dngehai bill, and that tfarongh which tbs 

luuiiul in neoeiaary. appear outwardlv to be of mnlie m 

and uneisH wolls; out our exusvators have exposed thick bsds of 
graphite ^nd innri, wbioh, from their want cf eowist«nc)r sfed 
tlio quantity of water they contain, have ccviaidenbly iwUriT 
tbe progress of the miners, and rendered a portiaj lininc ef i 
tunnel neceMsty. On tbe spur to the north of ihia tUMid i 
Hue mnn thruo^i niasaee of ^yellow sand, wgillacMiHr 
and other depostts of the oolitic system. The arirfllaoaoiM 
■tone i* so regularly rtralilied as to form prrfeet reetan^lar 
biocks, vnlunble for bollding. A white efflonwwDoe (peohsUy 
niurbte nf soda] oceun In the eraphile under the lin 
Above thl» are immense nutnes of coralline rangotsiui ha 
of fkntsstic shap^ In placs* ovethanging the mail. The Kmit 
mountain is almost entinJy omtpond of thb mountain Um^ 
stone, fiill of flasure* and caverns. F^om its liingbiiaa* and 



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THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANO AECHITECTS JOURNAL 



291 



onaf 




cavitin, ii u mty diffleuJt oS (vdudira, 
qnendy oflbra gtttt wMtmiM \a iho ascKvUoi*. 

B i lwn tfae Erale ukI Tu» D«vi nMUDtoiiu the formatiou iti 

flkv d«Wy SmI; LuBluAtod, but vaoh brolwii. Tlie <lup« «r 

hill aid* h geBuallr about 40*, vliloh mden the ouUiagi 

a i>Md«*r liMvy. Oq tbU, £rv«n ib itxiUwni oxpoMirc, bo 

vigalatiaa appoara (o Uirive; bul the hill «(!<■ umuitlv pn>- 

■ ft TkluAbte crap of natnnl gma^ and fOrtlicr down m the 

i<r, «li«ra tb« d«tritui hai MMBialated, tnuili Am caltivaUoii 

'hMManai. 

Hi* Tm r>tivi monataln ta of vokaale origfai, oonpoMd o( 
■noal «r tba prinN^ tocIu fiiaod iuio a eoaglaaMmU naaa. It 
ftpfMan atlher to have oool«d irrrfolarly, or, after oooling^ U 

ftnn aiaaa bj esteailvo fiaaOiVi, tbo eagm of vliiub an sot of a 
Auf tit hmkm appoarann, m il ntti**J bj fraolun frotD eon- 
T«lnofw anbncqucnt to tbcir forainlJoii, but rouiKUd a* if the 
■na«NM biul b««ii rubbed a^unit each otbor. Tbe eompoeition of 
ona mmIi oeotij^oaa hmm frequently differed from tbe oorapoai- 
(ton eif another, amd tba flsanrea an in ntaDjr plaota lined with 
ayattit of mlpliur, iron, and other ■ioerab. Manii<la of blank 
■cons are here, oa tiao od tbo Krolo, of fraqaeut ooeumDOO. 
Here aleo b fovnd a bright vi^rmllion powder, of ODnaiderahle 
drinamd mdmikH ibe mtivn: and at another plaee^ qwrU veiiia 
lapevgaated with inta pjFiitaa <if a bright ifoldan line, gave hopee 
to w»ay of tlio diaeov«t;r ^ <^ ■>" gold-lMd. Along tbe whole 
•xtant of the Ten I>evi nioviilAiti and iw Doishbourliood, the 
diiBi are lofty and very pied{ntoa*, pteeiuitiny obrtaelee of great 
maanitnde to a road. 

(ft tfaa brmation of the reBgea between Simlah and tlw up- 
bade of Thibet I nMd mv Utile, ae they an all of the mka elaM 
■od gDNaa aeriea, etiMMKi but eeldom with our other eleinatit 
iiitniMliu^ b> tlw (eologiat. 'niia fonDAtirm U bowevor prognnttt 
wMb dUHUtiM to die engineer. The mioa eUte ii piled up into 
pndplMa of BBflj hundred feet, and Ibe gnelsii iit cipoted ui Dot 
HM preeipiMie hhmw of dtooianda of feet in extent Neitlier, 
fron beiiig atnttified, an fitvoiuablo to blaiti»g ommtione. Mid 
both have been alreadj' taw eorerely tried to riatd to fire and 
wakr. Veina of quartz. picniBg tfnty deeoripban uf rock, funn 
ft network ibroiuhoul the wboie of Hue formation. Near Uab»- 
Boot al an alaTatlan of TUOO feet, an cxteasive bed of llnie rock 
Uae above the ibte. At Kundnlkb the mlm elate ia atron^ 
iBipngnatcd with iron on, bat tbi* will be doeeribed baraafter, 
WMB trvatin;; of the iron nunea opened out by the road. 

TlirooghoHt tbe gnelw and inicK elate eerie* the hilb are mart 
nned and nhru|>t, broaking Into extenefve difft, and intereeclod 
vitE DArrow and jnweipltoue f\t-m. Tbo aetlon <i tbe waalber tax 
their rugged outlwoe oauMi eoant&at domolition, and the coaae 
iiUBM ia that ruckv avalanchee at eooniioa* nine not unfrequently 
■UMiad with enul'ibg forae, oitryiog niiii and deraibition in 
their impetuoue emne. The thin aupereiratum of aoU Iring on 
Ibe A»rn indioa of tba aUt* hiUe, ia teiwre leaaona, beuomea 
aatnntea with mmetnrc^ niid l<nc« ita adheronee to tbe aUt« atre- 
tBB BiKleraeaib. Il then rreijaoatlj illdea npoo ila baai^ and 
denodtn ita land of foreel tree* uid mrliwe rosk into the gleo 
below, leering a aheliing precipice of bare rock where formerly 
oxMlad a rich fac«et. 

AU theee eerre to increaee the difEi»Iti« At1«iidiaK tlie oon- 
etmceioa t4 a mountain rend, where tlie priiioiple* of {[radionta 
are etriolly ofaeerved. 

13. Tlie prelisiinariea haring been amtBgad, opanUone wen 
oonmeneed on the UindwtAu end Thibet Road in July 1A2U, by 
the fcmation of a 5 feM mole-tnck at ienrel poiiita on the line. 
It luH been frequently t«narked, that it would have bean a witer 
pba ta have ftoubed one portion of the road and opened It U< the 
pahlie, inetead of oQaenieticiiig on a number of uiiconneeled por- 
tiow^ nnavnilable for trnflk. Tlio re*>un i* tA be fouod in tbe 
naCon of the labour emplnved. Eaeb itAtu fumUhcd it* (luota 
of labovrcre, and ea it woufd have been au unmiti(,-alet] banUbip 
to bare demanded their eervioes itt a greni diatunce flram the 
boniKUriea cf tbdr itatoe, thev wore nmploved at that point oif 
the line which lay aeareet to their hoiceL IIcdcd the cotnmeDoe- 
Mint of woik OB a Bomber of detached purtiuus. 

14. Uajor Kennedr, in hi* totter to govemmeat dated the 17th 
8mliBiber, 1830, fully detail* the mean* be took to oblain Uie 
eAdeat performaiiae of hi* dullea from every individual om> 
plajad on the toad. That be wae emin«at]y euoiXBiftil admit* 



netof adoabt; but thut the laimuine Mpwtaliaai laligbtlaed ia 
that letter ebould be realieed, w:u nuplv impMtiUe. He thu 
■taud that there wm little dovbi but ilat tbe whole line fren 
Kallca to Chlnl, iu tbe valley of Kouawur, might be made pMe- 
able for loaded aalmale by Nornmber l^^'. Tlut i*, that a 
aearly level road, A feet wide and 300 milca in length, mii^t be 
oouetraotod througb tbe moet predpitoa* chain of aiouaiaiaa bt 
tbe world, within a period of fiior moatbe. Ui^jar Kcnuedy had 
only innpectad the lower hUla : be had aot cniaiaine'l tbe two 
wtua of aliaer predpioe at Mutteaanah; the watla of perpendicukr 
mtt littiag the Nogvnc* and Mui^lod; the Rngee abyae; or 
indeed nay portion of the line in Uie rock rallen of Bui»hir 
and Kouawur. The work actually conetnieted within theae four 
laoBth* wai the opening of SO iiiilea of an irrt^ar patlijnat 
paeeabJe ftr hoivemen, between Siniloh and Dugnhai. ^Tbera 
oliffii ooonrred tbey won avDJded by tcmpoiary ramne, made 
either over or under them. Tweiity-five nilee ot Rmiiar patb> 
way were oonetrueted between SimUh and CUni: but ae uwr- 
veniug oliSi «-«re not redtued, no ponioa of it wae available for 
traffic 

tA. I mart here olMem^ that I have learned from experienoe 
liow enuueoue i* the eyelcm of opeoiuK out a bill road to a leM 
widtli than what la eventually oooteni plated. I <lo not meaa 
that no loek-aplt ehould be made, for without it the rood would 
ttot be kept level; but I object to oponiu^ the road lint to A feet, 
thnn kfUrwanU to 1 3 feet, then perhape to a greater widtli. In 
opening a. rand to a width of A fbet, the exea^'atore u'itb grfat 
labour bluet and chip off luat enongb to afford the pathway 
rtqulreii^ and tbe debrie fiula dowii nnd tUla np the re-ontarin^ 
anglee. When it i* required to inoreaee the width, tb* bibourera 
have to reeonunence to excavate llio tiank above tlie fonaer 
outline, and to perlbrm Ibe eame operatiou na wna rsqnirti) Tit 
tbe A-mt roail, only that the labour la iuoneaKd in ratio to lii« 
Incrceagd dimeuaiona of the eecUou. FVom the aocamnlatioii of 
tlie detjri* of the flnit mitting the luitnnd bank below the imd >* 
bidden, and much Inlwur ia oxiMndcd in removing the rubbaeh 
to oommenoB tbo exoaration* lor the fbundaliane to the revet' 
nieoi wnlle. It in my oplolou, that Afltr the cutting of the 
louk-apit, the iuleDded width of the roadway ehould be fiually 
determloBd, and the foundations of tbe retamlng walla laid oiOt 
and extavnted nt once, llie catti&g into tfio hill >dde may 
then be commenced, the Dngmont* of rock* hedsg need frr tM 
wall* a* they are dug ouL By tbi* nivau* all unncceeeary labour 
vrilt be avo'liled, tbe ehorp angular time in the road will be 
redored to a niiniraum, and the (ouudMloua of the walla, from 
being cot out of the untirokon hUl side, will he etafale. 

16. The uuDitivr of lahourera employed in the cotutruclioa of 
44 milea of Alnjur KcoMdv'a pathway wae MUh.S, or an avce^pe 
of 1730 Ubuurera per mile. The coat, at the nurkd tale of 
Sanaa* per man, would bnve been Vlt! ni)>eM ptr mile. The 
aotnal coet to government, ia ooosequcnoe at Die nmount of irv 
bnla labour at that lime aupplicd, wai uulv 147 mpon per mile. 



17. Ill Deonuber 1600, after U^or Kennetty'B retnra to ', 
land, I ooiuioeDced the widaatn; of the Simlah and DunliA 
tiadi to 12 foot; oimcling all irr*iiularilie* of xiedieBt iniloh 
had previoiialy been allowvl in order to avoid didianll ground; 
throwing bridge* over the prlnoijMd tomatk and eraotina 
staging bnngalowa It wm now fouiwl that the uboor providM 
by the hill etaten, in Icno* of their Ireatiee, wna suth aa to 
render it impoeeil^e for the Brili*h Uoivenuiient long to avail 
tliemarlvea oi It. 

Sir D. Oditerlouy'e treallea were looked unon aa a dead letter 
by onotW geoerattoa than tliat whiiA had beoefitted hy hie 
auld nik; and thu eliieCi ot>eyad with evUlent ralnctaaue the 
onlf'm of the political agent for tti« OMcmUage of the working 
partie*. 

That olSoer (Mr. W. Edwaida, of the Bengal Civil 6ervt«) 
had been highly Inatruinenlal in ttriogiug to the notioe of tjio 
govemor^aeral tbu evil* of the bognr «y>t«m; nnd ineieted on 
til* oonetructicei of rowle a* the only niAUi* of reforming it. The 
MHE*ament of thequola* of labourrrn exigible from each eletoftr 
tlie oonetruction or tbe toad was eotrm^ to hi» can: and he 
wa* earefhl to make It witli roferenee to tbe tise nud populatiea 
of the etatae, «o aa in bo instance to eaoeed 1 per oent, and iu a 
few iiwmncee } par oenL of tbe populatioa. But all hie tttoaU 
foiled to cnliat the good-will of the chief* toward* the work; otid 




an 



THE CmL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL 



ftlthongfa from imti ot tho ooDaeqiucioM of <U*obedieiK« Ib^ 

' biauM for tb«tr inpiiort, And did Uimr ntmiMt to tnalic Utc ««rk 
uupo]>uI&r with tb«ir suhJMU. 

18. It would b» tecUcMM to duoribr «iieh of tli# BMnf works 
which wore a^emmrj in oni«r tn fono a nmu'ly level ivAdvaT of 
1 3 ft«t in width, tliTmigh th« difficult caanUj befbn dtacrit«d. 
I will tui^ralj BwntiOD ft Bnr of Ui« worka of the sreatnt nBgni- 
tudn, plana of whieti KoooiupaDlcd lur report of tM I*t October, 
llUi. Tb« moat McpciMl** HDdertakiiig waa tbe redui-tioa of tli« 
IntonaJTe raap;* cf cIlOi which IJM th« WfaUrn rtaok •>( tlie 
KKred T«ni Deri motiDtain. Thotr rxMidcd for a diAMicr of 
I Kmrlj two uilea, vanio); frooi 30 t« 2tXl foet ia height. One 
IponiMi of 400 A#t ia Wgth waa cut down toa dtptii uf l.W feel, 
^ in order to nhtain a aQfflci«Ut breadth of roadwav; Hiii>l)iHr por- 
tion, 300 fcct in longtli, was of mich a h«I^ht, auil m alieer, Uint 
fu onlor to obtwn a liwdwny, th« reduction of the rllif)! muiit 
bane Mminenoed 300 feat abore the line of road; to thi* I prr- 
! frned erecting a Tiadnot of iOO feet acma the pret-ipic*, Und^r 
U*AMp*ct Poioi, near Sinilah, a aories of cliyTs. 500 feel jti leu^Ui 
(>ii<l aeeni^uff 00 fodt in height, weiv reiiiii^ni ^y hiaating, aiiil n 
^ OVUfng of lOO fret in len)(tli nnd no in li'iplh wn» miule through 
« eharp projecting Bpur. Itevotmcnt wnlU vnryiiix from 10 ta 
, SO fkat in lielghl were built iji mnuy pWiHi : these were eou- 
Htnicted ot Mmnsor-dreaeecJ Htouv». IhiiI wjihuut mortar, having 
raMneml hftttar of one-fonrth of thrir [ii'ight. 

lauulot^vea bettor idcit of the amrmiit of work prrComtpd 
^ III opening the 40 niloi of i*ond tietvcvn Simlnb and Ifi^gnbiii to 
bnadth of 18 feet, thau by atalicg tbe cubia mtuwammeut of 
'i deacriptioD of work. 

1. Of hard rock, rediiulble only by Uaaljug &,7'Ai,Cli3 
9. or elate, ahingle, slonee, and earth ... 1->,1>0.-1)T 
3. Of revMment waIIk lii:\,>iU3 



Total oubic feet of work ... 30i7ia,9TS 
Tbr average expenditure per mile wm aa followa : — 



Ob l^tour 

On arlifioers 

On Buperintendeiioe and aocoiukia 
On contingencioB 



Bnpan. 

77« 

44 

3S0 



Total espeoditure per mile ,., ... 1237 

Be^dea the large viaduct tueotioued above, eight wooden 

bridgm vitrying Is apui f^om 30 to 90 feet, of the " American 

E htticc' ilcMription, wbfb conatracted. Thev were only furoi«bed 

with atnKte truiiaeii, in the manner of enttic bridgia, aa grtster 

atiifU^li waa tt->l ['i.naiil-.'rvd necmvir}*. ilonvy S4^poundcr ffunt 

witli carrlhKM were t^ke n over ibcm with safety. Theae briutjea, 

nHuining a length of inss fn«t, hat e coat 9000 nipeea. Tliat in, 

tfieir coat per lineal foot boa averaged Rfl.l3:H. They were 

■TDinTruetAl lolelr of deodar, witli oaken trcnoil*. I do not, 

however, now thick that they arc well suited for the billa; aa 

idood.ir la not of a nature to wtthHtaud (be (,'reAt tTuitivertte atraiu 

'the oomponnnt pnria of the laltio* biiilyee are eubjeot lo; and 

the trem^ndoiM aurta of wind which iiwe«p down the ravinea of 

the MimalayahM cauM mueh undue Inti^ral pi-nunim upon thii 

j truaae*. The Urcett hridjie waa tbua blown dnwri in IMiS, but 

I haa been replauni, without muc^h additiouut cxpf u/ie, by another 

of eimplnr dceci'Iption. 

14. Tbeae several works, cominanced in Dcrambcr ISM, wpnt 
I completed lu September 18A1. between which )>erio(l( thcrv were 
only as working <lay», in coi«e<iueii«j of the aeveiity of the 
winter and the long cinitiiiuance of the rainy aeaaou. 

30. The wotka ainoe comptcled to thr aoulh of .Siinlnb niion 

• the prindpln of Ihuae jvi»t dcaeribtd, niv roaiU 12 fret wide, 

; coanaeting the niililary alJilions of Duesliai nud Ktnuowlie, ajul 

; Diuahai and Aubaihcxi, nnij the exl^imli'ij of the lliudoaiau and 

Thibot road to the plain*; the whole amoniiliiic to 78 niili^ *•( 

13-faet road, coiirtnirteii iipnn true neicntific prineipipn, through 

a eouutiy unrivalled in iiLtturiLl (tifli(njlti«L The number of 

kbouren nnployed has been e'.iC,2i''^ ; and the toUl coal ou 

aeoount of labonr to povernmeul. Its. 73,971 :9:fl, or Be. USS : 

1 1 : A per mile, llie widrnine of a part of thla between Slmlnh 

and tke phuua to 16 feet ia now pntgroaing; and tn aix moptfaa 



elapae T baee a right to eapeet tbat tliere will be do man Sit 
cnltv in convoying cnoda apon w^ooim from tli« plaiM <• 
Simlah, than then M in ooBvcyingUiem from AHahafaad to 
Cawnpore. Only at one place will the draught b» ■orally M, 
and that will exivt until the tanMl tlirougfa the Cbewar at0 
of hilla ia oomiJeted. I'hia tannel, 1900 f«4t in length, waa mw- 
meuced in Jaoooiy laat, and lintwithatandiag Ibe un&voanUl 
nature ot the hilla, which deterred our piogicM oatU bcth 
entrancta were areheil with nuaoaiy, the galln? i» now adraoetd 
■KH) feet into the interior. The expenditure on labour tq> la Utt 
preuiDt time haa been 3000 rnpem. 

The other heavy worka which have been lataly «oiistr«ett^ «r 
ars now in progrcaa nf eooatmetioo, are a viaduct of 4aJ foM ia 
tengtli, to eorreet an irretnilarity of gradient which had fonneilr 
been penullteil near Tuuk CliKa', another of I(X) fret at Kvuitab 
Ghil; and a cjueen poat bridge of V> feet apnti, near KMrM 
[icaidea the widening of thn roul to a miiiiiDum br«adtli M 
IH feet, a narapet oi^nihblo masonry coped with tiiif ia hrtnj 
eou»tritfle<!, wherever ruvctnitiil walls or pie«ij'ii«» exist throa|k' 
out the whole length of the line. Where the Imnk ia ahsfanb. 
oaken poata 6 inched thick are set at every 10 feet. I latawM 
to connect thnu with a rail, but the (ulfering prOfNUaltlM of ibe 
lutirn have intcrferod with thia. 

A dik bnniralow oi the larg«rt ■■» la b«ing eompleled M 
Dhuriu|<or«^ wbere the road* to KaJka, Kttwowlio, Diigi>haa,Mri 
Snbathoo diverge. 

31. I will now prooced to ahow what progrewi has been nak 
in the works to tlie noith uf Siuilab, on l!i<^ line to««rda TUlM, 
Aitd ahould ebjectlou be taken b> it, I beg Uutt it will be boenela 
mind that in the HimalsykU working year there »n not akow 
100 daya, 

Froiii tlie end of November to the end of Husb H would U 
fatal to the Ltbouren to be eiK'juupol nt dc^ationa nbore ODM 
feet; aoc! agab, during the wet iHuijjiO there are tnany da}i 
when work muat Iw d^^vrrvd^-'add to tliia tli« grasi natail 
Hifficultica to bu ennounterocj; the limited amount of Ubouwf 
that are procurable from the nortbern atataa; thn fact that Ikm 
ate ehangad eve*; fifteen daya, Ut«reby caAilinit on the mJ 
ovetaeora a onnlinual and moat hara^£i« amount uf training, lit 
heiHAt* of whioh thrj are Dover deatlo^ to reap; aad ihe bf- 
ijiieut liewiiioiii of entire working parl/^ "t petliam mM 
critical tinicH:— and the wonder will not l>e. 'fcow Itttfe haa Ina 
aeuoiugil lulled, but rvllier that iioylbiug iLas b^'ti etfijctad at >A 
With thn eiceptioii of two breaks of Sand » i\;<le« rrapeeti*el5. 
1 ]'i inil>-a of ti fritt road are completed. \ 

111 thia thcie ia one abnormal portion tempornrii^ ftdi 
order to avoid the tremendous cliffii which lini; ibe N«L 
t>>Treiit, A few general Improvemeeta are reijtiiVei], hit' 
whole ia pmcticable for laden ninlea and horaemeii, V .\i ptoeM 
the working partiea ni-e punh'-d lorwan! to Wniiykpc^ md tfa» 
HutleJ, wbiirc I hope Ihuy will be able to c>.DtinuV at wwt 
duriujt thewiutur; iiml by ue.\i spring I eipei.'t ih.-it hu<J 
will lemaiu of uiif'iDinh«l wtirk Iwtwion sioilah atul CI 
60 lietween Siliilah ami the frontiein uf (,'hinn. 

Si. \Vliere all i» ao difficult it appears acmoely De>oei^ 
pnriiuularise apocdal works. Thete are a few, hnwevnr, i_ 
will briefly notice. A Tunnel RSO feet ID loogth haa b«aa| 
thifiigh a bill i\ niil» north of Rimlab, and not 
remarkable circuinataticc eDDneclr.1 niih tliii wx>rk ia tlia 
constructed alnKst entirely by ci.uvict hibour. The tiiyi 
were aloue compoaed of (n^ lulH.nn'rv. huiI a few uf t)i>i 
olaaa aatisled daring the day in wheeling bnjrowa, ami i 
worka a* the conricti/ chaina rendered irkaome. In the 
tion of thia work 10,000 ecnvicta and 84A0 free LatMurvri 
employed. At the inalket rate of labour it aould ha* coti 
iO^I rupees, but n» a oertAln amnitnt wat furnished ua " tj4iile,' 
it only cost 391 ru|>fe«. A fiiiiher anm eS iiO ru|iR *aa 
expended <'i\ arliftcers, an that the total ooat of the tund to 
governnimt w.w fill mpcta. The ptri'^d ocCTipiod in it oon- 
*tructioii wjis twelve mreiths. Ceusiiiering the valuaMeWcek 
thus nbtiiiiied fiv.-ui eotivlet labour, 1 iriuinot refr»iu ttobi nVvaa- 
iuu my dLn-'ippoititiJieiit, that since the oMnpletkin nf tlila uuiiel 
I have been wholly dq>rivod of thcsci-viccaof the few prcner* 
that were rmploycil «u it. 

The next lioivy worka are the cliflk under Ph^oowhioh 
hare been cut down to ft depth ot IW feet. 

Between Tbeog and Hnttcconnh three atrong and 



3 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCIHTpCTS JOCRKAL. 



S»3 



TbducU )Mn beta arteud: ant ot tlitw » 919 feet in Itoglh. 
S^aad MuUmhuIi, ibe tnoiiHiiloua nui|{« of cUtTi whlcli exUad 
At iatarraU ovor • mil* MtiA « luU/ bave bMU mt il<,>wn to ■ 
defitli of I3u foal, aa iliat a IO-r«eC roftd now nuis throogh tliU 
nniporprenpimn wliar* fonnurlr* ml could not Imvd found 
RNDdiDg rooHi. KnMD BuwIm to TiMdali tlw nxtd ii curriod tor 
a ndlM through OM cMitinaoM ranee of diB*. Befi>rB rntching 
Bmhaa ii pmm* (hrougb the fa>md prwipiew liut ovorhuts 
Um MaogUd, ud iM^oDd S«nhuu It b «( for half * mile 
through k ahear lajut of rock. 

23. A ttw tenuuka npaD tfao nuterial mad in Ui« conMnictioa 
of ihe rowl vorka, and bund ui llie neigblMurhiKxl nf clia line, 
do not apfioru bit imkviuit to ttii- aatjtct of Oiii r«|Kirt; and, 
fint, wiili rrfmiu* to boilding timbar. 

It uipeua to I)« ■ iKiniia] ooDditkid of tfao Hbudajnu) foraiAa 
Uint thoj tbill hh\f> a i>orlh«ni Mpact, Uie fljuika of tba laoas- 
tkiua bdng Uint qtiattar being nlone oov«nxl with trao ngate- 
UtfO. Su nooh ID (bla thsoaa, Ibiu a tnvellar fruui tha aouth- 
■ard i* at flnt iinpraaaad wltlt Ui« btrron appcannoa of the 
noualaina, lunl tbn uttor tifaaanoe of foraat acviiery. When, hov- 
«*mr, ba baa [vupiniivd fBrtber into the interior, and lunia bia 
boa aoiutliwarili', be U iDailo avare of the arroDeouanaaa of bia 
Im isipTMaimia, by iliv GXt^iuira braadtha of dark piiw fimata 
he haa piiHmL To aoocmnt for tlila alugaUr fiicL aovarkl nuoM 
tnajr be oddvotd, allliough nooe appear wholly ntiAetotT. Tt 
nnj be from the aeeiunulatwiD of aiiow ou Ui« noftbem fianka 
dorinif tbi winter, whtob proleeu the young phuita frnia the 
•trera froatf. Mad nflbrda an inexhaaaUUe aopptf of moialuca 
during the ■ummiT; or parhapa froiu the genanl dip of the 
at(»ta bdoj luwiinli the anuth, frroo which thoae alopca have an 
even and regulnr ilecliuntiim, but coiaiii no deptb of aoll, fhini 
the b*i\ity with wliiob it ii waah«l oS; wberiraa, from tl)« diaia- 
100 of iha norlbera expoaed edgiia, deep depoaita aoanmn* 
-, rtooiTiDK yearly iucranse In depth and riebaoM from the 
ria of deoarad TiqtelAtioB. So rich dooa thia aoil beooiu*, IbaC 
levati'^na between 6jOOO and ItfiOli feet, aome of the nioU 
ioita of Europeaa vegelahlea aud flowen an natunlly pro- 
Agparaso^ odary, rhnbarb^ atmwbeiriea, gooaaberriea, 
ibenie^ aocotad vloleti^ priuroaea^ puteatlUoa, aDoiaoMa, 
dipe, are all aoaieroiwi. 
FVom the Uinikwtan and Thibet roMl, Eulloanng tbo left or 
aoiith bank of tbe Satloj, it ncocaaarilr pnawa through aevend 
'v« IbnstH, but tbfl uMJority uf the troei funiiah Qaiber of 
^tie eiwpt ai» foal. Tbe immeiue forwt oitendiag Irotn 
lalbe P«Ak ia the BiiJ^ie Statu, to Timuidah in Kouawar 
dhlanoa of at UaiU 100 tnilai\ doea uot omtniii ono tree in a 
lOanHd oqiable of yidding guod dtirabic tamber. Witbio this 
ice ihn« an a few utcbo of fimm dudar, than which 
eaa be no Knar timDer, aud at a lower alavatJoD laaoy 
ft of fbuu IntglJIJia Itt for deal boaida aud baitena; but the 
■ of the fomt in of piniu aKdllN and aUa* Smglkiana, the 
.ber «r which luiic^h rm-inbli'a that of the apruoe Hr of Europe, 
in '>f little UM except fur fuel. From Tnruudali npwarda like 
qluia ilaidii^ btcnitiee iu>>re ahuuilaiit. ami when apjmiochlag tho 

ThilMt, it wiib t1ii> /•■')»( OrrranHilBaCtbuticoa, 

pine) fovtna the ^ciiml li*t vifgotalAoo. 

r. Btiiptuug to oouoc thp ik'''<Urfare»iaof Ihe Puttecalah, 

I, Aiul KotM chieb, within t<.-ti nitlea of SiiuUh— out of 

have beeai built tbe laallaria of Dugalui, Kuaaowlie, 

\a\ and Siailali. aud which, ttwxx tlie abcirt-ogbtod mpa- 

' n^tl'l!*"'^ of the chio^ linve been rutbleady deetnyed 

npbuital,— I ■ball bri'.lly mentioB the tmitioa aud 

of the Dtlter paichea of deodar, which I befon alated 

iMoaalonnlly nn tbu left buik of tli* SatleL before raaohlng 

napnmivfil'j hicb pgiat of Tvmndah, on that river. 

the luiitmil <9'tha Shallee Peak there are aoiuo KM treea 

diuv^iioiu growing at n Rencral elevation of MDO feel 

the Snllq, and aepAntted frotu it by 5 uUee of rough 

■ 
•fiK^Mh thnre ia a young healtJiy atrip of fereat, which, 
V ia not likely to pim-e mora tluui auflldcBt for the looal 





Md upland 





. of the deep Tallere between Kotegnrh and the 

ndiood of the S>MMigre« j^am, at Bowlee, and at Dharuu, 

■ oa the lUndoelao and Tldbet roail, there are ae^eral 

'deodar, but all of lindted oxtrnit, and held lacred by 

^^^ 'iUagera an their hmiMh«ld god*. Theee til clicl at rery 

**K tliaMOGM (ratn tlMSntlc). 

**- Wl.— Tel.o.-3«nMBan,lM7. 



Braldea these paUhM there an of eoarae many indiriduat traea 
«f deodar aaoi^ the deaee mum of liHbrior pinn; bat th«y bm 
in no pUee aandently nnnaraua to doaerre apcciol notice^ and 
cnu only be diicoreivd after ooaddorable aMrdi. The aama 
fiireela alao pmduce waJnat, niapio, hot«« d>aatatit, haxd, aevand 
eedar^ and twn onka (f nemw 6ioaita and ^atrcut »tmirmtpify^'i, 
the tiiBber of whieh ia tough and durable. It ia little lucil bf 
the hill-man on aooount or the diflSouIty of working It, and tbe 
crooked natare of tbe tree raaining it uot «Mily adaptable fer 
bniUitu porpoHw. I oonndcr tliia tUnber aa peculiarly well 
adapted lor railway aleepen^ and oarna({o and waggon tmcka. 

It ia not uDtil reaching Turandah that the dwdar beooiaea 
Buffieiontly abundant within a moderate diataace'of the rirer to 
■UggMt the )>>i)iitiility of BoatlDK the timber down to tbo tilauwL 
The rwkr nature of the bed oTthe Sotlej within the hilla, and 
the mi^dtty of i(a bll, liiM until Lktnly been held to rvaiW 
improbable the aaoeeaa of any attempt to ftoat timber from a 
high devalloD. Bat aa experiiiieut cuumeeiood by Mr. Edwaida, 
and nuried ont by Ixird wilUnui Hay, baa proved tite poambility 
of doioie to; and although thn mult of the ex|>eri]iKiil waa oot 
aatidactnr^ in a liiiiuieiid point of viaw, tliii waa atlribntaUu to 
cauaca which 1 believe to be remudiabie. 

Thp grrat bet of the madbility of Qoatiiig timber of alaioat 
any iliuiendinM, from a liigh elevatiou oa the Sntloj to a point 
where laAa may be eonetouoted, waa proved Tbe fellowinu wei« 
the eauaea of the want of euecca* in a peounlan point of tiSw, 

Firat. The dillitndty of tnnqmrtiag the timber from the plaoe 
wbnr* it w*« felled to the river, in eoaaeqaenee of the pradpilMia 
iMlnro of tlie uouutry. 

Second. Tbe perfahahle nature of tbe limber floated down, 
rour-fiflha of it being P. AmaiTMo. 

Third. The noneeeeMry iMlay of two yeara In forwaidiog it to 
Feri>ai*pore, aritiag from the timber baring boaa out down too 
late to take adTantage of the flooda in tbe SutleJ, without whtcli 
there waa on* enlSFieol water to float tbera down; and, 

Fourth. The want nf a proper aataliliabintrnt at Bnla*purr, 
whero the current becotnca aafflciently eaty to allow of nAa 
beiiig formed. 

The 6nt of tlieae dilEoultifs, and the onlf ou 1 eonaider 
naaeaaary to notioe, I would removp by the preetloa of a did* 
between the &real and the rirar. TurauJah ttaelf ia not auitable 
for ouch an arrangnmnnt. n« the foreet i* not auSdeally exten- 
di^ and the ground bctwci^n it ai>d tbo rivtir U loo pi«ci|i4ti>iui, 
Tho eapabilitUa of NiKtuir, tlie next atoge, are far groator. Then 
an two farwta in ihat ueighbunrhood; onn to Uie aoath^Mat, 
oondatiiw of 900 apleodid treea, aver^ng in girth 9} GhM aud in 
hi>ii;ht I lii (rot. Tbr iiuiiiuuTu f^lrth mcMoreJ waa n fad, tho 
uiDiiuom 4 foet : trcea of Krvnter dlmendone exiat, and avua 
rench the enonnooa girth of .17 feet. The other forMt ia imme- 
diately ab«e« the vilUge of Xochar, and oontalua 90,000 auund 
treea, averaging in girth 8fc<it,aud in heiicbt IKi. llie dinwt 
diataoco of theee foraaufrom tbe ri>'«r ii ^liM) vai^Jii, the Aret 
t400 rarda of whieh ia at an avemse alope o( 20^, tbe iu»t MO 
ynrdi are ni ii", and the but liOO (down to the river'a edge) nuy 
ironi 36" to 40*. I waa apprcbenairo that theee lael nadioUa 
would pnivo lAo eicm Ibr Ihe elBdonl woekhig of a dUe, bat I 
have >iane oonitmctou an experiiueulal elide nt on au^ of 40°, 
and found it to anawer every requirement. TIh- fieqaeney and 
depth of tho iodectiona render a cfiagooal lino ahui^ the hill eide 
impoadUa. I now feel perfently confldoot of the aneccea of thia 
aoheota^ which I reoomineiided Ui ffovernmout in \$5S. T\u 
prohablo coat of the erection of the allde would be 10,200 rnpeee, 
and the Fctoxepore value of the timber which might be dally 
aeut down by ft from May to September (wbUat tlie river ta 
flooded) 3000 rupee*. 

Thnw laca' worth of the (ineat timber, of a aoaotling fit eveti 
for the Bombay market, might be anuaally aiipplinl by au«b an 
nmngcnioot during the next aeven yeara. The adliug prior at 
Feroocii-irc for buuding timber of ikodar, la IS aiinaa per ouUo 
f<viL I will wamut, aliould govemmeot Iw pleoaed to approve 
of my augsMliona, IbeddtrerT at thLit pc.iot ou ibuSut^j of ai^ 
quantity of pHmp wood at 4 annoa per cubic fcoL 

But befoni wading down limber to be iwoJ iu tho ruq>tK 
wlien it ia ex|)oaed to tho ravagtt of the white onlji, I wimkl 
r«cu<ameud the precaaiinu of reotteriiig it Impovigiiahte to thc^ 
HttaiTka by Uie inruniou uf aoroe aatueplie eubaiaaoe Into tbe aap 
of the growing tree. 

FifWcD daya anfllced for tli* impregnation and dcstraaUou nf 
tbe growing treea; they were fatlod, aud on belnm aawi^ wv^Mmk 



£94 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



^ulphato of cofip«r with whidi tli*; had heta dt^troytd wm 
T«d to have coloured ftlmoit snTy portion of tlif timber, 
log* wrre »eat to Uiptiun Jphtiinn, AwUtniit (jitnrter- 
Ekutorfimenl at Uiubaliuh, vha in the b^nnuiK of July hsil 
Ftbom boriMl, with four uniuiprrgiutnl logH, iii n i^iat iw&niiiDg 
rwitb whitr Bntii, nipj- wi'« <Iog up iu N(jvainl*r. having bmn 
^Ibur moiilK* ucnlcTgiouad; wtion It wm twiatl that »ll tha unim- 
l&tcd timber, with the excoption of ona log of doixlDr, waa 
or haa dMCroTnl: whilst the im|x^Q&t«d togs, with th« 
Kceptkn of od« b which tho infutioa bad not paoKnit^d ib« 
' DlbDrunm," and which wu eoDw^uBotlv ilixhlly «ioorlnt«>l hj 
^Ihe ioKcta, wore in p^«ct condition. Tli« WA 'of tb« iiifunoii 
[nfiwbK to pnu hj the albiiniuin in nmarked by Lindtcj : 
' iDtrodnctiou to BoUcy,' vol. ii. p. 3£(L 

The ptubnbh oMt of thus biiirine th« durability of the limber 
will bf> hftlf an anua per cuhii- foot if inipr«guKt«<{ with eulpbat* 
af copper and ult, or onn nntin If with lulphixta of sloe 

Bcfon l«aviiig thin imbjaci 1 kid dealroua nf prMiing on the 
DOtSc* of goveroiuent the neocanty for ninkiiig ftrTnognumla fur 
the purehue and preaen-atioD of the ilrodnr foi'eDta of the Hiina- 
l^elia, boixlvrtng the Siitlrj, Fikbur, auil othi^r rivtn, Time 
with tcnrc«ly nn vixMption exiitt iu iiiileiwudent iitaW§ to whirh 
acoord nrotcetioa. It Is a r«iuarltabli> fnut that Biore than 
I of the enicft of theae utatca ow« tlieir poKltion* to niir fpat- 
ily ntber tluui to anj ri^bt duriTed ftnm birth, und rot there 
I DO tuore rapadoua dealMv in aojr marhot wbcu they'liDd t>i»t 
igOT«Rim«[it lira ill waul of any luticlu thejr |kiiw«(9. Slioald 
pnromsiit dir«i:t n rrvigiuu of their auuuiidti, with a view to 
mereaaa the tribuie thcj- pnv, th««e ohle& would r^iirmnut their 
MtnUa 1« be oevlj worthlra«. But if within their chiefahipi 
th« govertinient alioald rvqniie a barren bill for h suitJiriuiu. 
tlu prICQ demanded would be tuab lu inislit be asked were tlie 
gnaoil aa proilnctiva m the wheat fieUii of Kent. 

Tlia InrMta uf Ui« far niiiiftUvAh* are profltlM* to tlie chivb, 
and eonaequently noHloctviJ, The nniuml ktmoci undementh 
are of more mine to ue Tillo^n of tho urijtliiMarbood than the 
tall plnea above, which thoile them and check tbuir grvwtli. 
F^ro atmugthena the mat, and reinovea the olTending giant 
treoa; imd thiu whole foreata bll before the Improvideat bmtid 
of the hill-iuiui. 

The Naehur foreat abowa k hril of dry oticki and blnckmeJ 
atump*, MO feet wiile and SOOO feet Ionic whprv but a few yean 
back «Kial«d aouie 3<)0<i uohio ileodnnt. But let a jtovieruRient 
offldal expraaa a wish fur but one tree, and the price d«nand«i1 
wwld b« inoh an to aurtle the niOHt iiti'.-(mi[ir«uii>ini! ndvncate 
of fne trade, t'ar in th* intAHm' of one of thciw italiia I bicly 
raqntred fir the public »crvioo a few Irern of P. mrtlta fmm a 
ivry extrusive forott, for charocul: luid although the timber of 
thi* imt i« abaolntely worthleu, the price deinaui)<<d wiu rqiii- 
Talent to thitt obtained in Siinlali forUie beat dnoilar. I obaorvn 
aa one of tho cautn of tlie fidlum of Mr. Kdwarda' achema for 
floating down tJmber, that tho lljtjah of Buaiahir chnri^ guv- 
eninieut two rupee* per Ireo for the coduuod P. lonj^/'Ma, out 
in the virgin foreata oi Konawur, which even In the nelghbour- 
bood of tlw Simlah tsarket woidd not have been worth hulf that 
price. 

Were goremfneot now plenaed to express a desire to cut tim- 
ber lu (he NaL-har foreata, I feel coufiJoiit, that liowerer worth- 
leaa they are at pivaeut to the Kiuah uf Buasahir, the euro he 
would demand would be idntoat prohiblloiy, ua far hh the tmccoiei 
of the achauo liiuuicially conaldered. I n-onld therefore cnmently 
aoUcnt permiiaicn to aiccrlain acL'unitely the vifeui and value of 
the beat deodar fereeu on either aide of the SutleJ nud Pabur, 
uid at once amuigo with the chiefs the purchaae of a certain 
porUoD of them (eav a* rnoch aa .W/KKi rupMa), at a fair riUua- 
tioo. The foreata having oiio> IwoLiino the propeily of govai-n- 
ment ahould lie prn[)erly guarded, nud tneaua for their ox(«niiun 
adopted. The planting <>f tie hill aide above and below the 
Blodoatan and Tliibet rojul with fine timkier treea, la another 
part of Iba *aui« project which may be thought worthy of the 
•tt«ntioB orgovenuuent. 

S4- 1 will now briefly deiciibe the iron ore exposed by the 
Tend etoavAtiont, r>r lyiuu in the vicinity ot lla coitnc It it flrat 
■aet with near Kandrelan, cloea to when th(> two great annrn of 
BtmUth and the Chor biforcat*, and it eitcoda at incerrala over 
BOO eqaare nilaa of the Utter apur. The apedea ia mai'uetiu 
tfon, uui it ooonn in veij dork iron — bbck j^ua di^emiuated 
iD veiua throughout the uuoa acluat I believe It to be liinUar 



in Ita axtemal, phyalcal, and dieralcal diaracten to the Boaenotie 
iron ore of Norway and Swfden. Ib two dUtricU, Kolkb«I a*d 
Sbiel, it baa lon^ bsen worked br the bill'nten, and fr<oiB ha 
malleability ii miidi pni»>) in the Indian ni.trket 

Near KuudrrlLili, where the Hindoatan and Thibet roiad kja 
open tlie inineml, the ore entern too tntlniftldy into the eoHi|Md- 
tion of the coni);(kct mica alate. In which it oocnr*, and bean te» 
■toall a pTi>portion to the matrix to aftird a profiinUe rvtura; 
but 9 miles to tho eastward, and doae to the Rtbur rirrr, Iht 
entire aide of a wouulniu. riaiug 1^00 feet from the vkIIct belew, 
and reaching an elevation of TiXM) feet above the level o( the ata. 
waa found to ooutnio nunierou* rich veina of magnaUc ora dia- 
aominatod amonnC the mica achiat. which waa hen of the moat 
IriabiB nature^ A Inndalip on one Cm of the hill afloMed Uw 
iuhabit«nta of the neighbouring villnj^ tlie iiMAua of proeurieg 
the ore wilboM the eapenae of excaratinK. Bo ilisiniegnled are 
the partlclea of ore, thnt mi a ttream m' water bring bivn^ 
over Uie miaer»l vei na, th* ahnle i* waahed off, and the ore aa a 
ooerae granular block powder remnioul. The cxpeoao of prv' 
curing the ore in thia stale don not exoted :i oniiaa per ml. 
The percentB^ of iron obtainable from it bAl"!?. 

Having obtMlned a gnnt of AUUO mpeea for the experiEneoMl 
working of the milie% a locality waa aeloctod where ore. Wtni 
water, anc] dux vera obtainable at the leaat pmctJcable e«L 
The remit of the last few months^ working \am been the too- 
atructiuQ of the watenxiuraB, the erection of uectaafttyatorehouaea 
and workabopa, the completion of iine blaat fbroMe and the 
■eml-RORiple^on of two otheni on Kiiropoan pn&dplta^ wHh 
aovural of native conalroctiaii; the wnahing and alonog of VK 
tona of eve, and the bnraing and storing of a bu)p qnanitty el 
cboreoal. 

The ealimaled cost at which (If wording on an exle»i|f<l wait) 
VQ («n turn out iron Is M mpeea per ton; bnl by iIm> Intrada^ 
tion of nuiehinory — the air furnace or, belter still, the h<it-blMt— 
I feel cuntidont thai thn UinudavAn irouwurks of Sliiel rDighl be 
bniught to prufluoe iron at tlie tame raiea aa thcM of Merthjr 
Tydt il and t.:laagow, and of aaujiorior i)(wUty. 

3A, Having abated the rceult of our operatioos during Die put 
fiveyoan, 1 will nnw briefly atnle the work to be done. 

With ^c^Ercu□l^ to the ruul Iwtween Siinlab and Ibe plaiai^ I 
have nutliing furtlier to propoae. Wiihin aix Euouths I fwUr 
antlcipaie ita ooiupletlon to a (uinlmuro width of l(i (eel, wUca 
ia aamcieut for general caniago traffl& Much of the rMd «fll 
be above iO feet in width, but IA will be the minimiuii wltliln 
the parapet walla. 

Tne extensive worke connected with the Pngahal Iniinel wBI 
not be oompletwl for three yean, but, an before atatoil, thb wBI 
not effect the geneml uaefiilneai of tho linn. 

With tho exception of the tunnd, I already piaaeaa funda eirf- 
ftcient for the completion of ihie jmrt of the trnd. 

The military rond firaiu Kumuwtie to Buddee, to npen out a 
direct oommnnEcntiau between the Panjab and tlia milii.try aa^- 
tarlo, la under conrae of oomplotioD. 

With reapect to the road from Binxlah to the ChnitBB frootkr, 
I must consider it to termiDnle iu the nei(;hbourhood of the Ibil 
Ohineee village met with, Shipkc, aa beyond thai we oansal 
work without the aauction of thn Chinnw govertintonL BasUah 
aa formerly stated, wlicn once that point is reached, all ohetadM 
to carriage by boaata of burden ae*«e. Broad tneka fcnaeJ 
from the most ancient time* by the oonMant pasaaace of boma 
and other haggsffe animals, aomniuiiinte with ilie citiea ef 
Ceutral Asia a^ Wciitem China-, and the only dilBcnlliea th^ 
enhiblt arc thane incidcntnl to a thinly populated ooanla^. Iyia( 
at a general elevation of l.^.OIW) feel. 

About TO roilea of very dilKi^ult mad still remain trafiBkhed: 
and to that whiob has been rcf^iorUKl compleM to 6 t>Mt (b wUlb 
aeveral Improvementa are rMiunod. 

Tho monUily grant for iheeo worka hM hitherto been IMltd 
to ^UUO rupees. I have already aolirated \\m incmue to (BM 
rupeaa, in oiihsr to insure the more epeoly oomptetioa of the 
worka. With this mnt fur a period of three roue, I feel cant- 
dent of fiulahiiig tha entire hue from Simlah to thn ChhMaa 
territcrioa, level almoat throughout ila entire extent, nitd brved 
enough for the tranaport of goods on niulea and horaa. I kale 
fiirther propoaed the ereolion of suging biuigalowt at ev«f7 U 
milea, at a total ooat of 10,UO0 rupeaa 

Uavtu Bawea 

SifTtfoA, January 18A6. 




THE CIVIL E5GINEEB AND ABCHITECT*8 JOI^NAL. 



295 



METROPOLITAN MAIN DRAINAGE. 

CAVTAm OAi.T«iy. RE., Mid MMin. J>m» Smi-aoii, CE, aad 
TuoMui nLArKwri-r, C,E, whom lh« Tint Oonniimoiitr of 
Public VTork* din-cUol to onimMpr th>« pltuii for tbe iBtfo drain- 
a(CF «f ibn mctrnpolii, hnve mndo IbrJr r«]Mrt on tlis ajatoa) ef 
finiaagv whkh ln«v rroommciMl, ami thfl loodlficstioiw In IIm 
plu cf the U«Ui>poliiAii Botuil of Worlu which tlmir tyttma will 

OMOMiUlO. 

lliajr (niiiiiijvr it v«t7 JnnpmHent fxr tb» MetropolitAO Beard 
of Worlu ta lutopt nny plui whinh in b»«d upon tli« itMNferiM- 
tiOD or the ulilisalinn of wwi^tu: Ibu if nn nttrmpt !• to ha 
ta»it to otiltBT Ixitickin Mwnge it •hmitil be done bv pri*ata 
iriw; nnd (hat, in >iiv «m«, nrorltioo BDnit b« mad* for (ha 
Doat dt«chnr)(T of llin litiiilil midii* in oaw of ihodoriMV- 
IJ t>r Ui« oeawioual dtfi'hirgc of (hp agwngp (o cam of irriga- 
'Uon, at fMut poiiil where it would hr uuotiirctiniiRtil*. 

Thej sUie tlMir opinioii— lit. Upon lii« b«t pnint of di*- 

dlATSC ft>r ibp tewMgti, thkt ii, tho outGUt : 2i)iL L'poii Um mods 

wlii^ tboT rpfninniPiid for rnvhinc that oalGill; uiil, 3rd. Upon 

""le nodincalii^im which Hhmild tw mndo in (lie plaa of the 

!«1ropalit«o fimnl of Wurk* r<:>r the iotamAl dnkitia|^ of 

iiIm). 

L— SKUxrnosi or ■niT Poixrs or Opttau. 
Aftif amrafiil roiuidcntlouof IhUquva^on in all ita bMiiagi, 
it u tlto«i(hi tlint ibp br«t Dtiide of dl»pn«iBit of tlio tevngt 
of llic ni«ti»|t»}ia ii, to plnon it whvrt- ti wilTba rapidly nnd 
mttiuly uiii«l vrilh Iiu-f[c Tuhitiion of snl^r, nnd M flnidly 
Onwd into itiB MM. Tile miHit rdiitflUBl turtbod of MC'lrilig 
thia objaol b to pints the ixitfnll at aonie point ia a derp tid^ 
rivar, wbsr* tbii nutg« of tli« tiile in ouiMitlMable, wh«r» cb« a#t 
of tb« ■treoiu i* stmiimt i^inM tlm ■horv, mid wh«n tta out- 
wvd flow i« awialed by Uio fnab wal«r fnus a Uiga dnilMg* 




|| 



llwra an two poinU on tli« H*ar TbftmM whiob etitircty falfil 
tbaa* M cxtt ry conditioDS; Ti&, utia on lh« north Bidtf, Terv owir 
to tba Haehine Iituhthouar, io Um Rmcb; mhiI tli* otliar on tbo 
■oath aide, nl iiijibHlu ('nek, iii (he l»wcr Hop*. At both of 
dMM phwea tho wnlor tu-AT Urn ahi^ni in very 'leap, ajid tha abb 
lide VM7 atfon^. 

TmUI cxppnmHnta wen nibn^fiucotir made at th« above 
plaOH, with til* MaiaUnca of Cni'Uiin BurtuI, RN.; and the 
MMlta nS a vnlmbla africa of ti>lnJ vifaiimetil* hurt bo«>ii 
neajvad trr-ia tbc eoiumitlae of scuiluman from Erith and 
OfavcacwL, uindc by MMara. HonAay, Uiair enjciucen, at ibo 
aMM pUor. OapUiu Hullui-h, RS^ baa alau been ooMultod 
npou tba aubjoel, who by hi» valiu6le sunwyu la thoroughly 
ftoqniiiQtcrl with tha river Thami'iL 

Tba iTsulla of lliow cxpnrimrDta nro hrinflr lu followa : — at 
both lilaoea the uumnla nrc rtry Btmng in tbr ebb Ud«v and n 
Maalaanble p«rinl of il.u'k vutvroccnra duriajt tba flood; and 
Balilu th« upper |«rU vf (bu rit'cr, where the tide ia onDoto- 
iratoil into oiw aiiyniii, thii gniat expanaioD In the brvndth of the 
river al Sax lUincli oiuaon grent vorintinna in th* t>«t of tha 
uarreula at ilitrcivnt prnia: thua, iliflu tic ebb tide arta upon tbn 
noTtberu *hur« of S.'n lti;Ac1i, i)iv duiid-tiile Mt* upou the loulhoru 
aboto. Tliiit vxn abowD by thu faot, tlial floala which enlered 
8w &«ach with the obb lido aac in towards the nriHhem abure, 
were &ot carrird up tlia riv«r itgva with th<F following flond 
ids; wliiUt n larjie vuliinie of fnA ntn wntor Tri^u the Nora 
lip aluuj{ tht' soulh nhore at evoi^ tide. The slrruK'li uf 
iia durreiit at Violh the nboro-nMatloued plaeea ia aufficleatly 
poat to pn>v'<>iit any depowl nf niatarUl* bronglit dowo by the 
aawera fmm tukiiijt [•Ino^ in tba btd ofthoatrcain; and iheertnl 
espuwe uf wBi«r, the oontiDiui ao«e«iiou of dean water, and th« 
ra|4dily of uutrpnt, would euaiire the tuixiug of the lewago with 
water iiudcr the moat bvrjqrable oimLin.ittunoet, and at a point lu 
tfca rivtr wbaro the ahorea an almMi iiDinh.ibttcd. 

Thcar tan the ouly phoca in the river, oilhar abov« or bdow, 
hieh npjvsr entirely to fulfil the eonditioiia MaeniUI to the 
>Je«t in t'icw; aud they nre thervfore adeoted aa the piMUta of 
«iit£all fur the aiaUvipoUtau wwage. 

II. — ^HoDx nv BSAOBim THK OmrAU. 

In det'^nininj the niTHle ••( ivachlnf; the oulfal), the firat point 
for ronsileralinn ia the voloi^ity at whii-h it iit deairable ll»t ih* 
arwa^ «hi>n1i) ditw in the channel to he provided. 

With a TtPW of vbiikiuing relinblo fauta, to teal tha raaulta of 
ftnaral tiperienoe, BAr. Blackwetl carried out a acrica of aapati- 






1 «nt 



uMtitaa(Cronan,oa tb«Kena«*ud AmwOutal. Tb« loealily 
diOMD aSbnkd Uie command of taiga volniBea of water, and of 
all laeaa aai y applianeea for oandn>ning tha azperimenta on a 
aoale of anmclciit loagnitude to enmre the aoounicy of tbe 
reanlu 

Theae esperintenla oonflnn tba opinion which wm prarionaly 
bald, that provided a naan ralocin of S ft. 6 in. p«r aecoDd be 
tnaintainod in tbe ohaanel during uie daily pariod of ntaximiun 
flow o( ill* aawag«^ then will be no depont to tba channel; and 
tbat with tbe view of preveatiag iuiarj to tba bad of thr c^hiuinel 
it ia ioexpedieni to provlile a ntghar velocity than belween four 
and five Ewt per aecond. 

The velocity of all atmtau dapeoda on tba ratio lMtw««o tbe 
indinatioa of the anrfiMe and the bydnnlie mean dapth of the 
(traam; via, tli« ana of tbe croaa aeoUen divided by tba wettad 
aarfiwe of the channd at tliat oroaa aectlooi. Tkne, by a pnmr 
a4JDatiDHni of iheae ([luiDtitica, a d««p and wide aucam witC a 
Moall incllu-iliou may be mnda to flow with tba aam* velocity aa 
a narrow and aballow atrcMn with a oooaiderable Ul. 

The finA principlea to be obaerved in the draiaaxc of lh« 
meiropolia an that the aowage ahoubl be removed with impdily 
and oertainty, and that tba diatne* aliotild be effeoliially Iraed 
from tba ritk i/ Aood*. 

Thaar would be nniK eompleUJ.r tacured by r«ino<vinK tbe 
whole atrwaga t^grnvitatlon, without having reoouiae to artificial 
naaat for minng it But the ramuval of aawage by gnvitation 
^m tlie low-lerel iliiiricta U only piMaiblo provided tno preaeM 
•7«t«ni ia retoinml, in which the aewafcc flnwa through tiital on- 
blla; but thla iuvuJrea deUy io the removal of tbe aew^a, and 
ueoeaulatsa ita heing diaefaamd into the river at low wator; and 
ia therefore incompatible with tbe prinoiple* laid down, and witb 
tbe pnriSMrfion of the riror. 

Iteaea artlfidal meaoa for railing tbe aewagc mnit bo roaorlad 
to for tbe low-lavel diatiiota* ; bat the use of tboM arlitfdal 
OMana ia attsnded wltb go laany ritka, even with the higb per- 
feotioD wbieh maebinary hn» aiiaiued at the preaaal day, that 
it ii of tbe firat importance to reduoo tho arena from which tlie 
acwage ia to be ao miMd to within the auaUeat poiMbIc limiu, 

The expedleney of obuininjf a Ufge nrea &vm which to n>nove 
th« aewa^, wilhiiit havlne recmirae to ntechauiml aid, rtadara 
it imperative that tli* inami.tt!ou of tlie chmiuel by whi<b tbe 
aewage is to be eondticted la the outhll abonld bo aa auatl aa 
poaatDte; but it baa been already ^own that the necpNary relo- 
clty oan ouly be obtained wilh a email &IL provided the channat 
be Urge, imd the volume maintainad therein he eonaidemkle. 

li ia oomaidered, for rMuwoa alatad hereoflar, dial It ia il«sintbJe 
to remove the loH-level lewage from tb* wutam diatricla ou the 
north nde, aoroa* ibe river to the aonth aide. The total dally 
quantity of atwuge aud minbll wbiob it ia intended ahall Iw 
removed from the metrr>]HtlilaD dialrict la l8A,fl4S^003 cnhie faet, 
of wbidi 9a,e3i,I44 ia propoaad to be removad on tbe north aide, 
and 86,617,$49 ou the aouth aide of tho rirer. And tbe total 

^oantity, including the newnjire and rainfall frMn the adililional 
iaCricta, would amount to in9.j90.lni to be removed oii Ihu 
north aiiie, and lt>l,ll^4.773 on the anuih aide. 

A chaanri oapabin of oMiveying the total amonnt of aewaga 
and rainfall to be romored on the north aide, nt a relodty of 
2| feet per aecoud, wonld be 39 feel broad and 18 (act daapi and 
a channel capable of conveying at a velocity of i^ feet per aoeond 
tb* total amonnt of aewaga Mid rainGill to bo removed on the 
aonth lido, would be 37 foot broad and 16 foet daep. Tbeae 
ehiiuneU would ivquire a (all of inchea per mile; and in ibelr 
exMotion the proportion* wuuld be to eome extent »^»p<Td to 
local oiroumatancea 

He above velocity oould, however, not be maintained luleaa 
Ih* channd waa nenrly full of water; hut the amount of the 
maximum Anw o( the sewage daring dry feather i* litlle Boom 
than oui»«ixtb of tbe qiuntity to be ramored during raiiL It i* 
tbenlijte prupoMd to obtain from tho Thame* at bigb wntcr the 
neoeaaary cioaiiiity to fill the niitfAll channela during tboae Hme* 
wbrn ilie flow of aavagc ia not luflidont to give the re<)Qired 
depth and oanaequenl vebcily. Tbia wattr would ha admitted 
inlo the ohaaneU ni tho head, directly jrom tbe rirer, and from 
reaervolra formed to onnnllDO the flow. 

Th* average level of high water at Blackwall above high water 
at Hiicking Ligfathonao baa been aaoertained to b* about i feet, 
aud tbe tide be|{iua to fall at Mucking U^hthonae at lout an 

■ Al iMapK la id* Unluit MiUk Ibc dinculUv iMti>lMii apan ■ !•■ I<ttf iv 

linain Tin nTii--iii Trr nut»i iWabtlt wvotftM. 

•.V 



r 

^K htmr bafni* high vnlUr Id LodUoq ; eonaequattlv, by tli« titiM 

^H high wEter obUlu in ijtmAoa the ttds ttu vbbeJ at'tli« oatlnll 

^H nneieatlv to giw in ordionry weathar » diAreocs or Icnl of 

^H aculy 4 feet. 

^M Th« eonaldenitotu n-liioh Ri Uiu potol nt whioh tbi« ouiJim 

^B ctMon*! «h«uld oommenM t,n — 

j^f Irt. Thikt in DtAfT to oemn perfMt ImiDiiiilty fran flood* in 

T^^ thil aiTBten), it ia Doeemnry tlwt thu 1ar«1 of ilia Korfnca of tho 

IBVwiM Id IjODdoiii in tii[i«a of maximatD flow during nun •liould 
MMnir Hb<>T# tli« hl^tiett pcMible title*. It t> W ihMe reuuoa 
oonnidcmi i>x]ii!v)t«Dl to Ml«et S fent nbove Trinity high-mtvr 
uuuk M tl)« level lo nbloli llie N>wig« elioiilil ^mvitate la thn 
netropolia during tli« period of nnxinium storm-flnw. 
tnd It is not deiimble Uut thie litrjie outfall Hwor tlioiild 
•pproMh nouf r thnn to Ibe oulaktrta of tbe metropolis. Od ilie 
(omth Btdc it would t«fBiinDte In tiie tnAniltca, dote to Woolwleti ; 
on thv north «d« tlio riv^r Lra voald be it* proper tcrinin>liMi, 
but inattuucb at tho diiitrict h-tween iho river Loa *n'l Bftrking 

>Cte«lc, uortb of the Vietori* Duclu, is bciatt rapidly built over, 
it 1* prnlMaH tbnt it alioulil not be mrriLil twjoud Bnrkiug. 
Th« higlinit ]»vti of non&-wat«r* in the oot&ll sewar* U 
Uwrkint; aikI nt Woolwich wonld be Trinity hl^b-wsier nM-k, 
KDd k sewer would riv fnim thia levnL, at kd incliontion nf I fuol 
per mile, lo Da«r Bnw on the north >ido, and lo the K&veoii- 
naani* on the eonth, where ths hi|{he*t level of atoTTu-flow ivoiild 
be fttt sboT* TriDltT hlsh~wllt«^^ mftrk; and to tbeoe point* ths 
aew^ OB e^efa ride of the riv>>r would gnTJtate^ 

Tbe expedieney of nniliD^ tlio Mwa^ of the northern nnd 
arnitheni uiatriota ialo one aunem, by enirying Die aewnae (mm 
OM dAt Mn»* the river, tiui been carefully ooiwiderM! and 
tbe expedienoy alio well oon«idereil of bringing up th* notfall 
ehnnod on one ride of the river to the WMten jMrt of tho 
■netfupoli^ and of eonmntratiQE the whole *own^ into ihi* one 
okuinol, nt mine point but little nitovc hiffh-water mark, unr 
BatlenN or ClietMa, wlieuoe it would flow by ifroviiatioD to the 
onliitll. A* an hydninllo question, tlie iiioreoMd voluiao wlii^ 
would flow in ouo channel would b« an tulr»iitAge: and the loal- 
raentioned pUn would provide for tbe ext«nsiou of the nma from 
which tbe Mwa^e would flow by grevit4lioB, without haviii|f 
reooam) to artitidal niedua for rrtKinK it. But niter reviewing 
all tho eireuaut&Dee«) itia IbouKht the mDitntclltiii of a anwer 
of tbe WTy Inrcie diiiiMi*iona rmjuirvd for conveyiiig tbe whole of 
the atVAgr in nnn uhutinol, would h» atCnided a-ilh great engi- 
neeritigdjificulii«!>, wiih onoertaiatyof oonMruclloii, and with uxi 
Inoreaae of coet fir workii ui'I eompenantjona; and it ia feared 
that, Initwul of umptilViag the iiueatton, it would render it 
in«rr oimplienteal. 

The (■□iiini'Pi'iiit; dlfliuiilllo* miglit, no doubt, be oTMnoine by 
BMdern appliancn: bat conaiileriii^ tli# oonrnKiU* nstont nf tho 
dlatriot*, both un thv north uirt nouth «de* of tho river, aud 
eeaaidering further that thu [topiilniion of each ia daily ioeiea*- 
ing in an ancuDiulHtiiijj riTio, the opinion i« given lliat it is mom 
expedient to make each mt«ni cuiriploW in Itself, and to provido 
(ouh with a BPiiaratti oiiUall. 

A.lsn, buariug in mind the poeaiUlitv of tho anplieatioQ of 
•ewnge to ecnnomiral puqmMe, an outiall ebaunel alcug each 
bank of the TIimd^a would ailrolt of ita man eiteuaive applioa- 
tioo, and wnufd ofler grt-alor Mlvantagei than the ooiiMDtratiOD 
of tbn whole in one ■Irnfim, 

Haviug oauaed enirrul aurvcya to be mndc and levela to be 
iJikeD, iiu each side of the river, butwt-en ibo mairapuliian boiiu- 
■lai^ and the propoaetl ontfalla; and having aeleoiad tbe lines 
which are eoorideMd meat advaiitagenn* lor the new outfall 
channda, with rofDrciico lo Ibo kvnU of the ground and to the 
nature of the ttrnta which would Ifc paaaed throuj[h, the lines 
•re doacribed a> fotlowa :— 

On the Xorth Shk. 
Tbe tnnin nutfnll channel would uotnnieuoejaet beyond Barking, 
anil, akirtinK aloiijt the marah m far a* Purflcet, woald paiw in a 
(UiiiiJ tu Umya Thurrock; it would then coutiuue thrv>u^h the 
luai-ih lo a poiut near Wm( Tilbury, wht'ncc it woiilJ jmsa in a 
Utunel, uhd*r tbe miu of laud IwtuMn Eiut aud Wvxl Tilbury, 

r'a into tbe luaraii: and It would be ooatinued In tbe lUAnh lo 
o«t&ll near Muckiag t.lghthuuM>. 

On lit South SIdt. 
The main ontfnll sewer wnnld commence dose to Hie bono'lary 
of tbe OtdnaiKo t>roncrty in tbe nuireke* below Wnolwidi, and 
be enrriod throogh tn* uatsb in atraigbt lino (o Etitb, lo tho 



293 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCfflTECl-S JOURNAL. 



sontli of which it woald |Hui, in a lunoel, and tbesM ia a oMriy 
direct Hue under the ri^vr Darsnt to Oreenhltlie. It would tbea 
be carried under ihe high Uail smith of Oreenbilbu, by neaM nf 
another tunnel, into the valley at tho bitcl: of Northfloeti wbenoe 
a tliird tmincl to the aontb of Umreacod would carry It bto 
tlie manhee which extend U> Higfaain Creelf, tbe svlected polui of 
out&ll. 

A widn chaanol would lend from the Thaimw to the bead of 
Bvch niniu ontflJi aever, and tbrough this diaiuicl tidal wnter 
would be admittod into a ivaerroir dnrins tbe flood tlde^ Ud 
also into tbe eewur, to nnsiat l)ie llow wbenerer it laigU i» 
uoceaxary. 

The great extent to which tho aewnKO will be dilated after Ihe 
outbll cbannola have boon fed with the tidal water at B&rkiiy 
and Plnmaload will render it a oomparativdy inaoxkiM atnnB. 
For thia nawn it is cousidered that it wouM be inexfrnltMl 
to iiK'ur the expenaa of ooveHDg t)ie channeU, •xootit ia tb* 
neighbourhood or towns, bnildiog*, ai»d crvsrisga of public road*. 
Ultacicnt foDcea ahould ba nracteid for the prolMtion of the 
duMBels, and the cuinmuntoaliou between tbe tauda on eitlMt 
aide would be uiaintoineil bv btidgtA 

Tba probable ctTect of ttieM worlu upon the rfglm* of tbe 
river baa b*>sn ooiwidend, and the opinian ia given Uiat it will 
be iuappredaU*. 

III.^Thk Modifications ik the IimaVAb Snnat or Dbais- 

AOK or TBR MrTRoroMs wiiioH TUB Altbratioas IX rai 

PoiiTio:^* or niK Oditau^i wiu. mKiiMiTATx. 

The levvl from wliicb the proposed outfall iwwera will nllow 
tbe sowngu lo flow rendera it poaslMe to luloreepi il>e eewa^ef 
an anw in t,h« inetropolitaa distri(M of about 93 aqnaru oulea oat 
of ao on the ncrth aids of the river, ami of about in aqiiare mQoa 
out of 6t( DP the aoiitli aide, which ia n^ulvnlrcit lo SS per tent, of 
the whole area. Tbe eewage so interoept*\l woatd flow into tba 
river by gravitation alone. Tliit increase In tho amoanl wliUk 
»u b« iftl«rcopt«1 in tbe bigh-lavel aawen aectMtntM wnt 
inodificsktion in the phm of the Metropolitan Board of Wnrka. 

To determine tbe exact poaition of the inlcreeDttog wrweea in 
the iuetroj>otis would require a ouvful and •fwoial otndj of tbe 
various diatriots. Boonomy and publlo oonvenknoe rwAn tbat 
the exlMtliii; iu»iii sewer« should be n» liltlo iiiierfeiM with a* 
poxrible, Tbe priocipln of iDteroeptinn iw laid down by tbr late 
Mr. Frank F»ratcr, and anbsoqncnUy foUownl up by Mr. Baad* 
gette in hia prvamit deaigo, la (with the e.ifvjiti'iti* previoodjr 
rirferred to in tliia report) oorrtct, and must fnrui tlie baeiaof any 
echeiue of iDlercoptlog aewera thniugh tlie iii«1n>|K<ll^ 

The gMieml iadicatixna of tbe lino of «cvera in tlio otttropoli* 
cuhtnittod are a* followa ;— 

Oh U« Xortk SUt. 

Tho aower connecting the nuttropoltcnii ayatcia with tb* Donb> 
em main outflill channel wonid leruiinnto at itow, on the Ukad 
fbrmod by tho brnuahes cf tlm river IjCa; and lo thia puint the 
following iuleroepting aewer* would oouver^ : — 

1. A nlgh-levd eswer following generally the line of Ht. 
Bajulsette^ hlgh-li'ViFl eowtr. 

t. A aownd high-level acwcr, to aiian-M thu purTioee of Bb. 
Baialgetle'* middle-level aewer; nnd, having in vi^w tlie nalon 
of the gronnd through which it wonld paaa, the ai«a tu be tnler- 
cepted, and the neoeaslty of avoiding crowded thoroughGaras, it 
would probably be deajmhlo lliat thia acwrr ahould ooianMroceat 
Bow, and (bllow generallv ihc lini? iudloilod ou Iho map by tb* 
Coninicrcial-road, Hoiiii'^iidilch, aud north of the city, to Ihe 
valley of the Fleet nt the fuut (if Hi)lboru-faill-. theuoe nhder 
Lincoln's- inn-fields, IioiJg-iicr<<, Piceu'lilly. Hy>l«~tnrk, to Keo*- 
ingtoDi whence It couM h? oontiuun], following geaen^y tbe 
ooiiloiirof the land, to inlcrocpt thoaowngo fK^m Acton, Mtln^ 
anil Hniiwell. Th<.- newoge of the spur* of high land wliidi piV* 
ject hutwi^eu the auvoral lateral valley* of tlie notthem jiMHet 
ah-rulil III' carrivil into this *ewpr liy iiifaiM of itnbBidlary Iia*% 
aucurding to the ]>rlnciple adored b^ Mr. Itaialf>otte. 

3. It i* dcaimblr, aa far aa i* conaiatcDl with econuaiieal wiirk- 
ine, to kci'p the low-level dialricta indepvudeut of oacb otbrr, 
nixd to prevent the sewnite as far as posaiUa from flowing 
thi-ough the thickly inhabttod parta of the (mm. Uavlng 
regard to lli«*e couiiidontiona, aa well aa to Ibo difficnltiv M 
the work, it ia thdught ntuidviMblo to eonatruet Ibe [ow-Unl 
■ewer propawil by tliu Metropolitan Board of Worka; bat It k 
■m^gi-alfld that tbe auwnge of the low-level <lktriala in IlacfcMf 
Hanh and in the eiuil«tn diaUicis near Ibe TbaoMn abooU H 




THE CIVIL £NOi:(E£& AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



»y 




ooIlMtad and raiMil by lutificial rmum: wttOn the law-lsTcl 
■swage wiMt of SoiiMirael-lMaM alwiild b* qwtM back to nnrljr 
oppoSte BaUenM, And tfaeit mtom Iho rivw, Ui«n to Im niMd 
bjr wtiidMl ooMM into « aoittbeni tii)()i-liiv<!l lewor. 

Tb« MTCfa froB tbe nUty of ibe Lw iui>l frcoB Em* Hhd 
ukd Bftrkiog wooU b* <Uacbtu:g«d luu th* outbJl «ewer at tba 
_iiio»t ooavenieat apot. 

On (&• JS««M Sid*. 
_ ' Od the sMth •Ida tbo high-I«*vl mvct woqIiI foUov geiianvllr 
Am line ot Mr Bnmliietio'i ■outlieni bi^-lwal •rwn-, but it 
•bonM Im earricit n>utiil ihu hill kt WandawDrUi, mi m lo iciiT- 
ei|i( tlH Mmgo fnim lli&t dialricL It vould tbfti be oirriwl 
aoroM dia rinr Wan>)l«, above tbo Larigablu portioD. by an 
■qncdMit, and oontuiittd ao na to iot^mpt tlia MwaKe-frum tbs 
VMNT pari* of WinbladoD and Pnliurv. 

IMa aewar woald reeeiva near frandawonli, u bu bo«u 
■tatrd, tbe aewage of Um 1ov4«vcI nortb-weMem dintricu. Tbo 
prindpla erf kaapinfi tha low-level diatrlola, where imolioAbK 
indrficmlnit of «uib oUicr, and of not pennitting a hrser quao- 
tity of anragv Uinn poanhle to flow tlironiili thickly InlMbltad 
pane of tli« town, imluoea the rMonunnidaUoti that a low-kvel 
••war ahoiild be carried back from tbe EAs along the Battcnea- 
nad, and that tbe Mwa^ tlionld be raiaad Into tba bigh-lFvcl 
•awer at tbe taine point aa tba aawaga from tlir nonli-wott low- 
level diatrioto; aud to rnine alio at that plaeo the Uiw-leval towitfe 
of Waadeworth, of Putney, aii<l of the low-loral dwtricia wcat of 
tlia aetfopoUa bonndary, aa wail aa Ibe tewaoe of the valley of 
tba WandU. 

Tbe Bl•wl^p) of the low-level aootbani diatrlcla fh>ai tbo EHkm 
to DfptTcni, thu ««wafa from (St«enwich, anil uiv low-lnvel 
fnxu tlie valky of Uie BAveoabotinio, abould be raianl 
ha bigb-ltvcl evwar ii««r tlie RarHiaboiinie. 
' It would probably be dwmble that tba eewage from Woolwlcfa 
bmU be plaocO in tbo ninin ontfidl cbaanel, Qoar lt« liaad. 
' Tba borte-iower ]irovidt<d for lifliog tbo low-level eewage at 
tba dtArant eulione ie aa ttuder ^— 

lIurH-pgaw. 
At tb« river I>^ wlir^ > porUoa of tbe aoMlien tow 

Uvd acwM M liflHl .. ... fliO 

AllW riTsr WuiiIIq. whnrellicnniiunderof thenorUi- 
era and a portion of the uothsm low'levol eowue !« 

WUd 22W 

Ai th« river Ranaabonnui. wLn* the ranalning MmUi- 
rtii loir-Itval, tofslhcr with tbe loir-lsvtl fSnenwJcli 
dtttriot ecw ■![• ii fifCA) - ItSO 

VTbia power will be anijJy 10(8010111 down to tba time whoo the 
ulcraaM of population fur which provialon i> nuide nholl have 
altaiiwd tba lliuil b^roln aaalniM, beaidiu alluwiug an exccae 
ot £5 per cant, in caH of partial failure of tbe uachiuery. The 
actoal piwot muircmenta um only u> tbo oxtcitl odT UtUe mora 
than on«-bnlf of tne above nunibcm. 

It will be uwwaenjry h> proviji? itomi orcrflowa for Ihoee »cwMa 
oear tbe p-^int uf IntM'oeptiua of all imiH-rlaut main w:w«re; and 
all theac «tonD ovarSowa «hould be to enn»lruct«d ai to oooivey 
tbe watw din-cdy into the river without inlcrfcrlug »1lh tlie 
low-level dialricta, aud to diwhnrgc at all tltuva of tUh; Xa iniiare 
tfciaco BJuita iniMt be naed oapAble afdiachai-giiig uatl<r presuM 
into the ThMini^d beyond the low-wauqr uinrk, or tli« 
lot exiating atwvni rany be tuade uao of wh«roTer appll- 

It will be deabvble to orovide agaiaat amumulnlion of eewiigo 
iaatt«r in tboae parte of lli« InteracpleJ acwcr* Iwlow tlie puiata 
of inlerotption. Tliia may l>«(Iniie ajtbi^ bv oodmioiiikllv <ii vert- 
ing tba ■ewiKi' fronf the high-lovct m'treiin thn>ii;>li the lower 
diatrieCi, or Sy making arraogmiDnta to i^nmiannd occouiunal 
aapplie* of water fur tbe iipjier portii of tbe mewem, or fa^ *om« 
ot£«r loeaua The uew low-lwpl int^roepting eewun oan be 
«laanaad by ih« occational almliuina of wxter from tlio river. 

Id order ta prvveut Imppdiiuniila to tJie (low of Uie aewage In 
tbe fine of the maia outfall aewer, it ia mnut ilcairablo that 
mama* ebould be taken to prnveat gravel, roail mnlcri.-d, &e. 
ftMD eBtarlng tbe aewem, aud it ia propoaed dial iho limviur luid 

• Ktuvt lit* InUf emm Mr. Amu, Mrn7« %a Uu W«ioUu«cr DuiiM Bant g/ 
Wai^ Aurd H Jul/, l*tt. "TUB niMCLt ftJopl4d ftir prvtfnilng th< mait^at rvfow 
Mai fitllnf luta llM tmn at th* dlilnct, muUt In iti> itOf UhuIdi oI t«*T pw* 
^laaJIHiuI. UCBttar >Uk <mtl nli^ftiluta lo pnnal Uib n>»ii(On from •■■il>- 

a^mk ana Om nlUa. mi Uic aaUBf U ■ fvt tl Oilr OMtOMC la rronm 
a«adl UkM ml d Oir gnllii-nlu, Tb«* iHHnn* ta<« tliMilr (mUj iHtuml 
ll« qBBACllJ 4r alll dttfOtiW^ Id thr KV^t; utf t tiO|« bf olhtf aUyti, aU of ^lllcb 
■ b* tekiB al tKB. *■ icdiwe Uin >|ii(iiUtt tt KM iuIWt Ib iht (Hon W nicb ao 
I ■■ aw Mrtuailf b impidf lb* nfolx Boa oT lb* imft.' 





more aolid nkaltui ahould be atparMad la •ama eoonuiant plana, 
and be rrnaovvd babra aotarlng tit* mala itntfim cluaiida. 

Ia the {iroaaauUoa of tb«a« worka ooDAdnable intarferNice 
with tba tnflio in the public tborougbfarea miMt be anticipatod, 
a« Tuy large quautlliea of oiateriali and Mrplna eartb wilf bavn 
to ba cart«iT tbrongh the itr«elai aud, iu Je|>«adMil of the obatm^ 
tiooa wbioli the rxcaratioDs will cauiie, clie woika will prohiUjr 
neo«adtiit« tba taoiponuy atopnge of loiun of tlie tlioroughhm^ 
and the dlvetalon of tbe traffic; and furtbcr, coundnnng the 
niBSsitude and extent of tbe ui^ aewen, tbe poaubility <A atr- 
r^ng then) into effect witliout In aoiue degree aflbcting tbe sla* 
bdily ofcontiguoui tiuililiTij;*, n iiiMtionoa 

The proused wwcn vill in u,me caaca involra eKavaUoaa 
mid tunneUiiig through noorrtain anil tnudiarona atntai and 
(lifBnnltiee wiH bo eiioountervd with tbe exiitiug aewem and tbe 
linua of IBM and water pipea, wliioh In aouie ot the prindpal 
iliorougluiiTe ara ao numarona and «xi«nai\-o> that it will be 
necietaarr to remove Ihem tempotarily, or alter tbpfr oounte 
during tJie progreaa of tbe woriL 

CoDeidanible atteadou baa been giren to the anbjcct of tlie 
raode of lifting the sewage out of the low-le^fl tewera into tba 
■eweie gravitating frotn tbe nppcr districta; and it ia oooaldered 
that, la order to eecure at all tim*a pFraianoat and efBcient 
action, the nature of tlie wwiige raiuirte that the machinery 
■houlil be of the moat almple dianwter. It ii believed lliat th« 
onlinaiy kind of nump ia not Hdl^lted to raising aewago, a»il 
Mr. Wutiam Utuband, C.F-, boa forwarded a very valuaUo and 
wil|H]auldai«d rejH-Tt, with a deacripljon of a tcrcw purnp, aa 
well aa a deecrlpliuu of neoop wlieala, creoted bv biin in oonnae- 
lion with tbe disinage of the Haarlem laJce, in fiollnuii Mr. A. 
Slate ahM fbmrdail a dntwing and dfacriptinn of a form of 
Peraian whwl, which bo ptvpoaoa for adoptioa in the dtaloaga of 
tJie EDetnipulU. 

CmI itf Iht Ptvfotvi rerfa. 

Tbe folhiwiiig ia an approximate etflmate of tbe OMt of the 
worka in tlie niolropulitaa districta, and of tbe ontlWll chaaiMla, 
[iropueed by tliem. 

KunbiU*. 
luteiwptlng anil cftlUuting main 

■ewvr* in tho malf«pti1)( I,D19,40S . 

Outfiill Mwrn coon acting iha 

kbove wicb tba Duiu tidal 

ebannel* . . .. SfCOOO . 

UalD tlilil ouUUl cliuinali ... I.lor.oitc 



BuDlbiidi. 



TMtL 



1.ST3,»>0.,.S,»!,M5 



4S7.S0O ... TST.AOO 
1,M»,M)0.,. LIACSM 



Total! £X«Til,M9... l;ii«0.KKi...S,«3T,aw* 

If tbo main ont&U ehaonela were carried to the poiat of ovt- 
&U aeleulml bv the Metropolitan Board of Wucfci^ via. B*, in 
Eiitb Beach, the iwat wodd probably be. 

On the norlb tide l.ttlJU 

On the eouib <i<I* 3,0a3,S00 

Total jC8,TIJ,SSS 

Henoe the inorensad o^C of oontiuuing tbe outfall cluuineb to 
Mueklng Lighlhouae aud Higham Creek onioiuita to 1,71D,300I. 

Opinion ja givan that, taking into conaldemtlou the macnl- 
tmle of the worka, the peealinr aifHcaltita of their oonitrocnon, 
aad the ex|iedioiiiiy of aot oaiuing too gr^t a demand upon Iha 
Biiirkvl fur labour aud materially fire y»n, at lenal, ahinitd be 
nllowod for their oonatriK-lion. 

Di*lrifi Dntiiutgt, 

Havinji doscribiiil thn wnrkii rfqiiired for the main intereeptimg 
aiit] oatfijl arwcis, attention ia iltnwu to the fact, that to render 
the work of drainage oomplete, wuob di*trict droiiiage remain* to 
be provided. 

Many Hiin on alt aldM of the siemipolla which are being 
mpidl^ built DTer wm viaitad, nnd it y/tui found tbnt, aa a riilp, 
niuBt iQuli>qiutc aticntinn it paid to the dminap nf the builiN 
In;^ plola; many of tlicm, even before tbey hare been oov«ed 
with building*, having been aonhareed with the eewage and 
refnee of ailjnoent hoiWM. And it mil be perceived, fnim un 
extract in the noti-f ttova tbe evidence given by Mr. Dn^ial'bnu, 

* lI(cI(i>lni4cau(iiibirni|«1aUiidacc.ac. ■Ukti luj-ba Hiuiood al ( iiuviiL 
oaUwoutUj. 

I KilnUfrnm Mr lbnt1dias*t vridon .— A tarvoalml of tlwanBliitedBliw4 
h All) nf iwiuili ihii^nl vlik dacomioliig (seal aalMi, Hum afa oUoia daoait 
out or fiopii'il, mt luuc u Ann b mam u u^r a aca our; cDiueiaBil]', la nav 
plHTa kn BsmieinduT, lu liKlisIitllM, udlo DvFWitd aad Omaalcb. UM fraaaa b 
ijalu honifiniii'i*! vlib tbaai. Sar, *■ |a — ii v Um cnaad Mug blAIr <>ay< 



aiui awu, an ttaki tMi Bunu It htpi I 



out alimlad 'Ua eMir. 



S98 



THE CITTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



■mn 



Thai 



Uut h* aaHdoatw that p«rauan>t eril attjr rtmli from ibe 
I ■oonrfioo of u« grorarf wlUi wwam. 

Tlio tanfinOM in oknTiag ont drattu^ worici bas b«<ra t« Mna 
ttotaBtatwry, pcDclinx tli« dctrriuiiuticn of thr ftimoml plau 
[•f nwbopolIUB draiiiagB. But, u tho csonitioD of (he warks 
; fiir the main HnuiMge niaat oecupr ouftie rcuv, it b imporUni 
I tliat UiR lacal ilmiaagi ahoold not, on tfint acoaiuit, be Ludeft- 
niuly poctpooed. 

Ftnlilation ^ lh» Seaert. 

TIm vaotflatioa of Uia M«an Is Ui# metropolis [rtoItm qno*- 
Itknu of Mcrioiu importuim. Thi? MolropolU LocjJ MiunLgomnot 
< emtaiiu proiriMarD* In pravent th« sflluvik of mvtn firMn 
" M throQKli gnlljr bolM, gmtinn, or oIImt opdiiagH of 
lo Any nf tlio vtToeU or oui«r pliWM. Tli« guUv gntioga 
Jly nfTonioj oivniogi tLrougti wbiefa ths noxloaa EUM 

Demtoil in Ihr mrvcri imuril np Into tlio ittr<«t«, when, Tram 
tnereww of flciw in thi^ ccirm. or &om othar cikiuea, tbew 
I wen toKtd out i>i tlip nvwtrtL 

r foul ■ninllii •rliiuh wi>r« |)eKvii-i>d At the g|u1tjr-1iol«s which 
^»ra ■itunT'>1 clou* ta iho foot pctvi>mout, l*il to a iArg« nnntbar of 
th«iii Iwini; tntpprd. The elfrct nf tRipping the atrtct g*iltj 
draiiu without providing other voaliJati'in nf the eeiKvr*, In, thkt 
Uw noxiotu gMM |t«D«nt«d in th« Mwen we forced into the 
Jbouimi when tlis flov of Mwnge iiiarauM, tbf ayphon tmpa of 
WAUreloMtii And aink* haing llie pointn nt which ttiv Ivnut nutat- 
ilnoe ia pnaroted to their ocApe htim tho w<n. Tbn inhnbit- 
»nU Ar« tlini autneotei) to the poiKmoua influraco of tlipa« fp-tBa; 
Aihl lli« h*d amalla ao frei^iipiilly compliuDcd of iu Latiiina houHm 
Aiv. iu BiAny iuatiiaoM, AttribatnUe to Ihia caiim. Tha guM 
Alan ootAalonAJij- etuua ttio dtath of p«nona omiiloTod in tho 
•ever*. 

TDobri*t« them eviU, the pbin hoi been partiallv uloptivl, 
wbare the giillioa hnve been Inipped, of proridiug ia the mid'He 
of th<- ulivot. iintn{ip«d opening* Into ine arwor* oovvrad with 
imii grating Thcw oponings for tho ventilation of tho Hwen 
in the WDliii of tlie MreeU, rouat conMqaMitlr be cndnred until 
n bftlcr mode of VFUIilutiou ahAll be Adopted, Although lite fed 
ami'lli tli>>y vralt an' fiv^uentl* reiT g reat aoieascea. 

t^rtul trapping! of tbe CBUr-bale dralu lua been Adopted by 
■•venl of the dutriot boAiilA of worloi, in aome omm In MreeU 
And pbvtta where tho only openlnga Cor venUUtlng tlie wwer* 
are either the gnllica or the houM draiiut; if thcrdbrB the gnlliM 
Are tiApped, it it obrioui, from wluit La* b>^n atnted abore, ihAt 
the bul Air And gaaee will poM iuto the hoiues, and very iieriuuJi 
eonit«)ainic«i nuiy onano. 

Hie epidemic a( Croydon in IMl^t vm attrihiited to thii caiuie 
bf Dr. AnMH and Hr. Pac^ In their Report on the Uroydoa 
Mwera. And th«» obaerve, with mfctenoe to tho absence of ven- 
tibtinn, that thla iniportaut dement of hcAlih and comfort whioh 
hoa bcra xennrtlly no^Iecied in ilwrllinga, AOd alinoet totally tu 
■fwern. mint be loon mtrodooed into evory plan of aewenice. 

Wli«D the legialaiura empowered the metropolilan and district 
hoardt of worka to apply tnpa, ooTerinjpi, or rentilat^nD, tu pre- 
vent tiM eHiiviA of aewcra In tho atnrts, it wah Mrtnluly nnt 
wtended that thoy ^oald, by the ibmd« tlioa Adopted, force foal 
air into the hoiiaoa, and diiragard tho ventilalion of the atrtet 



be odvantaeaoodr eotnbined with the dniiiAge of the netrafoBh 
Bnend twrta of the BU]»h hmda wfaieli Are dmioed At Ihe niMM 



The pmpnMd niAJn dniaAgc worke, by enani'lng a oonttnuotu 
flow in the Mwrn, wfll relieve mAnv dislriois fiv>iu the elArta of 
Iho alleniatr oomprraaioB Aod dilation of tho ikir in tho aewon-, 
but greAt importance ia Attached to the ventilation of the eewon, 
Asd it i* ttfjtiUKl that the time allotted to tiie inquiry wiu too 
aliort to pennit of Invntigiktiii); the Hubject mure ftilly. 

IV. — GmniT T* WHicn Disthicta adjackkt to -mit JUmto- 

rOLIlS WMInt WILL U SncBFITED ST THA rRl>l-OSU> MODB Of 

itiwoAiiKi or TUA SwAau, at'oirr to i:»irmiiii.^K rnidiKTo. 

Tbe BMt poiut auhmitted to eooaiderAtioii in. tu what extent 
diatnelA tbroivfa whteh the main outrHll cbaonela would paaa, 
out be bir^ called npon to oontributo lowardi the exponiOL 

It baa been urged witJi PMpeet to the queatioo of tho KaiiiUry 
aUto of tbe neUvpeJia, that (he drainage of tbe moisliei fur 
agrioultnral purpoa aa oould, by meAua of diMe oulfAll cliuiinela. 



lAjdMpJnlwgUtenptoud. w»4 lb* 
U or II IWi, Ma ^M boa ■»■■ 
lUKlb* 

^B«ai» war n—M. 



Me nen> Md alkn ud I 
•bMOMAh, an* mIdb nu 
UU 4rr vUl raaUiBs IW 1 1 



If lalddrr Id iha ilie<>> ii* lit 
■III ilM le i&t a rAc*. Md linn 
•AmlhintonitlB 



•ad *VMg O* kteM^ 



Uai«.aadllita 
H iNta 4>T ; tM( Im • ■!>■< «n>. inl lAi p 



. iMaaaaUlntlnmbaeowvoiilt 

Ioteatffeaili*orhnf1ful,ao]va( Aa^v 

d bona* ^ala HiaiKIfil slA 



Iij»d. ud IWa bj (WBnUuga. *tkb *«td nasll Ina IU ouaata tl Iha cMa> 



iparta 

time hjr tidnl outUb, were inepected; thcM ontCUta am gmtn Mf 
well AdAptcd to their object, bttl mmm an tu donbt oapaUe jt 
bdog improved, <m> aa to dry Ui« manbee men eAetiuUlV, if Um 
ocenplen of die luanb bade de«Bpd Any All^ntjon adetehb 
Rat tliia i* not a aettlod pmnt; for whilat tboae per aeae who Ml- 
tivntn ono elaaa of CTopa doaire tbet the Uad aboold be dry, IW 
occupien of bnd upon which green eropa Are grewa apfiaar t» 
eooBider tlie nmouut of dmni^ Ample already. Aa nprda ibe 
•anltery qtHalion, alllioagb wve premie to • r iiiMilihaaliii a- 
tent in the inanhin, nnd on t£at aoeooitt thetelbre tnithrr dnia- 
age would no iloolit be beneflcinl to tbe health of the frw iafa** 
bitanta they oontoin, it is sot conaldtvad that the bcaltlt of iba 
metropoliA eas be ao much Affaetad tbenby aa lo naka ibe aacn 
oomplote draiuAge a mAWor of pnblie impottaaoe, imapaoti** of 
the wialica of the ownmL 

But in many pbeea where b^eotiooa of hooaai hare a|)r w ti ap 
on and adiaeeab lo tha aianlMai the ditebaa formed for agdbnlla- 
lal dralM^ bave beooma ppUatad with eewage, and thia aaw^e 
oTenlnaUy flowa into the Thamea. Aa an inalaacc, tha coan of 
aa w em for the lovohi of Hareriiig, Djvtnbam, &e. oomplaiB of 
the polhition of the manh diaiiiage by ue extanaioB of honNL 
tha liminatte from whiob Mtaeaa Into ue open waletoouneiK aaJ 
and ia highly iiijurioua to nealtL 

The grmtbralitwa for travelling aifordod by tlie nulwaye and 
■toamboate bar* givwi a girat impoliw to baUdiug, anil l« ibt 
aptend of populnlion ajoog the batike of the Tbamea. Tba Ibal 
Mwage ft^ this population felioiild not be permitted to flew 
dtreetly into the Thamea, but ehuuld be diecha^pid Into lli« nalA 
oat&ll channela at aome aonTruimt point on tliciroonnai aad 
the inhnbiiADte of each diatriet betic6l«d by the nae of tbe Bitta' 
oat&U ehonnela ahould, in conaideraiioa of the w>e made by tliM 
of iheee ontlall ohauuola, be rated for the ooat of tbcir eoaalrae- 
tloB and niAiiiteaanDe in tbo projtorttoD which the popnlAiioa af 
nich dialricta may from linio to time bear to the Whola floealA- 
tirm naing the nutn iiulfnll cliAunel, And to the cxpeuaa Of Uie 
portion of the channel ao natd. 

With reepevt to the g^nenil <{ueatloii of the puriBcatlas of tbe 
Thamea, it ia ouite evideui Ihai a Urge tidnl Aod narlgahle riter 
poaiitig UiTtiiign A ooiintry thickly Inhnhiied, uual be jioUoted ta 
A ccrt^n extent-, and that it ia not poujblc in praeUce to oxolada 
frum tha river tho mfuao fnim aiiiJB, liurgee, and other vadNii 
naviKAting ila wnten; hot a great portiuu of lliia mnlAiaiMlttin 
might and ought to be prevented, And tfa" wnaervatOTa nf lla 
Hvrr and Ibe aercrial diatriet board* of worka ahould ba tar led 
with more extended and comprobenaive I«^ powm tlulb tjiey 
now appear to poeaom, in older that they may follow oat Iliad 
mica and regul.itiona eepedolly framed for prMectinti the rirer 
and prevFuiiiig the fouling of the otreara: an object nf (janunuiint 
importuiioe aa legArda the eanltary elate of the (Batro|iolta aad 
the health and comfort of it* inhabitant*. 

It nnat aIbo ba t«daaubcr«d. that the draiw^e into the TliBinM 
above tho tidal portion oomprieM an Ana of 3T0< > aqoare mPeh 
aad thAt much objeociuaable matter U dleebarg^d into the rivfr 
And ita tributAriea from the towna and vilhigea within tliAt otaA 
When thoae towna ahall hava boeoone belter drainod, thia polla- 
tion moat increaacv nnleaa a mSAni oui be found for mittgAliat 
the eriJ. l)uublle*a, the caile*t mode of dtapoaiug of eewMiie £ 
to Allow it to How int<i a river; And ao long oa tbe Amuunt pat ia 
the atream n imiAll, lliia mode of diapoeing of aewage 1» nnt^Jae- 
tionablo; bni wbun IhoijUADtityofBewiiEo turned into the atnAM 
ia in exccai, the water booomea prejudioal to the diatriet* uO ha 
banks: hence many river* in pc^Iou* parte of the cocDtfy hat* 
been injured by being poUated with aew^ dlachai]^ Into i ' 
by towns n'uir their aoniaa 



OoxeLDaio: 
L 
I . That til* inRaenoe of tha aewi^ on the river ia pe 
i. Tbut tbia ww^e b daiived iiarlly from Ibe popula: 
tbe metnipoUtAn dlati kta, and pArtly from ih<.- popnlalkn 

nil* Mv MWaMd alUi ndtr, ud iImb tloalt OfUit vua. 
OMdlai Ihal tadi plu% lAli e*D niild 1e npaaMA. aad a* d«W fc 



■aadonl Inm U. Hiubaisllonulalddri, bum bskiMdn.a >lw U krf Lw 
illoaat 10 maiUi ■■ It la, iluiniiitfil) Mid ptnavnilhr NtnraM irnk eilH. 
■uaU urtr a^uB UU uiUmlllM «W OKOHlt/ of mm^givn ma ■ « < «»*» • 
b^niu 11.0 iilub dniuai Ik ma|*i«id ai ulbBVlia tu htd aa d»M tal laia 
muiu mil ulM lies lirt ■rriTrr"-* d p>M bva tlrMi |i«MftsCli>e ^Mn 
dniuAl drj 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 




VttiM«t^ pteapjiof Qm mm pkrt of the Hi4io raUej of tbe 
' 71iMiM,or«f nllaja MbricGuy to tW main nltejr. imA tb»t 
Ifce dlHuttil) ofMw*^ tnm tbe iMtraiioliUA ditlriec alooa, flow- 
ing ifakUf iuta Um TluuMB «t Um proMot Uhm, u lA,Md,777«ubce 

fMt. 

3. Tlut in onkr 10 pvUy tin tidal portion of the ThanM bmm 
Kvan, it will b* ntoMau-/ to «ni1n<)e frum it, iint oalr the atw- 
«M 01 the neiropolitui ai*trict, but tbe Mwium Erntu tlicae oibsr 
•djMMtdialrleta. 

4. That tfa« plan of tfag MutiopoliUD Bowd of Works doM nnt 
prevMo for th« nnoval of a mitHdmt qiuotitr of Mwag- from 
tlw nMrofioliiAa dirtrieu; thnt th« anoaKt of niabll which it 
li <NwUBpUt«l by tkk plu to itil^raopt from iho river ahoDld 
b* ine w Mi J ; and that (be pbtn doo* not tnak* aikqnate prari- 
rion lor mnoviui: fmni dUtrieta adjMent to tlio melropolia the 
MW«ge which A-iwt inio lh« rivw within tbe Ituila of the metro- 
polilAa diilricL 

9. That Ike pmapMtiivnopaliitioDoftheni«tT«palitiuidIsCnot 

r whieh pmvtrion itiouM b« mnAit, b 3^78,ftf*6. M comiMrad 

ith S,:ie!l,836 in IU1: thepopDlaiion nrtheiubxldUrydiairtcU 

is^ WlfiOO M oanptred with IU,|v;<f in isni; tlM loUl )>»■ 

oetnro poptdMloo being 3,977,Ma- Tbat th* ool/ nioJe of 

Mliawtinf appvoiinatolir the (nrvlabk amonnl of tewnge froca 

tbe dialrict h to waatnii a orrtum iiinntilj per hewl of tli* popu- 

btioa. That 7 <ruUe feci per hcnl ia the amoaat for whieh pro- 

vWan ahoald be mnde; thnt it appaara frvoi eiperintonle that 

half Uua quantity paaaaa off in eif ht honr*: and ihu no aewan 

■boaU be pcraitwd to torn into the Thatnea is or near (be 

aetoofMilia uniU it thM hare been diluted with fire aitdltlon*! 

«ioltun«a of rain wKt«r in the nbHrbiui dIetricU; and th«t in the 

Mgbt bonra of the luaiiinum flow of ibc aewnge, piovhiaa abaald 

be nadp for reniovlDi; ^Incb of ninfiiU in tiM nrban diairicla. 

& That the Urge pApulMion of ilie portion of (he mniii n^llej 
of tbe TJMinea, occupied b; iha mciroiKilltun diatricd haa ao 
dirctted th« nuonl aprtngi^ and » aAtanttwl the ffmund with 
■owwe^ tlu>t wiih the eieoplion at tbe water bom the Wudle, 
llw Barelej' Brook, tbe ItarenebonrM, and the Ln, ti la Im- 
MdUnUe to praaem, to aiiy uatful exirui, put« water fran 

tibMe etieenu to flow into the TbacuM. 
II. 
1. That no aTrteu of dniaage k ailante>l hr the metropoliiL 
vUeh iloea not relteTe the low-level liiHtiicta fmni llooda, and 
tkal the wfMm to he adopted muat theref.TV provMe for intet^ 
cepdng the nf>taad drminnge; awl that, cauelcleriiix tlie eipenae 
■nil eoiiitiuitmaea of miainff tbe eewnge bjr artiflcid nttaoa, and 
the riak of flwda, the ama from which tbe aew^K mo l*f reuiorol 
by natural neaiiB ibnuld be aa large aa poaablev and Uie ama fivm 
erhioli IliT aawwe baa to be retnovod bv aitilMal nmiu alioulil be 
■a aenaJI aa poeclUf. 

_ 1 That the lewaipi, when cotlpRtud, maM, be remorrd witli aa 
litUe prortieal inoodTeiitenc? or injury ts fiuuittle, either to the 
inhabiiaeta of tlie tneteopolU or to the iubnbitaou of the diilricta 
to which it U ooanyvL 

3. Tli.it the MvooIM deodrirUntion of afwage doea not fcmovo 
the bigh'.j palrMdhle soluble cooalitiK^nU fruni the tli|iiifl which 
fatttm oil'; nod (hit, couMn^oeuily, the liquid, after dvoLloriMitiom, 
■vet hp diipuH^l of in ihe miue mantier aa the ordinary eewage 
vatrr; tlmt it !■ not believeil thnt the ileudorintlou or Ijondou 
•mfeooiild be oarritd ou without cmatiDgBDuhuuwe; aad that 
■opUiiwooUl beeffiectoal with the iucreoMid volume arlainsfnwi 
ntln. 

4. Thnt tbe valne of the ferliliaing matter contained in London 
jewag* it nnitoubtotll}' gttnH; I'lit tliat tlie Inrcai^uantltj^ of water 
With which it b diluted p«mluileii Uie pomibllity of eoparatiiig 
Bore than aboal ono-aeveoth itart of tiiiit ferltlinii); matter by 
■■7 kiMwii eoonomkal pnx<M: that a onpiuiiH dilution of tli? 
a«nm ia p wee eafy to the liealtb of the inWUtaiita of (bo nic- 
trapol'u, and that tlietefor* the aacrifioe cutatltd by the dilution 
tasel be endured. 

L TtM the applloatton of aewMge to land, although H may 
give guod nwulu nader bvoiumhie ctrvunutano*^ and wber« it 
OU be iip))!iL-il by KrsvitatiOQ over limited M«M^ Cannot be ex- 
Meted u- adoftl eimiUr reanlia in or mat tlie metropolie, whera 
it would have to be niaed to a gnat hwglit, sod to be ooBviTed 
to eooaiilDnfala diatancae, aa thu eotaiU a very heavy prime ooet 
and vcvy bavy annual chargee; Ihil even if irrigalioti be niemneil 
la be nmunentive^ no ayitem wouhl Ui oumplebt which djd not 



299 



provide either for the raceptioa and applioatkia of the mwmc at 
all time* to tbo land, and for the anbaequcnt reoioval of tbe 
Uquid, or for ita being phwod In the river nt nMne unobjeMiuti- 
atde point, when not rwiuired for Irriicntion: that thia would 
twiuire, In addition to the nrnuifcnioBata for irrigation, other oul- 
Ul eewuri, aluoet aa extcDmivu tuid ooaUy ai would be raqniewl 
without iirigatioa; and that a nieooa of pUciiig tbe eewage lit 
the river in an nnobjeotioaable place wuuld, nodor all cifcinn- 
atance*. be required daring nin. That, looking to the charaetar 
of the diatriota near the mctropolia, it would m extremely diflt- 
cnlt to find large and detMbe^Tanaa where it would he poaaiUe, 
br agreeotent with iudividiiala, to nanntee the conatnnt recep- 
tion of even a iiuall qiuatity of the London eewage, while it may 
be a queetiou wbetbor irrigation on a lat^ ecale might not oooa- 
■lon danger to the health of the iuhabitanta of Hu-:h dtitrieta by 
the poltutloB of Uie air of tbe dietriot, a« well aa of it* qxtnga 
and ■tmuna. 

Q. That, under theee circumitanoeis and baring repud to the 
inexpedwncT of maluiig the question of the effectual dnuu^ of 
the motropidie depecMul on cooimercial oousideraiMiia, the oiUy 
practicable mode of dispoilug of tho Mrwnse of tbo metropolis n 
to provide fur ita rapid rttnoval from iuhabitcd diitrieU^ and tar 
its coileotkin in main ontfiUI chauiwU, where private enterpriee, 
wider proper oontroL nay be at liberty to utilbe iti bat that, 
when not raqnired for pnipoese of uiiliaatMn, tbeae cbaaaals 
■ abonld provide tar it* flow in tbe noat expeditious manaer into 
tbe MB. 

in. 

1. That it is not deBrable, for the reaaoiM stated in tbe rapoiti 
that tbe eewsge abonld be eoaveyed from both ridee of tbe river 
through one cbaonel to the ontialL 

2. That the proposed oot&ll at B*, in Kritb Ueacb, ia obfer- 
Uonable, because it wvuld not eOiMtiully prevent tbe eewage 
tnm returning withtn tbe Umltt of tbe tnetropolitaa boandanr; 
bocaOM it would have a delelarioas eSset on tbe health of tbe 
dutrict; and btciuiM il would probabJy be prejtidiciAl to (be 
onvigatiun. 

3. That the beat ootfnil ou the north siila ia a plaoe between 
Muoking Liahthouae ouil TlutnicB Haven, in Sm Reach; and tliat 
the boil outbJI on tbo south side u Higham Creek in tbe Lower 
Hope. 

4. That in onler to intercept the aownge of a lurga area, a level 
sbodld bo adoi)ted a Utile above that of Uie bigfaoet tides, nuntly 
6l«et above Triniivhii;h-vatorm»rk,«e tbe level bout which the 
sewage abould grai itaM iLt tbe river Lst oa (lie north sido^ and 
at the river Kavefisboume on tbe eoulh aide of the Thauosi thai 
the sewage ebonid Bow from thcnoa to uiJn oattiill ebannela 
DOBttncBOing near Barking on tbe north eide^ and near Woolwiob 
on the soaui elilcv which would couduvt It to (be out&illa; and 
that In (bete main out&ll obaunele use ahuuld be nuule uf tidal 
witter near tlie metrojiolle to aMitt tbo flow, auil to eHoct at the 
same time the dilutjoo, of the sewage. 

D. That tlie area fttini which the acwnge would bo so inter- 
cepted and removed, viihoul baring rcofursc to artificial inuans 
in the metropolitan diitricts, ia about bt aqoare milus: and tbe 
area from which tbe sewage would be lifted ia neariy 3» s^uan 
milea. 

6. That with raferenee l« ill* other districts (or whlefa tliew 
sewers would provide^ the pmuUtioii ia vei^ Urge; but ibal ibe 
aetnal amount of eewage which would be intercepted and re- 
moved, without nrtiflcieJ ineaus, caaiMl be aoourately dcfinal 
without further levels. 

7. That the cost of the nutin outjbll scwcn wiU be 3,144,J0O(., 
aad the ocst of tlie iutemnl eyttcm of iutvrt-vptitig Kwcn in the 
motrupolitiui district i,i9ifiliM., nud Ibe Uitol omL S,437,86JU 
That if tbe uutCtU cliantMls were not airried beyond B* In 
Erith Reaeb, tbe expense would be reduced by tbe eiun uf 
1,719,3<J0<. 

5. Thai taking Into oonaUerallon the nagnltad* of tbo works, 
and the peculiar difficulties of gouttructioD, and having a dae 
regard (u economy, the works sboold oeenpy at least five jmn 
in GonetructiaB. 

i- "tbai all towns aiul viUagv near tbe lii»o of the main out- 
fall sowers should ditclurgo thur aoiwmgt into tb«eo ehaaneli^ 
inateed of allowing il to pLW through tbe nunh dnuua into tbe 
liver. 

10. "Hiat these dtstriele and all districts round the metrupulie 



4 



300 



THE CmL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



vbiob mako lua of th* mtiia outiall cbiuiiia]>. lihwalil oontribnte 
knfinli tfao COM of oaaauaetiitg ud tBuulAiiuDg thcM -*■»""■'» 
ia Ibe proportioo wbieli th* popuktion of midi diolrkU sutj 
from tlaia to tun« Itmr to lb« wbolu popuUUoa labig tba mala 
ottt&ll "iiTf^i-j sad u> lb* oxpeuM <a iLe porlioo of Uio cbkuial 
MiiMd. 

1 1. Thai ikt |>oUuliuu of ttnn&iB bj ttw^ge, tbrou^hoiil tbo 
wbola oaiuib7, b an ovll wbich ia inorvflaiiiK ivitb improvoil 
hoiUMlrkuuig*; Kud tbitt it U v«r7 dmimblQ Wat tha bttvnlwa 
of tbo logUlature shonld be directod to tbe mbjoot iritb & riew 
lo devlaiog mcttoa for reanedyiag tbe eviL 



In ooDciltuian, if th« Tbnmes is to be oomplotcly purified, no plan 
loM comitreheaiaive Ihao the one bore luggnted will effeot Ihia 
obJecL Tli« MtlnatiNl exMue of tliii pbui iit oooaiilerablo: and 
•omo iiopruVMDont npon tli« «xlaliug sLulu of lliliip* might po«- 
nbly be obtwnotl for ■ uoidlor oaUnf; Imt a. Aiui'mnlioix in the 
lUtiMtMioui of the lewen doc< not prnportioo-itcly ilimiuiih the 
OM of their oouatruotiuui and murenwr, Ihc inoruunj of popu- 
latkoi whl>;fa b eo tivpidiv laklug iiluo« iu ever}' ili:«cli<iii round 
tbo mptropolie, would nt*0M«ilAtc tbe oxt^Dalon of any Una com* 
prehcnsive pbut tUaa Hit one bore lOggMttd, at HO vprjr duUont 
ptriod. 



BKEAKWATERS, PIERS, AND HARBOURS OF 
BEFtrOE 

A KirrrH.'i ha* bcm made (o tlio Houm of Corhdoiib of tbo 
lininoi uf pliwia i>n the ooMt of Onutt JldtAin nnd Irolsod which 
liave been Biirroyed or ntportcd on by onkr of thti Ailmindty, 
wilU a vipw lo the f'TiunliiJu of br(n.kwnlDni, pion, or bM-boun» 
of rafujM, ^e worka of wliiub have not bora coiniuvtiL^nl. luid 
wbaN Ui* rtootiiaaiidntioiia have not bera ndopteil : aud of tbo 
iwtatv of the work* tToammnDd«d, the pariod iwiiilrod for com- 
|il«tioii, the dtiinnte of total ooitt, and tbe ootUy recommonded 
per aauuin. 

Eholaitd. 

HartUjmol.—Rtfort and dongn by t)ie late J. Rendel, CE, 
oa the ICth Miuvb, ISSSl Two pien rooomtDcndtid, one on the 
north, and the other oD the •oulb *ide of the bay; to eneloM au 
ureft of 470 acrea having; a dentb uf li fi«t and unwanla, nud 
SSSaorea having * depth of 1^ l«<^t and upward*, al l<rv wiLt«rof 
spring tidciL Poricx) mjuira) for oompletinn, «li yenn. Biti- 
luate of total cort, 8OO,rX)0C. — Alao rtpomd on by R. K. OUver, 
R.N^UaT«h3l,18aO. 

TVMiMcfM.— Report and d«aign by the late J. liradol, C.B,, 
on April 4, 16A9. Two piers Teoomnioiided, one on the north, 
iLud another on tbs nuulli tide at the month of the rirtr Teca. 
Batttnate of total oMt, 370,0001.— AI»o reported on by E K. 
Calver. RN,. on May 31, ISSO. 

Jlodw-.— Repurl and diwign by W. A. Bruok^ C.E, in 183i, 
and again in IH.^1, cduaiatiuu of two pien and other work*. Th« 
piera to fiicloM au ar«a of about IM seres with a depth of ]8 feet 
Mid apwanU, and about 130 men* with a deptli of IS bet and 
upwarda, at low water of aprintc ti<lci>. Ratimatu of total ooet, 
3J*l,00(l/. — The abuve deeign wna reporle-l od lo the Admimlty 
by D. SWtyruBkiu, C.E, on February lA, 1851- and the »!« was 
nrveyed by "E. K. Cidv«r, R.N., and plan miiI to the Aduindty, 
In April IMl.— Furthor ntporla by W. A. Bn'ok*. C.E, dated 
OoCOMT SI, Doeember 3& isaC, and Febmary rH), \M7, with 
•ncnded dedgae abowp by plana.~-Tbe originul pUn of 1S33 
M i«port«l on by Sir W. Cubftt, C.E. In I83&. 

Jlri^mgtm. — 'A deUchod mbblu atone breakwater propoaed on 

B aMward aide of tlie bay, lo be placed on the Smithwick Suid; 

ob«b1e IcBgilh, 0000 feet; approKlmate eatlmMt^ 3SO,00Of.; to 

' oompleUa in ten yean. 

AMonvtfiL^—Drmmtd by P. BnilT, C.E. in 18S1. Promoted 
y prirate ioJiiriduidii, who applied to parliament for a private 
iilh Hud Uii> Adiiilndty, under tbe power* given tbeni bv (be 
!*ivliiiiioai7 Iii<|tiiri«» Act, dirKtoa N. Beardmorct, C.E, to 
! report oil ihi- hill, which ho did, Uarch d, In.^i. Work* pro- 
[poard ooDucted of new enlnuiee to tbe river Aide, with iintTiinco 
'piurh I'eri'id raquired for oompletion, ten y«ani; ealimaie of 
nlal coat, 011,000/. 

jVnoAotim./— Denicn for worki by .). Walker, C.E, viz., an 
Aitditioo of lOUO ttit to the West Pier, leaving a portioai of it 



eta ot^ 



open; to move the EoK Pier OO foet lo Ibe «Mt«u>d, aad to 
lengthen it 100 GbM; to excavate th* harbour and appKNwhea to 
« d«pt)i of 7 feet, a width of SOO (oet, and a length or SUOO fiel 
Eetlntate 100,00iX. 

St. /lvw.— Ituport and demgn br (3aptAio Vetch, Jaljr 31, 1U7. 
A br«akwtiler reoommetiiled on tlio north aide, to aheltM' aa art* 
«f 60 *rr'-« hnviuL' U feel, and 06 acr«a having 18 fort aad 
Upward*, M tiiue ul luw water. Period n<qnit«d lor complettoD, 
•even ycnr*. Katiniate of total mat, 174,400/. ; ootUy rvcom- 
mended per ruinum, £S,000^ 

Ainr QiHijr, Brittoi ChaimA — Report sod dwiga by- tin kU 
W. Bald, CE, in Novonibor lH4a A breakwater noooBiBeitU 
on the north aide of the bay, to give *li«lt«r to aa ar«k of »bo«t 
010 acrw having a depth of 1 j fwtiaud 420 ncra baruiflJt depth 
of Itt fe«t and upwarda, at low water of tpring tidaL^&timalt 
oftotaloaRi,;il,T.U/. 

SoOTLAXIX 

ITicJt.— Deport and daaign by CaM. TMch, B.F^ February 10^ 
1807. Two brenkwatei* rooommenned, on* fron tae oMth ahof* 
of Wiok Bay, and th« other from ih« •oath ahore^ duluriag an 
nna of 60 anree having a depth of 1 j feet and upward^ asd of 
U acrea with a depth of 18 fbet and upwsida, at low voter ef 
tpriiig tidea. P«riod requir«! for oompletion, aevea yfmn. Eit^ 
mate of toUl coat by J. Cood*) CE, 1 70, 1 70^. 

iVi«f)bM(I.— Beport and dedgu by D. Stcvcnwo, C.E, oa 
January iS, l!vl7. Ponnatlen of a harbour pmpaeed in tha 
•outh bay, having an area of Q soree, with a dofrth uf lifeetoal 
npworda at low watvr of aprins Udes. Eatimau (j total omL 
8ii7,9O0^ 

BHe, Firth of Forth. — ^Tlie deai^ oonalaU of two breakwalanv 
Ode Irom tfio eacl, the other from tli« wsat aid* of the bay, aliai* 
t«riiig an area of 60 ooraa of IS feet and npmrdi, atid of 90 acna 
of lb leet and upward*, at low water of artring tidea. Apnrosi- 
tnato eetimaU, iCN),OOM. 

Z>MnAw^-The demgn, by Captain Vetch, RE, oontlata ot 
braokw a tar connecting th« outlying rocka, and aheltoring an — ' 
of 70 ocroa of \i feet dejitli aud upwanlt, and of 00 
IS feel and npwarda, at low water of sin-Lng ttd«ai ApprosinuU 
estimate, 100,000/. 

IttlCt.AXU. 

jfn£jfJrjM.— lUiport and d«aign by the law J. Beadel, C.E. <m 
Mnv 17, li^'ii. Two brnnkwalera recommended, odh on the aaat 
and tile other on the weal aide of tliv entrauoo uf the harlmnr, to 
klidlcr an area of 40 aoroi baring iide)>thof M feet, and 3>?aaral 
hkviug a dt^plli of W fp«t luvi ujFwanIa, at low wator of epriM 
tidea. Period roooired for eumplellon, dve veor*. EalimntM 
total ooat, iiOJXXU.; outhiy racommended per aauitm, 46,000f.— 
Alao reporteil on by Ciipt. Donham, {>eo(nnb«r It IBAl. 

Cartingfint flajf.— He ported on by Capt. Wndiiiigtou, RJf., oa 
July ^, ]»Aa Pmpoaed to dredj:? a chnuuel, SOO yard* louir by 
SIJO yxnia widi^, aud i!i^ fool ilccp at low wator or ■|n'iiM> taoMt 
alao to ivniovu acvmid dctaoh«J rocka, a> tlioao talleJ Hclly 
Hunt^'r, Morgan'* Plndiiy, fto. Period for eotnplelioti of wot^ 
three ycnra; catiniate of totnl ooat, {0,0001.— ProuMed b^ Mr. 
RaniMy, C.E., and reported on, with oalimato, in January I6H 
to remove the bar by ilredginii. Period for oonplatiou ui wotk 
nui sivuu: ealimale'of total oust, 23,04Gf. 

nVer/brrf.— lieportod on by R. Uokv. C.E, January 88, IK4. 
Propoaed work oonaialed of a out, by drnlglng. "HW yonlt Icag 
and 400 yarda wide. Puiod required for ooiupletion, l«ii year*; 
oftimatol total coal, 16.<)00/. — Ri^purlnJ on by (Upt WaahinMM, 
.June lr417. to drvdjn clionnel Uii-uuuh Duniauiiioo Bar or FUl, 
1 nauliuol mile iu lonj^h, .liK) ynnla wide, and 20 feet deep at lev 
water apiin^j tid«. Period for oouiplotion, two you*) aatimaleel 
total Dual, iO,QOOL 

lauc or BIav. — Irisb Sb*. 

n»uj;/'i*,— Deaignod and reported on by Capt. Vetdi, BJL, ea 
Noi-cnibcr iA, 1MB. A pier or bratkwuier reeomnundad on the 
aouth-Fiut aidn of the bay, elialuti-ing au atna of Xi aottih^ baring 
a depth of 12 feet, and 16 oavs having a depth of ISfaet aad 
upwards at low water of apring tides; astlniatod anm in t!A, 
3(l.000t 

Pvn £Wn^-Do«gn«d and reported on by C^pt Vetch. B.B, 
November 34^ lUfi. Propoaed work aoaaiaia nf a braakwatar ea 
tbe aonth aide of Ibe Bay, 400 flMt in leugth ; eituuated total coal, 
l^vOOOI. 




THE CIVU. ENGINEER AND ABCIUTECrS JOLTISAL 



301 



THE NEW NATIOSAL GALLERr. 

Tm Coniniinioftrni* apjuHntd "to <l«K;niiiiM th« SiW of thn 
Nbw National (inllriy, nad Ui ivpoii nn the d«nnblca«a of 
CMibbilRf Willi it Ui« tine Art kod ArrluwJogied OallMliotia 
of Ibr BritlHh Uumuos," k(t«r aome preUiuiauy naolutlocu^ 
• •7— 

W« now pTOOMdcd to Doll'.'cl mnl>>rlali Ibr forming s J<Klgm«Dt 
an tbsBMnquraitinnfnbniiiii'il lovnrdMlRlon; iui<t nn thi* point 
m tonit CDufrM that wd ir«r« prnViarnuunl nlhcr than aidnl 
both by oousuIliogpwviouJj-rcconlni ontuioDii, and exaiubing 
■aj w!tn«a*M. For not onfv diJ w« finil, nji might be ekpartrJ! 
L grtaX AivtT^tf of opIaioD, out, In tioitie loHtuioM, wc pemivvd 
hat the unt pmoDii, find th<iw> of tlio hightat aiiiliori^, might 
e ated for opiinioiii cilhar IMaIIj diflcrimt from each other, or 
iiucb mtxIifieJ. Two euun^jlM of thU ooDttsdiction may aitllioe. 
'ht eoiniulute of tb« UoDM of Conunoiu appoiiiUxl iu Fcbriiur/ 
B-U, to outi*Id(>r of the bot mode of pnirlauK additional monn 
tr Wcrka <f Art gtvon to tho publici or purcbuod b; mwui* of 
' rliametitiuy i^nu, mj : 

"After cnnifid drlllieratfon, we uiiaiilatoiulj oocrur In lli« 

ninion, that Ukkini; int^ aixnimt the cunimiuidiug aa'«r« of 

no aiia iiociifii^l l>r the pn-icut building, to which jwrhkpa it 

roatd bu ditfitTull to Sm n. pnnUlel in our mrn or aii; other 

apltal, — it« iii.w«<ibiiit]r nu>l nuaraaai lu th« clii«f tbon>ut{1ifarM 

fid omtTM of bu»ini!UBi, which an> fed by what baa bttu dewribod 

III a wtII Icttown phmiriu 'lh(> fiill«at lido of hiiinao okltttcDut' ; — 

'th« aid> to Monomy which, witlinnt •ncriHciiig thn beauty of 

vHcct which a iietf frout niid additiutiiil bright nmr confer on th« 

Mnaoturv, woiUd be fiiriiinhtil by the ruro circiiin<tancc of onlv 

on< orDHBicatA] front b«iu)( rendered necemnr^-, froui tho diniuai- 

doa of tho ground, and by lh« ni«4iDs which niv k( hiinii tor 

niakingnMorthcwhohoftliaprcM'iit In t«riar, dop roKanl being 

|mld to tbc oaiivetiicDtfe of tli« Iloyat Aet^oiuy, in pmviilinji anii- 

sMa tnummoiiHtton ebawbere;— the apaoe nr furlbor oiilarit*- 

nunt, whirh, ill the procMi of time, and aoncarn-uily with th« 

•slgmciM of tbr mllactioD, aitght be inippli«d by occttpylog tho 

nnoovrred ifroTttid, onir in the occupntiou of public grtablUh- 

mrnlji, in the rcnr nf ibu pmaent building; — fur all thoM roMaiH^ 

rithoat presiiinina to imticnto the prvcLii: |iprin<l fnr tho coiii- 

coient of anoli a yrtk, the iloieraiiaatioii of vhicii may be 

ii«d by oth«r ooiMidorailcma, your CVimoilltee would rvciini> 

I that, wbvDewr It U iiiidannkrn, ih* oalarf^ and Improvetl 

(iitioaal <iallrry ahould bo on the mme (ito lu tlie pnxont; anil 

or the coiD|ilotioii of mch n worlt, which ought D.il to bo nu- 

*orthr of the s^p, the country, and its own dcatioatioo, thev 

Ottla (^adly are tho moat eminent tolt-ut of thu nntinn Iu<riteil 

' eompeU in devnins an ajipropriate and emluriitg monu- 

DCOt" 

Bach W1U tbe uuanimoiu rcoommondatton of aoino of tlie moat 
['Cniinrat momberaof UmlPuliMueuti but another fVrlinmontary 
CMBiniUee, compoaed iiKirly of the Mine tuenibera, relying, ai it 
ttppMn, mainly i>u tlti n-jHirt of commiiMlonen who aai, a fuw 
, weeks Iw6>re, to iiw|uir* into the State of the Pictitree iu the 
'^Atioaal (iiUlen-, on the 26th of Jnly, MX), tr|Hirlal iw followit; 
"Many [>Uim hai-o bcon niguii*t«d by architacte of eminenoe, 
with til* Tmv nf buildiof od tne preeent aite a NiUionnl Gallery 
not nnwortJiy of the nation. Dpoti rvviewiuK the erideiice bcre 
a>lk(4nl. your Conimittea (ajiuot, however, teoomtneml that any 
expeiMllitiTe •bonld be at prfaeiit incurred tor tlie purpoee of 
luoreMiiig the Hoc»inniiHlntioii of a National Ualtary oii t}ie pre- 
■Ml eite- Your LA'uiDiilleo are not iirupared to ttaUt Ihnt tlio 
prMcrvaiian of the ptUuraa, and cotivuuieut ncvna for the pur- 
poM of eludy ■&■! tli« Inumeenietit of taece, would not be better 
•eoiired in a gallery fortner mmnTMl from the an)i>ke and dual 
of Loivk>n: but Iw'iuf in isnoniiice of the ate that m^ht be 
Mlaotod, the Hiil on whiou it nughl etitnd, and the exjMiHe 
vhidh loiefat )» inciirriKl, they oumat periti^y reoomineDd iu 
removal cliewbifre." 

It will bo ohMrrved that, allhongh the o|i)Diou gEveu br the 
Coiamitteeof IMtiia poMlivc, and ihnt ofthoCoumittee or IMO 
Bagativ*, yiTt they were not easily rvi3>ncilnhle, and afforded ua 
Irat tittle lunalaaoe. 
Thr uui* may be anid oflbn Twoorded Jodgnienleof nn eminent 
iiTidcuiL Hir Chnijoi K\rrj wna examioud befute iJie Cbm- 

OmMiic ■/ Idie IlnHfkiHi. It . H iruman, dMi. m M ■■•urn. titmn. B K«d 




tNitte* of 1848 : b* wna thaa oaeetlened b^ tine okalraiu, I^ord 
Morpnib :~" S«D<« you were Inat examined by the Committee, 
bavn you directed yunr attention to the aitc of the preaent 
KalioQal Gallery, with a eiew of Moertainiug the aB|iabiIiti«« of 
tbal building fur the reoeption of additioual werVs of^art 1 " Hia 
aiuver waa : " Tea, I have; and I am new profarMl t» renwt to 
the Uommitte* oa tbe aabjecL I aiu of apiaioD. that if Um nle 
of Si. Blartin's workbouaB were piirEhaeed, an alteration wen 
niada In tlie form of the Inmek yard, and a portion of Caatle- 
street etopjied: if tbe Uoyal Aeadeiny arera loaaled ahewhens 
tbe portjco and other No^eettoM beyoM lite lUw of tbe pmont 
front token down, and aoiwidenble addition* were made to the 
prteent buildiuK; n Natioeial Oallerr ooulO b« obtaiiieil on ibr 
preetut site t)ini would be au ornameut to the metTiipolie, and 
afford Moomniodatioa eqiuU to tlie m)uireineute "f tite ounuj 
for the natifuiul pictures fof hjcm t<> uome : 1 aliuuld ndd, tlM 
pmiiDiwd nddllinua to the piweut liiiiMiiig wnuld have the etfed 
•if entirely (uncaaliug the front of iL I hare simc terr miuniely 
iut/i tbcMibjeot, sniThnve prepaunl n-itniti |3nue ami diaffTsne 
to dlustme my pnrpoeitioas; aud I sIiaII have grmt ulcutiiire iu 
•ubniittlug aud eapUlulBg tbemi if it be tbe wiali of the Oow- 
mittoe." 

Tlie whole tenor of Sir Chnrlea Barry'* rvkleticc in 184S is iu 
faviriir of the aite of tl>* pvewnt Nnciunul U.dlery; hut whew 
rxaniined by u* hu tbe £ad of last April. and hin former e^ldeifce 
being referred In, be aaid, " I would not boiil tu llut miHwer now, 
beuBUse I have hml optKirlnnitiea since of exiiiiii]>in|[ titv cnre- 
fnlly tlie c^iatiilitieit uf the Briliab Mneeiim; I hitve couaidered 
nliiri tbe advniitnaii nf Ihe i;re<ilrr retitralily uf its pnnliuu, ami 
other lualteiii uliiuli I wiui uot aware of and did uol eoadder 
when 1 gave thnt evideiive. My o]>inic4i is now uodifled; and I 
liATe ao hniitAti'<<i In saylB^i, that the sit* for the Natinuil 
Gallery, iu my npiiiinn, ia the British Uuiwnm, in prefereucu to 
that of Tmr.dKar-equare." 

We linv* n'ferred to these striking ditrenriicna of opinioo of t1*e 
■nmc eminent ponon* at different tiuirs, to show the nDnill 
amount of nsaiatanoe we have reorired from oonanlting antli>)- 
rltiMOU the matter in iiuesliuu, and >lm> to ttUggC4t au exoiUMi 
for nay differeucea o( npIniuQ which the lahiutca of pnicreiliaga 
will pmT« to have existed amongst iiunH>lves. And it tiiajr aot 
be improper to add tlwt oar dllliniltie* faavc not l«ra diuioiebrd 
by tlie Bwt that our eomniisidoa oriKiTiniea in a differenoe !■•• 
tween a deosion of a oouiuiiltec nf tlie lute Huniw of Commons 
and A vote of tlint House il*.>ir. the vivte in ewth Iiii>lau<« Inving 
been cerrieil hy a very Hinall niidnrll;|. 

At the outset nf our deliberations it smwand ihnt many alee 
uii|;hl lie ooniLdcred worthy i>f Mi-odid uutioc; but oo doier 
emniinaliuu we inund our chuieu to be limited to a v«ry few. 
V/r fell that any encroachment fa tbe mral parka wonkl meet 
with geneml opposititiii; aud we mnat ad<l Ihsi it would, in our 
o|<inii'>u, h» iii'Mit undesimble. Thi* eoiivictiou Excluded ns Aom 
reiviinmi'cdins tbe site of cither iif the royal pahices, supposing 
tint luch a pnipnsal coukl witli |>ii>t>ririy bv made; for ao aiiit- 
able atruotura ooidd Iw raiseil on sul^i n itite without to > eeitsin 
degree enoroacbin^ on tite park», ciilivr liy iImi building itself, or 
by Ihe miuisite ap^roachM to it. A suggesiioa wm msile in 
faTOur of the iiinee' drele of the I(e|{ent'a-P«rk, by n wilnesavln- 
has given much altcntiun tu the subject (Mr, A, J. B. Bei«tft>nl 
Hope, M.P.), liut uur rvsoloUuu not to iidtiwe tlie erection of 
Inrge biitMinu^ «u nny of the npvtt a|<ncei< now usrd for |»<blic 
resort, ns noil na cibjpcliou* to tlio uataro of tbs soil, inducoil ui 
tn exclude thnt aite Ii\>in ctir fiiinl consideraUon. 

We could uotadupl tbe L>n>pii«d lo nmavt tlie nnlinuol vie- 
tiiiee to the upper floor uf the Bi-itUh Miuwow. although Oiat 
]d«n cune rouommemled to ntt by a W.jth BUlhi>rity. 

After these and other dednctinua, fur which wc lii, uot think it 
ueonsMC^ to j^re dctailod rensuna in this rej»rt. we found nur 
choiw, ID Cici, limited to two aius — the site of the prewut 
Xnlit>nal Uidlisry, suffiuieutly eelai-ged, and tlie Keusiugtcai Ootv 
eeUte. 

The advantngos and diwdvnutngi-s of tlio Kensington (lufs 
Oriate wore stated iu full Mid uiiuiite detail beforv tbe select 
Conunittee of ISA3, and we exmuitieil s<ii>e of tbe prinui|ial wit- 
neaaes who then gave evidence tin thai lUibjecL 

Hii tar n» atioiv for a huililitig of great aiatrnltu'le. with rarndty 
for fnture enUiviuueut, is conosirioil, tbi* aiUi is in our opinion 
utidoubtolly to tie |iTelei'rtil; sud we nuiiuit Ijiii oonclwle Ihnt liie 
airroiiit be on tbe whole lew iiu)>urv tlierr ihsu at CliariuK ctuk 
Wbetbet it wiil ooutiuue to he su wben tbe neigh Ivunuij land to 



Mi.— Vsi.li.— Simsaaes, l«7. 



THE CITIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



be tMrth-wnl juid VMt rfudl b* onwrvd «Hth bnitdbg^ kod 
bMo«M • mn of tbd metrapoli*, taay by jkudo b« -ttiabtoiL 

Wo ou;^t not •ItoMtlMr to orvrrlook tli<^ foet, •Itbuugh II need 
not gotvn oiir iMiion, that the <• Ikuos of thia rils woutd ooMr 
■OB ■ nviag t9 tli9 amODOt of whatever outlft;r miglit be nqsi* 
dts fcr tba norchaw of land ibowliMn. 

On the oUicr haad, tbo aide of the pmnnt National Oallcry ia, 
tnemiiartably, mor# aoc«Mibte— fnore in lh<^ war of all cIimmm, 
Mid frnni loag vmge, mora Ikmiliar to tli«iu, thnn any poaitioa iu 
Hu oQlukLrta of tho nwtropolla. Th« Bi]qui>tsinu meritfl of thli 
aite fai thia reapact ai« fully Mt fnrth In t)i« iinaDlmolM report of 
the Select Committee of 1S49, to wlikb we have previouelv 
rell»n«il. AaJ ia regtrd lo oknacntjr for aDlamnMnt, whidi 
■ w < M to be the chief natter of dm\n, there oui Iw nu hnpedi* 
BMata now which vera iwt known to lb« emiueutl* pnettont 
MMenDeii who oompoeed the Caiuaitt«e and nroiNUM the nuort 
OtlMS. . ■ r- 

Ib TCgaid to Atmuephmo impuritiea it ie, a* hiw bcoo jm- 
vtondy admitted, inferior to the aite at Keuwiigtoo Gore; but 
iddilional care, the mon general prolectlon of toe pietara by 
^aa*, which ia etivinel y rvonmnMnoiHl by aoioe tt oar more oom- 
peteut witums, arcTiilrctnnd iiunrovoinanla In a new buildings 
aad reoeut l^^ialatioa, which baa done ranch to jmrilV the mrtro- 

K titan atinoapfaen, and nuy do m^rp, would (irolnbly niiicli 
prove itH ppMent eouditSon. Coiuiilervd ircfait«ottmuly, (he 
rite of Tnifiili;nr^iiar» •tanda hy t:i)rani(>ii couaeut irithout a 
ritali and the euhatitotioD of a huildini; wnrtliy of the British 
pee|rfe tor the prcBLiit edifice would oomtiiftnil univonud admim- 
tim, and do boiumr to the itff. 

It oaly Nmalna fcr Ha to atate thnl, having dnly Motidered 
the premita^ we hare deotded I>y a majority of tliree votes to 
ooe (one of our oolloa^ea ba<rinft dodiaed to vote) In fitrour of 
tbe ahe of (he preaeot National (Sdlefr. 



WESTSUXSTER BRIDGE. 

Tnt Select Onmmittee appointed " to Dooiider the state of 
WeatiDitmCcr Itridco, ami the ooureo to be taken In ivUtiori to 
tbe wurka which nave been eutpeodeit,' and who wcrv «n|iow- 
w*d to report their ohepfvntiona, together with niiimuia of 
evidence, to the Uonao of Commonii, have eonaideced the 
matteri U> them referred, nud liavo agrevd to the following 
repnn: 

"Thai hivvitig boen infomu'd by the Rrat Commiaaioucr of 
Worfca, that aftur comiitoring the ropnrt. of the Jadgea anpuinled 
lo report oa the deeigm Tor the ni>w public offloea and tne block 
plan, and taking Into acoount the ffi'cnt expenae that woiiM be 
lacnrml if thi- dtq cf WMtmlnater BridBe waa ehnosed, it ii not 
hie intention to rt«ommend that ihealteofWMtmiDater Bridge 
diovid be altered, — the Comniitl^o prr>reed«d to coaaider the 
preeent atate of the eiiatius briitgr, and the altenttiona propoaod 
to be mode in the new bridge lo inret the objection* which have 
been takno hr tba moda ofconetruction ai originally umjioia). 

"The OommittM lenjrn thai the preoantioua taJcrn tor ■■.-curiog 
the old bridge have been conijilnte, and tlier rewiutneiid that 
the new bridge be proccnled with ta cunforniity with the alU^ra- 
lioni in the mode of oooiAmuliou aa act fbrtli in Mr. Page't 
letter ndilreMed to the Pint Conmlanouer, and dated iSfd July, 

"Tbe Comrailtee have alto cnti'fiilly cnn«iflered the imporUnl 
oneation of the headway of tlie briilse, and in cnnniiclliin with 
tut aablect the gradient of the roadway aa now propnu^it, nn<l 
tfiegrndiont which wnuU heMnetqueot upon roiaiug the dri'l^e. 
Hie Comuiiu<.-o fiud that, aecurdiag to the plaa now prt>i)oaeil, 
(he roadway on the Sumy aide w»nld bo I lo 4n, and If the 
bridge woe ndari from i>} to 22 ft. iho cndiont wonlu be 1 in S7. 
Tlia COtnmitwe abo find that ou the Mi^tdleu-x ihle tlie gnidinat 
M at prraent dtai^ed woold be I in fi7, and if the bridge waa 
nieed tbe gradient would be 1 la 45. The Conimillee are there- 
lore of opIuioD that tt wonid not be expedient to iucraaae the 
hatght of llie bridge." 



The allaralioM aoggeated by Ur. Paob 

Uiworing the pier* aln>ady oommeooed to a«oh a level m 
will place the Immb of tbe woodeo pilea ]A or 18 iacbea below 
low-water nark. The worka eomprted ceualat In outiing down 
the U»ber beniing-pilea (already dritm) to a level of 19 R. in. 



below IViaitr datum, or 18 incboe below low-wator eprioga; ent- 
tlng down the giaaite bdog, aad reiixing the iron tic*. Tbe 
eapMuw of thb in the pien and abutmcut* alreadj omaiMiweJ 
wiU be IWOl. 

New gianile bnaes to the pint*, rradorid ni f ewa r y by low- 
wing tti* tiadMr pilea, tbe expenw of which (with tbe tvqidait* 
UliBg of atoBework aad briekwc>rk ovur tbe wl«), in tbe p>t% 
ACq atready eMcutad, will amount to 92iL The eipcuc of lUs 
amogeavQt in tbe other piem and ab«tneBle thn>ti|^»OBt tba 
entira bridge in eetimated at 443C . He iMria the pJaa* abtfre 
theae oouiwa tm in the fonnor plan, tnldag than aa brick werit 
&ced with gnaile blocka, aad with gnaile tbrongb^tonat. 

Ib tba original dealgu it waa proposed to tvtr ar«bod riha 
above tba roadway. This being mutb ot^eeted to, Mr. P*^ anb- 
atilatea in their pJuoo the oniinaiTr anilie>l rib* uf tbe briilfSt aaJ 
therri>y effeule a uriuK of cxpettK. 

It la propoaed, to allow of enpuwion. to ooat the extennl 
anboe of the bridge witli a uca-ojodooUir, Ihe edTvct vf whieb 
would be to litoit Mie range of riee and £kU. lie prtiTiiiea »jp'"^ 
the iconr of the river, by ouryiag the iron afaect pllinK lUiwn to 
3S feel bulow Trinity datum. At the plun there wili be 1ft ftet 
of ground abf>ve the polotii of the pilte. 

The arcliml rib* of iliat uirt of the bridge to Iw Bret opened 
reit on the lirst diriaion of the fonmUttoaa, but the firvt ribof 
the aecood half of tbo bridge will nlao bear oa tlie aame fooB- 
daltoDB, which liave abundant nsMtance against a>iM*i|iw»faly 
greater preaaure tLui tbe bridge and iU load. In aa», however, 
tJiero sfaooid be a aettlemeut. or any dlfferenoe of aetllenMOit 
between tbe two parte, tbe ardied ribe of Uie biiilice would net 
be aflectod, aa the wrought^iron bearrra between tlie ribe wbltdi 
oury the roadway pUtea would aooxniuwlate tbeisadvoe to any 
liTtigvlari^ of aettlement, bj the bolt-bolea being alottad er 
elongated, ao aa lo allow Cw a riae or bll of the beanna. 



Th» fallotelag Bvidtw* v>a» ghen t^/brt At OmmMt* 
Mr. J. SiupHuH. — Hod exnniiiiJd the old W«aininti«r Bridge 
tevernl timeeainco the Coiamiitee aat l«at ymr, and f<'Uiid it a* 
ncarljr na poadble iu the tente ceaditloo na it was lut year. 
With ragctnl to the large aruhed ribe aa orif^Bally pru(>i>*(>U, be 
U'licvod the engineer had detanDiued veiy early to i<uiil then; 
they would bftvo dcatmyod the nnifbrmity of Ihe •traotore, ur it* 
enpabiliiy to euDport anrthiiig in a nniform niounea^^Mio WMdi 
have huld, while llie oihei would liuve ^reu way. lie voarf- 
dcn>d, that by cnttlng down tbe wi^nlen pilea, oa mow intraikd 
by ttie engiuopr, ta that they fthidl be Ifi or IS iu<rl>ee below 
Inv-watcr mark. woulJ entirely remove any obJedlnB tu tlletn. 
With reapcut lo the aeltieuicnt which might tolce plaoa, aa the 
bridge la U> be built in two CArta, he ooneidered tau provieius 
mode by the eogiaeer quite autficient to countenicl any inequaltiy 
of aettlement. Tbe engineer propoeea to Inirudoce braoea of 
wrought iron, with etot holea, in reality they will have a um*in 
of motion : it la intended to rivet the wtiole of the mrerlng- 

Elntea^ and that will al«n ailmit cif aome auheideuoe. Pn>vi*lctt 
aa boon mndu for a aettloinout of about an Invh. With reepeot 
to an altow.iucc for eipaniioti of the caat-ircn wm k, Ihe eflgiuaar 
(latrnJ, ilint duiipoiiiig ndiflercnce of fil}'ori4^npenitui«, tbe tl*a 
of the outer rib uf the centn aivh woulil not be more tnaa halt 
an innh nlmve tlin intuii tine, and tbe fall half an inch below |l: 
and thia Hae and f»ll would be very gradaaL Re propaaad 
however to coat thi- external arehoa of the bridge with a noB- 
eooiluetor, the olTeel uf which wnuli) be lo tiniil tboir niBge of 
riee and fall. To allow of the uii»e enay riee of tlie anb, Mr. 
8t*phnnv>n hail anggealed cutting part of the anjtie Iroe ef tbe 
apper flniige of the wrougbt-lron ribe, and iueertli^ a w«dg» 
Kither eipeilioiit would in hia opinion aMotiiplioh the objentt faot 
he ppftferred Itii^ latter Ue thought it woaM be pnaattw^ uiing 
(he «uiie Iron rib* ilisl are now prowmd to be naed, to Inerewa 
the gnwlienta (if the bridge ai vail m tbe approacfaee (o tba 
bridge. It would all coma np togetbor; the inahot* arefa<» eoaU 
be thrown duwu a little, ruid the roadway biv>ught up to It, i 



of it being il'iui; by mvoua of the pien^ a hirae portion of wlii^ 
are not yet ciuit. If tbcushl denlrahle there m tJuiN to taake as; 
ollemtiona of tlint kind, lie did nut altacb nanoh imporla&ce le 
the headway of the centra arcli belne ii (eot, uoM of tbe oImui 
boalA aavigate t)iu aide arehoa Aa to tiie gradienia of the 
approachea to the bridge, a itrodieot of 1 in 31 la fearful fl« 
melropoUtaa traSo. It afaould not be len than I iu iu. if yvo 
cms get 1 IB W it woidd be mach bette r ateep gmdUnla ■• 




TUE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JODKNAU 



803 



k I9 taOft Xbtm u om viaw of th4 iii»ct«r 
iMB'iMMteattflMaii^ emiiiliinid; taking 
Mm iM btnawinlUif mSow Triottr dktuoi t 
Umv 4* niol tlM to Trinity. He liad jui unwunl c^ Ui* ttdn » 
liUta ktgbir np lit* rivnr tikki* fiir upwania of twaat; jmn, 
•howUiii tbe tjtlaa wliich btva rUra kbova "Moiqr datum, nnd 
tkoj Mv oaoifiarktivcl* •mall in onmbar taking BWath aftar 
aoMlk He ouMKlarM llukt, in oompariaon of the ynttr traffic, 
tba waflc «v«r tb« brtdga ia br beyonil k in impnrUxiMi aiid 
both (ontiMT Mukt to b* coiuulcnd In pnbxvut to liM appear- 
MM oiujr of Uw bridg*. 

Mr. JL Stxphusov, M.P.— Aa ta th* altenitiMia propoacd bj 
tb« «DgiA««!r ill hia telUr u( tbe i-tnl Jul* but, lie )«r(colly oon- 
a«md iu tlia auggeBiiuu llwntiu UMile. Tha lieadavgruf (^olwa 
firidg* ia Du« U ttM. la nuit tlaoidsdly of opinion Uiat tka 
bride* onxht to ba k^t •• low oa poadbU. Tba euDTanlaDoa or 
■BoaaTcnniKv u n cMiipnriaoti bctrmii two ptaX lliMVtiglifiuva. 
TIm tnCo upiw the river i* preUjr wvU aoDanua.^Ud wiib 
90 Uh tieailifay for all ordinary bargct^ au>l for iha onliuiiry 
fimagt of MaonMrih Tbcy linv« to Itturr liiai tniuita iinihr ftiiy 
aKOaMmaoa, aoil whiKhnr tbrr Kiw^r llMtn two or tliroa flwl 
BUtre or lesi i« iuiaMtL'riuL Ttiink* tba traffic opon tlia rivor 
will not auabr at all by rctAinioA the beigbt of ^1' feet; wbciroaa, 
looking M the eooniKiiia th»rougfabn over tlie brid^, wlirre tbu 
gnulitata iutarUfni vary iiiiicb, not only with liio fiwu)^, bnt tbe 
wuiariiy of it, think* ibnl aiiKbt to taka |)Tec«danca in iIm wn- 
aiaeiHtiou i>f tli« iiiMatJou; auT tlint Ltia bnat poaajbla gradimta 
0)uAt to be tunicl at iu au; Lonilna )iriil][« TUa nrrt Itaflia 
will aauvely be ilaaui^l in a avoaibla il^prvc by KtaioiH^ i(J fl.: 
anil It wiinld niiiktf a dilfenaM of I in 87 inetaiu] uf 1 iu lu: tlial 

Iia a gntat ad< litiuo. Tba original doalgn w»« to raiic SU'Uigata or 
BriiigiMttnM 1 fuot. Ill tliBt caa« tlw ^milivnt would b« 1 in 4^ 
pn tlue auutb aiilr. If it is nuMil i fnt. auj tbo level i>f Iirid|C»> 
■tnet at titaii;^ta Lt rfti^Ded llie «<uue. aa it niiKbl U> Iwv tlul ia 
nlalag it 1 fiHit. hikI tba graJlMit woui<l b« 1 iu It7. Tbr ilitfcr- 
•Qoe bvtwvvD 1 ill £T aoil 1 iji -tJ i» iiii^c ifi«t<-ti(iJ, luul it would 
diniiiiali tlic Qifikcity of tliu bri<li{« for traijii: in wiutiir wtmlhgr; 
for tli( traffic of tfixida, diminUhiiig tba on^iacity nf tlio bn<l)pr 
for irnSW ciati-tbirJ. SL Jviifaaitmt, ia 1 in 2A, nii<l in wiiilrr 
tiiar llierv ia ou beavv IrntTio ibcrv. When llic Uulrhroti mad 
waa Lii<l •lut uudor Mr. Titlfi'rl, be ragarJed ihv limit vf a 
Uvtliji^ bill to Ihi I ill 'M; it it»g» each and Liii^Ma chiU tivt 
np 1 iu J± A inilwikv- civailog a turu|>ika road in cem|iolltd to 
nuikc llie licHdmty I iu 30. 

Me. T. Vi-JK. — (f tbu lipigbt of tbi- bridge nniAiuod aa pro- 
poaed, at if li!i.-t, tlirgi'ailivut ii|h.iii tbe Houih aide uf the river 
wouU bo 1 in IS; if alt«rvd, I in ^7, If li* biti^ht raiuiiiuvd aa 
I propoaml, tbn gnidituit of tl>v Mid>ilo*rK aidv VLiidd bo 1 ia &11 
^Knod if niiu-1 tu :ii (e«t, it *r»<ild !« 1 ia 4A. Tho iU foul, u at 
^H}>r(!>ent >l<i<>xt>«l. i* I'lo bri^tit abave hi|tli-»ater murk iu tbo 
^V cram an'li. Tbc huigbt ot tlie nivhai uvKreat tlie abutment ia 
^B 10 ft«t; H feet abi>ve tli« apriiigiiig )iii«, and 111 feet above high- 
^ wal«r luaik. Tliv UaisliU ol Uiu arnbiM at*— 16 fnot u»xt tba 
abDlniPiii; IT fL 7^ iticbca (or th« neit arch: 19 ft. H^ in. fur the 
tliiril nrvli, luid jij fei^t tor Iho nutn ar«b. The s'vupcat gmdietit 
apou thv l-riili^e iu-.-lf ia I iu 97; lliat ia a rcf-uUr gradient froiu 
tbe •il'l<? Ill tlii> iiiiiliilu uf ihu »uobud pirr.fur tbu tw» firet arvbMi 
it i« t)i'-ii 1 in ''• fniiii tli« centra nf th* ••CoQil pitr Ui the contro 
of tJM tliir-l >\n:)i; tbvn I in 123 (n>tn the centre uf (lie third arch 
to tbe oriitrv of the thinl )>icr; aud 1 iu:t6£ uvsr tlie ceutre arob. 
Illaaarcle j<rioiiig tuM iucliiied plnii«a< auil tlio *|niiia of the 
artbeaare aet out t>>auit the pruporllon of roadway lin*. ]« etill 
of opinion. X* oiniivl in hit luttar of i3rxl July lui, tUui ilu auDi 
nf WO.OtMML will Ik lUfH^jieiit Iu defray all tho cipt;uaea Uiat oiay 
nrite, and will cuv<'i' the cuti of tbe briilgi.', uc<:urdiug to preaent 
inarkel j>ricua. It wvmld rminire cwu jenrti for r«iuoviiu the uld 
brid^, htkI ni^iupletinjj tin- new biitlge, fiv>iii tbe Iliu* of o[ieuitig 
the nrat fxirtiuii, aud the tlrnt jMinion wouUl be oparinil in a ynar 
tnm (lie recoiuiuvncomout of the work. UfgiiniinR the coiii]il»- 
tton of tbat jmn of th* bridoe to he tint upcn«tl, iL would tie a 
■nviiu >^ ti'"« and expeute il the work were done under hii uwu 
dUwtioii without a ouiilractor, aiont (if tli<i materlala being uuw 
Ott the gnnind. flia rwia^nt f<ir thiii Arp — First, thrre would li« 
* imlag of tinitf in liia Wing enabled to so to work at nncu with 
lilt nuo who lutvE boon ctuplond npQU Uic )>ierv, and iu uaing 
Qia Balcri.-Un whiob arc uu tii« erouud, while a vuutractor wat 
pcvparing for tlie retnaiudrr ot tlie work fhim i feel above low- 
eratcr u|iwai\]ii; mA jl would aave coiii)'licalion iu tbo diaiga* of 
tht GMitructor, and in allowjjieaa fur cou^t^geticiea in executing 



tia werii Willi whUli ba wonld tut ba bniliar, and li« ahoald b* 
mora entiafted of Ui* work being property dooa. It would be an 
advaalafo to the eonlrafltor in every war that at loaat tb* fiial 
portion of the bridge, the (biudalioiia of which are ao near com* 
platleu, ahonU be ocoaplatad nndar bimeelf and hia eaperiotca* 
dant^ eo that tbe oontncur. when he sii-va bia tender, afaoold 

Sir* it fnr work above low water fur tlie lint purtlca of tha 
ridge. I« nf tbe aaiue opiuion with t«gard l« tbe ramainisg 
part of tlie bridge, but if there wet* tinio for th* onntraetor lo 
oooaider the deiiiila at the uDd«r-wai«r work for th* remuiuing 
portioo ot ih« bridgB, it inigfal probably bo let to liiin u nlian- 
lagaooaly both in point of IJine and eoononiy aa if it wer* don* 
wider hia (Mr. Fage'a) own euporinteudeuoo. Etta if il ebould 
nuCbrtUDalely happen that lb* eeooiuJ portion of Uie hrjdg* ia Dot 
•0 wall done aa tlie fint; or thai from aoioe <iuiae or otMr there 
i* acune wttlumeiil, and tli* bdividiMl who had perfiirved fail 
oootract In an uniiatie£tctory manner, eaid that the peraoci who 
doeignoil the bridge had duoe a prntiou of the work, and that it 
su iu cuuiK<|uenc<.- uf the uianuer iu which that ijoi'tloii of th* 
w»rk had bwn dnue that thu (ailiir* hail liiken placv. By ex- 
tending the anraujwnieata efioken of to on* or two iliviaiona 
beyond tti* half of the bridge, that objection wnuld be done a«ay 
with. Tbwt luldilioiiaj bnv, ■Uficealed aa hvitiv exrcutwl nuder 
hia mu peri u( I'll iIphw, would bo done while thi- uld brid;,-* i» bt<log 
ninorod. Ue ebauld prefer to put iu the grtauiM ImifUi of pwr 
poaeible; under any oInuiu»l«ncee, he wouhl only ilo up b> a , 
oarlAin iMiiut, itud the rott would be tunttutcd f'-r atn) put in by 
•oiu*)>iH,ly iiliM. He would linvv tha lirat riba of tbe aeoouil (lart 
of IPio briituu blaood upon the fuuudMlou of the fiiit purttun, 
which ia deainbla. In the biuidationi^ wbloli atv Uld upon caa 
principle, the pilea ilrlvem down to one icwt, he did not approhand 
any wtll^iiMnt at all; but if a luLtJoiiiant wore npprrhenui'd. aud 
tliu Ant rib* of the tccond jmrt uf the bri<ti^ lur placed upon the 
Stat part of the fouiidatiuD. nil niipreliftiainu abvut aeltleiucnt 
would \x iloQi! away villi- Tbia aliidiliutiid {lart uf tlie fuuuda- 
tjou cuuld be pDt in at aeeuiaty and aa Sraiiy as tha real: tbe 
uidy point would bo tbe eapeoae of doublo aheet piling Hia 
prupoea], in the Aral iiwtancf^ was that he abould lay iu tbe 
whnl(i of the fouuiLttioiu to a point not ao Gir an l)ic contn? of 
tbo bridge, and that be ^ould opeu that part up»a whieh the 
foundationa ahnJl be ao hiid for the public. He now ptntweee, 
that inatead of atvpptng almrt of the cuntr* of the bridge, be 
ahould lay uu the Vitandntiunt to iho orutr* of the bridge, but 
only thraw open th* poniuD at first c»ut«nii1atod; then m lay 
tfiu foundntioni of the oLticr half of the bndge, and pliuv th* 
■iiperetruutoro uolunly u|hiii the other half, but u[iou tliepoition 
of the Srat half of the bnduu whiuh luvl uot yet bad traflk npon 
it. Hu vbould iirefer. if lie UmI hit own way, to axeoutc the 
(ijuudatiooi comjilote fruni one end uf the pier to the other, and 
tiien to open Uio fiiat part nf the briilgi- to the poblic^ aa pro- 
))0«eil. But aa be cannot execute tbe fuuodatiun* from 000 oikI 
to tfar other, on aocuuut of the mv jiiera •.■utiiiug iu tbe way of 
the old peeia iu many inatanot*, be alionld profer, aa an wiglaear, 
to otrry on tlia fint portion of the hriilge to th* oontre line, aad 
to allow til* Snt tu» of the eeoond part of the bridg* to be 
bedddd on tho fint jMirt of tbe Cuuudatiuna, not to ba>e two dia> 
tlact halvea That i* to any, having one portion of the funada- 
tion, uirr whjcb tba traffiu ia in go in the Aral imttanea, leaTlag 
auolher portion of llie firat fnuudationa bare. Had no doubt 
wlutever about that mule being beat Uid not rxpccl an* 
aebtlenieuL Any vettloiueul dependa upon the fuive with wliiah 
tbo piUa are driven; ili« reaiituuce of the pIlea iu thla otMi, ajid 
tbe light Bupenlruuture, would render n aaltlentvnt luoat impro- 
bable. Tliora is no greater li'mlivay in th* aivh«a of th* new 
bridge than th*r* ia iu the old. bcuauxe the hudwar of the 
archea of the new bridge dimiuialice aa (he hciiJwHy of th* oid 
af^ea. In the oeulre of the old bridge tba headway ii neater 
tbau it will be iu the naw, but not what tn.iy be coJleil the 
"nAviipdile" headway. Tb* (Able apiwndod to bii repoil to tli* 
Finil Conia)i*«ioucr ahowed thAl the grualeat number of aailing 
Ttaaele patmnl oDiler the arch with iO feet headwajr. Tbe tnffie 
up the river keepe the MidtUeeex aide, and the LralBe down k«epc 
the Surrey aide; aud fntui tho tlai>» tlial tho old bridge WM 
huiit ibu uhaiinels wore ao diviiUd by a btiiik between theiu. 
Tlie dredging ef tli* river wonld open a okanu*! to th* c«atr« 
aivh of the new bridge 

Sir Cliarlee Barry alao addrvewil the following letter t« Sir. 
B. Hall, ohairuuui of lb* CoaeiuiHee ;— " At eliaiiman of the 



SOI 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



, Vattmlwler BridM ComniittM, I ocmMtro It to be mr duty la 
neqiuiot viMi, tliAl la qim it abutilil b* ihv delenninntuni ct ttiB 
ipoJninUtM to nMoiBiBOQil tli&t ibo atm bridca •bonld maun in 
' I pcMMt ntr, Mid b« ««inatrnc(«d in Mooixbnce witb any moili- 
tion of Uia il«*if[ii iu part eurwd ont, it would be vf Uie 
_M«M imporbuiDe tlut nu iiioreowxl el«v&tioB tlioulil b« givan 
I tbt roadway. Auy rniniu^ of It, howvvHr tiiAinz. would not 
Jjr wrioiuly Injnni tfa« offwt of th* Now Falao* at W«atinia»l«r, 
nd tbo pablic ofRce*, Ac pro)MM9d to bs orectcd ici the ncijch- 
bmurhood of that oJiBco, but would be n ptal diMdvaatagc to 
tbt tnffie over the briili;e: whibt Kay trifliug beaefit tbat ndght 
aecrae to th* tnJKc uu<l«r tlie briilg» la lu my opiuioa tiaagiiiuy, 
or really of Illtla or no Importouoe, oepwiMly wbaa cotuiderM 
with ruorenco to tlio pomianecit vatliotio an wiiU u practical 
adraitl^fM of a low ntuivny in aoiuiesion with Itie low uiope* of 
llie river witk whteli it miitea.* 



BEG18TBB OP KEW P1TEKT8. 

ELECTlUt.' TELEOBAPUS, 

rARD HtUBTOV, Glouooatei^rond, HvneatVpark. Patentm, 
JkiiiuuT litt[)i, \mi. 
Herntofbre wli*a plsutik UrleKntphi have Wn »rnuiged so na to 
mder it puaaible t<> cniniiiiiiiiuaU nl Ibe Mini* time fr»iii .iiid to 
' Ckoh of the t«railnal atAtioiw by oieana of ouly one line wire and 
Ui* earth, the inflaence of the earreot on the iiiatrunivnt at ttiu 
HndlnE station ha> tiiually b^n neutnltanl by dividing it into 
two bMvoa or purtioiin. which lu-e diuiuhI io travi^ne thtr coiU of 
*aeb inatrunient lu revenu dituctioiiiL Nuw thin inveiiiion con- 
■iMa iu iieing BB addilluiMl battory to neutndiee c)i« iDdueiio- of 
the Km current on the iDatruniBtit at the lending otAlinn, and 
fbr tliJR pnrpoM the finger key i* eo arranf(«t thnt, nt ihn «une 
time that the tine nitnut ia mode, a short circuit ii completed in 
the opfMHtti' (lirnrliijn, which iaolodea the additioliat buttery and 
the oimU of Lke iiiatnuneuL 

Kr.E(TlUC TEI.EOKAPHS. 
r. A BiLRTKiNA, BPKniift, Italy, I'ateiitrr, Janiuiry 31, 1867. 
The lirM piirt of UiIh iovooUDii riilHlea to a tn«tiis"f connecting 
the end* of •dhmtirino lelegmph cables to tJie aliora. nud in pn>- 
tcvliii^ tlivtn fram rubbing aiiainHt rook* or on the nhorti. Kor 
tliu purnme Uio otble in puuvd Uinni^h a wriu of cylindricnl 
liluckii of wout placed at ehuel dinlauoMi apart, arouoit omIi of 
wbioh a bar of ew«l i* wonnd Rpirallr, the tilooKe of wood being 
held together liy cliaiue. One eiiil i if the iN>ries of blocks of wuud 
ia fixed to the aliorv, end tlie other ond to the oMr. Tlie Mcoiid 
lort of thie invention oousiate in a meana of iuiuioff the oiidji of 
iwo or mure iiihuiariiie lolugmpb oableo louutlicr. For thia piir- 
iHM« a cylludrlool box u nsea, over vtiirTi a suitable cover in 
bolted, on the top of which thotv ia » hnok for loiraring tlie box 
Into the water. Tbc endu of tlii.> aibiei lo be joiiicil tugethrr are 
TMBMil throngh email tubea lixetl iu the uytiudricnl box, and are 
held there nnalv bv * cUmp. or by utli'er suitable meaue, the 
opcain^ ibroucti tiie tnbw boine clcu'd perfectly water-tiglit. 
Iq the enil of tneee tubs* may he hingnt ntterieit rifsiniijl tuW 
joIuImI togrdiei', eo ai to nllow llie cablei to adjnit thenMelve* 
witlioat fomiinif au(;l<'>- In the iulcrior of thii cylindricnl bos 
there iit fixed auutlier «uialler box, iu tlie eldei uf which there 
upe a number al eiiMll hole*, thcvngli which the eude of the 
idiigruihie wire* of (he <abla are paM*l, a oomniouicatiiiQ beiug 
mtw belweou the wire* ojipoeite o»eh other by clamiiin^ them 
beUmii pLil«* ot opiier. In order perfeetlv to innukto tlie 
diSiBreBt wire* fhim <avh other, the iiiU'rinr of the bos ii tilled 
with rteiu ur other non-eanducting amierial, learitig rocw for 
the BiOWBieBt of the appcr plaloi of oupner when it li r«quit«d 
to uncUnip the ditri-rnil wires, the box being covcrod in water- 
tight by nttoua uf a auiUble Lid. On tbeouteido of tliceylindriea] 
biix are a nimber of pmjeoltng anue, through the ende of which 
a oiieular bar peieee, and when ft la roqulred to talee the box 
fi'OiB the water an anchor ia let down and oinde to cAle.h in the 
bar. The third part ot tbie invention euiisists in wiailiog 
arouod the oeutn oord of eubuiaiiue Able^ oa which tlio iiwu- 
lalod wirw an Uid, a tliia ui>pnr wire in long open epii-^e, in 
order to carry off the ludooeJ electriaity from Uie iuaoUtuig 
BftMrUL 



PERMANENT WAY. 
P. U. PAMOXt^ Ouko-fttreet, Adelplii, Patcutee, Febrwu? 7. ISST. 
Th« ohjeet of Uiia inmiiiuu ia to proviile a aimple and edSdni 
meaus ofretuedylng the objivliouable H)[ldiir wbioh ia fiMnil to 
exiat lu ilie |wiwAi>eut way of niilwayB in which lhe^e«pcner 
beaiera arc ouiipoeed of iivn, itone, and eimilir nnyUlditig enb- 
•tanoea. Kor tbia piupoM tbo patentee oonatructa a«cb elee|>w* 
of a enitable fona, an<l interpoeea ia aay convenient nlaatm 
between the mil and 111* ele«prr or bearer, ur between Ibe 
and the chair euppurt, or faaUiiiInz realiog on or attaobed to 
sleeper or beonir, or between i£b efaair aupport or 
which hulda or eiipporba the mil end tlie •Icepor, Uodn, pae£ 
lugit, or wedgw uf wood, ai-nuioed and placed in eudi a mtniw 
tMt the and gtain or fibro of the wu»J will be preerukd (o 
receive or auauin the train or |i4v*»ure eaiiatd by eeouring «r 
supporting the rniU or the weigkta imiHisad on theta, eo tbat Ills 
stmiu or prcoauro will bo inlcrecpted by, and tcmoafemd EroM 
the t^ to the ohair fiiatenbu, aupport, or slnfter through ilieee 
bloolu, paokiuKS, or wedges la the same diii«iMD, or neatly ee^ 
M Uiat IU which Lbs Itbrea of the wood Ue. 

STOVK <in.\,TE3 OR FIREPLACEa 
ii. WitiuuT, Shcfiield, Ptaenttt, Fchniair «tb, 1897. 
This inveiilJon rehtlae to a novel deeonption of tireplari', owi- 
btuiiifc certain anaaKCtticntJi fur tbo eecapo of itie arauko and 
gnavuita piroducta of the fuel into the due or olibniiey, U^«tbrT 
«ith the luenns of obtAiuiog n mure perfeut <(>ntrol ov«r the 
ilittught; alao In ao oonatrnctW wrtain |>ortj»D* nf ilia aaue m 
(o obwia a hrg/t tadktJiig aarnce, aail at the snme time oopocal 
the aalm and olbitr aolid prod net* of wuibiMtlon. The improre- 
inuut oonaUta lu mukiug (iu addition to the ortllnnry valve or 
door at the beek of the gmte (br the escape of the aii]< <kv: a jmr- 
tlooof the radiating plate itaelf moveable, so aa to p\r a hu^ 
opening wlion rei^uiiw (brany increueul volnnie of aniuk* llM 
may be prodneexl nt firat ligliliiii; the Htv, or at any other Una 
aftorwanle, and to allow auoli amokc or caana to ascend ibe floe 
or chimney without obetruotiun. The valve or door of the floe 
aUo is eo hung as to enable it to be opened or clmnd and remain 
atatluuary ul. any nugle ur given point that may be deoind, eo as 
to alRjni a gnalvr ur leae apertnre for the amoke, raniled air, 
or paeous productn of oombuation; In otlicr wonla, tbo valve or 
ilour of the flue ia so couati'uclcd and arraofj^d as to dicdc or 
Inureasu as may b« desired tlie dranght up Ilir chimney. Tbt 
unxt linpn)veiiii-nt coinista iu the arnuigenient of a Baat-fim 
pUie or platf^ )ilaueil u|mn tho kaii-th eo as to mrt ilinniMiil 
nuliAtiug auifuut- uiid at the same time to coiiced M* otberwba 
obatruct the view of the ailuss that fall Cram the An, 

PURIFYINO GAS. 

IboiUHU LuiiSO, Hawanra-healh, Co^tfeld, Soasex, Fatralm, 
February 3, IMT. 
The putentpft cUima diatillin^ )ih'«phnrus from earthy com- 
puiiiida ur niixLura ounLuniug plioniihuto of aniiuunU and ear- 
oonoceoua lualter, Tlie cuuibiunlioa of niaaij« deacriboil Ibr 
ubtidalag aimullanenusly from the nisidue of the puHtication of 
gaa by solution of aiiljihitCe of iiun two prodocle, namely, sutpltate 
uf ammonia and bydrated perosldo of imn, in a alats of admix- 
ture with lime, inagiiena, earbonnin nf lime, or carbcoiala of 
magueeia, or any two or more uf tlioru. Qbii^nliig amntgala. 
laid aiiuultaneiiuitly oombiuiu),' it with ttio oorbuciia aui<t <if 
iinpiire ga«, by introducing hydr^Mulphnte of ammonia laio Ike 
gas prior to or ainiulIiunHkiialy witli its entrance Into dir 
piiriltera chnrtied with ui-kieiiHla coniainiiig ln>u in any atate, 
which nut Uleti it to abstrHct the atilplinmlted hydrogen, and la 
uiidei-gu almuephoric Kvivifioutiuo ollcmately with the snbs^ 
quuDt removal fi-oin the gaa of lie amuouia and catabinM ov 
bonio aeidi but the pntontoe duae not elaim ibe washing cc 
■crubbing of iupuiv gM vnth ihe ordlimry ^m Smtorm, an nn» 
tiled fiir tbu purji'KiB of making them more ridi in »mau 
compounds, rwu Ihnu^li the m be &IWwarda paMsd tfai 
material containing hydraled or NviviGahle peroxide d 
Uonvcitlng nlutiuus cnntiuninif in lai^ oraniall ouautf 
ammuniaml hydruaulpbate, mixed or not wltb anjBDain 
uIutloiM either wholly or in part of tm or 



I 



bouAMv into euli 

a mn i n sua, bjr tlie ageaejr of ancb oiidea, or prtt«t«tkiDa, < 

turca cuntiuuuig ohenuuslly divided Inra, Ms will abetnl 



nh- 




TUB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCUITKCTS JOUBNAL. 



SOS 



i 



I 



nlphimUctl bjiilrDpn witkoat Mttuntiag or fixing lbs bulk of 
thv mbdiobU; bIm luluiluing wxur or mUrjr voInuoM to droiK'li 
what UP baami id gut wrirkt »a iioraua mixturM al byAmttii or 
nnnBabI* peroxiilr of iron whila in tbs parifrlag v«m(iIn, ft*- 
pWktoiiy b> nrdtiK tlinmiKh Ibotc rrapoln « enrrvul of air fiir tlie 
t«rl*i£e«liM of tb« (Kiiifviii); uMl^rnl wlik-h tlivv cmitajii. The 
pnrifloalioa of g*« fnxii xi[iiii<>dU or uutuoLiiikual oarouiraniU 1>]r 
mtbiag il in ■ •crt)bb«T iliiri>tnl by mie or mora lionbU dla- 
phl^pM, Mcb ID connlructtiil tlint ila lumr |i>rt fa n buiiu to 
•utMO the xcUux liqwiJ isto nbjeh tbe ■tpprr anil pl^rfumtoll 
put of thu Uriiibie clU^T>|pu w UoiuorafiJ fiJr iliaii-ibutiajt th« 
liquid uid t.li« g^ ft*>ntiv<i>f; tli« vnlatile prvlii'^U tliflliikil 
ftolB (•■ Itanor or iuiiinnni»nii ifiMhingB iiitii a c!<«« v«iw«l oon- 
tttiniii]} snlpliAta of imn In toliitioii, (ng«Ui<>r with eitlicr tlio 
■ubaeqaont ■qnralino ai'd eVKiionition of tbu niulliiij{ liqui'l 
fau Ml)>hnl(i '4 aauuoiiU, uvl Ui« mixtvre uiJ ptfiLiiUaiiun uf 
lb* Inw firt<i|>lCkt«, or tli« eviipuraUnn by paiQn bwt of Uie 
atlxod prodncU of lfa» diaUlbtlun m dmtrmij, 

FLOATING DOCKS. 
E. Claxx. OL 0«ui^-iiUMt, Wii«liniuiit«r, Palentet, Jnnuarj Ifl. 

Tbu iavpuiiou coDiubi in ominKiBa n doaiiag <io^ ao tbdl it 
nujr be sauk iu onlvr l^i rwvivi? the aliip, ukJ uurwanli^ luviu)( 
rwnvBd tb« vhip, be ftoated bj pumuiux the waur from tbo mam 
botmM Um aida of tlio ablp and (be iBUrior ablo of thsdocL 
Bj aUitwioit IW dock tbtu to iw>t oa tlia botbHn tka paUDtM la 
•nftUed to du|nu«) with t)ic air v«Mla neomtary whao tho d<>dc 
k kopl AontiQK while reoEivii;^ tlie ahip oa herwiorore. He oan< 
■maU for tbiH purpoae & paotoon or rwad wiufating of im irau 
liktil bolud to Irauavana girdars or fmoiaak boUt up ctf alieet and 
Mttfla iroti, a&J oUi to loUfitudiMl ril« wliiub ocuuiKt tlim* 
bihiuver«e fnuiiea. Tbin Tcwel hna bloi-ka boluil ou Ita bull^nn 
on wbioli it nwCa when luiik, aHil ila kIiIh iLra liiulior iImo the 
il/au^hl of lhi> UrgMt tbip it in irtjuireil to doL'k. Wboo tlie 
floatwi^ ila«k U ui i«o«li« a ahip it b anuk on a bottoni aultatily 
lavellnl. h fcaie vhicb doaaa U ita and ia optoied, niid tba abip 
ia Aoateil iu; tbe icale Ibea bebft doa«il and llie abiit auilably 
•Innd, thu umtcr la puinped onL if the duck i* bi bm naed iu a 
lid«-wsjr it will not be iiMi3iMaiT7 to uinkr its siilco so bt;ib an the 
dnuiifbt vf tt>v ahip to ba docked, ut it lanr then be mtiik ia water 
auBkOMlly du«p to tiat ovar ita aiilaa, |>i>>viil''d only tlinl itt aiilm 
faa OMorHvii (or a aiUHwcut time at low wuirr M allov thu dock 
ta be ptmipeil out, m lu to fluac it. If tho ri>v und fnll of tlia tiilo 
fa* large it will unt Iv m riaMiT to proviils a if^le at the end of 
tha dick. a> ilia Bbip uuiy bw mM*A uvur atil alloweil to Mitle 
down iuto it aa tba tide raoda^ The ili<uk ia fiiriiialiad with a 
valve ur ■>peniog U> let ike •mxtr run uuL 

C'fain. — Tile onuftruotion uf flcmunit dcicka or Yewala Brnin);iHl 
••itably fur receirlngaliii)* iuCuoruo tbum; nf floating with audi 
■Up* in or i>u (h<.itu wlilimit air-v«n*el* l» keep tlinn fliaiiuir 
WMU filltd with wBt«r. Tho coiMtruRtiiijr fluating duck* wiili 
tnuMrftrw |[''^i* "■* fnunoa omuiooIaI t»tiiitbar by loutfitiidiiul 
riba. Th« couatrucliDK hunting duckii u'iili sidtM I«m in h«4|tlit 
Ikaa the ilm^rlil uf (M largeal Khi|i)i whluli th«y are conalructuil 
to dock. AIiKi the MuatmiAiag fliMtlng ducka wlthuut g^tea, 

SHIP BArSINO MACHINKRY. 
E. Ci.AitK, Ol George-etreet, WcatmuMter, Ataitw, January ilk 
TliU invrticiun conaiiita in a umUimI of airan^ng luiuhinrrr 
for nUju^ akipa oat of the WAtor for the pni-|K<«<fl nf axninl' 
natina awl r«[>air. The |KK*fit«e ereata a aeriea of ootuuina tn 
two parnllcl row*, at auaoa aditabl* pUms wl)ei« Che waWr )■ snf- 
Sei'Otly iltup to float the lai^g*at abip which it !t> {ul«>nde<l to 
rKMe-, heerri^ta thne ooluiiitii by udoptiiig thn *y»trtn tiwd in 
br4d)[e OTDitruoliuua, of ainkinji wrnoKht ov oial-iron cylioiler* 
oc eylii"lera with •are*'*, aud eiinvnluig from the intDrtor of 
tbfBi. lit oaunvxton witli miuli of the eolniaua ia a hydraiilio 
cylinder and nun, wbicli, bv iumb* of tlMcmdiug rodt^ ia oon- 
BBot^ with a girdur or Ki>''lera cxMidtng to the oorrMpondiug 
pist in the 'ippuiite row. Over tliia aerie* nf pimllrl girrlvnt, 
wliivh h' cxll* a gridiron., abil betweeu tlie two row* of CDluniBt, 
the •hip to )» nf^i it Doftlnl, atid the piiinpe iu couDt<ation with 
the hyilmnlii: fyliiidi'i-Ji siv wt bk w»rk, ao aa t« bring rarh iprdvr 
to bear nipiiuiil the kit'l nf tUe ahiji, which ia tboD ilionid In ibe 
ordiBM7 manner; oi iunttnd uf allowhig Ifae ihip to mtt ilirtictly 
upou theae ginleia, he pr«fer» pinciug a Ktroii7ly-frTi.m«l pbttfarm 
apcu tba giraora, Iu order inure pwbctly to dliuibute tlie wdgbt 




of the ahip nrer tho clrderv, anrl tho ithip then rpponni and ia 
ahorol up upoii thin platform. Aftcrwiuiln the pompi ate mdiuI- 
tWiMUaly act to work, and the ginleni air lifXnl aU'I praT«uteil 
frun agun deaeeadjng by duaiiig the wai«r iu the pnMMt or by 
palb which GtU into auil^l* teeth (unned at intrrvala oa Um 
ooliuttna. On each ahla of the two jMralUI rowa of columna bobm 
aientioued lie drlrna pileo, on which be builda workafaupa at i« 
UMir the level to wbMi the vewel it rwaed. 

UOULDIKG OH SHAPING ULTAI^ 

MjtTniaw A. Mirin and Jauu U'Ilwuaji. Oloagov, Pauniea, 

January l^ IM7. 

Tliaae liDprovomunta are wpedaUy adapted lor monMing or 
ahajMiij^ railway chair*, bmI fer Mcli maanbetura the lanchiiMny 
and mean* an of the following kind:— TTis wboI« of the Mlab- 
liabment in which thcaa iui proven lenta are to bo carrieil Inia 
VncUcnl t4lto h apecfally arranged for the pnrpoM in all Ita 
d«tail«L fram the moiling famniw or capota to the dttduuge of 
tho enatiiig ftwm the TnoiiM. Tlie Aonr of the moulding ahop >« 
paved or oorered with caar-iron plalM, laid level aud at propnp 
and regular diatanooa aaunder. RecMaek ar* fovsied In the flocT 
to roooTre tho mechaaical inanldia(| apparataa employed in the 
proOMw. Till* npparataa CfituiatB in each caae of n rrclaiigulnr 
iipen fnmn having a lower lixad plalJbrro or table dispoied on a 
level with the floor. Hide uandantt extend nnwanlii fnm the 
level of ihia iiiatfiina to nrry giilde *jft» for tlie vi>rtiailly.tr*- 
venting >]>iiidlM of a ahiftlug and tunung phttform above. Thta 
ahifting platfonn currica cnokcd cod atnda ir pivot* flltiug into 
baarin)C« in tltn two upper enidn uf the vrrlii.itl alidiug tipiiidli-i 
alrEndy nfoircd Iu, ao thut either aurfAM uf llie platfi>nu on be 
tuniea HMMnuMt liy a eiugle turu of the faHcd. Tlie two alidinK 
apdaillea Ihave T li«a<l*, and tho phitfnnu ia ao anangod thai 
whichever vaj the platform i« turned op it eouica tu n»4 npoa 
llieT headji in a pert^lly horiioutal jiositioin. 

The two chair pottema *n inmoveality attwlted by tliair loleii 
to th« faoeof the iitucforin and nn that airr[>t'> which tlieMiHpirou 
nr» crnnketl: auil when the moulder oaiumimcea operaticai lie 
tilm* the ptatfi'rni, with ita pattern* iherrin, mund, ao that th« 

Ktema atnii<l sido hy aiile on the nnjier aurCioe of the plnllbtvi. 
t flMk or luoiiMihg laDil box la tiMn phu-^d over thir palUvvi 
npoa tlw phtifunujbemg altutiM thereto by nltaUa detaohaible 
Mchea «r plua. Tbeae Utetwa or piiu eo«uM ia aacb cm* of n 
aerewed atud pamed right throagh the platform, nnd liariag a 
abort tiauiveiw eettiiig handle oa oanb end. ao that tbe ailjuel- 
nient «mi Iw oadly eSenlnl tr^m both eidte of tbu ubitforai. The 
lower eitoe of the aaud flaab haa a rim npon ll, and when tha box 
or flaak M to be flsenl li> poidilaD, the pina an eorawed down tn 
«aa*e oolbir nlMM tu praaa hard npon the rim. llie box ia Ibiui 
rammed witn aond iu tlie iiaual mauuer, ii alip of metal being pui 
iu for the r>niiitioii nf the tumed-ov^ lip <•( the higher arm of 
thechnir'imws, and n "chill pUU" for thi> nnfmaiwor lower law. 

Whilat thia ramming Ia pmci>eding, the platform on which ic 
lakee place la Iu Ita Inwiiit pnailion, l>»e opnmtor having dcprrevd 
it bv mnana of a balancnl lever actt'tQ oonueeted with n <Toa. 
■ha^ workiDH the dtiliny iipindleH from beneath, and it in (InnlT 
lield iu it* htiri;bJUtal pOHlllon by ii utlf-acting *pring deteat oi- 
inoliued book-oatoh aat UF<on the T head uf one of tlie eliding 
oarryiag ajiiofllM. There ia a lixcd stud piu ou one end nt llie 
plalninD, which, when the taller i* tuinol down to thl* p-iaitiiHi. 
prwia back tbe inolined iiiiptr end of tho aprin^; d«(^-nl, and 
etileri a alight aotob in the ilei^Rl jiul below the ladioe. 'Hue 
detent holda the platform with analuiatit Jirmnoia to iuMra iu 
■taliilily daring ttii> ofieniuon of ramming, bnt <l ut unoi- nleaaea 
th« pintform when the irorkiunn oommeueaa to turn the latter 
fvniid to itH reverse putition. 

When the ramming in rinlithni, tha opmator {lUom a flat cover 
plate on the top of tha box, Hni< Kxe* it in tk-niticiu by a cuunloof 
hall emnic lover hooka, anJd he then pull* furwurd hi* band lever 
and «tevalM the plntfrirro ao ai to Jeavfl room beneath for the 
eairanu uf a anuill mrriitge, which i» In rradlnaaa, und la drawn 
along the floor ilireallv upon th« atntionarv plitform, which ia on 
n l«<^ wiUi It. Thu p]ittf<'rm, with ila pnicci-na and ranuued bra, 
i* tlieo reverHeil n|H>n ila oinl pivoU, ntid Ihe wbulc k lowetwl 
npfin the aliiling npinillea by nieana of the lever niovaaunt balnw, 
until (ho plate rwEo bv what li na>w ita lower end upon tli* 
oarriage taole, and the lliwh lH>iiiK d«t4tdi«l from Ibo plaaoLrai ^y 
tnraing raun<l or alippiug out the tvlainiux Uuhca wr pim^ u 
allowod to rott cutiraly upon the eRtriAgc. 



3 




THE ClVn. ENGINEER AND ARCinTKCTS JODRNAL. 



A »eo(ni(l ilel«Dt of what maj be termed tlie weighted lenr or 

Codulnin kiiul u applied nt tli« trout, of ili« npparatiM for rtga- 
ing the nctioD of ilin pUtfomi nt thin •uia*. Thin detmt Eu 
ft bOtct) in iu upper end ftw hnlding n atua on the cud of tli« 

bat whMi the pUtfuna Is attAlu miiml tiie pendulDtn uAioD at 
Mioa fraee It. The lerar •oUoii la theu worked ao u lo elevnte 
the pUlfonn to icii highMt pontion, drawing out tho pattCTm 
fmm th« fljuk and Icnviog the latter bnbind. The nttendnnt 
than dmwa vmy the cMTuigL- with Uie moulded flank udoii ii^ 
AUd fto empty otrrUge suoowds it to ])roceed lu before. Ihi' xlip 
of iMUd for tho higher liiub of tli* Jaw U tbon iwinaveil, ftnd th« 
moaldoi) fUek bcinK ooiirtyod on th« oarriAM to tha proper 
plaoe^ UDOtber ktlenduit moalds and npnliee Uie «ol« to it, micI 
tJM uould 11 tho* oocopleted and dUpoeeil iu roWH with othcn in 
a ihuelioa ooovenleat for the opentiou of pouriiij^ iu the uwltod 
Hiatal. 

In diAlra wbnra the trmat) or tpike holM in the aoW have 
vrrr liltie tjtper, m well u in other ciutirijia whrra eorea are 
miuiroJ, itdditiooinl provisioD miuL be m'lile for uiiiuriug a ulaar 
Jn« of tlie [Altera froui the Muie. Thii it acootuplithed br 
flitiiig to ihn pltlfvrm looH weighted aitid piiio, oti« r-.>i' eacli 
epikr hole. Thoaa alwl piiu have a alight loDKitodiiial tnuuvonw 
Majr in holea in the platform c»ri-eap»<iditig with the i^ike holes 
m the pattern^ and tbej an relwaed on the rvvene eide of the 
plaifunn by eapportlng bnukeUb wbiUi thuir iiuwrtoil eiida Jii«l 
iieach to the bate of the patt«TB aolo, lui't tlin* forui Uie eiidn for 
the iiilke bole eoroe. ^^un the pauem U viUidniwri fr>ni the 
moali], the pb^y which thoe atad pirn bnve, ■* tlic pina rpiunio 
■lighUr behind uud pmniiut by their wciitbi u|H)u tin- nioultlnl 
■■ail ooreB, axiiHii the iiiuiilil«d uorta l» cleiu' frvi^lv and vh^ri-ly. 
The carriage pUlform beneath the tiiruiug plntform i* clewi'd of 
looee aand after every tuonldinjj; oi-oratioa, by a uliiling ecmiier 
voiieil by hnndlca fiotn the froat. Thii ti^mper liaa inclined 
lidM which nniwer lur guiding the ixn'itt^r (u the riuht purl 
when ran iu. whilet It alw foriua the elo)) £r the inwurd run of 
the arriage. 

Iiwtoad of ninaldiug t)ic uinin ho.ly of Ihn chiur iJoue iu thU 
■ppnmtus, whititl the mala pnTtlLiun il tuouliloj ■pp^mlj.-ly, a 
■iuipb luoilitioitioD of tlie piuta etiablsa tho moulder to tuuul<l 
the entire ehnir in the machine. Under one form of the arrauge- 
■UBta adapled for thie purwae, tlia elda of the tumtug platform 
oppoatM to (bat ou whi^ tJie pattern* are attochiyl, l« furmed ai> 
u to answer for inooldiog the aolo poition upon It, and heuoo, 
when til* plhtfurm hne been turned wor with tho luniu Uii 
lliereon, the box fee tlie moulding of (he aole puriiuu 'a Uid "po" 
ifaia revcree &oe of the plutfuiin and ntnimed up with eaud. The 

atform ia then eepenled fhnn the «ole mxnld-box by lowering 

wblUt (liH eole moahl-box i» ludd up: aiid the main mould-box 
releaaed frota tJie {ibtfuru iiuil i:l«Lr of the patlenu. the 
tamKig fdftt&inn ia witlidrawu hurix»ntallr fpr>m livtveNi the 
two eeotiooe of the ipoold, wh<>.-li nr*- t)i«n croaglit i>>^n.'ih«r by 
the ketlon of the machine, and tliauiould u oampl>-I»il. In thie 
modifleaUnn proviiion maet be niodo for the ru,v wilhilmwal uf 
tho inming pktform, and the aomBpindiu};ly emiy return Mid 
nMlaclinieiit cf ilie Kunv fur tliu turuiug muvviuent. 

loitaail of thin pbui of rviiioving tiiu turning plntfortD, k 
•winging appantne may be fitted np for aniagiiie off the lolc 
noHM-lMX from tho rcverao fiwe of the turning pbillbrm m a« to 
dejtoeit the eolo monld npon the main box, whiob baa betoi 
•faraady withdrawn fiuiu b«ne>ih, oleer of the ^ipkntUia for the 
purpuae. Thia retua\'al of llie aule tuoulil-bot may be ediNlad W 
an amuigenenl of avlnipng bracket arnie workeci ciUier by back 
gewififf or by a lever aolion from tho frout. In inlupliiiit thia 
nveatiaa for geoeral moulding, iudepeudHUt »f niiJwuy ciiaira, 
wherr two (efsnite eevliiiuid liiawa uf tlie paUem ar« uiioeoee- 
Mry. the lumiii|; i-ir«r of on* of the boxen or aoetjona) portion* 
luay be ellltcieil tir a uie]HiD«ofy rod or chain eafvtble of tnvor*- 
ing along ui overlieitd beam or bar, nud atrrying biittom linka or 
loopa for oatehin([ twining pina on the ix'X. One •eetteu can by 
thia muana be run along I7 iia a<ie|>e«iili>ig chtuna to the poiut 
requiiwl, being raueil and lowerml a« may be nece«ary for the 
tnmitig over and depoMt of tho loctiou apoo it* countorport or 
oorreapondinK box. 

The melted mcUl it cenveyed Irom tlie cupula In a veaael or 
balder, anapcnded or awnna on pivuta or atod oanlraa, carried mi 
» fEame aet «t carriage wlieeb. The Twirl on the carriage U 
iHepwcil BO an to be enmble of nuning direetlj bencth, and 
eloee to ibo ditcha/ge daot of tbe cupula, to tnat the melted 



metal out be omUt run into tha veenL Ae tmmI b Ittad with 
a tlltiug abaft and liaudke, and a loeklng detent on tbe eairii^ 
frame ie arranged for the purpoae of balening the tiltaag-abaft le 
keep the teanel Upright «li»n full of melted metal. The cnni^p 
frnme alio ouriea a dulivcring ipoui, eo that when tbe Teaeel m 
till«d the melted mvtnl ttXk upon thia •poBt, aod ia directly 
delivered from it into tbe munld. The TMaila an each eoBtnred 
to carry melted metal for caatio^ aix chain, *o that thia ama>btt 
can be out at one filling, bat it le obrioaa that anv other oa«f» 
uient number may be eo coat It will aleo bo ooyiooa to IIn 
praotioal founder that thia apparatua and proeedtntv aUbaw^ 
nerelobefora deaeribed in their appliintjun iu the maniifkrlnTi of 
railway diaire, an eqanJly w«ll auiied (or casting oUieruiicbe 
in meUl. 

Claim*. — I. The genend arrangement and eeaatmctlea ti ni> 
chinery or apptustua for moulding and casting artJdce ta nettl, 
ae deacribed. 

2. The ayetera or mode of raonlding and caating artidee in 
metal by mcnna of the machinery or appantua, as daacribed. 

3. The eyatem or mode of pnpariog noulde for -"''"g. in 
which ^0 patl«ma are attaciied to or form a |Mrt of tho otoald- 
11^ pinte. tbe anid moulding plate haring rcrtical and rotatory 
transveraing movements, aa deaeribod. 

4. The mechanical amnsement by nenae of which the flanks 
or mould coven an eeeared to the moulding plate, awl tho m eans 
by wbidi the moulding plato b held or it^uned in a horimiul 
position, whether in its natuml poaition or int-orlcd, togsifaer 
with the arrangeraent for elevaiing the moulding plate, asde- 
eeribed- 

JV The mode of eecurlnc a dear draw of the pattern ftoai the 
annd tn moMlda, tlia eand eorei for nvnail or aptlce and other 
holee^ fay tho nae of looao wcighlod etuil-pica for anting njioti tho 
inoolded eand totv of aucb holes. 

K The mode of depoettlug the flaake oontaitdng the pnnored 
moiilde Dpou earrlngea euooesilvely braogtit ander ih* mouuHtig 
plate, by meniia of which tbe operation* uf menlding and ateting 
may be Contiiiumialy carried on, as described. 

7. Tbe mode of nning and applying chill-plala to moKkU |«o- 
jMiToil by the aid i^f nuichiaer;, asdcwrtbed. 

ts Tlie nirangMnieut of the parte fctvii^ the carriage far enp- 
p»riliig the pot or vee*el for holding 111* molten melal, by means 
of which the ntotal-holdnr may li* tilted on either aide of ilw 
QUTingi? or Hrtiily hold or retniuod in a vcrtioU poeiliao as toog 
OS Ti'qoire.l. 

i>. The mode of applying and neing a mediantcal iildmmnr, (or 
preventing ecorlM or other lnipwrit1«N froin ttowing into the nooU 
with Uic molten metnl, u dnifribod. 

1(1. The ayalem of jubrionliiig the axles or joimale of the 
whcde of tlie metal-holder carriage by mean* of a epooga san- 
mted with oil, aud kept iu oontAOt with the axle or jewrpal, as 
deecribed. 



I.mB AND CEMR>rr KII,NR. 
J. Lark, Vaux hull -cross, Surrey, i'aUnlee, ll^'cember £1, ll^AG. 

This inveuiion hue for its object iuipniveravnia In kilna far 
buruiug ninteriila iu the mauiiracture of .iuio and ceiDciit*. Tbf 
kiln ie of a conical form, cloaed in at to[^ lanviog opeoiaK* at the 
upper part of tho kiln for feeding in the maloriiil* to )>e bomnl; 
and at tlie tH>ttoiii tliere are four opening* far wilhilrawing Ihi 
charge an it becoinai biirueU and owilnl down. Tbe ooiMtnutlHi 
of the kilo, except in n!e|)eot to thu ■ui--fluee aiul paajKus* (be- 
tween the lining and nulor brickwork), duo* not niatcriaJiy diAr 
fhim kilua which have tiofoni licen ooiutruolcd. A liniug of fit«- 
briuki ia eaiplo_v<.-<I at auoh a ilinUiDve from tbe inside of Ine nuter 
muBunry aa lu admit of the npitoo being formed itilo Dues or pas- 
•i^tes for receiving atmospheric air, and and) lining ia beeiiW 
Intii the outer nioaoiiry at auitahlu Uitorvale. The apuit* betweea 
the lining and the outer mnaoury ia dividal hori«inlaUy. and 
there arr air-pawage* at die bnttoui, br whii.-h aUuoepbone air 
may puiB t-edy into the apiue between the lining and tbe ow«r 
maaoury. 

There are othur paaangM by which the air aa it becoaee hmted 
may pea* out; and the eame may by eailable flncn or Up^ t» 
eonduolnl iu luiy diiuetiou, in orilor to be ueed for beeii^^ and 
dnriug pur]>U9(«-, and the apeed at wliiuh euch bs»lA| atr b 
allowed to poee oiff may W n<gulAl«<d by a enltabt* •nl'n nn 
in tbe flues or fiipee which arc in counexioB witli tbe low^^ 
between tho liubgand tlic outer muuory of the kiln. Tbei 




THE CIVIL ENOlXEEtt AND ABCHITECrS JOUBNAL. 



Vff 



. tpiw bttween t1i« llulng aod ihe «iit«r nuuonrj ef th« Utn hu 
BlBgn wtiicli SMT puM frnm tha app«r part of tka kilo into 
IM belwvan tlw llnlnff and oui«r nuunBTf, and w that Ui« 
air and prodacta abov* tha maMrial* vlticb an being 
I maj paaa into auiili aiNKa and dovDwanb tliroagh Uis 
tipper ipaoe; and Ihvrt are aiber opmintca vben the heaM air 
can paH awa^ tW>ia the timer apaoe,atiil be cooTcyad bjr iiniUibl« 
ptpm nr lloM, anil bo dbm (or hefttlBK and drjrlit^ ptirpoaaa; and 
tli« upml at whk'h inch li«at«d air ithall |mwi ont ot Hie iipp»r 
' be rpjpnlntnl bi- iniitnMr val*<M ■{•plied lu (.be pil>»* •>' 
oTnl to carrir off tho beiit«d aXr fnna llu 
j« mn; be formed throucfa the liuLi«g an 
mttar mafoory, an tbat (he nmducta iiuijr jnum out. 



■v«< 



' openiDgv mnj be formed throucfa the liuLi«g and tlirotiglt tho 



lo adiliiinii Ui tb« ipaiSM Wween the lining and the otiter un- 
aonry of tbi? kilo, ttiemt ia cnnitnicted n oeiilml hdloarahkft, with 
an «xter»aJ tioing eo«iatnii?l«d in auch maiinora* to leam a huUaw 
apaee between tlw liniitg: and tho external aiu&oea of tbe inter- 
aal faolUiw alialt and paaaagea are arnuiKed to comtnimtcata with 
Uw aaUr atnuMphon, in M^er that a muatani tinv of air tnuv 
talM plaoa into and frotu the hollow iibaft, and iutn and fitim t)i« 
8pao« between it and tlic lininic iirounil it, aud frotn aucfa wntral 
8pa«e into the «|iaoe at the iipiter part of the kiln. 

CUm.— Tlie oonatraeiiou of kilaa with air apacea, aa d«aoib«d. 



FHOTOORAPinr APPLIED TO THE OUDNANCE 
8URVBY. 
By Couiyat Jjuies, RE. 
Haa M^fMtya goverunMut luviuf decided that the maonampt 
plana of Ui* collintvd iliatricia of <mal Britain abudd bo dnwv 
«» the ,^q aoale, or the «cal« of :Ur344 inehae to a mile; aikd 
thMt Uieae ptaos. aa well aa the plana of tlic larga towua, abuuld 
ba redtiM to t)ie acale of 6 inchoa lo a luile, upon whiub llie 
' unoultivitled illitfieta ara drawn, ao aa to make Ihe Riai« of 
^ fnry ooatv onmplaW on oue uiir«nn aeal^ and nsnin rediioed 
to the 1-inou atnlu (or tile gcnerml Biap; it becnnie n matter of 
t&a bigheat importaneo to intrDduea In* nioal expeJitioua and 
iBtxpMiBiTe nolle of rwlucitig tbe piatu from the Urger to the 
■BaUeraa ' 



k 



1 therrfore bad exporinenta nnade laal year, whilel I wae in 
Paria, to t«il the ppaotjeahlllgr of McuratdT redndng pbuu by 
photngraohy, and bnvii^ aatiafi«d myinlf that it wiu potfeetly 

EmotioabJe to do ao^ I liad two of the uppen « bo wpm with me 
latriKted id tbe art of plioljwnipti)', and we have niuw ao per- 
ftettj anoMaded in iuakin|{ all tb(> r»ltiDtioiui 1^7 tbia prooeai, 
that we now eeldoia hk auj oih'T iuoUknL 

The advaatAjr* ilctired from tho iut(vdactioa of thia molhod 
will be mdilj unJeniood \i\ ihuae who an at all vonreavuit 
with the («<t>oua tuethoda ol rcduuinK pUiiH ot towns bj l&S 
penlagraph or th« eidograpb, or bj prr)(ie,riioaia1 oompaaaea, or 
•foarea, or anj of the melliodl formerly *iii|iliiyn(l; atnl it la oo 
euugofation to any that tho rcdoction of n pinn of a laive town 
OO ^ its aeale, may be and t« now mode liy phologntpby, Gret 
to the jJfg anle, aad from thta to the 6-iuch ecnle. at one 
hnndnidtA of the coal at wbldi we were previously nUf to do 
Uik* work; and, what U acarotly Iom iBiiiorUnt, tlie rrductiuna 
are Knde and oopiea nrinted w rapidly by thin pvocni, tliat no 
deUy tukea place in tn« pnUioatiov oT tlie Muue district uu the 
ittthnnt aenlea ordered, — a moat important MnaideratJou, whi^u 
it ia b-^me Id mind thnt Elii' anrvey is now procMidlng at n mt« uf 
I.AOiiiiNN) aet«a per anuum, luid tlini in the eondnct of (o \Atp> a 
work tbe mptd elaang np nu'l the linal diiprwvl oftbe work aa 
it ia produced le eaivotiaJly UL-oaskry to nivooa iu the oondact 
of it 

A» pnwfof the fadlltlea whidi photoenphy zivm lis tit mak- 
ing (h* rcdnctiona, I may tnuatinn that during ^e laat week ona 
■ma, with the Mniatanoe of a priuti-r and a labonnr, reduoad 
39,000 aerva from tbe Sfr-inch to the tt-ineh aoale, and thatfhe 
prodvoed three eopjea of 46 alieeta, or 130 iiupteaiiioDe, in aSx 
day*, b<Mid<«> ome other work. Onn hunitn'i.l dmnghienen 
mold not IiaVK prudooni an mneh work. It innat not be nttder- 
atood that we j(ive the ph(iir>j{rAph«<1 reclnced drawing! to the 
imblie; oue eopy ia handed u> the engraven, another to the 
oillaer who has to lueerl (Ite ooutoum, aii<l ao on; and by Ihie 
amutpeDont everything aeniietMd with publication pruteeda 
parJpMwi. 



THE ROYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETV OT ARl-g. 



tfttkod </ Comntaf-laui^. milk a Stitdtt »/ 
4nt in puptHmf Me Aiaidaflm /or tA« 



Mwd la £i^pariw rt« Aiaiioflm /or tA« Fminf SUt^. By T. D. 
BaTcx, BdnbBfgb.— ^u advantafoi ar> Mated to be eoonatny and 
utility, anil ilunbnily, and comfort of a qalek-diTiof ilnel aflar laln. 
■nJ no tpifh; usi l« a e w lw a t o the paaaan of Ui« rata water lo bie 
improred lurfaoe ^ttwa. liiat (hi* wouM greaU; mulily tba mocb 
eaioplainixl o( friotinn and jailing oauwd to wbeal coniiffM. Tlie aodel 
or a lagokUng sanM lo be tucd in praparii^ the (ouiiditiaa far «r*(f 
(■uaewsj ii inada « a light wood, SO ntohee long aad 14 Inob broad, 
upon a Bade of 1) Imib to tbe foot, and baa a nstnber of abiftiDg per> 
pandicubw *nde> along eaob Ma, nude of wood, and abod wllb nnc, 
•fl'l tha nuinbar of Indue marked upon caoli, to reiplala to rariooe 
dtriclie and onrvta of itnet cnuaswaj. with &tiadicJ thiiRih-Knit nata, 
lo bold the alidei in tbnii rmuited pr»lt\na. Tin oo* row of elido* lo 
be iwed for the groond foundation of the oauatway, and the ihiftiog 
iEdM upon the elEv iide to legidate tbe lurhoe fom, or top ef oanae- 
way, and would onablo any n^dnaker to make any new oanaeway «f 
thf fliACt farm of >ny olh^r itnwt. and It would thow Lbn uoduat of 
iliddnufla of roniuUau ot lija vanouj icrNUi and. vhou appllul by any 
workuuko, along witti the author^ new Invcnletl atraot unjlel leeete, 
would make Iho eanetway at oue unlfoem akktia, with Ihe sraaleat 
fimitlty uid oiierr4aj{ oertainty, and a mote eodoring fouudation Una Ike 
unLial pnnoul mwlv vf ftrat caueew>]4ng. 

/M/inTfinrsl <■ tht CcfulnHtiiM </ Onvltiumt /or JVonae and iilfrr 
Ston Sojii'iiu. By W. C'ctiirLi,. uLuoow.— It ia prapowd to Lara the 
■laani oondcnfoil by roeani of * Hiiiii or tubca tmvoniu|[ tho ooudaoMr. 
whiob moy bo Jolatd IdUi one or norc, fure and aft of the engine and 
Mnlinuotl In bulb -Hrtctluna diiifoiially, i1iroii|tli the ibip'a ddo, ao Ikal 
wbon tho veeati movan forweni tha water will nub in at tho fan pipe, 
iliMUtcb the Inbee in the eandeMer, and exit by tho aft pipe, aad ritt 
ttmi when lb* veaael tnotee baskwaida. Tbu* a conMant flow of eolfl 
water will be kepi np wheaevnr tlie oopuni an wTDUght, whicb wiU 
beep tbe t«bea alwi^i eool. ThH arrangomi*! would in « gtfi •Icgrco 
do k>ity with Uio air puiov, which aUorba la lan(* a ipunllly oTlbe 
pawur of tho rogiae ; and la coueoqaouoo of no injostioo water faeiag 
ui«l, the tullur would alwafi be lupplied with fteeb water, wbetn 
would prerent tlio InonuCaliou whicli, 1b eia'("ln|f Tceael)^ is both in- 

Cluua to ih* boiliir* and oocatlona a loae of fiul, m conaequanee of lU 
Djt ■ bod Gonduotor of li»ai. 

CoiMiiat F'.atf to T*iM Waltr mi4o«l CbKU. By R aod W. 
UtioliK. IjluiCDW. — ^Tba pumpa u-a oo enanged thai the water puMpod 
b|r the Brat paiora lbroui;Ik Ilie wwud to tin miifaee. In like OWniMT, 
ilifl wAier Mr eupptyin^ the Mcond jiaiiM tliniu|[b tile ilsl. Tlte 
bttckEta an coniieoiod lo b«ll orank*, and Ilia mm aaoswds while Ike 
ulber daovnd*. Whan tha firal hueket nwkM it> iM.-<Mit. th» Watir 
lifted by it pasag* thiau)[h the l!da of the eecond to Iba aorlkee : again, 
whoa Um eomnil buokei nafcea fia aaoant, tho water for eupplying it 
paaaec Ihmntjk tlie tida of tho Grat, end the walee is ihua kspl m a oaw- 
toiooua tow. 

iitfraertaa Pmiratiar, aurf it nffjimtim to lit DaigtuHg t/ (J^ Prttmt 
•nyUDud in LiyAtiotm J]>/unUiw. ily J. M. Baltiic k.— Tha re&^ 
lion prMiaiiior, which 1* fouoded on a propoallion in Di. Youn|['s " Lee- 
turea on Natiitftl I'liiloaopliy.* la a vary simple liutrumoDi for protraot- 
tng at onor ihv palli of a raj of tiglit slWr rebaotion at lite sur£ue of 
■jiy truiapweot aubelanrM. Ii «inaat<h in ila tilDlilelt form, nf an 
onlinuy ruler, Br>duat«l iu % pMuliar mannor. Foe more compla 
operaliona olbor ralvn and guidca tn addul i aod by oornblalnit eevml 
of tliuae ioilraineuls, tho path of a ray of ll)[bl lhroa)[h a nfraetiBif 
•nbilauoe uf auy form may be traoed, or the form of a pnato deldmdneil. 
capabia of ooilnn in luij required manner. Tho Bi>p*ntua ia (wonliarly 
ailaptad to da«i|[alii|t iho prlem* ouiployed in li|tbdiouse sfipaiataa, a aH 
of iHenty-fbur priNoa baving been laid down by it in three or ^r d^ja, 
Hhidi. if dflemlned a* they have hitherto bean, eouU not bare bean 
CeJoulatfil in [»« than > mirnlb. 

TVnirr Boring ifoodiir. By D. Roaa, Helmadala.— The ei^er la 
fixed lo the end ef a gnide aorcw her, worklnir 'O a female afrvw. eo ea 
to toroo the eager Into the iwood u be hnni'l. The wivw bu forms the 
ade^ en wtdoh there le a fly whMl o4 hva foal diuneiaei worked by twe 
atea, >ncl iha oarpaDUr evla tho maobiiio to the proper phwiv ee i* la 
bit* in lhi> pTO|)er direoliori. I'or aroallor wvtk he ptopnaie a eaalkt 
•barl. In be ilriien by Ilia fly wheal, tha augar nr bit bcin){ fiicil to Ilic 
•nd of tbe aorsir bur. wtiich ia on tlio ode of the aiiuJiTr whetL lie 
eatimattv dui t"o Ubourvra and one cA/peiiter will ihetvby be able lo 
do Ibe vroik of Hfty ovpejiIcra^'Mr. SenK aiedv aomo ramaika loudlq[ 
to ahow that more ume woulJ be lo«t in the applioatian and ■d^lmeat 
of audi a BiBchln* to tho boring of irvnall holia In tlilpe ibaii i* baetag 
by lbs naaal method, and thai snob a anKhiao woold lequii* to be iCa- 
lioiinry, end the work brought to it. ia pboe of it being moved I* the 
work. He gava^ aa an inetaaos. Bir. nirbairn^ livaUJng maobine, a 
moat useful one ; but then tho boLIrr to be rivetled was awung in eucn 
a taaaoor as l^C eny pan to t>e rivettcd could be hrrtugbl oiKily upfio. 
■ta le the nvotting maohine. Hiis oeold not be dane with a ahiv ou 
tbeatocks. 



