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oz.si-^ 



V\\c^oS'; 7b 



Igarbarl) College X^tbtars. 

BBqiJBATHRD BV 

CHARLES DUDLEY MARCH, 

or GREENLAND, N. H. 
(ClaM of itao). 

Received Sept. 9, 1889. 



^f^^>^s^ 



'KONOiOGY. 



THE CIVIL SERVICE CMSTONOLOGi 

o 



CHRONOLOGY 
l^i^orst ^tt, Eiterature, anH ^rosre^d, 

CREATION OF THE WORLD TO THE CONCLrSION 
OF THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR. 



"W. DOTJGLAS HAMILTON, F.S.A., 



I. ANdBNT HISTOBT, TO THE FJlU.'OF THB.WESTBBN EUFIBB 
U. ICEDLBTAL HIBTOBT, TO THB TEAS IGOO. 
tH. UODEBN HIBTOET, TO THB P TtEpaia T TIME. 




LONDON: 
LOCKWOOD & CO., 7, STATIONERS' HALL COTfRT, 

LTJDOATE HILI. 
IS72. 



\i \c^6^5'>l^ 




v^ept. 9, 1889. 
March Bequest, 



ADVEETISEMENT. 



Books of Dates are amongst the admitted require- 
ments of the library-table and the counting-house. 
They are no less essential to the student of history than 
to the man of business, and the statesman, and poli« 
'tician. Amongst books of this class Chronological 
Tables have always been the safest and best guides, 
but from the form in which they generaUy are printed 
they frequently only serve to illustrate the proverb 
which couples together a great book with a great evil. 
A hand-book to answer to its name should be a handy 
book, always within reach and facile of reference, and 
such a book it has been the desire of the publishers to 
place in the hands of the general reader. 

A set of merely Chronological Tables would scarcely 
have met the requirements of the day ; nor would a 
system of chronology, similar to those of Hales and 
Fynes Clinton, have answered the purposes of a popular 
treatise. The dry detail of a mere record of dates of 
the one, however valuable to the matured student, 
would scarcely tempt a tyro to make chronology a 
study ; whilst the critical discussion, that would neces- 
sarily accompany the other, would be far beyond his 
comprehension. In the chain of history which the 
present volume places before the reader, more detailed 
notices are frequently introduced to correct the dryness 
of the former, or as a popular substitute for the latter. 

To understand the Bible chronology it is necessary 
to connect both sacred and profane history, and in the 



IV Al^VERTlSEMENT. 

earlier pages this has been carefully kept in view. The 
Scriptural dates are those given by Archbishop Usher, 
adopted in the margin of the authorised version of the 
Bible, and form the sequence as better suited for ready 
reference. Where they diflFer from the Chronology of 
Mr. Fynes Clinton, a date in brackets, with the initials 
P. C. marks the discrepancy. In the preparation of 
the work constant recourse has been had to the latest 
and best accredited sources of information. The aim, 
never for a moment lost sight of, has been to combine 
the fullest amount of accuracy with a lucid arrange- 
ment of the matter. Civil and Ecclesiastical History 
occupy full lines on very page ; Art, Literature, and 
Progress are confined within a space marked by an 
increase of margin, or, in more technical terms, by 
being indented to three- fourths of the line, and the 
titles of books are printed in italics. 

This arrangement has been adopted in the hope of 
meeting a great want long acknowledged, but now 
more than ever apparent, as the Civil Service examina- 
tions require the candidate to possess not a mere 
parrot-recollection of dates, but some insight into the 
springs of action and the progress of civilisation which 
from the earliest period have governed the course of 
events. 

In the continuation of this Chronology, from the year 
1856 to tlie present time, a rather fuUer summary of 
events has been given than in the preceding portion 
of the book, on account of the immense importance of 
the changes effected. 

W. D. H. 

Oct, 1871. 



RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. 



ANCIENT HISTORY. 

B. C. 

4004* [4138 F.C.] The Creation and Fall of Man. 

3875 Cain and Abel offer sacrifice. Death of Abel. 

3382 Enoch, the seventh from Adam, bom. 

3017 ^^ Enoch was not, for God took him.** 

2948 Noah, the tenth from Adam, bom. 

2469 Noah commanded to build the Ark. 

2348 [2482 F.C.] The Deluge. Noah est. 600. The receding 
waters leave the Ark on one of the mountains of Ararat. 
The state of knowledge in the Antediluvian age 
has always been a fertile field of speculation. 
Modem ingenious theorisers on Development, 
who would have men recognize in the reptiles 
of their museums the remote ancestors of their 
race, consistently believe that they find in 
savageism a type of the primeval state of man. 
South, on the other hand, thought as he quaintly 
said, that *' Aristotle was but the rubbish of 
Adam, and Athens but the rudiments of Para- 
dise.** There can, at any rate, be no doubt that, 
after the Flood had subsided, men had not to 
begin life anew, but that the civilisation, what- 
ever its degree, which had existed between the 
Fall and the Deluge, was preserved and trans- 
mitted by the family of Noah. 

* The Scriptural dates adopted in this work are those given by Arch- 
bishop Usher, and used in the anthorised version of the English Bible. 
The dates within brackets are those assigned by Mr. Fynes Clinton. 

B 



2 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [B.C. 2247- 

R. C. 

224.7 Building of Babel in the plain of Shinar; dispersion of 

the builders, and confusion of tongues. 
2234 Babel or Babylon is ''the beginning of the kingdom of 
Nimrod/' who becomes " a mighty one upon the earth.** 
'' He went out into Assyria and builded Nineveh.** 
Genesis X, 

The Chaldseans dwelling on the Assyrian plains were 

famous from the earliest age for their astronomical 

observations, and amongst them originated Sa- 

bseanism, or the worship of the heavenly bodies. 

2220 [2320 Wilkinson] Menes, first King of Egypt, and 

reputed founder of Memphis and Thebes. 

The commencement of the famous lake or canal 
Moeris, and the temple of Vulcan, at Memphis, 
are ascribed to Menes. 
2182 Ninus, and afterwards, according to legendary story, his 

queen, the famous Semiramis, ruled in Assyria. 
2100 About this period, probably, Job, an Arabian emir or 
prince, lived in Idumea. 

Much difference prevails as to the actual date, but 
all critics agree that the poem of Job is the most 
ancient book in existence. 
Stone and clay were probably the only substances 
on which private or public records were as yet 
written. ** Oh, that my words were written! 
that they were graven with an iron pen and lead 
in the rock for ever.** Job xix. 
The building of the great pyramid is ascribed by 
Sir G. Wilkinson to about this date, and the 
building of the second and third pyramids to the 
ensuing century. 
1 996 [2 1 30 F. C] Birth of Abraham. 
192 1 [2055 F. C] The Call of Abraham from "Ur of the 

Chaldees,** set. 75. 
1920 Abraham visits Egypt, which is supposed to have been now 
ruled by the Hyksos or shepherd kings, who were pro- 
bably Assyrian viceroys. 
1913 Abraham rescues Lot from Chedorlaomer, King of Elam, 
and his allies, and in his return is blessed by Melchisidec, 
the mysterious King of Salem* 



171 5] ANCIENT HISTORY. 3 

B. C. 

1 9 1 2 The Assyrian monarchy. Assyria was now and for many 
succeeding centnries a great power in Asia, but the 
events of its history, and even the names of its kings, are 
virtually unknown. For ** Nineveh,** as Mr. Layard 
remarks, ''had almost been forgotten, before history 
began.** It is probable, however, that the inscriptions 
on the monuments lately discovered, will, when deci- 
phered, throw much light upon its early history. 

They have already revealed enough to show that 
civilisation had attained in Assyria a high degree 
of development at a very early age. Through 
them we can trace the origin of many arts, 
myths, and traditions, afterwards perfected and 
made familiar to us by the genius of the 
Greeks. 
19 1 o Birth of Ishmael. 
1 897 The Covenant with God renewed ; Abraham sst. 99. 

Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. 
1 896 Birth of Isaac. 
1872 Isaac offered by Abraham. 
1856 Marriage of Isaac, set. 40. 
1836 Birth of Esau and Jacob. 
1821 Death of Abraham, set. 175. 
1759 J<^<^^ &^^ ^ Laban, at Haran. 

1753 Fhoroneus, a chief of the Pelasgi, the aboriginal inhabitants 
of Greece, is said to have founded the kingdom of Argos. 
Sidon and T^re, the chief cities of Phoenicia, are famous at 
a very early period for the commerce, maritime enter- 
prise, and colonies of their people. 
1 745 Birth of Joseph. 
1739 Jacob returns to Canaan. 

1 728 Joseph is sold by his brethren to a company of Ishmaelite 
merchants, and taken into Egypt, set. 17. 

We may justly infer from this caravan of foreign 
merchants carrying to Egypt the spices and 
luxuries of India, that Egypt Was already the 
seat of an extensive land commerce. 
1 7 16 Death of Isaac, set. 1 80. 

1 7 1 5 Joseph interprets Pharoah*s two dreams, and becomes chief 
minister of Egypt. 

b2 



4 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 1715- 

B. G. 

1715 Begimung of the seven years of plenty. 
1 708 Beginning of the seven years of famine. 
1 706 Joseph's brethren return to their father, and ** Israel said, 
Joseph my son is yet alive, I will go and see him before 
I die.** He goes into Egypt, set. 1 30. 
1 700 The Felasgian era in Greece. 

The Cyclopean architectural remains are ascribed 
to about this date. The famous gate of the 
lions at Mycense is set in a Cyclopean wall. 
Holy Scripture proves that in Joseph's time the 
state of Memphis was highly civilised; and 
from the sculptures in the grotto tombs of Ben! 
Hassan, ascribed by Sir G. Wilkinson to this 
era, we learn that the Egyptians were now ac- 
quainted with the arts of writing, painting, 
music, &c. ; and with the manufactures of fine 
linens, carpets, glass, pottery, cabinet work, 
paper jfrom the papyrus — " the paper reeds by 
the brooks'* — of Isaiah, works in metals, and 
many other articles indicative of art and refine- 
ment. The games of draughts, ball, &c., were 
common at this time. "The style of architec- 
ture was grand and chaste, and the fluted 
columns of Beni Hassan are of a character 
calling to mind the purity of the Doric** The 
foundation of the great temple-palace of Kamak, 
and the temple and some of the obelisks of 
Heliopolis, are probably of this date.^ The 
mechanical skill evinced in the great public 
works of Egypt might furnish hints even to 
modem machini^ts^ 
1689 Death of Jacob, st, 147. ^*A very great company of 
chariots and horsemen go up from Egypt, to bury him 
with his fiithers, in the field of Machpelah.** 
1635 Joseph dies, set. 1 1 o ( 1 44 years before the Exodus). 

"Now there arise new kings over Egypt, which knew 

*> As almost every late writer upon ancient Egyptian history offers 
some different system of dates, it may be necessary to state that the 
Egyptian dates adopted in this work are those suggested as probable by 
Sir Gardner Wilkinson. 



J 45 ANCIENT HISTORY. 5 

B. C. 

1 63 5 not Joseph ;** '* and they make the lives of the childrea 
of Israel bitter with hard bondage.** 

In the tombs at Thebes we find represented on. the 
sculptures, the process of making bricks as 
practised hy the Israelites. 
1 5 74 Birth of Aaron, 1 1 5 years after JacoVs death. 
1571 Birth of Moses, who is brought up by the King*8 daughter 

**in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.** 
1 5 3 1 Moses, set. 40, seeks refuge in Midian. 
1500 The great obelisks of Kamak at Thebes erected. 

The arch is represented on Egyptian sculptures 

of this date. The mode of irrigation was by 

the shadoof, or pole and bucket of the present 

day. The money then current was in rings of 

gold and silver, and was valued by weight. 

1 49 1 [ 1 62 5 F. C] God appears to Moses on Horeb, and sends 

him to deliver the Israelites, who, having grown, up 

under the shelter of Egyptian civilisation, are now 

strong enough to be planted as a separate nation. 

The Exodus of the Israelites, 430 years after the Call of 

Abraham. 
Passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites. Their forty 
years' sojourn in the wilderness begins. The Tables of 
the Law are given to Moses on Mount Sinai. 
1 47 1 Rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. 
1 466 Danaus settles in Argos. 

1452 The Pentateuch written, and the Book of Job 

transcribed, by Moses. 
Highways were general in the East even at this 
time. We read that when the Israelites asked 
permission to pass through Moab, &c., they 
promised " to go along by the king's highway.*' 
Numbers xx, xxi. 
1 45 1 [ 1 5 S 5 F* C.] Miriam dies in the wilderness of Zin. 
Aaron dies on mount Hor, sst. 123. 
Moses ascends the mountain of Nebo, and there, while 
''his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated/* 
dies alone, set. 120. 
Passage of the Jordan. The Israelites are led by Joshua 
into the Promised Land. 



6 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 1450- 

B. C. 

1450 Babylon, at a yerj early period, was famous not only for 
the magnificence of its buildings, its luxury, and vast 
extent, but also as **a land of traffic-— a city of mer- 
chants.*' Ezekiel xviL Situated between the Indus 
and the Mediterranean, it soon became a central mart 
for such luxuries of the East as found a ready market 
in the West. 

It was especially celebrated for its manufactories 

of silk, linen, and carpets. As early as the time 

of Joshua, we read how Achan confesses that, 

** when he saw among the spoils a goodly Baby^ 

lonish garment" he coveted, and took it. 

The tower of Belus at Babylon, 800 feet high, 

where the Chaldiean priests watched the heavens, 

was the most ancient observatory in the world. 

1 445 Division of Canaan among the tribes of IsraeL 

1444 The first Sabbatical year, or year of rest; firom which the 

year of Jubilee is reckoned. 
1440 The great sphinx at the Egyptian pyramids is 

probably now commenced. 
1433 The Hellenes migrate into Thessaly, and expel, or amal- 
gamate with, the Felasgi ; and the Hellenic tribes of the 
.Solians and Dorians ultimately become the ruling 
body of leading Grecian states. Large numbers of the 
Felasgi emigrate to Italy, Crete, &c. 
Cecrops, the Egyptian, comes to Attica, and founds Cecro- 
pia, afterwards Athens. 
^430 Amunoph III. reigned in Egypt. 

The supposed Memnon of the vocal statue, one of a 
pair of sitting colossi, which for thirty-diree cen- 
turies have rested on the alluvial plain of Thebes. 
1 426 Joshua dies, and is buried at Mount Ephraim. 
1 41 3 [1558 F. C] First Servitude of the Israelites under 

Cushan, King of Mesopotamia. 
1 405 Othniel defeats Cushan, and is Judge over Israel. Under 
him " the land had rest for forty years.** 
The Nomad state, which had existed from the time of 
Abraham, now ceased, and the Hebrew government 
henceforth became a kind of Federative Republic, till 
the institution of the monarchy, B. c. 1095. 



1305] ANCIENT HISTORY. 7 

B. C. 

1383 Erectheus, a native chief of lotuan or Pelasgic race, King 
of Athens. 
Dardanus, said to have founded the Trojan dynasty. 
1380 The portions of the Necropolis of Thebes, most 

elaborately decorated with painted sculptures, 
are of about this date. The famous lab}rrinth 
has also been ascribed to this era, though Hero- 
dotus places it in that of Fsamaticus. 
1355 Sesostris, or Remeses the Great, becomes King of Egypt. 
The Augustine era of Egypt, when its arts and arms 
alike flourished. 

The temple-palace of the Memnonium at Thebes, 
the rock temples of Aboosimbel, and many 
other great edL&ces, belong to this reign. The 
beautiful Eamak obelisks of red granite, bear- 
ing the name of Sesostris — one of which is now 
at Paris — ^proclaim the wonderful skill of the 
Egyptians in sculpturing those hard materials. 
The arts had now attained a high degree of 
perfection in Egypt, and might obyiously have 
attained a much higher, had not those who 
practised them been restricted by superstition 
to a conventional style, from which it was not 
lawful to depart The great canal to connect 
the Mediterranean and Red Seas was probably 
commenced by Sesostris. 
1 342 Second Servitude of the Israelites under the Moabites. 
1 3 25 Ehud, judge in Israel, " subdued Moab.** ** And the land 

had rest.** 
1 320 The events recorded in the beautiful story of Ruth pro- 
bably took place about this time, 
1313 Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. 

In common with other Phoenician chiefs^ who 
about this time plant colonies in Greece, Cad- 
mus introduces letters, music, the art of work- 
ing metals, and those mystical ceremonies which 
formed so remarkable a part of the religion of 
Greece. 
** After Ehud was Shamgar, and he also delivered Israel.'* 
1 305 Third Servitude of the Israelites, under the Canaanites. 



8 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [B.C. 1300- 

B. C. 

1 300 Daedalus mid to have lived among the Greeks. 

1285 Deborah '* judged Israel," ''and Barak was captain of the 
host." 

1283 Felops, a Lydian adventurer, settles in, and gives his name 
to, southern Greece. 

1 280 The orgies of Orpheus instituted. 

1 26 1 Hercules said to have lived, b. c. 1 2 6 1 - 1 209. 

1 256 Kaval power of Minos, the Cretan legislator. His institu- 
tions are said to have been the model by which Lycurgus, 
four centuries later, formed the constitution of Sparta. 

1252 Fourth Servitude of the Israelites, under the Midianites. 

1250 The avenue of colossal sphinxes from Luqsor 

to the outer precincts of Kamak, one mile and 
a half in length, belongs to this era. 
The Egyptian forms of writing were the hiero- 
glyphic, the hieratic used by the priests, and 
the demotic used by the people. The Mexican 
system of hieroglyphic or picture-writing ap- 
pears to have been very similar to the Egyptian. 

1 245 Gideon, judge over Israel. 

1237 The Assyrian empire. 

The N. W. palace at Nimroud, the most ancient yet 
discovered, is supposed by Major Rawlinson to 
have been built about this date. The principle 
of the arch, the arts of^painting, gilding, writing, 
working and casting metals, carving in ivory, 
pottery, embroidery, glass-making, and sculp- 
ture on a colossal scale, the use of the saw, 
pulley, and battering-ram, the drum, the lyre, 
and other instruments of music, are proved by 
recent discoveries to have been known to the 
Assyrians at this period, and probably for cen- 
turies before. It is a remarkable fact, that in 
Assyria as in Egypt, the most ancient monu- 
ments display the purest form, and the most 
elegant decorations. The bas-relief represent- 
ing the lion hunt, now in the British Museum, 
is a specimen of the earliest school of Assy- 
rian art yet known. The frequent pictures of 
hunting scenes in the Assyrian sculptures, show 



1 1 8 3 ] ANCIENT HISTORY. 9 

B. C. 

1237 that the successors of Nimrod, *Uhat mighty 

hunter before the Lord," were as renowned for 
their encounters with the lion and the leopard, 
as for their triumphs over warlike nations. 
1235 Abimelech ** reigns ** in Israel. 

Jotham's Apologue of the trees, 
1235 Remeses lU., King of Egypt, the last great conqueror of 
his line. 

Medeenet Haboo, the last and the best preserved 
of the great temple palaces of Thebes, was 
erected by Remeses m. The temples and 
palaces of Egypt were as famous for the splen- 
dour of their polychromic decorations as for 
the massive mi^nificence of their architecture. 
The city of Thebes had no walls. But from the 
vast number of lofty pylons, or towered gate- 
ways of its temples, erected by successive kings, 
it acquired its epithet of ** the hundred-gated." 
1232 Tola ** judgeth Israel." 

1225 The l^endary Argonautic expedition of Jason to Colchis. 
1 2 1 5 Jair, the Gileadite, "judged Israel." 

About this time, the Tjnrheni, probably a colony of Assy- 
rian-Egyptian origin, settle in Etruria, and gradually 
unite with the Felasgi and Umbri. 

The Tyrrheni become the diifusers of civilisation 
around them. 
1213 The first Theban war. 

1 205 Fifth Servitude of the Israelites, under the Ammonites. 
1200 Accession of Agamemnon. 

The Vedas, or sacred writings of the Hindus, are 
said to have been arranged in their present form 
by Krishna, The Puranas compiled by him 
and his succeeding disciples. 
1 1 9 8 The second Theban War. 
1 192 The Greek expedition against Troy. 
1 1 87 Jephthah, " captain of the host," and '* judge over Israel." 
1183 Capture of Troy by the Greeks under Agamemnon, 
Menelaus, Achilles, Ulysses, Ajax, &c. 
Period of the Latins and Albans in Italy. Etruria 
flourishes. 

b5 



1 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b. C. 1 1 8 1 - 

1 1 8 1 Ibzan ** judges Israel.** 

1176 Orestes reigns at Argos. 

1 174 Elon, the Zebulonite, ** judges Israel.** 

1 164 Abdon ''judge oyer Israel.** 

1 1 56 Eli, the high priest, "judges Israel.** 

Sixth Servitude of the Israelites, under the Philistines. 
1 1 24 iGolian migrations to the coasts of Mysia and Garia, the 

isle of Lesbos, &c. 
1 1 1 7 Samson, with a great multitude of the Philistines, is killed 
under the ruins of the temple of Dagon. *' He had 
judged Israel in the days of the Philistines twenty 
years.** 
1 1 16 [i 128 F. C] " The Ark of God is taken** in battle by 
the Philistines. 
Samuel, the last ''judge of Israel.** 

Schools of the prophets in Judsa. 

1104 Return of the Heraclidse, or descendants of Hercules; 

and establishment of the Dorians in Laceduemon, Mes- 

sene, Argos, Elis, and Ck>rinth. The lonians retire into 

Attica. 

1 100 Commencement of Greek architecture — Doric 

order. Its earliest specimen in ruined temple 
at Corinth. 
1095 [1096 F. C] Saul is anointed King of Israel. 
1085 Birdi of David at Bethlehem. 

1055 " The Philistines fight against Israel in Gilboa.** Death 
of Saul. 
David, King of Israel. 
1050 Hiram, King of Tyre, an ally of David. 

The Phoenicians navigate for silver to Spain, which 
was to them then, what America twenty-five 
centuries later was to the Spaniards. They 
sail to Britain for tin, and to the Baltic for 
amber. On land, they trade by caravans to 
Arabia Felix for spices, incense, and perfumes, 
to Babylon for silk, linen, &c., and to Armenia 
for slaves and horses. They are famous for 
their manufactures of linen, woollen cloths, 
purple dyes, glass, &c. For a graphic descrip- 
tion of PhcGDidan commerce, see EzeJdel xxvii. 



I0O4] ANCIENT HISTORr. 11 

B. a 

1 048 David's general, Abishai, invades Idnmea, and snbdnes the 
Edomites. 

Vast excavated dwellings and sepulchres in the 

rocks of Petra, the Bozrah of Scripture. 
The Castle of Ziou built. 
1045 King David brings the Ark of God to Zion. His kingdom 
now extends from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, 
and from Phoenicia to the Red Sea. 
Death of Godrus, the last King of Athens. 
1044 '^^ lonians colonise the southern coasts of Lydia, and 
the northern coasts of Caria. 
The Dorians at a later period plant colonies in Rhodes, 
Cos, and the southern coasts of Caria. 

It was in the Asian colonies that the civilisation of 
the East became known to the Greeks, and 
poetry, philosophy, and art, flourished here, long 
before they attained any height in Greece. 
1040 Institution of the Amphictyonic council. 

Grecian settlements in Lower Italy : Cumie; Graecia Magna. 

Cultivation of music by the Jews. One of David*s 

first cares was to establish a stately " service of 

song in the house of the Lord, dter that the 

Ark had rest** 1 Chronicles vi. 

1033 Birth of Solomon* 

The Book of Psalms which Christians, Jews, and 
Mahominedans concur in venerating as inspired, 
mostly composed by David. 
1015 [1016 F. C] '* Zadok the priest and Nathan the pro- 
phet** anoint Solomon, King of Israel. Brilliant 
period of the Jewish kingdom. Solomon builds a fleet 
on the shore of the Red Sea, and his subjects trade 
with Ophir, Arabia Felix, &c. ^ Judah and Israel 
dwelt safely, every man under his vine and his fig-tree, 
all the days of Solomon.** 
1012 The Temple is commenced in the 480th year after 

the Exodus from Egypt. Phoenician architects 
and workmen are employed, the Hebrews being 
a pastoral people, and precluded by the Mosaic 
institutions from highly cultivating art 
1004 Dedication of the Temple. It has been built 



12 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. I004- 

B. C. 

1004 without the sound of tools being heard in its 

erection, in seven years and a half: — 

" No hammer fell, uo ponderons axes mng. 
Like some tall palm the mystic fabric sprang." 

1000 Homer flourished among the Ionian Greeks in 

Asia Minor. The Iliad^ and its sequel the 
Odyssey, besides the beauty of their poetry, 
present an admirable picture of the pubUc and 
private lile of the early Greeks. 
99 2 Solomon builds a royal psdace, and founds Baalbec, 

and Tadmor, or Palmyra, in the Syrian desert, 
as '* store cities" for the merchants* caravans. 
The Book of Proverbs, the Book of Ecclesiastes, 
and the Song of Solomon, written by King 
Solomon. 
980 Rezon founds the Syrian kingdom of Damascus, about this 

time. 
976 Death of Solomon. Division of the kingdom. 

Behoboam, King of Judah ; Jeroboam, King of Israel. 
972 Shishak, King of Egypt, captures Jerusalem, and pillages 
the Temple and palace. 

The triumphs of this king in Palestine, are repre- 
sented on the sculptures he added to the walls 
of Kamak. 
971 Ethiopia is now a powerful nation, and assists Shishak 
against Judah, **with very many chariots and horse- 
men.** 

Meroe, its chief city, was early famous for its 
commerce and civilisation. Its monuments, 
though less profusely adorned, rival in sculp- 
ture and colouring those of Egypt. 
942 Asa, King of Judah^ repels the invasion of Zerah the 

Ethiopian, and makes a solemn Covenant with God. 
926 Omri, King of Israel, makes Samaria the seat of his 
kingdom. 
Prom the early part of the tenth century, the Grecian 
states gradually became fbrmed into dty republics, con- 
nected by the national festivals, and the assembling of 
the Anqthictyouic CounciL 



* 



839] ANCIENT HISTORY. 18 

B.C. 

918 Ahab, King of Israel, marries Jezebel, a Phoenician prin- 
cess, and worships Baal and Astarte, the Phoenician 
gods. 
9 1 5 Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, re-establishes the true wor- 
ship. 
908 Elijah the Prophet sacrifices on Moont Carmel, and de- 
stroys the prophets of Baal at the brook Eishon. 
900 The Menu code of laws, treating of the division of 

the Hindus into four castes or classes. 
898 Ahab, King of Israel, slain in battle against the Syrians. 
897 Hesiod flourished. 

895 Translation of Elijah in ** a chariot of fire, and with horses 
of fire." " The spirit of Elijah doth rest upon Elisha." 
888 Hevolt of the Edomites against Jehoram, Eong of Judah. 
Etrurian vase paintings of about this period, 
mostly representing the worship of Bacchus. 
884 Ahaziah, King of Judah, and Joram, King of Israel, at 
war with the Syrians. 
Jehoram killed in the field of Naboth, by Jehu. 
Iphitus establishes the Olympic festival. 
878 Dido, a Tyrian princess, the reputed founder of Carthage. 
877 Jehoida, the high priest, sets Joash on the throne of Israel. 
876 Death of Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, and probable 
change of the djrnasty. Babylon becomes independent, 
but is soon again subjected to Assyria, retaining how- 
ever its own kings as tributaries. 
873 Regency at Sparta of Lycui^s the legislator. 

The celebrated constitution of Lycurgus allows 
the Spartans no city walls, no fleets, no trade, 
and no luxury of any kind. It establishes 
public and equal education, common tables, and 
iron money, and confines agriculture and trade 
entirely to the enslaved helots. 
839 Nineveh is now " an exceeding great city of three days* 
journey." 

The splendid costumes, long processions, and 
statdy corteges of the kings, depicted on the 
alabaster sculptures lately brought to light, 
show the height of luxurious refinement to 
which the Assyrians had attained. 



14 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOQY. [b.G. 839- 

a C. 

839 Jonali prophecies at Ninereh, B.c. 839-782. 

836 Death of Elisha, the Prophet. 

826 War between Israel and Judah. Amaziah, King of 
Judah, is defeated by Jehoash; his palace and the 
Temple are pillaged. 
823 Jeroboam IL^ under whom the kingdom of Israel attains 

its greatest prosperity. 
813 The kingdom of Macedon founded by Caranus. 
808 Joel prophecies in Judah, b.c. 808-783. 

Amos and Hosea prophecy in Israel, b.g. 808-783, 
and Hosea thence to about B.C. 724. 
800 Massive Etrurian architecture in Italy, one of the 

distinctive characters of which is the use of 
the arch. Vases, bronze figures, sarcophagi, 
gems, &c., also of Etrurian manufacture. 
Mr. Layard found the Ionic column depicted on 
bas-reliefs at Kouyoigik, of about this date. 
783 Phidon, King of Argos, repulsed at Ck)rinth. 
778 Egypt subject to an Ethiopian dynasty. 
'j'jd Pul, the first King of Assyria mentioned in Scripture. 

Coroebus, victor in the foot race, at the Olympian gam^. 
From this period the Olympiads are reckoned. 

Musical and poetical contentions are held at these 
games. Music had now become an essential 
part of Greek education. 
774 Pandosia and Metapontum in Italy founded. 

Arctinus of Miletus flourished. 
770 Zachariah, King of Israel, slain by Shallum. Shallum is 

slain by Menahem. 
769 Pul, King of Assyria, invades and makes tributary the 

kingdom of Israel. 
765 CiaflethonofLacedjBmon,tne Cyclic poet, flourished. 

760 Theopompus, King of Sparta, institutes the Ephori 
757 Sublime poetry of Isaiah, '' the Evai^gelical pro- 

phet,*^ who flourishes in Judah, b.g. 757-12. 
Micah prophecies in Judah, B.C. 756-698. 
753 Foundation of Rome on the Palatine Mount, by a colony 
from Alba Longa, according to Yairo. Bomulus, ac- 
cording to the popular legend, the first Roman King. 
The senate, form of government, use of augury, and 



721] ANCIENT HISTORY. 15 

B. C. 

753 institutions generally, deriYed from the Latin and 
Etruscan states. 
Corcyra colonised by the Corinthians. 
752 Decennial Archons at Athens. 

750 The Ionian colony of Miletus in Asia Minor is now in 
the height of its power. Many of its settlements, said 
to haye been one hundred in number, founded about 
this time. By means of these colonies, Miletus 
almost monopolized the trade of the North in com, 
slaves, &c 
748 Phidon, tyrant of Argos, celebrates the eighth Olympic 
games. 

Fhidon introduced copper and silyer coinage, and 
a new scale of weights and measures, throughout 
the Peloponnesus. 
747 Nabonassar becomes King of Babylon. The era of 

Nabonassar begins February 26. 
745 The first annual Prytanis at Corinth, chosen by the Bac- 

chiadie. 
743 The first Messenian War. 

740 Ahaz, King of Judah, ''shut up the doors of the hoivse of 

the Lord, and made him altars to strange gods in every 

comer of Jerusalem.** 

Tiglath-pileser, King of Assyria, invades Israel, and takes 

many cities and prisoners. The first captivity of Israel. 

The kingdom of Damascus destroyed by Tiglath-pileser. 

736 Callinus of Ephesus, the earliest Greek elegiac 

poet, flourished. 
734 Syracuse founded by Archias of Corinth. 
728 Fhilolaus of Corinth, the Theban law-giver, 

flourished. 
726 HesBekiah, King of Judah, re-opens the Temple, and sub- 
verts the idolaters. 
723 End of the first Messenian War. The Messenians are 

compelled to pay a heavy tribute to the Spartans. 
72 1 Sybaris in Italy founded by the Achseans. 

Samaria taken after three years* siege, by Shalmaneser, 
King of Assyria. The remainder of the ten tribes are 
carried into captivity beyond the Euphrates. End of 
the kingdom of Israel. 



1 6 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b. C. 7 2 1 - 

B. c. 
7 2 1 Brilliant period of the Assyrian empire. 

Nahum prophecies, B. c. 72 1 -7 1 2. 
The first eclipse of the Moon on record, March 1 9, 
reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian of Alexan- 
dria. 
717 Tyre besieged by Shalmaneser, King of Assyria, but 

without success. 
716 Numa Fompilius, the \9e0ond Soman King. Constant 
peace prevails durmg his reign. 

Numa institutes the ceremonies of the national 
^ religion, and regulates the calendar. The 
music at the Roman sacrifices denred from the 
Etrurians. 
7 1 3 Sickness and miraculous recovery of Heasekiah, King of 
Judah. Sennacherib, King of Assyria, invades Judsea, 
but a supernatural pestilence destroys his army in one 
night, and he is compelled to return, B. c. 711. 
7 1 1 The Medes revolt from Assyria after the accession of 
Esarhaddon or Sardanapalus, and the Assyrian empire 
is lost, but the monarchy continues 105 years longer. 
709 Deioces begins to reign in Media. Ecbatana founded. 

We find that, even thus early, it was a Jew who 

was the chief banker and manager of Esarhad- 

don*s accounts. Tobii 1. 

708 Tarentiun in Apulia, founded by the Parthenii firom Sparta. 

Thasos, and Parium on the Propontis, founded by the 

Parians. 

Archilochus of Thasos, the Iambic poet, flourished. 
704 The triremes and sea trade of Corinth. 
693 Glaucus of Chios was considered the inventor of 

the art of soldering metals, but Sir G. Wilkin- 
son shows that it had been practised in Egypt 
at least 800 years before. 
Simonides of Amorgus flourished. 
685 Commencement of the second Messenian War. Aristo- 

menes the leader of the Messenians. 
683 The first annual Archon at Athens. 

Tyrtssus, the Athenian poet, visits Sparta, and by 
his martial songs reinspirits the Spartans. 
680 The Quadriga, or Chariot race, added to the Olympic games. 



62$] ANCIENT HISTOBY. 17 

B. C. 

679 Battle of the Trenches, gained by the Spartans over the 
Messenians. 

675 Manesseh, King of Judah, carried captive to Babylon ; he 
is released soon after, and returns to Judaea. 

673 TuUus Hostilius, third King of Rome. In his reign occur 
the destruction of Alba, and remoral of its inhabitants 
to Rome. 

670 Egypt governed by the Twelve Kings. 

669 Defeat of the Spartans at Hysiae, by the Argives. 

668 End of the second war with the Messenians, who are con- 
quered. 

665 The Gymnopeedia celebrated at Sparta. 

664 Sea-fight between the Corinthians and the Corcyreans ; 
the most ancient naval battle on record. 

6^6 War of Holofemes, who is slain in Judsea, by Judith. 

655 The Bacchiadae expeUed from Corinth. Cypselus begins 
to reign. 

654 Foundation of Acanthus, Stagira, Abdera, Lampeacus, 
and Borysthenes. 

650 Psamaticus now sole King of Egypt. 

The Egyptian warrior-caste migrates to Ethiopia. 
Great temple of Apis erected at Memphis. 

648 M}Ton of Sicyon is victor in the chariot race. 
Himera, in Sicily, founded. 

644 Improvements of Terpander in Spartan music 

about this time. 

640 Ancus Martins, fourth Roman King. Gradual accumu- 
lation round the original ^'Fopulus Romanus** of the 
plebeians. The territory of Rome extended to the sea. 
Fort of Ostia founded. 
Josiah, King of Judah. 

2^phaniah prophecies, B.c. 640-609. 

634 Fhraortes, King of Media, slain by the Assyrians. 
Irruption of the Scythians in Asia. 

6^ I Cyrene in Africa founded by Battus of Thera. 

629 Foundation of Synope in Asia Minor by the Milesians. 

628 The Megarians send colonists to Byzantium. 
Jeremiah prophecies, B.c. 628-586. 

625 Nabopolassar, a Chaldsean chief, becomes King of Ba- 
bylon. 



18 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 625- 

B.C. 
625 Cypfidus succeeded by Feriander at Corinth. 

Anon, the lyric poet, inventor of the Cydian 
chorus, flourished. 
624 Proclus, tyrant ofEpidaurus, is cotemporary with Feriander. 
623 Beginning of the Milesian War. 

622 Josiah, King of Judah, causes the Book of the Law to be 
read before the people, keeps the Fassover with great 
solemnity, and destroys the altar at Bethel. 
62 1 Legislation of Draco at Athens. 

620 Unsuccessful attempt of Cylon to make himself master of 
Athens. 
Sparta has the ascendancy among the Grecian states. 
617 The Cimmerians finally expelled from Asia Minor by 

Alyattes, King of Lydia. 
616 Tarquinius Friscus, fifth King of Bome* He conquers 
the Sabines and Latins. 

Tarquinius constructs the Cloacae, the Circus 
Maximus, and other great public works. 
612 Feace between Alyattes and Miletus, in the twelfth year 
of the war. 

Habakkuk prophecies, B. c. 6 1 2 - 598. 
611 Fittacus overthrows the tyranny of Melanchrus at 
Mytilene. 

Sappho, Alcffius, and Stesichorus, inventor of the 
chorus, flourished. 
610 Necho, King of Egypt, re-opens the canal con- 

structed by Sesostris, to connect the Mediterra- 
nean and Bed Seas. 
609 Josiah, King of Judah » is slain at Megiddo^ by Necbo. 
608 Fansetius, tyrant of Leontium. 

Zoroaster, the reformer of the Magian religion, 
probably lived about this time. 
607 The Scythians expelled from Asia by Cyazares, King of 
Media. 

It is supposed that the seven Historical Books of 
the Old Testament, from Joshua to H. KingSt 
were compiled by Jeremiah from the original 
records in the Temple, shortly before the Cap- 
tivity. 
606 Nineveh captured by the Babylonians and the Medes. 



594] ANCIENT HISTORY. 19 

B. G. 

606 Babylon becomeg the chief city of the Chaldieo-Baby- 
lonian empire. 
Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, besieges and takes 
Jerusalem. Daniel the Prophet and his companions 
are led captive to Babylon. Beginning of the seventy 
years' Captivity. 

Daniel prophecies, B.c. 606-534. 
604 Phoenician mariners, by order of Necho, King of Egypt, 
sail from the Bed Sea, double the Cape of Good Hope 
about twenty-one centuries before the time of Diaz 
and Yasco de Grama, and return by the Mediterranean. 
600 Massilia — Marseilles, founded by the Phocseans, who are 
&mou8 for their commercial enterprise. 

The vine and olive are here introduced into 

France. 
Stately buildings and gigantic canals in the Baby- 
lonian empire. The hanging gardens of Babylon 
made by Nebuchadnezzar. The city is said to 
have been now 54 miles in circuit, its walls 
350 feet high, and its brazen gates 100 in 
number. 
Thales of Miletus studies astronomy and mathe- 
matics under the Egyptian priests at Memphis. 
" The Greeks at this time went to study in 
Egypt, as modem artists study in Italy.'* 
599 Camarina in Sicily founded. 

Jehoiakim, ELing of Judah, revolts against Nebuchadnezzar, 
and is put to death. 

Era of the Seven Wise Men of Greece : Periander 
of Corinth; Solon of Athens; Pittacus of 
Mytilene ; Chilon, Ephor of Sparta ; Cleobulus ; 
Bias ; and Thales of Miletus, founder of the 
Ionic school. 
595 Commencement of the Cirrhaean or Sacred War, which 

lasted ten years. 
594 Legislation of Solon, who was Athenian Archon in this 
year. Foundation of the Athenian navy. 

Solon encourages trade, and the Greeks become 
famous for their various manufactories, espe- 
cially those in earthenware and metal. 



20 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 594. 

B. C. 
594. Ezekiel prophecies in the time of the Captivity, 

. B.C. 594-536. 
592 Anacharsis, the Scythian philosopher, comes to 

Athens. 
591 Cirrha taken by the Amphictyons. 

The Pythian games first celebrated at Delphi. 

Minnermus, the poet and musician, flourished. 
From the sixth century, Doric and Ionic architeo- 
ture attain great perfection. Many magnificent 
temples and theatres were erected, and the 
ruins stm existing at Pactum, Syracuse, Agn- 
gentum, Selinus, iBgina, and other places, are 
imperishable monuments of this period. The 
temple of Jupiter at Agrigentum was the 
largest of andent Greece. 
589 Fittacus governs Mytilene for ten years. 
588 Obadiah prophecies, B.c. 588-583. 

587 Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. The Temple and 
city are burnt. Zedekiah, King of Judah, and his 
people, are led captive to Babylon. End of the king- 
dom of Judah. 
586 The conquest of the Cirrhseans completed. The Isthmian 

and Pythian games are computed from this year. 
585 Death of Periander. 
582 Agrigentum founded. 

Daniel, the Prophet, is chief minister in the court of 
Babylon. 
581 The dynasty of the Cypselidse ended. 
579 Pittacus resigns the government of Mytilene. 
578 Servius Tullius, sixth King of Rome, " the King of the 
Commons.'* Institution of the thirty plebeian tribes, 
and of the comitia centuriata. Home placed at the 
head of the Latin confederacy. 
575 About this time, the Buddha system is founded in 

India, denying the authority of the Yedas, and 
discarding the system of castes. It flourishes 
till about A.D. 700 or 800, and then disappears 
from India. 
Ancient monuments of Indian architecture on a 
stupendous scale still exist: the subterranean 



5+8] ANCIENT HISTORY. 21 

B. C. 

$75 temple at EUore hewn out of the rock, and 

richly adorned with statues and relievos; the 

Seven Pagodas hewn out of the rock above 

ground, on the coast of Coromandel ; and others. 

$72 The war between Fisa and Elis ended by the subjection of 

thePissBans. 

Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar after a siege of thirteen 

years. 

JEsop, the earliest Greek fabulist, flourished. 
571 AmaaiB, Eling of Egypt. 

The propybeum in honour of Minerva at Saisi the 
temple of Isib at Memphis, and many colossi 
and other monuments, are erected by Amasis. 
570 Accession of Fbilaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. 

Apries, King of Egypt, is dethroned by Nebuchadnezzar. 
569 Death of Pittacus of Mytilene. 
566 The Panathensea instituted at Athens. 

Eugamon of Cyrene flourished. 
564 Alalia m CJorsica founded by the Phocieans 
562 The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and 

Dolon. 
560 Pisistratns usurps the government of Athens. 
Ibycus, the lyric poet, flourished. 
Croesus b^mes King of Lydia, and conquers great part 
of Asia Minor. 
559 The Pebsian ehpibb. Cyrus overthrows the Median 
kingdom, and begins his reign in Persia. 
Heradeia on the Eurine founded. 

Anacreon, the lyric poet$ begins to be distinguished. 
556 Simonides of Ceos, the lytic poet, bom. 

55 1 Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, flourished. 

550 Flourishing period of Carthaginian commerce, colonies, 

manufactures, and agriculture. 
>49 Death of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 

The Ionic temple of Diana at Ephesus, the most 
beautiful in Asia Minor, built. 
S48 The temple at Delphi accidentally burnt. 

Anazimenes, the philosopher and historian, 

flourished. 
Anunaxander, the philosopher, flourished. 



22 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 546- 

B. C. 

546 Sardis taken hj Cyras, and the Lydian monarchy over- 
thrown. 

Collection of the poems of Homer mider Hsis- 
tratus. 
544 Conquest of Ionia by the Persians, B.c. 544-539. 
Theognis of Megara, the poet^ flourished. 
559 The Phodans settle in Gaul. 

538 Babylon taken by Cyrus. The Chaldaeo-Babylonian 
empire is overthrown, and Belshazzar the King 
slain. 
536 Edict of Cyrus for the return of the Jews, and the re- 
building of the Temple. 

Xenophanes, the founder of the Eleatic school of 
philosophy. 
555 The foundation of the Second Temple is laid 

at Jerusalem amidst great national emotion. 
'^ Many who were aged men that had seen the 
first house, when the foundation of this house 
was laid before their eyes, wept with a loud 
voice, and many shouted aloud for joy ; so that 
the people could not discern the noise of the 
shout of joy from the noise of the weeping.** 
Thespis first exhibits tragedy at Athens. 
534 Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome. 
He asserts the supremacy of Rome over all the Latin 
states; abolishes the Servian constitution, and oppresses 
the Commons. 

The Sybilline books brought to Rome from Cuma. 
532 Polycrates becomes tyrant of Samos. 

Pythagoras, the philosopher, flourished. 
529 Defeat and death of Cyrus, King of Persia, who is suc- 
ceeded by Cambyses. 
527 Death of Pisistratus, who, although twice expelled, dies 
tyrant of Athens. His sons, Hippias and Hipparchusi 
succeed him. 
526 A public library founded at Athens. 

525 Egypt is conquered by Cambyses, and becomes a Persian 
province. 

The arts, which had long been on the decline in 
Egypt, received a severe blow from this inva- 



5o8] ANCIENT HISTORY. 23 

B. C. 

525 non. Many of the finest baildings are muti- 

lated or destroyed. 
War of the Lacedaemonians against Polycrates of Samos. 
522 Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, pat to death. 
521 Death of Cambyscs, usarpation of the Magi, and acees- 

sion of Darius to the Persian throne* 
520 Hecatieus and Dionysius of Miletus, the histo- 

rians, flourished. 
Haggai and 2jechariah prophecy, B.C. 520-518. 
519 Platsea places itself under the protection of Athens. 

The temple of the Capitoline Jupiter at Rome, in 
the Tuscan order, erected by Etrurian work- 
men. 
518 Bevolt of Babylon against the Persians. It is retaken 

after twenty months* siege. 
515 Miltiades, son of Cimon, succeeds Stesagoras in the Cherso- 
nese. 

The Second Temple at Jerusalem finished March i o. 

The Passover celebrated April 1 8. 
Eztensiye buildings and sculptures at Persepolis, 
under Darius and Xerxes. Much of Persian art 
was probably of Assyrian derivation. ** The 
Xanthian marbles, now in the British Museum, 
are remarkable illustrations of the threefold 
connection between Assyria and Persia, Persia 
and Asia Minor, and Asia Minor and Greece.** 
514 Hipparehus, tyrant of Athens, slain by Harmodius and 

Aiistogeiton 
510 Expulsion of Hippias and his family from Athens, and 
institution of the ten tribes by Cleisthenes. 
The Tarquins are expelled from Bome, and the Republic 
established. 
509 Boman war with the Etruscans, and death of Brutus in 

battle. Furst commercial treaty with Carthage. 
508 Little of early Lidian history is authentically known, 
beyond the fact that certain nations on the banks of 
the Indus were now subdued by Darius. 
Boman war with Lars Porsena, King of Clusium. Legend 

of Horatius Codes. 
Maritime supremacy of JSgina. 



24 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [B.C. 505- 

BC. 

505 The Fenian empiie now extends from the Mediterranean 
to the Indus, and under the able administration of 
Darius, not less a legislator than a conqueror, is as 
inwardly prosperous as it is outwardly great 
504 Appius Claudius remoTes to Rome. 

Charon of Lampsacus, the historian, flourished. 
501 Institution of the Dictatorship at Rome. 
500 Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, induces the Greek cities in 
Asia Minor to revolt from Persia. 

Gold and silver mines are worked by the Cartha- 
ginians in Spain. 
Agriculture and gardening flourish in Persia. 
499 First year of the Ionian revolt. Sardis burnt. 

.SSschylus first exhibits tragedy. 
498 Battle of the lake Regillus, in which the Latins are 
defeated by the Romans. 
Sparta had hitherto been the leading state of Greece, but 
Athens becomes now the head of the Ionian states. 
497 Aristagoras slain in Thrace. 

495 The Roman tribes increased from twenty to twenty-one. 
494 The lonians defeated in a naval battle near Miletus, and 
Miletus captured by the Persians. 
Insurrectbn and secession of the Roman plebdans to the 
Mons Sacer, chiefly caused by the severity of the law 
of debtor uid creditor. Appointment of Tribunes of 
the plebeians. 
493 The Persians take the islands of Chios, Lesbos, and Tene- 
dos. I^Iiltiades returns from the Chersonesus to Athens. 
492 Mardonius, the Persian general, invades Europe, and sub- 
dues Macedonia. 
491 Coriolanus goes into exile among the Yolscians. 

Darius sends heralds to Greece to demand **• earth and 
water.*' 
War between Athens and iBgina. 
49c Battle of Marathon. The Persians are defeated by the 
Athenians under Miltiades, and retreat into Asia. 
Naval power of Athens. 
489 The Yolscians commanded by Coriolanus attack Rome. 
486 Revolt of Egypt from the Persians. It is reconquered, 
B.C. 484. 



470 ANCIENT HISTORY. 25 

B. C. 

486 The fint Agrarian law at Borne, for a ge&eral and equal 

distribution of the conquered lands. 
485 Xerxes, King of Persia, succeeds Darius. 

Gelon becomes master of Syracuse. 
484 .Slscbylus gains the prize in tragedy. 

483 Aristides exiled by ostracism. 

Roman war commenced by Fabius with the Veil, which 
lasts several years. 
48 1 Themistocles the leading man at Athens. 
480 Xerxes, after four years* preparation, invades Greece at 
the head of an immense army. Battle of Thermopylas, 
and heroic death of Leonidas and 300 Spartans. 
Athens is taken and burnt by the Persians. Naval 
victories of the Greeks at Artemisium and Salamis. 
Birth of Euripides. 
479 Battle of Flatflsa. Mardonius, the Fenian general, is 

defeated and slain by the Greeks under Pausanias. 
478 Sestos taken by the Athenians. Athens rebuilt and forti- 
fied by Themistocles. 
Hiero succeeds Gelon at Syracuse. 

The History of Herodotus terminates at the siege 

of Sestos. 
Pindar, the lyric poet, flourished. 
The first stone theatre built in Greece. 
477 Commencement of the Athenian supremacy, forty-five 
years before the Peloponnesian war. 
The Fabii slain by the Yeientines at Cremera. 
476 Cimon, the Athenian general, takes the island of Scyros. 
474 Naval victory of Hiero over the Tuscans. 

The Etrurians at this time still far exceed the 
Romans in refinement and civilisation. Music, 
the drama, architecture, and the fine arts gene- 
rally, flourished among them. 
472 Peace between the Romans and the Yeientines, 

The Persa of .Sischylus performed. 
47 1 Themistocles, banished by ostracism, retires to Argos. 

The Publilian law, ''the Second Great Charter of Roman 
Liberties,** is carried. Campaign of Appius Claudius 
against the Yolscians and iEquians» 
Birth of Thucydides. 
^ - c 



i 



26 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 470- 

B. C. 

470 The Doric temple of Thesens at Athens. Splendid 

Ionic temple at Miletus. 
469 Pericles begins to ti^e part in public affairs. 
468 Mycens destroyed by tibe Argiyes. 
Birth of Socrates. 
First tragic victory of Sophocles. 
467 Death of Hiero of Syracuse. 

Birth of Andocides, the orator. 
Roman colony sent to Antium. 
466 Syracuse becomes free. Victory of Cimon over the Per- 
sians at Eurymedon. End of the war between Greece 
and Persia. 
465 Beyolt of Thasos subdued by Cimon, B.C. 463. 

Assassination of Xerxes, E^g of Persia. Themistodes 
seeks refuge in Persia. 

Anaxagoras, the phUosopher, flourished. 
464 Earthquake at Sparta,, and revolt of the Helots and Mes- 
senians. Cimon marches to the assistance of the Lace- 
. dsemonians. 
463 Pestilence at Rome. Continued struggle between the 

patricians and plebeians. 
461 Cimon marches a second time to the aid of the Lacedse- 
monians, but his assistance is declined. Ostracism of 
Cimon. 
Pericles is at the head of public affairs in Athens. 
460 Revolt of Inaros against the Persians, and first year of 

the Egyptian war, which lasts six years. 
458 Ezra, appointed governor of the Jews, returns from 
Babylon to Jerusalem. 

Ezra writes the Book of Ezra^ and is supposed 
to have afterwards compiled the I. and n. 
Chronicles^ Nehemiah, and Esther^ from the 
original records. He subsequently collects 
together the Scriptures of the Old Testa- 
ment. 
The Roman army, shut in by the .Squians and Sabines, 
is delivered by the Dictator Cindnnatus. 
Birth of Lysias, the orator. 
The Oresteia of .iE2schylus performed. 
457 Battles in the M^garid. between the Corinthians and the 



445] ANCIENT HISTORT. 27 

B.G. 

457 ' AtheniaiDi, who are victorioiu. The Spartans defeat 
the Athenians at Tanagra. 
The Tribunes of the plebeians at Borne increased from 
five to ten. 
456 The Athenians defeat the Thebans at CEnophyta. CSmoa 
is recalled fh>m exile. The long walls of Athens com- 
pleted. 
The Mons Aventinns assigned to ^ the Gammons " at Rome. 
Herodotus recites his History at the Olympic 
games. 
455 The Messenians conquered by the Spartans in the tenth 
year of the war. Campaign of Tolmides against the 
Felopoimesians. 
454 Campaign of Pericles at Sicyon and in Acarnania. 

The Boman patricians yield, and consent to the revisicm 
of the laws. Three commissioners are sent into Greece 
to acquire information respecting the Grecian laws. 
They return, b.c. 452. 

Cratinus, the comic poet, flourished. 
45 1 Institution of the Roman Decemvirate. Laws of the Ten 
Tables promulgated. Two more Tables are added, 
B.C. 450. 

Ion of Chios begins to exhibit tragedy. 
450 Five years' truce between the Athenians and Peloponne- 

sians, through the intervention of Cimon. 
449 Renewal, of the war with Persia. Death of Cimon, and 
victory of the Athenians at Salamis. 
In consequence of the death of Virginia, the Roman 
plebeians secede to the Mons Sacer. The Decemvirs 
are deposed, and the old form of government restored, 
L. Valerius and M. Horatius being appointed Consuls. 
The Valerian and Horatian la¥r8 increase the power of 
the plebeians. 
448 Sacred war between the Delphians, supported by Sparta, 
and the Phodans, supported by Athens, for the posses- 
sion of the oracle and temple of Apollo. 
447 The Ath^uans defeated at Coronea by the Boeotians. 

Euripides exhibits tragedy with Achseus and 
Sophocles. 
445 Revolt of Euboea and Megara from Athens. Pericles 

c2 



28 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 445- 
B.C. 

445 reooTen Eubcea. Thirty years* trace between Athens 
and Sparta. 

Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, and 
founds synagogues and public schools. 
444 Ferides begins to have the sole direction of public affairs 
at Athens. Thucydides, the leader of the aristocratical 
party, is ostracised. 
443 The Athenians send a colony to Thurium in- Italy, which 
Herodotus accompanies. 
Institution of the Censorship at Rome. Victory over the 
Yolsdans. 
441 Euripides gains the first prize in tragedy. 

440 Samoa revolts from Athens, but is subdued by Pericles. 

Decree to prohibit comedy at Athens. 
439 Athens under Pericles is now at the height of its glory. 

The Parthenon, the exquisite Doric temple of 
Minerva, built of white marble. The Fropylese, 
Doric and Ionic, by Mnesicles. The Odeium 
for poetical and musical recitation. 
Phidias, the greatest sculptor of antiquity, pro- 
duces the famous statue of Minerva in gold 
and ivory; and the colossal statue of Jupiter 
Olympus in ivory, placed in the great temple of 
Ells, the holy land of Greece. 
The painters Micon, Pansenus, and Polygnotus 
flourish in the time of Pericles. 
438 The Alcestes of Euripides. 

437 Colony of the Athenians at Amphipolis. 

The prohibition of comedy at Athens repealed. 
Perfection of the Attic dnuna. 
436 Malachi prophecies, b.g. 436-420. 

The last of the Prophets. 
Birth of Isocrates, the orator and rhetoridan. 
435 The Corinthians defeated at sea by the Corcyneans. 

Zeno, the inventor of logic, according to Aristotle, 
still living. 
434 Ljrsippus gains the prize in comedy. 

432 The Corcyrseans assisted by the Athenians defeat the 
Corinthians. Congress of the Peloponnesians to decide 
upon war with Atheneu 



423] ikNCIENT HISTOBT. 29 

431 Pirst year of the Peloponnesian war. The ThdMiis 
attack Platiea. First invasion of Attica 
The Medea of Euripides exhibited. 
Great Boman victory over the JSqoians and Volsdans at 
•Mount Algidus. 
430 Second invasion of Attica. The plague rages in Attica. 
The History of the Old Teitameni ends about this 

time. 
Polycletus, the sculptor, flourished. 
Hippocrates flourished. 
429 Siege of Flateea. The Feloponnesian fleet defeated by the 
Athenians in the Corinthian gulf. Death of Pericles. 
428 Third invasion of Attica. Revolt of Lesbos from the 
Athenians. Pirst imposition of a property ta;c at 
Athens. 

The Hippolytus of Euripides gains the first prize. 
. Plato, the comic poet, first exhibits. 
427 Fourth invasion of Attica. Mytilene taken by the Athe- 
nians, and Lesbos recovered. The demagogue Cleon 
begins to have great influence in public affiihs. Sur- 
render and destruction oi Platsea. 

Aristophanes, the comic poet, flrst exhibits. 
426 The Peloponnesians do not invade Attica this year in 
consequence of an earthquake. 

The Babylonians of Aristophanes. 
425 Fifth invasion of Attica. The Athenian general Demos* 
thenes takes Pylos. The Spartans in Sphacteria sur- 
render to Cleon. 
Eruption of Mount Etna. 

The Achamians of Aristophanes. 
424 The Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium, where 
both Socrates and Xenophon fought. Amphipolis 
taken by Brasidas from Thucydides, the historian. 
The Knights of Aristophanes. 
423 Truce for a year. The 20 years* banishment of Thucy- 
dides, in consequence of the loss of Amphipolis, begins. 
The Clouds of Aristophanes first exhibited. 
Thucydides, during his banishment, collects the 
materials for his History of the Feloponnesian 
War. 



30 fiUDIMENTARY CHBONOLOGY. [b.C. 422- 

B. C. 

422 Hostilities in Thrace between the Spartans and Athenians. 
Brasidas and Cleon perish in battle. 
The Wasps of Aristophanes. 
42 1 Truce for 50 years between the Athenians and Spartans. 
420 Alcibiades effects a treaty between the Athenians and the 
Argives. 
The Campanians conquer the Greek city of Cunue. 
Democritus, the philosopher, flourished. 
419 Alcibiades marches into the Peloponnesus. 

The Peace of Aristophanes. 
418 The Athenians defeated at the battle of Mantinea* 

Alliance between Sparta and Argos. 
416 The Athenians conquer Melos. 

415 Alcibiades sails with the Athenian fleet to Sicily^ The 
Athenians take Catana. Alcibiades is recalled from 
Sicily, and seeks refuge with the Spartans. 
Xenodes exhibits against Euripides. 
Archippus, the comic poet, gains the prize. 
414 The Athenians besiege Syracuse. Gylippus, th« Spartan, 
assists the S3rracusans. 

The Birds and AmpMaraus (a lost drama) of 
Aristophanes. 
Amyrtseus expels the Persians, and becomes King of 
Egypt. 

The Sarcophagus in the British Museum, called 
of Alexander, is of this king. 
413 Sixth invasion of Attica. Third campaign in Sicily. 
The Athenian fleet and army destroyed. Nicias and 
Demosthenes surrender and are put to death. 

Hegemon of Thasos, the comic poet, was exhibit- 
ing his parody of the Gigantomachia, when 
the tidings reached Athens of the defeat in 
Sicily. 
412 Revolt of the Athenian allies. Alcibiades negociates a 
treaty between {he Spartans and Persia* 
The Andromeda of Euripides. 
41 1 Democracy at Athens temporarily gives place to a Council 
of Four Hundred, which lasts four months. The 
Athenian army at Samos recals Alcibiades from exile, 
and makes him one of its generals. . 



40l] ANCIENT HISTORY. 31 

B. C. 

411 Hie Lymtrata and Thesmophoriaguim of Aristo- 

phanes. 
Antiphon^ the oiator, is put to death. 
410 Mindarus skin by Alcibiades at Cyzicas. 
409 Three of the fonr Qusestors at Rome are plebeians; the 
first time the plebeians obtained this office. 
The PMloctetes of Sophocles. 
Plato, the founder of the Academic school, set. 20, 
begins to hear Socrates. 
408 Alcibiades recovers Bjzantinm. 

The Orestes of Euripides. 
The PltUus of Aristophanes. 
407 Aldbiades returns to Athens. Defeat of Antiochus, his 
lieutenant, at Notium. Aldbiades is banished, and ten 
new genends appointed. 
406 The Spartans defeated by the Athenians in the sea-fight 
of Arginusse. The Athenian generals are condemned 
to death for not picking up the bodies of those slain in 
battle. 
Dionydus becomes master of Syracuse. 
Roman yrar with the YolRcians. War declared against 
Veii. Fay decreed to the soldiers by the senate for the 
first time. 

Death of Euripides and of Sophocles. 
405 Lysander defeats the Athenians off iEgospotami, and de- 
stroys all their fleet except eight ships. 

The Frogs of Aristophanes acted at the Leniea. 
The ten years* siege of Veil by the Romans begins. 
404 Athens taken by Lysander. Democracy abolished, and 
the government committed to thirty men, known as 
the Thirty l^rants, who held their power for eight 
months. Death of Aldbiades. 
Supremacy of Sparta. 
403 Thrasybulus gains the ascendancy. The tyranny is over- 
thrown, and democracy re-established. Thucydides, 
Lysias, and Andocides, return to Athens. 
The Ionian alphabet is adopted. 
402 Defeat of the Romans before Veil. 
401 Expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes. 
Cyrus falls in the battle of Cunaxa. His Greek auxi- 



32 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [B. C. 40 1 - 

B. C. 

401 liaiies commence their retreat to Glreece, called the 
Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 
First year of the war between Laeedsemon and Elis; it 
lasts three years. 

The (EdipuB at CoUmus of Sophocles exhibited, 
after his death, by his grandson. 
400 Betom of the Ten Thousand to Greece. 

. Modification of the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta. 
The city of Delhi said to have been founded. 
Speech of Andoddes on the Mysteries* 
The temple of Jupiter Olympus in the Corinthian 
order at Athens. The invention of this order 
is ascribed to Callimachus. 
599 Campaigns of Thimbron and Dercyllidas, the Spartan 
generals, in Asia, B. c. 399*7} concluded by an armistice 
with Tissaphemes. 

Melitns, the tragic poet, is the accuser «f Socrates. 
Execution of Socrates, set. 69. Flato with- 
draws to Megara. 
398 An embassy sent from Rome to consult the oracle at 
Delphi 

Ctesias* Persian History terminates. 
Astydamas first exhibits tragedy. 
397 Zeuxis, the painter, famous for his grapes, 

flourished. The Helen of Croton was the most 
renowned of his works. • 

396 First campaign of Ageailaus, King of Sparta, in Asia. 

. Farrhasius, the painter, famous for his linen, 
flourished. 
Capture of Veil by the Dictator Camillus, 
395 Second campaign of Agesilaus, who becomes master of 
Western Asia. Coalition of the Corinthians, Thebans, 
Argives, Athenians, and Thessalians, against Sparta. 
Lysander slain at Haliartus. 
Plato returns to Athens. 
Etruscan canal for draining the Alban lake. 
394 Agesilaus is victorious at Coronea; but the booty gained 
by Conon off Cnidus enables him to rebuild the walls 
of Athens. 

Xenophon, the philosopher and historian, banished 



384] ANCIENT HISTORT. 33 

B. C. 

3^4 firom Athens. He retired to Scillus, where he 

composed his works, the Cyropedia^ the Ana* 
baais^ the Memorabilia of Socrates^ &c 
Theopompus brought his History down to this 
year. 
393 Sedition at Corinth, and victory of the Lacedaemonians at 
Lechseum. Phamabazus and Conon desokte the coasts 
of Peloponnesus. 
Distribution of the Yeientine territory among the pie 
beians at Rome. 

The temple of Juno on Mount Ayentine dedi- 
cated by Cannllus. 
392 Agesilaus takes the Piraeus at Ck>rinth, but his troops are 
defeated by Iphicrates on their return. 
The Ecclesiaziisa of Aristophanes. 
391 . Expedition of Agesilaus into Acamania. 
Plato, the comic poet, exhibits. 
Speech of Andocides on the Peace. 
Camillus banished from Rome. War with Volsinii. 
The Gauls invade Etruria, and lay siege to Clusium. 
390 Rome captured and burnt by the Gauls under Brennus. 
Camillus, the Dictator, dissuades his countrymen from 
removing to YeiL 
Expedition of Agesipolis into Argolis. Capture of 10 
Athenian ships byTeleutias, the Spartan. Thrasybulus 
is slain. 

The Grauls destroy many of the Fastis or records, of 
Rome. 
389 Rome rebuilt. 

Birth of iEschines, the orator. 
387 Peace of Antalcidas, by which Persia regains the Greek 
colonies in Asia, &c. 
■ The number of the Roman tribes increased from 21 to 2 5. 
Antiphanes, the comic poet, begins to exhibit. 
385 Destruction of Mantinea by the Spartans under Agesi- 
polis. 
Great sea-fight between Evagoras and the Persians, and 
beginning of the 10 years* Cyprian War. 
384 Manlius, accused by the Roman patricians of aspiring to 
royal power, is tiied, condemned, and put to death. 

c5 



34 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 384. 

B. C. 

384 Birth of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic 

school, at Stagira in Macedonia. 
382 First year of the Olynthian war, which is ended B. c. 3 79, 
by Polybiades. Fhoebidas seizes the Cadmea, the citadel 
of Thebes. 

Birth of Demosthenes. 
381 Si^ of Fhlius by Agesilaus. It surrenders b. c. 379. 
380 Antisthenes, founder of the Cynic school. 

Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school. 
The Panegyricus of Isocrates. 
379 The Cadmea recovered by Felopidas and the Theban 
exiles. 
The power of Sparta is now at its highest point. 
378 Campaigns of Cleombrotus and Agesilaus in Boeotia. 
Attempt of Sphodrias on the Piraeus. The Athenians 
form an alliance with the Thebans against Sparta. 
377 Second expedition of Agesilaus into Boeotia. 
376 The Three Licinian Rogations, to improve the condition 
of the Roman plebeians, and to increase their political 
power, are proposed by C. Licinius and L* Sextius, the 
Tribunes of the people. 
Cleombrotus marches into Boeotia. 
Tenth and last year of the war between Evagoras and the 
Persians. , 

375 Cleombrotus sent against the Thebans in Fhocis. 
374 Peace between Athens and Sparta, but the war is renewed 
the same year, in consequence of Timotheus, the Athe- 
nian commander, restoring some Zacynthian exiles. 
Persian invasion of Eg3rpt, which fails. 
373 Iphicrates sent to Corcyra. Prosecution of Timotheus. 
The custom of employing mercenaries began about this 
time to prevail in Greece. 
372 Timotheus goes to Asia. Iphicrates continues in com- 
mand of a fleet on the Ionian sea. 

Astydamas gains the prize in tragedy. 

Among the most eminent orators of this period 

are Leodamas, Callistratus, Aristophon the 

Azenian, Cephalus the Colyttian, Thrasybus 

the Colyttian, and Diophantus. 

371 Congress at Sparta, and general peace, from which the 



35^] ANCIENT HISTORY. 35 

fi. c. 

37 1 Thebaiu are ezdaded. The Spartans aiedefeated by the 
Thebans under Epaminondas, at the battle of Leuctra. 
Supremacy of Thebes. 
370 Assassination of Jaaon, the Tagos of Tfaessaly. 

Expedition of Agesilaus into Arcadia. 
369 First Theban invasion of Peloponnesus. 
368 The Thebans again invade Peloponnesus. Expedition of 

Pelopidas to Thessaly. 
367 The ** tearless battle** won by Archidamus over the 
united forces of Argos, Arcadia, and Messenia. Em- 
bassy of Pelopidas to Persia. 

Aristotle, set. 17, comes to Athens. 
The Three Licinian Rogations are passed and become law. 
Gamillus, the Dictator, conquers the Gauls. 
366 Third invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans. 
The Archidamus of Isocrates. 
The first plebeian Consul, and first Praetor at Home. 
365 Death of Gamillus. Pestilence at Bome. 

War between Arcadia and Elis. 
364 The Eleans defeat the Arcadians and Argives at the time 

of the celebration of the Olympic games. 
362 Battle of Mantinea, in which Epaminondas is lulled. De- 
cline of the Theban supremacy. 

Xenophon brought down his Greek History to 
the battle of Mantinea. 
Half of the Tribuni Militum are for the first time elected 
by the Roman people. Earthquake at Rome. Self- 
devotion of Marcus Curtins. 
361 General pacification, in which the Mess^nians are in- 
cluded, mediated by Persia. Death of Agesilaus. 
359 Accession of Philip, King of Macedonia. 
358 Amphipolis taken by Philip. 

The number of the Roman tribes increased from 25 to 27. 
357 Ck)mmencement of the Social War. Unsuccessful siege 
of Chios, before which Chabrias falls. The Phocians 
fdeze Delphi 
356 The first plebeian Dictator at Bome. He defeats the 
Etruscans. 
Birth of Alexander the Great. 

he speech of Isocrates De Pace 



36 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [b.C. 355- 

355 Third and last year of the Social War. Athens is com« 
pelled to acknowledge the freedom of her allies. Be- 
ginning of the Sacred War. 
354 Trial and condemnation of Timotheos. 

Demosthenes begins to speak in the assemblies of 
the people. 
352 Philip takes Methone, and enters Thessaly. He defeats 
and slays Onomarchus, the Fhocian general, and be- 
comes master of Thessaly. Philip attempts to enter 
Grreece through.Thermopylae, bnt is prevented by the 
Athenians. 

Demosthenes delivers Ins first Philippic* 
351 The Cyprians and Phoenicians revolt from Persia, but are 
brought to submission. Sidon taken and destroyed. 
The first plebeian Censor at Rome. 
350 Egypt is conquered, and again becomes a Persian province. 
Macedonian gold mines in Thrace. 
About this time are erected the Corinthian mauso- 
leum of Artemisia at HaUcamassus, and thelonic 
temple of Bacchus at Teos, by Hermogenes. 
349 The Ol3mthians, attacked by Philip, ask aid from Athens. 
347 Ol3mthus taken and destroyed by Philip. 

Death of Plato, set. 82, upon which Aristotle 
goes to Atamse. 
346 Peace between Philip and the Athenians. Philip over- 
runs Phgcis, and brings the Sacred War to an end. 
Oration of Isocrates to Philip. 
Oration of Demosthenes on the Peace. 
344 The second Philippic of Demosthenes. 

343 Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, is finally expelled. 
Disputes between Philip and the Athenians. 
The first Samnite War. 
342 Philip*s expedition to Thrace. He is opposed by Diopithes, 
the Athenian general, at the Chersonesus. 

Aristotle comes to the court of Philip. He be- 
comes the tutor of Alexander, and establishes 
an intellectual empire more lasting than that of 
his pupil. 
Insurrection of the Roman army at Capua. Various 
concessions made to the plebeians. 



332] • ANCIENT HISTORY. 37 

B. C. 

341 Peace and alliance between the Romans and Samnites. 

The oration of Demosthenes on the Chersonesus^ 
and the third and fourth Philippics. 
340 ' Philip besieges Selymbria, Perinthus, and Byzantium. 
Isocrates completes the Panaihenaic oration, 
Latin War, Self-devotion of Decius, and defeat of the 
Latins at Mount Vesuvius. 
339 The Locrian, or second Sacred War. 

The laws made by the general assembly of the Roman 

people no longer require confirmation by the senate. 
Renewal of the Latin War. 
338 Philip is chosen general of the Amphictyons. He 
siezes Elatea. The Athenians and Thebans unite 
against him, but their forces are defeated at the 
battle of Chffironea, and Philip becomes master of 
Greece. 
The subjugation of Latium completed by the Romans 
Death of Isocrates, est 98. 
The most famous orators of Greece were trained 
in his school. 
337 The first plebeian Praetor at Rome. 
336 Philip is assassinated by Pausanias at MgK. He is suc« 
ceeded by his son, Alexander the Great, set. 20. 
Rome at peace with the Gauls. 
335 Revolt of Thebes, which is taken and destroyed by 

Alexander. 
334 The Macedonian empire. Alexander commences the 
war against Persia. He crosses the Hellespont, defeats 
the Persian satraps at the Granicus, and conquers the 
western part of Asia Minor. 
333 Alexander defeats Darius at Issus, and reduces Syria and 

Phcenida. 
332 Tyre taken by Alexander after seven months* siege. He 
occupies Palestine and Egypt, and founds the city of 
Alexandria, which succeeds to the commerce of Tyre 
as it afterwards does to the literature of Athens. At 
Jerusalem, Alexander ireats the high priest with reve- 
rence, and grants the Jews an exemption from tribute 
every Sabbatical year. 

Dinocrates, the greatest architect of the time, 



S8 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 332- 

B. C. 

332 builds the city of Alexandria, and restores the 

temple of Diana at Ephesus. 
Two new Roman tribes added. 
331 Alexander agam defeats Darius at Arbela, and takes 
Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. 
In Greece, Agis, Eling of Sparta, is defeated and slain by 
Antipater. 
330 Alexander conquers the regions round the Caspian, and 
gives to Darius, slain by the treachery of Bessus^ a burial 
with royal pomp in the sepulchre of the Persian kings 
Padfication of Greece by Antipater. 

The speeches of jEschines against Ctesiphon^ 01 
Demosthenes on the Croumj and of Lycurgns 
against Leocrates. 
Philemon began to exhibit comedy. 
The Choragic monument of Lysicrates, at Athens, 
erected about this period. 
329 Alexander passes the Oxus, and captures Bessus, and sub* 
sequently crosses the Jaxartes, and defeats the Scythians. 
Praxiteles, the sculptor, famous for his statues of 
Venus, &c., flourished. 
328 Alexander is occupied during the whole of this campaign 
in the conquest of Sogdiana. 

Prygoteles, the gem engraver, flourished. 
327 After the conquest of Sogdiana, Alexander marches to 
invade India. He crosses the Hydaspes, and having 
defeated Porus, advances through the Punjab as &r as 
the Hyphasis, but is there compelled to return by the 
mutiny of his troops. 
326 The second Samnite War. 

Alexander returns to Persia. His fleet under Nearchus 
accomplishes the voyage from the month of the Indus 
to the Persian Gulph in 1 29 days. 

Apelles of Cos, the painter, and Protogenes, the 
painter and sculptor, flourished. 
325 Alexander at Susa. Towards the close of the year he 
visits Ecbatana, where Hephsestion dies. 
Lysippus, the sculptor, flourished. 
324 Harpalus comes to Athens, and bribes many of the Greek 
orators. Demosthenes fined, and in exile. 



330] ANCIENT HISTORY. 89 

B.C. 

324 Alexander reaches Babylon in the spring. 

A great statesman as well as conqueror, Alexander 
treats his Eastern subjects with kindness, and 
earnestly encourages commerce. The inter- 
course between three quarters of the globe 
thus opened, leads to a general difiiision of the 
Greek civilisation and the Greek language, and 
so prepares the way for the Aiture triumphs of 
the Gospel. It is a striking proof of the saga- 
dty of Alexander's plans, that most of the cities 
he founded as trading marts, are still the places 
of most commercial importance in their respec- 
tire countries. 
323 Death of Alexander at Babylon, in June. Division of the 
satrapiesamong his generals : Ptolemy, viceroy of Egypt ; 
Antipater, of Macedonia ; Lysimachus, of Thrace ; Anti- 
gonus and Eumenes, of different provinces in Asia Minor. 
Ferdiccas is Regent for the infant son of Alexander. 
The Greek states make war against Macedonia, known as 
the Lamian War. Leosthenes, the Athenian genera], is 
slain before Lamia. 

Demosthenes returns to Athens. 
Death of Diogenes, the cynic. 
Death of Lycurgus, the orator. 
322 End of the Lamian War, and submission of Athens. 
The Samnites defeated by the Bomans. 
Death of Demosthenes. 

Death of Aristotle, set. 63, at Chalds. He is said 
to have written i48 treatises: his Ethics, Po/t- 
tics, Logic, Rhetoric, Poetic, Physics, and up- 
wards of 40 others are still extant. 
321 Surrender of the Boman army to the Samnites at the Gau- 
dine Forks. 
Victory of Eumenes over Graterus. Ferdiccas invades 

Egypt, and is slain by his own troops. 
Seleucus, Satrap of Babylon. 

Menander exhibits his first comedy. 
320 Antigonus carries on war against Eumenes. 

Aristoxenes of Tarentum, the most celebrated 
Greek writer upon music 



4«0 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b. C. 3 19- 

B. C. 

3 1 9 Death of Antipater, who names Polysperchon his suooesaor. 

Defeat of the Samnites by the Bomans under Fapirios. 
318 War between Cassander and Polysperchon in Greece. 

The Athenians put Fhocion to death. Athens is con- 
quered by Cassander, who makes Demetrius of Phaleion 
its governor. 
Two new Boman tribes added. 
317 Campaign of Antigonus against Eumenes, now commander 
of the royal forces in the East. Cassander besieges 
Olympias at Pydna. 
316 Last battle between Antigonus and Eumenes. Death of 
Eumenes. Antigonus becomes master of Asia. Sden- 
cus flies from Babylon, and seeks refuge with Ptolemy 
in Egypt 
Cassander takes Pydna-and puts Olympias to death. He 
rebuilds Thebes. 
315 Coalition of Seleucns, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysima- 
chus, against Antigonus. 

Death of Xenocrates, the philosopher, set. 81. 
314 Successes ofCassander in Greece. Antigonus conquers Tjrre. 

Death of .^schines, set. 75. 
312 Ptolemy and Seleucus defeat Demetrius, the son of Anti- 
gonus, at Gaza. Seleucus recovers Babylon, and from 
this year commences the era of the Seleuddse. 
Sandraoottus, an Indian, having expelled the Macedonian 
governors from the Indian provinces conquered by 
Alexander, establishes an empire. His successors increase 
its boundaries, and according to the Indian chronicles, 
•« bring the whole Earth under One Umbrella.** 

Construction of the Via Appia across the Pontme 
marshes to Brundnsium, and of the Aqua Appia. 
311 Cassander puts to death the ¥ddow and son of Alexander. 
310 Battle of Himera. Agathocles defeated. 

Epicurus begins to teach at Mytilene and Lamp- 
sacus. 
The Samnites and Etruscans are defeated by the Bomans. 
The Dictator Papirius is succeeded by Fabius Maximus, 
Consul. 
307 Demetrius Poliorcetes liberates Athens, restores its ancient 
constitution, and expels Demetrius of Phaleron. 



293] ANCIENT HISTORY. 41 

B. C. 

306 Demetrios defeats Ptolemy in a great sea*figbt off Salanua 
in Cyprus. After this battle, Antigonus, Ptolemy, 
Belencns, Lysimachus, and Cassander, assume the title 
of Ejngs. 

Epicurus settles at Athens, where he teaches about 
36 years. 
305 Rhodes besieged by Demetrius. 

. Victorious campaign of the Bomans against the Samnites. 
Bovianum taken. 
304 Demetrius makes peace with the Rhodians, and returns to 
Athens. 
Peace 'concluded with the Samnites. The iEqnians de- 
feated with great loss. 
301 Demetrius crosses to Asia. 

Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, in which Lysimachus and 
Seleucus defeat Antigonus and Demetrius. Antigonus 
falls in the battle. 
The Jews pass under the dominion of the Ptolemies. 
300 The great Chinese wall, built to protect the fron- 

tier from the incursions of the Tartars, is 
ascribed to this date. 
Museum and Library founded at Alexandria, the 
seat of government of Ptolemy*s kingdom. The 
schools of learning connected with the Museum 
maintain their reputation till the Arab conquest 
Extensive cotton trade and manufactures of Egypt. 
Euclid, the mathematician, flourished. 
299 Two new Roman tribes formed. 
298 The third Samnite War. Roman victory at Volaterrss* 
Diyllus closed his History about this time. 
Zeno, founder of the Stoic philosophy, flourished. 
297 Death of Cassander, and accession of his son Philip, who 

is succeeded B.c. 296 by Antipater. 
2Q5 Demetrius takes Athens. 

Great defeat of the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and 
Gauls, at Sentium, '*the Austerlitzof the third Samnite 
War." 
294 Demetrius becomes King of Macedonia. 
293 The Samnites are defeated with great slaughter. 



42 BUDIMBNTARY CHRONOLOGY. [B.C. 293- 

B. C. 

293 The first 8iin*d]al at Bome, set np by t^apirius 

Cursor. 
Colossal statue of Jupiter placed on the CapitoL 
292 The Samnites defeat the Consul Fabius, but -'his father, 
Q* Fabius Mazimus, gains a great victory over them, 
from which they never recover. Pontius, the Samni^ 
general, is taken prisoner and slain. 
D^etrius conquers Thebes. 
29 1 Lysimachus defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae. 

Pyrrhus, Eang of Epirus, invades Thessaly, but is obliged 
to retire before Demetrius. 
290 Demetrius takes Thebes a second time, and celebrates the 
Pythian games at Athens. 
The Samnites submit to Home, and sue for peace. Con- 
clusion of the Sainnite Wars, which had lasted 5 3 years. 
Several Boman colcmies are planted about this time. 
288 Death of Agathocles. 

287 Demetrius is driven out of Macedonia by Pyrrhus, who 
IB himself expelled by Lysimachus, after seven months* 
possession. 

Birth of Archimedes, the mathematician. 
Theophrastus, author of the Characters^ flou- 
rished. 
286 Last secession of the plebeians at Bome. The Lex Hor- 
tensia of the Dictator confirms more fully the privileges 
of the plebeians. The political distinction between the 
patricians and plebeians, from this time, ceases. 
285 Dionysius began his astronomical era, June 26. 

284 Demetrius dies in captivity at Apameia in S3nia. 

The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament 

is made about this date. 
The Pharos or lighthouse, and the temple of 
Serapis, erected at Alexandria. This temple is 
said to have been unequalled for its magnifi- 
cence, except by the Capitol at Bome. 
283 The Gauls besiege Arretium, and defeat the Bomans. 
282 The Tarentines attack a Boman fleet. 
2 8 1 Lysimachus is defeated and slain by Seleucus at the battle 
of Corupedion. 



268] ANCIENT HBTORY. 43 

B. a 

281 Pyrrbus, on the inyitetioa of the Tarentiiies, arrivet in 

Italy. 
280 The Romans defeated by Pyrrhus near Heracleia. 

Sdeucns pat to death by Ptolemy Cerannuii, who is him- 
self slain by the Gaols. * 
Bise of the Achsean league. 

Berosos, the Babylonian historian, flourished. 
The colossus of the god of the Sun at Rhodes, by 
. Chares. The group of the Laocoon, and the 
Famesian Hercules, are attributed to Rhodian 
artists of about this period. 
279 Tlie Ghiuls under Brennus invade Greece. Brennut, and 
a great part of his army, are destroyed at DelphL 
The Romans ate again defeated by Pyrrhus near Asculum. 
League between Rome and Carthage. 
278 Pyrrhus passes into Sidly, and makes himself master of 
the Carthaginian towns. 
The Romans are successful against the nations of Southern 
Italy, allies of Pyrrhus. 

The four schools of philosophy. Peripatetic, Stoic, 
Epicurean, and Academic, are directed at this 
time by Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and Arcesilaus, 
founder of the Middle Academy. 
276 Pyrrhus returns to Italy. 

275 Total defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneyentum. He leaves 
Italy. 

Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, the poets, and 
Aratus, the poet and astronomer, flourished. 
273 Embassy from Ptolemy Philadelphus to Rome. 

Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, and expels Antigonus Go- 
natas. 
272 Pyrrhus invades Peloponnesus, and perishes in an attack 
on Argos. Antigonus regains Macedonia. 
Conclusion of the Roman war in Southern Italy. Taren- 
tum submits. 
270 Hiero becomes King of Sicily. 

Callimachus, the poet and historian, flourished. 
269 Silver money first coined at Rome. 

268 The Picentines submit to the Romans. Colonies founded 
at Ariminum and Beneventum. 



14 BUDIMENTABT CHRONOLOGY. [B.C. 268* 

268 Athens taken by Antigonns Gonstas. 

Manetho, the Egyptian historian, flonrished, 
266 The subjugation of Italy by Rome comideted. 
265 The History of Dionysius HalicaniasBtts ends. 

Timaeus ends at the same period. 
264 First Funic War. The Consul Claudius crosses into 
Sicily, and defeats the Carthaginians and Syracusans. 
Gladiators are exhibited for the first time at Rome. 

The Chronicle of the Parian marbles (now at 
Oxford) ends. 
263 Hiero makes peace with the Romans. 
262 Surrender of Agrigentum to the Romans after seren 

months* siege. 
26 1 The Carthaginians ravage the coast of Italy. 
260 The Romans first prepare a fleet Naval victory of 
Duilius, the Consul, off Mylse. 

250 The Consuls Manlius and R^gulus defeat the Carthagi- 

nians by sea and land in Africa. 
255 Defeat and capture of Regulus by Xanthippns. Naval 

victory of the Romans, in which the Carthaginians 

lose 1 14 ships, but in returning to Italy, most of the 

Roman ships are wrecked. 
254 The Romans build another fleet, and take Fanormus. 

251 Aratus liberates Sicyon, which joins the Achaean league. 
250 Arsaces founds the Parthian monarchy. 

Theodotus founds the kingdom of Bactria. 

Both these states had formed part of the Syrian do- 
minion. 
Victory of Metellus at Fanormus. Regulus sent to Rome 
by the Carthaginians to solicit peace, self-devotedly 
pleads in the senate for war. 

Apollonius, the author of a treatise on Come 
Sections. 
249 Naval defeat of the Consul Claudius by Adherbal, off 

Drepanum. The Romans lose every ship by a storm. 
247 Hamilcar Barca, general of the Carthaginians, ravages the 
coasts of Italy. Birth of HannibaL 
The citizens at the Roman census are 25 1,222. 
243 Aratus delivers Corinth fh>m the Macedonians. 
The Consul Fundanius defeats Hamilcar in Sicily. 



221] ANCIENT HISTORT. 45 

B.C. 

242 The Bomans again baild a fleet 

241 Agis, King of Sparta, is pat to death <m aoeount of his 
efibrts to reform the state. 
Catulus, the Roman admiral, totally defeats the Cartha- 
^nian fleet, and terminates the war. Sicily becomes a 
Roman province. Revolt and conquest of the Falisd. 
Two new Roman tribes are formed, making the final 
number of thirty-five. The authority of the Roman 
senate is now at its highest point. 
Mutiny of the Carthaginian mercenary troops, and civil war. 
240 The Sardinians revolt from Carthage. 

Livius Andronicus begins to exhibit tragedies at 
Rome. 
. Jesus, the son of Sirach, in Egypt. 
235 Sardinia conquered by the Romans. 

The temple of Janus is shut for the second time. 
Nfevius, the poet, flourished. 
233 Ptolemy Physcon about this time procures from 

the Athenians the MSS. of Sophodes, Euripides, 
and iEschylus, upon a pledge of 1 5 talents. 
229 Roman war with the Illyrians, who are defeated. 

Death in Spain of HamOcar, who is succeeded by Has- 
drubal. 
228 The first Roman embassy to Grreece. 
227 Cleomenes, Eang of Sparta, commences war with the 

Achsean league. 
226 Cleomenes defeats Aratus, who is again general of the 

Achaean league. 
225 Cleomenes overthrows the Ephori at Sparta, and enforces 
the laws of Lycurgus. 
Great defeat of the Grauls by the Romans under the 
Consul iEmilius. 

Fabius Pictor, the first Roman historian on the 
Greek model, flourished. 
223 The Roman legions first cross the river Po. The Consul 
Flaminius defeats the Insubrians. 

Eratosthenes, the mathematical geographer, is 
librarian at Alexandria. 
221 Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in the command of the Car- 
thaginian army in Spain. 



46 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOtOOY. [B.C. 221- 
B. G. 

221 Antigonus defeats Cleomenes at Sellasia, and takes Sparta- 
Cleomenes, the last of the royal line of the Heradidse, 
dies in Egypt. 
220 The Achaeans and Aiatns, defeated hy the iEtolians, apply 
for aid to Philip, King of Macedonia. Commencement 
of the Social War. 
The Boman citizens at the census are 270,2 1 3. 

The History of Aratus ends in this year, and 

that of Folybins begins. 
Flaminius makes the Via Flamihia, and bnUds the 
Circus Flaminius. 
219 Second Blyrian war against Demetrius of Pharos, who is 
conquered by the Consul iEmilius. 
Hannibal takes Saguntum, a Spanish town in alliance 
with Rome. 

The first medical shop opened at Rome, by Archa- 
gathus, a Greek. 
218 Second Punic War. Hannibal commences his memorable 
march. At the head of a force composed of Cartha- 
ginians, Grauls, Spanish Celts, Numidian horse, and 
22 elephants, he crosses the Pyrenees, marches round 
the Gulf of Lyons, and enters on the passage of the 
Alps. After fiye months* march, beset with the most 
formidable difficulties, he enters Italy, and defeats the 
Romans at the battles of the Tidnus and the Trebia. 
217 End of the Social War in Greece. 

The Romans, under Flaminius, are defeated by Hannibal 
at the battle of the lake Thrasymenus. 
216 Ebnnibal totally defeats the Romans at the battle of 
Cannes. When the Consul Yarro returns almost alone 
to Rome, the senate vote him public thanks ** because 
he had not despaired of the Republic** 
215 Marcellus gains a victory over Hannibal near Nola. 
Hannibal ■ enters into treaty with Philip, King of 
Macedonia. 
214 The blockade of Syracuse by the Romans begins. 
213 Philip removes Aratus by poison. War between the Ro- 
mans and Philip. Successes of P. and Cn. Scipo in 
Spain. 

Birth of Cameades, founder of the third Academv 



209 



201] ANCIENT HISTORY. 47 

B. C. 

212 Hannibal takes Tarentum. Maroellns takes Syracuse. The 
two Sdpios are defeated and killed in Spain. 

. Death of Archimedes at the capture of Syra- 
cuse. 
Many treasures of Greek art are now brought 
from Sicily to Some, and the palaces of the 
Homan nobles abound with costly luxuries. 
211 Treaty between the Romans and iEtolians against Philip. 
The Romans recover Capua. P. Scipio is sent into 
Spain. 
2IO The Romans take iEgina. In Spain, Scipio takes Carthago 
Nova. 

Comedies of Plautus. 
The Consul Fabius recovers Tarentum. 
In this year, the number of Roman colonies was thirty. 
2o8 The two Consuls are defeated by Hannibal near Yenusia, 
and Marcellus is slain. 
Philopoemen is elected general of the Achaean league, and 
reforms the army. 
207 Battle of the Metaurus, in which Hasdrubal is slain. 

Philopcemen defeats and slays Machanidas» tyrant of 
Laoedflemon, at the battle of Mantinea. 
206 Scipio becomes master of Spain. He crosses over into 

Africa, and makes a league with Sjrphax. 
205 Philip makes peace with the iEtolians and with Rome. 

The Jews become subject to Antiochus the Great, Eang of 
Syria. 
204 Defeat of Hannibal near Croton. 

203 Defeat of the Carthaginians, and capture of Syphax, who 
has seceded from Rome. Hannibal leaves Italy, and 
crosses over to Africa. 
202 Hannibal is defeated by Scipio at the decisive battle of 
Zama. The Carthaginians sue for peace. 
Philip makes war upon the Rhodians and Attains. 
201 Peace is granted to the Carthaginians. The veterans of 
Scipio*s army receive settlements in Apulia and Lu- 
cania — ^ the first instance of such provision being made 
for veterans." 
Philopcemen defeats JSTabis, tyrant of Laoedsemon. 
Philip takes Chios 



48 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [B. C. 200- 

B. C. 

200 Second war between Philip and Rome* 
£oman war with the Insubrian Gauls. 

Ennius, the Roman poet, flourished. 
Vines and olives cultiyated in Italy. 
197 Defeat of Philip by Flaminins, at the battle of Cynos- 
oephalae. Peace ensues, Philip giving up all the Greek 
towns both in Europe and Asia. 

Statues in bronze and marble b^n now to be 
substituted for the old day images of the Roman 
gods. 
196 Flaminius proclaims the independence of Greece at the 
Isthmian games. 
Hannibal takes refuge at the court of Antiochus, King of 
Syria. 
192 Philopoemen defeats Kabis, and Lacedsemon is added to 
the Achaean league. 

The Pcenulus of Plautus probably now repre« 
sented. This play contains the only spedmens 
we have of the Punic and Libyan languages. 
191 Antiochus, King of Syria, and the ^Etolians, are defeated 
by the Romans. 

Many great public works are about this time 

undertaken at Rome. 
The Pseudolus of Plautus probably represented. 
19a The Consul L. Scipio totally defeats Antiochus at the 

battle of Magnesia. Peace is made with him. 
Rome is now the arbiter of nations from the Atlantic to 
the Euphrates. 
1 8 8 Philopoemen abrogates the laws of Lycurgns. 
187 Roman war with the Ligurians continued for several years. 
185 Voluntary exile of Scipio Africanus. 

Growing corruption of manners at Rome. 
1 84 Cato exercises his censorship at Rome with great severity. 
At first a violent opponent to the introduction of 
Greek literature, in his old age, Cato becomes 
its student. 
Cato constructs the first basilica at Rome, and 
many other public works. 
183 Philopoemen is taken prisoner and put to death by the 
Messenians, who revolt from the Achsean league. 



l6o] ANCIENT HISTORY. 49 

B. C. 

183 Death of Sdpio Africanus. 

Death of Hannibal. 
182 Folybius, the historian, carries the nm at the 

funeral of Philopoemen. 
181 Roman Sumptuary kw of the Tribune Orchius. 

179 Death of Philip, and accession of Perseus. 
174 The Censors order the streets of Rome to be 

paved. 
1 73 Eumenes, King of Pergamus, establishes a Library 

and Museum. 
Parchment is said to have been now first used; 
but the Jews already yrrote upon it. 
171 War between Perseus, King of Macedonia, and Rome. 
170 Antiochus Epiphanes plunders Jerusalem. 
168 Defeat of Perseus at Pydna by JBmilius Paulus, which 
is shortly followed by his capture. End of the Mace- 
donian monarchy. 
167 One thousand of the principal Achaeans are arrested 
and sent to Rome: among them is the historian 
Polybius. 
Antiochus Epiphanes subjects the Jews to cruel tortures, 

to induce them to adopt the religion of the Greeks. 
Revolt of Mattathias. 
166 Judas Maccabffius defeats the Syrian generals, and delivers 
the Jews from their oppressors. 

The Andria of Terence exhibited. 
1 6$ The sacrifices are recommenced at the Temple of Jerusa- 
lem, and the Feast of Dedication instituted. 
The Hecyra of Terence. 
163 The Heautmtimorumenos oi TtieDSQ. 

162 Hipparchus observes the autumnal equinox, 

Sept. 27. 
161 The philosophers and rhetoricians are banished 

from Rome. Sumptuary law of the Consul 
Fannius. 
The Eunuchus and Phormio of Terence. 
Judas Maccabseus is slain in battle, an^ is succeeded by his 
brother Jonathan. 
160 The Indian empire founded by Sandracottus is Hestroyed 
by the Bactrians about this time* 

D 



50 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. i6o- 

B. C. 

1 60 The AdelpM of Terence exhibited at the Mineral 

games of Emilias Paulus. 
The Pontine marshes drained. 
159 The Roman citizens at the census are 338,3 14. 

A water-dock is set up at Rome by the Censor 
Scipio. All the Roman law-courts dose at 
sunset. 
156 The building of theatres forbidden at Rome. 

155 The Athenians send an embassy to Rome, consisting of the 
philosophers Diogenes, Critolaus, and Cameades, to 
obtain remission of a fine of 500 talents. 
153 Roman wars in Spain. 
151 Return of the Achaean exiles. 

150 Cato brought his Origines down to this paiod. 

149 The third Punic War begins, mainly caused by the hos- 
tility of Cato, whose constant expression, ^^ Delenda est 
Carthago," has passed into a proverb. 
147 War declared between Rome and the Achseans. 

Macedonia reduced to the form of a Roman province. 
1 46 Carthage taken by Sdpio, and razed to the ground. Its 
territory is made a Roman province. 

At the tune of its destruction, Carthage is said to 
have been a much finer dty than Rome. The 
houses and the temples were adorned with 
Ionic porticoes, and the quays with stately 
colonnades. .It was espedally famous for its 
long lines of aqueducts, which are still traceable. 
The Achseans are defeated and Corinth destroyed by the 

Consul Mummius. 
Greece becomes a Roman province. 

Large colonnades are built at Rome to recdve the 

works of art taken from the Greeks. 
Temples of Jupiter Stator and Juno at Rome. 
145 The Consul Fabius is successful in Spain against Viria- 

thus. 
143 Beginning of the Numantine war, which lasts ten years. 
Jonathan Maccabaeus, chief and high priest of the Jews, 
is put to death, and is succeeded by Simon Maccabseus. 
Judas and Jonathan had paid tribute to Syri% but 
Simon becomes independent. 



J22] ANCIENT HISTORY. 61 

B. C. 

140 The Ck)nsal Csepio renews the irar with Yiriathus, and 
causes his assassination. 

Ludlius, the Roman satirist, flourished. 
J 3 5 The Apocryphal history ends. 

1 34 The Servile War in Sicily, occasioned hy the revolt of 
70,000 slaves. It is ended B. c. 13 2. 
Hyrcanus succeeds Simon in the government of the Jews. 
133 Numantia is taken by Scipio and destroyed. 

Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune of the plebeians, endeavours 
to relieve the distress of the lower orders by a bill 
enforcing the "Lex Licinia.** His Agrarian law is 
carried ; but he and 300 of his party are killed in a 
tumult. 
The possessions of Bome at this period comprise, besides all 
Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Liguiia, Cisalpine Gaul, 
the two Spains, and the African territory of Carthage, 
in the West; and in the East, Macedonia, Illyria, 
Epirus, Achaia, and the territory of Pergamus in Asia 
Minor. 
131 Both the Roman Censors are plebeians, for the first 

time. 
130 The Roman Tribunes obtain a seat, and the right of voting, 

in the senate. 
1 29 Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and SamJEuia, and destroys the 

Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim. 
125 War with the Salluvii in Transalpine Gaul, who are 
finally conquered b. c. 122, and G^ul becomes a Roman 
province. 
123 Tribunate of Cains Gracchus, and renewal of the Agrarian 
law* 
A Roman colony sent to Carthage. 
122 C. Gracchus Tribune of the plebeians for the second time. 
He proposes distributions of com to the poor, the 
admission of the Italian allies to the rights of citizen- 
ship, &c. 

C. Gracchus was the first European who divided 
distances into portions of 1,000 paces, or miles, 
and erected stones to mark the distance. He 
built at Rome immense grain magazines, like 

the ancient granaries of Egypt. 

d2 



62 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b. C. 1 2 1 - 

B. C. 

121 Great party struggle in Rome. C. Gracchus and 3,000 
of tiie citizens are killed. 

The old heroic virtues and stem simplicity of the 
early Romans have now almost disappeared; 
and owing mainly to the introduction of Asiatic 
luxury and Greek manners, debasing profligacy 
and corruption prevail at Rome. 
1 20 The Bactrian kingdom is subdued by the Parthians about 

this date. 
113 Commencement of the Cimbrian War. First Great 
Migration of the Northern Tribes. The Cimbri and 
Teutoni, migrating from the Baltic, defeat the Consul 
Carbo, and devastate Gaul, && 
1 1 1 Furst year of the Jugurthine War. 

The sects of the Pharisees, Sadducees, andEssenes 
rise, about this time, among the Jews. 
1 09 The Consul Silanus la defeated by the CimbrL 
107 The Consul Cassius is defeated and slain by the Cimbri 
and their allies. 
Aristobulus succeeds Hyrcanus as ruler of the Jews, and 
takes the title of King. 
106 Jugurtha is captured by Marius. 
Birth of Pompey. 

Birth of Cicero at Arpinnm. 
105 The Cimbri destroy the two Consular armies of the Consul 
Mallius and the Pro-consul C»pio. The Roman people 
go into mourning. 
102 Marius completely defeats the Teutoni at Aqus Sextice. 

Second Servile War in Sicily, which is ended b. c. 99. 
10 1 Great victory of Marius, for the fifth time Consul, and of 

Catulus, over the Cimbri, near Verona. 
100 Birth of Julius Csesar. 
96 Ptolemy Apion, King of Cyrene, bequeaths Cyrene to the 

Roman people. 
95 Meleager, the first collector of the Greek Antho* 

logy, flourished. 
Birth of Lucretius, the poet and philosopher. 
92 Sulla receives the ambassadors of Arsaces on the banks 
of the Euphrates, the first public transaction between 
Rome and Parthia. 



8o] ANCIENT HISTOEr. 68 

B.C. 

91 Livius Drusus endeavours to procure the privileges of 
Roman citizens for the Italian allies, but is assassinated. 
Death of the orator Crassus. 
^ The Marsic, or Social War, which ends B. c. 88, and results 
in the concession of the rights of Roman citizenship to all 
the Italian states, which are divided into eight new tribes. 
88 First Roman War with Mthridates the Great, King of 
Farthia. Civil War of Marius and Sulla. Sulla pro- 
cures the banishment of Marius. 
87 Sulla, in this and the ensuing campaigns, defeats the generals 
of Mithridates. 
The Consul Cinna espouses the side of Marius. 
Marius and Cinna return to Rome, and massacre their oppo- 
nents. 

Birth of Catullus, famous for his songs, elegies, 
and epigrams. 
86 Death of Marius. Sulla takes Athens by storm, and defeats 
Archelaus in Boeotia. 

The Roman nobles, who in earlier days were edu- 
cated in Etruria, are now instructed at home by 
Greek professors. 
Birth of Sallust. 
84 Feace concluded between Sulla and Mithridates. Assassina- 
tion of Cinna. 

Sulla acquires the library of Apellicon. 
83 Sulla returns to Italy. He defeats the Marian party. 
Fompey takes an active part in his favour. Sertorius 
retires to Spain, and becomes general of the Lusitani. 
Second war with Mithridates, which ends, b. c. 81, to the 
advantage of Rome. 
82 Sulla is created perpetual Dictator. He restores the power 
of the senate, limits that of the tribunes, and proscribes 
and depopulates whole cities to give place to his legions. 
8 1 Successful campaign in Africa of Fompey, who returns to 
Rome, and triumphs. 

Sulla commences rebuilding the great Capitoline 

tomple which had been destroyed by fire. 
Cicero*s oration Pro Quintio. 
80 Archias, the poet, flourished. 

Cicero's oration Pro Roscio* 



54 BUDIMENTABT CHBONOLOQT. [b.C. 79- 

BC. 

79 Sulla resigns the Dictatorship. 

Cicero goes to Athens. 
78 Death of Sulla. Civil War of Lepidns. War with Seito- 
rins in Spain. 

SalluBt*s History began from this year. 
74 Renewal of the War with Mthridates, under LucuUus. 

The cherry-tree first brought to Europe from 
Asia by Lucullus. 
73 Revolt and war of Spartacus, the gladiator, at the head of 

70,000 slaves in Italy. 
72 Death of Sertorius; defeat and death of Fersema, and end 
of the war in Spain. 
The two Consuls are defeated by Spartacus. 
7 1 Defeat and flight of Mithridates. 

Spartacus is conquered and slain by Crassus. 

Marble theatre of Scaurus for 80,000 spectators. 
Stately houses of the Roman nobles. 
Great splendour and luxury are now displayed 
at Rome; but the social condition of Italy at 
large, at the conclusion of the civil wars, is 
indescribably wretched. 
70 Consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 

Pompey restores to the Tribunes the power of which they 

had been deprived by Sulla. 
Cicero impeaches Yerro, whose conduct, a type of the oppres- 
sion exercised by the Roman governors in their provinces, 
and by the Equites and Publicans everywhere, explains 
why tiiat class were so universally detested in the time of 
our Lord. 

Cicero*s orations In Q. Cacilium and In Verrem. 
Birth of Virgil. 
69 Cicero*s orations Pro M. Fontdo and Pro 

A, Cacina, 
68 The pirates of Sicily and Isauria, who have now a fleet of 
upwards of 1,000 galleys, prevent the com of Sicily from 
reaching Rome, and impede Italian commerce in every 
direction. 
6y Pompey, in four months, totally defeats the pirates. 
66 Mithridates defeated by Pompey. Surrender of Tigranes, 
King of Armenia. 



SS] , ANCIENT HISTORY. 65 

B.C. 

