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LIBRARY 

OF   THE 

Theological   Seminary, 

PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


i   ^"^fi-5-,A335  1000 

Adam,  Alexander,  1741-1809 
^     Classical  biography 


3(iC 


CLASSICAL    BIOGRAPHT: 

EXHIBITING    ALPHABETICALLY 

The    proper     NAMES, 

WITH 

A    SHORT    ACCOUNT 

4 

O  F       T  H  E 

SEVERAL  DEITIES,  HEROES,  AND  OTHER  PERSONS, 

MENTIONED    IN    THE    ANCIENT 

CLASSIC    AUTHORS; 

AND 

A  MORE  PARTICULAR  DESCRIPTION 

OF      THE 

MOST    DISTINGUISHED    CHARACTERS 
AMONG   THE    ROMANS; 

rHE  WHOLE  BEING  INTERSPERSED  WITH  OCCASIONAL  EXFldNATIONS 
OF    WORDS   AND   RHRASES. 

DESIGNED  CHIEFLY  TO  CONTRIBUTE  TO  THE  ILLUSTRATION 

OF      THE 

LATIN     CLASSICS. 


BY    ALEXANDER    ADAM,    LL.  D. 

.RECTOR  OF  THE  HIGH  SCHOOL,    EDIIvBURGH. 


EDINBURGH: 
.       Printed  for  WILLIAM  CREECH; 
And  T,  CADELL,  Jun.  &  W.  DAVIES,  /.a.vi)o.v. 

J  8  o  p. 


CntctcQ  in  Stationers  roa!!. 


i^' 


Tilnted hj  Murr2'j  '':^  Cochrr.nc^   Craig's  Clofe,  Edinburgh, 


ADVEP.  TISEMENT. 


J.  HE  Compiler  originally  intended  the  fubftance  of  the  follow- 
ing Pages  as  zn  Appendix  to  a  Latin  and  English  Dictionary, 
which  he  has  for  feveral  years  been  attempting.  But  having  found 
that  the  execution  of  the  whole  of  his  delign  will  require  longer 
time  than  at  firfi:  he  imagined  ;  and  perceiving  his  attention  to  be 
fom.etimes  diftracted  by  profecuting  two  different  fubjeds  toge- 
ther, he  refolved  to  lay  afide  the  principal  part  of  the  Work  till 
he  fliould  finifli  the  Appplndix  of  Proper  Names  :  and  in 
order  to  render  it  as  inftruclive  as  poffible  within  moderate 
bounds,  he  thought  it  would  be  of  advantage  to  give  a  fuller 
account  of  the  principal  Perfons  mentioned  in  the  Latin 
Claflics.  This  he  has  endeavoured  to  do  with  all  the  accuracy  in 
his  power ;  and  hopes  that  his  performance  will  be  ufeful,  not 
only  to  younger  Students,  but  alfo  to  fuch  as  are  more||dvan- 
ced.  The  facls  are  all  fupported  by  proper  authorities  ;  aSldie 
different  accounts  of  different  Authors  concerning  the  fame  md:, 
when  it  is  cf  importance,  are  fairly  uated.  When  any  thing  is 
more  fully  treated  of  in  his  Roman  Antiquities^  or  in  his  Summary 
of  Geography  and  Hi/lory^  he  has  here  made  references  to  them, 
by  prefixing  an  A  for  the  one  and  a  G  for  the  other.  The  diph- 
thongs <2  and  c  are  printed  without  contraction,  ae  and  oe^  as 
they  are  found  in  Ancient  Manufcripts. The  Compiler,  be- 
fore refuming  his  larger  Work,  prcpofes  to  publi/ii,  by  way  of 
Appendix  to  his  Grammar,  a  Ihort  Abridgement  or  Manual  of 
Latinity,  for  the  ufc  of  Learners  ;  which  is  nearly  ready  for  the 
prefs. 


EDINEVRGHy     *} 

'eft.  15.  iSco.J 


Sept. 


I 


INDEX 


O     F 


CLASSICAL    PROPER    NAMES,    &g 


A   BA 

ABAS,  -anthy  a  king  of  Argos  ; 
whence  Ahanteus^  adj.;  thus,  Ah- 
ante'i  Argi,  Argi  once  governed  by  Ab- 
as, Ovid,  Met.  15,   164. 

Abantiades,  -ae,  Acrifius,  the  fon 
of  Abas,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  607.  alfo  put 
for  Perfeus,  his  great-gratidfon,  Ovid. 
Met.  A,,  673,  &  767. ;  5'  >38- 

Abas,  a  noble  Trojan,  and  compa- 
nion of  Aeneas,  Virg.  Aen.  i ,  121.;  10, 
427. — alfo  a  Grecian  flaia  by  Aeneas, 
ih.  3,  286. 

Abaris,  -/V,  V.  -\dts;  ace.  -/m,  v.  -m; 
a  man  {lain  by  Perfeus,  Ovid.  Met.  5, 
86. — 51  2.  A  Rutulian  killed  by  Eu- 
ryalus,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  344.-^3,  A  fa- 
mous  Scythian,  Herodot.  4.  36.  ;  Strab. 

Abarus,  or  Agharusj  an  Arabian 
prince,  who  mifled  and  perfidioufly 
deferted  CraiTus  in  his  expedition  a- 
gainft  the  Parthian s,  Appian.  de  Parth. 
p.  140.  called  Me%eres  or  Mazaras, 
a  Syrian  deferter,  by  Florus,  3,  11. 
and  Ariamnes  by  Plutarch,  in  Crcjfo. 

Abderus.  the  fervant  of  Diome- 
des,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who  fed  his 
herfcs  on  human  flelh  ;  flain  by  Her- 
cules, Hygin.  30. 

Abdolonimus,  or  Ahdalommus^  a 
defcendant  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Si- 
don,  fo  poor  that  he  .was  obliged  to 
work  in  a  garden;  when  Alexander 
the  Great,  on  account  of  his  probity, 
raifed  him  to  the  throne  j  J^^ife  11, 
10. ;  Curt.  4,  I,  J9j  W 


A  C  C 

AbgXrits,  the  name  of  certain 
caflern  princes,  Capitolin.  Ant.  Pio. 
c.  9.  ;  Spartiari,  Sever.  18.  ;  ViSor  d$ 
Caefar.  c.  20. 

\bissares,  an  Indian  king,  who 
meanly  furrendered  to  Alexander,  in- 
flead  of  bravely  oppofing  him,  as  Po- 
rus  did,   Curt.  8,  13. 

Absyrtus,  -/,  called  alfo  Aegtokux 
or  Aegialus,  the  fon  of  Aeites^  king  of 
Colchis,  whom  his  fitter  Medea,  in 
her  flight  with  Jafon,  tore  in  pieces^ 
and  fcattered  his  members  by  the 
way,  that  the  gathering  of  themi 
might  retard  Aeetes,  her  father,  in  his 
piirfuit  of  her,  Cic.  Manil.  9.  ;  Nat* 
D.  3,  26. ;  Ovid,  Trijl.  3,  9. ;  Senec. 
Med.  963. 

AcADEMUs,  or  Ecademus  an  Athe«* 
nian,  the  original  proprietor  of  the 
ground  where  the  gymnajium,  called 
Academia,  was  built  j  whence  its 
name,   Paujan.  i.  9. 

ACASTUS,  a  king  of  lolcos,  de- 
throned by  Peleus.     K/V/.  Peleus. 

AcASTus,  a  flave  of  Cicero's,  Cic* 
Fam.  14,  5.  ;    16,  5.  &c. 

Acamas,  -antis,  one  of  tfie  work« 
men  of  Vulcan,   Fal.  Flacc.  i,  583. 

ACCA  Laurentia,  the  nurfe  of 
Romulus,  Serv.  in  Virg,  Aen.  I,  277. 
called  fimply  Laurentia  by  Livy,  i,  4, 
There  was  an  annual  feftival  in  honour 
of  her,  called  Ace  alia,  -ium  j  or  Lau^ 
REN  tali  A,   -rum,  Varr.  L.  1^  ^,  ^. 

ACCiUS  or  /\TTius,  a  celebr^- 
A  ted 


A  C  C  [2 

ted  Roman  tragic  poet  in  the  time  of 
Sclpio  \fricanus  the  younger,  FaL 
Mix.  3,  7,  II.  ;  ^I'maiL  10,  i,  79  ; 
an  intimate  friend  of  D.  Ju.iius  Bru- 
tus, the  Colleague  of  Scipio  In  the  con- 
fulate,  C'tc.  Brut.  22,  &  2'S.;  Arch,  i  [. 
He  alfo  wrote  annals,  C'tc.  Brut.  18. 
— Ayamemnon  Jccianus,  Agamemnon, 
as  defcribed  by  Acclas,  Cic  Tufc.  3, 
26.  ic  iani  verfiis,  the  verfes  of  Ac- 
cius,     7r.  Fam   9,  16. 

ACCIUS.  V.  Aclius,  V  Att'ius  Naev'i- 
vsi  vel  Navius,  a  famous  ugur  at 
Rome  In  the  time  of  Tarquinlus  Prif- 
eus,  who  is  faid  to  have  cut  a  whet- 
ftone  with  the  king's  razor,  Liv.  i, 
36.  ;  Cic.  Div.  I,  17.  But  this  ftory 
was  ridiculed  by  many  in  the  time  of 
Cicero,  i5.  2,  38. 

T.  Accius  Pifaurenjs,  a  native  of 
Pifaurum,  a  Roman  eques,  the  accufer 
of  Clucmtius,   Cic.  Br.  78. 

Accius  Priscus,  a  noble  painter 
iin  the  time  of  Vefpafian,   Pliji.  35,  10. 

A  ceo,  -onis,  a  general  of  the  Gauls, 
Caef.  B    G.  6,  a. 

ACESTES,  -aey  a  king  of  Sicily, 
of  Trojan  extradlion,  the  trufty  friend 
of  '\eneas,  Firg.  Aen.  Sj'J  ii-  who  gave 
name  to  the  city  Acella  or  Segefta, 
ih.  718. 

AcETEs,  the  armour-bearer  of  E- 
vander,    I'irg.  Aen.  11,   30. 

AcHAEM£NEs,  -act  V.  -/V,  a  king  of 
Perfia,the  grandfather  of  Cyrus, //.?;Wo/. 
7,  II.  uho  feems  to  have  given  name 
to  the  tii'oc  or  clan  of  the  Ac  ha  em  e- 
N'DAE,  ib.  3,  6^.  from  which  the  Per- 
fian  kings  were  dcfcended,  ,  125.  ce- 
lebrated for  his  wealth,  Hon  Od.  2, 
12^  1.  whence  Achaemenii  campi^ 
the  plains  of  Perfia,  L.ucan.  8,  224. 
Achaemenium  cojlum,  Perfian  ointment. 
Hot.  Od.  3,  I,  44.  nariuTHj  Id  Epod, 
13,8  So  Achaemcnius  odor,  the  fmell  ot 
Perfian  perfumes,  SiL  15.  23.  The 
,ufe  of  perfumes  is  faid  to  have  ta- 
ken its  rile  in  Perfia,  Plin-  13,  I. 
Achaemeniae  fa^ittae,  Perfian  arrows, 
Propert  2,  13,  I.  Achaemenio  detrec- 
tans  pralia  ritu,  pretending  to  fly  in 
the  manner  of  the  Paitliiins  or  Perfi- 
ans,  Sii'  7,  647.  Acbaemmtae  urhest  i.  e. 


1  A    C    I 

Perficaey  Ovid.  Met.  4,  212.  W/<?j,   Id. 
Art.  Am.  226. 

Achaemenides,  one  of  the  fallors 
of  UlylTes,  left  by  his  companions  on 
the  coaft  of  Sicily,  where  Aeneas  found 
him,   Firg.  Aen.  3,  613.  Sec. 

Achates,  ^ae,  the  companion  and 
faithful  friend  of  Aeneas,  Firg.  Am. 
I,    I'jg.  et  alibi pd/fini. 

AcHELOUS,  the  fon  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  the  god  of  the  river 
Achelous  in  Epiie,  who  fought  with 
Hercules  for  Dejanlra,  (G.  4  !•) 
Apoll'jdor.  2,  5.  Hygin.  31.  He  was 
the  fath-r  of  the  Syrens  by  the  Mufe 
Melpomene,  Apollod.  I,  4.  Hygin.  141. 
whence  they  are  called  x*.  chelo'ides^ 
Ovid.  Met,  5,  552.  and  Acheloi  ADEs, 
ib.    14,  87.    (Fid.  G.  Index,) 

Achillas,  -ae^  the  general  of  Ptole- 
my, king  of  Egypt,  who  was  fent 
with  Septimius,  a  tribune,  to  kill 
Pompey,  Caef.  B.  C.  3,  104.  Lucan.  8, 
538.  &c.  He  was  himfelf  foon  -ifter- 
wards  put  to  death  by  Ganymedes,  an 
eunuch,  the  confidant  of  .'!ifwde,  the 
filler  of  Ptolemy.  Hirt.  B.  Alex.  4. 
Lucan.   18,   523. 

ACHILLES,  -is;  vel  ^chilleus, 
(  3  fy^^' )  '^^^  '  ^^  ^^"^  ^^^  fecond  declen- 
fion,  -eiy  contracted  -/  ;,the  fon  of  Peleus 
and  the  fea-goddefs  1.  hetis  ;  the  brav- 
e  •-  of  the  Greeks  ;  called  Armipotens, 
Virg.  Aen.  6.  839.  Magnanimus,  Ovid. 
Met.  13,  298.  'Timor  ilk  Phrygumy  dc' 
cics  et  tutela  Pelafgi  numlnis^  Ib.  12,  612. 
Cedere  nejciusy  Hor.  Oi.  I,  6.,  (>.  Ter- 
roris  expcrs,  Catull.  62,  338.  Priam» 
fatalisj  Stat.  Achil.  i,  475. — In  the 
accdf.  in  (lead  of  Achillem^  Lucan 
has  Achillea,  10,  523. — Achilli- 
UEs,  -aey  the  fon  of  Achilles,  I.  e. 
Pyrhus,  Ovid.  Ep.  8,  3.  called  Stirps 
Achillea^  Virg.  Aen.  3,  326. — Achillea 
cufpis,  the  fpear  of  Achilles,  Ovid.  Met. 
13  580.  Achillei  manes y  the  ghoft  of 
Achilles,  ib.  448. —  Achilleis,  -/V//V, 
f.  the  unfinifhed  poem  of  Statins  con- 
cerning  Achilles.  (Fid.  Or  449- y^ 

ACILIA,   the    mother  of  Lucan, 
Fid.  Atilla. 

ACILII,  -or urn y  vel  Acilia  gens,  a 
plebeian  clan  at  Rome  divided  ini'»  lwo 

families, 


A  C  I  I 

families,  the  Glahriones  and  BalhU 
from  which  fprang  feveraririuftrious 
men  ;  as,  M.  Acilius,  a  coiiful, 
who  defeated  Antiochus  at  Thermo- 
pylae, L'lv.  36,  19.  He  dedicated  a 
temple  to  Piety,  and  ere£led  a  gilded 
ftatue  to  his  father  Glabrio,  the  firft 
of  the  kind  in  Italy,  A.  U.  569.  Liv. 
4c,  34.  Valerius  Maximus  fays  this 
was  done  by  his  fon,  2,  5.  i.  The 
temple  Hood  in  the  herb-m.arket,  (in 
foro  ol'ttorio),  on  the  fpot  where  a  wo- 
man had  dwelt,  who  fecretly  nourifli- 
cd  her  father,  when  imprifoned  and 
deprived  of  aliment,  with  her  own 
milk  ;  on  which  account  he  was 
pardoned,  Fcjlus  in  Pi  etas.  Pliny 
fays  this  was  done  by  a  daughter  to 
her  mother,  7,  36.  So  Val.  Maxi- 
mus, ;,  4,  7.  According  to  Pliny, 
the  mother  was  not  only  pardoned, 
but  file  -aid  her  daughter  were  ever 
after  fupported  at  the  public  expence, 
ib.  The  fame  author  alfo  fays  that 
the  temple  ftood  on  the  fite  of  the  pri- 
fon,  where  afterwards  was  the  theatre 
of  Marcellus,  ib. 

M.  Acilius  Glabrio,  a  Praetor 
who  prefided  in  the  trial  of  Verres,  Cic. 
^ci.  I.  in  Ver.  17.  and  whofe  father 
got  a  law  paffed  againft  extortion,  (de 
repetundis  pecmuis  {)  called  Lex  A  ci- 
lia, AJcon.ib.  y  Verr.  I,  9. 

Acilius,  a  law7er,  who  wrote 
commentaries  on  the  twelve  tables, 
Cic.  Leg.  2,   23. 

Acilius,  an  hiftorian,  who  wrote 
his  hiftory  in  Greek,  Cic.  Of.7,,  32. 
which  one  Claudius  tranflated  into  La- 
tin, (annales  Ancdianos  ex  Graeco  in  La- 
iinum  fermonem  veriiij   Liv.  25,  40.  et 

35,    14 Several   others  of  the  fame 

name  are  mentioned,  Liv.  2i,  25.  27. 
4.;  Tacit.  Ann.  3,  41.  12,  64.  14,  18.; 
Suet.  J.  68.  ;  67.  45.  D.  lo. 

AC  IS,  {-is,  v.  '^dis ',  ace.  Acin,)  a 
Sicilian  youth  of  uncommon  beauty,  the 
fon  of  Faunus  and  the  nymph  Syniae- 
thisf  the  daughter  of  the  river  Symae 
thus,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  750.  whence  he 
is  called  Simaethius  heros,  ib.  879.  be- 
loved by  Galatea,  the  Nereid,  ib.  752. 
(t  86  r.  crufhed  with  a  ftone  thrown  at 


^     T  A   C    R 

him  by  Polyphemus,  who  was  enraged 
at  Galatea's  preferring  Acis  to  him. 
Acis  was  turned  into  a  river  of  the 
fame   name,    ib.  873,  897. 

Acme,  -es,  the  miftrefs  of  Septimius, 
Catull  45,  I.  &c. 

AcoNTEUS,  (3  fyll.)  -eos,  v.  -ei,  a 
Latin  chief,  V>rg  Acn.  II,  6[2.— f  2. 
A  foldier  of  Perfeus,  changed  into  a 
ftone,  by  looking  at  the  head  of  Me- 
dufa,   Ovid.  Met.  5,   2"  I. 

ACONTIUS,  a  young  man  of  the 
ifland  Cea,  who  having  gone  to  De- 
los,  to  fee  the  facred  rites  which  were 
performed  there  by  a  crowd  of  virgins 
in  the  temple  of  '-  'iana,  fell  defperate- 
ly  in  love  with  CYDIPPE  ;  but  not 
daring  to  aflc  her  in  marriage  on  ac- 
count of  the  meannefs  of  his  birth, 
threw  down  at  her  feet  an  apple,  on 
which  were  infcribed  thefe  words,  Me 
tibi  nupturam^  (felix  eat  omen^)  Aconti^ 
Juro.  quam  colimusy  numina  magna  Deae» 
Or  according  to  others,  Juro  tibi  facrae 
per  myjiicajacra  Diana£,  Me  tibi  venturam 
comitemy  fponfamque  fuiuram.  The  vir- 
9\xi  havnig  taken  up  the  apple,  inad- 
vertently read  the  words,  and  thereby 
apparently  bound  herfelf  by  a  prom.ife  ; 
for  by  law,  every  thing  uttered  in  that 
temple  was  held  to  be  ratified.  When 
her  father,  a  little  after,  ignorant  of 
what  had  happened,  betrothed  her  to 
another  man,  (he  was  fuddenly  feized 
with  a  fever.  Whereupon  Acontius 
fent  her  a  letter,  (exprefled  by  Ovid, 
Ep.  20.)  to  perfuade  her  that  tier 
fever  was  caufed  by  Diana  for  not  ha- 
ving fulfilled  the  promife  which  (he  had 
made  to  him  in  the  temple  of  that  god- 
defs.  Cydippe  therefore  refolved  ^  to 
comply  with  the  wifhes  of  Acontius, 
even  againft  the  incHnation  of  her  fa- 
ther. Her  anfwer  is  the  fubjed  of 
Ovid's  21  ft  epillle. 

ACRISIUS,  a  king  of  Argos, 
the  fon  of  Abas,  ( Abantiades^  Ovid. 
Met.  4,  606. )  the  father  of  Danae, 
who  is  hence  called  Acrijionhs^  -tdis, 
Serv.  in  Virg.  A  en.  7,  41^'.  ;  but  others 
make  Acrifwneis  here  an  adjeftive,  to 
agree  with  co  mis,  i.  e.  with  a  colony 
of  Argives;  as  jicrijtoneae  arces,  the 
A  2  towers 


A  C  R  [4 

towers  of  Argos,  OvU.  Met.  5,  239. 
AcRisiONiADES,  -fl^,  Perfeus,  the 
fon  of  Danae,  ib.  69.  —The  father  of 
Laertes,  and  grandfather  of  UlyiTes,  is 
by  fome  called  Acrifius,  Ovid.  Met. 
13,  144.  but  Arcefius  is  his  real  name  ; 
whence  UlyfTes  is  fometimes  called 
^Apv-aa-isL^yit;  in  Homer. 

AC  RON,  a  king  of  the  Caeninen- 
fes,  whom  Romulus  flew  in  battle  with 
his  own  hand,  and  dedicated  his  fpoils, 
(called  fpol'ia  optma)  to  Jupiter,  under 
the  name  of  Feretrius,  becaufe  they 
Tvere  carried  on  a  frame,  (feretro) 
Xiiy.  I,  10.  or  Omine  quod  certo  dux 
ferit  enfe  ducem,  Propert.  4,    10,  45, 

ACT  A  EON,  'onii,  the  fon  of  Ari- 
ftaeus  and  Autonbe,  the  daughter  of 
Cadmus,  a  famous  hunter,  who  one 
day  being  fatigued  with  the  chace,  re- 
tiled  into  a  fhady  vale  to  refrefh  him- 
felf ;  where  was  a  fountain  called  Par- 
thenius,  in  which  the  goddefs  Diana 
by  chance  was  then  bathing  herfelf, 
who  to  prevent  him  from  telling  it, 
changed  him  into  a  ftag  ;  and  foon  af- 
ter he  v/as  torn  to  pieces  by  his  own 
bounds.  Hygin.  181.;  Ovid.  Met.  3, 
138.  kc.  He  is  called  y^utonocius  he- 
rost  from  his  mother,  ib,  197.  and 
Hyantiusj  as  being  a  Theban,  ib.  147. 
ACTOR,  -oris,  the  father  of  Me- 
Doetius,  and  grandfather  of  Patroclus, 
\vho  is  hence  called  Adoridesy  -ae,  Ovid. 
Met.  8,  308.  Faft._  2,  39.--Alfo  an 
Auruncan,    Firg.  Aen.  12,  94, 

ADHEHBAL,  ^alis,  the  fon  of 
Micipfa  and  grandfon  of  MafinifTa, 
king  of  Nuraidia,  flain  by  Jugurtha, 
Salluji.  Jug.  26. 

Admetus,  the  fon  of  Pheres, 
(Pheretiades,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  3,  19.) 
king  of  Pherae  in  Theffaly,  whofe 
flocks  Apollo  kept  for  feveral  years, 
jlpollodor.  I,  15. 

ADONIS,  -is,  et  -'tdis,  the  fon  of 
Cinyras  king  of  Cyprus,  by  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha  j — the  favourite  of  Venus, 
on  account  of  his  uncommon  beauty. 
Through  the  wrath  of  Diana,  he  was 
flain  by  the  bite  of  a  wild  boar,  which 
he  had  wounded  while  huntmg.  Ve- 
pjs  be>y4iled  his  death,  and  from  com- 


3  A  E  A 

paffion  changed  him  into  a  flower  cal- 
led ^nemony,  Ovid.  Met.  10,  298, 
']\Q.  adjin.  Apollodorus  makes  Ado- 
nis the  fon  of  Thoas  king  of  AfTyria 
by  his  daughter  Myrrha,  3,  13,  4. 
Annual  games  were  inftituted  to  his 
mem.ory,  named  Adonia  -ori/m,  Ovid, 
ib.  725.  ;  MarceUin.  22,  24.  Adonis  is 
called  from  his  father  Juvenis  CinyretuSy 
Ovid.  ib.  7  r  2. ;  from  his  beauty,  FormO' 
Jus,  Virg.  E.  I  o,  1 8.  Niveus,  Propert. 
2,  10,  53.  The  ancient  Latins  fome- 
times called  him  Adoneus,  Plaut* 
Men.  I,  2,   35. 

ADRASTUS,  a  king  of  Argos, 
the  fon  of  Talaon,  hence  called  Tala- 
ONiDEs,  Stat.  Theb.  5,  18.  and  Ina' 
chius,  defcended  from  Inachus,  ib.  2, 
199.  one  of  the  feven  leaders  in  the 
famous  war  againft  Thebes,  and  the 
only  one  that  furvived,  j^pollodor.  i ,  9. 
f/  3,  7.  on  which  account  his  image 
is  fuppofed  to  be  reprefented  as  pale  in 
the  infernal  regions,  Serv.  in  Virg.  Aen, 
6,  480.  He  was  far  advanced  in  life 
when  the  war  began,  whence  he  is  cal- 
led Longaevusy  Stat.  Theb.  4,  74.  Gf- 
nus  Adrajli,  Diamedes,  his  grandfon, 
Ovid.  Fajl.  6,  433.  Adrajleus  Arion^ 
Arlon,  the  horfc  of  Adraftus,  Stat, 
Silv.   T  I,  52.  (G.  430.) 

Adrastea,  the  daughter  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Necefiity,  the  fame  with  Ne- 
mefis,  the  punifher  of  guilt,  MarceUin, 
14,  II. 