»» 



THE CIVIL ENGISKER A\D AllCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



Ptm of W«rH»g OHIUritM, by irA irA CfptuiMM art imyHii/Jr. By 
R. Amivii, V.P. — 'riir uilhor rnurkM Ilnl tb« nmmoii matliud of 
worhiiiK » MBUi of cnal ii lo (ink a (hafl upon lh« lo>Nt l«v«l, to mark 
*il Um OnJ ill iU nagbtnurliaod, and wfaaii tbv, it nihuuaUi), U> »orfc 
[ha omI iniiiiHtUUil/ above it. mud i/t ou till ih? hi);tiv*t lerel i« raebwl, 
Mid 111* o«al eiluiuM. luildinawi, Uio wurkmcn McOQiutaaU^loaring 
UtiiDd ttxia nor« mad mora of ui« oU wa>kliij(i^ or wMtc, u they an 
«>n«d, frta ohicb die omI haa bon uttBalsL TbLi watte li the ferula 
•»unw ofeipltMlani iii all floty ovlljurinv for Iho loid luft liytliooiMJ 
liemiD*! frailaally flll«d bIiIi iiiHunoubl* gM, frnni wboiice, lijr varioiu 
■CDvleDU, Jt \» ilinrUiil into tbi ur counw*. urn), min^tiiij; wiih aT»ii>- 
•plinric ail, *aaD r«a<he« ttis riplniix (late. Ths plan prnpowl l>y Mr. 
Aytnon it to l«t the <ntiini of (bu mine riie op gr^lually. rolli"* Oi« 
wnrk H it pmoeod*. and UJw po«ta!on of Iba void minle b^^ thu vitnic- 
lion of Uie maL Tlie wmI* bunj Ibiu filloil «rith wMer, caii bubour no 
i^ia; bat the gM. M It )• j[animtej from tbn oaal. mil at ouoe enter tbe 
4ir eaunee. uul in a (r* ntinutM be diedtor^d idio ihd ojion ai/. In 
unler to icttiiiinllab tbii, we mint (ive up the old pnutlo* ut (inking tbe 
iliafi down to (hit t[i*H( Isisl of ibp mall Pir aa tiiii ii to be lllleil wltb 
waMr M lh« BoHi fwQiWBdi. tlie boliDin uf tbe abaft ■niitd br lill*d wltli 
W>ttr toe, autl tlie mouia of mialuK tbo ooil wul oircukliiit; air wiiuIiIIhi 
takon any. The ili-kft man tbtnton b* lunk upon tlw bi|;fac>i \iTt\ 
at the coil, mnJ alVr caltiii|[ tbrvnyh tliD coal lb* altilciuj ncut be 
ouHed u low *• the lawiat lnT*L A aroM>out min* i* run fp-im tlic 
iHittom of thu tliaFL la tbe ln«<*t Terel of tlin oiMtl. bj winvll Ita iralcn 
oui be all •Inilii"! ijilo the ibaA, ami reinJ to tbe eurfAcn by a tftun- 
rni^Tie- Fmin IbK point nhcn Ilii.' nh&fi iiil«[««]U thu •»»). Uvrl itrirtii 
M* driren to the eoal rii{hc and 1>.-ri. ii> the Louiidlirita Ull Ihry nwli Die 
tawaet leral, along wblcli a drift it aluo cut, A currcMl U Ibua i^im- 
ploled roanil the whole minn, wliicli junwitu the atinoepberlc lur. enter- 
inj bi Uio downcMl illruinii iif Uie uliAft, to oounv atoii|[ ill whole 
llBDitdui>^ Mid again vmvmi lulo tbe open Air by the upoel divltii>ii of 
ihr *ba(l, wkidi i< ptovi-letT *iib a, funiaon or fui to •mitt the miiiltt- 
t*«n. "nie rentiUtiou biring now McnirtJ, tlio wotkiueD pmneil to 
tak* out coal, wliicb tbey do from the !-jwret pul at tbv 6M 6m. and 
vorkioK iniiually upaardi. The punipliig U ao nguUted that ihu 
wMtr ii anoHro) to riao to wiUiln o ihort illalaaco of (he ■allfooe, m M 
to fill Dp tlie void ooouloRed by llio extraction of tlie oml, wid prevent 
the aoeumubUlon or|>iu In the waitr. TJie Hiiing; of llie wklir, which 
dcetroT* that furt of tlio air cfiune which u oow i>abuiir^**'ii iniprovee 
tb* eiKuUlion of air, iiiMmuoh a* It openii a ebortflr coiini* for tbr air 
tMwixl lh« Wkll-fao* and the idrbee of ibo water. AIoiik tb« oall- 
faae. aImi. ihore ii> k iraroway, wbleh la *h!ft«4 forward m the wutk 
pracecda. Tbaoatl*. u they arooxoavatad. •!« taken alone thi* tnuu- 
w^ lo the foot of tbe inolliio. In tbi* pUn of ventilation, beiidoe 
tfeCtloK rid of iJl ao£iuiniilBti»ne ufgtt, there arp nihn' ultaiitaifBa; ibore 
an DO ■ton''''R*- ■"> l>iiil<li>igi. do ^loa^* to reeuUte the ajr oour**. In 
bell Ihm lb* hour ni cpmmeiiotni} iho workine of tb« coal lo tbe 
■levrtion nf the <>JlIiery, not tbe iliiihtMt attsnlion nnd b» i>ir«D to lb* 
tvntilation, with the Ktcqitlon of Uio funiaoe and bnltipe tn tbe etutfl. 

Aeacu 0/ /U/iiyr iu .Vititi, lo irAid, .Surriiurf i/iia HrjJatiun maftg 
/fan Iki afifmatk of tU- Aflrr- l}<imf. Uy It. Attut-t, V,P,— Mr, 
Atlanii elatod that reonia of r^fi^jif, «brr« miiivre inijfbt 4b«tt<T Ibam- 
•tlrea Frmn the Bfl^r-iUmp follooii'g tliv nplniinri, had bwn yrofKUmi 
1i«(br«i but hail never bevn larrieil into efTnct. ueiiic. it i* behevM, to 
Uw dlinimatanoe that no rmriiion wae sud* for uie imewal of air in 
tti a t (nnme. after it had hnnniv doteriomtf^ by Ibf brvallilng nf thoat 
otio faiwi •■lu^hl ahrltflr in lliem. To iviiicfly tbii. Mr. AytnuD pro- 
IHMoa la tnpplj thcip rooiiii with fmh air finni the tiirlaoo, by mean* 
0t au air-pump, iltlreii by tlic eteam-eiigtnc, and aonnoctod »ilh i\ pipe 
laid aleoi thu whotu uourM of tlia worklfi):*, fmni which hnuich pipua 
lead into the dHTvrfliil moink of refu^. Th* niain-pip" neuil ti'ic ricrvd 
li lnobf4 ill diameter, anct hlmtjil lio cnule of ATnti^'lit Inm. It uliouid 
Im eoiiduclod alona th« ptinuiiud road*. «id aboiild lie on tbi ptwiuvnl, 
■hmg tliB aide of Uic road, out of die itaeli of wn^ne and boni'i' fvMl. 
tn Ihia poeiUon it will be frm from matt aoddenu. but in order lo \m 
vent, aa far ai poetible, nil injur; to the pflpf, mpculally from tail* of the 
mof. It U farther prnpoaotl to prateot it with llmtwr thniughaat ita entire 
noune. In tliia way roama of refui* niay be prevliled with freab air 
■Aar as mplaalnn. and bo the niaaoe of eavluf niaiiy llvai. The 
moment u ex|>hieiun takn plua the euginner will *et the air-nnrap in 
gear, anil poiir (town a alraam of pmw air thma^hnut the whole extent 
o( tbe wtakiaga. At the luae moment, unili^rifnianil, the earvivon 
td 111* aaplmion, oe longer panic-alrickMi and belpbaaa a* bentoforo. but 
luB of hop* and deConni nation to *a*e thair Uvea if pfiariU*. will make 
fur the naueK room of refu;^. whore lliey kaoa thry will be pforidod 
with a Bufflciinoy of air tu luLaiu until their fr><iTi<li at the eurfaue ihall 
have re'DtiablliJied the alr-oiurea and luuie lu tboir uMieUoog. Sat ii 
th>re niiicb timt^t of their retniat to tbe iwjim u( refuge bafai)[ cut (ilT 
h]i the aflerib'nji, 'llie aploaloa, wbleh jimiluofillbaldaleliinouii faa. 
ku at the uxiio lime de«ua]i«d all the iloon^ atappin|?>, and nlher 
awaBytnH for ouiTing eu the drcuUtinn of the air. There ia. ami 
mw*t thorclai* ba. a perfnit oatin in the norklng*. Ill* oflw-dainp. 
wbi«h Mipnally wna limited Ui tha ii|wt absni iLenplnion took pla«a. 
iwn only extend IWdf lo oUicr parte of the mine by uie itow pniocae of 



dltfuiiun, Then will thu* be abundano* of lime to rtaoli OM of Aa 
rDnm* of rvfug*. TbnH. coDaequeiilly, maybe plaoedai oooaldctaU* 
dieuanw from earb other, which will bar* the double cffinit at raduelof 
Uia number of rooini of nifuge whi«b mfoire 10 be nunlaSnvd 'm a eiaM 
of ctfiiicncy. ami of iDcicuiiig the fapflf of fnah air wUch eMfc of ifcim 
ia to reotlva. 



THE OERRIANT SLATE COilPASY (LratrKD). 

A wm i-AST under tlw ttbove B&me la hrmtA for th« poipcaej 
wurking the mltutble alato qnanJM tn tba &ma of Qenluil 1 
BvrtlillTd, exteading om a tiirfaiw of npwuH* ot 300 u 
•ltant« io tji< Mriib of Bwiiignlcrt, in JIctiiMiclliHhire^ ntaigt 
S milM bom tbe ahipping port of Portiuailoa Tba vetu lie* 
dirKtty in tho run of the odebmud FfMlialw nuge, «bi1 «t « 
ahorl diatiuiog to tbe «n*Cwiir<l &ra the uuarri** eo f»t«n*iT«]y 
workdl bv Lord PaJtueralou, l^nrvl fowlelt, and alb«ri^ Thm 
aliit« u of A dark blue colour, fr«a from ipota ur other blcuiiak; 
of n iiuc eniiu, atniijibt iknd oveo dumKo. verv ■trouf mm) Wgbt, 
nii'I oi|iinl in nil rvTipccto to Ui« twel Weiah aliil«. The rein ■■ 
upwanjs ol' ihreiiHiUArten of & mile in Icugtli, iipmHa of lAii 
ynrils in brendlb : utitl frnrn the circuiiMtAlice of It* nuiniDg idaafi 
Iho unduLaling aide of k ttaap hill, acvcntl qnarrira nut.r, tt 
ituaireij, bo opened and WM-ked at llie ittuie time, nritlimil iul«r- 
feriog with each otiier. A niilwny a iu ciurae of oolutnwtioo 
from Portoudoo to certain iimn-iea in the iielgfaboniliooii ef 
OerrUnt. 

Tbe <*|>itiU i* fixed nt ii.a'OL in 0«j(i ibrim of it. nub; and 
Ihia aam la onuaidoi'od to be nmplv eulHcicut f->i nil the require- 
wr-iila of tho undpTtuking. A aepoeit uf (?iii>-Iiflli ur tv. [kt 
ehnre it oilcilbted to be eauugh to effeot the larinMrjr obJMt of 
luakliig the property a paying invMbnenC; nnd >li« mmjaiiwler uf 
ih« caultal trill be taisod iu caUa of 6». at inierviUa of not leat 
than four uonthi. 



I 



H0TE6 OF THE HOXTH. 

Tim bilU f^T llie oiniitruction of a new atnet from the eii>J of 
Ktnft-ntroel, Covciit (.lArdeu, iu a OiugoBui directiuii tu tlie June- 
tioti of L'ntiiboiimtitreM, I^ng-M«T«, with Sl k[artin'*-liuii? and 
Grml NcwiNirt-Nireec, aa well aa thitt for th« evt^iabai of CpMr 
8tADifi>r'l-Htrf4>t frnni iU inIiirMicti"ii wiili the ll!ii«kfriuw-rnai] to 
Hish-atn-pt, III tbe imrouyb ai S-nitli wnrk, niijacnit to tbe Town 
Hall, hare pnawd tliruuj;h brilh Roiuea of Pnrliaineiit. 

Tliit re-hiiUdlng nf Cuvrntt Garditi Thnttrn haa «aininraOB>1. 
Mr. E.lwaril IJarry, aifflimd ti>a of Sir C. Bnrry, i» the orcliiti^d 
Mvwin*. Ldciu xrc Ibu builil«riL Thu Ui:>w building b ••ipvr'tiyl |i> 
be oompK'tei) tt the n[)enius nf tbe aenwin l>4.'j8. Thi ■Ijrlc U 
Italinii. Ou i.hit*>iithaldo,Tacoiiti]iuaii')nofthe|Masxi. will b* 
or«cteil a wniwrvninry. 

Thu aeled coEutiiittve on the Clielata Nfvr Bridge rw|«->rt thefr 

oplnlnn that It ia ii<il ilesirahle for tho Kiivrrinm-nl li' 1 1 ti 

pneMwion nf auch n ]>rnprrtya«n liill-f>tirttii{ brid^i . 1 ' < 
reconimeiid tliiil ft hill be mlroduci-d lo cu.'ilJi' the ff-v. 1.]. 1'. lo 
diipriiip of tbv CTioliHU bridgH 011 luch IvrJiis 11* thv Ti<-->-iit 1 [11.11 
dstflrniiae, lutviiiK due rtwnrd to the Incmuivd value •■! fittrm- 
moDt pivpei't}', LTthe brid^ akould bs iiuile wholly or partUBj 
loll fm. 

TiH iv>i-p»mtiuQ of the city of I/JuJou hnw Ini 1 orrtain pluw 
ber'>ru govunuueUt, f>>r llie pur^me >•( MtaUiiihlii; u >lead oieal 
uuirket ou u })i>ni')ii -if the arva lawly oc»i^k--1 by SiaitliriaU 
uuti'koL The govrrnmcut have not awcuUid (u llie pliu)% attd 
tliey hitvo bivD rafarrod bank, iii order that iflher pUiia uuay be 
[irepartKl. 

TiiK P»>ple'a l^trk, at Itnlifai, Ibo jiift of &(r. 1'. t;ro»l*y, 
M.l', WW iuuuimi'ateil on tho 14th ulL It ia ailiuil<ul on Ihi 
wuatetn aide of ihe l>i>rougb. It liaa four entnmoea, anal the wbule 
i< siirriiiiiiiled by )iiiU«aileA The proinriMnle it nMiml hy neaM 
of night* Iif atone al«pii. In the c«nlr«' of tho tornwe M a MMt- 
circle of etapa, nine la niuiibi>r, aud :1T f(wl tn width. At At 
tiip of tliutc (trpe it aUiitu biiihliuji ia erecUvl, 30 fett biith. witli 
an'liL-ti ill fniul, bi>rui; ou piiluro id' sloite. On each si-le •/ Ifcf 
biiildiiii; will \m Hiiiidl foiiiiUtitM, ao<l Urecikti nuea on 
In dllTet-^nt purl* of tho lerraoa an piujoatlaiw of marblii 
ttiMT', of lifa aizc, eiclit in niimlwr, I lie work of Italian 
Below the lormcc ia n ati>ue iMsin, four fi-et ia defith, aad U( 
feet iu ciromufcivucv, wiib a (biiuLtiii iu tbe oeutre. Uiinv 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHTTECTS JOUBNAX. 



30d 



down is a little ]ak«, with a Kipentino walk itbont it, and bridges 

over it— one formed cmt of rocks. At tbe south or eoDth-east 
ndo of tbe groiiDila baths are to be erected bj the corporatioD. 
The eitemol part of (he buildios is to be elaboratelj decorated. 
The park grounds, which are uid ont with trees, shrubs, and 
plants, coniijrise about I2i acres. 

Tux toath auuud meeting of the Bnilders' Benevolent InstiCu- 
tion was held on the :iOCh Jul?) Mr. Alderman Lawrence in the 
chair. Mr. Alderman Rose was elected prealdeut for the ensuing 
year. 

TnB Conservative Land Society have submitted to the Chief 
Commissioner of Woods and Forests a pUn fur the erection of a 
foot bridge anross the Thames at Richmond, in connection with 
the railway bridge, Mr. George Morgiin, their surveyor, pro- 
poses an outri^i^or to the railway bridge, witli light spirtd stair- 
cases on each ^iiore. 

Edinauruh C.isTLE is at present underlining an initiatory over- 
hauling, prc|>aratory to considerable changes that are contem- 
plated in the interior. Mr Billings farnishcd (iovenuueut pre- 
Tiona to the (.'riuie:in wiir with designs fur the erection, on the 
site of the Muns Mea H.i.lt<?ry, of u garrison cliurtli. These plans 
were so favourably thought of that preparations had even been 
made for carrying tliem out. The old ^arrixon chapel was 
levelled witli tlie uround, i>.stimntes fc)r the now erection were 
taken, and a cotisiiturable quantity of the stime and wood to be 
used in its construction haii lieen provided, wlien tlie outbreak of 
the Crimean war etfectually stoppeii all further progress. Work- 
men, however, are again busily eiigageii at this spot. The old 
guardhouse beneath the batery has been taken down, and the 
bee of the ro<rk "ix wliiuh it rests h.is already been scarped to a 
considerable ctt^-'nt. so as to admit of a wall being carried up in 
its front. (lovernmeiit ap|>ear to have changed tiieir mind on 
the subject, and wlint is uoiv in contemplation is the erection of 
an extensive armoury on the gronnd that bad been chalked out 
for the church. Tlie pinna, which are by Colonel Mnodie, RE., 
have been approve-l. The building is to form tliii>e sides of a 

aiiare, and inctudus. in its sweep the ancient cha|«l of t^iieen 
sr^pvret, which is to lie retaineii in its integrity. Mons Meg 
herself has been removed fruin the fnut <■( the ]jl.'ilform which 
she has occupieil ftir the last 2(1 y<-ars, and ;it present lies ciiiriage- 
less on the rock near theolil chajiel. In at(,em|)ting to Kick the 
carriage from the eilge iif tbe platform the wUci-Ih, which had 
Buffered from rust and exjiosure, gave way, and the huge gun 
has had to be dismantled. Aii'.'ther set of wheels are l>eiug 
cast, and as there is an intention of erecting a new battery 
immediately to the ea-Jt of her present i|iiartein, and on nearly 
as high an elevation, this interesting relic of onr national his- 
toiy, will bv-nnd-by occupy a piwition as honourable .13 that of 
which she lia^ been deprived. The present armoury, after the 
completion of the conteiujilated structure, is to iji! couverteil 
intoa b'«pit;il. A church for the giiirisun has i>ecu di-siguod by 
Colonel Mooilie. The .spot on wbii-'U it is intended to stand is at 
present oci'opied by the noilh wing of the Ciistle-sijiiare, which 
will require Ui come down to make way for the new erection. 

A NOVKi. applic-itioo of the steam jet, for the piii'jiose of ven- 
tilating a coal mine, has been made uy Mr. F, II. I'eai'c, of the 
Bowling Ironworks, near Hr.ulford, The application is at pre- 
sent in operation in a pumping shaft, I2t1 yariU in de[ith, the 
ventiUtion of which li.oii been stoppeil by the water risinji at the 
bottom of the pit during the time some alterations were being 
mnde in the pumps. The water having stopped the air-courses, 
the pit, to within a few yards of the top, became full of t)ie gas 
known as block or choke damp, which appears to bate been dis- 
charged freely from scinie old workinEs, and thus it w.is rendei'ed 
an impossibility for the wiukmen to desceml until the removal of 
the gas hsj) been elfected, and a constant current of pure airpri>- 
duced in the pit. Mr. I'aaix'e has succeeded in m.iint.iining so 
periect a ventihttion of the above mentioned pit, simply by allow- 
ing a small jet of steam to issue into the atmosphere at a few feet 
irom the top of tlie pipes through which the water is forced up 
when the pumps are at work, that the pit can be worked with 
perfect atfety, the workmen were euableil to descend :tO minutes 
after the steam had been turned into tiie pipes. The principle is 
exceedingly simple: the jet of steam issuing from the tup of the 
jripea produces in tliem a partial vacuum, which drtiws the foul 
air np these pipes, and thence oat of the pit with very great velo- 
city. The cost of applying tlie steam jet in the above manner is 
■very trifling; and tliis method of ventilation will doubtless be 

So. 232— Tol. zx,~SEFmfBiK, 1SS7. 



fonnd a very safe and Qsefal one in many itutances, partienlarly 

in sinking deep shafts. In addition to other advantages, wood or 
any other kind of pipes may be used. It reqnires little or no 
att«ntion, no machinery to get out of repfur, produces a powerful 
current of air, ami can be regulated at pleasnre. As the aleam is 
discharged into the atmosphere above the top of the pit, it does 
not interfere with the men working in the shah. 

Capt. Mansbli, at the request of the Egyptian Viceroy, is at 
present engaged in a general survey of the coasts of the Bed ijea, 
to the distance of some miles on either side of Suez. The de- 
parture of the commission appointed to select a spot in the 
vicinity of Suez for the oreclJon of a slip has again been deferred 
until Captain Mansell's operations are sufliciently advanced to 
assist them in coming to a decision. It is believed that, owing to 
the shallowness of Uie water, no suitable spot will be found within 
twenty miles of tlie town. 

The opening of the Caen Canal took place on the 22nd nit. 
The canal shortens the distance to the sea upwards of three 
miles, OS insteail of 18 kilometres [11^ miles) it is only 13 (not 
6 mileii). In aildition, vessels of larger size, which hitherto could 
only ascend to the town at the very highest tides, can now come 
up at any season, the lowest depth of water being 12 feet. A 
]>ort of refuge has also been established at Ouistreham, where in 
stonny weatlier vessels of from 5(X) to (500 tons can find shelter. 
The canal wms opened by tolerance on the 20th of .Tune, and its 
advantages became apparent In tlia course of 4f> days 162 ves- 
sels, of 13,.)00 tons, ascended the canal, which would give for 
the yiior at the very lowest from 130,000 to I3.%000 tons. The 
freight for Caen, which was very considerable, has sensibly 
diminished. 



OBirnAST. 

On the 15th ult., Mr. Francis Edwards, of Ilart-street, Blooms- 
bury, architect, aged 73. 

On the 2Gth ult., at Staines, Mr. Thomas Uwins, Ti.A., surveyor 
of pictures to the Queen, in his 7oth year. 



COKPEXmOHB. 

Till- Dir'^Lir^i nnd Ci>niinitt« of the Ul^r Banking Cmnu^ny are itr^irouri ot nceitiii^ 
r>i-4iEri9 furtlii> vJi'i'ritiiuri. its- at n new B.iEiK-hi>u4F iir K.^ltaAt. a riJivnoTthc blm^li, 
jiiiil i>ili"i iLif^ri'iJiliiiii oiu 1h 1i4d uii HpplLi'.iliiui lu tile "u^Tvtaiy. FreniiuDi Itrul, 
ll.!-!!^!!^ Ui In- n.'jit ill li]r tiw Tth iii»tuit. 

Tbu Vi'vpiirt burial 1L;>ard arc tledjniilii of pmcuria); itcHlciu and ettiouttFi fi>r tli^ 
cn.t'li'rti iif tiru Cli.i^>r-lri, Ijtrkgi^ Gnttway. auil for l^vini; tpiit the i^ruaud. Tht wh.,lu 
cujE '^t Ihc bulldhiij. aiid ia^lii^ uqt not tu uicevd l.:^'jO^. Fartu-iilai« ram tie pni- 
1-ureil hy ftii^licaiioL tu tlie cli-rK uT thB iHHril. PrFLiiium SSf. D'^rHJyiifl to bo iciit 
LiL b>' th.: Sill inil.tiir. u> Juha ti. CLarkf, dvtlt to IIif boAnl. 

Tl]<- <'EiiQl>nil^b Jtusli: IliilE and l^nlilirKooniAriinipan.vL^dciirunsof prDcurlng DeftiRnj 
tir tlur f'O'i'lkPii "t buililiD^Q to br uaed for A niuHic hall, rwHDi fur vu-ioD4 pnl>Lu 
puri^-i". iiud iiublli- hdilw md WMhlion.*'*. OutlKi' not to eitxnl Toaoi. Pn.inl«n, 
51^., will lio uiv-'li ir Tiitt Hinploypii to carry out IIip wnrJCH. A td(i.b;li ilf 11^^ ditr Brill 
fiirtli.T p^rlifiilar* atity liii ohlaiuod of MwaiTa. R^'d ^iiid I'uaLur, itoliciion, Cam- 
iHid^''. Litidicn' Uj bo H^til lb h; tbe ^tli iuBtant. 

D.:iiaTid ari: inrUuil for ttalbin|E'iilaiu-i at tbn Eleven l^tKit. in l[iilMuiiiq]H.r )t«dow^ 
^ortlii^nipPiii, aud Ht Ihi' lowr ttimiT of Bnliduholnie. rrniiiuni lot lxi(i>mkaliuu 
KAu ho ulptaiuLiI of ihH town ck-rk. DfiiI^iia to tv jii.-i]I lu hy OirtrjbiT 1. 

Tb" Vi.-.fr)' of St. Jlnry'i-, iBltnl!!!™, "lull lo rcwlvo doi>iKU» for i)>u cmiion of n non 
Vfl^tr* Uall in that i>arl»b. Prenilump in/, aud ■ili. Thv buil.liiij: to be oHiipivU'd 
f.tr a 0ii[a avt I'lLivdioR £5i]0f. Bnlldins not to bo In tbo GhiUiIo "ty'iv, Fljui nf lii.. 
tTtiund Luid p.iitk'ubrH may be obtaliwd at the vcntry olllcea. il, IJiiiier-fUuiiix- 
j^iio^ou. [li'dl;*!!^ t.i Ik Hpnt lu by Odobor S. ' 

The miinii-ii«l niiiliiTltliw of Bourdwiui hjrv iuvited artlatii of all uniiilrii-j! toj-oUuiit 
d'-*iipi* for n t'ouuuin of inouumeutaJ obaractur to be erected in ihatvily. Tin 
cluij.-.' of iiia:<'rL-il L* l.-fT opon^ aitd may bo or«Toral kiud«; :Jio crf.[ i.t uot lo exceed 
riUQe'. A preiriiuiii of CfUt. wiU be airardej, ITa ile^ij^n of auIBlectii inerlC lojii.^ify 
ti be pn''eiLlnl. In odilitlou. the HUni of LtJUI. vlU he placed at the di^jxna] of the 
jury, anil be npi>m|iru«ed a> Ihey may iledJe. lu the e»eiil of tho eieeutlou of the 
a<-li.Tted d.'.icn iKiiic coaOded to the author of it, ho I4 lo receii-e, liidepofiitentlv ■>f 
the jelWcil d--i^'n. an houoraiiuui eiiuil lo the twontieih o( the uliide ontlay. The 
doii^a^ ^u'e 10 be Beuliu by tbe 2Ulhof Xwcaiber neit. 

The Cor|i->r>iTiiinuf Hallf^i^ luvite dealjjna for Public IVvThs to heureetod there, Fr*.. 
niluui i" fiuiiiea-. Pxriieobrs may Ik had uptM applicBLiiin Ut Mr. fi. W. Srevouitoij 
the bvrouch engineer. 

Druwinc- ei- miih-l.- of lie^ijme are invitod for tlio eredlun of a Meuiorial of the Groat 
Fi^liibitloo "Hi''], rreinium 1"0 tniiueafi. Thi tJme fE>resDdijtg in deidffD? ieoi- 
teudeil 10 Febiunry C, 1S&6- A mah: of 3 ludicB bj the fnot i« lUfgoetea, but pot 
tntosEeiE ou. 

CojflrETiTio^q AwianiD. 

For the lJrotherfi>n McmoTiai, the draning Xo. 1, motic "nyperioo" fautbnr T 
Helves. archlleL-t, MancheBler , baa beep acliM^il, ]»roTidEtd it ran he rreoltd 'jLSd 
ftiin|Set^ In A Batlpfactory maaner tor the hdeii speciScd In the txibditioDti. I^a 

Sriie uf '^ (luiuoAj luu bfcD awarded to tbe model ^0 Qi, motto " Beta" ^aatbur 
<r. Nohio, ricutplor, London^ Hpedal «nDmen(latlan hiA been eipreiiHed in favour 
of the folluKin^, ^ii. : — Mode] No. IT, molt'i '^ 111^ qeru lieed^. not wo^d^ ," drawinc 
So, 41, innlio ^' For men taaeeji their owd ^lory it not glory -" dnwing .^iki! n aottu 
"Nemo :" and lunlej No, flS, ibotti>"C." The memarial !« to be anctoil ml^e0Li|. 
fbltl iSjroU](b Celiielcrjr. 



810 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



tbrfr ifrrinli^ Tbd ftiUowlu w* ttf Dujiat uJ iddivi^B ■£ lb* tiifttiiAil CMDp^ 

HKo^ nUt l«t pnvliwiMWdN] I— 

rtm PROlam, TOOL— Ma K ~W. Oldv IfHihkU, ILJL. It, Ktaij^lnM. taUa- 

tatn 
Btauid Pnmlaia. Uwf.—Kv. M.— W. P. VTraJlocMi, n. KdutMt-laniBt, ISM- 

BUHWoult Wumrth 
TMi4 I-natlUi, HW.-Jta. M^Bdcu O. nilwnli. M. KIIMMMn, OenM- 

•|I1U* 

PnrUi ftcmlum. sni.— Xn. tfl.— C», niDnmul Duprl, Flunnn 

Xo. u.-Uwlul ruiDlnl ud niUM CUM. ngnun 
Ko. ll— Altnd MffHu, t, tkiinlu-iitKB. KMiilMua 
Xa. M.— Ilwbf* HiAiUi, II. BntM-iaMi. BM^kMiun 
K». Gl.-bwttgi JiUa UuukI, Dnatfm 
n«. <t^-nwiia> TtianMjann, U. BUiibapi Wrnil 
Tbi [4adi of ICr- Edvvil Jldlmn at BlrnV^flmn, htTo beoi Ht(Kf«<t for t}it r^jlBBM]] 
ft* faun Wocfctuiua. fcr rhUb tl 4h1(u> vvn •"»! in. AIu fm Uia Wul Bkhd- 
•Uft X(* OnuMMT. toT abliA 31 dHtcst nn •ulunltuxl Ui Uvwd llslml^ 
dal(D* v«rD ubiD ufiaKfi fiv iho Uoiv^jr >~tv Cuiuu WurklKiUH-. 
Mr. ■lOnni'idialtHlufebsniucwUd In tks TnuUo of Un Walttll Una Oiat 

■nil Sauna] Sdunli^ WalaiU. 
TWBwfcMd WlninnUuJ Afrte»lm»lg«d<«T.>HlMifTarol«Bnn««t firtwl 
a imnliiB illlM. b> Mr, T. W. IT. hate, tai btt tt»J " Os ll«&i( Ibc Ftciu BuUil- 



>BV tAXSWtt. 
rftvmoxnL ntOTRcnoic« okaiitu) uxdicx riu patrkt uwi 

AHXXOKE.'O' ACI.- 



(CWsmuloiliMi D«m Ubkl U, Ducnf: 
tHI. j.Onalhu aod H.Sbarp, Unrpnl-bopninacau iDwoUit Ibaivlnirf 



MM J(ii»lt. 
KBvnHDik, and T, Obarlun, BrrBUnml, Kwi — [upnidiiianu in 
< lid uqiMMnu UHl Unviria liic vkKi(i>iu< MHloiiunii^ lb* 



C II OditB, IW«— laonnlmMalUcnutiitilaHa 

J, Vdirtor, JBO,, GonhUl, utd V. Wortir, Ipinch— Im|mnnisila Ii jilaiigktiv 



C. tuu. 

Baud Mat It. 

lltt. B. auiiualHB. BnlTor4*IIiKUr, uailiroufli, VaAiUi* — luynnmwaU iD mWt 
kntanlua tin «i»lmi artUUual lidhl 

/>i>Md Mty ». 
UIi. r. A. I« Coola itr r>inUiiiMiwn*a, Lomhi— lanrantDMM la 111* aortriiinlw 
irf unntHxanniic fiuuaca, ■viiUeaMo la Ml«n. m^— -»«~»»~j 
OtMttJmi 10. 
I4H T. Ktabln. FlDtbdlT-plao*— InpVHiDVI* In (uipoada 

DaM Jiu( 11. 
lAO. '' U. fuJB, AlaliB, Cnrabarluid-'lmpr^ttnlmflaaifiif tr«iUlatiQC«a]aadBbhtr 
Dinta 

OMX Jut 11. 
Mi, W. Youaf, QuaoO'tUw^ TTIuwpilili TTijmrminfntj ia lamp* aad boniBm 
Ohm Jaaa It. 

in«. 

Wit. 

wUUu Ikod 

Oala* JlK II. 
ItM. J. R. WUubaad,SiHl)iddB,aadiUn<inb. YorUiln—lBpnixwmUiDpTaadDI 
doili 

Aim Jm> II. 
IIDA. J. Bt Sartoi^ KldiUnniDit^r-'ImiroffiaHnla In ■lodlaa Tof al no loCMd bob- 
Woaot (anal luiuii 

Oifnl JuM It. 
I'm. iLT- M.lar*l. rMW— Km f huiUial aHiiiuIUiiiu. pnxtuluK elihoi bosH paint' 
lB(i, laminl, « pMtc fwia M ba UMliIinl 

DmM Jhu 10. 

i;]t. S. BklianliuD. WanUjif niiii liiua u'mks oaor BMuibililfi — tmiiraTUtitgiW 

it! uitDutucivtia^ htiii oniaufbUEif 4Tiid« 4>/ flint gLaoi 

immll^mr It. 

i;il C. D «nrnir>n. Ntv Haiu, CHuwcUouk, UalM m*ln~A csnlr or pnpwiia 

bauk cwwi. MUb oT lODAuifr. and Mbor papin, U fcvmt oanurhlUuc u; plisliB- 

■EUiby aod lU kiudicd inCdiH 

ItU W, SimiHii. I>iiu«T.Hiini>rHWiln~lBiinii«l B«auat«iiiBiriMHHbEtnaa 

Hic paiauic'vi tut (audi ufiklloky ualu 

OiMJiiaaU. 
i;t*. R. n. Fiillua,aBilT- B- EU},OnaiqiiM<CiMI, VgatmlsiUr— IninaalagUin 

tnrtMnaoil iMflim (urba gt cantag* «bial* 
K*i, Q, IrtUad, DtnoluciUBi— Inpnnwnna In laulni nilctiii, appllsblg louawp- 

bif orouulivBotdiaiiilMbiiTtilfflUiu parpu— 

ni»d Jaw H. 

ITTB W, Onon, ElnTT-otnil. nmllni— ThalattoranBiianaa 
iru. J, inbluiMDaailll.XBlIb.Hiiililiirdtld— liavnfaBrcli Anlbabattn-Ulunil- 
BiluaUgii uT Ule IHt Uup 

nn. H, Otum. laBbMb— lapivtaiKDl iD puiati bucktU 

MM JauM. 

UM. J. Alawaad K- Falrfaim, UMWd, Yorfciblia— InpfonBunw In oiwhInatT to 

tbaaanbEMMct bRKi, biKnlK waoatM 

OoMd Jalyl. 

KM. a. Uunij. Olaicoa— loiprvnoMta In uaahliiair nr appanni Air |int*IU>i( 

•hUa and namli 

DaUtJtIal. 

|U1 J. It. Him. Arlnti IMilDn)— Impnna BiUbgd al mulUpl^ui aVirt pm, 

asd uiHUUcgs U w • *in V iab« Backala 

OaM A^l. 

IIH. U. OtA Aloudlti, DUbbwlMAtiw-lBpimaMU in (Iw pRpanUon ot 

^olb ^Jr Turbaj rad d^alni 
IW*. C Tnt^HDi, UoiMt— Ciiprand ipiaiWat (iv nliLni and fbtdni IbiDldi 
lUI. J. I\nlr«d, Slate SralngiM. JlUiIlnu-ImpnnaiuaiU In tRaUnj and purifr' 

l^aatH 
IMO. >. B. DunlBn, SUinil— bD|)RiT«iiMUi IB UlUBlulad liaka, and In ibt alifata- 

laa va\/lititA to U|Mln| tb* laaB 
Ml, J. A«u and w. Afu, Bur. fan-nihtrr Tmirrmminiln la iMdiH lod fan 
totbaaMI* 

r>>M JMy <. 
IMC- K. Oitaao, ' QvtaitBo, and S. OlMwi. Uaulsl, ygckAlra— tDpronnwila la 
boUai to inmuuf lUaia 




■In 



i(B«BI* 



uro. J. amuh, BndBxd-InpnrNUH'iiu u Ow-dnKlui muUia 

im W. Moot. aiarUfbDWa-tVW, anllbaiM-A ibwA U ka Wa ^ad la d diwflp- 

Ibifi4 lit butuoh In W callad an ^M duuk 

IMat JWal. 
IR4. C rudtiiM and D. rantbrfi. HUnnnjhuB— ImpmcnBU bi (<w ta4 (IMI 

baimli. and Id annonp, and In farnafl** to tba lani^ 
UtI. W. DaK^ W>Ulu(«n, SliiuiaUiB—LapviaBWia id i)» flu nil if Nhm- 

Wflnw 
in*. IL J. lUdn X(«oo lletib, dhi Utaoknto — laininiuvn lanilavjitofe* 
UUl r. BsuSiM, lUfgto(d4atraM. Ue B—u»aU-Ui»a— lai| t miaMi i Is tto «■•■ 

fkclarv uf uiao 
im. tv A, b> DanW 4* rgaWlbaniAnwi, lUnII>«avI^ fto»bai j lug aiiwiKW m 

i|it>uuu>ri:«ib*ta*antuW»<ilb*Maudaluaaiablab<MBnMB Moiaaap 

(<a utilLim catg anltka melbBr. iOMbaiiilaiicaU 
l««l I'. II IF Wfiid, Farla-lBptsniimiW la Burnifirtnitef lad afftjlif i 

■nMeolhdtcia 
UK. W.BtBUb. KWktilBfc XiKtbampuuUn-tupRmBWaBkBiatoaBadl 
UW. K. A. Umnaik niM.*cnM— iBprnoHuulo In ilm. (CUaaialcatiN Inb 

M. NfOlULti' 
liVO. R. A. Bnann, Fla»<)nM— IfflBimnaHla In coaBMlei anucn and aavn 

on lallnji. (OoDUBuaJeallin Dob h. MmnV' 
/(alW Abi 1. 
lltt W. K Joua, QU4»4[niij, ViifUla, Ualud i Mlaa l a p h i m iM In Omi 4 

(idluwddloa 
Itl4. (F Onot. VnitM)iM*»lMU, UUe^ud-nul— iKpranuHB ta 

Uia aianatotan at aikis hamb, aad Mbor rimibr aitlsla 
llM. 1. J. U. Ilrlantboa, l^n^^IapfcmraiFMa la otlaactnc and i 

Vinnialn. taiibmiv*, tod «Uui <aiie)c antiMtnat 
Ilvn II. N'. KitaiD, llail Itim 1iii|«iiiiiil maUud ol n*Ui« Inifv 

wtMr-oaito upM pwir 
UNO. L, A.B«li*.enck«nM— tapnnnouM InlMmaBBbcaraail apilMMItoil 

(Mlaln nuiUJltc tUvj't 
IMI. IC. H. CbiBctInn Annifwaal, ooaDlr Uirk— Inpnnad nutiB to iBAtBOiM OW 

pmjdEtnj (< hiiAiai«a i Cmmiukulou (nai Uaat.-C<>l. J. )!. tt— Im BMMi^ 

uai Sbnlnal, Oaiwda Btri! 

rJnM Alf «. 
ItM. A. Dobus. Bdlat—tinprvnuiniu In miiblury s apfafaMi (a W •*< b 

biaaobuijb vatblng. attftibtTiji. aLring, aad ftnlabu^ bibrlo^ tftd la tt^a^fana 
UM. J. B. Svtnii. UloiBiv— Impnml DtrtHDnr Uid t>ita«aKM In <fnldi( 

■guuu tiid Mhtr batil muanm, and to anulcaiuUnj 
llw, J J V, d»aaf»lJlfc Swnaaifcaca laipfurannm tt (ba i— i*nww <tf ^ 

elKlb anrt ImlUtko lalbtt. iCuninaniattMi (lo* r. Abtla, hot. 
mo, B. A. Bmimu, llat^ttniM— tutinnoBsiC In (inpclUnf ildp^ baMi, lad ■!« 

*AiaBL« iCmnmilDicalip&l 
Itll. W. UtDn, aij of LdkIod llai Wmto-Lsprand arrMipnunl i< Ann brtB 

laijaB o«k*. and nifliCHIu tNiafasvt oonafftd tliaiwUb 
IpTTY L«>u ud gTl^iUi. Bfnniflcban, and B. U. KAMk DufeAr, MrtwiO 

•kUv— lJDim>*ninib la tbo taiaruiBO and ai B aaloB ofoopiiat tola to am 

MMd Ally ID. 
Itlt. Z. Btdvawt. BnnltT— tmrconmoaU la |ii(ki* bandi to lonaa 
11>U.T. Viaan, Hs.,T. r[ain.inn..T. AtbmiPiL aad J . Walib. Um ym l» »■»■ 

aonta In lb tsaoalfceMt of bnwl. blMalia, and Kba uUda^ aad la Uh iwrMwty 

Tu tfinffnd lliiii*allb 
lOU. D. HiMBbibop AndUtad— laipninduiUiiidBl pmniMic «■* ualn ftnat m> 

nUf Into aiuubvi uo mBwafi 
m. II. A. BronaB. Rail •UM— [imnii'Ui gf aad apparwaiu to Manriaf ■ 

aimitint sU *sd kiiitu tnni ■«il< uiil aaaUa bUto, *M to BWKUai («M Md 

pQjoiu* loMicrfi^Ai iiU. i(^ju>QjvDlaKL4i^) 
lOM- W. S. NfiTlai, ChtDnnir liuf— IiuiiruttaisiiU IB tin eattmnltii rf I 

•sd niim 11 illiH {CVoaignlaiiUan Awn L [. MeillniB ud C. r\ ■laiiT. l^ili( 
IIKt. Vr. Enlih. UiUi WoolMiiD*, Mac rniiir Xuwfsnl. lIuckiiifhaoiAm— lay 

nuolt Ik lUui-ciiriDct to clTlDJi nMiiia Ui k,:ii™lluiu iaiidHunU 
im, O. li^WB aad T, HacrlKio. TodbiK Inn Wvrfci, amr tttrj HUt, 

iMpfvanMM la ■Min.MltDn 
UM. J. Chtnto lad D. Aauui. Bow— Impfinnutnli Ut CmaOM < 

annanl 

iuul JUr II- 
1191. W. 1, T. Saab, ud r. Tilbol. Ulnaluibtm^Impnnaorat o lapn 

bolr-plnt 
lOM, / liMtt, J. J. Mt and B Daf, Blmiagbain— Iiui>KmtMBAi l> 

tlckl mfflnt. at ^Ht in ib* madt «t omrliiii. BnliMui. aad wnifntiit 

l»M. 1'. A.l*CiiDtodaninlatMao>«ui,toUb.«i«*l.ru>M*p-tdi|nn>d itoa i 

boM Knqv or <liu«r. vVnunRttuMoM 
in;. B.O>eiMaiid C. fUppikSoulb^lnfi. nubmr— Inpnraasl la Ito i 

lion <d lallaaj hribi 

AuBl Ma 11. 
IMO. U. Ui^IUt and II. r OnnUk Kwa^intl. SUud— (aiprn*a«Ua In i 

Lit trvdo^ ibc paiuit iif nDwajr orllebat 
im; J I. llinlA and J. M. EMf, Btortn|ftM> tapwwto la Mb tad I 

and la tiunbiDg luk and Uteb kncto u tidiidla 
ISM. F. B. Sinlili. >'c> Vork. Cnlud SUi-«— InpnTMnola la fc» w iu i a»l od- 

naaM 
UW. W. K, Kvrign.L'baoMi^-laBA-IiBprmdniacUBayto nannm t M nf* ■ 

onrdUB Into tor. lOtmanuucaU-ia frmn UiAllaxaad CUi, HoatMi} 
UM, «. X. Hainan. Ctontonr luB-lmpnAad aattnolos a( parintic nBaf to 

■Mas <ra«lM MmlMi da aaauBm madt at land. fpimaaiilaMVa) 

VUdMt II. 
lOM, a. Xn, WaidSBfaHaH— lapnnniiiia iu clufl^nibDC ■•cUwa 
IKl W. wjall. Bury Kl KdnuDi(»'lm(iroTfijTjnQlt ib Ihir-mAkl^itf laaA 
IMI. B- HHjIilrilinltf. W. Sbulllriurili. and W. ra^i>r, llidau~ln. 
In prrtBilB(]ani>to,aBdla ntcUnaiT <■• ap|«niui HBidofnt la pntttot )nna toi 
aipata a« Mua i4ailUr laliciai 
IMI. J. Wibatr. mreiliiiibao)— LBBraraaanU la <ato; nina 
IM4, W.9. Ctok. I[l(b BalbBn-uitntMD«etlu DiacliliM«tohar*MlMf pala wJ 

IcnBU»ioUU>aab«a A. N. 



nit* ent/t, mud is itia aatonUls daUrarj Utnul. 



IM?. J. Klntdi. Dalfirrd diam-IMitalalns or applTin^ • iirUoaij nwaiMi 
tiBiBflj. Ibo aaWruTaiinr. nklnh if a neaBm in a« frf inwing Mnlf . 
niaj bttnurnnd br lotHa la oibcr magbiBat. fmatUc aMit aad laa ta b( 

Imo mlUBs Uliiolie enulDg Uit tiMa (BglBV U b* wpantdad, «ik<rb«tif « 
IbtB ooalt 
IHd. U. UalUi aad J. H. Slmllb, Purelmttt-igMara— hBi«o iiinM la itrai^ 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AXD AttCUITECT'S JOURNAL. 



311 



m4 onto <n5BS iTito bMl 



tt«. T. liMm, AEtoi HUK Uw)Mb. Xonbuiib«lHul~Ia|irattiDFiil In WmI«. 
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na.ir'm.Q, 



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lCmui 



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isokMliB (Ns U. Upon! I 






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li BUlilain u ftMiualM 



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Wi. J. M, Ovnle null. eilabn|h-tiinin>nB<al* ■> ipptmnat lo tniU* fw- 

•nw to DH«na h •■uiuiJBi 
IBia. V A.aabfiLfmh-«tl«t,nMbli7— lanRmiHIto I* ttfUiMamlat bMf 

sMtw" r-i itif muubfun <rf aaJtaa ud nl|^ llcbu. iDiawiiiilnUDii! 
UTS 'I I>Ta>. itoMt lift, nMlwiy— ta priiTWMato la (■'***>''f iKmoUm ><i 

boilm 
Un. 0' 9- Uuihrwi, Wwdiwi II ■« liBptgnmitnU ID r»jl»»rtiwih 

im. C F. Vi^HW. BtoH^mM— Ab •ukMu Ik ■wriH ■>' M(Mwlag Iha 

flm of tlqiiU- ConnnalaUo* Inn r, f. IMiwiiU. IMH) 
l>n. J.Ann, K'«'Mrad.«iwd-jBr-»'"i"«>- 'o itautcBflDK (OnnBDVllCk- 

MafnwT U*.liill, nuAUn, Li^fii-i : ' " >.u*gf AnttlaU 

IMt. J. lUB^l. WiMliaud'fiwl. IUmLi, 'I«U, OnBiJDB-fwk, LmtU' 

kMB.uiW PiHi. ■■bpuBjria'unij !-l' . _ .uu I* ibi oKMniitua, iMIUft- 

Mm. H.I ■■■ il mubUiirj Ibi pnfaUu^ luu^ ililitf. «r raada of nv tUto or 

•trMUMur,.\ 
tML W. I^^«1I. BbaUCbuB— lmpnn«DiUi lg oHidc »U)) 
l*a. T. F, UnSus HlmlBilMii — Inni wtuniiBli Is dHUluf tutolt 
IMt. /• B. JttoMti Uaailn^^U'BiiUU— tBipi0>«iuiiu in (latt'bitlm. ICoosuibI- 



ttak. T, CtiuiH uil J. MtrkicMih. Abtri«n--Iuirx>nDmto l> duUbut tv in*- 

nam In buti^bv ^ iip|rl|1a( ntmkk vUk flBtib 
UM. A. C|i«aiil, Uduuu (viw, ''"if™ — Iii|icot>biioI It Hm aMinUfWW «( 

tM*. A^ niiimiii. BmuW. Ymkilik*— iBfratMuato In tba wuiirnctlia url tliUf 

(T vUnliA bhIm 
urn r, BatwmiiJ J. D«lu. Wiiia««l«T— tommpmu iBobMohii Wfamnti ftma 

tji lull. aHl le iti° sgiiilluiiuD tf ■ |i)(ncM to piliitlii( r*ir*-^*S''r 

/XM lulu II. 

UM. A l>. I'?. Kn'Tliu. ValDUrr. ii»t U'. c. tlmnfrilam, AJiIpbl-Umc*— 

iMmiininti In nviiiucfy flar pknjjhinc And oiJuiuiiif laod Irj Mflua or oUur 

MMIf •oUnnonr 
1MB, i. IvUb. HiDUlD Unk, Dcouhbts^ Iraliaa— [m ni t ■ tmm l m b Bubnur; gi 

•iipvau* hr ^n^Unc or (OIUtwUbk I*iM 
nM W mt,8i.MuUn»l*-tTui>t— AnmjdMBofapflfUvtbDilrlnBlbiWtain 

Md dlxt iiHU* to iht iHi>, ,X)«aaii)naaaj 
IMt II. J, WunhrlfM wvl C T. Hndterr, DuUnaitd. Ctwhlw-taptnwu M to to 

■Ipiniii Fur lUiaislibiag Ui* laiiisBl af mMa tp Ik* ai* rt opi fW UKoUkoivInt 

ifC W . K \<««.rhui«n1u*-'Ui[«ond«kAla*ir lbr««Ua|B*Ul>or uuur 

hiu4 uliMuiH tUuBBuaaUiaiu 
OM, W. K. KrvuB, CTa— it Im»» lafowJ aaiulneUao s< oaUned (MU-boilM 

••IndUwititnMitiimwMMUaaibdillniL .t i nBMaaM u inaj 

IhM J«tf ». 
1*M. B. B«*o. BHAban — Inrmri md* *r *«|Ml« Ih* rita-t«a b Uoai 



ML W. 0, *niiin«i&X<inMlMi|BD-TTu-[mtnnDiagU to Iha moAl «r (d|i» 

Bm •nlauM fiir Bn ^ Dt|li1 ordv 
KJA J- RtJI, UnLMCot— IniifomiuaU In Iht mMa of pwrrotta it toiiiawlwi bi 

m^ A V. <l**iM). Clliuc*rr-1ui>'ImpRfH.I aavMiuvj bt (rtiulliif (b1 palkklag 

•>iliu,ib», *si] i«h*r luMlal*. OfmiaiiDUUIuoi 
WIT. J. Kilt*. BMUM*, Ouia-lBpr>'«eH(>la In iMj uid uUb rOi* 
1011. M. tknqhim. lABMIi-~laittiiiwii«iit* la Ik* swnlMan at Huthnenn Into 

hudoUiBf |ilpe« 
Sfllft, U, i/tcK^j, ICvtnr?. noil E. Jtnc, Hmbm— liD|iramta«jU In *pp*n£aa lo k* 

lUHl lu milifut Mid •niniiuj tiaiwiluild butt wid iMinr uuiit* hbiks 

cui>i Jul! n. 

tAin, J- KliUi C*Einan-4lr*ci— iDprovoBAU ui tk* prtpBnuloii ot psM ud p*** vote 

IT clitrcntC and m n«ibtu«T c >p|aniai to- ttiu pniTMt. tCMBannlcaliuij 
lOIl, U. CUrk. M. lUiT CM;. Koi, ud a Buma. ldlnlHir|lb-I»pcunBmki to 

muli^«*rr w (ppantu Ibr lulUu wwr 
ml. W. llnMt ud W. FbUliia, Unaufliun— iBianmiMaU In the manufaMon «f 

nuttlUc MS* Mid •fB-bnldon 
yiU It. Biidiiia. Buralaj, Md C CMbw, quttt*. UmaAli*— I«vn>H>*q1* to 

liwa» tm BaaTlnji 
JOK K. U'tlioi, Wiw tof lapwl tuOpd i< nowMliW ^Kike 
*)i:, u.|l<nl«,HdlCu— IggpmwDBaMlB Uc Buidkrion oTidibw ifiliwlit. 

ud Ik* ■psUauluB ol lb* i*ai* •* inuubitand u djiatti, pmB^ P*pw tokli^ 

■Bd (iMk lu* nnrniaa, 

/;.iM j.^ 11. 

fm. t. VacdbkD, Ftcnllllr— lamnnwiuli la tniitols prai 
WIBl J, Ikfn**^ WtM, ImTiilm Inri — tttH In iltaai^iKtM* 

KHi. ]. lltuMU. llBli**~lBifninii«to fai lHirU«4**li bt wtUfc akalK lad Uk* 

purwo* 
:uU J. 0. iVdliu. tiTarpool— IiBprDnoHat*ui«4B(*ad(i»ltottf«klp'ndiUa 

iiiMili" tollt. viit III On tuDtlMlan <r lA* atM* 
soil, J. aADMnuu. INirtl(iid,«n*l. INmlaud-plao*— topiOTODnto Id UHsrafln*- 

Ibm of ■iJ|Min ■>«'*ti«"— i^CimiiiiiDti*itimj 
SOU. T. OMaBUB ud T. L, naoilL OnW lliuarQniem, Dtoomli ui r — Im pn i i iw i 

to uDilAl BluaANla moom 

lUNd /-i» «. 
inw J. (1(d«^ W*]|lii|iiiii-«tiM» w u o, Alnnd— inpTBivBnw In dmMiaf muhnn. 

'(VmauttutUn mm a. OulU^ hunaiaiu^ FripoM 
Ktl. W. WnuiB^ Ddib PmliRikBiIiln— iBipofal cnTli^ M^ la Ih* nMUIkf (f 

•MP* 
nil. «r. B. nriUlBiiMD. Bmdtel. Tuit>liifr-lnipru>t'Di«ii* to IDOU (Mplvat fer 

WBtvtutottJIit teMia and Umiu oiMft^la 
KM. J. W. rrlaod. FmniuUg. SautbwipMB 

Man tf ««wr ud otlur iliinid* 
IDH. K, A. Bnunw, FlR( •tmi — lopniTaUkCi b auMtvpont (B^aM. (Cka- 

■DBisUsa Dnm F. lod L Lmcheiir. PhH 
SA4I. V. atlDtord. Fwt*— Imnnr^ tinnk *k nU-nj nd Mhrr cwitifH 
WU. J. Blibiltl*. UliianM-IairKiiiiiiain in iblpi* tculUn 
IDU. Il UdMidiiHi. VsnUliiT.iitacSIimitrldca— lupnKimtel totkDmuDlbimreVf 

juttdaa la ^v^ k 44 lu praJov* pacvJiar *rbaiB*iiul *IT«d* 
WM O T. Dwifiirlil. LmiitMiinwib-par^ IrUtaa— Iai|i*«micaM to ap|«nMa tm 

nunUsjE tai iiaiiiilu c*iTl*(c* m laHvija. sO«mtniMW<n1 
IHT. i- a. DrnurU. fnrminiluni— ImpnTaDoato tn (ntlBM la b* Borlwl ly iim 

«piivUr iiHHtiii vr (i^uik or bj balk to amblDatkn. *£id *J** to M«*ai fiiMratai** 

ta b* w> llitniliti 
SNA P. DMinn, Xt* Tort, ud O, W. UiUnp, n>laK>ld, VaiM, Snr ]i*«ff, 

Uallid SUM «t AEOtiUa— tBfduiBl BMBii Ikr (vDtog k«t^ ud «b*il lp« 

low. J. Rlcftai. "-—'■—«—— f-p— 1 B«kM st dcTlBt (BnasUi* sr Mbn tooM 

nb*iuD** 
Smib W. B. CUik, lUfk BtJbpm— l M pio wBi *Bto in lalonaUc liadlu pilBUna 
Bloalto* fna a. W. Woud tod H. A. BUh I alM 9UW oTAiaiiltoT 



-iBpcsnd Bidir tg wghlMtoi ik< 



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X. Itailao. OanrnU-nad. lAiuivLb^lmprDYfoivQU in lb* oouamcaiou «f bn£- 
ilii*d* and alnlUr anulia to ivlino ii ui .« 
tMt. 0, B- Binllb, Tbiuaa* Bank I>MiIkn — li>n>"i"<tiiiai la npfiljiu Ncwn W 
araur lo biai ikn laiiis ud tu pnmitlug sbAi la '— fc"'— "^ eaD*f prlialai U 



lau. W. Hint. Baih-InpnmmfiiutaiBiuiibcuriucUtodUiki 

am. O.T. Bnwdtld, Laiifbb>mi|b<p*(t. BrUUii— Impnvaaato In apficatoB )w 

Tor RCUoiw* ud Mk*t WUdi* •( 



IM. O.T. Bnwdtld, Laii^tomi(b<p*(t. BrUUii 
iwlliii Hill to altaa-boibn, LVgnuBDimun' 
■A rBnUMM, Pwte-'ImlmaDUBI* to ipr1i«> t 



■Hd to ika HUUlKlai* irf «liab b; ■toara lom* 
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to m«iwto«l*cuk aad 4aMoai^»- 



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ftVB dWbUWlHIl br («UBHIU dlHMa 

MtT. It. IVaeUc, BiWiil— larniniiiMIBlQUwuMKbiliiRtf niphvtoacid 
tPlb. a. W. etetoc. MDfr^toaal, IlUa.*^— laiprarad mad* it pivpMilBa (ton 

UbaK adT*nliln< laUau, ud araioaaul daiina gpnn gutt 
WiV. J linnM uif A II. Dcabt IM*— lirifiaivd i*drt7 padlotft 
ludt. 1'. TUl and W. awiUur, ni—i-f— -- t-p— .-».■. ^ penaltog adIMBB 

uaj»aw»ja_ 
9U41. J, air, t"— '■a'"".— ft-|— — ■— "- to MOdlaa 
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What TMlIt 

Dalit Jtif t», 
lUtl. C. W. Kfrn-W^ Jobn^lraae. AdtlcAt— Itupnirfmniu It nftlftmiac tut ff- 

ilodnc lo*> Wid toappanmiornMUuanfui ibat iiutu* 
IMl. J. B«Rinnl*u<l U, Daniriiili^ MlbaB, UuuaMrv- InpnnnaaaM to<*HI- 

IDGiva. KoVoB. UucbaaMi— baiiroTatniiDia la ibc ifaaiiutnl uf wiltlB— intofc 
II) ^OK nluntu, ladlai^ a paiMb, ud Ibt appUailia a( a«k aaraaad la n* 
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tba ibuBlDB g( WBia m w I* tmbml 
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soot, W. R. Jaut, kuvlofban— iBimnnanH to Um awaatooMn if Ma fUut. 
HUh a* hoUor plua*. pliia* (Dr ahlii «ii1I>tliic, ud ortw dnllir pwfaaav aad m» 
lb oiiKhTixij f^r Hid nwiufkrtDr% , . '1 

M4». w 'J. riiii.ixi. ]JnUla~lir.', m Ui> anUaMUa of b*w BaliiMi t* 

. . ^ . (btnuDiifu'tunaf laBtr pnlpuiM tl*l*tol». Iililm, >». 

ito lunntuVan "t flail IMilH ahiI Jan. ud In lb* appantua «mii<.yvil ibFtTViib WTO. 0, H. CtitUn aud H. R. tMUm. ^•A Hi, FaKna^aad— iBiapaveaaM* to tot 

- ~ -I - - - Biuott(jniiiig(<*lIdt«if.iBi.ud omaUlctodaiaad. 

mi J, B<rMUI,X«nB*U(-gp<jaTfB»~IOipra**uafitotoltBiHmdMwnid(Uui4* 
at nu*, at Uucbbii puvUat 



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Itr BirJmi^ 
in*. U. i^ntik, Po«ttiBa« *r «tMW ' lapWTBd ■rloaltinl InplninW ta pmniUlac 

•ad claabUi^ laod 
■M* R, A Bhmbh. FlaH Wiaw IiiwwiibmbI* In th* nuobceun at pip** and 

Hbaa LUiiiiiDiiui«i^<uii 
MM. T KW'll. S" KiM-nad— Inpoiramaw In bnatb loadlnc Hffwhu, aid to 

ItMiBtof lb' iHtnli oi nrvtnia la luit iwAi 
tun. W. 1. HavUiB.ChaimfTlwM— IiD|mn«daiaCkla«T Ibtfaidliif llDUrabdailitIm 

**41»a^dlMdinftiftir>baDiikto(af totadiadbluallk ^OMONniBMIlaW 
KM. K. *. Xftiw. tlmtWT Im'^Iiapwaaiattto to iiilacud awnkn Biaaliliia*. 



B. J . Ht&oti, Bai^ft-dtnai. WwimlBiWUnaJ — lBipn>mri'iiU la lb* eat- 
_mMIb (t Bn^dtnaad to •naacnuM* ot wclaea (m vuiklnit Umaaua (uf pra- 
aaMMid ik^*i»iaii l i 
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*(Bll*HlltetoDd 

WM.T OMnn. TalbMb, Daolk Wabv-lapraaBUl* to OB JMdiHka ot wppv 

nSHt kr oiloitof siltm aod ntliai bbnra 
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■M. arralatodlnoi 

fbiod Al# n. 
Ml, J. C, Anian and O. Oiwohixr. Finrlindini. luar Piinudlacl— liapnnmuniH to 

lltf Manafth^or* "F aliHt IMIIh .and Jan. aodla lb* apparalu* oimiK>t«d IbrtTVllb 
MCK O ruMea. Miftock, !lDCDan<ii)il»— iDimninaaW to ibmbuif oiacbutn 



IBOBD H ounblnid ibroblnf nudilrM 
IN». r, ITwuM. Jnto'CRiiani. CMpplspUi— Inpninnniintito tan aad olkir MAi. 

BbI lUjtCa 

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Bf lalto in ■l"'rr 
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«v*-aap*. or (Imi imuI. iCounDHSkBliMi] 
J, HiAt. VkUB— lopivTcd BacbuiaiT tut pnpalUui naMl* 



■ »i**» 

^MU. J.M 



■VTl W. fl, Oluk. Hlfb IIiilbuD— IiupniTfnwnto la fcrfa /« Wldlnf nBlaadii aad 
artldaa et a ahaltor Mloft. -.OaBumihn tas M'. Onu tuifw. imaw«*a. 
OalWdttalaitfAiiiartM _ 

ton. J. Pwnll, Moaatatiwa, WbhaChBfBl-Nttl— lBp«r«ii(UM in -"r^lt; w «» 
eiuUg Miuna u arlldc* of clMblic 



SIS 



THE CIVIL ENGINEKR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



ifLitiirj et kpiuniiM for pn^pjuln 



Wt*. 8. Cvtfm, RbclBiM— InpfVNnuau In inpvini MlMiom te nulsc vlUi 

WO. ff. MtKInk; wd B. VtUnr. r*W>T-lB|n(awi>t Id Un NMnlKkOn of 

■oatdt tv (iKBIni Uw lola i4 k«Mi au^ iAhi 
WT*. T, tnar, BAobwsli— Ia|B'''*°>'°'* '' roterj lud ndivMaUdf raflw 
wn. J. Fwii M i lUnalufTua — Lnprvnownia la bcdiu, walaa, (iMiilBf, aod 

tHK, a. IkutnltUn ual O. (Mienm. QiMlabidH <nmt»— laawi'M t iiiJ in Ui* 
viftDfiBBai or bU[fidUvii irf Mcmneopu affm«iaih am la bonH dt cm * hr ouu- 
Ulnlii Ibi (Una 

t»;» .1 ■. ' ■,'- * r- ":-,-- ' .'•iDiuriiitatiaiH 

lam. I "'M^;d. niw UijItviII, niiUUrv— 

lay 
WL ' 

IStt !i "< Id ■rdf-KtlDg oialw (or <pliml»i. 

nklU.'«<i..nN,.u 

nu, T. ror^Ui. llMtamw— lap mumn tt lu ud upttlcahla lo ■Uili n>rm hir 

■UHlvl^vWB, I I^HMIMIllOMlAn I 

MU. A. UWr <k'i>ltl nil A. BaiUuil. fMlr-lBicwnd tmmeum tor ud atoia «( 
mattiinfctiiruc «iilubuiv< tf fm^irta. uMnad cbmutJ, Jiod Qkrbruita mU 

MM. T. lU(U(u4. IIia<% Oiaituni-^liiiivinaiBgaiwIntDmlsiinu tu nailtii 

MfT. n. OmlHn. I>tiKt, IU(Mi>-IiD|*iFinl affiuaUt tar tUtBOf tat ^Urpoilai 
tBlra^ ■■>■ ctoBiuE iinau •> J luti 

!«•( W, buuOuii, iMbinMHTics, Ij'iipw Muat-ilml, OtlMa— InproTawtiU In 
HUlUtlC »p]aiMu> 

l(i» A. bunui, !«MMiuta«nwi. I><f br — IntuDtrd anttntUat vl InrntUn «• 

M*. J. nnh b" Ofrnxnih— tmimwl rmmnaim of rnUfjr •n|«D^ afpUalils 
IVir fwnipirn ■■< BiwjTlrlK ff-ufr, or ti<TMt* itfntoAw of luilva [h«W 

flfcl Jll(HI< I. 

MM. W.J, nurtfc Ontimlgh— tinp»iMn*tUlniUeiiu>ii<iiAiufioriliiili(kii>liiUwr 



. OcbMixd— Invmnmciitt lu lupkDHaw Ibr idi-uihloc. I».ln^ 
I (oclv** unl flv IM (lantdi Id tnsJk 



MM. V. An^ Puii— bBpcvrBKu-iib Ui tbi uxl« <i( hrulns ilis lalM'uc nurui^ «f 
' Utdl^ V*"*) 1>l"'*'<t trthvaptuc til—, or otbu •uillu bu4w nudt iw •/ tir 

B.OMau>.Cb 
I Mi^iln luil, mJ Ib ^tieiaanl i 



O. K. Ama, ttialntnat. 
MM. J TaUn utl U lUdcknuuu. W. 



Btotamldiak 



.. DcrlifiUn— iDpniTMDartt IB nil- 



tPM. IT Mil. niiii»iin lull H'mti Till II iilii imilnrllni nflu] niiilm 

liu, ui« mlilM 

, T, HUfcvti, *.*Mt fvttialrj, RnifclnflliaBiUn— tninniiMuU In Innilaaau (ar 

"ti'iniit Uo,i 

IS tliiilliiillilil tiiiiiiii^iui h Wiani m,>ii« 

,1 .,r, Jiiuul iinuE. (iJilcB njgaia— IiDprancDBiila la onuBiaDWl uul 



a. A. li 
n. a s. I 



I iincl— [iplminOMala laamilir«wui|iu(liliiai. ,Vva- 

. < > Nnia, Qilbrd-iibagl — tBIpiVHd cap ur Otx ftir llic 
llMssf (•' »«1 ».i>'> llfbta 
tin. J. ant, ■!>>■'•>"■<■ IVkbuo— lupinraiMau Id doon br CWniMai and IM- 

'^^ /..'I ....!. 

UM. H. CktlHAMd J !«■. Lin' < .- ikrcdii or iilnci gf Uwa. awn. 

■aoCfa^nlt. vtay oclMilinh i - < '>■ iluui it ■•*•■»> 

tlK J. EkB aid i. Lhc*. Uaodin''' I-.i.>vr*mU In •olfMlbi MnflM IM 

l«w 

3IM. U Dwiu; Jaik, gjohii f i. lOubui— *■ tB|nnd iiifHalM (w Mttl^ 

III* R l'tirlihn4IC *"*'"t. ""h"-- ■-■■'— »■'■-— t..p-..~i-i. i- .^^i-t^ 
'. '..i.tHhwtMi'tnn 

i.'W4e>frlHI»ii of muf** 
\ nMllnio (ii nnii'ti. iDipatiUiiB, taA (41 In Ite 
..I I .juiffiU^ la hdtiDph^*! fl3f notftnf or a>vir- 
tMm, H fii—n Uku Aub KtBHiqdHfU 

- In BlMcM owtia^ or nUDla 
'■OMi* la avwl^ Bactoaa. IPM- 

ilidimollUnliln 
aw^ ni rt lBa add ■orklun nf 



» tad pwkiol*. (Oim- 



« I IL-ntolillJ., linrinl-l „ 
lilt. A. V. SrVMD. CbtDntj lu. 
iHuiJnIkti (kkd 31- Ln; tad r. i < 

MilimbirTH. Cliurdi, our AtMMlAn. lAindil 



:lit. J. UlilniDd tnj A- .. . . . - J- - 

laa|mrttuir<uu III nvItrlKf |iTii^b«it or d^ (iduiii* inim ttamiM w viiaDivi Ufla 
« ftn^ w nlicd tktidn « jmna al ■uJ uut (viua 
Itlt. ■ fcNaiV Kri>~TIi> iii*kin(uf uuikHi fHiilniiHl ■«• bf vnij Idsil Aid 

•U«iiflK'>B. >« ■" «1^ " ■■v'UR'i BoviJik diBln Mil ■wti" 
Vl». 1'. Liiii, UaliunljufT— Ili>l««™lt*l>lHiU oricila 
IU>. T. Vl'lil. '■iHiiif (iliiio. KaiiUiit tovD— IiLpniKuniU ID pintaU and antinillu 

Otl^ AmtmU (. 

IIH. S. UlddliMim ud J. Ijiwoi. AoUhviA— lm|in*id diiioniMa Iw llu rilluAloi 
ofSnUkiCdltiv 
m A. DiMU, MMdaMtr— IiBiiniMWtm u niMX «hUws ud imaipa 

b. J. OraHW, UaMea Ur^deik TartiUn— Iiupnmn«u lo Ibt liMMiHit it 
. ula ■ntib Mirla tiilai " laUiaiai.* aaid Euf HdiUi oiMn, ud Id Us aadtatrj 
t f }"•'•' <'• •iimlait ■!■■ ■■*' 
BM > ' N'lKbaiaT— lui|«nsnl* ID •iruii.«tlt* 

Bti. < I .>a*ib. Uuiulm— [a|aini*a4u UI nliialiiilnc UMIn Mmr 

all 1 _.'..'<. rwhiatibiD—livranaHiW IS HMntDiUf aiud* BMaot Un 
•Uls Md •< Mb*' Mf li> iiwUli 
afr J.rwlM. IlisMml— iBrnmWBMlBUEmuiiitMiifittUtotwIlBCNeua- 
MMn alNi vwa. Khmhf • xmi ■■•■■■ (f liul k alTiMM 
Unit* Jip-H T. 
(m. H. tiwIiaUia. fmohutban-^-tmiinimimil In Ub nmututiin of maii 
U)t. '. Undii}. Kvlilltl'. Luoubm— Lui'idiiinrnuiB uaclmnr h ■iipwuiH foi 
■1^1 >i In BTUlUc (ilUidgn or nUtn viii]>la^ &■ pAUif calUD wid aHut iiu- 

INi J, R. jUvnim. WolmlnniiMai— iBifnnnni* u wMmtBmi UwlniaiiMi 
■n. A. V. XnUia, CA(U<<T'tM*-I»pn»aBicBl> In nute M ifUmli«. |C«aau- 



SUT. T. O Shiw, hmmlti-m. DUiUiaiilL— lapnraMU* M miMHt ■•' •■*•■ 

SIM. W. L IluMinrU, "-"ft- -'-rr— TmnrtT'- — — j— -n— -»■- -rtr JOb* 

mODlialWiQj 
tSU. J. iMcfbnlwd J. Wildar, BtlmiIi(IWa-b>tn>iuNSMM«MbM>dBbnM 
nu. LOa^bAf.Old SrwI-mmM— LBfnnd wui, Is lAkk h( ■!>■ lA* mb*1 

- rtlHBII4ftllriUI wiT 

3111 J. AndnUD. J. r. RiHtncth, atid J. Pwi. qinniliiil. Y«td*— liipaw 
■USUI In ■ailiTiiiaj fgr BoaUla^ <uMi>C ud «aniiis *iad tad An* 

MM. T. p. gto«. Dm1»»w»>m. a»ah<»a-Jaj'w— MM 



te aad MDuWiBf vIhiI apd gUw BBlii 
tll» J, llHtnin, KdlBlMKH, «d ' 



J. L ttHikm, pDDtt Ct*r, KM If 




■Ilk BuBiirHtaT at wrrr 
titn. J. lb>liMta,jag,. WbiUctaBpd-md— iBprotliiftkaambaMbafthHl, Md jm- 

•unDiii <ba iMBpt rf lUiflKiiit inwtK Itva ikan* u4 dsa* 
Sill. A. TrroMaia, Kltrwwt^ Bn— ■MI-iiBr un iwiti tt irt Hj lw)» 
nu A. H. Immi, 8*ldoi|hMn<anM, Adid^l— tonvnaoM to aMnM Ib 

Mterini nawb. [f irniiTinTirfBHini Imm II rrrti. 1 ffllinff. iMl T gjlrtng. jn, 

HatdMUj 
niL r. A. OaddRir. KW* Ut*««alVH. Kh KuMb-naA-laQnnd MMtid rf 

d»MlptoUiW ndanrf^swulx, lgr aaulncMM iil iiiillMiiai. iipiilB ii. iii* 

sibH n«MI> ooMarf (iMMla 

IMad 4iv-« II. 
HMl O.CI»B>w^<afi<da liUBBWmiiBM Ib ii|iiilh< *iiai (Mb atfia ml 

««uoiBli<ng fbfld 

SlU ■ ■"! f" ^-''-l ■- ■— "ly- t-ii .— ..1 ji>->^i^| 

lo^n 
nu. W. 1. On«Bd«alar, OihoMi^ ud U. Pitoa, QiOfr. OmU I 

^oinlioMt'laipivneMata Is panqv 
tl«t. w. K. »««■)■, CWuaaj^BB-lDiinnvMiiE* la pUad br Imm*. iG 

BlCMtol.' 

Oatal Jtt^tml \t. 
31H. T. ItudMidi^ lliwUu*. nwr tIiiUnii-1» llMtv— InpraraaMlt bi 

ftH •HbiucietflklUda 
Iltkl, K. WhubII, UuUmin, Ohu^lrv— laipninaiiiali Id nxfalncrf gr iptaniwi la 

dlBiiif Uun 
UM. Vf.J. CaaUla, BouUimk— iBtmoioat* la Oa |< Mail nail la nr - urnlli 

mUan 
tlH. v. A. nuk.W'MUiln(n~Iiiipnnm(«i>l>iib«««U«olMaia(aadawto«t 
afvljlac but Mi and n|nu taiki 

Oibd A»f^ ». 

tlH- W. Ptttdiia and S. awnAx BmWa t»iMr*-liepnn*iBM« h tfpvaw » 

W(itiila IA« pnaum at duldt. and to Donpiaial* lir u> nf lia cf mibb aitf 

bMaiWf |>I|H 

;i.'.>i H i-.aiiupid(t, Ottad— liarm'agoaiu la lafafMOc Bmifc talaaiiir^ la 

-> ltiaaMMBtwi|iIi9iidlurUiajNif«B 

iBia, nudaaL, iXBrKHklurr. wlftimiliin— In|iivnd anainlaiMb 
, .' 'MAUai«bnH,al*l kn^iiaEiiKadliiiiild* 
II.';' J X lt-:i>iiRii HiDit-minr. Ifflcmimlilr*— InimHnKal* Is 

^noilUi^uj.l fT<i'kiEif day «jid bntk fu%U 
Hi" (I. T IbM'Ci-ld. InBiVtionnvii imtL Hitttoa— rin|>ni>taiVDM la 

irtivuiuiLicbUitui 
llfil W. K. KiaUb.OaanrT-lMr— lBiptv*rdBiBCfaU«n'(BroU>iV' 

bkaUun 
tin. J. W. llrnHn. Lu'lctli'liai-IiiiprnHnHiiCi b Iki ewainudaa tt hra* ir M»- 

d^3• nf vtL^f^ lnrlitU, *Tft^iwBa. and oili'r mtkrlH mjulruff «a^ a^fiaad^iB 
tUI. T. IMr. t|w*l(li— lIDiwvnd bmA'tMdluii Brrva tHi |«ifiall* to k* ■■< 
Umoallh 

riHM jtuiM N. 
tint. J- rwttDaa. V[f«wM Worfc^ llwy-liB|mm»awt»laaa ciai^inat^af |w» 

•arvaod Hcuioi^iari* 
not r. K. UiiriHi. fitw— tmimTeBaita ia an«Ma J> artif fafcy AImm^ 
...L :ii -iiriH^iaiAadnniiitliKB 

-. WnM lliimi III! l»|>iiMiMH to mttUlOe fUdm &■ mmb ^ 
■ ■ I* 
. ITtiiii all J liiniiiiimiMiii 111 ITia iiiiiiliMtoii it hnti .XXiMW- 



IVMMi- 



SM. r Llpaanotai Smad'-lBPfDMBnu to ilu stda (d dllNiUac ite I 

at* tnu U]< nnf TLwn. lud ia dlKfttnUw II IBIB Ha ok 
SliJV. K llfn]'/. t/aloii. w*r .t^jtuiifliui)— lBi«fvi«b«DU la Ihc — trtfrf^ltr Id I 

dIaaiHl Lvl«oli4pi tfhr dou* ut ndvaj aDdoiJtamtilicM 

lin. w. Mmlli). Hweliaiui— LapmaBmutandtatiiaii 
till. n'. 3 Cliik. lliHb llitlliiini-InvnNmnU to ton atd to* |a< 
Mu apuIlnUa to Mopnatu lAbir nliMMn g< a ilcnUH Mian, 

mobVu i>. c loimDiiaBd a y. 

He*) 



. UuuMrtf. Xta Vnk Loltod 



SI1«. J. C. liiMia.OBBDnio*. WaMsIiutor— iBpnnauaW In « 

rUI*>;i ud o( Uw ranUcM u ha Bwd Uianmli w IbaicMi 
3i;;. J lluikl^ BUd T. V/iit)mf. Cair-kia. tm U iimmiK r«i>t>l»» ■ lipii 



to 



I. MU IUhUmb -~ laiiaanBaM 



■rtl.^iHic UMl««r DivltUQftfor iplnnlMt airi iIhMIm 
:)[■ >l. I'lMln. Lir|(. BrffiiUB— InpnncaaU to IB* MMdnntta «( 

i)ujiiir and lumlni 

Datad .laffiua ir. 
mi*. A. aiDHh, PiiniwainM. UtMwa^Ktp- toiiiti w» i to niillnif tr. > 

InUiainaUUHor maihadaafiiiakaflviiKnfaa 
3I<I B.Ttftal. ■HacKlmm.audll.AiHdala.ll'lllaa.ti 

til li^ima 
lltl. U. Iloa. l-aadndulMracU-lBpianuMUa in lAlUoo lHUB,tad la 

lor MUTjlBC otlior iWanbta -uoiiiuiIiUM 
ttu. Iff, t Kf «oa.Ch»BnrT'l«B» lapinnnmiti m Uw wha amma—iaJ a 

tad Mttn aglbM ;Cuinu>uuHaliuil 
HIT, C Hnraa, lUmli^aia— I minnwi aiita ta Oa naaobcMn <d VWni 

(>*MiJ 4iijwt If 
IIVI. (X XlfhUB^ft, Watdav^ivH, Mui-lnpninaaia In aad aprUolda H 

ihlni* Ih- uatflnc gf ndudad nv aad oUuv (abria 
aia. W. YBiut,<laa«aaMW>. O aaffi»di-lii y c im» aalite>wtdaMa« 



rATKN'n Arpi.titi> for trmi cniirum Sftancxmai- 

{Ml /. J HniniK aial v. I. J. Ttml, IVna— Inpfvaanaol* la aw** 

4ppar«llift —J*iy ti 
ml. A r. itiacDMlain. IVu— IiBio^iBKnliliiBuAUMtdrtalMacvHtiiMMM 

«>1litdOf>«.--Aa|tni4 Kl 
em. II U«>I|A. Kc* Vgrh, Uilud KtMa-lflilffaniBuiU to Ift* ^MiatMii tf 

fnpnadti.— Aiifoii It 




THE CIVn, ENGINEER ANH ABCITITECT'S JOURNAL 



Sit 



ER KsntBirrox OV AIIT-THEASUBE3 
OF THE LNiTKl) KINGDOM. 

tiWUi, on Sn^mviHs, Plate XXV.) 
K for Ui« wt-ireuoKi M UMcbtMcr (of wOA fro 
|itel«^ embradng a priadtMl «la«»tu>n, ■ amiiul 
Uidbal and tniurMM vocUcku, tho ftnt or whicili 
rar prMmt Jovrnai] wu designed uiil «zooat«cland«r 
itendenoe uT Mr. WlUutm Dredj|«v O.a, for Umov, 
{ «nil (X, the eoatntebNf. Mr. EilHord 8doiiiftiia 
Wt to the eofamitlMk bjr whom tli* bf*(l« ud w«lii> 
MMtod dttKlte wen detigHKL no ipodfloUiMi wUl 
'nMXtmoDth. 



RATIOS FOR TUB ADVANCEMENT 
OP SfiENCE. 
AniUMl Mtrtinf, ktU itt DiMr, ltUS7. 

omcms. 
TtntmET I.u.tn. D.D,, D.C.I-., P.B.H). L. t S., 

Krllnw M Trinity CnUcfc, iJuIitln. 
-■ni* Ltmi Mayer of DuUln; tht Pn>*o*t of IVialtr 
iHunia of Klliluw: Lord TWbol da Afklnhidc; Lord Chiuf 
r Wllliwn It. BamllUm, LL.D.; LieuL-Col. l^raim. K.U.: 
imtb. LL.D.. F.U.S. 

*H»— MnjoMJoueral Bclmird lUiioo, E.A., T.P.RA;— 
ff^MraJ Acrrforj-Jnhii PliiUip., M Jl., F.R.a, Rtwlcr in 
t tb« Univrnit; of Oifnnl:— (lewruJ fVwwirrr J . Tajrlar. 
>r Of .VMfHff ••• OaUi'i^ L. K. Fiwl. R«v. Ficf . J«ll^ 
B Buioock;— TVmMncr /or lAr Mettivfj in DMtit-^. H. 



I 



I ODnunlUM b«U Its tint meeting in tlio Bowd- 
FdhUui Society, c4i WodixMilny, «6tli AugnK, tar ih* 
imtioaal offloerH, nnd thn diujmtcli uf binulcn ntualtjr 
bn cbBtbodjr. Tlie depaty-tiTaaamr retul tho »Ut*- 
louiiti, ftvio wbloli il iifncnrwi that the noeipta from 
^DgOM 16AG to tlie evtfi Aufluit 1667, Kmimiited to 
t, and llie payniMits lo 1036^ a*. 4d Hie aMiiuaM 
property w m (bllowR : 

iDhMttd ,.. .. £128 17 10 

teener Cent. CoRKd* at l*l(. nlas .. 45G0 D 
t OoeiM la fauid— lit., rvporu, oata- 

Kke., at tba law«M price ... 9100 
£9778 i; 10 
imltm met a{[*in od M«n>Uy, tlie 31tt. at 
etcnDiD* the plACP of ineetiog for thn next vuar, Mr. 
t«d tlMt iDvttationn hud beva raoeirod from SfniicliM- 
Svmaatkv Wateribrt. luid OxfwJ. Ii hnving been 
t^ the Aaecidatiou ileoided to hold tlie next aaniMl 
I^tda, PrcdbewM- Owen boioa elect«l Preeldent, nad 
— Dck*. Mr. & Ward, uid Mr. T. Wflwn. tlie load 
lie mevtuiff tor IBM wiU, Il |a undentood, be bcJd 
'ith the Pnnm CDniort tm Prealdeot. 
[DubltB Siitrivtv f^vo % jjni.aA ISta to the anenibani of 
in Uicir kolaalr UardcDi, Glnanevla, and the 
icuiiT held a eonvcrucioDe at their hoiue, when 
thmwn opeo, tngntber with the mnaeani aud 
of roertins, n-cenily arveted from denigtie by 
endon. The dadai6catioD of tbo aoDtoDta of tlie 
nuulo with sD much aecnnicy, ipecUIIv for 
the Awiciatios to Dnblin, alKirdad (witli the aid of 
tite mtMtogue oompilod nnder the diroRtiim of Dr. 
vWlof«eTe«Tpow'WofiiriliW«idli)fofTOotion Iii the 
a of the T«r(ed eoUectioD. tlie hall of mcetitig wm 
[tb much jud^iient and tuctc, and far the enlertaiu- 
B QoiDpaDy, ■trr«nacope«, uiiorotcDpei, 4c, and admir- 
eiM of phot«Kraphy, orduiuiue map*, printing, ongniv- 
I kitielee of wrtu, aneirnt gold oraanieota, Ac, wem 
doBg Ih* tahlf«. on whiuh wore alao i^Aoed iipli>iid)<l 
wra. A gTMni doAl of aiieotion waa givea to a num. 
tntwia^* hEinji alnoe the library ahelres illustrative of 
towen aud other buildings iu every stum of pn«r- 
raay, and to each drawing wa« uppnidod tlw pr«ciiu.' 
■MMrtalBed by actual mcMiiniiaool, or by oaiiipiila- 
bwrvatione with the box seitont and artifioial horl- 
d. aa.— OCTOBU, iiCu. 




zoo, with particnlara of the arditteotnml fnatnrea of th* towoni, 
n» wed aa of the eedMianJaal buildiuga foaoil in oonjuaetion willi 

Th« lofd-Ueoleinant and the lord au^ror «aob entAtlalneil «', 
large party at dianar. Excurnona w«r« made to tho lalea of 
Arrsn aud to hnMMtowti. 'Ilia ereuiag betntva were well 
aitondedi Profe«ar Witliam TliouuoB giviiw a diaoourve on the 
AtkntM telograph, and Dr. Ltviuatone an iDterealiiig one on lua 
dinoTvrioa in wutfaem AlHea. Altogether the neeung baa bean 
of a mort nlinfaotory and brilliant character. The pnpen read 
have been moat iotertstiiiK, tuiil ta number Ur •sooea our limiU; • 
w* shall however oouUnao our rqiorl. next raonlh. 

The first genetnl meeting vnu li^ld in the Ri-iiunda, on Auguit 
96th, at 6 p.di- wfaon Dr. C. U. B. Duubmy, PmiiilMit for the 

Cyear, r«*lgii«d hla chair, aud the lUtv. Ilnupbrey Lluvd, 
., ddirered the tbUow^ng aJdrraa aa Pnsident elect. 

TtlS PlUBUIIOrt's AbllHKM. 

Gcalluiiiea of the British Aeeodatiou,— Before 1 prooeed to tb«' 
taak which dei-oiv«a upon nie this oTeuing, in rirtao of the p««U i 
UoB in wliieh tout kinduua hn> intend nui, aiifTer me Bnit to 
thank you fot Ui« high honour you have confcmid. But bighlr 
an I cat«em the distlnctMU, it wan not wjlhnut henitation thall 
aooepted it; for no one can fi>el mom atroiiffly thitii I do innolf 
bow uuSt I am lor aorao of ttia datiea oonBoobed with it, or how 
much mure adoiuattilythny might iMviebeaR perfonned hyothee^. 
Bat I knew at the aame time Uiat it haa been the deaire oiT your. J 
uooncal, when praoUuable, tu eeleot your Preaident &om ainong,^ 
thoae local members who had served iu the tanks of the Aasocla- 
tion, and hod ■bared in it* hhoan : and witli such knowlodge, 
and die Oouecioua&Me that I had at least that humble claini, L 
bit tliat 1 hail eu right to dieputo your chtiiec I do not know 
whether 1 may veuliire to interpret further your mutiveit, and 
to aaiign aoouier roason fur your seleoliou. Two and twenQr 
yeKra leave elapsed einoe you visited Ibi* city. Upon that occa- 
alon mv oeareet relative pneided, and 1 myself had the honour 
of serrlng as one of your local wcretarie*. Many ooncurring cir> 
cntoelaocee Doniribiited lo make that nieetiu^ an agreeable ouei 
and if yoar eouQoI) haa thought fit on this ocuulun U> aaeoclsta 
the preaont with the nwmoriee of Iha past, tli» motive ie at least ' 
a pardonable odol nentlemoD, thia ia to me a aolemo ocokMon. 
Two and twenty yeara an ua ina>nsiderab1e portion even of tha 
longMt Ufei aad that man's moral nature u not to be envied, 
who can ooDlomulata the distant pMt thus vividly n-uallud with- 
out enioliou. Ilieee two dccadea have bnniglit with them thoir ' 
own large neaauiv of change. Tb« body in which wc are awo- 
eial«l baa grown up fivtii youth to niatuiily; many of ita 
h'iDnured uauea ara now luu^hi for 'lulr iu ih" iiu perishable 
nKonla of their toils; ths iuatilutious wiiicti welofimed it bm > 
a|K)n its former visit to this city have all rtmlved the impreM of 
the changing titnca. And yet amid nil thu change we meet 
onoe more in the eauo dty — in the omo room, — to «nter sdaja 
on the earns laboure; our aewmbL^ ia ouw, as it was before 
digniflad by the preaeuee of the npreseulalive »f ut\|eaty; ami I 
•ee annnd me, aMKxdatod Ibr thia taak, Biaqy of tlioH who shared 
it befon,— the nen whose Mgadty 6xt perouved the waat of 
such a eodetv as thin, whose energy supplied it. and whose wis- 
dom directed lis steps while it had ueed of giudaao& I tnut I 
may be forsiven for dwalling thus fiir on the peoullar uinuiB' 
otanoea nmW which wo ara liero aesemVded; and I now hasten 
Ui dnNhaige the task which the umgrs of tliie diair iupoae upon 
m^ and jiruCMit to lay before you as well aa I am able a faeitf 
skotch of ilie rM:uut progina of some of those edenoes to whoae 
advanouuent we are pled^^ed br our iustitution. In doing to 
f gladly fellow the pnwtioe wbt^ has of Ut« hcoomu the rulo, — 
that vour Prcaident for each year ehonld bring under your notioe 
ehielly tlie ntwut additions to tboao dcfMrlmanbi of edence with 
which he lii^)peiM to be lumeelf most Eimiliar. It la plainly 
fitting Ibat he who addressee you should sufiak, as br as he oau, 
from hia own unoind knowledg« Partial views arv betlar than 
inexact one*; and proriaion is iua>l« for thi-ir completion fcu Uw 
aniiuol change of your officer. In tlie prestut iuslaoce I ilenro 
ttip full Hilvniiiat^ of this arrangeeueut, inaamitah as the eubjeuta 
upon which 1 coulil uol thoa spenlt liave beeu moat of iheni uhly 
trctted by my prodeocasor to tliis chair. 

To commence then with Attranamf. Tho career of planetary 
discovery, whiefa began in Ibc Rriit yean of llie pmenl otutun', 
and waa iwuned iu IS-U, liaa eiDce couUnued with uuabnled 
ardour. Sinoe llMQ, not a sii^ year haa pneeed without iw«m 



814 



THE CIVIL ENGCCEER AJTD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



one or more alidiliont to th* Dnmbaraf the pUnabiidii uid id 
oa» j*ar aioae (16M) no bwor than eialit of ihcw boilio««en 
diKovarwL Tli« liut vcar liu funiUU«U iu i{uau of live; anil In 
Um pmuut tbn<4' Iinve Iwm fuand, oue bj Mr. PDgw>n of OxCnd, 
and Iho otbur two by M. OoldtclimlJc of PArla. Th«ir known 
linb«r ia now fbrtj-fivo; thair tiiuU bum, liowcver, u very 
ull — lh« diameter «f tlie iHrgwl bviag loM thaD farty niile*, 
bite thM of clia Mullert, Auknln, i* little mors Ihui four. 
IVmm dindiTirrit'ii Iiitve bearx fiioiti luted by aUr-umpi kiul at«r> 
Intftloann, the fonnatiou of wblcb ili«y hare, oil tli« othor biuiJ, 
lltimiilaletL Two VDry nxt«iMiv« irci-ko uf tltii kbd v* now in 
-\Xuf 8tiir«ittalngur of M. Chaconutf, londo nt thoOlvor- 
of IXmeiUei^ in oounra of publiculioD by tlie Frvuiili 
rgovemineati ud that of Mr. Cooper, uiule at bin Obi^rvaliiry 
at .VLirkruo, id Iralanil, wliieb Is now Mug [lublislied by ilio 
^ lw^lp of ibe parliaiUDDtitry grant of tliti liuval SocUiiy. It !■ a 
narknble naull of the latter labour, ttiaC iio fevrr tliau 
Bventy-Mvaa atam, previoiwly catalogued, arc now luiuiog. 
7iu» no doabt is to b« aacribed in pan to tlio errora of fbriuer 
Dbaarvattooa: bnt il aeema raatoDabie to luppoae that, to aonw 
IIt«Dt al leuJit, it ia tJia mull of oliaagw actual ly In prognm in 
ftbo SiOureal Hyalem. The audden appcMmiKO nf ■ nvir fixed 
r in the licaveiu, ita aabaeqneot duuige of luatre, and ita fiual 
apputnao^ are pheuomana which have at all Uiuea attraiit«d 
be attention of aatrooomen. About twenty auoli liava bom 
Dbeer>-ed. ArnKo liaa ^van tlia hiMory of the moat remarkably 
'■ltd diacuaaed Uie vanoua liypotbaaea which liave l)cnn oHurea 
tor Aolr expIaDntion. Of thcae th« tnoat loanable ti thitt whioh 
attribntaa th* pbeoomenou to nneoual brightnea of the hues of 
the atAr, which are preaeated to Ine enrih by the iitar'a rotalloa 
round ita nxia. Ou Uila hypotJieala the appeamnee shonld b« 
perlodie. M. (ioMMhmidt liiu r«««ntlv )[lvnn kiipport to tbia 
•xpkiibti'jii, by i-euUeriug it probable thnt the now utarof 1000 
ia the •nni<> «hoi»? uppmnuiee w;u reuorrleJ in the years 393^ 79S, 
aad l£ii:ii ita period iu auch case is 4031 yvwa. The gr«at«r 
Lpart of thi.' cp|«tlal Dhenomeiia are cotuprbed In the lauvetQenta 
roT the heuvpuly bodiea, and the oonnguraUnna depending on 
' tiiem; atiil tliev are for the moat part mlui-itiln to the tanie law 
of gmviiy whi^ Koreroe the ulnnecart* nintioui. But there .ire 
apjwarauoM wbioh tndioate the unornlion of oth^r (otvvt, and 
wliieli tlMTofbra demand the atteutiuu of the phyaioint-, altlioiigh, 
^&mu their natiim they niiiat probably long remain aubjoota of 
oalalion. Uf iheac thn apirlfomi iiebulw, diaooverKi bf lord 
e, linve betui nlivnJy referred to froni thia chair, aa indiotting 
chaagea Iu the uiun.> UiHtant regiona of the iiuivcrif, to wliion 
there U nothing entirely analououa in our own ■j'lteiu. Theas 
appearanoea are accounted for, by an aUe aaonynioua writer, by 
the action of gnaritaling forcoa eomblned with the olfecta of a 
reaiiilliig uiedium, — the rcanlancn beiiiK aiippoiod tobcaraaon- 
alhle pp>|>'itii<u t-i tliu gmvilating action. The oonatilutioQ of 
the cvnlral biKly »f our own ayaima preamita a nearer and mom 
lolareatiDf aubjoct of apeculallon. Towiuda the elo»« of the laat 
oentnry many bypotheaea nerv advancnl r'-gnnling the nature 
and couiitlluli'ju i>f the Sun, oil of u-hi^-h a]^ii'i-d In cnnaidering 
k ti> be an opiupiv body, aurmuniled nt a^Anr >)iatAnco by a lunii- 
nona «nveU>|w. Itul llie oidy eertniii fact nhieh bu been added 
to acionee in thia dupartineiit la the proof givru by Anigo, thai 
tlie lijjht of the aun einanal«d — not friitii an iiimnduaoent tolid — 
but fruui a gaaeoua abni^pherei the light nf iueaiidoHCant aolld 
bodiea being poLiriaed by rrfmclion, while the )ij;lit of the inn, 
and thai emitted by giweoua budiea. i* uniiolnriwd. A«x>rdiug 
to the obaervatton* of schwabe, which have been continued with- 
out intonuiaaioB for non than thirty year*, tlia maguiluda of the 
aolar aurliioe obaonred by apota inerauiea and deorenara perlodl* 
colly, llie length of the penod being eleren yeara and forty daya. 
TUa remarkalile fact, and the rebitioii whicli it appmra lo bear 
to oertain phcniinirna of termtrial magnetiam, oai*e attracted 
^frnh intoceat bo i)ic alndy of the aolar Dutlkce; and, iijun the 
natjoD at Sir John Ucntclml, a photo-heliojfraphic apparatiia 
lately been eatabliahed at Kew, for the piirpoae of dopictiiiK 
he actual niocular etate of Uie auii'a Hurf'u.'e fruiii tinio to time. 
*It in well known that Sir WiUlaui Henichel .luouuDted for the 
•olar apnu by rnnvnta <-f an claatie fluid, a8<»nding from thi' 
body of (tiP aun, and psnetntting the exterior Iniiiinoiu eiiveIo)<e, 
I A aonii.-wh.it dilleix-tit Biieculntion of the axmo kind haa \n'*a 
f-lMently adrauattd by MuooCti, who lioa undoivoutiil b> fonnec^t 
IiMm phenumeoa of tlie aolar apota with thoae of tha red pmtulw- 
riaooea whtcb appaar to iaaua from the body of the auu in a tutol 
•^pM^ and wfautt ao OBUub unercaud attionouan in tlie rtmark- 



IWIMK 

•'•Jim 



able editMo of li^i. Tlost to the aoo oar own Mtellha kaa 
alwaya daimed llio attention of aatrenoroera, whilu tbe oompaM- 
live amaUneaa of ita dialanoe iniipirad the hope, that sunie know- 
ledge of ita phyatcal atnicture could be attntn«'l with tbe hifa 
inafj-uuienlal manna now araihible. Aoi>r<liu^)y, at the racMlag 
of the Aan-icialinn held in Balbt in ISAS, it waa prr>|)oa«d tliat 
the Earl of IIubki, Dr. BoUnaon, and Pc^>fea•o^ I'liUlips, be »■ 
queited to draw up a report on the phyaieal diataoter of Um 
Moon's Bur&oe, as ooiupared with that of tbe Earili. That tW 
attention of these eminent obaervera baa bean dirmtoil W.dM 
subject tnnv be inferred from the oommunieatioo sinoa oudH^^I 
Frobaor Phillips to the Boyal Society on the Innar tnouBt^^ 
Oaaanidl, and tbu anrrouuding region; but I am Dot awnn ilat 
thn aubjcct ia yet ripe tor a report. I need not remind yoii, tliat 
Iha moou foaaeaaes Dtither nca n')r aiinoijilirrc of apmvciable 
extent. Sttll, as a negatjro in nuch owe ii relatiTr only to the 
capahililiea of the iuatruuiorita rnaploi-eil, Iho aoardi for tli* ladl- 
catluua of a lunar atiuoapticre haa bt^n renewed witli enry ttnt 
autfDientatlon of teleaoopio power. Of audi luilicntioua the laoat 
delicala perhaps are those alTonlod by Iha occnItatioB uf a plaM 
by the moon. The occultation of .liiiiilcr, which took place ea 
the £ud of Janunry !iu>t, vaa ubaerved with this rvferaaoo, and b 
said to have exhibited no beeitatioii, or change of form ot bright- 
nesi^ auch na would be prmlueol liy the ivfractioD or abaorptton 
of an aimoapJiere. As reapecta ibe lea, the mode of examimtiea 
long ainoe auggtatod b^ Sir David Orewatcr ia ptvbabljr ilw aost 
emotive. If water exialed ou the moou*s nurfncs, tlie san's ""'' 
reflected frvm it ehould bo completely pulariaod at a 
elongation of the moon fmin the son. No ttaoea of aadi 
have bean obeervadi bnt I am not nwnrc that the obwnration* 
have been ropnal«d rcmutly with any of the lar^r telasoopea. It 
ia now well andontaod that the jntU of aatrooomical diecuvtey 
IB obatruoted much mure by ihe eiirth'a atmoaphere than tf llie 
limitation of tuloauopia powers. Imptvaaed with lliia eoovietiaa^ 
the AaaooiatioD haa for some time past luwed upon bar Tilajiaiy'h 
goTorumoiit iho aclcnCiGo iuipnrtanoe of ntCablisbing a huge 
rcfl<iuh.r at aonie elevated siatjou in the Sontbem IlMnlapher^ 
In the [iieantime, and Iu ualn [na it were) a (ample of the mMllS 
which uii>,']it be cxjivuted from a mora ayMcualic aeoreli, VnL 
PiuEsi Smyth uudertvuk, laat aunimer, the task of tisnaporttaji a 
lai^ge oolluoilon of iuatrumeota — meleoroloffical and nugnetnl 
aswell asnatrooomidd— to a high point on tlie Peak of Ti 
Ilia alatloui vrre two iu nuinliL-r, at the allltuilea above 
of 83*0 and 10,700 feil rwpectjrely; and the uatn>uotuit3iI 
tngea gained may be inforivd frt^^m the fact, that the heat rodialad 
ttom tbe luuon, whioh haa benn ao oRmi aoiight (or tn vain ia a 
lower region, wna diaiinully {icrccptlhlo, even at the lov«r of the 
two etationa, with the -lid of tlie thermo-mullipHer. 

The reaeamheu rcl.itite t-i the Fignrt af tka Emrth, aud tke 
Tiilet, are iiilimutcli cooncctinl with .\»irou'iiuy, ainl next chiim 
our atieutiou. Tlie rcHutia »r ihu Oniiiauos Surrev ef Britaia, 
so for aa ihov rchile to llio Earth'a fi)^ire aud nicaa denetly, haie 
boeii lately laid befora tbe Ituyiil Society by OolonH .lames, tlia 
auperintendeut of the Sui-vey, The ulliptictty dolueol in ,-fJ.fi- 
The mean apedfic gmvliy of the Fjirtli, ax obtained frntu UM 
attraction ofArtbar'a >'4ent, neiu- Kiliobui^h, iaS'IIia, — a resall 
which scconls ealiafiictarily with the mean of the ttanlte oblaioeJ 
by the toraion bahince. Of the aocuracy of thia imjiorlniii work 
it is lutlicituit to observe, tlut when the leiu^ ot awh of tbe 
niefu>iii«d bases — in SuliHbnry PUin, and on the shores of tmiwh 
Fu/le — wa«c>roput«d from the nthor, through th* whole aene* 
of intermediate triangles, the ditlcreuce from the mewwred leBflh 
wikM only IV iuchca in a len;tlh of from S tu 7 wilee. Unr knew- 
l«ill(e of the laws uf Tiilet haa received an iin|>onant accewloo, 
in Uie rvaulta uf the tid^tl obeervntioua made amand the biab 
coaaia iu Ithil, under the direotjnn of tha Royal Iriali Aoadaqr, 
The diacuaaion of thcae observatioua was undorlaltcn t^ PnAa- 
«i>r Hanghton, and that portion of it which telates to iba dbir- 
nul tiilen has Li-eri alnwdV oompletad and pnbliahed. Tbe mod 
iiiipurtuui rvault >if tlila diaousalon ia tli* aapamlion of tbe *AM> 
of the Sun inid .Moon iu tlie diuiiial tide — ■ probleni wliicli Wm 
pruputeil by the Auaucuiy, a* one of the objccta to be atlajMd by 
the ci>iii«m|ilated obaorvatioua, and whiun hna been now tor the 
firwt lime solved. IVou the oumparlaon of tlieae eSbuta IVoleNtf 
HnuKhL'iin haa drawn soma mmarkable condnalona relative to Ih* 
moiui de|>th of tlio aan iu the Atlantic. In tbu dysatbicBl tbtncy 
of the lidoa, the ratio of tlie aolar to the lunar cfleel detenu* DM 
only uU the uuaaoa, diatancn^ and pcriodio tiuiM, of the twe 
luminaries — butaLwou the depth of aea; andthl^ netotdfaigl^ 



■gneuiai 
reneri^y 

» thcl^H 
iladf^l 




THE CIVIL ENOINEEE AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



tl5 



OMj be «ompal«d when lfi« othM- qu&atiliM An Vaerm. In Ibla 
iDMBiMr Proftaaor Haughtou li** J«<lu<Md, from the taUr ami 
Imur coefltd«iiU of t)i» dinrnid ti-K n mean dopth of .V12 nilM 
— ft nilill «bi«li kon-ird* in a rrnutrkablc muioer with thnt 
in &TWd frptn the rntio of ttie Kniidiumul coefficicDta, on oblAiu«il 
\ij lApIiuo from the Brvat ubwrvntlouH. Tlifr *ubJeoU Uowever, 
M br (roiii IkIus cxliaunted. Tlic dcplh of tb* Mti, d^dncfd tmm 
the aolnr Aiul lunAr dlurn*! tidiil iotorvn]*, And from tha w of 
the IniMr diunial ti4«, m nomtwfajtt more' than doable that or th« 
ftrngoiDg; and the eonawtsDcy of tbr individual rMulta U bugIi 
« tn inakftt« that their wide diffiarmw fmtii the fenoer In not 
■UrihalaMe to ertv^n of obaervivlion. Prof. TTnnzhtnit tlimm 
out the oonjecture lliat tlw depth, deduced frorii tli« tiiinl iator- 
▼kIb sail i^M, onrr*«pni]dii tn ■ different part of the octaa from 
that iRforrv-l fmni the hoiKhU. The pheDoineiui of Tsrmlrlal 
Mofurlim pmait mMty rioio aualogiea with thoae of the tides: 
mtiA tlteir itiidj h»» been, in k peciiliftr uMUoer, conmvieii with 
the labfHin of thin AMOdatlon. To thJa body, and bv Uic bAtida 
€t ili pTMHil gen^nl vpcrfUtrr, wore preeenleil tboM Ueporta on 
the dutribniian nf the Terreatrial Magnetia Foroe which re- 
mwakiweil tlw nttoDtion of the loioDtiSo world to the aiibjeot. It 
WM in the ('uuiiuitte»«iix<nM of ttiie Aawciation Ibnt tha fint 
■tep waa taken wnrd* that grmt niagnetie nrffantMtjon whicb 
htM borne ao mncb frnit^-^t waa here thnt the nbiloMpbioal 
Mgacity of Herechei Knided its earlier oareer; — and it wan h«n 
again that tlic oullinOors of the toienoe aMembleil, frioi <>viiry 
ftit of Eiin>|w, U> delibetnt« about Ite fbtare progreeL U waa 
nUnnJ. tfaerofon, tliat the reaulta obtained ttma meh brp'nniDge 
•honld form a pn^uiiocnt tojiio in the addrewea which ban been 
■nnnally drilvwnd from tbia CUnir; and tJie lamc cireuinMauoM 
will plevl my *iou», ift ouwivirvrt loaon]Borth«iu which bftve 
been altoady touched upon by luy pr«deoMwn. It haa benn long 
known that the eleuMiu of ih* Eivrth'* roagnGtie force were eub- 
j««t to oertiun r#tpilnrNld iDcuninn chaugu, whoae periodi weitL 
tcapectir«ly, a diji and a year, aud which therefore were referred 
ba the Sun ae their uiuroe. To theae periodiMl cban^^ Dr. Jit- 
meal, of Mnnieb, added nnotber of tm i/mirt, ihr diunial range 
of the nuicnetie dodinntioo having hMin foittid to pium from a 
Bkximaai to a miniaium, luui bFu-'k n^tnin, iu about that lime. 
Bat berijiee theee alow ami nigiilnr diiuigvn. there are olhera of a 
diSerent claM, which recur at invti'ii'U' iiitt^rvnlN, and which are 
chancteriMd by a large deriatiou of the uiaj,'n(iti<:' I'lriiionta from 
their nomal Blate, and ((enerallr alio bv ntjuil ttocliintion and 
diaugo. TbeM phenomena, whicn are cnllod by HiuubuMt "mag- 
aetlc etomiii," have been observed to occur rimulLin«ouBly in lite 
ntott ditlaiii mrta of tbo tortli, and thtw to indicate a eauM ope- 
nOini; upon tlie entire globe. But, eajtual a« they ■oem, theae 
effpcu Rr« found to be subject to Inwa of their own. Proflee- 
■>r Krrlt WAS the Ant to ducovcr that, at a gima place, they 
recurred more frequently at ocrtain boun of the day than at 
; and that, ooni)ai|iiently, in Uieir mean efftota, they were 
to periodiaU lawa, deneudiog u|>ou the hour at each alit- 
The law* of thta periodicity bmboon ably worked out by 
_ Sabine, in hie diecOMon of the nualu nf ihe Itritiih 

jal obaemtofiM; and he liaa added the imporuiit faLij^ 

that the Muue phenomena obavrve alM tbo two other pfri>.id« 
alieady nottoed— namely, the anounl and the dnnianial iwHoda. 
H« bu farther liirived at the rery rrmarliahio mall, that the 
ilecennUI manietia period ooincidca, both in itM dumtiun and in 
{t« epncb* of maxima and minima, with the decennial period 
obaervid by Sehw«b« in the aolnr epota; ttom which it ia to tw 
inferr^l tliat the Sun eserciaea a magnetic infliionw upon the 
Ktrth, ilejwiidpnt on thi! condition of it* luminou* cuvclo|je. Wo 
are thun in th<? preMn<a of two bct4. which a)>)>nir at lir«t njflit 
oppMnNl— nnmply, the abeolutc ninullnneity of magnetic dSitturb- 
nacwat all portaof the Earth, and lltelr prmlominanco at cerinln 
lowl huun at «>oh phMe. Otneral Sabine aoooanta for thiaapjin- 
nnt ditcrepancy by th« draumeiance, that the houn of nuuimum 
ditturlMnoe are'difTerent for tbo dilToreat ekmeota; to that there 
UMT be an abnomul comiition of the mnmetio force, operaiinx 
at the Mine ittitaiit ovur the wli>>le ^obe, out inaiiifnating Itaelf 
at one place eliinlly iu oue element, and at another pInM in ano- 
th«r. Iwnuld reown to enggcal, ai a nolijrct of inquiry, whe- 
ther the pbeoomena which bare been hitherto gti>u|>wl UtgdOmr 
tM "otoaiiwal" eifecti, uuy nut powibly Inelnde two distinct 
llnmn of chaiigMv obeying (eiarate law^— one of them bcine 
■iriclly perifHlic. and oon§motiuB a part of the rejtolar diiiranl 
ebunjcf. while tlie iiher la atricuy abmorma] and eimoltMieous. 
-*' tkia L« eo, it wutitd follow thnt we are not JutliSed In cepn- 



^Ej 



rating the bwaier ohange* from the net, menly oo the giovod of 
tbuir magnitude; and tbitta difftrentaaalniaofthepbmonenos 
iarvquired. ThovirectHhithertoeoiuUaredareallrefenbleto the 
Sun IU their cnoie. Prof. Krvil diaoovercd, bowerer, thalanother 
body of our Syalcm — uiuuuly, our own •atellit^— nxtvtvd an eltNt 
upon the nugnetic needle;' and that the magnetia deelin.ttiou 
nnderwonC a email and rery n>galar variation, whoee amonnt va« 
depenclMit on the Iiiunr br)iir-anglt>, and wheae period waa thenw 
fore a lunar day. 'rhii>iiiKola''r«uIt WMmifaM<|nantlyc«ntImied 
by Mr. Broun, iu hie diwuuion of the Makeratown oMervniiona; 
and ila laws have aiuoe been fully tnwed, lor all the magnetic nlo- 
menta, by GcoenJ Sabine^ in the reeulte obtained at the Colonial 
magnetic obeorvatorioa. The rorvg<.>iug faola bMr clrxvly ujion 
the debated quoction nf the canaca of the luagiictic variations. It 
liaa been ueuij to aacribe the periodioxl ehiuigm of tlif Ktrth'a 
nu^notic force to the thermic action of the Sua, oMniling vicliw 
direutly apon Ibo ma^ietiHm of the Enrtli, or ameting it indi- 
rectly by til* induction of the tbenuo-eleotrii] «ntT«utA Uan, 
however, wo liave a distinct enao of magnetic action, nnMOOinti^ 
nted by heat; and the qneetion ia natnnlly angKoeted, whether 
tha larger diurnal ehttigv Tiiiiy not aUo be indepeiideni of trmpe- 
minre. The most important fact, iu ita beariuK upon thi* quca- 
tion, i* the cxlitenoe of an aunuiU inociuAllty in the diurual v»ri- 
alloQ, dependent on the Suu'i duclination, racently pointed ont \tr 
Genenl Sabine. If we dL-duct Uie ordinate of the curve, which 
r«prMUite the mean dianiul variation for (he entire year, from 
thoeo for (he mmmer and win(«r half-yearly curve* reepcctively, 
the difletvncui are found to bo eqonl atid oppoaite; and the ourvee 
which Tvpreeirnt them are, omaoquantly aimlUr, but opjioaitelj 
plaoed with reepect to the oxia uf abudwe. Fmm this Gcnanri 
Sabine drawe the Infennoe, tlul the diurnal variation i* a direct 
effect of aolar action, and not a rsonlt of its thennic agency. 

The mort important stop which hot bccni r«oently taken in thia 
country, to Bdviuiov the scjenco of MeteanJogj/, hna been the fbr- 
Rialion of a dvfvtrtincnt oi^unectod with the Board of Tnde, for 
the collooUou and dlmtuaaion uf meteoroluDicol ofawrvationa mitile 
at ncn. The pmcticnl reenlla it a aimlur andertaking in the 
United State* niv now well known. The oharte and tiling Ji- 
reutiuna, iiublishcit by Idcut Maury, have enabled IHvlnlora to 
shorten their [iwM^^ei^ In nMoy OMea by on«-fonrth of Uie time, 
and iu aonie even to a gmater extent. Tiie oommen-ijil import- 
ance of sucli r«*ulla oould not fail to attract general attention: 
and occonliogly, when the Ualtad States government inTiteil 
other nuritimc nation* to eo-i^terate in the nnileriaklng. the 
invitation wo* conlialty nci.'epied. A conforcnco wa* held at 
Brasaels In 180.% at which m«ti>on>l<i(,'iatB deputod by thOM 
powen attended; nnd a rttport wm made, reoommending the 
ooorae to b« poraued in a general syiitem of marine mcteoroloui- 
e*l oboervntiona. Thia report waa lni<l bnfnra die British PhtIm- 
ment eonn after, and a sum of money was vnted fbt- the nnrimarjr 
expenditure. Tlie British Aasociatlon undertook to nupply von- 
lleti instrument*, by mean* of ilw observatory at Kew; and the 
Itovnl Society, in eoniioltntion with Uie moat eminent iiiel«(>ro- 
Iciguta of Eurnpv and America, addwad aa able report tu the 
Board of Tnule, in vrhiuh the objccia to be attended to, so a* to 
render the system of obMrvniloo most available for eeience, wm 
clearly B»t forth. With this oo-oporstiou on the port of the two 
leading scioiitilie socislirs, the ratnhiialimdUt was soon orvooiaed. 
It WW I'toonl umler the dirpctiuu nf a dintinjiuisheil navar^oer. 
Admiral ViVt Itiiy; and In the br^Kouiu^- of ia.^A it was in opera- 
tion. Au«iiu were eetablislied nt the principal porta for the 
enpply or iiiNlnimnnls, bookn, and inatruotioua; and there are 
now niorD than ^00 Ilritioh uliipi so furni*h*d, whoa* ofltosra 
have uudertiLkeu to mnke nud rooord the required obeervatlcoe, 
and to transmit them froin lime la Umo to the Department. At 
the vrveeut lime TOti moiiltis of logs hare been receirod. (tobi 
nearly 100 merchant ship*, and are in prooew of labulatiaa. 
IliJlaod iatakintfsimilor slop*; and the moteorolnrioal instltutcuf 
thnt oounlry, under the direction <<f Mr. ISuyi ilonot, has olritady 
publiBhed Uimi roluniM of nautical iDformntion, obtained f^om 
Dutch T*a«*ln In the Atlantic and Indian uubiiu. Fur the pnr- 
poe«a of meleorologicnl *ci«nca this irrstem cannot be eoueidered 
M complvte^ until ubaervntion* on land ore included. M<i*t of 
(ho graater atmospheric ohangn ore iluc to Ihn diatribiition of 
land and water, and to the dilfervnt eflecta of tlie inn's my* uu 
each. ObMTvation alone con furiil«h the data from which the 
eH^U uf theae sgencice may ba nalcolatad: and we caa tberefiii« 
probably make no great advance in the kooiriedg* of the meteor- 
olo^ of the globe, without a ooucurrent inrcatignlioa oil Ita twa 



1 



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THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



lawling departmenta. Ijud obocrratiooi ubt in erwt nnmbtn. 
In PitmbIk, — ta Rua^— in Atwtria,— Mid in BrlKiam, nieh ob- 
Nrvstinni uv i>rgiu)is«<l uudcr pyrernment dinectioii, or at Itoat 
wilb cnvammoiit ■ufj<ort-. iu ouier puia of Europe, aa In Britoliii 
tha latmur in left to iinliviJanb or aoientific aodetias. What ia 
tieeiled ia to giv« unitv lo thcue iaolaUd taboura — to connect thorn 
^hb ODe aootber, and vitli tli« raanlta obtained at aoi; and the 
fltat tu>p to tbia Mema to be, to gin tliem, in each eoiuiti7, tbat 

CrmaiMiica and nalfbrailly ofajHtein. whieb ean ouly be inaored 
mcMiim adopUol b^ the Slat«. Bnv, however, we enmimtn- 
/■n otgMtion, npaa whidi it ia oaoaaaarjr to aaj- a f«w wonU. It 
i.liaa Men objeotecl to the scicnoc of UotMrolcn, aa it u naiinllj 
liudlod, that It proceeil* npon a false nielhod; and tlint, oooae- 
<iu«nt^, it haa M, and can load, to no reaulta. I feel mvaelf in 
a nunaer aMU|i*ll«d to Ruttoe tbIa gmve obfenllon, la t&e first 
plnee, beeanae tt procseda from men whoao opinion* on this |or on 
iMtmoat aaj other sdoalifie quealian] are entitled to Uw hiftboat 
Wertnoei and aeoundl}', b^aiuc thU Aaaociation moat htur no 
DOOdridmnbio niananre ct the rD[iiriaali, if it be w«ll founded- 
>, than, aa to nuuA*. I am five tn ailuitt that the Dumber of 
I engaged in the dHaeoMton of met«oroIci>gi<»l oWamtions is 
'oportuMuteJr arsall, nod that the t^miita obtained probably 
far ahoR of wliat may be expected from the data already 
faenumiilnU'd. But Ihat the tnethoda bavo l<d, and ou> lend, to no 
roaallB, lis I think, anfficloulh' dlaproved by the labotua of a 
fin^e RULU— ProffMOT Dovwef BerltB, And if It b« true that 
'he eouiw pursued in the anenoa haa yielded tnacli iVuit, in pro- 
rtlou to the labour beatowed on the diKiiaiion, it will hanlly 
doHufd wld«Iy erroneoiia. Btlll, aa it la poaiibb that the 
netbods ]>uritanil, — thnush not fniitlaM, — may be Inadet^uale, it 
•eema nceMuryto notiastlic objection aemewfaat more mmiilely. 
It ia naierled. then, that the (npitol tIco of tlia adenon of Mnienro- 
logy, aa at preiiaut pimupd, it Ibat it Iioa ne d^nila aim: that it 
LOT^ht to mibran aa (nqniry into the phyaioal oouatitution of the 
Mb|)0(tB wiUi which the acieooa Is oonoerned, and an invMtigation 
"tt MM«e* aa well aa ttmt of ph(«oin(>n.-i. Tt may be admlttml, at 
nice, In leferance to thi* objection, that tlio phydcal conatitntion 
of the bodlM wboae ebangea we are iiiv«iiti([ittiug is a prnpor 
object of atndy to the phyaiclnl; but it doei not seem to follow 
that It should necessarily lie etiticluctcd by the some indinduala 
wlio are in anarch for thn kwa of die pbenomena, or creu that 
tho tbriner kui>wlcr)|)ft ia cMential to the pTOgrsss of the lattsr. 
The noblut of all the phyiical aciancoa, Aatmnnmy, ia littln more 
Uiau a acieuM of Ainv— laws, too, ct the riniplost kiud of ehanjeo; 
and the knowledge of these kwa is wholly indeppwlvut of tlie 
physical conatitutioo of the massos wboae maveiDe>iila ii studied. 
A aitnilnr obnorvation may bo madp rpganliiig the acinni^e of 
Terrvstrial Magnetitm; and tho cnae Is one whlc-li liringi ui atitl 
neanr to Ibe quMtion at issue, i&muucb aa the laws wrildi have 
bf«i obtained— -<uid tb«y aro nnmeraua — hare rivalled from a 
laetbod of inqaiiy allugether liroiJar to that ndonted In Meteoro- 
togy. Time will nut (lermlt mo to ianiiirc whntlier there U n>^l 
Ji niacoDGeptioD of a metaphysical kind nt the root of thii objec- 
tion. I may observe, liowerer, before leuvinn the subject, that 
thsre are two modes of studyEnc the aeqiieuces of natural pheuo- 
maCM,— H)no In ihrir ml.^tlon to timr, niiij which ia beet acoom- 
plished by ubacrralions nt slated prrirKJa. nnd the other In ths 
relation of the rueretrirr yhana H/" ths lAniomenon to onr anotAtr. 
Of these, the Utlvr, altlioiigh not whully Uf^]i>i-Ini, lias not been 
aomnah fiillowed aa it (Imitv*!*: and 1 cjiiiii<>1 bnl think that it 
wonld, if more syslemati cully followml, tiirich the svicuce of 
Meteorolo^ with a Dew barmt of rcanlla. 

The nKist ini|>ortaul uf tJie recent addmons to the theoir of 
iJJght have been Ihosa made by H-Janlu, It haa beni Iodk 
own that tnctah diflerod frotu tnusparsnt bodies in their 
. rtion nn li^ht, in Uiul that plaiw-polariaad llffht rsfleoted from 
their surfacvs becaue etliutioilly polariaed; and the phBnomenoB 
is eiplaiued, on the prtudplea «t the wave theory, by the aasomp- 
tion that the ribrntion of the ether nndsrgoea a chiuif^ of phase 
« the instant of nifleetion, the amount of which is de])endeot on 
J its dlmrtion, and ou tlie niij{!L> of incldpncit. This HU|>p>jHi<d dls- 
actiMi, liowuTor, was hooo found nul to be absolula Mr. Airy 
awed that diamond nflecti^ light in a manner liiullar to 
Ja; and Mr. Dale and Prof, Powell extruded the (iroperty to 
I bodies having a higb rnfoinivc nowor. But it wils not until 
ately that H. Jamin proved that tnora is nodintinctinn, In Ibis 
mwt, between transparent and melaUic bodice; and that all 
^ iim tnnafbno plaae-pohkriaed into elliptioally-polarised Ught, 
ud imprvM a change of phase at Ibe moment of reflection. 



Prof. Haughton has folhswed np the rcMarthee of M. Jwniii, and 
eataUhibeu the existenoe d circul&HypoUiiatd light by roDtolkn 
ft«m tnuia|nrsnt snrbosa. The tbeotvltc&l inrMtigsUiotis oss- 
nected with this sutjeot afford a romaikable illaatntwo ofooe U 
those impedimenta to the progrssa of Natural Philoaopby wbisb 
Baoon baa put tu theCaresuustpUeeamouH hUeaaapleeof tlie 
/dWb, — I mea.u the tendoimr of the bumau mind to suppose a 

CUir simplicity and unlmrmlty Id aaturw Uiau eiista then. | 
I>bonomena of polarisstio& oampel as to admit that the 
sensiblo luminous vibrations are tnuuroraal, or in tikr plan* of i 
the wave iloelf; aud it vr%a nntunilty ■uppoKd by Fnasel, anil I 
after him by MiicCullngb aud Neumann, either tivst no nonoal 
vibrations were umpegated, or if they werei they were nncns- 
neclvd witli tlie pnonoiuona of li^bt. We now learn thai it ia by ; 
them that the phaae ia modJAnl m the refloolimt; and that oaM»- 
quently no dynamical thecsj whioh Dogleels tlinu or Hta than 
aside cam be ouui|ilete:. Attention has been Intdy raoaUed to a 
fkuidameolal inaition uf the wave iheury uf light, re^wetiac 
which opposite assnmptions have baeii made. The vibrntioRaii 
a pohuised tny are all ponilld to a flsed dire«tiiin in tbe phuie of 
the wave: bnt that direction may bo dther pafmllel, or [wiimi 
dlonlar, to the ]>lane of poUrimtiun. In the origiujd theorj cf 
Frasaiel the latter wsa aasnmed to be the foct; and ia lUi 
Msumption FrsMisJ has been followsd by Cautdiy. In the awB- 
fied theories of MacCiilUf b ani) Noniuonu, on tbe other hMK^ 
the vibtBtiooji are aiippoHed to he paiuliol to the plsM «ir pobri- 
satiou. This oppusitiou of the two theories was rntnjisnswtrd, aa j 
respeola the reaulu, by other dilRnvnoi* in their bypothetKol 
prindplea: and both of them liave led to ooudusjons which 
observniioii hna vorlHed. Titers seemed therefore no meana left 
to the theorist to decide bet«««n these eoufliotjlig lij|i ilhnsas. 
uutl I Professur titokea rcoently, iu applying tho dyaaniceJ iheosy 
of light lo olher diisae t of phrnomeua, found one iu which the 
effiets shcdld d^lftr on tbe two aseumptions. When light b 
transmitted throngh a line grating it is turned aside, ur dilbmclsd; 
aooordtna to laws which the n->ve theory has exiitaiued. Now 
Prof SlokiM hna shown, that when lUc incident llgnt M polarised, 
the plane uf vibmtioii uf tbe dtllnwted ray most dillor froia l^t 
of the incident; tJie two jilanea beLng eomieated by a verr «n{ds 
reladou. It only remained thenCure for ubwmtton to deter- 
mine, whi>thi<r tlia pUnns of iioluriaatioa of the incident and 
refmctuil ntyi were similarly related or not Ths experimoal 
was uudertaketi bv I'rof. t^ttken himself, and be has iufigmd 
from it thiil the (.'riffiuid hypulhcsi* i>f Frosuel is the trus OM; 
bill M nil (iiiimtiiii iv^iilt bna been obtiuued by M. Uoltanaan, 
on rrpostiiiir ihu «x|>i>riTiii?n:, the qnostlon must be regarded a» 
■till iiiiiletenniaeil. The ililTnmice in tbe osparimputOiinanltB is 
nscribeJ by Prof, Stokea to the dilfursuoe In tho uatnre of (he 
gnttiug* eoipluyfl, ttie nibiriance of ibe diflractiug body beiog 
supposed to Hsen, au elfeot npun the puUri«li»u of the llgh% 
which is dilTntctoil by it under a great (ibli()iiitjr. lltamKiiB 
ProfStokea lhat hn projH^ism to rteume the espcn mental inqairy, 
and to tmt this euppositinn bv employing gtatinin of various 
aubsiAncea. If tlie conjecture should prove to be well foniuded, il 
will iinfnrtniiately greatly oomplicate tbe dynamical thouy of 
tight In the Hi<?iuiilme, the hvpolfausts it one of importskace in 
itarjf, and dewrves to bo verined or disproved by todewadsnt 
means. 1 would venture to mijufest thut it may be eOMtlvsfar 
tetcted by lumui of the benuiirul " Intorfervuce-refrocton" of U. 
Jamin, whieb the inventor has ali'sody applied to stady tbe 
eflivls u|)nTi light jiroducsd bv p»tiua a plate of any mIoUs 
siibsUnuo iiicliMad in n Hnid. 11 is woU known tliat the nln» 
tive index of bodies tnereani-B with their dciuily; ami tlie ihaoty 
of eniiasiou haa even exorwised the law of thc«r mutual depnit' 
ene«i That theory. It u trae, ia now oompletely overthrown by 
the decisive arfirr^men/ain emof* of MM. PIzsau and Foueak 
It was thcnibn probable, e firieri, that this kw— tbe oolv ens 
peculiar to the theory —eJiould be mund wanting, its irutn hM 
reoi'utty been put to an esperimeutal tent by M. Jsmin. Watss, 
it i« known, haHils maximum of denaityat about W' fkhreuhailj 
en ihal if Nowioii's Uw were true its refractive index should sbs 
have a niaxiniUTn i-aluo at the aamo tompsntturo. Tbia h^ basn 
disproved by M. Jainln, by uWrviD)[ the iulerfereuoe of tm 
rays, one of which hu passed ibrough air, uud the othor ihrongh 
wator; and thua tbe lost ooudusion of the emiadoa theory hw 
been set oaiile- It would occupy too much of your time ««• I 
to touch, even lightly, npon the subjn^ of the UMislad ootiiB «f 
light, and tbe niuny beautiful and important diaeons s lo t of ths 
art to which it luu given riao. 1 may however BeatiioOuMM* 



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THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AnCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



Sir 



I 



til* Utwl of the DBu-Teh of pbotognphv, tlut M. FoiUria hoa 
•aMMtted in pnolitrio); dIjiIm 1b nlMLiorthe purpoaMoT Mi- 
Mul og. b; Ui«»ct>onof lifibt^loB*. At pavecM dcptuda upon 
tbe eMsge in the affinit; fur vmt«ir prodgovd bf tbt Mtiou «{ 
tight upon A thin ptslo of gelaunc whi«ti m iiiipnf[iikt«<l wiib 
bMhroiMto of poUiUt. 

bt tha whole nnge of f x|x;rin>MiUl ioImm Umtw ia no bet 
mon hiiuliBT,or Ioti)(w kiMwn, Uun tha dcrolopmeatorZ/Mit bjr 
ftiatioo. i'he WMt igiKimit Mn^e ia nagiuiuitod with It, — it 
WM probabl* known to the fint fenecntioti of mankind Yvl, 
Cuuilnr M it ii, the anieaae o( whioh it ia (he germ tUtea back 
bet a vnrv fow t«u«. It w«a knovrn from llie time of Blade, 
that fa«>t ><iiritppMnd In prodnolnf oerUin chaas«a nf «late in 
bodies uul teappMrad when the order of thoae eiiiui^M was iw- 
Tcnedi and tlut tlie amount of beat thiu ooDvertocI hid a given 
ivUlIon to the clfcut producnl- In one of Clwae chaagn — namely, 
«?WM)nitMB— « ite&nite m«ohAD!<Al force ti devoloped, whioli ie 
again «baorbed wlini tlt« vitpoar Is rMUirtd by preMsn to the 
nqnlid »tU*. It wu, ibervdinv, not nnnatiml to oonieeture, tlint 
fn all aawa In which hmt ie dareloped by BaecliMiiciJ nMloa, vkt 
«Br*d, a (leilDita reUtkin wovld be (banit to mbuel betwM>D the 
ntuouDt of the aetiovi, uul tiM of Ibr bent developed or abnorbei). 
Tlii* oMijerturv waa put to the teet of experiment by Uayer and 
Joule, ia l»ii, atiO njt T'Hti>yl by tlio raeuJl. It wm fbuadthat 
heU and mvcluiiiml powai went mutually oonnNtihle; anil tint 
tlw rtbtlna ))vtvi.en (hom vu dcSnitii, 'li hal-pi}uad* of mo- 
tive power btxag uiuiraleut to n unit of lient — that i», to the 
■monnt of h<!ii miauiie to nine a pomitl of wiOcr tbron^i one 
dtfTw o( t'aiin'itlieii. The edenoa of themu-dynMniai, hnanl 
apon iliiafact, an<l upou afi^w ollMrobviona bote.oreelf'Cirident 

E'uin|>l<M, ha* 2P<WD up in (be lianda of Clannine, Tbniuwii, ■iij 
lakine, into uirge proportiooi^ eod in ench lUy ninkiiig ft«th 
OOMMala hi the ragion of tJie aaknown. Thiu br the aeimee 
of Hentieiimde to reel wholly apon the beta of viperimeDl, and 
in inilepewUnt of any byputheein nqwctiag the moleouhtr oon- 
MitoUiw of boilioL The dyoamtoil theory of Heat, however, han 
aalerinllT aided in calabliRiliM Irae phyncal oancoptiaBe cd Uie 
nature of beaL The old bypMnesit of cal>iric, na a ■rpanlc inb- 
■tjuicr, wna iikIc^'I rpitderM impralmble by the exprrriinaute of 
Kuinfi'nl nml Dnvy, anil by the reiuwaiiage of Yoiiii;*^ LiiC it oon- 
Una«il to b'tl'l Ita ^iheicI, noil ih inicrwnvi-ii into ili<r Uiij[uiige of 
eeieoor. It i« now dunrly ahowii tn bn ■clf-onnl.nuli>-b)ry, and to 
lead to t]><- rmll, timt Ibc luuouut uf bi'nt in tita imivmie niny 
be indefiaii*1y aitgineutei). On the nther hotiil, the iduotiHcjaion 
of nJinot heat will) light, anii the eelAbliahmunt of the wave 
theory, lelt little •Ifiiibt that h«nt oounieted in a eibntory move- 
ment' oithfT of the moleculea of bodiM^ or of the ether wltliis 
them. Atill, the reUtton of bmi 10 bodiue, and tho phennmenK 
of condoetioa, iadlcMc a nMobaniatn of » more oompbcatod kind 
then thai of light, Mid leave ample romn for Atrther epeealntjou. 
The only neoMDiiml hypotheaiji (*a far a« I am aware) which la 
flOnirieieul with Ibo proeai. alate of our knowloilgo of tne pheno- 
loenn of h«at, ■■ the theory uf molenuUr rorticei of Mr. Itan- 
kine. In ihia ibeory all bciline err eupnoMNl to ooiiaial of nlomii, 
OompoeiHl of niiulM uirToiinilrd wltli (dantic atmiie|)her«a. The 
imdiMon of light and host ia Mcribnl to tlii> tranenibelon of 
VMillntloin of the nndei; whllu ibermnmetric beat b aoppMed to 
VHiaiet in oinnbtiag eurteata. or vortiora, amoaicet the pnrtjctee 
of tlioir atmoep li etne. whereby tbey tend to reoede from tho 
nadei, and l« oocnpv n gteatar atiaoei, FVon tbU bypotbreb 
Ur. IbutkiiM biu drdnced all the lawe of thormo-dvaaralei^ by 
the apj^kaLiaa of known meohaniaal prindplce. fl« hae nleo, 
ftem the aune prinolplee, tledaoed ralutiona (wbteh bavo been 
eonflrmed hy eaperiateat] hecweMi the preetare, ileiiaiiy, and 
abioluie lamperetare of elastic lluiil*, and between the rircMuro 
■nd t(nu|i«nrtun of ebollitian of Hnide. The dynnuiionl theory 
of beet eaablM ua to frame eome oanfeetorea to account for tlie 
eontlaiHiKie nf iU auoply, aiul even to epeeuUle a* to iu aonroti 
^M beat of the —tu ia dtmlpaled andlnat by niliatioo; and niiiat 
Iw jiinttnailrelTr diinini»heri onloM iu l.lio nnal unei^ beeupplicd. 
Aooonling to the fflcaeuremente of M. i'ouillet, the nuHuticy of 
heat given oat by llieeaa lit a year ia eqiinl to tliai wbirb woi)ld 
be pfwluoed br the combnation of a etralum of odoI 17 milo* in 
thidtnM*: OM if tlie ean'a <apaeity for boat bo aeeoaied eaoal to 
that of water, and the beat be aappoaod to be dnwn iinilormly 
from iu oDiiia moo, ite temperature wonld thereby nadergu a 
dImlaaUon of 2^4 Fkhr. aanu^y. On the other bond, there h 
a vael aloce uf f .roe in our eyatecn oapsble of ooaveraioa into 
14 a* ia iu>ll«aled by the nnall dousitf of tlie eiui, and by 



other oircnmatanoee, that body has not yet ronclMd the oonditioa 
of Incommtonbitily, we have, in the future oppfoiioialMn of ita 
]i«rte, n funtl of beat [in>)iably ()uii« Urge esoagb to eauply the 
woate of the human hmily la the end of lie ei^ouni here. It 
hoe been caknlMed tbnt an amount of eoadeaeotian, which 
would diminiafa the diameler of the eoii by only the ten-tliuii- 
aanillb port, wuuld eulEoe b> raetore tho bunt emitted ia tUM 
roam. Agnta. on oar own eartb, (h* oftio b dntroyed \iy frietioti 
In the ebb ana 0<vw of every tidev and moat Iberefure ruaupear 
ne heal. The amoont of thia mnet be ooatlilermble, and eliouhl 
not be ororlookwl in any oatimatiou of tbe phyaieal diau^ of 
our globe. AoA>nling to the oamputation oi Bowel, itHjjM 
oabio milee of water noWj^ every ux bouia, bam one <|aiut«r 
of the earth to aoothor. llie atom at mecfaiakaJ furoe is Uina 
dimiabhed, and the tempnratnre nf our globe augnMntad by 
ovory tida. Wo do not poamae tho data which would eaoble aa 
to calculate the magnitude of thcee elloata. All that we know 
witli o-rtAint^ ia, tliat t^e reaaliaai effect of all tbe thAtmaJ 
^taoiea to which the aarth ie eapoaad, haa amterpiae no pcroep- 
tiblo dmnge within the faletorio period. We owe tUe lae deda» 
lion to Ar*^ In order that tbe data-palm ehould ripen ita 
fruit, tbe mean tompemturie of tbe plaoe mnat cieocd 7ii° t'oJir.; 
and, on the other bimd, the vine tniinot be enltivatod eito- 
OM^bUy when the temperature b TiT' or nuwonla. Hanoe, tba 
mean temperature of any place, at wbi^ thoee two Moata 
flouriaho'l and bore fralt, muM lie iMitwoeu thoof narrow llinltt, 
Ul, eonld not differ from 7P Fabr. by more than a linglo degraa 
Now, from the Bible we leeru thai butb iiUula were nmolla- 
aeuuxly cullivikteil in the ceutnU tolleya of Wiealiue, in tbe lime 
ot Uoee*: and Ite then leniperataro ta tliua deliiiitivelr deter- 
mined. U ia the aame at tbe pieMBl tuue; ao that the laean 
lamperatore of thb portion of the gtobe haa not aeuaihly alterad 
in Inaoouieeof 33c«utDrica 

Tbe ftitute of pbyaiiail edonee aeeni to llo in tiia path aaoa 
whivb Uiree of our ableat Brltbh pfayalobta have a» boUiy 
entered, and tn which they liava already modo au^ large «t- 
vnuoee. I may thi-rsfbre be penuiLted briefly to toaoh apoa tlia 
•nooeaeive atepa in Uiia lofly i|{«iieraluatiou, and to indieata the 
goal to which thc'y t«iid. It bw been long kiiowa that uiiuiy of 
the ferae oS nature arc relaled. Thtu, heat ii j>ru<liice<l by mo- 
clittiiiinl nctiou, wlica that b applied in brii%iug tlie alome at 
boiirjt ouarrr by oomprtMioti, ur when it b aspoudrd in fi tction. 
Htat b ilevvlopcd by cipccricily. when the me pnaaagr of the 
btler ie impeded: it ia pmiluoeil whenever light ie abaarUtl, end 
U b genemted by chemical aetion. A like interobaagtabatiiy 
probably aibtn among >1I the other foraca of natiu*, nitfcoeigb 
in mouy tho rebitiona have not been eo looiff perc ri rad. Thna, 
the deinel^iment of eleotridty from ohemiou action dnt«a frvni 
the obaervatioua of Uolraai; and the pro-lixtion of moguatiua 
by eleetrldty from the diwinvery of Oeivlad. The next gnat 
•tep waa to ijiacover that the rrlatian of tJia pliyaiool foroee woe 
tnutnnl; and tluit nf n)iy two, comporvd lOMthsr, either may 
■tand to the other in the relation of caoae. With raapect to heat 
aud medMnioLl faroe, title haa beaa long kaowu, Wbeu n bod^ 
Ie oompreaMd hy medianlool lont. It given out heat; and, on the 
otlior hand, when It la hcalad, it diUtee, and evolvea power. 
Tho ku«wlDili[o of tho action of eleetridty in dimolviog tlw 
bondi of cfaemiool union followed doedy upon that of the ia- 
veraa phenomenon: aud the diaoovaiy of aleotro-mt^iaetieui by 
Osreled wna eoon followed by tbu of aus^eto-deeiriaity by 
Faraday. With naeon, tfaerrtore, it oocurred to many inimja 
that the relatione of anv two of tha forcae «f natuie were miituoli 
—tbnt that which b iJie oaoee, in ana mod* of iatera«tioii, may 
become the Hbcl, when tha ardor of the pheuomeaa b uluuigcUi 
—and Ibni, therefor*, in tlic wonb of Mr, (Jrove, one of tha 
able ex|iouiidun of thtfa vicwa, whilo thoy are " eorrelative," or 
nciprouolly depeodeot, ** nmther, taken obstinctmlly, oan be ae^ 
tn be the eeaeniud canee of the oihatn." Uut a further atap re- 
nuineil to be tnkeii. If tliene fercea were aot only rdatcil, but 
uiuimtlly relati.Hl, wah it not probable that tlia rdatiou waa alau 
a dollinCa one I Thus, when heat ia devdupod by medtaaieal 
a«Uou, oufbt we not to expeot a uertain ileBuite peoportion to 
•ubaiac between tbe interiKitiug kmse, au tlial if one were 
doubled or irebleii in Aiuouiil, tlie other ahodil uudrrsoa pro- 

Cioiiiiti« chuii^e I Thia anticipation, it haa boon already atated, 
been roallm) by Mayor and Joule, The duoovery of the 
meobaniod equinJent of heat haa beta ntpidly fdlowed by tlml 
of other (breea; and we now know aot only that eleetrid^, niM- 
aetiaiu, and chemi<wl action, in given qmrniiliee, will produce <Mi 



THE Cmt ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOmtNAL. 



818 



& d«finit« lUDiunt of DWchaoiMil work; bnt we know farlhe 
ohiflAy through (he Inboura of Mr, Jonl* — wh>>> Unit ti'Ution ia, 
or, ill oth«r wordi, th* ntohMilcftl Mnirali-ut of mcb fur»r. The 
llrnt itffp in thin importiuit au«n* oi dbmvcrr — ili(iu)(h lung ud- 
perooivoj in ii« relation to tUa t««t— w»* na(luiibte(tl;r FioMKfa 

CToot of the dufinite chenioU effect of the voltaic curmit. The 
lit will pnibably be to redaoe all tlieee ph«iwm«nft to siodw of 
motion, imtl to npplj to thom the known principle* of drnsmiis, 
in nach n war u not only Ui oxprnis the Uwn of ench kiiiil of 
inarnmont. an it i* in itaetf, l>Ut &i>o the ooDOt-iion nu'l tlqwu- 
denoe of the diflertnit claaMw of the plitoomeiM. 

A bold attempt at each a smemlution b m been diuId by M. 
Helinbolu. Th« wionoe oftbenno^yDiunici st&ria fWim the 
principlo that perpetual motion ie impoMble, or. iu othvr wori^ 
that we oannot by any combinaiion of nntiiral bodivn, prnduoe 
fovce out of nothing, la me^auiml fAToe, tfai* piinoir>l« ia r«- 
dndbU lo the known Uw of tli^ Conwrmtion of fU Ffiu; 
and H. lleilniholbt hae aoconlingly mdrnvonrvd ta show ihnc this 
htw in nuunbuned in the iiitotnctinn of all the natiiral fonxa; 
while, at the nine timr. the nMiiniption of ita Irutli InuU to 
auniu npw oonsaqneuMM in phyBia% not yet oxpcriinentAlly ran* 
llrnioil. Bxprcwcd in lU iDOatgmeml t'-na, thie principleaworts 
that Iho fpua of vit eina daring the nintian of a lynlem, ia equal 
to the force oonaumed in piodnrinK il; from whiuh it. fullowethat 
the ■nni of the viret rimt, and of the ciixtiii^ hrcvit, ii couetant. 
Thle principle M. Relmholts (leaoniiuDieB the Coneervation of 
Fdkb. a very important coniecjurnce of ita oetabliabnient mnet 
be, lliot 111! the aationa of nature an due to attnetWe and tvpul- 
«ive rorvvi, wboae inteoritv i« a fnnetioti of tlie diatance,— the 
ooneerraliou of vtr viva holding only ftT niofa fonta. It !■ luually 
statail, in meoliaulcnl worke, that there In a lose of vit fina in 
tJie collimnn of inelastic bodiea, and ici friction, Thl« j« tme 
with imiiucl to the BiotiMi of mai w ee, which forarn the mubj«ct of 
mechanioal ecienceaa at preeent limited; but it in not tnie in a 
lai^er euiwA In tlieue, and «nch like comm, tlie luoretnent of 
suiaeea U tmiiefomied Into molecular motion, nnd tliiu reappeara 
aeheat, aUctricity, aQd«benuc*l actUmi and the amount of the 
tnuudbRued action doliniUly eonmpoiids to the raechanioil force 
which wAa BUf arently loit In the tnsnjuat considered, mcchn- 
nioal ncUoo u ooiivurted into lunluculnr. But moli-cnlnr actiona 
of diffFreut kinda are themeeKe* in like ninuner iutvrohnngDnblr. 
Tbiu, wliun light ia abaorbeJ, eif viiio it apituivolly Iniit: but — 
not lo epoak iif phoephceiMCeuce, in which tno light abmrbed, or 
a portion of il, la a^in a>ivon cut-in all luch tain hekt and 
ohemioal action ore developed, and in amount eonwpondinn to 
th« Inn. Heucc, the ajijMreiit eioeptiona to the principle are in 
raality eon H mint ion* of U; and we learn that the quantity of 
fbree in nutiiiv i« aa unchangeable a8 the quantity of mntier. 
Thia, liowcTer, u not true of the quantity of available force. Il 
follu««, from Canidt's law, that licnt enn be oonvorted into me- 
diauioal work oolv when it jiuuet from e wanner to a colder 
bmlv. Bnl tlie r«dintion and oonductinii, by which thii ie edecteil, 
l«n<1 to bring nbout an e^ullibrinni of t^inprmtiire, and therefore 
to annihilate mechanical ktvc : nnd Ilie nmc drntriiction of 
•aersr lagoiag forward in the other proompi of nature. Tbiia, 
it foDowa from the law of Camot, ■■ Profewor Thomaon baa 
elMwn, that the nniverse tenda to a elate of et«mal net, and that 
ita uorn uf arailable force roiut be at length exhauxted, unlos 
repleniahod by a now act of CTimtlv* |HiWPr, Mr. Riirikiiii' li.-ui 
attempted, in another method, to comtiinc t!io physical nciimceii 
inta one ajat«ni, far diatingniahing th? properliee whii^h llic 
varioua elaMM of pnyaioal pheuoiuena p>uw«ii in eouimon, and 
by taking for axiom* nro|HwJt!onii whl-;h conipreihend their Inwo. 
The principle* thus obtained aji; applicable tnall plii-^loil ehani,'e: 
and they pnme n all the certainty of the IHeta from which tliey 
are derivail by induotloo. The lubject matter of tlie tcieneo ao 
eoaatltnted ie ener^: or the capacity to effect ehangea: and ita 
ftindamcntal princfplca ato— Ut, that nil kinde of eiierpy and 
work are homogeneaa^-or, in oUicr wonli^ that any kind of 
enerfj uinv be made the meone of pcrinmiing any kiixl of work; 
and, jod, (hal the total euergy of a eutotanee oinnot be altertd 
by the mutual action of ita p«rla Fi^iu thrwi prinriplea th* 
antbor ban doducsd eome rnry geneml laws of tlie tTanidbnna- 
tion of tatrjfj, which include Uie known relatione of ph^ad 
foreea, 

I have ooeiipied your Urn* m largely with th* eeieneeii of on* 
atetion, that I cannot do more than t« advert to one or two topic* 
MMtected with tlie olhrn, which Iwve elrack my own mind; 



altfaongh, from my limited aoqnaintaooe with tb* aiibJecU, I 
could not ventor* to «ty that they are the moat dmemag ef 
aoties. Among Ui* moat rennrknKln of the mvnt diuy>vcrM* ia 
htor^anic Chemktra are thoae of MM. Wohler and Devilk^ nela* 
tiro to ailicun and boron. Each of theae MbateDon la now pn««d 
to exixl in tlitne very different atateo, anatogoua to U»e tliiM 
known otiitea of carbon, to which tboy an time doaely allMd,— 
namely, charcoal, na|Jiit*, and diamond. Tlie laM of these 
■Latea i« of cotinc the moet intereatina. Cryrtalliaed boron poa- 
aemee a liarduem, bri^htneae^ and rBfmetiTc ^wer, oompafMle 
tothoee of diaiuciid; it buma in eliluriue withoat n*{di)e.aitd 
nndor drcumataitoee re«otnbHng \\ifim of the cct&bnatloa <a dia- 
mond in oxygen; it ia not acM on by any of tba MiJU, and 
nppMn to be the lea*t oltemble of all the simple bodie*. I Imw 
been iufuruied that ita powder i* atrewly uwd m the aria, Ineuad 
of diaiDond 'luiit; and it Kcpma not i(npri>bable, that wheo ob- 
tained by the dieuiiet iu cryitale cf hugee- atM, It may riral the 
diamond aa a fem. 

Tlie edcnce c^ Gattoyy appear* of late yean lo hare attend 
upon a new phiute of ita derplopmunl— one efanncleriMd fay a 
atrlcter nifereuce of ita epeculatlve view* to to the prindpleaof 
thoae aciencM witli which it \» connected, and uiwb whteb it 
ought to be bawHi. The able Memoir* of Mr. Hopbina on what 
may bo ooiloil Dynamical (ionlogy, including the changea which 
have taken place iu the earth's cmst by Uic ojieraliou of in- 
t«mB] foreea, afford a nmarkable proof of tbie; and we have 
another tnatance of the application of aouud phyakal pria- 
dplos to thia icience in Uie explauationa wliioh have reoeutljr 
odered of the phenomena of alaty cleavngft A Kocnrt on lliie 
iotereatin^ Bub|ect wae nreeeuted to the Aaoodation by Probaeor 
PhlUipii at ita last meeting, and wilt be found In the volume Jart 
puhliMied. Thee* eonnder view* oiipnate, I btlleva, wjib lilm- 
•clf and with Mr. Sharj)*; but thnv have hwm enlarged and coo- 
firmed by Mr. Sorby, Dr. lyndaJl. and Prot Halloa. T* 
have nu interntiug pniof of tlic readineoe of g(«Jogiata of th* 
prevent day to Hubiuit their viewe (o the teat of exact obaervalioa, 
in the niuaauTumnnt* undertakmi by Mr. Horner for tli* purpoae 
of approxitniiCiiig to the age of aedimcntary depcatta. Of the 
geolotticnJ chnu^ elill in operation, none i* more reniarkaU* 
than the fumintion of deltaaai ibc moniha of great river*, and of 
alluvinl lajid by their overflow. Of chaagea of the latter kiad, 
perh»iiH the m<.'tit, remarkable ia the great alluvial deposit formed 
in the vaUey c4' the Nile by tlm niiiiuni innndatloua of thai river; 
viid her* it fortunalcly happona that history come* to ib% aid of 
tlie geoli^st. Theae eedinienCArv dc|iuiila have aoemDulaled 
round tlie Uaee of monumeata of kuuwu age; and wo an tbcre- 
fure at once (ornlahed wltb a ohtviiumulrlc aeal* by which th* 
rat* of "OoAr fannation may be memmrei). The flral of the aerie* 
of maaanrementB nnderlaken by Mr. liomer wm made, with th* 
co-operation of Ibu Egyptian govcniiueiit, around the the obeliak 
of Heliopolia,* monument built, ucoordiau to LepBiiw, ac £900. 
A more exteneive mnvt of reacareha* haa Man Binoe uiHlcnalica 
inihodietrictof Memphia; but Mr. Bomtrbaanotyet, I hdiev^ 
publiahed the resutta. The prohletna now to be (olred in I^liteo- 
tolcjiy are dnarlr defmed iu the enuuciatiou of the praUaa 
ivoeutly pro|KMed by the French Acndamv of Scitaoe* a* oo* tt 
ita prise q^uuitiuna. via., " To etudy th* mws of diatribatioo of 
organic being* in the dificvent acdimontnry n>ck», oeounJiu In 
the order of their auperpoMiion; to dii<cuB* tbe quotion of u«ir 
appearance or diaappeuiuiae, whether ■imullonoou* or anccaatEva; 
■ud lo determine the nainre of the reUtlooa whkh avballt 
bctwuHu the existing organic kingdom aad it* anterior aiataa.' 
The priu wna obtaijiod by Prof Broun, of Hcidejbng; and Mi 
Memoir, of which I have ouly seen an outline, appear* to be 
cliumcti.Ti»r(i by views at onoe aouud aud oomprchoaaiv*; The 
Ipuding nrsult appeal* to be, that the genen aad apedea ef 
pkiile i\xu\ auiiiinU, which gology prove* to ba\'e existed bu*- 
ce«jiivcly on our glotw, were ciratcil in ■aeeaaiion, ia adaptaliM 
to the exisliuR state of their abode; and not ttanauutad, ot 
modified, as the theory of lAmark auppoaea, by th* pbyried 
iufluvucea which aiirroiinded them. 

I mutt now paaa from the taaulta of acience to the adminbtn- 
tlve rafmaurea which have been adopted by tliia Am'>ciaiiou fbt 
ita wlvancomont, and more npecially to tlioan which u ill be 
brought under your oonaideratiou at the preeeut meciiug. One 
of the mode* iu which thia Ahsocialiou must effeelively proONlw 
the advaiicomont uf acience in, yua ar« aware, by the preparatfaa 
and pubUctiliou of Reports ou the hialory and actual atat* of 111 



1 




THE CIVIL EMGCTEER AND ARCHITECTS JOCBHAL. 



819 



^rend bruekak. Witli tii« luilp of ttiMt, oricitial bvMUntan 
[biaj wlUi llul« tsboar uecrlaiu «ll that biu bran MCnmpfiaboil 
Ib Moh dufMrUiMiit, befora tfaej procotid to iuar«aM the •tora; 
ud M iwt oalj prepare Iheir own nuDda for their taak, bal «bo 
avoid tke wmU of time and toll vbleb bu bwa too ofUu bi- 
«itmd in tli« ra^inowrjr of tha umn trutb4. To furtli<>r Uio 
MIM abJeol«, it wan prapCMod bj- Trot llonry, of WaaliiagUn, at 
tka Oluguv Mcctinit of ibe AMocintion, that a Oatalogna uf 

Spen oeeorriox m the trauaucliimH of Scieulic Soctetio^ and ia 
B aei«iiti6e jouruala aliould b« iirepanHl by the AaaooIaUoo, ibe 
Smitbaouiao InalitntiMi underlalcitig to exacul* Uiat paart of tha 
work whicb nUtod to AmcriAii (oionee. A OobhuHm,— oon- 
■tadng of iir. Cajle;, Mr. Onnt, and Feat Stoko^-xwaa ap- 
pointed to eooirider tbia nropaaal, and ibelr report «m nWittMl 
to tbe Cbeltduhani MMtW. Tha aabied hoa alooe beeo aad«r 
tbe ooiuideratloo of Uie Council oi the RoyiJ Sodetf; and a 
prelioiiuHrj report ha* biHiii drawn np bv n niib-oointDittaa of 
llMt biHl/, vhioh will probably bo brongbl before yoar oomnaittoe 
Ml tbla moctiog. 

A atiU mora iinportiuil queitlon lia« b«Mi for aoma 'F«an under 
tbe eiNuidentiou of thia Aaaodntiov, an<i tlii> Boj'bI Societj— the 
qnertioo, naiu«ly, whathor anj naaaurH could b« adopted 07 the 
govocfiimiit, or parliamaDt, that would ioiprovo tbo noaition of 
BoieiMe ot ita eultiviit»ra in tbia oouutry. Tbe I*ariiainentAr]r 
OmnBittee oS tbo Aawciatiou have takra niu«h paina in the 
ftttat&pt to arrive at a aoliitiou of thia Inrgf Ami c«4iiples qnea- 
tioo. Thev oooBulwi), in tho lint tuianco, aaroraj la the moat 
■minent adeaiti6c rnun of lhi> (yunirj: and in thttr fint Report, 
nr went 111 to tho meoibg of the AMOciation at Obagoir, the/ 
liiav* onalyiod the repliea obtained, and hxn reooBinieDded eer- 
tain fTPiieml meaauiw founded tbneon. The nmat important of 
the recniuineuilntions are tbe praviaon, At the covt of tbo nation, 
tt a central building tn London, in which the prinorpal Sciontiflc 
SMMiea «f tli« metropoJia nutv be Inoaiitd tof^iher: ami tli<? for- 
BMtloB of a Seientiio Board, to have the oontml and expi-ndiliire 
of xh* publk fuuda ^lotl«d to the ndvanoement of auienm. Thia 
report waa brought under tbe oonaideration of your CoBitnitl«e 
or BeoommaDiUtioBs at the btat two tnootinp of thp Aawtciationi 
ud the opiuioaa of the nwntban of the Oeocral OminittM bavo 
been ■inw inrltAd in refmoce to ita aiiKseKtioaa. The Coaueil of 
the RujmI .S'l'iK'ty bare likewise dvlibentnl on tlieaanieaurwtiou, 
and luvo poiwed orrtoin nwilutioua on the RiibjeoT, whtoh tony 
be oOBiiderod aa embodying thnir ro|>ly lo th? ipMRtlon abuvo 
■toted-, and the Parliamentary Cnminiltoo utAt^ that they nro 
gratified by obaerviog that most of tlie rvonmincii'JiLtiuQi nd'optud 
n Uie O.aagow Report liave, in aiibiitaoee, received the aancliun 
of tbeoAkial repnMeutntlvM of the laoal nneieiit and veunrable 
of oar eoienti&c inatitiilionii, A ootiy nf tli««e moliilioiia wna 
forwarOwl by Lord Wrouiidey, u tVo«dent of tho Society, to 
LonI Palmeraton; and mutious hnvH been iiuide in bath Uocaoa of 
Pnrilaunut by Lent Burliiixton and Ur. H. Stcpbenaon, for the 
prodnetii-n of' the correapaaJeiioe. Tbe Brat of the objeote above 
raferred t>>-^aauely, lbs juit>i|ioiittion of the Sclentiflc Soolatlea 
of Ijundon ill one locality— Uo* been ainee accooipllafaed by tbo 
grant of Bnrlington Uouao fnr the aat of the Boynl, Linnean, 
and Oieoiictl ;jucieliw: and the rwuli aifurdi a frvab iuiuuice of 
tbe leadtDoM of hsr Hajeety'M governioeat Ut li»leu lu. aud com- 
ply with, the Aiuj^tioue of men of acionoe, when deliberately 
and carefully luado. 1 canuot hot think that thia iin|iortant etep 
ia fraught wltli oan*e<iaeacci atfectinx llie promotion of acionov, 
and extending &r beyond tha exturuAt and obviouti advnntagta 
wfajob it ioauiea to the ScieatiSu Sooieliee more ImnieJiatoly 
benofitoiL 

Another mode in wbkh ihia Aatocia^on bna malerially aided 
In tbe advancemout of eeience ia through the iuatruueutality of 
Ita Obavrvntory at Kew. The objeDla which are at preeent 
ntl^nwl liy that iuipiTlant eatabliilimHiil are, tile trial and iin- 
pntventot of Inacntuuiital loetboda, and oapeoiAlly of thow onn< 
Booted with tli« plioUtgmphic rwitratton ornatiinl plieii:imnQn; 
the verification of motonrulDgicarinatnunenti, and the cuantruc- 
tion of atandonl kirouietera and thennometera; tbe aupsrvinon 
of appantiu to be employed bv acietitiSc travellers, anil the in- 
■inicnon of the obaerv ew in tnelr naa; ami, laatly, tlie eoniluct 
uperlmental rtieainbea undortakno by uieoibara of 
ntion at ita request. In all theae vniioiu vny%, tli« 
f tlie Kew UtiMrvalory bare teudad, ui no mintl ilegrre, 
advnncomunt uf tlie uienoee of observsliuii and experi- 
in Uiia oouuiiTi and the raault ia due, not only to tbe 




•asndty of the cocasilttee under wb«w uuiageDMnt it ia pinned, 
but al*i>, and eniiuoutly, to tlie smI and talenta of Ur. Welab, 
the (ceutteman who boa tbe immediate tliaige of tbe eatabliah- 
tneoL 

Tliere ia bat one otlier topl< oonnacted with tbe ailininialn^OD 
of tbu Aaiocialiou, to which I feel it neoMBiry to invite vour 
alteuticiu before [ ooncluilc^— I taena the change which baa been 
■node in the ooualjtution of one of the ■oction>>, ami which will 
coiue Into ofjeraliun at the preMmt ineotiuK. My a mtiJiiii'io >if 
vour oomnuttee, adopted at the laat meeting, tbe acope of tbe 
Sl«U«ticB] SacttOB luw been enlaigod, ami it now eaibra<M 
Eeonomie Seience in all ita rdatiotui. 1 r«f;aTd it a* a ^rtiHwle 
dnuautnooe for the Anoointion, that thia iniportiuit change will 
oome Into operation under the praodency of tho dittinculabatl 
prelatp, whoaa taJenta have been on long iftrvoled to the advance- 
luout of thia aoienee, and to whoa* munifieeace wn owe the (br> 
uiation of naefaoulof Political EooiMDtyin the Utjlveiwivof DuU- 
lis, which haa already atlainedabigh nuaflUtD of celebrity. The 
■ectiou will have the ai<I, on this occMioo, iif moni than one of 
thuae Koiitlemen who have lillrd tbo ohair of (he MThately Pro- 
fMMraliip, aa wall aa of other nienbar* of (be StntieUcal Sodety; 
and Ita proeeedinga will receive the eonnlenanoe and aopport of 
mao^ funti^eta who have devoted tbeuaolvoe to tlie ooltivatiou 
of Econijnun Soleuoe. 

ticntloQinn, «iifl«r nie now to thank you (or the indnlMBt 
attviiiiun with wliioh yon have favoured me. I am eooacHU 
tliat tbe akuteb of tbo feoent prcyreae of tlie Pliyaioal Sdeaoea^ 
which I liave endeavoiued to proMnt,ia but a avagre and imper- 
fect auinmory of what baa been aooompliabod; but it la oiwiuh, 
at nllcventa, to prove that adeooe la not on the decline, and tbal 
ite cultivatora have not been Bfgligeut in tbeir high cnlling. I 
now beg, in the name of tbe IomI member* of tbii liody, tu wel- 
mtne you warmly to tbi* dty ; and I pmy that your laliMin bete 
may raduaud to tbe glory of tiud, and to the welfare and bappi- 
-- of your fellow-ineu. 



SficnoK O.— UBCHAmcAL SoiBmiiL 

n^rrvUriU~0. nMinlr, It. Ua]tl4. Mr J. ttvK'lll. J. *VlU BUMilL W Dm 11 

f 'fi t mrtti J.n.mitma. ft T, l>mae. U. Wilahl, Pii>f . Hum"- - - *■ - 
CrnmUUt~J. a. Jiff-M. C. AibDrtiai. P. W. Uvluw. J. KtHon, 1 



TLpwiIWIb. ft T, l>mae. U. Wilahl, Pii-f. Ouvulu. A. Tmi. 
tmulil. C AibDrtiai. P. W. Uvluw. J. KtHon, 1. Smutt, Utar 



t, I) lilfiVni. fir linvo. T limlih. W.J llnunck. S. W. Kviitii.D. A Uia 
drrwD. O. w Hfiiiioi, J.HUl. Vnl.3tck. O. IsOD, J. U'CUsuiiJI, 1, Uwenwr 
O. M. ViUir, .I.Muitut. AJninl MniimiiD, J. K. Murfu, J. Xuuiilh. J It. 
Nfll-un. 1'. V»ill-, ■r.iiMtn.m, J llHiu, 1. II Onu. W. /. Ibaiuuni-ftjiiiklsr, 
Vt' U. K^liiriMn. 17 II KxMiiwii. W KtnlUi, a, J, lUmie;, R B. MmH, it utu<l 
C. VUualm. a. n'UUiUMO. T. WUmb, B. VoaiaxSi, ■«r. Dr. V/uOtr, tmi 

Lord Ko»a mid:'~lAdiM nnd Bentkman, aa Pnrident of 
the Meohanioal Section, I am lurr that ua tbo praaeut ooAolon 
then will be nuny aburtouniiiiiia cm uv part. However, there 
are very able naaiatauta ou butb aidta of nie— gemUemaa of bi^ 
■natbematloal attnlnmente, who have devoted tbeowelvea to 
tlio Rtiiily of practical engineering. Wn can tbarefon pnwetd 
with contiduiicc. 'Die i^iicstioa baa aomotiuM beau aaked, 
why ia a Meuhnnicnl Scclioii nuOeoKiTy I Would not all nieolia- 
uiol i^umtiuLm be diacuMed in tbe uiuthemnliail and chemical 
■eotiouM I Tbe answer wbioh may be at onu« given to that b, 
that it will bo Giund ominontly lucful to have apodal MoluMia ftr 
■pedal objoata. It ia only under aucb nrrangeineat tbM dloemi* 
■looa nn be etfeetive iu bringing ont tlie truth. Unlcn a por- 
tion of the eeclion ia fiitiuuttely aonuainted with tbe anbject iu 
all ite deloila— unloM it i» quite widl np to tha learning of the 
day, and oulea* tha wliolo acotion haa aoma little knowleilge «f 
tile quoitiou bn,nght forward, what hope oan wo hnre that dia- 
cuaoion will be o( advantage f TbU baa been felt vory etrongly 
at the Royal Svdety, where tliere are no aectbiDH, and whem tbe 
■iibjooU are of a nried ohamcCer, cotaprehendiag tbe wliole 
range of mnthematioil and ph>'«Ml aeienoo. A paper ia rend 
there purbap* on aoma bninob of pure ninthonnatioi^ aiid very 
puaaibly ihore iQHT not be a ilngle peraon nmoi^pl the aitdlence 
ouuvenuiii with that |iai'Ciciilar timiich of mntbenintien. Nodln- 
eoeaion tulwa iiUsv. Then fallow* noma queetlon of natunU 
■cioneo; protvDly there are few in tlie room who have been 
wnrkiuK in tliat directiuu. Tlicru is a difference of ojHuloa— « 
diicuaiiuu Likffi plnou which is intemttiu;; to the natorahat, uul 
of uu lUtifrMt whatever to the ueol<«itt, the pliyaioiat, and wi on; 
au that at the uieeting* of tbo RovMSuoiety ilincuaaiona »n Ml 
of w^y genend interest, or really cS>n.-tive iu promollug know- 



■ 



iio 



THE CITTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOCKNAt. 



lodgt. H<nv, bv the hxppy oxjxvJiant cf sopuntc Mction, » 
ny M pnpkmJ Tor ilut eUeetxve Kynna of diKualMl wtioh 
origiaated witli the G«L<loj^>ad 8ociiit}', and winch hat nlrandy 
atKompliabed no macU. Of coiirae, ben, wheni iha emit ubjoot 
b to promol* Iciiowleilgc by diicnMlon, aofvlj it vonkl be unwiM 
togronp to^rthprinanewctioDavnriMjrortubJectieMih reqnir- 
hate ■podul inrortnAtioa. ■ped*! Appliaition of Uiooeht, snd, I 
will ftdiL, perliapa sprdal experirace. In Section E, buniaa In- 
f[eDuitv juid kii'-wMg* ia Ainilied to the mlatioaormnthoiriMticAl 
awl plivHicul qomtlonii. it^re. (n S«ctiaa O, yoa havo liumtut 
kiiowldig*' of a dilFoTCnt kinj — knnwloclffo appJIeij ta NiginMnng 
■]aratti>ri«. However the •luoition roar be cnit ill mnother point 
of view; aotl il lunv be ulteil, wlieiv tlie invattigktiotH are not 
alMtrMt, but )»actic&l — w!icre the ivsulu are rery ofUin train*- 
itiat« Mid prnAtaUe, In it iiwemary tliat the Briliah AjMKKsalion 
aboulil intocf«ro at all I— will not prtrste indivJilualB, frum 
. RWtivM of itelf-iiitcrcitt. dovcit« tbeniMlvm to lbs «tu<ly of etigi- 
HMrinit eeienoe in ita iiielier deportiseDta, without nay adveiiij- 
tioui nidi ! — will not public muo mnke it their buBiaeaa to aoqaira 
a nfficlMit aiiMiiut of g«a«ral hiiowledffe, ao aa to be ablo to 
know wUfTQ tn apply fir rnginricring afJ in time) of difficuItT I 
I b«liii«v that wo cannot ilcpond upon that. It In v«ry nfteii said 
that wc are a practical nntiou, relyiog on eip«rionc« timi dlatruat- 
ing atlciilntioD. But cip^ricuoe ia not olwaya nt hnnd. Than 
are innumerablo instanoea of lltat-«*te m«chauiiita who hxd ana- 
lalnad rm-y heavy loaaaa wbich a Itttta el«Di«iitnry kiiowladiio of 
adanoa would aa<-o them. Some yaan ago I went to me the 
workahop of a ([potleman near Loadon, who waa ondeavonrtng 
to make an air^iigine. He fouud. after ^aiug to groat eiponae 
br inatmneota, that tha objecta for wlueh be reouirad thoin 
would be Hitllcirally aatiaRed in a bw elaowmtary booka of eeienoe. 
A little knowli.>daa would havo ehovn hiio that what ho aought 
wna nlrntdv inide known. Tha eeulletonu who introdiicail me 
(old rae he' believed fa* bad alnody spent lon,ooo/., and that a 
lady livl Hpt-i'iilutcd in the biveotiou to the ext«ot of 30.00(U. I 
am afnJd that tram tbii eanao public a« waI1 at private tDt«reala 
liava auffinTd. Three or four yrara ai^> I w.v nJlbg In the bar- 
Imur of Porlanioiith, and I nw a niiuiber of Hoc lookiog aliips 
laid up. I inquired of a nllor, and he rtaid to mc, " Suah a ahip 
ia pcrfeclly aoubd, but die rotteil w> tremeudoualy that it waa tm - 
pcanble lo k««p her uioata In bar.' He pointed out another that 
aaUwl ao alowlv that aho woa perfMtly wortbteaa, It wna mtber 
duabtfkll wholAor all llie infofmntion I got from the tnilor wna 
oorraot) when a little book fell into my hands containing 
napeta on the reaulla of the BxhibilioQ of ItMl. Tbi^ wore 
UeMrea by aome men of tlie day. Anioogal them waa one by 
Rear-adniind Mnonom, ooa of the mo*n, acit-ntiflo oflicon of the 
navy. He woi piinfuUv scnaible of tho fact tliat dnriiiff the loat 
war the ^lip* of the frenoh and Spaniaida, for atabdity and 
bcilitr of mann-nvriui, were euperlor to thoae of tho Ki^liah; 
nndalthourii even tiiaUy the akill ofourMamHoand their coun^te 
had euoceodod in ntaUiahing tho anpFvinaey of Eiiglnml, yet it 
WM at aoeh a MUrifioe of life aa might ba avoided hiu] our aliipa 
more nearly aoptoocbed lo ihoee oflbe euemy. IIo dearly traced 
thnt Btau of Ihlnga to the Ignorance of actentiRc prisdplea which 
pcvvalletl amongat ahipbnililei-M. It h a fnct that a peraon who 
imbllahed a adentifie trvatiu on the aubjcot died a working ahip- 
wrlght, »o little waa the attention wbii^h van paid to It. T hare 
linuTt on loine oetnaiona the cumplaiut nindc that ensinaaHng 
■eienoe had elTeoteil very little for uh. We ahould reooflact that 
«iigtiM«re ilo not apriiig np nt tlie apur of the moment, and it 
alwn}** r«qiiirai a ■tmoj; indueomcnt lo ilirect Inventive powera. 
Have wo never hwrd of utEcinl prejudice in thia country! B«- 
•idH, if any one luv^uta anrthiug what chance ia there that it 
can be k'-pi awrei f — what cbanue it tliere thoi the memy would 
not get poaMMion of hi It t« not by petty Inrentiooa that the 
mglBaering akill of Engbind hita been brought to aid the atate ia 
any oonteet. I believe u aome of the moat eiuinent dvil engiueeta 
of Eo^nnd hod beea oeoiaultwd ia iiroper time, in conjvnotion 
with Urn miliiai; an^aara, — I believe thai meana would be 
Ehuod by which Ui* gigantle Migincerlag reaouma of England 
could bnvc been bmognl to bear ou tlio airufnlo. It to certainly 
too mnch to any llint Oroustadt could hnvo^osn tnki-n by eon- 
tracL It Is curtain that wrougbt-iron will rwrt h«n>-T ordnanca, 
and l\irth«r, it la a fact which nobody will itrny, that the H-a 
wonld be abl« to bear that wnight At the time there wore 
ni^iiallr FWndi vxperimonta in etlatoBo* on the reaiataoee of 
wrouuhl-iron (o diot — expennienin whioh wonld be anoogh to 
aAonioorrMl data for the oecManry calculationa. liiere ia tittle 



donbt tfaat vaMola mif;ht be cooaUtKUd of each aotld matcrikkl a 
would enable them to enter a h*rbotv aad lake the batteriM w 
reverae. Thla is not tlio nlaoa to snter into tba aluntlge ofaooh 
•ubjoota; bnt when It la add tlMt eii(nneerii^[ adane* In Ei^lasl 
baa added ao IIUlo to ouratrtngth, J tiilnk weafaoolilcnll npsa 
thooi) who nay no to akov that oBgiBeain^ atasMB wm apfmd 
for in a pn)[wr time and in a proper aoaiinor. Tlioae observatioaa 
fflny be a Hufli<neiit answer to the qneation. Why the UechankiU 
Seuliou ia UMesKiry t 

Mr. J. Soolt Ruaaell Mad the Beport of the Tooa^^.Ctom- 
niittoa. 

Mr. William I^iib^ra nad a nport " Oa tbe CoUanae ot 
Tnbea." 

Ur. J. C. Denui^v of London, road a paper fton Ur. J. Hart- 
nnpp, F.RA.S., "Ou controlling the Movtiatat of onliiwry 
Clocks by Cialvaolc Ciirrviita." 

Mr. G. Macfpvflor rtttd a paper " On tha Early Uodca of Pi«- 
pellingShipe." rneF^verdwcribodtbevMiouanMLlKNbadofJlaJ 
uy the Egyptianth Aaayrlaiia, Chinate, and other natloM for pi^ 
Dclluig aupa and boata, up to tbe introdootlon of alaa&L air, 
Maai^agur illoattatod hiu doacriplion by a gr«at i-nriely of dk- 
vntma and drowingis copied fii«a mro booka iu the BritUt 
Muveuni and ancient aoulplurea found in different pUcea. 

Mr. Tale, one of the aeontariea, rewl a ci>mninnJcat4oa fnm 
Mr. J. BeattJo, " Ou Coal>bnniing Ent'In-s-"— Hr. SllUer, eaa*- 
iiccr of the Groat BoutLoni and Wostern Riilu-ay, bon taatimoiir 
to the aceumcy of the experimenta liotailed lu Mr. BeattlA 
papeta, and aaid be eutartoiued a hi^h ojuninn of the vidoe of 
tha Invention. — Mr. Henutna, (IE., said the subject wu one of 
til* grtateat InlerMt and ioiportoncie to nulwny eogiaeera, pnv 
posing aa it did to cSbct a aavtus of one million in oti* item 
alone in ndlway consumption, lu hoped ^i* iavetitiou wonU 
oblun a trial iu this country', aoJ tluil it might be llie amm of 

Sfivlaic !i dividend in eaaes wlivre there wna nou* at pfeaeiit.-~ 
di'. tiKrhm, C. Vt., aipraasad a aiiullar opinion aa to the valua of 
Mr. Itt^ikllio's ioTrnlioiiL 

I'mf. Thom[jw>n nddr ea scd the section at aom* laogtb * On tba 
Alachincry tor laj-iug Submarine Teltvraph Cablea." 

Mr. Andrew H. Hart> F.T.C.U^ maJo a few obaervatioaa " Ob 
the effect of the Rumaiaooe of Water tu aa cstcndad OaUa." 

Mr. H. Wright oin:iiiiunicat«d a jKuxsr, by I^tlcatriai, " On hia 
Submarine Electric Tolc)iraph Cable. 

Mr. Chorln Urooko anlimitted "A I'lon ft^r dimiuialiing Um 
riak of Injury to tho Allantau Cable by an tllnattc Riif^uUtor.* 

Mr. W. S. Wonl ooumunicatad a papar by J. Bfsckecuitek 
" On the Working and Ventilation of Cool Uinei.' 

Mr. Jamoa Oldham Mad a cojiiiouation of a npon nmd fu 
16.^3, " On the fUae, Progmsa, and Prnwnt PoaltJOB of fliaua 
Navigntiou in Hull" 

Tli<- Hon. J, U'utborbead, tJnit«d Stutea, read a oooimniiicatiMi 
"Un Suj>oHw.il4id Sltam." 

Mr. J. J. Have* reid a i-aficr "Ou a niiuieof rendering Vmx 
eeowotuJaaily available an a Fuel, and a* a aonroa of lUumuialliig 
Gaa" 

A oommuiilcation wna rtnd fi-om Mr. Thoanaa Silwr, of Phlla> 
d(>l|)liia, V.S~, "Ou the importance of rcgnlatiDg the Spc«d «f 
Marino Engines." 

Mr. J. Neville, M.lt.I.A., cnlled the attention of tbe aeetioa lo 
aome ^ta " On tlie Flow of Wavir through Pipe* and Wat«^ 
ubauneta generally.* 

Prof. liankino niod a paper " On th« Principle of tba IHoa- 
fonnntion of titmoturea." 

Mr. J. Barton, CIO, described "The Prineiplea upon wUA 
the Bovne Viaduct had bean oonabruul«d." 

Mr. ^riKiinaa Moy,cf London, nad n comniuuiaaiion "Ou the 
Pliilosophy of the Wave-line Syatem;" aUo, a paper "Ou Im- 
provemeuU iu the mode cf troi^ni: Bteom-cnginoa." 

Mr. It. A. Murnty mode aome uliot'rvationi " Ou the SpinaiM 
of Silk trocu the Cocoon." Ha exhibited a modol of the ■*- 
chinerv by which the new process wiw effecitd, and atated UmI 
tbe nlk spnu in ihia nuian«r waa perfuctly atuoatb, witliout a 
aingla knot in it from the beginniug to the and, and tb«tt4bn 
greatly euperlor lo the arUole produced by the old antem, hvUm 
which a vaat eavtnx of labour wm effected. Ha had ooly tM 
taken out a patent for tbe invention. 

rSevcnl of (lie above pa^ra will be repotted at length fa ov 
next) 



THE CIVIL ENGENEEB AND AfiCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



321 



On llm Ifml ^ F*eU rMpeettng ih« Ptr/onatn>t» nf Vnmtt 

9l Km. bj BMi^Atliuiral C. II. Moohsom. 
HliTUig Tcnturrvl tn rotDark on Uie ptrtcot iDOotnplete pon- 
tion of OMVnI rtn-hitoeture w it wiaioct in » punpUlM vkld) I 
han kkd piiolol for printo dmUtiou, 1 1»r« ainoe nceived 
eoauROBkaUou* from ponou who m« wOffimA U> bo aiiUioriUM 
OB thi Mty'Mt, >hl«ti hllv jiwtiiy tbnt murk; miij 1 mut mj, 
that I ua rvoa itig^vnid aj AaiTiag baw litlk ii kuowo kt thu 
dajr of llie ekuMaUrjr beta which ougtit to be tli« fbiUiitfttMD of 
all acMiiliGe dntncliou. 

Br "IciKiwii," I niMa publidy known awl cooonJIr aeooMUh*, 
Indmdoals ttinv ]v<««aw fpceifto iuforDuttioii ofn kind thM Biidit 
pror* tutfol if "im;u W tba pubti':; bul if there be any aoe wbo 
MMM«aM Mieb lUUk, foooiled on phjnoal law aiid cnpoUe ut 
tmag Ki«ntifiaUlx renMinol on, I do doC bappcn to barv nui 
vlth bin. Many «mrurlca] farniulie haTo beva turrivnl ai by 
pnMtioa, but oduiiUM lUta mid a coomMn (tiutiiig- point an 
wasting. 

It k Mgreed tUat time, labour, and mooqr wooM be aaved, if in 
dtaifiuBg a *«Mcl, the eknuala wbUli ooapnM t]i« raalaUDOS 
were InMwn. It is amfd that tbp*c can mily b« known bj 
a««aal trial qI aw, und^r tba ooai)ili»(iii witli which n vdimI i« 
baUtnally (nrrouibiiul. It is futniiUril that uperimeiita ni.ijr bo 
I «o ooiKliii;(<^i nil to di^tcnnioe the tt^iuind riatWDlA Tli« qiiM- 
^■Hon ia, Wbo i> lu nuke tlietn I 

^H^ When tbc CltMtcraA'i Hf-ljIitadRiulwajCDCDpntijrnnilorUiok 

^Hb llirow a brtil^ over tlu> M«iu>i Stniti^ which (honl'l givg 

HROV bet of bMilvay throuabnut ita hdigtli, tbey had ao reliable 

^IkBla to wamint (uch nn nticuipl. But the/ had nlluiM on the 

gniaa anil skill nf their rngiiiMr, nnJ tliey aathofiwj him to 

aaSu a cuarar uf vKiwriun-uU i>> ■luuniiiDu uio form ui<l prvi'Or- 

UodB of that atriictiiie which now nttcula hi* abililv and tliair 

ard]-(i>uiu)«d tnut, ik> bsa tluui their public Bpiril. Tbcae f^pc- 

riueDU coat Uw Company Duarl/ TOOtK.; and It waa nian«v well 

1^1 out. !t aat-td tiiiii>, labour and tatai»y, aud ulio^ what la 

Bion, paailUe failnro. 

Aguu alao, whra the London and Nnrlb-Weatem Railway 
Company bad to detemiine the wmt auiubJe ragliMa for ibnir 
rapidly inenwiii^ tntficv the directon e«iii<lojfd two KuUetueo 
of M(n)K^tiu)t atiaiaineuia to make ft acrlea of eipenneata on 
engine* tbuT hail urderad of vaiylog WMa and pmpoetioM^ tlia 
coet of wbiea experinetiU waa atarly 30001, Bat it wm uoDejr 
apant tn Mva iBoaey. 

I ua not aware of any one eornpany oaDt«ni|>lMing the exprn- 
dituTT of MCQe nUttoua In veMtia, aod to wliont tbvrprKi-e K 
ir»ulil be worth while to Inatlttita exiwriiiWDta of a uutilar kind 
to thoie I have deacribad: bat the nntioa pta n aaw a fleet wboae 
aggrwate cmi (rtekotiing tboae only in actual aeiwlBe) oannot 
bare bo^ loa ihna cixht and a half milliona, probably ucanr 
nloe mitltnu* ateriiiig. In tbb sum 1 <lo not litcluile the altenr 
llona owl wUlitioM^ til* pulling to pieoM and pulling togotbor 
again, wfakb w« know to bav« talua place. It is not 04*y to 
make a*it from the tmt-y culimala wh»t auin i> narty apjiro' 
prinlinl to buiUini; jiew vliwIv. But cnL-iibtnl **'it aiokl bv Ut 
Bmiiitaiii the ptvHnt nunib<;r« with veawla of a ntare ooatly 
dui.i-i)i>i'>u, it ninat beof •ocooaidefBhUan anonnt na to^uati^ 
any rsMnaabU expenee that wutild tend to prevent tba matolcee 
whicb an ooearrinit nu-l ihi^ cxim coM lliey eacnil. 

BeAire damihiug ihe luiturv of the expniraeuU required, il 
Bttgr be a* wtl to ntate tboetly the taaiini* oraxlraoa, aa to tlie 
iiM*taiii' if » iiHr nil a ihifL "fafimn nf thr pi-iudpal anthoriliea 
oa naval ardi I («>.'■ iirE. 

It U n;rw>,tl ilint is aiill wnter, and witbont wlwl, and nmuil- 
Ing only ilie part of ihn v«aad at anil bcli>w tlie UiaH wat«r IIim^ 
tba dirMt rrMidaiMM *sriw anarly a* the iqiiaiv of the vck-nty. 

in eXporiiiMOla ntade nn a huaII aoale with mudcln, and on 
llie vMwIft tbenaelvee. the power eeena Ut raty from 1-7 to t^j 
but iu the latur cnae there toenuto be involved in the rtalataBea 
of tlie wnl«r that of tbe air on ibe hall, maabi, and riuiag' 

Aoouixlliij to Itouiiiie, the rcaintauor ia dutermiiMble by the 
M^ of tnuiarenw M<ctJon, irrMpediM <ffjbrm, within aucb Uniita 
H at* Is uar for •Jiipa. 

BarUDnilli and tuJer ooneor in tbo roaiatanco to a iiUne 
looviag Tcrtioallr being reprceentcd by the woitibt of a colniun 
of Water wboae twa* U ci^ual tu ibe plane, ami hi-ijjbt Hioh aa 
would by tbo fiiroe of K^ovity giie the velocity of tbr plane^ aud 

V< 
(ranlhla la dvduead tlie fofiBaLi,B = a. v.^- . 

Mo. 28S~Vel. n.—Ovroeaa, 1U7. 



Dob OaoniB Jbmi kolda tbat tbe itaiatanee ia of fotufcid 
chanuter, arulag frooi tbe dMiaity of the flnid, the anrfaoe of 
bnpaet, tha aqiuuv root of the immoniun, and the Bp«ed. 

Cbapman, maintaining that the witter diTidea at tbe ^naiaat 
tranavetBe aectioii— iliat i^fin hciug driven ahead, wtiile tbat 
atafl finlkMn tba afalp— lays down a mla for tbe rcaiatanoe which 
it ia not naciMiiy to repeat bare. 

By the aspcriineBta of tyAleaibert, Condormt, atul Boeaut, tbe 
felkwfng auoma ware eatebliabed ; — 

I. Tbat the nrietanccaesperiecioed by tlie wUDc body, wbatarer 
be ila Sgura, morod with lUflbraut vModtica tbrmiKl> <^ B**ii' 
infinite ia eatMit, are nry neariy in proportion to the aquana of 
tbe velocitiea. 

i. Tbat tbe perpend icmlnr and diiMl reatataaeea of tRYtnl 
plane aartiteea naoved with the tun« vatodty aie very nearly 
ptoiwrtional to lbs araaa of die aurOwaa. 

3. Tbat tbe perpend ioular and direol reelatanoe of a plane in a 
fluid of infinite extent ia nearly e<^ual to the weight uf a culiiinb 
of the fluid, of whicb the boae t* trjunl to tbu Rur&nt of ibo 
plana, ami ibr heigbt e^ual to tbat whicb ta due lo tbe velodty 
with which the impuh^ I* )rirc». 

UeCoaocbia (bund by riiwrimeut that ibe rt«»itiincw grada- 
ally dlmlniahed a* the length inoraued ta a trtaii* artaaf and In 
a ortaJn areparffim, bejowl wblcli tbe realataaoa laavaatd aa the 
l«nj(tb of^tbn body waa augmentad; ao tbat tbera ia a Mctaia 
ratio of tlie leiwtb to the area of the oppcaod aiufitoe which givea 
tbe miuHinm of rtaialanea. 

The object of Uiene esperriaenta, made above ft(^ yean aou, 
WW to " r«dnae tbe Ibm* of abipa to aotna eeitaki fixed pnn- 
ciploi, acGonlin^ to tbeir napoctire dutkn, whether of war, mm- 
nieiise, or intcltii(<>ii<:v ' 

Thi rxpcrimciiU niwlc by the Socioly for the Imptoranxat ef 
Naval Anrhitcctan butween ITMaud l'!9ti, oooducted bgr Cotoael 
Bcaiifoy, did not throw aay greater li|;bt on tbo theoi^ of re- 
aivliuioca than U aliowD In the pnoediug aaaaeuuy, aor u there 
inudi more to bs gathered of autfaentie data fnnu other writer*. 

In tbe wonia of Mr. Wilaon of the late Narv Oflk* (wrillen 
thirty ^eara ago), "The ooouuoa tbcnry of tbe rWatanoe of 
fiuid^ IB Ita praaent etate, la laapplicaUa to any practical pnr- 
pcas." 

What advantWM then havt bean obtained by Ihnte nuniernna 
experimental we have laamt— "That tbc relociiy of ahiM 
depctidi oo the form at the after-part of the body aa well ae the 
fure-jNut.* Alio, ''That while ahnip bodiea are Ina raitilij !b 
etlll witur in a ilirect oourae, if tlia ah.ir)'"™* ■■ x|vu by great 
tengtb, there ba maxinnia in tbia longih by which the ratab- 
anoe ia inertaaed." Wo bavn, in fact, accjaired tlie iiuportaot 
knowledge of knowiott how little we do know. Altboaigh. 
durlDA the laal twnntv year*, the foria of >-ea*cU hu roceived 
ooaal&rable nodlfleatlun, partly owing to the rviieal of ao 
abaiml law, w* an not nioefa nearer tbe deteminatkui hy 



any adentafie prooen* of the proUem propoaed to himaelf by 
UtOmocfait^ when he nadertook tlie experlmuDla to wbieb I 
have referred. 



■ 



A oorieapondanoa aod ncgociation waa carried on above twelve 
inoniha bctvorn the ipveruinent and the Luidon and Nortli- 
Wflttein, ami Cbealer and Uulyhtad Raitw^ya, aud City of 
I>ubtln Menai-paoket Compaaiea, tor vaaaela to run hiTtveeii 
IIolybMil and Kimtown at the hi|ch«at attainnhk upml wiib- 
out tindiw riak. The nagooatoni differed in their viewa, bom a 
apeed made good til aomewhat uuder 1 7 itatute milea jier ho«ir, 
Dp to il niUca; thai diflbreuce invvlviiig tiara nf vrawl aoBia- 
where aboat on S to 3; nf mat in outMy atarly iu tbe aamo 
pTi'porlioii ; and in working exiwofca about aa 3 to ft— tbeaa 
reliiti-'UH beii^ iiTea)ieeiive uf llie iucraulng ratio of riak of 
occideut and of ooBMqiMBtJal diuuuge iuddeni to the greater 
■peed. 

TIm ffloat atrlkjnjt featnre, however, in the cae* ia the grtol 
dlflrnmee tn the ate and proportion of the veawli^ and iu the 
power pTDpusoJ by the aevtfral auclioriilca who ware applied to; 
the raaueat being tliat thev would etate tlivir view* aa to the 
alia aud power oi tbo veaeel bant adMited to |><rrf»mi m (Uint* 
miha la 3^ honta The vwMtii diIion»l in diKpUcemeot &oai 
aboot low toat to 3000; in pir«orlt«o of br^tli Iu leugtb, frotu 
(r37 to Il'Spercvut.; in draught ol waiter to bmadih. rnmi 3() to 
4(> tier oeut.: and in nomlaal horaa-power, Trom .vvr bi |f)OU, Sn 
wide a range aa tliii la hanlly eonuitent with a *cnntiDo know* 
ledge of til* nte and form lor " war, oommcre^ or inteHigenoe" 
(diapatah-lMala). 



I 



S9> 



THE CrriL ENGINEEE AITO ARCHITECT'S JOUENAI, 



Tha Uter modificatioiiti ia tlia tona of vqsmIb han |9««]i out 

, of tlie ow of atouB power, and w« in Um dtrmtioc of * propor- 

tionnbi inonue of Itoglh, witli « r«latiw dimination of di»ii|rfit 

of water. But dippar udling «biM built on than prind^eo 

han ezoecded rtcan-vcneU In ipeao. 

It [a now fonni] that tuiHciflut MabJlity may ba atUMd with 
ft mtwh ainaller proportion of br«Milth to loogtli than th« old 
rule* MliuUtAd. Bat tlie ralatiooa betmon hufrth, brMdtli,an<l 
dmnffht of iratnr — botween the ana of tranti-ene! avclJau und 
tbe duplKiunoDt—batwoen tlie aa(fle ot nlrmrt aJud tJie alible 
"Of tlie ntn— Hwd betwo«n tho Mvwal atctlona of tli* ftva md 
' -alW bodJM, are alill matter of ipMnlatioii wh«u k vumI U to 
bo built for luiv given Mrvioe. • 

It in Roid ihat nnela deaiguod upon " wni-e-Unca" po«ii«u 

wculiar ndvAciAgra. By " waTo-Uoea* are nodantood th« " hol- 

■'low Una* foniiiiig the entraooe,'' which ara to "oorreopoad, aa 

I'Dtarly aa may be oonsiateDt with tho fomi of a ihip, to uio fnrm 

^ of a otrtAio wnvc, capable of niovins with the nnno vnlndly u 

^Um TiWMil." It lit much to be wiabed that the nuuuwr iu wbiish 

this " oorbun vara" J* gonanted could be defined, » that ita 

I propertifa ac a curve might be oalenlated. 

f It mar however be qncctioneil, wbcchor in nny two VMMla tho 

lleogUi, brtadth, dmiight of water, and ditplacament being tha 

^■Mue, any "hollow 1ine«^ of the fbre-body do aotoaUj iaereaae 

the speed in a Ms-iniy of one over the other whoae linea may be 

of the uf ual foran. 

Iu 1H4I, thiM wroM Mr. Sontt Itawiell : " Wo beliav* tbartf Is 

. so NTor which it may be poadble to commit in stMra navigation 

"^ ' luunnc alr^y been perpetnteil a^n and agiun W« 

et tbnt wc cannot raoord in tlte preaent wnrk that at thi* 
' the Bcii^tiGo of eteam narignUon ia conalruuled, aud can be 
tenteil lu our readerti" 

SaaiMhing haa, however, bean done nnoe that day toward> tha 
natrnction cS t)i« sdeiiee In queelion, and atern hnvf bwn 
IcQO in the right diraction, which, when foUowed up, may con- 
'duct a*into tbe doiitml haven. 

In IMS a aeria of ox|icriiiicutii won mitda with tha Jtafrirrand 
the AheUi, the 6r«t a aurvw aud the latter a pnddlo vaaael, the 
imnadiata ol^'eol of whloh waa t<j delemiiao tho eompanatire 
'ftdnmtnges of the paddie and (he HCrew. Both indicator and 
dynamooictar diegnuna war* taken to tliow the power applied 
on the piaton and tho tJiraet oxa«t»d on the acrew abaft. Bot 
.the triak of the Rattler not harinK bmn unDdiicied bo a* to 
htword all the nlt«iiilaiit uimmeiuioea and diiliirbing elemeuta, 
[they an not oonduaive. 

IS47-8 certain cxperinienle were made witli tho F^cli 

a-t«*>el, PHietm, cliirdy to d(it«rniine the rulntiona of the 

Ewaneter, pitcb, Ifugth, luid numbi-r of 1>bulM of the aerew, Kod 

ralailons lo Die iiupeUing {lowor. Bt mcaua of thwe and 

iw exparinnnt% thni (braiwa was establiahed which, aaauaUng 

rOie rarialTiinw bo vary na the ai^uare of the apeed. deteraitnea, by 

tbe power aud traiKreme eL-clion on the noo hiuid, ur Ibo power 

and two-tliird( ponvr of the diiploccmi^nt on the other hnud, 

certain coefficienlit aa expreased iu the eijualion 

K = -^ and K = -p-, 

wbloh an talcen to reprawnt the qunliliei of the reaael. 

Now theae eoeffieienia, whether derived fnini the tranmna 
Motion or the ilienlncemenl, moat rt^raaent three thinflvvtx., 
the Raiataiice of the fbmt, the renatanoe dna to tlie alip of tho 
•cnw, and the friction or abaorbed power of the machlneiTi 
Md It U only when die two latter are oonatant that any meSt- 
cUnt can repreacDt the qualitiaa of Iha veesel alone. But tli* 
atip aliil the absorbed power an not oonelAot, uuleu under 
pnobely aimikr e:>ndilfauii. Henoe, a oocffidonl delermiued 
nudar certain cowUtiona in amootli water cannot be the aanie iu 
A aairway. 

To illuetnte thi« I will lake the trial of the Rattler, on tlie 
lit April, IMS, when uuder ateam alooe, in amoolJi wnUir, and 
before the wind, which waa modente. Iler apeed wna IU luiote: 
I Indicator power, seo'V: area of tiweverae aeaion, 300; disiilaoe> 
ment, (K)0 tone; thitwt of the aenw ahaft, 0437 Ih.; and alip of 
the ■rivw, 1 1"^ per o«t. The ooelBcicnt obtained in t«rau of 
the iK«tioa trilli tlie ajHwd in atatnte milee ia I^, and in lemia 
of the ilia^-lncoinGiit to Ibe ptnrcr of | ia 38S*4. 

Ae)do, tbe n<*ulta of a trial on the 3lat Mardi, wben then 
waa a atnau treat wind and aome aea on, nodcr aleaia idoua, 
ware,— ap««( W knola; iudkaMr power, 3B8i tiuul of Iba 



ahafi, oans Ib^ and alip of the aavw, 1&-1 per otnL; gieing far 
eoeffldenta, 601-36 and S4S rapectivelr. Here, niuler the 
alt«nd ooaditiona, but with the eaue dutplaceinent and tnaa- 
vene wcttoa, are eoeflidentB of parflmianoe ao widely dlAtent, 
u to be DO golds aa chamotariatic of qntUtiea. 

Theae two eaaes ezemplify tho neeeeaaty of taking into Moeart 
in bU experimenta the icroe and direotica of the wind and tbe 
aaa, and tbe Utile de[iv[iduuce thst mo be placed on eaperinaUa 
in amooth wnti^r nn a emAll Hoile with mod^la. It nnat be beeve 
in mind al*\ that two vcuwela nf pmciaely the aama fbm. bat ti 
different aiisoa, and of power proportioned, mnal have dtSennl 
coefScieota. 

It may be worth wbUe to dwell shortly npon tbe oondltleM 
aa to wind niid aea of theae two trin]*, aiiil (ciin)>an tlM ipadftc 
rcnstaaoaa aa maannred by the tliniai. of t)ic ncrew aliaft. 

Aaanming that tho remtAiicc Tariu* m the iH|uan of the apee£ 
—if tlie oii&ditioDB of wind and aaa had been a«cb in tbe aecoM 
caae na tbey were ia the ftret, tlie apM<d of 8*9 koola would ban 
been pn>diic«d by n tlmat of T:iST -lib. iiiatmid of SlOSlb. AfflM, 
if thr coodiltoaa of wind nnd ana hml boon in the lint caae aa in 
the aecond, than ihu upeod of ID knoU would have rv>inin<I ■ 
thraat of 12,044 lb. inatead of M37 lb. 

Iu the fiiat caw the wind though modaeate waa aft, and adiM 
to tha indicator power of 368'8, gave the nctoal power whick 
prodaoed the apeed of 10 knota. In the aocond caae tli* wind 
w!u xhend and st[v>nii, and then waa alao n liuui ara,\ thr nsult 
wiu nji iitcrvniied reHtatJLaoe beyond that mbjuh wuald )■« dne to 
aui'iolh watrr auil a ouliu. Tharafor^ tli* throat «iu not in 
eicliM* a\m a, inm^ure of tho apedHc reaiatnaco dae to Um fbm ef 
tbe vrmiil, boing in the Hi'iit coMr Icn. and in the aooaDd caat 
inoro, than ii due to tlic temieciivu iipenls in amooth water and 
a calm. Tberrfurtv nl»o, the tMittnncv did not var? a* tlie 
aqnan of the ajieed. 

Soma corroboniion of thia reaanning i* dcrivni fruan tbe trial 
of til* SMileTOB tbe 27tb of June 1844, in the river TbaiMit 
when, her area of aeotion being 274 B<|unre feel, Ht^ibuTtnent 
H70 touB, speed I0'074 kcole^ the indicatiir p(>wer was 4J.S orO 
more than In the trial on let April 184^ w!i<>o, having a hee«K 
of wind thoneh witlioilt any tail act, her ipcnl wai. the aaait 
within n amairfraotinD. Id thi* cam the coefficiont, in tenia «f 
the aoction, ia 1(X)4'.% and in tcrme of ibc diaplacooietit, 33i 
The aectionol area and (lie dinpliweniout being greater otj Iha 
1st April IMS, than on the 87lli June ISH, adiU attm 
tbe aj-gument. 

It !■ iwtinTiicd in theae cxperimenta that the tbraat of Iba 
acrew ihnfl, rui indlcatcal by Uie dynamometer, ia a mwaWTa <f 
the apecilii; rtwisiauoo of the voaeeL Tbia however eeenM to bm 
nthtf douhtftili and, to explain my doiibte, 1 will refer to the 
trial on tlie 30th Uanli, wben tbe weather being calm and tiM 
water amooth, the apeed of the Rattler waa 9-2 knoU; the Ind^ 
oator power, 334-8; the thmtt, 8708 Ih.; and the alip, Ii^j p« 
cent. 

The eQudire power, or total raaialaiicn which balanoed tlw 
power on the piatoiu, WM ihereCora 1I,K17 Ib^ of which bTUS b 
TAZn per cent!, leaving 86-44 per ceuL for tbe effect of alip and 
absni'bcd pDWLT, which aeema to roe much lea> than under the 
aciual circuiujtaucee would be prodaoed. 1 abould eatitnat* tbe 
qxwiflc raaiauaoe at little mon than 7000 lb., or aboal M per 

ONlt. 

The exporimenta with the Fdiean, though adentiSeaJly can- 
duuted, were witlioul tlie uae ul* a dyuiuiictnetcr. lli* triab 
were made in amooth water, and in a' thle-way, and the reaad 
being only of about i&S tona diaplnc«m*o^ the condaaioaa oa 
be CMiMdered aa applicable only under aimiUr wmJittona, 

Having alluded to *anpiri<ml Ibemuln nnived at bv practice I 
uiay iuatauce the cooea giren in the panif^et I haTeWl |>riaud 
fur private clrvulntion; and I do so for the purpoae of at4di( 
oxplidtly, that thougli the renulta both in apeed and In poW 
for a gn»it variety of lyjipi" appmach very near tb* tn]th,'A« 
made uf arriving at tboM nvultj^ though btueil on the phyitf 
law dcecribed above, bna merely been atutnbled on 1^ tiir~ 
yt*iTif peacUce nf aatdvaing and oInaalQring all the authontie 
tncta that have fallen into my banda, { 

With thia lulmiwiion I may however aar fbrther, that 
rimilnr method of invtatigation waa nppliocl to caaea of 
meota condacled at aea ander a vaat vnriety of conditiocu 
aa to torn, alae, and clnnmatancea, It ia my ImpiriaaJHii 
r>i1''H iiii^bt h« eatnbliithfd which would wrve tn deteraiiua 
of what u now tho aubject of oontroveray, and go &r In 



attvsgtb is 




THE CITTL ENGINEER AND ABCSITECTS JOURNAL. 



8S8 




tbs nptMcfa on Um grwtatt mMidiDB uaUou ia Um worid wbioh 
la ooBtalncd in IIm tottowiag poMag* from an author I Iwv* 
Mora qiioUiJ : " It i« »)luitied thai out of rr«nr lbrt« «t««ii- 
vcaada Uiiit ara bnflt two UI noj br abort or (iilfilliii([ tb« 
Intcatioa witli which Ui«f wen eoof tmcted." If aixtcen jraan 
maj ban prmluMil niiy i|ualiSaitioii of thia truth. It la nUi«r by 
tba tMilAtUe proMa of mooeaaiva attempta ednvctlag praoadlDg 
blmUn Utau by any adcnttGe ileaign. 

1 han onw tall) auough to abow tiit wnnt of expcrinieDtn 
SDodHtcd towarda K givoB and by appropriaU ramui, ind I 
aighl proc««J fanhtr to gin injr own notlona aa to tbc en-i uaA 
tint tBMuti but I abataio from dotag ao, Iwcouao 1 think Uiwo 
woold ba anon aatiafiutorily ■attlod ^ a Ibw ciompct«iit p«nona 
to whom th* ooDdnctdtg of the trxperiiocBta dould bi^ oommittad. 
Sevoml T w ii U of diSaraat fbraaa and alaaa vouM b« Rqnirad, 
Uwiigh not all at th« aam« tuna; and montba must be paMtd in 
Uia prnwaa. Su«h experimonta can only b* attanptad by iba 
(ovanutnt: anil tli«y uugfat to altempl tham, for tba grattaat 
gainara will b« ttio Diiblic. 

I bope tbia alcHdi will prova saffloi«Dt to Indum the British 
Aaaoebiiion to hrinic tliair inRaeiioo to tirar on tba obatadaa 
itaadlng in tlio ny of a tmU and caraiat attempt to totv* tbo 
qwatJoM in iaai*^ on a aabJMt whoae nntiounl laiportann caa- 
D0( baauwgantod. Gnwt Briloiii liiut th« I<ku1 in staam navi^ 
tion; but aSe oannot oipt«t to kocp it, without nil that aoianae 
and practioal nkitl can do to iniprova both vmada and mghiw. 
Ia that improvanent to be etiKtfd by aeiontilic cfliMla, on t, 
ajatam, — or by ibi> apaamodic Impnlaaa of iodividoal gouioa, 
■ametiDca bitting, bnt mora often lalatlug Ita aim I 

'acAonioal ^trt qf CmnUnlnff GlrJtrt and Stufitniion Chaint. 

By Pctek W. Baioo*, F.K.S. 

llyaUantioo hna bc<ui raeeDtly dirMCcd to thU tiubjwt TroTn 

I barn nqiiin^l to inTcatij[nl<^ aa ooi^niwr of tlip t^^ixlon- 

and Euiilakillea and Loadondorr^ aud ColcnuDc BallHayii, 

._. _ n( moilii of adboting a Jnnelion optwean tlie lIoMalLon' 

dtrndany, to tie otmbhiMl with an inprovod road eominuniaatlon, 

wbi^ an Act hai been obtainad by the corpoiation nt the 

ly; anit the ConmicBlonen bavins ilat«rniiDml to advertlaa 

for vlitM, Icnnng the deeirioa to Sir Willhm CubitI, an anginaar 

tnaily oeeupying a poalliou ao uminuut, and iu wboMj Juilginnit I 
lad thn STMteat ai>ntiilenaa, I detenoEuol to sutimit tlw raaalt of 
my invniixation to him ; nlthou^h ih* principle wliicti I oou- 
~'ud«d woiDd beat meet all tho ciivuniatiuicm of the e*a«^ via,, 
IP tuiprnaioti sinlDr, waa otic with ntetvaix to whidh conride- 
>ble prmudloe nnd vilald. 

william Ciibilt, nft^r devoting mu«h Mtentloa to tbe >ab- 
liaa fully aanctionvd the principle, and roeonunended tlie 
CommiwDncn to carry out my dodgn, with aome modift- 
auKgtated by him ; but oa aome oonbls have boon oz- 
aa to the aemraoy of my oalniUtiotiB of the weight of 
lar reqdred to inake a aiM]>eu«ion briilge a* rigid aa a girder, 
iber dpcidpd to refer the qiinttion to a wmnd oiiiiiiMit nigliieer; 
aiM the auhjoet ia now under the oauaiderallun of Mr. Hawk* 
■haw. 

In order to reriiy mv calcubtlona, I have oauaed a icriee of 
•sperinieniA to he loitiie, ilie reaiilta nf which are o( ao much 
mclical iniportnnce nnrl no fully conflnii tny ilivaatlgatinoii, tliat 
deterrabcil to Iny them befoee the Briuah AaMCUitinn, in order 
lat ibe umfile (giii-niiun of the mecliauicnl eObet of coniliiniiiii a 
„JnleT with n oti'tiniitioii cbaLii, on which no dillin«ooe of opinion 
ODght to fniHi. Hhonid be fUUy decided. But befnre deauribing 
Iheno rxperinicrjtji I will muko a few genenl romarh* upon the 
ayatemx whit-h have been a>lopted in bridgi? eonntractiona. 
Ceaaraf Itemaria upon tia Cwtruetion of Bridget qf Lorgt 

Span. 
BridgM may be divided inki three cl Ma ea— 
leL Tlie Arch, a (Iructnre in which thii aQppnrtlng material ia 
^bieeled to oomfirMiion alone, bat which eontaina no rigidity In 
ilaeIC 

tad. The Snapendnn Bridge, in which the aiippoTtis|r material 
la fdbjected to ex1«uiala« aloue, which also coulainn uo Rgidiiy in 
itacif: ami, 

3rd. Tlie ISirder, in which tlii^ maicrinl In ■iihjVctiNl to both 
extenaiou and eonpreaakin: of which there are two varietie*, ou« 
whifh it tubjectml to diagooul slniuo, aa the laltSoe, Warren, 
«nd tnboJar girden; and a leoond, in which all (he atmina an 



ag 




esp 






^•BO I 



flMi£ned to the uj^ier and lower weha, aa in the bow and atring; 
and Mr. BruDel'a new girder, wliieh ia a eombinatiou of an ma 
and a 8U^>euaion cJiain, each doing half the mpportiog daty. 

Tbta aaoond variety le the moat almple fenn, nut baa no ncra 
rigidity in itaeir Uum an ordiiiai? amb or anapanHoo bridge^ 

Of theae thru ayat«ma tlie ginler uaeaamrily nqntMa, from 
eombiuiog aomureaaive and extcumivu reaiatniioea, a muck larger 
amount ui maUu than eather o( the other a^tema, which will be 
Rodand evident l>y a aimple inveetigMkm, and by rvfvraaoe to 
exialiug atnetorea. 