66 The orations of Cicero, now Praetor, Pro Lege 

Manilia and Pro A, Cluentio. 
65 Antiocbus Aaiaticus dethroned by Fompey. Syria is reduced 
to a Boman province. 
Catiline's first conspiracy. 
Birth of Horace. 
64 Cicero's oration In Toga Candida, 

6^ Death of Mthridates. Fompey subdnes Phoenicia and Pales- 
tine, and takes Jerusalem on a Sabbath day. AristobulusII. 
is captured, and Judeea becomes tributary to Bome. 
The second conspiracy of Catiline is detected and defeated by 

Cicero, now Consul. 
Birth of Augustus. 

Cicero deliveni many orations during his Consul- 
ship. Those extant are De Lege Agraria, Pro 
C, Rabirio, In CatUinam, and Pro Murena. 
LucuUus founds a library at Bome, chiefly from 
the spoils of Mithridates, who was a scholar 
and patron of art. 
62 Defeat and death of Catiline. Fompey returns to Italy. 
Caesar is Praetor, and Cato Tribune of the people. 
Cicero's oration Pro SuUa. 
6 1 Pompey's triumph for the conquest of 1 5 kingdoms and 400 
cities, the names of which are bome on banners before 
him. It lasts two days, and is the most gorgeous Bome 
has yet seen. 

Cicero's oration Pro Archia. 
Castor's Roman Chronology ends. 
60 Victories of Caesar in Spain. 

The first Triumvirate, consisting of Caesar, Fompey, and 
Crassus. 

Cicero Epist ad Att 1.19. 
59 Caesar, now Consul, carries the Agrarianlaw. He obtains tlie 
government of the two Gauls and Illyria for five years. 
Cicero's oration Pro Flacco. 
Birth of Livy, the historian. 
The History of Diodorus Siculus ends at the 
Gallic War of Caesar. 
58 First campaign of Caesar in Gaul. He defeats the Helvetii 
and Ariovistus. 



5 6 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [b. C. 5 8- 

58 Cicero, banished by Clodios, goes to Athens. He returns 
B. c. 57. Clodios bums down Cioero*s house, and erects 
on its site a temple to Liberty. 

The first stone theatre at Borne, built by Fompey, 
to hold 40,000 persons. 
57 Caesar defeats the Belgae. 
56 Ciesar subdues the Aquitani. 

The Scythians, who had possessed themselves of the Western 
provinces of India, are defeated by the Indian king Vik* 
ramaditya. Then foUovns a time of darkness in Indian 
history, lasting till the Mahommedan invasion, a thousand 
years afterwards. 

Yikramaditya was a great patron of literature. 
Elalidasa, the dramatist and poet, and many 
Hindu poets and writers, are said to have 
flourished in his era. 
Cioero*s orations Pro Sextio, In Fo/timrm, De 
Haruspicum ResponstSt De Provinciis Conaula*' 
ribu8f Pro M. Calio Rufo, and Pro L. Cor- 
nelio BMo, 
55 Arrangement of the Triumvirate, by which Csesar obtains 
the Gauls for another ^lyq years ; Pompey and Crassos 
the Consulate, and the provinces of Spain and Syria. 
Csesar's first invasion of Britain, and expedition into Ger- 
many. Britain was then the fountain-head of the Druid 
faith, and was virtually governed by the Druid priest- 
hood. The soil of Britain was held to be holy ground by 
the Gauls, who believed that their souls flew to Britain 
after death. 

Cicero composes his De Oratore, His speech In 
Pisonem, 
5 4 CflBsar's second expedition into Britfun, and war with Ambioriz. 
Crassus pillages the Temple at Jerusalem, and invades 
Parthia. 

Cicero composes his De Republica. His orstbns 
Pro ScaurOf Pro PlanciOy and Pro C. Rdbirio 
Postumo, 
53 Cseear invades the Suevi. 

Crassus is defeated and put to death by the Parthians. 

To Cecilia Metella, the wife of Crassus, was 



46] ANCIENT HISTORY* 67 

B. C. 

53 erected the beautiful sepnlcliral tower still to 

be seen on the Via Appia, near Rome. 
52 Riots at Rome, and death of Clodius. 

Pompey become sole Consul, and defender of the republic. 
CsBsar takes Alesia and Yercingetorix. 

Cicero composes his de Legibus. His oration 
Pro Milone. 
5 i CsBsar^s last campaign in Granl. Subjugation of the country. 
50 The splendid Basilica FauU at Rome built by 

j9Bmilius Faulus. 
49 Ciyil war between Caesar and Pompey. Caesar crosses the 
Rubicon with 6,cx>o men, and in 60 days becomes master 
of Italy. Pompey passes over to Greece. Caesar is vic- 
torious in Spain. 
48 Caesar lands in Greece, and totally defeats Pompey at the 
battie of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey in Egypt. Caesar 
comes to Egypt: Alexandrine War. 

The Library of the Alexandrian Museum, said to 
have contained 400,000 volumes, is burnt 
during the war. 
Antipas, the founder of the Herodian fiunily, is appointed 

procurator of Judaea. 
Death of Lucullus, whose name has almost become a syno- 
nyme for extravagant luxury. 
47 Caesar is Dictator the whole year. He concludes the Alex- 
andrine War ; marches into Pontus, and conquers Phar- 
naces ; and, in the end of the year, crosses over to Africa. 
Cicero is pardoned by Caesar at Brundusium, and 
returns to Rome. 
46 Caesar defeats the Pompeians at Thapsus. Cato kills him- 
self at Utica. 
yaesar returns to Rome and celebrates his four triumphs 
over Graul, Egypt, Pontus, and Juba. A general am- 
nesty proclaimed. 

Reformation of the Calendar. 

The magnificent Forum Julium built by Caesar, 

and the Circus Maximus enlarged. 
Caesar was the first who granted to Italian artists 
and physicians a right to the Roman franchise, 
in virtue of their professions. 



58 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b. C. 46* 

B.C. 

46 Cioero composes his Brutu9 and Partitiones Oru" 

toria. His orations Pro Marcello and Pro 
Ligario, 
Sosigenes, the astronomer, flonrished. 
45 Caesar defeats the two sons of Pompey at Munda. He returns 
to Rome, and is made perpetual Dictator and Censor, and 
Consul for ten years. 

The Gallic Commentaries of Ctesar finished by 

Hirtius. 
Vitruvius, the Roman ai^hitect, flourished. 
Cicero composes his Orator^ Academica^ de Fint" 

hue. His oration Pro Deiotaro» 
Cflssar collects an extensive library, and projects a 
digest of the Roman laws. 
44 Murder of Ciesar on the ides of March in the senate-house 
by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators. Tumult at 
Csesar^s funeral ; his assassins are forced to fly from Rome. 
All the foreigners in Rome, and especially the Jews, 
observe a solemn mourning. Octavianus, Cssar's nephew, 
arrives in Rome. Antony proceeds to Cisalpine Gaul. 

Cicero composes his Thisculaiue DisputatUmes, de 
Natura Deorum, de Divinatione^ de Fato, de 
Amicitiaj de SenecMe^ de Gloria^ Topica, de 
Officiia. His Philippic Orations, L to iv. 
Asinius Follio, the fint Roman who opened a 
public library. 
43 The Mutine War in which Antony is defeated. 

The second Triumvirate formed by Antony, Octavianus, and 
Lepidus. 300 senators and 2,cx>o knights are pro- 
scribed. 

Cicero is put to death. His remaining PMlippic 

Orations had been delivered this year. 
Birth of Ovid. 
42 Civil War of the Triumvirate against the republicans. 
Double battle of Philippi. Death of Brutus and of 
Cassius. Interview of Antony and Cleopatra on the Cydnus. 
T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero, col- 
lects a large private library. 
41 War of Perusia, which surrenders b. c. 40, and is reduced to 
ashes. Lucius Antony and Fnlvia oppose Octavianus. 



27] ANCIENT HISTORY. 59 

B. c 

40 General pacification of parties. Antony marrieci Octaria, 
the sister of Octavianns. 
Herod, the second son of Antipas, obtains the kingdom of 
Judsea from the Triumyirate. 

(Cornelius Nepos, the anthor of the Lives of Greek 
and Roman Generalst flourished. 
39 Horace is introduced to Miecenas byYirgil and 

Varius. 
3 8 Horace is engaged on the first book of his Satires, 

yj Agrippa crosses the Rhine. 

The De re Rustica of Yarro written in his 80th 
year. 
36 Defeat of Seitins Fompeius, who flies to Asia, and is put to 
death, b.c. 35. 
Lepidus is expeUed from the Triumyirate. 
34 Death of Sallust, author of the History of Cati- 

linens Conspiracy, and the Jugwthine War, 
33 Final rupture between Octavianns and Antony. 

The Octavian library founded. 
Horace probably publishes the second book of his 
Satires. 
3 1 Defeat of Antony at the battle of Actium. ' 

The book of Epodes of Horace. 
30 Death of Antony and of Cleopatra. Eg3rpt is made a Roman 

province. 
29 Octavianns is now the sole ruler of the Roman world. 

Octavianns returns to Rome, and celebrates three triumphs. 
The temple of Janus is closed. 

The Roman armies are employed upon great 

public works in time of peace. 
Dionysius of Halicamassus, the historian, flou 
rished. 
27 The title of Augustus conferred upon Octavianns, on the ides 
of January. He accepts the government for ten years. 
The Empire. A monarchy with republican forms. The 
dignities of Consul, Tribune, Imperator, and Pontifex 
Mazimus, are united in the person of Augustus. The 
senate continues the great council of state ; the property 
qualification of its members being raised. The Roman 
army under Augustus numbers about aoo 000 men, viz.: 



60 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [b.C. 27- 

B. C. 

27 thirty legions of 12,500 men eacli, encamped on the 
banks of the great rivers and along the frontiers of the 
barbarians, and 20,000 praetorian guards in Italy. The 
navy consists of 50,000 men; two fleets at Ravenna and 
Naples, and stations at Frejus, the Black Sea, &c The 
census for the empire taken the preceding year, was about 
16,500,000 persons. 
25 Subjugation of Northern Spain and Western Graul. 
The temple of Janus is dosed a second tim^« 

The Parthenon in the field of Mars built by 
Agrippa. Its halls were richly adorned with 
mosaics, and painted in fresco. Part of its 
bronze roof, and the basalt lions at its entrance 
still exist. 
The temple of Vesta built at Tivoli. 
24 Failure of an expedition into Arabia. 

Virgil is now employed upon the JEneid, 
Horace publishes the first three books of his Odea. 
Foundation of the beautiful theatre of Maroellus, 
to hold 40,000 persons. The ruins still 
exist. 
2 1 Agrippa marries Julia, the daughter of Augustus. 
20 The Parthians restore the standards they had taken firom 
Crassus. 
Gandace, Queen of Ethiopia. 

Tibullus and Propertius, the elegiac poets, flou- 
rished. 
19 Death of Virgil. 

Herod rebuilds the Temple at Jerusalem. 
Augustus adorns Rome with many magnificent 
buildings. He was the first who used Cairaia 
marble for bmldings and works of art 
1 8 Augustus accepts the empire for five years. 

Horace publishes the first book of his Epistles. 
1 7 Agrippa is sent into Asia. The Ludi Saeculares celebrated. 

The Carmen Saculare of Horace. 
1 5 Tiberius and Drusus defeat the Rhseti. 
1 3 Horace publishes the fourth book of his Odes. 

1 2 Death of Agrippa, and of Lepidus. 
1 1 Drusus carries on war against the Germans, and Tiberius 



A.D. lo] 4NCIENT HISTORY. 61 

B. C. 

II against the Dalmatians and Bumonians. Tiberius marries 
Julia. 

Strabo, the geographer, flourished. 
9 Death of Drusns during the Grerman war. 

The History of Livy ends irth the death of 
Drusus. 
8 Augustus accepts the empire a third time. 
Death of Msecenaa 
Death of Horace. 
6 Tiberius receives the tribunitian power for five years. 

The princes or chieftains of Britain are among the allies of 
Augustus, and its merchants carry on a traffic with Italy 
and Gaul. 
4 [5 F. C] Birth of Jesus Christ, four years before the 

Tulgar era. 
3 Death of Herod the Great, King of Judasa. His son Arche- 
laus obtains from Augustus, Judsea, Samaria, and Idumea, 
under the title of Ethnarch. His other sons, Philip and 
Antipas, receive districts as Tetrarchs. 

2 Ovid publishes his poem De Arte Amandu 
Paintings at Herculaneum and Pompeii, of about 

this period, now in the Museo Borbonico at 
Naples. 

A.D. 

3 Augustus accepts the empire for a fourth period of ten years. 

4 Tiberius is adopted by Augustus. Campaigns of Tiberius 

in Germany, a. d. 4-6. 

Phoedrus, the fiibulist. 

6 Revolt of the Pannonians and Dalmatians. 

Archelaus isjbanished. Judaea and Samaria are annexed to 
the province of Syria, under procurators. 

7 Germanicus is sent into Germany. First campaign of Tibe- 

rius in niyricum against the Pannonians and Dalma- 
tianSi 

8 Jesus Christ disputes with the doctors in the Temple. 

9 Third and last campaign of Tiberius in Hlyricum. Subju- 

gation of the Dalmatians. 
Defeat of Quintilius Varus, and destruction of his army. 
Exile of Ovid. 
10 The apple-tree is brought from Syria into Italy 



62 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 12- 

A. D. 

12 Tiberins is honoured mth a triumph for his victories in 

Illyricum. 

Ovid publishes his Tristia. 

1 3 Augustus accepts the empire a fifth time for ten years. 

1 4 Census taken : the citizens are 4, 1 97,000. 

Death of Augustus at Nola in Campania, Aug. 19, in his 
76th year. His influence long smriyed him ; and many 
of the lavns he enacted, the customs he established, and 
the buildings he erected, have not even yet wholly passed 
away. 

Tiberius succeeds Augustus as Emperor. Under him the 
powers of the comitia, assemblies of the people, are reduced 
to a mere shadow. Tiberius mainly founded his despotism 
upon the ^'judida majestatis," or accusations of high 
treason, the senate aiding him with a servility which 
knew no bounds. 

1 5 Germanicus carries on war against the Germans. 

16 Grermanicus is recalled by Tiberius. Rise of Sejanus^ the 

Praetorian prefect. 

1 7 Germanicus returns to Rome and triumphs. He is sent into 

the East. Great earthquake in Asia. War in Africa 
against Tacfarinas, the Ab-del-Eader of his time. 
Celsus flourished. 

1 8 Death of Ovid and of Livy. 

19 Death of Germanicus in Syria. Drusus carries on war in 

Germany with success. 
The Jews are banished from Italy. 
23 Drusus is poisoned by Sejanus. 

Valerius Maximus, the historian. 

26 Pontius Pilate is sent as procurator to Judsea. 
The Ministry of John the Baptist commences. 

Tiberius withdraws to Capre®, and never returns to 
Rome. 

27 Jesus Christ comes from Gkdilee to Jordan, and is baptised 

by John. 
First miracle of Jesus Christ at a marriage in Cana of 
Galilee. 

28 John the Baptist is imprisoned by Herod Antipas. 

29 John the Baptist is beheaded in prison, by command of Herod 

Antipss. 



5o] ANCIENT HISTORY. 63 

A.D. 

30 [29 F.C.] The Crudfbdon of Jesus Chbist, April 5; 

His Besurrection, April 7 ; His Ascension, May 1 6. 
Foundation of the Christian Church on the Day of Pente- 
cost. 

Yelleius Paterculus writes his History in this year. 

3 1 Fall and execution of Sejanus. 

34 Death of St. Stephen, the Froto-Martyr. 

3 5 The Conversion of St. Paul. 

36 Pontius Pilate is recalled from the government of Judaea. 

37 Death of Tiberius at Caprese. His latter years were dis- 

graced by the harshest tyranny and the most debasing 
vices. 
Caligula, the son of Germanicus, Emperor. 
3 8 The Gospel by St. Matthew, in Hebrew, is written 

about this time. 

39 Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, is deposed, and his do- 

minions given to Herod Agrippa, the grandson of Herod 
the Great, to whom Caligula has given Philip*s province, 
with the title of Eang. 

40 Philo Judsus, the Jewish Platonic philosopher. 

41 Assassination of Caligula, who was a compound of insanity 

and depravity, by Chsereas. 
Claudius, Emperor. 

Seneca publishes his De Ira libri tres. 
** The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." 

42 Conquest of Mauritania, which is divided into two pro- 

vinces. 

43 The conquest of Britain commenced by Claudius and 

Plautius. 

44 Death of Herod Agrippa. Judaea becomes a Roman pro 

vince. 

46 Thrace becomes a Roman province. 

47 Canal formed between the Rhine and the Maes. 

49 Council of the Apostles and Elders at Jerusalem, under the 

presidency of St James, the first Bishop of Jerusalem. 

50 In Britain the Silures are defeated by Ostorius, and Carac- 

tacus, their leader, is captured and sent to Rome. 

The importance of the trade winds to navigation 
first shown by Hippalus. After this discovery, 
the trade with India rapidly increased. 



64 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 50- 
A.D. 

50 Columella, writer on husbandly, &c^ bom in 

Spain. 
Aqueduct of tbe Emperor Claudius. 

52 The First and Second Epistles of St. Paul to the 

Thessalonians, 

53 The Epistle of St. Paul to the GalaOans. 
Gandaoe, Queen of Ethiopia, is converted, and introduces 

Christianity there. 

54 Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina, his wife. 
Nero, Emperor. 

56 The First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corin- 

thians. 
Seneca publishes his De dementia^ lib. 11. 

57 The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans. 

58 The Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Co- 

rinthians. 

59 Agrippina, the mother of Nero, is murdered by his order. 
Faulhius, the Roman general, destroys the sacred seat of the 

Druids in the Isle of Anglesea (Mona). 

Fersius and Fetronius, the Roman satirists, flou- 
rished. 

61 Insurrection in Britain under Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, 

who is conquered by Suetonius. 
St. Faul arrives in Rome. 

The Gospel by St. Matthew , in Greek. 
The Epistle of St. Paul to the Ephesians. 
The Epistle of St. James. 

62 The Epistles of St. Paul to the Colossians, to the 

Philippians, to Philemon^ and to the Hebrews, 
in this or the following year. 

63 The Gospel by St. Mark, about this time. 

The Naturales Qutestiones of Seneca completed 
after this year. 

64 Great fire at Rome. 

In this fire perished many of the noblest statues 
and pictures of antiquity. 
The first persecution of the Christians. Christians, were to 
be found now even in ** Caesar's household. 
The Gospel by St. Luke. 
The Acts of the Apostles. 



69] ANCIENT HISTORY* 66 

A.D. 

64 The First Epistle of St. Paul to 71mo%, and 

the Epistle to Titus. 
The First Epistle of St. Peter. 
Quintus Curtius, the historian, flourished. 
The golden palace of Nero buflt. Its triple colon* 

nades of a mile in length, enclosed parks, hills, 

lakes, and vineyards. 

65 Piso*8 conspiracy against Nero detected and suppressed. 

The Epistle of St. Jude. 
The Second Epistle of St. Peter. 
The Second Epistle of St. Paul to Timothy. 
Seneca, and Lucan, the author of the PharsaUa^ 
are put to death. 

66 The Jews revolt, and massacre the Boman garrison at Jeru- 

salem. Josephus made governor of Galilee. The Chris- 
tians retire frcftn Jerusalem to Fella. 
St. Paul and St. Peter are put to death at Borne. 
6^ Nero, in Greece, enters the contests at the Olympic games. 
Josephus surrenders to Vespasian. Divisions in Jerusalem. 
The Zealots seize the Temple, and depose the high 
priest. 

68 Revolt of Vindex in Gaul. Death of Nero, and extinction 

of the house of Caesar. ^ Both Caligula and Nero were 
madmen as well as monsters ; although Nero was not mad 
in the same degree as Caligula.** 
Galba, Emperor. 

Vespasian takes all the places of strength in Judaea about 
Jerusalem. 

The First, Second, and Third Epistles of St. 
John. 

69 Gtilba is murdered by the Praetorian guards 
Otho, Emperor. 

He is conquered by Vitellius at the battle of Bedriacum, 
and kills himself. 
Vitellius, Emperor. 

Deposed and slain by the generals of Vespasian. 
The Capitol is burnt during the tumults. 
Vespasian, Emperor. 

Under Vespasian, the finances are restored, the power of 
the senate fixed, and the ** judicia majestatis** annulled. 



66 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 70 
A.D. 

70 Jenualem taken by Titos after fire montW siege. The 

Temple is destroyed, and the city razed to the ground. 
Insurrection in Batavia and Graul put down by Cerialis. 

The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is com- 
menced this summer. 

71 IMumph of Vespasian and Titus. The temple of Janus is 

closed. 

74 Censors appointed at Rome for the last time. 

Silius Italicus, the historical poet. 

Books are now no longer made in rolls, but are 

written on flat sheets of parchment, bound or 

stitched together. 

75 The beautiful temple of Peace on the Via Sacra, 

adorned with exquisite sculpture and painting, 
is now completed. 

77 Pliny dedicates his Historia Naturalis to l^tus. 

78 Agricola appointed governor of Britain. 

79 Titus, Emperor. 

Eruption of Vesuvius, and destruction of Herculaneum and 
Pompeii, Aug. 24. 

Pliny the Elder is killed at the eruption of Vesuvius. 

80 Great pestilence and fire at Rome. 

Completion of the Amphitheatre (Colosseum) 
commenced by Vespasian. It held 87,000 
persons. 

The Baths of Titus adorned with beautiful paint- 
ings. 

The arch in honour of Titus erected in the 
Forum. On its panels are still to be seen de- 
picted his triumph over the Jews, and the 
sacred emblems of the Temple service. 

8 1 Domitian, Emperor. 

A cruel despot, by whom spies and informers are con- 
stantly employed, and the ^^judidamajestatis** renewed 
and multiplied. 
The Gnostic heresy had now made considerable progress. 

The new Capitol at Rome completed ; Uie dome 

double gilt. 
The Amphitheatre at Verona, which still exists, 
is also ascribed to Domitian. 



104] ANCIENT HISTORY. 67 

A. D. ^ 

83 Agricola completes the reduction of South Britain into a 

Roman province. 

He establishes In Britain, the Roman laws, lan- 
guage, architecture, and customs. 

84 Agricola builds in Britain a chain of forts from the Clyde to 

the Forth. 

85 Agricola is recalled from Britain to Rome. 

ApoUonius of Tyana, the Pythagorean philoao- 
pher, flourished. 

86 The Capitoline games are instituted. 

89 Quintilian, the rhetorician, teaches at Rome. 

90 Domitian, defeated by the Quadi and Marcomanni, purchases 

a peace of Decebalus, their leader. 

The philosophers are expelled from Rome. 

93 Death of Agricola. 

Josephus finishes his Antiquities, 

94 Statins publishes his Thebais about this time. 
Tacitus, the philosophical historian, flourished. 

95 The second persecution of the Christians. 

96 Domitian is put to death by Stephanus, Sept. 1 8. 
Nerva, Emperor. 

The Epistle of Clement, Bishop of Rome, to the 
Corinthians. Some yrriters place it before 
A. D. 70. 

97 The Revelation of St. John, 

98 Trajan, Emperor. 

Trajan abolishes the ^'judicia majestatis,** and restores 
the free Roman constitution so far as it was compatible 
with a monarchical form. 
The Gospel by St, John. 
99 ' Martial publishes a second edition of book X. of 

his Epigrams, 
100 Pliny the Younger delivers his Panegyrictis in 

the Senate, in Sept. 
Martial probably publishes book XI. of his 
Epigrams. 
103 Trajan defeats the Dacians, and grants peace to Decebalus. 
lOA Pliny, Pro-consul of Bith3mia and Pontus, writes to Trajan 
concerning the Christians. 

Martial publishes book Xn. of his Epigrams. 



68 RUDIMENT ARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1 05. 

A.D. 

105 Trajan builds a stone bridge over the Danube. 

Ephesus in Asia Minor is, next to Alexandria and 
Antioch, the chief place of trade in the Roman 
empire. The Romans now cany on a direct 
traffic with India, bringing thence silks, cottons, 
jewellery, spices, &c. 
1 00 Dada is reduced by Trajan to a Roman province. 
« Arabia Petrsea is conquered by Cornelius Falma. 

The splendid Forum of Tngan, built by ApoUo- 
dorus, an Athenian architect 
107 The third persecution of the Christians. Martyrdom of 
Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. 

The Epistles of Ignatius written from Smyrna 
andTroas. 
Ill Suetonius, author of the Lives of the Twelve 

Casars, 

113 The column of Trajan erected at Rome. The 

various scenes of the Dadan war are sculptured 
on its spiral compartments. 
Plutarch, the moralist and bic^rapher, flourished. 

114 War with the Parthians. 

Trajan constructs a great road from the Euzine 
Sea across Gaul to the Atlantic Ocean, aiid 
another through the Pontine marshes. 

Public schools and libraries founded, 

115 Tngan conquers Armenia. 
Great earthquake at Antioch. 

Revolt of the Jews in Greece and Egypt. 

1 16 Trajan takes Ctesiphon, and sails down the Tigris to the 

ocean. 
Under Tnyan, the Roman empire acquired its greatest 
extent. It now stretched from the Atlantic to the Tigris, 
and from the Baltic to the If iger ; thus including all the 
fairest portion of the earth surrounding the Mediterra- 
nean Sea. 

Epictetus, the philosopher, flourished. 

Florus, author of an Epitome of Roman History* 

117 Tngan dies in Cilicia, on his return to Italy. 
Hadrian, Emperor. 

To preserve peace Hadrian gives ud Armenia, Assyria^ 



132] ANaENT HISTORY. 69 

A. D. 

117 and Mesopotamia, letaining of Trajan's conquests 
only Dada. 

118 The fourth persecution of the Christians. 

Juvenal, the satirist, flourished. 

119 Aquila translates the Jewish Scriptures into 

Greek. 

120 Hadrian begins a journey through all the proyinoes of the 

empire. 

^lian flourished. 

Rabbi Akibha, author of the Cabbala. 

121 Hadrian visits Britain, and builds a wall across the north 

of England from Carlisle to Newcastle. He also builds 
a wall from the Rhine to the Danube. 

122 The death of the youth Antinous, the favourite 

page of Hadrian, which probably took place 
this year, forms almost an era in ancient art, 
from the number of statues, temples, &C., 
erected by the Emperor to his memory. 
125 About this time, Quadratus and Aristides pre- 

sented to Hadrian at Athens their Apologies 
for Christianity^ the earliest known. 

1 30 Hadrian visits Judiea and Egypt, and builds on 

the site of Jerusalem a new dty called .^Slia 
Capitolina. A temple of Venus is erected on 
. Mount Calvary. Both city and temple, how- 
ever, go fast to decay, and Mount Zion soon 
again becomes a waste with only a few huts 
around it. 

131 The great revolt of the Jews under Barchohab, a false 

Christ, begins. The war with them lasts till a.d. 136. 

580,000 Jews are said to have perished ; numbers were 

sold into slavery; and the great scattering of the nation 

dJates from this time. 

Ftolemy of Alexandria, the geographer and astro- 
nomer, flourished. 
Magnificent public works are undertaken by 
Hadrian in every province of the empire. The 
ViUa Hadriani at Tivoli. The Moles Hadriani, 
the present Castle of St. Angelo, built. 

132 Ha^rift" developes and improves the Roman juris- 



70 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 1 3 2- 

A. D. 

132 pradenoe. Introduetion of the '* Edictum Per- 

petuum." 
Britain was at peace tbronghont the reign of Hadrian. 

The trade of York is said to have been greater at 
this time than at present. The wines of the 
Levant, the woollens of Asia Minor, the purple 
of Tyie, the cambric of Cos, the MSS. of 
Egypt, the spices of India, the slaves of AfHca, 
and the silks of China, were as abundant upon 
the Ouse and the Thames as upon the Tiber 
and the Rhine. 
Arrian, the historian, flourished. 
138 Death of Hadrian at Baiie. 
Antoninus Pius, Emperor. 

His reign is justly considered the happiest period of the 
Koman empire. He tolerates and protects the Christians. 
Peace during the reign of Antoninus remains unbroken, 
with the exception of some revolts in Britain and Egypt, 
and some frontier wars with the Germans, Dacians, and 
Moors, which are quelled by his lieutenants. 

Manufactories of silk are carried on in Italy, of 
linen in Spain, and of cotton in Malta. 
140 A second rampart erected in Britain, called the wall of 
Antoninus. 

Celsus writes against Christianity. 
1 47 Appian publishes his Histories about this time. 

Apuleius flourished. 
1 49 Aulus Gellius, author of the Nodes Attica. 

Justin, the historian. 
151 Justin Martyr publishes his Apology, 

153 Pausanias, the first writer of travels. 

157 Eise of the Montanists in the Church. 
160 Home in the zenith of its power oontained 420 

temples, 5 theatres, 2 amphitheatres, and 7 
ircuses of vast extent. There were 16 public 
4iths built of marble, and palaces, public halls, 
^rticoes, columns, and fountains, almost with- 
out number. 
Caius, the Roman jurist, flourished. 
Lucian, the satirist, flourished. 



178] ANCIENT HISTORY. 71 

A.D. 

i6i Death of Antoninna Fins. 
M. Aorelins, Emperor. 

He associates with himself in the goyemment L. Yenis, 
usider the title of Augustas. Verus dies, A. D. 1 69. 
162 War with the Farthians, A. D. 1 62- 1 66. 

Greek philosophy at Bome. The systems of Epi- 
curus and the Stoics had great influence on 
Boman life. 

164 FroYincial Councils first held in the Church, ahout this 

time. . 

165 Tatian writes an Address to the Gentiles, 

167 Letter of the Church of Smyrna^ describing the 

martyrdom of Folycarp. 
War vdth the Marcomanni, Quadi, &c. 
The Northern nations now begin to press forward: the 
first symptom of the Great Migrations which afterwards 
ensue. The long period of peace has impaired the 
energy and military discipline of the legions, and the 
whole Roman world, influenced by corruption and love 
of pleasure, is fast sinking into a state of languor. 

Galen, the physician, practises at Rome during 

the great pestilence this year. 
Crescens, and Ludan of Samosata, write against 
the Christians. 

168 Athenagoras writes his Apology. 

170 Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, writes the Catholic 

Epistles. 

174 Victory over the Quadi. Story of the Thundering 

Legion. 

175 Feace concluded with the Marcomanni and the other bar- 

barians. 
Revolt of Cassius Ayidius in Syria, terminated by his death. 
177 Fersecution of the Christians in Graul. 
1 7 8 Renewal of the war with the Marcomanni and the Northern 
barbarians. 
Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake. 

Famous Jewish schools of the Rabbis at Tiberias 

and Babylon. 
Babbi Judah, of Tiberias, compiles the Mishnah^ 
at first part of the Tcdmud, 



72 RUDIMENTABT CHRONOLOGY. [A-D. igo 

A. D 

1 80 Death of Anrelius at Sirmium. 

Commodus, the last of the Antonines, Emperor. 

Distinguished only for his craelty, insolence, anddepravity. 
Perennis, Prefect of the praetorian guards, is at the head of 

the goYemment. 
The Bastamse, Alani, and other barharian tribes, make in* 
cnrsions into Dada. 

Equestrian statue of Aurelius in the court of the 

Capitol. 
The temple of Antoninus and Faustina in the 
Forum. 
183 The Caledonians force the wall of Antoninus, but are 

repelled by Ulpius Marcellus. 
1 86 About this time, Irenaeus writes his work Against 

Heresies. 
Art and literature are now upon the decline at 
Rome. Mechanical execution is still fine, and 
men yet possess many of the noblest models 
bequeathed by earlier times, but taste has 
become corrupt, and genius dormant. 

1 92 Commodus is put to death by strangulation. 

193 Pertinax, Emperor. 

Slain by the soldiers after a reign of three months. 
Julianus, Emperor. 

He buys the empire of the Pnetorian 'guards in March, 
and is put to death by order of the senate in June. 
Septimus Severus, Emperor. 

194 Defeat and death of Niger, whom the legions in the Eaat 

had proclaimed Emperor. 

About this date, Hermias writes A Satire on the 
Heathen Philosophers. 

196 Byzantium surrenders to the generals of Severus, alter 

three years* siege. 

1 97 Claudius Albinus defeated by Severus at the battle of Lyons. 

Temple of the Sun at Baalbec, erected by Severus. 

198 Severus carries on the Parthian war with success, and takes 

Ctesiphon. 

The Apology of Tertullian. 
Dion Cassius, the historian. 
202 The fifth persecution against the Christians* 



222] ANCIENT HISTORY. 73 

A.D. 

202 Clemens Alexandrinus, Padagogus^ Stromata^ &c. 

Famous Catechetical and other schools of Alex- 
andria. 
205 Origen teaches at Alexandria. 

The triumphal arch of Sevenis, celebrating his 
yictories, dedicated. 

207 Tertullian publishes his work Against Marcion. 

208 Severus goes to Britain with his two sons, Caracalla and 

Geta. 

Minucius Felix writes his Octavius. 

209 Severus invades Scotland, and builds a wall across Britain 

from the Firth of Forth. 

Oppian, natural historian and poet. 

210 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers. 

211 Death of Severus at York. 
Caracfilla, Emperor. 

His brother Geta, associated with him by his father in 
the empire, he puts to death a. p. 21 2. 

212 Wars with the Alemanni, &c. 

The extensive Baths of Caracalla. 
215 The Grotbs now migrate from their own country about the 
mouth of the Vistula, towards the Danube and the 
north of the Euxine, driving before them the tribes they 
dispossess. 

217 Caracalla is assassinated near Edessa. 
Macrinus, Emperor. 

He is defeated by the Farthians, and purchases a 
peace. 

218 Sedition of the army. Macrinus is defeated at Lnmae, and 

slain. 
Elagabalus, Emperor. 

The temple of the Sun erected. 
220 Hippolytus, Bishop of Portus, Philosophumena^ &c, 

Julius Africanus, Chronographia* 
Ammonius Saccas, Eclectic philosopher. 
222 Elagabalus, infamous for his vices, is slain by the guards. 
Alexander Severus, Emperor. 

Herodian, the historian. 

Ulpian, the Roman lawy^. 

The province of Britain, all the inhabitants of 

B 



74 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 222- 

A. D. 

222 which had heoome Roman ddzeiis, was now 

supplied vdth all the luxuries of Roman civili- 
sation. England was studded with cities, and 
possessed many temples, statues, mosaics, viUas, 
baths, roads, and bridges. 
The cromlechs, and huge stone circles at Stone- 
henge, &c., are the only monuments of the 
preceding Celtic rule. 
226 The Parthian empire of the Arsaddae overthrown by Ar- 
dishir, who founds the new Persian kingdom of the 
Sassanidae. 

Magnificent buildings are erected by this dynasfy, 
and among others, the royal palace^ known as 
the hall of Gyrus, in Ctesiphon. 
229 Alexander restores and embellishes many of the 

great buildings of Rome, and establishes the 
first " Monte di Pieta," or lending bank. 
Origen composes several works at Alexandria. 
231 Origen settles in Caesarea. His Commentaries, 

235 Alexander Severus is murdered by the soldiery, who are 
disgusted with his severe discipline, and efforts for 
-reform. 
Maximinus, Emperor. 
The sixth persecution of the Christians. 
Maximinus continues the war with the Glermans with great 
success, and drives them beyond the Rhine. He is slain 
by his soldiers in April, 238. 

Origen writes his De Martyrio, 
238 Gordian I. and n.. Emperors. 

They are proclaimed in February, and murdered, in 
March. 
Gordian m.. Emperor. 
Pupienus and Balbinus were proclaimed by the senate, 
and shortly after slain. 
The Franks firom the Lower Rhine and the Weser invade 

Gftul, but are repulsed at Moguntiacum, ▲. D. 244. 
The temple of Janus is closed for the last time. 
242 Gordian defeats the Persians. He is slain by the con- 
trivance of Philip, Pfsetorian prefect in Mesopotamia, 
A.D. 244. 



252] ANCIENT HISTORY. 76 

A. B. 

242 The Burgnndians are driven from their country on the 
Elbe by the Crepidae, and settle in Graul. 
Paulus, the Roman jurist. 
A bust of Gordian is the last known sculpture of 
distinguished merit by a Roman artist. All 
the great arts seemed now to siftk almost at once. 
244 Philip, Emperor. 

246 Origen composes his last work, Against CelsuSy 

about this date. He dies, 253 

248 The Ludi Saeculares are celebrated, in commemoration of 

the 1, 000th year of Rome, with great pomp. 

Cyprian is appointed Bishop of Carthage, and 
becomes a great writer in defence of the Chris- 
tian Faith. 

249 Philip is slain at Verona. 
Decius, Emperor. 

250 The seventh persecution of the Christians, in which 

Fabianus, Bishop of Rome, is put to death. Rise of 
monachism. Paul the Hermit and many othars retire 
to the deserts of Egypt. The Christians who remain at 
Borne are forced to worship in the Catacombs and tombs. 
It is in these subterranean caverns that we find 
the earliest efforts of Christian art. Here, in 
commemoration of confessors and martyrs, the 
heroes and heroines of the Faith, were executed 
those paintings and sculptures, which, although 
meagre in invention and feeble in execution, 
were for centuries the models of Latin Chris- 
tian art. 
^ The Goths for the first time invade the Roman empire by 

crossing the Danube. 

25 1 Decius and his son are slain by the Goths. 
Gallus and Volucian, Emperors. 

Synod at Rome against Novatian. 

252 Gallus purchases peace by an annual tribute to the (roths. 
Commencement of a great pestilence, which rages for 1 5 

years. 

Christians are now numerous at Rome. The churches 

there are served by 46 priests, 7 deacons, and many 

assistant officers. 

e2 



76 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 3553- 

A.D. 

253 ^milianus, Emperor. 

Slain by the troop§. 
Valerian and Gallienus, Emperors. 

254 Plotinus, founder of the new Platonic philosophy. 

Increasing influence of Christianity upon philo- 
sophy and poetry, as well as upon morals. 

255 The barbarians begin to invade the empire on all sides. 

The Goths invade Illyricum and Macedonia. 

256 The Franks invade Spain. 

Synod at Carthage, on the Baptism of Heretics. 

258 The eighth persecution of the Christians. 

Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage. 
While the empire is invaded by the barbarians, and Vale- 
rian is engaged in the Persian war, the legions in different 
• parts proclaim their own generals emperors. These 
usurpers are known by the name of the Thirty Tyrants. 
Sabellius propagates his heresy in Egypt. 

259 Gkdlienus, by an edict, tolerates Christianity. 

260 Valerian is defeated and taken prisoner by Sapor, King of 

Persia. Gallienus becomes sole Emperor. 

261 Origen*s Octapla published. 
Victories of Odenathus, King of Palmyra, 

262 The Groths ravage Greece and Asia Minor. They bum 

Athens, and the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 

263 Porphyry, the Eclectic philosopher. 

267 Zenobia, the wife of Odenathus, King of Palmyra, revenges 

his death, and reigns over the East. 

268 Gallienus is killed at Milan. 
Claudius 11., Emperor. 

He defeats the Alemanni. ' 

269 Claudius gains a great victory over the Gk)thB« 
Zenobia conquers Egypt. 

Synod at Antioch against Paul of Samosata. 

270 Death of Claudius from fever. 
Aurelian, Emperor. 

The first Roman Emperor who ventures to wear the 
diadem. 

Death of Gregory, Bishop of Neoesesarea, suT* 
named Thaumaturgus. 

27 1 Aurelian drives back the Goths and Alemanni, 



292] ANCIENT HISTORY. 77 

A.D. 

272 The ninth persecution of the Christians. 

Anrelian erects a temple of the Sun, deepens the 
liber, and i^builds the walls of Rome. 

273 Zenobia defeated 272, is captured in Palmyra by Aurelian. 

Palmyra laid in ruins. 

Longinus, the philosopher, is put to death when 
Palmyra is taken. 

274 Aurelian puts down Tetricus, tyrant in Graul. He then 

returns to Rome and triumphs. ^ 
Rise of Manicheism in Persia. 

275 Aurelian is assassinated m Elyria. 
Tadtus, Emperor. 

He dies in an expedition against the Goths, a.d. 276. 

276 Probus, Emperor. 

He defeats the barbarians in Graul, Illyricum, &c., and 
strengthens the frontiers by building a wall tcom the 
Danube to the Rhine. 

282 Probus is slain by his troops at Sirmium. 
Cams, Emperor. 

283 Cams defeats the Persians^ and is killed by lightm'ng near 

Ctenphon. His two sons, whom he had associated with 
himself in the empire, are killed, Tiz. : Numerianus by 
Aper, A. D. 284, and Carinus by Diocletian, ▲. D. 285. 

284 Diocletian, Emperor. 

Under Diocletian, the Roman court is established com- 
pletely in the Oriental style. 

286 MftTimmn, Emperor, jointly with Diocletian. 

Defeat of the Alemanni and Burgundians by Maxi- 

mian. 

Magnificent baths built by Diodetian, containing 
3,000 benches of marble, the walls adorned with 
mosaic paintings, and the water issuing through 
mouths of massive silver. 

287 Carausius in Britain declares himself Emperor, and seizes 

the Roman fleet at Boulogne. 

289 Mamertinus delivers his Panegyricus Maximiano. 

290 The Emperors make peace with Carausius, and permit him 

to retain his sovereignty. 
292 Constantius Chlorus and Gralerius are proclaimed Csesars 
by the Emperors, and the government of the Roman 



78 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 292- 

A.D. 

292 world 18 divided between the two Emperors and the two 
Cflesars. Diocletian governs the East; Maximian, Italy 
and Africa ; Constantius, Britain, Gaul, and Spain ; and 
Galerius, Illyricum and the whole line of the Dannbe. 

293 Carausius is slain by his minister Allectns, who mamtAiViy 

his sovereignty in Britain for three years. 

The four new capitals, Nicomedia, Sirminm, 
Treves, and Milan, are embellished with many 
great public works. 

295 The Targum and Talmud of Jerusalem. 

Flourishing law school at Berytus. 

296 Constantius recovers Britain. 

Amobius publishes his work, Adversus Gentes. 
298 Galerius defeats the Persians in Armenia. 
300 D, Scriptores Historic AuguattB: Spartianus, 

Capitolinus, Trebellius, Yopiscus, Gallicanus, 
Lampridius — ^44 lives from Hadrian to Cara- 
calla. 
303 The tenth persecution of the Christians. 

The Church in Britain suffers severely, and St Alban is 
martyred. On a stately column, near Aranda on the 
Douro, Diocletian boasts that '*the name of Christians, 
the destroyers of the republic, is abolished, and their 
superstition everywhere destroyed." 

305 Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian. 
Constantius and Galerius, Emperors. 

Constantius dies at York. 

306 Constantine the Great begins to reign. 

Severus is procledmed Emperor by Galerius, and Maxen- 
tius by the Praetorian troops. Maximian reassumes his 
sovereignty. 

307 Severus is defeated and slain by Maxentius. 
Licinius is declared Emperor by Galerius. 

308 Maximin proclaimed Emperor by Cralerius. 

309 There are now six Emperors at one time — Galerius, Con- 

stantine, Licinius, Maximin, Maxentius, and Maximian. 
Martyrdom of Pamphilus of Csesarea. 

310 Maximian put to death at Marseilles. 

Edict to stop the persecution of the Christians. 

Lactantius, author of the Divine Institutions^ &e. 



325] ANCIENT HISTORY. 79 

A.D. 

311 Death of Galenas. 

312 Conyeisioii of Constantine. 
Maxentius is defeated and slaiiu 
The Indictions commence, Sept. I* 

313 Edict of Milan in favour of the ChristiaiUk 
Death of Maximin and of Diocletian. 

314 Constantine vnnests from Lidnius, Ulyricom, Macedonia, 

and Achaia. 
Council of Aries against the Donatists, at which three 
British Bishops are present. 

318 Rise of Arianism. Donatist schism in Africa. 

3 19 Constantine, hj an edict, tolerates Paganism. 

Paintings in the Baths of Constantine. Mosaics. 

320 The monastic s3rBtem of persons living in common for reli- 

gious purposes has its origin in Egypt, early in this 
century, in the institution of Coenobites by Anthony and 
Pachomius. 

321 The observance of Sunday enjoined by an edict of Con- 

stantine. 
1,000 Bishops preside over the Eastan, and 800 over the 
Western Church. 

322 Constantine defeats the Sarmatians. 

323 Lidnius is defeated by Constantine near Adrianople, and is 

put to death, a.d. 324. 

The court splendour has now risen to such a 
height, that, henceforward, it is said to have 
cost more than the legions. 

324 General Edict of Toleration. ' 

Christianity is now the religion of the court, and is pro- 
fessed by one half of the inhabitants of the empire. 

325 The first General Council of Nice, against Arius. It is 

attended by 3 1 8 Bishops. The Nicene Creed. 

Arch of Constantine at Rome, remarkable for the 
di^erent styles, of workmanship upon it. Its 
upper groups, servilely copied from the build- 
ings of Trajan and M. Aurelius, evince the 
consdousness of its builders of the superior 
genius of former times. 

lamblicus, the Neo-Platonic philosopher, flou- 
rished. 



80 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 326- 
A.D. 

326 Crispns, the son of Constantine, and the yonnger Licinius, 

are put to death. 
328 Many heathen temples are now converted into churches. 

Hilary, Commentaries, &c., d. 367. 
The Empress Helena erects beautiful churches on 
the most sacred sites of Palestine, and the 
Empress Eutropia erects a costly church, at 
Mamre, near the Terebinth tree, where "Abra- 
ham entertaiaed angels unafiaivs.** 

330 The sedt of government is transferred from Some to Con- 

stantinople, which is made the capital of the empire. 

Constantine adorns his new capital with sumptu- 
ous palaces and many stately buildings. 

Constantinople now becomes, and long continues, 
the chief surviying seat of literature and art. 

The great caravan route of the merchants acroBs 
Asia, commenced at Byzantium, which had for 
ages enjoyed a flourishing commerce. 

331 Constantine destroys the heathen temples. 

Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius. 

332 Defeat of the Groths. 

To meet the demand for structures adapted to the 
rites of the now triumphant Church, two new 
styles quickly arose at Rome and at Constanti- 
nople. The. architects of Rome took for their 
models the existing basilicas, or exchanges and 
courts of justice ; while those of Constanti- 
nople disposed their churches on the crudform 
phm, with a dome resting on arches, supported 
by massive piers. Among others, Constantine 
founds the famous churches of St. Sophia, St. 
Irene, and the Holy Apostles, at Constantino- 

, pk. He also builds and endows seven basilicas 

[ at Rome. 

334 Defeat of the Yandals and Sarmatians. 

335 The Synod of Tjre deposes Athanasius, Bishop of Alexan- 
dria, who goes into exile. He is restored by ConstanSi 
A.D. 337. 

336 Sudden death of Arius. 

Taliessin, the Welsh bard, flourished. 



36b] ANCIENT HISTORY. 81 

A. D. 

337 Death of Constantme the Great; he is baptised before his 
death by Eusebius of Nicomedia. 
The empire is divided between his three sons. 
Gonstantine 11., Emperor, in Gaul. 
Constans, Emperor, in Italy and Africa. 
Gonstantius, Emperor, in the East. 

339 Excesses and defeat of the Donatists. Donatus exiled. 

340 War between Constantino 11. and Constans. Gonstantine 

is defeated and slain. 
Monachism becomes prevalent in Syria and Palestine. 

341 A law against Pagan sacrifices is promulgated, and the 

Pagan temples closed. 
Athanasius is deposed by the Arian Synod of Antioch, and 

goes to Rome. 
About this date, monachism is introduced into Italy. 

342 Death of Tiridates, King of Armenia, after a brilliant 

reign, a.d. 297-342. 

343 Constans carries on war in Britain against the Picts and Scots. 
347 Council of Sardica, which pronounces the Council of Nice 

to be sufficient, and restores Athanasius. British 
Bishops are present. 
350 Constans is killed by Magnentius, who succeeds him, and is 
himself defeated by Gonstantius, and dies, a.d. 353. 
Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive 
empire, which falls on his death, a.d 375. The Visi- 
goUis, Sarmatians, and Heruli, submit to him. 

Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, author of Catechetical 
Discourses^ &c. 

355 Synod of Milan, by which Athanasius is condemned. 

Gregory of Nazianzus, and Basil of Caesarea, 
study at Athens together. 

356 Athanasius is expelled from Alexandria, and retires to the 

deserts of Egypt. 
Successful campaigns of Julian against the Franks and 
Alemanni, a.d. 356-361. 

359 Sapor, King of Persia, invades Mesopotamia. 
The Council at Seleucia, held by the Semi-Arians. 

360 The Council at Rimini, held by the Catholics and Arians. 

Several British Bishops attended. 

Ephraim Syrus, Commentaries^ &c 

e5 



82 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 360- 
A. D. 

360 Basil, afterwards Bishop of Cflesarea, imites the Coenobites 

and Hermits, and establishes that monastic rule, which, 
with little Tariation, has ever since continued the single 
Order of the Greek Church. 

361 Juliim (the Apostate), Emperor. 

36a Julian openly renounces Christianity, and endeavours to 
restore Paganism. 

Julian writes his Casares, and many of his other 
works, this year. 
Aihanasius who had returned to Alexandria is driven out 
again by Julian. 

Libanius, the sophist, is patronised by Julian. 

363 Jidian attempts unsuccessfully to rebuild the Temple of 

Jerusalem. 
Julian heads an expedition against Persia, but is obliged to 

retreat, and is slain. 
Jovian, Emperor. 

He concludes a disgraceful peace with the Pernaos. 
Athsnasius is restored by Jovian. 

Aurelius Victor, the historian. 

364 Valentinian I., Emperor of the West. 
Valens, Emperor of the East. 

Entropius concludes his History. 

365 The Council of Gangra attempts to restrun the prevailing 

passion for monachism. 
^66 Defeat of the Alemanni in Gaul. 

Procopius, who had revolted in the East, is defeated and 
slain. 
367 Gratian, Emperor. 

The son and colleague of Valentinian. 
In Britain, Theodosius defeats the Picts and Scots, and 
repulses the Saxons, a.d. 368. 

370 Ulphilas, Bishop of the Goths, establishes Arianism amongst 

them, and it subsequently becomes adopted by nearly all 
the invading barbarian tribes. 

Eunapius of Sardis, historian. 

371 The Burgundians established on the Elbe. 
The Saxons settle in maritime Gaul. 

Gregory, Bishop of Nazianzus, author of DiS' 
courses^ Poemst &c. 



382] ANCIENT HISTORY. 83 

A.D. 

371 Buffl], Bishop of Cnsaiea, author of Letter^f 

Homilies^ Commentaries, &c. 

373 Death of Athanasins. 

374 The Huns, driven out of their aadent pastures in the 

Mogul Tartary by the Chinese, traverse Asia, and, their 
numbers swelkd by the numerous hordes conquered on 
theur route, cross the Wolga and Don. Th^ expel the 
Alani, a.d. 375, thus giving impulse to the Great Mi- 
gration of nations. 

375 The Alani pressed forward by the Huns proceed Westward, 

dislodging the Vandals and Suevi about A.D. 376, and 
advancing with them. 
Yalentinian n.. Emperor. 
A colleague with Gratian. 

Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, Panarion^ &e. 

376 The Goths, expelled by the Huns, cross the Danube, and 

are allowed by Valens to settle in Thrace. 

378 The Goths, irritated by oppressive treatment, revolt, defeat 

and slay Valens, and ravage all around them to the 
walls of Constantinople. 
Giatiaa defeats the Alemanni near Colmar. 

Ammianus MarceUinus concludes his History. 
Gr^ry, Bishop of Nyssa, author of Comment 

tarries. Discourses, &c. 
The Chromcon of Jerome ends at the death of 
Valens. 

379 Theodosius the Great, Emperor of the East 

Ausonius, the poet, flourished. 

380 Theodosius defeats the Goths, a.d. 379, 380. 
Theodosius expels the Arians from the churches, and is 

zealous for tiie Catholic Faith. 
Synod of Saragossa against Friscillian. 

Choral singing introduced into church service by 
AmbrosOi Bishop of Milan, author of the 
Offices^ &c. 
Jerome at Rome assists Damasus, the Bishop, in 
Biblical studies. 

381 The second General Council at Constantinople, on the 

Divinity of the Holy Ghost. 
38a Feaoe concluded with Uie Goths. 



84 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 383- 

383 Bevolt of MBadmuB in Britain. Gratian is slain. 

Pappus and Tbeon of Alexandria, philoeophers, 

386 Death of Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem. 

387 Augustin is converted from Manicheism, and hapttsed. 
Maximus is defeated and slain at Aquilea. 

Eyagrius Fonticus, ecclesiastical historian. 

388 The Roman senate formally declare Christiaoity to be the 

religion of the empire. 
3 89 Martin, Bishop of Tours, destroys the idols in his diocese. 
390 Indiscriminate massacre of 7,000 men at Thessalonica, by 
order of Theodosius, who is in consequence excluded by 
Ambrose from the church at Milan, for eight months. 
The temple of Serapis, at Alexandria, is destroyed. 
Council of Milan against Jovinian. 

Chrysoetom, author of Homilies, OrcUums, &c. 

392 Valentinian n. is assassinated by Arbogastes. 

Usurpation of Eugenius. 

Jerome writes his work De Viris IllustrUnu, 
Theodosius publishes his fiunous edict against polytheism. 
It effectually diminishes the numbers of the Pagans, and 
confines them chiefly to the Tillages or pagi; whence, 
about this time, first arises the name. 

393 Jerome publishes his work In Jovianum. 

394 Defeat, and death of Eugenius and Arbogastes, by Theodo- 

sius. 

Jerome composes his Catalogue of Ecclesiasticai 
Writers. 

395 Death of Theodosius at Milan. 

Final. Division of the Empire between his two 

sons. 
Honorius, Emperor of the West 
Arcadius, Emperor of the East 

Claudian, the poet, flourished. 

Socrates, the ecclesiastical historian, flourished. 

396 Alaric marches into Greece. Athens capitulates. 
398 Alaric becomes King of the Visigoths. 

Chrysostom made Patriarch of Constantinople. 
The Council of Carthage prohibits secular studies by bishope. 
402 Alaric, after training his army for four years in Blyria, to 
the Roman discipline and armour, invades Italy. 



41 1] ANCIENT HISTORY. 85 

402 Rufinus continues the Ecclesioitical History of 

Eusebius. 
405 Stilieho, a Vandal, minister of Honorins, recalls the legions 
from Britain, Gaul, &c., defeats Alaric at Follentia, and 
forces him to retreat. 
Banishment and recall of Chrysostcnn. 

Macrobius, author of the Saturnalia^ &c. 

404 Honorius removes the civil government from Rome to 

Bavenna; and the importance of the Roman Bishop 
becomes greatly augmented by the Emperor's absence. 
Abolition of the gladiatorial games. 

405 Radagaisus iuvades Italy, and is defeated by Stilieho. 
Chrysostom is again banished, and dies in exile A. D. 407. 

i Vigilantius writes against prevailing superstitions 

in the Church. 

406 The Vandals, Suevi, Alani, and Burgundians, cross the 

Rhine into Gaul. After their irruption, these tribes 
gradually profess Christianity. 

407 ' Constantine, a private soldier^ is proclaimed Emperor in 

Britain and Gaul. 

408 Theodosius 11., Emperor of the East. 
Stilieho is beheaded at Ravenna. 

Alaric invades Italy and besieges Rome, but retires on pay^ 
ment of tribute. 

Bells first used in churches. 

409 Alaric besieges Rome a second time, and is again bought oS. 
The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, on the invitation of Greron- 

tius, the Roman governor, enter Spain. 
The Suevi establish a kingdom in Gallicia and Portugal, 
under Hermeric. 

410 Alaric a third time besieges Rome, which he captures, and 

gives up to six days* pillage by his troops. 

Alaric dies near Rhegium on his way to Sicily, and is suc- 
ceeded by Ataulphus. 

The History of Zosimus ends. 

Felagius propagates his heresy at Rome. 

41 1 Death of Constantine, the usurper, in Britain. 

The Roman authority over Britain now entirely ceases. 
The country is torn by the domestic wars of numerous 
petty chieftains. The Scots and Ficts continually harass 



86 BUDIMENTART CHRONOLOGY. [A. D. 41 1- 

A.D. 

41 1 it by ineumons, and the Fnuoks and SaxoiiB infbst the 
ooasts. 
Conference at Carthage against the Donatists. 
41a Ataulphns makes peace with the Romans, and nn^yylifM 
into Gaul. 

Angostm, now Bishop of Hippo, begins his treatise, 
' De CivUate Dei. 
Jerome writes against the Pelagians. 

413 The Bnrgondians establish a separate kingdom in Ganl, 

under Gondicar. Bevolt and death of Heradian. 

414 Persecution of the Christians in Persia. 
Ataulphus marries Pladdia, sister of Honorins. 

415 Ataulphus having founded the great kingdom of the Tisi- 

goths in South Gaul and a part of Spain, is assassinated 
at Barcelona, and is succeeded by Wallia. 

416 Rutilius Numatianus writes his IHnerarkm* 

41 8 Wallia defeats the Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, and compeb 

them to retire into Gallida. 
Death of Wallia, who is succeeded by Theodoric 
Aquitaine is ceded to the Goths. Their king makes 

Toulouse his capital. 

Paulus Orosius publishes a Roman Hiatory. 

419 War between the Suevi and Vandals in Spain. The Alani 

are subject to the Vandals. 

420 Ninian preaches the Gospel to the Picts and Soots. 

42 1 Theodosius at war with the Persians, a. D. 42 1 , 42 2. 

423 Death of Honorius. Elevation and fall of the usurper, 

Princerius John. 
425 Valentinian HL, Emperor of the West. 

Theodosius establishes public schools in Con- 

stantinople. 
At this date, the History of Philostorgiua 
ends. 
^6 Augustin writes his Retraciationes. De Civiiaie 

Dei is published. 

427 Simeon, a Syrian monk, becomes the founder of a sect of 

insane fanatics called Stylites, who people the pillars of 
the East. 

428 Nestorius, the heretic, is appointed to the see of Constanti- 

nople. 



449] ANCIENT HISTORY. 87 

A. D* 

428 Clodion crosses the Rhine at the head of the Franks, and 

subdues a part of Belgio Gaul. 

429 Genseric, King of the Vandals, on the inyitation of Count 

Boniface, crosses to Africa, and establishes there the 
Vandal kingdom. 

The Ecclesiasticid History of Theodoret ends at 
this period. 

430 The Vandals besiege Hippo. Death of Augustin. 

431 The third General Council at Ephesus, which deposes^ 

Kestorius. 

433 Administration of the patrician ^tius, a.d. 433-454. 

434 Attila and Bleda become Kings of the Huns. 

Vincent of Lerins writes Adversus Hareticos. 

436 The Goths besiege Narbonne. 

437 iEtius defeats the Burgundians, and raises the siege of 

Narbonne. 
Genseric, bemg attached to the Aiian heresy, deprives 
the Catholic Bishops of their sees. 

438 The Theodosian Code is published. 

439 Carthage is taken by Genseric, and becomes the capital of 

the Vandal kingdom. 

The Histories of Socrates and Sozomen end at 
this date. 

440 Leo the Great is made Bishop of Rome. 

Leo institutes, or encourages, the practice of private confes- 
sion, 

Salvian publishes his work, De Gubenuitione Dei. 

441 The Huns attack the Eastern empire, and ravage Europe 

up to Constantinople. 

444 By the death of Bleda, Attila, who truly calls himself 
^ the Scourge of God, " becomes sole King of the 
Huns. 

446 Peace between Attila and the Eastern empire. The Em- 
peror engages .to pay a yearly tribute of 2,000 pounds 
of gold, &c 
The Britons in vain b^ assistance from iBtius to defend 
them from the Ficts and Scots. 

448 Meroveus begins to reign, according to the French chro- 

nology. 

449 The Saxons, dwelling near the month of the Elbe, are 



88 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 449. 
▲. D. 

449 invito by.Vortigern to aid him in repelling the Scots 
and Ficts, and arrive in Britain. 

Produs of Lycea, Platonic philosopher. 

450 Marcian, Emperor of the East. 

The monastery of Bangor foimded about this time. 

45 1 Attila invades Granl, and is defeated at Chalons by ^tius, 

assisted by the Visigoths and Franks. 
The fourth General Council at Chalcedon, against the Mono- 
' physite opinions of Eutyches. 

452 Attila invades and devastates Italy. Many of the Italian 

fugitives take refuge in the little isles among the salt 
marshes at the mouths of the rivers Fo and Adige, and 
found the state of Venice. 
Attila makes peace with the Romans on the intereessiaDi of 
Leo, Bishop of Rome, and recrosses the Alps. 
45 3 Death of Attila in Dada, and fall of his empire, which had 
extended from China to the Atlantic. 

454 The patrician JEtiaa is murdered by Valentinian. 
The Vandals conquer Sicily. 

The Ostrogoths, subdued by the Huns about ▲.D. 400, 
after Attila*s death, settle in Fannonia and Miesta. 

Patrick, the successor of Falladius, preaches in Ireland, 
which is now governed by numerous petty kings. 

455 Maximus, Emperor of the West. 

Rome is taken and sacked by the Vandals under Genaeric. 
Maximus is slain. Grenseric carries off an immense 
booty, including the sacred vessels which Titos had 
brought from the Temple at Jerusalem. 

Avitus, Emperor of the West. 

Hengist, the Saxon, founds the kingdom of Kent 

A colony of the Britons settles in Bretagne. 

456 Theodoric 11., King of the Visigoths, invades Spain, defeats 

the Suevi, and kills Rechiarius their king. 
Avitus is . deposed by Ricimer, who virtoally roles, 

A. D. 455-472. 

457 Majorian, Emperor of the West 

Nominated by Ricimer. 
Leo I., Emperor of the East 

The first Emperor crowned by the Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople. 



476] ANCIENT HISTORY. 89 

A. D. 

457 Childeric conquers to the Loire, inclnding Paris. 

459 Mi^orian defeats the Visigoths under Theodoric. 

Grennadius of Constantinople, Commentaries, &e. 

460 The fleet of Majonan is destroyed at Carthagena hy the 

Yandals. 

46 1 Majonan is put to death hy order of Bicimer. 
Severus lU., Emperor of the West. 

Moses Chorenensis, historian and geographer. 

462 Genseric, King of the Vandals, ravages Italy. 
Theodoric, King of the Visigoths, renews the war in Gaul. 

463 Hilary, Bishop of Borne, founds two libraries in 

the baptistery of the Lateran church. 

465 Seyeros is poisoned by Bicimer, who appoints no emperor 

for this and the following year. 

466 Theodoric, King of the Visigoths, is slain by his brother 

Euric. 
Euric subdues the Suevi, expels the Bomans, and becomes 

the founder of the Gothic monarchy of Spain. 
The Eastern Emperor Leo defeats the Vandals. 

467 Anthemius, Emperor of the West. 

472 War between Bicimer and Anthemius. Bicimer captuiei 

and plunders Borne. Anthemius is slain. 
Olybrius, Emperor of the West. 

Both Olybrius and Bicimer die, late in this year. 

473 Glycerins, Emperor of the West. 

Gennadius of MarseiUes, theologian 

474 Leo n., Emperor of the East 
Zeno, Emperor of the East. 

Glycerins is deposed, and becomes a Bishop. 
Jidius Nepos, Emperor of the West. 

475 Julius Nepos is deposed by Orestes, who makes his own son 

Emperor. 
Bomulus Augustulus, Emperor of the West. 
Hengist said to have massacred the British nobles. 

476 Odoacer, King of the Heruli, captures Bome, deposes 

Bomulus Augustulus, and becomes King of Italy. 
Fall of the Western Eupire. 



90 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [▲.D. 476' 



MEDIEVAL mSTOBY. 

A.D. 

476 Although the Western Empire was now finally overthrown^ 

the internal government of Italy, owing to the influence 
of the Church, the great connecting link between the 
Boman and barbarian worlds, was at first but slightly 
affected by the change. The old laws continued to be 
administered, and often by the old authorities. But 
Italy, throughout its extent, was desolated and partially 
depopulated by its varied succession of calamities. 
Odoacer distributes among his soldiers one-third of the 
conquered lands, and forms an aUianoe with Euiic, King 
of the Visigoths in Spain, 477 

477 Death of Genseric, King, of the Vandals. 
Theodoric is now King of the Ostrogoths in Pannonia. 

479 Euric acquires Marseilles and Aries. 

480 Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake. 

48 1 Clovis, King of the Franks, the real founder of the French 

monarchy. 

482 Zeno, Emperor of the East, issues the **Henodcon,** or 

Decree of Union between the Catholics and Monophy- 
sites. 

Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems, d. 488. 
484 Death of Euric at Aries. 

The Visigoths in Spain, and the Ostrogoths in 
Pannonia, gradually acquire the rudiments of 
civilisation. Both nations, in common with all 
the other tribes which the German forests have 
poured forth to energise and renovate Europe, 
are distinguished from the corrupted races they 
subdue, by their chivalrous respect for women. 
Hunderic persecutes ihe Christians in Africa. 
Felix, Bishop of Bome, excommunicates Acadus, Patriarch 
of Constantinople, who in return excommunicates liin^ t 
A schism between the two churches ensues till 519. 



^6] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 91 

A.D. 

486 SyigritiB, who bad retained for a time the Raman poflNs* 
sions in Ganl, is finally defeated by Cloyis at Soissons. 
Clovis, and the other Kings of the yictorions barbarians, 
are at first little more than sovereign captains of their 
armies. General assemblies — ^the Witanagemots of the 
Saxons, and the Fields of March of the Franks— elect 
Kings, make laws, and decide upon war and peace. 
Every chief of the conquering tribes has his share of the 
lands, which are allodial, and held for life on condition 
of aiding in the national defence. The people gradnaUy 
cease to live only in masses in the towns, as under the 
municipal system of Rome, but become distributed 
through the open country. Of the old inhabitants, 
some retain their lands in propriety, others fiurm those of 
their conquerors; but they are everywhere looked upon 
as an inferior caste. The rural poor are all slaves. 

48 8 Death of Peter the Fuller, Patriarch of Antioch. 

489 The entire nation of the Ostrogoths emigrate from Thrace, 

with their families, flocks, and, herds, and, under Theo« 
doric, invade Italy. Theodoric defeats Odoacer at the 
battles of Aquilea and Verona. 

490 Final defeat of Odoacer by Theodoric. 

The kingdom of Sussex (South Saxons) founded by Ella, 
who becomes the first Bretwalda of Britain. 

London continues a seat of trade, as under the 
Romans. The Saxons chiefly apply themselves 
to agriculture. 
493 Surrender and assassination of Odoacer, at Ravenna. 

Theodoric completes the conquest of Italy and Sicily, and 
founds the empire of the Ostrogoths, which soon extends 
from Sicily to the Danube, and from Sirmium to the 
Atlantic. Theodoric follows Odoacer in allotting to 
his soldiers (chiefly Arians) one-third of the Italian lands. 

495 The institution of the Canons Regular of St. Augustin is 

ascribed, by some writers, to this date. 

496 The Alemanni are defeated at the battle of Tolbiac, and 

submit to Clovis. 
Conversion of Clovis, who is baptised by Remigius, Bishop 
of Rheims. The Franks generally follow their King, 
in professing Christianity. 



92 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGT. [a.D. 497* 
A. D. 

497 Clovis subdues the Bretons, and desolates Aquitaine; 

499 The Bulgarians first invade the Eastern empire. 

The great tribes of the Bulgarians and the Slavonians lead a 
wandering life on the plains of Russia, Lithuania, and 
Poland. 

Fulgentius, the theologian. 

500 During the 4th, 5 th, and 6th centuries, the increasing 

splendour of her services and structures, naturally marks 
the growing influence of the Church. But, in this 
interval, from deference to heathen prejudices, she has 
borrowed ^ doctrines from the ancient achools, and rites 
from the ancient temples," many of which contrast 
forcibly with the sublime simplicity of her stormy primi- 
tive days. The just veneration paid to those who had 
sealed their &ith by a martyr*s death becomes exagge- 
rated, by degrees, into religious adoration ; distant and 
dangerous pilgrimages are undertaken to their tombs, 
and every presumed saintly relic is regarded with aknost 
idolatrous homage. The use of pictiures and images 
begins now to prevail. 
Theodoric shows great moderation in his civil government. 
He establishes wise institutions, and preserves the liber- 
ties and mimicipalities of the Romans. . 

Learning is encouraged, the magnificence of Rome 
restored, and the Pontine marshes drained and 
cultivated. 
Defeat of (rondebaud, King of Burgundy, by Clovis. 

Completion of the Gremara^ which, with the 

li^hna, constitutes the Talmud of Babylon. 
Anglo-Saxon and German Bards. 
502 The Persian War, a.d. 502-5. 

Publication of the Burgundian laws, **la loy 

Gombette." 
Aredius, jurist to Gondebaud. 

505 Alaric n., King of the Visigoths in Spain, pub- 

lishes an abridgment of the Theodosian Code. 
Anien, the jurist, chancellor to Alaric. 

506 Burgundy tributary to the Franks. 

507 Alaric n. is defeated and slain by Clovis at Vougl^ near 

Poitiers. 



5 1 9] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 93 

A. D. 

507 liong walls are built to defend Constantinople ftom the 

Bulgarians. 

508 Conquest of Aquitaine by the Franks. 

Theodoric the Great governs Spam, during the minority of 
his grandson, Amalaric. 

Alcimus Ayitus, Abp. of Yienne, poet, d. 525. 

510 Clovis makes Fans the capital of his dominions. 

Amidst the intellectual torpor which now preyails, 
faint glimmerings of the old philosophy linger 
still at Athens, and a few students of Plato, 
Aristotle, or Zeno, yet exhibit, in the half- 
deserted schools, the shadow of departed 
learning. 

5 1 1 New compilation of the Salic law. 

Council of Orleans, convoked by Clovis, chiefly on disci- 
pline. Other Councils are held there on the same sub- 
ject, in 538, 541, and 549. 

Death ojf Clovis at Paris, and division of his dominions 
between hia sons Childebert, Clodomir, Clotaire, and 
Thierry. 

King Arthur, fSimous in British legendary story, is said to 
have defeated the Saxons under Cerdic, at Mount Baden 
(Bath). 

512 Great tumult at Constantinople ; 1 0,000 persons are killed. 
Mission of Fridolin in Switzerland, and the Black Forest. 

514 Constantinople besieged by Yitalianus the Groth. 

Various palaces and buildings at Ravenna, Ve- 
rona, &c., are erected for Theodoric by Byzan- 
tine artists. 

516 Computation of time by the Christian era intro- 

duced by Dionysius Exiguus. 

518 Justin, once a Dacian peasant, becomes Emperor of the 

East, on the death of Anastasius. 
The Emperor Justin repeals the ** Henoticon," and gives 

effect to the Council of Chalcedon. 
Brilliant period of the Eastern empire, 5 1 8-65. 

519 The kingdom of Wessex (West Saxons) founded by Oerdic, 

after long resistance by the Britons under Ambrosius 
and Arthur. 
Becondliation of the Eastern and Western Churches. 



94 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 520- 

A. D 

5 20 yitalianas, the Goth, is assassinated by order of Justin 

521 Hesychius of Alexandria, the lexicographer. 

522 Amalaric, the first Gothic King who establishes his court in 

Spain. Seville is his capital. 
Thorismund, King of the Vandals, defeated and killed by 
the Moors. 

Priscian of Caesarea, grammarian. 

524 Defeat and death of Clodomir in war with the Burgundians. 

525 Boethius, author of the Consolations of Phiia^ 

sophy^ is put to death. 

526 Remorse of Theodoric for the unjust execution of Boethius, 

followed by his death. 
Earthquake at Antioch, in which 25,000 persons perish. 

527 Justinian I. succeeds his uncle Justin, in the empire of the 

East 
Justinian destroys the last renmants of Paganism in the 

empire. 
Persecution and partial suppression of , Christianity in 
England by the Saxons. 

Count Marcellinus, the chronologer. 
529 The Justinian Code, 529, and Pandects or 

Digests, 533. Under the heads of the Codes, . 
Pandects, and Institutes, the whole body of 
Boman law, the growth of 1,300 years, is 
collected, abridged, and simplified by Tri- 
bonian and others. 
Justinian closes the schools of Athens. Decline 
of the New Platomsm. 
Great reformation of monachism by the rules and institutes 
of Benedict of Nursia, who at first distributes his monks 
into 1 2 monasteries, of which that at Monte Cassino, 
near Naples, is the chief. 

The annalists of the Benedictine Order proudly 
record that, since a.d. 529, it has produced 
40 popes, 200 cardinals, 50 patriarchs, 1,600 
archbishops, 4,600 bishops, and 3,600 canonised 
saints. But, it is a juster source of pride that, 
very mainly by this Order and its branches, 
dvilisation was kept alive through many cen- 
turies of ignorance. As missionaries to spread 



537] . MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 96 

A. D. 

529 far and wide the Grospel — as protectors in a 

barbarous age of tbe weak and oppressed — as 
assiduous instructors of the young — as col- 
lectors, preservers, and transcribers of tbe 
Bible, the Fathers, and the great Classic 
authors — ^as tbe precursors of all that has since 
been achieved in Christian art — and as the first 
agriculturists who reclaimed the waste places, 
and brought intellect to bear on tbe cultivation 
of the soil — ^it is difficult to over-rate the after 
obligations of Europe to the Benedictine Order. 
There is, of course, a darker side to the picture, 
in the r^ady encouragement which perverted 
doctrines, idle legends, and puerile supersti- 
tions, too often met with in their cloisters, but 
readers of modem histories are in little danger 
of overlooking this. 

530 The kingdom of Essex (East Saxons) founded by Ercen- 

wine. 

531 The Gothic monarchy in Spain becomes elective. Theudis 

is chosen King. He tolerates the Catholics. 
Nourshirvan, or Chosroes, King of Persia, 531-79. 

The greatest prince of the Sassanid dynasty. He esta- 
blishes four viziers over the provinces of Assyria, Media, 
Persia, and Bactriana. 

532 Factions of the Circus at Constantinople. During the con- 

flict between the greens and blues, a great part of the 
city is reduced to ashes. 
The Burgundians conquered by the Franks. 

533 Belisarius, the general of Justinian, overthrows the empire 

of the Vandals in Africa, 533-4. 

535 Belisarius defeats the Moors, and subdues Sicily. 

Procopius, secretary to Belisarius, History of his 
Own Times, 

536 Borne surrendered by Vitiges, King of the Ostrogoths, to 

Belisarius. 

Separation of the Armenians from the Greek Church. 

The Franks conquer Provence and Ehsetia from the Ostro- 
goths. 

537 Italy invaded by Belisarius, who reduces Naples. 



96 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 537- 

A. D. 

537 Borne besieged by the Grotbs. 

Casriodoms, formerly a minister of Theodorie, 
retires into a monastery which he had founded, 
and becomes a great promoter of literature. 

538 The Goths are compelled by Belisarius to raise the si^e of 

Borne, and retreat to the marshes of Bavenna. 
The Franks, whom Yitiges had summoned to his aid, in- 
vade Italy, under Theodobert Destruction of Milan 
and Genoa, 538-9. 

The Church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, now 
used as a Turkish mosque, the finest specimen 
of Byzantine architecture, is built by Anthe- 
' mius. Many other churches and stately build- 
ings are erected for Justinian. 

539 Bavenna taken, and Yitiges made prisoner by Belisarius. 

The Gothic kingdom in Italy subdued. 

Wise legislation of Nourshirvan in Persia. 
About this date, the game of chess iis introduced 

into Persia from India. 
The Fables of Pilpay, &c., translated into Persiati. 

540 War between Justinian and Nourshirvan, who invades 

Syria, and destroys Antioch. 
Bevolt of the Goths under Totila. 

Arator, Acts of the Apostles in verse. 
Fulgentius Ferrandus, at Carthage, on Canon Law, 

541 Defence of the East by Belisarius. Nourshirvan retreats 

across the Euphrates loaded with the spoils of Western 
Asia. 

Justinian abolishes the Boman Consulship. 

Edict of Justinian, condemning the Origenist opinions pro- 
pagated by the monks of Palestine. 

Jomandes, the Gothic historian, De Rebus Geticis 

542 Great plague at Constantinople. 
Persecution of the Church in Persia. 

Death of King Arthur. During this century, many native 
colonies abandon Britain in despair, and emigrate into 
Armorica, or Bretagne. 

543 Bebellion of the Moors, 542-58. 

Totila, King of the Goths, invades Italy, and subdues Tus-> 
cany and Naples. 



554] j«IEDIEVAL HISTORY. 97 

A. D. 

544 Second command of BeliRarius in Italy, 544-8* 

Edict of Justinian against the '* Three Chapters,** works 
favouring the Nestorian doctrine. 

Paul the Silentiary, secretary to Justinian. 

545 First mention of the Turks or Tartars in Asia. Their un- 

civilised trihes appear, from the most remote ages, to 
have led a pastoral life, on the vast plains beyond the 
Oxus and Jaxartes. 

Simplicius of Cilicia, Comments on Aristotle. 

546 Totila captures Rome, razes the walls, and expels the inha- 

bitants. 

547 Kome retaken by Belisarius. 

The kingdom of Bernicia (Northumberland, Durham, &c.) 
founded by Ida. 

During the 6th and 7th centuries, many bishop- 
rics, monasteries, and schools are founded in 
Ireland. 

548 Belisarius is finally recalled from Italy. 
The Lombards settle in Fannonia. 

549 Siege of Petra by Dagisteus. 

Rome is again taken by Totila, 549-5 !• 

550 The Greeks plant settlements on the coast of Spain. 

The duchy of Poland said to have been founded by Lech, a 
chief of the Slavonians. 

Olympiodorus, Life of Plato. 

551 The Roman senate ceases to exist, about this time. 

Silkworms first brought to Constantinople from 
China, by two Persian missionary monks. 

552 The eunuch Narses, the general of Justinian, invades Italy 

with 30,000 men. Defeat and death of Totila. Con- 
quest of Rome by Narses. 

553 Teia, the successor of Totila, is defeated and slain near 

Naples. 
Fifth Greneral Council at Constantinople, (presided over by 
the Patriarch of Constantinople, although the Bishop of 
Rome was in the city at the time,) against Origen and 
others. On the Resurrection of the Flesh, and the Fre- 
existence of the Soul. 

554 Defeat of the Franks and the Alemanni by Narses. Final 

overthrow of the Gothic monarchy. Italy governed by 

V 



98 RUDIMENT A&T CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 554.- 

A.D. 

554 Greek Ezarchs. Nanes becomes the first Exarch, and 
governs the whole peninsula for 1 5 years. 

557 The Avars, driven forward by the Turks, send an embassy 

to Constantinople. 
Death of Childebiert, King of Paris. First example of the 
SaUclaw. 

The church of St. Germain des Pres at Paris. 

558 Clotaire, sole King of France. 

The church of St. Yitale, built by Justinian at 
Bavenna, li interesting not merely as marking 
the first appearance of the cupola in Italy, but 
also for its singular beauty. It becomes the 
model of all the cupolas erected in Europe for 
several centuries. 

Byzantine mosaics of great interest, executed about 
this date, are preserved in St. Yitale, and other 
churches of Bavenna. 

559 The Bulgarians advance to the gates of Constantinople, and 

are defeated by Belisarius. His last victory. 

560 The kingdom of Deira founded by Ella. The states of 

Bemicia and Deira are eventually united, and form to- 
gether the kingdom of Northumbria. 

Death of Tribonian, the chief compiler of the Jus- 
tinian Code. 

561 Fall of Belisarius. 

France is again divided on the death of Clotaire, between 
his four sons. The states were federative, and had a 
general assembly, in which the affairs common to them 
all were debated. 

563 Constantinople nearly destroyed by fire. 
Christianity preached to the Picts and Scots by Columba. 

Columba founds the celebrated monastery of lona, 
or Icolmkill. 
Bapid progress of the Benedictine Order. 

564 Gildas, De Excidio Britanni^^ 

565 Death of Belisarius, Mar. 13. 
Death of Justinian, Nov. 14. 

Justin n.. Emperor of the East, 565-78. 

His reign is remarkable only for disgrace abroad, and 
misery at home. 



575] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 99 

A. D. 

565 Agathias, the Byzantine historian* 

568 The Lombards, haying subjugated the Gepidse with the aid 
of the Avars, abandon Fannonia to them, and invade 
and conquer great part of Italy. The Bavarians, Saxons, 
and other Grerman tribes, join in the Lombard invasion. 
Elingdom of the Lombards (mostly Arians) in Italy, under 
Alboin, who ultimately makes Favia his capited. No 
part of Italy but Borne, Bavenna, and a portion of the 
Eastern coast now remains to the Greek empire. 
5 69 Birth of Mohammed. 

For many centuries, Arabia appears to have been divided 
among a number of petty nomadic chieftains and tribes, 
who, with a few transient exceptions, preserved a common 
independence, although they gave precedence to Mecca, 
as the holy seat of the Eaaba, their famous temple, and 
the chief city of their nation. 

The Arabs were enthusiastically attached to elo- 
quence and poetry. The Moallakat. 

570 Flourishing state ofthe Avars under Baian, 570-600. They 

spread over Hungary, Poland, and Prussia, and subject 
the Bulgarians and Slavonians.. 

Martin, Abp. of Braga, canonist and moralist, d. 
580. 

571 The Huns invade Thuringia, but are repelled by the French 

Kings. 
Brunehilda and Fredegonda, the wives of the Prankish 
Kings Sigebert and Chilperic, are famous for their crimes, 
and the atrocities they influence the reigning princes to 
perpetrate. 
The kingdom of East Anglia founded by Uffa. 

The Greek silk manufactures already rival those 
of China. 

572 Gregory of Tours, !Eccle8. History of the Franks. 

573 Alboin, King of Lombardy, is murdered by Bosamond his 

queen. 

574 Invasion of Syria by the Persians. 

St. Columbanus of Leinster, Abbot of Luxeuil, 
Latin poet. 

575 The Lombards, for 9 years, are governed by a federation of 

36 Dukes, elected by general assemblies. 

f2 



100 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. S7S' 

A. D. 

575 Death of Cassiodorus, set. 95. Besides liis HiS' 

tory^ Epistles^ &c., he composed many devo- 
tional and other works. 

576 War between the French Kings. Peace is made, 577. 
581 The Latin now gradually ceases to be a spoken 

language. 

584 Bestoration of monarchy by the Lombards, who elect 

Autharis for their King. 
Establishment of the feudal system in Italy. The Boman 
municipal system which the Ostrogoths had preserved, is 
overthrown, and the first perfectly feudal government is 
founded by Autharis. Alboin, the first Lombard King, 
had committed the government of provinces to Dukes, 
who engaged to afford him military aid ; but the duchies 
are now assigned in perpetuity to the Dukes, on condition 
of their giving to the King one moiety of their revenue. 

585 The Suevi conquered by Leovigild, and annexed to Spain. 

586 The kingdom of Mercia founded by Crida. 

589 Bise of the dispute between the Eastern and Western 

Churches, concerning the Procession of the Holy Ghost. 
Council of Toledo, which extirpates Arianism in Spain. 
The Persians defeated by the Greek general Philippicus. 
The great Lombard duchy of Benevento founded. 

590 Gregory the Great becomes Bishop of Bome. 

" The servant of the servants of Grod." 
The internal state of Italy gradually becomes more settled. 
The cities and towns revive, and population again increases. 
Agriculture flourishes. Water mills erected at 
Bome. 
Bebellion of Bahram, in which Hurmaz, Eling of Persia, is 
slain. 

59 1 The Eastern Emperor Maurice restores Chosroes, the son 

of Hurmaz, to the Persian throne. 
Ethelbert, King of Kent, becomes the third Bretwalda of 
Britain. Nearly the whole of the Western coast, from 
the mouth of the Clyde to the Land*s-end, is still held 
by the Britons. 

The successive invasions of the Saxons had now 
almost obliterated all traces of Boman civilisa< 
tion in Britain. 



602] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 101 

A. D. 

592 War between the Greeks and the Avars. 

594 Priscus, the Greek general, expels thft Avars from Thrace. 
The Gascons cross the Pyrenees, and settle in France. 
The canon of the mass instituted. The doctrine of Purga- 
tory first clearly laid down. 

Choral singing, monastic institutions, &c., are en- 
couraged by Gregory. The clergy are now 
become almost the sole depositories of learning, 
and their intellectual superiority necessarily 
extends their power. 

595 The Lombards besiege Rome. 

Wars of the Emperor Maurice against the Avars, 595-602. 
The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius extends 
from 43 1 to 594. 

596 Pope Gregory sends Augustine, a Benedictine from the 

monastery on the Celian Hill at Rome, at the head of a 
mission to England. 

597 Christianity preached to the Saxons in Britain by Augus- 

tine. Conversion of King Ethelbert. A branch of the 
Catholic Church, under its own Bishops, had, it will be 
remembered, already existed among the Britons for 
several centuries, probably from the Apostles' era; but 
the hostility of the two races had precluded the British 
Bishops from being instrumental in the conversion of the 
Saxons. 

598 Augustine becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 
The Benedictine Order established in England. 

Rising power of the Mayors of the palace in France, who 
begin to control the army, treasury, and entire govern- 
ment. 

600 Italy desolated by the Avars and the Slavonians. 

John of Biclair, Chronicle, d. 620. 

601 Civil war in France. 

Many heathen Saxon temples, in Britain, are transformed 
into churches. 

602 Revolt of the Greek soldiers who depose the Emperor 

Maurice, and elect Phocas, one of their centurions, his 
successor. Phocas commences his reign by the murder of 
Maurice and his five sons. 
The Greeks in Italy are defeated by the Lombards. 



i 



102 BUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 6o2- 
A. D. 

602 Agilulf, King of the Lombards, establishes the Catholic 

Faith among Oiis people, hitherto Arians. 

Nemiias^ Abbot of Bangor, historian of Britain. 

603 Chosroes 11., King of Persia, invades the Greek empire. 

Secundus, History of the Lombards. 

604 Death of Gregory the Great. 

His Pastoral Care is long the manual of the 
Western Church. 
Death of Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury. 
The bishopric of London founded by King Ethelbert. 
Miletus is the first Bishop ; he converts the people of Essex. 
St. Paul's Church in London, founded by Ethel- 
bert, on the site of a heathen temple of Diana. 
Goar, a French hermit, preaches the Grospel on the banks 
of the Rhine. 
606 Concession by the usurping Emperor Phocas of the primacy 
of the Bishop of Home. Comnjencement of the Papal 
power. 
Gallus (St. Gall) preaches Christianity in Switzerland and 
Suabia. 

608 Conspiracy of Priscus and Heraclius against Phocas. 

609 Mohammed assumes the character of a prophet, and 

preaches at Mecca. 

Isidore, Bishop of Seville, grammarian, philoso- 
pher, and historian, d. 636. 

610 l^hocas is put to death by Heraclius, Exarch of Africa, who 

becomes Emperor of the East. 

The Gothic, or Christian architecture, has its 
origin in a combination by the Lombards of the 
Roman basilicas and Greek churches. In its 
successive phases or local adaptations, it is 
known as the Lombardic, Saxon, ITorman, 
Early English, &c. The Lombardic architec- 
ture in Italy, 568-774, is distinguished by its 
semi-circular arches, and profuse symbolical 
sculpture. The venerable church of St. Michele 
at Pa via, is the earliest monument of this style. 
6n Conquest of Syria by Chosroes. 

St. Peter's church and abbey at Westminster, 
foimded by Sebert, King of the East Saxons. 



623] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 103 

A. D. 

6 1 1 Hfission of Eustasius in Bararia. 

6i2 The monastery of Bangor destroyed by EtheliHth, the 
Pagan King of Northumbria. 

Bangor and Caerleon were the ehief seats of learning 
among the Britons; and many historic records 
are said to have perished in the monastic library. 
Theophylactus Simocatta, Byzantine History. 
Mohammed begins to publish the Koran* 

6 1 3 Clotaire, sole King of fVance, 613-28. 

During his peaoeftil reign of 15 years, French 
oonmierce and dvilisation begin to progress. 

614 Chosroes captures Jerusalem, and conquers Palestine. 

The first Saxon Code of laws published in Britain, 
by Ethelbert. 

616 Egypt and Asia Minor subdued by Chosroes. 

617 Great distress in the Eastern empire. The Eastern pro- 

vinces are ravaged by the Persians, and the Western by 
the Avars. Chosroes refuses to grant peace to the 
Greeks, unless they will apostatise from Christianity, and 
worship the Sun* 

John Philoponus of Alescandria, grammarian and 
conunentator on Aristotle. 
620 Persecution of the Jews in Spain. 

The Emperor Heraclius makes peace with the Avars. 

Pomp and splendour of the Persian court. The 
famous palace of Chosroes is said to have had 
40,000 columns of silver, and contained 1,000 
globes of gold, representing the Zodiac and 
planets. 

622 The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, known as 

the Hejira, the era of the Mohammedans. 
First expedition of Heraclius against Chosroes, attended 
with entire success. 

623 The battle of Beder, the first of Mohammed's victories. 

After this success, Mohammed, instead of the patient 
toleration he had hitherto inculcated, begins to preach 
the doctrine of propagating the true faith by the sword. 
'* In the shade of the crossing scimetars," he declared 
*^ Paradise is prefigured," and the saying was long the 
&vourite war-cry of his followers. 



104} RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 623- 

A. D. 

62 3 Second successful expedition of Heraclius against Chosroes, 
623-5. 

Paul Eginetus, Greek physician. 
The Slavonians in Bohemia revolt against the Avars, under 
Samo, and make him their King. 

624 The Greeks expelled from Spain. 

625 Battle of the Nations. 

626 Unsuccessful attempt of Chosroes, and *the Chagan of the 

Avars, upon Constantinople. 
Christianity preached in Bavaria, the Black Forest, and 
along the Rhine, by Rupert and Trudpert. 

627 Heraclius, in alliance with the Turks, makes a third vic- 

torious expedition against Persia. Flight of Chosroes. 

His splendid palaces are laid in ruins. 
Conversion of King Edwin, the high-priest Coifi, and the 

Northumbrians, by Paulinus, a Benedictine, who becomes 

the first Archbishop of York. 
Penda, ting of Mercia, 627-5 5. A brave and enterprising 

warrior, who gives to Mercia a formidable influence. 

628 Chosroes deposed and murdered by his son. 

Peace between the Eastern empire and Persia. 

629 Mecca captured by Mohammed. First war of the Moham- 

medans against the Greeks. 

630 The Code of the Franks published. 

The church of St. Denys, the burial-place of the 
French Kings, built by Dagobert. 

631 Dagobert is now sole King of France. 
Conversion of the East Anglians by Felix. 

632 Conquest of Arabia by Mohammed, 629-32. In his last 

pilgrimage to the Kaaba, 1 1 4^000 Mussulmen marched 
beneath his banner. Death of Mohammed, set. 63, June 7. 
Abu Bekr, the father-in-law of Mohammed, succeeds him 
under the title of Khalif or Vicar, and reigns from the 
Euphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean, 632-4. 

633 The Airabs defeat the Greeks in Syria, and capture Damas- 

cus, 634. 

Abu Bekr collects and arranges the scattered pas- 
sages of the Koran. 
Monothelite controversy in the Church. 
The people of Wessex converted by Birinus. 



640] MEDIEVAL HISTORY, 105 

A.D. 

633 Batde of Hatfield Chace. Edwin, King of Northumbria, 

and 5th Bretwalda, is defeated and slain by Penda of 
Mercia, and Cadwallon, King of North Wales. 

634 Oswald, King of Northumbria, and 6th Bretwalda, 634-42. 

A zealous propagator of Christianity. Defeat and death 
of Cadwallon. 
Beyolt of the Bulgarians against the Avars. 

George of Pisidia, poet and historian. 

635 Aidan establishes his see at Lindisfame. 

The Saxon monastic church of Lindisfame with cir- 
cular arches built. Many churches and monaste- 
ries begin to be erected in England by the Saxons, 
who derive their architecture from the Italian 
missionaries. In civil architecture, the most an- 
cient Saxon buildings are the peels, or castles. 

636 Battle of Cadesia, and total defeat of the Persians by the 

Saracens or Arabs. 
Defeat of Heraclius at Yermuk, by the Saracens, who 

drive the Greeks out of Syria. 
Botharis, King of the Lombards, 636-52. A wise and 

succes^ul ruler. 

637 Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. 

Mosque at Jerusalem founded by the Khalif 
Omar, 640. 

638 The Saracens invade Egypt 

Edict of the Emperor Heraclius, called " Exposition of the 
Faith." It is rejected by a Council at Rome in 639, for 
favouring Monothelite views. 

639 The French Kings, after the death of Dagobert, become 

mere ciphers in the hands of the Mayors of the palace. 
During the 7th century, such painting as existed 
in Europe was of two styles — the Boman, dis- 
tinguished amid great rudeness of execution by 
a certain dignity of expression ; and the Byzan- 
tine, marked by its greater mechanical skill, 
its adherence to old classical forms, and its 
spiritless conception of motive and diaracter. 

640 Alexandria taken by the Saracen Amru. 

The great Alexandrian library said to have been 
burnt 

v5 



1 06 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 640. 

A. D. 

640 After the capture of Alexandria, (Constantinople 

becomes the chief mart for the products of the 
East. 
The Slavonian kingdoms of Servia and Croatia founded. 

642 Oswald, King of Northumbria, is killed in battle with 

Penda of Mercia. 
TheodoruB I., the first Pope of Borne who assumes the 
title of Sovereign Pontiif . 

643 The Lombard Code of laws published by Kotharis. 

644 The Ehalif Omar is assassinated in the mosque at Medina, 

by a Persian slave. During his reign, the Saracens 
could boast that they had conquered Syria, Chalda», 
Persia, and Egypt; taken 36,000 cities, towns, and 
castles ; destroyed 4,000 Christian churches, fire temples, 
and idol temples; and built 1,400 mosques. 

647 First invasion of Africa by the Saracens, under Abdallah. 
Chindiswald, King of Spain, 642-53, terminates the civil 

wan which had long prevailed there. 

The laws of the Visigoths reformed. 

648 The Saracens take Cyprus, and are victorious in Africa. 
The Emperor Constans revokes the ** Exposition," and 

issues a new edict, **Form of the Faith," which is rejected, 
and its supporters anathematised by Pope Martin and a 
Council at Rome, 649. 
The Italian maritime cities, still nominally subject to the 
Eastern empire, begin, about this time, to form into free 
republics. 

Gradual formation of the Italian language. 

649 Pope Martin I. enforces the celibacy of the clergy. 

650 Eligius, or Eloy, Bishop of Noyon, author of the 

famous Sermon so strangely garbled by Mos- 
heim, Robertson, &c. 

651 The Saracens, under Othman, complete the conquest of 

Persia. Yezdejird, the last Persian King, is assassinated. 
Emmeran preaches Christianity in Bavaria. 
653 Rhodes captured by the Saracens. 

Destruction of the celebrated Colossus. 
6^$ Penda, King of Mercia, is defeated and killed at Winwid- 
field, by Oswy, King of Northumbria, and 7th Bret- 
walda. Christianity established in Mercia. 



675] MEDIEVAL H1ST0R7. ^ 107 

A.D. 

656 Bdefonso of Toledo, hiBtorian and moraliflt, d. 66y. 

The monastery of Peterborough commenced. This, 
and most of the great ecclesiastical edifices which 
rose in England during the next 600 years, 
were erected by, or for, the members of the 
Benedictine Order. To successive English 
Benedictines we also owe the first drainage of 
the Lincolnshire and Somersetshire marshes, 
and the partial clearance of the Midland and 
Northern forests. 
660 Rise of the sect of the Paulicians. 

Assassination of All, 4th Ehali^ the cousin and son-in-law 

of Mohammed. From All are descended the 1 2 Lnams 

of the Persian creed. 

Dynasty of the Ommiyade Ehalifs at Damascus, 660-790. 

The Khalif Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, and 

forms a navy. 

662 Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, siezes the Lombard throne. 

663 The exclusive use of the Latin language in Divine Service 

is enjoined by Pope Yitalian. Previous to this time, 
each nation had celebrated worship in its own tongue. 
668 First siege of Constantinople by the Saracens, 66S'yy. 
The Empieror Constans is assassinated in a bath at Syra- 
cuse. 

The Benedictine abbeys of Whitby and Gilling 
founded about this time. 
670 Foundation of Grand Cairo by the Khalif Moawiah. 

The Khalifat made hereditary. The Saracens invade Sicily. 

Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, and his friend 

Adrian the Benedictine, promote learning, and 

found schools in England. 

673 The celebrated Greek fire destroys the besieging Saracen 

fleet, and saves Constantinople. 

Callinicus of Heliopolis, inventor of the Greek 
fire, the most terrible peculiarity of which was 
the fact, that water, instead of extinguishing, 
only fed its fiiry. 
Birth of Bede, called the Venerable. 
675 The Saracens defeated in Spain by Wamba. 

The monastery of Abingdon founded. 



A 



108 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 6^]^ 
A.D. 

67 7 The siege of Conetantinople is abandoned by the Saracens, and 
their Khalif compelled to pay the Emperor a yearly tribute. 
Benedict Biscop founds the Bene^ctine monas- 
teries of St. Feter*s at Wearmouth, 674, and St. 
Faurs at Jarrow, 684, which become two of 
the most flourishing schools in England. Bene- 
dict makes five journeys to France and Italy, 
and brings back with him architects and carvers 
in stone, workers in metals, glaziers, who now 
first introduce glass in England, and a musician 
from the Fope*s chapel, to instruct the monks 
in chanting. Up to this time, the Saxon 
churches had commonly been built of wood. 

680 The kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the 

Danube and the Balkan. 

During this and the following century, Ireland is 
celebrated for her ecclesiastical schools, and the 
eminent men sent forth from them. 
Death of Hossein, who had attempted to obtain the Khalifat, 

and fall of the Fatimites. 
The sixth General Council at C!onstantinople, 680- 1 , against 
the Monothelites. Honorius, Fope of Rome, is condemned 
for heresy, 

Caedmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet. 
Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. 

68 1 The conversion of Sussex completed by Wilfrid. 

682 The Emperor Constantine relinquishes the tribute customary 

on the election of the Fopes, but reserves the right of 
confirming their election. 
The Council of Toledo deposes Wamba, King of the Visi- 
goths in Spain, who becomes a monk. Great influence 
of the Spanish clergy. 

685 Alfred *» the Wise," King of Northumbria, 685-728. 

An encourager of learning. 

686 Ceadwalla, the first Christian King of Wessex, subdues Kent 

and Sussex, and dies at Home, 688. 
During the latter part of this, and the following century, 
many missionaries are sent forth by the English and Irish 
Churches. 

687 Fepin d*Heristal gains the battle of Testry, and becomes, a« 



703] MEDIEVAL HISTORY* 10^ 

A.D. 

687 hereditary Duke under the nominal King Thierry, the 
real ruler of France. 

688 Ina, King of Wessex, 688-728. A valiant and able prince. 

Distmguished both as a legislator, and promoter of 
learning. 
690 Willibrod, an English Benedictine, preaches the Gospel in 
Holland and Friesland, and is consecrated Bishop of 
Utrecht, 696. 

Ceolfrid, Abbot of Wearmouth, tutor to Bede, 

642-716. 
Towards the close of this century, literature and 
philosophy, which, except among ||he clergy, 
have become almost extinguished in Europe, 
begin to be cultivated by the Arabians under the 
Khalifs. 
692 The Trullan Council at Constantinople, on the marriage of 
the clergy, &c. 
Images, &c., from having been used in the Church only as 
objects of instruction for the ignorant, are now generally 
abused into objects of worship. The adoration of saints, 
and prayers for intercession to them and to the B. Virgin 
Mary, become universal during this and the following 
century. 

King Ina issues a Code of Saxon laws. 
69 5 The Emperor Justinian is mutilated and dethroned by Leon- 
tius, who himself meets with the same fate, 698. 

696 The last Council of Toledo. 

Armenia subdued by the Saracens. They conquer the 
provinces between the Black and Caspian seas, 697-725. 

697 The islands of the Adriatic, forming the republic of Venice, 

are united under one Doge. Luc Anafetto is the first. 

698 Carthage destroyed by the Saracens. 

During the 7th century, besides the Anglo-Saxons, great 
numbers of the Frieslanders, Westphalians, Thuringians, 
Grermans, and Franks, have become converts to the 
Christian Faith. The progress of Mohammedanism, on 
the other hand, almost entirely loses to the Church, Africa 
and the East. In Persia, the Magian religion has nearly 
everywhere given way to the Mobammedan. 
703 Adamnan, Abbot of lona, De Locis Terra Sancta, 



110 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 705- 

A. D. 

705 The Emperor Justinian 11. restored by Terbelis. 

The Saracens conquer the Berbers in AfHca, and subdue 
Mauritania and the whole Northern- coast, 705-7. 

706 Saxon translation of the Psalms by Aldhehn, 

Abbot of Malmsbury ; also Latin Poems. 

707 Saracen expedition to India. Conquest of Bokhara and 

Samarcand. 

The art of making woollen paper is brought from 
Samarcand by the Saracens. 
7 1 o Geraint, King of the Britons in Cornwall, is defeated by King 
Ina of Mercia. 

7 1 1 Confuest of Spain by the Saracens, aided by the persecuted 

Jews, 71 1- 14. Roderic, the last King, is killed at the 
battle of Xeres, 712, and with him ends the Gothic 
monarchy in Spain. 

712 Luitprand, King of the Lombards, 7 1 2-43. An able and 

powerful monarch. 

7 1 4 Death of Pepin D*Heristal. 

Gold mines in Bohemia and Hungary. 

715 Charles Martel, Mayor of the palace and Duke of Austrasia, 

is master of the French monarchy. 
First mission of Winifried (Boniface), an English Benedic- 
tine, *^the Apostle of Grerpiany,** among the Frisons. 
Tewkesbury monastery founded. 

7 1 6 Second siege of Constantinople, 716-18. 

Ethelbald, Ejng of Mercia, 716-55. He establishes his 
superiority over all the states from the Humber to the 
Isle of Wight. 

Croyland abbey founded. One of the greatest of 
the Benedictine monasteries, and afterwards 
£unons for its libraries and schools. 
Fredegaire, French Chronicle. 

717 The battle of Vincy gained by Charles Martel. 

Charles Martel gires consistency to the feudal system in 
France, which had existed there, in a degree, from the 
first arrival of the Franks, by attaching to himself by 
grants of land many followers, who are required to yield 
him military or domestic service, and are hence called 
vassals. These benefices or fiefs, granted at first for life, 
afterwards became hereditary. 



73o] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Ill 

A. D. 

7 1 7 The power of the Arabian Khalifa is now at its height. 

7 1 8 Glastonbury abbey rebuilt by King Ina. 
John of Beverly, Abp. of York. 

Constantinople is again saved by the Greek fire, and the 

Saracens raise the siege. 
The kingdom of the Asturias founded by Felayo. The 

Christians jnaintain themselves against the Arabs in the 

Asturias, and in Navarre. 

7 1 9 Defeat of the Saracens by Felayo. 

720 Scandinavia, during the 8th century, is subject to numerous 

petty kings noted for their piratical depredations on each 
other and on strangers. One of these princes, Ivar Yid- 
fame, conquers Upsal, to which the other Swedish states 
are made tributary. 

The Scandinavians care little for agriculture, and 

less for trade ; but they are bold and skilful 

mariners, and love war. 

721 The Arabs invade France, 721-29, but are several times 

defeated and driven back by Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine. 
Saxon translation of the four Gospels^ by Egbert. 

722 Winifried preaches in Hungary and Hesse, and is consecra- 

ted at Rome, 723, Archbishop, under the name of Boni- 
face. 

725 Charles Martel is victorious over the Snabian's, Bavarians, 

Saxons, and Prisons, 725-28. 

726 Edict of the Emperor Leo the Isaurian, forbidding image- 

worship. Beginning of the Iconoclastic controversy. 
Krakumal, Icelandic Ballad of the Scalds, 
728 Dispute between the Fope and the Greek Emperor on 
the Iconoclastic question. The Greek Bishops also are 
opposed to the Emperor's edict. 
Lnitprand, King of Lombardy, captures Ravenna and 

menaces Rome. 
Death of King Ina at Rome. 

Saxon School at Rome founded by Ina. 
730 John of Damascus promotes the study of dialectics 

and the Aristotelian philosophy in the East. 
His Exposition of the Orthodox Faith is long 
the text-book of the Eastern Church. 
Felix, History of Croyland abbey. 



112 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [ A. D. 7 3 1 - 

A. D. 

731 The Saracens invade France, and penetrate as far as Sens. 

Bede*8 English Church History ends with this 
year. 