Adrastus,  a  Phrygian  exile,  who 
by  accident  killed  Atys,  the  fon 
of  Croefus ;  and  though  pardoned 
by  Croefus,  ftabbed  himfelf  on  the 
prince's  tomb,  Herodot.  i,  43,  &  45. 
(G.  601.) 

Aelius  ADRIANUS,  f.  HadrU 
anus,  the  5th  Roman  Emperor,  the 
fucceffbr  of  Trajan. 

AEACUS,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  by  Ae- 
glna  ;  the  father  of  Telam^on  and  Pe- 
leus.  He  was  king  of  Oenopia, 
which  he  named  Aegina,  after  his 
mother.  On  account  of  his  jufticc  he 
was  made  a  judge  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions with  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus. 
The  fon  or  any  of  the  defcendants  of  A  e- 
acus  is  called  Aeacides,  -ae,  ( G.  385.) 
particularly 


A   E  E  [5 

particularly  his  grandfon  Achilles,  Firg. 
jien.  I,  99.  ;  whence  AeacicTinae  minaey 
haughty  threats  like  thofe  of  Achilles, 
Plaut.  AJfin.  2,  3,  l^>  Aeacideia  reg- 
no, the  kingdom  of  Aeacus,  OviJ. 
Met,  7,  472. 

AEeTA,  or  Aeetes,  -ae,  a  king 
of  Colcbis,  the  father  of  Medea  ;  who 
is  hence  called  Aeetias,  -ad'tSy  Ovid. 
Met.  7,  9.  Aeetis,  WtSy  Val.  Flac. 
6,  479.  and  Aeetia  virgo,  ib.  267. 
Fines  Aeeiaeii  the  territories  of  Aeetes, 
i.  e.  Colchis,  Catull.  63,  3. 


AEGAEON,  'ontiy  a  giant,  who 
IS  faid  to  have  had  100  hands  and 
50  heads,  Virg.  Atn.  10,  565.  called 
Briareus  by  the  gods,  Homer,  IL  i, 
403.  A  fter  being  vanquifhed  by  Ju- 
piter, he  was  tied  by  Neptune  wiih  a 
hundred  chains  to  a  rock  in  the  ifland 
3cyro8  ;  and  there  being  a  report  that 
he  was  attempting  to  loofe  his  chains, 
Thetis  was  fent  to  examine  the  mat- 
ter. On  this  occafion  having  heard 
the  noife  of  diverfion  and  dancing  in  the 
hall  of  Lycomedes,  king  of  the  ifland, 
and  thence  concluding  that  the  in- 
habitants were  effi-minate,  fhe  refolved 
to  conceal  with  him  her  fon  Achilles, 
Stat,  Achili.  I,   207. 

AEGEUS,  in  two  fyllables,  -eos, 
V.  -e'u  the  fon  of  Neptune,  Juvenal. 
13,  81.  a  king  of  Atht-ns,  the  father  of 
Thefeus;  hence calledry^^I^w, Ovid.  Ep. 
4,  59. — ^  2.  A  name  given  to  Neptune, 
Virg.  Aen.  3,  74.  becaufe  the  poets 
make  his  chief  abode  to  be  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Aegean  fea,  near  Aegae, 
a  town  of  Euboea,  Homer.  IL  13,  21. 
A  EG  I  ALE,  the  wife  of  Diomedes, 
king  of  Aetolia,  to  whom  ftie  proved 
falfe,  and  thus  prevented  his  return  to 
his  native  country,  after  the  deftruc- 
tion  of  Troy,  ^erv,  in  Virg.  Aeiu  8, 
9,   &  II,  269. 

Aegialeus,  (4  fyll.)  the  fon  of 
A  draft  us,  the  only  one  that  was  flain 
of  the  feven,  (Epigoni,)  who  went  to 
avenge  the  death  of  their  parents  in 
the  Theban  war,  Hygin.  71. 

Aegialus,  the  fame  with  Abfyr- 
tus,  the  brpther  of  Medea,  Jujlin, 
42,  3. 


1  A  E   L 

Aegimius,  a  man  who  is  faid  t© 
have  lived  200  years,   PUn.  7,  48. 

Aegina,  the  daughter  of  Asopus, 
king  of  Boeotia,  the  mother  of  Aea- 
cus by  Jupiter,  Hygin.  52. 

AEGISTHUS,  the  fon  ot  Thyef- 
tes,  (Thyejiiades^)  by  his  daughter 
Pelopeia,  who  murdered  his  uncle  A- 
treus  ;  and  having  ftduced  Clytaemnef- 
tra,  the  wife  of  Agamemnon,  by  her 
afiiftance  alfo  murdered  that  hero,  af- 
ter his  return  from  the  Trojan  war. 
Aegifthus  was  himfelf  flain  by  Oreftes, 
the  fon  of  Agamemnon,  to  revenge 
his  father's  death,  Hygin.  117,  &  244. 
Pompey  ufed  to  call  Caefar  by  the 
name  of  Aegifthus,  Suet,  Caef.  50. 

Aegle,  (i.e.  fplendor, )  a  beautiful 
nymph,   Virg.  Ed.  6,  21. 

AEGLES,  a  wreftler,  born  at  Sa- 
mos,  who  though  formerly  dumb,  upon 
feeing  fraud  committed  at  a  facred 
contcft,  while  the  combatants  drew 
lots  for  their  place,  from  indignation 
and  an  exceflive  defire  to  fpeak,  is 
faid  to  have  broken  the  bonds  of  his 
tongue  ;  fo  that  ever  afterwards  he 
fpoke  diftindly.  Cell.  5,  9.;  Vah  Max, 
I,  8,  Ext.  4. 

Aegoceros,  -/,  m.  the  fame  with 
Capricortius,  one  of  the  figns  of  the 
Zodiac,  Lucan.  9,  537.;  accuf.  ^^^0- 
ceron.  Id.  10,  213, 

A  EG  ON,  (i.  c.  caprarius,)  the 
name  of  a  fliepherd,  Virg.  Eel,  3,  2. — 
alfo  put  for  the  Egean  fea,  Stat,  Theb, 

Aegypta,  a  freedman  of  Cicero's, 
Cic.  Fam.    16,    15, 

Aegyptus,  the  fon  of  Belus  and 
king  of  Egypt,  whofe  fifty  fons  mar- 
ried the  fifty  daughters  of  his  brother 
Danaus,  Hygin.  168.  (G.  392.) 

Claudus  A  ELI  ANUS  of  Praenefte, 
a  Roman  Sophift,  in  the  time  of  A- 
drian,  who  wrote,  in  Greek,  fixteen 
books  concerning  the  hiftory  of  ani- 
mals, and  fourteen  books  containing 
various  hiftorical  fads,  (de  Hi/ioria 
Varia,)  which  are  ft  ill  extant, 

AELII,  a  plebeian  gens  or  claq  at 
Rome,  containing  feveral  families,  the 
Pa^ti^  TuberoneSf  Catif  6cc, 

Qi. 


'A  E  L 


I    6    ] 


A   E  N 


Q^  A  ELIUS,  to  whom  Lucllfus, 
the  firft  writer  of  fatires,  infcribed 
his  poems,  Cic.  Heren,  4,  II.  a  Stoic 
who  wrote  orations  for  others  called 
Oratinnes  Aeltanae ;  but  never  deh'vered 
anyhimfelf.  Cic.  Brut.  46,  &  56.  the 
praeceptor  of  M.  Varro,  and  alfo  re- 
forted  to  by  Cicero,  ik  He  wrote 
concerning  the  Roman  antiquities,  Cic. 
yicad,  I,  2.  and  the  laws  of  the  twelve 
tables,   Cic.  de  Leg.  2,   23. 

Sex.  AELIUS,  called  Catus,  from 
his  fl<ill  in   the   civil  law,   Cic.  de  Oral. 

1,  45.  on  which  he  Avrote  commen- 
taries, ih.  56.  and  on  the  twelve  tables, 
€ic.  Leg.  2,  23.  He  gave  his  advice 
freely  to  all  citizens,  Cic.  Or.  3,  33. 
Phny  mentions  an  Aelius  Catus, 
who,  when  Conful,  refufed  a  prefent 
of  filver  plate,  fent  to  him  by  the  am- 
bafladors  of  the  Aetohans,  who  had 
feen  him  dining  on  earthen  ware  ;  nor 
had  he  ever  any  other,  except  two 
filver  cups,  which  his  father-in-law 
L.  PauUus  had  given  him  for  his  brave- 
ry in  the  war  againft  king  Perftus, 
PUn.  33,  II.  f.  50.  Ennius  calls  him 
a  remarkably  wile  man,  (Egregie  cor- 
daius  homo  Catus  Melius  Sextusy)  Cic. 
Tufc.  I,  9. 

L.  Aelius  Lamia,  a  great  friend 
of  Cicero's,  Cic.  Pif.  27.  et  alihi pajj'm. 

AELIUS  Galiusy  governor  of  E- 
gypt  under  Auguilus,  who  conquered 
part  of  Arabia,  iHin,  6,  28  f,  32.  in 
which  expedition  he  was  attended  by 
the  geographer  Strabo,  whom  he  treat- 
ed as  his  friend  and  companion,  Stral). 

2.  p.  118,  &  17.  p.  816.  To  him 
Virgil  infcribes  his  loth  eclogue. 

AcLLO,  -onis,  m.  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  219. 

AcLLO,  'liSy  f.  one  of  the  Harpies, 
Ovid.  Met.  13,  710. 

AEMILIA  ge7i  ,  a  clan,  in  which 
were  the  families  of  the  Borbulacy  Le- 
pidij  Mamerci  and  Mamerciniy  PauUiy 
and  Scauri.  There  was  alfo  a  tribe 
called  -EMILIA,  Cic.  At.  2 
an  Ae  MI  LI  A  VIA,  Cic.  Fam. 
(G.  184.) 

/\emilius  Indus,  a  fchool  of  gla- 
diators belonging  to  Aemilius  Lepidus, 
Horat,  Art.  Poet,  32. 


I.    and 

o,  30. 


L.  AEMILIUS  Paullus,  a  great 
general,  who  conquered  Perfeus.  king 
of  Macedonia,  Liv.  44,  41  ;  Cic.  ^^err, 
I,  21.  ;  whence  Regiaque  ^emilid  ve£ta 
tropoea  rate,  the  trophies  or  fpoils  gain- 
ed from  that  king  carried  to  Ronne  in 
the  fliip  of  Aemilius,  to  grace  his  tri- 
umph, Propert.  3.  3,  8  One  of  the 
fons  of  Aemilius  Paullus  was  adopted 
by  the  fon  of  the  great  Scipio  Afri- 
canus,  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal, 
and  hence  he  was  called  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  A  EMI  Li  AN  us. —  Scc  Scipio. 

Aemon,  Aemusy  &c.  ;  Vid.  Hae- 
MON,  &;c. 

AENfEAS,  an  illuftrious  Trojan 
chief,  the  fon  of  Venus  and  AnchTfes  ; 
who,  after  the  deilruftion  of  Troy, 
being  joined  by  numbers  of  thofe  who 
had  efcaped  from  the  Greeks,  left  his 
native  country,  and,  after  various  ad- 
ventures, landed  with  his  companions 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  Having 
married  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  LatT- 
nns,  king  of  that  part  of  Italy,  he 
built  a  city  which,  from  the  name  of 
his  wife,  he  called  Lavinium.  His  fon 
Afcanius  built  Longa  Alba  ;  and  from 
his  poilerity,  who  reigned  at  Alba, 
RomuluSj  the  founder  of  Rcme,  was 
defcended.  Hence  AeneAdae,  the 
Trojans,  Vhg.  An.  I,  157.  ^)r  Ro- 
mans, ib.  8,  648.  (G.  187.  &c.) 

Aeneides,  or  Aemdes,  -ae^  lulus 
or  Afcanius,  the  fon  of  Aeneas,  ih.  9, 
653.  from  whom  Julius  Caefar  pre- 
tended to  be  fprung  ;  w^hence  he  calls 
;\eneas  meus,  i.  c.  mens  auliory  a  quo 
ego  crtus  Juniy  Lucan.  9,  991. 

xAenilis,  -uUsy  V.  '\doSy  f.  the  poem 
of  Virgil  concerning  the  exploits  of  Ae- 
neas, Ovid.  Trijl.  2,  533.  ;  Stat.  Theb, 
12,  826. — Ae?ieia  nutrix,  Csijtia,  f^irg. 
Aen.  7,  I.  Aeneia  armay  the  wars  of 
Aeneas,  Ovid.  mor.  I,  15,  25.  ; 
pietas.  Id.  Eaft.  4,  799.  ;  virtvsy  Met. 
14,  381.  ;/«/^,  his  death,  Stat.  Silv. 
5'  3>  37*  Aeneia  carminay  the  poem 
of  Virgil  concerning  Aeneas,  Lucan. 
ad  Pif.  218. 

AENOBARBUS,  v.  Ahenoharbus^ 
the  fjrname  of  a  family  of  the  gens 
Domitia  ;  iirft  given  to  L.  Domitius, 

who, 


A  E   O  [7 

who,  returning  from  the  country,  is 
faid  to  have  been  met  by  two  young 
men  of  a  more  auguft  appearance  than 
human,  who  commanded  him  to  c^rrj 
to  th^  fenate  and  people,  the  news  of 
a  viAory,  not  then  known  for  certain 
at  Rome  ;  and  as  a  proof  of  their  be- 
ing more  than  men,  (injidem  majcjla- 
iis,J  llroked  his  cheeks  fo  as  to  ren- 
der the  hair  of  his  beard,  from  be- 
ing black,  ruddy  and  hke  to  brafs. 
This  maik  of  diilinAion  dcfcended  alfo 
to  his  poilerity,  who  generally  had  a 
ruiMy  beard,   Sm'i.  Ner%  I. 

AEOLUS,  a  king  of  the  Lipari 
iflands,  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  call- 
ed from  him  InfiiJae  A^oliae^  (G  275.  )> 
/Ivilled  in  prognollicating  the  weathtr, 
a^^d  ilierefore  fuppofed  to  have  the 
winds  and  clouds  in  his  power  ;  hence 
ca)'ed  the  God  of  the  winds,  Serm,  ad 
V'trg,  Aen,  I,  56.  the  fon  of  Hippo- 
tas  ;  hence  called  Hippofades,  Ovid 
Met.  14,  221. —  Aeolides,  -as,  the 
fon  of  Aeolus  ;  a  name  given  to  Mi- 
senus,  the  trumpeter  of  Aeneas,  be- 
caufe  the  blowing  of  trumpets  de- 
pei'ds  on  wind,  Vlrg,  Acn  6,  164. — 
A  Eo  LI  DAK,  plur  the  fons  of  Aeolus, 
who  marri.  d  their  lifters,  Ovid.  Met* 
9,    504.  ;  Horner^  O^yff*  '^»   ?•  &c. 

Aeolus,  a  king  of  ThefTaly,  the 
father  of  Sisyphus,  who  is  hence  called 
A  tOLiDEs,  Hur,  Od*  2,  10,  20.;  which 
name  is  alio  applied  by  way  of  reproach 
to  Ulyffes,  as  being  fuppofed  the  fon 
of  S  ivphus,  who  was  thought  to  have 
had  connection  with  Anticlea,  the  mo- 
ther of  Ulyflfcs,  before  her  marriage 
with  Laertes,  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Acru  6, 
529.  80  Aeoluies  is  put  for  Ptirixus, 
the    grand  fon    of    Aeolus,    Val.   Flac. 

I,  286.  and  Aeolidae^  for  the   fons   of 
Phrixus,    ih     5,    462 

Aeolis,  7^//V,  Canace,  the  daugh- 
ter  of     eolus,  voc.  Aeoli,   Ovid.  Ep. 

II,  34- 

Aepulo,  -0/WJ-,  a  king  of  the  Klri- 
ans,  who  flew  himfelf,  that  he  might 
not  fall  alive  into  the  hands  of  the 
Romans,  Liv.  41,  11.  Florus  calls 
him  Apulo,  and  fays  that  he  was  ta- 
ken in  a  Itate  of  intoxication,  2,  10. 


3 


A  E   S 


AEPyTUS,  one  of  the  chief  compa- 
nions of  Amp  h  ion  in  the  Theban  war, 
Stat.  Theh.  10,  400.  entrufled  with 
the  defence  of  one  of  the  gates  of 
Thebes,  Id.  11,   240. 

A E rope,  .f.r,  the  wife  of  Atreus, 
feduced  .  by  Thyeftes,  the  brother  of 
Atreus,  Ovid.  Trl/l.  2,  391.  [G.  405.) 

Aesacos,  v.  -usy  the  fon  of  Priam 
by  the  nymph  Alexirhoe,  who  having 
become  enamoured  of  the  nymph  Hef- 
perie,  upon  feeing  her  in  the  woods, 
whilft  he  purfued  her  flying  from  him, 
occafioned  her  death  ;  for  in  her  flight 
(he  was  bit  by  a  ferpent  in  the  foot. 
Aefacus,  overwhelmed  with  grief,  threw 
himfelf  from  a  rock  into  the  fea,  but 
Tethys,  out  of  compaflion,  transform- 
ed him  into  a  cormorant,  (mergus)  ; 
but  he,  provoked  that  he  could  not 
die,  never  ceafes  plunging  himfelf  into 
the  fea,  Ovid.  Met.  11,  762.  &c.  Apol- 
lodorus  fays  that  Aefacus  was  the  fori 
of  Priam  hj  his  firft  wife  Aiiiba  ;  that 
he  married  Aflerdpe,  the  daughter  of 
the  river  Cebren  ;  and  that  while  he 
lamented  her  death,  he  was  changed 
into  a  bird,  3,   11,  5. 

Aeschines,  -is,  an  Athenian  ora- 
tor, the  rival  of  Demofthenes,  Cic.  de 
Orat.  3,  56.  ;  ^in^il.  10,  i. — <[[  2. 
A  Socratic  philofopher,  Cic.  Inv.  i, 
31. —  ^3.  An  Afiatic  orator  cotempo- 
rary  with  Cicero,   Cic.  Brut.  95. 

AESCHYLUS,  the  fon  of  Euph5. 
rion,  Herodot.  2,  156.  an  Athenian  tra- 
gic poet,  (Tragaedias  primum  in  lucem 
Aejchylus  protidit^  fuUimis  et  gravis,  et 
grandiioqiuis  faepe  ufque  ad  vitittm^  Sic.) 
Quin6lil.  10,  I,  6G.  ;  who  firft  erec- 
ted a  permanent  Itage,  and  v/as  the 
inventor  of  the  mafic,  (persona^)  the 
long  flowing  robe,  (palla  v.  fyrma,} 
and  the  high  heeled  flioe  or  buflcin, 
(cothurnus^)  which  ancient  tragedians 
wore,  Hor.  A.  P.  278..  (A.  355.) 
Hence  Aefchyleo  componere  verba  cothur' 
no.  to  compofe  verfes  in  a  lofty  tragic 
ftyle,  like  that  of  Aefchylus,  Prbpert. 
2,  34,  41.  But  Vulpius  reads  here 
.  khilleo  cothurno,  i.  e.  in  the  flyle  of 
epic  poetry,  ib.  Aefchylus  was  diftin- 
guifhed  for  his  bravery,  as  well  as  for 

his 


A  E   S  [J 

his  genius.  He  was  prefent  in  the 
battles  at  Marathon,  Salamis,  and  Ar- 
temifium,  Paufan,  i,  14.  For  fome 
time  before  his  death  he  lived  in  Sicily, 
whether  in  voluntary  exile  or  not,  is 
uncertain.  We  read  of  his  having 
been  once  tried  for  impiety,  and  in 
danger  of  being  ftoned  to  death  for 
having  introduced  fomething  irreligi- 
ous in  one  of  his  plays,  but  he  was  ac- 
quitted by  the  interpofition  of  his  bro- 
ther Amineas,  Jdian.  Far.  H.  5,  19. 
if  ibi  Perizon,  Plutarch  fays,  that 
Aefchylus  retired  to  Sicily  in  dffguft 
at  being  vanquifhed  by  S<>phocles,  a 
young  man,  in  the  contetl  for  the 
prize  of  poetic  merit,  in  Cimone,  p.  483. 
A  wonderful  account  is  given  concern- 
ing the  death  of  Aefchylus.  Being 
forewarned  that  on  a  certain  day  he 
fhould  be  killed  by  fomething  falling 
on  him,  he  left  the  city  where  he  lived, 
and  went  to  the  open  fields  to  avoid 
danger.  While  fitting  on  the  ground, 
an  eagle,  miftaking  his  head,  which 
was  bald,  for  a  ftone,  dafiied  againft 
it  a  tortoife  he  carried  in  his  talons,  in 
order  to  break  the  flicll,  that  he  might 
get  at  the  fiefh.  Aefchylus  was  in- 
Itantly  killed  by  th^e  ftroke.  P/in.  10, 
3.  ;  FaL  Mux.  9,  12.  exi.  2.  Seven 
of  his  tragedies  are  ftill  extant. 

Aeschylus,  an  orator,  a  native  of 
Cnidos,  under  whom  Cicero  ftudied 
when  a  young  man,   Cic.  Brut.  91. 

AESCUL  APIUS,  the  fon  of  Apol- 
lo, (Phoeb'igena)^  and  god  of  phyfic  ©r 
medicine,  F'trg.  Aen.  7,  773.  called  ^/i- 
iauriusy  from  his  being  worfhipped  at 
Epidaurus  in  Argolis,  under  the  fiiape 
of  a  ferpent,  Ovid.  Met,  15,  725.; 
Prop,  2,  I,  63.  Deus  Ep'idauriusy 
Propert.  2,  t,  6[.  Pergameus  deus, 
from  the  lionour  paid  to  iiim  at  Per- 
gamus,  AlartiaL  9,    17.  (G.  369.) 

Aeserninus,  the  name  of  a  gla- 
diator, from  Aefernia,  Cic.  Opt»  Gen. 
die.  6.',   ^Fr.  3,  4. 

AESON,  -onis,  ^^i"g  of  lolcos,  the 
father  of  Jafon,  who  is  hence  called 
Aesonides,  -ae,  Ovid.  Met.  7,  60. 
jiesonius  heros,  ib.  7,  156.  Aejomus 
dux^    Id.   Am.    J,    15,    22.       /fefcriia 


I    1  AFR 

domtts,    the  houfe  of  Acfon,  Id,  Ep» 
12,  134.     (G  439.  .^c.) 

AESOPUS,  the  famous  author  of 
fables  ;  a  native  of  Phrygia,  originally 
a  flave,  but  made  free  on  account  of 
his  genius. — Fahulae  /^efopiae,  non  /iefo- 
pi.,  the  fables  compofed  in  the  manner 
of  Aefop,  but  not  written  by  him, 
Phaedr.  j,  I,  11.  So  Aefopei  logi, 
Senec.  Confol.  ad  Polyb.  17.  It  is 
uncertain  whether  any  of  the  fables 
we  now  have  were  written  by  Aefop. 
The  life  of  Aesopus,  afcribed  to  Maxi- 
mus  Planudes,  is  full  of  abfurdities, 
and  unworthy  of  credit. 

Claudius  Aesopus,  a  celebrated  ac- 
tor of  tragedies,  intimate  with  Cicero, 
Cic.  Div.  I,  37.  ;  who  ftudied  under 
him  the  art  of  delivery,  Plutarch,  in 
Cic.  Aefopus  accumulated  an  im- 
menfe  fortune,  and  was  very  expenfivc 
in  his  manner  of  living,  PHn,  10,  51. 
f.  72.  et  35,  12.  f.  46. 

Aesopus,  the  ador*s  fon,  was  no- 
ted for  his  luxury,  extravagance,  and 
profligacy,  Cic,  Att,  li,  13,  &.  ij.  ; 
Hor  Sat.  2,  3,  239.  ;  Plin,  9,  35, 
f.  59.  ;    10,  51,  f.  72. 

AETHON,  one  of  the  horfes  of 
the   fun,    Ovid.    Met.    2.     153. — ^2. 
The   war  horfe  of  Pallas,   Virg.  Aen.  . 
II,  89.  SiC. 

AETHRA,  the  daughter  of  Pit- 
theus,  and  mother  of  Thefeus,  Hygin, 
79.  who  is  hence  called  PitthFidos 
Aethrae  Filius,  Ovid.  Ep.  10,  131. 
Nepos  Aithracy  Hippolitus,  Ovid,  in 
Ibiuy  S71' 

Aethra,  one  of  the  maid-fervants 
01*  confidants  of  Helena,  Ovid.  Ep.  17, 
150,   &  267.  Nygin.  92. 

^.  ETiON,  a  painter,   Cic.  Brut,  18. 

L.  '\franius,  an  excellent  Romaa 
comic  poet,  Cic.  Br,  45-  ;  Fin,  1,3.; 
Hor.  Ep    2,    I,  57. 

L.  Afranius,  the  fon  of  Aulas, 
conlul  a.  693.  ;  a  luxurious,  indo- 
lent man,  Cic.  Att.  i,  ]8,  19.  &c.  af- 
terwards one  of  the  lieutenants  of  Pom- 
pey  in  Spain,  Cic,  Fam.  16,  12.  where 
he  was  forced  by  Cacfar  to  furrender 
himfelr  and  his  army,  Caef.  B.  C  1,  8. 
He  however  again  engaged  in  the  ci- 
vil 


A   F   R  C    9    ] 

vH  war  againft  Cacfar  ;  an^  bein^  ta- 
ken piifoner  after  the  battle  of  Zama 
jn  Africa,  was  put  to  death,  Htrt,  B. 
jifr.  95.  ;  SueU  Caef.  75.  —  Afraniana 
aciesj  the  army  of  Afranins,  Caes.  B.  C. 
I,  8^.  ;  yifranianiffc.  rni/ites,  'b.  43. 

Atricanus,  a  firname  given  to  P. 
Cornelius  Scipio,  the  conqueror  of  Han- 
nibal, Liv.  30,  45. ;  Nor.  Od.  4,  8,  18. ; 
Epod.  9,  25.  and  to  his  grandfon  by- 
adoption,  who  deftroyed  Carthage,  call- 
•ed,  by  way  of  diiiin(3:ion,  African  us 
Minor,  C'tc.  OJpc.  1,32. 