In an ordinoiv areh the oompteaalve Ibece ia nabtod hj th» 
abutmento, whion in no way add wei^t or ateain to Ibe meial] 
but, if Uie arch ia converted into a prder. it oan onlr be done by 
ndding a tie-lnr, the arah havins Uien to aupport ila own tie or 
aubititutc for an abutment In iiddition to ita own weight. 

In A iiupciuiun bridge tbo exIeuaivB fae«e ia raaiaMd by back 
cbolua; and if (heae nre taken away lo aoake it a raider, » 
OompreaiSoMuha or bar hoe t» be uaed na a anhMbule fbr 
(ham (a* in the Chepalow Bridge), whidi tabe beeomea In lai^ 
■pona, with ita aupporta, b^ hr the lugtat portion of the atiwy 
tuT«, ajid deatnya tbe bndge by ita own weight, the weight 
of metal htbig ttHy doubled to produoe equal atnucth, and 
<iuiwlrapled to produce equal atUhiett^ If luadeu equally ulover. 

Tbe great diflcmion in wniglit prodliotd by tUa aul other 
(ftuaea will be aecn by coni|iaring ■uaponaiou-girder brldgta with 
ordloaij girder bridcea; and I will take at on example the caia 
of the two largeat rail«-ay i^ubip yet Obnatmoled — the Xiagnnt 
auapeosioD-nnlar bridm aitd oompan lie weight of metal with 
tliat ol the Britannia 'Hibe. 

The auaniity of mnterial in the Nugim Bridge, havtug a ruad- 
way aud a flliiele railway of three Kauyea in a a^inn of BiO feet, ia 
in ronnd nniiiixTH lOUU tone; and tlie weight in the Britannia 
Talw of 4m fei?t Kpnii, 3000 totia, for a douUo linn. 

If tlie Britannia Tube had been made ou the mme principle aa 
the Nii^pint Bridge, the quaaUtv of material to give tlie aamo 
etraofflh and rigidity would nut have exceeded one alxtli part of 
what Ui actnn^ been employed. 

8a great * diflemice in the weight rendera it obvious tliat tlie 
principle of an ordinary girder involvca gr^at extra nwtot^, and 
it became on interesting and important in<iuiry to Moerttin the 
ante of this diSbieoae. 

llio view that haa hitherto been generally adopted on thia 
anbjact it that adranced by Mr. E. CUrk in bit work on the 
Britannia Tnbe; in which he aWe% apenking of the propneal to 
use tbe Menoi finspcarion Bridge for nilwav pDrpcan, " With 
reapect to the oee of the praaent anspeaaioit ortdge for (he pro- 
poeed traffic. It was bund difflcnlt to devlae any ueana of auflS- 
dently ■trvngthening it that did not involve an almoat enlirv 
rccanitmolJon, and gnat difliculty waa aimiUrly found hi at- 
temptiug to i^ender any lutpeoiilon bridge tuSioiontly rigid for 
railway inSo by meana of ordioary tnwiuig. When the paadng 
load ti amall compared with tlie wsMit of the <ha{na aud of the 
atnictuiv itaelt there ia indeed no difBenlty; bat the oOMtnc- 
tion of a phttfortn ■UO feet lotit^ auffidcnily rigid far railway 
traffic, almoat amuuuta to the cnnHtrucliiJu of the tube itaetC 

Although unsupported by fact or experiment, th'u thetnv haa 
boeii reoeived and acUd upnn, not only by a huge portton of (he 
publii' whoae impretaiooa of suapouHon ImdgM are derinn) Grain 
what had bilherto been oouetructed of insufficient auvi^gtht and 
without lielng oouiUoed wllli a girder, but it has been rocdved 
and acted upon by englncera of eminoDoe in thia oounuj. 

Tlioee experimenta however diitinclly prove that a auqwndcd 
girder, aa deaigned for the LouduDdcrry Bridge, n nudereO 
ec|aully rigid with leea tliau ,■> <J the metal reiiuired in the 

SLrder alonei ao that (he laoet imporiAUt economy anaea from 
]o oomlunation ot tlie girder with a chain. 

EjrprrimraU on Surpfntimt GMert. 

I hav» had the model which is now auhmiiinl to Ibe meeUng 
aecuratalji ma<le on a eole of ]>. part of tliv actual apnn, the 
Icnirth hoinK 13 ft ff liL Iwiween the bearisgn,— a length exceed- 
lug, tlint of the nvcrvg* of (ha modela naed by tbe Irni Comraia- 
niouer* in their exptriments, and it amply aufficient (due allow- 
auoe bahig made (at the soole) to determine with accuracy ihe 
deAecdone on Ifae actual giideri although the deSeolioiis of the 
chaina will ho lomewhai luore on the model than on the girder, 
from the wei^l not being eallicieni to bring tbe suiiboea into 
perfect eontacL 

The prlndpal olyect of the experimeots waa to Moattala the 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOCRNAL. 




loolinn of Ibe wave of * eitder attactiMl to » chMia, u omu- 
i|iMvd vith tho ddl«c&in of Ui« wne gjitler deUohed. 

Thia beiuft obt^nod, it wm ptTtaatlj «wj to Brrivo at tl>e 
iHeetioa d th« wave of tlio I^odondeiTy Briil^; becavM vo 
iVa nttdent exp«riin«uta oo girders la «iiiible a cnluulatlon to 
mado of what ibe Loudoudorij giriler v^uld deflact without 
tUta eham: whirh being obuincd, uid mluoed in tli* nttio of the 
inter attached to tbo ginl*r detaebtd, gavo the true dvflecUon. 
Mr fint intentioii wat to make tho exporiniaBta with m girder 
rhfcli vat a eorreot model of Km aotwJ bridge, which would 
>v* iadimtMl ^ of the actual dellMtjoD; but I found tho defieo- 
of the vavo to be w Roall, thai it was dilEouU to mwuure it 
Lvith enflicieat ncRiincjr; nod 1 tltorafora hnd h wooden box miule 
Tof the wrrvct dri>th, with the atdee aa thin an it would itnud, 
i&, i dni pUuk, in order to obtain BTmter dodmliou of the 
>v* with Ac cnrrMt depth of tli* ^raer, and wilh the ohun 
attaobsd to it, m in the propoHed bridio. 

I oould no lonRrr obtain tho aetUU doRoctioo of tho Landan- 
enr Bridge by multiplritijc tho expci'iuiF'nta) defloctiutm by 33; 
atlmowliig uut tlie dellcciioD of a uialct od the oomwt Male 
dhU ba (^ cf tiie Loudouderrv Kin'^i '^"'1 kuowLng by «ji)>4>ri- 
at what the model did di-ttcct wlivn unatbwhe^ the acttud 
on of tho I,>oiu]o<iden7 etrdcr is obtatoed by rcdncdDf[ tho 
id exp«riinental doAectton in tbo mtio of the rigidity of 
be aotual model to a tme moilel, and then muHipMug by 33. 
Tbm deSectluDs of thia girder, taken without tne obuns at- 
tached, with a weight of 16^ lb. on the Mntrc, was -70 of an inch; 
with tbc chain ntlnrJiod, and with the woigbt placed i Aom the 
bigh tower, it was ns foIIowB : — 

I (Mm hhh unnr. Cmtra. | Inm Im umi, 

IIl iDcii. [Dch. Innb. 

M ■030 -010 -OlO 

lis -000 •itO -010 

les -on -ovt -oto 

Bxptrimail 3. 

66 'ow -ata -000 

113 -nso -avs -oos 

lOa -07S -OGO -COS 

Tbo mtio of tho deflection of the ware at } the distutc* where 
tfae gmtrat luuount tamu when the chain is nltachod, to that in 
the middle when not attached, is ae 1 to 10 oulr; but it wae 
vvident, from the large dedecljon at the centre, and from uo ri«e 
oeeorrmg at th« oppoute end, that the ginkr wu tuo rigid h> 
ludieal* iho wav<^ and that the deflectiou vbeerved was greatly 
due to the chain not coming to its bearing. 

I tliardbre decided, in order to magnify the wava and make 
ila wnouiit more diiUnut, to have a girdor made of ansle-iron 
\ iucfa thick, mid a quarWr tJie depth of tho former ginler, but 
Bimiily siutpriided fnini and not attachiHl to the chain. 

Tiio iloDectioo of chit ginW witlioiit tho chrtine, wiUi a load of 
^4i lb. placed on the oouttv, inu \-i tnchtn. 

The deflectious of the wnvu witli the f Imiii att«che<l, and Sl!7 lb. 
dlitrlboted over tlio girder whvu the wtrifjhte were |)liioed at J 
from tbo high lower, w«ro with 

I Una 1u* (oiror. 

4acb 

+ ■06 

+ ■18 
+ ■10 

Btftrimtnt 2.— tn this cue the wcughta were placed | from 
the low tower :— 

SB +-08 — -Ol —-IS 

lia +-lfl —-{IB — ■2S 

IW + -18 — -UT — -80 

Tbe deflections here aromged ■SS inch with 168 lb., equal to 
■US inch with \i lb, or ^j the deflection of the girder without 
tlwofaaiiL 

The doflecAion of the Landoniirrrj ^ird<-r, dcdiicod from the 
mean reanlla of the deflrctiuui of Ihc Boyue Vinduct and Newark 
Bridge and ihe Brit4uuiia Tube (km Appendix A), waa 33 iochea, 
with 100 tons in the oeutrc; H=2-20 Inched, tliv <l«(leatIoit here 
iudkated in tliv Landnmlerry Bridge with 100 tons placed at ^ 
tbe length of the Kirder. 

It was still obrioiu, from the defection at the centre nnd little 
rise esliibit«d in the w&ve, that the itrekhing of tbf i-huiu to 
brliu; the metal surfaoM to bear still ae«iaibTy influeacod llie 
resall; and I hod another wooden glrd(>r mado, oonaiitinjg of k 
plank 7} indies in width and J inch thick, in aeiler to atilTmore 
mamify the wart^ and to dinuniah the cnvr from the stnUhing 
ef uie rhiin 





1 ttva hlsb Mew. 


Omiln. 


Ul 


Iseb. 


inh. 


M 


— ■10 


— ■01 


US 


— ■» 


— ■01 


Ids 


— 28 


— ■OS 




The defleotion without the dudn attedied ««i V*A bkeb with 
101b. 

Krperimentt mth Ike Chain attathad. 
With 96 IK plaotd at ^ from tbs bigh tower en tli« g] 
which wu previuualy quite onloaded, the de8e(Aioiia wvre, at 
itma Itma Itna | (Mb Iftnm ItHn t:' 
hitlKiinr. UcbunT. blftibiww. UfbUnnr. bistitmr. blfbinw. M^ 
iiob. Iii<4i. lucb. Indk tsdi, BCt. laA. 

— ■31 — ■^S — -« —02 +■« +■» +■» 

B;rpirtmtnt No. S.— 70 lb. being equally diatribnted orw Uw 
girdor, and Mt Ibt at i from high lower : 
— -^8 — ■*« — -S5 +'0* +■« +•«« +•» 
ErpKHnvmt iVb. 1 — IM lb. all OTcr weight In tftnie pboe : 

— -SO — ■S5 — -SO + -«a + -so + -ss + -ii 
^.ipen'nunf JVA4^1U3lKeqnBilydtstnbat«l,MI lb.Hbefcre: 

— ■18 —■31 —11 +^05 +19 +-S0 +11 
Th4 deflection hnre indiaited, with the moilel loadol with a 

wi-i^ht ri'f>riHi'-ntio2 Sil toila uu llie bridge (which cxpcrimeM 

wnsDuvcril tinica re[KOl*d) wn«-3) wilh 061b. = ■<>jfi with 10 lb, 

or ,1^ oftbedflflecUouof th« girder witliout tho cfaiun; {J = ■■tJ 

ia theivforo ibe dellectlou of the wave indicated by th« cxptfl- 

menl of tli«> I^udondony Bridge with a load of 100 tonit at | 

from the tower. 

To oblaiu Ibe cotiipiuiitivc rioidity of tho DSperiiaeatol girder: 

w» bare liero,— a» tfJG Ibt : 10 lb. : : 1 in. i Viai, tlio d<deetioB 

r40 1 

of a true modal with 10 lb.; ,rj-r; or .^^^ repnsenti the 



■OlttS 



30*$ 



rigidity of the experimental girder; 



31 

30 



i'* 



33 = -333, (he 



(leflectioD bv a woituhl on the bridge of AO X 33' = S7 lona. 
87 : li>U : : 'XM : vSl, tbe deflection as ]ir«Tiondy odcvbtad. 

Tlitv reinilt beSug eo much at varianoe with tbe iren«ml view 
of tlie eubjecti alihiogli very nearly iu aocordance witli my oalen* 
lationx, I detarmtacd to verify it by a auMller glider, U liKhea h]r 
) thick, which would render the wave sliU bo(« vi«IUc; tbe 
obserrationa being mails with great nicety. 

The defleolion at tho centre wheu not attMh<!d to (h« ebaji 
WM S^373 innhcs with S lb. Girder attached to Ui* chaiiA 
193 Ih being equally dUtributexl over tt: the deflecUoa, with the 
weight placed f from the high tower, was 

i tna ktfb tuvnr. Vonln. 1 iltn In la*«^ 

Ik iDch. Iiicta. IMk. 

SO — ■»* + -13 + •« 

Hjrptrrfnien/ S.— With 5G Ik at tbe centre of tbe bridg* Iha 
defloetioQ wae — -30. 

The defleoiion of tlie wave hete exhibited at J of tbe leogtK 
with thr bridge loaded to a wright oquivaleot to 100 tona on llw 
act'inl bridge (which cx]ieritu«ut was reiwat^'l sereral tImM with 
the same TMnlt), ww 0'81 iucfaot with .'jfJ lU; tlie defloatlod 
without the cliulua being S-37J with 6 lb, or 82 timra Iht 
amount. 

In determining bow far this reeulC wru effected by Uw ridrt- 
aueu pruduoed by the uliHnue of fitiurr in tlie curve uf th« chiti^ 
I removed all tlie wetg^btA from the pUiik. and fouud the iwuh 
aa follows, wilh G6 lb. at \ from the liigh t(iw«r : — 

1 (roiu liigli toniir. Oinln. | (nm lo" »Mtr. 

iuCh. Indi. lut. 

— -SB + -35 +74 

With OG lb, plucd J from low tower s- 

+ ■81 +'13 — -M 

From tbia espsrlmant it appears tlul the deflection ia 
creaiwd by loading tlie bridge to ^ of that of tlie girder 
tjiclied. and if the chain were withont weight it would be atill 
further rwlnoed; in iiractice, bownvfr, the WNgbt eo tbe briitgl 
will mnoh exceed that on a miHlel, and ^ will be lh» hast 
amount that will arise, a reault lo at vurianoe with tbe pre^M- 
fleired notions of many enitineerii, that it ie lo be expevted it 
eoma Instanon* it will lie rcuuivud with Incredulity; bat an tnv*» 
tJgalioo will show that tlie r«ault is in •ocovdanoe with lli« law 

f'lC 

~rr- = a constant quantitv. 
oa'i 

If the gilder were supported only in the middle, the ikBeetta 
of the hnlf-girder would be \, hnt as one half of the ginler h» 
not deflect without the olbor lialf riani^ Cram tlw aotiOB of thi 
<iaiu, a is reduced td j^^; but the girder is not a«pport«d at <m 



§ 




THK CIVIL ENGINEER AND AnCHITECTS JOCUSAI,. 



825 



lit only, but At Tikriotu pohiU, wUich iritl still fttrtber ndnoe 

'ddlcctMn. 

HovwMT, wfi«Uior thia visw fa nridMly tha eamci one or aot, 
lb* bet H «atAbli«h«l Ibitt tlia <tw<ctiott of tba mve of m giHar 
MtMbod to tlia duun, luiil loaded m io ths nebuil briil|[«^ wilt 
noi vxcMd l-SSth of the una cinlnr without Dm chain: tro"* 
vkleb w« OMjr aMinitria tlia walffbt «f girder lulBdeat to produoe 
in k RUpoutiiii briilip'' or nrfti Um r«qai*Jt*i rigidity. 

In ortiet to nhow th« itupr>r(Aiioe of thin mult in tli« ooat of 
bn'dKM, I wilt oofupKn tiie deAeotion »ad weuchi of dmIaI in a 
bridge •Imiltr to Uia UoDilondertj Bridge^ with n girder «f tqnai 
■pan; In aadi caaa aamming thu 3 loo* par Coot on the hndga 
vol bring BO emiit ascoading s tone per u»h «n the ineial. 

Hi* vaiglit oTehun aoeh that i tcma par bot on tba gtrdar 
will not asoeed ft tou ptr inch, u (wo Appendix B) ... 

Tb« weiglit of jfinler lufficioot to givo no «»vc or deflaction 
pMtar lliAU l'[ii ioali will) lOU Mun (ikw Appoiulix A)... 

Tbe weight of ni'^tal iu Ckul-iruit ootumiui, ao ttut tlie 
^raatMt ooiupntnion with 3 t«Bi i>er ImI la 4 ton* par 
inch (e«« Appendix O 

Weiftit of ainpeiuuon hare, ao thttt t)i* tcMila etmin dnca 
not exteed S lent per uoli with 3 lou per foot load 
(aM A]>peudi& P) 



Teoii 



IM 

120 



w 



15 

976 
To Ihta baa to be ftddea the vaduc of the eoNt of the anclior- 
ags of ihe chHiua, which iu the I^uUDudnnj l)rid);e will 
tie IS per oviiL of the Inmwork of the n»ia-i;inlPr |Mrtir>ii 
of the bridge, no thnt t have added AT toiia u repraaent 
the ralne of the coat ST 



l» 



43S 

Mmpftn this weight with that of n carder alons of tlie 

*Imgth ud depth u tli&t uiit»l, wbloi wonlil be vjuJly 

Hgtd with the iutpeaajon gii>lor, w« have to multiply 100 bv 
a = 3700 toiw, or mora thui nght tiniM the aniouot of rapUl; 
bat it nuiy be correctly Argued that a ainiple ^nler would be 
nude deeper, and it ii tlierefore fiurer to luaJie the eomparuon 
with an aetnal girder, of whiuh we have an example^ ncariy the 
Mine span, in the BritaDuia Tube. 

The wnglit of the p.xir of the BritannJA Tubas Is 3100 lon», or 
aoni tliAii ■even tiniLii the nniouat, — a diflitrolico which will be 
reooived with (arprins, but it ia poi-Tcctly ooniii(teiit with the 
bat that the Derry Bridge haa neatly three Utuea the dsptli, Aud 
haa SSQO (mih Ihm of Its own weight to aupport. 

IIm wi-lglit r-t lOfUl uj tbe Luudonderry Bridce doea not, In 
foel, ex«te>l that of the aides of one of the finlaiuua Tubes, 
withont the top and bottom wsha. 

It tfaould be obaeri«l, that tlie proportion of the onat of 
snobora^ will Tarr under ililTorent oirciinixtaaces, but Id the 
MM of Uio liondc^ilarry Rridgv it will bo uailor 15 per cent. 

It should also ha noticed, on the other hAiid, aa a MtolT lo tfao 
ooat of AoohoTAge, that tbe fbuadAtlons will ho incroAHd in a 
ginJer tiridgo, from their having Ic support 3)10 too* as oom- 
pated wltli 43i toiiv in the auspanslon hridga, which will prodoM 
aa amount of uving iu aveni((a esses eqiuT to tlie Aiichoragai 

We will BKw oiinpare the rigidity of the euapeuuon bridge 
with thnt of the tube. 

The ilndectloa from uue tea per foot all over the soapeusiuu 
bridge (wn Appendii A) will be H ineh. 

The dcrioetion of one of the BrltAiuiia Tubes frum one ton per 
lout sU orer is 3} iuchua, 

Tbe grta'est wAve Uint irill bs tiroduoed by a ti'^u of SCH) tons 
eorering one hnlf of the Londoodsrrjr Bridge, tlie other portiuu 
being iiulnaileil, erill be reailily found from the eAperimenls. 

The cnlcfilntrd dsdection tif tlie ginler, wltb Juil Ujna all over, 
•epu«te from the chain, ia 41'iis indica (-lee Appendix A): 

4rtA 

— — = I'm, the greatest deflection of the wave, if simply sue- 

pei»d«d from the ehalDi but aa the ohaln in the acIiiaI bridge is 
attached lo the ii-irOur f'T nearly one-hAlf the leiigUi, tlie rigidity 
will be much grvator tluu lieee Indicated. 

It thuH a|>]>oars thnt the dufloction of thr Londondorry Brhlgo, 
with a aoaimided ginler and loaded all over, ecguals the wave 
when tile bridge in IiAlf loixlnli and they are nidi abont linlf the 
deflection of one uf the Briunuia Tubes when londud all over 



It ii ndnrssarr to explain that the cetitoate giwn of the deflec- 
tion of tbe Bnlaonia Tnbea (manMs that tliey act sepsrately; 
whan united At tbe top, they beeonM la fact suspension girder^ 
aud the defleotjon Is redaoM. Oa the other hAnd, it hns to be 
notieed thAl I hAve not taken into neoount the Inertosod ri|^ditr 
froui unitine the dnler b) tlie chain, instead of nmply euspmii> 
lug it, whicli will have a moat material iufluenoe. 

I will also call att^btloo to the fiict. tliat Id estimating th* 
defloetlon of the fjo«idattderi7 Bridge I have trentsd th^ point of 
supports* A fixed pwnt, which i* the owe if aI) the spaoa are 
equally leaded; but in the event of one span being loatM 
And the acUotuIng spna uuloaded, the point of saapenalon will not 
bs A fixed potot, and tlia dedscAlan wiU he gna1«r Uian I bav* 
eetinulcd. 

Thus, with one span loaded and tho second span naloaded, the 
girder bridgo will show a ocinparativety better leenlt lliou with 
the ealire bridge loaded, but not to any sensible amount, as the 
■une property which iwiders tba sospended ^rder rigid will 
prevent ths movtoieut of the poiiit of suspension. 

Tbe weight on one opeoing will creatr adisncaitlon tostraighieu 
the chain in the adjoining onenitiH, which will he resjaied t^ the 
girder ao eflcoliially fromMrtDx uiiite<l with II, that little miothin 
of the point of saepeualou wlu ooenr, ov«<i If do asMStsnoe were 
given by the tower. 

We may moke ■ ■imllar oompArison deduced from other targe 
glnleni, of which the uext Uipet aotmlly enct«d is the Bojrne 
VLtdnct. Heev tbe 

Span is SM feet 

Weight of dGective metal 300 toua. 

To find aginWof cfinul dspthand rigidity of 440 feet span; 
we have— aa iGX* : *Mi^ : : 300 : 1368 tun*, the weight of a 
girder being continuous, tliat wooM deB««t l-Q inch witli &K> 
tuna all over, or about J the rigidity of the Londoudein Bridge. 

The Boyus Viaduct thus indlcatsa a much more bvonnble 
mult than the tube; and as the *y*l«in would admit of greater 
depth, mnch loss metal would satfioe for thii apnu. 

A tiiniUr deduction may be made fcvm the Newark Djrke 
Bridge, which has 

Span of opening 940 bet. 

weight MmetiS 341) tons. 

Hers we faavo— m H0> : 440* : : S44^ : 1A06 toiia, tho weight 
nt|ninnl to eonatruct a nrder that will deflect jj iuehes with 
S40 Ions; and indiostee luso a more bvounble result than the 
aolid-eided ginler, but not equel to the Boyue Viaduct. 

I must not oonduito these eomporiiotia without referring to 
Mr. Brand's new mtein of combining an nrch And a nspMuion 
chain, giring eech naif the duty. 

There is no doubt. In tlie case of the proposed Loadoodsm' 
Britlge, if the chiun was reduced to half the section, and an Aroi 
of the depth of the ehAin wns aubslituted, and the suspeaoiea 
rods extended to the anh, that thcoretimUly irith the saioe onrtal 
thero' would be eooal strength and rigidity; but the real difficafty 
Is tlie irapraolicatiility of each a construction — tho metal in an 
arch of 401 foet sinui and 8 fneb rise cannot be measured by the 
section, as in A chain, from the tenilenoy to buckle and fhxn 
liaring to eoncead with Ita own weight. 

Thus, in the Saltash Brldg^ winch Is now in coniae of eoo- 
stniotlon on this priociple, i>T 431 fset span, tbe daptli b only 
SU feet, or little more tnan \ nf tho Lnndonderry Bridge^ If M 
that couitruction : and thus nearly thrT« lima* the mctnl la 
required to give equal lUeugtli, aiid nearly nine times to give 
equal rigKlity, fraiu tbe deflection varying as the cube of the 
depth. 

It will be observed that there will be no difficulty in givteg 
even a greater depth to a suspension bridge. The verticnl pree- 
suTC or weight uf the bridge is unall Mmpurcd with the prmare 
on the arou of Mr, Bruuel's ginler. And as the height is ualy 
S8 fM no pTActlcal difllealty Arises. 



COxcLtmixo OimavATKMis. 

The Important jiiactical fMulta of the preoeding eiporimstits 
are— 

IsL Hiat in susnoniiion bridgu it is asseDtial that the platfom 
should bo stilfeuol n-lLh n ginler lo prevent vertical unduUtiua. 

iiut. Thitt the dt-Ilcf^Liuii of the wave of a ritdsr altachnl to A 
obaiu siniiiar to the Loudonderry Bridgs witi act exceed l-20Ul 
of Uie d^eelion of tlie same girder not attAched to the ahaia. 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOCENAL. 



3rd. That theontiicillf the avriog of tnttnl to dve eqiul 
•tnagth to » nifpnaalon liriilf:e in only nrii*-|uir of tlint of a 
[ cinler; bat iw it out be idmIo of ICvnt dnptli without pnurtickl 
['9UB«altj, anil b« the defleetioo vkriea a^ tltu cube of (.he <le|)tli, a 
bridge oa thia principle of eucfa apui u tlie Ifoodooilvrt? ltri<l]ga 
siAjr be made under aTenge droiuwtaiioaa vltli at Imat one- 
fburlb of the motal ot an ordlltaqr gjrder bridge baring «C{nal 
riflidity. 

TliL> rwulU Km. 1 and S, a]thoa;ih nt rariimoe with the gcoeml 
liraolioo «f enginoen^ are MlUl in aoooTd;uia« vitli Nucb esperieuoe 

MVCpOMSM. 

BtupenaliiD bridge*, vith a fcv oxwptiniis, hart' been aot only 
bailt of amnll depth, without utitfenintt ^rder* cither rorticollr 
or b^riaonUllj, but the pointii of ■lupounioii hitvo not beeti fixol, 
but amply reaCint; ou roUen, eo as to give erttf tadlity (or 
noyemeaC; and liiut ariiiea (be tuotioo gtoenlly ixiiDplAln«d of 
in aaapeariou bridgea. 

MoreoreF eiupoiwion hri'lgce bave been bailt without riny 
riilc or •aperriakm, and aa they vill bear thoir trwa vtdglit how- 
«v«r lightly oanetruoted, tbe^ hare been iu moat eaaee of iiumlS- 
eioDt etretigth, noenr now existing not bariug I or ( the ttrength 
git-eii in liie Derry Bridge. 

It] a foir caw* where a cinlor hu booD naed, tlie remlu aeoord 
with my expcrinipota. Tht- Niafiiun Bridge of 820 feet apan Ima 
a girder v^ry tiltJe deeptr than tbe Deny jBridge, and ia biiUt of 
timber only; yet tlie deSeetioa from a tnin U not more thui 
6 biebei,at npp<utn> h-om tliv rttporlofMr. RoeblEof — aDamnaot 
Btii^ Um than my ri[wrim<-iitJi woold indicate, wTieu it u cou- 
vdertd that tlic ginler U of limber only. 

Another aa>e in tlint of tbu luverunu BHdg*. which baa a 
WTOUghl^roD panipet 3 n, 6 ill. d«j|)k ajid li neariy r^pnaented 
by the small wi-oucht'irvin oKKlel. Tliii bridge liAa been eiiV 
jecl«d to the t«t of a locomotir« piuuiag over it on a track 
dnvn by fourtnru honuM. which prcducod h little deSeetion, na 
appean froui the rvporl of Ur. Itendd, tliat a member of the 
Iit*t!tatioa of Civil EiigiiM-^r>, whpu tbe anbjeot was mentioned 
at tbe recent disciuaion, «x)ire.woil hie doobl of the fict 

ft in, however, aatinfiietiirily explained hy the prcoodiRg exno- 
rimenU, whioh proro tlutt mich » pnrnpel i* (oflictFiil to render 
a ■iiii|icnuon bndgo so nonrly rigid, that no deflucLion would be 
observable v^lliout m(euaremeut. 

There are other easea of aueiteDsioa rirder bri(1g«e, vix., the 
I'Uontreso Bridge Id Sootland, the KieTBridoe in Rnmin, uid 
reoently, the Choleea Bridge over the TJntina at London, 
in all of which it i* nporlod th.il nbjectiounble mnraiiciit ia 
cured; and I lun ioftntned by Mr. Vif^uulve, tbe ciigiiiM^r. thnt 
the Kief Bridge baa beni paaeed over by Riiwiiui srliller^* at a 
gallop wltbonc nny objectioDable oacillntjon or dcllcetion. In 
America eaapaunon bndji«i have been uicd fnr oiiucdactB, tlie 
f^trooffh acting aa a ginler, tbe nucoem of wltich prut-ta thnt all 
■▼ertioal and horlaMital oecillaliou baa been oiin<i). 

I will eondudi> luy papr by rvmarklng, Ihnt it hiu been 
neewaary to tbe nroceiling invertifpition to make refrroiicc to the 
•xieting work* or tanincDt cnzinoera. I am donraua to obeerve, 
tliat eiteh oomparieona bat's been cmuntial to the elucidation of 
tlio [lOMtion, and that I have no iutentlon for one moment to 
drtmct from tbe enginooring merit Ot theae great worka. Tbe 
genius exhibited in ovoroomioj; thn varinu* diffiroltin* which 
pmented thetnaelva during; t)icir ciocntion munt be evident to 
all. but more etgicciiiTlv to IhoM whoie profeiaion reudcn tliem 
acqiutinlal with what lind to be conteodeil wilb. 

At the titni! thvy were dpiitriioil the popular objections to 
WepeMJOli btidgm w«rn much grvalt-T thaX nt preeent, and no 
•sample exHtod of a niiiwny aiuiieosiaii briilge. An endear 
migbt theii kave been aa little justified, under aueh ciranraataneN. 
in adopting a auspensCon bridge for railway tralfle, aa be would 
DOW be in cfror la diaregardiog the ex|)snat)oe wbich hAS aioce 
been obUUied. 

It ia edll, howpver, aanerted, but without any amjgnad reavn, 

ttiM aatpeoiiuu bridges are nut adaptM) fbr Unin* at spued: my 

>0wnT)ew OQ Ibis point, from large experience in railway eon- 

'ifltructiour from obeervins th" rfi^wt prodnced on bridgm croMed 

1^ ecntntdotV waKons orawn by hotvca, and by cxperimentD 

made on train* nt ■poal utiib ibi' Iron CoinisiBiiout-rii, ia, tliHt 

_ TOSid Iraffio sitea aa iievere trinl by troops marching in iitvp, by 

'i berdi of oattJe, or by eavalty trotting or ^llopbg, aa the beaTieet 

' tiaioa at (UII Mieed on railway*. 

liUs b na4, iMwever, tbe subject I now anbenil for diecassion: 
til* tnt stop in tbe iuqniiy is ute simple mcelianial problem of 



ehklA 



tha strangth and deflection witb statiocuuT loadfc en 
doubt tbould exist; and when it ia ranemMred that the exten- 
sion ot the railway system ia mndt govwned 1^ the oort of eoo- 
stnetfott, of whioB tbe creealiig oi nlleya nwl rivere forma «> 
oouaitknible an item, that in aome cases a single betdge emtt 
as much as TA or 100 milcM of line, 1 bope the inqtiEry wQI fat 
deemed of euSlcient irajwrlaaoe by the ^irriTtiitn to el>dt a ftUl 
investigation and dtMimiou. 

An-mrDix A 

Xnimm tf Di/kaim af tht LonioitJrTry Oinltr, fnm Kif«r4mt^t 
on tit Bofiia Fiadua. 

Tha centre opanlag Is tOi fo«t. 

Welplii of |[inl*r Sua ion*. 

ntu Ion* all ov«r nreduDM * <t*fl«ctiDn et 1-9 inoh, 

Tlie ilnflecUoD, If ef Aa Tm^ of the IiondoDilsnT Bridge^ weoU 
have beni 2«i' : UV i : !■« : 6711. 

To anocnain (ha JtJsotieei, tf ef the aaDie depth m the TiiiiMhiislliij 
Bridge, wo have 

U-y : 't2-» : : S'TS ; S3't<» Inehes. 

This BBumsi a weigbt par foot rarwu>il equal to the Bonis VUait 
The Boyne Viailnot, ITef Uw unia Imgth m tbe Loa^oodsny Mdft. 
would «ei^ S13 ton*. The rollowiiijf Kill thoe&ra be Iha dsBoollea V 
«t the mme weight ae the Deny Driclgii, 

ISO : 51) I : a2'3S9 : TtOTS iniihMs 
wbicli li tli« deSeotton with !ii^ Vita all ovor. 

!00 ton* allever wiU Uiantore U 8S'17. 

100 tonn in tba middle. . 33 23. 

EMimiat <•/ ih* D^fltf>(on from Rij-erinmli en &te JVnmrft 
Bridyt. 

npu 310 faet. 

Wwgbt of girder S(t| too*. 

Deflection frith 210 ton* all over, S'Tl Inohei. 

Aa 340> : ««0« : : tli : IT Inohei. 

Ilia dnpth of tba Kewark Dyke Bridj^ ^tixe tb« uma aa tbe ' 
poe»d Londorideny Brid|[«. 17 lneb«« will iniliotte tha dtflectMn ! 
wu eiiuiil Id >ral|[fi( (« tlio Newark Ilyk* Bridge^ but the weight. If rf 
tha suae length, being tM) inua. nt hare 

ISO :4£<1 r; 17 :S1 iaohM, 
the defleoUon with MO tens all over. 

n'iih 2D0 ton* all ever, 43-:^ bcho*. 

With lOU ton* In the ml.ldl* It will thwefeee be 34 I 



AtfeioU ^ thf I)fi<aioH from SrptrimtMi on l4< Britaimia 
The BiilaWDia Tiitw ni^hi IDDO tone, and deSeeU wtUi ilttt 
airt I'SA inoh. 

Tbo doBeotion of tbe Brituinia Tube, if raduood to ISO leoa, ««dd 
Iw VI' I' iiir-h<?a. 

TliD ilcpth pmTliea|lT of the jiropoaed I.onitonitiuty beidg* ie ISt feat. 
and or the Utluuula Tube 2S te«l, 
lC*:38'::iaB, er 
41S-ai : 3iee-M : : ISS : 00-T Inobaa; 
whioh hu to be nduotd in the mtio of the oehe af the 

4(0' ; 44tl» : r 48-75 : S3-0S. ' 
the daSenien of the Londandeny girder with SOO looa Ml «T«r. 
The moan of the three nauttl tndleale* 41-£SiD«b*a a* llie<~ 
of a gMer of IGu ton* loaded all over with 900 tona, and M laAm 
when loaded in tbe nirfdbi with 100 tonai (J s 1-S3 will thetrtm b 
the defleotion when ailsohed to tiie ehain. 

Arrn^iDix B. 

DimiHtivu tf liindoiutrrry Brid-yr and Calnlatiom i(f ftnaioj «mI 

Rpan Mwwn poinU of lupport 

Length of the ffn'nr 

Depth at high tower ._ 



Centra ousnuv half boHeootal length 
Hdo 

Lenfctli half chain (ceDlre) 



4ltl 
440 
W 

<• 

. t4« 
3Wfi 

seo-3 
iifi-5 



Ceel 



Strain on (mhia* at high tower wHb S tons par fool bad. aMwrnay |lb 
to be aupportod by the gilder, aud ^| ton* by tha oliaia, asoonlaiy la 

the fbnuula — 



4.r 



•/t;fl- 



' ' 4188 



X ^4 X «■ +"«4«' = 1031 tow 



■her* ji = tha dopib or ealenary, y = tbe half *pao. * 
equally distributed, aiid T = tnicioo. 

iteetlen of lb* eabla at lugh tower, *o that no luala 
we t eds 6 torn per Inch 



*M in«h» 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANI> ABCHITECTS JOURNAL 



W 



Htm* m lk« nW « UiD M« Ion 
1ilO>l 



X •^ixW+ 3iM' = 



1000 ton*. 

900 iMbM. 
$10 ton*. 
IBS taoha*. 



^KSNtioBcf (mfalcktMdatowtr . . 

^V BariMiiMl nmn 

' Hwtlan oT Iran U bMta« of •!»■■ 

i>gbic(i«B ^«a» gij UBiiiii Mil Cviurattiem. 

nit aJoalatioa ■auDM ihiU Urn expaaaion btlwMti «iiin««r anil 
«(M*r i« ^^f^h pcM of Iha lan^fa, ud llol it pradiKM k atiwii of 
5 tooa ptr iDck. 

no iTTifi k^tb «f tlis ahua, rnm tha rormnlft 

• S3 ''^ + (z* or •'aJi^jes* = S9s-i« 

vWra 1 = luir iMigtb of e»t«uu7, p =: half ohoid, 
•■d X s renod lino. 
I AA l «lonfMJoB of h*lf ttiaMbIa ... ... *133 

^^K MflSflS 

■^^ X = ''Ji'- J* = *'13fl8393' — 2(S» = 88-3. 
^V 7k« deflection tLtrafnnf from ihs lomptnlurg itill ba 'S of a (bat. er 
^'X inab—. a dcflwtiwi muoli uuJor ordinal^ iiupatinQO tiridg*^ tiitAag 
Amd tb ptBt drpOi. bvm »lu«l> bu to b< doduoUil tho MpaiitloA of 
■h« CMt-iran loven, «bl«b will wrnoiut to balf-an-inob. Tha mid* d«- 
SaMkrn of «unc ia>tto>I«* tba cflaol of 3 tana pir foot on tb« t>nd([^ 
aa tbia velgbt pnulaoa* 3 torn* per hMb wnia on tbc ubt*. On« Ion 
par foot all aver will Iharafeta auaa a dafloatloa undor 1| hub. 

ApraKDtZ C 

I b lb« iMgD for tba oropoaad Landonilarry Bridgo ornunaelal e*>)t- 

iroa tawtiB am propoMd. Aa a nunbanioal •iirnatioo wa muat nlimaU 

tbain M aaat-imi raluinn* aotinK nmplj to cury waiglil, whiob, if thaj 

«■« ao (IcalKOcil. trauld beaafollowi: 

I fbn wd|bt l« ba tnpp»rtcd bjr die lilgh Uxrer vbcn tba bridg* haa ha 

: bail )■ lAui) loni. To |[tve I loiu pnr incb va rcquirB 372 

30 janla bij^, t)u ¥r>l|[bt af natal will ba 



ar >7S0 lb. par yaid 
Tht falKb to««n balng I 



Ml 

Ika low IMHT win ban IStO torn witb a full load: IKO -^l = MO 
iathaa. or 3300 lb. par jard; tba haigbt beini; 3(1 jwtla, tlia wn|{ht will 

boSdIODB. 

Tba maan of tba tw« uiwen will rccjnlra for dlr«m atnun ... 4il tana. 
Add 60 pec ouil. for bolta and InstTBClivo niatoiial ... ... 10 „ 



40 tuna. 



Appkkdix J>. 
MtiwMt */ At Wtyjkl lif Smtfitniiim Bim. 
Tba wel|[bt la ba carriad la IIOU (on*- If wa allow Slant 
pw k>cK Uif KsUaa nu|uirtd i* 320 iDobei, or UltOOlb. 
porraM; the arun^ lcii|[ib ia lu nrit, aod walfbi 



And U> parcwnt fur inolfiMliT* mob 



10 

5 



IS tana. 



A AW Itmliaiji S^nat. By Dr. GaAT, Dublin. 
Dr. Ontj laid iKat tlio pucatnatiu |trincipla wu adojited (a tlie 




^Pllgul before lim ivotion, and ha alioiiU obacmi that ft wim not 
^ iww, u it waa rr«i|u«utly applied for ibe pnrpoac of ■ignnlling in 

OIM fom or oibor. Sonw time ag<\ » Mr. F^tTit^tnlil >ubiiiitt«il 

Ao til* ttaSc nuiia^ar of ibc nri»tSi>ntli«m ntvl WmtprD line no 

^gttiioiu ap|iIi«ttioD of tlio pnaumativ priiicjpk', wbl<h wua n. 

rf cloae ap^iruacli to aucofx. Uc placed ■ tnbn nlong th« who!* 

leof ibe tnSu, wbidi iuriniiint«d in a hand puinpiu thogiurd'a 

TCM, km! in a oy lititl'M- nl tli« eiigloH. In tbU i-jriindor a ]Mat<ui 
I ntortd frerly, iia niotiou sictuatiiig a levpri nud when tbe goard 
^^ vorked hi^ liaud pump, h« i!xhaiiJit*i1 tho liuu *>i pljie, aud ot 
^Lvotine tlie lop of tbe oj^lindcri tVio piitoii via at onm forcMl up 
^K&jF tlie alnwiplteric presaun-, aud curied with it the end of a 
^BJaVBT which tanied a steam vocJt fitted to a |>ipe from tho boiW, 
^P Kod lot un atcam to a whistle. Tliuaslaiiv time the guaidat ijie 
' Mtd of the train could mund ibr ati'-^im whiiiile at the engine by 
I tlila plaa- It ww worked for aoiui^ wwka on trial, bnl was abau- 
I dtiMtl lu ooneequettee if tbu dilKtniltj csporienW in making 
I eniipllng* at once air.iight aiid f^uile fur eenneoliug >jr diaoonnee- 
I tin^ the oarria^^a wbon muking up or taking aaunder % train. 

Beaidea, when the goatU waa ent off bjr a aovenlice <JS the tr»lB, 

the power tv imku iiigiiala w»« eul oS, and do notice waa gimi to 

ttie dnivr. 

Mr. Dillon, howorer, cacwiml the idea that if a pemuuieQt 

eibauat coald be niaiiilaiiiml in a tubs placed aJoUK tlie train, 
^^t^niaaling in the eame kind of c^liadM', tigOdli ooiud be given 



with mater eaae and oertunty by the mere ndnuMioa of air, ae 
aeto detfavv the enhauat. The fitvl experimental an>»ntttu coo- 
aleteil of » brae* cjrliudu: with a pUtAo and bnaa nd attadied, 
nlaoaJ in a box oouwetcd with a ateam pipe (Km au tng^ ft 
long t«b«k and a hand |Hniip. Tbe «xhaiwt( inelead of tnnunc 
the oook ao aa to Tet OD ateatn, tomcil it ao »« lo ahat it off*, aaa 
take a bar or eemapbore out of view, lui'l whitu Ihu pump waa 
worked It kept tbem eo; but wlwu tlie pnmp waa ebofipeil tlie 
•xh«uat itw id to bo kape U^ the lerar leU, and tho etaan wu> 
let eit the oxliaiut. Hr. DOlea bad iarlted him (IV. dnj) (o 
aMiat luB !■ taakiug the tnechanienl armngementa oeoeaBki^ to 
reduce the idea to practical opamlion on a iwJwvt train, and the 
rMult waa a aauUl mahosiujjr box, about dight fnwaa hj ten, and 
finir inebea thick, the ttM tita rea^niallo for tho agnal box on tho 
engina. There wna a ciivalar opening through the box about 
fire tuchca in diameter, and a red bar hung octom the opeoiDgi 
a anMl) tube, atioat l-incb diiuael«r, projectai from cae aUe of 
tlie box, and a whiiUe and nianll lemiglobiilAr bnaa cap, vltb a 
«uaU tube fVom ita aide, were fu*t*wed on tho toji. Thie box wna 
pbued OB tbe eiuine in front of tbe drievr, wHb tbe drmlar 
0|ioDingonalovorwithhwe.vn. Tbe red tenraatheaemnnbor*, 
and when it wiu oat of hIrIiI it vaa an indioltloo that nil wm 
right; when it waa thrown acroea tlie field nf vhion it wn* a 
algual of dani^r. Tbe box oontainfl alao Ihe uneoiol form of 
cyiiodei and iiiatoin ho had oontrived, with Ui« air tube at tho 
npptir eiilc to connect it witli tlic air tuba that paBed along tbe 
CHriogas to tli« pnrap iu tlie giurd'a van, and a pipe bektw to 
tvprvsf lit the atnim pigM pEuaiujf from tlie boiler (oo which tbe 
bni WM foauned) iulii and thraui;b the bos, and torotnating in 
the wbiaUe ou the top of the DtiX. On the ateam pipe, b« it 
panfod through the box, wa* plaeed a elop-eDck, Ibeheeacf wUIdi 
waa the irivot of the tetnaphoie or rtd bar. When Ih* pomp 
exhausted tbe tube and cylinder, the red bar would be lifted out 
of view, and In being lifted It would turn the cock *o aa to abut 
olTatenni. On bdog thrown down itvonld open the cock and let 
alaam ou to tho whixtlo. From the axle of ooo of the cartiagea 
a belt waa carried round a redndng onlley, .-ind thU pullej by a 
crank gave motion to a pump wfaica oMlntaiiiM a ceetiawraa 
oxbauat in tlie lung tube luid ovliodor, no llint iha motion of the 
train il««lf was uaaile to give the reqviaile motina to the pump, 
and keep the atentn eocfc doaod, tho whistle ailent, and the eema- 
phom in tho poeiUon that indicated aafety. Atlnched to the bOK 
m front of the driver ie placed a coll of gutta-perdia tubing over 
ISO feet In leugtli, and tlie uther ead atiadied to an air-pump in 
the guanl'a jnoiiitlon. Cxnnectjon hnring been madt, nnd a iun»- 
eock ou a T-rriiio baring tioon tJooad omlt tbe guanl** end. In 
Older to aimulAto tlie atenm poattng fmu the boiler to tlie wluttle 
a Aort lube of india-rubber b attached to a bdlowa, and oon- 
nect«d with the wlilatle piiie, where It pane* bto the drivei^ 
ai^al box; the bfllowa it blown, and the wbiatJo aouoded, the 
red bar continuing to lio acroea tn« field of liaioo. On the blow- 
ing of the bellow* bebg oontinueil, nod the nir~pomp aimullane- 
oiuly worked, the fi»t motion of the pum)i, thouj^ a vny imall 
one, would willnlmw the aomaphora wid aileoee tlic whiallo, tbe 
•emapliora •ueining alinoet to riae iu q^pnthy with tbe motion 
of the liand of tbo pcr«on who uovod the pump^ though aepanted 
from it by more than IflO feet of tub^ together with other eoA- 
neotioD*. The miv*tsI motioua baring been oMilinuKl, the atma- 
phore oontitmed np, aud the whietle woe eileat (tho normal condi- 
Uon of Ihe aigmd wb«u tlie train wm in motion}; but, on lumiag 
the ngnal oo<u urmr the {lump, lliu irxhuusl being imtnnlaneoiul; 
dealrortd by air admitted to the lube, the eenuuhure full tanm 
the field of vision, nnd tlie whistle tounded. tbe ainul* boiag 
prodneed intmcdUlolv upiiu the tuniing of tlic alr-co^. 

Dr. Gray explained the nature of tbo ooapling-jonnL by which 
the tube wn« connected from cnrnago to carriage. It waa pei^ 
frctly air-tiglil, and yet of aucb a obancl^tr that It separated 
witboot injury on tbe ooourreuce of say aevor«i Hcmn aufficient 
t» caum n wrrot«nce of the train, nnti eould eiuiily be reunited. 
If any aavoranoe of the ouriagee oecum^ while tbo tnun wna iu 
motion, on tlio breaking of the tnun coupling-chains, the signal 
eooplitig-jnlutii would draw out leleauope like, nnd both enda ot 
tbe tube being then fuUv o|)eiied, an aoluenatic nignal wunU be 
^•nax to both guaid ana driver. The alnoat inatantnncooi lyra- 
palbotic action between the pump at one oml of the trnin. and 
the aignal bnx at tbo other, wu eoiiraly due to the I'ouuediMi 
which rendered tliew air-tight, and the peeulbr futmstioa of tho 
cylinder in the driring-btix. 

l>r. Gray ittM U»t Um oppiintlu* liAd been oporalion for n 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



lUa tiiM OB «M (D|bi» OD Um MblUnil (Irtftt VTmUtm 
J. R« vslublUd oM of l)i« oxiplidgii with ita Bvxibte 
pMubuiU, which hung b<>t«**ti lh«' cttrriaitM, luid wbicfa, afl«r 
bavfaiB tnTcllvd bdoi* 00,000 uilca an the nUw»7t uiil been 
inUouoiuLUy BiibiMted to niucb rausti imM, ww aa good m on 
Ui« lint tlay; Mid «x|ibUiad Um aUmn oT an lin|mv«nnit of 
Mr. Dilloo'n to tiJlow «f tlw aurlagN bdag »mwo<I on Ibc Iuml 
He iOm aboTod how, bjr til* vm of & twi>-««j «ock, the drirer 
*iu [ireTeiiUil from •haUlag off itoua (rom the whuttlc, kj u to 
prei-piil tbe goanl bom unng tiie (ofiul: Mid alau tbe arrangv- 
luout that oittbltd the ilrinr tn eoauuuDlcato with tit* guard. 



On tin Spti^^f Grvrilg ^ Submarine Trbfrofh Oiblf. 
By 0»|>taiii BtjiKxi.r, K.A. 
If a T — tt l mM ill a Mnl^t Iim at a unlfona apcod on a wa 
perfectljr oalm, aad drop a csUu of a unifiMtu ala* and ipeeiBe 
gravity into tli« wntcr, tha Uttvr will iu tlio water fovMi vsry 
noarlj' a •Irttighl liae if a tcoiiion be applied from the ship Miual 
to th* woiKht of a ptece of a»ble the leiifilh of the depili of 
water. 

For osaiapl*, a cafalo i-indi dinmeilcr, and of ft «ped<i« (rmvitjr, 
wtighiag -fyr^b. ptr fmrt in I<.-iii;ih when in "ntor, paid out fivin 
a Toawl moving tWulllv m ihe nit« of t] nilt«s an hour, or 3^91 
IbM per aeoond, wiU form a «trai8lit lin» at an angle of 40''; tiia 
raaiitaiw* of the walar |i«r|>MidicuUr to tba cable duo to tliia 

Ttlooily being r"--- no' 4S, whore i ia a eoefldiant annimod aa 
o tg o 

an BMiroxitnatioD to tbnt rrptwuentlng the mtio of rciiiKlAoce to 

a •ornoe like that of tbe cable oonpaied with that of a plane 

mttfio^ 

a = ana aole<l aa. 

4 = about TOtb. = «r«lght of one cnbi« foot of water. 

V = velodlv. 

f = Ibm O^ gtaritj = 3M leot. 

Atadeplh of lt,O0Ofeet, 

■ s 18,000 X V'2 X ^ = 707 ^nare feet; 

th5n.B==^x^^i^xia-fixi = Heoon.i 



V 



T = toMion = R = 4S00 Ih. = *3 cwt; 
3 wei^iof <»bU = 480OV)r=6TSSlb.s eO^cwt. 




Ah every portion of cRbl» Ik nct#<l oa, aa at A, bv the lhr*« 
forM*. Kiulbedircotion AR perpeiidioiilartolb<iaabre,Tln tlw 
lUrvction AT of tbn length of the c*ble, and W Tartlw]; down- 
warda, — there I* no te>Ddeuav to change the natnre of the motion 
whUo tbeM ara pniponioun]'. Iu tbii portieular oaae it ia evident 
that Vs, or I'4I4 nilU of cabl« at toant iua*t be paid out while 
Ihe *hip adraniM* one milf, ui'l thnt anj n'lnxnUoo of tonalon, or 
fnarring of the oablo from any caoie, would nootMJtata a atill 
graitor vaate of cabl& 

A cnblo the nmn aiae, but ouly half tlie weight, wonld weigh 

in watn- about -li lb. per foot, and eiiilc lea* rapidly, aa V-IS to 

1^*4, oraa 1 : 1*83, and alao ai th« *quarc loola of the cub« of 

tlw coelnca of the aaglea of ioclinatiuu; no that if tbn ship ail- 

-maced at the aana rata, it need psi out mBoh Iraa oiUe. Tbo 

aloa raqiduia would also be tiincb leea (li to -IU at Imm\ and 

utd in a Knot meaaare bo aapplied by tbo friction i>f anch a 

of cable agaiiMt tbe «ai«r. A mnmeutaiy tvlaxatioo of 

I woald aim faaTo leaa iajuriova eBeeta. 



3tedtaairal Stntdun a/ Me Irraof Eautm SUam SM^ 
By Jotix SooTT fimou. 
Mr. Ruwelt liud before the wctioa wine of tbe menhairital 
delatb of the ooDatneiloa of the mat ahlp now bsUdiiH; at hk 
ealaUlabraent at llillwall. The Brat point r J alad lo tbe pacn- 
liarity of her grMt aiu; the Moond, oa which bar awrite «r 
detacritj) tut a |Meea of naval ardiiteature depemded, waa Iha 
guDoRit itnictnre or Itnee of tbe ibip; tbe tUid point would be 




Fi 



cnoemlly to tJie medtaaiea] araanmenta for bar propolaioa. 
With reapcct to »&!, it «nu generalljr anppoaed that, aa a pta» 
tical Blii|i-builder, he waa an advocate for btg thipa. The eon- 
tniry, however, was Hi*' fnut. Them were caeae in wlilcfa Ug 
■hip* WfT* good, and tlirro wnra certain oaaca in which ing ahipo 
wcri' niinniia to thdrowncni. In cvpry aa<e tlie Kualleat aliip 
tlial uoulil BLtpplj tlip coDvcnicDoc of trade wna ihe rigbf abip to 
build. He came there na an advocate of little ahipa-, and It was 
ilie pMuliaritv of the GrMi EMUm that ah« waa the wnalleet 
ship tauablecd doing the work ahe waa inteadtd to do; and be 
brliovta that if ahe anawoml the purpcae for which ahe «ia 
deaignoJ, the wouM contiane to be the umalket »hip poMuble lor 
her voyage. It waa Ibund by experienoa Uiat no alMinahip OoaU 
be worked prafitably which waa of leaa aite than a tou to a ndta 
of tbe voyage ihe wna to perform, carrying her own coal. Tliw^ 
n ahip intended to ply between England and Amerim would not 
my ti«nniiUFally tmlMa the wure of 3300 or 3000 tana bnrdeiL 
U like mauner, if a venel were iulended lo j^ (roBi thla oountry 
to Auatralla or India, without coaling on gMugout, but laUag 
her cnala with her, ahe would require to be 13^00 lona bnnbe. 
And turning to tlie ca« bcfon them, it would be fooitd that the 
big aliip WIU a. liltle Bhort of the proper aiie. Her voyage W 
Auatrnlia and back would be SC,000 inilea; her toBBagt^ iMft- 
fore. altould be iO^XO totia, whenaa ita actual aiaomt waa 
£2,li0{) f'liB. Tile idea of making a thip large enoagb to mnj 
her own coitli for a Tovxge to Australia and back *Bin w«a Iba 
idea of n man fiimoua lur iat^p id«aa— Mr. Brunei. He aoKgeaaed 
tbe matter to him (Mr. Ruwell) aa a iiracijcal ahiiibuililrr, and 
the raiull waa the muneter vcaael whlcli he waa about to de- 
ecribr. 

IIp hud peculiar plriurare in laying a deacnplion of the lioea of 
the nhip I»fcire tbe prnptit neFting, betauie the sbin um a naval 
■(moturc, u &r na ber tiuea weT« cuDoerae*!, wna a diiUl of thai 
•edion of the BritiHh AMncintinn. It wna twmlv-iB-o ymn 
aiuco they had the plreunro of milling locfiJ.iT in Dublin. On 
that occaaioD ho Iniii beture tlie Mechoniwl acction a form of mo- 
atmctinn which hod iiinco become well known aa tbe " wa*e line.* 
The aection nwivnl the idot ao well that It appointed a eoo»- 
niittn to emnlue into the matter, with the intention, jf ihir 
found tlie wave principle to be the true principle, to pnicUim jl 
to the world. Tlia committee piinuod ita inveMigaliuun, pub' 
luldog the rcBUlte in the account of tbeir traiBactloDe; aud ma 
tliBl time to the preaent be Iiad wntinued to make large and 
amnll vcMaU on tna wave principle; and the diihialoB of Dili 
knowledge through the 'Tramcvctiona of th? Briliih Aivxlalleii' 
had led to ill nlnioel uuivcrsd adoption. ^Vbl■^eve^ Ibey band 
n atoiun vwael with a high reputation for apeed, eoonomv of flatl, 
and sood qualitiea at a«i, he would oodeiiake to My that tb^ 
wotild finil that ahe wiw oanatructed on the ware principla. 

He wnald endeavour to explain what were the priuciplM af 
thn ware line aa diatingniahed from thr older fiudiiuced siodea of 
building and how tbeywere carried i)iit in the Ug thij>. AH 
pnictioa man knew that the tiitl thin^ a ahijibuildcr liad to 
(hiuk of waa what wnn called the midahip aretion of tbe >*■!: 
that vnM, the aection which wonld be mode if the vcaael were Onl 
tbroosh the middle, and the apeclator nw the cat |>»nioiia 
Mr. luwell hen.- puioted out a dfwnua of the midahi|i soctioa of 
the IKiM, a anion veaMtl about 7f \fn» burden, wldoli w«a Ibt 
flrat ever mnalructed npoa that principle. Now the fir«t tbb^ 
to be done in buildinc a aleam tt«cI wai to make a calcnlatka 
of the aiae of Ihe midiliip aedlnii b the water. In lailina frw 
one place to another it waa neceaaary U> exm-aie a ttnaTiivtaf 
the water lai^go enough lo allow the whule body of tlie ahip to 
paaa thraogh. Ilie problem waa^ how to do that moat ecoaosl- 
oally: and thi* waa effected by luakiiif the canal aa narruw and 
aa (hallow aa potaibte, eo that there wonld be (he enalteat ■]«•• 
tjtv of water poaaihle to eacavate. Tberefxre it waa that tba 
aupbuUdir cadnvoiirtd (o obtain aa aisaU a mkUbip msUm aa 



J 



II* be could; tuiil thai bad bMO dl*ct«d in tbe com of tbo big 
■Up, wboae Bidohip wotloa ww Hiultr-iiot mnall ab«alatelj, 
Mt BDull !■ waporiion. In bnerauing Ui« tooiM{t« of a ihlpi 
tiim (biof* Md to b* eonalderad, tli« pajing pow, tbe pr»- 
jicilin^ paw«r, and Um JiniwiMriia 
Mr. fioMeU thea cnterad into » OKlmktHii to abov tbnt «h>l« 
I doQbM Um iikui«v-«uiuu2 pover of k ehip b; tucreaoiug it* 
, be oolj iMreuu its raldHbip wetion bj GO par oant. For 
*, ft ehip of SACK) too* bardm woald ktvo eOO b«t of escn- 
thron^ the w»tor to Ay, tha Ug >bip bid 2000 Ibet of 
kntkiB : and the lioeal diiam«iomi of one v«re to the IiimaI 
enetoiwof Uieotli«ra*l to ih Tbe exMralion lo be doas 
' tbe big «hin in relntluB lo th&t lo bn done bj tlia tnull aUJp 
aii4 tn ),lmt tha CUtTIo^ power was aa 10 to 1. To firopM 
big abip th<nr had a BomiaiU hotiMvpowcr of 2AV), while to 
nl ibe amalier vcmbI there vaa a nnioiiiiU bar9e-|>awsr of 
M tbu Uie big ehip wuuld be wurkrU i]uii« lu (HMnomiokUj 
the Hnall ono. Benrring ag*lB to tiiu wnvo line, bn would 
tbtit it wiu ^TMi IM * prriblnm t^ any ono tn dcidgn ft 
,ion tlwware priudple. The first lUing to bo done w»« to 
rlieUlo the t^Mvd aX which tbe ship *aa iulcuited to so. If tbe 
en^ot wtre ftxiil at LO inilea an bour, « rofureuoe to toe table of 
tne v*Tt )irliti-l|i|A would »haw,lh»t in urd^r lo eifeet tbat object 
tb* length af thtf ohifii'a howa ougbl to be about iiiJ fact and that 
of her Rtcrii about 40 feet. If a larttnr vcuwl were rei|uin)d, tvf 
a ehip tf 13(1 f«rt long, llitrt wmild be uothioi; nion.- lo do iJuB 
to put a iui<1dle bod* of 30 (wl iu loiigtli twtir««o the bow aait 
th« BleriL HaTiag tnea owide lli« width of the ahin in aooonlance 
wiih tbe aidxhip aectjoa kgnmi iiixiii, it would te neoeMarv to 
draw wbivt was knawn a< tM wnrn line on bntb rideaof the bow, 
■ml tbe wave line of Iht eMood oider on both tides of the Hlern, 
Coiwtnot«d in this niauner, and iiropeUed by ibo ordiuaiy 
HBOaBl of horor-ihiwer, the aliip would tail predaalj 10 m&e* aa 
faour. Tbey oaiil<l ^ alower tluui 10 aiileit au honr, if neonuary, 
Kiid in doing ao tbtjr wonid tooaoniiiw fuel, in eunaeqtieDce of the 
dimioiebcd tealeUnae of tbe water; whcreaa tbure would be a 
vaetlj iixniaafd reeietandti if nn Ml«nipl were made to drive ibe 
■leMDer more than 10 niiira nn honr. 

Fnr the iipr^d at which it wa« intcndc 1 to driTe the Grrat 
J\<utrn> it was fouuj thai the len)[lh of her bow nhould be 330 
f'srt, th« l«Dgth of h«r atom 330 leet, of the middle body tao feet. 
Slid nf the acrew pmpellm- 10 Ux*; making in all OHO tt*t in 
length. Tfao line* oo which A* waa conalnieted wort aeitber 
more nor Icaa than au etiaadod oopf of the bno* of all tha ahipa 
which be had buUi riooe he finl laid the ware prioeiple before 
tJiat Aaaodation. It waa bia pride that he bad ool put a aingle 
•iperiaaani or aoreUy into tbe alracture of the vaaael, with on« 
or two ■•xceplioiia, which he had adopted on the TMontiBe»dati«ii 
fif Rwn who bad had pmciisil experioDon of tbuir tiSater. The 
~i»Te principle bad never in a aii^e inatviee deceived hint aa to 
bo exact ahape ft veaanl oaghl to be Iu order to ncoompliah a oer- 
in nue of apeod, atwl bn bad tfaweCno adopted it in tbe coo- 
Ion of the biff vhip. 

would next refer to the nuobantoal couuraotion of tbo 
■ ship, tlie amnmueut of tbe ima of wbldi abe waa auido, 
1 the olifeet cf lAnae arraiiAementa. It waa mnch lo lie doalml 
> vat awchaoical ecieDCO abould luake pragrm bv the aiinple 
sption of what waa boil, ooido bom where it taight; taut he 
waa aen; to aaj tliat iron sbip-baildiu^ did not grow in that 
nanMr. Tliey commetiMd b}* wrvilcily nullatiag the conalftio. 
tion ef woodon *hi|;<i, tlienby iiiciirniij; n jjrvat deal (if nnneoM- 
■ary labour and eipenae^ There na* thii great diffor^nco be> 
twero tite etrenglh uf iron and of wood, lliat wbiUl the latter 
waa woklc crc*swa7» and «tn>Dg lenglhwayi^ or vjtli ili<> gniii of 
the tinber, iron waa alinoet equaUj atioog either way. Tliia 
Iiad been dmrljr aaMrta;iM<d hj dxperimanta nwde by Mr. Fair- 
bairn and Mr. M. Ilodiiki&aoti, at the roi|n«et of tbe Britinh 
Aaaociaiion. in wtiuoe ' Tninaaotioo/ tlie renulta were publiahcd 
to the worlii The cuaianiilelioe waa, llial th« Hhe or fVaiuea used 
to Mnnclhen wnodeit riilp* v«ro nui-lHi-Ki udii^CMvirj in Iron 
ship-buiGlinxi and acdng on tbia prioi<ipI«, the ITsiv ("t 'be cod- 
atroclioii of which he wn-i awietod bv two Imbmcn) wu built nf 
lion entirely, with bulkhead*, and bad not a frame in her from 
ooe end tu the ollior. H>- waa ashuoeil It tay th.il he did uot 
kiwaya pnwlwi wbnt be pr«eidi«d. Ha wna cmnpelleil aguiiiat 
hie will, hj the pvreoua for whom he built, to puraoe the old 
«y«teni; Itefiile* which tlien were law* of tiitdc, Acta of Parlia- 
ment, luid U'>yd'B rule, to which he wa* obli^oil to cuafiinu. 
. IliuSt if be did not put a o-rtaiu number u^ Cnutm iu tbe ehip, a 



THE CTTIL ENOns'EEH AND ARCHITECTS JOURKAL. 



329 





blade tnailc would be put upon heri and ehe would not be allowed 
to go to aea. But whenever be ma allowed to buUd acoordlng to 
bta judgment, be b«Ut In what be cooaiderod to be tbe brat wa^. 
And be bclicrod that in what bo waa now placing before the Mo- 
tion he wuB U^'iiig the ground* of meeting Ihu Britiih AMOcia- 
tlou that day twcut^ yeu^ and finding thnl tliu mode of medin- 
oical oonaUvction wbicti oe prupoaed had Ixwu an univereall/ 
ado|>t«d aa tbo wave principlak became of the publicatinna of tbe 
Britiab Auociation. 

Mr. KuBBcU iheti proceeded to give an elabomte ilMcription of 
the old luetbod uf conntructiog au iron ^i|j^ coutnwtitig it with 
the improTed alyle wbicb be puraued at preaent. Inatciut of the 
meat of wixtdnn mbblali, which did not alreugth«a the abip, and 
involved cnorniouii cxpooso, ho placed loaide the iron abell aa 
many oomplote liulkheoda aa tbe owner pormittei] him to demand 
then osoalructed in the iutertuediate epnoea partial bulkhcni^ or 
bnlkheada in ibe ««iitn of which liolea had been out for tbo pnr- 
poaea of atowa^ Tlia ddck waa atreDgthaned bjr ititrududng 
pieoM of angle iron, and other coiitrivnncM; aad aa aa iron abip 
when weak wu uot wmk crciiawnys, but lengthwaya, he etrength- 
enad il in lliia direotiou by lueaiui of two longitudinal balkhcftiU; 
and tbe raaull waa a attviigth and aolidity which oould not b4) 
obtained in najr other war. Tbe Grmt F.o*t*m bad all tbetw 
imnrovcmeiitB, and in addition the cellular ayateni, wa snoceaa- 
fully aputied in the Brit&iiiua Bridge, bud Iwen ioiroducail all 
roQDd (be kiltom and under tbe deck of the ihit:^ giviog tbo 
grtateat amoont i<f atrongtli lo reaiat cmabitu; tliat coiud he pro- 
cured. A n^nl deal of alarm bad been expreaMd by eome per- 
aotu aa to Uie laandting of the ahip aidcwajra: bnt ibwe appre- 
beuaiuna were groundlMt. The ground alopod from wh«re the 
vaaael now atood at a ateep Indlue uf 1 iu IS, and when the anp- 
pofta were withdrawn, if areTytfalng were ia proper order, die 
mnit uaceaaaril; alido down w»£Aj uto tha wat«r. Aa be bad 
alroMly obaerved, there waa nothmg new in the abip but ber 
groat rixe aud oellutftr oooatnietiou. It wm true, ahe would be 
propelled both by a acrew and paddlea, but there waa no rcaaon 
to (toubt that they would vnrk harmouionaly. He wiabed he 
oonid toll tbcm how (aat ahc would go, Imt that was the aecrvl of 
the owner of the abipL 



Oa the Laging qf HtAmarine Tdegrapk CiAlt*. 
By Sir JAMtx MfiiiiAT. 

Sr Jamoa Murtnv alateil tliat Hbi)ut forty yean mate he nude 
tbe hold of a voaal air-tight, b Belfaat LnvgU; and havtun cut 
an apertun sear tbe keel, nILowod tbe veeael to All with water, 
which being ftgun forced out bjr air proMoro. raiaed ibe veeeel; 
and by kecpiug the hohl filled with orMUoneaea air, he prevnalttl 
the water nam again entering, ao that tJie v<aad njled over the 
lough with thai Urge opening in ber bottom. In ovder to reach 
the ehore out and in hy tbia aubiaariDo ODtranca, to fix air-puiopa 
and gaa gRDMHioni, and to *ecurc ita watsr-'UnMf wninacota, 8tr 
Jamc* ooDtriTiid a horizouul wuBoge from uie vomoI to au air- 
tight chAmbcr of equal atmospberio prwaure at tbe ahora^ witb 
valvce, iu a horis<>nl)J tube or tunnel alao charmO with air of a 
presaore equal to that iu tbe vovcla at each end. Thia paiaage 
wna an embryo Thaiura Tunnel, or iftllier, a tubulur onivluil 
under (not over] tbe Muuai Struiia, — a well-^owu principle then 
applied to a novel puqiiMe, \ii., a hnriz-inlal diving-bell botwoDO 
two ebambera cbarjced at that time with air of about 00 lb. pre*- 
anre to the liiunn! inch. 

Many cirounuttauveu odnitteted w!tb tbe aubaigueona tunnel 
above tWiribed Muaed Sir Janu* lo beliere that were tbe tnuia- 
atkulic cable eocloaed in a proper tube attached to the atoatner'a 
aiorn and kaal, like tho apioal canal of a fiah, aoveral advantage* 
wniild rcault. 

lat. A protecting caual, alTordJug long ourrea or gnidiaBh^ 
which can be rendered of the moat euitnble apetufio gravis for 
■uch a deptli from tlM ship aa would enable tbe rope to real upon 
denaer water, lay, iu or 30 fatliomi down, and in quieter atnta 
of aon. 

^□(L Adding 4 or fi iuebee to tbe alrcuiufeieooe of tha cable 
without augineuting ita gravity— where graviutlxu or almin are 
ao btal to the lOii — would relieve tlio nock of the cable from 
aodilan jerks, bonda, or pulLt, that hare rectntly provAi ao fatal 
to a rope oadllating oa a bmry weigbt iu a heaviug acn. 

Aaaries of copper or gal van laed iron pi pea, 4 or 6 incba in 
diameteri Mch C or 6 feel loo^ will be (buud to answer (expcri- 
meutally). "Dw ead* ahould be flanged on vulcaniaed nntpi, 

40 



iso 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



inWrpoaiiu a Aort thick ho«e, 3 or 4 tncbca loa^ u a rertebral 

joint, to a^nit of * litUe beoiliug ilnwnvriuili at auch iDCline M 

may be nfeat in tli« en. WLurv tbin tube ivouivus tlus rop* al 

Ui« kwl, then Is a proper, soft, «tMtic KiDlfing box, tlirt>u)(h 

Aieh the rap* dcMMid* in » fonuol of oU. 7he(l<^pr»e ofdrealor 

/jWMmn of thu ooUu- ii jp^^'^t^d by a aoblet easily aJupteJ to 

Inpeilitc or iletun tbe roptr's IrMiait cornttlj, and M XM Mas 

rtliu« to k««p tbb tpUul canal air-light, lo tliat nliibt the i«p« 

pMWU doirn Uk« the piston of a •tMin uigiiM through Jta oollnr, 

tho air pniopai] Into the fouial canal oannot eaaipo, but will pu*h 

the vatcr Cilhom after fiithom towardi thf docp exttunity of tlio 

jMjv, uiil thereby r^ulate, point, and auppcrt the top of the 

rme, without anv wnooh cnr Mnia omr its oeok. 

Tho cftblcTs woight la spread oror luid divided among naaw-TDaa 

/rieUon roUtrg, atnoglj bolted ucrom the tube, and aupporting 

tbo ropE like druiai or wheels at the deacent ot a tnun. A pump 

in the steamer drive* ur mto tbe tube, uuder the oallor, vtiilBl a 

Bsrcorlal gauge poiute i>ul tbe number of fathoms of atraeut b, 

tud of water poshed down the pim. A rise of 30 iuchea of mar- 

fmrjr indicates, aa; fhlhcausi luO inchee index 80 ftthomi^ at 

^wluoh depth the ana will be about four limn deuaer than at the 

anr&oe. Therv the rone (when ao longer in itD scabbard) will be 

betUar eupported, oud lees drawu down or twistod by storms or 

wa*«a. 

Tbe dip or indine of this proposed tube is so smnll as to offer 
littii! miitonce to the aaUina ol lite BtMitiier. Tlii.- tubular caae 
bdUH Rjual proMure from llie wuter within lu UlUum that of 
the water without, and can be made to inclLne at any angle 
according to the quantity of wnteraxpelled or admitted. If most 
cf the water bo expeUad fn>m the pipe it will keep a mow bori- 
xuilal diieollon i— the longer the oolumn of wniur allowed to rine 
within the lube the more perpeudkular will be iu dip, at suoh 
oa^ as the mercury ladicatei In the gaugu aud the uperator 

CrafinwJ lUpvrl on tht imhpmtiJ <tf fftat in AffUntfd tFattr. 

By U. UcxKiK, C.E. 

Ur. Beanie, iu nlluding to his Bnnner papera on the aobject, 

NmI before (he aaotion iMt jmt at Ohulbenhnm, etated that the 

autjjeot of tlie meebanioal or dynamic foroo rrauirtd to mine a 

S'ven qunatity of water one decree uf Folirenheit had lonjc been 
e object of the r«MW«ih of phiioeopher^ e^-e^ ainoe Count 

I Jtumtbrd. In hb odebnled MLpeiimente on the evolation of beat 
In boring guns when aarruanded by ice or water, proved the 
power roquirod lo rnae I lb. nf wnlfr one degre^ and which h« 
valued at the dynamic equivalent of 1034 lb. M. Moya was the 
llret who (uutouiioed that beat was evolved bom agitated water. 
Tlie second wga Ur. Joole^ who announced that boat was evolved 
by waber piuiiiug throiub narrow tutxw, and by this mmthod caoh 
degree of heat reqairad for its evolution a mechanical force of 
770 lb. SubsoquL-nlly, in IMS and IMT, he arrived at a dyna- 
mieal equivalent of T7:i Ibt Theae experlmentii had aiiioe been 
f""""-' by other phlloeopben on Ihn coniinnnt. 

In the present p^per Mr. Bennie staled that hia atCl^atIon wns 
called to the saboeol by obeerving the ovalutiun of hcut by the 
w« in a •torm, — or Iho beat from water running in aluicee. lie 

, tkerefon praparad an ^paratua aimllar to a {Uitent aburu, aome- 

i what rfBular lo thai adopted by Mr. Joule, but on a large siule. 
In the lirat caic he otperimented upon SO'gallons (or StX) lb.) of 
water, bcloied in a cubical box, and ilriven by a atoam-CDginr, 
instead of a weight foiling from a given height as in Mr. Joule'a 
experiment; seoondly. on a analler scale, by 10 lb. of water 
Incloaed in a bos. The large machine or churn was driven at a 
alow velodty of S8 revolution* per minute, and tho amaller ma- 
chine al the mt« of S38 rsvolutiom iier minute; bo that the heat 
given off by tlie water in the larg« box was oulv at thu rale of 
3|' per hour, inHndlng tbe heat lo«t by nulintiun-, wher«as the 
haU evolved by tlis lU gallonn of wnU>r containnl id the small 

I box, agitated at 233 revolution*, wa* S((° Foli. per hour. Thus 
the lemperature c4' the water in the large box wan rai.wd fri>m 
BO^to 144°; and the teinueratun of tbe water in Ihu unjiill box 
to boiling pojat. As an uluatnilion, an egg wuh l>c-il«l hard iu 
rfx ndnatea. Tbe me c hanical equivalent in the flmi case was 
•pfnoziinate neoriv to thai ot Mr. Jonl^ hot in the latter case 
H was eouJdetaliW above hii eqnivalent, ariiiuL', very pro- 
bably, from Um dtnculty of meaawisg aeeuately the reOjding 
funea. 



On rAt Coiufnethn of tii* SH-inA Mnrtart na4t In order y lie 
Government during Iht btU KuMvm Var. By K. Mallxt. 
Ur. Mallet said the problem to he solved was Uie beat mode et 
dealing with maaees of earth and tnoemiy in brtifieataoua wUth 
were wo large as to raaial ofdinarv otdaaDoe.— How coulj the 
nngc of prvijectilua be no iucmuetl that the ships employed la 
throwing could be oomparalivi-ly out of reach of tLe gone uf th* 
fortraaaf He fouul that the largeat ahelU nwi in Boilcra war- 
bra were 13-iccli ahells, weighing from ISO to 200 Ih., omioisfaig 
91b. of powder, and bavinit a maximum range of 4700 vard^ 
Such a (hull peDelralwl ab<>ut 3 fwt into a mound of eartli, bat 
was iuci]»ljle vf pit-niiug a wall of Rutwinry Si) iiicbn thick, aave 
bv r^it'>mt>Hl blowa. It uocurn<d to him ibnt if tbcy odqIo pro 
Jert asboll of marU greater weight, containing more powder, and 
with an unormoualy iuertasod projectile power, they woiold ha 
enabled to effiecl tbe demolition of fortiScaltone with greater aaae 
and rapidity. He Iberefure propcised a ahell of 3 (bet diameter, 
wbiuh would contain about SOOlK of powdnr, and have an in- 
ereased range. Such alielU entering into the midat of a fortifiea. 
tiott would act like a niine nr •cried of mine*, exploding with 
groat foroc ami oauxiag an imm«uap dratrueliun of maeonry. He 
0aleu1at«l that a ahell ot that <lH8cTrtpU<4i would iMVe a peneti* 
tiv* power into eompaoted tartli uf li feet, and thai the tMaM 
might probably be incroaaad by as much as iwioe tliat vl the 
13-uich shell. It appeared a neceeaarv conditioD to tiiis problaa 
that the mortar should be eonslmoled In aevvml pieciw, becanee 
mi largi.' an inntrumenl oontd not be fiarged witfaoat acialaiiiin 
Hani iu the prooeasof cooling. 

Mr. MaIIok then proceeded, by mntm* of diuTanis, to deaotbt 
thegenoRil ennatruetiou of hi* kuk, but wo«fd not enter Inlaa 
diwinidtion on the Bahjeet, a* it iuvolv^l abstruse tuaUMmalieal 
oouaiderationii in oriler to deft] with it with any dfgreo of ae^ 
raoy. As rerardvd himself he had to eiprma theobligalionslhM, 
he owed to Dr. Hart, for the able and effieient wa^ in wbie' "~ 
aided him with hia profound matbematjoal abitltlea m on 
tbe inoition. He might |iiHt muntiou on the geneml qneatioa^ 
wrought-irun, that he believed it to he the niateml for artillary, 
anii wliioh possemed many Mlvantages in comfarieon with other 
tnnterials. if a gun two t(iD» weight of cast^ron eoet 1/., woother 
gnu the same woTsht of bmnxn wonid cost 10/.: of wn«igbt-bB~ 
ISr. or le*., and c7 steal about ii. A wTvught-iraci ipiu wooUJ 
but ono-flfth tbo weii[ht of a brouM gun. Other JmasBta, sAl 
a* wear and tear and cost of IrHiuporl, remain to be ooBsidentL 



tmprmanenU in Ordnanc*. By Chpt. BuULT, R.A. 
Id introducing the nubjeet the author said that a l&-ii>dl 
would prcaonl but 16 timo« the surface to the action of tha 1 
(to rctnr<l it, or make tta Sight iiuiocurate) as a 4'incb allot, and 
would w^igh S4 timea as much; It would therefon be retanb^ 
and bU'wn out of it* counie but iJ or | as much. Lai^ | ^ 
requini more strength ibou Kmall ones, as the powder oceop^ 
in each the same proportional space, the small allot movea 
Kty j^,a nf a seouuif, a certain nunilwr of inehca, the Urge ifaot in 
the anme time moving (ewer Inchra, *o that at the end of that 
time the gas in the unioll gun would liavr much more propee- 
tioual room to expand in, and would tbeicbire pnws Icm on * ' 
gnn itum in ihe large one. Added to this, the huge chut y 
require more time to gel Its vi-lority, and the pressure ni 
remain nu tlie gun so much longer. Mav not the timb a mate- 
rial can hear a teniion be an elomcnl worlliy of experimeat t A 
piece of india-rubber requirea a preasura ev«D too times gieaiaff 
than will ultimately break it to be ap|)tied ilnrinc a certain tlaM^ 
nud if before that time has expim) the presanre be mDOvtd, tbe 
Bulmlance r«malns uninjured. Afay it not be so with aut-aievi, 
for instance, — that it boa the powt-r of bearing sn tretMOMc etreit 
for a long (icriod. but beyond ibat Hlriin It conuot hear nneh fur 
even yj^, ai'condt and liiay not caat-lron bear a preaenre during 
j^ aeooud which, if continued during }-w»eaQd, wvold deatnf 
itT The antliorstatea that the auddeo and abort atimlncaasad] 
the explosion ot gunpowder is lee*, nor mm Injurious (as gT 
rally thought) than an equal strain applied gradnally, hot 



longer. 

A 3S-pouuder i» the limit of anal-iron guns of the piiscal 
shati% — any larger than that being unaafe with a full eharse C>* 
Sir Howam Douglas on 'Naval tiunnery*). Ailding tliidtiMiW 
tbe metal would give little additional atrongth. )*rofeaeor Qaitov 
oJoalatea that a eylinder 1 indl Uiiok, and 1 inch in intenaJ dla> 



THE ClVn- ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



381 



I Mndnn!, BtrHdiM mlf |tli u tooeb in prooortton 
■■ JnMt, 111* cKMi weHon WMiping eqwl; to tUM Dm 

tfiBnlw b«iiif ttrttctied to I + r^^ the cit«aW, id- 
(•■ It would If tlie OBtaiile l*y«r 



100» 



[ «r btcotoing a ' 

: ■■ •qiHl atnngth to tfaa laaar, Kconling to tlie Uw 
Ub «ic vi*\ UoowM oi^r 3 + J of j^ or 3 + ^ 



3000 



|«BM0tiOll 



- (' + iD' 



000 

'+5J0 



_ i (8 round iacliM) b«ag tlic lune aa wboa not 
fcd,or(3i-l'N 
^(k llie imwnt ibickiMM tbe <m\M» doM but )0i ita Outv, 
Bi fxptet but liule additicoal Mm^ froii) luldini; to It. 
ifiviw ttrfom thai tjia (IrMigtb dHtwwai on tba •nuarv* of 
MaaQM fmu the eentn^ The Mmo Uw puU & liiuit to (bo 
if Twoto in aaat-«t(el guna, or of wnniKlit-inMi if in 0<iO 
|d DM«. Mr Lhuidw^ of Uamliu, in IMS, poad* a baui' 
igon of ■(*¥«* vt wTwngltt-iitiD lioopad; but thou^ tlia 
|M4Whi|> viw VKqntiite, wiM- got thrau^ iritli u pnonirv 
fapki Ut onuriw tbc ipui of powdor would idw hixvo pouo- 
L tad lenantlcil tb« oUtcb. 

Dt, Bliik«i]r aiiggtota for siiua u)> to 10 inobN n ahMp* Terr 

pa pnatRil, but llio i>iil«id« at tha broodt itrangthaBod with 

tjtnof thin iT(i>u];lil-imD cylindor* put cm nay bot and 

karad. One nude bj- biin iu tii*t isaiinn' alood BM rouoda 

Ui double chuve, nod tbc laat IW raniida loadMl to tho 

k Tbia ia «viil«u(lj gtfUtr alrmgtb than ia ra(|iiif«d tor 

tug uiiiier l(»-in>ob guaa. Aboi-o tbat nw, ha think* tlut. 

eaaVirw cjlindrial eeBtr«^ either nxl'iron wound rouud 

mt boat and weUad lajer over Uj'er, but oacb ia cuoliog 

a penoMMai Mnio, or also inm wlra wooud round it, 

r baring a gnator iniiud 4tnun tbaa Um oqo andar it, 

the b«t ooi)ami:ii-->ii All tbn fibre ii tiiu obtaimd 

diramioa, and tha onUido ta^oa iw rImv of tha atntin. 

Anoatiooc, of Nawoaatl*, made a xuu of a aolid atoel 

irith ha^ma ooilod round It and welded. Tbia gna haa 

t tbooMnda of rounda. Mr. Brunei thinka ao highlj at 

ha waa gtttlns a gns mado, wlian ho heard of a i«tont 

aad da^tod. Oaptola Blakol; diacorervd, in \M&j that 

IiougriditB, C.E., agraod verr nearly witb biui iu opinion, 

arrined quito indepeadeuUv at bia oonoluaioaa, and liaM 

ity have be«n worknw tcievinar. Soma cyllndera tfaejr had 

Bientod upon wor« puead berora tba aaetioa : th« atxwin 

I hava ba«D under SS tonk per iueh on aorae o( Uiom, tvck- 

hraaa aud wire, or at leaat TO torn per inch on tbe win, aa 

tha atrongth laf. Thia would make very aMricvablo field 

howitnn^ whlcli need not v«gh over 6 ««t oach. 

I AiUipWivn of Satjifntkon Bridgtit tij gnitain lit Pauagr 

of Rntiicay Tiiiu\»- l(j 4'. ViuMulks, U.K. 
auhjeet waa ouBiprlatd under tb« foUowng hgada >— Fint, 
uIbub toad to pnu lh« bridoe; aecond, the wlodty of the 
thlnl, (be atrengtli of the ehatni: founli, the rigidity at the 
n: Gnb. pnventioB of uodulatiiju, n^btallom, and wioill^ 
liw novelty of lb« authoi'a inquiry In tbo nwtton ba 
Id waa oonfliio>l t» tha qooalion of tlio riziility of the [dat- 
n» in»tatio(d the bridifa over the rivar Dnieper, at Lie^ 
ia, cn-cted aeoordiug to hia deiuMM, and stated that the 
dnl tenalAUM of the well-bnoed uauonn of tbia bridge to 
Mt or hurrlciinc wltiJa liad bean bog remarkable. It waa 
M«d about four vam ago, juat befoM the eomnenoement of 
Milan war, ai*H nt a time wben he little thought the reault 
«x«rtiotu would ao aoon be need iu CKiUtaiIng tli« nilUtair 
luia of the Rnailaua Milnat tbe allied tbroea. He alluded 
iv«r« leata which It had luoovaifully withatood. in the 
>anc* of armia* with heary onlnanoe, and he came to tbe 
riou tliat the adaptation of auapenaion briiJgci Iu milway 
>r* it quite pnwliotblei T«ooiumendiu& at the tune iim% 
te epced uf tlie uaiua, whan paialwg, lAouM be k*pt aodv 
cotDparad wItJi Oiniiflai7 NiMd ou nilwaya. 



On tU Pbrm «f B»trmntm U Tidal BaMa*. By B. Stomkt. 

On exatoining tli« entmacea of the nnnMtotu floating docka 
and tidal baaJM whioh had bwn oonatnurtcd up to the nanaoat 
ivriod, it wna fonnd inpoiBiblu, oirinf[ to the great variety at 
their f-imi, to tadaoe lh« priuuiplM upon which they auwatnl Ci> 
tutva been oonatnioUd to any one dauUu or pavelae ruin. Some 
dock entraaoan wars fennad at right anglaa to th* river, a few 
aloping npwarda ^liiiat the atrMm, and otheaa ^ain alopiug 
dowawanli^ whieh uUer form hm onl? teoda to prevent depoaiia, 
but gnatly h d Utttea tha aDtrmnea and departnra of voaaala, Ha 
otgaSad U the aatnuioe btiiig at Hgfal anglee to thr alreani, on 
the ^and that though aqnalty adant«] lor vaaaeta ooaiug fem 
the interior of the oauutry or froin the aaa, tha nonber of voaacle 
whIeU ent«f«d a dock Erotn the nppo- part of tba rivvr bore a 
very anall propoctloo tndaad to thaae wboaa tiaAowae aeawacda. 
It waa oauu to plaoe tha eotranea at or Mar th* oeotre of tbe 
dock or baain, which waa parallel to tha rivar; hut when tha 
entianoe waa (hoe |ilaoed, rwaelii lying at dther nda of tha 
entianoe had to ba warped al a ooBMOMita axpenae of liine and ' 
labour into a poaltjoii aoltabla for paaahig ihrMgh. 

Till) •^iof pointa to b* ained at ta oocatnustiag a dotfc or tidal 
baiiin wsr^— 1. I'ncilily of iqgraaa ortgnmi. S. B^aedoin from 
ailting up, To tbeae may be added,— S. Beonemy of qnay room; 
and, 4. Faoilitiea for the land tnSo ia eouneetton with the abip. 

Sing. Theee raouudtee w«ra, ha belland. In a gnat menauf* 
ilflllcd by the form of ba«ii and antnuM* whidi ba now adv»- 
oated, fis^ a loaenm "^ tiapeiiuni, or laotai^le, whoae width 
waa equal to tbe breadth of two raaetli Iqgether, with anflidcDt 
apaco MtweoD iham for another reaael to tarn with bcUity, aay 
frnm 300 to 400 feet between tlie whUr for villi of oidinai? 
length. Tha vntmiea waa at the lower end, and aloped ao tliat 
a abip or ateanur oould pas from the river into the dock without 
wafpinff, or any ancb aBUonnoe or delay, tiinilarly on leanng. 
a Taatar whan oaoa har baaa waa turned round oould nata tbrauj^ 
with an much eaae aa at eotraaoa^ and without Ak of baug 
carriod by the enrrent againat the tower pier head. 



PftOCBKsiHoa or Vajuocs SscTio)ra. 



Stpovt on lh$ Ttmptrctart ^ ttmt ^ (Aa Mittt in CormtaH 
By fi. W. Fox. 
If we nmnge the minoi in tho onlor of thoir raapeotiva daptha, 
including thoae only in whioh exparimonts were iiiBde in tbe 
rtxAr or hdtt at their deepett leveie, the fotlowias will be the 
TAtloa In fret In dMcendingfroai the rarfkoc^ In which the tempe- 
rature waa augmentod I'Tah. from 00*, tM nWMl tampataiora 
o( the dtinato. 



DoatpUnn. 


0.t*k. 


■M«i«f 


tKnWBoI 

t*«lk 
4siadlat 


bet. 


Pu- Connli (tin port) 

BdUIIkIi (copper mid tin).. 
Pw Conioli (oif.pir pull . . 
Dolooath (onipcr mad tui), 

ln18£a 

I,*T>nt (eapp<r aad tin), 


rwi. 

7«8 

ma 

IMO 

IS80 

1A30 
1S3* 
li7i 

1033 

sua 


31" 

49* 
84» 

S8* 

at- 

87" 
84' 

sa" «' 
sp*s- 

40" 6' 


n. la. 
33 

W 

M 7 
ES » 

03 T 

41 a 

43 7 
48 4 

n 

68 
M 1 


KOIea 
dMto 
ditto 

OrairiW 

ditto 

KUba 
ditto 
Oraolu 

ditto 

Gianin 
ditto 


Irtvxnt, ditto ditto, 1$J3.. 
LtTuit, <hlM ditto, l*>t>... 
TWaman (oapptrl. 1S3T .. 
DoloMlfa (ooppcf and tiu). I 

tDlS» ( 

Dolcoalb (auolbei lodo) \St7 
TnavoMi feoppu), t«M .. 



On oompaiing the maiilta obtohied iu Dolooalb in I8)S and 
1927, it aptMiani that the lemperatare waa inereaaed only 3" If 
in oao level with an bcrenaed depth of iM feet, giriog a ratio 
between tbe atatioua of 1* increnae in 73 feet; aad in another 
level tbe temperature waa actually 3* lent than in 1823, althottgh 
S$S ftat deefipr than the mine waa then. Tbeae exparimanto 
ware made witb xrcnt mm, and tbe exceptional caae mar jiro- 
bahly be duo to the bardtitisa and eoinpaetneea of tbe lode In th* 
fieejier level, and tlie diininiihed qiiniititv of water. Tbe depth of 
Tnaaveau waa iucT«Med MO feet betuWi ls;n aad ItUM; and 



i 



1 



SS3 



TOE CrVIL ENGINEEE AND AECHTTECTS JOURNAL. 



ho tatnparatar* 8^ CT in tha dMpiM le<r«I, or ia Uw ntto of I' 

tn 63 n. A in. 

I hare not includod in tbe toblo tho raaulu nocoU^r obtuoeJ 

^Ib tbo Unitod Minea, or fainj CofuaU, Ui« eiperiroenU iu>l 

' tring htta audo in tlxir dngMtf levvlii: but tli« hot apriug »t 

Mf U Uw dapth of iU btlioio^ ia tho Duil«d Miiwa. givw a 

nttio of 1° iaoMMO ia 83 ft S Ja. ; luid tbo rock ot SU" &' in 

[ aaothw lovd, «1m UA IktlioiiM <iM|t, jpvw l< in 47 foot. In IsaS 

hlia bottom of tlie United Mtncfl «u i7A bthuna beloir tfaa tar- 

IUmi, aad tbo retk «4% or in the r»lio of r in 37 ft. 6 bL At 

iTiwty OoBsola, tho rock in a, l«vol !I88 htboma d«ep wu at 03°, 

«r la tho imlto of 1° incfMOo in 40 ft 9 in. 

Wtddr •* tho ratio* dllTer from cnch other in diAnnt mitiMh 
■ad in Jmreel porta of Uid iuuiio mine, tlio rooniti tead to ooa- 
firm tlie otaMmcat that tho tomMntuiv iu f^'oatal iacreaa w Iom 
npldlr ia dtop mine* llian in tnou vkioli Ar« of lDr«rior dopth; 
and tlii* in mora iM|iooiiilly obaombla whan exporimonta ore 
made from time to timo at Uie bottom of a mine m the flefith 
"naraaaw, unleoi the reanlli be modified by an inerBaaa of wol^r 
[eoming fMiu gnator dcptha. 

It Ea not howerer to be laferrad that the diiatiddun^ ratio of 
lilmpoiauro in ilauxnding into dio aarth axtaeda to an ludofiolto 
I dopth; It mny, on tlie eontmry, iaoroaao rapidlj at depth* wbero 
Jllia eirmlating wntrr lins little or no laflaonofc A oopioos 
_ ' _ of wanu Wktur gUHliing ttom a rain b hailad by tlia 
I'Uiaera a* a fiivouratile imlicntiou of the proximity of nro, and ao 
I'la a pomoua or "Imllnv" loda; but tlic fonncr cloarly iwnlta 
Mkow the Inttnr, tho warm wator liaing Cram greater deplUa 
bmiigh the lode- 

Theao mbtsnaaean apriaga ar« often aoarljr aa &m from aaUa* 
saUeraa thoae oocurrlng at themrfiioe; in aotna I hnro found 
ooranen nit aad ohloriile of limo, and mmt capecuiJly in mt«r 
lakon (ram thedeep Icrcis of Puldioe niid Wlieiil Uuity, and the 
hot aprin^ nt the United Mine*, oltliougli tUoy an lill aavoral 
milca from th« aca. 

On tht Chemieal Compontien of on Ancient Tnm Stag, fitund at 

l^ttAgoUkai'l, Ari/yttibire. By Jobs J. J. Ktlk, EiUubui^lL 

Thia pnpor Lad rcf.iivriM to a (liawivory mwie by th« anlhor, 

darinff tbo aummor of iN'iO, of n qiuuitily of ir<in ii^rin or fiir- 

naee mk aa also portiooi of charoool, and other cemniux indioo- 

, live of the aiiat«nc*. at aoae moota period, of aa andeut iran- 

work or " bloomary," on the slioraa ot Looh QifS, la ArgyledilreL 

rTh* alas tvfbrrod to, which tlia author haa aubmitted to analjsta, 

Ijrialdod lum tho fallowing rcoulta : — 

SUlttoaaid »«0 

Almtina trW 

Lime S-eO 

Mi^eala S7S 

ProUiaida of iron 06'At 

Sulphido of toJciiim l-W 

LoM, wiUi traoM of mimicaoeae and phoa- 
phorioadd 0*76 

100-00 

BefinTTiig to the lam amount of protoxide of inm entering 
iato the compoaltion ofuie alagy the author Btati>d liia belief that 
the pnxwaa of maniifkctiire adopted in thia bloiinivry wm in all 

Sobablllty Ihnt known m tbo tliiret or Catalui proceai, In whlcJi 
D nrn i* tnlucvil by tlic itntiim of the fuel, vithotit tbo iolor- 
renlioa of any flux, aad giving rie* to the fortnatioD of a nlicate 
of iron, wkicn IVom Ita gnat hsibltiiy would ivnilUy ailuiit of 
Wing run off at > eotnpamtivoly low tompatatiue. It having 
' boon long remark«l that andent aoarin (onnd on elevatad poaU 
tiona almoat Invariably oontained a large proportian of iron, 
wbtlit thoae fonad on leaa exalted diatriota had but lilUe of thul 
mBial in tlicJr oomposition, it had bonce been inferrnl that the 
farmer iudicatnl tlic mom ancient aokta of tlie Iron maoalketon; 
aa, prior to tho iutmlnctton of bollowa ai a mcana of forcing air 
into the bomii!)! fuel, open aad expoaed ailuaUona would be bat 
adapted fur funiAoo opamtioni, aeoing that tbe natural curreutit 
of air oould have mom maily ncoena to tlie oombuHtible than in 
abeltarad loealiti**; nltliout(b, utmi by thp nditptinn of this expo- 
dIonL the opataton CfS theae early time* would bo onablo to OMu- 
mand alAmpefatnreauffideiitlyiutalun to enable them to employ 
a flu NUok oa lime, with tJie new of rMuoving tbe atUdo odd of 
■Jie ore, Dwinc to the difficultly fuaiLlo uaiura of the oahsareoiu 
dicate thiu fennad. 



From the prMedlnz eoaaldentioa* the author >Iraw tbe hilk< 
renoc that tna Loeh Ooil Uoomery wa« onc^ of tlie moot aMiaM 
in tho kiogdoiu; rcnurkiiy that iu tliin viuw he woa tMma o«t 
by the nature of ibe tnaitioa where the mnalna inn diacovvrid, 
it b>.-iiig one whl•^h, although at no graat eUrvatloD, waa yat Inalj 
expDwd to the audilm aniT high w^da alraoet ouoatantly ewea^ 
ing through the gleti- In ooncliuioo, bu atatMl that be had ai 
tM been nuable to prare the exiitonoe of any aatural itepotftaof 
iron ore iu tlie viejty of hcx\\ Uuil, but iniended to a aam i aa Iha 
locality more fully on an early ooeaHloo. 



^t^n/mndimtkftnbmMlya/Shititd. By Prot G. Q. 9RWB. 
Thn remarkable diininutloo iu the intcnaity of aotind whiA ia 
piroiiu>:e'l when a itnm;; wind blowa in n direotiou from th« 
ofaaorver lowapla tlie aouroe of loalida ii rauiillar tn everybody, 
but bni) n'jt biiherto been exDlBlned,aohra« the author bawaru 
At lint aijjiht wo might be dlapoaid to ntiributc it martty to tha 
increawi iu tho rndiu of the aouad-wnve whi<li nachea the ob- 
aerrer. The whuts mo-ia of air being auppoaed to be oaniel 
uniformly along, the tim<! wliicli tbe aouiul would lake tu reatfc 
tbe obeerver, aad ciinae'iuently the radtua of tha aounil-wa(«i 
would In iucraaauil by tho wind in the ratio of tho velocity el 
■onnd totheaam of the volocitioa of mundand of tho wiimI, tad 
the intensity would be diminiihed in the invtne daplieato latkk 
But the effect la much too grtnt to be attributahlH to tbU i»aaa 
It would be a alrong wind whoae velodty waa a twvuty-roBrth 
pu-t of that of aoni^i ret even ia ihi* coao Uio intacaity woald 
bo <liminiahad by only about a twdllh put. 

The finiL Tolumo of (he 'Annakadu Chimie', (IBI9) ootttainaa 
paper of M. Debroobe, |^vini; the resulte of euae cxpeHaMDU 
made on this enbjeot. It tipfitiuvd from the oxperimi'tita, &r*^ 
diatatamalliliaCaucoii the wiiiil haa hanlly any perceptible effect, 
the aound bvioK prop^pilod almoat equally wi41 iu > diroctioo 
oonlnuy to the wio<l and in the diieotion of the wind; BOoondly. 
that the diepanty between the inteosii^ of tlie aouud phipa^poed 
in tlieae two directlooabaoomeaproportwiially greater :iiiil gtaatv 
aa tbe diatanoa iucroaMa; thirdly, tnot oouad U prapa^ltnt ralhtr 
bettar in a directiou perpendicular to thu wind tluui ui (be dine- 
tion of the wind. 

Tlic explanatiun offen-J bv the author of tbe preaeBtODiunmi- 

ntiou ia aa foUuwa. If w« [uu^ine the whole wata of air in the 

neighbourhood of the aource of diatorbaaco •livided into linrin» 

tal atrata, theao ilnvta do not all move with the oaue valodly. 

The lower utral* are retarded by fnotioo ogaluat tha eirth, aai) 

by tlie varitiua obetadfe they meet wlthi ibe upper by fric Uta , 

asaiiMt the lower, and ao on. Henee the volodty lacrraeea l^flH 

l£e ground u}>wapda, couforraably with obarrratiun. Tliia dldHH 

enoa of reloatjr diaturbe tho apheriad fonu of the eoand-mt^^ 

taodiug to make it eomewbat of the form of an alltpaoid, ih 

oeotion of which (by a vertical diaiuelm] pUno paraOeJ (o tbe 

dinction of llie wind) i* an ellljiee mcotioig tbo ravund at an* 

obtuM angto on the aide l/iwarda which the wind ia^Liwipg, aed 

an ocuto angle on tho oppoaite aide. Now aound tCDiU to pron- 

gnte itoolf in a direotion pnpeudioular to tlie eonnd- wave, and if 

a portion of the wave ia luteroepted by ao obetaole of lan[e riM 

llie «|inoe lwhiu<l Is l«ft in a aort of aouml-ahodow, aad the only 

aound there hoard ia what (Bvargaa from the general wava alW 

paaung the obatncta. Heuot^ near the earth, in a dircctiua co» 

trory to tlie vind the aouud continually tenib to be pn^iNgalad 

upwards, and oomequently there la a continnal tooileonr fcr an 

oboorvur in that dlrenliou to be loft in a anrt of aonu'^-ehadair. 

H<tuco, at aauffident diataaoe tho Mmud oaghl li> br vrrr modi 

enfeebled, but near the aouroe of diaturlxuico thia cnuse lua M( 

yet bad time to operate, and tliercfore tlie wind proilnos no 

Bciif ible effect exeoM what uriaM from the aiigmantatjifi ia 

rmlitu of tbo sound-wave, aod thia i* too miall to be j 

la tlie contrary diniclion, that u the direction toward* wh. 

wind la blowing, the aound tenda to proMfflMe iiaetf dmra 

and to be leflei^ed fruiu the eurfxce of i&e earth, aad )vi 

dii«ol ;tQd rtflocted wavua cnntribut/i to tho eOect pi>ro*iv«d. lb 

twr> wjivM ojuiiit each other no muoh the bettor aa tbe aagll 

Iwtwocu them ■■ lDa^ and thin angle vaoiabea in a dinctwa 

perpendicular to tho wind. Henw In thit Utter dlTrcftioa A* 

aound ought to be [itrrcelred a liuic better than ^veu in liiedbea- 

lion of the wind, which i^twm with the experimonte of If, IW^ 

rocha. > 





THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



333 



tkt UM (^ Prime Ar«mto« to BmglUk .Vaoraw. WVghU, and 
Cvi-agi. ByJ»MnYAn»,M.X.,ir.ii.A. 



On axuBiBiug Um tubUa of (Im nituiuw^ weigkU, itikd eoiiu 
Mi Ibroaghont Bb^miI, it is foBad tlMl Uia prima namW« 
m|doj«d in their «omtM^aa mkI of tfao ami freqnonl oomf- 
nnca, ve <3), (3), and (4 Of tbeM, (it ooeun m « (nctor Iqr 
fartba maM InqueDtlr, Indead, twioa or (liiioe m freuunntlT u 
•ltlNr<9or(S). 

TIm pritM (7) biaIcm ita ftppouuMa to tbt Gallowing weighta 
andBMMQTM:— 

><wJi^jK><M ir«^ ...7000 mioB a I lb. 

14 lb. £=1 sUnM. 

!8 lb. =1 uDMtcr. 
Watt Wti^ 7 lb. k 1 don, wbMM U lb. ss 

IttOM. 

mii«JV«Mir< .4lgaUoiiaz»llin«t. 

03 pllouas I bogabMd. 

Tb* prim* (I I) ia nsad Ld ona eaaa onljr, bat on linparturt one, 
TU^MHf Jfeuiri^ V or 0) jarda =: 1 rod or pola, fron whioli 
U (lotitcal 4 pal«a or S3 yanU = 1 ehua. Tho taiiimK, the 
niilt, and tli« acre an alao iuallipl«a uf Ihia Aiailaioeot«l munbto'. 

Tbe [13} alao oomaa Id oooh aa a factor, vfs., b VM JTc^,— 
y or 6^ UxU = 1 wa^. Wool weigtil ia ciirioiwif oompouadail : 
no Uaa than fear prunaa, (i'}, (3J, (T), (13^ ara uiwd aa fiuAora, 
prodndng oaiy rii danominiitioai^ nbten are ai followa :-~ 

FL 7 lb. avi^fdiipolaa = 1 dove 

■ fi elovaa = I atona^ 

I a atouea = 1 tod. 

I 6| todaor 13atoiiaa= \ wty. 

r i vera = I *ncL. 

13aa<^ = I luL 

Only ooa otiier priiBD fnituroa oncico, and that ia found in a 
Ttrj ooDapieuoiiii (KiiiLioti, luid where perhapa it vaa little b> bo 
Wpeeiail, tIk, in a reosut Act of Parliamnnt. Tbe law now in 
Ana and known aa thu " Weights and Maaaarea Act," Gica tlio 
nabar ot gnint In tfao pnqod nvoirdnpoiM bj tlio um of th« 
priiM atubar (J); and eooi on lo cl«Mnain« the relation of tbe 
poowl tnj to tJie atondard lioaar mmaure, by declAring that a 
oible iach of dialillo) water " ii e<]ual to HA graina and 408 
tboiHaDiltb parla nf i graiiL." If lUia numlier *f Hl*> ^ dinilod 
by 8, (t will be found that a eubie iacb of wat«r mahi ]36,Bd 
Sva huiulradth parta of a Kraia, tha noBiantorof tlua fraotlcoif 

A* th« reaalt of tliia aiuilyala, it appear* tliat (lie nrlmea uaed 
Is the Bn^iab naoaanrca^ weigbta, an>j ovlua, are tli« following: — 
(S), (3V (A), (TX (II), (1% and ll!8.2S(l), 1 piotKuo U. otr.^r a few 
rtMUuki roifiectintc the aptitude of tbeae nambcni (or tbu funo* 
tknia wbiob they are appointed to perfurm. 

Ike adoption of ibma fitoUira doea not appear to haTc beau 
detenuliied in any vac, *a far aa wa enn jadM by w aaon or 
prtneipJa, bat to have ariaea bom aocddMitu and artitwy 
OMiata. There ia no apporODi beuelii in couoeoting our bigheat 
ooina by (i) and ii\ the iniermadiata by (S) and (3), tuid tli« low- 
eat by (1) onlv. No adTani^e ariioa froiu maaauring land by 
(1 IX and waif^tng wool by (7) and (1^ And no Faaaon oui ba 
anaigoad whv [T) ahonld bo brouj^t into aroinlupoiae woight. 
kiwi axdnilal from tmy wnlsht; or why (3) nhould bv fialodM 
fron avoirdupoiae weigbl, whilst ii playt an iniportaac ptui in 
troy weiubl and apothecnrJM' woi^lit. In nhort, all our table! 
prMant die appeamnce of an cntira want of principle in their 
•anatractioa. 

The introduotioa of an additional prime baa tha elfoot of 
pi.fcing oar wrighca and Daaaaiea mom oontptox and moltlbmi ; 
h ongEt tharelbra to ba avoided, tmloM aonia neotaaity can ba 
ahuwn In ita favoor. Honoe it would wem to be expedient to 
ftbniiab bum llicw eaknlatioaa all primes uoept {i\ (3), and (d); 
md hers an importaat quetUoa anae^ via. : — ahould tbwe be 
retained, or aliall va ba tatlaHed with {i} and (0), omittiDg 0) t 

We are thua brought to one of tho grcnt dttoiuaioiia cf tha pr»> 
Mdt day, — tha «<pedienoy ofdecimalUjugnur nMaaure^ weighty 
vMlooiJia. 

The ouiweqiieaoe of tbe aimple fnct S X s = 10^ b that all 
ilwiiiiil ay*i«tna are alao Unary and <)maary; the prinoljial 
auraUUn exprasaad by leu, bundiodii, thouaand^ &«., being 
dlvWble by {i) and (<} without icmatBder, ao that their doublce 
and their halvea can be {Bttodnaad and ndtooad withoat ihu 
Jcaat difficnlly or iuooBTwkaon But nA ^fUtOM do not 



readily admit Ilia BUDibOTfS}. baeanaalB tba B^ri^ofeaata tbi> 
qoaotity eannot bo dl*id«d by (3) without a remoisdnr, ami in 
nany oaaea divinoo by (3) prodacca a repcattng deennad. Thia 
la the greaiHl on whieh Baany peceona have inaialod on (18) aa a 
muldp»arferiiHaBttFea,walgfatB,andeobia,ratberUiaa(lU). Bat 
it ia to ba obaerred, tJiat if(10) tauuot be divided by (3), oo tho 
other hand (12) cannoi bo divided by (9X without naoainder. 
Ueboe it aeewa to Eallow, that tha dioAoa mnab be nude between 
decimal and daudMunal modea of oomputaiian, aeoonUng aa a 
prefiM«nc« la given to (3) or (o K) aa a divlaor. If It la ntore 
aeoMNiT or eon««aiobt to divide by (3) than by (AX dnodedmal 
mMlioda ara aatitled to the prafateaee ao du- aa thu ettemialmKa 
la aeaaemeJ. I nnnot, hoimvari diaeow any raaaon for "*''"it 
Uiia aanmpUon. I thiak (t probable tlut diviMon by (9) ia 
required aa ofUa aa bv(3), wfaUat every other moaideratiaa ia 
decidedly in Ckvour ot tlia deamal acale. 

The inveatigatiao which w« bavo be«i poraniitg ia, tharefoa. 
In bvDor of ■**"■■■' meaanrea, weighty aod ooiai, and anppofla 
tbe viewa of thoaa who think that the aabordinate multiptea ami 
diviaioiia aliould be made by (i) anil (fi) o«dy, not by (3). 

In thia eoneluaion I havo tbo aatittutian to obearve tliat I am 
oiiuutonanced by tho authority of tba lata Hr. DHakwaier 
Bethuaa, one of the oommiaHunen appointad by the praamc 
Lord Monteu;le whM Cfaaaoellor of the £ioheaner. to ooaiider 
the atepato m taken forreelorli^ the atandaidaoCvrelgfat md 
maaauR. In lua latter to tha Chaaoellor of the Exdw^oer, dM*l 
Slrt September IMl, ha matnlaina tbo fbllowiag poMueaa >— 

I. " That the tablce of wmghta and uMaaurce now in nae ara 
complex and Ineonveuieat, and that it b very deairable to get riil 
of inoonveaiant mDlti|)ltaD,aoohM tbe ruetuT(7X i>b>di cuodocu 
the ^tmd avointapoiju with the oKme, and tb«r*l>r with ita 
multiplai the butiUred weight and ton; and the bctor (IIX which 
oMuieois till! j'ard villi the obatn, and thereby with the mils and 
acre. 

iL " That it ia daairable tbat no numbm which are not nml- 
tiplea «dthor of (3) or of (AX ahould anywiwre appoar la the 
tablM." 



^_iM«t 



On Ou Profnttd Sua CtraoZ, By Dr. T. BoDogor. 

Haviac viaitad Egjpt at a time when tho propoml vj onit* 
the UedHamiieaa and Had Saaa bv outiin^ a canal tlirounib the 
lathmoa of Sue/ wax exciting moch atlnntiou. it waa Iniiwtatihln 
for me not to take a tivuly lutureat in the qiiMtion, aitbmigh I 
bad no penomil ijit«nit to biu my judgment mi vilhei- »iil«, I 
undataiood that the French were for tbe proposed otnid, and tho 
English, for tho laoct parC,op|>OM>d to it; but 1 could diiocver a» 
reoBOQ br the qucellon Maatiiing thia natioaal oharactaTi Iwyoiid 
the bet that, more than twenty yean agu, wIimi an Eugliah 
engineer had fumuhad tbe moat prsctiad and ocular dccuonatnt- 
tiou that a luilnjod might ouiiiy and advnatMeoualy be eeo- 
etfueUKl betweoD Alrxaiulri.'s l^irn, uid SuoK, the EVeudi iiil«r> 
fored and deelAred that they woolil not aanotico tha exeeutJon of 
auch a road, and that thia axpremion of will on their [art bml 
been fuUy abl# to <leUy tlie oommeuoamwit of the wurk for miuiy 
yeaT% to tha datriuumt of E^rpt and to tlie eorioiia laoonvenieiwe 
of oomaoree. I ooold parenie no rcaaoo which akoaUl ladaoe 
Kiigluiil to retaliate tbe opKMtiuu of F^wnoe under a dilTerMit 
dytuuty. I Ilnteu^d attentively to the aijiiuncnta which w«t« 
adduoeil, and I think 1 myt aaoogh biiih of th« MudiiemiMnn 
ahore and tbo Afnoau dastrt to pomiit me, wiilt iliv aid U Uie 
ptaetioal information which I received, to arrive at a lo^e^lbly 
decided ooacluiiion. 

I weat by the twlway from Alexandria lo Oiiro in th* abort 
moe of itf honra^ jticlndiii;; > >inlf-liour apeat in crCMaing tho 
Nile in a atoaraboat 1 IJkcKme porfomiod tbe )ouisoy ttom 
Cairo^ about half way acroaa the dcaert lowitnb Suoi, and bock 
agaiu, oa an t»ty mombg'a ride^ over that portion of tha ratbvcul 
wliioli had then been oomploled. It waa obvioDo, from tiie din- 
rAoter of the eouatrirr that the railroad waa of eowfarativoly caay 
and obeap eonatrortion, and 1 waa aaaurod that tho recualader of 
Uic line pntcntod no more (brmidnblD obetaclaa. It waa, there- 
for*^ very evident that thia ivute between tbe two ac^ wUl 
funiiab the greatest Etdlitlea of traoafiort both to nativea and 
Europcana, oitd on terms suffldontly moderate to ailntit of tbe 

r'onltural poataiili^ not only travalliag by it tlieuaelvn but 
of couvoyiog their goods and bceala cf bnrdca. 
To Eugliab paawugece, whether going to or returoing from 
ludi^ Uw pMHUt niuoad offm a moM mnvaaioDt and bipoji- 



■ 



i 



U4 



THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



UiMi«inod«of(mMit ThtM facUttiM wHl b« mrtBriiJly in rwitii 
wheu tlie nUrohd m contiiinad W Sure, where tho energy nf tl>e 
vicoro/ u luodemtinf the an«i]x«tiieatB for Ui« Moomiuodalion 
orpMcngen uirl mercliuidiM'. To aauty wbo uujr reg&nl raure 
MM ftnd llltpktcli M of thu cliicf iiuportAiic«!| Buoli • iiMniis of 
tnnaport mint bo liiclitf vuEnnliI*; Imt vli/ii it U ntmenibnvd 
thala lu^gammbcrof Imvvlluniniiiit bciaolidlDUa bo Uko mlviin- 
tag*e of th«ir pvoxiiuity u> tli« tauuy iDtcrattiu^nnJ atnpeuitoui 
works of uidcot art which Egnit prMtoia, aad who would da- 
floni btlfiff In tlBhl oi AUuiidm, l>uniatu, md Sao*, witliout 
driokioK 01 tb< Nil* and vi«tiag ^a Pynuniil*, it on •cftToily be 
itiMgiiMd that a oonnc nrbieli nnst ududo these okji>«ta oau 
Imtb the prefemoo. Oo Ibe other haiitl, it ia urged tlml a ship 
nnal terota the iathtniia iniuit ncuouaiiw tliuu and lalxiur by 
eanhling pamrn^wa aLd nterchandtaf fKiiu nuy Bun>iimD |iort to 
T'mciiorat otu» to Emlerii Africa, India, China, and Atultttlia, 
withont the ddaj" and espeiue of land carria^D and Te-ehipmnt. 
TheM olqecla ore npreaHited a> bebg nf ao Kr«at taporUinoe to 
lh« alt-ang i ow i ar iiil«n«t of oomtaeree, that If thaM pr»«w)D<<nt 
advaata^ conld be Mtiafactoril^r eatablialiei) all the onmforta 
and iatcriatef the Cairo ronte vonld nraeent their attruoUaua in 
vain. Henee it will be aeen that the iletermtUHlioli of the qUM- 
tiDQ naluly tumi upon Uie omt at wbloh th« «hip can»l iu thia 
|wrtof th« vnrld can V Eunned, aod on the currvot oxpetuua 
reqnirad to miiiiitaln it jn a oonditina to bo at n)l limci ni'nilablo; 
fur the canal to atiiwvr, lh« total ouclar inuit be kept sullit^ieiilly 
loir Ibr it to terva the interHt* both of ihe luorcbuita aud i4 the 
canal propdelora. 1 coufaw that toy own <iouvictio«iit etrooKly 
TiKponib-fate ad the ucgntivu tiidei and iiatil thia ouatiou ho 
^enrlnl It in a gmt fit)' to miav > politieiil quextion which, ao far 
at it« ioHumec rxtuDitu, tnivy dintiu-b the penoeftil relatione which 
at preeent hapfiilr exist butwten the two ai««t advanced and Im- 
portant natloiia of EiirniM. 

Althougb the dii))ciiltr at iw time nppoaod to rxint in the 
difletenoe of lci-«l botwNn the Mojiurranean and 1W Sow ie 
now no longer urged, Uierc an: other ph.vncal difficulties which 
are of at leoat equal imporliuice. The canal must nfrt onljr be 
made, but ntiit alao be maiiitalnral In a serviceable ooiiditioii. 
Now, it i» will knnwn thnt on the Mcditcrntnenui aide the im i* 
ttcit only rIuiIIoit and nndj-, biit thut its depth m enhject tn ciia- 
Mant variatian from the iDDvinE dianteter of tlie sand -ban ka. It 
might nlmoat be jirranmed i priori that the aanie cauaca which 
j>r«T«ait any of the moutliit of the Nile from eerving aa nn nvill- 
able [iigreee or egreaa for vem'la navigating Che Nile would pro- 
dnce and mainlnin an oiTectnnl ohatarole to voeaela paaaing in 
ntlier directioQ bctu-c^u the Mnlilermnean Sea and au artlfidal 
0111O. I had All o|t]><>riuDitv of wltnamlng a auoog confirniadon 
(>r ititi Liifcrmce in prooe<'d^ng fmm Alexandria to .tafhi. Al- 
thi'iiuh wp kept ODt at aen to tho diatanoe of eonio milea, tho 
at]>tain of t]ic etearaboat^-wfaidi waa a much ainallur veaael than 
Would be required for Indian or Aiuttallan commeroe— thonght 
it nwlhil, {n hmad daylight, to be frequently ueing the soundlug 
Unn ai a aecnrity agalnat afcranding hi* vnnel. 

The force of Uiii objection ia eo far ailmitled by tbe adrooatca 
nf tlie eanal an to iuduce thein to allow that it wi'U be neceeeary 
to uoDHtT'jol piere advancing aoine nillea Into the eea, aiid that at 
their m<nilh, and In the ohuinel between tliem, it will In Deoca- 
M17 to keep dnvlgint; vnuu>la oooatantly employed to preserve a 

Knv^eeblc cnuifjc. The im-vitable expeoee of aiieh worke uusl 
e fatal to the iimieutof a trauait froiD one tea to the other, «veu 
if the tonal almuly exieted, or ooidd be initde for a tritting «x- 
|ieea(^ Tide, however, ia ac Cir fVnni being tho caao, that tho 
OnnatlvcUoii of the canal itaelf ia known to be nttcmdcd with 
immenae diflicultiea, anil ita prnJBaton are cow aouounciug a 
pmluible outlay amouiiling bi ei^ht or ten tiroes the euio for 
whioh they originally dednred that the canal vaa to be inndo. It 
will perhape be naked in what tboac difltciiltiea ennalatl Tbe 
geiivtal bete may be eaEdy «lat«>l to be — Ur^t, a certain amunot 
of elerated land to be cut through; eeooudly, land coneiilenbly 
lower than either eea, whete veryeuhatantlal embaaknieiite uiu»t 
be thrown up 10 pnirenl the ncighbonring conniry from buing 
aubmerged. Throughout thi* tract, and prchnhly alons the 
greater portion of the line, a reiy caivfiil and exneniivo proceai 
of puddling will be abaolntely uecsMary to eimhle thi^ canal to 
tinld water, b Iheie the l*eal chance of nn nmotitit of c«innter- 
«Ial traneit by thia eipenaivn route, anSiciaiit to pay anything 
like a retnnDcrativo intimat on »a larffe au eiticii'litnre aa theee 
oiwnttiueia muat rrquiret Ttiii if siich an uitenM eaoBot be 
rMlcd opon with itnaonable cculideucv, it wouki aMOi to be isex- 




OOaaUe felly tc commence tbr work. To Ihi* it maT b« npliafl 
the Egyptian govomnient will readily anpfilyllie defincncy, Ap 
the aidTo of the glory of baring eseculed ao greai a work fcr tb« 
KckkI of the world, nit well as for It* own adFaatnge. TIm FnnA 
ailrocAles of ihc pmjeot may, doubtJRM, 60a petsoaal knowUg* 
l>e mueh better able to conjootnra what the viceroy tony b« p•^- 
imailcd to do, bat I cannot bring royielf to believe that hi* rani 
friemle, if they have maturely atiidJed tlw aol^^ecL will eitber 
eucourue or aanctlun hia taking tbe atap, cr tut Ui own Imm 
peroepttoo and practical knowledge will pemk htm to b« M 
netmy by the |daiujble atgnmente of thoae wbo, if not frtns 
interealen motirea, from miatalteti IiIhw raqiecling Ibe merit and 
clory of the nndorlnking; may be diapoeed to praaa it U]ifm hiau 
Were the neceaiary capital to be et onoe obtiuDod, I believe that 
a very aerloua obaMcle wiinld pment itaelf at tho oabrt in Iha 
dltilcuUy of bringing to the field of labotir aoythbg like ui ade- 
quate numlier of elliaiant hani)% ae well aa in the expenae^ traa> 
bl;^ and auocrtAioty of auptJyUig them with all the ueo t e ua ri ea of 
life when brou|-lit there. The coDttmolion of the canal brtvae* 
the Nile and Alexandria incurrtd the ■acrifioe of many tbooaud 
lives, besidoa the ontUv of enormona enma of mooey. Bat tbe 
canal waa made through a populotia m well aa a notorionaly fti^ 
tile dialeict—labourera and provlatone ware at hand, and sapftlle* 
of both could rety readily be brought down the Kit* to meet tbe 
demand which the Mtnior^ary ccnunmption and diatributicn 
oocaaioecd. It i* true that a lailrond baa been ennily made over 
adeaert tract botwueti Cairo and Suez; bot in ihUcaBr tbe labour 
commenoed in a well provided dietrict; end the raUttMid aa U 
advaDced affin^led tiamty fbr the conreyance cf the labouivn 
and of their proviaioiia,iiidncling their dailv eupply of water. In 
the firniatimi of the pro)io>ed canal the like clilScultiea are 6tr 
more onuaitlcmble, and Doue of theee Douuteractitig advantafea 
areoin^red. 

Ae results Kgypt the effect of tho ovnal. wen it mSBcieotly 
eompletnl, mint be decidedly iujnrioua The larse aitd eniatanttv 
tnereasing tutuail which is oontribnting so muui to tbe wenitli 
and iQiproTcment oT Egypt and the ^rpttana, would be diverted 
to the u«w line, on which it wnnld cnnfo- no benefits seeing thai 
tbe ahipa would trnvoiso the ntiinl without any ncveaairy eotnmn- 
nicatina with either ahoie, except where tlie locks wtnild reauin 
thom to Tiny doca to tbe canal company^ sgcnte. The tnet wbiA 
tho ca11.1l pnaiea through would reiMiii, aa it ever liaa been, ft 
dreary wiuic The oourie •>( the nuial Is too &r removed frcM 
any well inlinbit*d or productive country to render it |vob«Ue 
that any new port wmild be ealabliaheil upon it, whicn might 
hereafter become au attraction to luomtire oommerae. Ei^rr 
riQcera well-wiaher to Egypt, and to the goveruinent under whie 
the country it making suui remarkable progrees, moM tbe 
feel an inlereat In tbe eyes uf the viceroy oavf opened i« 
evila which he miiat inevitably bring npon Kgypt, sbovld be 
iiidncfld by the viun Ua\ien excited by tlie advocates of the 
to coniinii hia ooiincLii' and resources to its execntioB. 

But perhajNt it uiav be aaid tliat the ocmpletion <f tlie _. 
will form an ctfoetual and liwting bonndaif and sepcntioR 
tworii tho viosroyalty of Efiypl and that pnrt of tbe 
dominiooa more immediately governed by Couetantioople. For 
alnioat all pnictlesl purposes of govomiupnt tho aepairation is 
Buflldently comptala at pr ae e n t, and I confo« 1 am at Ion 1« 
ooDceive any Imiifit which coold arise either to tbe Porte or to 
tha Egyptian govemmeBt from ettok an aitdiiional aepafatioa 
tlie oanid could effect. 

It would be a anbjeot of intarsating Inquiry what nay b» t] 
nroapiictivo offoot of obatraeting a highway which we KoW ' 
havo been in nae from belbre tbe time of Abraham to the |^ 
da}' — which baa at times served for the tniieit of bune arniie^- 
biit whose mora iinpoetaiit Induence has been Jneewsntly operai- 
ine In tlie naeuge of amalloj- |>artin>, frntn tho caravan to tb* 
aahtaiy intlividual. It ia prohnljly to thia oontinnoil inl*reaiifM_ 
thnt we must attribute the gr^t degree of nimilxrity of iba inl 
bitauta of the contiguous portion* of Aiia and Africa. It it 
doubtless, this Istarcouiae which may expl.iiu Ibe reaiarltaUe 
tact — than which none struck me moie fnrcitily— that w* 
often find tho tinoit fomiei) facnda with btnulifiilly abaped 1 
magaificeat fenliirea in conjunction with a akin so'dark that I 
American would exclude their poeeesann from hta aueietyi , 
riif» werf, the fWimesa of complexion shore eiMfiicion in roaia 
tiou with a form of hMd, noae^ and lips wfaieh would bo anytbt 
bat pretKNMOBUOir in the eye* of one whose judgment of biua 
nature » fovnded on anti^Afriaan pr^indiiee. 



] 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEE ASD ARCraTECTS JOUKSAL. 



i3S 



I 



OUH COMMimiCATION WTTH INDIA BT THE 
UHB OF THB EUl-HKATiW AND OTHtai BOUTKa. 
fly Mjijor-lJetiPnJ CiiKB^fitr," 
Tlie ImporUaoe uf * nfilil coinmuiiicKCioD wiili taiUit i* now 
ui Mtiailted CmA by «U th« oooLitKiil of E<lnlp^ la nalUj It 
■btraUl hftva bMB ■■> oouoiUrad ia pMt tiniM, nor ran it mvtir h<t 
OlIierwitD w long *• Indik nmuna a (■•pendeiiaj <if Oratt Bri- 
Ulu. Kaoe I h»d the honunr of adititMiDg the Brltkh Amo- 
datioa. at Belfut, in ISAS, Ui« quMlion o( our «aanmini!eation 
I wiUi IndU by tlie lino of tiie £uplmtea tiu Ukoo k much higlmr 
[jMMitina Uutn it tboD occupiod la public attontion. But bdoro 
) WoiitM ou to Uie few rcinarlu which I with t« tnnke on Uiia iiub- 
I Ject I ahuuld like to puiiit out to Ton tbv rarioua «xiiitiDg nuil 
propoMil line* uf routo to IwMn, la onlw thiit joii may have 
dcariy bfCjn your luiml whkt it it that I am m aouou* to 
■ommpliih liv tbi* RiiphmtM route, of vhieb Ton hava wo uflui] 
liMnt You all know uur Iudk ms line h) Indw round llie Caix^- 
Tlie map thowa. 6nL, tlic axisiiug linn liy tbe Bed 8m and A<ii>d 
tu KurracliM and Colcutu ; t^iiridly. thv route propoaed by 
Hit H. M. 8(aph«iiaoa, and lli« od<> appiin.-i]U7 praftfTM fay I<onl 
I*a]iuirnu->i], puaiog ornr the BnJknn, tlic Tuarua, and th« other 
uiouulnui mi|[ca, uoiti: rcgardloaa of i^igiufvriDg difficulCiiMi aud 
tluntly, thu Ieim whieh it baa Inwii prucHiatiil to carry out. 

Yon will nt ODM Mndre that if a dir«<t lino b« 'Itswii along 
Um giolN tmu liondou t» Bomboj or Kurravhoo, it •inctly tnki-a 
ia t£e rout« by th« valley of tlie Eu|>hniti«; cotuoqucullv Ihiii 
postioa of ihv liDo hu oeoeauuily formed a pari of all tbu 
nriout proJeaUi lh>t h^re IfMti aiiranoed with a view to fiKJIl- 
tatiof and ahorteniug our oooiuuniaatioii with India, with nno 
•xoaptioa (brontflit to ib<f notooa ia a paptr r««d Iwt yntr ftt 
QiMteahatn), which line la aupposed to go from Aen, aeroiM the 
deaert, to Biumrnh. Tbe dialanoe* by tue two otvrtsud roulca 

I Bit BB (oIluWH :— 
Fnm London to tli« cBlraDw of the Red Sm ... 43711 
Traa th» i^ntrKnoe of the IM Sea to Karniiohe«, 
which will no doubt heoonie th« great port of India 
in place of Bomfafty 170S 



Tbtal 6077} 

IciillA mnM, 
From London to the ratraBoe of the Ptntaa Oulf ... 4(71 
Prom tliovntntnovoflho Pwraian Oulf to KuirBche* TOa 



h 



Total 4973 

n« dMhtevee la favour of the Buphmte* vulley being 1104i 
nllM Tbe great gain therefore i» Crom the entnaoa of the Beil 
So aad PMabn Gulf ouwurd. Vnm the Bed 8w to Knn»< 
cheo we hare ITtM Kngtiab milea; wbibt we lia<re only 70d from 
tbe bmJ of tb« Ferdao Oolf to the auoe port, or Icm than one- 
Im1£ In the one <bm we luve the niouaunn right abead towanb 
Aden; ia the other it is nc«rly a)>ean) toOnnuti — 1 tteedMerody 
■dtl, a (tiffifnit and ibtigcrnus nari^tion in the one cose, and ft 
perfectly *fp ono ill ilio other. 

The oompletiuu of tlie pro^joawl arnotfeDieiita would enable u 
to get orar tbia dietauoe, aoil carrY ut^e and pAXMDgera Ihnn 
LoDidoD tn Kumtchro, in thirtooa ilayii and n hnlf, or leai th&n 
half tba time at prviKnt oeeu|iood in the tnvnuic l<y the Red Soa; 
while by Invlnff down &n electric telegnph tine br tbia niat«, wo 
■Bay in «ighte«u or twenty bnure be aaeured ut the wel&re of 
•ofoe friend or relative laa diatant iMulof ladln, wbOM bte le 
DOW a ninttar cf uncertainty and anxlvty. I ahonld juat paint 
got ta you aU<i th«t the propranl railway will form a cliain of 
OommuDiuaUoD with tliuie lioca up ibe ^ley of tile Indus. &c 
BOW in progrea of oomplellon in India; and will tliui give u« an 
tlireel a route aa eaa be hod between Londou kiiiI l^hnre. 

But tlianpidity of nil and electric oommimi'^icinua form bnt 
• aoull portion of the benefila which in a political, military, 
oomraercuU, and aodal point of riew will reeuit from opening np 
the Buphrnte* valley route to ludla. No country pcMuwei avo- 
efatfawa erf' aucb (Wp aitd tiiibirical lulereet a* lh>», Wo hare 
bare llie finit acat oif mnnkind, — the aitoi of the four primeral 
dliea of the Bidle, — the empiree of Cyrus the Krettt, Oyrue tbe 
yminger, oud the Ktvat fullower of hi* atepe, Aleinader, whoae 
eouqueeta and ueintalleled martliee of I'Jfiio milee (aocurding to 
B careAil oaleuhttlon which I havu modi?) laid the foundation of 
that connecCtoB of the eaet with the wuA which U now under 
eooaideiBtion. Tbo Rntaani alao wurn olive to the grml import- 



L 



' tti/n ami MM* Um lli1U*b AaodMlni, DnUl^ ttiitralnt IHt. 



anea of thia territory, for aftpr the empire of Selcuena had pataeil 
away we reoil of the ntif ciipt uf Crnwua to conquer llie oonutry, 
and of the expnlition of Trajan, B.C. fit. Juliiio tlie tpoatoUt 
followed in theacepaofTr^an, AJ>.331. ITo bnlllBSeatcei tita 
bonk* of tbe Enpbrata^ deeee&iled tbo river, and, aocordiiig to 
(tibbon, oDOonateivd a moat tetriiic hurricatic at a ipol auewtr- 
iug to die preeent El Kaim, aboro Anah; aud it ia lemarkahl^ 
that it wiuapgnivutly nearly at tlie aaiae ipot thai Uieexiieditloa 
which 1 hnd tbe honour of cwmman ding waa viaitad by a uBiikir 
and etiually fearful huTrleaao in Uw 1036. 

(Vum Ae paeiod of Jn3ian, a.D. 368, we haTO no reoonl of any 

Ct militmy exptujition in oonneotioa with Wustera Aaia uatu 
,aleoQoonoeivuJUicideain)S(l9of tnueportiii^a fotvudown 
the' £uphi»l«B, vlUi a view to tbe InvaaioB of India. All faia 
raloDlatioae and arraogemcBte wen tnada for thia end. Hie 
troopa were to have l)caD tnuiapartcd on raftiL eoBetructed ot 
tiiDlicr cut down in the viciuity aud cm the banka of the river 
and Km cuoat. With a little uf hia darios we might do tbe eam* 
at thia moment and wltb mucb gmUr belllty. Hie eaniiionB 
in the Uedltemocan might readlty epan 7400 : vul, WCiO fmm 
the eAuU at Maltn, dOOO Wtii the 4000 at Corfu, and 841)0 might 
be dciadiod from the MOO men atatioaed at Gibraltar;— »IUO 
mijiht 1^ throu^th Bgypt, and AOUO could be carrlvd in a fair 
dayii by Admiral Lyona* fleet to the month of tlie Oroataa. 
Tbir would then have befure theio a marob of 110 mika, witlt 
ample roeaiw of tmn«port to the river. Pontoon*, native laRe^ 
and boata wonU cany tbe foraa down to tlie Per^au ilatf la 
iMa tluui flfteen <lay*: tberv natire Twasla could be found to 
traniport Uiem to Kuiracbee by a aat* and tufid navigation at 

tllU (HUWOO. 

Them liave been vaiioua propoaala at diflnvat timca for opeu- 
bg coramunintian with India by the EupbiMM vallev. Thnt 
whicli louk tbe moet unctioal shape waa elaborated by lieut. 
Campbell, then ol the Itoyal Ea^lDocra, b 1(M3. Hia pT0|Mwd 
and map were In all eawatjal poinla identical with (liMe nora 
nouutly pfopoaed by the great enpneer Sir It. &L Slcpliemiou. 
Theee and manv other aubeequent peopoaala, both Fiwich and 
Bnglioh, have all now become meiged nt the oompany of wliirh 
Mr. Aridrewa !■ chitliTnnn, and Sir John HaoNeill, a man well 
kunwu among you, pitgiiieer in chief. 

1 wai atroBgly pruMod hut ycnr to join in tbe pnMnotion ot 
my litTourito project of nearly a quarter of a eentuiy, and urged 
t» proneed to Oonataotinople to obfoJn the oevemuuj iimuui from 
the Sultnn lo make all pnillmluAry arnuigemcnia Ftrtin^ that 
with tlie praepect of a railway a more careful cxoniinntiDa uf the 
country to be trarerasd waa dceirable, 1 wiu auoouipatiiBd by 
Sir John HacNeill, and two awiataot cngineen. We naidicil 
OonalantinoDle bv tbe route of the Daonb^ OMned neMolatlctia, 
and made all prelunlnaiT arrangement* with tlioTurkiafa^veru- 
meut; and then proceeded to Syria in U.MJJl SlrPrnMi, which 
waa kindly plocml nt our ttiapMol by Lord Lj'one, We exa- 
mined caKfiilly the coaet of A*ia Uinor, where the Tnnma 
toudhea the oih, in tlie hope of finding a piaetlcablo valley for a 
ftiture line tlirougli that country, and then proceeded to rxomino 
the ooael for a good liorbaur. That of Aloxaadretla diil not 
proniiw tu answer on ncoiiiiit of ita mountaina, impaaaable for a 
nulwuy 1 aiul the ancient harbour of Seleucia waa alao ooa- 
demncd. aa nut adbrdiiig a aufllcirnt d^pth of water. Bat on tlia 
BOiitberii aide i>f the Bay of Antioch a apot waa eeteotad by Sir 
John UacNeil,adn]intb]y adapted loform a «afeaad«oaui>odioiu 
harbnnr nf Trdige. It will be oapehle of Kodving aeoond-tate 
litie-of- battle Khips, and will be aa good, if not euperinf tu the 
barluur of EtUHHfin'ii. Tlie Turkriti goveniiDaiit baa eBgiced 
to ><ear the whole expenae of the coutruetion of thia hiubnur, 
eallmaled at ftnm £aO,OlKi'. to 30(),0U0f.. and to carry out tlx- 
work* by Eoglieh eugineen, luuiuliaueouiily with thoae wf the 
nulway. 

The *pot ^oaen (e 3 miha iioiilh of the river Orontte, and 
8 mllea east et tfae old harbour of .Setcucia- Tha harbour ia pn>- 
pomd to be formed by rniuiiug out a brecikwater on the aoulli 
aide of the email natoral harbour, which le aperfeoUy aecure and 
nfe landing-pJaoe for boata, with good holding ground; m> tliat 
vceaotn taking out luaterVtU for the conilrunina of the tailway 
oould anchor in aafcty off thin tanding-tilace. Stone of the Bneet 
quality nbonnd* du»e to the point where the brenltwater will 
abut on the IoikI, adiI oaii be tjuarriod aleu to any exteet in tlie 
immodmte uelghbourhood. It b propoaed lo oooetrnct abont 
lono foe* of the breakwater in the ftnt iu*tano*i aud to ci;<m)ilet« 
ca^ portion aa tbe vrork advanoee, eo aa to afford ahelter aud 



J 



836 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



laadins wliArfs withb the fint yoaror cdghlMH months wkJch 
will enable vcMah drnwin^ fl* frat of water to li« in tahtf 
iluring tbe wititor looothii, if twinirMl tn do m>; ttad rictiia aix 
BuatbH frocn the uomravooaiiMit of the nork n liuicliii|[-pI«M caa 
I funDod, Bud iwHed sfadter fcr boolo, Ai m cxixnte tk HffiOOL 
TIm liirlmar wfaoD conipdetttl wUl beoa(HU>leof giTiBgah«lt«r to 
thirt.v or ihinjr-tivo veaivLt. Th« ftvai^ (tepdi of wat«r will Iw 
r -fniw W to ,40 boL E hava t^fto Uhot details in eotmceiion 
4tli Uie prnpowd harbour bcaaaa I think j«u will agne with 
' that, irraapectiva of tb« route to Inilia, n Rood harbour of 
I on III* coMt of Sjria would of ilaelf be of tli« utmoat vnluu 
llmportaiiaa to all eomBiffTvial Mtioiia. 
Our aarvej of th« oouotrj ainl ttit lubaoqnnnt Iml wctinn* t>( 
tha en^liMan AslunJcd from tlie ooaat to williin *ighl of the 
BatikntM, lakinff Id tbe Urma of Aotioefa and Alrppo. Beyond 
tba Uttor bU •adoMring dllUr^ilti«a laaat, lb« M>iiiitT7 pRWDtiug 
a bnni dry Icrd *uria«o (callnl in Arnbic Ka Jolid*, dat and 
hud), niiHit nntunUljr aiUptod f»ra nulwnv. And ovvn b«tw«OD 
' Maditarntnena and Akppo tlie diflicnltlM are anch aa wuitid 
I eoBridand miwII Iu thia oouulr^. There will not be n ainslr 
PDf I, and ontj- two catUtic* of any oonaequeaca. Two ehaio 
\ oTtr thn Oruutn wilT b* BGOMM17; but n«ilher do tbeae 
ut miy ohatade to the eDginecriiig Mlaiioa of tlie present 

The avenge oxpanaM tor Uie fir«t rnrt of the tine (which will 
l« the iiKNt eYpBoaiva portiou of t)i» whole) 'w Mlimated at 
13,4HU per mile, and another portion, which kIso prMentR none 
lillleulti«^ ii HJQiL per mile. Hut im poi-liuiii bryniid AUmM 
oon^denbly Intlow thii nvuniffc, Home of them beuig 
IvMiiiintol nt »nly 4C93'. per uiile, tbe avom^ ck|iouio of thn 
hole of thii tint wctios of the line ftORi th« )mr)>oui' to the 
Bphmlea luu been mlcuUtod by Sir John AlaoNeUl al BSSBf. 
■Biile. 
I »j rotum to Conotatitniaple the termi of the ooooMdoti 
I floally fltMleil, but owing k> the oppooitioD from rival pai^ 
1 they ven low fnrnitmble than had mwd prevlonaljr onmnged. 
I Turk-iih Rnrcminaot fpve a guanntee M 6 per oeitL OH the 
,dial ctneiideit by tlie company, mtnirinfl; from them a deposit 
fitOmt. in •xehange for the lirniaD. with the cunditinn that 
he work* niutc be eouuuFnced within ddc ymr. The Pipmiw of 
' rwholeliBoieeatinutedat 0,ono,OOOJL, but nodalwia* from our 
.^ontDRient on tlie liret ecctinn only, or of a nun of l,400,000f., 
titiOB the railway after nucliing Alcnpo wilt reqitin- no lUttiHtiuiQe 
tthal«ir«T. Tlie amatance wkixl— tlie whole luuoiint of which In 
only lOO.CKXV., to BUpiily the iolertat to the aharoholdon for the 
fimt three yean, until the railway ahnll be in working opFratlou 
— ia inorr noiniual than rani; the object being to gin eonfiilonco 
tru the public, for whidi the Tarldah 6 per eeiil. goanatoe la not 

•IllttoiBIlL 

I fbiind the Port« thoroughly olive to the great admntngoa 
llkrly to romlt to Turltev from tlie eatabliihownt of thia line. 
The oDUDalidatioD of iha Sollaa'* power in dhUant preriiieM of 
hia eucnrtL tho vraat citooiian of eonunvtoo to be eapeotad, the 
centraJuaitiuu or the ■vUmi or j^remmcct, — thoan Mid inany 
olher oonaiderationa wer« atroiicly felt by ibe Turka. We founil 
Indeed the exittioD eonuuembu relnms' la Syria moet entiafBe- 
tory. Vithont taking isto Meoiiat any iacreaa^ Aleppo alone 
ar<il her ooinnieroe wonld ettffiee to aiipport a railwur tliua iar, 
and would yidil a return of 8 per ocnt. lo the ■linroholilfiTe; IHIXI 
ehar«« were at once Ittheo in Aleppo iln>ir, and a petition wan 
ei'nl to the Saltaa la Ikvoar of the railway. Xo the eiutwarxl of 
thia d^, however, a Urgu additional tnule nav be expeoted; 
iniloed a very extmaive tmlo pxinta, which wotUi] all flow into 
thia railway. We aball hare Syria and MeaopolaRiiA on one 
Ub^ India and Central Aila beyond, with Kunlietan and Penin 
OB one ltd*, ojid Arabin on the other. It i« impoerihle to eeti- 
tjiii(<- the nmoiinl of (rallic lujd aininicrcc whiHi will ariae: it 
Blunt be very largu, it may be beironil what even Guglaod baa 
«vrr teen or Lnakgined, — for tbers la no limit to the iirodoctive 
]><iw#ra of tbeea Doiuilrjee, provided enpli^ and (kill be there to 
t«rD to •reonnt the vnet nrovltloo for their realiaatlon contiuned 
in their itoble rivera. tIm cbinf pnxlacta nt prweiit are gmin 
(which ooiild he mpptied to Europe to any rxicnl), cnttnn of & 
««r7 nperior aoaliiy, which •■ already cultivated Un(«ly, but 
»ot welltlmned, i& the neighlKjiirliooil of Moauil, and would be 
omwD Badi more extenalvply if any nieane of tranaport cxiewd. 
Mr. Bmmib, Briliah conitil at Moeaol, talla me that lOOtdOO 
Mnel load* of onttoo are now lying tbma fbr want of meane of 
tnaaport. Wool, copper, lagar, iniliga, aJtiwinv ^Tee of vaiioiu 



^ 



kinda, bitnineo, aad variooa otber prDdooti^ are th* piwl 
onlinaiT expoitt of Heaofxitaraia. Tbvir deoiuida fcr o«r poda 
would be proporttanately large. At pmeot the rMthroa of ojiia 
Bud Heeo^lamia racive many of their auppliee fron Bnaiia, 
thronsb Treblxond; but thrir niArketa would be eoppUed by 
Mauchester, Sbeffieldj Birmin^jbain, ic^ if the ouiatie of^tranapeet 
were catabliihad. It le indeed imnoaaibde to ndmate the cbangee 
iu Enropean ooantrie^ by throwing open to them IImm eonra* 
ot ooDuueree aod openlun fur eoloniaatlon. 

I have dw^t at aomelength on tli* comaerdal adwitneM lo 
be oxpeeted tKaa thii line, elttioagh at thia moacBt thiii nM 
yiold 10 imporbuioo to the all-engroeaiiig dc«re for more ntfU 
oouununicatiou in ludia. Thia and lelegT»pbio wirea in optm- 
tiuu would be wortli auytliiog to England at iJda momeBt. The 
ineniiR of rapid and oortain tnuMinleelon of cuula and |iaeei 11^,1111 
to India ought alone to dodde the public and govonunaot Is 
favoar of tin* lioo. For the traniport of iroopi ind atorea (1 
would be of ineatimnble importaoce. Few politick object* eoahl 

rhups be of more txunnequeiioe to fiiu;Und tlian that whkh will 
•o thoroughly aooompUahed by tbu line. 1 alludo chiefly lo 
the oioaolidatiOD niid to the ooiumoreial nod poUtinl TMuedia> 
tion of Turkey. We hare cxpr>iiilod laviilily money and livee 
otcteiudbly f^r this ohJMt, but without any benefit to ouredvca, 
and wllliout imiuu-liug ouy real etreogth to Turkey; by Ibia \iat, 
however, we aeuure the deiV<ncu of her frontier aminat Peraia aad 
fiuMiia. HietoiT provo* to you what a powv^ol infliiruc* hai 
belonged at all time* to the poaieation of the vnllcy of the 
Eiiphmtcs. A (riond who is iutuuately aequaiiit«d with the eaet 
wriieK to tui>— " 1 wat Iu tboee ouuntriea during the Baeebin war, 
and frequentlv thought how dilhrent the poduon of that power 
woalil bare Men if their ann^ had been moved lowarOe the 
KiiphrnCc* nJley, inateod of invading Uie PHucipalitica aod 
EuK'peim Turkey. Europe would have rriuaiued in n alate of 
apathy, and pubUo opinion (out of EuKlnud, at any Me) wonld 
hnvp been fur them. Had Ibey reacbed Uoeeul under tbeae dr- 
ouiuHloacea Uiey would have bocu in a oonntiy whoee reaovreea 
•urpnaa almoat any other in the world." Thie, or a very MEptlar 
plan, wae pm|XMed U> the Emperor Nicholaa 1^ one of hia Kme- 
nla dtrring the war of 1828-!i. Wc may bu very Uiankful that it 
wae net adopted. Dr. Spreuger nys, "If pruperly managed, the 
valley of tbn Tigrie would eoon bectaae entfioiently pnMpvroua te 
form the baala of a campaign to thoaonth-eaat, or the Mine ronle 
thut wim tokcu by tlie Arsix when they conquered the volley cf 
the liiJui, iu the Beventh iinlury of our ei». The slnite rf 
Ormux are on natruw, that the Pcrelan Otilf might at any tinie 
be ooiivrrted Into a Uke beloiiglug to the power whkh neay be in 
powHiMion of BoMomh. Europe ■• no lonsv the world, and the 
trao koy lo the poiweauoo of tiie world ia toe falley of tbe Hpii^ 
and uot Conotutlinuple, aa it was believed in aadenl timce." 

Theae are a few, and atlll but » ft'w uf tlie great raeulta likely 
to arise flrom tlii« line of cooimuuiaiiion. Tbe eubjcct b loe 
vnat to be ombmopd in a pnper euoh ae thia: but I truM I have 
•aid enough to (('"^ yo <u> inloreel in tbo aubject: and I nay 
add to all ill) praciiuU nJv&ulom that to UMo M aolcaoei to the 
geologiitt, the iiatiindiHt, the eUioulogMt, the ardMnokigiBt, aud 
many more, new liolde of iniomt oud invMigatiou will be 
opened up, with which Europe hoe al preeent but alight b» 
quaiolaoce. 

The pniiciinl objection with which mv viewa on ll>« ianett- 
Biioe of the EuubniU'* route aTi> gpnemlly met in, dread o' tbe 
Arabe. I think aiytalf tliat tlii* difficulty will be cMily ov•^ 
oome byjudiciou* mnunKcment and a liule foreeighL Tbeyen 
a very nngalar people, uniting the estreuiea of good and evil in 
Uieir chnmuwr. 1 have lived among theni for many yeftre, and 
bnre eiueriKUoed both from them, the |p>od and aiil, — tbe gp(M- 
iwt ri-lclity and trutlifolntee in mom inatonoca; treacbefy and 
diehonraty in 10100 otberv. Ouroliiofdilhcultiea with then would 
ariati from their if(tiomnce, tlie divided and eaoetimea bnaSU 
•taUi of their triW, and their blood (t'uJit. But 1 know frgoi 
exjierieiioe Ui.\l by modentieii, tact, and tnithfelueea 00 oai 
parte theM may be overcome, Unrine the Euphfotea axpeditioB 
we never loit a ainsle man by the Arabs. They ouried lup 
atom* of muaJteta, powrder, Buiuuiiiliun, aud Mitnn of mca^ 
aroounliiie to 0000/! and 'OiMl^ for ne, attended by only ooe 
iudividuul of our parUi and in no one inetanoe wna there IKJ 
loas to a*. ThcM aaontalcingi were oeuaJly |NU«l in advanA 
and if the Aiaba were prevented from falluliiig their anage- 
menio, ibe money paid waa eorupulouely retnra^ to wk Jmj 
are indeed M uncb alire to tbelr own loUieeW a« uUier nation^ 




THE CIVIL ENQCt'EER AND ABCiHTECT-S JOUBNAL 



3»T 



i will Men Kpprodua tli* adraatagM mUA tluf wID dwiv* 
fixini tlie nilcvM, bj ivrakr ctn^vioMit of UmoimIvm wd 
tMr auMl% and ineraued tnda. If li<»«rer tfaej ahonJil •how 
liMlUiqr, vnUnry to nil expoeUtion, lucji aiTaiig«iD«Bta bave 
bMB BMt with ai« Snlun't govsmmsnt m will lUMt even this 
difionltr. It miMt be tctDcmbarcd ».\m, that « body of wnritraan 
andi aa w« lauat eiii(ilOT, auonntiaK la 1(VJ*)0 or I^MW, an 
alfwdjr a 00Bai()«mbl« iletetmire elcneat; ajid we alimild nlao 
neoll«ct tliat Ibnhim Paeba kept Uia AnAm ontkr peff««t 

Id wUition, bowrvcr, to mjr own opinion, I will r*ad ti»t uf 
a friend. Dr. Aloy a Sprenger, the Grat orivnialiM of the do;, who 
kaa raaidad for luaoj yean bdioub theni. Uia dew^ripiion of ibo 
Artiba ia too good lo b« oiuiitmC He tayi, "Some (.im* back I 
mwived a letwr frnm Mr rort*r, at t>KiiMMiia, expnaabig gtaac 
■nwMhiaae no aeaoast of the Bedouina; bat lunJiiog onn M mora 
safirandetl than this oauae of alarm, for thoy arc the oioat 
aaauigtulia paiiple io tbe world tf Jadidouaty traated. But evta 
if naUen wwra to be nliiiiuagiB, ae tlwy have baan at Aden, 
and die Bnlimini ihonld gihr vnty oppMition in th«dr powor, it 
woald b« of liitD«T»il. It would toon bo found that, notvrith- 
staadtng their penoual bnrcry and aanninft. ihey are very nineh 
like wild bMuta. No one haa ev*r heanl of an ann.v uf tigcrai 
and IO woald it be wiili the Beilouine, wlio have nvrer imtia 
■siiml. likti wil<l boaatj, thoy wonUI ehow deeperato conngD 
when ifriiAtoil, iMit nuch ferofity ean do nothinic agwust diaci|>- 
line and Ckln) reaiatanoe. Aaa proofofthia, 1 niuy ni(?iitionthat 
thare are aoua Knrdieb vilbtgM beluw Mardiu, iu tlie uiidat at 
the daaert, which, emnll a» th^r are, dHV all l)i# p^wrr of lhi» 
SharaniMir tribe, and «iocnufnlly rrtam to bo taxed. Vlhocrtr 
paiewee the Buphraln hw the ttEdnuina iu hia pocket; for tbia 
«ati tlietn off, and they auuot du withoul ite water and other 
reaonreaa" 

Tliow who really mttrtoin f*iir of (he Arab* for0>t lluit a rail- 
way ranniDg tlirouuh a fertile oniiiitrr ia a vein of lift-. In lem 
than two yearn weahMiltl eee towuii and villaKu ■priuKins up oq 
bo4h lidoa of the line, and thonaamU uf Uieae uoiuails intitled in 
ein. Bat it ia on the gntdunl o<iui*(riicti<>u of a railmiy, niid 
tirao it niuat raijuire, that' I chictly rest my etpectatiou of 
rnsta and iniDodiata and contpleM kdcoom wiib the Anbe. 
! iBpediinenta tbmwu in the way of tha Kuphrataa expedltina 
the Pwha of Euypl iu ls:u, luid the deky which waa thn 
lit, raally aarietaatmr operatiocu, by giving mure euiployment 
he Anna, and incraaaing our iuti>r(»uiii« with tlwin. This 
will be the auK with the mlway. As fkr aa Alenpo the Araba 
cauuul ull«( auy iriipndiiaent: but in any eaae. long bdV>n] 11 
nacbae thai city, tbi^y will feel the ailviuilai[c« cf more employ- 
— ail, and will bo prv]<areil lo fUrUier iuelead of impede tliii 
irka. 
. Viewing tliiufe in thie light, and loolting to tbo gradual ofiem- 
"I of time to Betabliah our influence among thin i>«npli>, ;c>ii will 
lily utiiJontand that 1 have uoi thought (he Ujuc nrrivoil fi^r 
ing down imlated eleetric Wlren tluuusli llmr oountry with 
' pro^wot of eerarity. I do ool think it iieoeeavry to wait for 
: cuiiipluliou of tlie ndlway Ui aooovpliafa tlii*^ but [ do think 
I ii Would be jirudeni, auti erea DMCMary, to make aoine of 
railway [)r«pMali'>a. hu<.-1i aa eectionnl levelik ao oa In have 
I kind of inlfunncn in ibtt oniiulry before laying down |«I^ 
' ' I wiree. I, however, thoughi it n^ht lo flv to fiiU in with 
■• of otiien aa to open negociatinoa at OonatantiDople on 
ht^^ect, nnd 1 alaa amuigcti with Mr. Barker, vico-coiMul at 
Jep}->, who haa poaaed hIa life In that oountry. lliat he *hould, 
' rr4Uirvil, goanuiRg tha Arahe to ninke pr^limluiLry arnuige- 
ite for Uie eafablietimeiit <if thn bilagmpli, by opetiing in tne 
, iuHlauoe the Uoe of Tartar pcwta, which would at nnoe give 
weekly and epr^dy mtuuiuuiuatiuu between Endnnd and 
Tni* line eiiiil«l for mtiiiy yeata iu I>>nl Wrlloilev'e 
. pawing from Conntnntinoplo to Aleppo, and thnuoe (it 
yafbakir to BuMorali, frcm whonoe maile w«ra oonvei-eJ witK 
regularily by a liwt edioonor to Bombay. Auother noat 
la also avaibhle fitna Bagdad byJtloMul and Dyarb^ir to 
Bliuople:. That by Alepim wnul.l ultlniatelr lu*e the ad- 
Ifa, iu onnxMitifiico of tho propowit railmiy; ti'it for iinme- 
lucat tbii critical raoineni, we might run »omt> little liak 
'luingihai by Dyarbekir, whleh, with thoaaMclanae□fa<)^ali- 
' pereon living anting the Arabe^ would eninaih the way for 
ag ilown electric irirm. Sir J. J^-Neill waa of opinion that 
imjidon* «<cuniiaiioner were aent to mide among ilie Amba 
I iboronjjhly actiuointed with tbe people aiMi their lao* 



, 283^- VoL xz.-Ocn»>>, 1M7. 



eiuga— it wonld aecun th* intareata of Great BriUn; and If 
uia were donrable in hia tini& it ia imperative now. 

With regard to oar tdegntphia oouununioatbu with IndU, two 
f»rapinlee baes beta Ibniieil for ttua purpoes. The one propoaea 
a line r^loiig the Red Sea to Kunaebeai the Other along tli* vallay 
of the KnphmU'a to the aaiilB port Endi appaar* to be (luito 
practicable, and I ebould like to aee both in oparation. Aa in 
the caao of the overland ooiainHaisation, England reqttired tlie 
reaouroea of a SMond lin« la eaie ot fl«eld«ati lo eitbar; luid. 
ifTUpectirely of tbia oonajdentlon, It la clear therv would be 
ample employment for both. I ehonld like, thenrorsL to find 
Kovomnieat prepared to further and racoaiitt^ both. To ellt«t 
Uila, a aubmariiie cable ahould bt laid down from Kurnu-hoe to 
Raa-ei-Had, or aome other plaoe near the eutrauee of the Peniaa 
Onir. Suppoeing thie to be dona for the con>|Nuiiin, tliey inidit 
tlien carry their line* to England— one by way of Sues, and uo 
other by the Ponian Gulf; and aa the Atlantic cable mi^t be 
purchaaed for UUa porpoae, both tnigbt occur to 1» compleWd 
vorr apeediJr. 

The BadSealine, by following Arabia, alamort diataBoermw 
tlie ooaat, would euoounl4ir di-pt£a varying from iO to lOOfiilhofna 
nearly thv wliule wny to Suez; coni rock* are very ocoaaionally 
met with, and wu ahould have the advautage of koowin^; whare 
an amilQiit might occur, and could preiwre the meana In ctMiwe- 
quenceof rocoviiriiigand ivtiairing the tn-okcu niccea of tlie Okble, 
So that tbe completion of thu Hue from IUe-«l'Uad to Saex doea 
not •Mm to offer any orartical dilSoulty. 

FV>r the other line llim la a choice ot two routea, atrow Ailn 
Minor froni CoRstaiillnople, ae for a« Aleppo by one line, and aa 
Cir ai Uyarbokir by the other, no dilDcaltiee whaterer exiBt ; but 
beyoud tiioee plaeoe the Arab* ai« to be token into acooiuit, but 
thta U only for a limited Jietauc*. The line of the railway would 
nlttmntoly be the pieferable one, bnt for immadinto operatioo the 
other might b« tomewbat nuicker. The work might, thcref:««, 
be commenced Bmullacooualy at oaeli extremitr. A •nbuMrine 
oablo conld be kid down from Raa-el-Had to Ktmnh, and frooi 
the latter place to Ba£dait,alnDgiJia bed of the Tigris: ai>d again 
between ConaUDtlnojdo and Dvarbrkir, bopnnicg at eennl 
places at oooa io each port of theio linn. Tlie middle part only 
would bo wanting from Dyarbckir to Bicdnd, and Ihia mtf^fit )ie 
comjik'tol bv a line ol Tarln«, i*nding the definite amugenivnis 
to be entend into with tbtr Arabn W tbe comiuiaeiuuer. If ili« 
government alioiiM not be iuctiueil lii lay down the cable from 
Kurmchee to Ba»<l-II«d for the companioa, thaw, havini; a pro- 
miic of aubaidation ftoni goremmenl ou the oampletion uf doc 
or both line*, tnny very wdl andertake tlue part of the expeiiae 

{ointly, and thua we ahould var; euon ba in fwaaeMion of two 
iuea of «leotr4o wipea to India. 

The iirlncipal point* are now bofbre ynn, both lut regaida the 
railway and electric takgraph. Each individual mart form hie 
own opinion aa to the ilenrability and practicability of bodi 
nuderudciuua. I aaaune the aOfrmativa in both owa*, and I am 
convinced tfiat a Tej7 lillte of our uaual energy will coniplet* 
both— the electric wirea at onoa and tbe railway at no distant 
period. The niilwav will Iw earried from tlie Medit«muieaa to 
tbe Penian tiull^ edtfier by ueatu of British iikill and capital, or 
by tlie French, who are alill more luixionii tliaa ouivalvee to 
ondertaka the toalt. Lord Palnientou n|>pcnn in aome meaauiv 
to have adoplod one part of tbe Freodi plan, nud eeema to advi>- 
oate a line through Aria Minor, more north waril, ao aa looone 
In towanli the beait of tbe Bnphcatea. Unlimited fbnda migbt 
doubtleea aocompllHli thla, but my local knowledge givoa mo Uio 
firm boliaf that the I'aurua cau unly bo paaaed without an abn>- 
luidy riiiuoiu oxpetiie in llie directioD of Adana nnd the Oroutee. 
Since my arrival in Dublin, a letter liaa reaelied Die from T'arin, 
■iiyiii^- thill witli the ailvnutA^ua ■'>f my nreerace and that oi Sir 
J. McNeill ill tliat city, there would bo little didleuUy to raiaiug 
thirty niUliona of fnnca to commriios the work, under a joint 
Kngli*h and Fronoh direction. 1 met with Urrni diffiedtics nl 
(JonitaiiliuupK in uaneequencu of the uppoeitiou uf Ilio Fienoh, 
who have long Men Ibe Importanoe of the valley of the Eapfcra- 
toe. They aeem to know and fael, like Dr. Sprenger, that Ite 
poucaaor nolda tbe key of the l^ttera world. It ia, in bet, Iw 
richer and moru valuable than Egypt, and Eugtuod iborefoie 
bae now m her feet the oppotttiniiy of acualriug the laaaoe of 
giMtly iiici-Melug bar annuneree, of coiMelidntlng Turkey, and of 
aeouring our ladiaii terrltor? Iwlb from internal and axtenid 
daugera. 



V\ 



• 



Jin 



3t8 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOUBNAL 



THE Dl^ODOraSATION OV SKWAGB, AND ITO 

MANDFACrUHE INTO SOLID MANUUE. 

By Hxvsr Acvm, GlK, 

Cttaf BwftHaUaaiat Inipcwr or tbr lldwit •<( rixMh. 
{ma m Engravi^, Flat* XXVI.) 

. Ct»nle^ Pi*emttt Jbr iqiarating (Jui Sotid Matter qf StatagiL 

JcTDaiNU froin the noiiibcr of pal«ata vhich bare been gnu>l«d 

, Ibr die ebemiotkl trootmenl o( night-soil »nJ othtrr towD reftwe 

' tlie maaubeture oT aoUd mAiiur«, the wibject appoan to b»i-« 

1 ootulderablo attention for tbo lut twstity roara. IiuIckI 

bo nnt |>nt«iit was granted b 1^02, to IjcwU JaroM Amuud 

rtiMine, for oonverting "hutnau excrctii«ul into a powder 

livMtei or all araell, pKMrvUig at th« mno tiaM its (uiUlaiai; 

wnpettlM^; but no oUior pat«ul for Btmllw puifXMM Muua to 

hnvo bMO obUinsd UDtO 1S3Al 

From that jwrlod to th* and of laxt year, nmnv pateola vers 

Dtcd for dealing in lORie way with lowu niv»o : Lbu fint 

ent for troaUoic lewacu toiktivr at the oul&Ua of dninago 

«[u that of Mr. Higga, Ui 1846. 

Too mi^nritT of tliaai pal«Dta Rown never to have oome into 
hfMratiaD, nnd I do not propoM thvroforo to enter into anj gene- 
bal dcfcription of them; bat I ahall mbtnil ouly a brief aoeonot 
rathoeeoptfnitioni which have chiefly eomiuanded public atten- 
tion, and of tliOM which IhanhadonopportuDily of eumuun;. 
Tbo prindpal proocaa hitherto adopted for the pnpantion of a 
M^d BfKtge itLuiun; aooaiata of the aiimixtun of a eert«ia pro- 
potlou of liiii«v of the oonriateney of oreani, with the aewige ai 
It flowH u> i]m oniftll, whereby the aolld mattOTii in niipcniiion 
are rapidly pradpitatod, and aonte of thoM in ■alutii>u di«n- 
mnd, and the ■ttpemalMit water allowod to SowcAin aoomptt- 
nuively pure etate. 

The Ume proceaa Is chiefly repraaented by the pat«nts of Mr. 
Hifjge and Sir. Wiokntred. In ld40 worite watv eotabliahod at 
th* votJkll of ono of tbo main ■ewrm in the tify of Londui, for 
tlie purpoae of tiorrying out Mr. Ui^x>' patent prooewi. Tbeee 
not nanng proved oonunerdally ■uooeaaniL were mibaeqaently 
kbttndoiiecn W trarlia have elaoe bees eatftUlalied on Mr. Hi^gs' 
plan at Cardiff gaol, and reooBllyoa a moc* axtended ami pemct 
[ aeale al Tott«ahnin. 

17it TottMham ffWftt— Thia town, which now compriaoa 
' about IP.OOO inbabitnnta, hai bii«n completoly drained nnder tli« 
Wblio Uealtli Aot Tlie outfall wm led into the neareat ■treaio, 
vhere of eoune th<i pollniion from rrfU((e, befom retained amidst 
the habltetiona of tho people, noon beoame a oondderable thoi^h 
tnu dsngerone nutHnce. It ww tho Rubjoct of great oomplaiDt, 
and the next etep waa to >eek for toine mtona of avouUng tbo 
Viii ootueqiteaoee oTtliiii noxioo* dtKhaige. 

Bewage worite have btMi erected by a eommay, at great 

sxpenae^ for eanjing out the IJoie pmcoM, anoer Mr. Htgg^ 

(flUMciAteailonco. Theie works compriee « reeervoir, capable of 

■ lialding 44,000 gallon^ into which the aewage ia firet receired, 

' ftud tben raleed oouveouljrely into four iron tank* («adi eapaUe 

of holding 0000 gallona) br an engine of 104nch orliuder, I^lneh 

atroko, working np to ft-hone power. The eo^oe In ordinary 

work mnkM 1 10 etrokee per ntinote, and the pumpa BOO atrokca 

per minute. 

Crtiira of Ume i> poured Into and mixed with the aewafS a* it 
pBMea into the iron Uvnki. The proponion of Hoe tned i» eati- 
mated to be i of tlic iiolid matter of the aewan, aad the solid of 
the Mwiffe ie otlculatcd by Mr. Higg* tn be on the average 
1 in MM) St the liquid. Only I^ per cent, of thia aplld matter at 
Totteoham la etated to be grit 

Wlied «aDh tank li chafed, frotn half an hoar to an hour b 
allowed for wttlotiiont before thn Ijigiiid U ptwied off to the out- 
fiill, and aercn or right dcpontn are mado before the aolid ie 
removed. 

The great difficulty which has betn experieiteed in the Ume 
prooBM^ both here and at Iirioeater, baa bean tb* drying of the 
eewa^ ao aa to render U portable. TarioiH expedlante have 
beeotriodal both plaeMBadaneocHvely abandoned- AtTotten- 
luin a qu&nlily ol the mannre had been dried by varioui uoana, 
hnt the diMoulty of aoooupltehiiu thie eeaoomiaally bad not 
been orercame at tlM tine of my vuit. The new plan then pro- 
Meed, bnt not in opomtion, wm to pas* the aewi^ in the aemi- 
Bttid elate ia which it is withdrawn from tbo tnaka round a 



drum in a Hun kver, fton wUdi H wmld oentmwnMlj Ul ea ■ 
aetka of healed platea. 

A gient diM^MTge of foul gaate takee pteee od dletiulMiNaef 
til* dmoeili in the tauka. At Toltenbam tbeee pwos an aei 
■Uowea to rvape, but an oondacted to a pnriiying wr efaanbtv, 
an<I there treated with hydrooMorlo add and oxide of in e ini— 
The whole eetabUehiuant waa pMfaUy free tmu noatiove or 
uupleaeant odour. 

The price of the manure wna fixed at 41. per ton. 

A circitnintAnoe remarked at Tottenham la ■> ainMrstn* of 
the mpiiUty with whkh. In a mfNiriy er»d u «ted mt«a e( 
dtaioage with a emoolh diaDael, Uie rvAiee flowa ftom tM iKnea 
to tiie ontfiill bafote deoaaapostion or ditiBUsralioa of ibe aotUi 
hae taken plwr, that it io worth reeonling. A ■bbU rao« 
pit ia farmed at the raoutb of tbe aewar, gimrded by a 
aereen, tar the pnrpoec of tnteveepting m farcifpi Mhal 
that miKhl oihorwieo rmch the pnmpei and it ia the duty tl a 
boy to attoud at thia fnt to dear away r«^ paper, &a. that 
would othorwbw choke tlie aeteeo. A •aflaMnt (|DNiliqr «f aeaii 
in cake or lamp ia daily found here 10 jaiy for thie hbonr. 

Th* Lsiaarirr Vorft*.— The hiyot workk hewerer, for aury- 
ing nut the titiio prooeea have been eetablialied by a eeenpany at 
Lsieeater, under Mr. WIAeteed'a patente. The principle ia pe». 
dsely the Mine na that adof)ted at tJie workn jiut ileacribed. ll 
ditSna only In the mode* of opcnLtion, and in the adoption of 
varioM improvomenta which experienee hx from tliue to tlaa 
pointed out 

LeioMttfT conlalna about e.%OOi^Jnhnbitanba. The local beaid 
being oouipelled by tlieir Act of rarliament to nuK and deodoriie 
the whole of tlie eowaga of the town, in order to pterent peln^ 
tlott of the river, entered into an ogreemeBt with the T "* 
Sewngn Manure Company, whereby a lane* of tbo aewage 

Suiluil by Ibe local board, on the nonilition thnt the e 
ould erect wurku for the continuoita pumping of Ibe 
and for Iia complete deodoriMtion at their own coet. A oomi 
ayatwn of tiublic aowere haa been eonetnieteil in the town, a 
largo number uf mauubourtaa are drained into them; but a een- 
aJdorabla portion of tho hontea baa not yet bivo property dndant 
— cewpoolB BtlU prmjl in tfae town for the mcmi iitrL Tim dix> 
fall, whoi-e the eewitgo worka are eetabliahed, ia about a 
bel'iw ihf town, «)d bere the whole liquhi drainage, 
tini^ of flood, ia dealt with by the lime procaai. 

The aewage flowa into a pump wiOl, whence dnpliixto 
(with 25-itt^ cnrUndei% 7 ft 6 in. atroke, and SA-indi . 
ralae it to the Wal of th* reservoini QaLeUinM mixed 
water to the oonnatonor of cream ia mleed at the eanie 
the Muno engine^ nnd dtacbarged In certain proportion*, varytDX 
from 8 te 16 gnliH per gallon. Into the nipo wlticb comreya the 
•ewaj^c. TIl<> two nm iiitimatijy mixed by a aeeiea of agiialot^ 
and at^rwanla paw throuKb a perforated chamber Into the dm 
reevrvoJr, wliere the greater port of the eoUd nmttor >• u^ 
dpitatnl. The bottom of thU retervoir ia aloped from 3 Met 
depth al Ibe aidos to 1& feet in tlie middle, to a centre e lia n nd ar 
truucli, along which aa Arohimedi&n acrew of 3 feet In ^rllimiW 
continuouoly worka, dmwiiif; the nrecijHtaled mattar Inte a 
covered well at tho timxr tiid. From thia it ia lifted t>f a 
.lacob'a Udder of dreiigiug buckela oltqmately to one of t«e 
tonka 80 t««i above on an npper floor. 

At this stage of the proccM the mnteriul raiseil frotu the reav- 
voir i« in a alate of •• liuih," and the chief difflcolly until la»^ 
anpoora Co have bueu, aa etatvd with regard to the worfa at 
Totteohani, to get rid of the remaining fluid. At LeiceeMr Ilk 
dif1ii:ulty haa now been inMoioualT ov-eroome by Mr. WUblae^ 
br tueane mucb more pertcct, and much lev ooelly, than thoM 
hitberlo cmiiluycd A portion of the temi-fluid eetnge In th* 
tank deiceuJd tiiroucli a pipe into a portable appamtua hda^ 
conaiaUug of <t |)ile •if filtering trayi mcnred logeUier, 6<iHn nfem 
the wnter ia discharged by the preeanre of the renwining «wif* 
above. The eolid matter cornea from the Iraya of thi* pn^ le 
linn »laba, and it ia then cut by etringe into onlinary mmi 
hricka, and put out to 'try. 

The agitatera^ scn:w, and Jacob'* ladder, are irariMd I7 • 
separate an{pae. 

Th* flrat reeervoir is about 60 ftoet In length aikd 4A frel wUt 
ond the liquid icwtige traveli Irom It nt at th* rat* of ^iwi p« 
■evond, to a sei-oud reaervoir, 130 Ciet lon^ where fnrllMrMtll^ 
meul tnkee pluce; se*en'«ghtbi however of the pn«iflMlm 
takes place in the first reaervmr. 

An ofCtDsivo odour pervaded the boUdingeat ths timsrfBy 



ttoa? 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JODRNAL. 



SS9 



I 
I 



Tint, wfaitk BvidoDtljr SKwwd from the Mirage deptalt m it wm 
nueU frocit tli* boUom at the rtmrrair. On ofMniiit; the obam- 
ber in wluck U» JaeoVe ladder work* tbe efllariam ma [atoU> 
niUe, iMt Uile might b« Twy nadlly dwlt with, tad all nnmitM 
«b<ri>lid. 

TIm witar which ttawi*d off to the nror, after IrMlmeut with 
A» IbiM, poMeiied Mill * peroeptible UDetl and tMt«, Although 
tha Mwage WM in a rtrj duutM «tiU« ca that daf tnm coBtiDO- 
Mia rain; but aa fnot of the gicat iiiipror<iiu«Dt which thcM 
work* baro ucoaMoard to tho eonditioa of the rircr, il luuat be 
■HHd that 6*k have recvatly reUinis) U> old hauuU at a ahort 
jtlfm. below, wlivre the; huve uut been eMii Tor luaaj jmn. 

It (• Mid thai itpw&nU of SOfiQOl, have bwn «)|Miid«d vjion 
thM* woriu. ThU amouDt howmrar nraat aot be taken aa tho 
vaemmty coat of aMnUi^iug nusiW worlu cUewherc^ n aonaid*- 
nhle nun having, bo doubt, bean annk iu the vuiou triali tad 
ipaiaenta BeoawanrUt bring the prooe m la it* preaant pneti- 
cOBdMoB. Mr. Wlekatced «nlcnUt«* that work* auRicJont 
Ar n |N>|mlatiaii of OOO^OOO oonld ba Mtabtiebed for the aiun ot 
40,O0Of. From thia pooulatiou it i« tatimatad that 61X000 toaa of 
manure would be prodnoed per annnm, prepared In a pUalio 
MBte, Ilka cUjr nadjr Ibr hrk^naking, at a coat of it. Ad. \nr ton, 
laolwUng the diaelutrg* Into carta or bargta Ijiag aloogaide tlie 
weriu. 

Hw priM of tho dri«d mannro of the Uonpaoj wia a f<iw 
noBlh* aco fixed at 40*. per ton. There liaring beni llttla or bo 
danaud kv it, aud a lann! and iuenoalug aeeumulatieoi at tha 
eetopanT'a worica, it haa Man mora tacantljr ofilir«d at tit. per 

XW JfsnetMbr £,(ptr{iMai(«.— While traalioe of the lime 
prooaM, I iDMt not oinit menlion c^ tbe Important triala rf ovotly 
(•nW out by Dr. Adkub Smith, Mr. CnM 4Uv«rt, bud Mr. 
UcDoogall, ou tha foul water of Iho river Modlock at Man- 
ciheattr. 

In tha aoagunl of thaae experimenta pubUabed irr tlia Man- 
lAealar and Salfonl Sanitary Aaaoctalion, the adfeC of Uia ndmic 
tore of lima with tha river water b thus daaeribad :— When 
Uma la thrown into the Madlock it produoaa what may be oalled 
'curdling,' which malta from tho lurmatiiMi of a veir floconleut 
prrcijRtnle. Thia preeipitato ii fonDnl by tbe oomciljiuion of 
tho lime with tha oarbonic add, organic mattar, aod oiIim' aab- 
■tanoH held in aetution mm! NMpenaion in tha watar. Itaat*- 
nua into bige and diaclnet portiona wfakli anbaidu mj rapidly. 
Ouafnl obMrvntioiu rapvatadly mada abow that the procipitAia 
Ula at tha rata of about I foot In B minnlo^ or abciil 1} iuoh 
parminota." 

U WM (baad that about 3 grains of tiiuo par gnllam added to 
Um water of the Uedlook, which had the ranrt rsnuUive odour, 
almoat totally daprivnd it of nnpleaiauit nnoll. tbi* proportion 
<if lime appcara to bare bean coufimiBil aUo aa aufficlrnl on a 
large aoJe, if time enough ooiild br givvu for tbe openttion of 
the lime before tb« pracjpilata waa allnwwl to take plnoc. 

In the aariy exparimanta it wiu foiiu.l tliat 17 cwc. of Uma 
mixad with l,i>uu,Vi>Og>lloiuof watnr prvduced inataut predpU 
latioB wiUiout aicMo or caoatioity. "The pradpltat* so audt 
coBtaioad no oaortlc lime : the watar alao ran fWe frDtn caoatic 
lime." Purthtr triala, howarar, deUtnninod that iiiidor more 
bvotttable airoutuatanoaa 10 owl. of lime would be >uffiaient fur 
immediata practpitttimi from 600,000 to 1,000,000 gallona of 
watar. 

noiimilinriiii it >n iiaportanl tbiua ti> iloviae aom* mnini of 
nduoinc atill funlwr the <)inuUty of lime, it wna tried whuther 
the Hnw which liad ooca been n>od liad rciUly duiic nil tbe duly 
that it wu capabla of peiibruing. It niu fouud by uaiiiE the 
pracdpitatml matter over apia (o rapcataJ ftaab uliargm at tli« 
•ame ijuotitity of impure water, a lounh charge waa acted npon 
with ntorly equal adrantam So thai »b(^ a Inrfrn mbniliiii:; 
area cvuld'be obtained, and tha water could be kripi lulliciiiutly 
long in auapeoaion, il waa concluded that eomewtiai luura tlian a 
fimih of til* aWe quantity of lima, or about 3 owi. pci' milliou 
galloiu, would effect tlie completa pracipilatinn. 

Btr.OalvKrtatntM tbaf'tospprcciaio fully the value of lime, 
it it necaaaary to draw attention to tbo fotlawiug importaol bet, 
BBMialy, that if w« take the avenKC ^nuunt of organic matter in 
•uapanaioo and aolution aa 13-1 1 gntiua per ^on, than rtmaina 
after tnatnieai by lime utily $i graiua per pUlon In tolutivn, or, 
in bet, aqtMBtily lota than exiata in many river nuicn which 
nre uaed for dowaatic purpoaea." 

Tbe foU aflact of the application of lime, aa regiii>U tha amall 



of the water, wai not aiiffldoitiy aacertamad, owing to Uia ink- 
peiCNtioD of the apparatua and anaunroeota. On thia aubjact 
Dr. Smitli and l£r. MoDon^ Rfoark :— " W« foond the nuell 
of tha watar of tha UadJosh waa not eiitin^ly nmovwl by pn- 
d|ii[Ation with Umc, or if ramovad, that it •oon ntsned; w« 
therefore oaed a dialnfccting agent to the amount of Sj per cant, 
of the lima oacd We need for thia purpoee our own powdnr." 

Aa to tha value of the precipitate, Dr. Smith and Mr. McDou- 
gnll iitate that il "haa a certaui valua aa a maaora, although not 
a f^tnal one. It may hr< ndvaiitagooiialy naed near tha hanka of 
the canal, but at the di.itanoc of even a lew tnUtn, it eould not ba 
naed eraoomically by fiknui-n, lu it would not bear the coat at 

tnaaport At luiy rate, the value of our praolpHate ouinoi ha 

raokonad higher Ihiui >«. M per ton." And ttr, Calvatt alao 
remarka "that no great cocamardal valne caa bo attribulad b> 
thia depoait." 

With raforaaea to tbe pnpartion of Urns, namely. 3 owL per 
millioa gaUona, whidb wh fbnnd to be niBdant fbr deodorisng 
the watan ot Out river Madlock, It muet ba bona in ndnd that 
tkeec experimanta will r.-rm no critorion of the i]aaat)^ nxiuircd 
for eflicc^im thia ol^ect with ordiovy eew^e water. 

Tha ehafiouui of tha Laiceatar compaay eatimatca a conaumi^ 
tiou of lima of 100 tOM par w«dt for a papulation of 500,000. 
which, with an ordimiry water lupply or VW ^loM ftr haais 
per week, would be equivalent to 1 ton par miUioa jhHm* cf 
aawa^ 

Mr. SitMtnl'* Proeett. — tn thia pataot piiii»aa the mmm b 
treated wtlh aulpbato of alumina in addition to Uw time, wUdi 
cnoaca a n|Md aubudenoe of tha aolid mattcm, and to tliaac, diar- 
ooal, made from adid aewage, ia added. Theaa ingrcdieula coat 
30*. per ton, and (hey ara atatod to make 3 tou of manara. 

A email modal catablishmant was put up by Mr. Stothert at 
Northnmbtrland Wharf, Strand, whara the aowaga from oaa of 
the main ont&lla of (he metropolia wat opcratod upon for a eon- 
ridarable period, with apparently complete eucccM ao Ihr m 
deodcriaation waa connaniM, but I am not aware that any other 
worka hare yot been eractwl under thia pataat. 

Mr. HerapatK* /Vooom,— Thii conainta of tha aduixtura ot 
•ulpbate of iron and Imrut mogtioaiiui limoatone with tbo aowaga. 
The pr ooe aa waa put in opcmtiou for a abort time at St. 'Hiaaiaa'a 
Exeter, by a perwm to whom tbe loaH of tbs sewage and of cer- 
tain tanka ereotad at the outbll waa granted by tlia local board. 
Tbo contractor, however, having ao capital, soon CiUad in hia 
uudortaking. 

The proportion of materiala oaed i* 1 of >ulpbAtp of iron to 
4 of Buuneaian limeatoiia. Founded on tbe exiwricnoo oUalned 
at St. Thomaa'a, Mr. Harwath aatimataa tha coat of the mate- 
riala, includioglaboor aad Aid for tbe manu&otuie of maaniev 
at ITa. per tou, aod I ton of the ingradianla will produce i tona 
of Arj manure. 

I muat add that tba operation wu condoeted at St. Thcnaa*! 
ia a T««7 alovanly mannar, and at the tluM of mj laapectlon wm 
by no BMana calculalod to improra th« aauJtaij condition of tbe 
Bcighbonrhood. 

MrDoim't Prwmt.—lhe method propoaed in Mr. Kchard 
Oover'a eaient oooefata lu "treating aewaga with an a^ or addi, 
either alone or togatbar with a aalt or aalta or other dieau- 
eal a^ta, for the purpoac of depriving it of ita imtfetcent 
qnalitiaa, and alao obwnmg oertain producU thnifraaa. Hydro- 
olilorio acid ia named, with chloride of aoJium and proloaulpbata 
of irou. The aawage la then to be fillemJ throi^h char«oa], 
gvnaam, or clay, and mixed with Uiaaa are varioua other mala- 
rlm» to form compound mannrea. 

MeDwtgaBt DMtt/ieiinf Fmpilsr. — Tlie agent prvparad by 
Dr. Aiigua Smith aad Mr. Mi-l>ij'igall "i« a compotuid of two 
aciila and two buaa "Hm ocida are milpburoua acid aad cnrbotlo 
acid, ami the bama magnana and iimo. Thaae fimir aziat in it m 
two aalta, via, anlphite of mognmia and lime, and eatbolaia of 
lima.' Tbcee ingndieala are inid to ntmuvo entiivly the noxiena 
emanaUoa^ the aulpfaunUcd and phcq>horeU<.>d bydrogaa, ttam 
fiscal aad other Wganlo msltan, and at tha same time tn preaerra 
Uia fortiliaiag alemaata, tha phoaphoric add aod ammoaia. 

Of the doodoriaing power of Ihii nitrul umler varloua cirvfim- 
Maoeii^ and of ita ooareuienl form for uw, tlicro aMNient to be 
abiDdaul taatiawnv. Tlia borough eag^etr of Liverpool hM 
oaed il in ccaapoob vrlth great aoccaaa, and It aeanw admirably 
adapted for nao in atabUa, and for preveatiog ooiioua emaaatJona 
(iron caaapoola aad fron aolid manure or other dccompoaiiig aul^ 

*r 



340 



THE Crvn. ENGINEER AND ARCmTECTS JOUBNAL. 



sUhom; sad Et b aftid that It eoald be •ocnKnuIcnlly applied »t 
the oalUl* of torn draiiugn tor tb« deodorintion of tbe nvnge 
Mut its prepuuUon na nuumre, ftltliongfa thU dooi not kppmr to 
bftT« bMo actuallj dBiennbed yet b;' trial on the luse Male. 
Tbe prioe of lli« nuil«rul is lU^. per tou. 

3fr. MamUn^i Prottti. — Mr. Uftiining'a material la prqifcrri 
rrniii tlaia »b»l«, ooabuoiiii; «u]pliAU> of iron imd animal Gharootd 
in ciiuaI qoantitMa, It* luo hn \x«b adopUd at Rdiabargh and 
at tite Dew gaol near Liverpool, with oanudemblc caceeM as a 
doiKloriioag agent. 

Tli« lojiradwaU an atal«d to ec«t 7*. 6rf. per too. aud Eudoding 
ourUfiD, the coat of daodoriaing 1000 galtoa* oS aevngt mil hr a 
peuny, or aaj 1*. par head prr niinnm, nn'I nworUQg to the 
amlvaM of Dr. I*«noj, a raliubla manure in the tvcuJt. 

Tfi« aetnal working espeiuM at the new md uou- Liverpool 
were 0<M.peraiiiiaiii lor the deodotiiMtiua oT 12,<K)0 gallooa per 
day, inuliiding the digptig out or the aolid and carting away. 

C/vydfu Saaage Worim, — ^Th* pHMiW originally conductn] at 
the ouUitll of thu new drauu^ works of Croydon wu that of 
meehaniual eepamtion of the eolid maltcr from the liquid bj 
naauug thawwo^ trough p«rfoml«d pUlM or vtniuen. The 
VxnwA waa tliati sllawod lo flow ulT, and ifav tolkl waa uiuoil with 
ptttt eharcaaL Variotu aavaca led to tbe faUur* and abondou- 
ncnt of theae ouiintioDi, and an action having b««n brou|[bt 
agalail the local Wnl lor pallaiJua of the river Wandle, nuioua 
Widaavoura have, I believe, alnoe been uublu by tb«ui to arrive at 
amn aatitfiictary rMuJta. 

I Tjnitci] tbu uutfall ngajQ Injrt year, whon it «m atill by no 
nmua fre« hcna nuiaanoe; bat tli« work* wci« them in a tnuui' 
tinn UMb. Tliey luul recently been Let for tbe eurj'iiig oat of ft 
now prooca*. 

It waa pi-opotcJ to tirtsit the scwft^ with lime in alternate 
raervoir* wilhts tho building at tlwi outfall, in which the chief 
pr«ciuitatiun wnuld take place, tho effluent wnt«r boinj; :iuu]a to 
travM aftorwnrl« IhrODgh a long coarav of <,\Ka brick (.■haiuiel, 
o>niilriKtalin parallel lioea, Ibo water flowiag alon^ it bnckwni^ 
nnil forwimli bafi>re ditcharge into the river. TIiq »i>I1iI matter 
waa to be mixod with rarioua other materiab, to form uianure of 
dllferent qnalltlM and itwcriplion. 

ClifUm Union Sevage tt'ork^.—An a«Uon in the Court of Queen's 
Bcudi bnvinz Wn n fvw niuutha lUu dcdiled i^iut the Guar- 
diaac of the Clifton Union, ufAr Bristol, for au allesod nulxanoe 
atuing fiMm Ibe dn^nage of their worklioujw, Mr. IlinL'kwutl, iha 
eagineer, waa called in to advUc on the monni to bo titken for 
■li-'xioriting tlie aewagr, anil the followiutf prooeai wna adoptrd. 

Thfl inmatea of the workhouse niunlwr 008 on tbe average, and 
tbe actual liqulil tciragn from the ealabllihment appear) to be 
outy about 3 gut Ions |icr bend. 

Hr. Bliukwcd'a exaiubations led him to eonaider that lima 
am) anlpbnto of ir»u would be the beat deodoriMog ingredients, 
bnt that a Uirer qiutntity of water would be ra<]uired lo obtain 

theiiiwired eflert. 

At tbe out&ll of the eewnge from the houtP a well was eiink, 
and a unAll ateain-engtoe about S-liorae piiwer ercctci], for tniuug 
the ndilitJooal tupply of water of about four timM tlie prerious 
nnnntity into the cuicin* in which tha sewage Is reaeive<i When 
tnnte ciaterui an Ml the limn i> Unit thrown in and agilateil 
with the eewage hi- a kind of chum appumtus worked l>y tbe 
eTih^n«, then the eufphalc of iron is aalded und tnntcit in tho same 
wnj. The i»ntenM are afterwardu run off nJ turn »l<!ly inl^ one of 
twg ndjiiining tankit, whoDca afWr aoiue hours' spllleineut the 
water U alhwcd to flow off to au op«n atream which runs into 
tbe river frome. 

Till! operation of raising t«k«t place twice each day, each of 
thn two tanks (together containing about lO.iXH) ciJIoub) being 
filleil and diaoharged every t»enty-foiir hours, tlio Met of tbe 
w»f h* «aa about 600/. 

tMX bushels of lime are used per week, and ij cwt of unlph.tte 
of Iron. One man's tinie is iHWUpied in the opemtion. Tho lotid 
woeking oxpeiieen, inelnding coal* nnd all materials and labour, 
navbecaleulatetlatSU. porannniD.andif the interest and wear 
and tear be aanmed to be 43L, tbe total ouat of the op«ration 
weald be about 3«. per head |ier annum: but with a more c.pioiis 
anpply of water, for which amngenienta are now being made, it 
i> eipwtal thai the cost will be leaa, The aolfd deposit is t»- 
movoil fttmi the rcaerroin nbout onea per month, out It baa 
acatcetv T«t been appliol aa a nianura. I apprehend tint it would 
be of Utue aervioe for tliat pntpow. 



A longituidiDal Mction (Flate XXTI.) ii given m 
ot the oompietnaMs with wnieh deudoriaing anrnagenMoM hm^ ^ 
established for email nopnlationK 

t found ft pereepdUe wieU from tbe eewag* in Um raatrrin 
ftfUr th« operatloB waa parfbrmed, ftriring anbaUy fron tha 
diMnngeiBflnt of lb* aiumonja by tha line, tnit ibe woeka iMy 
be said to have acconipIia'b«l their objeot, as no ecmplaiat what- 
ever has been li«anl unm ilieir eataMishBient fmm tlia pwtiaa 
residing near the npen stream .below, who laiUctsd Um gaft rdi aas 
for the previous BBisanna. 

The sulphate of iron, I nranme, wonhl not be ft bMwScU 
addition to the uutnure; and other subalanoea equally Mneh m 
a* deodoriser^ to wliioh that objectiou doea net apply, being at 
oommand, ha use Is nnt lo be reeommeedsd. 

For this rnsaon also I do iiol propose to enter apoat aav 
aeeoont of oUinr ebemioal agrnta long used foe deodeviaUW. ftxfi 
aa oltloride of ainc and nitrate of lead; for however valaablo thatr 
propettios for dealing with spKllia oaea of dMompcaitinn, ibey 
would reader the sewage nntit for use aa a manur*. and woald 
involve ttierefors perpetual waste and additional expnuw. 

S. ^VectoaidiJ PraeeuM far tcjiaraling Iht SotU ifatttr if^Seaggt, 

Among the works which have been eelabliebod for the luedia- 
nieal sejmtntion of tlie solid matter of the sewage (rvm the li>)«Id 
by atniDtng or filtration, ami applying it aa mnnun, iboea of 
Chcltonhiiiu appear to be tbe most esunaive, and at tbe saae 
time most BiicdHnfuI, 

The Chrltm/mm IKorft*.— There are two oatfidl* of the ftcwage 
at (.'bcltcnhnm. and works have been esublUied at aacti of then. 
For the mure nady cuiuprelieusion nf the fellowla^ deecripiiiin a 
aecdon la given showing the cODHtniction at the pnBi)i|ad oatAUL 
(See Engraving.) 

Tho building is divided longitudinally, (brtniftg below gnaai 
two sot* of mervoira or tanks, which are (onpJuyed altemalslf. 
Tbe lewage pasaes ihi-ou^li vertical niters In thi- upper nnd lower 
lAuks, whereby tha gnmt bulk of tha mntlen in snapetisioei i» 
sepaintrd and retained. Theao filten nm A feet doep aiul i feet 
thick, and consist of ix»rti> gnvul iiieluaed within ^in<.-li |ifr(i»- 
rated boards, thcee being proieuted with basketwork lo prevMit 
dogging. 

The heavier nuitlent of tlie sewage depont thamsdvea at tbs 
bottom of tho tniiks, but a lam proportion of the aoliil fcmM 
ila^f into a llisting hnity, anij^accumnlatw to about 18 itiebSB 
thick on tbe snrfnoe. Thu liquid is conveyed from til* ftagolar 
lilteri ill the upiier tanks by a line of pi))ee Id each dlvtsiaD. A 
weir nr raiher <li^'iBion in tbe tliird or liming tank, caueea Ike 
wsier, then |iar(iiOly vlnar, to How through a chacnel at oaeh ew^ 
during its pnaiM^ through which. a nertain proportion of ntftHI 
of lime, mixed uu the fluor abore, tiUls into it, and oecftaloai ft 
further iirecipitntion to take phuw. The efltuent walvr than 
poM^a turoii^rh another (iller of grarel flnor tlian hefct*, asil 
then thr>^u^h a third, finer sail, tn tbe outfall. 

When aitlier reservoir oontains a certain amount uf solid 
mstt(^r, the flow of sewagi! is cut off and turned into tbe othsr. 
This t^ikrs place about every eight weeks, and tbe Bllerrtng 
nicMtiiini iif gmvel is n-inoveil nt the •aiiic^ time and waabefl. 
Til* Clin ^'n la of the tonka, which are in a itnto of "slush,* an 
thrn hoisted in backets thr»ii|ih the trapdids on to the 4eor 
above, and wheeled out aud uikv<l with the seavenger'a iWbsv of 
the town, tbe ashea, stnet swvoiiiugs, Ac These are bn-ugtal to 
the yani, and a hinil nf «>iu)Huike>l reservoir is fortned of tkem 
immediately ontsidc the building, aud aa tho aemj-aolid aerwage is 
wlieeled into tho midst the dry reriue outside in turned OB to IL 
The lic|uid is at ouce absurbeU, and after being turned over «d 
ihoroughlv iutermlsed, the solid masa la fit for iatnedUte r^ 
moral and use. 

1'hp nshm nnd dry ivfuic of the town are said to be just abeat 
snflicieiit lor the purfimie. Thoy abeorii about tvo-lfairds of tbelr 
bulk ofiiawafff; tliat is U> tay, that one eubie vard of tbaaabet) 
&c. aud two^ttiirds of a t'liliic yard of the eiruii-flukl sewaget laak* 
uuly one cubic yard of solid mannrx. 

This oparatinn wtli commencul io the spring of 1M5. lb 
dminage of Chelutnluun is not yet by an v meau* eomplatA bat 
already the manure is manuEsctured at the rale of alx>ut WNM 
cubic yanli fxr annum. 

None of the lime deposit bad been removed at tbe time of ny 
visit, This aildition to tbe process bad only recenily 
ndiinted. The c^o•t of it is about 14*. or IS». per week. 

'llie outlny Dpou ibb building was about liXif. The bo«M 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANT> ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



141 



dniniag (n it mirabcr kbout 3900^ ilbehMctng abeU 300^000 
(iUoMiu ISkiHinof dAjtioia. Th*ooMor tiM «p«mfa»a U tli* 
««tUl In Tciiuid to b* &. U par tabic Titnl of Buinro, kuJ tti« 
MlhM mr* worth Hrf. per TaitL Tlui Iocs] bowil wiMly fiut » low 
valiM oik tlv! iiMUUK in tli« firrt itHtvioe. Up to the liUM of \ay 
▼idt it had heen •ol'] at fti. 6aL per yanl, bat iw the demuiil 
exooadol by tvo or thrw tlmw iba ■applj*. It wm iutM>d«l 
InuiMdlalclf to nuw tlio pric« : 3*. M p«r jiiril wuld pay iba 
mrkilR mpMWM md inWrnHt oa tlie onUiy. 
. Aa t£« firtt ftttenipt at th* kinil [ most obaerve Ib^t Mr. Dfto- 
gnrficM. tbe toc^l >urveytir, Iim otrtM out tU« work •naj nlU- 
faiDtOfitt; bot funh«r ooiwlHeratlua lilot&tea Boma loipraTaaiacita 
in ■sniiluuy paint of viow, atiil in oooDOcay of ooDctroction tail 
lab<>ur, whii^ may be lueful for futuro gniifauion, nioro MpcoiAlly 
to MimJl lawiia. 

The opemiinn did not Mtpear to give rise to anj hdIauimv and 
tha aflnant w*l«r and aoJid aavage war* uaorly fi^ from uuplua- 
aaiit odour; but tba pmooM may, in my opJnioD, ba ooBducteil in 
■0 ooaif^to a mitoiif r u U> ubviate th* ali^tbUat uffsaflriuiaa^ 
•ran in tke hutbul wiutbi^r. 

Simikr wurlu to tluMc at Cli^tculiam liava juat beaa adoptod 
tg^ tiie loaal boon] of iMtltli at Covautrj. 

n* UjM4f* ror&*.— Th« local boanl of baaltb of t'xbrid^ 
bcjng muck praawd by au injuiinion prnhibitiOji tbn duchnrjie 
of tMaewaj^eof ttiat town iotu the rirsrColne, without ila tidng 
daodoriiod, aaaatriKted worki for this purpoae. 

Tlia aewage ia re«eiv«d iiilo a brce laiik arched ovar. Aa 
nmcb of tbe aolld mattar aa can ba oolwelad ia dni^i^iid liy > mkp 
out at a door lit tJia anil of tho tank. Thin rofiiMi im liara iiptviid 
OB tbe gniuud an J cuvmcd vith a thiu lajror of ctiaroaal or earth, 
knd ia Iben coarcyi^d awnv in carta by the larmatai. Tba lifluid 
nfuaa flowa from tba tanV through boiea Stied with pant cbar- 
eoal In lanpa of 3 or 4 iiicbaa. ft rimply pnaaaa through llioaa 
boxw *oi mtm direct in tba riv«r. 

I jvfcT to tliti ca« more aa an examiile not to be fullowed than 
■a otie po M i itl ug any merit. AIiIioukd ooiiaiderable expeuae baa 
been incurred In ounstmotive arnuigaiuanla, which are aiifHcioiit 
for oom^Iata daodoriaation, eara bM tiot b(«n ukoii to oollact 
(BfomMtioD a* to procaMM which hare bean found effectivu, atid 
It b not anrpriiiiif thDrcfnro thnt th« l<icn] board ahould atill bo 
in Uff^ ditficnltica on the nubjoct. Kudnvoiir* an now beiog 
mwl^ however, to rectiTy tbe errun iuU> whioii tbay bsva been 
lad. 

There ara about 19i>0 Ikitirm in tha town of Uxbridf^c. Au 
«XMiiliulion of the** n-nrki took pUroa when abont 000 only of 
tbe boiiacB were couiiucled vith iho dnuoAfia, and it wua uien 
fbood th^I th« 1i(]uid refuse running liiln the rivM- Colue waa 
mu^ dia<<'>l"'iri.-il, aud lh« aptNwraooi.' nf tlio eri'und allowed 
ari.I^nt tyniploRi' i^fa .inponii oriiu nnfilrauint clinmcter. 

Tbe local bijnnt are r»t.rai(i«i by tlie injuneti<>n ft«tn tnmin;^ 
Une waler into the river, on the pl«n that it would dottroy tha 
fiah; but the «x|>eri.^iioe at LrioMtitr abowri that thit !h not a 
n»WM«fy oouaeciufiuco of tn«tiug iho avWHge wiih linia. There, 
howavar, tha lime water iloea not entar tba ti>yr: eutticient 
rMarroLr apace ia allowed for ita predpttntion before the olOueut 
water i* dudnrged. 

TV B'S B'orfr*— Mr. Butiu, the local aomsyor of Ely, liavinjc 
Mevrly u ISit. niwle iwtiio aooueaaful aiprniiiuuta iti trtnlinj; 
^■a w;il«r wltli clay, waa inclucod raoautly to apply ii, in couiuiic- 
Uun with lima, for ileodorim^ the eewage, ou oomt'lutiDn oi tba 
dmiui^e wurki of Kly. Sewaf[e wurka have In^en ervctoil at tha 
AUtlill. in which the experinieut Iibm been in ogMralion for eouie 
tinie^ and it b atatail wiih Miin|jleta auooeaa. At tlia time of my 
visit tlia place waa oarUtioly <|uica fraa Erom offuoaiTa aioell ; but 
tba (wllaeliag tank luu not been i^uad ta tiy tbe ellect of tlia 
tuanurc. 

It ia found tbal one ton of einy la anflilciaat to ileodiiriie 600 
(ouB of sewage at at praaeiit dincliNT^l nt Biy ; but, lut only n 
|iottion of tha bomata lutva vaterclonti as yet, the li(|ui.l m con- 
pMMtJTety weak, it ia expaale.1 that cvurv houio will in ttia 
eoarae of the praaeot year ue oDSUeoled with the aeweni, when it 
ia auDfKMed that about duubla the weight of day will be required 
fur the ratiie •iniuitltvnf sews^. 

Aa tW aawuge duehargo* into tlio miting tank A (Plata 
XXVI.) a atrcain of day water falla from a oialom B above, and 
Bi«an with tbe aewage Mtentaiel.v Into one of two teaerrotia C 
wlow, wbenoa tlia water Sllara upward through a layer of cbai^ 
I Md sud, aad diacfevglM ij tbe outCiil drain to tha dvec 



It ia propoaed to paai tbe aolkl matter daily into tba Hnpnitig 
ebamber D, and to mix it with dry day poWer and pcU Awt- 
ooal, or with flaa dry aabat, when it will bo fit fiu- remontl and 
oae as mnnnrci. 

Tli« fumaoe E abown in tba aootion ia intended for oonaaming 
tbe foul gaaaa frutn the aawvr^ and for bcAtiug an oven for dn- 
inf day and peat for mixiiu with tbe we4 manure. When tbe 



dminage works will ba aoupTate It ia propoaad to add a aariaa of 
opan tonka, with otbor Allan of ohueoal and aand, tbmfil) 
which the effluent water will pass bofoei) dtwhanta. 

ne HUrhin IKortr*.— -An attempt haa been nuule for aoane 
time at flitchin to luteroept tbe aoUd matter of tha aaw^a In % 
aarice of nwtrvoira uid open pita at tlia out&U of tha new 
draiuAfe work*, without any toeana of deodorisiflg, or aimwa- 
monta for predpitatin^ atnuntng, or filtering. A« might M 
espartad, the proMaa haa not been aneecnfaL An aottoa haa 
been decided agalnaC the local beard for fmQatfon of tha river, 
which will naceaiilaU tha adoptbm of mart oonplatt amuiga- 
menla. 

Tha DarlntMr Vorfat.— Tha w for lighting tbe Dartmoor 
Priaon haa been oianufaetured liM- tbe taat fire yeara born tbo 
|i«iit witli which that neigh bourhood abounda, and aoma vetj 
iDterea^Dg laaulla are beiug elieiwd in tbe provot* by Mr Watta^ 
the reddeul eugineor, bv wLiiid tbe ayalcm waa intnxlucciL 

Tbe pent obarocial and the aminoniuul liuuor,'two of tlie pro- 
ducts of tlienMnufitclure, are mixed with uie aolid nlgbtaoll of 
the extablihiunmt, and with bona diut, Inform a aolid UMnnre 
whidi in ntad on the neigbbouring landa. The liquid reibaeof 
the pivmisoB is pumped np and applUk] for irrigation. 

It may be naefal to meutiou, with reference to the rnanubo- 
ture of u«at diaroual, that cue cubtu yard of Uie dug peal mskoa 
abont 4| cwt. of the dried matarial, and tlist Q cwL of cbartcnl 
are produced from one ton of tha ilriad peat, 

Pmt C^reoal and BogKni Caktj—h* ao mncb di«(i«an(ait 

Srevsili with reapMt to tbe deodoiinog power of peat cbancal, 
fr. BIytb wna inatruetod to malto aoma expvriiaeuta on the avb- 
jeot, and to datarmina tho oomparatlva Vidua of pent cbareeid 
and tlia grannd Bof^haad ooka fiv tbia purpoae. The leaalia 
obmincd are of ooneidembla intaraai. 

It appean that neither of theea aabataocea haa much deodo- 
rteing povrer when mixed wiUi liquid. Wb«n beUod afl«r 
mtumiiun they bocA gave off oAimre ofllovia is abundaMa^ 
but, wh«R Mr^itail over tha anr&Be of otfonuvc matter, tlM 
cKApo of all ivlnur was pravontad. The ex]iciiuicnti ihow tfaat 
the|T liave no power to aeparata matterB frum Holutiuu, and thus 
ooedriu tite previuua itatemeuta of PiofeBBor Way and Dr. lira- 
danton that the power of ebarooal to abaoab ammnnia from tha 
atmmphan) doea not extend to tha aaparatioa of that jpM, or of 
aiivthing worthy of notice, from aolution. 

tn oondeoiing gnaea, or aa a deodoriser of atmoapbera, tbe 
peat obaroual apnaara to have about four time* tlia power of the 
Bo^ImuuI coke ; but, on the other hand, it rauat t>e borne in uuul 
tliui, whnniaa the peat diarooal hM latterly ooat in LiNulon 
bucwccii ii. anil tit. per ton, tbe gnraud Boghead oeke ia to be bad 
forl2f. 

In tbe eourao of tliaae axparimania a vahiablo properiT of 
tha B^hnad coke wna riticai-vred. It i* only with groat diS- 
cul^ tbat thia nuilorial can be mode to mix with water ; it 
rvianiiH a floatilig uiMs on the lurfiio^ and it was found that In 
that pijuitioti it haa oonaiilernlile piiwer of promoting uv^pomtioo 
of iIm liquid below. wbUu olTactDally oondanaing the odurooa 
Knars thut wncild otherwise oacapa. It tbua bcmmea of vahn 
in promoting tbe drying up of oflennre depoaita. Tie aunple 
of the Bo^ecd oolra waa obtained fVom the Chartered Qaa Com- 
pany's worla^ Horaafeny-ronil, a certain jioniou of thia ooal oc 
lillumlnona abide being now tary ganendljr need in tbe mnnnb^ 
tura of tho lAiudon gaa. 