732 Charles Martel totally defeats the Saracens at the great 

battle of Tours, and rescues Europe from the religion 
and law of Mohammed. Abderrahman, the Saracen 
leader, is slain. 

734 Saxon translation of St. John's Gospel by Bede. 

Tatwine, Abp. of Canterbury, ^nigmata, 

735 Charles Martel becomes master of Aquitaine on the death 

of Eudes. 

Death of Bede at the monastery of Jarrow. 

736 Destruction of images by the Emperor Leo. 

739 Boniface erects bishoprics, founds monasteries, and organises 
the Church in Germany. 

Letters and Sermons of Boniface. 

741 Pope Gregory UI., besieged by Luitprand, solicits the aid 

of Charles Martel. 
Death of Charles Martel, of Pope Gregory, and of the 
Emperor Leo. 

Willibald, Bishop of Eichstadt 

742 Birth of Charlemagne. 

From the 7th to the 9th centuries, the most inte- 
resting remains of pictorial art are the mosaics 
in the churches, and the miniature paintings 
with which the MS. Bibles and Gospels are 
decorated by the monks. 

743 Odillon, Duke of Bavaria, defeated by Pepin and Carloman. 
First Provincial Council in Germany. 

744 The abbey of Fulda founded by Sturmio, a disciple 

of Boniface. 
y/fj Carloman retires to an Italian monastery, and Pepin becomes 
sole ruler of France. 

Egbert, now Abp. of York, Confessionale and 
Panitentiale. 
750 The passion for pilgrimages to saintly shrines has now risen 
to a great height, and occasions much social evil and de- 
moralisation. 
Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, establishes rules for canons 
and chapters. 



759] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 113 

A. D. 

750 Defeat and death of the Ehalif Mervan II. Fall of the 

Ommiyade dynasty. 
Dynasty of the Abbassides, 750-1258- 

All the Ommiyades are put to death except Abderrah- 

man, who escapes. 

752 The Lombards overthrow the Greek Exarchate of Bavenna. 
Childeric, the nominal King of France, is dethroned by a 

Papal decree, and retires to a cloister. End of the 
Merovingian dynasty. 

The Carlovingian dynasty in France. 

Pepin is raised on a shield at Soissons, and proclaimed 
King of the Franks. The first prince who takes the 
title " By the grace of God." 

Gathred, King of Wessex, 741-54, by the victory of Bur- 
ford, saves his state from subjection to Mercia. 

753 Boniface, desiring to devote himsdlf to missions, resigns his 

archbishopric. 

754 The destruction of images decreed by the Council of Con- 

stantinople. 
Pepin makes two expeditions into Italy, 754-6, and defeats 
Astolphe, King of the Lombards. 

755 Martyrdom of Boniface by the heathen Prisons. 
Abderrahman wrests Spain from the Khalifs of the Abbas- 
sides, and founds the Ommiyadan dynasty at Cordova, 
755-1031 

Offa, King of Mercia, 755-94. The most powerful of the 
Mercian princes. Offa defeats the forces of Sussex, 
Kent, Wessex, and the British state of Powys. 

756 Pepin bestows the Exarchate upon the Pope, under the 

title of St. Peter*s patrimony. Origin of the Papal tem- 
poral sovereignty. 

757 The first organ in France.' 
759 Narbonne besieged and taken by Pepin. 

The educational efibrts of the Church alone re- 
lieve the universal mental darkness. France 
now posfsesses several schools. At York, there 
is a library for the clergy, and a famous school 
presided over by Alcuin, the most learned 
scholar of his age. In Friesland, Gregory of 
Utrecht, a fellow-labourer with Boniface, pre- 



114 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 759- 

A.D. 

759 sides over a BenedictiDe monastery in which 

youths are educated as missionaries. The in- 
struction in these schools comprehends those 
styled the Seven Liberal Arts, viz.: — the 
Trivium — grammar, rhetoric, and logic ; and 
the Quadrivium— arithmetic, music, geometry, 
and astronomy. 

762 Bagdad founded by the Ehalif Almansur, who removes 
^ere the seat of government from Damascus. 

765 Death of Jafar, an Arab chemist 

767 The minster of York rebuilt. 

768 Death of Pepin. His sons, Charlemagne and Garloman, 

succeed him. 

Abderrahman encourages learning, and founds 

schools in Spain. 
Palm trees first planted in Spain. 

769 Fronsac, the first fortified castle in France, built 

by Charlemagne. 

770 The Emperor Constantino dissolves the monasteries in the 

East. 

771 Charlemagne becomes, by the death of Carloman, sole King 

of France. The reign of this great prince, one of the 
ablest monarchs who ever lived, stands out in bold relief 
from the history of the "Dairk Ages,** and forms an 
equidistant point between the destruction of the Roman 
empire and the social civilisation which slowly succeeded 
it. 

772 Revolt of the Saxons against Charlemagne, followed by 

nearly thirty years* war. 

773 Didier, King of Lombardy, besieges Pope Adrian in Rome, 

who appeals to Charlemagne for aid. 

774 Like Hannibal in ancient, and Napoleon in modem times, 

Charlemagne forces a passage across the Alps; dethrones 
Didier; puts an end to the kingdom of the Lombards, 
and assumes the iron crown of the Lombard Kings. 

The convent of Lorsch, near Worms, consecrated. 
The battle of Otford brings Kent under the authority of 
KingOffa. 

775 Offa*s dyke, from Chester to the Wye, oonatmcted 

to prevent the incursions of the Welsh. 



786] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 116 

A. D. 

777 Successful expedition of Charlemagne against the Saxons. 
Great magnificence of the Khalifat at this epoch. 

The Abbassides encourage learning ; and Arabian 
poetry, philosophy, architecture, and general 
literature, flourish during the five centuries of 
their dynasty, a term coeval with the darkest 
period of Europe. Celebrated schools of Arab 
learning are founded at Bagdad, Cufa, Alexan- 
dria, Fez, and Cordova. Geography, chemistry, 
medicine, and astronomy, ali advance by Arab 
study. The Iliadj the works of Aristotle, the 
great master of Arab veneration, and other 
Greek philosophers, are translated into Arabic. 

778 Campaign of Charlemagne against the Saracens. 
Ketreat and death of Eoland, in the pass of Roncesvalles, so 

famous in the legends of chivalry, which may be said 
now to take its first rise. Conquest of the Spanish Marche. 

779 The institution of Tithes confirmed to the Church by 

Charlemagne. 

78 1 Wars of Hanm al Bashid with the Greeks, 781 -805. 

782 Correspondence between Ofla and Charlemagne. 

From this time, Alcuin is in France, and assists 
Charlemagne in his efforts to advance science 
and learning. Many schools are founded in 
connection with the cathedrals and monasteries. 
The Gregorian chant brought into use in France. 

784 Charlemagne defeats Witikind in Saxony. 

The Empress Irene, the mother and guardian of Constan- 
tine YI., favours the restoration of image-worship. 

Paul Wamefried, of Aquilea, History of the 
Lombards. 

785 Witikind and Alboin, with the Saxons, submit to Charle- 

magne, and are baptised. Charlemagne establishes eight 

bishoprics in their country. 

The Arabian or Saracenic architecture, the charac- 
teristic of which is the horse-shoe arch, flourishes 
in Bagdad, Sicily, and Spain. Famous mosque 
at Cordova, commenced 780. 

786 Charlemagne defeats Tasillon, Duke of Bavaria, and annexes 

his dominions. 



116 RUDIMENTAZIY CHRONOLOGY. i.^.D. 786- 

A. D. 

786 Harun al Bashid (Aaron the Sage), Ehalif of Bagdad, 

786-809. 

A great friend and patron of literature. He is 
always surrounded by learned men, and never 
founds a mosque without attaching to it a 
school. Flourishing commerce of Bagdad. 

787 The seventh Greneral Council at Nice. The Iconoclasts are 

anathematised, and the restoration of images decreed. 
The Northmen from Scandinavia, known as Normans or 
Danes, wliose leaders take the proud title of Sea Kings, 
now become formidable as pirates to Western Eurc^. 
They invade England for the first time, and plunder 
Lindisfarne and Weremouth, 792. 

Willehad of Northumbria, Bishop of Bremen. 

789 Council of Aix-la-Chapelle on discipline. Various other 

Councils are held there, from 797 to 8 1 9. The frequent 
Councils held by Charlemagne, ^nd his strict enforce- 
ment of the Canons, revive for a time the relaxed disci- 
pline of the Church. 

790 The Emperor Constantine assumes the government, inde- 

pendent of Irene. 

791 Bermudo, King of Oviedo, defeats Hashem, Khalif of 

Cordova, at Burebo. 
Campaign of Charlemagne against the Avars, 791-3 ; they 
^ ultimately disappear among the Slavonians and Bulgarians. 

Charlemagne attempts to unite the Rhine and 

Danube by a canal. 
Greorge Syncellus, of Constantinople, the chron'. 
79 2 Offa, King of Mercia, puts to death his son-in-law Ethelbert, 
King of East-Anglia, on the day of his marriage, and 
annexes his dominions. In atonement, he imposes a tax 
of one penny on each family, to be paid annually to the 
Roman see — ^the origin of Peter-pence, 794. 
The Diet and Council of Batisbon condemn the doctrines of 
the Adoptians, maintained by Felix, Bishop of Urgella. 

793 The monastery of St. Albans, founded by Offa. 

794 The Council at Frankfort, convoked and supported by 

Charlemagne, condemns image-worship. 
Alfonso, King of Oviedo, defeats the Saracens at Lodoa. 

Charlemagne gathers about him the most learned 



8oo] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 117 

A.D. 

794 ™6^ ^^ ^^^ ^D^' ^^^ ^^3^ ^^^ foundation of the 

University of Paris. The Songs of the Bardi^ 
Homilies^ a Grammar^ &c., are compiled by his 
direction. It is stated by M. Guizot that all 
the most celebrated men in the service of 
Charlemagne as ministers, secretaries, &c., were 
ecclesiastics of the Benedictine Order. The 
same, in a degree, might be said of England 
from the 7th to the 1 2th centuries. 

795 Towards the close of this century, the exclusive 

monopoly in Christian architecture is said to 
have been conceded by the Pope to the masons 
of Como, then and for ages afterwards when the 
title of ^'Magistri Comacini** had long been 
absorbed in that of " Free and Accepted Masons,** 
associated as a craft or brotherhood. To this 
powerful body, composed eventually of all 
nations, concentring the talent and secret artistic 
tradition of each succeeding generation, and 
constantly engaged in mutual communication, 
we are ultimately indebted for the origin and 
simultaneous diffusion of that triumph of genius, 
the Pointed architecture. 
797 Irene, after killing her son the Emperor Constantine, reigns 

alone, 797-802. 
800 The Pope finally separates from the Eastern empire. 

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the West by Pope 
Leo, at Kome, on Christmas-day. His empire includes 
all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Bene- 
vento, several islands of the Mediterranean, and the 
greater portion of Pannonia or Hungary. 

Celebrated Laws (Capitularies) of Charlemagne. 
Schools of learning at Pavia and Bologna are 
founded by the Emperor, about this time. 
Egbert, King of Wessex, 800-36. 

Educated in the court of Charlemagne, he becomes re- 
markable both for his policy and valour. 
Eevolt of the Arabian provinces. Dynasty of the Aglabites 
founded at Cairoan and Tunis, 800-941. Dynasty of 
the Edrisites at Fez, 808-908. 



118 RUDIMENT ART CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 8o I - 
A. D. 

80 1 Embassy of Harun al Rashid to Charlemagne. 

Among the presents sent to the Emperor, is a 
hydraulic dock, and an elephant, the first seen 
in France. 

802 The Empress Irene is deposed by Nicephorus I., who succeeds 

her on the throne. 

Under the vigorous government of Charlemagne, 
Italian commerce revives, and through his 
alliance with Hamn al Rashid, the arts and pro- 
ducts of the East flow once more into Western 
Europe. Manufactures of wool, iron, and glass, 
are carried on in France. The Jews are gene- 
rally the chief merchants of the time. 

803 The Saxons finally subdued by Charlemagne. 

The Saracens defeat the Greeks, 803-6, and make Nicepho 
rus pay tribute. 

804 Death of Alcuin. 

Churches, palaces, and many great buildings are 

erected by the Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, 

Ingelheim, &c. 
Agriculture and horticulture flourish under the 

encouragement of Charlemagne, and of the 

Khalifs. 

806 Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two 

of whom die, 810-11. 

807 Revolt in Cordova. The expelled insurgents capture Crete, 

823- 
Second embassy of Harun al Rashid to Charlemagne. 

808 The Normans, imder Godfrey, make their first descent upon 

France, but speedily retreat on tidings of Charlemagne's 
approach. 

Aimon, French legendary historian, d. 836. 

Turpin, Abp. of Rheims. 

809 The Venetians build Venice on the island of Rialto, which 

becomes their seat of government. 

8 1 1 The Emperor Nicephorus is defeated and slain by Crunnus, 

King of the Bulgarians. 

812 The ^* Heerban** of Charlemagne, compelling every land- 

holder to serve in the army when called upon. 

8 1 3 Five Councils are held this year at Axles, Mayence, Rheims, 



826] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 119 

A.D. 

813 Tours, and Chalons. A general rule framed for the 
Canons Regular of St Augustin. 

Al Mamnn, Khalif of Bagdad, 813-35. 

^8 reign is regarded as the Augustan age of 
Arabian literature. 
Egbert, King of Wessez, overthrowB the Britons in Deron- 

shire and Cornwall. 
The Emperor Michael L is defeated by Cmnnus, and retires 
to a monastery. 

814 Death of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, Jan. 28. BQs 

son, Louis, succeeds him. 
The Emperor Leo renews the edict against images. ^ 

817 Benedict of Aniane establishes a new rule, founded on the 

existing institutes, for the Benedictines, whose discipline 
had begun to decline. 

818 Bernard, King of Italy, is put to death by his uncle, the 

Emperor Louis. Kemorse and penance of Louis. 
820 Dismemberment of the Saracen monarchy in the East The 
dynasty of the Taherites founded at Khorassan, 820-72. 
Leo the Armenian, Emperor of the East, is killed at the altar 
by Michael the Stammerer, who succeeds him. 

Many of the mosaics, still existing at Borne, belong 
to the early part of this century, and were 
executed chiefly by the Greek monks, whom 
the Iconoclastic persecutions had driren into 
exile. The series of mosaics closes abruptly 
about the middle of this century ; and amidst 
the wars and barbarism which ensue, none are 
executed in Italy for two hundred years. 

823 Egbert, King of Wessex, defeats the Mercians at the battle 

of Wilton, and subdues Kent and Essex. 
Crete taken by the Spani^ Saracens. Candia founded. 

Famous Arabian breed of horses in Spain : the 
Andalusian, &c. 

824 Council of Paris against image- worship. 

825 Dicuil, Irish monk in France, De mensura orbis 

terra. 

826 Ansgar, ''the Apostle of the North," begins his mission in 

Denmark. The Danish prince, Harald, is baptised at 
Ingelheim. 



120 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D.827- 

A.D. 

827 Egbert receives the submission of Mercia and Northumbria, 

and having thus conquered or made tributary all the 
other Anglo-Saxon states, becomes virtually King of 
England ; he assumes, however, no higher title than that 
of " King of the West Saxons/' 
Sicily subdued by the Saracens of Africa, 827-78. 

828 Egbert subdues Wales as far as Anglesea. 

829 The Saracens settle in Calabria. 

830 Ansgar preaches Christianity in Switzerland. 

Eginhard, secretary to Charlemagne, author of Lt/e 
of Chcirlemagne^ Annals^ &c., d. 839. 
Bevolt of the three sons of the Emperor Louis. • 

831 The doctrine of Transubstantiation, which Selden says "is 

only rhetoric turned into logic," is maintained by Pascha- 
sius Radbertus, a monk of Corbey.f 

832 The Danes pillage the isle of Sheppey, and defeat Egbert in 

Dorset, 833. 
Claude, Bishop of Turin, boldly denounces the use of relics, 
the worship of saints and images, and other prevailing 
corruptions of the Church. 

833 The army of the Emperor Louis passes over to his sons, on 

the night of June 24. Louis is deposed, but shortly 
after restored. 
About this period, many fiefo are made hereditary, and 
several dukedoms established. 

834 Ansgar, now Abp. of Hamburg, founds there a 

school and monastery. 

835 Egbert gains a great victory over the Danes at Hengston 

Hill in Cornwall. 

836 Death of Egbert. 

Ethelwulf, King of England, 836-56- 

He confirms previous grants of tithes to the Church. 

The " Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals," and the "Donation of 
Constantine," are published about this time. Both» 
thongh now universally admitted to be forgeries, 
contribute greatly to the advancement of the Papal 
authority. 
838 The Amorium war between Theophilus, Emperor of the 
East, and the Khalif Motassem, who is successful. 

About this timcv Turkish slaves are formed into a body- 



849} MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 121 

A. D. 

838 gaard for the Ehalif, and, like the PrvtorianB of Rome^ 
they soon obtain the chief power. 
The Normans pillage Marseilles. 

840 Death of the Emperor Louis. Dispute between his sons. 
Dynasty of the Piasts in Poland, 840-1370. 

841 Battle of Fontenai, between Lothaire, Charles, and Louis, 

the sons of the late Emperor, in which Louis is defeated. 
Oscar, the Norman, sails up the Seine, and bums Rouen. 
Albumazar, Arabian astronomer, 805-85. 

842 The Empress Theodora restores the worship of images in 

the East 
Wrad, the last Pictish King in Scotland, is slain, and the 
Scottish prince, Kenneth, governs the whole country. 

843 Partition of the empire of Charlemagne at Verdun. The 

histories of France, Germany, and Italy, as separate 
Christian feudal states, now begin. Lothaire, Emperor, 
obtains Italy and Lorraine ; Charles the Bald, France ; 
and Louis the German, Germany to the Rhine, &c. 
Godeschalcus Fulgentius, theologian. 

844 Irruption of the Yikingr, or Sea Kings, in Spain. 

The doctrine of transubstantiation opposed by the English 
Church. Bertram, or Ratramus, and Scotus Erigena, 
both write against its adoption. 

845 Ragnor Ladbrog, one of the most famous of the Sea Kings, 

sails up the Seine, and pillages Paris. 
Decline of the temporal power of the Eastern Khalifs. 

Hincmar, Abp. of Rheims, the greatest Church- 
man of his age. Epistles j &c., d. 882. 
The Scalds in Iceland ; the Edda. 

846 The Moors and Saracens of Africa invade and pillage 

Rome. 

Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mentz, 785-856, 
Alcuin*s pupil. . 

848 Council of Mayence against Grodeschalcus, who has excited 

the Predestinarian controversy. 
Bordeaux burnt by the Normans. 
The Venetian fleet destroyed by the Saracens at Crotona. 

849 Birth of Alfred the Great. 

Victory of Pope Leo IV. over the Saracens at the mouth 
of the Tiber. 

o 



122 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 850- 

▲. D. 

850 Foundation of the Russian state under Burie, about this 

date. 

Ado, Abp. of Vienne, Chronicle^ 800-75. 
St. Neot, Abbot of Glastonbury, d. 877. 

851 250 Danish vessels arriye, and ascend the Seine, the 

Meuse, and the Khine. The Danes carry their ravages 
up to Treves and Cologne, and make a desert of eveiy 
district they traverse. 

John Scotus Erigena, renowned for his skill both 
in metaphysical philosophy and in languages, 
writes On the Nature of Things, He teaches 
at Oxford, and dies there, 886. 
The blending into one system of the Eclectic phi- 
losophy and of Christianity first originates the 
scholastic philosophy. 

852 The Saracens persecute the Christians in Spain. 

The Danes, who had wintered in the Isle of Thanet, 851, 
are defeated with great loss by Ethelwulf. 

855 Death of the Emperor Lothaire, and division of his 

dominions. 
King Ethelwulf visits Borne. 

He rebuilds the English school there. 
Cyril and Methodius preach the Gospel to the Slavonians, 
who now occupy Poland, Bussia, Courland, Frussia, 
Bohemia, and Moravia. 

Cyril translates portions of Scripture into the 
Slavonian tongue, 

856 Bevolt of Wessex under Alstan And Ethelbald. Ethelwulf 

is deposed. 
Ethelbald, King of England, 856-60. 
The Normans sail up the Seine to Paris, and pillage and 

bum the churches. 

857 The Normans plunder the coasts of Holland. 

858 The kingdom of Navarre founded by Garcia Ximenes, 

about this time. 

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Greek 
Lexicon. 

860 Ethelbart, King of England, 86o-66. 

861 The Khalif Motawakel is murdered by his Turkish guards, 

who now dispose of the throne at their pleasure 



872] UEDIEYAL HIST0R7. 123 

A. D. 

861 Bogoris, King of the Bulgariana, and many of his people, 

profess Christianity. 

862 Ordono, King of Oviedo, takes Salamanca by storm. The 

Saracens are repeatedly defeated. 

863 Grorm the Elder unites Jutland and the Danish isles, and 

becomes King of Denmark. 

864 Anastasius, librarian at Borne, Liber Pontificalis^ 

d.886. 

865 First naval expedition of the Bussians against Constan- 

tinople. 
Bagnor Ladbrog having invaded England, is made prisoner 
and put to death by Ella. 

Bagnor Ladbrog's Death-song. The Yikingr are 
the great heroes of the Sagas^ or Songs of the 
Scalds. 

866 Ethelred, King of England, 866-7 1 . 

Great Danish invasion of England, led by the sons of Lad- 
brog, to revenge his death. During this and the follow- 
ing years, the Danes burn the churches and monasteries, 
put young and old to the sword, and scatter desolation 
wherever they go. They put to death Edmund called 
the Martyr, the last tributary King of East Anglia, 870. 

867 Michael III., Emperor of the East, is put to death by 

Basil, the Macedonian, who, once a boxer and wrestler, 
rises from. the Emperor^s stable to his throne. Basil 
proves a wise and vigorous ruler, and establishes im- 
portant reforms in the corrupt and decaying empire. 
Death of Pope Nicholas I., who has successfully struggled 
to extend the Papal authority. 
869 The eighth Greneral Council at Constantinople, for the con- 
demnation of Photius, the Patriarch. 

87 1 Alfred the Great, King of England, 87 1 -90 1 . 

Alfred's troops are defeated by the Danes in the ninth 
pitched battle fought with them this year. 

At Alfred's accession, England is in a state of 
desolation approaching to barbarism. The 
monasteries, the centres of the only civilisation 
of the age, have everywhere been destroyed by 
the Danes. 

872 Battle of Wilton. The Danes conquer Mercia. 

* g8 



124 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D.872- 

A. D. 

872 The Taherites oyerthrown, and the Safkrian dynasty 
founded in Persia by Yakub ben Leis. 

874 The republic of Iceland established by the Norwegians. 

875 Charles the Bald, King of France, becomes Emperor and 

King of Italy. Submission to the Pope. 

During the interval following the death of Charlemagne, 
the Papal power has been continually advancing. Claim 
follows claim, as the reins of power fall from the feeble 
A^ands of the successors of the Great Emperor, until at 
length an acknowledgment is extorted that the empire 
is held as a gift from the Pope. It cannot, however, be 
questioned that this assertion of authority, during the 
fierce turbulence of this and the following centuries, 
was of immense advantage to Europe. Amidst the 
ceaseless contentions of savage chiefs, who could not read 
their own grants and edicts, it was in the Church alone 
that even the semblance of justice and learning was 
preserved ; and a system which introduced strong moral 
and intellectual restraints into communities previously 
governed only by brute violence, and sunk in gross 
ignorance, must have been a blessing, even while a 
usurpation. 

Harald Harfragre unites the Fylki, or petty principalities 
of Norway, under one monarchy. 

Eric Edmundson, supreme King of Sweden. Dies, 883. 

876 Charles the Bald defeated at Andemach by Louis of 

Saxony. 
The Danes invade Wessex. 

877 Alfred's fleet gain a victory over the Danes under 

Guthrun. 

Charles the Bald defeated in Italy by Carloman. Dies, 
Oct. 6. 

Edict of Xiersi, that duchies, earldoms, and all fiefs shall 
be hereditary. The principle of inheritance thus esta- 
blished is the great confirmation of the aristocratic feudal 
system. The nobles, having made their dignities here* 
ditary, soon seek to appropriate to themselves the lands 
within their jurisdiction. The free proprietors, exposed 
without defence to the tyranny of the Count or Duke, 
^e compelled to surrender their allodial lands, and 



886] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 1 26 

A. D. 

877 receiving them back as dependent fiefs, to acknowledge 
themselves vassals of a suzerain; in return for thus 
assuming the feudal obligations, they obtain the protec- 
tion of their new lord. The consequences of this system 
are to destroy the royal power, to make the nobles all- 
powerful, and the masses of the people abject serfs, little 
better than the cattle they tend. 

878 New armies of the Danes arrive in England, and Alfred is 

driven to take refuge in the Isle of Athelney. * Having 
collected his forces, he totally defeats the invaders at 
Ethandune. The Danes surrender, and having, >nth 
Gnthrun their chief, received baptism, an extensive terri- 
tory, henceforth known as the Danelagh, or '* Dane- 
law," is allotted to them as vassals of Alfred. 
Contests between the Pope and the Greek Patriarch respect- 
ing the jurisdiction of Bulgaria, &c. 

879 Boson proclaimed King of Aries, at Mantaille. 

Council of Constantinople, called by the Latin Church the 
'« False Eighth," is held by Photius. 

Alfragonus Logista, Arabian astronomer, d. 888. 

88 1 Alfonso, King of Oviedo, defeats the Saracens on the Ana. 
Charles, sumamed le Gros, is crowned Emperor at 

Bome. 

Albategnius, Arabian astronomer, d. 929. 

882 Louis m., King of France, defeats the Normans on the 

Loire. Dies, Aug. 3. 

The Emperbr Basil embellishes Constantinople. 

He is said to have erected 100 churches. 
Publication of the Basilica^ a digest of Justinian's 
body of law. 

884 Charles le Gros seizes the throne of France, and re-unites 

the monarchy of the Franks. 
King Alfred sends an embassy to the Syrian Christians in 
India. 

885 The Normans for several months besiege Paris, which is 

saved by Eudes, son of Robert, Duke of Neustria. 

886 Death of Basil, Emperor of the East, who is succeeded by 

Leo the Philosopher. 
King Alfred avails himself of the interval of peace to 
reform the laws, and especially their administration b^ 



126 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 886- 

A. D. 

886 the county court, an inestimable institution to the Eng- 
lishmen of those days. The division of England into 
Shires and Hundreds, the Frankpledge, and other fiunous 
legal institutions popularly ascribed to this great King, 
were, however, idr^y established by the Doom-books 
of his predecessors. A powerful navy is collected, and 
fortifications erected. 

Commerce, literature, and the arts, are sedulously 
encouraged by Alfred, who establishes public 
schools, gathers around him learned men, and 
himself translates into Anglo-Saxon the works 
of Bede^ Orosius^ Boethius^ and others. 

The University of Oxford endowed as a seat of 
learning, probably about this time. 

887 The empire of the West again divided. Charles le Gros is 

deposed by the German Diet. Amulph is elected Em- 
peror, 888 ; and from this date, Germany becomes a dis- 
tinct elective empire. 

888 Eudes becomes King of France, 888-98. 

Rudolph founds the kingdom of Burgundy, Transjurane. 

889 The Hungarians, or Magyars, advance in seven tribes from 

the foot of the Ural mountains across the Volga, Dneiper, 
&c., to the modem Hungary, which they conquer. Aipad 
becomes sovereign of the Seven Hordes. 

890 Southern Italy subject to the Greek empire. 

While the Papal see is successfully asserting its supremacy 
over the Emperors, it is itself a prey to the tyranny of 
the Italian feudal lords, who now and during the follow- 
ing century control the Pontifical elections, and often fill 
the Papal chair with the most abandoned men. 

The kingdom of Bohemia founded by Swentibold. 

Rise and progress of the Carmathians, or Karamites, in 
Eastern Arabia, 890-95 1. They declare unceasing war 
to the pomp of the court of Bagdad. 

John Malalas, Byzantine History. 

89 1 The Normans defeated by the Emperor Arnulph. 

892 Turkestan, under Ismail Samain, becomes independent of 

the Khalifs. 

893 The Danes, under Hastings, invade England, but are com- 

pelled Itfter three years* contest to retire. 



902] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 127 

A. D. 

Sg6 Amulpli besieges and takes Borne, and is crowned Emperor 
by Pope Formosus. 

898 Cbarles the Simple is crowned King of France, on the death 

of Eudes. 

John Asser, Bp. of Sherborne, Life of King 
Alfred^ History of England, &c. 

899 Death of the Emperor Amulph, who is succeeded by Louis 

nL, the last of the Carlovingian race in Grermany. 

900 The Hungarians invade Germany and Italy ; burning the 

cities, slaying without mercy the people, and everywhere 
causing a fearful devastation. They are defeated by 
Berenger, King of Italy, 902. 

The Greek Emperor, Leo YL, Treatise on Tactics, 
On Christian Faith, &c., d. 9 1 1 . 

901 Great sterility of genius and learning prevail 

during this century. The repeated incursions 
of the Northmen, Hungarians, &c., throw 
Europe back into the darkness from which, 
under Charlemagne, it had begun to emerge. 

Death of King Alfred, the "Truth-teller," and "Shep- 
herd of his people,** as the old chroniclers fondly record 
him. 

Edward the Elder, King of England, 901-24. 

The first prince who assumes the title of " Bex Anglo- 
rum.** The Danes, Scots, and Britons acknowledge his 
supremacy. 

Ethelfleda, the King's sister, the wise and fearless "lady 
of Mercia.** 

France is now divided among the powerful feudal barons, 
who, though formally vassals of the crown, exercise 
sovereign power in their respective domains, and wage 
constant war with each other. 

The Carlovingians become mere cipher kings under the 
Capetians. 

The German empire at this period consists of five distinct 
nations, each under its own Duke, and distinguished by 
difference of laws and origin, viz. : the Franks, Suabians, 
Bavarians, Saxons, and Lorrainers. 

902 Ismail Samain conquers Persia. 

Begino^ Chronicles, d. 915. 



128 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 903- 
A. D. 

903 The caravan to Mecca is plundered by the Karamites, and 

20,000 pilgrims slain. 

904 Second expedition of the Russians against Constanta* 

nople. 
906 The Normans subdue Cotentin and Maine, and ravage 
Bretagne, Ficardy, and Champagne. 
Upon the triumph of the feudal system, the Italian towns, 
which had preserved some slight measure of independence 
even from the fall of the Roman empire, although not 
now sinking into the slavery of the agriculturists, yet 
become included in some fief, and entirely subjected to 
the control of a lord. 

No sooner is society a little settled under feudal- 
ism, than the enriched nobles begin to feel new 
wants, and to acquire luxurious tastes; in grati* 
fying these, conmierce and industry are pro- 
moted in the towns, and wealth and population 
begin slowly to increase there. # 
908 Mohammed al Medhi, the son of Ali and Fatima, from 
whence the race is called Fatimite, claims the Khalifat 
in Western Africa, and overthrows the Aglibite, and 
afterwards the Edrisite dynasties. 

910 Garcia, King of Oviedo, transfers the seat of government 

to Leon, by which name the kingdom is henceforth 
known. 

The monastery of Clugny, on the reformed Bene- 
dictine rule, founded by Berno. Under Odo, 
his successor, it attains great reputation. 
The Benedictine foundations, from this time, greatly 
increase. 

9 1 1 Conrad, Duke of Franconia, becomes Emperor of Germany, 

9 1 1 - 1 8. Lorraine annexed to France. 
Rollo, the Dane, wrests from Charles the Simple, the pro- 
vince of Normandy with the title of Duke. Rollo and 
the Normans receive baptism. Full development of 
the feudal system in Normandy. 

The Normans quickly adopt, and soon far excel, 
the civilisation of their new subjects, and be- 
come celebrated for their love of order and 
refinement. 



93^] MEDIEVAL HISTORY, 1 29 

9 1 2 Abderrahman HE., Khalif of Cordova, 9 1 2-6 1 . 
The greatest Arab prince of Spain. 

914 Ordono, King of Leon, defeats Abderrahman, and captures 

Talayera. 
Commencement of the heroic age of Spain. 

915 Berenger crowned Emperor by Pope John X. 

Cambridge first becomes a seat of learning. 

916 Ordono defeats Abderrahman at St. Peter de Gormuz. 

9 1 7 The Bulgarians, under Simeon, besiege Constantinople. 

918 Death of the Emperor Conrad. 

919 Saxon Emperors, 9 1 9- 1 024. 

Henry the Fowler is elected to the Grerman throne. 

92 1 The Khalif Abderrahman defeats Ordono and the King of 

Navarre at Val Junquera. 

922 Battle of Placeptia, in which Berenger is defeated by Ru- 

dolph, King of Burgundy. 

923 Lorraine re-annexed to the German empire. 

924 Athelstan, King of England, 924-40. 

A just and sagacious ruler, who forms relations with, and 
holds a distinguished station among, the monarchs of 
Europe. 

Pavia burnt by the Hungarians. 

The Emperor Berenger is assassinated at Verona. 

925 Henry the Fowler appoints Margraves, or Marquises to de- 

fend the fnmtiers, and by his able government consoli- 
dates the empire. Strongly fortified towns are built, 
and the territory extended. 

926 Hugo, Count of Provence, elected King of Italy. 

928 The Imperial throne in the East is now occupied by five 
Emperors. 

Eudes, monk of Clugny. 
930 The Karamites, under Taher, attack and pillage Mecca. 

Cordova in Spain is now a great seat of Arab 
learning, science, and commerce. Its poets and 
philosophers, and its schools of mathematics, 
astronomy, chemistry, and medicine, make it 
famous through the world. The great palace 
of Abderrahman, near Cordova, decorated by 
the chief artists of Constantinople with marble, 
gold, and pearl, is said to have cost three mil- 

q5 



130 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D.930. 

A. D. 

930 lions sterling. The largest ships yet seen are 

constructed by the Spanish Saracens. 

932 Ramiro n., King of Leon, invades the Mohammedan state, 

and captures Madrid. 

933 Imad al Daulah founds the Buyide, or Deylimite dynasty 

in Persia, 933-1056. 

Under this House, learning and genius again 
flourish in Persia. 

934 The Hungarians defeated by Henry the Fowler at the 

battle of Mersberg. 

Azophi, Arabian astronomer. 

935 Death of Rudolph, King of France. He is succeeded, 936, 

by Louis d*outre Mer, who has been brought up in the 
court of his uncle. King Athelstan. 

Printing is said to have been now known to the 
Chinese. 

936 Haco the Good, the *' foster son** of Athelstan, at whose 

court he has been educated, becomes King of Korway, 
936-61. 

Agriculture and commerce prosper in ITorway, 
under Haco*s government. 
Henry the Fowler is succeeded by Otho the Great. 

Luitprand, Bishop of Cremona, History of his Oum 
Times. 

938 Anlaf, the Danish Sea King, aided by the Soots and Irish, 

endeavours to recover Northumbria from Athelstan, but 
is totally defeated at Brunaburgh (Bamborough). 
Ramiro, King of Leon, defeats the Saracens under Abder- 
rahman at Simancas, and at Salamanca. 

Odo, second Abbot of Clugny, Life of Gregory of 
TourSj d. 942. 

939 Athelstan sends an English fleet to assist King Louis of 

France. 

940 The Emperor Otho comes into France to protect the King 

against his overbearing nobles. Hugh the Great is Du)ce 
of Neustria, Burgundy, and France, and Count of Paris. 

941 The Russians again attack Constantinople, but are driyea 

back by the Greek fire. 
Edmund L, King of England, 941 -6. 

Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury. 



9 5^1 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 131 

vA.. Dw 

94ft The Eastern Emperors take posession of Naples. 

Anlaf, the Dane, again invades England, and has allotted 
to him by treaty, all the country north of \/atling 
Street. 

945 Gonstantine VIL now reigns alone, as Emperor of the East. 
Ahmed, the Bnyide, establishes himself as the vizier of the 

Khalif at Bagdad, and he and his successors, under the 
title of Emir al Omrah, engross all political power. 

The first tunable bells in England are set up in 
Croyland abbey. 

946 Edred, King of England, 946- 5 5 

Alfarabius, Arabian Aristotelian philosopher. 
950 The Emperor Otho defeats the Slavonians, and makes 
Bohemia tributary. 
During this and the succeeding century, many Bishops and 
Abbots are made feudal Counts and Princes over cities 
and provinces, and their spiritual character becomes often 
subordinate to their secular. 
9$ I Otho, invited by the nobles, invades Italy. Berenger II. 
cedes to him the marche of Treviso^ and does homage as 
his vassal, 952. 
Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, one of the most accom- 
plished men of his age, establishes the reformed Benedic- 
tine rule in the English monasteries. 

954 Lothaire becomes King of France, by the influence of Hugh 

the Great. 

955 Edwin, King of England, 955-9* 

Decisive battle of Augsburg gained by Otho over the Hun- 
garians. 
Baptism of the Princess Olga, and conversion of the Russians 
to Christianity. They adhere to the Greek church. 

Roads are made^ bridges built, and an approach to 
social order introduced in Russia. 

956 Death of Hugh the Great 

The Emperor Constantine recovers Armenia and the pro- 
vinces between the Black and Caspian seas, from the 
Saracens. 

Learning is now encouraged in the East by 
Constantine and others. The great old authors 
are read at Constantinople, and the Greeks have 



132 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOOY. [ A. D. 95 6- 
A. D« 

956 many commentators and compilers, but no 

original writers. 

958 Malz ad din, the 4th Fatimite Ealif, subdues Africa and 

Egypt, and makes Cairo his capital, 968. 

959 Edgar, called the Pacific, King of Engknd, 959-75* 
Under the able government of Dunstan and Odo, the Anglo- 
Saxon kingdom now attains its greatest power. Eight 
tributary princes, among them Kenneth of Scotland, do 
homage to Edgar on the Dee. Spread of the S3r8tem of 
feudal vassalage. The Saxon fleet is increased until it 
consists of 360 sail. Many reforms are made both in 
Church and state. 

48 Benedictine monasteries are founded or restored 
during Edgar's reign. The wolves from the 
Welsh mountains are extirpated. Anglo- Saxon 
commerce begins to advance during this season 
of tranquillity. 

Bhazes Abukeker, Arabian physician. 

960 Crete conquered from the Saracens byNicephorus Fhocaa. 
Dynasty of the Song at Eaifong Fu, in the North of China. 

Dunstan is now Archbishop of Canterbury. 

961 Otho dethrones Berenger, and is crowned King of Italy. 
Alp Tegin founds the principality of Ghizni, as an indepen- 
dent state. 

India is now divided among various native principalities : 
in the North — Lahore, Ajmer, Delhi, Kanoj on the 
Granges, &c. ; and in the South — Pandya, Chola, Chera, 
Kerala, &c. 

962 Union of the crowns of Germany and Italy. Otho is 

crowned Emperor of the West by Pope John Xn., and 
makes Rome his capital. 

Silver mines discovered in the Hartz mountains. 

963 Nicephorus U. (Phocas) succeeds Bomanus 11. as Emperor 

of the East. The ensuing 1 2 years are marked by great 
military successes of the Greeks. 
Deposition of Pope John for profligacy and immorality. 
The Emperor Otho resumes the Imperial right of confirm- 
ing the election of the Popes. 

The institution of fairs, and exemption from duties, 
give a great impulse to the linen and woollen 



976] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 133 

A.D. 

963 manufactures of Flanden, which firoxn this time 

rapidly increase. 
Silk, carpet, and gold and silver embroidery manu-^ 
factories are carried on in Spain. Both Toledo 
and Damascus are famous for their sword 
blades and steel works. 

965 Geber of Seville, Arabian philosopher. 

966 Conquest of Cilicia, &c., by the Emperor Nicephorus. Syria 

is overrun by the Greeks, and under Zimisces, they 
penetrate to the Tigris, and threaten Bagdad* 

Otho defeats the Saracens, conquers Apulia and Calabria, 
and is at war with the Greeks till 970. 

Christianity is introduced into Poland, about this period, 
and after many struggles is established in Bohemia. The 
Slavonians in Prussia, &c., still remain in idolatry. 

968 The ITorthmen make a descent in Gallida, and advance to 

Compostella, but are defeated with great loss. 
About this time, Bernard, a Thuringian hermit, preaches 
that the world will end A. D. 1000; the delusion becomes 
general, and causes fearful mischief to society. 

969 The Emperor Nicephorus is assassinated at the instigation 

of Theophania. 
Violent disputes prevail in England between the married 
and unmarried clergy. Dunstan vigorously supports 
celibacy. 

970 Witikind, History of the Saxons. 

971 Bulgaria subdued by the Emperor Basil. 

973 Death of Otho the Great, who is succeeded by his son 

Otho 11. 
Deposition of Pope Boniface VII., for his vices. 
The Hungarians partially embrace Christianity. 

Civilisation gradually advances among them. 

974 Ramsey abbey built. 

975 Edward the Martyr, King of England, 975-8. 

976 Hixem, Khalif of Cordova, under the regency of Almansor. 

A sagacious ruler, who gains many victories over the 
Christians. 
Sabaktegin, a general of Alp Tegin, succeeds him, and 
extends the dominion of GliiznL 

St. Mark*s cathedral, Venice, 976-1071. 



IS* RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 977* 

A.D. 

977 The Bohemians suhdued by the Emperor Otbo IL 

978 War between Otho and Lothaire, King of France, respecting 

the possession of Lorraine, 978-80. 
Edward the Martyr assassinated at Corfe Castle by his 

stepmother Elfrida. 
Ethelred the Unready, King of England, 978-1016. 
"This year, all the chief *Witan' of the English nation fell 

at Calne from an upper chamber, except the holy Arch* 

bishop Dnnstan, who alone supported himself upon a 

beam.** Saxon Ckron. 

Abbo, monk of Fleury, astronomer, d. 1004. 

980 Seljuk, a Turk officer of the Khan of Tartary, professes 

Mohammedanism, and settles in Samarcand. 

Bridferth of Kamsey, commentator on Bede. 
Boswitha, a nun of Gandersheim, Latin Comedies^ 
Poems t &c. 
Wladimir, Grand Duke of Kussia, 980-101 5. 

Wladimir founds bishoprics, convents, and schools; 
encourages trade ; and is the Peter of the i oth 
century. 

981 Otho n. endeavours to expel the Greeks from Lower Italy. 

Albirunius, Arabian geographer. 

982 Defeat of Otho at Basientello by the Greeks and Saracens. 

The Eastern Emperors recover Apulia and Calabria. 
Greenland discovered by the Norwegians. 

983 Revolt of the Slavonians against Otho, and irruption of the 

Danes. 
Death of Otho, who is succeeded by his son Otho HE. 

986 Aimoin, Abbot of Fleury, Hist, of France, d. 1 008. 

Grerbert of Auvergne, afterwards Pope Sylvester 

IL, who, taught by Arab masters, is famous for 
his skill in philosophy and mathematics. 

987 Death of Louis le Faineant, King of France. End of the 

Carlovingian dynasty. 
The Capetian dynasty in France. 

Hugh Capet, the son of Hugh the Great, is raised to the 
throne. His descendants, with the exception of the Revo* 
lutionary Period, govern France till the fall of Louis 
Philippe, Feb. 1 848. Hugh Capet becomes, by his aoces-» 
sion, little more than the feudal superior of the aristocracy 



99^] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 135 

A. D. 

987 of great barons, about 40 in number, who wage war, 
profess to administer justice, and virtually govern France. 
The common people are everywhere serfs or slaves. 

988 Death of Archbishop Dunstan. 

990 The Saracens under Almansor take Leon by storm, and 

pillage Gallida. 

99 1 The arithmetical characters now used are intro- 

duced into Europe by the Arabs. 

993 First instance on record of the Papal canonisation of a saint 

(Ulric, Bishop of Augsburgh). 

994 Sweyn of Denmark and Olaf, King of Norway, sail up the 

Thames with 94 vessels, and desolate the Southern 
countries. The Witanagemot purchases their retreat 
by the tribute of the Danegelt. 

Flourishing trade of Dublin. 

995 Almansor defeats Bermudo, King of Leon, on the banks of 

the Ezla. 
Ola^ King of Norway, introduces Christianity there, and in 
Iceland, &c. Missionaries are sent to Greenland. Dron- 
theim founded, 997. 

^Ifric, Abp. of Canterbury, Homilies^ Grammar^ 

&c., d. 1006. 
The celebrated illuminated Menologion of the 
Emperor Basil 11., a volume of rare beauty, now 
in the Vatican, was executed by Byzantine 
artists, about this time. 

997 Sultan Mahmud, the most famous of the Ghiznivide dynasty, 

997- 1030. He conquers Transoxiana, Cabul, and part 
of India ; makes twelve separate expeditions into IQndus- 
tan ; and enriches Ghizni with the plunder of many cities. 
Mahmud carries off the renowned gates of Somnauth. 

Learning, art, and commerce flourish in Ghizni. 

Ferdusi, the Persian Homer, d. 1020. 
Martyrdom, in Prussia, of the missionary Adalbert of 
Prague. 

998 Bermudo defeats the Saracens under Almansor, who dies 

soon aft«r. 
Bevolt at Rome suppressed, and execution of the Consul 

Crescentius. 
During the continued contentions of this century, the Italian 



136 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. L^D. 998- 

A.D. 

998 cities defend themselTes from pillage by the nobles, by 
rebuilding their ancient walls; and their power thence 
rapidly increases, till they begin to shake off their feudal 
subjection, and approach independence. 

Traders and artizans from all parts seek, in these 
fortified tO¥nis, refuge from baronial tyranny, 
and united together in guilds and municipalities, 
gradually acquire social importance. 

999 Sylvester n.,Pope, 999-1003. His personal virtues retrieve, 

for a brief time, the now degraded character of the Papal 



Sylvester warmly encourages learning and science, 
toco Stephen, the first hereditary King of Hungary. He 
extends his dominions, and labours to Christianise his 
people. 

A constitution and written laws are given to the 
Hungarians. 

1002 Ethelred marries Emma, daughter of Bichard, Duke of 

Normandy. 
All the Danes in England are massacred on St. Brice*s day, 
by order of Ethelred. Sweyn of Denmark, in revenge, 
invades and ravages England. 
The Emperor Otho III. is poisoned by the widow of 
Crescentius. 

Decline of the Jewish schools in the East. Spain 
is now the chief seat both of Jewish and Arabian 
learning, and to these, Europe owes much of 
the little knowledge now extant. 

1003 » Malcolm II., King of Scotland, 1003-33. An able and 

energetic ruler. 

Wulfstan, Abp. of York, Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. 
Avicenna, Arabian chemist and physician. 
Foundation of the House of Wisidom, an academy 
of learning, at Cairo. 

1004 Henry, Emperor of Germany, defeats his rival Ardoin, in 

Italy. Pavia burnt. 

Cynewulf, Bp. of Winchester, poet. 

ioo6 Sweyn receives a tribute of £30,000 to leave England. 

1007 Bruno or Boniface, with 18 companions, preaches Chris- 
tianity in Prussia. They are all martyred there, 1 008. 



loi 5] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. ] 37 

i.D. 

1007 Mesua, Arabian physician. 

1008 Baptism of Olaf, the first Christian King of Sweden. 

1009 ^^^ ^^ between the Spanish Saracens, continued many 

years. 
During this period, the troubled state of Italy still renders 
the Roman see a prey to the neighbouring nobles, who 
make and unmake the Popes at their will. Profligate 
boys, and men of the vilest character, are thrust into 
the Papal chair, 
ton The Danes under Thurkill, one of the famous pirates of 
Jomsburgh, again invade, and, "as their custom is,** 
desolate England. They martyr Alphege, Archbishop 
of Canterbury. £48,000 is given to them to leave. 

10 1 2 Dedication of the cathedral and Benedictine 

monastery at Bamberg, founded by the Em- 
peror Henry. Beautiful ivory sculptures by 
Greek artists in the missals presented by the 
Emperor to the cathedral. 
Dithmar, Chronicle of the Sason Emperors^ 
d. 1018. 

1013 Sweyn invades and subdues England. Many of the 

Saxon nobles join him. Ethelred seeks refuge in 
Normandy. 
Such is the wild disorder of the age, that many believe 
the Millenarian prophecy has been accomplished, and 
that Satan, having shaken off his fetters, a.d. 1,000, 
is now directing in person the destinies of the world. 

1014 Death of Sweyn, who appoints his son Canute his heir. 
The English Witan recall King Ethelred, on condition 

that '*he would rule them better than he had done 
before." Saxon Chron. 
The Emperor Henry 11. crowned at Rome. Pope Bene- 
dict Yin. influences his piety to make the Papal elec- 
tions again independent of the Emperor. 

The church of St. Grermain des Pr^s rebuilt. 

1015 Canute invades England. 

Great minster of Strasburg, 1015-1439. 

As soon as the lethargy induced by die Millenial 
delusion has been shaken off, the fraternity of 
Freemasons begin to construct many works in 



1 38 RUDIMENT ARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. I O 1 5- 

A. D. 

1015 Grermany, Italy, France, England, &c. Under 

their hands, during this and the ensuing cen- 
turies, arise in quick succession those great 
minsters and cathedrals, which have looked 
down in solemn and stately repose on 10 many 
generations of husy, battling life. 

1 01 6 Death of Ethelred. 

Edmund Ironsides, King of England. 

After five battles in seven months, between Edmund 
and Canute, they agree to divide the kingdom. Edmund 
dies in the same year. 

Canute sole King of England, 1016-35. 

The cathedrals of Worms and of Pisa. 

10 1 7 Council at Orleans ; thirteen heretics are put to death. 

loi 8 Canute marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred. He pro- 
scribes and banishes some of the leading Saxon noblesii 
and bestows their lands on the Danish chiefs. 

The Normans first enter Italy. 

The Russians invade Poland, but are repelled by Boles- 
las I. 
Bulgaria is again reduced to a Greek province by the 
Emperor Basil. 

Fulbert of Chartres, Epistles^ d. 1029. 
I o 1 9 Canute subdues Norway. 

1 023 The Emperor Henry restores Rudolph, King of Aries, who 

had been dethroned by his subjects. 

1024 Death of the Emperor Henry II. 
Franconian Emperors, 102 4-1 125. 

Conrad 11. is elected by the Diet. 

1025 Birth of Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, the Cid, so famous in 

the heroic legends of Spain, as 'Hhe mirror bright of 
chivalry." 
Expedition of the Emperor Conrad into Italy, 1025-7. 
Continued contests prevail there between the nobles and 
the cities, respecting feudal tenures, till 1039. 

Musical scale, consisting of six notes, invented by 
Guido of Arezzo. 
1027 Birth of William the Conqueror, the illegitimate son of 
Robert the Magnificent, or the Devil, as he was called, 
. "perhaps with equal justice." 



1 031] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 139 

A.D. 

1028 Canute conquers Sweden. 

IncreBsing power of Yenioe, Genoa, and Pisa. 

All the free cities make steady progress in com- 
merce, wealth, and civilisation. Quays, docks, 
and other great industrial works are constructed. 
After the Millenial panic had passed away, 
Italian art bad its first revival in Pisa. 

1029 Foundation of Aversa in Naples by the Normans. 
The Emperor Conrad at war with the Poles. 

Canute administers justice in England with an even hand, 
and evinces great respect for the Church. 

Canute builds a stately church and monastery ov^r 
the grave of Edmund the Martyr, at Bury, 
since called St. Edmund^s Bury. He also raises 
amidst the marshes the causeway, still existing, 
connecting Peterborough and Ramsey, called 
the Eing*s Delf. Canute, himself a poet, is a 
bountiful patron of the Scalds and Gleemen. 

1030 Romanus, Emperor of the East, is defeated by the 

Saracens. 
Death of Hixem, the last of the Ommiyade Ehalifs. End 
of the Elhalifat of Cordova. Mohammedan Spain now 
rapidly declines in power, and is divided into various 
petty states, till the foundation of the kingdom of 
Granada, 1238. 

Campanus, of Novarro, astronomer. 

The church of Spire founded. 

103 1 The Saracens driven out of Syria by the Emperor 

Romanus. 

Canute invades Scotland, and makes King Malcolm tribu- 
tary. Canute is now supreme head of six nations — 
the English, Scotch, British, Swedes, Norwegians, and 
Danes. 

Grodwin, said to have been once a Saxon peasant, is made 
by Canute Earl of Kent. 

One of the many merciful influences of the Church over 
the fierce turbulence of the time, is shewn in the insti- 
tution of the Truce of God, which prohibits all private 
warfare from every Wednesday night till Monday 
morning, as well as during Lent and Advent. Another, 



1 40 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 1 03 1 * 

A. D. 

1 03 1 is her effort, continued for centuries, and ultimately 
successful, to emancipate from slavery the working 
peasantry. 

1032 Canute performs a pilgrimage to Rome, and revives the 

payment of the Rome-feoh. or Peter*s-pence. 
Burgundy annexed to the German empire by bequest of 

King Rudolph. 
The kingdom of Ghizni gradually declines. The Hindus 

recover by degrees all the places taken by Mahmud, 

except Lahore. 

1033 Duncan, the ^'gracious Duncan** of Shakspere, becomes 

King of Scotland. 
Benedict IX., the son of a Tuscan Count, is raised to the 
Papal chair at the age of ten years. 

Canute builds and richly endows the £unou8 

abbey of St. Bennet*s in the Holm. 
Glaber of Clugny, Chronicle 0/ France. 

1034 Romanus is poisoned by his Empress, Zoe, who marries 

and raises to the Eastern throne Michael IV. 
.1035 * Death of Canute. 

Harold I., sumamed Barefoot, Canute's second son, King 

of England, 1035-9. 

Betrayal and assassination of the Atheling Alfred. 
Death of Sancho, King of Navarre. 
Establishment of the kingdoms of Castile, with which 

Leon is united under Fernando L, 1037, and of 

Aragon. 
Second expedition of the Emperor Conrad into Italy, 

1035-8. Important edict, by which sub-fiefs are made 

hereditary, 1039. 

1036 Church of the Apostles at Cologne. Many other 

fine churches rise there, during this century. 

1037 Toghrel Beg, the grandson of Seljuk, having defeated 

Masaud, second Sultan of Ghizni, 1032, assumes the 
title of Sultan of Mishapur. 
1039 Duncan, King of Scotland, is defeated and slain by Mac- 
beth. 
Death of the Emperor Conrad, who is succeeded by 
Henry IH. (the Black). 

Franco of Liege, mathematician. 



1050] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 141 

A.D. * 

1 040 Hardicanute, brother of Harold, King of England, 1 040- 2. 

^*He did nothing royal during his reign.** Saxon 
Chron. 

Hermannus Contractus of Suabia, mathematician 
and chronologer. 

1 04 1 Death of Michael IV., Emperor of the East. The 

Empress Zoe places Michael Galaphates on the throne. 
Hardicanute oppresses the English by levying heavy 
Danegelts. Insurrection in Worcestershire ; the Danish 
collectors are killed. Arrival of the Atheling Edward, 
son of Ethelred, from Normandy. 

1042 Death of Hardicanute in a drinking revel at Clapham. 

The Saxons rise in armed insurrection against the 
Danes, who, beaten back rapidly to the North, and 
chased from town to town, are finally expelled the 
country. 

Edward the CJonfessor, King of England, 1042-66. 
Edward marries Editha, the daughter of Grodwin, 
Earl of Kent, who now becomes all powerful in 
England. 

The Emperor Michael V. is dethroned by Zoe, who next 
marries and raises to the Eastern throne Constantino 
Monomachus. 

Toghrel Beg invades and subdues Persia. 

1043 The Normans conquer Apulia from the Greeks. 

The Russians again unsuccessfully attack Constantinople. 

1046 Three rival Popes are deposed by the Council of Sutrium, 

which gives to the Emperor the right of nomination to 
the Papal see, without the intervention of clergy or 
people. 
Dispute for the duchy of Normandy between William the 
Conqueror and William of Arques. 
Wippo, Life of Conrad II, 

1047 Sweyn Estritson establishes a new dynasty in Denmark. 

Civil wars prevail there for nearly a century. Out of 

nine kings, five are assassinated. 

Hereman, Bishop of Sherborne. 
1(^49 Alliance of Pope Leo IX. and the two Emperors against 

the Normans in Sicily. 
10^ The empire of the Almoravides, followers of the reform- 



142 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I050- 

▲. D. 

1050 ing Mohammedan prophet Abdalkh, founded by Abu 
Bekr. 

Invasion of the Eastern empire by the Turks. 
Sardinia and Corsica wrested from the Saracens by the 
Fisans and Genoese. 

King Edward introduces the Norman language 

and many Norman usages in his court. 
"The polite luxury of the Normans now presents 
a striking contrast to the coarse voracity and 
drunkenness of their Saxon and Danish neigh- 
bours. They love to display their magnificence 
not in huge piles of food and hogsheads of 
strong drink, hut in large and stately edifices, 
rich armour, gallant horses, choice falcons, well 
ordered tournaments, and banquets delicate 
rather than abundant." Macaulay. 

1051 Revolt of Earl Godwin and his sons against Edward, 

mainly induced by the King*s favouritism of the Nor- 
mans. Godwin and his family are outlawed by the 
Witanagemot. 
William, Duke of Normandy, visits King Edward. 

Flourishing commerce of the republic of Amalfi. 

1052 Restoration of Earl Godwin, and banishment of the 

Normans from England. Abolition of the Dane- 
gelt. 

Cardinal Peter Damiano, historian, d. 1073. 

1053 Pope Leo IX. is defeated and taken prisoner at Civitella 

by the Normans under Robert Guiscard, one of the 
twelve sons of Count Tancred of Hauteville. 
Death of Earl Godwin, who is succeeded in his honouit 
and possessions by his son Harold. 

Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople! 
d. 1058. 

1054 ^op^ ^^ I^* A^d ^^ Greek Patriarch excommunicate 

each other. Total separation of the Greek and Latin 
Churches. 
From the time of Leo IX., Hildebrand, afterwards Gre- 
gory VII., the greatest man of his age, is the govemiAg 
mind of the Church. 
IQ56 Macbe'h, King of Scotland, is defeated at Dunsinane*by 



Io6o] MEDIEVAL HISTORY, 143 

A.D. 

1056 Macduff, and Siward, Earl of Nortbambria, and soon 
after slain. 

Henry lY-, set. 6, Emperor of Crermany, 1056-1 105. 
Continued progress of tbe Free Cities in Italy. Lombard y, 
Tnscany, and Romagna are gradually filled with firee 
cities, in which tbe republican municipal system pre- 
vails over the feudal. ' Villainage is abolished, and 
the nobles become compelled to remove into the 
cities. 

That development of the Lombardic architecture, 
which is known as the Norman, begins now to 
prevail in England. 
The abbey church of Clugny built. 

1057 Michael YL, Emperor of the East, abdicates in favour of 

Isaac Comnenus. 

George Cedrenus, historian. 

Berengarius of Angers, writer on transubstantia- 
tion, d. 1088. 

Lanfranc, teacher of Roman law in the monastery 
of Bee, and afterwards Abp. of Canterbury, the 
great opponent of Berengarius, d. 1089. 

1058 The Saracens are driven out of Italy by Robert Guis- 

card. 
Death of Leofric, the powerful Earl of Mercia. 

1059 Council of Pope Nicholas II., which vests the right of 

election to the Papal chair in the College of Cardinals. 
Council at Rome against Berengarius. 
The Pope reforms the relaxed discipline of the Canons 

Regular of St. Augustin. The Secular Canons differ 

from the Regular, in living in accordance with certain 

local statutes. 

1060 Calabria conquered by the Normans. Robert Guiscard, 

the first Duke, holds Apulia and Calabria, as a fief of 

the Roman see. 

The institution of chivalry, to which the modem 
European character is so largely indebted, 
begins to rise into importance in France, espe- 
cially among the Norman nobles, although it 
does not attain its full development and in- 
fluence till the Crusades. 



144 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. lo6o* 
A. D. 

1060 John Xiphilinns, Abridgment of Dion Cassins, 

d. 1080. 

1 06 1 Toghrel Beg takes Bagdad, marries the daughter of the 

Khalif, and hecomes Emir al Omrah. 
Stenkil founds a new dynasty in Sweden. 

During this century, piracy is suppressed, and 
trade and agriculture hegin to he cultivated in 
Sweden. The Roman characters are substi- 
tuted for the Runic. 

1062 Waltham abbey church built, 1062-6. 

1063 Wales invaded and made tributary by Harold. Death of 

Qriffith, the Welsh King. 
Death of Toghrel Beg, who is succeeded by Alp Arslan, 
" the Valiant Lion," 1 063 -7 3 . 

Michael Fsellus, Greek philosopher and historian^ 
d. 1078. 

1065 Death of Fernando, King of Castile. Power and ex- 

ploits of the Cid. 

Under Edward, the Saxon laws are collected into 
a body, and written in Latin, and are thenoe 
knoi^Ti as the laws of Edward the Confessor. 

Westminster abbey, rebuilt by Edward, is conse- 
crated at Christmas. 

1066 Death of Edward the Confessor, Jan. 5. Earl Harold 

prevails on the nobles and prelates at Westminster to 
accept him as king. 

At the death of the Confessor, the population of Eng- 
land has been estimated at about 1,800,000; it was 
divided into three classes — the nobles or thanes, the 
free, and the serfs or slaves. The Saxons were emi- 
nently an agricultural people, and it has been calculated 
that in some districts, there was nearly as much land in 
com at this time, as at the beginning of the reign of 
George IIL^ Ahout one-tenth of the entire property 
of the country is said to have been held by the Church. 
The Saxon institutions had gradually become more 
aristocratic, and the Witanagemot, or *^ assembly of wise 
men,** was now permanent; the members were snm- 

c HamiltoD'B History of England, 70!. i. 



1 0^9] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 145 

A.D. 

1066 moned by the King's writ, and met regularly like our 
House of Lords. In this assembly, which was vested 
with extraordinary powers, and could even elect or de- 
pose the King, the commons had no share whatever, 
direct or indirect. 

Harold IL, Eang of England. 

The monastery of St. Stephen's at Caen founded 

by William, Duke of Normandy, and that of 

the Holy Trinity by his consort, Matilda. 

Harold totally defeats the Norwegians under their King, 

Harald Hardrada, and Earl Tostig, his own brother, at 

the battle of Stamford bridge, Sept. 25. 

William, Duke of Normandy, lands at Pevensey in Sussex, 

Sept. 28. 
Great battle of Hastings, Oct. 1 4. Defeat and death, of 

Harold. 
William I., called the Gonquebob, King of England, 

1066-87. 
William, in the midst of a great tumult, is crowned in 
Westminster abbey on Christmas day. 

Franco von Cologne, the founder of musioal time. 

1067 Battle abbey commenced by William, on the field 

of his great victory. 

Strong castles, powerfully garrisoned by Nor- 
mans, begin to be erected in every district of 
England. 

Adam, Canon of Bremen, Ecclesiastical History. 

1068 William re-establishes the tax of Danegelt. Edwin and 

Morcar, the brothers-in-law of Harold, revolt, but 
without success. Edgar Atheling, the Confessor's 
nephew, takes refuge with Malcolm Canmore, ^^^9 ^^ 
Scotland. Institution of the Curfew. 

1069 ^6 confiscated English lands are lavishly distributed 

among the Norman nobles, who add insult to their 
oppression of the Saxons. Insurrections follow. The 
Scots and Danes, joined by Edgar Atheling, invade 
England. York is burnt, and the whole country, from 
the Humber to the Tyne, made one wide waste. 
Tussef founds Morocco, and under him the Almoravide 
empire is extended tp the Straits of Gibraltar. 

n 



146 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1069* 

A. D. 

1069 Medical school of Salerno, the first of its kind. 

1070 Deposition of Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, who is 

succeeded by Lanfranc All the English bishops are 
subsequently dispossessed of their sees, except Wulstan, 
and the revenues of the Church as well as the lands of 
the laity become the possession of the Normans. 

The feudal system, the foundation of which had been laid 
in the Anglo-Saxon time, is established in England by 
William. The country is eventually divided into 60, 215 
military fiefs, of which the Eling retains 1,400, and re- 
serves to himself the general proprietorship of the soil. 

The feudal system generally is now at its zenith. All 
things are given in fief, not only lands, but rights; the 
right, for instance, of felling in forests, and of fishing. 
The smallest details, and the most trifling facts of 
common life, have become a part of feudalism. 
General erection of feudal towers and castles. 

Trial by wager of battle introduced. 

Contest between Genoa and Pisa for supremacy on the 
Mediterranean. 

Bergen founded. 

Olaf III. promotes trade and social order in Nor- 
way. 

1 07 1 Another attempt at insurrection by Herevrard, Morcar, &c^ 

in the Isle of Ely, is suppressed by William. 
Romanus, Emperor of the East, is defeated and taken 
prisoner by Alp Arslan. 

1072 William makes peace with Malcolm Canmore, who does 

homage for Lothian. 
Assassination of Sancho, King of Castile, at Zamora, after a 
series of victories, in which he has been aided by the Cid. 

1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope, and assumes the name of 

Gregory. VII. 

Advance of the scholastic theology in the Church. 
Bdgar Atheling makes submission to William in Normandy. 

Marianus Scotus, chronologer and historian. 
Assassination of Alp Arslan, who is succeeded by Melek 
Shah, one of the greatest princes of the age. 

1 074 ^^ Council of Rome strictly enforces the celibacy of the 

clergy, and forbids simony. 



I075] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 147 

A. D. 

1074 Gregory earnestly endeayouns to extend educa- 

tion, 
Syria and Palestine snbdued by Melek Shah, 1074-5. 
• His conquests Eastward subsequently reach as far as 
China. 

Melek Shah encourages learning, and reforms the 
Calendar. 

1075 Pope Gregory claims absolute dominion over all the states 

of Christendom, as successor of St. Peter, and Vicar of 
Christ, upon earth. All lay investiture, or appoint- 
ment to spiritual offices, is denounced as simoniacal. 
There can be no doubt that the lay administration of 
Church patronage bad led to many abuses, in these days 
of turmoil. Emperors and kings who coveted, but 
dared not directly sieze, the possessions of the Church, 
had attained their end by thrusting into her benefices 
minions of thdr own, who had nothing ecclesiastical 
but the name. The heavy hand of feudalism had esta- 
blished a rigid distinction of caste through every form 
and grade of civil life. In struggling, therefore, for 
the integrity of the. only institution which knew no 
aristocracy but that of intellect, and for the purity 
of the ottly power which, by conferring her Orders, 
could not merely make sure the emancipation of the 
serf, but might exalt him to dignities eclipsing even 
those of kings, Gregory threw himself for support on 
the masses of the people, and became the representative 
at once of popery and democracy. And, although 
founded simply upon a daring assumption, it seems un- 
deniable that, the sovereign authority at length esta- 
blished for the Church, by overawing and ameliorating 
the lawless ferocity everywhere prevailing, was, in its 
season, of sterling service to society. 

Rebellion of Norman barons against William. Execution 
of Earl Waltheof, 1076. 

Defeat of the Saxons at Neustadt, by the Emperor 
Henry IV. 

On the destruction of the great temple at Upsal, in which 
the Scandinavians worshipped*^ Odin and Thor, the 
Pagans revolt, and elect the Swerkers as their Kings, 

b2 



1 48 RUDIMENTARY CHBONOLOOT. [A. D. 1 07 5 - 
A.D. 

1075 who reign in Gothland, lo8o. The Swedish Christians 
adhere to the Stenkils. 

1076 Conquest of Jerusalem by the Turks, which ultimately 

leads to the Crusades. • 

The Emperor Henry refuses to submit to the Papal claims, 
and causes a Council at Worms to declare the Pope de- 
posed. Gregory, in a Council at Rome, excommuni- 
cates the Emperor, and absolves his subjects from their 
allegiance. 

Benjezla of Bagdad. 

1077 The Countess Matilda of Este places her possessions at 

the disposal of the Pope, 

The Emperor Henry submits to Gregoxy^ md performs 

humiliating penance at Canossa. He afterwards joins 

the Lombfurds against the Pope. 

BeYolt in Normandy of Bobert, King William's eldest son. 

The first English monastery of Clugniacs founded 

at Lewes. 
Bochester cathedral and castle, 1 077-1 1 07. 
Lambert of Aschaffenbnrg, Atmals. 

1078 Budolph of Bavaria is supported as anti-emperor by the 

Pope. 

The Tower of London commenced. 

In the Eastern empire, painting still survives, but 

becomes increasingly conventional, insipid, and 

incorrect. 

1 079 Hampshire partly depopulated to make space for the New 

Forest. Grievous oppression caused by the despotic 
Forest laws. The Saxon chronicler mournfully records 
that though William was '* stern and hot" to his English 
subjects, yet ^^he loved the tall stags as if he were dieir 
father.'* 

Arzachel of Toledo, astronomer. 

Crypt and transepts of Winchester cathedral, 
1079-93. 

Hereford cathedral commenced, 1 079-1 115. 

1080 Battle of Mersburgh. Budolph is mortally wounded by 

Godfrey of Bouillon. 

The gefleral survey of England called Dooms^day 
Book commeilted. 



T085] MEDIEVAL HtSTORT. 149 

A.D. 

1 080 Ingalphns, secretary to King William, History of 

Croyland abbeys d. 1 1 09. 

1 08 1 Alexius Conmenus, Emperor of the East, is defeated by 
• Robert Goiscard at Durazzo. The last remains of the 

Italian exarchate are lost by the Greeks. 

Osmond, Bishop of Sarum, frames the Service- 
book In Ugwn Sarumy which is generally adop- 
ted in England till the Reformation. 

William of Spires, mathematician. 

1082 William, in person, arrests Odo, Bishop of Bayeox, his 

half-brother. 

Notwithstanding the troubles of the times, dvili- 
sation greatly advances in England by the taste 
and refinement of the Normans. Learning 
and art, especially architecture, improve ; the 
laws are rigidly enforced; and commerce is 
promoted by the constant intercourse with the 
Continent. But agriculture, except on the 
church lands— always well cultivated, remains 
in a neglected state under the feudal system. 

1083 The rebuilding of St Paul's cathedral, London, 

commenced. 

1084 The Emperor Henry IV. captures Rome. Pope Gregory 

takes refuge at Salerno. 
The conquest of Asia Minor completed by the Turks. 
The Carthusian Order, a reformed Benedictine congrega- 
tion, founded by Bruno at Chartreuse near Grenoble. 
These monks are employed, solitary and silent, in 
transcribing religious books. They become re- 
markable for their libraries, and their skill in 
gardening. 

1085 Death of Pope Gregory in exile at Salerno. The struggle 

with the Emperor is continued by successive Popes, 

now become the absolute monarchs of the Church. 
Toledo captured firom the Saracens by Alfonso VL and 

the Cid. 

Influence of Arabian poetry in Europe. 
Separation of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction from the dvil, 

in England. 
The feudalisation of England completed. William receives 



150 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1 085- 
A. D. 

1085 the homage of all the landholders — ^both of those who 
hold in chief, and of tenants. This process of subin- 
feudation adds greatly to the King's authority. The 
Norman kings, however, although very powerful, never 
become entirely absolute. The consent of the G^eral 
Council, composed of the bishops, abbots, and greater 
barons, and now known by the Norman name of Parlia- 
ment, is always held necessary for the making of laws. 

The Bayeuz tapestry, the famous embroidered 
chronicle of the CJonquest, still preserved in the 
hotel of the Prefecture at Bayeuz, is interrupted 
by Queen Matilda's death, this year. 

1086 The Saracens in Spain invite over from Africa to their 

aid, the Almoravides under Yussef. Defeat of Alfonso, 
King of Leon, and Sancho, King of Aragon, at Zalaca. 

The DoomS'-day Book completed. 

Suidas, grammarian and lexicographer. 

1087 ^^S William invades France. He dies Sept. 9, set. 63. 
William n., sumamed Rufus, King of England, 1087- 

1 1 00. 

1088 The Norman nobles under Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, un- 

successfully revolt against William, on behalf of Bobert, 
Duke of Normandy. 
The Christian pilgrims to Palestme are oppressed and 
plundered by the Turks. 

1089 The revenues of the see of Canterbury and other vacant 

church livings are siezed by William. 
War between William and his brother Duke Robert, fol- 
lowed by a treaty. 

Contest between the Nominalists and the Realists. 
Rascelinus of Compeigne, head of the school of 

NominalistSii 
Anselm, afterwards Abp. of Canterbury, the great 
adversary of Rascelinus, 1034-11 09. 

1090 The conquest of Sicily completed by Roger, brother of 

Robert Guiscard, 1060-90. 
Hussan Subah of Mishapur acquires the strong-hold of 
Almowat in Persia, from which he is called the Sheikh 
ab Jabul, or "old man of the mountain." His followers, 
called ** Assass i ns," are numerous in Persia and Syria. 



1096] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 151 

A.D. 

1091 .Hemy, the Conqueror's yoangest son, is besieged by his 

brotibera at Mount St. Michael. 

1092 Death of Melek Shah. Dividon of the Seljuk empire^ 

out of which are formed the states of Iran, Iconium or 
Roum, and others. 

1093 ReYolt and defeat of Conrad, son of the Emperor Henry. 
Malcohn, King of Scotland, invades England, and is killed 

near Alnwick castle. 

Durham cathedral commenced. 

1094 Yoflsef makes himself master of Mohammedan Spain, and 

founds the dynasty of the Almorayides. 

The aspect of England began now to be changed 
by Korman energy; and new roads, bridges, 
&c, were everywhere constructed. Before the 
dose of this century, every one of the Saxon 
cathedrals was in course of renovation; and 
many were rebuilt firom the foundations by 
their Norman bishops. 

Sigebert of Brabant, Chronicle, 

1 095 Conspiracy of Robert de Mowbray against King William. 
Pope Urban U., influenced by the preaching of Peter the 

Hermit, ^one mean in stature, but great in heart and 
speech,*' proclaims, at the Councils of Placentiaand Cler- 
mont, a crusade against the infidels, and a vast multitude 
shout in response, *^It is the will of God.*' 
Henry of Besan^on is created the first Count of Por- 
tugal. 

1096 The first Crusade : a great popular movement undertaken 

by Europe in self-defence to arrest the fUrther progress 
of the Turks, and to protect the Christian pilgrims. 
600,000 fighting men, besides priests, women, and chil- 
dren, begin their march under GodfVey of Bouillon, 
Robert of Normandy, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohe- 
mond, Tancred, &c. ^ There was no nation so remote, 
no people so retired, as did not contribute its portion to 
. the host. The Welshman left his hunting, the Scot his 
hills, the Dane his drinking party, the Norwegian his 
raw fish. Whatever was stored in granaries, or hoarded 
in chambers, to answer the hopes of the -husbandman, 
or the covetousness of the miser, all was deserted ; foi 



162 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.I>. 1096? 

A.D. 

1096 tbey hungered and thirsted after Jemsalem alone.**— - 
WUliam of Malmsbury. Godfrey's army had been pre- 
ceded by a great multitade under Peter the Hermit and 
Walter the Pennyless, who nearly all perished on the way. 

The fleets of Venice, Crenoa, and Pisa, serve as transports 
for men and provisions; and the Italian cities become 
greatly enriched by the successive Crusades. 

The Romance and knightly poetry of the Middle 
Ages has its origin, about this time, in Provence 
and the South of France, and spreads from 
thence into Lombardy and Spain. .William of 
Poitiers is the first Troubadour. The ballads of 
the Troubadours and Trouv^res are in the Pro- 
vencal tongue, a dialect of France, which be- 
comes, for a time, common to Europe* 
Norwich cathedral, 1 096-1 119. 

1097 The Crusaders besiege Nice, June, and. gain the victory of 

Dorylseum, July. 
Institution of the Order of the Hospitallers, or Knights of 

St. John of Jerusalem. 
The principality of Edessa founded by Baldwin, 1 097- 1 1 44. 
C. Theod. Prodromus, Rhodanthe and Dosicles, 
Euthymius Zygabenus, theologian. 
King William quarrels with Anselm, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, the first Norman friend of the oppressed 
Saxons, and siezes his revenues. 

1098 Antioch besieged and taken by the Crusaders. It becomes 

a principality under Bohemond. 
The Cisterdan Order founded at Citeaux, near D\jon, under 
Stephen Harding, an Englishman. This becomes the 
most popular of all the branches of the Benedictine 
Order, and numbers, within a century after its founda- 
tion, 3,000 affiliated monasteries. 

Westminster Hall built. 

Arius Polyhistor, History 0/ Iceland, 

1099 Jerusalem is besieged and taken by the Crusaders. 
Foundation of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem. God- 
frey of Bouillon is elected King, but he will assume no 
prouder title than that of ** Defender of the Holv 
Tomb." 



11 01] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 153 

A.D. 

1099 Victory of Ascalon over the Saracens under the Fatimitc 

Khalif, Mustali. 
Death of the Cid Campeador, the Wellington of Spain. 

1 1 00 Death of Grodfrey, who is buried in the church of the Holy 

Sepulchre. His brother, Baldwin, becomes King of 
Jerusalem. 
Great inundation of the sea» which overflows the lands for- 
merly held by Grodwin, Earl of Kent 
Ring William is killed by an arrow in the New Forest 
Henbt I., sumamed Beauderc, King of England, 1 1 00-3 5. 
He marries Matilda of Scotland, niece of Edgar Atheling, 
and thus blends the Saxon and Norman lines. Henry 
grants the first Charter: the rights and possessions of the 
Church are restored, the laws of the Confessor confirmed, 
and the Curfew abolished. 

During the ensuing century, the darkness which 
has so long rested on European intellect begins 
to be dispelled. The teaching of Abelard, the 
controversy with the Waldenses and Albigenses, 
the infiuence of the early Crusades, the study of 
dvil law, the revival of ancient learning, and 
the dawning development of the modem lan- 
guages, all contribute to this result' 
The cathedrals of Vienna, II 00-1433, and of 

Rouen. 
Flourishing state of agriculture in the Netherlands, 
no I Robert, Duke of Normandy, invades England. A treaty 
follows between him and King Henry. 
The first Charter of incorporation granted to the dty of 

London. 
The Knights of St John of Jerusalem established at Clerk- 
enwelL 

William of Champeau, the head of the Realists, 

conducts a school of logic at Paris. 
Peter Abelard, 1 079-1 1 42, a scholar and oppo- 
nent of William, aflenvards teaches at Paris, 
and gives a powerful impulse to the scholastic 
philosophy. Pupils crowd to hear him from all 
parts of Europe. 
Thorwald, Icelandic Ballads* 



] 54 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1 102- 
A. D» 

1 102 The donation of Matilda of Bate eonfirmed to the Church. 

The Seljuk Ealij Anlan destroys a krge army of Crusaders. 

The priory of St Bartholomew, Smithfield, founded 

by Rahere. 
Nestor of Kiow, ChraiUchs of Ru88ia^ continued 

by Sylvester. 
Nathan ben Jeehiel, a leamed Jew at Rome, d. 
iio6. 

1 104 Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, defeats the Saracens, and 

takes Ftolenuus or Acre. 

**The most picturesque episode in medieval history is 
that of the kingdom of Jerusalem, ¥dth its handful of 
Christians, reproducing, beneath the bright skies of 
Palestine, the laws and institutions of the fiir West. 
For nearly a century, the little state sustains itself with 
its feudal observances, the ' Assizes of Jerusalem,* and its 
Christian rites, in the midst of a hostile population ; while 
the fame of its gallant defenders, the Knights Hospital- 
lers, and afterwards the Templars, goes forth to all lands." 
Hildebert of Tours, scholastic philosopher and 
poet, 1057-1134. 

1 105 King Henry invades Normandy. 

Rivalry of Milan and Pavia, in which the Lombard cities 

take part. 
The Emperor Henry IV. is compelled to abdicate, by the 
rebellion of his son. 

La Nobla Lefcm^ a poem exhibiting the tenets of 
the Waldenses, about this date. 

1 106 King Henry defeats Robert at Tincbebrai, and sends him 

to Cardiff castle, where he remains a prisoner for life. 
Revolt of Milan, which declares itself a republic. 

1 107 Henry, now become master of Normandy, returns to 

England. 

The Benedictine monk, Theophilus, in whose 
curious treatise, Diversarum Artium Schedula, 
the process of glass painting is minutely de- 
scribed, probably lived early in this century. 

1 108 Battle of "the Seven Counts" near Ucles, in which the 

Saracens, under AH, the successor of Yussef, defeat the 
forces of Alfonso YI. 



II iB] MEDIEVAL HISTORT. 155 

▲. D. 

1 109 Matilda, daughter of King Henry, affianced to Henry V., 

Emperor of Grermany. 
The bishopric of Ely founded. 
The dispute between the Pope and the Emperor respecting 

investitures is renewed with great violence, 

1110 Learning revived at Cambridge. 

III I The Emperor Henry takes the Pope prisoner, and compels 

him to relinquish the daim of investiture. 
Colonies of Flemings are settled by King Henry in Wales. 

1 1 1 2 The Pope's concession is annulled by a Council, and Henry 

excommunicated. Nearly all Germany subsequently 
rebels against the Emperor. 
** A very heavy and sorrowful time in England, by reason 
ofa dreadful pestilence.** SaaonChron, 

1 1 1 3 Bernard, with 30 companions, retires to the new monastery 

of Citeaux. 

1 1 1 4 The Niuche, or Tongnsian Tartars sieze the North of 

China, and drive the Emperor of the Song into the 
Southern provinces. 

The magnificent monastery of Kloster-Neuburg, 
on the Danube, founded by Leopold of Austria. 

1 1 1 5 Bernard founds the renowned abbey of Clairvaux. 
Bernard reforms the discipline of, and gives celebrity to, 

the Cistercian Order. Clairvaux afterwards becomes 
the head of 160 other Cistercian monasteries, in various 
parts of Europe. 

Malmsbury abbey built, 11 1 5-39. 

1 1 1 6 The Emperor Henry again invades Italy. 

1 1 1 7 Emulph, Bp. of Rochester, Textus Roffenais* 

Peterborough cathedral, 1 1 1 7-43. 

1 1 1 8 Institution of the Order of Knights Templars. 

Death of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of the East, under 

whose able rule the declining empire has revived. 
John n. (Comnenus), Emperor of the East, 1 1 1 8-43. 
A sagacious and successful sovereign. He regains 
Armenia from the Turks; and is victorious in the West 
and North. 

Byzantine art, which in the nth century had fallen 
into decadence, revives in the 1 2th. Mosaics at 
Venice, Murano, and Torcello. 



156 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOtOGY. [a.D. 1 1 1 8- 
A. D. 

1 1 1 8 Princess Anna C!omnena, Life of Alexius. 

John Zonaras, Byzantine History. 

1 1 1 9 King Henry defeats the French at Brenville in Normandy* 
The long rivalry between the French and English crowns 

has its origin about this time. 

Florence of Worcester, Chronicle of England. 
War between Pisa and Genoa, 1 1 19-30. 

1120 Prince William, and two other of King Henry's children, 

with many of the yonng nobility, perish by shipwreck 
offBarfleur. 

Norman French has now become in England the 
language of the court, of law, and partially of 
literature ; but Saxon remains the language of 
the masses of the people, who cling to their 
ancestral tongue with a tenacity prophetic of its 
future triumph. 
Zcngi, governor of Mosul, 1 1 20-45. A powerful prince. 
Tograi, Hariri, and Abdallah Sharfaddin, Aialaaii 
poets. 

1 1 2 1 The Order of Premonstrants founded by Norbert. It in- 

creases so greatly that it is said eventually to have 1 ,000 
abbeys, 500 nunneries, and many priories. 

Its members acquire a high reputation for their 
application to learning and art. 

1 1 22 The dispute respecting investitures terminated by the 

Concordat of Worms. The Emperor is empowered to 
invest with the sceptre, but not with the crosier and ring. 
Malta taken by Koger, Count of Sicily. 

1 123 First Lateran, or ninth General Council, which confirms 

the Concordat of Worms. 

1124 The insurrection in Normandy, in favour of William, 

Duke Robert's son, is suppressed by King Henry. 
Great scarcity and distress in England. ''Full heavy a 
year was this ; he who had any property vras bereaved 
of it by heavy taxes, and he who had none, starved.** 
Saxon Chron. 
David L, Kmg of Scotland, 1124*53. Educated in 
1 Icnry's court. 

David supports the influence of the Church, and 
promotes Scottish civilisation. 



1 1 3 1 ] MEDIEVAL mSTORV . 157 

A.]>. 

1 1 24 Eadmer, Abbot of St. Albans, Chronicle from 1 066 

toll 22, and Life of Ahp, Anselm. 

1 125 Mysterious disappearance of Henry V., Emperor of Grer- 

many. His consort, Matilda, returns to England, 1 1 26. 
Lothaire IL (of Saxony) elected Emperor. 

Frederic and Conrad, the Hohenstaufen Dukes of Snabia 
and Franconia, oppose him, and are defeated. 
Christianity established in Pomerania, by the labours of 
Otho, Bishop of Bamberg. 

Contest between Abelard, who, although the cham- 
pion of the scholastic philosophy, gives a vast 
impulse to the spirit of inquiry, and Bernard of 
Clairvanz, the promoter of mystical theology. 
Abelard is condemned by a Council at Sens, and 
retires to the monastery of Clugny. 

1 1 27 The Empress Matilda marries Geoffirey Phmtagenet, Earl 

of Anjou, set. 1 6. 

1 1 28 William, Earl of Flanders, is killed at the siege of Alost* 
Peace between France and England. 

In France, Segur, the minister of Louis VI. (le Gros), 
&vours the Conmiunes, who, to be protected from the 
oppression of the nobles, submit to the King. The 
restraint of baronial warfare by the influence of the 
Church, and the rise of free and chartered towns, 
gradually weaken feudal exaction, and increase the 
royal power. 

The first English Cistercian abbey founded at 

Waverley in Surrey. 
The abbey of Holy-rood in Scotland founded. 
Athelard, a monk of Bath, mathematician. 
1 1 3 o Boger, Count of Sicily and Apulia, is created King of Naples 
and Sicily, **the Two Sicilies," by Papal investiture. 
Hugh de St. Yictoire, theologian and historian, 
1 096-1 1 40. 
1131 The English barons swear allegiance to the Empress 
Matilda. 

Canterbury cathedral dedicated. 

The priories of St. Martin's, Dover, and Dunstable, 

founded. 
The Cistercian abbey oif Tintem founded. 



1 58 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [▲. D. 1 1 3 1- 

▲.D. 

1 1 3 1 Amdlfi sorrenden to the Normans. 

While the Boman Pontiffs are triamphantly establishing 
their authority abroad, at home^ in their own city, they 
are exposed to the violence of a tumultuous populace. 
For nearly 30 years, 1124-54, Borne has scarcely 
any intermission from civil convulsions. One Pontiff, 
Lucius n., loses his life in the attempt to restore tran- 
quillity. 

1132 A great part of London destroyed by fire. 

The Cistercian abbeys of Rievaulx and Fountains 

founded. 
Cathedral of Toledo, 1132-1217. 
The palace chapel of King Roger at Palermo, and 

other churches in Sicily, about this period, are 

erected in a style blending the Norman and 

Saracenic elements. 

1133 The dynasty of Stenkil becomes extinct in Sweden. One 

of the Swerker house is baptised, and finally puts down 
Swedish Paganism. 

1 1 34 The Council of Pisa condemns Henry of Lausanne. 
Arnold of Brescia, a disciple of Abelard, begins to denounce 

the Papal system, and the corrupt lives of some of the 
clergy. 
Robert, Duke of Normandy, dies in Cardiff castle, after an 
imprisonment of 28 years. 

1 1 35 Campaign of the Emperor Lothaire in Italy, 1135-37. 

Defeat of the Normans. Capture of Amalfi. 

Alfonso YIU., King of Leon and Castile, extends his do- 
minions to the Sierra Morena, and is crowned Emperor 
of Spain. 

The Khalif Mustershid is murdered by the '' Assassins.** 
His successor Bashid defends Bagdad against the TurkS) 
but is also killed by the "Assassins.** 

Death of King Henry iu Normandy. He is buried in 
Beading abbey, of which he was the founder. 

Stephen, King of England, 1 1 35-54. 

Stephen, taking advantage of the Empress Matilda*s 
absence, usurps the throne, and is crowned at West- 
minster on St. Stephen*s day. 
1 1 16 Stephen abolishes the tax of Danegelt. 



II4I] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 159 

A.D. 

1 1 36 St Cross choreh, Winchester, founded by Heniy 

de Blois. 
The Empress Matilda invades Normandy. 
David, King of Scotland, takes part with Matilda against 
Stephen, and invades England. 

Melrose and other Scottish abbeys founded, about 

this date. 
Averroes of Cordova, Commentary on Aristotle. 

1137 Insurrection of the Welsh. 

1 138 Stephen defeats the Scottish King at the battle of ^'the 

Standard'* on Cuton Moor. 

Since the Conquest, large bows, with arrows a cloth 
yard long, have become the popular English 
arm. The lance is the weapon of the Scots. 
Suabian or Hohenstaufen Emperors, 1138-1254. 
Conrad III., Emperor of Germany, 1138-52. 
Fall of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, 
the head of the House of Guelph. 

. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of Britain. 

1 1 39 Second Lateran, or tenth General Council, against heretics, 

and for the reformation of the Church. 
The Empress Matilda arrives in England. Her half-brother 

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, takes arms in her behalf. 
Count Alfonso defeats the Saracens at Campo Ouriques, 
and takes the title of King of Portugal. 

Alured of Beverley, English History to ll 29. 
Robert Pulleyn, English theologian, d. Ii 50. 

1 1 40 The doctrine of Seven Sacraments becomes established, 

about this time. 
Battle of Wimsberg. The war cry of the Guelphs and 

Ghibellines is now first raised. 
Sanjar, Sultan of Persia, is defeated by the Khan of the 
Tartars. 

The Canon law introduced into England. 
William of Malmsbury, History of Britain. 

1141 Battle of Lincoln. King Stephen is taken prisoner, Feb. 2, 

but is exchanged for the Earl of Gloucester, Nov. i. 
Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris, d. 11 64. His 
famous book, Libri Sententiarum, gained him the 
name of ^* Master of the Sentences." 



1 60 RUDIMENT ART CHRONOLOGY. L^^* I^ 4 1- 
A.D. 

1 1 41 Sager, hife of Louis le Grost 1 082-1 152. 

1 142 The Empress Matilda, besieged in Oxford by Stephen, 

escapes on foot by night to Wallingford, Dec. 20. 
Saxony reconquered by Henry the Lion, the son of Henry 
the Proud. 

Death of Abelard, who is buried in the conrent 
of the Paraclete, of which Eloisa is now the 
Abbess. 

1 143 Louis Vn., King of France, in a war with the Count of 

Champagne, storms the castle of Vitry. The village 
church takes fire, and 1,300 persons — ^many women 
and young children — perish in the flames. 
Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Ecclesite, 

1144 Edessa taken by the Turks, which leads to the second 

Crusade. 
Rebellion and anarchy in Rome excited by Arnold of 
Brescia. The Pope*8 temporal power is suspended. 
Otho, Bp. of Friesengen, introduces the Peripatetic 
philosophy into Germany, and writes a ChroH' 
icleto II46, d. 1158. 

1 145 In consequence of the protracted civil war, England is now 

reduced to a state of extreme misery. Not less than 
J ,500 fortresses, garrisoned by lawless and licentious 
men, are said to have been erected at this tune. Fero- 
cious banditti fill the woods, and unite with the licensed 
robbers of the castles in preying upon the wretched 
people. *^The earth bare no corn, you might as well 
have tilled the sea, for the land was all ruined, and it 
was said openly, that Christ and his saints slept.** Saxon 
Chron, 

Nouraddin, son of Zengi of Mosul, makes himself King of 
Aleppo, Damascus, &c., and wages constant war with 
the Christians. 

The Sultan of Ghizni is driven out of Ghizni by the Afghans 
of the mountains of Ghor, and makes Lahore his capital. 

1 146 Death of the Earl of Gloucester, the chief counsellor of 

Matilda. Normandy is subdued by her son, Henry 
Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou. 

New House, the first English Premonstrant mo- 
nastery, founded. 



II 52] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 161 

A.D. 

11 46 Geoffrey Graimar, Chronicle of AnglO'Saxon and 

Norman Kings^ in Anglo-Norman metre. 
The Almohades, followers of another reforming prophet of 
Islam, take Morocco, and acquire the Almorav ide empire. 

11 47 The second Crusade, preached hy Bernard, under Conrad, 

Emperor of Grermany, and Louis VJi., King of France. 
The Emperor's army is nearly destroyed hy the Sultan 
of Iconium ; that of Louis besieges Damascus, 1 1 48, 
and is signally defeated. The power of the Crusaders 
in the East h^ns now to decline. 

Alfonso conquers Lisbon from the Saracens. 

Moscow founded. Russia is at this time divided into three 
great principalities. 

1 1 48 The Normans, under EJng Roger of Sicily, are defeated 

before Constantinople by Manuel, Emperor of the East, 
1 1 48-9. 

Roger, haying captured some Greek weavers, esta- 
blishes silk manufactories in Palermo. From 
Sicily the trade spreads into Italy and France. 
The Order of Gilbertines founded. 

Humenus of Egypt, astronomer. 

1 1 49 Dynasty of the Almohades in Mohanunedan Spain. 

The Commons or Third Estate early rise to importance in 
Christian Spain. The chief towns become endowed 
with extensive municipal privileges, and send deputies 
to the Cortes or National Assembly. 

The Chronicle of the CH in Castile, ** glowing with 
no common portion of the fire of the Hiad." 

1 1 50 Henry Plantagenet invested with the dukedom of Nor- 

mandy. • 

Revival of the study of Civil law, especially at 

Bologna, under Wernerus, and his disciples 

Bulgarus and Gosias. Vacarius teaches it at 

Oxford. 
Astrology, magic, and alchemy are now zealously 

studied. 
Gregorius Corinthus, De Dialectis. 

1 1 5 1 Gratian publishes a new collection of the Canon 

law* 

1152 Henry Plantagenet marries Eleanor, the divorced queen of 



1 62 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A. D. 1152- 

A. D. 

1 152 L<mi8 VJl. of Fnmoe, and aoquiies as her dowry, 
Goienne, PoitoUf and other great possessions. 

Frederic L (Barharossa) elected Emperor of Germany. 
The baptistery at Pisa built by Dioti SalvL 
Eirkstall abbey founded by Henry de Lacy. 
Daring Stephen's reign, more monasteries are 
founded in England than during the previous 
100 years. And this is not strange. Amidst 
the ceaseless conflicts of the age, monasteries 
must in truth have been beyond all price as 
places of quiet and religious refuge for defence* 
less women and for contemplative men. ^ Had 
not such retreats been scattered here and there, 
among the huts of a miserable peasantry and 
the castles of a ferocious aristocracy, society 
would have consisted merely of beasts of burden 
and beasts of prey.** 

1 153 Treaty of Winchester, by which the succession to the 

English crown, after Stephen's death, is secured to 
Henry Plantagenet. 

Death of Bernard, <«the last of the Fathers,** and 
not undeservedly the most influential man of 
his age. . His works occupy 6 volumes folio. 
MesBu^ of C!ordova, physician. 
Aben Esra of Toledo, Jewish historian, d. 1 165. 

1 154 Stephen, "who deserves no other reproach than that of 

having embraced the profession of a captain of banditti,** 
dies at Canterbury, Oct. 25, and is buried in Faversham 
abbey, which he had founded. 

House of Plantagenet in England. 

'Henrt II. (Plantagenet), King of England, 1 154-89. 
By his vast possessions in France, nearly one-fifth of the 
country, Henry has an influence there almost equal to the 
French Euig. Henry confirms the Charter of Henry L, 
destroys many castles erected without warrant of law, 
and by his wise and energetic government gradually 
re-establishes order in England. The invidious exdu- 
tnon of the English from ofiices of state now ceases. 
The Sojpon Chronicle, "an invaluable record** of 
English history, continued by successive writers 



1 1 57] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 163 

A»D. ^ 

1154 in the abbey of Peterborough, doses with this 

year. 
Nicholas Breakspeare becomes Pope under the name of 
Adrian IV. He rose from the position of a convent 
servant, and is the only Englishman who ever sat on 
the Papal throne. 
Campaign of the Emperor Frederic in Italy, 1 1 54-5. 
Buono, architect of St. Mark*s tower at Venice. 
1 1 5 5 Thomas a Becket, of low birth, but of Saxon race, Chan- 
cellor of England. 

Robert Wace, Brut d^Angleterre, a Norman me- 
trical translation of Geo£&ey of Monmouth's 
Latin History. 
Frederic captures and bums Tortona, and is crowned at 

Pavia and Rome. 
Arnold of Brescia is burnt alive bef<»re the gates of the 
castle of St. Angelo, and the energy of Pope Adrian 
restores tranquillity at Rome. 
The Greeks, under the Emperor Manuel, subdue Apulia 
and Calabria. He fails in his project of reconquering 
the Western empire, and peace ensues, 1 1 56. 
Eric ^Hhe Saint** assumes the Swedish crown. Contest 
between the Erics and the Swerkers. 
Al Edrisius, Arabian geographer. 
1 1 56 Ireland granted to Henry IL by bull of Pope Adrian. 

Henry of Huntingdon, Chronicles 0/ England. 
Bavaria restored to Henry the Lion. Austria created an 

hereditary duchy. 
Listitution, in Spain, of the three Orders of Alcantara^ 
The foundation of the military religious Orders greatly 
aids the progress of the Christian arms. 
The Carmelite Order of monks founded by Berthold on 
Mount Carmel. 
11^7 The Welsh do homage, and swear allegiance to King 
Henry. 
Waldemar L, King of Denmark, 1 1 57^82. 

He carries on a series of successful wars against the 
Slavonic pirates. Copenhagen founded. 
Improvement of the Danish laws. 
In Norway, during this and the following century, many 



1 64 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A. D. 1 1 5 7- 

A. D. f 

1 1 5 7 competitors contend for the throne. The fire-ordeal is 
still admitted as a test of legitimacy. 
Death of Sanjar, Sultan of Persia, at Mene. He had 
been captured by a Turkish tribe in Balkh, and carried 
about in an iron cage, but had escaped. 
The Bank of Venice founded. 
1 1 5 8 The Emperor Frederic marches into Italy, and takes Milan. 
Diet of Roncaglia. Institution of Podestas. 

The Expedition of Ighor^ a famous Russian poem. 

1159 War between England and France. 

Introduction of scutages in Engknd ; a feudal tax, by which 
men relieve themselves from personal service in war. 

Malcolm IV. of Scotland, who has done homage to Henry 
for Lothian, attends him during the French wBr« 

Double election to the Pontificate. 

Milan refuses to submit to the ordinances of Roncaglia, 
and again takes arms against the Emperor. 

John Tzetzes of Constantinople, critic and gram. 

1160 Charles Swerker becomes the first King of Sweden and 

Gothland. 
Peter of Waldo commences his preaching, and causes por- 
tions of Scripture to be translated into the French 
tongue. The Waldenses, supposed to owe their origin 
to him, were really of far earlier date. 

Colleges of law and medidne at Montpellier. 

Colleges of divinity, law, and philosophy, at Paris. 

Bristol cathedral restored and partly rebuilt. 

1 161 Pope Alexander IIL mediates between the French and 

English Kings, who each take the bridle of his horse, 

and lead the Pope home. 
The Benedictine nuns of Fontevrault settle in England 

fh>m Poitiers. 

Richard de St. Victor, Scotch theologian, d. 1 1 73 
Eustathius, Commentary on Homer, d. 1 1 94. 

1 1 62 Thomas a Becket is made Archbishop of Canterbury. He 

resigns the great seal. 
The Emperor Frederic blockades and takes Milan, which 
is razed. 

1 163 Becket opposes the King's plans of church goyemmentw 

John of Salisbury, Polycraticon, d. 1 1 82. 



117 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 165 

A.D. 

1 1 63 The cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, oommenoed. 

The glass paintings in the abbey church of St. 

Denysin France, the oldest known examples, 
are probably about this date. 

1 164 Becket rejects *^ the Constitution of Clarendon,** by which 

the clergy were subjected to the jurisdiction of the 
temporal courts. He quits England, and puts himself 
under the protection of the Pope and the French King. 

Simeon of Durham, Chronicle of England. 

Increasing commerce of the Russian free cities or 
republics of Pleskow and Novgorod. 

1 1 66 Becket, now in France, ** solemnly curses with book, bell, and 

candle," all the supporters of the Council of Clarendon. 
The Emperor Frederic again marches into Italy. 

1167 League of the Lombard cities to preserve their independ- 

ence against the Emperor. 

1 1 68 The Emperor*s army takes Bome, but is compelled by the 

plague to return. 

Benjamin of Tudela, Asiatic traveller, Itinerary^ 
d. 1 1 73. 

1 1 69 Bichard, Earl of Pembroke, snmamed Strongbow, lands 

in Ireland. 

1 1 70 Becket returns to England. He is assassinated before the 

altar of Canterbury cathedral, Dec. 29. 

Ely cathedral. 
Waldemar, King of Denmark, captures Jomsberg, the 
largest dty of the North, and celebrated alike for its 
wealth, trade, and paganism. 

Henry ofVeldeck, the first Minnesinger of Germany. 

1 1 7 1 Ireland taken possession of by King Henry. The Irish 

princes do homage to him. Henry is now the most 

powerful monarch in Europe. 

The social condition of England is now consider- 
ably improved. Many municipal charters are 
granted ; and English commerce begins slowly 
to advance. The chief imports at this time 
consisted of woollen cloths from the Nether- 
lands, wines from France, furs and ermines 
from Norway and Russia, and gold, silks, spices, 
and other products of the East imported by Che 



166 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [▲. D. 1 1 7 1 - 

A. D. 

1 17 1 Venetiuis and Genoese. The principal artides 

of export were wool, always the staple product 
of England, tin, lead, salt, salmon, cheese, in 
plentiful years com, and contrabandly slaves. 
Woollen mannfiutories were established at 
Worsted and Norwich, about this tune. 

Saladin, or Salah ad din. Sultan of Egypt, 1 171-93. 
This great Eastern prince subsequently subdues Syria, 
Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. 

1 172 The Church in Ireland now first becomes subject to the 

Roman See. 

Dublin Castle built. 
Great naval power of Venice. Institution of the Grand 
Council. Mystic marriage of the Doge vdth the 
Adriatic sea. 

Peter Comestor of Troyes, d. 1 1 98. 

Jarchi (Rashi) Jewish expositor, d. 1 1 8a 

1 173 Rebellion of King Henry*s sons, aided by their mother 

Queen Eleanor, from jealousy of ** Fair Rosamond,*' 
and by the Scottish and French Kings. 

1 1 74 Henry performs penance at Beckefs sluine. 

William, Sang of Scotland, is taken prisoner by the 
Torks)pre barons, and does homage to Henry for Scot* 
land and all his territories. 
Submission of Henry's sons. 

William Fitzstephen, Descriptitm of Londtnu 
Fourth expedition of the Emperor Frederic into Italy. 
The Hanging Tower of Pisa erected. 

1 1 75 Rise of the toiding system at Venice. 

1176 Judges appointed to go the circuits in England. Trial by 

Juries. Trial by ordeal is virtually abandoned. 

London Bridge commenced by Peter Coleman, a 
priest of Colechurch. 
The Emperor is totally defeated by the Lombard League, 
at Lignano, near Como. 

1 177 Six years' truce between the Emperor and the Guelphic 

cities. 
The King of France and the Earl of Flanders come in 
pilgrimage to Becket's tomb. 
1 1 76 Persecution of the Waldenses in the valley of Piedmont. 



1 1 8 2] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 1 67 

A. D. 

1 1 78 Absolom, Abp. of Luna, 1 1 2 8-9 1 . 

Cathedral of Monreale, in Sicily, 1 178-82. 

1 1 79 Third Lateran, or eleventh Greneral Council, on discipline. 

Commencement of the Naviglio Grande of Milan, 
which distributes the waters of the Tidno over 
Lombardy. 

1180 Philip n. Augustus, King of France, 1 1 80- 1223. 

The greatest French monarch since Charlemagne. He 
strengthens the power of the throne by the annexation 
of several of the great fiefs. 
Henry the Lion put under the ban of the empire. Saxony 
divided, and Bavaria granted to Otho, Count Palatine 
of Wittelsbach. The "Vehm" in North Germany. 
Venice is the chief city of the Lombard League. 