Agamedes,  -frf,  and  Trophonins, 
two  architefts,  who  having  built  a 
temple  to  Apollo  at  Delphi,  requefled 
from  that  god  the  beft  thing  that 
could  be  given  to  man  ;  and,  the  third 
morning  after,  were  both  found  dead 
in  their  beds  ;  to  fhew,  as  it  was 
thought,  that  the  gods  judged  death  to 
be  the  beft  thing  for  man,  Cic.  Tujc.  I, 
47- 

AC5AMEMNQN,  vel -0,  ^ttus,  the  foQ 
of  Atreus,  king  of  Mycenae,  and  com- 
mander of  the  Greeks  in  the  war  againft 
Troy.  Regum  rex,  Cic.  Fam.  9,  14. 
Homer'icus  et  Accianusy  as  defcribed  by 
the  poets  Homer  and  Accius,  Id.  Tufc. 
3,  26.' — Agameinnoriidcs^  -dae,  Juv.  8. 
315'  — '  Agamemnonius  Orejies^  O reile  s 
the  fon  -of  -Agamemnon,  f^i-g»  4m,  4, 
i^'] l,^-' /^gamemnonta  putlla,  Iphigenla. 
Sais  daughter  PropcH.  A^.,  I,  in.-— 
j^gamemnonlae  Mycenae^  the  city  of  A- 
gamemnon,  V'lrg.  Aen,  6,  838.;  phalan- 
ges^ the  troops  of,  iL  489.;  rex,  his  for- 
tune or  party,  ih.  3,  54.  ;  Conjux  ex 
AgamemnonUs  una  puella  trilusj  your 
choice  of  Agamemnon's  three  daugh- 
ters to  wife,  Ovid,  Ep.  3,  38. 

AGATHOCLES,  -ix,  a  tyrant  of 
Sicily,  the  fon  of  a  potter,  Jujl'in.  I.  2U 
&  23.  ;  Diedor,  19,  20. — Alfo  an  hif- 
torian,   Cic.  Div.  i,  24. 

AGAVE,  -ejf  the  daught^er  of  Cad- 
mus and  Hermione,  married  to  Kchi- 
on,  a  Theban,  by  whom  fhe  had  a  fon 
called  Pentheus,  whom  {lie,  with  her 
fillers  Autonoe  and  Ino,  having  met. 
while  celebrating  the  facred  rites  of 
Bacchus,  and  being  tranfported  by  the 
iafpiration   of   Bacchus,    or    impelled 


A  G   L 

by  the  furies,  tore  in  pieces,  bec^ufe 
he  flighted  the  woriliip  of  that  godj 
Ovid.  Met.  3,  5  I  J, — ad  Jin.  ;  If  or.  Sat» 
2,  3.  303.  ;  Lucan.  £,  574,  ;  7,  7S0. 
Agave  having  come  to  herfelf,  fled 
from  Thebes  to  Theffaly,  and  having 
performed  funeral  rites  to  her  fjn, 
built  a  city  of  the  fame  name  with 
her  native  city,  hence  called  Tbehae 
Echmnacy  Lucan.  6,  356.  ;  Virg.  in 
Cu/ice,  no.  —  Efurit  iniaSam  Paridi 
n'iji  vendii  Agaven^  fc.  Staihts.,  ftarves, 
unlcfs  he  fells  his  play  called  Agave, 
before  he  has  recited  or  fhewed  it  to 
any  one  (inta&am)i  to  the  ador  Paris, 
the  favourite  of  Domitian,  Juven.  7,  78. 

Agelastus,  a  lirnamc  given  to 
CrafTus,  the  grandfather  of  that  Craf- 
fus  who  was  cist  off  by  the  Parthians, 
bccaufe  he  never  laughed.  Pirn.  7,  19.; 
Ck.  Fin.  5,  31. 

AG  EN  OR,  -ertV,  a  king  of  Phoeni- 
cia, the  fon  of  Neptune,  and  brother 
of  Belus  ;  the  father  of  Cadmus,  hence 


called   A' 


tdes 


On 


jeaortaes,  -ac^   uvid.   Met.   j, 

7.  who  founded  Thebes  ;  hence  Ags.' 
norea  ifmene,  i.e.  'Thebana^  Stat.Thcb. 

8,  5^5".  Agenoris  urbs,  i.e.  Carthage, 
built  by  the  Phoenicians,  f^'irg.  Aen.  i, 
338.  Agenorea  terra^  the  p>art  of  Africa 
round  Carthage,  Sil.  17,  58.  Agenoreae 
arces,  its  towers,  ib.  i,  14.;  porlacy  ita 
gates,  17,  197.  /Igenoreus  duBor^  Han- 
nibal, ih.  17,  392.      Purpura  Agmoreis 

fatunita  micabjxt  a/jenisf  dyed  in  Tyrian 
vciTt'ls,  ib.   7. 

AGEEiLAUi^  an  illuftrioHS  king  of 
Sparta,  N(p.  17. 

AG  IS*  'idisf  the  name  of  fevcral 
kings  of  Sparta  ;  one  of  whom  was  flain 
by  his  citiztns  for  attempting  to  rertore 
the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  and  introduce 
an  equal  divifion  of  land,  Cic,  OJf.  2,  23, 

AGLAIA,  one  of  the  three  Gra- 
ces, (G.  364^) 

AG  LA  US,  a  poor  .Arcadian,  pro- 
nounced bv  the  oracle  of  Delphi  tp 
have  been  happ'er  than  king  Gyges, 
PUtt.  7,  46.  ;   Val.  Max.  7,  i    2. 

AGLAUROS,  -i,  the  daughter  of 
Cecrops,  kir.g  of  Athens,  turned  into 
a  ftone  by  Mercury,  Ovid.  Met.  2,  ^^S' 
&c.  €t  739.  &c. 

B  Agq^ 


VLUi 


AGO  [10 

AooRACRiTUs,  a  famous  ftatuary, 
^  native  of  Piros,  the  fcholar  of  Phi- 
dias ;  fee  Pliny,   36,  5. 

AGRICOLA,  the  celebrated  Ro- 
man governor  of  Britain,  under  che 
emperors  Vefpafian,  Titus,  and  Domi- 
tian  ;  the  father-in-law  of  Tacitus  the 
hiftorian,  who  wrote  his  life.  The  fleet 
Ot  Agricola  is  faid  to  have  firft  afcer- 
tained  the  infular  form  of  Britain,  by- 
failing  round  it,   Tack.  Agr.  10. 

AGJUPPA,  the  name  of  a  noble 
family  at  Rome. 

Menemus  Agrippa,  a  conful,  who 
fcrought  back  the  people  to  Rome  when 
they  made  a  feceffion  to  the  Mons  Sa- 
cer,   Liv.  2,  32. 

M-  Vipfan'ius  Agrippa,  the  friend 
of  Auguftus,  born  of  a  mean  family, 
(ignobililoco),  Tac.  '\nn.  i,  2.  to  whom 
that  emperor  was  indebted  for  his  vic- 
tories over  Sextus  Pompeius  and  An- 
tony, Plin.  7.  8.  He  died  a.  u.  741, 
equally  lamented  by  Auguilus  and  by 
the  Roman  people,  Dio  54,  38.  Dio 
fays  he  was  incomparably  the  firft  man 
pf  his  age  for  worth  and  talents,  54, 
29.  Though  he  difapproved  of  \  u- 
guftus  converting  the  government  of 
Kome  into  a  monarchy,  Dio,  52,  2. — 
14.  yet  he  ferved  him  through  life 
•with  the  greateft  fidelitv^  D'lo,  54,  29. 
He  is  celebrated  by  Virgil,  Aen-  8,  632. 
and  Horace,  Od.  1,6.;  Sat.  2,  3,  185.; 
JBp.  I,  12  26.  Thofe  of  this  name 
are  faid  to  have  been  fo  called  from 
their  being  born  with  the  feet  fore- 
moft,  (Vocabulo  ah  aegntudhie  et  pedibus 
confsSoj    Gell.  16,    16.  ut  aegre  parti, 

ib.) 

Agrippina,  the  daughter  of  M. 
Agrippa,  and  wife  of  Germanicus, 
Tactt.  Ann.  I,  53.  Their  daughter  A- 
gripplna  was  the  mother  of  Nero,  ih.  4, 

75- 

AGRIUS,  the  fon  of  Parthaon 
king  of  Aetolia,  \yhp  deprived  his 
brother  Oeneus  of  the  crown,  and  was 
himfclf  afterwards  dethroned  by  Dio- 
medes,  the  grandlon  of  Oeneus,  Hygin. 
175.;  Ovid.  Ep   9,  153. 

Agr.  I  us,  the  father  of  Therfites, 
Ovid,  Pont,  3,  9,  9, 


1       ^      Alt; 

AcylEUS,  vel  ^gyeus,  (3  fyll.)  -eo^^ 
a  name  of  Apollo,  Hor.  Od.  4,  6*  28. 
Diiferent  reafons  of  the  name  are  gi- 
ven ;  the  moft  probable  is,  becaufc 
ftatues  were  erefted  to  him  by  the 
Greeks  in  the  public  ftreets,  e'  rajf 
(cyoiaiq^   ScholiaJ}.  iff  Macroh.  Sai.  l,  9. 

AGYLLEUS,  (3  fyll),  a  native 
of  Cleone,  (Cieona.'us),  a  famous  wreil- 
ler,  Stat.  T beh.  6,  837.  called  Hercu^ 
leus,  a  fon  of  Hercules,  ik  10,  249. 

Agyrtes,  an  infamous  parricide, 
Ovid.  Md.  5,  148. 

Agyrtes,  a  cornbatant  in  the  The- 
ban  war,  Stat.  Theh.  9,  281. 

Aha  LA,  a  firname  of  the  Servility 
Liv.  4,  i^.  ;  Cic.  Phil.  2,  II.  ;  Cic. 
Mil.  3.  ;  Att.  2,  24, 

C.  Servilius  Ah  ALA,  matter  of  horfe 
to  Cincinnatus,  who  fiew  Mielius  for 
refufmg  to  appear  before  the  dictator, 
Liv.  4,  13,  &  14.  ;   Cic.  Cat.  i,  i. 

Ahenobarbus,  a  firname  of  the 
Domifii,  Suet.  Ner.  i.  &  2.      Fid.   \e- 

NOBARBUS. 

AJAX,  the  fon  of  Telamon,  fTela- 
mamades,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  231.  TeU" 
mone  creatus,  ib.  22.  a  -  Jove  tertins,  ih. 
28.  \t\  Jovis  prone pos,  ib.  142.  Tele- 
monius  heros,  Virg.  Cul.  314. )»  by 
Hefione,  the  daughter  of  Laomedon 
king  of  .Troy,  the  braved  of  the  Greeks 
next  to  Achilles  ;  Hcros  ah  Achille  fc- 
cundus,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  3,  193.  Acerru 
mus,  Virg.  .A en.  2,  414  Forti/Jimusy 
Cic.  Tufc.  4,  23.  Impatiens  contnmeliae. 
Id.  Off.  I,  31.  et  iracy  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
194.  called  dull  or  foolifh  (jhlidus)  by 
Ulylfes,  ih.  327  having  his  fhield  co- 
vered with  feven  plies  of  a  bull's  hide, 
(Clypei  donyinus  fepttmpUcis   4jax),  ib.  2. 

There  was  another   AjAX,  the 

fon  of  Oileus,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  622. 
king  of  Locris,  hence  called  Narycius 
heros,  from  Nai*y:i,  a  city  of  Locris, 
ih.  14,  468.  lefs  palHonate  than  the 
former  Ajax,  ( modcratior ) ,  ib.  13,  356. 
but  inferior  in  ftrength  ;  hence  called 
Ajax  fecwidusy  Stat.  Achill.  i,  500. 
(See  G.  p.  450.) 

Aius  Loquensy  the  name  of  an  un- 
known god  among  the  Romans,  who 
is  faid  to  have  foretold,  by  a  voice  in 


ALA  C    I 

tlie  night-time,  the  approach  of  the 
Gauls  ;  whence  a  tempie  was  erefted 
to  him  under  this  name,  C'lc.  Div.  2, 
32.  et  I,  45.  called  alfo  Locufius,  Liv. 
5,  50.  ;   Gell    16,  17. 

Alabandus,  the  founder  of  Ala- 
banda,  a  city  of  Caria ;  worfhipped 
by  the  inhabitants  as  a  god,  Cic.  N.  D. 

3>  19- 

Alabarches,  -asf  a  nickname  given 
to  Pompey,  on  account  of  his  having  rai- 
led certain  taxes  in  Syria,  Cic.  Att.  2,17. 

Alastor,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Sarpedon,  ilain  by  Ulyffes,  Qvid.  Met, 

ALBTA  gtnsy  a  family  at  Rome, 
from  which  the  poet  Tibullus  was  de- 
fcended,  who  is  fuppofed  to  be  the 
Albius  addreffedby  Horace,  ^^5.  1,4. 

Albi  NOV  ANUS,  a  Roman  firname, 
Hor.  Ep.  1,8. 

Celfus  Albinovanus,  the  fecre^ 
tary  of  Tiberius  Nero,  and  friend  of 
Horace,  ^or.  Ep.  i,  8. 

Pedo  Albinovanus,  a  poet,  and 
friend  of  Ovid's,  Ovid.  Pont.  4,  10. 

L.  ALBINIUS,  a  Roman,  who  fly- 
ing  from  the  Gauls  with  his  wife  and 
children  in  a  waggon,  made  them  alight 
to  accommodate  the  Veftal  virgins  ; 
whom  he  carried  with  the  iacred  things 
to  Caere,  Lvo.  5,  4. 

Albinusj  a  hrname  of  the  Pofl- 
huraian  family,  which  produced  feveral 
illuftrious  men ;  L'tv.  et  Cic. 

T.  A  LBUTius,  a  nobie  Roman,  who 
triumphed  over  Sardinia,  Cic.  Off.z^ 
14.  and  being  afterwards  banifhed,  Id. 
Br.  26.  took  up  his  refidenee  at  A- 
thens,  Id.  Tufc.  5,  37. 

ALCAKUS,  a  tamous  lyric  poet,  a 
native  of  Mitylene  in  Lell^os,  Cic.  N. 
D.  1,27.  n/-.  4-33-  (See  G.  343.) 

Alcaeus,  the  Iwn  of  Perieus  and 
Androm.eda,  the  father  of  Amphitryon^ 
the  fuppofed  father  of  Hercules,  Apol- 
lodor.  2,4,  5.  Paujan.  8,  14.  Whence 
Hercules  is  called  /\  lcides, -a^,  Virg. 
Aen.  6,  8qi.  8,  203,  &c.  Hor.  Od.  i) 

IZy    25. 

Alcamenes,  -is,  a  ftatuary,  the 
fcholar  of  Phidias,  Plin,  36,  5.  34,  8. 
Cic.  N.  D.  li^Q, 


I    ]  A  L  C 

Alcakder,  -drij  a  companidti  oi 
Sarpedon  to  the  Trojan  war,  Ovidi 
Met.  13,  258. — ^  2.  A  Trojan,  flain 
by  Tun. us,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  767. 

Alcanor,  -om,  a  Trojan  who 
dwelt  on  mount  Ida,  the  father  of  Pan- 
darus  and  Bitias,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  672. 
—  ^  2.  An  Italian,  jQain  by  Aeneas^ 
Virg.  Aen.  10,  338. 

Alcestis,  -idisy  V.  -<",  •<?/,  th6 
daughter  of  Pelias,  and  wife  of  Adme- 
tus,  king  of  Pherae  in  Theffaly,  who 
fubmitted  to  a  voluntary  death,  to  favc 
her  hufoand^s  life  ;  but  is  laid  to  have 
been  reftored  by  Proferpine,  or 
brought  back  by  Hercules,  Apollodor» 
I,  15.  e{  2,  5. ;  Hygin.  51. ;  Juiyenal.  6^ 
651.  called  «."0Njux  Paoasaea,  fronx 
Pagafa,  a  city  in  Thellaly  belonging  to 
her  father,  Ovid.  Art.  A.  3,  19. 

Alcathous,  a  fon  of  Pelops,  who 
became  king  of  Megara,  and  gave  to  it 
the  name  of  Alcathoc,  Paufan.  I,  4.J 
Ovid.  Art.  Am,  2,  421.  ;  Met.  7,  443. 

Alcathous,  a  Trojan  flain  by  Cae- 
dicus,  a  Liitin,  Virg.  Aen.  10,  747. 

Alce,  -cs,  (i.  e.  robur,)  one  of  Ac"!- 
taeon's  hounds,  OwV.  Met.  3,  217. 

Alcibiades,  -ij',an  illuftrious  Athe- 
nian general, A^^/>. 7.  Someof  hiswritings 
were  extant  in  the  time  of  Cicero,  Cicn 
Or.  i,  22. 

Algid  A  MAS,  -antis^  a  noted  wreftler, 
Stat.  TheL.  12,  500.—  Another,  the  fa- 
ther of  Cartheia  or  Cteiilla,  Ovid.  Met,. 

7>  369- 

Alcidamus,  an  ancient  rhetorician^ 
who  wrote  an  oration  in  praife  of  death, 
Cic.  Tufc.  1,  48. 

Alcidi  s,  -fie,  a  name  of  Hercules, 
from  his  grandfather  Alcaeus,  the  fa-* 
t  her  of  A mphitryon,  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Aen* 
6,  123. 

Alcimachus,  a  renowned  painter^ 
Plin.  35,  ii.f.  40,  32. 

Alcimede,  -es,  the  wife  of  Aefon* 
and  mother  of  Jafon,  Hygin,  3.  and 
14.  ;    Val.  Flac.  I,  317.   Stat.  Theb.  5, 

235- 

Alcimedon,  'Ontis,  a  famous  carver, 
Virg.  Eel.  3,  37. 

ALCINOL^S,  the  fon  ofNaufuhous, 

king  of  the  Phaeacians.and  of  the  ifland 

£  2  Corcyra, 


A   L  C  t     s 

Corcyra,  who  KofpitaWy  eMcrtaincd 
XJlyffes  'f  remarkable  for  his  attention 
to  the  cukiTation  of  gardens  ;  hence 
jilcinoi  Syhaey  apple  trees,  P^irg,  G.  2, 
87.  'i  Alcinot  fowa^  thefineft  apples,  Ovid. 
Am.  I,  i-o,  ^6,  ;  Pont.  4,  2,  10.  ; 
J^ife'ra  Ak'tno:  pomaria,  the  orchards  of 
Alcinou'^,  which  bear  twice  a-year, 
Stat.  Silv.  T ,  3,  81.}  PBn^i^,  4. ;  C antes 
Alcinoi,  the  rocks  of  Corcyra,  Ovid  Met. 
14,  565.  Alcinoique  In  cute  curanda  plus 
itequo  Cfperata  juventusj  luxurious  young 
men  who  took  up  too  much  time  in 
adorning  their  perfonsj  a»  thofe  who 
lived  in  the  court  of  Alcinaus  are  faid 
to  have  done,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  2,  29.  Alci- 
noi  men/dy  luxurious  i  Apois^usj  a  tedi- 
ous incredible  ftory, 

Atcipp-e,  -fo,  a  woman  who  is  re- 
ported to  have  brought  forth  an  ele- 
phanc;  or,  as  Harduin  reads  the  paf- 
fage,  a  child  with  an  ekphant^s  head, 
Plin.  7,  3.  like  what  is  mentioned, 
Lh.  27,  1 1 .  Fal.  Max.  1,  6,  5. 

Alcippe,  a  Gom>tr.y  woma«,  Virg, 
Ec.  7,  14. 

Alci&,  a  deity  worfhipped  by  the 
Naharvali.,  a  nation  of  the  Germans, 
^ac.  G.  43,  —  ^2.  A  name  given  to 
Minerva  by  the  Macedonians,  Liv.  42, 

Alcisthene,  -es,  a  female  painter, 
Plin.  35,  II  f.  40,  43. 

Alcithoe,  -es,  a  Theb^n  v?oman, 
who  ridiculed  the  facre-d  rites  of  Bac- 
chus, and  therefore  was  rcetamorpho- 
iied  int(.  a  bat,  Ovid-.  Met<  4.  pf. 

ALCMAKON,  'cnis,  the  fon  of 
the  augur  Amphiaraus,  {Amphiardldesj 
"Off  Ovid.  Fall.  2,43.),  who,  according 
to  his  father's  order?,  flew  his  mother 
Eriphllb,  Hygin.  73,  ;  Virg^  Aen.  6, 
445.;  Ovid.  Met  9,  407,  &c.  J-  called 
from  his  brother,  Amphihcbi  Fratevj 
Jd.  Rem.  Amor.  455.  and  from  his 
iwife,  CalUrrh'ies  vir,  Id.  in  I  bide, 
^^Oi  {vid.  G.  43 2i) — Alcmaeoniae  fu- 
riae,  the  furies  which  tortured  Ale- 
maeon  for  his  guilt,  Propert.  3,  5,  41. 

Alcmaeon, -o«/V,  a  native  of  Mef- 
fenia,  who  being  obliged  to  leave  his 
country  upon  the  invafion  of  the  He- 
rqcHdae  or  defcendanw  of  iier<iule&, 


2    1  ALE 

fettled  at  Athens,  (G.  409.).  Hr3 
pofterity  called  Akm<ieoTndae^  became 
one  of  the  noblcft  families  of  that  citVy 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  efta- 
bhlhment  of  its  liberty,  ib.  309. 

ALCMAN,  an  ancient  Greek  lyric 
poet,  Paufan.  I,  41.  born  at  Sardis  in 
Lydia  ;  but  brought  to  Sparta  when 
very  young  ;  whence  he  is  commonly 
called  a  Lracedemonian,  Aelian.  Var, 
H'lfi.  12,  ^o.et  ihi  Perizon.  Veil.  1,  18  f, 
Siat.  Silv.  ^,  3,  150.  Plutarch.  dcexiL 
ittit 

ALe^fEHA  or  Alcumena,  the 
daughter  of  Eleflryon  king  of  Myce- 
nae or  Argos.  Apollodor.  2,  4.  6.  Hygin, 
29.  hence  called  Argoi'is  Alcmeue.,  Ovid. 
Met.  9,  313.  the  wife  of  Amphitryon  5 
the  mother  of  Hercules  by  Jupiter, 
Plaut.  Amphltr.  Ovid.  Met.  g^  2S1. — 
whence  fhe  is  called  Genitrix  AJcidaCf 
Sil.  8.  -  ATater  Hercuka,  Stat.  Theb« 
10,  106. — Nitrus  Akmenae,  Dejanira, 
the  wife  of  Hercules,  Ovid.  Met.  8, 
542.  Alcmena  brought  forth  at  the 
fame  birth  Iphicles,  f.  -us,  by  Amphi* 
trj-'on,  Apollodor.  ib.  8. 

Alcon,  -misf  the  name  of  a  fhep- 
herd  ;  Servius  fays,  of  a  famous  Cretan 
archer,  Firg.  E.  ^y  11. —  f  2.  A  na- 
tive of  Mylae  (Myleus)  m  Sicily,  a 
dexterous  carver,  Ovii!.  Met.  13,  683. 
■ — ^  3.  A  native  of  Saguntum,  who 
attempted  to  procure  favourable  con- 
ditions of  peace  for  his  contrymen  from 
Annibal;  but  in  vain,  Liv.  21,  12. 

Alcyone,  Vid.  Halcyon e. 

Alea,  a  name  of  Minerva,  from  a 
town  of  Arcadia,  where  fhe  was  wor» 
fhipped,  Stat.  Sih.  4,  6,  51.;  Tbeb,  4, 
2b8. 

Alebas,  vel  Alevas,  -ae,  a  ty- 
rant of  LariiTa  in  ThefTaly,  who- was 
flain  by  his  own  life-guards,  Ovid  in 
Ihin.  325. 

A  LECTO,  -usy  -0;  one  of  the  three 
infernal  furies,  Virg.  Aen.  7,  479. 
Ale£liis  alae Jiridentes  anguibus,  ib.  561.  5 
ociilijlammcii  448.  ;    os  rabiduniy  4^1. 

Alemon,  -onisy  a  virtuous  man  of 
Argohs,  Ovid.  Met.  15,  19.  the  father 
of  Myfceios,  who  is  hence  called 
AletnonideSf  ib.  z6* 


ALE  t     I 

A  LEO,  -onisf   a   fon  of  Atreus,  Cic, 
<«    U.  £)■   ?,  2  1. 

Alethls,  -/j,  a  Trojan,  Firg.  /len, 
1,  125.  9,  246. 

ALEXANDER,  -di-i,  firiiamcd 
Magnus,  the  Great  ;  the  fon  of 
Philip,  and  king  of  Macedonia  ;  who 
overturned  the  empire  of  the  Perfians, 
{G.  470.)  He  ordained  that  no  one 
fliould  make  a  pifture  of  him  but  Apel- 
Ics,  nor  a  brazen  llatue  of  him  but  Ly- 
fjppus,  Cic.  Fanu  5,  12.  Plm.  7,  37  : 
He  however  fufftred  himfelf  to  be  cele- 
brated by  Choerilus,  a  contemptible 
poet ;  for  which  Horace  blames  him, 
Ep.  2,  r,  232. 

Alexander  Pheraeus^  tyrant  of 
Plierae  in  Theffaly,  Cic.  hiv.  2,  49. 
killed  by  his  wife  Thebe,  Cic.  ib.  et 
Off".  2,  7.  ;  Ovid,  in  I  bin.  321.;  Diodor, 
50,  15.  ;   Val.  Max.  9,  14. 

A  LEX  ANDES  Paris,  the  fon  of 
Priam  and  the  lover  of  Helena,  ^uBor 
ad  Her  en.  4,  30.  ;  Varr.  L,  L.  6,  5. 
Vid.  Paris. 