3. DtpoHtion nf the Solid Matter of Cettpoolt; tout He Sifante 
Syttrm iif Draiiuge. 
Tbe simple dopoaitjon of the exoromeutal tcfnat of towna^ aud 
the dnalning off of the liquid from the iKilid muia, aa the nieaoa of 
uiaunlsoture of a portable mautim, in ourried out on tbe targaat 
acnle Id IWIa, A fidl and abia report u|miii llHaa worka waa 
prepared by Sir. liammcll, C.E., and ia compfiaail In the Appen- 
(licDN of the Water Iteport (IMt) of the Krat <iunerd Buatd of 
Health. It would be ueedlesa, therefor^ under any circum- 
atauoM, to enter into deified iWtor^Aiou of that ujKiuiou lien; 




THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECT'S JOUBNAl. 



I»t it iiLin tmlh, mitterlj' ionjipliakblt to thamodeof dniiwga 
whUh I Mmmed to ba IndiiptMble for tbe bwlUi of town 

ipoktioHif asd ODUtltiiMs w gn»l * nvlMBOi in llwlf, tlittt 

dioaM rarcd^r hKve oanMend It nnnnMiij to allDda kt nil 
to Uiia nwthod of dolikg widi tfia tauMtr, bad it not *tUI 
bMB douUnd bjr idmij wbetber Uwt >}«t«B tf drabiaflv ean 
ItMlf b« right wbick iMdi to ccouidemUtt difficollUn in iWiung 
tbe lUI nloe of tb« nAue of town popnlatkniA 

I fear that all andi ob J BcMw wbo would rtrert to tli* ee«pool 
mUon Tiow Uia aat^aet with ^{ricnltttml or coauiMt«ial miiia> 
tfcica, latber than with an aniiuoi regard for tb« publie bealtb 
M the pntnarj eoaaidemlion. At Icaat tbejr moat M igootaDt of 
tha orarwhalnbg oridnoa wUdi a )oog oootae of Inquirj liaa 
bmtght to Ugbt of tha ovOa •■aUlaad by (ha nMiticti of town 
ntoa about babilationai 

Some will admit theae evib^ but mcuDtiun that tbev ariae from 
nnlMUBMaud dHGtctlra aftaagomtuta botli for the reUntiuD 
•ad raiBOvaL So br aa tlila oonstt; i> <y<tic«niad. llxaa d afeet a , 
wfcolhor of oaautroction or trannpr-ri, roost ba adaittad-, Int tha 
Ruia arranganoDta an the rci-y pcrfoctioa of tha qrstem. No 
care or expcnae haa there b««n vptred, and yet it b prorerboal 
tiiat the mat loaioe of the noxioua atmoapbere iu Faririan 
homata la tba CMi|iooI. 

Adoaittioj ibb daogor, eran with the bert aitai^^amaBta, aomo 
will aafc, la not ohaouatiy eqiial to tbe control of theao aob- 

UMC^— «ather to prcreut tbeir paaainv into a dangeroua ilate or 

ooBTOTt them Into iuuoeuoua and vaTuaUe fertUieeia 1 

Granting Ibi* power (o diemEalrr, we niuat bmr Id mind that 
any amn^maot made with thia vUw, moit raoMre dnilr piopnr 
att«ntiuo m ererj sepuate bonaehtji]; and anpptndng tnia tii be 
given, «e«t of the oeoMMu; anangementa and coUection would 
oaaed the iUfmntm of nlue helwren the nfuae in this more 
•olid Ibnn and that in wlitob it U pr«e«at«d at iha oatfall, dif> 
fliaed in a lar^ bod j of water. 

Tbe middeiuteadi of Liverpool and Uancbcotcr are an example 
' thia kind of tr«atnent. Ttieae plaeee reoeive dailv tbe aatiea 

i tlio privr rafkiaei tbej have of uta j«ua berii ilrniued, and 

have laeeiraA cotuRant auaotioD in other raepaeta, with tbe view 
to n»ke the beet of thom. 1'ho ruibn thctnaelrea form an axoel- 
dpodoriaer when projicrlT qhpi^, nnd jot tha tstn of mor- 

tj in both of thnw towrn ■ocm* to cie in mpport th» eoneln- 

a of thuae wbo CL<ii1riiil tliitt a liij^li atiuKlrml of bcallh in not 

be esp«etad until tbo watar^luwt bu btwti (pnamllj anbati- 

t«d for tho niddonattad. 

Sharing in tfaia eoovi<tioo, I ahaJl not oonridar the coMpool 
•n ftunber. Tbe daiMrition of the refnaa and draining off of 
llqnid praoUaed la la* aelgbboiirhooil of Paria, wheieby tbe 
portable otaBore "imadntte" la obtained, la pnoticabia ouly aa 
part of that vratem, and ia ita^ at beat, a moat ofibnaiT* opora- 
tioti. 

With the method of town drainage now eetaUlahed In thia 
^Vomtry, nrraogemtota for dmoaltion of the aoltd ustler of tbe 
age at tho outfall would be inaulilclcnt aa a aanitary opata- 
I, aa the atteaipt nt Hitcfaio biu >howii; nor, if thia oonld be 

Initted, wonld toe aolid poauas snjabini; like the raiae of the 

kria ilepoait, the chief value of tbe raatur in our oae btiiig in 

liitien 1b the water. Here, bdeed, we tiiny invoke the ua of 
dianiatrT, to render that Value again avnilablu in all tonrna and 
plaeea in which tbe liqoid itaelf oannot be applied to the land*; 
ind we nay reaaanablv bone that the great attention wfaioh tha 
heportaBoe of the antjeot haa for aone time aemred to il from 
sdentUc mcD, will, are long, ba orowned with greater nieeeaa 
ftan haa hitherto been attajned- 

n* SfpuTol* Sj^ltm t/ DmfnajNL^FVom the fonw^og obeer- 
VMiona, — first, an U) thn OMiHtitiienta of the aewage of towna, and 
aeoQud, a> to the irUto nf ililuUon in which alone it i« available 
eltbcr tor aolid mauu£Kture or for direct application to the laad 
In the Uqnld fonn,^«e may judttc of the lUillealtiM which pi«- 

it thuBselraa In raaliolog tha value of thle manure, bowM-or 

It detanaincd that value nu^ be, 

Iliivinj; alloded to the opininns of thow whor mnMy for the 
dilRinillv would oonaiat in reverting to tho weipool »y»teni,— 
modified and fanproved of oourae, but b any owo n lyitrm. in my 
eplnloa, inoomnattbla with a due reoard to th« {mblia bealtb, 
■van if prtferanle in tbe Intareata of ^rlenltur^ — I txntte to a 
jfarther difficulty in tha oneatioit, namelri tho additional dllatioB 
of tbe leinige by nb. Ftar the remedy of thia, what i* caUed 
"Uie aepantle ayit^m of dnunage* baa Umg beea a tteB iW iw ly 

'vontad. 



The difficulty of thia inoeaaad dilntioo Uat finit eight ngiMl 
In praotioev and the remedy ao obvioM aad rimplc in tbeoiTi ILm 
I punoaa to oAr a Cnr obaemtieoa 01 the auilcc^ feeling Mfi^ 
fied that the propoeldon of two lepttiMa ajetama of dnlnaa, eae 
for aurbee waten and another for boaaa reAtee la fbwided os a 
niatakeo vie^of the qneation. 

Vint, as to the oxtnit of ditnUon by ram water, wfaleh tm V> 
be ouoaidercd. 

BeoauaeaceitaiDamoBBtafniBUtB in iheeontwof ikiyar 
at a given tptA, It la not to be atanmed that thia nprewota the 
daily addition of wai^r to be applied to the land, or fro«n whidt 
the aewage oouatJtoaDtii hara to oe diaeogaged. 

An annual inbGdl of M bebee, equally diitrihntnl, would 
amomot to about the Mue aoanUty per bead a* the onial water 
eniiply of lIi«|>opulatioD or alown, nanely, SSgalloDa perT 
Whatever the amount of niaUl, however, cooMderaUe 6ti 
tion mnat be made from it for evapomtjoo. On axanhiBtlaa 
tbe Kgieten of rain&U, it will be finmd. moreover, that a vary 
large proportioo of the whole quauU^ or tain nanally Ula fai a 
mall number of daya of the year, whioh of ooiUBe tmty ba d» 
carded ftom calcnlannn altogether; for on ihoaeoecaaloiH of flood 
or etono then would be no attraipt, after the fllwt ftneltf 
tbe aewoTL to nuiko u»c of their oootcnta. Conveyed in aii 
euotmoua bulk uf water ou tboee few dayK the cewage wai 
innoeoona aad of no eervioe for naaore, and thereCira 
Mtfcly be allowed to pam off direct to the outlalL 

ToldnK aome yean/ rvtptita^ of rainfjdl b tbe metropoUi M 
baiaid, I find LbaL about WM-kaffof the toUl nin full in from 
twenty to tbirU- Uuvs of the jroar, aud tuuti days will natually 
be elinunated &<om oaloulatiom, with rtfcreaoe (o the diittribation 
of tbe eewAffe. On half the remabing uunbar of day* la 
whicih nin feO, tbe ijuantity woold not have exceeded the bimI 
daily water aupplrt and the maximum fall npoo other dq« «m 
only »w\ aa ■houlii, with proper anangementa, be naoMUy vndtr 
coiitiiiind for dlatrioBtloo. 

Mr. Walker, at Bogbv, hfta acarcely been defairod at alt far 
ram fioBi pumoing all the aawafe that ho could ob to Ua lao^ 
for, esoept durfag ooa period of froat, be ha* worked on ngnlariy 
for 300 daya of the year ; etoppliic. thmfore [Sunday* of eoniM 
bebgexctuded), for onlv thirteen tUyiiuaall acoount*. Sofitrai 
the quantity of water thua dietribuled over the had ie oonoerDtd, 
even if the whole of tbe uaual rabiUI on lh« eite of ^ebVi in 
ailctitino to tile lawn WAti-r lupply, were applied to Mr. n^lker"* 
Innd, it would Dot be abuie one^txth of tha bulk of water wbldi 
ia regularly ajiplied to the CraigctiUDuy Meadowe in ordinary 
working. 

It is obviouly deiimblo, on acricnllaml grotindi^ to avoU a« 
much aa puwdble any dilution by nun of the aliiaady grmtly 
diluted aewaffe ; and all land water, drainage of niborbui roeJe 
— tu aburti all waten ftee front poUulko— ebould, at far a* pne- 
fiouNe^ be excluded from town sewage. Allow mv. bowtter, 
briofty to conridor wluit ndi-antn^ would nally be oMnined by 
tho separate ayatcm of drainngo Applied U> a town. 

To what area ia the aeparalion to extend T What will il 
auoiiot to? If It ia to he a separation i>f the dniaage of all 
public atreoUt and other public Areas of all kinds, from that of 
private pToportice, I have noon at aome pains to dieeevw what 
proportion those boor to each other, and I find, f^om Ike adntca- 
eoremeDl of tlieae areas in II aemrMe towni of various pnpala- 
tion, that tbe average extont of the public enrfnes Is not eo^filU 
of the ana of Uie privalo prntMiriy. nr rather of that mr^oa «f 

E 'irate [wnpor^ to which the dmini wouM extend. By aepaca- 
on to tfaia extent, IherdVnv, four-fiflht of ttie rainhll wenU 
flow to tbe origiiul aewtn with tbe hooee dniiOBgo, and otie.Uh 
to tbe new or rain-water aewan. 

But if the eystera it to extend, in addition, to private proper 
tine, where i> the actairatioD to take place t A eomp1el« doaUi 
ayatsm of liouao drainage would be neoMauy. Will the loteriv 
of the boiiee bu di^iieJ to tbe refuse sewera, and the eztener te 
the niiU'Wiktor tewore I the stAblo-yard with Ita don^pit to tb* 
onu, the etAbte Itenlf to the other T Or will the wbM« Cram lla 
wiMh-boase aink, and that ttx>m the nocimittlalioaa in hoB » e ywl > 
of the loweet claa<, where the lUavetigcr rarely eBtetii,d(i^alMr 
sevtTal waya 1 

It [a manlfoet that tlur ae|iaml« system. If by il we mean Um 
divlafon of a c3oar water drainage and a foal water drainage it 
almolyimpaasible; l>at were it not ao^ it would aimply be^bi Ik* 
igncnltural view, a ({ucetiou whether il wuuld be ehe»p*r le 
gmitnict this ooatly system of oonpUoated works than tfeajrly 



I 
I 






1 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AECHITECrS JOURNAL. 



MS 



nil ««t<T lo tba had, or ta mate the annge on w«t 
B«t it «iU be obMrrod thu the diatribation of thn aditi- 
___ ..qmuiUiy ii not »ll MOlitbM «ipei»ditiire. Lar^ qoanti- 
tiw of nMaure ftr« ftt all tUDM hnai^t down from town aurfuea 
lij ibId, allboogh tht itTMt wuhlaei will not eAca be found 
•ajtUu IUm m rich to fertiliiuifi eUaunU as vera Uiom otf lb* 
HKtropMH wtamiiMd bj Pnifonor Waf .* 

liiva it ao aofficiaat erideaot of Um pceeiaa rain* of Uimd 
rfnuala: bat Umt* twoM n$tm to MBpew thkt at all ntdinatr 
tfoua* TM7 brfnaddldoa of BMBU* la una waaheddowB with tM 
hoOM Mriragfc ^niia bot ia tlw nan obviuus to tboae who havo 
^vm sruh aMantioii n> tlw nlyeet, htm the et-id«am vfaicfa ia 
ooaatMitly prcMnled to tlMm of tho npldUj wllh wUA aUgnMit 
trater fro'i* Mrrat aiurfceaa bMoniao •xtmnaljr oAanvi^ allhongli 
kapt Mrfaetlj dkliact (ran otfcw dtaian^ i>uriiig rwMled 
liTTBn****'^' Mina of tfao Cbnleat aaaaation* I have espMiCBWd 
WCN Brora plaeoa with wfaidi no bouM dn^ufw whatow «u 
ooBnacted; die BOziaiM nteJl oun (ram the mrhM nfiMO 00I7, 
vaahed bf the ntln ialo gnlUM Md ntch pita. 

And thia coaaldanuim laada bw to tba nMin obfsctioti to thia 
pmoacd Mptttmto dnioMa, namdr, tJwkt we aliould hnve two 
Ibolajatau of aevera aod honaa dnlna inaMad of ona-, »t tbo 
tNat, two wnirMa of fiml stnoaphan lamiflad orer •WT town, 
and each the mon daamona tar that *«f7 *«f>uaUoD. So tlwt 
ona If the lalenata oTaKrionllara londly denuuidad tUa Inat- 
tnont of Ui« cjuw. ami the eoortaona ooat wen oot bb objaot, 
BKABD rOH ntx pKBLic UsAi.'ra wociD rouiD rr. 

In abort the public would ba eallad vpoa to faieor donblo 
aKMaae for a aoanx of gnat aad daddad daagar to tJiair haaltb, 
and a v«rj qnoMloiMbla ftdruitago to agnonltare. 



POLLCTtON OF THE ATMOSPRERB ON THE 
BANKS OP THE THAMCa 

Tiia oommondaaoe batwaoa the Fint ComisitdDtior "T Work^ 
I and Mr. Ootdawerthv Oarao]', and the CommiaBODor* of S-wvra 
■ad th» Board of Woirfca, on (be ninte of the rirer Thaaieii, and 
tb§ poUation of die atmoapbere un the buiki of tlie Tbunea and 
tba lloaaes of ParlinmeBt, hu be«n publiabcd; from whtefa it 
appaan that for K>nie jmn previoui lo 1SG4 the atmoaphen of 
both HouMa of Kuliaiuent wa« olVa inpragnal^d with the moat 
offaoaire odoara; the tnurln of kw wv» nt ooa period eo waA 
aflTeeted, thu the ju>lj(« vcrc o>nipeU«d to rise and Imtc the 
OOOHa. Viu-ioiu cnui« wen nwittiiinl for the iuiDu)-aiioe; XDXonmt 
the TT«t, exhAlatWo* froiu Sl hluiVMivl'* ohurchjorJ, iniperlecl 
dniiu under (he ^uildiags &b, Th* nuiwuice waa at length 
oouipiaiiied of, and tba Mkyeot brought boforo tbo Houae of 
Coamonii: in ooiuenuenoi^ Ur. Guniej waa roqnoatod bj the 
hue Sir WiUiAiB Uoloawortb to invealJKate iL 

Ob done inquiry it wu aaoertttlaud wal the aoDtoe of die eri] 
atoae frooi utiirajiiied gnlly-holM iu St. Mur^tret'e-etrMt, New 
pHboo-fard, aad Rvm the open mouth of Bridge-etreet wwrr, 
wbicit dtacbaitod itadf at tLe MiJdlowx end of Woebaimrtor 
BriditD. 

Mr. Ouraej reooanmeaded lliat tba gnlly-hotw tliould be ia>- 
BMdislety trapped, ai wall •« the nioutb of the aawer, aud thAt 
the eflavio, pent back, ibould bo withdrawn and dcatronvl hy 
apedal mcaua. Thcao •uggesUowi having met with approvAl 
were oarried out, and on ooBipletion the atraogwienu were 
found BUDoeBifu] la roiooving the nntauico; the aiiiioyiuioe ocra- 
plalaed of auddaBly otaand, and fnun tlutt period to the jirewiit 
no eouiplaiata vhaterrr hrtvc boeu nuuii- eithiir iu the oaiirte of 
Uv or in the Uoui« of rarlUuieot. 

AidMUgh the greater uuiuuico was i'uiuDi-(d, a minor luinoy- 
aaoe «m anffertd to remain. Mr. Gumey noommomled tfie 
open ittoatha <j eotne eewen on the Middlaaex aide of tbo rlvrr, 
anil ottitta on tba opponle aide, to be trapped; had thia boon 
dooo, It ia belieTcd the impurity of the air now oomplaiDod of 
would not exiu. The prinoipal teaeaa wliy It was nut done at 
tke tine waa on aooount of a bar exnraeaad by tbo Coouala- 
aioiM«» of Scwwa, that if the open atonlha of the aowore on tlio 
TIioiuv veiv trapped, the effluvia wDulJ Ik pcut back, nud 
eaoapc iuLo the atreete. ExperieiKe haa now deinututtaKd that 

• ta> ttfUwrn ta Uw «ii>nia •»!■• un tu tUntft le lb* (UUvptfli Ihu In 
tewBtfil Mae*. iMk a* iifttnilury ud auiuj psaiid>> t> Om In* ftaoi. iM 
lalifia ftiM em bar h Ivt* • uuiwUiid U ilanur tUMil;; *in( la Oi nui. Ii 



thia Umt need not haro been entertained, Ibr it ia la evldenee 

that the mat Bridge-etnet atvar baa been trapped ew lUwe 

1851, aDir 00 Boali erfl haa ariaeai; indeed, aa a nuther proof of 

iiMcaaa, it may be italfld that the ootlall haa now boon oaitied 

out ondar low wnter-mu-k bj tbe OoaaMiwtoma of Sewen^ aad 

ii pnauaeadj e«^«d. The mantb of the great Tktotia aewer, 

final PtnUoOi goinc np Parliament-atreet and Whitehall, ia alao 

trapmed; Ota mouUi or outfall ia carriod oat aader loir-water 

mark at Hnngerfonl Ilridgc. If any evil had ariatai fnm tiap- 

poiw theea aev«ni (and thev are huge onee), it would have been 

dieeovund &ud eonpUaed of long M&re thia. It ia maaiieat 
... ^ 



atUi diiBial 



ImOkM mttk iklMC Ik uaunrlBl AmaM, or Is vVkcr wtedii iostli man Cual anil 



that trapping tha moolha of aaf aawaia aboat the Hon 
ParliaOMtit may be en>oted witb uaponity. 

At tlio pier oontigvoaa to lAubeth lUaee then are two 
•ewtm itntrappod: two at MiUbank; one at the PenitcotiaiT; 
two at Yauxball BrldgCi one uu either aide of the river. Of 
tbMe tba moot ofonaive U> the Houaea of FariiamBnl an the 
eewera at laaabetb and Hillfaank. The otbeta a&ct the ataw- 
•phera onlr in aouth-wcaterly wiada, and on the bll of the baro- 
meter. Tbey do not nqnire aadi inmediata attention: but it ia 
•aggeated tlUt the tAmbeth aad Hlllbank aewera aboaU be 
tcuped aa aooa aa ptMiihla. 

Then an nnieancea aficotiog tbe attnoiphen of the Honaet of 
ftrliameat from olSmaiva nnna&Dtoriea; the waaat an the bone 
manulaaloriea; the eflavia from wbldi ooaatantly inda ita way 
aocnaa die river, and ia very offemlvet. The wthalallona fi<0B) the 
river itaetf aro alao a eonroe of impurity to the atmoqiban aboot 
tbe Honaei of fnrliiuueaiL 

Beapeoting the eewen on the river, Mr. Oaney aiatee that 
be haa made all neeaoMuj laqitlrfai and ohecrratlana. 

Rrai, In NBid to tba parleda at wMoh (ha flaaUng draiaa 
are 0])«aed^— ta dry weather the nunilba roquire lo be opened to 
the nvcrfor liUing the flnahtng bade almoat eravy tide, but in 
wet weather Uwre ia geuer^y euSdeat tain water for tbe 

Will lagud to the period of tide at wbteli they an oneanL— 
Tiioy ne^ Da opened at any tiaae frau half Bow to higa water. 
At neap lidee tfaey are Mtentd at or near high mter. 

With reaped to tba afboC pradueed fton opening tbe naoatbi 
of the eewera. — Nothing ean be more oAooinra; a aaddeu ont- 
faeaak of aUnking gaeaona aawaga takee place; aa the water rasa 
In tbe efflovia mne ont, diapwing volume for vutoiBe. It aleo 
euapee rapidly, froan the fact of bmng lighter than the atno- 
Bphere. Uo a gradual &11 of the bo^wetcr, naetaUv befaro 
nia, the eaoape of aOnvia ia inanaaeil. On a aoddea bll of the 
baromettr, aa befoio a eiorm, the whole anrbea of the river haa 
been known 10 beoome neatilantial in leaa than twenty nunnCDa 

With reaped to tbe aiaianee at whidi the daacharKU liom tbe 
onea eaoutba of the eewers ia Ut, aiuoh depaade on Uia elate of 
tbe weatlier and direction of the erind. In a ealra It hanp about 
the river to aritbin a abort diatanee of ita eeeapage; but tn vrindy 
weather it ie driven by die wind, and felt to a oomeiderable 
diatanff\i 

Tbe ran of tbe tide In oaUn weather prodauee a loeal enmat 
of air alenf tto aaifiwa of the river, movu^ at tlie eataa rate and 
In the aaino dirvetian lu tbo water. Tlie atoDch ia encb oieee 
folia into tbii .icriiil curreul, uid ia oarried 1^ it Up and down 
the river ae tbe tide eeta Sonettmee volumee of aeenuabrieil 
atncb, eaoaning into tbia oomBl htm th* dlflhrant aoirtbe of 
tbe eeweia aown the ri>'Br, U brought vp br thia tidal eartaot uf 
air, and rendeta the atmoaphen about the llonao paatilaatial Ibr 
huura tc^ielber. 

When die wind ia blowing aimea the ri«ar, tbe mob eneapoca 
will be driven in that diraouon; bat olons obocev <n tlw leewanl 
ndo, tfaeta ia geoetnlly a rataofpvde or waUiae current of air 
which retaina and oarriea a portion of the ataneb widi it. In Iwt 
weather whan evaporation (jvoi the river ia eonaiderable, ihe 
efHnria will npUUy eooblne wiih the water bdd In eolaiiuo in 
the air, aad ramaiu for a longer dme tbaa otfaerwiae ou lie aur- 

Mr, Qnmey ia of opjnion that trapping wvold have a oounto^ 
anting eUto. If tbe nonthaof the aewera oai both aideeof the 
riv«r, fren Botberbltha to TaaahoU, were mipetij (tapped, 
thorp would be a verv diftnnt atate of obaoe^ben at tbe Houaea 
of Parliament, and alao on evaiy part of tbe rivgr. Tnpping tbe 
open uiouthe of the aewera in the ni.'i){bbourhooil of the Bonaea 
will roduee oonalderabty tbe preeent uoiiiinoe: hut lo do awar 
with it elErctnally the raontha of all the aewera ahonM be trapped 
up and down tbe rivar. Tbia would be a grant oemfctt tn iba ' 



I 



844 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCfflTECTS JOCKNAL. 



imblic^ Knd broUotloa to health. The tnpt intuA b« pn>[i«Hr 
nuuJf^ AJr-tiglit, Kiaai in brindplcv Uit\ p«rfM lu eoudlruotlon. 
U U Mid thnt tbe nutulb of th« tnUk« flaabing Mver M Luubolh 
guin ouiuot be tnippcti; but this i* n niiiitiikp. 

Willi w«p«i!i to iIm ijuwiion of dnB)(rr or iticoarmiuDM tUceljr 
to Miag troin irapping bade Uie «tHu*ia of the aemn. Mr. Gnmey 
otiMTTM ihAt no iDooDvsulMMf BNd artw from It^ Ibr Uiiti qui«- 
liou ha« long rinoa boen set at rrst by nrrTUMRmeDta ouido at iho 
Uoon) Ifj iha Oammuarionani of the JSnnH ol Work*. 

Uj. Uuni«T obaervot tliat tbe moutb of tlio Bri'ltre-ctrNtt 
•awtr lia« latcl; alw bam untMpped., the aleiii^h from the maiilh 
of which, about thraa VMra aiuca, wao a gr«ikt aiinu}-iiQi-«, ami 
wiw than tmitiicJ nt Ilia rvprvnvnMtJDD, wbm th« annQVaoM 
iMMCtl. Ftutber. that at Utnea there it a graatOF aadepo of oflcn- 
alv« nffluvia tram the giuworlo at VanxbaU Briilj^ tbnii there 
ii«td be; but that llie moit ofTeuaiira aouroe of iiiijiuritv is (mm a 
bon«-boilDr'« Ctctoiy in FnoDe»«ti«et, LaiatMln, belon^iig to 
Mr. J. T. Ilnat. 

Ur. Ounwjr further reiunrks thnt tbe fiTfwt Victoria aiiwer. 
pllug Up Parluuneul^trLi-l, has likUily tirukeu iu >omewheru 
aboutWhili»ha1I-yard,aud ilint all the Bewaga wbicb UHeil to gn 
tbroiwh thin Ur^ aawM- 1* (orowt <lowii the Briil^^tr«el tewvri 
aail tuit latdy, in ordar to aniiity (trMvoiinr Biuin, thi-y paUHiil 
the irfaoli; of the wbter and uiirl dovn thin umiiil «>wit: the 
nwult beinjj tlie "blowing up," lu il in colled, of the ti'sppqag at 
tba Binitli «f thv aewer; tbU tuA hiu wjialdfrablj' auj((nMit«d 
the pmUlpniinl aUto of iho almoitphvre of the rlT«ir, anil tha 
wholo of the iioiohbdUrhnrHl. 

The Bnatil of Woi'ki, in reply to Mr. Gumey, atato that the 
intet wbioU he »1Ih i^e "l^beth-pier newer," but whi<;b i* 
IcDovu to the board aa the "Arehbiiihup'a iuleC," it nut a sew«r 
Altdvuglotg into ihn rir«>r, but Ja iniTtJ^ ft okxed oomDianicntion 
lictwMii a aowor and the river, whloh can be opcnod at will to 
ailmil the rirer vat^r iuto Oio aewer for tbe pnrptui! of cleimiiiiic 
It; it la lUioaC LVUiplet^rly trappM. autl wIi>mi praiwrl)' worked no 
nniaaaoe can ariw thttvfraa. With regard tn Mr. Uuniuy'ii buij- 
yea^oo ibnt th« montha of th« avom on both aide* of the rlvnr 
friMU Vunxbnll to Itotborbithe ahould be ttnptwd, thev ■tAlo ihnt 
thOK rabjecla ore coiiiiev.-lvd with and dupend utiou the nutifi 
lutonseptiDK "^hemc which hna been aubuitted to tlie Pint Ouiu- 
nMoner of Worka, aud utill anaita hia approraL 

Mr. Onmey, iu aoAwer, uya Im is well aware tli&t the rooiith 
of the lMBb«th-p4Dr aewer i« naed for the adtniMJuu of water for 
fluahinit, and hail poiotoil out how tho ateuoh waa driTnn oiib 
The mouth of LhU newrria doaed bra ueuaCoek, on lifting which 
a qiuuitltr of tlHuvin tMoapea. He liaanad it eaanitueil tvneutlj, 
and Ihula that tho iimuth of thu liilvt la atill iiatrap|<«d. 

The MrtropcliUin U»nnl of Works have, ritioe tbe date of the 
jibove Report, onlereil the axtvaaion uf the nutlets of the Wood- 
aiTMl, the IToraefiiny-road, and (ho GrosrenoiHiitoli lunlu Mvtan 
to low wat«r in tbe rirer. 



lUPBOVKb fWNSTKUCnON OF SHIPS. 
(mh en Engmvins, Ptoft XXVIT.) 
TSB prituarj objwt of tlu improreiaeiiU in ahlpbnlliliDg; 



illiMtretcd in tha aooompanyuHt Flat^ ia tlie securing ineroMaiJ 
atiangtli in, ikod tmikinv; of auiullar dimeuaioiut than uauaL the 
franiowork of Hhip^ by AitAi;hiug to one «r both sldea of the 
aereral tiiubvrm iiuu platat M ban, the einployiuent of whloU 
aUo reudcn it uuneoMMiV to sac limbon ao Urge aa thota ordi- 
Ofirilf adopteil, iboraby allowing mure atowagc roonu for argo. 
ilie apawa Ifetwoeo the eercral rib* or fniuea of tho vcbcI, iu 
veilun tilace*, am tillol Lu aulid aud wat«rtif;bt, ao as tn prevent 
the flowuig Irum oue part iuto auothar of lui^ wnl«r tliat may 
aeonmolate beiwueii llio ont«r nuil inner plaukmg of the aidon or 
wnlla ajid liuttoiD of the voawL 

I-'W. 1 re|fniGota the deck p\iM. ebowiog the eeveml Umben 
F. vitli 111* iron platca orbara O, attaehed to oue side of eoih of 
theui: 6g. i, Biidahl|> aectluni ahowing iha riba or fntmea A, and 
doeJf beama T, wltli ii«D pUteaor bm B attached toaiicaof riba 
aiid irou atanuh«ou (j; Sit. 3, ahtvr phui, ahowing keeUou M, 
and knora M', with iron jJatoN altauhed to aide of aame, and the 
*|iaoea lille<l up between tfao ribs from keel to kodion; lie. 4, 
detail* to a tnrucr aoalay ahuwin^ wood riba A, with iron (JaMa 
fi, lUtoahed by liolla C to ooe aide of each ontaido planking D, 
iiiaide plaaUiig ^ *kdt bcaoia I', with traoi pktca Q aitochcd to 



onenile of aane; Gg. A, plan of apirketting H, UM In batwesa 
the riba A; fig. 6, aectiop of dock beam F, and elantiua of rib A, 
with Ithi plal«a B aod G iu tMh, aeeared together with iraa 
bolta C; Ag. 7, aeetioo throi^ part of the Me or wall aud datk 
of the voM^, ahowinz rib A, with iron u[ate B oo aide of mat, 
deck bcania F, deck jSaukiug 1. ouuide paoklng E^ isaida pUnk- 
Uig E, bolta C. aud iron kiiet^ K; IIk ^ altratuui 01 kaal L, kaaU 
aoD M. irou plftU N, on sidea oTkeelaon apaotn 0, filled m 
between xHm or ftsmea A; fig. 1^ aaction of keel I^ keefaon it, 
una pbitea N, N', on Mdea of keebon and filling iDeieoaa O.alaa 
aide elevation of rib A, nod iim pUt« on aaow B; 6g. 10, ■aeUm t 
of one of tbe joiuta B' of the Iron platat^ «Uh iien atnp T, «ul 
bulla C", to tunnect them together; I>g. II, pbuortopofdittoL 

The pUtee or ban an aecurad to the aeveml tioiMra hy the 
bolta C, and whcro the dedt bcMna bare the ptatoa on me rid* 
the riba or frnmua liave them on the uppoaiu Mde^ aa aees 111 
fig*, i, 8, aud T, iu whid> vaaii tiitj are Mcnred tMJetliei- at the 
cuds by tbe biilia C. Iron kiioea K are altaohod or &ed by bolta 
It, to hold up luid awure the deck beama F to the riba A. 

Whore Jolnta are reqttii«d to the aetenl iltin plalw or bara, m 
at t, fig. 3, the phttea ur hara are coiUMCtMl togaUiar vitli ati 
bolted oirer theu, aa aliown In flgi. 10 ftnd 1 1. One pUta or 
oiil^ Is usually atudied to each deck beam, riK or Irame; but 
■uaia liiiitwni, or where nxtt« atreoglli ia nii|iiired, aa ill " 
kculaou, a pUte or bar ia lited on ench aide, aud tliey an ' 
tuffHther, a* ahutvii in fig^ i,3,S, and 9. 

The pateuu-e* cIaIiu, first, the appIicaUon of iroD plates 
bftra, aa daacribed, to oue or bath aulea of tho baama, koda* 
riba or franiea of ahipa, for tlic uurpoaea of atrengtbeniiw a 
reJucina the aixo of the fnune-worlc ; aud, aecoodly, the Umif 
and iiinkiug solid ajid wuterliKbi the spooe* between tlie aeeit 
rib* aud bnuieii, aud the ouMr and inner planking, pnrlicnUriy' 
baiwseu the kovl luid keelson of the rnaci in certain pliioci, w 
aa to prevent any water thnt may aoeumulato beCweeo tbe oator. 
nud inner planking in oue part of the rt u ati tttaa (lowing 
pnaiiug iuto another part of tL 

The piiteiiteex an M«Mra. Thoa. and R. A. Aylea, jum^ ahip- 
huildcts, Weymoutli. 



DRrriTUTION OF MECHAXICAL ENOINKEBS. 

At a recent tneetina of the Instttutiou, nC Birminghiun, iSr. 
William Fu!rt>nini, V.P., |u the Chair, the fultowiug comniuahs- 
tioni ivero made: — 

Thi! Si-et Tin(ior rend waa a dnacriptioQ of an " ImpTOveil 
sun- (.'sngp, by John Inahnw. 

Tlie apcoDii paper wa« on an " Improved CoBMracilon of SaEsty 
Volvca for Sl^im-Builera," by J. C. Kay. Three rarlctiea 
valvea were deiscrihed. The thinl fomj la generally oaed. 
is iutenilcd and serves aa a protection both anuast exceaa 
ateain pnnure and n^nrt low wntcr in the boiler. Ii ooiu" 
of a bi^aised eoniml vi^ve, on the upper aide of which la I 
disc of nther huver dlametei', tlta ofi^ of wliich is that wl 
tbe valve ia dighuy i^sod bv an increase of prcasnra beyond tl 
limit to wliioh It is loadoil, tne »t*mia then acts on the larger an 
of tlie disc, ami the vtilve ia lifted oouaidembly htsher, girins i 
|ju-;,'e opening for the free eacnpe of the aleam. To render tli 
voli-e a protevlion also against low water, tits valve epiodU < 
eujk ia can-led down into the boiler, and from the bettoio of H 1 
Biuneiided by a pivot n hurixontal levor, carrying a fio\t nt ool 
•od and a balance- wei};ht nt tho other, the two fonnlng the !i' 
of the ralve. Tlib lever la furnished with aaecond pivot, hii 
between the dmt and the valvo-aptndle at a short diaUoo'' 1 1 
the latter: in the uvsnt of tbe water Iklling too low iu the I 
this second pivot ootnei to a hoarins in a fixed atirrap ansp 
fruni the mof of Uie boiler, and the load Is thna token off 
valve^piodh^, su that the valve loime<liaUly rises and the i 
blows off. 

The thlnl paper waa a description of n new "Corred PM 
Laminated Spring," by ■>. Wiliou. The phttee, iostend of ' 
plain (hit plain, arc riXM with a tRinar«rae rarratitre an 
voxity in an tuverted-troiwh form, hy which nn Incrrasod stlllfai 
is imparted to them: and hi place of the oflinary fixing bolt ■ 
rivet paMing through the ecntni of the nlatea and dip. a a 
fiziog-piu isdrivrti down at oue sicle of the ■priug,bavui<a] 
leasUan half it* thickneie iu a noluh iu the e>lgeof«adi p 
By this pUu the fttreu^lh of the plates \» prtecrvod nninjurM. 

Another iskpei eliuwed a sorioa of e&pentnents, with a view I 




THK CIVIL ENGINEEH AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



tiS 



UMTUiotng tli« "HMting Pomv of CcaI," taada bj tho Mil of 
■A iuatrnoMttt inrmud br Hr. JciMtlMUi WiUuDnoi, of Orimfl»- 
t)it>rp«^ nMw Sheffield. Tlie roenlta obuioed from the nranl 
ilocriptioua of fuel eipsriraeoW Upon txt aubJoEn«d; the Agnraa 
ahowing tli« utinibur of IIm. of wkur evnporkUil bjr 1 lb. of fori : 



ChMQutl lor bundij bbiddDg 

OhenweLoek 

Cbarooal prDpuad for sImMo ligtit> rwrj pur* 

Authiadtf i»>l 

Ant)i/iK9M otnJ. kvenn of tw wmple* 



IS-IO 
H-flO 
U'lO 
U-79 

ua 

U'OO 
1CI8 
15-SO 
16-60 
Ifl'OO 



H>r1 Yorlutiira oMil, 
W*II*(«il cul, Vnrlutiirv 
outh Vorluliira omI, amu* of •emt moflce 

ir*Ul>o«l 

BlkaWnii eod, YorkaMre 

Gm> ooaJ. near Chaicrfielil, firtt nrnpla 
DlIM ditto, wconJ Bunplo ... 
From th«M fmuIu it nppnkra that the eranoTRting powrr of 
[ coal doea not ile|«ticl to luudi upon ila contauiiDga Injgo pro- 
|»rtioii of cu-bon, u in tli« vmte of cbaRual and WeUi oou, m 
apou the gaaeoru qaallty of the ocaI. Id one mw, with tvo cjtult- 
Uee of Torluhirt «oid, • 30 fgnia riporim«ut lunde wilh DiEa 
*ppfti»tai wxi fully borae ont bj n A ton irxpsrimnDt with a 
alaani-boileri but iii ruiother iiifUaoe the mii)(« did not agrae^ 
•■kflifierrntBort afc'iitl nH|iiimailiir«rentdea«riptIoiiof fonaco; 
Odala ooupoanl alinMt eulirvljr of oarbou rcqulrlit^ 1*aa air for 
eMuboaUan thnn lh» gaMOua eonla, and noiunavDtlv rcaairing 
ft anikUor fnnuter aiui mmlleT fliio*. Tli« Kaait i^tniiaea from 
coke, which U oaiupouil alraoit uotiraly of oiubon, la low w4tli 
the appMntu!i: whvrRu, with a atroug tlniught uid proper fiir- 
I naoe tl would b« high. 



ing the tube roand b> it* poaitioD. A brgo portion of tlie gear 
MDploved and appttsDoee uaud wm borrowed from the dockyard. 
Cbptaua ClaxbiD, R.N., waa pmeot to aiiperlotcnd oTmytfaios 
afloat, Mr. Branal Uldns entire coDtrol of the nontooiMt lUiu 

At 1-5 pju., 1M wbola of the jirepnntioDJi having tmn com- 
pletod, the po&looDa riided into the rirer. There we«e about SOO 
men aboAM the vemla Mid ajUiore eaploved In the opeimtkia uid 
kept bnailjr at work, ««t>ecdaUy thoae on board No. 4 atatioB *•»■ 
■d, whoae inaiatanna vaa iwjnlMd Cnr a loapr period than the 
otAen. The anrnnnnieata wore no adniiimlily oooducted b,v Mr. 
Bmnel, tlMt not Ube leaat im-fpil'uitv occurred, or the teaat 
Boiaa or eonfiulon prerailod. About a-30 the weateen eoid of tfce 
lube waa placed b Ita poeltion. The tube and roadway ebalw^ 
etrula, Ac, prternt a tnoat uoiqne AppaiLrnsce ; at once a iiMm»- 
rial of eDgineerioff iiiji«D<iilj, njid tlio trintnph of neehMiical 
aoioiiov, M applieiTto pnotioal pnrnMoa of great difficiiltr. It i* 
believed that eavenl moutba vSS be ocmpjed iu mining Ifaia «e» 
tjoo vrrtimlty to ite pvrauuieot plaoe on a line with iIm railway. 
From iu pmHiit poutlon it will be grwhially rai»o(l an oiroant- 
atencBa will allow by meunii of hydraulic prfta. 



THE ROYAL ALBEHT BUllMJE, SAl.TASH. 

OxR of tbr rooet important eiigiDe«iing worka in the country 
ia the bridge w)uoh hoa been for aame time in coune of ounatrao- 
tioo mcToat ib« river Tunai-, And which i« bcinK eroded from the 
pl&na aud nndor the enperiutmdeuoe of Mr. Brunei, in oonnection 
with tli« Cornwall KailvKj. 

Th« l>rIilgo i* to be alt^etfaer 8300 feel in length, the epan of 
aach main i>]ieoiiig beliw (rom the oeiiln.' uf one pnur to the uentro 
of the other, 4IS re«t; neight of ceiitro pior from foundation in 
F the bed of the river, £40 feet; height of rottdway above hlgb- 
wt>t«r mark, lOO foot; of ditto nbove low-water ninrk, 118 feet. 
The main opetiiegi on cMh apanned by an oval tube wUoito diA- 

tmeten ar« 17 (eel nod 13 teet, and encli of wbioli lire oonuootod 
Ly chniiM whiob twether torn a parabolic curve, and from those 
ctuuna are auapendaJ the roadway. To prevent the making 
dowu of tlie tuba, at intervnJii of 40 feet oouur vertieul etruts 
■bove the iNnnta of auiipeuaioii, diagonal braoea coaueeting the 
Mvut* fur tlio purpoae of dblribntinK tho load, the weight of tho 
•action ovi»r «acb opening bein^ 1 100 tone. Theea lectinns when 
fixed in their iMrmannnt pMitiooe will Bl«ait with thatr ahore 
«iiit« on brkjc pillara, Bunnountins gnuiite and liuieetone |iion^ 
Mid their othor eud* on etaadanle anuporied t^ four oetagonal 
cnat-ir«n e»tuniuii, 10 feet dlametwr, and ruling on a aoliil gnnita 
einular pillur, 3'i feet dianieter, bnilt in tho centre of the river, 
and abindiiig I'i fMt above Iiigh-water tiuirk, two of the Iron 
ootuoius aupporlinir each eeotion. Prom the buttom of tho road- 
way to the top of Uie tube at the centre is niraat TS feet, muI tho 
whole ii Dunatruuted uf raalleablo iron pUtea. The eectlon of thu 
bridge hna btwu munlnct«d on a tomporary quay by the wnter'a 
•dge, xnd docks cut under a elage erected for the admiiuiaci of 
two pontoon* kt tach end. Theae pontoons draw about 8 ft. ff in. 
of wnUT, one foot of iuiueraloii beyond their natuml draught 
being e>{ual to 830 ton* or thnrcntmittJi. By mnnnit <•( valvm, the 
pootoona admit water into tlieir intariora, imd wnro thus paused 
beneath the end* of the tnbea, aud wbioli, on olaetniT thoio valvee, 
roM wilh til* tide, and ralaod their imnienae wvl^t tli« height 
i«i]i)iiv<l. At the endi of the tnbiM bed plittea ao<l rollera allow 
of tlirir free esiouaion nnd oontndJon anilcr mining tempera- 
tnrca. 

Tli« important and intereeting ptirt of the work that wait cur- 
ried out on the tat uli., wna the nJainc nnd floating off of the 
firat or woetem aeoticm fnnn the vard when it wa« built, and 
ItAdlng it on the pier*. Five r«acl«, borrawed from the eoreni' 
SMBl antliP'riliM, were nuiowd in a iiurainirelo nboro die tirldge^ 
CD bMrd of whieh woru powerful craba fur the purpMe of wtiq>- 

'o. 8W.— VeL ».— OoroBss, 1857- 



^^ en K 



XOTEB or THX MOTTTH- 

Tiiic Board of Works fer the Ilollxim Diatricl have elected 
Mr. John 0. Halt, eolidtor, of Brunawick-ruw, Qaeen-eouuv, to 
be tho repreeeutative of tlie dlairict at the Metropolitan Boud at 
Worka, in the ehuul of Mr. It. B. Soeley, nwlgned. 

It la now uudcratood to be ilot«nnto«l not to renew the atteinpt 
to Uy the Atlautic cable this yenr, The nble is to be fiMrth- 
with ua»liipjMl Tiv^n the lioldi of the j^^mniennon aud Niagam, 
and atowoil nw>y for the winter in the govemiuenl doekyiuti m 
Keybnm. There it is to be wdl tarred nnd nltended to, to pre- 
veui it fron ruatiug. In the meiuitinie abuut 1000 mile* more 
of cable are to be manuraetntod, which, with the qnontitv iu 
band, will mako 3000 uillea for the nperiment next year. Yhe 
Ajamemnon and Niagara will f(0 into wlnt«r quarter*. The «caA 
vf tilt- QUsucocsaful exjwriinent is ntimaccil nl ahoot 'JOfiOOi. 
The company are iud to bo iunndatod with huudred* of de^gaa 
fur layiug the cable, and for improving the mnchinery for wat 
punfose; and Rlue« lli« «MumeiK«DeDi of the month namerona 
atiplicatioiu have beon made for patent* in oonneciioa wiUi ma- 
eninery for aubmsr^ng enbnmrine oiblo*- 

OvE of Boydell** traction englnea, which has beeu pnrdiaaad 
by government for uic in the Koynl Anrfuiid. made the journey 
from I'liirlforrl, in Norfolk, to Wai)lwich, drawing a load of tim- 
ber ou fiiur tnicka, tlie forcuioiit uf which eontuned II toaa 
10 cwL: the seound, 10 loan, 10 cwL; the tliinl, 9 toua, 10 owt.; 
the fourth, 7 tona, 10 cwt, together wilh a mn laden with ooals, 
water, tie., tho whole load, incloding the engine, which woigbi 
about 1.^ toua, bcdng ST totia. The " pnttom*," or endlea r»il< 
way, enabled the engine to tnvol over tlie uneven and leg^ lins 
of country nxuin, senile of which werewnroelypaaaablcoit necoaol 
of the Inte heavy mins. at the nversf-e fate of about four mllea 
an hour, aud on eut«ring Woolwich tho epoed was fiur grMUw. 
Ou arriving at the dockyard gate the control of the engine waa 
romarkabK being, with tU complete loiul, convoyed with niucb 
(hcilily into tho interior at the dockyard, where the Umber is 
■tored for ihipbuilding. Thie is the aeoond engine wfaieh hna 
beeu purchued by government, and fa on a much brger anle 
Uinu tlie former one. It la fitted with a cuupio of T-in. n-lindeta^ 
and L* a^id to du the work which wi>uld require a team of 00 or 
70 horscik. Colonel Sir Probj-n Huntley, of the Kost India Com- 
pany's service, joined (he train at Epiilug. aud nooom panted It 
about eight milca on the roiut to Wonlwieli, in order to reti^ Ita 
eScienoy on behalf of tho Indian govcrnuioui, who have etttond 
into an engag^meni for the purchuw of a large number of tbe 
endlosa nulwnys, for tlie oonv«;pauoe of troopa, as well a* to wosk 
in the wtton and sugar pinntaiiona in the Weet. 

Adviobs Avm the En;;ine«r ootm report rapiil progreMi with 
tho location of tho Hondiiraa iDter-Ooeanio Railway. Th« A llnutie 
diviaion had completed th* MCliftcation of the Ime, 4^ mile*, to 
PortritlM, and had advanced to join Mr. Traaiwiiie betwe^^u 
Yojo* and Ojos de Agiu. Hr. tiliddon, denaty agent, bsil 
raaiAed the capilaL Lieut.-1.;uL SiAunton, R.h., hitKly menilier 
of the eotaniiattoD for aettliug the Baropenn biiundarr of Tur- 
key, and Serjeant Flucfa, RC, have gone to Houduts^ to revie* 



S<t6 



THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AND AECHITECTS JOURNAL- 



tli« vtoA now in pmsiMt, und njroti to tlia gnvonunent on tli* 
rOiUte gaier*Uy. Thoaa officer* mitrd on the 17th fmtn South- 
&ropU)B. Tie rolbwing Are extmcta from * tetter of Mr. W. 
WltilaliM)), OM of tli« uaiiUuitroamiiMni on tli« Houduiu 
IntnM)oMnlc B«Uitw>l, ilnt«d San Ptdra Sub, July 14:— "I 
■hkll Man nwtv with n? party fitlMD milM from bora, ic Vi»a, 
imd from tbera vo uliall tak* anotlinr lonji Btrid*, perbupa to 
ToJoB. Somo one about Omoa bu Htnnod a proj«ot to bovr n 
nonthljr or temi-mODtbly lUumer to ruu tb«nw, via Bdiza to 
HsVHw. In that ctat we will have a regular mail rouU on 
both aid**, ami uu atnd |i>Ct«re with cortainty eithnr wny. 
As to our nDrvny. oji fur n» wit hnvn goiin, wn hnvc |[i>t n bcao- 
tiful Cnrt-olaM olMap road, with nuiy ^iradoi a&d rcr/ sUjtbt 
aurvM. Wo are <0 milM fnun I'uerta Oiibnllmk aud have ruuu 
lia fWt only." Colonel Kinney, in a privat* )elt«r to a g«atl»- 
man of N«w York Hya ^-'* I BhoU l«ava Ic-day for BaliM, and 
retURi to San Juan, via mj poawMions nn tho Mowinito oborr, 
with a view of eoining back to MtablUh myaelf bore, to Itiid \ 
btljiiDg liand to tint {[roat nulroad, whicb i reipu^ ae the load- 
iflg fotcnr^w of Uia age. Wbtn in New York, and vntU 
urooutly, I had mr doubta ■« to tha practicability of Joining tlia 
ooMiu throTidi Honduras, lint Kince I hava coma on tho ground 
I am aatJafSciTtbat th« work ia not only faaaible, but, in oue word, 
tk9 route butwean tb« uu." 

TiiK RuMino govemmeot la dot«naiiiad to profit by tho Lut 
war. It hu ciitca^ad for 10 yuan tha MrvicM of a party of 
Fivuah itud KD)(ti>h on^Dwris and tha first work the; inteud to 
oompleto ia the railway to ^e CriraeA; ao thai if TruoU difirrvuoMt 
ahould ariae with the veatem puwero she will not givu theiu 
anotber opportimity to attack her io that qitarlfr. 

A lioulonniit in tha Fnnch navy, M. Vaii^v, hai inrnnttd a 
new ataam seniw propellar, which bo ^la tJio Autod aorew. The 
liupravemeiil ia founaad on a rery nice obaervatiou of the direo- 
tioDN taken by the pLrtiolea of ttie water diaplaoed and impelled 
by lUs acTOw. A aoniiuia^n waa appo!nt«d to compare tho 
working and rwulta of the olrl and new asrewn. Tho pnrnona 
conpoaing it ombnrk^id, at Toulon, on boon) the Viyilant, an iron 
ataam deapuudi boat of IIt>-hor«e power, Gttud with the ordinary 
■crow. Four trip* were madr? aluuu a iiienaurei) diacaoco; tti<^u 
tha acrw wan replaueJ by that uf M. VcrgDa'a tnvoution, aud 
four othar tripa were luado along tlia aama Hue. The raiult 
ahowad a gain of 17 per omt in apaed with tba n«w acmw, and 
the almost complct* uippr«*aioa of tbat diaagraaable vibration 
uauul iu (orcw nipamora, and which in aniaU TCaaula renJeni it 
nrinniiijr to niidcc tho hinder part of the ahip heavier and luore 
OOitty than it oiherwiae need be. The iiueatton liiut boen raiawl 
wbatW the aaina ndvantatfM would be ootiuned iu large veoela. 
Some acicotifio panona belTavn tbat tliey would even in a (neater 
degree, and giiro rMuoes for ibair belioC Thia quettion wul booq 
be aet at loat, for the fimoeror haa ordered the experiment to be 
renewad, tliia time on a iliip of the line. 

OxK of the bntTieat and moat coatly vorka over nadwtakeo br 
the Clyde Trual ia now approaching cotu pie Lion —tba new addl- 
liou to tha aoutli qtMv wall of Glaasow HarlMur, Tlie langtli of 
the new wall is Doarly ono-tlilrd (« a mile, and whon oontploted 
tlient will be a alntch of quay wiill, wi^alwanl fn>ni Utaagow 
bridga, of 20i9 yattia, or fully llr mile of (|uayaft« for vwhu on 
the touth ude of the liurbour. The eecliun of the widl is curvl- 
Unaar tn front and vertical at back, ia in tbickoeaa 7 feet at top 
and 16 Gm at bottom, and oonlaiua about (tOC^KXl cubic Esat of 
ma«*nni; and concrete, or about 47,000 tons weight. Some td 
tbe itonca employed in the wall weigh fuUv three tone, and the 
«nly dreMing they norive ia from the " bicV." It is iut«Dded to 
get a depth of !0 feet at low water, so tnat the Urgpiit vcaacU, 
whan htdao, may lie allont at all tinias of tbo lido. Iia oat ia 
about W,IX)Oi. 

M. Pallz Abate, of Napl««, rvoeotly comniunicatod to the 
Fianoh Aeadamy of Sdnnm* a now Bvatcm of mouldioit. which 
gina to plaator Ui^ hnnlii«B and dantbility of tnarUi-. lie pru- 
poaaa to eniplny tliii mibatanco for all omnmenlal pur^vinHi wlivru 
mwbla oraU)Dfl biu boen iireviooaly used-, aud from oalciilHtinna 
irtlicb be haa niade is of opinion liiat it will cost only ouc-nf^h 
of the beat cut atcoc 

A bridge ia now being oonatructad over the " River Jordan," 
on the line of the Oataaegua and Fogharllls Rallmu), io I'onn- 
Hvlvania, wlitch la said to be iIm bf^Mt of the kind in ihcUnito) 
StaUi. It la 1100 bat h>Bg,«ed i« bniltcotirelyof item — the 
tgaam balag aspportid bj faoav; iron towen 100 feet Ugh. 



Ax American eollMtion of modem Britiali art, oempffaJBg in 
oil pictvni, and 1 7t4 in water cotonn, baa baeo maoa^ and wiO 
be exhibited in New York during tbe moniha of Octobor and 
November, and alterwonla in Phuadalphia and other cities U 
ooutains some exoeUent apeuUneiu of tbe modern art of Qnat 
Britain. Tha pnijeotore eunoalve tbat ilie time ia arrived 
tho lEtudnHl iotcllact of the two eooutriaa ahould bo intcrcbauj 
in othor fomu beodea thoao of litaniim. Tba name* of Ij _ 
fellow, Bryaui, ami I*raMott are »* Gimiliar in the Old ooant^ 
aa thoae of Tsnu wu, tho Browainn, aud Bfjuaulay, in tbe Kew; 
nod they hono that if they auooaoa in r»udering w«U known to 
Amerions tlin hwat luunca in living Itritiab art. tbey aliall be m 
lata pnvioK the vny to tho knowledge of Atnnriean art in ESg^ 
land. It IS unduntood LhHl, iu the event of a muner-anoona^ t£e 
profita will be applied to the promotion of a kuowledgeof BritiA 
art in Anieriia. 

M. dc Saultiy, a member of the Fivndi loatitiit*, who baa 
pniuod •onic time in E^ypt, and ia very eonvoraant with lb* 
ar>.'h»olu;;y of that oountcj, aUitcB tliat an important diaoorery 
haablc'ly^ieenuiadalnoneuf the lombaof UMapliu^ of« wboK 
library^ of hierallo papyrus. An Arab, an uent In the p«y cf 
the Dritiah UtMOUm, waa fortunately appiWT of tbe matter, anil 
bought up the whole loL 

Thk dminage of Lake t^iduo is going on wotL Uioiigh tbe 
vcrita ocBl mnch more thau waa anticipated. Tbe oaJc oen- 
trea, for tnmiiu; tlie ar^iee in the timea of the fionuun^ ban 
been found hard anil black, and a>)nie liave bceo tmed Into a 
variety of articlee, aa lablea and aticka. No objccta of aatiiaity 
lute boen futintl bendea n Gbw ooiua. 

CALc-urr-i waa lighted with gaa tbr the tint time on tbe 6ih 
Jnlv laxt, aud the public lampa have been lighted sUatUly evetj 
night aiooo. Somn privata hoiiaca are abo lighted witb M. 
Maim are being laid, aud additioQiU li|(hta extanaivoly ereet«£ 

Ua. SaaiiKio, tho Ameriain en^uoor, who conntnieted tbe 
Niagara Suapetuion Bridge, and who haa olTtfted, for a ocnaia 
Rum, to ooupleta that acroaa the Aron at Cliflotk, ha« nocfltly 
boen oceu|)iwl In making meaaaremenia, eiamining tbe atate <■ 
the plan, &e, with a riaw of doflniicly atatimc to uo eomiQlUea 
tha ■um lor which he would fininh the work. In onawertoa 
quoiAion ai to the time neceaMUJ to oomplel* it, he aaid tliat ha 
oommcocml the Nia0u«>bridge the day aftar he ligned tba eeo* 
tract, and that It waa ready for Iroflfo within II montba from 
that Joy. If arranKanwiila are mad* with tha «nglDa*r, » abort 
unoppooed bill will b« obtained early nest aaadon. 

Tun great ncwlandiug^tagcnt Princo'a-tiier, Liverpool, foraaa* 
gobg ■tcomer, luggage- buaia, nod tnga, •• m one reepecta lailnra. 
Owlu;!,' to the uliurtiit'xa of the bridge* by which it oomuiiuiioaiM 
with Ilic pi'/r, they arc iimctically iiaelaaa— exoapt a Utile befof* 
and after high wiiler— fnr the conroj^incc of carta, CArria^ea, or 
loaded vchicha of any deacriptiou. llie angle of inclination ia 
ao nuute, that no nvnilnble amount of hone power cou draw tbe 
loAila up. or " HltVLily" them in going down, with (afelyi and 
there is no rope mid cn]>»tnii to meet the dlfllcultr, aa waa iba 
caw at ihn old Smcombe alipL Rir Willinin Cobitt baa beea 
ntarle nwnra of the inconvenience, nod acoonliug to tbe itatemMt 
made by Mr. Hornby at the counctl meeting laal week, be bM 
merely odvieed tbat the autge abould be tiieil for aome liine in 
tta prMent oouJition before any alteratious are attamp4ed, in 
order to aacertoin tho beat way of effecting tham. 

Thk Gnat Britain a now iu the Sondun Graving Dock, being 
ooatvil with Peooook and Buoban'a oompoalliou, which bui eMaib- 
linhcd tiwtf the &vorlt« comuoailion for preaerviiig and kerning 
clean the bottoms of Iron atiipa. Botidea prtanrrtug the iron 
plHl«ii, it ix founil to nild apoed to the Bbi|ia using it,bybeeomuig 
shortly after iinnieniiDU, ilimy, like the Wk of a fish. 

TUK North- bridal', Edinburgh, aa the greateat thorou^falnre in 
tho oily, haa JiMt baen made the subject of an expenuonl in 
causewaying. Tho traffic in coaobca, carti^ and otiier ha«rv ea^ 
riajTB*, is couaidorablo along tbia street, nod hitherto tbe oraJnafy 
mode of cauaowiHring withblocksuf whinstonc in r(galarco«ua« 
hna beeu found luautltcieul, the pnvion being Bcaivdv ever «r 
the loail. The vxpvrimeutnow put inaotioa coniiMi [it Bi^lfiig 
a bedding for tho pnviDg<otoiMa uf macadamised metal ooaverteZ 
iuto a sofid maaa by hoa^T liquid oaphalte poured over It. Tht 
pavinit-atonaa are tbeu omn^l iu wide-couiaat^ ai>d tbe ints^ 
sticcB are filled up with Ibe name miuecal aubstouct^ tik, aeltal 
oaplialtb 




THE CIVIL ESaiNEEU AND ARCHITECTS JOUKNAL. 



847 



OOXPETITIOXS. 

_ I VMIn •( 81. UuT*. Uitff'm, viib t> ne»n daatou Ibr tha tmliam of ■ on 
VartfT B<U la IW ^riATPnoiniu 4U. ul lU. Tko MUilil to »• «MpliM4 
fcrawBMtunAiWtMW. tlMUU* hi ta te talk* <Mbla«&ta. riu if Oa 
(ma4 Mt *•'*'■*'■'■ B*r I" oMUuJ u U* natrr oOoai, tl, lIUiwP«iau«k 
llHlllM rilii|»lll ll 111 III llllll Til III 1l IT 

XbBoiWKnwdtf lUljiR. Ofikriljm.in jBlniuarneBiTluI1u(u>4 Knlmatai 
*rlkiHmeUgBert»Clu»*UHd*a BMnH> L*dn ud (nr (soh*lH Ibi BoHd- 
■TMaA. ItewBM WHuita tiTtkalMUmaliM IIr4)M>fltrr»,Ulortk> 
&■ »w4, BiUfHlHM. W»v. <J vlua Hf '■nk* tomwifaH BIT bt •ABUwd. 
Tliaia jltm rtith einUu Um »>> chipslt Boda um n»f vOt k« pMMnd. 

nasoUMtiilMiliinol BomMmhi htntefMt mWirfill eoBAlM k< lahmH 
dMdin iw a fniinuia at umiaiiimUl AanoMr U !>• owMl la Ihal dif, Tk* 
AMMi<BtUf(*Ji(l<naM.iBilauirta(<Mntd HalK Ite <M It dm w aiat4 
■MM. Aiirej.iuuiuf iiiiL^ll bt tr»H<a.Ut4ail^tiia»aimmiH*tlaMtr 
Hb*rnMnM li (XiUBm, lb* Mb •« UM. vID ka flHal allks <lkpKl rf lb* 
Jaiy. aad »r (fpnnawd H tlwr >»1 4w<^ la Ik* (vol of tt« anMiHa i< (ha 
M«M dain Ma eonliM H <kt ■ubv of III. ka k U naitTt. tBd>fM«nil>_(i( 
*a 1*^11 Siill^ M knoJrMlMmMl l»a» t— UWk «f Ika ukah oelkir. Ibo 
i»-Hniiri 11 tl wMla tvUMtnkglKmomtetaul. 

•natanarnoMa «r dXt** ■" ■■''<■*' <»rlka arMloaol ■ MinirU of Uia Onit 

BiWHUai irf im rrHDluBi IMnUifai. Tti* iliH for HBdlnt la ilaitat tl c«- 

■ rdtnar}l.»M. A ocJa nf 1 t»«fcai» <fc» IM U anlpikiitkM DO 

M. 

nwOnataUanaf HallTuliTiUliifau hrPABoIbAata tauaoMil i9m«l At- 
■*aaM(aiDn& l:uUa«lan maj ba kad opoa anOMIM U Ur. (I W. tiMaau, 
a* banu(k tDflaaia. 

Fbaaud iiimlfcalfaBi Miifcinal to tho enrtM <f M. horiMboiiU, XotllOiliaBi. 
fWUeatan alU ta tiusUbad ou tpiilicauon to Hr. Tkimai Ilsltan, SIiakiiHrv-inllaa, 
Wiilimliiiii 

BalfuanrMCiindtlirlkaanciiMiif tmPrtMialB 'hilaMid «»bi 0«Ma. Tka 
art •« ■■* •/ a* nlMU M ftna ^10 nOM U tnd at mtNL . aad Uvl of Ik* oUkV 
■IM.WK. Tfc< aa^af iki ari— m Ot— li iwHa anaaij «t.WOt. OmkIm'' 
«<kwd l»f Ik. <M iTteMi la ftria idtmi., ■Hk IMkar pnMana tf )«gt aad ML 
ftr Ita HNul Mri Wrd li*^ Fh Ita lUJta br lb* pilHa la Uaua Uia pnUiMa 
•Stoad u* tIM Ml. aid ML 

OnarntTiot Avitnai, 
Tkn i>>niiiiitiM ku* U fa C la d Ik* dai^n of Ui Tbomu >m ik* Aitnad TMIUagdlU. 
Tit 4HicD nBiMt (t • fUiaa I bat kick, U tx (itmuil to Rlcdlas Darlih. ud 
ylAMd aa a rideaUl uf gnj (kuIM, aod tiiag fi«a a aiAat of kniad Ufiia of I'uik- 
akln *>«•*; (ka akiili Imioc la bu h^fk. 

InovniMAL run-MTnoK!! oiuvntb irxnsK 
AltKVPUK.ST ALT. 



tttl. J. CMpfc ftMMH- tamnvMat* IB pain* Imoi 

lltv. a. P. Ilacbak CaWatn. Mar UaiOacMd. CtnumdOn—lwvninmaM M 



ikc anoMwIta or m i aaaiiiil tt a tMk-fcBrtaa satUaa 
ItM. W. ». ktttv aod 11.^ IkBMr. UUnll-IiqiivnB 



nlala 



toTM, R. .fachxn, tx Dbb, and >. Balds. ■ai»l«r- l«T«»wwM fc 

rdt livm* fof vaTiat 
T Ifiilirj llaiiiliiiiilli. rulTiiiliMii Tfiaiiiliai il iimihliinn flii Ilia ml 

Untluu g( luid 

Pulmt ftwvil 111 
»M. 8. tMaalbal, Ibd Uwnv»i*- li«lt»ni— liiriloa on bulk *IdH tl a A*M id 

Mar bi a Atla Ibb^Ms •■ aa ardlBjiiT IKkofnnklc or <i<M> iwiM 
tIM. g. IMwalir. J. Mtauirt. «oJ T. BjHwiIw. ifall r* i w. toifciMw laitw- 
BOOM Id oaoUwiT acMBC <>P«. •»< "i «aaclfaa ■Ufc.nMiTAaUtlDM^IV 



»i»»fcaiklMn plaU*. i(U*laad hnn pioda 
IIM. A. WalI,EullDdl*-nad, r<ipl>r~lBi)i)qraMoM 1> 



MM. A. WaU, bn ladla^nad, 1 



^jjamalln. 



lUuBMUi 
roolar— ItaiavnBHti lB«BaUi« anaUic attOtaa 
»». A. /. Daulih SoalkaapMbaUdl^k CkMawTl— Ibjiiumbi la kapi 

(H iBflvU caarluoi, lUpir «klB^ *Bd «»ar all toBp* 
UDO. P. a7Mh«i&1. ■iwla. Half— A aa« Baikal td. aod typaiMaa IBr. tMUll^ 

al laah Bfid In oikar mttfa 
nut. C. r. VihmM. ftMniiaii. dliaad~A mlfci oamiaiUmnil*. ICoauBUaiB- 

UaalnsD. ds Laiyiad H. d. da CbaMamiMit PitM 
noi, K. Land. UuehBtwr— liii[mi>iuBuUln<oifa^ T*l<ia. pUiHk aodnUBpli^ 
IWI. r. TUt^ Vlnola^iB—dnnnnolalktk* Bade otauiUoii out, (onnlnL and 

iliii.kliHi mrulo dMCflpMu irfmilalllr UOm. iwI of vLhk i* tiia t^ftiaSit It* 

nlkv lucb Ilk* paquaa 
ttw. H'. Itinjt7. Uu;t. IabcmUm— Ininrwanta Ib fUaii>«iic!BM aad 1»ai->iBiu 



, Ka w l mMw i. Baiaan-ainai^-lBlwd m«ko4 of dladianciu, 
iBfcBiaFKtBC al«tl»te Minb ab)ah«U**ar >*?>• °* «"'' «« 

rior i^Hua of aax daiotauCB 
J. MusMamrftMal—ImtconawBM la bnakloi apparaliu t« 



■EW yAmrTB. 



ttoi. R aOkt.Caoauu-«nat— Ia|ini«BiaialBlb*naiwb(iiin(dinaa«n. (Ctn- 

nvDlcaHao] 
JtOT. r. W. arv't'loonad, and K, GaUlad. Wobla lM t Mathiouij or afpaia- 

111* te luldlBf and BMrtat Ikkito aad w^aicaUn lb* mm* 
noi J. kl. HtiiUr, Viii*.tatMl, Vorkcvud— luiinonuumt* lo ipfuatai tir pajlDI 

aui aabaBrliia Uifiapk lakliB 

OuUd ^mftul 10, 
tm. K I.. Bnnka, KapplMlnM, Kwtfl-i 

pajlof hbL aod ankoia 

arUidn, timii ikliii « 
Min. T. Oough and J. ... , .. 

nUide* uul wi ntNaj* ur w) Dihat mad* or vv*< pafitof wkicJ) br*a|tpUcaU* Ikr 

nMuinaaU^U^m b«i«t4i fiiardk and drirm of tialB* 
nil. J. (Ma*. W*lliicWB4ln*> Xvutk. >UrBitd~luf(aii<al aiau ud kgaUai kiuld- 

U^K aad « laellliallBi Ik* naapt vt luiA* ud jnai Ifcawlroa. iQiBimiiakalluB 

fmn X. Lunala. Niu«, Fnaui 
Ult. K. A. MaaauB. rU*MM**-AB*>BMkode(dtf*aaUB|M|uaado>kNa» 

ttmlB«»maH.*adidwd«aga* m t|l«|*»«Bkal. (UdbbbbImIM 
ItIA- U. rarlonou, Trroi»4MT*e^ Baetur— An In^mnaM la nMil drip* mUl 



TItK rATIXT LAVS SIIT T. lacrui, 



IhUtt Ham K. 
ll«l. X Whiiitcr. Kudulilc. A Law. lJtlltk«BB(li, aad J. PleWkir, URlc □•■(, 

XABTaaW*— lBpr«*aiurula la HUaJK^tfiicbiB* 

ruMd Jtti II. 

ad kiick-Bi 



I UW. a •aila*, Ckao'atylaBa-lBiw 



t-Diaki V iTfTiln* l^^iniiniiiMfatlffB} 



ntit4 Jvig n. 

JtH. ^ l^kjlo, Olai^v— Iffipnfnl urFhauifld uraaipncal tv voatlnc 

Itttmt Jiit a. 
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IOdib- 

r<o«nd .My 11. 
1. MoteiK P>ri*-t«prBi*DiBI* in coairilai oanlicM on nllnji 

MM, r. A 1. Bobmt Pari*— IniimiiBisatalB uvanlniuduUuraiKMaMaiaBl' 
Bi^ aad TTf?i4MH AqlHiABfM, 4Jid IB ik* fforlnoBtMl of olli •mplo^ Ikairla, aod 
\ Vkf^ nmr bd Eued fur •Abtl ifi*fiu"« 

HibX .hlN 11, 
Ml4. I. Hull. Culgfaa. Praada— EnuKmiral An nfiilalor 

ItMUi AofmlM k, 
■It(. !l. BniiiiK. Puv— Ao apiHrdui and or*ii for IM iMhmilMnrm aad dl*llllifl» 
«f all kaliaaJ aod »v|t«labiB BJMI<]n 

(Aiud *v*' *' 
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IllilmJi •!■. . >n><l-. -'Ik •lufh nirHta, kaolMd or nkaoUfd. ilofle or dnkit 
flul. itiT tiiii' i>|>r>ir<, ilrtinrr. ninilk liMiikul Uiwe, aod TarMiw glkor tnl- 
ola*. bf ia«u> id a IruD aklcli npliaaa ike Jaaiaaid laoB 
ntua Jafwl d. 
tlM. 0. »Ili«r. VT. XtiUe, utl W, Uolnrd, llalllkl— IrB|>rn»mtDU In (alltag, th*' 
ylac and vlulnd aud, and la Iki ml* aod B|ip*niu «D)>kijtd tkoeln 
fhiUd JaouM IL 
lUt. W t, WbadovA and J. N. flcilik. ManrkaiMr tfwnrnB m tiaro* aud 
Iku iilmiiliiin — iiamit ih ri-i'ti *|i|iU<:>lils Is hTdnoM ami U|aloi itat '"VXij it 
«a«*r aad *lk*rl>id* 

fl*l*« ,da«i>it U. 
lilt. B. I'lin. llMwkMlir toiwmawBI* la ik« pirlllcaiinn of nrlain gtttt, and la 

lb* uiuiisiliB af iMr prodad* U Ika raaoflfkct^ vf aiixai 
tin, f.). CanllB.QiuKeiWHt, Kal Uan-*i<uu>— laiprutinisal* la btaak* (kr aul- 



tlll, A. t- Aixkw. Pull— IsptoraaoDti it elaaiic Uniua tat Udlaf poUiBMlB aoi 

Blkat aunitaf aiiiidaa 

ftelsd A'mK IT. 
IIM. J- Atutkan. lllniiliigbaiB~AU9i>«lin|initnl(ui(ckirpiiKlni vira ud ibwl 

aalaL aod ht uitii Uk* suipoaB 
Un, p. Ckialibul, D«> Work*. Dviid**— InprnfMoul* la alnidarUd aad 

IbcdMb 
JIM-'P X- Amawkl. CnniKliwL TTtiliiiluMt— tianoraiMM Ig lanraniniti ftr 



Bfrandniu aad lirfi nM'y Ue data at tk* pBtw, Thick ImM m a ima t t* aba indliv 
aUs u ixkar (MlnoMatiu ■kick Ilidila an nqolnd b> ernilau or vorfe la (nb*t 
of Hoall bur* 
flHE, J ilrM, linafkva— UBprov#Dimb4 la muh Inni. and in appanioi to k* ara- 
uloffd ikcinllk, ablek apaaraiot I* alio appiluMn u> iks huauni una luBjilai ap u( 
a owiliBBiiu AKalailoB «f U>|Bldt la tiff naaillaaUckliB*; benHuiitWd 



I piofW 

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tlld. D, Heauiwrt'. Xfw Voik. ralwd inir.m An tniiiund niiiliiid uf dmaluf laUI- 
dAm for kalUac rtei Hd uilift trtla ka'log knU> or kuika. ;OnuniuiicailiHj 
m, Undftirdi YoriBkUa — iBinfaainB la nlln/ bnata 

nit. W. K.lUil. Omwa-alWtt la[i*BwnaBlala*|i>«ralm [otm«a»aitogandf«|l*- 
Mrtot lb* ipHd aad It* — ) oC ablK and ladliaiLiw ilir diMoo* aBWDtdUkai. 

[OHBmBaUatlasCnai Ibt Harlai ValoilBHiuiODaipvt;. Mi-a tutkl 
nilt J. OJaraand J- BoU. U»'T*o>—I'"l«">' ■•■•"*' ^>' "•"•brprlnUiig 
tua J. Uckfaaar, Ukldeii*.*Hn>rktrk. udW wuui, wuuioru, «)«unBikln» 

klaoQ^clqrlac Uauld ttnii nUbora, ud rvodAftu^ U ai ^l&dkDI a* tuj aitlAclal 

ntaaun. al • aaiaU udiom Iu ibt Itroitr 
mi T. K. Lauranl. pluobar-la>-klliin. Fruaa— ImpioTtd Dtatdaa hf tasUl UIH 

and oiker ■iiultar wUcIa* 
Itn. P. Aibmin. Hlikmond'boaat, DaMoi— Alam alcBal* (gr Ik* pnnMka «f aa* 

drot* oo rulvrtj-* 
tin II. cwiatijlil. Uaaa.Bnaalri.AhiDiiakUv— lopraraoeuulackaammcUgBri 

tAtAln vlitiliVt 
lUL 3 Uiucllab, arm Uilnrn, Wcimalankm— liBtnTmaola la Ua pupaialkn 

tf d'^'ljrb 

nit. J. I>iitu, Ivu— ImpivnBNiia la nfaiallof or coalmlUBt nllatiand ll|kb 

me. 1(. Qllrta^ Ofcaa iWT tot l »n«»ia ui t* la tka llaa o( inaa-Ti iili. aad la 
Ike Bnbiid of fraptUWg Ik* (Bsa 

(Mid aivmh 

trii H. DIrAfc M o ojit l B *W«** Improwd flra ai M *. (OBUBalMUoal 

mu, O, suolatadir aia«L Kav^iaad. Ktakotgad-Wan^r— Tko ktalat aaa««n|gB 

'if a dmabliblBEkiid donbl* bulla Em b*»ilD( Mtk kot lauar, otaankMv k*(tlMlMnJ 

bulMlv. nt— laaAMwaiwa. Ac An 
IIM. r A. OaMf. AootifMD, lAUoahlia— ta[(«Taaeak la Ika itiannfinwiia tt 

(dilvrloe aad avlpbute add 
tni. T OtUK l»<ndo-l*.klooc«— lapcinwBaoubtlaoOBlbrwcafUd 
sua. J. nncklmlL Ktla ^ n i '* Ingvork^ Kaadlac— InpianuiM la tot— *r 

dniiiuiii iBparaUDf ton wd sikvgnia 
UU. L UtlioB, Ulin^iaB— tapKinBMi* lo mKluiiiical panbUMi to k* >B- 

plo;td fOi batulBf paipoNB aad tm Blnetliit Rmu uid •twD^ ol trtaa. iObbmii- 

BM. P. t). Qwilluar, tin Y«rlb Ualud »Wa*' 'A un aad uafUl *">»•■• Iu Ik* 
tnausMii ol oui-tioJ •kUa Walnf fton lb* nolica ilaMliilii lb«l of baliqt kafdceid 

ur t«ijij''iTd. aivl wlilrh, Tllbwrluo tw^lluoa. ia appllcablo I* Ik* otjAlii^ of l*al^ 

uuiruDDuu, aijo^ •koal*. ut lii|«u 

llaOi Jutnud IL 
nkL 9.1. BtaH^ Smtk-dratt, PlatboiT— Uoprond Un ftr Ik* akMl* af nIMr 

f^rritff*^ toeUH*. aod tiadan 
KM, U. IX Uuia. St, I*inanl't-n*<. Bui lBdi*-ra«^-liifn*^MaM la Iki <aMn» 

Uin aid IB MM nttkod M wntlut alnilUBiia 
Sn. A V. XaMiU, CkaafflTI Itor- iHiinnTviunnU Is WIB|il*t in laoBA CCOBMnt 

aUcrnf^n P.C K*1IIi. Iluira, Prion: 
UU. T. Rlrli>ii. i~,»il> Ii'niiiiai7, ltu<kiu(bsuiabl»— iBfcvnuani* la n*aklB*iTllx 

uirlug Ht<lB All'] ni4onn 
UU. A, II Ill II. Ill 11 III ■iiiiiii tia|i nil la Iku mniiiimiiai nriiiil In Biiuiiii 

bian. bMOWK Bntltai Uakt*. and oUnir Ihalluf naali and bodin. 
nW. tl, Pui and J W, «laW. tMllltld—ljD^innoa BolallU eaiii|iaiuHl. ii4>pUCBkk W 

tka BauBbiluni id I uVau o*AI artMai 

fiaa^ Jo0iM !£. 
Ifll, T Maoulii;. Kioredllcb— Inpnnaoitoci Id «p|>*rB>na fnr ntidrMliii IkMMiMs* 

TUonn u1<1nf f'™" Ttmtak ouUm aad otlwr Ilk* niBBiilutan* 
flfl. r PiHiuii. >UubMtcr-~lBpnr«DtnM ID iMBtaiBa wk*BMlt*dlatk* tiilvdiia 

«t nucklDta IW pn|awlBt. i|iinBlD(, and dwibUai rauoa lod oilur ttmvt oaMiBB 
BU. K. yuitt, brsfMaa, b*u Uioclioaloi — tnimiToucou la kaiM 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOtTENAL. 



M. JtWt-wd-l wiH i l— IWHtl in ■ppuMM 



nu. a. IT. Rfnaiaa 

imiilu^H in d«a*«Wa«i«tmMlHa«il»»ii>li trtto ft«» iKfit 
StK. C. C Jhbh^ KotwDd-inn— tiB|iivnin«U in EnpallLDS vank 
nt;. Vr. iricbolU. CtupptiibwD. WUtiAIn— Iraptvr«i( iiiptniM ta wmniiui nUV 
tMt. II NfT. UnqihiD— ImpivMinaiiM la Uif aaMnuUui at nU> tir nulnji n 

iniBVut 
fU>, /. no&ilil, UriirpDol^iapramuBttlfllHlagDr d"|akUDcnlniuriaff klcp^pb 

tMm 
HM. J. Fwa, On«vlib-'IiTj|in>nim«Bl to «|if«n(u fui uUuR Ibe ihruH i4 icnw 

ud oboarfad protBUTa 
tMl. J. J. Tultr. wil U, lllulAail, 8hnnn*— Iminvinniu la (li«ffi bgllai ud 

MbMfnniMB 
nil W. Mutw, BalMrMnM— tnpi«f«d mctlinl of imiloii ^sn Amstiiawar 

HoAfan pv^ iDd Uiv Duumfketiir* of A Dnr &bi1o ihirrvfffqD 

iQlaufu, uiil IvtitUic flbrvm tubaUijuu. :0)imuiiulc4UuD ttvm IL UuliQDr. KiH- 

bunv, Vniioc] 
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diR«ilimaltkalliniBf«ai«alria.«itUmblaMU» rtttnlBa |a« o( IgdanMln* 

■hi ciMiuliHii(B>rufgUiBriM)LiD-aB0Da^aiul(oailiarpiiiBaia. (OtianiDilBUaa} 
am. r. Kill. IbBcbHMr, am J, Um*^ Rtlbn;— InpiwMMBM b bhUiht or 

iiqiwtcut for ooMut (•li'tU or oibtr iliidlu IiUed uUdM 

KM. J. (Mn WalllutaiMtiHt SodU, SUiod— InpronvBUta In tbe muu&iolan 

b( Mtp. I CDrannlniun) 
SBIT. T. fiHintk tCuchiiMr— InpranncMt la aNKblaerr tor nlMni, lonrlnc. Wa- 

innlnc. ■111! canpiiaijiii 
•Itit. w lluirwni, UniiUHil— iBimmcumia in icnw gillf (ot prrpwum m-iJ uid 

bUitr Akruut nbiUBiiH 
lUK, T. Sultb. Uudumn— tBpntUDnu Id muUurr et apjiiimiai (ur siulio^iig 

■vna bbrla. tapn, laUlMr, w>d «lli« uMnrUli 
ItcHi A, V, Xtaioa. CEiuiatr7'lue— iDjmrcil tabeUfmjrfuf kiia*lui£ *1*>d|1^ (Oaa^ 

VMl, 11 nviDt C»Uo Aoro. KvHblk'-laipfDTiimpott In coTtmor* for tfUuB Bod Mbdr 

cnflm 
HH- A. V. ICrmni, Cliunrrluin — riBprand nwBU ot opmiUB| lUd* nlTB (ttrtti* 

tndurttaq wid fidoaUuo of liitum In rw l u fBotlnj tfiuti^urlpM^ LQ«Bmimk«ck>n/ 
■Ml. J Ooodaln uil A. Ilord. Uinegi. Cuipila, aU(lliiCi4ilr^~togpnm<nsBbi la 

BhuUiiK rriiiHd aoua and lUk bbria IraB oglaariDB luuwi 
tM^ J. Witili. Brlual-lBproml tuipiar 
nu. T. Hnni, FiBiibanii-MiH*— IioiinncnnM In BuUntii fat nUluf uid l««<r- 

Irijr «rl(hla 

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StM- J, MtpfMAf. UftfiahHla'— A nuiDhlnn or AppatalaB IWinaliUll or dnmlan 
tttt. W, llirtint. J. H, TMd. ud T. UuUug, Cald>r rmudfrTllanil'y— iBpnm- 

nn, C TUmsimo and J. Tbwipuii, PuUhan^ tAaoai4ilr>— lapnimaiU In apfik- 

iMiu flK dljriurilBf cmiliiuud nHt, air. orotbtr Buidi, fnnMsun (iip*. itj^ 

«f lladtr^ anil Dt3)N uiparattu atHn Biaan tt umO 
SM*. A- V. Xaldn, niuoiiT b» — lD)inina»DU u bakan* oiKu. IGommiiDl- 

oMlonl 
ft;i. k. AjMaiv EilJrtmlrli— iDnvmnfirt* Lu aailelT agra or apparatna for ifiUioa 
tf'l. F. X, Oaulll aivt £. Oiiuia, Pana— l(ii|ininiBIBM iB pnpatla( aud UHUBg 

■«pliadal la ordf to abiaiD ak^nl 

/MM .«i«vM n, 
Mil. K. Anita, BfJis»«nat, AidalpU— IminnDMita In nacUBa [or ihapliiA wd 



cBHIw ndala Md oibat wtwatm 






1-^ 



iDU la laitiflra 



ipnmoiHii lu iba muiitiKitan of aba >ud« Ima 



nrt. K. Wkluao, AtoiRfUia, lawaibuv— Impinriinvnla h (oacUjHfT ar appantiu 

■v ntUu ii|>M uu'ialllo mllrf* CTlladan fBi ;rnuiliiir ii|MBa>UoDud vibar oiaMrUli 
fm. O. CBaUBnif. Kdlntnitb— Uivn>T«)B«Dia ID a[ipa(al» Ito tbgnaomaUlc, bf(n>- 

invirlr. anri hanooaiiic ynrpoaaa 
tllD. /. Plilitr. CWtliWMi. IfoWUigtiHiuhlnr— tmimTBnmt la Hit mannbalaft a( 

iDbMu ml or laM U« 
tlH. J. A. Cbaitlar, Boalh ifcoiA, nmboiT — Impmreiaiiuli is aloaui-civlDea 

IMal Jutftai II. 
nn. J. OlIbOTl. (mhaD, WoKiManUn — Imimnswii In oatilwd IhniUiis 

nattluta 
3M1 y. SfiBtB, INuiiUMun. IjmiaitUra— Imprm unic u u la ill* mustMlut (< anl- 

idtnrlr ai^d. and m I'ltUli^lnR hTU of anmunU ibon^ 
ta). r. IlotbrU. Nii>— IniiTvnd fatuM w tnaH^ Cor BunnfkcinilDi pdUoaU and 

uUivr iriua* afwDiaBifB drraa 
tlU. vr. Ouk, ChiiKwr-laoa— IfDpnnDSDU in Uo apnUeaUaa of pirUUa ralU or 

«a;« H tabldaa, itXunmnnlmlDn rnn A. J, flare. OrMinu 
' H- Bdaaintail. liiMkh .'Isiimwinnl Sa iba !■<■■«• at Ihndllni mxMiwi 
0. 9. OMUni ud U. K. CoUais. Old Hi, Pancna-raad— tnliniiiiiiDala la Ike 

mmnlMtnf* of «lil1d»n a cola aail tBouUlc ImlitMilt 
OR. L. OUboraa aad C U. rwbr, Duko-MnM, AdoltAI^IaprarancoU Id apiiius- 

W* fer pqlBt oi tiMUic ulecBpk taUoi 

OnUd J>fMi*«r I. 
SHl ■. OoaM, Ciwnh** Bantlii Lumabln — ImprotMMnla la luaiiDc UiiuMi oaid 

k UtadUbib dTatOF' ■aplbi, olearlu aiil alitnf 
SStO. T. UnuUiid. ^[uiil'Iaiirvmr a|>panlui for nahliiR doUiaa at anlola* «f 

awliigatipai'l, iihirlii|>|ani(DaUahuappllnitila loehoniinc 
9PI- O. lltu. IkfULh li»cli'Miobu(, PortbiUn— lotntrmdaia 10 reafdDc ud moaiDK 
^^uaeUaBB 

II. RavKuii Latooflor— ImprOfomaal IB OkaehlDflTj Ibr onnbLiif vaol aod vUnr 
rs 
Q, W. lawa,BUUier.«iuan— taproTaamilaloaiipanUH f(« MUKUiit alanuoi 

at m 
MH. T. Un]>> U-JiniiHHi-an™!. M.O«o(Si'>*nad,lhHilb«ik.aadO, /. OladMowv 

fiUdivaU— iDinnmnnaDtaloaiiparataaforluvTrLocalul la<Ung bo tbll^ bnta 
tlM. K. niiatt, aoMb SUidda-^rnvntnunU to ubatetpaiifaf, b} ablch lb* hnnkr 

Iff fata of ilu pmKiii prAw of ukiag pbofD^npaia iirtuu ut avoidad. and loipra' 

4nia mn aliuioni t^ ^\j ■lit 
BM. it Tayltir. ELl^kKiiEij. lj«rir^liLr^-lTD|irvfpiiianla la looroa 
VMT. %• titttv^K jun,, aiui A- Tavla. IS u ia liawvirad alactWHiaagnirtlc uaablar 
nH. X. tSack. lAiMn, aaai Laaiam, IViDiM—lapran 

plaaalia 

HM, K. Lrlch. UucbHUi^InprtnoniaDialoaanriHtioicaTUU parUidBiadilsnT 

•r ananlaa wd In rirrrirnl -ittntrn 'Ttirn ml TllifTITbnm aiiTaiiiiiaa 
tMl. T W. tat*. ^MtliaaipiKu, tmc Mud. Pidiol Sum— Inpcnad ^«n<i'* 



'lapratMWJiGa lo Uk loiiitjiKtiou uT 



ggf alK 



andinUl ta Aa oUNOn of abalw ud aUwi puyoaai. 
MM. A. V. Xntofc Chaaoaqr-laaa-laiinnnnla It iMttn [M faa wd uUwi Uunidt. 
iCMOMatoMlHU 




tUM. J. tHWfc twbilrtii lnTWH«iiiUlaatipanitiiil»niBlma(tfc«i 
air la tunaOB 



AaM >VI*iaIW> I. 
u. F. Paniill. HoalDn— InpnmBHnUlBihaaooHnalairtbnitaaadaB 

*" ' ^pnaroaata bi «■ airia at «■■»■ 

(to mUos rf 



uoi 

UM, T. ll«ll>DdtDdJ. KobWT. 

rananni ibF nuuHM tDd up aolabw 
Mud. T. /aiLuu. Onbard -atnat, nii«na»«t^i*~lmpfanmwU hi 



■mtrillai nri pan^b 



lUanfQrla* 
»At. J. IL Aiht. II«liRioa<Ia!lH^ W. Fntaon, BIntal, and W. »rm. MnML y«*k- 

abirv— ImprotcnKoli In rallnir (WmI* 
tKl P. a. Oardumr. X<* VvriL Dfiud Sul»— laprvtaBanta In Ika ■ 

aind nllroad oBi ipilnt and aba «< na* and onHol inanliliriiij Tin iBifiiilin. a 

tadw■nrl(ac■i«lplaMaotbanlBlaaKk>prUB^aDd *-■—■"< B»d i 

tho laujiUi Df «ac>i fpriat 
iWi, a. IiHkjp. Ufitlonf— Impnntnanla In flnvanw 

mil. J, Y. Iloflaod, M.>irlinji» lmi-imn,.«.)- it. n,.j>fiff>ir7 fnr [■ ijailiM. i 

vlodluB. and 'Iff^Mlfia BbrDw malanala 
nu. LUcnaa, taito-InpnnBWM In appaiBM ft* embaMat H« voat Md 

oUiar (onlnHUbla oitlaan 
till. F. B. BmW. Faria— InpnngBicntt la atargaaoifM 
Uia. T. FuiUJoaa, Uatiuiiianlaa— ImpRind BwUud of ohMnlic idimtalaB Md 

lu^pioalllin 
Dli V. W, KaoiU. Ckinbcrwall.~lBipnnDaU la oaalraottu Iht i 

otnilnja 
UIA. J. A. Parrlar. Paiu-lapivTBioaDla Id Iruaptnnt pbatofniiUo 

ibotr appUcaaioD u tlcraoacupaa 
Sltf. J. KibanaiD. Kmlub-lgm— LDpisTamaaM la fiunUBih aud l> tlw BwauupHaa 

or pnmalios <d amuln 
UIT. vr X. NnUB. OuDOiirr lanv-IiDpnaonaDI apcUotble to nHt to- nthtg Itm 

or nbtr moiala, i CUBUoglatiia . 
1U«L J. XuHall. UlTar^uwa, and I. Waao, 0<— rllaOBat— Iwpwa Mi t lila ta tu 

glnvat 

Oual Stfiiwttrt (. 
S)K. r. fcoO, OaiadB-iaini— laipiDnmaiiuiuiBaiililiiaafHolaaalalkBliM 
Ull. T. B. WUklo^ HUnlHgbaB, T. UUmd. Hatbcnr, niairiiiXMiB tB|iaiB 

DiniUtD(teoD«»laM«aldlBa lor alaaplig boll baTflilau aad rtiA MM Ik- 

pnmMaiaw«alMVpUaAI«lotbaataBiplii(ot aUw aaA Uk* afUtta «t n» 

BMBia 
nxa. ft. Joboaoa, niaittKnii— ImproitmculalnpuriiyiaKaadlHaritBnUr 
Mil J, Kbii, CMnoii-airaM— [upcDivaiimU lu tlia mauaboran if SiaU bbI ititi. 

andinmiidiloDirfurUialpurpcaa. lOMnmuiUanai)) 
UU. W. K..ND*Uin, Uhunr7-U*a~lafnimMUU In olMhi or Ibakaapoi. iCua- 

nniiliBtlnii) 
UU. W. K. VoMoa. OuumrT-buia-IaiFroniaoata In Ibo naonfMWn af ■ aMQrt- 

lliiu to U anptojfnl In Uw pnpantlau at iilpicnla. [CgouwiaMBlloa Mm Oa 

tDvmior 
IilU. II. Anibar. OlinnaMrattOBV Halint— l in protamaiil* la BOtalapM 
113*. f- A. lu C^inbTito FogUlDMiorMg, Ijindou — laipiuiod UiMCatpar dial. aba*li( 

IhaTuci tino In lUitmol oouililaa, <Gai«nuBk»Uunt 

U3t. H. lltiUpr. JllrnilnifbaiB — A nrw or napiwd boarw 

■a». e. A. In Ooiuta ill FValaluaiBunan. Jtonihatngl, riiiiliiij riii|iiiHkMM la 

V^K). A. Waltrr.snilT. Walkor, HboIW, taiiaikibLn— iDpfontunU la Iht I 

ur pjdpAiialuM uf luvuUU tut cutluf loalala 
till. T. tloodrUld, Oalldbird— InrrvmatDM la auna and Ibapkeat 
tUl. W. UMaaadW. U, Lena. Ntv Vatt. ■''nitad StaU»-bipn> 



BMlai 



1 

■larW^H 



buldvii at fnas tar ptiMoinpUo canana 
VUi. U-. MItn. ItiUadalii^ I/allad ittaM-IoipnnnBeaU k bodot at lanlM 

mlllitureiianitliitt la niaub ar ilana 
UU. l'. J. IlomtfT. Tana— JaprotoaiBnU lu nuAf'pm noting apnnlua 
ISS*. L. A- luiborl, Troai]'. u-ur Andlan. rnncf-An Irun alfalfU^dn 

diMl^ad for atrpuglluiiung aalla. tdjifla, ot iuoa]dlW(a 
Oaiad Miarior t^ 
ana. a,l, raiwn. AddiAI-iiTTaM, uAT. t^rlm, So*— luiptonsHiMlBMH 

of fnarvloa »i«uiu la Uu budan of atoaai-ftifllav. aad la nadn^ tlw Uoiparalar* 

Biaan ftiruwroaca 
ail. B. »barp^ Bnaml^iiarfc" iMpmwBMMlaalacMc WletKpfc t> M «^*d la Iba 

appaiana iiaid lUr pMlui ou aaeb mMb 
ua. J U. lUUar, WaOaitM, PalM aMtw-Auba DcadMaa, H*U<*bla n 

tiaain aoflaw and othn purpoaoa 
IMt, W. Ooinird. Uraal i).i«tn-Mraai, Uocola'a-tDn Soldi ~-Imprond af^watui Aa 

uppljlni air, rnodiiatad oc purv. la parauu In coaJlDtd a^onenla aod otltfr pla<M 

iVLUlrluf ii^oUlalian 

IiiWad SnamAir i. 
IStr. L. l.alouTni>1. rarta— An aiqiparBUH hir nlablug afeM awtora 
ntu. L 1^ H. Itiii'iu. rnhi Iniiinrrmniri Intliii maiinllrliiia iii pmlnWliai iif mm 

nnnut tniiinii m pufelaigi Oir ktitliB or (Kbar fooda 
lUI . J . BaMaiMi. Uar»^. and S. Llajnl. Wcdaoiburr, Illa9i(dabliv— Japrai^Mda M 

aiAtt>bMi7 Cor Jwartin Inn and uitict inrtala 

bulal Arranabrr 10. 

3Ua. 1. HDgr^aiaa.Jiui., Olainw— liBpnr<ig«au lu tmrmcbic ■«■■ 

lur, W.Jamlnnn, AabUwoudorliTaa— IlapiatEUuiiiU in liiinu AvvMilaa BiMai 

bbilaa 
SUV, R. nouihla, DrldMtt-p l a w Impawd pma (R pajHUnb ai»aplD(. aal ••■ 

biiuiui, vTolbwvlialiiraitUDioaliiaiiar, Irailirt. nr nllarlailrTlah. aadlxUM 

ami rfnalnt >7rMt 
UAt. ' " "-■-'.■111' f.— 1-^— '-J "I I i*-h1t-l1la|iiillmMnfliii 




I appanaw. iCobbmi 



or [ac« aud HiLtuT Ulrica 
18'^^. vr <-njfu. .\r»iil]irhani — loirtvraiunta [n Iba mainf^ipr fit 

lu lubhlu uul or lalitlm maohinarr 

Dainl ^Im'tfT II, 
UAV tC A. F. llr^nuuoa, Parla— Impivnu amott'inadaaalDg 

4lklO' 

Unr. J. UUK ManiilitaM^BpraatiDnU la lb* naankotar* of iBj^ Maitad pte 

a|i]lt pini, and (Ulinr aliuDar ankto BDpknrad la ilia eonianKllM ■» ktaiiban 
ISitv, A. II. Scirau, l^wl*— lupnTNMBU In tlw moaculUD of Ina iwnlMwi aBk 

ibi" mauuLirmrp of cok* 

jiri. (' ■■ ir'T "r r*! — r rrlmil liii[iiiTiiilBMiiiBii»nii <M»i»ta|. MiaJ 

Ude. aod ladlaatiati on boacdahliit or thmU, « Mbat plaiM 
/Ued ^(MmiIv It. 
SITL X. 0. L ds taphalbfua, Pula — iDpnrraaHDU b TiaUna Md olbiT 

innvl''al lU'irqin'^Uiif a alipUar nalar* 
3);i. J. liuUi'r and J. 1111*. Biaaalanliv. Vaikiblrt— lupiniMbani la 

UD BlioeU fur ral]"a; uarruiM* 
UIT. 1, V. UM. UIhibI, UtlBian— Uacbloerjorappafaliului ImAlaa aad 



Ajm 




THE CIVIL ENGCfEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOUHNAL. 



S49 



OBBTF.n ExnTBrriox op ART-TEEASUBES 
OP THE UhTTED KINGDOM. 

bwcbV*, /ItaftH XXVUL, XXIX, onrf XXX.)* 
W SraoincjiTioK. 

■ buUdtiu to be «i«et«l od th« Old TraAjinl (Mchct- 
Dobiiiv tba 01dT^«flbrd atatioti. to tlio Mmth of tlw 
irdaoi. wd bahrMii them uul the Soatk Junction and 
n Rulwkjr, in tlie pontioo iadickted on the ground- 

Hie builitiiut to be rwtuiguUr tn tJ>ii> 900' b*04d ft&d 
exdoslve ol% 21' pmjcotioii 104' wido on both the coat 
Von(«, ao that the tj>tal 1«nt^ U 704'. Tb««e dtmeD- 
fMiljio tho ukin botldiDH, oiid m txdiuive ofwing^ 

anflmtj ataticia, pUtforui, Ik. 
ig b divfdMl loD^tudluU; into ecotnl hall lOf 
t«o iMe hall* Mch & for tbo txhibition of ptotnrtta. 
I. raeeplioa kud refreahitieiit rooma aie a/ruged ^ 

■■— Mkin dniua to tmannnoe at eaat cod 9 below anr- 
tve a gradicut bU of 1 in 100 or thamabouta; to wib- 
liULtad gradnallv jncrcaMi ti> 90^X1,%*. The dmiriR 
glaftd waro pipe-dnuna well and truly Uid, uid Juno- 
Mting drdnage of inaiii buUdUig to h» foraud. Cm the 
the aoil esarated to b« mUoawlth aAm, ao that tli« 
a naayfonn an iDlarevpUng dnin for tho nplaiid wnt«r. 
I tbu feniMd to be coonoeui] with main aewcr at point 
WM «Dd of railway «tatic>n. 

!(im.^-Tbe «wt aiid wi-tt front to bo of Mcik, and the 
la excavated to lolid blue clay, which Awajna S' to 
CDtire aar&oc For the idda mil* of the hailding, viU 
.ant depth to be dug rai^og io » oouiee down tl^ line 
n 1Mb iddeii of the bnilding, asd apaced S* apart; and 
ice widuu the boHdlng almllar pita to be eicaraled 
line* nhown in plan for the ^nrtiuoa* between gailerlea 
bnlL Trenehea for foctodatiou ileeper-wallii, &c., to be 
ipait aeroe* the entire width of the building. 
rki—'Vf»iiit and picrn to be bmit in every rcapeot aimi- 
rceabW with the drawiogii, nud of the thickneee ahown 
;he foundatJon of each w«1l to havo four oourMt of 
lach coane to project one-tjUArter of n brick on each 
I liie hoc of front wall to be built with but icoonda 

I UMrtor aot in flem- 
ioinu eompoMd 
Kundatioua, and 
p to bout walla to be eieculrd in beet hard-bomt oom- 
a; tlwae re^uimi for external &oe of back wall to be 
i in mortar cf^mpoewl of beet buxton lime and diaip 
lia proportion of I to & The whole of the doon tnd 
idiea to be executed of Ht* beet [dekad Mconds atodia, 
LDged. and dreaeed ofTi and to liave iiwde krehea two- 
' brIoK rime of the beat couiinon brieka. 
nice in fiwnt elei'ktion to be vxei'utod out of red and 
dded brick* dreated off aa bcbr* tjwcifivdi the itnpoeta 
ueulda to be executed in red or white moulded bricka 
Lraieedoff. 

r Wok 21i*xSIJ* to be built up in tach of tile pita 
in the line of the ouUidc walls luid wiihiii the area of 
Of, Mod each pier to be oanied up to reoeitv baae-platea 
u (o a level below floor lino; ewh pier Ui be level la 
w4th reR>eet to tAch other. 

walb hstf-briek with piers 2*x -It" every 18^ to be built 
aeroea the buildiDg In the ticuoliea excavated for that 
nd to the height ehown. 

' VorHc^Tho whole of the window eiUa in front dev^ 
I out of Torkehire Rag IS" wide and 3* thick, rubbed, 
)d throated: abm 3* York flog to be fixed under brick 
extend 19* into waU and project 9* from fao«, to be 
led end properly pointed. 

miot elepe and huadingi to be out of 3" Yorkuhiro flae 
U and lud on brick foundationi; riiem to br out of 
Rointed and bc<l>.li.il in o«nietit. 

W DtOXWOKi:. 

UIm.— Thcae to be of caet-iinn flanged out at bottom 
'and at top I'Xl'; to be *ct in fine mortar on each 
[ the line of the ont^de wall* and withia the nr«a in- 

tX_ltoTi»M*«ii »«"»«■. h«i^wca»J M tm l«w, ■II) W griela 



.— NoTUBia, ISST- 



I eUM IBoe m mot wau lo do ouiit wiin 
I pnnioae^aad* white bricks in fine niorlor 
ul to be neatly dreeaed off with putty ioiti 
oarble. The reanaluder of the walla, fouc 



jj^g.- 



<lo«d by the walk To be eooBoMad lo^lodinaUy by fllBgad 
pipM of^caat-iron; tbo outaide line and that beaaalh partt t l o a of 
tnals ball and picture gallery to be 0* dtata., thoae below oolunna 
of jBMt kaU 7* diom. 

IroO AaiiJanb. — Ceetriron utandarda of aoctioti abown to ba , 
fitted on the top of table of baae-ptatc; the at&ikUfde to be UT ] 
long and flanged out at tup to reoeive eaven-tfutter, and to t 
pon &ol of pifneipala Car pOnn gaUery. The atandanU to 
ccMwotad loDcitodiBaUy at Um top by nmner ^ Utee of cnxt-iron 
which are to M boIt«d thantOh llie roof prinaipadof the pietu"' 
gallery bting epaoad IS" apart and wall atandaida only 6, it If 
towi tW ca!ch alteniaU pgriadpal moat ha lotemudlate betwe 
two hUiiiIiu\19; loatipport tUa oaat-lron ^rdan to be prov" 
and oouueolod vith a^aomt ataadardt. 

E»tim Guoeit. — Moulded atvee gotten of aat-iron to be pr 
vidod and attochoil to runner plate. The frame of whole m 
and aouth wall, with excepliou of traiuMpt e&di^ to be tbna < 
atruoted. 

Sondordi tm TVaneitX End*. — C'ajit-iron atandaida or oolnmna 
7*dianL, with ribe or nlleta on tlie ouuido to reociTe framea at_ 
window* and doon. The oolunius to be S9' 9* hiA, to ha i 
neeted together at th* height of 10' above flour with a «aat-t 
g^ar aa abovn, and at the top the oolamae to be coniwoted bf 
an o|WB ornamental ginler; an inaer aereeu eoa ai ati n g of nmilv* 
oolumna and giidcra to be oooatrueted IS" from each end of trao' 
aept, and to be connected therewith by trauaonia of aael'inm. 

PartUim didding GrMt BaU fitm Pielun OaOerw. — Slaa-j 
daida of caai-iron 13,' t^tait and Vf S' long to ba fixed on ' 
plate in Uoe which divide* pictaia galleiiea fnm mmn halL and 
alio in line of partition dindiag Oriental aod HettCnd galWcioa 
frommainh^ TheaeataDdane tobeflaaced and oorbeUad out 
on aide next pletura ^ary at iha fatfgbt mi&' 3* from the door 
level, to eupport irainclpab of pictnra-gaHat^- root Valley gut- 
tare and nuuier plates to be jmivided and fixed. 

Co/umn* in Main i/uU.— Double oolumne <a«h 7* diauv. and 
Sff 9* long to be Mt upuu Laae-platca ia ai*ia hall; at the angle* 
between the oolomue and girderi preaantly apedfied, oraaraealal 
cwt-iroQ braekata to ba providad and Gied; inch of the oolumne 
■w support the gajluiei to have pocketa oaai on them to receive 
baariog boame of pJlery. 

At the angica where tnuaept iateraecta nave, alx ainUlar 
eolumn* to be grouped and fixed aa ahovm on plan. 

Talley gottata to be fixed on eolnmne aa ihown, with < 
npea to convey water down ooliuiuia to drainpipes below fio 

voL 

Oatltrg Ctlniimtj—ColamBa of eaat-iron C* diam. and 16' Ion 
to aoppon gaUoriea iBtemitdlately with main oolumna jut i 
fled; llieea oolnmaa will anpport mun tuubera of gaUeriea. 

ttOliei GMcrt.— LMtio* prdon of wrou^tiron each 33* 7* 
long and conatmctod aa diown. to be boiled to coluaua of great 
ba£ oooaectiag them loogitniuaallT. 

dtt oorbeb or bnckota to ba bolted en to the caatn of eadi 
to aupport roof girdera or prindpiUa, placed oltcniataly wil^ 

Ito^ Girdan. — Semidroular roof ^rdoa or pviiudpala of 
wrought-lroa S8* radiua to be ooaatructed and fixed to top of 
coupled oolumne and apon bradteta aeeorad to bttiea gtrdan. 
The roof gilder* are fixed 19* apart down the entira length of 
the building ■mt tiaaaHit, ^"^ where tranaepl oonaa mala had 
theae roof giideia to be Kroiaed a&d to be made to tka enrva 
projected by the lnter**ottou of tlie two aeraidrdeai the gn4aad 
giraera to bo secured at the baae to the group of nx colunina at 
each aoglc, A cast-iron key to form istcraeetion of groined rib* 
against which the ribi abut and to which they arc woured. 

Smaller girdera fur the purpuee of altlltiDiDj; the priocijial gir- 
dera at the groin, and ahwteiuag the Iwgih of the bearion foe 
the parllna for the rood^ tha earn* aa to the rati of tbo building i 

Sue AUh Ro^t, — Joigular rooft to be nude of wro«ght>i( 
and fixed to eoupitd caluniua, and girders to line with niaia-r 
principals of oicat hail. 

Ptotvrt OaStry Jtc^.— The picture gallery roof prindpala 
bo oompoaed of traaaee oonetrvctad a* ahown in aectioo. " 
feet of roof principala to rrat on one aide on corbel* of _ 
fjtion atandordi, and on the other idtemalely ua itandarda 
outaide waD and (rirden oonneuting llie alanilards, aud In oD 
caSM to be bolted tlienito. 

Comigattd 5Wt«.— The epaca betveea the atandarda in out 
aide wal^ to be fiUod ia with oormgated ebecti, So. 18 B. W. <J,f 
the oomigationato lay horiiontally,and the nxif to be eovered I 



e 



ISO 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOOMfAL. 



wltUa tbcnt ir otftz vltb eommM tbittU, NaSO BlW.O, 
uid both viJb «Bi] roof to be linoil with f apciKa boarding ■• 
pa m w rt ly ipodflod. 

Tha «(Mt cnl of picture gnUay to bo nucte good »ni filled in 
Witfa oompted ■beets. 

Tkt OnmW Omti onrf Hnifkrd Oattaritt, both of wtileh uv 
73" >(«<' and S4' higfa.— Tho nntaldo walla and partitlou ore «oii- 
■tracted a* txdbrc *pedficd for wiLlb and jnrtltlooa of potnra 

SUMin. Colunina of cant ittin plnc«l ±4' apHrt ia a line down 
e middle at the court, to be vonnectod bj lattice ^rden of 
wrougUt iron; Ui t1i« jjprden are bolted bmckeld of cut iro«i 
wUwaiqtpon roof pnnclp»la conatrnetad auue a« roof of aide 
•Maa. 

TV Wiatrr dlwr Oaltery, wtiieh ia SMT long 34' brood, the 

vnlla of irUoh are of brick and the roof of vroaght iron. Tbe 

prineipola ore aendciroulAr with 12' mdiua uid apoatd I'i apart; 

LUk nof U olao ooT«rod to vitMa 4' nf apax with wrragatad 

•Iteeta and lined aritli £* apruoo KmHiiij^, 

The roufn orer tlie rooma t>e<ron'l pteturo goUcir, which ia 
ehown in sectioo and in plau, am oniistmcted aame oa aide-eiiile 
nM& bedbr* ipadfiod. 

Ttnttr^—Sipnot batten joiirta to be built Into oleepcr walla 
.MhI t|)ao*d I' 0* apart from cetitre to contre, th« joiaU to be laid 
rlavel in tfaemadvca ood with rujiecl to each other, ^ extend 
1 sfw oU tbe Bpoee oooapied by ground door: upon the jcnaU 1 j' 
I Aooriag boarta of tpraoe to (w spiked with f apooea between 
■ dMOk 

Th* oataidc wolU and partition* to be fn>in<-il with mortieod 
Ifranung 3'x4*,aud corered with {'boarding, the walla to be 
I lined onljr, but the pnrlitions to be boarded em both aldeo. 

Purliae7*xS^' of pipnice to real and be bolted to eott-Inn 
shoea lized on beck of pHneipala and apooed abont S* 3° apart 

LlgMnfi. — Tbe buildinK i> lighted ontir^jfrom the root for 
this porpcMe pine KtaudardH i' long are framed to upprr purlins, 
with a out ridge oiandanl at apex of «vet7 prineipiu to support 
a ftnnurwork of nUa and aaahlxMBia aa ahown in aBclioQ. 

lie bearing boama of gallety to be of Memel, li'xS' mnnlog 
tongitodinnlly: thef ore *npport«d av«r7 IS', The aorfitoe « 
hooBui to be drnttol uiil edgm ohomfiired. 

Tbe main bearing btuuuii to run notnltel with partition, IS' 
apart all round t&e spaee mtu-ktd in plaa a* goUeriea, both rotmd 
transept and ettat front. Th« Joists to be of same scautUng oa 
floorJolslB, and to be dose boarded with 11'h{t\iw. 

AfMia — It wai at 6nt iatitndod that tJie wliole of the fofode 
■bonJd be of brick, but tliu ktcoees of the season rtodered it 
imperatiTe tliat the nroliM abovH the springing eheuld be eon- 
•trueted of mstsriol more lapiJIj' put together, oud not rrM|uirii>g 
time fur mnsoUdatioo, fto. Iron and timber were thai'«fore used 
ibr tlio ttirvs nrcbesL and the fallowing a the BpenRcatloii : 

Crnlral Arrli. — The wall in exit gosai^ to be hmlt op 81' 
thick to corrMpoiid with opposite wall in nme posKa^, and to 
be ouried np to lainn leva), tha top nine ooutaea to be net in 
Portland cement. 

A aoU-plate of cast irou 12' long IH" wide and l^" thick, fnn- 
thared, to be let into a sleeper block of Umber built into brick- 
work and U>lt4iJ thereto. A cast-iron ginler T fl" long to be 
built linuly into brickwork, eecared to bearing stones uf York 
bndJflg. 

Prom the front sole-pUte in the position shown, two semi- 
clrvnUr wpmj^t-iruD ginlers, one Iff outside redius, Ibo uthr>r 
19" i" outside todiuit, and both of acontling and eoustraction as 
the udiad roof cirden of oentni] liall; thej are fixed ooucentrio 
fend aaeoralf bolud. 

Oinlan nmUor in eTery reapei^t rest on and tuv bolted to the 
caot-iron Birder* T 6* fmni ihe front of wall; diugoool trusses of 
Tiron 4 Xi" L-iinnoct the front and bock arobes together, and 
areplaoed nbnitt nf apart mensored on outaldD rlui ofWge arch. 

net of arch and scdEt to be biMnlcd with !(* pine boarding, 
and llx«d to liuae of battens securelr nttochcd to main imo rib«. 

Tbo oentni port of arch beluw ouifit to he Gllod in with open 
li^t with owt-troii fhuno gUted with SI oa. glas& 

Side Arthnf—For the «£> archoa sott^plato* of cost Iron bedded 
on timber sleeper blocks to be laid on cnrnioe of bndnrork and 
built into aame. Semiciruulnr orcbod girden some as for 
oantrol arch to be bolted to aole-pbttes. the radius of ontrido rib^ 
isaia OS nulluaof roof of tdcture gailer;, the inner ribs to be 
some as Innnr ribs ofcvntnu arch, the Ihes uf oroh to be boarded 
witli If pine boordingin panels, and control fan-Ught with cast- 
tron ftnnw aomo as Gin-light of oentrel arch. 




Twdve bat bade froK be* o( wall alaodardaofvatiraa 
fixed on briok foundotiona in oanant, and carrM np bo la 

top of cornice, coatlron girdors to coonoct eolumoa to^pEtbi 

also aolnmna with solo^Iata on b ri d e w od c, and en lop of ilii 
columns similar orehed girdera to oorreapotid with pnleis in 
front, and to b« oonneot«d wiili -I' T iroo disgotul* with faee 
girden, tlie whole to be well and •ccurelr SxM wi'h ^xsgeul 
aervw bolts, and the innid* sorfiwe lined witli I* spruoo boanlii^ 

CrJoefn;.— The roof lights and ends of truuent to be dMM 
with 31 oz. sheet ghus bock and front pottint; the glass Siraf 
to lap f , and to be back and front jiuttied. 

PnliUlBg.~Tb* whole of the Interior and eztarior irrmweri I* 
be three timae well pointed with whita lead or stuae colaar, 
besides priming cost. 

Pirtt Ctafs AfAwAncnl Xamt and CoKH-—Oa the north ^ik 
of transept on open cloistered eonrt Is shown in plan, Ihrae i 
of wfaioh to be nuroandad by a Terandsb li^ brood, tb* , 
supported by columns and open cost-irea arched girdan,' 
columns to be plooed at tlie disloncc marked In plan, toi, 
girden uf the palleru shown in elet-ation; the roof to be I 
good to walb of maiu buUdlog anil ilushod with loail, aad 
todropintogattenatasresand dlitchai^ge down angle eali 
to be oonve^ into drain; the space benoatli vemidnh 
laid with joists and open bcMtded asao as floor of looUi 
and with timber of saaesciuitUug. 

The ^rat daaa nfkvaluneut ivom leads from east aUa of eefoo* 
dah, the walla ooniposod of I shaped atondorda Iff Ino^ tha 
apscH between which being Sllal in with corrrigatcd Mnd^ 
anil liunl with boards g' thick Huue as the wslla uf the kmIb 
builditi),', tbe floor is also of sonic soontling, and two rnra af 
columns go up centre to support toot, which is of aune mnalra* 
tloa as ronfot aide aisle. 

TAf Second Ctat» Rr/reihmiiat Room* load fhom tbe miifc l n 
to railway stalion, and to be of muc coastmction as first dMS 
rooms. 

Urinal doseto, &c. &c. to he provided of apprortd oooatracUa& 
and to be eonatructed of beat materlala to astiaGMtion of eoa* 
mittoc. 

Tlic end of corridor to be connected with % rallwiiy plstluB 
SOO' lon^ fW of which ia to be covered with a Ught omo inn 
root aLmnor in eonstructiou sod dimensioaa to rocfof i^ aialoH 
and resting mi cost oolumna with open aasb-iron ginierai 

Tbe whole of the work to be done tu an elBdeut and sslt^^ 
torjr manner with the best matoriols of tba sevetad kioils, to Ihe 
aatwfiution of tbe Exeoutive Committee or an/ one tliay ii« 
appoint. 





OS WA^TS. 

By Jottiir* Wii«ox, of Sunderland. 

A wave, strictly ipeaking, is an oscillolorv or vibratory no**- 
meut of the imrtides of water. If wh ndmit this de^uiiion m a 
corroot oiu^ ''a wave of transtotlou" must be rs^nled m m 
iuAceanite term, ainw any pm^rrvwive moremeDt of the 
must be the street of nomu cirvumntnnoe Utendiqg lbs 
lation. For example, when the wave Urcaka, the crest in 
down its side produces a ciu-nnt, and it is to this eumut 

ponying the wave that any progrmslvu uioveuieat of the 

of watiT is duo. The attnction of gravity nUo produoee k 
rent on each nlupeof the great oceanic tidal wave, butlt lii 
when the tide eutera a narrow atnut or river that it is pro 

byacurrent whosevekidty isdepeudenton the slope of ^_ 

face. Bnt in the esse of a rlvur, if the narrow entraooo is sne- 
oeoded by so cipiuiso of oansidenblo breadth, this carrent wiS 
by iU imputsivi: action produce an undolatory ntovcmeot in llit 
pool, which wuv« will be propagated at a ugbstr Tetotity i^m 
would be due to tbe slope of the snr&o^ or whetu on Mt«l 
tronsfbr of the portidea of water takea place, as would be tk 
esse with a mnv eurrent. . 

This combination, from Its partaking of tbe ptnpertice of boik 
wave oud cumut, may not iraproiierly be •^*^'''t\tmit4 n wa«w 
eurrent. Tbe tldnl bora Is a coubEuation of thb deaeriptioa: tt 
retains so much of the nndulntory oh;iraoier as to break oa lla 
ahnllowR like sn ordiaary wave A wave has been detu ' 
" a motion of the psrlidcs of water in a circuhir or e||| 
orbit;' but such a definition ia dearly ioapplicahk to the 
oceanic tidal wav^ wttidi la aeveml tliouuBd nika in 
Yet the tidal wave has a ainiUar origin, and is governed t^ 





TW& Cira ENOINEER AKD ABCHTTECT'S JOUBMAL 



M 




at^Awnv^ tboMof uanliiuuTdMcriptioiii ail bdag produced 
(fall vxcroilK uf Intvml |iranura on a bot^ of «»t«r, wkicfa in 
B 6m iuaMQoe niiw* Ita wrGuA,— saJ li tba «at«r pont M id 
tlwMiB* ceubCMUgr aa>l Uwwitj u Imkanf doagb, tbo part m 
nimi wmUiI mnuB. luid no aanUlMMB would b« eioditoid; but 
ftoB it* Uriag a flnki tliin npirattl i>oT«nient ia Wd iu diook bj 
Um atuwllou oT gnvitatwiu, wlitob. in iu efforU to nvUire Uw 
•qaQibriunt, wultioM a Mewid nnauUlioai mod w Itoanllaoetv 
ttutU at hu^ Uk««BUM Laving «wMd toiopMM^ th««)iuUibriiuit 
ia Kjiniii roMorcd. 

Tbe ornuifoRieDt of tho portielM of irai«r fbnuuiff the warn 
n»« ba drwribed u* in Uia form of & Hiiaa of t«runl pImm, 
viu tbcir brM^Uw oonlncUDg baaaUb tiia wkt*. aucf agab 
diof OBdcT (]ia boUowa Iwlwaon. 

> xi&l wkT« ia proilaixd thnngh Uia litttnctioa cf the rid 
' movn eanuig tho water in tbat part of tlia oocan which ia 
_^j>rt immedialaly nDder ila influenoe to be apedliaaUy lijjbtv 
- tluui ilia4 whlob ia om of iha apbera of auoh aUndloni itua 
b«Tior portkiR, by uioana of iU kataral praaaura^ furoaa tbo othor 
iqiintoUiafortBafawBVB, If thainSiMiiMaf tbaaunoir mooo 
wan auddealy witiKlmwn, wn mf^t rcnaonablj prcanme that, in 
abedi«i)«e to the Iawb wbi«fa gonm other w«*ea, tJia SrMt tiiUl 
mulubtiaii would be CJloweil by olbi'm irnuloalty auBiaialilt^ 
in aia«^ dhUI tlia ocvan waa rMtorad to a atato m oqaiUbiiiiin. 
Thua wa baT« a priiiiHry tidal wave niaed by tila altiaction of 
tha auu vr bkmmi, and a acoond oaciUatioii awoeaeding iti bul the 
attRKiive iiifluanoe ia again broi^t to bear ou the tUtd Btuiula- 
liou, tbua tawing it Into a aeooud prtuary warvk Under theao 
fltreoBUilanaaa, the aaeoadary tide cannot be exjiactnl to rite ao 
liif[h aa the prtmanr ana; and a oartfol obaemtion will ihow 
tiua to be the cate, that during one portinai nt the roar the taom- 
iag, and ill the other the evening, tide, ia tMoaUy the bigfaeat, 
— ^« tiiue of Um day uf the liiglier tide varying with the plaoe 
of the asa Iu tha lodiac^ and conaMiurat poaittun of tha nooB 
wbeo full. 

A hrcuiD of wind [t^nring over th« aurfnioe of an «x|iaiu»e of 
mler jtroducea an undutalofr noTVineiit. w)iicli la acouiupaaiad 
byaaurCkoedrlft or curivnt, and thia drift iaalmk^acoonnpaniad 
hy au under^arreul iu the oppoail* diiaetiou, by which tha 
•qullibrlnm m iaHiDtaiii<>d. A atoiui tbrown in, — Uic lauach of 
a faarel,— the paddiea of a >l«*mboat,^s)r, in nburt, any mora- 
laent which excrtJi a ktcml prtaaam on a body of wnUr, will 
ivev ui uudulatory uiotiuu ou ita eiii&oa, A wave di>ea not 
' : wJita Ita tidaa letain a iliipo aulBaoul to aupport ila to]i. 
vhan from whatawr caaan Uw alope on aitber aide ap- 
baa too near to the norpcndioulap, a eraat fonoa on the top 
I poila down iu i.iA«, oanaing the ware to bnalc. Thia 
jB may be U\e rtuall of a variety of oaaMa. Tbe wave may 
arrive at a ebual where than ia not KaiHoient water to form the 
naoeaau^ alu)iv in front. The wave amy have to oDcauntcr a 
altvug udal or rivor can«nt ruDning in an oppoaito direction, 
. by roUidinK the oadllaloty movemnut at the baae of the 
.linti in iiruol, oauaea it to appruaoh ao uenrlv to a penwa- 
' that it oau uu loagfr aupport Ila toil, which oonaeiinaatly 
I ov«r, and the wave hreaka. A jpila ol wind will nlao Atiaa 
^_ -avu to break ia deep water, by blowitig the top too bii to the 
la•wa^l; thia oft«ii ocean in off-ahore sal«a, when the wind meala 
the wnvca thul onliiinrity rcdl towarda the Bhot>N and blowa onr 
their atiauuita ia an u]j|ia<iita direction to that in which thoy an 
movipg. 

It ia not improbable bat that tha frcquc^nt cbanitea of wind 
that luiu.illy occur iii bunicnnua or typliooiis tuny b« cue reaaoD 
why itic wavta almuat oiii vernal l;r )w«ak during their muiiau- 
accif. Want breakiug iu deep water exurt a powarfiil itillucDco 
' < bottom, even at a <ouaidi,-rablo <l*Iith. OapL t^lr ijiwud 
Ti of tlie SaniatiMits, tDvutinna ihnt while employed in a«r- 
{ tha ialnnda of tlie Knatcm Afthiiwlago, ho foucid that in 
. ma atul violeut teaipeata the autnaarlne ngllauoua haiti 
known to reach a depth of SOO feat, aiul that they w«n> m 
._ot«ai in their effaola aa to break the mcka in pit^ea. The 
•Aeta of til* men ff^'laiing movenMnt of tli» wave alao estmiJa 
t»a ooon'larahla depth. A ooounand^ in the royal nitvy, wldle 
lyiBK at the port of Saalaader, obaervod ripple nivkM nutning 
pawei to the wavaa at tha boUom of tbo wator wh«rc tboy lay 
at aoi^ari the depth being «> feet; whcrou the height of the 
wavaa from treat to bnllow wja at tlie ontaide ooly & fe«L 

Tbeaa faeu ha*a an iuijionajii Leniiiift on tJie Mutroveitad 
qncalioa, a« to whether a perpeudiculnr wall or a aloplng btaalc- 
W«t«r ia the be*t adapted to raaiat the actioD of the aeo. The 




pcrpo n d l o ol ar wall woold oaty have the oacUlatOfT monmeat o<* 
the Dobrokafi wave to raabt; hot ia tho alupliig breakwater, the 
wave exerta the exoit-aiiug; powar of a OMOuia while iu tha act 
of beeaking, to addition to the abmaive action of tho wave aa- 
not la advaudug aait raliring. 

It ia tnaally ooaudend that the velooity uf a wave la depenilait 
OB the d^th of tho water, wh«r«a« oirvriil ohaarvatlon will ahow 
that it ia the breadth of the aipaaae that datarauoea the valoaty. 
The mat tidal wari^ which movoa at a rata of aome JKM mP<a 
par hoar, b raduosd to a lautli of that Telocin in the namjw 
aaaa around thia ialand, and brannea a nera tidal onrreiit, whoae 
ial« ia datarmiuad by tha Blopt> of tho aoHkce In tha deep aamw 
ch ann ela of tfa« Orknaya It may alao bo notlcod, that tbo fiio- 
tiou of the oonata oauaea a ootiaidcrablo rolardalioai of tbo tidial 
wnvo buhore. The aaine bw bolda good In a Udal riror or 
catuary, aa the tidal wave more* with a much greatar relodty 
along the broad ahnllow uaponaaa than through wo deep nairoir 
rit a nnela. If we noUoe tbo wavoa rolling into a bay on Uta coaat. 
WB peaoeiv* tliat they are impeded by the frictioo at Uic aides of 
tha bay, ao that the wan itaelf bevoraea elouKatad, oonfonni^ 
in &et to the ahapo of the inlet, ao that It braaki on tba aldea as 
well aa tha cad; and in addition to thia, if it break over a ahoal 
it) paaaiog, tber* ia aoarcaly a poreoplihlo diminutiati of tha 
velMty of Uxat portion of the wavo, but it keepa pace with the 
other part which baa moved idoug iu dwper water. 



ON THE WINDS AND RAIN OF CENTRAL AMERICA 
By TiioKAN IlorxiiiN, M.n.M.S. 

Tdbre an oertaiu regioiut which have ostntotdiuary tnelcom- 
l^oal charactara, »oma of whidi have been adrerled to la pre- 
vioUR papers : anch aa tho Uimnlayah mooEiUiaa, (owania which 
wiiiila ruah acroaa the Indian ocmtn in (nuitucr,— ^o great EmI 
Indian arohipelago, to wfaioli whvbi bJow in di^renl aeaaona froiu 
all p^rta armuidlaa to a oantral ai«a,^-aad Cape Horn. Terra 
del Fuago, aad tha mountjuua uf wtalom Pntap^iita, which have 
winda iaoaaauitly blowing on tham. Aeoounta of thaae parta, 
and of tho canaea which are prcaiimoit to bo in operation to pro- 
dnoe th«r pecuUaritiea, have been given in furmor ]>apeta. But 
they an not the ouly parta that loay be ajwcially pointed out aa 
hamg auch chamctariv nlthoogh the eauaaa wliich nave prcidiicod 
tliaoi ia»y pruwbly be rather looiv palpnbla in their caata thou 
in auDio othera. Oontral Auiorioa and the eonntrioa adjacent, 
including the coatignoua parte of tho oooui, on both the Atlantio 
and Paoifis ridea, preoeut evldeaoa of ohanciura whidb may bo 
oalled ezUaordisary. Wlnda paaa from tho Atlantic oocao over 
the (^bbaui aaa to one aide of thoae couatrioa, whilst other 
wioda blow towanla them on the oj^ionte aide from tho Pad£a 
ocean; preaenting a oaas when oonltary winda blow towarda an 
intermediate area, aa Ii aeea In the laatanoe of the Eaai Indian 
archipelago. 

It haa been proved that in the aumraor of the northom bemi- 
apharv a DoriJi'U-iitt wind blowa from Califofiiia into the Bay of 
Paniuna; and Mr. A. li. Tindley, iu an aoeouat rend before tho 
Royal Gaographiod Society, bat ihovu iliat, at Ui« aame lim^ 
another wind Irum the weat paaana acroai tbe cquniorial part of 
Uia BuUc to tho nunc bay; whilat a thini wind ia blowing to it 
troa the aonth in lower Peru. And it is well known that in tJia 
tame acaaon aa eMlura wind from tha tropioal Athutio blowa 
over the Caribboaa aaa, nnohlng the oaatern aide of Cenliai 
Ametioa at Terra Finua ouil tha Uowinito ahoctt. Tbeae atalc- 
lutota are fully auitunod by the aoconnta of tuany tnvellcra aad 
writan. 

BaaU Halt lavt, that " on the Pacific aide of the lathmaa of 
Panama winds mow from the Gulf of Gali&irnia to the Ray of 
PluiaoitL. The return paawtgta from tlia wtat ore alwaya naudi 
eaaieri a dittonco of 30 to SO Itaguea tram, tho ooaat inaam a Ihir 
wind all the way. In the winter it ia better to koap off 100 
iMguea, to avoul'the oaltne, ioaeataut laliK auuolla, aad liaht- 
niimf and that " on the aouth-waat onaat of Mexioo, from Jaao 
to Novambia' lucluaiva, every part of it ia liahla to hard galea, 
toraadoea, or iMavy aqualla,— to calnu, to conalanl ilelagta at 
rain, and the moat dangeruw lightuioj^" lieuU Slaiur atataa 
that "between California and ISO* weat, ami from 30" to 40° 
noorth, Uie prevailing direction of tlie wlod in aunuaer and CiU la 
from aoTlli to Waal induaiva." The Panama Star, of Nov. M, 
ll>ii, when giving an aoooual of tho weather in that quarter of 



S5S 



THE CIVIL ENGIKEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOUIIMAL. 



th* toU, mt*, " Onr nlnT mmob <Io« not fiirly comnunoe 
befen the M Juno, — Ui* dry «qiuon noU in, my nftcr lb* lat 
DMHBbo-.'* Th«M mmobhU relAto to tho rAci6c aide of Ceotnl 

BMfwedBg tha AtUnUo (Me, Norbmi, io hia 'Bamblea ia 
TnoMu,' MMrta that "In flimpwwlgr tli* niaj Muon com- 
meneN *boiit tlie Lut of Ihbj, And Mda in BtvtcnilMr ." Old 
DHopidT tura, " tho wcl vreAlJiar in tlia B«t of Compcacby ■«(■ 
In from Mny wilh Gtrm tonmdoea, and contmueti tliua till Juu«, 
from which period nin fiUl* alnoM inflwantly itnUl th^ «i]J of 
Angnat. Ihr this time the riven hare liaeD, and th* aawuuha 
auT all Iha (aw gPonncU ha*« ovarfl<n*ed; nnd in thta atato they 
nimId, the Mvannahji apMariag Wn inland laktu, till Deaember." 
Dnrisg thia time wind btowa to theae conntriea trom Ifaa Oarib- 
hma aea and aetota the OiUf of Mexira. Hi* Mim Idad of 
wtathar pravnOa along dis iriude of th« eaatarn ooaM of ConCnd 
ABMofam to the Gulf of Darian in the Utltada of 0* north. 

To aownnt for thia kirn) of woathcr in the part in aununer, wo 
nay remember thai by th« ond of M&y tlw ma boa gnat power 
orar the northetn tropic^ within wUl-Ii water ta aoergeQcaUy 
ywpamiMod from boili the Atlantic and Piuifte ftmann. fhh of 
eonna SUa tho ntiD(wph«Tv with vnponr orpr tliaae ooaana. Th« 
wSnda which blow from them to Contml America muit thirrefote 
lake thia Tvponr vitli them, — bcn«e tbo wcftther thai boa bow 
daacilbed in the eztraeta given. 

Bat what cadms tbeae oppoalle winds to blow at tbiii Krason 7 
It hiu limn gidnoinlly aaitl tbnt inch wlndi nro produoed by 
brcod «uii-hi«tod UntU. In Contml America, however, the land 
k not broad, but narrow, and most at it lofty. In Ooalemab, in 
from 11° to 17* of noith luitudu, tb«Tu are very high luoonlaina, 
and thare are otliera almoat aa high in Nioaniffiui. Southward of 
the lathmiM of Faiutma th* elevi^ad land of New (inunda oom- 
menoea, rudng to tho hmghU of Chimbomia, and cxtunding be- 
yond the eqaator. And it ia&ttbetimeof theninyasaaonamang 
tbeae mouutaloa, wbeu titey are thickly enveloped In olonds, 
that the wind* blow towards them. There i^ eenae^nently, no 

Cuod for tha luwiimptioR that winds hen blow towards sun- 
tod land. 
Wth referenM to tlie atatemect which hu been made, that 
within the tropica the eorth, in ita diumiJ revolution, left the air 
betiind, sad thua produced an apjAreut movement of elr ftma 
mat to wwt, as a wind; t Iinve alivady shown that tho air by its 
praapi* OR the anrbcp nf the earth aoon ao^uirca the rotatory 
▼niodty of that mriaco, and movea with the aame speed a« the 
■olid or liiitiirl parts, from weit Weast; — the air, tharafi)n,ea]tnot 
be leA bdund over tbe Atlantio ooean and Caribbvan aaa, to eon- 
atltule an apparent ^ajit wind on tha MStan ude of tMa nart of 
America. Bat wbatfrnr oiny he imagined by thoee wno are 
wedded to the theonr of air belug loft behincl by the rotating 
earth, it is impcMBlUo that saali a cause ^loulil prodiioe the 
vtails which blow front opposite sides to this locality, and more 
partlenlarlv ihnt which oomon trom th« Psdflc. If there wore 

tmtb in thin notion of the air beinjf palpably loft behind by 

hoi and n-atcr, it would be ahown over the part of the 



lujrl 



l?a<Ue ooeaa which la adjaoeat to tlie American ooast, eztendiae 

fVettwaid within the northern tropic. Bat over this portion of 

lb* Pa^Uo winds hlnw to Central Amoricn, whieh is in a direc- 

liOB llu ojiponU nf tluit in which the air would appear to move 

if it were pcdpibly left behind by the rotating suriiMe of the 

globe. These weatem winds in the Badfi<^ tSeralbrtk fkuniah 

riUoDf evideaoe oi tbe fallaoions nature of the luppoaltleiia Hut 

) haveoeen IsilolMd in by theorists. 

t Yet alroiut ^nnda Uowing from opponto dirocUoDs townrds 

this locnli:^ mdioate that thera la •eme powerful bfluonoe opi>ra- 

tin( in th« part, which niakea the air paos townnla It fivm varlouit 

other parts- Wears not however, in order to lind somo oiuso 

Ibr l)l& obliged to soppoee that it is rithnr min-heatod land, or 

air leftbeiiiad in rotAtion, that produces theee winds; as a eauae 

can be dearly traced which h:ui been ibowu to have great power, 

and that luM displayed It in mxtiy ptirta of the world very difl»r- 

' «sUy elboated geiwTaphlcally. This cause is the vafMor, which, 

• faliied hj the snn from the Atlantic and Paeiila ocMna, and beliiK 

I tn pBit DODdaDsedaffunst the lofty lands of Central America and 

I ail^ea&t eovntriea, beats the air about the mountalna, and pro- 

I dness aacending atmoafiherio eutTenb^ tnating hoeizootal uiove- 

■uals of the air, or windt liiat blow fhim all the low regions 

aimmd, and (bmi^ng tbe heavy twns Uiat fall in tlie porta. 

On the Atlantic aide this powerfol canae crcntae the oasteni 

tnde wind of the Atlantic, wliich blows np the riwr Orinoco to 



the A&dea,nBd <mr Uw CtartUMn in toCMnl Aa«riaa,1ta 

winds paaafaig from tba ocMB to vmrioQS parte of tbe eoe>diUan of 
the Andee 

On tbe Padfio tide, fa) like manner, eopfoos 
▼apoiar canaea winds to blow towanla portMM of th* ■ 
are* ; flmt trcaa lower Fmio, wbera It ts a eoaMaDt 
then from the open ootan, near the eqoator, whar* it k ■ 
wind; and from off tbe eonat ef Cbliibaiiia, when it ie a ■ 
weet wind^-oU, however, Icrmlnatiac in eene part sf As 
oIoTi«it«d area of oondenaation In the m"iTt^Mli nvaln ef the 
AarlM, tliat has been pc^uted out Now the two laal named of 
thn*« winds, blowing aa they do in dincHooa opfxiaite to that tn 
which lur would appear to move if left balund by th4> earth, 
prove, not only that the attnei^Mre ia not so Mt behind, hot 
nlio tlie grenl power of ooidlBlltig vapoor to act vpoo the ob^ 
and to ntniw it to rush ovw tho oomd towards Ih* aren of 
decsation w a wind, and to mova Ihster than the rotating 
of tbe ^be. There is oonsequantly littk noaon to doubt _ 
is the CMwe ef the various wtndB ef thk mrt of tbe ererU. It 
oannot be dlt«at son-hMted knd, beca na e uo knd b nveeBed if 
ctonit«; norenn it be ntr left behind by the rotating j^obi^ 
that the winds blow from tho two oeeens in oppeeile dir 
to an intennudiatt? port, whilst some of them rotate bater 
the aurfaoe of the globe. And eondeuatlon of vapour ~ 
only other Influcnoe that oaa be dlaettv er ed. H may 
admitted to be the real oauM, aa He epontlons tan Iw eipfa^aed 
io aa to aoconnt for all the effitcta tliat are proifawed. 

It b abo atatfd, on authority eqnnily good with thoae already 
givGn, that in the winter winds blow on the mstem aide of 
C-nirfd Aoierice, tKia the north, to themmeganenl uw^rfiffww 
ing that in that nwioa some cause is In netico to crento wtodL 
Hnmboldt saya, " llic north winds (1m Nortea) ptwvoil In (be 
Mexican gulf from the autumnal to tbe veraal cqntnox; tbeff~ 
very violent in March. On the east eoMt of Central Amoi ' 
petuous onid winds blow boa October to Uarob, that have 
the sir at ITavannfth to 32*." And Tnmbnll, in his amomt Of 
Cuba, alale* that, " The Nortee ara mrely hoaid of at Havnianah 
before the end of Ootobor, but tbey oontiuue at irregular inlorvals 
until tbe month of Mnreh." From tbese sutamants we w* that 
air, which by theurieta had been anppoasd Io be kft behind, to 
oonstitato an eaat wind in tbeaa parta, oanaot be eo left in tbt 
winter, AS during that portion a the year it <«msa from the 
north. And tut the tntth revolroa at the same ape«d ia balfc 
aeasoos, wiiub eoming from diAerent qnaitoia in diflorefit aeasdoa 
emnot be eAote of the rotation of the globes 

fVoffl these aMonnto It may b* seen, that wfalbt henry rains 
fAll and winds blow from tha oeeaa em each dd* townrda Central 
Amoriitt during the summer. In the wfniar the wind oomea tna 
the north into tbe Oolf of Uexioo, and paaea over Ciilw to tha 
Caribbean tea; and it may be thought neeeaaatv that we diovU 
aiii.«rt«in why the wind ahonld onme from a dUnrant tinarter En 
the winter to what It does in tlin summer; aiul parllcularty sla- 
ther tho mme kind of oauee is in o|)eT«tt<io in the two saaaCBiK 
I am not aware thai any muteorolof[iBt boa attempted to aoeoimt 
for th» north wind of tlib put, and it may tberenn be p iea uin e il 
that tho cause b somomait obaours. Indeed, without ana 
hnowlndgn of what b going on In certain other porta of the 
world, to oaaiiit as a gnid^ it would probably not be aaa^ U )fi» 
eovor it iitit, aided by eucb knowledge wo may aeattk ftr 
localitiee in thone jKOiit tuwoida whiob the north winda Uo«i k 
order to discover wlintlinr condoBsatlon of v^penr b tokiif pkei 
In an v of them snSlcicnt to creaU the wind. 

It IS from November to March that those winds blow, and It 
has been shown that on the eeatem side of the Andes to 1 0^ of 
south latitude very heavy raiua then &I1. Tbeae are pvidtatly 
brought br the south-osjrt uadn wind of the Atlantic^ whi^ al 
that prrind iq folly charged with vxpoiir raised by the son ftnv 
southern aeoa. Now thia vapour beini; bugeJy eoodsneed l^Uaat 
the pan of the An-Jca named, t^reatm thm vaena in the ■< 
Sphere, into which additional air nuhee, not only ftqn 
Atlantic ooean, but teoia both the north and the aonth 
the VBotis. AirpftMea ftwm the seulb, over laatwti 
and the pampas of Buenos Ayrea, to thb area of oos 
but the vacuum which b orented more to the norih laava* 
tor northern winds alio to Uow towards it. It b _ 

found that at this season the plaina of the Orinoco an dry; 
d«r«d ao, no donbt, by air patung over than fion tbe ncrttun 
bsraiaphm to the area of oondenatioo in the aonth. 

Biunboldtv^ of thk dry part of Sooth Ameriot, that "k 



THE CITIL EKOINESB AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



m 



» 



mlud diiinci to tba «Mt t€ the oordiUatM of Uaridk ud New 
QiBMiik, in Um Iilmif of Tauaaela, * iy i tlw IB^ Mal>i front 
tlu iMutli to Ui« Until dtgTM of north ktiUlK iMtUiig mb 

ani tka pnntj at tho Mmiiphen fom DawmW to Pabnun. 
M iky ia tbn OMMtmdy wttlume dawla. Tb* tmaM frotn ti« 
aHt «td north-cMt blowi «ritli viclMO*." And Lieut. lUut7 
HMrti that At the vefiMd eauinoi the nOa* of the krwerOrinooo 
b vBrj dn and axinuuij dtuty, yet whirlwiii-la, (Bhiy ud tor- 
nadoaa of Urrible force, iwecfi over il. And heooaaUwathat 
hige qoantttN* of daM era bonie from thia part, by aawan^ng 
mnit, tnlA the buher ngiena of the Matoifkan. Tbia ia tho 
dry aaaaoM of the Waat Inaiaa; and we hare kcr that in Citfaft 
IheteapamtimaiakaaohywaaaS'M n oDD>«]uriio! of eoUalr 
pM^BC ow it from the Bortbi pilng (LoablleM iuTki>lB tbe greet 
■im of oondeDaalku) that thn axiita in the aouth. 

U ia then in Soath Amorioa, ■gaioat tba eaat aide of the I0A7 
AnJe% that we find the oaoae of the winda that hlair in the 
winter fnm the north over Cuba, the Ouibbeaa tea, aod the 
nBej of the Orinoco. It ia to the ext«aaiTe vacua, and eoaat 
^pmat oKundJBg atteoephMic cumula craatod hj cwndeneelion of 
TBpour witiofa prodnoaa tb« tmacQiin body nf vnter that flow* 
down the nugntj Araasoo at ihU period of the joar, that we 
bara to Bltrihuu tbeae wiada aad the kind of weather tint ac- 
ooBMBiM tl>«ea. And ibe mm eavae, extending ita iufluuice 
oortawnrd, latj eiidsBthr prodooa tha nortb-woat wind which 
tbaft blowa dowa the nllej of tba Misaiaappi and acroaa the 
Ckir of Uexioo. 

But «ti«ii the mn snpontee water tnelj from the aiuiiua of 
the oo«ii in the aouthera bvniaphen, it la not alone ou the omU 
em aidn of the Aodea tbatvaoan are CTMtad. Into which winda 
blow, >• liniiJar phcnonuoa u« traceable in eortaln part* on tha 
waet iir a aide of lha*e nountiiini in Geuador and New tiranadik 
It ia well koown tbut in Gunynquil, a little louth of the oqaalor, 
to th« lathmua of PiuuunA in ttj 10* of nortli latitudo, whilst 
tho dry puoB&ial wind ia blonring towu4a it frpui Poni, very 
1mb*7 ndOB, brooabt from tbo Pnciiic, (kll dnring thr ■oathem 
aommer. Anil where thvir niui TiUI vacujh toay bv osvaamed to 
be oreMod aufficiently uowerfol to draw air from the aoutbem 
PmLQc «(t«ii<iiug over the wids apace between GusyaquU and the 
Sooletjr UUud*, ajul giving birth to a Padfio montouL 

Adntlnl Fltxray informa u» thftt, "It U not grnerally known 
except bj nation of rayaffM, that from November to Mxrch 
there b macb wed wind, ram, and occaaUnml t«DpM(% betwe«m 
tba vieinitv of Ibu oi|uiiior and about IS" wrath. Thta weaterljr 
moaaoott, lor auoh tn bet It I^ aometiinaa la ateadlly rafidar, and 
H other tiuaa intorropted by cabnx, atorow, or heavy nina. Tba 
•aatoriy limit to whJcb it tuiully rutcfaoa ii about 1 10° weet lon- 
ntnda, but then ir ivaaon to auppoec that il esteoda at tiuiM, 
trrejtukrly, to the Oaluagoa laUiide, if not to Iba adjacent ooati- 
Bcut wlipii Oii.i,\'iuiuU u eufkrii^ firam heavy lorreate of mfn." 
jadging from what ji found to take plaoa in other locnlittM, it 
may be preeumed, even frv>m tlib imperfect mcood^ that the 
runa of Onayaouil, by the vitcua that they created perhap* at 
aome eonuderBble elevation, produoxl tliin i>««t wlud. But what- 
ever mkj be tbuufht of this Pacific moawxiii, there ia no duubt 
that wiaila blow from the tro|»cal part of the Piwific into the 
Bay of Panania and afainat the ac^acent mountaina, in our win- 
ter aa well aa In our enmmer. Il ia oeuaidered by Mine writrra 
that tbey blow with aQJn<:l«(it ttMnKtb and eouatanoy to k«ep the 
level of tbo wntnr on the Pkuiflc aiih as hish m that on the side 
next to tha Atlantic Vr'e thus find, in uie loatheni aumtaer, 
nnd of coai»e in our winter, on area of omdenaatiou of vapour 
towanh which wiuda blow bum oU adjoining parts, excepting 
where leflv monntalua intorveuo, one or them oouiiu^ tmu tho 
Onlf of lileiioo as a north wind 

Towards wrtain parts of thia ext<^cIod oioi, on tho tnstcm 
ndo of the Andes, when the nun is louth of the enuator, winds 
blow fniro the soBthem Atlaotio aa well aa from the nurthcra, 
iocludiiig thoae flrem the United Statoa aad tlie Weat Imlion 
LslaiMl*-. whibt odi*r winds are Uowine to puis «f the wMtem 
aide of the umc chiun of niountAina, from lower Para, tbo oni- 
tral portion of the Pjicific, and ibo Oaliforaian sons. Tbia takn« 
place durina "^ur winter. But in our eununer the vapour from 
Doth the Atkatic and the PAciflc ooeaus cumea in greater abuuU- 
aaoe from tlie northom parte of tbsso oceaoe, and u isore largely 
eocidenasd ovwr laada that lie aoftb of the cqaatori tho oorthsm 
rr^fl^ wind* IbcrrKim oitond into tho eouthem twinbpbaro 
Isas than the winter wioila. OsradensatioD of tbe vi^ioar takrs * 
plaoe ia didi»«ut hiititodes otct the Mme ridge of Mountains in 




both as aa o n a, producing winds in sach; but to our winter tbejr 
an lev stonuv and more oontiooons irithin tbe northern tropic^ I 
and pass further into the aoutben bemisphere than they do in j 
the anmawK Tlia unonnt of va^r in the air being grea ttrt in 
each bnttiaphin wfaea tho eon U in it, thehtrgeatqnantl^oftbB] 
tvpour is at that lima c on denaed tbars. And winds htow in ondt 
part, strong in nroportiion to the j«nn.i*^».twm of the rapour, bat 
Ibay are moendly mom eontinuona wbeo lh« air ia drawn from | 
a great dlstaneeraa It ia In the wlater from the northern tropeo to 
the soutbini Andsa; and more fitAd, imgnlar. and etormy, ao> 1 
Dompaaied by thunder, whaa tbo rapoar ie condonsed either ovar 1 
Uia oeean itadf or over widcly~distii bated elevated lands not br 
fr«lB the Ma* that ftmilah the vaponr, >* it i* in the snmnier in 
Onitral AoMrioa and the Waal Indian lalanda. 

It is not however eoattoded that the winds wUdi hav* been ' 
pointed out an tba only oitae evsr Ibund blowing over the larga I 
BMiOea that have been joat treated o£ Tbe nnraerooa """■V»iiit 
tiiat exist la Uie g(«at chain of the Andee and in the West India 
iahnda, ao various in elevatioa and fotwi, and an dUbaDt In their 
anict, nuiet be preamaed to adlNt the atmeeplMn varionaly at 
different tunos and ssaaniu, prodnciog local wmda in all ooneaiv- 
able direction^ aomotimc* blowing with greater fbree towHila ' 
one particBlar am cf eaodeiuatkm and aometimea towaida ano> 
ther. But the ffMonl AnatJiNM aad dtaiMlen of the winda ' 
that have beta poiatad out, have by tnvsUen and others btMtu 
apokea of with great coafidonoo as being well koowni and Ihry 
Mve been shown to blow townnls parts remarkable for turiug 
heavy nina at Ibo timee that tbe winds blew. In the praaeut , 
■tat* of our knowledge of the weathar ia thIa part of tbe world, ' 
wo can BMak with eoafldeaoe only of that whicli i* ^vateul or 
uauol Exarptional rears may hmaftcr be inauirod into by per- 
aoaa who ivsid* in tbo porta, or who have good oppoitaoitica for 
auiUDg Inquirfea, when it may poeaibly be asoertabsed that tbe 
•ametanase were in operation to prodneo snob looal and tempo- , 
nry aaaea as those wh!oh have been proved to crsale the gsBval 
wind*. 

A remarkable tnataoce of tho predcminanoe of <old north wind 
in that nrt of tbe United Slate* of Amerioa whiob I* near tha 
(julf of Mexico, oooonwl la the besbmiog of the year IMt^ psi>- 
tioolaraooountsofwhkliapptared Gi the Antorican aew^a^ienat , 
tbe time, aad will probably have been vbeenrd by tlie meteoro- 
loaistaaf thateounttr. It appcan that at that period the wlwU 
of the portiou of the United St&lee which eitcuJi fmm the <Mt- 
eni coMt uf Florida to the Mexican monntaiua waa awept fagr a 
very cold north wind that lait«d above a month, and tho aevere 
eold accnu to have boon felt as far north as the great '^■■H^'ii 
lakes. The .Vev York iltraU of the IStfa FVbtwy aaye: "Ob 
the 23rd Jnuuary the river Braioa, in Texas, frooe slraug enoqrib 
to bear a bone. The niaevury at aunrne on tbe SAtb wna only 1* 
FUi.; 00 tbe SOtb, 0°; on tbe 87th, I* below sero; ou tbe 36th, 0*; 
and on tbo :20th, 1"; and during tliU time a flero« wind blow from 
tho norlb twd tiorlh-caat." — At Now Orlcan* : " For iliirtv days 
wo have b««n viailod bv almoet uniotefiupt«d frost, Tb* ico 
remdaa la tbe streets; the portion melted vy the eon daring tbe 
day I* Bgain •olldllled at night."— Tho San AntanU Ttean cf tbe 
IMlh Jiuioary anyn: "The cold woalbar has laated tldr^two 
day*: tho thenoometor ho* bc«u 14° below tbe freinng point.'*— 
At Naahville; "The thermometer on the moniinn of the fird 
aad tii\\ January waa down to aero or below.''^ Many other 
place* are named aa exporiondng sinular weather in the sonthem 
part of the Statoa. 

Thoogb thia eold weather ia deacribed at mat loi^th in tho 
newspapers, which aaaort that il did moeb duuse in tbo ooou'- 
try, ao attempt is made to acoount for tbe great de|)anan from 
tbe enUiMfy eold of their wlateta, or to aognet any eoafsa ef 
inqoiiT into tbe partlcninr eaase of it But utenrardi we bavo 
tho Ibilawinx statemeot ^ven aa ordinary mcrmntik newt in tba 
New York JttruU of Feteruuy 30 >-"The QMoter CUg Ml UoUto 
February Stb. CrDwdng ttie golf ebe had a eontiniMas ^la ef 
wind from tbo louthwaid and eaatward, with heavy rains. B» 
nuined twen^-fonr boun in Havana. Fnoi Havana we leant 
that the cotutant rainy wnatber i* fast daatroytag ajl boee* Of a 
large sugar crop trocn Caba,~lbe praaatd cane will not dry." It 
appean, therefore, that daring tbe mottth of January, when north 
innds wese blowl^ over the United States, and bringiog a ten^ 
peratare below aero to the touthen p*rtav there ma« have beea 
oontiniioui bent^ nine blliaK tn tne itlasd of Cnba, wbleb is 
aitiuteJ Boctth of Florida, and therdbre in tlM qnartec lowaida 
which the wind blew. The islaud is latge^ aad the monotaiM in 



isi 



THE CIVIL ENOI>*EER AND ARCHITECrS JOUIUiAL. 



• ntiMT tofi/; tlxire Bkbt «miwque>tlr b* <oonfth of cod- 
ktiuci of vkpnur (tirangtit from the [rofiicftl A 



It Ml* I 

doiuntiuci of rk[>nur (tirangKl from the [rofiicftl AlUntle) taUof 
pln«c in it to otmte h vhouiuu windrat to lillow ftlr t« pM froelr 
towanb it btai (be north. If in; hiul iwintratiriDn of th« maT»- 
intnU of tbe banMnHer in the rurU wlien tlio nia fell, Uic^ 
Blight throw amie light on tli« aiibjcet. Yet the loitg^WDttBiMa 
wind* comtttg ftam tt grMt bmvllli of Munlry to IH uorth m« 
indioBtuiM (Cat largo snoaDts of rapour hud beni ooBdMMJDg at 
tiu tjine in more aontlMni placM tban Cnbfi. Thta m raidercd 
■Kttneiliiitt inore tlian probiibiA l>]r tlia foUovinff aoeount wlviult 
anp«aMid Id the aune aenptperof tbe IStli of April >^Bailu, 
Harefa &: Prmi the 1*t Jutuary ve have bait heavy ralni, ana 
uueli Ihondnr luid lightning, galm from the north mieoeediid by 
]pAe» from the xiiilh; — Uiaro hu not hoeo auch a time of it in 
iIh KcollpcLioo of mir f>lilc*t inhalntantL" 

FVoa thtm i-aiioiu ■tAl«iDeul^ and in tlic abeenoe of mora 
iefamMUoii^ w« may infer from aome eoinbiDabun of dronm- 
ntanoc* whi«h wa are unablo to trace, that about the boRinaiog 
of the year 1 N.VI a \arge amount of Ta|ii7nr puMd from ui« tm- 
picat Atluitio over the Cnribbmn oea, hm idiAmuI of Roiug tot' 
ward Ut B mvfr ■outheru latitude on the «aat«m Mile of Ilia 
Andes, na ii iiHUilIy dcM, wiu oontlciiMd upuuet the moMtiuiue 
of Cuba and Oratnl Amfriea, crealLng in tfioH parta anoh vaooa 
In iIm nlntofpharr a* «DabJml cnhl air flrMn tha Uailed State* to 
■n»h Mutbward during tha mnnih of Jiinnaij, na (baeribed in 
ilia nempapoa. Wbdi, in the wintnr, gmerally blow bvm tha 
United SUtea to aouthero parts, detenniiMd, it is to be pnaiimed, 
iff ofUbiaij ooDdanntioB of vapour iu tlie uaual jtlaoM at the 
MMon; bat In January liiioe thU onodanmtion appeora to have 
takra place to au anuininl niu-nt in localitiiw wril situate*] to 
ullow north wind* to nt«h to thetu fmm tbe States. 

If Ibe Ttow here taken in admitted to be suLataatEally eerriNt, 
it obviously l>i?oomM deabable tliat, wli«neT«r vetv eold ttorth 
wfadf blow in tlia vintor from ch« ITnit«d SlaWui of AinaHca to 
the Oalf of Mexico, iniiuiry »lioiil<l be mnde W molaoraliii^its 
■tap^otiog tlie wmtbt^r tliat piiivnila at the tiuii' in muntries to 
tlie aoiithwnnl towarJ* which the viod blew; wIimi it might be 
dieobvercd thai Ihu norllMm wiii>t wm pn<(lu'.'i>>i bv ooruJeuMtlon 
nf vapour In tbn luiutb; and (hut the vapour irnlcb nannJIy 
paiata in grett ahuntlaiioe In ilf I'n-nliiy, hy lie oaa<Un«iitioD 
iklamilncil iriDiU to blow towiini* tli<; ran on oxuanrdinary 
, aa well na firaau nearly all uJea lioring both winter and 



BBITISH ASS0€I.4TIOS FOB THE ADVAN'CEMENT 

OF SCIENCE.' 

TamUg-Metulb Annual Mrrtiug. ktM in Out/In, 16^7. 

[Ovdu<M [nm ■•«( U1.| 

Sitcnoir 0.— McciiAMicji. SciKxn. 
On Fuird Wnu^t Inn. By £. IliLsr, Dovhui IrmworVa. 

Tbo fuiibilitr of wroaghl-lmn luid ica propertJua ia n subject 
npon vhieh little baa leeu writivn ; soma even dnubtitit: its 
fmibilitr. The following cxpi^rinicnta were made to determine 
ita pro|i«rtiH«. 

Flrat^— Black i^ate lirom tin wnrka, was cut in pieoea about 
|t^ at aa indi miuuv, (cverei) with the cinder from an old 
iron aMMj, iJnoed in a wind funi.stM' with a strung draught for 
two boara. The ircai wm nvrfnctlv lattA, and furmod a «innoih 
FvoQ button (wplghing I03» gniinii) aiulcr the dndrr, wtiieh wm 
of a dark green colour. Un attempliog to cut it with a cold 
cbinl it broke with a venboi7«la]linp fracture, in the diroction 
of tbe ]il>Maof deavago of UiP cryaiala. Tbe pot waa taken out 
lint, and allowed to oool on on ima plate. Half of ^e battmi 
wna wM kvd out br a onitb into a bar ^incfa eqnara. The iron 
vMt very eofl, and bad a fine face and sharp ereu eilge* like ilcel; 
two IHCCBS were welded togetber, — wbiUt at a welding beat the 
itoD worked very wuU; on eooling to a red heat it became v«nr 
ei-aoky, and hrolie: the fnKtara o? the iron not ospoaod to a wold- 
lag heat was verjr nilkv, aod it waa readily bent back donUe wilii- 
antoachlDfi— the umiib Btnliog it waaeorae of the tongheat iron 
he over worked. Tbls expenment was repeatnl, and auothor 
with 7 aaooM of black pUte, part of which laii out cf the pot; 
lb* ]Wupertiee and dianuiter of tbo iron were predaelvaiiullar to 
theee above ilelailed. In tha atcoad experimeat etiaJo aod Uue 
wen nasd u Ibna a cinder. 



An experiaieat with tbe beat -A-indi cable bolt (nt? fibran^ 
Thia boll was out iu snull mosaa whiliil hot, vaniqg flmn i-^i 
to ^-iach loog; aud oa ot bolt, Q gr. nd oir, 300 gr. lima, mi 
200 gr. mine ihale, were placed in a pot. Id two to tfarae bow» 
Ibe lire burnt down, the pot wna taken oat hot, and cooled on aa 
iron plalei the inn wae perfbatly fnsod and covered with a dadt 
green etoder, tbe button being very mootb, and free Erotn eavi- 
ticai on trying to break It witli a blunt tool, the button btcnc 
laid bollow, it broke Iu leveral directbna, all beioK planea 3 
oleavage of tbo etystaU, which estonded llmoagh tbe binion, aad 
bad tlie appeomucD of g&lona. The propertiaa of thu iixm were 
preeiaely aluiilar to tlie fuoed black plate, viz.. ver7 lon^ aad 
fifarona wfaen worked void, la tUa reepect working vvty mnBar 
to copper. The smitli, after Iwvlng welded two pieoee tcnsiber, 
oould not work it after it bad cooImI to a red beat, as it m*ari> 
aUv Gtaoked aud broke to picoea. 

Nz ouDoee of the umr cable bolt were ftund per je. Tbe Ipoo 
ran down into a llaUinh button, with boum oUve cinder at tbe 
•ideii; tbe button broke with a cryMaUbie fracture, tbe cmlala 
not however ao Lirge aa in tbe hiat exporiment. It wnrlced et»- 
ciealy aimilar to tlie previuue btatton, aiul wm Willi— afker it Imd 
been exiMaed to a welJiiiK heat. 

Half a pound d the aame holt waa fused aw te into a AUliili 
button, tlio foaion being quite pardNl; it mke witli a vcrv en*^ 
talline fraotur*^ and proved in every reapeet similar to ttia bit 
button. 

Exporitueota were also mode xritb J-Ib. and 1 Ik of tha 
boll,— the irou runtung through tbe pola oa tbe baia. On t(._ _, 
tlie burnt iroD taken from tlie ban tM propartiea were Ibtmd 
be tbe aame n> in the ptvriona oipcrimonta. Did ool aaDaaai 
in obtaloing a button more than ^lu. weight, owino, prob^aty, (« 
tbe preMure of the aielled iron agwnat the eoft iddea of the pet. 
The note ueed in these experimenta w«re of Oomiak day, abovl 
3 inchm high, cliiy lida \mng luted on. 

Fiutd Wrottgkt Iron madt dirtti Jran Mf Ore. — £xperillitnt 
Ko. I, with caldned Woliih mine; tbe followiag pn>portMoa 
need: 

Mine 2000 

Ume 400 

Autbrndto 300 



3.110 

Woicbt of button, 1 S41 grafaa Tbe da^ wa* dark grees, aad 
the button quite solid; it worked exoeedluuly toOi^ aad ecA 
like lead; on pntting bmt on the Iron it antcRM aad broke Ukt 
TOpptT, and would Dut, in fact, take a higher temnrature. Thii 
bntiuu was bund on exaaination to contiun no nliclnm, and "39 
per criiL of phospborin. The following ia an analyds of the »!• 
dnod minn uacd : 



4 



Silica 

Aliitiilua 
Pamiide of Iron 
Oxide of uiangnnesc 

Lime 

Uagnesbt 
Pbotphoric add 

Fotaiib 

Sulphur 



Experiiutul No. 1, on 

MiuB 

Limo 

Anthracite 



8-35 

Teoi 

I-!! I 



IT-,-,- 

lOO-JtS 

3iOO 
460 
375 



33U 
Weiirbt of button, 1311 gralaa. Tbe cinder waa a little liicbtar 
iu cobur tlian the laat; the battoa had a email cavity la tbe 
otuitrtt; a piece diawn out would not elaad a welding beat, bat 
crumbled to pieoee like copper. 
Experiment Ko. S^ «n _ 

Mitie UQO 

I<ime _. 400 

Autbrante 3so 

3300 

Weight of button 1333-0 graina. Cinder olive mem, doC wj 
dark, with a few black wavy liaoa Tbe buttoa broke lika oA 




THE CIVn. ENOIffKEB AND ARCniTECrS JOUHNAL. 



US 



MmI; otielMdf ofU VMrooad tasUnd bo liHit, Uia oUier mwtioa 
mrked tnio it tmaU diM, luudeueil on chUliDg; tad broke with 
• tdltraU; ctoM fraetni*. 
SxMrifacrul No. ^ with raJ on b^m IjjnoMalli Cornhjun 

aofc* WI 

FocosMa of iiOD ^41 

AlnmiiiA ... .., .,, {iiaett) 

Puviide of ouuwueM ... ifid 

M««a«»i* 018 

Pfaotphortc utd O-Ii 

Moiatun 0-13 

Oudecf ooppcr (KU 



Miw ... 
StMtk ... 
Utne 
AntlmoiW 



100-10 

$000 
100 

seo 

430 

33«) 



Gnder duk grnen: iron very toiigh ta<l aod, but itood no heat, 
ftnd WM iu uTVQ- r«ap«al aimilar to irou miilc iii BxpcrimeDtd 
1 mkI i. Tbo aBthradto OMd ««■ froin OI;ni NeatU, uul of th« 
my liMt qiiaJin, Mug tuuijr fi<M from anlpliar; tad U> «Ihiw 
tlwt it bail no i^iweoe OD the q«Jitj of the Imn, it nay he nion- 
ttoned that luttt quaBtftita of rttjtpod wdding eoat aceel vm 
nade from the Omihnai Fbrd on, tOa anthmdte bong naed m 
tt»nchMlM;ac«iiL Iu mom axp«tiia«ita oa Kcel mxto frotu 
Oenthnn fori an, loo uwU « qmatitf of wood cbareoal vm 
OMd: the nmlt waa a T«r]' dAric ciodtF mtb a matallic bei^ uid 
a bnttOD of very aoA iron, which wonid doI alA&d ft welding heat, 
bol oninibled ta pieee*. 

An ei|>eriiDenl waa mode with a uiuOI amount of binoiiiio of 
BMBgHW^ added to ^Ib. of oable hott, with a littlo dialo and 
Uisa to form riDd»r, a amall portion of ou^b inauflident for the 
oonpltta reiliKtioD of tha oxi<la being added. Tlie irou yna 
•tmllar to iku obtained la otlier exiieriroeat^ exoept that it 
atood the wakllng hwt a little b«tt«r. 

Expfrimeota wen nade with iron turniiiM from boat cftble 
bolt uiiti.'il witli fine uuiJ bom jMuiided coDslomeeKtei the object 
bring lo ftRcertntn whvtlicr the ima toolc uTielatn ftma the poC 
Time onucH uf Sue iron tDroitigt aod two onnoe* of fond won 
nixed togettivT iuUuvitelj, aud hcAtnl for two or thrae houn at 
& tamMnuun aulBcirat to melt wrought iroo. The tanuaga 
vm fiuad Into anall butloiia vaiying la liaei tbe nad lUttil 
together qnite bard, Mpceially at tiM bottom. Oa diaaolviiic 
theao baltooi in hjdrocUorie acid, no ulidnn waa datcdM; 
Ih^ oould b« rRMlily flattened W baauncring into thin plute. 

Another t.\|«TiuMiat waa tried Inr inisiDg iron tunting* with 
aaad aad carb^i : it waa than buna that the tilioa waa ndnoed 
ud combined with the Iron, which fWd tnto banl Mttlo 
fantlona, eoetaining from 1 to 3 jxir CMit. of aillciaiB (ulka ob- 
buued iu aiulfiia waa found lo oontaia aoone iron}. 

The propeHy of brcomiag tuoIcM altor upMora to a weldfag 
heat appean Crom the above cxpftHmenla lo be a apecial «^raeter 
of fuMa wrought irou. The eiperimeola haTe not beta carried 
&r taoQgh b) taad to taj uplanation of tbla : it may probiblr 
be due to the abeeaoe of a email portion of carbon uauallr pre- 
MAt in wrought iron. lo DnortneT'i Iron, Mr. lUI^ bewv««, 
there i* uo tarbon, jet it oertainlj welib, but not veiy mU. 
Wrought iron inadD directly from the ok nppenni to be mthsr 
worte than the fiiMd bur or plnte inui, aa it crombleii to piecei 
irhea eubjeotad to a great h««L 

ftlr. Buajr iataada mntinoiug tbeee exneriraeata during the 
winter, and trtuta erentuallj to be enoblol to gir* eoaia rcaaon 
for the pecvtiar propcctieeo'fueed wrought iron nbov* doaoribed. 

On MaMtmy/hr L^itwing Subtmtrtnt Ttb)n/* CaiUt. 

la the eoorse of the diaouanon whiA aroM on the aevenl 
papen oa thia aobjeot aubuutted to the acotion, Pnf Itankine 
aa*d be oUected to the friotion-brealc aa a ncMia of eantrolliug 
the Bpeed or the marfinnry, on the ground of the Inpoatibility of 
acmfsti-I}- »>tj oating or gradually nryiu* Ita reatataaoe^ whidi ii 
of nnccrUun uuonnt, and mbject to abrupt ehaune, Vh alao 
dcacribed Uie niuchineiT patcuteil ia 18&S bj hiueatt' kad Mn J. 



nioimoa, dK, ui engiiMtr of great ptMllcal MMrkmM In ky- 
ing eubniarl&a cablea. Two of the chief peeaUaritUi of that 
invcatioa wen^ tha ubMltatMn of gnov«d pnlkvt (or nlladri- 
cal drumi (an iaipraTBiBeat wfaidi una beco ued ajr the Allaalie 
Tdamph CoHiiauiylLaikd the empknoent, ineUad of iho friotkiii 
bnaji, of the kfdmiiic break, in whM the raalataaeei being thai 
of a iaid feraeu Uitough a raire, can b# aommtely a^ioMed, aad 
oanuot TaJT afarvplly. Hebi'liur^i iliat the nee of tha bydRioIie 
bevak would prawut audi Mxidcnta oa that which had recrntly 
oocurrnt lo the Allantie oableL 

Mr. Jaiuea Tbonaon. In aUndius to the paper oa th« " SpwUio 
Onritj of Tal^nph CablM," by Cap*, fifaikaly (iuU« p. :Uh\ mM 
he did not eoneur In the liew taken by the aatlior. aa be eour 
oeirod that ia the nieUiod propoeod the oaUo woiilu ba apt to 
■ink ia featocoa: a bend, wb« once fonned, by ita anpiBrioi- 
walckt dnmiBg down non rapidly than tha parte on ancb Me, 
yet borlSMWli and Ihna tli* oabla wookl him large folda, or erai 
ooila, whan It mebed the botiom. 

During the eoameatton a new light aeened to break npon Iho 
Kembei^ aa it aenaed to be uuivenally adaiitud ihnt it wiM 
DMlliematienUir inpoaaiblc, onlMe th« tfttd vf iha voaMl frraa 
whlofa the tabb waa payed oat weea almaM infinitely inenaaed, 
to by out a eable In <teof> waian (aky two milea or mon) in each 
a way aa not to reoniiv « length moeh greater thou that uf tho 
aetuol diataactt, aa from the iaclined dinctlou of the y«t iJnkioK 
pMl of the cable, the eueoewive ponloa* payed out wnal. when 
they reach the bottom, anaage themaelvea m wavy IbUe; elneo 
the actual hngth ia graatar than the entire horucaatal diaUnea. 
llio bet, thenbre^ which, whcai aoUoed, led to the inrrfaaing of 
tha attain oa Um Allaatie oaUe aatll it broke ought lo faKvo 
been anticipated, and niuat be ntorided for In the faun pregreM 
of that great natiwinl nndMlikking. 

On (A* PrCm^filt i/ tin TVanj/bnauiiaa V Amefttnik 
By Pn(. Mjujqdomi RjunErai; UUK, VJRA 

Thia paper oouaiatcd of an explanaljoa of aouw of the pnatkal 
applicBliona of a prindpto fint cnnununicated by the aathor to 
the Boral Soeie^ in ISSIl, \iA.:~'''ifa$trveiiiTtifagifai/lgiin 
h> ftaiie ttnder fimrn nprmoitrd dy a f iotn »gtttm iff lint; am 
ttruelurt riMtJIgur* U a panlltl pr^ttUtn uf th» yfiwn^un wUt 
br ttable atuUr farett rapww ewWJ W tte MrrwfMud^ pMW^ro- 
jrelun ^ the given t$*lam q^ tiati. 

By a "^iwaMpr^eoKwi" of k, figur* ia to be nadentood any 
figure derived bom the original tgore by altentioo of ila diuMo- 
aiona or fay diilortion: eubject only to the oondltloa, that all 
Btiaigbt linea in the orij^uJ flgun which an pAndtd and (.)oal, 
aWl^ npnetated by paiaUd and otinal atrid^t line* in thai 
new figure. 

Tills principle appiica to AiMJtiy alone, and not to ttrmatli. It 
embliH tlio proprttio* of aKuolum of complex and dMotted 
figures to bv Uetland from thoae of athM* Mmctnraa of nmpler 
and mon aymmeu-lcal Henna. Thui, fraai the coadiliinia of 
atabilitv of a oircnlar arui with a horizootal vstrwJoK, (an be 
dodooM Ihoae of on dlipiic arch with • aloping estndoa; aad 
flvoi (he figure of an niiiihbmU<<l arvli for euatauiiDg the prea- 
•nra of wM«r, which b e^ual lioriwataUy and vMticnlly, cnn br 
deduced the figore of an oquiLibraUd arch for auntaining the 
pnaaure of aaith, which i» wae hofiaonUlly than rertlcally in ft 
given ratio. 

Pknn of Water fAraUjfA Piprt end R'afrr Chinn«Ir gmtnUlg. 
By JoBH StxiuLt, C.E., MJil^ Diindalk. 

He ndd : "A cyliadiiatl pipe, flowin* full, iliaohargn lata thaa 
the Hittia pipe when only filled through a aegntnt vboa* aiv is 
£H 1 °-30' by i-a per oeul, while tlie valocity b km hj »-i per oenL, 
the hytUuUo uicliaadon being the aana. The nil aectkin dia- 
chaiM lea^ and alao with Icaa nlodty, in other forma of pipm 
aa well ae tn cyliaitrical onea. The aoouiinR power of droaW 
pipta, Aowinjc full, ia therefon ttw by aaarly 10 per eent than 
diat of the eniue pipca filled thnagh u are of ie\^Wr~* Bew 
elament to ha iMuiiiileiiiillii the atgwmonta for and agaiaat cirm- 
br p«pe eewem' 

Mr. Neville alao (nbmitted a new general hydraulle fecnnta t» 
finding the velocity in pipes am) riven, which be had preyioualy 
givtn in a paper renif at the ttnytA Iriah Acad«luy, and ti pub- 
fuhcd in the Jirurnal, Vol. XIX- I'lt >>,<, p- :U3. 



«56 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AM) ABCHITECT'S JOUBNAL. 



On Of JImWom* ^ Tvktt U CoBapm. Bj Wh. FaisaaUlK 
The feUointig «xptriiiWDta were mulerlakaD at thm joimt f- 
oiMUof tke Bonl fiodetf ud ttie Biitiak Afwhrina br tka 
itdmmnmA 0/ Scieatos. It is vdl kaom llMt tba tmmeMa 
MrtewMD flf RtMm powtr, uu) tki oonaaqurat ttid)MHMat to HTt 
fmalt hu wMod ui iacnsM of tlio workiiii nrMnm, mj'ing 
from 10 lb. to 00 IK, ud ID mr» ohm to 1M> lli. on th* uW* 
inch; and thia obaage hM want&mem been Mcmnpuiwd witti th« 
moot diaMtmia rainlu. Unftitnutoly, our kaowladge of tli« 
priDoiploa of oonatnuitloa hu not kopt paoo with our daain le 
aCDOOiiuM; and haoot liava foUowod too muiMnMii aad ftlal 
O t a rt wpliaa nnaed bf bMler ez^odona. Tbeoo laoMntaUo aad 
too friciaaiil ooDttnatHM bavo bMB (hewn b; lairaHl g iUop to 
haTo a w rtt nw adaan from th« wealtDeaa and oaDafM* of Ui« 
tntanal Snaa; and bmea It was onosidarod (nwpiitial to laatituU 
a tariM of oxMfiinaata fdcalatad to oaiabluh UftU on which 
oonld bo fimadad more corrtet tad moro r«l!«bl« prindplaa of 
oomatfuotioo. 

1r ordar to tave apaoe, and iaoreaao tba gaoanttva |MM«r of 
Urilun, iateroal fiuaa and tubaa hava baan gmmailj adoptad. 
aad that inthont wiffieiaat nticntioii to tbo {w^MMtianfag of 
dimetar, leogtb, and tbkkncai. nnd to tboae lawa oaloBtala d to 
Maura aafety, ob tlio ona hand, and MonoDnj of niatorial and 
jndlcioua diMribailom oa Uia otW. ISidiafto it baa been o>d- 
■idand aa aa Uidiaputad axkm, ^at a nlindrieal t«bc^ aack aa 
tba ftua of a boilar, wliaB aubjaotad to a mubnn aslaitial prcanr^ 
waa equaltj- atronc is •ror part; and that tha laUffUi did not 
aAct the (tnagtK of a tnbo m> plaead. But ihoai^ Uua Fnle 
mmx bo trm wliea a^tpUad to tubaa of ind«flait«lr lanca Wftth, 
or to tubaa nnaapfwrtad by rigid ilap ivt tti* citreiuitiia,— it >a 
rarr far beam tava wliara «»• ungtba an> limitnl within c«rui» 
■uultipba of the diameter, and the enda are aeennly faata n ad ia 
framca to pforcot tbctn Tielding to an Mtomal foree. 

In anmo aKpninMutal taata to proro tha ■uflicintii^- of aoma 
lain* binlft% the luiiher had aome mla^rliin aa to the Btreagth 
of the iotarna] floaa to rawat a force laading to coUapaa tliem. 




To ncder tha ex|)eriiiMiit aatialactotT, a Urge eaat-lroti 0]rtu>* 
dor a,a,<ue, waa pmand, 8 feat fa leagth, 2S iachaa India.- 
mater, and i inchaa thick at metal. In thia cyUndar were piMad 
the tubM to be ezperimeated upou, one of tliani bong aean to 
aection at ft. A, attached to the maMivc corcfs of the mllndab 
A amall pipe e, i^ waa aavwed into tbe caat-inci taa <lt Um 
tube b, K and aflbrded as^aM to tbe air lo ila iotarior itbm eol> 
Iqiaa took plaoe. Tha preanra waa obl^ad bjr nauia of a 
ponrorftl fbroe-piirop, hy which vmtor wm im'eoted into the 
q^dar tiU the raimtig powen erf' the tabe were orereoaw. The 
amonnt of freanre waa iodioated by tbe aleam-gaues 9, and tbe 
aoQUratetj^ttad MLletT-valve d. 

Aa tha vboU of the aatpnlmaBta an Ukeljr to ba pnUiabed, it 
will not ho oeooantjr in tbia brief abattact to ^r« more than an 
outline of tbe ivanlta obtaiood. 

Of the UwB which hare been deduoed that which rolat«e to tha 
length of tbe tabaa la perhapa tha moat Taaurkabl«. With tubaa 
of almilar praperttotw to tneee exparimastad npon, it ia band 
Uiat the atraa^ *ann in the inrarte of the len^h : that it, 
other tbinga bemg tbe aame, a tube 8 f«t luug wUJ >uppon onJr 
holfaagrmta preaaon a* one 3 feet lont^ or otie-Uiird aamn^ 
aa one 3 feet long, the length being mcaaurad betweaa tbe diaea 
fluppoTtlag tha and*. Thua in the toUowiag iperinwata : 

Xnwiuak StOMter. Uaflb- Oftaitnn — m. 
l»n _ 60 ISS i " '• 

n-o 80 aa-o 

AjBruniiiif the mean of exporimanta (1) and (2) to be eaieet 
wu lokyfiod bv theaborelaw theoollapMngpreanreof a aimila' 
tuba luJf tbe length; for. aa 30 : A»«t : : Uli : Hi Ih. Expa- 
riineatra}gav«82llii,ad!lhrano*irf about ^ Simllarlr, taUag 
the reaulto givea in TM» l^ in which th* tobea u« of tbe ma» 
thioknaafc ^'"^ 4 inchva in diameter : 

XtgedamX. bunociv. Lnnh. 

19 

.- 19 

W 



la thMa espttiuwnta it was feimd that llnea 30 (ect long were 
dMloited with conviilerahljr I«aa force than otlien of a ^milar 
cMiatmction M f(«t long. Thie aaoaudoae neolt led to fiirthar 
ioiiuiiT-, which being fiu- trom nliabetor}', th* atrice or experl- 
loeuia'reeofded in the paper wen inatitate^ witii ret; oooclotfvt 
maltiL 



i = 



sa 



u 

K 
<3 



MlvMc 
lb. pari 

... iS 



Aamming the omrectaeM oreiperimBntB(^aad (A we find hf 
thaaboratewthattbe tenitsncoofa IS-in. tabe woaM be 19 lb, 
and of a SCKinch tnbe, 43 lb. Uy experiment the raaatta were 
153-3 and 43 nanectivelr. In oouducting experimenta of thia 
kinii it Ib next to nDpoodUe to form tobca, wbn« the joinia htn 
to bt< ■"lilered and nvelad, theoretically correot; aad allowaacn 
mnit thenifbra be made fbr djucrrpnndigi which iuQ*t of neotaiBty 
oocur in their powera of renatance to ntnLlo. It ia nererthelea 
obviouB, tlist after maldng tbeae allotnuioea fbr inaceumdM of 
oduitrDctiuD, tha raaulta of the »perim«ola approximate ao 
nearly to die tnitb aa to ailbrd mmtatalmtbla em<Bc« that tbe 
tnbei follow tbe auua law in thair rcaiataaoe to eolla|iee aa a 
beam anbjeetod to a tnuuvene etnin; the itrtoigth in each caae 
mylng invsnely aa the length. 

Comparing tlia above experimenta with the following, we ahall 
find evidence of a aecond law, relating to the dlametera : 
Xii«rtEMOt. DIuwta. iMiflh. 

(1) « ._. SO 

M 8 » 

m " 8 M 

Oompaiing thia table with the fint, we And the atum tha la 
mj in the lavecae ratio of the dionictrr*. Tbaiv experbaest fl) 
abovoi aa e : 13 : : 83 : 44 III. Bv experimoita (1) and iS), tU 
aelhpeiBy pnaanra wne 4T-S lb. dimitariy, 8 ; 13 : : J3 : 33 IK: 
by expenment (3j it waa 39 lb. So, taking tlie mean of aetwat 
experimenta on tt-iii«b tnboa aa a atandard, wa niqr eeasttaet the 
iilleiiing table ; 

M mi W. tMitt. ~" I nil Mill. 

iKfew UAm. Ih-TW-iemlMk 

BrWBettetui. Kf nlMMM> 

• JO SO ^0 

S 90 S9 ST-S 

I* w S3 vm 

IS SO It U-0 

nie bw irhich relntn to the lUokiMaa of the i^Uaa b ka 
eTUeat,aad haa not vet been datenaiaed with mfldrntammf. 
Hower^r, tutxn titniW in other reepeela lary rfJmsCiy accovAt 
toaoeHaJn powtr of the thick nwa latW grwiter thaa the ag^ea 
Ihe todei of thii power la about 8-1631 



SB 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AnCIHTECTS JOURNAL. 



asT 



Till ibun obctnoi iriU ba ■affetant to ibow Uw iwture uul 



obgMtoTUieuperUiualikaiidtlwkppHatnbi-whkli Uip/ wvra 
eoQiliKUiL "Hmj arc iittU in pragma, bat u mob u tboy ua 
wmplotwl tlia^ will be givan to tlw pahlie, to falljr, *■ to vnabla 
tbOM eODV«nunt with tliu ■ubjecl lu juJiC" "^ Ibeir awunv;^ md 
vtklue^ Mtnnvliilt^ th« rMulu tlittdy knivod at notut to Itn- 
ponwit uo-lifmtieoi of oxjatlag oonatnotlmi, to «liieh fiiKlMr 
•tteation will bo dlracMd Mt aotn* taUm pariod. 

^b 71k« Aoyiu riadaet B/ J. BartoK, CE. 

^^ Tho chii^ fiHttiire of intoreat eoniuotoil witfa Um vUduot ia, 
t&u tbo imndplFB gf HMchnniokl adeuoe liod beea tkorougUJ 
uplioil in dtiwl in it* wostniotioui tbat io to atv, having awar^ 
tautod bj •deDliflo Lnvntljiation that aocb ana anoh pctftioM 
wonU ba lobiaet to a cottem aaoiint of Btnuii, vdi portioit of 
the brides hod bern ciiaitri<>tcfl Mcoanliiijily, no that all tU« paiU 
of tbe Borne Viaituct an mora nearly propovtiouatc ItwB it 
br wmj I fu 111! Ill nsMaaarj in work* a a Mniilar nature. Mr. 
MitoH entorad -my mlaatdy Into tba cticulationa whicb had 
baa> r«<|aiAta to aanrtain th« pmaiaa asurant of tenulo or mtn. 
pnwiva atraiik that the Mrend Unea and portion* of the bridgo 
wooldbeoaUad npoa to siulaiii: Bad want ou lo alato thattne 
Inn omfdojeil in the oonatrunticn of the bridge ainouiitad to 
740 toot, and ooal iilmiit i4l. 10*. nor ton comploto lu it ■tand*. 
All thia iivti h.vl bL'on nbtalned u>oni Stoflbnlahire; them |k>i^ 
tioM anbiMt to a teorile Blnio v«n of ** but beat" irou, Ihode iu 
oanpr(«*Miu wer* of that t«rcD«l " best" iron. The maxinium 
anoant of tlntln upon thoxe pnrla in coinprnwion whra under 
tlia IMtio^ load* VM 4 toiu pvr inoh, and tho teonla ttrain 
Donr cKCMdoil A t"n> per in«t). 

Mr. Barton esptiuuod (he naodea In wbioh tbe mloiilaUoiia 
««re ciodilied by (he movement (ander varying 1oad«) of tlta 
poiala of eontflU'T fl»xiir», and oxrilai&ed how tho abaolnto ooiv 
TMtaeM of tbo caloulationa had been l«*tod to a remarkabla w^, 
}>j aetnallj lertmif the top of the main beam* in tbe oentre epan 
at tbe pmaiavliereUieoiT decided theniiaB noacraln. Theeaeet 
proved the perbct ei)ullibriuoi of the elmotur*. A number of 
•Kpcrlmeota a* to tbe itnagth of tho varioiu parta of the atruo- 
ture ««re alan explained, aad the paper doaed oy deacribiae bow 
tbcorv hnil again been proved remarkably oorreot. Calnuation 
bad «^o«ii that wben the oentn apaa alone waa loaded iritb the 
Mrtins iMid of &40 toaa, Um extnue eoib of ihe alile apaaa ahonld 
be Urm off the pier vhan tlie taat wa* on. The hct proved eo; 
the aide npu>* rMn one inch o3 the piom. and an en^no tiavnra. 
ing the aiib apan front tbu otiilre did not bdug thai portion down 
■ntil it had approached within 4 feet of the pier. The dimeo- 
aione of tho work are : height above hlah-iraler mark, 1)0 fwt; 
Opealnf of iIm centre epan, iK)-! feet; and of the two elde e|MM, 
140 bet each. 

A brief diaenaeinn ensued 00 tbe aubjeot, in which Prof Bartow 
aad Mr. Stonej took part; and the Utter obaervad that certain 
very abetmaa and diraenlt maihematical atulyaea, which wera 
aeqeawry ftr the ocoatmetioD of the viaduct, had been mado by 
Hr. Blood, ProGMaorof OivU Engineering iu tlietJueeo'iCollnge, 
Bellasl, and he hoiMMl he would toon l>c ludiiced to allow him to 
give a etateaient of hie analyaaa to the public Mr. Slooey oon. 
loaded that the dlfllcultieeaad tmable of Uio diagonal aystem 
hibd been peatly mikttaified and eaaggnrated. 

Mr. M^nnell miil. No doubt e*vr¥ kind of bridge had ita 
advantage; bot wbeiv fnundatlone ooiild lie got, bia opiaioii waa 
that ahort apauH and the latticed priuniple anawered veey wallt 
hot whore aurh wm not the oue. tho britlgc itaolf and the oalea- 
lationa of Mr. Btrtou thawed the vivy su«muful manuor in 
which great eughiesriog difflcultiee might be ovi>nx>me. 

E^ImyrovtmenU in (Ae mo^ of Worliiag Stmm Eagina. 
By Thoxu Mur, Londoo. 
n«ae improromnnta coaiiat in cmntoring a boiler formed of 
inKhmona tube or aerie* of tubee wnioi cnnimnnicato with aod 
be rireoUtion of the healed water through the boiler jacket 
aud valre-boz, thns keeping the cvliiider at the eame beat aa the 
boiler. No ateain ia allowed to im formed In tlte boiler. The 
tieoonuy ntiwiint of water to fo<rni itoam ie moaaorvd «4f by a 
peenltar foern of voire, and thia water tunia idIo Mfnat aa H 
eaten the cylinder, workiog the eDglne exponmveljr. No explo- 
aloQ or prlmlog can occur. 



Om o moA itf reitdirfng Put ewiUffltonJ'jr ofaUaU* tu o Putt, 
and M • Murer n/ flluminaUng Oiu- By J.J. Hates. 
Hr.Haytasialod that knowing ninrly all the Callurea whloh 
bad ooconod in the opomtion.i upon peat had bean fiom tnutlag 
too much lo what had nsulboi from model eipennumta, he fint 
tx^aa with a model, aii<l iLeii, ^ding the principle good, be 
determined ti[ian ereoUng bia furoaoca for charcoal upon a (till 
ac*I«^ to thoroughly prova titt foot dI beins able to mafca each ao 
artielo at a ehoan rate Alter variona trvda, and making tbe «oo- 
uomy of labour hi> study, be bad aiaooeaded in producuu{ char, 
coal fit for mt-tallurtpoal opetatlona, and the cbcapneea of wbioh 
waa approaobed by making one product obtAincd during tbe car- 
bonimtioti pay the ooet of the other— that in, the tar obtained 
from the peat will nearly par the ooet of the charcoal. TTia oMt 
of tko nuudacturo ia as Mlowa:— Twoand a-halflona of peat 
an required to nuke one Um of charooaL 

Pttt, 3| tona at St. 6dl per ton 

Fuel 

Coat of dianing 

Royaltiea aa pent 

Patriotic rejrdty 

Inoideata] expen a t a w ww and tear, ft& 

19 
Tbe Ur obtained dnrifig tbe oarbonlaatlon, ny at i*. per otait. o% 
i\ tooa of peat, it 3fi gallone, wtijeh. If aold at 3d. per gallon, ia 
St. (Id, iMviog the ooet of charcoal at Se. 3il only. A vety aatla- 
Cutory letl«r waa rmd no the eobjeet of makiug bar-iron tOr tin 
plate work in Walea bv tbia charcoaL 

A deaeriptiott of nnlciiig tbe oorapound a eolidified peat waa 
(ana, which ia aa foUon ^-The poet, after bring fint dried of i 
the bog, la gToond )& a mill, and then the dott ia carried by a 
ecreen to a drring chamber, where it i« qulokly and aflbetoally 
daaiceatod, tho time for which doca not exoetd twenty minnta* 
from the iJrat deUveiy of the peal dail to the chamben, it then 
runa in a hopper over a pre«s (a diagram of which waa given), 
which waoldtnraoat 1 too perminnte: blockwelghtShlb. The 
invention of this pro* ia dne to Ur. CL KingaftinL Tdo coat of 
thecomprmed peat ia at foUowa: 



<L 


4. 


« 


3 





6 


s 


e 








1 


6 


10 



Cutting tho mat on the bo^ pee- ton 
Loat by drvuig tlio duat » 

Ooclof manui'BClnre 

Fnel 

Boyaltiea 



>IV 



1 


1 



d. 

4 

e 

6 

i 



6 6 



II 



No. ZSi.— ToL n^Homua, 1S!T. 



PkilMopJkji of (A« Ifooe Iam Sfrttm. By Tooxas Mot, Loodou. 
Mr. Moy argnd chat tho pure wave line !« the beet fona — 
tnating water aa inibjcct to tlie tama tawi aa »oI!d bodiea— that 
the <liity a veatel haa to perform l« to turn aoidn two colnmna of 
water, oQeoneaeheldeof the keel— that the ijioed at whicb throe 
eoluuDs are turned aaide cooatitutce the chief element of talrola- 
tion; and ho aahibited plant of fire veMela, each of whldi would 
put thoee oolumna of w&ter in uiotloD at ITS feut per minute, or 
twij miles an hour, wbila llicy r«»pectively travel forward at the 
anee<la of two, ten, twenty, Iwontj.fivo, and fifty mit« an hour, 
tbO loat voeael requiring 1000-honw power: nud concluded hy 
•howiag, that iu onicr lu drive the Gfml Eiuttm at Miy miwo 
an hour the oolunui of water would have to roocire motica miual 
to 6| mHea au Iiour. 

On tht iaiporttam of rqia&iliiip (Ae SfmA i/ Jfurtne fiiflaw. 

By Taoxaa Sii.vxit, of PhiUdclpIiia, U& 
The aothor pointed out the deliMU in tbe coromou Watt or 
centriAigal governor, which waa affected by the jntehiog of tht 
^ip in euch a manner aa to beooma almoat naeleat under oartaiu 
drcunutaaoca. Henoe the aeoeaeily of eome effieieBl tncaaa of 
limitlDB the action of the nutrinc engine to the epeed that It* 
airengUi will hrar haa been heretofon one of tlie great wnnla of 
narliie engineering and iktn-ivra the staanwhip of many advan- 
tagea that are Ita doe. Kaving aientio&od tevtmtl inalaaow ia 
Which veeaela were wrecked and many lives loat aolety frou the 
action of the maohiuery, which oould hav# been eoatniUed 
\iy a proper governor, he elated that tbe US. ateaaier AU^Mia 
had been ntnuing for two yean past with tbe attaohnMUt of a 



« 



J 



an 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



i 



ttta of gpnnat whioh ha hU iiiviiut«d, Mid h«l not brokea 
MUtUw; viA Uic offieun vt Uwt tfaip bid fmiiu'iidj HUMd th«t 
lh«/ MWd Bve two or thiva siiUa Ui koor by fuUuuliig uw by 
tbc DM of this InMnunent. Thla bad b«aD provad to ba tlia caaa 
by the fiut ttiAt lier euuni puMWaa Tor Uie v«u- ISJtO wora oo an 
aTen4{e eaah fivo hmn ahortH- Uiati thoae or the BaJik, whioli it 
known, wban under tha auDi drwoManoea^ to be the Eul«r atip. 
Ha paHT tboi o(nittnaed>>"Tbo acraw (and ll will aoon ba tlia 
onljr plan of ataun propuliioo ovor tbo oconn) iooraaaw tlia 
demand fiir kow praotl^ inprovanient in tfaa miuina mgtna 
tlutt will fiudliteto th« proper apptloation of the ateam under «U 
oirmnnataaoM; and I tburDfunt viah lo axpUn a plan of goremor 
tboMlloBof wUdi U M AtutogMutotheold ocotrttagal goretuor 
aa dia aprfag-balanw of & mtch i« to tha pmidiihuDi of a dock — 
tha witDhbeuig Tonderad bv tliiil Impravament <)aito u Tuliiftbln 
rer piatarrtng die auiformity of tiiue. vrbetber in oar pocket on 
ft &al trotting hone, or nndar tbe pUlowi whUat tbe doak mun 
be eonflfiad to a fixed poaiUon. and this U attained on dimilar 
prin dp ha , diflaring In fast onlj in mochAnical arTMngammt to 
nuJce It applicable to goTctoing tbe flnw of ataam— tbat ia to my, 
in Uia govaruor which ia bow submitted to the aedjon, the ami* 
of an ordinary Motrifujisl governor, v/tcb oitcMidf'i to an eniiol 
diatanoa b^KiDd their axia of ntoijan, and l <' a<l«d at their (Qur 
ntnmitiaa with bnlla of «quAl weight, perfectly bftlaadng aiieh 
Mber. Tliiu the iofluenee of the Ibroe of omvitj ia eotinly 
tvndad, and a nuiral or raaeting apriog ia subatitntad to radat 
Ue o«ttrU'iij(id fume in the action of the lnatnuu«nt, Mch loaded 
am oadlLuin^ in no oppi»it<i (!im:ti«a to the other, whleh eerrea 
to keep caoh of than at equni imgleM with the apindla tbU beara 
Umol Heiics tlic inxLriiiuiiut will not Doly work with nunl 
bcility ill auj- pijaitiuD, whsthar fljcod, horixuul^, perpeudiciAar, 
«r aa^ioUrly, but it dU:> can be thrown about at pleaaim without 
• fl a rt ^ n g the tntfafuluen or aea«ti*cnoM of ita opanlion; and aa 
Itt emtrifugd faroo ia rcdatod meohaniadly. inaUid of bj th* 
ibnw of gmviiy w in the ordinary govonor, wo oan inonnaa ita 
powcn Of uliuu tu any axteat; ao lUao we out iiiiiiiMiii tbe foroa 
of the ■^iogi and tbna more nicely and readUy adbA the aaoie 
Dbject. Thia fact, cooDMted with the dririog p<!^nt bokig in the 
cvutre of tlii- ri(^ iimii thai bMT the WL-i^ht, rcodera tbe Inttru- 
tuuut cjctreuidy vniutiva and Quiok in oistion. It ia now applied 
for raguUlIug atatiooary eogtnaa amployed br drivinj; mental 
rolling inill^ printing praaiaa, and in nomaaoaa other aiiuaiioiia 
whara tbe wachlnory bad been eclin-Iv uneootroUable by the 
beat fiienia of govenwa prevtoualy trlodl" 



PaocneotBoa or Tiiiioi» Sacnom. 

Om lie Dirtetio* ^ OrttftUy at the Earth'* Svr/act. 
Uy Frornwor IlEKKtiwT. 
If the earth'a ini&oe be oouaidered U> ooincido with that of llie 
Uqaid whioh ooveta t h wa fourtba of the entire xpbdroid, ^rity 
ilMuld be oooeldered aa pnpendionhir to it at every point it 
knraWi the eai'th wen atnpped of nil iia *«>as and ueeiuis, the 
mifiiea would )imrnl oouaidonblc iiir(]ualltioL rrom what ii 
tiow known rejtardiug the dsplh of the ocean, the contineuta 
would ^poar lu plateau* ulevated abore the ooouiic deprewioiui 
to an aiuouut wtticli, nlCtioogh amaU oompafvd with the t^ulli'a 
null tin, would Iw coiiiiilorable whan camparad with itAuutowelliug 
ftl lh« acinator and iu flattening towaraa tile pnlca. Th^ enrboi: 
thus pnaentad would b« tbe true aur&oe of the cartli, end would 
not be peipeiKUoalar to gravity. If a ktud uf lui-nn (urboo bo 
eoBodvM wtanadjtii; thin, i<j m to tnav^ fni!\\ volumea above 
of deratloma, and of ilcprouJaDi Lclov it, it ia not ivlluwable lo 
iMume that ludi a lufaoe » [ieri>cii<liuutar to fcravitv. The mean 
anrtwe of the aolid eruat of the earth would uo( be perpendiodar 
to gravity, if, after the piMeas of aoUdiflcation baa oommeooed, 
«iiy uxtead*« cbangea in the diatributiou of matter In the eatth'a 
iot"noT omilil take place. If the fiuid nutter in aolidilyiiig 
□uderwont uu cliAnge of volmue, tliu forma of the itrata of oniuQ 
doiuitv within the earlli woubl be tlie aame al pvery ■toff* of ita 
»^Uiiicatiu<i. Bat i( aa obaerntioa indicalM, auch fuB«d mattor 
, ■va paadng to the aolid oyitalline alato ahoold diminUb in 
ToluM^ tho priwure ua the rvmoining atratk ef the fluid would 
b* relimd, and Iht-y would teud to aaaiime a greater oUiptldty 
tlun they hu>l whfo «siatillf vsdar a mater prenaure. The 
^ .geueral rMult <->f thii action w«i^ BUUntlJy l>« lo produoe a 
i4lMng« in th« dinrction of the attractiFo (brco* at the out^r aur- 
iw* of Uia aeiid eruL Xho dinoUon of » plumb tin* vonld ba 



slightly altarad ao aa to ali^y laeraaae the apeveot Utitodta 
of plama over ■ sooe intemediata between tfaa eqnalor and 
polea. 

M. D'Abbadte Mated asMral oaaea whieh hn had met with, 
where mMuBBBBta wUitcd which abowed that tho dirMtlon «t 
gni-ity at aoiao fotnar parted moat haTa bcao voy dUEnvM iB 
rdotian to thoas partiealar portlaaa ot Iha earth froo whHl It 
Other membera alao noticed i 



now waa. Other membera alao noticed deriotiona of the pianly 
line from Ita normal poeition, and aomo of thotn which aeeaned to 
depaDd on th« aenaon of the ymr. 

Dr. Bobcaaoii auted that be waa Ilia tint to direct nttenlloa to 
thoae ehongM of level which dopauded on tlie aaaaou of the yiar 
HiIb ha waa led to obaerve from tbe fact that the entire bum «f 
rock and hlU on which the Amugfa Ohwrn-atory waa erectad waa 
found to be allghtly, but to au aalruaonier qnile pcrotptiUy, 
tilted or canted at one aawion lo tlie 4iaat, al another to tJw wmL 
Hiit he had nl fint attributed to the varying power of the am^ 
ladlathm to heat and uxponil the nwlc throughoitt the ye»r; bat 
he unoa had naaou to attribute it ntber to tbe inlUtnttioa of 
water to tbe paria wbera ilia day, alatii, and Limealooa loakl 
me* in their Molc^eal ammgameot Tha n^ng iptantiiy «f 
tU* through ue year, ba now bdieved, euraiaad a | J Owa n > il 
hydioelatic oaeegio, by wfaidi the podtion of the rook waa 

Stevlar FvrltUlont lit Lunar amf ThrrMtrie/ MaOon fftm He 
ta/tititct qf Tidal Aetioa. By Mr. D. Vadohas, of ^nThiflHH, 
Ohia 

lAplace mndudci from hla elabomte Invaatl^lona that tha 
rotation of the earth ia not olbctod t^ the occurrcaoe of tho lUao; 
nor do hie (onntilm ivtmI any pemumcnl dtontion in the d^ 
tioD of the lunar orb whidi diatnrbe tbe rejnae of our oceana. 
Theea nonlta, anaouneed by ao high aa autlurity, ntigbl be 
rccdvad ^ihont a oaroAil •zaminatuo If Iha (taadameBial psta- 
dplea of natural ;dii!oao{^ did not diaeomttoanee tha idea of 
ao solual creation «f power by Innar attnaation. The tidea «b»- 
aiituio aa impotttat nechanloal agenti and, oonki their wfacla 
foroa be raodei«d avaUablc^ It woukT ba ImuuI adaqoale to aerani 
hundred tiniea the Lbour of the htuoau popnUUra, So great an 
amount of Btotiv« power, whether appropriated lo the gnal 
purpoeea of nature and art, or woatM in overooauj^ (rietle^ 
oanoot be produood without aome expeuae; and mj praaml 
ohject ia to Iraoe thr change which it mvdlTW In the mgBona tl 
the aarth and tlie luoiiti, 

Aa Ihe eitmiia diaproportion between tho niomsntam of Aa 
oocanic water* and that of the planetoiT bodies ia the «birf 
aoiiroe of error in theee inreati^'nti'iEi.i, I bIioU conuneBoa by 
ohowtae bow tha tidal aotiou abould upMrate, if the moon iBOtH 
raaad the aarth In an exact drd«, «itunt«<l ta the phuia of Iha 

anator, and not mora than M,000 miloe in diameter. Her peri- 
iod rrvotutioD in tlili cami would occupy nearly twdve hotti^ 
and tlie lunar day would be about twHUty-fiiur houra in teagtk 
Tho tidal aatlOQ on Uie aoao naaraet the moon would be ahaiaat 
twioe at great oe on thoae meal dlstaat; tha farwv bolag aboat 
(two timea, and the latter over SACK] dmeai Ihe diaturbinc aeliaa 
now exerted by the moon on the watonr donniii. Tbe wiMOoa 
appeodaga of onr planet would, in thla caaa^ lonn two pwt 
moveable ooeana. luitalned on ita opnodla aodea \)j tbe attnclfaiB 
of our tnCetlite, finil ke«piuic paoe with her movemaota. Without 
taking into cotiaiilurntiou the uadllatioDB of the aoUd part of ibe 
cMlh whidi might pueaiblv occur iu theae dreomalaaoeik it is 
•vidant that thure ahould oe a gvucral flow of tbe watan freot 
wast to east; and though the currant may be ollaniatdy revenad 
in deep diannola, Uia foroo pcoptUing it in an eaatem directim 
ebould alwaya nuint&in the aaoendau<::>-. A vast body uf wotar, 
dnolallag around the earth Crt'Ui wtui to Mat, ooald not bll to 
Boodarata Its rotary motion; althuugh the rnuli wonM aot be 
rihibjtod by the finmiilM of LapbcaL The moon, in this «aaa^ 
would auataiu a loaa of momentum to a more oaBahMcnUe extAit. 
It in wdl known that the attroo^ou of mountaiaa modUsa the 
direction of tenviitrial gravity Iu tlirir vidDltyi and that a 
phuubJime on that part of the equator immediately wsot of the 
Amlna would be alJEhUy deflaeted to the eaac In the eaae we 
have onupoaed, the i&TeeUon of Icneatrial gravity woold ezpad- 
enee a ttuiilnr deflection at placaa In oo^JunellMi with Um bw; 
Una Iha attra()ti..-n of the ■xe— of walan whioh awallod faahlM 
her. Acooriiii|{ly tho lunar atb would be drawn, not diredlv te 
tlw •inlt'a oentr^ but alwqi to a poiiit a liule wsiwanl of t^ 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAI* 



3^9 



I 



¥ 



k 



K oooitmt Ism «f motiom woaM b« an iiMvitable'otniaixiuence. 
It would b* dIBennt IT the o»rUi coald prcMTve ui iuvnrmblo 
lam; for in tliat cmo, Ita ktumctioa on a mI«UH« bauw Blwaj* 
i)ir«et«il to Ow «ntn^ or ■iMinaUly deAtrUi sHt and wmt of 
that poJS^ Ibe lo» atui |j<un of mntiio abonld bt tvealj biUuiccd 
•ftar «a< or nuD J iwDlulioiiiL Oiher invciUitatioiia load to the 
matt eeadoaiaai. A talelttte ivrolviiiK just bo^uod the confiuM 
«f Ottr MnuMphnv would aJteruAUilr lUurlGrale unit relard tba 
noresieata oi one morf diaUuit; knd phvulcAl lutronomr •faom, 
that la our plueUi; miam ■ likr jHinrirlicit}- nwilta from tbe 
ioeqnklitjr n Ui« tttiMa in which the icvurnl plunela peifurm their 
nroiatiiioa. Bat m the tiilowavi: rolb aruuDtl the «utli with 
th« Mmo ninui jincuUr ve\ijcil^ um th« movti, their mirtiul MtlOB 
will not exhibit ttin pcnmlii-il}' which diiLrmotorUM jiutetarj 
dlatsrhaiioeK In tliu niuilytickl iNiliitinD of tbk problcnj, the 
e^iutioa cbpandiog on the diflbrmoo of Eootion of uie moon uiJ 
tho Udp-wan would teqnire bjr integntion k dNiwr Infinitely 
uhD; and this jifotm Ita mooJiu' ahanolrr. If Laplaoi finds ao 
aodi diTiaon, it U booUM »]l lh« BodUcM^ons in tbe aetioii of 
th* Dooo oa the watvn of tho ooaan on not embi»eed in hii 
invHtl^tlonB cm the mbj««L 

LMTOig the auppuHKl CUM, w« «b&)l now nau to ths Mtnal 
ttmditioit of tbo ■^ndai oonoeniod In ddkl ^aoBWiui ea our 
gjobsL At her prtMnt diirtBnoo tb« iwrolntioa oftlw laoon ocou- 
^M moR lime Uum th« nartk'* poriod of rottU'on; and the tidal 
Vftve whjali ha* the {[reatoat diaturbuiff ii^ucooe btiug dwava 
«Mt of OUT aatellitA, luoat add to Ita vdodty, whUa it raUida 
that fif tba earth. Wa may ramark, howwver, that Uie additional 
rdoeitf intpartod to the inooD wonld give hor a larger orbit, and 
IliLiiaaii the period of bcr revolatiim. llecn) the orbital motion 
«f tiie moon, m w«U aa the rotary motioa of the aarlh, aiutaln a 
kaa depending on tba dUiBranoe of th« thlal brea oa oppoeiu 
ridci of our dobe, and lovar; iaaig^floant, Uiat aome million* of 
jmn would M ntqoired to canae a reduetion of 1 per cent in the 
BUMoefita of tbcM raat bodicei I miut, howerer, queation the 
raulu ft Ij^ihwe, who finda that tbe change in tbe length at tba 
daj ha^ uot anoiuited to oue hnndmdth out of a aecoad daring 
the liwt 800O yaan. lliia eondmnoD i> btuwd on a compariaoo 
of aacdent and inedani Mlipsoi; and the time of the earth a roU- 
tioiila ihoaaiKvrtainpd from tbo rcToIutiotu of the moon, makiog 
oorractiona for the diatuluinoca operating on the latter bod/. 
Botidl the dialnrbiDg influeacM tinve tiut yet bom taken Into 
ooaiidonttjooi and aa the one tiotioeil in the pn-tmnc paper opo- 
ntca on the earth and moon, we cannot rvgnrd cither of theaa 
bodiMaaaD in&dliblo chninometor for meoauriag tlia vaat ^ei 
of etomitf. 