Banulph de Glanville, Chief Justice of England, 
Digest of the Laws and Customs of England, 
Dedication of the splendid church of Sienna. 
Christ Churc]i cathedral, Oxford, consecrated. 
Late in this century, a new style of architecture, 
eminently original, yet didy developed from 
the Norman or Romanesque which immediately 
preceded it, appears suddenly and simultane- 
ously in almost every country of Europe on 
this side the Alps. The Pointed or Modem 
Gothic architecture, which, in its first phase 
among us, is known as the Early English, owes 
both its origin and rapid diffusion **to those 
parliaments of genius, the Masonic lodges of 
the North.*' Its grand distinguishing feature is 
the substitution of the vertical for the hori- 
zontal principle, and the exclusive adoption of 
the pointed instead of the round-headed arch. 

1 1 8 1 King Henry's sons at enmity with their father. 

The first English Carthusian monastery founded 

at Witham. 
Nicetas Acominatus, Greek historian and theologian* 
John Cinnamus, Byzantine History* 
iiSz Lttbec and Batisbon free Imperial cities. Mecklenburg, 
Brandenburg, and Pomerania constituted states of the 
empire. 



168 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1 1 82- 
A. D. 

1182 The Jews expelled from France. 

The Galilee of Durham cathedral, 1 1 80-97. 
Maimomdes of Cordova, Talmud abridged, 1 1 39- 
1 205. 

1183 Death of Prince Henry of England. 

The memorahle peace of Constance, which secores the 
liherties of the Italian republics. 

Many buildings of sing^ular beauty are erected in 
Italy during this and the following century. 
Stately churches, convents, public palaces, and 
town halls, become very numerous, as city after 
city rises to greatness. 
Saladin captures Aleppo, and deposes the Sultan of 
Mosul. 

Peter of Blois, Epistohe^ d. i 200. 
Bayeux cathedral rebuilt,i 1 83-1 205. 

1 1 84 The Pope excommunicates the Waldenses. 
Mohammed Ghori, the first Afghan Sultan of Ghizni, puts 

an end to the Ghiznivide sovereignty of Lahore. 

The restoration of Canterbury cathedral com- 
menced in 1175) in almost pure Norman, has 
changed before its completion this year, almost 
into Early EkigUsh. 

1185 Prince Richard of England again rebels against his 

father, but submits, 1186. 
Murder of Andronicus 1. (Comnenns), Emperor of 
the East. He is succeeded by Isaac IL (Angelus), 
1185-95. 

The Temple church, London, dedicated by Heni't 

clius, Patriarch of Jerusalem. 
Saemund, Icelandic poet and historian. 

1 1 86 Marriage of the Emperor*s son Henry, King of the 

Romans, to Constance, heiress of Sicily. 
The Bulgarians revolt from the Eastern empire. Servia 

an independent kingdom. 
Propagation of Christianity in Livonia. 

Sueno Agonis, History of Denmark, 

1 187 Saladin defeats the Christians at Tiberias, captures Jeru- 

salem, Oct. 3, and takes Guy de Lusignan, the King, 
prisoner. Many gallant Templars and HospitallerB 



ii90] MEDIEVAL HISTORY, 169 

A.I>. 

II 87 suffer martyrdom, rather than renounce their &ith. 
These events lead to the third Crusade. 

Yorfe minster, the largest English Gothic church, 

commenced. 
Chichester cathedral, 1187-98. 
Giraldus Cambrensis, Conquest of Ireland^ Itine* 

rary of Wahs, &c., d. 1220. 
Ayerroes, Arabian philosopher and physician, 
d. 1206. 
^ 1 1 89 Death of King Henry at Chinon, in Kormandy. 

BiCBABD I. (C<£ur de lion), King of England, 1 189-99. 
Massacre of the Jews by the populace in London, Nor- 
wich, &c., instigated chiefly by thriftless profligates, 
who resorted to murder in order to cancel their debts. 
Previous to this outrage, the Jews in England prac- 
tising as physicians, goldsmiths, jewellers, and bankers, 
had enjoyed more than a century of peaceful com- 
merce. 
Scotland recovers its independence by treaty with Richard. 
The third Crusade. Bichard, Philip Augustus of France, 
the Emperor Frederic, &c., unite in this Crusade. 
Siege of Acre, 1 1 89-9 1 . Isaac, Emperor of the East, 
refuses the Crusaders a passage through his dominions. 
Walter Mapes, Satires and Songs. 
Kigellus, Speculum Stultorum. 
1 190 Institution of the Order of Teutonic Knights of St. Mary 
of Jerusalem. 

Chivalry has now by the influence of the Crusades 
attained its perfect organisation. Fostered in 
feudal castles, and jealously restricted to those 
of gentle birth, it exercises, notwithstanding its 
ezclusiveness, a powerful influence on the 
general feeling of the age. By the spirit en- 
joined in the mimic warfkre of its jousts and 
tournaments, the horrors of real war are alle- 
viated; by its association with religion and 
poetry, the moral feelings are strengthened and 
refined; and devotion, loyalty, gallantry, and 
good faith, become at . least professedly the 
attributes of that knightly character, out of 



170 RUDIMENTARY CHBONOLOGY. [A.D. II90- 

A. D. 

1190 which has been eyoked the gentleiiuux of 

modem Enrope. 

Bichard Coeur de Lion, Boger of Sicily, Alfonflo 

and Pedro of Aragon, the Emperor Frederic, 

and many other princes, daring this and the 

following century, cultivate '^El Gai Sabei^* 

—the gay science, as the Proyen^al poets 

designate their art. The renowned tales of 

King Arthur and his Knights of the Bound 

Table, of Beynard the Fox, and the story under 

Abp. Turpin*8 name of Charlemagne and his 

Paladins, the sources oi iunumerable fictions^ 

are of about this period. 

Bise of Heraldry. 

Death of the Emperor Frederic, who is drowned while 

bathing in a small Eastern river. He is succeeded by 

his son Henry, King of the Two Sicilies, 1 190-7. 

1 191 Acre surrenders to Bichard and Philip, Quarrel of 

Bichard with Leopold of Austria. Many eminent 
Mohammedans as well as Christians are put to death by 
the ^'Assassins,** or followers of the ^*old man of the 
mountain.-' 
The kingdom of Cyprus founded. 

Joseph of Exeter, Trojan War^ Crusades^ &C., in 

Latin verse. 
Hugh Falcandus, History of Sicily 4 

1192 Bichard defeats Saladin at Ascalon, takes Joppa by storm, 

and after many heroic deeds, concludes a truce vdth the 

Sultan for " 3 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 3 days, and 

3 hours.** Meanwhile, the safe conduct is secured of all 

Christian pUgrims to Jerusalem. 
Philip, jealous of Bichard*s fame, returns to France, and 

attacks Normandy. 
. Bichard, driven by shipwreck into the dominions of the 

Duke' of Austria, is made prisoner, and sold to the 

Emperor Henry. 
The Afghan Sultan Mohammed obtains a great victory 

over the Hindu rajas, on the SaraswatL Prithwi Bai, 

Baja of Ajmer and Delhi, is captured and put to 

^th. 



IipS] . MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 171 

A. D. 

,1192 Boger de Hoveden, Chronicle of England. 

Benedict, Abbot of Peterborough, History of 
England^ 1170-92. 

1 193 Frinoe John of England endeayoors, by bribery, to pro- 

long his brother's captivity. 
Death of Saladin, the great Sultan, and division of his 
empire. 

William of Tyre, Hist of the Crusades^ 1 100-84. 

1 1 94 King Richard is ransomed, and returns to England. 

Vigorous war is carried on against France. Bichard 
visits Sherwood Forest, now the scene of the exploits 
of Bobin Hood, " the gentlest of thieves." 

Toghrd, the last Seljukian Sultan of Persia, is killed in 
battle with Taksh Khan, Sultan of Kharizm. 

The Sultan Mohammed defeats and slays the Baja of 
Kanoj, and extends the Afghan dominion to the 
Ganges. 

Boahoddi Ibu Shaddad, Hfe of Saladin^ in 
Arabic. 

1 195 Alfonso, King of Castile, is defeated by the Saracens at 

Alarcos. 
Isaac n.. Emperor of the East, is dethroned and blinded 
by his brother, Alexius m. 

The rebuilding of Lincoln cathedral commenced. 
The presbytery at Winchester, 1 195-1205. 
William of Newbury, Chronicle of England. 
The Mysteries, or Miracle plays — dramatic repre- 
sentations of Scripture. 

1 197 Cessation of hostilities between England and France. 
Death of Henry VI., Emperor of Germany. 

Abdollatiph, Persian historian. 

11 98 Contest between Philip of Suabia, supported by the Ghi- 

bellines, and Otho of Saxony, supported by the Guelphs, 
for the Imperial crown, till 1 208. 
Innocent IIL, Pope of Rome, 1 198- 12 16. 

An able, energetic, and self-denying man, who success- 
fully re-estabhshes and augments the Papal dorainiont 
both spiritual and temporal. He boldly affirms that 
^*the Church owes reverence only to the Pope, and 
that the Pope has no superior but God." 

iS5 



1 72 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a. D. 1 198- 
A. D. 

1 198 The Gralilee of Ely cathedral^ one of the finest 

porches in the world, 1198-1215. 

1 199 King Richard is mortally wounded at the siege of the 

castle of Chains, and dies, April 6. 
John, King of England, 1 1 99- 1 2 1 6. 

The usurper of the rights of his elder hrother Geoffrey's 

son, Prince Arthur. 

Campanus of Lombardy, astronomer, 
fzoo During the 13th century, civilisation continues 

steadily to advance: the institution of universi- 
ties, the zealous study of the schokstic philo- 
sophy and the Roman civil law, and the culti- 
vation of the vernacular languages, give new 
impulse to learning ; and, while the manners of 
those in high places are softened by minstrelsy- 
and chivaliy, the social condition of the people 
at large is also greatly ameliorated. 
The successive Cmsades, 1096- 1270, although 
their immediate effect is to exalt still higher tibe 
Papal power, ultimately conduce in many ways 
to the progress of European society: men*s 
minds aie expanded by travel to lands so unlike 
their own — ^geographical research is promoted 
— a powerfiil impetus is given to the commerce 
first of the Italian towns, and then of Europe 
in general — ^Eastern inventions in science, art, 
and agriculture, are introduced — ^the estates of 
many great feudal lords (especially in FrauQ^) 
are broken up, and by their division the royal 
power is strengthened, and the class of petty 
freeholders made numerous and influential — 
and, in these wars, the various European nations 
are drawn together, for the first time, in one 

reat co-operative league. 
King sacrifices the interests of Arthur, aqd 
makes peace with John. 

Rouen cathedral rebuilt, 1200-50. 
The cathedral of Limburg in Germany. 
1 20 1 The Order of Poor Catholics, one of the earliest Mendi- 
cant Orders, is confirmed by Pope Innocent. 



1204] MEDIEVAL mSTORY. 173 

A. D. 

1 20 1 Saxo Grammaticus, History of Denmark^ d. 1 208. 

1202 The fourth Crusade. Composed of French, Grermans, 

and Venetians, under the Marquis of Mountserrat. 
Institution of the Brothers of the Short-Sword, or 

Ejiights of Livonia, against the Prussians. 
Waldemar XL, King of Denmark, 1202-41, under whom 
the Danish dominion acquires its greatest extent. 

Gervase of Canterbury, Chronicle of England^ 
1122-99. 

1203 The Crusaders besiege and capture Constantinople, de- 

throne Alexius m., and restore Isaac, who 
reigns with his son, Alexius IV. 

Murder of Prince Arthur at Rouen. 

The French King takes possession of Touraine, Anjou, 
and Maine. 

The Anglo-Saxon is now gradually developing 
into the English tongue. From 1 1 50 to 1250, 
what has been called ^ Semi- Saxon" prevailed. 
In this is written, about this time, Lyamon's 
translation of Wace*s Brut ^AngUterre. 

1204 Revolution at Constantinople, in which the Emperors 

Isaac and Alexius are slain. The Crusaders again cap- 
ture Constantinople, and divide the Greek provinces 
between themselves. Venice, under the Doge Dan- 
dolo, obtains the Morea, Candia, &c. 
Latin empire at Constantinople under Baldwin I., Count 

of Flanders. 
The Greek kingdoms of Nice under Theodore Lascaris, 
of Trebizond under Alexins Comnenus, and other 
smaller principalities, established in Asia. 

Several Greek painters now pass into Italy and 
Germany. '^They bring over the Byzantine 
types of form and colour, the long lean limbs 
of the saints, the dark-visaged Madonnas, and 
the blood-streaming crucifixes." 
The four bronze horses at Venice brought from 
Constantinople. 
King Philip siezes Normandy from John, and re-unites it 
to France, after a separation of 300 years. 

The Chronicle of the Congest of Constantinople 



174 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1 204. 
A. D. 

1204 by GeoStey de YiUehardoiiili, Marshal of 

Champagne, in the quamt '^langne Bomaine,** 
18 almost the earliest known liteiuy prodnction 
of a la3rman. 

• Beaulieu abbey, Hampshire, founded. 

1205 The Latin Emperor Baldwhi is d^eated and taken pri- 

soner by the Bulgarians. 
Eztensiye conquests of Waldemar IL of Denmark, 
1205-18. 

1206 Jenghis Khan, chief all the Mogul or Mongol tribes, 

1206-27* 
The Mohammedan kingdom of Delhi founded, under the 
Afghan *' Slave Kings." 

The Uniyersity of Paris founded. 
Bologna, the great seat of the study of Civil law, 
is said now to contain 10,000 students. Period 
of the Glosses. 

1 207 Dispute between John and Pope Lmoeent respectmg the 

appointment of Stephen Langton to the see of Can- 
terbury. 
Foundation of the Franciscan Order of Mendicants by 
Frauds, a native of Assisi, in Umbria. 

1208 London obtains by charter the right to elect its own 

Mayor. Charters of incorporation are granted, about 

this time, to various towns. 
England is laid under ui interdict by the Pope. 
Otho rV. becomes sole Emperor of Germany, by the 

assassination of Philip. 

1 209 Pope Innocent excommunicates John. 

John obtains successes over the Scotch^ Lrish, and Welsh, 

I209-II. 

Crusade against the Albigenses and Raymond of Toulouse, 
under Simon de Montfort, commenced. All Lan- 
guedoc is desolated, the cities bumt^ and the people put 
to the sword. Heroic defence of the unfortunate Ray- 
mond Roger, "Viscount of Albi. 
Ralph de Diceto, historian. 

12 10 War between Venice and Gknoa. 

Venice almost monopolises the Eas^m trade. 
The Italian merchants, commonly called Lombards, 



1215] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. ] 75 

A. D. 

1 2 1 o distrtbute tbtoagfaont Europe the cdlks, tpices, and 

other Afflatic produce received from the Venetian 
factorieBf and axe now the chief bankers and 
money dealers of the age. 

1 2 1 1 The Order of the Holy Trinity for the redemption of slaves 

and captives, founded by John de Matha and Felix de 
Yalois, the Wilberforces of their time. 

The cathedral of Bheims commenced. 

1 2 1 2 Council of Paris, on discipline. 

The Pope publishes a sentence of deposition against John, 
and gives England to Philip, Eing of France. 

Frederic 11. (in opposition to Otho), Emperor of Ger- 
many, 1212-50. 

Great victory of Alfonso, King of Castfle, over the Sara- 
cens at NavasdeTolosa. From this period, the Saracen 
power declines. 

Soissons cathedral completed. 

121 3 John submits t6 the Pope, does homage to the Roman 

l^;ate at Dover, and declares England a Papal fief sub- 
ject to an annual tribute of 1,000 silver marks, 
Walter of Coventry, historian. 
Wells cathedral, 1213-39. 
Victory of Simon de Montfort at Muret; Peter, Eang of 

Aragon, the ally of Count Kaymond, is slain. 
Strange and disastrous .Crusade of French boys. 

1214 Philip, King of France, gains the great victory of Bou- 

vines over John, the Emperor Otho, and the Earl of 
Flanders. 

Birth of Roger Bacon. 

12 1 5 The English barons, headed by Langton, Archbishop of 

Canterbury, and Fitz Walter, " Marshij of the army of 
God and of holy Churchy" rise in arms against John, 
who is compeUed to grant the charter they demand. 

Magna Chabta, the great foundation of English liberty, 
is signed at Runnymede, June 19. The Charter of 
the Forests, restraining the worst abuses of the feudal 
tenure, is signed at the same time. 

Fourth Lateran and twelfth General Council against the 
Albigenses and other heretics, and for the reformation 
of .the Church. 



176 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A. D. I a 1 5- 

A. D. 

1 2 1 5 The doctrines of traiuabstantiatioii and auricular con&s- 

mon are now yirtuaUy established, and the Papal power 
of dispensing indulgences assumed. 
Raymond of Toulouse is stripped of nearly all his posses- 
sions, which are conferred upon Simon de Montfort. 

1 2 1 6 John, supported by the Pope, makes war upon the barons, 

who call to their aid Louis of France. Death of John 

at Newark, universally detested and despised. 
Henkt m.. King of England, 1216-72. 

William, Earl of Pembroke, Regent. 
The Mendicant Order of Dominicans or Black-friarSi 

founded by Dominic de Guzman. 
Defeat of the Knights of the Short-Sword in Esthonia. 
Jenghis Khan, having wrested the North of China firom 

the Tongusian Tartars, subdues all Tartary. 

Accursius of Florence, Carpus Juris Glossatmnt 

II$I-I229. 

1 2 1 7 Louis is defeated at the battle of Lincoln, and returns to 

France. 
The fifth Crusade under Andrew IE., King of Hungary, 

1 2 1 7- 1 8. Fruitless in its result. 
Haco v.. King of Norway, 1217-63, recovers Iceland 
and Greenland. 

Norwegian commerce is encouraged, and the ordeal 
by fire abolished. 

12 18 The Sheriffs are charged to read Magna Charta publicly 

at the county courts, and to see it duly observed. 

Simon de Montfort is killed, while besieging Toulouse. 

Waldemar, King of Denmark, is now master of the entire 
coast of the Baltic as far as Holstein, together with 
Lubec and Hamburgh. But he is taken prisoner by 
stratagem, 1223, and loses most of his conquests. 

Jenghis Klian invades Khorasan and Persia. 

1 2 19 Death of the Earl of Pembroke. Hubert de Burgh and 

the Bishop of Winchester become rival ministers. 

1 220 The Mendicant friars established at Oxford. 

The re-building of the abbey church of West- 
minster commenced. 

Salisbury cathedral, the most perfect example of 
the Early English style, I320-58, 



1225] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 177 

A. D. 

1220 Amiens cathedral, 1220-88. Friburg minster, 

1220-72. 

Flourishing period of the Minstrels in England,* 
the Troubadours in France, and the Minne- 
singers in Grermany, who greatly develope and 
refine the languages of their respective coun- 
tries. Their stirring lays were now sung by 
all classes from the prince to the jongleur, to 
the rich in the castle hall, and to the poor on 
the Tillage green. The harp or the yicl was 
the usual instrumental accompaniment. 
The King of Delhi conquers Bengal, and Central India, 
1232. 

Laws of Jenghis Khan. 

1 22 1 Death of Dominic at Bologna, the chief convent of his 

Order. 

Commencement of the beautiM cathedral of 
Burgos. 

1222 Jenghis Khan drives the Sultan of Kharism into India, 

and chases him to the Indus. Persia becomes subject 
to the Moguls. 
The Charter of Andrew IL, the basis of Hungarian 
freedom. 

The University of Padua founded. 

Guido of Sienna, and Giunta of Pisa, the painters. 

1223 The Mendicant Order of Frandscans, or Grey-friars, for- 

mally established. 

Antony of Padua, a learned Franciscan preacher, 
1195-1231. 
First general assembly, at Bergen, of the spiritual and 
temporal lords and landholders of Norway. 
1225 The English Parliament grants the King a subsidy for 
war with France, on condition that the Great Charter 
is confirmed ; the first example of that combination of 
a grant of supply with a redress of grievances which, 
by its check on the King*s prerogative, becomes the 
** balance-spring of the constitution.** 
Second League of the Lombard cities, supported by the 
Pope, against the Emperor. Continued contests be- 
tween the Guelphs and Ghibellines. The Lombard 

15 



178 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [A.D. 1225- 
A.D. 

1 225 cities now begin to hire regukr trobps, a practice which 
afterwards gi^es rise to the Free CkHnpanies. 

The Moguls invade BusSia, and gain a great victory on 
the river Kalka, 

1226 New war against tlfe Albigens^. 

Louis IX. (St. Louis), King of France^ 1226-70. 
A noble and heroic character. 

The Order of Carmelites, or White-friars, which origi- 
nated in Palestine, is now received into the Western 
Church by Pope Honorius ni., and becomes a Mendi- 
cant Order, 1245. 

Death of Francis of AssisL L^;end of the "Stigmata.** 

The spiritual democrats of the age, the Mendicant Orders, 
work the greatest and most effectual reform the Church 
has yet seen. *' Nothing in the histories of Wesley or 
of Whitfield can be compared with the enthusiasm 
which everywhere welcomed the Mendicant friars, or 
with the immediate and visible result of their labours. 
In an age of tyranny, they were protectors of the 
weak ; in an age of ignorance, instructors of mankind; 
in an age of profligacy, stem vindicators of the holiness 
of the sacerdotal character and the virtues of domestic 
life ;** but they soon became firm supporters of Papal 
encroachment, and diffusers of morl»d superstitions. 
Cathedral of Toledo, 1226- 1492. 

1 227 Death of Jenghis Khan, on his march to China. 
Eccelino da Romano, tyrant and lord of Treviso, 1 227-59. 

The able but merciless ally of the German Emperors. 

The Emperor Frederic, J)t Arte Venandi. 

German poetry flourishes greatly during the period, 
1 1 70- 1 2 50. Among many others may be named 
Gunther, Freydonk, and Walther V. D. Vogel- 
weide. The most noted of the epic romances 
are the HeUen Buck (Book of Heroes), and 
the Nibelungen Lied (Lay of the Nibelungs). 

The south transept of York cathedral, 1227-50. 

1228 The sixth Crusade, undertaken by the Emperor 

Frederick 11., who had been previously excommuni- 
cated by the Pope. 

The University of Salamanca founded. 



I230] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 179 

A. D. 

1 228 ChnlriBh of the Holy Franciscaa at Astuiiy interest- 

ing both as the first example of Pointed archi- 
tecture in Italy, and as the scene where, for 
300 years, the greatest Italian artists were suc- 
cessively employed. Many remarkable works 
in painting, sculpture, and architecture, signa- 
lise the progress of the Mendicant Orders. 
1239 The Emperor Frederic obtains the restitution of Jerusalem 
and other cities to the Christians, which they retain 
till 1244. 
The Albigenses are finally del^ated, and their territory 

annexed to the French crown. 
Establishment of the Inquisition at Toulouse. The Council 
of Toulouse prohibits the reading of Scripture by laymen. 
The University of Toulouse founded. 
James L (the Conqueror), King of Aragon, conquers 
Majorca, Minorca, lTic% and Valencia, 1229-38. 
'12 30 Unsuccessful expedition of King H^iry to France, to 
recover his Norman inheritance. 
The Teutonic Order — 28 knighta and 100 men at arms 

arriye in the territory of Culm* 
The kingdoms <^ Leon and Castile finally united under 
Ferdinand. 

Alexander de Hales, ^ the Irrefragable Doctor,** at 

Oxford, d. 1245. 
The ttoets of Aristotle, promoted by the authority 
of the Church and the industry of the schoolmen, 
now predominate in the colleges and schools. 
But the scholastic philosophy, though zealously 
cultivated, never advances. Its teachers are- 
always employed in urging and parrying the 
same arguments; in tieing and untieing the same 
knots; and in forming and dissipating the same 
douds. The poet*s censure of *'the Sons of 
Aristotle'* is as just as it is l»ppily expressed : 

" They stand 
Locked up together hand in hand { 
Every one leads as he is led, 
The same bare path they tread. 
And dance like Fairies a fantastic round. 
But neither change their motion nor their gronnd.** 



180 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1231. 

A. D. 

1 23 1 Thie Teutonic Knights conquer all Prussia, 1231-83. 

The Prussians are extirpated, and the country repeopled 
mth Germans and Poles. 
Death of Elizabeth of Hungary. 

The cathedral of St. Elizabeth at Marbourg com- 
menced. 
The Almagest of Ptolemy translated from Arabic 
into Latin, by command of the Emperca: 
Frederic. 

1232 King Henry dismisses Hubert de Burgh, Chief Justice of 

England and Earl of Kent, and recalls the Bishop of 
Winchester. 

University College, Oxford, founded. 
Great influence in the Universities of die Mendi- 
cant Orders. 
The Order of the Servi established at Florence. 
William, Bishop of Paris. 

1233 Disturbances in England, caused by the King's preference 

for foreigners. Italian and other foreign absentees now 
hold the richest English benefices. 

The choirs of Worcester and fiochester, and the 

nave of Lincoln cathedrals, are of about this date. 

Ferdinand, King of Castile, conquers Toledo, Cordova, 

the whole of Murcia, Jaen, Seville, and Cadiz, 

1233-50. 

The convent of Port Boyal des Champs between 
Paris and Versailles founded. 

1234 Hubert de Burgh is recalled by the King. 
Unsuccessful revolt of the Emperor Frederic's son. 

Ra3anond de Pennafert publishes 5 books of 

Decretals. 
P. de Yineis, Italian historian, d. 1 249. 
Kodrigo Ximenez, Abp. of Toledo, Hist, of Spaing 
d. 1245. 
1237 The Emperor Fi^deric gains the victory of Cortenuova, 
captures the Caroccio or great banner of Milan, and 
subdues Lombardy as far as Milan and Brescia. 
An immense host of Moguls and Tartars, under Batu 
Khan, advance from the North of the Caspian to in- 
vade Euiope. They bum Moscow and Kiow, subdue 



1242] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 181 

A.B. 

1237 all Russia, 1237-8, and thence hold the country in 
subjection till 1 47 7. The duchy of WUdimir is the only 
native Russian dynasty which preseires its existence. 

(Jnion of the Knights of the Short-Sword with the 
Teutonic Order as " Brothers of the Cross," in Liyonia, 
Courland, and Esthonia. . 

Polish salt works of Wiliczka. 

1238 Venice and Grenoa declare war against the Emperor. 
Foundation of the Saracen kingdom of Granada under 

Mohammed L 

Thibaut, King of Navarre, one of the royal 
Troubadours. 

1239 The Emperor Frederic again excommunicated by the Pope. 

Paper money is said to have been now used in 
China. From the East it is introduced into 
Italy. 

1240 John Holiwood, English astron. and mathem., 

d. 1256. 
The Saxon Mirror of laws and customs. 
Laws of Waldemar in Denmark. 

1241 The Moguls under Batu Khan, the first Khan of Kip- 

chak, attack Poland, and totally defeat at Liegnitz the 
forces of Silesia, the Polish Palatines, and the Teutonic 
Knights. Hungary is next invaded, and reduced to a 
wilderness; dties, churches, and people being ruthlessly 
destroyed. The Mogul forces advance on Germany, 
but afler desolating Servia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, they 
retreat to the Volga. 
The kingdom of Denmark enfeebled by partition. 

Snorre Sturlason, History of Norway to 1241, 

continued to 1263 by Sturla Thoridson, the 

last of the Scalds. 

1242 Sdcond expedition of King Henry into France. He and 

his ally, the Count de la Marche, are defeated by 
St Louis at Taillebourg and at Saintes. 

Matthew Paris, monk of St. Albans, History of 
Englandjd, 1259. • 

6 . Albertus Magnus, a Dominican, distinguished for 

his skill in natural philosophy, and as a com« 
mentator on Aristotle, 1 193-1280. 



182 RUDIMENTAKY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D.I2431. 

A. D. 

1 243 Death of Htibert ^ Burgh. 

Under the vigorons government of Pembroke and 
Hubert de Burgh, England has considerably 
. advanced m trade, wealth, and luxury. Agri- 
culture revives, and much waste land is gradu- 
ally brought into cultivation. Flourishing tin 
mines of Cornwall. Coal was first discovered 
at Newcastle, 1235. 
Robert Grosteste, Bishop of Lincoln, famous for 
his attainments both in theology and philosophy, 
1175-1253. 
The Eharismian Turks, pressed forward by the Moguls, 
invade Palestine, and pillage and bum Jerusalem, 1 244. 
The Greek empire of Nice under John Ducas (Vataoes), its 
second Emperor, 1222-55, acquires dominion over the 
other Greek states, and in alliance with the Bulgarians, 
gradually limits the Latin empire to the city of Constaa* 
tinople. 
1 245 Thirteenth General Council, at Lyons. 

The Pope publishes a sentence of deposition against the 
Emperor Frederic, and sets up first, Henry of Thu« 
ringia, and at his death William, Count of Holland, as 
anti-emperors. 

Bise of the Hanseatic League for the protection 
of commerce from piracy and pillage. 80 
towns constitute the confederacy, divided into 
4 colleges, over which Lubec, Cologne, Bruns- 
wick, and Dantzic, respectively preside. Its 
4 great factories abroad are London, Bruges, 
Bergen, and Novgorod. The merchants of the 
League become endowed with many privileges, 
enact commercial statutes and codes of mari- 
time laws, and soon command the trade of the 
Western and Northern seas. 
1 2 46 The festival of Corpus Domini first celebrated in Flanders. 

Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, d. 1 286. 
Abulfaragius, Umversal History, 1226-86. 
•1247 The English Parliament, three times this year, sends 
letters to Bome, complaining of Papal exactions. 
Aragon Code of laws. 



1250] MEDIEYAL HISTORY* 188 

A.D. 

1 247 Jewish 0chool8 at Seville, Cordoya, kc 

1 248 The seventh Crusade under St. Lotus, King of France. 
The Emperor Frederic is compelled by the Guelphs to 

raise the siege of Parma. 

Cologne minster commenced. That boilt by 

Charlemagne was burnt, early this year. 
John of Sacro Bosco, mathem. at Halifax, d. 1 2 5 6. 

1 249 Damietta taken by St. Louis. 
Defeat of the Ghibellines at Fossalti. 
The Hanse towns capture Copenhagen. 

1250 The language of some metrical Lives of the 

8aini8y which appear about this time, may be 
deemed English ; but the first specimen of the 
English tongue bearing a precise date, is a pro- 
clamation of Henry IIL to the people of Hunt- 
ingdonshire, 1258. The era of its gradual 
ascendancy, 1250- 1350, is known as that of 
the " Early EngUsh." 
The north transept of York cathedral, 1 250-60. 
St Louis is taken prisoner, and surrenders Damietta. 
He returns to France, 1254, without having visited 
Jerusalem. 

The college of the Sorbonne founded at Paris. 
The beautiful Sainte Chapelle at Paris built by 
St. Louis to receive '*the Crown of Thorns,** 
1245-57. 
The House of Saladin is overthrown by the Mamelukes, 
originally Turkish slaves formed into a body-guard for 
the Sultan; they govern Egypt, 1250-1382. 
Death of the Emperor Frederic. Tbe Lombard cities 
had now reached the sumimit of their power. After 
Frederic's death, the nobles entrusted with the com- 
mand of their militias begin to usurp the supreme 
authority. Parties are formed against these, and in 
every municipal district, contests are carried on be- 
tween the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 

In this democratic collision, talent is awakened, 
and Upper Italy still flourishes above all the 
European states in agriculture, commerce, 
manufactures, and art. 



184 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [a.D. I252- 

A.D. 

1252 Assasrination of Peter Martyr, the Inquisitor Gkneral^ 

and, next to their patriarch, the most renowned of the 
Dominican Order. 

1253 Great assemhlj at Westminster, in which excommunica- 

tion is denounced against all violators of the Great 
Charter. 
Grosteste, Bishop of Lincoln, resists the Papal appoint- 
ment of an Italian boy to a canonry in his cathedral. 
The Papal exactions demanded from Lincoln alone, in 
one year, are said to have amounted to £20,000. 
Rome governed by the Senator Brancaleone. He attacks 
the bandit nobles who had converted the Colosseum, the 
triumphal arches, and other great old monuments,- into 
fortresses of plunderers, and hangs them outside their 
palace windows. 

The Astronomical Tables of Alfonso, King of 
CastUe, composed about this date. He also 
publishes the famous Code prepared by his 
father Ferdinand, known as "^ the Seven Farts.*' 
Learning and science now flourish in Castile. 
Foundation of the great palace of the Alhambra, 

near Granada. 
Bubruquis, by the direction of St. Louis, travels 
among the Moguls. 

1254 General persecution of the Jews. Many are imprisoned 

and tortured, on a charge of crucifying a boy, which is 
sworn to by 25 knights. 
Death of Conrad tV., Emperor of Germany. 
St. Louis returns to France, and subdues the turbulent 
barons. 

Thomas Aquinas, *' the Angelic Doctor," a Domi- 
nican, 1224-74. Under him the scholastic 
philosophy reaches its zenith. The chief of 
his works, which fill 1 7 volumes folio, is the 
Summa Theologia, From him is derived the 
school of the Thomists. 

1255 Eonigsberg founded by Ottocar n.. King of Bohemia. 

Bills of exchange used in Italy. 

1256 Pope Alexander IV. establishes the Mendicant Order of 

the Hermits of St Augustin. 



12593 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 185 

A.I>. 

1256 Cardinal Bonaventara, ''the Seraphic Doetor,** 

scholastic and mystic, 1221-74. 
Nicephonis Blemmidas, theologian and logician. 
Death of the Emperor William of Germany. During the 
interr^;num which follows, 1256-73, great anarchy 
prevails. 74 Rhenish cities form a confederacy for 
their joint defence, 1254-73. 

nourishing silk manu&ctories are carried on in 
Lucca, and woollen in Milan and Tuscany. 
Hulaku, the grandson of Jenghis EJian, becomes Sultan 
of Persia, 1256-65. 

1257 Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry m., 

and Alfonso, King of Castile, are elected by their re- 
spective partisans to the Grerman Imperial throne, but 
remain utterly destitute of influence in the empire. 
Milan subject to the family of Delia Torre. Rivalry 
between the Houses of Delia Torre and Yisconti. 

Nicholas of Pisa, a great sculptor, '* the first who 
gives a grand impulse to modem art,** d. 1 276-7. 
Three of his greatest works are the pulpits of 
the baptistery at Pisa and the cathe<kal at 
Sienna, and *' the area** or shrine of St. Dominic 
at Bologna. 
Death of the famous Dominican, Hyacinth, who is said to 
have left no region unvisited from Scotland to China. 

1258 '*The Provisions of Oxford,** enacted by the barons 

under Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, son of the 
De Montfort who hunted down the Albigenses, virtuaUy 
divest the King of all power. 

Naval war between Venice and Genoa. 

Manfred, guardian of Conradin, the rightM heir, by 
the aid of Arab soldiers, becomes King of the Two 
Sicilies. 

Hulaku captures Bagdad, and puts the Khalifto death. 
J2nd of the Khalifat of Bagdad. ■ Mesopotamia sub- 
dued by Hulaku. 

1259 Peace between England and France. Louis restores 

Limousin and other conquered provinces, and Henry 
surrenders his right to Normandy and Poitou. 
Defeat and death of Eccellno da RomaQO. 



186 RUDIIIENTART CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I26o* 

A. D. 

ia6o Buigber troqpt of Aragon for die pfOtoedon of the public 
roads. 
• The MamelukeB conquer Damaseiu and Aleppo. 

Httlaku invadefl Syria, but is driyen back b j the Mamelukes. 
William de Lorris, Le RomoM de la Rose^ con- 
tinued by Jean le Meun. 
Chartres cathedral dedicated. 

1 26 1 Michael Palseologus, the Greek Emperor of Nice, with the 

aid of the Genoese, reconquers Constantinople, and 
overthrows the Latin empire. Genoa obtains an acqui- 
sition of territory, and great commercial privileges. 

1 262 Civil war in England between the King and the barons. 

The dispute between them is referred to St. Louis of 
France. 

1 263 Alexander m. of Scotland defeats Haoo, King of l^or- 

way, at Largs, and acquires the sovereignty of the Isle 
of Man and the Hebrides, 1 266. 

Vincentius of Beauvais compiles, at the cost of 
St. Louis, the Speculum^ an Encyclopedia. 

Baliol college, Oxford, founded. 

1264 Battle of Lewes, in which King Henry, the King of the 

Bomans, and Frinoe Edward, are taken prisoners by 
the barons. 
Great numbers of chauntries, in which daily masses are 
sung for the souls of the d€»d, are founded in England, 
about this time. 

Merton college, Oxford, founded by Walter de 
Merton, Bishop of Bochester. 

1265 First kegulab Pabliament in England, called by 

De Montfort. Two knights for each county, two citi- 
zens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough, 
are summoned by writs in the King's name. 

Prince Edward escapes, and gains the battle of Evesham, 
in which the barons are defeated, and De Montfort is 
slain. The lower orders regard him as a mart3rrto 
their liberties, and long cherish the memory of ** Sir 
Simon the Righteous.** 

Introduction of hereditary nobility in Sweden. City 

. deputies are called to the Danish parliament. 

The long struggle between the Pope and the Emperors 



1270] MEDIEVAL HISTORV. 187 

A.D. 

1 265 ends in fkyour of the Pope, who bestows on Charles of 
Anjou, Connt of Provenoe, and brother of St. Lonis, 
the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, to be held as a fief of 
the Papal see. Manfred is defeated and slain near 
Benevento. 

The Pope daims the general right of presenting to all 
benefices. The Papal power has now attained its 
highest point, and a supremacy subtler and more exact* 
ing than the Csosars, dictates firom Borne mandates to 
all Europe. 

Gioyaoni Cimabue of Florence, the most illustri- 
ous painter of his time, 1240- 1302. His 
greatest work, the Madonna and In&nt Christ, 
was conducted to its destination in the church 
of Santa Maria Novella, bj a long procession 
of the magistrates and chief citizens of Florence^ 
to the sound of triumphal music. 

1 266 Democratic goyemment in Florence. 

1268 The Pragmatic sanction. The election of French bishops 

independent of the Pope. 
Conradin, a boy of 16, the last of the House of Hohen- 

staufen, endeayours to regain his inheritance, and is 

barbarously put to death in the market place of Naples, 

Oct. 29. 
Papal interregnum of nearly 3 years. 
The Mamelukes capture Antioch. 

1 269 St Edmund's Hall, Oxfi>rd, founded. 

Oxford is now second only to Paris in the celebrity 
of its disputations, and the number of its 
students* 

Roger Bacon, "the Wonderful Doctor," a Fran- 
ciscan friar, the first reviyer of experimental 
science, makes important discoveries in. che* 
mistry, mechanics, and optics. For his lectures 
at Oxford known as the Opus Mapu^ he is pro- 
hibited teaching in the Uniyersity, and confined 
to his convent. 

1270 The «* Establishments*' or Code of kws of St. 

Louis, suppressing. private wars, and trials by 
wager of battle» 



188 BUDIMENTAftT CHRONOLOGT. [a. D. 1 2 70 

A. D. 

1270 The eighth and last Cnuade. Prince Edward, whose 

genius has re-established his father's authority in 
England, with St. Louis joins the^Crusade. St. Louis 
dies at Tunis, Aug. 25. 

1 27 1 Prince Edward delivers Acre, and takes Nazareth. He is 

dangerously wounded by an assassin, and saved, accord- 
ing to the legend, by his wife Eleanor's devotedness. 
Michael Soott of Balwirie, in Fife, celebrated in 

popular tradition for his skill in the occult 

sciences. 
John de Joinville, Memoirs of St. Louis* 
Andrea Tafi and Gaddo Gaddi, the friends of 

Chnabue, and Era Giacomo, a Franciscan friar 

of Sienna, famous for their beautiful mosaic 

work. 

1272 Death of King Henry HL His memorable reign has 

not only witnessed ^ the rise of the House of Commons, 
but the entire dissolution of the feudal gradations of 
rank.** 
Edwabd L, Sling of England, 1 272-1 307. 

The '^ English Justinian,** as he is not unjustly called, 
for his wise amendments of the English law. 
Interference in the functions of the parochial clergy by 
the Mendicant Orders, who are exempt from all epis- 
copal authority. 
Conquest of Anatolia by the Moguls. 

Amolfo of Florence, a pupil of Nicholas of Pisa, 
called ''the father of modem architecture,** 
1232-1300. Among his chief works are the 
Palaz2X> Yecchio, and Franciscan church of 
St Crdce, 1294. The splendid duomo at 
Florence was commenced by him, 1 298. 

1273 Bndolph of Hapsburg, the founder of the House of 

Austria, is elected Emperor of Germany. A dauntless 
and sagacious prince. 
The first patent of nobility is granted to his goldsmitli 
by the King of France. 

Saadi, Persian poet, The Rose Garden and 
Orchard. 

1274 Fourteenth General Council, at Lyons. The number of 



1282] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 189 

A.O. 

1274 the Mendicant Orders ia restricted to four: Domini- 
cans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of St. 
Augastin. 
First re-union of the Latin and Greek Churches, 1 274-85. 
Durandiis, Bp. of Mende, Speculum Juris, d. 1 296. 
Marchetti of Padua extends and improves the 
musical system of Franco yon Cologne. 

1276 King Edward invades Wales, and compels Llewellyn, its 

King, to do him homage. 
HADseatic settlement at Novgorod. 

This seat of one of the great Hanseatic factories, 
becomes the chief trading mart of Europe. Its 
commerce ranges from L^and to the frontiers 
of China, and its fame is proverbial — '* Who 
can resist God and Novgorod the great ?** 

1277 Defeat of Napoleon della Torre. The Yisconti become 

lords of Milao. 

Cathedral of Strasburg, 1277- 1449. 

1278 Ottocar, King of Bohemia, is defeated and shun by the 

Emperor Rudolph. 

1 279 The first statute of Mortmain enacted in England. 

. The Conquest of China completed by the Moguls, under 
Kuhlai Khan, who adopts the Chinese religion and 
customs. Extirpation of the Song dynasty. 

The great canal of China commenced by KublaL 
Marco Folo visits the court of the Great Khan at 

Fekin, his capital, between 1272 and 1 195. 
Commencement of the church of St. Maria 
Novella at Florence, now in the spring-tide of 
her greatness. 

1280 County deputies of the peasantry sent to the Danish par- 

liament. 

Esteve de Bezier, the last of the Troubadours. 
The Provencal language, or ** langue d'oc," be- 
comes superseded by the dialect of Northern 
France, or ** langue d'oui." 
Henry of Ghent, the scholastic, d. 1293. 
128^ Llewellyn, the last King of Wales, is defeated and slain 
by Edward. 

Carnarvon castle built. 



190 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [a.D. 1282- 

A.D. 

1282 Robert of Gloucester, the earliest Chronicle in old 

English rhymes. 
The Sicilian Vespers, March 30. All the French in 
Sicily, except William Farcellet and his family, whose 
Tirtues saved them, are suddenly massacred. The 
revolt began as the congr^;ations were assembling at 
Palermo for the Easter evening service. 
Peter HE. of Aragon becomes King of Sicily, 1282-5. 
Eric v.. King of Denmark, concedes the first Handveste, 
or constitutional charter. 

The Suabian Mirror by the Counts of Grinmien- 
stein. From this period, the Public Records 
of Grermany are kept in the German language. 

1283 The conquest of Wales completed by King Edward. 

The Welsh bards said to have been put to death. 
John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbuiy, 

d. 1291. 
Raymond Lully, '' the most Illuminated Doctor,** 
chemist and scholastic, d. 1 3 1 5. 
The Emperor Rudolph invests his son Albert, with the 
duchy of Austria, &c. 
J 284 King Edward*8 son, Edward, bom at Carnarvon, April 25. . 
The first English Prince of Walea 
Statute of Entail passed in England. 

Peter Langtoft, English Chronicle. 
Peter-house College, Cambridge, founded. 
Naval victory of Genoa at Meloria, which destroys the 
naval power of Pisa. Great power of Genoa. 

Extensive trade of the Genoese on the Black 
Sea, &C. 
Death of Alfonso X. of Castile, a good astronomer but a 
bad king, followed by contests for the succession. 
1285 Institution of the Court of Eing*s Bench — justices of the 
peace — and mixed juries for foreigners. The assizes 
in each county held thrice a year. 

Completion of the abbey church of Westminster. 
Ajadronicus II., Emperor of the East, dissolves the union 

of the Greek and Latin Churches. 
Philip IV. (the Fair), King of France, 1 285- 13 14. 

Jacobus de Yoragine, Golden Legend^ d. 1298. 



1 290] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 191 

A. D. 

1286 Alexander IIL of Scotland is killed by a fall from his horae^ 

and is succeeded by Margaret, the ^* Maid of Norway." 
Kaikobad, King of Delhi, is murdered by Jelal-ad-din- 
Feroz of the Afghan tribe of Khilji, who becomes Sultan 
of Delhi, and founder of the second or Khilji dynasty. 

1287 KingEdwurd imprisons the English Jews till they have 

paid a heavy fine, and then expels them irom the 
kingdom. They appear no more in England till the 
days of Cromwell. 

Thomas Lermont of Ercildowne, called Thomas 
the Rhymer, Sir Tristrem^ a metrical romance. 
Cathedral of Upsal in Sweden, 1287-1435. 
1 28 8 Nicholas lY., Pope of Kome, 1288-92. 

He encourages literature, and embellishes Rome. 
lElmacin, History of the Saracens, d. 1 302. 
Peter of Albano, astrologer, physician, and natu- 
ralist, 1250-13 15. 
Death by starvation of Count Ugolino, the dictator of 
Pisa, and his family. 

Poetry, painting, and sculpture, have combined to 
celebrate this event. 

1289 Contests of the Piasts for the crown of ^Poland, 1 289-95. 

Mino of Sienna, painter. 
Albertet, poet and mathematician. 
Richard Middleton, theologian, d. 1304. 

1 290 A law passed prohibiting the creation of new manors in 

England. 
Death of Margaret of Norway, on her passage to Scot- 
land. 
Contest between Robert Bruce, John Baliol, and others, 

for the Scottish crown. 
The Emperor Rudolph destroys the castles and towers of 

the freebooting nobles and knights of Germany. 
Destruction of the ports of Pisa and Leghorn^ 

Giovanni of Pisa, son of the great sculptor 
Nicholas, architect and sculptor, d. 1320. 
Among his many works is the famed Campo 
Santo, or public cemetery of Pisa, " perhaps the 
most beautiful cloister in the world." It con- 
tains 5Q ship-loads of earth from Jerusalem. 



19^ RUDIMENTART CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1290- 

m 

A. D. 

1290 George Pachjmeres, Byzantine History ^ &c. 

John Actuarius, Greek phyddan. 

The Uniyersity of Lisbon founded. 

1 29 1 Edward, as Lord Paramount of Scotland, receives at Nor« 

ham an oath of fealty from the Scottish nobility and 
clergy, who pledge themselves to submit to his award 
of their crown. 
Death of Queen Eleanor at Hornby. Wherever her 
body rests on its way to Westminster, at Waltham, St. 
Albans, Charing, &c., the King erects a stately cross. 
The nave of York cathedral, 1 2 9 1 - 1 3 60. 
English architecture, during the reign of Ed- 
ward I., is in a state of transition from the Early 
English to the Decorated style. The Eleanor 
crosses belong to the latter s^le. 
Prosperous and extensive trade of London and 
other English cities. 
Death of the great Emperor Rudolph. His dying words, 
^' I am on my way to Spires to visit the kings my pre- 
decessors.** 
Adolphus of Nassau elected Emperor. 
The Mamelukes take Acre, complete the conquest of 
Palestine, and put an end to the kingdom of Jerusalem. 
All the Christian churches and fortresses are destroyed, 
the Knights of St. John take refuge in Cyprus, and ''a 
mournful and solitary silence prevails along the coast 
which had so long resounded with the World's Debate.** 

1292 Edward declares John Baliol King of Scotland, and 

receives homage from him at Newcastle. 

St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, 1292-8. 
Fine effigy and tomb of Queen Eleanor in West- 
minster abbey. The sculpture of the early 
Decorated period is remarkable for its simpli- 
city and beauty. 
Death of Roger Bacon. 
Death of Pope Nicholas IV. The Papal see remains 

vacant for upwards of two years. 
Democratic constitution of Florence. The nobility 

rigorously excluded from power. 
The Moguls overthrow the kst Sultan of Iconium. 



1297] MEDIEVAL HISTOBY. 193 

A%D. 

1293 Naval War between Venice and Genoa. 

John Duns Scotus, " the most Subtile Doctor," 
a Pranciscan, founder of the school of Scotists, 
d. 1308. His works have been collected in 
1 2 volumes folio. 

1294 Death of Kublai, the Great Khan. Division of his 

empire. 

1 295 War between England and France. 

First Letters of Marque, granted by Edward I. to priva- 
teers against the Portuguese. 

Trade, agriculture, and mechanical art flourish 
both in Christian and Mohammedan Spain, and 
in Portugal. 

1296 Edward conquers the whole of Scotland, carries John 

Baliol a prisoner to the Tower, and transfers from 

Scone to Westminster, the famous Coronation Stone 

of the Scottish kings. 
Disputes between the French and English Kings and 

Pope Boniface VIII., who treats all secular power as 

wholly subordinate to the Church. 
Else of the parties of the Neri and Bianchi at Florence. 
Thebit, Arabian astronomer. 

1 297 Successful expedition of Edward in Flanders. 

The exactions of the Eling for the support of his constant 
wars having excited great discontent in England, he is 
now compelled to grant a solemn confirmation of the 
Great Charter, with the important addition that, hence- 
forth no tax shall be levied without consent of the 
knights, citizens, and burgesses, assembled in Parlia- 
ment. The amended Charter is ordered to be read 
twice a year in every cathedral. From this period, the 
modern constitution of Parliament may be said to take 
its origin. 

Nicholas Trivet, English Histo-ry, d. 1328. 

Sir William Wallace, the Scottish patriot and hero, 
ronses his countrymen to recover their ancient inde- 
pendence. He defeats the English at Cambuskenneth, 
and drives them out of Scotland. 

Decree, closing the Grand Council of Venice. The go- 
vernment becomes a close hereditary aristocracy. 



194 EUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I298- 

A.D. 

1 298 King Edward invades Scotland, and gains the battle of 

Falkirk. 
The Emperor Adolphus is deposed by the Diet, and 
Albert, son of the late Emperor Eudolph, is elected to 
the Imperial throne. 

The University of Montpellier founded. 

1 299 Othman invades Nicomedia, and founds the Ottoman em- 

pire. ' 

Oppression of the Swiss by the Emp^eror Albert. The 
Swiss towns, which, daring this and the preceding cen- 
tury, have risen into importance, repeatedly but fruit- 
lessly remonstrate. 

Cathedral of Barcelona. 

Brace, Comyn, and Lamberton, acting as regents, refer 
the straggle for Scottish independen<;e to the Pope's 
arbitration. 

1 300 The Pope answers the regents' appeal by claiming Scot- 

land for himself, as a iief of the Papal see. 
Institution of the Jubilee or Holy Year. A plenary in- 
dulgence granted to pilgrims to Borne. 

The Universities of Lyons and Lerida founded. 

The same causes, which promoted social progress 
during the last century, continue to work 
during the ensuing with accelerated power. 
The modem vernacular languages now assume 
a fixity of form by beins^ made the medium of 
the writings of various eminent men. Italy 
becomes the first distinguished in this way by 
the works of Dante, the ''father of Italian 
poetry '* — of Petrarch, the reviver of classical 
learning — and of Boccaccio, who causes the 
Tuscan dialect in which he writes to be 
regarded thenceforward as the language of 
Italy. In England, notwithstanding her great 
wars, the century is one of steady develop- 
ment. GeoflFrey Chaucer is justly held the 
*' Homer of English poetry," and John Wy- 
cliffe powerfully promotes by his writings, 
activity and freedom of thought. The Ser- 
mons of John Tauler, the mystic^ may 



130^] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 195 

A.D. 

1 300 be considered the first effort in German prose 

composition. The arts of architecture, carving 
in stone and wood, painting on glass, and the 
illumination of manuscripts, all attain during 
this period a high degree of excellence. 

1 301 Quarrel between Pope Boniface and Philip of France. 

William de Nogaret. 

Dante Alighieri, Divina Oommedia^ 1 265-1 321. 

1 302 Defeat of the English forces in Scotland. 

Pope Boniface issues the bull Unam Sanctam, declaring 

the doctrine of the sovereign and unlimited power of 

the Pope to be a necessary article of faith. - 

First assembly of the States Greneral in France. They 

resolve that "the Pope has no authority over the 

King." Flemish victory over the French at Courtenay. 

Beputed invention of the mariner^s compass by 

Fiavio Gioja at Amalfi. 

1303 Edward again invades Scotland, and concludes a treaty 

with John Gomyn. 
Boniface excommunicates Philip, who appeals to a 
General Council, and brings charges against the 
Pope. Boniface is made prisoner at Anagni, released 
by the people, and dies at Bome. 

The University of Avignon founded. 

1304 Sir William Wallace, **the Guardian of Scotland," is 

betrayed to Edward by Sir John Monteith. 
Death of Ghazan, Khan of Persia. Decay of the Mogul 
power. 

Birth of Petrarch. 

1305 Execution of Sir William Wallace in Smithfield. The 

Scottish nobles submit to Edward. 
Clement Y., a Frenchman, elected Pope, after a vacancy 
of nearly 1 1 months. The seat of the Popes is soon 
after transferred from Bome to Avignon. Here the 
Papal court is made a focus of vicious luxury, and its 
moral influenee in Europe proportionately declines. 

1 306 Bobert Bruce stabs Comyn, the heir of John Baliol, and 

is crowned at Scone, King of Scotland. 
Edward banishes from England Piers Gaveston, the 
unworthy favourite of his eldest son. 

k2 



196 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I306- " 

A.D. 

1 306 The use of coal in London prohibited, on account 

of the smoke. 

1 307 King Edward, at the head of the finest army yet seen in 

England, sets out to invade Scotland, but dies on his 
march, at Burgh on the Sands, in Cumberland, July 
7, ** leaving behind him the character of a great 
statesman and commander." 

Edward II., King of England, 1307-27. 

Piers Gaveston is recalled, and created Earl of Cornwall. 
Edward marries Isabella, daughter of Philip IV., 
through whom comes the English claim to the throne 
of France. 

Mission of John de Monte Corvino, &c., in China and 
Tartary. 

Persecution of the Knights Templars in France. 

William Tell shoots Gesler. 

1308 The English barons demand the banishment of Gave- 

ston. He returns, 1309. 
The Emperor Albert assassinated by his nephew. Henry 

of Luxemburg elected Emperor of Germany. 
General insurrection of the Swiss cantons; aU the 
Austrian bailiflFs are expelled. 10 years' confederacy of 
Schwitz, Uri, and Unterwalden. 

The scholastic philosophy begins now to decline. 
The University of Coimbra founded. 
Vasco Lobeira writes Amadis de Gaul, 

1309 The independence of the Swiss Forest cantons confirmed 

by the Emperor. 

The seat of the Teutonic knights removed from Verdun 
to Marienburg. 
1 3 1 o Revolt of the English barons. 

Defeat of the conspiracy of Tiepolo, and institution of n 
the Council of Ten, at Venice. 

The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem conquer Ehodes. 

The Sultans of Delhi invade and pillage the Dekkin, and 
gain successive victories over the Hindus, 1294-13 19. 
1 3 1 1 The barons extort the King's consent to the " Ordi- 
nances." All grievances are to be redressed, and 
Parliaments held once each year^ or oftener if need be. 
Gaveston is banished. 



13 19] MEDIEVAL HISTORY* 197 

A.D. 

1 3 1 1 Fifteenth General Council, at Vienne. Condemnation of 

the Knights Templars. 

The University of Orleans founded. 

1312 Gaveston again returns to England, is seized by the 

barons, and beheaded on Blaeklow Hill, near Warwick. 
The Knights Templars are barbarously put to death by 
Philip of France, and the Order abolished. 
Hertford College, Oxford, founded. 

131 3 The contest at Milan, between the Guelfs under the 

family of Delia Torre and the Ghibelines, ends in the 
triumph of the latter under Matteo Visconti, Influ- 
ence of Eobert (the Good) King of Naples, the head 
of the Guelf party, who aims at the sovereignty of 
Italy. 

Birth of Boccaccio. 

1 3 14 Edward II. invades Scotland^ and is totally defeated by 

King Eobert at Bannockburn, June 25. 
Exeter College, Oxford, founded. 
General war between the Guelfs and Ghibelines, 1314- 

15- 

^Double election of Emperors, Louis of Bavaria and 

Frederic of Austria, followed by civil war in Germany. 

Louis X. (the Quarrelsome) succeeds his father, Philip 

IV. of France. 

1315' Edward Bruce, brother of King Eobert, invades Ireland. 

He is crowned King, 13 16; and defeated and slain, 

1318. . 
Victory of the Swiss at Morgarten, " the Marathon of 
Switzerland." A permanent Eepublic is now formed 
by the renewal of the League of 1308. 
1 316 King Eobert holds a Parliament at Scone, in which a 
Capitulatory is drawn up on the model of the Great 
Charter of England. 
John XXII. elected Pope after an interval of 2 years. 
The Popes are now elected by French influence, and 
dependent on French support. 
Philip V. (the Long) becomes King of .France, by virtue 
of the Salic law. 
1 319 Hugh le Despenser succeeds Gaveston as the King's 
favourite. 



198 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1319- 

1 3 1 9 The Order of Christ instituted by Dionysius of Portugal. 

William Occam, an English Franciscan, supports 

the Nominalist philosophy, d. 1347. 
Giotto, pupil of Gimabue, painter, architect, and 

sculptor at Florence, d. 1336, 

1 32 1 Insurrection of the English barons, provoked by the 

King's favouritism of the Despensers, father and son, 
who are banished. 
Gheias-ad-din founds the third Turkish, or Toghlek 
dynasty at Delhi. 

1 322 The King recalls the Despensers, and defeats the barons. 

The Earl of Lancaster and other nobles beheaded. 
Charles IV. succeeds Philip V. as King of France. 
Frederic of Austria is defeated and taken prisoner by 
Louis of Bavaria at Miihldorf. Pope John XXIL 
declares the Imperial throne vacant, and claims the 
government. 

Sir John Maundeville travels in the East, 
1322-56. 

1323 Thirteen years' truce between England and Scotland. 

1324 The Emperor Louis, excommunicated by th^ Pope, 

appeals to a General Council. 

Birth of John Wycliffe, " the morning star of 
the Reformation." 

1325 Queen Isabella, now in France, plots with the barons 

against the King. 
The Emperor Louis releases Frederic. 
Mohammed Toghlek, Sultan of Delhi, 1325 — 51. A 

capricious tyrant. 

1 326 Isabella, with her favourite, Mortimer, lands in England. 

The Despensers are hanged, and the King sent 
prisoner to Kenilworth. 

Death of Mundinus, anatomist. 

1327 Edward II. is deposed, Jan. 7, and barbarously mur- 

dered at Berkeley Castle, Sept. 21. 
Edward III., King of England, 1327-77, set. 14. 

The Government is carried on by a Council of Eegency, 

directed by Isabella and Mortimer. 
The Emperor Louis invades Italy, and is crowned, 1328. 
Bainulph Higden concludes his Folyckronicon, 



1333] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 199 

A.D. 

1 328 Peace between England and Scotland. Eecognition of 

Scottish independence. 
The House of Valois succeeds to the French crown. 

Philip VI., King of France. 
Annates or first fruits, fines, &c., leyied by the Pope 

through Europe. John XXII. is deposed, and 

Nicholas V. elected. 
Ivan, Grand Duke of Eussia, makes Moscow his capital. 

1329 Edmund, Earl of Kent, the King's uncle, arrested by 

Isabella and Mortimer on a fictitious charge of con- 
spiracy, and beheaded, 1330. 
Death of King Bobert (Bruce). He is succeeded by his 
son, David II, set. 5. 

Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. 

Nioephorus Callisti, historian. 

1330 King Edward assumes the Eoyal authority. Mortimer 

is hanged at Tyburn, and Isabella imprisoned for life. 
The Ottomans under Orchau, 1326-60, conquer Bithy- 

nia, Nicomedia, &c. 
Germany under Papal interdict. 

Nicholas de Lyra completes his Biblical Com- 
mentaries, 
1 3 3 1 Manufacture of woollen cloths in England by the 

Flemings, who arrive on the King's invitation. 
The nave of Exeter cathedral, 1331-50. 
Death of Abulfeda, Arabian historian and 
geographer. 

1332 Edward Baliol claims the Scottish crown, aided by 

Edward III. defeats the Begent, and is crowHed at 
Scone, September. 
The Flemings, under D'Artois and Artevelde, revolt 
against Philip YI., and acknowledge Edward III. as 
King of France. 

• Nicephorus Gregoras, historian. 

1333 King Edward defeats the Scots at Halidon Hill, July 

19, and seats Baliol on their throne. Young David 
takes refuge in France. 
Casimir the Great, King of Poland, 1333-70. Under 
the wise government of the ** Peasant King," Poland 
rapidly advances in prosperity and power. 



200 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I333- 

A.D. 

1333 Death of Durandus, a Dominican, ''the most 

Eesolute Doctor.** 

1 334 Baliol does homage to King Edward, but the Scots rise, 

and drive him across the Border. 

1335 Edward again invades and reduces Scotland. 

Italy still a prey to factions. Appearance of the 

" Flagellants.'* 
Peace of Vishegrad. 

1336 Birth of Timur-leng, or Tamerlane. 

1337 King Edward claims the French crown in right of his 

mother, Isabella, and assumes the title of King of 
France. Beginning of the great wars between France 
and England, which last, with brief interval, above 
100 years. In France they make the King more 
powerful by depressing the nobles, and in England 
they make the people more powerM by. the King's 
concessions to obtain supplies. 

Oriel College, Oxford, founded. 

Birth of Froissart. 

1338 Edward lands at Antwerp. New privileges conceded to 

Ghent. 

In Scotland, Alex. Eamsay, from the caves of Hawthorn- 
den, makes sallies upon the Euglish troops. 

Union of six Electors to maintain German independence 
against the Pope. 

1339 Edward invades France without result. He returns to 

England, and, promising to redress, grievances, 

receives supplies. 
Bise of the Mercenary Companies, Condottieri, in Italy. 
Simon Boccanegra, first Doge of Genoa. 

The Universities of Pisa and Grenoble founded. 

1340 Edward destroys the French fleet at Helvoet Sluys, 

June 24. 
Victory of the Kings of Castile and Portugal over the 

Moors at Tarifa. 
The plague, or " black death," introduced into Europe 
from the East. 

Gunpowder said to be invented by Schwartz, a 

monk of Cologne. 
Queen's College, Oxford, founded. 



134-6] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 201 

A.D. 

1340 The Heralds' College, London, established. 

Heraldry is now an object of great interest 
and study. 

1 341 Tumnlts in Eome, caused by the families of the Colonna 

(Ghibelines) and the Ursini (Guelfs). 

Petrarch the poet crowned with laurelfl at Rome 
on Easter Day. 
John Cantacuzene usurps the throne of his pupil, John 
y.. Emperor of the East. 

1342 King Edward sends Sir Walter Manny to relieve the 

Countess of Montfort, who is besieged in Hennebon. 
Louis the Great, ]S[ing of Hungary, 1342-82, begins, 
set. 16, a reign distinguished for sagacity and signal 
success. ' 

1343 Division of the English Parliament into two Houses, 

lords spiritual and temporal, and knights for the shire 
and burgesses, as at present. The privileges of Par- 
liament confirmed and enlarged. 

Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded. 

Walter of Brienne, Duke of Athens, expelled from 
Florence. 

Joanna, Queen of Naples, 1 343-82, consort of Andrew, 
brother of Louis of Hungary. 

The Turks, invited by John Cantacuzene, form their first 
permanent settlement in Europe. 

1344 The " Statute of Provisions " enacted by Parliament, to 

prevent the Pope giving English church preferment 
to foreigners. War renewed with Prance. 

Gold first coined in England. 

Discovery of Madeira by Macham, an Englishman. 

1 345 Murder of Artevelde in a tumult at Ghent. 

Queen Joanna of Naples causes Andrew, her husband, . 
to be assassinated. 

Andrea Dandolo, Doge of Venice, Chronicle, 
Giovanni Villani, Chronicle. 

1 346 Great victory of Cressy gained by King Edward and his 

son, the Black Prince, over the French, Aug. 26. 
The Kings of Bohemia and Majorca, and the Count 
D'Alen^on, brother of the King of France, are among 
the many slain. Cannon now first used by the English* 

k3 



202 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I346- 

A.D. 

1346 David, King of ScotlaDd, invades England. He is 
defeated and taken prisoner by Queen Fhilippa, at 
Neville's Cross, near Durham, Oct. 1 7. 
The German empire is ofiPered to Edward III., and, 
on his refusal, conferred on Charles lY., King of 
Bohemia. 

The Universities of Heidelberg and Yalladolid 
founded. 
1 347> Calais captured by the English. Betained by them till 
1558. Eustace de St. Pierre and his fellow burgesses 
saved by Queen Philippa's intercession. 

St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, afterwards 
the House of Commons, built. 
Democracy at Eome, under Nicholas Bienzi, " the last 

of the Tribunes." 
First written Polish laws promulgated at Yislicza. 

Casimir founds the University of Cracow, and 
fosters learning and art. 
Esthonia purchased from Denmark by the Livonian 
'* Brothers of the Cross," and made the seat of their 
Master. 

Prosperous commerce of Dantzic. Amber 
fisheries. 
Contest in Aragon between Peter lY. and his barons, 

who are defeated, 1348. 
Louis of Hungary invades Naples to avenge his brother's 
murder. 

Eevival of the contest between the Eealists and 
Nominalists. 
1348 Truce between England and France. 

Caius and Gonville College, Cambridge, founded. 
Death of Thomas Bradwardine, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, " the most Profound Doctor." 
Joanna expelled from Naples by Louis. She is 
restored, 1349. 

Louis' campaigns lead to the introduction in 
Hungary of Italian customs and civilisation. 
Yines planted at Tokay. The University of 
Prague founded. 
War between the Genoese and John Cantacuzene. 



135^] MEDIEVAL HISTOBT. 203 

A.D. 

1348 Dreadful visitation of the plague in Europe. 50,000 

are buried this year in the Charter-house yard, 
London, alone. 

1 349 Institution of the Order of the Garter by King Edward. 

Brilliance of the English court. 

Eapid growth of manufactures and commerce in 

England. The Goldsmiths', Skinners', and 

Grocers' Companies have their origin in this 

reign. 

Increase of the " Flagellants " in Germany, &c. Papal 

bull issued against them. 

Writings of the Mystics, Suso, Buysbrock, &c. 

1350 John (the Good), King of France, 1350-64. 
Naval war between Venice and Genoa, 1350-55. 

The Yisoonti, lords of Bologna, and of great power in 
Lombardy. 

The Society of St. Luke, painters, at Florence. 

1 35 1 The English statute defining high treason enacted. 

Corpus Christi College and Trinity Hall, Cam- 
bridge, founded. 
Death of Mohammed Toghlek. Decline of the Delhi 
Sultan's power. 

1352 First appearance of the " Flagellants " in England. 

1354 Expedition of the Emperor Charles lY. into Italy. 

Submission of Florence, Pisa, &c. 
Death of Eienzi in a tumult. Albernoz, Cardinal legate, 

restores the Papal dominion at Home, 1354-60. 
The Ottomans establish themselves at Gallipoli. 

1355 Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice, is denounced to the 

Council of Ten, and beheaded for conspiracy. 
John Cantacuzene abdicates, and retires to a monastery. 

1356 Victory of Poitiers gained by Edward the Black Prince, 

Sept: 19, John, King of France, and his son Philip, 

are taken prisoners. 
Baliol, for a pension, cedes to Edward his claim to the 

Scottish crown. 
First war between Louis of Hungary and Venice. Louis 

conquers Dalmatia. 
Promulgation of the " Golden Bull," defining the rights 

of the German Electors. 



204 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1356- 

A.D. 

1 356 John Wycliffe's Last Age of the Church. 

1357 Triumphant entry of the Black Prince into London, 

escorting the captive King of France. Eelease of 
David II. of Scotland. 

1358 Anarchy in France. Eevolt of Stephen Marcel against 

the Dauphin Charles. War of the peasantry (" Jac- 
querie ") against the nobles. 

The "Thomas k Becket Society" of English 
Merchant Adventurers formed. 

Meistersangers, or popular poets, in Germany. 

1359 Edward again invades France, and besieges Eheims, 

but is repulsed by the Archbishop and citizens. 

Windsor Castle rebuUt by William of Wykeham, 

"1359-74- 
Louis of Hungary conquers the principalities on the 

Danube, 1359-69. 

Continued barbarities of Peter of Castile. 

Amurath I. succeeds Orchan as Sultan of the Ottomans. 

1 360 Treaty of Bretigni, by which the French king is released. 
Wycliffe commences his contest with the Mendicant 

Friars. 

Cantaouzene writes his History at Mount Athos. 
Leontius Pilatus, introduced by Boccaccio, teaches 
Greek at Florence. 

1 361 Great plague in England. 

The choir of York minster commenced. 
Amurath conquers Thrace, and makes Adrianople his 
capital. 

The University of Pavia founded. 
Death of John Tauler, German Mystic, Sermons. 
\^6z Law proceedings ordered to be conducted henceforth in 
English, instead of French. 

The English language is now fully established as 
that of the nation. .In its speech, as in its 
polity, the Saxon ekment has absorbed that 
of the conquerors. The period of its full de- 
velopment, during the two following centuries, 
is known as that of the " Middle English." 
The Vision of Piers Ploughman is of about this 
date. 



1370] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 205 

A.D. 

1362 War between Florence and Pisa. The Flsans engage 

English auxiliaries, commanded by Sir John Hawk- 
wood, 1364. 
Amurath, from his levies of Christian youths, forms the 
" Janizaries." ' 

1363 The Black Prince takes possession of the principality of 

Aquitaine. 

Matthew of Westminster, Mowers of HUtory. 

1 364 John, King of France, being unable to fidfil the treaty 

of Bretigni, honourably re-surrenders himself to 
Edward, and dies in London, April 8. He is suc- 
ceeded by his son, Charles V. (the Wise). France is 
now over-run and pillaged by the " Free Companies." 
Chaucer writes his Canterbury Tales, 

1365 Great power of the Hanseatic League. Deputies from 

above 80 cities assemble triennially at Lubeck. 
The University of Vienna founded. 

1366 Parliament puts an end to the Papal tribute granted by 

King John. • 
Bertrand du Guesclin expels Peter from Castile, and 
places Henry of Trastamare on the throne. 

1367 The Black Prince defeats Du Guesclin at Najara, and 

restores Peter. 

The Kremlin at Moscow built. 

1368 Second expedition of the Emperor Charles TV. into 

Italy, 1 368-69. Pisa and Sienna recover their inde- 
pendence. 
The last Mogul emperor driven from China, which is 
governed by the native Ming dynasty, 1 368-1644. 

1369 War renewed between England and France. King 

Charles summons the Black Prince to Paris, and 
declares the English possessions in France confiscated. 

Henry of Trastamare defeats and assassinates Peter, and 
becomes King of Castile. 

Timur, or Tamerlane, a subordinate chief of Zagatai, 
acquires political power ; founds a new empire ; and 
makes Samarkand his capital, 1 369-1405. 

1370 Union of the crowns of Hungary and Poland under 

Louis the Great, by the death of Casimir, the last of 
the Piasts. 



206 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I370- 

A.D. 

1370 Contest between the rich and poor classes in Florence. 
Du Guesclin made Constable of France. Capture of 

the Captal de Buch. 

The Bastille at Paris commenced. 

1 37 1 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, marries Constance, 

daughter and heiress of Peter the Cruel, and claims 
the crown of Castile. 
House of Stuart in Scotland. Eobert II., 1371-90 

1372 Du Guesclin besieges Eochelle. 

Second war between Hungary and Venice, 1372-73 

1373 Treaty between Amurath and the Greek Emperor, who 

now retains little beyond Constantinople and Thessa- 
lonica, and is compelled to pay tribute to the Turks. 

Winchester College founded by William of Wyke- 
ham. 

John Barbour, Scottish poet, The Bruce, 

1374 Truce between England and France. Owing to the old 

age of the King, and the failing health of the Black 
Prince, the English lose all their French conquests 
except Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Calais. King Edwar4 
is now under the influence of Alice Ferrers. 
Death of Petrarch. 

1375 The Waldenses in the valleys of Piedmont. 

New College, Oxford, founded by William of 

Wykeham. 
Death of Boccaccio. 

1376 Edward, the Black Prince, dies June 8, aet. 45, and is 

buried at Canterbury. 

1377 Death of King Edward at Bichmond, June 21, set. 64. 
BiCHABD II., King of England, 1377-99, ®^- ^^' The 

son of the Black Prince. First Speaker of the House 
of Commons chosen by its members. War renewed 
with France, followed by a truce, 1379. 
Pope Gregory XI. returns with great pomp to Bome, 
which again becomes the seat of the Pontificate. 

The gradual transition from the Decorated to the 
Perpendicular style of architecture, commenced 
some years before, is almost completed by this 
time. A few later buildings of the Decorated 
style may be found, but the works, of William 



1382] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 207 

A.D. 

1377 of Wykeham, and many others of this period, 

are of decided Perpendicular character, and 
this style continues to prevail down to the 
reign of Henry VIII. 

The cathedral of Ulm commenced. 

1378 WydifFe, condemned by a Papal bull, is protected by 

John of Graunt. 

Great Schism in the Church, 1378-1429. 

Urban VI., at Eome, is acknowledged by Germany, 
England, Hungary, Portugal, &c. Clement VII., at 
Avignon,, is acknowledged by France, Spain, Scotland, 
Naples, &c. This schism, jointly with the preaching 
of Wycliffe and his disciples, greatly weakens the 
Papal prestige and power. " The two anti-popes," it 
is said, ** make one anti-Christ." 

Silvester de Medici, Gonfaloniere of Florence. Begin- 
ing of the power of the House of Medici. 

The Emperor Charles IV. is succeeded by his son, 
Wenceslas. 

1380 Surrender of the Genoese fleet to the Venetians at 

Chiozza. Peace, 1381. 

Wyclifle begins his English translation of the 
Bible. 

1 381 Insurrection of Wat Tyler, caused by the imposition of 

a poll-tax. He is killed, while insulting the King in 

Smithfield, by William Walworth. 
Charles of Durazzo conquers, and becomes King of 

Naples. .Joanna is put to death, 1382. 
Prosperous government of the Albizzi at Florence, 1 381- 

H34- 

The cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, 1381- 

1412. 

John of Gaunt 's ** Court of Minstrels " at 

Tetbury. 

1382 Eichard marries Anne of Bohemia, daughter of the 

Emperor Charles IV. Wycliffe compelled to retire 

from Oxford to Lutterworth. 
Charles VI. of France defeats the Flemings at Eose- 

becque. Death of Artevelde. 
Death of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, 



208 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I382- 

A.D. 

1382 who is succeeded by his daughter, Maria. She is 
dispossessed of Poland by her sister, Hedwiga, 1384, 
and of Hungary by Charles of Naples, 1385. 

The University of Pesth founded. 
Moscow sacked by the Tartars. 

1383 Wycliffe presents seven articles to Parliament containing 

the substance of his doctrines. Unsuccessful crusade 

of Spencer, Bishop of Norwich, in support of the 

Flemings. 
Oppression of the commons, and insurrections in France. 
John I. (the Bastard), Eegent of Portugal, and King, 

1385. The founder of Portuguese prosperity. 
Timur conquers Turkistan. 

1384 Accusation of treason against John of Gaunt. General 

discontent in England. Edward's long wars, and the 
extravagance of Bichard's court, compel oppressive 
taxation, and Wycliffe's preaching has now created a 
wide demand for reformation in the Church. The 
Scots, aided by the French, invade England. 
Death of Wycliffe at Lutterworth vicarage. 
The Fishmongers' Company, London, founded. 

Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, inherits the earldom 
of Flanders. 

Timur invades Persia. 

1385 The English burn Edinburgh, then consisting chiefly 

of "miserable huts." 
War between Austria and Switzerland. 
John Galeazzo, Lord of Milan, 1 385-1402. 

1386 John of Gaunt proceeds to Spain, and endeavours, but 

without success, to win the Castilian crown. Abortive 

French attempt to invade England. The House of 

Commons impeach the Chancellor, De la Pole. 
Battle of Sempach, July 9. Leopold of Austria defeated 

and slain by the Swiss. Heroic self-devotion of 

Arnold of Winkelried. 
Assassination of Charles of Durazzo, King of Naples. 
House of Jagello in Poland. Jagello, Grand Duke of 

Lithuania, consort of Hedwiga, is baptised, and 

becomes king, as Yladislas Y. 
The duomo of Milan built. 



1392] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 209 

A.D. 

1387 The King's ministers impeached by the Commons, which 

confides the government to 14 lords, headed by the 

Duke of Gloucester, the King's uncle. 
Conversion of the Lithuanians, the last pagans of 

Europe. 
Sigismund of Luxemburg, consort of Maria, becomes 

King of Hungary. 
Timur captures Ispahan, and massacres the people. 

Pyramids are formed by him of human heads. 
Conquests of the Sultan Ajnurath from Cilicia to Albania. 

1388 Execution of Chief Justice Tresilian, and others. The 

Scots ravage the English Border. Percy (Hotspur) 
slays the Earl of Douglas, but is defeated and captured 
by the Scots at the battle of Otterbourne — ** Chevy 
Chase," Aug. 15. 

The University of Cologne founded. 

1389 King Bichard declares himself of age, and assumes the 

government. William of Wykeham, Chancellor. John 
of Gaunt returns to England. 

Margaret, Queen of Denmark and Norway, " the 
Semiramis of the North," overthrows King Albert at 
Falkioping, and becomes Queen of Sweden also. 

Victory of the Swiss over the Austrians at Nafels. 
. The Ottomans are victorious over the combined Christian 
forces at Kossova, in Servia. Assassination of 
Amurath, who is succeeded by Bajazet I. 

1390 Bobert IIL, King of Scotland. Bided by his brother, 

the Duke of Albany. 
Bajazet conquers Bulgaria, Servia, and the last Greek 
possessions in Asia, 1 390-96. 

1 391 Pisa becomes subject to the Visconti. 

In the latter part of this century, during the waning 
power of successive Sultans of Delhi, several Indian 
states are either founded or restored, viz. : Kandesh, 
Mulwa, Guzerat, Jonpur, Lahore, Samana, Byana, and 
Kalpi. 

The University of Ferrara founded. 

1 392 Charles VI. of France becomes subject to paroxysms of 

insanity. The Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans 
. contend for the regency. 



210 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I392- 

A.B. 

1392 Playing cards invented, to relieve the French 

King's melancholy. 
Timur completes the conquest of Persia, and takes 
Bagdad. He defeats the Golden Horde in Kipchak, 
and penetrates to, and plunders Moscow. 
The University of Erfurt founded. 

1393 Insurrection in Ireland. 

1 394 Death of fiichard's consort, '* the good Queen Anne." 

Nicholas de Clemangis, a church reformer, De 

EtUnd Ecclesia, 
The nave and aisles of Winchester Cathedral 
re-modelled by William of Wykeham, 1394- 
1410. 
Contentions at Genoa. Doges are set up and deposed 
in quick succession. 

1395 Persecution of the Wycliffites, or Lollards, in England. 

The open timber roof of Westminster Hall erected. 

Galeazzo Yisconti purchases the title of Duke of Milan, 
and hereditary rights. 

Bajazet besieges Constantinople by sea and land. Whilst 
the Greek empire is thus assailed by fierce foes with- 
out, dvil war and tumult are paralysing it within. 

1 396 Marriage of Blchard to Isabella, daughter of Charles YI. 

of France. Great tournament held in London. 

Scotland is distracted by private feuds. Combat be- 
tween the clans Chattan and Quhele. Albany conspires 
against, and ultimately destroys the King's son, 
David, Duke of Eothsay. 

Great victory of Bajazet at Nicopolis over the confede- 
rated Christians, under Sigismund, King of Hungary. 

1397 The Duke of Gloucester arrested, and put to death. 
The Union of Calmar. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 

have each their own separate parliament and laws ; the 
united monarchy is elective. 

1 398 The wager of battle between Henry of Lancaster and the 

Duke of Norfolk is interrupted by the King, and both 
combatants banished. 
Gothland subdued, and ceded by Sweden to the Teutonic 
Order, which is now at the height of its power, and 
rules the whole coast from Dantzic to Narva. 



1400] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 211 

A.D. 

1 398 Timur invades Hindustan, and plunders Delhi. 

Eroissart writes his Chronicles, 

1399 Death of John of Gaunt, Feb. 2. His son, Henry, 

banished 1398, becomes Duke of Lancaster, but all 
his possessions are confiscated by the King. Oppres- 
sive public fines and exactions levied by Eichard. 
Henry, Duke of Lancaster, returns from exile, July 4. 
Great numbers of the nobility and people join him. 
King Richard is deserted, and resigns the crown, Sept. 
29. He perishes soon after in Poutefract Castle. 

House of Lancaster in England. 

Henry IV., King of England, 1399-1413. 

The Bianchi, or " White Penitents," in Italy. 

The hymn Stabai mater dolorosa is composed and 
sang by them. 

1400 King Henry invades Scotland. 

War of Timur against Bajazet. Timur invades Syria, 

and sacks Aleppo. 
Peace between Bajazet and the Greek Emperor, who is 
compelled to pay an annual tribute of 30,000 ducats* 
The Turks obtain some of the principal streets in 
Constantinople. The Emperor Manuel visits England, 
France, and Italy, in the vain attempt to obtain aid. 
The 1 5 th century, " the threshold of modern 
lustory," is destined to witness those great 
events and providential discoveries which have 
caused a complete revolution in the aspect and 
relations of society. The capture of Constan- 
tinople by the Turks scatters its fugitive 
scholars over Europe as missionaries of classical 
learning, and the invention of printing pro- 
duces, just at the right moment, a ready 
supply for the intellectual demand thus newly 
created. The publication of the great authors 
of antiquity, hitherto only to be studied in 
rare and costly manuscripts, necessarily leads 
to the prevalence of a higher taste and a 
sounder philosophy. In the 1 5th century, as 
in the 14th, the poets, the artists, and the 
scholars of Italy, are still preeminent. The 



212 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I4OO- 

A.D. 

1400 great European governments now begin to 

acquire a unity and an organisation before 
unknown; the national supplants the merely 
local power; the use of gunpowder revolu- 
tionises the tactics and practice of war, and 
standing armies take the place of the old 
feudal tributaries. Lastly, the discoveries of 
the New World and of the Cape passage to 
India, which signalise the close of this century, 
not only soon substitute a maritime for an 
overland commerce, but lead in many ways to 
social changes of incalculable importance. 

Death of Greoffrey Chaucer. 

1 40 1 Bebellion of Owen Glendower in Wales. The first Act 

passed in England for punishing heresy; the first 
sufferer under it is William Sawtr^ who is burnt in 
Smithfield, Feb. 19. 

Death of Froissart. From 1400, Monstrelet 
continues his Chronicles. 

1402 Defeat of the Scots, and capture of Earl Douglas at 

HomUdon Hill by the Percys. 
Jerome of Prague returns from Oxford to Prague where 
he propagates Wycliffe's doctrines. John Huss preaches 
at the chapel of Bethlehem. 

The exhibition of " Mysteries," or sacred dramas, 

licensed by royal letters patent in France. 
Death of Sir John Grower, poet. 
Bajazet is defeated and taken prisoner by Timur at 
Angora, July 28. 

1403 Defeat of Owen Glendower, Douglas, and the Percys, at 

Shrewsbury. Death of Harry Percy (Hotspur). 
Vladislas of Naples, crowned Eling of Hungary at Zara. 
John de Medici, the great banker of Italy. 
Death of Bajazet in captivity. His sons contend for 

the Ottoman throne, and anarchy prevails for 10 

years. 

1404 Contest between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, 

and the Duke of Orleans, for the regency of France. 

1405 Insurrection of the Earl of Northumberland and Scrope, 

Archbishop of York. The Archbishop is taken and 



1411] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 213 

A.D. 

1405 beheaded. Henry, Prince of Wales, defeats Owen 
Glendower in Wales. Prince James of Scotland 
captured off Flamborough Head. 

Death of Timur at Otran, on an expedition to China. 
His empire, which extended from the Indus to the 
Dnieper, is dissolved at his death. 

Walsingham writes his English History, 

1406 Death of Eobert, Bang of Scotland, who is succeeded by 

his son, James 1., set. 9, now a prisoner in England. 
Subjugation of Pisa by Plorence. 

1407 Assassination of the Duke of Orleans, at the instigation 

of the Duke of Burgundy. Distracted state of Prance. 
The Bank of St. George at Genoa established. 
1409 General Council of Pisa, which deposes Popes Gregory 
XII. and Benedict XIII., and elects Alexander V.; 
but as neither will yield, the result is that, instead of 
two Popes at once, there are now three. 
Condemnation of Wycliffe's works at Oxford, Sbinco, 
Abp. of Prague, accuses John Huss at Borne of being 
a disciple of Wycliffe. 
Massacre of the French at G^noa, which regains its 

independence. 
Martin the Elder, King of Aragon, annexes Sicily to his 
dominions. 

The University of Leipsic founded. 
Andrew of Wyntown's Orygynale Chronykil of 
Scotland, 
141Q The House of Commons petition the Eling to relax the 
penal statutes against heretics, but without success. 
Civil war in Prance between the factions of Orleans and 

Burgundy. Interference of Henry IV. of England. 
Sigismund, Eang of Hungary, elected Emperor of 

Germany, 1410-37. 
Defeat of the Teutonic Order by the Poles at Tannen- 
berg. The Grand Master slain. 

The University of Valentia founded. 
1411 Henry, appealed to by the disputants, sends an English 
force to Prance. 
John Huss excomunicated by Pope John XXIII., the 
profligate successor of Alexander Y. 



214 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I4II- 

A.B. 

141 1 The Guildhall, London, built. 

The University of St. Andrews founded. 

141 2 Henry, Prince of Wales, committed to prison by Chief 

Justice Gascoigne. WyclifFe's bones dug up at 
Lutterworth, and publicly burnt. 

John Huss and Jerome of Prague protest against the 
doctrine and sale of Papal Indulgences. John Gerson, 
Chancellor of the University of Paris, and Peter. 
d'Ailly, Archbishop of Cambray, maintain the para- 
mount authority of a General Council for the control, 
and, if needful, deposition of the Pope, They demand 
a general reformation of the Church. 

Lombardy is now subject to various petty tyrants. 

Eric YIL, of Pomerania, King of Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden. 

141 3 Death of King Henry IV., in the " Jerusalem " chamber 

at Westminster, 
Henby v., King of England, 1413-22. 
Mohammed I., having subdued all other pretenders to 

the Ottoman throne, reigns alone, 141 3-21. Subjection 

of the Seljuk emirs. 
Yladislas, King of Naples, takes possession of Borne. 

might of Pope John XXIII. 

1 41 4 King Henry V. demands the crown of Prance. 
General Council of Constance, 1 414- 18, for the reforma- 
tion of the Church. Attended by great numbers of 
all ranks, and memorable for its decree of the 
superiority of Councils over Popes. The three Popes 
are deposed, and Martin Y. elected, 141 7. 

Joanna II., dueen Qf Naples, 1414-35. Confusion and 

anarchy mark h^ reign. 
Sayid Khizn Khan founds the 4th Turkish, or Sadat 

dynasty at Delhi. 

1 41 5 Henry lands at Havre, captures Harfleur, and gains the 

great victory of Agincourt, Oct. 25. 
John Huss inveigled to Constance, condemned, and 

burnt, July 6. 
Ceuta taken by John I., King of Portugal. 
Outlawry of Frederic, Duke of Austria, who loses all 

his Helvetian possessions. 



1422] , MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 215 

A.D. 

141 5 Bosnia subdued by Mohammed I. 

1 41 6 Jerome of Prague burnt, May 30. Beligions troubles 

in Bohemia. 

141 7 Sir John Oldcastle, the "good Lord Cobham '* of the 

populace, head of the English Lollards, burnt in 
Smithfield. 

141 8 Henry conquers the greater part of Normandy. 

Great massacre of the Armignacs (Orleanists) in Paris. 

Miserable state of France. 
First appearance of the Zingari, or Gipsies, in Europe, 

about this time. 
Mohammed I. conquers Wallachia. 

141 9 Sir Bichard Whyttyngton, for the third time. Lord 

Mayor of London. 
Death of the Duke of Albany. His son, Murdoch, 

succeeds him as Begent of Scotland. 
Assassination of the Duke of Burgundy, in the French 
King's presence. 

C(»nmencement of the great maritime discoveries 
of the Portuguese, under Prince Henry, third 
son of the King. Madeira colonised, 1420. 
Cape Bojador doubled, and the Azores dis- 
covered, 1433. 

1420 Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V. marries Catherine 

of France, and, the Dauphin being excluded, is 
declared the success(»: of Charles YI. Henry at once 
assumes the regency of France. 
War between the Emperor Sigismund, now King of 
Bohemia, and the Hussites, who have risen under 
John Ziska. The Hussites become subdivided into 
the parties of the CaHxtines and Taborites. 

1 42 1 John de Medici, Gon^oniere of Florence. 

1422 Death of King Henry V. at Vincennes, Aug. 3 1, set. 33 ; 

and of Charles VL of France, Oct. 21. 

Heney VL, King of England, 1422-61. 

He is peaceably proclaimed at Paris King of France 
and England, under the regency in France of his 
uncle, the Duke of Bedford. Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester, Protector in England. 

The Dauphin is crowned at Poitiers as Charles YII. 



216 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1422- 

A.D. 

1422 Sigismund defeated by the Hussites, and expelled from 

Bohemia. 
Fruitless attempt of the Sultan, Amurath II., on Con- 
stantinople. 

1423 English victory over the French at Crevant. 

James I. of Scotland ransomed from his long captivity 
in England. 

1424 Victory of the English, at Verneuil, over the united 

forces of France and Scotland. The English rule in 
France has now attained its widest range, and Charles 
VII. is reduced to " the little King of Bourges." 

The Visconti at Milan now maintain themselves only by 
the Condottieri. 

Death of Ziska. Procopius Hasa succeeds him as general 
of the Hussites. 

1425 Dissensions in England between the Duke of Gloucester 

and Cardinal Beaufort. 
Eling James arrests the Earls of Douglas, Angus, &c., 
and endeavours to humble the great Scottish lords. 
James energetically represses robbery, encourages 
art and learning, and labours to humanise his 
semi-barbarous people. He is himself a poet 
— The King* 8 Quhair. 
Capture of Belgrade, which becomes the bulwark of 
Hungary. 

Painting in Oil invented by John and Hubert 
Van Eyck, of the early Flemish school. 

1426 Shah Eokh, a son of Timur, rules Khorasan and Trans- 

oxiana, and makes Samarkand his capital, 1410-46. 
Persia subject to the Turkomans, 1420- 1500. 
The University of Louvain founded. 

1427 War between Venice and Milan, 1427-28. 

Lincoln College, Oxford, founded. 
1429 Orleans, after 7 months' siege, is saved from capitulation 
by the sudden appearance of Joan of Arc, vvho compels 
the English to raise the siege. May 8. Joan leads 
the French from victory to victory, until Charles VII. 
is crowned at Eheims, July 1 7. 
By the resignation of Clement VIII., Martin V. becomes 
sole Pope, and an end is put to the Great Western 



1435] MEDIEVAL HISTORT. 217 

A.D. 

1429 Schism. The Papal influence, however, continues to 
decline. Deep discontent everywhere prevails at the 
exactions of annates, expectancies, &c. 

Cosmo de Medici in Florence, 1429-64. 

The munificent encourager of art and learning, 
under whom Florence became a second Athens. 
Death of John Gerson, scholastic. 

1430 Joan of Arc taken prisoner, and delivered to the Dake 

of Bedford. 
The Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Philip the 

Good, Duke of Burgundy. 
Hussite campaigns, with varying fortunes, 1430-35. 
The University of Caen founded. 
Poggio Bracciolini writes his Dialogue, Be 
Varietate Fortuna, 

143 1 Joan of Arc is barbarously burnt as a witch, in the 

market-place of Eouen. The English influence in 

France now rapidly declines. 
General Council of Basle. Its chief objects are the 

re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches, and the 

general reformation of the Church. 
Benewed war between Venice and Milan, 1431-33. 
The University of Poitiers founded. 

1433 The Emperor Sigismund is crowned at Eome by Pope 

Eugenius lY. 
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, acquires Holland, Hainault, 

and Friesland. 
The seat of Portuguese government removed from 

Coimbra to Lisbon. 

The University of Florence founded. 
Cosmo de Medici banished from Florence. 

1434 Cosmo de Medici returns from exile, and firmly estab- 

lishes his power. The Albizzi banished from Florence. 

1435 Treaty of Arras, by which Charles VII. and Philip of 

Burgundy are reconciled, and his duchy made inde- 
pendent of France. The B argundian provinces speedily 
attain a great prosperity. 

Death of the Duke of Bedford, who is succeeded in his 
regency by Bichard, Duke of York. 

Naples, by the dei^th of Queen Joanna, becomes a 

L 



218 BUDIMENTAKY CHBONOLOGT. [a.D. I435- 

A.D. 4 

1435 province of Aragon, and is united to Sicily under 
Alfonso V. of Aragon. 

1436 War between Scotland and England. 

The French recoyer Paris from the English, who have 
now held it j6 years. Charles VII. is roused to 
exertion by the beautiful Agnes Sorel, and his 
generals gradually wrest from the English their 
various French conquests. 
Treaty of Iglau, between the Emperor Sigismund and 

the Hussites. 
Third war between Venice and Milan, 1436-42. 
Civil war in Switzerland. 

Between this year and 1 45o,PBniTiNG is invented 
and matured by John Gutenberg of Mayence, 
assisted by John Faust and Peter Schoffer. 

1437 The Scottish nobles, headed by the Earl of Athol, con- 

spire against James I., and assassinate him at Perth. 
His son succeeds him as James II. 

All Souls' College, Oxford, founded by Arch- 
bishop Chicheley. 

1438 John YII., Emperor of the East, visits Italy, submits 

himself to the Pope, and solicits in vain aid against 

the Turks. 
The Pope opens a new General Council at Ferrara, in 

opposition to that of Basle, and the two General 

Councils excommunicate one another. 
The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which establishes 

the liberties of the Grallican Church. 
Succession of the House of Hapsburg to the Imperial 

throne. Albert IL, Emperor of Germany, 1438-39, 

also King of Hungary and Bohemia. 
1439 The Counc^ of Basle deposes Pope Eugenius IV., and 

elects Amadeus of Savoy to the Papacy, as Felix V. 

Council of Florence, under Eugenius, which declares 

the union of the Greek and Latin Churches. 
Deposition of Erie, King of Denmark. 
Unsuccessful attempt of the Turks on Belgrade. Death 

of the Emperor Albert. 

G^mistius Pletho propagates the Platonic phi- 
losophy in Italy. 



1444] MEDXEYAIi HISTOBY. S19 

A.D. 

1440 The Duke of Orleans released, after 25 years' captivity in 

England. 
• Dissensions in Scotland, under the Eegents Crichton and 

Livingstone. Turbulence of the great nobles. Murder 

of William, Earl Douglas, and his brother. 
Rebellion of the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XI.) in 

France. He is disarmed and pardoned. 
League, at Marienwerder, of the nobles and cities of 

Prussia and Fomerania against the Teutonic Order. 
Frederic III., Emperor of Germany, 1440-93. Hungary 

and Bohemia are inherited by Albert's posthumous 

son, Vladislas. 
Christopher of Bavaria elected King of Denmark, Norway, 

and Sweden. 

1 44 1 Peace made between the Italian states. Marriage of 

Francesco Sforza with Bianca Yisconti of Milan, 
daughter of Duke Philip. 
Overthrow of the Eapchak, or Grolden Horde, out of 
which arise the small states of Crimea, Chasan, 
Astracan, Siberia, &c. 

Eton College, and Bang's College, Cambridge, 
founded by King Henry VI. 

1 442 The Afidcan slave trade commenced by the Portuguese, 
Abdication of Amurath in favour of his son, Mohammed II. 

Christ College, Cambridge, founded. 

1 443 Victory of John Hunniades and Scanderbeg (G. Castriotes) 

over the Turks near Nyssa. Scanderbeff becomes 
independent in Albania. 

Death of Leonardo Aretino, historian of Florence, 

and of Masaccio, painter, of the Florentine 

school. 

1 444 Truce of Tours, between England and France. Marriage 

of King Henry VI. to Margaret of Anjou. 

Establishment in France of the companies of Archers, 
the first national standing army. During this and 
the succeeding reign, the spirit of feudalism rapidly 
sinks, and the sovereign becomes virtually absolute. 

Battle of St. Jacobs near Bask, between the French and 
Swiss. 

Peace of Segedin with the Turks. Julian, the Pope's 

La ■ 



220 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a D. I444- 

A.D. 

1444 Legate, incites the Christian princes perfidiously to 
break this peace. The battle of Varna follows,- in 
which the Turks are victorious, and Julian and the 
King of Poland slain. 

Discovery of the Cape de Verd Islands by the 

Portuguese. 
Public library founded at Florence. 
Death of Brunelleschi, Italian architect. 

1445 Cabal in England of Queen Margaret, Beaufort, and 

Suffolk, against the Duke of Gloucester. 
Casimir IV., King of Poland, 1445-92, 

The University of Catania founded. 

Card. Bessarioii, a promoter of the Platonic 

philosophy. 
G. von Peurbach, astronomer at Vienna. 
Birth of Leonardo da Vinci, the first of the great 
Modem masters. 

1446 Great inundation of the sea at Dort. 100,000 persons 

perish 
Fourth war between Venice and Milan, 1446-48. 
TJlugh Begh succeeds his father Shah Bokh, 1446-49. 

His court at Samarkand becomes famous for his 

encouragement of astronomers and geographers. 

Syropolus writes his History of the Qmncil of 

Florence, 
King's College chapel, Cambridge, 1446-15 15. 

1447 The "good Duke Humphrey" of Gloucester is arrested 

by the Queen's party, and soon after found dead. 
Death of Philip, Duke of Milan, the last of the Viscontis. 

His son-in-law, Francesco Sforza, claims his dominions. 
Amurath IL, who has been compelled to resume the 

government, besieges Croya with 100,000 men, but 

is repulsed by Scanderbeg. 

1448 Hostilities resumed between England and France. 

Dissensions in England caused by the Duke of 
» Suffolk's unpopular government. 

Queen's College, Cambridge, founded. 
John Hunniades, Eegent of Hungary, defeated by 
Amurath at Kossova. 
. Dissolution qf the Union of Calmar, on the death of 



1453] MEDIEVAL HISTOEY. 221 

A.D. 

1448 Christopher. Christian I., Count of Oldenburg, 
becomes King of Denmark, and Charles Cnutson, 
Eang of Sweden and Norway. 

Flourishing state of Aragon and the two Sicilies, under 
Alfonso V. 

Art and literature are warmly encouraged at 
Alfonso's brilliant court. 
Constantine XI., the last Emperor of the East, 1448-53. 
He implores, in vain, succour from Western Europe 
against the common enemy. 
German Concordat with the Pope, compromising the 
liberties of the German Church, concluded by the 
iuHuence of iBneas Sylvius. 

Pope Nicholas Y. promotes classical learning at 

Eome, and founds the library of the Vatican. 
Leon B. Alberti, architect to Pope Nicholas. 

1449 The schism of Basle ended by Eelix Y. resigning the 

Papal title. 

1450 The Duke of Suffolk impeached by the Commons, and 

beheaded at sea. May 2. Insurrection headed by 
Jack Cade. Great discontent prevails in England. 

Erench victory of Fourmigni over the English, Apr. 18. 

Francesco Sforza acknowledged Duke of Milan. 

Norway transferred from Sweden to Denmark. 

Behlol Lodi founds at Delhi the 5th or Afghan dynasty, 
called Lodi. 

The University of Glasgow founded. 

145 1 Death of Amurath II. 

The Flemish school of musical composers begins 
about this period. 

1452 James II. of Scotland stabs Earl Douglas in Stirling 

Castle. The Earl's brothers take up arms. A truce 
follows, 1454. 
The Emperor Frederic III. crowned at Bome with the 

iron crown. 
Benewed war between Yenice and Milan. 

Guinea discovered by the Portuguese. Their 
successive discoveries give a great impulse to 
maritime enterprise throughout Europe. 

1453 The French, under Dunois, defeat the English at Chatillon. 



222 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1453- 

A.D. 

1453 Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and bis son, Lord lisle, 
are among the slain. End of the great French and 
English wars, without any formal peace. Of all their 
French possessions the English now retain only the 
Channel Islands and Calais. Birth of Edward, Prince 
of Wales. Somerset, successor to Suffolk's power, 
committed to the Tower. 

Fall op the Eastsbn Ekpibe. Mohammed II., after 
vast preparations, takes Constantinople by storm. 
May 29. Heroic defence, and death of the Emperor 
Constantine. 

Great numbers of the Greek scholars and philo- 
sophers seek refuge in Italy. From this time 
the study of classical literature rapidly revives, 
aud the scholastic philosophy with its subtle 
refinements continues to decline. Mysticism 
still prevails. Alchemy and astrology yet 
find many zealous students. 
Alvaro de Luna condemned and executed in Castile. 

1454 Insanity of King Henry, who is dedared incapable by 

the House of Lords. Bichard, Duke of York, 
appointed Protector. 
The Prussian cities and nobles of the Marienwerder 
League transfer their allegiance from the Teutonic 
Order to Poland. 

1455 King Henry recovers. The protectorate is annulled. 

Great Civil Wars of York and Lancaster, 1455-85, 
destined in their progress completely to break the 
power of the great nobles. Battle of St. Albans 
gained by the Yorkists, May 22. Somerset slain. 
The Douglases again take arms in Scotland, but are 

defeated by the King, and seek refuge in England. 
War of the Teutonic Order with Poland, 1454-66. 
Majano, Italian architect. 
Fra Angelico de Fiesole, of the Florentine school. 
Gianozzo Manetti, classical scholar. 

1456 Mohammed besieges Belgrade which is saved by Hun- 

niades. Mohammed conquers Athens, and makes 
Moldavia tributary. All the small Greek states suc- 
cessively fall under his rule. 



1460] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. * 223 

A.D. 

1456 Gutenberg completes his edition of the Latin 

Bidle, the first book ever printed. 
Magdalen College, Oxford, founded by William 

of Waynflete. 
The University of Friburg founded. 

1457 The Council of Ten depose Foscari, Doge of Venice, and 

he dies of grief when he hears St. Mark's bells pealing 

for the accession of his successor. 
The Union of Calmar is temporarily restored by the 

expulsion of Charles YIII. from Sweden, which now 

acknowledges Christian of Denmark as King. 
Eise of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren, '' Unitas 

Eratrum," from the remnant of the Hussites. They 

have, for many years, to sustain at intervals severe 

Papal persecution. 

TheBook o/Faalnu now bsued by Faust & Schoffer, 
at Mayence, is the earliest dated work in print. 

1458 Deposition of Pocock, Bishop of Chichester, for sup- 

porting Wycliffe's doctrines. 
Mneas Sylvius becomes Pope as Pius II., and by his 

ability and energy stays, for a brief time, the waning 

influence of the Papacy. 
Genoa subject to the French. 
Matthias Corvinus, son of Hunniades, is elected King of 

Hungary. ^ 
Death of Alfonso Y. He is succeeded in Naples by his 

natural son, Ferdinand, and in Aragon and Sicily by 

his brother John, King of Navarre. 

Death of Alain Chartrier, poet and chronicler. 

1459 John Hardy ng writes his Chronicle 0/ Midland, 

1460 Battle of Northampton, July 10 ; Heniy taken prisoner 

by the Earl of Warwick. The Duke of York enters 
London and claims the crown, but is defeated and 
beheaded at Wakefield, Dec. 30. 
James II. of Scotland, at war with England, is killed 

while besieging Eoxburgh. 
Conquest of Thurgau by the Swiss. 

Death of the great navigator. Prince Henry of 
Portugal. The spirit of Portuguese enter- 
prise subsides for a time. 



224 RUDIMENTAIIY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I460- 

A.D. 