Alexicagus,  (i.  e.  the  driver  a- 
way  of  evil,)  an  epithet  of  Hercules, 
as  being  the  defender  of  men,  Varr» 
L.  L.  6,  5. 

Alexio,  «y.  -o/r,  -onis,  a  phyfician, 
intimate  with  Cicero,  Att.  7,  2.  13,  25. 
ei.  15,  I,  2. 

Alexis,  -/j-,  a  favourite  flave  be- 
longing- to  Atticus,  Cit.  Ah.  5,  20. 
7,  2.  &c. —  ^  2.  A  youth  celebrated 
by  Virgil,  EcL  2,  i.  faid  to  have  been 
given  to  him  iu  a  prefent  by  Maece*- 
nas,  MartiaL  8,  56,  12.  et  5,  16,  12. 
according  to  others,  by  Pollio,  Serv. 
ad  Virg.  E.  2,  I.  Dcnat,  in  vii.  {^irg.  c. 
5,  20.  to  whom  Juvenal  is  thought  to 
allude,  7,  69. — <|f  3.  A  noted  Itatuary, 
Plin.  34,  8. 

Alexirrhoc,  vid.  Alyxgrhoe. 

P.  ALFENUS  Varus,  a  learned 
lawyer,  the  fcholar  of  Servius  Sulpici- 
U3,  Cell  6,  5.  The  fcholiail  on  Ho- 
race  fays,  that  he  was  originally  a  fhoe- 
maker,  (Jutor,)  according  to  Cruquius 
and  Bentley,  a  barber,  (ton/or,)  at  Cre- 
mona ;  and  that  having  given  up-  his 
trade,  he  came  to.  Rome  and  turned 
lawyer:  whence  Horace  calls  him  ^'^- 
Jer,  fubtle,  iiat,  I,  3,  130.     But  others 


3     1  ALP 

fuppofe  a  different  perfon  to  be  here 
meant. 

Aloeus,  (3.  fyll.)  a  giant,  the  fon 
of  Titan  and  Terra,  wh?)fe  wife,  Iphi- 
media,  produced  by  Neptune  the  giants 
Otus  and  Ephialtes  ;  called  from  their 
fuppofed  father,  AloTdae,  Firg.  Aen, 
6,  582.  et  ibi  Serv,  Ltican.  6,  410. 

Alphesiboea,  v.  Arsinoe,  the 
daughter  of  Phegeua,  ( Phegis  -^dts  ;} 
king  of  Pfophis,  who  married  Al-cmae- 
on,  and  received  from  him  the  fatal 
necklace  of  hi«  mother  Eriphyle.  Alc- 
maeon  having  proved  unfaithful  to 
Alphefiboea,  was  flain  by  her  brothers. 
But  fhe,  highly  offended  by  what  they 
had  done,  is  faid  to  have  avenged  the 
deed  by  putting  them  to  death,  Property 
I,  15,  15.  ApoUodorus,  who  calls 
Alphefiboea  by  the  name  of  Arfinoe, 
fays  that  the  fons  of  Phegeus  were  kill- 
ed by  Amphoterus  and  Acarnan,  the 
fons  of  Alcmaeon  by  Callirhoe,  3,  7, 
6.  Hyginus  fays  that  Alcmaeon  waa 
killed  by  Phegeus,  f.  244. 

Alphesiboeus,  the  name  of  a  fhep- 
herd,   Virg,  Ed.  8,  1. 

ALPHIUS,  or  Alfius,  the  name 
of  an  ufurer,  Horat,  Epod,  2,  67.  fup- 
pofed to  be  the  fame  mentioned  by 
Columella,   i,  7,  2. 

ALPHOEUS,  or  Alph?us,  the  god 
of  the  river  of  that  name  in  Eli&,  a  di- 
vifion  of  Peloponnefus;  who  falling  in 
love  with  the  nymph  Arethufa,  purfued 
her  till  fhe  was  changed  by  Diana  into 
a  fountam.  Whereupon  Alpheus,  lay- 
ing afide  his  human  form,  was  changed 
into  his  own  waters,  that  he  might  mix 
himfelf  with  her,  (Vertitur  in  pro^ia's^ 
ut  fe  mlhi  mijceat,  undas. )  But  Arethufa, 
finking  below  ground,  ran  under  the 
fea  all  the  v/ay  from  Elis  to  Sicily, 
v/here  (he  burit  forth  and  formed  a 
large  fountain  in  the  ifland  Ortygia, 
on  which  part  of  the  city  of  Syracufe 
flood,  O'Did.  Met.  5,  4v4. — 503.  et 
570. —  641.  Hence  the  fountain  Are- 
thufa in  Syracufe  was  fuppofed  to  com- 
municate with  the  river  Alpheus  in 
Elis,  Virg.  Eel.  10,.  I.  &  4.  Aen.  3, 
694.  Hence  alfo  the  nymph  is  called 
AlphTiaS'i  -udisi  and  the  waters  of  the 

fountain. 


ALP  C    I 

fountain,  Eleae  undae ;  thus,  Cum 
caput  Elds  Alphe'ms  extuUt  undts,  Ovid, 
ib,  487. 

ALPINUS,  a  poet  who  wrote  In 
a  turgid  or  bombaft  ftyle  ;  whence 
Horace,  ridiculing  him,  fays,  Turg'idus 
Jilpinus  jugulat  dutn  Memnona^  while  he 
inurders  Memnon  in  his  poem,  by  the 
wretched  defcription  he  gives  of  Mem- 
non's  death,  Sat.  i,  10,  36.  Dumque 
dcfngitliiteum  Rheni  caputs  and  disfigures 
the  muddy  fource  of  the  Rhine,  i.  e.  by 
his  defpicable  manner  of  defcribing  it 
makes  it  appear  muddy,  and  not  clear 
or  limpid,  as  it  really  is,  ih,  37. 
Bentlcy  fuppofes  Alpinus  to  be  the 
fame  with  Furius  Bibaculus,  who  is 
mentioned,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  5,  41. 

Alsus,  the  name  of  a  fhepherd, 
Virg.  Acn._  12,  304.^ 

Althea,  or  /llthaea^  the  daughter 
of  Theftius,  (Thciil'ias),  the  wife  of 
Oeneus  king  of  Calydonia,  and  mother 
of  Meleager.     .S"^^  G.  ^.4:53. 

ALYATTES,  •ae,  C .h,  vel  Aly- 
atteusy  -eiy  a  king  of  Lydia,  the  father 
of  Croefus,  (G.  600.),  whence  Reg- 
tium  Alyatieiy  the  kingdom  of  Alyat- 
teus,  i.  c.  Lydia,  (2i\.  Alyattlci,  i.  e. 
Croefijy   Hor.  Od.  3,  16,  41. 

Alyxothoe,  -fj,  (al.  Alexhhoe), 
the  daughter  of  the  river  Granlcus, 
and  mother  of  Aesacus  by  Priam, 
Ovid.  Met.  II,  763.  But  Apollodo- 
Tus  makes  Arifba  the  mother  of  Aesa- 
cus, 3,  iJ,  5_. 

Amalthea,  the  name  of  the  goat 
which  nuried  Jupiter,  and  was  convert- 
ed into  a  liar,  O'vid.  Fafl.  5,  117.; 
Hygin.  AJlr.  2,  13.  or  of  the  nymph  to 
whom  that  goat  belonged,  Ladant.  i, 
21,38. —  «||  2.  The  name  of  a  Sibyl, 
T'ibuU.  2,  5,  67. —  ^  3.  Alfo  a  name 
given  to  the  part  of  a  villa,  both  by 
Cicero  and  Atticus,  Ck.  yltt.  1,  13.  cc 
16.  et  2,  I. 

A  MAN  us,  the  name  of  a  warrior, 
^/7.  17,  4^.6. 

Amaryllis,  -tdls,   (voc.  AmaryUlJy 

the  name  of  a  country  girl,   Virg.  EcL 

I,  5,  &  37.  2,  14.  'yOvid.  Trijl.  2,  537. 

■MASis,   -/..,  a  iaraous  king   of  ii- 

gypt,  Lucan,  9,  155.   (G.  666.} 


4    3  AMP 

Am  ATA,  the  wife  of  king  Latinusj 
andmother  of  Lavinia,/^/>^./^f«.  7,343^ 

Ambigatus,  a  king  of  the  Celtae 
or  Gauls,  Liv.  5,  ^4. 

Ambiorix,  -'igis^  king  of  the  Ehu' 
rones ^  in  Gaul,  Caef.  5.  G.  5,  24.  who 
cut  off  Q^  Tiberius  Sabinus,  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Caefar,  with  a  legion  and  five 
cohorts,  ib.  et  36.  Q^  Cicero,  and  the 
legion  which  he  commanded,  had  near- 
ly fhared  the  fame  fate,  when  they 
were  reheved  by  Caefar,  ib.  37,-50. 

Am  HI  VI  us  Turpie,  a  comic  a6lor, 
who  had  a  principal  part  in  mofl  of  the 
plays  of  Terence. 

AMILCAR,  vel  Hamilcar,  -ariSf 
a  celebrated  Carthaginian  general,  the 
father  of  Hannibal,  Liv,  21,  I.  ;  Nep, 
in  Vit.  Sil.  13,  731. 

Amineas,  -ac,  an  Athenian,  the 
brother  of  the  poet  Aefchylus,  who 
obtained  the  firft  prize  of  bravery  in 
the  battle  of  Salamis,  Aelian.  Var.  HiJL 
5,  19.  with  one  Eumenes,  Herodot.  8, 

93. 

AMMON,  ytlHammcn,  -onis,  a  name 
of  Jupiter,  worfliipped  by  the  Africans, 
Firg,  Aen.  4,  198.  under  the  form  of 
a  ram  ;  whence  he  is  called  Comiger, 
Lucan.  3,  297.  ;  Sil.  14,  572.  Tor/is 
cornibus  Hammoc,  Luc.  9,  5  14* — /i'w- 
monis  cornuy  a  gem  of  a  golden  colour, 
like  a  ram's  horn,  Plin.  27.  10. 

A  MP  ELDS,  the  name  of  a  yo'uth 
beloved  by  Bacchus,  O'u/W.F^.  3,  409. 

AMPH1ARA.US,  the  fon  of  Oe- 
cleus,  (Ocdldesy  Ovid.  Met.  8,  317.)* 
a  famous  augur  at  Argos,  ( /irglvus 
/'ugur^  Hor.  Od.  3,  16,  12.),  who, 
knowing  that  he  fhould  perifh  in  the 
Theban  war  if  he  went  to  it,  hid  him- 
felf  in  a  place  known  only  to  his  wife 
Eriphile.  But  flie,  bribed  by  her  bro- 
ther Adraftus  with  a  golden  necklace, 
difcovered  him.  Amphiaraus  having 
gone  to  the  war,  was  fwallovved  up  by 
an  earthquake.  Alcmaeon  his  fon» 
(Amphiar aides,  Ovid.  Fail.  2  43. )>  ac- 
cording to  his  father's  orders,  llew  his 
m^jther.  Amphiaraus  was  worfhipped 
as  a  god  after  his  death,  Cic.  Div.  i, 
4G.     (G.  431.  &  301.) 

AMPHICTYON,  ^msy  the  fon  of 
Peucalioii, 


AMP  [    i^ 

Deucalion,  a  kin^  of  Atliens,  who 
''  procured  the  inftitution  of  a  general 
council  of  the  ftates  of  (>reece,  the 
deputies  of  which  were  called  from  liim 
Amphictyones,  and  met  twice  an- 
nually, in  fpring  at  Delphi,  and  in 
autumn  at  Anthela,  a  village  near  the 
ftraits  of  Thermopylae,  Herodot.  7, 
200.  ^(G.  308.  &  460.)  ;  Cic.  Inv.  2, 
23.  ;  Llv    3^,  5.  ;   Tac,  A.  4,  14. 

Amphilochus,  a  fon  of  -imphia- 
raus,  after  his  dtath  worfhipped  as  a 
god  at  Oropus  in  Attica,  as  well  as 
his  father,  L'li),  45,  27.  ;  Pl'in.  4,  i. 
Cicero  mentions  him  as  a  king  of  the 
Argives,  and  an   Augur,  Dhin.  1,40. 

Amphimedon,  a  Libyan,  flain  by 
Perfeus,  0-viJ.  Met,  5,  75. 

Amphion,  -onisy  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  Antiope,  or,  according  to  others, 
of  Mercury  ;  from  whom  having  re- 
ceived a  lyre,  he  played  on  it  fo  fweet- 
ly,  that,  by  the  found,  he  is  faid  to 
have  moved  the  ftones  to  build  the 
walls  of  Thebes,  Horat.  /^.  P.  394.  ; 
Od.  3,  II,  2.  ;  Slat.  Tbeb.  8,  233.  ; 
Senec.  Oedip.  v.  6 1 2.  which  is  hence  cal- 
led Ampbionis  arceSf  Ovid.  Met.  15, 
427.  His  brother  Ztthus  having  a 
diflike  to  mufic,  Amphion,  to  gratify 
him,  is  faid  to  have  difcontinued  the 
ufe  of  the  lyre,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  i8,  42.  ; 
C'lc.  D'tv.  2,  64.  Amphion  married 
Niobe,  who  being  flain  with  her  chil- 
dren, [v'uL  Niobe),  Amphion  killed 
himfeir,  Ovid.  Met.  6,  27T.  He  is  cal- 
led Mains  jujlijfimus  Findex,  Ovid.  -rt. 
Am.  3,  323.  becaufe  he  put  to  death 
Dirce,  the  rival  of  his  mother,  Hygin. 
7 .  ( vld.  Zethus).  -—  Jimphioma  lyra , 
the  lyre  of  Amphion  Propert.  1,9, 
1 0.  ;  canes  yimphion'ii,  i.  e.  Thehanty  Se- 
nec. Oedip.  178. —  <^  2.  There  was 
another  Amphion,  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts,   Val.  Flac.  I,  367. 

Amphitrite,  -es,  the  daughter  of 
Oceanus  and  Doris,  the  wife  of  Nep- 
tune, Col.  10,  201.  put  for  the  fea, 
Ovid,  Met,  I,  13.  ;  FaJ}.  5,  731.  par- 
ticularly for  the  Euxine  fea,  Catull.  67,^ 
II. 

Amphitryo,  v.  en,  -onis,  the  huf- 
band  of  Alcmena,  the  mother  of  Her- 


1  AMY 

cules,  Ovid.  Ep,  9,  44.  who  is  henct 
called  4mphttryoniadeSf  ^ae,  Virg.  Aen. 
8  2  [4.;  Ovid.  Met.  9,  140.  et  15, 
49.  ;   Lucan.  9,  644. 

Amp  HI  STRATUS,  a  flatqary,  Plin, 

36,  5- 

Amphttus  and  Telchius,  the  cha- 
rioteers of  Caftor  and  Pollux,  Plin.  6,  5. 

Amu  LIU  s,  the  fon  of  Proca,  king 
of  Alba,  who  having  fet  afide  his  elder 
brother  Numitor,  reigned  in  his  Head, 
Ltv,  1,3.;    Ovid.  Fajl,  3,  67. 

Amu  LI  us,   a  painter,  Plin.  35,  10, 

AMycus,  the  foTi  of  Neptune,  and 
a  king  of  Bithyiria  or  Bebi'ycia,  Virg, 
Aen.  5,  373.  who  ufed  to  challenge 
Itrangers  to  combat  with  him  at  the 
cejlus,  and  to  flay  thofe  whom  he  con- 
quered, Apollodor.  I,  9,  20.;  but  he  was 
himfelf  at  lall  vanquiihed  and  killed  by 
Pollux,  (G.  411.) — \2.  A  ctntaur,- 
the  fon  of  Opliion,  [ophwnides)^  Ovid* 
Met.  12,  245.  —  f  3.  One  of  the 
companions  of  Aeneas,  Virg,  //en,  i, 
221.  who  was  thought  to  have  perill- 
ed in  a  fhipwreck,  ik  but  is  fuppofcd 
to  have  efcaped  with  others,  ib,  511. 
Two  of  this  name  were  afterwards  flain 
by  Turnus.  Whether  this  was  one  of 
them,  is  uncertain,  ilf,  9,  772.  et  12, 
509.  probably  that  mentioned  in  the 
latter  paffage  as  the  brother  of  Diores, 
and  confequently  the  fon  of  Priam,  ib. 
J,  297. — A  different  Amycus  from  all 
thefe  is  mentioned,  ib.  10,  704. 

Amyclas,  -ae,  the  mailer  of  the 
boat  in  which  Caefar  in  difguife  em- 
barked from  a  plaCe  near  Oricum,  in 
order  to  haften  the  paffage  of  his  troops 
from  Brundufium,  F/or,  4,  2,  37.  ;  Lu" 
can.  5,  520,-677. 

Amymone,  -es,  a  nymph  violated 
by  Neptune,  and  changed  into  a  foun- 
tain, Hygin,  169.  ;    Stat,  Theb,  6,  288. 

Amyntas,  -ae,  the  father  of  Philip 
king  of  Macedonia,   Nep,  21,  2. 

Amyntas,  a  fliepherd^  in  Virgil,  ^fil 
3,  28.  &  73. 

Amyntor,  -om,  the  father  of  Phoe« 
n"x,  the  praeceptor  of  Achilles,  Ovid* 
Met.  8,  307.  {Dolopum  redory  ib.  I2> 
364.)  whence  Phoenix  is  called  Amyn^ 
torides^  -ae,  Ovid,  iu  Ibin.  259. 

Ari.Vh 


AMY  t 

Am  YT  HA  ON,  -on/V,  the  fon  of  Cre- 
t}i€U6,  and  the  father  of  Melampus, 
who  is  hence  called  ^mythaonius^  Virg. 
G.  3,  f^^o.  ;  Tibull.  4,  I,  120. 

ANACHARSIS,  -is,  a  Scythian 
pKilofopher  in  the  time  of  vSoIon,  who 
cxprefTed  a  great  contempt  of  money, 
Cic.  Tufc.  5,  ^2. 

ANACREON,  -ontis^  a  lyrfc  poet, 
born  In  Tecs,  a  towpi  of  Ionia  in  Afia 
Minor,  hence  called  Te'tus  Anacreon^ 
Hor.  Epod.  14,  10.  who  wrote  chiefly 
on  amorous  and  fportive  fubjefts,  and 
that  even  when  an  old  man;  ^nd^  n'ifi 
cum  mulio  Vemrem  conjiindere  vino,  Prae- 
eepit  Lyrici  Tela  mufa  Jems?  Ovid. 
Trill.  2,  263.  which  Horace  thus 
beautifully  exprefTes  by  one  word,  Ncc^ 
Ji  quid  olim  luiit  Anacreov.^  Dehii'it  aetas, 
Od.  4.  9,  9.  He  is  fald  to  have  been 
choaked  by  fwallowing  the  ftone  of  a 
ilried  grape,  Plin.  7, 7.;  2^^].  Anacreontius . 

Anadyomenf,  -es^  a  nam.e  given  to 
a  celebrated  pidure  of  Venus  by  Apel- 
les,  in  v;hich  fhe  was  reprefented  as 
emerging  from  the  fea,   Plin,  35,  101. 

36»  '5- 

Anaitis,  '^dh,   a  goddefs  worfriip- 

ped  by  the  Armenians, /•//«.  33,  4^  24. 

Anaxagoras,   -ae^  a  native  of  Cla- 

zomene,    {^Cla%omenius)^    a    celebrated 

philofopher,  the  preceptor  of  Pericles, 

Cic,  N.  D.  I,  10,  &  n. ;  Acad.  4,  31.; 

^^'  3»  33-  ;  ^^^^-  II-  ;  ^"A  I*  43- 
(G.  12.) 

ANAXARCHITS,  of  Abdera, 
{^Ahder'tta)^  a  follower  of  Democritus, 
{^Uemocritt  fcSator^  vel  Democrii'icus^y 
and  a  favourite  of  Alexander  the 
Great ;  after  whofe  deceafe  he  fell  Into 
the  hands  of  Nicocreon  tyrant  of  Cy- 
prus, who  cruelly  put  him  to  death, 
in.  revenge  of  a  fiiarp  anfwer  which 
Anaxarchus  had  made  to  him  at  the 
table  of  Alexander,  Cic.  l^ufc.  2,  22.  ; 
Val,  Max.  3,  3.  extr,  4.;  Ovid,  in  Ihin, 

571- 

Anaxarete,  -fj,  a  beautiful  girl  of 

Salamis  in  Cyprus,  who  having  by  her 
cruelty  occalioned  the  death  of  her  lo- 
ver, was  converted  into  a  ftone,  OvuL 
Met.  14,  799. 

Anaxilaus,  a  native  of  Mefsenc 


f6    T  A  NC 

in  Peloponnefus,  vtrho  founded  Mefsana 
in  Sicily,  Jujiln.j^^  2  ;  Macrob  Sat.  ?, ».  i. 

ANAXIMANDER,  v.  -drus,  -dri, 
an  Illufttlous  phllofophe*-,  born  at  Mi- 
letus, who  fald  that  al'  things  were 
produced  from  the  infinity  of  nature, 
Cic.  -4cad.  4,  37.  ;  that  ^}\'Z  gods  were 
born,  and  mortal,  N  D  r,  10.  and 
foretold  an  earthquake  which  happened 
at  Lacedaemon,  Id.  Div.  i ,  5  o.  (  G  11.) 

Anaximenes,  the  fcholar  of  Ana- 
xlmander,  (G.  n.),  who  taught  that 
all  things  were  produced  of  air,  Cic, 
Acad.  2»  57.  and  that  the  air  was  God, 
Cic.  N.D.  T,  fo. 

ANCAEUS,  the  fon  of  Neptune, 
one  of  the  A-rgonauts,  who  fucceeded 
Tipliys  as  pilot,  Hygin.  i.  et  iS. 

Ancaeus,  the  fon  of  Lycurgus, 
Hyg'in.  173.  an  Arcadian,  /lain  by  the 
Calydonlan  boar,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  315, 
391,  cL  40T.  ;   Hygin.  248. 

Ancaeus,  a  rich  man  of  the  Ifland 
Samos,  who  is  fald  to  have  made  his 
flaves  work  too  hard  in  his  vineyard  ; 
on  which  account,  he  was  told  by  one 
of  them,  that  he  fliould  never  drink 
the  produce  of  his  vines.  When  vin- 
tage came,  Ancaeus,  holding  a  cup  in 
his  hand,  before  he  drank  of  it,  fent 
for  the  flave,  and  told  him  that  he  was 
a  falfe  prophet.  The  flave  calmly  fald. 
Many  things  happen  between  the  cup 
and  the  lip  ;  or,  as  the  Greek  verfe  is 
rendered  in  Lntin,  Multa  cadunt  inUr 
calicem  fupremaque  labra.  At  that  in- 
ftant  a  meffage  was  fuddenly  brought 
him  that  a  wild  boar  had  broken  Into 
the  vineyard.  Upon  this  Ancaeus  fet 
down  the  cup,  and  haftened  to  drive 
out  the  boar,  but  was  killed  in  the  at- 
tempt ;  whence  the  words  of  the  flave 
became  proverbial.  To  this  adage 
Gellius  compares  the  faying  of  Cato, 
Alulfum  inter ejl  inter  os  et  oj^aw^    13,  17, 

Ancarius,  v.  Anchanusy  a  trioune 
of  the  commons,  who  oppoied  the  A-^ 
grarlan  law  of  Caefar,  Cic,  Pif  38.  ; 
Fam.  13,  40. 

Anchariana  fnmiliay  the  (laves  of 
one  Ancharius,  ^indil,  4,  i,  74.  et 
9,  2,  56. 

Anchemolus,  the  fon  of  Rhoetus, 

king 


A  N  C  C 

king  of  the  Marrubiatis  or  Marfi,  Firg, 
^en.  lO,  389.  et  Hi  Serv. 

Anchialus,  the  flave  of  L.  Egna- 
tius,  Ctc.  Fam.  13,  45. — f  2.  This 
word  is  fuppofcd  to  denote  the  form 
of  an  oath  iifed  by  the  Jews.  But 
others,  more  properly,  take  it  for  the 
name  of  a  boy,  fpoken  of,  Martial.  II, 
95,8. 

ANCHISES, -af,  thefon  of  Capys, 
by  Themis,  the  daughter  of  Ilus  king 
of  Troy,  ApoUodor.  3,2.  the  father  of 
Aeneas  by  Venus,  Virg,  u^en.  I,  617. 
who  is  hence  called  Anclnfiadesy  -ae,  ib. 
5,  407.;  Tros  AnchifiadcSi  6,  126.  dux<, 
348. — Ttimulus  Ancbifaeus,  the  tomb  of 
Anchlfes,  ib.  5,  761. 

ANGUS  Martins,  the  grandfon  of 
Numa  by  his  daughter,  the  fourth  king 
of  Rome,    Virg.  Aen.  6.  815. 

Andocides,  an  Athenian  orator, 
contemporary  with  Socrates,  Plutarch, 
de  vit.  Or.  2. 

Andraemon,  -oTiisf  the  hufband  of 
Dryope,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  333.  and  father 
of  Thoas,  who  is  hence  called  Andre- 
mone  natus,  ib.  13.  357. 

Andriscus,  a  pretended  fon  of 
king  Perfeus,  Ltv.  Epit.  48,  49.  et  50, 
et  52. 

Androcles,  a  prince  of  the  Aca- 

manians,    Ltv.    36.    16. ^2.    A 

commander  of  king  Perfeus,  Id.  44,  32. 

Androclus,  a  Dacian  flave,  re- 
cognifed  in  the  Circus  Maximus  by  a 
lion,  which  he  had  formerly  relieved 
when  wounded  in  the  woods,  Gell.  5, 
14. ;  Aelian.H'ifl.  Animal.  7,48.  to  which 
Seneca  is  fuppofed  to  allude,  de  Benef. 