On lAe /nitufiMw q/" tA« Gvl/ Slrtam tm Ma CthnaU q^ Ir^and. 
By rmf. lluntKwr. 
Ha flowed on a larKa nap of the Britidi Iilea tbe laotbetmal 
lilM^ or Uc« uidi««tiiig th« equid <1vkm <^ t«a)pentan: and 
tbata nuk, not horizontally in the direcdon of the panJlole of 
latitode, ae might be expected, bnt in curvoe olmoit eoneentrie, 
aad fijltowiag vh^ aoarly the windinga of ttie coaaL Tbeea 
ourvM were laid down liom the reaulia of a long leriee of obeer- 
vattoiu oD tbe ellmate and tempemiaf«^ hj Dr. Uoyd, the Proal- 
drat of the Aiariciation: and oae of Uiaia rtanlta, founded on a 
aeriea of botli d» and Dieht nbeervataona, wa^ that the mean 
Umpetatur* of the •>* off tlio weat cuaat of Ireland wan four 
degreea higher than the main i^-mperatiire of tbe land. All tlieae 
facte wore expbiaed by tlii! pbcui'iui-uou of the Onlf>eti«un, or 
warm mrrent of water, which, nn wa« wnll known to nayigaton^ 
flowed from the (!iilf of Mexico in the diroelion of tliU twaxrj 
and the north-wnt cunit of Kur^pe. Tliat dumut of water, 
heatri in the wnriu regions whm It oommeaoed, exerolaed Itn 
influeeico very ecaiiibly on tbe atraoeplieie^ raising ita tempera- 
tutv, and cliarging it witli rapoiin which were known (o give 
out a certain amount of haiL In l>r. Wildi-'n historical ' Huport 
on the DiMawii and Conuiad Pbenomeuii of Ii«land,' praaenteti 
with the ceoaui rvluriiN, they read of several extnme aiaagea of 
tampeiatnre havlug tah«n j'dace in nmote agea in this conntry; 
and tboee might have been caoiad bv the tempoimi; deflection or 
deprivallon of the tiulf-atream, arinag from eone perturbation 
in t]i« tmpical rupoae, and leaviag thu cuuntry fur the moment 
In Uie wme pcaition it wotdd be in If no Oulf-curriDt existed. 




On A* yarhthn In Ot QmmtUf (/ Itabk dW A> Of Jfeen:'* 

Pruilion in r^ertiict (e tlt» Plane iff lAe EarlKt Orbit. By 

C. F111.B&00X. 

The author called attention to an impoetaat difference In the 
amount of rain which blla In iheee latiludee at oppeeile parta of 
the moon's eoune with nAmoe to the plana of the eatlh'e orUt; 
—a roault obtained by pladitg horisontally (from the daily ngi»- 
lar of Howard, in the vie inily of London) the amount of rain 
(when any) duo to mch day throughout a lunar oourae,— «nd ao 
on for 100 oonraea in doe order. Ilie bdlowing table exhibfle the 
result: — 
muniw rtf Uw Mom Tilb nbnM* u iht nu* of th* bnin Orta la Hi eaBMloB 

villi llu RalnbJI of tMdgo and [M iMailT, M 4idaaad Ins ■ BitWw tt tte 



PtalUaii of tk* Moos. 


Dv. 


AmmDl of RAin, 




Ill sraaalel South LaUlula, 


1 
3 

3 








1 






5 


tl-ea iDcho in £00 days. 




Asoaiidiiig through Plana of 
E«Ui'( Orbit. 


6 
7 
8 












e 








10 






In 


u 
13 






North 


u 






Laliluda. 


14 
14 








17 


1 






IS 






DeMending thrangb Place j 
of Eartb'a Orbit. { 


19 
SO 
SI 


Sa-lS Inehea la EOO day*. 






S3 






tn 


8S 
S4 






SoBth 


St 






LalilDile. 


« 







This afl^oot the anthor auppoaea to be due to altrmtile anutherljr 
and northerly entrenta depending on the aaeent and di-ioent of 
the noon throuij^ the plane of the eaith'a orbiL Be ihia aa it 
may, it is iraiimahln to infer that wh«n she i* thaa in tome way 
producing an axotaa of raui in these latitodoa, oompaiatlvolv dry 
weather obtains in eorrosponding Mnithem hititudci, and fle» 
iwnf ; and that iut«rmediaie biiludee experience an iutcrmuliBta 
degree of the eBlMt Heteoiologlsta of other UtJtodaa and dialant 
oonntriee, who may poneaa a nfptHtr of the weather extending 
orer 100 eounae, or about 7) yeai^ should Uj the rtaott tbr 
their rs^wctive latitude*, and tnmmlt their oonolQibnia to the 
author. 

On /JhiiMMHiy PW Om. By R L. Joamwi. 

Ho stated that it )• now nearly half a eentnry since a Partia- 
moniaty Committee appointed by govenimoDt to raport on Irish 
peat named tlie lows of Sligo and the bill of Howth aa the 
extreme jminta ofa abi^t lino, aad OaJwayand WieUow tlcw] 
as the extreme poinU of another straight line, between which 
two straight lines lay 6-7tha of all tba peat in Ireland, the re- 
maimng I-7th being diatribnted in other lucalitim en nicber tide 
of Uieec lluaa. Having named the diflhrent looalitioa where peat 
IN diatribnted, the tot^ nnionnt of which In aaeaamean to b* 
thnw nilliona, Mr. Johnson entered into a detailed deecriptjoa 
of the mode by which ha obtatoed tUamiDBtiniif gaa from eommoo 
pent or turf, which he protlocod by tbe donbk dooonpoeitlon of 
th(> oouslitiusnta of tbo peat. He slated that worka for the pro- 
dactiott of the oae have been erected, and ax* in actual operation 
in two placee in livlauil. Tlie gaa produoad waa good, and lie 
cost, aa slated t<> liim by a e^'etlomen who waa naing it, lesa than 
2*. per lOUD cubic feet, lie stated that &om one single pontid 
weight of cummcn peat au hour's light msT be produoea; and 
that ita cost bebg so very email it should nltiiaately be exlen- 
■ively natd throughout Ireland, and in ita producUou there was 
oue-thinl of charcoal 

W 



MO 



THE CIVIL ENOINEBB AND AHCHXTECTS JOUHNAL. 



^ 



On MMM PtH» <m*ueUd wU JUify Oemaai and FoUatton. 
By Mr. Suitn-. 

Mr. Sorby itAtoH ■onic other ci>ii?liuiii>iu wbieb bare prwontod 
tboiaMlvc* to h'm ratncl reg&nliiiK Ilto ulttnute atruotun of sIaU 
roeb^ alMiriDg tliat two ovden of •truotun w il«t«ctod by th« 
ntlaraoope: one r«rerabl« to mman on a pbuuo, Ih* oth«r to 
pTWMira on k putly ridd body. H« montionvd (bo ayitemsUo 

CwiiM of DUCk, Tuieil br qonrU, iu ecrUin tliUca, Mid MAted 
vi«w of the oii^a of tlicM two miaemb by Wttmor|>hJstn 
fioiD Mq»r day. B x p winw ati on the «(reotB of pnwura on 
plMtia MM rigiil RMtarikb ware giveo, uid ■ Ubular viow of two 
wWtlw of Btmcturc itaa to mmiuv and metunorpbiun on 
rocks originally not eawntinlly dunmilu. 



On Ha tUUion Mietm tAfl Clrac^/t iff UineraU and t\» 

dtrnvft Iff Rirekt. By IVnlMMr Kiira. 
The priBdiMl eoodnaioDa m tittt ninenl eluva^e i* ■ auper- 
ladacM Htnttan, ths aune u rack e1«v*j{e: aud that rock 
dM*^* ia dna to the aame law, nioJiSed, tbat produMd miiicial 
«laa«ag& A* regarda what bu ofUa b«ea t«raU>l alal; dcavage 
' ie wnaiilan tbat there are two kinda— a tnia atwl a bias ntie; 
and 1m bM OMM to the eeoehuiona, that traa abi^ daaraica ia 
erdinatT rook oUavaga, aflbotad by oomDnmiciii appUod perptJi- 
dionlarly, or Drarly ■«, to the pLuim of tin- latter: and tliat lalaa 
deaTage is limply duH to pmiure aji^iUed lattrally to iho bori- 
aoDtal dlraolioD of the plaocc 

Ok tmprooemenU in Orovd* Battery. By O. J. StvKET. 

He flrat eihlhitivl a faw cetla of GrovoTa batiMy la the onUoary 

WK}' in wliich thp plntM of >iaa kod platina ue uiaagtd; if any 

nccidoQt occur to uiy ona oall or plato it cannot ba removed from 

the bnttery without taking down, oalt by cell, the whole antetn 

that prece'dea IL Mueb meoDTeniraoe also la czMrittioea from 

' the rambg of the adda whan the optntor liai flnWied bia day^ 

, work, and in taking the pUtes in tbe ordinarjr maner cub ont of 

I ita plan and dipping it iolo wa(«r. Iu the improranent which 

Vm. Stouey hai deviaed, atout iron win-a arc Mat into the form 

W To 1 and 8, pInUa of Eio« are aoldeml, and to 3 a plate of 

"* plattaa, and ao on with Moh of ihe rMt of tbe Memonta. 

Ue bad leared tbera would be mncb difficnlty in ■oldoriiif; tbe 

platlna plate to tb* bend of tbo iron wire 3, but it vra* fomid not 

to be aO| aa npon dipping tbe iron into chloride of sitia and then 

I laying the pbtina plate kgaliul IL it waa fuuud tliat the aoldering 

f frao, with a email globule of eolder, made a perfect jobt along 

tbe entire exteot. To present any cbaaoo oonlaot of the wire 3 

Willi 1 or i of the next element, a little cylinder of gutta-percha 

«-na pat onr eadi of tbeae wirea 3 which carried the pUtina 

Slate. In ratUiig tbe elemenu of the buttery logetlier, the pla- 
na plate 3 of each elnntrnt wtw aimply inaerted betweoo 1 and i 
. Vt tbk neatt element, and *o on throualiout, and oaob element was 
. then perfectly distinct from every otner, and oould be token cat 
' or put in, or the o<IU bvl'^^if^ing to It nvartaaged aa to lAttx^ of 
tAdnaor otherwia«v a* oocaaion eaigtit ariito, wiihi)iit tntcrwrfng 
with tht met ^eo it ia donrad to (to|i aork, tlie vhule dS the 
Mfbrtnedwim, with the nneafldplutiuanlntaatlachod lotbem, 
arelifiod togellt^routof tbeircelliibyau uliluug mahogany Ihuac, 
one aide of wbieb tlidea in a groove, ao tbnl Ihe aldet at firat are 
, At a aofflotent diatanoe to go over tbe cntttv ftyetem of M'ai one 
aid* of Iba frame ia tbea bran^ht under one lino oi tbe benda of 
Ui« wirm, and tbe moveable nda ia tbeu iiuabed iu lo ai to oorao 
UDiler the bends on the oppoaile aide; (lie entire fminp is then 
lifted with all the plataa at once, and they lurs all ptunpied toge- 
tlirr Into a troogb of water placed near. Tbos tbo fuming U 
aliuoal entinly nvdded. 

A Tkvirg nf the Ornrnd Cnrrtnl* of Almotpherie Cirmttarion. 
By J. TnuHsoK. 

Aa tbia theory U IntMided to form the aubjoet of a paper eoon 
to be aubmitted to tbe Royal Sodety, a brief expodtion cf Mr. 
Thomtmi'a riewa^ and of tbe chief point of uuvelty of bi* theoiy, 
will auffiee fcv pubUcktlon at pnMenU It bai been aaoertolued aa 
k natter of obMrvatioD, that in latilmln rxtomling fhnu about 
30^ to tbe polei^ the winds, wbilc pirvsillug frum weat to eoat, 
prevail aJao in directiona from tlie equator tomrda tbe polex, 
Now tbia motion toworda the polea appeara not to have been 
hitbetlo aatMfiwtorily eipUued. In fact, it Is tbe contrary motion 



to vbat ia nabuallv to be expeeted wbeo tbe theai7 of HaUcy, 
wludi wa* gjven about tbe year 1666. and whidi apMara to afora 
Uie true k<7 to the explanatlMi of tbo Inda winds, is fbUoved 
op witli nM(>oot to tbo circulation of tbe mr !■ other bt*UKles 
than tboaa iu wbieb the tnuk wiuda ooenr. Aomrxling to lUa 
tbeoey >o applied, it would naturally be espeotod tliat tli« air, 
having risen to the upper lugioM of tbe atmoepbcrr in a hot 
sou* at the e()UAlor, should float towanb ibo north and eootb 
polar redone in two gmul np^r onrrcnts, lebuning, aa they pus 
to higher laUtndea, some remiune, not ahetncled by frictica aad 
adniixturo w^th tbe currenle below, of tbe rapid onnalor^al notkin 
of about 1000 miles per boor fnm woM. to eut. wbich tbcy bad tn 
morlng wttb the «eLnb'a RUTfKc at the eaMtar. Also, it would 
be expeetsd that the air ia tbe polar rqgMM ifaoakl have k ps»- 
vailii^ tendency to aiiik towards Ihe anrft«e of tbe cartb, 1» 
oouseauenoe of lU increased deusliy eansad by eeld; and that it 
should tend to flow ttoia tbe poUr regions alcn^ tb* aurfaoe o( 
ths aartli, towards the equator, with a prevailing nMUon fnm 
w«at to onat in ailvoiico of the nrth, until, br frtctloo and Im- 

C* M on tbe earth's surface, the motion in adranc* of tbe cait^ 
ght from above by tbe air in ita dcacent, and eomBiiukicMed 
fnrtber to It by fHottou uui admixtnre from above as it pasMS to 
lower latictidea than lis plaota of doNvnt, is exhaueted; or, ia 
other worda, until it reacbqp tbelntitudr in vbicb tli« trade wind* 
oonunenoe to blow from the east, and until it has oomtnuBicated, 
ia blowing ftom weal to eut on tbe aartb'a aur&ce, a tonunkl 
foro* to the eartb. Just anffldeot to balance the ovpDwia tonaonal 
fdoca CMomiuiicated to the earth by tbe trade wiails blowing tKm 
east to west 

Now this theory, obvious as It apptara In tbe form adduced, b 
found iti one msentlal point Lo bo controverted by obaervatMBa 
This point J* what was stated in tbe outact of the prceent articte, 
namotr, Uiat the prevailing wiiida on th<? surfaw uf tbe earth in 
latitudea bi):bvr thou 30* are, while blowing ti^ta tlie west, as 
ahoold be expected, found to blow men towiiidi the polea thaa 
ftwn the iiolesi simI thus do not movp as if impelled along tbe 
enrls4M ol tbe nartb from polar to djiMionsl »iiiuos by no ang* 
mental priwiarv dnc to a cundenntiou by cold la polar regioa^ 
and a diuiiuished prcwmre due to rarelaaliou In tbo equatorfa) 
renoua. 

OtwerratioQs being tbns at variance with tbe only obeloa 
theaiy proposed, tlia dicumstanae in qncslion has bean eonnnoBly 
Te^rasd as rather pdradoiical; anJ UeuL Mau^, one at the 
moat recent writere on the aubJNl, has, in bis miKn-valued trea- 
tise OB the 'Physical Gecfpapy of tbe Sen,' found biraeeU Ibrad 
into supposing an entire reveraal in latitndes above 30*, of tbe 
crmt drtnlauon just described. Mr. Tliomson regarda Liaot. 
Maury's auppoaition as licing entirely uiisa]i|KirtMl by the blown 
pbyweal cnuaea of tbe atmoepberie motions. He, en tbe con* 
trai;, maintalos tbat tbe gnat dronlatlon aln«dy dcscnhtd does 
actnnlly oocor, but occun subject to thin modifieatkm, tbat atUa 
atiatnm of air on the snrfoot of the nu-th in tbe latitodes lugher 
than 30°— a rtiatum in which the inhabitants of those Intitndea 
have their existence, aud of which the niovementa constitute tbe 
obeerv«J irinds of those latitudes — bcinf;, by fri<linn and impntMS 
on tlie anrfiace of tbo ou-tb, retarded with reference to the rspU 
whirl or vortex motion IVom west to cast of th^ great nuw ecur 
above it, tends to flow towardt ibe pole, and Ktu.illydo«a so flow, 
lo supply the partial void in the central tarts <if ttut vortex, doe 
to the centrifugal foroeof its revolutioin. Thus, it at>prnrit t)ial,Ia 
tempoiato hititado]^ there are three curteols at diflerent hetgfati: 
^that the uppcrmual movee towards the p(>le, and is part of a 
grand priraaiy oirculatiuii between etjusloHal and polar rtglcoa; 
— that tbe lowermost moves also towards \Kt pole, bat is eatya 
thin stratum forming part of a acCDwlory drculslioo;— tbat the 
Biiildle euncnt movea from the polo, and oiiutitutee tbe retam 
current for both tbo preeediug;— kad that nil ih^se tbre« eurtvnti 
have a prevailing motion from w«»t to east in advanoe of the 
eartb. 

Tliia ia the suhetAnoe of Mr. Thomeou's theory^ and he ^vsi^ 
as nn illiistmtion, the followiiij; simple extisrlnieot : — Tf n ahallaw 
drculor veiad with flat buiconi, be filled to a moderate depth 
with water, and if ti few anudi objects, very little heavier Iksa 
water, and Hiiiiablo for indicating to the eye tbe motioM of IIm 
wator in the bottom,* bn put in, and if tbe water be set to ra- 
volvo by being stirred round, (ben, on the prooMS of ati 
being terminated, and Ihe water beiiis left to itself^ tbe i 
puticlee in the bottom will be seen to ooUeet in tbe eantra 

• A few MS Issnil^atnwis Maps elllnU tht }«■(«■• sA 




r 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



361 



an «vId«Bl^ ourM thm bj ft cumnt (l«l«nntii«d towud* the 
oaatrv nioag Uu bottom is eoDMqniOM of Uw otatnAvd fbra 
of tho lowMt Astnai of tba water bring dimtnidicd ia nfcniMie 
to ihe itniU klure tliruuxU n ilimioutioD of v«lodty of nuiiou 
1b the lovMt AnioDi hy frictiuD on ibo bottom. The paitidM 
bllag liMvttr than Uw wal«r, muil in reijioet of tboir ibdaity, 
bm lion otBtrUvgiil foroa tbu tho valor tmuodUtcly in toataet 
with Uimd; and niiut, tlier«fun, in tbb rMpcct barr a t«ciil«ficr 
to ij outwaiUi fmni tfae oentre. bat the to^ of water towanu 
Uie oeutra ovvwotoM thla Uodmtj aad ouriw Aem inwanla: 
ftail thua la tho flow nf walor towaida tlw OMiti* in tbo Mntum 
in contact witb tha bottuB ftipMj tnuibatod. 



ON SUPEUHEATED STEAM.* 

Bj TnosAB Paoaua, C.B., New York. 

Tbb (ubJBct of anperiMMcd •team ia br from boiD)[ a new oue; 
but inamtoeh aa anoiber of thoae uft-reourriDg eflorta In which an 
impcrfaot kiwwladgt of the phydaal law* wbleh gnwru !t ia uow 
bMng made, t hnve vonlun^ a Uw nart wonla «7a(lvio«vt tn tbe 
hope of ataj-lDK the doliuioa •oniewbat, to praraat a umIbm 
eipttutlitim of liniB aiul of monev, witb a fiarfat taer^lce af /[/ft 
iUtlf, which luiutt iiieviiabi; reaidt from tho extenaive ado|>tjou 
of auMrhaatoJ aloara prodncod In tha Ba&Doi gttianllj cootam- 

Iba npttbeated ia probabtj tb« onhr ilato in wfakli atMun 
■hoolit be admituil into the o^iader of n •teai»«mpn& for the 
piu|MM of fuUjr ilev«hi|iiiig Ita moefaanka) effeota la tb* nioM 
•mwueal maniiar, pnmdaJ that it can be dona wiiboBt Inerxa- 
•iw tfaa chD|pr wUeh maaaiiHly attonda ita uto in may atat*. 

Itiil&ul ofauperbeatatL hawavtr, the aubjoct lina boen Iraatad 
tnorv like •uperiMlim], nr if tbe OBin (tlial ia Ui« tmn applied) 
aba«rvnt>l<* wnca alaan la ao naed la raallv attrlbolsbla to it »■ 
tba priiiiu? ciuae, we bare an affect ftvm a caoae wliich ia in no 
way adeqiute to ita prodaction, lo &r at Uiut aa onr fcnowleilM 
of the pbjiica] nature of ateam cxtenda. The eBbet, tbcnfon^ la 

^enlMaral. 
I Wiilld be ao tllfficult taak lo ahow the delnaion tmJer which 
the aperineoirra ihoraaelvea haTe labound in all thone eaata 
which are raliml upon \a prova the •aormnaa jfnJn obtained \yy 
uriog anpo-hontod atcam; bat it would bo au eciillciia ropetitinu. 
I prater therefore to atete what wp dakunw.if auj reliance ia to lie 
nboed m tbe uperinenta of Begivtult auil otheta, ris,— that all 
diy ffweona bodlaa an •ipandvd avrir alika by tbe abaurption uf 
tba aama tuial amoaot of beat, ami ^at then aiista no raaaon 
whatcTor for anpfwaing that ateam oota otherwue when anpu^ 
haitHL 

Tbere la no dogna bettor aapportod bj inductive reMooiiu 
than ihie, a* a phjMcal fiwt, fornlthoajb there are no eiperi- 
tikeala whioh entirely n^ircc «ith it, ihu iliffrrmcoi aro ao ibuUI 
aa to ba within the poaaiUe errv>ra of ri|>rriniiiuta of lO raueh 
iletioact. At ail evcula, «ren th« ri)Mrimuula Ibemaelvei^ how- 
ever adeelvd, ilu not Qualify the uUiiiia avt up !& brour of aur- 
cbamd aleam, hot air, cartuinic acid gM, aiiMliol, or ether, and 
UMaiisreof all of them poiuta to tbe one aatna canaa. 

IfalauB ia an exocption to ibo geoeral role, we bjre no i«ti> 
abl« eipertiMnta which prove it. lor thoae which hav« been au^ 
jnanl to do ao are of no value wbatanr. 

Tbe aotutJoD of the diflicaltj ia alinplf thin : lupcrhaatinf tha 
atcau prai'enla ila ooDdeoaniion in the cylinder, nod therefore 
avoidi a Iom; that ia all whicli it ean do,— anil etidugli too, for 
tliat loaa ia ao eaonaoua, that tba advooaiea of lli* air-puiup oou- 
daoaar are eonpellad almoat to ignoro it, or to neknowledge tbia 
Daw "apirit' of evil and of error. Of evil, bccaoac of the «x- 
tnine oannr attending ita production; and of errar, becaoae 
aimiai! at the enriug of aa evil, inatead of pT«rtUiuK iu eiiit- 
OBoe, for, aaya the good old piwerb, ■* PnvantioD ia better thaa 
mra." 

Wh«« we reBeot upon the fact that tho air-pump which ia 
lued tu vxbAuat reoeivan in the productioo uf loe, auil ibi- air- 
pump y4 a Bl«am«nglna oondeirarr, am of preciMly llip samo 
oliaraeier, need we earpriaad (or ahoold we not be anrpriiiml if it 
W"re otlwnriM) that a chilling effect b produced upon the ioaide 
of a cfiiudrr at a hijb tempcnvtnre, aod ever expoied to ita 

■ rHnite'JautMlalUHriUUla tiuHuu' 

I Apuw a«tUf « lUaMlOHi^MUIM-aKivlIaibnliifApplTlBf ful On- 
dn^ WrnnC Iglaa aw aalkw, HHaiad la Iki C. & m J. Jvwwl^ Vd. XLX. 



influence f Sortlj, tbe atcam which cornea In oontact with the 
cjliadar and oialon muac t« c»iiJ«tucd, aud to aoaue extent loec 
iu roachanicad power. That the tulerior na wall aa tlie exterior 
•arfaeu of tbe eylimler baa to ba wanned, ie aelf-cviileut, but 
tbete ia a vaat dilfecenM betwoen doing it by the oondeUMlion of 
the rtMUn, at a line whan it ahonld be exerting ita utiaoat ae- 
cbaaical elfect upon t]i« ptatoa, and dtniie It tliruntili tli« medinm 
of the auperlMAt, wbUe the atenm itaJf ia leFt in full {wwcr, 
luicondanacd. 

Suftt^Mfd «Uam tktrifim prtttnU waata, but tli* proo t eaca br 
wbied it ia gaiunUj pivpaanl lo aupirheat it are attebded «ritli 
imminent danger, not only -in Mwooat of tho ra[nd cuivoalnn of 
tba metal In contact with the ateam while being an|ierliaKWil, bat 
ahN OB aecoonl of tbe gmat immoliilitjr of tbe iMrtieJea of atcam 
when aa anperiiealcd, and their low additiuuol speciGc heat, 
wbidi pnreata aboorption aa bat aa the metal will allow the 
heat to posB, and thua reuden il liable to bacoma rad hoi. 

Now, fxpaoding bigb-preature al«am before admltUug It lato 
the cylinder haa ureoiaalr the mm« benefl(<ial e8e<n in prevwting 
oondenaalioa, and'iannt attmidail with the dmijji^of uiperhaat- 
ingi but ili«B ei>tuM tbe Irai^lwar of virt-dmmi ataam. Now, 
what duea it nialwr if the atenm i* throttlod, jnavided we get all 
the power roqcired from it I If mme ia condeoaed in the cyBkitw, 
all the powar in tho ateam hna boeu Dtiliaed. Tlie denaa aUom 
will BOt 00(1 mora to make in proportion to ita valne than anr 
other lata deaae. 

Steam at 100* C haa a pmaara of 10-38 atmoifiberM, and fta 
taUl htal tUDounIa to 0(]7'<>* C. aoeutUlag to B^[naalt. By thrai- 
tliiig ao aa to wire draw il, aa It la called. It aMttmee the aute of 
lUftiitalad gtaam, ia ouuaei|uenoe of having more bMt than ia 
contained In nonual ateam when ao expaiKbHl, while at the muue 
timo it ia dafictcfit of wataror daoaltr. Supj-oaing it baa retaiiMil 
ila original amount of Mai kaU wiifaout aay cooling excepting 
that occuaioned by expaiiaicm to fbar tlmea iitvulmne, the lemne- 
rature will (all from itOO' V. to about lAnil" C, wb[]<> the deimty 
and praaanro will bo »aivfnurtb uf the cvwinal atM^, Claarlr 
thia mint liv lupfrhealerl ileam, fur nORUU attwn haa no anob 
projMirtioua lu we hAvr itmiiainl between Ita total boat, daoaitr, 
aud ]>nMHiin!. Bill nlluw tliiii 'ci{iaii.-|nt Mruq to eool dovu lo 
the (vilui of depuaitioa, which ia about l-ff C, and (ircnaure 
3-676* C-, and tfa« aame aathorttj aa before <|u<>tad will iufono u« 
that tbe total beat In au«fa atcatm ia but 049^ fX. having Uat 
18-.C C. (= an 3 - «l»i) of total heal br the rajuctt.m of iu 
teiuf«nttnre from iOU" C. to i«>'C. (=00 fier cent) Thla loan 
of t»tal beat, which moal go iulo tba metal of the eyUnder ami 

riaMti bofort! any onudeutation can take place, amoun:a to about 
36th of the toml brat mutaiaad in tfae ataam before eipannoo, 
and ia abundantly aulHeieiit to prevaat any eondenaatiou iu the 
crylitidar, wotUng with onlinary luul /arlktr eipaoiion. 

Tha meohaulcal affeetof theoi|i»ni>in[i hotwoeu the lioiloroud 
cylinder ia Inat, but uoi mora ao than if it had aevcr btea ciaatcd, 
ainoii it ocata no more to |imduoa high than low prcaauie (team. 
Thewuoa weight of fuel will araporate the aauae wright of water 
under all nrcatarea, and thctebini, tba hatter tfae water i^ tfaa 
mora npidly and elKMAuaily will it abatnwt hMt frum tha fuel, 
foritreallycontaiiumonof il; und oa tbe fuel i» ibeuulyaDuraa 
of auppljr, tbeni miul be grrMtr eofjutiiur in baniiog It under 
hot than cold waiur;— au<l thia a^n<M witb Lxaiii^'B cxjHirimenta, 
which ahow that wnter at tli« boilinK piiiiit aUitneta hMl flva 
timea mora rapidiv than it d..<« at the froning one. 

Of oDurie the boilor most be alroitiger in prcnwrtlon to tbe 
alaatioity of Hie ateam to be generatod ia it, but tlmt Beed brm 
ao objection now, aa tlie aae of out-ataal ioatend of iron will ftillr 
oimpeuaata for the diOcrmioa. Ckatrateal boiler phrtco aro now 
being uacil by tha Eogliah eonmment, and it ia to%a hoped that 
thia deoneni of aafotr will era long be adi^rted by our own, for 
with thia matcfial a boiler can be made which eanmil bo burat by 
mare ateam oraatuie. TheBUthoFbaaoneoflranwliiuh he tbloks 
mny claim the aame immunity— At idlerenta, he ia wUling to teal 
it DKaiiial any oilier in tha United Stalee. 

Although, therefum, thvra aro iio objectlona to the maklDg of 
thia biKb-prvwure etcam, there are aotne tu llie nsiog of it, vdth- 
uut UUinff dinen. Iu tbe flmt plnoe, it may blow off tfae cylinder 
oovar of a good many eaginaa aoch m ar« now bnllt, if it ilid nol 
bum tbe ateam-cliat before raicUng it, or even the nliudor 
Itaetf. In the aeoond pla«k it mijr bam up hemp packing, for 
tho t«int«nturc ia greater than any cooking ovaa (HXf C.e39S* 
Kah.), iklthough not half ao hot aa air and aurohaigad ataam haa 
been tCwie at. 



962 



THE Civrt, ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



Nemth«t<M, If kigh-prtMors ctMUit u Tcijiiirad in the dtr 
RiaU, it o>u ba obUiintd witli mlHj Bod Hmplidtv fitmi % vaid- 
tubaUr boiler, nailor to the one vbich Nuppliod atoun to tlia 
fir»«BgiDe eshibiud in lb« Park Mine time •iooe, vhlch nuaed 
■1MB Erom odd vater iu five lulnutca bom the Unw of IJ^hting 
tlie fin, in tliJe nguiu-. Mfa, ud hooMl way, with the tubc-pUta 
mffioieoU/ eoversil hf the ynUe, *ad not in that cxtKioel; dea- 
gnoiu roMiner wfaiui nuaj othen do it, hj Hrel keMlng tli« 
maUtl Ut almcwt » red hoU, and tbeu projectSiig the vnxm upon 
it. Tlic itenin frmu thia flT«-«Dffliie uuSltw bM monoTer, uiet 
hitviii;; bvcn at work liiait time, lefC tba exhauat-pip* and htaUr 
iwrfootly Ary. 

The proportioD» of neb n boiler m will gire the reqaimi 
naalta, nnpeftr to be a.bnnt I foot of gnte to 60 or 70 Net of 
redpient huatiot; curfitrw, of which U wa*t oa»-tbird elioutd be 
nhovo the wotM-Uoe ud in amons the «Muu for (be piupoee of 
drjring it Uuengh the nudlvHi <n the bot guo* xflct the; have 
pund Utrou^ Ui« water, and bave beoome niffifiputlj^ owled to 
b* oMd with mfctv for that puriKtae. Tli(«e an equal to the boat 
locoBotivo bailor proporttuUH. out the itpplication b very dif- 
foreut, M the boiler la nprighl, and the npinke in immcuHely 
espaoded Jiut below the watftr-liu* at tho instant the gostu ore 
In a alata of intonae igaitioD. 

I bare atated nothing in this ccrtntnnnicatiom but nimply phy- 
•ical Ihcti^ and ret I know very wall that a m^ority of ea^DMra 
erf' tlw praaeot day will eoademn them aa hereticv and probably 
kuoolc them on the head with the ^edge-hammer of praetkal 
trptrienoL "If you are right," lald one of ear moet eminent 
eagineere, "we are nil wrong." Even »rx ^nt tnith^ah'.—mS 
pr^ntit; which I intendiil to prow by some pari, but having fbr- 

i;ii(ton hi« portiT, will merely reiWmte, loW yrttnil, without 
lowevtT committing myeelf to the preciie time — when. 



BBAUTTSlfrs PATENT OAS-FLaME FURNACE 

Sjr A. OCUKKT, Fnnnh Admimlty Engineer, nod Cn. SocBXT, 
IHrector of Naral CMiftruation, Ftanca. 

tx aeoordauae with the etipnlationa of an wreement dated 
Srd Febrtiary 16S8, H.Beaul\i(n4 dellvend et Um Inperfol Ar- 
eual of Cbarboarg, a hc*ting appamlue oonttnntad acoonUng 
to a BOW qraUon of which he I* the invi^ntor. This apparatus 
kaa been applied to the bodler of the Northern Fatgts wnern the 
•sperimenU of which we ehnll proceed to give an aeeeunt, wen 
made. 

loaleMd of batvtng tba fnel diiaotly below the boiler, M. Bmh- 

taaatl flnt tvanafbrma it into n» in a eeparata appamtn*; and 

than oooTeya thia gaa to the boiler, wher« ita uoniiilete oerahn^ 

tioB canaei the cneratloD of the etenm. This wponte appanitna, 

LvtaUb H. BRtolQnie tonna a Gfenfier, cooeitta of o fdmaoe OOtf 

■ ■Iraetad very like that of a locomotive, with a watef^mace anb- 

■dtutw! for the ttibe-phite. Coal ia ]i«^>ed npon the fireban to 

aoonnidenble hvi;jht,aay SO to SSlncheaMooraiosto theouolity 

of the ooaL The air ueoeamy for iha nalfiaaUoB la aopplied in 

■■Itable qoaotitiaa below the firabara, oy naana of a blowing 

, fta. The osynn of the air anp^ed otnaea very active oombna- 

Ition amOBgat the loww layere of eoa] in contact with the fir». 

iban. eonvertisK the coal inlo eiurbonlc acid cmi end ^ia gaa m 

L|nMing thnragn and amongst the upper layera, which ought 

lalwajB to nmain black, brconw* converted into c&Tbonic oxide 

{•ndacenmnlatca in the upper part of the fumaoe mixed with 

I nitrogen and doubtlees hyilruc««i olno. Theae 0we*< tbu ti-rapom- 

I tnn of wfaloh b bn( allghtly elevated, are comliictM l« the boiler 

I through a wronght-iron p«p«^ and enter the boiler ftmuice after 

f having bean thoroaghly mixed, in a cbambsr ti^miod t)i« Bomer, 

I with a euitable proportion of air eiipplied by tho blowing-bo. 

\ AA«r haviu been ono« Ignited in the boiler fumaoe. the Kaaea 

[«aniinDa to bnra as Ihet an thoj xn. luppllad. The flamea prfr- 

jdacfd act on the heated eDr&co of the boiler and the gaaea 

I nmaiiung after oombnaUon psea thmagh the flue* niv) eacape 

into the aluemdiei* under the preaaure due to the blowing-fim, 

no oblmDev bung required. 

The paUer, in oouwKineDoe of the watei^epace with which it 
la nnouDded.iailaelf a email boiler, the wateir in it aheorbing 
the heat developed in the piiiyiDg proena, and ntiliaing it by 
formiuo a con^erable quantity «( ateaED, which b added to that 
of the Targe boiler. The funioee of the gaaifler b eupiilied with 
fiul through a paHoge in the top of the appnratua, thla [UHBge 



eroaaiiw the ataam ipaoa aad opening into the fomoeo, whibl A 
b fltiedwith doon or «»lvee at both eItremicie^ *o that tbe ftaci 
can be intiodnosd into ihe fnnttoe without opening a eonorattl- 
catioQ with itie atraoepbere. 

A few liiuple and ineipenalve all«t>ttama r«|qaini to b* mad* 
in the brickwork eettlng of ordinary boilore in order to aiiapt 
thnn for being hfated l>y gaa. The Hrehaiv being rcmowod, a 
brichwnrk pLttfomi is couitmeted in their dLk«^ aod eo lU> 
plntform a number of brialtwork piwaaia an wnoed, with efMB- 
iQgi arranged to olWw • portioo of tho Ipiitad pmt to ceoM 
dlmetly into eeotiMt with the hoUer ■Brthec. Ihaaepaaa^aaara 
quite uidbpenaable, oiiil form what may be allad altiat iigah 
tor. They bckt the gu«. which arriving in too ooU a alaM 
would not be oompletelr burnt did thej noi ooma In oootaet with 
highly-heated auruoea Wore badag (gutad. 

The beneflU which U. B«anfhiB< propoaca to obtain by mcana 
of the eyatem the principal fMturea of which we have dCMrfbed 
ar» ^> vttiy iwtivo and cumplelo oombustiea, without an exoea- 
aife aupply of air, nud olwaye regtilar,— aeompMa eoaaoatpties 
of emolce,— and finally a veiy cooihleraUe Mving of foeL 

The objoetof Um experimcuie uitU at Cherbounir haa beo la 
inreatigate the action of the a(i|mniu>, and to veri^ Ita aoaBoaj 
and freedina from emoke. 

The boiler of the Foige u of IMione power, it ban a total 
heating antAco of 1(17^ aquan feet, and when artsnged in tho 
ordinary way it liu a crate surfaor of lit} equore fret 

The gMifiar eupi>lieit by U> Bea n fumd he* a gmte aoi&ee of 
(i\ etjuare fret, and a depth of ftial of STj isebea can be plaeed in 
it without intteftring with ita proper action. 'Ria total lid|ht ef 
the appaistni^ induing the aan^Mu and the apaca takon up by 
the paangea through whkh the air b inlndMM belrw the m- 
ban, b Htfe*!* and taking extreme axtomal BeaHNoaaBU tha 
apact oocaplcd amouste to S80 onhle tmX. Finally, to plaoe the 
appantna and to allow auffieiemt reoon for attending to it, a apnea 
meaaoiing at beat 10 feU, by ft| faeL ie reanired, withovt hmbiI- 
iiu; that uk«n up by iba tHowinffea uu ikwkey-aBgiao wUcb 
dnvea It. The cylinder of the donk«|t-«iU|iM b Min^aa la 
dianeter.and the atroke TO inched; whuattto maxinwuB apwd ii 
ITO rtvoIutiaDa per rainiitc with a preantn of five atawapbam^ 
tba blawio|^-&n bong mode to tarn at the rate of 1000 isvoht- 
tioni per nunulc by meane of a belt and pulUr. The blownig- 
ba b 8 feet in diaioeter by 1 foot in width, and (ha Mvonn of 
the blaat produced wheB Iha Ikn makeo lOOO remtillkBa per 
minute i* equal to a eolnmn of witter |-D7 iaehea Ugh. 

The labour of the fireman attcDdiag to the apparatus eonmata 
in mining the ftiel to a platform on a level with ttae ehaiging 
pamage, and In iatroduciiu il dirau^ thb pam^ after aaoer* 
talning tlie height of the fuel inaid* by meone of a rod. (Vom 
time to time he muat poke op tho black oceila lyini; above the 
■ncandaaoenl mate, to prevent tlioir arching over w aa to form a 
hollowi he muet eionuue how the ^laea bum in the boUer Gat- 
uace, regulate the epeed of the bbwiag-flu, and odjuet the regia- 
t«r« ui>on Ihe varioue air and gas pipes; ha unet attend to the 
vat^r ■ii]>pJy of the large boeler, and able to that of the naificr 
boiliTil' iii« water ia the two dots sot oooHBUiiickle; aadGnaU/t 
he munt clean the finhan of the gaaifler aeore cr lean &«|iMal& 
during the day, aeeonlbg lo the quality of the tbal empbysd, 
Bngltu ooal requiring thu operation Iwico in the day, at mid-day 
and in die evening. The Beaufum^ appaiatna reqoirea mofv 
nlteuUou, and ffivai perlmpe a little more tiouUe than on otA- 
uary boiler: attll an onliuary fireman b quite capable of atlead 
inj: toit~ 

When the boiler and gwificr are cold, that io, when the fire 
hae been extiogubhed fur mora than Iwalve hoar*, it reqnine 
conaiderably more time to get up the eteam than with the csdi- 
nai7 fumaoe, for it b at firet neoeaaary to work the fbni*aa ef 
the ganfier like an ordinary ftmaoe to get up ateam of the pn^ 
eue of two atmoaphereik and thb reqniieo aboat 9S niBBle^ 
Belbre tfaat, it u not ]>oee[ble to eet the blowing-ba in netiaO) 
nor to pndnce sna cajiabls of bMng burnt under the brp bdlw. 
Thb b cos ef Ue iaconvenieneaa attou'liuit the Beoufnmc appft- 
tatue; but, at the eame tima^ whmi the &re in ihe ffuificr tan ha 
kept in duriug the inteml hotweaa woridag hoan, ae H. Bean- 
fvmi propoaee, thb iBoonvenlanDe do« not ex let with a bofbr 
working every day, and in which oteam b kept ngi during the 
night, edthat the donkcy-eoeine can be etarted tbe fint thii^ 
on the following moraine. Tbiii b what takca place at the Foige, 
and it b only on a Monday uoTolBg that 1& or 80 ulmttea mess 
b required to get up tieaiB. 



4 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCBITECT'S JOUHNAL. 



S68 



I 



I 



I 



TliB B«>u/iini6 kppUKWi hu «Ua uiother inoonvaaienee which 
i> Mt ararj tim» ue Ael b Mlrrai. Tliu oiwnUon necemiUOm 
thm ofMolBg of uBslI ftptrtarw foir lh« iutrodactioa of tho pokW) 
ngUttiBclaf^ qojuititMaof cwbonia oM» to mwM) tbo p(*- 
MW «f ni^ in the boUer-hooM U injurioo* to th« finrcuui, 
■nltM ilu kUDoaphcn ia raMwml with mfficicot ntjtttlitj. 

Fitmlly, that nolhliig nMj be oniittMl. we iuubc tnoulioo oerulii 
ttHiag McIdntU which n« it|it to ooour with the BMufVimti 'Pp^ 
nbM. ThMB u* miniatore tiploaionii, which Uko pkor en i^i- 
ling the ffutot in tfao boilar hiraae^ whco tho prccuilioiii u not 
taltN oT abattlag off th« nipplr or air notil the moment wh«a 
tlw llgbt it •pplM, uw) when la cotiwquwM tha Airoace kud 
fliiM mn flllM with cwboaio ozldo mixed with air. There [*, 
however, not tlie alighteet danger attendioff these eiplonfAue, for 
the IliUDcB do cut rouh hr, mi oomunt ol the verjr alightlj ele- 
v«i*l teiutivniurc c-f tlia gaaee. 

We ihal) now,|iroa'«d Ui uoie tiie reaulle ebteloed with tfaa 
BMofonrf anpentuK, mid which an alao appended in a tabolaled 
(ana. la oi^Ur to obtain » etandikrd br compariaoa, pnlinuaai; 
experimeuti wen nude with tha boiler heated bjr tne ordinary 
fraaaoe, to ucerUia what quaati^ of ■t4Min per pnuud o( oael 
tcnii be niaed ander tbate dmmatuieea. The briokwork waa 
la ntber a bMl eonditioo, and, m wtU be eeen in the Mrjea So. 1 
of the table, aalj 4*8J IL of water wen ooDvorled into eteun of 
n proNore of fire aUuoepberei per Ibi of Newciwtle coaL 

la tfce airiea Mo. S of the table will be fuuuO ihe raiiijis ob- 
tained 00 appljing the Beaufumtf appantiia. Wliaa uiuployiog 
tha HUne coal, the qaantitj <j( wntcr cuovertoil into eteiun of a 
pgeiaurL of five abooaphcrca per lb, of ooal, which waa increaaed 
at eeoh eiperiment id couaequenoe of npeajed itonrovenionta in 
ike wurkiofj v! thu ai>p:mui% BiuUj naohed 8'S6 lU Thia Hgure 
afaowa that the Benufmnd appiiralui leaHite a aavlnff In fbel of 
4t per cDoL ia the prodacUoa of a giren amouut of ataaoL It 
i^ however, neeenary lo make s deduction liw the ■team used by 
tke donlur-«Dgin« driving the blowing-ba, which redueei it to 
nbont T'S lb., a reetdt whioh alill ehova a eavinc of 3(1 per eent. 

In tlioae two aeriea of experimeata the (ndnotW of alean 
was calimiiUHl by the ouantitj of Gwd-water need doabtleee k 
verj impertedt method, out the ool/ one at our oomunand, owhig 
~~' lol; lo the irregularity iu the amount of power lued by Iha 
Mr^, but alao lu the fact Hint the quantity uf itRim nro- 
hj the Beaofumu apptmliM wae fw aiofe Uiiui u>>uld be 
oatd. 

Daring the whole of the eiperimenU with the appamtQa the 
flOdninipti«n of amok* waa eonplete, a vet^ Ikht amoke onlv 
beiag teen to laane from the oliiiBDiy when the nel ww siJrrei^ 
WHd b7 the temponu7 producUoD of an txofaa «f gaa CCOn- 
pared with the air aupplteiL Thia amoko wai olmoat wiperoep' 
bU^ and moreover huted but for au iuatant. 

Dsrlag thia eeriee ot experimeota it waa aaoertatn«it that the 
tanpentiuv of the reeidnary gaeee on leaving the Suee waa atill 
anndentljr high to melt xinc; then wm iheRfbra onduobledljr k 
conaideraDle toaa of heat, aa tlieee giere ehonld not have hau a 
ttapmimn ef more tbau ISO* Ctaiignul^ faor* Fiih.) Thiaaroee 
laeiMMMtWDOtof thelteatinainr&oebelng Inauffideot, and ahowa 
that tha IgvM SH per oeaL Greedy maotioued, whiUt It repraaanta 
tin pealeet Mviug tliat woa aetuoUy obtained, ia probably not 
rated. WIi£ theaa naolia beliin ue wp may thetvfora rx- 
rMkliae thia eaviR^aaeompared with theiuMui pruduction 

an orltnarv boiler, 

The mrica No. 3 of the table pvee the rwralta of ftirther ezpe- 
limenta made with the Bcaufuni^ appnralua, but with other than 
Ifcwoutle ooala. Tliu firat vipuniucut, made urith inuUl cc«l, 
irhloh easnot be burul without gi«at dilEoulty lu onliuary fur- 
vmmt, gan 744 lb. of «»ter ooovarted into steam of a pieeaun of 
flra atmoepheree per Ilx of eoaL ItodDcing tbia figur* to BS lb. 
to allow (or the *Usua u«ed liv the daDkuy-iiQK>D°i wo tind that 
the enplojmeiit of thia kind ot coal in the Beaufuiue njiparatiM 
■tID allowi a aavinf of W par oant to be realiaed, aa izuinpared 
with the qoantity oT eoal coonuned in an ordinary foniace lo 
obtain the aamo aoaoti^ of ateam. The aecond cipeiimout, 
wUcft VM made with Cudilf ooala, givae t^ 3 lb. water eoovDrtcd 
IbIo ateant pir lb. of coal, ehowlng a eavlng of a little more than 
80 per cent; aAnr makine an allomnca tor (he donkav-eoudna; a 
vaealt confirming ibat otitdiiod with Ncwcaatia coal. We bad 
not time lo repeat the experitaont with (.'orditf coal, but it ia 
likely that on a aeoosd trial a etUl greater aaviiw would have 
baa* ahowiL br ll la only after leveial triala that the beat wny of 
wwfciBg with each particalar Und of ooal caa be deteratlned. 



very iiii[« 
^^-Bglooly I 






Thi* Cardiff coal aleo aecmed lo behave better in tha I laatihn6 
ap|»nuai: it did notreaniretobeetirrcd up aooften, and yielded 
wwar aahee than the otiier coals, thuuffh all kinda gave tauch 
leaa than in oommoa fumacee. He liwt oxpfrimeDt in thle aeriM 
No. X wae made with a new kbd nf coal aubmiitcd for trial, and 
called Newall'e Llaueilycual. It gave leaa faroninbic reenlta tlian 
the other Itiada, and umrly the «me aa the amall coaU It ia 

C* able that If there hud been time a batter raenlt night have 
obtained. 

We have aaid that the Bcanfiimj apparatui eipenmented with 
waa much loo powerfU for tho lioiler of th<! Forge. Iu order to 
d«l«rnuue, approiiuiately at loaat, it* maximum power, it wm 
detennined v Aj>ply it to a marina boUfri awi ftr this {nupee* 
oae of tha four boiler* of the Jn f elyewaa atleeted, beong at band 
in the boiler yard, in good oondition, and ready to work. Tbia 
boiler waa arranged hy mouu of a tittle brickwork to aa to be 
healed by pa from the Bstufume apiMintus. For thia porpoee 
the Unbare wore removed ait<t rviilaoed by a tirickwork plat&nn, 
arranged hnriKontally at a dictaaco of !(■> iadiee below the roof 
of the furnace, and on thia platform were furmed the heating 
paatagei fiunished with apertorta for the eeope of the na. The 
aah-pta were thua rendered of do uae, and might have oeen dla- 
ponMd with, eoae toaave about 33 Inchea In height and 114 
eubii! Gmi in apace; 

The rernlta of experimctita made with thia boiler are given ia 
the M-rin Na 4 of the labia Tbe raatilta obtained ««n a UMttn 
of 9-31) lb. of water eni[Kirkl*>J per lb. of Newcaatis teal, and a 
maxiaiam pi>r hour of IHS4 lb. of water eVBpon«t«l with a corre- 
eponding conauiuption of Hi lb. of ooal. Thv water vim evapo- 
rated under almtapberio prmanre in the boiler, aud nnder a 
preaaure of a atmoqtberea in the gaeiSer. The boiler wna placed 
la the yard of the eatabliahment, luid wna conaeqnentlTBUuvoat>> 
ably dinatad, aa the air (which wna mnre or leaa eold, aownUag 
to the weather^ caoeed much loac uf heat ftnm the external ani^ 
face of the boiler. Theee rarioua drcumatauoee were too oneer- 
tala to admit of comotiona being applied on account of them to 
the flguraa given In (tie table; but wo think that lW9i lb. of 
water per hour converted into aloam at a low preeaure nn be 
oooaiderrd na the mwmum pcrfonnance with the Beannim^ 
appaintiu; which, nippoaittB an evapontiou of 6^ gaUoae pn- 
hour to be equivalent lo l-uoree power, givea 36} hotsea aa the 
maximum power. 

Fiiiftllj. tt follow* from thcae oxperimeoU, that 40 lb. of eoal 
per s(|uare foot can be burnt ou the (itebaro of lluii aiipamui^ 
whilst iu ordinary furnace* only half thia quantlly can Isa burnt. 

With nifrreuoe to the evapomtico per lb. of coed, vblch la aa 
high at tt-Ha lb., we poesaas no standard of cotnpariaoa to eoaUa 
ua (o ^predaw it with exaelitude. AVe have Mrmerly obtained 
an evaporntloo of 7i lb. water p«r lb. of Newtaatle coal, la a 
boiler of the aame power ami at atnoapherle piwDR, but thia 
boiler waa armuded ao aa to avoid loaa from radiation. Compared 
with thI* exampK the aaviag roaltanl by tho Beanlmuj appuatoa 
notwithstanding the nnftroumble eirvumstancea umler which it 
wn* tricil, wai i"! ptr cent. 

In tbcM exiwnuifluU the heat developed was ntillaed to ae 
neat aa extoiit aa potdUa, for the naea left the bdler at tha 
bw tempmtare of not man than tw" Oentigrade (308^ FUi.> 
Thn hoalitiK lutface wa« iii this (nee very great aa oompand 
vrilb tha quaotily of ens produced; no that the clcdng np of 
aevvnl tubes, trieti at tbo reqneat of M. Beaafom^ who waa pta- 
aent at the exprrinicnta, hut a veiy dight cAot; fcr it will be 
aesn from the table that wbiUi the evapotation per lb. of teal 
inoTtoaod aa the ounitwr of tubea waa reauoad, ibb Inertaaa «m 
aooompanied br a deoinaae in the evnponttioa per hour, nutwilh- 
•buding the dimli^died cddneai of tn« weather. 

In none ^ the experimenta made with the tabular boiler, even 
when aomc of the tubes were doaed, were the flames eeen to 
enter freely and (nniiuuoudy into the tnbas. This waa canard, 
ia U. BaaufaiDi!'* opinion, by the ■nallnM* of the tnbea, which 
were only 3| inches in diameter, and wen Ibrther oootructud bv 
the fisralee. We onnot be enre of thia, however, for it la poe«(- 
ble that on aoeonnt of the very great die of the fanuoa aa cco- 
parcd with the quantlly of gaa iBtrodncpd into it, the latter waa 
oaiBtJei4>ly bomtbeforvrcaicningthotubea. Itiaat the aame time 
probable that amnll tube* nre unfavourable lo the devdopnent 
of flame, and that it wiU i-uuwcjurutl) \ie better that tho tubes 
ahould be of large diaiiwtf<r aa for aa tho lUisos oxlMid, tn onler 
lo inaun the complete eomb wa tioB of the vaea, provided the bat 
itaidiury gaaea are made to paaa throng tnbaa of Hullar diir 



S64 



THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AND ARCHITECTS JOUItNAIi. 



iDtttf •(> M to dvprin thrnn of oa much hoi u pdMibie. In an 
•xparimoot noda mtliMqiMiit to tha«e which, Iiavo Wn described 
Uio BiLiM of the RM pnxlnMd xa tba BMurhm4 npfunttiu vu iiot 
oonpletalr txtiuffuined »fl«r tr»v«mng a dutiuwe of fti feet 
■loiw a lubo 4 lauhca ill dbuiMMr. Thi* i* « vnln&bl* datum br 
OM u ctDdving tfad a^iplicBtion of thin nev haatlng appMntna to 
tubaLtf boLlam. 

lUmU* of ExptrimmU. 





Total 

ran 




W«ta enfacMaL 


1 


txiniloa 








oTpBrtionil, 


hour. 




1 


NrictAVI. Tkt BMer ^ ^ Pvrgt ItrMfd by the vrdinaiy Jmrnaet. 


B. M. 


isBil«-'^i lis 


lb. 


lb. 




8 in 
S SI 


S43-S 
S4I9 


1S«S 

(-833 




Btritt .V«L S. 3^ ^1^ «/ (A< /'oiyc Ara/nJ &y (h< Btaii/um/Apparalu*. 


a U 


80»i ,^^ 3640 


S14-4 


6-H 




8 80 


»M-6 


II-71 




8 SO 


lOMI «<«™«» gg.,, 


77H-S 


Baa 




&nci A'o, 3. ri* floJrr */ (A* /"wj* A/aiW 6> rJlt Staa/tun^ Apparalv*. 


8 80 


IS47 


SnaUocNl. 


«13l 1 97S-e 


7-a4 


8 SO 


Silt 


CkHUt 


0744 7fil-S 


9'30 


8 


7fll 


VtwtiU 

Lluull; 


S518 WB? 


TSS 


Smu A'o. 4. J TaitUar BoiUr kount bg lii Biai^aiiU Apparatia. 


1 


ISOO -] 




f 12751 


isavfl 1 B'oaa ■> 




5 IS 


S40 




7US 


14(10-4 ll-OS« 




J IS 


IS8G 




1SSI8 


1070S ' B?!0 


7 


1835 




11A18 


inBP-7 


B-407 


8 


loss 

lose 


' KawoMlI* < 


BTSa 


16S1-8 


9-3fa 


ff' 


B 




DI20 


lB8t-0 


8-8117 1 s2 


B 


'90M 




i7;is 


IPOB-A 


0-nsti l-f 5 


9 SO • 47a( 




8021 18U7 


B-*»S* f a n 


8 4fi ' A&S 




I 8G13 18400 


lO-OOOt 


>S 



•moke, kod Krait aaTing which It po wnm . toon partienbrif 
orer all land uoilan; and we oonaldar th!« atvr njitem of b(«ttB( 
«o Jeel-iod ui itnprovvmani apoD othor nyatema, that it will w 
dwir.kbic to iaak« aomn atlvmpt to introduoe it tor mviiM fot» 
poaoa tiiiii. 

We mnat not couolude wilbout mentioDiD^ that th» B ffi uBf 
appamua majr b« employed In the atwnal in other wa]r» heMm 
huatlng atMia bnil^riL It ooald pm>bably bo need with gnat 
advoAtagr in the farnncm of the Fbrge, ud it WDoU be advutUe 
to Uy it for thia purpiiie at GuitigBj. 



' )t oat n( 10« InbM JtmtL t (3 nt of loo raboa dawl. 

Kofb— Td iHln* Or qiuaUUaaarinHrfrapmM la (>«• aipirlauoli ta tk* 

riiiiHlat*tilota«w«i»*BiHui<ifbai*MU tnpoAMIbiailU'.Mld ItpKcni, 
It* fHill* of tote Mia. 1, 1, ui] t. wd t( par oat. Is tha raatu afaoiM X*. *. 

From wlint haa been Mid it ia obrioti* that M. Bwufiuii^a 
liratiot! appnnlui worke with ptrfeot r«|[ulMit}>, ia nnlte frM 
, fr<an ODoko, and clTrctii a grtstt aatiug. Tb« anvintt dcnvo-l from 
I Haaoompartd with tbe onJin&ij M^Htem of hcaiiu^ reached lui 
) inniBh a« 38 par cent, in our cxparininniii, atkI ther* ia no daiibt 
I thftt the Ttt^ gr«nt aaving of ono-third ma/ bo Nckoned upon 
with eertaiut^. 

Tbne are no dlfllaultiH in working tli« npparatua, it requirM 
perhaps a Ilttla cxtn care and atltntlon, but nut to macli aa to 
'. wmatituta k natttr for «rioua oanai deration. 

It faaa the advnntue, abot* all, of bdii|t able to uw Konomi- 
«U* tad of a kind which caa onlv be burnt in ordinuy (umacaa 
' wftti nvat difficulty, auch aa aUMl coal. 

It naa tlic ini^nvonicnoe of throwiae a nuaiitltjr of carbonie 
oxide into tJie bcaler^houae; whidi. Although uot of much Im- 
MftaoM on laud, might be aerioiu on board aliip. Tkia dafect 
ia leM the 1m> fr^^uentlj lh« fbal ia atimd np, and with Caidiff 
mala it ncarcaly asiata, aa thof do not require aUrriug up. We 
maat alao remuk, that although M. Bcaofumf a apparatus bna 
naehad a pnwlicmble atate, it ia atill tno reoent aa invention to 
be inaauble of InttfOTemeat; and M. BeaufUni^ hojin, and we 
believe It quite poeaibl*^ to remove the defect in queAiMi alto- 
gethpr. 

With thia apparatoa the KCttintC up of ntctLin at KtAitliig re- 
onirea no nore time than with otuiau7 furtincn, wh4>Q the 
Doller worka every day; hut it ie otherwlne wheu tlie anpamtna 
la eooled down, ami do moUro foico ie at h»nd to drive (tie blow. 
ing bn, huhm the Kiuilier i* itwlf caf>able of drit-inK it. An 
extn hiUf-bour ia uuder tlie*c cinuiiiatanoM alwavit rei)uired to 
get up Mttau iu the builer. Thia la doubtUaa a gmt, inconvenl- 
I caoe, but it would diaappenr if a amall doiikcy-eunoc, with a 
MBall boiler capable of iceUiag ap atoam very ntpidly, wote eta- 
plorod apodally to ael toe appantua gaiufL 

PinallV, thia apiiaAtat uim ap a litUe more room than ia 
ordinarily requlml. 

We do not tliiiik that tlu Incoomdencea ve have poloted out 
CU U «Mqpand with the advHDiigH ol ngnlarity, freedom from 



THE METROrOUTAN BOAHD OF WORKK 
E.vuiHiuER'a Dsi-aKTimn'. 

Mr. J. W. BjLiJiMBTrE, CE., baa made a Iteport (dat«d Jam 
lOtli, ItMT) to the Metropolitan Bo*rd of WorkB, span tbe worlu 
Mieoutfd and bunneaa tranaaclMl in the EDgioeet'a (kwiaieatT 
between Ut January 185S and i&ih Mardi 1957. Ia mvriog W 
the ■ewemge of the nietcvpolis, h« aaya : — 

"At the meeting of the Board hold on tbe let Jannary 1896, 1 
rsouvcd iuitruclioua to make tetoporary arrangemetita for pro- 
oeedias with tbe execution of the oontnuta cntend intn bj pre- 
viuua UeiropoUtna CommiMlonan of Sewera, asd then in prf» 

f;resai And (or the matntcnaaco of the mala aewer* enaaMmted 
D Buhedule (D.l of tbe Uetivpolia Local Manaffftneot Act. Bstil 
the Board ahould have appeioted tto offioen aod aiwle ita pvsiv 
cent Amngeneata: and on the Sth of the hbb month I Nportad 
ibNt tliere were J06 mllea of main aewer pkoad br tbe Act ukdcr 
the clinrge of the Itoord : viz. I iH} on the north aide of tbe rfver, 
aad flO on the aouth uJe; btaidcfl twcnty^eoreo contrada tot tlie 
eoDStractioQ of naw eew««s, which had been entrrwl into by p«»- 
viouB Comminaionera of Sewera, suiue of wliicli wci« nearty eum- 
pleled, and othcni only reoetitiv coniraeaoed. Theoe s«w Mwon 
are nuialy diatrict eevera, auJ have bMo bnlll in about 100 dtf- 
Cmnt atreeti^ extending over ««riona parte of the netropclbt 

"Under theabove-namedeoBttmola apwanlaoriSmSaa of nev 
aewen have been oonetmctntl, at a coat of 9a.9Mf. 19*. 8A Tkt 
oleaaidlis of 166 milea of main Mwcre haa oo«t 7316^. Sj. TdL, Old 
the repMn to the mnie h;ire unonntod to 3MM. 4t. Id.; iu addi- 
tion to which, tbe pnDipiiifc it the Ravpnubourne outlet and iixi- 
dontal worka ha*« cost 677/, I9t. Bit; ninkino a total expewUtara 
upon aewi^ntf-u worki of 1 lO.e'J^, 8t, lOd. Thia amosnt doea aot 
include the ciwt of attoniliu^ to the Bape and peoetoeks of the M 
outlote of muio ectvcre, which bHn^ fni<l iii aivIariM haa hiUMTle 
bonn included in \he coel of lupcriulendonc*; but which, belar 
actual Ubiur peHtinned ia the towen, ia in raaii^ a work M 
mniitiettfitiee rather thaa of auperriaion, 

"Tli^ ciinditioQ of the 186 milim of roaln aewere haa eamgtd 
tlH> nttciilioQ of the Uoarii: and, in piiniinnoe of an ordei', lengU 
tudinal and crom neotiona, ahowing llir cvneral cnDatrnctiOB of 
theae eewera, were prepared and lithugmphcd for the nee oit the 
metropoliiAD and diatnct boarda. 

"Biaco the completJoD of the main intercepting erheme^ 
praaent condition of all main aewDra under lhi> jariadtctinti at 
Boanl haa bees exiUDiiied. and tlie worka npcemry to rr|«ir 
nmdar them offldent, having reference to the main inlerceni ^ 
aewerai deeigncd and eadiaaled. Thle laat haa ajao iavolred tb« 
prepankUon of very elahonte detailed dnwioga, rattnate^ aod 
calcuiatioua of dmtiinKe ai-out, wliich are now nearly (OUpuMd, 
and wUl very ahortly ht laid before the Board; and tnMonvd at 
a laige proportian of the worka about to be i«c<miniei>d«d nay 



the 

i 




opurlant ' 
pemmnent beneSt will be inmedintelv derived. 

"MapH of (onie of the diatricta, which were not oompteted fay 
thr Metr<>polibui Oommiarion of Sewcn, were completed by lUa 
Board, giving la detail the liiee and levela of thetr aewera., A 
oonipleU oopy of tlie lubterranean lurvey, to the loalo of 3 fo«t 
to II mile, hna been pi-cpnral to mpply the plaoe of tbe ouly pt*- 
vioualy exifting map. which waa nearly worn ont. Thii eurTey 
ooveis about scio aheeta of doubledephant paper, daaely oontel 
with miuiile dmwl&ga aad Agurea, and ia a moat viUuable do» 
meat. Varjoua plana, ibowmg main and district aoweta, fiirSiT 
Beqjemin Hall aad the RaliMwe on the Main Drainage, aad to 
other purpoeea, have been oompletetL" 



lAfti 



THE CrSTL ENGINEER ANP ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL 



S65 




VEMENTS IN THE METROPOUa 

.rnSMieK Masiuiilk, Supmutending ArchilMt to th« 
imUUm BoMil of Worlu, Ium, io punuuoce of iiutmotioni 
Uiea. made k Ittf|Kirt »ii th« tmuuwtEoua in hit depMtaieTit 
JK1111A17 1896 to JiiDs l(UT, in wrjriDg «ul th« |>roviiii(iD» 
' thm Mstropoii* Loot] UunKcnitiit Act tutil of tlis H«tn]p»> 
Bitildioit Act. We BlmU qaate ftt w>iiid Iciigtb fiMiu tkli 
irt| dkHiiig the aulijpct under diffmat bcaiia. 

Dhlrkt Surw^on. — In Minding Ut Ihf dutiea of dinltirt irar- 
iTOnt, Mr. Mvrablo (tot*i that ili« oonttKrietj' o( tli« biuiucM 
* incoiiiini of i>>m' rif Thn ditttricU nvgniru* tha a(t«Dt]on vf tha 
', uiil that ill punoHoo* nf UisSind wctioa of tba Building 
'«r utinuiil tiUfT tha limits of •omic of tbc diitricUL From 
Ui* iiron total nf feoa noetved \iy tbo diitriet lun-ofora 
i« jMT IMS, it iipp«an ihftl In tfiieen diBirici* tlie (it* do 
axceoj SOOL Mch, flva of whick are iindi^r iml, nnd front 
Vbich amount th* np«n>oa nf oRica hkvp 10 bo dntuct«d, iliua 
, king Ihein ooimidarublj' miidler; that in oUvdu diitricta tha 
ftaa iki not «xc««il SUO/. Mch; b tiralve ditlriola iIm feoa do not 
netad W3L each: >n Hfvm ilivirieU tb« fM« do not esoeerl AOOf. 
aaek; Mid thnt in oina diatrict* th« fM« rwy Eron fiOUf. to atK]y 
'1000/., aud on« onlr n«cbM 1317<. 

iVcw JCtrwfa.—'llie crmrdad and daaoeroaa atnl* of th« tnSo 
•onM of the uinin IhoroDgbfiuw m tlie City, and on tba 
UtwnriE Mt of the riTfr, towuxla Uie railway ■latino* at 
idoa bridgr, anrly dtniMidpd ths nttontlou of tbc Munrd to 
rida wxne rentsdv, oithor by tli* oonatrnctiun of nt-w oircvtii, 
or til* improvcocBt of eiiating oDmmnnicKtioua. 

I. Aa tbt iBipravfnianC of fionthwnrk, by o)i(-i]lng op a new 
■tnct Irnin tlie ricitiity of the tailmy atatioiia lo the Mvernl 
IwUgM atnl iba weit-«:ni], had liMn loag eoDt«tnpla(ral, niid fuiida, 
iMfaif apeelal graaU fix-iu Parllainnit witli oixuniulnliDua of iota- 
nat aiiiM 1641^ bf log |Mrtly pi\'vitleil f^ir that ipddlic pnrpoai^ 
tba Board prwwv-lod lint tu otnuitf r tli4 wauta of tliat looallly. 
AB iho plAiia ihnl bad been from time to luoo pivpostd, aa d\m- 
not nMMiH of opcnins til* tliorougbfare frata th* llighatnwt in 
Sontbintrk lotninb Wcatoduaier briilK* weraoonridetod: and* 
]jlas preiMicd bj Mr. l^n«tbonu^ in IM3. appMriDH at fint to 
poaaaaa gnat adrattngM ov*r all oUien, a dctaUod plan and eati< 
amta wcra unlored to ba prKWRd. Ttiit line eonimenced at 
liortliDRiberland-almt, in tne SLmod, nnd pmroodeil on the line 
«f tlia Bnugeifonl brlds* until it nached tba York-nud, wbne, 
b; a alljbt curve, il jmu«d u purfsctlv atnigfat line from th* cnt^ 
tmr of tho chorcliTanl uf St. Jolin a ohurvh, in the Waterlo«>- 
road, to ihcTuws-hall in th« Bcnraa^. Tli* ooat of the portioa 
•f tbe liar Leiirem the lJiKh-«treet and tha York-riud waa aatf- 
matadateSMo;/.! the mum 631,784^.; the net eoct, laHgovgni- 
n«NC graiit of m.(mi., 173,310/. 

Tlwtn wara oibor iiUos Imvib^ tha aame objrot in view, vik. : 
iuprovemeitt of tii« Ihoronghfarta in Sontliwark referred to 
_ , Mr Til* before a ooannitteo of thi- Uouao of C'V>iiim>uia, Mity 
IJMA, but which only tiTovided for u-ideuiiij; llio prHOUt line of 
GlurL>tl»«traot and Uaiou-«(rcet| b«twiwu ihe BliKkfran-mwl 
ud tha High-atreot: that of Mr. G, l^vell Taykr, and tliat of 
Ur. Baile;, botb fallowing nearly tha aauie liu* aa Uiat abov* 
*)etal1«(l, but the latter baving reicrenoe man BBrticularly to ft 
nUlwar atatiou <iu Ihe 71iiuu«b, oa tba ait* of the pmacnt Ilun- 

C^rd bri'lge. A plan by 5]r. Woile lakaa aouiewhat tlie aanie 
a ftom ihr Uij(h-atrcct tii tho Waterloo- rciul, wtiHUoe it run* 
off by a Liirre tti the foot of Weattninaler bridge. Mr. T. Tarlur 
MTdected iuiii<Iier line Dcorer tba ritTr. but there were difflcultie* 
In in* way of the exeuutlon of tliat line that oould only be over- 
eome at a rnj h«iivy oiriodm. 

When, hi'Vevrr. the lin* ori^nally pivJMlail by Ur. Penne> 
thorn* WM Cairly befun the Bonnl in detail, thare appearod uwu v 
BMIous objeotioiia to it. It did nut take np the line of StanifonU 
Mravt, ao deaily piAulail out br ilie Act of Fulianient makiug 
tha flrat grant ta 30,000/. Uiwania opening a cnDiniiiuimlioin be- 
tween Sonlliwark utid Wmminator, " bj wiiv fit 8tntiifurd-ttrMt>" 
It did not apfienr to llie Board niihdoiiity to ti« ihu bvidM* 
togrthar, to B> lo take th* utwat advnnlBse of then; and Uia 
Bowd Vera foarful. and wiUi inuoh reaaon, tbat th* ground on ao 
loB^ ft Uue of aireat woold i)robablT remain long Bn(v«upi«il, tb* 
filial emplornl nunctiGtikhIc, and the lOid Itaelf a whhIu; and 
With tbo *l.taiiple 01 Victoriu-ativot, Wi«tiiiiiiat«T. tMforo thma, 
lliey dMtiied it expedieot to adopt a ahviur line by which ItM 
]»rop«rty woalJ b* denrojrad, partiimljuly wnotig ilia dw^lioga uf 

ie.,S81.--Vot. u.— KoVBUi^ 1&S7. 



^Cb) 



^^Ml. 



the working claaaea, and on* vh*m they might reaaonnbly eipefl 
to realiaa tne ground rmta within a tew years. Other inirTevB 
ftnd eatlmal** were prp]inr«l, both atartiog froui a point in in* 
BlfU)k(Viaiit-i'onjl >ipp<>8i« to tbo vtnl of Stain ford itr**!, and ti>r- 
miuftting in Wi<llin^>ii-auwi, B'irough, at the and of Vork- 
atftet, nearly onpoaito th* Sonth-Eaalcm Bailwuy Siiitton, One 
of tbe Uue*,'allbousfa much almigbter tlinn tbe other, wua found 
to Interfen; with aoro* propertlea of grant value luiii v^ry dfIB' 
rolt to deal with, allowing so •alimftlM ooat of nTJoOf., Um a 
probMile ntum of lSO,£»f., leavioga Dateoatof&ti.TI.V. Tlie 
other lincv lying a little to tlie aonth, althoogb pmuoting a oon- 
aidcnbl* ourve «u the pbu, aho««d few dindvantngea, aad waa 
sallBfttad to oMtSlS^^tLileaa probable t«lurTi 196,TC3?- tba net 
ooat, aftar duducCiRg th* gorerumact grent of 00,0001, bdng 
230,6;U Thu Una waa oltii»at«ly ftdoptad by the Board, and t* 
now botora pwliamaDt. 

i. A sew atreet b&riiig been long eootimplftUd, to open up n 
oanmdnlcatlon from 8l Martiii'a-tuie at tha pcdat of IntenMctiou 
by Loug-Hcre and Ctnulonni-airool, and thonoa raniung in n 
aouth-aaal«Hy diraotion and tfttniuAling at th* nortb-weal aid of 
Eing-alreettOiiveut-gnnlen, in June IMS « oorreapoDdsno* pnaaed 
betweon tbe Firal CoDuniaaifliMr of Work* and tne Metropolitan 
Boai>l of Worka; and aa It ap|pear«d that a iiurpIiiH would rnmain 
of th* taai calM lh* London Rndg* .\p|>r«achH Fund, after 
tb* psynwut of all eiEatioi; eharge* upon that fund, wfaioh mr- 
plua waa to be A(>pliud u> oan7inK out the ImprovemeDt above 
mentioned before it cooli) be ai^lled to any other parpoM; and 
UH it runh*r «p|«itnsl that tbe Duke of Badfind was wiling to 
contribal* MfJOOL tomrda the mub object, the Board directed 
the anperintending aroliitaet to renort upon Uiia subject. A aur 
vey and aatitnate wen aooordiudy mad*, and the line adopted 
which had Intra ijri>|Hiai!d bj Mr. PimnellMme, and robiTed to in 
111* •*voiiih r<')i"rt of the MvtivpoUa Inipruvemenl Catnmia- 
aiMiem Th« oullav for thia lino of atreet, 135 yanta in length, ia 
*ntiinat«d nt 91,8iM., the tvtura at 4S.gO(V;, aiid the net oon 
45,030(. I'hin uinn ia included in tlie Bill now before Parlia- 
ment, in ord>>r llinl the fiindH prvviouaty providod tnav be traua- 
f*rr*d li> tho Board bt eniiblo tiicm to nceutc the work*. 

a. In th^ hrgtQnitig of May Imso the board of works for the 
Holbom diitriut memorialtHd tho Metropolitan Bannl reUtire 
to tbe removal of the block of honse* knuTu aa Middlo-ivw, 
Holborn, and an to aevernl other snggaatcd improvatneols within 
the aame dlatriot; and the oonunitie* of work* having inv«ati- 
gatod th* eubjeet, reported that it waa imporljknt to e6l««t the 
removal of UJddle-row m apoedily aa poaaible. A plan and tati- 
maie were aeoonlliigly prepared, and laid before tli* boanL The 
ooat of the property, inulndina sU intoreata, goodwill!, Stc wan 
fatttoAtad ftt WfiiOL Tha a>Uoiat«d ooat of thi« improremcat 
not cicoodinjr .W,OOM. (Ihe limit of worka to be uuderlaken by 
th* Board without further autboritt), they bar* inatnicl«d tho 
architect, in cunjuiictiou with the iwlidlor, t(i «od*avour to elloct 
ooudilioual arnuig*iuvnt« for the purcliaao of tha property, wKb- 
out incuiTing the uipdian of n Bill in tWlinment. 

4, Aa it ajKicauwl that miit.-h of tho tmAo txvm the w«at-*nd of 
tbe metropolu lowanli Ihe Eaat*ru Oountia* Ballway, aad the 
Kingaland, Haokn*y, and City roads, Sboradltcb, Bathnal j;mD. 
And St. Luke'ik migbt bo divon«d from tlio Strvid and City 
thoroneh&raa, by opening a thon>uDlifiirv or tuakiui^ a new alraet 
inaadtieotn line na praoUoable from Ihe end of Ohj-atreet to 
the now atrt*t from Farrtugdon-eirMl to CI*rk*nw*ll,— th* 
matter waa referred to tbe ooniniittee of worka and imiwov*- 
ninila, fir iiivtatigation and report. In aooordanoe wHb this 
rcfrrvoca n plan and preliminary report were prcvared hf tfa* 
anpcrintenidiQg Drehiteci, and aubuiitiLHl lo the B>«ra io Fabrn«ry 
laM, reoooiuiuudlo); the upruius of a CA>iitInuoua line of tborougfa- 
f«re fmm 111* wMt and of Olcf-atroot, St Luke'*, to Etart-atreet, 
New Oxfiiiil-ftreot, by rebuilding nnd aetiiuu back the houaea on 
th* one ur other aid* of tbo nam>w |iaria of the liu*, and fonning 
ft portion of a new atreet tram the end of Wild*niM*-row to 
Clerkeuwell-grerti, naar the SeMlons-hoiiia, and cutting another 
ahort opening tlirough Luwer Sn&on-liill and Back hill; by 
which tnoana a vide and oontinnou* (honmglifore would h* 
Hftcnrad at a eompanlivoly cnuill ooat ranaidi-nug the imjiortanca 
of tbe object and tlie gtMt advantage it would b« to ili* )>iiblic. 
Thin matter await* the farther oonaidorelion of the Boonli the 
aiuhltecl having been iuatructod to prajiare a detailed aurvey and 
Mtimat* of th« whole line. 

a. Tlio veatry of tbe hamlet of UUe-«4id Old-town and th* 
boards of works for the disuicts of Poplar and Limehousr, in 



am 



THE CIVIL KNGINEEtt AND AaCmTKCT-S JOCENAL. 



Julj 160^ nuunoruliwd Ui« Bovd to etOM * nnw fomI to bo 
ooDiUiicted from LimelionM to H>\a-«ad-rotiA, m iw to form A 
Junction wHh Orov»«io«d, uxl to widcD the latter, with a vie* 
to »llbniliig K b«U«r uohm to ViiAorift-pu-k. ThU ■»»«■ W 
ban mndt eottddmwl Id tba locAlltiM, uil alao by tbi eommittM 
i tt the Beard to whom it wu rnfnnrd, toffnthrr with two other 
^SlMB that w«ro lugKutod hj aotao of tbc i^ubilniita of BKlcUff*, 
* I. The auUeol is Mill uoiler the ooniidcndion of tb« oomiaill«e, 
ha hnva dlraoUd a «urve7 of a Una propoaed bjr tbs inpar- 
--Qding ardtitact to ba laMt, w that lino app«an to poaaaM 

a adrant^aa onr tha other*. 

fl. Another ihort liue of oommnnMotioa betwaea the Oomnar- 

tiiLt-nxul aud Wliit-ialia[Ki] it alao (tndar the oonaMerattoa of the 

, £cMnl, ioA Uis aoocMuy aurreya are now Is hand. Thia ^rW^ he 

Ithe ooraplctioQ of the iaprcnaual imdatekaii hr the gorem- 

riBent aomo few jeati ^fo, and will be of gnat Mnetit to the 

In/Du in thia loaJity. 

7. The labnliitaata and ownen of property [n UniOQ-etr«ot, 

ftioit\, iuviog airaagsd amoogat themeelvM to xulieCTibo 

B*v and proper^ to NtDovq eartaio old honiM which en- 

oraaobod upon aad obatnutol Uie Hoe of nrMt, applied Ui the 

local di«tdot board of Oreenwich, who «ibmitt<0 tVlr ouuour- 

leoee thareta to thia Board tar oo^pention and aeaiataooe, aa 

h* improvatiant woald var; gnaify tend to fadtUate the trafllc 

I that atraet The wh<do motiny axp<-ndituiv would sot axoaed 

The Board therefore catflreil intD the propoied armnge- 

DtaCoreftotiag thbimpruvvineut, which hu bi-en eanled out 

& Hie vgatty of Bonnondwiy apptiwl to th« Boani in Novoin- 
er laat, rcJatil* to the purchww of pn-taiioa in t'eodall-slroet, 
flbr the purpoaeof widruiuf{ tliat atmt, the coit of which would 
aot eueed lOOf. In tlie twuBlileraUoD of thia propoeltloa the 
oplikloa of the olerfc of Ihs Board wm obtaliiMl aa t« the power of 
tie vMUy to nunn toy hiiir which the Boanl might rtaaue thent 
to oODtribui« lowiirdi the iiuprovcmetit in qaaation, ano gener^f 
■• to thtf iMweni of reetriee and dietrict boanU lu rcganla the 
nlilng <n funds fur local Intptwreineutii. In thnt oputi'.'ii the 
dark alatod *' there w«re valid gronnda for tho nfilDion that the 
TWtry or diatrict bonnl of lui^ lutrinh or dtitnot within the limite 
deaonbed in the Gfineml Paviiig Act (.'^T Oen. 111^ c ^!f. 1H17} 
namely, Uie cUy of Wcuttiiiiuter and bacnii|{b of Soulhwnj-k, the 
parte within the bill* of mortality, and the luuiihn of Su Paq- 
«raa and 8t Harylebouv (I'loeptiog ontain ealataa In tii~ Pnuciaa, 
and the pariehee of Iiilingtmi and Hackney), an efupownred to 
take hoiiiM and UniU by nstvement for improviii); the atreeta of 
that (nrticuloir pnrt of their nariah or dintrict which eempriaee 
the area or part of the area defined by the furmer local Act; to 
pay for them by mousyi raUeJ on that anui, and to extoutv the 
narxiiiij worki thdmaelvet; and that il in cnnipetent to this 
Board, under the U4th eoetion of the Molropolii Locnl Mnnoge- 
■ meat Act, to eontributa to their coat'' On the matter beioff 
" "lereafter dlOTlW^ the Board rMolvnl to coatrfbnte one-lhlr^ 
rtbaeaUiiMtedexpeiiMofparohiMiug the prrmiwa at proiHiwd. 
ft A. plan fbr the inpronoutnt of Ijower t'MH cfintthflvld, at 
tiie eomer of Burr^treet, Wbitochapel, won lately lubmlttod to 
the Board, prOMetng to add a atip of (rruuud (varyinz from 
10 (L S in. to a ft. 6 iu.) to the publto wayliy tLe Hettiiig back of 
•arebonee about U> ha rebuilt The atrsot boiBg near St. 
berine'a doclo, and often crowded with caru and wajcena 
; or unload ing at the warehouaea on eiiher ildc, every foot 
•paoe beeome* ef mat impoaianae to tlie thorouttUfam: and 
' the eommitloe of worka and iiaproveiaenta, to whom the aubjeol 
waa referred for ivport, have reoummeoded the Board to oontri- 
[.bnta a portion of the ooet of aoeh improvemanb ta, ahould the 
ehcniae be rebuilt oil tti old aite^ an* widenmg of tbo atreet 
'^M a Attine timr would be attended with rery great expenae, if 
net a H ngether inipnxitlcable. 

Jete w jW. — Shortly a/tor the Board hnd dnterminol that nnw 
■trwtJi nhnuld tw formed in Soothwark and near Covant-R:>nina, 
they took meuuna for inaerUng in tbc Bill to be laid bitfore 
ParUameat a olanae giving the Board pon-vr to di-al with the 
mbaoU of the new atteela in the couati-uctiou of anbwayii, If 
LdMowd adrisabla, and to T«t4^R or diapote of the property in the 
nheejl, in order that an opportani^ mi^ht be aflbtded ti aikdea- 
vourinK to obrinte the eonatant neoeaaity of hreakiiw up the 
piTenieut wbeucrar it waa deaired to get at any of the ne or 
wUarplpee: and adverlUemenla have bean lained oflbrlng Uberal 
pnahBB* nr dadgu for the beat method of eo diapodag of the 
Mvar^ ga* and water ppee, and any other uaeftil ao^oetioni 



that may be proposed by compeUtoie for bjing out the gromi 
beutuitb the iiurlacv of the Btrcpla. 

Width <tf Aryi«a.— Earjy in the experianee of the Bo«rd it ba- 
came nimiifjr to enact a by-law to ittgnttte the width of new 
ativeta in the mobopolia, aa tbo rulee that had exitled nnder the 
former BuUdbg Aot were not re-enacted to the preaeoi Act, and 
pwtlea were proeeeding V> Lty out ground Ibr iKeela and alltTt 
of leea than tne aoniatonied widlb. Tbe mite of tbt lomcr Ait 
v«re Uifrefbra re-enacted ae a bye- law, id puraiMBee of the pow<en 
reated in the Board by tbe lioeol MnnngnneDt Act; bat la aome- 
tUng more oomplete won Hill i-niuirtd, eapeiMllyaa regarded tb* 
BiAde of meaaoremeDt, nud to acoure the nill minimum width of 
thorougb&n^ lildepeod«at of any gardenia anaa, or other open 
apaot^ the t^ra-taw was roTiiwd, and, after much eooaidcmtio^ 
wae finally confirmed by tbe Board; luid, having been apfmjred 
by the Seoretai; of 8(at<b it beoune l.-iw on the let of Hay I&S7. 
and wtll he fount] appeuded hvrutu. By thia law ttM Board wfl] 
be otutblod to fxerc/ae eome outrul ovor the vetpr irrcgnlar man- 
ner of Inyinc out ground for building purpoaoe in tbe mptropolis 
which baa bng |>n;vailod, and to «ocur« the rrquiflite width of 
Dioruujjlifare independent of gardeui or other spaoea in boot ef 
hotwoa. 

Strrrl Namvniiaturt. — Ths powora pveo to the Board to Dime 
new ntn'otB, and to ro-name cxiatingetreeta, where niorv than one 
atiw^t iu tbe mrtropolia ie mllod by the ■ame name, hare bees 
acted upon to a oertain extent, tbe Board baviug in April 1U9 
reTorred the matter to a oommlltee, with inntructiona to eottmii* 
nicato with Poet-oHlee and other aiithnritira thereon, and to 
report upon tbe mibjoot to the Board. A oomapooaenoe waa 
opened with tbe sever&l veatriee and diatrict bearda under the 
liocal ManagenMut Act with a view of obtainlna oaareet liata of 
tlie namei of atreete la the Mveral localltlaa of the aetteciall^ 
nad li*te ware rfouved ftom many. The ateretary of the Paat> 
ofliee nJao esproeed tbe anxiety of tbe PorimaatCT'Oeiietitl to 
obtain a r»furm of Ibv (trvet nomeDclalure of London, by d<dag 
away with the multiplicatloa of the namea bi etieacanowauttea 
to a perplexing extent, eepednlly if aeeompaaled by a nota 
accurate Dumbaring of houao*, aa a mrana of pcnmotini; the expe. 
ditioua and oorrect norting and ciinlribotion of Miert. Tbe 
anlgect haa been notlcod in eeveial rcporta by tbc Poetmaatcr- 
Oenem] to Parliament; and it appean that tbe olaaae waa 
Inewted in the atatnte through tAe inetnuueolality of Lord 
Oannin^, wbeo Poetmaater-Oenertl, In order to have the poww 
veeled in aoine eentnil anthority, in the hope that it might ba 
exorciaod on aomo inimprchniuivc and kcmtbI principtaa. 

The matt«r haviuti tnui Ux proceeded, waa taken up In eos- 
■tittee bv Mr. I^UEUiser with gi«at seal and ability; a repoK 
waa proouoad, and ordered to be printed, and from which a lew 
■xtntcta may aot be onl of nlacv. 

Cram detmlod liitii fuminliod by the Fuet oSce aathoritiei^ it 
apptanthat "there are olraady iu the mettopolie &71 ntncti^ 
derfgaaled br 17 namea only, ami that of one of theae bmbw 
tbara are no fewer than CS rapetiUona acattered over tlie enrioaa 
diatricbi. Thia d itself ahowu the ennrmoiu amount of liwan> 
▼enieooe, loat of time, and waste of bibour that uuat inevitably 
ariae, both In the delivery of lettirn and the ttaiuaftlon of the 
daily bnainoM of the oomiuuuily, from a practice ao rapleta with 
all \\\^ eleiueiitit of cnnfuuon and mlatahea.' 

The Board, 4eairiug to ptoceed with eaulaoi in the pcribna- 
anoe of thi« vciy diSicult dnty, hare ulected the New-roa^ is 
the pariahea of i^t. Marylebone and St. Paacraa, for the bat 
idteration of name a« au experiment, and have determined that 
lb« piirtioo of the New-road between Edgwara-road and On»- 
burgh-^tnet be callni Marylebone-rond; tbe portion b »t w if 
Ouabnigh-etreet and King's-croaa, be aiU«l ui>tou-road; and 
the portion between Kiug'e-crou and the Angel Inn at lalingtoa, 
be called Peotonville'road; and that all the aopanito Baaw ef 
placo* at preanut existine in the tine of tho aaid New-road be 
nb»li^lieiL Thia operatioD will niibalituto three namea Ibr W. 

On tbe application of tho inbabitauta of other porta of tba 
mutropolia, the Board hare ordered the duuge of other nanM^ 
eubjeot (puniiianl to theatatnte) to the appronl of tbe Comrala- 
alonera of Her Maicety's Work* luid BnildinA. Tbe ee«Mal 
namea of Clarke'a.piacc, HeilKe-'^"^- York-bnildinga, Qloaoaaier 
place, Oddy'c-row, liliiigtan-^««a, Khideriek'e-plaoc^ Comniene- 
row, Bjirnnbury-pUce, Umer Barneburr-.placu, Triuity-ivw, 
Hupkin'a-bulbiln^ 8an'a-balldln«^ 8ebboB'»hluldiBg^ M 
Wella-row, on the weat aide of Upper-eUeet, Uingua, are to be 
aboliabed; and tbo whole of the weat nd« of aneh airaet fifon iha 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



S67 



Lit«Tpocil-r«*() to Uoll«w>j-i<Mrd, ii to be oiled Uppa^Rtrwt, 
Ubgton. 

N«iiw of tboM ehaogw^ and of the A\U> w)i«d iniib alUmHoni 
will tAke vSkt, b to b« ^vcn br pntitiv ndvcrtiiwmotit, mu] also 
by drcnUr Uttir MrT«d on the Mvcrki oompieni knd >ucb 
MBM irill ti« •ceoHinfti' affixeil on coaipiououA puta of hom 
ho««*orbuildiDg«iu Biifli )iUc«a, uid uotioet Umo Mrved on tli« 
Mvenl oenipl«n of (ha boB*M aod nramiitM, diractliw tham to 
anafk Hw auau, viiblk oao wock ttitcr uotiocy with uio prapor 
namban. 

" Stil gKkter erron ariw fram tha iaiperftot nunberiag of 
hovaca Umd from tbe multipliMllon of atraaU bearing the auiw 
bumI Tbe ntama naalv«d from the variona diatriot boarda 
abow to hew lar^ >■ extant thin evil prevaila. In the pariah of 
8L OaoTKP-iQ-thn'Iyut nlonv theiv im 61 Blnnta irreguUrljr 
■XisibeRa, aod 4D tlreeta contain liouBM withoDt oanibeni. 8L 
MAfT, Kiilberhitlie, reiorna 69 atraeta inooeractJf niuabarcd, aoil 
3i ODt nnmberol. Tbe Pnat^neeaothoritNa htn alao fUninbnl 
a iMun aliowinc ibat the great tboroQEbfare of Oxford-atroet 
aArda a abikb;; pxauplo ol liioirrMt nomberiut,'. ai>d oue which 
mnat Mot onlj' cauii« (treat ioeoaTColenoe lo tbe public, bat pre- 
Mot to a poainuui, uew to Ih* hnJL a nat amount of dUKculnr, 
and had to erroni rr>|i>mng tha Ubour of weeki to ouTsct. hx 
thia ((net there art &4 hciiiMn without nmaberi painted on tbcfo, 
ftitd S3 without niiiabcn at alL Man/ porta of tiie elreet are 
aonbtnd ia atl drvec^tiee of repetition and imgularit)'." 

" Althoueb eoeb auomaliee an varv iojariooa, tbt liirge oxtont 
id the work muHt prevent any i^ucral Interfontncc with tbe 
Ktanbcttng of thoer itTotfta in wbich no nlteniiou ij propoaed in 
the naiDca; and it would not be daiiiuble to oniuuiea<w the 
raaambering ofanv atri-et uulil ita nauie hu b<«n (lM«reiiiied on 
)» the Board. In cuafunuiiy with n ■□ggation of the Poirt- 
offiee authorities tbe numbering i>f all cow ittrwU — of all abveta 
to which uew Daniei shall be livcn — of tbv Ni-w-rtiail (in oouaeo- 
tioB witb Otber ohaogpi to be mnda tliarDioj. and ofnll atreeta 
auned after others iu ibe aame line— tlie odd imniber* will be 
n^f^ on the \r[i lu>nd, aad tha even nnmbcrs od tbe right, 
OOBMieDeing alwayrt nt the end neareet to St faul'e UalhedrWl." 
Other expedient* mnv tw adoptod to faailiute the aaoertalBlag <f 
the direccion in wbich itroota run and inlareonuDunieala, 

DURculUe* majr attend tbe tianaition period of theaealtat*- 
tioM«,bQt experience indicate* that thejr will be mora itnagiaair 
than pnictioal, aa the openUona ordered by tbe Board will be 
duljr rveurdeil and a earvRil rc|p(ter kept, aa requiivJ bv tha 
Loeal UaauMMUt Act, whieh ma/ be eMJlr remred to. The 
reHUngof maamea on the street comen will for a few/eara be 
MMHpanicd with the old namea in a minor pontion, and pro- 
pricton of direeloriee may be indneed to follow the Mine oounte 
until the puUie have beeonie fiuniliariaed with the altentioDS. 

Ihe Puat-oAee authoritiea atate that it U of gnftt importanoo 
to tbe ^atoffiee aerriee to hava the namea of atreete cI<mu-I/ and 
freqaantly exhibited, aa thara an about 900 letter-enTricn daily 
CBpi(ed w tbe delivarv oflattan within the town limiiji aJnne of 
the BietnpeUi. In a fbroo of tlila nniuber, conatautlj' cxpowed to 
the ehangea of the weather, there an man/ owuidtiea which muet 
be wpplied br other leuer-t*rrier», comtiinilivitlj niiiic(|iiiuDt«l 
with the loodUlee on wbich thoy an eallDd to wrvo; and uulaa 
the aamM et Uio atnela are dielioctly marked theaa aubetituta 
lettat-«arrieN luw mndi time iu aciiilring the necnMi^ know- 
ledge — fiuoilinr enough to the regular mau — but otherwue vet/ 
pw^exiBg and diiBoult foralnuiiora to find dut. 

The Pa*ti)uiaMr-Gi>ii«ml in hu third Beport to Parilament 
(1SM-7X notice* tliat it would uot eiaSoe lo add llio localitj to 
Ibe dupLleai* QBiuea now extatiu^ an<^ aa King-atraet, Chcapiide, 
King-atnec Cownt^rdra, for "the neoeMity for «aeh dutino- 
tion i« frequently uoknowu, eapecially by penona liriug at a 
dtatanee, and In bxt it i* in numerou* iuatanen dlarmrdad. 
Not only ahodd the nunea ofuo two atreete be idontieat, but th* 
iliaUnotlou beiwoeu Diem ahouIJ b» broad and dear. Repealed 
oomplahila hare been niade in the noighboiirbood of Wertbourtie- 
lerracOi on aocouot of dulnf* >» ibtivcriuR Arising from the jneat 
aimilarity in eovi-nl of tna oamea tiiemabuut — eudi aa wwt- 
bo«ni«-|iark-e<rtt4u;«, Weetboune-park-CMMODt, Weatbonme- 
park Jib v.(!, Wot bun mo -park -rood, Woatbourao- pork -terrace, 
Weetboume-park-rilittit.' 

ypreevarti eurf Pmf»tim*.—Tht.t feature of the anburban 
BMtrcfoII*, which ha* added ao muob lo the width and beaut/ of 
Ita appionchei in miuiy p&rta — vix., the fooTnatlon of gudanaaDd 
Cfm ifMae in ftout of liouaea hi tha main thoronghfiLree, haa 




aleo created moch iBoouTeoienoe when the neoeaaity aroae of 
bniiiDg ibopB or placwa for biminRu in euch localitie*. Hanoe 
much loeal and general kgicUtioo ha* bveu, from tituc to time^ 
dlreotvl to control the erection of btiiliJiugi beyond tbe regular 
lines of huilding*. and aleo ahn^fn'uta and other peojectiona froiB 
•uob haildluga. Tl»e Hetroiiolitao Paving Aoc of IHlT oonlain* 
■trin^tatMwiaieunlatiTe to projection* which might obatmet 
tbe cmnuBtioD of ti^t and air, or be iBconve&ieBt or inoon- 
medloM lo paiaengeta aleug carriage or botwajra In eeetain parte 
of the metropolis In 18SS, the Lonl Act for cansoti dating tbe 
Hvtropolia Turnpike IVuata eontaiuod providon* to prevent 
buildiugii b«og aracted within fifty foot of the New-rood, end 
wttliin forty fcalof the Ciiy- read, upon au/ncw foandatton.. But 
thu Uw haa been defeated by the oonetruotioti put upon tlieee 
Utter wurda b/ the magiatnlaa, whaceby bno* walla have faeaa 
cotMtniod aa boildlaga, and panon* hare been aDowed to anetoadt 
ao lar H« nieb old (bundationa oould be foiiod. By the MetropO' 
Itlaa Building Act of 1S4^ furtLer ragulalioiu were made to 
ruetratn proieelioua Eroeu buUdiiini but, after a abort admiai- 
etmtion of iu prorlriooiv It waa bund tiiat Aofm built oB tan- 
eourta, ana*, or gardaoa, and ataading on their own foattdatiani^ 
were not anob erection* aa oould be brought within tha toim, 
projecriioaa from exlonwl waUi^ aa used iu ibe AeL ¥w eeranl 
yeare, therefore, wfaiiat tha law waa Budv ooodderation fbr 
aiDenduieott the bnlldera, arehrteeta, and mtmfon ia Ih* 
metropolia were nnrcetratcio'l in ihcir (odearonn to eneraaoh 
uporn or braak the lines of building in the tuatropoUtaa eIntV 
and roada. 

Tbe le^alatioB of ISSlV, both b th* N«w Building Act, and 
alao the Metropolia Local klmumemont Act, placed th< jiiriadi»- 
tion relative to liuca of froDtiige of buildings in ■tnola in tha 
Metropolitan Bnrd of Work*; and now "a» building t»tt, 
■ritfaottt tbe oonaent in writing of IhLe Board, be eraoted M>yewl 
the regular line of buUding* in tbe street in which tho mud* i* 
ntuated, in ca*« the diatanee of aadi lino of buililings fnon the 
highway doe* not eiwed thirty feet, or within thirty feet of the 
hlgbn-ay, wlivre lliv diatanee exoeeda thirty feet, notwithataoding 
there being garden* or vacant sfMOsa bgtweon tha line of buildings 
aad the highwa/." Tho effort of the legiklatora ia not, however, 
ooMiilel*. Th* tnetta* nf enforcing this provision i* ^vm lo th« 
loeaJ autfaoritiee; luid iho diitriet surveyora nndsr tbe Building 
Act, who are placod under ihc Uettopelitaa Board of Voria a* 
lo isaUen of building, are nut enabled to act under the Local 
Uanagamest Act, aud cnn bnt ituporfootly aamt cither tbe 
cootiu or local aulhoritiaa in the matter, while the term ** regular 
line of buildiuB in the street * i* open to nil surta of interprcta- 
tion% M any &riatio(i from the ngular tine iu tbe whole length 
of a etreet [a eontended for aa destroying tbe nxistenea oP'tt 
rwnlar line* altogether; and in many ia*lan<c* the proviuons 
ofthe Act are tbenby rtiidered nugatory. 

Notwithstanding snch diffimlties, the Board, thnmgh their 
■iiperiiiiuiicliiig architect and th<> turreyor appadnt«d lo aaelfet 
hiaa, cuuae a ptrtMitial ineixictjiNi of every locality to be nude 
bdbn wnaidenng any applicntion lo extend a buddiiw beyoad 
the regular line; and thev havn endeavound to meet tSe JsuMioe 
of every oasc brought bel'>re them, and have granted o* mused 
oou«ent aocindiug to the oircumetanots of each appliaiion, n- 
atntning wh«ra encraachmant wa* eonght, but generally |Nraib- 
ting wen the line waa alrrady broken, or might be imprwred by 
the pnpoacd ersotioin*; and aoinetime* obtabing for tbe pvblio a 
mnnnsainn of space to wideu etraela or round off ubatnntlve 
oomera, greatly to the Impromnent of tha thoroughbre* in >uch 
iustancr*. 

Of snah anpllcntionii tliera have been no leee than MS; and ia 
all case* Wtit dnvt' uutit-v of theaa a]>pllcsUaaa la eent to the 
veatty or dbtrict boonl, inviting th* anggeattoiia asd opiaiuu o( 
th* local nutboritles boforo arriving at any deoiaion. 

ArJw.— [n Jnlr 165(1 tlie Aot amandlng the Local Manui^ 
meu I Act removed all doubta that had bean e(tl«rtalMd r^puduig 
Uu) powem of the Beard to Incur expaaan in providiiig uuha. 
pleaaura-gToiuida, place* of recreation, and open spacee for the 
lupTOVMuent of the tiietropolie or for tbe pnblic benefit of the 
inbnbitanU thervor The Board were tbua euabled to pnoeed to 
consider the best roeant of securing narks or open iDaMs In such 
Mofl^bonrhooda aa alood noat in oetd nf tbem, or when bntldiog 
MOgreas would raoder their future attainment very dtBcnlL 
aevani mamorial* wen addroMed to the Board upon UmI aub- 
jeet,and their oommittee of works >ud in3;>t«v«meoia instituted 
cdnfhl iuqairiM with the view gf uecstutiuioc what districU ef 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL 



the oHtnipolia wtn moat atveiitly in noed of pwkj or npeu 
I for tlM pnjpoMa of pnbU« liarUth or rvi^natioii, aud wtiut 
F|>ikI could be nuuid walltJm tor llui uLjhtl Tb«y &lso reoeivifd 
I depulAclout, ooiuiiilna of nwmb«n of the vMlrian luiil of inhabi- 
Ibuitoof UlliictoD And Stake KoiriDj(U(i, on tho lubject of tbe 
ifitMbury jAri; fram Baniioiid«7, rNMBtiug the bM «u««eteil 
[ibr » poirk io tli»t loodity; uid from EbBprtcad, wiUi mSmice 
■ ihB |in3*erv&iiou of tlw h«arh aud a portion of Ui* kdjacaat 
Ibitd for public om utd u^inrBiunt. Tli«; remlved datwled u- 
[plonntioiu frtim mnaUiri of tboM dopuutioiut oo lh« nrione 
I potnU lurdced to tbem for involigaljon, cnn&rred tbereou, aod 
I Viiited the litec rauomiuencled. Tb«y afUrrvardH reported to the 
[B<Mtd ikat it waa deeuifj deainble fur the better Moilary ooii' 

lition of the metraiwlia, and for fiulliutting ibc mMii* of healthjr 

tncroatioD for the public, that parku nhould be fatablialied in 

P'Mrteta parta i>f tbe mctropolia httbcrtn nc|{ln:t«l io tbnt rvapeet. 

Eligible lilm nvve prnpoicJ nt Itoihurliillie and BvnnondMy. 

Tit* oual oS f/rruiug a |iai-k of uJ<.--{u.-tl« diuiuoKlouH for tliii locv 

lilT woald Bot b« Ih* tliaii KK),O00f. 
THu peric repoitnd aa noii in point of iir^nof vat tliat pro- 
; fwMd for Fiutbuij; aud aa open apaoe of about iAO ncTH, Ijiag 
llMrt of the OrMU-ta&et^ or Soui^ral^road, ami ia the paijabee 
lAf Hofvaef aud Ulingtnn, waa ocniMilend eligible for the parpoM. 
fTbe Goet would jiroublr sol ezcMd 930,0<»)'.. nii<l it ma refire- 
I aeatod that her MaJcatTi 0>t*rtunent wonid c<->iiiributc KXfiVOi.* 

A bill for powen to larni thh park ia now before I'orlianieut. 
Tbo piirvbaaa of HuBpriead Heatli, aud M hul-U a-ijoiolng 

ind aa II might be derirable to eooueot tben>with, wan ncom- 

Deoded to tbft Board, a* tbe Hea^ paiueoM iiuuiv ulvan- 
ftntr*" fjr proinoUng the hoalth and roeroatioa of the inulntautu 

of ibe mcUopulia; uud tbe pnrobaae thereof, if ilelnyod, will iu- 
Jre a very muoh Urger expenditure than would ht imulred al 
tih» pTwtnt liiiK-. Tbe axpeiiM vaa eetiiaaud at batweeo tCOpOOOt 

«Qd90O,0UO;. 

Bn-Liin MMa i» An nt tai ■•ma Lscxi Iliamaan at taa UiraaKiiiii. 

Formanon of Stv Strettt. 

ta punoBDU ol llu >mo tvUA lu Uig )f etnitulUu Bonnl of Wort* br Ik' Ad of 
nuliauMBt mhm) In lilt Ulk fwr iit Uir nia at itr prvwni Mi^lHir- <<iU'uM "As 
AH tm Iba heutt tdotl tfanifsiiiTat nf Ibe Uelrxpalit.' U U benbr ntOrttA bi Itie 
Mil bard *• lillm. Uai la M laj : 

rmi vaiki al liait lafbn aaf uv «mt ihall lit tald oai, milUD nolua tball M 

enia tka tbUnpoUiaB BMrd <(Wiifki,u IMium&i. Mo. I. Onik'iiritt. SjIm, 
Uit ennt; al HtddlaMi. «y tha ptnoi or pcmu loImillDg la lu uui lach nnt 
mPHK, uailu At profBr^ ttttl aad vUUi UwrMf, *M awnmpialtJ b> ■ iilui of Hit 
fftaa^ •h«<iui4 loa loral rfnaUgg or (ho aaiae. 

hrtf tott. al Uu laaau ititll batbtaUlk of xsrr M* itnal bicodad (McaRlut 
HiAfi 10 l*M. at ih* faui, •kill hr ihg aUUi or mrj avw aliMl InuoiM oalj Ibr 
fctamaD: vnicUM Hut iba (aid vUU lUaiUinlriball ha tsDMIBad Wdku Ui 
vMlk St Che canUaa tad Awivt)' ourf . rdJuIn ot aa/aanln^ IDriuuni. iip« ana^ 
or albr tpaoia la ouat uf 1^ h«UAa or lmUillD|a md«l or ui1duij«d lu be orDcUd la 
tMilnM. 
- , BroiT nav anal ihaO, anlaa tho UtuvuillUii BnunolWoitaiiiili'rwlv wdhdI [s 

'" , bin at <lM lout lau atnuirt ut Uii (uU wlOih u[ lucli iirM. toU iluU 1m 
)■ Iba gnnad apwud. 

na aaaiiimimil of Ua aMUi of tmr at* Urwt ihtll In uk^n W a rtibl mglt la 
lbte«sfvili(n>C ballon eilbodlila, nam Ibt onlnorouwo li tba lotda*/ lo Um 
NMntlasU or tml rf Uulolodgd lieaHtor balUlD|> on gtcb iUt Uiuwf; IidI 
■taa lontmrli w ocbir apaDai aia laiuutad u ha Ml la hvei (tf iba buaiaa M MJd- 
l>(KI)MOlbt>Ulb<fibaMiTMM JtliMilf ilcOiitd ihtll tenuaandbwiillwetnln 
Ua* op ta lb* (iBt^ niUac m tuuuiLui itiviiUsf « luUndad la dltld* HHb ftnonn^ 
l—J"^ «r wftm ftn Uw public oi}. 

Ibt anU«p«a]r oT atin ■«■ «»•( BOM mm sc UI fraa tbi cvn'rt nr cromi 
ItentfU Iba falaaf Uuw-diUhi of BO iMb M Ibt lat« Bu gn/T >»■ ir bi-ntilih. 

la trtfj aav altatt (b« bp^ toaaob Ihalpaih oiul acil bt Iva Ibui fuur ddt tnnrt 
Ihaa ri(M laobai thota (bo obtoarl tl Oit nt4«u. notia In Iba cm it iiinnliiii 

end M lnBc4 Hif Iba uwoffcol patieii(ai«: and Iba ilapt cfpitir iMpMb umtA 
I b*» noiil ba kair n loeb l« oterr Hut el aldlb If Ibc rwliwUi 6t uparod, or not 
!■■ lUa ■ qpHRar of aa lanb to tniT Itet <( irtdlb U Ibt Itaotpaib ha pind. 
lo Wi b l atiw (bo and "timV iball bi lolarpnud to anil> M and todada aar 



Ugbvaf lautpt Iba eafrftft-wtr of mt lotBflka-iMd:. tnd t«j mad, itibUD bridfa 

"- - ■ bridMj, 1 ' " " "■ 

.tBila p 

MOW. OM, tllyj. at (laif y . 



SiwiSbiw ot bia.tii>ra ptn ol au/ 



Uno, luolw*;, tqiitn, aajTi. allAy. or ut^ma^. wbMbar't 
nub bwboij, rnaJ. Mldcv, laut. tOMumf, 



la !■■ if aiij hiianb if Iba nftlttiDDt agolaload la lUt bja^v. tba oOtaderihall 
_• Batl* ftr aKb (flbaea to a ptully of Ui , and, bi ma of a BaUanbw oSiNiet, la a 
laiibM piiMlv Of m. bt lacb dv titer mUa ibanaf inia Iba liM<*pi£ua laaid Of 
IT orb, 

OaBtmxfiM o/ yiffi* Anatn. 

Vo DFV iBW ihtll bt mado vKhoiiiihtpmtoqiaKinTtl of IbaMiiruiviIIUDB'iard 
oCffoibi; udall nMrtai and duukl bnaidt pnnMnf lo couHvot nm Him-n nill. 
brfaca €MaD«oui« m aacKi IM Uui BurpoM, cobnll tg ibt aid Boarl iiluu of ilii 
aintto « idtaat lu auob II la iwuMd U auuVwi M« oEwcn, dnaa ■i>un inclna 
tMib.Uant«<<l(B(( la Ibe dU^ alib lb> podUinor tbt prepoHd (nan iiliDwe 
Ibwaya, aad leatHodtnal taawnt «I tub Mvtn dnirt w iba man btetnlal tcalt, 
aadltannbalBiBlaafllbti tvui luib. aliii tba balibla ItmOiduaaaa daioai lo 
Iba Inatn of Ibt pnpiaad mnn Aiiiif>-[. tiiJ ihn raM of IncHatUOB tpedltd Ibarala. 
JUianaatNtloatoOba nnipu«l >i»miln«u Is a Halt of bttt an Inob lo atial. 
■Kb a rittiaital af ibt ibtibiiiMt aad • dtMulpUin of Uw niauiUi Inttadtd la !■ 
Hcd lu itiili cDDMmflbn, * 

WVa liibtU balaWadad to ahtadon abnUf or n utn. or bi nUnd, mntrKt, or 
iMw aar dtai«t tot «a«r (•attOMlj' Mbniiwl it nod agiiimnd »ij Uit UiWetnUiaii 

■ tMipopwadfnDihiaA«*b>iaieeadUi<dbj''lir IIuuh i>> OaUDsot; and ibt 
INbi4 bn diMradBid opee iaUif Aa lAula OM upoB uuiuM nt. 



Board of Work*. iiMi« lo wiiliui; at neb liiUuiiuo th*a ha eltaa to 1^ ■ 
adDompanjDd b^ plant aud fvnitiu a* bftoiahaCijC* dtv^bftf tbovlai lb* 
mninMoB. or anmilOB ahiM itv bt UUMlad; and oo tub alaedoiiiBtal, 
aHlncii>]a.«aUaallou ibtU ba patnlUad vllbaiit lb* pratMot twoatl la 
of Iba UttnliaUMB Buaid <jf Worfa. 

Thiaa ilatr dir<' oattn In arttlni ibaU ht ftnsi ID Iba MatnptlMa DtMil gd Wttii 
bf a attliT or dltcHM board proTloil'lr lu Ihu coEiDcHliai id titf ttm w drtlB Ma a 
BUloaovtr: tedibe aociiMiT Juw-ilun titthtt iMnaattbtU btaada bf aatk tMM| 
ordMrlst boaid b> ibo naUitaitiiiu ul <hn UoinifnUua Bsacd of Wotta 

Fw rq/ulasiag OoniatiiiirtUiont miA Main anti oArr Snrtrf, 

Tbitaliar>Ulalainidi>d k> Itr huw diaint iDts mtla omtt. tfao MMii to lb* 
(OnaoIooUot lObe ilrfD hjr tHIilot aid dlxdil boarda : 
Td Ibt UtUnpoIluo Il-Hid vt Wnrlu — 

ApplUblkDbtrlur bmoudttuthttoiUT m «Wtin baatd af 

to •>> iKiMnw^ 

domt pipt drain iBobuliidttiBMM', Mtedkta 

Ibc hoQM illiuM Iota Ibt Btbiaiaa^ 

tlluait Ibttald ttaurwdMiM 

bwdof Uunft«b«rtbjflnuUtiLlatratf«tiiMetAte 

nnlallMwuf Ibt Hid hoafd. IbtilhtMldaiiiiiiiaDlaBllaaaWltotiU •■■««>>• 
BAdo bt ibru ■« ibD tinlralbui of Ibne dafi bvn ibt ••rilti banoC 
DtM Uill it) uf lU . 

Vb* tiA\i>*^n[ fbrnitliilH aball l« vhttfwd b^ pmua wublDtf la N iatb trvm Ma 
mtui « oibri Hvtn, vid h; ptrMUia pnipaaUic I0 bniiob dr^ut labi kula tcni: 

All pgiHHu vuulyig bi oiakt or bnua t ■tvcf nlLhor IsU a •!«« laaMd U Iba 
HoUvpnlllao Board of Wordn. or Inia t •■»•[ laiM In m} nrtij or ^UiIrM btwd. 
ihtU U ;bt Siai Inaanct lar tba plant tad ttcUMinUliif ihitlo I iln^ fd tpMl 
fOrilw aocUoa oltbarartrr or dMrM board In aUcb HKb Itna aanWaatd ««t 

ibaD bi dttutti tod 00 indi r '^iTtli ' |iiinii It iimli until ibi —film rfmb 

naui «r dWria baaid tball 111 va bttB (im, 

Btntt aar vaWT or diwrlti board (ban iMMoa ibaooataeiloB^aiirMMbaaa^ 
Ibor tlitll lahuli Ibo ptiat and ■tctloiu Unroutvbm Ibt laiBo ibaD ban toaa 1^ 
pnrgd ^ Ibtm, la ibg Uttii>|)oUUa Board of Woika Ibr Ihalr antUaa. la Ika mbi 
Mttur aa U ocb tiwtr van inpiatd to bo UJOitiMlid bjind latuj « Aarts 
toard. 

AB pmnaa vliUu U ntko or bnucb au dnla lobi ■ watt laiil la lim Mrtt*' 
pollltn »Mid of WoAi, Aall, wiaa dart btttm iiiMi»ifii| tar aurta tm IM : 
pott abboH aimar Btatad dcarlpUoB In liAiaaot ttmlo loin, tnd 
nlllBt *' Ibt aamflou of, ibo nairr in dlilrM botrd to «UA nidi 



m 



tlTii«u; and o,)aqr± wort abtll bo aaiuDtuad uatll Ibt ■nflVm of Ibt ^Ad ItollJ la 
dliUiH buKd ibnll biiK bets (iroB. 



Oataaik Hcr-at aaLtrtvaro ArpuctTiott vita aivaiaaci to BFtiaiaaa fo 1 

IB* Rdi* t>> tU l>l*TUrollt*( IIOILDKO AOt IBI IttnilOl 

Tbal Hit ftillowiBi mini and nfoliilaut MUi napm W Ibr apfltoUiim 10 lis I 

oodrr Or Motnpilllaa BnUdlni As laid ib« ll)d bcHib allbt MiiriUBfli ; 

lUuMooiBil Aell ba tdopud. and ibM ibtr bt briMtd tod Itattd It Iba pNlIk MA 
IT. tMnifiolUaB BnUdUu Ad IbWj ; 

AB appIlottiDat oieM Gt nodt bi •ttilnc. oa btdiotp papii. •aMac linb Ua iiiiaia 
oftbafaalldlUL vorfc.c«oiborntlitf, iho ■Ilulloa tad dbaiM la aUra tbt 1 



to bt Imilt. uid dtitf^blaii all Dtomarr paiTlmilart at to Ibt pro p o—l Modt tf ai^ 
Mrantoa. tiuUif undir ■nhai toMioti of ib> Aot Ibt aatlkB it wiabi. lo be Beoia> 
ptoW bi plaut and to:!!!!!!! dmaa N 1 tall c4 <aBal|lilli «f aa inib M a tat isba 
Haetloalila). irltb dlrrooalont aad IblcbniwBO B^ortd thtfooD. bJVrlb^ altb a 
to a «iiHlltr Hit. rbniBf Ibt flUoailiHi at tbt building allh pttbiwa %* 
bnildlOBi. aivl ui itat crouiid uf mat *AjolDlu nwnor, 

la Ibt eirul of Ibt laBcUsB of Iba Board bola( paaltd, dDpUoido dravlw <« ba^ 
otnciBiatl bttoppUtd l»lbttppll(tol(arMinlm(allalbaaBoti<lbaBiiai% aadhr 
UuiBliaUn U Ibe dlivi« un^or b* bU ii^ibaea. 

AppUcalkoatbalttODOtnedttdattbadikBOf Iba IMropoUiwi Hard af Wato 
al tw* drill dnr dif* bilvi Iba BBl nwlUii of lb* batd, anan ba taiaiitiad al 
IhttUMbf 

SotUt of Afplititlivit M h ^ivn III Vutry or Dittriti BiMrd. 

Thai 00 Ibt raaUil << aor appUoaiioB lo auanil bulMUie> btrwd Ibi Bntnl Ua 4 
(nnia», mcb aaplfattliia bo oioiiiiunlaWdUtbtntlnadliiTtolbaaidttlbtntM 
»dli<Hctbiwbkih1btlacalttrItttiaal*,aadibM Umt bt tpoiad «« lUi Kw4 
nil bt pnpand to rtaalti tot iiiminiliiiii ibtf oar dona It dBtlnbb la la' 
lbs lulilnt. and <rIU ulu iiulb luiatgUInu luw (uuldBtliua btftn ftadtr 1 
upon lot tppllcallun, 

iTrrrfiofl 'tf Furnat4 CAimntg S^afiM. 
All bukldorv oitAhvt jBnuni who m^r ^ diainnu of ortdlof tsr cblMatTaballif t 
ilatiB-Hi|tiD>. hrtmrr. duuUtrj. or louutmon. Ibt aaw mu liilldliji a oMcb 
Ibr niltt of Iba HttnnllMi biUldlDf At*. UK. tfc (aiwIlMtl^ tbtU, telatwa- 
DadDttnr MUbboildlaCiBiabgaaapplloaUatoiblaBaidltaoiiaiUattMraivnatl 
tbotaol. tttUiiji nl a plan of ibr propnttd bnlblias, lad taa oHitr ii 1 1 ai ij aHKa- 
hnat auvbaraqolndhr Iba Hard iSmi.M. IdatmpoIUM BoUdnif AsI. luli. 

Aw^lrJ^Moia/ Smiieti bjf IfUrriet SunityorM in ^ta^icrvHiui <ff Fm\ 
mid Vhinmry-^Ufftt. 
Tbal Iba Mlowlag fca to doaitadod tad malnd br aan dltUM aonarar 
ttBlIMri«glilaBBalMlBaAol,ltiU,i>bBt1iall|iarfDraiaaro) Ibt aMtteaban. 

onaBtrMtd, Ibtiasia boTu nitiital ttrrlost rnalrid la be paiflmtd "nil Iba ■(■ 
panoftto Utlrapolllaa fiilldUf Act, lUl, t« «IUcb o» ba It tptdla to Ibt k» 
ptclDt IbtKaodBAodalatoibt Aetili.: 

Fof Ibo taiirriLiloD of Nntca aad chlnntT-alatnj. 

Fur vti>rt fumuc uA cbiuatT'tbift boluofUf lb«vli^— A a. C 

tiol aitantlim IS <V>1 10 b'lf hi I 14 D 

Mm riHcdUu 100 iirl In bdtbt . . . I • ■ 

Furonrr lu'w In vliliiiuD, up<i> lU fnt . . . • ■ d 
Fur onir 10 bH In tdalUiio, tbomto ttii . . ( • • 

ProKtdmgi lo coar 0/ Ditof/rtement ai to mad* 0/ CoiMCfiiMuy Aitt 



iDBUrratt In Tbl^h ■ iliu^trtnmimt iboll trvit b^woto Iba dlnritf arviftt 1 
baitder. or liuililluM *nir<<vr. andor ibv prvf laltuu ofTiUlAod lb Ibt Mb taeaa tf tte 
HtUMnUlta BuUllni An, u lu ihi innla of oRutncui^ aar paMo baUte tM 
«bloblbtd*«Ulanii(tUi llmrrl bxIcnlKi OKwurr, Ibt qofaUoa Aljl li hi inebTti^i 
Ito Board br a oii-iooFld] «lilii^ Innb tba IKIt uf tb* cati 

ai[d*ua;loiu, upon nwciul uf ahli* Ibt 8up«lBlnuUii( . 

*itb UiBoiii'i [oflr. aad rtqaii* bba la OtBltb tIeUbr Ibftniiillaa la aapal atlli 
tato^ 4ad vh<>Bttt •tottbaBbait btm rmlttd. Uw MMlagwIiatbtUbaltUMn 
tbo Botiil, bfp3n vboiB tbo pania ibaU to rti^nlnd to appttt, ao^ If ' 
aarr. allb allof a o i 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



369 



TEE3 HARBOtTE OP REFUOE. 

, J. P0WI.1111, C.E., ha* maile ■ lUport to tbe Tcm Oenatr- 
'n»ay Commisuoncrm, ilM«d JdIt IU7, 011 tli« fornutloD of k 
kftttmir of nfoipi kt tbs laouUi of Ui« Tm«, )U n^a : 

** Tli« Tm<« in!«7 Iw vtrj hriatj dweribKl m rUIng in Canbor- 
Um), on miln from th« tm, ftmiw s otraultoiiii ooutm of 100 
nilM, dnuntng oboat 700 i(|iwn ■riIm of enniitrj, and Imriag a 
tidal develomMut cf 97 milw hi kagtb frota tht Fainmj tutor 
to HlghfiMt) Khnro Woml. The wtuiuy aaibraoM «d area, 
onT«T«>l Kl higli iraipr. cjf SOOO avna. Spline liiica riM at the bar 
ICftfiio.-, at MidrlUabro', 14fl.3iii.; Stockton, 13fwt;Tanii, 
T ft. 3 in.: aikd at Wonal. 8S nilM fmm ihn aoa, 6 ft io. 

*" The average meof apring ttdw immoiliatelr bolow Uia light 
gkipb 4 mitt* |ipr linur, and on tha bar the iBte ia about 3 nilMi 
Mid th« doptb Tiu-ioa from 6 to 13 feet) tba Knnga being about 
Sor»fr«t. 

" The qaantit/ of waUt flowjag onr tlM bar during a Iti-ttA 
t*d« U ttpwnnU of 100,0(»,000 lon«, or 400,000,000 Imu eTery 
twcaly-foar houra, which wilh a mt« of 3 tuUea per hour, U equal 
to l,14D,<KKkfa[)n« |iov«r, exdi»iT« of Unil wnt«r, which during 
tha dooda of winur is wmietimM equal t^iin adilitJoDol i01,4(i0 
liarae power. 

" No one wUl 'Irnv that mch an imnwnur power, ifjiidicimul}' 
ngalilact and applinl, i* Apableof itrodiicing alinoai uiiliiniteil 
rMOlla. That the Brvntor part of tiiio imtnenM hnAj of «a,t«r 
Hwaa in out of Uie Teeo to bo useful ])urpoM% to E^r aa roganU 
the ^, will be admitted hv all aoquainbH] n-ich tha rivnr. In 
order, uerefo4«, to hnug tiiia hitherto waatcil powrr into lue- 
M operatioo, I propnae to oonttmcl a pier fraa Beaton Snook 
■croat the Ni^rth Ohm in a drciilar dirvctlon, fnr tlie piirpoae 
of arrerting the water that pasaea to and from tha Tee* over the 
North Ours, atitl uf directing Iba whole of the Oood and ebb 
tide* in uue directioo. which wOl have lh« eflect of nuuDtainuig 
A w«l|-iludiMd channol more to the Kouthward tban the preaenl 
diaiuiel genenUly ii, and oooaeqiietitlv eaeler of aoeea* la aa 
tnbajing wind. The iiermaneacr of dlractlnn, and the tncrtnae 
of power oblalned liy tJie pier, will jiiv" an iV'lditional depth on 
Ibe bar of 6 or ti ffet ovur th<> maxiriiuni. ur from I ^ to ^0 fuet 
M luw water spiiug tidea. For thu pitrpuac of luaiatiug the 
direclli-)!) of tho tide ontwardi, and to cet dear of the aoarpe at 
the ilh aa>i Sih bnoya, and alio to obtain a uioro yiehliug b-itlom 
tir Iko cuUrgcnieDt uf tbe aaehomga within, by aonnngo, I pn- 
poat m onottrtiot an Inner work or guiding wall from a pMot 
nmr 'Jade iu ihv tkix' to the Ath buoy pool, by which I pro- 
peaa to euii'liict the channel by an Dniforin and gentJo curve to 
tbe wiitwanl ef the 9th buoy roclta, anil ititii the fitfa >>iir>y pool, 
in ■ai-h >lii«etioB aa ihajl acour it out on the iiitin on wiiich it ia 
Oip^iie of eniargament wlthoot nrtilicinl laaiuii. Tlic form of tJie 
diUiMl aiid tha nature of the botlou pruve that the duptli at 
low water will be from IS h^t at the opper aud to 18 ur SO 
fbet at the oommenacaieiit of the lower pool, in whiah tbe depth 
voiild niaaiD aa at preatnt, from 3 to il flitlunne, hot the area 
would be greallr extended; an nachnrvjie woold be obtained of 
S taltea in lengtn, with a depth at low.waler epringa of 8 to 6 
bthmnit. 

" The liluaUon of thsM wnrlce, an well oa the nature of tbe 
ground, at onoe tuggect the moilo of aonstruction thui uu^ht Ut 
Maikipted; and no better tnatcrial cnn be obtniuwl with which 
to oonetmci the worka than abg from the blniit-funiai.'ea; my 
•inarieaee warruit* me In tUting that It wlU anawer the pnTpoM 
well,— betiit; hani aoJ rough on the imrfeoo, it U ODnmiiiently 
not easily luorti], nml it cnu Iiq (ibtAincil iu bliivki of imy rite 
(S-ton blooka are uo« being nuwle at eouie of the funiacri). The 
nMBtilj abo ia ample, thete being twenty-nUie furuauej uow iu 
HMt on the banlta of the rlear, and other four iu counie of cuu- 
■tnietion, whlah will yield about 9300 tone per week, auliluont 
10 eonatruet the pier in eleren montha. 

"Tie eoet of conitructing the north pier of eins, paving ita *ur- 
ftee^ nod forming a plulfurin luid [uuapet of timber on pUea, wUl 
beTaoOO^ 

"Tbe Inner work* or guiding. wall will ooet 1 1,000^ that ia, to 
male* a third tiile-wnll, luflicicnUy marked out by beacons, from 
' Jaek-inlhe-hoi' to the Stb buoy. 

" I am not of opinion that a eouth pier nhonld be oonetnicted 
at preaent: bat it, after the nortii pier haa lieea oouatructod, it 
■boalil then be eoualdoted Deceaaar^, I would eonitruet it a* 
■hows npoa the plan; if done in a umilar mouuer to the north 
ftv ita ocMt wouM be about BOfiOOL 



L 



"In condaaian, I would btg to add, that tlieee woriia will ren- 
der tbe eulnuioe of the Teea «uuh aa that tt uipy be bifelj' taken 
at alnuetany «tal* of t'do by the incroanille ahlpping tradiug 
upon the ooMt; and lo long a< the level of tlie country remnine 
■BcluuiniL or the Ten rane to the eea, and the ica ooDtimiaa to 
riae aiid fall, the iniproveniait will be pemuuieiit, foe tbe exiat' 
ing eiirreuia are not to be derttnyed, or Aeir power diuinUhed, 
but diteotcd to do work In the preper pboe, and to tbe beat 
advantage^ differing widuly Iu tboas reapeeta flroin harboura 
formed upon a plain ooeel by pnjeeling works from the ihonv 
iui4 dwtroyiug the origiiuU oummto wliich muiutained tlie 
depih, their ultlnuM ntoll being tbe Ming up of tbe ilMltartii 
grooud." 

PETERHEAD HAIIHOUR OF REFITOE. 

Ueum. n, & T. SteveoMD, Civil Engineer!^ Edbburgb, have 
miule the fallowing report U> the Trueteeu of the HMbour of 
FeterhsKl, dated Augujrt 1647. They aay— 

" With refaranoo to our report of IH17, ou tli* iBproveaent of 
the Uarbouni of Peterhsai'1, and the tnqairy >tn RrfiiKe Ilarboura 
at prae t at being iualituted by Parliament, wu hive been mjueated 
by the tniateee to elate if our riewa, nc to the exteaaiun of tbe 
liarbnuri^baveuudargoiieaoyeliangei and we hare now to r«{Mif I, 
for their iufomatioii. that we entimly Mlhara to tlie opbiuDi oi- 
pieaaed in the eaid report, aa to the anitaUmeaa af Prterfaoad for 
tbe eetabliabment of a harboar of refuge. 

"We have Iwd pretty Urge experieoee of the eaat eeaet of 
Enelanil and Sootlaiid, harlng been pnifberinnally ounanltail on, 
or hamg exaeuteil wnrk« at, aboat forty htiri>"iini botwom Harr 
tlepout and the Orkney Ubuid*: and we have tron no reuno to 
change our opinion Ihnt I'l-tprbonil ia tbe beet «te for a refiwe 
harbour, belwmn the Firlba of Forth and Cromarty, for the 
•hipping rr«<)ii«iiilng the eaelcrn ehore* of the cniiotry. 

" Wc iniiHi r^fur to onr report f)ir a dutailed atAteincnl of the 
grounda on which, this opinion ia baaed; nnd we can onlr now 
elate, generally, in a nautical point of view, tliat Peterhvao eoio- 
uaniie a etreteh of dniigeroun eoaet of HO luilee, extending tnnx 
the Pinli of Forth to the nnh of Cnniarty, on wbiob ooaat 
thero le no harbour that can be regarded bh a harbour of nfagiy 
while veaela leaving Peterhand bAvi? a iiinut tHvoumble looae both 
for tbe north and auath. and luany vl-ucIh being up (or ahelter at 
preeeui iu FeterhcAd Buy, even in ita uuprotvcieil eiste. iu an 
engtueeriiig point uf view, the eittMtlnn la alio i-«'i;uliarly w»ll 
adapted for tlie construction of the harbour worka. On tliit point 
we can apeak witti conSdenoe, the whola of the reoent worke ona- 
fltnicted at Fclrrhoii J aince 1646, at a ca*t of about 6(V00l., baring 
been eseout«'l undrrour direotiooa. Tbe graalle obtaloeu la lita 
vidnity la the btet niaterinl that ci\n be employed for the oen- 
■tnictioo of bmtkwaten. Tlf luy ia wnll indented, the locally 
entirely five from ouid, and tbe wulcr deep. 

"In onr report of 1847. two ediemea Air a harbour of reAige 
are propaae<I, one eeiliuataa at 897,DOJ>/., and enoloelug an area of 
IS acms and the other, eetlniated at 4A0,i)l^., and endoelug aa 
nnw nf about 4u acrra; ,tho entmnce* of Ixith harb'mia having a 
depth of eeven fjilhomi at low water of ipring tidee; to theee 
arpaa Uie preeeut tuu-biJur>i,auiountiug to about TSaore^niuA be 
added In comiiutiUK tbe lota] amouiit of harbour aoonniBodadciQ 
which would be aflSrded wura either uf the eoham*e oarriad out. 

"With refoTBDoe to Ihoic oitimntea, nuwle in 1^7, wo have to 
explain, that tbe main breakwiitera, lu tlieu prupoied, were de- 
algued aa regular plen, having a ^ntpel and rviulvay; but if it 
were reeolved to rtatrict the outM harbour to a elielleriug Wiu 
protected bjr braikwaten without pampeta, (ueli sa we have 
recently dengned toi Wide lUy, the espoiiae of tbe work wouli 
be materially decrcviaod. In abeeiioe of working drawingn ue 
minute i^Iciilntiuu*, we ahould cellmate the atualler dTai^-u nt 
about 110,00U{., and the larger at 230,000/., If oountructeJ au- 
oording to that plan. 

"TIm truateoi are aware of the jnvat advsnlagp that hixa fol- 
lowed tbe deepening of the north narbour and the [uuetioD of 
tha north and auulh liarbouie, *o at to eeoure a doubJe entrauce, 
hntti of which iuprovoffionta have bceo carrtcl out iiincn l&{7. 
For HO expenditiire not exceeding l^OOOt, the aouth harbour 
might be diteponei} to 6 fisel at low water, nnd then tbe harboara 
of Vi-Urhpail, with (heir acoen both to north aod aoutb, wouli^ 
with tbenildltluu of a refiige harbour of even moderate esteut In 
tha H'>utb bay, alTonl every reqnlMle facility and protection to 
■hipping." 



J 



070 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ABCHITECT'8 JOOBNAl* 



KXPBBIMENTS ON THE VALVE OF WOOD OAS.* 

lioport of Prof. WouwTT Oiiiim, and Dr. F. A. Okktii, 
to tho Tnutcui of Ui« PliUiuldpliiA GacwdtIu, 
Odb iavsitfgktioa oaiujiiti!'!, fint, bi o&rtfltl Anal^rse* of plii6 
Htd oak wood SMm; lud, iMnnittr, in photoravtrioU manaur*- 
OMOli, MMtitM with fNMt CATC itiid fiddi^, k&d ■howiag th* 
Uhimjiuting powar of Ibe two variftien of wood pa ia temu of 
tbo Mkiidanl ap«riu ciiitlle. Tho wood gum ualvwd hj in 
oolkotod iu thitudelphia, in glut tabf« oKreralljr aaahd 
« Iho blowpipe, and mUk oo vxamtnatloti praiiona to tba 
thiwlyna wen found (o bo tnt from flawa and parfoetly tiffht. 
I'Tfao pino wood gaa wia oollwled IVibruiiTT' I, and tbe oak wood 
T|pw nbruaiT 3. Both gmm wen niaaufaalured at the old cilj 
gaa-worki^ Id ntcrta of tli« fonn pnMntad by Dr. C. M. Ckmoo, 
Tlia piiM wood omployfd wiu tho ao-callM "old-Held Virginbt 
, BJao," out a littln over niio year, aod dri«) in the nmhoi iind«r 
I the ratorta. tho tctupenitun b«tii(; about 00" Kah.; it wan proba* 
Ujr not drier ihau wood unJ«r a tttrtl. The oak wood waa of 
tM awDod growth. In amalt atjcb* and of ordiiuuyouatlty. 

Both mMa w^ro pnrifiod by dry litno alonq, Th* analyaM 

war* mMa in New York, the photometric nicMareraenta in 

Philadelphia, Frbnurv ]3 aud l-L In our analjie* we hava 

t^xdnalvely cmployMl the matliod &rat introdacad oj Bonaen, and 

Rflbiaa than u«ed by FraokUnd, WothcriU, and othar chctniata la 

ptunillg umilar iiiTOBtigationa. Wo haro utiitiHl oiUMlraa by 

airect OEpcriniou(< that thU ia the only one capable of yielding 

accunbe reealta; The abMnilioo of olefiaot ^ and hydr»-(nrbon 

vaponts by ineaaa at bramtDa ajnwarad ta nirnwh no rapid and 

flimpla a modo of datsnutning tlMB« anfaatanoe*, that we comal- 

darM it nawaiy to pay iwftiaDlar attcnidon tn thia pnint. 

nMrimeDla however ahoweu tiM while the method when alcil- 

liy cmpbjed deea yldd laanlta of auOdant aooonuey for ordl- 

r putpoaea^ It ia far from giving the preoiaion nqvired tn 

titifli; laveaiinitiona. In like manner we hava IbiuHTtliM tho 

blriaoTf lion of eartmnic oxide by a eolaUon of Mibohloride of on^ 

in bydnMhlurie add ia not tu be nlied npon when ftroat 

ia deMred. Tli« apeeiSe nkvitiea of the pisoi were 

ifned in ttii- uinin] luaoutir without preTtoua drying. 

The folluwiug are tlio aiialyttcal taaolta obtalnad expreaeed in 

Tolamea : 

»uW«MlOa», OaWaodGM. 

Hydrogen 33-71 3u<4 

Llgiil iwburetled liillo llfiO tU*13 

OMLwl gai aocl hyJro-farfaoo Tapeius lO'fT <t'16 

Carbonio ouile ST'll SH'll 

Cbitianlcaold 4-00 O'tS 

Otjgm n .„ 0*06 None 

Ifttnigra , ,., S'ES 3-3S 

lDO-40 lliU'M 

SpvciAc ^(nWly 0*1133 O'Sfli) 

The photoi^mphic mcasurvmeots were made in Ihn dork diam- 

bcr of the labomtoTj- of the old Cltr Gas Work*. Phnadelpbta. 

i liitchie'a photometer waa employrd, ibe etaiidanl betug a aporm 

lOudta buniug ISO grains pr hour. It in olau prniier to atate 

f^tbat the wood gajwa uaed in all llKtanezpfTinionuSuwvd thiough 

nbont AOO liict <,l jiipe before nucbing tho bnmefv, about one- 

I half id' the piiKi bi>iiig expuaeil to the air ufthvatnioapherc, while 

I the otiier half puMod thrcugh a ['ellai'. The glut, aa in the caae 

bf that takni for the annlyaoa, wua the average of eight rvlorla 

vith four honni' chotgea. 

Tho photometricat expeiimeuta wore made by both of the 
chcioirta repoiliog toyou, and are beliei~ed to bo entirely reliable, 
every aat« tnving been taken to eeciiro aoounwy. The wood gaa 
waa of eooiBo boi-ued tntta ita own burner. 
' The aiperiinmta with tho pine wood gns wvre niadi> when tho 
UmpientuM of the atmoaDhore waa 15" Vali., and tb<' IniiipcrK- 
ture of ibe cellar through whiub Mie-hulf uf the aupply nipo 
paaed, 46' Fah. 

The fiiM aeriM of nine einerimeDlJi gave for the piue wood gtM, 
when Immiag at thn rate or 4'6 cahic feet per hour, aii average 
ItlnminaUng power of li^'3 alandard iperm inndles; whon bom- 
ing at a couaiunptiou uf 5 leei per boor, tho avert^' illumiuating 
puwer waa 182 eaiidln. 

Tlie etperiuteiilD with th<? oak wooil gag were made when tho 
external temperature wm l.'j' Fah., and the t«mp«ralare of the 

gaa iuelf 4y Tab. 

* Cna Uw 'itanil at i^ rnukUii Ituumia.' 



The tnoao of ton careful detflrtuinationa gave as QliiBilBatiag 
powaroflS'lToandlcaj—tlie avenge illumiDatiDg powerof the 
Fhitadelphia City gaa iMuig batWMO 17 a&d 18 atandard enndlca, 
Aa tha draunibweea niuler whidi both aerica of phM4)metiie 
dataminatioDa were made arcre in all l aapaaii oArooraUa lo 
the wood ma, thsae nsnlte an to be oooatdercd ■■ below a Ur 
kvemge. It ia nroprr aI»o to atate that photometrfe in wui 
menla made with both kinda of wood sc*i at Uie tiiiM nhm ifca 
two gaaea were coliMted for aiiolnea, ){nro for Iha nk gaa aa 
lllaminatlBg power of il oaudleti, iGu averagt: of fiT« obaBTWUfa u i , 
tor the pine ^ an average of 31 eaBdlea lo OBaexMrimaot 

Id condoaion, we have only to aspreae Id d nw worda the 
opioion which our eipcrimeula have oompclled na to adopt, 
namely, that the itluuiuating power of wood gt» ia fully equal to 
tiie averag* ot anal gaa, 

W« aotaalt alee for your inspeetioa tha raanlta of oar aoalyais 
of the gas of tho Manhattan Compaay, Xew York, which, paf 
hlipt, may not be without InteraaL 

Hydrogen ... ,.. ,.. 4S-M 

Light eactiunitol hplrogea ... U'll 

Oloflaot gM uhI liyJro-ciirtea vi^eure „. ... 10-M 

Cm-ImiiIo oxide „. S'4S 

Curbonic ad J .,. ... 1'04 

Oiygno _, ... .„ ... Keoa 

N'ilrog<;n «, _.„ .^ •■• l*tS 



Speeiflo graiilj 



IWHtO 
O-STO 



Optnthtu In Wood Gat altlu PUiadtlfkta Oatvoria, Jmt 18S7. 

The reaulta t«bDlnt«>d below are taken tnta tha bcyika of the 
Philaddpbia Oa^ WorkiL Tho prodart ia from thrt* badt ef 
evUuIar ratorU, with three retorti to eodi. In two of the btda 
the retorta are adapted to the uae of wood 6 feat Id IcoMh, the 
othata to tengtha of 8 fMt: the latter reqnlras no mm Iwotir or 
fbd than thn t-maor, wbiUt the produotla ona-thii^ gnatar. In 
cnae of rpnmnvl, it i> proiioaed to make all tha rvtorta of eapad^ 
Buflicieiit for 8 foot leugtna, when a greater eoooiomio recall DAy 
be expected. 





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THE CIVIL ENGIXEEH AND ARCHITECTS JODBNAL. 



371 



TIm wMd for autwDlMlloB and ftiel U of the ruMj hnovii in 

>ufk«t H "alittr* paae," •od U of a daddMljr lobrior 

1^; it ii fraahlj oat and «ipoMd U> th* wwtbcr. Uwh 

naolta an obUincd daring * drr mwno, both m rcgnrdt 

of gM and qaaolity of liiiie'reqiUi«d for parittoation. 

lodly b> (bo iiit^rvAt of the Bumlkctanr to ponbaoe 

nod wood, uul protoTt it b^ ptvpor nhoddlng. Should a 

MipartiiiiitT oRcr, (he tvralta of experiraenU upnn rnrioiu 

of wood, •■ vcU Ml au av«wc of tns p^H)u(<t■ uid also a 

ua woriclng for a ooaaldanbw pftriod, will b« gireu in like 

fiwa which a maoh boUar Idaa of tho oommoMial Taloo of 

ini nny bo dnrivad. The coiit p«r 11^00, it nmy bo 

by the QM of Ihi* appamtiu, ii oouiHornbly below 

Ikm, whilat the light produced foot per ^t ia atmoM 

Tlio hydrate of llm«, which i< etuployud iii paTitjiag, 

irtod into a cnrbooAto, and loa^ b« nuuirail aud rMUed 

ling in a niitAbl* kiln and atakug. Tho dmand for tb« 

. . JoetB ban BO far exoooiM tho lunplyi bat ihoald they at 

tiiii« bMiomi> uniialeable, tb« ooit of tbo (fu would bo about 

dolbir p«r IQUO tt^t, without making aay rejuotion for the 

" of tlio (barooal a« fa«L 

I MMiU of Wdti Go* Dtp*rtmaUfor MimtJt </ JitM IW. 



th: 
. T» ISA'S conlf of wood 
(otrbamasl uvl het) 

mn 

"baoUag 1S«-S totiU, 

•■ IHf botholi lima for 
posfCvalVe. 

I** wagM, atokafi. pttil- 
tan, 4)1. 
" eak* far dmng wood 
" WMT, laar, k niuwmit 
" balaaaa sot sain 



1 8-00 

107 'OO 



Or. 
By l.U^DOD t«M of taa % 

al 2'<I0 per IboiUMid U7t-W 
" 37211 buabeU ohareoak 

al lOc S72-00 

" 48 tuadi fliie duicoat 

*X-16e. IS-OO 

•• IK(H l.iiiibnl line ac4«. TS'H 
" IS lumU iw (90 pla. 

•Mb), at U pv pL 4-SO 



iieSS'U 



By nit gain neaft ■Fttne %\69ii1 



Th* oeet per tbooMiid bet (ealee of by-praduela dwiitotod). ia 
67 eaoU, leaiiiv. aftar nakiitg a prop«r allowanec fur diatnbu> 
taOB, a dear oaoual tuooEno of HMOO ^m nine retort^ the ouel 
of wbioh with tbelr oaiuecLiuiu, would be about ISdOtk 



CRKSSOtrS CELLULAR GAS RETORT.* 



b: Oommiltoe on Seioaoo and the Arte coiutitutcd by Um 
lis Iiuttilulr, to wliDQi wna rofcrrvl fur oxamioation the 
dar Um Uetort" iiivoulfld by IH. Oharlee K. CnMOU, of 
lelphia,— report : 
I Ibe iarention ooouate in arranKing a efetem of cellc in 
tav w^Ui and eepeeiaUy In tba botlome of tli« rotoita, which colU 
an ao eoimeeted, by cntitliag the dividing nnlla rUtcrutely at 
(Jm two «Dda, aa to eooatitiite a oontinuooa pa«a^ opraiog at 
one end into the retort, and at the otiicr ^vmf exit to tho ma 
into the laatii. In Ihia way the (pu ia oMtDtaiiied (br a couaiibr- 
nUe tine at a moderate rad heat while it elowly travereee this 
pMMM. In the rrtorte in dm at the PliiladelpUa One Worka 
the oelle are in the bottiniu of tbc rctorti ouly, aad arc eight in 
BODiber ia each rrtort, each 2 iuchee widcv 4 inohea deep, and 
6 fset Una. n thai tho |^ in made to tnvene alowly « epnoe of 
Vi foot, Mill duriug thu tuue thue oeeapled ia aabjeetw to a tego- 
lated and uodorato temperKtnnk 

Tbe effect of aaoh au arranmment ii twofold : in the firat 
plaoe, it mu*t modify to a ooiuulembte exleut tbe temperature 
of the body of the ntort iteel( which ha* iliui iut«rpu*ed !«• 
twMn It and the heal of the fiimaoe flaee the umoh Miitaineil la 
(lie csUl Tbe retort* will thus Iw Uee ridenUy and raor« -ttea- 
dUy beatod, aod the notare of the Kaeee devolotwd axuy, as ia well 
known, be thiu conaiilerably inodiSed. Seoondty, il would aoom 
peaeiUe that a oialarial olutoge in the ebeniioal n&lure of the 

rM Diaj be produoeJ by the niaisteuaQoe of l^ia leuixinture 
a coBudenble Une. 
Hentofore thaae rotorta have been eicUurely employed in the 
nwnitCMtiire of gaa &om wood, and the pncUual reealt bM boeo, 
that wbereai acoordiug to the «i|wriutiw ul Ui« gaa works in the 
dty of Xrw York, the gaa frotu wDod nuutufaotureil in the ordi- 



nary retort tnnnot be eoonomleaUy naadt owtog to Ita low iUa- 
miaatinK pi>irrr,— the gaa frooi wood nattnfaotared In this city 
ia tho oolliUar retort, exhituta at the preeent prices of wood tuid 
eottl a elight miMriori^ In ecoaoinioal value over eofd-jpw. The 
wood uaed has oeeu prinoipaUy oonnaou piof; aud aa tlie ^)pa- 
nttoe bss been ueod merely aa an a^jonot to the conl work*, mid 
i« corapnjntively on a snali ecaltt, no pronstoo lina been made 
for propeHv ■enaoniag, drying, or splitting tbe wood. For (lie 
muei part tti« wood Ims bwn ^tilled in lM?go atieb^ dried Ibrft 
few houre only, and rei^nlring some four boare to exhanet (lie 
vnlatUs natteva. £ipenBient however haa ehown that llie copn- 
dty of the apparalns can be larf[ely taoreaaed by dluuaEshing »« 
diameter of the wood, and by thorough drying. By proper 
atMation to (hose pofnie the same erei|ih( of duive enn M bunt 
etf in one honr anil a half, with an laorcasad ^dd of gas per tU 
In thia my a wlort that will yield ordlaatfly 4800 enbic bet of 

S a in 14 hours, caD b« nude to produce over 9000 oabio foot ia 
e same time. By c-arefiU worldng 10^000 onbie foet bare been 
ubtaloed with the same amount of niel and lAbour as ore ordina- 
rily tiaed for two-thiids tAat ainovDtof ooal.gaa. 

The Mlowiog nra the atatementa of the results aetually ol>- 
Ubwd with theee tetorte ; 

EjfftTimmtai Trialt. 

Aprs 19 end 30, lAfiU. <t retort*— damlian of trial it haat*. 
I^rn |ilna wood — 3 bnun charge* 
14,409 lb of wood produced 7i<,000 culita fful of fa* 
IMeg a-S7 eebic feet to pound, or IS.aOO oubia feat to eoid 
UW eddo feat to reteet In t4 bcuie 

/■M 13 and 13, 1S5<I. d rctorti — dwa^on of trisl IS htmi*. 
Pino wooil iplil ud partiklly dried— 3 boon oiiargca 
1200 lb. of wood Dfodueed Id.OOU eubic Csel of fu 
Botng ll'U suhle feet (e poond, or tS,MO eohlctMi lo cord 

Julg SI, 18a<t. « retorta. 
Pine wood aplli amall and dried— tiouriy ohssgea 
1 4,4UO lb. prodiund lti,UUO ontuc foeC of ga* 
BMng 4-SO eubio Cmi to pound, or ^•i.90^l «ubic feet to oard 
lO.tn eaUe feet tn retort lii 24 baur* 

In Ihia trial th* clurici'* v«ra not ihoreugUy bnmt o^ the cbareoal 
being enaller but of better quality 

jVurvA 1, mS, lo Jfur«* I, 1%M. 
Wnoil used in retorti, 3.80fl.A7S lb. 
(Jh produoed, \l.Mi},tM oublo (mt 
Fuel iiMd loolie Btcliulrdy), 33,!IOIt bDabols 
Arengenuka per pound for year, I'OU oablofiot, aqoal to I3,M0 cable 

feel per oord 
Maximam mouthly nvtkv, 4'8:t cubic feel per poutul, oiotl lo I4'4ll0 

cubic hat per curd 
3Sa caUo bet efgai w«re produowl for 4ach buthel sf soke usnl se fud 

MmrA 1. UM. to X»nA I, 1857. 
Wood used in retorUh l.S4U,3iU lb. 
Om produesd. S,3afl,000 oobia tout 
Pu«l usad (wood exdoneeW)^ 1,380,001) lb. 
Areragn make per pound faryiar, 4'Sl cubic reet,«iiul to 19.930 mAio 

fMl per cord 
Manmum mnnthly make. S'fll caUc feet per pound, e^tuJ to IISSO 

oubia feet pvr corl 
Average oluuuc, 137 lb. per ralort 
Aeeiags nambor of retorts in setlcn, B 
Vearly prvduMleai per reiort, 1,384,933 ooble feet 
Artrtga duntlon efrttorts, ISsMnths 
1 ^ If (lu cubic feet of gaa pradoosd per eod of wood as fuel 

Aa evvfT (Qreniiou by wbiuh the priee of gat ia dIiBiiiisli«d, — 
dtbar by incrtwiiiig ihf yicM. by dimlnlAing tlie fint ooat of die 
appiuutua or tbo exiwnw of its mnintTD.inoe, or 1^ eubeHtatiBg 
other luatflHnla for ihoan which hnvc bonn lieretofore exdneively 
used to this miUiu&cture, — ia of tbe grenteel importance to the 
community, the a^inmittee ilc^m the gaa retorts of Dr. Crcasou 
to bit a very valuable iinproveiaoDt, and reoonmead theca to the 
attention of thoee eagaged in the maauAictnTe of Ulominaling 
gaa. 



K 



• ynmlbi'JeaaaldUMrnaUiii toiUNK.' 



B.^RSffTAPLB Nr.w Watsrwoiiks.— The works of this Company 
are to be oouploted at a <«el uf 90CHV. The waUr will be brcnigbt 
from the river Yeoy about five miW up from the town, la open 
conduit for about two mllta, so (ta lo sff'>nl Irrigation to tbat land 
which ia BOW L-om|nnttircIy barren, and thereby leasoniug tho 
amonnt of eoiupeuaation to tbe owner. The raervoir will be ia 
Rawbii^i-Iiark, Tlie plana are by Mr. Rowe. 



872 



THE Crvn, ENGIMEEB AXD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



THE AHCHITECTTJRAL EXHIBmON. 

Tub Eililbltion for 1^17 -AS vill be oponail la tli« public, at Ihe 
GaQariM of tba Society of BriiUh ArCitU, SuflbUc-^riMt, Ptill- 
MoU, on thn ITlh Deoember, and will remaiu open till the 3l>Ch 
Ftbnuaj, ISSB. Tbe following regulaliona bftv« bwn luada by 
tha aommittMv for tti« giiiduwD of vxhlbitora : 

All drkwingM, iiwhUIk, phatacninlia, Ao., uimt be dalivend itt 
tha GnlleriM on ihr IM or Sua or D«oemb«r, hotm 6 p-m., tad 
bone will be i«o(iv«d Utor. . 

Evtrjr dmwUig Of aliwuor moat Imre th« i]o«criptMii luiblj 
writun, with Um omiw Mid addrMa of th« exblbitM' »C the Wck; 
itnd Ic b lArlicitlArly doMred that th« nine dewrlptloa be Lightly 
IMul^ on Ae/rmt, tar tbo purpoM of tho Qtulcignt^ Hid to bp 
eioMied off kftATtrardA. 

It ia RquMtcd lliatdnwian ahould not bave a paper nurgiii ot 
more thui 3 loebea baroiul Um line of colour, aod iu all waea 
wliMe It U poMibla, it u meat dwinble that plAus auJ taeUona 
lut«iid»d amy to iUuatnte amuiMinviiti alioiild br dnwo to n 
bimU acale: (muoli apia hM hnSm been Imt by nqfUft of the 
nqniraneDla u to imrgina, and a waut of it niuit iu uiiiny auv 
ouiae plana uid acctiotia to bo left uulmug wbuu ib«y arv drawn 
to a Mm acala.) 

Drawing belore eibibltcd In LoDdon an initdoitioibl*. ^te 
rcgulntian if bunporarily wnir«d in fnvaiirof ihit grrat eomppti- 
Uon tor tbe QoT«7nuii>Dt Oifico, and for the MerouriAl Chnrch at 
CofiKtaQtiooploO 

Aur nuiubvr of i)rawiii(p lUiMtntlng one derign m^y be !b> 
olail»a in one frame; but nhnt MTaral anbjocia are ooTleotad 
togetlMr, iucti frame or otniner noat not in any case contain 
moTB tiiMi 6 aupcrfida! fo«. 

All atnilnen whieli an not fnuned and gUied aboold har* a 
plain gilt iDouliJinK rouuil thenL 

All cnntributii'iiH to the Departrannt for Afodeln, CarringB, 
Deonratiniia, Suwliuetia of Mannfncturoi, and Invcntiona onn- 
nncled witb Budding, are to be drlir«rnl and fix^ in the «iacea 
allotted between No»emlicr 8od nud n^^'tmlier l«. 

Two roomi^ a* beforv, will he rviain^d for tba abovp. In 
applving tfiT apace it ahnuM \it HUto'l wkKlwr floor, cviling, wall, 
or o'unter room i* reqniie'l. AH *<-lliii{j;->i)i, fixing, Ae, iiinnt be 
dont> by nnii at the eapi-uxr of cxliibiluri, nnd nil woi'ltmcu and 
Btff ^-p t- BO touploycvl will 1)0 nllowod to aU«nd duriag a period 
which will be duly anii<"iuoed; and the time Fnr completion miut 
be ri^dty wlherrJ to, much tnoonncilenM having before bean 
oco^ned tlimu|{h uegteal on tbtaa pointa. The mtM for apoM 
^rill be a* bofoiv. 

The uAuiM of genUomen who will deliver leeturea on the Ttaea- 
day vveuing* will be annuauoed in due tiur. Prvf. DonaldaOD, 
Mr. Cno^ oud otbera hare already kindly ooiiannlad. 



RATISO OF MINES. 

Tkk Select Committee appoiiiteil by the HoitM of C-Humons to 
iDqnire into tlie law and praclioe with m|xci to iltv rating at 
Tuyaltle* of niiuea have nuuJv tlieir ro|Hiri. to the 1I<>ii»f afwr 
hearing a peat number of witii ww tmiu all imtu ot tlie 
e»uutry. Tnny lay tbe oviilm.'e hut ahowu tlial tae liability of 
miuea lo be mted to the J^kt and other panichlnl raM* i« full 
«f auoiualie^ and (except in the eaee of ooal mine^t) dejMniU more 
on liie furui •/ agreament beiwven tbe lewur and Uwpo thiui on 
auyiientinJ raJa of mtaabiiity. Although uiinn (other than 
OMtl dainea) are not aa aneh rat«aUe, yet, wketi; the royaltr or 
due it rAervi-d Iu kind, it ia held lo be rateable on the legal 
principle, tbui Ibe Wl who recelvaa it ia an oeuupior uf lauil, and 
M mull i« eiibjeui t'> be rawd (or hU occupation nuder the alatnle 
of Iba Urd uf Kliiabvlh. The renervaiion of royalliea in 
kind appean, fium the evideuoe, la be atill the prauvioe In 
Ucrbyaturet and in eoue diatrioa uf Cornwall, and to have bean 
tlie uairerwal practice in Cornwall till the ymr 1832. When tbe 
royally ia rMervfil in Ibv «hnpc uf a motiey iiayiuait, aach 
liability ia held not lo nxiat. Upen mineral wuriciiiKB, qoarriea, 
and CkMl anuai ar» deemed to be nleubU, and an: nilnl, iu all 
caKo. Ttiu cuiiuuillee le of oplpiuu itiuL tliere are wi valid 
ground* for tlieae diaiinctiona. llat an long aa cnU niinea, and 
open lniu««al working and inarriea an aaaeaaeil to tbe dittorcnt 
kical rMli«, tlie oouuBitiac ac: uo rcaaou why tbe rating ahonld 
not be axteadol to all olli«r mlnea. That open mineml w«rkiuM 
or quorrioi and dooe mine* ahould, aa &r as rating U ooucemed, be 



pllu^al on theaam* fooltiw. Thatavideoaeltaabien nireoof peeialkr 
cuati^iua exlitiug in Derbyiliire, aud tlint the lord'e dnaa> aridM 
flora l*a>) ininea in that county, are taliaii iu kittd, aod aanaaaS 
botli tu the poor and highway miee. It baa been cmil«i>deJ with 

a real force beftire the cammittep, tliat in the aaaaaametit of mlae* 
le principle abould be leeoifnUeil, that the workiag of a initio c( 
whstarar ileacription, ie the uafn^ up uf the uorpua of the eeWev 
and not of the mrnt annual produoe cajoble Of repmdndioB. Tbe 
committee are of ojiinioa ttint in iiukinjC the aiMf 111 Hint on 
mineral property, of whntevet deacriptiooi, all plnot and 
nisctiiuerr, loimuotive or aUtionary, iu any way ccuieded wflh 
or belonging lo the nliiea, and which i« lucndentAl utd twowaaijr 
to the working thenuf, alionld be awaaaad m a wboK 'iffMhir 
with and n» part of tbe mina^ and not mpmUtg. 



THE NOBTHCMBERLAND DOCK, T\'NE BIVEB. 

Tits oiMming of this dock, ricuate at tlaybole, took tilnce bat 
month. Propamti'me for ibe cumiurDCcment nfthia nnJert^iag 
were first mode "u the Mi Angiiel, lti53; and on tbe iwli Aprd^ 
1KA4, tbecofl^rdaiii, i:t£(ifi>otlougBnd A feet wide waa coin pJatod. 
The Am *U>ne of the M-(etl lock wna laid on 13tli SeMeober, 
lt»4, by J. CowoD, Km]., Cbairman of tlie Tyiw Cotamtaaloocn. 
The area of tbe tiiU baaln b two aerea, and h 47A (act long, and 
17S feet wide, with a TO-feet eDtranoh The lock in HO tin looc 
and 6j Aiet wide. Tbe arm of the dock IaSSAetea,aDd at pream 
it t* rapable of Bcct>iiiiiuiilutiDii VX> atil of Yiewla Tbe average 
depth of water at l>ij;li-«aicr uup tide* on the Mile of tbe ea- 
trancn it IB (eel; at aprlug tide* H feet. Tbe channel* throi^ 
the entfaiioea of tbe baaiu and look wen npesed on tKe Und of 
Jntie tN^7, and aliout that t^mo the dnaing of tlie euHa of the 
eniliaiikiiietit wa* oommenood. tfitioe the river enbuikment waa 
eanipiot«d it ku been teated by a prewnra of twtoty-fiTe ftet 
of water, anil tt haa been found tu be perfeotly watertight. 
During the progr«ae of the work« the deep water channel akmf 
the alaSlhs waa not deonaeed, but rather improTed ; and it m an 
iuipovtMit (act that the ordinary ahipmRiit of ccale at the *t*itha 
haa not at any time been iutt^rfifrrd utitU. 

At the time the docks were niirimrnced. npvarda of l,Mn,O0D 
tonn of ooola per annum were ihipjied, and on tia oomplotkio Ibe 
abipmeui* amouuied t» If-UHi.iXiO tout, abowlngan iaaroMaduHag 
tbe pmgr«M of the work* oif lEOU.t'iOO toua of onak The foUowiog 
oolliorimi at prcamt ahipooAliin the dock :~<-Cnuu}ingU>n, Seaton 
Biiru, Seaton Delavnl, Buddlea Wmt HiirUoy. rinturoer* Eiut 
Holywrll, tlflilii)!. CurKe Bartley, aud NelbVrtou. 'Hie BJjth 
andTyue Boilway Cooipany alioablji ooali there. 

Mr, Jofaa Flewa ia the eu^eoNui^hief of the HoA; Mr. John 
Flewa, jun., the reaidenl ei^ineor. The oantrnctor for lb* whole 
work U Mr. I>ivid Tbombui;, of Waalinboraiu[h, near LUmuIil 
Tlie OMilnwUne for tlie Iron gate are Ueaan. Ha* ka, Craintu^, 
and Co., Gataaliead. The a«*t of the dock ia eatimated at almat 
SOUiOOOL The nmuey Cor couAraodng ihu docka bii* been nuecd 
In- the River Tyne Cotumiuiouoni by bonda; and tn aoon a* the 
oapilal and iutareet luv repaid it will tircDnie a fiea doch, tha 
neootMtjr oluirgw (or expeuaes haeiug only t« be pnkL 



CAST-IRON RAIL FOB CITT PASSENOKR BAILWAY. 
C. Brkhiah, United Statu*, Invtnlar. 

Inpanillnritiaaan: no tiee needed, a flange caat 00 the note 
•Id* Ki"'" luitieient huoi at the top, on each (kle, an a aeriaa eif 
aiianlnr project ioiia Suafa with the top or lieod of ibe mil on the 
outer aloe, while on Ihe Inner "Ide tliey are beloH (aboui lulf an 
Inch) ■utfldeiitly to dtuvr the wheel Saagee: between tlie pto^ 
tlona on the outaide cubicnl blocka an In be StIed, and on ih* 
inaide the onlinarr oobble atnaea an to be nnt. 

h i> claimed taat the eaat-inn pnijeotiona will pnrvnt the 
wearing of Ibe atonea Into rata by rehiclea, the epoMe botw««o 
tbe projKctioaa being about i luuhM; wboola of cMiiMry veUdte 
wonld not aiiik OP wear away tbe Mono btodta to any ii^urteoa 
amount beft>i« tlie abnuion wouhl be aneatod by the wb*«l* 
oomiiii; in oouiaci with the liard mateiiul of tbe mating. Ufa 
expected tliat tlie ditNciiliy eiperieooed (u («Mtdng railnailiMi 
an angle will be greatly ndueed ftvm lb* iriilii^ dlSeraM* b 
the loviH of the inner and outer (irujDctiuua, whidi rvtwiaant the 
having oD tbe iuiii>le and OuLiide of tliu ruiul, and whl«k will act 
pe iuoreiwed by rate. 



^ 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



87S 




umwn 

Atluntk TVtgrafi: a huf«rf ((f prtHnUtan uptrimental 
pneMdiigt, and a ttttrriptivt ooraitnl ^ lh» preMnt ttate otd 
frmpttU </ tt« nmitfftikiiif. PnUulMd bj onler of Um Direo- 
' ton of the Oonpuo'i Julji U^T. Jurolo. 8vd pp. (ti>. 

M Mttg 7MMW»t te CaUm in O* Ihtp Sm. Bj 

Jamm Buoit, Muter RJ«. Ueroaport. 1(U7. pp. B. 

Of Um two works boftira na, tho former wm nubtUhed belbra 

1 tb« InLler •fler the ooomTBUCe of tli« »i«itfcut whiuh tra»- 

1 the roMoC ntMinpi ti> (ouuTCt Kuulnjid and Aincric* bjr ft 

■rial tdampk. Mr. BroditT* innaU punpUtt nlatM oulj 

I Uylig or tba cabU^ Tbe pubUo^oa of Uio Adutio Tela- 

1 Onapmy b oconpied with ux aeoannt of eleotriaiJ experi- 

paph; of the AUuiiio, Hid imla only brieflj of tka ratiject to 
vhuhnoeat exparie<io« give* Uw mott tntcrort Uw mMOt of 
' dug tho embl* Mftly lu iu iBbauiriao bod. 
toloetricd iuvvrtigBtiooa of tho ConpMtf'a officer* ttppeu 
ro bocB eouditelod with ^reAt «kill kiid cmrt, if wo tniur ao 
I from tbo uiBunvt ia whioli the praoeaso* euplojrod kr» W« 

bntod "plftlMn. Mild u bo 400 Btloi wido »Bd U Mtead all tb« 
v>j from Nowfouadluid to liaUnd, w* pranimo to b* «l«o Mou- 
nt*. Ilioiitfh we ooufcaH ui K>ine doubu ra^waling tbe aoeimoj 
at tM aotood bore eiplnUieJ for aouudtng graat ileptha. Tbo 
iImi—iIIiH pluBOMt b K eaaaon-bail Mapendrd frnm a itroos 
Ub% and aUo mrrjUiK down a Iraetb of light twinu mu-kod otf 
I fUtWBoa Bad uaTOlIad front a ntl: 

'Tbo piactko, iu luiUK ibU ileap-*** noundlBf apunUoiv I* ^ (uUa 
k do a very M/oug Una prajiuaJ (or llic puipuM; ud capobla of alMaio- 
tog oaUala u( Ixuu ihu lulta liuaJrodwnKht. nUhou)^ 800 Ibtbomi 
of tt ooly wei^b aboui a (muiid. Tba out of 1^ Ml in nada freo a 
boil, wbigli ia iMpt (Wim iltifUng bjF oara whilo tbt iloaMnl of tba plum- 
net ia la prognni aiiil iba doMnit ■• tunoil £ailiora bj bUioni, ao tlist 
(lio iofluvnoe of oros cumot* ia dnwioit oat tho ti>tn« ma; b* allowad 
Ibr, noiply by compvin^ tbo rate m wbiob it rvu tor (aeh glmn ilfptb 
wteb Iha raw at wHIob ll oajbt tooo. CumaM neecMBriljp nrmp out 
tho twina at ao unlfDrm rai«, while tba cannon-ball M nemauil;, on 
•oaooBt of inonaaias fridion, dra^ it out at a riimlDlibinK nta, which 
it Moniatriy known from prarioua inToitigationa * 

It will bo Moa that thia mode of ooinniitatioo amutnea two 
lliJDf[a— that tba nle at which tha canaon-Wl dMoroda ia known 

-*a<l Ibtt tbe T«lacitT with which tho oarrenla awvop out the 
twlBD 11 uuiform. Huw the ral« of ilrawnt of tbe cuiDOii-baU 
ia MwrtaioM wu im nut lurumied, but ve arp eortnm that tbo 
iavMtl^lun m<iM b« n vorv difficalt ooo on aocouct of the vari- 
9BI TMtttaDcm to which th« hall U tnbject. If, howeror, the 
Tolodtj i>r the pliinirooi be nccnratolj known, what ii the neoea- 
rity of uaiug the twine na a m^atire of diitaooet Br obaervhig 
the lime uf deaoeol of tbe pluDuaet, the dlataooe ooold be innio- 
dUtely il^duord tram tha Icdowd rdodty. If tbe invcatlgabDa 
led to the oonclu«ioa that the nlummol niovoi eaatinuaUy at a 
diiuinUhtug ratv, a« bore itAted, thnt invFalioation Ia oertainljr 
iuean«ct Tbe motioo of the caiuir<n-ball at the eommoDoeinent 
of ita deaeeul b mrtUraM hj gravity aod Tniated b; tbe water 
with a reatatane* which iiitreaaw with tho velodty. Setting 
uide tha effect of currenta, the rriiitAtico will iuariAH! till it bo 
equal to the force ufgravitr, aod after that tbe ball will move with 
a nmEumi "terminal' vefjcity. The velodty eannot ever be, aa 
here mated, "a dimiuiafaiDg ratef and If the laveetifation* In 
•|;i>!Mi-j[i lewl taareaiillao daarljrarroiieoiia, tbe method of iurM- 

(i^icino moat be erroneou* alao. 

Again, it ia assumed that tbe enrrenU "rweep out" the twEae 
at a UDiftitm nle. Why ) If the twiue were nut attAuhe<l to tli« 
n<el or pliuumel, bat carried {for\y by a current it wcnld more 
at the Mm* isto aa the current, aod therefore uniformly, if the 
nta ot ihu correat voni aiiiform. But wbeo one end ii attached 
to ttie reel and the other to a tilummut, the teusiou of the twine 
pivveote it from moving at toe aame rate na thi- currant, aod 
tlien aeeme no longer any obvloua rcaaou why th« unrtitllng from 
tlia R«I ahoiild ba tmllbra. Other cauaoa which would tend to 
Tnrllie ««loci^ ot unrolling are the daacent of the plummet oon- 
ttmally to gmnler and gicaier deptba in Ibc water, — the motioo 
of tbe plummet pruduoed by tbe current, -and laatly, tbe varia- 
tiona Mtlie velodty and dltectluu of tbe ourreot (or ourreate) until 
itUl water la reacheiL On tha whole. It teemt vonr certain that 
«ltbar tlia cxpoaitkon Just qooted of tht metbod ofaonnding tbe 

Ko. tB4— ToL ii.~NuTEMUX, ISGT. 



Atlantic b not a blr one, or that tbo raiulta obtained are not 
reliable^ We are not aware wbniher tbo upacimaot baa aver 
been triod, but it appran to oj that far mors tni a t worlhy Toaolta 
would be obtained t^ Mnking a eylinder oontainiofi a water-tiKbt 
pbton iiMod OB by a iptiag ut tlta oyliiider and eit*.-iiiiUI^ by tli« 
faj-droatatlo pnviirft The twnp w aiion of the qiriug, if n^ 
lered, wotild abow dte bydroatabo pnatun at the bottom of uw 
oonn, and tbarefbro ita doptb. Tm reeolt wouU bo naaflbebd 
by theefleetof eumnta and nneertainlr luiaing from the aonnd- 
ing line eonUmiing to deaoend after iKe plummet readied the 
botltm of lb* aea, 

Ib the worli mdar notioe it b remarked that tba latter aource 
of error ii avoided by the eoutrinuica of the ■nhmdiafT IwilMi 
which the plummet lyevea to draw down after ifaiihiim the bed 
of the tea; Dut K ia obMr*ed that for an naknowTi time aubae- 
qnetitly tbe twine ra^ cootiaaa to be anwouud by aotion el 
eorrenta- 

We paa* on to eonnder tbe topic which, at pnaent at teaat, b 
of tbe gnMtnt importaaoe and mt o i tat the mode of laying Uw 
oable aafely. On ihb aubjeot tbe wcell hen nvlewed piMenta 
•orae medunlcal tlicoriaa which are atmngely Inaoeurate. After 
•tatiag tbe weight of tbe rope per mile, the writer obaarvee that, 

' ' Tt* freataU deptb over which the v ii l i wIU have le paaa In depo- 
riling (bo abb in the Atbntic will be a Utile more Ibu two miUe; eon- 
e«i{untly, if enou^ of the rope were nuStni to bans motionleai from 
eoe of tba Taiiab to naeh tba bottoin in Ibia depth, we Mnin needing 
to be tnnie by tbe rope woald b« under a ton aod a balf. During the 
prooea of piling oat. boveine, the oabte will be cannuitlj in motioo, 
witb only a ■uffleient rectrainuu) pomr upoo it ib oontisl uid rtgalale 
Ita ogTHB (tom tbe iUd. nntU tm« ia a lale rfiBbtly faMer Ibaa tbt no- 
graM of iba wmiI. 1%* Mroia mill lumei reatif it emndtreUy Iw dm 
a lea anJ »'liia(f/«r Am eiAM. Here, uala, anolbcr nodiPfiiig infla- 
eooa ain oamM into play to act itiU fotlber In teliaf of the ainin. Tbe 
oaUe will not only be eoaiawbat buoyed up, h Io qieak, t» tho water, 
— it will alK> be buoyed up by the inSoenoa of friction. 11 will novcr 
daaeend. a< it •• fayed out, in a eerUcal Una, or reach tho boKon In a 
cooneenD ■ppreaehing liia vertital dlreetioo. Thii vilt U btcaute frit- 
Hen ^ ria nM uf At totU i^»ui tki matrr vUt rrtard lAc natii^ of 
(JUi 



In thb paragmph are two acrioua errora, which wc hnvo 
mnrkod by ilaljca. Firmly, it ia a«nmed that bocauae tJie cable 
will bo lubject to''oiilya'B'il1ic:ieut reelminlng power " the atrain 
will be oouaidenUy l««t than tbo tension of the eabia if eua- 
pendeil at net to a like depth. But In fut the t«Ba!on of tbe 
chain moving nnder the enppoeod drcumslanoM will be greater 
or leaa than the utiLtianl strain, nccordlDii an the velodW of 
detcenl ia dimiuiihine or Inoiviuiiug. We aupiiote tberc la no 
propotltloB of dynam& morv olomcntaiy than tlila — that if a 
body be moving in a atraigbt line under tho aotioo of two uupo- 
aice fnruoi, and that lina be reterded, tbe aoeelentiog foroe 
muit be leai thiui the rcUrdiog force, and irfor m-tif. fi^ooe, If 
tbe cable detoeod with adtmluTabbg velodty, tlie retanting ^rce 
acting oa tbe verciiiil piul — vis, too tenmcm at its uppor eoil— 
mnat be greater tluui the acceletatii^ force of ita woi^bt: and 
conrcrvely, if tbe cable move with acoodemUiig voloaty, the 
tenaicai wiU be leaa than tbe weigbt. In a paper lu our Septem- 
ber nnmber the emr here DOliced boa been alreadr pointed out, 
and tba atnlna due to different degreea of retardaUoo polnied 
out 

We mnat here abo repent, that the Indientor which rfiowt tbe 
letardii^ fkiotton applied bv the bitak ia an utterly fnlbdooa 
meaanra of ih* leneion of tlw cable. That toaaiuo, it ba jQN 
been ahown, may be greater or Iom Uioq the w*ight aoipeKWd; 
00 alio It may be greater or leaa Iban the friction applied br tbe 
break. Comnder tbo motion of tlial portion of tbe ouilo which h 
aobj««t to tfab friutiou. It will aMiiit iu ucderatauding tbe 
qneation, without al all afty-tln^ the reault, to aoppoee that thb 
portion of the cn,t>Ir ii ntraif^ht. Tlien the forcca acting on thb 
etralgbt niece are the trtinioni at either end of it, and tbe frjetioo 
of ita emwoe. Tlie tt-nsinn at the end ueit the emlod oable may 
be neglected aa incunaidi- ruble. Ttiere remaiua the tenaion at tlio 
end nest the descending cable aoeelenting tfcb po-tioo, and the 
friction retarding It. If tha fonaer be greMer Uuui the lalier, 
the molion ia, on tho whole, ocoderatod. Oonvaieely, the leuaicni 
of the duun b greater than the amount of retarding fiietioo wlien 
the velocity w increoolog, and eice wr*l. 

Mr. Bodie atatoa tbat when the cable waa in SOW) fathoms 
water tbe atraia npon It waa Incremtd to throe tone. If the 
velodty were lucreaaiug, the tenaloii of the sable waa tberelm 



Ufa 



i 



S74 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND AHCHITECT'8 JOUSNAL. 



men tfaan tliraa t«BK Ib tfae affioiol aeoooDt b«for« us tfaa »bla 
WMldlobvcttpabUofbMriiieftatflunof four toDB. tlowecnUd 
Um vi^Qoen hopo to aniid aRftotaro if they gave thrir *ubonli< 
DftbM K power of MibjeetiBg tlw «ble to a Btroin to o«ar iU 
lirtoking vright I We CMinot belp thiutcing tbat in the nsxt 
attempt at •ubmeraeiioe the hn$3a should not b« undar nwh 
MDtrot, bat should bs tt^^rtgiihtiitg, so that the mlocity of 
pD^ria^-ont iili4u]il bnr a tttrattnat nktion to the velooitj of 
thathip. Thi* object might bo aoaMupliihed in m&nj va/u — 
far instaaot; bj cftotiiig Uie paying-out appanUw to Iw turoed 
bj A M«<un-«iigine. 

la tbiv uoono plaot tht paragraph last qnoted sesnui to «iame 
that the cumtur* of th« chaia id sooMwav dLmibithss Ha tetiaioD. 
Ths tODiiiaii ia therab.v, ia fkct, incrwaaa By tb* known pro- 
partiM of a «attaar]r the rertical (piuioa at the upper end ia equal 
to the weight betweeu that polut aud iho luweal i>oint at the 
cluun. Therefore the longer i\i* couraa of the chain oy T*aiuia of 
i(a curvtLtvn, tha grMtn" would bt Ita statloal tenuon; luid 
If the chain be moTinit unifgnaly, the djuunical ii the >udc a« 
the atatieal tPDnion. 

The great meiihauical dwidentntn with refereaoa to the aafo 
anbrnMSOBQe of the cable is, aa Is stated In the oSeial work 
btfei* va, to rendar the cabla as idnn^ as possible relatively to its 
wirifbt in water— thnt is, to reader •■ small as powible the ratio 
of the number of pounds of iu weight par mile id water to the 
number of pound* of teudiuD it vitf bear without fracture. But 



haa ihiabwo doneinUie pr«seulcaset The dimeoxiuno of tsvaral 
of the oomponent parte of the cable ar«^ strannl^ enoogh, 
omitted in the ofEaal aoeount baforo us. Wo bnlinve, how- 
ever, that of the tola] dUmeter of the enblo the ibickcMS of the 
outer coatinff of iron wire in bctwi;i.'ii ooe-fourlh nml aDe-liflh. 
It follows tnat more th&u oue-third of the whole bulk is 
ooraposed of this iron wiro. Also we Infer, from some stiktementa 
ill this oCdal aocoant, eooSmicd hy Mr. Bodic's paper, that the 
apecifiajoaTitjr of the whole cable is about three times that of water. 
Ii trOI^ hAriag x speoElio gntvitv 7*8 that of water, oooup/ one* 
third the balk uf a body <tf whicli. as a whole, the speciGo grerity 
Is thrcotdmaa that of water; tltospvciQcgravityof the remainder 
is llu«o-filths that of water. 

It appears, then, that the cablo without its outer coating of 
Iron wuuUI aclunlly llonl in water. It is quito ohvioua, thcro- 
fore, Ih^t HO lai as i'elnt«ii Im the vubiuc^ucc, all daiiger of 
fracture due to the weight of the ehniu iu watur might have boen 
av^ded bf nakiog the outer coat of Iom ibicknttik All that 
WM requisite wa« such a thtckncm i>» would make tho specific 
gravitr somewhat greater than that of water. With this option 
aa to toe thiokueas of the iron wire, why the directom chose to 
^re it Boeh a ihickDMa thai tlie teosfon m salt water due to the 
weight, is, according to their account, "fourtemi hundredweight 
permils^" whefiu that weight might have b«en a* small as the; 
ploaaeil, we are at a low to Imagine. This thicknosa was not 
inteadod as a pri^lcctloii for the cable a/Irr suliiuorgeDco; for we 
lire Informed that tliis Iron invettmeai waa iutouued only its a 
pToUctioQ, "and to ooufer Dpom the cable a convsaient amounl 
of proparlionalo weight duiing the proctas of aDbaiergeuco. 
When the cable is ocico fairly laid in the still soft depths of tho 
Atlantic and on iu Dist'>mnln>wa shelC the rust may eat the 
Iron extcmnl cifat lu noon aa it pleases." (p. 46.) 

The new>ipa|i«n hnvepnblialied lettanaii^esting contrivaneee 
more or lesa impcaclicable for giving the cobla boonncy. The 
newspaper oornepoodauti •ppev luiU ignorant oS Uie Mot that 
bffiin the outer coating of wire was added the cable was too 
bnoyafit. Speculations fgnuded on such iiuiierfuut kouwlodea of 
data nay well provoke a smile; but we cannot help rogn^og 
much more serioualy the mistake which the engincors of the 
Atlantic cable have omnalued witii all the data bofora them. 

111-. Bodie propoaas to give buojaaoy to the cable as it exists 
by covering it witli epaa yam, so as to make the total thiokaeui 
{-inch. Wo cannot toll whether it would Im ch0aii«r and 
eauer to do this, or U> remove some of the superfluoun iron wire. 
Soma of hi* pnclioal suwMlious are seusiblo enougli, but 
we coniess that In Mr, BodtuTs ealoulatious we have no coafi- 
deaoa. He aays that the cable, of whkli the etM.>cific gravity is 
tdii that of water, will take on* lurur and thtrtg miaitU* to 
deaoeod 2000 &thoma. The Ume u here ridicttloiialT over-aali- 
nnaied. By the koowu formula, if a bodv deeotnd a diataaoe k ia 
(aeooods under the aotiou of gravity, 0(^=1, where; is the force 
of gravity. In air j} = 32; in water, for a body baviug the sup- 
poMd epcdfic gravity, j;= 21 approximately; and the time of 



descent of a nlummet to the sn^oaed depth, according to that 
formula, would be IcM than hall a minute. Tie deaeent of a 
tuiform cable moriog fteely under llie action of gta^i^ wo«ld 
probably, for the reaiont stated in the paper in our November 
number on this subjaot, be stilt mon> tnpid. There b a difficnltj 
ineatimating the emota of flaid- friction; but at all erenti^ we 
shall be quite safe in auppoiing the time of deaoent not to be ao 
many aeaoads as Hr. Brodle lias rM-konud It to be minotaa. H« 
^vcs a table of similar r««ulte, fontidM npparmtly on a properi- 
tion whicb has the morit of origioaltiy,— " that bodiss beavbr 
than water dcaumd at an uniform rate thiongh all depths ot th» 
ocuui." 

jVcnrarafion, Pb«4 and Solid,/or Me use ^StKvtlt and f1nlli|pii^ 

Ci'nJ, Simtarj, and Naval. By ilic Kev. J. Sidmet Boucvn, 

U.A. LoDHtuac. 1667. 12mo pp. ITG. 

In Mr. Koight'i valoable and iutvreating book entitled 'The 
Old Printer and the Modaro Pntts,' tlie (oUowIng eurioua r«- 
msrk occurs : " Families have been raised to aSlnaBoe br the 
enoimons drcnlation of a Spelling-book or a Dietianarr. A no- 
ceimfiil Orammar is a fortune. He who can pamlaoe aeawbla 
au<l auiuiiug Beading Lt as ons ia better paid thaa a SeerHar; of 
Statf." We Imagine that other causM beaUea tbeir iBttliMla 
MCellenos eoatribiit* to tlie snocesa of eUmeatarj wotfea ef 1&- 
struotion; but if they depended m<>i<>ly coi their own merits^ we 
think Mr. Bouohe('« wort would ha»-e n &ir chacw of turning op 
a priie in the lottery of lileratitre to which Mr Kcijflit rcfera. 

lie work befeev us treuta of the iiipimuatlon ^ plane and 
carved anrfMasannd the ciibatnre of soll(b,M Ikrma thoae aol>- 
jects can be treated without the aid of nathematiai. Of eo«ine^ 
w each a woi^ deamew at eaplanaiico and jodiewna ananga- 
raant ai* primsiv requitftea. It would be a hard leak to impMe 
on a reviewer uia eom^eta pemsal of ererr eleniMitarr week 
which lie reviews, but fVom havins oxamioed a ooosiikrabla pot^ 
tion of this wni-k, we have derived a ftrong imprMsioB that it 
satiafiea tbe recjuUiUv iust mentioned. What, however, has par- 
ticularly Blrui'k us witb reapeot to this work is the escelUoee of 
the oxauiplea. Many of them are so Intereatiag that tkey naj 
be read for mere amoMment, and ao tuggamt, that mikn 
adranced beyond mare pupilage mav atud^ them with pnAt. 

It ia a great matter, as we have always maisted, thai the writer 
of a sludeuts' book should know a great deal men of his enbjeec 
than he teaohea. The more oomptMetieive knawledge iaaeosiUy 
afliBcta the languDgo of teaolilog. The following extract Cram 
Hr. Boiichei's book is p«rh«pii a trivial instance of this aouna ot 
perapicuitr, but it scrvce u an example of our meaning. Mr. 
Boucher lAas treats that obias of problems of which llie following 
Kreinstaacea;— "A fiUsaaa«kia/(-hour,aad Bin f-bour; find 
tbu time of Ailing it jointly." " A iiare itarts 7S yards balena 
dog, but runs on^ Of feet to the do^s 0} feel; how soon will ilia 
booiUKht t" 

" When two or more agenta are emnlojed apoa the aame pieee 
of work with a viow to lie more ipeeoy coupleUon, as when two 
pi])e8 are used to till a cask, &a, and It is roqnirtd to kaow how 
soon it can then be dona, the oommon-aouie prinoiphi of ' flnding 
the value of one' must be restated (o, the orw in tnia caae heiag 
the quantity of sork doue in one miutite, hour, di^, Ac, by oS 

the a^ul« working together." A^iuu, la the " meaaaierae&t 

of time and distance as coQDacted with rata of apacd,' "tha 
srnnd point i> to find the value of one — j.t., cither tho time apsat 
in the joiai perfonuouoe of one mile or the joint distance dona in 
ouc hour; for siuo^' A and B are mettiitg each other, the whole 
didtAtioei is travmiu-d by iiclthnr of thorn singly, but bj the com- 
binod dcrtions of boili." In tlio last seutenoe the ruk might he 
ox|ireMcd mure genoally to include the caae of A a[i4 B going 
in tho some direction, lbs key to the general problem ia to Baa 
their rtlative velocity — that fi, the variation of the distance 
between tlicm Mprmsed by reference to a unit of time or a unit 
of diatanco. 

If Mr. Bonchei's work reach a sMOnd edition, wo should be 
glad to see some eipUuatiou of the eitnordinaiy divenritica of 
Englieh tahles of latumitM which aro the tormrut of youthfttl 
arlttimatidaoi. It U hard to r«iucniber a multitode of t»dl», 
such ns the number of feet to the milu, and of square ^fards to 
the acre, without some aid to the memory. Tho hirttny of the 
■are* would afford tlutt aid. Wv ore persuaded that our 



aaceatota nusthave had some motives, good or bad, fur ad<^itiM 
mesaarasaiid Hieir divi«oi>% and of this opinion vaiJouanaMiWi 
rolatioDS between diflerest kinda of measuna aSbrde andvac^ 




THE CIVIL ESGINEEE AHO ABCtllTECT'S JOTJBNAL. 



«73 



inn 
torn 

oat %fc 

tboi 

m 






tITISION Ofi ■ DI6TB1CTING " OP LONDON 
BY THE OAS COUPANlEa 

Tan Uapafteat nbicct it Attneting attention at the pKMOl 
«Birat over lh« whole of London, and with rMpecl to It the 
OMtrapditaB mind wttvt stood in gretter need of InHtruetloo and 
gwdanoe. A eenn cmtl^ttnii, ttraa th» p«i of Ur. P. W. Bwu- 
moMl. C.E. of the dirpcinn of thn IjoikIad Oiu C(iiii[«Dy, iu tbo 
caliiDioi or Ibe Giu and Water Timet, we noticed in No, S63 of 
tbb JMinM/. for JaniuuylSH, and thteffiauTof which the (freat 
JmpTovi'inpnt that hM unce taken plaee Id Iao Auducm of that 
eompMir ijoct (kr to ntl«it. Vwy n>P»ntly that u«il.lcru«n hwi 
•fiuD taken the mbjcct in hand in n vnliied cnntnapomry. Thn 
■Uiet Imjiartkiitj with wblph tha rcripmaJ condaet of Iho nut 
eeapuiJM and gaa coammeni bitharto hiu Leeo ihowu uii iiy 
r. UeaninoDt, th« Idaotity ot their ioi«r««ta pim-eu. and not 
ly tbe ooimw ot oonduct wtiich thtj ought rHpeetively to par- 
> l«nrarda oich other pmotod out, tiiit kIro th« bMt rimum of 
inasriBg tfaete «oii»ea being follownl and reindrr«d elfeoUuI 
to«anle prododng Juatlot in ntom. The author » eriAtfoOy 
oat %ho mcana hwiMtlv, and kaa deeplj studied and reSoctod on 
■■^■iluert. 

~". tha gna eoommeni do bettor roa«on fnr imtncdiat'l; look- 

. and ooatiuuing to watch thoir own intcrmta, thn nirrep- 

Imu nantur in wbieh the g)ui eumpiuiic* have cnrried out 

tboir " diatrietlDc" oponitJoBS cm the north aide of the Tbnnics, 

iild he more toan mfficinnL 

HaBj of the ooD«Dm«9a are onlf now finding thnt during the 
bole of the hat qmrter thej were mipplini by a difformt com- 
pKoy to that with which titty had ooolniciird soil who previoiwly 
applied thetn; 00* of the rea«ong for which obviou*!^ waji to 
pf«T«at Uieir diMatufitctioit at being hniiil'»l '"'cr nnlrnin lyoirnte* 
tram bmng tncrewed by cnppoeed nofavoiimlilo compFiriiioii* ha- 
twceo the qnalitiiM of the gu eapplicd by tlic twu ecmpanina. 
Ur. Bnnnonl htu iiklnlr deni<Miatr«ted tlint tlieir trickinea* 
vailbrmlf reooUoa on tnomwlvtn, and so It will In the nre- 
i iaatanoe; the oonaumen gcii«nllj' hcins dj«f>u«t«d at their 
enaning sa well u Irritated fajr their lapereiliomm'-iit. Wh<*rma, 
had KU unioable nppeal bten maJn to them, and the f\ct ex- 
' ' led la tbem that planing the oi>inriu)ie« ia a lMtt<^ poiition 
Id OMnte to th« a>lninlag«i of the cnnBumerii iounnuch ai 
ithout Injuring them at pnowiit it wnnld Icann the tiak of an/ 
rmaty atiatng in ftitnrc for on incrtuM in tbo jaiotH, and 
Id leaaen the road nitoa, ie.; ao Inrae n majority would have 
uieMRl, tbpkt the Bompwie* would have b<«n able to eanj 
''r uUrct by public omliuntton. 

~ '. Mauiorml'i nrlicln hM TOOBed the Bommlttee of the Soutll 
Ion 0»« t'oonitncr*' Mntaol Protection Aamdatiou, who 
tMOtved npoD taking ■tein at oDOo to extend lli>>ir noclnty 
ttie whale of London, on tae footiog recotnniebded hy Mr. 
Beanmont. Thia wwciation haa alreadjr been of gmtt um^ and 
w* ainom^ trntt tfaej wU) aury out tho great object with apirit, 
daURoinotion and temper, ao iw to bring a vitttal and poworAiI 
■ooetj into BuoeesaKil onervtion: and wc enmeatly rvoummaDd 
floiuttinen genetallr to give their hearty co-opemUan and aniat- 
•aeei they will eflwt great eoonomjr, and keep the gu mippi j in 
beftltbf action. 

The wholo of Mr. Bcaumnat'* reninrka will well ropny pe ruoal; 
we eonteut ourtelves however with the following cxtrarlji, whidl 
pre what Mr. ItMiuuont propoect to have done, with many ^ 
Ela prindjial reuoni for raoommeDdlng It. 

SuUivUion or "Dittrktiitg" (if London by thM Gt* Ctaipanie» 

Tbe adoption and permanent ooBaolldatioa of *ome wiimIt pro- 
Tident, oompi^honaive, and alringenl mewinrpH fur tlic Wter 
ngaladoa of the nUatione of the gencnd pnblic with the goa 
mmpnnii^ haw long bean grieroueljr wanted, and the lack of 
tbem haa not only been heAvil; tut, bnl haa ateo boon tit» 
MVxhMtte oauae of the gu lighting ot Lcmdoa and other plaora 
bvring eoet at tent throe tiiacatboamunDt of Apital that ought 
Id haiTe ben expended on it, and tar which it eiiiild b*«« been 
auuii mote eflieuntly peelbraied than it boa. The exooM of ooat 
has ao ediictnnllv preveoited anv adeiiuitto rulum bebg obtained 
it, aa aeadoualy to tmpoverai) ven- many of tiw aliareholdara, 
the moat wnguine and bopofiu, nnd ilHve not • few Into 

hooMa; whilit tbe highbr aatiafaolocy raauliaof thaeubdi- 

iaion of the aouth aide «f London by the aevetnl oonpaniM 
□g themaclvtt^ haa ao pslpnbly aad unmistakably demOD- 





stmt«d the &Ua«r and dMtmdtleaneMof the mad ayfltom of «on»- 
petition, whiditnc ()iort-<iii;hi4Ml and impolitte extortion ot the 
originnl oompaniea hwi pnvioudy eaebin) onJty, deefsning, die- 
honeat men lo oell into eKiatenoe and foetrr, osteuBitiljr for tiM 
good of tiM pnblie, but in reality merely for tlwirown edfiali 
enda, that the eompanlM now aiipfilying tliD noeth aide of the 
river havo dotermined to adofit tlie aame ayiteoi, ami an at tlita 
moment earryiof; ont the detaito. 

KtirliiniLTdy, the pnblic miiid ia not at preaent in that iropn>> 
aiooable anil exuiteable^ but epll^tie atnte, which would admit 
ita being meamerleed hy juggien^ ao that we may speaJt out 
wlthont frar of the tmth bung eueoxuf oily pervnrlcd la tU^ti- 
mate piir|io»M ieaat of all, perbapo, fi it free-tnuleykrefrfor n 
muiubcture of new gna oampauiea, ftom " a pioue horror ' of 
monopoly. In onler, tfaerelure, tliat the publio niny be al>Ie lo 
oomprehend, a* wtdlae nan-ptofeMloiiids enn doy the r«*l poeitlon 
of ttie oaae betwenn tho gu oiimpnniea and iheniulvee, wo will 
giro them the folluwiii|{ iuformatioB, ranwrka, and advioe : — 

let Auynimbce-or conxamen tan beanpplieil bomaiMwork 
throouh Jim eet of miuna; tlierefora, any grenter nnmber of 
eelAUtahmeale nufvly repreaeuta ao much n>'>i« capital on whiA 
intarent baa to ho i>aid by the eonanniMw, iu tho shape of an 
increaetd price for toe gna aapplM to tbem, or othtrmiir, ne the 
oaat of n otUtk /itr fenrmoMo, vU\ workt, monagtmatt, ^., ii aa 
mnch an element of Ibw duirge aa are the prieca of cuoli and 
other materials nscd in the proeaaa of mannlbcture. 

Sndly. A certain nnonnt of leaknge it nnavoidabln; bnl tbie 
may vair fhnu A to 43 per emt. and is in oeArly ail caaea pro- 
poKional to the nnnher of mttn orynnlii of main; theruorC) 
donbied, trvhied, ftc.,directlyaeconlingloth« n n tuber of diffiircnl 
ooenpeiiina supplying the aatne dinirict; but. iiidirrctly, immeneety 
mora, beoauw the animoatty genemtod betweuii the eoDipouiM W 
tlw >|>irit of rivoliy, oompetiticiun, tie^ e<|ii.-illT perradee xhtir 
workmen, who, never belnnffing to a elaaa ai)Ab)e of uiider>tiuiil> 
Ing that it is not wise "to Uiow etonea fai » ghee-bouse," or of 
appemnating the golden ralo, " to do aa tboy would be done by,** 
are the oppomte of partlddor as to bow much miediicf tboy io 
to any oppoaition company's mains wliea opeuing on to their 
own. 

3nlly. Tlie injoiy done to the mtda and etreeta by rival eom- 
puiles is rorr givat, through their own tnuvnailiig, and tbe 
caprice or disluineaty of ootuumeta. Instanc<4 are not wanting 
of a sinifle cutiiunier going ecaaecntitvly to ihr** ilistinct oooa- 
pnniaa within two munth^ tlie street being "puUfJ up'tMoh 
time, eu that the rosdt are never CMieoIidsted, a gn- t(«r or !<«■ 
DQinberof trenches in prooeat of aabsidenoeeonstanlly rmdering 
tbem uneven: iad<«d, we have beard a very able nad surreynr 
sny that rival oompoules always Ukake the inhAhiUUta jmy mce« 
in road nl«e titan th* lutmlmil seeing Iu tbe price of ^u, titfpmtd 
to be conmnent on tlie oompetitioin, can possibly amount lo. 
Thatie snbMiienena also not ouCrequcntly disturb and jar the 
jointe of the msins. 

4th1y. Justifiably or ni^ustifiably, raocoar, iU-wiU,and rotolw- 
tioo are uulfunnly begottan by the cimmstanom by or under 
which "an oppodtioneompany'ia ealted inl« axietenoe, and as 
" botuds have no ooneneuoee "— *o aphorism, uufortnnately but 
too (nUy exemplified and bonie out by moeut oo<nirronoee-Hho»e 
men are cmployeil aa aAdala who will be least sorupiileiUii to 
promoting tMir «wa enppoisd intenm bv Mr^dng out, prr/iu 
alt Mfat, what are erroDPonily deemed to oe the int^rmlaof iIm 
reepeciive oompanies, which include the iiiHtetion of the givatett 
amonnt of uudeteolible or difliuaIllV'flel«ctibleevil on "ibnotlM-r 
ocimfwiy,' end tlie roost fflnclutJl) humbugging tlie Dmleet 
pnanbleDmnber of oonsumoni. TIiru! ojuratluDS twine reciprood, 
ihsireKieta are phyaicidly felt by ull coneorned; but sA none 
hare oliHi ImiHla, the lear of being met by a (v fwOfue ivetndna 
ibeni freoi eoqwsiug or inking legal pivKMiliDgi agiunat e*<4i 
other, on moat even of tbe few r>[ip(irtiuiltiM which are aflbrdeil 
by disoDVetioa of tifaltii pntmiA/e delim|aoiMWi nod whea the/ 
da 00. the expoautea are of the mart dismoefnl, btedtenlag, 
and daamihing disaription, aa the pnblisbed evidenoa in th* 
oompamtlrely recent oaes of tbe Imperial Oommny etrvin the 
I»ndon Company ha* so thnroufhly shown; that it will probibly 
bo a lonit liiiw before the pnblic ore nnin trMlml to such ".t 
dainty dish of sciuidal." The doiuf^ of fifteen or tweoty years 
are dWlused, and not only not denied, but "the >i»iul« of'limi- 
leadad as 



1 



tatioDe"ie actually pie 



oorojMnaaliMi, and a onwa action 



brongbt upon atmilar ebar^; tho titigaata R«*aMt emt of eonrt 
by a " referenao to arbitration," the G^it ia eonttmsd befova ike 



876 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



u-kltnlon, but nt tnon knd uom disUnt periods, ootD at lut 
botli pcutiM oompraoiiM thtaualvw bf ocaDDmaiUing the aStair, 
luul th« "birds of a fiMthcr" onee mor* "flock Utgeiiier," tad, 
joiuing the utbur coinpnjuM in tbe pruetit eoUcMvaur to retiieve 
their mpcetivfl ptopttrtiM &t>m tha commDu ilnpnciotioD, beoom? 
pwl of tha virtual Mwdfttloa with wboiu tbe womaann hM,n 
■ow to ilod. 

fitblj'. Not odIt ha* tbe lioucsly of tho oompMiiN and their 
iiarvKDta beeii wnouolv iinptirpd b/ oorapetttiou, but t«oupUtious 
h»T« Imh offcirvd to tbe gvuenl public, and/rttlg lakm a«tw>»(Me 
tlf, to chut tliem out of tliair em, by l»viog it ■un«ptiti<MuJy 
UJd OB, Bn<l MMrting whttn the ut^wotor of uiy oae of the eom- 
Iffiiiioi callnd, that they v«n) eupplted hf one of the otbeni unci 
thftt ic wna ouljr bjr oo-opention bMween the iDapwtora of tha 
(lifTeraut com|MUil«a la each diaUict tb&t a etop was put to ihau 
uiMcrnpulotu franda. Mof is tliia all : wJona trieka havr been 
more or lew auooaaafally played with the ualcni, no n* tt/ canju 
then b> altciw portiona uf ih« pui to pu* vithout rcKiitration; to 
which compoliliuQ ia to a degree ao iaoeative, inaRnuoh at It 

nduuM a friir uf givtu^ eifows, whloh detera iDspeotota frou 
ng tut Hcnibnoiie u if there were Do riak of loalog a oaa- 
uimor, u tlicy fuel Mrtaiu tbey eboiild if Ihey ww« to uow aae- 
picion of an inuoooiil pBnoii. True, thia ought not to be, but It 
:• so; and thnefore in, iu m fur, a ahield to Uie ffuil^ tnaa deteo- 
tlou. ludeeil, to suob nu rixt^ut «aa thia oveMiccoBimodatlve- 
neas otrried, t)int wlion a man luid got eo ** OT«r hoail and 0)uV 



ID debt to one aaiiiiiiuiy that they " cut off" their spa from him 
in deapair, lie hwl l>iit lo apply to aaother oompniiy, who would 
iaatantly uid uuli^aitatlnely aupply him, without asking aoy 
iDOoaveBi«Dt queatiuue; aoo ha tnree oouiiiaDlea wera coinmoD^ 
and we bare won known tirv — ^in th* same atreet, h« had do 
difficulty in mnkioK a iclMlian which next to neUmiae. And 
■ucb Iwitiif thr voht with flume uf the coueuiDera witli whom the 
pfla cuoipaciM have to deiO, thev uatuntlly fiwl tkcnucUos, pre 
trinio, ixiuul«nna«eii by a recipraeity b improprielJos. 

fitlily and Uetly, (houKh not louat: Uie enl effecta of nil this 
flo^tioUB fmuduleuuy are not ooulined to the pa oompaaice 
Uiomeetvee aud their offioen, or even to tbe poeketa of Uie Hliar»- 
holdera, ttiuuuU ujton thiMe tbeyai-e bud eoufifrhi but they ^itoud 
lo aooiKtr at Inrget Tltore is no viu« of whi^i tli« growth is not 
iacreaawa by pmctioey and what eithei' small or lar)^ bodies of 
iu«& de oolleclively tho uu^^rity do individually when tbey dare 
andean; — tlie uMpraclJaea theKfbreofaboaid of directors have 
on ioiTneiliute aod powitrM twdeocyu oorrapt eaob luember 
iDdJvidually. We osed uol be told that everytlilug they do uost 
be oriirinMly propounded or supported by some one or mora of 
their niiniber; that is obviooe, and only illuatmtire of the old 
proverb, " One acabbed alieep roara a whole flock." Tlierofoie, 
iw ooupeiitioD Bi ul IE plies the oDportunitiea sad etrengtkeoe tbe 
iDolioatlou for niidioe, ciall, ana raiaehief, ao ought It to be dia- 
wmnteDUJicod at all tinin, but mnre especially at tbe presMit, 
when puhlitf coufidence both in public aud private Ixianli hoe 
becm ao juittly nud avverely aliak^u. Kxaiuplc is better (or owrer) 
than prewpt. and It eaanot be anppoaad that the example* abowa 
in the ill-disguised or nDdlsguiaed acts of the managers, offleeia, 
nud workiueii of thcae huft*, inipDrtAiiI, and influeutud biKliea 
MV without tlicir elfeOta in tbu prupsgtttiuu uid diseemiDati'in of 
^wrBTity. 

BOoh are a few of the reasons adduelble against dinct eompe- 
titlom iu tlt« supply of gssi tliey havu alwayM flxisl«d, are per- 
boUr uiintuvrorablo, and might and ouj[ht lo have been pat tar- 
wara hy the directors of the older coupauiae in their oppoailjoD 
lo tlie furiuuti'fU uf new uom, instead of the nieu<L-u;iuu!i pamph- 
lets iiubllslit;>l with ftdse retunis of the ouata uf uiaiiufiuture^ 
wklcn were lu.iile to appear 60, 100, cir ilUO per cent, beyotid tbe 
troth, in enter Iu buUtcr uu by a peeudo-justification the eoor- 
luoi»ty utntvsjtunt price wliicli they werv charging to tho public^ 
—the bet evidtjutly beiug tltnt lli+y wen sooouaiiious of their 
Ijnaplug and oxtortioa, tut — blind to tbe true iiitareeta oi those 
wbeaa ageot* and nprasratativr* they were— they sought ratlier 
to ooooeol llieir waat of •tmJ|[hlIwrwsrdaeM aa tradanoea, than 
to idaoe Uiuir luauufaoiure npou a aound and healthy baais. That 
A OilpaUe n^eet to do tbw ohanteWrisad the nuumgMnent of 
111* MiapaBiea oeoenJly is indisputable, i* M« rtovgnifrd end 
oMIltd lorn bg kakuga was until voqr lately /Vom a third lo « half 
at the gas made, ou naootint of the duwncefuUy slovouiy inonnrr 
in which their nuhm w*r« Uid, pnrtiy ftom the grow Jobbery 
oonuivod al> and jiartly from tha luoamptlencn of tlio ainterinteu- 
duu^— «Dbuwt nokwa, M]ioelaiaa(en, pinu&ite isauta, && 



baring been Installed as "engineers' to pa eempaniM^ hf tbt 
able, honoimbl^ and dUntoreated men whom the too eoofidiiig 
shareholdera had placed upon ttunr bonrdi uf direction. 

It may be Hud that wc aoe the moe eviiU-m of appointing 1d- 
compet«ut or half quslllied nicu, puraue-l by other bodice hSiim 
boards of diieclon of gas oiwipwiea,— tliat caipentM^ alioa- 
makers, and evei^ oonoalvabla dsM, an tnaik survoyon «t r«adi^ 
loooenouve supennteudMita, Ac; in short, or s mle, eroybody is 
appointed to ererything oioqrt »/idi1 ht UJUlMJvr: that th« MO- 
ourtibla oeeptione are so few, that they do not evea aerra lo 
iDske thoae atrocious miaddnga and their eoowqaeDoes snSd- 
ently gUrine, sufflciantly offensive, and auKcieutly folt. Id be 
watchcil auifgiiai>]nl ntjainsti fordid not the aune inoongiuity 
of selection obtain with regard to members of pvbUe bowdfc 
directors of com{)»ui«, &&, these incondite preseutatiuia oonid 
not be made. 