1460 The University of Basle founded. 

1 46 1 Battles of Mortimer's Cross, Feb. i, and of St. Albans, 

Feb. 17. King Henry declared deposed. 
House of York in England. 
Edwabd IV., King of England, 1461-83. Son of 

Eichard, Duke of York. Edward gains the battle of 

Towton, in which 37,000 Englishmen are said to have 

been slain, Mar. 29. 
Louis XI., King of France, 1461-83. 
Ferdinand 1. of Naples is supported against Anjou by 

Scanderbeg, who in return receives several fiefs. 

1462 The Emperor Frederic, besieged at Vienna, is delivered 

by George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia. 
Ivan III., of Bussia, 1462- 1505, takes advantage of the 
Tartar weakness, and unites the small states which 
sprang from the Kipchak decline. 
Platonic Academy of Florence. 
Argyropylus, Hermonymus, Chalcondylas, kc, 
now aid the revival of Greek literature in Italy. 

1463 Matthias of Hungary wrests Bosnia from the Turks. 
War of Venice with the Turks, 1463-70. 

Music increasingly cultivated in England. 
The University of Bourges founded. 

1464 King Edward gains the battle of Hexham. Queen 

Margaret and her son escape to France. Marriage of 
Edward to Elizabeth Woodville. 
Death of Cosmo de Medici, who is succeeded at Florence 

by his son, Pietro. 
" League of the Public Good " in France, incited against 
Louis by Philip, Duke of Burgundy. 

Posts for letters first established in France. 
Flourishing state of Hungary. Formation of the famous 
" Black Guard." 

Matthias gathers learned men round him, and 

founds the University and Library of Buda. 

Death of Pope Pius II., while preparing to lead an 

expedition against the Turks. One of the worthiest 

occupants of the Papal chair, since the days when 

the Bishops of Bome were martyrs and saints. 

As iEneas Sylvius, distinguished as an historian. 



1469] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 225 

A.D. 

1464 Death of Nicolaus Casanus, theologian and 

mathematician. 

1465 Henry VI. imprisoned in the Tower. 

Battle of Montlh^ry. Peace of Confians. Louis XI. 
promises, without intention of performance, to redress 
all grievances. 

Death of Sir John Fortescue, English jurist, and 
of Laurentius Valla, theologian and classical 
critic. 

1466 Peace of Thorn. Western Prussia is ceded by the 

Teutonic Order to Poland. Eastern Prussia is to be 
held as a Polish fief. 

Death of Scanderbeg, after which Mohammed II. com- 
pletes the conquest of Albania. 

Matthias of Hungary acquires Moldavia. 

The Venetians under Victor Capello capture Athens. 
Begiomontanus composes his Ephemerides. 

1467 Charles (the Bold), Duke of Burgundy, 1467-77. At the 

time of his accession, the most powerful prince in 
Christendom. He marries, 1468, Margaret, sister of 
Edward IV. of England. 

Flourishing wooUen manufactures and great gene- 
ral trade. The Burgundian court is famous 
for its splendid pageants and tournaments. 
Order of the Minimi founded by Francis of Paulo. 
Antonius de Busellis, of Pavia, Monarchia. 
Erasmus born at Eotterdam. 

1468 Christian I. of Denmark mortgages the Shetland and 

Orkney Isles to Scotland. 
First Diet of Polish country Deputies at Petrikau. 
Great power of the nobles ; the peasants mere slaves. 
The Library of St. Mark, Venice, founded by 
Cardinal Bessarion. 

1469 Louis XI. receives from the Pope the title of "Most 

Christian " King. 
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile. 
Turkish invasions of the Austrian states, 1469-80. 
Lorenzo de Medici (the Magnificent) succeeds Pietro at 
Florence, 1469-92. 

Birth of Machiavelli at Florence. 

l3 



226 BUDIMENTAEY CHBONOLOGY. [a.D. I470- 

A.D. 

1470 The Earl of Warwick, " the king-maker," restores King 

Henry. Edward passes over to Holland. 
Eebellion of Hungarian nobles. Suppressed, 1471. 

Hungarian war with Bohemia and Poland. 
Mohammed takes Negropont from the Venetians after a 
gallant defence. 

Crosby Hall, London, built. 

Fiatina writes his HUtory of the Popes. 

1 47 1 Battle of Barnet, Apr. 14 ; the Earl of Warwick killed. 

Battle of Tewkesbury, in which Margaret and the 
Lancastrians are totally defeated. May 4. King 
Henry and his son, Prince Edward, are put to death, 
and Margaret imprisoned. 

The first printing press in England set up by 
William Caxton, in the Almonry of Westmin- 
ster Abbey. 
Death of Thomas a Kempis, the reputed author 

of the Imitation of Christ, 
Birth of Albert Durer. 
Sten Sture elected Protector of Sweden. 

1472 Ivan of Bussia marries Sophia, niece of the last Greek 

Emperor ; hence arises the Eussian claim to the Greek 
empire. First adoption of the title of Czar (Caesar). 

Musical notes first printed. 

The Universities of Ingolstadt and Treves founded. 

1473 The Genoese deprived by the Turks of their possessions 

in the Crimea. 
Venice acquires Cyprus, and many Greek islands which 
submit for protection against the Turks. 

The Levant and Black Sea trade passes from 

Genoa to Venice. 
Birth of Copernicus. 

1 474 On the death of Henry IV., Isabella, the wife of Ferdi- 

nand, succeeds to the crown of Castile. 
The University of Saragossa founded. 
Publication of Caxton' s first book, The Game and 

Playe of the Chease. 
Birth of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, and of 

Ariosto. 

1475 King Edward invades France. Peace of Pecquigni. 



1478] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 227 

A.D. 

1475 Queen Margaret is ransomed, and retires to the little 
court of her father Bene, the landless King of many 
titles, at Provence. 

War between Louis XI., in alliance with the Swiss, and 
Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Treaty of Soleure. 
The Constable de 8t. Pol delirered to Louis and 
beheaded. 
The Cardinals protest in vain against the nepotism of 
Pope Sixtus IV. 

Catherine Hall, Cambridge, founded. 
Munificent patronage of learning at Florence by 
Lorenzo de Medici. 

1476 Charles the Bold defeated by the Swiss at Granson, and 

at Morat. 

Institution of the " Santa Hermandad,*' or Union of the 

cities of Castile, against the plunderiug nobles. Civil 

dissensions in Aragon. 

Assassination of Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, who is 

succeeded by his brother Ludovico (the Moor) 1476-99. 

St. George's chapel, Windsor, commenced by 

Bishop Beauchamp. 
The University of Upsal founded by Sten Sture. 

1477 Battle of Nancy, Jan. 5 ; defeat and death of Charles 

the Bold. Mlarriage of Mary, his heiress, to the 
Archduke Maximilian afterwards Emperor, by which 
the Netherlands, &c., are united to Austria. Burgundy 
and Artois are seized by Louis XI. 

War between France and Austria, 1477-82. 

The Turks enter Italy, 1477-78. In these terrible 
invasions the country is utterly desolated, the towns 
and villages burnt, and the people killed or carried off 
to slavery. From Udine, where the peasants took 
refuge, all the country round looked at night like a 
sea of fire, and the glare of the flames was seen even 
at Venice. 

War between the Emperor Frederic and Matthias of 
Hungary. Peace, 1478. 

The University of Mayence founded. 

1 478 The Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV., suffocated 

in Malmsey wine. 



228 RUDIMENTAKY CHBONOLOGY. [a.D. I478- 

A.D. 

1478 Conspiracy of the Pazzi at Florence, instigated by Pope 

Sixtus lY. Giulio de Medici assassinated in the 
cathedral during the elevation of the host. The con- 
spirators are massacred by the populace. 
Novgorod taken by Ivan of Bussia. 

Birth of Titian, head of the Venetian school of 
painting. 

1479 War between England and Scotland. 

Conspiracy of the Scottish nobles. They murder the 
Earl of Mar, imprison the King, and refuse to act 
against the English invaders. 

Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella. 

Venice, novr supported only by Matthias of Hungary, 
obtains peace from the Turks by great sacrifices, and 
agrees to pay tribute for trading in the Black Sea. 
The University of Copenhagen founded. 

1480 Otranto taken and destroyed by the Turks. They 

besiege Ehodes, which is successfully defended by the 
Knights under D'Aubuisson. 
War between Matthias of Hungary and the Emperor. 
Ambassadors from the European states are sent for the 
first time to Moscow. Dissolution of the Golden 
Horde. Eussian independence established. 
The power of the Spanish nobles repressed. Ferdinand 
assumes the Grand Mastership of the three great 
military Orders of Spain. 

The Cathedral of Batisbon. 
Death of Philelphus, historian and moral phi- 
losopher. 

1 48 1 Death of Mohammed II., after having, as Turkish 

chroniclers proudly record, " subdued 2 empires, 
12 kingdoms, and 300 cities," and firmly established 
Turkish power in Europe. He is succeeded by 
Bajazet II., 1481-1512. 

Otranto retaken from the Turks by Alfonso of Naples. 

Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain. 

John II. (the Great), King of Portugal, 1481-95. Par- 
liament of Evora. The laws reformed, and the power 
of the nobles curtailed. 

Kevival of Portuguese maritime enterprise. 



MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 229 

A.D. 

1 48 1 The Boke of TuUe of Olde Age^ printed by Gaxton. 

Death of Sir Thomas Littleton, Tenure%, 

Lkdy Juliana Berners, The Boke of Hawkyng and 

Huntyng, 
The Faston Letters, 

1482 Eebellion of the Scottish nobles. 

The last Spanish war with the Mohammedan state of 

Granada begins. 
Treaty of Arras, Dec. 23. 

Academy for the study of Antiquities at Florence. 
Gaxton prints the Bolychronicon, 

1483 Death of Edward IV. of England, Apr. 9, set. 41. 
Edward V., King of England, April — June, 1 483, set. 1 4. 

Deposed by his uncle, the Protector, Richard, Duke 
of Gloucester, who himself usurps the throne. Lord 
Hastings beheaded. Edward and his young brother, the 
Duke of York, are soon after murdered in the Tower. 
SiGHABD IIL, King of England, 1483-85. 
Penance of Jane Shore. EebelUon and execution of the 

Duke of Buckingham. 
Death of Louis XL at Plessis les Tours. His son, 
set. 13, succeeds him as Charles YIIL 

The Chronicle ofEmghnde published at St. Albans. 
Birth of Martin Luther at Eisleben, and of 
Eaffaelle Sanzio, the great master of the 
Eoman school of painting. 

1484 The first auto-da-fe at Seville. The wealthy Jews are 

the fii'st victims. 

1485 Henry, Earl of Eichmond, lands at Milford Haven, Aug. 6. 
Battle of Bos worth, in which Bichard is defeated and 

slain, Aug. 22. 
House of Tudob in England. 
Henry YIL, King of England, 1485-1509, set. 29. 
The ** sweating sickness " carries off many thousands of 

all ranks. 
Vienna captured by Matthias, King of Hungary. 
Ivan employs Italians to fortify the Kremlin at Moscow. 
The Polychronicon printed by Wynkyn de Worde. 
Death of E. Agricola, theologian and classical 
critic. 



^80 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I486- 

A.D. 

i486 Marriage of Henry VII. to Elizabeth of York, Jan, 18, 
thus uniting the Houses symbolised by the Two 
Boses. Imposture of Lambert Sinlnel, who is pro- 
claimed and crowned in Ireland. 

B. Diaz, a Portuguese, reaches, but does not pass, 
the Cape of Good Hope, which he names the 
" Cape of Storms." 
Death of George of Trebizond. 

1487 Lambert Simnel invades England. He is defeated and 

made a scullion in the King's kitchen. King Henry 
appoints 50 Yeomen of the Guard, the first standing 
armed force in England. 
Truce between the Emperor and Matthias of Hungary, 
who retains Vienna and all his other Austrian con- 
quests till his death. 

1488 Insurrection of the Scottish nobles against James III., 

who, infatuated by astrology, has given himself up to 
worthless favourites. The King is slain, and suc- 
ceeded by his son, James IV., 1 488-1 513, under whom 
Scotland is for a time tranquil. 

The Duke of Orleans defeated by L. de la Tremouille, 
at St. Aubin. 

War between Sweden and Ivan of Bussia, who acquires 
numerous provinces. 

Publication, at Florence, of the Homer of D. 
Chalcondylas.' 

1489 Savonarola, a Dominican, begins to preach at Elorence 

a reformation of the Church. 

Death of John Wessel, theologian. 

1490 Death of the great King Matthias at Vienna. He is 

succeeded by Vladislas II. of Bohemia, who makes 
peace with the Emperor, 1491, and cedes Matthias' 
conquests. 

1 49 1 Brittany united to Erance by the marriage of Charles 

VIII. to the Duchess Anne. France has now 
recovered from the miseries of her protracted wars, 
and exercises great influence on European politics. 

1492 Conquest of Granada, the last of the Mohammedan 

states of Spain, by Ferdinand's great general, Gonzalo 
de Cordova. Persecution of the Spanish Jews, who 



1495] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 231 

A.D. 

1492 are compelled to choose between baptism and exile. 
Great numbers emigrate to Africa. 

Pope Alexander YI. (Borgia), " the Pontifical Nero," 
1 492- 1 503. He, with his son, Csesar Borgia, and his 
daughter, Lucretia, can hardly be paralleled for crafty 
cruelty, avarice, and profligacy. Under such a 
Pontiff, the prevailing corruption of manners naturally 
becomes even more general and more gross. 
Death of Lorenzo de Medici. Pietro 11. succeeds his 
father at Morence, which has now seen its greatest 
days. 

Amebica disgovebed by Christopher Colum- 
bus, a Genoese in the service of Spain. 
The tower of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1492- 
1505. 

1493 Perkin Warbeck counterfeits Bichard, Duke of York. 

He is supported by Margaret of Burgundy, the French 
King, the Irish, &c. 
Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, 1493-15 19. 
Pirst Turkish establishment of a voiyade of Wallachia. 

Second voyage of Columbus. Spanish colony at 
Hispaniola. 

1 494 Sir W. Stanley betrayed by Clifford to the King, and 

beheaded. Persecution of the Lollards in England. 
The Poynings Act passed in Lreland, giving force 
there to the laws of England. 
Expedition of Charles VIIL into Italy. Commence- 
ment of the Italian wars, lasting till 1 559. 
Pietro de Medici, who had invited the Prench invasion, 
is expelled from Florence. Anarchy prevails there, 
1494-1513. 

The Aldine pnntmg press set up at Venice by 

Aldus Manutiua. 
Death of John Picus de Mirandola, Platonist, 

and of Angelo Politiano, class, schol. 
Birth of Correggio, head of the Lombard school 
of painting, and of Luke of Leyden, founder 
of the Dutch school. 

1495 Ferdinand II., King of Naples, on the resignation of 

Alfonso II. 



232 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I495- 

A.D. 

1495 Charles YIII. of France takes Naples without a battle, 

and in 4^ months completes the conquest of Italy. 
League of Yenice against Charles, between the Em- 
peror, the Pope, Ferdinand of Spain, Ludovico Sforza, 
and Yenice. Charles retreats from Naples, and, on 
his way to France, gains the victory of Fomuovo. 

Diet of Worms. Establishment of the Imperial " Chamber 
of Justice ; " proclamation of perpetual public peace 
in Germany. 

Emanuel the Great, Eang of Portugal, 149 5-1 521. 
Jamaica discovered by Columbus. 

1496 Perkin Warbeck, assisted by James lY. of Scotland, 

invades England, but soon retreats. 
Marriage of Philip of Austria to Joanna, heiress of 

Ferdinand of Spain, from which ensues the union of 

the Netherlands with Spain. 
Frederic III., uncle of Ferdinand, King of Naples. 
Jesus College, Cambridge, founded. 

1497 Insurrection of Cornishmen. Headed by Lord Audley 

they march towards London, and are defeated at 
Blackheath. 
Sten Sture deprived of the Swedish Protectorate. John, 

King of Denmark, crowned at Stockholm. 
Persecution of the Jews in Portugal. 
Power of Guzerat under Mahmud Shah, 1459-1511. 

Yasco de Gama doubles the Cape of Good 
Hope, and arrives at Calicut in India, May, 
1498. 
John and Sebastian Cabot, commissioned by 
Henry YIL, discover Newfoundland and 
explore the Coast of North America, 1497-98. 
The University of Aberdeen founded. 
Birth of Philip Melancthon. 

1498 Warbeck surrenders to Henry YIL, and admits his 

imposture. 
Louis XII., " the father of his people," King of France, 

1498-15 1 5. He is divorced by Papal bull, and 

marries Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles YIII. 
Savonarola is accused of heresy, and at the Pope's 

instance, burnt in the market-place of Florence. 



1500] MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 233 

A.D. 

1498 League of the Grisons with the Swiss, whose military 

prowess now makes their alliance courted. 
The Usbek Tartars established in Bochara by Shaibek 
Khan. Babur, 5th in descent from Timur, is expelled, 
and goes into India. 

Third voyage of Columbus. Discovery of 
Trinidad and New Spain. 

1 499 Execution of Warbeck. The young Earl of Warwick, 

the last of the Plantagenets, unjustly put to death. 
Louis XII. of France, in alliance with Venice, takes 
Milan and G-enoa, and captures Louis Moro of Milan, 
1500. 
The Emperor Maximilian defeated by the Swiss. Treaty 

of Basle. 
Eerdinand compels the Spanish Moors to choose con- 
version or banishment. 

Voyage of Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci. The 

South American coast explored. 
D. Cbalcondylas publishes the Greek Lexicon of 

8uida8, 
Death of Marsilius Eicinus, a zealous reviver of 
Greek philosophy in Italy. 

1 500 Prosperous state of England under Henry's government. 

The power of the nobles is vigilantly kept down; wise 
laws are enacted and enforced ; and the royal authority 
permanently strengthened. The King's rapacity, 
however, and the extortions of his ministers render 
him unpopular. 

Commerce, navigation, and aU the arts of peace, 
sedulously encouraged. 
John, King of Denmark, &c.,. defeated at Meldorf. 
Columbus is superseded in command, and sent back to 

Spain in chains. 
Birth of the future Emperor Charles V. at Ghent. 
Bath Abbey church, 1500-39. 
Alvarez de Cabral, driven there by a tempest, 
discovers the coast of Brazil. 



234 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 150I- 



MODEEN HISTORY. 

A.D. 

1 501 Marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, to Katherine of 

Spain, Nov. 6. 
Partition of Naples by Louis of France and Perdinand 

of Spain. 
Pope Alexander creates his son, Caesar Borgia, Duke of 

Eomagna, and with him, practises the foulest crimes 

to obtain possession of the territory. 
League of Venice with Vladislas of Hungary against the 

Turks. Peace, 1503. 
Pirst institution of the Aulic Council. 
Sten Sture re-established as Administrator of Sweden. 
Ismael I. founds the Sofi dynasty in Persia. 

1 502 Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales, set. i6» 

Marriage of James lY. of Scotland to Margaret, daughter 

of Henry VII., which leads, a century later, to the 

accession of the House of Stuart to the English 

throne. 

Compulsory baptism of the Mohammedans in Spain. 

Bevolts ensue. 
Ivan of Eussia defeated by the Teutonic Knights at 
Pleskow. 

Fourth voyage of Columbus, 1 502-4. Wrecked 
on the coast of Jamaica, he returns to Europe, 
and dies, 1506. 
Henry the Seventh's chapel, Westminster, 

1502-19. 
The University of Wittenberg founded. 

1 503 Death of Henry's consort, Elizabeth of York, Feb. 1 1 . 
Death of Pope Alexander VI., caused by his drinking in 

mistake some poison he had prepared for 9 new 
Cardinals, whose heir he proposed to be. 
Pope Julius II., 1503-13. An ambitious and warlike 
priest, who re-establishes the Papal influence by force 
of arms, and himself heads his troops. 



1506] MODEEN HISTORY. 235 

A.D. 

1503 The Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, defeat the 

French at Gerignola, where the Duke de Nemours is 
slain, April 28. At the end of the campaign, all 
Naples except Gaeta is in Spanish possession. 
The power ^f Venice now begins gradually to decline. 
Portuguese settlements in India. The Puke of Albu- 
querque viceroy. 

The Indian trade, so long monopolised by the 
Yenetians, after the discovery of the Cape 
passage, falls to the Portuguese, and is ex- 
clusively maintained by them for nearly a 
century. 

1 504 Compulsory loans, under the name of " benevolences," 

introduced in England. 
The Arch-Duke Philip of Austria succeeds Isabella in 

Castile, in right of his wife, Joanna. 
Ferdinand attempts, unsuccessfully, to introduce the 

Inquisition at Naples. 
The dynasty of the Sherifs founded in Morocco, about 

this period. 

1505 Treaty between Prance and Spain. Naples ceded to 

Ferdinand, and the Two Sicilies become Spanish 
provinces, governed by viceroys, till 1 700. 

Baber conquers Kabul, 1505-9. 

Factories founded on the coast of Malabar by Almeida, 
the Portuguese governor. 

1 506 The '* Great Harry," the first English two-decker, 

built. 
Death of Philip, King of Castile. His infant son, 
Charles (afterwards emperor), is acknowledged heir 
to the Spanish crown. 
Sigismund I. (the Great), King of Poland, 1 506-48. 

The church of St. Peter at Bome commenced by 

Bramante. The greatest monument of the 

revived Classical, or Cinque-cento style of 

architecture. 

The University of Frankfort on the Oder 

founded. 
The sugar cane first brought from the Canaries 
to Hispaniola. 



236 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1507- 

A.D. 

1507 Eevolt at Genoa suppressed by the French. 

The " Council of the Indies " instituted at Seville. 
Ferdinand's minister, Ximenes, created a cardinal. 
Discoveries of Ceylon by Almeida, and of Mada- 
gascar by Tristan d*Acunha. 

1 508 Thomas Wolsey made Dean of Lincoln. 

League of Cambray; Louis of France, the Emperor, 
Pope Julius, and Ferdinand, against Venice. 

Martin Luther, now an Augustine monk. Pro- 
fessor of Philosophy at Wittenberg. 

1 509 Death of King Henry VIL, April 22. 

Henby VIII., King of England, 1509-47, 8Bt. 18. 
Marriage of Henry to Arthur's widow, Katherine of 
Spain, June 3. 
Louis XII. of France defeats the Venetians at Agna- 
deilo. They lose all their Italian .acquisitions. 
Peace, 15 10. 
Oran taken by Ximenes. Algiers made tributary to 
Spain. 

Erasmus at Oxford. 

St. John's College, Cambridge, founded. 

St. Paul's School, London, founded by Dean 

Colet. 
Death of Philip de Comines, Hist, of his Times. 

1 510 Wolsey made Almoner to the King, and virtually 

minister. Empson and Dudley, the extortionate 
ministers of Henry VIL, beheaded. Treaty of alliance 
with Ferdinand of Spain. 

" Holy League " formed by Pope Julius for the ex- 
pulsion of the French from Italy. Ferdinand of 
Spain, Henry of England, the Emperor, Venice, and 
the Swiss, ultimately join the League. 

First Spanish settlement on the mainland of America, 
at Darien. 

Goa conquered by the Portuguese. 

1 5 1 1 Ineffective Council of Pisa, convened by French influence. 
Martin Luther visits Eome, which splendid city of sin 

he thinks must be " built over hell." 
N. Machiavelli, Secretary of State at Florence. 
Conquest of Cuba by the Spaniards. 



1 514] MODERN HISTORY. 237 

A.D. 

1 5 1 1 ' Death of Giorgone, of the Venetian school. 

Flourishing period of the Italian and Grerman 
schools of painting. 

1512 Skirmishes on the border between the English and 

Scotch. The privateer Barton taken by the English. 

General Council of the Lateran, 1512-17. 

French victory over the Spaniards at Eavenna, in which 
Gaston de Foix, Duke de Nemours, is killed. Ex- 
pulsion of the French from Genoa and Milan by the 
Swiss, who reinstate Maximilian Sforza. 

Bestoration of the Medici at Florence. 

Division of the German empire into ten circles. 

Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Teutonic 
Order, refuses homage to Poland, and swears alle- 
giance to the Emperor. 

Selim I. (the Ferocious), Sultan of Turkey, 1512-20. 
He dethrones and murders his father, Bajazet, and 
puts to death all h\% brothers. 

Discovery of Florida by the Spaniards. 
Death of E. Fabyan, Chron, of Midland and 
France, 

1 5 1 3 Poll tax levied in England to support the French war. 

Henry VIII. invades France, and gains the victory of 
Guinegate, "Battle of the Spurs," Aug. 16. Tour- 
nay surrenders, Sept. 

James IV. of Scotland invades England, and, with the 
flower of the Scottish chivalry, is routed by the Earl 
of Surrey, and slain at Flodden, Sept. 9. 

The French repulsed from No vara by the Swiss, June 6. 

Pope Leo X. (John de Medici), 1513-22. Kindly and 
benevolent, but luxurious to prodigality in his tastes. 

Peace of Blois by France with Venice, Spain, and the 
Pope. 

Christian II., King of Denmark and Norway, Not 
acknowledged in Sweden, of which Sten, son of 
Svante Sture, is now Protector. 

Accession of Appenzel, the last of the 1 3 Swiss cantons. 
Brazenose College, Oxford, founded. 
The Pacific Ocean first reached by Balboa. 

1 514 Peace between England and France. Marriage of 



288 , RUDIMENTART CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1514- 

A.D. 

1 5 14 Louis XTI. to Mary, sister of King Henry. Wolsey 
appointed Archbishop of York. 

Smolensko taken by the Eassians. 
The Persians, under Ismael Shah, totally defeated by 
the Turks at Kaldaroon. Kurdistan and Meso- 
potamia annexed to the Turkish empire. 

On the death of Bramante, Baffaelle continues 

the building of St. Peter's. 
The search of Portuguese explorers for the 
kingdom of "Prester John," makes Abys- 
sinia known to Europe, about this time. 

1 51 5 Wolsey made Cardinal, and Chancellor of England. 

His power and influence almost unlimited. 
Erancis I., King of Erance, 1515-47. 
Kenewed League against Erance by the Pope, the 
Emperor, Eerdinand, &c. Erancis invades Italy, 
and entirely defeats the Swiss and other allies at 
Marignano, Sept. 14. Milan and Genoa again 
become subject to Erance. Peace between the Pope 
and Francis, who agrees to a new Concordat, repeal- 
ing the Pragmatic Sanction. 
Death of Gonzalo, " the Great Captain " of Spain. 

Borne is once more the chief seat of art and 
learning, now munificently supported by 
Leo X. ; but, though literature is thus 
fostered by the Pope, Erasmus, Eeuchlin, 
&c., in their efforts to promote its revival, 
are vigorously opposed by the monks. 
Bio de la Plata discovered by De Salis. 

1 5 16 Charles I., by Eerdinand's death, King of Spain and the 

Netherlands, 1516-55. Ximenes, Begent. 
Treaty of Noyon between Erance, Spain, and the Emperor. 
Treaty of ** Perpetual Peace " at Eriburg, between 

Erance and the Swiss. 
The Mameluke Sultan of Egypt defeated and slain near 
Aleppo by Selim, who adds Syria, Palestine, and 
Egypt to. his dominions, 1 5 1 6- 1 7. 

Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded. 
Erasmus publishes his Greek Testament^ with a 
Latin translation and notes. 



1 5 19] MODERN HISTORY. 239 

A.D. 

1 5 17 Outbreak of the London apprentices against foreigners 
on " evil May-day." 
The Refoemation commences. Martin Luther pub- 
licly protests and preaches against the shameless 
sale of Papal Indulgences in Germany by Tetzel, 
a Dominican friar. 
3 1 new Cardinals created at one time. 
The first patent granted for the importation of Negro 

slaves. 
The Abbasside Khalifat being finally extinguished, and 
Mecca and Medina subjected, the Turkish Sultan 
assumes spiritual supremacy, and henceforth takes 
the title of " Commander of the Faithful." 

Erasmus publishes his Farofhraae on the Epistle 

to the Romans, 
Stephen Hawes' Fosse Tyme of Fleasure pub- 
lished. 
Death of Cardinal XimjBnes, who has printed at 
his own cost the famous Ckmphtensian Folyght 
Bible, published in 1520. 
Portuguese trade with the Chinese at Macao. 

1 5 1 8 The English restore Tournay to France. 

Martin Luther summoned before the Diet of Augsburg 
by the Legate, Cardinal Cajetan. He appeals from 
his decision to the Pope, and afterwards to a General 
Council, and is protected by Frederic, Elector of 
Saxony. 
Hayraddin Barbarossa, who has possessed himself of 
Algiers, &c., begins the piracies for which the Barbary 
states soon become notorious. 

The Eoyal College of Physicians, London, founded. 

Discovery of Mexico by Grijalva. 

Portuguese settlement of Aden on the Bed Sea. 

Birth of Palladio, the architect. 

1 5 1 9 Wolsey sole Papal Legate. 

Death of the Emperor Maximilian. Competition for 
the Imperial crown between Francis I. of France and 
Charles I. of Spain. It is ofiPered by the electors to 
Frederic of Saxony, but he refuses in favour of Charles. 

Charles Y. (King of Spain, &c.) Emperor of Germany, 



240 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I519- 

A 1). 

1 5 19 1519-58, set. 19. He signs the first "Capitulation" 
with the electors. 

War of the Teutonic Order of Prussia with Poland. 
XJlrich Zwingle preaches ecclesiastical reform in Switzer- 
land. 
Conquest of Georgia by Ismael of Persia. 
Baber, in India, advances to the Indus. 
Invasion of Mexico by Perdinando Cortez. 

Luther publishes his Commentary on the Epistle 

to the Galatians. 
Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded. 
Magelhaens sails on the first voyage round the 
world, and discovers the Straits which bear 
his name, 1520, and the Ladrone and Philip- 
pine Islands, 1521. 

1520 Visit of the Emperor Charles V. to England, which now 

holds the balance of power between him and Francis 
of France. Gorgeous meeting of Henry VIII. and 
Francis at the " Field of the Cloth of Gold " at Ardres. 

Scotland, under the regency of the Duke of Albany, 
harassed by the contentions of the nobles. 

Papal bull against Luther and his writings published by 
Eck, and publicly burnt by Luther at Wittenberg, 

Sten Sture II., Protector of Sweden, is defeated and 
slain at Bogesund, and Christian II. of Denmark is 
crowned at Stockholm. Massacre of the Swedish 
senators and nobles. 

Soliman the " Magnificent," Sultan of Turkey, 1 520-66, 
under whom the Ottoman empire attains its highest 
power. Great Turkish tiavy commanded by Barbarossa. 

Mexico subdued by the Spaniards under Cortez. Op- 
pression of the natives. The Emperors Montezuma 
and Guatimozin put to death. 

Hampton Court Palace built, 1520-40. 
Pegu and Siam discovered by the Portuguese. 
Death of Eaffaelle, and of Leonardo da Vinci. 
1 52 1 The Duke of Buckingham beheaded. Spread of the 
Keformed doctrines in England. King Henry writes 
a treatise De septem Sacramentis against Luther, and 
receives in return from the Pope the title of " JDefender 



1523} MODEBN HISTOBY. 241' 

A.D. 

1 5 2 1 of the Faith/' Treaty between Henry and the Emperor 

Charles concluded by Wolsey. 
First war between Francis and the Emperor, 1521-26. 

Milan captured from the French. 
Diet of Worms. Luther condemned and put to the 

ban of the Empire. The Elector Frederie shelters 

him in the Castle of Wartburg. 
Death of Pope Leo X. 
Gustavus Yasa, at the head of the Dalecarlian peasants, 

defeats the forces of Christian. 
Ferdinand of Austria, brother of the Emperor, marries 

Anne of Hungary and Bohemia. 
The Turks take Belgrade by storm. 
Earthquake at Lisbon, in which 30,000 persons perish. 
The University of Geneva founded. 

1522 Fruitless English invasion of France, under the Earl 

of Surrey. 
The Scotch, under Albany, invade England, but make an 

ignominious retreat. 
The French defeated at Bicocca, and expelled from Italy. 
The Diet of Nuremberg sends to Pope Adrian VI. its 

'^ Centum Gravamina," or Hundred Complaints. 
Luther returns from the Wartburg to Wittenberg, and 

allays the agitation excited by Carlstadt, 
Xavier, the" Apostleof the Indies," commences his mission. 
Ehodes surrenders to the Turks. The Knights at first 

take refuge in Italy. 

Death of Bishop Gawain Douglas, Scottish poet, 
and of John Eeuchlin, Hebrew scholar. 

1523 Failure of Wolsey to obtain the Pontificate. Julius de 

Medici elected Pope as Clement YII. Bapid spread 
of the Eeformed doctrines in the Netherlands, and the 
Northern states of Europe. 

Final dissolution of the Union of Calmar (formally 1 524). 
Deposition of Christian 11. Frederic I., Duke of 
Sleswic Holstein, King of Denmark, 1523-33. Gus- 
tavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 1523-60. 

The Constable Charles of Bourbon enters the Emperor's 
service, and, on the death of Prospero Colonna, takes 
the command in Italy. 

H 



242 RUDIMENTABT CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1523- 

A.D. 

1523 Pilgrimage of Ignatius Loyola to Palestine. 

Munzer excites an insurrection of the Grerman peasantry. 

Death of W. Lily, first Blaster of St. Paul's 

School, Latin Cframmar, 

I $24 Death of Bayard, " sans peur et sans reproche." Milan 

retaken by the Prench. 

New monastic order of the Theatins sanctioned. That 

of the Capuchins, 1525. 
Great defeat of the Russians by the Tartars on the Volga. 
Baber captures Lahore. 

The studies of Scripture and of Greek literature 

now attract attention in England. 
Discovery of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro, 

1524-26. 
Death of Perugino, of the Roman school, Raflfaelle's 

maater. 
Birth of Camoens. 

1525 Henry YIII., apprehensive of the Emperor's growing 

power, makes peace with Prance. 
Battle of Pavia, Feb. 24 ; Prancis I.; taken prisoner by 

the Emperor, " loses ail except his honour." Spanish 

ascendancy in Italy. 
Adoption of the Reformed doctrines at Zurich, and in 

Prussia and Saxony. 
Johu (the Constant) succeeds Frederic as Elector of 

Saxony. 
Luther marries Katherine de Bora, a nun. 
The German insurgents are defeated, and Munzer be- 
headed at Mulhausen. 
Secularisation of the territory of the Teutonic Order. 

Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master, becomes Duke 

of Prussia, 1525-68. 

Christ Church, Oxford, endowed by Wolsey. 

1526 Treaty of Madrid; Francis cedes Burgundy, Flanders, 

and Milan to Charles, and is released. The Pope 
absolves him from fulfilling hia engagements, and 
himself heads the **Holy League** against the Emperor. 

The Constable Bourbon made Duke of Mihin by 
Charles V. 

Declaration of the Diet of Spires for freedom of religion. 



1529] MODEBN HISTORY. 243 

A.D. 

1526 The Hungarians defeated by the Turks at Mohacz. 

Louis, the last Jagellon King, is drowned in flight. 
The Turks take Buda. 

The great library of Matthias Corvinus burnt. 
Baber puts an end to the Afghan dominion, and founds 
the empire of the " Great Moguls." 

Tyndal's Bngluh translation of the New Testament. 
Hans Holbein, the German painter, arrives in 
London. 

1527 The alleged scruples of Henry VIII. respecting his 

marriage with Katherine of Spain first made public. 

England unites with France in the '' Holy Leiague '* 

against the Emperor. 
Second war between Francis and Charles, 1527-29. 

Genoa retaken by the French. The Imperialists take 

Bome by storm, May 6, and make the Pope prisoner. 

The Constable Bourbon is killed in the assault. 
The Medici expelled from Florence, and the republic 

restored. 
Connection of Hungary and Bohemia with the House of 

Hapsburg by the accession of the Archduke Ferdinand 

to the Hungarian throne. His rival, Zapolya, becomes 

King of Transylvania. 
Progress of Lutheranism in Denmark and Sweden. 

The first Protestant University founded at 

Marburg. 
Death of Nicholas Machiavelli, 2%e Prince. 

1 528 Commencement of the Eeformation in Scotland. Patrick 

Hamilton burnt at St. Andrews. 
Andrew Doria expels the French from Genoa, and 
establishes an aristocratic republic under biennial 
doges. 

Death of Albert Durer, the head of the German 
school. 

1 529 Queen Katherine pleads her cause before Henry, and the 

Papal Legates, Campeggio and Wolsey. Disgrace of 
Wolsey. Sir Thomas More made Chancellor. 
Peace of Cambray, "La Paix des Dames,** between 
Henry, Francis, and the Emperor, Aug. 5. Francis 
regains Burgundy. 

M 2 



^44 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1529- 

A.D. 

1529 Diet of Spires. The Eefonnere protest against its decrees, 

from whence arises the name of Pbotistants. 
The Turks invade Germany, and besiege Vienna. 
Bengal invaded and made tributary by Baber. 
Xavier preaches the Gospel in Japan. 

1530 Bise of Granmer and Cromwell. Death of Wolsey at 

Leicester abbey, Nov. 
The Emperor Charles Y. crowned at Bologna, the last 

Imperial coronation in Italy. 
The Imperialists take Florence, and restore the Medici. 
Diet of Augsburg, against the Protestants. Melancthon 

draws up the Protestant Confession of Augsburg. 
Malta given by the Emperor to the Knights of St. John. 
Mendoza, the first Spanish viceroy in America. 

Flourishing state of art and learning in France. 

Painting, music, and civil law, are studied with 

great success. Commencement of the Louvre. 

Erection of palaces and public works. 

Death of Andrea del Sarto,of the Florentine school. 

1 53 1 The English clergy acknowledge the King's supremacy. 

Henry and Katherine part at Windsor. 
League of the Protestant princes at Smalcald. 
Death of Zuinglius, the Swiss reformer, in the battle of 

Cappel. 
Alexander de Medici, first hereditary Duke of Tuscany. 
Invasion of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro, 1531-33. 

Establishment in France of the " Imprimerie 
Boyale.*' Other presses are forbidden* 

1532 Appeal of Queen Katherine to Pope Clement. Sir T. 

More resigns the Great Seal. Cranmer made Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

John Calvin preaches the Eeformed doctrines in France. 

Treaty of Nuremburg between the Emperor and the 
Protestants. 

Second invasion of Germany by the Turks. 

Humayun, son and successor of Baber, subdues 
Mohammed Khan Lodi in Jonpoor. 

The University of Compostella founded. 

1533 Marriageof Henry to AnneBoleyn. Parliament prohibits 

all appeals to Eome. Archbishop Cranmer pronounces 



1555] MODERN HISTORY. 245 

A.D. 

1533 Katherine's divorce. May 23. Birth of Elizabeth, 
afterwards Queen of England, Sept. 7. 

CUieen Margaret of Navarre avows heretical opinions. 
Death of Ariosto, Orlando Furioso. 
Eabelais publishes The Gargawtua, 

1534 The Parliament declares the King Supreme Head on 

earth of the English Church. Final rupture between 
Henry and the Pope. Imposture of Elizabeth Barton, 
" the holy maid of Kent." 
Persecution of the Eeformers in France. 
The Bishop expelled from Geneva, and the Boman &ith 

proscribed. 
Pope Paul HI. (Alexander Farnese). 
Christian IIL, King of Denmark and Norway, 1534-59. 

Civil war. 
Barbarossa seizes the state of Tunis. 

• Luther's German Bible published. 

Copernicus matures his system of the universe. 
Newfoundland and Canada discovered by Cartier. 
Death of Cardinal Cajetan, theologian, J. Aven- 
tinus, Annals of Bavaria^ and of Correggio. 

1535 Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More beheaded for 

denying the King's supremacy. Cromwell, now Earl 
of Essex, made Yicar General. King Henry excom- 
municated by Pope Paul III., and England put under 
interdict. 
Insurrection and excesses of the Anabaptists at Munster, 

under John, a tailor of Leyden. Suppressed, 1 536. 
Francis I. seizes Savoy. Geneva and the Yalois join the 

Swiss confederation. 
The Emperor Charles retakes Tunis from Barbarossa, and 

releases 20,000 Christian captives. 
Lima founded. Spanish settlement of Paraguay. Buenos 
Ayres built. 

Publication of Tyndal's and Coverdale's EnglUh 

translaiion of the Biile. 
Luther's Second Commentary on the Galatiana. 
Calvin's Inatitutio Eeligionis Christiana, 
Death of H. Com. Agrippa, Be Incertitudine 



246 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [▲.D. 1536- 

A.D. 

1 536 Death of Qaeen Katlierine. Aocosation, and execution 

of Queen Anne Boleyn, May 19. Third marriage of 
King Henry to Jane Seymour, May 20. Every 
"parson" ordered to set up in the choir of his church 
a Bible in Latin and English for the use of the people. 
Suppression of the lesser monasteries. Popular 
discontent and revolts. 

Publication of the Papal bull " In Coena Domini." First 
Helvetic Confession. John Calvin settles at Geneva. 

Benewed war between Prancis and the Emperor, who 
invades Provence, and besieges Marseilles. League of 
the Turks with France. Their first alliance with any 
Christian state. 

Renewal of the Protestant League of Smalcald for 10 
years. Germany is nov^ almost equally divided between 
the Protestant and Papal communions. 

Christian III. takes Copenhagen, and establishes the 
Beformation in Denmark. 

Death of Erasmus, and of Grarcilas de la Vega. 

1537 Birth of Edward, Prince of Wales. Death of Queen 

Jane Seymour. Continued discontent. Insurrection 
in the North called " the Pilgrimage of Ghrace." 
Cosmo de Medici (the Great), Duke of Tuscany, 1537* 

74- 
Devastation of Apulia by the Turkish fleets. Attack on 

Corfu. 

Papal bull declaring the natives of America to be rational 

beings. 

Dissensions of the Spaniards in Peru, 1537-38. Almagro 

slain by Pizarro. 

The Bishop^ s Book^ or Imtitutkn of a Christian 

Man published. 

Matthewe*8 English Bible (by John Sogers). 

1538 Suppression of the » remaining English monasteries, and 

general destruction of relics. Henry publicly disputes 

with Lambert, and then bums him. 
Treaty of Nice, between Francis who retains Savoy, and 

Charles who retains Milan. 
Turkish conquest of the Venetian possessions in the 

Archipelago and Morea, and of Arabia. 



154*] MODERN HISTORY. 247 

A.D. 

1 558 Boman Catholic League of Nuremberg in opposition to 
that of Smalcald. 
The Antinomian doctrines supported by Agricola are 
combated by Luther. 

1539 The ""Six Articles" (caUed the Bloody Statute) esta- 

blished by Henry as a rule of faith. The Abbots of 

Heading, Glastonbury, and Colchester hanged and 

quartered. 
Progress of the Eeformation in Scotland. 7 Protestants 

burnt as heretics. 
Discontent in Spain excited by the taxes levied by Charles 

to support his Grerman and Italian wars. Dissolution 

of the Castilian Cortes. The King becomes virtually 

absolute. 
Calvin at the head of the Genevan Church. 

Cranmer s Great Bible, and Tavemer's Bible 
published. 

1 540 Henry's fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, and 

divorce shortly after. His fifth marriage to Catherine 
Howard, Aug. 8. Protestants and Papists are 
alternately and impartially persecuted by the King. 
Cromwell, Eari of Essex, disgraced and beheaded. 
New bishoprics founded, 1540-41. 
Charles Y. entertained by Prancis at Paris. 
The Order of Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola some 
years before, is formally established by Pope Paul III. 
Betum of Cortez to Spain. He dies neglected, 1 547. 
Orellana first sails down the Amazon river to the sea. 

Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University 

of Lausanne founded. 
Cherry trees from Flanders first planted in Kent. 

1 541 The Countess Dowager of Salisbury, mother of Cardinal 

de la Pole, barbarously executed. 
Unsuccessful expedition of the Emperor Charles against 

Algiers. 
The Sultan Soliman occupies Hungary, and makes Buda 

the seat of a pasha. 
Diet of Eatisbon. 
Assassination of Pizarro by the son of Almagro. Civil 

war between the Spaniards in Peru. 



^48 ^ RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1541- 
A.D. 

1 541 Death of Dr. Theophrastus Paracelsus, alchemist, 

and discoverer, he said, of the *' Elixir of Life." 

1 542 dueen Katherine Howard beheaded, Feb. 1 3. 

War between England and Scotland. The mutinous 

Scottish troops surrender to the English at Solway 

Moss without striking a blow, Nov. 25. James V. 

dies of a broken heart, Dec. 14, and is succeeded by 

his infant daughter, Mary, under the regency of the 

EarlofArran. 
Fourth war between Francis and Charles, 1542-44. 

Denmark and Sweden in alliance with France against 

the Emperor. 
Advance of the Eeformation in Poland, now at the 

height of its power. 
The wealth and influence of Portugal attain their greatest 

extent. Commercial treaty with Japan. 

Lisbon is now the chief market of the world, 
Jesuit mission under Xavier in India. 
Las Casas appeals to .the Emperor against Spanish 

cruelty to the native Americans. 

1 543 Sixth marriage of Henry to Katherine Parr, July 1 2. 

Alliance of England with the Emperor against France. 
The Turkish fleet, under Barbarossa, destroys Eheggio, 
appears at the mouth of the Tiber, and, united with 
the French, besieges Nice. 

The Eing'B Book, or Necessary Doctrine and 

Erudition for any Christian Man, 
Iron flrst cast in England by Flemish workmen. 
Death of Copernicus, Be Orbiunt Celestium Bevo- 

lutionibus, 
A. Yesalius of Brussels, on Jnatomy, 

1544 The English, under the Earl of Hertford, take Edin- 

burgh. Henry invades France, and takes Boulogne. 
Battle of Cerisolles. Peace between Charles and Francis, 
who gives up Italy. Peace between the Northern 
powers and the Emperor ; the free navigation of the 
Baltic conceded to the Flemings, a fatal blow to the 
Hanseatic trade. 

The Litany published in English. 

The University of Konigsberg founded. 



1547] MOD£BN HISTORY. 249 

A.D. 

1 544 Birth of Torquato Tasso. 

1 545 PersecutioiL of the Yaudois by Francis I. 

The last General Council, of Trent, meets Dec. 13. 
Pope Paul III. creates his son Ihike of Parma. 
Ivan IV. of Bussia (the Terrible) crowned as Czar. 

The King^% Primer. 

Danish translaiioft of the Bible. 

Discovery of the mines of Potosi. 

1 546 Henry makes peace with France and Scotland. Death 

of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. 
Cardinal Beaton assassinated by the Master of Bothes. 
The German Protestants put to the ban of the Empire. 
War between the Emperor and the Smalcald League. 
Death of Barbaro^a. 

Bobert Stephen's edition of the New Testament. 
Death of Martin Luther, Feb. 18, Card. Bembo, 
History of Venice^ and of Giulio Bomano, 
pupil of Baffaelle. 

1 547 Execution of the Earl of Surrey. 

His Poems and those of Sir T. Wyatt help now 
to refine and soften the English language. 
Death of Henry YIII., Jan. 28. 
Edwaeb VI., King of England, 1547-53, «t. 10. 
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector. 
Bepeal of the '' Six Articles." Beformation of the 
English Church, under Archbishop Cranmer, 1 547-48. 
Gardiner and Bonner zealously oppose reform. In- 
' -1 vasion of Scotland by Somerset. Scottish defeat at 

Pinkey. 
Death of Francis I. of France, who is succeeded by his 
son, Henry IL, 1547-59, married to Catherine de 
Medici. 
Fiesco's conspiracy at Genoa. 

Battle of Miihlberg, Apr; 24. Defeat of the German 
Protestants. Deprivation of the Elector of Saxony, 
who is succeeded by Maurice, and of the Landgrave 
of Hesse. 

The first Book of Homilies published. 
St. Alban's Hail, Oxford, and the University of 
Bheims founded. 

m3 



250 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I547- 

A.D. 

1 547 Birth of Cervantes. 

1 548 Images removed from all English churches. The Lord's 

Supper administered in both kinds to the laity. 
Cabals in the English Council. Discontent and 
popular insurrections, 1548-49. War with France 
respecting Boulogne. 
Mary, the young Queen of Scotland, betrothed to the 
Dauphin, and sent to France. 6,000 French troops 
are stationed in Scotland. 
France disturbed by the factions of Conde and Guise. 
Imperial decree of the "Interim" proclaimed at the 
Diet of Augsburg, objectionable to both the great 
religious parties. 
Philip of Neri founds the Society of Priests of the 
Oratory, called at first the Order of the Holy Trinity^ 
Fagius, Tremellius, and Bucer at Cambridge. 
Peter Martyr and Occhius at Oxford. 
The University of Jena founded. 
Orange trees first brought from China to 
Portugal. 

1 549 Execution of the High Admiral, Lord Seymour, brother 

of the Protector. Insurrection of Kett put down by 
Dudley, Earl of Warwick, who from this time controls 
the Council. Resignation of Somerset. 
Portuguese colonisation of Brazil. San Salvador 
founded. 

The first lAturgy of Edward YI. published. 

1550 England makes peace with Scotland and France, and 

restores Boulogne. Deprivation of Bishops Bonner 
and Gardiner. 
Pope Julius III., 1550-55. He bestows the Cardinal's 
hat, vacant by his election, on the keeper of his apes. 
Prosperous state of Denmark and Sweden. Decline of 
the Hanse-towns. 

John Marbeck sets the English cathedral service 
to music. 

1 55 1 Bishops Day and Heath deprived. The Earl of War- 

wick created Duke of Northumberland. 
Treaty of Friedewalde, between Henry 11. of France 
and Maurice of Saxony. 



1554] MODEBN HISTOBT. S51 

A.D. 

1 55 1 The Council of Trent re-assembles, but the French King 

protests against its authority. 
The Turks take Tripoli from the Knights of St. John. 
St. Thomas Hospital, London, and Shrewsbury 
School founded by King Edward. 

1552 The Duke of Somerset beh^ed, Jan. 22. 
War renewed between France and the Emperor. 
Treaty of Passau, between the Emperor and Maurice of 

Saxony, securing religious liberty for the Protestants 
of Germany. 
Death of Francis Xavier. 

The second IMurgy of Edward VI. 
Death of John Leland, English AniiquUies, and 
of Paul JoYius, historian. 

1553 Marriage of Lord Guilford Dudley, Northumberland's 

son, to Lady Jane Grey. King Edward, who has 
been persuaded by Northumberland to declare Lady 
Jane Ghrey his successor, dies, July 6. 

Christ's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's, and Bride- 
weU founded by King Edward. 
Mabt, Clueen of Enghind, 1553-58. 
Northumberland, who has fruitlessly proclaimed Lady 

J^ile Grey, is executed, Aug. 22. 
Calvin causes Senretus to be burnt as a heretic at 

Geneva. 
Socinus propagates his heresy in Poland. 
Death of Maurice of Saxony in the victory of Siever- 
hausen over Albert of Brandenburg. 

Chancelour, an English captain, discovers the 

passage round the North Cape to Archangel. 
New Mexico discovered by the Spaniards. 
Death of Babelais. 
Birth of Edmund Spenser. 

1 554 The Bomish religion formally restored by Mary, but she 

finds it necessary to confirm the alienaticm of church 
lands. Unsuccessful rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt. 
Lord Guilford Dudley and his wife, Lady Jane, each 
aged about 17, are beheaded. Marriage of Mary to 
Philip of Spain, July 25* 
The Clueen Dowager, Mary of Guise»Begent of Scotland. 



262 BUDIMENTARY CHBONOLOGY. [a.D. I554- 

A.D. 

1554 The Italian eoasts are continually desolated by tbe 

Turkish fleets. 

Trinity College, Oxford, founded. 

Death of Holbein. 

Birth of Sir Philip Sidney. 

1555 Merciless persecution of the English Protestants by 

Mary. Martyrdom of John Bogers, Feb. 4 — Bishop 
Hooper, Feb. 9 — ^Bishop Ferrar, Miur. 29 — Bishops 
Bidley and Latimer, Oct. 16 — and many others of all 
ages and ranks. 

The religious freedom (^ the German Protestants con- 
firmed by the Diet of Augsburg. 

Pope Paul IV. (John Peter Caraffa), set. 80. 
Death of Polydore Vergil. 

1556 Martyrdom of Archbishop Granmer at Oxford, Mar. 21. 

Cardinal de la Pole succeeds to the see of Canterbury, 

Mar. 22. The persecution of the Protestants is still 

waged widely and fiercely. 
Truce of Versailles between Prance and the Emperor. 
Abdication of the Emperor Charles V., who retires to 

the monastery of St. Just in Spain. 
Philip II., consort of Mary of England, succeeds his 

father, Charles, in Spam, Italy, and the Netherlands, 

1556-98. 
Death of Ignatius Loyola. Lainez becomes General of 

the Order of Jesus, which is now widely diffused. 
Death of Humayun, the Mogul Emperor, who is 

succeeded by his son, Akbar (the Great), 1 556-1605. 
Beza's Translation of ike Bible. 
Gerard Mercator constructs his Chart 
Death of John Sleidan, historian. 

1557 War between England and France, in support of Spain. 
Defeat of the French at St. Quentin by the Spaniards 

under the Duke of Savoy. 
Sebastian, King of Portugal, set. 3. The Eegent, 
Cardinal Henry, allows the Jesuits both to educate 
the King, and to govern the kingdom. 

College of St. John the Baptist, Oxford, founded. 
Gonville College, Cambridge, enlarged by Dr. 
Caius. 



1560] MODERN HISTORY. 253 

A.D. 

155^8 Calais taken from the English by the Duke of Guise, 
Jan. 8. The English and Spaniards defeat the French 
at Gravelines. Death of dueen Mary, Nov. 17. 
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 1 558-1603, aet. 25. 
Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scotland, to the Dauphin. 
They afterwards assume the Boyal title of Engknd in 
opposition to Elizabeth. 

Death of the ex-Emperor Charles Y. at St. Just. 

Ferdinand, King of Hungary, &c., brother of Charles, 
Emperor of Germany, 1558-64. Hungary and 
Bohemia definitely united to the empire. 

Death of J. C. Scaliger, poet and class, critic. 
1559 Elizabeth makes Sir Nicholas Bacon Chancellor, and 
Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, Secretary of State. 
The Reformation firmly established in England, which 
now becomes the great bulwark of Protestantism. 
Laws of Uniformity and Supremacy. Matthew Parker, 
Archbishop of Canterbury. • Out of 9,400 beneficed 
clergy only 1 89 refuse to take the oath of supremacy. 

John Knox returns from Geneva to Scotland. Contest 
between the Protestant *' Lords of the Congregation," 
headed by the Prior of St. Andrews, and the Queen 
Eegent, supported by her French auxiliaries. 

Peace of Chateau Cambresis. End of the French wars 
in Italy.. Henry H- of France, accidentally killed at 
a tournament, is succeeded by Francis II., consort of 
Mary Stuart, 1559-60. Persecution of the French 
Protestants. 

Popular njoicings at Borne on the death of Pope 
Paul IT. The people pull down the Inquisition 
prisons, and set the prisoners free. Pope !^us IV. 
(John Angelo de Medici). 

Philip II. forces the Inquisition on his subjects in the 
Netherlands. 

Protestant missionaries sent to Lapland by Gustavus Yasa. 

Naval victory at Galves of the Turks under Dragut. 
1 560 Philip II. of Spain returns the Order of the Garter sent 
to him by Elizabeth. 

The English aid the Scottish Protestants in the siege of 
Leitb. Death of Mary of Guise. Popery abolished, 



254 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1 560- 

A.D. 

1 560 and Protestantism (Calvinistic) established by law in 
Scotland. 

Continued persecution of the French Huguenots (Pro- 
testants) by the Clueen-mother and the Duke of Guise, 
in opposition to Anthony of Navarre, the Prince of 
Conde, and Admiral Coligny. Calvinist conspiracy of 
Amboise against the Guises. Death of Francis II. 
Charles IX., King of France, 1560*74, set. 10. His 
mother, Catherine de Medici, Begent, coalesces with 
Conde against Guise. 
The Order of St. Stephen instituted by Cosmo de Medici. 
The lover and princely supporter of art and 
literature. 
Death of Gustavus Yasa. His son, Eric, succeeds him 
in Sweden. 

The English Book of Common Prayer^ 

Westminster College founded* 

The Gen^a, Bible. 

The publication of the Mapdebur^ Centuries 

begins. Completed, 1574. 
Death of Melaticthon. 

Birth of Annibale Caracci, the^ greatest of the 
three Caracci who found the famous Bolognese 
school of painting. 

1 561 Queen Mary returns from France to Scothmd. Violence 

of Knox and the Scottish Beformers. 
Edict against the French Protestants. 
Treaty of Wilna. Livonia ceded to Poland, Esthonia to 
Sweden ; Gothard Kettler, the last Livonian Grand 
Master, is made hereditary Duke of Coiiriand, &c. 
Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded. 
Birth of Francis Bacon. 

1 562 Edict granting toleration to the Huguenots. They are 

massacred at Yassy by the Duke of Guise. Beligious 
war in France. Defeat of the Huguenots, now sup- 
ported by England, at Dreux. Conde taken prisoner. 
The Council of Trent re-assembles. 
Truce for 8 years between the Emperor and the Turks. 
John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury, Apolopyfor the 
Church tjf England. 



1566] MODEBN HISTORY. 255 

A.D. 

1 563 The Thirtj-nine Articles of Beiigion authorised by Con- 

Yocation. Paritan scruples respecting Church cere- 
monies and yestments. Poor lairs established in 
Enghind. Peace with France. 

The Second Book of Homilies published. 

Assassination of the Duke of Guise by Poltrot. Com- 
promise of Amboise, ceding toleration to the Huguenot 
worship, except near Paris. 

Despotic taxation, and religious persecution in Spain. 
Foundation of the Escurial. 

The Council of Trent finally dissolved, Dec. 4. 

War between Denmark and Sweden. Administration of 
Peter Oxe, " the Danish Sully." 

1564 Mary, Queen of Scotland, makes David Bizzio her 

secretary. 
Pope Pius IV. confirms the decrees of the Council of 

Trent. ** Professio Fidei Tridentina." 
Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany, 1564-76. An 

able and conciliating ruler. 
Akbar makes Agra the capital of the Mogul empire. 
The palace of the Tuileries commenced. 
Death of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, painter, 

sculptor, and architect, the *' Dante of Aii,** 
Death of John Calvin. 
Birth of William Shakspeare, and of Galileo. 

1565 Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scothmd, to her cousin 

Henry, Lord Damley. 
Beligious persecution by Philip II. in the Netherlands, &c. 
The Turks after 5 months' siege of Malta repulsed by the 

Grand Master, De la Yalette. Dragut loUed* 
Sanguinary tyranny of Ivan in Bussia. Massacre at 

Novgorod. 

Death of Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist. 

1 566 David Bizzio murdered at Holyrood, Mar. 9. Birth of 

James (VI.), June 9. 
Pope Pius V. (Michele Gislieri), late Grand Inquisitor. 
The " Compromise" of 400 nobles (Gueux) presented to 

the Begent of the Netherlands at Breda. Popular 

tumults; the Popish churches attacked, and the 

images and pictures destroyed* 



256 RUDIMENTABY OHBONOLOGY. [▲.D. 1566- 

A.D. 

1 566 InvaaioQ of Hungary by the Turks under Soliman, who 

dies before Zigeth. Under him the Turkish empire 

has attained its greatest power, extending from Styria 

to the Tigris, from the falls of the Dnieper to the falls 

. of the NUe. It begins to decline under his luxurious 

successors. Selim IL, Sultan, 1566-74. 
Destruction of the Huguenot colony at Florida by the 
Spaniards, who hang all the French as ''heretics." 
The French retake it, and hang all the Spaniards as 
"murderers," 1567. 

The first Eoyal Exchange, London, built by 

Sir Thomas Gresham. 
The University of Strasburg founded. 

1 567 Murder of Lord Dandey, Feb. 10. Queen Mary marries 

Bothwell, May 15. Bevolt of the Scottish nobles, 
who defeat Maxy at Carbery Hill, June 1 5, imprison 
her in Lochleven Castle, and compel her to abdicate. 

James YI., King of Scotland, one year. old. Earl of 
Murray, Eegent. 

Benewed religious war in France. Defeat of the Hugue- 
nots at St. Denis. Death of Montmorend. 

Papal buU against Baius of Louvain, whose opinions lay 
the foundation of the Jansenist party. 

The Duke of Alva, Generalissimo of the Netherlands. 
Sanguinary tyranny of his government. Counts 
Egmont and Horn arrested, and beheaded, 1 568. 

Eric XIY. of Sweden massacres 4;he Sture family. He 
becomes insane, and is deposed, 1 568. 
Bugby School founded. 

1568 Queen Mary escapes from Lochleven Castle, and is 

defeated by Murray at Langside, May 13. She takes 
refuge in England, and is imprisoned by Elizabeth. 
. Brief pacification in France. War is soon renewed. 
Eenewal of the bull '' In Coen^ Domini." Bold hieraD- 

chical claims advanced. 
Philip II. puts to death his son, Carlos, Prince of the 
Asturias. 

The BUhop^a (or Parker's) Bihle published. 
The English B.C. CoUege at Douay founded. 
Death of Boger Ascham, The Schoolmaster. 



' 



1572] MODERN HISTORY. 257 

A.D. 

1569 Conspiracy for the release of Mary, and the restoration 

of Popery in EnglancL 
Defeat of the Huguenots at Jamac where the Prince of 
Conde is assassinated, and at Moncontour. Henry, 
King of Navarre, set. 16, and Henry Cond^ become the 
Protestant leaders. 
Eevolt of the oppressed Moors in Granada, suppressed 

by Don John of Austria, 1 570. 
Cosmo de Medici created Grand Duke of Tuscany by 
Pope Pius V. 

During this century, English architecture is in a 
transition state, and the prevalent style for 
the mansions, manor-houses, &c., is that now 
known as the Tudor, or Elizabethan. 

1 570 Queen Elizabeth excommunicated by the Pope. 

The Eegent Murray shot at Linlithgow by Hamilton, 

Jan. 23. Civil war in Scotland. 
Peace of St. G«rmain-en-Laye, promising religious liberty 

in France. 
Peace of Stettin. Sweden cedes Norway, &c., to 

Denmark. 
Turkish war against Spain and Yenice. 
Death of Benvenuto Cellini. 
1 5 7 1 The Thirty-nine Articles, in their present form, subscribed 
by Convocation. Second Papist conspiracy in England 
to release Queen Mary. The Duke of Norfolk, and 
Earl of Northumberland are executed for taking part 
in it, 1572. 
The Scottish Eegent, Lennox, assassinated at Stirling. 
The Turks take Cyprus from the Venetians, but are 
signally defeated by Don John of Austria at Lepanto, 
Oct. 7. 
Eussia desolated by the Crim Tartars. Moscow burnt. 
Harrow School, and Jesus College, Oxford, 

founded. 
Birth of Kepler. 
1572 The Earl of Morton, Eegent of Scotland, 1572-78. 

Atrocious massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24 ; 70,000 
French Protestants perish. Eecommencement of the 
religious war. Public thanksgivings for the murder of 



258 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I572- 

A.D. 

1572 the Huguenots are celebrated at Borne and Madrid. 
Public mourning in England. 

General insurrection in the Netherlands, under William 
of Orange. The water Gueux, or " sea beggars/' seize 
Brill. 
Death of Sigismund of Poland, and extinction of the 
House of Jagellon. Poland is henceforth an elective 
kingdom. 

The Luiiad of Camoens published. 
Death of Peter Bamus, logician. 

1573 Peace of BocheUe, in favour of the French Protestants. 
Henry, Duke of Anjou, brother of Charles IX., elected 

King of Poland. 
The Duke of Alva takes Haarlem. He is recalled from 

the Netherlands. 
Don John of Austria captures Tunis. The Turks retake 

it, 1574. 
Peace between the Turks and Yeniee, whose power now 

rapidly decays. 

1574 Death of Charles IX. of France, who is succeeded by 

his brother, late King of Poland, as Henry III., 
1 574*89. War with the Huguenots renewed. 

Portuguese expedition under Sebastian to Africa. 

De Buquesen's siege of Leyden raised by William of 
Orange and Boissot. 

Francis de Medici succeeds his father, Cosmo, as Grand 
Duke of Tuscany, 1574*87. He marries Bianca 
Capello, "Daughter of the Bepublic of Venice," 

'579- 
Amurath III., Sultan of Turkey. He begins his reign 

by murdering his five brothers. 

Birth of Ben Jonson. 

1 575 Queen Elizabeth declines the sovereignty of the Nether- 

lands, but aids the Protestants both there and in 
France with money and men. 

Tasso publishes the JeruMlem Delivered. 

The University of Leyden founded. 

1576 Edict of Pacification, tolerating the French Protestants. 

Catholic League against the Huguenots under Henry 
of Guise. 



1580] MODERN mSTORY. 259 

A.D. 

1 576 The Spanish troops mutiny for arrears of pay, and pillage 

Antwerp. Pacification of Ghent, for the expulsion of 
foreign troops, and the abolition of the Inquisition. 
Eudolph II., Emperor of Germany, 1 5 76- 1 6 1 2 . Beligious 

dissensions and tumults in Germany. 
Progress of the Jesuit missions in Japan. 

Martin Erobisher sails in search of a North-west 

passage. 
Death of Titian, Jerome Cardan, and of Hans 
Sach, Meistersanger, of Nuremberg. 

1577 Numerous buccaneering expeditions to South America 

undertaken about this time. 
Renewed religious war in France. Peace of Bergerac. 
The Pacification of Ghent confirmed by Don John of 

Austria in the Perpetual Edict. 
The Castle of Kronenburg built to enforce the levy of 
the Sound-dues. Danish sovereignty of the Baltic. 
Voyage of Sir Francis Drs^e round the world, 

1 577-80. 
Birth of Peter P)eiu1 Bubens, the great founder of 
the Flemish school. 

1 578 Abortive expedition of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 
James YI. of Scotland assumes the goyemment. 

Don John of Austria defeated at Bimenant, but successful 

oyer the States at Gremblours. He dies, Oct. 7. 
Second Portuguese expedition to Africa. Don Sebastian 
and his chief nobility perish at Alcazar, Aug. 4, where 
Portuguese power receives its death-blow. Sebastian 
is succeeded by his uncle Henry, an aged Cardinal. 
The English B. C. College at Bome, and the 
University of Evora, founded. 

1 579 The Order of St. Esprit founded in France. 

The Union of Utrecht between the Northern provinces 
of the Netherlands. The ten Southern provinces 
subject still to Spain. Their viceroy, the Duke of 
Parma, takes Maestricht. 

1580 Philip of Spain intrigues with the English Papists, and 

sends troops to excite rebellion in Ireland. 
Peace again made with the French Huguenots. 
On the death of Don Henry, Portugal is conquered by 



260 RUDIMENTAEY CHRONOLOCfY. [a.D. 1 580- 

A.D. 

1580 the Dake of Alva, and remains a Spanish province 
till 1640. 

The AstromnUoal Tables (Bodolpkine) of Kepler 

and I^cho Brahe. 
'Montaigne publishes his JEssays. 
Death of Palladio, and of Tusser, Five Hundred 

Points qf Good Husbandry, 

1581 Jesuit plots against Elizabeth. Execution of Campion 

and others. 
The Earl of Morton impeached and executed. 
The United Provinces declare themselves independent of 
Spain, and confer the sovereignty on the Duke of 
Anjou, the Frinoe of Orange b^g Stadtholder. 

Death of Balph HoUnshed, Chronicles, and of 
the "admirable" Crichton. 

1582 League of Scottish nobles, "Baid of Euthven^" against 

the ascendancy of the Earl of Arran. Overtfaxown, 
1583. 
Ii^auguration of Anjou as Duke of Brabant. 
Tyranny of Phili{) in Portugal. The nobles of Antonio's 
party are tortured and put to death, the clergy 
drowned in the Tagus, and all the state offices filled 
with Spaniards. Between this and 1598, four pre- 
tenders, each daiming to be their lost long Sebastian, 
appear among the oppressed and plundered people. 
Beformation of the Calendar by Pope Gregory 
XIII., by which the 5th is counted as the 
1 5 th of October, 1 582. The New or Gregorian 
style is adopted in tdl Boman Catholic countries* 
The Bheims New Testament. 
The University of Edinburgh, and the Academy 

Delia Crusca at Florence, founded. 
Death of G. Buchanan, History of Scotland. 

1583 First trade betwcien Enghmd and Turkey. The 

Levant Company chartered. 
Birth of Grotius. 

1584 Papist conspiracies in England. Severe penal laws are 

enacted. Growth of Puritanism. The first English 
colony in North America founded in Virginia by Sir 
Walter Baleigh. 



1588] MODERN HISTORY. 261 

A.D. 

1584 Final conquest of Bengal by Akbar. Power of the 

Mogul empire. 
Assassination at Delft of William, Prince of Orange, 
who is succeeded as Stadtholder by his son, Maurice, 
1585-1625. Death of the Duke of Anjou. Henry 
of Navarre becomes heir to the French crown. 

Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded. 

Death of Carlo BorromeOj Archbishop of Milan. 

1 585 War between Eogland and Spain. Drake and Probisher 

attack the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 
League between England and Scotland. 
Edict of Nemours, revoking the Protestant privileges. 
War of the League against the Huguenots, 1585-98. 
Pope Sixtus v., 1585-90. An able and honest Pontiff. 
He attempts to reform the prevailing abuses in the 
Church, and limits the number of cardinals to 70. 
Under his brief but energetic administration, the 
Eoman aqueducts are repaired, the old obelisks 
re-erected, and the Vatican library restored. 
Antwerp captured by the Duke of Parma. Brill, 

Flushing, &c., are delivered to English keeping. 
Abbas the Great, the greatest prince of the Soft dynasty 
in Persia, 1 585-1627. 

Death of Tallis, English musical composer. 

1586 The Earl of Leicester sent to aid the Netherlanders, 

1585-87. Battle of Zutphen, Sept. 22, in which 
Sir PhiUp Sidney is killed. Discovery of Babington's 
conspiracy to murder Elizabeth. Trial of Queen 
Mary, October. St. Domingo captured by Drake. 
Su: Philip Sidney, Arcadia, &c. 
Tobacco and potatoes brought to England from 
America. 
The Borromean, or Golden League of the Swiss Catholic 
cantons. 

1587 Queen Mary beheaded at Fotheringay Castle, Feb. 8. 

Drake destroys a Spanish squadron in the harbour of 
Cadiz. 
Henry of Navarre defeats the Leaguers at Coutras, Nov. i o* 
Death of John Fox, Booh of Martyrs. 

1588 The "Invincible" Spanish Armada defeated and 



262 RUDIMENTABY CHBOKOLOGY. [a.D. 1588- 

A.D. 

1588 destroyed by the English, under Lord Howard of 
Effingham, Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, and Baleigh, 
July. Death of Dudley, Earl of Leicester. 

Insurrection at Paris. Flight of the King to Eouen. 
He causes the Duke of Guise and Cardinal Guise to 
be murdered at Blois. 

Baronius publishes his AtmdUi Hcclesiasiici, 

Molina, Jesuit theologian. 

Death of Paul Veronese, of the Venetian school. 

Birth of Thomas Hobbes, of Malmesbury. 

1589 Henry III. of France (the last of the House of Valois) 

murdered by Clement, a Dominican friar. 
House of Bourbon in France. 

Henry IV. (of Navarre), King of France, 1 589-1610. 
He allies himself with England in defence against the 
Leaguers and Spain. English troops under Lord 
WiUoughby are sent to France. Henry gains the 
battle of Arques, Sept. 1 1 . 

The stocking loom invented by William Lee. 
Death of Bernard Palissy, French potter. 

1 590 Marriage of James VI. of Scotland to Anne of Denmark. 
Henry IV. defeats the Leaguers under the Duke of 

May^nne at Ivry, March 4, and besieges Paris. 
Charles Emanuel of Savoy invades Provence. 
Prince Maurice takes Breda, and expels the Spaniards 

from the United Provinces. 
Decline of the naval power and commerce of Spain. 
Continued religious dissensions in Gemumy, paving the 
way for the great Thirty Years* War. 

The period in the history of the English language 
known as that of the " Modem English," or 
that in which, after various transitions, it had 
at length attained its present form, dates from 
the latter half of this century. 
The first English paper mill erected at Dartford. 
Telescopes improved and brought into use. 
The early Dramas of Lope de Vega. 

1 59 1 English troops sent to the aid of King Henry in France, 

1591-92. 
Unsuccessful revolt of Saragossa against Philip. 



1596] MODERN HISTORY. 263 

A.D. 

1 591 Trinity College, Dublin, founded. 

English whale fishery at Cape Breton. 

1 592 The Turks defeated by the Hungarians at Siss<^. 

The Rialto and the Piazza di San Marco at 

Venice built. 
The Uniyersity of Paderbom founded. 
The sale of books introduced at Leipsic fair. 

1 593 Henry IV. conforms to the Eoman faith. The Leaguers 

gradually submit to him, and he enters Paris, 1 594. 
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Marischal 

College, Aberdeen, founded. 
Death of Christopher Marlowe, Dramas. 
I j^94 Chatel attempts to assassinate King Henry. The Jesuits 
expelled from France. 
German Protestant League at Heilbron. 
Baab taken by the Turks. 

The Falkland Islands discovered by Hawkins. 
Death of Palestrina, musical composer, and of 

Tintoretto, of the Venetian school. 
Birth of Nicholas Poussin, of the French school. 

1595 Eebellion of Tyrone in Ireland. Archbishop Whitgift's 

** Lambeth Articles " drawn up. 
War between France and Spain. Henry formally recon- 
ciled to the Pope. 
The Dutch attack the Spanish and Portuguese settle- 
ments in India. 

Dutch factory established in Java. 
Defeat of the Turks at Gran, by Count Mansfeldt. 
Index Tridentinua published. 
Kepler's Myiterium Cdimoffraphicum published. 
Death of Tasso, at Borne, on the eve of his 
coronation in the Capitol. 

1596 The £arl of Essex captures Cadiz, and destroys the 

Spanish fleet. English naval expeditions: Drake 
attacks the South American settlements of Spain; 
unsuccessful voyage of Baleigh in search of "El 
Dorado." 
Victories of Sultan Mohammed in Hungary, 1596-97. 

The University of Barcelona founded. 

Death of George Peele, dramatic poet. 



264 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1 596- 

A.D. 

1 596 Birth of Des Cartes, and of P. de Cortona, of 

the Florentine school. « 

1 597 The Commons petition the Queen against trade mono- 

polies. Sir Eobert Cecil, Secretary of State. 
Bacon's Enaya first published. 

1598 Death of Elizabeth's great minister, Lord Burleigh, 

August 4, set. 78. 
Edict of Nantes, securing to French Protestants the 
free exercise of their faith, April 13. Peace of 
Yervins, between France and Spain. 
Death of Philip II. of Spain, leaving an exhausted and 
dismembered kingdom, and a vast public debt. His 
son succeeds him as Philip III., 1598*1621. The 
Duke of Lerma, minister. 
Beginning of the " Congregatio de Auxiliis " at Home. 

Pope Clement YIII. acquires the duchy of Ferrara. 
Extinction of the House of Euric in Bussia. Boris 
Gk>dunoy founds a new dynasty. 

The Bodleian Library, Oxford, founded. 
Opening of the Globe theatre, Southwark, in 

which Shakspeare performs his own plays. 
Death of Edmund Spenser, 1^ Faery Queen, and 
of Henry Stephens, printer, the Theacmrua. 

1 599 The Earl of Essex, now Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 

makes a truce with Tyrone, and returning to England 
without leave, is disgraced. 
Birth of Oliver Cromwell. 

Sully restores the French finances, and by his able 
administration re-establishes social order, and de- 
velops the resources of France. 

Manufactories of silk, glass, &c., founded in 

France. 
Birth of Anthony Van Dyke, of the Flemish 
school, and of Velasquez de Silva, of the 
Spanish school. 

1600 Essex tried, and pardoned by Elizabeth. 

The first patent granted to the English East 
India Company. 
Mysterious Gh)wrie conspiracy against James VI. of 
Scotland. 



1603] MODERN HISXOBY. 265 

A.D. 

1600 Henry IV., divorced, 1599, from Margaret de Valois, 

marries Mary de Medici. War between France and 
Savoy. Peace, 1601. 
Prince Maurice defeats the Archduke Albert at Nieuport, 

July 2. 
War of Succession between Sweden and Poland in 
Livonia, 1600-60. 

Eesearches of Dr. W. Gilbert in electricity. 
Death of Richard Hooker, Laws of Ihclesiastieal 

FoUty, and of John Lylie, Ewphuea, 
Birth of Claude Lorraine, of the Boman school. 

1 60 1 The Earl of Essex attempts an insurrection in London. 

He and the Earl of Southampton are found guilty, 
and Essex is beheaded, Feb. 25. The Commons 
again complain of the monopolies fettering trade, and 
the Queen at once concedes their repeal. Spanish 
invasion of Ireland defeated by Lord Mountjoy, and 
the rebellion put down. 
War between Turkey and Persia. The Persian troops 
are organised by an English traveller, Shirley. 

The first vessel despatched by the East India 

Company leaves the Thames. 
Death of Tycho Brahe. 
1 60 2 Marshal Biron beheaded for conspiracy against Henry IV. 
Else of Amsterdam, and decay of Antwerp. 

The Dutch East India Company established. 
Controversy on Predestination between Arminius and 
Gomarus* 

Invention of decimal arithmetic. 

Asparagus, cauliflowers, and plants of many kinds, 

are introduced into England about this time. 
Death of Agostino Caracci, painter and engraver. 
1603 Death of Queen Elizabeth, March 24, after "a reign 
which saw the rise of the naval glory of England, the 
advance of the country to the position of a first-rate 
power, and the permanent establishment of the Pro- 
testant religion.' 
House of Stuabt in England. Union of the English 

and Scottish crowns. 
James I. (VL of Scotland), first King of Great Britain, 

N 



266 EUDIMENTABY CHKONOLOGY. [a.D. 1603- 

A.D. 

1603 1603-25* Unsuccessful conspiracy of Saleigh and 
Cobbam in favour of Lady Arabella Stuart. 

1 604 Conference of divines at Hampton Court. Unsuccessful 

attempt to reoondle the Puritans to the Ex^lish 
Church. Death of Archbishop Whitgift. Peace be- 
tween England and Spain. 
Ostend taken by the Marquis Spinola, after 3 years' siege. 
Cervantes publishes the first part of Ikm Quixote, 

1605 The Gunpowder Plot, contrived by certain Papists to 

blow up the King and the Parliament, is discovered, 
Nov. 5. 
Suicide of Boris Godunov, Czar of Bussia, occasioned by 

the imposture of Demetrius. 
Death of the great Mogul Sultan, Akbar/ 
Jesuit mission, under Eicci, to China. 

Inigo Jones introduces the Italian architecture 

into England. 
Bacon publishes the Jdtaneemewt of Learning. 
Death of Theodore Beza, and of John Stowe, 
Chronicles, &c. 

1606 Boyal charters granted to the colonisers of Virginia and 

New England. Bull of Pope Paul Y., forbidding the 
English Papists to take the oath of allegiance to King 
James. 
French settlement in Canada. 
Truce of Comorra, for 20 years, between the Emperor 

and the Turks. 
Dispute between the Pope and Venice. The Venetians 
disregard the Papal excommunication, and expel the 
Jesuits and Capuchins from the republic. 

Father Paul Sarpi, 1 552-1622, history of Council 

of Trent. 
Death of Justus Lipsius, classical critic. 
Birth of Paul Bembrandt, and of Albert Cuyp. 

1607 Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in 

America, founded in Chesapeake Bay. 
Beconciliation of the Pope with Venice. Henry IV. 

mediator. 
Continued oppression of Portugal by the Spaniards. 

All the Portuguese settlements in India, except Goa 



l6lo] MODEBN HISTORY. 267 

A.D. 

1607 and Diu, are ooi^qnered by the Dutch, 1600-9. ^y 
the Dutch power at sea the Indian trade of Spain is 
intercepted and ahnost destroyed. 

Davis reaches " Davis's Straits." 
The University of Giessen founded. 
End of the Memoirs of De Thou. 

1608 Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, made Lord Treasurer. Per- 

secution of the English Puritans, many of whom 
emigrate to Virginia. 
Quebec founded by the French. 

Birth of .Tohn Milton, and of Edward Hyde, 
afterwards Earl of Clarendon. 

1609 Twelve years' truce between Spain and the United Pro- 

vinces. 
Edict of Philip III. for the expulsion of the Moors from 
Spain. 600,000 are driven over to Africa, 1609-10. 
Wide districts are consequently depopulated, and a 
great decay of Spanish agriculture and manufactures 
ensues. 
Religious dissensions in Germany and Bohemia. A 
Protestant Union under Frederic, Elector Palatine, is 
formed, 1608, and a Eoman CathoHc League at 
Wurzburg, under the Duke of Bavaria, 161 o. 
Cosmo II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1609-20. The 
richest prince in Europe. 

Leghorn now becomes the great mart of the 
Levant trade. 
Arrival of Hawkins, the first English envoy, at the 
Mogul court. 

The channel of the New Eiver begun by Sir 
Hugh Middleton. The water supplied to 
London, 16 14. 
The Bank of Amsterdam founded. 
The Douay version of the Mble published. 
Death of Joseph Scaliger, classical critic, and of 
Annibale Caracci. 

1 610 "Grand Design" of Henry IV. for uniting all the 

European states into a great Christian Commonwealth, 
and maintaining perpetual peace. Henry is assassi- 
nated by EavaiUac, May 14. His son, Louis XIII., 

N 2 



268 BUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i6io- 

A.D. 

1610 King of France, 1610-43, set. 9. Mary de Medici, 
the Clueen-mother, Eegent. Coniirination of the 
Edict of Nantes. 

The Poles invade Bussia, and capture the Czar Chwofski, 
who dies a prisoner at Warsaw. Bussia is desokted 
by the Poles and Tartars, and anarchy prevails- there 
till 1613. 
Jesuit missions in Paraguay. 

Hudson, an Englishman, explores "Hudson's 

Bay." 
Invention of the thermometer. 
Astronomical discoveries of Gralileo, and of 

Harriot. 
Birth of D. Teniers the Younger, of the Flemish 
school, of W. Van. del Velde, and of A. Van 
Ostade, of the Dutch school. 

161 1 First creation of baronets, to defray the charges of the 

colonisation of Ulster by Scottish and English Pro- 
testants. Bobert Carr, the King's favourite. 
Betirement of the great French minister, Sully. 
Gustavus Adolphus the Great, King of Sweden, 161 1-32. 
aet. 17. Axel Oxenstiem, minister. War with Den- 
mark, 1611-13. 

The authorised version of the English Bible 

published. 
The Charter House School, &c., founded by 
Thomas Sutton. 

1612 Death of Henry, Prince of Wales, Nov. 6, set. 18, and 

of Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. 
Matthias, Emperor of Germany, 161 2-1 9. Increasing 
irritation prevails between the German Protestants 
and Boman Catholics. 
Disturbances in France. The Huguenots feel insecure, 
and the nobles are jealous of the engrossing influence 
of Concini, Marshal D'Ancre. 
Wars of Venice with the Dalmatian and Istrian pirates 
called Uscocci. 

English factories founded at Surat, and at 
Gambroon, 1613. 
613 Marriage of the Princess Elizabeth of England to 



l6l6] MODEBN HISTORY. 269 

A.D. 

1 613 Frederic, Elector Palatine. Theib descendants now 
sit upon the English throne. Sir Thomas Overbuiy 
poisoned in the Tower. Marriage of Carr, now Earl 
of Somerset, to the Countess of Essex. 
Wars of the Montferrat succession in Italy, 161 3-1 7. 
Dynasty of Eomanoif in Bussia founded by Michael III. 
Wadham College, Oxford, founded 
Birth of Jeremy Taylor, Murillo, the great 
Spanish painter, and of Gerard Douw, of the 
Dutch school. 
1614. "Peace of St. Menehould,** between Louis XIII. and 
the French nobles. Last assembly of the States 
General. 
Continued disputes on Predestination, at Leyden, be- 
tween the Gomarians, supported by the Stadtholder 
Maurice, and the Arminians, or " Eemonstrants," sup- 
ported by the Pensionary Bameveldt. 
Persia now attains its highest power and prosperity, 
under Abbas the Great. 

Completion of St. Peter's church, at Borne. 
The University of Groningen founded. 
Logarithms invented by Napier of Merchistoun. 
Beginning of the Bosicrucian mania. 
Baleigh's History of the World publbhed. 
Death of Brantome, historian, and of Isaac 
Caaaubon. 

161 5 George Villiers sworn of the Privy Council, April 23. 

The Earl and Countess of Somerset condemned for 
Overbury's murder, and pardoned by the King. 
Lady ArabeUa Stuart dies in the Tower. 
Marriage of Louis XIII. of France to Anne of Spain, 
and of Philip, Prince of Asturias, to Elizabeth of 
France. Cond^ heads the French malcontents and 
the Huguenots. Civil war. Peaceof Loudon, 1 616. 
Persecution of the Christians in Japan. 

Death of F. Beaumont, I)rama8. J. Fletcher, 
his brother dramatist, dies 1625. Death of 
Aquaviva, Jesuit scholastic. 
Birth of Salvator Bosa, of the Neapolitan school. 

1616 James restores to the Dutch the cautionary towns 



270 EUDIMENTAEY CHEONOLOGY. [a.D. i6i6- 

A.D. 

1 6 1 6 pledged to Queen Elizabeth. Sir Thomas Boe, English 
ambassador to the Mogul court. 

St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, founded. 

Baffin explores •* Baffin's Bay." 

Death of William Shakspeare, April 23, set. 52, 

and of Cervantes. 
Birth of Carlo Dolce, of the Florentine school. 

1617 Sir Prands Bacon made Lord Keeper, March 7, and 

Chancellor, May 27. Visit of King James to Scotland ; 
enforcement of episcopacy there. Publication of the 
"Book of Sports." Ealeigh, released after 12 years' 
imprisonment^ sets out on his disastrous expedition 
to Guiana. 

Influence of De Lnynes in France. Marshal D'Ancre 
assassinated by command of Louis XIII. Imprison- 
ment of the Clueen-mother at Blois. 

Peace of Stolbova, between Sweden and Bossia. 

Birth of Eust. le Sueur, of the French schooL 

1618 Sir Walter Ealeigh returns to England, and ia beheaded, 

Oct. 29. 

Eeformation of the French Benedictines. The *' Con- 
gregation of St. Maur " founded. The Order of the 
Visitation of Our Lady founded by Francis de Sales. 

Synod of Dort, 161 8-1 9. Condemnation of the Armi- 
nians, or *^ Eemonstrants." 

"Spanish Triumvirate" in Italy: Bedmar, envoy at 
Venice; Toledo, viceroy of Lombardy; and Ossuna, 
of Naples. Unsuccessful conspiracy of Bedmar to 
seize Venice. 

Violation of the Bohemian Charter, and insurrection at 
Prague. The Imperial commissioners are thrown out 
of window, and the Protestants take up arms under 
Counts Von Thum and Mansfeldt. 

Commencement of the Thirty Years' War. 

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, obtains the 
duchy of Prussia. 

Great Persian victory over the Turks at Shibli. 

Danish fleet dispatched to India. Settlement of Tran- 
quebar in Coromandel. 

Kepler discovers the laws of planetary motion. 



l62l] MODEBX HISTORY. 271 

A.D. 

1 6 19 The Queen-mother escapes from confinement, and heads 

the French revolters. Treaty of pacification arranged 
by Riohelieu at Angouleme. 
Ferdinand II.» Emperor of Germany. The Bohemian 
Diet declare him deposed, and elect, as King of 
Bohemia, Frederic, Elector Palatine, son-in-law of 
James I. The Bohemians and Hungarians invade 
Austria, and besiege Vienna. 
The Pensionary Barneveldt beheaded. Grotius con- 
demned to perpetual imprisonment. Batavia fortified, 
and made the Dutch seat of government in India. 
The circulation of the blood discovered by Dr. 

William Harvey. 
Dulwich College founded by Edward Alleyne. 
The banqueting house (now Chapel Eoyal), 

Whitehall, commenced by Inigo Jones. 
Crane's tapestry manufactory set up at Mortlake. 
Death of Ludovico Caracci, painter. 
Birth of Charles le Brun, of the French school. 

1620 Puritan emigration to New England. The ^'Pilgrim 

Fathers" land at Plymouth. First importation of 
negro shtves to Virginia. 
The Valteline seized by Spain. It is restored to the 

GrisoM, 1626. 
Defeat of the Bohemians at Prague, Nov. 8, by Maxi- 
milian of Bavaria, and Tilly, the Imperialist generals. 
Frederic loses both Bohemia and the Palatinate. 
First silk manufactory in England. 
Brilliant period of the Flemish school of painting. 
Birth of Philip Wouvermans, of the Dutch school, 
and of John Evelyn. 

1 62 1 The Lord Chancellor, Bacon, convicted of bribery, May 3 . 

Bemonstrance of the Commons on behalf of the 
Elector Palatine and the German Protestants. Greneral 
discontent at the King's refusal to aid his son-in-law. 

War in France with the Huguenots, headed by Bohan 
and Soubise. 

The Elector Palatine put to the ban of the Empire. 
Bitter persecution of the Protestants, and abolition of 
the national privileges. 



272 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 162I- 

A.D. 

1 62 1 Philip rV., King of Spain, 1621-65. He is governed 

by his minister, Olivarez. War renewed with the 
United Provinces. Dutch successes in Brazil. Spain 
aids Austria throughout the Thirty Tears' War. 

TheUniversities of Sffltzburg and Einteln founded. 

Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy published. 

D. Teniers the Elder, of the Flemish school. 

The Dutch West India Company established. 

Birth of La Pontaine. 

1622 Parliament dissolved by the King. Imprisonment of 

Coke, Selden, Pym, &c. 
Peace of Montpelier, confirming the Edict of IS'antes. 
The German Protestants, under Count Mansfeldt and 
Christian of Brunswick, are almost everywhere defeated 
by Tilly, 1622-23. Devastation of the Palatinate. 
The Congregation ** Pro propaganda Pide " founded at 

Home by Pope Gregory XV. 
The " Arminian Confession " composed by Episcopius. 
Bevolts of the Pashas, and anarchy in Turkey. Two 
Sultans in five months are strangled by the Janizaries, 
War renewed with Persia. 

Death of Dr. J. Bull, Gresham Professor of Music. 
Orlando Gibbons, W. Bird, Sec., English musical 

composers, fl. 
Birth of Molifere. 

1623 Charles, Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Buckingham, 

visit Spain incognito. The proposed match with the 
Infanta broken oiF. 
The electoral dignity of the Palatinate transferred to 
Bavaria. 

The famous library of the Palatines, at Heidel- 
berg, is presented to the Pope. 
Unsuccessful Arminian conspiracy against the Stadt- 

holder, Maurice. 
Prosperous state of Denmark under Christian lY. 

Flourishing fisheries and manufactures. Voyages 
of discovery sent out. The University of Soroe 
founded. 
Sultan Amurath IV., 1623-40. An able and warlike 
ruler. 



1625] MODEBN mSTOBY. 873 

A.D. 

1623 First collective edition of Shakspeare's Flays » 

Death of W. Camden, English antiquary, and of 

Mariana, Spanish historian. 
Birth of Blaise Pascal. 

1624 War between England and Spain. 

Ministry of Cardinal Bichelieu in France, 1624-42. 
Bigid Imperial and ecclesiastical despotism throughout 

Germany. 
The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet, and sack lima. 
Dutch massacre of the English at Amboyna. Man- 
hattan, or New Amsterdam (now New York), founded 
by the Dutch. 

Pembroke College, Oxford, founded. 

Bacon writes his Novum Orffanum, and JDe 

Auffmentis Scientiarum, 
Snellius discovers the law of refraction of light. 
Birth of Nicholas Berghem, of the Dutch school. 

1625 Death of King James I., March 27, set. 59. 
Chables I., King of Great Britain, 1625-49. He 

marries Henrietta Maria of France, June 14. The 
first Parliament of Charles complains of grievances, 
and is dissolved, August 12. Barbadoes and St. 
Kitt's colonised by the English, their first West 
Indian settlement. 
New Huguenot war in France, terminated by another 

edict of peace, 1626. 
Death of the Stadtholder, Prince Maurice, who is suc- 
ceeded by his brother, Frederic Henry, 1625-47. 
Toleration granted to the Arminians. Breda captured 
by Spinola. 

The trade and territorial possessions of the Dutch 
East India Company are now at their greatest 
extent. 
The circle of Lower Saxony rises in arms, under 
Christian IV. of Denmark, who heads the confederacy 
for restoring the Elector Palatine. 
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquers Livonia. 
The University of Mantua founded. ' 
Grotius publishes De Jure Belli et Facia, 
Death of Herrera, Spanish historian. 

n3 



274 BUDIMENTAB7 CHBONOLOGT. [a.D. 1626* 

A.D. 

1626 The second Parliament of Charles I. impeaches Bucking- 

ham, and is suddenly dissolved, June 11. The Earl 

of Arundel, Sir John Eliot, &c., sent to the Tower. 

The King raises supplies by an arbitrary forced loan. 
The Protestants, under Christian of Denmark, defeated 

by Tilly, at Lutter ; and under Mansfddt, by Wallen- 

stein, at Dessau. 
Conquest of Polish Prussia by Gustayus Adolphus. 
The new convent of Port Eoyal de Paris founded. 
Death of Francis Bacon, April 9, set. 6^. 

1627 Sir Thomas Wentworth imprisoned for refusing to aid 

the loan. War between England and France. Un- 
successful expedition of the Duke of Buckingham to 
Bh^. Boston in North America founded. 

Prosperous English fisheries at Newfoundland. 
Final war with the French Huguenots, now aided by 

England. Siege of Bochelle. 
Wallenstein devastates Mecklenburg, HoLstein, Pome- 
rania, Sec., 1627-28. He is created Duke of Mecklen- 
burg, and Admiral of the East Sel^ 1628. 
Flourishing Jesuit missions in China, under Schall. 

Propagandist College, for training missionaries, 

under the Congregation at Home. 
Birth of Bossuet. 

1628 The third Parliament of Charles I. meets, March 17. 

Petition of Bight, June 17. The Duke of Buckingham 

assassinated by Felton at Portsmouth, Aug. 23. 

Colony of Massachuset's Bay founded. 
The Huguenots surrender Bochelle, Oct. 30. 
War of the Mantuan succession in Italy. The Pope and 

Yenice, allied with France, support the Duke de 

Nevers. Tuscany, Savoy, and Spain, oppose him. 
The Dutch, under Peter Hein, capture the Spanish plate 

fleet off Cuba. 
Great massacre of the Turkish Janizaries, in punishment 

of a revolt. Their power now begins to decline. 
Dtoth of Abbas the Great. The Persian power rapidly 

wanes under his barbarous and effeminate successors. 
Death of F. de Malherbe, French lyric poet. 
Birth of John Bunyan. 



163 1 ] MOPEBN HISTOBT. 275 

A.D. 

1629 The Speaker of the House of Commons forcibly held ia 

the chair, while a protest is drawn up against tonnage 
and poundage, March 2. Parliament dissolved, March 
10. Nine members are imprisoned. No Parliament 
is called again in Engknd for 1 1 years. New Hamp- 
shire granted to J. Mason. 
Pacification of Nismes, conceding religious liberty to 
the Huguenots. Successful expedition of Louis XIII. 
to Italy. 
Edict of Eestitution, reclaiming all church lands occupied 
by German Protestants, since 1555. Peace of Lubeck 
with Denmark, which withdraws from the Protestant 
alliance, and receives back its conquered provinces. 
Des Cartes discovers astronomical refraction. 
Corneille's first comedy, MelUe* 
Death of J, Speed, Hkt, of Great Britain, 

1630 Peace made by England with France and Spain. The 

Palatinate sacrificed. Ministry of Wentworth, now 
Earl of Strafford, in State affairs, and of Bishop Laud 
in Church affairs, 1630-41. Eevival of obsolete 
Church ceremonies by Laud. Grant of Carolina to 
Sir Bobert Heath. 

French successes in Italy. Victor Amadeus I., Duke of 
Savoy. 

Gnstavus Adolphus joins the Protestant league, and 
lands in Germany with a Swedish army. Wallenstein 
removed from the command of the Imperialists, and 
succeeded by Tilly. 
Death of Kepler. 
Birth of Isaac Barrow. 

163 1 Connecticut granted to Lords Say and Brooke, 

Peace of Chierasco. End of the Spanish ascendancy in 
Italy. France acquires great influence at the Itdian 
courts. Subsidy treaty between France and Sweden 
against Austria, 1 63 1 -3 5. 
The Gazette de Franee. 

Magdeburg taken by Tilly, and its citizens massacred, 
May lo, Gustavus Adolphus expels the Imperialists 
from Brandenburg and Saxony, and ddfeats Tilly at 
Leipsic, Aug. 28. 



)876 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [a.D. 163I- 

A.D. 

1 63 1 Establishment of the Dutch at St. Eustatios. Dutch 

supremacy in Brazil. 

Death of John Donne^ Dean of St. Paul's, Sir 

Bobert Cotton, founder of the Cottonian library, 

M. Drayton, PolyoUnon, and of Dayila, Ital. 

historian. 
Birth of John Dryden, and of L. Bakhuysen, of 

the Dutch school. 

1632 Boman Catholic settlement of Maryland under Lord 

Baltimore. 
Bichelieu puts down successive plots against him with 

extreme severity. 
Defeat and death of Tilly at Lech. Munich taken by 
Gustavus Adolphus. Wallenstein again at the head 
of the Imperialists. Gustavus Adolphus is killed in 
his victory at Lutzen, Nov. 6. 
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1632-54, set. 6. Oxen- 

stiem, Guardian. 
War between Poland and Bussia. Peace of Wiasma, 1634. 
Foundation of the Order of " Priests of the Mission ** by 
Vincent de Paul. 

Munificent and discriminating encouragement of 
art at the English court. Patronage of Yan 
Dyke, 8z;c., by King Charles. 
Death of George Herbert, and of Edward Fairfax, 

translator of Tasso. 
Birth of Sir C. Wren, and of John Locke. 

1633 King Charles crowned at Edinburgh, June 18. Laud 

translated to the see of Canterbury. The English 

** Book of Sports " again set forth. 

Treaty of Heilbronn between Sweden and the Four Circles. 

Campaign of Bernard of Saxe Weimar in Bavaria. 

Galileo summoned before the Inquisition, and 

compelled to recant his " System of the World." 

1634 Persecution of William Prynne and other English 

Puritans by the Star Chamber. The first writ for ship- 
money issued. 
Assassination of Wallenstein at Eger in Bohemia. The 
Swedes defeated, for the first time, by the Imperialists 
under Ferdinand, at Nordlingen. 



1638] MODERN HISTORY. 277 

A.B. 

1634 The order of the Sisters of Charity founded. 

The Turks under Amurath invade Persia, and capture 
Tabreez. 

Death of Sir Edward Coke, Comment, on Idttleton. 

1635 Guftdaloupe and Martinique colonised by the French. 
Peace of Prague, between the Emperor and the Electors 

of Saxony and Brandenburg. 
Alliance against Spain between the United Provinces and 
France. Attempted seizure of the Belgian provinces, 
which the French unsuccessfully invade. 

The Academic Fran9ai8e founded by Bichelieu. 

Selden's Mare Clanaum published. 

Death of Lope de Vega, Spanish Dramas, 

Birth of J. Euysdael, of the Dutch school. 

1636 John Hampden resists the payment of ship-money, and 

boldly resolves to try its legality. 
The Imperialists and Spaniards invade France, and 
menace Paris. The Swedes, under Bamier and 
Wrangel, victorious at Wittstock. 

The Universitv of Utrecht founded. 

1637 Bishop Williams prosecuted and heavily fined, at the 

instigation of Archbishop Laud, Feb. Boyal pro- 
clamation forbidding fiirther Puritan emigration, by 
which Hampden, Pym, and Cromwell are prevented 
leaving England, April. Oppressive severities of the 
Star Chamber, which sentences Prynne, Bastwick, 
Burton, &c., to mutilation and the pillory, June. 
Attempt to enforce in Scotland the Liturgy and ritual 
of the English Church. Great tumults at Edinburgh, 
July. Colonisation of Maine and New Hampshire. 
Breda recaptured from Spain by the Dutch. 

The "Sovereign of the Seas'* lauhched, the 
largest ship yet built in England. 

Harvard College founded. The first American 
printing press set up at Cambridge. 

The philosophical system of Des Cartes published. 

1638 Judgment in the Court of Exchequer given against John 

Hampden, June. " Solemn League and Covenant " 
of the Scottish Presbyterians. Abolition of Episcopacy 
and the use of the Liturgy in Scotland, 



278 BUDIMEKTABY CHRONOLOGY. [A.D. 1638- 

1638 The French invade Spain, and besiege Fontarabia, but 

without suooess. 
Bernard of Saxe Weimar defeats the Imperialists on the 

Bhine. 
The Sultan Amurath captures Bagdad from the Persians. 
Death of Ben Jonson, Jos. Mede, ClavU Apoca* 
lyptica, and of Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, 
reviver of the doctrines of Augustine. 

1639 The Scottish Covenanters, secretly aided by Bichelieu, 

take up arms. The King marches to meet them. 
Temporary pacification of Berwick, June. 
Death of Bernard of Saxe Weimar. The Swedes under 

Banner victorious at Olnitz and Brandeiz. 
The Dutch under Van Tromp gain a great victory in the 

Downs over the Spanish fleet. 
Peace between Turkey and Persia, which surrenders all 
the conquests of Abbas the Great. 

The Oinna and Horace of Corneille. The Old, 1 636. 
Horrox first observes a transit of Yenus over the 

sun. 
Death of Sir Henry Wotton. 

1640 The fourth Parliament of King Charles assembles, April 

13. Supplies delated till grievances are redressed. 
Parliament dissolved. May 5. The Scottish Covenanters 
again rise, and enter England, Aug. 20. Great 
Council of the nobles summoned by the King at York, 
Sept. 24, Meeting of the Long Parliament, Nov. 3. 
The Earl of Strafford and Ai*cbbishop Laud impeached 
by the Commons. The imprisoned Puritans liberated. 
Ship money voted illegal. Fort St. George, Madras, 
founded by the English, between whom and the Dutch 
a rivalry soons springs up in India. 

Turin taken by the French. 

Frederic William I., Duke of Prussia, 1640-88. 

The Portuguese shake off the thraldom of Spain. The 
Duke of Braganza is raised to the throne as John lY., 
1640-56. 

Dutch conquest and settlement of Malacca. 

Beginning of the Controversy on Divine Grace between 
the Jesuits and Jansenists, or followers of Jansenius. 



1642] MODERN mSTOBY. 279 

A.D. 

1640 The University of Abo foanded. 

Bishop Bedell's Irish trafuHation of the Old 

Testament completed. 
Death of Bubens, and of Philip Massinger. 

1 64 1 The King makes Fym Chancellor of the Exchequer, and 

Hampden tutor to the Prince of Wales. Act passed 
for triennial parliaments. Abolition of the impost of 
ship money, tonnage and poundage, &c., The Star 
Chamber, 'High Commission Court, &c., abolished. 
The Earl of Strafford tried, attainted, and beheaded, 
May 1 1. The King visits Scotland, and confirms his 
concessions there. Bebellion of the Irish Papists, and 
massacre of the Protestants,. Sept. 23. Violent 
demands, and " Eemonstrance " of the Commons, 
Nov. The bishops expelled from Parliament, and 
1 2 bishops impeached. Hyde, Falkland, and others, 
who had successfully combated the illegal acts of the 
King, now consistently oppose the illegal acts of the 
Parliament, and range themselves on that side which 
Hallam says was, from this time, undoubtedly the 
side of the Constitution. 

Alliance of France with Portugal. Catalonia and Bous- 
sillon revolt from Spain, and submit to France. 

Betreat and death of the Swedish general. Banner. 

The sugar cane first brought to Barbadoes from 

Brazil. Coffee brought to England. 
Death of Yan Dyke, Domenichino, of the Neapo- 
litan school, and of Sir Henry Spelman. 

1 642 The King impeaches Lord Kimbolton and 5 members of 

the Commons, Jan 3. The King goes to the House 
of Commons, and demands in person the 5 members 
impeached, Jan. 4^ The accused members take their 
seats in triumph, Jan. 1 1, and the King leaves London. 
Marriage of the Princess Mary to the Prince of Orange. 
The Clueen leaves England, Feb. 16. The King re- 
pulsed from Hull, April 23. Parliamentary proposi- 
tions on the militia, &c., virtually abolishing the royal 
power, offered to, and refusad by the King. 
The Great Bebelliok in England, 1642-60. The 
royal standard solemnly set up at Nottingham, Aug. 