2,  19-  ^ 

ANDROCyDES,  -ae,  an  illuftriovis  phy- 
fician,  who  wrote  a  letter  to  Alexan- 
der, warning  him  of  the  pernicious  ef- 
feds  of  drinking,   Plin.  14,  5  f.  7. 

ANDROGEOS,  the  fon  of  Minos 
king  of  Crete,  and  Pafiphae,  flain  by 
the  Athenians  and  Megarenfians  out 
of  envy  for  his  having  defeated  them 
all  in  the  exercifes  of  the  Palaeftra, 
Serv.  in  P^irg.  G.  I,  404.  ;  in  the  ge- 
nit.  Sidrogeiy  Virg.  Aen.  2,  392.  ;  or 
Androgeoy  in  imitation  of  the  Attic 
dialeili,  (AvJ^pej^fw  for  t.vJ'cojEou"),  'th,  6,  20. 
'—•In  the  ace.  we  find  Androgeuna^  from 


17    3  ANN 

Androgeony  Propcrt,  2,  I,  62.  AndroJ 
geos  is  faid  to  have  been  reflored  to 
life  again  by  Aefculapius,  ih. — Andro- 
geoneae  poenas  exfolvere  caedis,  to  fuffer 
punifliment  for  the  murder  of  Andro- 
geo3,  CatuII.  62,  (al.  63.),  77. 

ANDROMACHE,-fJ-,  the  wifc  of  HcC- 

tor,    Virg.  Aen.  3,  486. 

Andromache,  a  tragedy  written 
by  Ennius,   Cic.  Div.  i,  13. 

Andromede,-^,  V.  -da,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cephens  king  of  Ethiopia,  by  . 
Cafliope,  freed  from  a  fea-monfter,  to 
which  fhe  was  expofed,  by  Perfeus, 
whom  file  afterwards  married,  Hygin, 
64. — After  her  death  flie  was  tranfla- 
ted  into  a  conftellation,  Id.  AJlron.  2, 
II.  ;  Cic.  N.  D.  2,  43.  ;  Hor.  Od,  3, 
29,  17.  ;  Plin.  5,  31.  ;  Propert.  i,  3, 
4.  3,  21,  29. 

Andronicus,  of  Puteoli,  an  inti- 
mate of  Cicero's,  Ctc.  Att.  5,  15. 

Lucius  Andronicus,  the  firft  author 
of  comedy  at  Rome.      Vid.  Livius. 

Anemo,  -dnis,  vel  Almo,  properly 
a  river  near  Rome,  woriliipped  as  a 
god,  Cic.  Nat.  D.  3,  20. 

Anetor,  -oris,  a  native  of  Phocis, 
(Phoceus),  the  (hepherd  of  Peleus, 
Ovid.  Met.  II,  348. 

ANICIUS,  a  conful,  a.  u.  593,  in 
whofe  confulfiiip  there  was  a  remark- 
able vintage  ;  whence  Ahicianum  vinum^ 
wine  then  produced  ;  Aniciana  nota,  a 
caflc  of  that  wine,  Cic.  Br.  83. — f  2.  An- 
other mentioned  by  Cicero,  Fam'.  7, 
16.  12,  21.  whence  Aniciana  leStica^  a 
fedan  ufed  by  king  Ptolemy  while  at 
Rome,  and  prefented  by  him  to  Ani' 
cius,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  2,  10.  Lapicidinae 
Anicianae,  ftone-quarries  belonging  to 
one  Anicius,  in  the  territory  of  Tar- 
quinii,  near  the  Lacus  Volftniejifis,  Plin. 
36,  2  2  f.  49.  ;  Piray  a  kind  ef  pears 
cultivated  by  one  Anicius,   Col.  5,  lO. 

ANIUS,  a  fon  of  Apollo,  and  king 
of  Delos,  Virg.  Aen.  3,  80.  et  ibiServ.', 
Ovid.  Met.  13,  632,  &c. 

Anna  Perenna,  a  goddefs  wor- 
fhipped  by  the  Romans,  fuppofed  to 
be  the  fifter  of  Dido.  See  Ovid.  Fajl, 
3,  523'— ^53'  &c.;  Sil.  8,  50,-202.5 
Martial.  4,  64,  16. 

C  AN- 


ANN  C    18    ]  ANN 

ANNAEUS,  the  name  oF  a  clan  or    vcmber,  a.  u.  534,  Lh.  21,  35. ;  Plin, 

18.  31.     In  dsfcending  from  the  Alps 


gens  at  Rome,  to  which  belonged  Se- 
neca, Liican.  Florus,  See, 

ANNA  LIS,  a  firn?.me  given  to  the 
tribune  L.  Villi  us,  who  firft  propo- 
fed  the  law  df^termining  at   what   age 
eacli  office  miprht  be  foug^ht  and  enjoy- 
ed, Lh.  40,  43.  which  firname  conti- 
nued to  his  poflerlty,  ^nnciiL  6,  3,  86. 
ANNIB  AL,  vel  HannlhaU  -alis,  the 
fon  of  Hamilcar,  and  chief  commander 
of  the   Carthaginians   again il  the  Ro- 
mans in  the  fecond  Punic  war,  Nep.  l^ 
Z,/x>.  21,  4.   iZi    12,    &c. — Annibal, 
when  only  nine  years  of  age,  is  faid  to 
have  been  led  by  his   father  Hamilcar 
to  the  altar,  and  there  obliged  to  fwear 
that  he  would  always  be  an  enemy  to 
the  Romans,   lAv.  21,  i.  ;  S'll.  i,  99. 
According  to  Silius,  he  fwore  by  Mars 
and  Juno,  ih,  118.;  Martial  fays,   by. 
Hercules,  9,  44,  9       Amilcar  having 
fallen  in  battle  in  Spain,  where  he  had 
commanded  for  nine  years,  was  fuc- 
ceeded   by   Afdrubal,  his   fon-in-law ; 
who  fent  for  Annibal,  as   Livy  fays, 
fcarcely  yet  come  to  the  age  of  puber- 
ty,  (ny'ix  dum piiherem)  ;  though   it  ap- 
pears, from  Livy's  own  account,  that 
he  was  at  kaft  twenty-three,  L'lv.  21, 
3.     Annibal  ferved  three  years  under 
Afdrubal ;  and  he  being  alTaffinated  by 
a    Spaniard,    Annibal    was    appointed 
chief  commander,  ih.  3.  tt  4.     He  be- 
gan the   war  againft   the    Romans  by 
the  fiege  of  Saguntum,  which  he  took 
by  ftorm  in  the  eighth   month,  ih.  15. 
The  moft  of  tlie  inhabitants  deftroyed 
themfelves   by   fire,    with   their  wives 
and  children,  and  their  moft  valuable 
effects,  or  fought  with  defperate  fury 
till   they  fell,  ih.  14.  et  24,  42.  et  28, 
39.      (V'td.   Saguntum,     G.   Index.) 
Annibal  having  left  bis  brother  Afdru- 
bal, and  Hanno,  to  command  in  Spain, 
led  his  army  into  Italy,  over   the    Py- 
renees, the  Rhone,  and  the  Alps,  van- 
quishing all  the  nations   that   oppofed 
him.    The  lengtl*  of  this  march,  which 
he  finiflied  in  five  months,  is  computed 
by  Polybius  at    9000  Jiadla.  above   a 
thoufand  miles,  3,  39.      Aiinlbal  ciof- 
fed  the  Alps  about  the  middle  of  No- 


he  is  faid  to  have  made  a  pafiage  for 
his  troops  by  foftening  the  rocks  with 
vinegar,  after  he  had  heated  them  by 
burning  a  great  pile  of  trees,  (/^rden- 
t'ta  faxa  infufo  aceto  putrefactunty  Liv, 
ib.  37.  Didux'it  fcopulos i  et  montem  rupit 
accto,  Juvenal-  10,  153.)  But  Polybius 
does  not  mention  this  incredible  fad, 
3,  54.  et  56. 

Annibal  firft  defeated  the  Romans 
under  Scipio  the  conful,  near  the  river 
TicTnus,  Liv.  2 1 ,  46.  and  foon  after 
near  the  Trebia,  under  the  other  con- 
ful   Sempronius,    ii.   54.  &c.      Early 
next  fpring,   in  paffing  a  marrti  formed 
by  the  overflowing  of  the  river  Arnus, 
through  fatigue  and  want  of  fleep,   he 
loft  one  of  his  eyes,  Liv.  22,  2.     He 
rode  on  an  elephant,  the  only  one  that 
remained,  iL  hesce,   0  qualis  fades,  et 
quuli  digna  tahelldy   Cum   Gaetula  ducem 
portaret  hellua  lufcuml  Juvenal.  lO,  157. 
He  defeated  the  Romans  a  third  time 
near  the  Trafimene  lake,  under  Flami- 
niiis  the   cor/ul,  who  was  killed,  with 
15,000    of  his   men,  Lit}.  22,  (>  et  7. 
The  progrefs  of  Hannibal  was  for  fome 
time  checked  by  the  prudent  conduft 
of  Fabius  Maximus  the  didlator,  Vid, 
Fabius.      But  in  the  year  of  the  city 
537,   Annibal  defeated  the  Romans  a 
fourth  time  under  the   confuls   Paulus 
Aemilius   and   Terentius  Varro,    near 
Cannae,  a  fmall  village  in  Apuha,  on 
the   river  Auf  idus,  with  the  greateft 
/laughter  that  they  ever  fuffered  in  one 
battle,    Li'v.  22,  50.      According   to 
Polybius,  70,000  foot  and  above  5000 
horfe  were   flain,   3,  117.      Livy  fays 
40,000  foot  and  2700  horfe,  ib.  49.  ; 
but   ill    other  places   he    makes  them 
50^000,  ih.  59.   and   more,    /.   25,    6. 
About    13,000   were  made    prifoners. 
The  lofs   of  Annibal,  in  comparifon, 
was   inconfiderable,    Polyb.  ibid.     Ma- 
harbal,  who   commanded   the    cavalry 
on    iihe   right  wing,  Liv.  22,   46.  af- 
ter   the    victory,    urged    Annitjal    to 
lead    his    troops    direitly    to    Rome, 
afiuring  him,  that   on  the  fifth  day  he 
fliould  feaft  in  the  Capitol.     Annibal 

was 


ANN  [ 

was   dazzled  with   the   propofal,    but 
faid  it  reqinVf-d  time  to    deliberate   on 
it  ;  upon  which    Maharbal   exclaimed. 
**  You  know,  Annibai,  how  ^^   con- 
quer,,  but  ycu  know  not  how    to   im- 
prove your  viftory."   ( Vincere  fcls.  An- 
nthaU  inSorid  uti  ne/cis).      That  day's 
debiy  is  thought  to  have  faved  Rome, 
Liv-  22,  51       The  troops  of  Annibai 
were  enervated  by  winterin^r  at  Capua, 
which  city  revoked  to  him   foon  after 
the  battle  of  Cannaey  Liv.  2^,  7.  et  18. 
Hence  Marcellus,  who  repulfed  Anni. 
bal  from   Nola,   and   firft  taught  the 
Rc^'Uans,  as  Livy  obferves,  that  An- 
nibai mis^ht  be  conquered,  Liv.  23,  16. 
faid  that  Capua  had   proved  a  Cannae 
to   Annibai,   ( Capuam    ^nnlbali  C annas 
fulffd)^  ib.  45.  ;  et  Flor.  2,  6.      From 
this  time   the   flrength  of  Annibai  in 
Italy  declined,  the  Carthaginians   ha- 
ving neglected  to  fend  him  proper  fup- 
plies,  Lii).  23,  24.  et  28,  12.     A.  u. 
542,  in  order  to  raife  the  fiege  of  Ca- 
pua, he   led  his  army  to   Rome,  and 
pitched   his   camp  at    the  river  Anio, 
three  mihs  from  the  city,  and  advan- 
ced with  his  cavalry  to  the  Porta  Colli- 
na^   Liv.  26,  ID.;  Juvenal  6,  290.  and 
is  faid  to  have  even  (hot  a  dart  within  it, 
Flin.  34,  6  f .  15.     He  was  repulfed  by 
a  body  of  Roman  cavalry.     Propertius 
makes   the    Lares  or   tutelary  gods  of 
Rome  to  drive  Hannibal  from  the  Ro- 
man city,  3,  3,  II.  Next  day  he  croffed 
the  Auio.  and  drew  up  his  forces  in  or- 
der of  battle  ;  nor  did  the  Roman  con- 
fu^s  decline  the  combat.    But  they  were 
prevented  from  engaging  by  a  violent 
llorra.    The  fame  thing  happened  next 
day ;  and  affoon  as  they  returned  to  their 
cam.ps,   the  weather  became  calm,  and 
wonderfully  ferene.   The  Carthaginians 
confidered  ihis    as   ominous  ;  and  An- 
nibai is  reported   to   have   faid,    that 
fom'::times  the  will,  fomecimes  the  for- 
tune of  taking  the  city  Rome  u'as  de- 
nied him,  Liv.   ib.   11.     Some  other 
circumllauces    difcouraged   him.      He 
therefore  withdrew  his  army,  not  only 
from  the  city,  but  even  to  the  remo- 
teil  corner  of  Italy,  leaving  Capua  to 
its  fate,  ib,  12.     After  this,  however, 


19    ]  ANN 

he   was   fucccfsful  in   feveral  engagf- 
ments.     But  his  hopes  vvere  quite  funk 
by  the  deilru<ftion  of  his  brother  Af- 
drubal,  a.  u.  546,  who  was  coming  to 
his  aiTiftance,  Liv.  27,51.    FiJ.  N e  ro. 
Annibai,  hov/ever,  was  more   worthy 
of  admiration  in  adverfity  than  in  pro- 
fpcnty  ;  for  though  he  carried  on  war 
for  fo  many  years  in  a  foreign  country jj, 
with    an    army   compofcd    of   foldiers 
from  many  different  nations,  and  often 
in  the  greateil  want,  yet  there   never 
happened  a  mutiny  among  them,  IJv, 
28,12.   At  laft  being  recalled  to  defend 
his   countr)%  a  u.   J50,  he  left  Italy 
with  the  bittereft  vexation,  Liv.  30,  20. 
fixteen  years  after  he  had  invaded  it,  ib» 
28.      Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Africa, 
he  fent  to  Scipio  to  aflc  a  conference, 
in    order  to   treat    concerning   pe^ce. 
But    not    agreeing    about    the    terms, 
they   came  to   a   decifive   engagement 
near  Zama  ;  where  .Annibai,  after  do- 
ing every  thing  that   courage   or   fl<ill 
could  effeft,  was  complettly  defeated. 
He,  with   difficulty,    tfcaped   with  a 
few   horfemen    to  Adtumetiim  ;    and 
from  thence,  being  fent   for,  returned 
to  Carthage,  thirty- fix  years  after  he 
had  left  it  when  a  boy.     In  the  fenate- 
houfe  he  declated  that   there  was   no 
hopes  of  fafety  but  in   peace,  ib.  35. 
The    Carthaginians,    therefore,     were 
obliged  to  fubmit  to  the  terms  prefcri- 
bed  by  the  victors,  ib.  37. 

\nnibal  remained  for  ffcveral  years 
at  Carthage,  difcharsfing  with  fidelity 
the  moil  important  offices  ot  the  Hate. 
When  praetor  he  abridged  the  exor- 
bitant power  of  the  judges,  and  check- 
ed the  embezzlement  of  the  public  re- 
venues ;  by  which  means  he  incurred 
the  enmity  of  many  of  the  leading 
men,  who  accufed  him  to  the  Romans 
of  ftriving  to  effect  a  renev^'al  of  holH- 
lities,  Liv.  33,  48.  The  Romans,  who 
fought  only  a  pretext  for  indulging 
their  hatred  againft  Annibai,  contrary 
to  the  opinion  of  Scipio  Africanus, 
fent  an  embaffy  to  Cartilage  to  com- 
plain of  his  conduct.  Annibai,  afraid 
of  being  given  up  to  the  Romans,  fled 
to  Antiochus  king  of  Syria,  whom  he 
C  2  inftigated 


ANN 


t     20     1 


A  N  -t^ 


'n{lig;ated  to  make  war  on  the  Romans, 
and  attempted  in  vain  to  induce  his 
countrymen  to  join  him,  Liv.  tb.  49.  ; 
Nep.  2  2,  7.  etZ.  After  the  defeat  of 
Antiochus,  Annibal  fled  to  Prufias 
king  of  Bithynia,  before  whofe  tent, 
according  to  Juvenal,  h-2  was  obh'gcd 
to  wait  as  a  client,  till  that  prince 
pleafed  to  wake,  [Donee  Btthyno  I'lbeat 
'vigllaretyranno)i]nvtn?i\  10,  162.  The 
Romans"  fent  T.  Quintlius  Flaminius, 
the  conqueror  of  Philip,  as  an  ambafla- 
dor  to  Prufias,  to  aflc  rhat  he  would  give 
up  Annibal  to  them.  Prufias  not  daring 
to  refufe,  the  fort  in  which  Annibal  re- 
lided  was  immediately  furronnded  with 
armed  men.  Annibal,  always  appre- 
henfive  of  this  fate,  took  poifon,  which 
he  had  long  kept  ready  for  fuch  an 
exigence,  Lh.  39,  51.  ;  N'ep.  22,  12. 
and  expired,  in  the  70th  year  of  his 
age,  Nep,  lb.  13. 

Some  affert  that  Annibal  always 
kept  poifon  in  the  gem  of  his  ring  ; 
hence  Juvenal  fays,  alluding  to  the 
three  bufhels  of  gold  rings  taken  ixprn 
the  fingers  of  thofe  Roman  Equites  and 
Patricians  who  were  flain  at  Cannae, 
which  Hannibal  is  faid  to  have  fent  to 
Carthage,  Finem  animaey  quae  res  huma- 
nas  mifcuit  oliniy  Non  gladii,  non  faxq 
dahunti  non  tela^  fed  tile  Cannarum  vin- 
(kx,  ac  tant't  Jarigu'inis  ultor  j4nnuluSj 
10,  163.  ;  and  adds  farcaftically,  /, 
ckmens,  et  faevus  cur  re  per  /llpesy  Ut  pue- 
ris  placeasy  et  declamatio  Jlas,  ib.  1 66, 
Young  orators  ufcd  to  exercife  them- 
felvcs  in  declaiming  on  different  cir- 
cumftances  in  the  life  of  Hannibal; 
as,  whether  he  (liould  have  led  his  ar- 
my to  Rome  after  the  battle  of  Can- 
nae ;  or  whether  he  (hould  have  with- 
drawn his  troops  from  Rome  on  ac- 
count of  the  ftorm  ?  Juvenal.  7,  161. 
Annibal,  though  fo  much  engaged 
in  war,  paid  attention  to  learning,  and 
■wrote  feveral  books  in  the  Greek  lan- 
guage, Nep.  2  2,  13. 

As  Annibal  reduced  the  power  of 
Italy  more  than  any  one  ever  did  af- 
ter the  Romans  became  a  great  nation, 
(pojl  magnitudinem  nomlnis  Romani  Ital'iae 
ppes  maxume  adtrheratj  Salluit  Jng.  ^.), 


fo  that  thofe  who  finally  proved  viAo- 
rious  were  the   neareft  to   deftruttion, 
(  ^deo — ut  propius  per'iculo  fuer'int,    qui 
'vicerint^   Liv.  21,   I.      Propiufque  fuere 
periculo    ^eis  fuperare   datum^    Sil-   i, 
13.),    the    Roman    authors    generally 
fpeak  of  Annibal  with  great  antipathy, 
and  reprefent  his  character  in    a   more 
unfavourable  light  than  the  hillory  of 
his  life  will  jullify.     'JT'hus  Livy,  after 
enumerating  his  good  qualities,  adds, 
Has  tantas  v'lr'i  virhttes  ingentia  v'ltia  ae~ 
quabant^  inhumana  crudel'ttas^  perjid'ia  plus 
quam  Punkas  nihil  vert ^  nihil fanBi^   nuU 
lus  deum  metus,  nullum  jusjurandum^  nulla 
religio,  Liv.  21,4.;  hence  he  is  called 
Dirus  ylnnibal,   Hor.  Od.  2,    12,  2.  et 
3,  6,  36.  ;    Dirus  Afer^  ib.  4,  4,  42.  ; 
Perjidm    Annibal ^  ib.  49.  ;    Abominatus 
parentibust   Id.  Epod.  16,8.;   CruentiiSy 
Lucan.  4,  789.  ;   Superbus  perjuro  enfey 
Stat.  Silv.  4,  6,  77.  ;    Add.  Martial.  4, 
14,  2. — Hannibal  is  called  Tyrius,  be- 
caufe  the  Carthaginians  were   fprung 
from  Tyre,  Juvenal.  12,  107.  j  fo  Poe-^ 
nus  Annibal,   Lucan,  i,  3P5.    and   fim- 
ply  Poenusy   ib.  31. 

Annicerii  phihjQphi,  the  followers 
of  Ariftippus,  named  from  Annicerisy 
'tdis,  the  fcholar  of  Hegefias,  who  was 
the  fcholar  of  Iriftippus  ;  called  alfo 
Cyrenatci,  from  Cyrene,  the  native  city 
of  Ariliippub,    Cic.  Off  3,  33. 

ANNIUS,  the  name  of  feveral  per^ 

fons  mentioned  by  Cicero,  Verr.  1,41. 

e/  1,  5,  5,  29.;  Balb.  20  ;  Bnd.  20.  &c. 

T.  Annius  Milo.    See  Milo. 

,  ANSER,  -tris^    a  poet  mentioned 

by  Ovid,  remarkable  for  his  obfcenity, 

Trifl.  2,  435.  probably  the  fame  whom 

Servius  lays  Virgil  alludes  to,  Eel.  9, 

•i^^.     He  was  a  favourite  with  Antony, 

who  gave  him  a  farm  in  the  Falernian 

territory,  which  had  belonged  to  Pom- 

pey.      He  accompanied  Antony  to  the 

fiege  of  JN'Iutina  ;  whence  Cicero  fays 

of  him,    Hique,  qui  nunc   Mutinam  op- 

pugnant,  D.  Brut  urn  objident,  de  Falerno 

Anferes  depellentur,   (probably    fneering 

at  him  as  ^ goofe  of  a  poet,)  Cic,  Phil, 

13,  5.      Propertius  is  likevvife  thought 

to  allude  to  the  fame  perfon,  2,  25,,  84, 

ANTAEUS,  a  Libyan  giant,  the 


ANT 


C     5« 


Ion  of  Neptune  and  Terra,  who  as  often 
as  he  touclied  the  earth,  when  his  h'mbs 
were  wearied,  was  refredied.  Her- 
culep,  therefore,  in  contending  with 
him,  could  only  Hay  him  by  railing 
him  from  the  ground,  and  Iqueezing 
him  to  his  breaft.  Lucan.  4,  593>  &c.  ; 
Stat,  Theh.   7,  891.  ;   SiL  3,  40. 

Antalcides,  a  Spartan,  who  be- 
ing fent  into  Alia,  made  a  peace  with 
Artaxerxes,  very  diiadvantageous  to 
his  country,  Paufan.  9,  I. 

Ant  EN  OR,  -om,  a  Trojan,  faved  by 
the  Greeks  becaufe  he  had  always 
been  the  advifer  of  peace,  L'iv.  1,1. 
With  a  number  of  followers  he  reached 
the  top  of  the  Hadriatic  Gulf,  and 
there  built  Patavium,  now  Padua,  tb. 
et  Virg.  Ae7i.  I,  242,  &  247.  ;  O'vid. 
Fajl.  4,  75.  Antmoridae^  -arumy  fons 
of  Antenor,  Virg.  Jen.  6,  484.  Flac- 
ce^  Antenorei  fpes  et  ahimne  larisf  i.  e.  ot 
Padua,  Martial,  i,  77. 

A  NT  EROS,  •Otis,  a  fon  of  Mars  and 
Venus,  the  god  of  mutual  love,  or 
according  to  others,  who  made  love 
ceafe,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  23. 

Ant  EROS,  a  flave  belonging  to  Atti- 
cus,  Cic.  Att.  9,  14,  f/  1 1,  1. 

Anthropographus,  a  name  given 
to  one  Dionyfius,  a  portrait-painter, 
becaufe  he  painted  nothing  but  men, 
Plin.  35,  10  f.  37 

ANTICLEA,  1;.  -w,  the  daughter 
of  Autolycus,  and  mother  of  UlylTcs, 
.Uygin..  201. 

Antigenes,  -is,  a  fhepherd,  Virg, 
Ed,  5,  89. 

An  TIG  EN  IDES,  -isy  V.  -idas,  -ae,  an 
excellent  muiician  of  Thebes,  who, 
when  his  fcholar  Ifmenias  played  very 
well  before  the  people,  but  did  not 
pleafe  them,  called  out  to  him,  Mihi 
cane  et  mufu,  fing  to  me  and  the  mufes, 
t.  e.  pleafe  the  learned  or  good  judges 
and  defpife  the  ignorant.  Cic.  Brut.  50. 
Val.  Max.  3,  7.  ext.  2. 

Antigone,  -es,  the  daughter  of 
Laomedon  and  fitter  of  Priam,  meta- 
morphoftd  into  a  ftork  by  Juno,  for 
having  prefumed  to  contend  with  her 
in  beauty,  Omd.  Met.  6,  93.  &c. 
Antigone,  the  daughter  of  Oedi- 


]  ANT 

pus,  king  of  Thebes,  who  attended 
her  blind  father,  when  expelled  from 
his  country  by  Creon,  Stat.  Theh.  12, 
350.  Afterwards  having  buried  her 
brother  Polynices,  contrary  to  the  ex- 
prefs  orders  of  Creon,  (he  was  by  hiin 
fentenced  to  be  buried  alive  ;  which 
fhc  prevented  by  kiUing  herfelf.  Her 
lover  Haemon,  the  fon  of  Creon,  killed 
himfelf  at  her  tomb,  Propert.  2,  7,  83. 
Hygin.  73.     But  different  authors  tell 

this  ftory  differently. Antigones  per- 

fona,  the  mafic  ufed  in  ading  the  part 
of  Antigone  in  a  play,  Juvenal.  8,229. 
Antigonus,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  who,  after  the 
death  of  that  prince,  becoming  too 
powerful,  was  defeated  and  (lain  by 
the  other  fucceffors  of  Alexander. 
The  defcendants  of  Antigonus,  how- 
ever, obtained  poffeflion  of  Macedonia, 
which  they  retained,  till  Perftus,  the 
lail  of  them,  was  defeated  and  taken 
prifoner  by  the  Romans  under  Paulus 
Aemilius. 