Had the dirw;tc4« of ttio older gns companiaa bem men with 
the most modorate quota of foresight. prndoDoe, or gtaap cX mitK^ 
or even ordinary "uien of buainow," tkev would l>av« smd that, 
with » newly-iutruduccd and usefiil article of wnanaptioi^ lliair 
proper policy was to eudioivuur to keep the market aa mnob as 
posuble to tbemHelves-. not by trying to frighten others fonn 
eenbarking io the nuuiafncture by unDnneipled uiiswtatfctBaots 
irith regard to itu vimL, whicli ibejr at Uia snoM momeat aaolat- 
Ibad by the fietitioua price tbey oemainled and obtwnnd fixr it 
and for thdr ahar««, but by uakbs and supplying it at the 
lowest poaibls i*te, so ss lo get and koop all the coasumen^ aad 
thua compel new competitors to sue fwr their patronage at a dio- 
advantage: nay, uion, had thtiy fulluwed tbia wlaeeonmu ^3mj 
might bavo beau able to iuduo« the IvgiMUlur* to withhold (inn 
otMr ooQ^nalw powom which, as iu the ouc of nulwam too 
close a proximity might render dangerous. They woulil nave 
aoea that to cluiiKo aa exorbitant price for their gaa — wbalhet 
from a deeire to tiink« a dishoneatly large prafti, or in otOer ^^h 
oauDl«rbalanae the uunt^ful exjMnae of uualdlfol manuIactBraJ^H 
was but to hold cut h i>r«minin lor the formatioo of oompeta^^ 
companies, either by lli(i*i^ who wished to uliore in llie "golden 
harvest," or by others whuee intelliuenoe or Btieooe mode lli«m 
swtirv that tlie cuiumuJity cuuld bu well aup|>lied ai "a lower 
6giire," and that a decruaae iu the then high pnoe would produce 
a mon than oorreepoodiug tuoraase ih tli« uunber oS eoosumara: 
and not only lo hold out a iiremiura, but to guarantee a nwaid 
by Rxoaporating all beyond whose reach Uie luxury was planed 
by iu price. 

Agaui, if we excuse the eorltor aa cnvopanius for not pereete- 
iog these principles at the ontart of their osrecr, it is impoMbls 
to wtifive that nctnul experience did not nuke tbom aoqnainled 
with tliem vory loou after they begiui (u lrea{aM 00 moh Other's 
district*; indt^i-d, wc know that auoh was the ease, aa the pries <f 

Kwaa thereby rvduoHl nearly £3 per cent., yet with more thnn 
perUuBcity of fuoU, did they one and all, and still nore 
UDMrnuBtably, ampany after tvmpanji, aa tliey were auocceairdy 
termed, adopt and cling to the same blind, btnona, and tortile 

Elicy, and cumbiit Bt«p by step, for thirty yenn^ both tbe eoMi- 
tory and cumpulsury eJ^ta of their customers to obtain bettar 
trsnUuent aad more equitable termi, uutil tho publie~ovecdebu 
their port, as the gaseomponiat hiul uverJone theirs — euooeedad, 
thoujih at groat cost to thecosslvra, iu rvducintf the pries of Ma 
to little more ibiiu uuo-fourth of the' vriginu dtiuge, and IM 
revenues uf componiea — both new and olil— to so low an «bb that 
some of them were soaraely able to pay a dividend of 1 per cent, 
on their ■hare capital, aud one or twu even below IhoL ThM 
brought tlicnu tu Ibuir ioumm to a c«rt«iu extent, but to ■ etrtnh 
extent oulv, still so &r om to induce the subdiriidoii of Toadw 
Boutli of tJie Tliaines, which was cari-ied into ebet in Angst 
Ittoa. 

The agreement not only bound the oompanlea sererallj ttl 
reciproouly not to ireapass on the dUiricts tlienby sJloCM la 
the others, liut with a highly oommuDiUble, ttinujrb annewhal 
iucoDgruous [irudGooD and loradriit, spccilied olsu ihnt a publia 
metir'tastei' should lie empluyedand paid by the fosr mBpanlWi 
by whom tlie oictL-n ■upplicHi tu the ojueuuier* ahedU be ols^ 
SO an to iiisurr as for aa possible oomKtuess iu tbor i^giatontkai 
an offlotr was nUo bi be similarly appobted aad paid to teat the 
ligbUng power and chemical purity uif the gas, so that theymi^ 
koop a check ou each other; and bod tbe naulta of hia e»aiuin»- 
tious been tw,'ularly published, this amu);paiaBt would hav* )t»m 
hichly valuable sod important, botli to the eompaui^a and the 
pwlin, but inyal«i7 haa alv^t beta one of th«ae wey gvoM im- 




THE CrVtL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



vrr 



nt 

t 
I 

t 

i 



[pnpriatiM I^ vbidi tb« oompwiiM hftre lo efleetiiMll; ud«d«d 
themaelvei fruni th» rM(>w;(, i^ Ui« pnblio. Hyaterj, or k dalra 
I to eoaoMi, lutaralljr ImpIlM tlMt Ibcra !■ •omelhtDg lo eooCMl, 
ud tbftt ft gunwsl or MKJcaUr Imowlwlg* of that tomnthliiK 
^wsitilil bi> prarlnctjv* of Mnefit, which it la deiircd to withboliL 
r of injary, nUlmtiou, or puoUbaont. which ibetv ia an «qnu 
tuxkAjr lo Avrnd. It vrUAlKi atipolateil tltst the priM ■hould be 
taaibiw, and thkt no k]t«r*tleD Monld b* BBftdu In it »xa«pt by 
ktlMgMimlcaciNDtof thvfoBrbowdaofdirtctioouul tli« ''tnl»• 
PllM of th* pabUc' 

IWm tonna havs hitherto been kept is tolonblr good fiutb, 
but Uiej ahow bo* mvmvIjt tbo aonpMilM bad mdfoed at <ach 
otlMr'a huiK ud bow liulo oonfldanot tbor bit in woh otbct'a 
dtKntlon, bttmff bom dletat«d hy a fwr liiat ntift or moro of 
tbaiB, (tetniiu ill farther onnpotition and intcrlnrMioaataB oadt 
nuobt nuM Uie price, lower the quality, or, wUk a nsw (o Im*- 
•auw tbe iMktoc^ nsluce the pn•Mr^ and ooiuequMitlT iha 
■ttpplj, ao ^ to Irritaie th» ooiMuruvn into atartlDgnn HdditJoniil 
wmpauy, which, b«lng iiorMtrioWd to 'Jtatrfn, would ro^nvolm 
tb«DB lu lli«ir old "Ram* of IbrfMta f and that tht* U<u wai not 
altogether groawlleaa niaj be ioferrad fivm the ntwricil iial*- 
neat of an overwnsaiu ohainuui at a meeting of prvvri^tora, 
that "there waa nothing tomvMit the diraeUn frnm nUns tha 
prioe of gaa to IQ*. p«ir lOOo foet If diey tbongUt flt to do m> 

Wbilit the ooaiiuuiio* wore tiimi wHiiluoiiilj oxertisg them- 
mIiim to promote aiul M«ar« their oalleotivo intewett, tbey wore 
not idle individually in amtu^ng botuMbrte^fto. between tbem- 
Ml^ea and iha auMll aaburban ooiBDaniea wfaleb bad pa«4«d their 
ynaka on tbe oiiukiru of the otiMm, or tbeao, agKin, iNttwoan 
ttenedvo; no that bv than mdaally and oontiaMlly itroagth- 
eoingand oonnoIidAtinn their power, iudaunoe, rrieDclaiiip, unMii- 
luitf, and oo-opentiou, they may, ai uppoHiuitie* oiler. I>e able 
to get » beiMr price fee- their gaa, or, •hoiiM oecaalun dnoand It, 
ba oirpaUe of witheiandln^ a mnotioii or aa oppoeltioo. In 
addition to theao, many minor eauee oocnr, wherein they will ha 
in a pooitiwi to play into eneli utliers bButU with tulvanuwe. 

• • • • < 

WbflD tl»e dlatrUting Ull waa witlulmvn, tbe agUntlon wm 
■0 ttr ooiitinued aa to enable thaia to tuke ivlvantase of the ftel'l 
•ad nutoriiJa thereby afforded fbr tbe foROAiion oTa " Ghu Con- 
mmera' Mutaal ProtMtion AMoeiaUan," which they intended " to 
render effeotiTO by an eitennve orgautuLtionr the c»uiinitt(« 
being, in the wordii of their own pro«]MK:lus, ''Caiiednve lAat in 
tmky aJcfi' viU bt/miaJ Uit 4trr.nglh rf/nMle lo nuiUt Ike enereocA- 
iMiM <^ tit* pwrr/nl tntrrati <vm/ftnp( anii arrajperf Molnef t/iii 
cvMMiMerti mi rat^ayert.'' The objecu oS thin body (aIW a rilly 
"pfoteetotloB aggUBet luooopoly," ubt rapour abuui "fr«»-trad4 
enndplea'7 were (l«dare>l to be— that "tlie attention of a 
llatM^iig and Fiiiiuai* OomniittM ehould be oao«tant]y directed 
to tbr i^iutlity and price of jpu; ita nniMtiafiuloiy and Qneertaiu 
■apply; the estntorainnn and tneipfiooUi fneraua oT rtgiattation 
)y Mainv (exptrieuoed by almost ei'ery eonaumer); the uiijiut 
■^■tem of eafiirdng |«jnuent of Mrmn apon m>ONDing taaanta; 
" ' the tIJibend practice of chaipn^ 3C«. per anuiun apon con- 
•*, however •niitll their cwUBUiupiion; and eeMaally to 
nhjectofoomptuulaiibuiitied to them by laemDen of tbe 
lativu." 

Thia Aetoeiatlon U iu the be*t poaition et praeent, if it Itnow 
bow to aviul iteolf of that poMDOB, to take the initiative in 
farming a " London G«a Coneiunenf Sodety ' (we detett on-oetar 
tiofU) and lung rigmarolea of namea u empty aa high-eonnding, 
and aervlag onlv u exiioM the klndnd Mnptineee a thcee who 
big H theia>. fbat the Amodition oui do no, and thatntch a 
■ocMly, mnptrSn otmiiteltd, will be eirecLive in obtaining what ia 
RiiaiTM by oonanmeri (which in tolerably tr«]l epitottilwd in tbe 
•xtnct we have riveti above flram their proapeotna), may be 

Inferred wiUi mfldaot cerlitiido. 

• « • ■ « 

In tbe betfiaoing of onr remiu-ks on lbs pnaent rehtjoa of the 
ourapaoiea to tne public^ we ebowed, under eis distinct beade, 

it earn petition between fCM aampanlea le Ruiddal to thenudvea 
md dleadvnnti^Miu to the public, and thnt thenlbr* tbe pnblio 
pm beet OMunlt their own mtet«*ta br allowina eaoh gaa oom- 
paay to enjoy a monopoly of ita own dutricl unuer pnnier euper- 
▼Mon aiitl n^i,'iitatioo« — that le, that the oompanlea shall employ 
the beA kiiiiwn mraina of nMnufiictDiing the beat gaa in tbe moat 
Moaomtca] manmtr, and aball then pva B AiU aupply of it to the 
IniUie OB ■iicfa lemu ai ahall lt«tt« no mOR ttuui a reooonable 
profit to tliMueelvea. 

K* IM.— VoL tx.—yovMxan, 1M7. 




We then ahowed that the eompaniea have lou rinea ftiAdled 
tbe reepeet and eonfidenoe of the pnblie, and nat tbe pramt 
diatrictinK flrraagamaate hare been eotared into aoUIy witb a 
view to tlictr owa ^gimidieBineol, and to the gradnnl eeoaoUdi^ 
Uoa of a ODolederaUon anificiontly pgantio and powerflil to be 
able to override any ordinary attempt at tbe method bilberto 
adopted to rednoe pnoei^ and eomn finliiy iind i^od tnatment, 
by tbe enation of rival eataUklUDMtl^ and, fnnlier, that tbeae 
my rival ealahliahnaau have^ fat mir tuni, aa eoon m tbe 
" broab" witb the liHncr oacopanla of tbe loeall? wae ortr, 
adopted the veiy qrMctn of overnacfatng and eimbi^ii^ to eure 
which they were called into exiatenee; and we nay bm add that 
tbo Surny Qtoaamactf C^xapan v, which is tbe kM of tfaew rival 
<wiB|ianiiia itarteit upco eo-ealled "Jree-trade pcinci^et," waa 
oenpdiad to bpmme the moet active in promotii^ the diatriotinK 
arnJngeneDt, if they did nut orisinato it, aa tbe only nieanaM 
■aviug tbena fruoi baakruptcr; which it haa to eabctnalty neosm* 
pliihed that th«j »t* now paying B per oent dividend. 

Wc have Ukeviio ihown tbat Oy their conduuc witb regard 
totbeirbill bvfure FariiameM, and tbear mendacity reeueetlngHi 
and alao bv tbe tael, aemteueaa, and pliability with' wtld) uay 
have avoided or wltbdiawn fttnaaay eoUiaion with tbe eoaaimei* 
ainoo their eaaleecnteek the oompaniea ban ptvren thMneelvee aa 
tittle t ni a t wojthy aa Men it; and, mereov w, that tbey have 
been, and are, playinf; a very deep game to iimrfn t litnnil iaM H i 
in a aetwork from which ihey abKll not baaUeeaaOytoaxtrieato 
Uiemealvea, and of which the pteeenl extenakin of the lUetrietbig 
ie to tboaa who can read i^ a etill Airtber cIneeuMneiW. Our 
leaden will have aln Dcnaived that their appotatmenU of 
oAtetev and Uioir Biaaanatare and illntHbution of gaai are in 
many (we do not eay all) caaeeaa little creditable to thMn aa tbelr 
qnondAm dealing wltli eaah other, and tlieir general eoodnct 
to the public. 

Not only have we abown all dua, hot we have alao candidly, 
though in mtCmI fi-ieadalup, oiuoaed the blnnderi of the only 
eeotJoa of lb* ooa anm e i e. wLoae betinct for telf-prewin-ntiou hae 
been enffleiendy atronf; to iadsoa thtm to meet oorabination witb 
eooibioatiou. So ftm- tiodiee of in^Tidual*, howurer aeemingly 
well organiKd, wHx^tu into aat«&«tory operation and [iinpiaa 
-^ot to lay proepenty^witboDt blundonruc thrensh a atote of 
probation, that aa a rule ii aecma almoot minoaalSe to eaaHed 
otberwiae; and therefore^ aa tbe Oaunmtri AModation bat 
alrmdy manilcated a eulBaient amoimt ot atopldity nml p ee r er oe- 
oca* to enable ua to hope th.tt tliev havn new(<d tbo Nadir of their 
ooarae, anil are duw nble, ready, ancl willing lo make thenuelvee 
useful by goiug u work in earaMt, at once to aoeompUA tbe 
objecu for wbidi tbey have aHooiated themaelvbi^ we preAr 
aeeing them einutd into a aodety which shall embrace tbo whole 
uetropolie, to having a new onn *iArU<l whioh abotild have to 
naae throufdi ita ordeal of eirora, impropriatioa aad ovaraigbts; 
but if th«v navenot euflkdeat puhUe epint and edf-te«pect to do 
BO, than tbe latter altartuAtve mnet be adopted, ootwitbftandiBg 
thnt " ooDipetition " in dofonnre operatione Is aa little likely to 
be benutictal aa oocupetition between tbe comnuilaa. " tTaloji It 
atreoKth;" bat it may eonie too late, whra the oomM&lee Iwv« 
got tbair atalf and maliriat into working order ana bwfat Iba 
ag^reeeive^ to bo able to withstand them iBcceaeftiny wito inex- 
perieaoe and defiKtive aeguiiMtion. " Preveatlon u better than 
eon," and the more ao that ita acoompliahmcnt is not at all 
liMominilMe with perlbetharinonv, whilet a "ciur" could not be 
•Aetad without dlMorrl and lU-wilL 

We will BOW, therpforo, vute th" mode in which thia aocie^ 
ought to be formed, and do«e with a few obMrvalioua on ita per- 
manent govemmeDt nmi npemtiona. Btike" MetropoBa Lc«a] 
bbnagament Act" th* lighting of the thirty-eight tlbrtrlct« into 
which the metropoHa was therebr divided wna entnnrtcd to thejr 
reepectiv* veatnea and boank, who are^ tber«liMT, aa the repre- 
aeeiativea of the miepayet*; bound to attend u tbe qimli^ and 
eapplv, as w«ll ae to tbe ooet of the gw. One of tlie veatrlea, with 
a UuoiiUe dadre to pttfenn thia duty efficiently, oonan1t««J a man 
ofaomaemiBenceaatotheproperiBode and ita expense, wbleb 
latiar they feond, from hie report, tu be much t-mater than they 
wiera justified in iucurrinif. lint thnt which i* too conly fbr 
tvA veauy or board ludiridually, would be ecareolv felt If apraid 
over the whole, aad therefore It would be bighlv nifvantaMout to 
tbsm to mr the eodety a naall amount to petwmt thiida^ ftr 
them, which tbe aodety ooi^d dieaptjr and eflcleotly da, and 
onriit at the Mune time to keep ilaelf nabi with tbem aad the 
public, by reoeivlug at Its Board of MaaogemoDt om nientlMt 



378 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOTTRNAL 



ft«(B«Mh nBtT7UddI«Mat boanl ofworlu, (tipuUliiiglbkt he 
*1W'H not W 4 guHWr, or in any «Njy ooniMWtau willi tliv cum- 
puJM. A <«rtaui nnaib«r aboulJ kbo tw elwtad hj tba pnvku 
•ubMiibdf*; ■]! th« mbov* being honaniy MwlatnuttU. 

Thift bnng dnDB, •& cn^DMr, Mcratarf, Muidtor, and oollmtar 
would form tbeir parauuDt Maff: bal oammiMon agwiia •bontd 
Im appoiaud In nrionipartaof town towlidtaubMrfptiona. It 
■baiuil Lhpu bo tha datf of tho vnglneer lo it^Mrt to ibo oom- 
iBitt«« In-RioRtJiljr on th« tightiiw poirar aad dMnuoal paritf of 
tke gM, with ila prtMun aad alfolIiDr rv<|id«U tanicnUra uk«n 
indHurlmiiuMly MdUbnotpoiiitaiaeTcrjIoAlUy aappUed by 
OMh wmnnf, and ihma npottt, or an abrU^«ut of tliUB, 
Do^t lo bo rtgoUrij aaMiiM Mtb* laadinKjounudaforwibUeft- 
tian. Il u, unqnattioiuibiy, n. grou imprndcoM in aojr iaairidiiAl 
or body to pemait th«niKlv«a u> bt aapplicd with an aitiole qdoq 
tliaijuaUt^afwUob ibejr har« do elMok. Tbeiopiilf of gutaa 
oonUnaoiu daiiy oiwmtloD, aud iliMvfnre tba ah«clc ooffbl to b* 
ooDtiniiiMu dao; and a* w« find the l>M(laiB cf tb« pnM and of 
piiblio oniiiioii an engiiioB qiut« opabl* ef ooutMUiog muoh more 
pDwarfm bodi«a Uwn «veii ibo gfu oompaniM, tborc oaa be no 
doubt of tli« «lb«Mv of the ptthliaUion of Ibe relnnu in axcttUig 
aa omiUa^ou in wm mauulkotora and dJatributJMi of th* fpu 
between tbe mauiumrm and oUwr oflloara of th« ilitTi-rtiiit coiDpanic*, 
wtiiob would prodooe iniuji t[rcat«r ImimGu to the eoiieumora, 
both pecuniarily and ptherwiMc, than an;r reduoiicm io tho pceeeot 
prioe eould poeeiblj eflbcrt The Kinoiuit paid hr gas i» but 
one eloment tn ila eo*t, m !• evideuoed by the Gut that thoee who 
born the Cannel ooal jim at tbo wmtniDd, at O*. por 1000 foot, 
find that th^r have A^ l^ *ome arnminl of light of a hetltr qualilg 
no more to t*9 *l ^*'> *"^ "^ >t^<-' 7^^'' tluui if ther kiul uacd tli« 
oomnoa |(H at ■!«. (id. per 1W>0 fML 

The oonnittoo would aUo wntcli >)l Ipgnlatiaa oa tho nbjoct; 
and ialfaeeveotof anoppaiiUoaaampany beooBiinfiiDdiepeiiMbly 
nqulalU froB toy oaote in any portioular lootfity, the eodety 
would be able to glr« noening dat«, and otherwiee to Hoder 
importkat uKituiae. The other tidiHa nmtloBed In our qoo- 
tat*<in bum the orotpucbu of the AModatioD wonid be ngolnriy 
•ad duly altcndoi to, and an appamcnti kept f->r teatinjt the 
aeten u the luhuriben. In ehort, if thix «ociet/ bo prop«rIr, 
boaaatly, iudcpeudentlyi energetiodly, and pmcticAlly »rried 
ont, it will very woa IwTe the efbct dt phwing the raut auppty to 
the metropnlia ob ft eonnd end healthy baeb, and will be of 
immeniw advantaM to the n« oompnidae themMree, by pntoot- 

%theni fiom aaliunny and ondae Titnpcnitian. 
r« BUet not be muuudeniiiKxl a« inTnghingasainal leKitinwt« 
competiticn wti«ro it in admiaiiUo. We hare been wHtiug on 
tho nibject of ip», nod have oonlinfd oureolvee to It* 



TAYLOKB COMPENSATING CRANE. 

Un. J. Tatloh. of WddleaboroDgh-oo-Teee, Kite patented an 
improved crane, which eotwiata of on ardinary crane with the ad- 
ditiouof IV BBoondchunbarreleetiilniotioaby the ordinary barrel, 
but revolving at a )eea velodty. AohainfrDm thitMCond barni 
i* carried ovar a pulley on a eacond ihort jib pruiL-cting from ^e 
aftn* part of tho enuio, and to this crane a eerie* of weoghls ai« 
to bo GiikI ai>vn)tTi|c to the vcij^hte which the cnuie U working. 
The eeonid Uirr«l i* Hitovu into and out of amr hf a dut^ 
or IHelion eheave, aud when not in gear ie held &rabnk^or by 
palle. When g^An u* tioliig loim«d by the omne, their welsht 
will niee tho wei^it on tho^ocoud barral, and thii again will wind 
np^ or aeeiet in winding up tho chain on the flrst barrel u aonn 
MltitnleawdfranthekiMaiulthebnOMTaliaved; at th« mmo 
tine tbecraneUtoagrcatoxtenthalaiioed by the weightx on the 
•eoood ban^ and there ie 1e« work tor the bnlte to do. In unme 
CMee,hawevor, it may not beoonveoient touplyaaeoond jib, ae 
for example In warelioote ennee. In eacit cmm the eeeond 
barrel and the weight* may etill be need for windinz up Uw <biun 
or rope, and for pwtly oounterbalauoiug the deenending lend, the 
dinia from tha eeoond barret being tafcto overn pdley flsed In 
n oonvenient place. In many eaen ooe eonetant weight ia enfl- 
dent, euoh weight being adjorted in the finit instance to wind np 
the cibaiB at a oonveul^t epewl, aad bung governed by the brake. 
Xb nUag a load tho eeoond barrel can be diKonnacUd and Uie 
<nn* WM ia the ordinery way, or the weight on the eeeond 
html can be need to a«siat in lilting the toad. 

■ W* bkd kloual «bMM is nwitimi ihu ■< m InJilniil M lh» fiiilr^i, Mat tor 
U* atetr cUnm fnm ilt. Uauuiiaiii'a ptfti. 



BUTCUEirS COMPOSITION TOR COATING IRON.* 

TiiK Coauuittee on Sdenoe and the An* conetitui^d by the 
FVaaklin Inttitute. to whcen wne refemd for examination "a 
Comnoaitioa and ProocM tar Oaatine Sh«(4 Iron to be nerd for 
Roofing," Invented by Meeere. Butcher aad Son, of PhiUddiphbi, 
^■report : 

Thitt the irnn in pi-pmred by heatinE to a paint bolow redneeft 
and pluDuiug it into a intli of prMantuin or«oatinj(, amsiatingM 
lluMod oQ, ^uni elMtic, load, and other iimdiinu made kaowa 
to the ooRiailteo: the iron Ihue oontod ia Alahtd h^ baklBv bmH 
the eMrfteB i« dry, it thon prteaeale k toleraU^ evm uir^fo of 
elaatia vaniiah or jnpnn, which poaeeeaing eoneidembli! Aoxibilily 
ennblea tha iron to b« folded ahoit without cmekin;; or aealfaiK 
and ttom iu cloae adhealoo to the irun prev»aie Uie aedoo 0( 
atnioepheria moietnre. 

The BBCoarmia jointa nuide when lumeil phttoe luv aoldend 
together to form a roof are a very objectionaUa loatore ia tha 
oee of that malarial, aa the roof becomee teaky moetly at the 
eolder«d joint*, whleb ia diia to gnlvanlc action, from moietar* 
getting to tho mpt4d through the imperfect oentlDg of palat 
whiuh t« npplird with a brnali, nnd cannot be cuverad ao well •• 
in (ho niwoees patonlcd by MoMre. Butoher. 

The leagtb of the aheeU of pnpared inm ii ench Ihat hot llrw 
idnta are t«<piir«d iu a roof oi omiuarv eiw, and thete nra likMla 
Vy fbMiog iu iiu:)! I) way M to allow ^r expansion and oaatr»o- 
tion due to atntoi^heric diange*. 

The epoata or guttering miue of prenami iron nppenre to be 
bt nur« dunble than tinned iron, lu the tube b coated after h 
li formed, and ie proleotod by tho coiopoaitlon within and 
without. * 

. The CAmmittae oaa aee no rtnaon why the prepared iroB of 
UeiarL Butcher aliould not be used ae a valuable nialerinl for 
roofing, aapedally as a enbatltuta fbr tinned ttUto, ae Ice Srat coat 
b lee^ ana having fewer joinia ainat be lose Itable to leak. 



RESTORATION OP ETON COLLEOE HALL. 

Tna interior of the hall of Eton CoU^a baa Intoly been alacat 
rebuilt froni tli* deaigna of Mr. Woodyaar. The olil roof haa 
been rcinovod, and one of open timber^work aubatiluii-d, with a 
turrvt lautom in the cantr«. Thure art tw-o n«w wimlowa, eaat 
and weat, executad In atone, luid at iIk' wmi end n I'ghi canopy, 
iu Oothic oak framework, roploco the proTJouD hwvy oue. At 
the cast and a Kullcry hiu Uwn erocCnl over the apace diridiog 
the hitU from the tiuttco'> ^- 't i* of carved oak, tho liont 
pauolled with ahielda of Henry VI. Tlie g^et? la anpporlod by 
* ecreea of lancet arches^ the upiwr p~>rtioQ Mooe being opesL 
formins n doixter betvreen tho ulcpo luconding to the hut, BBd 
thcae deaeending to tho kitoheu. oc The baA ia entored by a 
pair cf Gothic doom b thu middle of this aowea ; the hingee an 
of poliahed BtaeL 

It will probablv be rocollectcd ih^t around the whole of tho 
hall run* a panolling of oak about 6 tcvi in height, oonnating al 
anuUl paueli about the else of echool-boy^ iUlea, eat all over 
with toe UMUM of Etonians of several gananthiBa: a»d herc^ 
during the Inijirovemeate now in prarrtna, a eingulnr dieoovenr 
waa made. At the book of this wDetlinff on tha north nnd aoaih 
aiiln, null abo at the dnia crul or tho hall, were found ntAMva 
■tooo fireplaoei alxiut IS r«<t iu widtli, the medlwal cwiu^ cf 
each beiug aa perfiwt aa if from tha handa of the aeulptor yestar- 
dxy. In neither of them waa then any outlet for a chimaej, t» 
thn slightest diaoolouriug from imoko. The diaooveiy haa 0TCB 
Hue to a great do&l of ODUjocturr^ the gt>u«r^ euppoaition Mag 
that the GrvplBces are outiterujiorary with the Ibaodatioa of the 
oollece iu 1+11, aud conaaqBoDtly dT an antiiiaiQr of ov«r AjW 
hundrud ^oar*; if eo, the porieet appeuncn it abaolotely isarvd- 
louN. It » well kuown tile original uitesitiBM of tho founder waa 
to bnre built llie irhule of ilia coQaga wltfi etooe, but, from aoma 
un>-xp](kiuvd oiiiMi, tho outire use of atone iu oouRtmctioct waa 
abatiili-uml, ami brick* otnie into oao. Mr. Dritton, in his 'Anht- 
teotural Autiiaitiesof Uieat Britnin,' quoUa ouuiuacript aecounia 
in the British Moaeum of the «x)ieuditure of tho buUdiog of Eton 
Collate, oouialning some iutenellng luformatfaHi oo tfaia poiaL 
The outer walls or the oollege hall (etUl raBafadag in their ori- 
ginal etat^i) atfonl undoubtablo proof of the abaailoaB>«nt of 
stone aud iulrciiiuciiau of tho brick, and moat stnui)[e ij> the 

■ FiiuiUiE-JgiuwIottlisl'iuklUiIiiMMBia; 




1 



THE CIVIL ENOINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOUHNAL. 



S79 



I 



diag of the two lUkUrUli, no AUatopt hkving bwn mada to giTe 
K finUh to ili« IbniMr, tli« briolu bana built into lh« sUnw m » 
nay iBMDgruoM tstuiMr. Then i« btUe doubt thia hypolhwh 
nnMtlDK tha itoiie ftreplaoM it tb« oorraot OMt 

B>, WiMdrar.oii (he diowverr, *> uiM<li6od bit pUn m to 
fatdude (ho frvpUoM la tba dMivn: a tMMktod pavdmSDl it to 
lw»dd«d. ThaaltuftioubftnliMii afleetadjittha oott of tbe 
Bv*- J- WtUvr, on* of the fel^m. irho hM ilto ncaatlj plaead 
Uim nHawriftl windows uf ■(aiuM-gloM iu Um aoath (id* of tb* 
•ollog* ekkpel. 



NRW BARRACKS AT OOBFOBT. 

Coxiiibu«u(.t progTMi u unkiaglD tli« eomptation of thsiMw 

■ncki at noofxTt. la tbc dMigDofthMNiballdliigKmrjrkiiid 

modpni improvomaiit li»a btwn wloptod. A npai«tc pkrUioit 

allolt«d for lh« married prinU««, tuid knalber for tbe noD-«Mu- 

' mml offiocn^ whoN poaiUoD will tliiu be loi^ra eleniwd Uwn 

ofaliKed to sModMe witli ibn priv*[« »cJd!#rt. TheM bftr- 

ftre onljr tc liavv oos dory noovu tbe hMemrat, ao m to 

u miMh H pOMlble under didtcr of tfae runpute, and 

^ ..^ I t.rw to be nodcnd bomb-prwif^ \nr bnng uvbed ud 

SOTaiwl wilb an urmnscaiAol of <K>ii«nl« and earth. Th«nimaat 
ition Ivu beoD paid to aanltary loeaaurea. Tbo rooiat will be 
iged aa to a^liiiit of inoet complete VBotUation, and (lie 
Joeeta and eink* will W. diipoaed in eueh a nuumer oe to 
eat rffluvinm aridoji fran thein. which ie ufUa tlw oaaae of 
uuioTanco in oM-fiuhiooed barraclu. Tli« drain* will be 
d into Portaiuuutb harbour, S Cett below low watar-tnarl:; 
an eifvlleut pUn baa bora Ofloptcd fnr fluahiuK tliem. A 
' haa boeo miul*' from the luonta eurroutidiug tbu fortiticv 
kkh nre mipplied from Uaalar l«ke} tLrougli tbo land Into 
lin^ and wLou it b reualml to lluali ihaiu, (ho water in 
Ll will be retitliMd until tlie tide iu th« hnrbour hoa fallen 
feet, wb«n the diuon will be opencil, nn'l an impetuuus 
of water fotted Uuraugh the dtwui, ainying wiia ft all 
urltioL The arranffenunte tor eupplviug wutor to theae bai^ 
. CI havB not yet bMu decided npoa. It Sa ooilcnlood that t]i« 
Admirally aniteniplBte leading water down f > the Roj«l Clareac«- 
jftrd trom the high land ne.ir FiLrehaiu, whi'^h, if carried out, will 
pratablT be the (Ourcc from which the bow harmcka will be 
popplM. 



INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. 

Tn« Couuoil of tin; lc»titutiou hare ri^ceulljf awnnin] the fol- 
fewinjf preiuiiiiua, far Papere which were mid during lh« paet 
um: — 

A Telfanl M»)*l. to DanU Klnn«w CbrL Aimc. Iuk. C K., for 
hia Vts^r "On Uie Im(in>T(m«nt of Railoay Ijaooaioi.iva Stuak.'' 
S. A TtirurJ Mod^. Ill Xabol Hunt. F.R.S.. Inr hi* Pa|«r "On the 
Appliealinnuf Klocuo-HajniBliim laa Uoliv* PMiFr.* 

3. A Ttlfnrd Marial, M Gaorts BeniOe, M. Inn. C.K., F.K.S,. for hie 

I^t'" " '^0 <^" Empluynwot of RubUo-Bateo or UoDoteM in 
Worki of Enfineeriiiir «ul AidiilKtura.* 

4. A Tiirurd MsM. W WllUan Bridgw Adam*, for hia Paper "On 

Ui« V»ri«i» vf Fwnianonl Way cnoticaJly oaed on Itaiiwaja." 
J. A Ceuovil Premiurn af fSi'iiu, luiuilily boiind and Inaailxil, to 
Krederiek Ridinnl Wimlow, Aw>c. Inti. C.E.. ri>r bit (■apur 
" On SoboHeiD* Hecirie Tel*(n|>l» ' 

0. A Coaoell Pranlom of Book*, nuulil* IxmnJ aii'l )n*erib*l, to 

Oeem Barda; Brueik U. Inet. (XL, for hla " DNoriptioo of 
the Netbocl of Bullittnji Bridgea apon Briok (.^liudK* in India.* 

7. A. Cooaail Pmuiuni ut fb»ka, laitahly bound and iuiuribcil, to 

AupiMua ^Ufihvii I.ukla and CWlia Bdwaed Coaidar, for tkeir 
n^par "On tbe Kaiurbaaeae of Auipennon Biid|[«a. and the 
nadeefeoontenctiat tlwra.* 

8. A Coondl Promiinn of Book*. loUaUy bonnd and Inacribwl. to 

WOilara DtU, tor kit Paper "On Um Iawb of the iiranKth of 
Wfwu^t aiil Cam Iron.* 

1, A Oonnul Pntnium of Book*, toiul.ly bound and itiKribeJ, to 

Fraurii Boubtlliae Cender. Ahoo. Inal. C.K., for bit I'aper 
" On 111* Layinjc o( ih* Pmnanent W>y of the Bordeaux aoil 
Bayenne Bailnay.' 
IQ. A Council I'rvmium of Boaha, luiMblv bound and intcribed, to 
Tbouu Dunti. Amod. Imt. C.E. ioi hia t^per " Un Chain* 
ClaU« uid TimlKi Tvaling Maoblos*.' 

ftrat meeting of the mombeTa of the luetitntioD for the 
jeS'-Oa will take place ou the 10th laMkot. 



THE NEW CATHEDRAL OF 8T. MABTTS, OSSORY, 
IRELAND. 



Ths new Roman LVttholic Cathedral of OiKiry was 
iml«d en the 4 lb ulL The bumJaUoo'etuoe was tahl on tha 18th 
of Angoat IMX It fa Ln at^le aarly Oothici In leugth 170 f««t; 
braadui aeroae tWTa and ualoi^ 06 feet; aud ftoroat traniKpta 
W fiwL Oa plan it i« erudfbnn, with a tower 30 feet aqoar* 
iirterioriy, •apporceil on maaain monlded jien and great archaa 
at tha tailemaauen cf the tttaatota, and a cLauotl 35 ft 3 in. by 
UT fenl. elili u ieml ilefWin inil aiiil wir i liil i . ' in oountction 
thMawllb. The nave, »fL Sin. in width, i* *e}iarat4d from 
aialaa(10ft. Sin. in mdth) by two nuiffc* of aivhoi, five at aaiA 
■kK reettog ou clustered pwa 30 ftet iu height, ^mil at diataaoea 
of 17 feet Atim oontra ta canlra. The roolkare of open limber- 
work, that over tbe luve pmeniiag a ecrias of curved podneSpala, 
with elabonta carving in tbe ■(ondrila, mouldad purline^ au^ 
ridgfrpieee; ami ihocted vaiuseot coiling eoneoaltng the aetaal 
ooustruotiun, which Is above the apex of the null, and oonaieta 
of an onliiwiT klnv-iwat trUM, with prinoipala. The great 
weetem window ia of aii lights, with wheal tmwrv in the head, 
and ie filloJ with aioincil glaJu. Over the great altar, which i* 
an ebtbeeato apooimeu of art, broaight frMD one of the priadcat 
amniitotoriea ia Boma, aad MnapMed of the r»t«at Sleoaa, Ckr- 
tm, aad acMUola aaiUaa— an lancat^tad wtadowa, aho SUed 
with steioed glam; aad tbe chapcli. dedicated to ih» BUesad 
Virgia and 8l Joaeph, have alao aaadsoma altan^ and ar« 
embeUiifaed. Oallcfiee are introduced into the anaca wually 
oeoupied br the tribriura, and have iloublet Opee with traferieil 
head*. The denteiory windows an triple aad laaoH-lMadaiL 
Tbe tower riaea to a height of InSft. 6 in., and jvnt'^inf abttby. 
Uoors, with aide pillara of ohiaelled marble, leail to the tranaeptk 
Tli« urgui is iltaated beneath the gnat «cat«Tn window, but will 
ba rsfilaoed by ooa at greater power. Extomally, the walla an 
amiwttlad In portione, and have hooded bnltreaeea, etriag aad 
pliatii oontsae; Aa, At tha we a t era eittemilr is a great eotnaco 
ODor, with deepljr-neeaaad ianfae. haTitig tlirvo-oiiartar Aattm, 
from which epnng Aa moaldad r!ba of tho arch ; also two olJier 
■oiBor domwaya laeding lo (he alalMi and at mi-h angle of the 
projaotion, wfatdi ahowe the same width aa tha nan, and t«v^ 
minaiad by a gabia, an octagonal bn ttiew ie. attrmonatad by 
pinnaela^ uid oontaining winding-ataireaaM leading to tha orgaa* 

The total expenaa of thia bnDding waa S&,OOW. which is oon- 
aUand remarkably moderate for the enonauua qnanttty of work 
eoMcnbad. Then hsa not baan any chief oon tractor, and the 
ckrk of works ie Mr. Cody. Tliu arebiteot, Mr W. D. Butler, 
abodeaigned and iiupennteuded the OollegB of KilkeoDy, built 
soma years ainoe, and an important atractun in the Jaoubeaa 
•tyK presenting anma 300 ftel frontage. It is, howetar, to be 
ngretiad that the t«war aad win^ aa showa ia the otig^aal 
drnwi^^ wen dispanaad with. 



WBARMOrTH BRIDOE ALTERATIONS. 

Tita Town Council of Sundoriand han nsdved to advertlaa 
for citimatea for the aliemUoaa about to ba carried out on Waus 
mouth Bridge, nuder the saMtinteodenee of Mr. Robert Staphea- 
eon. TholeatUagfeBtnnofthsplanisthawidealng^thabnridge, 
3i feet bnng added to the carnage-way, nod t feet to each of 
t£e footpatlia, irprnMitting, in all, an additional widtbof 7ft. 
8 in. Tlir levels will be very materially alterciL At prieiiit 
the gradient is about 1 in b, bat this ladine wilt t>e eo fiu- raised 
aa to rtduoe the gradlant to 1 in fiO, the atcepeal portion at each 
and being rMaid upoii anhea of liricl. The all-tioportaat oUtet 
of strea^^ening the stiuetQn is amjJy imnded for. Inatead of 
the eoat.iroo ruiga wfaicJi at preaent fill in the spandril part of 
the arch, latltoe-wurk of mallaable inn will be euDatitdted; and 
time maaaivo tubular girdera wUl ba thrown from north to aouth 
^«oe OB oach side of tbe east and west Hbe, and aaiUier ia the 
otntn. The anr&ee of the bridge will be oovered with ooimgated 
iron pUbta, upon wliiok will be placed a bed of ooaorMa; aad, 
abova thi^ on tha earrlaa»«>ad, thetc will be a paeviaentor 
wgoil. set with asphalta. Doriug tha prograaa of tha ahanMoO^ 
a tamporary bridge, lileet wide^ will De foraed ua aaeh ikte of 
the preeiat strootureL The ootK of tbe whole will ba about 




THE CIVIL BNGDJEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOCHNAL. 



DESI0N8 FOR FBOPOSED STREET SUBWATa 

Tax Coramittw ftppnoUd bj tb« MMropolIUa Board of Works 
(o comndw Ui« dmicrui for mibw&r* in ne'"' utrdMa in tfa* imtro- 
polU, luve huhIo iTioir uward. nilrtj'niiip oompeiilon tent in 
deaignl^ ttaa wbiok tli« fullowiu); •elecUou wu uvaile. 

Firtt CloM SlrtM. 
Un. UMW. Ntai* «M JUdnu. OainHs 

19. (Jorcoii) DDutintarmul(D«...EL D.Darli, HBUK-hOI wcm...1Ui) 

JuBoiT. KaowlMh Raynwnd' ' 

bolblluip, OrmT'i-iiiii 
frodwiolt uiil Allnd Wmtwi, 
Duka-slnot, Ailalpha 



93. SkadkNuon 

11. Ftfiowr p«r op«cB loeonim . 



50 
10 



Stand Olam ArM. 



S. Gnoioua be the iaae ■ 



38. SoUnt^ DupliMU 3;M«m ... 

21. Aax fnndi nuux lea pud* 
mnedM 



W. H.CiiIHncfard, PoiiibKds« 

tUIm, B^iwaMr 
Wu. Boddkll, Clupd-jdMiv 

PoitlUj 
& Ha|[lic« anil a. HopkliM, 

Pkrfc-alnvt, WatUaliutM- 



SO 
40 



The Oommlttoe ooniilatod of Hmsts. R SUt|)h«iuoD, T. HawIc- 
•lov, G. !>)«■<■, T. I!. Wvalt, J. Thwiutn*, W. Cabitt, A. Wright, 
J. W. IIualj{etU, mill F. MftjTkbIa Thoy rciunrk, in making 
their kwnnt, that "iba dUBeslIlM in tbc »ny or arriviug &t u 
tnUi^MoTy (l«eialon liavt bMB very gmt; n(i gcuoinJ pnuoijJu 
vera fouad to uppiy, nor wh it poaaible either to aipprove ov 
condonm all the jmutU of onjr of tha d««^ wbnitlud to ooap»- 
titaoD: tb«Coromitt«: hnvB tbcovtoraMleclMl thowdtaignewluah 
Appouvd U> tbuu to \k lutMt auaoeptible of eaoh praotioU adapU- 
tfooB OS woulil r«ad«r them moat gauenllj »pplie>ble to tha 
circuiaabuiCM of tli« tnatiopolu." 

Tho thirtj-nuie deaigns on now exhibitjn^ in tbo 1«ctw*«ooin 
of the Sodet^ of Aita^ Adelplii. The fcAiurv common to ucorljr 
«viTy deaEgn appeon to ba » oeutre Uuioeli aud in the nu^oriiy 
of inalAiicw there ia ao ^raat an attampt M otiUalu tmj part of 
the apaoa which tba damgna havo to ([«m1 wtth, um th«> atreeta 
conatraotail kooopdiiig to tbcii- idou would he little Ina tliui a 
aeriaa of viadaoU; and taking the traffic of on onlinory lecond- 
dsN alrwt an a hat'ui for calookdou^ llicn ma Iw litilo doubt 
tlist th« «ip«uiie of boildiag tha arnea wonld. from tbo graat 
Btr«o^h r«qiiinsl, be iamanae. It appeara that a guvnniiag 
principle hoji boen raoogaiatd bjr the ooinpetitare of ulTuring a 
miniauni aoMmmodntion for atowage of gn« and wnt«r nutina, 
inat««d of winuljr prcjuiring br the aiaximum, for tbo future aa 
well M maent requiramaat^ Eeonomy of workioK at the 
lowaal priot per lineal jard ha* been allowed to d^Ml the ml 
objeet of tubimya, which afaould hnvo ample epac* and proviaiuu 
for \be pipM of ruiuu* oompauiea; for if liuitad lo one gu 
oompany oir oiw wat«r ownpany'a mouopoljr, tJuav would bo 
UaUU^IOMcUeDttotbaBlpMidthntoampa&r, whan the atmet 
woald M at oooa daprivoa of gaa or water, or peAapa bolb at 
the oanie time. 

The qiMBtion now ia — Hm a wise judfinmit been given la 
awarding the prisee I We think not, mure eepecially id the com 
of tbeflntpme,No. 10, ihittaf Hi-. Davij ("Juveuis, Umutiutor 
multotk'O Wo would be the last to d^tadata Beri^ but a daaign 
thonld oertaial; bavo origUuli^ to recommend it to notiea. ui 
this darign we oasaot recognise auytliing mora ttun a mpmlno- 
lioBofaseetionaldrawlngframJasper&aMa^uampliIct, ' Kncte 
and Fkllaeias of the Sewage Sfatam.' This drawUig hwi auflnvd in 
iUappanot eopving, the number of matiw bring reduead, and on 
■Iteration, whicn issertoinl^ DoitanimprcronMati baisgaudsln 
the (arm of the aadar dmu, whioh cannot be called m sawar, 
baincthtBOiwbljr insdeoasto to ooDloia the tewaoe woten and 
fiin^H mrmrTinn-l of > ont^Jiaa str>«t. Mr. Daria piviKwud the 
fhrmntiffii of a oontiunons nibwaj' or poouigc, f^nt wiil(>, uuder 
tita omm of the read, and above the lewer. On either aide ot 
tlw paaaue are to nin wat«ir-maias, ood above Uiem ga»-niaiu^ 
HUMTtad tnmn alone eoriials. Taults ara to be OMutnuied the 
mua Isagn of the atnet en eJUiar ride of tta paaa^a^ to aSrnl 
iiiiiiasswl eailsr^e to the honaani The subway ia wide enon^ 
to alknr a aan to walk ia the entrap and the giw and water nipaa 
ma to bo ftxsd in each s manner as to be coaily soctssiblo (or 



itptla Tlllsgraphic wir«a ar<> to be cnrri«d along the aubway 
oa pnjsding stoue oorbela. Eatnnoe to the aabwnj la to be 
obtaiiwd fa* Tftnlto naerved at tha intensctJona of itr«eut, at dls- 
tanoaa ef MOBt 400 jrarda. Tl» oooL iaolutliDg vaulf for tha 
boosaa, ia StOtsd St 36^ perUaSil wo. Ifthera be any merit, it 
bsloagi to Jaqter Rogani bat it OOat l^pear to ua that many 



other mors daerviDg eompetiton hare bom nnnotMeil whoes 

Clans btor eridaDt tuarfa a tlii^UKfat and mntared delibnation; 
at tha aiaaBar la whkb oompctitioa dcrigne hare lately been 
tnwtcd will, we fear, net oi n eerious ohacfc fa prev«atiBg aiaay 
clever men from euteriati tlie lists fbroompattlioa dorign* forlM 
future. 

Mr, Knowlea ("9tnkda nno'vn') Biiy gnioeaa pris^ fbnao a 
eoDtcol mbwaj 1,1 feot widn, with vnults on either ei<^ tbeex^ 
penseii of which nre to be deftnytd by the ownen of bvfldl^ 
bonting the slrecto. VentiktiDg alialU at the intan*«tlaaa of 
stiwts at certoiu inlerv&la, for mnin sewers, are !•» be osTTicd 
•uffldently high to diiwhJuyD nil noxioue (^es into the aAao- 
aphere nbovp the lUrmunitiiiK boaaefipa. The MtiiBOted eost is 
822. 14«. 7if. per lincnl ^onl, ciclmiivi^ of theexpeneeof oOBStnM- 
iiig the private vaults, or ISL 6*. Id. per yard for soeoad-<lftm 
stnete. 

lnthedetignNo.il (Mnnrs. Warren), the booae nnlts an 
as oiunlly Donitnitrteil, sod a jiiuigwiiv 4 feet or S bet wUl^ Is 
formed n^innt the end of tlieiii. lu which ud pUtnd the watv 
and gas inniuo. TtM aswer is in the centre of the rond, venlilolid 
bv opeuia^ in the rood, or by lomp-poMii, and ahofts «a^ 
Red up in the diimaey-ataelu r>f eume of tJhe bnosss abor- 
ting on it The booses are to be dmined in pain by 6-lneb 
pips, ninning into a Mnd) [npe, which is to be eooooctod with 
tlie sewer: and the watsi>«npply is to bo bya ^incbmainoooiw 
side, wlih a 4-1dcIi rider lilti/i on the other, always obniiged at 
aver^ lAnip-pnnt in caiw of Are, for read-wateriaft. w. T\m t/oAet 
this armngement, Indudrii); a cast-iron paringfbr the eaiilsy 
WAV, but ciolusive of thu water and pia taatn esatiiifi^ b ««» 
puted at fmm 3.>/. to 3!)l. per lineal yard. 

Mr. CulliiigfonI (" Gnvrioiu be the issue") fifty gnii»eaB priSk 
pmiKtMHi the formation of a pSMage over Ihs main aswer, aloog 
which the pipo* for the supplTof wster sad gas and the tela- 
graphic wires «nn be lisett Hs snggmts that the *«wero and 
pasoweo slionld be vsamalad by mosu« of iluei, carried into 
uie cfilmneyi of each olternat* bonsc^ side by aide wiili tbekildtw 
flues, with wbii^ they should be ouried np to tlie top of the 
building. The eost applied to a fint'claM straet ia 1 £/. per lineal 
yanl, and 13/. per yard for a Heconrl-olam ntnjct 

Mr. Roddall ("^!iii)'eduplici>tesT*teiir)twcotrffuii>eM print, 
■uggests the fonnatlun of oontinuous puut[e* (mow the foot- 
paths, of BOffidont eamcity to contain water and gas pipea, and 
to allow of repairs and altcmtions. He also reoonnssniM nsoas 
for preventing the ^eape of eltluvium from the aawiev, and pro- 
poees a system of T«[itilatioa voir ilntilar to that stugestacf by 
Ur. Citllmgfbrd. The sstjmatsd expanse ii i3J. per IinMl yard 
tor a &nt-<us8 strwt. 

Id tho design. No. 34 (UMira. Haghee and Hopkins), ths 
whole of the ground is cleared away, the interval between 
the backs of ili« vaulls being osed for tho enbwny ; the e«wtr, 
inetead of bcluf{ nuak, will stand on the pavinff of the pamaffr 
wi^, tbe gas and water mains resUug upon it. The eoat Is 
oalcaUled, with tho vaulU under tho rood, aa at 40/. per Dnail 
yuvl, cxelusive of the vaults, but witli tunnel commuaMstioa lo 
each huuBc at 39^ 

We noticed a wt of dmifrna. No. 28, which appear to hato 
saaaattd f^m a practical cD^neor; the work* are well dMafledi 
and although eiimvagauce lU all easea ahootd bo avoided In 

Snhlio works, itiU there ia a line to bs dnwa, so as to avrid 
elusive cheapness. 

These remarks apply also to dedgns No. 7 T Pncticat"), which 
eertainlr claim origtniUity. They were desorjbad and illnatroted 
in our ^ountai for Ucuiler 18H. Berond Uitlr ckim to origi- 
nality, they have received dnriaft too post saren ^ean hm 
approval from vorions publio bo£ea; miich we thtuk abowd 
h*re entitled ths eompetitor ^Hr. W. Aoattn) to a prlac^ or at 
the least to a rMMgnitiun. ObJeotUms might posdbty exist that 
the dedgns and arrangements (No. 7) are on too luge a scale; 
this might be easily obviated by reducing the scale, keeping the 
ooutiiur suotion and general arrangement sttU in rfew; but we 
muoh fbor that this curtailment would be unwise, for tlukt wUA 
is worth doing is worth tloiug well; or, as the 71mm In a raw * 
article hoa it,— "To do the work before us as wdl as we eaa. nd 
when it ia dooo, to be oontent with tho gaia nOmr thsa to eoott 

thSOMi." 

Tliere are many serious objeoUons to tbe airumiatitt In Ifcs 
mqority of tho pkns, bdodlog the scltetod prlssi^ wUdi wfll 
doubtless, if put in practloe, prove seriona difficulties. We anndt 
to the want of proper aooaaa to tho jnpt^ for repair or nnoni 



^ 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCIUTECTS JOUBNAL. 



181 



of gbitnetima. W* oVJMt, too, U> U>« lav Ul ffi««ai to the 

^bwut diwo* diMbuBiw IdU> til* MWffi^ which Mtt«r, wlim 

~ Uj diArnd, wonld 3toS» buk th« houM dmlu, ttnd flood tha 

" <i MM bMwneute of the hofWM,— Uie vtry avil which lub- 

, I ikovld ptvveiit if propttrlj oonatnioteil. Another pbj«cUaD 

< tb« proprawd (liHh*rg« of gaaea uid fowl vapoan nom th« 

i Kvnn, ihroufth tOWUH or ihlfU Intu tho ftir; which wnuld ba 

^ blown tlown ■akin iitla th< upper floorm uiil g»rrot<L. 

To prarwit tM poMnlrilitr of aooh muItA, warki impen>ti<r«lj 
, MWWIT tor th« h«iLlth And b>pro*etiiecit of the vut metropolU 
■hoold be <9trTin< oal lu iiioli ft luuuier aa to redeet th« hl^Mt 
cnditOiDoar abilitii^Aiui uarticiu, bf a Mloetion of tli« bmt 
bhUmcIs kDil tho bosl niAtariAlB which c&n he prociiroil : th^i cdiu- 
b4aUbllof wbieli, uuJer jixlicioiu amuitreuiQiiti. uuat ofTccl the 
dMii«dol.>ect. 

h BOTAL INSTrrOTK OF BRITISH ABCfflTECrS. 

Tai MMfoB will oAnuueaae oa the ind iiuL; aud the hononur 
McrcUriM have addrawed a einsulAr ui tha tnembcra, iaviting 
tbpm b> eontribatn ^P**^ *>' iiUbmiatiou ia aaolhur *)iape lo thfl 

•• U,%a it hi|{hlj (irotable, ran may have ractuilly lamln nom* 

ikr ■nhJHet yoiir t«;i«oial gtdij, or i( u U im't lew likely, 

1 have b«eii tn^kge-l npoo the dtdgn aad auiwriatvDiieiun of 

I woriu iAvoliiog ■ovohlM in archlUctunl oum|MMitioa or 

nnioii. Ton would ha ontoriog a bcnotit npon Um pnAa- 

■ion at loTKc h<r the mmniaiuaatioa tu tho liMtitul« of tho rMsIta 

of TOur Hiuily iu the oiM oMie, or j'uur •eiperiraoe in dw othar. 

^ III tlivM <la}-«, whM nww a^lM of art, new bnililing nkateriak 

and arplianw*, uid inodHltartnii » of old c«iM,ar« buiug eomitaaUy 

btnaRht into imo, thn reoarri* of iadividiul cipnrliu«nt ar« of 

growioK iiuporlAQov; anil we truet that jou may Uko nci'miiou to 

jWaununicaM to the IiiMitul« ttieh ODOdiuioiu aa rou may ha** 

' ini at with cwpaet to their valne, either by llieoretical invee- 

Uira Mr aouial ^iraelioa; 

' Wc find oocaMonallj llial archttaeta hare withhdd nluabia 
, apen ttrmt an appreheaiion of tiie aeoeaaity of preparias ilabo- 
taW dbigrama. ouch appnhaneiona a«et[ uot be enicrtatncd, •• 
we bare tomd tliat pnpert an geaerailj Uvl illaatmtcd hr 
ricMebee, and the vwloflg drawlaga (mm which importaDi buiUl- 
lagi mnj have bam anenlod.'* 

iAt the npBDiQK meeting of the aeaiian, a pap«r by Mr. Vyatt 
^pwvrtli will Iw Tvmd, "Ou the InlrudactioB of Uital, and of 
F^utii^ (wiioilwork) liiio thii Cooutry." 
O 
kid 





ARCHITECrrUBAl, ASaOCIATIOM. 



O* (h« I eih ult. the 6m biulncM in««tlu^ of th« wwiion waa 
iMld at Lyoo'a liin lUI. Mr. Wi^lcy, Praiitont, who wu tn tha 
dikir, lud lliit atiicc th(? lut meeting a furtunal« event hod hap- 
peiMd to llwir tr«ajiury, nnJ which had brought It oearty to par. 
AAar w i wapondanoe with tlie ArahltMtnral Exhibitioo, with 
raltmDco to Iha advano! o( fund* that wm made by tho Aiwxdo- 
thw, on thaoocanonof tbcSnt Anhttefiani] Exhibition, id I84B, 
~.b>|ptbcr origiiuvtcd by the Antrciatioo, which aUvnaoed aome- 
like ISUtor the piupuM, ihitl «uiu hnJ htea rffunded fay 
itUtaetvral Ezlubmoa t^i th<-ir tmumry. Thia gave tha 
'Anodation lliedonbleM&lhctioiiof hArioBii public aeknowladg- 
it of their bavins urii;iiiii[«<l tbAt UMul pnhlic iDatitutiou, 
enabling them tu fitrO" their crvditors. 
Ur. a C O^Ma road a o*^mt " Ou the FubUe librariei. Art 
ScboiiU, AtMaiuu, ami Ruildlng* in Iianrjon, with tha adTanlagn 
tliay offer in Architectural Kduutiou." Sir. Penfold madaaona 
obMmtion at the oloae of it, wherein he lefismd thankfully to 
the leetuna of Pwfawar Douald«oii al tha London Ouiver^y, 
and ahowed thair *>1b<^ ** ''"' ^'"^ chalimaa alaa 

Ifo Qanruii^ Hon. »«&, (aid it waa a- well -known tkct that 
nany of thoaa engaffnl in ar«hil(«tiire hod cot proper time, 
although they niignt have the uksuu, for •ttu^i and ne would 
ipoae that the maating ahoiJd •■iproM ita tmmg to tha arehi- 
Uiral profaadoaat laryt. Mio thf daritahlroaaaof latringthetr 
_ ,pU« have tha benefit of the Saturday aftomoon. Ultigoatdy, 
B reaolntion waa pawed expreaaiug u the opinioo of the Arebi* 
tectural AaM)ciaUoo that tha privibga of tha Satunby afteraooB 
huliday ihould ba aeoordad to tho pupUa and Mihtaaia of amhi- 
lac«a Ib Londoa and the Uniinl Kingdoto, and reeonunmdhig 
tba nttjact to aunaat ccnuidcntiou. 



■popU 
^BBreei 



XOTXt or THE HOXTR. 



1 



SoL'UToiu and othan are begiouing to turn their attentiuD lu 
mroeat to daaigo* for the ptopoml inemorial of the 'M Exhlbi- 
llou. In thi« oaae tliu oomniittee, amkiug U- nlTord every tatitada, 
have made no atipiilatiun aa to aoala, and will raeeiva cither 
model* or dntwinga. 

Ox Sudnlt. the aleotioaofadlatrict nurvnyor for St GeorgO' 
io-lbe-Eaat and Aldgata, ia tha room of Mr. Huiir>- Flower, 
roogncd, took plaoa in tha Council-chamber, GuildhiLll, at tba 
UBual weekly maating of tlia MeUopolllan B<>unl nf Works. 
Therxi were i-leveo ondldatea. The eholcia of tho DuanJ fall upon 
Mr. Johu BiUiug. 

Mil Jousi Atriil of Weatoiiuater, haa b««Q appotnt«iI by the 
oorponUon of South Shialda to act a* tlieir l)oroiit{li «ii rvcyor. 

At a meeting of the blingtuu Voiuy on the lUth ult, tha 
eomnlttaa preaecitai their report on tha daaisna for tha Veatiy- 
hall aubmittad in OHupwtitiun, ami recnoimendoit twelra deaigua 
for tha ooiioidinitjnn of tho voatry. The following it a liai of 
thanumbar* and uiottoa : 



a L'R»t>imBoai 
Zi & 33. UlingtoB. 
33. Ctiliujk 
40. Cou Ainot^ 
47. (A derlee.) 
M. Utility. 



SZ. Dum Kfiim apcfo. 
07. Whyttingtou. 
66. Faith. 
69. Namo. 

71. A. a a 

72. Bmvo. 



After aonia diaeaaaioo, tho imonunendatton vf thaoommlUaawaa 
ndo|)tadt and thafwtberaonaidaMtiao of the matUrwaadeAnrvd 
foraabottdioa. 

Tan tanperaiT paAeatal In tha eoniVyard of Bnrliogton Hoiiaa, 
Piooidtlly, (or Mr. Fol^a eiorllent equotrina aUtae of Ijonl 
Itanlinga, ia now rtaily, Tho itatuc i* oul, luiil wiil shortly lie 
put up. 

The Town Council of Sunderland, having tequealed Mr. 
Craaior, tha boraugh etiginoer, to prepare eattmatea fur public 
drinhiiig-fannlaina, he Lu rqK>rt«^ tiial th«y tnay be provided 
for five puttuda aach. 

Ix ooojtructing the railway from Pari* to Viucannta it wu 
aaoertatned that a portiou of the line wuuld pant under the 
workiueu'a olty of HeuUly, and ftan were rnlavtaload latt it 
ahould be £>uud nueeaMry to mnov* the atniotitra. Tha ai^fniar 
—M. Bawoaplatra-afcw a rin— jiowcver, nggealad an atwllaol 
noda of overeoming tha dUBenlty. The tunnel waa oonalnolcd 
in aueewMTe drde^ or aeetiona, b^uuing with tho*« lutenilad 
to anpport the aiiglea and bMring portiona of tha building, and 
than oomaetlna tham by digging out the mil and conatraoling 
tba tanaa) la tto ordinary way. After mdns tho aiii of the 
tunnal, the doom and window* w«a« atayed aud wall* abored np, 
and llie earth reoiovied IVc«n beneath the wall« at illfliirant pouta 
to aDow of paaring beun% about a foot aqnan, nndar t1i» "^glM 
of tha atnictuiev which waa by theae mean* auppotlcd. Two 
ratttn^ went than opaoad— 4 metrte bmad, Bf metre* deep— in 
which the piora wet* bnilt, and anbaeqoanUy uidltd by an arcb. 
When the vaoHing waa eomplelcd (t waa mad* lo oany the 
foundationa of tha work nion'a dwelling hr Al'ii>8 "P *^**I!^ 
between the latter and the arch with aolid oouatmrtioiia. Tba 
renuuning eonatmctiani votv cffeotad In the uaual manner, and 
every portion of the building appeara aa aolid and inbatuittal 
now an it did before the paaa^a of the railway WoMth it 

Tlixni am at preaoot two liaea of UMgU^' telegraph in OMm- 
tion in Bi>utb Auatnilia, uf au aggregalo l«tigth of atkout lor^ 
nileo, (he line from AdnUIde lo the P»rt awl a«a coaat (alavan 
Bllaa), being opano) oii Fi^briuvry Itt, IS.'ifl, and the north line to 
Qawlrr Town, iucludinx a bnmoh to the l>iy Cieek Stoekada 
{twenty - nine milea), wnaeommeneed In the middle of JaoMary 
iaat, and opened on the 14th «f AprQ. A aiuall at«tion ha* bara 
«r««t«d at Oawler Town, I>nr{iw tha ten and a-half moallia that 
the Port Una wna in oixTniiou hiat year, 14,738 maiMgca warn 
tnuumittcil, and in the firat tbrae montba of the prMcot 
vear, 7iA3. The aum of 3&J0O0t, waa voUd by the btta 
l^egialalUTV, for lh« eraetion of tha South Anatrnliat^partionofa 
ItM to eonnaet Adalalda and Harboana,and auntrneta hare baea 
•ntartd into for oarrring out the work. Tea milea of anhmariaa 
cable are to be hid under IaIcc Aleiatidriiia ami the Qoolwa 
channel, to connect Or^olwa and Pelican Pninl of Lake Albart 
Feniniiula. Linea are In ooiina of oractton betwc«o Mdbonma 
and Sydney. 




S8S 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND AHCHITECrS JOUBNAI. 



Taa coiinr.il oftho Ardiitoetunil luatitutc of Sootlaad l]kv« 

Bwdc Appliuttioii ta Sir Bcujiiiaui Hall u> authoriM ui «i)iibl- 

UoB inEdiatnuvh of llic pnte onip^titloo designs for the Wu- 

, aad FtnEgn Omoe* at Wwtmlnater. A* the «x)iibitian would 

«rav*of ImporMoce to'tho iutrjuiiwiii''nt'if »rtin ScotlAtid, it muy 
hopod tJint ^>» eommiMionon will find it vithio their powttr 
to Kiutify the public of Soalland in lliia way. 

At* rocsnc inorllnK of the Board of (iunrdinnx, fifty-ux tendon 

llot tbeatirmy and vnluntioi] of the parinh of KiugsUiii-on Thanes 

raocivod, Ynryiog iu amouol frotu I9CV. to lOOtUl Ths 

Iboud dcddett oo aocepllag tho joint teniler of Mr, J, Wornhaia 

Wtnfold, of CbiU'lolt«-n>«, MauMOD-hoiun, and Mr. E. Krnuock, 

DtKiugiAm. 

UnsBa. OcnrnKRU. and Spactmax ar» prvpariog a dunga for 
' tha i*-trMlJO(i of Brlloif ( Hnnpital, Bath, on a acwe whiw will 
|W lilnly to meet the wiHhai uf tho publia, and to atny out the 
~..Di of th« fuuQiUr. Oue fealurtt of the plan wlU be the 
iilr«di3Ctioii of a thermal bath for the naa of tho inmntoR. 

Bin. W. 6. Adams, whoae DUmvroai iwefnl iDvention* an well 

kbown, ]>TO|>ua«« to Improve the winJowa of building bjr Intro- 

Lfluclug two thicknnae* of jtium into one ftwoa, or by joimog tho 

IconiparttDont* of fhinir^ or uuhca, or two wuhw, to ppoduoe tho 

rwine i-Mult, vti., a oelluliu- ipaoe between the flMSCM, oonlaUiiiiii 

air, which will luatcriallv prevent radiation, nnil inorense the 

warmth uf apiutuiuutn. The glaaa la to b» Gt«d in the franipa, 

itbvr iu the ordinaiy mode*, or by meaita of eUttio or pLutio 

fcKulking. 

M. ZjUttb, an1iltA;i to the Klrif; of Wiiri«mhnr)(, ntiH dMlgner 
of thenM^iltont Monriib cb.itiuiu, tilts " Wit haltitn," near 8bitt- 
CarHt, dM roooutl}-. He vm awnciated with M. HittoriT in 
nia ilno work* nn tL« building of Sicily, and wan a oorreiipoudiug 
nMmber of the Inttitute of BHtiah Ar«liit«cl«, 



COKPETITIOIIB. 



umtiA 



aUwiUUi o( Buuntenui hmlnrtMil ulkMf'iU (oanirin lo (abnft 



tHlw 
_ for 4 I^JallUU] of moniTQi'UUl duntcivr to b< •rw^UKl In (bfei eitj. Thn 
«HD*i« of mtfnlA] b If A optn. miA ntj I' nf vnnJ klDilt: thr out ti ruit to ein-r*t 
IMHL A pnmluBiaf tVU. vIU be iviHid. Iti-lraifimlietlirli^' ijidfII lujaiUfr 
II M prmsud. 'B nMIIicB. Mans at MN. «IU tw plunl >( ih> rll>panl of Ihg 
i^rjt ftnd Iw Appmrlilfd H tlurj Ru7 4vaLdt. Id IAb cvenl^^f (bfl aif<uUuLiif lb<* 
MlHlfd dain hifiif aoMnl M lb* ulbur nf II, b> la M norln. IwlDpruiIuiiilj' (< 
U>a HlMUd wIgD. an hiworvlqm tqul lo tfaq ivaalwlli df Ui4 vboLa ddUb^. Tho 
ds^pw wt ID tn aul In b) ihi lOib Iniuiit. 

n« LosIBimH (f Hwllfc ftic ttia HlwMi DtitiM, I4c of Shwin). an Jnlnui << 
ispfitjni^ til* lnJiatiUulii sf SluniM villi w tbiudinn i4 ijaitu *aUr In Uitdr 
■opMIn boOHii ud Ui*IM lb* (lUniliH) nl fOfUiMrt (o Ih* •Bbjtnt A Hrtnlurn 
Ol/Mt.Blr<b«nia.teodtMbwau>dE*iliDU«nriwiBliluinKkikiiiaml riui 
is IK will In br lb* IM of limarj deil Fnr dwtlcoUn •mlf U> Ur. Cbai. AtUni^ 
Hi AWm-plufc HU>4ivai v la Mr, Jiam BhI, HUHranK 

Otwrina ct Bodali << doilcu ui lutlwd lOr tlw (MoUoa of ■ Memdrtal df Oi OnM 
KxbIuU(s<4l«fl. Pmiilgn IH fulafH. Tte line tbt huIIw la dH(au li ei- 
tmtd b> Ptbnnr ); IM>- An3aaf t Indw* U lb> («H U HOMtd.bBI BM 

OoiinTTviaaa Av^k^kui. 
Tbtdain ttiHt. rul'4 RdscJ. KoUlB^bvn, li9>tn« Iht ouulii. "lUtotbU (Mar 
MulC i^- i""!)!-' "t '^irb l> Mr C. 11 Ktlxirila, ■ntbtma. i. n. JBOe^t-irnu^ 
Cundan-lnBTi. bMt beuQ blop;«1 . 
Ib«d«lin>4 M' J UuniKuu.uvhluel.Wial MlAHInLflliuBm.hu hwiitvudgd 

(iitli'viikii'io f'T 'JJ' Ntw UAok-bouaii bji thn l.'lkiw lUaklnpr rrniL(4aj, 
Jib Bohnj 1^ OidnliAtf of Iba lEnifvnrlh t'dtin). nv^' lUml^. taA>v uwpAvd lb* 
dmicD of Ut. WamdUow, wtbllMI, (< SbslBald. fut ib< mo WmUwuaL 



ITZW PATXltn. 



rkuviHinxAi. paoTBcnoxs obavtev t;}ii>nt ths patest laws 

AUIUDIIKNT ACT. 

MM. i. O, DLgiiUfut, E— ii-uifrt, HiiiiaJ— [nipnigd euibM of luuiuiVigTini gac- 
BirsU, vtenbj QDt guioDial uuf ba cluuKKd IU funn Iu Itwl irt t^Kinl utbri* 
DaUil Jnw lA, 
)(T<L W. Bnlib, fall>b(ii7-i(>«t Adoljibi — liniimioinniu la <biECDni;pii(ntUga| 
rmii^ pr— L lOMummUMIus fnu A. K. Uwlwu^ I'uwl 
/MhI-AdmI*. 
ICI, W. <lailUi, UUitntr^inM.AdalpU— IminH«i»aat«la«Uui|iiunian. [Cbu- 
■i-irt— •"- Ina J. M- PnMJ 

AaM JW« 11. 
U*>. fl. tu<}> bni-notvi, inud—Au HiclD* at tpivW" ^i" abuinliig uuMn 
Hnrbjt w luprmad DMbiido(>ppl]>lEitaMUB, lu, ui hHUd dr 

/mMMtm. 

MU. T. Wiiiiien. AUrdirna, CunmoMUn— Iu(iru><iiii«l Id ib» «s«innUoa d( 
■U|ia It TnuU, iLiEiiib) tbnii -tnugbl wv b> RonkM 
fJiildl Jail tl, 
MI. W. Jabuiu. SbKk^Hi — InprarrniniiatD Imim IH- narfaic 

rWUtf ^afWI It 

Ult K. WwuS. >I<iiu>ai>lk-L«0lMi<UJu. Clmbln— luunmaitto In iDoimiiCIn 
(UEluea tu 01 luplitfiHl vo BMUni KmOl M ■ *)•> iil>(iU«l>k III mleuJLunl • 
■Imllu iBi f i m i 



tU). J, <M|B, WoUlDKlin'MnM Caulb— iBHOfMuMa lo ttOatm fer 1 
oihw duCBKHBU. iaiiPBmMMUalnaF.1Ma«iil,IWM 
Odtad .fiuul IT. 
tro. J.II.C.L{>biilliudJ.llcUiiBiiikBudHiiu,b«ln*-ImpfnamtlBMM 

tliCiU* 

. DMld AUfiut tt. 

UTA, J. tlm-kut, Umlm^ PnrtinUi*— tinpiOnnMM to aAolu lb* caMbMMa « 
Itifl], *Dd La Um oQUiuniiMOoa or prvnotlw of huIb, apfUiaU* ntadwfluMVt 
OMid AiriiKlvr L 
ms. A-Tnrwir, talooitar— tmpRmBMUln ibaBHnif>i«a»«r*li^l>M« 



r dwiio aannaimtir 



ML B, Puksr. IbflmMKBlIb— A an i .. _ 

btddlns. ud (*fcrr«1a pnuodDi Icdloi^ iiba (pfiUabls H lb* i 

■uUsn irfulklM u Btaltb It nufet MtULlik 
we. V. aaw. < to a w .«»TO-l»ptiit»iB<« to bmu ind ibaH IT " "!!! >i paw w 

■boM far ban 

Odtf nH«it«r>. 
nu. 0. J. MKtalrM, Ftliiwmrl, rMwwqniw^t M M W iBte h Hinll^ ■o ita 
•Ml. J. Uuteul. r«ul« VaIt, BtddkwMh, fofluMro— litipiwi— I la IM Ma» 

facUin of ODp liiliM 
1H(. W, OitOi. rumooib— Impmmmnto tai bkIiIwitt Iw fn^Og nwate 



tM4. S. ■!<■*. CtuiMio^rrrl. WiBoy-MiiiiiT— Inpi iif «M I b a|f«(MB k'f<a> 

(uani oWtfklli, tud All' trmumluliic glKirlu (lunsu tlUD |i(Mt ■• >lia* 
nu. A. aMlu<ud!l. Ldthiu, ruii— lowvwl bnihr fcr f mU^ la 



.IMh 



n»l 
Utl- J- B. B*c(«, BrvMvkb^iuu*— tagmtiMBU la iD*dil*Ei7 1« 
bonfr^bae Diik. tCbmmBiimrkmi 

rvM awarvto-u. 

UH. II LurNd, IlnMiHtr<iH~liii|rvniiiMt la tb* Bumstenn of dUac IMIb 
vllh iipMdlait ud «aincUD( ioib, appUabl* «k* to mIht tKftaJlat tut m^ 

tncllujepLuwi 
BM, J. IjHlla, niHgirw— InprnnoiiaU Iq antli^ «r t*>(artB| MalOi 

(agmnnDlwUoii fnui A XtnitaUdScW 



UU. U. J. A. MUlc ami F. Duul Pul^—loW 



(ftlmbMliaaBi 



J. FHlua, Low Muur. W. IIidihoii. ]>in.. Wibibild, udT. 
ho«^4ia-'IW* Impfnfinwnf tu tbf pvrtBiuifriit vayqf nllv^i 
Im. W. CUtk. Chunnfj biit-ImprvwneiiU !■ Juvi*«d ■wiBtafc Md la •» 

roni nr^» of uub aiiiiwaUii. jCuDUuiulauloiu, 
J. Rurin, Kid Uni-wian-linprnmaaDU In ipfMBMi fer iriHwlin «M 
hftlMtnixifMlnDornilMII* nqoldi lavunia 
MU. a. BrQiilHbtiu. DofiBiad, PniMU»-Impni 'laiaw la a* tnMMMt «( Ma 
W« ;cnid* IrroO Ibr tb* pnpJuollfin af Ino ami floBl 

D-iW« iManlin' II. 
tW. T.RUm. rhllnil'.-hilila.Vi'liodauio-AaiHtilHiTWamnUUftr 



(■tttulnii iba |s;iii|i enii ui d«U<n*T Ud Ibo bnUia di<w* o( n*a 

oonlIiIc ulitni'h ial-l0, lurb iiT nUcban al» »Bllo»bUl« u*»n aua i—nlln 

foiuhdlBH and IbT olbtr pvrpaaqa 
tra. W. P. Kc<1dlam. Blnsiii|ba(D— l&tntgDMiU la miAlBiiT iub4 tir »Uiafla( 

or nlulu DMala 
mo. », UiLUck Md W. U. CblbHk, kUv TwbabOT^-Imfw w m i la M^ 

JJHlirf .'ifMator IL 
UTI K. n>b*r. UUIoa. X«tbUDiKaci>)iliT— liii(ir«i*iMCi* Is naddTHtr. MoMaljii 

oponnlnH la innflni land IDr afrtmlliml pnnioiia 
UTI. C, WalKL Alfrod idaa, BnlbJnl-fqQan— lDprvNda(vaMliM&(fa>1n(( 

taUb moftaloM 
ntl J. Bdavit*, AldomnbuiT— tiarniTinrflOU In nUnrito hctUiMr I 

nclMa aacMidliii bKibwi 
ur*. J l^anlnf, Bmlfitfd— lEE^mfVBDivriU In ImniB Ih ■cwiuf 
UT* W OciHiic*, WldiH. Idnowliliv— Imptuvwnfau la Ibt Baaobdan tf i 

and Mi^di 

/Mad ItfU-Ur II. 
nm. T, WalvrbiMa>,llb*fll«ld— Inpmn'iiiouulBiBubliwrTarappmtiBtvapfllUf 

Maniaud at«iu>|ibor1ii ali (o aomalliui ud piiirDLiit farftiMOIbtt bm 
tUl, T, Uv^ aboBMd— Inpfiifed pMn. lOncDDiiaiatlim) 
Uaa. W jHkUM. HIIm PlauTiit ntar ManAoNar— bB|inimD9Bla bi Iba t 

afwteawfciF hRMUmttn M>trai»>d*pt Umd Hit tbt aguutq^IMB (d tml aad Iba 

■Mb* aiMiit ibcnlron 



:P 



Un. A. OiM, OUagu'— lopnivnrcTDU iD lb* plcUn|: BKiUoa rf fcaw 

nak IXT.Lh. ninnhighLiii— lutjiiDrvd ■bbltif macbbia 

nM> J.BMdSD. aadJ, JUnlaud, Uldbam— lB|nvirB>HlalB rMnaMflaaw 

bi ilaia boUen 

OiUd ^ip'tiaAn' It- 
VM. A. Orar. OUnB» — ImgratraiMita In Ubrkaiuif mivhantaB 
tM'. K. HbwniJUb, OJdbaio— InApn^vfeuiaitBlti iho cnuu&danidTdnaa 
Utii. J. A<bln.Diyidi>u~UacliliHiiy t^cluiituivUMi uiil tfbatfialDHivpd 

■lusi and MMt tavanmu muun 
UM. J. A'aliBiI«f uil T. Ilxnird, Atyrtiniini— tmpniiniMta ImtmtUtmjm 

ntiia Or ■aiiitiif, •ului:. "i -Inoluj md •liidkDtuni*ni*ertbn*A> 
SUo, T, Ortbunv, l^aiiLingtcu— tifiLinr^riiiiotA In frmdluf oon, aad to 

■ai M loland nMn 
U»L a. J- Bduhd, ClirUUu-iinel, SL <)*>■•'•■ lD'<b»Kui—Ia|>*iMaaBI !■ dQt« 

tngar 
nu. A. J. A. tMrnniilla, rwl*— iDprmawaMIs bnlkyapianaat 
ISM. I. KoiMiu, oufhill'iilaL*. IlJita&-bD|in*<nmubi aaibUiMidtaa 

r<*M ^B«mb(T 1«. 
»». T. 1. Addwul DlaMrbrtdii. CbHtOn. ud J. nali, OldlMi— liDpnnTwaB M 

BiaoUlwIT tf oinlUii ogHoi ud oOtf Bbiiwa uaurtati 
UNS. P.ll.l>sdeI.nuIi~AMBaods<dUliulniliwlUa«TP'«Ia*>M* 
IWI. K, WIcIb. PbmU-«inal.a«ii>n'lma~lBpn>r*iBaBiaulUBaoM 
tm, a, Dalah aarlaMTHi.LlnislJi'f'liin-JniiiivnniMiltlB lb> BuBObManaMaA 

or vaven fhbrlea Dmnpijvfd fif a niUXarr of wodI and a tiMaUa BlaB4loa* 

ncit blUiorUi ub4 bit aadiairtiriium L^'Hauunki^lkuii inoO. ^^— *i mM 

VUlmwuMi 
UM, A. Smnl aod C. Seward, tdnudtr-^Iinprvnd tuOor tr baallac aad 

SoltcnlaUgo in nur 
0. W. luiutni. K«> BMid-tlrtn-lnpnTtaral la tnMbJgadlig 
Is pnfvniln (nr lb? u^ii'. 'CjiinniiiuJiMiaiii 
ItOl. A. K In it .1" ^oi'iii'indr, Jnilil MnH. Bnmtirlck'atiitni. aad B. T. 
Wakr<ir]iu— tiutiKrtajbPulfl 111 the mahUianvB of Up 



mtlitrtaj 

tl<^) J H WLndiT, >b4itWEd^tiEiiirDr«(iin(> Id nf^rj vifaa *a|u>ca and |— if 

'T t>'lllnK»<r<'i, Itliiiilartiiiii tiiiim»B«»li m 

1 . . . ^ 

•ha^ig aMata aal MM 



]|ul. W. tlidiHslun, Jnii.. ud T T CMH 



i. w. )lidillslun, ]in, ud T T (;ti"llln,[»<r<ri, lllfiulo 
'IJuBllag Lhn idldlni^ pivi> uf rtaudfUun ud t^* i<(i<1aiiU 
I It- nrvvp, <AlB4^ow-'lu'lin>TVUi0iiTj lu uiuulilLu^ vl •■ 



■to* 
mwiflali 



h 



TBS CtVIL ENOmEER AND ARCHITECT'S JODRKAL. 



3«S 



«■ Ofwrt. I.aM Wwtl. Oww* hi* fcMfci«it~Iit 



1H. P. A. )• Uial* d* JknMs 
■MBkalU) 



■lilnite 



M, toiJw LppiBwi (Wlav IvmL (Om- 



Un. K Alcaib I'Mv-'nM— ImproHd imca* Ev fnAiUiii [aumlBiA lOuaunBnlaULuiij 






Mil. I. L fHiM ^ r. gfcrt. I t CTw— u u !■ »nWMi 



:ss;*** 






cnnML lUfllf fer Bdlal hiwm 
■ill. iL Onati^ JIvs IWicrnrt— iBUwramu la ewnniftUit ik* im iwn— I 







ruin 



itteianinilaD fMi 



wltwir- tapi 



»■ la a* mattid 



■ W, t tt\ mu »>. Jw !■ ■ n aw-lMFT?rf tfdtg aot imUttfem fc« airtM^ 
ih OB ■!•• Ib »t>dUd lo OM m (feliitHudi « dOmwIm ■• bmIb' 

■ManorknUln|<Mi4aa*iilMlunB|inmdMMIlilkCMUIarn>*' 
•prtM (M anilibiigH 

sun. PiliaJM Oiitnl^tniM— lBpn*»MiMUB>d4|wn4davMtoi)H*iluB«U« 
V will <f air ■■•■• IT nftmt, ud la ifea ai^UaUkU aC «uli mublmrj la niliiu 

HW. a ManuVL KiuMim-plUL BnapKn— InpnmaMil* lu hM.ggM bnldot 
■in. 8. WhIMtwil. Bun, tdBOMUi*— tBtnTCBaua In Ddvhb h Dan tt nal* 

MUn 
Nil. t, ntdtoa. MuiliHtar— InpmKDBla la BKhlaoj or appaniu bratdliif 

(Mtaa and Mhv Btuwu (atuuiim 
Itn. B. wuwn, uau^uii, Mt^rk-Mit -bmnniBmitt b *aafU« 
lilt IL. VF4U«, OalukiiU, AilltUMuR— iBanTuHuu Is Iha naOBlwilan of 

)i»tiriii«iMM«l« *«»•■ 

Mtt. T. WUu, CUntck— lupnmd bM Md Ot* tlMalii( amaiUu 

MH. n. LKUaMtdl. fiM l n u m — topnouala la Mc luuubMan s( pulp of 

■Miti p>fM aail tuir khno an eoopsMd 
MH. Sit J. C Aaia m i^ IfMiaat, '—<•-• '-j — - to tgooiDaUra aod oIlNr 

ouilafH 
MW. II. & AhU, CbaMfTlinii (oiTrBiauiiiila la apiMWM bcntardiiic miUbgaia 

tltf, T. W alnijc. ■■>»>— la pmrawma b Uw pamuaai aw af nJI'ML ii.\iiiidio- 

^mHCBHWM. qata-Mmt^plaai, Xcv'Cuiwn'rtnM— Isprantuala to Ihi 
UM. Jt.a^A.ftln.Ch< 



r. Bvnaa asd O. rn. ImticA— Imwti— W la Ua owmwniM of roUan 
twnalin bbriot and Sbhisi ud MhNMMaMala 
Bima^. tla(a-<tn<t.nlau, ; 
■Ud 

lUU Id prnwiBf , hMiii. pluUf, anodBI. 



bM 



-Impt, 



toapilt. nniiilMit. noriuliii. uul tiawilnt ani. pan i< ■lilcti U appflcaiilt M 
(nfWiaf oUkt (((tuIiIc mWuaeM 

MH. V, Haite, Bndtod, riukaUi*— lapranBiala la panr-l«oiu (it naTtnc 

nnMd. soiwa, illk, anDUaa. tad aiku IMoa labMaBm 
tut. )L A. UruMO, Bl. Ualan'uluv— laiymtBauIa to Iba pii^ianUcia at liwd liir 

caM*. [(iMiaaiiUaUoD tivm V. T. Aataniu, fWU) 
MM. r. (bnMa. fcaa MnM, niabarj—lnpnniBiiou to moUniwnt aDckoai 
Mat. W. U- JaiBB^ Old Kagbnnrd— laprunsicDU lu nean Mill. parM g( *>kb 

Msraniunu af* a|iuUcabI* to laUlai and i>iter naaila 
MM. B. A. Unonaa. hwl-Mraat-A mtttod of dsompMog aoain aHhimataiaad 

la a* auMiid ami •«ni bi( oT amla aad alMba, it Hpaniuaf iluniOoa ImIt laal- 

ttn Md UiRtii. ami uf InBttoi ■i>eb luij aiiWaia. lOoamnnliiliiii froa P. H- 

d>4L 
MM. W.B.riat>,UHiV«l-IispraTi09ioM b Iba eoulnMlaa of taank (Irdaih 

aadMdn 
Mm. yt. T. n^. Ilnaditnat. Ooldn-aqair*— iDprniaBmia tn pDnuiilaB eapa 
tUl. U. Omuaa. eiaalej-Ivldsak Cbalna — Inimnasui to Um aiairotorcnu* irf oaal 

lubbLv bjilcn 
till J , UiniitU. XoWtofbam— IspmanuDt to tiMaaUai craa« fKm aaliaal ndua 

muMa^ iriuB lb* maattoiiw rf (tna and fnw hU-nacn pnaama 

Mil. P- P' J^i Pait^^lBpnTtinraEA ru iki^F^raUH Ajf laoaniUac and vporbaallaf 

MU. B. Otij, BWaM— toprowd tMd ot Mtd M ba aa^ojvd tor dMwdlH ■« 

Mnaadbu lUfW or alnllai Mariuiafaairi 
n«. «. WAart^ Mrotoihaa— lfT« a Iwpwtad naaifcWw «( wD»a o tjllaiw, 

■UMUcna W dMaa IkMaOA, lor pdMdw fcUtca aad aUar maaMla 
MM. C V- ncM, Tootoh tnaen— IntniaButo la ■■iinriiitiiri M liiiiaaiwto Ite 

ladtaMofl tba MlDnllfiB of tiIiw Ib ttoda* bottom 
tux. B. L Onn, WolfatbarapMn—Kaw ot laprond Btotbod ol pnii»llliif »m4> 
MU- J. AMordao, KaManbaMMi. Dultod airta A caiuiu w» ud ukAiI liuptcra- 



-bip> 



t la daip^ bndUaav and oUiar 



tUL W.ftaartaBd&H«aa.llW>H>n'n-ta(ni|«NMlkl 

apltoda l>K bMtJoa naicliak Xt^'iBoalatiUO. 
Utt A. Cwni da Iblwdi. MthtttttntL ■muiUQ— InranoMM la iniHStod 

•Ufa ar Mbar aatlfiUi Twait 

MM. r. a B4kn>(ill, UannUKk-UniaL a«iiiai»i— lauonnuuM la tba linp*i» 
Hod far ma a( rMilk arinllai lOnsBamsaUaB (nm O. Thuflpiia. Si*» Annlia) 

MH. T n«t} WiWiapidiii liii|iiiiiil anaauu to UB|aiadii( or aa<Ui( Ivua* 
ardirtiainn aUk, oMMa^ « utbw oaMitilt laMaDnia amiii^vd far lung a^ 
ball, aod Mbw jtnlltr ailldoa 

~ >. A. to wto4a r>atatoi»waaa. lawdi— topnmd aaWiad << ■«iuto< tapw 



■aat to •totUk Ukpapblc lalitoa 
MH. I. ■-— —- Mf— J -■— • "•— IT-'-' 

Ubabauliw 

nM>dteiMb*>tt. 
MN. Ol f Wraatoc. Wanliner»raad. Kinc>l>nd~AD unprorad Iwtoalgt fbr HoniUt 

wMfcaS M., «wa oa tba pannD. vlicMiir iIif kiuii aia raodorad •*(> (TOd nWwiT, 

(a Iw nitod '■ fbmiMi't himl Wm<Ii ■»€] Pruporlr rnto«w.' 
MM. 0. J. WonHD, OaUi]'''n*a'n>. C>i;ku1 -An lob •aU'«npl^ n-boldfr 
M(L K. IbUar, XMihUnan. WoMaliiiiM-nad— A AnMBclBtlBi trksnpti vUti* 

•at nl^i iMl lucaltaHgcf {OoougiuiltaUuii Hum V. Xbtuai, HliBtoilafa, SvUaaf 

MM. M. llniT, yiwl >lw»t Iwmii'ni'iiit in Iba and* of iniodnililoE idMIod, ••■ 
aadaU/ tppIluMa M Ipiawbtti einplujnl la aallaMtoD. lOmuiniuiIiiallwi /mm 
iLTtoM] 

MMl ). tan, *Wpe«T— lapwwtd aptw a li u to aiaiMar or Mortefat aUal and oibi* 
. a«M nar b* adipud to oUinlao onaMtof iEb BaDuiT of Ua ptojm 



4a. &. I^ ■■»&. ^fu^cata— lupcvfTBanto to appataWa to ntfutouag Ibg bJuk^ 

Mt>- U Iluc'io, WiUtofMii ainal — iBpnmiMnto to mtflrtntfT Im amIbc. rali*- 

itaM, aad auuiiuH 
MH. O. Baoato. ii^laDd4Cr*a>, BtoiiMiu»-ta|rcn«sital* to raaab to aw and 



to piaul punvaa. LOnaia8atoaHiial 
lUl A. MoRV aad W. lUtod. BtMlM, i 
iDaoobataia ■< taiXUa tthna 



MM. A. MoRV aad W. lUtod. Btadtod, aaw Hiaibmw |W|— wamn to t»r 

IDaoobataia iM taiXUa (kbna 
M«I. J. DatolUrtaaAll' Blnn.Mltod-lavnnBnuato tojlii«dB«o«at(nnM 

Mt". w. T'imtr, galbarMlb j— Im ituwunHiii to Hoaiu-tailu Uaa funuin. uM 
otbar IurBa«a to aaota pnnwuiu 

/MM XytntUr M. 
MM W. IL fobaain, UuttaMor— tnpronwuu to raWni and tonrlnj Irwta, 

canlUB^*B(lBi^iirM)ii*aB(hnllinrappr ' 
■— ~ , lanaAii 



■ toaow UatI to aagtGn 



Kin T, Maflawiu Oni Iianan, 1 an art Ja~Iiiiui a waanto la 

till. A V. A, lAii|*i>. OrtKiK— ln|*Dnui«ialn ■ladailUa 

1491. T. ltoaadan,hiB)>.n>», W>l4«(aM-nad— liapnnadMBiblaT)i«Taa<I lararUm- 

UhIdc* 
■111 A, II, raiWmn, nalUmora, Called 9Uto>— iDpnnd owdt oflarlu (iibDaitaa 

rablaa 

r>WHi f ^Hmim a. 

li;i. J. lUilar. MandinUr— lininvmaguto ia vuthXatrj v apianan toiaaaattft 

lonni Tullfn at cjXinA^r^ oh4 topribUuf and rtnbumlbf votn lUclOvtapi't 

iHlhcr, and iMs mauitila 
HU. J KaUia* aad J. Vnibtoa^ BtoHL Tart^lia-liapiiiiMMi to aKtaUt 

(aealliifi to nllau cantofia aad anjpuiB 
MM. l..a»>tii«.OIli«»>-liapiBTiwWlntbaBadnf pladiniabwnailu •(liodlta 

uaad toniMd»B«aiBWT 
im. J, l\atn«at, Obaito aiaid. MMdlti-tiMpltol— laiprownwla la tbaaaottpg- 

Una <f danartto «r albNtnphrcaa to lb* r«piaa uf oBBMintot uubt >ad lailac fbtl 
til*. J.ac^HT. BIUak.StoMaawvUn.ud W. Ctarmor. UrUul— FMiba^ and 

^UMIIiii ■«*« prauUin M la uaid la inpalUof lUHk 
MltL A. y. Kaawa. tt«aBnydaa»-lafniwiii«ito to rudt^rilllai mMblaaiT. Xaa- 

■BOBtoiaiiBi 
MMl J. Jadtaa, 81. S«H»«vTItl^ nanca-lDpionBWDto ta Iba M aa f l Hw i at 

ijm to rallnr taA otbct aliRto 
till, i.cbn^ft.noriObBrebfaid— InpnmoiaU totbaODMriKitixKf InaMto 

mul doara to Mnaf nam 
lUI. K BmiIumo. OllbMl^afW^ O fWW H— w [■pimawiBW la <Aa I 

JwAita lit lad W dn 



Cdtod Mtf^m^ M. 
Ml). I-. 8>IMal.KIndWIIItoiB4Hai^Mnuid-A*wlBa, <Dbaa>tBa,aBd aMWMW 

pniHUtr. bniai a a** maf banian to propdUic atoan-T m aifc w aad la IM «ala. 

aiipikalils alMi la aimtallii purpaia^ ao m blM B j apead aad aaWr U * n * >■■«. 

aud (ifiiui Iba fuaai sfdlHCUad taUoiM 
Ml. J t.<'*i..Baltod— iHiprunaimta to BacUSBjimppaiatsa tomaktof Moh^ 

tUn. and (iiuar aiialtor aitldai, aad aka tn lb* inafMnirT tor pRpailnc ttox to (br 

uihn fJutviltoAuia 
)iii tL WtuoB. OalaibtoK MlUrtibln— tapntfasMBM In aaarlni 
luo. U. Uuan, RMMOMt— IniinrfBfliu la Iba aianuticun of anlUal *tov 

•to(«ar. aod Haad; , oait d ablob UopnnaMata to appUalil* Bi ao aaaafartiiw •! 

bniHli MMcilto. (Cuauiolcaitoo] 
Mai. a. AHfbl, WoBltoite^Uaal. CtoriMivall— taipnvad bawl |Mm, touv'-UnMia 

toalo, laanlalL aad al w ptodad umamnito fa panoaalvui 
HU, TTgiidi aad J. T. QUa, Ullaiiaf lapwwmaaia la Iba mauiOnuiw nt ham, 

diMa, aod allBpan 

^^ AiM »»«n.tar H. 

MM. J. Bnad. I)n»T.laoB— nc naiOiMlkw i^a tanp anil (m wiito aad m Mnw 

IB pwdaeaoDaaiaiairi'aoltoaianaBtMdl^to lu nfatoikai, tf aaiMVia e( ■«* 

(ToQ all aadaia«]>Brta(olto w ai^ills upblba^ mUma uid tony •abaiaaaw. 

aad idao to paMaoa ar tanb alto 
MM. K. Km. aa ibd ola lapte't ato la ■atMaaqr or ayparaWi to pnaUmtaUw 
ItoianOal ' 



tkhito 



to —"'•'-— T or appataMa to nli^ waur 



Mil. O. Babf. Wlpa linjmaiHiwwa 

aad aMlogW Iha aaao ■• a nMta Mnar 
MBl y . BaJa* . toMtod— toptOTOl Baicatol aalublr to afcinaintaca aad MkN 

Mil. W.SStoTniMat-ABpnfnawatotoUwBitaiilkeaBnotbauaadalbtrMNt- 

toaotolbahaad 
HfiT X. Quia. RwluiT-iunt. PcdiodiIUs— ImiimTaaiantt to UMondnMaof oar* 

anUatdf to aauUioinjg plHUfrajJlilc «ad lAliri pucoria 
WU. K. U. Bl<Klu^ l^iu— |jiipnit*B4aai*lnduWllii| 

I(H. K It Nnllb, Xtay«b— tiBpronuwaulBat>ti«miiibln* 



M*I. I. 



A- LdaonaL taWbHUaal, fflai 
fnim i. i. DraHaMU. fulal 



iboiT— Inpntod <nppar. (TtailT a 



tl0». W. Bif Ito. WalTortMwWoa— iMpt u aa m aola la tta manatoanw rf cbain cabte 

»W0, B. BmtUi, HwiAaMir— lavranm - ■ — 



■ to oaitoa, lOommanMaMDa) 



1M1 IL A Bnmata, riaai-Mna*— iBprotwaoata to tilaltii and toaMU *il(liu and 

iBdlH ui iDlBai KdaHWf tUa ^fiiam, la antlbUia nloat aad otbor U£> pltm, and 

to anntUna aalar IbanboB. (CucnaaglcBdIoBj 
UMi d.U.r^ra^toaUi«WHllndtod~tDp(0>«a)nM toa^iwaiaa uiad to b«- 

■Haatoa, aad to lb* ouaaa fl( laaaabMtiHli^ parta tf ioib apraaaMa 
UOd. J. Vttob. Soalfanll. Ulddtoau-linlvnBBaBto oa aafrUcM aad psdabls a*- 

■mt, lo toUUal* Ibair awTamaal « aoBMB NaM aad Otbar *ai*«B 
MOt. S, Oaiba, Alhan j l u aa* laipiniainaaia to apiBiaMu to bwatof Bl|M UfUa if 

AoiUra 
UM. W. ■, Xaatoe, CbaD>ai7-U(w— Icnlinmd aprarwu to lfalUo( pa or athn 

toaw. [C^iniiiiuUiaalfnv 
VOI.ir. i.Ka*MikCbBUii«T.toaa-taipnnd^ifanlna toBHaavrtnicaa. (Cna- 



iCWuMoni'ialuv frcB 



nam* pannata apnmaaa to aiablaf a> a>nto*aiU( Ubaa w vw^Ul lut 

MM. K "f. K— iBtt, Obaoe«tT-toB»-l»Br»r«Maato MdbMUM rt ei Mi apbfc afctawa. dooUtoc maauaffr. asd to buldlac ibo aati* nad{ to aa^ 

(«atoaaaleaUDal!aBl>.A. Wa«dnid,Mitoi8n0aUadMaM to app:toaU* la iBdUu paoa, P^^bnldtn, aad atoOar fnini 

HN, «. ■.K**Ma,Cb«aMtT-la«*-J«tniMdgHiUa«iTfciln|b«to*Mla. (Caaa- tut / Mdv. Bala WfrtsbrmaUi^ aad O.B«ma,Bi 



«0«. /. B. Jolinn, liaeatoVtoi-Bdd— liawotid baad*.* 

J. Oortun. Balrdatoni, Owila. VaUad AMI 
llltL A- »nial. IVio— lapramouM to hm a tbi ^ iDom for aunototnnnf OibMg 

aad (dlHr iHU 
Mil <) J. <f UD>tifbi and C T, Ilrailhar7, DvikinArM. Cliaaicr-I^ oiaehUinii oi 
. - _. . . . ^ g, nil - ■ 

uf aliluh 

lHi*X MdCT. BatovfsbrbmuUKk aad O. Bw^ ESiriMutl.— Impw um o M 
U tlio DiauutKtan of {Bp« 



baauaad B artlhEiLAtf ar>d 
part uf aliiuh a*iAlBB«T 



«M 



THE CIVIL EMGCiEEa AKD ABCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



VU. I. numpMn uil W, J. KkUteo^ Vart— tnravnBmt Id nlhnr nrttdua 
UU, J. llflti, Onailud Uwi.iiiiu llodiUnathl— Imlnnluiuui dcuUId pWlsM 

MM (Motor 1. 
tut. 1. Wud, Umpaal— iDipmTODMnto ta |istii|a tp|>Il[>t>It for mlni>, >>>l|o, wd 
•ttitr inirpaH* 
f MM. J. L(n(Aud J. l4Dfl, lim* Toi>rf*<tiTr* |pfpn>rif4 ainhoH of *nJ at*t*ctfM Pa 
■BwuiBlMiuid iMMcnnc Ur •ti|r^ uf aUci Lull tlu pnnamif •HWn 
•Ml. K. M(k UiMtMcr— lBi|itu>wi»i>i> w tuv^Liswr ar infMcii suit In wfta- 
■Wil »nil iiiiinrlin mCiiiii mil Htm nijniii mUti^nc-^ |«<» at ■hldi iw alt HM*!*- 
ablg U BuAiurr or •mnUu (uuinUr 
MO. J. O. JMMiip, lUlliiBd*m^ BtodilHM*— tnpTBMBmu in Uummhwaw <t 

utMv SHd k« rsnuliif Hut ud air uhI vuii pnaafat u boUdlnci 
Mia. J. IL Viiflai, riDBMrMi, Tofft4ii*d~-laipnrTHBBM ;a pvulat lucblM* 

MM.Mehrl 
UU. L. Em Ciubirrnii, ' — urTTninii frml Ifnitlrtlm iha •mit uid ilrvmii of 
Ut nllni tooiiiuoiini im iBoUud Ifl^am, aUdi !• I» b> «tUi>l tlu Uc QIKMorU 
L MMOl U ai mJ drjanOiM l lM BW U w MliMltlM 
' UK H, Divi.. Hnllni, KudbrdiUfs— ImpnrnKM Id appUBUH ftir IhUbi (hi 

If'JT A- llUiii*urIh uul U. lIUeKVMitli, Bmlliiii]— ImpniTUBiiDt* lu gawliluij or 

A^i^qlai br lumJmi^ wwl And DIlM'r nbrout mbnuniTH 
Ma. M- J, a rHMlM«pw. Kt lada aiiB|ui'*8trTlc*— IminvMHatliiUKtrae- 
Mn otaMua br dUint ud oUk tnriua* 
, -Ml J. S. Wdhiif, BrUgl — [mpcBnd ajiuLnliu la ici u a (u nlio 
, KU. O. y. BhIblJs ThiMMalWn^ MalBa, VDlWd W aw luirniuniMimmrtaiigiiig 
ud rMfll* U* Hill a< ddpi 
IMl. v. Kan, FmiIu— lartanBtaMlapTMBrtiiBMfliiiililiii ihiTSdi njinu 
' UU. J. ltii(lu>l. Uwwl.7-tiBD n m«wcii la ■AorwAUH 
I MN. A. Uufftmne, Onuin, la»trl»tilnt tMHiriiMnW la itw ■aulkOBr* at 

Af Jinr), 



«IT«. W. lUcHaidil, R«Uali, and V. "-Tf-V''. WinrlWI 

•UaiE-ai|fiiHa 



-I«)> 



ML J. B. JobawB. UscBla'i^iiii.Aaldt— iBBoraBala b Ud 
brMii^ tOnwiamklliia from t. 0. UtaiBwnt TMtRw. tl 
CulMSMual 

^Ud OcUrr L 
MU. B. <Jr«*a. CravahA* &»cb, IuwuehuII, I ' •*'*t**' 'rt — i w.[>>"«w>fi>»- la ntuiif 

ar bnliu Ui|uidt 
W*T. W. RilDr ami T. KDr;. OnoUvid. tear H^Uu— ImuKiiwl maun, —itiliiiiii, 
I ar aiiHiniv Aji ''■aatuj^' or omvUif ll»r llaUor IvitUo fabrlo* pnrlDiu Is 1^ d}^ 

lu 01 Muk Calirln 
I MM J. A llodotaiii and J. ICIcliiib, Bi1|bM»— IminTnuiiiU la (itiioai ICr — — 

CfiflDv aad iaImm' nUiidfiiT 
f:MM. O. Uiualgr. Inpiaiemi, Iswdon, bNai^-lBpnmuinU In Uw aiiMfaianl 
I *ad euaancUna Hi b(. vm^ aad iiUier Iraoja 

TitU. iLlrTtKUuIkita— TbaaaplaTnnr rif ■dpbuMafaarlao *r paMr» pWpMBS 
J aad wft ^m i a aoa atfanlus ftir appLrUf and jvgaDaniuif tha aama 
UMl. W. K, Xaatoti. UbunrT-btw— luvnifiDniu In muMamjIai DaUB| awvU 
7 Caadloa. il^amaoALAIJOL 

yVUt. W. pgnall, UlnuliijJiaiu — laiptinwiimu la ttn muuCaston otajiaMa 
|*M. t. IMbte and U. £ JtaU, Korlb MWaWa-laprtnaMimM U |>aa|a kr raMtf 
~ " r iwd otbH- IiDildi 

Ooid (kMrrl. 

■ UU. Q. DuBB aod VT. J. JdliauM^ Btniilai[baD — lapmed •nalB-cainmliig 
I •umas* 

[MU. J, nabHT, BinnlubuB— iDimTansiiU In iht DiuofaAnnaf <«MlBt*>iU it 
I qmbrrlla ibd panaoT funUtiir* 
I MM. ('. KatTia. MMaftiBn— iBKOtad aaoid 

- ■ ■ - - ■ - ■ ■ ■ , On«hae«ir«PB« 

A v^trj dwcr1t>Uoo 
I afipllad aj l£* nalt't pum^ 
I MM. B. AiMbmb. Kt«aMilr4a-TrSB— InunvgoMBM la sanMMi u lun uf mil* 
I aUlM 

\ WUB. Q. Darla^ tarltvlnai, IinBlir>'liii»— ImtmnvniaaU la Ih* omiiIibiIIod af «■! 
wUbam anfbt. •rUctt Imifnf tiovuia an alw aiiitU^aldB id Qw luvbuMlaa vX Mbcr 
UaditfBiiiL iOuubiibCisIUs llvai J. L. TanUan, LUDDfait FnuiiKi 
[MM. U» Haatj, r ta r* ■iMt^l uni rw ai aaia la appaitfar «r aiarbiasa for nUa( aad 
KrafOBC or dtaalif loadii Wi iiii^ van, atM nliaat. lOoBuamMUga ftvo U. 
Hmbhi 

L iwekdi^ Vnr Voit—trnpitifmsDU la appanniiaa (Br athUilUuc Ji«uETn»- 



ifrH. ^. iHtrva, ■iiimiimiiaa^iaipUHPi tvcpn 

■<). W. BietutdMn. baali«b«v*, PlBdlN.aadO. BkbaidKn. C 
WaM, laUafUa— Varllr or ««allf alapiiliii irlHsIa a( cwniOM ul < 
■kia n ranilafc aad (iidi bmk ar Vntkt u to atinllad a* lE* nalt 



iMtL 



doda 



fAaumtiWe, aadothHiUnoaoi^rMaaaad fimiv. [Oiinmiiliiinunn) 
. P. lurft;, Si^dtciE, iiiKwInatdr* — Imprvrcd oiubiiicfT I 



r fur cnaMnc laud or 

A, T. C Kacaautd. Awlli-itRBi. Kkubirj— A lulTMial pmamlr* oadldH 
Otitt OnaUr «. 

ftHt. 1. T, ntnu, Oracachnni-Mnn— tmimraniBM la ipfaniiu for ntUnt m- 
dlaa agd Ditwr aaalafnua aaosOtciiiiia. [QMUaiinlaaUoal 

II. K. IL Uuibai. BaUM-oudaa— iBtraiwooata b hrdnoUa Bommlaai (f pa 
* aadallo*, batam. or fatiuta 



III 

and 



K. yiuin, aa^wmf— tapwraaweb la It* MMBaoUoa <Jfgia|tc-lw tMOM 

>. St A. Bnonaa, FlMt-iiniii— iDpinninalli b a|>)MrDliiH* ts UUiif |>>>dio- 
lUcpknm. JOgaaabicatHie; ■ 

C n. Final, SktiM LapHwaaMiu b rtoriilBi aouaal ckanaal, and b >•• 
iirlliMllw ' 



I BO«lnc Iran aad uUtr iBiinirllH Ihmftan 
|9M- J^lMuifaaBi, Aadwbao, b. 



~|BWV* 



HT MapdiM br , aod J. P. L«"^ Aabtan'Bsdar-l^aa 
awvrfiBMU b euuaf ar mobmUiii Usut 

a. T. BMbko. tMoSMpaa IMn wiawitkitiln-A nuUu iv abUbratluf 
Ufa abBn DO louc^ al lb* aaa una obapbf Iba poal aiaika aad ragMuim 
aDMbw J MM* m aUBjiad 



llwaDK 

. W. KUfM. Hblaa Fmiidt7. T«t— InimrnnnU la giMmettn or caabiildai 
t b Iha wiimulaa tttnal la aU*v *'^ uLbat nuilifu, uid •Uink Im U|Uia( 
..laaaawlfbtu 

t, A. AtiplatwUi, VwtlnnI, Kwt— In in o mu oab b nnniloii coaiblMs 
n. t. Wwbiuwa. I'M MUIa, tMitfi^m, sau UUar. luKiliU — luiiHniuoib b 
«o«ibliiinal and albar Ibna 
I. >. SMaaaik CbatiWy nad — luprcnBHta b auKlilimT (or radunt tanad 
ad puvr and albtf iluUar uUdta 
.. «. K. RgaaUr, brnrlDr— lafrunaiaala b niarhlairj It* dlnlai ar eullkTaUol 
bad. |Bn of (KUMi iiuimfUHiiili BappUaH* la alrbidMnl ouam-aaiUu* pa*- 

*tM>. W.Oiaaiia, W.d— .laMaaWw-lmtrowaa— blt»BiiiiifcHiu»ot«iil[ibBrte 
■Md 

ltaU4 (MMar t. 
A. B»4, tM» BnnAi Baar Oldbaia— laitumaMuU b awbioaiT *t rplonlui 

il 1 naijlt Woiiiliaibi liaiiimiiiiiiliTii ilnmiiWuiill J iillir pmrnn 

It- J. Aliin, Caiaaowlij wad, asd J Youat. HbadatU— lAprviiuniM is |ni«t- 

■af <Kt1laUuii b eaiTMg« apn i«llair< 
MI*. 1', Unibb. Oalibi— Iiaiaund plicujunt^ii; ]«u 
ttlt. C, Barfav. C%aiKBCT-laa*— ImpivruiiiaU la buujviit or IHa-prwiTTliit gamml*. 

inmtnalmttm 



Mil. W.d. Cra>fcOBTlnQ,Uni»rtli*-lm |»iiw » j ibb«ha« ai»>H nii<i_ 

nRl^aaodubirwlwdafatBadiilcaat-niMal, ivbarlDfiaat-aiMal oaiawbai^ 
Ulii. b. BaniH*, 1 1it» a 1 i to pwr^Mati b [nv^Uf ud attnW iUm oat o*« 

llu>(b(bodba 
U)v- J.cnabrt. Unrroil-lianmaMbblbaiuiiratKtarairfvli* 
IMO. W. E, Tadd. Jua.. Ball— ImpmronM la Duaabcnniii ar | n f M^ ^HMit 

blva 
UN. J. OKkwr, Uiwpaot— tnpml appuMM tw ^-'r « ' i vlnL ata 

Ino ornd^ or ibBiaa a( bra, or etbat ai>ub 
ttttK.TW«r. (>ww »M eB^ Callod6 bM a-lait«g»»«>»tw»»'1»tb«W»a >»■■>■ 



Bibb 

moTt 



upflicM aJiaA* and apbdlH 

«I. P. fl. AUna^ bbnUBfhn-idaic, Bttaala-parfc— famrMi^ b lb* 



T. MaMf, BtRUs4ana. and T. Sar^^ >a%4n>s^ 

niaMbapMniu(BraaMriabU«aadr*(«illgCltwifHdot ^ 

tt«L J. Wtdivwh, lluclErato, aaat Sioekport— Impnn«maM ta tW pudwlliiMl 

■aanafuoiBL of uUOalal li^l aad btal, aad laoRab pt*t *< ttrfanmi iniMaM 
ibtnUi 

uw. 0.*aitt.niUadal|dUa. CalladMailH— laptDnnaMbkWMBfniHan 

It!'. S. WUmaler. BmUo Nxru-tinnmMnit b OaiMMMIlBa i(l 

Uiinaf nlnafad'tua 
Uif. K. MtrlH, Pll(rto«uwa, KrvaaaUMU-Traa- tamnoiMa b o^iM »a. 

<UIrH>a 
W«. J Marland, SUdd.iMi«^ Wawaiik m -Tfaa taipn n mtm la taniTH a^ 

deaiuUif claj. aad b Iba auunfwtign a( brlrti. tltia, aad '-Ti- anida tbat- 

MM. A, U. PoliBl. Parli— ABucbtuefarprcpubfsDDd b> to nrtiMad iBIa pdp tti 

Itw laaouliclort ri nprr, <wil. agd pHateaani; lOnDnnlaUial 
S>»1 H. Bnni aad W. Biawn, AtboMOTM, XavUifUa Bulu- Aa laipna^ ahB 

Um. n'. E. NfRtdo, CbBBaH7.|aB«— InnoraMBt* b lUnm ar iMrraalnBa. lA 

aniuiiugtcallaaj 

i^^$9d OMNr 10. 

Mtl. C Banaid aad J. Blabap, Xmlab— IninnMl nObi BacMna 

MM. r. A. Galien, HauctaMr— baannnMBU b aiaotdaafT br olBBbl mMm IM 
Itar borrluaad abaabf cMUq, not. aud Mbn ahmu musbla 

MM. 41. UlllBr. ftatlbrd— LapnnaHaB Id aFTaacu fSi kealb| aad umIWIw 

UM. • ""■— •■-'■ 1 "i-piirliirtroTiTiiltiiiiiilniOT irniii?Ml! 1 
ibo luufcl moda of ^— Ipilrif fcr OfoiM aiarlsM 

MM. W. H. Kfn, "Tlliir'iriil r ml lMptiniitinnni>til|iiii allMjI. 1^ 

aiTiUmnf UgaalifbrMliiar tnioabnaUoDatotbarvlaa, oarWlc MBaml* 

" — '-■ |-«-l- ml mln 111 III , ilalliiii ii n < m. aadi iT ba n. lti»uan|f 

niutoluf a|^UeabUa>bcda«gar. aadauUiarl 4fa>k INb ■ilbia ■■*■>' ii 
tbair fnuiu, balodbc poUt and rioal nas, t* purda aad Mala *lwai M 
auDp ki>p*niu taUu alaa a ocasMDMaUcB IM paaaaann In mmm <f ^aa w 
nuitalUi loHlaal iliaati . -» -. 

tMl, K. I^rliraad^, I^HMr, lUacklniro— IicDrafuueaU b nitihlaiij Hi tfci ^b^ 
bdar* at Moki 

MM. n. Vtta, Batb^sro. KlUios*, Wnbrd - A BaAba br topMlH MOn 
unc U UmaUotnashlDML and nai Itta Krioiilnnl liiil i nil 

Mil. H. UvuSTlWMgft-iiapmd nwd d> hadar br adfiMbWri^ Iml ^ 
ticdielnea 

MDI. F. M. BbIIh'. Ken Ystk— ImpruraunDta in nauiaicn at vbd faarli IB 4^ 
nan aad olbar pariwaiB 

AaiM <Mt4jp 11, 

MU. r. Pila fi, VmOnrr, TIHa-li nmiuB U b UU fiiraaeaaa* ba— ltr« t^ 
atbacataaobsUan 



taw. J. DiBf. aad J. W. On;. IUlb(ar. riHIn tirii«niiil aiMnirf 
to be mado cm Tallwan. and vf udinrvi^ mwcoliud avtab iifaWii al 
■una 

MOT. G. Bsrd. PaU-Uall— tsipnmiDaiia b awcbanlaB kc pradod^ 



papar arirfliar iDihtaa 
Ho*. V. irwimrwbl, tl. Bwilbb'a-lana— Inun n iwnl* b luumlll f ■BdMt od 

oibar •ivwni bu rlUd trMiiaa. ICWnDiinluilw froa lUL HUM aM M- 

tlfaal 
S«0». W n.1— . ■^j— .._^n »-- .. ■■ ^■- -^— — ,. ,|-ri 

pDniiT bj tba aMIoa gf Iba atad 

ilaiitf OMl^r IL 
Mil, W. E. NaMao. OuueirTJaa*— frnprDnd apuiaioi tir naflbf m Mnifti^ 

aaltEaorMb*roBtolu«a. .Cbtaninaloaibs ftm J. U. Qtatbiar. Parlu 
Wil- B. Uarr, FlegMv«t-~lni>iiitnii«u la apnintoa far plarlM bU. 'CtaBa> 

DlcaUoD fraai P. B loHrcbi aad J. r, Koiowan' 
hi;. J.H -'-] — .^^.-j^ °— rr T-tr 1 1 n "nTTrnnMarafb aiHn 

Moili nr mpnat Kiaw, btj, ar aUioi IbiaM (BtoUDcaa 
i«ii> V, iViuMtndil. Si.»irllbW*-latiB-tBipnniitaii b abublaa Mtv aad (Hi 

mailer* tiv 'iiriiliAtiiin. CaoaBBkailou^ 
Mil- W. siiarniin, .■<hi.tt>ir1— liBpnmd duMUId coaipaBd, anlMMa <a (h* ^w» 

(uisn ut iwinui uicful aud anaunlal ariKba 

PvM CHatar 1IL 
UU. K. Krlihlei. Bradt.rd— Imjiranaaiiea b Iba prnanlM asd Mb ad d)* UMlli 

tv2t. J. F. Saiabun- fiinDUij[bAm— 'iDanvtmiaBia U Ua^ra^ ji^ ^al^a^ 

T. luiicj. x™ wfWii; 

IH3). K iJonn, Ulaiaiicaib~ laapniTiiDmu iB tba pratsrailaa ad i 

□uDurra 
MM. J. UlddMoD. Bjd.. ClHabM. aad W. BrbBOC. WUMMd. ■ , 

Tbi apiillcaUaa (da aviab natal ai laaWrbMoita* aiaaafbawaot *ii>llaLba»Ma^ 

aadlotoi ■ 

U81. J. r»it.r, BaBthamiWa-tamroTad naibnd << »nbi lad —Maf Ywii^ mt 

Dibnr Uimlar Mladi a«d aa (wtOaiata ar acraaia « bob 
UK Kbclai, Mpanial Banatfaw 1>bNIb-A fwabctMl ar balabaprt m^ 

ibtjial taaiy or laid Mot, wMbMI aa/ aaain nippon w pat* 

PATBST* APPLIKD TOE WITH OOUTLBTE SFBcnrlCATKHI. 

MO. J. & Bardca. A Walking B. ■. BlaUar. aad D. P. iImM. Valiad IHM tf 

A» * wa laiwpw umi t b •afba fee hidFuillr ar iitkiia gibe* a^al b«*B» 

JOoaiBBabaifa} fcpUntortl 
M, B. BadBiT. Tto n aabB. Balbira— lapnmmnu la i 
vbdlDf . anvlndlni. raallnf , danwbl, DeaaBiinf . asnUa, »ib>fai 

duubUuii iilk aad -"■—■■— no ntrr mm tr aadiJLai Sm 

SviiMttiind:— HnnODber U 
tut. J. Parlitr. U^iua. Tollad Waba— lapaO" 



rjliiiicn uf luiluii lugmaa— Onahw « 



aM la bmUmt l» pMdbf I 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AKD ARCHITECTS JODBNAL. 



ON THE THEORY OF PHX-DniVING* 

f ^ Ukuujb. Soorr, of Londoa, ud Amajcw Jokh Rontntnr, 
of Oljrth. 

Ai mbjMt of pfU ditvias hai Imm lB*wtipMd lij Dt Wk«- 
I will oo priadplM lint Uid down bjr Ui* pratot AitianaaieF 
'Boyal; nit aDnmanaUl; tli* lunthoinAtku iii|iiiMiiiiw irtii<ili 
' oonb^ tka roMlt *n m oomplioiUil. ili^t, ollhough tbe dirtwio » 
nlU wUI be driven tuar be Moartkined, ptmrideJ the dAU be ooiTwt, 
bf the inbatitatioii of unmwiod nluw in the dlRkniit •t)iiatioiia, 
ibil Uu DraoM* U tsdioiu miJ th« rtwilt luuatiiiiiclor;. For tbo 
olf[M«cm«h inreetiptiotu u uot to drUrraiu': to » (nclicti of 
ft> lath tlM ilirtUM m pits ma^ b« drivou, loure e^icai&Uy m tbe 
rtMatuiM oOnd bj Uu gnaui, vlileh fbrnu lli* Boit iiofiwlvit 
«l«aaBt in tlw edculatioii, ens novor b« eomcMj MeErtMiiud^- 
bnt tli« ofajaet ia to dleil thoae einijilc olid gsumvl tnithe npoo 
wtiioli the •ralcm d«fi«nd«. Ur ■upuwUig tlw pie to be only 
jut atirNd bj Uie blow, Dr. Wli«««U Im tfmpliH«d tlie wiua- 
tions Ift •udi u utent u to doduc* &nm tftom tb* followtii^ 
eorallnrie*, whioh usurivad at bjrappnxtnuitiuu: thUnpprosi- 
BBatioB bowertr hold* sood only wli«n tlie i^uuuUliia are M 
tiiiiililtlj unaU Uiftt til* fint two tanu ot a Mriea wbUi does 
not ototmig* maj be aMoaed to vspnw the valiu of tli* whole 
■VIM. TIm dedoctioiu ar^— 

Irt. A alight i&cnaae in tfafl hardiuM of the nil« or iu tbe 
wiigbl of the nm viU jbmmh eouidentbl/ tbe diaUnee drives. 

Sad. Tlw radataim being gnat, ibaUgliiw (ha plU tlw fealir 
it will be drivnn. 

3rd. The dittmce driven Tariea ^ the eubo of the weight ot 
the rauL 

Allhoogh tlMta rtanhB cannot be depended upon aa axaot 
nsdtr all drcumalaooaa^ thay atiU «n » toloiabljr oonvet iudicft- 
tiaa, uul are in aeoordanoa with thoae which mny In anivod at 
bf gniei«l WMoning. Tli« oonipllaatiao in Ui« uriKiual exprea- 
auMiB ariaea froui (aluug iaU> oonaidentlou in tlw goncral <)uea- 
tion tfaa weight and inaitia of the pQe. The weight of tho pUa 
bowevor boon » anull a profvortion to tlio rcaijitenaa of tho 
groand that it umy be lalnly nevdcetvil : for a !A liset pile, 1 foal 
■qnare, wd^w about ^ton; and if ilie fall of a T«m WMgbing 
I ton be 10 feet, wid tbe dtstanoe drlvHU by tlw blow be 9 IiuIm 
then the reiiiliinoa offerod by tlw ground, nippoalns tho ram and 
wlc to b* MfActly bard, wiD be to thu wiii)(hi of tHa ran aa ISCt 
UohcB to 8 inelwa; that ia. it will be 00 tona, of which ^ton ia 
t^ lis*'' fU M>d may Uenfiuv mMt be iie{{li'ui«d. But ihe 
laertla of tn» pile liaring to be oomparad with thai of tho run ia 
of BOnitoporlano*. tha proportion in tho caae abova auppoaad 
hnug aa 1 to i. Althongh Uwrnfoie th« inortin of the pile ba a 
tnatUr of loo much lapoctaaoa to be uvgleoU-d, it may nevartha- 
Uaa ba euMidarad aapantoly, to the grMt liniplificatioa of the 



t 



quMtJon InTolving tho eonpra«ibilitT of th« pile luid nun. 

If a body at real bo ini|ttnged npon by a body in aolJoo, tha two 
will, if inelaatii^ moro on together, tbe momentum uf the whole 
maai after iaipact being the Bame m tbat of the impiujriDK body 
\tttan impact; if they be daatic, the momtntum ut tlie two 
bodlaa together ia itill tha aame, but tba d]«tribQtioa w differenL 
Hn two extremea of theae conditiouaof ihingamay beiUiiatrntcd 
hf a amall hammer atrilciog a pila or aovU, and ■ aMge hammar 
atriUng a nail; In the itnt eaee, the hammer bartoa Itaelf in tbe 
hmd «f (he piln, or niboDiide tna the nnidl, without pradodng 
SH flifther eflbct; in the leoond, tbe ozietencc of the nail aetroely 
BWta the iDoUou or tbe blow of the aledge hmiuuer. Tbtae two 
CMee ahow m naot the gnat advaxitage of maaa bi tbe abildog 
body «a compared with the maaa of tho body driven. In pile 
dHrinjc the propor^na between an orOinuily heavy hammer 
aoil A uail tan aeter be approximated toi but we may conclude 
with Bvfi!Ly that wjtbiit tlw limia inwoaed byjinctlcal coiiaido- 
iMioua <■( oonvenimioe^ and proridod the m»tonal of the pile will 
■tand Aa blow, tbe he«Ticr thn nun tha more eSMtive it will Im. 

Tbna fikr tbe influenoe of nuwa boa been ooneidefed only io 
onnomiiig the bertU of tlic pLI*.--, the auue nMoning appliaa to 
abow tbat tba heavier Uw run, Hud oonaeqnmtly tlw gnaler it» 
tiKnwstam, tbe greater ia iu power to nronxODe the rMlatanee of 
Aa nooud. So l«uj( aa piling onginci won worked by hMd, 
an* moeaae of areigAt of the ram beyond J^lon or |-tan waa 
MMtna or aevw tboi^t of; aiul, the (oaoa far the applicatioD of 
the power of men betng very limilotl, Uw motion waa n — rrrarily 
Toy alow, Tho introduction of atenm line removed this didtcnl^. 



* r>fi*c rod bidm Uia tBHUnUao at M«>tnnt~i bjlnsai. 

:o,SU.— Td.xx.— DsotuzB, 1M7. 



aad bi Noamyth'a steam pile-engine the w«lgbt of the ram waa 
tncreaaed to 1) ton. 

tt mmaina to cxamino the elfcet of the lwnf,-ht of &U at tlw 
ram, of which do mention baa yet been iuad«. T)i« writer* 
haUere theee haa hitherto been a prerailhig opinion that a rapid 
anocMiIon of blowa frooa a modera t ely heavr ran with a diert 
bit la nor* aifTutngeooi than with a Ugh faU an) pnoortiea- 
ately duniniahod nmuber of hlowa; for (t u alleged the pile sever 
geta leave to oome to rcat. Thii opbdon however they eoaaider 
to be erreneoiu. 

Let H be tbe hngfat of fall, W the weight of tbe nun, B the 
reiiatanco of tho ground, and S tbe epaoe thiongh which the pile 
ia drirea; then, neglecting the loeitla of tbe pile, and anppoaing 
tlw ram and pile to be perfbetlT hard, 

«=5;? <■> 

But the ram and eapeeiallr tbe pile ■» not MfftoUy batd; they 
an eotnprcsriUe and litiae, altbotuh tntpeiSMtty tn. Let there- 
fore A and B be tbe bardneei of tba ram and it tlw jHf, then 
tlw naoe tbrongh which a sail i* driven, tbat i% a body wboae 
inertia may be neglected, ia 
WH 







(») 



aa given in WbowcH'a work befora meslloned, to which redercne* 
b made for the atepe of the pieeent biTiatiguloD. The tiut tma 
in Uim equation ia Ihetefora tbe debet iridng ftom irii|f«rf(<i.-(. 
be I il III ■ anil b laae aa the haxdnmB ia greater, or m th<i joint 
eonprewUU^ if (be ran and pile ie lew. 

1^ eqpalua leade to a rceiUt of gnat pnotkal importanoei 
For eratr jweitioQ of tbe pile then ia a certain Talne of tbe 
reaietaaoe B; and f'lr Ihia valan of 11 there ie aomo value of H, 
the height of fnll, which will make tbe aeoond nde of tho enoa* 
tioa (9) etinal to wn;i. There ia thmfim a eerUiii &1I which 
will not drivB the iiile at all, however great the number of blowa, 
the only ellect produced hebig to aoften the head of tlio p'lo by 
contluunl hammering, am) ouoaBcgtieotly to make malton worae. 
This ia not a theorencal caee onlv : m driving the plln fbr the 
foundationa of tbe piera of ihe High Level Bridge at Newowtln 
it fmjuantly bappeood that Naamytb'e aleam pfle-driver ham- 
mered on the bwa of a pile lor a ooualdcnble tuna without pn>. 
dnoiiig any other albct tlum aoRcning the head of Uw pile, ami 
making it ntceaanfr to cat it off aeveral time*. It mun be 
obaarvcd tbat this oRcct, or miher aheeuoe of aArt, la due sot Io 
tho ocenpreaaabiUty uf the pile only, but to the total ammint of 
yieldiog from whalover ouiae ariong. If tbe eml yiald* the ram* 
remit followa; and yielding of the eml b went than my ofjbiefy 
comprtaabiliEv in tho pile, beesuee it is far greater In ■— ™t 
lliia acoouata' for thu difficid^ «f drivuig in aimd, ud Ibr Om 
rebound of the pile tlial baa been often obaarved. 

But althoueb it may aeldam happen that alaolutdy no effect is 
prodooed, a diminution of oflbct muat alwaya take place; and the 
impmtant point to be noUeed la tbat, for a given decree of hard* 
nera and given raelelanee, the pnyorilon of loia ie dimiaiibeil by 
inenaabg the height of the &1L For eopponng lb* hU nqnlred 
to oompenmlo fer tbe defeat arialng ft«m ImiMrftot hardnem to 
bo 9 feet, and the aelnal fell of the ram 4 foot, iba loei Ie then 
one-half; but If the fell be 8 Grrt the lou ti only ono^foartb. 
Now die power rt^ainul to raiee the nun 8 feet ie tlw aune na to 
raise it twice to it height of 4 feet in the mme time; but theuadwl 
eflbct in Uiu dntimdauoe ia npteeented by t> — S=0yand in tbe 
second by i(i—t)=4i or, for tbe»mo ex|Nniditnr* of power, 
the naefiil eflbct tt half aa mnoh again with tbe hiKh<rr fall. 

Agaiawe bsnftvaith* equation (9}, when B thv Bpacc thraugh 

which th* pa* ia driven equals lero, "g~— (t+"r )t 
Wbeaoe 



==l(^y^ 



... (3) 



or tbe beipbt of bU wUeh repreeeata Uw deAot ariaing from 
UnperfBct Wdueee varite ae tho aqiMie cJ the rea l am ncc and 
invefHly aa tbe weight of the ram. Hanee it upptma tlial if the 
fell be kept constantly the same, aa in tbe altam lioiiiiuer piling 
■fi^'"**i allbougb at first tlw pile nay he driven wltli fftdlily, 
a point may be rapidly att^neil when tbo NMrtanoe aad yielding 
or ^e pile will reader the blow naelen. For snppoee at a given 
point uie fall required to compotmte the defective bardnen bo 



THE Cim. ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



it, tliVD vrliau tho tmSiUuim U iloabUd tfao bU iniut bg 
I fact, wticntu tlie stroke of Niuiiiytli'a nta U ODiy 3 BmC On 
tli« otli«r liKui), wlwD the nuu w tatMJ to the Mine uoUit tliroosh- 
out Uie drirlnff of & pUa^ tfao daepw lh« pUe la iu the gruund, Aud 
00BMt|iMiiitl7 UM gr««t44' til* mdatMiw, t)i« gTMtcr too l« Ibo 
jiO««r of tiio nun. 

It appMn nlio from tb« MUtiou (3), thitt the boavior the nuu 
the len In Uie height of ndl loat; on J aiuoa it wna fouiul bedMv 
that, bt MKud W the •fTwt vhoii ih* lii«rtl& of tbo pil« U taken 
iuto ooniidenttioD, Ihn heavier the nun ia tli* butter tha aflact, 
thonfore on both aooouuu it ia <lvnrKhle to huve aa bettvy n mii 
aa DoaciblcL 

It h»a bMO obanved tlut Ihe &I) of Naamf th'a ram la aqaitl 
to 3 fa«t; and M Uie wHfn bcliovr thAt there ia aom* raUocm- 
oeptiOD about the Tall to wbiob the utrolcc of thia nun i* anppoaed 
to be oqnivaleDt, it may be well to eiiuiiiue the smtUr,— oaauw- 
In^ M thej believe ia the cas«, thiit the stroke of the ram, uea- 
■urad from tli« lowart Aoiut to the tnp of the opentne which 
adtntta the nlmnipherc alwve the [eitaa, u 2 feet & iiicTiai, niiil 
thkt the remniiiiu;! leojjth of ejlindfrr above the opi-iiiiig, which 
latheamoe allowed for the comprnMion of the air, la 4 tadiea. 
The weight of the q^Uiuler and cum (ogathar t* 1^ ton; when 
tiierafoTo the air in the top of tlio cfltndar in eompr^ed U> ttich 
an extent that ita exoeaa e{ peeann above the atnxnpheiv acting 
over the arm of the (Tirliuiler i* capable of bnlauviiig U tou, Ihtr 
cane will rise : if ii dom itot riaa, uio apward iiiotioii of the rant 
liaa bean daalroyed bafbre that prfantre wna attninm];— in Reality 
however It do«a riae, but ouIt about ^iocli, nUuwiag thai the 
preamre haa heeu juat attalueiL In the &)I of the r&in, die reootl 
of the tnialiiou of conipraMod air acta iiiiod the piato«i mtnoheil to 
the ram antll the platon hita pnmrd the opening conimaiiicatiDg 
wllti the asturoal atmoaplicre; nod the force of the tvooil, tc^ 
ther «rith the force of gravity airting during the uuue Mllotl, 
aoeontiaj^T Impart tbe aame vdooity Ui the platon aa it had 
when paaHDK the opening In ita aacent. The ijatatlon therefom 
raMtvoa itaalf into aaoertainmg thia velod^ and the height of 
fiJl to which it la enuiroleut. The Telocity la nwilUy determiiiiMl 
by ^ciilaliag the lUatanoa required to be luovetl through by the 
pistOD atWr It baa b^un to compreai tbe air in the top of the 
eyUnder, in cnler to (irodnce the dc^rae of wnii'nuxion nncnmuy 
for balaadng tlie weight of the oyliDder and isue; reniembering 
tliat the motion of the iiial«n mnat oeaae at that point, otherviae 
the eaic omild he lUled. Thia (Uataoee la fbnad to be a^ inches, 
and the Telocity prodoced by the recoil of the air la exuding 
ftfter lla iiiiiniiriMifiri and 1^ gravity, in the velocity which boa 
been dcatmvea by the rMiatanoe of the wr to CDOipreaaion and hr 
gnvity, and U that which would he aotuired by falling throogh 
a beiglit of 4 ioche*; wliiuh in therefore the extra height of bll 
due to the ouahion of compna^nd air. Tlie 4 inchca beine added 
to the aeMial Gill (£ ft ^ in.) fprtm a feet for tbe loul bll of the 
nun in Naamyth'e pile driver, na before atated. 



AX IMPIIOVED SfTEAM PILE-DRtVINO MACHINE* 

Br Kicbjlxl Soorr, of Loodon, and Andrbw J. KoaisaTWMt, 
of Blyth. 

{tFtIk Ensraiiingt, Plnlt XXXI.) 

A new lUam pU*4river waa deaigned for tli« purpoae of con- 
atructingnwlurl orani^on the river Blvth, above the eutmioo 
to the pmpiiMd uew oeen near the month of the river. A row 
of pilea, pLued at mtOTali of ft feet frc-m centre to cnntn, and 
eouaiatlDg of whole halka of Memel limber, were to be driven 
lato the ground to a depth of lift. Sin. below tbeaur&ce, with 
fthattor of 1 incli \a a footi and IS feet iu the rear of thin fmiit 
row, a aoeond row of pUea 6 bet to«ig were to be ilriven wholly 
into the ground, with a batter of 4 inohee to n foot, one of the 
latter pUea being placed behind everv alternate face pile with a 
tlo>bolt to oonnect the twoL In additiou to theae two rows if 
diIm it waa aQbaeqneDtly ordered that tho apMcaa between the 
Ace pilea should be filled with ihect r'''ig 13 isDhee vride hv 
€ Inonea thick, driven from 10 to 1 1 feel below the enrface. With 
the exorption of n pirtion of ttie line wheri> there is a bed of vorY 
hard gniveL the ground is aand, a aoll which preaanta great dim- 
niltie* in pile dnving; and tho mirfhot of the ground variea from 
ft Unle under to between 2 and 3 feet above low water of ordlaarr 
■ptteg thJea, which riae at Mjnli ftbout 13 feet ^^^ 

• tft i-abOm tin tnataOaa al Utdmnluiaim'a*- 



For aooooipUabliig Ihe abore work, tbe new machiae «m cobp 
■broctod aa mows in flga. 1 aitd 2, in acoorduice with the priM)- 
plea lud down in tbe pnvioaa paper. Fig. 1 ia a aide alevatiaD 
of the machine, and £(& S au end Blevatioa. It is dongned to 
drive two tuM plloa and mi« land tie pile whil*t in one poaition, 
and cnnaiirtaof two ordinary loading fnunea A A, braced togctbn 
at the proper diatance apart for the two pilea to he driven: theae 
framee turn on hingee B, (br the pnrpoae of a>IJtiatlng tlinn ex- 
aotlv to the required angle of the piles, and aiT aapported at the 
bacK by tjea C. The timber frame D, to which the hinffce aod 
tiea are attached U Indepeodent of tho lower plalfonn E, upon 
which it reata, and ia capable of bedOK moved backwarda or Mr- 
wards upuu itl so an W bring the leiulera A, inlo tho einct poei- 
tlon for the pilea; bnt when in work the frame U ts beUI down to 
the lower platform E by holla. The movwnent of tlw frune D, 
upon tbe pUtform B, w aoL<ompliahed by msaos of wheele P, on 
each ^de; under tbe wheels ntv iilaonl tapeewl iron wedgea O, eo 
thataemiill tarn of the wheels ia ituflidont toiaiao tbe franie D, 
nlit^hUy from tiie platJona E^ thereby romoviDg the (Hciiou whJoh 
would prevent motion, and at the aame time eff<ciiitg the tniall 
movemeat neoeaaarr for adjuatiueut. Tlie wedgea G, are (hen 
driven out fron uuiler the wheela by tbe blow efa hammer. 

The lower friuneworic of timber H, ia atnmgly beaoed together 
hy diaitoDal tieii, and runa a\icm a railway laiuupou the groodd; 
It \a made suiBuieatly liigli lo keep the puform E, alwaya above 
high water. The iiiHcliiue is niuir«^ along the raila by BMWaa ef 
chain* attached ahead and iMti>rn to ecraw mootinipi aonk jo the 
grounif ; tho diaina nuu ruund piilleyw I, fixed to the tower frames 
up u> the cmbi^ and wind upon the end druina K; they are stop- 
)>«kI '.»' looked on the uLalTonn and unwouud from tbe dnima 
when the machlns liaa been moved the iwiuirsd diauuice. 

The leading frame L, at the back of the machine for driving 
the land tie pile ia fixed at the required augle, but ■■ not ad)iMt- 
able, any little Euaovuracy iu ita position bawg nDimportant. 

On (ho pUttbnii E, in placud a portable eteam^ngiM M, with 
two crnbn N, N, each working a mm 0, in the umuni way. Tie 
crnbfl ore funuahed with clutcboi for throwing them in aod out 
of gear, and with breaks. Tho dntchca P,P, ahows enlarged ia 
fig. 3, are comiecied together «o tliat when oue dram is Iu gear 
tlie other la out of gear; the mcaiia of dlacouueutlni; ia bj the 
waishted lever Q, wMeh le loose npon the einndle and acta by 
catMiing in the notuhea R. The method of working ia m follow*: 
one dnuD baring been put into gear by the wrighl on the haad- 

Kr lever Q, the nuu is htaag wound up; during this tine Ihe 
rr Q with lie weight la tnmedover to the o^iernde,«aBhe>«B 
dotted; the tendency of the wdght ia then to throw theclatA ef 
the working ilnim out of genr, but the friction p«t)dTiced by the 
atralii "f winding the nuu preveuls dineumiemeut; when how- 
ever tlie nlfain !■ relieved by the rsleaae of tbe rata, the wet^t 
throws the working drum out of gear, tliorebr prenntinK tbe 
further aaoent of the monkey or daw 6, which Uya hold of the 
mm. and throws the other drum into gear, which tii ita tarn lifta 
the other run. The moaker & of the first mm now deaoeoda to 
Liy hold of tho nuu auain. tlio break T beiug {lut ud lo dteck to 
velocity; and the handle (j la rpveraed, to Iw in readinaaa tpm 
to dlaoouucct tile clutch of the working dnim when tht acMid 
lain han rwidied the lop. In thie way tbe operation ia oontfaia- 
oni| Uie engine la neither etopfiod nor revereed, and no tkmt b 
loaL 

Tho clulchn and brcnki ai at firat made did not woric aatjsfca 
torily; thubreakeT werr oriaiuaJly iu oue piece with ihedatdiaa 
P, but were afterwarda alUched to tlie druD» N; and the hearlag 
■tirfacn of the clotehea wore originally pcrjionJicalar lo Ihe bet 
of the clutch, Imt tho IrxcUoa betwevu the aurfncn in oootaet wli 
tbeu so great that the luvei Q o>uId not readily duwodMCt thOB 
when tho atrain waa relieved, and they were tberefom laade 
etlghtly bnvilled, to the estent of about 1 in G, asabowD In fig. 3, 
to cauxe them to aepuate mora caaily; after theae altetaliooa the 
machine worked aatiafitetorily. 

Tbe wt'i"bt of the mm O, la If ton, and inoladiag the wnlght 
of the monkKv and Triction the atisiii on tbe diak and MiailllliaiJ 
iaconBidcmhly ^Tenicr. t>om the high relod^ at which the enta 
are drireu, this strain would be felt ita a auddcn tog on btfia- 
ning to miM the nun, which nalther chain nor btuneworic oeold 
be expected to bear without li^ury; and heaoe aroee the nectaritf 
of providing something in tlio form of a tnillbr to mltlKal* the 
intoieity of the itrain. Hie arrangemBnt adopted ia newn ia 
' {. 4: it consista of a crllnder U, ftiratefaed with a psaton on 
upper aide of wtUtdi U a atroug volote spring raqnittng 




THE CIVIL ENGIXEEB AND AECmTECT'S JOL'KNAL. 



387 



I 
I 



U too taVHI^ta It; tlie tnrel of the pUtnn !■ 4\ loohiN, nsi) 
tM ebibtVvSSd ajt tar tbla iMigth baforo th» nun riaca, Iho 
■tnin gnkdojU]}' inomudn^ up lo ifton. DuriD|; t)i« bmcuI of 
tha nun the ipring nnuuiu compi'iMwrl; but OD Mtiving at the 
top of th« Diachiaa t)i« ram ii auddfrulj dlaengagad, and tha 
waola waiffht belne ivtaonul, the ntboiind of no powgrfiil n iipriai( 
would pn>Tiably drivq ihn pUtnn Uimuifh the botbom of the cylin- 
i)ar; thu n prcv«ntnl by Bilmitting air into the aylimler thronirU 
n ■mull urifica at the bMtoni, anil tbua proviiliug a coaliloa lor 
Ukc i>i»Ma, Um oridue being ito miiiDte that It take* tlia whole 
Uirw of tha iMOtnit of thn rnm to fill the cylindrr, uiil the air 
CMii<>t oaiape in a momcot. The formntioti r/C a racuuiu below 
the piaton anil the oocDpnaciou of the lur nbuve aasUl the ii|Nriiig 
in ltd actioti. 

The plei ».n fl«*toil to tha ptuy in mfUi aiul the nun* baing 
Iiuuk- faat at the to|> of the nmcbiiii! by a pin pMMd Uiraiigh the 
leMkni A, the warking cbaiaa are Jetocbeil and booked la a p^r 
of liuga fnatened OS a Sjiii, wbkh la then raiaed aad iilicliivl u> lu 
plaM b^ (III* oD^e. Tha opomtloo i* pcrfonaed with utoalah- 
IBK qnickncMi, but thi* depend* in n enot nienaiiiv upon the 
facility ubUuned b^ the peealini' Iciod of hook V, ahuwii oulnrtfed 
ia fig. 6| ftir nliachiug the obalu to the monkey; with fncilitj for 
{■Biadhilie tletauhiiieat the hook ooniblnra tlie lulntnluv* of Kraat 
aaoarity, ■ironKth, ftiid proviiion a^uMt accidootd detftobiueot 
t^' tha n|twnrd blow. 

In driving eheet pllaa below the level of tlie K*')^ pilea by 
other atuaiu |^l»4lri«^ci([ maehlneiv 'i*^^ ^* NumyUi'e, tt w oeoea- 
tuj to uae a dolly ur latennedinlo picm of timber, by which a 
ffmat pari of the effect la newaeariW lo«l : but iu itie iivw [iiM'hiiie 
tbe nae «f a dolly i« luineoeMary, fur by ravaniu the ]mmliciu of 
tlM taoiik«7 lever and omUiie It project ontwarda iiuUad of in- 
Lnwanla, •> m to clear the Iraine, the mto wtU deaoeud to the 

SrooniL Fig*. 4 and A eliow another nn-ihnd of ncooiapUshiiif[ 
n eaine object, by uieuu of n lonit rod W, fiiruislied witli a 
fuiila X, aervEiitf to ti'inneot the nt'^nkny wiUi the nni, huwever 
&r below thie plAir'>rni tlie tun may be; thin amngcnieDt, how' 
OV*r, i> Dot (vcommencled. 

The new pile driver nbm'e described wiin deolgned to obmtt 
tha difficultiM that wonlJ hnve nCtondot the adoption of any of 
the metboda pnviooely in n»c. Tu drive the pilea by the ordt> 
nary hand-eo^iie ««ulil hnve been a work of coniidenible time; 
for not only i« a hand-eorine very alow So ita 4peratbn, but It 
would have been only nt Tow water of eprtng tidea that th* woHc 
eould ht dmie. Nor wnnld any of the mettxda hitherto employed 
fiir applying eleam power meet the exigenciec of the prtwnt owe. 
For in the hmt place the ordinary travelling ateam-angiaa oould 
not be applied to work the omb4 of hand-englnea, va aeconat of 
the riae of thu tide; nor cmM it bo placed beyond the inflnoooe 
of tlie ti<li>, becania the licnch being Aal tJie apace belwecu the 
new whai'f niid the ahore, which U covered at falgh mXtT, ia oon- 
aidernble: nor muM it hiivi> b(M luod with K pluog eBgirie on a 
bai^ for, not to mention th« twell in the river, the erotiii<l ia in 
•ome parte aometiRiaa and in other p&ria alwnva We nt low 
water. Nor wpk the eUhorate madiiiiea tlint fuive beeu cou- 
itructcd bv NMniyth and Morri«in, acting on the pdiicijilo of 
the aUon) 'luuanier, more npplioible in the prcanit ooaa^ It would 
hnve been neoeManr oitlier to mnke n atrong frame to carry their 
Kreat weight, in which sum nils hiid upon the Mnd would not 
nave been aofGdeot: or elae to drive a largn number of oitr« 
pilea br liand to fonn a euitrey. Monovar, chew mochinei are 
eMMDMvp, and being applicable only to the purpoee of driviug 
pllM muRt be idle wben that work & done. 

rroDi thcueo'uiiMerfltlonsilWTuiroJifilvod toattnmptthepreaent 
amuigvrueuti whirli lin* pro'n>d entirely lucctaiful. Tie machine 
fCSla onlv about a fourth of ihnw refeired to above, and is only 
about a OTurth of the weisbt; it will do aa maoh wnrk tht lUy in 
many ctuaa, and wiU do it better ami more chmply. Tbo whole 
worit of pitching and driving the pilea and moving the machine 
la effecleil in the new pile drirer by a fein^hune- power engine 
whllal in the others tlivrn ai-e two complete aaparate eoginea of 
grenter power; and althmtgh the lntt«r machioei will do more 
wnric per mlnnte while they are in motion, in coiwei^uenoe of 
their gr««t«r power, in tonny esMa ther will oot perfuriu more 
per dar, on ncoount prindpally of the difflcolty of moring them; 
mnrf over the cr«nt wstghl of Uiete diadiloM require* that a sood 
f<>aDdntionaodaetmng«ap«t«trnetiirebe prnviiW to carry them 



before they can be moved forwardi. 
cnae wh«ire Nuimvth'* machine 



Thie wne |>ror«l in n rvci^t 
employed, by the bet that. 



although it coulJ drive cue pile In twenty luiautoa, yet the avi 



ruga per day was onlv tan pile* driren, an amount of work whidi 
Ibc aew niachin* will do eaally. With respect to the (jtuility of 
the work exeonted, the eomparUoa la again In furonr of the new 
Machine; the ptlea are driven with nr* pn^ciaion, the profile of 
the work being alncut perfect; the hcaiLi of the pi1« nro not 
bralted, and when tlie nug* are rcmuvcd there ia hardly any 
appearance of nbnuion, Wjlb regnni to eoet of working, the 
(teiam ie knpt up all day in the other macbtiua, althongh the 
•D^a U only at work about three hoar*, !Ui<l there ia a gruat km 
(ram oondetMatinn and leakaKo in the aleata pipfe; and aa iJit 
power and dinicnaioQi ot boih engtueit and boSlvn ara alao mndi 
greater llum in the new mnchlno, there muat ncooaorily be a 
urgereapenditnreorfiiet. Although however the other machine* 
w*rt liu4>plicable In the cue for wUeh the new nuduoe wm 
deaignad, tnere an divuaatancea la which they wonld be mora 
efleetive than the new engine; t.ush u when a gr«at number t/t 
pilea were to be driven in a limiled area. 

One of U)e dlttdv&utage* of eootracta for barbonr works ia the 
lafg* anonnt of money aonk In plant, even different kind of 
work reaairing different ninchlnv; and tool*. The MW piUag 
maohtne bowever Ea not a piling lut^ine only, aa in ^o caae w 
tbc other maohlnea, but may be need aUo aa a ateam er%b; or if 
tnkrn to pieota, there la a portable eoxine complete in Itaelf and 
applicable to other puTpoeae, a pair of crahe, and the leaden and 
nuuB which would |^ to fotm two liand piling cnginei, the only 

Tcial expeuM bcang the lower framework and the fitting together 
Hie nriooB pann. 

Only one inncliine hae been made at preeent, the cu«t ct which 
wna about 4Kll. eomplete^ with the purtitble «team-«uglfle and the 
UirM rare*. Tlie oaal per foot run of pUo driving by tb* nuKhino 
hna not yet been McertAbed. 



FBKNCH SY.STEM OF EPCCATtNO AMD TRAININO 
OITICKIW FUK THE SUIKXTIFIC CORPS. 

By W. YoLUKD, Lieut-OoL ItE^ and W. C Lamm, MJL, 
FaUow of Baliol College, Oxford; 

Ocw tm UtKimn a»« l a n d fy Oi Smitmf a War la «HUfr «i t«M nMb </ 
fNfVarfftV *• ff"* ^ nuMv iV«n fir IU P^Mt / k OfTi- 

Tmk principle* of osntioantal military edncatJon are distinct in 
each eeoamie oountry, aud ure etrcngly marked by dilfavncea of 
nntiooal diaracter. In Franue, higlily rewarded ocoipetidon la 
the roikinJtpriog of thi^ wholn RyitK<m; in Pruiiia, tlie chief otijoct 
nimod at uipeara to bu the attainment of a good aver^ of 
gmieral and profoaaSonal etlucatlon from all ofHocr* whatever; in 
Aiutrin, vIgoTon* oompedtloii la Ibe principle of the Staff School, 
with high (duMtjon far a uaall portion of the officer^ and a sioet 
liberal itnwurDgDiiwnit of noD-oommiMionnl offloere; finally, ia 
Sardinia thvie ia, »giua, oounidrnible cumpelitinn. Rverywhera 
there ia an orgauieation for eduta^ou *o eyalematie, and ao iMofi 
an expendittm for the purpoee, m to ahow both the valne wlilon 
i« nttnched, in a military point of view, to the teaching and 
training of orijoura aud tlie poeitjuu it oooapice in the general 
ednoitioii of thu ft^ntry. 

In Frvnolt niilitatv education, the bnture which priucijially 
attmcu nttcntioti is tne remarkable character of tlie Polytechnic 
School, and the teaching It givM to thu ofUcrra of the ap^eial 
corpe. But thb great ecbool, thu principal MietitiSo inctttntiuo 
Id Bxiatence connected with any nrmv, may more properly be 
reMTvvd, tDffethcr with its School of Applintlon, aa the higheet 
pninta of Frmch military education; nnd we ahall previooely 
atilo the uuirke'l princlplee on whit-h tlic whole of thia wduoatiou 
i* baaed, and which ar* carried out in all the other militaij 
•ohoola of tbe oanntij. 

"nie chanwteriatic Doint* of the French cyatcm are aa follow* : 
(i\ tke nroportioo, fouoded appareatly upon principle, which 
offleere edncateil Id military aohoola at« nuide to bear to thoae 
promoted for aorvioe Irom the nuika: (2), the mature age nt which 
military eduortioa begin*; (^, the ayaicni of thorough eumpvii- 
tiou on which It b founded; and (4)^ the eiteneive State na«iat- 
anoe afforded to ■ncoemfbl eandldBtaa for entnnco into tuUitary 
■choola, whenever their divnnutanoM require It, 

I. In the I'Vench army one-third of the offloon to the tine, 
two-UiIid* of thoee In the Sdeutlfio Corps, and the whole of Uie 
■taff, noeive a oarrfol proftMlana] edncatioo: the miuloder nr« 
appointed from the ranlc*, by the choice of Uie Emperor, ou Uie 
reoommendatiun of their auperio offlutn. We won aarurvd, 



388 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHTTECrS JOCRNAI* 



I]ov«r«r, UiAtthe UtMr cilaH«rciffiMrada not ubuaIIj? riaeabora 
tfau nak ot CKpUin; mi Uw InfareDM would Mem to b« thai far 
tba io&twr oammuidt, oonni^ aad ooDdaot ara conaidartd aufi- 
eiant gaJitoteii^ wnila adaitifle atvdjr aiid praleaaoiud Icnow- 
ladnan dung^t r«qaiail« for the higlier. 

t Tka naxt ptdot worthjr of xuttiee ia the uaniMr fa iriiltA 
Timaee haa ^nuliMUr but oomplattlj ttirown add* th« idaa cf 
Javeaild Bubtuj edwatioii, adoptiag in Ka plaoa tbe plan of 
iUTJii{[ profoMlouLl i«ttoliia)t imd tnuuios to TDiit>]{ men, jtwt u 
UMy an amci^iii^ ivb.' muiliuod, and «heu tlioir j^ucnil cduua- 
tion tnH ba eooaiilnrad to b« olnoal oonij^etad. ni UiIr pntnliM 
nussio aone Toapacta diSara ft<am ah; oUior coaiiir>-, atthon^h 
I^wmIb rannhlra tter in piTiojc bo qiodfic miliiAi; ejacatioii at 
araijcarlv^. TLe iMperimeiit of thui making a good graanl 
cdaoatiMi ua Mali or a apudol U)UiUU7 ooe aecoiM to have be«D 
fint tiM on tko fbnadttUoo of tho FdTtaduile School in lT;i3, 
and the idea ia in great nanaiUD dua to tk» praotieal goniiu of 
I^wcnj and Ouaot. On the very (int caUUUboaent of this 
adwol JWUK men van allowed to enter it nt ihe at«n^ mk of 
ai^teen, witli tli« proapact of loiuiiw the Mnw aitor two or Uireo 
Taaii; aad it waa aonu found tlml tSajr bronoDt to thdr apedol 
■tatdiaa a boakUMa and cuerto' fnr |[rent«t Uuui boji who liod 
batn Ittnght, aoU perhapa ntoJ witli, ruilit&ry nubiKU from tlia 
an of Lwet<r» or turt«Mi. Otadoally the ajntaai adopWd al tb* 
Folrteefanie waa eitmdad to tha othw annj adioeli^ and althoo^ 
thalijote luukr the fint Eniim wore oolound with what may 
ba cuMiI nllllacy bahfontv— which, indeed, to aoms eatant afleet 
all IVench adacMion^nTecdle militacy aehools wen to ooum- of 
time diaeoDtiiiued or diniinlnbtdi and aftar lttl4 the princijilc of 
juvenile milibuy edudation nay ba aatd V> baTo boui antirvly 
abuidonad. The plan adoptoJ ioitcad aaja, in afDae^ "Give your 
yonng man a Mmid •ducatlon, in the beat aofaoob cf tbe oouutiy, 
till the age of icvctitcnn or NglitMo; at thnt agv, let them com- 
peta tor eotnucc into a militAry co)l«^ whora Ihay will be 
itutraoled tot two, thrte, or (uur yeara, aomrding to the raqnirfr- 
monti at the aprviee tliay an to «itw; oooe eulered into the 
aoboot, the Stalo wHI awiat tham in their adncatioit, aud nil] 
thtut I'bablo them to oanunanoa a cartar.' 

3. With thla altentieo in reapact of we waa oombined tbe 
ettabliabiaent of tbe priseiple of eoBpetiaoi) hr adniauoa into 
military •chonla; lud the extent to which this pnotiae ia enoou- 
iwcd will be amply iUastratvd by tlw Morant of avaiy military 

4. EvAf MBilidate wbo can anoaeed in the open and comtwti- 
tivo rutiaatea eaamlnation to St. Cyr and the Pulytechaic Sahool 
U entitled, aecordiiiK to hla mean^ to % partial or aulire aupport 
fram the State. At the praent tune^ not la* thau one-third of 
the atuilania ia each of thcw^ Khcx>U nccivn «uch tniuDtonanca. 
It ia, however, manilMl lliut micb a regtUutiun oumbiuiil with 
other poiata in the eocial i^atem of F^nnoe. «liii«< it <leve!u(KN 
talent, bbM exerdaa a datnocratio ntflnaiice on the aniiy. 

Sach are the prindplea adopted by FVance in encouraging th* 
ednwtioD of thai portion of Its oOoeta from whom alone it 
reqaireaedueationnlqaaliScaliona: and tbrne prindnlw aie ear- 
riei] out at St Cyr, for the Unci at tho BtsiT School, for which 
91. Cyr ia the {H^orpal feeder; and at the tulytcohuic, and ita 
BebotA of Afiplicatlon at Meti. 

Sekoot ff A. Cjp:—Tl» prvlirainuy atiidiM which heat £t a 
pupil Ibr the oompetilti-a ontmoce oxanunation to St. Cyr are 
aUiKWt entirely niailivinatiaal. Tliin ia one of the pmnta in which 
the peonliar gwins of Franoe ooluont iu military cducntiuu (onie- 
what dlilbmitly from that of other oountrieii We ahull rcnuirk 
daewlwtc, in ^waldng of the Polytccbnii^ though qnite recog- 
nU&g the •nparioHty of mathenuttioa over any crther aingle 
dement in military taaclilu^, that to eooounge tUa to an almeat 
excliuive extant (aa ia done in I'Vnnoe) totlitataa i^nat the prin- 
dple of a oooiplele Htent education; and In En^aad a lioenil 
adaattloB la Joatly eunaiilered of greater cooacquenoe thuu a mjx. 
del tnt«tUcttt»l tiiuniag in any aingle aubJect,liowerer iuportiuiL. 
Tbe ab<n-e remark apjiTici, however, aa nfpi^ St (^, ulaly to 
ita entrance eixaminatiou, acd the pmliounnry itudiea it aooov- 
ngM. Hw iaitraction given at the aohed itoelf accnu to u* well 
ooandarad and judioioas. Tlie roong men enter, vu on avoraf^ 
betweentbaagMofaeveatMBanddghtMUii they epimd two yaan 
at tbe aohool; and on leaving twenty-two of the baat adtdaia 
nauiUy obtain plaeea In tbe Staff School, and tho rtat dtooae 
thdr nglauiita aoeoiding U> their plaoea on the examination liaL 
The natvre of tbe Andioi may be judged of Itva the foUowisg 
Table : 



Unt ytw'i LaotuK*— 

ST in daanptit* aeeaeti7 
SS in fluBal MMice 
n fa udlUiy HMatore 
«S bi mOltMy hlHerv 
S7 tn gaogiaplur aod mili- 
tary tUUMtee 
80 in German 



Total 
It 



174 



Seoooi} yeat't 



MlnMtflkaT 
lOlBMBtMyliddUlM 
Itb „ adJniiliartw 
37 ia ., anandbMary 
SOinOvnwn 



Ttotal 131 



Ik will be obaerved that mUitaiy Utentma, niililan birtwy. 
militar7 CWgi^ihy and atatlMiea^ ocsatitDta neariy half the Utal 
nombor w leotwea in («d) year: and, indeed, iBevaajgood nU- 
tary achool on the omtiuput we hav« found tbMeaal^jaeta Ja daUd 
upcni,sa the best niMuinuf itileroiting a younn officer in lh«atM|T 
of hla proftaiion. The other aal^M* taunt are nbo ^msIU 
parta of the innlmcTtJnn of an admailed oOcar; aad H nHt b* 
mnembered tbnt tbcae tefun* (whid) fin- the whole year mm 
i^ipear few in number) ooeupy much mon d»t than Endin 
iaueiu; notei upon them bring always writun out, and the moln 
work gone over with the rtpHUttir, an audatant U> tbe jmAaaer. 
Wc mn«t add that [nneticnl aerdiaa form great part of the tnfli- 
tar}- tmining given at St. Crr, greater, for inauaee. than ia tfen 
chief AuBtma aeidemy at Wiener NeiHtadt, tbe a^ool to wUeh 
It bears the doacst raemhbuicc Thoro is apptmntly loan atadf 
at Wiener Keuatadt, and lui equal pro»po.-t of oltiniate appote^ 
menta ii held out to ita pupila. 

Competition Is enoountgad In the whole achool counw, by the 
effect wblcb tho cr^ilila pvm at th« nDmnrmu examinatiOM h*TC 
upon the atiidnnt'i posttion in the final txainiuaticai, when Um 
totAl rvtnlt of bin efTortu may gi^ for him the coveted priaa of 
admlaiiou to the Hcbool fur iIm aloff corpa. It ahonU be luiMin- 
bered that the aodal podtion ofa largo prqwrtion of popOa both 
at St Cyr and tbe Polytechnic ia audi aa to make tho prinatflvw 
at ex/eh object* of much greater ambition than wodd proEiaUy 
be tfar nuH ill England. 

Stuff &A00/.— Entrance into the Sdiod of Application for the 
staff oorpa may be eondderad the i«ward of MMeiancy at 9t f^, 
the twenty-two beat pupila of which, together with three from 
the Polytwhnic, coaatitute the onlinaiy yearly admiaalou 10 tble 
school. Strictly epeaking, indeed, tbe twen^-aeven hot pnpib 
from St Cvr oompeto for £e entnnee to the ataff aefaeol wjlh n 
cqud DumMrafaub-lietiieDanti^wboinayobUlnpemdaaMBfraB 
their oororoaniUag oAear to appear aa candidatca. But we ««« 
informed that few, if any, now praaent themMlTea. The eoima 
of teaching lurta for two yeatik no fewer Oaa dghtcen pr o f t aeon 
bdng emploved, and the principal atadlaa bdag to]>ognpbv, mOi- 
toiT ar^ ana fortification. Tbe puplb are cartfdir ranged in tha 
oroar 01 merit at thrir different naamination% ana enter tli« ilaff 
cotpa neoording to the plaoea thej finally obtain. Immedlatetjr 
on leaving the achool they are made Ueuteaaali, and an thon 
•eot to the In&iUtry to do duty for two yaafs, and at tbe expire 
tion of (hb dme are attMhod for an eqnd period to the eavaby. 
Hey may finally be acnt, but are not neo M aarily ao, for A year ta 
the artilfenr or eogineera. 

It la ob^ous that both thene schools carry out the nuun prin- 
dple of Fmicb military cdutnlioD— open com petition, upon which 
it more thoroughly rcuoa tbaii any ouier country w« have v|dt«d. 
Tbia prindple, aa well aa tliat of tlio JAt^ eommenoament of 
luilitaty education, was apparently Hnt hnmgbt to tnflaenoe tho 
amy on the cataUiahment of tlie Pdytpcboio School In tbe 
continaouB warm wbieh ensued, promoUoa and reward mtiat 
indeed have been given upon other oondderationa than thoaa of 
KUcoeaainmUltuyatudioa; butdoriug tbe long period of <«anp»' 
rative pMoe it tecmi to have been cetabliabed that tbe Mat 
ground for lulvnnociuvut, ol lout in tlie earlleat stage of an 
oQicct'i cuurHp. woa proof of tali^nt and attdnmenta ia the pro- 
iianioii wliich lie limt wiocljyt. 

I'lAyttthnie SiAooI, — It will not oxdio aurpriae that thia apirlt 
dioald be found nuataetlva at ita v*i7 Urthplaoa-^ tbe moat 
eonpedtlve adied la the world, the Pdytcchnio itaelT. ladeed, 
from Ant to loll, over; d«ld! of the tcacbing given thero It 
deviaed for thia cod. Tlie geuanil nmulta, it cannot be doabtfd, 
have b«ea remarkaUv meoeedali and though they have not bam 
aolely military (for the adiod ia partly a dvil one), they have 
placed the apcad arma in l^nnoa in a higher rabtive poallkAi 
la pdnt of matluanaliiaal iaatruotioo, than u probably the eaoa tn 
any other oonlinentd atmy. Tbe principle* of the adrad are 
both iiiatmctive odncatioually, and ore caleolated (evan whan 



THE CIVIL ENQINEEB AMD ARCHITECTS JOUENAL. 



Mibt g rt Oly tffHeMt to <rer oro nUto) to tlimw Hj^ht oa btlir- 

^HlMiiif 4ualiou of iBilitMT cdaoktioti. Tb* whol« «/itut briagi 

^^•Mt u tM ■trongt Ug^t tlM IVhicji piwAiee vith noiird to oom- 

pMMM,aa<i »• Awdi «rtliMU of (ba nloa of bigb •daolifio 

•CHJananti in » miliUfy point et vlaw. 

n* Bslflnkiiia u ft RiMt pnpHktny mIiocI, poMMdog ft 
Boaopotjr of iihiiUitoD iuo twoira of the aUti pnblic lerrinft of 
JtaoM^ ftDOBs mUA an Ibow ef Ih* Mtillarr aad engbuen, 
■aBjorUwtfUMnilMi&gafftdvQ ehftnetor. Thar* b ft pnbHd 
ftsd aln;r> n i<tr7 htov «Mi|Mtitio(i (br ndmiwoa; ovnj datail 
of tlw edDtttiioo U ilcHfirilf dnJMil to enwunga amulalMD 
dnilag tha pspU'* «i>iu««; and th«n U a finiLl o>mii«titia«i (br a 
«halM aaoog tfaa 140 or 100 appoiBtuouts wlutJi tfaa acjiool 
]r«a«l7cd«n. 

la dMntioutug tlteao beta ve hftvo probably wud enongb to 
■bow tbo advaati^M «f audi ft atbool, both la th* anwnnt of 
■MUlir U CBB ooUaai, and la tb* MtealM U MiiipUai tooxartioR. 
Hi* tatant tmctmtgti ia ilaoat mUt BuOanadal, tbat pan- 
Ikr tftlaat orVkaBeav 'riiieb ia or ftU otMn tho b«rt fittrd fbp tha 
irrTimTtTit t T trffbhi g-^^bfttirfnrriliTrTTWTf Ttiftarmy And tbna 
U «mU appMT fti ffnl d^ Mat Itt y«M of rAaorvtintf fiMtriierim 
Iho oflaonof tb* Ftwub ftrtUlarj wd «i|[GiM)ra muat aiool thoM 
of all olbar BnrofMftn anii«*i aod it ia i-crtAiii)f ourcfiimoo Ihu 
tbia it tbe mat. Bat bftnog pniwl ihia school ao bigbljr. ve 
an «tttlad witb aqual franknaaa to Ufti« aonM dnwbMki wbidi 
mof parbuM df tnct from tb* atficiaocy of ita aiiUtarjr puplb. 

L All tna bigbaat pcina are civil aooi^ and tbi* u corlaiuljr ft 
drawbatb. ortn if ooiap«awwed for bjr other adTaBtara. U«m 
■ot ao mucb foU in tlw daya of lb* Ann, oatpite, wmb all tbe 
talant of Ftta'M atnanwd lato iba anuj. Bnt «iii«a that tiua it 
bM a»DiUI]i boon fenod, thM witb a (tw nrildnc cxoepttottt 
UUtity diatinffaiabed pnpite of Uw bigfatf rank*), tbo thirtjr or 
ibt^ aiat paptlo ebooae Ui« dvU oHrrioML 

2. Tl>« Kpi»m of adatntioa, amllaol m it i« in Ita atinMilating 
powirr, bi> on* or two marfcad dobeta. Such it tb* attonpt (o 
pte •xaotljr tba anaw tcftahiii){, Iratoa bjr l^wxi, daring a ooona 
oftwe j«at^ toft daaiof leu pufiiis, n-iih DorcroKooe to tbcir 
rariatltaofabUitjrorpawtnafapplKatton. TUa fnctica haaa 
teadanoj either to maba many m tba pof^ aii|imdiJ, or to 
azbanat tbem. Now it miuA ba ntnwnbrawl tlu,! th« niNJority of 
Ibcaa papila mtcr tbo nrmv; &nd houce, probttblv, tbo numcroua 
contplaiala on both poiola from tba militArr aulboritin at MoU, 
wbe petaeta tba bek ooportunity of t«atiut( tba effacla of ilia 
FlabtacbBiie. Anotbar deCtct it that alrtad.v ttdarml to, tlio 
trr'"'"')r f"'*'""*';— » apirit caoouiaged, vhioh aay he utid 
antinhr to orttahoot Ita mark, and to pfonai (what ii<«ut to ni 
iBott dctbabla fbr a ■^an t tto taUlaO *)>• •daMlon firota being 
truly libafiJ. tior om we avoid feaaarUa^ that adtieatJon baa 
ito aueal aa wall at ita muelf iatoUoataal mlo; and «u wcr* not 
atafJT io aindi bapvettad w tbe neral uid tamly w hy th« 
JBMfactBal WMa of tba Po^^tadiuio taaeliing. It it tb« mote 
MMtiai7 to rtato thit, beoatna la dateribbg tbo mtam punned 
at tbe aAool «*> have nattuall]' boea lod to dwcU chiofly on lU 
intalleetoal leeulta. 

In a(dte of Umm dmwbacka tbo Polytedinio Scbool appeared 
to nt a moat iiutruetiTe alod^ for pnrpoata of miUtuj education. 
Uanj pnata in ita ajatem of ttarfbig are adnurabla: and above 
erenTtbiBg elae it aeetntd to erideaoa tb* exifaordioatj tptrit 
iiBBaited to edueatlon bv the oompetltion oeated br ite tiduable 
priaa^ It doet in thit nt^iw for Ui« nruiv and tba tervieet of 
the pnbGc worka in Fraaop, «lut tbo univonutio* do obiefljr tor 
Iba bar aai the eleriotl paefttrion in Ift^jaad. It ^tm tverj 
poedUe eaoowMtsiaat to tari^r applioatton and talent, while \^ 
thepecimlaryaidof tbeStotoit plantathiatalantlaaporiHoa lo 
do itoaU jnrtW 

StkMl ^A/fUfVlim at Jtfeta.— Thie tchool it tb* eomplotioa of 
Ibe Poljtceluilc count of tialnlDf for mett of tia injlitai; pupaU 
Tb*7 are anb-lionleiiaBta on lulmimioa, and tbe^ pnnue durtDg 
two rcara ft cosm wbieb ii porilv pnieticnl, but is which theory 
ttill liold* a promineot plao«, luid la carried to a mater extent 
than we oonceiw tu b« ntca tMf T or deabable for aS offioeri, evoa 
for tlioee of the tpedal arata A brief anmtnaij wouM gire bnt 
an inadeqaate idta of tboM etwliea, and wo miut teftr to anotber 
BoMioa « onr report for iBfoewiatioci r eept ctin g thn School of 
Uett; end tbe (ranilatioa of ita nrindpal pnvrammat.* Tlie 
ttadlaa of artUlerT and tOKlaaer oAoeia are conJuoted entirely in 
aomnoii br the ffnt and (or two-thlrde of tbe tecoed yenr, but 



3S9 



during the tcaiaiDing tfainl they dteaige wlddy. Tet even at 
Met! the inatnetioQ of oDimn for Ibe ipiibil anu la not beld to 
be eoinpleled. Tbey join Ihair regfaaanla apon leaving and are 
emplayod in practital werriaea wilb traopa till tbqr oMaia tbe 
laucof aeoondoaptain in theirreapcctive anna: then tba tniaing 
of ftrtlUety oBoen Ap&rt &«tn tbeir man ie, in a OMtab wmae, 
feaumtd— Acjr ara tout to the antoalt^ bundriea, and namfce- 
torieeefanaa. 



k. 



•wJtwMi^-wetMa, 



TBE BE?r SITE FOB A HARBOUR OF BBFUOE 
ON TUE EAST COAST OF ENGLAND. 

By E. K. CxLvm, RN., Uaiter aad Swrajror. 

Ix obtdleoat to dlreetioo* frota the Admttalty, to etat* taj 
views witb raapeet to tbe icloction of a lito for a rdiige btrbour 
on the eaatem eoaat of BugUnd, which would be boat adapted U/ 
nuvterrially leaaen tbe loaa of life and property on Ibat aeabeanl 
which wo hare annuidly to deplom, I thall todearain^ aa htUAy 
a* poenble, to ahow th* neeetaity which exitte for a barbjor of 
raragt; wfaattbatDocetaityariaeafromi and tbeaitewbicbeboald 
be eelected for eeeuring tbe ot(jeet in rSew. 

Firctly. Ilie eomparatife naoted^ for a bubow of reAige 
npon any teetloa of ooaat nu^ be detembMd by tb* nanbir of 
wrecitt ooenning upon it, oompaRd with tbua* npon the a^a- 
ins abocea, for whetever tbe graateat anniber of tbeae diaaato* 
laxet plaot^ It it but blr to aatome that to be (be moat dangeionii 
portion of tbe toaboanl, and that It poeatatee fbaturea a^oal 
whioh neilhor the offidcncy of the vettelt naWgating it dot the 
oxporieiioe of their conuoaDdere wilt entnrc protection. 

Now I believe It to be a bot of (oay proof Cram eiieting record*, 
that tbronghout the whole of tbe Mttom coatt of Eoguuid, frotu 
lh« ThamM to the Firth of Forth indunvr, by Ibr the grealatt 
nnmber of wreeki ocour north of Fhuubcwouiih Head, and eipe> 
dally within tbat <mbay«d porlioa of tbe coiint, ur whal may be 
termed tlie north-eaatara bu^t, oeotalned IvIwmu Bobia Hood 
Bay to the toulbward, and North SandarUod iwiat to th» acorUi- 
waril, AD inilDntalion 78 niilet wiilo and 13 mile* dnp. Theae 
liniita cmbrac* all tbo principal porta on tho north-eaat ooatt of 
England. 

hot baring tbe ptnwr documenta by niOi I cannot give the 
exact nnmber of wrecn npon the vimona taotiena of the eiatara 
ooaaC, but tber* ia no doabl tlie great nrepondmsc* it at t have 
ttatod. Olid a* a careful attention to the leaturea of the comt would 
have led one to pivdloL A few tpedal iaalaaoee cf wholeaale 
wreokago inay, however, be mentlnotd, to prOTe tbe oeceiaity for 
atefiiga barboar within tbe limit* apeoiSea. 

It ni^ here bo notiocl, aa a {wiut to be remembered in oon- 
dderingthe queeUoa, that nn «aiCvrly gale. or one veering frou 
aK. to X by N. or E^'.E., b that whlcb canata the crtcvleat 
dettruotion of abipeing oo tbe nortb-oaatetn ooaat, and which 
was tbe taao in all the following exanii^ca ; — 

"On tbe ISlli Ootobtr 18S4 a gale commenced from tlie EaC, 
wbicb afterwanU got round to HN-E; tbe rcanlt wn^ tbat 1 13 
toil of vatatli were wrecked or driven on tbore between Scarbrc* 
and the Tynt; of tbIa unmbtr 37 went aahor* In Tet^ Bay.' — 
Brooke, Redoir, fuuaphlnt of IKIi 

"In Inii. vidiiu a nuliiu of TO railot &om tbe Tyne, a c|uarter 
of the wreak* of the whole Viugdom took nbM& and in a tjagle 
euterly gale in October e» liiie were loat la a few bourt witUD 
aa milea of the Tyn*^" 

"It apptart from tbo Admiralty Wreck-diart of 1833, tbat. 
during IMi, ISA cook phiee within 3(1 milet of tbe IVne." 

"In the begibiiing of Janaary l&H, in au eaatmy mle, ltd 
wnckt took puoe In tbrae daya wllhbi 30 mllea of^tba Tynt) 
36 of tbam weia at tba moittb of that river. A hirg* number of 
liret and a nnartar miUion of property were dwtro^." 

"Out of lUl wrodca and eMaalliet bt \6Se, £76, or npworda of 
one-half, took phue npon the eattem ooaat." 

"On tbeStbof Jannaiy 1^37. »-ithin a nidiua of 30 mi]«i fnxu 
tbe Tyn*, MtbitMwero driven nihors or fuumlerad, and 1G7 Uvv* 
wer* dettroycd in a few bonra, aa well at a huge amount of pro- 
perty."— Petition of Tyne CoounitaloDec*. 

"Janiury 3rd 1M>7. F^etb gala from S.E. until nearly coata^ 
«h*n it bteaao more nodemte, inclining towarda tbo N.K; by 
midnight tbe gale inoteaied, and ftnu four to dz o'clock on th* 
followuig morning (tbe hamnieter riaing) it waa all bnt a hnrri- 
coaei (be aea wu tteoHndoDtv and probably without prtecdeot 



S90 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



upon Ukii oooHt. At Ud»-Ujiie iu the foTOioeD vmmIi were uwa 
•liproMihitig; (is of tliem w«rfl driven upoa MIddleUiB benoh; 
fire »aak in the Wa«t horbovi flva waut tahar* bftweeu Ckit- 
IiouMaiHlSeM«aOuair; thiM foundvred, with »U bandii,oirth<i 
\fLyt nw went aahore on the Nortb Sanda, Aud one on tbe rocks 
k littic to the WMlwanl of the new pier. IIiom cuiialtiea(21) 
took place thkt dar within iho Umlu c4 tlie purt. Oo the uiglit 
of tlM 0th (tbe gile col Lnviiig auuod), n f(irait;ii brig wu totally 

vrwked between tbe two borboiin. Id thn ijoId Mi cMunltim 

took flMM between liie Fum Itdaoile kud Fkniborouffh Bead; 
4S of them foniidered or were total vnokm; uid 13(1 Urea were 
eetiiuat«J M loet, ouo-fourth of them twlng witbiu Uia tiinlU of 
tJie t>urt, A length of eevcu milca."— lioport of IlAreu-mAater U) 
Ilaitlepooil CoiDmlaiionan. 

The aati otAlogue la &u ample one, aoil might be eiteimivuly 
quotud; but then u no need in tbU place u uiultiplr exuiiplol 
ne owee inentioaed, embnuing an appkUine loai of life, unf the 
conaaqiwat amount of nujcuuih, miaery, and cleetitution, ar« luffi- 
cioul to ciilint the deepeat aj^mpUhlteof tbeoounttj; and » there 
is uu valid raoaon to auppoeo that these diatrtadog loaaea will, 
under exintiug cireanitLancee, be leM frequent than they have 
bitlierto bocii, tbe laoKuilaJe of tbe evil. And the mcaine for pie- 
vonliiig it, iMooiiiee u> liuperi&l nther than a local quailion. 

Beuondly. Tbe «um of thetie loaees, and the uecewtty for k 
harbuiir i^ refiiKe ■omowhora betwnnii Bobln Ht>ud Bftj and 
North Sandeiriano, ariao frum tbe following circanrntiuices : 

It ia utoaamtj to preiniee thii axiom tu uavioataon. A veeeel'a 
GkIkU^ U) be driven aahoru bv an uu-«hore giua dependa prinel- 
mU« on tlie ootifiKimti'in ol^ the coMt abreaM; fi^r inatauM, if 
•h* M opporite A liiliL-ut soa-boarJ, or one which ivcrdcm from a 
givm Una oa either lumd, there ia an riak wlmiever, u tlic knd 
aiMj be el«uw] either wiyr with a duwiug eheet. Abnunt a 
atnught or iliretst line of ooMt Uiere in dAngvr of being atnuided, 
and it reauiree pmniptitude at the IirtnnDing nf a )^«, and a 
well'fouuJ and puweriol vuaeel, Ui k^ Aud iii.-unlMn an olfing 
iind«i' luch circaniatanooa. Bui il a i^nle Audi a vetiael wilhiu 
the line joining the homa of a bay, tlien the duigrr of beiug 
•Inuded DMWonea imniiuent, and iu the majority of caaee !■ tieai'lj 
certain, depending uiorv or leae npou the siruiifth of the gaits 
the nature of tbe tea wueu) by it, the qunJiir of the vraaiol, her 
amount of offlo^ and wbuthvr tbtro be a luu-uour nndcr her Im 
which will admit ber. Protu tlie forvgi^Iog ruiuarlta, it will be 
nndenrtood, that in n Imj, or tliAt portion of a coaat rvoaaaed 
witbiu the geneni line, a riak ii inennvd, whid calf obtnina in 
a minor degree upon a direct abore, and which haa no exlitenoe 
whataver upon one forming a talient line. 

To APp!/ thiit to tlie preMOt cm*. The coMt betwnrn Robin 
BoodBaj' and North Siuidorland Point fonni a bight, na nbcad; 
notJoed 78 mllea aetoae, and ISmllea deep, and oa ttiia in the only 
bajr (properly ao called) on the eoateru oouxt of Kudaud, it ia cou- 
ae(|aL-ntly the moat dangerous porUon of the wbde coaiit. Onc« 
rauubi irj tbid bijrbt iu a heavy on-ahore jj^le^ or one fram E. by 
N. (whiuh ia ihe dirvol einbayuig wind), without the veistX be of 
light dmA, and the atata of tbe tide tulmlla of her enu'riiic one 
of the bar harboun under her te^ there ta nr> eempe. Beiug 
within the honu of the bay, abe ennnot drar the land on either 
tAi;k, Aud though the oalMtropbe may pooaibly be delayed a little 
byd(Dt«fcan7bigonapre«ioraaIl,fim upou ou« tnek imd then 
upon the other, b«- eonaUntly inoieaaluff leewimlly drift iueuitNi 
her bt<^ and ahe ia ultjinatriy atnuxIM, snnernJly to ber own 
deatruotion. aud freiiui-ntly u> the lou of lua erew. 

It ia elmr that the aamu rink lAniiut bo incurred upon other 
nortiona of the coaat, for the mtsun thai n vv^n«\ idiikC iii.-(«iieai ily 
be oppoate a aalient aea-boud, and thnt vtin will svuKnilly hnvoa 
harbour aTailablebr ehelter on the oiiv bniid »r the oilier, T^ikc, 
lor example, the tevenl elngee along the euVru c^it .f Kug- 
luid; ftveMol abrvMi the Fern tamnda, with eu <'t)i<i;; <.>f live 
mil**, will liavv the Und on eitli«r hand Iwnriiiit irnpfictiTflly 
N.W. bv K. and 8. } E, or. in olhcr worda, ahc will he ii pninla 
of bearing Iu Advaooe of a direct litic, witli the Firth of Forth 
BvalUble K»r refuge to tbe northwnnl. aud the Humber to the 
■oulbwnrd. From Are mtlea in the olHns abreast Whitby, ilie 
baaringe will V N. ^ W. and S^ i E., and thn vetael will be, imii> 
aaquently, on iUf diivct line. Fivo mile* olT Flamboroush Head 
the bearlnga will lie N. j W. to th« Feme. 8. ( E, to tlie Would, 
on the eoaat of Norfolk, aud &. bv W. | W. to tbe Uamber; the 
kttar, a noble rvfti^ harbour, laifii;; iimlnr her lee for the whole 
diatance from Flam)Hir>jugh IImiI tn i.V-mcr. Off Lvnn Deep*, 
Ihe deepa tn arallablei uui *o on for the coacia of Iforfolk and 



SulEolk ooutinnondy to Uie Thamea; the whole tonaa « eoiMteutly 
reoeiHog^ or aalieut line, affording eheltar at tlte aaecnl 
M^er ^ roadalnul, harbour, or channel. How dtSeml la^ 
cue on tbe uorth.eailira oooat. A Toaeel fire miUa off 
pool Heush, Dtikr Iba h<ad of the bight, baa tbe IuhI _ 

respectivMy N. J E. and rather outalde &8.E.; die ia, ia Uet, 
reneHod Si paiota within Uip direct line, and with no pOMlUllty 
of eeape, unlei* ondcr the exoapUona already mtotioned. 

The neceiaity for a refuge harbour ■Mnewbara within the 
north-eaaiem bdghi ia further Inoreaaed by the exlatiog barboon 
bung fitted for affording shaltcr only in a very limited daaw; 
they Am all bixr hoiboitta, and entry into tfaea (at moM nrnt 
alteuJ-xl with diflieulty) ia tendered extremely eritioal at tbe tin* 
wbeu it Li tuiMl needed. The following ruling low-wnter deptba 
over their ecvt^ral bora will eliow tbolr infariortty: Wai^worth, 
) foot; BIyth, 1 foot: Tyne, 6 feet; Wear, i feet; Senham, 1 foot; 
Uartlejwol, 3 leet: T««a, a bet. It will be amwoit that, eiteqx 
near the lime of high WKtttr, end then uulv (or handy < 
iiwderau> draft, they are abaolutely uoftttca to alfcni • 
aaea of extremity. ImperCict aa they an, howeew, 
atltonpt them nuclor uoorly all einiuiuatanoe^ and aiveD wfaaa^ 
ebb is ruwiing, and the dauf^r ariiiug from a debionoy of c 
ia metly Increaeed by a bunting ae*. Unob lose baa 
under m^ own obeervation from UioM CKoeas, and it la a queatkia 
iu my Dund, wbethcr the hnrboura are not a temptation Ia riak, 
and the aiuwi of tbe loaa of more vt^^hi iu the allemnt to enter 
thwu tliaii they aave from ■oluol etrma ot we»lber. Pownai^ 
none of the proper ftatnraa of a refbge harbour, defilb and width 
eif entrance, ample internal apace, and complete availabUity, tliej 
can only be termed daneeroua deooyn. 

Tbe neooMity for a rouge harbour in tbe noeth.eoalerD bight 
i* eljll further Inereaiad w tbe vast aumbrr of dil^ eoBStaatty 
croaring it. The whole of the ooal porta an wiihia Its tlmlta, 
aud it liecninci the foeua of wreck partly became it ia the toau 
of trade, Vmsnlrt bound to theee |Mrta ■!« diawu into dtScnltiea 
fniin the neooMlty which eaiste for ilielr banging abraaat tbe 
acveml bain, to bo ready tn voter immediately tSo tld« nlt% 
iust^l of tuainlaiuing the amount of (-Hlng which the churaeter 
of the Guniit and a auuple Doneidetati<«i to tbe etaeabf sile^ 
would require. Some intenwliiic beta onuueoted wiihtheamomt 
of trade are noti<;ml In the Petition aorl MeinoriHl from the Ttm 
Commiaaioners. It laauted thnfiu (he live porw uf tbe iSrne, 
VTonr. und Toci, nucutdiug to a parliniocntary rotura, apwaroa of 
6,100,000 tons enter or prouwl uulwarde; being ooe-eixtJi of the 
tTxilliig tonnage of the kingd-m, aud nun tMn that of tbe 
Thninm. Tliane ports have li)i,OOU voastls anntwlly eutariag 
Aud loavina their tiarbonn, which makee abotit 2K1 vnwrl* (lally 
ou tbe eeabaard of thew riverv, aud eMuetiroea looo vcaehi are 
off the ooiiitt detained by oouttaty winda With tboee enptorcd 
iu tbe cool portstbenatursof the trade Bands tbem to aea in the 
■itormy eeaeon tnttier than in the fine — in wtntn nttbsr than in 
■uuimer. When onoe at sea and the neoeadtyarieeebra tvfun, 
lhei« le nOTVlurn; aud heuce it ia that upon this moet dangerooa 
of nil cnaatayou hnve ooe-eeyenth of the wreeka of th« kiugdam 
to deplore." 

Tlio foregoing are a few of the principal eon^defatiana wblcb 
show the ii««a(ity for the ereotiou of a rehge harbour on the 
uorth-ea«t«ru eoaal, and H now remaina foriae to indlea t « 

Thirdly, The «l« whidi should be selected Ear aecnriag all the 
objccla ill view. 

It vt ol<!ar Hint it ehoidd be u near the bead of tbe bigbt m 
practicable, that 1^ In tbe neigbbonrhood of Hartlenooi, for this 
special reAson—that a vessd embayed voidd ba anle to reaeh 
it from any portion of tbe bight, wliioh abe conid not d» if it 
were placccl aii\-whcre elee. A dletanoe of 10 bthoina a|i|MriM 
Mrob port from the line uf embaymeat would repnsent ncajly 
the position a ressel would be in ii wnitiag tide to euu<r the poet 
The direct embaying wind, a* already remarked, ia E. by N., and 
the course for a vcbuI near Blytb to a redbge harbour at Bartl^ 
pool would bu south, or three poiui* free; inm abreaat the Tyne 
(after Souier P>>iut hita been rouudod], S. } W., or 3} poiau tree; 
froiii abi-eaat Siinderlanfi, S. i W^ or 3j poiuts free: from Mar 
Siuih-am. S., or A poinla frte; aud frnm tbe whole of tbe northern 
pooat of Vorkaliirt birlween Whilb* aud UanlepooJ, N.W. } X, 
or 4^ twiuta free; — whereas a refbce liaibouT pla<.'«<l in the rici- 
nily of the T\-i>c for iuNtanoe, wuiJd be eDmptu'atively ueelws te 
Tessels embayed in the aome depth of water to the aovlbwaid ef 
it, a* they would have to make good a N. ^ & or " upou a ■dnd'' 
course to reach iX; a feat they eonld not poaiibly aeeon^iUsh, 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AXD ARCHITECrS JOURNAL. 



391 



I 
I 



«fro to modento wikther. It U neoMHuy, in (tiott, U> bear iu 
nund M a tnAti-TL-kl point, tbftl «hil« Um gmUr Uie Mimu» oT 
a port in a bijjiii fnica tbe line uf subAyniaat, Ui« grMtw u ila 
Uadnntag* in » nautili point of vmtw, u tht Miue bat of 
dMptr ambavmont renilen it mora fitted aa « lite br k bnrboitT 
of nliig*. Uaftlepool uid its viduity being at tbe bend of the 
bUl, OMMwriljr Mabnw Um lite wkiob ■houU b« ehoMo. 

ThM» tm (tirac podtloQi lu tb« Tidaity of Hartlqpoul for a 
work of tiM urt, (rain vliioh a Mtoction lonj bo lunilc^ ric- 
Badcar rwk*^ the mouth of the Teoi^ ami Hartlepool Bajr. I 
ihall pn the (Mding leaturai of eadi eile, ae luatoriab to aMlat 
!k fenolag ao opinloB aa to their leepeetlve mtirita. 

1. KciImt or 8>]l Sou- ruelu, oppnilte ibe v!lla^-e of Redear, 
SN m nuUD lodgrenf alam ehaloj drying frooD IV to 7| feet at 
low water fpriun, and ppDJeetiug in a MBtral B. by S. direotion 
for lifiO yanlii ueyouii Jow-water marR; their dry portitei^ and 
the ledgee ill cuuneotliD wiib them, embnosaapMe of I73acrat; 
Is acre* near the eantro of tbie area an oocRolad by a toiue ot 
yutinlly drr ledgts oanted tlie High Stonei 13S acrre, partly 
■andy and portly Ibiil, have a leM depth tliAn 18 foet nt low 
water, and the nmalninfl «Moe of 3S acrei b only HiiaI for 
berthage Id a very quallflM aHue. It la true tlial Ilia bile 
luneaud CifUin llowstt, in hi* nvidoiice before the Select 
CoBiniUep on Ilarbonri nf Ri;fii;(n, in April 183S, remarked, 
reapMliug a aile fur a refuge h.irbour : " Knioar i« the only pbtoe 
that iiianre m«iub ta haie pruTidod for the ii<ir)ioaei'' but it la 
right u> niBoniber, tbiLt Captain Hewvit bad made a>> detailed 
wamy uf tlie rock*, And that bo appMiwl to bo eutlroly UD4o> 
qoainted with (he mw of foul Kroaad they ondoaei). If it wer> 
aheolttlely oeccaMry to tana n hnrbour uf the eort noor Italcnr, 
(be wtarr pbui woald eeetu to be, lualeail of building upon the 
Silt Beam, and »a uneloaing a neet of iveke, to place the works 
upon theanndy foreahore.oii one aide of them, whpra the eiicloaed 
■pAM would be all dear, and where tho itAblJity of tba varka 
wrahl not be eDdaugeted from being pinosd on eloping l«d|{Ba, 
with A bamtlDg aea acting npua the toe* of the al'^iiM. 

S. The tnoath of tba Tool from bpiDg the oiiUet of a river, ia 
not adapted for a refii][e harbonr, for theee rauKma : 

The aea breaka upon the north-caet eoaat of KngUnd, in on- 
ebore galea, in 5 btlioma at the lesat; and a refuge hnrbniir, tA 
b« taken with ufKy. eliould not have a leaa depth at iU cDtrnncc. 
On tlie bar of the Tena, na alreadjr mentiooed, there la a depth of 
8 <c«t. Admitting that by the aid of artificin] nirana, thia ni^ht 
be iuerswed to li feet, yet thia ia a depth idtngether tno anuill 
tar Ilia purpow, raioamberiug thnt a refngB hptrlMnr to be worthy 
of the name moat not only b^ eafe of acueea, but muac alwuya m 
nvnilable for entir whatever the atate of the tide may be. 

A^in, a fair toU'>wiDg eei^ or one in which a eliip mnning 
baibn It la ooiujiaratirefy lan, befog uudc^r may oontrol, deoa 
BOteaiet in a strwig tide-way, eapedallv when the tide-way ia 
(be ootaet from a tiver. Tbie atnani, when directly ojipoeed by 
the wind, eanaa a high, bollow, uncorlain and brtAking aea. In 
which a ahip quickly beoomea unmanageable, bronchee to, and la 
loei. From the combined effect therefore of a djLiigcroua ha, end 
ft defldeocy of depth during the gmater iMri »f thv ubh, and a 
wKDt of depth fur a oonnderable portion ot tlx* fliux). the outlet of 
n riear however aituated would be uaelm foi' n^fugo purpoaea 
dorti^ at Icaat eight bount uut uf tht^ tvphe. 

Anin the dianoel of nprironch to a refup- liniljour ahould not 
only bo wide and deep, and be entirdy frwi fp-iii ii strunjj tidul 
oatsel, but ita foaturea ahould alao be twrmiuioui. Now It ia a 
ebMaatariatlcofall riran bauing from between aanda, thnt their 
outlota are oonatantlr fluotnatlng; and tliongh artificial worke 
might •KH-reet tbia aviJ for a time,_yet the original (cnttirea in a 
modilied d^roo would cvontnally form outdJe them, wlien the 
praoeaa of ehaaM would be oontlnunlly repeated na before. 

There ara othar objeottona to ewntwrtiog the outlet of the Ttoa 
to the p<ir|Ha(M of a roRwe harhoar, but the fon^ing am tho 
urincijial onra, and it will bo apparent thai tliay apply with fuJI 
force iKaiuit adopting the Tyno or any other nver for a work of 
that dt>m-.nptioiL 

i. It.iKlxpaol ItaT, the laatofthe three dteaallhe head of the 
north-nutcm hit(1it, ia happily one poaaeeaing aubatanti&l meribi^ 
andonelowhieh fewrealobjeddoaacan bamado. Tlie following 
are tome of Ita maalfeal adranb^pa i— 

It haa a dear aeawnrd appnnch, with a gradually decrwuuns 
doDth in front, and ila pcdtlco la already marked b;- a good 
light upon a projecting b«adluid. 



It U not only at the lieiul of a ilan^roua bight, and thna oon- 
vanitntly nUoad. aa we have aran, (or the pmorvatioa of UEe^ 
bat it ia alao to leeward of the prindjMl coal ptwta in thoae fftlea 
wtiioh are the hearieat and of raoM freqneul oecumnee, eamely, 
ttoae between north and north-eaal: and it would, coiiaaqnently. 
be admimbly adapted for tlie slieller of tcmoU caught under 
aueb dnuiDataneoa abort of thdr pnrL 

It baa excellent holding-giwind, and tha anrfrec of the bottom 
la uniform. The aoU ia of atiff day, of oooaldenUe thicknaaa, 
oovered by a avr&oe depodt of aand; It Ims been borad into to 
tha daptb of 10 jtiria, and it u enppoaad to be oven Uiidier in 
the outer portion of the bay. 

It U of a dnubr form, being partially eudoaed, if I may aaa 
the term, by the Henoh, a headland of ami magnaalan limeaUae^ 
Ui tlie Dortliward, and by the Ijong Soar, a ladge of aoft red aaod- 
Rtou«, to the eonthwaid. It p iaa i iii ea. thenifora, featarca which 
if aided by properly pmjocted work* w>:>uld nllbid a targe pro- 
ttfotod tpiuM at a compEuntivdv aniiUl outlay. 

Tha tidal atriwma iu the nay ara weak, being at tho mte of 
little mora than a knot par hour in aminga, mkI not half that 
amount in the inner |iart of tlie bay; while a jndidoualy planned 
oormng-wurk wuuUI not deeieaae that mte (keeping in view U>e 
nuunteuauoe of depth), neither would it iuercaae the nt«-^an 
important eonaldaralion, aa I have alinadjr alalad. 

Tha atrand ia the dnutt of tha bay u aandy and aren, and 
well anited for hfnnhing veaaela upon in caaea of eitrsmity, willi 
■afety to tlMniad*« Mid tbeir cr*wa. It ie even now, in ita 
natoral and nnptctoctad atate, a bvourita place among neamen 
for thia narpoeo. 

It ombmoca within ita liinila the two flourishing and riaing 
porta of Old aiid Wcat Uunte|»ol; and while ila protection and 
ooDverdoo Into a refuge harbour would be a direct and ineatl- 
mabla advanta^ to tliMn, thdr varioua doeka would aupplr an 
inner harbour, into which vnacla dimblod couhl ontor and be 
repaireil: from whence pilote could go out to ecai in all wenthert; 
Olid where aaalstance could be immediately given, hy ateam-boata 
or otherwise, in alt caaea of dietreea. 

lAirtly, a oallaUnil and a not nnimpuetnnt advanti^(« attending 
tho ntabliilitiiFot of a refuge harbour at Uartlepool wmild be, 
that being littcd hr reaacia of heavy draft, il would be tnvnlnablo 
in oaae ot war for tha protacUon of the eoal porta, aa well aa the 
whole of the milh fiaitfan tndei while Ita piallloa, nearly mid- 
way botwfRn the number and tho Finh nf Forth, woold render 
it oiiiuilly valuable for the defence uf tbu kingdom. 



RAIUIOAD DEVELOPMENTS.* 

By Jojra U. Rionmnsov, United Stataa. 

The inailmum gradient of any road i« deUnnined by the fol- 
lowing t^inai'lorattona, viz.: the character and amount of the 
traffic it ia roi^niiwl to a«c»inmodate, the topogiaphy of the coun- 
try tlirougb wfaioh it paaio^ mid tho fhnda at tiie diapoeni of the 
compauv. " What a road ought to be," ia deteniiinod by the firat 
of the anove conaidantlmia, but the aeooud and thinl. fraijui-nily, 
if not alwara, interftn and determine that it muHt be what it 
ahould not tfct Owing to the gnat irrcgnkritv of tho *ut&m 
of the earth, tlie iDgeiiuily of the auperiutenoiug engineer ia 
often wverely taxed In endeavouring to keep wilhiu the liwita of 
the renuinid grade, and vnry fnuiuontly much valuable lime i» 
lott. I propoie to prcaont in tliia paper, eoma conatdamtiona 
which «hi>uld iufluunoi- au engineer when areking to locat* a ivad 
between two pointa, the dUvul line connecting tliem being (oo 
abort. Thia ia a coae of fVoioeot oocurrenoa In hllty and moun- 
tainoua dlatricta, and one whieh often tniiina much dlfflinilty. 
Imagine a oiae. 8uppaae it ia requlrol to eonni'ct two poinbi 
Aond B, whoee difference uf levd ia 6G0 feet, Uicir horiaontal 
dtatanca apart lOmlle^and the majthnBiu gnda -10 feet pur mile. 
It ia evident that the atmight line oouiectlii^ A and B in too 
abort and atoep, for it riaca (iii fret tier uiln. mnce the line can- 
not be atiaight, hut mu«t bo ourvea or mixed. H^ud A at the 

• rnm On •Jmnti al itw FnnkUn lailitaM.* 

I r«>auiigUHlninM(f ihtailBcljildvhlcli ■^n^lll ilManatn* lba«DMaa)cB 
oFa na4( aw otHMan 1. awl t. gfheC OVSmfWt mik, 'A Mamial tt X«dm*JilD(.' 
Ttil> mkaDuMMtaoUtU/dNOBMHlBl: liiialuinU; •ulud tOran InUoduelHrj 
frit-twgll t» Iba liinft^iniiil Mudwli and atUugtli It doH not fa ■> ftillr laU Hi* 
maiMtunika nadwBar dwlKb n It Ih* MMt ealoalKM to •■•irwtb' pnrjiiia 
inlmdid Iv ik> amtoi, MaataU ■«• iii4lllMa fitmlai iBlWuiUBa In • yoiuli 
fonu a^picil tv am capadij of Ihi tucml dua of nidon u<l UuiIdbU. 



102 



THE CIVIL. ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrTS JOimNAL. 



cf tlie poiatii; a Utile omudenliori vill ihowtbftt to order 
got Uw aluwteM Uae fdUUUng Uie reqvlnd eoudiiious, it ntut 
9oSliin» to uoMid HMonUng to ttio gtv«n grade. Kow, 000 -r 40 
'^IfrS; that in, Um< liorjnontAl lunvth ol din rw)Dir(il ro*id la 
\9& niil««. If tma the nature or the mir&M bctn-<<ra A jwd B 
tuy put of Uio roul conuMtitig tlwm be Mae«anl]r lerel, tbe 
•ntJra koruoaUl Iriiglli wiU be W6 bIIm -(- tbe level perL If 
tbe nad Mifvhero (l«NoeDda boloir tlie ngoLtr gnde Um in pMi- 
Ing from A to B, the mtira boriioDtal length will be Iff-a -f e 
IcBgth eqiul ta thai ne at— t ry to orovoine k bei(;bt twice that of 
^e dwo en t- If lh« rrxul au vwhur* umndi ali»v« thu iv(^]&r 
gntde Use In pea«iuh- froiu A tii B, Iheeotira horb:<>uUl Ivugtli 
will bo gaosraJif «)iuU to m irajn l>rli tnilea + n loogtli t^iud to 
thai DeeeNMijr to oi-oraunc e hdalit twieo ee iCR*t na tho ueont. 
Thiu, i/ in poacuig lh>m A to B, the liue en/where dcawutla 
ItXifeei below tlie nnJeU&e, it will hftve to eaoeDil th« mma, 
end tbia Monit aod deweui t4 en ezm lOOlWt wQl be oauivA- 
loot to eddina nt leiurt 900 foot to the orwoel dlffiireiiee of levolt 
awltiag it 8S0 bet, end iucroMttiK tlier«1>}' lh« homont&l Iohj^ 
tf TOM bj at leeat 6 tuilm. Ouwa amy arinv in whiuh it vill )w 
ipOMdble (o evold niekie^ ocoteioDell}' auoh tleweate end eMoata 
peadou frou A to & but nob a tocMloti dotild be given to 
tbo reed (if it ia poeaible to find ooe not ettoidod br too groat 
ooat) that tbe eaoaot from A to B may be amdtul uid cuiiBtniiL* 
'f d itaBaU the euin of tbe unevajdeble daaaentH t«l(iw tlit 
line iu puaiug rmni A to B, a the aum of tlie unnv.-iiilnblo 
,ta sboTO tlie grndn Vtaa, I tha lunsth of levul pert; tho entir« 
itnl leu^ of rood oounectiDg A and B wiQ b«, geoemllj 
Fctleaet, 

18-J5 + 0-Ofi(«+d) +imUeaj 
•nd Uw hngtb of thu roul itaeli; 

' +[(2^|^)'+0-00!W(330 + « + d)»]*mU«. 

If dEd=(=o, tha leogtb of tlie ahorUBt line will bev 16000473 
uUee. 

Nov, though this is the Forfar/ lino fultilling Uid recinirwl con- 
dition, it lU^ Miiinie tntr*t d^enml potiliant ; it nay lia eotirel; 
00 use ude of the verticel pleue, paaaiug through A and B; or, 

* Mm rrar. omMciA vok ilntOt nlliimt to, pica B>. It leaut to te buAlj 
7 ut wU ujUilBc >a tt> pnmiDC itOMkt, tnllOit uy ou tbmtil nputam 
I dUBoiK/ la csapnbndlni Iw* II It IhU ■ ilwaiiti Mo* «r u ttant kbgn 
(tasaddlueuiidil HMUatUjIa A« dlAnaca tf lanl b«l*«Hlbi tn (MnU,' 
M(lt*vial (olvin l£f HCBt «diHnit,an t9U)pl««ID MaMD. BdMaa H 
lb* cmpk tlRHdir ■JoaoM IB ik« lodir <( lUa |iB[iw,— ir In ^Ht^ tnwi A li B. 
tM feN <■ Uulr dlVEmin oT Inal tailiig onmaiu bf • Ito* iMai aoUMn]}' ftm A U 
■.aMKUudrin tlw raiuiml ptOn, lllMBi(lmHl mobht, owtu «> tha (nMUn- 
(■lIMsrilwtnrfu) (*iitJI<TLDttr*«lu, torluUan.J to^MoJ IMbM, knrr»- 
■pindlBg uMDi Hill lii»i tu ha m>d« Mm* <fe* origliwl dlSMvacxif tail (HOtwtl 
bgiVHo BuiJ ikni luiuiiif timnodshavbadanna bm <M ^natand. Aai 
tbUdaamni uii uniit nfio •tin IMIMwfll null* a uuSirf nad Mail lo an 
t w ■!«« t «( DH/ rM 1 aul lh« Mai Itoflh .J nwl «iaGg tk« euDa u U MO feM 
MlhadlARneaaf Iwd uTAudi^wl Ihanwl hul rUraaatl 



taatwaaMaJlBl 



icontlbu- 



WhacBITllBjH •baiHtHd and* (nn A t» II. ' Aiala, U iftff tanng wnnvooio 
MDlaalaHtadB r i n — oflwal ew n a A and B, li Ti HiiiuiT iummij i ■lamiuin 



talarnalu wUok U 1( ladigirf bat not to jilorat to a umsal— to uoaiid atnn Uia i 
ndiSMlaa biUblwnal loltXI Iml Iba AArno* of l>nl Mann Bud 
I atora lUi (001 taratutaa atU bt W t7 100 IM tt*B tba dlSmMi of lattl 



■tateiaOandallBa 

(Ma laCDala to In onrmawi iillfn' • m i i iiiillin i l iiia nt ba 



M««M II ami Iba point ahMv Oil 



■(Deaai^tao 

.., _,_...._ ... , . HT. and a iba 

bsfUaolaldMaacaftvaiB totha polnlwbin tbaaanot bnu b* bM toonoaad. Ilia 
li«^ Wrb nliimA frnrri I In B mijr nnT tii innaaad af all Bat II. w eUl (anai^ 
t* tha aaM oato mA laiaaOiiiaiieaa, • nanapandlaa deasM id 100 (tat b* BaoiaarT 
VfiHv Iba aoilbi* if U» onnuid la aaeb Ihai taa r«d ma Hout coBtUnoaati ftm A 
19 tl. tb* iMal lo eP Mf Td laeilb tf nad noMotlu A ad 1 aUI b« noJ lo ibat 
■iKCaatTiuiinrimB*! hoIsUaCtOO IM.aa alna«$ daMnalnd. tla>Ul baadi (a 
lUiiMTtta lUi UN niituu 1^ te. I. LH A C tJ te ibe [irojKtJDn of (hi n(Olir pada 
Un* aa lEtfaafd oa ua aaitboa iTb /Icf ti i-7lkEid^r 
■lib clmUr baaaL aad whnw tiw )ih»i 
IbtMiabAaadl'.CIalOO fot atuir 1. tu.l 
anpgB Oat aftw baafaa afifiwl ai C. Uw 

aJiWiltiM eiti iiihiiT»lliiilll lal.il 
W MwaBAa anaoMo latatvaana bdmea 
C aad B br a naael, bui to daOact i£e toad lo 
ilwrtAlilaHabDnCIOOfMiiaD. Ii*!JJ 

mmSlt ba a ly ta daacaod al laaai loo 

raat ta aoua fnUiA, a# J^ brtov Iba aarfkca cf 
IM BiMBd la aoeti Ibat Iba road can utml 



eoalEnoaali la B. tfato a«rat and dw«t of 
I oa bat will aid nn bUm 10 lb* koiEb al mad 
■mnacrtlai A and 1^ aad II *IU lo (•atnl to 
snAnbla w pitne Iba nnuaialii aad Mid Um 
nad ■lUHIb* Haa AOV, ralbar Ibaa iilai( 
Iba UarlCOKrV; but U Iba lotllal aa- 
MBaa o( anmuUat iba load ahnc <be iwua 
C D B F f, Iba nu^ upaaa of kaapliil n Id 
nralt, aad Iba ■Mr rad Uar at Ibr mcIom 
u4 aaa otat Iba laiMtbt laia ibaa (ba aKnaal 




Kie. 1. 



aKnaalairf IbooofnapoBdlai Llaaia ofspaiua 
BtMf Oa Uiw f, tba aulaa* aOI bf iBiUjiiHa la naUM Ua dabaika. atbitMw 
eaetDlHI. PaKbar.mbdlAnaaa.4lat*lbH««aBlbal!yMtM(ttt<aBM«adA 
boawa m ibaaibtdMliaoatiiriaBalbaWaaDAAttdB. ibat Iba li^ tf aoad «^ 
■mIIH a hJ B aiU btt iDcnsKd br •" aii«nul «|Btl U al laaal Ibat uiuh iifri — rr 
taotwvnii* ■ b'.lttii latca u (nal u •'ir ■'"■-—■■n -f |t-i1 tfrrmiM It aial ilirr blibml 
falal<(hia4. 