280 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1642- 

A.P. 

1642 22. The Earl of Essex appointed general of the 
ParHament's anny. Battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23. 
During these troubles, innumerable sects spring up in 
England. 

Ginq-Mars, the favourite of Louis XIII., and De Thou, 
beheaded for conspiracy against Bichelieu, who dies 
Dec. 4, set 58. 
Torstenson defeats the Imperialists in Silesia and Moravia. 
Van Diemen's Land discovered by Tasman. 
Hobbes writes his Leviathan. 
Death of Galileo, set. 78. 
Birth of Sir Isaac Newton. 

1643 The Queen lands in England with supplies, Feb. 22. 

Lord Brooke killed while attacking Lichfield Cathedral, 
March 2. Sir W. Waller defeats the royal troops 
under Lord Herbert near Gloucester, March 23. The 
Scottish "League and Covenant*' adopted by the 
English Parliament. John Hampden mortally wounded 
at Chalgrove Field, June 18. The Parliament's forces, 
under Lord Fairfax, defeated by the Earl of Newcastle 
at Atherton Moor, June 29. Assembly of Divines at 
Westminster. Prince Bupert defeats Sir W. Waller 
at Bath, July 5, and at Devizes, July 13, and takes 
Bristol by storm, July 26. Lord Essex raises the 
siege of Gloucester, Sept. 5, and gains the first battle 
of Newbury, in which Lords Falkland, Sunderland, 
and Carnarvon are slain, Sept. 20. The Parliament 
quarters soldiers in Westminster Abbey. Death of 
John Pym, Dec. 

Louis XIV., King of France, 1643-1715, set. 5. 
The Queen mother, Anne of Austria, Biegeut. Ministry 
of Cardinal Mazarine, 1 643-61 . The Duke d' Enghien, 
afterwards the great Conde, defeats at Bocroy the 
famous infantry of Spain. Turenne commands on 
the Bhine. French colony at Cayenne. 

Dismissal of the Spanish minister, Olivarez, who is 
succeeded by Louis de Haro. 

Conquest of Holstein by Torstenson. Danish alliance 
with the Imperialists. War between Denmark and 
Sweden. 



1645] MODERN HISTORY. 281 

A.D. 

1643 TorricelH, of Tlorence, invents the barometer. 

Death of George Sandys, poet and translator. 

1644 A Scotch army crosses the Tweed to aid the Parliament, 

Jan. 19. The King summonses a Parliament at 
Oxford, Jan. 22. Trial of Archbishop Laud com- 
menced, March 1 2. Siege of York. Defeat of Prince 
Eupert at Marston Moor by Cromwell, July 2. York 
and Newcastle surrender to the Parliament. The Queen 
embarks for Prance, July 14. Surrender of Skippon, 
Sept. 2. The King defeated at the second battle of 
Newbury, Oct. 27. The " Self-denying Ordinance,*' 
Dec. 9, gives great power to the Independents. Sir 
Thomas Fairfax, general of the Parliament's army. 

Victories of Turenne and D'Enghien over the Imperialists 
under Mercy at Eothweil and Friburg. Defeat of 
Gallas by Torstenson. 

The Portuguese recover from the Dutch their settlements 
in Brazil. 

China subdued by the Mantchoo Tartars, who found the 
Tsing dynasty. 

Death of William ChiUingworth in prison, F. 
Quarles, jEmblem8,kc,,«ad of Card. Bentivoglio, 
historian. 

1645 The Hothams beheaded, Jan. 2. Archbishop Laud 

beheaded, Jan. 10, and on the same day, the Liturgy 
becomes proscribed, and the " Directory " is set up 
in its place. Failure of the treaty of Uxbridge, Feb. 
22. Battle of Naseby, June 14, where Clarendon 
mournfully says "the king and the kingdom were 
lost." To celebrate their victory, the Lords and 
Commons dine with the City at Grocers' Hall, and after 
dinner, both Houses sing, with their hosts, the 46th 
Psalm. Prince Eupert surrenders Bristol, Sept. 10, 
and quits England. The Countess of Derby surrenders 
Latham House, Dec. 4. 
Defeat of Turenne by Mercy at Marienthal. Turenne 
and D'Enghien victorious at Nordlingen, where Mercy 
is killed. Torstenson defeats the IniperiaHsts in 
Bohemia. Peace of Bromsebro, between Denmark 
and Sweden. 



282 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1645- 

A.D. 

1645 The Candian war between Yenice and the Turks, 

1645-69. 
Alexis, Czar of Bussia, aet. 15. Tyranny of his tutor 
and minister, Moronzoff. 
Death of Hugo Grotius. 

1646 Ineffectual messages from the King, now shut up in 

Oxford, to the Parliament: he offers great concessions, 
but will not abandon the English Church. The King 
quits Oxford, and takes refuge with the Scots at 
Newark, May 5. Dublin surrendered by the Duke 
of Ormond. Leslie defeats Montrose, who takes refuge 
abroad. 

Coutrai, Mardyke, and Dunkirk, taken by the French. 

The' Swedes under Wrangel, and the French under 
/Turenne, advance into Bavaria, and force the Elector 
to maintain neutrality. 

81 new families admitted into the aristocracy of Yenice, 
on payment of 100,000 ducats each. 

1647 The King is sold by the Scots to the English Parliament 

for iS4oo,ooo, and delivered to its commissioners, 
Jan. 30. Divisions between the Presbyterians and 
Independents, who now struggle for mastery. Crom- 
well sends Joyce to seize the King, and he is brought 
to the army, June 4. Expulsion of Presbyterian 
members from Parliament, June 23, followed by 
tumults in London. The King attempts to escape, 
Nov. II, and is imprisoned in Carisbrook Castle, 
Nov. 13. 
The "Society of Friends," or Quakers, founded by 

George Fox. 
Troubles in Naples, caused by the excessive taxation 
imposed by the Spanish viceroy. Great insurrection 
under Masaniello, the famous fisherman, July 7, and 
headed after his death, July 16, by Henry, the 
banished Duke of Guise. It is suppressed, 1648. 

Taylor's Liberty of Prophesying published. 

Huyghens applies the pendulum to clocks. 

The University of Bamberg founded. 

1648 Scottish invasion of England in the King's behalf, 

July 13. Popular risings for the King in Wales, 



1649] MODERN mSTOBT. 283 

A.D. 

1648 Kent, Lincolnshire, Essex, &c. Cromwell defeats the 
Soots under the Duke of Hamilton, and, marching to 
Edinburgh, enforces submission. Parliament reopens 
negodations with the King at Newport, Sept. 18. 
The army enters London, Dec. 2. The Commons 
resolve that the King's concessions are a sufficient 
ground for settlement, Dec. 5. Cromwell sends Col. 
Pride to shut the Presbyterian members out of the 
House by armed force, Dec. 6. The remaining 
remnant of the Long Parliament, consisting of about 
50 members of the sect of Independents, resolve to 
bring the King to trial. 

Civil war of the " Fronde " in France, promoted by De 
Betz against Cardinal Mazarine and the court. '' Day 
of the Barricades," Aug. 26. 

Wrangel and Turenne defeat the Imperialists at Zum- 
merhausen. Victory of Cond^ at Lens. 

The Peace of Westphalia, putting an end to the war 
which has devastated Germany for 30 years, is signed 
at Munster, Oct. 14. . Full liberty is granted to all 
Protestants. Alsace, &c., eeded to France; Pome- 
rania, Wismar, &c., to Sweden ; Magdeburg, &c., to 
Prussia ; the Palatine made eighth Elector of the 
empire; and the independence of the republics of 
Switzerland and Holland finally recognised. 

Spain continues at war with France and Portugal. 

The siege of Candia commenced by the Turks. 

Ibrahim, the Turkish Sultan, is strangled by the Mufti, 
on charges of inunorality. 

Death of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. 

1649 The Lords refuse to take part in the proceedings against 

the King. The Scotch energetically protest against 
them. Fairfax disowns them, and withdraws from 
his colleagues, Jan. 8. The King is removed from 
Windsor to St. Janies\ Jan. 15. His trial in West- 
minster Hall by a " High Court of Justice," presided 
over by Bradshaw, commences, Jan. 20. The pre- 
arranged sentence is pronounced, Jan. 27. The King 
is beheaded at Whitehall, Jan. 30, set. 49. The 
nation, prostrated for the time by the long struggle 



284 RUDIMENTAEY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1649- 

A.D. 

1649 which, in its disastrous progress, has dismembered 
almost erery private family, as well as overthrown 
every public institution, looks on in sorrowful silence. 

The Commonwealth op England, 1649-60. 

The Government, virtually a strict military despotism 
under Cromwell, is at first administered by a Council 
of State. King Charl«s II. is proclaimed by the 
Parliament of Scotland, and by Ormond in Ireland. 
The House of Lords abolished, Feb. 6. The Duke of 
Hamilton, and Lords Holland and Capel, beheaded, 
March 2. Sale of Church and Crown lands, April 
and July. Cromwell captures Drogheda, and mas- 
sacres the garrison, Sept. 1 1 . 

Icon Basilike published the day after the King's 
death. 

Treaty of Bueil, and temporary pacification in France. 
Cond6 organises a more powerful opposition. 

1650 The Marquis of Montrose lands in Scotland, April 20; 

is defeated, captured, and hanged by the Covenanters, 
May 21. Charles 11. arrives in Scotland, June 23 ; 
takes the Covenant, and is again proclaimed King, 
July 15. Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar, 
Sept. 3. Death of the Princess Elizabeth in Caris- 
brook Castle, Sept. 8, set. 15. First settlement of 
North Carolina. 

Cond6, Conti, and De Longueville, imprisoned by the 
Queen Eegent. Flight of Turenne. 

The Stadtholder, William II., attempts to seize Am- 
sterdam, and make himself absolute. He dies of 
small pox, Nov. 6. The Stadtholdersliip remains 
vacant till 1672. The Dutch take possession of the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

Birth of the Prince of Orange, afterwards William III. 
of England, 8 days after his father's death. 
Death of G. J. Vossius, critic. 

1 65 1 Charles II. crowned at Scone, Jan. i. He marches into 

England, leaving Cromwell behind him in Scotland, 
and enters Carbsle, Aug. 6. CromweU, by forced 
marches, overtakes and defeats him at Worcester, 
Sept. 3, his "crowning mercy." Charles, after many 



1654] HODEBN HISTORY. 285 

A.D. 

1 65 1 hairbreadth escapes, lands in France, Oct. 17. The 
Navigation Act» Dec. i, the first appearance in 
England of the prohibitory system in commerce. 

Eelease of Cond^. Mazarine withdraws to Cologne. 
Louis XIV., aet. 13, declared of age. Beturn of 
Tarenne. 

Milton becomes blind while writing his Defence 

of the People of England against Salmasius. 
Deat^ of John Ford, Bramaa, 

1652 War between England and Holland, 1652-54. Great 

naval contests, chiefly in the Channel, between the 
English, under Blake, Penn, Monk, &c.^ and the 
Dutch, under Van Tromp, De Ruyter, &c. 

Beturn of Mazarine to Paris. Cond^ defeats Turenne 
at the Faubourg St. Antoine, and Mazarine retires 
again. The King enters Paris, and proclaims an 
amnesty. De Betz sent to Yincennes. Conde takes 
refuge in Spain. 

Barcelona captured by Don John of Austria. End of 
the Catalonian revolt. Continued decay of the 
Spanish power. 

Death of Inigo Jones, and of Petavius, historian. 

1653 Cromwell forcibly dissolves the Long Parliament, April 

20. The " Barebones Parliament " succeeds, July 4. 
English naval victories, under Blake and Monk, over 
the Dutch, In that of July 29, Van Tromp is killed. 

Oliver Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of the Three 
Kingdoms, Dec. 16. 

End of the factions of the Fronde. Mazarine triumph- 
antly resumes his ministry. Cond^ joins the Spaniards, 
against whom Turenne vigorously prosecutes the war. 

Papal bull against the " Five Propositions " of the 
Jansenists. 

John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653-72. 
Isaac Walton's Complete Angler published. 

1654 Peace between England and Holland, which engages to 

exclude the House of Orange from the Stadtholder- 
ship, April 5. Parliament refuses to make the 
Protectorship hereditary, Oct. 19. 
Turenne defeats Condd at Arras, and takes Quesnoy. 



286 .RUDIMENTAHy CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1654- 

A.D. 

1654 Christina resigns the Swedish crown to her consin, 

Charles Gostavus. She adopts the Eoman faith, 1655. 
De Yieyra completes the reoonquest of Brazil from the 

Dutch. 
Submission of the Ukraine Cossacks to Enssia. 

Invention of the air pump by Otto Guericke. 
Death of John Selden. 

1655 Eoyalist conspiracy against Cromwell detected and 

defeated. England is divided into 12 military 
governments. 5,000,000 acres confiscated in Ire- 
land, and distiibuted among the soldiery. Strict 
censorship of the press. Deep discontent, though 
suppressed, prevails through the country, which is 
now overawed by a despotism more rigid than it has 
ever known before ; but the able and vigorous govern- 
ment of the Protector makes his alliance everywhere 
courted abroad, and England universally regarded as 
the great guardian of the Protestant faith. English 
war, in alliance with France, against Spain, 1655-60. 
Conquest of Jamaica by Penn, May 3. Successes of 
Blake in the Mediterranean. 

Absolute government of Louis XIV. in France. His 
celebrated declaration " I am the State." 

Persecution of the Waldenses. 

Venetian naval victory over the Turks in the Dardanelles. 

Invasion of Poland by the Bussians and Swedes. 
Death of Gassendi, and of Le Sueur. 
1636 The Spanish plate fleets captured by Blake, who dies on 
his return within sight of England, 1657. New 
Parliament summoned; 100 members obnoxious to 
Cromwell are excluded from it. English factory at 
- Hoogley on the Ganges. 

Jansenist controversy. Amauld expelled from the 
Sorbonne. 

Religious disturbances in Switzerland. 

Expulsion of the Portuguese from Ceylon by the Dutdi, 
who also acquire Calicut in Malabar. 

Death of Mohammed Kioprili, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 
1650-56. His son, Ahmed Kioprili, succeeds him as 
Vizier, 1656-76. 



1659] MODERN HISTORY. 287 

A.D. 

1656 Fuller's Church History of Britain published. 

Pascal's Frovineial Letters against the Jesuits. 
Death of Archbishop Usher, and of Bishop Hall. 

1657 Cromwell declines to take the title of King, May 8. He 

summons a new House of Lords, Dec. 1 1 . 
The Jesuits, after 5 1 years' exclusion, are permitted to 

re-enter the state of Venice. 
Frederic William acknowledged by the Treaty of Welau 

with Poland, as hereditary and independent Duke of 

Prussia. 
Christina, ex-Queen of Sweden, causes Monaldeschi to 

be assassinated in Paris. She dies at Eome, 1689. 
Bishop Walton's Polyglot Bible published. 

1658 Cromwell, finding still a great majority against his 

government, dissolves the Parliament, Feb. 4. Con- 
scious of the general discontent, and harassed by the 
machinations of the Millenarians, Fifth Monarchy 
men, and other fanatics, the Protector surrounds 
himself with guards and spies. Dunkirk surrenders 
to the allies, and is delivered by Louis XIV. to the 
English. 

Death of Oliver Cromwell, Sept. 3. A great soldier and 
.8 great statesman, ''he suffered no one to ill-use 
England but himself." 

Eichard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1658-59. 

The Swedes under Charles Gustavus cross the Belts on 
the ice, and invade Denmark. Peace of Boskilde. 
Charles Gustavus, who aims at the empire of the 
North, renews the war the same year. 

Edict against the Socinians in Poland. 

Aurungzebe, having deposed his father, and defeated and 
slain his three brothers, ascends the Mogul throne, 
1658-1707. 

1659 Richard Cromwell is compelled to resign power by the 

Cabal of Wallingford House. The *«Rump" or 
remnant of the Long Parliament re-assemble. May 6, 
and after continued struggles with the army, are 
expelled by Lambert, Oct. 1 3. Military Committee 
of Safety formed. The three kingdoms appear on the 
verge of anarchy. 



288 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1659- 

A.D. 

1659 Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, Nov. 

Eestoration of Conde to his estates. 
5 Quakers hanged as heretics at Boston, in America. 

Moli^re's first play, Les Fredeuwa Eidiculety 

performed. 
Death of Eobert Herrick, Hesperidea, 

1660 General Monk, Commander of the army in Scotland, 

marches into England, Jan. i, and restores the Pres- 
byterian members. Lambert is committed to the 
Tower, Mar. 6, and a free Parliament summoned. 
Assembly of the "Convention Parliament," Apr. 25. 
The restoration of the King is voted amidst the 
enthusiastic rejoicings of the nation, *May i . 

Bestobation op the House of Stuaet. 

Charles IL, King of Great Britain, 1660-85. 

General Act of Indemnity, excepting only the late 
King's jadges. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, 
Chancellor and Prime Minister, 1660-67. Be-mar- 
riage of the Duke of York to Anne Hyde, daughter 
of Clarendon, Sept. 3. Death of the Duke of Glou- 
cester, set. 21. Execution of Harrison, Hugh Peters, 
&c., Oct. 9. The episcopate restored. William 
Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury, Oct. 25. 

Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa of Spain. 

Sudden death of Charles Gustavus of Sweden. Peace 
restored in the North by the treaties of Oliva and 
Copenhagen. The Diet of Denmark invests the King 
with hereditary absolute power. 

The Buccaneers commence their attacks on the Spanish 
settlers in America, about this time. 
Boileau writes his first Satires, 
Death of Velasquez de Silva, and of Scarron. 

1 66 1 The Convocation grants a subsidy to the King ; the last 

tax of this nature paid by the English clergy. The 
Savoy Conference, March 25. Execution of the Earl 
of Argyle, May 28. The Corporation Act, Dec. 20. 

Spanish invasion of Portugal, which forms an alliance 
with England. The Portuguese make peace with the 
Dutch, and recover Brazil, Gt)a, Macao, Sec. 

Peace of Card is, between Sweden and Eussia. 



1663] . MODEBN HISTOEY. 289 

A.D. 

1 66 1 Death of Cardinal Mazarine, March 9, aet. 59. Baptist 

Colbert, the great French Minister of Finance, 1 661-83 . 
The epoch of his administration is not unjustly called 
"the Golden Age of France," which now .rises to be 
the most formidable power in Europe. The French 
Court becomes distinguished for its magnificence and 
. elaborate etiquette. 

Art, science, and literature, sedulously fostered. 
The fjiances, manufactures, and trade of all 
kinds, are carefully developed, — and the power 
of the French navy greatly augmented. The 
Palace of Versailles built. 
Bossuet preaches before Louis XFV. 
Death of Bishop Walton, and of Dr. Thomas 
Fuller. 

1662 Marriage of King Charles to Katherine of Portugal, 

May 21 ; Bombay and Tangiers are ceded to England 
as part of her dowry. Act of Uniformity, May 1 7. 
By its operation, 2,000 Nonconformists are ejected 
from their livings, Aug. 24. Dunkirk sold to the 
French, Oct. 17. 
Dispute between the Pope and Louis XIV., arising from 
an insult offered by the Pope's guards to the French 
ambassador at Bome. It is ended by the Pope's 
abject submission, 1664. 
The Barbary pirates attacked by the Dutch fleet. The 
United Provinces have now risen to a place among the 
leading European states* 
The Turkish Grand Vizier, Kiuprili, invades Hungary. 
The Book of Common Frayer completed, as now 

used. 
Dryden's first play, The TTild Gallant, performed. 
Death of Blaise Pascal. 

1663 Commencement of the permanent Diet at Eatisbon. 

The Boyal Society, London, incorporated, April 2, 
The Eoyal Academy of Belles Lettres, &c., 

founded in France. 
The Marquis of Worcester conceives the first idea 

of a steam engine. 
Butler's HvdtbraH published. 





290 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1664- 

A.D. 

1664 War between England and Holland, 1664-67. The 

first Conventicle Act. 
The French colonise Canada, Martinique, Guadaloupe, &c. 
The French East and West India Companies 
. established. 

The canal of Languedoc, to connect the Mediter- 
ranean with the Atlantic, commenced. 
Great victory of Montecuculi, the Emperor's general, 
over the Turks at St. Gothard. Truce of Temeswar. 
The Order of La Trappe founded by De Eance. 
Travels of Chardin in Persia, 1664-81. 
Death, of Buxtorf. 

1 665 Victory of the Duke of York off Harwich over the Dutch 

fleet under Opdam, who is killed, June 3. Great 
plague in London, causing 13 0,000 deaths, April to 
Dec. The Parliament meets at Oxford, Oct. 9. 
Persecution of the Jansenists in France, and of the 

Waldenses. 
Union of the Tyrol with Austria. 
Defeat of the Spanish invaders at Villa Vigiosa by the 

Portuguese, June 17. 
Charles IL, King of Spain, 1625-1700, set. 4. His 
mother, Anne of Austria, Eegent. Anne is entirely 
influenced by a Jesuit, Nitard, and under their mis- 
government, Spain is brought to the verge of ruin. 
The University of Bael founded. 
First publication of the London Gazette^ and of 

the Journal des Savans at Paris. 
TheDukedela£ochefoucaultpublisheshisitfaa;»i»««. 
The rotation of Jupiter, Venus, and Mars, dis- 
covered by Cassini. 
Death of Nicholas Poussin. 

1666 War between England and France. Naval battle 

between the EngUsh, under the Duke of Albemarle 
and Prince Bupert, and the Dutch, under De Buyter 
, and C. Vaii Tromp, continuing four days, June i — 4, 
and indecisive in result. The English are victorious 
in another naval battle, July 26. Great fire of Lon- 
don, Sept. 2-6; 13,200 houses in 400 streets, the 
Eoyal Excliange, St. Paul's cathedral, and 90 churches. 



1 668] MODERN HISTOBY. 291 

A.D. 

1666 are destroyed. Defeat of the Scottish Covenanters 
on Pentland Hills, Nov. 27. William Penn joins the 
Society of Friends. 

The impostor Sabatei Levi excites tumults in Turkey, 
and great agitation among the Jews, by pretending to 
be the Messiah. 

Newton conceives the idea of universal gravitation. 

Moliere's Misanthrope published. 

The Royal Academy of Sciences founded at Paris. 

Death of G. B. Guercino, painter. 

1 667 The Dutch under De Euyter sail up the Medway, and 

bum some ships at Chatham, June 11. Peace of 
Breda between England and Holland, July 10; New 
York ceded to the English, and Surinam to the Dutch. 
Fall from power, Aug. 30, and banishment, Dec. 19, 
of the great Lord Clarendon. 
War between France and Spain. Louis XIY. claims 
the Spanish Netherlands in right of his wife, notwith- 
standing her renunciation, and invades Belgium. 
Alfonso VI. of Portugal deposed for imbecility by his 
brother, Pedro, who governs as Regent till Alfonso's 
death, 1683. 
Truce between Poland and Russia, purchased by large 
Polish cessions. 

The re-building of the Royal Exchange com- 
menced. 
The first English Fire Insurance Office established 

by Dr. Barton. 
Milton publishes Paradise Lost. 
French translation of the Bible by the scholars 
of Port Royal published at Amsterdam, and 
condemned by the Pope. 
The Tartuffe of Moliere, and the Andromaque of 

Racine. 
Death of Bishop Jeremy Taylor, Abraham Cowley, 
Foenis, and of S. Bochart. 

1 668 Triple Alliance of England, Holland, and Sweden, against 

France, arranged by Sir W. Temple and De Witt, 
Jan. 13. The Duke of Tork avows himself a Roman 
Catholic. 

2 



S92 BUDDIEIiTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. l66S^ 

A.D. 

1668 Peace of Aix la Chapelle, between Spain and Prancey 

which gains Lille, Tournay, &c., May 2. Louvois, 
French Minister of War. 
Peace of Lisbon, between Spain and Portugal, acknow- 
ledging Portuguese independence. 
Abdication of John Casimir, King of Poland. After a 
year's interregnum, the Diet elect, against his will, 
Michael Wiecnowicki. 
The Buccaneers under Morgan capture Portobello. 
Dryden appointed Poet Laureate* 
La Fontaine's Fables pubUsked. 
Death of P. Wouvermans, painter, and of J» 
Denham, Poems, 

1669 Visit of Cosmo de Medici to England, April $. 

The Jesuit, Nitard, expelled from Spain by Don John of 

Austria. 
Candia taken by the Turks after a siege of 2 1 years, 
Sept. 6. Peace between Venice and Turkey. 
Newton completes his theory of fluxions. 
The Theatre at Oxford built by Wren at Arch- 
bishop Sheldon's cost. 
The English Hudson's Bay Company established. 
Boileau's ^r^ q^Poe^r^ published. 
Death of P. da Cortona, painter. 

1670 The Cabal Ministry — Clifford, A-shley, Buckingham, 

Arlington, Lauderdale. Louisa Querouaille, sent over 
by Louis XIV. to influence the King, is made by him 
Duchess of Portsmouth. Secret treaty of Charles, who 
profligately sinks into a French pensioner, with France 
against Holland. Second Conventicle Act, April 1 1 . 
Death of George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, and of 
W. Prynne. 

Pope Clement X., 1670-76. Cessation of the Jansenist 
persecution — " the Peace of Clement." 

Hungarian conspiracy against the Austrian government 
detected and put down. Hungary treated as a con- 
quered country. 

The Buccaneers led by Morgan cross the isthmus of 
Darien, and pillage Panama. 

Quesnel's Annotations on the Gospeh 



1673] MODERN HISTORY. 293 

A.D. 

1670 Bossuet's Exposition de la Doctrine de VEgliae 

Catholique, 
The Bourgeoia Gentilhomme of Molidre» and 

the Berenice of fiacine. 
Death of J. Gregory, nat. philosopher. 

1 67 1 Attempt of Blood to steal the crown from the Tower of 

London, May 9. Tyrannical government of Lauder- 
dale in Scotland; persecution of the Covenanters. 
Death of Anne (Hyde) Duchess of York. 

Greenwich Observatory built. 

The Monument, London, begun by Wren. 

Death of M. Casaubon, and of J. Gronovius. 

1672 The English Exchequer shut by the King, who has 

seized all the money, Jan. 2. Eoyal ''Declaration of 
Indulgence." War of England, Sweden, and France 
against Holland. Naval battle between the English 
and Dutch off Solebay, May 27 ; Montague, Earl of 
Sandwich, (Pepy's patron) killed. 

Louis XIY. passes the Ahine, June 12, and his 
troops, under Turenne and Cond^ overrun Holland. 
The sluices are thrown open, William of Orange is 
proclaimed Stadtholder, and the people, maddened by 
desperation, massacre John and Cornelius De Witt at 
the Hague, Aug. 12. 

Alliance of the Emperor, Spain, Brandenburg, &c., in 
defence of Holland. 

Poland invaded by the Turks. 

Invasion of the Dekkan by the Mahrattas under Sevajee. 
Institution of the Academy of Music at Paris. 

1673 Parliament condemns, and the King recalls his ''Decla- 

ration of Indulgence." The Test Act, March 29. 
The Duke of York refuses to take the Test. Dismissal 
of Lord Shaftesbury. The Earl of Danby succeeds him 
as Chancellor. Marriage of the Duke of York to Mary 
Beatrice of Modeua, against the Commons* protest. 

Louis takes Maestricht, but finds it necessary to retreat 
from Holland. 

Defeat of the Turks at Choczim by John Sobieski. 

Malebranche publishes his Search after Truth, 
Death of Salvator Bosa. 



294 HUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1674- 

A.D. 

1 674 Parliament compels the King to make peace with Holland, 

Feb. 28, but he still oontinaes his secret ignoble 
alliance with Louis. 
William, Prince of Orange, declared hereditary Stadtholder. 
He is defeated at Senef by Conde, Aug. i . Franche 
Comte subdued by the French. Inyasion of the 
Palatinate by Tarenne. 
John Sobieski elected King of Poland. 

Death of the Earl of Clarendon, in exile at Bouen, 
Hutory of the EebeUion, John Milton, and of 
Bembrandt. 

1675 Disputes between the two Houses respecting the right 

of appeal to the Lords. Parliament prorogued, Nov. 
22, for 1 5 months. 
Death of Turenne at Salsbach, July 27. Defeat of the 
French under Crequi at Gonsarbruck. The allies 
capture Treves, and make Crequi prisoner. The 
Swedes invade Brandenburg, and are defeated at 
Fehrbellin. 

St. Paul's cathedral commenced by Sir C. Wren. 

Michael de Molinos, founder of the Quietists, 
publishes his Spiritual Guide. 

1676 Pope Innocent XI. (Odescalchi). An able and zealous 

Pontiff. 
Execution of Brinvilliers, the poisoner, in Paris. 
Death of De Euyter, in a nayal battle with the French in 

the Mediterranean. 
Defeat of the Swedish fleet off Bornholm by the Danes 

and Dutch. 
Hungarian revolt, under Count Tekeli, against Austria. 
Peace of Zurawno, between Poland and the Turks. 
Death of Sir Matthew Hale. 

1677 Marriage of William, Prince of Orange, to the Princess 

Mary of York, Nov. 4. 
French victory under Marshal Luxemburg at Mont 
Cassel, April 1 1 . Cambray, St. Omer, Valenciennes, 
&c., subdued by the French. 
Battle of Luna between the Swedes and Danes. 

Invention by Leibnitz of the differential and 
integral cfdculus. 



l68o] MODEBN HISTORY. 895 

A.D. 

1677 Death of Dr. Isaac Barrow, Wen. Hollar, en- 

graver, J. Harrington, Oceana, and B. Spinosa. 

1678 Persecution of the Scottish Coyenanters by Claverhouse, 

&c. The Popish Plot invented by Oates and Bedloe. 
Murder of Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey, Oct. 17. Many 
Boman Catholics arrested during the prevailing panic. 
Impeachment of the Earl of Danby. Dissolution of 
Parliament, after sitting 1 8 years. 
Peace of Nimeguen, between I^ance, Holland, and Spain, 

July 31. 
Dispute between Pope Innocent and France respecting 

" the Eegale." 
Danish victory over the Swedes at Uddevalla. 
Eirst war between Bussia and the Turks. 

John Bunyan- publishes the Pilgrim^ a Progresay 
Cudworth \^ InteUeciual System, and Ducange 
his Latin Glossary, 
Death of Andrew Marvel, and of J. Jordaens, of 
the Flemish school. 

1679 New Parliament. The Duke of York withdraws to 

Brussels. Bill of exclusion against him introduced. 
A Council of Thirty formed by the King. The Habeas 
Corpus Act passed. May 27. Assassination of Arch- 
bishop Sharpe by Balfour, &c.. May. The Scottish 
Covenanters defeated by the Duke of Monmouth at 
Bothwell bridge, June 22. Dangerfield brings out 
his " MeaUub Plot," Oct. 23. 
Peace of Fontainebleau, between France, Denmark, and 
Sweden. French settlement at Pondicherry in India. 
Bossuet writes his Universal History, 

1680 New Parliament. The Exclusion Bill rejected by the 

Lords. Origin of the party names of Whig and Tory. 
Yiscount Stafford, a martyr to the fabulous Popish 
Plot, beheaded, Dec. 29. Death of Denzil HoUis. 
Qreat part of Alsace forcibly seized by France. *' Cham- 
bers of Ee-union " at Metz, Brisac, and Besan^on. 
^ The Diet of Stockholm makes the Swedish King virtually 

absolute. 
Death of Sevajee, the founder of the Mahratta dominion* 
Sir C. Wren, President of the Boyal Society. 



396 RUDIMENTABY GHEONOLOGY. [a.D. i68o- 

A.©. 

1680 Death of Samuel Butler, poet, the Earl of 

Bochester, Bernini, sculptor, Gerard Douw, 
and of Sir Peter Lely. 

1681 New Parliament at Oxford, March 21. Eeverting to 

the Exclusion Bill and Danby's impeachment, it is 
suddenly dissolved, March 28. No Parliament is 
called again for 4 years. Bise of the Cameronians in 
Scotland. Lord Shaftesbury indicted for high treason, 
and acquitted, Not. Pennsylvania colonised by William 
Penn. Philadelphia founded, 1682. 
Louis XrV., in a time of peace, suddenly seizes Strasburg, 

Persecution of the French Protestants. 
Diet of Odenburg. The proffered Austrian concessions 
to Hungary are refused by Tekeli, who calls in the aid 
of the Turks. 

Dryden publishes his Abaalom and AchUqphel, 

and M!abillon his JDe Be Diplomaticd. 
Death of Buysdael. 

1682 Arbitrary proceedings of the Court party, now completely 

in the ascendant. Shaftesbury retires to Holland. 
The National Council of French bishops at Paris adopts 

the " Four Propositions " of Bossuet, asserting the 

independence of the French Church, and declaring 

the Papal power merely spiritual. 
Algiers bombarded by the French under Du Quesne. 
War between Turkey and Austria. The Turks make 

peace with Eussia, and relinquish the Ukraine. 
Ivan and Peter (the Great), jointly Czars of Eussia, 

1682-89. Their sister Sophia, Eegent. 

Death of Sir T. Browne, Beligio Medici, Claude 
Lorraine, and of Murillo. 

1683 London and other corporations deprived of their charters. 

Eye-house Plot, June 14. Execution of Lord William 
Eussell, July 20. Marriage of the Princess Anne of 
York to Prince George of Denmark. Jefferies made Chief 
Justice. The Duke of Monmouth banished to Holland . 

Death of Colbert. French invasion of the Spanish 
Netherlands. Alliance against France between Spain, 
Sweden, Austria, and Holland. 

200,000 Turks under the Grand Vizier, Kara Mustapha, 



l686] MODERN HISTORY. 297 

A.D. 

1683 besiege Vienna, July 14. John Sobiesld, King of 
Poland, raises the siege, and signally defeating the 
Turks before Vienna, Sept. 1 1, and again in Hungary, 
inflicts on their military power a blow from which it 
has never recovered. The Grand Vizier is strangled 
on his return. 

The "Code of King Christian," a digest of 

Danish law. 
Deathof Isaac Walton,N.Berghem,andofMezeray. 

1684 The Duke of York recalled to the Council. Euinous 

fines inflicted on members of the late opposition. 

The French seize Luxembourg and Courtrai, and bombard 
Genoa* Treaty of Eatisbon between France and the 
allies ; cession of Luxembourg by Spain, and of Stras- 
burg by the Emperor. Great 'power of France both 
by land and sea. 

Venice joins the league against the Turks, and bombards 
Athens. 

Samuel Pepys, President of the Eoyal Society. 
Death of Archbishop Leightori, and of Corneille. 

1685 Death of King Charles IL, Feb. 6, set. 55. 
James IL, King of Great' Britain, 1685-88. 

The King goes in state to mass, Feb. 1 2. Bebellion 
of the Duke of Monmouth in England, and of Argyle 
in Scotland, June. Argyle is defeated, and beheaded, 
June 30. Monmouth is defeated at Sedgemoor, July 
6, and beheaded, July 1 5. The ** Bloody Assizes " of 
Jefferies and Kirke in the Western counties. Lord 
Sunderland made Premier. 

Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes, Oct. 22. 700,000 
of the most industrious citizens of France are driven 
into banishment in England, Germany, Holland, &c. 

Defeat of the Turks in Hungary ; loss of Neuhaussel, &g. 
Death of Edmund Castell, Lexicon HeptagloUon, 
and of T. Otway, Dramas, 

1686 Power to dispense with the Test Act, &c., assumed by 

the King, and confirmed by the subservient judges. 
New Ecclesiastical Commission opened, Aug. 3. 
Compton, Bishop of London, questions its legality, 
and is suspended, Sept. 9. 

o3 



298 EUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i686- 

A.D. 

1686 In France, Penelon labours to reconcile the Protestants 
to the Boman Church. 
Persecution of the Waldenses in Piedmont. 
League of Augsburg negociated by William of Orange 
with the Emperor, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, &c., against 
France. 
Buda taken by the Duke of Lorraine from the Turks, 

after being in their possession for 145 years. 
Aurungzebe completes the subjection of the Dekkan by 
the conquest of Golconda and Bejapore, 1686-87. 
The College of St. Cyr founded by Madame de 

Maintenon. 
Death of Bishop Pearson, Maimbourg, Sir W. 
Dugdale, and of Carlo Dolce. 

1687 "Declaration 6f Liberty of Conscience," April 4. Con- 

test of the King with the Universities of Cambridge 

and Oxford. Eeception of the Pope's Nuncio at 

Windsor. Growing alarm and discontent of the nation. 

Papal bull condemning the Quietists. Imprisonment of 

MoHnos, and persecution of Madame Guyon. 
The Turks defeated at Mohacz, Aug. 1 2, and driven out 
of Hungary. The Diet of Presburg declares the Hun- 
garian crown hereditary in the House of Austria, 
Oct. II. 
The Venetians complete the conquest of the Morea from 
the Turks. The Sultan, Mohammed lY., is deposed 
by the Janizaries, and succeeded by his brother, 
Solyman III. 

Newton's Prindpia, and Dryden's ffind and 

Panther published. 
Death of Sir W. Petty, Edmund WaUer, Poem, 
and of Dr. H. More. 

1688 Second "Declaration of Liberty of Conscience" issued, 

April 27, and ordered to be read in all churches and 
chapels, May 4. Seven bishops for petitioning against 
this order are committed to the Tower, June 8. Birth 
of James, Prince of Wales, June 10. Trial and 
acquittal of the seven bishops, June 29. Eequisition 
for aid against the Kino^'s designs to William, Prince 
of Orange, who issues a Memorial, Oct. i , The King, 



16893 MODERN HISTORY. 299 

A.D. 

1 688 alarmed, hastily recalls and cancels all his illegal acts, 
but as usual in such cases, too late. The Prince of 
Orange, with 1 5,000 men, lands at Torbay, Nov. 5, 
and joined by Englishmen of all classes, advances 
slowly towards London, which he enters, Dec. 18. 
James withdraws to France, Dec. 23, and the Great 
Kevolution is effected. 

The French cross the Ehine, capture Philipsburg, 
Mayence, &c., and desolate the Palatinate with Hre 
and sword. Worms and Spires are burnt, and the 
tombs of the Emperors destroyed. 
The Austrians conquer Belgrade, Sclavonia, &c., from 
the Turks. 

Bossuet's Eiatoire des Fariaiionsdes Bglisea Fro- 

testantes. 
Death of Dr. K. Cudworth, and of John Bunyan. 
Birth of Alexander Pope. 

1689 The Convention assembles, Jan. 22, and both Houses 

resolve that " the throne is vacant." Declaration of 
Bights. Settlement of the crown on the Prince and 
Princess of Orange. 

William III. and Mary II., King and Queen of Great 
Britain, 1689- 1702. Proclaimed, March 13. 

James, supported by Louis XIY., lands in Ireland, 
March. England joins the League of Augsburg 
against France, May 12. Victory of the Scottish 
Jacobites, and death of Dundee, at Killikrankie, May 
26. Toleration Act, Jane 19. Abolition of Episcopacy 
as established by law in Scotland, July 22. Siege of 
Londonderry. The Bill of Eights, by which the 
succession to the crown is limited to Protestants, 
passed, Dec. 16. 

Successes of the allies over the French in Germany. 

The Turks defeated by the Austrians at Nissa. 

Convention of Altona between Denmark and Holstein 
Gottorp. The sovereignty of the duchies of Sleswic 
and Holstein acknowledged by Denmark. 

Peter the Great, sole Czar of Bussia, set. 1 7. Ivan re- 
signs his sovereignty, and the ex-Eegent Sophia is 
imprisoned in a convent. 



300 RUDIMENTAKY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1689- 

A.D. 

1689 Else of the Pietistic Controyersy. 

1690 King William lands in Ireland, June 11. The English 

and Dutch fleets defeated off Beachy head by the 
French, unde^ Tourrille, Jane 30. William gains 
the battle of the Boyne, July i ; death of Schomberg. 
James returns to France, July 4. Unsucoessfdl siege 
of Limerick. 
Erendi victories of Luxemburg over Waldeck at Fleurus, 

and of Catinat over the Duke of Savoy at Staffarda. 
The Turks under Mustapha Ejuprili recover Belgrade, 
Nissa, &c. 

Locke publishes his Sssay concerning Human 

Under itandmg. 
Chelsea Hospital founded. 
English factory established at Calcutta. 
Death of Le Brun, and of N. Lee, Dramas, 

1 69 1 Deprivation of Archbishop Sancroft and the Non-juring 

bishops, Feb. i . John Tillotson, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury. Defeat of the Lish and French under St. 
Buth at Aughrim, July 12. Limerick is taken, 
Oct. 3, and the whole of Ireland submits to William. 
Treaty of Limerick, guaranteeing the liberties of the 
Irish Papists. 
French capture of Mons by Yauban, and invasion of 

Aragon. 
Defeat of the Turks and death of Kiuprili at Salankaman, 
Aug. 18. 

Bacine's AthaUe first performed. 
Death of Bobert Boyle, Dr. E. Pococke, and of 
Blchard Baxter. 

1692 The Earl of Marlborough dismissed from office. Victory 

of the English and Dutch fleets under Admirals 
Bussell and Booke over the French off La Hogue, 
May 23. King William defeated by Luxemburg at 
Steenkirk, July 24. 

The French capture Namur. 

Hanover constituted a ninth electorate of the empire. 

Subjection of the Camatic by Aurungzebe, 1692- 1700. 
The Mogul empire has now attained its greatest extent 
and power. 



1696] MODERN HISTORY. 301r^ 

A.D. 

1 692 Commencement of the Boyle Lectures. 

Death of Ellas Ashmole, founder of the Ash- 

molean Museum at Oxford. 
Birth of Joseph Butler, afternrards Bishop of 

Durham. 

1693 Massacre of the Macdonalds at Glencoe, Jan. 3 1 . Nayal 

victory of TourviUe over the English and Dutch fleets 

oflf Cape St. Vincent, May 18. Defeat of William by 

Luxemburg at Landen, July 29. 
Victor Amadeus of Savoy totally defeated by Catinat at 

Marsaglia, Oct 4. 
Beconciliation of the Galilean Church with the Pope. 

Institution of the order of St. Louis. 
Great earthquake in Sicily — 18,000 persons perish. 

Locke publishes lAsThaughts concerning Education, 
Death of Archbishop Sancrofk. 

1 694 Growing corruption of Parliament. Bise of the Funding 

system. The first Stamp Act, June. Admiral EusseU 
raises the siege of Barcelona. The Triennial Act, 
Dec. 22. Death of Queen Mary, Dec. 28, aet. 33. 

The Bank of England established. 

Foundation of Greenwich Hospital. 

The University of Halle founded. 

The Dictionary of the French Academy published. 

Death of Archbishop Tillotson, Puffendorf, and 
of D. Teniers the Younger. 

1695 Sir John Trevor, Speaker of the House of Commons, 

expelled for bribery, the question being put by him- 
self from the chair, Mar. 12. First window tax. 
Namur re-taken by William, Sept. 2. 
Death of Marshal Luxemburg. Brussels bombarded by 

the French under Villeroi. 
Invasion of Hungary by Sultan Mustapha II. 

Death of Henry Purcell, La Fontaine, Huyghens, 
and of P. Mignard, of the French school. 

1696 Discovery of an assassination plot against King William, 

Feb. 14. Sir John Fenwick condemned by bill of 
attainder, Nov. 9. 
Peace of Turin, between France and Savoy, restoring all 
French conquests. 



VSOg RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1696- 

A.D. ' 

1696 Death of John Sobieski, King of Poland, followed by a 

year's interregnnm. 
Azof taken from the Turks by the Czar Peter. 
Eddystone Lighthouse built. 
Death of Madame de Sevigne, and of La Bruyere. 

1697 Execution of Su: John Fenwick, Jan. 28. Peace of 

Eyswick, between France and England with her allies, 
Sept. 1 1 . William acknowledged as King of England 
by Louis. 
Barcelona, captured by Yendome, is restored by the 

French at the Peace. 
Controversy between Bossuet, Bishop of Meux, and 

Archbishop Fenelon, the defender of duietism. 
Great defeat of the Turks at Zeuta by Prince Eugene, 

Sept. II. 
Charles XII., King of Sweden, set. 15. 
Frederic Augustus, Elector of Saxony, elected King of 

Poland. 
The Czar Peter travels incognito through Holland, 
England, &c., 1697-98. 

Savery designs his steam-engine for raising 

water. 
Bayle's ffiatarical (md Critical Dictionary pub- 
fished. 
Birth of William Hogarth, the great English 
** writer of Comedy with the pencil." 

1698 First Partition Treaty of the Spanish monarchy betwe^i 
'^ William, Louis, and the Emperor ; the Spanish King, 

Charles II., being childless. 

The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 

founded. 
A second East India Company incorporated. It 
is united to the first Company, 1702. 
Insurrection of the Strelitz guards in Bussia. They are 
defeated and cut to pieces by Peter, who re-organises 
his army on the European model. A fleet fitted out. 
Manufactures introduced, and commerce en- 
couraged by the Czar. 
Death of Tillemont, Ecclesiastical History. 

1699 The King's request to retain his Dutch guards finally 



I70I] MODERN HISTORY. 303 

A.D. 

1 699 rejected by the House of Commons, which disbands all 
the forces, except 10,000 troops and 3,000 marines. 

Peace of Carlowitz, obtained by concessions which 

greatly cripple the Turkish power. 
Alliance of Bussia, Denmark, and Poland against Sweden. 
Massillon preaches in France. 
Fenelon's Telemachu8, and Bentley's Dissertation 

on the Unties ofFhalaris^ published. 
Death of Bishop Stillingfleet, and of Eacine. 

1700 Second Partition Treaty transferring the Spanish suc- 

cession to the Archduke Charles, Mar. 25. 

Death of the Duke of Gloucester, heir presumptive to 
the English crown, July 29, set. 11. 

Death of Charles II. of Spain, who, under priestly in- 
fluence, has nominated as his successor, Philip of Anjou, 
grandson of Louis XIV., Nov. i . 

House of Bourbon in Spain. Philip V., 1700-46.. 

Charles XII. of Sweden compels the Danes to conclude 
the Peace of Travendahl, and gains the great victory 
of Narva over the Swedes and Bussians, Nov. 30. 

Influence of the Jesuit missions in China. 

Death of John Dryden, and of Sir W. Temple. 

1 701 Act of Settlement, June 12, entailing the English crown 

on the Princess Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter of 
James I., and her heirs, being Protestants. Impeach- 
ment and acquittal of Lord Somers. Death of James 
II. at St. Germain's, Sept. 16, set. 68. His son is 
acknowledged as King of Great Britain by Louis XIY., 
and is attainted by the English Parliament. Grand 
AlHance of England, Holland, and the Emperor 
against the succession of the Bourbons to the Spanish 
throne. The Electors of Bavaria and Cologne side 
with Prance. 

The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign 
Parts founded. 

War of the Spanish Succession against Louis XIY., who 
begins the contest with diminished resources. His 
treasury is exhausted, and his greatest generals dead. 
Defeat of Catinat by Prince Eugene at Carpi, July 9, 
and of Villeroi at Chiari, Sept. i . 



304 BUDIMENTABY CHEONOLOGY. [a.D. I7OI- 

A.D. 

1 701 The Elector of Brandenburg is crowned at Konigsberg as 

Frederic I., King of Prussia. 
Charles XII. invades Poland, and gains the victory of 

Eiga. 
Insurrection in Hungary, under F. Eacoczi, 1 701 -11. 

1702 Death of King William, Mar. 8, set. 52. 
Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 1702-14. 

War declared against France and Spain, May 4. Marl- 
borough, appointed Captain-General, drives the 
French from Nimeguen, Liege, &c. Defeat of the 
French at Vigo by the English and Dutch Ifieets under 
Sir G. Booke, Oct. 12. Marlborough returns to 
England, Nov., and is created a Duke. 

French successes on the Bhine and in Italy. Insurrection 
in the Cevennes, caused by the persecution of the 
Camisards. 
. Prussia joins the Grand Alliance against France. 

No Stadtholder of Holland is appointed after William's 
death, the administration being conducted by the 
States General, assisted by the Grand Pensionary, 
Heinsius. 

Charles XII. of Sireden victorious at Clissau, July 20. 
The Berlin Academy founded, under Leibnitz. 

1703 Treaty of commerce between England and PortugaL 

Marlborough takes Bonn, Huy, and Limburg. 
The French victorious over the allies at Stollhafen, 
Hoclistadt, and Spires. Death, in the Bastile, of the 
"Man with the iron mask," Nov. 19. 
Eussian conquests in Ingria and Carelia. Foundation 

of St. Petersburg and Cronstadt by Peter. 
Victory of Charles XII. at Pultusk, May i . The PoHsh 

Diet, at his instigation, declares the throne vacant. 
The Sultan, Mustapha, deposed, and succeeded by 

Achmed III. 
Great storm, occasioning incalculable damage, Nov. 26. 
Sir Isaac Newton, President of the Boyal Society. 
Death of Dr. B. Hooke. 
Birth of John Wesley. 

1704 Institution of Queen Anne's Bounty, Feb. 7. Gibraltar 

taken by Sir G. Eooke, July 22. Great victory of 



1707] MODEEN HISTORY. 305 

A.D. 

1704 Blenheim gained by Marlborough and Prince Eugene 
oyer the French and Bavarians, Aug. 2 ; capture of 
Marshal Tallard and many generals, &c. Gibraltar 
besieged by the Duke of Berwick, Oct. 

The Polish Diet elect as King Stanislas Leczinski, who 

is proposed to them by Charles XII. 
Narva and Dorport taken by the BassianSr 

Publication of Newton's Optica, Handel's first 
opera Almira, Swift's Tale of a Tub, and 
Bymer's Fcedera, vol. i. 
Death of Bossuet,Bourdaloue, and of John Locke. 

1705 Marlborough forces the French lines at Tirlemont, 

July 18. 
The Archduke Charles lands in Catalonia. Campaign 
of the Earl of Peterborough. Barcelona surrenders, 
Oct. 4. 
Joseph I., Emperor of Germany, 1 705-1 1. 
The Papal bull ** Yineam Domini " issued. 
The University of Moscow founded. 
Death of John Bay. 

1706 Marlborough defeats the French under Yilleroi at 

Bamillies, May 12. Peterborough and the allies pene- 
trate to Madrid, and proclaim the Archduke King as 
Charles III., June 24. Articles of Union between 
England and Scotland signed, July 22. The allies in 
Spain are forced to retreat, and Philip returns to 
Madrid, Aug. 5. 

Prince Eugene defeats the French at Turin, Sept. 7, and 
drives them out of Italy. Louis^ in vain, offers 
terms of peace. 

Charles XII. defeats the Bussians and Saxons, and 
compels Frederic Augustus by the Treaty of Alt 
Banstadt formally to abdicate the Polish throne. 
Patkul is delivered up to Charles, and broken on the 
wheel, 1707. 

Death of Peter Bayle, and of John Evelyn. 

1707 Victory of the Duke of Berwick at Almanza, April 14, 

over the allies, who rapidly lose all their Spanish 
conquests except Catalonia. The Union between 
England and Scotland completed, May i . Sir 



306 RUDIMENTAIIY CHRONOLOGY. [A..D. 1707- 

A.D. 

1707 CloudeBly Shoyel lost on the rocks of Sdlly, Oct. 22. 
Meeting of the first United Parliament of Great 
Britain, Oct. 23. 

The Austri^ns tsJce possession of Milan and Mantua. 

Charles III. prodauned at Naples. 
Neufchatel in Switzerland given up to Prus»a. 
Death of Anrungzebe. Under his weak and luxurious 
successors, the Mogul empire speedily decHnes. 

Death of Bishop Patrick, Dean Sherlock, G. 
Farquhar, Chmedies, Filicaia, and of MabiUon. 

1708 Marlborough defeats the French under Yendome at 

Oudenarde, July 1 1. Sardinia and Minorca taken by 
the English under Leake and Stanhope. Death of 
Prince Greorge, consort of the Queen, Oct. 28. 
French successes over the allies in Spain and Italy. 
Eise of the Moravian Brethren, " Hemnhutters,*' in 

Germany. 
Charles XII. invades Russia. . 

Discovery of the ruins of Herculaneum. 
Death of Bishop Beveridge. 

1709 Victory of Malplaquet gained by Marlborough and 

Prince Eugene over the French under Yillars, Sept. i . 
Bavaria seized by the allies. Dr. Sacheverell's 
sermon at St. Paul's, Nov. 5. 
France is now suffering both from financial exhaustion 
and from famine, and Louis again fruitlessly offers 
liberal terms of peace. Jansenist dissensions in the 
French Church. Dispersion of the Society of Port 
Boyal. 
Charles ^I. Ijotally defeated by the Eussians at Pul- 
towa, July 8. He takes refuge in Turkey, and 
remains there 5 years. After his defeat, I^ederic 
Augustus is restored by the Czar Peter to the Polish 
throne. 

Publication of the first number of the Tatler by 
Steele, Apr. 2, and of the Daily Courani, the 
first daily newspaper. 
Copyright Act, 8 Anne c. 19. 
Birth of Samuel Johnson. 

1 7 10 Trial and suspension of Sacheverell, Feb. and March. 



1 71 2] MODERN HISTORY. 307 

A.D. 

1 710 Fonnidable riots, dueen Anne, at the instigation of 
Mrs. Masham and St. John, appoints a Tory ministry 
under Harley, Earl of Oxford, Sep't. 

Charles, victorious at Almenara and Saragossa, enters 
Madrid, Sept. 28, but retreats on the approach of 
Yendome. Stanhope and 5,000 British troops cap- 
tured at Brihuega, Dec. 10. Victory of Vendome at 
Villa Vidosa, Dec. 20. 
The Bussians take Eevel, Eegel, Livonia, &c. War 
between Bussia and Turkey. 

St. Paul's cathedral completed by Sir C. Wren. 
Berkeley's Frirunples of Human Knowledge pub- 
lished. 

1 7 1 1 Incorporation of the South Sea Company. The Duke 

of Marlborough deprived of his various offices, and 
Bobert Walpole and Cardonel expelled from the House 
. of Commons, on charges of corruption, Dec. 
The French under Dugai Trouin take Bio Janeiro. 
The Archduke Charles; by the death of his brother, 
becomes Emperor of Germany as Charles VI., and 
quits Spain. 
Pacification of Szathmar^ guaranteeing Hungarian privi- 
leges. 
The Bussians defeated and surrounded by the Turks on 
the Pruth. Peace of Falczy. Azof restored to the 
Turks. 

Publication of the first number of the Spectator 
by Addison, March i, and of Pope's TJssay on 
Criticism, 
Death of Bishop Ken, Boileau, and of H. Dodwell. 
Birth of David Hume. 

1 71 2 Committal of Walpole to the Tower, Jan. 17. Separa- 

tion of the English forces from the allies, July. Death 

of Bichard Cromwell, set. 90. 
Gluesnoy surrenders to Prince Eugene, July 4. Victory 

of the French under ViUars at Denain, July 24. 
Defeat of the Danes, Poles, and Saxons by the Swedes 

under Steinbeck at Gadebusch. 
Civil war in Switzerland between the Beformed and 

Boman Catholic cantons. 



308 BUDIMENTAIIY CHRONOliOGT. [a.D. 1712* 

A.D. 

1 71 2 Whiston expelled from Cambridge for Arianism. 

Controversy between Clarke and Waterland. 
Pope's Bape of the Loch published. 
Death of Cassini. 

171 3 Peace of Utrecht, between France and the allies, with 

the exception of the Emperor, March 30; various 
concessions made by Louis ; Philip is reoognised as 
King of Spain. 
The Pragmatic Sanction, securing the succession of the 
hereditary states of Austria to the Emperor's heirs, 
male or female, April 6. 
The Papal bull " Uuigenitus '' against the Jansenists, 
Sept. 10, occasions long and violent strife in the 
French Church* 
The Duke of Savoy crowned King of Sidly, Dec. 24. 
The Clarendon Press, Oxford, opened. 
Pope's Windior Forest^ and Ode on SL Cecilia* 9 

Bay. 
The first number of the Gitardian published. 
Death of the Earl of Shaftesbury, and of W. Cave, 

1714 Death of Queen Anne, Aug. i, set. 49. 
House of Hakoveb in England. 

G£OSG£ I., Elector of Hanover, King of Great Britain, 
1714-27. New ministry under Lord Halifax; Eo; 
bert Walpole, Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
Peace of Eastadt, March 6, between France and the 
Emperor, to whom Lombardy, Naples, and Sardinia 
are ceded. 
Capture of Barcelona by the Duke of Berwick. The 

Salic law established in Spain. Alberoni, minister. 
War between Venice and the Turks, 1714-18. The last 

war of Venice. 
Holstein Gottorp seized by Denmark. 
The Bussians defeat the Swedish fleet in the Baltic, 

. invade Finland, and conquer Aland. 
Charles XII. returns to Sweden. 

Worcester College, Oxford, founded. 
Pope publishes the first volume of his Homer, 
Birth of Bichard Wilson, " the English Claude." 
"715 Impeachment of Bolingbroke, Oxford, Prior, and Ormond, 



17 1 7] MODERN HISTORY. 809 

A.D. 

171 5 July 9. Rebellion in Scotland in favour of James, 
son of James II. The insurgents are defeated at She- 
nffmuir and Preston, Nov. 13. The Pretender lands 
in Scotland, Dec. 25, but returns, 1716, England 
and Prussia join the Northern league against Sweden. 

Death of Louis XIV., Sept. i, set. 'j'], 
Louis XV., King of France, 1715-74, ©t. 5. The pro- 
fligate Duke of Orleans, uncle to the King, Kegent. 
Dubois, minister. 
Barrier Treaty between Holland and Austria. The 
Spanish Netherlands ceded to the Emperor, the Dutch 
retaining only a line of frontier fortresses* Decline 
of the Dutch power from this period. 
The Turks conquer the Morea from Venice. 
Nicholas Eowe, Poet Laureate. 
Publication of Le Sage's Oil Bias. 
Blenheim House built by Sir J. Vanbrugh. 
Death of Archbishop Eenelon, Bishop Burnet, 
Bobert Nelson, and of Malebranche. 

1 7 1 6 Execution of the Jacobite Lords, Derwentwater and Ken- 

mure, Feb. 24. Lord Nithisdaie escapes from the 
Tower. BiU for Septennial Parliaments, May 7. 
Law brings forward his banking and Mississippi schemes 

in France. 
The Emperor joins Venice agains the Turks, who are 
defeated by Prince Eugene at Peter waradin, Aug. 5* 
Temeswar taken, Oct. 13. 
Machinations of Grortz, the Swedish minister, and 
Alberoni, the Spanish minister, for the restoration of 
the Stuarts in England. 

Death of Dr. E. South, W. Wycherly^ Branias, 

Leibnitz, and of Oronovius. 
Birth of Thomas Gray, and of J. M. Vien, 
restorer of the French school of painting. 

1 717 Triple Alliance between England, France, and Holland, 

Jan. Change of ministry ; Stanhope succeeds Wal- 
pole, Addison is Secretary of State, April. Trial and 
acquittal of Harley, Earl of Oxford* Bangorian con- 
troversy between Hoadley and Sherlock, &c. The 
meetings of Convocation henceforth merely formal. 



310 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1717- 

A.D. 

171 7 Spaiu, under the inflaence of the Queen, Elizabeth, and 

of Alberoni, attempts to recover the ceded Italian 
dominions. Sardinia is seized, 1 7 1 7, and Sidly, 1 7 1 8 . 
Belgrade taken by Prince Eugene from the Turks, 
Aug. 22. 

1 71 8 Quadruple Alliance, of England, France, Holland, and 

the Emperor against Spain, July. The Spanish fleet 

destroyed by Sir G. Byng off Passaro, July 3 1 . 
Peace of Passarowitz, between Venice, the Emperor, and 

the Turks, June 24. 
Charles XII. of Sweden invades Norway, and is killed 

at the siege of Frederickshal, Nov. 30. 
The Czar Peter causes his only son, Alexis, to be put to 

death, July 7. 

Deistical writings of Collins, Toland, Chubb, &c. 
Eevivedgrossnessof manners. "HeU-flreclubs,"&c. 

1 7 19 Treaty of Stockholm, between England, Sweden, &c. 
Law's Mississippi scheme is now at its height in France. 
Ulrica Eleanora, sister of Charles XII., elected Queen of 

Sweden. Execution of Gtoriz. 
Fall of Alberoni, who is banished from Spain. 
De Foe publishes Eobinson Crusoe, 
Lombes' silk throwing machine set up at Derby. 
Death of Addison, Quesnel, Dupin, and of 
Flamsteed. 

1 720 Birth of Charles Edward, son of the Pretender. 

The delusive South Sea scheme in England, and Missis- 
sippi scheme in France, now burst, and occasion wide- 
spread ruin and consternation. 

Peace effected by the Quadruple AUiance. Spain restores 
Sardinia and Sicily, and is ceded the reversion of 
Parma, Tuscany, and Piacenza. Savoy cedes Sicily to 

. Austria, receiving in return Sardinia as a kingdom. 

Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, resigns in favour of her 
husband, Frederic of Hesse Cassel, who is elected 
Eling. Peace with Denmark, Prussia, and Poland. 

1 72 1 Expulsion from the House of Commons of Aislabie, 

Chancellor of the Exchequer, and other members, 
for participation in the South Sea imposture. 
Eobert Walpole, Premier, April 2. 



1725] MODERN HISTORY. 311 

A.D. 

1 72 1 Peace of Nystadt, between Sweden and Eussia. 

Peter assumes the title of ** Emperor of all the Eussias." 
Inoculation introduced by Iiady M. W. Mon- 
tagu. 
Death of Matthew Prior, Poems, and of Grinlin 
Gibbons. 

1722 Death of the Duke of Marlborough, June 16, set. 72. 

Committal to the Tower of Bishop Atterbury, Lords 
Orrery, Grey, and North, and of C. Layer, on charges 
. of treason. 

The Ostend Company for trade to India esta« 

blished by the Emperor. 
Death of Fleury, Ecclmaatical History , 

1723 Execution of Layer, May 17. Bishop Atterbury 

banished, May 27. Pardon of Bolingbroke. 
Agitation in Ireland respecting Wood's copper 
coinage. Sept, wJiich elicits Swift's Drapier's 
Letters. 
Louis XY. assumes the government of France. Death 
of Dubois, and of the late Eegent, Orleans. 

PubUcation of Voltaire's Benriade, Muratori's 
Eerum Italicarum Scriptores, and Mandeville's 
Fable of the Bees. 
Death of Sir C. Wren,. Sir G. Kneller, Leuwen- 

hoek, and of Dean Prideaux. 
Birth of Sir Joshua Eeynolds. 

1724 Death of Harley, Earl of Oxford, and of Thomas Guy, 

founder of Guy's Hospital. 
Congress of Cambray. Suddenly terminated, 1725. 
Eenewed edicts against the French Protestants. 
Philip Y. resigus the Spanish crown, Jan. 16, but 

resumes it on the death of his eldest son, Aug. 3 1 . 
Growing power of Prussia. Foundation of Potsdam. 
Dissensions in Poland, instigated by the ^ Jesuits. 
Massacre of the Protestants at Thorn. 

Begins professorships of modern history founded 

at Oxford and Cambridge. 
Fahrenheit and Eeaumur, improvers of thermo- 
meters. 

1725 Lord Chancellor Macclesfield convicted of embezzlement. 



312 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I725- 

A.D. 

1725 and fined ^630,000, May 6. Growing importance of 
the English colonies in America and the West Indies. 

First Treaty of Vienna, between the Emperor and 
Philip V. of Spain, who acknowledges the Pragmatic 
Sanction, July 17^ To counteract this treaty, 
England, France, and Prussia form the Treaty of 
Hermhausen, Sept. 3. 
Death of Peter the Great of Eussia, who is succeeded 
by his widow, Catherine, Jan. 28. Prince MenzikofP, 
minister. 

The Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Peters- 
burg founded. 
Death of Eapin de Thoyras, Hist, of England. 

1726 Death of Sophia Dorothea of Zell, the imprisoned consort 

of George I. 
Ministry of Cardinal Fleury in France, 1726-43. 
Fall and imprisonment of the Spanish minister, 

Bipperda. 
Holland joins the League of Hermhausen. Prussia 
secedes, and, with Eussia, joins that of Vienna. 

Publication of Gay's Fables, Thomson's Winter, 
and Swift's CruUiver^s Travels, 

1727 Death of George I. in Hanover, June 1 1, at. 68. 
Geosge II., King of Great Britain, 1727-60. 

Unsuccessful siege of Gibralta!r by the Spaniards. 
Denmark and Sweden accede to the League of Herm- 
hausen. 
Death of Catherine of Russia, who is succeeded by 
Peter II., set. 12. Menzikoff is supplanted by 
Dolgorouki, and sent to Siberia. 

Gay's Beggars^ Opera published^ 
Sir Hans Sloane, President of the Boyal Society. 
Death of Sir Isaac Newton. 
Sirth of Thomas Gainsborough, English land- 
scape painter* 

1728 Congress of Soissons. 
Copenhagen nearly destroyed by fire. 

Behring discovers " Behring's Straits." 
Unsuccessful effort of Berkeley to found a 
college in the Bermudas. 



1732] MODERN HISTORY. 313 

A.D. 

1728 Epliraim Chambers publishes his Ctfchpadia, 

Birth of Oliver Goldsmith. 

1729 Treaty of Seville, between England, Spain, France, and 

Holland, Sept. 28. Chief Justice Baymond decides, 
in Woolston's case that Christianity is '* part of the 
law of the land/* Nov. 28. 
Great fire at Constantinople ; 1 2,000 houses destroyed. 
Pope's Dundad published. 
Death of Sir K. Steele, Dr. S. Clarke, A. 
CoUins, and of W. Congreve. 

1 730 Victor Amadeus resigns the crown, after a brilliant reign, 

and is succeeded by his son, Charles Emanuel III., 

King of Sardinia, 1730-73. 
Bising in Corsica against the Genoese. 
Bevolt of the Turkish Janizaries. The Sultan Achmed 

is deposed, and his nephew, Mahmood I., raised from 

a prison to the throne. 
Anne, niece of Peter the Great, Empress of Bussia. 

Biren soon becomes the virtual master of Russia. 
Earthquake at Pekin; 100,000 persons perish. 

Colley Cibber succeeds Eusden as Poet Laureate. 
Birth of Edmund Burke. 

1 73 1 Second Treaty of Vienna, between England, Holland, 

and the Emperor, who dissolves the Ostend India 
Company in return for the acknowledgment of the 
Pragmatic Sanction, Mar. John Wesley and George 
Whitfield preach in various parts of England. The 
use of the Latin language in records and pleadings 
discontinued by Act of Parliament. Pulteney dis- 
missed the Privy Council. The ** Gin *' Act passed. 
Don Carlos, second son of Philip V. of Spain, succeeds 
to Parma and Piacenza, on the extinction of the House 
of Famese. 
Birth of G«orge Washington, Feb. 1 1 . 

The first number of the Gentletnan's Magazine 
published by Edward Cave. 

The Swedish East India Company established. 

Death of Daniel De Foe, and the Earl of Orrery. 

1732 The colony of Georgia founded by Oglethorpe. 

Death of Bishop Atterbury, and of John Gay. 



314 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1733- 

A.D. 

1733 Excise scheme proposed by Walpole, and abandoned 

after violent opposition. 
War of the Polish succession. Frederic Augustus II. 
of Saxony is supported by Eussia and Austria, to the 
exclusion of Stanislas Leczinski, who is unanimously 
elected by the Diet, and acknowledged by France, 
Spain, and Sardinia. England remains neutral. 
Milan captured by Charles Emanuel of Sardinia, and 
Kehl by the Duke of Berwick. 

Pope's JEssa^ on Man published. 

1734 Successfid campaign of the French and Sardinians in 

Italy. Don Carlos proclaimed King of Naples, May 
10. Battle of Parma. The Imperialist general, 
Mercy, slain, June 29. The Duke of Berwick killed 
before Philipsburg, which surrenders to the French, 
July 21. Stanislas is besieged by the Eussians in 
Dantzic, and escapes to Konigsberg. 

The Bank of England in Threadneedle Street 
opened, June 5. (Previously carried on in 
Grocers' Hall, Poultry.) 

The University of Gottingen founded. 

Death of Sir James Thornhill, painter. 

1735 Peace of Vienna, confirmed at Versailles, 1738. Stan- 

islas renounces the Polish crown, and obtains the 
duchy of Lorraine, the Duke of which receives the 
reversion of Tuscany. Don Carlos cedes Parma and 
Piacenza to Austria, and is invested with the kingdom 
of the Two Sicilies. France guarantees the Prag* 
matic Sanction. 

Linnseus publishes his Systema Naiura* 
Voltaire's Lettres FhUoaophiquei burnt by the 

hangman. 
Death of T, Heame, antiquary, Dr. Arbuthnot, 
and of Vertot. . 

1736 Eepeal of the statutes against witchcraft. Mar. 5. 

Mission of John Wesley to Georgia. Blots in 
Edinburgh ; Porteus hanged on a sign-post by the 
mob, Sept. 7. 

Flourishing Danish and Moravian missions. 

Death of Prince Eugene, aet. 72. 



1739] MODERN HISTORY. 315 

A.D. 

1736 Theodore, Baron Neuhof, elected by the insurgents 

King of Corsica. 
War of Eussia and Austria with the Turks, The 

Bussians take Azof, and invade the Crimea. 
End of the Sofi dynasty inPersia. Accession of Nadir Shah, 
Bishop Butler's Analogy of Beligion published. 

1737 Lord Hardwicke succeeds Lord Talbot as Chancellor, 

Feb. Disputes between George IT. and his son, 
Frederic, Prince of Wales. Death of Queen Caroline, 
Nov. 20, aet. 55. 
Death of John Gaston, the last of the House of Medici. 
He is succeeded in the duchy of Tuscany by Francis, 
Duke of Lorraine. 

Bradley discovers the aberration of light. 

Sadcliffe's library, Oxford, founded. 

Death of John Hutchinson, the anti-Newtonian, 
and of John Strype, ecclesiastical historian. 

Birth of Edward Gibbon. 

1738 William Pitt made Gentleman of the Bed-chaiiiber to 

the Prince of Wales, Feb. 2 1 . Birth of George 
Augustus, afterwards King George III., June 4. 
The Corsican revolt against Genoa suppressed by France, 

1738-40. 
Sweden divided by the French faction of the " Hats " 

and the Sussian faction of the " Caps.'* 
Nadir Shah subdues Kandahar and Afghanistan. 

Publication of Warburton's Divine Legation of 
MoBes, and of Hume's Treatise on Human 
Nature. 
Death of Boerhaave. 

1739 Jo^i^ Wesley founds the Methodist Society in London. 

The House of Commons votes the publication of the 

debates to be a breach of privilege. War between 

England and Spain. Porto Bello captured by 

Admiral Vernon, Nov. 20. 
Peace of Belgrade, between Turkey, Eussia, and 

Austria, which cedes to the Porte, Belgrade, Servia, 

and Wallachia, Sept. 22. 
Nadir Shah invades India, and captures Delhi, carrying 

oft' immense treasures. 

p2 



316 EUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1740* 

A.D. 

1740 Anson starts on his four years' voyage round the world. 
Frederic II. (the Great), King of Prussia. 

.Death of the Emperor Charles VI., Oct. 20. His 
eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, consort of Francis of 
Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, succeeds to the 
hereditary states of Austria, and takes the title of 
Queen of Hungary. General violation of the Prag- 
matic Sanction, to which Engbind and Sardinia alone 
remain faithful. Invasion of Silesia by Frederic of 
Prussia. The Elector of Bavaria claims the Austrian 
states. 

Ivan YI., Emperor of Bussia, an infant two months 
old. The regent, Biren, sent to Siberia by Munich, 
who is himself supplanted by Ostermann. 

Pope Benedict XIV, (Prospero Lambertini). A Pontiff 
universally esteemed for his Christian moderation and 
profound leamiDg. 

The sect of Swedenborgians founded by Emanuel 
Swedenborg of UpsaL 

Death of Dr. Waterland , and of T. Tickell, Poems. 

1 741 Motions for Walpole's dismissal rejected by both 

Houses, Feb. 13. Eepulse of Admiral Vernon at 
Carthagena, April. 
Frederic of Prussia defeats the Austrians at Molwitz, 
April 10, and conquers Silesia. Coronation of 
Maria Theresa at Presburg, June 14. Declaration of 
the Hungarian nobles — " Moriamur pro rege nostro 
Maria Theresia." Capture of Prague by the French, 
Saxons, and Bavarians, under Marshal Belleisle, 
Nov. 26. The Elector of Bavaria crowned King of 
Bohemia, Dec. 9. 
Elizabeth, Empress of Eussia, 1741-62, on the depo- 
sition of the infant Ivan. War with Sweden. 

The Eoyal Military Academy at Woolwich 

founded. 
Handel publishes his Messiah. 
First appearance of Garrick on the stage. 
Death of Montfaucon, Bollin, and of J. B. 
Eousseau. 

1 742 New Parliament. Resignation of Sir Robert Walpole, 



1744] MODERN HISTORY. 317 

A.D. 

1 742 who is created Earl of Orford, Feb. Carteret, after- 
wards Earl Granville, Minister. Mr. Pulteney has a 
seat in the new Cabinet, and is created Earl of Bath. 
Subsidy to Maria Theresa. Treaty between Great 
Britain and Prussia, Nov. 

The Elector of Bavaria chosen Emperor as Charles VIL 

Capture of Munich by Maria Theresa. 
Peace of Breslau, between Austria and Prussia, which 

retains the greater part of Silesia. 
Peter, Duke of Holstein, declared heir to the Eussian 
throne. 

Pielding publishes Joseph Andrews, 
Death of Massillon, Bentley, and of Halley. 

1 743 King George defeats the Erench, under De Noailles, at 

Dettingen, June i6. Anson captures the Manilla 
galleon. Henry Pelham, Premier, Jiily; William 
Pitt, Paymaster-General. 
Death of Cardinal Fleury, Jan. 29, set. 90. 
Peace of Abo, between Bussia and Sweden, which cedes 
Finland as far as the Kymen, and adopts Adolphus 
Frederic of Holstein Gottorp as heir to the Swedish 
* crown. 

Clairaut's Figure of the Earth published. 
Death of Bichard Savage. Johnson writes his 
Life of Savage, t 

1 744 War declared between Great Britain and France, March. 

Anson returns from his voyage, June 14, and the 
treasure he brings is carried in triumph to the Tower 
in 32 waggons. " Broad Bottom " ministry, Nov.: 
Pelham still Premier ; Henry Fox, a junior Lord of 
the Treasury. 
Louis XV. of France declares war against Maria Theresa 
and Holland ; invades in person the Austrian Nether^ 
lands, and captures Lille, Ypres, &c. 
Frederic II. of Prussia renews the war against Maria 
Theresa, and captures Prague, but is compelled to 
retire into Silesia. 

Akenside publishes his Pleasures of the Imagi- 
nation, 
Death of Alexander Pope. 



818 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I745- 

A.D, 

1745 Death of Bobert Walpole, Earl of Orford, March 18. 

The allied forces, under the Duke of Cumberland, 
defeated by Marshal Saxe at Fontenoy, April 30. 
Louisbourg and Cape Breton captured by the English, 
July 17. Scottish rebellion under Charles Edward, 
the young Pretender, who lands in Scotland, July, 
and arrives at Holy rood, Sept. 17. At the head of 
the Highlanders, he defeats the King's troops, under 
Cope, at Prestonpans, Sept. 21 ; takes Carlisle, Nov. 
1 5 ; and, advancing into England, reaches Derby, 
Dec. 4 ; but begins a retreat to Scotland, Dec. 6. 

Death of the Emperor Charles YII. Peace between 
Austria and Bavaria. Francis I., consort of Maria 
Theresa, is elected Emperor, Sept. 13. 

Prussian victories in Bohemia and Saj^^ny. Peace of 
Dresden, between Austria, Saxony, Poland, and 
Prussia, Dec. 25. 

Campaign of the French and Spaniards in Italy. 
Invention of the electric jar at I^eyden. < 
Death of Dean Swift. 

1746 Charles Edward defeats the Boyal troops at Falkirk, 

Jan. 17 ; but is himself totally defeated by the Duke 
of Cumberland at CuUoden, April 16. After four 
months of peril and privation, he succeeds in landing 
in France. Devastation and subjection of the High- 
lands. Lords Kilmarnock tind Balmarino beheaded, 
Aug. 18. Madras captured by the French, Sept. 14. 
Occupation of Brussels and Brabant by the French 
under Saxe, who defeats the allies at Eaucoux, Oct. i. 
The Imperialists, by a series of successes, expel the 
French from Italy. 

Publication of Fielding's Tom Jones. 

1747 Lord Lovat beheaded, April 9. English naval victories 

over the French by Admirals Anson and Warren, off 
Cape Finisterre, May 3, and by Hawke, off Belleisle, 
Oct. 14. Powerful popular influence exercised by the 
preaching of Wesley and Whitfield. 
War between France and Holland. The French imder 
Saxe victorious at Lafeldt, June 20, and capture 
Bergen-op-Zoom, Sept. 16. 



I751] MODEBN HISTORY. 319 

A.D. 

1 747 William IV. of Orange appointed hereditary Stadtholder. 
Assassination of Nadir Shah. Anarchy in Persia. Ahmed 
Doorani founds a separate kingdom in Cabul, 1748. 
Publication of Gray's Ode on Eton College^ and 

Klopstock's Messiah, 
Death of Archbishop Potter, and of Le Sage. 
174S The French under Dupleix successfully defend Pondi- 
cherry against Admiral Boscawen, Oct. 6. General 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 7 ; the Pragmatic 
Sanction confirmed ; mutual restitution of conquests 
by England and France. English settlement of Nova 
Scotia (Acadia). 
Influence of Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis 
XV., who virtually governs France. The French navy 
and colonial commerce have been almost destroyed 
by the war. 

Publication of Montesquieu's JSpiriC of the Laws, 

Bichardson's Clarissa JIarloice, and Smollett's 

Roderick Random. 

Death of James Thomson, Dr. Isaac Watts, and 

of William Kent. 

1 749 Johnson's Vanity of Human Wishes, and the first 

part of Buffon's Histoire Naturelle published, 
J 750 Disputes between England and France respecting the 
boundaries of Nova Scotia. Commercial treaty with 
Spain. Secret visit of Charles Edward to London, 
Sept. 
Joseph Emanuel, King of Portugal, 1750-77. Ministry 
. of Pombal, a bold and active reformer. 
Westminster bridge opened. 
The publication of Johnson's Rambler com- 
menced. 
Discovery of the buried city of Pompeii. 
The Academy of Sciences at Stockholm founded. 
Death of L. A. Muratori, and of Dr. C. 
Middleton. 
1751 Death of Frederic, Prince of Wales, March 20, set. 44. 
Clive captures and defends Arcot, Oct. 
French influence in India, under Dupleix and La Bour- 
donnaye. 



320 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I751- 

A.D. 

1751 Adolphus Frederic (of Holstein Gottorp), King 'of 

Sweden, 1751-71. The "Hats" faction is now 

supreme, and the King's power reduced to a shadow. 

Prosperous ministry of Bernstorf in Denmark, 1751 -70. 

The Boyal Society of Antiquaries, London 

(founded 1707), receive their charter. 
Foundation of the Ecole Militaire at Paris. 
The JEneyclopedie commenced by Diderot and 

D'Alembert. 
Death of Dr. P. Doddridge, and of Lord Boling- 
broke. 

1752 The French forces, under D'Anteuil, in India, surrender 

to Lawrence and Olive. 

Adoption of the Gregorian, or New style, in 
Great Britain, Sept. 3 being reckoned as 
Sept. 14. The legal year henceforth begins 
Jan. I, instead of March 25. 

Franklin invents the lightning conductor. 

Death of Bishop Butler, and of W. Whiston. 

1753 Bill for preventing clandestine marriages passed, June 7. 
The Parliament of Paris banished to Pontoise for refusing 

to register the Eoyal edicts. 

The Museum of Sir Hans Sloane, the nucleus of 
the British Museum, purchased by Parliament. 
Death of Bishop Berkeley. 

1754 Death of Henry Pelham, March 6. The Duke of New- 

castle, Premier. Union, in opposition to him, of 
William Pitt and Henry Fox. French aggression on 
the English territory in North America. Major 
George Washington, commanding the Virginian 
militia, is sent to repel the French, and taken 
prisoner by them, July 3. 
Eenewed Corsican revolt, under Paoli, against Genoa. 

The Society for Arts, Manufactures, and Com- 
merce founded. 
Hume publishes the first volume of his History of 

England, 
Death of Henry Fielding. T. Carte, and of C. 
Wolif. 

1755 Continued hostilities in North America between the 



1757] MODERN HISTORY. 321 

A.D. 

1755 English and French. Defeat and death of General 
Braddock near Fort Da Quesne, July 9. General 
Johnson defeats the French under Dieskau. Henry 
Fox, Secretary of State, Nov. 10. 
Great earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. i ; the city is laid in 
ruins, and 30,000 persons perish. (The English 
Parliament vote £ 1 00,000 for the relief of the sufferers, 
Nov. 28.) The Portuguese express their contrition 
for their national sins by making an auto-da'-f^ of all 
the available Jews. 

Johnson's EnglMh Dictionary published. 

Death of Bishop T. Wilson, Montesquieu, and of 
Mosheim. 
1 7 56 The Seven Years' War. Alliance of England with Prussia 
against Austria and France, Jan. Admiral Byng fails 
to relieve Minorca, which is taken by the French, 
June. Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowlah. Mur- 
derous imprisonment of the English garrison in the 
Black Hole, June 18. Murray created Chief Justice 
and Earl of Mansfield, Nov. ' Eesignation x)f Fox, the 
Duke of Newcastle, and the Earl of Hardwicke. 
Devonshire ministry ; Pitt, Secretary of State, Dec. 
Victories of Frederic of Prussia at Lowositz and at Pima. 

Seizure of the Saxon archives at Dresden. 
Brahe, Horn, and other Swedish nobles beheaded for au 
attempt to extend the King of Sweden's prerogative. 

The Foundling Hospital, London, opened. 

Death of Greorge Vertue, engraver. 

Birth of J. L. David, French historical painter. 
1757 Calcutta re-taken by Clive and Watson, Jan. i . Admiral 
Byng condemned, Jan. 28, and shot, Mar. 14. Pitt 
and Legge dismissed from office, Apr. 9. Battle of 
Plassey, June 23, in which Surajah Dowlah is over- 
thrown by Clive, and the foundation laid of the 
British empire in the East. William Pitt, Minister, 
June 28. The foreign legions sent from England. 
Establishment of a national militia. French invasion 
of Hanover. The Duke of Cumberland defeated at 
Hastenbeck, July 26. The French, u&der Montcalm, 
take Fort William Henry in America, Aug. 9. 

p3 



322 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1757" 

A.D. 

1757 Capitulatioii of the Duke of Cumberland at Closter 
Seven, Sept. 8. 

Attempt of Damiens to assaeeinate Louis XY. of France. 

Jan. 5. 
The Swedes and Bussians join the league against Prussia, 
Frederic invades Bohemia, and gains the victory of 
Prague, May 6. He is defeated by the Austrians 
under Daun at Kolin, June 1 8. Prussia invaded by 
the allies. Bussian capture of Memel, and victory of 
Gros Jagersdorff, Aug. 30. Frederic signally defeats 
the French at Bosbach, Nov. 5, the Austrians at 
Leuthen, Dec. 5, and regains Silesia. 
Ministry of Mohammed Baghib Pasha in Turkey. 

Encouragement given to learning and commerce 
in Turkey. TurkUh translation of the Adtronom, 
Tables <^ CassinL 
Death of Fontenelle, CoUey Gibber, Galmet, and 
of Allan Bamsay. 

1758 Abrogation of the Convention of Closter Seven. Naval 

successes of Hawke and Osborne. Senegal taken by 
the English, Apr. 23. The French driven back across 
the Bhine, and defeated by Prince Ferdinand of Bruns- 
wick at Crefeld, June 23. Abercrombie repulsed by 
the French at Ticonderago, July 8. Cape Breton and 
Louisbourg taken by the English under Amherst, July 
27. Naval victory of Pococke over the French, Aug. 
3. Cherbourg taken by the English and dismantled, 
Aug. 8. Capture of Fort Du Quesne by Forbes, Nov. 
25. Contest with the French in India, under Lally, 
who captures Fort St. David's, May, and besieges 
Madras, Dec. Keppel captures Groree, Dec. 22. 

Birth of Horatio Nelson, Sept. 29. 

Frederic defeats the Bussians at Zomdorf, Aug. 25, and 
is himself defeated by Marshal Daun at Hochkirchen, 
Oct. 14, when Marshal Keith is slain. 

Attempted assassination of the King of Portugal, Sept. 
Erindley commences the Bridgewater canaL 
The Magdalen Hospital, London, opened. 
Publication of Horace Walpole's JRoyal and Noble 
Authors^ and of Vattel's Law of NaUons, 



1760] MODERN HISTORY. 323 

A.B. 

1758 Death of Jonathan Edwards, On the Wlll^ &c. 

1 759 Sarat captured by the English, Feb. 19, and Guadaloupe, 

Apr. 20. The French repulse Prince Ferdinand at 
Bergen, Apr. 17, capture Marburg, June 3, and again 
invade Hanover, They are defeated by Ferdinand at 
Minden, Aug. i , and retreat. Disgrace of Lord G. 
Sackville, the British commander. Naval victory of 
Boscawen over the French off Cape Lagos, Aug. 1 7. 
English conquests in Canada, July and Aug. Great 
victory over the French, and death of Wolfe, on the 
heights of Abraham, Sept. 13. Montcalm, the French 
general, is also slain. Capture of Quebec, Sept. 18. 
Naval victory of Sir E. Hawke off Belleisle, Nov. 20. 
Birth of the second William Pitt, and of William 
Wilberforce. 
The Prussians are defeated at ZuKchau, Jiily 23, at 

Kunersdorf, Aug. 1 2, and at Maxen, Nov. 20. 
Execution of Portuguese nobles. Expulsion of the 
Jesuits from Portugal. 

Publication of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral 
SenimentSf and of Eobertson's History of 
Scotland. 
Commencement of the Annual Begister. Edmund 

Burke writes the historical articles. 
Harrison completes the chronometer, for which he 

obtains the Parliamentary grant of jB20,ooo. 
Death of Handel, and of W. QoViin'^^ Poems. 

1760 Coote defeats the French under Lally, and captures 

Arcot, Feb. 9. Thurot, after pillaging Carrickfergus, 
Feb. 21, is defeated by Elliott, and kiUed off the Isle 
of Man, Feb. 28. Lord G^ SackviUe tried and 
cashiered, Apr. 22. Execution of Earl Ferrers at 
Tyburn, for murder, May 5. Prince Ferdinand defeats 
the French at Warburg, July 3 1 . The English cap- 
ture Montreal, Sept. 1 8, and complete the conquest of 
Canada. Death of King George II., Oct. 25. 

Geobge III., King of Great Britain, 1760-1820. 

Frederic II., defeated by Laudohn at Landshut, June 23^ 
defeats him at Liegnitz, Aug. 1 5. Capture of Berlin 
by the Austrians and Bussians, Oct. 9. Frederic 



324 RUDEVIENTAEY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1760- 

A.D. 

1760 defeats Daun at Torgau, Not. 3, and subdues all 
Saxony except Dresden. 

Hyder Ali founds the kingdom of Mysore. 

Blackfriars bridge, London, commenced. 
The English school of painting now rises to 
distinction. 

1 761 Lally surrenders Pondicherry to the English under Coote, 

Jan. 16. Lord Bute appointed Secretary of State, 
Mar. 25. Capture of Belkisie by the EngUsh, June 7. 
Marriage of the King to the Princess Charlotte of 
Mecklenburg Strelitz, Sept. 8. Eesignation of William 
Pitt, Oct. 5. He receives a pension, and his wife a 
peerage. 

Bourbon Family Compact, for mutual defence, between 
France, Spain, Naples, and Parma, Aug. 15. 

Frederic IL, reduced to defensive warfare, loses Schweid- 
nitz and Colberg. 

Death of S. Bichardson. 

1762 War declared between Great Britain and Spain, Jan. 

Capture of Martinico, St. Lucia, &c., from the French, 
Feb., and of Granada, Apr. Eesignation of the Duke 
of Newcastle, who is succeeded by Lord Bute, May 
29. Birth of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George 
lY., Aug. 12. ' Manilla and the Philippine Islands 
taken by the English, Oct. 
Execution of Calas at Toulouse, Protest of Voltaire. 
Death of the Empress Elizabeth of Bussia, who is suc- 
ceeded by Peter III., of Holstein Gottorp, Jan, 5. 
Peter makes peace with Prussia ; is deposed, July 9 ; 
murdered, July 1 9 ; and is succeeded by his consort as 
Catherine II. OrlofP, minister. 
Peace of Hamburg, between Prussia and Sweden, whose 
King now passes from the domination of the " Hats " 
to that of the " Caps." 
Frederic re-takes Schweidnitz, Oct., and recovers Silesia. 
Pension granted to Dr. Johnson, July 12. 
John WiSces begins the NoriA Briton. 
The Umile of Eousseau condemned by the Sorbonne. 
Death of Lady M. W. Montague, Bradley, astro- 
nomer, Crebillon, and of Bioubilliac, sculptor. 



1765] MODERN HISTORY. 325 

A.B. 

1763 Peace of Paris, between Great Britain, France, and 

Spain, Feb. 10. Eesignation of Lord Bute, who is 
succeeded by George Grenville, April 8. John Wilkes 
arrested on a general warrant, and his papers seized, 
for publishing the North Briton^ No. 45, April 30. 
He is released by Chief Justice Pratt, May 6. The 
Duke of Bedford, Premier, Sept. 9. The House of 
Commons orders the North Briton^ No. 4.5, to be 
burnt by the hangman, Nov, 15. Wilkes recovers 
£1,000 damages for the seizure of his papers, Dec. 6. 
General warrants ruled to be illegal. 
Treaty of Hubertsburg between Austria and Prussia, 
which retains Silesia. 

Death of W. Shenstone, Poems, 

1764 Expulsion of Wilkes from the House of Commons, Jan. 

20. First Grenville Act for taxing the American 
colonies passed, April 5. Defeat of the Mogul forces 
by Munro at Buxar, Oct. 22. Death of the great 
ex-Chancellor, the Earl of Hardwicke. 
Choiseul causes the Jesuits to be expelled from France. 

Death of Madame de Pompadour. 
Stanislas Poniatowski is elected by Eussian influence 
King of Poland. 

Byron sails on his voyage of discovery. Ketums, 

1766. 
Publication of Eeid's Inquiry into the Human 
Mind, Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments, and 
Winckleman's History of Ancient Art, 
Death of Charles Churchill, Poems, and of 
William Hogarth. 

1765 The American Stamp Act passed, March 22. Eemou- 

strance and threatened resistance of the North Ameri- 
can colonists. The King first attacked by his mental 
malady, April. The Marquis of Buckingham, Premier, 
July 10; Edmund Burke his private secretary. Treaty^ 
of Allahabad, ceding Bengal, &c., to the East India 
Company, Aug. 12. Birth of the Duke of Clarence, 
atlerwards WiUiam IV., Aug. 21. Death of William, 
Duke of Cumberland, Oct. 31. Death of the Pre- 
. tender, son of James II., at Borne, Dec. 30, set. jj. 



i}26 IIUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I765- 

A.D. 

1765 Joseph II., Emperor of Germany, 1765-90. A zealous 
but rash reformer. 

Dr. Johnson founds the Literary Club. 
Percy's Eeliques of AncietU Poe^fy, Goldsmith's 
Traveller t and Blackstone's Qmmeniaries pub- 
lished. 
Death of Dr. E. Young, Poems. 
\*j66 Hepeal of the American Stamp Act, March 8 ; the right 
to levy colonial taxes retained. Grafton and Camden 
ministry under Pitt, who is created Earl of Chatham, 
Aug. Marriage of Caroline Matilda, sister of G«orge 
III., to Christian YII. of Denmark, Oct. i . 
Count Lally, late French commander in India, barbarously 

beheaded in Paris, May 8. 
Unsuccessful demand of the Polish Dissidents, or Pro- 
testants, supported by Bussia, for an equality of 
rights. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Bohemia and Denmark. 

Wallis . and Carteret sail on their voyage of dis- 
covery. Otaheite discovered, 1767. 
Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield^ and Mesmer's 
Theory of Animal Moffneiiem published. 

1 767 Bill brought in by C. Townshend for levying duties on 

the American importation of glass, paper, tea, &c., 
June. Eetum of Lord Clive from India, Julv. First 
war between the English and Hyder Ali. Birth of 
Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Clueen Victoria, 
Nov. 2. 
The Polish Dissidents, supported by Eussian troops, 

compel the Diet to concede their claims. 
The Jesuits expelled from Spain, Venice, and Genoa. 

Invention of the spinning engine by J. Hargrave. 
Dr. Mask lyne commences the Nautical Almanae, 
Carsten Niebuhr publishes his Travels in Arabia. 

1768 The Duke of Grafton, Premier, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham, 

Privy Seal. Election of John Wilkes for Middlesex, 
March 28. Wilkes riots in St. George's Fields, 
May 10. Wilkes again imprisoned, and fined for 
libel, June. Renewed riots. Eesignation of Lord 
Chatham, Oct. 1 5. Tumults at Boston in America. 



1770] MODERN HIST'ORY. 827 

A.D. 

1768 The colonists resist payment of the new duties. 
English troops are sent out under General Gage. 

Corsica ceded by Gknoa to France. Faoli takes refuge 

in England. 
Polish confederation of Bar, for emancipation from 

Russian influence. 
War between Turkey, on behalf of Poland, and Eussia, 

1768-74. 
The Jesuits expelled from the Two Sicilies, Parma, &c. 
Cook's first voyage of discovery, 1 768-7 1 . Banks 

and Solander accompany him. 
The source of the Nile discovered by Bruce. 
The Eoyal Academy of Arts founded. Sir Joshua 

Eeynolds, first President. 
Death of Lawrence Sterne, and Br. N. Lardner. 

1769 John Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Feb. 2. 

Ee-elected for Middlesex, Feb. 16. Voted ineligible, 
Feb. 17. Ee-elected, March 16. A new writ issued, 
March 17. Ee-elected, April 13. Colonel Luttrell, 
who was in a minority of 849, voted member for 
Middlesex, April 16. Eiots in London. Peace between 
the English and Hyder Ali. Shakspeare jubilee at 
Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 6. Increasing irritation in 
America ; Non-importieition Resolutions passed. 
Birth of Arthur Wellesley, May i, and of Napoleon 

Bonaparte, Aug. 1 5. 
Pope Clement XIV. (GanganeUi). A conciliating and 

reforming Pontiff. 
The Russians capture Choczim, and overrun Moldavia 

and Wallachia. 
Civil war and general devastation in Poland. 
The first Leiien of Junim published. 
Patents granted to James Watt for his first im- 
provements in the steam engine, and to Eichard 
Arkwright for his spinning firame. The practical 
development of these, and succeeding dis- 
coveries, establishes the modem factory system. 
Bougainville returns from his voyage in the 
South Seas. 

1770 Lord North, Premier, Jaa; C. J. Fox, a junior Lord of 



328 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. IJJO 

A.D. 

1770 the Admiralty. Eiots at Boston, in America, and loss 
of life. Eepeal of the obnoxious duties, except that 
on tea, March 5. Trials of Almon, Woodfall, &c., for 
publishing Junm^% LetterSy June, July. 

Marriage of the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XYI.) to 
Marie Antoinette of Austria, May 16. Banishment 
of the minister, De Choiseul. Distressed state of 
France. Civil and religious factions, impoverished 
finances, and the reckless despotism of a profligate 
King, all combine to depress the state. '* The monarchy 
is very old," said Louis XV., " but it will last my 
time." Madame du Barri is now his favourite mistress. 
Bernstorf, the Danish minister, is succeeded by Struensee, 

the Queen's favourite. 
Destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Eussians at 
Tchesme. 

Discovery of Botany Bay by Cook. 
Cavendish's experiments in electricity. 
Death of Thomas Chatterton, Bowley Poetrn, 
Mark Akenside, Fleasures of Imctgination, and 
of the Rev. G. Whitfield. 

1771 Unsuccessful attempt of the House of Commons to pre- 

vent the publication of their debates, Feb. A struggle 
ensues, during which the Lord Mayor is committed to 
the Tower, March 26, but is liberated, May 8, and 
the unquestioned liberty of reporting Parliamentary 
proceedings dates from this time. 
Abolition of the Parliament of Paris for its proceedings 
against the minister, D*Aiguillou, and with it dies the 
last shadow of representative government in France. 
Azof .taken, and the Crimea conquered by the Eussians. 
Publication of the first edition of the Encyclopedia 
Britannica, and of De Lolme's Constitution of 
Midland. 
Death of Thomas Gray, Tobias Smollett, and of 

Helvetius. 
Birth of Sir Walter Scott. 

1772 The Eoyal Marriage Act passed. Warren Hastings 

appointed Governor of Bengal, April. Birth of Lord 
Lyndhurst, at Boston, in ^erica. 



1774] MODERN HISTORY. 329 

A.D. 

1772 Bevolution in Denmark. Struensee and Brandt be- 

headed. The Queen, Caroline Matilda, divorced and 

banished, dies at ZeU, 1775. 
Bevolution in Sweden. The new King, Gustavus III., 

1771-92, becomes virtually absolute. 
First partition of Poland between Austria, Bussia, and 

Prussia, Aug. The government now soon becomes 

virtually vested in the Bussian ambassador at 

Warsaw. 

Cook sails on his second voyage. Beturns, 1775. 

1773 -^^^ ^^^ ^^^ government of India, June. Besistance of 

the Americans to the levy of the import duties. 

Three cargoes of tea are thrown into the sea at 

Boston, Dec. 1 8. 
The Order of Jesuists totally suppressed by a Papal 

brief of Clement XIV., July 21. 
The Bussians, under Bomanzoff, cross the Danube for 

the first time, but are defeated and driven back by 

the Turks. 

Death of Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, Letters^ &c. 

1774 Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of British 

India, Jan. i. War between the English and 
Malirattas. Bejection of Dr. Franklin's petition to 
the Privy Council, Jan. 29. The thanks of the 
House of Commons voted to John Howard, the 
prisoners' friend, March 4. The port of Boston 
closed by order of Parliament. The first American 
Congress, for the redress of grievances, meets at 
Philadelphia, Sept. 5. Death of Lord Clive, by his 
own hand, Nov. 22. John Wilkes, now Lord Mayor, 
is re-elected for Middlesex, and allowed to take his 
seat, Nov. 

Death of Louis XV. of France, May 10. 

Louis XVI., King of France. The Parliaments restored. 
Mitigation of the public burdens. Turgot, Minister 
of Finance, 1774-76. 

Death of Pope Clement XIV., Sept. 22. 

The Bussians again cross the Danube, and defeat the 
Turks. Peace of Kutchuk Kainardji, July 21, by 
which Bussia obtains Azof, and the Crimea is declared 



330 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1774- 

A.B. 

,1774 independent of Turkey. The Turkish policy hence- 
forth becomes merely defensive. 

The Museum of the Vatican founded. 
Goethe's Sorrows of Werter published. 
Death of Oliver Goldsmith. 
1775 Lord Chatham and Edmund Burke urge, in vain, a 
conciliatory policy towards the American colonists, 
Jan. — March. Hostilities commence at Lexington, 
April 19. The second American Congress appoints 
George Washington Commander-in-chief of the 
American army. Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 1 7, 
The American general, Montgomery, takes Montreal, 
Nov. 12, but is killed before Quebec, Dec. 31. 
Victory of Washington at Trenton, Dec. 26. Cession 
of Benares to the English. 
Pope Pius VI, ^Angelo Braschi), 1775-99. 

Sheridan's Bivals, and Lavater's FragmmU in 

JBhysHognomy published. 
Crompton invents the mule for spinning cotton. 
I ']']S The English, under Howe, compelled by Washington to 
evacuate Boston, March 1 7. Declaration of American 
Independence by th« Congress, July 4. New York 
taken by the Boyal troops, Sept. 15. Victory of 
Howe at White Plains, Oct. 29. 
Necker , French Minister of Finance, 1776-81. Franklin, 
in Paris, successfully solicits aid for the Americans. 
Men, money, and arms are freely given, and the re- 
publican principles now propagated result, in due 
time, in the most momentous of revolutions. 
The Bussian empire divided into governments. Many 

new towns founded. 
The secret society of the Illuminati established in 
Bavaria. 

Cook sails on his third voyage. 
Somerset House commenced by Sir W. Chambers. 
Publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of NatiorUy 
. and the first volume of Gibbon's Decline and 
Fall of the Roman Empire. 
Betirement of Garrick from the stage, June. 
Death of David Hume. 



1779] MODERN HISTORY. 331 

A.D. 

1777 The Marquis de la Fayette, and other French officers, 

arrive in America, to aid the colonists, April. Howe 
defeats Washington near Brandy wine Creek, Sept. 1 1, 
Lord Cornwallis captures Philadelphia, Sept. 26. The 
King's troops, under Burgoyne, compelled to surrender 
to General Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17. 

Buenos Ayres made the fourth Spanish vice-royalty in 
America. The oljhers being Peru, New Spain 
(Mexico), and Quito with New Granada. 

Maria L, Clueen of Portugal, 1777-18 16. Fall of the 
Minister, Pombal. 

1778 War between Great Britain and France. Lord Chat- 

ham's last address to the House of Lords, pleading 
for peace with America, April 7. He dies. May 1 1. 
Public funeral, June 9. Unsuccessful attempt of the 
English commissioners to conciliate the Americans, 
June. Philadelphia evacuated by the Eoyal forces, 
June 18. Naval battle off Ushant, between Keppel 
and D'Orvilliers, July 27. Pondicherry taken by the 
English, Oct. 1 1 . Piratical incursions of Paul Jones 
on the English and Scottish coasts. 
Alliance of France with America concluded by Franklin, 

Feb. 6. 
Ministry of Potemkin in Eussia, 1778-91. 
War of the Bavarian succession, between Austria, 
Prussia, and Saxony. Terminated by the Treaty 
of Teschen, 1779. 

Cook discovers the Sandwich Islands* 

Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Boyal Society. 

Death of Linneus, Eousseau, Voltaire, Piranesi, 
and of Dr. Ame. 

Birth of Lord Brougham. 

1779 Captain Cook murdered at Owyhee, Feb. 14. Spain 

joins the alliance against England, June. The 
Spaniards and French besiege Gibraltar, which is 
defended by General Eliot. Paul Jones captures 
Captain Pearson, off Flamborough Head, Sept. 23. 
Discontent in Ireland ; confederacies of armed volun- 
teers, Oct., Nov. 

Publication of Johnson's Lives of the Poets. 



332 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I779- 

A.D. 

1779 Death of Bishop Warburton, and of David 

Ghurrick. 

1780 Eodney defeats the Spanish fleet, and relieves Gibraltar, 

Jan. 16. Dunning's resolution against the "Influ- 
ence of the Crown** carried, April 6. Lord George 
Gordon's "No Popery" riots, June. Arrival of a 
French auxiliary army in America, June. The 
Americans, under Gates, defeated by Lord Com- 
wallis at Camden, Aug. 16. Second war between 
the English and Hyder All, who devastates the 
Camatic up to Madras, Sept. Major Andre hanged 
by the Americans as a spy, Oct. 2. War between 
Great Britain and Holland, Nov. 20. 

Death of Maria Theresa, Nov. 29. Her son, the 
Emperor Joseph, succeeds to her states. 

Increase of the Wahhabi sect in Arabia, &c. 

Death of Sir W. Blackstone, and of Condillac. 

1 78 1 French invasion of Jersey defeated by Major Pierson, 

Jan. 6. St. Eustatia taken by Eodney, Feb. 2. 
Burke's Beform Bill, supported by W. Pitt and 
Sheridan, rejected by the Commons, Feb. 27. 
Motion of Fox, seconded by Pitt, in favour of 
peace, June 12. Hyder Ali defeated by Sir Eyre 
Coote, July, Aug. Naval action between Parker and 
the Dutch off the Doggerbank, Aug. 5. Lord Com- 
wallis and the Eoyal forces surrender at York Town 
to the allied Americans and French, under Washington, 
Eochambeau, and La Fayette, Oct. 19. 
The Emperor Joseph II. abolishes the Papal jurisdiction 
in Austria, and dissolves many monasteries. 

The planet Uranus discovered by Herschel. 

Bobert Eaikes founds at Gloucester the first 
Sunday school. 