An  Ti  LOCH  us,  the  fon  of  Neflorby 
Eurydice,  flain  m  the  Trojan  war  by 
Mtmnon  the  fon  of  Aurora,  Homer, 
Odyfs.  4,  I, — 188.  ;  Juvenal.  10,  252.; 
Bor.  Od.  2,  9,  13.  Ovid  fays,  by 
He6lor,  Ep,  I,  15. 

Antimachus,  a  Greek  poet,  a  na- 
tive of  Colophon;  called  Clarius 
from  ClaroSf  an  adjacent  grove,  where 
was  a  temple  of  Apollo,  Ovid.  Trijl. 
1,5,  I.  Having  one  day  affembled 
a  number  of  people  to  hear  him  read  a 
long  compoiition,  when  all  of  them  be- 
ing tired  had  left  him,  except  Plato  ; 
"  1  will  read  on,  fays  he,  notwithftand- 
ing  ;  for  Plato  alone  is  to  me  as  good 
as  a  multitude,"  ( tlato  enim  mihi  unus 
injiar  eji  omnium^)  Cic.  Brut.  51.  He 
wrote  in  a  tumid  Ityle,  Catid.  96,  10. 

Antiochus,  the  name  of  feveral 
kings  of  Syria  ;  one  of  whom,  called 
Antiochus  Magnus,  made  war  on 
the  Romans  at  the  inlligation  of  An- 
nibal,  Liv.  33,  49.  He  was  defeated 
firil  by  AcUius  Glabrio  the  conful,  at 
Thermopylae,  Id.  36,  15.  and  iinaily 
by  L.  Scipio,  Liv.  37,  40.  ;  Cic  de 
Orat.  Zf  J 8. J  Ferr^  i,  2it 

Antiochus, 


ANT  C 

Antiochus,  a  celebrated  rhetori- 
cian and  philo'opher,  Cic.  Acad*  i,  3. 
whole  leAures  Cicero  attended,  Ck. 
JBr.  19, 

i)  NT  10 PA,  V.  -pe,  /J,  the  daughter 
of  Nycteus  (Ny^eis,  -tdis^  Propert.  i, 
4,  5.  NyBeos  Ant'iopr,  Id.  3,  15,  12.) 
the  motntr  of  Zethiia  and  AmphTon 
by  Jupiter,  Hyg'm,  7.  who  came  to  her, 
as  it  is  faid,  in  the  foim  of  a  fatyr, 
Ovid 'Met.  6,  no. 

Very  different  accounts  are  gWcn  of 
Antiope,  by  Apollodorus,  3,  5,  5. 
Hygi.ius,  7.  and  8.  and  Paufanias,  2, 
6.  Homer  makes  her  the  daughter  of 
the  river  Asopus,  Odyf,  11,  259.  So 
Apollonius  of  Rhodes,  i,  735  ;  who 
alfo  makes  her  the  ci^ughter  of  Nye-' 
teas,  4,  1090.  After  the  death  of 
her  father,  whoever  he  was,  Lycus,  his 
brother  and  fucceffor,  is  faid  to  have 
kept  Antiope  confined;  and  his  wife 
Dirce,  fufpecting  that  rtie  was  his  con- 
cubine, ufed  her  cruelly,  Propert.  3,  15, 
13,  &c.  But  her  wrongs  were  at  laft 
avenged  by  her  fons  ;  who  flew  Lycus, 
and  tied  Dirce  by  her  hair  to  the  mouth 
of  a  fierce  bull,  fo  that  (lie  perifhed  by 
a  miferable  death,  Hygin.  et  Apollodor. 
ibid.  Propert.  3,  15,  37.  Vid.  Zethus. 
A^fTI6pE,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
Jufiuu  24. 

Antiope,  the  name  of  a  tragedy, 
written  by  Pacuvius*  Perf,  l,  77. 

Ant  I  PATER,  -jfm,  vel  -/ri,  of  the  2d 
decl.  the  name  of  feveral  philofophers 
mentioned  by  Cicero,  Br.  1 6.  de  Orat. 
2,  12.;  Leg,  I,  2.;  Ttifc.  5,  37; 
0^  2,  14.  ;  Acad.  4,  5. — alfo  a  poet, 
de  Orat.  3,  50.  ;  Fat.  2. 

Antipatfr,  -/n,  V.  'trisi  a  Mace- 
donian general,  the  friend  of  Alexan- 
der. 'Jiijiin,  9,  4.  made  governor  of  Ma- 
cedonia by  Alexander  when  he  went 
to  the  Pcrfian  war,  Id.  6,  7.  ;  Arrian. 
I,  p.  30.  The  Lacedemonians  and 
other  ftates  of  Greece,  encourage,d  by 
Alexander's  abfence  to  revolt,  were 
completely  'Sefeated  by  Antipater  ; 
and  Agis,  the  Spartan  king,  fiain.  Id. 
12,  I.  ;  Curt.  6,  I.  The  fervices  of 
A'itipater  were  rewarded  with  ingrati- 
tude, through  the  jealoufy  of  Akxan- 


22     1  ANT 

der  ;  who,  a  little  before  his  death,  de- 
prived him  of  h:s  government,  and 
fummoned  him  to  Babylon  to  give  an 
account  of  his  conduci.  Antioater, 
apprfjhenfive  of  dang^er,  as  feveral  of 
his  moit  faithful  friends  had  already- 
been  cut  off.  was  fufpefted  of  having 
poifoned  Alexander,  by  means  of  his  fons 
Caffander  and  lolas,  who  were  then  at 
court,  Jufl'm.  12,  14.  ;  Qurt.  10,  10, 
14. ;  -rdd,  Ovid,  in  I  bin,  297. ;  Plhi.  30, 
16  f.  53  ;  Tacit.  A-in.  2,  73.;  Arrian.'] y 
p>  500.  ;  Vdl.  Max.  I,  7,  2.  exl.  f.  ; 
Dlodor.  17,  118.  Bui  it  was  gene- 
rally believed  thac  Alexander  died  in 
confequence  of  cxceffive  drinking,  Plu" 
tare}],  Alex.  p.  707. ;  Arrian.  7,  p.  498. 
After  the  death  of  Alexander,  Antipa- 
ter obtained  the  government  of  Mace- 
donia and  Greece,  Curt.  10,  10,  19.  ; 
Jujlin.  I3»  4.  which  he  retained  to  his 
death,  (G.  472.)  A  letter  from  this 
Antipater  to  his  fon  Caffander  is  highly 
praifed  by  Cicero,  OJf.  2,  14. 

Antiphates,  -aey  a  king  of  the 
Latjlrigonesy  who  deftvoyed  a  number 
of  the  companions  of  Ulyffes,  Hor.  Art. 
P.  145.  J  SiL   8,  531.  ;  Ovid  Met.  14, 

234" 

Antoninus,  the  name  of  feveral 
Roman  emperors:  adj,  Antonini- 
ANUs,  Entropy  8,  10. 

ANTONIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

C.  Antonius,  the  colleacrue  of  Ci- 
cero in  the  confuliliip,  Cic.  Fam,  5,  5.; 
Flac,  38.  ;  Salluji.  Cat.  24.  He  was 
fefit  with  an  army  againit  Catihne  ; 
with  whom  he  was  unwilling  to  fight 
on  account  of  their  former  intimacy  : 
He  therefore  gave  the  command  to  his 
lieutenant,  M.  Petreius,  Sail.  Cat,  59. 
who  cut  off  Catiline  and  his  army,  ib, 
60.  Antonius,  after  his  confulfnip, 
obtained^the  province  of  Macedonia, 
which  he  governed  for  two  years.  Up- 
on his  return  to  Rome  he  was  brought 
to  his  trial  byCo.elius,  for  extortion,  and 
for  making  war  without  his  province, 
(de  repetundis  et  de  viajejlate),  Cic.  Vat. 
II.  ;  Cocl.  31.  ;  Liv.  Epit.  103.  and 
being  found  guilty,  was  condemned  to 
perpetual  exile,  a.  u.  694. 

M. 


AN  T 


[    *3    ] 


ANT 


M.  ANTONIUS,  an  Hluftnous  ora- 
tor, Cic.  Br,  36.  ;  0^  2,  14.  conful 
with  A.  Albinus,  a.  u.  6$^^  Cic,  ad 
^t'lr,  pqft.  Red,  5.  who  was  put  to 
death  in  the  maffacre  after  the  return 
of  Marius  from  banllhment,  and  his 
head  fixed  on  the  Rojlra^  in  which  he 
had  fteadily  defended  the  repubhc  when 
conful,  and  preferved  the  heads  of  ma- 
ny citizens  ;  as  Cicero  fays,  lamenting, 
as  it  were  ominoufly,  the  mifery  of  that 
fate  which  happened  afterwards  to  him- 
feif,  from  the  grandfon  of  this  very 
Antonius,  Or.  3,  3. 

M.  ANTONIUS,  the  fon  of  the  ora- 
tor,  praetor  a.  678.  who, having  through 
the  inlereil  of  Cotta,  the  confui,  obtain- 
ed the  command  of  all  the  coafts  of  the 
Mediterranean  fea,  with  unlimited  au- 
thority, {^cum  infinlto  mperw)^  to  gratify 
his  avarice  pillaged  Sicily  and  the  pro- 
vinces. But  at  lad  making  war  on  the 
Cretans  unjuftly,  he  was  defeated,  and 
foon  after  died  of  grief,  Cic.  Verr,  2, 
3.  ;  et  ihi  Afcon,  Add.  ih.  3,  91.  ;  ei 
Liv.  Epit.  97.  hence,  however,  he  got 
the  firnamc  of  Creticus,  Flor.  3,  7.; 
Plutarch,  in  Anton,  pr, 

M.  ANTONIUS,  the  fon  of  Cre- 
ticus, after  the  death  of  his  father, 
way  educated  under  the  care  of  his 
mother  Julia,  of  the  family  of  the 
Caefars,  who  married  for  her  fecond 
hufband  Cornelius  Lentulus,  whom 
Cicero,  by  order  of  the  fenate,  put  to 
death,  as  an  accomphce  in  Catihne's 
confpiracy.  This  is  thought  to  have 
been  the  firft  ground  of  that  violent 
hatred  which  Antony  ever  after  bore 
to  Cicero.  He  particularly  complain- 
ed that  Cicero  had  refufed  burial  to 
his  ftcpfather,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  7.  which 
charge,  Plutaich  obferves,  was  ground 


a  great  amount,  Plutarch  fays  250  ta- 
lents ;  Cicero  fays  fejlertium  fexagies^ 
above  48,0001.  Phil.  2,  18.  Curio  was 
furety  for  the  whole  of  this  fum,  which 
Curio's  father,  at  the  interceffion  of 
Ciceio,  paid,  but  discharged  his  fon 
for  the  future  from  keeping  company 
with  Antony,  Cic.  ib,  Antony  next 
aifociated  himfelf  with  Clodius  ;  but 
being  diffatisfied  v/ith  kis  meafures,  and 
forefeeing  the  dangerous  confequences 
of  them,  he  left  Italy,  and  travelled 
into  Greece,  where  he  fpent  his  time 
m  warlike  exercifes,  and  in  the  ftudy  of 
eloquence.  He  fcrved  his  firft  cam- 
paign under  Gabinius,  the  proconful 
of  Syria,  who  appointed  him  com- 
mander of  the  horfe.  In  that  ftatioii 
he  gave  proofs  of  uncommon  courage 
and  conduct.  It  was  chiefly  owing- 
to  Antony  that  Gabinius  undertook 
and  eftedcd  the  reftoration  of  Ptolemy 
to  the  throne  of  Egypt,  Plutarch,  iu 
Anton,  et  Cic,  Phil.  2,  19.  Fid.  Pto- 
LEMAEUs  AuLETEs.  After  this  he 
joined  Caefar  in  Gaul,  who  made  him 
one  of  his  lieutenants,  Caef,  B.  G.  7, 
81.  Having  remained  there  for  fome 
time,  he  came  to  Rome  to  fue  for  the 
quaeuorfhip  ;  and  being  eleAed,  he 
immediately  returned  to  Caefar,  with- 
out waiting  for  the  ordinary  appoint- 
ment, (Jine  fenaius  confuho,  Jine  forte y 
fine  lege),  Cic,  PhiL  2,  20.  ;  Caef.  B. 
G.  8,  2,  &  24,  &  46.  Caefar  was  fo 
pleafed  with  the  fervlces  of  Antony, 
that  he  exerted  his  utmoft  intereft  to 
get  him  created  an  augur,  Caef,  B,  G, 
8,  50.  and  fucceeded,  in  oppofition  to 
the  party  of  Pompey,  by  means  of 
Curio,   Cic.  Phil.  2,  2. 

In  the  end  of  the  year  703,  Antony 
came    to    Rome,  and    was    made    tri- 


lefs.      Cicero    afcribes    the    profligacy     bune.      Being  devoted   to   Caefar,  he 
and  wickednefs  of  Antony  to  his   ha- 
ving been   educated  in   the   houfe  of 
Lentulus,  ih. 

Antony  in  his  youth  was  remark- 
able for  his  comelinefs  and  ftrength. 
He  formed  an  intimacy  with  young 
Curio,  by  whom  he  was  fcduced  into 
drunkennefs,  lewdnefs,  and  extrava- 
gance.  This  led  him  to  contrad  debt  to 


oppofed  all  the  decrees  of  the  fenate 
againlt  him  ;  and  vrhen  the  final  de- 
cree was  paffed,  (  Ut  dent  operant  confides^ 
praetoresy  tribiini  pldis^,  qui  que  pro  con- 
fuhhus  funt  ad  urbcmf  ncquid  refpullica 
detrimenti  capiat).,  on  the  7th  Jan.  a.  u. 
704,  Antony,  apprchendi;ig  danger, 
fled  from  the  city  in  difguiie,  \»/ith 
Curio  and  Q^Calllius,  another  tribune, 

to 


ANT  C    24    1 

to  Caefar,  who  was  then  at  Ravenna,  thofe  Luperc'i, 
Caef.  B.  C  I,  5.;  Ck.  Fam.  16,  11. 
and  thus  afforded  Caefar  a  pretext  for 
crofiing  the  Rubicon,  the  boundary  of 
his  province,  and  making  war  on  his 
country  ;  whence  Cicero  fays,  that 
Antony  was  the  caufe  of  war  and  de- 
ftruftion  to  the  Roman  republic,  as 
Helen  was  to  the  Trojans,  PhiL  2, 
22.  ;  /Jti.  7'  9-  .  . 

During  the  civil  war,  A^ntony,  on 
every  occafion,  diilinguiflied  himfeif. 
In    the   decifive  battle  of   Pbarfalia  he 


ANT 

inftituted  in  honour  of 
Caefar,  D'lo  44,  6.  after  running  up 
and  down  naked,  according  to  cuitom., 
with  his  companions,  went  up  to  Cae- 
far, who  was  then  fitting  before  the 
Rojlrcit  in  the  forum,  on  a  golden  chair, 
dreil:  in  a  purple  robe,  to  fee  the  di- 
verfionof  running,  and,  producing  a 
crown,  attempted  to  put  it  upon  Cae- 
far's  head  ;  but  Caefar,  obferving  the 
great  dilapprcbation  of  the  people,  re- 
fufed  it,   Cic.  Phil.  2,  34.  et  3,  5.  ^/  5, 


commanded  the  lefc  wing,  Caef.  B.  C. 
3,  89.  After  the  battle,  Caefar  being 
created  diftator,  v/ent  in  puifuit  of 
Pompey,  and  fent  Antony  to  command 
in  Italy,  with  the  charader  of  m.afler  of 
horfe,  Plutarch,  in  Anton,  Cicero  fays 
that  Antony  was  appointed  to  this  of- 
fice by  the  favour  of  his  friends,  with- 
out the  knowledge  of  Caefar,  Phil.  2, 
25.  Here  Antony  behaved  with  the 
greateft  profligacy  and  extravagance, 
ih.  His  chief  favourites  were  Sergius 
a  comedian,  and  Cytheris  an  actrefs, 
Cic.  Phil,  2,  2^.  Attended  by  her,  he 
made  a  progrefs  through  Italy,  having 
his  chariot  drawn  by  lions,  Plin.  8, 
16  f.  21.;  Plutarch,  in  /Inton.  ;  Cic.  Att, 
10,  13.  &  17. 

Antony  bought  at  a  public  auction 
the  houfe  of  Pompey,  which  he  m.ade 
the  fcene  of  his  revtUings,  Cic,  PhlL  2, 
27.  &  28.  He  liad  expelled  that  the 
purchafe-m.oney  would  never  be  aflvcd. 
But  Caefar,  difpleafed  with  his  con- 
du6l,  exadcd  payment  ;  which  provo- 
ked Antony  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he 
is  faid  to  have  employed  an  aflaffm  to 
difpatch  Caefar,  ih.  29.  The  difap- 
probation,  however,  which  Caefar  ex- 
prefled  of  Antony's  courfe  of  life,  gave 
fom.e  check  to  his  excelTive  diflolute- 
nefs.  He  parted  with  Cytheris,  and 
married  Fulvia,  the  widow  of  Clodius, 
llumrch.  ibid.  ;  Cic.  Phil.  2,  28.  He 
foon  after  regained  the  entire  confi- 
dence of  Caefar,  who,  in  his  fifth  and 
lafl  confulihip,  a.  709,  made  Antony 
his  colleague,  ib.  32.  At  the  ftftivai  of 
the  Lupercalia^  about  the  m.iddle  of 
February,    /Antony,  who   was  one   of 


14.  et  13,  8,  15,  &  19.;  Dio,  44,  I  I.; 
Suet.  Caef.  79.  in  fuch  a  manner,  how- 
ever, that   it  was   thought  the  matter 
had  been  concerted  betv^-een  him  and 
Antony,   ( ^od  ab  eo  ita  repuljum  eratf 
ut   non   offcnfus   videretur).   Veil.  2,  56. 
This  exprelTion  of  Caefar's   defire   to 
affume  the   name,  as  he   had   already 
ufurped  the   power  of  king,  determi- 
ned Brutus  and  Caflius,  and  the  other 
confpirators,  to  hallen   the   execution 
of  their  plot.     Tliey  propofed  to  put 
Antony  to  death  at  the  fame  time  with 
Caefar  ;  but  to  this  Brutus  would   not 
confent,    thinking,    as   Plutarch   fays, 
that  an   aftion  undertaken  in   defence 
of  juflice  and  the  laws  ought  to  be  free 
from  tlie  leail  appearance  of  injuftice. 
This  lenity  proved  fatal  to  himielf  and 
his  alTociates,  as  well  as  to  the  liberty 
of  his  country.      Hence  Cicero  often 
reproaches   the   principal    confpirator^ 
with  having  left  their  work  unhnifhed. 
Thus,  writing  to  Trebonius,  who  en- 
gaged Antony  in  cenverfation   at  the 
door  of  the   fenate-houfe,    while   the 
other   confpirators   difpatched  Caefar, 
he  fays,   ^od  a  tCy  'viro  cptbnoy  Jeducia 
ejiy  titoque  benejicio  adhuc  vivit  haec  pejlisy 
(M.  Antonius),  inter dumy  quod  mini  vix 
Jui  cjly  tibijubirajcor,  Fam.  lO,  28.     So, 
ib,  12,  4.  ;  Ad.  Brut,  2,  &  7.;   PhiL  2, 
14,   &c. 

Antony  having  heard  that  Caefar 
was  killed,  ilripped  himfeif  of  his  con- 
fular  robes,  and  fltd  home  in  difguife, 
ib.  35.;  Dioy  44,  22.  He  lay  conceal- 
ed ail  that  day,  till  being  allured  that 
the  confpirators,  who  had  taken  pof- 
fcffion  of  the  capitol,  meant  no  further 
violence,  he  refumed  courage,  and  ap- 
pealed 


ANT  I 

pcared  next  morning  in  public.  In 
the  night-time  he  g:ot  the  papers  and 
account-books  ©f  Caefar  from  Calpnr- 
nia,  Caefar's  wife,  and  caufed  them  to 
be  carried  to  his  houfe,  yfppian.  B.  C. 
2,  p.  507.  He  amufed  the  confpira- 
tors  with  fuch  confummate  art,  that 
he  prevented  them  from  taking  effec- 
tual meafures  for  their  defence  ;  while 
he  himfelf  fecietly  formed  plans  for 
their  deftruAion,  and  for  making  him- 
felf mafter  of  the  (late.  Ke  gained 
over  Lepidus,  then  mailer  of  horfe, 
who  commanded  an  army  near  the  ci- 
ty, to  favour  his  views.  On  the  third 
day  after  Cael'ar^s  death,  he  fummoned 
a  meeting  of  the  fenate  in  the  temple 
of  Tcllus,  where,  upon  the  motion  of 
Cicero,  a  general  amnefty  was  decreed, 
or  an  ad  of  oblivion  for  all  that  was 
paft,  Cic.  Phil.  I,  I.  The  confpira- 
tors  were  invited  to  come  down  from 
the  capitol,  and  Antony  fent  his  fon 
as  an  hoftage  for  thfir  fecurity  ; 
Lepidus  alfo  fent  his  fon,  the  ne- 
phew of  Brutus  by  his  fifter,  who  had 
been  married  to  Lepidus,  but  was  then 
dead,  Cic.  ad  Brut,  17.;  Veil.  2,  88. 
Accordingly  that  night  Brutus  fupped 
with  Lepidus,  and  Caffius  with  Anto- 
ny, which  gave  great  joy  to  the  citizens, 
Cic.  Phil.  I,  13.  et  2,  36. ;  Veil  2,  58  ; 
Dio.,  44,  34  ;  Liv.  Epit.  Il6.  ;  Phi- 
tarch.  in  Brut.  p.  992. 

In  the  fame  meeting  of  the  fenate 
Antony  artfully  procured  a  decree  for 
the  allowance  of  a  public  funeral  to 
Caefar,  and  for  the  coniirmation  of  all 
his  afts.  Antony  himfelf  undertook 
the  charge  of  the  funeral.  Having 
■brought  the  body  of  Caefar  into  the 
forum,  he  pronounced  the  cultomary 
funeral  oration  in  his  praife;  in  which, 
with  great  art,  he  endeavoured  to  in- 
cite the  multitude  againil  the  confpi- 
rators.  Then  expofing  the  bloody 
robe,  in  which  Caefar  was  ^-aim ^Plutarch. 
(according  to  Appian,  a  waxen  image 
of  his  body,  with  the  marks  of  all  his 
wounds,  B.  Civ.  2,  p.  520.  according 
to  Dio,  his  real  body,  44.  35.),  he 
inflamed  the  multitude  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree, that,  making  a  pile  of  tables  and 


25],  ANT 

forms  in  the  very  forum,  they  inftantly 
fet  fire  to  it,  (whence  Cicero  calls  this 
irregular  funeral,  infepulta  Jepultura^  be- 
caufe  .the  ufual  rites  were  not  perform- 
ed, Phil.  I,  2.)  and  every  one  taking 
a  brand,  ran  up  and  down  in  great  fu- 
ry to  the  confpirators  houfes,  with  a 
refolution  to  burn  and  deilroy  them  ; 
but  the  confpirators,  being  ftrongly 
guarded,  repulfed  them  ;  and  only  the 
houfe  of  L.  Bellienus  was  burnt,  Cic. 
Phil.  2, 36.;  Plutarch,  in  Anton.\  Dio,  44, 
50.;  Cic.  Phil.  2,  36.  Meeting  v/ith  C* 
Helvius  Ciana,  one  of  the  tribunes,  a 
friend  of  Caefar's,  whom  they  miftook 
for  Corn.  Cinna,  a  praetor,  who  had  ex- 
tolled from  the  ro(f  ra  the  ad  of  killing 
Caefar,  they  tore  him  to  pieces,  and 
carried  up  and  down  his  head  fixed  on  a 
fpear,  Dio.,  44,  50. ;  Val.  Max.  9,  9,  2.; 
Suet.  Caef.  W^.  Thefe  exceifes  were 
committed  by  a  mercenary  mob,  chief- 
ly by  the  freed  men  of  Caefar  and  hi- 
red flaves,  Cic.  Att.  14,  5.  The  con- 
fpirators, alarmed  by  this  tumult,  left 
the  city.  Some  of  them  retired  to 
the  provinces  which  had  been  affigned 
to  them. 

But  after  the  confpirators  were  gone, 
Antony  refumed  his  difguife,  and  pre- 
tended the  fame  moderation  as  before. 
He  afcribed  the  late  exceiics  to  the 
violence  of  the  mob,  affeded  to  fpcak 
v/ith  the  greateft  refped  of  Brutus  and 
Caflius,  and  by  feveral  motions  which 
he  made  in  the  fenate,  feemed  to  have, 
nothing  fo  much  at  heart  as  the  public 
concord.  Among  other  things,  he 
propofed,  that  the  name  and  office  of 
didator  fhould  be  abolifhed,  which  the 
fenate  inftantly  agreed  to,  without  the 
formality  of  a  vote,  Cic,  Phil,  if  i,  die 
13.  He  put  to  death  Marius.  the 
ringleader  of  the  mob,  who  pretended 
to  be  the  fun  of  C.  Marius,  and  order- 
ed his  body  to  be  dragged  by  a  hook 
through  the  ftreets,  and  thrown  into 
the  Tiber,  ib.  2.  By  thefe  adions 
Antony  recovered  his  credit  wiih  the 
republicans  ;  fo  that  Brutus,  together 
with  Caffius  and  other  friends,  had  a 
ptrfonal  confcence  with  him,  vv'hich 
gave  mutual  latisiailio),  Cic./^'tt.  14,6. 
D  Anton? 