{Mtrtlj OD one aide end yautij on the other; or it id*7 i 
Mveoi^ dUennt podtiona on tbe aajoe ^e.* Soma of tbeee 
pceittoQB or loeetiodiB wUl now be treocd, and o4h<ee IndleUad. 

PnoBUDt. — Having given the differanoe of leaal o( two^ole 
A end B, end their horizoniAl diiianoe nar^ it is ra«{iiu«d to 
ODduiect tbem bj- % linr riiicK tmifomlf nan A to B MamdlBg 
to BU neauiued gnule — that ia, W a line neUllg n oomwrt aape 
with th^ horiKou. Let the honauutal j^Aoa of rehreBoa j»m 
Uiroucb A, end B' 1m thi' pmjnciion of B oa that plane; A = tbe 
lioiKht of B above A, and H a = tbdr hariaoMal JiatiiBM aneifc 

Sinm the required line ia to nuke a eoutaK angle vlOi tka 
borinm, it nuat be a bdii, and if a 6aM$ the ooaataat aa^ 
the langtli of belix ia 

• = A coe a (I) 

Tlie horin>ntaI pmjectioii of s, or horixontal length of Una 
oonneeting A and B, ia 

• =«OoaaKs Aoota . ■ (^ 

The length of a hxlix aa well as tbe lengtk if Ha hotiiootal 
prvJMtiuij, ia luiafTeclnl by th« nature of the aoT&ee npon a^kh 
It ia located, but the po*ilku of Uie helix In apace, and tbe fbrm 
aa well aa poaition of the mirro into wbioh it t* proj«<tcd, depend 
entirely upon the natup* of tbie aur&dn. 

For the aaLeofaiiii|>lidtyuiiuiiie that the helix ialooaleiloa a 
right ^Under with drcuUr bue, whoae projection <j>a tbe plana 
of reference paaaae tlirmigh A and B', and that tlie belix ahall 
not ^ereo tbe vortical pkne of A and B. llie projeoUon of tbe 
helix, whioli will he the hnriiontal leiu[tfa ct the reqnlred Vm*, 
and whidi is kuuvm from dilTcreDM oiC Wd of A and B, and the 
aaaninod gr»J>.-, nill bo tlie arc of a circle peaatng throng A and 
B. Thu pn.hl-'in will bv solved when tbe nuliua of tlua an aad 
the anglv aubtondod by it itro determined. (See fig. 3^ 




Pia. 1. 

Let AGB'be the projection of tbe hdix: * =OA tbe rH)nirad 
radius, 2 f tlie anglo aubteuded by A C B'. The cqiMtMna ea ( 
ditiaa&i«, 

rSf := a = A cot a . • (S) 

faiat = e (fl 

Expanding aln * in terras of », 
ainf J=ff-»-'.3-'.#' + S-'.3-'.4-'.6-'.t»-8-*.a-*. 

4-'. 8-'. 6-'. 7-'. ♦' + 40. 
SoWitntJog in {i\ 
^ (♦-!-'. 3-'.^+ «-'■»-'. *-'-«-'-»»-»-'-3-*. 4-*. 
B-'.6-».7- ••+fto.) = o . 

Gliminatiug p between (3) an (5), and taking onlj thaaa t 
ot the developoient of nn e, . 

♦'—»♦' = 84004-' tana — » 
Solving (6), 

♦ =± [lO + (B«eA-'tan*-»)*]' . 

Sabstitnting in (4) and reduduft 

* = i(coa [|0 + tlMOeA-'tana — 80)t]' 

EVom(T], it is ovldonl lUt «> will bavo at Imet two nal ^ 
nuiuericalty eqiinJ, but aObctad wiib ooutory aigm^ when 

tan>e-'<Se>-H . 



InlM^I 



• Tha Ua* It riUinUT a hilli. aud U mat ba bnird eroa a crIMtr, •tm 
obw*. »■ «Ultaort. a wwMbIJ. and a Iwiiattoaia— « U mar ba nw* W ae mm 
luiasl luifxat— aad b no nroaaiiaUr ibo pafscUoaa Iw Iba aow attbawk I 
nHfall ba otOa aame laglb. 



THE CfVIL ENGINEEB AND AHClUTECrS JOURNAL. 



S0* 






If 0* b« Um ugU tnsdobj tht ittwght Lina eonaeotuis A Miil 
B with A B-. ton*' = (8«)-' K»ad (D) tMOomM 

tu n > «-' Un d' . . . (10) 

If In aJdiUon to Iho onulittoQ wpt H iiJ by <l<n, tbve U thU 
olktr oiMv vix. : 

10 > (SlOo*-' Una — 30)*, or r(«lw:lD«, 

Uim < una' (II) 

f will hftv« four vnliMW, of wliloh, bowovtr, on\j twn will iliOer 
umawleallf. 

It ii eriilvnt (ram lb* Mtun of tti« problim anil tli* concliUana 
aMunieJ. i)i»t Un a <«i iMVcr rz«Md taa y; >lio Uut the two 
VBlacaor9 vhichdtflerDansrioiJijiniut bo»ppleBeDlato«acfa 
otk«r,i«,*o nthtod thitt thdr riacswill be eqiul; for If tbev 
Mr* not, r will lure two ilifl«reiit vnloM^ nnmnicnlly oodsIiIotwii 
Utd tberrfoi« «, the |)rnj«<etioa of tbe Mix, will bd lyituil In IoiU[tb 
to vm of Iwi* ilifr<!f«u( cirvlce ■nbtimdvd by n comtnon chon^ — 
•mhUb U ImpOMibltL (Bm VvrM • Ugi-adn; Book v. 17.) 

Agiia. once the ntotion rxpRMcd br (11) murt tUw&ya bold, 
thM AXpreMcd bjr (10) murt tint, in order for * to be rvu. Tho 
•Motned eoiuUUon wliieh detennineB (10) i*. tbkt lb« helix iIiaII 
not pierce tbu verliunl plniie tAmrinit iltroueb A end B. 

119 < -U", the lielU will >• pnJKtod utlo aa uv ISM than ft 
eemi^TcU; if « = -U* the prajtctioii of the helix will be & eHnJ- 
dn^; Mid if « > 45*, tli« m «f projwtioa will be zrmur thnn » 
MnDcirek. Hjiriug faaad « sail #, the arc* «<ui h* traced, ud 
Ike dmenltlM to bteaMatorad Id vonelnMlus tbu rcwl along 
thher of them aMorbuaeJ. SevonJ other ix^tca may aUo be 
obUiiin). A B' may be ilividod iato two, time, four, or mon 
pftrta, e<>iial or uik«|uiil, nud tli« lielix Irxutnl C4i m aOJUy (au; 
gent cyUoden. The prnjeetiao of the helix la ell each 
M a enrre ot oootnry llukure. (Ste fig. 3.) 



Inetead of employiag (7) to fiod «, 4, A, 8, fte. tanne of the der^ 
lopmeot of dn * in om. 

When oqwriioaa of biaher Atgrota tbaa thaee «r« enqdcTod to 
detertninafitlie real and pod'JTC valuee obtainad wM rilher be 
aiipfiteaMOiU of oaoh other, or ao rriated th*t their nwaan- oqnal. 
aavselii<«^-»)=«ln(«+»)=<lB(9*-«)=nit(a.+o»=«ntw»T«).(l«> 
m moit be a poeilivo even niuuber. The raluM eoiMtod are the 
Dnmeriotl oaea, no atteatioB bMsg paid to the algecnJo aigDa. 

If lour tmiu of the dcvelopnaDt of ain t ba «nplo7«d, tha 
reaolting •qnalioa b « will be 
♦'-«f' + «0l?=;5040-100d0«»-*tali« . . .(17) 

Putting ' = **, (14) boeomea 
a' — 4S.r> + M0.r = C040— IDOaOoil-'taas . . .(16) 

If £re terraa be eaiidoy«il, the R«ahiiig •qnation will be 
♦•-78P»+3(>!M*'-«MaO»«.= 7i&7«0«*-'taBo-3e38eO. 09) 

(19) Biny be put nniler tho fora 
^-72j'4-3(»4^~604ao« = 7M7GOe*-'lana— 3«S880 . (SO) 

Having (bond an approxiiBBte viUne Ibr ' &ofa (19) or (tO), 
there will rwult t= + VxT Tbia in (4) will n*e an appmsi- 
mate v>lae for ^ IImo apply the method of apptozunation 
alRUidy deaeribed.* 



wUl 




he. 1. 

It la eeen thnt « and v oui (>uty be apprniimati'ly detaminad, 
ihe nearaav of the approiiuietiuu ilcpFiiiJiiig upon th« nnmber 
of t«niia of tha development cf «d » that It taken. If 4, A^ 6, An 
bt emptor*^! oquationi <t the uxth, eighth, tenth, to, degreea 
wDI be obtained: but a* they eoncoiu on1y«-pn powers of o, tbey 
nay be redooed to cqmtiona of tli« thiril, (burth, Afth, Ac 
degreea, by iutnx]uuiag an auxiliary anknowB quautitr. Inatcad, 
howcrer, of ailetopUiig to itolve t)i«ae •qnatfona, It will be better 
p«rl»pa to prooted thai ;— haviiifi found an approximate talne 
of * from [7)1 (6) will ^v« an appn>siin«te value of » — ^^r"— 
Bubatituting in (3) there will reenll 

f = a-'r-')keot« = f' 



TUa in (4) girea 
Thii tD (39 girea 
7h& in (J) givM 



f = « coa •' = f* 



♦ = S-»f'-'AocilB = t' 






f s e ooe V =^ r^ • 
Ac &0. A& 
riw appro xiiualioa ahould be oontinned in thin manner, until 
# ia correctly obtained t<i four deciaial pbwea. If io anr oaac 
tan ■ < i}~> lau a', the lielis ouinot be localtd on a Hght cylinder 
itilb divnlar baae, and aioit then be tnucd on eonie other aur- 
bca or eufiuNa. (Sen aittde ' Betioea,' Ac, already raferrad toj 
Sinee (7) gleca only au approxiBiate vabie for 9, the two raluea 
of o wUI not ha exact onmdrNnetitB of each, bat will only appFOzi- 
mate towarda that relaik>D, and wUl asproaoh nearer and neater 
to the alato of havii^ their ainaa eqoal (O endi MImt the &nher 
tfie appronnatioD ia vnrried. Tna mm tmuu/k boMa wliiiit 

Va. as Vol. xz^DKiKna, IM7. 




rr4, i 



The helix may be locUed on levnal tangeot nlindera, ao that 
ita proiedtion may b« a oarrc of <onti«-fl«xnrfv bfng aatinly on 
aaeaiileof AB*. Ijeiwnl examples an gim. Ipeefig*. 4,6,6.) 




Pl^ 4 and A Hpreaawt the helii a* looatod on three toagoit ' 
^Ikuer*. In flg. 9 it i« looatod on fonr. I 




ne.*. 



Fig. Q eshiUta atx roniet for panbig fimnt A to B: thin* srr nut 
all 0? the aatne length io the diagram — \dd'tlB'; A'ddt/B'-, 
Adft/gkif: AakgkB': Arf frj/B'-. AJ Aj/eJB'. Now althoug h, 

• Let A = i}4Q recti St - ^'t'B"" fe<*i ia» » = 1 + 1«, -Wk* ec 



$M 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHJTECT'S JOURNAL. 



Id pnielioa niMW of Uiea» may fnt ariae, aipwiAUjr aoat ot ib» 

but l\inv, tm U M easy to ooowlve of tbe aroomatanew oudar 

vUich it may be aiommj to adopt aar on* ot ibm. 

lniiK.*,ed = at' = tir ~ 3-*<JB' = 3-'A<f =-oii»-Biathof 

f tiw eatu« boricoDtal development c4 sa e'lf =: ift. &d ia an 

■DHumed uburd ukeu tiulUcitfitIv lone to prcvunt too i[rut car- 

valitrv hi ihv uiv B'A Havi^ dctvrmuitil ^=ctf = r, and 

f ^ Wed =: B, tbo honmntal dsv^l.'piiient can b« tnetd. In 

border to tniM it, tbe angle wfaicb the curve at itn initial pmnt 

I with A B muit be foand. Drawing U' T tangent U> thu 

OurvH at B', it tnake> with AB' an angl^ 

AB'T= ABre + eBT = AB'c + BO* . . («») 
I>raw <p perpcodieulM' to A B", and cA' |iar«llel to the tauit,' 
tiuoas 

c'k i=kg = ie* ua («-'♦) = 2r «ia(e-'»); 
Bj = a-'c~St-ahi(e-J9)i 
TOaAB'« = a-'er-^ — aiia{e-'»), «, 
AB'e = co«-' [*-'er-'-S«in{»->f)'j . . (88) 
Bb *«. e, */= tt = 4r = a-ieAB', 
aiidni>c«B'e=c/=/'r' =/A, Ibcre reanlu 

ABTT =1 Bey = Arf = a-JBee = a-"* . . (23) 

If, Id flg. 0, tha devehtpineiit Kdi^oh'B! b« tak«ii. Ibe kngl« 

AB'T oan b« dolotntiaed ihiM: Intb* plane Seum ARe"Vc' oU 

' tbe aidee are known, tocctber with Uia DUgToa BV"«", e"'(^c', 

Find c'e'A. Honoe^ AB'e"tnn bo fonnd,and *abt«aoting90*&ain 

It, tbe remainder a-ill be wjtul to A BT. That ii, 

AffT = AB'e"-9a' . . . (M) 

^ ^ -■ 

> to a gnia of 40 loet par mile. 

tan 0'= *!fiO ^ 52;800 = 1 + 80 = -OlES- 
Hmee tana ><-> taao. 
8idi*>ilutii>g III 0, 

f = I-4J(«rl'lS4. 
Tb ezpraee * in etoaedi, 

<• a MS,000 X vast -^ S'UlflS = S4IlSa-l'i 
■nd reducing to d«gnee, nuQutca. and •ecooda, 
* = 91' «■ 30-1*, 
Tliii value ka {() will civo ihe GrM apiUDxIiaate valiia of p. Sahitl- 
toning it in fXt, tlw (oconil ainmiimaie rilus of f will be ebbuiwl: 
■ad *o en. pladng in (IS) for c, A, «nd uii a, tlieir nluiw; Ui<v« reault*, 
X*— 4iz -f- SWic => S1,SIU-^ 11. 
By iufpeetion s > S and < 3. Aauna x = 2'e, there renlta 

lor the firM appnnimtU nJun of «i, whioh otn bo emptoyed m before. 

He higher uie d«gm of tin equation efflpJafed tile n«ire ntariy oor- 
raet i* the nine obuuned far 9. 

ll i» evident that f i» alwa?* erraler than e. 

Uteioe, ineteid of aolviof (7), (ISli or (IS), mi apumtiniate value for p 
Cr«ateT tlMO c may be anuEatid, and the metltod 01 npproiinution llutn 
applied to find f and p ocmeotly to (our or five demmAl plocea. It will 
be beat hewerer lo tolve one of Ihe highest njuitiona inTolvine 9. 

A void of eipUoation bore vlth regiiril to frjietionul nitd mviiiTe 
axpeaMlB. It ii gioitlbla that thU papu mny f^l inu> tlio haiidn uf gome 
wboa* tlmhed loaUiouulieal linn«lo<l){e will not unaliln tlieni to oompra- 
tiniJ the analytical aaliillnn of the jiroblein, litil •rho majr be deaiiiiuii to 
apply the reaulta of the iiivw^^tion. far the bmslit of ludi, tiio foU 
luKtag *i)«ivalnit expreaiona arc girin : 



And gaoeially, 



■ (»«_4^ = *'o"-6' L M = '^UflS — «)| = V (S3 — iSJ' 



■ a-(r*— f^« = /y/ •■xa/ (r»— ^u. 

"Hut i*, any (luantitjr mited to a power •toiiolel liy a IraotioDil eipo- 
anit ti equal to that root of ibc quuillly ntinHe index i« the deooniinalor 
niaed to a paver the exponent of nhkli i( tliv numerator. 

3-7-' =3 + 7 -a*-' = 3 + 4'; J8-*=:7— »J = 7-:-V9■ 
(S o + T-' «-* = 1 -r (6 a + 6 + Dl = 1 -r V WM^TXTJi; 
And j^tnerally, 

That te, if there bo (ovoial fnotons eono of nhich hai« negative expo. 
(Mct*. the oipmdon » (ijuimJeat to a 6actleai wlioiv numoraior ii tho 
oontlnucd product ot iliv fjMton having poilttve Mponenla, and deuouit- 
(lUnrlli* oontinue'l pro-luct of the factor* bailDjaegatiTcoipooaiUithi) 
«>gu> of the aogatiru eiponcoU telng ehaogod. 



The angle made by the taiuninl to e l Q^ at B' ia aleo raidil* 
found,— Iikewiae tbo aoglo nwU bjr /B' with A B'. In all o^ 
except the firrt p nay be aawmed eo aa to rrgubitu the curratSK 
of the area : # and Om chord will then be kuua-ii. 

Figa. 4, fi, and 6 bav« been tntrodoeod nwnir to riiowiuiD 
what n variety of forms the helix iimj be pmjrvW. 

Thn practi^ concluainn drawn fruni (liti invistig.itina ia « 
followa ; when it ia requimd l« connect two f«iuia whom bm- 
xoutal dialauco apart and diflcmii^T nf level are (rivpu, by a Mat 
makingaosietant iuu;i<c with the horizon, the etmlulit liu;^' a<» 
Reeling tke polnta being; loo eteepitJie ahorteat line ; ui 

condition may natntne many dIArent poaittonit irv> i ,.iij 

abuuld be uxamiii«>) in detail, and tliat one Mlectod whiLb pn. 
eeuln the f^wmt or len^t formid.iblc obitacWa to the ojnBtriwUn 
of Uie road. Much might be added here with ri-ganl to tin 
importaaoe of ranniug Duneroua " Iriat LioeL" when the ttaiaia 
of thr anrGue ia anch aa to preMut auy diffioully iu Uiit ptaeti^ 
■olutioii of the problem. I forbear, however, to aay mure tkan I 
have already eajd on thia anbject. A&y additionid. rstuaika ^iy 
seem to be niher oDt of place in tbia paper, wbicli tn durotod lo 
the aoluUon nf a special proUem la pmutical cD^icrring. 



FtR, DE^^ AND HOUSE PAINTING. 

ax ATTKurr to DsTBiuihrK whkk Tbksx wnaa uitwhicced ww 

EXoijixo, WITH hkxabka f^ thk tttocBsau or rut: i^tteb.* 

By Wtatt I'A'wwoimi, Arehitmc 

It hn» benn geuerally auppoiiihil itial the timber aeon in old 
1>uiHinj{a k .ilmoHl without esoe;it^>U '.ak; but it wilt be (bund 
on invealiRiitiou th.it many other kinds of wood were iu«d,A 
kiinwlejgt' of which. Mated a* they have \xvi in UyluK jHwiioMk 
wnid'l )<« highly scrviomUe to thoarvhitoet and to tlii^ builder. 
From roconre quoted in Mr. Turnpr'e ' I>on)«a[ic Arviiiteetonof 
England,'t it apponra t.bal iu iitM. ipmp. Hrary ill., tho ballUI 
of Southampton wore coiainaaded to buy WO Sorvmy bo»r>l« ot 
fir to he awd at Winchmtor for wainsuul; that 111 l2Sb, lUOO 
Norway board* n-ere piuvhaaed for vaiosootlng certaiff niutaa in 
Windsor (.'nHiIc, aad that ji hoaae of dual was to be uivi*, twi- 
ning on ax wheals, and roofiil with lend. Tlie word tia^, M«e 
or tappo, baa been tmnslatnd " deal;" chii lattor is »tat«d to En 
derirod frwui the Dutch, da^en, or Geruiiui, dUltn, "tirwiwl,'" 
which wnuld pei-bape be the bettor ti'aiHilalion of tbe wor^ mt 
(Fr. mpin). Tumor civi« bU opinion that "tbe wood ontliiuiT^ 
usi^d waa lir, poasibly becanse it waa cheaper and ioot« eaaUi 
worked I hsQ oakf and that " Norway plank* ware laisely im-* 
pi>rt«d into this ooantrr from nn rnify period of tbe thirta«atli 
omtury, and perbapa, altliougb it ii not qoiie »u <Jcw. at a attU 
earlier tirap." Uis authority for thac remarks appean to me 
very alight: but he hns in his favour tbe &ct Uint uvatiw '*lbr 
the benelJtof trade" were nmda hy Henry IlL with one or two ' 
of tlie kings of Norway; the iwc of tlin timber buwcrm- would 
appear (from theee rooorda) to haw boon ooutiaed to tha roy^ 
worke. DmI boanle bonEht tor doom and windowa are men- 
tioned between 1278 and 1307. One of the halls appnHprialed 
for tbe rojal aeat at the eoronatioD of Edward II. (1307) ww 
onlerwl to be oorera'I with board* "de aapo.' The vudtob« 
aocounta of Edwnrd IT. (I-ISO) mention " cofyne of frrm" for tLe 
carriiigo of the king'* books to Ellbam. 

The above eatracta show that fir timber was imported at that, 
early period; and omitting the but record, we mast now paM 
over nn interval of about SOU yoara to the next dutt, for the brat 
Btatcmcnt 1 have been able to find of theMtual importation of 
timber, which is w bito as 1517, teuup. Henry VIII . when tbo 
Dutch in particular wet« aoenscd of brluging 0*01 u-ya, timber, 
and leather, reiuly luanufiictared. Daring that mouar^'e reign 
the acnrdty of timber began to be experienced, attd Hex-end ata- 
tul«a were pnaaed for filing the priee of barrtla: re<|uiring the 
iraportation of dap-boarda for tbeir nianufoebart; and for tho 
preaervallca of the fereata of Eiijj^d, faut excludiofc the eoimtiea 
where iron-worka had been earned on tnm venr andcot timet. 
Queen tSixaboth (l.Utj-lOOa) bavins reduoed tbaWTMU Btitl tn- 
tb«r. pasacdsubBoi|Ucnta>:t«foirtbetrpre8eFvatiot>. Ur.ClATtoa, 
in his work on the aneir.nt timber adllioa* of tlw tiaalen u patiot 
Kngliuul, autea that tho timber boildbga of England of Uik 

* l-siwr amU bf ton tbt Kof tl IiuUtaM sT BrieUli AnUMU. 

t ThoMSlirtailoIbliVMtuf inftnuUsaaaMtbtuaM ttad -f — it-M»J ■ k 

tbslli.h.drtrit«d««<iTP>Melltd*«tted. -"•■Jgoaai 




TBE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



399 



[ (thfti of tlie ustMuith esBtnrr) wm ioTsrIiibl)' coostnHl«d 
, i>f extrecue dumbilitv; and lI&mtDn (1373), tlio 0Jt«ii 
, wrilcr ill die raga of Elinbcth, un : " The w»lLi of uiu- 

I ou Ui« iaaar litb be cither bkogM witli Uuiwtrie, ama 

worlw^ or [lalnUd clo(h»— or eU« thty »n wded witli ok* of our 
own*, nr v^iuKot broughl hitlicr out of tbo EmI aOMBtrias.'" »»i 
ilk uKitlier (Jxic,— " in UniM ptwt tuca vrcro cnntontod U» diroU 
in liuiuua bovlileJ of nUow. willow^ plum-trM, bwil b«»me, awl 
etiBii, Ml i)i.ii tbv uMof <>K« waa lu a miuinvr ileilioteil unta 
ckitrclK^ fligioqi bnii«»a, nriniW |»laotB, uobUoira'a lodglngi, 
ud tUTi;^tii>ii: but now all thew nro rojiKncd, nlid sottiiag but 
ok* Ut'tc vhit rwnATiled." It vill be ob«prveil tlial Jcnl ia not 
■MMionetl for truilillag piupoMe. During Ibe lad yt^n of 
BimbMli'a r«it(u. cotUgN and Gmaen' boatM w«re liniUlEiig la 
ail dtraotioui, ud in LMtdoa (lia jpr<igT«M tru llkeuad (o an 
inundatiod. Larn quaittitiw of nmbor vera tlma iMcdod, a« 
brick bad natfet bcea adapted CbrgeiMiral iiao. 

AliboDgkwUboutaiirbutoriaal ncutdoTthe fact, itia to nboat 
tUa Mriod (ISStt-IOOH), and to tbo abo^'(^-talltn«•l cauMt, tbut I 
dtouu aUribiit* tlio gvn«nd iiitndoclioii of ri>n!le& llmbtr *a aa 
artida of oonuimiM ; a« in 1&93 (Ut of Mary) tb* Eugliih bud 
diaoovtnd Arduotcd, wid in lAOu oamniaoeM tnuiiog to Nam, 
then btiongias to Sweifen. Tba fitooM of fir boaitoa otborwoodfl 
tu bnildiaib )■ *** f'***^' ^7 *" Etw'Mi writer in 1 5M, wrmtmB 
jaan Iwfor* tlw <lwtb of Elixab«U> :-" Flrr tlotlwr u me»t tor 
divan workoi, and matlj nttemcd for ita h«i|{ht and Inunoaac^ 
whereof nrv maila the diip mart* and pillara for lioiisra. for it it 
TDT1 Mroiig attd able (o abide great furor. Ii is uawl alio in 
bitilding;, for graftt gate* aad door-iioala : in flne, g"i>d for nay 
building •iUiia, iMt oot ao wall oiMlarini^ without doorra, nnd 
VRj ao<xi wt n-firc TLo fine, tb« }inpUi-, tbo aah, luiil the olme 
■re UKCt foi- Oir iutiur piuta of the houac, but thej brrve n>4 no 
well in ihi! wnttli«r ns lbs ok« doth. Tli« beat to bear weight i* 
the fir nod the laicb, which, hou-Kiavgr you Uj tham, will 
MitliwbaDd DOT break, and oavar Ciilc till wormca ooiuume 
thaBi- A>h br Ibio border the bat to clean. Ifao firre, the pop- 
lar Mid Lbr beeoli." In or about 1603. Sir Waller Baieigh pr»- 
eaiited ui Janiaa I. aooie ubtervationa on trade and comioercB, 
ebowLag liow the Dutch had entreated the transport of the pro- 
duce ofother oountrioa, Mid aUUuf; that " the cxoawduig grovoa of 
wooda warr in the E<i*t Kingdoiua, but the hu^ pilaa of wain- 
aoot, claobonl, lir, deal, nuala^ and tuabor, !■ iu the Low Coun- 
triea. Where none rtow, wbecewith they wrvod iLt^iaadvaa and 
oihw [ttrta, ai»l t)iU kingdom, with tbeae conuauditiea.* IVoia 
oth«rftce»finuii*|iiMian iliat br about aeventy fennarctyeou- 
akUfiibla tniUc hiul bcea carried on with Buatia^ArehaDml, il 
will tie remembered, waa diaoovered bj the En^iab in 10S3), uad 
tbut down lu about the jvar 1690 a large snmbar of afaipi 
aail«il aaaiullj' io that ooiiiitry ; but in 1000 oolj fonr bad ba«D 
aeul out, wi in IIXH ooly two or three; wheteaa tbo Buwiian 
tniile nf ttiF Uatch omplnvod from thtrtj to forty ahioa e*cli aa 
lar^ a* twu nf ibe Kngllih. and all cbjdly ladeo with Eiigliah 
ylft. Tb'iiiifh the aboVe ahuv* the extent of the trading, jvl a 
l-blet, piiUiithed about Atij yaatra later, in liiGj, whilst do- 
ibiog tl^^• imKliiw nf Itnada, nwatioci* oak a* the Miljr timber 
■iL liy the )'iur UiM (jerro.-iujr, Pniano. and Norway, nil 
ill tinibir aud deid Uigini*. In 186$, Cbarlea U. lutudictcd the 
allon {ton the NetlMrlaniU and Gamw^y of deal botuda, 
r^Uralier, and otlter articUa, upon any pretoDoa whatever. 

aido* a p>\iicl, Co which 1 ahall refer preuolly, the date of 

rhieb la a-'iiicwhnt uuoertoia, the ewiieit iiutaiii;4! of the actual 

I of dual 1 have been able to dud. in in the deecriptiim of Wiia- 

bledon Hiill.orectwd in liM by Sir Tlionua Uodi. TliU build • 

iu bacani* atxiut IC-U'), tlie property nf Qoeco llenrielta ^lario, 

UM waaanrrcyod by order of tbo I'urllauienl, in IGtO. The ac- 

ooonta do u'>l nute' whetlierauy repoin w»rc uvHle lu ibc sixty 

year* betwitvu the dale of ita erectfata and the aurvey. If the deal 

■ ihereCun!, which wu introduced to largely^ la tbe door botrda and 

nralucoCin^ waa not in the ortj(inal ereotioa, wb niuat io/cr tbat 

^tlie houao wn* nut into rqieir or modecniMit near the luidUle of 

til* atventoeutb otoiuiT, wlien it waa prepared for the ijiiecfi ; 

I am in b>vur of the deal having been uaad iu the onginal 

enotlon. 

TheaoCDunt of Wimbltdou Uall cstcndeover fifty mgeeof the 
Ardutoloipn, aad deactibee how eacJi room waa raved, lighted, 
and eeiled ; whether waloeeolad, eoloured, or plnatored ; what 
fixtuiee lemniaed therain ; ooncliidinj; widi the Mate aad extant 
of the garden* aad buildiiuii, the pork, and crectiona lekm^ag 
— > the oatate. The oae of (moI tor Aoor bcMrda, waltMCOtiD^ waQ 




linings, pfftMM, tuL, fmiumtly ooeon in the aococnt, which tiiae 
mil not ppnuit mo to gire at length. lo the baMineoC waa a 
drr larder, luTing a jmaa of deal wuidmoL Anoing the •xlerior 
building* a pheeuat gardun ia dtacribtO, aevcred from the park 
by a pale of di«l Iwenla, ID feel high. Tlie land of Blchni'^ud 
lUace i* lilcewiao deacril>ed a* port faooMl wiA bndc, and jurt 
with deal bonrda. 

Another cmtIj inato&ce may be obtained by iuforenct^ in Brau- 
ileubargh Houm^ Baiuuenaittb, crrctcd about iho beginaiu of 
diarlaa L'* r«!gn faay I63.U by Sir Nichohu Crlnii, the maicruJa 
of which ware *old br auctMn in If^iii. fAetfry refhnviiii,- not ioto 
thetiBiben(FnIIuier'*Uauiiiirnouilb, ctlit. 1^:0- Sir Bu Intrude 
Whitdoek^ anbaaaador to SwuJin iu tlic tioif of <'roinw«lI,ou 
hlBrvinm la Ifl'ii.bfoaebtamrgvofdeiJboardBiwblahbetneu- 
itoDs iu his yoiimnl lo aa<re been uao) at Fawley Court for nmr 
flooring hia hoIL add for wninacotiiig tU 

Bos^iceting the ajnetted practice of "painting" duriac tlie 
thirteenth century, Tnnwr h^ a r«w iiurtaaoee do occur ofdiieo- 
tiona to paint ihv woodwork, but in a D->t« be ad<la that tlie 
ohapel bnill bv Henry IIL (ISie-;3)at Triadtcr, lind a wooden 
roor fonnod oikI ooLontnd lo imitate Mie of atone at Li<iil]ehL, aad 
that wooden and ntouo poata or pien aad arcfaoa were painled 
a marble colour, iia were thoeo of Uie lioll* of Guildford aad 
LnilgenhnlL. In thU century, the :«diuiuT ciutom waa tu diwo- 
ratelii pnint nr colour the w«Uweating witli palterua or ubjecU 
tnkeu froai aacnd or nrc&nB hiatorv. Green «m tlio lavouritc 
eolonr, vetj frequently etarred witk Kold, with boidera of a 
diBereoi pattern, Qwle and (noale Imu*, ie. This wiiinaD(<iiug 
being generally only It or 6 fert high, tlie wall ur jiliwUir above 
it waa ]>ainted in freaco or in watrr, to nipnwnl eocne hiatoi;, 
or n cvirtain. The Qneon'a diamber, at tlio Tower, waa to have 
the wiilU whitewaihed and pointed, and within thoaa polutina* 
paintnl dowere; tlie next year tbe aame chamber waa to ba 
tbarou^hly whitened intenully and newly [uiiuted iriih luac* ; 
also the Kmg'a own chamber waa to be eniinly whiivwubi^ 
Bot tliia waa not oonliued to iul^mol work, (or in tbe fi-llonring 
year tlie king direde tlint waler-pipea ^ould bo nut op lo |li« 
great tiiwvr, so Uiut the wall* of the said tuwer, which liaa bv«ii 
uewly whitcwMlivil, mt^l be in uowisc ii^arcd by the dnippang 
of nun water, nor be eaaijy weakened. Even tbe chapel of St. 
Catherine in Nottingham CMtle, was lo be whitewashed on 
every aide, ami poiuted ItncoJIy: direction* \re niao givi-u to 
whitewaah within and withuut the Kiug'a clupel, tlie Qim««i'* 
ohapel and chamber, and the Queen's givac wardrobe all at 
Oulldford, whore the hall aUo waa whitewa^icd. Wbitewnahing 
would appear to be then alnicet a royal laiaryi tlioueh not 
wholly Id, l^ir evidenoe b found that during the thirtocnUi atad 
fourteentti ceuturie* the ellburu* of Londou not ouly whitewuhnl 
their wall*, but were oompellad by the msglBlrvtea to do the 
mme to the thaleb of the roofing, aa a prcdiition agoinet fire. 
White lead and oil, with fine and iurcnor vnrbiahos, were alan 
exteneively employed in thin i^Ariod f'>r (he Ji-i-uratioui. Turner, 
in enpport of external imiatitig. wty* that tbe liabiuble tmildiiu!! 
beiag of timber, it w->iild ivr{iiiie paintinc in some w^ lo be 
prearrved from the wenthor, f'r although park palinin will 
atand for tdmost any length of time, yet C»rved woodwoHi, awl 
even plwn timber when mixed with plaster, ruquire pojntiag. 
He appear* to have Ibniied thh ojituion ujmmi the pretunt nwde 
in L»nenshim and Chaahira, of painting (eoloming f) the timbers 
black and the iutcratice* while. Clayton ny«, "it would aeean 
nrobabl<s from the appearance of ilie timbei's iu luauy of tlteett 
buildings (the town-kalU ot Ibe aixteeath eciiiury) lliat their 
iiirfiaaeB were ori|;JoaIl^ protected by a dtaeripllvn of jiaiut, of a 
rich brown colour: it la, bowerer. exttrmely onoertaiii wln-ther 
the practice of blackeuiag tbeo, a* saually duue in the |>nis«fit 
day, can be traced to anoieot origin. The foll-twiog i-ilrKt from 
n record, dated 1S74, will remove any <loiib: mi the pcnnl: "The 
plastering ai>d whiteniug tJie fote-frunt of my Mr. hi* hvnoe in 
Coleman -eiraat, and the oourlav with the bUeking of the timber 
work, 4fi«. at" 

Tlie exteufire eauplonneat of Lapeatry lu tlie fourteruth and 
fifteenth oeutuHMWonfil appear to hare allowed the fh'.ir.t- i.h.r 
to rent, ex«pt for lh» orilirijjB, which wei» •' whi- ,|„ 

usual; a few walli, however, were white ttiicdeven iij ' ... ,', 
rrisn : bnt then they were deconted with pomfee and luutal pro- 
verb* on bntaslic lahela, of wliicb LncVincSdd furaiahv* au 
ptrafaae an example. At Hardwick Hall, Ititf, tbo wnJls of iIm 
Slate room are divided at nbont half the height by e striui^ni^ 
the upper part filled witli londKapes^ ll(;uree and animala rdHveS 



)96 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



in pluler, ud wUitad "«U propor" on » wtilu groond ; Dm 
low diiUioa himg wtth tofiMtry, ud th* otk jmniU of tli« 
wBtBHyit of gNo of ih« mofo* an all tULricod io gold wtlfa th* 
SUflbrd lurnt, tko aciCTiiuii« of ihat fiuoiljr. lleturveTAlTWulj 
mmtioiud of Wimbleilva Uull in leiS, aUU* thU Ui« Mk wnio- 
MOt «u vmnUied Kr««e, with gold «Un, Gn«*«a, Ac ; or 
eoloQt«d with "limr color 'and niraiiihcd; nr T&Ri!«heil vlilt«, 
filleted with moo : uxJ it U Uitwoitiiig (o notiM that from the 
abwooe of all dooiptlon to thv ooDtrkrjr, the deal ao mneh 
etnployMl maj be aupposed Ui ba*« Wn l«ft plivio. The 
"kooiu" Ui the atrata "im iniinptinrrl about on three ^d«e 
tbrreof with virjr Dandaoiiiti mtia, plk«t with Bpir«d povUi In 
•very ooraeraad anglr. nil or wood, TaruUlinl with wbiM, which 
Terj (DDrh adonu aud ut forth the garden." Oil painting ia 
tkot Dot doUohI. 

Aaau iUiutratiooof Ui« uaeoif deal in the ttlga tit Ellxabeth, 
and alw of ih \% mode of daoiiratioit, Ur. Ro^ul<£ Bowe, of Ckuu- 
bridgr, baa forwardad a panal nf tit: it onpnalljr had a amund' 
woilc of vermiliou, in tli« conlre of wbioh wu a tAttem laid on 
ineoldofaeoodthickneM. Tbia panel had tatmerXy belouced 
to B«aae«a MABor Uouae, lu Cambridgeshire, teiup. Bliaheth, 
which *iUl ooutaina aome of the mow kiad of work, pirol«^lr 
Bsder the eoatofwhito paint ofa1at«r period. 

In ooesettion with thw period rtferenee nu^bemadeloa nnall 
oetkTo voJune, hj Stephen Primalt, publiahed In 1667, the year 
toUowiag the Fire of Londou, and oindaoUy iotondtd aa a guide 
to bulldqnb DMorituo^ tho flniahint; of the varinui cluaM of 
hoMo* iUottnted ; he t(w<Tifi« that the wall* of eiKh Aoor are to 
be **phurt«red and nml :" thv pactilioiii lo be " lath, plaatvr, 
and nodered and BiMd." Paintei'a work la deeerlheil " for a Gvir 
•tons eoloor laid In oil for winilowa, doom, raila aiid banlsten fur 
staireaaes, abop-wiodowi and modiUiona iawoKh 12i/. per yard, 
being coionrM nrcr tbrico. For a limber oolour in oil, ovpr 
doors and wiadowa, IMl per yaiA. For a door twiuted on one 
dde with a Btooe edour, lid. a yard, and for a tielit uf a window, 
M.-, fora load oolour la oil, M. or IM. ayanl. mnt/r'a wnrkof 
ordinan lighta of windowi in oil, at td. per yaid, or M, per li^it. 
For painting the best aerul«»n or bine colour in oil, U. S4. por 
vard:" thia i> the only expeoslTe colour menlioaed, and socrai lo 
Indioale the original paint for metal-work "Wbittiwaahiug with 
■toe" U giren aa worth !rf. per yard. 

In 1871 U was agreed that the woinaoot in the Hall of the 
Catpenten^ Oompaoy aboold " be handaamely paintoiL anO the 
walls abovo the wnjoecot oa the sooth side iiauu wiib luiininl 
olotb ofaoBe neat paiutiug-work snltabla to the fnnii i,\\e." A 
French tfanller in Eugland In tQ7S, remark* thai " thehuusnof 
Cutarlnuy are well built and naintod nflor tlie Dutch ftAbion. 
fttt BMBTTeftTS after IT<)0, the fallowmu deioription from nwork 
of the period will (.■oni-fy sutne iilea of the extent of iHiinting 

firaeUaM : " Out^nor {NiiDiiiii^ i"v door, Hhop-winijDWfi, wEudow- 
hunea, pHioiPDtn, archltrarca, friiviu, niul coniicea,an(l nil other 
eipoeed timber- w.-jrk nnght at 6nt iiultiii({ up to be primnl with 
^Fetniah brown, Sfatiiah white, aud rv<l load (about a tifth I>nrt} 
to inake tW oilier iwo colour* dry, eruund in IidhcihI uil : ilic-n 
i^ia with the name colnnr, onW whiter ; and, liwtlv, with fair 
eratt* Bade of load, and aboutalirth jKirt in (|uaut)ty (not weight) 
of Spaaiali while." " Wnitun^ut coldur," "while colour,* and 
"walnut oolour" are Buuiui>nti«d ; also "onliuarr braoehod 
paluting" and " plniu japan, either black or white." On oon- 
slderiug tide recital of pninif Kb work I have tlt<iii{flit tlint ihese 
waioacot and walnut coloiira wcm uand for the purpoM of making 
wiKNlwork trwuble tli(«e woods. Aa btonwting aocrauiit ha* 
btvly been publiibed <4 a ludv of nuik. who in 1618 or 1613 ap- 
pean to liave entirely •.■hiL»£«i1 th« fn«hi(in of the srtiuigemeiit* 
of honaes in Fraiifv, and to hnvn bcon f lie linil who pniolod rooms 
in any other colour than red cir lawney- The ou.it and Lial if-m 
in the ilMoriplion ia" whiting aud colimriog ou ploatcrri's work." 
Here I would reqiieet your ailenlion to the contluuni use of 
"colour' (dislempeO for iourior work, dowDtosuch a late period 
(liUu;, a bet which I conceive al once accounu for the exU-iiBivo 
use IDaile 'if it in our churcltes. Il isclmr Uial frf>oinbont ITOU, 
oil paliil beouiM a dUgniser of muteH;ilK, and v^ know from his 
own deecriptloD that the ioierior of Bt. Paul's Cathedral was 
pndited uaoer Sir ChrlMbipli*r Wren's direction. In a work of 
1T03, the ountrivntior of cloacle in moat rooRW, aorl piiinli'H wain- 
•«ol are mentiouMl as two tify^t. {mpr0T«ni«Ola. PcrlDio thi- first 
iBtimntioB of oil paint t-eiuK used to a large extent inlrrnal/o, is in 
• "CompODdiwEa of 1721. ItstutM thatthe taking of the diium- 
iri«iff tor ;ialnt«n' wocka within door^ it the suae with that of 



jotaers, bygtrtingi about the montdlsge and metnbenof oorake^ 
Ac ; hat tlw pNutttr never reijulrsa work ainl lialf work m the 
jmner* do, but reckons bis work ouioe, twice, or thrice primed 
or coloured over. Wood, in his histofj of Bath, say* " lint 
abont 1787, if the walla of any of the rootna were coreted with 
waineeot, it waa with suoli aa woe mean and never natated ;" aa 
the new bnllditias advanced, the rooms ware all watnaoDled and 
[■inted in a eost^ and handaomc manner. 

Ware, in 176T, writes that "fir, as it is cbnp and wtirfc* eaer, 
since the uae of paint haa become so ftvqaent, has in a niaaner 
•uperaeded all other kindR* In the deeeriptiDtis i>f buildings 
given at the end of hia work, ho apcoifioa Uiat the walla ai« to be 
rendered and fronted for hannngs, and paints all the wainaeoiad 
rooms a " common or skme colour tlirce tiuM in oil. In 1771 k 
largemaoaioninthecountirisetatnl to have paper to tbegroun^ 
floor rooms, whilst the wall* of the hed-rooms, garret*, ana bM^ 
motit were limcwhitod. And at the bmnniag at the pteesnt 
century, siya a later writer, the houses of ttwlers and middle 
claisea^ particularly in the pcnvincee, wer« chiefly adonwd with 
simple wasUogs of rose pjnk. whiteaing. and die. A friend, bow 
la his elghty-UlUt year, remember* tlio lining to walk beiag Mt 
uupaiolHl, and much of thn woodwork even to the roems eeo- 
nectcl with the Ilouaei of l^^lianiunt wore also of plain deaL 
Tlir pUilcitrd wttlti of buusea were coluartd, the auJiea Hunt«d 
whiie,tb«door-*kirtiugB,andotberpartageneral]ybUdL Several 
pTMeot can no douhl recall m»if houwe In ui* onaatrj stUI 
exhibiting this ancient style of omflmentation. Tbo* w* may 
conclude thai houu pointioi;. or, as it has bren very ilaeriptiin^ 
termed,the"lhm.-coaiiiand ftac wurk," did not conic LntobaliioB 
until about the period of Willinm and Mai7, and Anne, up to 
which time either colouring by distemper or by whitewash Asd 
been in vogno fee- plaa[«rwork, leaving inaidc woodwork Bon or 
Im nntoudied. 

In every branch of paintiui; in oil Mplieable to buQdings, the 
geueral proceas will be found verv similar, with tlie eaoeutioii «f 
such vortatlons as oully su^nst thcnieelves to tlie cuvfbl w«ric- 
roan. The Gntt naeutini la, that the wood, plaster, or ccaaal 
■houtd he pcrfcctly dry. This is acknowledgeil by all, and yvt 
wbi-n dt.i|inU^ is the order of thu d.iy, it miut be neglected. Uu 
writ«r goea to the extent of sutiug, that, "Pertiape in geaeral 
caaM, where pereous are liulldlng on their own eelatea or for thcM- 
selvc*. two or tliree uearr are not too lone to sutfrr the ataeoo 10 
remain unpaintud; tiiont-h now fmnornur in *|irMiUtive woifa 
aa inauy wt-oks an »cnr«;ly allowrd." The wood-woek having 
Imeii preimrcd for fixing', li&s lir«t to undrrjio tlie operation rf 
''ku'itllnc," in order I<> prevent the turpentine lu tlie knola of 
fir-wood iroiu passing through the aeveml c^nla of [alnt- One 
method tbr host work is to out out the knot whilut Utio work is al 
tlie beucli, to a slight depth, and to lil! np tlic hole with a stUT 
putty made of wTdio lend, japan, aud turpeutioe. Tlier» are 
many ways of "killing" ihakuou. Hie best and eiimt is lo 
oaver them with gold or silver leaf, S-'HicUiuiw a tump of fresb- 
•lakcil liuiu is laid on for alioat twenty-fmir lioni*, then sensed 
off, a coHiiog of size knotting applied, and if nut then adBoleuIr 
Idlleil, they are Opiated with red and white labl in liiwml oil, sM 
mbbed down when quite dry. Tli« gvoeraJ methwl li to cww 
the parte with the "sixe knottintc* Le, n (wepniatitia tif red bsw), 
whiUi lead, and whitlug, mndf into a thin paste with aix^. Ttw 
must common mode is to paint them with red ochi*, whieli is 
worth nothing. Tlie next proons is ttiut of priwtnf, which ee>> 
■ists in giving a coat of wbite Itnd with rwl Itml. and a UUlt 
drier in linseed oil. Thisiathefint ooat, and ujioti which tlie 
look of the point on oompletiuu depends. This first, or primfig, 
cost la put on hefore" stopping' the work, should that pr n o es i C 
rof|nired. It oonsleta of filling up with {iiitty any chmJib, or other 
impcrfnctionii on the aur&ce of the wood. If the puiiy oeedb 
the pr\>i»u of stopping be introduml before the firtt ooat at 
oolour is kid ou, it bocotuea loose when dry. A good paintar; 
after die applialiuu of thia first coat. remureabT pwnJdng an 
irn^laritii<« from the furfacr, eapeelally those rmdersd ap[«nnl 
by the knola and flbrra of the wwkL A unooth anrfsoe ^>*^ 
thoB obtained, a «eooDct ooat is given, eonntins of whtta Ihm 
and oil: about ouaf^iurth |iarl uf lurprutbe is umetimca ailiM 
f->r quick work. U four cuata are lo ha pat on, this secwul Me 
has sometime* a pruportion of red li-s-l, amotiiiilng to a flash 
oolour; but If only IbrM, It ia ffii'-ndly mndn tu aawnte the list 
of the Gnishiugcoal. Itslionld have a gml ludv aii>l Vw laid 
even. This coat, when thoroughly dry and hsrd. ia in t>r<l wuk 
rubbed down with fine aand-paper, and ourefiilty aaiaiiieil to 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHTTECrS JOUBNAL. 



»7 



I 



i; 



MMrUin vWh«r mij fortlMr itopfiiDg b* raqQiivl: utiil than 
Dm ihini «oM, or "fntutd eoloar" applied, of » aoBcwhni <l«rkor 
lint than waowd wbaa fisialMd, luiviafl niffioieBt oil tut omj 
WBrUoft but not too tali : ihoa, twoiliird* oil uui «aw-tiiird 
tMpmtfiw M« MDpkvtd; or miMtImM In mmI uoftoftiotu «r 
oO Bnil MrpcatuM: najlaMif eo>( followa, iIm obJMt of whkh 
■a lo prcvoiii tkB ifoai or (lua of Ibo oil, nw] to obtaio a flat, 
dahl apiivvaaM. Tbi mAnaHaff b not aoiifiti«d to ike look of 
th*|Miitl,fcrUbldwaU dafalaiB Um wood or oditr OttUrUl 
thu la puDUd. Wbit*> Irarf !■ nix«d irith tsmiiilD*, to vbicfa ■ 
UUla eofial ramiili ii nciriiFunie* biIiIkIi aad <Aan tho liut ia put 
in, it ■ almij* nude ligbMr tlun tlie p«iuiil colour, or it wuokl 
wbea finUied appMr lit » aariea at ■hadea and ilripes. FUUing 
UiM bo axaMtwiqalcUr, ud tba bniah gtaanlljr, If oat tUvajv, 
euried up tbf vnll au not acrow It. It nuK bo tiii'loniuxxl 
tbkt a A*ttiD)[ oust im not eoturidorcd U a ooat ot \iamt,; boioe 
wbolly of lurpenliiir, il ia bj eiCHimre to tfae air crapotMM, 
lea*iag s tbiu cxlI of piKueiil wLi^Ji ii onljr rsqnirod for oAot, 
not for UM. So«u« iMuoUtni, partloulnrlf wliere iho wotk ta ro- 
^aU*d to i)r7 rapidfjr, nw a Urn pnii>onlon of liinwuliii* in th« 
Mvwkl eoatai Uina tiia gnnad «oftt bu twoUiirdu oil aait ou«- 
tkiM tarpMtina. If fbar oeata ara U* be laid am, the tbird baa a 
littto man turpeutina tfaan wml, which in the eeooiHl i« aboot a 
qWHWr, and ao on. I would iiMgl tar parthnlar MUntloii, thnt 
tarpmctae oo the whole ta chiel/ naeftil far the purpoae of atving 
tH nail Libour. Il dionld nerar be etuolnjcd when reallj I^Miag 
work ia rvquireiL Hie neoeanl^ of MrinK the anbetuwe twr- 
fyttiy dry bafun it ie painted hae alreadj bun noticed, aod It 1* 
vqnalljr (luportant that each oont of iioint ebould ba quite hard 
bafiw* aaolfaer ia applied, non eapeclallr whr>ri> the work ii ox- 
poaad to the san. When the nuuarial t« quiic dry, tho linit ouat 
IB readily alMorbud bv ihc wood or plaaler. 

Plaater to Iw uiinteil mjuirea aaice additioaal tare in the 
werhnaoahtp Haelf; unlMt It be quila good Ihe lime woiia out 
'ta iDinul< bobbloi ami ili^trti^-e the aOeot of the paiut, whieb ma 
OaIv ho oorrectad bv nibbing down and npaiotinii: ereo then 
with uo gnat eertatntj of auoooM. Some pernu* ulToaite the 
nee of a printing or of a leeoiid eeat, made of atroug duubla alie, 
■lalned wtib aome ooloar to nurk where the bnith goee. Tbo 
MQond coat then oondala nf white lead in all tA]^ uaad^aa attff aa 
pMaible ! the tliird eoat ia laade of einiila mtt< wi<b a liule white 
lend gTDond in witter to nurk the oourw of tho briiali : sod the 
fourth cnM of while lead in two-think mI and oue-tbitvl tuitiei^ 
' tine, with a ItUJe blue hiaok to lake off tlie nwneat i>f tti« wliiw, 
Sncti work aa tliia ia now gmendly rapiidlated: tliuw iu ita 

t&vonr alale that il ia uf oqnal beaelt wiili a coat uf (mIuI for 
jnaide, but onnCeee tliat It ia not eo (or ouUi>lc work, lie objectoni 
MhI« that anch "aheeiakin" «oaU ui-evvui Ihe paint from tiuklug 
Into tlie wwhl nr plaaier, uiMiiu (>>« oainl to peel off aii'l diip. 
I tear thnt il i* uincb pnKliaKrin lalentir work. Whvii iimido 
w-irk ha* t'l bo tiutefaed of aov coloni, it bocomia neonwu; to 
]iruiide for it at the tliird or eeooiul operation. aooonUna to the 
uunber of wnla; particulariy if the >n>rk b to be finiahed Bat or 
(aa it ix teriaeil) dead whil^ gray, && All new oof^M* toitnli 
aliunid bv priioed a fteeb colour, miiod in all tinared oiL Tho 
wemd eokt may be of the nue niixtim if li>ur-ootit work ia to 
be doov; and in thi* uoal all defvcla are to be iuad« good. If 
thne OcaU onty are to be ap|ili«il ihi* one ehonld be IaIiIob with 
oaroL The thint and finmh conta, whichever nwjr bo detarmiued 

rn, tuv gonenlly white, atone colour, IokI colour, cbocolate, 
•■, niiJ inviaible men, all In linaeed oil When white lead ia 
eiDnloye<l alone, it W beet> reoummeaded to dilute il with half 
dijnng or bmiM oil and half linseed oil, as tho boiled oil aHaoia 
I ifac eoloar of tlie while Icwl a Ultle, but in all olhur ouloura 
I boiled oil may be oonaidared the brat for the purpoae of preaem- 
^_. tion. 

^B Wli«ii il is required to covera painted material or'torepaJnt," 
^H the HiirCuie miiai be prepared to reoeire the ooale of paint : it la 
' aMuaiiiMe firat waihcd, or If the work be veiygTeaay, tnrpentiM 
ia seed, after wfaieh Ihe paint ia rubbed down with pumioe-atoBo 
and wiUer, ur with aaus potaah in it, until an ereei euiiiue ia ob- 
toioeU, reiunving anf kDoba or Imperfeotloue In tlia previoaa 
oontlngn. In reiiHiDtia;;, ill* fliwl («nt ia calird " eeeaiuJ colour- 
ing, the old wo(B being oaowilecvd (Miaul to a primod atatc^ It 
issmpoaad of whito load, turpealine, and oil, with the lugaieot 
>aq«irtd for the ooJonr tittt may be wasted. Bo«uc pMbter* ase 
two-ibitde ti]r|ient!ue and one-lhird oil : eihera, Uirev-fuurtha 
ttirpen line and ooe-fuurtb oil; and even all IMrpeuUne^ drier, and 
ft racy LiUla tvd lead; but thia hut moat be worked ttrjr quid;. 




oroaaed oaoe. and laid with tba gnun of the wood, aa it ia nut 
■nnch bettor ihiui a Hatting coat. For tliini oolonrinc or Snlabh 
the wlilto Und i* thinned with half lurprutine aiid half lltieaed 
oil, drier, and a vory little blue black to lake off the mwiieBB uf 
tlie white, and nlai) U< wake it ooirer hotter. For tho heat rootna 
the flatting onat ia required, aa before deacribad. Two ooata of 
Dew point ore fre<)uenUy aolScienl for ordinary work wlirre 
painted praeionaly. LJifbt'Oilourvd work, aa msrgina, niU, and 
ao on, ia genomllj paialeil bvfcre tlie darker work, aa nMukling^ 
Sx. Carved work eepacially n»quj(«e care to preveal tha wurh 
bnioK cUijD^ up 

^Vbfu the fiico of old work preaeoU a rery bod aod uueven 
appe* ranee froBi bliri«Tsorotb«ratiiaeihtheliieqnaIIti«a are Ailed 
up wiih a mmeiiL JUodom spaelAcatloaa often require that the 
woodwork abouldhavofoor or more coata, uDtO the pnint "Umre 
out." Thi* ia c«3twnly Qeoeeaary, when it may be anlidi-etod 
that little oil wdl be need, or where Ihe priining and cairl.v ooala 
nay not have twcii properly attended to. The retnlt (a a dendaeaa 
in one jarl, the glase 0(iDUnulB|£ in auother. It often hnppaw^ 
bio, tint Uio eiiii ntid iiir hae qoldily diaperaed the grantor part 
of tho UMt valoahlc quality of tha paint, i.e., its uU. and lh« 
work praaonta the aame flntncea. Qire ie alao requirod when 
oonatantly painting in ehooolato or black : if iheaa are made toe 
thin with buied oil, bllatera oooar, which cauae the paint to pael 
off and leave tha wood ohncM bare. 

raintlnff plaatet work damnndi a few ofaeerrationa, Wbito load 
and linwiM oil, with noino Utluive aa drier, an inix«d to tlie uon- 
nateiicy of thin crenm and appwd : the oU la entirely nbeiirl<eil 
into tbie plaoter lu a dew boun. llihi oonl will perlinpe b* aulB. 
oienllydryiu n day or two) whirn auolhor, a little thicker,!* 
given, the oU of which U olao wholly or only parlinlly niMorbed. 
acooi^ng to the oatare of the plnet«r. In a few dnv* a third 
ooat can be applie*!, made rather thick, and (ao.f«diug to the 
abaorptiou of the oU frotn the eooond eoal) oiie-fonrth or 1cb» of 
turpentine ia added, and likawiaa tba ngnanta anpi-onching to 
tlie tint re<|itir«(l. Should the pbnCer be thorouubiy Mtumtedt 
the flatting or finiahiuc ooat ia applied oa befor* deeeriheiL 
When very durable worK ie required, n fourth coal b put on, 
thinned with Mjnal nroportiona of lurpoDtine and oQ, and then 
the flatting cuol. It the plaater he not Hatted, the Uat cnt b 
made of two naita liirpentln* and ona uf oil. By thua painting 
pbaur U rendered inc»[aihlo of abaorptiou, and iu tarla«a bo- 
cofnea hnnicnod by the oil to a dei>tb of about ^ioolt, readeriag 
it loM hrilUe, and onaUIug the aiiri^ to be waahed. To eflirct 
abaorptiou quidcly, p^lntera eomailine* ^vd the plaetar two or 
three »<at« of boUlug tineecd oil, whidi aiw aoon ahaorbeil, and 
tlien ^ivp it tlio other ooata of paint. 

Thu aubttAna! KoienUy coaaliiutiiig nine-tenthe ol the body 
of paiui ia oubonaW of lead, eoauiMnly called whiM lead, the 

ani^itv of whiuh ie thereftwe of tiia j;reaUtt ini|>orUBO* to the 
urabilily ol tho work. White lead ta nid to improve )>y bving 
leapt for eeveiwl yotra before nee. Btaidea the thiise (pBlitiea 
UMDufnotured. aix or more thief uawlee of ndullemtlun have beeu 
rsoorded : I, by oarboiiato of liiu«i aa citalk, whitinb &<:•: it •»!- 
phato of Ihue^ aa gypenm, aelenito, plotter of pari*; 3, carboonlo 
of baryla; 4, aulphateof bafyla: A, pipe oud other clayai and II. 
etarcli. Hour, &«. Tine whiting ground In oil b vtry diCoutt of 
dutcotiuu : it not only rendeia the paint a mach lea* eoniixict 
lioJy, but can*M it to he more eoally acted upon by the atino. 
aiilirre; Ihue bUii<~l))iiL' and d'Vtroying it b<f repeated WMhinga. 
Tlioee adulleratinaa will in auue meaoarv neeowtt for the itnMt 
diOWvoce that exiata io the price* of painter^ work. The o4lier 
meilallio whito paint now need ta sloe whiUi, well known foi- Ite 
intonao whitenen, ite teetitanee tn ■al|>hnrou> and other dete- 
riorating tauaee, and lie harmlea* qnolitMe to tlie ^inlei' ami lb<i 
iniBBtefl of the huuae under deoaratiou. Il in tvqiiiaile thnt the 
oil uwid ahould be aa whito aa potaible, all tho Ivuahi-H and |hiu 
well eleauod with epirita if they have been u*«il Mora for while 
lend. Olid ilriera ur ooloura with a lead haaia ahould not be wixeil 
irithit. Zinc whito po ai ewoe te«a body ibnii white load, and ureal 
oare U reqniaito that tbo oolonrwben ground lu oil ia of aiiAiniuut 
ooMMtcDcy to ho laiil ou a Hat eur&ce ertihout eliuwiiijr Uiroqgh: 
for in that atnie any oil In etotiu will forma all'.'' ' I'lie 

oonting on llie atiifoo.'. reuinin^ cnaiy leirticU of -Ul 

in conliitfl with it. until II Im pra[ritntoil. Ii. . < . > viiiito 

wilt nui dry ■>■ ipiii'kly na tbo older iMltmr, t>i : i-l ia i«> 

■nnlnol by tliv- .)]>|>li-*ii(io<i of proiier doiu^ .'..-■. u ill* ihsae 
praoiuiiiiiia a fL>*r iriala will <«iabt« any painter who chouem to 
woek eIiic wbito to uvcreume tho diduultio* whioli appoar al liret 



1 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEK ASO AKCHITECTS JOUBNAL 



l» MudMno til* iiiv«alioa. It is MMTt«d Ibu in ecoMqiunaa «f 
Uia great ilurability nf th« coioor of tbiii Mint, « houtu )muoUi1 
witti it mvf be wtialMid for* wo wwi na of tbirc, four, uiil tna 
dvnymn; »iul tliki after enoh ■aocwaivewuhluc the larfiMe will 
i>e tiuml aacluaranil Ml)rigttlMirliMi ^mIi poutad. 

** Olnnole" Km slraady £«ii rrfsrrcd to itk co^juitetiaii with 
oMtn of oJI paint. It ii n obaap moJo of natatiiig, wh«a OMd 
oloii^', fi>r wrvuifa^ rooDH, Utobcn*, and anoli like pbwM wbere 
diHpnlcti u npptiMiTy, or when It b aeoMMtjr to pniat ofleo. Tbe 
olil work ibouM Im> well cImumiI uid dried; itaa t)i«ii h tuLttare 
of wliit« li-a<l, jjToiind up in wiU«r ami itiiitd wiUi aii*, Ml ou : 
llijri irill 1I17 ditvcUr. For fiDi«hiii|i tbo while laid in mixed 
in h.-Uf liiuMwd oil anil half turpeatinv, aud usoil u itiff aa po^ 
iiilila : bliieblAClc or MBie oolomr aad a little drier ive rvquiaile. 

The ute of dJMviuiwr Is oUler than tliitt of oil aud rariiiAh. 
Whiltrwaalilng Is ■ aiud of di«t«nipor, <;«m^lr wbun »i»f it 
uaed with it Th« oxtnwta frocii the rvatt^ In tho fbnuor jMut 
of tliii jNifior have do doubt nknot* to tbia Iciail of painlia^i 
Aiid tho won] "colour" would be more ^plinUe a» ■ tniuUtioa 
ihaii "paint," whinh i» gfnenUly na«L Comiaoii diMeinpn' 
colaiir for walls in Sfwmh whibr, or whiting broli«a lalo wat«r, 
to wbU-h Is luldml Mrong aiic whiUt wAnn, and then Allowtt) la 
ami, wfaon it ibould appear a thiu iell.r; two ooata nn g^Mally 
OMRMary : whon applied to old wort it nliould be first wMbrd bjr 
a brn«h wilb wnlvi-. This prooH* Id old pabliiallou ia nllod 
** (HUDtliif; in wnt«r culounL" Papvrsd rooms eoloiirat in tliiii 
mauiirr, Mpscinllf if flock jnpora were wwd. look nry well, m 
tbv itttlvni can be iki^ thmujjli tlir ounta of ooloar. A cmivboI' 
fuel' iti th« niv »{ this pivpanitiou u ihnt th« rooiiia naj b* 
Coniplet«d and dr? in one dny, with yvry littlo rlirt or iooDUTe- 
nieiK«. It Is not gt-nvrally known thnt walls winch have b««ti 
dhtMiinirtd cannot nlUrwanla be limewhitod, io oonwinanw of 
linw wlion laid on whiting b«coiuiug ^CsUow. Uil colouni how* 
evri- nin be applied aAerwarda, aiitL tbiiu white Irail ii unnii. 
AjiartUFtit* tlint Art to be varnishnd ar« pr«par«d In two wayn. 
'I'ne lint Is b^ Applying the intaodoJ dirtrnipRr colour, atiil tbcn 
cov«<inc it with a* nianjr ocMta of coloured or uncolound nrniah 
M imy M rtquired. It mny be necftit to obtcrve that dii>t*iu|H'r 
mMo the wood to HwcU, Mid that if the mnMial be not ijuilo 
dry previou* to tbo application of the ramiah. tha Utter pono- 
Lt«tM into the iriir, but Is oreronUd from raoldng tlie wand by 
the nMlstsre rKAlnoil in it, which vppnma any union with tli« 
twlM foTBiing thd Xtutr of the vnniiab. The ramiRli tlinu g|ve» 
to the disti-mper the h.it^laMa of oemeni, which, not Tii^'dlDg to 
the ahriuklug of the wood, tonlee off in drying. The aeeornl 
uiotlkoj ii (o E,Tind «nd nils up the colour with vamisb, which 
)>roilii(Ma n bvlter rmult, rajwdidly if tho oxkling h« applied when 
tlie Woodwork Is diy, and if it bo very dear, 10 on to aispnee the 
venml to imbibe ll. The RuoeeMivu cents ili«n beoome inoorpo- 
ntol witfa the lirwt. OenentUy but little ooluur In added to the 
hull ocat of vjkniith, and in soma huci it may benpplivd oolonr- 
leM. It lh"u fi'mM ghcing, nud its brillianciy it greater, the 
col-^'ir idt-i lA atroii^f. The nee of (tic produoea n couideniile 
«,iviti{{ \a rnruMfa, nnd the eplendour givea to thla lut nnuini 
■.-iin>vtilii the luipcrioctioa* or au uuequol ooatlng of ibo oiiloar. 
For new pl.taCerwork a OMt of si<« {« rcqulsElei a solutinn of 
glu« in wai«r, iK>t t^m utrong, is apjilicil worni, iliat it may peoe- 
tmt« the pliutrr, «lii<.-h nhnuld lie nlreiuly quitr dry. Addi> 
tinnsl efltct siny also be obtained by a cnniful pumidng after the 
flnl (OAt. 

It is genpmtl^ njuerted that ramldi b more liable to injury bj 
dirt ili.tn oil immtiiii;, and that the Rtnnn* of nimlring it ouinot 
lie Ute iuuii>r, '-xno*!' the dirt MUiem* nior« slronDly to the nw- 
iiinin iKirta of the Tnniiili than (o the oil Mirfaee. Soap and water 
iiiiplieil oreriillT witb ,i<ii-iiige,aod iheuMofeleau warm wnollon 
cl'iik* to drr tlie witrk, are efflceeions in«ans of oleaoing bMh 
suifnon. "nie etfiw of wuodeti lAaircaMi which have been 
mtDtnl, iTTLiined, and vamii>li«d, wear bctt«r tbnn thoaw which have 
tii^nu only |i>inledi Iho K^at is odIv rctj sliKhtiy iujnrnJ by tlta 
(•(lenitiDD of dfnning, and ouiiltcr duit nor dirt adhere* >□ caaily. 
A eont of vambh otn be again pnt on at auy time. 

The pToc ww of gndniDK ami marbliog can be tracod faeck at * 
livMl u Gtr a« tlio time of Janic* VI. of Scotland (1^^'1^3}, ia 
whiHw reij{o a raom of Hopetotm TVwer wni raiut«d in tmttntloa 
of niiirbte. Before that |ieri'xl, imiLiiioun aa I have already men- 
tioned wrre ilont^ in ito^ie mlonr, ninrfile onlour, wainscot ooloiir, 
&e. In len nurblinz wiu cjeciiloil, a* woll ■■ Imitattoua of 
ollvo and walnut woods; and in IGnS tortoiee^bell was oopled 
oil IntteM nod nouMinipb Tli« IneDd above rafiimd to tells nu 



that the doora of tho cha|ial la GosdtiiMbMt, Bond^tiwl, ni- 
U*aied much attentkni front tlie uovelty of tliefr being gmuted 
to imitate w«iuaoat^-doDe pcttoM abuat the year IttiO, when m 
DOW front wss givou to the buiUiuR. fVoui sncue lettera In m 
pOBMosiou I &U1I llut naliofpuiy ww imiUtod in IMO, ajmI nwfM 
wood in 1817. Tbu imiiatliig ntorUw onl nuel kind of wuede 
has nothing very peculiar in lU mode ofuMUliou, being eiiiilkr 
to netnal poinling. the rcovlt depondioa uore on muttrti lottt 
thoD on mmkantoaf tkill, 'The prvoeaa o( gcRiainj; b in the bit 
ineloAco the namo na for ordinuj Fttintedwork, bnt it rcxioint 
more o»Te in oblitomtiiig tli« Burin of tbo bnuh. TIm laft 
ooftt, baiapd of bfling flnttod, b compoeed of equal portion* ot 
oil and epiihiH ••{ iiiriieutiuo, and b bronnht up to Ui* ooJoor dift- 
Rurterittia cf )hu woud to be iaiilated. Tlia eludea and gntln an 
gi«va by thid>^g^lnga of Vooilylu brown, bnmt aiotuw, or 
uubrr, gnMud 10 «»ur, and mUed with hu*U boor, witich u a 
sul&ciuntly glutjnoui ▼eliicb; but imitation woiuoot Rii|Uirea » 
thicker DUe, lu onler to ivorivo tfau Jnipniiini of Ui« couibt b* 
wbicii tlte groin is imitated.-. Thus oak gni^og b ex«cate») witli 
colour in lujitontine mixed wh6 a little lorpentiae vvoblii the 
work being covered witli It, tlte combing b done withont dplaf, 
oa itdrica very quickly. The Lights am tlieo uk«u out with • 
camera-hair brush or a rag mcoelMMd with tuqiectine. and rabbei 
clean, lu cfaeap work the opemtion ends here, and tli« sar&» 
ia wversd with oopal varubh to proteel it; but good woric b 
" over grained," that b, • gloie of colour in beer^ tu dark ns maj 
be i«qui«tc, b bid over the coanbed work, in shndoa tJiravB 
MSDu the wurk. Sometimes Uic wliob faMil b laid in with tJib 
KbM, ao-1 the Uglita taken oat with a apoi^a, n bnsib b tbea 
used to lijcbton the edges; when quite diy, the work b onr- 
KTuned with tho aonte colour bid OH thin and softened olt For 
grainlug vrainnool in oil, bool^-wax is nsed instead of vorabfa to 
the oulour. mixed in equal quautitiee of turpeutine and oil : coe, 
two, or lime ooate of a good oil nnuait, auob oa oopol. ore a|>pU«t 
wbon the work b qnile dty. 

Tiuio only allows mo to msatioa the tue of etwniMg tfi 
vnrniHliiuK. and to refer ollghtly to tlie prooesi of polbklng wtMjd 
by varnuu auil wax. Vandsh and polah both form a ^ozii^ 
nud give a lusui! to the wood they cover, aa well •• heighten tb» 
colours of the wood; but froui thmr want of oouaeieBe* tb^ 
yield to any slirinking and swelling, rbing in scolus or cnokiac 
when mndi knocked about, wliich doun^is •:an only be repaiTed 
by application to « projior woriimau. Waxing, uu tlie cocitnry, 
rosittte perciunion, but it dooa not piiMiws in Uio smu* dogive m 
vornbh the pmperl; of goring Instrc to the bodiea on which it b 
Applied; nny oocldenta liowerer happening to ita pnlbli are MwUy 
irnnircd by rubbinic- As another m«ll)od of covering a ssrfwe^ 
a tK«td DOW exhibited has been preporod to show bow deal ouy 
bo esiiployed witlioiit ibe nee uf oil pointing. The sui&oe liaring 
beoit proiuuwl. It was at ouee gnunol, tho natural colour of tbe 
wood brming the ground of the iraiutMn wood; tlic wltob wm 
then rariiulicd m iiBual. In coitrae iWkI the knoia might h* 
worked into the pattern; but in wood saleolml for the pwrpoae 
the small knot* conld hardly be eaki u dtsfigura tiie w«riL 
AKolhcr advantage to be ooualdMod of matcTbT im|>->ittiH* b, 
that M there is no oil pointing reouirod the raaUninl vmM be 
drying np to tlio last minut* of linbhing the house, when ili« 
graining and vamiahing would be done In a few dMt. 

Tile pro|i«i- time to paint b a subject wurtlt coas(den,lioB. Pec 
interior work it is not so iinporUnt as it i< for exiericr; tliowA 
for the fbnner aouio port of the wonn— out but— season elioiitd M 
■eleictod, not only to gat rid of the oiiMdl mor* quickly, bnl be- 
ciinse moderate lit«t improvre the look of the work, while «Jd 
air clillb til* oU. For external work tlic pmprr s«iai»u b no- 
doiibtedly tlie antomn, wheu the days are auffideBllv hot to iij 
the work properly, and the westber s«ffioieutJy setu«>l i» nllow 
of It* being oonied om oontimiouily. If a house b done np for 
tho summer, the peiui then oxeoutM in the apring b oluUrd by 
the coIU and ruined by the unsettlwl weather. Or tfaonid the 
painting be pnrfunued bter, say in the uonlli of June or Joly, 
the hoi lun dries 011 the oil, tlie r««Uy «ir«ct4ve preeervntiv piio- 
jierty of tlie piiiiii, twroro it can be oMorbeil. Sucli work is <nm- 
sequently wurthlea at the etui of lam than two ywu*; wbareoi^ 
were it done at A later period the remit wonkl be n bctur 
apjwoninae, beting for perhiui* donbb that time. Aspect sbould oleo 
be eonsideiwd when oxtemol painting b required to bo ptefoniMKL 

Mr.C. ILSurtTi sakl, that io r«eM»n>viMLing the tue of Tarnish, 
it WM iieeeesory 10 state what kind should be used. Any i ' 




j;he civtt, i:yGnc£i:R asd architect's journal. 



399 





iM la «eraUuHdki witli *q oti woulit prodnop a vnitiith; 

tfao diSmfiM twLwMB K min aod a |[un>i «1ii«h might n- 

•■mbio tn«)i other in «iiuid« BiifraraiMei hhioaM 1« dwnrl v aoilitr- 

Mood. A nan pru^r wmU mis with oil, bet uot wltti w»t«r; 

whllM h f^B impn- voald miv with «*t«r anil bq« with oil. 

AA«r mliiRg It n»a witJi aBj vohtiU nil, ndi m aloslial, iptriU 

IS, or oil of tuTpeirtin*, nnd nppljinx it to an^ anbaiAiie^, 

wonld rapidly «rwoMt«, and laav* ih* rain in a powdery 

rbtHi o»ii]ii wily be MMMg«d off Bat ir mad with a Iom 

ile oil, th# varnlah' woald prodoea a totally diEsraDt aSeet, 

for wrMflwork onpal nkrairii In oU abonlil alone he amployed. 

Thin woaM ^v» a vtry bard carbee, la migiht bo mco on llie 

panol* «f earriai(«L IIv ratig-lit nwDtion a Iioum buili nbowt 1»13, 

M BriffhtOB, hy th« Uto Mr. Bononii, f<n' Mr. Prince Hottrr, in 

which the JMiMni' vtatk wwi vamlibcHl, and it wnj> in a very Kind 

CondUiMi maay yuan •ftiirwnnU, the Taraijili havinx ncqiiirad a 

very daffc rich eolo«r. Willi t«)pird to deaiuug p»iat, a •dution 

of wood mIki waa fnqauotly emploreil fotaerly for waahioK 

eittier lia«n or paint. Thia mixtim, » too Mtook, had a tanil- 

•Boy to drci>tni>OM tha paint, ami corUm «•« of pearluh and 

■0^ would waah olf all tho punt, Ihouch if uMd Kvtitly it would 

~ t tbo obJMt r*qitii«L With it«anl to p^ot, Ih* only valu- 

qojility of while lead waa ita oitretue deniity. 1b tbo omraa 

blaaarlv exporiouraU h« Ind tritd lo miUco a pigBiont from 

IphUs or lime, mtiw tbo teaat nUator of pari*: uid nitbongh 

>la HMd* a bmvttfbr pigmMit, Uiho wm no body in it. TUa 

nUarial wna appiioiUa to wBtcr^ohiar painlinr, if mixed with a 

vary tittla mm, to pt«<r«at ita bmahiug off. It hnd advania^M 

over tbo miite ji;eMtaUy used fbr wnt«r raloim, nnd mode of 

ImuI or «<na: and if tbo alichtott fllto of it were uaed. it woul'l he 

almatt trMuparvnt whoa hid on, bnt when dry ioteoMly white. 

la axperira«ntiBg npon mavneaian UmeatotM be had foaml thnt 

niBjpiwiA wu alao ap|di«nbb St a wftteronlmr. Hodldnotkoow 

of any BiilphaUoriniitiireofoBlphar tbatwoold bavn any oOiMt 

npon it. Ii wa« tvvdiy uusRiKtad by the vanonr frun aewera or 

dfnliM, and thertrfiKV *«perior to white toad tor diatnuper paint- 

Ur. .1. <i. Cam mid that the vety bant wii^of tmtlin^ wnnd 
wa* minfily to varolib it, and not to emothM* it over with paint 
Bi^t or ten ymta aga he Itad been emptoyod to paiut a houKo in 
tJi« ImI* of Arras, t^r ili« preaont DuIm of Hnmilv>n. ait'l he hod 
band tl»? wo<i>j-w<->ric, of nid tnno, >o froe fnira kniitn »id ao wull 
flxeentxl, Uinl h« ancHmtpH iliivt it AoM be at once varnitboil) 
which WW ilone with great ■iK.'ceea, nod t>ie work loohvd bow »m 
well a* when it wm done. He bellovvd paiiit hail not bnn as«d 
aa a pnwrvMivii u> wood befon- tha tiraa of William and Mary: 
bpT'K tbM tini* painting waa a <'ccomti*e procOH. The ityle of 
arirlilUvtgro luid the me of wimhI aeen in the biiildinn nf that 
rciitn, sltogctlier cwnr, he thoaf-ht, frnin Holland. Mr. Crnco 
rvferred to a docametit ia lim |>u«ao«MoD, a tendrr for painting 
Uie u'lrk nl Om-nTneh K>M{iital, in IIItM, br WUIiaon Tbouipooo. 
Th<> )irtcw itakfil for jKuiiting ontiidc work tliree ttiufa Id oil waa 
1^. per yard. There wm alan a price for p*inti&g taahea, iron 
bare, and inri'te work. bdiI for piiiutiDg "thrae tlmea in good lin- 
weil oil end well priened." At that pMXtd ha beliered paJnting 
WM eliiedy vieciiloJ in whito; fur in eUMuing off the paint from 
obi wood-wort of tbnt mat, ha almoat invariably found thM the 
orMonl oolourliad been whil«. A blue tint wu aftorwarde need, 
«D J, bi the time of UMtve IIL various ihadee of Mono oobnr nnd 
drab. With regard to tlw operationa of painting, he aaid the nee 
of el« eoloor wna to be Mkfded ^ainab, u ita ap|diontton in the 
fic«t inManoa mvmled tha abeorptiaa of tbe oil jNuotR by the 
wood, mkI bU Uio after prooMMi only ibnned a skin liuil on tbe 
woaJwork,rathert]ianaeaatiagtoeffMtitaprM«rvaUati. When 
tbe enn (a* tn a window ehutter, for ewunplcj etnek upon wood 
^kixol befei« painting. It was xnre to crack and Bake ott To dean 
Buat he etrongty iMonmenlnJ that (be raw alkaliea ehosld not 
be oeed, na they would in&Uibly take off liie SatttDg oiut. Th* 
Iwtit node uf chAniog waa by meaai of good aoap, not too itroiu^ 
laid OB with a lat^ taMb, ao aa to stake a Inlhcri thin nb'mUl be 
waabed off cl«u with a aponge, and wiped dry wiUi a leather. 
With regard to varnish, nothing bulcopid ahomd he ixed, aa no 
I otiMr wonkl wwr eo woU. It waa the moat eitiMMivw ef all v&r- 
niebeav >*■'' therefore oonid not be mplladjoM in denp work. 
Mr. G. (fodwia mid that Mr. WyaU ftpwortb'e piper li*d 



aMBy 10 -. . . . 

cent, obenper than another, and yet get more money by iL 



, bm»(bt mjUT valniAile Bwla logethar, and would no doobt iMd 
aMBy 10 unaaretand why one peraoa oould do |nial4f'e work 

iL 



IIRTATION MARBLE MANTEIA* 



Tub Oommittee oo Svieaoe and tlie Arte eomrtltuteil by tl>e 
FnuiUln Inelitule, lo wli'-m wat referrMl br examination. il>i- 
■noflmebi of "Imitation Murbb HanieU" nuuiuliutared h\ ih^ 
iViirbyu Marble Comtnuiy of Boeion, MMeBrbueetta — report: 

Tliai the patent ht for tlie nielb»l of aj^ilying Uie cobmnt by 
msinn ofri |)«:ult*r )mth, luml in llm place of thoordinaiy "no^ 
btiili." lung fniuiliru' in the mumfuclure of muble paper. The 
bath now piieDted omeieta in a film of Datomam rcaln floalnl 
npon water, which mny b* broken np Into any ilMlrad flit*"** ^ 
nifiuiB of a rod or sratuln preT!on>Jy dippe<l into tbe iWreo 
ouloura. The bath ttio* jirrpnrod in liud to lie inoi» mauagtBldo 
than the onliniuy on«. The article to be "nuu-hli^lHed " i^ nfiM 
being ]>re|«r«d with tbe ground coknir, immi.>r*Ml in tbo Iwili, 
then wiibdmwn, dned or bak«d in an oven, and tliea coated with 
a proper vnnieb and aculn hMlmt 

Tlie artkJoe examin^ by the Committee are of elate prepnred 
b thle wa\-— and they prMent rMonrci:* for oniaiMDtatkin whtch 
are vulaaiile from tbeir (orapAtntive cbeapiMa*, and tbe great 
aoeuruy of the imltatlna of which tbey are capable. Tlie alnte 
ie aleo atronirer and Iota liable to iajuiy than unny of ibe oon>> 
poeile mitrblee which are tliue imitnted. Comnoed with the 
"mivblelaM] iron," tbcae otgeota are better Imitationa of tbo 
atoue^ becanao the iron baa to be covered nith a glarn lo give it 
tbe stone iiHImm, and tlie tiilcki>em of tbb tniDefweut coating 
•howB itaelf in certain cuna; nnd Uiey are mote dutabte, becanw 
the diffetvnl expeuieibility by heat of the troa nn>l ghtn BMlly 
nunet the tatter lo cnick.'and tbe Inn then tapldly rnala. Tbe 
new malorial t« trt^ ft-ora both thate ottjectlont, but, on the ntlier 
hand, (be iniilaiiona ofcamHl work cannot be done «o ctienply na 
in ilie inu. 

The Oonmittoe eooeider the beaaty of th« manufnctnre well 
dMerving of tba awnrd of a prenuom. 



ON JODn-S FOB UAII.W'AY BARS.* 

By A a Jokes, CE. 

Ill n meut diaouaaioo that took pUw in the Franklin luetiliite, 
I believe tbere waa no medtion mado of tbe injuiy lo tbe }uiaU, 
reaulting from the Oiiinmou matliod of making a uurre to ooeislal 
of a eerie* of aliorldionleby each length of taJTbeiug Uiil atrai^ti 
or If e|>ra&g to a curve, ita etiflncaa, aideil by tbe rinuing of the 
Iraina, toon bring* it to a etnighi Una. F^m n pnociol bepM- 
tion of Iracki^almMteouUuuouefrom MainohuKtU to Alabconn, 
I found that eauwly any attention haa boon paid t« tlii* |H>int; 
and yut at a gUnue of the diagrMm, it will be aeeu tlmt thorn ie a 
■ida tbrtut mtm the flnnge of each wheel, uding the verUcU 
prearare lo tooeen the joint and ^alr. 




Pnisona bavlug been on tbe platfotta of tbe old fimr-wbeel 
loooBOtiveti when raoning, may remomber tbe anpleaaanl tide 
twiutli from thii cauB»: tlie lliiaicn hngg^g Ibe Mraight mil by 
tli« onnlrifufpkl force, run* lie loucth to the end of tbe ueit, then 
lo bo chaniml fruin ita taagential couraev and eo on tbo nest 
leotftli nntH tlie curve ie run. Thla ie not now ao perreiiUblo 
witK the truck, but aitll it la an element of dtatmelMB, and )■ one 
canee of tmina leaving the tmck. 

7'Ae prwtr modi it to curve Ikt bar* t«lW bj/iitf lirm. The 
expcnae 04 eurvtag the bara i> uot great, Ibr during my oonaeo- 
tion with the New York aud Erie Itailroad, aa manyai fire hun- 
dnd CSO bet) heavy bara were curved <«li woekiug day in mid- 
winter, by two Ubourore opermUng on a curving bench, the rail 
being brought to it by aMiatauta. 

Au pereons travelling on railroadawhenchaireare In uaehave 
noticea the dbag^MBblo Tattling oonawinent to tbe play of the 
ban In the ebiiri. Aa early ai 1834, it attrnrted my attoution, 
and I enggtated a plan for obviating it, but it w^e not until \H¥t, 
that 1 had an oppartunity of proving it mytetf. I took a few 
cbaita (Stepheneon'a iron keye) and iwceaMd them about l-Sn^h, 
leariag a diipping piece at eaeh eadi when the <iMira werr in 
pkMe without vbe key*, the ferewre were filled with mriAlIic 
lend (hard frara having been melted many timee), and idtboujih 

•Fi«Blb>-JMn>lrfU>m*UlklaMUuU.* 



■«DD 



THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ABCHITECTS JOUBNAL. 



1 



thi* wu pwrt of ft tiwik whleh wm omcI botb wain by a Urgv 
tnlDc, 7«t dntiDjf the rire moutlu it «»■ nailer ii><r doIim tbere 
I BO "apcwing out" of the lt«d, ndd Um noiBe wu slijjblMm- 

. wllh tba keyed ohtan. 
Ujioy of tba wmusbt irem ohaln uhibiltd at tli« n»*tiag, 
kkviniC boon Uliol niody to iht individiu] btr, left Dodiiny to be 
dwinxl for £t, but iu pnit-idiii{[ for b loni; line ot roail it would 
h« lUlItRDt. Nuv, iualmJ of Uiii nltempt at pvrfeatioii whlok 
will •nbiuiM the coet of the otiivin, tlk«y are " eM id ' at the eaitt 
Mil muMk of hiiw oliAJn, uid tha tpttcoa betwaan tb« Imu oail 
ebur filled in wita funiblo iniaI, j«b twve h pw<Mt k fit m it 
U poMilie to B*ke auJ at n aaMll omI. Tbera are niMtj alloy* 
■UMlii^Uft lowi«in[Knitur«wbiclt, wImo tM,M« ocwlyMhsnl 
lud toagkuwniuglituxiii. Wli«ii ibebanan wkhed lobolield 
ndwiM by th« cl^n, a place of iron iaavrtad in tlia holf* will 

^ fee krpt by tbe alloT in plaoe-* 

AlloBion hitviuc oetti mmle to the diRrrvnce between tlie WMr 

_. Dd UaratUtt raiiBOQ^nunylrliliu^ lupnitniaiure kadnneUiAt 
la ipriagy, it may not be out of pOiioo ti> ivoonJ tlia foUowing. 
Tlia PoruniMiib &itd Boaooka Rulnxwl mm over n portion of 
the Dianud Swamp, which coaaiita of a turf-like nulwtaEioe tea of 
twdreteettbick, ororlfiag a aemi-duid material cotnnoaed of 6u4 
aasd, Eood, deo«y«d *«itelabl« natur, and water. Tlie weight of 
a iMraoajamplaif DpaaddowDOBlUiur&m willprvduoa a wave, 
which will cauat aootbar panoo nwnjr yard* frau tha firai alao 
to riae niul CalL Tliia waa the oiMiditioii of tho foundaUon Cir 
the nadwar, aod the anpontruoturs wa« mada of aplit nul* 
(tdaallar to the farm teaot,) laid orooawiae 2 feet in Ihicknais, aod 
aboQt S bet ofeanii on top, and then Ilia sill* or tiiMt aa u*ual; od 
•wb mila ditcboa ware mada, which alway* rvmniDcd full nf tlia 
i}affc-«oloui«d water of tha awittapi, Thiapicoc of road ([avoKTcat 
trouble lo kfwp in oriltr for eiglit or t*u uionih*, uuti! the iuter* 
■tiosa of tbe aplit raili Iiad twaoiae Gll«d aiiil all ct4iaoliilat«d; 
and aftarwaj^a thia was tha afflootkaat and IwHt part of Iha track. 
Oa aaothar part of thio roail, in IdM, bnfora the truck enn 
wen in oae, t trinl nn i>xpprinirDt on a ntraiffht Icvd ptrt, by 
painting the aDitaee of tbc tlai ban, nuJ thru had the train mo 
ovar them al a «pi>ed of Vi nitlea par liiur ; the paint midway 
batwaan the ti«a waa not (ouohed, tlia wheels avciwlly jumjiiug 
from OM tie neariy to the next nne, Mid this was the caae ub 
both aideii of iho track a* fnr m |>«inicd. 

BdieviuK thnt the chair and rail >bauld bo of the Mime raeUl, 
1 proptMM a " damp chair," which ka eaaily made, and iuTolve* do 
aatra labour to be duue to the euda of the bani: it haa vertical aud 
*id« ulilTuaaa, wrablnlii|maat of tho gwKl qu nil ilea of the "aide 
Huh,' iindiir plate, and T tana, without rciuiriug tlic mil bar to 
\k drilled or pnachod, nor riTrta or bolt* to u-eare it lo the rail ; 
It may be loufi entugh to nut a lingli! crc>iu-tic, &ga. 1 and S, or 
for two tlea with the ^lut of hara between, fig. 3. The chair by 
eiihar metlK-J of fiutenios will bo bald firwlv to the tlea and 
ban, and ytt it admit* of br.iug quickly removwd whan rvijuired, 
ns. L rio. 1, 






? 



tm. a. 

Angle-lroB of a suitable lensth U bent on one edge m n to 

1 liook oTcr Uiv Iwit'.ira web or uiae of tlie rail bar, ami at each 

Hi'1 a iiiaall piiHSe )■ iinnchcd not, ao that when two of tbeae 

jilatM are pLraed with Ibcir alraigfat Sangea tc^hcr, tbaae aqnnni 

' IWl— M i' | H iH »Mr»Uah«rleitoniil»»*tw>M— kBM««4llyiMaM 
w waUll*,ri£rb7*«kwr«cB0Mti«Ddiflta 



BOtehM ra«*i<ra lb* bead of a wadi;»abapod atapW wbisli datofa 
tba two aid* plaw an the baa* of tbe bar, and at the aaina time 
fiuiena all to tbe eroHB-lie. 

Tlia pan of (be chair hooking over tba bareonld be axtandad 
up to the ateBi, a* aliuwu by Ibe (iottad tlBaa, fig. 1; bat tbia 
mold aDhanea the eoet of maldpg and Attiau without ouuuoea- 
•nnte boMlit, a« | to 1 inch book ia amnM fur tbe purpoac 
Tha atapje (fio. 4) ia ouidc of vmight-iraai, toe buad auitiag tba 
Botcbea ia the «hnir; it baa a ho^ oo ooa aide ui Ihciliiat* ita 
withdrawal ftom the tie after it baa baas driven tn it: tbe 'tino^ 
an about 4 JoeliM in lengtb. and oaly dillhr tnm a auaant ap'ika 
by the end baug bevillad 4laeoiiallg,lilu an eBgnnr'a looli tbe 
only part teqniring aoauraay it tbe V torn of tbe laaidt, lUe 
abonld be ckaer at tbe narrow part than the two tbidoMMM of 
tbe vertical Oan^ea of tba dudr. 




x:^ 



:i^r^ 



Fia <. 



lite wooden croae-tie baring bean ptrepared for tbe raoeatiM 
of tlie chair, tbe two plaiea an *lipi)vtl aloug tlie nil bduI [■ 
poalUoD on the tie, and tbe ataplea [prvTiovaly aUgbtly bantf 
the dir««tina of tlie p'linl) ore drircti into the aidaa of tbe t 
anil the diauioud-ahajivd poinla will eauae tbe Itnea to paM ; 
«Dme downwarda and endwiae ttfwarda tbe heart ef tbe tic^ 
apreftdbw mon and more natil home; tba aiilf law of tbe bekd 
graapa tbe two parte of tbe ebair in tbe noieiii dnwing then 
dnaa logellMT, and tbe booked edgee on the wadf* 1)111)1^ bait 
of llie nil secuita It to the ehajr. AH an lield Gnnly to tbe tit 
by the head of the ataplea in tlie uolohee uf the chair. 

Tbf two iMTta of tlie chair wlien fitted to Uie bar abouki have 
a clenranoe between (o Mil Tarialiooa in ban, to allow of «aac 
prteaiiiu and the apriuglng cf the partaw If tboogbt proper, a 
tlua alip of wood could be placed bctwceu tbe two iaofM^ bdow 
the ataijfa. 

It will be iTOililT upon that tbe Inalda autboM of tbe ataalaa 
exert n grcnt forcv' to brius the two pMta of tba cbalr togtuari 
thai the (taple U ptereuled receding by tbe dinebed fonu uf its 
tinei; aad thnt the ruuoiug of the ttaina cannot draw out ibt 
•taple, aa any foru applied to tbe rail only acta on tbe tUt of Ibe 
bead in Uia not^ of tbe cbaiia. 




ri«. i. 



ria. A. 



To withdraw the etaplee from tbe tie, a wedge ehaped tool it 
driven bccwaen the hoolced bead of tb« ataple and tba eada of lb* 
dinir, and the atapla dtawn oot; the idatea fonniiig Ibe cbair 
being puahnl tiulviM, tbe two end* of tne rail bare are tet frm^ 

In long chairs with the mil jobit between tbe t^ two keyed 
belt* tfiz- 3,) ta»f be ueed along vidi tbe itnplat at tbe enda, 

ABOtber BiDda (dg. 0,} of eeenring the chair to the bara aad tfa 
i* to take the length* of ai^[ieimti, and inauad of notcbing at tbe 
enrl*, make Iwn notchoe in tbe hooked part; tbe )oga in the tiM 
an mule to enit a key made of hard wood peaaiB^ onteide of the 
venleal ttai^H nf i]ie chair. After thia key ta dnvaa tlgblly hi 
both emiftut, the chair i* held down by the lumal book-baa Jad 
tpike* in lh« notehca, and tlie key prevented working ooL 

Stapitpt anil ipikce may be illapenaed witli, by laabiag lb* 
Bttai};ht web of the chain to hook under (fi^ 6), lomilng a balf 
"dovetail," ami the keydrivea alongddanBMfbn; tbe kmreouid 
be pravented working uut by a ringle anil driven in ita eiia 



5 




THE CIVIL KNOmEEB AND ABCiaXECTS JOURNAL. 



401 






P 



ON AN IMPKOVED ROTARY WATER UETE&* 

Bjr WiLLUM Q«utAV, of Glugow. 

To prodnoe a micfatiM eiMUe e( awMHttog wntM undtr pro- 
■ai«, nail oUmtwIm wiltabt* tbr gananJ um, iI i« aectmmij that 
MrtuB iMnditiaH iaMpuvblo froin thJa ponderable bdJ pcMy 
tiotlly non-eUatie Siiiil ibottld be oompUed vitb. 

Acminuy io uaMnnBDBUt U very properly the fint olfjtet to b« 
Ktuiii«tl, »ihl Uie uuelilne tiiiMt he iteoumt* aot only vmh newtj 
mad*, liut luiut be prrmainutl]' ao, io nrdor to b« tniMwnrtli/. 
TIw meter muit nJ»j delit-er the vmt«r uodiiniiiiahed in prtvure 
aabrupOHJUe, wli&ieror force i« o»xmtTjU>mm tbo ynMr 
tlttovgh the DMter btring loat Ib Hi* pit m an a Um diiehupL 
Tbn* vith B 1>«Bd of waiw M fcc* hub, if it tkk«a k hekd of 
to loct to wmrk tbe meter, the ««t«r deliversd om) be •nnplted 
flnlr S5 fcel high; Mid neh % meter «bauld b« cocuidenJ only 
ball as aadeat a* van thM deliren Um wat«r to the full height 
from wbiah It is anpplM. 

It ia aim nimwaiy that nackioM mnvml b^ water (bonld work 
■a amoollUy and anifonnlj m pOMiUe, and ibat the oiureat of 
«Mer iu Iba aupply pijMa ahoulil io iio caat be eudileulv obadccd, 
riaoe Ihia la 004 ally detriuuntal lo the inaabiiM lla»ir, but aflbeta 
all tb« ■Ktfi^vnrkB in the aelshboartiood. It U furlhor d«ainUa 
thai a metn- *buiikl bo eaiiAla of paMiuK oa bulky matter aa 
Muble; for liowever aanfiilly the water may b« ftlterol, a gnat 
dtaJ of debris eoU««ta flraiu the Interior of the {lipea, and vorli- 
iMii aoaetiiuta allow mpanrti to g«t lotA the pipe* in making a 

Ct. Msten have bneii fnirnd atotipail by piece* of load which 
beeo left in the pipea when nBdcTgoiOii repaira. 
Another very deiirable objeot ia that the meaauriDg apparatat 
nf the nMl«r diould at all timM bo prvjNtllod \sf (be valor, and 
that no ajiringii or welfi^ta ahmild be dtpcniiiKl npon for oootiua- 
ioif Ibe aoiioD, a* the leaat deraugemoat iif the worlca impedea 
their adlou, and the water ia theu allowbd to pan without pro- 
pelling tile meter. Wlieu tbii takee plaoe there ia no ohnnoe nf 
the tuator atartlu a^alo, m waiar will paM by the mo^t free 
oounw; wbrreaswaen a noMr ia » c«ii*lniele<l that no water 
can pa«a wilboat aclin|t on Uie nuur hincTr, lh« forre of the watvr 
Ifl alwayn pnwot, nod no onlinary clwtnicUon will prevent i«|fia- 
ttaticQ wliea water ia beiug dnwu od 

Fm. I. 




rig. t. 
"Hie meter formlitg tli* ml^ect of the pmont pnpcr i> thought 
tqr tiia writer to loorade tiir«t of llie above ti>qiiirviu<--ata. It ia 
■bomi itt thr aecompnnyina •ngntviupi'— fig. I a Motiooal phu 
lavMtsd, and fi^. ! a nruad BMtiou. The meter oontiata of a 
cnaiiig A, couiniiiiiig a vane-whaal B, driv«n rouul bjr the water, 

K«. S8S.— Vol. Kx.— Dbcchbeh, 1M7. 



wbUi ia admitted at the oii«uinfer«cioe of tbe wheel in a dln«- 
tioD tasgentul to the cinla dnoribfd by the vanea, and drawn 
oif from the «etitr«. The openina for the lUppIy of the wnter 
an regulated by wlf-acliug loaded valvet C, which a»tr»gt tbe 
oiflleM when the flow la inalt, opeaiitg at all timce onlv to an 
eitcDt pToporticaied to the qnastitj of water jaaidiig throof^, 
t)iu» prrveuttng the atnan fKon boeoming too loebla on aooount 
of iu uuall v«Iodty to more the rane wbeeL 

The ■nan wheel B, aota In the aame nnuiner an a light body, 
trr* to move, introduced Into a pipe wntafnlna water. If the 
floating nnbiilanea did not eone into contact wTih tlw {mkA» of 
the plp& ii would more juat aa feat and aa far M til* water in the 
pipa Tlie eaMiooal arm of tli« \i^ being known, tbe quantity of 
water can be delennlnad bjr the dialanoe the floating nbatanoo 
tins moved iu the pipe. Simitnrly, in ibapiv«*i>teaie,tMqiiaBli^ 
of water paanug throagh ibr meter ia meatarH by the velocity 
of revolution ot the van* wheel 6^ Uie atctional luta of tbv inlet 
or outlet pipe buag known. 

Tbe metier abnro doicribod ia acoDrate in moaannnnral under 
all elreuniBlanom which ooear in practke, and a* tbe neaaariBg 
ehaniber and apjwatai are not auhjeet to wear, ita aoennugr mwt 
h* panaaaent whatever preaanra of water ia auppUed can abo 
be nearly ohtaiuad niter the wnter baa been neaaured. Tbe 
aaster yroAa lAMothly and nnifannly, and moTwa with eqnal 
power tlitiwgli ereij put of its revolntioo, as there are no jnid 
pointa; and the water la deliveeed In a amooth nninterraptod 
Mrtam. All the working patie are Am fron mob otlier, none of 
them requiring to be in oontacL Tlie vane wheel may ho kept as 
trf from the caae aa i« deaimUe, nnoe the maaaurcmtiit ilooa 
net depend on the alie of the wheel, bat «u the oipocity of 
the meaanriag ehambor and the velocity of revoluliou of the 
wheel. 

ThU meter ww firrt eiperimented on when the Goihala Om- 
vitiiUoQ Company offntd a prmntim for a water meter to work 
iiiiiirr pr-MiMrai and altfaongn Um maeblnary waa verv inperfeo^ 
tlta Kwtlu oblMncd wore amply soffldent to aaiaUiaii the aom- 
ra<7 of ila action. Tbe meter wna tested nnder mMuna ran^c 
firom umrda of 800 bet bead to Ibh Uian an mck, the flow i3 
water beinc radnotd In j-gnllon per minute. Tlie meter was 
eorreot at afl Important runa, antl even when the emAlInl qiuw- 
titica were bpitiji drawn off tlie nnaliun in ineaaurraient did not 
ttXOMd a) per cent. 

In the meter with whlcli tbe expNluenU werr made, the regn- 
btinc vnlne were not pnpevly pUeed in reUtlou to the nuM 
whe^ and eoweqncntly Uio nghtration waa iMdeat wbra 
Biinule qiiaatitiea of wntvr wen pMeing throagli the mnter. 
This obijeelion ha* been oompletely nbvialM in eiitwqnent trial^ 
and ther* la now no difflonlty ia regulating the flow m tbe wnto' 
bjr mMaa of Ui* adhialing serawa and weighla of the r^gntalina 
vnlxta, so aa to render tho iadientioiin perfectly comet uder afl 
preimres. 

Willi nfecraee In dnraUIity It may be itnii.-<l lli«t Uieae meters 
have been going regularly In Gtaagow for opwiknU «f four yeara; 
and they hava oevur bad to be ntomod oiteepa in one inicanee^ 
where the «nM was too email, and oonacqiieatly got chohod with 
dchrla. Allhoerii the meter went fuor more than the lime gua- 
rauieed, still a* the case wae tiio ■mall it was eai^haiiged. 

It hai btfon thoufchl that tho quiek-soing whivl tii llil* bipIit 
would wear the aaoiicst: but on the conlRxrv, it bu •cvciivl timiv 
been fnuod in piaoiice that the tecih of the sluw-mnTinD wheeU 
have been elnpiieil In ooneequvui'u i>f ilie spindle which oanie* 
the indication thmagh the meter owe to the ouiaids aetliug 
jammed, wh««i I he bet-moving whesb which did the (umage 
I not perceptibly ' 



THE BUIUJERS- BENEVOLENT ISSTITOTION. 

Ov the SUtb Oolober, the tenth anniverannr fraiival of t]>b 
laalilalicai, eetahlialied in I HIT, (ur tritinff reUer and cnuillng 
nenalcoa tode>nyedm»mberaorthevBrinaBlirauoh«orilir hnitd' 
log trade and their wi>l<>wa, miA for air<i|>lbg teui|)a« \r\ n-lkf in 
workmun inoaae of aeeiileiit*, waa held at the Luivhm Tiiveiii. 
Atxiiii ±i} gentlemen cuonectnl with the Itadlng bullilitig nmia 
of the mutropolUeal ilown to dinnor. 

Ho Chainuaa annonuced, aini'Ui apf>Uuae, that Mr. Uunry 
Dodd, of Hoiton. had made the uoaifiMait gift of between limr 
and five acna of ndunUe bad. In the nci|;hl«url»oniI of Winibor, 
for the pnrpoee of building alinahomw for the Iiirtitntica. 



b 



«» 



THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND ABCmTECTS JOURNAL. 



MEUOIR OP LOmS VON ZiNTH. ARCHITECT* 
B7 Prod DoiCALDtos. 

Tkb tlwtli of » dlitinpUtlkMl brotbvr arobitwt, ui4 m(ii«p>r- 
tleoiftrtr «r ODO wbo Iim btcn & oormpomliug nenUr of our 
body ud • tibvnJ omlribntar to oar oollection, detDAtiil* somo 
notice uu our pul. I bd it th«nlbn to be k dutT which 
denlw OB mc^ u your NcnUijr tor fimign oomapoadnioa, to 
MiM M Mrlf Ml oppoHuiitr m patnUo to y^y *h»t rwpect to 
the 11M1D017 of our iIopoTted ooUm^c Hvrr Zaoth, who u&» hff 
bi« worlM wdU moritod a p^S is tbc hUlflrjr of our ut. 

I bnvD rMaou to betlere that he mu bora about 17!)^ %t 
Br«Bl>u, ill SilMls, uid wu oouaoqaontly » Fnnrfin mbjeot. 
Kb fallier wna nn nminont aMdickl man, and ohi«f phyndan to 
JwoiDo Ituoaaparlo, durioff tbo raaidcaoe of that aonnitm at 
OmA. I/)uia vae ediMBtM Mrtly atOuMlaadputlyatPkriH, 
and it ia suppoMd was a pupil M tli* I^rcdi NapoUm. Uavins 
crlnood a ilwtdad lMt« fat dntirinB- bo wm nlaeod at Sluttgard, 
(irbara hii widowed notlicr roMdcd,) luder the architect Fiecher, 
pKiGMor of the PolTtMhnio School in that town. About IHlSi, 
Zuth weut to Pads, and beaano tha pvpll of M. Hittorff; and 
altttouffh bo bad then nudo Uule pragreea ia coispoeiticoi, he 
ehow«>? !U) ovidont Uu fiir iloHinttlvo detail and great purity of 
drawing. Ho faUowrJ hii exreJIfiit lanatvr's eJvioe, and look 
part in thu oompetitioiia of t)i« Soliool of ArchitMture; but b^iug 
of a rulleutive and deliberate torn ot mind, which cannot at a 
gtran jooSMnt oonouod the ima^nation. nnd boooe vnder eneh 
• prwrnn IweonMa laltoriDg and niid«<^idci), be wa* iie*«r aUe to 
improTiw wiUi inlfideot npiditr, and oould not aoonetom him- 
■elf to the eadtament, boatle, ann olomoar to whieh the itnpi«»- 
Enable youth of onr ncighhonn yinld wbt-o engnged in snob 
mitteea ThieeircumetAUccsffacinl hU»>iioeptioni^and though 
hit pnfria were dnwn out vith ibe mott eUbont« oare, Iw aerer 
could oominand a medal. But wh«a left to hUnaelf and to the 
quiet of hi* o*n leleni* ud rafloctioo, hie deaign* wort admtP- 
m/t, and evioeed ooeenderable orimualty and eurtful trmtmoit. 

&jitb from the pupil became lue aMietnut of liii frioiul and 
miuicr: and in 11^23 colh wool to Sicilr. *rith the rlew to InTca- 
Ugate fully acJ thoroughly tlio antlqnillei of Uiat iaUnd, wUeh 
•a j«t have Bover been ade^uatAlr flIuUntod, nnawroQi and 
ooeUy ae an tha work* and Iwraed m u* tbo anthon tnintiiiK 
vpoB ita ruin*. DorioK th«r etAV, Ktmm. HHtorff and Zantu 
were atnuk with the Uauty of tbe oiunemiu boUdinn ertctod 
uaoe the Oi«ek times oou which adorn the dtiee of MoMina, 
CUuiia, Paltnuo, and «th«r fhtm, erected b^ tbe different can* 
oueran of the ialand rinco it waa is Uie poaeeMion of thoHomant. 
They therefore took accurate dnwinoi of tJie churcUoi, palaena, 
mooaaterie*^ hoafiltala, pubUo founlaiuH, privM« houB«a, aa alao 
detaila of nlliue, tomba, pnlpita, atallii, and other decoratiro 
cnballlaluiHiila ia the ehurchm, which aro marked by a happy 
freedom afdeMn, Boralty, and efleotiro oDmbination. i'be work, 
which appmnd Id tbe ioint naaua of lh« author*, was epeoially 
•dited by M. HIttorfC In tMadwa, between tha ^ai» 18S(l-3a. 
Tbe ehoToe of aubjoeti i* axtrin^ rariod, rontalnira uaaaploa 
of Uoreaqne^ Sarnceiuc, and I^xantinc, w thoee of nlermo and 
Hon Beale, and eanbnMiog erery period of modem nrshlteeture 
withMit an aelnaln adherens to any. The uaootfon of the 
wofk fi ia MttUne, and may V* .-ibni for thn judidoua edtetkn «f 
the nUeeti^ tbe purity of the drawing!, and the exquiait* charae- 
tor of the ongmnoga. 

At tlie nine time appeared many auinben of their work 00 
tho anoieat iitoDuni<i>t'. U U U> bo nravttad that thl* raluable 
publication haa beoD ■luppudH), from uo want of particuiara to 
eomplrtc their proviom Hluitisa, which a penional %-i«it to Sicily 
can alone aaiiabclorily tapply. It la to bu howd that the eur- 
rivor BUj aMNonpUah what atUI remalna a deejmratiuiw-a work 
tn 8Icnl(MJIf«aaB aiebitcotuce, rcnderMl complete by the light of 
moden reaearehe^ and the experience and learning which hnve 
of Ute yenn been bronsht to bear ou workn of thia cImu; and for 
Ihn etauidatlon of whl^ no coe baa proi'td himulf more 00m- 
pataBtAaflM.Iiitu.rft 

ZiBtb WW ap«iaJly struck by tho peenliar magnifioanot of 
Heo Reale, and tho eud-ru aapi.-ot of the O^Mlln Kwla aad of 
di^palaeei of I« Ziiaaud La Onb;\at Palermo^ of which hoanb- 
■miMllj nada aome eplwidid and elaborate colonnd view* to a 
luM riw; and in bet thl* etyte of art aeema to h-wo had much 
infaence on hi* future artistic taitr. lu tS30 Zanth quitted 

• l^u aui bgjm Uh Uajrd luUtBM ot BiUkli Ardtllacu, 



Parit In aeek a new tpben of tnployineat, and rvtQn>ed to 
Stuttgard, where be eooairooiod many ohanniag lowo and oona- 
try houHi^ peribotly adapted to the ooovraUnce of the occupant^ 
elc^tmt in their detail, pioioiwioe in tiieir toaMoi. Th«ee ano- 
tioui^ and aome of hie ooauttfol drawinp^ wore brouriit nndw 
the ooiloe of tbe king, who imnudtatnly appointed hiro aa hie 
arehttoct, and caauuEaalonail him to mnke drawtnge for a ibMtn 
to be atlnehed to the palaoe^ \sH, which, unfortuuMnly, wa« oerer 
exeoutod. 

fiia royal patron waa demrane to form lur himaeJf a kind of 
^Moial penonal retrtat, or lubmrbaa villa, to which be might 
ooeaaicoally retire for the dajt era few howiv tike thoea of the 
pMa] GunJiM in tbe nei^bonrhood of Bone, aa the TUln Pn|n 
OinUo, ot thoee at Fteacali, and llvcJi, or aa la fi>ond in rariona 
parte of Qenoany; or, mtpiu cnnponm pan**, like that at Cliin- 
wiek, hvUatgiug to the DiUta of IVvnoebire. It waa to ooualat of 
a priodpaT ouino, hethottiae, awl oonaervatoriee 1 portioM^ 
kiuBki, a belvedere, ball-room, theatre, and domeatio offioei^ 00*- 
Beoied oiw with annthcr by the gnurrnl iliatribntion of the pr- 
dMi,whlob waa to he adorned with pert^rrM, pieoea of water, and 
Ibuntaina. Tbe WDheLma !» iiit»al«>j at the extramily of tha 
royal park of RoeoMtab, at a league from Stutt^rd, and near 
Cannatadt, fiunoua lor ila miitDral waten^ and the gnrdJeni extend 
down to the Necker. The etjle ael«ot«d hr hit eOTtreign waa the 
UoTi>eque. The plot of ground approi)nat«d to the Wilhelma 
wiu a hanging level, riaing from tlia Neektf; and Zanlh fouul 
great difficulty in oombining ita variona parta with the gronndl 
of fioaeatteiu. whii^h had been laid out by an ignorant prdeacr, 
without any tvf^reun- to the uuduUtione of the enrikeb In onUr 
to make himaelf thoroughly aoquoinlad wtth Um auat celebrated 
bothouioe in KngUnd, he cama to tlue eonatry, asd vlalted tboae 
of ChatBwortb, and other*, and a]«o eludied the applioatiaa of 
iron to the Tariaiu uur^toaea of Ibe forcing-hoaaw, aa niao iu 
fitwM for the arcajus, cupolaa, kioeka, and oolomna of tlte 
portioota. 

Od the occBjiion of lliia viait ha exhibited hie nuAiflcaat aarlai 
of Siuilmii dnwingu in thene noma, and waa alectea nn hoaomy 
and oomwjHiuding number of our body. Tie ttniliH of tlie 
Wilhclma ware oomniMced about 1838; it wan the fitmnriie 
theme of hia ftiture exlttmoe, the one great objett npon which 
hn employed the remiuoing yum of ni« lift. Hie tioM^ hie 
baaJth, bis tolenta, and hi* maan% were all devoted to it; it 
absorbed all hit thoughU and aapiratioua; be eeoned to live fbr 
it oluuo, with a diivalroua love for bit art I have eaid that the 
king eoloeled tha Iforeaqu* etyle for the aMklteotore of hie fiU% 
a atyle which haa not in our day been adoptod for an ar«h]tao- 
tunJ monument of any importnnoe. With the axeeptioii of tha 
rililioe called the Uoaqtie, in the ScbwMaiagea prdana near 
Aliinheim, nu Hrioiw ntttnupt h.ia be«a aiaile to reoonoile tha 
formii, Romhiiuili'iiiB, mid cioi^:irntinnii auitod for OOe (Umalo^ ao ■ 
to bo MUptcil for tiDotbor sHoutiaUy diffweuL Tbe volnmo of 
Uucrn Junes wan the ouly authcDtio nttnoea for aneh a etyU; 
bitt uf ounw it is evident, with oven thla adniinble Ulaatnlion 
of Mooriih work in the Albambni, tluit much muet he Ittl to the 
i magi nation, the tnatc, and tho diicretioD of Ibe arcbitMt, to hai^ 
mouiae tbe ritntaatic povlrv of the «tyle, ita brilliant doointtooi 
aud ita piiguaut iudivuJuaiity, with the orOiuAry waala and con- 
vanienota of modem European llt^ Our Criand did not Uuar 
himaelf by a alaviab ndhetenoe to proeedant nor n^glaot any 
meant ofeuccou; and he employed eionie of vnriona ooloura flrem 
tbe adjoining- qttarrioe for tba prfaidpal bniMb^ rich ooUuiad 
brick for tho ulEoea, and caet'iron for tbe varioua detaila. TW 
Wilhelnw prmu'nl' .1 cnnacieiitiouH mrifilnT ftf dtfflrwlttai^ arwt tbe 
triumph of tlio architect wna aaaured when the noat renowned 
torereigna uf Europe, attended by their munenoB brilliant anile^ 
found Uieiuaclves Ui tbu caaino, the ooBMnnUcriea, gudent, iM 
portlcoaa, briiUantly illumined, and roQectIng tbo «^uial(e dee»> 
rntioni^ which, haimoiuoualy diairibulcd throughout, oharaMd 
the eye and aatiefied tlie taalo. And although the mngiolan wbo 
bad crtaKd the biry aoene waj not thare, bb mnitar epiiU 
d«lightoil the brilliant drala iaienihlerl in thla trubr royal vilk. 

Zantli hna piibluhoil Ion duomolithogiaphic ulnetntkiaa cf 
WLlhclnin, drawn witli tho mod elaborate pationeck truly Oer- 
man; ami they were eieoutcd by the moct ominctit lithiMiapbwi 
in Beriin and Faria. He apared no expeoae to inaure tba auit 
brilliant reeult, and one of tbe plat«i the general view, rtquiied 
twenty atonot^ The ('reneh government, with B IQwrality tlM 
doea honour to ila lure and patrona^ of art, anbaBribed for torty 
oopioa. It were to be wiahed that our owb fovamBsnt Grit man 





THE CmL ENGISEEa ANIl AECHTTECTS JOURNAL 



403 




, Dktoc). 



•tivo m the pxpMllet)^ of eBOonnjpng io ft like nuuum pablioft- 
tioiu .J thia CUM. H* pnMntod » oepj of tbia ooally work to 
oar libnuj. 

A wealthy landed proDridor ia Hungmrjr Hot for him to nuke 

til* pJui* for » hrn vilugc, xrith hoam ud fitrrM of diflcreDt 

mum, » ehunih, and otiitr public baiJHian, in amnMdon with 

the rentnraj cMtle of Ilic lonl. Theae dengni itK of ilia Braatait 

iDtemt, for h« Krupuloinily atudled to mnke ihem ootiionn to 

nal«riala at oommnail. brick aii'l wnvl, vliich n#r« alalia 

ible in ill? country; i\nd he |[nv« tliciriniiAlinunl cbanetv, 

1 by elfgnut tad apprupriatc combiiiikiinm anil pwpor- 

withont Atpattiag tniu aimplicitv and utility. 

ZaUh'i health had of la[« yoitra yielded to the unreDiittiof 

toQ wUh whteh be follovvd nU art; and abaolnlt mR haing 

iiMcMU^, Im hat year tiaited Ital* with M. IlittorfT and fnniily. 

Bit aoxioiM friaods had hoped that he migin have tujoyvd na 

desant ramee amidit auch aotnea without th* btietn of thonght, 

ftnd that the fir« of hi* frnniiM might have bean nkindled bytha 

naewed oouloropiatioa of tlin noble worka of that dawe aoEL 

Bvt the loiM of Ilia early eneqiy wm |CD4ie; the laognid ionlid 

looked without amotlun at thoae mouumeDta which he had onoe 

led with thf lircliaxt anthoalaani, and hla naidtaoe of aoma 

at Rome wat oii« of nuffimng and diaoomfort While 

he r«Miv«d inilrucliooa fmm bia kinji to deaim • Protoat- 

ehurvh, (o be attadied to ibn royivl ^ace. !%)■ he earn- 

k). not without gnat effurt, ittttr the Bwilitn typ^ aud on 

ntiim in Jane but pr«wiit«d it tn (h« king, whoapprond of 

. the oonoratioii, and the church waa decided to ba oamad ont aa 

dwignad tiy him, and to be coniEuenocd early in 1998. He bad 

abo eonipletod aome time aince th« itravinga for a Ituman 

Catholic ebuKh, which it waa noently Intended to erect afl«r th« 

eonconUt entered into batwMti the King of WnrtMuuurg and 

ihePopa. 

Tha death of thia diatluKUiahod arcliitfct occnrrtd on the >lh 

Oeloher hut, and waa attended by circumataacea which may 

remind ua of tha hero oat off on the field of battle, or the «hapl«t- 

wreatb bound round the hoMt ot the axpmng victor in llia 

Olympic gamra. TIk Einpcrara of Ruaria and of tbo French met 

M pieata at lh« conn of lh« King of Wurtemburt, and thia 

priBOik wiahiiig to dunll li<>uoiirto theaDverei|pia,gaveaaiileDdid 

fitto in the rural pnlnoe uf lh« VTllhalina. The monarena, aor- 

' and delighiAl with the awgniflcmco and taate nf the fktry 

1^ whicli they were aiirrounded, and by a aiyln of art 

!!&); the fnbted and Korgeoua aoenea of the Butcm (aliplia 

rather tlma the oourt of a Oennan king, eagerly inqDirM to 

wli(u» i,);i|I Hiid Imapnntion tholr boat waa Indebted fur the ei- 

Sjliinlcniid varied aivliilcctiire nrouad ihcm. Tlipy lenmiMl that 
I wua Hcrr Zanth, atiti that he lay at that momait on hia bod of 
■ickuMa. The Kuperor nf Bua^ auiionH to expnaa hia aatia- 
fii«tion lo thp artiai, aant Priooe OortJiclinkoff at onoe to the bod- 
tiile of poor Znoih, to praifnt liim with the daoonidon of Cotn- 
auudfr of tlio Onlcr of HtAuUlniu: and the prjnoe hluwlf 
KttadieJ to the breaal of the aiok ertbt the ribbon and eroiui of 
Ifee order, aoeouipaayiiig the ace with the gradoua and touchiDg 
cxpnaaiona of ndmi ration which the eRiperor had uttered. Zanlh 
Vm od hi* deathbed, bat thia act of kind eonaidnration aoothed 
-tbe btrt nooieota of one wboae devotion to hia art and amiable 
iliapMition bad endeared him to all wlio kiiev biiu, 

Zanth waa an enUiiuLiatic follower nf an-httecCnre : bb ptedi- 

feotloa waa br claaaic art Up waa unrivallcii an a drnughlaniap 

fyr the minute accnntcy of pveiy iiart and tlic finbh m ovary 

■ ■' lil. Hi* largo [i«rip*i;liv* drnwiuga wert the moat acrupulout 

ible reiiJEidtigH nf the bolldlnga they reprceenleil; and al- 

Ihey might want iomowliat of ntrinl effect, yet ihey were 

atlikingly eficctivc and gcandly mnd<fnj. lie «nu eit- 

.-T tuaoeptible in hia feelings and KhrinkioK from oh»i>n'n- 

Iii dftpoaiilon he waa moat generoun, ai all timcn truly to 

rledga talent In olhera, and moat firm in Ida atuchnicnt om 

I mnn in a prophet tn hi* owe eotaainf and It la to be 
rfarttl that th<.' uuble. upHght, and highlv^(ined arehitMt of the 

IWilhrlmn. wiw not m fully appiMiated by Ihowi imni<«)iftli'lv 
near him aa Iin wna by the aovarelg^a of other etalua, and by hw 
profe«»l>-c>al limtliivn in other eounlrioa, who honoured hitii u 
ao arti'tand Mteemed him a* a unn. Be had leoaived tbe croaa 
of Sl Orq[oiT the Grval from ilic Pope; that of the Lion oTZali. 
rinfCD ft«m Uie Oruai ViAt of baden; tliaiof St.Louia fn>Ki the 
Dacbeaa Rennt of Parma; nnd he waa member of the andemiea 
of Barlio, Munich, Milan, Sx. 



Theoe few sotM eoatut of the imnrealoDa pndnced hy an l&t^ 
mate frinndahip and interoonrae M five-and-twant^ yvan: but I 
am indal>l<d for many partioolata to our nutnaJ friand M. UJt> 
torli; who «iu to him aa a brother, iMt merely in art, but in 
allieutjoa. Znntli waa limited in hia frieDdabipa; bia uodeelaud 
retiriag nature made him inatinotivety avoid uumeroua attach* 
mento; but the few who knew him appreoLated the rara moral and 
iutelleewal qualities which made tlimi ahare in tbe triumph of 
hia neeeaNa, khI laoMBt bim aa one whoao loaa it ia ool eiuy lo 
replant 



INSTITUTION OP ENGINEERS IN SCOTtAND. 

Tuflntmeetliicof theaeaaionof tliianewly fonnod •cieutiflo 
aaauoUtkm waa heu oo Oct. S8; Prol Itaukioey the preaident. In 
the chair. Mr. Haul, Um iMraUry, read the nintitee of a um«»- 
ing held in June, and anaoaoeal the namea of eichl inflnantiaj 
gantlemeu {wopoaed aa uambera^ to ba balloted jor at the naxt 
meeting. 

The Pii«i!cnt iheu moeaded to deliver on inaugural apeeoi. 
intheeourveof wliidiheMtiditheuMtitutian tnoed tu odcia to 
tbe meeting of the Soele^ of Meohanleal Enginaota beld Ikct 
year In GUagow, it being coiuMend by tbe promoters tliai a 
aocla^ at Knjtioeeri boldinc Ha tnortinp in SoothuMl— and In 
Ohuriw na the bnt meehanlcd oentn— woaU be eneonarbl, and 
high^ advaolageouL It oombinod roeohaaioal and oivil engineer- 
ings as holh branches (unlike formerly) ware now doeely udied 
alnee tbe extsonve and inereasIuK uae of ireo m building opem- 
tiona. Tho mMoa of promotiug tbe BodetVaeh^ tbe advance- 
ment of eugineering and pmetioil met h a ni c^ hr in espcriinenlai 
and aa few ettRiueers bad time for this al tluttrdbpoial, the ioati- 
tulion would prove oa^, and enable them to rvconl tor the 
bwefil of oUiats whatever dieoovrrie* thi^ might incidentally 
make in tlio pnnalt of tlieir buiineaa The learned pmfaaaor 
having commented Upeu the grent importance of tlie advnntoM 
to be gained from the new inatitulion, wsot on to luv tbut the 
priMnit period waa a meat bvonrabla one tar tbe deWopnieDt of 
science and the progtean of audi a aociety; for recklem apecnla- 
tion no longer exiated, and euginaom wore dlapoaed to coadnct 
their opeaatraoa with an economy that called forth all their akill 
-HUi eeauoioy that ondoavoured to aecompltah an rad by means 
just anfflcieat to <k> ao in Uie moat acieatiGe awl servieesbla 
manner, and no mora. He then pointed ont arone of tbe more 
importuit aulrieetaon whit-h knowlvdt^ «na le'inired. One of the 
pnntHpal of tbeae waa that of mntenyiia. Tbe iuterMting quea- 
tjon awee: "Can iron produced in our own eooatrv be bapinved 
ao na to ivniove the naUrlaU that drtarionw lu atnagtb f* 
That wu an imjHMlant matwr ua wbicti tfae aooMy woald afford 
the nicuia of throwlag light by coUeoting tbe rxperieaoBs ot Itt 
mentbers. lliers wor* other muteriala of nnportanoo— limber, for 
imit.'Uice, the aoaaoningand preeervina of which di-aerve;! nttention. 
The haideaingtif atones the nmonlacturiog of artificial atonaa, 
tho atronglh of brick*. And the Ihwh on which tho tnnaverae 
atrvogth of beanM could be baral, were alao nutlets rciuiriag 
iavMtigation. Then there whm the atiffouinp of aui^naton 
bfidgaa, a •object that atiiaelad great inloreai. That iWerintiun 
of bridge waa tbe alioogsat, hul it waa not wall appli<al>k l« 
railway purpoeaat em aoeount of tl>e vibration, which would tw >o 
great on the Uanait of a Iraiu at liigh apoed aa to (•ndange*' tbe 
atability of tlie itmciure. In refcwnoe to thia anbjcct, Mr. P«ar 
Itorlow made cxi«--nnn'iiia on models and found llint vi-ry liuhl 
Kinlctu in cum|i<>ri<Min to nhal faad beau geuatnlly wip|>r«Kl lo 
bt ii«r«nnnii. wui« i|uite miflidMil to ailffeu a au^ienaiL^i bridge : 
tliat, in feat, siidon of a oortain aliftaaaa would saatain ti times 
the weight Uint productd a d«4leirtion without Ihr napODMOn 
ehaina Bui iIioh! exro-riiucnU were made only no modcla, and 
the rMult remained to bo triml upon a lar^ acnlc; and the innMer 
vaa well worthy tho attention nf «igliioer«u After •oine rtmarka 
of a CachniMl oharaoler, the Profo«i"i- idliiJe-l t*i the deviation 
frvm old nilee adopted by MeMta. Iti-nnut and HuoK ttuiucll in 
the building of thu Umt EaHTti, and ait1<l itmt a rbiuff! iraa 
reqnired in tlie plan on which iiun aLipa irere now built. Tliej- 
wer* alwaya budl on the pla.i of woodini « caaeta, tl)« buihlem 
naver takiug into ncouuiit that they were -leaiiti); with a dilTuroat 
mnlorial fn>m that to wldeh they Itad Iteali so lovK luTiialomtnL 
Uaviag ncutiouol the aicxmi-cugiue, tlie nleelro-ninitiietlc engine 
(which he aaid was clean, luanaHHible, and adapbiil for &Mt 
wurknumahip, nllliougb nioie e-sfauutc tlinn tbe other), bo 



4M 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



toMbed npoD th* wide fi«M for iaprovBrnnit in tbo ndUtMi], and 
alliHlwlloMtiieoUitrUipiworinUraattoaiipDMr*. Hare&md 
to HutiU7 eiuiiiMriii^, auoh u dniaagty veDlUftlioti, wkMr 
■api>l y, Teutlluioa ei raiDM, aaA w Ui* devldDg of «im# moMtt 
to fuiTcoM th« illuDilniitiog powrr of pu, ■» M to dtminioh iU 
eo«l. Od tile impnnniiee of AOCniraU workmonihip bo nce.l Bay 
nothing iu & citir like r;iugo«, when tliMv w«ru m di.uiv tiilful 
ftrtiMoi. The relbniuitioa of iIm nrawni aTl«m <if tneuuiM, 
capecklljr Uiom of length, «m k nibjoct vbieh tli* aodo^ aliotild 
UM tUeir beat oSbrta t« teenra. It would bo for the iaAitntc to 
•odotvour t« promote m unfly of opiuion on tbU eubject, which 
iroitU b« tbe oulj mmn* of obtalDing th« aeocBAir chiing« at 
the kanda of coreru incut. Tbo ImI topia ou which be would 
touch *M le^atiuii an it Atlfcctod eooncera. Finrt of ikU, thoro 
Wi-re the pfttcot lawn, whieh nNiuired unprovoiDont. Thoy bad 
h««ii pwtiallr uwcdcd, but both tlie liwa and th<ur admluistnt- 
IJon ni>rdpd furthur aJteration. Tbttra wne BAother daH of Ivgla- 
latlou, iheo, U> which ao initilulioti of engioMrra Aonld turn 
their attOQtion : lawa ooooeniing (be publta aabtv— lam to rega- 
liiu tbe Hnnstli of boHew aiid the epwd o^ nulway traSw. 
Tliere y*n* no Uwa maoted in refenaoe to eitli«r of ihwe 
ataiun; but if ndi hwa w«f« providfd tlif; abould not be 
ealculslcd to ehwk «iit«rfirue or raatriet or ineonvcniciiica inron- 
tore or luaan&atartta moro ibao w« noci«»ry; and in ordor 
that th* b^alftture might be a«iurat«I]r in(anuvd of Uie drcum- 

' itanoM tliAt ^ould guide thom on «ub)Mta of Uie Idud. it wna of 
Uie uUacwt importaiioe that thcw aubiMU iliould tw pnblldy dit- 
CUtMil nl moelingt bjr pmotioJ nod aciontiiic luen. Ho wim 
notty to pMteive a dtHMtition on the pari of aomu verv uminent 
Mraona to rcoouunend restriction* that be ehonld tfiink very 
tiunrioiu. Fur tniAuicc, Lord Broagham loggeatad that the 
apeed of tmin* ahoiild be limii«d to u or 3Ci nilM per boor. 
Sow, under proper tuiinagniieat and with care, a apeed of "0 
mile* nn bnur could bo maA* with aa much nfbty ■■ 17, tar aod* 
d«ntii Mtldoin ooouited but thtongh iniamaDa^wieut; Kod the 
pvuNT wiiiwi to adopt would be to enforce proper maDageraent 
wd oaution. The apwilMr In ooueli»ion aaid Olawow wu a d^ 
that potaeaKd the raoDnfactarM of Mancbe«l«r, tie *hiptiiaff of 
Livoqiool, the hnrdwu« of Binalugham, and the ooal oi Xew- 
CMik; and couidcriiig tbo net o>l«ut and the grmt por&otioB 
to which aome bnncbea of ita practical nwihuici bad anired— 
Mpeciallv ita tktiful irau ebipboilding and engine making— it 
oould iaijly be eallod Uie ^netropolii of inpehiuiic«' 

Tho Clioiruutn ibeu made eome oburvationa on Wliitworth'a 
drama) eyatem aa applied to divialoue and gaiuoa. iir. Wbtt 
worth'e propomi tnkee the inch aa the oniL Thia waa objwned 
to by the m^ori^ of tbe meeting as being not eiilSdenlly com- 
prebnieive. After aoma dlacuainon, it wns suggested that tha 

r Aid of Ih^ Kngliah adeollSc aodetiee be requMted towude peli- 
tloDing E^linment to haalen and Eudlitato Uie nfbrtn taagXn. 

A paper wm then read on U. BeaufWfa gaa^anie fnmaee 
{•ec ante PL Miy 



TRAMWAYS IN LONDON. 

At a recent mcotiog of ibe London Genenl Omnibus Comuaay 
the dlreolore Hubniitted the dol^s of a phw for working omni- 
buw* on inmwaya laid down in the loatUug thoronghfuw of the 
melropaiii. where ilie w^dlh of tbo [\>ad is siilllcinil to admit of 
it without riidt of iuteribrcnctt milli the ordinary tralBa A line 
of tramway of ibis dracriptiou ha> been for nwriy ibree years in 
«■• between Puis, Boia de Banto^ia, and 8U Cluud, and Is now 
(XtoKlad to Sevres and VerasiUea; and aleo in I^ns, New Vork. 
and BMton; and lar]ge cnuiIbnaN, ourying from AtXy to eigb^ 
pHsangera *aA>, are thereon nnpellal by two borui* nl 8 to 10 
nilea par hour with great faenlity. The d(r«to«. tli»«)fc*o. nsked 
the Mnction of the shareholden to apply port of the unused 
ca|)itkl of the company tor the establishment of (nunways of thle 
diarwtor in varioua parts of the metropolis, commencing with 
the road from Natting>kiJl-gate t>U Onnd Jnnotiou-ruad, New- 
road, City-rMd, and HoMyat^^ttvet, to the Banl^ with branobea 
to the Great WMteru and London and Nortb-Werteni nulway*. 
and to fleet^reet tU Bsgniggft>wel]»rc«uL The hoifftb of this 
line, with lidinga, will be nbout 6) milM, and the rmd. with the 
•iceiitiiin of iuattDfti at PentonvUle, is broad and eminently qoa- 
Jilisa for the ejiperiment 

In the re(<ort of the enginoer, Mr. James Samuel, it is stated 
tbat the gTMieoU sluitg tas mtira line proposed ore unuauiUly 



fovonmUe: the only pert cf tbe roote when additioim] 
power woold be reqmrrd being at Pen lonntle- hilt, where, for a 
leD)jth of about \V} yirda on the Biiitle-brt<lge side, the rise is 
I in U, and for 530 yards on the City side 1 In 33: on evety 
other part two bomoa wonld bo qtiile capable of drawing aa 
omnibus oonUdningnt Iciut 60 pftserogPTii, at an aran^ lata of 
^ luilus per hour. Tl» iinprared eiistiug road omiubM weigh* 
£1 uwt^ and carries SI ponsmwreni inside aad out, at an averaM 
speed of S miles per honr. The uev tramway onmibiia woold 
weigh about t tons; and the bcility for stopping nnd itsrtiiig it. 
wil£ impewred break, would be quite as grat ai iu tbe onliiwiy 
road omnibus, so tliat there would be no lo« of tinio ou that 
aoeonnU It is this power in horsM of starting or slopfMng nlsuat 
instantaneonsly which awles the tramway, for sbnrt distancia 
and frequent stoppagBS, ecjnal, if net snpi'rior, to the milwny with 
steam power. Tie trwnway, when Uid, will be per{e«tly Susb 
with the general aui&oe of the rDtulw^y, and will not in anv wqr 
iatartuw with tbe jmesMge along and acnse it of any or(lin«7 



road wBOoa or carruge, and aa the now omnibiMes in passieg 
along will be ooofiBed to the tmmway, wlii«fa will oODKst of ft 
double line Ui the eentre of the rottdwi^. the side* of the mad, 
and indeed the satire whjth (except during the instant of pueage) 
will be tn« to the general Uwffic, which will thus bo carried on 
wilboul interruption. 

The propoeed trwuwny will be oonstrwoted with loogiiwIioU 
bearings, which will enable it to be diverted with grsal fheility 
dnrin^ any tetnpnmry repaira to gas, water, or sewage pipes, nstia 
nf wliicb will l>a in anr way intonvird with 

£iperimenta, nutile W direction of tbe >*renob govenunent, em 
the tramway between ^ree and VctvlUe^ prove that a batne 
can on a level tramway draw 3| (linei tbe w^lit at the sine 
speed, and with tbe sniiie expenditure of power, that he out on 
an ordituirv ruaiL Up n gndiunt of 1 in 100, be is capaUe of 
dnwlng sj tines tbe wnght, and np a gtidient of 1 in 9S, 
It timee the wel^t he oouR imder timUar droomstancM oa the 
ardiuAiy road. 



JORDAN IKON BRIDGE, PENNSYLVANIA, DA* 

Tnn railroad exteodiag Into the interior from the Crane boa- 
woi'kn, at CataiDiC|iu, for tlie conveyance of iron ore from rnrtoua 
bcJ< in I«hi^i nnintv, croeses the Jordan crook where tbo raUtr 
ii u«i,rly a quarter of smile in width at grade, and about lOOOft. 
at the bottou. The ^rado level at this eroe^ns la nearly 90 CMt 
high above low water in the JonUn, and Ita valley fimned a very 
serious obstaole to encounter np<:>ii a merely local rnilrond. Pr^- 
ponJsforau iqon bridge were finally ioTited by the cmnpaby, 
and tlie oanttaot assigned to Mr. F. 0. Lowtbrof^ a aril enguetr 
of grvst oxpsrisaoe ssd skill 

The extreme loncfth of thn bridge Is tl0S Ibet, and the iron 
superstruoture counitu of 1 1 spans, of 100 feet eacli. Tbeae nnna 
ai>! of a ■itq>«nslau truss, each irua* briug Ifffeei high, and the 
twn truiwea, tMoesaary to carry a single track ntilnxul, being 
spacml Iu Gtet etear apart. Tlie trussn are au|>pureil bdoo a 
group of cast-iron pillani, of cmdform lectton, cr-oneoied and 
braoed together in stagce, and finnlv stayed htl^rtdly by heavy 
wrought-»on bnoing-roda bolted to the mosoory. Tbaee uteLelM 
piera of cast and wroiu^t Iron stand upon low piers of eelEd 
maionry, raised abn™ Xhv line of EUkkI, anil pointed nt both «oda 
The iLDgte tRkf k nulwny rnuwa upon the diKk of tbe iron WUg* 
iu a uouliuuuuH (itrtight line. 

Rurly in July, tills bridge— which is believed to be the loogeat 
iron structnre ^et erected ui the United StatA*— was tested to the 
entire satiabetaon of the eonqiany, with a leaded tnun drawn bf 
a locomotive, the whole train woigning upon each spstn of 100 IsK 
tqnal 1 13 tons, or mora ih&u 1 ton to the foot Uaal, which wie 
the test loul contracted for. 

This bridga ii now in lue, and attracta erovrda of vidtors. It 
presents a wry light and graceful appouanca The flnt slooe 
wiM kid August 87ih, 18A8, and the Qist looomotive croescl est 
July 14tli. ISJ7, the whole hftHng been oorapleted h leea tlisji a 
yuiir. It is in cvnry sonso a remark.ible wofk, and iloee the 
hlglieet credit to the ciicij^- and abdlily of the enginoor and eon- 
tractor. The cost bss been teas than t70 per foot ran, or abont 
ITO^OOO for the entire etruatutv. Tlin* demonstrating oobdn- 
sively tbe spped and economy witli which iron bridges may be 
erected for railway purponeii. 

* fnoilhe'JuamilorOMrneldialaMnaH^* 



THE CIVIL ENGmSEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



405 



BOOCHKRIB'S TnWBER PRESEHVINO PBOCESa* 
hy Jouy Rtau, juii, OUagow. 

Tats pnetf fomui lu) liaporUnt lmprciv*Eii«At in th« tsxod» of 
prtfikfuig Ueuber bo u to prvMrv* it fram ilecny. It U tbe inveiH 
Ckn of Ml •minfat FVencli ebMnict, Dr. Boueheri«, wbo boa boon 
«0(iged Dckrir twn^ ,v«hi in brinfiDg it Ut MHkoDoo, ftnd b 
OB* «r tb« moit wBkiwal pnoMM* nr randMitur duntbU wood 
*luitiilltUeto<le<Mr. 

Th« tsbnUr •tfuclurc of Imih hiu lotiR boto knowD; but the 
hot that tbera ia no Ut^nl or tmnivDnw omunuiiiotion b«twB«i 
tlio tabca has bMa aManaiBcd out; n-xa^y. Tliit fuel liu bwn 
«x]«riiii«iiUllj damooMniM) by ii\j<M:iing a euloariiig liquid at 
<mt and of a hg, « putimlar |iortioii onijr of th« end beiiij; 
CxpOMd to tht liqiuJ; it wm then found th&l in auy tnusi-nne 
•wtloa of tlM to* Um wood wu »lmn ■tunol in euoily tb« 
nuaapnrL In thbiumMr tba kttvncAawoid ha*«bMiidriv«B 
frvm on* and to the oUitr of ■ piew of tiiubar. Tlib fiiet lonna 
tbe taeie ef the rirHeal pww, tba prindpla of which cmiaiit* in 
fcrdnc into tlw tlnber n liquid ol a praMrvativ* natnr*, eanalng 
it to bfiltmta tM« the fibn* of the Utm aa ll would into a iwriM 
«f amall panltd tnbai. 

In tbe ftrat aitempu, tbe vital oon^ ef th« trota was em- 
ploxod to dnw LEI Uirfi liniii,! bj mauM of tli* einuktiou of the 
••F^ uid tbe Uquid waa tliua iliatribuled into every part of the 
wood, and eran iut« the flneat liHuea at the leavae. Ae the dt- 
ealatton of tba eap howaeer wotiBUta fbr aevand 4a]ra, eren after 
tbe Ira hu been felM and atripped of ita foliii«s another pro- 
Maa WM anbaeqaeiitl; adopted, bj which the Laoiil ia foroad 
Ibrough (be tiBlMr bj an sod preeaure in k alinple and eeeoo- 
miaJ maBMr. Tli« mtp it therabj ezpalled and ootca oat from 
tbe end of the (jmber, whtoh b that mad from the moft Mtive 
aouroe of deeoiofKjaitiun and at the aame time injeoteJ with a 
U<tiUil innpttUa of deoampoaition under all ordluar; unNtn- 
•taani. 

Tbe foUowins ia the matliod whidi up to tbe pnaent licne baa 
been faofid to be moat aconoeaical and pnedoablo fur carrjrbg 
Mt tba p p »ee«i on a larae maIf in tbe pt«paraiion of railway 
''epan. At» tbe tree m becu felled, a law cul la maJa nenee 

• eentre ihnnigh about obe-tentha of the aMtion of Uia tree. 

' tree it ibcti alightl; niwil at tbe oontre by a levor or wedjie, 

' »opan the aav cut a liitia; a )'Mva of itring or oord i* 

roond tbe e>tge of the nw exit, and mi lowering the 

_ I, the eul doao upoti the rtrina, as in fig. 1, which thue 

I a waiei^ tight Joint in a almjile and eAetnal manner. An 




r><i. I. 
' hole ie tboii bored obliquely Into tlie mw ctit from the mU 
"'Mi, into wLiofa !■ ditvcn a hallow vo<itl*n plug. A flaiible tab* 
U fltUil OB the plus, the end of vhicli i* mndf ilifihtly oonleal ao 
' Abe tulw lukT b« (luahed tight npon it. The tube eoBiBtnii* 
^witli n ri'ix^l fiiit«m, plaMd at a height of trfiia 3D to 40 ft 
I the timbGra that en to be nrrpBird. and containing tbe 
I of aolpliatn of oopper na«I for the pnrpoeo. When the 
tlooa bare been oenpleted in thia manner, the liquid (Iowa 
;h the tnbe Into llie aavr (rnt iu die tree, aud force* itwlf 
[ the loc in both directioDe, driving the hui out at m«Ii end. 
I ai Uie liiiuid haa reached the enda of the lo^ th« prooeM 
ed and the leg i> rendj for nan. 





r»> t Fra. I. 

timber Hf(i)airad of the endreorigiokl length, the croat 

P*rw n^ MM* lbs laMHoUtB gf Uxliaakil l^lMWi. 



aaw cut at the OMlre cannot be mode, and In (his cans the plan 
afaown in fig*, t and 3 » eabetitnted. A cap oooalftiog of > pleoe 
of board {-luab or 1 inch thick, ie fixed on tbe cud of the log by 
aorewe tJitvugh the board inlo tJie tree or bv d'^gii »crewcii at tlie 
end and fitteJ with a mil; the iuint b nvule br a ]>ieou of ttnna 
or card aa beforr, and Ifae cap U aerewed up tight ou tbe oariL 
Aa the direction of the gnin in the bonnl forroiiig the ctp ia 
tnnavene to that of the tre«, tlie liiiiiid cannot put lliroutfh 
the onpy and the iigectiou procenlii from oua «iui of the log to tAr 
oUiar. 

In order to aaoertAiQ when the proceai has bees ooBtlnned for 
a •iilKuieot length of time, »o thai the eap hae born all expelled 
and r«|<lAMd by the enlution of aulphste of D>j>f<cr, a |Hnco of 
{iruuiatn of poiaah la robbed on the eod of the timber while in 
the dump itale^ nod If Uie aolntion liM iwehed tha end of the 
]<>g a deep reddish -brown Bbiin i« produced, ahowing tlint ibe 
timber b ihoroiwhlT imprc-trnnte-J <"tb Bulphale of cop^wr. 

The eap eapelled from thu timber in the proote* of imptw> 
nation oontaine at moet only i^n^ P*ft "f ei'gaaia autter in 
anlution, and ocoordlogly an faconveuieoce Ja expcT(en<.<«l in 
enploying il ai a aotvent for the uilphate of oopper. It t* Indeed 
prawrable to manv kiuiU of vpring water, partJeulatly tlioeo 
oonta'LBing lima, wtiloh deoompMe a 00DsId«ruile proportion of 
•ulpbaU of ec^por. Trongbi are therefore laid nuder the euda 
of the bga, a« «hown in 8g. 1, to catch the up and tJie wnaM 
lolntion, which are ooodneted to a reaerroir to bo pumped ap 
to the eielera and ndxed with adphatc of copper to the proper 
atreugth. 

I'be aoliitioQ that hax ^Mva fonnd moit cffcvtool fur pp eaei Ting 
the timber i> compone'l of I part by weight of aulphate of opprr 
and 100 parts by weight nf^wacer. The etnngtli of the mixtiife 
i« neoertaiued br a Tiydroioeter having a prcperlv gradoateil 
fenlc The apeciflc grnvity of water at GO* Fab. belug I00», if 
1 per Mct of ealphato of oopper b addo], the apeciflc gravity of 
the mixture will be 1006 noariy. 

The looner the tree* are prepared after beUig foiled (he better, 
and il b tliarefora advlaaUe to prepare them a* near at poivtble 
U> the pU«a where Ihev an foiled. Tr«ua foiled at any time 
betweeo NoTwmbor and May auy be prepared in Uay; bat thoaa 
mil down in May or nt any time tnm May to the end of Noeem- 
bor Hhoul'J be prepareil within three wueke from the time of 
being fvlUil. 

Ill tlie eonne of the openttiona carried ont in the prootloal 
apj>liaiiion of thia proeeee, the fallowing Gteta have been asoar- 
lained : 

All kind* of wood do tint abeorb equally, aui] the abaorpGoo of 
the liquid U more ntpid in the lappy porta than iu tboac nearer 
the heart of ihe tm. 

The quantity of the eotntlon forced into the timber b eqnal In 
cubic mowure to al lewt one half of the oubic dineneiona of the 
timber. When a aotutlon containing about ti lb, i-d aulpbate of 
cop{ier In every St gallon* hot beeu forced Mimugh a Ii>^ It 
Kuiean, after allowing for the enlnbate ourir-J off by the eap^ 
tlut every 3,', euhic feel of wood have retained from' 11 Ih. to 
13 lb. of aulphatc cf cupiwr. 

For a log about 9 Giec long Ihe prooeM of Impregoation oecn- 
pie* two deya, when the timlwr b nowlr felled luuT the eolntioa 
in nipplinl by a head of about 3| feet If the wood hoi >»pb 
fellnj ibree roootha, three itjiya are RM^uiml ; a,ud if (i-ur tnuoths 
fuur days arc lurriaiij to complete the impregnation. 

Tbe grenter the elevation of the eiftcra frora whif^h the llqulil 
b eupphod, th« more r«pid and complete b the ptooow of talatn- 
tion. Tbu inOnenoe of preaeun, however, b peroejitiblo ocity in 
wood that readily adaiita of peiictnttloR, audi aa bM«h, hon»> 
beam, blreh, Socrtcb fir, tu. Tbe aUempte mmle to force tbe 
liquid by meona of pnmnre into wood which under ordlnanr 
condition* ia impenetrable have proved altogether ioetfecloM. 
Of diSerent Unda of treea thoea which poMMs moit mobum are 
moat eaaily penetnM \>y_ the oolotion, and of tbe oame kind 
ibnee wblob have grown in the dampctt loiU. Ilence ike loatt 
ndtuble and cheapoet kiodi of timber are jiredicly thoao which 
give the beat reanlta when improgtitited with the aulpliate of 
copper. 

The proeeta may be cnrrled on all the year round, e««t>t at 
temmrntiinw en low .-w t« freoae either the aulatioo to be iiyoclod 
or (fir wip which oc<tta oat of the ^mbtr. 

The preeent prooeei mnj be emploml with advantage fbr pt«- 
ptring timber in all oaaet wbera It b Ibble to decay. lUIway 
■leeifcn and teUgropb pMto, ahip planhing, timbering for mlnee^ 



4M 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



wcHvl fcDfiiig, i^xtf, ftutn biillilings, tinj other atruoturai of 
woDil, wili ImI nrtnv lulditional jwn If praparsd Id thU nuuiner, 
It niAy be mooctufully niiptied to ohoAp wnod of qnick gmvth, 
vaeh u SooUb fir, bMch, elin. and otncr Umber otowd iu ihis 
ecniiilr^j it U not oeonury toat tb« wood Hhoulj b« ilriixl or 
MMaiiAd b«forob«in2j>rocuu<ei},batoii thecontrarylhe openuloo 
U bwl eflcct«d immMuUijr nftor the iren ]■ ciit ilowti. 

The lODgeat trial that has been mode of the jtrooM* hu bom 
vrttb WMQa intlwar «1««|Nira in Fmnoe, a nurowr df which hare 
iKwn Inid on th* Norlharn R&ilw&y fur a period of eight ^muv, 
and eontinuod ijiiit* mtaad uid Mtto&ctory. 



BB0I8TZB OF RBW PATBKTI. 

ELECTEtlC TELEGRAPU^ 

Edwaaii niomox, Gloii««ater-Tn«il, Rrgeut'«-p)u-k, P^mtte. 

Jimaazj iK. 1KJ7. 
HiUierto wlicn cl««tric tolefcraphs hav« been hrmogsd totinta 
rviidcr it po«iiiIil« to coinmDOicnte nt the lume lime from And b> 
eauh of the t«riiiinAl ttntiona bjr meftua of out/ oou line wire and 
tha nrtli, thn iiidaonoe of tho curraot ou tli^ Inslrument at the 
ttndiiiK RtAtion hiw i»aanv bc^n nnutniliwyl by iJividlog it into 
two h;Uviii or pnrUonn, wliVh nn; tniiiRd to tnivorMt tbir vAh of 
sucli bttrumciil iu r«vi>nie <tir«L'tious. Thii iuvrntion eooriala 
111 itttng Ku «ilditioQ«l b*tt«r}' to uvotralise the iuSuenoe of Uic 
Una cnrnint on Ui« iiutraniaot t,l the anidlng atalioa; and fur 
tliia purjHiBc the finger Iter is »o nmuigeil, that >t the Mime time 
that the line ciruuit ia lan/lr it short circuit h cr.mpJnUd in tbe 
u|)poaite ilirectiou, which indiuln* the addilional bstterj and the 
cuiU of the iiistriiniont. 

In order to Mplaia the mode of armagom^nt, the juttflnloe 
tnkn for oxiimple two telegmphic instnimenti, one In Kngluid 
nnd the olfaer in Aiiicrioft; aud iustistti of using tlie tcrni* pmi- 
ti*e and iifgativi> m applied to the polee and hatteriw, he «ub- 
alitutea the wunht iiii^e and pUtliiode. If the miiiu latter}' 
wd tfa« countoMoliag buttery be oonnMl^d with a ooil and liu« 
win, aui if the atrendlti of the oountcntcting hntWrr be nucb na 
to «xnetlr Deutnliie the elTect that otherwiie would Ixi i^irorJucod 
in the cod at llial Hlatiou where thiMc butteries are, no oiFcct will 
be produced on tfae needlo or al«ctn>-iiiii^uet or other apparaLua 
, {lUced tliMV for producing u^^nlo; for it will lie 8i.>uu that lu far 
U that portion of the une circuit oompriscd jn the coil of tho 
wid InatmnMiit b couoemed no electricity can piuw through it 
I from eitlier battery, for In that part of tlie circuit we have two 
batteriea tending to work in opposite dlrectiooa. It wilt be 
obecrved that in nil caisn the couutonwting battery must have a 
Ibm number of cella than the main btitory, bcmiuntbe electricity 
of the wiuuteractiujj LnlU-rv him only Vj puas through a circuit 
eoniKwed of thv coil nnd it« own clU: whereaa the eleclrioity 
IVom the main battery lin« to naet through n circuit oompoeed nt 
the line wirv, the coil of the (linlant or receiving inatmnieot, !t« 
own cell*, and the earth. As the reetclonoe of the lino circuit 
depend* entirely uu {K* Irnglli and the ooudiaMive power of the 
iuterTeido^ wire, both of which will vary according to circum- 
siaucM, it M impoHlhlc to givu any g«iipnJ rule; bnl ftjtcr the 
main batlenr i« connected with Iiji circuit it will be very ewy to 
amertoiu, by incrensiug or diuiiuisbing aa tho cue raqulrt* the 
piiiuber of will to be emphayed iu tie oouutenwl^ng battery, 
nhat that nnnibnr ahoaU bo. 

Ill making the above remark tlie pnt«nt«« rvfere to the nee of 
liattcrice of the aamc elemenU, but dilTvnuit kindil of batteriee 
iiuy be lued for tbe malu and eoQDteriwting tBtteriee, pfvvided 
tbe iMver of tbo oouatotvctiag batterer !HaoaitJii>il«d at to neo- 
Uuli*e the etfcctt that would <ithorwi*e bo produced upon the 
cil were Ihrre no oiuutet&etiajf luittcry emiiloyed in the way 
■iK-nttonn). The eleciriclty tvndin^ to |uw> through the z!Qco<rc 
IHilo uf the iiitiiii battery wVJ Uie wire of the home <"il to tho 
Jiiitant ouil cannot pan* H4 iliv wini of the home cuil, but romt 
|«« tbiuii^h thocountomcling batd'ry (thervhy having; ndditiuunl 
jHiwer imjiurleil to it before it reachen the iliBtanl r'-ll^ hvc.-tiiiH' 
■la jAinnjce lhiuuj,'b the wire of the home coil i* pievcnti^l by tho 
power of the oonnteraeting battery. For ilie purpow of biiugiiig 
into action tbia connternuliiig biill«ry at tbe cuue instant at 
which llio power of tlie main battery ia thrown into the mnin 
ciroait, it ia uuply neoeeaary tv have on iiimlatdl conducting 
medium from each end of the lieoie coil to the key employnl for 
Madiag tl» onm&t along- the main clreoit, with contact moken 



w m 



ao amoged ihereoo, that at the ioetaat at wfaieb tbe eleettiiAj 
from tho main batten la about to be thnwa iato tbe vela 
eireuit, the electricity from tbe ooontenotiag batlevy ii at tliM 
initMit put into metallic ooDuection with tbe Iie«M eotL in tbe 
way deeoribed, and tbue prarente any eleetridty froB tbe main 
bftt4ei7 pming tfaimuli tbe bome ooiL Such a me<iuuiiaal 
amtagemeBt may be JMvenlfled iu m> many different w»ya bjr 
any one eonvcreani with electricity aod niechauics ee to mm no 
further description. It will bo perceived that the peeuUoft^ of 
tlie abive oRaageeneni is auch that there b no neocanly for a 
•epanite oounlAraetUig aril wire, acd that each eaaBtenctii^ 
butery ndda to the power of the etfooU produced by llie dmIb 
lMtteT7 on the diatant ooil. When a main betteey b need at 
each aeadinK etation, then tbe tnatrumcnt mil at cacfa dJaUat 
elation la to be provided with ■ oounlefecting tutterT. 

The invantion alao eonalale in Ultttraphtng throogh rabmorinc 
Winn by neau ot finger luys asd appuatue w anaaged aa 
alway* to orodnce the teleffmnlilo indioatbu by cotmectlag tha 
line pole of the battcrj' with lAc line wire, and tbe copper polo 
with the vartk to complete the circuit, in place of amnfing tbe 
fiuger keya and appwatua to eoaneot tbe eubnmriae wire at otie 
time with one pole of the hattein', aud at another time with tlie 
opporit* pole, ae i* now neual. In thi* way the wire ia praMired 
from oxidation and deoay from the action of the aea wuar, 
eboiild it at any poiut hap|>ea to be iu eoolaot thecewitb. 

The lueenticm further conuate in eaanng an eJeetric current 
from the sine jiole of n bnltei? to paee through tbe eabmMiM 
winai of eleetno tolcgmpho, nt all tinea erban tbe telnia|ib !• 
not in nee, in order to prevent oxidation or decay. It ia — " 
known, that If any portion of a aubraimne or aubterraBcaa 

ancloaad in inaumling ■uttetfaJ be at any point i iiiiwl to 

nction of wn or ottior wai«r by means of a hole in the inealatlag 
meiUum, each ouudncting wire will be osidieed; aud if certain 
acids be iireeent (euoli as numic), malic or wveral other add aaltt 
of lliat ujvtnl will lie jiroducod, and at len^h tbe metallie eoo- 
tinuiiy of Uie oondnetuig wire will be deeuvyed. But onder the 
wcll-k'nowu law* of eleottWyiuog it I* dear tbat If the cincode 
pole at a hattery be alone oo«ineot«<l with the line wire in tbe 
eeiidiBg of iflegraphio couimnniaitione, dariof Uie acnding of 
BDoh meeeagee l£e aea or other water would thereby be preveated 
from deoorapodag tbe oonductiog wire; and if after tbe Ul»> 
graphic (nrnmunicallfiQ ia completed and tlie wire ii not neqiriicd 
for liny further commimieatioa for a time, a current in the abore 
directiou be idlowtJ to poat oontinuoualy, all oxldatioa or d9- 
elruotloa of lbs wtre would be arroticd during that period, and 
any alight decompoeltion that may have been produced during 
the intervnla rrquired bntween each enooeselve correot to fonn 
the acvetal aignali would bo reoouverted Jato awtal, aad Utna 
the wire made whole again. 

In great length* of eubmariue tolegnpli, nch aa tbe one pro- 
poeed Iietwcnn England nnd Americu, audi nu arnigement ap- 
pMie to be of the highaat importance, but It ia c<)iuJly ni>plloatile 
to auluiinrine and luhierriuiean telogmpha of abnrUr lengtbl^ 
It in evident from the foregoing that if| for iiiataaoe^ betwetS 
Ei:gland and America, the conducting oopper irire came iu eea* 
tact with the water of the uoeau,io coiieequenee of leakage in the 
gattnpereha covering or by mcntia of a tide therein, and aa 
oxide or ealt of copper funned at nich point of laalmjei iboa 
aevering the metallic coulinuitj of auch coudnctiag vrire, b« 
applying the slocode end of two batteriea, tbe oae In Inland 
and tlie otiior in America, and their ra^ieotive platinodiw to the 
tArth, tbe oxidea or aalla of ao|qiar formed at the point of Icttk- 
age would be eonvarted into copper and thna metallic cotitEnuiiy 
re-e«<abliriied. In ImA, (t woahi be as it were ilepariti»g niew 
betwenn thp decayod enda of the wire hy Bneana of dectrlcity, 
withont leaving the ahore of either oountty, ami Ihut mendi^ 
the iulcrrupted molaltic continuity of tha wiii-, imd thentif 
enabling auch wire to reeuue its capability of tmneniitting lele- 
gripbio oommunicatlnns. It will be evident from iIm- a.hart, 
tlint although metallic continuity la f^cabliabtd in auch wire, 
yi-t n cTtAin portion of electricity, inli'i)>M to be tratuuiitteil to 
the diicant atatloD in forwarding a telegraphic toMaage thento, 
wLtl pane by a elinrt current, rid the pixut i>[ leakage, to llie home 
BtntioLi, yai by lucreaaiug the amount ofiiaiuiity of rlodtkity ao 
InininnitMd, a aufncixnt amount c^ electricity br workin* par> 
poaoi may therein- lie cauacd to arrive at the dieiaat atitSon to 

Sroduce the elfei^-ts required ttierent until tlie point of Inbage u 
ieoovered, and the iusulaticti thereat made petiecU 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHTTECTS JOURNAL. 



407 



HOIOTINO APPARATCS FOR MINEa 

Juus Owxn, Wonl«}-, FmUmei, Juiiurr ao, IS)?. 

^Riii inraitiaD rsLUet to » dotcripiioa of anpumtui for amrt- 
[ or atomiiiur tbo dcaent of ihe cag«a em^ilo^il in mUiiM aail 
' (fcahi^ If Um wtDdlns rofi^ nwl, or ttbain, bv whloli jt U 
mitd, ikaaM btmk or MduNTand. Cpon mA (iil* of ibo 
I tw« or more lever* u« utiuttod, on* nn mch ruIo of tbo 
I Tud, ext«ndia£ trom ibe top to tbo boUom of the Bbaft. 
I Imn uarn or hiiM upca pin* or auuia aecuml lo the 
I «f tb* MMv Md wbicn fom Um bauiu etnbca or fulcra of 
I kron. The txuht of tho lavwa iM*r**t tb* Ailorm w« i*p«r«d 
I bno, »xiil provided with ft miij^ *niil»il ntgn, in orda to 
» more parfKl Mul afictUBr grip or hdd upon tbo rodaor 
ifc TtiaoppaaIi*orlaagar«di«llk«I«vsnBi«<MbMourad 
I king* joint to tbo conooctiiig rod*, wktob ore oullad t«g«lh«r 
OT* tlie 0^1* bj ihn tie roili, u> whinb ■ link la AtUchod for 
[•eoaring Uie case to tbo wiuctiug rope. When tb< Mgc li ao*- 
led, tb* tuiwrod or holding eudi <a tlie leven ore dtsva nw&j- 
til* ga'iii* n^*, ttio whole weight of tba cme beiiijj aup- 
d upon tli« piiu or fulen of th* l«v«r^ (tit eoooBOtioK or tio 
.dbnuDgthe oauaediou between ifao np* aod and* fnlcrft; 
r m tka erenl of the ropo, to. breoUn^ ibe whole weialit of 
I e>g« btooniM thrown apoo lb* flilcn and uol niupanJi-d hy 
' tiw oonntctiiig rod*; tbi* ctitte* tha long end* of tlie lev#n to 
tin, uad eouaoqaoiitl]' th« ■horter on** to rb* •Ilgbltjr and grip 
tbo guido roJa, wberebj (b« e*{p ia aupportad betwvm tbo fiuof* 
■ad the *boft ond of th>! tt^vcr, *ud tbe oog* i* pnrentad from 
UUng ordMoandiag til* ihaA when uUHtiaohed to l)i» rope. A 
(nl^Mr and mar* oortMB aotioD of tbo lovers nia^ b« enaunKl by 
flit applicatioD of apnoa p r i MU ig n^n th« lonr ntida nf iho 
Uvor^ BO aa to forea the abort endi a^unat the goiae rod* tmine- 
diaUlj upon the fataaUng of tlie rupo. 

Tia aeoood part of Ihia lavMitioo ralatwi to the novel feffanalion 
■ad aiotlwi 01 ibe ban or roda ami^cTed to r«taiii tlie wigoii, 
backet, tu. in the oage, and conrista in on nmiiiiPiiiDnt of l^era 
in tbe eagc, which eatwe the ban or rodi to riae or fiUl in frost 
t4 botb end* of tha wa^on, and thui own or doae the paatag* to 
ud frea the mgt elBntUBeoualr whra ratatd or lomrH at 
•Ithar aide of the ei«>>. 

The action of Iho npparxlui wiJ bo nuil; aiiilrniUiod b; tho 
Mlowiag deacriptioa : — When tlie rope or lUipoudiDg medinm ia 
perfeet and i-aiire, the lover* will be kvj't fn-e from oontaoi with 
the guide roda, sail allow of the nnlnterrupiwi aaomt or deaoeul 
at the oaoa In the abaft; bat la tb* *voat of the rope becoming 
dil*eT*r«a, or midered incapable of irtniiiing the aga in luapua- 
■ion, llic wri|{hi of tbe cage la then tbrowu upon the fulcra oi the 
Irvura, die loader md« oelag allowed to GUI (In oouaequeuoe of 
the diaooiiueoil<.-u froiu tlif n>]i<') will nHiiw tli« alioner end* to 
tiac^Uld prcetiiig invanln or ^ppine the guido rod* will ofloct 
thaUMtant itapoage of the dcocetit o7 tJiL> case. 

Claim. — The daaoripiiou, o-'ustructlon, and lurangemeul of (ha 
■eohaniain or appatatua to be «Dipl<'j'«>l fur the prevention of 
■eddeot bn luxvndmg or dwpendiag the abafta of Blnia, huata, 
teaadeaeribcd. 

OBDNANCE. 
DmieAX HoaniaoH, Birmicghiuu, Fattnlte, JauuAt; 31, I8A7. 
Ibia inventioti ooniuiita, 6ratlv, iu inserting a metalUo oore in 
tfw axi* of the mould in which th« c-nlnanee i« oeat, th* melted 
metal Mag ponrad into the onnuiiu- ipMie between the monld 
aad tta eor» By thi* method of mtuiuRLClura tlie bore of the 
ordnanee will be both amooth and hard, and the onlinan- proora* 
or boring nndered lauieoeaaary. By making a auitabfe helical 
praJeetJon or projection* npon lli* n>re, a oorraiponding groovo or 
movw irill be formed in the o*«tiiiK, produdng to tbe ordnance 
the effKl nlled rifling. The core tuiut uot be made trulj' cjlin- 
drical, bat muat aHghtly taper in order tu pertnit of ita with- 
drawal, ^e method of enpporting th« noiv io thn axlR of the 
aiotildmay beaAotfd bymcjuw wnlT known mid cnmmotily pno- 
4 Ui*d In CMtlng aperationa. A motAlIie tubul&r liulng may be 
Inaarted in ordnanee mmle by tbe mathod laat deaodbeX 

Seeendly, in <n*Ung i>niiuiiicu upoii a tube of copper, braaa, or 
other eoitabJe metal or all'^y, whiili tube eonatittrto* the bore of 
the ortfaiance and forma with the casting one oompaet maaa. Tlie 
tnbe mnv be kept oool during the eaedna by tbe Introdaetion of 
n oore of metal, or fine loam or land, or by a water atream. A 
lalwafwnnightironoretMl may benied In pUoe of a copper or 



bnwa tube fin* the caatiag to he Ibmed ttpoo. Toneb-holee tnay 
<4U)er be fonnud in tbo eaeting, or tabea may be iB»imd fbr that 
purpoee ia the mould. Wbtoi the tnbe ia worn it may be hortd 
ontand replaced by miotlier. 

^le patentee aomi-tiuies modiG«e the invention in the fallowing 
manner: — Inatow) of cutiog luolal upon the tgbe ooaMilnling 
the bon of the onlnana-, tlui tube in aupporteil and atnnfflheoea 
by applriug ban of iron or atecl to tha ostarior of the tiibe, and 
fixing iliciii chcreou by ncrewing or oLbcrwiae. A wriao of bare 
are preferrod having a wolge uapc in trvnarene section; that ia 
to aar, a atriiM of bara of tlie form that would be prodooed by 
diviiUog a boJlow cylinder in a eariae of plana* whose oonimoa 
inl<n«iioD ii in the axis of the hollow cylinder. The eide* of 
the ban may be made to enipue with one another by proJMliona 
hiaoueot the bare en(eriiig depre et lone in the next onea. 

Where rteel ban of the land )mI desorfbed are em|iloyed, the 
internal tabo maj be made rory thin, or nay be altogether omit- 
ted; theorduDce in the last case being imide hy the UndlDg 
toseUior of priamalic bai^ so a« to form a hollow cylinder, or a 
hollow cylinder ol'wed at one end. 

Claim*. — 1. CTarting odDanoe in rnoolda having a mnlal ooie, 
upon which the bore of tbe otdnaoc* ia eaat, whether the core b* 
plats or fnrtu*b«d with a ourvnl projection to tille the bora of 
tho ordnance. Al*o in certain tubular metaUlo llulngi in the 
snid ordaaaoei 

%. Ou^iig ordnance upon a metallic tube, which tube remaiu 
in the cai^nz and conalitutee the bora of the ordnance. Alio 
boring out (Eo tabea whan worn and rcpladog thean by new 
ouoa, 

3. Manufocliiriaj; orJniuice by aupparting a tube hy niiaas of 
prianutlc bar* situated around and fixed npon tbe tnbe. 

4. Blanufhctitring ordnaoeo by binding together a aeriea of 
ban of ateel. of sncb foroia that wben bound together they con- 
atltute a hollow oyltnder, or a hollow cylinder dosod at one end. 

CAST raON PAVEMENTa 
H. GflAioutKLDf, Jan., Xurborough, PaUnler, Jannary S8, 1(U7. 

Tlii* invention for paving or oorering rood*, siroela, or wayi^ 
relates to the cmatmetiog and Ibrmiog surfiieee of oaat-lnMi, 
offcriog a gwxl foothold for horaes, and which ahall be reveratble 
when oon side in worn out or unfii for longer use. uid &I the Nun* 
time permit a free paoagp for the water and clirt to paaa trosa 
the lurfiwe. It coaaiale ofn ^rattd atnicture of iron, wldoli may 
be caai Iu pieoee of any uouvunient sire to auit the area of the 
street, biu the larger they are iho Vtter it will aiiewer the pur- 
poee. T)ic mnthw or openiDgii in the gnting may be about one 
aoda-holf or two anda-nalf iuohci ic[uure.and thn bn«Klth of the 
riba aay, about one inch. At the opojiiii(r» of the riV« the parte 
are njeed above the ^■vncral lui-el of the ribs, the ■urftoaa of *!! 
theeroailnK ribti tM-lug oii n unifonn Uvel. Thlsffraledatmcture 
most bo or.B depth to aflnrd niffident itrongtli lot the purpose 
required; the surfiiceof the ribe, aaidao the projections or raWd 
portd at tha cnisstngs, are the saiue on the t^ and bottom of the 
■tructure, to render them roveralbleti In order to lighten the 
weight of the stnteture the rib* may bo thinner at the middle of 
their depth, if it ia dedmble to economiao the nietnl; or, inatend 
of mukiiic theui thinner towards the middle of thdr depth, the 
ribs may be olt^gethc-r tlilnuer thou the nihsiance of nwtel at 
the croaiiinge of the ribe. 

By mnkiiiK both aidee of these gmtnd xti^cturM alike, when 
the one liite beoL'inea worn out the gruled pLit* niny be revcrewL 
Inatead of the meebee or openiugi being reotonfpikr aixl the 
eroaainp at ri^t aogle^ the qwnjiws may bo fire, six, or ei^>tit 
sided, or of othersnitableahope, with the croMingH or iunctiona 
of thn rib* acivir'liiiKtr; but in all ouni with the rafaeil nuta or 

a'ections before [iivutioned. These gRitod atruotnree shonld lie 
on a good hard subway, or even on the atono pared strecte, 
taking oare to ))od tbero properly. Tlie large sine of thcae rtm> 
torea praventa them tilting or ainking uiiJer the weight of coi^ 
rioges, and they preeent a nnifonn surCusc, afl.^iniing a good tbot- 
hoQ for hones. The openings Ihroaeh thom pprniit water to 
paaa f^Iy, which may Bow towards the street RuHy or 'Imin on 
the subway, and tboa Keep the aiirfnoe olwuya dry. Littlo dirt 
will ariso from this pario^ but audi as aomimulaloi enters tbe 
meehca or openin|pi of the grated atnicture, xnd nuiy be removed 
by Ufting and deaaaing theoi ooenaionally. With reotangnlor 
openings the riba may run pontlel and tnmsverao to Ibe length 



I 



L 



^lOS 



THE CIVIL ENGXNEEB AKD ABCfflTECTS JOUfiNAL. 



of ttivot, or mAf both bo plmd diwouftUj tbcrato. If in Um 
witli ktid aoroM tbe atreet, tfao top* of the croM riba bttWQoa Uio 
prajootiona will fona a nnooth niriiuw, on which tbo wheel* of 
light rehJoIca umit mn, tbey being racciTod hrtwwn iba pn>- 
jeotioDB; or ndaM, totitliiuouB raiU nwy be forniiKi throu((fanut 
Utt length of Uu> irtrttota lo pKred, on which r«biolM tmj tnvitL 
(3MiK^-Tho ocmatraotioD eoil anplietUoo ot gnied plktc* or 
«trnabim u a oovociug or paring for n»da, Mroete, or way*. 



HAEBOUHS OK HEFUOB. 

Digetl ^ FM^aat lakan b^fitrt lit Select CommUUe e^ fV 
Umui of Common*. 

Aantpmr HAnBotm — 

Copt. PietcA Bt*ted that tli« hiuliaiir of AtmniiNiti, which wnii 
'tiatBtlAy V[in> difficult to take, hu been Terjr much improved 
latterly: the bar hna br.-etj reniove.1, and ileep water procored. It 
ia DOW it] a rcty favourable olate; aud the peeuliardingim whiob 
need to att*oh to that barboar have been muAvoiI. At ki)(h tide 
thereia now i\ (tet of water: there is 12 feet of riit« and futi, 
which wovJd leave 9 feet at lo<r wtkter. It has a very uoble dock, 
uid ■taameta oan ooiil In tJiu harbour. St^aimini uf war ccoUl 
coal there. 

Amoy or ihb Sua — 

Mr. CiKHtt waa of opinion tlint wherci-er a breakwater otjy b 
r*f)ninii, oiid there arc no pier*, and mnaoury work cau bo 
cntirel; diii|)etiii«i with, tile depunit '^f rough material to the 
tieoMMary liL-Lf;ht above higb-w.ii«r niikrk would be a very much 
cheaper mode of canstruetuig nich a breakwater than a|ii)lyiuK 
■ay taaacoiT whatever, and m manj oumi that would be vutfi- 
cleDt. There might be coMe^ however, wb«r« the coal of tlio 
rongh material would be nther liuge, the MCpoaoro very great, 
aod the bdlitica for obtaiuing »tona fit for moaonpy purpoaea 
alao ereat, where it would be more deaimble to begin with a 
•malJ mhble deoonL and then build at a certain d«ptb below 
low w«ter eatimy oi maeouTT. lu luoat aaNc«, if the maierial 
coald be obtained, eboplj relying upon a rough deposit for a 
eertain height above high-wat«r uiark would anawer all the pur- 
puae, eo far aa eolidity of cuualructiua went; but tlicro tnaj' be 
fin* where the violpnor of the aea would be eo Kruat, that the 
sialcrial abuvc^ bigb wat«r, without aome proleatiuu, would lie 
ao iliiturbed that uuMoury woulil be nectMeary t^ pRrfcct the 
aecurity of the wni'k; thon^ are many rawca In which a ainiple 
rubble dopoNit would bs qiiit« BUt&civnt. Tlie rubble depoul 
nnder low-n-atcr mark u-uuld Iw luucb mure aeoure than that 
Above high-water mark, although nnt «u Hulid, Above about 
12 CM^-taken a* the avemse — bi'low low-walcr ninrk the action 
od' die tea la voiT great, and tcuda to counotidate the material; 
but tliat doc» uol obtaiu bub w about M feet under low-water 
mark, vrhorv ibe uijitoiiul reiuiuu» Juit in the condition in which 
it originally fiilla: there ia no diaturbanoe or removal ofterwarile. 
Down t>) a wrtaiii depth tJiere ia, where the wave may act. 
Where the inatoriid wua not uu the B)iot, but had to be bronght 
from a dialanoo, if the iiyslf'U uf building f>«ia IS lo 1& ftet 
below low-WDi«r mark were wlopled, it would be piMsibU that 
rubble Ibuiidstion nhnuld be hud by the aliip that brought it; 
1»it ill luoli a caM the qneiition of the prvciic mode of ooDSlrae- 



inA 



tlon,aa between v«ftiaiLlwiilUB|>riii^-iiit- eutirdyfcom the bottom, 
■ad vertieol walla apriuging Imui the rubble depoeit, rauat be 
entin>ly guided by local circonutaaces It may bo very much 
obeepet, aa at Dover, to build a> they now do, direct from the 
bottom; and in other cnacs il may be more coouomioal Gnt nf all 
to depont a male of rubble, and tben lo build lioa that. Woile 
foanded at 16 feet below low water would bo ainply eeeure 
HgaiuBl any am; the proportion of luaaonry miut ili'peod upon 
CiTuuniittaiioc*, but at that deptli any luiunnfy wall would be 
ijuite itecuiie. In layitig the nibble fouiitbtiuue of breakwnleiris 
it in the u«inl ptactioe to allow a wrlala period — three or four or 
hve yean — to eli^Ma before oommaactng the oouitruetluD of the 
uoeoary work upon tlie top. The action of the Ma b ao nnlfonu, 
AImI die alopee aie no tvgular. thai it cnn Iw aaeerluincil what 
tiuantitr, -nri for yard, will be uoiixiimed for the br«nkwhi«r. 
At to the lime that must neM'«ULrily<'lAp"C, it m not orcoMa'y to 
wait any lime wliere the iwugh ilrpiiEiii U ati^pfwd at a depth 
below tow walM" auch aa 12 or lA feK; if tlie maii-rinl i* bronght 
up regillwlyt and with tome Utile prtcuutiuu, building may be 



iBrMlIa^J 



oommcncnd immediately. But kooording tO ibe amount of expo- 
nufe on the oooat, no would be the deptn at which tb« action of 
tbe sua would lake pUee> 

A ROD LAM HAKnot;a— 

Caft. Wathingbm elated that Ardglaae bad been rei 
preued for a bartmur of refage,aa waa reported by Capt. 
and Mr. Reudel as br Mk aa ISSS. Vit. Beiidel reooo 
two breakwatera, ono on the ca«l and the other on tbe wMl 
aheltering on atett of about 7A acres, with a depth eioeeding IS 
feet at low water, at a co*t of 340,000^ A lat|e barbottr ia not 
required. The prvvnt Kmall liarbuitr and tb« pW-baHl aliooU 
be reatored and put in proper condition; but did not think it a 
fit place for a lart;<' hari»ur of nfiiga;. 

Mr. Rmuay aiid, that for S9,OOi3; Oirlingfonl Loncfa oonld be 
Bade to tke fullest exteut a meet valuable harbour of refbge fix 
the tnMle of the ehanneL 

Baxs Rrran— 

Capt. VfUA Mid that lomo yean itgo bi* attentton «m alW 
to tlie north oooat of Ireland, and he woe directed to nokt ■& 
inquiij into the navi^ion of the month of the river fiiai^ 
which la a veiy good nuvinttino a little w^y above tbe uoutb, 
but It ha« got a bar which may be ramovM by aiMUia of two 
pier* run ont acroea the forethoov, and an cntnuico obtained at 
all time* of tlie tide, and *o beoome a useful barboar. 

Bit[.FA8T Uabbouk — 

Capl. WaihingtiM atalt'd that Botfaat haa been lmprav«d m 
BTMtJy, that it may be called a harbour of refuge; then ta no 
horboui- in Ireliuid which baa been to miteh improved, and in 
wliicb ao much enterpriae and public •pirjt have been diown. 
BelCiuti Ixiugb odfeta a natuinl hnrbour m ivfbge, but tliey lian 
very greatly improved the approach to the dty. 

Bwnt.ixoTox B.vr— 

Ciipr. tTaatfnpten taid that at Fhunborongh Head, in 
ton Bay, a grent many wreeka occur: it la a calHng 
veasela 111 a northerly wind. If a aeoond harbour of KfiM 
the eoaat of England ooold be made, he ahould reeomUMBd one 
in Bridlington Bav, but not in prefsreooe to Teea Bay. Ha wn 
of opinioa, that with the liumber on the soodi, and a harbour of 
refuse at Tee* Ba)' on the north, a great deal uf tbe (longer of 
that o«st would be averted. With a nortfa-weat wind it ie 't^ 
much reaorted to by veaaela, If the inner harbour of Bridlinytan 
could br improved, it would be a ffreat advantai^ Ut Ilia msm»- 
roua resaaU that arc foroed to take aheltor in the ba^, whan 
370O nhipe aiiohored hut year. 
Bkistol Chaxkbl — 

Cupt ftntkj/a did not know of any point at the nortli ahoi 
the Bristol ctioiiDol wliurc it would bedoatnUe to (brm a linrl 
of rBfugp. Willi easterly wiuda, Peunrth roada i* a vory laft 
ancbur^gu in the BriHt/>l oliaiinel wiihoul anytliing being cme to 
it. He did not know of any |ilai.'e on tbe north eiife of ihe 
firiatol channel where a hnrbour of nifugo ooold be made. 

Caai.isoroiui— 

Capl. ft'iuhiiijilon tinlnl that the almost natural horbourof Ou> 
lingfinl Bay hiutan «»lranoe of 18 feet at low water epring ledn*; 
but tlie ontnuico ii tortuous, it could nut be run for by rcmeli in 
a Bale of wind. An onUaj of SO,O00l. would makr it an admir- 
eblo harbour of refuge; and It it a apot where it ia aa mtnh 
wanted at any other ou the eaat ooaat of Irelnnd. Tlie Bay of 
Diibliu albrda a oaturat harbour K mllea aontli of Uu-tiugiarX 
which ui erparate from Dublin iix tbia way,— thbt aa to veMl* 
which come north about bound to Liverpnol. ISrtingfon) wmild 
be a harbour uf refuge for them, while thry would not tlilnk ef 
goioj; iiu far eoutli aa Dublin If tliev could avoid it. He «■* of 
opiuir>n that an improvement of Qirliiigfofd Bay would aupfly 
many of the defecta which at preaent exist on Ihe noii|)-4Mt 
coaat of Ireland, and it ia a email outlay that vnujij ooDCera 
largo iM&eflt. Purllier west, on the Routh ooaal, Walcrfottl la ia 
verv uiocli tlir aama niat* aa CarliogfuTil, — a very fine mituial 
hai)>aur, but with a llat or bar hitvibg oiilv IS bet over it at low 
watvr .ipriti)- tiilrfl. To divdg^ a chanuel (Kroiigh that ti> a ilepth 
of lei «r -i') fMt, at a coat of i^tiOOf., woubl make it a good W- 
U'ur. Ho coQHiil«r(><l that there are no two apota in the whole ef 
tlip United Kingdom at which gooit linTbourt of refbge could be 
Dot at ao aiutill an outlay oji at Waierfuril and CarllMfM: 
iCi/HXi/. laid out ou «aoh oft li'«e would reodcrtham avalUUeai 
■II time* for tlie greater part of tbe resaela that nuvigaia ike 
Irialieea. 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



409 



» 



k 



■ VHBlnid, t)i*ra it good dmp water inaiile CHiinffford 
' Loii^*ti, nii'l it i* onljr neocMarr to itrMffr ku opening througn the 
W, which mitiht bo doue at Ultl« oMt Hedtil not know of aoj 
Othtr pan ou th* cut COMl of IkIauiI nbi«h h« trould lOggMl 
fer tboM improTviiWiitii. 

Capl. FniMf oowifand that Otrlingfenl Bay tnif[1it be luade 
A pliii^o -'f rtftigvataeompAMtivclf wnall ooM. 

CM: ffodryn Mid, Uiera U Dot an^ pIsM la Um north, neefit- 
lag Oatlnigfon], thai ia «ri>Ttbr of imirroTtiiimt, He hiul Siailo 
» ifMcial Ktmj of Garliii^fnrcl. ami hui ilUoivcred a Dew ehatmel 
of entraao* gtvldg 1h fret itt luw watar, wheraia the exiotilw 
(iiuuul gi*W oulj 8 fnot. It U eireiiibao^ but if buojed woiUil 
b* rf grMt aerviw to iteam voutb. and to nfliBg raselt with a 
Ur wind. The eBtnuioe tutgUl be ranitared tmty tar MJling 
TMBohi br rcoioviiig a portion of the bar bj dndgiog; a atnight 
dwnaelor 1>«tw«m TOO and eoOfarda in width and 18 (eei in 
depth ouuld bn dnylf od nniler a oo«t of 30,000^ 

Mr. Smnmy ntniHl Ibat he had euniiiied tlie hnr at CariIDj^ 
brA, and ^nd the to]> jmn rauaiated of looea boa!iler«U>Ii«a, a 
little lower ilnni gi-av«l luid aaml, ani| ftuhaeqiientlj a fine elajr. 
If mnoted there would be do poeeiblli^ of ita eiltiDg vp egDin. 
He woiitd mnove the boulder-atoaea by a dlvlBg-bell, aod then 
dfcdiNL If the improTMueota were eflected the area indoaed 
WOBH Iw 9M aorea, or Ihnc tiniaa as nneh na at KinKit<»u. 

CaoMJVRTT FiiiTTt— 

Cflfl. H'luliinston alAtnil that at ptvaoat there in on harbour of 
nftiga from the F<tnh to the Ptnthuid Firth, except Crvnarty 
TlrtS, which lice »o deeply ia the bnjr that it U a pl.ive which ftw 
ve«d* ma fnr 

Capl. >'rrek WM of opinion that the Firth of Crorawty i» a aafe 
aud temarltAbly nncbftrfaouri but boing in t)ie very bi);htof the 
bay. r«w vemaU would nin ao for in if they could nvoiJ it 

Mr. CoJiw aud. that CnMiuirly Buy i« a bcauUfu! harbonr of 
Tthkgt, there ia 30 btbonia of water al the entrance. It ia tha 
moat caaj plaee od the ooaet cf Sootlaud Uj run fur. Tlie Sutore 
whiob form the ■(!(« of the cotroiice arr Qpright heAdlanda, and 
BbkUt all drounatancea of weather voa can alv^m eee the 
opMila^ through tbe abore, even on a lUrh night. He thought 
tut it would he a good plwe to aaeaa a ooallngdepdt for men-of- 
war IB time of war: tli« only drawback beioc the dentb at the 
bead of the bight. He ootmidered that Wlok would be mncb 
nperiiH* 14 (>oiiiarty for caeo-of-war, m lar aa poaitjon ia ood- 
eerned. 

I>ovxH Habiohr— 

CSop'' Wiuhtagton atatod, thnt the whole of the worka at Dover 
are an upright wall fmm the fouDdntioD, on aocoant of the rttv 
lilDiled upacn there. Therv ii no ioitaDoe, that be woi aw^Lrc iit, 
wh«Ta the foiiodatiou madu iu tliat aaaner bae given vty, tbe 
npi^bt wall being laid helow low-water mark. S<-in« einiilnr 
worlu on the onaat of InUnd did iririi way; whan the nttcmjit 
waa ninile tu brinv the alope up above hii;h water it fpivc wav, 
but where the rubble atODe lioe been kept below Iciir-wnter lunrK, 
and from thouce an upriglit wall, them i« do iDStaooeof lie having 
giTen way ; iu fact, the heavy atroke of tbe sea i^ipean to be 
about at half uile. That ia tlie rtatilt of the eiperienee at 
Ohorbi>ur^. Th« breakwAter now in cuDatmction in being made 
of upright wallA, ■Hill hoid cut atonoi filled in with blootu of 
flODovlM, and that haa bcuu laid by diving-bell ; the nrogioM U 
rer J alow and cuetly, iliey are now at work eolely cm ttto woatem 
pHT. It U iuleDdul lo have an eutera and aontbern pier. 
liiie eaatem pier ahould gQ on Bmultancoiuly, it ought to be 
bwoo imniciiintcly. One of th« rtaaoua why the eaaleru pier la 
toM niwie with cut-etone, ia the diffiually Of getting mfiteriaU 
for the elnpiug walla, aoil alao that the »>uonrto nod the ehingk 
on the epot can be need adm&tageouDly. 

Mr. CamU Dtnted, that the prooeea bow tn nee at Dover ia tci^ 
es)>eiuive and vtvy elow, but it ia one that ie renrfered neo i e M iy 
by tbe circamtaaeee at Dover ; Uier have no nuteriol wttfain a 
leaeoualJe dletance which they eonhl nee for (be purpoeeof rough 
dtpodt in a brvakwittvr : Ihnrvfnrn ttxy havn necoearily to reaort 
to a emaller qiinntity of nntpHnl, N-iicwiiig a greater amount of 
labour upoo it. 'Iseb atone b all ■en>bamo ; it ia prii>cipaUy 
gnuilt«. with aome email quaotilr of etone tmn Portland, tbe 
roaeh Portland, and kIw nniBeiiil eoncrete blooka, made with 
^ngle. In the eveiit of «tc«i« belsg carried a great diataDce, 
and being tftt-bomr, the plan of imng email and Targe atone fn- 
dieerlmioately, and UiTDWing it into the aea, would be equally 
applleaUe, bat then woald be a very groat mt entailed b 

No. 285.— VoL zx^DvcnacB, iwr. 



landing th« atone from the veeeeli In order to put It Into rallvaj 
corriagea ; it ia appUcnbloi, but aa a ijaeatioa of eoonocny be 
doiibtM ita bdng adviMble. It ta qiut* potaibte to eonaljuet a 
hnakwatee- In that way, hut tbe coet would bo muoh greater than 
if it were dbehaiged tfom tbe veeeel. Tbe foundation at Dover 
U nude entirely by maaonn; the boOom Ie cbulk, whkcb U 
levelled ^ diveea, and they ant begun to Mt the block* upon the 
bottom of the bay, the waOa art boilt in maaceirv from the ftoatt- 
dnttoa, tlie whole woric ia done by diviog-belle and inaamia. 
Where the stone is beooght froin a neat distance and by sea, ha 
abonld certainly reeomiBend tlw plan adopted at Dover ; ba 
thought that they had oo alteraaovik It u only where a Urge 
qwantity of rough material is found imnedialaly in the nei4(hbour- 
fiood, that It wuulJ anawer to use tbe plan of tbiwwinK the utooe 
tDdiaeriiniDAtely into the water, for the piupute of crealiug it 
nalnml bniak«at«r, bat when it could be diwe a breakwater so eoo- 
atraotcd would be verv muoh lefs ooatly than one c^tuitructMl by 
mason wurkftom the oottom. lie was not aware of any iti6Kulty 
in obtaining the pruper matcriala for fbrming tlioae Uocke of 
eoDcnto, they wore made fruni the ibingle some tinw since, and 
there ha* been always an ample supply : the quantity of eliiurie 
travelling on that part of the coMt Is eonsldotM OM of tbe dw- 
cul ties that they havelod«i] with. Hedtd notconnderthat ifae 
ehalk eould have been used for the centra part in the ahape of a 
uteakwator, inaload of a peer: there are Tct; few beds lu tbe 
dialk foT-niatiiiu that an teallj appUeabta to snob a wnrk, and In 
order to obuin theae bei]«s It would be neeeeuu? to remove so 
bige a qnantitv that wnahl liave betB uideM, tliai it would 
have been very Wl econoeay. 

rALMovni Hauuna^ 

C'ept, 0'a/hinj|ton. —Falmouth ia in aoene measure a aatuful 
harbour of refutji*, but it miftht be improved very much; a small 
outlay there would be equivalent to a very niu>A larger ontlay 
dMwhot*. Sooner or hter, no doubt, sosne of oar paokets will 
nsove weetwatd agaia, and the neoesmty for iaaproremeni there 
w i] 1 be more evident. Thera is not any part of thut coaat which 
offer* advant^ua so grat u Falmouth for the purpoeee of a har- 
bonr of itAige. He thought tbM aa soon aa toe railway is eom- 
pletoil to Fdmoulb, Hiv miuls being landed tbere will arrive 
earlier ic Ij>Ddon, Mnucboster, and OlMgow, and the vessels 
avoid the risk of running np Channrl, whtcJi is a risk, aa was 
aliown Inr a large steamer being wredced in the rariogou Kim* 
tueridce Mdg^ almoct at tbe entnuicc uf the NfolUa. Fabuoutb 
ia reaiTv made, it only waaia a little loWroal iraprovement to make 
it available. 

Capt. refet. — FAlmouth ia a Rne hnrbnur: and all that ia ro- 
quir^ ia, drodcioK nuny a great ibMuijitilation of soft mud 
uorn the frooL of the town. It is rouJily iuiprovoUe at no very 
Uim coet. 

Capt. A'u/ioiin.^Tbnre b a rock at the moutli of FUmcath 
hftrl^ur, right in the entrance. He should ntlier bn inclinad to 
keep that rvck; there ■■ a pyramid upon it; baa never heonJ of a 
vencl being wredied on iti aud ai it ia above water, right ia ilia 
ceutrs of the mouth of ttie harbuor, and bos a good pa<uy» on 
<«di aide, and a* the priaoipal anchueage u eisfUy iMMle it, ha 
would retail! it; it botpa to niako it aucb a safe harbour In 
southerly wind*, baeaiiae tlien ia no harbour naturmUy ou tlie 
south OMst uf Kngland to safe. In the November gale of t^£4, 
evec7 vessel that was si anchor Inside the hrenkwaier wpnt on 
sfaoni, and every soul perished in some; and every reead at.t)Hl' 
bead went ashore, or intn Portamonth harbour, tlie pie being 
ftom south south-wrst tu loatb aontb-eaiif, itwnsa very hnd ^0 
for Ftslmnuth, nnr) though thert wers too outwanl-bouad veurls 
In the harbour, not one iriut lost, and only one drove, and sbe 
hold on to an Ii'dUmon and was Mved. Did not thiak that* 
tight ought tu be pUml upon that rock, thvrv i* a licht at the 
entrance which voMtl* keen floae tn, and so g*t awav from tbe 
mek: the lightboute n on the east head, wbMi b a bold co^ and 
the veesel* paaa elcee to it, ami eo keef> clear uf tbe roclt: It 
acts as a imall breakwater. The groat want of Falmouth is 
S'ltnethiDB iu the tballoir harbour, the inner harbaur, whioh baa 
beMffriidoally riiaJlowiiiguplor ■oineyeara: it must eventuilly, 
he eunpoeed, booome a pocket station, and tlierefera aonetblng 
must tie done there ; but thai b a thing that tlie tra/le will Ite^ 
lead to. 

Copl. Hotkyn said that be thought the aocoas to Fkilniontli Har- 
bour might be much improved by the rock at the eutraiiee being 
remove^ which could b« doue without <Uflicaliy uad would my 

*7 



410 



THE CIVIL ENGITfEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



macb improvq th« harbour tat th« taUj of niliag Bliip*, on ilark 
iii|[Iil«Dip«cialtj. It i> aotalwnvariiuble, acd it Tut not Nnffideot 
MM to hftve «P7 effeat in brMkinz off (1i« •«. The deplh of 
wnter In t1i« luu-tioiit vnriw, TboTout depth in tbe fnaer har- 
bour la about 14 or IS fart at tbe low water ■pfing-tideai and 
in thaotiier harbour five or nil fAthimu io the ordiiuuy anchor- 
agt- St. Jiul Pool, near PnlnioDth would b« a vorv HOod nUoe of 
' ntigt. There U more difficulty in Kcltjna iato it, tluui Falmoutb, 
but when ibt-re a aabr plaw (muuoI poiaibly be. 
HAiat.BPoo[.— 

Oifil. tt'iuhinsUm gave eridpnc" atrongly in favour of the fbr- 
■Datioii of a harbour of rrfug* at llartlopool. 
Ccpl. ftiek waa at opinion that llarllepaul ii hy for tbe moat 
.•liKil'le aite Ibr a harbour of nfiige on thnt tiJe of the omm. 
fTbe net number of veatele eooetanuy paatiuf; it, and tii» atatla- 
itieaof tbo w(««k.cbartpointt«thie Incalicv'uaDebavinKperbape 
unroncer daitn tbau any other io the United Kingdom tor a 
[ lulMMir of nrrtiKo. 

Mr. Calver hiuJ do doubt whnterer in reeouunMdtiij; Hartle- 
pool Bay a« the piitul on iliHt part of th* ooaat btvt aJnpted for 
a harbour of refuge. Tbe whole epaoe would be requiivd Ibr a 
L^Arboar of refuge. He rwonimciided adetadiodbnakwatar, lear- 
fbtg an ikKreM and egiwa north and eonth, >o that there thould 
be a eomMaot aeoar^pe of wnt«r eith«r way, do inlArfertnce with 
the tide, and ae little u necenary with tbe wnvo. It would not 
fnteritra with the currvnt running through the harbour in the 
mallcM way. In order ta ineur* Iho luepeDMon of matiirial in 
l^Im water, a current of thai kind in au adrauiiifte. Obeorvinf in 
FmlM of wind that Iho wave ia charged even Ui Ihtf dupth of 12 
I Bthoiae on the oaetam oout of Bngund, It i» quite dear tliat to 
I Ibm thatv a clow liarbonr of reA^ windd be a ver^ dangemue 
axperimeot. 

Mr. Jaektm ttnUd that HartlMool Bay ia peculiartt- eligible 

•a a barfaov of refuge, wbleh wowd be not only a looal benefit 

\hai of the graateet lalne to tbe entire trade nf the enat ooaat. 

About IMfiOO ahipt, of an arenge tonnage of 140 lone each, 

paaa almoat within right of Uartlopool every jenr. 

HoLraRAii UjtBBOi;K— 
Mr. Cotter aafd that the works at Holyhead are Koiog on 

Taatiafoctoritr Indeed. When tbe harbour ia well known, it 
be eenddertd an Ineetimable advantage. The mode punned 
I mokiug that harbour is Mr. ReoiUra inveBtioo, the eta^ plan 
apiKori to bo very well calculated for the purpoio, it ih vnry 
■iniple, rapid, and certain, and b a taring of timo, oxpcnao, and 
enaualtlea. tiie Urge northern hr«akwater ia eoniplete in the 
)naln mn««, and the eitenniiiii within -1(10 or GOO feet of the end; 
the rabble ia complete for that portina, nbovp liigh-wai4ir mark 
epring*, to within 400 or 900 fectofthe outer limit t^ftho furthoHt 
' nttneloQ. The laet esteoaton aauotjuiied by the Trea«ary 
idMibles the vnlue of the whole harbour, Uhan duublud the area 
of the protocled water, when th<! bnrbnur ia requirod for refntfo. 
With regard to the mode of oooitructing the pier he thougnt 
that it oould not be improved. A wall of maaoury i* now form- 
las through the very aummil of the breakwater, to act an a aort 
ofMefc-bone; thta ti formed of rough roclu, at they aro blutod 
from the niLury; they orr broujtht down, eet in mortar, and 
ftiunded below low-watvr •pringi^ in the very coDtre tk ttia 
rVeakwaier. 

\ IdVKarooL— 

Oat. SvSean alated hia belief that the titule of the MorHy 

aa k'ooaie incoBvemiently larite for the oonveuienoi' italTonlii. 

The port of Livettiuol u audi, that a vcaael of 400 tone in 

which he happened to be iu 1S31 oould not nin for it, fearing 

they ehout'l not hit tlie right time of tide, and it would booertuo 

deetraotioo if tJiey illd uwL Tlie oaplaiu vma afraid to run for 

liverpool, and lc«))t out at aea for two days uodvr great danger 

rather Umn riek iL U ia a moct daogoroua place for MMh a 

trade. In a oaae of that aort Uolyhcnd Harbour would bo 

uivnloable. Them !■ no cood anchorage at Liverpool when in; 

the bottom is notgood holding-ground; he re(err«il to Umi open 

I'Mnoe from the docka to tlie oppoaito ehore abreast of Liverpool, 

'•bnaat of the dodu. Veunla ifet into the dodct at once it tho 

, weatlier i« bad. Hotyhead ia ui the immediate nrnghbourhmxl 

Lof the whole iiaarfaff tnde of Ijvcrpoul; rtiwela are eematantly 

[oaugbt iu galee, and that !• the ouljr aafe port to approach when 

[.Ihejr dare not run into the bay ot UvarpooL 

Ov4. Frattr eaid, there i* a bar at LivetiKKil which it had been 
^■uaueoeaafnlly tried h> iniptove by rakjng. Uakit^ would 



have a teodeo^ to disturb the nutter, whatever it tnay I*, fmn 
oneptaoe, todepoait inanather,wheTeaBiD dredging yon lift it op 
and take it away altogether. 
Mii.roKi> Havex — 

Capt. tfatliinglon considered that Milford Haven is a very v»- 
Inable natninl harbour ; did not think any other ii rnnirni on 
the west coact Many wrecks occur in Oardifaa Buy, liut, with 
the verY large refuge harbour of Holyhead in the imnie<liate ri- 
dnlty, ha oould not rtoomBiond an outlay of pub!I< ni<>i>*y then. 
A Uttie more care and atieallon to the eat of tlie tidM woold 
•nve iiuuiy nf the wmckii tbut occur thoML 

Capt, SiiSnait stntcil, that he hail fomieda very higb opiaionof 
Milford Bay ; he ooneidered then Is ai> port lice 11 In Englaad. 
He did not think anything can be don* at LIvarpnol ; hie Um 
b tliat as eteaju trade incnweM, now that railwaya en rf(wn, Mi)^ 
ford miiat take aucL a portion of the trade away from Liverpool, 
that it will preveat Liverpool being mar« <rowd«d. Milford u 
•neb a nMrior port, that it will prevent the trade of Liverpool 
going OB inoreaung. Uilford b ao admirably nt«ated for aH 
vcasels bound round Cape Clear, and tbey aatre ao taany riiln hr 

Sing thore, that he nroald put HolyhMd in eowparisan with 
ilford aa a port ; Holyhead u a little nearer tbe mannfcotoring 
dwlriota-, bst Loodon u nearer to Hilford, and Milford ia oeanr 
to all the wfotam auutetiuiug dletriets, and the PMtnry db- 
triote; but the eteunera Uodiag their maiU, and tbe light goods 
that Uiey carry at MiUbrd, would give them a reij gnat advan- 
tngo over Liverpool; paaeengere landing at Uilibra wionid be in 
London bdorv they would be in UverpooJ, gutng op the 
CbiLDnel. 

Mr. irA(T^ndBtAi«d, tlutt a reaiel having; the choice of Wate^ 
fL•I^l Hnrbonr on tho one aide and the Small* mi tbe other. oobM 
make Milford Haven iu a north-weat or eoutb-weet gale; nut aha 
would have the dioodt-autiige ut boluu on a lee ehore when tbe 
wind vaerud to the nurth-woet, aud Hlie would have a diflioulty 
in getUng clear of the Sotlliot, or into the great in-dmwht np 
the Cliamiel; wbarcaa, in the cmb of Wat«rford, ahc would bava 
tbe advantage of a weather ahore. Outward-bound veaeels dn 
not avail themedree much of MilTonl Haven at proaeot, owing U 
tbe difficulty of getting out 

•Ifr.flountff eaid, that Milford I fa von is of eorvice (or veMtla 
in tbe Bristol Channel, uud lo voMels nnning put Cork, b^ 
canse there u no othor hnrbour but 5f ilford. It la a noty good 
hnrbour to go in, but it ii a very bad harbour to get out </t with 
tlie wind into the harbour. 

Pehsamcb — 

Copl. Wiuhington itate-l, that it has h««n contemplatad toeen- 
striici another hatbonr near Pcnaanoe iu M>>aut's Bay. Hie 
a gr«nt liicitity for making a breakwater st Puid«« I'oiut; eve 
thing, however, would have to be doue. Falmouth b rei 
mncie^ itouly wants a little internal improvement lo auilte 
available. Ho did nnt think a national harbour is want«d 
Monntfe Bay; bnt a fishery harbour might be very valuable bk-^ 
dend, and the fiihormen wiih their fine boats well dwerva H> 
Great impravfniutite bnvu hwu iiiiuli* at Pvtiiance; further tn 
thu eouthwanl, in (riiavnH l^ike, at Ponlee Point, or Olf Uouas- 
holo, tliere b deeper water and grtitter fiiali^ fbr a fishing 
harbour. 

Capt. Salivan said, that ae to the uecMsity of there being a bai^ 
hour of reruge aouiewbere near the Land's Klid, tbe oouT har- 
bour of refuge that he thought wauteil nt Pencanca b tor the 
fishrrmeu at Hooaehole. 8omc little nhitltir there far fishing- 
bouts would be very deairable: but, ai a harbour of refoga Mr 
sliipH, IU FUmoutbiaaouear it, hedid not think it neoenai^. 

pLncoiTTii U.iuuouit — 

Capt. n'luhinyltm Hald, that Plymouth is a natural harbour of 
refuge, and faaa boen very uucb imi>ruv<d by a bn«kwnter. 
Plymonlh u one of the moat perlbol harboura of refuge througbont 
tli« cooet; vcaseb of the largest dimBniiona may run fur It at anr 
time. With Plynuulh and Portland he ihuugbt that the soutn 
CDoit of Bngbna b at the preaent time very well furoiehed with 
•vourc h.\rlwutaof refuge. A* vwin a» you dm« towanb tlin 
lAud's End, the Wreek.«hart b onored with black dotei Sone- 
whpre about the Laud'a End a belter harbour ia enmied. 

3fr. Cooda eUted that, iu the earlv formation of Plymoaih 
bmakwnter they had erroneously used eaclu^vely large eBoim; 
email atuue and chipping* were diecanlod.aad larprtane* abnot 
entlraly wore naed ; the oonsequcnoe was, that the tnteralieae then 
were piond by the late Ur. Beudid to amount to scmethiDg like 



dsa 






THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND AECIUTECT'S JOURNAL 



411 



k 



ao ^ omL of tht whol* HuiML GnU di*tnfbuMM took niM* 
dsriiig vor; bmvj' pdet, uhI tha onlr mncdy tliat tlittjr wnnd 
lor that, WM to PBMOl tu tlM mmU chtppingi anJ rubbw trhidi 
flMT had prsvioualjr dlMtinM. uul drop tbeni atuuiigit ibe lar%t 
fltOBW to onnolMat* ilt« nuM. Tb« wdola of tli* worfcingi of a 
qnRT cnold b« oard in tlii* woric, nlwnv* RUpjicaiiig thnt tbu 
many Aftwded n i«a«a(iaUe p«r««Dtage m atonw, mt fron thtv* 
foiix totiatn wei^t. IlbwacDtkl uatUMreihooIdbeaarUin 
mportioD of Urn ttoiiM. 

Mr. Caktr mi'l, tlial for nurpoM* of rttagt FljriiMutfa brtdi- 
nt«r ia a WT a&ctin irork. 