Kant publishes his Critique o/Fure Eeasan. 

Birth of Lord Campbell, Henry Hallam, and of 
Sir David Brewster. 

1782 Minorca taken from the English, Feb, 5. Lord Eocking- 

ham supersedes Lord North as Minister, Mar. 30. 
Great naval victory of Eodney over the French under 
De Grasse, Apr. 12. Ireland declared independent 



1785] MODEBN HISTORY. 333 

A.D. 

1782 of the British Parliament, Apr. 16. Pitt's motion 
for Reform rejected, May 7. The " Eoyal George " 
sinks at Spithead, with Admiral Kempenfeld and 
about 900 men on board, June 28. Lord Eockingham 
dies, July i, and is succeeded by Lord Shelburne, July 
10; W.Pitt, Chancellor of the Exchequer. Eenewed 
attack on Gibraltar repelled by Eliot and Curtis, Sept. 
13, and the siege raised. 

Hyder Ali succeeded by his son, Tippoo Saib, Sept. 
Death of Lord Kames, and of Metastasio. 

1783 Peace of Yersaiiles, between England and France, Spain, 

and America; preliminaries signed, Jan. 20. The 
independence of the United States of America acknow- 
ledged by England. Coalition ministry of North and 
Fox, Apr. 2. Eejection by the Lords of Fox's India 
. Bill, Dec. 1 7, and dismissal of the coalition ministry, 
Dec. 18. William Pitt, set. 24, Premier, Dec. 23. 
Tippoo Saib, aided by the French, defeats the English ; 
General Matthews slain. 
Financial troubles in France. Calonne, Minister of 

Finance, 1783-87. . 
The Crimea seized by the Russians. 

The first volume of L*Art de v^ifier les Dates 

published. 
The first balloon, made by Montgolfier, ascends 

at Paris, Nov. 2. 
Death of Leonard Euler, D'Alembert, and of Dr. 

W. Hunter. 
Birth of Sir B. C. Brodie, and of Washington 
Irving. 

1784 Peace between the English and Tippoo Saib, Mar. The 

Board of Control established, for the management of 
Indian affairs, July. Restoration of the estates forfeited 
by the RebelHon of 1 745. Birth of Lord Palmerston. 
The Emperor's proposal to open the Scheldt opposed by 
Holland, &c. 

Mail coaches, for the conveyance of letters, sug- 
gested by Palmer. 
Death of Dr. Samuel Johnson, and of Diderot. 

1785 Pitt's motion for Reform rejected, Apr. 18. Mr. Adams, 



334 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1785- 

A.D. 

1785 the first American ambassador, received at the English 
court, June i . Warren Hastings, who resigned the 
Indian government, Feb. 8, reaches London, June 16. 

The Mahratta chief, Sindhia, enters Delhi, and makes 
the Mogul Emperor tributary. 

La F^rouse sails on his voyage of discovery. He 

is shipwrecked, 1788. 
Faley's Moral Philosophy, and Cowper's Task 

published. 
The Rev. T. Warton succeeeds Whitehead as 
Foet Laureate. 

1786 Lord Comwallis appointed Governor-General of India, 

Feb. The Sinking Fund proposed by Fitt, Mar. 29, 
and adopted by Parliament. Burke moves the im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, Apr. 4. Attempt of 
Margaret Nicholson to stab the King, Aug. 2. Birth 
of Victoria, Duchess of Kent, Aug. 1 7. The Board 
of Trade instituted, Sept. 2. Commercial treaty 
between England and France, Sept. 

The Stadtholder, William Y., expelled from the Hague 
by the Dutch democrats. v 

Death of Frederic the Great, King of Prussia, Aug. 17, 
»t. 75. 

Convention at Annapolis, for the settlement of the 
government of the United States. 

The University of Bonn founded. 

Home Tooke publishes the Diveraiona of Purley. 

1 787 Sheridan moves the third article, impeaching Warren 

Hastings for his treatment of the Begums of Oude, 
Feb. 7. Criminals first sent to New South Wales, 
May. The bishopric of Nova Scotia founded, Aug. 
1 1 . The abolition of the slave trade first agitated by 
Clarkson and Wilberforce. 
First assembly of the French Notables at Versailles, Feb. 
22. Flight of the Minister, Calonne, Apr. Cardinal 
de Brienne, Minister of Finance. The Parliament of 
Paris refuses to- register the new edicts of taxation, 
July 6, and demands the convocation of the States- 
General. The Parliament is banished to Troyes, 
Aug., but recalled, Sept. 



1789] MODERN HISTORY. 335 

A.D. 

1 787 The Prussians invade Holland, and restore the Stadtholder. 
War between Turkey and Eussia. 

The General Convention at Philadelphia, presided over 
by Washington, frames the Federal Constitution of 
America, Sept. 

Death of Bishop Lowth. 

1788 Death of Charles Edward, the second Pretender, at 

Eome, Jan. 3^, set. 68. The trial of Warren 
Hastings begins in Westminster Hall, Feb. 1 3 ; Burke, 
Sheridan, Fox, Grey, &c., open the case for the prose- 
cution. Hesignation of Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice, 
June 3. The King attacked with mental aberration, 
Oct. Debates on the Begency question, Dec. Pitt's 
resolutions against the claims of the Prince of Wales 
carried. Birth of the first Lord Eaglan, and of the 
second Sir Eobert Peel. 

Closing of the French Parliaments. Plenary Court for 
registering the Boyal edicts nominated by the Eling, 
and, general disturbance being threatened, suppressed. 
Brienne resigns, Aug. 25. Eecall of Necker. Eesto- 

. ration of the Parliaments. Second assembly of the 
Notables, Nov. 6. 

War of Austria, in alliance with Eussia, against Turkey. 
The Turks, victorious over the Austrians at Lugosch, 
are defeated with great loss by the Eussians under 
Potemkin at Oczakow, Dec. 

Eevolt of Swedish officers at Frederickshal. 
Cotton first planted in Georgia, U.S. 
. The first number of the Time€ newspaper 
published, Jan. i. 
Death of Buffon,T. Gainsborough, and of J.Stuart.. 

1789 Agitation on the Eegency question. Eecovery of the 

King, Feb. Public thanksgiving in St. Paul's. 
Mutiny of the crew of the " Bounty," who colonise 
Pitcaim's Island, Apr. ; Captain Bligh's boat voyage 
of 4,000 miles. Address of the London Bevolutionary 
Society of 1688 to the National Assembly of France, 
Nov. Trial and acquittal of Stockdale, defended by 
Erskine, for libel on the Commons, Dec. 
Great excitement throughout France. Opening of the 



336 RUDIMENTAKY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1789- 

A.D. 

1789 States-Greneral at Versailles, May 5. The Tiers Etat 
assume the power of the three orders, and take the 
title of National Assembly, June 17. The Duke of 
Orleans, Mirabeau, Sieyes, &c., popular leaders. The 
King orders troops to Paris, and dismisses Necker, 
July 1 1 . Insurrection, at Paris, and storming of the 
Bastilei July 14. The King submits, July 17, dis- 
misses the troops, and recalls Necker. Bailly, Mayor 
of Paris, and La Fayette, Commander of the National 
guards. Emigration of the princes and the nobility. 
Abolition of all feudal privileges, and declaration of 
the " Bights of Man," Aug. 4. The Parisian popu- 
lace, instigated by Orleans, attack Versailles, Oct. 5, 
massacre the Eoyal guards, and bring the King and 
his family captive to Paris, Oct. 6. First meeting of 
the Jacobin Club, Oct. 19. Confiscation of Church 
property, Nov. 2. First issue of Assignats, Dec. 21. 

Insurrection in Belgium and Hungary, occasioned by the 
Emperor's reckless innovations, and eventually sup- 
pressed when these are rescinded. 
Defeat of the Turks by Suwarrow and Potemkin. Cap- 
ture of Belgrade and Bender. 
Ratification of the new Constitution of the United States. 
George Washington, first President. Parties of the 
Federalists and Democrats. 

Herschel erects his great telescope at Slough, 

and discovers two satellites of Saturn. 
Birth of Archbishop Whateley. 

1 790 Democratic societies in England excited by the Eevolution 

in France. War in Mysore against Tippoo Saib, Dec. 

France divided into 83 departments. Suppression of 
the religious orders and monasteries, Feb 13. All 
titles of nobility abolished, June 20. The King takes 
the oath to the new Constitution in the Champ de 
Mars, July 14. Tumults at Metz, Nancy, &c., Aug. 
Fall and flight of Necker, Sept. 4. 

Death of the Emperor Joseph II., Feb. 20. He is suc- 
ceeded by his brother, Leopold II., 1790-92. 

Swedish naval victory over the Kussians in Swenka 
Sound, July 10. Peace of Wereld. 



1792] MODERN HISTORY. v 

A.D. 

1 790 Ismail stormed by Sawarrow, with immense lo^ 

Turks, Dec. 

Publication of Burke's Eeflections on the French 
Revolution, Bosweirs Life of Johmon^ and 
Paine 's Rights of Man, 

Death of John Howard, Dr. Adam Smith, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, Dr. T. Warton, and of Dr. E. 
Henry. 

Birth of Sir J. F. W. Herschel,and of John Gibson. 

1791 Tippoo Saib defeated by Abercrorabie, Jan. 9. Bill 

dividing Canada into Upper and Lower, March 4. 
Political rupture between Burke and Fox, May 6. 
Burke is henceforth a supporter of Pitt's government. 
Lord Cornwallis defeats Tippoo Saib, May 15. Biots 
at Birmingham, July 14; Dr. Priestley's and other 
houses destroyed. Birth of Lord John Husseil. 
Secret union of Mirabeau with the French Court. He 
dies, April 2. Power of the Jacobin and Cordelier 
Clubs. Flight, June 20, and arrest of the King at 
Yarennes, June 22. Convention of Pilnitz between 
Austria and Prussia, in support of Louis XYI., Aug. 
27. New Constitution accepted by the King, Sept. 
13. Dissolution of the National Assembly, Sept. 30. 
The Legislative Assembly meets, Oct. i. Party of 
the Jacobins ascendant. Moderate party of the 
Girondists under Brissot, &c. Proscription of the 
emigrants as traitors. Insurrection at St. Domingo. 
General anarchy throughout France. Massacres at 
Marseilles, Avignon, &c. 
New Constitution in Poland, inimical to Eussian influence 

there* 
Peace of Szistova^ between Austria and the Turks, Aug. i . 

Galvanism discovered by L. Galvani of Bologna. 

Benjamin West succeeds Sir J. Eeynolds as 
President of the Eoyal Academy. 

Cowper publishes his Tramlation of Homer, 

Death of the Eev. John Wesley, and of J. D. 
Michaelis. 

1792 Seringapatam besieged by Lord Cornwallis. Submission 

of Tippoo Saiby March. Gradual abolition of the 



• 



858 BUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1792- 

y A.D. 

1792 slave trade voted, April 26. Lord Thurlow resigns 
the Great Seal, June 15. Lord Macartney sails on 
his unsuccessful embassy to China, Sept. Loyal 
associations are formed, and meetings held throughout 
England in support of the throne against revolutionary 
emiss^es. The English ambassador withdrawn from 
Erance. 

The guillotine adopted by a decree of the Erench Assembly, 
March 20. Louis XVI. compelled to declare war 
against Austria, April 20. Prussian invasion. Mani- 
festo of the Duke of Brunswick from Coblentz, July 
25. The Tuileries stormed, and the Swiss guards 
murdered, Aug. 10. The King and Boyal family 
imprisoned in the Temple. The Prussians take Longwy 
and Verdun, Aug. 23. Dreadful massacre in the 
prisons of Paris, Sept. 2-6, Kellermann defeats the 
Prussians at Valmy, Sept. 20. The National Conven- 
tion meets, Sept. 21. The King dethroned. 
Erench Eepublic. 

Decree fraternising with the revolutionists of- all 
countries. Betreat of the Prussians. The Austrians 
defeated by Dumourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6. Con- 
quest of Belgium, Savoy, and Nice by the Erench. 
Erancis II., Emperor of Germany. 
Gustavus III. of Sweden assassinated by Ankarstrom, 

March 6. 
Peace of Jassy, between the Turks and Bussians, who 

acquire fresh territory. Eoundation of Odessa. 
Insanity of the Queen of Portugal. John, Prince of 
Brazil, becomes Eegent. 

Coal gas first applied to purposes of illumination 

by Murdoch in Com^^all. 
Dugald Stewart's Fhilo8(^hy of the Human Mind 

published. 
Death of Bishop Home, Mozart, Sir Joshua 
Eeynolds, J. Smeaton, and of Sir E. Arkwright. 

1793 The Alien Bill passed, Jan. 4. General mourning in 

England for Louis XVI. England heads the Coalition 
of all Europe, except Sweden, Denmark, and Turkey, 
and declares war against Erance, Eeb. 11. Eirst 



1794] MODERN HISTORY. 339 

A.B. 

1793 motion for Parliamentary Reform of Mr. (afterwards 
Earl) Grey, May 6. The allies, under the Duke of 
York and the Prince of Saxe Coburg, reduce Valen- 
ciennes and Conde, but are defeated at Dunkirk, 
Sept. 7. Sir John Shore, Grovernor-General of India. 
Political prosecutions of Muir, Palmer, &c. 

Louis XYI. guillotined, Jan. 21. Austrian victory at 
Neermnden, and re*conquest of Belgium, March. 
Dumourier joins the allies, April. Jacobin Committee 
of Public Safety at Paris, April 6. The faction of 
the Mountain headed by Eobespierre triumphs over 
the Girondists, June. Second Constitution, almost 
immediately superseded. Heign of Terror. Fearful 
massacres throughout France. Civil war in La 
Vendee headed by Larochejaquelin, &c. Marat assas- 
sinated by Charlotte Corday, July 13. The Prussians 
take Mayence, July 22. " Levee en masse " ordered 
against the allies, Aug. Toulon surrenders to Lord 
Hood, Aug. 28. Atrocious cruelties of the Revolu- 
tionary tribunals at Lyons, Nantes, &c. ; many thou- 
sands murdered in masses. The Queen, Marie 
Antoinette, guillotined, Oct. 16, and the infamous 
Orleans (Egalit^, Nov. 6. The cathedral of Notre 
Dame converted into a " Temple of Reason." The 
churches everywhere closed. The Christian calendar 
renounced. Toulon, the scene of the first exploits of 
Napoleon Bonaparte, re-taken, Dec. 19 ; and 14,000 
of its inhabitants are guillotined, shot, or drowned, in 
punishment for their surrender to Hood. 

Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia. 
Russian troops occupy Warsaw. 

Republic of Hay ti, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, 1 793-97. 
Death of John Hunter, and of Dr. W. Robertson. 

1794 Formation of Volunteer regiments, March. Subsidies 

voted to the Foreign allies, April. Suspension of 
the Habeas Corpus Act, May 23. Lord Howe's 
victory over the French fleet off Ushant, June i. 
Corsica taken from the French, June 18. Conquest 
of the French settlements in the East and West Indies. 
Defeat and retreat of the Duke of York in the Nether- 

a2 



340 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. I794- 

A.D. 

1794 lands, Sept. Home Tooke, Hardy, and Thelwall tried 
for treason and acquitted, Oct. -Dec. Treaty of com- 
merce between England and the United States, Nov. 

Eobespierre guillotines H^ert, Clootz, and the party of 
the Commune, March 23, and Danton and his party, 
April 5. Murderous mission of Carrier in La Vendee, 
&c. Victories of Massena in Piedmont, and of 
Pichegru in Belgium. Madame Elizabeth, sister of 
Louis XVI., guillotined, May 10. Victory of Jourdan 
over the allies at Pleurus, June 26. Bobespierre 
and his faction overthrown and guillotined, July 28. 
End of the Eeign of Terror, release of many prisoners, 
and suppression of the Jacobin Clubs. Submission of 
Belgium. Invasion of Holland and Spain. The 
allied are everywhere unsuccessful and beaten back. 
The Poles rise, under Theodore Kosciusko, in resistance 
against the Bussians. Kosciusko is defeated and 
taken prisoner. Suwarrow storms Warsaw, and mas- 
sacres 20,000 of the citizens, Nov. 4. 

Paley's Evidences of CkrUtidnUy published. 

Death of Edward Gibbon, Lavoisier, Condoroet, 
Sir William Jones, James Bruce, and of G. 
Colman. 

Birth of Michael Faraday, and of George Grote. 

1 795 Discontent in Ireland ; Orange Clubs and United Irish- 

men Societies formed. Marriage of George, Prince of 
Wales, to the. Princess Caroline of Brunswick, April 8. 
Acquittal of Warren Hastings, April 23. Lord Brid- 
port's victory over the French fleet off L'Orient, 
June 22. Trincomalee, the Cape of Good Hope, &;c., 
taken by the English, Aug., Sept. The London 
Missionary Society founded* 
The, French under Pichegru conquer Holland, Jan., 
expel the Stadtholder, and establish the Batavian re- 
public. France makes peace with Prussia, April. 
Death, in the Temple, of the poor imprisoned boy 
known as Louis XVII. Peace with Spain, July, 
negociated by the Spanish Queen's favourite, Gk>doy, 
who hence calls himself Prince of Peace. Bevolt of 
the Parisian Sections, Oct. 4, suppressed by Napoleon 



1797] MODERN HISTORY. 341 

A.D. 

1795 Bonaparte, Oct. 5. Third Constitution proclaimed, 
Oct. 28. Executive Directory of 5 members, beaded 
by Barras and Camot. General amnesty. 

Final partition of Poland between Bussia, Prussia, and 
Austria. Extinction of the ancient Polish kingdom. 
King Stanislas is pensioned, and dies at St. Petersburgh, 
1798. Kosciusko dies in Switzerland, 181 7. 
First expedition of Mungo Park to Africa. 
Maynooth College founded. 
Death of J. G. Zimmerman, James Boswell, 

Barthelemy, and of Josiah Wedgwood. 
Birth of Sir Charles Barry. 

1796 The Spice Islands and other Dutch colonies captured by 

the English. Evacuation of Corsica, which is seized 
by the French, Oct. War between England and Spain, 
Oct. 1 1 . The Loyalty loan of £ 1 8,000,000 subscribed 
at London in 1 5 hours, Dec. i . Unsuccessful expedi- 
tion of the French under Hoche against Ireland, Dec. 
Bonaparte's first campaign in Italy, against Wurmser, 
Alvinzi, &c. : victories of Montenotte, April 1 1 ; 
Millesimo, April 14 ; Mondovi, April 22 ; Lodi, May 
1 1 ; and of Areola, Nov. The works of art at Parma 
carried off to Paris. Defeat of the French under Moreau 
and Jourdan by the Archduke Charles of Austria. 
Betreat of Moreau through the Black Forest, Oct. 
Death of the Empress Catherine II., Nov. 17. Her 

son, Paul, Emperor of Eussia, 1 796-1 801. 
Eesignation of George Washington, the great first Presi- 
dent of the United States. He is succeeded by John 
Adams, 1 796-1 801. 

Popularity and study of German literature in 
England. 

Vaccination discovered by Dr. Jenner. 

Lithography invented by Sennefelder. 

Death of Eobert Bums, Baynal, and of Dr. T. Beid . 

1 797 Sir John Jervis* and Nelson's victory over the Spanish 

fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14. Prohibition of 

payments in gold by the Bank of England, Feb. 26. 

Mutiny in the British fleets at Portsmouth, April, and 

. at the Nore, May, put down without bloodshed by 



342 RUDIMENTAEY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D, I797- 

A.D. 

I ']()'] the courage of the ELing and of Pitt. Duncan's victory 
over the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, Oct. 1 1 . Lord 
Wellesley appointed Governor General of India, Oct. 
Bonaparte's Austrian campaign : victory of Bivoli, Jan. 
14 ; capture of Mantua, Feb. 2, and of Ancona, Feb. 
9; fall of Venice, May 12, and of Genoa, May 22. 
The Cisalpine and Ligurian republics proclaimed. 
Victories of Hoche at Neuwied, and of Moreau at 
Strasburg, April. Bevolution of the 1 8th Fructidor 
(Sept. 4) ; three Directors instead of five. Peace of 
Campo Formio, between France and Austria, Oct. 1 7. 
Frederic William III., King of Prussia, 1797-1840. 

Stereotype printing invented by the Didots at 

Paris. 
Canning commences the jinti-Jacobin, 
Death of Edmund Burke, Horace Walpole, Earl 
of Orford, the Eev, W. Mason, and of the Kev. 
J. Milner. 

1 798 Eebellion in Ireland, May : arrest and death of Lord E. 

Fitzgerald; martial law proclaimed; the French 
auxiliaries defeated and captured ; suppression of the 
insurrection, Sept. Nelson's great victory of the Nile, 
Aug. I . Second Coalition against France : England, 
Bussia, Turkey, Austria, Naples, and Portugal, Dec. 
The French under Berthier seize Borne, Feb. 1 5, depose 
the Pope, and proclaim the Boman republic. Pius 
VI. dies a prisoner in France, 1 799. Switzerland is 
invaded by the French, April. The gallant resistance 
of the Swiss under Aloys Beding is ruthlessly put 
down, and the Helvetian republic established. Geneva 
incoi*porated with France. Bonaparte's expedition to 
Egypt : capture of Malta, June 12, and of Alexandria, 
July 2 ; victory of the Pyramids, July 21 ; capture of 
Cairo, July 22. 

Bell and Lancaster bring forward their plans of 

education. 
Death of C. F. Schwartz, missionary in India, 

Galvani, and of T. Pennant. 

1799 Successes of Sir Sidney Smith at Acre, March. War 

between the English and Tippoo Saib. Seringapatam 



l8oo] MODERN HISTORY. 343 

A.D. 

1.799 stormed by Sir Dayid Baird and Colonel Arthur 
Weliesley, and Tippoo Saib slain, May 4. Fall of the 
kingdom of Mysore. All Southern India, except the 
Mahratta states, is now subject to Bngland. Unsuc- 
cessful expedition of English and Bussians to Holland , 
Sept., Oct. Home surrenders to Commodore Trow- 
bridge, Sept. 29. The Church Missionary Society 
founded. Birth of the Earl of Derby. 
The Erench take Naples, Jan. 26, and establish the Par- 
thenopeau republic. Eenewed war with Austria, 
Mar. Murder of the French plenipotentiaries at 
Bastadt, April 28. Successful campaign of the 
Austrians and Bussians, under the Archduke Charles 
and Suwarrow, against the French, who lose nearly all 
Italy. Defeat of Korsakof by Massena at Zurich, Sept. 
Becall of Suwarrow, who retreats over the Alps, Oct. 
Campaign of Bonaparte in Egypt and Syria : storming 
of Jaffa, March 6 ; unsuccessful siege of St. Jeau 
d'Acre which is defended by Sir Sidney Smith, March- 
■ May; victory over the Turks at Aboukir, July 24. 
Bonaparte returns to Europe, and lands at Frejus, 
Oct. 7. Bevolution of the i8th Brumaire (Nov. 9). 
Abolition of the Directory. Fourth Constitution, 
virtually abolishing the republic. Bonaparte, First 
Consul for 10 years; Sieyes and Ducos, and after- 
wards Cambaceres and Le Brun, are named his col- 
leagues. Talleyrand, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and 
Fouch^ of Police. 
Death of George Washington, Dec. 14, set. d*]. 

The Eoyal Institution, London, founded. 

Publication of Campbell's Fleamres of Hope, 
Cuvier's Comparative Anatomy, and Laplace's 
M/canique Celeste. 

Death of Marmontel, and of Beaumarchais. 
1 800 Discontent and riots in England, occasioned by the high 
price of provisions. Attempt of Hatfield to assassinate 
the King, May 15. Malta taken by the English, 
Sept. 5. 
Bonaparte installed at the Tuileries. Fruitless overture 
for peace with England. Victory of General Kleber 



i 



344 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i8oO- 

A.D. 

1800 at Heliopolis, March 14. Brilliant campaign of Bona- 
parte in Italy : passage of the Great St. Bernard, 
May 23 ; capture of Milan, June 2 ; decisive victory 
over Melas at Marengo, June 14. Massena, besieged 
in Genoa, surrenders to the Austrians, June 5. Assas- 
sination of General Kleber at Cairo, June 14. Victory 
of Moreau at Hohenlinden, Dec. 3. Bonaparte nar- 
rowly escapes the explosion of an infernal machine, 
Dec. 29. 
Armed Neutrality of the Northern Powers — Eussia, 
Denmark, Sweden, and Prussia, aimed at the maritime 
supremacy of England, Dec. 1 5. 
Pope Pius VII. (Chiaramonti) is elected at Venice. 
Bepublic of the Ionian Islands founded. 
Washington made the seat of the American government. 
Downing College, Cambridge, and the Eoyal 

College of Surgeons, London, founded. 
The Voltaic pile discovered by Volta. 
Death of William Cowper, Dr. J. Warton, and of 

Dr. H. Blair. 
Birth of the Bt. Hon. T. B. Macaulay. 
iSoi Union between Great Britain and Ireland, Jan. i. The 
first Imperial Parliament meets, Jan. 22. Eesignation 
of Pitt, Feb. Addington ministry, March. Sir John 
Scott created Earl of Eldon, and Chancellor. British 
expedition to Egypt. Defeat of the French at Alexan- 
dria, March 21 ; death of Sir Ealph Abercrombie. 
Nelson destroys the Danish fleet before Copenhagen, 
April 2. Convention between England and the 
Northern Powers, June 17; the Armed Neutrality 
dissolved. Surrender of Cairo, June, and capitulation 
of the French forces in Egypt. Unsuccessful attack 
of Nelson on the Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4. 
Peace of LuneviUe, between France and Austria, Feb. 9 ; 
the Ehine, the French boundary. Concordat with the 
Pope. Eestoration of public religious worship, July 
15. Order and tranquillity are now completely re- 
established by Bonaparte. 
The Emperor Paul of Eussia, after many insane excesses, 
is strangled in his palace, March 23. 



1 803] MODERN HISTORY. 345 

A.D. 

1 80 1 Alexander I., Emperor of Eussia, 1801-25. Q^rgia 

incorporated with Eussia. 
Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, 
1801-9. 

Death of J. C. Lavater, and of Eobert Orme. 

1 802 Peace of Amiens, between Great Britain, France, Spain, 

and the^ Batavian republic, March 27. Sir Edward 
Law, created Earl of Ellenborough, succeeds Lord 
Kenyon as Chief Justice. Parliament votes £10,000 
to Dr. Jenner, June 3. Conspiracy of Colonel 
Despard, Nov. 16. 
Bonaparte made President of the Italian republic, Jan., 
and Consul for life, Aug. General amnesty to the 
French emigrants. Institution of the Legion of 
Honour. Expedition against, and submission of 
St. Domingo. Annexation of Piedmont, Sept. 
Brave but fruitless struggle of the Swiss Forest cantons, 
under Aloys Eeding, against the French. 

The West India Docks, London, opened. 
In France, canals, bridges, roads, and many 
great public works are undertaken by Bona- 
parte. Formation of the Gallery of the 
Louvre, furnished with the works of art 
lately won in war. 
Commencement. of the Edinhurgh Review. 
Death of Dr. E. Darwin, and of G. Eomney, 
painter. 

1 803 Peltier, defended by Mackintosh, is found guilty of a 

libel on Bonaparte, Feb. 21. Execution of Colonel 
Despard and his confederates, Feb. 2 1 . War renewed 
with France, May, and witk the Batavian republic, 
June. Capture of St. Lucia, Tobago, &c. Insur- 
rection in Dubliii: assassination of Lord Kilwarden, 
&c., July 23 ; execution of Emmet and other leaders, 
Sept. 19. To repel the threatened French invasion 
from Boulogne, the British yeomanry and volunteer 
corps are augmented to 379,943 men. Blockade of 
the French ports. War with the Mahrattas. Victory 
of Assaye won by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Sept. 23. 
Capture of Agra by Lake, Oct. 17. Delhi subdued, 

a3 



346 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a,D. 1803- 

A.D. 

1803 and the Mogiil Sultan pensioned. The French force, 
expelled from St. Domingo, surrenders to the English 
fleet, Nov. 30. 
France sells Lousiana to the United States, April 30. 
Bonaparte disarms the Swiss patriots, and constitutes 
himself Mediator. On the declaration of war, upwards 
of 10,000 English, then in France, are arrested and 
detained. The French take possession of Hanover, 
Holland, and Naples, and make immense preparations 
for the invasion of England. 
Insurrection of the Wahhabis in Arabia, who capture 
Mecca. They take Medina, &«., 1804. 

Invention of the Congreve rocket and the per- 
cussion lock. 
Phrenology brought forward by Dr. Gall. 
Malthus' JEssay on Population published. 
Death of J. Beattie, J. Ritson, Alfieri, Klopstock, 

La Harpe, and of Herder. 
Birth of Sir E. Landseer, and of Baron J. Liebig. 
1804 Indisposition, Feb., and recovery of the King, March. 
An English fleet of Indiamen repulse the French 
squadron of Linois, Feb. William Pitt again Premier, 
May 1 2. Fraser and Lake defeat the Mahrattas under 
Holkar, Nov. War declared against Spain, Dec. 
Adoption of the Code Napoleon in France, Jan. 1 5 . Con- 
spiracy against Bonaparte, Feb. : Pichegru and Wright 
are arrested, and soon after found dead in prison; 
execution of Georges; exile of Moreau. The Duke 
d'Enghien is seized at Ettenheim, March 1 5, and shot 
at Yincennes, March 20. 
Napoleon I. proclaimed Emperor of the French, May 1 8. 
Creation of 1 8 Marshals of the empire. Splendour of 
the Imperial Court. Napoleon and Josephine are 
crowned with great pomp at Notre Dame by the 
Pope, Dec. 2. 
Insurrection in Servia against the Turks. 

The British and Foreign Bible Society founded. 
Death of Emanuel Kant, J. Bryant, G. Morland, 
painter, the Eev. W. Gilpin, and of Dr. 
Priestley. 



l8o6] MODERN HISTORY. 347 

A.D, 

1805 Victory of Lord Lake over Holkar at Bhurtpore, April 2. 

Third Coalition of England, Austria, Eussia, and 
Sweden, against France, April. Erection of martello 
towers along the English coast. Impeachment of 
Lord Melville, June 25. Lord Cornwallis succeeds 
Lord Wellesley as Governor General of India, July, 
and dies, Oct. 5. Great victory of Nelson and 
Collingwood over the combined fleets of France and 
Spain, off Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 21 ; death of Nelson. 
Victory of Sir E. Strachan, off Ferrol, Nov. 4. Peace 
with the Mahrattas, Dec. 
Napoleon is crowned King of Italy at Milan, May 26, 
and appoints Eugene Beauharnais his viceroy. Victory 
of Ney over the Austrians at Elchingen, Oct. 14. 
Capitulation of the Austrian army under Mack at 
Ulm, Oct. 17. Napoleon occupies Vienna, Nov. 12. 
Great victory of Austerlitz over the Emperors of 
Austria and Enssifi, Dec. 2. Peace of Presburg, 
Dec. 27. Hanover assigned by Napoleon to Prussia. 
The Electors of Bavaria and Wirtemberg receive the 
title of Elings. 

Mungo Park makes a second expedition to Africa, 
and is killed at Boussa. 

The London Docks opened. 

The London Institution founded. 

Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel published. 

Death of Schiller, J. F. Gmelin, and of Dr. Paley. 

Birth of Bishop Wilberforce, Earl Stanhope, Sir 
E. B. Lytton, and the Et. Hon. B. Disraeli. 

1806 Capture of the Cape of Good Hope by Baird and 

Popham, Jan. 8. Public funeral of Lord Nelson in 
St. Paul's, Jan. 9. Death of William Pitt, Jan. 23, 
set. 47. Coalition ministry of "All the Talents,*' 
Feb. 5 : Lord GrenviUe, Premier ; C. J. Fox, Foreign 
Secretary; Lord H. Petty (now Marquis of Lans- 
downe). Chancellor of the Exchequer ; and Lord 
Erskine, Chancellor. Naval victories of Duckworth, 
Warren, &o. The British fleets are now all powerful 
on every sea. Hanover taken possession of by 
Prussia, April i . Eesolutions carried in Parliament 



348 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i8o6- 

A.D. 

.1806 for the abolition of the slave trade, June 10. 
Acquittal of Lord MelylUe, June 12. Buenos 
Ayres captured by Popham, June 27 ; the Spaniards 
retake it, Aug. English victory under Stuart at 
Maida in Calabria, July 4. Death of C. J. Fox, 
Sept. 13, set. 58. Fourth Coalition against France : 
England, Eussia, Prussia, Saxony, and Sweden, Oct. 

Establishment of Napoleon's Federative System. Joseph 
Bonaparte made King of Naples; Louis Bonaparte, 
King of Holland; Murat, Grand Duke of Cleves. 
Napoleon, Protector of the Confederation of the 
Ehine, July 12. Palm, bookseller at Nuremberg, 
shot, Aug. 26. The victories of Jena by Napoleon, 
and of Auerstadt by Davoust, Oct. 14, lay prostrate 
tlve Prussian monarchy. Napoleon's ^* Continental 
System" commences by his Berlin Decree, Nov. 21, 
prohibiting all commerce and intercourse with British 
subjects, and declaring the British isles in a state of 
blockade. The French again occupy Hanover. Battle 
of Pultusk against the Bussians, Dec. 26. 

The German Empire, after a thousand years duration, is 
formally dissolved by Francis IL, who takes the title 
of Francis I., Emperor of Austria, Aug. 6. 

War between Bussia and Turkey. Mohammed Ali, 
Pasha of Egypt. 

Assassination of Dessalines, Emperor of Hayti, which is 
divided by Christophe and Petion. 

The East India College, Haileybury, founded. 
The East India Docks, London, opened. 
Death of Bishop Horsley, J. C. Adeiung, J. T. 
Barry, painter, and of Henry Kirke White, 
Foems, 
1 80.7 Order of Council, in retaliation for Napoleon's Berlin 
Decree, Jan. 7. Monte Video taken by Auchmuty, 
Feb. 2. Duckworth forces the passage of the Darda- 
nelles, Feb. 19. Alexandria taken by Eraser, March 
20. Act for the abolition of the slave trade passed. 
Mar. 25. New ministry. Mar. The Duke of Port- 
land, Premier, and George Canning, Foreign Secretary. 
Lord Minto, Governor General of India. Conflict 



l8o8] MODERN HISTORY. 849 

A.B. 

1 807 between the English " Leopard " and the U. S. frigate 
** Chesapeake," June 2 1 . Defeat of Whitelocke at 
Buenos Ayres, July 5. Copenhagen bombarded, and 
the Danish fleet captured, Sept. 5. Heligoland taken, 
Sept. Second Order in Council against the Milan 
Decree, Nov. 21. Madeira taken, Dec. Death of 
Henry, Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts, set. 82. 

French victory of Eylau, Feb. 8. The French capture 
Dantzic, May 26, and gain the battle of Friedland, 
June 14. Interview between Napoleon and Alexan- 
dria of Bussia on a raft in the Niemen, June 25. 
Peace of Tilsit, between France, Bussia, and Prussia, 
July 7. Jerome Bonaparte made King of West- 
phalia, and Warsaw a grand duchy under the King 
of Saxony. Treaty with Spain for the partition of 
Portugal, which is occupied by Junot, Oct., and the 
Boyal family embark for Brazil. New Decree against 
British commerce from Milan, Nov. 1 1 . 
Bevolt of the Turkish Janizaries, caused by the intro- 
duction of European discipline. Deposition of 
Sultan Selim III., who is succeeded by Mustapha lY. 
Brunei invents his block making machine. 
The first steam vessel is started by Fulton on 

the river Hudson, U. S. 
Gas lamps, introduced by Winsor, are first used 

in the streets of London. 
Publication of Sismondi^s Italian History, and 

of Byron's Hours of Idleness. 
Death of De Lolme, Lalande, and of J. Opie, 
painter. 

1808 English expedition in aid of the Portuguese. Sir 

Arthur Wellesley arrives at Oporto, July 25, defeats 
the French at Eolica, Aug. 1 7, and at Yimiera, Aug. 
21. Sir Hew Dalrymple, the General in Chief, 
concludes the impolitic Convention of Cintra, Aug. 
30. The Bussian fleet in the Tagus surrenders to 
Sir C. Cotton, Sept. 3. 
Spanish insurrection at Aranjuez, Mar. 17. Gt>doy 
imprisoned by the people. Charles lY. resigns the 
throne to his son, Ferdinand YII., Mar. 19. 



350 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. iSoS" 

A.D. 

1808 Marat, at the head of a French force, enters Madrid, 

Mar. 23. Rome and the Papal states seized by the 
French, April 2. Napoleon decoys the Spanish 
Boyal family to Bayonne, April 30, imprisons Charles 
and Ferdinand, and compels them to cede their rights 
to him. Eising of the Spanish people, and massacre 
by Murat at Madrid, May 2. Appointment of the 
Eegency Junta of Seville, who apply to England for 
aid. Napoleon appoints his brother, Joseph, King 
of Spain, and Murat succeeds Joseph as King of 
Naples. Saragossa successfully defended against the 
French by Palafox. French victory at Kio Secco, 
and defeat at Baylen, July. Interview between 
Napoleon and Alexander of Russia at Erfurt, Sept. 

27. Napoleon enters Spain, Nov. 7 ; gains the 
victories of Burgos, Espinosa, and Tudela; and 
enters Madrid, Dec. 4. 

Birth of Louis Napoleon, now Emperor of the French, 

at Paris, April 20. 
War of Russia and Denmark against Sweden. Russia 

conquers Finland. 
Deposition of Sultan Mustapha lY., who is succeeded 
by Mahmood II. Insurrection of the Janizaries. 
Publication of Scott* s Marmion. 
Death of Bishop Hurd, Angelica Kaufmann, R. 
Person, and of J. Home. 

1 809 Battle of Corunna, and death of Sir John Moore, Jan. 

16. Capture of Cayenne and Martinique, Feb. 
Fifth coalition against France: England, Austria, 
Spain, and Portugal, April. Naval victory of Lords 
Gambier and Cochrane in the Basque Roads, April 
12. Passage of the Douro, and repulse of Soult, 
May 1 2, ^by Sir Arthur Wellesley, now General in 
Chief of the allied British and Portuguese forces. 
Wellesley drives the French from Portugal, advances 
into Spain, and gains the victory of Talavera over 
King Joseph, Jour dan, and Victor, July 28. Sir 
Arthur Wellesley created Viscount Wellington, Aug. 

28. Disastrous English expedition to Walcheren, 
Aug.-Nov. The Ionian Islands taken by Lord 



l8lo] MODERN HISTORY. 351 

A.D. ^ 

1 809 - Collingwood, Oct. i . Jubilee, to celebrate the King's 

commencing the 50th year of his reign, Oct. 25. 
Spencer Percival, Premier, Nov. ; Lord Palmerston, 
Secretary at War. Birth of the Eight Hon. W. E. 
Gladstone. 

Second siege, and capture of Saragossa by the French, 
after an heroic defence by Palafox, Feb. 21. Un- 
ceasing war against the French is waged by the 
Guerillas throughout Spain. 

Insurrection of the Tyrol under Hofer, &c., April. 

Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Abensberg, April 
20, at Eckmuhl, April 22, and enters Vienna, May 
13. Napoleon is defeated by the Archduke Charles 
at Aspern and Essling, May 21, 22, but gains the 
decisive victory of Wagram, July 6. Gallant retreat 
of the Duke of Brunswick. Peace of Vienna, with 
Austria, Oct. 1 1 . The Papal territories annexed to 
France. Pope Pius VII. excommunicates Napo- 
leon, but is carried off a prisoner to Savona. Divorce 
of the Empress Josephine, Dec. 1 6. 

Insanity and deposition of Gustavus IV. of Sweden. 
His uncle is proclaimed King as Charles XIIL 
Peace with Eussia and Denmark. 

War renewed between Turkey and Eussia. 

American Non-intercourse Act against England and 
France, March i . James Madison, President of the 
United States, 1809-17. 

The new Covent Garden theatre opened. O. 

P. riots. 
The Quarterly Review commenced. 
Death of Haydn, and of Miss A. Seward. 

1810 Guadaloupe taken by Beck with, Feb. 5. Burdett 

riots in London, April. The Isle of Bourbon and 
the Mauritius taken, July 3, leaving the French 
without a single colony. Peace being established 
between France and Austria, Napoleon sends troops 
in vast numbers, headed by Massena, to the Penin- 
sula, to ** drive the English into the sea." The 
French capture Lerida, Ciudad Eodrigo, and Almeida, 
but are defeated by Wellington with great loss at 



352 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i8io 

A.D. 

1810 Busaco, Sept. 27. Wellington retires behind the 
impregnable lines of Torres Vedras, Oct. Eenewed 
insanity of King George III., Oct. 25, occasioned by 
the last farewell of the Princess Amelia, who dies, 
NoY. 2. Death of Lord Collingwood, and of W. 
Windham. 

The Spanish Cortes meet at Cadiz, Sept. 24. 
Marriage of Napoleon to Maria Louisa of Austria, 
April 2. Subjection of the Tyrol, and execution of 
Hofer, April 5. Abdication of Louis Bonaparte, 
King of Holland, which is annexed to France. 
Decree ordering all British manufactures on the 
Continent to be burnt, August 18. Peace with 
Sweden, which is forced to declare war against 
England. Bernadotte adopted as Crown Prince of 
Sweden, August 2 1 . 
The Turks, victorious at Shumla, are defeated by the 

Eussians at Giurgevo and Budshuk. 
Insurrection of the Spanish colonies in America. 
Confederation of Venezuela formed by Mexico, Peru, 
Buenos Ayres, and Caraccas. 

The University of Berlin found#d. 

Scott's Lady of the Lake published. 

Death of the Hon. Henry Cavendish, and of Dr. 

Chandler. 
Birth of Alfred Tennyson. 

1 8 1 1 Kegency of George, Prince of Wales, Feb. Victory of 

Graham over Victor at Barossa, March 6. Betreat 
of Masseua. Soult captures Badajos, March 11. 
4,000 Danes repulsed from Anholt by the British 
garrison of 150 men, March 27. Wellington defeats 
Massena at Fuentes d'Onore, May 5, and takes A1-* 
meida. May 10. Victory of Beresford over Soult at 
Albuera, May 16. Engagement between H. M. 
sloop " Little Belt " and the U. S. frigate " Presi- 
dent." Conquest of Batavia and the Dutch 
possessions in Java, August. The French under 
Gerard surprised by Hill at Arroyo de Molinos, Oct. 
28. Eiots of the Nottingham weavers, Nov. Deatb 
of the Duke of Grafton, and of Lord Melville. 



I8l2l MODERN HISTORY, 358 

■* • 

A.D. 

1 8 1 1 Birth of Charles Napoleon, Kingof Rome, at Paris, Mar. 20. 
Mohammed Ali, Turkish viceroy of Egypt, massacres 

1,600 Mamelukes in the citadel of Cairo, Mar. i. 
Christophe, a negro, crowned King of Hayti as Henry I. 
A brilliant comet is visible during this autumn. 
. The National School Society instituted. 

Sir E. Bourgeois bequeaths his paintings to 

Dulwich College. 
The Strand, now Waterloo, bridge commenced. 
Death of Bishop Percy, Dr. N. Maskelyne, 
Bobert Raikes, J. Leyden, P. S. Pallas, H. 
Hoppner, and of E. Cumberland. 
Birth of W. M. Thackeray at Calcutta, and of D. 
Maclise. 

1 81 2 Wellington takes Ciudad Bodrigo by storm, Jan. 19, 

and is created an Earl. He storms Badajos, Apr. 6. 
Mr. Percival shot by Bellingham, May 1 1 . Almarez 
taken by Hill, May 19. Lord Liverpool, Premier, 
June 9 ; Robert Peel, Secretary for Ireland. War 
between England and the United States declared, 
June 1 8. The English successful on land, and the 
Americans by sea. Lord Moira (Hastings), Governor 
Greneral of India. Treaty of alliance between England, 
Russia, and Sweden, July 18. Wellington signally 
defeats Marmont at Salamanca, July 22, and enters 
Madrid in triumph, Aug. 1 2. He is created a Marquis. 
On the approach of Soult and Joseph, Wellington 
retreats from Burgos, Oct. 21. 

New Constitution proclaimed by the Cortes of Spain, 
March. 

Eorced alliance of Austria and Prussia with France 
against Russia. Napoleon invades Russia at the head 
of 400,000 infantry, 60,000 cavalry, and 1,200 pieces 
of artillery, June. Capture of Smolensko, Aug. 17. 
Victory of Borodino, Sept 7. Napoleon enters the 
Kremlin, Sept. 15. Burning of Moscow. Retreat of 
the French, Oct. 19. The Russians, under Kutusoff, 
closely pursue, and their attacks, added to the rigour 
of the climate, make dreadful devastation in the French 
ranks. Passage of the Beresina, attended with terrible 



354 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. ^8l2- 

A.B. 

1812 losses, Nov. 26-28. Out of an army increased by 
reinforcements to nearly 600,000, only 42,000 worn 
and famished men re-cross the Niemen. Unsuccessful 
conspiracy of Malet at Paris, Oct. Napoleon reaches 
Paris, Dec. 19. • 

Peace of Bucharest, between Eussia and Turkey, which 
cedes Bessarabia and Moldavia as far as the Pruth, 
Mar. 28. 
Ee-capture of Mecca and Medina, and repression of the 
Wahhabis by Mohammed Ali. Introduction of 
European tactics in Egypt. 

Publication of Byron's Childe Harold, and of 

Niebuhr's Roman History, 
Death of C. G. Heyne, E. Malone, J. Home 

Tooke, and of P. J. de Loutherbourg. 
Birth of Charles Dickens. 

1 8 1 3 Sixth great Coalition against France : England, Eussia, 

Prussia, Sweden, and subsequently Austria. Captain 
Broke in the " Shannon " captures the American 
frigate "Chesapeake," June i. Wellington totally 
defeats Joseph and Jourdan at Yittoria» June 21, and 
is created a Field Marshal. Wellington gains the 
battles of the Pyrenees, July, Aug. ; takes St. Sebas- 
tian by storm, Aug. 3 1 ; crosses the Bidassoa, and 
leads the allies into France, Oct. 7 ; and defeats Soult 
on the Nivelle, Nov. 10. The Duke of Cambridge 
takes possession of Hanover. 
War of German Liberation. Victory of Napoleon over 
the allies under Wittgenstein at Lutzen, May 2, and 
at Bautzen, May 2 1 . Armistice of Pleswitz. Austrian 
manifesto against Napoleon, Aug. 10. Victory over 
Schwartzenberg at Dresden, Aug 27 ; Moreau mortally 
wounded. French defeats of Macdonald at the Katz- 
bach by Blucher, Aug. 26 ; of Vandamme at Culm by 
Ostermann and Kleist, Aug. 29, 30 ; and of Ney at 
Dennewitz by Bulow and Tauenzien, Sept. 6. Napo- 
leon is totally defeated at Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, and 19, 
and retreats to the Ehine. Universal rising against 
the French, and breaking up of the Confederation 
of the Ehine. The allies begin to cross the Ehine, Dec. 



1 8 14] MODERN HISTORY. 365 

A.D. 

1 81 3 The people of Holland throw off the French yoke, recall 

the Prince of Orange from England, and proclaim him 
Sovereign of the United Netherlands, Dec. 3. 
Ferdinand VII. of Spain is released by Napoleon, Dec. 
1 1 . The Cortes abolish the Inquisition. 

Publication of Moore's Irish Melodies, and of 
Sismondi's History of tJie Literature of 
Southern Europe. 
Eobert Southey succeeds H. J, Pye las Poet 

Laureate. 
Death of J. L. Lagrange, C. M. Wieland, J. 
Delille, and of Granville Sharpe. 

1 8 14 The Custom house, London, burnt, Feb. 12. Welling- 

ton defeats Soult at Orthes, Feb.- 2 7 . Bordeaux invites 
the British, and proclaims Louis XYIII. Wellington 
defeats Soult at Toulouse, Apr. 10. Wellington 
is created a Duke, and Parliament votes him £300,000 
for the purchase of an estate, May i. Dr. T. F. 
Middleton consecrated first Bishop of Calcutta, May 8. 
Treaty of Paris, May 30. Visit of the Emperor of 
Bussia and King of Prussia to England, June. 
Washington captured and burnt, Aug. 24. Defeat 
and death of General Boss in an attack on Baltimore, 
Sept. 13. Hanover erected into a kingdom, Oct. 
War with the Nepaulese, Nov. Peace of Ghent, 
between England and the United States, Dec. 24. 
Fanatic delusion, and death of Joanna Southcote. 
Napoleon is defeated by Blucher at Brienne, Feb. i. 
Partial successes of Napoleon at Champ Aubert, 
Montmirail, 8zx;., Feb. 10-12. Fruitless Congress of 
Chatillon. Napoleon attacks Blucher with success at 
Craonne, Mar. 7, but is defeated at Laon, Mar. 'lo. 
Bheims re-captured .by Napoleon, Mar. 13, the last 
town he ever took. Napoleon, repulsed by Schwart- 
zenberg at Arcis sur Aube, Mar. 20, marches on St. 
Dizier, leaving the road to Paris open. The allies, 
after defeating Marmont and Mortier, storm the 
heights of Montmartre, Mar. 30, and enter Paris, 
Mar. 3 1 . Abdication of Napoleon at Fontainbleau, 
Apr. II. He lands at Elba, May 14. The Empress 



356 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1814- 

A.D. 

1 814 Maria Louisa is invested with the duchy of Parma 
and Piacenza. Death of Josephine at Malmaison, 
May 29. 

Eestoration of the House of Bourbon in France. 
Louis XVIII., King of Prance, 1814-24. 

Constitutional Charter, June 4. 
Pope Pius YII. reinstated at Borne by the allies, May 

24. The Order of Jesuits restored, Aug 7. 
Ferdinand YII., on his return to Spain, dissolves the 

Cortes, imprisons or exiles its most distinguished 

members, establishes an intolerant despotism, and 

restores the Inquisition. 
Peace of Kiel, by which Denmark cedes Norway to 

Sweden. 
The Congress of Vienna opens Nov. i, and continues 

debating through the winter. "Le Congr^ danse, 

mais il n'avance pas." 

Wordsworth's Excurmn published. 
Death of Dr. Burney, C. Dibdin, and of J. G. 
Fichte. 

181 5 Unsuccessful English attack on New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

Subjection of Ceylon, Feb. Corn law riots in London, 
Feb., March. Declaration of the United Powers of 
Europe against Napoleon, Mar. 13. Wellington 
takes the command of the allied armies in the Nether- 
lands, Apr. Defeat of the Prussians under Blucher 
at Ligny, June 16. Eepulse of Ney by the British 
at Quatre Bras, .June 16; death of the Duke of 
Brunswick. Battle op Watebloo, in which Napo- 
leon is utterly defeated by Wellington, June 1 8. Paris 
surrenders to Wellington and Blucher, July 3 . Second 
Treaty of Paris, Nov. 20. Allied army of Occupation 
in France, under Wellington. Protectorate of the 
Ionian Islands conferred upon England. 
Napoleon returns from Elba, Mar. i, and after a tri- 
umphant march, arrives in Paris, Mar. 20. Louis 
XVIII. retires to Ghent. The Hundred Days. Champ 
de Mai at Paris, June i . Napoleon leaves Paris for 
his disastrous last campaign, June 13. Napoleon 
abdicates the second time, June 22, and surrenders to 



l8l6] MODERN HISTORY. 857 

A.D. 

1 815 Captain Maitland of the " Bellerophon," July 15, 
seeking an asylum among " the most powerfiQ, the 
most constant, and the most generous of his enemies." 
The allied Sovereigns determine his banishment to St. 
Helena, and he lands there, Oct. 17. 

Louis XVIII. re-enters Paris, July 8. Execution of 
Labedoyere, Aug., and of Ney, Dec. Escape of 
Lavalette. 
Murat, King of Naples, is defeated by the Austrians, 
April, May, and retires to Corsica. Ferdinand IV. 
is restored as King of the Two Sicilies. Murat, 
with a few followers, makes a descent on Calabria, 
Oct. 8, and is taken prisoner and shot, Oct. 13. 
Union of Belgium and Holland under the Prince of 

Orange as William I., King of the Netherlands. 
The " Holy Alliance " formed between Eussia, Prussia, 
and Austria, Sept. 

The vast collection of works of art at Paris, 
acquired by Napoleon* s conquests, is broken 
up and restored to the original owners by the 
allies. 
The British and Foreign School Society founded. 
Southwark bridge commenced. 
Expedition of Belzoni to Egypt. 
Death of Dr. C. Buchanan^ J. G. Bosenmiiller, 
C. Niebuhr, and of J. S. Copley. 

1 816 Benewed war with the Nepaulese, Jan. Mission of 

Lord Amherst to China, Feb. Marriage of the 
Princess Charlotte to Prince Leopold of Saxe 
Coburg, May '2. Agricultural riots. May. Algiers 
bombarded by Lord Exmoutb, Aug. 27 ; the Dey 
releases all his European captives, and promises to 
abolish Christian slavery. Spa Fields riots, Dec. 
First Germanic Diet opened at Frankfort, Nov. 5. 
Francia, President of Paraguay. 

The College of St. Bees, Cumberland, founded. 
Sir Humphrey Davy invents the safety lamp. 
Publication of Scott's Waoerley. 
Death of Bishop Watson, Dr. A. Ferguson, and 
of B. B. Sheridan. 



358 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1817- 

A.B. 

1817 Biots in yarious parts of England. Suspension of the 

Habeas Corpus Act, March 4. The popular excite- 
ment is augmented by Cobbett's Political Eegister^ 
&c. Strathfieldsaye purchased by the nation for 
the Duke of WelliDgton. Death of the Princess 
Charlotte, Nov. 6, set. 22. Trial and acquittal of 
William Hone, Dec. War with the Mahrattas. 
James Monroe, President of the United States, 1817-25. 
Bolivar, head of the government of Venezuela. 

De Preycmet sails on his voyage of discovery. 
Waterloo bridge, and the new Custom house, 

London, opened. 
• Betirement of John Kemble from the stage. 
Publication of Moore's Lalla Bookh^ and the 

first number of Blackwood* 9 Magazine, 
Death of Madame de Stael, A. G. Werner, J. P. 
Curran, C. Messier, J. L. Burckhardt, and of 
J. Heinrich Jung. 

1818 Marriage of the Princess Elizabeth to the Prince of 

Hesse Homburg, and of the Duke of Cambridge to 
the Princess Augusta of Hesse Cassel, May 7. 
Marriage of Edward, Duke of Kent, to the Princess 
Victoria of Saxe Coburg, widow of the Prince of 
Leiningen, May 29. Marriage of the Duke of Clarence 
to the Princess Adelaide of Saxe Meniugen, July 1 1 . 
Death of Queen Chariotte, Nov. 1 7, set. 75. Death of 
Lord Ellenborough, Warren Hastings, and of Sir S. 
Bomilly. 

Congress of Aix la Chapelle, Sept.-Nov. France 
joins the " Holy Alliance." The army of Occupation 
withdrawn. 

Bepresentative Constitutions granted in Bavaria, and 
other Grerman States. 

Bemadotte succeeds to the crown of Sweden as Charles 
XIV., Feb. 5. 

Conquest of Cashmere and Moultan by the Sikhs. 

Boyer succeeds Petion as President of Hayti. 

San Martin defeats the Spaniards at Maypo, and secures 
the independence of Chili. 

Betum of Boss from his Arctic voyage, Nov. 



l820] MODERN HISTORY. 359 

AD. 

1 8 1 8 Hallam's History of the Middle Age% published. 

Death of Chateaubriand, Monge, and of M. G. 

Lewis. 

1 8 1 9 Birth of George, now Duke of Cambridge, March 26. 

Peel's Bill for the resumption of cash payments, July. 
Political agitation. Meetings and petitions for Beibrm. 
Eiots at Manchester, Aug. 16, and in various parts of 
the country. 
Birth of Queen Victoria at Kensington Palace, May 24, 

and of Prince Albert, Aug. 26. 
Political excitement in Germany and Prussia. Death of 

Marshal Blucher. 
Eepublic of Colombia, formed by the union of Venezuela 
and New Granada. Bolivar, President. 

Pranklin's land expedition to the North Polar 

Sea, 1819-22. 
Parry's first Arctic voyage of discovery, 1 8 1 9-20. 
The first steam vessel, the " Savannah/' crosses 

the Atlantic. 
South wark bridge opened. The Menai suspen- 
sion bridge begun by Telford. 
Death of Kotzebue (assassinated), James Watt, 
J. Playfair, and of Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar). 

1820 Death of Edward, Duke of Kent, at Sidmouth, Jan. 23. 

Death of King George III. at Windsor, Jan. 29, 

.set. 83. His protracted reign "was, without doubt, 

the most eventful period in the annals of the world." 

Geoege IV., King of Great Britain, 1820-30. 

Discovery of the Cato Street Conspiracy, Feb. 23. 
Execution of Thistlewood, &c., May i . Queen Caro- 
line arrives in England, June 6. Great popular 
excitement. Bill of Pains and Penalties brought in 
against her, July 5, and abandoned, Nov. 10. Death 
of Henry Grattan. 

Assassination of the Duke of Berri, Feb. 13. Birth of 
his posthumous son, the Duke of Bordeaux, Sept. 29. 

Eevolution in Spain, under Kiego, Quiroga, &c., Jan. 
Establishment of the free Constitution of 181 2. 
Abolition of the Inquisition. 

Revolution in Portugal, in favour of a free Constitution. 



360 RUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1820- 

A.D. 

1820 Bevolution in Naples, under Fepe, &c. The King swears 

to a free Constitution. 
Suicide of Henry I. (Christophe) of Hayti. The whole 

island becomes a republic under Boyer. 
The United States acquire the Fioridas by purchase from 
Spain. 

Sir H. Davy, President of the Royal Society. 
Sir T. Lawrence, President of the Boyal Academy. 
Death of Benjamin West, P.ILA., Sir J. Banks, 
P.R.S., Arthur Young, Dollond, and of W. 
Hayley. 

1 82 1 Coronation of George lY., July 19. Death of Queen 

Caroline, Aug. 7. The king visits Ireland, Aug., 
and Hanover, Oct. 
Death of Napoleon at St. Helena, May 5, aet. 52. 
Naples invaded by an Austrian army, and despotic 
government re-established. Sardinia, which had made 
the same effort for freedom, shares the same fate. 
Commencement of the Greek insurrection, under Ypsilanti, 
against the Turks. Massacre of Greeks, and execution 
of the Patriarch, at Constantinople. Napoli di 
Bomania, Tripolitza, Missolonghi, &c., are taken by 
the Greeks, who establish a Provisional Government. 
San Martin captures Lima, and is proclaimed Protector 
of Peru, Aug. 8. 

Parry's second Arctic voyage, 1821-23. 
Egyptian hieroglyphics deciphered by Cham- 

pollion. 
Sismondi's H%%tory of France published. 
Death of John Keats, Poems, C. A. Stothard, 
B.A., Mrs. Piozzi, Mrs. Inchbald, and of C. J. 
Kich. 

1822 Peel succeeds Lord Sidmouth as Home Secretary, Jan. 

The King visits Scotland, Aug. Suicide of the Mar- 
quis of Londonderry, Aug. 12. Canning becomes 
Foreign Secretary, Sept. 16. Commencement of a 
more liberal policy. 

Discontent and agitation in France. Execution of Berton. 

Congress of Verona. Beactiouary policy repressing 
liberalism. 



1823] MODERN HISTORY. . 361 

A.D. 

1822 Civil war in Spain. 

Declaration of Greek independence. Scio desolated by 
the Turks ; 40,000 Greeks are massacred, and 30,000 
sold as slaves. 
Ali Pasha, after long defying the Turkish power, is 

defeated and slain at Janina. 
Brazil declared independent, and Don Pedro, Crown 

Prince of Portugal, proclaimed Emperor. 
Independence of Mexico, under Iturbide as Emperor. 
He resigns, 1823. 

Discoveries of Clapperton and Denham in the 

interior of Africa, 1 822-24. 
The Caledonian canal opened. 
Parliamentary grant for printing the early his- 
torians of Britain. 
Suspension of Guizot's Lectures on History at 

the Sorbonne. 
Death of Bishop Middleton, Sir W. Herschel, 
Canova, P. B. Shelley, Poems, Dr. E. D. 
Clarke, Berthollet, Delambre, and of Dr. 
Aikin. 

1823 Mr. Huskisson, President of Board of Trade, Jan. 31. 

Peel's Currency Bill comes into operation, May 2. 
Lord Amherst, Governor General of India. Beginald 
Heber, Bishop of Calcutta. Death of Earl St. Vincent, 
and of Lord Erskine. 
A French army, under the Duke of Angouleme, enters 
Spain, and after a struggle with the Constitutionalists, 
restores despotism. Mina and Quiroga escape to 
England. Biego is taken prisoner, and executed, 
Nov, 7. 
Counter-Bevolution in Portugal, re-establishing abso- 
lutism. 
Pope Leo XII. (Hannibal della Genga), 1823-29. 

The Eang presents the library, coins, and medals, 
collected by George III., to the British 
Museum. 
The Boyal Society of Literature, and the Boyal 

Asiatic Society founded. 
Dr. Birkbeck founds the Mechanics' Institute of 

B 



362 RUDIB4ENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [1823- 

A.D. 

1825 London. Others soon spring up in the leading 

towns. 
Death of Mrs. Baddiffe, E. Bloomfield, Paenu, 
J. Nollekens, E.A., Sir H. Baeburn, E.A.^ 
D. Bicardo, Dr. Jenner, the Bev. C. Wolfe, 
J. P. Kemble, Dr. C. Hutton, and of Belzoni. 

1824 Sir G. McCarthy defeated and slain by the Ashantees^ 

Jan. British consuls sent to the South American 
republics. War with the Burmese. Capture of 
Bangoon, May 5. Bestoration of the titles forfeited 
in 1745. 
Death of Louis XYIIL at Paris, Sept. 16, set. 69. 
Charles X., King of France, 1824-30. 
The struggle between the Greeks and Turks continues- 

with merciless violence on both sides. 
Bolivar, Dictator in Peru. Iturbide attempts to r^ain 
power in Mexico, and is shot. 

Parry's third Arctic voyage, 1824-25. 
Architectural improvements in London. Com-^ 
mencement of the new London bridge and 
the General Post Office. 
The National Gallery founded. 
Death of Lord Bvron at Missolonghi, April 19, 
B. P. Knight, the Bev. B. C. Maturin, and of 
Bowdich, African traveller. 

1825 Joint Stock Company and speculation mania in England. 

Suppression of the Lrish " Catholic Association," Feb. 

Becognition of the new states of Mexico and Colombia. 

Disastrous commercial panic^ Dec. Defeat of the 

Burmese, and capture of Prome by Campbell. 
Death of the Emperor Alexander at Taganrog, Dec. i . 
Nicholas I., Emperor of Bussia, 1825-55. 

Constantine, his elder brother, refuses the throne. 

Unsuccessful military insurrection at St. Petersburg. 
Navarino re-captured from the Greeks by Ibrahim Pasha. 
John Quincy Adams, President of the United States, 

1825-29. 
Upper Peru is formed into the new republic of Bolivia. 
First voyage by steam from England to India 
made by Captain Johnson in the " Enterprise." 



1827] MODERN HISTORY. 863 

A.D. 

1825 Franklin's second Arctic land expedition, 

1825-27. 
Clapperton's new African expedition, 1825-27. 
The Tunnel under the Thames commenced by 

Sir M. I. Brunei. 
Death of Denon, Mrs. ^Barbauld, Dr. S. Parr, 

David, H. Fuseli, and of J. P. Bichter. 

1826 Bhurtpore stormed by Lord Combermere, Jan. 18. 

Peace with the Burmese, Feb. Free trade policy of 
Huskisson. The Ashantees defeated, Aug. Peel's 
reforms of the criminal law. British troops sent to 
Portugal in support of Donna Maria, Dec. 

Death of John YI., King of Portugal, Mar. 10. Don 
Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, the heir, cedes the Portu- 
guese throne to his daughter, Maria da Gloria, 
previously granting a Constitutional Charter. Bevolt 
of the Absolutists in favour of Don Miguel, the late 
King's second son. 

Missolonghi captured from the Greeks by the Turks and 
Egyptians. 

The whole Turkish army ordered by Mahmood II. to be 
organised on the European system. Bevolt and 
slaughter of the Janizaries, June 1 5 ; total suppression 
of the whole corps. 

Death of Bishop Heber, W. Gifford, Sir T. S. 
Baffles, Flaxman, Volta, .Malte Bran, Weber, 
Talma, and of Laing, the traveller, who is 
murdered in Africa. 

1827 Death of tbe Duke of York, Jan. 5. Lord Liverpool, 

suddenly struck with paralysis, is succeeded as Pre- 
mier by George Canning, Apr. Besignation of 
Wellington and Peel. Sir J. S. Copley is created 
Chancellor, and Lord Lyndhurst. Treaty of London, 
between England, France, and Bussia, in support of 
the Greeks, July 6. Death of Canning, Aug. 8. 
Lord Goderich, Premier. Destraction of the Turkish 
and Egyptian fleets by the allies, under Sir E. Codring- 
t,on, at Navarino, Oct. 20. 
Attempts of the French ministry to restrain the liberty 
of the press. 

r2 



d64 RUDIMENTABY CHBONOXiOGY. [a.D. 1827- 

A.D. 

1827 Defeat of the Absolutists in Portugal. Don Miguel ap* 

pointed Begent. 
The Greeks are defeated before Athens, May, and 
surrender the Acropolis, June. Capo d*Istria elected 
President of Greece. 

The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Enow- 
ledge founded. 
Mr. Davies Gilbert, President of the Boyal 

Society. 
Sir Walter Scott acknowledges himself to be the 

sole author of the Waverley Novels, 
Keble's Christian Year^ and Hallam's CanstUu^ 

tumal History of England published. 
Death of La Place, Beethoven, H. Clapperton 
and H. Salt, AJfrican travellers, Pestalozzi, 
Ugo Eosoolo, and of W. Mitford. 

1 828 The Duke of Wellington, Premier, Jan. 25 ; Peel, Home 

Secretary, and Lord Aberdeen, Foreign Secretary* 
Bepeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. Lord 
William Bentinck, Governor General of India, July. 
Daniel O'Connell elected Member for Clare, July 5. 
Biots in Ireland. Influence of the Catholic Association. 
Don Miguel usurps the Portuguese throne, June. 

Merciless persecution of the Constitutionalists. 
Entire evacuation of the Morea by the Turks and 

Egyptians. 
War between Bussia and Turkey, Feb. The Bussiana 
capture Varna, but are repulsed at Shumla, Oct. 

French antiquarian and scientific expeditioa 

to Egypt, under ChampoUion. 
Meeting, presided over by the Duke of Wel- 
lington, to found King's College, London, 
June 2 1 . 
University College, London, opened. 
The restoration of Windsor Castle by Sir J. 

Wyatville completed. 
The St. Katheriue's Docks opened. 
The first volume of Napier's History qf the Penifi'^ 

sular War published. 
Death of Dugald Stewart, Dr. Wollaston, Sir J, 



1830]. MODERN HISTOEY. 865 

A.1>. 

1828 £. Smith, Arcbdeacou Goxe, Dr. Gall» and of 

T. Bewick. 

1829 York minster set on fire by a lunatic, Feb. 2. The 

Soman Catholic Belief Bill passed, April 13. After 
a short internal, O'Connell shifts the subject of his 
agitation to the Bepeal of the Union. Great distress 
and riotaan the manufacturing districts. Establish- 
ment by Peel of the Metropolitan Police, Sept. 

Formation of the Polignac ministry in France. Its re- 
strictive policy greatly augments the prevailing dis- 
content. 

Agitation in Belgium. The States General refuse to 
grant the supplies. 

Capture of Silistria, Erzeroum, and Adrianople by the 
Bussians. Peace of Adrianople, between Bussia and 
Turkey, Sept. 14; Greece declared independent by 
the Sultan. 

Pope Pius VIII. (F. X. Castiglioni), 1829.30. 

Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, 1 829-37. 

Santa Anna compels the Spanish troops to evacuate 
Mexico, 

The Greneral Post Office, London, opened, and 

the Athenaeum club house erected. 
Death of Sir Humphrey Davy, Dr. T. Young, 
and of F. von Schlegel. 

1830 Death of George lY., June 26, set. 68. 
William IV., King of Great Britain, 1830-37. 

Incendiary disturbances in England. Bepeal agitation 
in Ireland. Besignation of the Wellington ministry. 
Earl Grey, Premier, Nov. 22 ; Mr. Brougham created 
Chancellor, and a peer. 
Algiers captured by the French under Bourmont, July 5, 
the Dey deposed, and his territory made a French 
colony. Three Boyal Ordinances of July 25, abolish- 
ing the liberty of the press, dissolving the Chamber 
of Deputies^ and abrogating the laws of election. 
Bevolution of the Three Days in France, July 27-29. 
Barricade conflicts in Paris. Abdication of Charles 
X., in favour of his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, 
Aug. 2. 



366 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1830- 

A.D. 

1830 Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, is proclaimed King of 

the French, Aug. 7. 
Kevolution in Belgium commences, Aug. 25. Formation 
of a Provisional Government. The House of Orange 
excluded from the sovereignty. 
Abrogation of the Salic law in Spain, to the prejudice of 
Don Carlos, March 29. UnsuccMsful struggle of the 
Constitutionalists, 1830-31. 
Persecution of the Portuguese liberals by Don Miguel. 
Bevolution in Brunswick, Sept. Flight of Duke Charles, 

who is succeeded by his brother, William. 
Bevolution in Poland, Nov. Expulsion of the Bussiaa 
garrison from Warsaw. Provisional Government 
constituted. 
Disturbances in Switzerland, and at Dresden, Cassel, 

Hamburg, and Home. 
Besignation, and death of Bolivar. 

Lander's expedition to Africa. He discovers the 

source of the Niger. 
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Bail- 
way, Sept. 1 5, at which Mr. Huskisson is killed. 
The Boyal Geographical Society founded. 
The Duke of Sussex, President of the Boyal 

Society. 
Sir. M. A. Shee, President of the Boyal Academy. 
Death of Sir T. Lawrence, P.B.A., Major 
Bennell, William Hazlitt, and of Madame 
de Genlis. 

1 83 1 The Beform Bill introduced by Lord John Bussell, 

March i . Dissolution of Parliament, April. Corona- 
tion of the King and Queen, Sept. 8. The Beform 
Bill passes the Commons, Sept. 19, and is rejected 
by the Lords, Oct. 7. Disturbances at Nottingham, 
Derby, &c. Biots and fire at Bristol, attended with, 
great loss of life and property, Oct. Outbreak of 
Asiatic cholera in England and other parts of Europe, 
1831-32. 

Tumults in Paris, Feb., and in Lyons, Nov. 

Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg elected King of the 
Belgians, July 21. 



1832] MODERN HISTORY. 367 

A.I). 

1831 Pope Gregory XVI. (M. Capellari), 1831-46. 
Insurrections at Bologna, Modena, &c., suppressed by 

Austrian troops. 
The Poles, after a gallant struggle, are overpowered by 

Bussia, and Warsaw capitulates, Sept. 
Assassination of Capo d'Istria, President of Greece, 

Oct. 9. General anarchy. 
Eevolt of Mohammed Ali, itte Turkish viceroy in Egypt. 
His adopted son, Ibrahim Pacha, invades Syria, and 
besieges Acre. 
Don' Pedro abdicates the throne of Brazil in favour of 
his son, and returns to Europe. 

The new London bridge opened by the King, 

Aug. I. 
King's College, London, opened, Oct. 8. 
The British Association for the Advancement of 

Science instituted. 
Death of Archbishop Magee, B. G. Niebuhr, 
J. Northcote, K.A., the Rev. Robert Hall, 
G. W. F. Hegel, W. Roscoe, H. Mackenzie, 
T. Hope, and of Mrs. Siddons. 

1832 The Reform Bill, after a violent and protracted struggle, 

passed, June 7. 
Death of the Duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon, July 

22, set. 21. Marriage of the Princess Louise to 

Leopold, King of the Belgians, Aug. 8. Marshal 

Soult succeeds Casimir Perier as Minister, Oct. 

Unsuccessful- attempt at insurrection, and arrest of 

the Duchess of Berri, Nov. 
By virtue of a convention between England and France, 

a Prench army enters Belgium, and wrests Antwerp 

citadel from the Dutch, Dec. 
Don Pedro enters Oporto, in support of his daughter's 

daim, July 8. 
Renewed disturbances in Italy again quelled by the 

Attstrians. 
Prince Otho of Bavaria elected King of Greece. 
Incorporation (Feb.) of Poland with Russia, which rides 

roughshod over the fallen kingdom. The Polish 

language is prohibited, the universities abolished, 



368 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1832- 

A.D. 

1832 and thousands of the first families are transported 
to Asia. 

Ibrahim Pasha captures Acre, May 27, and after a 
succession of victories, gains the decisive battle of 
Konieh over the Turks, Dec. 2 1 . 

Death of Sir Walter Scott, Goethe, Sir J. 
Mackintosh, the Bev. G. Crabbe, Guvier, 
ChampoUion, Sir E. Home, Sir J, Leslie, 
Dr. Adam Clarke,. Dr. A. Bell, Jeremy 
Bentham, Spurzheim, Legendre, Pugin, and 
of Miss A. M. Porter. 

1833 Abolition of ten bishoprics of the Irish church, Aug. 

Bevised Charters of the East India Company and 
Bank of England. Negro Slavery Abolition Bill, 
Aug. ; a compensation of £20,000,000 voted to the 
planters. Death of Lord Dudley. 
Don MigueFs fleet captured by Napier, July 5. Donna 
Maria proclaimed Queen at Lisbon. Don Pedro, 
Begent. 
Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Nov. 29. 
Isabella II., Queen of Spain, set. 3. Her mother, 
Maria Christina, Begent. Insurrection in favour 
of Don Carlos. 
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, between Bussia and Turkey, 
July; the Dardanelles to be only open to Bussian 
ships of war. 
Peace between Mohammed Ali and the Sultan, who 
cedes the government of Syria, 8z;c. 

Back's Arctic expedition, 1833-35. 
The University of Durham founded. 
Commencement of the London and Birmingham 

Bailway. 
The series of Tracts for th$ Times begins. 

Closed, 1 841. 
The BriAge^ater Treatises by Chalmers, Xidd, 
Whewell, Bell, Boget, Buckland, Kirby, and 
Prout, published, 1833-36. 
Death of William Wilberforce, Hannah More, Sir 
John Malcolm, and of Edmund Kean. 

1 834 Trades Union agitation and disturbances. The Bigah of 



1 835] MODERN HISTORY. 869 

A.D. 

1834 Coorg defeated and deposed, April. Quadruple 
. Alliance of England, France, Spain, and Portugal, 

for the pacification of the Peninsula, April 22. 
Schism in the Cabinet on the Irish Church question ; 
resignation of Stanley, Graham, &c.. May 27. Earl 
Grey resigns, July 9. Lord Melbourne, Premier, 
July 17. The Bill abolishing slavery comes into 
force, Aug. i. The Poor Laws Amendment Act 
passed, Aug. 14. Eupture with the Chinese; death 
of Lord Napier at Macao, Oct. .11. The Houses 
. of Parliament burnt, Oct. 16, Dismissal of the 
Melbourne ministry, Nov. 14. The Duke of Wel- 
lington conducts all public business till the return 
from , Italy of Sir Bobert Peel, who is appointed 
Premier, and the Duke Foreign Secretary,. Dec, 10. 
Death of the Duke of Gloucester. 
Biots at Lyons, occasioning great loss of life, April. 
Death of General La Fayette, May 20. Frequent 
change of ministries. 
Don Miguel expelled from Portugal. Dissolution of the 
Portuguese monasteries. Death of Don Pedro, 
Sept. 24. 
Continued civil war, signalised by great atrocities, in Spain. 
Astronomical observations of Sir J. W. F. Herschel 

at the Cape of Good Hope, 1834-38. 
The Statistical Society of London founded. 
The Duke of Wellington elected Chancellor of 

the University of Oxford. 
The first volume of Wellington's Despatches pub- 
lished. ' 
Death of S. T. Coleridge, Charles Lamb, T. 
Stothard, B.A., Dr. B. Morrison, the Bev. W. 
Carey, T. Telford, B. Lander, and of the Bev. 
T. B. Malthus. 

1835 Defeat on the Irish " Appropriation clause,'* and resig- 

nation of Sir Bobert Peel, Apr. 8. Lord Melbourne 
again Premier. British auxiliary legion under Sir De 
Lacy Evans sent to Spain. Municipal Beform Bill 
passed, Sept. Lord Auckland appointed Governor- 
General of India. 

b3 



370 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY, [a.D. 1835- 

A.I>. 

1835 Attempt of Fieschi to assassinate Louis Philippe, July 

28 ; Marshal Mortier and 1 3 others killed. Cam- 
paign in Algeria against Abd-el-Kader. 
Ferdinand sucaeeds Frauds I. as Emperor of Austria, 

Mar. 2. 
Successes, and death of the Spanish. Carlist general, 

Zumalacarregui. 
The Queen of Portugal marries the Duke of Leuchten- 
berg, son of Eugene Beauharnais, Jan. 26. He dies. 
Mar. 28. 

• The City of London School commenced. 
Death of Bishop Brinkley, Mrs. Hemans, Sir J. 
Sinclair, W. Cobbett, W. Humboldt, J. Hogg» 
and of T. Taylor. 

1836 The Hampden Controversy at Oxford begins, Feb. 

English Church Eeform Bill, and new Marriage Act, 

Aug. The bishopric of Eipon founded. Death of 

Lord Stowell. 
Attempts on Louis Philippe's life by Alibaud, June 25, 

and by Meunier,. Dec. 27. Unsuccessful revolt of 

Prince Louis Napoleon at Strasburg, Oct. 30. Death. 

of the ex-King Charles X., and of the Abbe Sieyes. 
Lisurrection in Spain; the Constitution of 181 2 sworn 

to by the Queen Begent, Aug. Defeat of the Carlists 

by Evans at St. Sebastian, and by Espartero at Bilboa* 
Marriage of the Queen of Portugal to Prince Ferdinand 

of Saxe Coburg. Successful insurrection in support 

of the Constitution of 1820, Sept. 

Death of James Mill, Dr. E. Burton, Dr. B. 
Valpy, A. W. Schlegel, W. Godwin, and of Sir 
W. Gell. 

1837 Death of King William IV., June 20, aet. 72. 
YiCTOBiA, Queen of Great Britain. 

Ernest, Duke of Cumberland, succeeds by tbe Salic law 
to the crown of Hanover. BebelUon in Canada, Dec.: 
the insurgents under Papineau, Mackenzie, Sec., 
defeated by Su: F. Head; destruction of the 
" Caroline." 
Treaty of Tafna, concluded by Bugeaud with Abd-el- 
Kader, July. Constantina taken by storm, Oct* 



1838] MODERN HISTORY. 371 

A.D. 

1837 Successes of Evans and Espartero against the Carlists 

under Cabrera, &c. General Evans leaves Spain, 

• June. Ilevised Constitution. Suppression of the 

monasteries, and abolition of tithes. 

Martin Yan Buren, President of the United States, 

1837-41. Great commercial distress. Anti-slavery 

agitation. Becoguition of the independence of Texas. 

Sir Eobert Peel installed Lord B«ctor of Glasgow 

University, Jan. 11. 
The University of London established. 
The electric telegraph invented by Professor 

Wheatstone and 'Mi, W. F. Cooke. 
The first volumes of Hallam's Introduction to the 
Literature of Europe, and of Lockhart's Idfe of 
Sir Walter Scott published. 
Death of Sir J. Soane, E.A., and of J, Con- 
stable, E.A. 

1838 The Boyal Exchange, London, burnt, Jan. 10. Attack 

of the Canadian insurgents on Toronto repulsed by 
Sir F. Head. The Ear] of Durham appointed 
Governor-General and High Commissioner of British 
North America, Jan. 1 6. Coronation of Queen 
Victoria, June 28. Irish Poor Law Act. Abolition 
of slavery in the East Indies, Aug. Heroic rescue of 
the crew of the "Forfarshire" steamer by Grace 
Darling, Sept. 5. Dost Mohammed and the Persians, 
prompted by Bussia, unsuccessfully besiege Herat. 
War declared against Dost Mohammed, Oct. Besig- 
nation and return of Lord Durham, Nov. Benewed 
outbreaks are at once suppressed by Sir J. Colborne. 
Treaty of commerce with Turkey. Death of Lord Eldon. 
War between France and Mexico. Prince Louis Napo- 
leon driven by the French government from Switzer- 
land. Death of Prince Talleyrand. 

The " Great Western " steam ship arrives at 
New York from Bristol in 1 5 days, June 1 7. 

The London and Birmingham, and part of the 
London and Southampton Bailways opened. 

The Marquis of Northampton, President of the 
Boyal Society. 



872 EDDIMENTABY OHEONOLOGY. [a.D. 1838- 

A.D. 

1838 Death of J. Lancaster, and of Mrs. Maclean 

(L. E. Landon). 

1839 Aden on the Bed Sea made, by purchase, a British 

settlement. Arrest of Captain Elliott, &c., at Canton, 
March. The Chinese seize and destroy ^83,000,000 
worth of opium, May. Lord Melbourne resigns. 
May 7, but Sir Bobert Feel declining office on the 
non-resignation of the Ladies of the Queen's House- 
hold, resumes power, May 10. Sir J. Keane enters 
Cabul, and captures Ghuznee, July. Shah Soojah 
restored. War with the Chinese. Captain Elliott 
seizes Hongkong, Aug. The Penny Postage Act 
passed, Aug. Chartist riots led by Frost at Newport, 
Nov. 4. 
Convention of Bergara, concluded by Espartero with 
Morato and other Carlist leaders, Aug. Don Carlos 
retreats into Prance. 
War renewed between the Sultan and Mohammed Ali. 
The Turkish troops totally defeated by Ibrahim Pasha 
at Nejib, June 24. Death of Sultan Mahmood, July i . 
Abdul Mebjid, Sultan of Turkey. 

The Capudan Pasha surrenders the Turkish fleet to 
Mohammed Ali, July. 

Invention of the Daguerreotype process. 
The Committee of Council on Education orga- 
nised by Lord John Bussell. 
Death of Bishop Marsh, Sir W. Beecfaey, B.A., 
J. P. Michaud, Edmund Lodge, and of J. 
Gait. 

1840 The Penny Postage Act comes into operation, Jan. 10. 

Stockdale committed for breach of privilege, Jan. 17. 
Marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Albert of Saxe 
Coburg Gotha, Feb. 10. Sulphur dispute with 
Naples, March. A lunatic named Oxford fires two 
pistols at the Queen, June 10. Canton blockaded, 
and Chusan captured by Sir G. Bremer, July. Death 
of the Princess Augusta, Sept. 22. Mohammed Ali 
refusing to restore Syria to the Sultan, Beyrout, Sidon, 
and Acre are taken by storm by a British force under 
Stopford and Napier, aided by Turkish and Austrian 



1 841] MODERN HISTORY. 373 

A.D. 

1840 auxiliaries, Sept.-Nov. Submission of Mohammed 
Ali. Defeat of Dost Mohammed, Sept., Oct. ; he sur- 
renders, Nov. 5. Birth of the Princess Eoyal, Nov. 
21. New Zealand declared a British colony. Death 
of Lord Holland, and of Sir Sidney Smith. 

War resumed between the ^French and Abd-el-Kader in 
Algeria. Attempted insurrection of Prince Louis 
Napoleon at Boulogne, Aug. 6. He is condemned to 
imprisonment for life, and confined . in the castle of 
Ham. The remains of Napoleon, restored by Eng- 
land to " that French people whom he loved so well," 
^& deposited with great funeral pomp in the Hotel 
des Invalides at Paris, Dec. 1 5. 
Cabrera and his remaining followers are driven into 
France, July. £ndof the Carlist war. Insurrection 
in Madrid against the reactionary policy of Christina, 
who is compelled to resign the regency, Oct. 12. 
Frederic William IV., King of Prussia. 
Successes of the Circassians over the Bussians. 
Death of Francia, President of Paraguay. 

The first stone of the Palace of Westminster 

laid, April 27. 
Death of K. O. Miiller, Madame D'Arblay, W. 
Smith, geologist, and of Dr. Blumenbach. 

1 841 The Union of the Canadas proclaimed at Montreal, 

Feb. 10. Condemnation of Tract No. 90 at Oxford, 
March 15. Active anti-Com-law agitation. Canton 
capitulates to Sir H. Gough, and is ransomed by the 
Chinese, May 3 1 . Trial of Bogle v. Lawson, Aug., 
followed by the subscription of the Times testimonial. 
Eesignation of the Melbourne ministry, Aug. 30. Sir 
Eobert Peel, Premier, Sept. 6. Death of Lord Syden- 
ham, the able and successful Governor of the Canadas, 
Sept. 19. Amoy, Chusan, Chinghae, and Ningpo 
captured from the Chinese by Parker and Gt>ugh, 
Aug.-Oct. Lord EUenborough appointed Gt)vemor 
General of India. The Tower of London partly 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 30. The bishopric of Jerusalem 
founded. The Afghans under Akbar Khan rise against 
the British in Cabul, Nov. Murder of Sir A, Burnes, 



374 RUDIMENTARY CHBONOLOGY. [a.D. ,1841- 

A.D. 

1 841 and of Sir W. Macnaghten. The Colonial Bishoprics' 
Fund founded. 

Birth of Albert, Prince of Wales, Nov. 9. 

Espartero, Begent of Spain, July 8. Unsuccessful 

attempt at insurrection. 
Peace between Turkey and Egypt. Mohammed Ali re- 
stores' the Turkish fleet, and surrenders Syria, 
retaining Egypt as an hereditary tributary govern- 
ment. 
WiUiam Henry Harrison, President of the United States, 

March 4, dies April 4. 
John Tyl^, President of the United States, 1841-45. 
Disastrous Niger expedition. 
Opening of the Great Western, Brighton, and 

Blackwall Bailways. 
Trial of E. Moxon for re-publishing Shelley's 

Queen Mab^ June. 
Death of Sir F. Chantrey, Sir D. Wilkie, RA., 
De CandoUe, Sir Astley Cooper, T. Hook, Dr. 
O. Gregory, and of Thomas Barnes, Editor of 
the Times. 

1842 Massacre of the English troops in the Khoord Pass, 

after evacuating Cabul, Jan. 6. Visit of the King of. 
Prussia to the Queen, Jan. 24. The Eling is sponsor 
for the Prince of Wales, Jan. 25. ' English retreat 
from Ghuznee, March 6. Sale and Pollock defeat 
Akbar Khan before Jellalabad, April 6. Francis fires 
a pistol at the Queen, May 30. The English take 
Shanghai from the Chinese, June 19, and land at 
Nankin, Aug. The Income tax Act passed. The 
Chinese solicit peace, which is concluded by Sir H. 
Pottinger, Aug. 29. Ghuznee taken by Nott, Sept. 6, 
and Cabul recovered by Pollock, Sept. 16. Lord 
EUenborough orders the evacuation of Afghanistan. 
Agitation of the anti-Corn-law League. Death of 
Lord Hill, and of the Marquis Wellesley. 

The French occupy the Marquesas Islands, May i. 
Death of the Didce of Orleans, eldest son of Louis 
Philippe, ;ruly 13. 

Great fire at Hamburg, May 5. 



1844] MODERN HISTORY. 375 

A.D. 

1842 Barcelona revolts against Espartero, Nov. 13, and is 

bombarded, Dec. 3. 
Eestoration of Don Pedro's Charter in Portugal. 
Emancipation of the Russian-serfs. 

The first stone of the new Boyal Exchange laid 

by Prince Albert, Jan. 17. 
The Walhalla, a memorial temple of illustrious 
Germans, founded near Eatisbon by the King 
of Bavaria. 
Talfourd's new Copyright Act, 4 & 5 Victoria, c 45 . 
Death of Professors Heeren and G^ienius of 
Gottingen, Dr. Thomas Arnold of Eugby, 
Sismondi, Dr. Channing, Sir Charles Bell, Sir 
B. K. Porter, and of Allan Cunningham. 

1 843 Sir C. J. Napier defeats the Ameers of Scinde, Feb. 1 7, 

and takes Hyderabad^ Eeb. 20. '* Bebecca " riots in 

Wales. Bepeal agitation of O'Connell in Ireland. 

Death of the Duke of Sussex, April 21. Birth of the 

Princess Alice, April 25. Free Church secession in 

Scotland, May 18. The Queen visits France and 

Belgium, Sept. Gwalior taken by the British, Dec. 29. 

Otaheite occupied by the French. 

Revolution in Spain. Flight of Espartero to England. 

Isabella, set. 13, declared of age. Narvaez, minister. 

The President Boyer expelled from Hayti. 

The Thames Tunnel opened, March 5. 

The first collective edition of Macaulay's Essays 

published. 
William Wordsworth, Poet Laureate. 
Death of Robert Southey, J. F. C. Delavigne, 
J. C. Loudon, Hahnemann, the homoeopathist, 
John Foster, and of Noah Webster. 

1 844 Trial and conviction of Daniel O'Connell, &c., Feb., March. 

The French government disavows the treatment by 
its agents in Otaheite of the English consul, Prichard, 
March i . Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor General of 
India, May 6. The Emperor of Russia visits the 
Queen, June. The Factory Act passed, June 6. 
Birth of Prince Alfred, Aug. 6. The House of Lords 
reverses O'Connell's conviction, Sept. 4. Visit of 



876 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1844- 

A.D. 

1 844 King Louis Philippe to the Queen, Oct. Death of 
Lord Sidmouth, and of Lord Abinger. 

The French under Prince de Joinville bombard Tangier 
and Mogador. Victory of Marshal Bugeaud at Isly. 
Death of the Duke of Angouleme. 
Death of Charles XIV. (Bemadotte), King of Sweden. 

His son succeeds him as Oscar I. 
Exhibition of the "holy coat" at Treves. New sect 
headed by Bonge. 

The new Boyal Exchange opened by the Queen, 
.^ Oct. 28. 

Monument erected to Sir Walter Scott at 

Edinburgh. 
Death of Dr. J. Abercrombie, the Bev. H. Cary, 
John Dalton, Thomas Campbell, Sir H. HaJ- 
ford, Thorwaldsen, W. Beckford, Mrs. Hofland, 
Granyille Penn, the Be7. John Stirling, and 
of Captain Basil Hall. 

1845 Letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury, deprecating 

agitation respecting church vestments, &c., Jan. 11. 
Speculation mania. Act reforming the Tariff, May. 
The Queen visits Grermany, Belgium, and Prance, 
Aug., Sept. Spread of the potato disease in Ireland, 
and Europe generally. Con^merdal panic, Nov. 
Letter of Lord John Bussell iii favour of Corn law 
repeal, Nov. 22. Sir Bobert Peel resigns, Dec. 10, 
and resumes office, Dec. 20. The Sikhs defeated by 
the British at Moodkee, Dec. 18; Sir B. Sale mor- 
tally wounded. The Sikhs again defeated at 
Perozesbah, Dec. 22; Sir Henry Hardinge, the 
Governor General, serving under Sir Hugh Gough. 
Death of Earl Grey, Earl Spencer, Sir W. W. PoUett, 
Sir T. P. Buxton, and of Mrs. Fry. 

The Kabyles under Abd-el-Kader attack the Prench in 
Algeria. Massacre at Dahra. 

Disturbances in Switzerland, caused by the efforts of 
Lucerne, &;c., to hand over education to the Jesuits. 

James Knox Polk, President of the United States, 
1845-49. War with Mexico. Death of General 
Jackson. 



1846] MODERN HISTORY. 377 

A.D. 

1845 Sir John Franklin sails on his fatal Arctic 

expedition, May 23. 

Foundation of the Qaeen's Colleges at Belfast, 
Cork, and Gal way. 

The Irish National Education Society incorporated. 

The new Hall of Lincoln's Inn opened by the 
Queen, Oct. 30. 

Completion of Lord Bosse's great telescope. 

Death of Thomas Hood, A. yon Schlegel, T. 
Mitchell, E. Smirke, B. A., the Bev. Sidney 
Smith, J. D. Cassini, J. F. Daniell, the Bev, 
B. H. Barham, and of Colonel Gurwood. 

1 846 Sir Bobert Feel proposes the repeal of the Corn laws, 

Jan. 27. Defeat of the Sikhs at Aliwal by Sir H. 
Smith, Jan. 28, and at Sobraon by Sir H. Gough, 
Feb. 10. Treaty of Lahore, March 9. Sir H. 
Hardinge and Sir H. Gough created peers. The 
Caffre war begins, April. Birth of the Princess 
Helena, May 25. Settlement of the Oregon dispute 
with the United States, June 12. Sir Bobert Peel's 
Free trade Bills receive the Boyal assent, June 26, 
and he resigns office for the last time, June 29. 
Lord John Bussell, Premier, July 13. Famine and 
destitution in Ireland. Establishment of Sir J. 
Brooke at Labuan, Dec. Death of Lord Metcalfe, 
and of Thomas Clarkson. 

Attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, April and July. 
Prince Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham, May 25. 

Marriage of Isabella, Queen of Spain, to her cousin, 
Don Francis, and of her sister to the Duke of Mont- 
pensier, son of Louis Philippe, Oct. 10. 

The Austrians seize Cracow, the last remnant of Poland. 

Pope Pius EX. (Mastai Feretti) elected, June 16. 
Great excitement in Italy caused by his promised 
reforms. 

Struggle in Geneva between the Protestants and Boman 
Catholics. 

Incorporation of Holstein and Sleswic with Denmark. 

Successes of the United States forces over the Mexicans. 
Texas, Jowa, and Wisconsin annexed to the Union. 



378 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1846- 

A.D. 

1846 Discovery of the planet Neptune by Challis, 

Aug., and by Galle, Sept., yenfying the 
calculations of Adams and Le Yerrier. 
Invention of gun cotton by Schoenbein and 

Bodttinger. 
Death of H. Gaily Knight, Bessel, B. B. Haydon, 
T. Grenville, and of K Plumer Ward, 
1S47 Parliament votes io,ooo,oooZ. for the relief of Irish, 
distress. Daniel O'Connell, on pilgrimage to Home, 
dies at Genoa, May 15. Four new colonial bishops 
consecrated in Westminster Abbey, June 29. Bishop- 
ric of Manchester founded, July 21. Lord Dalhousie, 
Governor General of India, Aug. 4. Commercial 
panic, Nov. Defeai of the Caffres, Nov. 15. Agita- 
tion excited by Dr. Hampden's appointment to the see 
of Hereford, Dec. 
Political agitation in Prance, stimulated by disclosures 
of official fraud and corruption. Surrender of Abd- 
el-Kader and Bou Maza. Death of Madame Adelaide, 
sister of Louis Philippe, Dec. 
Succession of ministerial struggles in Spain. Eecall of 

Espartero. 
Submission of the Swiss Eoman Catholic cantons. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits. Dissolution of the 
Sonderbund. 
Political reforms carried out in Home and Piedmont. 
Death of Maria Louisa, widow of Napoleon, at Parma, 

Dec. 17, 8Bt. 56. 
Victories of the United States forces, under Taylor and 
Scott, over the Mexicans. Discovery of the Californian 
gold region. 

Prince Albert elected Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity of Cambridge. 
Astronomical discoveries of Hendce and Hind. 
Death of Sharon Turner, P. Mendelsohn Bar- 
tholdy, Dr. Thomas Chalmers, Dr. T. P. 
Dibdin, Macvey Napier, W. Collins, E.A., 
and of John Walter, -principal proprietor of 
the I^mes, 
S48 Birth of the Princess Louisa^ March 1 8. Chartist riots 



1848] MODERN HISTORY. 379 

A.D. 

1 848 in London, &c., March. Great counter demonstration 
in support of the Clueen's Government and order, 
April 10. Lieutenant Edwardes defeats the Sikhs 
under Moolraj, June» July. Violent agitation in 
Ireland; arrest and transportation of Mitchell. 
Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in L*eland, 
July 2 1 . Abortive insurrection of W. Smith O'Brien, 
July 29. O'Brien, Meagher, &c., are tried and con- 
victed of high treason, Oct. General Whish compelled 
to raise the siege of Mooltan, Sept. 1 5. Defeat of 
the Sikhs by. General Thackwell and Lord Gough, 
Nov., Dec. Death of Dr. W. Howley, Archbishop 
of Canterbury, Lord Melbourne, Lord George Bentinck, 
and of Charles Buller. 

Prohibition of Eeform banquets by the French Govern- 
ment, Jan., Feb. Violent recriminatory scenes in the 
Chambers. Great popular excitement in Paris. 
Guizot resigns, Feb. 22. Mole, Odillon Barrot, 
and Thiers attempt too late to form another ministry. 
Some troops fire on the populace, and barricades are 
raised, Feb. 23. Louis Philippe abdicates, Feb. 24, 
and, with his whole family, seeks safety by a hasty 
flight. He lands at Newhaven, Mareh 3. Eepublic 
proclaimed at Paris, Feb. 26. National workshops 
opened. Opening of the National Assembly, May 4. 
The Provisional Government resigns to an Executive 
Commission consisting of Arago, Gamier-Pages, 
Marie, Lamartine, and Ledru Bollin, May 10. 
Livasion of the Assembly by a socialist mob. May 15. 
Arrest of Albert, Barbes, &c. Desperate insurrection 
in Paris put down with great slaughter by General 
Cavaignac, June 23-26; the Archbishop of Paris is 
mortally wounded. Cavaignac appointed President 
of the Council, June 28. The national workshops 
suppressed, July 3. Louis Napoleon, elected by 4 
departments, takes his seat in the Assembly, Aug. 27. 
New Constitution proclaimed, Nov. 12. 

Louis Napoleon, President of the French Eepublic, 
Dec. 20. 

Insurrection at Palermo, Jan. 12. A free Constitution 



880 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1848- 

A.D. 

1848 proclaimed at Naples, Jan. 29. Free Constitations 
conceded in Piedmont, Tuscany, and Borne, Feb. 
The Jesuits expelled from Eome, March 15. Fighting 
and great loss of life at Naples, May 1 5. Messina 
bombarded' and taken by the King's troops, Sept. 7. 
Assassination of Count Eossi, and insurrection at Borne, 
Not. 1 5. Flight of Pope Pius in disguise. Not. 24. 
Insurrection against the Austrians at Venice, and at 
Milan, March. Charles Albert, Sling of Sardinia, 
marches to aid the insurgents, and defeats the Austrians 
at Goito, May 30. He is defeated by Badetzky, and 
his army capitulates at Milan, Aug. 5. 
Biots at Vienna, March 13-15 ; flight of Prince Metter- 
nich. Biots at Berlin, March 18. Abdication of 
Louis, King of BaTaria, in favour of his son, Maxi- 
milian, March 20. Meeting of the German Parliament 
at Frankfort, May 18. Bevolt at Prague, June 12. 
Insurrection at Berlin, June 14. The Archduke 
John of Austria appointed Begent of Germany, July 
5. Kossuth becomes minister of Hungary, July i o, 
and virtually dictator, Sept. 25. Insurrection at 
Vienna, and murder of Count Latour, Oct. 6. The 
Emperor flies, Oct. 7; Vienna is bombarded by 
Windischgratz and Jellachich, Oct. 28, and surrenders, 
Oct. 30. Execution of Bobert Blum, Nov. 9. 
Berlin declared in a state of siege, Nov. 1 2. Abm- 
cation of the Emperor Ferdinand. 
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, Dec. 2. 
. Frederic III. succeeds his father. Christian, in Denmark, 
Jan. 20. Bevolt of the duchies of Sleswic and 
Holstein, supported by Prussia, March 25. 
Ibrahim Pasha succeeds Mohammed AH as Viceroy of 
Egypt, Sept. I, and dying, Nov. 10, is succeeded by 
Abbas Pasha. Mohammed Ali dies, 1 849. 

The "Plover" despatched in search of Sir. J. 

Franklin. 
Opening of St. Augustine's Missionary College, 

Canterbury, founded by Mr. A. B. Hope. 
The Earl of Bosse, President of the Boyal 
Society. 



.1849] MODEBN HISTORY. 381 

A.D. 

1848 Tlie first Tolumes of Macaulay's HUiory of 

England published. 
Death of Bishop Mant, I. Disraeli, Chateaubriand, 
the {Ley, W. Archer Butler, Miss Herschel, Sir 
N. H. Nicolas, Berzelius, Donizetti, G. 
Stephenson, Captain Marryat, Michaud, Sir 
S, Meyrick, and of Sir J. Barrow. 

1 849 Defeat of the Sikhs at Chiilianwallah by Lord Gough, 

Jan. 13. Moolraj surrenders the citadel and garrison 
of Mooltan, Jan. 22. Case of Gorham v. Bishop of 
Exeter, Feb. Shere Singh and the Sikhs totally 
defeated by Lord Gough at Goojerat, Feb. 21. The 
PuDJaub annexed to the British dominions, March 
29. Biots at Montreal, April 25. Trial of Moolraj 
for murder, May 31, and banishment for life. New 
Navigation Act passed, June 26. Defeat of the 
Borneo pirates by Sir J. Brooke, July 3 1 . Judgment 
of the Court of Arches in the case of Gorham v. 
Bishop of £xeter, Aug. 2. First visit of the Queen 
to Ireland, Aug. The Encumbered Estates Court 
opened in Dublin, Oct. 24. Death of Adelaide, 
Queen Dowager, Dec. 2. 

Benewed attempts at insurrection in Paris put down by 
Changamier, Jan. and June. Political dubs sup- 
pressed, March 20. Barbes, Albert, &c.y sentenced to 
transportation, April. Expedition to Italy under 
Oudinot. Siege of Borne, which surrenders to the 
French, June 30. Death of Marshal Bugeaud. 

Bepublic proclaimed at Florence, Feb. 8, and at Bome, 
Feb. 9. Triumvirate at Eome, presided over by 
Mazzini, March 29. Palermo surrenders to the 
Neapolitan troops, May 14. Anoona taken by the 
Austrians, June 18. The Papal authority restored at 
Home, July 15. The Grand Duke of Tuscany 
restored by the Austrians, July 23. 

Charles Albert, totally defeated by Badetzky at Novara, 
March 23, abdicates in favour of his son, Victor 
Emanuel, and dies at Oporto, July* Brescia 
bombarded by Haynau, March 30. Austrian blockade 
of Venice, April 17. Treaty at Milan between 



382 BUDIMENTABY CHBOKOLOGY. [a.B. 1849- 

A.B. 

1 849 Austria and Sardinia, Aug. 6. Yenice surrendeis to 
the Austrians, Aug. 22. 

. Gomom inTeated by the Austrians, Jan. 3. Hungarian 

victory at Godolo, April. 6L Kossuth appointed 

Grovemor of Hungary, April 14. The Austrians 

defeated at Gran, April 1 7, apply to Russia for aid. 

Haynau defeats the Hungarians at Szegidin, Aug. 2, 

and enters Temeswar, Aug. 9. Kossuth and Bern 

take refuge in Turkey, Aug. 11. The Hungarian 

army, under Gorgey, surrenders to the Russians, 

Aug. 13. Comom surrenders, Sept. 27. Execution 

of Count Bathyany, Oct. 6. 

The Archduke John resigns his regency, March 29. 

Tumults at Dresden, Cologne, Baden, &c., are put 

down. 

Hostilities renewed in Sleswic and Holstein. 

General Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, 

1849-50. 
Soulouque proclaimed Emperor of Hayti as Faustin I., 
Aug. 26. 

The iirst tube of the Britannia bridge placed 

over the Menai, June 19. 
Death of Bishop Copleston, Bishop Stanley, 
Maria Edgeworth, the Earl of Carnarvon, 
Horace Smith, Bernard Barton, Horace Twiss, 
P. F. Tytler, Ebenezer Elliott, Sir M. I. 
Brunei, Ro))ert Vernon, W. Etty, R.A., and 
of Hartley Coleridge. 

1850 Lord Campbell succeeds Lord Denman as Chief Justice, 

Mar. 5. Decision of the Privy Council in the case of 
Gk>rham v. Bishop of Exeter, Mar. 8. Threatened 
bombardment of the Piraeus by the British fleet; 
submission of King Otho, April 27. Birth of Prince 
Arthur, May 1. Arrival of the Nepaulese embassy 
to the Queen, May 25. Pate's assault on the Queen, 
June 27. Accident to Sir Robert Peel, June 29; 
death, July 2 ; funeral at Drayton, July 9. Death 
of the Duke of Cambridge, July 8. Sir T. Wilde 
appointed Chancellor as Lord Truro, July 15. Sir 
C. J. Napier resigns his command in India. Visit of 



1850.] MODERN HISTORY. 883 

A.D. 