ANT  [2 

Antony  havincr  fettled  matters  at 
Rome  in  the  beft  manner  he  could, 
made  a  progrefs  through  Italy,  for  the 
fake  of  vifiting  the  quarters  of  the  ve- 
teran foldier?,  and  cnGrafring  them  to 
Ills  fervice,  by  all  fjrts  of  bribes  and 
promifes.  He  left  the  government  of 
the  city  to  Dolobella,  whom  Caefar, 
upon  his  intended  expedition  to  Par- 
thia,  had  nominated  to  fiicceed  him  in 
the  confulfliip  ;  and  though  Antony 
had  protefttd  againft  that  defignation, 
yet  after  Caefar's  death,  when  Dolo- 
bella, taking  advantage  of  the  general 
confufion,  feized  the  enfigns  of  the  of- 
fice, Antony  quietly  received  and  ac- 
knowledged him  as  his  colleague,  Cic: 
PhlL  1,13. 

In  the  abfence  of  Antony,  Dolobel- 
la, by  his  condu(^,  gave  the  friends  of 
liberty  the  bed  hopes  of  him,  particu- 
larly by  demonfliing  an  altar  which  the 
mob,  at  the  inftiajation  of  the  impoltor 
Marius,  had  eredted  in  the  forum,  on 
the  fpot  where  Caefar's  body  was 
burnt,  with  a  pillar  of  NumJdian  marble 
twenty  feet  high,  infcribcd,  To  the 
Fath'fr  of  his  Country  ;  where 
they  daily  performed  facrifices  and  di- 
vine rites  to  Caefar,  as  a  deity,  Sud. 
Caef.  85.  Great  multitudes  liockcd 
to  \his  place,  chiefly  of  the  meaner 
fort,  and  were  guilty  of  the  groiTell 
outrages.  The  ringleaders,  being  fei- 
zed, were  feverely  punilhed  ;  fuch  of 
them  as  were  free  were  throwm  from 
the  Tarpeian  rock,  and  the  flaves  cru- 
cified. This  aftion  of  Dolobella's  Ci- 
cero highly  extols,  Phil,  i,  2.  &  12.  ; 
yitt.  14,  15.  &  16.  ;  Fam.  9,  14. 

Antony  having  attached  many  of 
the  veteran  foldiers  to  his  intereit,  re- 
turned to  Rome,  and  at  lall:  began  to 
lay  afide  the  mafl^.  He  made  ufe  of 
every  method  poffible,  however  violent 
and  unjuli,  to  encreafe  bis  power.  He 
now  rtiewed  for  what  purpofe  he  had 
been  fo  eager  to  get  Caefar's  acts  con- 
firmed by  the  fenate  ;  for  being  tlie 
mafttr  both  of  Caefar's  papers,  {com- 
mcnlariif  chirographa,  et  liheiu,  Cic.  Phil. 
I,  I.  &  7')>  and  of  Faberius,  Caeiar's' 
fecretary,    he  inferted  in  them  what 


6     ] 


ANT 


things  he  thought  proper,  and  made 
them  pafs  for  the  afts  of  Caefar  ;  in 
confequence  of  which  he  fold  publicly 
for  money  whatever  immunities  were 
defired  by  countries,  cities,  princes, 
or  private  men,  on  pretence  that  they 
had  been  granted  by  Caefar,  and  en- 
tered into  his  books,   Cic.  Fam.  12,  i.; 

j^it.  14,  9-  ;  P^''^^'  2'  36-  ^  37-  5>  4- 
f/  3,  5.  et  12,  5.  ;  App'ian.  B.  C.  2,  p. 
507.  ^/3,  p.529.;  /);•(?,  44,  53.  ^J  45, 
23.  ;  Fell.  2,  60.  ;  So  that,  as  Cicero 
obferves,  all  the  adts,  writings,  fayings, 
promifes,  and  thoughts  of  Caefar  had 
greater  force  after  he  was  dead  than 
when  alive,  j^ft.  14,  10.  Befides,  he 
feized  the  public  treafure  in  the  temple 
of  Ops,  amounting  to  above  five  mil- 
lions of  our  money,  (frpties  m'lhies  fef- 
terlhnn),  Cic.  Phil.  2,  37.  With  this 
money  he  purchafed  foldiers,  and  bri- 
bed his  colleague  Dolobella  to  concur 
with  liim  in  his  meafures,  Cic.  Att.  16, 
15.  He  was  alio  fupported  by  his 
two  brothers,  Caius,  then  one  of  the 
praetors,  and  Lucius,  one  of  the  tri- 
bunes ;  fo  that  now  he  pofieffed  abfo- 
lute  power  at  Rome,  and  had  the  fair- 
ell  profpetl:  of  becoming  mailer  of  the 
empire.  But  all  thefe  hopes  were  fru- 
llrated  by  young  Oftavins,  whom  Caefar 
had  appointed  his  heir.  SeeOcTAvius. 

Antonianae  partes y  the  party  of 
Antony,  Fell.  2,  74-  AvAoniam  latro- 
cm'io  libsrata  r  ef public  a  y  Cic.  Fam.  12,  14. 

ANTON  I A  Major  et  Minor,  two 
daughters  of  M.  Antonius  the  trium- 
vir, by  Odavia,  the  filler  of  Auguftus. 
The  eided  was  married  to  Domitius 
Aenobarbus,  whofe  grandfon  was  Ne- 
ro the  emperor,  Plutarch,  in  Anton,  Jin, 
et  Suet.  Ner.  4^  &  5.  The  yonnger 
Antouia  was  married  to  Drufus  the  fon 
of  Livia,  who  had  two  fons,  Germa- 
nicus,  tiie  father  of  Caligula,  and  Clau- 
dius, who  fucceeded  Cahgula  in  the 
empire,  Plutarch,  ih.  et  Suet.  Cal.  1.  Cl.2, 

Julius  or  Julus  ANTONirS,  the 
fon  of  the  triumvir  by  Fulvia,  Z)io,  51, 
15.  praetor  a.  u.  741,  ib.  54,  26.  con- 
ful  a.  744,  ib.  36  f.  afterwards  put  to 
death  for  his  intimacy  with  Julia,  the 
daughter  of  Auguftus,  Dio,  ^^,  10.  ; 

Tacit. 


A   N  U 

7*^r//.  Ain.  3,  18.  et  4,  44 
lus  fays  that  he  flew  hlmfelf,  2,  100. 
Horace  infcribes  to  Julus  Antonius  the 
fecond  ode  of  the  fourth  book,  where 
he  celebrates  him  as  a  poet,  1?.  26.  & 
33.  Orid  mentions  him  as  the  author 
of  licentious  verfes,  Pont,  i,  i,  23. 

Anubis,  -h,  a  god  of  the  I'-gyp- 
tians,  painted  with  the  head  of  a  dog, 
hence  called  Latiator,  Virg.  Aen.  8, 
698.  ;  Latrans.  Prop.  3,  9,  41. 

ANyxus,  an  Athenian,  one  of  the 
accufers  of  Socrates,  who  is  hence 
called  Ariyt'i  reust  Hor.  Sat.  2,  4,  3. 

AON,  -onisf  a  fon  of  Neptune,  Lu- 
tat.  ad  Slat.  Theb.  i,  34.  et  Achil  1,19. 
whence  Aones,  -um^  his  pofterity  in 
the  mountainous  part  of  Boeotia,  which 
was  called  Aqnia  ;  Aonius,  -a,  -uniy 
Boeotian  orTheban;  /IctiidcSf  -urn,  the 
mufes.      (G.  306.) 

APELLA,  the  name  of  a  noted 
Jew  at  Rome,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  5,  100. 
- — ^2.  Alfo  of  a  flave,  Cic.  Fam.  7, 
25,4,   10,  17,5.  ;  Ju.  12,  19. 

APELLES,  'is,  the  moil  illuilri- 
ous  painter  of  antiquity,  a  native  of  the 
ifland  Cos,  ^iinclil.  12,  10,  6.  His 
mod  celebrated  pi£lure  was  that  of 
Venus  rifing  from  the  fea,  (^Anadycme- 
ti£ ;)  of  which  Ovid  fays,  Ji  Fenerem 
nufquam  pcju'iffet  Apellesy  Merfa  fuh  ae- 
quorels  ilia  later  et  aquis.  Art.  Am.  3, 
401.  So  Propertius,  In  Veneris  tabula 
J'umwam- (Jc.  hudem)  Jibi ponit  Apelles, 
3,  9,  I  J.  At  his  death  he  left  a  pic- 
ture of  Venus  imperfcdt,  which  no 
body  would  undertake  to  linifh,  Plin. 
35,  10  f.  36.  ;  Cic.  Fam.  i,  9.  Off'.  3, 
2.  He  ufed  only  four  colours,  (vvhite, 
yellovr,  red,  and  black,)  Piln.  ib.  He 
was  in  great  favour  with  Alexander  the 
Great,  who  prohibited,  by  an  editSt, 
any  one  to  paint  hirn  but  Apelles,  Hor. 


Ep.    2,    I,  259 ;    Cic. 


tarn 


Apelleae  tabulae,  thepi6Lurcs  of  Apel- 
les, Propert.  I,  2/2  2.  Jlpelleo  colore 
Jignatus,  Stat.  Silv.  5,  i,  5. 

Aphareus,  (in  three lyllables, )  the 
father  of  Lynceus  ;  who  is  hence  call- 
ed Apharcia proles y  Ovid.  Met.  8,  304. 
Aphrodite,  -es,  a  name  of  Venus, 
rom  her  having  been  produced  from 


C    27    ]  A  P  O 

Patercu-  the  foam  of  the  fea,  Plin.  ^6,  5. 
whence  Aphrodifia,  -orum,  a  feftival  i^ 
honour  of  Venus,  Plant.  Poen.  i,  i, 
63.  et  I,  2,  45. 

Aphydnus,  a  foldier  of  Aeneas, 
Virg.  Atn.  9,  702. 

APICIUS,  a  noted  epicure  at 
Rome,  in  the  time  of  Augnllns  and 
Tiberius,  who  having  fpent  an  im~ 
rnenfe  fortune  on  luxurious  living,  ter- 
minated his  days  by  poifon,  Senec.  Ep, 
95.;  Heh.  10.  Vit.  B.  II.;  Plin.  4, 
17.  et  10,  48.  ;  'Juvenal.  4,  23. ;  Tacit, 
Ann.  4,  I.  ;  Dio.  57,  19.  ;  Martial.  3, 
2  2.  He  was  fo  famous  that  Apicius 
is  put  for  an  epicure,  Juvenal.  11,  3.  ; 
Martial.  10,  73. — There  leems  to  have 
been  another  of  the  fame  name  before 
the  time  of  Cato  the  cenfor;  whence 
Uvae  Apiciae,  Cat.  R.  R.  24,  I.  ;  Vi- 
nam,  ib.  6,  5.  et.  7,  2.  et  24,  2.  ;  Varr. 
R.  R.  125. — There  is  faid  to  have  been 
a  third  in  the  time  of  Trajan,  Suidas  in 

Apion,  'Onis,  a  celebrated  gram- 
marian in  the  time  of  Tiberius,  Plin. 
praef. 

AFlS^'idis,  v.  -isf  accus.  Apim,  v.  -in, 
a  name  given  to  a  calf  or  ox  with  par- 
ticular marks,  which  the  Egyptians 
woriliippcd  as  a  god,  Ck.  N.  D.  i,  29. 
CoRNIGER,  Ovid.  Amor.  2,  13,  14.  ; 
Lucan.  9,  160.  ;  Plin.  8,  46  f.  71. 
(See  Geog.  p.  391,  and  605.) 

APOLLO,  -"inisy  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  Latona,  the  god  of  poetry,  mufic, 
medicine,  and  augury  ;  (See  G.  365;.) 
hence  ApoUinea  ars,  medicine,  Ovid. 
Trjjl.  3,  3,  10.  ;  augury,  id.  in  Ihin. 
264.  Bihlis  Apollinei  correpta  cupidine  fra* 
tris,  feizcd  with  a  pailion  for  her  brother 
Caunus,  the  grandfon  of  Apollo,  Ovid, 
Mel.  9,  454.  ;  Proles  /Ipollinea,  Aef- 
culapius, /■/;.  15,533.  Ludi  A^olUnareSy 
games  in  honour  cf  Apollo,  Liv,  25, 
12.  Circus  Apollindris,  ib.  3>  63.  Gro- 
novius  reads,  Apollinar%  -dris,  n,  ApoU 
linaris  herba,  Plin.  10,  26f.  14.  ApoUi- 
nis  urbs,  the  capital  of  the  ifland  Dc- 
los,  Virg.  Aen.  3,  79. ;  agri,  the  country 
of  Lycia,  ib.  12,  516. 

Apollodorus,  a  celebrated  gram- 
marian and  mythologift  of  Athens, 
P  2  who 


5.  I-.— 


A  P   O  [28 

vcho  compofed  feveral  works  ;  of  which 
the  only  one  renriaining  is  that  called  Bi- 
BLiOTHECA,  dividtd  into  three  books  ; 
treating  of  the  fabulous  hillor)'-  of  the 
Greeks.  He  flourifhed  about  150 
years  before  Chrift,  and  was  highly  ho- 
noured by  the  Amply- Ely  ones,  Plin.  7,  37. 

"^POLLODORUS,  a  Greek  comic 
poet ;  from  whom  Terence  is  faid  to 
have  borrowed  his  Phormio,  Ter, 
Phorm.  infer. —  ^  2.  A  cruel  tyrant, 
mentioned  by  Seneca,  Ben,  7,  19.  ; 
/r.  1,4. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  rhetorician  of 
Alabanda,  who  taught  for  hire,  but 
would  teach  none  but  fuch  as  were  dif- 
pofed  to  learning,  Cic.  Or.  i,  28.  &  17. 

Apolloph ANES,  -/*/,  a  phyiician, 
Celf.  5,  18.  ;  Plin.  22.  21  f.  29. 

AFPIO,  V.  -o«,  V.  Apion^  -onisf  a 
name  of  Ptolemy,  king  of  Cyrenaira  ; 
•who  left  the  Roman  people  his  heir, 
Cic.  RuH.  2,  19. 

APPIUS,  a  praenomen,  peculiar  to 
the  Claudii  or  Gens  Claudia ;  derived 
ffom  Atta,  a  name  among  the  Sa- 
bines,  Liv.  2,  16.  and  ufed  alfo  as  an 
adjective,  like  the  nome'  or  name  of 
the  gens:  thus,  Appia  via,  the  way 
i!rft  paved  by  Appius  Claudius,  the 
cenfor,  leading  to  Capua,  Liv.  9,  29. 
called  fiTiply  Appia, yl'.  via,  Cic.  Mil. 
6.  ;  Hor.  Sat.  i,  5,6.  ;  Epod.  4,  14. 
Appii  Forum,  a  town  on  the  Appian 
way,  about  eighteen  miles  from  Rome, 
Cic.  Alt.  2,  lo- — Aqua  Appia,  the 
firft  water  brought  to  Rome  in  an 
aqueduft  conftruded  by  the  fame  Ap- 
pius Claudius,  a.  u.  442,  Liv.  9,  29. 
Hence  Appiades  Deae,  certain  god- 
deffes,  whofe  images,  as  it  is  thought, 
were  erefted  in  the  Forum,  where  that 
water  difcharged  itlelf  near  the  temple 
of  Venus,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  3,  452.  ufed 

thus 
marmore 
iemplo  Appias  exprcjfis  a'ira  puljat  aquis, 
where  below  the  marble  temple  of  Ve- 
nus, the  Appian  aqu-^^duct,  iffuing 
through  one  of  thefe  iiiages,  ftrikes  the 


1 


A   R   A 


alfo  in  the    fing.     .'^ppias,     adis 
Subdita   qua   Veneris  facfo    de 


air  with  the  waters  forced  out  or  flow- 
ing from  it,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  I,  82. 
|icnce  put  for  Venus  herfelf,  frqm  the 


vicinity  of  her  temple  to  the  place 
where  that  aqueduA  iffued  ;  thus,  Non 
illas  lites  Appias  ipfaprobat.  Id.  Remed. 
Amor.  660.  In  allufion  to  thefe  Ap- 
piades deae,  Cicero  fays  in  a  letter  to 
Appius,  l)y  way  of  pleafantry,  ^am 
(fc.  Minervam,)  non  folum  Pallada,fed 
etiam  Appiadanominaho^  Cic.  Fam.  3,  i. 

Appiana  mala,  a  kind  of  apples 
which  grew  on  trees  engrafted  by  one 
Appius,  Plin.  15,  14. — Appietas, 
^atis^  f.  the  nobihty  of  the  Apii,  Cic, 
Fam,  3,  7. 

APULEIA  gens,  a  clan  or  family 
at  Rome  ;  Apuleia  lex,  a  law  pafled  by 
one  called  Apuleius,  Cic.  de  Or.  2.  25. 

APULI'-IUS  Saturmnus,  a  famous 
tribune  of  the  commons  in  the  time  of 
Marius;  often  mentioned  by  Ciceix). 

APULEIUS,  a  native  of  Madaura 
[Madaurenjisy)  in  Africa,  an  orator, 
lawyer,  and  Platonic  philofopher  under 
the  Antonines  ;  who  wrote  bouks  on 
feveral  fubjetts,  which  are  ftill  extant. 

Pontiui  Aquila,  one  of  the  con- 
fpirators  againd  Caefar,  Phil  IT,  6. 
AQUILA,  a  freed  man  of  Maecenas, 
whole  affiitance  he  employed  to  diifufe 
the  knowledge  of  his  invention  of  writ- 
ing fh'^rt-hand.  Die.  55,  7. 

AQUILLIA  gens,  the  name  of  a 
family  at  Rome;  fuppofed  to  be  fo 
calied  from  their  dark  colour,  i^ab  aqui' 
lo  colore. ) 

AQUILLIUS  Gallus,  a  great  ora» 
tor,  Cic.  Br.  42.  ;  Caecin.  27.  whence 
Lex  Aqjjillia,  a  law  propofed  by 
him,  dedolo  malo,  Cic.  Off.  3,  14.  N.  D, 
3,  30. 

Manius  AQUILLIUS,  a  governor 
of  Sicily  in  the  war  againit  the  fugi- 
tive flaves,  Cic.  Verr.  3,  54.  ;  RuII, 
2,  30.  ;     ;r.  62.  ;   Flac.  38,  &c. 

Aquinius,  a  bad  poet,  Cic.  Tufc, 
Sf  22.  ;   CatuL  14,  18. 

ARABaRCHES,  -ae,  a  chief  of 
the  Arabians,  or  a  tax-gatherer  in  E- 
gjpt,  Juvenal,  i,  130.  Whether  this 
be  a  proper  or  common  name,  com- 
mentators are  not  agreed.  It  is  fup- 
pofed to  be  the  fame  with  the  name 
given  to  Pompey  by  Cicerp,  Att.  2,  17. 
See  Alabarches. 

ARACHNE, 


A  R  A  t    29 

ARACHNE,  -isy  a  girl  of  Lydia, 
remarkable  toi  her  il<iil  in  fpinring 
and  weaviHg  ;  who  having  challenged 
Minerva  to  a  conteft,  and  being  worll- 
ed,  hanged  herfelf  (laqueo  J'lgavit  gut- 
turaj  Ovid.  Met.  6,  134.  but  Miner- 
va, out  of  pity,  turned  her  into  a  fpider, 
which  is  called  f^re^x"'  by  the  Greeks, 
and  yJrama,  by  the  Latins,  ib* 

ARaTUS,  a  brave  man  of  Sicyon, 
fSicyonius,)  who  freed  his  count:  y  i'rpm 
tyranny,  and  eftabliihed  the  Achaean 
Republic,  Cic.  Of.  2,  23.;  Polyh,  2,  43. 

.ARATUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who 
compofed  a  book  in  verfe  concerning 
aftronomy,  Cic,  de  Or.  i,  16.;  /had. 
4,  20.  which  Cicero,  when  a  very 
yoling  man,  [admodum  adolefcentulus,) 
tranflated  into  Latin  verfe,  Cic.  N.  D. 
2,  41.  and  calls  Aratium  carmen, 
^^S'  2>  3'  oi"  Aratea,  fc.  carmina, 
Div.  2,  5. 

aRBACES,  -is 'y    vel  i\RBACTUs, 
•ihe  firit  king  of  Media,  Jujiln.  i,  3. 
/  (See  G.  598.) 

Arbuscula,  an  adrefs,  Cic.  Att. 
4,  15.  who  being  hiifed  by  the  popu- 
lace, and  applauded  by  the  Eqrntes, 
faid,  "  that  fhe  was  fatisfied  with  the 
approbation  of  the  worthy,"  lior.  Sat. 
1,  10,  11'         ^  ^ 

ARC  AS,  -adisy  V.  adoSf  the  fon  of 
Jupiter  by  Calitto,  O-vid.  Met.  2,  2c8, 
Reconverted  into  the  condeliation  call- 
ed Bootes,  (G.  p.  417.) 

ARCE81LAS,  -ae,  the  fcholar  of 
Poleraon,  Cic.  de  Or.  3,  18.  the  found- 
er of  what  was  called  the  middle  aca- 
demy ;  as  Plato  was  of  the  old,  and 
Carneades  of  the  new.  He  taught 
the  fallacy  of  the  fenfes,  ib.  and  that 
nothing  can  be  certainly  known,  not 
even  that  which  Socrates  had  referved 
to  himfelf,  "  that  he  knew  nothing." 
Cic.  Acad,  i,  12.^/4,  24. 

ARCESIUS,  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  father  of  Laertes,  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
144. 

ARCHELAUS,  the  general  of 
Mithridates,  Liv.  Eptt.  76.  defeated 
by  Sylla,  Id.  82. 

Archemorus,       Vid-     Ophel- 

TE5. 


1  ARC 

ARCHIAS,  -ae,  a  Greek  poet, 
the  teacher  and  friend  of  Cicero  ;  who 
having  his  title  to  the  right  of  being  a 
Roman  citizen  called  in  queftion,  w^as 
defended  by  that  orator,  Cic.  pro  Arch, 
He  was  called  /iulus  Licinius  Arc  hi  as, 
becaufe  he  had  obtained  the  right  of 
citizenfhip  by  means  of  fome  one  of 
the  LucuUiy  and  alTumed,  according  to 
cuilom,  the  name  of  their  ^ctzj,  Lici- 
nius, retaining  his  former  name  as 
firname.  From  whom  he  got  the 
praenomen  \ulus,  is  uncertain 

ARCHIAS,  a  noted  maker  of 
couches  ;  whence  Archiaci  le£li,  couches 
made  by  Archias,  Hor.  Ep.  1,5,  i. 

Archigenes,  -is,  a  celebrated  phy- 
fician  in  the  time  of  Domitian,  Juve- 
nal.  6,  235.  13,  98.  et  14,  252. 

ARCHILOCHUS,  a  Greek  poet, 
contemporary  with  Romulus  ;  who 
wrote  in  Iambic  verfe,  Cic.  Tufc.  i,  I.; 
^dndU.  lo,  I.  Lycambes  having  be- 
trothed to  him  his  daughter  Neohulet 
broke  his  promife,  and  gave  her  to 
another.  On  which  account  Archilo- 
chus  wrote  fo  bitter  a  fatire  againU 
them,  that  they  both  hanged  thcm- 
felves,  Hor.  Epod.  6,  13  ;  /7r/.  P.  79, 
hence  Archihchia  in  eum,(fc.  Pompeium,) 
ediffa  Bibuli,  acrimonious,  bitter,  fati- 
ricil,  Cic.  Att.  2,  21.  et  16,  li. 

ARCHIMeDES,  ~is,  an  illuftrious 
mathematician  of  Syracufc,  who,  by 
his  wonderful  engines,  enabled  his 
countrymen  to  make  a  long  defence 
againll  the  Romans,  and  obliged  Mar- 
cellus  to  turn  the  liege  into  a  blockade. 
When  at  lail  the  city  was  taken  by 
treachery,  Archimedes  was  quite  igno- 
rant of  what  had  happened  ;  and  a  fol- 
dier  having  broken  in  to  his  apartment, 
found  him  engaged  in  defcribing  fomc 
ligure  on  the  floor.  Being  ordered  by 
the  foldier  to  come  immediately  to 
Marcellus,  he  anfwered  coolly,  that  hc 
could  not,  till  he  finifhed  his  problem. 
Upon  which  the  favage  inftantly  Hew 
him,  Liv,  25,  31.;  Cic.  Fin.  ^^  19. 
Marcellus  lamented  his  death,  and  or- 
dered a  tomb  to  be  ered:ed  to  his  me* 
mory.  Id,  Verr.  4,  58.  which,  when 
forgotten  by  his  countrymen,  and  over- 
grown 


ARC  [3 

grown  with  weeds,  was  difcovered  by 
Cicero,  when  quaeflor  in  Sicily,  Cic. 
Tufc.  ^,17,.  Hence  i^p;(^///->!i'f((5v  ;rro/5x>i^.a, 
for  any  thing  difficult,  C'tc.  Att.  12,  4. 

ARCHyTAS,  -ae,  a  Pythagorean 
philofopher  of  Tarentum,  C'lc.  de  Or. 
3,  34.  cotemporary  with  Plato,  C'lc. 
Fin.  2,  14.  et  5,  29.  Tu/c.  5,  2  2.  who 
perifhedby'diipwreck,  Hor.Od.  i,  28.  i. 

Arescusa,  the  name  of  a  woman, 
faid  to  have  been  converted  into  a  man, 
and  then  called  Arescon,  Plin.  7,  4. 