PovTUim — 

Otpl- (FoaftnuMn Mated that Portluid la htiaa mad* <)i«aper 
ttiati any otlier bmakwatcr ia tb» noil«d KinjpJoB), — partlj bj 
goariei labour: aud, {ndep«Dd«Dtly of that, Fortlaod !a bobg 
made at tbo rata of HJil. a lineal fool, wliich i* Uvt cboaiwat har- 
bour of that kioi) erer oooatraotod. Tba ■aperrtmctnrc will m»t 
tu. io luldiiiQUi but ihia ia InilttpcadcDt of the dMp-water 
cbtalar hawk aod UgfatlivutM. Ii vlU coal allogrtliM- ii|>wan]a 
g( a milliofu 

Mr. OMdt Mid, that tha ilapoait of the alone, at oandactiMl at 
Pordand, bj UBkaa of a Asm atag^ baa bcOD iiuitc cucoMrful, 
■on ao thwi nuy nib«r mn^t of oourfrootlag a i>T«akwat«r. ll 
Ii u caMuiUl iwailitton in fcvmlnc ibo braaJiwator, to ua« atone 
tt varioiu tlMo, ao an tn p(«T«at larp iotrmloM Th* eeoaoti- 
4allaa and dialnbulinii nf tli« atoiica arc l«fl to the actinn of Uie 
■ea for foar or £rc viu(«T« Wf<nv lbs muonry ii <yMuiOBiMed ; a 
•olid maB i> therrby foranl for a (nu Dilution. Borne grwiite i* 
■uodia £idugaportlonof theaw wall. Tha brtahwawt will be 
eOBaplat*^ i" about four ftara: it retta upon tht EjnuiMridge 
ilar. 
fUlirr Iriw— 

Capt. WittkinflM atateit thai aroaod Uie LAnd'a Eud, Sk Ivea 
is tho moat eligible iinal for a harbour of raftj^, ami wouM 
aRord matt aMol aholier. Tlie eatinate of Capt. Votoh fcr 
St. l«ea tiarbuor waa ITd.Omf. Tlie BriMol Chautwl would bt 
MIMcially acnuamodatod bjr tbe propoiwd harbutu". 

C^. >Vn/(Ma laid that the xoutb part of Curuwoll ia w«ll inp- 

C"in1 wiib harboim; then an Vavey uid Falinoaib, FUttooth 
as prDbahl; tha beat, «xoe|>t Milford OaTaii, la England, 
mar^y Wilting to it aa a harbaiu- of refupi, but it ii alao nioaa 
iiDportaul from it* weriam pontion. Stlvea i> the only harbour 
on the Diirtb oout of CuntwaK. and if a harbour of rafufo waa 
•nctail on that ooaat, he afauiild ihiak du Ivea wooLd be much 
til* hert plaoei lU puaitioo would i^ire tt ndranlagaa to Uie 
oubwaid-bound traiU taking rafiiXB there oror evwnr olhcr plaae; 
veawli oaiijftit in norlb-wmt pile* on tho coaat, boiuf ouLwari 
bvuiiO. u >u1>l find it a vefj good place of refnge. 

dv'. ''iftA waa of opiuiou tliat at Si Ivea n liarbour of refuge 
wontu Ifv extremely luaful. Tba total tatimnta for the entire 
wo«k> pr->|>uae<i by him la 1T'(,U0U£, bat one half of tiiat amouat 
mxitd ai.-Oimfiliah much. He wim iu fitvour of tho pmpoaad 
barbour nl sL Ivea inatcad of one at ^eaitaot, or aoy other 
^aco aluiiii the toa^ The aachofafe at Si Ivea it very good. 
lie rvo^iuiH'iidi.-l tliat tha piar ahonld ba carried out to the 
cxieut (■( ^i.ft.N' frft, which wonld pre a aholler uf (0 acmi of 
IS fctil aif 1 ui'sanU, aod X aorea of lb feel and upwatds, wbiefa 
wocld Im latple aooomniodatioD for ibe *eeMb «( the port, and 
for the rcfon of tboae likely to mntbrre for ahellar. Aaloouat, 
the nialrruLi were g-»>], and ware at hand, and other ooave- 
nieuoe* tvit-lol tn rrudir tlic emA lou thaii at Other plaoaa ; aiul 
the aoo'XDiuniatkiD to tic lo procured waa aaiule fi>r the eaila ia 
new. Aa a fint atep iu tho improTeaeot, the wurk ui^ht be 
ctoppci) at ISOO feet, and rawrva tbu ftirtlio' uullny until the 
neoeaeity aruee for extcodiiig the firat coal to about 100,0901, 

BoxDcm-vvt^- 

Mr. CuJnrr lUtad that he would not eogfeat tho formatinn at 
Bondralaod of a hartHinr of nfbge or any worka exoep* for a 
local pwpoae. 

Jfr. JatJuan waa of opioioa that neither flendon Bay, nor the 
White Slooe^ Mar Sonderlaad, ia an eli^ble loeabty for » 
Im^Mir of rvfuKa. 

Mr. Coukh ooaaidered lliat money might be *cry advanta- 
geomly tiivudM at Sunderiand. 

Jfr. JMnMM briievr'l thnt tlie montli of the ifTeral Sunder- 
land inlcht be rery noch improved to fecitilate the idiuJuiiiiu of 
tiie li)a*r Inula: it ia very Uia at preaent. 

Mr. .Vijoxy itated, Utat a ooBpaoj hai made a •naj excellent 



dodi at Siudertend, hairing an outlet to tlie aca, wtlh Trty luuth 
Inoreaaed dfaoght c€ water over the old bar at the oiontli of the 
WeM. OutMe the bar, pleia might be ran off fmn tho Bortih 
awl aouth to oDcircfe snme water and improve the place; bat it 
would never aaawiT aa a harbour of rrfuge, it Ji too afaoal. A 
harbour of nfi^ ttd^ht be ooutncted at Hondon l^y. The 
beat plan he baa aecn la that propoaed by Ur. Murmy, uroaa two 
thoaJa that lie io tlie fooe of Ucndon b\j, ami which would 
oncirda a grrat deal of water, learing two clear apeningi, one 
from tho aonth and Ihr otlier fKiia the nortli ; la th* Inaid* of 
whioli abipa eonld oone at all ^bim of the tide, and bring up and 
KoAtn la ntfety. Sunderland ia the Inrsait ihip-bniUliDg (lort in 
the Ungdoni. The eallnuted oeat of Mr. Mnrmv'a harbour ia 
iM,000i: Tha area propoaal to be eaeloa»d is (rwn (»» to TOO 
acrea; ili* loogth of the bnnkwalor would be naarly lOjiXf) fod 



SOUTH WALES INSTITUTK OF ENfilNEEBS. 

A gepeivl maedng wae heU at Mertbyr laat Bonth, for tha 
puriMMe of bnniSK a new naeociation, to ba <nll«d the "lioatli 
Walea Inalitataof Bngineera:" nliout fifty iicntlnmoo conncctuil 
with engineering were preatnt. ilr. .Mcovlocti, of Uowtnii^ pre- 
aidod. After ajfraelna to variooa nde^ the member* ptooeeded 
to the election of olBoera, whan Mr. WUUaint, of Dowlala, tha 
fiiat propaeer and ociginalor of the iutitutt^ wa* uoanimMaaly 
elecM prarident for tha entnti^ year. The viea-prmtcnta 
elootad wera — Mr. Roffera, Aberoarn: Mr. Adam*, Elibw Vale; 
Mr. Martin, DowUla; Mr. T.EraB>,Dowlais: MrOaike^ Abei^ 
darcL The rotuxill ar*— Mr. Tniran, Dowlidii MrT R H. Rhyi^ 
Aberdnra: Mr. D. Willioine aw) BIr. BedllOgUO, RhyauM; 
Ur. Eilwonl WiUiAiM, )>awlaia; Mr. & B. Bdmh, Nonl-y-doi 
Mr. Ruiham. Pontvprwldi ^Ir. lUaUr^K Uibw Vnle: Mr. 
Poarca, Cylarthf:ii Mr. D. Bobtrto. libyiauey; Mr. Cos. Nowpoct^ 
Mr. J. Jamee, Blaina. Ilta uuMubera afterwarda dined togtuar. 



I 



GIBSONS SELF-ACTINO EAILWAV SIGNALS. 

At a maMlag of tha InaUtntion of Civil Enginern, on the 24(li 
ull, a model waa exhiUtod of Ciibcon's lelf-acting Signal aud 
TeMxraph for Railwaja. It wiu dncribwl aa being [Blended to 
aupNv the want of a qrat«ra of railway alguallliig, which diould 
be aSdent, and whUit anawerias 0**17 poruwi fur whi«fa railway 
aignal* oonld be roquirfl, aboiiTd be iiiii)ihi in oonatruMioo, aud 
not liable to b* mianudoratood or to get out of re^ri being, at 
the aauu: tunc, independenl uf the ailouUou or tha neglect of 
aervanlji. Tlu* appaniua euaalatad of a ooBtiiiuoua arrangununl 
of aignnlliug Mil ui motion by tha angina, which in po«dng over 
a lever placed doee wilbln aide thr mil in any deaircd nlBatio^ 
caiuwl a iignal-pu«t Nix 1 to rotnle pirlially, aiiJ *o to indicate 
to the foltiiwi&g tniii the dnee promuiiy uf a prau«>Jtng tnin. 
The atgnal-tKiat Ho. 1 reBialnnl lu ihtt pxaition, uulU the en^ti* 
arrivait at the naxt Rlgaal-ixMit No. '.!, the lerer oppoute Io which, 
when dcpreuol by tlie cu&inr. otuw.^! it im i^t.-ile tiinUarly to the 
Kignal-pLat No. I prcvinudy paiuist, whivh wai> at the aauie tine 
replaced in It* original wHUioii, Tin; en^iae ibuu raaclied aignal* 
poet Ka 3, and it tuid N<i t wuuld hr iiiiiultnno>iaaIy acted apun 
aa mn Nua. 1 aud S. Then No. i iw>iiveil the iraponcibijily, 
and rvleaaal Ho. ^ ami ao on, It tuinwom) «|iiiilly well by night 
and day ; and tho pteaeut aignal-poala oould ba adapUtI to it. 

By the aanve motion of the huriiontal l^vore, aadiUc or linlU* 
telegraphic onmuiiuitotkiiw could be miulu with uiy utaliou or 
aialMna. althar in ailtmncs or in the rear v( liiu lutiviu^ tnun; 
thu*iaiiiouii^bTUiecotit:i 'i:jf{«fabell,if aeoMMry,ttie 

approatli,departiin!,pr>w:. urpaMagathruiighatuaMl 

or orer any dangeroua part m luv Itn*. On fogST "^ atoniiy 
nlgfat^ or wli«T« there wart eharp ourrea, &^ tni« would b* 
found vary raluaUti. 

Another iuijiortRUt part of the iTaInu waa the ooulrivano* for 
the aalf-«oliug oontmction ami expanaion of attaUiiicd m'm, ^f 
mean* of wh ioh hatxl tignala, Ac, cpold be actoil upMi at a dla- 
lauoe of 300U yanU, beiu^ br b^nd the pnaeut wotfcing die- 
Utnoei and tit* wiro, both in aunuiMT and wiiilvr, would alvay* be 
at the name d^reu of (euaion. 

Tba whole apporatua waa dcacribed aa having bnnn in cdicin t 
aotion for wudo tiiue, at Suuta' Jnucion, on the Nortb-EocUm 
BaQway, whore tlilriy traiua ran daily over il, to the perfect eatia- 
bctioQ of the engiueeie and tha offlcare of the line. 



«f 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



ON AN IMPROVED LOCOMOTIVE BOILER* 

Bj Waltu Nbiuom, or Gloagow. 

TlU loccmotlvo boiUr, frnm Uw jttj high prMRire tt whieli 
■Man U Bov tiMd, liM dtduuiilod mnch tttteution, bi order to 
obUln » Ibrm of |r»1 itieitgth muJ Hifetjr. Tb« pamllol Ixuler 
boa of ltU« jckni bMn adopUil, na givbc greiUw ttniDgtli ia it* 
fbra aail gimtcr darabUltj thuo Ui« nusM flnbox fonn, vriiah 
biter, nltbodgh nuuU miflKlpnt by auya, i« npMed to ouwt&uilj' 
VRTTliiK «£|Miinon> imd •Duin*, IcndinH to lMlu4[e «t tl>« iuikIm. 
T1i« iMnllel fonn bowever hu the objeotiun, raors iwrUoaiarly 



pw«U«l girdtr i* tiai oorreet In fbnn, tlM gn MM •tnia fbr rm- 
tur* bmt nenMi the oMtn of tlia firebox not, wlwre (he fKUNllel 
nnier baa the IcMl power of iwfauum. In tbe uew (ibn of ii«- 
boK tlM dreoUr aliap* of Uw roof kIm pre* lb* philM grMUr 
power of miaiuiM, iadopenkatljr of the roof ginkr*. A* ui 
nl-iltifMial precwitioii the top tow of tube* >• aomewbiit rmi»«l at 
Um mattkAoz aid. Tht remll of (bU unuiMiiieiit J* ilint a 
«oiindeiKbl V greater range of wnter lave! b oUuMd wilb |>>irfn.t 
tatelj: for la case th« water ILua gi>ta aa low at the tup of tbe 
liretiui, tli«or«wiiw31btporiMtl]riafe,aiid the lop row oftabM 
at tlia einokcbox eoJ will be the fint lo ghro wnf i anil aboulil 



, , • , ,,.-,■ , niiu-if ^f,^ walsr iRt lower, the part of tbe crown fint vxik,««>1 to ht 

to brgc niguiM where luucb hwltag anrfacu la n«<;-M7. that hoalod ia tbe etroageM poniM. aad wUl eUbd a^clv ei.a tbe 

Ntoftm apaoe !■ coatnotMl or irmlted. bMnlea bang much . .-<> rr . . . 

ipied br at^i, aa well as by tlie itMia-pipe and itvnbtur. 

watar larel U niceweriijf high in tbe boiler, letTliir only a 



•cgveBl of tbe divtibr area for tbe regubtioi) of to* poo 
- water line; ao that the eugino^lrirer baa veir Uttla Tamtioei 
I work vjKta between too siudb wMei and 100 Httia, the ftinner 
J tbe vQgi&e to priln^ aii<l the Utter involving danger of 
Ibamiag tba firvbox or burrting the boiler. 




tta. I. 
nie boiler deecribed in the praeiBt paptr, and ahown in fin. 1 
End 8, b deeigDOil by tbe wrilar to ofinate thb ddbet; taatot 
[thb pnpoee Uwra ta added on 

Jio top cf th« boDor a itaaa 
f^iamber A, oouMitu^of a por- 
tion of a ayliniler of emaller du- 

net«r tbait tb* baml of tbe 

boUar B, tho two cyliodera being 

eoaBOOted at their jniiction by a 

vtoong diaphntt^m pUte C, form- 
ing aa !t were « oominon ohord 

to the two drcba rircn by (be 

Motiwi of ib» eytindwa, aa aMti 
f fa fig. S. By thb eooatmotioa 
Lft eotreet fovm ia obtained, tbe 
Fttmigth of which b eijuivl tc the 
■flin iwbtaoee of tbe plaice to 

the iiit«i»l pnawire of itfani. 

It will be otwred that no anaU 

item b oatd in tbia oooetraotian 

tt beOer, and that theetiala U 
Dtiraly to tb* dirMtlon of the 

In order to provide Rgainat 

htbe danger of explosion froBi 

|0Ttrbealb>g the roof of tbe 

Irtbot, Id eooaeqaontx vt the '"'' *■ 

Iwator getting too low, «hii^ the writer beliovea b the canee of 

loaC explosiom, tbe firrbox roof D, u tlepnMaed in a dnubr 

uve,fift 1, whereby a more oomwt fom i^ roof girder or crown 

ay b obtalDed, aod which U really the strongut ibat can be got 

B Upport th* weight or prwaure upon the not Tbe oniinMT 

■ J^or raMi (n«n Uw JaMHoUia il Wtctukal b«iMBa 




MtfffB ^ 



tubes burn and (^ve warning of the daagtr. Ii niajr be ubjeoled 
to tbe depreasod fin-box crown that it wtll be niur* a|A tw onUeet 
dupusU tbnD tho Hit erowDi but (bo writer tbiuka tli«i« aged Mt 
bo inucli apprchviuiou uu this iioiut, an tbvre U a &oe aod levil 
commnnioilion aerow Uie t^p dt the firebox from dde ba ■Li«. It 
■bould be reoutrked however that tlie locxnuotiTe engine ia ncter 
worked to economy with bnd wnl«r; aod oionoy exnendnl fa 
obtaining pmpor water b ison ihao eompeoaatod fi>r In tha 
earing on ihm ouginea and in the aafety of tbe boilrrrk. 

Another impeoveioent in tbe boiler now described cotudtta ia 
an ajxaiwemeut for nalug eoal Inatead of eoke. la the ordioarj 
finbox the prudiiction of gaiaoui aiattara IVotu the eoal U («o 
rapid to obtain a proper oonbuation; and evan If oxygen b aap- 
pliotl by the admiBUOD of air iata (be fiftboz. the rery uiaat 
rarialjati of temperatjire lu ibe furnace, oaaaed hv eveey ImIi 
vupply of fiiel, nnden tbe oonpbte eombutiou of tli* |[— inna 
p(«duc(a very dlKenlt To ^ over tlib dllBenlty, (be back part 
of the firebox under tli« ilonr » liivni witli brse firvbridc hlocka S, 
having tubular openinsi ibrougfa them fnr ming a oomianaifstbo 
IietvoBU the interior aiid exterior of the firebox; in tho ^jat 
uuuiuer a bridge P, b fonoed la front of the fire «riOi a timiUr 
MoriM uf tnbolar opaningi through It. The firebrick Uodu will 
booamo highly heated \n the action of the flre^ and oaa8e(|u«otIy 
the air drawn through (iiem mil alao be highly heated, raady fbr 
cilMting the oombuatioD of the guee tbe mootent the air entcte 
the fnmiiae in the fonn of jela. They abo maiutain a tnofe euoal 
degree of heat ia tbe furnace at each new aapply of fbel, whicfa b 
of great immrtanDe. It la thought that uu difficaltj need b« 
aulToIpatod in the fixing and loi^Btainiiig of the firebrick Uoc^ 

FroC Rakxivb mid. ia tbe nnarDidablo ahurnoe of Ur. Ndben, 
be had been requeaied to give aay retiulnte explanxtiona moeet- 
Ing tbe paper. He obeerred that the pHudpol object had bean 
to umvent tli* Bulare of (be roof of tbe firebox, aa ibe reaolt id 
enoh an accident waa veey aatioai and geairrally fatal, wbibt ' 
fitilnre of the other portion of the boiler, the tubes, addotD cafl^ 
more than deby. He bad been stnck with the importance ( 
the auMaet by aeaiag noMtly the reeult of (be fiulnre of a firebox 
with a tevel tom wbare all the mnf gir<1»re broke acroee tbe top^ 
two only of the girder* luvinj; bcrii m^itchcd at that part. Aa 
exactly eimUar (uebax was Iflscni irilb nnier prwure, niid it waa 
found tbat 470 lb. preeaun per equate inch wax rsquirvd la make 
tlie roof ^ivo way iu a dmilar manner, being neatly Gvv timee 
the working prawnro; that preeiure lwiw«ver mnet have ben 
attained in tbe hmo of the noeident referred lo. The ol^eot of Ibe 
plan now proposnl van both lo itreufithcn the roof by giving Ha 
curved form and iiiaroa«iue the depth of the girdm, and to p» 
teal It by preventing it frma beuig bid bue of water in Uw 
oontre, leanag the toDca to be flrat expoasd wbtn Ibe water get 
low. Ho now euggesUd tbe albhtly curving the raof ia a oaorei 
fonn iianaveraely, to give the aepoiit a tendenoy to olenr Iteelf M 
tbeaidea. 

iSi. Fnrrov obMtred, that It waa veiy nnvaual far a fiulote of 
Iba roof girden to oocar; when tbe roof of a fitebox had given 
way, it had generally oome down in ooie piece with the mof 

E'tiiera entire. Tbe cue that ImkI been rcfened to waa the oaJy 
■tanoe he believed on record ofaroofbiliagaeroai^ and In tW 
caa* there ware alao ao eiays from the roof up to the ouWr riwU. 
A enpplDmButary ateani chamber aa profigaed ia (be paper ml^ 
potbape have aome ndranlag^ and he remembered aooiM beiag ea 
oonatructed under bb laperinteBdaaoe for the QanovarlaB lafl- 

Hr. Toen had found gnat difflon]^ Iu mteating an li^ntbua 
aoctunolalion of eediaeat oa Ibt-rooEea Areboxei. erea with 
I^-inch water •pnoea betwcao tb* oop^wr roof and toe roof hHUi 
any boUow form of roof muat ineraaie the criL 




THE Ciyn, EXGINEEH AKD ABCHITKCT8 JOURNAL- 



413 







I 
I 



* 



iNSTrrxrnoN of ctvtt- ENoiKEEiia 

y<n. Id.— R«Mn StKransOX, 3tS.. pRaidant, is thi Clulr. 
Tba fir«i BMdUnc of tbo SomIod l»S7-(t wm oon|>>od by n««ving • 
Flmr " Oa Lf^i^ tf*"** tj> Oa*' B7 Auianuu Wbmbt, 
' MM. Iiwl. C-K- 
Tb* P«p«r eomnniMJ b; notldng tb* >liDio*t Dnirtn*! Introiluctloa 
'gM fcr lb« purpon of llluiuliutlati, kud Uio muni o( tbo aUeation of 
- BatboT MfiB tuRiwl hi iu ailutalian to tli* lighting ofiDbu*, whan 
. praHMl iDoJt of •mfloj^nD Ullow ouidln or oil Umpa *m found to 
__ MJudMU to ll>( hciiltb of lli« rningn, whilit thf lluhl >trar>i«d wu 
to tramquMe t^t th* nun could not prrfnrm Uiirit iluly |anMf(;. It 
KWiUtodihU ttwaipmditvraof ciluul wUowtn thniDiimM Enflwd 
■n%faL b* (oogUjr oMuutei U 100,0001. per uwom. In OorainU and 
PovoB klun* tbm xn dhooA 30,000 man amployad aodMyrovnd, wha 
mm ligUad at an uiuiul opcDM of 0O,OOM. per uin«ni Mid in ana of 
Iha iHf* muiw tba wiiiiwl u|>>nilitun tor «»ndlM lud mcfaad m Ingb 

_ j<ral mis* or tbo Mate «< nehiuix lud rutat^Da of ih« Conitb 
lndDc*d the aiuotjoa of Uie *utbor la th« tntroduotion of put for 
Jtdiag ruMft and oit-lunpr. rrevioualjr to ibli an atMnpt had 
mads Bt tbe TrptveMi mine b Gwannap^ but It «•■ aliMidaned. 
CDOumJ tJul it va* preTvrabla lo nako Ihc tful upon ■ mioB 
SrWa Mploalva gkM* won doI glrsn off, aa In eoal miiia; ud wbito 
tba vOfk WM oloair and did doI erund to njailj. Tbe Corniih minaa 
v*ricd in Hontb fmn lunfl to looii fiwL. with axtaiiriv* tatoral pIlcriM^ 
(tw apprauMi to wbiofa vm b? a ahaft ■ilh laddva, nmatlBaa IwlMcd b 
■I dinMiooo. Eaab nisar la daacaodiag «r in aaowMJng tuicdc hit ou- 
db b a bimp of dv> h7 which il adhand to Ua bat: Uio wisd eanted 
h 10 flan, and not aabr I0 waMe mucb (allow, but to »y* ctf (arbona- 
CMoa aulatuicca, which were awaUowod by iha mcu, and |inidu««>d rttj 
judicial aireou on lliait lung*. Tba Bnt objaM than waa tv light tbe 
I, and aflerwanla l« tuUtid tlii lynam to thr workiag cbambm 
ing liis ludo. 'ttit nAtio aalaetad tor (bo •xporimoni waa the Balle- 
m niiia; tba dnptb of tbo (ball waa daooribad a* being about 
fcol, wbanea tb'To bnnchd out ■mral Urali and tnunwnyi^ at 
deplha aad in numerooa diraoliona. Thore wara abnnt SiO 
ndnan cnplnjrBd nadorgroiuid, in two dungsa or ibilt*. t«ch of abost 
dg^t boutV aontiMi. Each tnaa worfcod ^ul flvo dan of (ho w«dc 
vadatfrODBd, wid one da* aboTO gniuud. la tbo onfinar; nrndo of 
lig^IlM oacib miiiv bumad bnr caiidiM iti aighl lioun; obiainiog onij 
■D tmoaqitata Ugbt for tbo npoaao incoiTad. 

Tlw fM which waa !n(n>daaod to (hia mioo *aa manufactaivd at (bo 
tuAmt, nod ww fbroad by a pomp into a he*?; gwhulder. cnmnsaad of 
M(W1m plalai^ whanoa it laanad bj a doaoandlog nipD into the mina 
imdv a pmnrv equal (a 187 inebn of waior. ifie •had and Irivla 
wera ftlwd «i(rb wrDu^it-iron tnbaa, pravod bj kl|[h-[a«win •tam, 
•ad fraui tha bmiohaa flexible lubaa and bumim were oanriud iuM (ha 
pltobaa and cbanslicn for Iha atinera, uhI to tbo 4oon for pioluug the 
ore. n* iruii«Ayi*lao bad a>uiKDi>iii( numbar of burnan (Apracduda 
(he oateaaltj for uaing any canilln or lampa in (he niino. The iiuaiitlQr 
of gaa (anannied wu about 40UO oubio fnt par day of two uulte M 
miDen, 

llie Mnpantin axpanao of thu two ayitona of Ilahting *bb atatad to 
be iBudiin favourol^: aa thaantiualoait ofcaodlea waaSSil. S4.4<t., 
wharaai tbatof gMwaa (87f. 3j. iodudlng intatoatoa plant, wear and 
fw, uiil all aaponam. If Hvunl nloae eonUnad tha ooanemy would 
b* atill grrtMt; and when the ryalmi beeama nai* geaefal, moditaa. 
tioui would duiibtttea be ailTBnt^(«oualy inUoduaad. 

It wM itated that tlio aanituy onnilitiini of tba mine waa rWbly ioi' 
pfovivl. — iho vaaldation wa* baUar, and there waa an entira abaaiuo of 
the uckeniiig amok* and bad odour pttraiouily parvadlng tha nune. 
wbiob the author balierod to ariaa trom aomi putisuW ooioponnd) of 
hydrogoo and oarboa, firaa off durine tbo imparfeot coaibuilioa of Ibe 
candha. 

Tlia adfantagD* to h» dariTed from tbe IntJoduotloD of «i in ooppor, 
tin, laad. and oumt mlnaa (and, probably, ulcimataly (o eoJ mlnoa), weni 
lUtad to b<^ — 1. Tbo mriag of Doariy SO par ooui. oif the annual raet. 
S. T^ battor wwh, sd aoMunt of the iBcroaoad light. 3. The aaving of 
time to ibe woiiman la not baring (he oandle e* lamp to aUend to. 
t. Hie impravamant is tbo TMtUalioa and in th« ifuality of the air 
breathed l^ the minsa. 

The onieriDiEnC waa atated to h>Tv boeo Mmptetelj luecairul, and 
there did not appear to be any reason wby (ho aptsiu nhiiuU uot bo 
•xtondsd to mloH genBtally, and, under oerudo prtuullonary moianra^ 
(O Ooal nuDca. 



By 



N«t. IT.— J. Lone X.P., V.P.. is the Chair. 

tht Ttftt ind WM "Ob 1A4 Ca-rtrtiim 0/ Wood bg JfooUiMry.' 
O. L, If OLHWoaTS. 

la brioOjriaoaiag at (ho hlitoiy of wood oonvcnioo, tbe author noticed 
tha ou^ appllcatton of maehlntiy for the pDrpoaa, and alao tba Introdno- 
tianof thodreularaaw, th* pfaubig na&InB, and the band nw. Tba 
InvMlthnia of Banthan and Bninel ware aoatiaoed ai haring OMllribut«d 
laigal]' (olhaadnnoeof tbiaUaMhsf aBgiBOoring. 



A onnpariMii wm than dram, ehowlog iha mora tafU poofnaa of 
WoodeonTBtainDlaAlneriaalbuiiDBaclalid. Thia •«• aa«rtbod In U* 

nwr diMun^ W ^Uevial a»J tbo ataroi^ «4 auled Ulwor >n U* 
ar ooMitn. wbhdi gare > atlaulM to lavalwn: wbiUt In Knsland 
Iha «ae wu dtOaieflt. (te material waa ocmpaiMtT^ aapM«ive. and 
(lolled artnana ware abundaat. Nsr waa th* qnHom of the rabdiviatua 
of labour aa yet fuBy aatried out, the aomrarnai al wood h«ng bllhwrto 
tn the bandaof a elf wbooonld mil employ mueh cwf llal im ■a eb tn wy. 
or kotii It oanelauUy at work to the gnMWeC ailraBU^ even whto they 
bed U; and. at the nne time, tbo pnijudkai U foremcci and tba cmt- 
binaliona of worknMi had aiMnlad p«wBrMI* tpilM (ho IntnxltKtmii 
of new raaohinea. Many of th* maabUaB af Bogtiah aoiuW*(4iia bad 
boan of loe (natly a ebaiMter. and in daaigolng Ihom auSoMalatunllMi 
had not been gir*a to oeooomy of the ognvenwl BMUrial. Tbei^aB 
and eimplo ehanuAar of the Amcrioan machinaa wa« montiuMd. aad 
aome of Ihoir charaotoriMio detaili w«o JMoribrd. 

An aeoamt of the diOmnt ktada of BiwB. aa w«U aa the fnrm *f taatb. 
(ho modM of Bailing tfaem, and tba MfaMiU** *dopMd in Bngtaud and <n 
AnMrica wai ginn. and lb* eiUnt fiieUon fced. tha Amoou "iHloy 
nw, (ho anihur'a anaogomwM of a rvrulriug wwlga, the mMbada of iMaa 
onttiae, lb* pmdaloua aaw, Uaadowall'o draUar aw. the psidulaiu. Ihe 
diabod faw, (he onofl and the hand (aw% were Mdiy dtasribad, Bod 
meoijoa waa made of Mr. Budl'a impPorenUDta ia th* band aaw. 

The author thaa titooaeded (o ■numarate tba ?afic(laB of planing 
maohlnea, which be oUeelbad ondar fln haadi, rii. :— 
(1.) The reeiticocating Diana: 
(■1.) The flifd ouucr fitMti 
(i.) Tha rotatory cuttafv, on Muir'e pHnMplei 
U.} Ditto with votlMal aija.on Bruoahe plan; 
(S.>l'baaoAatlJan*. 
In dworibiiu! tha* oiaeUM*, Ih* actiou of Uio earpontera piano waa 
coiiipareil with that of ih* toaidiiiM*, and Kima td the nrthoda aera 
ueoiionad by wbidi ila action had boan »uempt*d te b* aa ili l a l^ t in 
Iho maohi«B. 

Tin plantng muAi'uua wno tbortly deaoribo'l, aa (rod ae the differant 
form* and ei«edl adoptod in BntflaiKl and Amariok 

U waa argiacd. tbu in order lo fmlaem good work (he oaaJitinae to 
be ful&Uod wan^ a high valoaiw of («K*t«, not too rapid tnral of weak, 
• aolid bad to CM i^riMt. (h« working parU wcU tdaaw d . th* boarinit* 



: 



•tady, and th* anglta of (ho ottUara praperiy determlnod. Thoaalhur 
condomnod (be Ueual ompMal nathod of datemlnlBg (be MIgk uf ih* 
outun. and inaatad opan (h« daBintdli^ of Uking inlo oenidcraUau 
the nature of the matarial, aa »oll aa (ho chatnator of the werk, and iha 
diam«UrafthDautU(a,infisinBsponltopramrBMla. Usthuiatated 
thoaaasclM which be otnaldarad beat for dllftrait kinda of wood* and 
varieUaa of work. 

Biirf dateriptloDa anil diaoBoa illaatrati** ef tha prinetplM ef Iha 
followioe pro ii oetia and Dachttica wero then givan : — 

1. The Amariean abaplog machbew witb palUra and oonoaDtftaJ oal- 
lar gnide, for planing inagolir work. 

3. The diflmot arthsdi of laaoaing with Anael*. or with an aaeem- 
fctoM of cifMdat mm*, or with the ordinary (Meaiiiig outttta. 

3u ThoooMl^ machine for prwIiiouiK Cm almilaaaraoait-iiwipaUBm 
of any irrai^W i^iet by naana of rotAUry ontlen made to racude or 
adranoe by (ha pat(ara, wbiob rotolna aLauManaoutty with the work. 

4. Hu^rao' apoka maohlo* orilh Mbolar oaltw-abaft, bmI movaaUr 
•utlora, Boled upon by a IraTmmng paUam. 

i. Tbo rulway key nuichina, iavontod by (ho aiMhor, for <«t(ai| tli* 
lapor almullMMonaly on (*» aldei of (bo key. 
«. Steel'* oar machina.aauanl at Chatham doakyaid.CerrongUog out 
jttlUug <ir«ukr aawB, aad Boiibnut it by a atrlaa «f a» 



Iha oar with ■wInlUug 
(•!• Buuil upon by a 
blade and "loom.' 



InUt iron,* ■> aa to praduoe a vaiying Cetn «f 



T. Th* melheda of dottuiKng on Wlmahurtt^ pUi^ by a a* 
l>ti*K outtare, and «» Bnriay** pUa by a t*rl<a of tMptv«tia« . 



T. 

rotating! 

and oircutar aawi. 

a. Tbe mrtbod ailoplod hi Amwioa of fonuing (he doTclaJ «M Ubr 
milre. 

ThodiSeiTM bariaif (oola ware then notioei^ am! mi aeoount gtvoi at 
Iha inodca of mortinng, by gtrl^ molloo (o Iho obiad ami r«<r«raliig 
it, aa well aa the forma of mortiaing cUaol*. and tbe de*iee* far (tea ri ng 
th* Biorliae uf chip*. 

Tha autneol of Umber bawding wa« brioflr notioad. aad a daagnptioa 
gina of Uookay'a mode of ben'Ung abipa' timber*. Meadowa' paMA for 
Eendine vauwra into and arotind tha ehup uigia* «d nuiuldiaca, and 
Blaw^Md'a motbof! of btodiag all kmda of timber, by apdylaff end 
iiiiMiiirii to it, wliil* it waa wound round a oaoi of (ha daatrol ahape. 

In coocluiioti. iha author oouatdorad that wood conieialoD wa* not 
(ilUy developed in ihia oountir, and hoped (hat tUa Paiw would dinct 
th* alMitiou and ingvnmly of eugiBaara to the autgegL 

Itvr. 24.— An Ajfrmdit to Mr. Holeoworth'e Paper war nad «■ (hla 
•TDniiig. 

Tbe niBCufactui* of caiL* by maohinety an* tslad a* an oumpi* of a 
bnnoh in which niniiv faUorca bad ooniired, in conaequmo* of lb* 
nachiuca hanoj been ^equaolly damgnod witbovt a rkw lo eScMin^ 



414 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



tnaioinjr of sateiUl, ft Ihat 1h» wmU of nluaihl* wnod wu not ooantcr' 
bslaitoril by tli* urtni; of laibailr. Ths Unl nwdiina in uw Tor par- 
Iraoiiog Uw folioinilg pnotmm in tho muriu&ictim of CMka w«n tncAjt 
dMcrilMd. 

Tha f n amt at oauiog ap ^ " bUnki' mt« ■(•«% Abw by tireuUr 
or Iqr TJoipMCiiliiiB' m«^ ud of eoDTBTtliif triibont «Mto int^lar Mid 
IwiiMd HuA* iQM Mkva. br llio ttw of wdghtad tidloM pttwit Uia 
VMk m>l'»t ■■■ ■4)ii*t*bi* ifot In Iho MW ftaoc;— Uw dlltitift ool 
" tonituai^ u>d ** doobloU' )» > InvelKni; tnupluo. wliidi lictamiiiifd 
tha nbilUoD of III* limo*', MuTiim pUn Mliopuil si DcptfurO DnckjaH. 
for inwul«r UmIa l«n£UH«, wk) doublMv: w wnll uiitu Aoionina 
■nnJif of eutUng ttam for i1t7 CMki; — Iha fvooca* of Jinnliin^ liy monug 
llio <*avE iluough ■ ourvod jotb in tho dirvctiou of tU kngu a^oM 
oiitaJu' iBwt^ — Itabstaoa'* mode of bukiiig (tare*, by pMria^ tiwiiii on 
■ tntf oIUmi pktfann nadw cnCUn; and Grsoi'a mode of paMns tbvm 
over apairofcuttonamngadiiaaKliaideat bnidaaoUiir. wlulat thn 
■lave waanrcaaad davn by a heavy Doted feed lollcr: — Iba ptoOHHia of 
"iruMlnir oo Roacnborg*! prindplo, bj a aarjaa of radial farcing levnn, 
•ctiiittod ulnultaucoualy l^ •ciawa, aail on Kabartaon'* pnuoiple by 
by nrnaa of Mrong; oenaa into vtiioh tha *tavt« vera Gnoad by byiuauUo 
pnamra; — Uw plan «f '^■ronng and oUntng* by tarning Iha tliik up on 
K vortical lallip, after troMiDg; or by paanog caob aUr* aapantfly uudar 
MIMr*:— KDd the ptoeaa a of finidiipg tba bcada with an oral motian. to 
•Bow Ibr •brinkaea of tha wood adna tha (fain; thua aompleti^ tha 
ififlEtfKrt proecaaoa tti BaouboCiui&ff <u4j. 

RamSloali madilna for nwinic eurral ahlp tlmbon «** dawtfbed m 
fakiinK an iniwr p>t*, and Uio lilada io hitn|{ aa to allow of a tiMimno 
aa wall a* a •wWoItliig motion, for ounrilJBiar work: tho log Mag «r> 
wraneod aa to bo Inrnad on tta axi* vtilat IravaU'ing, and l» ba eul to 
aay doind btriL Urato'a motliod ol adapting an mdioalor rollar to 
Ita UMfaiiia for cutting variablo borila from ■ amall ical* diagram waa 
aUo ingatianod, 

Tlio larnoit ainiular mw wen) atated u> bo tliOH uatd for cutting 
Tdoixn ftom ibe lo|{^ tbtiniio. velodty. ami mods of aWicn ativgiTan, 
aa wall ai thv atl«m|it lo luparaalc tliuni by a ravolalag fcnlf^adgo. with 
lh« cauaaa of ita fulut*. Tho Ruaaiitn mathod of outdnf atia or a waa 
briaMj coudiad ujuD, aa wall aa th* raaaona for lu pon-aitmnion In 
Bnglaud: and alau Ilia Praoob mclliod, with a ndpnicatilifc lurilo^dg*. 

A doaoiption of Jcrdan'a wood-earviag macbinary <nM givao, with faii 
niotiiod afptodiuing a apaoiaa of Boating moranuntin ths tablaoarrriiig 
tfa« palUfB and tba iraril vodar a bwno timiBbcd wilh ■ ■orica of drif 
caUsn and a trMiTig-knab. ao aa loprndaaB aeranJ cupici liniultanMiulf 
fioiD ono paUaorn: tlio plan of oai-vinf tmdav-eat paita by awlTalling tho 
patUn aiid work aimulunaoiuly wia alwdaaerlbad. 

Tha ApiHiidix oondudad with an aoaount of Uaaan. Ranaooia Mid 
tlay'a ■auu&atura of oompraaaad railvar ktyi and tranalla, and alao of 
iha mod* adoMod in bEV H^caty'a dockyurl, Portamoutli, of aha|nng 
Ircualli cliA from tlmbar of iira^iuiiir or Iv iitcd gnia. 

A doKT^plioo vmM gii'VD of U llaon'a machinery ai (be Midlaot) Conn- 
tka Timber L'Ampanj • Warlu at Daobary, for the ooni'tralon of wood 
inlo iKnianJ broom handh^ of wbidi aaty hiiyo quaotlliM were nuuiu- 
facumd. C'ylisdriull gauj^ onttan mra OMd, ao ttiat by liming ihom 
gmtually in their aucLeta lliay almja pmwitod a cutting edgo, which 
would work fnr aiitoon hour* williaat aharponing. and a tool would laat 
IhnM montha. The aurface prodnoad waa axoallant, and Ibt machina 
waa DOW about to tie nacd for nahins paowla. 

The oarring maobinery iatoaied bj Idt. Jordan, and naad Ibr tha d» 
owalioBa of tha No* fWaoa at WcatmiDitar, van alluded to; and k 
detoription waa glvon of Iha Ingenious maobiiiea. nisa iuTBnted by blm, 
for making tha framsa of aohaol alataa. at Colonel Panuaul's qoaniea 
DSw Haiigor. Tlio laj;a of American bircii wora Ant out up by frame 
aawa: Ilia pkoLawoi* disnaaaaonsd for liinioiitha, and warn afterwards 
cn>« onl to propfs' bng^Ui — paaaad ovor a narise of oiicular saws aad 
grsMfug (wtun aHsmat^ find on tbe aama ahafl, — tha inartiaia and 
Mu*a wofa oat in two awar madiinca,— the and mcotiaca, Iroona, and 
alioublan ware ibsu oit. and tho abUco enclroleil by four uf thcae pkt«ta. 
1^ frame Ihoi fortnad waa than laid against two alopa. and a pair of 
driUi 1ni«H liiil upon tha optuail* cornets, makiug two bales; it wa* 
tlim raranoii, and anoUiar pair of liolm wora maila In tha oUier two 
nnntars; piga win inantad, and ifci wcrii waa eoinlawl. Vp ia that 
|i<>lt.;. Iha rtmlt wm oanllfiit, bat it hail boon fanndiaipeMlbU sntirsJy Is 
ti . lit ilie *ork vith tho delicacy with nhivb thohwnan hand cnltld da it. 
Ill hUaaoh madiinary th* tital imporunce of high spood and pivfoct 
Lilni.oa weiw Inaialail upon, and many curioua iiiitanuta of futun 
ro'iiUiog from uoglvct of theas [luiiila aore (ITen. 

.tfaMra. BanaAia* and May'i trvnall and key iiiachiuos were funhar 
du ortbad. aA>l llie adtanlagaa ol tliu pDiiiluiaiii aaw tor crvaa cutting 
wan wlrfl*^y in«sl«d on. 

(iraaoV ataevaottlng ■ucbinny was cipluned. ami th* groat ^uanti^y 
of w««\ abicb coahl be oxicaled by it waa dioww. 

It was asMiunonl that like 4iaoaai'm would be cintbtitd al tlio 
nut UM(tk«. Tutaday. Dtcambcr 1st. when iba m-inthly baUol for 
liwmbus wa«ld toh* jdao*. aud It time pennlilvt. ibo following Papei 
arouU ha real, "On SairMtla^ T»<Is emplmd la tha Manutaelura of 
);kgiiuw, Mid in Shsaring, INucbiog, aud KiTaiin); Betlar Plaw*,' by 



"Jk 



INSTITUTIOS OP MECHANICAL ESGIXEEttS. 

A'oe. IS.— SakcH. liiiOTii, Eaq., in tho tThAJr. 

'*Dttcrijili«n^Xa}flm'» tmfnttdSttvm-l/anMner." By Ciuillm 
M.tnxtux, of Dorl^. 

Id this baintiwr io ndditioo to the atMn bdiu ndntltud moAU' 
nouth Um piston to rvK tbe baminer, aa in Um ordiftafT caa- 
atractioD, ii oblD ba let ou iilao abort Ibe luatuD, ao u to iaenM* tba 
fonxi of the blow mrcn by the full of tho hanuiur, iMxottUi^ to 
the (iTMaun of Uia ataun. Tliia is dbct«d by mwaa at two 

S'liudrioal •LMin-'nUva^ oua al cocb cnil of th* qpliiidtf, Sud «a 
MaMn««pliiille,tJi« upDciriioetiBTiiifopaiHngaoDappaiito wIm 
only; Miilby luming iIis nive TtfaoA m iU aMtinf by«liidkl 
levrr, tlic njiciiin^ io Hit vkIv* cui titber ba anode to ooiisfida 
ttiili those ui the port, ao M to kdntU stMci apoD tfa* top of lb« 
pbtttiu ti> nuy tlcait^ extent, or ouii bo so plncoil >a to axttlDiIa di* 
Bt^am «iitimy from tbc^topoftbepiatoti,a«iii ordinary bmniiMr^ 
thiw working llie bitiQiner eitli«r doub)»«otiDg or ■iiigfe.aciiii£ 
The valve i* wnrkti) up Mid down 1^ eqqmu of toUen fixM 
oa lh« bAuinier block, which, m tb* hammar riaa* mmI Ulia, 
Btrlk« unioHt two prqaetiag wedgM^ coanadod witb tho vain 
lod by l0TeT«:by )i4iu*tii>eui«bRfbto(tbe*owi*djNa, tbo lo^lli 
ofBtrok«ortli«tiiuiini«r iansulktodaadetnred. Tba MljwiuiHal 
of tbe wedgM ia tfllMlwl by hand tereta, IimMmI of bj th« 
ordinorv tcnw Mar; th* workiog oan (bva bo altortd quItUy 
and #aallv, th« rjuve being oenrly ia eiiailibrivcD, aod otfarisg 
tittin ivalataaoe to b^Dg nioned. By iwliuitting ibe Mttat aboT« 
thr ptatou, a much gr«alcr Dumber of blowa i* oUatncd in tbo 
aame tine with tha l»niRm than hj tli« ordinary atMin-haanMr, 
eiving Ibe ailvAulnjutiiatioinncbBioni work caDtw don* biOBO 
nant, and tli« furor uf blow can be incrtaaad wboB ro(|UlfT^ far 
litrge for^-in^H. TliU tmniuier ia iJ*o inlooded to be applM to 
rivotinf thick platra of Iroa, Ui order to gua tba advanU|{e of 

SuIck light blowa at flrat, with hwvy ftuiibuig Uowi to oomplM* 
le nv0t, 

" On Lightins Railway Traiiu ttill Om, ititk a dtterfyttm 
Mr. T. J. Th-wipmn't Sjitlrou' By J. Kitaoo, of LtctU. 

The iiae nf giu for tbia pnrpoM poMeatet InporUut advaa _^_ 
over oil, iu the ootiat&Dt briUEaacy of tbo light, aariag la ojtpeaM 
of tiglitiug, ani] also snving by tui«LDg oa tM Ufjilita froat m- 
oooupied otrrii^^; but the difliaultiu* in pr««tiaal)y cnrrTing 
out tli« i^Mi for CTupIoyiiu; it iu railway en-Tingrw hare hitjirrto 

Eraveatad Ita adoption. Tlia plan propoaad iu the pApar ia Ia 
ftva a tmvoUiog gnB-bDlil«r Id cncb tmn, fix«d on tbe (coder or 
the guant'a van, tbe *id«a of tbe gna-boldar deacondiog Is a 
narrnw watur apoM all round, avtnding the oadDatioii and wtdght 
of wnUr that would aiCeDtl the use of a Urge qaantity of watat 
as ID tlie iirdianr^ coQatmctinn of gMntnoten, The supply nip* 
of euuh cArrinifo la ciiunectail by a flexible tube witb ooapijog 
joiata^ tbe couplingi beiug cunctroetod ao that ia lll*^ act m 
uii.«onpli[ib or in accidental breaknge. tbo oomniuiuaatioci 
between tu carriages la cut off, and tbe gaa ia thciwbv nr»- 
vuited trom aacapliig; ■ Dap-valva b pbcto at tbe gas-koldar 
preveoting aoj return current of the gaa in oon»«')iienoe of 
oaeQUtwaa. Thelirbts arekp]>t in fora conriilenUa lime. »b«a 
tbo oarringe ia dMaoneH aud cat off from tbo gN*-liolil«r, hv ni««ai 
of aa elaMlo ba^ which gradually oiwtncla witb a iligtiily >t*- 
cnadag i>r*aran>. Tbo gsaonieltn to aupply (he tt»iD* at pr(a> 
ripalatationiareof oritinniy ooaatmelioD, but baring ■ ihallow 
tank nf water on the top, in order to give an IncrMiaod pretvure 
f>ir fordog the gaa rapidly into the tiat-elluig gaa^kolder; tbe 
•Ution gaaom«t«r U firat Sued from ikecM inauiatth* opliaaiT 
pnMaure, iui-1 tli« wntcr U tlien let in to t^ taukou tbe lopof tbe 
gafoni*l«r to iaarcaae tlie preaaiire. 

" Dfeiiplbm qf a Ventilating Appatatnt fir Building*," j^ 
By Sajicbi. Tuo&ktvs, t>ritiriiiiii|;biun. 

In ilii« NppnnktuB, which Ja th* invention nf Ur. Cbarte Wa^ 
anu, of HnJifiii, thofroah air ia introilaoed at the (Ml of itwbaiU- 
iiig or place to bo veniilated, aUivwinjc of ita dlflmon over th* 
riioui A« it gr*du.-il)j dvacenda, and adtuittingofaaiiiiptoBrnttige- 
mont beingeiuployuilf'^r th<>pnrpoa* of the lapply aad itiacharg* 
of sir, conreniimt of appJicntiou and ragiilntioci. Tbe miilMor 
ocinaiaUof a vortical tiil«, divided ioto two paaaagea by a oputnl 

firtitjim, with a ret,'uU(ing rimuiier or viUvs at th* b»ttiian; ooa 
alf of tbe tube riMaallghtly higher tban iha other, which b 
found RulKdont lo d«icrmin« the paaaag* of the b«ac«d air «p 
through the longer, whllo tha coM a)r pnaaca down thmofb tfaa 
other. Tworegiikr currents of air are thus BaiaUined, and a 



I eontlii 



THE CIVIL ENG!NKER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAU 



415 



ROYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF AHTB. 
ATm. ti.— Okoiuik Wiuaust, M.L>^ fmiileoi, in iJi« Ch&ir. 
Th« PtmUmii op«BMl the aewioii with lui iiitroductAr7 »iV- 



eantlmioiM (huge of tAr la mniAil on, witbaut obJentionoUa 
ilraut>)iu or cumwt* of oold nlr. Tbi» vsolihlor bM boon ■»»■ 
ooufolly ap|dUd ta diy'iu^ houN« of <lj»-WDrici, &C^ kqiI pr(i*r«a 
OcmpMdy «ffic>ent in rfnixiriiig th« cocuUuit vknonr ottlinarilj 
«XMrieooM tbere; it ho* uIm bMn eraplojeil witb mlvuitage In 
•kipav antl bund to prMern vontiblioD whilftl the iMtebM mtv 
(a«WB«d down (or aeveml <laya during k atom). 

K AToe 

H^ The 

^KdtvM. which WH drdertd to ajipetr In tb« TrauMctiou of Ibe 
Boda^. 

The rapoTt of the I*ri» CooimitlM^ nwuiUng the price* for 
MMioa 1869-ft7 wu md, ud the priM* d«]iver«l b/ the Pnal- 
dnt ta the MoetMfltl oftnlidftMi^ ns. :— 

1. To ProfoiMnr C. I^aaal Snrth, FJL&E^— f<.'>rhia Ooinmnui- 
oKtiotu ( lat>, " On Uia ABgakr Diaturbuioea of Ship*, the inenr 
mvBienl at th«irftiaoonti and climinAlion of thoir olKicta;" itad 
(8)| hie " Experienca with hi* Vne RoTulver Stand for A Tel»- 
MMMHt Sen,uid hi* NaT»t Clinometer, duriugk voyage to Teii«- 
liUeis th« aiitDaMr of 1856."— llie K«lth prixe, viUne Utirtj 

■OVCfVlfCIM, 

S. To Junes M«lvilte Bklfonr, CE^ l^linburgh— for hie "D*- 
•oristkiii ofn UefrKcUoD ProtrKotor, ajid on it* a|>pli«ati(iB to the 
dM^phw <i( ihf Pfimiit Mnploml in Ligbthoiue AptMrataa." 
The Sodtiy't Silvor .MivUl and Plate, raliie fln«Mi aomtrlgne. 
3. To John 7,m\i K.ij, gwi nngiiirer, Puniitiv— fnr hi' tlcacrip- 
I tiOB of *^ (lai IJcxxl, uT afipjuntui for enabling a person to euler 
B naoneler fkill of )» or aur cbtutibiT lilleil with noxiona air. 
inthmt iDjorjr." — The Societ.v ■ Silver MeJuJ autl Plate, nine ten 
nrartigna. 
L -i, T^ Thoma* Uifpa, F.RS.R., CK^-for bl* "Short I)e*caip- 

^kHob of the Uange* OmiU."— Tbu Suciot/* Slver Medal. 
^B S. To RAlph and WUIimn Uoore, luiotng engiiMen, Qlaaeow 
^B— for thai r " r>eecri)>Ui>u of Combined Pumpa(tonilaewatw(Kai 
B(^U), without Ulndu.— The Sodetf^ Silnr Midal." 
^ «. To Usury Vn-ipe, Falcon Ilall— fur hia '* Notice aa<l Spfd- 
T HUBB of durable luid iudetiblo I*ibol« or Tolllea far riiinta."— The 
, SodetVa SUrer Medal 

7. To Robert Trotter, ecgiDMr at D(wiiUaod<a Hoapital, Edtn- 
nrgb—forhie"De8criptioiiarBMf-«ietit>g Ventilator, for Prime 
Mnua, Office*, Uall*, HoqpilliU^ Ac'— The Society'* Silvor 
'Medal. 

S. To Diuiel CorapbeU, (bmt4>r at Wemj« Cutlc, Fifcthire— 
Ibr (let), bl» " Dnonptlca of Imprond Iran Itnke," (it tiurooUnff 
WMoa loft untoudieil bj the Piiich hoe, auJ for Ibiiinliig and 
meding onion* or outoi* iu row*, and ntaking the rut in driU- 
inf; and (£nd), " I>e*criplioa of hi* Imprond Pnioiiig-Bill,' 
oamfalniuu the bill, uw, uMMuring-rod, atid walking' itafl*. — The 
SoeUtr'tSilTer MmIiJ. 

9. To llpnry Ktrr, watchinitker. Edlnbuigh — for the aiiperlor 
workiQiiiuhii) di^a\-rd in tlie execution of an Klectrie Clock 
Peniluluiii, BxhibitM by bim on 13th April, I8A7 — Tli* Raid 
sad Auld Ptiiit, value thrte aorereigua. iVuta.— Tbi* price i* 
««a(6«d hy the oommitMa, sot for the peodalum, but for Ui« 
■nperior woricnuuuhi]> ahown In It, the itold ami Auld PriM 
Vud bciDX for awKnliug nupprNir vorknutmihin oxbibited in 
uiythiut,' Duw in the art uf clock or watch making oy jonniejmen 
eroiaaten. 

Prmtttr^-OdUMt.—At the Went Hiding Q«oloffieal and Vofy- 

tmhulc Society, Mr. W. S. Wunl (hou. aea.) reail a Paper from Mr. 

Vf. n. Bartholomew, CLE., nMlileiit oiigiuiNr uf the Aire and 

Caldcr XaripitMn Compuiy, " On on ImpTowmniit iu Pmanni 

tJangM." Amudelwaa ■Uown, audit nppcaroi thatllieiuiprove- 

meut ooueUted lu an iuOex-liugcr boiug atuohcd to the inilde 

of Um glM* bo* uf the atuam preH*iire-(ptugt^ which wm movo- 

lible fi»wivd* by tho dial-Sng*r ol the IPiiigtv *'"1 *oitld thai 

the higheat pTMtnra attoiiwL Tbut, auppnaiag au eugino- 

IT un a nilway, in order to make up loal tin*, pnt on a 

kprNaim during hia jouniey, the inilex-finger wonUeliow 

Hid of hia joamoT Ih* higheat prewiue to wbieh the enpne 

nn*Hbject«d. Tlia adoption of such " tell-taleih~ a* tbojr 

I termed, would thuH, in caae of railway aoaideuta, Mof grwt 

I d fl'H iF M T updi tt>** I 



nmtm 



ARTEStAN WKI.IA 





TuK neeeaeity for an abundant inpplv of wholeaome watT to 
th* netnfMtia haa baooiae ao nrgwt, that it boborH a* nt I'lice 
to ••* bow It can be b«at obtained. Il oaiinoi hi.- prno'irf I by 
the pTMent node of abatraeiins nur drinkiug water frmii tlte 
nollutod Tharaoa, even at Teddington, above which point lli« 
■■Drenaiog eoalnbullone of t^w:!!.-^ friiin sobi« flfly ti%v'iiJt Ami 
vlUagea, oonneBoln^ with Oxf-'inl and niteading to TivldiuKb'n, 
(UMr the ri*«r. Itt* tmn thn »nt«r nt TnMinKton i* apuarfullv 
pnre; bnt it i* an only tn the eye ctcu after filtration. The evil 
may be denied and jiollintt^ by intcrnitcd wai«r coniponin, 
but the &(n oanuot be di«prov«<]. 

lu low-lyinc dietrioUv euch n* Reraiondaey, Cnniborwdl. Dej)^ 
ford, iMDMth, WandawofUi, for wont of fm and deep riv«r 
traaol ooaduita the aawnge wateia are driven hack by tidal in- 
flnenMv and percnbte thronsb the varioue etratai finding their 
way into the welle of theae dUtrUl*; m that nni oaty llio river 
iraien, bnt tb* well wateea, ara hij^ty chnr^l with tho eewi^fe. 

The bwt moilo of obCaiuiitR pnm, soft, wholeaome «Ml«r hi 
abundance, i* nndoobtedly l>y arteeian welU^ Ibe vaoeMa of whtoli 
in Fraooe, and lately iu (he deaerta of Sahara (tee " Sorirty of 
Art* Journal," Oct. Ulb, IMT, |)t«c 649) haa b*on proved; aikJ 
It only rtquiraa the adoption of artnaaa walla tn atcnr* eqaally 
aatleneton mult* iu our metropolin The eubject of arteabut 
welb ha* uoan rapeatnlly alluded to in thi* JvumaL hir. W, 
Analin ho* devoted couaidi-rable attention to it, and liaa h.vl the 
eo-opemtlon of Ur. D. Greenley of Pnntouville, who for tarty 
yeaN Im* been engaged in the oxocutiou of auch worh*. 

Thotv are do imtwdimenta to the geoend mtroductioB of art»- 
•ion wella iu the lUL-tropoli*. All that ii renalrcd \d the Jndioioiia 
apjilicatiou of oapltAl to eMiiK groat rvaiitlai It U mnoh bi t<« 
witheJ that the abaa<lon#d Arleeian Writ work* at Keuiiah- 
towB ahould b* raaamed, oxtending tho lioring three or four 
hundrtd fMt. 



Bcnzwa 

lUforU uf Com* rdaling to LtlUrt PaterUj^ InittUimu. By 
EuMuxu Ma^-huut. han, at tbe Middle Tenpte, Ban-iater^t- 
Inw. Laudou: Beuuiug and Ca ItUtT. 

Mr. Mriarflry, a geutkiDin of tho bar, of great experience in 
Ihtvut out-i, luia cotunieuooj a wrim uf raporta of caam reUting 
to paleiila deciiJ«d iu th* Court* of Iaw and F>qaity, aad brfot<e 
the .lii'licuil Comnuctre oif the Privy Cooocil. Part L oonUuiu 
n>porl« of the fcillnwing oaaea: — Uarriaoo'i Owe, in which a 
cbiini to a niAQhinc ba* been oonetruei) by the Court of CoBinion 
PIcaa aa extcniding to each of the part* of which il it oomiwaMt 
— Teble/a Cue: tbia wnaaa Mliou lor the tufrin^uinit by Mutsn. 
Eaatoti and Amoaof an inventian Air coruin improTeoaenlji in 
BuuhlnaiT f->r railing oud impelling water and other Itquidf, and 
aim thenby to obtiun mcchanioal power. A vtitdlot wa* entered 
for defeadiuit. On application by plaibtilT far a new IrinL the 
Courtof Ijueeu'a lloixih liold, Uuit pnrlaof nmachine deacribeo Bi>d 
not diadiumed, muat b« deomod to be daim«L — lUf'taaB nud 
Hoor*'* Cooc: in ihi* cmm the Court of Exuhetiuer held, that 
plana to the novelty of an inreutlan do not pat In ianie the nidtr 
ciency of tbe aped lioat Ion. — Culler** Oa«e : the Cuurl of Qooeu'i 
Bench ui this oaae decided that the new oae or apiilic&liou uf an 
dd artici* la not the vibject of a potent, alao that when two 
mode* of perfimainK an tnvBotinu are detcrilied, one of which ie 
nnelwa. the patent taiU— Buah* Cnae: in thi* the Coort of Bx- 
oheqtMr dedded the aauic poiui, tlutt a pnleni for a mere new 
appuoaliott cannot be ■i^portod; td»> that n claim in a tuaohlna 
tor n purpoae daeoribed, impntia a claim to Ihe machin* IImII^ 
InwpecuTe of it* application. — Day'* Caae: (he (jneea** Beocb 
in thia «n*a decided, thnt when a (nunited iuveu^ou ooiialate uf a 
new laode of making a piece of meohanleio, tbe iHa or Imltatlonof 
any material pnri in the making uf a limilar pieo* of inechanlHU 
ia an iufringMuent of the patent, although all th* other part* an 
Horromiwl in n diffomt manner.— Thompaon'a Ckte: the Lonl 
Chief RuioD >t tbe trial of this cm*^ rulnl that a paUatee may be 
aakod what be took hia pnUnt Arooi, and thikt tli* epeoifieatioti la 
not omdniii re evidence of that tar which tbe [lateiit wm obtained. 
Two otaaa with the form* of applicDtioti for kave b» enter die- 
elalmera are givra in Fart II. Thoaa report* are illaatmted with 
wood eugnving*, which tnaUe tbe Kaner to dt«rly oadentaiid 
tlw poiuU in iBMU, 



416 



THE CrVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOUBNAL. 



MANrPACTDRE OF PKOJECTiLES. 



Joiu CoopB Haddak, C. E, Pitbnm, April S, 18S7. 
(IPttI Engrains, Pl«lt XXXII.) 
Tiiw invmtinti coiwiMU, flntlv, in miumEicturiiig projcolilM 
wiUi UMcb-buJu*, opcuiuga, or ounniiete UiTMigbar npoti Umib, 
for the purpoM uf igniiiajj fn^iu lb« miusle or % eomcaon norur 
or gUD UiH powiiler or ohupa em)>loj«d tbr Um nrapaUon of Um 
pr^MtiliM, uid lit (tiadwtging wicli projoctilM by moftu of «]«o- 
tric wires or fiuM^ or oUim' oquivaloat m^n, iuwrted tlirauj;h 
Mioli touoli-hoin^ opciuDn, or oluuuwU nUiur bfrfbro or •Tier 
plncing llifl pTDJeotilw iii Um cauiiuii, murlitr, or gun, 

The fcUowhig fieorM IIIimitsU tlw luntioer of pnrfonuinff tliU 
part of ihe UivooUon. Tig. 1 in x wctloii or an itapravedeulid 
■liot, simiUr to an onlituirf ■olid uliol, with the umple exaeptloo 
of tlie bolt^ opefiiag, or ehouoel a, which n fomod either at the 
tima of cMtinif or wm be OrUlixl in it nftcrwarda i fig- S >« ■ 
i^Motitfn of an fmptOTixr hollow shot or aliell, alao of tbo ordioarj 
luoriptlon, tfao tab* b, Mtowed into h for fomius the cbnnDoi a. 
t'iealeathar orolhor waahsr for the ooLlar IPof thr tube to bear 
ixaiiut, iu> M to roalcD a tight joint- t'ig. 2 ii a neatiou of jiart nf 
rurod aliell, <uuilar to Ihut >Iiowu at tiji. 8, «xooptiDg thnt 
of AterY' &t(iuc for tlie tube A a tnpir IlLiini; in adopted, 
the biba ia A»d by two aixiall ecrawctl pin* e, e. Fig. 4 
wctioikal view uf the clMmbor end o( an ordinorjr mor- 
', ahowiug the method of firinjc the improved pn^eetilea For 
ia nurpoet^ a vdmU aUok A, ia emplo^edi M aeeo al llz. A 
pcaiifl lo the obaonri a of an iupro^ aheU, Um upner and of 
tiM •.'hnnnal boiug enlai^eil (na rapnaantad have, and alao in fin. 
1 iui<l ^i, for lh<i parpoie of receiving (he lower rnd of the BlicK. 
vhich in to Iv plocvd into it before firiag. It b to be imderaiood 
lut thi! sLi>'k iMtalioUowpaannoraliaiuul thfong)iIt,aali]dl- 
,t«d 1>T iloiioJ lioee In Bg, S, and that tlila diaiiual, and aJao the 
Mima in th^ levoml prvjectllo*, itre In b« filled with powder 
any xiiitiiiilo iz&itinK campoiitiin either at or iiDineJintoly 
bra tli« liiDc of ArinK, or praviouidy, *□ an to be reaily for use 
len rrquirvd. Ths ilincb&rHe ia to lie efl'i-oloil \>y means of an 
linary fu>>«, pUeeil on theeiid of the etiok when rv<)Uiipd, or by 
% li^hl applied dirMtlf to the Mtd of the aiiok, or b^ nieiUM of aa 
ordlMry iiuillandlruiyMM; urihe tube may Iwvewiroaprovioiuily 
find or pbKod therein for the pnrpoa* of firing by electricity. 
Tba pAtenleepreforatoRuJceooewirelioltowor tnbuhuvorof an 

81-ahaped aeetion, eo aa to Up round or inoloee the other, and 
ley aie to be loMlat^l from each other wiik a gutU percha or 
~ ihar ooveriiig, and united with a fine wire or nnall atrip of pla- 
nam at tlie point inlcndail to be iDsorted into or next to the 
ipoaition or piwder, for the parpoea of igniting it wliea the 
iaum beoomea heated by tbe paaMge of electricity alimg It 
wine are iuieu'lad u pa« oompletely through the fltioh, and 
down and piutruiiing tbreagh tha cliaun«l n itt the projectile, 
(whioh etiannet ia not ti> be fllled with pitwdcr or oninpaiitioo 
when aleetoie ISriiig i* iuteoiioil}, and ao ai to Uwoma iaiertnl in 
III* urepelJiug eharge employed in the ohawber of the luorlar. 

Toe •aoandpait of the Invention conalataln diaclinr);lag pT»- 
Jwlilas (whottiitr niaiiulitnttmid aa above act forth ur ntborwiM) 
tbe niurs iccimtuly In iiny required direction by mmnii of nn 
improved ■mgloor duablo tcleaoopeor Njbtit^ tube.arappnntiu 
tiitol nith l<^gii,limba^atMidanla,orBUpjK>rte(adjiurtableor other- 
wiw) juinlly witli pointed or V aorlboea of ooutaot, for natlng in 
(■oiYuaponding holea, groovaa, or Dobcba* In or apon the cannon or 
^gaa, ao that the l^p^ linbi, atMidarda, or sopporla may be re- 
Hioved with ttieielaaoa^orBghtingtuboornpjinntiu itwif from 
tli« canuou vr gua immediately before diacliArgmg it The follow- 
ing la the mannerof mrforaningUilipartof the invention. Fig. 8 
la a ude elevation of an improved apparatna adapted for tliejior- 
poae rrferred bo; fig. •, a plan view; and fig. t> an elevation of one 
■•■nl of tbe Mnie. A la an ivrdiuMT leleeoope fitted with "eroH 
bjure," inUDiled to be aeen ur looled tlirough in the direetion 
ileouled by the arrow B, in figt. t> and 7; C la a IHme at one end; 
and l>, a frame at the oUiar and, iu which the telaxcipe A Is 
tBOOnted; both fnuaeaadmittiagw vertical adjuaUnent by mcAns 
of the aorawN 1^ £, aod the aorew T reapcotivcfy. The method of 
BotiutiMg in tbe fnuuea ia In- metuu of alidea ti aiud H reepectively, 
the ^Ue allowiuK a borfionlal adjustment of the forward eod 
of the tekaoope wilbiu tlw fntae C, ao aa to turn ur direct it iu 
any boritocital dimotion (wilbiu coriain Uniita) from Uio f^ane D 
a* a erntrc!. ai denotoil by tliv arrowa I, 1, in fig. 7. K ia a rnok 
fixed loa fiaiue C, iiud L the handle of a piuion gtaring with it 



for efTeoting this adjuatmoit. Tba annntaa geoendly ia Inten- 
ded to be mad* of bnua or gnu metal, bat the iHtjiuiin(aei«wa& 
JB, wbieh form two out of ita three lege of feet, tenniniate b> aKel 
plaa or pointa E*. B*. He third Mg or foot M, whicfa also bM 
a steel pin or poLut M*, la fitted lo tM fraiM D ao aa to be ad* 
justable tlunviii, Cjt tbe putpoMof fistu (lie potnia bgr meaiM (tf 
the clamping ecraw M* at tlia aama dataiUB ftooi each otber 
Duder varying pouliona of tbe vertical a^fuatineat, in (act, ao aa 
to adapt it to regiater eemdlj nadar the varTlng cirwi i naf a osa 
mentioned within emdHiolea made forthmr reetptiea in tbe caiy 
non or gnn, foi the mora kccunite diacbarging of which tbe apfia- 
ralu* ia intended to be ueed. P ia a eroaa teleeoupe of ordinaiy 
oonatniotion, likewise fitted with "crMabain," and mounted spM 
tlw frame C br means of a ball and aodlcal awivel joint, erfaidi al- 
io wn it to turn completely round, and alao aBbraa cosmmIi 
n^ioal luljuattuent, and Q ia n damping aorew for fixins it 
adjiMteil. Spirit level* mav be fixed on one or both orth* 
soopea. The mode of uaing thcappanUoa ia aa follows ; — The can- 
non or gun having been dbreoted or laid, tbe appanttoa ia lo be 
phiood npon it with the ftet or pointa B*, £*, and U* nattoc ta 
tlie aorreepoudlng boles, ooeof which (iotendtti for the point M^ 
may b« tbe Uiucli-hole of tbi- cannon or gun- Tbe telaaeope A ii 
then to Uidiracted ao that ila "oruas baira* may ooindde with 
eomo fixed object forwanbt or aomewbat In tbo intaaded dirao- 
tioD of firing, and liketviae alio the leleaeofM P is to be or may be 
directed so that ila "ci'owi Iwra" may ooincido with aome fixnl 
ot^eot lying nt right anglea or obliquely with regard to tbe diree- 
tion of tlie t«loicopc A. The varioua 'J""r'"B Kn** w tbeo 
to be flxal and tlie iuatrumeiit caMfdIbr nOMved, when tlw can- 
non or gun may be dlaohAtged wiibout rnjariDg >L If tba ahot or 
audi aEould bavi> stmdt or rsMhed tbo exaet intended dcatin^ 
UoD, the apptuitliia being earetiillj replaced t^)on the cannoa or 
gun, will attoi%l the dic*u> of directing or t^ingiU aaelly aa b«- 
foiv, for wbioh purpose it must be afilfted or moved uutU by 1»- 
apeotion through the leleaoopta tbe eroas bain an fowsd ^un lo 
coincide with tlie fixed objects to wbidi tfaey were originally 
directed. If tba direction of tbe abot or ahell should prove in- 
ccrreot, refmated altentions of the poiitioa of the auwoB or gua 
are to be made and repcatnl niljuDtnienta of tbe teleaeopaa taada 
till a auocMafal rciiiiU u uIiUuuaL Tbe mora pattMnlar oUeot of 
the tdesoope P ia for fixing the direction when the forwiuxl view 
oommiuideil by the telescope A ia clmiilcd vidi the ■n)->kc of re- 

Cud diodinrgoa. 1 1 i« to be remariced, that instead of pointed 
, V"'i'^|^'l fool or aurineea of contact nay be auWituted, tba 
holes io tlie cannon or gun being replaced by groovM or soMiaa 
la correspond. 

Thia invention haa reference, thirdly, to the mnnnfiietnr* cf 
projectilea which connit jointly of a pruiectUa aod a wail, tbe 
projKtile taperitig towards its tail end, and tbe wnd being 
rsndily sspninblf! from the projectile. Or, this jmrl of the 
inveniion may be considered as a DM«na c^ or an itpfMntu* 
for dincharging projectiUa; in either ease the pmyootile ia* 
tciidrd being of a more than ordinary leagtb. or tlie m 
of the uul end being sucb a* to leoiler luapnlioUe or 
convenient the ordinary or hitherto nubliahwl method*! 
npplying the wad. And this *eJd part of tbe invoniioo 
in iuterpoeing between the hack or tail end nf ttie pn>JMtUe 
the wail n metal pUtot disc, or euji, so ooiutrueied a* to nrntB 
the toll end of the projootila in the centre line of the hon of tbe 
cannon or gun, aiid receive tits ptussure of tbs wad againat H. 
and either ao that rotation mAy tliereby bo tmpartad to the pt^ 
JDCiili? or otberwlas, but in all casoa so ai that the projefAile ll 
luny r«iulily learo both the plate, disc, or cupi and tbe wn,\ Iwl 
it ill ita flight. Tbe followiug figures of 9 to IS illitiLralo 
manner of perfonnliig thia part of the invention. 

Tbe fie 7 r^rceenu tbe nneral idea, oar, and appUcatlea 
auggMtedby tlw foregoing dMnttion. Tbe dott«I Mat* m tailt- 
eaie a longitudinal section of the boie of an crdinaiy ouidob or 
gun. a ia the elonwted t.-vpering projeoiite proper (in exterior 
view); 0, the separable wad (in smIIoii)-, and p, tbe !ot«Tpaacd 
"metid plate, disc, or cap" (in aectiou), bare lepraeruted aaq* 
ooulcal fonii. The croaa aection of the proieattle. fig. IU, audj 
n&renoo letters ^ q, g, are intended to snow tnat it may hi 
tbe awelliaga or projections upon It. as eet forth io a 'former 
speeilication of tlie patentee beanng date tbe SOtfa dav of Oetobw 
1634. Fig. II is a delacliml view .)f tlie extrMu* tail eod of the 
projuclUc, tbe reference « in this figut^, and abo ia other f 
denoiicg on imn iwJ empbiyed when the pnijertila is a 
lead or soft melal, for the piu^KW of etnagtheiiii^c it, (tbe i 



w 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AACHITECTS JOURNAL. 



417 



dlW being nut tnmi Um Iron rad, «r tke rod Wmx KfUr- 
wiudt litWil in tbo pva}*«tll«)> Tl* front and nf the r»j U 
poiaud, tha InteniMa bdag^ tliftt in the croiit of iu beoiiBiug 
driv«ai or forocd furtlivr ialo tlie praJMliU it um; CUM it to 
exptuid ^ighUjr »l iu pMicat iliiuu<i«r, uid furt» ttia •wnUina 
f, f, f, Dior* tigbUy Into th* ban at (li« outooit «r gun; the bock 
cntl ia olao p-ntttd to At anlnal tb« awicml pUi« p. When ili« 
projectile la iBftda or hjudURUaMl of ioAihUI the rod ia nut ra- 
qtiirad. 

The pateatae abom other allgbt DndifloatkiiH, audi aa Uia 
ooBtod pbtle being praeaDtod in a ra<r«raa direetloo, la Uic form 
of tlie froaUun of a eoaa ibalaaH of a ooiupleW oooe. Ha 
obaerrea iu all caaM that the tail end of tlic pngeotile ooirea- 
posda witii tlw plats, aad iba wad ia alao to be of a auilaUa 
OomapondiiiK bnn. Tlie vperatioB of tbe diae and vad ia to 
kaap tha tail end of the pnjitHi» In tba centre lloa of Iha bore of 
the guu- It ia to be notwl, that tha plMaa, dUc*, or cnpa nuf be 
fonumi either of iroa, bia», or other rattable tnctnl or tunl«rial 
W puaahiiif^. eutin^, or iu aur oibcr funvenient otanuer, and 
alao tbit Uicj nuf have aoT oiMr miuble fura or praintHout 
thao thoae repreaentadi and alao thai than la no apwLu feature 
of novellj ill the material or motla of malcliig the wacbv wkiefa 
nttf be aa heretofnra, rxcepUiig onlv that they retiulre to be of a 
shape oorreepoDding with Iha partieolar form or plattv diec, or 
eup wbiob t* ecaployed. 



RQIBB or THE XORTH- 



ARCHITECTtTRAL COMPET1TI0N& 

Ur. Ktlwud Mallaudine lately nad a paper bdbre Ibe Arefai* 
leeUinU Aaaoeiatioa. on "Arehitecture aod ita oonneMioa with 
GompetttloB.'* A oiaconfoD en«a«l, iu tha oonraa of whkb 
Ur. WJf^ar obaarvad that, It waa tltu dut^ of tha Aiaociallofi to 
draw up and ntabljiiji a cudo of oompetitioq, wliteh ]d)nal(l be 
aeul for approval too^ier foeictiea at home and abroad, luid with 
tliia view be propoaed the following reaolnleona >— 

« 1. That Moaara. BUlinga, Capee, Colling, GrM', Haywnnl, 
Keknuio, Tntefitt and Younf, with powte' to add U> their nasiber. 
be r«>)ui«[iHl to join the manibera of the oofumiltec, to rcriw and 
psbliah a new eonipetition oodu, Gnt printed by the Aaaociaiion 
IB ISM. 

5. That it be made binding on all maBibara of the Aaaocbtloa, 
nreaent aod fnuno, to aign the contprtiUm «oda when approved 
by a apccial geneiiJ tu«eliog, after the code ha» been iMd at a 
]«iTiona meeting; aoil that nny breach of aucb code aball rauder 
the luriDtwni liable to eiuluaiou froiii the AeeoBJatloo, 

3. That till- c»tii|M>iitiuii oo<l« be pablialied by DMaoa of a loose 
sheet ini)>-ru<d ia the profeaaioiul jMipert onosevary year. 

4. That a oiipy of the oonip<.-tition code be forwarded by the 
aecret.uT' uf ilie Aaeodation tu uvery competition oomniittee, iritli 
a t««)ueat that it be adopMd, *o aa to allow of tha numbeta of the 
Aaeoeiatiou lakiiu giart in the oonijwtltlon. 

A 'Hial a apccijtl o>ni|MtiLiou faad ba raiaed by ih* Aandatioo 
from amunz iu lueuiiwra and their Criecidi^ to aan7 on the ex- 
penee of )iubluliiug. 

6. Tlini vvury member of the Aaaoclatlon, who ia alao a meoi- 
barof the Inatituta, bo iovilad to eoacarioa moninria] tu llie 
oonadl of llw Inatitnta, repiMU ting what haa been done and 
rraolred on by the Aaaodation, and ouling upon the InatihUe to 
do the wune. 

7. That the tana Inritaiion be sent by tli* ofBusra of the 
ASBOaiadon to all the other arcbiteotuml aaaooationa, at home 
aad abroad; aad that ailher tlie president or the aoeretary of the 
Aaaodation, or both, be rei|Uc*U»il to ccounuuioatc with the local 
and profeaaional papem. in theuauMof llie Asaoolaiioo, wbunover 
any defMUuu o>nipe*it>oaJndgmautBare pointed out lo tbeot, or 
flonw nnder tlieir notice." 

llr. BeawfiU aecoDilcd the reaolntioiu; And after rrmarka by 
Mr. Oapea, Mr. Iticluuan, Ur. Lloyd, and Ur. UiuUicr, Ihu r«Bo> 
lutiona wefocaniad. 



Siganr da CrMolM) ktelT oililbllul >i the InetliuUen <d Ciri] Eogi. 
BMn, an aptaaMae ntoiKMBd (or addiiv in (be aamit of aleF|> incliiin, 
TheajiteD ea oe ieie J Inaiiaehing to tbt peritibeiyof ibedriiing Bkcr)! 
of the engiDa B nttmbwof coiill "hi el*, •hmt. abwHing ^mou a aerie* 
of osce eeoncoiod «tlh (he nils, it waa aeanoMd weuld naaiantlj aap- 
port the tnia ia ilaaaeraL 

Ko. SU— Vol. ii.~DBmutED, m7. 



The Uanehealer City Council liave electod Mr. Janaa Oas- 
ooigna Lynde, of WeatiniBster, to the office of dty mmror, at 
the eahuy of ISOl. par sannra. Ur. C. B. Oawley, ot MnntAoalcr. 
ai>d Mr. O. W. Suvaitson, of Halibi, wore alao propoaed. 

The New Cora EiolMDge, Didoot, baa been opened lor lassiMBi 
though not yet ooiDoleted. tile asohaage ia vet; doae lo the 
oovcred etatluB at bidooL The eeatmctora an Maeara DomveU^ 
of Oreanwicli: and the anAileca >a Mr. B. O. Fiaher, )iin.of Waet- 
tninater. Tlie baildina' ia btong orried oat under the sapetiu- 
tandeueo of Hi. W. E. Crake, of London. The eatioaate waa 
101 It. 

Tna Kinff «f Denmark baa conferred the order of the Dnaft- 
broz Dtion Mr. PhU'Ii, civil engineer, for hie pauipUot on Uia 
Jatland Uailway, and other aanrioiA TUa ia ihe eecoad lima 
during the pr«Mut reign that thb order, the liighast bat one 
in Deamark, baa been given to an En^iabmaii', Wr S. M. PeM 
iMving been invcatod with it on the ooaaakia of the opening, 
by the King of Ueiuoark, of tlie Royal Daauih Railway. 

FkoM Colonel ^rrvir* plan for the propoeod suapsmslon-bridge 
at Clifton, it appears that the span of the etnietare wilt be 708 
feat, and the principal aopporU iivn-irit* oablea, of aevenl tbou- 
aandaofatrandaof the bast and atnngsst bun wire, al>otit tha 
sise of a ooiumon quUl-paa each. Iney will be done qji in 
bundles, and wrapped round with soft wire. From lli«»e wire 
cables the platforw wilt ba Bnapand«L On either aide of the 
roadway a parapet of timber U to be built, & feet h^b. Hia 
oablca, allhongh of win, are (ontposad uf great niuuGcriw aad ■ 
are bouud together In solid maasae; it te Intend*) to hava . 
ao mauy strands that, eollrctiraly thay will carry seven ttnsa i 
their own weight and the weight of the euapcoiduig^uds aad ] 
rcadway, and aeven liniee aa much we^t apoa the readwayasilj 
wonldhaveupontliffilMuuitafuUanJerowilcdwithpeople, Tb* 
eaUee will be carried over the towen^ and securod in auhos^pala est ^ 
theroeks,inthcaaatlaBauor. Each separate etnnd la to ha eeatadl 
with a varnish, made of unoudistbte material, and lh« interstioM 
bolwcon them are to beflUed with boiled liuawil oil,. uidih'oiido 
of Pnuiklinito/which eefneota them into a aoliil, duilic, luii] witiei^ 
proof maoa. The roadway Is lo be 19} feet wide^ and eimilsj- 19 
the flnah-deok of a ^ip. Uie pUnks boiug laid Uogihwiae. The 
beams are l« be of hard pine, and the floorinz of epraoe. The . 
Mrapet, ft feet in height, is to be in the fomi 01 trneies, bateM^j 
by iron bolts at the eeeticoof each panel of the trusstaod, insMn 
of this, an iron uetwotk ialo baseoiired, There are uowinneal 
four heavy wirw auBpaMleo.bridg*«, each of mnoh Iobmt apui thofJ 
the Clifton. Thejr an the Lawiston Niagara Brii%«, l<HS ftoM 
span— the tongsat in t)iowneid'-andes«cl«d by Cofenet Serrell ttti 
l9Mi the eeoond, lOlO feet epaa, over the Ohio river, at Wheel-] 
'mg, built by tht Boc.C. Ellet, fai 184S; the third at FVibnr|^ (CO ' 
fMt qwi eUffnetr, Mona. ChAllny, bnilt in 1^34; and tli? o4licr 
la over the Niagara at Belbvac, 7Aa foot, begun in IMti, bv Mr, 
B]l«i, aod 6niahed in 18U, by Mr. Hoebliug. 

Tea (own oonnoll of tpiwldi luveagread to a phin of eewenga^ 
auhiult(r<l by Mr. Polar BrulF tu the aeweraga oonmlttee, and 
recooimendci! by them for adoption by the oonnril. Hr. Bruff 
nropoaca Uie formiiiioa of a nuiin ioterapting aewor cqaal to 
21 miles In length, and other Work* The Mtimalod net coat ef 
Memting the whole, iiidiidiag micfnll wtirks for aieiwe oCi 
storm-wateis, Islemi acwcrs and otreetdraiiui, bat eidiwve ofl 
oompeci*atiantao«rnanaiidoocnpiefeafpriva(«prapcety,ist&7Mf. 
of which *au SI,4TW. U for Ipuwiditowa, and -UlV. far^ka 
euburb. Cua|ieDsadaa, &«, incliiaive, tlia probabt* expenditure 
in aU b eatimated at 30,000^ 

SavavAL iinprm-emanta have bean and are about to be offorled 
in Hyde Farki fnah roads and paths and Aawer beds ane being < 
made, which will add materially to tha beanty of tlia park. J 
Opiwalle Albett-nad a new entranee, with a lodges la abogt t04 
be erected by the proprietors of the a4jnaeDt property, who •miH 
be anaweraUe for any axpeoae that uiity be iamrtvO iu making 
the fkaeb mad. TIm new lodge at C^■nllM>rInIld tiale in uiwrly 
ocmpleted, and an lllnmioalad cinek ia about 10 be pat up, atniib^ 
to the one at the lodge at Hjda Park^onier. The miudpsd im< 
provement completod eince laat anring ia (be formation of a walk 
nearly three^imitera of a mile Ln length, rauDlng paialle) triih 
the foyewatar-mad from the Marble Ar«k to Cteiainatoa Oaih 
deaa On aa^ adc of tha path than are wid* beds Hlled irilb I 
some IhoDsanda of shrubs, which, when they are aidMeBlly 



.418 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AElCiHTECTS JOURNAL. 



, will Diak« tbis wnUt tlio liiwat in Uia nuk. Bcdbni tlia 
ariwrfjun of lliMC bed* Uie diffcreaco of the hcigbt from Ibe top 
of the sal] CO the sniund waa aii fe«t; it in DOw reduced to an 
knrm btlgbt ot kbmit two feet uiil a half, th« beds being so 
Ciraiod iw to alo|>o iiio-nnlit lorarJit tli« pivk. Tlii* pnrtion cf 
Ibe park w!u ■■onuiHin^ ■ grtM, evcKtrQ, nml woa a oampl«<o 
uuimno.'-, it will iiavr bnoneof thc'ii)natfnvoarit«w)Ulca. Duriitg 
thr iiii'.ii[iiQ a aimittr walk lina Imnmi luaile froiu the Mailj)i> Arofa 
ni-iti^ rhi> front c>f Pitrlc-l»n0 lu far lu Stanb'ipo G.ilc. TLi« will 
W <v'nij<I.'t*ii in tli» cuurw i*r <i few '1*;% thfl bcnU hftviu); boon 
Mliuily pUoloJ uiil Ihf pathwny tviog ODorlv mads. Tb* wklk 
will he Dcorlf half a tniln to Icnglh, and wilt tuna a emitinuou* 

Eromeuade with that already rtfurrvd to. It ia kIbo propoaed ta 
itTodiMe iuto thme beda a ti<aiuber of rbododutdruns and otlter 
AlBarimD nlanti, and ia iho tpriag a quantity of half bardy 
pluila, •» that in fact Ihcno pcitlM wUl M mty timilar to tbo 
most invoatite walks ia KenaiiKtAD (Jardciu. It ia olao pii>- 
pOMd nuxl T«Ar to fonn a walk c7 the aame dMuriptioo from the 
nt« *l Hyde Park-ceirQar lo tli« new mtmnoe at Albcrt-rowl, 
but b^bn thtt can ba aococnpliithtd the Houm of Cotitniona' 
pulac will bava to bu Ml; aod whuu it i* neon vhAt baa bran 
Aconmplishcd «ith the litiiu tiKiiMy in haiid thoy will probably 
be dbposed to bo a littJa more liberal. 

A nulwar «nlUd the Eden Valloy Railway Iim b«nD projmitK). 
Thinliue will oomtnenoeat Clifton, n«trPonrit(i. on the I^Eiticiiiita- 
Util Oiriiale line, aiid eitend lo Ihu 8r>utli l>utbnui and I>«iim- 
(hlre Duioa Railway (tiow In t>>m«« of oonatruclicTcV nt Kirkbr 
SUpli'B. By tliii railway III* pivdam of thv Diirbniu i^nnl (i<*lil 
am bo readily ooaroyai to ast«D«in) diatricta of Riiul.tnil and 
Irelanil wfakti tuive bithertu boeo aapplicd witb an iulVrloF 
quality of coal, at » oainpmlively bi^ price. The gradioota 

Sum the lint are favuiinUe, ttie work* of na eaay obanwte<r, and 
t««fla fnva coal, coki<, lime, and miuvrala, toffsther with 
MMennni and merahaiidiM, will. It n helivnd by tli« promoter*, 
be flil^ remanenilive ta iJie •fanrobolder*. The line will bo 
twciilj'two miliM iu Icngbl, aod the capital proposed l« be raiaod 
U I3.'<,000<: 

(x reportiiig opon the tunnelling of Mount Ceoia, 1£ Banco, 
eliit'f engineer of tlita attipendoua work, baa «ommuaicat«d tJie 
roll'itring data to one oftlie FVeneh periodicala:— "The tanail 
will extend to the leustb of 19 to IA kilouitre*, and a« amn baa 
n«ver behtv gou<! «o far into the eutroUa of tlie oarlh, the mardi 
U toward* ibo unknown. Tbo next difficulty la the rather larg* 
lake Btuated at the tup of Mount (.'«aia, and the loval of the tun- 
nel ha* been laid to deep for avoidiu tjio daairar of thmo water* 
percolating lo a aurGiioeooDpoaed of iooeeaaod. Tbo jj^eatbeiicht 
of ftlouDt Cenia and the lake pnvcot tbe piercing of air •liafU for 
vadtilalion- Twi> parallel ^loriaiv ooraniQaicailug with «aoh 
olber, ore intetided to obriate tliia inooDveaimoa. Coqjolatiy 
with the osploeiOD of minea, a huge mnobino (iliiuld) will opente 
tlie wurk of plereeage. Il iJt oaloulated tliat nx ynn' time, aud 
fonrmllllons<,>rfmDcii will be re(|uir»<l fur completing the pt^rfo' 
ntKuiiifthe Alp- Tlio company, "Victor Ejnmnnuel," think 
that th«y will theteby obtain the largett abare of the tralBo of 
Fran<v with Iialy and the Eaat Viotoir Emmanuel, conaideriog 
that this in a tiork iiiterMtiug to humanity, ia diipoaed to ^vo 
tbe half c<r the above num from the ravenuM of tbo state, aud the 
OotB|»uy baa to pav the oihifr half— bill only whan 4 kllomilrM 
of the tunnel hare been completed." 

At the Brittol Mining Soboot. tli« fint leclur«of tbe teaiaa 
waa ^"mt by Mr. Thoiaaa Anatin, CE., on " Sorveylug and 
Drawing Inatmtnanta." Much importonoc ««a at one time at- 
toclinl to tbe tniroduetjon of acTcrid wirea into tb* warn of tbo 
wire tape; but aa tbeae wire* wen neoeMarily oonverb>d by tbe 
woof bto heliicea iu the p re c iii of inattoflmtnte. this tuM wm 
more llaUe lo atntoh than the oidijiai^ tafw. The double lluen 
tapti with ribbed wnrp, wm the leut objoctionnble of any of the 
tapoa, and wna very u»ful in taking oSwta, or amongat boildlngt 
or otW intrisilj) wi«k, Tbe Auerioan rule waa an iaplotooat 
nauallv uuute iu yard or two Tard lengtbi, ia pieeea of Itoni or 
wbaleuccM, four or sis inclies li>ng, about half an inch wide, and 
one alitaentb of on inch Uiick, and mad» to adhere together by 
the application of thin glun: tli(r)-weretlienroiluc«d to tholr pro- 
per fonn, and the incbce marked off opononeof tbeirauffitocai at 
tboeo Buhaa bole waa drilled, through ^e entire number, and » 
■ikcr ^re dmwn through Uie holca. Theae, when completed, 
were remarkably aon<«c(. 



Huu itn nqatnd tit itw ulunaml of thn Waikluus at fkuiMM. k 
ntmOK HI. Wd Ml, PwUnMn auj bi hM ot Vt.V. BiWikM. 
(lurtbu. Si. FflVi ttakb«i< BiiiLi. Tu he hdI u Iij Ua Mk laMM. 

TbrTmn l>M«dl<if Wil«UI*nri«lniuofneililii|| ptauaaitcMMatMlMiliiMW- 
<l(M>i Wklulloft nwUlmfr. nnViaiUtttaMUihm » m»Urtti*Wtntf, 
• InanrE-iuuqi, ■ raiiliiit'naBh *i>4aboiu> far Um UMailao. Tit irialmrtMl* 
t,\ii'i*i laOiiL HanMoiwa, but Uv uiul conuuiiilrs (o Uc vifonaCU vwMaMr kf 
■npi^ii.ndlnK tbg mniai of tb* talMlif. IMIfu id b* aal to ll> •««« 
WilLiuvLiK jmL,iifv:i<kr^ bj the Utb kokUot. 

Thq Uiuul BiiuO iiT Ailidird, Kint.m'teliwrffMit-l'.-' "^<i*. -(.-ii-rx -hIiH' 
Aniiuai. ■luminuiM. to* InjlMontinilaudiaatiij ':. - ItaM 

iuf ttiD flrHdCPBuf Au #utfuM<lMe», tnoinUir-flffir** -ifimmttt 

mil. Fmsiiin of till, tia Iha wfl/rvi lOu. A Mil taf 

eUMt iDfonaUiDu. ■ui bt obtunid bb (pfUcalUD *»>-' r k In na 

Bmp^ m ■^iku llic |<luu u* lo te Itamidvd In lb, '■ 

Vmlmt *n liTltnit fOi ae (rttUfa << Piblta Biabi ^. J-^i _ . . ^i^lb MV 
riWH*. IWUculut uii]> to tUtiaai *t Mi. O. W. titonuwa. u« tana^ 
M0na*r. BilU«t, V<«k>tilni 

Flui. alUi ipHlHcalUioi ami eflinalc ■tt tniUail fw f ■ ■lie ant iiftaf aMI (a *Mk 
dUinul OhunAnnl tt Hum. MlddloKt. I-nnivii. ill. loliieiam n« W 
obUiSMlof Ur, W.WjsUirr.liui,, foiItT nlvft. Iltnii*. to ubia |<ua »•■* »i «a« 
by tbe IM Janiufr bui- 

tbaUoUllMnl of Hsallb to Itn Ml Mw PIWM. t* «< tfc tm T. ai*«awie»rf 
anMilflugihtlutohHttUiit >t m »i»ia ■■ ihrnjira at •fHa(«IHU Om 
niualic haOHa; ami lunu iba aHaaOm tf aaglnvra to U« tat^Ki- A wwilMi 
of 1 lldj. fiw am PUn. BiKJacaliM. ua Mlla>H» af rei^iUn —rlM b a«»»wT. tlaaa 
tol»atul>ab)rt»alika(JaaiuiTB<«l. Ms MkokB afttf W Ut Chak, attH^ 
10. Albim |itw. UUaivca; M to Ut. Juoia Wat. Mtoinmc, 

nuu. ■iib aOiiuUi, an iaiiUd tor ft Oalltet >« ba atMid al KM*a, abaial uMa^ 
IM»w Undknl anil LaaJi, tn Iba Kortbam BtftM BtHUMa OkUv. n» 
niiiru Ml ud 3)1, lafnnnBtlnn nia b> alMlud oo upUoUa to Mi. Ilapt^ 
DuoiD, aaoMaiT.BMMB OUIaca, UiHUanL Han W b MM IbIt ia> Iliaar 

JbllUVT DUL 

IinrinnouiBdalaaf riaillNaraknIMd te Iba anMlon if a MmmrW <4 UaOiaal 
lUbliilllaa i>f inu Pnnlius IWnlMai. Tba Uu tM andl(« la •Ivdfai U «^ 
towLid to PUjcnaqr L UM. AaJaoI » laobw to tt» (Mt la i— H T.WIMb 
Inrimit AA. 

OaanamaM Aviuid. 

Tba bar Mna Ite (tia btttiMa Valrr iltll vUiIi ban rn a nn j iM fciiiiiabli 
r«iiBD«£lliB<d tbaoHBiltoeai* " I'IUiit.' -No. U: "CM Atom,' S*. *t: 
" WUjituiuioD," Xo. SI ; aiid " A JU," I'ln daaa butai Iba niato " UUHr* 
nalTtd till' blfhan usailar of mto^ anil "Om Amn'' i** bait, a»4 to tMa 
i<n> •«* kctsnllnilj annlad Uh am aad aaoHil nnniiiait, bet k Uw awJa t<Mil 
fHnlniino. " <br tUa porpoia Dnlr, ant wlUiool KrmBot u iba daatpi ilM muf be 
lUIuiaiuif iktemilniiraiMu." Ttm dmlfu "Vtlliu" vu ti/ M> HfniT l>4«ar, 
tf^TUteri.flft, Suulb-MUrO; ftru** Um; and '■Oun Ab»m" I^ Mi. nianat Alwa, 
■nMI<<t, of iUdotot duabn>h BacUBtbuaalnat. Smad. 

Id rriil; Uw Hilar tifapra*liu>(ifl(ll.bi Ibf Londas ftroMilOm/luuCammia, Mr 
" t [u bad molal or dcatp in a Bnak, to b> ewltod b7 'ba dilaw. aal uMlkaMa M 
Rib imant Mjla of iwiiubBHa.' Ill snpiUUn atoi la •Imlciu. TIh nl«<a% 
Maaian. Jowpti Witgbi, Oow. and UiUtt, 1u» mtdir thui avaid. uid totasMl 
fta tb> prrailoia th* aaXii Nr>, I, lijr Mr. fluinw Barlur. 

IV Bftcbtoii riTlliiui (oaprKIUin annnUlta ban anitf«4 tha SM [ niafcia af laat 
it KUHid ot lODI. tobi tino UD a toiidtr tor thn injTk bnta| 4t to[aa< <r H litoai 
alunJuiiad, to " Uully ia •Irmcib." and Uf . to " UrHdo l^nu." Mb aa uadMM 
aft dasIaraUuii IbntUii. vtufian b* dDtia (far IV.OItil. Uia attbiM aT Iba^Mln 
Burknl "Vnllj bnnoatb," (iMKaaannt la tb..,Rai|wUiUa, ua Hi. W.J. (tnm 
ti,i Hi. tHxIllg. 

Dr*i(u, to Ibc Dumbir of ItO wow tocalnd foi Iba ma Oaatarf ** Bi1|n. aad I 
ppffind bj Mr. Bdotnt ItoloMi, arcblMgl. id UlnalaftaaB, eart 
adu|it«L 



jrvw PATUi'n, 



psat-istoxAL rBoTBcno.va obaktkh vxvat xa* rAiOT Lvn 

XUKSaHZST ACT. 
IMld Am 10. 
lift. J. T. PUaian, OttCMbcinliau«&-'[iD[iiiiTad ntOwd If tukla« BtbeiMia4 
b/iin^i'u (aa. i^OammiuiicatlDD , 

nainl M^ tl. 
1M4. F. B. Andtiaa^ Or a iiiid— Ui^baiiieal ilm mUdi bi aalBanne o* eSw 
tiiHtiBf and »ft % iM f ti * ' i^'* 

IMOBt AMftH If. 

UTL 0. t. BmiOdU, Laasbbomujfi-paik, flrlitoc— Inpi u iiiiato to Iba ni|en— 
of •iKub tor bn*d. paiin, oUa, *M vumt tuioacaoiu (Rldto cf biod. flaiiBW^ 
eaiioafeoJ, Banr andK-Htaianld, Ktv TorK 
/luM StrHKAar I. 
BH. /. Tulor. Olaafo*— lupmvoaita ii tbe unMcwUm aad alHaaUae •< 4«a«. 
(hatlsrih hliuili. uidutlmrdDaiinau boUdlnaiUHl cramiuM ■• aa to aSra of <ba4r 
lUiialatiliin. nhivli NTipmrtiaialaatoaltoainaUablatoaiitHlbMto aa^i 
aad to tiaok-illtli. Itu.i*. and poatal pUlan 

Mttol ^^tantw t. 
moo, t, HudcaaUg. Bndilii*, ucu Bnl ton- lt-Miier»-~li»prjH into <• ■ 
wa^Mail taicUa labrlo, and EUiniiB «abBlaB«« 

Jttlad fl^bili It. 
noi. T, Arobar. Iin., DniuND. OMaahnd— Impranansto Id aadUvn)r Iw ceOlM 
sBaai haadlni iBHcitaa ot mula, appUobla lu tUa eiaaalWator tf iliMtiad «llv 



aiUdca 

Oatod SifdmJT 11. 
MM. II tl. WmI, X<sl-ton«o(i KaitraOHrl— I'Dimmnuato inlhr onatortf ■■» 

(utofaBdapplTluiiBtMrtala uad la ErtvlBf taVtit pai|a^ tad toMeaHMB 

fna laai Mkd •nanhu md la BnuMCHon wlui U» aaua, aud Ikir lent afftralM 

emnaatoH wUfc Vat waa. lOnstaaaicaatoa) 

/hud SftMilH't*. 
11»«. vr. W. Wlilu and W. Hull, «L Jobifa4«aai«— bopronoauta to ntaaef^l^ 

bla tor Ulodi, uudl and olbtr pgrrniaM 
tun. K. WUUau^^labuira'Kial VKaarirpalfc— Tte DaB^dtoU^ Id ato^ ««k 

BMailala bUbRto aM IDitodiiml l<f atff pnaru la Iba oInuBlcal umlamllto id *Mh- 

Ma bifRdbiuta ifIhb laamifaemad luuva I7 (be ust ot laaf 
DMt4 dtotaafap M. 
Mil. C. Ol CMata^ Bogramoalb, nanW '^wiinrTainmlT la tk« i 

hctun ot aanbgowara idpH 



I& 




THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



419 



« — *r1intti li 1, HlffHtif In 

aim fix unntUni diU|til id stalBnin 

t. i>-, Hmlme, llrUUl-'liitpni>«Bailt U 



MlffiltitM InirmTTn li ffilawrrn -- 'n*' 



ElMUMiU-tfni 



■»! I* f**mrti( « pralMttw •■ •> fan tf tM at- 



la wrf wwiwd Mlk coda •»! mtm. 



I 



4lltHf 

ui«. ' lum.. ir.iT^n-iB . ._ _ _ 

tiiiti'lt I'H'i 1 w |«>ntiiM Ikt MmlDftf ■■iMtrlp*h>'*uit 
(MM CvMvr 1. 
tHt. a. D. BbMImb. Un*l JaBB-rtnnI, Bidlbnl-n*— laipvrmMQta la AO[Hrt 
iHfblvrT, tOBfluuiuumlaa] 

Urt><OiMwt. 
MM. J. Dy«K B. W. aun. u4 U. ShM, UiAiU-lBinni wa^ <f dltftiC 
buda (orHucblBiH 

Wt. /. Cntib^ IMrM— IwinnaMBU IB ffiicbliufj te huk&v mt f V ^ ■** 
•nd M)Kt llbnin nMiuMw 

IMtt CMllir «. 
U». K, Ctnuit. Xn T<rt— Aa taWOHi) (nr laUii mMJt oIwttuIow iI «n 
prtan tha ktrlM* la okMutdl << UT pluM 

niMOtMtrt. 
UM. L Pi||<d. FmU— ImyrurdiMti la urdoiH tul Iwtr pipn 
AMiI gwtar ID, 

IWT. C.X. LMur,B*au~<inM.SMiiil— FivnalJta(>cdilailaiuid«oCniliiM«i bU>v' 
UM. It. r LawlHfd, E*M-*lrMi, M>ruii1-.|iii|>i<mstsii In n**»«tfMa 

rwM OMitarU, 
WU. r. a. I>y>nli> pMHiatlnuyl* — iMfaWBIi la BbUUlm uul •n'tjriw 

IMMdMrtvlt. 
Mil W. UrmkM Chu«>T-1*iw— tmiirvnaagta la ognblBI vovl ud oiha Um. 

JOi w Mimjgi) 
M. a C «l^. XmImh. yg* Vock, CS—toimHd bunw IVit n»llli« Inn 
MU> t. tNou. Atnnr-fUwl— Laiauad iwfnii la ba wad (llbir u • •mril or ai • 

■Mtl, or Mb 
■dl.T Ikit, ruun— iBBnnouaUlBitaiauiabcnrtaralkUlHKlM 
MUu H. UwUu, Uidiid— lapntcd ipinntiu bt iiiMiitln ami >Ur]i[iiDg nll*«r 

Mn. J. Taiot Ull« BalloD. UUKxhllv— ImpmrcaMiU la midilntiT « tjffant 

•>■< u fnpulBC ud ifilailiic Etaou -*"•*-'- 
£*iaK OMtir 1«. 
lit). C O, OnflMb, aibiBD«|Mm— LniHvMiuBtt In pm)»niii( um li (!]■ nimiu of 

bn*t* iilr. slttirai Mma « pkUl*. Uimln ■•lii( (blpi tuul BOil nam 
MM. X. U. EllBiJi. Pull -A u« umIaoIuI neui oT ncklni cihUh 
HSU. J a Jniman. UnculnVfaD-Mili— [uiiin>t«u>nu Is pmlaclBf Ifurtd pap* 

to lif i«^ iij uvbiu vrlUng uiA dnvltig. iCui&oidaleabiiiil 
1tl>, r. II. }^■Ull>h llurkaan— Imliniiwiiulain DMpirlvdKMcBiMlilDH 
Kill. I' KadcU. .Sd> KoltnHj— tnwVHIMBIl IB l««h4ii*dlD( AmwiB*, b pn- 

lortkW^ UMl In Anntlx'4 fc brufh- l M^aj inn 
Mn i. C. rtxnlQ, Uu](l«B«— tnpmai mtlud <f dirli^ niX, hura. *oi ttbar 

0«lfd <MdAar U. 
MM. «■ W IIMq*, WUvsnb-lTaprawmM In frtoaa tor loinlaHanl and a^MaUva 

Mt.^V, A. IbHlHi. JIviDniiiibrt— U>lagud«pIorlii(du1iUutBth*DaUE«M4 

Otittam of twaidi, mtirtula, 



Uteal papir 

4, C. Simsi, BimlBiJun— iBimnaala In Uw na 



MM 

HdtSlfH 

mm. K.a.naIil*ino^llUbaphrlaMUnartoibb«-An[anIaalu[di)|ilTilltKltBd 
MM. t. pftaaUar, Mmwi mil laBwtannw* IB ilfful laaanuEDU w a{i[i«ntu 
tar •aUiif or laoianUBC dvim tda(n|ililr d^ah 

M». t. BIcunlBu, N««uiHU*.usni-'>)B>^ and U. fmllos >< Moniuk*v-lBls«T>- 

M*l- W. H, Happar. OnabariMTl— lm|vci**iii«nia la noatuic ilvka 

Ma. J. aiblB. AUaadoa-Mnot— A aurtfavd ol Inatlnt ^iiiunsluai tmu, Ib <wim IS 

rnt4w II nt (ur IA> Banabttiif* •¥ palp 
MU. P. llcHnHDO, X&lknaa, Vaiw*— tnpm 

Bad oikai bi>r4jua aulaiatma 
Mil. C. »T»lt.T. .tjT Laiurt— lapra w la IB aUBMphnte r«ll»aya 
MUl C. IValb^. ITn Lanart—Jai p rotw w u la lb* BiAnfUWn al iiiiiiia (Mb 

aa wuca w d ia laap a i Mtw i 
MU. O. niAKt. and J. lUlttd. biiniliT— InptmanaMa io pnatt lowBi fermaalm 



JmimaaiMa la fpUuliu atlk. oMto. atal. 



np(«a 
Li lb 



Ml'. X. Ittt^a, BOfhtaa— laipiiitinMiia la lb* wUaUuii at MCttln duld and 
Wi uuUMS W Iiuoi pll■paao^ anil in arpaiaUa foe lb* laai* 

Mil. D. OaibilaasA J. Xtnmmtt. Stw PukMiHt, Snoitwut— A uuhlu fotrai- 
Uh^ tUuipiut, or laiptBi dfa'VouiW MolbaraUBllir Bbrooa auMauL'vs for ibapitr- 

ralMutiagninA 
I, Wrlfbi, atatdlald— ImpmraBaiiu In pn|Biiiig or UMXiig iUipa of am) 6i 

harfauliig and i«ii|ir*lnf 
test. If. Umnijd. luuiu, and .1. .tulth, Itbljik)'. nsar Bradfhrd— lapramunh la 

InoiBahT aiadu 
Mil. J- IWriiMd. Uia Albuj, PMadlOf— Inpnir^uata In Ikt maaataHan or |im- 

diwiiiua .<t tuiU ud ahoaa or olbar omrfBfi S» Uw IMI, and In duUduj, appua- 

lu« aul aialcnala •> IM aniABnd la tscb gwatbMi** 
M». L. Arbi^ Kin do ORo, ri8M*-tB|n*^Mla In taaanflwtaHBt sbHla fin 

laiilBiia "II rallaira 
IWa. It A. llraMun, Waati lr w* Aa appantu Ear amine wmat and polata ai 

caaoL ,OnnBmB[iaaiim 
Mil. J- ITbadvick R a ^J ala lanrotaanaa In nOcii or ejOaAia fir pritdlui ot 

nalaJafi ib* vuwaa ut wane Urlo^ pa'^i'i papari and olliar — -■■^**- 
rUM tMster ir. 
MU. T. (kilt. IJUl* Bollw— Insrornanta Is tonsa 
MM. H. t. Badta. X««io« llaidib. biai llaBohailar-tiiiptSTCd vota a Maihal 4 

aaearlai nUvar ehalra ta ibt dnpara 
MtT- J. IkdUbv, llir«rpDDj'«ljDproraEDfli1a io ftrframa 

MH. & Buiplina, Daplfonl^finimnnnilalB mcuim mrbd br (loan or nprar 
Mas. i. laMiiVid, Dafbj— lapnTtsMUl In miUic t£r raltia of Maam huuBsi bj 

a difaci aalf adlafl Edouao 
two. K. A. BnaoMo. PtaM •Inrt—TniprsmiMBU in fontilnf iht Jcdnta af pipaa (or 

nnf ryloj «AlBr, air, kUd iMIurf dulda. ^DllDBUULlnllODI 
M*l. T. II I aaj lUrehiu-luu, and T. iUn«i, Soloj isrrMa, Ptuitua'rille— iDpnw 

tnm30 IB Mnudtii^ iDvtilu«s 
MM. W_ OaUnu, Ihni4lianii7afd, Cbaialdt— iDpRniBMila la UdW patllaasit, 

udar aMn^ and diBBca 
IMI, L. Lmsbiu^ KtK York— iBfRmtoaala In i^'v aUrma, and isartna aUras 

otlOtalaab 

OMa« CMatar IB. 
M44. L DsOrUioMa.UwarnattakMitrt— Lauuttiatol sa UsaraMm (dnbldo 

rt hK >• Ik aOad tU ^ D* UMoMa Oaslori WmW" 
MU. J. J. Mitai, Batl^aBwl— topl>iila»alBtaiW»l«oB». 




mi:, T,P«w,Saalb-Mfa*l,nBalan— Inpraa«Bml*U(IOIMlb«lbamK«'"qev 

_w«lBiiuia, BBd aUiar pana of hrnU^ hw hawldlv 

n<«K R. A. BtoaoiaB. FlaaMlnM^oiiiiaiWBUM b gndB<ll( IgUfa hbnc* la 

MUtiUudaalfBMsmlMbrpNaUDC OmvielBaUMj 
NI[>. B. lUfMNd Md ATlaaui^ CI»pald»-A Bta oimbMUI fHi^B <r bii^tl 

fiM^ alia HW BAta of prvdiitat ll» •«»• 
Mil- U. Siwi, «m alraav— ImpTOWd lauiuam k> innaMin rnpa « eW'Uf* 

tOHDiaaDKaafnii i 
MR. H. WIvball, Aldronaua lnipi«nwia In naiAlBMT er appBralw bt ik« 

Biaaubewn of brtcka. Uln. pnaa, aad oUxraiUUaa of * atmUiriialiuii 
M;*. ILOBrtay, IL«:biAim, aadr.C. IMbQ. rrao* Ifw Piwndo-Iiavraatuaai* 

K rmlaUu Ibn Mo* «(lBlda 
MTA ». E. .VxtWu. Clhaiiiwjr-IaDA— IinpntBnaU tl lb* Bauiilulan ■( divvlil 

faUaiK .VnBaauMUao) 
MT* W. HfBlhaoi, lUD^— InimimaDI* Is iBimoalaBa and olka alaUar md 

laaUSBwMa 
Ml I. O. KtrlrUf^ 111 laail Ckmiaaa— ImpnFmaati Is alull Utiiugt 

IMal fMlato M, 
tm. M, A_ F. UaaiMaa. PlaBCv— laptotrd b:rdniitlk fnaa 
MTV. E. Briin. BnAdtla— teunond vnsaCKCafs of sttalad ptM bhM 
tSK. K. AlBun and T. Vnmtvj. MUao. ntar Bradind— InprvniBiata h tea 



Mil. a. I 



tl. a. S.%nltb, Korftlk^lnal, Wrasd— loprvrad (oransr or nfnialv Uw i 

or athtt vsrLun 
Mr P WlnilliauMi. PateiUdt. Baso^ar— Iwpwa—nli l» tBWHdn |t» adlialaa 

g| Ibo 'hHt* of IvciHfifillfn oulnoa 10 raf]« vTijoi (soiat 
MU. J. Tl. Jotiiwn, UnrolnVlBS'lMda— tapnMugal In f aaiBud wartha^aad la 

Ihgr^nti rioplof nl ibrrHji. ^OHnmasluEHB] 
Mil. C. TtHiiS ana W. W. vrrsu. Bvl«a4o-TnM-Io[nnd rt6l( n «U i la arfai- 

ibUu tur BuUiif « MUn>ii>iiB| aqolda 

£Wadaa>tar«. 
MU. I. SUnr wd J. IL twiv. llasctiaaw— tiaiamttHtla Is BMr fmtm kv 

■Nasi Mhn. and Is Upa M MSBB aul man Ihild* 
MM. IL Oark, QlaSFi*— Impimiauu in iiTKiInf iha ognaBntSlao M (nnotU tf 

aiMtai Hiplloalil* W auni bmlacs aad oUnr Ikiraaon 
Mna. A. V. Kamaa, OwwrrlM* — lapniTCaaDM U UM nuMniMaM Ot at*U| 

mBttilaaa. aad to as ttod» rfapamlia laatt rowlilanT. (QmoiiuiMaUia) 
M««L B. Dn^Diinr-tBpnni9BtaiBlliaBnM<((DaMaslcailat !«■«(» 'Upif 

Mimu 

/MidOiUtotl 
ms, C, Maan^ Blnnla(lwB— iBuvtcauBU III rtpaaUsdBnnlttiBtn-BnH 
VML J. MbaU, FWIIanl«il-««fi — iBpivnBaali In uMtdUfp <a appafuu Of 

tioiioUar oalUsK dlQtaCi ar Mlaaalliw tniid 
im. J. lUoka. Mmdnhasi— lapraiOMiii* lu •tISKiwn lar >Hrli« snud 
HBCi. A, H C. CUaodt, I^rM— ImonnDiuU la Uw uniudaalura aad caiDlnMaa id 

OHials nndaiaa al fmx, asd la IS* wpantaa aaplojad IkaKdx 
MM. U. A. r. H<uiM», Prufv— liBjionmtala Is Dadilsn? ftir lb* (npsalM <t 

patL :Od>sbuibicbU«v 
Ml. T. ^LoillnD auJ J. HaKllUa, (llaipw Inpnutmanli la tnnUi|; aBUn^ 

afaaplDSi or rodivlot vocd aoi otbar aaUaasoiB 
MBd. J. Kllua. Kvlan, UtiowhIf*-la>pnr<m«Aa la caidlg( ragliiaa 
WVI. T. CWdnll, llandiHMir— bspruRsnU la macUiMT tot riwpwartil adU* 

•id Mkar arlkta 
WML I>. II. taondvik l<>rtli— ImptsmaceM In ib« pnpsiBlIn sad aaMbMan at 

uilUa bbiiot and maiMlah 
MMl J . aoiUi, Bdrtui - tsi|«nBaDt ts honslialr ortodiM Ar ptUMiBia 

AlMdOMlbw U. 
tlM. T. Kasil snd O IMUrr. OiftndaUHl — iBptaranaBi It aaildl*-ln«a 
StDl. B. TWIwr, CUplwn— laprgnnsasia m it« par m aaanl mj ot ntlTapi 
i;at. A. T. Ulaiilar. HiDbrldfa WtUa^tnpniavunM IB Isjiliif wlinsiUM Idi g if^ 



iroi. IL HuTllil and H. flanlld. rif>M|ilein-*ln«l— Inpniuaoat u Oa ■ 

oT ■111' r<:tii|>»liiuii tat pfiuUB* (oUin 
i;ci4. W. II. It. Afcamu. Brfdtcwslar lay Wi ala la urgaaa and Msular Mvlnl 

iEuUuibruia 

OMad IMatarM. 
lIiU. r C. Kirkmnn. 1toTd41iBti,Iiuslflili— lmpniT«BaHlaviaddoanikr«1adli« 

asd onwIadluK npca ssd cabla^ *bU la applkaUc la tlacMo laUai firvaliaailas 

ftSl. A, T. :rn«oe, CtescarT last— Inpntuoani In lb« piataa ot skildBf aw ^ l- 

baul«aQita< fLtdim. iCmnnmsksflwi 
ITOT J ILwiobMh ^iu(b-baat.Btciiar»pait— tapnnaoolBlalbai 

lunif <•! wlFaraliblE nldra 
Villi. jriligiuuiifll.UiXauihl.ala. 
JT(|». J. U. pMiwa, B^B^U'a tW BI topwawsatf* IB Uw DaaidMan <l «aln 

jOtniDsntcaUra} 



D«aM Is Iinna Ibi mwlM 



atabraa- 



/lalad Oalalor M. 
nil. 1 rairrl«i«b, 1. PatnlosKt. and /. CMu. LliarpotI Innror 

nuidlucanil itoiIiIde vinilv* baailiica and inbn drapan (BnalM 
Vh I Jnuas at- UiIibX LaanHMis— iBipaviMMala b Oa shhMmIbw W rtart 

1T11- C. d* gipjiMf. Kait'laaa— Impwwnwis la Its iMaafcflilw «d toala ma tktt, 
hmtaai asd dtlilat Mnn olileti InpnmDiHAa sis ippUcstalo In alilsv rsiwu 
iiiat(r1iih»rilier, »ud *]« (Or waMrpnMlBt » . . 

lilt. J Uomoto. KudiaUr— tsipronMaals IS vtodlai MiiWufc asd Is IW tab- 
Uaa Muplufrd tli«in, sad alao lapiuaaaso l a In abuHMi iM *)s*laf vsh iiKb bab- 
Uiia 

tni- J- yr. Ua, Obatndind— la^irvf aisanla In msiBinnlratlni b«n«n At dlftmil 
nana of dHasT inin* 

Itll }. Fwnbxt and O Wlllnnn. Mnmd— IsinvraoHala apilkAhla lo naiUasi) 
■to sirdlM, avIbfaUSK, and nwdadat *■<' and oSAv Sbrana asbriiaSM 

STll. A-Mai*fcli*BdaB-«^l— Iispiotsd8>Wiila|tcir|linsisadoibarswlda« 

OiSid <>WI#r IT. 
sn«. W. Oiit^ taftoaRW-road. Oudio4ciini— Iisprond mnai cd coddwIiiv suI 

■srtlu teiBki (Br rallsu carnagaa 
ms, aTsdtr. Usonmoaduiaia lanwrrmiBta Is tdawdbatsa 
im. T. KMIiBB, Ita:ils(lisiD.SUHl. UaAib)— LnpramBSDM In ksUa hssOga 
tru. i. Tlim^Tvatj—lmjiTVnmaM la isUasr traia sod alssakt aad IB tbs 

raifblSBT or apfann* to amknif lie muBa 
irn. Ik A. MaiBdaa, Xarokb - Imprvnd B«a» ctf cOBmaBlntliit bMsaaa «■ 

(■aid aad dm« os nllav 
ttsL U. A. f . HiTiTi™i. Sunhiunil, Pluborr— Inprorod nndili. ixVaoaalim- 

tlMB. tirla. EaUn. ssd W. taiWdaod. Oisaasck-laproowraM In llM Baaote- 

lUT^ kalliad and mll'SNUid mrplkUls 

Datr^ OAiSar W 
VM. y. Iflaai. afatsa llaalh. swa H i nrtim— taHOi f aH tewwie>HmBa» 

«af diali^ daipiss. sad MoaittM 



4to 



THE CIVIL EN6INEEB AND ARCIUTECrS JOUBKAL. 



m* B. J. Iiiitdt, llBBlMia^fMt. Ptrty — iB^wtm fci M la Mwa«iiH»iliit tg «i(- 
■all tM>Mn the pUut tad Mianuiiui. uul tMn«i sUtr pmintii iili bt UMMxrf 

iriT, J. iddtein. 1>w*-DlianwlBf and dsMnnlnc hyili ti» w ilwiumJ hfdxr 
fa Bw uul MtcT SMBi Id OMl«iili« dnlllu4niu Mdolber iiteew 

tlu. J. K. r.Liudak*. BmnugbBa— !(4irorlavi"MmaU»Fn«r«nclu 

Tn» VT. i^mtt, Mytgrr-JWi. lUtltal-lmprow m ljmaya«t««f««a»<itoii« 
for tlMflK '^JaounBDlcaUoiil 

triJ- p. A. M-UHiy, rul*— liiviv«BiatttB«DtUJVlhs fiW (f tdiMi md eOv 

A. Witt, aodilMliia, HhU— ]iopin«»nubilb*lumBUc(nno(aadJi* 
i;U. jl- BuiuniH. S*w Oilbid-Mni*— ImpnHiugDl Id pnpiriB( Uituor tot luuUg 

bidn» mi aliW [Cmimtiiil^ilon] 
nu If <^blllll>«i. CuaiiuiRUl<|i)us, aij'iiiut. ud 0. OU«, Gngi't-bui-aiaM*— 

liui^roKuiiiii la otimitHiiifla 
UU. J. Hlvi-r. LUttii44Unt— topnmd swm ol, wsd kppintu rw, otUlBl^B^ 

UtpvaiT 1" MOraUloc ililpi or 4itttig mililiaj 
nil. w.GUit. Ciuocif:f-l*<>^I>>fRn«iBtibiw>[uHUnf*' lanioiuilaUnD 
UM W, ffW'fc^ <H>>Hi«>y.|fc«,^_i..rj-.Mim^,|B^ Iff t]^. amnffcninrr WmnriH* {fiaO' 

tltl- W. Glwk,C9uuHT-laM-^Bi*«RBnl*loiiiwhlouTlte OHtUng nuo), mtl 

•■d oltafir fllinnii hIi'Uiioi& JConnomklcBUml 
■HL VT. K 9<«iiUo, C)HOMiT-tu>— lupiiirtDmu ID U<nHug((ita»u(»wlii((Ult, 

mM.1^ AIMuUnibctUnul ICUDuaa^oilcrDi 
BW. •■ )ltlu*«ll. JobMsBit S«ib*nli1n — Impnitcnuiil* iB MDUO-kuBBian. 

tlUt J.OblUwilJ.Cbllij, nnnlAitaa— A doatal^UmlM gin vHb (B rimtad 

i*d Inbiiltr nb 
iV4L IL Ta^iiv, MftlrjMdgf. lAUOiiblr*— Imirmtomrat ta Itn "aojT BlnpL<rJ«d iii 

mhumUco vllb lueUaKj tkir ptrpuiac cMbui ud ailmt flbnni mtttrtuli lor (piu- 

titi- i. rrwM. ()lM»w~lBpnT(B<MitaiUHinUBlKtunoI oUjiMn 
till. ft. A- »«oilIiI. riiWlij--lMp w wi «U ] «m i 1« Mu BaaotmaTn <d ito*!* 

nit W-Umuuiy. lif«fBdiiJ«>UB-tm[>VnaMeUlD<auuUiiv iBl orUBoiUiti 

IDtl4l« Hd QthAT AUf&ua 

TAUvt OiMm ». 
I ttU. W Sell, Oml Udiltirr. Ktl ■■ ' tainnnnntli la |>lKi|k> 

KM. 1>, da la Obrwti Ouutky. WMmi How. Kniifj^iMt— topfowawf In tm>>*- 

ftll. t. Fiiitl, Udlbon-hUl— [mpTDnaigol of an lUmiiliMiljjg nOmot af Ufbi Inn 

■tM. T. Onk, Old KjBt-mtd— Cmprwgamtt to maddiMr (groMtBt. ftuitoc. uhI 

l«>lUuttuillir niid iMtt lib mM hhUIh* 
riv IL AilW>n .mil J lirtnyiin^ Mhart ■Hr— iMwwwiUM Bi MitldT m wm- 

» Mlltn BMd IB (fbalBi 



laiui 1^ nfnUiliif ihtvdfbtgrpranuvWMpt 



livpniwiBC 



f:»» 



SblvM luMHUk u u (poa 

W. FiilcHl, Vvi^ riimti^ln ttm awoMMraolHiUiDnnplpn Iti dnlu 



^AL '■ Cnnti, Bndlbrd— lopnrrvmaDU Id auubliMn v Ufanlu* tuivl 1i> vHtlim 
~ X. Higlih. QitUjI u Wi lt— *n ImHVttd oMp kiM gr (hnbIu, pailHnilwIy ap- 
ud vMrlMi to vtkioDMa aiul Dtaif 






ID WKului; *aub tWiu ud vMcka to vakia 



■I* 



and I: 
BM. 



■frif 



Ffaraa 

, Itobuuaa^ Uanou-CD-lliuiiibv— 'Impcrrtvinuil* la dod^tniLlaf mUan 

CR J Knok Lanrnad, Uliicuu— iDprvwnonia Is Ikr BMlbnd M mrikiida nf 
ainsiiiaiiriKanBipaiUrMiciIdatciu apoa nUm aad blMki uad ibr iBptUnlif ao 
■tr iBil ulw agluUBDH 
J. B. FniB, KioilaBrtb— InipniHDUBta Is Inbdcutif AiAh ailaa. a gr aan 
1 uU» anlclH raininuL lubilaMM 
U, e tu i liaiKih aad W.Ota|iwaa, Hni H gaald— tapturoaBiW la nmhinnry w 

SMniiu tw ymailm ■tdlwi at oibar tibraua laliiUDeH to Ix naa 
, W. Ciuk, rtaiiiMi 111 lii|ifimi ri m ucUt dludu. lOuaiaiiinlaUaD) 

i;u W sliiiiU*. *-'*-J— '— [-™— — -■- lu uuiiiluii; in apiarwu A* cUhiii& ao- 

(laTiuf, igdtanliiQtiBdaaaDdiaharauriaoca, lu baaaad la pmUac aad amnaafe- 

itif 
n*t, tV, Ilanrwd, Maadlahtin, 8aA>Ui— Imprainaau Id naplu niatlilaia 
vriu. J, Dttxabtl V, bejiikr. Bradftxd— luprotfiiBritU in Ipdui* nir vaatibg 
tMI. t. l4»iB. Lrnli— lainiviaaauda aiMhUiKT twninag lUi aad wbirllbrwu 

vtb'aim, lOwvwilaHkiei 
tin. T, t. frtdHU. Chailn -iMaa— lapni nwaala la ippamiu tit rifBltUuc tha 

■UMtr af atr tanuii^ 
na^ Kaaala^ IMlUHOn UIU. I 

eC: H.ated*n, OsMaa^la 
atplMtaai 

tiCt O. U. CMInnT, ""■-j'-'' ■— |»»-n„.,ii. id u,, aiaMncliiA sf nar- 

tl^ai ifiHa iiiiT ilTiii Tfifi, la eioAlra fvHtn^ i^timiij'jp kulI bmli-r f llhimi* 
nt^, 11. J ViaiAaJul J. "'—''. "—-——• )timi>l— Ad tpjuiiiiiu in luHbabUa 

In natluf M^ata ae nUaari^ and jnnuUac oiUhviu in ia> mrat 
CVT. J, 0«vn. urnrtiqr— tcapEVflDfbU la aUpLam^j V appantua Eor Uia prvTvntlim 

■d M^dnM. anllsMa U tiuMut and otlur lUUnc >nH'biiH> 
Snu. T. Lm, Blrmiufhaa — 5a* at laipivi*! mtOKA ol fndliic Hnrwi. Idaak^ 

•hutu, piM aad tutu asd flk* HttdMh to nnlic aHklDg. aud miniuiij laibu ar 



r borp— laprvtmiDl* la daaiiaf bUlajm- 
-loiiRVimHDt Id U» ooalncatDa s( Ihi auaDd boanla 



■101. K. Uanlu. E. Hall, aad J. llalL llMllMd— IspimiBMiu lb (Mtu bimiDtn 
CTM. L At laiulfcn. HUbat Bmcblaa, oaar MaacMUr— An appaniiu loi pnlact- 
IBI Mr «■«•■■■< pMMarf mari^ award frHaahiA aad haa 

ti:i. U. A. Unxiuiii. naatMnK— ImpconiniuU ID lb<i(nBitra<Kii«<idtsaiEa. 
Virt. i.} Maunucl, Bradaia,<a4 P. J . Thouf rl, BaiUn— tlia naaaAtUra gf a gam- 

■«i*»U4fi abi*^ Ti^J r«aJ*r tolUouaabJe u^larialt loeaititiukljlllfl 
KM W. W»>U>rtd. J. WnpUbiad. and i. u'MlB'ad, UedMhUl. nrir Ijadi— 

lm|ir.'>»iiiiiiiU in m nMiUftaWfa iil kUa Uiia. aad id (bt uuldiiirj at tppaaiu 

f <*J>lr^M 'l>rrfltll 

Vrri I'- ^bbliitw^ WotlGnp, Xaauafham— Im^Hvmotat* iu vuhLaf socbiHa 
t">. IV II. KrWUfliw, OMUlaailDapla — InpraniniiDii (a DDtaluIni lad appljrlai 

•,y.'.. J. in, WuUacdfaat — lapnrwstat la OBUDUDf bbns irbaD ludli-nibliM l« 

•<upb>T<4 
i::l, II. U. CDOaaiaBd IL K. CMUs.OUSi. fu«n>niad~IiipF<ir(iDcDC>ia •UUa 

ONac* ^^ 

Rl^ J. L. Sanaa, Bair, Mlddlanfc and e, muana. Laada— lapnnrianit hi *t. 

mcUiCaUaad^KMbwii voad pnrlou (a Ra bali^ mwataoiiind Ibm wa t 

btaiMa. iBJala* vbrn id Ilia (Uaa ofptnai bbilDa, and U tc«ailB| oi abwHlus 

(■a aari, mUi aad ttlslu 

/Atiaf A'uinaW' 1. 
En. ft. Kliksai^ n. lUlaa'a Lmcwttf— IniaiXaiiiiiDl* lo IA« tua at Imr aad 

(i^r ■■cm 
j:>l t. Marrat, Wadalcll— PirMiliiifaiKlitaiiUiE nllaBjri 

jfij. i: llm, HrsiMliUB — buiuuTMDniia lu ■•nlnbB » dadlBr iwapiadai te 
>Raf*ajhrilnii^aadU«aad>^lk«oa^*Bd plailskeldlM ar aafpaiiduia ankUl 
•ifdrmr 



tlU. J, Appitiv aad W. GUadI, DadMdp, «• 

U oanliuK aad ~— '"-'"t tDiMi 



-lapa 



rtr. iLH. 



■«. CtariatM-amM, 
X. Ibid. UvUwa—Ii 



Oalad au mt w H 

nia«p«|a, 



itatHai* 



■ taiiMM* 




RPl. b, Banewl, Dinalaibara— Lapnniacala la 
tm. R. Wapptjutate, HJiBelilar lull 

daanlDEHioand larlMa 
KM. ** ^^— ■- "■ J • — ■-[ ■ — " — j-f -^ -T 

nsT. II. UuDlaa. Harnrd'* Biatt. jaau -l»pi«iwui«M Bi tw4la( «H aad tt 

af^aralua oarfuJ (or tbal pufKaa 
im. r llliiiiiiiiiii miiiu n i liiHaaiilill.wliaillni ■ndlijnuilnai 

tfaoMc, D^aok, and amr aUw dawf|di« td aabaavid ar hanaoad 

lalctrapk <>M(^ win npoa, aad gmbUwd aln, |1Hla|lli>i, ^^t^tta. tt I 

osoipDaiid •ttaiiM cabin vbaaaan* 
KOI. lt.l.aDa(Ha,aniwla-AiHUiadafIraMi««H«alafaHaaarf«NaUei*- 

aiaoaia. Id urdat to otnot (lum ibc •uh, t«, a klad cd tout or httaa LaaiMa kalk 



tK aUmtDlan aud flnublog i* nURblng purpnaiv; lad, 

Iiri. a DDiDTil bnaaii at /aul 
tMl. IT. CU]', WaUoa^ MW WtkaMd-trnpronliMOlt la DatUawj »r p«tU% ■ 

(vitlou US nada aad uibanla aeariMni aad colUtaUaa liad 
ni» J Ulllai. Alpbi'ind, R^mtfa-pait— iBjiDaad ani^im id Badw «lM» 

nijlDH 

OaUd MwiHtv*. 
M)r. J. BdiidoIi, D«pubrd— taipraiwoMuta Is nactdaacr ^ baadlat Md ^a|*« 

lauu. a EbiUuHD. Htab^tnit, Hapllwd— liapwwaanW In apfwlaa fgr diillln af 

^DJEiJi^ ci^fv aud vi£«r bavrlaa aul aaadi 
3*11, J. J. Ogvilaa. lull Iniji ini ii'ilmhi riniTiirtliii 'di l M ii T'"~f ' 
Kia W.«bunaa.8l>aafatd— Im«t«dnMlaBIoiBspaaadLaptdla>Uau(ha i^w 

tiicIaR rd oaaAd aad caaB«a(al aiVcto fgr aUik Oannaa dhai aad mums 

rwmblluc (loaian nlrar an at pnarat uad 

OKad MumAar a. 
ult r, IJpaioaib^ imiBt— ImpiaanamM ID tiM endi of a«i«jt>( vHH aid Mix 

Uiialdt 
nir. a, CaaoaU, Farla— Inpfonmaitt Id Uu oiaaBBiclan «f Maldka 
vnt. II. Bwfnm. Qoani-idnat-ptKa, Niw lAonia'ilnM — InpavnaMM la •• 

Qj^intfrni ^tin of uiaUfailita IniD ud aMc^ aad alK In ibr oiaDiilbidan aC callvaf hA^ 

au J uUicr Ian. plaUa, aud nili (hn Itaa or alml aa roaiiaftawad 
Odaf .Ktaaaitar t. 
nil. IL Banaa, Mtndmiw — ImpRAwDaala lo aiadiluiT ar aniataaaa ll> Ika p*. 

Malkw atiscldanlk appUcaiUt H> teltilui and labK lUUna mattnaa 
ttU. J. a. I'appai, BitiotaUnv-taiiainnunU U 4i>plaiini ntta» 4*rtaa «tea 

nmlvLur iU«a or tuitaco arc lued 
18in. W wil«n, Mfvlofion, md S. J- J. Fluid, WaadaaonVrvad— 4Bi|in>«>ak 



la owMDii ot laooldUig l^alflad and oUm nbdaua 
/laM AganWr *. 
van. W. Budla. PiiMiPM, EdloMqb—liBpnaad daiaoaaapi 
ns. I*. A. BabatiUil, l[iiiiili. Iiab— loitntaiaaala la BuntaloiiT aad unaialw l> 

pafUiit out fSldtrtaa tdapapb aa bl aa, and bt mBlmnt *ad 'twIinMn Ika ptfat 

inUlbMBid 
ttU. a. Wtadan, Oloasalaiidaga, pDilBan-tqIiaca, ud T. T. TTiilna. riipiilial 

iDvnml knitedaaalDC omUm 
ttU, J. BceTa, Ballaad.caii^ Bjda-pait— Lnpcvmaaita la |aiili<hi 'ttdi 

Daiatf WBMadur M. 
HIT. T. BoatUa^ trpparpait-placa. Oanat—inara— ImpaeTManW la niMfiiaaij Id 

Biikloi aad pcHlBi talcki, dialD pips, aad ulo^ aud la paipiihg aiaMtUI t» to 



laid for aaA Uto pamm 
nil. J, IVimMsd, iHl 



HW 



tepr 



Uil. J. T Wax. WalbKk^tnai. (^«a 
IjaltcuMI]' 



diA 



In iba manalSWaw at ftaAacoMa tf ^• 
■tapaaw w a to a t ifcteBU llgM 



•laara- 



Ma. IL C IbntiU. AoipUuU aqnan, MaBipalaad — d IfwrmidM k U* odM' 

ataiiiraar papai 

Salad tltum-btr II. 
IMS. t. Maddaa, toaaU^laaa. [HibU»-lB.pn>nu>«la la Ubd At diTI>« cats, aak, 

DT oUiiir fnuBlat «tt*irtafloafc pari •! ibaia loipntmaidt bdaf an liiaMi *• Ha 

•mtBliia IT dUgf id andi tataaauaa dnrlai Iba pnaaa at irtmm 
nt:. Ol W. WaU, taadaabaltiUatt — Imptvr^Hnu la ■■iiiilWartli 

lii^uiu lion inialnaa. CCMoiaaliailiinl 
Mil, J WiUiamt, Ntaili. (Haawi^aaUta— Ittpturamtui la caapUif aadi 

carrlaea Hi lallmn 

nuad KiH-l^ U. 
IM, J, RUnBtm, joo., t)Iai«i»— Iinprunuiiiuia la li(bUB( apanavaai aad fi» 



taii. S. WtbaUr. Killw-k-Uwi^ Lumbli*— ImpnnMnaatalaaaMlauT ar ((pa- 

tatua Cur laaala| 
UtT. i>. T, l>aaallald.LDU(blnoa(Ii'|iiiirk. fiiUMu— LiBpnTaiBaalatoaatfan. iGia- 
DDLicalHia fiwa J. V. iMbela.l 

Ualad nbambr IL 

UCI. X. IL A. DoraDt. OaifamUti Uab, Hi, Jt»*>'a.-linpnn<id aivaialat IvbBik 

lufaad ulaaairtaa aatar wad* fcr UiapaiM«Dl<MaiuUi< Uk la/to qaaaUi; aadi 

ptnrUodidoUibtadkiBahHipraaadaaabmMuR riib Ika aaMr iUb « caU- 

daan 

Oalal A'sH«»ar II. 
na, O. l-t"'"-, Bt Hal»'a. i i l a ™ l aiBr eaa uiiu ia lb dbAIomp to Oa i 

of araall fUflValHaabaiMi T1\ifiiniin1raii*n) 
Sw{, J B- BriiDiai. Vaabrvb-plan, I«tUi— tmpTBiad oiapiiBDd taMp laltaa 
V .Vevuin, Cbturvn Uaa-'laptORMMa 
I ibp pFP ^ iaai af tadknuj tmu. vXloiaoii 



Itni. A V .Vevuin, Cbturvn Uaa-'buprvRnMaia la anfMsa tn RaofdMf aad 

•aiuHlaa ibr pmraai af adlaa; tiauu. jflinnninidfaitliaj 
sat. i. ^ndaf , Woliai haaptOB— Inprooad 1Mb tf ataam «(Im 



TATICMS Al-KIKD RUI WITS OUffURS SFtCmCATIOS. 

;H>. U- U Aihcnfl, MMBobuitna. t'.i..— tuptored Bnla id prwrialw •< aav- 

li(aUui>aad bunUat dftttau buUsia. jCaiBiniiaitaMila Iram J. Ibdarikid aad V. 

Hunwn, " ■...- ^.j _«— ._. n 

MiV. J. Ocdtt. WallUiawHiml AkiIi. Aliaad— [upmid ataai fir iimilw ar 

manttiif DurW VHaBordlaarr nialii. JOimwaaltalUB <W« V. A. fcMjifcd. 

Vxiji* — %i«i*nibrt- IT 
aoi- H- 1'. iTMbm and J. WmUtp. l laDdwMr— liii|ii v a Mi ia H lal>fda«fcaw»rf 

2QIU 4jr<ldi1rluo Eruu nLiTlaoMua ulHlanraa.^Xin<aialar IP 



END OF VOLUME XX. 



INDEX. 



1857. 



Acsdem; .'rojal' aihililtUm, 171 
Acmutia in cwutmctloti, 8!f. Vi 
Aduiu. on pvriDUi^iit wij, ^4. iJO 
Adum' iiuprurnmeQt In irUictuirA, 39 S 
Adcock'i VQ^iitoor'i puckdt-buuk LrEV, flB 

137 
Africa, Jrormnf in, ■*» 
Aeri cultural lib^Liri^n, dTeUin^pi for 100 
Aldenier hArhmir, '^^i 

Andf iwDt oQ DiiJjkiiuErf iu %V'ar Djpart- 

meat. fll 
Aqueduci. &iH{iLe(itvo\ir, Hi 
Archiirtiirt, Ainflricju, Vwiioa, ^ft^ 
Atiibitecliirf, iuici<rui dDEoudtic, D.iUdud 

(reT; ftH, 'il8 
Arrbiiacianf, chiiirh. TUrt on, 13S 
ATChirpc:iirAl -i^^ri iii.Ki. iJl 
ArcLUwiunkl iMiiiri'<'ii, Hili^jIuj oa, SlK 

ABCHlTl^tDtll BuBcrT'Hi >'jw — 
Bub. SI. Aii-it-'M— tlui^ U<l 
C^DaoU'-tn^'L, Xtfw, B7, l-fl 
C*th&lmL 0»*<-rT— Batlar. 373 
Cinirrh, Clijihunl— Lauder iQil Ui?dc!lj, 

Cburch. St. P^itw"*, SHnrboro"— Weight" 

Duu. IftvdUiJiL, au4 Gildie, 6 
Ctiiirrh,Sr. PfiUlp'a, I*liuglon-OrtWti, I 
Charrli, Wihrfland. l>iirMit— Scotl, 1*7 
Ciiy -jI Lotiduii, i. ST, li-i, 13», U7, 171 
Co'tijH Hill doclr to*«, Kar&ilk — 

ltill..<:i"-.h*'n-l['Ti"— ADgoll, 17S 
H'H|iit*l. IUi-|.!y"a. LMCMtor— CuDDiiig' 

bam, Lk7 
JjVlzt. I>^^i'— Ciirscm, ITfl 

MftLic^"*[" ■ I'iuihitiou— Dradga mod Sa- 

lomun^H aL3, aw 
Mowtiini- >'ic<:a'l13lT— KrlaMton. 1^1 
U'u^Uii^, WPi^hriiiw— y*raM- ^^3, 1*1 
Orfloa, CjiaiK-un Iti«iirvm— EdoieitoD, 

Ofic-. SmltMti Kinllahlfl— Panfoid, IM 
R&JliraT UtUioa, Padilingtoa— BnutsL, 

i'. 
at. PanL'i Ciiorthr^M, fl7, 175 
Sclvkvl of Art. 4i]vrn^d--Maiiiiui£ ud 

M-w. 4* „ . 

Bcbfril, Kiplfl/s, Lancwter— Cannliij- 

luin, VT 
8cti">t<. ilrl-»ifl WeiWM— Foiter and 

Sf >H iLi, Htofi % Guildford— OoodcWld, fll 
Wareh^m-! M^rklaue-B^U, I?* 
WaTn-liij'i.^. Mm^fa, tiarTi, ComhiJJ — 

Banifllt, iPJ, '^77 
WflMhoum*. MattchMWr — Smith, Ififf. 

Archittfclural eihiltilioii S, >72 
Architectural oibLbicino, Rojsl Aadamr, 

ITS 
Ardiiisctural iDiueum. Kflnsba^D, 40, fifl. 

IS, m, ^0 
Airlilt«ta™i phTtoffnipbi': "Moci^'ian 2d* 
JlrchiitfCinral |iji-ticaliini iodetj 17* 
trdilt«iflra1 onion compiwij aM 
knUIaan fiarboiir :sUik, 404 
irnu, Andar^oa na laanufiujtnm SI 
L£iiutr±jibi[, ou hlt;h-Ap40d Aifiam DiirLgalioD 

., -67 
Vmott, OQ wjinniucanit Tomilatiug, 71 
Lil«uaii vflL^ HitrDiiiLHad, 35, 110 
irfMlaa «ellH iJi ualroniLit 415 
jtUlerr, cuDitractioaot »i UaUetonUO. 

BUkalj on asv 



Aihpittl, oa dioiriADd cfaaaceld 3U 
AAplialtc paveuiL^ult Foirke on US 
AUruUtfUiic&L ilueui'eriu, Danbeuj' oo 31A 
AdYlun—CaniurtLKD 3i>0: thd Cwnbiidn 

173 
Atliuitic toltturaph 50, SI, :US, 377, IS8, 

BU, 973. tOi> 
Atuuu[rherie cufnata, HojikioA on 257, SS5; 

TboiikHUii 3ti0 
AUrjncite forcaa, f aruiiT m 39. lOS, 1T4 
Atlrfli^Liun, V;(DEhan ub n&S 
Ai^Uio. ou ulwaD Weil btfrfnf 110 
Aij^:Jd, on aiv^tr uf to^'nt '.^M, -!i4. 343 
AutlLU^ i>u lurTr-yj:!!; iu.«r[-u:nCLit< tlS 
Au^LniluD rAiL*sLV9 dl. tb^atrc^ Tift, nbot 

•UjJl)^/ L'Lii 
Aw.Lrd iif preiDLEin-i— R.I.B.A. I3fi; Ihat. 

ruJrerKLij' cullcj^e 21 i 

AiLli-, rajlwajr, IjoI'^iu od 121 
AiUr bui uui. Dlu|if<:r9pat. 17 
AjleV itai, ohlpliuildiug Ml 
Aytuuu, <m pfaYcnUoa of coUitfrr expki- 
■icnu 303 



B 

Bain. OD use of virv lu Iron caillni;. 34 
bjderitriba'ji pat. eLDctric i«liT<^-.-vplL, 3Ul 
Balfour'* ^ij{htbuiue a ppumtUtf, SU7 
Bank. r^l. AnMflll. HO 
B^rUiv, DQ diupooalon drdert, 3*2 
Barloffl pat. nilmj chair. H L 
BariL-ilapli] Tater*ork«371 
Baniuetor, •oU-uidicaLLii^ 33 
BamciLi— BovBncDBDt l-ii, 141, Guport 

Barrages, Frvadi 14A 

batratt'fl pat. iloDa InduradD^ 51 

Birrfuf rivrn, Wilfli>ii on 1-IV 

Uarrr. on aLod« and ntufii of WiriLfQinBtaf 

pauue 243; dd Wvatmiutbir hrid^n 301 
BaKholomeir'j pn»<U7H flauga 115 
Batlcjr chaiH'l 141 
BaltUTdu park 51, 351 
Batter;, Stoao^nU^O 
BaLLunf d. upririiuaiiU on 31 
Bayuoat mauufaclarfl 63 
aTj.\laH."ttti, on ««-tfraflp of melropolis 3fil 
BeacliDi, Si4Teii«0D oil 13 
BeaQU. BLiaiaflla— Boll op H. Davie* on 

■i'K 11. Fairbalm na 74. fovke ou 115 
fi^nufuiu^'i giiL-daiEitf funiaoe 84> 
EtflU, ua <ziiigth of Jiuu, ii 
BiU-cadLiDkf. Mumifuum fur 57 
b*rJfa»thaiEnur Vn 
Denit-uit-r'n pal. intu caitiug 15 
Blakelr, ou diiiiiaariui^ tvleijraph 338, A55 
HIjut eUftiut', LiiiwbLU 3S j 
Bla.li furnace, Woeim' pai. IS 
BiaAiioiE upenitiou'. U'u/hiuhl 55 
Block, fji building 111, Itri^V pat. IS, 1»2, 

Owjfl'e Vj 
BiUjQK^ pat. frhiion -j l^j, -Kii) 
Biiikn. i>D sUxl mitiutucort^OV 
Uliiub' o[lliiiL^;fbic proj*^Luiu ^TVV) 2ii 
flLLqiueu L^v<<Ln -at. yipwki; ou 115 
boat, ■nb'UArmh', Nt»irhpu'a p.it. 19 
Bodie, oa lajiug tabiuriuc idr^nph [rcvj 

375 ; 

Bffjb^ad cuke 341 -. 

&»lli!T^FairbaimoD IbrtD 83, oa fioUapK 

A'J, rm ^treoiflb 35ij ! 

BjilH^r— r};dLo«ay'ft pat. IB, Onvn> ^6^, . 

H'irvoud'd lA, iioiaeu-^t 'H, SvUmu'w , 

IIJ j 

Boiliir Bafery-pLpfl, Rmttledge'i Wi 
Uoinbir uuL centnl India nUvaj 133 
Ikirdoaoi and Bajrduac nilwa]' ] -0 I 

Buring operation!, Kobtiab-ton 55, 110 I 



I Boring caacbiae. Ilodj'i 337 

Boucbf r, on ui^iuoratioD fl'v, 371 

Uonrberirt'i timber ^an-urvLujj lUJ 

^foumn. uu frIclioQ of mjtcbiLiFi ,S 

Boi and packing'C:ua uachiaBr/ ti5 

Burd'^ pat. auan 335 

Bojrdcll'» tractioD eu^ae 3U 

BojDo TutdncE, Bafluv ua 321; Barton on 
357 

Brazils new dock 34A 

Bn-ak, SutberlaudV bjht. 333 

Brtakiraler 'teeUatbvarj 

fimftkiratcr*. Stavonua uu 11 

Brow^Ii-T, i»n optical ioilrumenU 174 

Brick CTiiudTAfbrbrulgucuulrucLian t31 

BriL^kd, beddinj in furuaisi ^^Lr 

Bnukd, Fuwkd on 111 

Bricks /or tall cbiiuueyB *yi 

Briulu— Bri|[g*' ^iat. 45, 102; ScLwart^i 
j lv2 

I Brickd and (iloi. flrtproof, Shervin'a pat. 
; 27U 

BriJK*— Clifton lU, lodian railway 21, 
LuEidondeny 33'j, Metropolitan 51. 8», 
\A'J. IH, 303. 303; ParUlU, PepuHylra- 
iiialr)«, RocUfHtfrll, Salta^h 211, 34A, 
St. Lawrcucfl '^1, 10, 50, 58, 1(0, Unit«d 
E^UEH 120, 144, 15S, Weanoouth 379, 
Wi:4tm[n>lflr Hi. 12^. lOH, 302 

Bn^l^ foundatiLJhii. R«nDie nn rJ6, 2 ^0 

iLriri^e, puiiroQQ, Calcutta, 201 

Bml^A, bnck cjliDdcTd fot 231 

BridK^-t, eui.[KiiiuoD, atraLLd in £31, Barlav 
on 3^3, Va|PIuIcb oq 331 

BfidqL-ii, luodi-ld iu Farix eiblbition ll<5 

BrultttiA and ^rden. Huujbdr ^rev^, 37 

BjijLllugtva barbuUT 408 

Briflj;/ pat. bricki and blork^ 15, VJZ 

Brig!{d, on Uinduitan and Tbibul fum] 283 

Bngliain'e iraidw.i^ 37^ 

Bristol \S"c(lojap ^ftbooU 3^ 

Bntidh Auoctation 3^5, 313, 3J1 

Bnlish Muifenm library 15'j 

Bruumaa'* pat. roofd and Il'jorn, (03 

firuci?. on bridge buIiiliM lu In^lia 231 

Bryce'0 parmg gang? 307 

BuilOiog hlocb 114, BrigEd' pat. 15, 102, 
Qwtn^M pat. 79 

BuUdiug couttruction, Lutuu'A CJiaauplc) 
{tev 101 

BnUdioj^ materiaU, FovkeoD, 10L>, 111 

Bqildcni' Ih'ucfolbut luttilutiou I'll 

Builiiufri' priije borjk, Lutou n-v^ i9 

BuiBt, on Indian r^vayi '2\)0 

Bur^iall, ou nver Thaim!a 130 

Butcbvr'fl iroD-coatiQjr compoiitioa, ^73 

Baltn'jB, llartOD. IU 

Bniton'41 ^C.) maqaion, flumj, 03, 211 



Cabll^l?«tiDg QUcbLne, Dazm'i, 3fl 

Ca^n cauai. 300 

CuT^ r T mine*. Smyth on, 31 

CafculiEiJic iji^hiuo. Scbiiutt'a, Bft 

CakuiUi, iu^^riiJ, ladhuiittr'* ^ru^J, SO^ 

Calcuiia, iJT>rp<j4:Ll bridge, 3Ul 

Culvfr, on barbiiura of rafuge, 8^0 

CaiubriAQ LL|4uranre olflco. 5 

Caoakta. Oraud Trunk raUiny. 31, 10 

Canal, U.wn, 3lj9 

Canal, 'laii;ie*. T-'flin on. lilS 

Canal, fiusi, in, v3ri; iiudg kiu oli, 333 

Gaual*, cvitttmciiiju of. llIZ 

Duiniiii. wmuiibl-ltun. Mallet on, 39, 3^0; 

Blik^ly on, 330 
Canuon, MorriMU'i vit. 107 
Oannou-dtn?:^ u«<v Lkiildingt, ST, 120 
Cmrlincfoirl b:Mb.tur, lOtt 
Carpculry m Franco. Ill» 
Cutia|[iu. railway^ CJahvo bo, 132 



Cartridge, Andenon on mannfactnre, 33 
Carlwright't pat. ■toam-Gngine. IT 
C»liD£ltrm,Marti«an'tpat. 1£; Baiumnr'i 

pat, 15; Woema' pat. Id 
CMkft, manTjf&ctnn of by mnchinvrT> ^3 
Catbiidral-'LiUe, £; Llaudaff,101; OhchTi 

370; nyoJvulli- 237; Si. Paul'*, 87, 175, 

lUS; WimbomF, 24 
Ceiliu^A, iFon girders fOr, IIG 
Ceaiflit and lime. Fuwke on. 111 
Cfltoent, method of OH, 20V 
Cumtiui, hydraulic, 1V6, 230 
CemeDt, Scott'a icnproTcd, 3ffT 
C-emenL-kJInj, lAJ-k'a p^t, 3U<I 
Cbadw]ck^4 watdf meter, 6 
Chain-tciillDg JoacfaiDe, HG 
Chai/, Adaiaa on. 34. UD; Ponou on, SI 
Chair, Bukiw'i pat. 81: JoDe^ bnprviiDd, 

399 
Chalk fonnadoB, Clart a upeiimflntaoa, 17 ; 

Homeraham. 87 
Chainberlin'a p^ intn paTement, 407 
ChaDoli^ Ariipltfll on. 311; Pariur on^ 313 
Chapel. Batley. IQl 
diathaia, royal esginevi' iduol, 131 
Chrmical forco. f anuUy on, 39 
Cheltenham wweragt woikA, 310 
Cherbourg bnakwac^r, E^tcTeotfoa w, II 
Chnoey oa EnnbiatcM rontv, 335 
Chicb«ter, St. Marr'i hoipltal, 313 
Cbimoey conamicLiui, AawUnaon aD* U 
Chimn^d, enukj, BiliLng^i appuatiu, lti& 

2fl» 
Chloiney ihaAa, idIh u to, 3l1fl 
Cboin. Aibpltel on, 241 ; PukH oa, ftlS 
Church, on cla^ retorta, 133 
Church archlt«ctim, Hait on, 133 
Chnrcb— CboHhunt, 20A ; UwiohAl, Oon- 

BtantinoiJft. 121, lEtf. 1 73; Bt- FfrtVF, Scv' 

bm'S; St. Philip, IilLngtoa,l;Wu:il«ad, 

Diiniit,ST 
CliurcLei, parith, Hart'i deiif&a i^Vj, 133 
Cburcbea, Iroo, 230 
City L»Qdun: iuiprDTeniHiti, 5, ^7, 334, 

133, 137, 1T5| 3W. 377 
Clark's proceH for »fEeni(ig vKtcr. 37 
Clark'i pat. floiUng dock, 303; pat thlp- 

nU^ing machinery. 305 
Claj tctuct, Chnrch on. 138 
Cl^avai.1: of ruckt. %G<i 
ClifLoa duepcmdon bridge. 417 
CliftoLi sowtirago work*. 310 
Cliiharw vaicnrarkfl. 8 
Ctuck-tover, NoifbUt, 213 
C-oal, heating poveiv ot. 31£ 
Cu;d Acldd In Kofuia, 373 
CucliraiiV iuipruTpJ byilnnt, 2ij8 
f!uck, FvLCam. Ciulvrighi^ji pat. 47 
CobC'^iMii, Faraday un uUracliun of, 30, loJ, 

174 
Coinage, docluial, Y'^lc^ on, 333 
CoUap«c of b^Jilen, yairbairn oa, 99 
Cuik-it, DQ drainajfi: of Worthing, 30S 
OoSlifFd, iiTOw, 273 
CotUcry fan, Rogt^ru', It'l 
C<itlLtfry eiplDuous prr;vifntian, 303 
Colliery T^^uLilAEion, SH'J 
Coluui ia chinmey coutructinn, G7 

Co V Hat If 10 sa— 

B,inuki, goremment, 13ff, IGl 
Cunntanltnoplo memorial cbnrch, 121,1-'?^^ 

173 

Covi-mment ofQcc^. nev, 89. IG9, !,;;» 

IVd, 214,27::, 173 
ItUngton refltry ball, 331, 418 
Lille catbcKlral. 5 
Liverpool fraa llbr»iT, ft 
MLddltWii: Indofltrul Mcbool, £3 
Fiubw:*yrt, 3flO 

Rf htb'^hau grammar Kfadol, 
Wellington monumtut, 213, 277j BIO 



ITIL ENGlNiaa AND ABCHITECT's JQI'EN.U. 



4ii 



IHDBZ. 



CovuvUllav nd mnli, UK < U. U, 
H. 1)0. uf , ni. ur. til, (M. ui, mi, 

OampDUUnMk Ronlu on, II t 

OnopnMif DuUw Kli«r> pM. HO 
OiMnM, fiaaia M OH OM, W 
Oitte, IB dMorteixM tiT aapoMlMi- 

brUpaiiaii (DfOBiualnr, IW 
QmdaaM, OmUlTit in 
OwMWlfiM «r <M-|ilp(L M 
OaoMoaaotilL naeriil charcti, lit 
CtawvcUaa, ftaaUa* a UiMn < « 
Oatnr ktdljK ur 
Oinlna, SoMfM Ml, 114 
Onimj. U«m. fai^iKnbn, mt, »l 
OMuai u4 tUU •!««» V4ar( (nt|, «• 
OMaiXHlatoanfk IM 
OM^m ""-ip— ^-■. Xoftlt III 
On, oe AlUMit ulccr*ph nU*, tit 
Oan*. <■ Soa of TCiw b plp*^ IM 
CkUB— bTdnoUe lUv Ino roondiT ITT, 

talMlw. r>lrttm-( M^ lVl»r> -ua- 

brmUuMS 
Ckisgn, w rtilUMpUt ^nvrka tU, i:(> 
O —iu 'i (M (Man in 
n Mil 111, nil**;, llarn*( IS, AImd/ M 
CMdoB Hwan^t wMhi MOt mttrinpplj 

Oawto, Ml*— u «B M 

Onrma, aMHpkwIe, Uopttiu n tf T. Ml 

OlihUl'tcndgaHf f>' 

(Wadu, bslln,t>r(Diuiil«ilDail«l 



SdDA |M. lUai IndorMtoB tl 
Otoi ud bimgBi lU 
DulaoDt «wr M in« nfb 111 
PctIb, on Inn bmiai SO. i\ 
DmI prilMUK, FkliwvUi ui 114 
Dadnd amtant, WUImth on 344, 

YMMoam 
D«eiimiina, Mom, ftmr •» >*< 
EtaMnMd njk. Hart oa IM 
DutorU^ MVM*, AgMn go Ml, 1»L HI. 

Did«u (V M*M Hliavt lU 

Omw paLlaruB •<! 

Omtun, )Mk u Itl 

IKDm'i t^rtu lUul W 

PtDrCtfi paLMiDuaui nt U, •cm>a«t 
(I 

XHiMnpHiaC. Pi^mnhua m 

tkrlM ■IV*'*t>^ Ntvun'a nt- 11 

Unas ucUor, tti HuiiUa Itt, HI 

D*tt •aman*. Smoiq a Ul 

piA •mIh. OlvM M. 1» 

ttMte-DmdH IMb biMpnl tl, PUti- 
ddfU* lit, IMovlk N. Bis da Judra 
MClu^iMwd lU. Tyw> rt 

llMlf, nodtfa la FWI* bfalUUDa tU 

martliiipfvndnlllM 

DvB^ Bnilili UsHis UWht 110 

DsuUhl M If • MnMa la nMrafBll* n 

Cnw hHbMT Ml. IM 

Odim^ dMdoMlcv pnwMi IM 

DmIiU mm •^ns Ml 

tiiUiiiBi avrt*— CHdioakam lU, GtUlH 
)|L<. iMvjidDa »M, LwMMr HI. UxMl, 
lUiili«>t«, UlUUa 111, IpnM IIT, 
IjIii— r m, MwitbaatiT »», nMrfr 

St, 41, III, m, 141^ Mli TMinliui 
Cibriilp- HI 
«. KuiLhi'i dmal* |r«) Ht 
DnddUM iitubiut, bddv Air IM 
DabnaoTt (IkuIc l<(ln ncuWor 111 
I>uii. 1111 iBrilai ibkU«*M 
Dnalitr kutnr irLtW 
]>u4« UttNOr aiAa IM 
pwr> Ufb-nwan «c1h H 
BvtUlan si Utoartat ilnain la nam- 

]n1l> l'H>. 10 OcMlud IM 
Dyvuumttm. HWTvun'i • 



Xdlatiwlh 

UmiUiihI muMB, 0(w Ut H, la 

BIMlb MVH^, Mbsaria*, Wladvw m 

Mrtc UwiA AUuUe M, 11; HI. m. 
na.iHriTik«M 

IlKtrio talccnpa, fUkMilu'i |iu. KX. 

■Ifklarfii Ml. M4, «M 
BmuMVi nndaf «■ », IM. Ut 
Sulrtdq, llHfd«^ (ipaMimu n, II 
muTHii iiiMii'llxi ■• • iBMln p«tf III, 

HI, 1M~ 
BM M JUMrtaa Bllmn IH 
-p. ._ J—..— .— 

AOWIi iw^ni«f «jMka> M 



Dill-*, pnMm W urtte II 

Bj HPtiagi wrtiMl 

BBbukniM, nuwtin 

CmliH^ norMTdnauga, M 

biClMv tWinUll't [M. ir 

B«lB^ DnTi Uib'inMin SI 

S■«laI^ Viq'* InimiiBiuw UI 

&ialu,Pi«iacAlt 

KntiBDi, nil*u. OiUmi ob III 

Barlagar, BuUBt^a taeuna dd adaaoxf 

KmiBaaiB, VUcWra-* lacuna Id* M 
QulMar^ (n9>U MahUibBat. ChUhui 

tt4 
^ijoaar'* pwlW H at, Adoulra tut ■> 

bga aaOafi hall, ITI 
■niiMla IDBU ts India tU 
RUiiMlka- 

Ai>daUcMnl,lh»l,lTI 

UtndHMv tit«aiiaa» 01^ til. HB 

ruiall, n,ll)». ItUlH 

rnbUf olBeaa dabnia »«^ 101, III, HI. 

Safil ac»liiia7 III 
WaUP4aIau «cl>lk* Ut 
WallUgMo MBinaot daMfaa W 
ftETdvttaBfc ftflBsaao Ml 

V. 

VadnchTVIor'aiM.in 
rHUiiH. tiDaiiu. AoAtnaa m It 
I'lliUlm.iniadlaiiaaidtabsUI 
yurtai/n. '01 aiii^til liiai baama H 
Kilihiin.'i laalani bir iBStMan ;rtf) H 
FUilum • latmtac vaaalH 
raloKxiib tuuMor IN 
ran. •Hiiiumc, Um/m 
raradar. IB alimMm fersat M IM, 114 
Far. m ntOiaM aint IM 
IVmnii-a ftad-pli* WMialkiaa IH 
FviTVT. onalooaadBCDnllma Ml 
FIna, opan, AmoHoa. II 
FlnbcaL tkOKnull-a (U. Tl 
FlraMl^ Khf nrii-a paL IN 

Ftnpnaf alMb 901 

Punpmtf itoon, FilrtiLlni od It 
rin-itn^rf OiHira ud cBUtbct 111 
Fllnl iraUa. aoMnnluD of tm 
Fkaitnc dwk. ItUadalplila 111 
nMlint dwft, Olartra M. BH 
Fliialliig lUUflak AsdiBm m M 
flovn aad nnCa. Jlnoaaa'a ^. 19B 
pluorlBi lUni. rbvbaan lU 
Pli^nng, lraa|tnlmtic Itil 
FlovliwliiltiiL Mrtaunan H 
FluortDM, [itniiiaiiiT IM 
Flia, Fklrtain oa bra af H 
FlUH. Ibrd'a (Bl. nt 
FltuUiic martiW adlMUnf T 
FiKoi. ^jilial. Raaa ■■ Kl 
Faraga. TanuUT « cnaaamiiw of lOi; III 
Foraomu^ and pnjKtiina U* 

FmotVlI'a IHUdulBB Ut 

Fomdatinii, <bliiiaa7. lUwIluvca « 00 
FnuDdAlltiiii nt brtilfft IM, IKI 
Fuuadailuiu. Itwlc gn III 
Fouudn, .lonli Woadjdila III 
FavM, an balUlsf maaanala lot, 111 
FovbT, OD TMs harbair m 
Fsvki'a daelllua tar labaanra IM 
Fnt, on HBunlan at mlina Ml 
FraDcr. aWtuj tdgoUan la Mi. Mt 
rrauehtttdfl-ltt 
rrMUoB a( maiUDur tl 
rBlbrak.«Bni>M[Ht 
Fmaaa, Baanftinra faa-Sana Wt 
FniMtat fttttrf Ml. M 
hraaaa, IIafwaDd*a pal. U 
rtmtda, Slanaatf lapnnd tM 
FOnH^ Woiotf V*L H 
Fonaca, amolDB-aDaiiHeiiii II 
FOfvaeB tndBt pnraa'Xuii tM 



Q. 

ailiirj. KaUrsal » 
Oailowa/* pH '^hw 14 
Oaltos. «) ADaHsHi nllimn ttO 
Oanpa aanaL tafia an IN 
6iu1. S•1r■aU^ nbilldwc •< tU 
OaaliaU'apai. nlta VI» 
0aa UiUlw In mliioi Ut 
«aa la nilaw Inlaa til 
Om nnalaib dIaMMuf H IM 
OMnNtodf DaVmdb M 
OaMUou (oniaeD HI 
Oiu trma pnaA, HafM no UT 
Uai IniiB jiitf . ioUoHO « Ut 
0«i fruni vwl In*, ItO 
liiH-Okakl 'L dat rvhtfta tiT IM 
Oai parlMnii. 8111*8 |al. 11 
Qupurl^liu, Uoilaft|M.lM 

Uwmrka. miadalpUatth IN 
Du and •aurff pv HI 
OaM-lDdga, Ldlaadoi), M 




■ridit 



of ItailmaCTai 
vaAarvirab tld 
. -laMaTUvU ni 111, FU]1I(b 

on IH. tamttf oa lit 
OanlBMalrimmau U< 
UOmrtt mint a^ 4U 
OMh M MtMB. tarrapnoalMi IM 
OMoI, Ban CB alnlBB la « 
Olrdai bOdaia, lUrin «B Ut 
Slidsi, BaitoD <n aUvbiB ia til 
Oltditi, Im. Daflaaaa n, 41 
airdan^ Inu, Falrtialn on If 
Olrdar^ Iraa, Fvpka on lU 
QMsi. Imiinoabar ua < rari II 
Olttona, OB Ihaoia oibaaknaDl )(• 
Olawivbartoar.lH 
OlaafBVpattM 
aooaaa'a valar-Datai 141 
OwinkanaakatK 
OolUo anfldlaouf*. Bart m III 
Owrno*, SUm'a iBfrvaad UI 
Ondlanti^ niinj, IbiardMa oa in 
Ondlaata «( AawiOH laOaq* IM 
Oi«nalaui^ naf M. to 
OranaaDd Ucnca fitr lit 
OnittF. Uaaaanrsii lU 
Ontllalini. PamUf an n. in, 114 
Oni'a Mlwajr lijmJ tw 
Oaaau'a kul« liapinTtaiiiDU lU 
Oran'B halwiT laD 
auU-atmoi, HiiuDeaii « IM 
Qua canutu^ Aadanwa aa aaaahrtntr «t 
UsBpairdar, AndaitoK m maolfUIB* W 
Oiuia. Audanta a amnbttUR, 14 
ffau-MalM oa nnalnctloo tl; HI, 

lltaMroatU 
OoiK MuRtaaaVpaL 4or 
Oimg^r, m Uima paUnuga M 



n. 

BadilaaTi pal. pnlMOaa U> 

Haloholif pal. Bini« IS 

tUU^ part lOl 

HaO, EMI oolla(t III 

Hvnnar. rtiaai 414 

Uauraar, jt^lot'a alaam M 

Hamiauail vaMt (UBpaB; U. 114 

Uulwiut-Aliordaai Ua, Atdbaanwh MO, 
aUhmtHI. ArddMa MC.IM: Bnd- 
Unnoa »0, BiWoTauiid ui^ 404; 
CMlsittinl M«. 4Mi bauriaa MOu Donr 
IM, W»; Dtnliar in, Mt; IMndae 1*0. 
niaiaia««»,nttk«(IiO(t)ilil<i, Ola» 
pr tt«, Hanlnal m, HarwMI Ud, 
ItoMad Uh 4Mi JtHOw tit, Wmai 
at, UUbrd Ibna llfc VnWaa Ml, 
raOHUa tl«t n««bad MO, MB-. Ht- 
ugnib tlO, iVvtiaod UT, 4IOi run Krta 
m, Eadcar MO, St. tna too, UIi BoB- 
dslBDd lia. 411: ToaHBBUIh m, MVi 
Waurfncd Ul^ Wbft IM 

Bartuon, Subowbjd aB daalfa 1 

lUrl'a dialBii OiT pulalKlianbaa ti«t< Ul 

lLullii[ianllarWF tlO, Otlrm ftt 111 

Uarvkb bkrlwui Sid 

avm, «a paai (u UI 

Hajvoad, sb doiallaB vl pailBf lU 

lUnroo^ o) fmginp <( loBdoa aaawi 
W 

Raanlai'a aumlBKaiB bb alaatimt M 

llMt, Fandaj oa lo^ III 

UoM. Uafd'a naoaratiaa nallT 

UaaL Raak aa damlopKaM IM 

llaaiilaT^aalUdal BliM IH 



UoiBwV, va dUMNoa tf oaWr IM 

Baauaar, on UliMICa gffislMiaaB U* 

Ilapbum. 00 nllirai' ukatla Ul 

llanpaU-a dn^oruUif UBaHa IM 

B*]>nad'a paL MiMli 

Klfhuara pal. ttactria taMpapli INv 4U 

■tUlB' ut. gu purtffl^ n 

modvlaa and nibK Md tU 

HIkhBB aaaaraca nab Ul 

itiMi j Wifc ubiliivi TnntI HI 

llolaUOB appanlai, Xwrii'apu. «T 

ffAW 1 1 iMii a aiiivriuieaia aa d^ajk EonM' 
UcaH 

DopUna oo alBiauliiicU comiiu Ut. HI; 
00 wlodtaiid run Ul 

BolTbnul hurbagr u, tlU 

Uundoraa railway 66, U4 

HeaclUil— 
BliuiddrK niwnoa HI; Branca, Ua- 
»Id Mt. Oisuttoh III; Hn OiIibbi 
Imn It. Hlplar'iv UHaalar 11. H. 
Cnaa U, ai. liarr-L OMlHtlim Mt 

HbM8-|>1bU^ Bapveitb an IH 

ItvuiM tor Ubaorf og dBHB 100 

Booiark W diOniDoB of aRbitaelan til, 
OB iilipjHll in no rooipiuitau ttt 

llomlMr, oa Ine brulgaa ud (Man (ml 
If 

Baal, oD daolto^HiMliiiB Idl. IH 

HoLlai^ Hbo^coMb oacUaarp M 

llaiii'i iillaij ■iiAa II 

BuMOlNa'a pak Mgoa ddanllOB 11 



Bldr-park uiptotMaaala UT 
AjftijOL loiiantfO Vk 
HjrdnuUo apparau^ Auttnm m !■ 
UjilnaUc oiwaat IM, IM 
Ul^nalMagHBt. SaaM MT 
Hjidiaiilkdatalar tU 



latltalloBi^BMtonlH 

iBdlfc Wldff balUIDi b) M, Ml 

ludia. Cbouiar OB BBptaala 

Lodla, utm «ro la IB 

iBdlaa rallaa;*. Bow OB m, Xaniat* 

141 
Indian nada ntMl lU 



tiidiiraUo<abMBa>n«r»|B*.tl; . 

H; UamUaaa'i H; PH^ M: Rm 

lt;9nillb«alt 
InUBd. nasBBaar ea elmWH* 
(iBB Mu^ BaruD «D auoBCib a( HT, Da- 

ifaa<BM.1l.lkfaliami*i>TI, NvWta 

111 
Iroo, DalloalaaoatMnHibM 
Inn Udn aad tfrdnn. HaailM M* J « 

S«a, U^AoB-a U. WaaoM 4* 
Ino w*JiDt rafiwalhaa ITI 
bincbaRhoaSM 
Iiw dopeam, AMoa 41, MHSfc B*iH> 

in 

Inn Ibsndij. !(>irtli Ui'mdaUr ITT 
Urn. bxO VToWii. Kiln aa U4 
tion aanoM, Obaoibini'a Mt 
Uw faoa. *a«winwir MfcH, *tl 
[naSr^FtoaaHl ^^ 
UUr«WB raaUj Ul IK, 4)1 



Januak on pIiaMmiikp la < 

MT 

Jaiua'a n a>ar«>ta m Utkl lit 

JmarbarVoiUT 

Jalmaao, ao paai oa IH 

Jabaan'a lapnaiM ftimu Mt 

Jolal [aaa Baam' 

Joaat, so pan— wl wtj M 

.lona^ pamaur <t oroaacBI inra} tla 

jgpIlBf, sa nnaa niaMn • 



Kqi^aaWr nltiiUI 

Kamidf, at aaainl India nU*aj tU 

KtBoedf a ■Btcf omIit 4 

KaaatEflao navon la. M, Id. ta. VH 

Kim. « deanct ot luto Ml 
Xluif a paL awipf liM — *'rr. tit 
Klunlbiuvb'B aoL toHUMc tl4 
KUnhI«rtrapal.W< 
ILTKuoMailicUl 



Utounn' n aif^ laf n a aau tM 
UddiT, ■'-^Ct Melwi lal 
Uuluy-a pal. pa p«nl>lB( IM 



[anuiirapMi-taa M4 

Uctin taldjja Ua SMaailTeT M 



Imti 



Uoadya uElaa el «oaB<v«|» 

I>* aoun^ aiiMai*'d n^anl 1 
lAilWt bolldan' fiMpbaali nr, M 
raimraiiiuUwgl Iall4a|< 

UB*)I» 

Law jprooaH for iiijiiilaaian ---r M 

I^aitliEiL ooaiuut. Ul 

UadllBd gUft SBilb so n 

Uloaaua «•*«»•> aDIta HI 

Lrnalfeaa aWaiidiip Ud, IM 

UliiWT -BrliMli BiMaia )M, li<«p«4 L 

lIlJlllo liopl* IH 
LIcUl, Itnfl <m pliMHMaaa tC US 
Llsb'badf a larprvral ta^ M* 
UiblhMaa appNalu IN, BiUM^ IM 
LUIiibww aaidfla la raili -^■tliii lU 
UUt caibnlral -— [-"■■-rt • 
LIUWa alRial |iatlB| U 
Umt and oaiont. rnka w lit 
Luun Uln,, UrtTi |M. IN 
LiiliuMUE< BitviAcr'* 111 
Liiuluil fnt UniT BspailMiai t, !■■■ 

ImprTiMiala IP. iMbawlIO, '—'nm 

al«al»l,HI - 

ll-j'- rlfm tl tn-lifc lainiaiaB lu 
ta^ aad laatlB Itt 
LoeaawlUa aajlaa. AjiwIim IW. MaO*- 

■alTa paL iCrnaUc/a U 

- lt<M4IL B>rUa«tn> 




-_ .oadaoffaaauMUl 
taadanten brtd(a. Uarha a 
Lall^ IB ^tartaoraa tf 

taUfaattl 
Lnnar oiolM^ Taofkaaca M 




INDEX. 



423 



in 

jKoteU* 

I Mt —I » B— But) «» 

1 * BMIn pswr HI. IIL tM 

IwmMlttMBOl 

inelts otMUUsT tl 
"^ !»»,«,»« 

Ktaa N. til. H* 
.. _ wibHH ia>. tMl 

dlMKs uiuUi W* 
_l4«><artiU« BMM H) 
Bute. Raiue.B«TU •LHl 
KMiUaUOii IT, tM. n». M, l» 

i.ll«tBfiMdfcrtwW 
nraan oTU 
IbMdaltdlM 

Dcnaa 

nt 

imlltl 
irUuvliu Mfat M 

w/uoiT'i !■■- m 

tepniMwnMM 
'Owlahilr**. OwwANt, 
XnMdJ-**. nrtluW* T. 



,M.llttlM.IOtlM 

{dh; I. t. »:. R, IM, 111. 
Itt. Ml, m 
, ft. 114. W. *M 

]«, II» 







•». IM, IN, MIIW 

iuiu,>M.tm 

HtaUaktuwlM 
HnM, «M 
'MffVU.ll.mn.lU 

»t. M, IM. »M, M» 
JM Bn«Mc ■• ltd 
lUin kurlimt til 
mM 

nlMnpltelta 
_n«wtin,min 
JLflBa (• tM^ Mopa ga 

„ ^OaM:*pM.m 

^vllkpiiill 

_. _■ OB uapiatin tt) 
111 pM«Ht awHB <i<H 

ATm Mil flUlkK omUhvt tl > 
viJteladluMMaW 

■k-BmbMMiaiw, HjudloftMi, 

niW. Bum «a, lUolwFl III. 

.WMamwiOinfiiiiMi. 

Jlwn. tn. WnalN 

1 miwHoi^ IMU* (at M 

knliAUlMiMUj«tH 

■ MMritouiUlfwn 

^ «• und utHtHMn ni 

^* fAL Blfttl BiHlJlU AAj cvdaUDt 

L Et*IIUDB OS CT 

L &w«Hi-i «M. u; UonyiMri ii 
1r BiUU KigntlKiiiili't pal. IMi 

inn'IIWTO'B 111 
brnnauu In iUBn-«|lu Kl 

- "-lOik lU, KoMlaiWo to. M. 
LUwpBdt 

— ■ M nunhaua ai 



S. 

7, iwrt •« nonnl M 
illsnnn^ llDanuiB on nl 
. m> 1(111. Anulna* oe 1% 



p«a,llt 

■ dMBIBMUHlHtU 

iMDUDUnbiMvUI 
DVMUIui'lU 

■ woirt 
■ ■«v«ii«u 



KaihBBtaAiB* «0(k. Tiw. *n 
Xn, M]» t^ OlaflA fU. « 



OMIUfT— 

"ii'iii rr rmiiiirT. iiii i»i. u- 

m4i M», euTk Mt, UfflM. Lumi 
nt. M'Ub Jl. Ni^ M, iU* K. 
nir<UrlM. iMd<n«, n—ma BT, 
Vn tr. C>«H tO», W(U ttt, bMb 
lt1.Ut 

OtNmUrj, pnii nn * f*MI* Ul 

Oc«B oimiifi, llivkkia* Ml^ tit 

OMnmB.M(HM«am 10 

oacv-AniuB lu^ Awmnu ui,o*» 

Mw laninaaa t, tajMUi oHUilb IM. 
tantolM 
omu imnBul IR,l«Lirt,lM.llt, 

OOcn^ InlaUf of te (dnttta oofpt nt, 

m 
Q^\ai aaUDonK Ifcuwf aa lit 
MdnuMk nkMr ■• lU, MMM on tt. 

UO; HOniMO^ ML WT 
On. Inn. In AMbW, B iBilU l*L ta Em- 

•latrt 
OnuBsni, (nnur at (n*) tio 
Onuuint In diout —itmMM IT 



OrthDcnpUupMi^ao, Dlrar (iw) M 
Own auWiaC m 
0»art Wtec « W ■■" *". lM.HUa. 
dalauoal* 



{■wUlp *h«l lad BfnaOH. AimMraic M. 

IIS, lit 
l^ta. on an ITiamiaiMr biUfi 101 
rwi pu. MOW iMurafiM U 
MiM, vr<aialBa«r Ml 
FUdUbl \atm, r«t»w4 g«L tH 
rkpmnib, OB tww (atallBC ni 
PuUlItllUD)' of kIeub. pfiiM It 
PutooUWIiuD ::, T«. t«Ii. Itl. IT) 

rMdleb■nll•^ lun'i d>rifu (nv ui 

Ikfk, BMUnat M, IM; DcnHpon ITt. 

OlaauB Mt Halllu IM. sMftHIlm 

HT^ JMM-a n 
rwtw, a Add ■■« A«Mik Mt 

riri|MicTflMiiii( m 

rarMt'*!*!. (InpH HI 



rn 



Aii>*>>iMi,niBi«Lif 

Mtaiwullf 

KilM. Oalloav 1*, Banx* It 

Srnte. SoUitrlaBd m 

tnOet ud Uecbk DitaB II, IH: 

aokaMuin 
Oalr. Badan II 
CbUBBon BUUiw W» 
COA, cUnlall It 
CominaUw ■wtaln^ Mba W 
Cnok, Tajin Ml 
DmdnrlauiK. Vanwtn 
DJTlu •poaralH. McvMo M 

BMUb tid^A, lalaariMlH MW- 

lMKi.<ui 
bite, CknnlitW tt 
BwlD^ UcOmihU II 
I^D*, ItaiUji II 

ndap,T>TiOTUi 

PlnboL MedoiDMtt 

rtrabiub^ R)i««Ib HI 

innaUDfihirk, UlarHUI 

Fluun.llmiiBUk IM 

nu«,Binllll 

ftrMm, DiaaoaN 

OuptilD1i«.UIttiTllI«lllB| 101 

HuMlu ■pnuMn. Ora WI 

\na. KuUMUaoMl, UantHB U 

IrA, DimlilMiabA iLa^iif, BcaMBV il 

Inn. uoitlllBE, Wmim II 

Kiln Link Ul 

Udrtaf fiir AiniAca brtcto^ Jtcobt tTO 

Onlaum, Horrlaui tOt 
FirsiunL Inio. GtuibKUB VR 
hnag, aaictDU t» 

rwiiwiwj niiiiijitin. rm im 

IMaHld. UcGooDalin 

MkUm, Baddaa 111 

bi.kHlBw«l 

Rol)l^ HnoaB IM 

Sen* DnHh DlBtAl IT 

nipMUIag. Arlw Mt 

aU^MMB buUaht, Claf t tU 

Rtadfc nttwu. ttan m 

Mow, anglaii, UmJIw im Ona n, 

flllMIIII Tit 
SuoHM^WMkllll 
SntnaclM «p|«Mw» N«<rtH n ■dIUi 



IVmla (caDUaatl)— 

m Mt, IM 
TliBlwbwlIxll^m 
TnlMaiwt, FMkM 
Tain OaabaD Ml, Waanal It 
Wall hODM DQlor tU 



MlwUnai W. 
tot. »t. HI. 110; MT, 



rB>iBta,llal if 

M.M. Ill, 1< 

Ml. tM 

Ftituwal, in^ OiuiliiirUB't HI. IDT 
I^MBial BIga, rowka «• 111 
r»lB(.«f«tBMIi«IM: a^AoVial. 

i» : linih a*»MM B) pap fee k}«| 

tot 
rtal ^Kwl, rniMRln of Ul 
nai fMb Um aa IH; JohwHiln tM 
RnduluB. iWaoH** in 
Panahcna'anpsndiilMUTMatMli «SI 
rmMacfcntt-MlUiiT 
PaoiuuB Iwilnir 110 
Panr, oa dial BuH^ddn III 
I'tmaMnivH. Adasii'm tl. 10; (Varirr 

oa IMi Uallcm •• UO. Jnaa m BWi 

neanauuM 
TinmuHil «u, Bato**! pM. 11 : tHaip- 

W-lH, ilunT-aBLrwiBtflOl 
pDipMdionW airK Bui go IH 
PalHlHri hartoBT Ml 
nUuMiiOU OdMUii doa ni; aamirte 

WMfo 
PhilUto; OD laal^kol atoow IM 
PMc«n|ibr la MtblMiMr* IM, U ord- 

tuur* lomv Ml 
riHh^npUa »widMlM, axMBlaral m 
|%i«i^n|jito iBauniaaau, nmaiw an in 
rhflcal npttot. Owmiaaila (br lO 
Pltn, iDudUlaixiriU 
rU»«imlBaaaBUt 
nirf4nnof aMUoih •MA Mt Ml 
rUia. <mw, r<m<im on III 
npa nmuUHu. KlnalMfm ^L Ml 
t1)n>. ■•* *■>"■■■'' IM 
tU«Ti md, irUnHir* !■>. Tl 
naolDf BitthlBarj. HidHaMrB «B III 
nuM tor fntblia vnkt I 
riHlndMonllHHb ramraaM 
flTOiaiiUi haitoui 110, an eadMlnl m, 

an dudi tl 
rulaMBiMgr, IratB^a lit 
Puwltln aad MmnUa, Foarfe* aa Ul 
rteiucd ixrtaaf Mt, ilo 
rnwin f*ii|i^ tlan»a>sn*s tU 
Vmxt^t hmmiiUta It 
mm, Kurtdk Uuid U 
riqiNtllK, HaddurafM. Itl 
rvijnlhiiH awl ImnMR* MT 
hoiwllai, VufuifiiM, Euitno'iliidna' 

tnlU 
rmnelUr ud tadilW-wlMrL AflDamactB 

iSTiir 

ft— ■. OB npgrliuml mmu Ml 
IhlUU wofki. llil o\ nljuu IM I 
Fur.H«n'*MT 



4u>Cv4iaai«t, Laaadr'i UUea ;■«■} M 



Kali. Adua a* H. M; nmou <■ Hi 
Oaltat ao ItOi Jaiai ui IM 

Ball, BaclmTa ul. *l; UiMlaiD'a Klj 
Dodd'aMI; llanTaM: Hwovil'iM 

B*a«v— Aaiinllaa II, Ml; IMDur aad 
Cuint India IM; li«id«u aad Hv 
aaaa IMi onUtlu lOiCaoada It. 10. 
H, IMi bphmaa 81; fnanaodmaia 
11: UoBdumaM. Ill: lodUaKM.U. 
It. too, m, 3*1-, HamiaUiu IMj 
I*(niMibgi» Ml SnUik IM, Tntub 
!•; Unllcd SUUs IHt IM, MO. «M 

ILuJk*; rfnutjif— HurrT'iM, Adaoult 

iUDatrimll'Miu. Iiuliwilina m Ul 

Ball>>jit|[iul-01bui'ttll, MaunTani; 
On; n Vit 

RalHtn; rtaiiin, nutilln(UB n, Uatiad 
(atiM m Loniliin aiid ttiinO *iMani 

Ml! 

Kallmj tnlB», llfbitiit allli^ Ul 

Bailirw tUdocU Itl 

KalKnn IB aUHta lit. Adami a 10 

lti>lnfuU,B«<UiuoBHI, niMiMiieU) 

Kunur. on iTittnal IMW of lb* (luba IH 

BAuklua. li-aunoBMIiiMaaltta Mtfam 
nt. uu lubuurfoa UMfnpb Ml, wlma' 
rsimulBO at ancMHB Ml, addnw la 
lal.#ai«UH(nU*MkBdMl • 

Baai Mrt ladaauioa tn awi It. pat. »»M- 
DdalttaaalM 

BatlHtdBlaaairt 

Savlliim. go t*U cUmsviM 

Itanoad'a pvmaHal war U 

lUld. oa (aaka muOoMoa ft 

KrtftMdm HMMClor MT 

KifiuMiiuur, Biiaiairga IH 
*jM. on lUitiar-pnaerrliia Ul 



inO, M UB 



SaMt~ 
AUao* Mltcntbanpaaf IN, m 
Balwnaa park. IW 

tRUOTltBI 



IWmiICuM^i tnaaa. Ml 
Itonh>T aad aaoMl ladla idvM lU 
DwtlUui <« lakaami la IIMIiml IM 
Uumtlsh liavMiUa m. tto 
HwDoaT i< nlOci, BaMhVMl IM 
Uartoara si r^iB IM, MO, «■ 
BladataaaedlClkM nad>H 
HfiMinMaa sua dna*^* M( 
UruopaUunananMl 

KaUaul (aitoT Ml 

rariaciblLukig II. Td, Hit 111, in 

Pa'lil «l n*l«a^ MO 

KiUinn, ABurlmt IM 

Klitr •*•--— lU 

acfaolllo own Inlnl^ ol <dlloan IM, 

MI 
••«*(• daalortAc Ml, Mt 
BtwatanawrHWral 
Wuv napula^ uMnipatlMan. ». Tl 
ITaur, pwn— Air aaHailag n 
WMmliHMr'teldai Nt 
Wor>dMM>iro 

BnWnrtlw-BaaiPigitiltm. LMa. 
daR nULaJol IN, « iBtataa bIiMb M 



Bani 
ARIUiiT 



IUUm,M 



,l»»MBb 



BdUdUfawadMUaa, lAilua'aaua 

III 
Qilcalaa. IbMbiI. TadkaaH*, Ml 

DomMManklMMn, rinrlm. Pd 

H,MS 

Dwrtofr akwat* e£ Xo4la, WT 
DnUUfi gl Utaoitat dMa^ lyan» 

l>am.lM ^ 

DadliaaaflaMMinMSnnuil, IM» 

tpgliairtti VUrlaJnf^ laMna fer, M 
ttiftosH'i poAal-lMk, AdMd, 11^ in 

Iniu lirldfoa and tlrdM*. Uauihar, 11 
kunu pnipaWoa, apnlliMlaoa. Ml 
W*Dfunllon. plaorafilfftlld. BiWdtr 

>;t 

llruaiiiHl, tmaiDar at, Oata ivtm, Vst 
OrUuwnpOKpniJaaULa, Vkan*, W. 
Fartili ckaHb dailiii*, Han IH 
ItUDl turn. Mum, Ul 
qurWratgaiaa, utlai of, Ucndr, M 
Savirata araan «l Urndun. Ki^kl im 
TdapspUc cbM* la(li«, »^l*, Rl 
VOU and wlu«i «H*na, VawL Ml 
Win Bamortali, WIUUmmb. in 

Bsioiu, HltiiiC Id IM. It I 
■JAndHB, go nHvar pidlral* Ml 
Klla. Andcnin od BiaidknarT II 
XltiT. w hwd anagtl tm Ml 
RIpbV't huilial, TanMaw II 
Utw tars wUui OB lU 
BIWTtoaw, BuiMll •« IM| OatDi^ «a 

Boat, aiato^ aod ThIM tU 
loadnn Bu«Dadg»gm««aMSt 
Kobntam'* ia»drlrlH aaMlOB M, IH 
BodwawraiaiaMaBll 
RoidB.lonntkiee7lM 
KactoK AadaniB od iHaiilMaac H 
Jtocm. M (iVMBca <d tMulmi lU 
Bifet' •aatUaitut lao Ml 
Kanh <it WfllBlBMa paM* llf 
Uoad iumI lanra. Unuou'i |iaL Kt 
So<iaMUba,rimiBiKi 111 
Kaqudaruu miocdgci III 
nair UnOar-muiii niftilH HI 
Rnw. addnia la Brli^ 



«0 

RoUiBiuai tnanar aetail •aupMUia t 
KixllHlCi^iadilrplpatM 
Koral loidtan nUUUaa irl 
Rgliblc bMaoHUoala ao IM. SM 
EBiktn'a donnla of dnainj im7MT 
BOillalM^, Ha|0sa « n> 
Bwall. oa UiWUo aouuiUp tU 
RaaUi •onkn lad M 
llalbna-( l^diuUc prop^ar IM 



Babsl. Aadmoa oa atosbctort II 

fliAiuHOteBklto 

NL Cnw- kiapltil II 

Bl. Itoa kartagr tlO 

HI. SvatI* part laworaaiala II 

■L raaraa&dnl, MMIha* IM 

■l nabMBdmi^aavkalliUiii 

a«. IMh^ AWch, Saarbarf • ^ 

n, niU|/> (faunti, laUnflga I 

•iltiahbrtdfitll, Ml 

taMffa itiAa MMaa f 

bif t pnabM. OanbOI 101. tn 



4« 



INDEX. 



1 



hutw*^ 5l Mu't tlxr* ■ 



BuMf*. IlmUa tM 
trfutn 

»M«*uMuUUIM 
■tl|4vl'>. LukOHtV VI 
- ■ -4^1 

>a 

■hllBCIIMUura 

MkmuM* ML tMb IM 
I BcMoiClbncUKa. BmUhsh*) 
9(*nit3r <ar(«, inUii)ii| <( aJIlMn br tM 
. < val lUDBBI KI 

'ir>i;-iiiulia*l*ddn U4 
.i.inni'UK'lUwM, IM 
V nv I ui, uliDpfiu't IM. II 
■M UMh^ tl Udu w I » 

I MMTa, « Hibmnar vpmdoM IM 
' Itota^A-H. wiiluB Bert ta M 

I ■ mH ImlimiRr UfwatM M 

I^HHpiiid." . ■-■. :<M.su 

I mix M« (UnWfK UvkUmm « M. 

nlwrutotM 
k BkiK lUit «> lit 
IflbriBtU mW <rf «1 tn 
I IIMlS AnrifTHB «D BtauCvauc M 
I BMr^'* IM. ImIw i:* 
I HI^MlMliift A)lM' pu. ttt, UnonauiD 

'tlit^«ldv.aur<p>i. *U: SnlU/>f; 

I ni*, uutiui uu>s< fit in 

} nitr* pHK ■Kuwt'' HMf PI 

F tum*m tumut^ lii. ■■»? niiinr il 
I fiiMl mOniT. un»ai IM, uUwb'i mU- 

I Him** tMnwa 111 

tBfcji fc ■■ *r* WMUnbiHN tdla> W3 

I llw* »■>«■?■ UmbM IH 

(Bu (!»•««, KiM ou U^ «i>r»} •» m 

bltafN— MtB>*BH, Mb oukswin 

I J«»a^ Ji». ftnmt' U, Ki 

•nlMnoItl 
fpMk W*m pu. M 



BBM.(iB*«rt>*l WraUi 

•■in. Ml luvvna tmuf m 
I anufe, « iHlKwitc •*••• II 

•bWi ptf . aWi« w*M HMl* » 



III 



. It. J<AMDtf¥M, «mJ-* U 

AhMmM. nriU IM. If. Ml IM; anrt 

•( n>«la»< IM, SM. Ml, (M^ 4M 
AfiMMMnlMWtuk* IM, Ml 



Attmnttmii huxlnu S. II 
ARMwnonl f<nk«rNiUn UBL W 
AnlAwiunl HtUlialka II* 
Ant. mo^}. La*4i* tt. 11. ^O. Ill 
AUK AcMIU IHIHI M 111, MT; pf*- 

■Inai tU 
lIMIkk ■■!«■»■ tU, IM 
IteU-n. iM. of btU. I, T. M. UL 
tmntmttm, <- '■y '■* -?. n. ML 
ia.)tt.iiiw' I '"rnuiuaf 

WJ, EM| |*f«i . ill 

IMHMNBMdu^..: ....::>. Ul, Ml. 

M«HinLlnUn4U 
KHUem, SMlkid «& Ml 
-^^ — -— ' Wain Ul 



£:£»£ 



on 

WMcMolMi, «Und >n tU 



Mwnlwwipi. BmHMrw Ul 
smt, UB *v iiMTiat Ma 

■UlUI* (OtlKllllII M 

•niiMr la kUUm u »(«iMl (h M 
(ooiid, (Hm of mill <B Ml 
•mh«t. m W* 4>*"U> <K tadb, « 
SpiiO.^ (U Ulll WW Ml 
Sprint, lamliiMKl, ITflKia^ IM 
*(•■, lanlUH. «ailtn « II 
KUubvit M« knMi II* 
RuiiixLniUaaj.ti rvldlncUis tl, IB V 

»Wiw ~ ll«nllM> Ul. (fUanfU SU 

luiiMt. Mu, w*u m, wiuiu IT. lif 

aiHlB-JM VpMUIWl W» 

MniD uTiMUon. bUli nxfd, Aniutnu 

win, IIT 
KI>H>B.U11W11MI«LII, II. Ill, III 
Hifil Bttaatnaan; lIUilaMi VM. nnTo 

Ul 
Mfd amiuit, Bmbbh-* pM. M, EMil'i 

M)l 
ftriOfDM^flaanVMLiululHkriilalH 
^ttbtiuua. K. M.. Iu«bitiud II, m 
Mma>iitg», ttnintn •lo itl 

hMdiMil MiVui M» 
ft<it» whool^ QyiMlwil t\ 
MiikH. iir>><lKt4BLBdaiiM<uidlU 
Mnk nKlllrut. BwU^t p^ Ml>. Oral 

Kri), RiUHirDB't |iM. IMi VvatS o« 

tMOH, !>' ' ' m 108 

SbW\ilccavi( *< "x-ijJlktlHT pkUM UtfU 

ManrwIUBf IDHli)aiHT, HfluMf** U 
now.*«1uf, Uuwiul lU) KM 
9bw*viik, numb da iDdunHoi Al, pMI, 

pIK^Mllll. £1 

*ida«7, no flork 4Dlniii«> Ul 



SUuuej'i bniiMsl \nUatj am 



■■■••H. AlUsU mil I) 

HbiHtMU. imfnrmi fll. Wilfbl'i iM. 

Slniiuliub«MBfclWI« U. OtvMOBto. 

II. ruiiiuiiiiuiir*. r«Bk*tiBiii 

?4irHt rHiiuu>^rim ^ led 

.llnM puiuf. Ulllf'< 11 

Hirr^ nilviy* ill, AiUiutaH 

RInM fulxnij' U, Ml. W* 

Slncl ■MUnfafpallUuM 

■mu. MU Id niMiufciUa 1, f9, 141, IN. 

•M,ia 

•inMU,«idiJirfiu,Hi 

Klnnu. lUiuaA, timj « 1IU 
««liii»rii. M, Ml. HD 

)>ul]|U»lDll MMBnillM KmMb'i HL IIl 

MuUli't iM. » 
■nbOHrtDe onntlnH, Mnn «D 101 
SuhiurtM Hfcmph. lUililui^ dm. IM, 

Wlndn- m tT. M ^^ 
Cow Miud, Ml. IM. lloUla OS tU 
Saadiriiail liuboiu IM, Tl« 
Siilimbni""! -■'-!■■ ■;. ■". Ml 

^nrrrTriT. lijj 

Sorrr^l^i ■ . n 

ftiu|H]uiil..<. ..,...■.— ...UL.4 111, Hvwr'* 

Ihtt, U. .1. IM 
>i«BMm Miltiii>-*ltatgrtiuoH (tf Ul, 

brlw 00 rn. Vi(ur>h> iw Ul 
HiiUiKluil'i |i^ hml in 
"rpUo, KUlOT'i latn''*'iMi*^ >» U 



r. 

Thrkfi «an i p ra ■ l int 'ran* III 
I'M bi't wtil Uanf Ul 
r«> bubsnr liw, U) 




Tttfcnph, Cm lodiui IK It 
T*l*a*pta tor a>B«> SK 

m«nptt.aiCMiri«at'«>nii«,iit 

>iita, '-' — -*—. r^^-'j SB lat, w, 

« (M. WlDlowiia fl, n 
LAUuluatiurlM UM^Ml. 
I, IM. ITiL Ml 
Tiiiiiiiir» hnmaa vb 11% IWi^ Ib 

linnvaunia lo MI 
VmuI^ kidiM, at Oitbu* M 
THiLU(blMy*liD|n>icd tU 
TRadi>unlli,SIMn«naa laosHlt 
T«n«IM (M lamMkb. I>(»to «■> IM 
ThUoc mMUdl PwB'a M 
Tluaw rii«r, Buntall iMi IM, Osaaf *a 

HI 
Tbtiam (mhulaUBl ICS 
ThWM nice Kimlf M, IT, T), 110 
TbaDi, JjutnlL taOL Omoinnla IM 
noniHHi, DB Utiinac nllvtj tnin •iih 

fwlll 
TIiaiiiHiu, «> uiunnibaic oturaM MO 

tkHIIIunitVlUlllliWBIlfWllMllI 

TIdM — liril,! OD-U*. BMmMn OD 10, 

VbuiIuu in Ml 
TiiUl huuK diustjr an Ml 
TMiJ iHrtnon, SmawoD on II 

nmlia. Isdiui a* 
Hil^W. Papwwlll 0D IM 
tlaittw-bnidJiB IwniH ML tU. I»I 
lliuW'tiifiic Tnarhnvrr 111 
TliDlwr. (HhU fli I7 miniir *tm I<1 
'niDbar-prvur^liir, K^rlivfU^t lU, lOt 
llMlhMnMl"! ■ ' '" - IW 
TIwIkmciiIk 

nraliM. JDui ,14 

TcitMn'ai'iiiiii ;t«i ■-.,ii"lu. [nfiMB 
1v<ii>'m4«ik IV«.' lal. I« 
T,<i«iibvii »<*«Bir vwlu U* 
TMirnirlluc. Il*»uiik'i 111 
TtwU..n Munm ttMOtirt Hi 
Tninui unflu*'> lis. 
Tim.' - '^iiiniM. lai 

T.nnii ' I "1 MUUit'hmMtUB 

IiuH.i ■■mSMof M 

Tntr>> ■ 1 iiiTnite BIT, tW 

Tiw» :ai 

ToW* . ^-Jt-UllC* iB 

- I ilipwIM 

.irai] ul,IU 

TjiwdwknllS 



V. 

L*iitnai4Un MawMd HfbnMintU 
Crsu.aevfv. Ourlan/f IM 
I'llrlilfB Hinngi viirt* 111 

V. 

Tih*. OtMX* pa. H>, KxTi HI 
TiIii-baiTWMned'i pal. U 
VinbUiif VDOl. ntpaiuUiuiiM 
Vdtfhaa. DD iMil mMob >M 

Vmi, oa Aswrtmn wTbiMmu* M 

Vmi'i vDU Aod mtlw rlwlirn >tT) IM 
VfiiilliUiiii ol bIh fy. Mil 
VcnIlUtluc tppmUUk IhsniMr* Ul, 

VaniiUliliic &11, Bo(R^ Ml 
VraiibHBiasJ mniiic, JLiwM 00 II 
Vsrru'i aom pMplUK Ut 



Tmim'imI. — 
na«M11ll,UI 
TWmIm, loaq 
Tffitaol (•««■___ 
VoWclMMiMaiM 
IN 



m 



-brMcnm 
.<BlMtBlul«ltl. 



w. 



w>u 



I^lK'inu.U* 

■lUUMKrftei 

Aotmm tm MMaMiiT 



Walh. ainV°mlnuUMi H tot 

w<i ri iiM»» i fa nrt in tm. IN 



Wimibv aad iwnllilM InMt w tl 
VTMIt. Oirk-i wina 15 < 
WMtr.AnxllBpliiaUI, Mt 



rai«l<U*air 



1 



WM* T — ltMpif,IU 

WaMTHanb Ivdnw Me 

WuMwfM.nMIMia 

BusMMkin 

OlUvcwl 

ngtiliulM 

Omobm SM 

L<iadintt,»,nLTI.IU, lU 

WonhluMt 
W*Hr a^t liDfinnnM* *, SK. Ml 
Wm, aft (4, WbUUMi U**' Ul 

W«cl BUHIUDMM IM 

Win line. ttatnUt, MiiriMi <• in, 

ITan,, siirauia* ■■ 1, WIIbb oa. HO 

Wnniiuiiib brMirllV 

WHiMrtwl-i iomhIv H|«>H1>i 

Wttn^ M.lnaaiMMlt 

Well bDitei M lllHpMMd U, MO 

W(Iltl«lai WMBWMt *-(^ Ml, m. 

ircHu>Ui>ur ti1r]«g miK IM, MI 
H'oAiiiiiiiWr |ab«t U, Ml 
W«i null pM. nfiv-lai U 

WlKEiK nllVkJ, Otlb* HI tu 

lni(*K dMHi-liufW to 
Whiimili. iin^HiiMl muai^siit 
Whi 1«.i Undnk* M 
•TOkM'aa-a Ul <r Wall in, IK 
WUMnui. !■ bHtlDf |0VH of ntMl 10 
Vrtiau, an Iw *( nun II* 
VOho, w ■■•oa lid 
vnioi'. iMlrtaM (|«ll« >M 
WuBlwin Bldaici iiaimliai M 
Wlud,. il»|dl». ai »I HI, Ul 
Win.r ■ -- <^<iiid.iWuaaaU 

w,., '^.toittaau 

f^' -log Mitral* a. 

V/u -., >..„..,• MiManl Ml 

WlrhawninaOHMtH 
Wani-bMdiBi na^fM, ul 
W(al«lUs| ■adilmn 111 
W»d pnaanuc BaMMVf 
Wind pu, npgfttmHI, 114 
Wudliniia)> nllni dNr a 
WwllaBd ifiorrtv. Snal. It 
Wnnbiu •lnMi«i Ml 
Wi m, )2> and ■nka id tu 
WhfU, OD Ilahtliu bIw hf |h IU 
Wililn'i pal. In^ut lOL nlta-hM U 



run, a dadBiil nuMWM i» 



bnlli, Eunoif 1' Mt 

Dub tmy^iana la Fram lU 



LIST OF PI„\TB BXORAVTNOS AND DIRECTIONS TO BINDER 



naw 

1,-SI. PMIip'« f' ' ■ MItfW* 
S.— SI. P**er'' ' .ibwrougli 

H,— PnMU^**: L.;i.> 

4.— Wnleyu liij.SitionU Ilritlol 

S, — Ki|.<iiii>cnu on Chi troa BMnu ... '..' 

C— - <>U, nw l-iuilillard 

1^ ktjon of Maaiian cf C. Ruton. E*q.. 

«.i-i->ij^, Sunn 

S^— Front ElamiMk. lUfity Iiutlutlon. I^iiiMlvr ... 
ft.— IliMiiJ rwa •ilUo (liuo 

10 — TntMcil Ifanbv Pri-lfa^ anr (b* t^iNhMM. II Ji 

II.— (Iculdib KqiHUUa Awiniia* OcRoM 

It— Itavnii Ulll 4.'iv]i<r&II Vaak, Si. Auatdl 

IX.— SiHKbrUn.) Wt* IKritaMd Tiilu IWn« ... 

11 — TruM Mill !*inr«iMl(iii BridcF^ U»r|Mir'« Tttry, U.S. 
IL— WanliouHi^ HiorttwiSlMeUHMiidMMar . 
IS.— N'cilk WmUJn Ina Vfarkt PoanJi? 



Faaaiar | 


JftD. 


1 - 


" 


8 




17 


F«h 


ap 


«« 


tl 


\l.rWi 


01 




«s 


April 


1311 


•■ 


Uiy 


133 


■• 


110 




14V 


^, 


ISiS 


JtttiC 


I© 




177 



1 



nala 

1;.— Itr(Kgi'«i»l»ch«arU-| Bulldlnc DlMb* mhI Nritk* 
19. — CoD|[rrv-^iiurNil t'liurab, l.'bi«biwL UorU ... 
111.— C«>ltoi:-a xu.\ (look Towor. LiiUa ElUni^an Hal 

111.— ^-i<iii>4>iaii>r* fiiUBi H«ilny Brnk 

31. — Nnrlli Klri.itiun ur MuiaaD ef C. BuMd, E«], 
WijhriilljT. ^iiiTcy .„ ,., 

aa.- BloiiJcU'ii Sct,ol. riTflrUm. Dwfon 

a».~VeutlkdB2 Fan, .^bsnwn CoUltttc* 

'J4.— PnniilKa of Ummi. Su\ ud 80111k CorabDI 

3A.— fraiii Elevatloii, In*^ ^' lliliim. MwiAiMw 

34.— Cliril«ihAiD ani Fii S • ... ,,. 

37. — AylM* [inv""«'"'"'ta t' ■ if-rf 

a'^.'-Cfouiid nu), All Truuuiw itiul-ling. M*iii4Mt»f 
ai',^Iyini{iluilhial Knilinii, itillo ititM 
9 1 . — TiUiKcrao Scclico, ilitta ititl* ..;■ 

:t*i.— Saut & Uobantoui Htmu riie-Dritl^ UmUbb ..: 
atfj— lUdJaii'a Id.;.ii>iuJ Prajcstilai 




, IWIVI 


Jud* 


i»a 


July 


nut 


,. 


SIS 


,1 


su 


Auc. 


Ml 


•* 


tu 




Vfl 


tw,*. 


m 


Oa. 


au 



Nor. 



^