1850 the Queen to Belgium, Aug. Assault on Gleneral 
Haynau at Barclay's brewery, Sept. 4. Great agita- 
tion caused by a Papal bull erecting a Boman Catholic 
hierarchy in England, Sept. Crowded county and 
town meetings are everywhere held to protest against 
the aggression. Cafire war, Dec. 
Limitation of the suffrage in France, May 31, and of the 
liberty of the press, Sept. 26. Death of the ex-King 
Louis Philippe. 
Betum of Pope Pius to Borne, April 12. 
Franzoniy Archbishop of Turin, iined and imprisoned, 
May. Contest between the Piedmontese government 
and the clergy. 
Victory of the Danes over the Sleswic-Holstein forces at 

Idstedt, July 25, and at Erederickstadt, Oct. 6. 
Death of Greneral Taylor, July g, who is succeeded as 
President of the United States by the Yice-President, 
Millard Pillmore, 1850-53. Unsuccessful attempt of 
Lopez against.Cuba. Cal&bmia annexed to the Union. 
The "Investigator" and "Enterprise" sail in 

search of Sir J. Franklin, Jan. 
Act for establishment of Pubb'c Libraries and 
Museums, 13 and 14 Vict. c. 65. 
. The submarine telegraph from Dover to Calais 
laid, Aug. 28. 
The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park commenced, 

Sept. 23. 
The Nineveh antiquities, collected by Layard, 

placed in the British Museum, Oct. 1 1 . 
Opening of the Britannia tubular bridge, Oct. 2 1 . 
Captain Mac Clure discovers the North-west 

passage, Oct. 26. 
Alfred Tennyson, Poet Laureate. 
Sir C. L. Eastlake, President of the Boyal 

Academy. 
Death of Lord Jeffrey, Williaiti Wordsworth, 
Sir W. Allan, B.A., Sir M. A. Shee, P.B.A., 
W. WestaU, B.A., B. J. Wyatt, the Bev. W. 
L. Bowles, the Bev. W. Kirby, Gay Lussac, 
Neander, Miss J. Porter, and of De Balzac. 



884 BUDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 185I- 

A.B. 

1 85 1 Successes over the Caffres, Jan. Lord John Euasell 
resigns, Feb. 22 ; and, acting on Wellington's advice 
to the Queen, resumes office, March 3. Census of 
Great Britain and Ireland taken, March 3 1 ; total 
population, 27,738,940. First disoorery of gold in 
Australia, May 14. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 
passed, Aug. Contests with the Caffres, Sept. — ^Not.; 
Colonel Fordyce killed, Nov. 6. Lord Palmerston 
resigns, and is succeeded as Foreign Secretary by 
Earl Granville, Dec. Extensive gold discoveries in 
Australia attract great numbers to the diggings. 
Louis Napoleon removes General Changamier from his 
command, Jan. The Dotation Bill rejected by the 
Assembly, Feb. 10. Successful campaign of St. 
Amaud in Algeria, May — July. Coup d'Etat, 
Dec. 2 : Louis Napoleon arrests Changarnier, 
Cavaignac, and all his leading opponents; dis- 
solves the National Assembly ; and restores universal 
suffrage. Insurrection in Paris, put down with great 
loss of life, Dec. 4. Transportation of the surviving 
insurgents. Louis Napoleon re-elected President for 
10 years by a majority of nearly 7 millions, Dec. 24. 
Death of Marshal Soult. . 
Settlement of the Sleswic-Holstein dispute. 
Death of Ernest, King of Hanover, who is succeeded by 

his son as George V. 
Eevolution in Portugal. Count Thomar dismissed, and 

succeeded by the Duke de Saldanha. 
Abortive insurrection in Cuba, promoted by Lopez, who 

is taken and executed. 
Commencement of the rebellion in China. 

The Great Exhibition, suggested by Prince 
Albert, is opened by the Queen, May i. 
Closed, Oct. II. 
The Museum of Practical Geology opened,May 1 2. 
Death of Dr. Lingard, J. M. W. Tm-ner, R.A., 
Daguerre, Audubon, W. Wyon, ILA., Joanna 
BaUlie, J. F. Cooper, Mrs. Shelley, Oersted, 
Basil Montague, D. M. Moir, B. L. Sheil, Dr. 
J. Pye Smith, and of Dr. J. Kidd. 



1852] MODERN HISTORY. 385 

A.D. 

1852 Bormese war; the British under Lambert destroy the 
Bangoon batteries, Jan 10. Becall of Sir H. Smith 
from the Cape of Good Hope, Jan 14 ; Sir G. Cath- 
cart appointed Governor, Feb. 8. Resignation of 
Lord John Bussell, Feb. 21. The Earl of Derby, 
Premier, Feb. 23 ; Mr. Disraeli, Chancellor of the 
Exchequer. Martaban stormed, Apr. 5, and Bangoon 
captured, Apr. 14. The British take Pegu, June 4, 
and Prome, July 9. Dissolution of Parliament, 
July I. The Queen visits Belgium, Aug. New 
Parliament meets, Nov. 4. Besignation of the Earl 
of Derby, Dec. 20. Coalition ministry under the 
Earl of Aberdeen. 
Death of Arthur Wellesley, the great Duke of Welling- 
ton, at Walmer Castle, Sept. 14, set. 83. National 
mourning. Public funeral in St. Paul's, with more 
than regal pomp, Nov. 18. Funeral services in his 
honour are celebrated at the Courts of Vienna, Berlin, 
Lisbon, and Madrid. 
Banishment from France of Changarnier, Bedeau, Thiers, 
&c., Jan. 10. New Constitution, Jan. 15. Confisca- 
tion of the Orleans domains, Jan. 23. Bepublican 
inscriptions erased, and the old names restored to the 
public buildings, and the old titles to the nobility. 
• Liberation of Abd-el-Kader. 
Louis Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of the French as 

Napoleon III., Dec. 2. 
United States expedition to Japan. Death of Daniel 

Webster, and of Henry Clay. 
Defeat of the Dictator Eosas by the Brazilians under 
Urquiza. Kevolution in Buenos Ayres, Oct. 

Expedition of Sir E. Belcher in search of Sir J. 

Franklin, April.- 
International Copyright Treaty between Great 

Britain and France. 
The submarine telegraph betweeen England and 

Ireland completed, June. 
The Crystal Palace, Sydenham, commenced, 

Aug. 5. 
Continued astronomical discoveries of Hind, &c. 



386 RUDIMENTART CHBONOLOGY. [a.D. 1852- 

1852 Death of Thomas Moore, H. Fynea Clinton, Dr. 

G. Mantell, A. W. Pugin, Count D'Orsay, W. 
Finden, and of Dr. H. Mayo. 

1853 The Caffre war ended, Jan. zo. Agreement of the 

British and French goyemments to defend Turkey 
against Eussian designs, Jan. a8. Birth of Prince 
Leopold, Apr. 7. Camp at Chobham formed, June 14. 
The Queen visits Ireland, Aug. Eemonstranoe of 
Lord Clarendon against the Bussian attacks on Turkey, 
Dec. 27. Death of Sir C. J. Napier. 

Marriage of the Emperor Napoleon III. to Eugenie de 
Montijo, Duchess of Teba, Jan. 30. Amnesty declared, 

*Feb. 4. Splendour of the new Imperial Court. 

* Death of Count Montholon. 

Attempted assassination of the Emperor of Austria, 
Feb. 18. 

Mission of Prince Menzikof to Constantinople, March, 
April. Arrival of the British and French fleets in 
Besika Bay, June 1 3. The Eussians cross the Pruth, 
July 2. Gortchakof enters Bucharest, July 28. 
Meeting of the Emperors of Eussia and Austria at 
Olmutz, Sept. 24. The British and French fleets, 
invited by the Sultan, enter the Dardanelles, Nov. i . 
The Turks under Omer Pasha defeat the Eussians at 
Oltenitza, Nov. 4. The Eussians attack Sinope, and 
destroy the town and the Turkish fleet lying there, 
Nov. 30. The Eussian fleet, threatened by the 
British and French, retreats into Sebastopol harbour, 
Dec. 27. 

Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, eldest son of King 
Leopold, to the Archduchess Maria Henrietta of 
Austria, Aug. 22. 

Death of Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, Nov. 15, 
set. 34. Her son, Don Pedro, succeeds her. 

A new church for the Waldenses opened at Turin, 
Dec. 15. 

Franklin Pierce, President of the United States, 

1853-57- 

Opening of Industrial Exhibitions, at Dublin, 

May 12, and at New York, July 14, 



1854] MODERN HISTORY. 887 

A.D. 

1853 Death of Bishop Kaye, Arago, Amelia Opie, 

Lieutenant Bellot, Ludwig Tieck, Sir W. 
Betham, Yon Buch, Orfila, and of the Eev. 
Dr. MiU. J 

1854 Parliamentary vindication of Prince Albert from the 

cl^arges of undue political interference, which bad 
excited popular clamour, Jan. 3 1 . Diplomatic rela- 
tions with Eussia cease, Feb. 4. Quaker peace 
mission to the Emperor Nicholas, Feb. 10: New 
Eeform Bill introduced by Lord John Eussell, Feb. 1 3. 
The Guards sail from Southampton for Turkey, 
Feb. 22. The Baltic fleet, under Sir C. Napier, leaves 
Spithead, Mar. 11. Treaty between Great Britain, 
France, and Turkey, Mar. 13. Message from the 
Queen to Parliament, announcing war with Bussia, 
Mar. 17. Lord Baglan and the Duke of Cambridge 
embark for Turkey, Apr. lo. Day of Public Humilia- 
tion and Prayer, Apr. 26. Visit of the young King 
of Portugal to the Queen, June. Visit of Prince 
Albert to the Emperor Napoleon at Boulogne, Sept. 5. 
Lord Eaglan made a Field Marshal, Nov. 2 1 . Treaty 
between the allies and Austria, Dec. 2. The thanks 
of both Houses voted to the armies and navies of 
England and France, Dec. 15. Eiots at the Austra- 
lian gold diggings, Dec. Death of Lord Denman, 
Lord Plunkett, Lord Beresford, and of the Marquis of 
Anglesea. 

Letter from the Emperor Napoleon to the Emperor 
Nicholas, proposing an accommodation, Jan. 31. 
Eejected, Feb. 18. Marshal St. Arnaud leaves Paris 
for Turkey, Apr. 15. 

The Turks defeat the Russians at Citate, Jan. 6. 
Giurgevo abandoned by the Turks, Feb. 19. The 
Eussians, defeated at Oltenitsa, Mar. 23, invest Silis- 
tria. Mar. 28. The allied forces land at Gallipoli, 
Apr. 5. The Eussians defeated at Kalifat, Apr. 19. 
The allied fleets bombard Odessa, Apr. 22. Eussian 
assaults on Silistria gallantly repulsed by the Turks, 
aided by Butler and Nasmyth, May 11, 21, and 29. 
The allies land at the Piraeus, May 25. The Eussians 

s2 



888 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1854- 

A.D. 

1854 again repulsed from Silistria, June 13. The besieged 
make a successful sortie, destroying the Eussian works, 
and the siege is raised, June 18. Death of Captain 
f Butler, June 20. The Russians commence their 
retreat from the Turkish territory, and are defeated by 
the Turks at Giurgevo, July 5. The batteries at the 
Sulina mouth destroyed by the British, July 8. 
Eussian victory at Bayazid in Asia, July 30. Bomar- 
sund taken and destroyed by the allies, Aug. 16. 
Eepulse from Petropaulowski, Sept. 4. Eussia rejects 
the four points proposed by Austria as a basis of 
peace. The Austrians occupy the Principalities, Sept. 
The allies embark at Yarna, land in the Crimea, 
Sept. 14, and take Eupatoria. They gain the victory 
of the Alma, Sept. 20, and capture Balaklava, Sept. 26. 
St. Arnaud resigns the French command to Canrobert, 
and dies, Sept. 29. First attack on Sebastopol, by 
land and sea, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Oct. 25. 
Defeat of the Eussians at Inkermann, Nov. 5 ; death 
of Generals Cathcart, Strangways, and Goldie. Miss 
Florence Nightingale and the English nurses land at 
Scutari, Nov. 6. Great tempest in the Black Sea, 
Nov. 14. Sufferings of the army from cold, sickness, 
and loss of supplies, borne with admirable patience. 
Insurrection in Spain, supported by O'Donnell and 
Concha, July. Espartero restored to power. Im- 
peachment and flight of Christina. 
Assassination of the Duke of Parma, Mar. 26. 

The Crystal Palace, Sydenham, opened by the 

dueen. May 10. 
The Oxford University Eeform Bill passed. 
The fate of Sir J. Franklin's expedition made 

known by Dr. Eae, Oct. 
Lord Wrottesley, President of the Eoyal Society. 
Death of Sir T. N. Talfourd, Dr. M. J. Eoutb, 
aet 100, Mrs. Southey, Miss Ferrier, Professor 
E. Forbes, J. J. Chalon, E.A., J. Martin, 
Cardinal Angelo Mai, Charles Kemble, J. G. 
Lockhart, James Montgomery, Lord Cockburn, 
and of Professor Wilson. 



1855] MODERN HISTORY. 389 

A.D. 

1855 Adherence of Sardinia to the alliance against Eussia, 
Jan. 10. Commission on Archdeacon Denison's 
case, Jan. 10. Besignation of Lord John Kassell, 
Jan. 23, and of the Earl of Aberdeen, Eeb. i. Lord 
Palmerston, Premier, Feb. 7. Secession of Mr. 
Gladstone, Sir J. Graham, and Mr. Sidney Herbert 
from the new ministry, Feb. 22. First meeting of 
Mr. Roebuck's Committee for inquiry into the conduct 
of the war, March i. The Baltic fleet, under Admiral 

. Dundas, led by the Queen to sea, April 4. The 
Emperor and Empress of the French visit the Clueen, 
April 16. The Clueen distributes the Crimean medals 
in St. James' Park, May 1 8. Disturbances in Hyde 
Park, excited by Lord B. Grosvenor's Sunday trading 
Bill, June, July. Besignation of Lord J. Bussell, 
July 13. Majority of 107 against Mr. Boebuck's vote 
of censure on Lord Aberdeen's ministry, July 19. 
10,000^. voted by Parliament to Sir B. Mac Clure 
and the crew of the " Investigator," July 31. Lord 
Canning* Governor General of India. Visit of the 
Queen and Prince Albert to the Emperor Napoleon at 
Paris, Aug. Treaty between the allies and Sweden, 
Nov. 20. Yisit of the King of Sardinia to the Queen, 
Nov. 30. Death of Lord Truro, Sir W. Moles- 
worth, Sir B. H. Inglis, and of Joseph Hume. 

Pianori, April 28, and Bellemare, Sept. 8, attempt to 
assassinate the Emperor Napoleon. Death of Count 
Mole. 

Death of the Emperor Nicholas, March 2, set. 59. 

Alexander IL, Emperor of Bussia. 

Bepulse of the Bussians from Eupatoria, Feb. 1 7. The 
allies again bombard Sebastopol, April 9. The 
Conferences at Vienna, attended by Lord John 
Bussell on behalf of England, close, April 21. 
The Sardinian forces, under General Delia Marmora, 
land in the Crimea, May 8. The French command 
is transferred, on Canrobert's resignation, to General 
Pelissier, May 16. The allies capture Kertch, May 
24, burn the Bussian ships and stores in the Sea of 
Azof, and take Taganrog, June 3. The Mamelon 



890 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A..D. 1855- 

A.D. 

1855 i^ taken from the Eussians, June 18, bfot they repulse 
the attack ou the Malakhof and Redan. Death of 
Lord Baglan, June 28, worn out by the exhaustive 
toils of a post which his heroic sense of duty would 
not let him quit. General Simpson succeeds to the 
British command. Capture of Fetrovski, July 16. 
Sweaborg bombarded, Aug. 9. Victory over the 
Russians at the Tchemaya, Aug. 16. Capture of the 
Malakhof, Sept. 8. Fall of Sebastopol, Sept. 10. 
The Russians defeated by the garrison of Kars under 
General Williams, Sept. 29. Capture of Kinbum, 
Oct. 16. Sir W. J. Codrington, on General Simpson's 
resignation, is appointed British Commander in Chief. 
Surrender of Kars to the Russians under Mouravieff, 
Nov. 28. 

Continued persecution of the Neapolitan reformers by 
the King. 

The Cambridge University Reform Bill passed. 

Exhibition of Industry at Paris opened by the 
Emperor, May 15. 

Death of Dr. Gaisford, Miss Mitford, Dr. GiUy, 
Sir F. Head, Sir H. De la Beche, G. B. 
Greenough, Archdeacon Hare, Samuel Rogers, 
Sir H. Bishop, the Rev. R. Montgomery, 
Lady E. Stuart Wortley, W. Swainson, and of 
Count V. Krazinski. 

1856 Peerage for life conferred on Sir J. Parke, Jan. 10. 

Council of war held by the allies at Paris, Jan. 1 1 . 
Farewell address of Mi. Macaulay to the electors of 
Edinburgh, Jan. 19. Protocol signed at Yienna, 
accepting the Austrian propositions as a basis of 
peace, Feb. i. Institution of the "Victoria Cross" 
announced, Feb. 5. Lord Lyndhurst's motion against 
life peerages carried by a majority of 33, Feb. 7. 
Peace Conference, attended by Lord Clarendon on 
behalf of England, opened at Paris, Feb. 25. 
Armistice agreed to. The destruction of the docks 
and other public works at Sebastopol is carried on 
during Jan. and Feb. Covent Garden theatre burnt, 
March 5. 



1856] MODERN HISTORY. 391 

A.D. 

1856 Annexation of Oudh to the British possessions in 
India, March 16. 

Treaty of Peace between the Allies and Russia signed 
at Paris, March 30. Q-reat naval review at Ports- 
mouth, April 23. Official proclamation of Peace, 
April 29. Free pardon extended to all political 
offenders, and return of Frost and others to 
England, May 3. Illuminations in celebration of 
Peace, May 29. Evacuation of the Crimea by the 
Allies, July 12. Stoppage of the Royal British 
Bank, Sept. 4. A British squadron stationed at, 
Ajaccio to watch the progress of events in Naples, 
Oct. 7. The English and French legations leave 
Naples, Oct. 28. The delay of Russia to evacuate 
Bessarabia, and the consequent retention of English 
ships in Turkish waters occasions political diffe- 
rences with France. War with China and Persia, 
Nov. I . Bombardment of Canton by the English 
fleet, Nov. 3. Capture of Bushire in the Persian 
Gulf, Dec. 9. Judgment given in the Arches Court 
in the case of Archdeacon Penison, dismissing his 
appeal, Dec. 5. Agitation for the repeal of the 
war Income-tax, Dec. Conference at Paris to 
arrange the differences of interpretation of the 
Treaty of Paris, Dec. 31. 

Death of Charles Frederick, Prince of Leiningen, son 
of the Duchess of Kent by her first husband, and 
consequently half-brother of Queen Yictoria, in his 
fifty-second year, Nov. 13. 

The Empress of the French gives birth to the Prince 
Imperial, in honour of which occasion an amnesty 
is granted to above a thousand political exiles, 
March 16. Much damage done by inundations in 

• France, June i. 

Pacific speech of the Emperor Alexander 11. at 
Moscow, announcing internal reforms, April 11. 
Mission of Baron Brunnow to England, May 2. 
Coronation of Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, at 
Moscow, Sept. 7. Dispute between the Russian and 
British Governments as to the interpretation of the 



392 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. fx.D. 1856- 

A.D. 

1856 Treaty of Paris. The Bussians recapture Soujak, 
Ealehy and expel the Circassians, Nov. 22. Sur- 
render of the city of Herat to the Persians, Oct. 13. 

Insurrection at Valencia, in Spain, April 6. Coup 
d'Etat in Madrid. Gen. O'Donnel dictator, July 14. 
Abortive insurrection in Sicily. 
Edict of the Porte placing Christians and Mohamme- 
dans on an equality in Turkey, Jan. 26. Guaran- 
tee of the integrity of the Turkish dominions, and 
admission of Turkey into the number of European 
States, March 30. 
Cholera and vine-blight in Madeira. Earthquake 

throughout the Mediterranean. 
Stormy discussions in the Senate of the United States 
relative to diplomatic relations with Great Britain, 
March. Civil war in Kansas between the Free- 
soilers and Pro-slavery factions, May 27. The 
Pro-slavery party gain the ascendant in Congress, 
Sept 4. 

Her Majesty inaugurates the first display of 

the great fountains at Sydenham, July 18. 
Privateering abolished. 

Betum of Dr. Livingstone, the African tra- 
veller. 
The Sheepshanks* collection of paintings be- 
queathed to the nation. 
'* The Besolute," one of the Arctic discovery 
ships, discovered and restored by the United 
States, Dec. 12. 
Death of J. B. Eraser, H. Heine, Sir J. 
Stoddart. 

1857 The Chinese bum the factories at Canton, and poison 

the bread at Hong-Kong, Jan. Great reduction of 
taxation, especially income-tax. Election riots at 
Kidderminster, March 28. The Persians evacuate 
Herat and peace is concluded. Yisit of the Sultan to 
the British Admiral upon the fleet quitting Constanti- 
nople, March 30. Outbreak of the Indian Mutiny, 
April 3. Birth of the Princess Beatrice, April 14. 
The title of Prince Consort is conferred upon Prince 



1857] MODERN HISTORY. 393 



A.D. 



1857 Albert, June 25. Distribution of the Victoria Cross 
to Crimean heroes by the Queen, June 26. Sir 
Colin Campbell despatched as Commander-in-Chief 
to India to suppress the Mutiny. Massacre of 
Europeans at Cawnpore, and other places in India. 
The Earl of Elgin goes as Ambassador to Pekin. 
On an appeal to the country, the ministerial policy 
in the Chinese War was confirmed. Capture of 
Delhi, Sept. 20. Day of fasting and humiliation 
on account of the Indian troubles, Oct. 7. Panic 
in the City occasioned by the commercial crisis. 
The Bank of England raises its rate of discount to 
10 per cent, Nov. 9. Stoppage of the Western 
Bank of Scotland and City of Glasgow Bank. The 
Government suspend the Bank Charter Act of 1844, 
and partial confidence is restored, Nov. 12. Parlia- 
ment summoned to meet for business on the 3rd 
of December. Great distress in England and the 
United States occasioned by the bank failures. 
Beception of the Siamese Ambassadors at the Court 
of St. James's, Nov. 18. Canton bombarded and 
then stormed by the English and French, who send 
Commissioner Yeh prisoner to Calcutta, Dec. 28. 
Conference at Paris for the settlement of the Bessa- 
rabian frontier, Dec. 31. 

Death of the Duchess of Gloucester, the last surviving 
child of George HE., aet. 81, April 30. 

Assassination of the Archbishop of Paris by a priest, 
whilst performing mass, Jan. 2. General Cavaignac 
and other Bepublicans returned as Deputies to the 
Corps Legislatif, July g. 

Dispute between Prussia and Switzerland concerning 
Neufchatel submitted to a conference at Paris, 
March 5. 

Eruption of Vesuvius, and a succession of earthquakes, 
in which many thousands perish. Amnesty decreed 
to the Lombs^rdo-Venetian kingdom, Jan. 25. 
Burning of Leghorn Theatre, June 7. 

The Queen of Spain gives birth to the Prince of the 
Asturias, Nov. 28. 

sd 



394 HtJDIMBKTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1857- 

A.D. 

1857 The Rnssians raise some of the vessels sunk in Sebas- 

topol harbour, March 30. The Grand-Duke Con- 
staniine comes on a mission to the Emperor 
Napoleon and Queen Victoria, May. 
Mr. Buchanan President of the United States, 1857 — 
61. 

Abolition of the Sound Dues, March 14. 
Inauguration of the Art Exhibition at Man- 
chester, May 5. 
New Beading-room at the British Museum 

opened. May 8. 
Sunday evening services licensed in Exeter 

Hall and other places. May 24. 
Educational Conference at London presided 

over by Prince Albert, June 22. 
Opening of the South Kensington Museum to 

the public, June 24. 
Expedition in search of the remains of Sir 

John Franklin undertaken by Captain 

M'Clintock, July i. 
Attempt to lay the Atlantic cable, Aug. 11. 
Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception pro- 
mulgated at Bome. 
Laying of the submarine telegraph to Malta, 

Nov. 17. 
The Kaffirs of South Africa, oppressed by 

&mine, engage themselves as servants to 

the colonists at the Cape. 
Abolition of slavery in the Dutch colonies. 
Death of W. H. Playfair, J. M. Kemble, Dr. 

Karl Hahn, Douglas Jen'old, Pierre J. 

B6rauger, Eugene Sue» Bishop Blomfield, 

Auguste Comte. 

1858 The metropolis divided into ten postal districts, Jan. 

I. Sunday evening services inaugurated in the 
nave of Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral. The Loose Africans advancing to the attack 
of Sierra Leone, are defeated by British troops, 
Feb. I. The blockade of Canton raised, Feb. io« 
Excitement caused by the arrest in London of Simon 



1858] MODERN HISTORY. 395 

A.D. 

1858 Bernard, on the charge of conspiracy with Orsini 
against the life of the Emperor Napoleon, Feb. 14. 
Lord Palmerston's Government defeated on the 
Conspiracy to Murder Bill, Feb. 22. The Earl of 
Derby, Premier, with the Earl of Malmesbury as 
Foreign Secretary. The refugee question amicably 
settled with France, March 12. The home Govern- 
ment disapproves of the Governor-General of India's 
Oudh proclamation, threatening confiscation of the 
talookdhars' lands. Lord EUenborough retires 
from the Board of Control, March 14. Capture of 
Lucknow by Sir Colin Campbell, March 19. Dis- 
persion of the Kaffirs in Bonik Africa, March. 
Discovery of gold in British Columbia, April 21. 
The Indian rebels defeated by Sir Hope Grant at 
Nawabgunge, May 13. Satisfaction demanded of 
Turkey for the massacre of the French and English 
consuls at Jeddah, the port of Mecca, May 15. 
Capture of the forts on the Peiho river, below 
Pekin, by the allied forces, May 20. An Act passed 
transferring the government of India from the East 
India Company to the Queen. The Chinese 
authorities sign a treaty at Tien-tsin, conceding 
important privileges to Europeans, May 26. 
General amnesty proclaimed by the Governor- 
General of India to all except murderers, June 9. 
Capture of Gwalior and Calpee by Sir Hugh Bose, 
June 19. A council is appointed for India, with 
a Secreta^ry of State at its head. The right of 
search abandoned by Great Britain in deference to 
the United States, June 27. Ministerial crisis 
in Canada on the subject of the selection of Ottawa 
as the future seat of Government, July 28. In- 
auguration of the Napoleon Docks at Cherbourg 
attended by the Queen and the Houses of Parlia- 
ment, by invitation from the Emperor Napoleon, 
Aug. 5. Treaty of Commerce with Japan signed 
at Jeddo, Aug. 26. Interchange of congratulations 
between the Queen of Great Britain and the 
President of the United States transmitted through 



396 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1858- 

A.D. 

1858 Atlantic eable, Aag. 22. Proclamation transferring 
the government of India from the East India Com- 
pany to the Crown, Nov. i. Public meetings at 
Edinburgh and other places in support of Parlia- 
mentary Reform, Nov. Arrest of several persons 
in Belfast on the charge of being members of a 
secret society, Dec. 12. 

Attempt made by Orsini, Pieri, and others, to assassi- 
nate the Emperor and Empress of the French, Jan. 
14. Numerous political arrests in France, Feb. 24. 
An abortive insurrection at Chalon-sur-Saone, 
March 6. Execution of Orsini and Pieri, March 13. 
Indignation addresses in France on the subject of 
asylum afforded to political refugees in England, 
March. The Duke of Malakhoff sent as Ambassador 
to the Court of St. James's, April 15. Purchase 
by the French Emperor of the tomb of Napoleon I. 
at St. Helena, and the house at Longwood, May 7. 
The funeral car of Napoleon I. presented by Queen 
Victoria to the French nation, and deposited in the 
InvaUdes, Nov. 5. Imprisonment of Count Monta- 
lembert for contrasting too favourably English 
liberty of speech with French repression of opinion, 
Nov. 24. 

Marriage of the Princess Royal of England with the 
Prince Frederick William of Prussia, Jan. 25. 

The city of Ningpo, in China, surprised by the rebels, 
May 31. 

The city of Christiania, in Norway, nearly destroyed 
by fire, April 13. 

Brigham Young Euperseded in the government of Utah 
by Governor Cumming, upon which the Mormons 
migrate further south. May 2. 

Destruction of the New York Crystal Palace by fire, 
Oct. 5. 

Financial reforms in Turkey, Aug. 18. A new con- 
stitution granted to the United Principalities of 
Moldavia and Wallachia, Aug. 20. 

Launch of the <* Great Eastern" steamship, 
Jan. 31. 



1859] MODERN HISTORY. 397 

A.D. 

1858 Dr. Livingstone starts on his second African 

expedition, March 10. 

Inangoration of the Lyons and C^eva railway. 

New oonrt for divorce and matrimonial causes, 
May 10. 

System of main-drainage for London com- 
menced by the Board of Works, May 22. 

Jewish Disabilities Bill passed. 

Destruction of the remains of the Temple of 
Minerva at Corinth by an earthquake. 

Death of Bishop Wilson of Calcutta, Bichard 
Lord Braybrooke, D. W. Gregory, Johann 
Miiller, Dawson Turner, Mrs. Loudon, 
George Combe, Ida Pfeiffer, Sir W. Beid, 
Bobert Dale Owen, Bichard Taylor, Charles 
MTarlane. 

1859 The Punjab constituted a lieutenant-governorship, 

Jan. 9. Disarmament of Upper India and paci- 
fication of Oudh, Jan. Visit of the Prince of Wales 
to Bome, Feb. 3. Parliament met, and was 
opened by the Queen in person, Feb. 3. Mr. 
Disraeli expounds the principles of the Government 
Beform Bill, Feb. 28. Mission of Lord Cowley 
to Vienna, Feb. Inhibition of the confessional at 
St. Barnabas*, Knightsbridge, March 23. Lord 
Derby's government in a minority on the Beform 
Bill, March 31. Inauguration of the bishoprics 
of Brisbane and Goulbum, in Australia, April 2. 
Tantia Topee, the Indian rebel, executed,- April 15. 
Parliament prorogued and dissolved, April 19. 
Day of thanksgiving for suppression of the Indian 
mutiny. May i. Boyal circular sanctioning the 
formation of volunteer corps. May 12. Memorial 
of the City of London in fsivour of non-intervention 
in the Italian quarrel. May 25. The elections 
proving adverse to the Conservative party. Lord 
Palmerston is commissioned to form a government, 
June 17. Visit of the King of the Belgians to 
England, June 22. The English and French ambas- 
sadors to the Emperor of China attempt to force the 



398 KUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1859- 



A.D. 



1 859 passage of the Pelho river, but are repnlsed, June 25. 
Amalgamation of the East India Company *s forces 
with the Imperial army, 10,000 soldiers retiring 
from the service, July i. Btrike of the Metropolitan 
building trades to reduce the working day from ten 
to nine hours, Aug.-Nov. The Prince of Wales 
attends classes in Edinburgh and Oxford Univer-^ 
sities, Aug.-Nov. Acts for the establishment of a 
reserve force of 30,000 seamen and 20,000 soldiers, 
Aug. 13. Earthquake in Cornwall and gale in 
the Channel, Sept. 18. Loss of the '< Royal 
Charter," when 450 persons perish, Oct. 26. 
Majority of the Prince of Wales celebrated on his 
1 8th birthday, Nov. 9. Withdrawal of the masons 
from the strike of the London building trades, 
Nov. 20. Agitation for Parliamentary reform, 
Dec. 7. Storm in the Channel, Dec. 31. 

The Princess Frederick William of Prussia gives birth 
to a son, being the first grandchild of Queen 
Victoria, Jan. 27. 

A French army of 60,000 men advances to the frontier 
of Sardinia to the aid of Victor Emanuel, April i. 
The Austrians having crossed the Ticino, war is 
declared. The French Emperor quits Paris to 
take the command of the army in person. May 10. 
The French and Sardinians victorious at Montebello, 
Magenta, and Solferino, June. Meeting of the 
Emperors of France and Austria at Villafranca, 
followed by the treaty of Zurich, July 11. General 
amnesty extended by Napoleon to all political 
offenders in France, Aug. 17. Engagement between 
the French and Moors in Algeria, Sept. 18. 

Marriage of Prince Napoleon, son of Jerome Bona- 
parte, to the Princess Clotilda, daughter of the 
King of Sardinia, Jan. 30. Union of Tuscany and 
Modena with Piedmont. General Garibaldi, in 
withdrawing from the service, exhorts the Italians 
to rally round Victor Emanuel, Nov. 18. 

Hostilities between Spain and Morocco, Oct. 20. The 
forts on the river Tetuan blown up by the Spanish 
squadron, Dec. 30. 



1859] MODERN HISTORY. 399 

A.D. 

1^59 Union of the hospodarshipe of Moldavia and Wallachia. 
Arrests at Constantinople on the charge of con- 
spiracy against the Sultan, Sept. 21. 
Schamyl, the leader of the Circassians, is betrayed to 

the Bussians, Aug. 28. 
The United States occupy the island of St. Juan, 
July I. Negro insurrection at Harper's Ferry. 

Inauguration of Wellington College, Sand- 
hurst, Jan. 29. 

The employment of convict hulks abandoned, 
Feb. 7. 

The Armstrong gun introduced into the 
artillery service of Qreat Britain, Feb. 26. 

M. Miani sails from France to survey the 
sources of the Nile, April 2. 

The first public drinJdng-fountain erected in 
London, April 21. 

Bemains of the Boman '' Uriconium '* dis- 
covered near Wroxeter. 

The Bed Sea submarine cable laid. 

The holding of slave property by British 
subjects, although in foreign countries, 
decided by the Court of Common Pleas to 
bo illegal, July 9. 

Opposition to the immigration of coolies to 
the West Indies, as being only another form 
of slavery. 

Law prohibiting the enrolment of Swiss in 
foreign service, Aug. 7. 

Captain M*Clintock returns with intelligence 
of the death of Sir J. Franklin and his com- 
panions in 1847. 

Glasgow supplied with water from Loch 
Katrine, Oct. 14. 

Institution of volunteer rifle corps in England 
and Scotland, Nov. 14. 

Death of Henry Hallam, W. H. Prescott, 
Lady S. Morgan, Sir J. Jejeebhoy, Dr. 
Dionysius Lardner, Baron A. von Humbolt, 
Leigh Hunt, J. K. Brunei, Carl Bitter, 



400 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1859- 



A.D. 



1859 Robert Stephenson, Hon. M. Elphinstone, 

Washington Irving, W. C. Grimm, Lord 
Macanlay« 

i860 Entombment of Lord Macanlay in Westminster 
Abbey, Jan. 9. Parliament opened by the Qneen, 
Jan. 24. Commercial treaty between England 
and France, published Feb. 11. Military riot at 
Greenwich, April i o. Listallation of Mr. Gladstone, 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, as Bector of the 
University of Edinburgh, April 16. Revolt of the 
Maories in New Zealand, May 3. English sympathy 
for Garibaldi and the cause of Italian unity. May. 
The President of the United States is thanked by 
the Queen for inviting the Prince of Wales to 
Washington, June 22. Volunteer review in Hyde 
Park, June 23. The Prince of Wales visits 
Canada and the United States, July 9. The 
Emperor Napoleon disclaims any hostile feeling 
towards England, July 25. Jewish Oaths Bill 
passed, Aug. 6. The English and French squadrons 
enter the Peiho river and reduce the Taku forts, 
Aug. 21. The Queen and Prince Consort sail for 
Germany, Sept. 22. The deficiency of the harvest 
estimated at £20,000,000. Pekin taken by the allies, 
and ratification of the Treaty of Tien-tsin, Oct. 24. 
The allied British and French forces leave Pekin, 
having burnt the Emperor of China's summer 
palace, Nov. 5, The President of the United 
States demands, under the Extradition Treaty, the 
surrender of John Anderson, who, seven years 
before, had slain his pursuer whilst endeavouring 
to escape from slavery in Missouri, Dec. i . British 
subjects suffered to travel in Italy and France 
without passports, Dec. 

i860 Spanish victories in Morocco, Jan. 

Tuscany and the Romagna incorporated with the 
kingdom of Sardinia, March 12. Insurrection in 
Sicily, March 15. Suppression of the political 
outbreak in Rome with great barbarity, March 
19. Papal excommunication of the aiders of re* 



l86o] MODERN HISTORY. 401 

A.D. 

i860 bellion in the Bomagna, March 29. Garibaldi 
overthrows the Neapolitan Government in Sicily, 
May 27. Savoy and Nice transferred by Italy to 
Frsince, June 14. Garibaldi enters Naples and 
causes Victor Emanuel to be proclaimed King of 
Italy, Sept. 9. The Papal army under General 
Lamoriciere, made prisoners of war, Sept. 29. The 
Emperor Napoleon reinforces the army of occupa- 
tion at Borne, Sept. 30. Policy of the Cavour 
ministry approved by the Sar^ian . Chambers, 
Oct. 2. Victor Emanuel enters Naples, Nov. 7. 
Proclamation of amnesty as King of Italy, Dec. 23* 
Conference of German sovereigns at Baden-Baden, 

June 15. 
Conference at Warsaw between Bussia, Prussia, and 

Austria, Oct. 25. 
Above 12,000 persons killed in cold blood by the 
Druses and Moslems. Intervention of England 
and France in Syria, July 21. The Turkish com- 
missioner, Fuad Pasha, causes 167 persons impli- 
cated in the late massacres to be executed at 
Damascus, Aug. 20. Bussia obtains from China a 
cession of territory, and commercial privileges, 
Nov. 14. 
The threatened secession of the Southern States from 
the American Union on the question of slavery 
deprecated by President Buchanan, who recom- 
mends a modification of the American Constitution, 
Dec. 4. Secession of South Carolina and ten 
other states, from the Union, Dec. 20. Bemoval 
of the Federal garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort 
Sumpter, Dec. 26. 

Progress of the early closing and volunteer 

movements, June. 
Adulteration of food and drink made punish- 
able offences by Act of Parliament, 
Aug. 6. 
The "Great Eastern" steam-ship accom- 
plishes the passage between Southampton 
and New York in ii| days. 



402 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i860- 

A.D. 

i860 Improvements in artillery. A range of 5} 

miles attained by a Whitworth 12 -pounder 
gun with a 2ib. charge of powder, July 
27. 
Death of the German poet Amdt, Sir W. 
Napier, Mrs. Jameson, Professor H. Hay- 
man Wilson, Sir Charles Barry, Albert 
Smith, Baron Bonsen. 
1 861 Drought and famine in North- Western India, Jan. 
Instructions sent to Canada to retain Anderson 
until the question pending before the Queen's 
Bench be decided, Feb. 8. Convict riot at Chat- 
ham suppressed by the mihtary, Feb. 11. The 
Statute Law Revision Act passed, March 8. 
Renewal of the Maori war in New Zealand, 
March 19. Mr. Bruce sent as ambassador to 
Fekin, March 26. Population of the United 
Kingdom, as shown by the Census, 29,334,788, 
AprU 8. Determination of the English Cabinet 
not to intrude advice or counsel on the govern- 
ment of the United States relative to the differences 
between North and South, April 29. Indian dis- 
turbances in British Honduras, April 30. Intro- 
duction of coolies from India into Uie West Indies 
and French colonies to supply the want of labour. 
May 28. Amongst the Acts passed this session, 
were the Marriage Law Amendment, the Bank- 
' ruptcy and Insolvency, the East Indian Civil 
Service, and the Irremovable Poor Bills, June- July. 
Lord John Russell raised to the Peerage as Earl 
Russell, July 30. Prorogation of Parliament, 
Aug. 6. Visit of the Queen and Prince Consort 
to Ireland, Aug. 22. Convention between Eng- 
land, France, and Spain, for intervention in Mexico 
to enforce certain pecuniary claims, Oct. 3 1 . Eng- 
land demands from the Federal government the 
restoration of Mason and ^lidell, the Confederate 
commissioners, seized on board the British mail 
packet " Trent," by Commodore Wilkes, of the 
American frigate ** San Jacinto," Nov. 8. Messrs. 



l86l] MODERN HISTORY. 403 

A.D. 

1 86 1 Mason and Slidell delivered np to the English 
ambassador at Washington, Dec. 28. 

The Duchess of Kent, mother of Queen Victoria, 
died, aged 76, on the i6th of March. 

The Prince Consort died at Windsor Castle, in his 
43rd year, after a few days' illness, Dec. 14. 

Proposals of the Danish Government rejected by the 
States of Holstein, Apr. 11. 

Liberty of debate conceded by Napoleon IH. to the 
French Legislative Chambers, Feb. 4. The dis- 
tricts of Mentone and Boquebrune ceded to France 
by the Prince of Monaco, Feb. 2. The Boman 
Catholic priests in France warned not to interfere 
with poHtics, Apr. 11. The port of Mytho, in 
Cochin China, captured by the French fleet, 
Apr. 13. Commercial treaty between France and 
Belgium, May i. 

The I^ssian Chambers declare the consolidation of 
the unity of Italy non-prejudicial to the interests of 
Prussia or Germany, Feb. 5. Policy of the Cavour 
ministry censured by Garibaldi in the Chamber of 
Deputies at Turin, Apr. 1 8« Public funeral of Count 
Cavour, June 7. 

President Buchanan refuses to withdraw the Federal 
troops from the forts in Charleston Harbour, at the 
request of South Carolina, Jan. 3. Fast observed 
throughout the United States on account of the 
imminent civil war, Jan. 4. Fort Sumpter sur- 
rendered to the Confederates, after a bombard- 
ment, Apr. 13. Proclamation of President Lincoln 
calling out the militia, and convoking the Houses 
of Congress for the 4th of July. The arsenal and 
stores at Harper's Ferry destroyed by order of the 
Federal commissioners, Apr. 1 8. Message of Jeffer- 
son Davis to the Southern Congress, announcing 
the draft of a permanent constitution of the Con- 
federate States, and the preparation for war with 
the Federal States, Apr. 29. Bepulse of Federal 
troops by the Confederates at Great Bethel, 
June 10. Congress authorises the employment 



404 RUDIMEKTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i86i- 

A.D. 

1 86 1 of 500,000 volunteers, and voted a snpply of 
500,000,000 dole, to carry on the war, Jnly 4. 
Bepalse of the Federalists at the battle of Bnll*s- 
Rnn. Jefierson Davis elected President of the 
Confederate States. Charleston Harbour blocked 
up by the Federals, Dec. 30. 

Popular demonstrations at Warsaw upon the dissolu- 
tion of the Polish Agricultural Society, by order of 
the Bussian Government, in which about 1,000 
persons were killed and wounded by the Bussian 
troops, April. 
Extension of civil and religious liberty in Austria. 

** Working Men's Associations '* and " Co- 
operative Stores** in the metropolis and 
manufacturing districts formed. 
A fire at Blenheim Palace consumes the 

Titian gallery of paintings, Feb. 5. 
Discovery of extensive deposits of guano in 

the islets of Tasmania. 
Construction of metropolitan railways. 
The Scinde railway opened, Apr. 
The time-gun at Edinburgh Castle regulated 

by Greenwich Observatory, Apr. 
The Stade dues abolished, July i. 
Post-office savings* banks opened throughout 

Great Britain, Sept. 16. 
First investiture of the new order of the Star 

of India held at Windsor Castle, Nov. i. 
Death of Lord Chancellor Campbell, Elizabeth 
B. Browning, Sir F. Palgrave, Sir James 
Graham, GeofiGrey St. Hilaire. 

1862 Opening of Parliament, Feb. 6. Visit of the Prince 

of Wales to the Court at Vienna, Feb. 12. Earl 
Canning succeeded by the Earl of Elgin as Governor- 
General of India, March i. Resolution by the 
House of Commons to the effect that colonies which 
have the right of self-government ought to maintain 
internal order and assist in their own external 
defence, March 4. The Law of Property Amend- 
ment Bill passed, March 6. The Prince of Wales 



1862] MOliERN HISTORY. 405 

A.D. 

1862 visits Egjrptand the Holy Land, March. Volunteer 
review at Brighton hy General Lord Clyde, Apr. 
21. Altercation between Mr. Cobden and Lord 
Palmerston on the question of national defences, 
June 7. Visit of the Prince of Wales to the 
Emperor Napoleon at Fontainebleau, June 12. 
Drinking fountain in Victoria Park presented by 
Miss Burdett Coutts, June 28. Marriage of the 
Princess Alice with Prince Louis of Hesse, July i. 
Contest of the National Kifle Association at Wimble- 
don, July 2. Munificent gift of Mr. Peabody to 
the poor of London, July. Litemational con- 
ferences held in London on the subjects of 
Sunday Schools and prohibition of the liquor 
traffic, Sept. 2. Great distress in the cotton 
manufacturing districts, where the pauperism 
reaches 7} p^r cent, of the entire population, 
Sept. Biot in Hyde Park, caused by a conflict 
between the Garibaldians and sympathisers with 
the Pope, Oct. 5. Demonstrations in London 
against the French occupation of Rome, Oct. 
Majority of the Prince of Wales, Nov. 9. 
Captain Gordon, the master of a slave-trading 
vessel, executed at New York for slavery-piracy, 
Feb. 21. Inaugural address by Jefferson Davis 
to the Confederate Congress, Feb. 22. Proposal 
of President Lincoln for the gradual emancipation 
of slaves by means of pecuniary compensation 
approved by the Federal Congress, March 4. The 
efficiency of the blockade of the southern ports of 
America affirmed, March 7. The Federal fleet at 
Newport Roads attacked by the Confederate iron- 
clad steamer ** Merrimac," which was subsequently 
encountered by the *** Monitor," March 8. Siege 
of Richmond, in Virginia, by the Federals, 
March 10. Abolition of slavery in the district of 
Columbia and city of Washington, Apr. i. Great 
losses sustained by the Federals in the battle of 
Pittsburg Landing, Apr. 6. Defeat of the Federals 
under General Banks at Winchester, May 25. 



406 BUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1862- 

A.D. 

1862 Engagements before Bichmond, June. Memphis 
surrendered to the Federals on occasion of the 
destruction of the Confederate fleet on the Mis- 
sissippi, June 9. A bill confiscating the slaves of 
rebels passed in the Federal Hoase of Bepresenta- 
tives, June 19. President Lincoln calls for a 
second levy of 300,000 men, to be drafted from 
the militia, and embodied for a nine months* 
service, Aug. 4. The Federals repulsed on the 
Bappahannock, Aug. 20. Also at Bull's-Bun, 
Aug. 30. The Confederates being defeated by 
Gdner&l M'Clellan evacuate Maryland, Sept. 14. 
Federal proclamation declaring the slaves of the 
insurgents to be free after January i , i §63 , Sept. 2 2 . 

Otho, King of Greece, dethroned, and a provisional 

government formed, Oct. 24. 
Meeting of Italian delegates under the presidency of 
Ghu*ibaldi at Genoa, Mar. 9. Papal allocution in 
favour of the temporal power of the papacy, 
Mar. 25. Catania seized by Garibaldi, and Sicily 
proclaimed in a state of siege, Aug. Garibaldi 
lands in Calabria, and is made prisoner by the 
royal forces at Aspromonte, Aug. 29. The King 
of Italy proclaims an amnesty to Garibaldi and 
his adherents, Oct. 5. 
Engagements between the French and Mexican troops, 

the former being defeated near Puebla, Apr. 28. 
The King of Prussia closes the Bepresentative Chamber 
in consequence of its rejecting the military esti- 
mates, Oct. 13. 
Defeat of the Taeping rebels in China and recovery of 
Nangpo and Trangpon by the Imperialists, May 3. 
Second International Exhibition at London 

opened. May i. 
Inauguration of the Social Science Congress 

at London by Lord Brougham, June 4. 
Death of Archbishop Sumner, Dr. J. Hamel, 
Sir Benjamin Brodie. 

1863 Divided state of pubhc opinion in England in regard 

to the civil war in America, Jan. Opening of the 



1 



1863] MODERN HISTORY. 407 

A.D. 

1863 Session of Parliament, when the Prince of Wales 
takes his seat in the House of Lords, Feb. 5. 
Levee held by the Prince of Wales at St. James's 
Palace on behalf of the Queen, Feb. 25. Prison 
Minister's Bill passed, Feb. Marriage of the 
Prince of Wales with the Princess Alexandra, 
daughter of Prince Christian of Denmark, March 10. 
Lord Palmerston installed as Lord Hector of thd 
University of Glasgow, March 29. The Princess 
Louis of Hesse (Princess Alice) gave birth to a 
daughter, Apr. 5. Volunteer review at Brighton, 
Apr. 6. Departure of 1,000 emigrants from 
Manchester for New Zealand, Apr. 28. Proposal 
to make charitable endowments liable to Income 
Tax is met with strenuous opposition, Apr. Act 
for augmentation of small livings passed, Apr. 29. 
Admiral Kuper demands reparation for the outrages 
committed on British subjects in Japan, and the 
violation of the treaties of commerce, Apr. Amal- 
gamation of the City police with the Metropolitan 
opposed by the Corporation, May. Fortification 
of the arsenals and dock3rards, June. Scheme 
propounded by the ^Lord Chancellor for a com- 
prehensive revision and digest of the common 
and statute law, June. Grand ball at Guildhall 
on the occasion of the Prince of Wales taking up 
his freedom, June 8. Inauguration of the memorial 
of 185 1 to the late Prince Consort, June 9. Visit 
of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Oxford, 
June 16 — 18. Return of Captains Speke and 
Grant,the discoverers of the source of the Nile, 
June. The Queen, accompanied by four of 
the royal children, pays a visit to the King of 
the Belgians, at Laeken, Aug. 11. Prize fight 
between Heenan, the American pugilist, and King, 
the English champion, Dec. 10. Launch of her 
Majesty'a iron-clad screw steam-ship ** Minotaur," 
Dec. 13. 
Progress of the civil war in America. Embar- 
rassing state of the British relations with the 






408 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1863- 

A.D., 

1863 Federal Government. Question of recognition of 
the Confederate States. 

Death of Said Pasha, the Viceroy of Eg3rpt, Jan. 30. 
Prince William, second son of Prince Christian of 
Denmark, and brother of the Princess of Wales, 
elected King of Greece, on which occasion the 
Ionian Islands were ceded by Great Britain to 
Greece, June. 
Insurrection in Poland, occasioned by the Russian 

conscription, March. 
Interruption of diplomatic relations between Great 
Britain and Brazil. 

Opening of the Metropolitan Railway, Jan. 9. 

Trial trip of the ** Aurora,'* demonstrating the 

success of the twin screw principle, Aug. 

25- 
The Charing-Cross railway opened, Dec. 1. 

Death of Lord Clyde, Sir Cresswell Cresswell, 

Sir G. Comewall Levds, Lord Lyndhurst, 

William Mulready, Marquis of Normanby, 

William Makepeace Thackeray, Francis 

Trollope, Archbishop Whately. 

1864 Birth of a male heir to the Prince and Princess of 

Wales, Jan. 8. Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 4. 
Five of the seven pirates convicted of the murder 
of the captain of the ''Flowery Land*' hanged 
at Newgate, Feb. 22. Stormy debates in Parlia- 
ment on the Foreign Policy of the Government in 
regard to China, Japan, and Poland, Feb. Seizure 
of the British merchant vessel ''Saxon'* by a 
United States' man-of-war, Feb. 29. Steam rams 
at Birkenhead detained by order of the British 
Government, Feb. Inundation at Sheffield, caused 
by the bursting of the Bradfield reservoir, March 1 1 . 
Enlistment of soldiers in Great Britain and Ireland 
for the service of the* Federal army forbidden, 
March. The Queen visits the Horticultural 
Gardens at Kensington, being her first appearance 
in public since the death of the Prince Consort, 
Apnl 30. Popular reception accorded to the great 



1864] MODERN HISTORY. 409 



A.D. 



1864 Italian patriot Garibaldi, April 3. Exertions made 
by the English Government to pat a stop to the 
further prosecution of the war between Germany 
and Denmark, by a Conference of the Great Powers 
which met at London, April 25. Commemoration 
in honour of the three hundredth anniversary of 
Shakspeare's birthday, April 23. Revolt of the 
Maories in New Zealand, and guarantee of the 
Kew Zealand loan, June. The. old Boyal Chapel 
in the precincts of the Savoy destroyed by fire, 
July 7. Vote of censure on the foreign policy 
of ministers passed in the Lords, but rejected 
in the Commons* House by a majority of eighteen, 
July. Franz Miiller, the murderer of Mr. Briggs, 
escapes to New York, but is brought back to 
England and executed, July 9. Biots in Belfast, 
Ireland, on occasion of the inauguration of a 
monument to the late Daniel O'Connell in Dublin, 
Aug. 8. Embarkation of the Prince and Princess 
of Wales for Denmark, Sept. 3. Mercantile embar- 
rassments and failure of the Leeds Joint-Stock 
Bank, Sept. Conference at Quebec on the scheme 
of a Federal Union of British possessions in North 
America, Oct. 10. Cessation of the system of 
convict transportation, upon remonstrances from 
Australia, Nov. The Bank rate of discount 
changed fifteen times during this year, attaining its 
maximum in May, when it rose to 9 per cent. 

Debates in the Corps Legislatif on the armaments of 
France, on the electoral law, on free trade, and on 
the liberty of the press, Jan. 3. Conspiracy of 
Greco and three other Italians against the life of the 
Emperor Napoleon, Jan. Shakspeare Tercentenary 
celebration forbidden in Paris, April. Marriage of 
the Count de Paris with the Princess Isabelle 
d'Orleans, May 30* 

Prince Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, chosen 
Emperor of Mexico, through French intervention, 
May. Progress of the Civil War in America. 
Obstinate battles between the Federals and Con- 



410 RUDIMEKTART CHKONOLOGY. [a.D. 1 864- 
A.D. 

1864 federates before Bichmond in Yirginia, U.S., May. 
General Grant besieges Petersburg, Jnne 15. 
Genei^ Sheridan sent to the Shenandoah Valley, 
June. The world-renowned *< Alabama'* sunk by 
the Federal war-steamer <<Kearsage" off Oher- 
bonrg, Jane 20. Confederate raid into Maryland, 
Jnly. Federal expedition against Mobile, and 
capture of Atlanta, Sept. The Confederate cruiser 
'* Florida*' seized in Brazilian waters by a Federal 
man-of-war, Oct. 6. Be-election of President 
Lincoln, Nov. March of Sherman across Georgia, 
and capture of Savannah, Nov. 

Dispute between Denmark and the German Diet 
relative to the Elbe duchies of Schleswig and Hol- 
stein, Jan. Advance of Austrian and Prussian 
troops into the duchies, Feb. i. The Danewerke 
abandoned by the Danes, Feb. Siege of Diippel, 
in the Isle of Alsen, by the Prussians, who advance 
into Jutland, April. Naval engagement of the 
Danes and Austrians off Heligoland, May. Failure 
.of the Conference of London, and renewal of 
• hostilities, June 22. The capture of Alsen and 
bombardment of Fredericia, decide the unequal 
struggle, and Denmark is compelled to yield, July. 
Preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, Aug. i. 
Dispute between Prussia and the Federal Diet 
relative to the duchies, Dec. 

Convention between Italy and France relative to the 
withdrawal of French troops from Rome, Sept. 15. 

The seizure of the Chincha J«ilands by Spain occasions 
a war with Peru, Dec. 

Destruction of two thousand persons by fire whilst 
celebrating the Immaculate Conception, at Santiago, 
in Chili, Jan 28. 

Massacre of the Taepings by the Imperialists after the 
surrender of the town of Soochow, and termination 
of the rebellion in China, Oct. 

Foundation of the Thames Embankment, July 8. 

Suspension-bridge at Clifton, Dec. 8. 

Death of Miss Lucy Aikin, Nathaniel Haw- 



1865] MODERN HISTORY. 411 



A.D. 



1864 thome, Walter Savage Landor, John Leech, 

Captain Speke. 

1865 Burning of the Theatre Royal at Edinburgh, Jan. 13. 

Wreck of the ** Assaye " East Indiaman, Jan. 28. 
Burning of the Boyal Surrey Theatre in London, 
Jan. 30. Parliament meets, Feb. 7. Destruction 
of Saville House, in London, by fire, Feb. 23. 
Dispute in the iron trade, and closure of the South 
Staffordshire iron-works, March 4. Withdrawal 
by the United States of the notice given by Pre- 
sident Lincoln's Government for terminating the 
Convention respecting furmed force on the Cana- 
dian lakes, March. Reduction of Tea Duties, of 
Licome Tax, and Fire Insurance Duty, April 
27. Rev. Dr. Manning, formerly Archdeacon of 
Chichester, consecrated Roman Catholic Arch- 
bishop of Westminster, June 8. Fire at Marl- 
borough House, July 4. Resignation of Lord 
Chancellor Bethell in consequence of a vote of cen- 
sure passed in the Commons, July. The late Par- 
liament having expired by efflux of time, a general 
election takes place, giving an increased prepon- 
derance of Liberal members, July. Mr. Gladstone, 
rejected" by Oxford University, is returned for 
South Lancashire, July. Recognition of Prince 
Alfred of England as heir to the Duchy of Saxe- 
Coburg, Aug. 6. Embarkation of the Queen for 
Germany, Aug. 8. Arrest of Fenians at the office 
of the Irish People newspaper. Parliament Street, 
Dublin, Sept. 15. Arrest of James Stephens, the 
** Head Centre " of the Fenians in Ireland, Sept. 
Death of the Prime Minister, Viscount Palmerston, 
Oct. 18. Earl Russell becomes Piime Minister, 
and ^. Gladstone Leader of the House of Com- 
mons, Oct. Outbreak of the negroes at Morant 
Bay, in Jamaica, and execution of Mr. Gordon and 
Bogle, Oct. The conduct of Governor Eyre is 
approved by the Assembly, and a bill passes the 
chambers abolishing the Constitution, and making 
Jamaica a Crown colony. The ''Head Centre'' 

T 2 



412 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [A-D. 1865- 

A.D. 

1865 Stephens effects his escape from Bichmond gaol, 
Nov. 24. The Bossell Ministry issue a Conmiis- 
sion of Inquiry into the circumstances of the 
Jamaica revolt, and suspend Governor Eyre, Nov. 
Death of her Majesty's last surviving uncle, Leo- 
pold I., King of the Belgians, Dec. 9. Wreck of 
the ** Ibis " in Cork harbour, Dec. 20. The general 
prosperity this year was interrupted by the cattle 
' plague in England and Scotland, and the Fenian 
conspiracy in Ireland. 

March of General Sherman from Savannah to Golds- 
borough, Jan. — March. General fast proclaimed 
by President Da vies, Jan. 25. Inauguration of 
Mr. Lincoln as President (the second time^ of the 
United States, March 4. Disasters of me Con- 
federates, and surrender of Bichmond, April 3. 
Surrender of the Confederate army under General 
Lee, April 9. Assassination of President Liucoln, 
April 14. Mr. Johnron, the Vice-President, takes 
the oaths of office as President, April. Uncon- 
ditional surrender of the Confederate army, and 
conclusion of the Civil War in America, May. 
Several of the Confederate States annul their seces- 
sion ordinances, and repudiate their State debts, 
Sept. Abolition of slavery, Oct. The famous 
Confederate cruiser, '* The Shenandoah," arrives in 
the Mersey, and is surrendered by Captain Wad- 
dell to H. M. ship "Donegal," Nov. 

Imperial decree reprimanding ihe French bishops for 
reading the Encyclical Letter of the Pope &om their 
pulpits, Feb. 8. Death of the Duke de Momy, 

- President of the Corps Legislatif, March 10. Visit 
of the Emperor Napoleon to Algeria, May. In- 
terchange of courtesies between the English and 
French fleets, and visit of the French fleet to Ports- 
mouth, Aug. 31. 

Dispute between the King of Prussia and the Chamber 
of Deputies touching the increase of the army and 
navy, Jan. — ^March. Bill for defraying the Prus- 
sian expenses of the war with Denmark negatived 



1 866] MODERN HISTORY. 413 

A.D. 

1865 by the Chambers, June. Closing of the session, 
and royal decree with reference to supplies, July 5. 
Convention between Prussia and Austria at Gastein 
with reference to the Duchies, Aug. 14. Declara- 
tion of Prussia and Austria at the Frankfort Diet 
relative to the administration of the Elbe Duchies, 
Aug. 24. 

Spain composes her dispute with the Peruvian Re- 
public, and declares war with Chili, Sept. Military 
insurrection in Spain, headed by General Prim, 
Nov. 
General election, and opening of the first session of 
the Italian Parliament in Florence, Nov. 18. 

The Interfiational Exhibition at Dublin opened 

by the Prince of Wales, May 9. 
Inauguration of the Boyal Dramatic College at 

Woking, June 5. 
Blackfiriars Bridge rebuilt, July 20. 
Pneumatic Despatch Tube, Nov. 7. 
Death of Cardinal Wiseman, Richard Cobden, 
M.P., Professor Aytoun, Sir Charles L. 
Eastlake, Yice-Admiral R. Fitzroy, Sir 
Joseph Paxton. 

1866 Parliament opened by the Queen in person, Feb. 6. 

Review of the troops at Aldershot by the Queen, 
Feb. 13. Progress of the Fenian conspiracy in 
Ireland, and suspension of the Habeas Corpus 
Act, Feb. 19. Introduction of the Franchise 
Bill by Earl RusselFs government, March 12. 
Autograph letter addressed by the Queen to 
Mr. Peabody^ March 28. Formation of a third 
political party in the Commons, called the 
** Adullamites," March. Bill to prevent the 
spreading of the cattle-plague passed, March. 
Franchise Bill and Redistribution of Seats Bill 
passed, April. Extraordinary monetary panic in 
London occasioned by the stoppage of Gumey, 
Overend, and Co., May 11. Failure of the Agra 
and Masterman's Banks, May. Suspension of the 
Bank Charter Act, and advance of tiie rate of dis- 



414 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i866- 

A.D. 

1866 eonnt to 10 per cent., May. Act for the alteration 
of the oaths taken by members of Parliament, 
May. Marriage of the Princess Mary of Cambridge 
to Prince von Teck, Jnne 13. Earl Bussell's 
Government being in a minority in the Commons 
on Lord DnnkeUin's motion, to make rating 
the basis of the franchise in borooghs, resigns, 
June 19. Reform demonstration in Trafalgar 
Sqnare, Jane 29. The Earl of Derby nnable 
to form a coalition with the ^'Adnllamite party," 
constructs a cabinet out of pure Conservative 
elements, Jane. Marriage of the Princess 
Helena with Prince Christian, July 5. Stoppage 
of the Birmingham Banking Company, July 13. 
The Marqais of Abercom appointed Lord-Ldea- 
tenant of Ireland, Jaly 20. Biots in Hyde Park 
on occasion of the gates being closed against a 
demonstration of tibe Beform League, July 23. 
Spread of cholera in London, July. Great reform 
meeting at Guildhall, under the presidency of the 
Lord Mayor, Aug. 8. Prorogation of Parliament, 
Aug. 10. Beform demonstrations at Manchester, 
Leeds, Glasgow, and London, Sept. — Dec. Visit 
of the English volunteers to Belgium, Oct. 10. 
New water-works at Aberdeen opened by the 
Queen, Oct. 16. Unveiling of the statue to Sir 
John Franklin, Nov. 15. Great floods in Lancashire 
and Yorkshire, Nov. 16. Alarm in Ireland occa- 
sioned by the threatened Fenian rising, and vigorous 
preventive measures taken by the Government, Nov. 
Dreadful colliery explosion at Bamsley, Dec. 12. 
The ocean yacht race across the Atlantic, from 
New York to Cowes, won by the American yacht, 
*< Henrietta,'* Dec. 26. T!he tropical section of the 
Crystal Palace, Sydenham, destroyed by Are, Dec. 

30- 
Beport of the Beconstruction Committee on the re- 
admission of the Southern States into the Union, 
Jan. The Freedmen's Bureau BiD, and Civil 
Bights Bill, vetoed by the President, but the latter 



1 866] MODERN HISTORY. 415 

A.D. 

1866 passed, notwithstanding, March. Admission of 
Colorado, into the Union, April. Fenian invasion 
of Canada from the United States, Hay. Opening 
of the Canadian legislature, which met for the first 
time at Ottawa, in Canada West, June 8. Biots 
in New Orleans, July. The President of the United 
States refuses to recognise the empire of Mexico 
under Maximilian, or to respect the blockade of 
the port of Matamoras, Aug. Meeting of the new 
Congress after the general election, Dec. 3. 
Funeral of Marie Amilie, ex-Queen of the French, at 
Weybridge, England, Apr. 3. Determination of 
France to remain neutral in Uio impending conflict, 
between Austria, Prussia, and Italy, May. Abor- 
tive attempts of the Emperor Napoleon to sum- 
mon a conference of the great Powers at Paris, 
June. Draft of a Senatiis Consultum respecting 
the constitution laid before the Senate, «ruly 6. 
Claim of France to an extension of frontier on 
the side of the Rhine, Aug. Manifesto of the 
French Government on the results of the war ia 
Germany, Sept. 16. Besignation of M. Droujm de 
Lhuys as Foreign Minister, Sept. Withdrawal of 
the French garrison from Borne, Deo. 11. 
The Prussian Chambers not agreeing with the 
Government, the session is abruptly prorogued, 
Feb. 23. Decree of the King. of Prassia against 
the Duke of Augustenburg, March. Political 
struggle between the Prussian and Austrian 
Governments for the leadership in Germany, 
March. Prussian despatch to the minor German 
States, March 24. Secret treaty of alliance between 
Prussia and Italy, March. Orders issued by the 
Austrian Emperor for placing the army on a war 
footing, April. Withdrawal of Austrian troops from 
Holstein, May 7. The Frankfort Diet decrees that 
the forces of the Bund shall be mobilized, June 14. 
Invasion of Saxony by Prussia, June 16. War 
manifesto of the Emperor of Austria, June 17. 
Entiy of the Prussians into Bohemia, June 23. 



416 RUDIBfENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i866- 

A.I>. 

1866 Battles of Miinchengratz, Nachod, Traatenan, and 
Skalitz, Jane. Capitnlation of the Hanoverian 
army to the Prnssians, Jnne 28. Battle of Konig- 
gratz, and defeat of the AnstrianB near Sadowa, 
July 2. Occupation of Frankfort and Briinn by 
the Prnssians, July 14. The Emperor of Austria 
being over-matched by the Pmssians in the north, 
and the Italians in the south, surrenders Yenetia 
to France, July. Battle of Blnmenau and retreat 
of the Austrians on Presburg, July 16. Negotia- 
tions for an armistice by the French Emperor, 
July 22* Concentration of the Austrian armies 
round Vienna, July. Preliminaries for a treaty of 
peace signed, July 26. Opening of the new session 
of the Prussian Chambers, Aug» 5. Treaty of 
confederation of the North German States, Aug. 
Treaty of Prague, Aug. 23. 
Passage of the Mincio by the Italian army, followed 
by the battle of Custozza, June 23* Naval combat 
off Lissa between the Italian and Austrian fleets, 
July 20. Operations of the volunteers under 
Garibaldi, July. The Italian army again crosses 
the Po, Aug. Treaty of Peace between Italy and 
Austria, Oct. 3, Result of the plebiscite in Yenetia 
in favour of incorporation with the kingdom of 
Italy, Nov. 4. Opening of the session of the 
Italian Parliament, Dec. 15. 
Military Insurrection in Madrid, June 22. 
Revolt in the Danubian Principalities and abdication 
of Prince Couza, Feb. Prince Charles of Hohen- 
zoUem elected Hospodar. 

Institution of the Albert medal, March 7. 

International HorticulturalExhibition at South 
Kensington, May 22. 

Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 
July 27. 

Adoption of breech-loading rifles in the British 
army, Nov. 

Death of Rev. John Keble, Sir J. L. Knight- 
Bruce, Dr. Lindley, Dr. Whewell. 



1867] MODERN HISTORY. 417 

A.D. 

1867 The ice in the Eegenfs Park gives way, and 40 per- 
sons drowned, Jan. Much Emffering occasioned 
by the severity of the winter, Jan. Demonstra- 
tions in favour of Beform, Feb. The Fenians 
attempt to surprise Chester Castle, Feb. 11. 
Fenian insurrection in Ireland, Feb. 13. State- 
ment of the ministerial scheme of parliamentary 
reform, and withdrawal of the reform resolutions,. 
Feb. 26. Split in the Cabinet on the subject of 
the proposed Beform Bill, March 4. Clause intro- 
duced in the Mutiny Act, restricting the infliction 
of corporal punishment in the army, March 28. 
The ministerial Bill for amending the representa- 
tion of the people introduced by Mr. Disraeli, as 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, March x8. General 
Burke, Patrick Doran, and other Fenians, tried 
before the Commission at Dublin, and found guilty 
of high treason, Apr. 27, Compound house- 
holders to be rated as ordinary occupiers for the 
purposes of the Bepresentation of the People Bill, 
May 9. Beform demonstration in Hyde Park for- 
bidden by the Government, but ultimately allowed. 
May 6. Mr. Spencer Walpole resigns his post as 
Home Secretary, May 9. Scotch Beform Bill 
introduced, and iiie lodger franchise clause of the 
English Bill carried wiUi the limit of £10 clear 
yearly value, and 12 months' residence. May 13. 
The county franchise given to occupiers of lands 
and tenements to the yearly value of £12, May 27. 
Clause disfranchising Yarmouth, Lancaster, Beigate, 
and Totness, for bribery, May 30* Disclosures of 
Trade's Union outrages at Sheffield made before 
the Commissioners, June 19. Visit to England of 
the Belgian volunteers, July. Grand naval review 
at Spithead in presence of the Queen, the Sultan, 
and the Viceroy of Egypt, July 17. The Bepre- 
sentation of the People Bill receives the Boyal 
assent, Aug. 15. Preparations for the Abyssinian 
expedition, Sept. 14. Fenian attack on the police 
van at Manchester to rescue Kelly and Deasy, in 

t3 



418 RXTDIMENTARY CHBONOLOOT. [a.D. 1867- 

A.D. 

1867 which police-constahle Brett was murdered, Sept. 
18. Colliery explosion at Femdale, Glamorgan- 
shire, Nov. S, Five Fenians, named Allen, Larkin, 
Gould, • Magnire, and Shore, convicted of the 
murder of Brett, and the three first hanged at 
•Manchester, Not. '19 — 23. Autumn Session of 
Parliament opened hy Commission, Nov. 19. 
Violent etomLoff; the east coast of England, Dec. i. 
StrikiB 'Of the~Iidnd6n icahinen m consequence of 
a p6licQ regulntidin requiring them to oarry lamps, 
De^.: 3. The op^a; house,', in the Haymarket, 
Iiondon,>hofnt.'4dwn, Dec. 6. The ^nians dn- 
d^avour to effect, ihe escape of two prisoners 
charged with complicity in the' murder of Brett, 
by blowing-up the outer wall of tiie House of 
Detention m Cierkenwell, London, hy which 6 
persons were killed and 50 wounded!, I>0(i. 13. 

The first Parliament- of the North German Confedera- 
tion meets at Berlin, Fab.' 24. A/sefifet treaty 
between the leading. German States incorporating 
the Fatherland into one entire empire, for defensive 
military purposes, under the leadership of Prussia, 
communicated t6 ihe several. legislatures. Mar. 23^ 
Confevence held in London to settle the Luxemburg 
question, May 7. Coronation of the Emperor of 
Austria «8 King of Hungary^ June 8. The Emperor 
• Napoleon visits the Emperor of Austria at Salzburg, 
Aug.- iS. 

Intervention of the Emperor Napoleofi to prevent the 
invasion of the Papal States by dihe Garibaldians, 
Oct. 20. The Italian minister Battazzi resigns, 
and is succeeded by General CJaldini. Garibaldi 
escapes from Caprera, and leads the insurgents 
against the Papal troops, Oct. 28. Be-occupation 
of Bome by French troops, Oct. 30* Garibaldi 
being defeated at Montana by the Papal troops, 
escapes to Terni, where he is arrested by the ItaliiEm 
authorities, Nov.' 3. 

The island of St. Thomas, in the West Ladies, swept 
by a hnrricane on the 29th Oct, and devastated by 



1 868] MODERN HISTORY. 419 



A.D. 



1867 an earthqiJiake o^ tl^e'x8th Nov., when many 
English and American, vessels were wrecked. 

Th# Freneh International Exbibitio;! opened, 
Apr. I- . : . :, ; 

Estensioti of rail^ys in Canada. 

Bailway ovj^r MQAt Canis ope^ned for traffic, 
Aug. ^6. 

Completion pf the docluf at ]?arrow-u;L-Farne6S, 
Sept. 19. , 

Peath of Victor Conain, Alfred Mellon, M. 

Faraday, Earl of Bos^e. 

1868 Violent storms off the eastern coast of England, Jan. 

ImprisoSDiaent of Messrs. Sullivan and Pigott, the 
editors of two Irish newspapers, the ** Weekly 
Nem*' 9Ad the ^* IrM>man,** for publishing seditious 
articles, Feb. 19. Parliament meets, Feb. 13. 
Ministerial arrangements completed. Mar. 5. 
The Abyssinian expeditiom arrived in front of 
Magdala, the stronghold of the Emperor Theodore, 
who finding resistance hopeless shot himself, 
Apr. 10-^17. Volunteer review at Portsmouth, 
Apr* 13. The Prince Wid PriuAesa of Wales 
visit Ireland, Apr. 15, An address of sym- 
pathy voted in both Houses to the Queen on 
the escape of the Duke of Edinburgh from 
attempteed. assassination in Australia^ Apr. 27. 
.Ministers being twice defeated in the Commons 
on Mr, Gladstone's resolutions for disestablishing 
the Irish Chur^hf adjourn the House till the 4th 
May, Apr, 50. The Queen declines to accept the 
resignation of Mr. Pisraeli's ministry, but assents 
to the dissolution of Parliament, so soon as the 
state of public business would admit, May 4. The 
Capital. Punishment within Prisons Bill passed. 
May II. The first stone of the new St. Thomas's 
Hospital laid by the Queen,. May 12. . The Fenian 
Barrett executed at the Old Bailey for exploding 
'^a barrel of gunpowder agf^inst the wall of the 
Clerkenwell House of Detention, in Deo* 13, 1867, 
being the last public ezeculipp in England, May 



420 BUDIBiENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. i868- 

A.D. 

1868 26. The Grand Jnry throw ont the bill of in- 
dictment against ex-governor Eyre, of Jamaica, 
Jnne 2. The Duke of Edinburgh arrives in England 
in good health, Jane 25. A number of important 
Acts passed this Session, including the Boundary 
Act, defining the electoral limits in England and 
Wales, the Representation of the People of Scotland, 
and the like for Ireland. The Queen, under the title 
of Countess of Kent^ accompanied by three of the 
royal children, passes through France on her way 
to Lucerne, for the benefit of her health, Aug. 5. 
A long drought in England and Wales, the thermo- 
meter registering as high as 96*2 in the shade, Aug. 
The Irish mail-train, near Abergele, on the Chester 
and Holyhead line, burnt by petroleum,* Aug. 20. 
Cab strike in London against the privileged admis- 
sion of certain cabs to railway stations, Aug. 
Betum of the Queen from Switzerland, Sept. 11. 
The tremor of an earthquake felt in England and 
Wales, Oct. 30. Dissolution of Parliament, and 
writs issued for a new one to meet on the loth of 
December, Nov. 1 1. Mr. Burlinghame presents his 
credentials as ambassador from the Emperor of 
China, Nov. 20. Mr. Gladstone fails to carry his 
election for South-west Lancashire, but is returned 
for Greenwich, Nov. 24. Mrs. Disraeli created 
Viscountess Beaconsfield, Nov. 28. The Disraeli 
ministry resigns, Dec. 2. Bishop Tait of London 
chosen Archbishop of Canterbury, Dec. 4. Mr. 
Gladstone commissioned to form a ministry, Dec. 4. 
The first session of the Beformed Parliament opened 
by commission, Dec. lo. Lord Mayo arrives at 
Bombay as governor-general of India, Dec. 20. 

War in South America between the Bepublic of 
Paraguay and the Empire of Brazil, Feb. 

Riot on Ward's Island, New York, between German 
and Irish emigrants, Mar« 5. 

Assassination of Obsenovich, the reigning Prince of 
Servia, near Belgrade, June 10. 

Expulsion of Queen Isabella from Spain, and esta- 



f- 1869] MODERN HISTORY. 421 

A.D. 

1868 blisbment of a provisional government at Madrid, 
^ Sept. 19. 

g Emption of Mount Yesnvius, followed by an eartb- 

{ quake, wbicb overwhelms tbe street of Santa Lucia 

( in Naples, Jan. 

I Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador, in wbicb 20,000 

,■ persons are supposed to bave perished, Aug. 

^ - Metropolitan Subways Act passed.' The new 

; metropolitan meat and poultry market at 

^ Smitb£eld opened, Dec. i. 

Mr. Peabody adds another £100,000 to his 

, previous munificent gift of dS2 50,000 to the 

. London poor, Dec. 5. 

! Death of John Doyle, Charles' J. Kean, Sir 

Edmund Head, Sir David Brewster, Henry 

I Lord Brougham, Dean Milman, Count 

\ Walewski, J. David Forbes. 

1869 Fort Ngatapa, in New Zealand, captured from the 

Maories, Jan. 9. The Prince and Princess of Wales 

visit the Emperor of Austria, at Vienna, and thence 

proceed to Eg3rpt, where they inspect the Suez 

\ Canal works, Jan. — ^March. The first session of 

the Beformed Parliament meets for business, Feb. 
16. The Princess Christian gives birth to a son, 
Feb. 26. The Duke of Edinburgh visits Adelaide, 
in Australia, Feb. 30. Extension of Portsmouth 
Harbour, and close of the Boyal Dockyard at 
Deptford, March 13. The tremor of an earth- 
quake felt in Lancashire and Yorkshire, March 15. 
Oxford, for the ninth time in succession, wins the 
University Boat-race, March 17. The Bill for Dis- 
establishment of the Lish Church passes the second 
reading in the Commons by 368 against 250 votes, 
March 23. The Prince of Wales entertained by 
the^ultan at Constantinople, April 6. The terri- 
torial rights of the Hudson's Bay Company in 
Canada purchased by Government, April 9. Pro- 
clamation of the Peace Preservation Act in London 
deny, May i. Conflict between rioters and troops 
at Mold, in Flintshire, June 4. The Earl of Derby 



422 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 1869- 

A.D. 

1869 and forty-six other peers enter their protest against 
the Irish Church Bill, July 14. The 1 Thames 
Tnnnel, constmcted by Brunei, closed as a pnblio 
foot- way, Jnly 19. Habitnal Criminals* Act passed. 
Also an Act for Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt, 
except in cases of fraud, Aug. 9. A General Synod 
of the Irish Church assembles at St. Patrick's 
Cathedral, Dublin, Sept. 14. The Duke of Edinburgh 
received in State by the Mikado of Japan, Sept. 22. 
A monster meeting at Dublin to demand the release 
of the Fenian prisoners, Oct. 10. The National 
Education League meets at Birmingham, Oct. 12. 
Public funeral accorded to the American philan- 
thropist George Peabody at Weskninster Abbey, 
Nov. 12. Visit of the King of the Belgians to 
England, Nov. 15. Political disturbances on the 
Bed Biver, Dec. 30. 

Inaugural address delivered by General Grant as 
President of the United States, March 4. Bejec- 
tion by the Senate, iT. S., of the Convention signed 
by Beverdy Johnson, for settlement of the Alabama 
claims, April 13. Mr. Motley appointed United 
States Minister to Great Britam, April 14. Burn- 
ing of the Mississippi steamer <* Stonewall,'* in 
which 118 persons perish, Oct. 28. 

The majority of the Paris Deputies returned to the 
Legislative Assembly are Bepublicans and Lrre- 
concilables, May. Biots at Paris suppressed by 
cavalry, June zi. Concession of extended Parlia- 
mentary powers to the French legislative assembly, 
July 1 2. Proclamation of amnesty by the Emperor 
Napoleon for all political offenders, in commemora- 
tion of the centenary of Napoleon I., Aug. 15. 
Modification of the constitution of the French 
Empire by a new *' Senatus Consultum,** Sept. 10. 
The Emperor Napoleon opens the Legislative 
Assembly in person, Nov. 29. 

Protestant Conference at Worms, in Germany, June i. 

Insurrection at Malaga, in Spain, Jan. 2. Opening 
of the Spanish Constituent Cortes, Feb. 11. The 



1876] MODERN HISTOBY. 423 

A.D. 

1869 tSpanish Oorfes declare in favour of monarchy by 
214 against 71 votes, May 21. Death of General 
O'Donnell whilst addressing the Cortes, Jane. 
Serrano yDomingaez inaugurated Eegent of Spain, 
June 18. The followers of Don Carlos defeated 
by Spanish troops near Toledo, Aug. i. Insurree- 

. tions against the Spanish Government in Barcelona, 

Valentia, and Cuba, Aug. — Oct. 
Political differences between Turkey and Greece sub- 
mitted to a conference at Paris, Jan. 6. 
(Ecumenical Council at Bome, attended by eight 
hundred prelates, D^e. 

Beligioufl toleration proclaimed in Spain, Jan. 
The Court of Appeid at Naples sanctions the 

marriage of priests, Feb. 22. 
Completion of the Pacific Bail way. May 15. 
The French iron-clad corvette, " Belliqueuse," 

makes the tour of the world. 
Expedition under Sir Samuel Baker for sup- 
pression of slavery on the Upper Nile, 
June 8. 
French Atlantic Cable laid, June 12. 
Proclamation of religious liberty at Havannah, 

Oct. 25. 
The Holborn YiadUet and new Blackfriars 

Bridge opened by the Queen, Nov. 6. 
International fete on the opening of the great 

Suez Canal, Nov. 17. 
Death of Sir Henry Ellis, A, Prat de Lamartine, 
Sir J. Emerson Tennent, Victor Huber, 
Bishop Philpotts, Earl of Derby, Madame 
M. G. Grisi. 

1870 Final departure of English troops from New Zealand, 

Jan. 22. The Government purchases the interest 
of the six telegraph companies for 5,715,048/., 
Jan. 28. Loss of the '* City of Boston,'* mail- 
steamer, on her passage from Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, to Liverpool, Jan. 28. Meetiug of Parlia- 
ment, Feb. 8. The Secretary of Uie British 
Legation at Athens, and two other gentlemen, 



424 KUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 187O- 

A.D. 

1870 murdered by brigands, April 21. Death of Lord 
Clarendon, who is sncceed<ed in the Foreign-office 
by Earl Granville, Jane 27. The English Go- 
vernment endeavours to mediate between the 
Emperor Napoleon and the King of Prussia, but 
unsuccessfully, July 12. Supplementary vote of 
2,ooo,oooZ. for national defence, Aug. i. Bate of 
discount raised to 6 per cent, by the Bank of 
England, Aug. 4. Neutrality of Belgium secured 
by the Treaty of London, Aug. 9. Many im- 
portant Acts were passed this session, including 
the Lish Land Bill, the Peace Preservation Act, 
the Married Women's Property BUI, the Ele- 
mentary Education Act, providing for the Election 
of local School Boards, the Absconding Debtors, 
the Extradition of Criminals Amendment, the 
Abolition of Forfeitures for Treason and Felony, 
the Clergy Retirement, ihe Military Services, and 
the Militia Embodiment Bills, Aug. 10. The 
English iron-clad man-of-war '< Captain,'' built on 
Captain Coles' turret principle, capsized in the Bay 
of Biscay, Sept. 7. Loss of the steam-ship 
<* Cambria," on her passage from New York to 
Glasgow, with passengers and crew, Oct. 19. 
Endeavours of the British Government to bring 
Bbout an armistice between the French and Gennan 
belligerents, Oct. 22. Flight of English subjects 
from Paris, Nov. 14. The Queen signifies hor 
consent to the marriage of the Princess Louise with 
ihe Marquis of Lome, eldest son of the Duke of 
Argyll, Nov. 25. Eevival of the Eastern question, 
Nov. 28. Election of the Metropolitan School 
Board, Nov. 30. The Queen visits the ^x-Empress 
of the French'atChislehurst, Nov. 31. Mr. Bright, 
'On account of ill-health, resigns the office of Presi- 
dent of the Board of Trade, Dec. 19. 
Liberal Ministry in France under M. Ollivier, Jan. 3. 
Victor Noir shot by Prince Kerre Bonaparte, 
cousin of the Emperor, Jan. 10. Street riots in 
Paris, Feb. — May. Result of the Plebiscite in 



1870] MODERN HISTORY. 425 

A.D. 

*i87o favour of the Imperial policy, by 7,138,367 against 
1,518,385 votes> May 8. The French residents at 
Tien-tsin massacred by the Chinese, June 21. 
The French Government opposes the candidature 
of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollem for the throne 
of Spain, July 6. The King of Prussia sanctions 
the withdrawal of the candidature of Prince 
Leopold, July 11. France declares herself not 
satisfied, and demands that the King of Prussia 
should guarantee that no member of the House of 
Hohenzollem should accept the crown of Spain, 
July 14. War proclaimed with Prussia to guard 
the *' interests, the security, and the honour of 
France," July 15. The Empress Eugenie left 
regent at Paris on the departure of Napoleon to 
take the command of the army, July 28. The 
South German States unite their forces with those 
of the North German Confederation to resist the 
French invasion, July 31. The French bombard 
Saarbriiek as the commencement of hostilities, 
Aug. 2. Generals Douay, MacMahon, and Frossard 
successively routed by the Germans at Weissen- 
burg. Worth, and Forbaeh, Aug. 4-6. Paris 
declared in a state of siege, Aug. 7. The French 
army of the Ehine retires on Metz, Aug. 8. Con- 
vocation of the French Chambers and resigna- 
tion of the Ollivier ministry, Aug. 9. Count 
Palikao forms a government, Aug. 10. Forced 
currency given to notes of the Bank of France and 
National loan of 750,000,000 francs, Aug. ii. 
The Germans occupy Nancy, the capital of 
Lorraine, Aug. 12. German victories at Cour- 
celles, Vionville, and Gravelotte, Aug. 14-18. The 
French army of the Bhine, under Marshal Bazaine, 
shut up in Metz, Aug. 18. The army of Marshal 
MacMahon retreats on Chalons and then on 
Bheims, Aug. 21. The Government of Paris en- 
trusted to General Trochu, who expels foreigners 
and all *' useless mouths," Aug. 24. Attempt & 
Marshal MacMahon to rescue Bazaine, frustrated 



426 RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 187O- 

A.D. 

1870 by the Germans, Ang. 27. Battles of Montmedy, 
Beamnont, Douzy, and Bazeilles, Ang. 29-31. 
German victory and capitulation of Sedan, when 
the Emperor Napoleon, with a French army of 
100,000 men, surrender as prisoners of war, 
Sept. 2. Night meeting of the French Chambers, 
and proclamation of a Bepablic in Paris, Sept. 4. 
Government of National Defence, formed under 
General Trochu and Jules Fayre, Sept. 4. Flight 
of the Empress-Regent from the Tuileries, Sept. 4. 
The Germans having occupied Versailles, invest 
Paris, Sept. 20. Delegation of the Government of 
National Defence installed at Tours, Sept. 21. 
Interview of Jules Favre with Count von Bismark 
at Ferrieres, Sept. 22. Capitulation of Strasburg 
after a bombardment of five weeks, Sept. 28. 
Defeat of the French Bepublican army at Toury, 
near Orleans, Oct. i. The King of Prussia esta- 
blishes his head-quarters at Versailles, Oct. 6. 
M. Gambetta makes his escape from Paris in a 
balloon, and establishes a deputation of the Govern- 
ment of National Defence at Tours, Oct. 7. 
Desperate attempt made by Bazaine to escape 
out of Metz, Oct. 7. Advance of the Germans on 
Orleans, Oct. 8. Appointment of General Garibaldi 
to the command of the irregular forces of Eastern 
France, Oct. 12. Palace of St. Cloud fired by the 
French guns of Mont Valerien, Oct. 13. Capitu- 
lation of Metz, and surrender of Bazaine with an 
army of 180,000 men, including 50 generals, and 
3 marshals of France, Oct. 28. Insurrectionary 
movements in Paris, Oct. 31. Vote of confidence 
by the citizens of Paris in the Government of 
National Defence, Nov. 3. Failure of negotiations 
for an armistice, Nov. 6. Engagements round 
Orleans and opening of the North-German Parlia- 
ment, Nov. 24. Defeat of the French army of the 
North and evacuation of Amiens, Nov. 28. Trocha's 
troops attempt a sortie from Paris, but are re- 
pulsed, Nov. 29. Defeat of the French army of 






1 870] MODERN HISTORY. 427 



A.D. 



1870 the Loire, Dec. 4. Occupation of Bouen by the 
Germans, Dec. 5. Bemoval of the French 
Government from Tours to Bordeaux, Dec. 10. 
Capitulation of Phalsburg, Dec. 12. 

Treaties incorporating the South German States and 
the North-German Confederation into one Empire, 
Dec. 31. 

Bepublican movements in Italy suppressed by the 
Government, March — ^May. Entry of the Italian 
army into the Pontifical States, and occupation of 
Bome, Sept. 17-20. The Boman States vote for 
incorporation with the kingdom of Italy by an 
unanimous plebiscite, 0ct.'2. Papal Bull suspend- 
ing the sitting of the (Ecumenical Council, Oct. 21. 

Isabella 11., the ex-Queen of Spain, signs her abdica- 
tion at Paris, June 25. Prince Amadeus, youngest 
son of Victor Emanuel II. of Italy, accepts the 
crown of Spain, Dec. 4. 

Insurrection in Mexico, Feb. i. San Domingo declares 
in favour of annexation to the United States, Feb. 
19. The Senate of the United States confirms the 
admission of a *' coloured senator" from Mississippi 
State, Feb. 26. Hurricane in New Yprk, March 26. 
Conflagration at Quebec, May 24. Defeat and 
de^th of Lopez, President of Paraguay, March i. 
The Fenian, O'Neill, attempts the invasion of 
Canada at the head of 2,000 political brigands, but 
is arrested by the United States' marshal. May 25. 
Thanksgiving Day throughout the United States, 
Nov. 24. 

The Infante Enrique de Bourbon killed in a duel by 
the Duke de Montpensier, March 1 2. Assassination 
of Marshal Prim, Dec. 30. 

Pera, the European suburb of Constantinople, burnt, 
and 1,000 persons perish, June 5. 

Fearful earthquake at Bathany, in Thibet, in which 
413 Lama priests were swallowed up, April 11. 
The Great Indian railway' connecting Bombay 
and Calcutta, inaugurated by the Duke of 
Edinburgh, March 5. 



428 



RUDIMENTARY CHRONOLOGY. [a.D. 187O- I 



1870 The sabmarioe telegraph laid connecting 

Bombay, Aden, and Suez, thus establishing 

direct communication with India, March 23. 
Inauguration of the Thames Embankment 

(northern side) by the Prince of Wales, 

July 13. 
The dogma of the Infkllibility of the Pope 

affirmed by45o against 88 votes in a sitting 

of the (Ecumenical Council assembled at 

Rome, July 18. 
Half-penny Post-cards introduced, Oct. 
Completion of the Mont Cenis tunnel, Dec. 28. 
Death of Count de Montalembert, Charles 

Dickens, L. Prevost-Paradol, Lieut. -Col. 

Pemberton, Captain Coles, Alexander Domas. 

1 87 1 A Conference meets at London to consider the views 

of Russia with reference to the Paris treaties of 
1856, Jan. 17. Parliament opened by the Queen, 
Feb. 9. Marriage of the Princess Louise vdth 
the Marquis of Lome, March 21. The Royal 
Albert Hall inaugurated by the Queen, March 29. 
The Princess of Wales deUvered of a son, who died 
the following day, April 6. Ministerial bill for 
enclosure of Epping Forest thrown out, April 28. 
Abandonment of the Match-box Tax and revision 
of the budget, April 25. Ministers withdraw the 
Licensing and Local Rating Bills, but- elect to 
proceed with the Army Regulation and Vote by 
Ballot at Elections Bills, May. Confederation of 
British North America completed by the accession 
of British Columbia, June 20. Adverse vote of 
the Lords on the Army Regulation Bill, July 19. 
Purchase of Commissions in the Army abolished 
by Royal Warrant, July 21. Army Regulation 
and Lodgers' Goods Protection Bills passed, but 
vote by Ballot Bill thrown out by the Lords, 
Aug. Affiray in Phoenix Park, Dublin, on occasion 
of the RoyiJ visit, Aug. 6. 
Gun-cotton explosion at Stowmarket, Aug. 11. Col- 
liery explosion at Moss Pit, near Wigan, Sept. 6. 



1871] MODERN HISTORY. 429 

A.D. 

187 1 Experimental campaign in Surrey, being the first 
of a series of autumnal military manoeavres» 
Sept. 16. 
Capitulation of Mezieres, Jan. 2. Bombardment 
of Paris forts by ttie Prussians, Jan. 12. 
Defeat of the French at Le Mans and St. 
Quentin, Jan; 18-20. Eing William of Prussia 
proclaimed Emperor of G>ermany at Yersailles, 
Jan. 18. Capitulation of Paris, Jan^ 29. General 
Bourbaki*s army driven into Switzerland, Feb. 
1. Armistice and elections in France prepa- 
ratory to the conclusion of peace, Feb. 1-12. 
Meeting of the National Assembly and resignation 
of the Provisional Government, Feb. 12. War 
terminated, after lasting 210 days, Feb. 16. M. 
Thiers appointed head of the Executive Power, 
Feb. 17. Entry of the German troops into Paris, 
March i« Preliminary treaty of peace ratified by 
the National Assembly at Bordeaux and formal 
deposition of Napoleon HE. , March 2 . Revolutionary 
proceedings of the National Guards of Paris, March 
12. Eeturn of the Emperor William to Berlin, 
March 17. Arrival of the ex-Emperor Napoleon 
in. at Dover, March 20. Opening of the first 
Beichstag of the German Empire, March 21. Com- 
mencement of the civil war in France, March 22. 
Proclamation of the Commune in Paris, March 28. 
Engagements between the insurgents and the 
Versailles troops, April 3. Suppression of the Paris 
journals and arrest of the Axchbishop of Paris, 
April 5. Defeat of the insurgents at Marseilles, 
and bombardment of Paris, Marshal M'Mahon 
appointed commander-in-chief of the army of the 
Assembly, April 7. Passing of the Municipal Bill 
in the National Assembly, April 14. Definitive 
treaty of peace between Germany and France, May 
10. Destruction of the Yendome column. May 16. 
Overthrow of the Commune, and destruction of 
a great part of Paris, May 27. Triumphal return 
of the German army to Berlin, June i6. Success 



430 RTJDIMENTABY CHRONOLOGY. [a.I>. 1 87 1 1 

A.D. 

1 87 1 fol inirodnction of the French loan July. M. Thiers 
chosen President of the French Repnblic for two 
years, Aug. 31. Trial of the Communist prisoners 
in France y Sept. 
The released Fenian prisoners pnblicly entertained in 
the United Btates, Feb. 22. Opening of the first 
Sessfon of the 42nd Congress, March 4. Amnesty 
Bill passed by the House of Bepresentatives, April. 
Treaty of Washington for settlement of the Alabama 
claims, May 9. Exposure of Municipal frauds 
at New York, Sept. Great fire %t Chicago, 
$800,000,000 worth of property burnt, and many 
lives lost, Oct. 9-10. 
War between Salvador and Honduras, bx the West 

Indies, March. 
Peace restored between Spain and the South American 

Bepublios, March. 
Dr. Dollinger excommunicated by the Archbishop of 
Munich for denying the dogma of the is^llibility of 
the Pope, April. 

Opening of the International Maritime Exhi- 
bition at Naples, April 17. 
Opening of the Internationatl Exhibition at Lon- 
don, May I. Close of the same, Sept. 30. 
Through railway communication between 
France and Italy, via the Mont Cenis 
tunnel, Sept. 17. 
Introduction of street tramways in London. 
Beduction of rates of postage on all inland 

letter^ exceeding i oz., Oct. 5. 
Death of Sir John Herschel, Dr. F. E. Auber, 
Dr. Mansell, Archbishop Darboy (of Paris), 
Mahomet Aali Pasha, Schamyl, the Cir- 
cassian warrior, Marshal Prim, Sir John 
Fox Burg03rne, Bichard Bentley, Thomas 
Ballantyne, Mr. Justice Norman, Bev. 
Canon Jelf. 



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•i 



A 
Hi 



8 



9 

1 



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la 



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^ to W-) u-i u^ w-»vo \OvOVO .t>«t^t>.l t^t>. t^r^ 



00 QO CO OO M 

On On ^ ^ ^ 



TABLE OF CONTEMPOBABY SOVEREIGNS. 



435 



2§ 



Cozu9ort8 of Zoe, 



§ 3 

w 5 






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s. 
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PQ 





s 



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<0 



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pa 



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3 



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ON o\ c^l o o 



to 

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^ ON el 10 t>N ^00 IN to ^ »o 
oooo ooooo oo 



VO OS O 
C^ W^ Tf" 

o o o 



u 2 



436 



TABLE OF CONTEMPOBABY SOYEBEiaNd. 




2 



» 

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• • • 

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f—* 



o 



1 1 



a 

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till ^ t i 



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1^ 



r^ t^ t^ t>» tvoo 00 ' 
o o o o o o 



TABLE OF CONTBMPOBABT 80TEBEI6N3. 



437 



Eh 

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X 

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bi 



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<4*^0 ON O ^^O t^eo 0\W ON ^ u^xO O 
ONOvONOOOOOOMMtiHOr' 



00 ON _ _ 

O O O O O 



m ^ u^ ts. 

t*^ en c^ CO CO 



00 



c*» * »n O 



438 



TABLE OF CONTEMPORABY SOVEREIGNS. 



M 
■ 



m 

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I— i •-« c 

'Sis 



OQ 



.^ 






O 

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*^^ 

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a 

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S 



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o 

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c« t** -^ «o r^oo ON c» w-» o IN m lo 
i/<t lo u-t >o w-> to u^vo vo oo oo eo oo 



t^«0 OS O "N ^ "^vO 00 
oo 00 00 0\0\0\ONO\0\ 



0> c*i 

?8 



TABLE OS OONTEMPORASY SOVERBIOMS. 



439 



Latin Emperors. 



/^ 






•p4 • 



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cS 



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e 
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• • • • HH •••••••••••••• 



u 






3- 






ir\ vo vo so so 
c« rt rt rt c« 



440 



TABUS OF C0MTBMPOKA.BT SOTEBEIQNS. 



I 

a 






n 





Id 
i 



m 

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<8 



a 

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9 

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li 



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p. 






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• • ^W • • 99 • • • ' • 



I 



s 



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O « en ^\0 
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^00 ooeooooooo o\ Os 0\ Oo o\ o\ o O O O O m m 



TABIiB OF CONTEMPORABT SOTEBEIOMS. 



441 



H 



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Ha 









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M I (« rt «« «« 

tfi I CO CO CO to 



^^0 M civo tvOsO coco^OsiH t^oo 0\ O 
coco^^^^^wt u^VO NO vo t*- 1^ t>. t>.oo 
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO to CO to to to 



8 



442 



TABLE OF CONTEMPOBABY 80TEBEIONS. 



a 



•3 

I 



ft 




»-4 



9 

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6 



o 
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2 



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• • • 



M 



n 



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TABLE OP CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 



443 



'S 



^ 







PC4 1^4 H£Ou 






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BO 
P4 






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1-^ 

flu 00 



Ida 

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OD 









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A 
tQ 






fc: 



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trt vnso vo NO t>. t>. t^ 



w «n ^ »ooo rt tooo to o> c< m w-k 

OOOO OOOOOOONOnOnO Ommm 



444 



TABLE OF CONTElCPOBABT SOTEBEIONS; 



5 



a 



a 
S 



J 



a 



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i 



t 



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tS 



.rid 



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• •••••• >»^^ • • • • 

• •••••• 1^ • • • • 



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ej vn ^ H t>. O ro w-»so oe 0\ O ^vo rs vi ^\o »o on O 
WM^ i« 2s SL .*2 ."l: T*" .*^ *^ *^ *^ *^ *^^ NO vo vo t-^ r^ t>.oo oo o\ 



I* « Ml 

0\ 0\ O^ 



TABLE OF OONTEMPOBABT BOVEBEIONS. 



445 



1 




Its 



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as 



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m 
o 

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• • • • ^^ •• •••••« •• p^ • • • • • • 

• • • • K|i •• •••••• <• Krf • • • 

• • • • r^ •• •■■••■ •• r^ • • • 

.a 

J- 



o 



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s 

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rNOO os«-« r< «f>»or^Qmj- »0^ Ct> w^oo o «o t>. 



ootnvn voooto _. ..- - -, , _ 

w^vO vO vO vo vO vO ^0 NO NO vo no no VO nO vO nO VO no nO no no VO NO NO NO 



446 TABLE OF OONTEMPOBABY SOVEREIGNS. 



11 



1 



i 

b 









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^ri 



pCl Hii^ 










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1-4 u 



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II 







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H4 M 

la 






9> 



r>. t>.oo 
vo so so 



*o r^ On 
oo oo oo 

so VO so 






•H »o o f« eo 

OS 0\ O O O _ , - ^ ^ 



TABLE OF OONTEHPOBABT SOYEIlEiaNS. 



447 







I 



^ 




^^ 



P4 









1 









ea 





5 
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t 



• • • • 

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s 







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PC4 






:N 



o 

t 




M 



n 

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1 
I 






HI ^ t>.00 0\ O « 
W| u^ «o u^ toso VO 

r^ t>. t>. *«^ t>. rN t^ 



u^ o\ ^ »ooo o\ O C4 «o o ^ ^ 
VO VO t>. rNOO 00 On On 0\ O O O 
t«>.t^t>.t>.t>.r^t^t^ r^oo 00 oo 



VO rNoo 

O O O 

00 oo 00 



448 



TABLB OP OOmnOfPORABT SOVBKEIGNS. 



i 



•s 

I 



i 

m 



•-H 9 



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M 
9* 



is 






Pi 

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hi 

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P 



•1 w N N M N roroc^eOrof'OTf-^ 
OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00 00 00 OO 00 00 



N ir>»-i oo 
in tovo vo 
00 00 oo oo 



3 



a 

o 
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g 



4» 

€ 

1 

a 

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(^ 

00 

M 



3 

■ 

& 

h 

o 

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o 
u 



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oo 



TABLE 07 COKTEMPOBABY SOVEREIGNS. 



449 



o 

s 
s 



P4 



I 

Ha 




OQ 



O 



5 




o 

H 

W 

O 

a? 



1^ 

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^—1 

n 
J 

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i 



fe. i 




pa 

a 
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: 3 3 : : 



'§'*• 




M 

s 




04 



: :.2.i : : 

* * M " * * 



: o 



I 



o' 



o o 



^0 0\ vn 
O O M 
tv tv !>. 



o\ o 



O «*» *'^ Q 
CO C^ CO ^p 
l^ tv t>. !>. 



so O 00 
^ »0 M-» 
t^ tv tv 



0\ *SO M ft 
w->vO VO t*" !>. 
I"* (^ t* !>. t>. 



450 



TABLE OF CONTEMPOBABY SOVEREIGNS. 



J 

< 

9 

s 



i 



o 



2 



< 

m 



s 



1^ 




9> 

u 







OB 

00 a 







N 

S 







pa 

OD 






C!3 



I 












• o 

I 

1 



09 
SQ 

D 

0« 









A 






r>>oe 



OS 



ON 0\ 



VOto OxHvOOOOsO 
OsOn OxOOOOm 
t^ t^ t^OO oo oo oo oo 



M M ft rt 

oo oo oo oo 



TA.BLE OF CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 



451 



o 
Pi 




5 



1 




Hi 

S3 



P 

» 
H 






1^ 



si 



J 



0^ 



p 



00 



P 



H 



-a 

OQ 
00 

g 

P4 



P 






I 



00 

N 

00 



o 

00 



w 0\0 
00 00 00 





Tl"00 o\ 
00 00 00 



rOOO O^Q *^ 
00 00 00 00 00 



vO O t» 
00 00 00 



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