Arethusa,  a  nymph  turned  in- 
to a  fountain;  feeALPHEUs.  Hence 
Arelhujaei  lat'ices,  the  waters  of  Arethu- 
fa,  Claudtan.  de  Rapt.  Projerp.  2,  60. 
and  Syracufe,  where  this  fountain  aqs, 
is  called  Arethusides  Syracufae,  Ovid. 
Fail.  4,  873.  the  inhabitants,  Arethu- 
Jia proles^  Sil.  14,  357. 

ARGAi^THONlUS,  a  king  of 
the  Tarteffii,  a  people  in  the  fouth  of 
Spain,  who  reigned  at  Cadiz  80  years, 
and  lived  120,  C'tc.  Sen.  19.  Anacre- 
on  fays,  150;  Plin.  7,48.  Sihus  Ita- 
licus  fays,  3C0  ;  3,  396.  hence  Argan- 
ihoniaci  nepotes,  his  delcendants,  ib. 

ARGO,  -liSy  and  Argo  in  the  other 
cafes,/,  the  name  of  the  fliip  in  which 
Jafon  and  his  companions  failed  in  quell 
of  the  golden  fleece,  Cic.  Tufc.  1,  20. 
whence  they  were  called, 

ARGONAUTAE,  y/or.  Epod.  3, 
9.  Argonautica,  -Gruniy  fc.  Jcripta^ 
writings  concerning  the  Argonauts ; 
as  thoie  of  Valerius  Flaccus,  &c. 

This  fhip  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  fo 
named  either  from  Argus,  the  maker, 
or  from  its  velocity,  {^ab  ^p>^>',  velox  ;) 
or  from  the  mariners  being  Greeks,  (  /Jr- 
gi'vi,)  Cic.Tufc.  I,  20.  It  is  called  Faii- 
^/"^^jbecaufe  it  is  fiippofedto  have  utter- 
ed oracles,  Val.  luac.  1,2.;  Claud.  Bell. 
Gel.  16.  It  was  fxually  converted  in- 
to a  conflellation,  Cic.  Qtc.x.  126,  oic. 
Man'd.  I,  419.  ;  Hygin.  Fab.  14.  et 
Poet.  /{/Iron.  2,  37.  ;  Col.  1 1,  2,  24.  it 
66. — Martial  plays  on  the  word  Argo- 
nauts :  Non  nautas  puto  res,  fed  Argo- 
nautaSf  i.  e.  p'lgros  nautas ,  (ab  '^f/')?, 
fser\)  3,  67. 

ARGUS,   a  (liepherd,   the   fon    of 
Arii'tor,    i^ArijlorldeSf    -as,)    to   whom 


o    ]  A   R  I 

Juno  committed  the  charge  of  10, 
when  metamorphofed  into  a  cow.  Ar- 
gus had  an  hundred  eyes,  two  of  which 
took  rcfl  in  their  turn,  while  the  others 
kept  watch,  that  lo  might  not  be  ilolen. 
But  Mercury,  at  the  command  of  Ju- 
piter, having  lulled  Argus  afleep,  flew 
him  :  and  Jupiter,  having  at  lail  miti- 
gated Juno,  reftored  lo  to  her  former 
fhape,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  625, — 747. 

AF.GYNNUS,  a  youth  beloved 
by  Agamemnon,  who  loll  his  lile  as 
he  was  fv.imming  in  the  river  Cephi- 
fiis,  4thenae*  13,  8.  ;  Propert.  3,  7,  22. 
From,  him  Venus  was  called  Argyn- 
Nis,  -"idis. 

ARIADNE,  -es^  the  daughter  of 
Minos,  king  of  Crete,  who  falling  in 
love  with  Thefeus,  when  about  to  en- 
ter the  labyrinth,  gave  him  a  clue, 
which  directed  him  ;  fo  that  having 
flain  the  Minotaur,  he  made  his  efcapc, 
and,  according  to  promife,  carried  off 
with  him  Ariadne  ;  but  baiely  deferted 
her  in  the  ifland  Naxos.  There  fhe 
was  found  by  Bacchus,  who  married 
her.  He  gave  her  a  beautiful  crown, 
which,  after  her  death,  was  converted 
into  a  conilellation,  called  ARIAD- 
NAEUM  SIDUS,  Oi>ul  Fajl.s,  345. 
et  3,   462.   &c.  ;    Propert.    3,    15,  7.  ; 

Iiygin.Ajr.P.2,S' 

Ariarathls,  -/J-,  king  of  Cappado- 
cia,  the  ally  of  Antiochus  againil  the 
Romans,  Liv.  37,  31.  ^/  3S,  26.  on 
which  account  he  was  obliged  to  pay 
200  talents  of  filver,  ib.  37.  He  was 
afterwards  admitted  into  friendfliip  by 
the  Romians,  ib.  39.  and  ftnt  his  fon 
to  be  educated  at  Rome,  id.  42,  19. 

Ariuaeus,  a  natural  fon  of  Philip 
king  of  Macedonia,  jufiin.  9,  8.  ap- 
pointed by  the  army  to  fucceed  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  Id.  13,  2.  &  3. 
though  not  nominated  by  him  at  his 
death.  Id,  12,  15.  flain  by  the  order  of 
Olympias,  Id.  14,  5. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is,  a  king  of  Cap- 
padocia  in  alliance  with  the  Roman 
people,  expelled  by  Mithridates  Cic, 
ManU.  2. 

Arion,  'onisy  accus.  AuTCna;  a  fa- 
mous 


A   R  I  [3 

mous  muCcian  and  poet  of  Methymnae, 
(Met/jymnaem)  in  the  ifland  Lefbos, 
F/in.  9,  8.  (See  G.  343.)  hence  yl- 
rioma  lyra,  Propert.  2,  26,  18.  A'rioni- 
vm  nomerif  the  fame  of  Arion,  Ov'ul, 
Fajl,  2,  93. — ^2.  Alfo  the  name  of  the 
horfe  of  Adrafhis,  [eqiius  Jidrajleus^^ 
Stat.  Theb.  4,  43. 

ARISTAENUS,  a  praetor  of  the 
Achaeans,  L'ii\  32,  19,  .See. 

ARISTAEUS,  the  fon  of  Apollo 
by  Cy.hie^  the  daughter  of  Peneiis, 
kingr  of  Arcadia,  or  according  to  the 
poets,  of  the  river  Peneus  in  ThefTaly, 
V'trg.  G.  4,  ^11.  etib.  Serv.  According 
tojurtin,  Ariilaeus  was  a  king  of  Arca- 
dia, who  firft  taught  mankind  the  ufe 
of  bees  and  honey,  the  art  of  curd- 
Hng  milk,  &c.  yuftin.  13,  7.  whence  he 
is  called  Arcad'ms  mogijhr^  Virg.  G.  4, 
283.  On  accoiTrt  of  his  inventions  he 
was  worfliipped  as  a  god;  whence  Vir- 
gil invokes  him,  under  the  title  of  C?;/- 
tor  nemorumy  inhabitant  of  the  groves, 
V'lrg.  G.  1,  f4.  and  reprefents  him  as 
inhabiting  Cea,  lb,  to  which  he  retired 
after  the  unfortunate  death  of  his  fon 
Aftaeon,  Ser'v.  in  Virg.  ibid.  Ariilaeus 
is  faid  by  Cicero  to  have  been  the  in- 
ventor of  the  olive,  C/V.  N.  D.  3,  18. 
or  of  oil,  Id.  Verr.  jSfi  57  f.  in  which 
lail  paflage  he  is  faid  to  have  been  the 
fon  of  Bacchus,  (ut  Graeci  ferunty  Li- 
bcriJiHusi)  but  thefe  words  arc  thought 
to  have  been  interpolated  by  fome 
tranfcriber,  vid.  Ermjii oillocuni :  for  in 
the  former  pafTage   Cicero  makes  him 

the  fon  of  Apoilc. Aristaeus, 

having  fallen  in  love  with  Eurydu?,  the 
wife  of  Orpheus,  attem.pted  to  offer 
violence  to  her.  She  in  her  flight  was 
bitten  by  a  fnake  ;  which  proved  the 
caufe  of  her  death,  Virg.  G.  4,  457.  ; 
Ovid.  Met.  10,  9.  On  this  account 
the  nymphs,  her  companions,  being  en- 
raged, dellroyed  the  bees  of  Ariilaeus, 
Virg.  ib.  534.  Hereupon  he  invoked 
the  affiftance  of  his  mother  Gyrene, 
who  is  reprefented  as  rehding  at  the 
head  of  the  river  Peneus  in  Thelfaly, 
(  TriJIis  ad  extrsml  facrum  caput  adjiitit 
fimnisyVirg.  G.  3 1 9.  i.  e.  the  fountain  or 
ieiircc,  according  to  Sevviusj  but  accord- 


t      1 


A   R   I 


ing  to  others,  the  mouth,  which  appears, 
as  they  think,  from  what  is  faid  ib, 
359,  and  362.  and  caput  is  put  for  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  Lucan.  2,  52.  ;  Val- 
Flacc.  ^y  351.  So  Rhenus  muhis  capiti- 
bus  in  Qceanwn  injluity  Caef.  B.  G.  ^, 
lO-  But  the  reiidence  of  the  nymphs 
was  commonly  at  the  fprings  or  fources 
of  rivers;  and  caput  in  this  very  ftory 
is  put  for  the  fountain  of  a  river,  1;.  368. 
Befidcs  the  ufual  abode  of  Ariilaeus 
was  Tempe,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pe- 
neus, which  he  is  faid  to  have  left,  ib, 

317.) 

Cyrene  conduced  her  fon  to  the  fea- 
god  Proteus,  ib.  401. — 424.  by  whom 
he  was  informed,  that  the  caufe  of  his 
difafter  was  the  injury  offered  by  him 
to  Eurydice,  ib.  453.  whofe  ftory  Pro- 
teus recounts  from  i).  457.  to  11.  527. 
According  to  the  direftions  of  Cyrene, 
Ariilaeus  facriiiced  four  bulls  and  as 
many  heifers  to  appeafe  the  nymphs  ; 
and  having  left  their  carcafes  in  a  (hady 
grove,  on  the  ninth  day  after,  he  re- 
turned and  performed  facrilices  [infe- 
rias  wittebat)  to  the  manes  of  Orpheus 
and  Eurydice  ;  whereupon  he  was  a- 
llonifhed  to  fee  fvvarms  of  bees  ifluing 
from  the  putrid  bowels  of  the  vidlims, 
ib.  536. — 559.  a  manner  of  repairing 
the  lofs  of  bees  faid  to  have  been  prac- 
tiied  by  the  Eo;yptians, //'.  287.-^315, 

Other  authors  alfo  fpeak  of  bees  be- 
ing thu^  produced  :  thus  Apes  nafcun- 
iur  partim  ex  apibus ,  parlim  ex  bubulo  cor- 
pore  putrefaSot  Varr.  R.  R.  3,  16,  4, 
So  ibid.  2,  ^,  ^.  Ovid.  Fa  ft.  i,  374. — 
380.  Progenerari  pojfe  apes  juvenco  per- 
empto  Democritus  et  Mago,  nsc  minus 
Virgiliusy  prodiderunt ^  Columell.  9,  14, 
6.  And  we  read  of  Samfon's  finding 
a  fwarm  of  bees  and  honey  la  the  car- 
cafe  of  a  lion,  judges,  14,  8.  But  fuch 
fpontaneous  generation  is  now  juilly 
exploded  ;  according  to  the  aphorifm, 
Omne  animal  ex  ovo. 

ARISTARCHUS,  a  noted  gram- 
marian  of  Alexandria,  defcended  from 

Samothracia,  who  difcovered  great  a- 
.        .....        ,  ^ 

cutencfs  m  cnticiling  the  verfes  of  Ho- 
mer J  hence  his  name  came  to  be  put 

as 


A  R  I  [3 

a»  a  common  noun  for  a  critic  ;  thus, 
Meanim  orailonum  tu  Aiijlarchis  fx,  i.  e. 
the  judge  or  critic,  C'lc.  At.  i,  14. 
So  Ck.  Fam,  9,  10.  f/  3,  1 1  ;  Horat. 
Art.  P.  4j^o.  ;  Ovid.  Pont.  3,  9,  23. 

Aristides,  -isy  an  illuftrious  Athe- 
nian, on  account  of  his  integrity  firna- 
med  the  Just.  See  his  life  in  Corne- 
lius Nepos^  and  Plutarch. 

ARISTIO,  V.  -cff,  -onis^  an  Athe- 
nian fophift,  who,  uniting  himfelf  with 
Archelaus,  the  general  of  Mithridates, 
iifurped  the  government  of  his  coun- 
try ;  hut  being  reduced  by  Sulla,  was 
forced  to  drink  poifon,  Liv.  Ep.  81. 
&82. 

ARTSTIPPUS,  a  native  of  Cyrene 
m  Africa,  the  fcholar  of  Socrates,  \vho, 
by  his  doftrine  and  pradlicc,  recom- 
mended pleafure  as  the  chief  good  of 
man,  Cic.  Fin.  2,  6.  ;  the  founder  of 
what  was  called  the  Cyrenaic  fcCl  of 
philofophers,  Cic.  Or.  3,  17.  From  his 
complaifance  to  the  great,  he  was  call- 
ed by  Diogenes,  Regius  Cams.  The 
mutual  feoffs  of  thefe  two  philofophers 
are  finely  defcribed  by  Horace,  £/>.  i, 
17,  14.  ;  Sat.  2,  3,  100.  See  Vitrui}. 
6  prooem.  ;  hence  ARisTiPPfcUs,  adj. 
Cic.  Fin.  2,  6. 

ARISTO,  -onis.,  a  native  of  Chios, 
{Chius),  a  Stoic  philofopher,  Cic.  Acad. 
4,  42. ;   Fin,  2,  II.  &  13. 

Aristo,  -0,'iis,  a  tragedian,  (aHor 
tragicus)i  Liv.  24,  24. 

Aristo,  v.  -o«,  a  native  of  Tyre, 
whom  Annibal  fent  from  Epheliis  to 
excite  che  Carthaginians  to  join  Antio- 
chus  in  war  againil  the  Romans,  but 
in  vain,  Liv.  34,  61. 

Aristobulus,  king  of  the  Jews, 
made  captive  and  ltd  in  triumph  by 
Pompey,  Flor.  3,5.^?;^  ;  Eutrop.  6,  16.; 
Plutarch,  in  Pomp. 

Aristobulus,  king  of  Armenia 
Minor,   Tac.  Ann.  13,  7 

Aristogiton,  an  Athenian,  who, 
in  conjun8;ion  with  his  friend  Harmo- 
dius,  freed  his  country  from  tlie  ty- 
ranny of  the  fons  of  Pililbatus,  Cic, 
Tujc.  I,  49. 

Aristomache,  -esy  the  wife  of 
Dionyfius  the  tyrant,  Cic.  Tufc.  5,  20. 


J    ]  A   R   R 

Aristomachus,  the  chief  of  th< 
popular  party,  f princeps pkbis ) ,  at  Cro- 
to,  by  whofc  means  that  city  was  given 
up  to  Hannibal,  Liv.  24,  2.  &  3. 

Aristom  ENEs, -/j,  a  famous  gene- 
ral of  the  Meffenians,   {See  G.  p.  463.  ) 

AristonIcus,  the  fuppofed  fon  of 
Eumenes  king  of  Pergamus.  After 
the  death  of  Attains,  who  left  the  Ro- 
man people  his  heir,  he  invaded  that 
kingdom  ;  but  having  fallen  into  the 
pov»-cr  of  Perperna  the  Roman  general, 
he  was  ftrangled  in  prifon,  Liv.  Ep. 
69.  ;  Cic.  Phil.  11,  8.  ;  RuU.  2,  33. 

Aristophanes,  -w,  a  celebrated 
comic  poet  of  Athens,  Hor.  Sat.  I,  4, 

1.  whence  Aristophaneus,  adj.  Cic. 
Orat.  56.  ;   ^  i^r.  3,  i,  6. 

ARiSTOR,  -om,  the  father  of 
Argus,  who  is  hence  called  AriflorXdes^ 
-ae^   Ovid.  Met.  i,  624. 

ARES,  the  Greek  name  of  Mars; 
whence  Arius,  vel  Areus.  adj.  thus, 
Ariumy  vel  Areum  judicium,  the  court  of 
judges,   called  Areopagus,  Tac.  An.  2? 

55- 

ARISTOTeLES,  -is,  a  native  of 
Staglra,  [Stagirltes^  -«^},  the  fcholar  of 
Plato,  and  praeceptor  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  the  iounder  of  what  was 
called  the  Peripatetic  fed  of  philo- 
fophers. famous  for  h;s  numerous  wri- 
tings, which  for  many  ages  were  held 
in  the  highell  rcfpeCl ;  greatly  admired 
by  Cicero  for  his  eloquence,  Cic.  deOr» 

2,  36.;  Brut.  31.;  Orat  i.;  Acad.  4, 
38.  ]rie-i\cc  Arijlolelius  moSf  when  one 
writes  any  thing  in  the  form  of  a  dia- 
logue, Cic.  Fam.  I,  9.  Arijlofelia,  v, 
'ic  a  pigment  a,  the  ornaments  of  difcourfe 
]-ecommcnded  by  Ariftotie,  Cic,  Att.  2, 
\.  \  de  Or.  2,  39. 

Aristoteles,  the  praefc£t  of  An- 
tiochus  at  Chalcis,  Liv.  36,  21. 

ARMINIUS,  a  general  of  the  Ger- 
Hians  againil  the  Romans,  'Tacit.  Ann, 
I.  &  2I 

ARRIA,  the  wife  of  Caecinna  Pac- 
tus,  who  was  condemned  to  death  by 
the  emperor  Claudius,  for  having  been 
concerned  in  the  revolt  of  Scribonia- 
Suct.  CI.  13.  \rria  having  in 
ain  foiidtcd  for  his  pardon,  perfuaded 

hin^i 


nus 

V 


A  R    R  [ 

bim  to  deftroy  himfelf  rather  than  fuf- 
fer  the  ignominy  of  perifhing  by  the 
executioner's  hands  ;  and  perceiving 
that  he  was  not  much  inclined  to  the 
adl,  in  order  to  encourage  him,  fhe 
plunged  the  dagger  in  her  own  breaft  ; 
then  drawing  it  out,  fhe  prefented  it 
to  her  hufband,  with  thefe  memorable 
words,  Paete,  non  dolet,  Paetus, 
it  is  not  painful,  Plin.  Ep.  3,  16.  which 
Martial  thus  paraphrafes,  St  qua  Jldes, 
vulnusy  quod  feci  non  dolet,  inquii ;  Sed 
quod  tu  fades,  hoc  mlhi.  Pads,  dolet,  i , 
14..  Pliny  relates  feveral  other  inftan- 
ces  of  her  heroifm,  lb. 

ARRIA,  her  daughter,  the  wife 
of  Thrafea,  wifhed  to  imitate  the  ex- 
ample of  her  mother,  when  that  vir- 
tuous man  was  condemned  by  Nero, 
but  was  diverted  from  it  by  her  huf- 
band,   Tac.  /^nn.  16,  34. 

C.  Arrius,  the  friend  and  neigh- 
bour of  Cicero,  Cic,  jfitt.  2,  14,  15. 
&c. 

Arsaces,  -is,  the  founder  of  the 
Parthian  monarchy ,j7//??n. 4 1,5,  whence 
his  fucceffors  were  called  Arsacidae, 
•arum^  Serv.  ad  Aen.  6,  760. ;  Lucan. 
1,  108.  Arfacis  de  gente,  Tacit.  Ann. 
12,  14.  Regnum  Arfacis,  for  Arfacida- 
rum,  the  kingdom  of  Parthia,  Tac.  G. 
37.  Arsacia  aula,  the  Parthian  court, 
Martial.  9,  36,  3. 

ARSINOE,  -es,  the  fiRer  and  wife 
of  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt,  worfliipped 
as  a  divinity  after  her  death.  Di no- 
chares,  an  architect,  had  begun  to 
build  for  her  a  ctiaptl,  arched  with  load- 
ftone,  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  an  iron 
image  of  her  might  feem  to  hang  in 
the  air.  But  this  attempt  was  Itopt 
by  the  dearh  of  both  the  architedil  and 
©f  the  king,  Plin.  34,  14  f.  42. — Alfo 
the  name  ot  feveral  other  queens. 

Artabanus,  the  fon  oi  Hyftafpes, 
and  brother  of  Darius  king  of  Perfia, 
who  diJIuaded  him  from  making  war 
on  the  Scythians,  Herodot.  4,  83.  as 
he  alfo  diffuaded  Xerxes  from  making 
war  on  the  Greeks,  Id.  7,  10,  11,  46. 
&c. 

Artabanus,  the  fon  of  A.r tasy ras, 
the  chief  favourite  of  Xerxes,  whom 


33     ]  A   R  U 

he  afTaflinated,  in  hopes  of  fucceedi'ng 
to  the  crown  ;  but  was  hirafclf  put  to 
death  by  Artaxerxes,  the  fon  and  fuc- 
cefTor  of  Xerxes,  Ctef.  Excerp.  Hiji,. 
Pcrf  29.  ;  Diodor.  lly'jg.i  Jujlin.  3, 
I. 

Artabanus,  a  king  of  Parthia, 
Tacit.  Ann.  2,  3.  &c.  expelled  by  his 
fubjedls  for  his  cruelty,  ib.  6,  31.  5c 
36.   and  recalled,  ib.  43. 

Artaxer^ies,  -is,  the  name  of  fe- 
veral kings  of  Perfia,  Cic.  Att.  10,  8.  ; 
G.  614.  &  616. 

Artemidorus,  of  Gnidus,  ((?«/- 
diiis),  a  profeffor  of  the  Greek  lan- 
guage at  Rome,  who  prefented  to  Cae- 
far,  as  he  went  to  the  fenatc-houfe,  a 
paper  containing  an  account  of  the 
confpiracy  formed  againll  him  ;  but 
Caefar  did  not  read  it,  Plutarch,  in 
Caefarls  vita. — <|[  2.  A  famous  pugiliil. 
Pan  fan.  Eliac.  2.  ;   Martial  6,  77,  3. 

Artemis,  -idis,  f.  a  name  of  Di- 
ana, Plin.  25,  7  f.  36.  ;  Macrob.  7,  c* 
ult. 

ARTEMISIA,  the  wife  of  Mau- 
solus  king  of  Caria,  who,  after  his 
death,  drank  the  allies  of  his  burnt 
body  in  her  drink,  and  eredled  a  fplen- 
did  monument  to  liis  memory,  one  of 
the  feven  wonders  of  the  world,  Cic. 
Tufc.  3,  31.  w^hence  any  fplendid  mo- 
nument   was    called    Mauf oleum. -» 

There  was  another  Artemifia,  queea 
of  Caria  or  HalicarnafTus,  who  afliited 
Xerxes  in  his  war  againft  Greece,  and 
fought  with  fo  great  valour,  that  Xer- 
xes faid,  "  His  men  fought  like  wo- 
men, and  his  women  like  men,"  Hc' 
rodot.  7,  99.  et  8,  68.  ;  Jufan.  2,  12. 

A  RUNS,  -7ttis,  a  Trojan  chief,  who 
flew  Camilla,  and  was  himfelf  flain  by 
the  nymph  Opis,  the  attendant  of  Di- 
ana,  Firg.  Acn,  11,759,-868. 

Aruns,  thel' brother  of  Luciimo, 
and  father  ot  Egerius,  Ltv.  i,  34. 

Aruns,  the  fon  of  Porsena,  Liv, 
2,  14. 

ARUNS,  a  native  of  CluHum,  who, 
from  refentment  on  account  of  his 
wife's  having  been  fcduced  by  Lucii- 
mo,  a  powerful  young  man,  whole: 
guafdian  he  had  been,  is  faid  to  liave 
E  carried 


A  R  U  C    34    1 

carried  wine  into  Gaul,  in  order  to  ufed 
enrice  that  nation  to  invade  Italy.  He 
is  fald  alfo  to  have  conduded  them 
over  the  Alps,  and  to  have  advifed 
them  to  attack  Clulium,  Liv.  5,  33. 
F'id.  He  LI  CO. 

Aruns  Tarquinius,  the  fon  of 
Tarqulnius  Superbus,  who  attacked  Bru- 
tus with  fuch  fury  in  battle,  that  they 
both  fell  by  mutual  wounds,  Liv.  2, 
6. 

AscALAPHUs,  the  fon  of  Acheron 
and  the  infernal  nymph  Orphne,  who 
having  difcovered  that  Proferpine  had 
eaten  fruit  in  the  infernal  regions,  pre- 
vented her  return  to  earth  ;  on  which 
account  Proferpine  metamorphofed  him 
into  an  owl,  Ovid.   Met.  5,  539. 

AscANius,  called  alfo  Julus  or  Ilitsy 
the  fon  of  Aeneas  and  Creiifa,  the 
daughter  of  Priam,  the  companion  of 
his  father's  flight  and  dangers,  Virg. 
Aen.  I,  646.  and  his  fucceffor  in  ttie 
government  of  Lavinium,  L'ro.  I,  3. 

AscLEpiADEs,  -/V,  a  celebrated  pliy- 
ficiaa,  born  at  Prufa  in  Bithynia,  who 
lived  to  a  gieat  old  age  without  a  com- 
plaint, and  was  at  lalt  killed  by  a  fall 
from  a  ftair,  (fcalarum  lapfujy  Plin.  7, 
37.  He  flourilhed  in  the  time  of 
Pompey  ;  recommended  chiefly  ab- 
ftinence  and  exercife  :  allowed  the  nfe 
of  wine  in  certain  difeafes,  &c.  Plin. 
26,  3  f.  7.  He  was  originally  a  teach- 
er of  rhetoric,  (orandimagijler)^  which 
profcflion  he  changed  for  that  of  medi- 
cine, as  being  more  lucrative,  lb.  A- 
puleius  reckoned  him  the  greated  phy- 
fician  next  to  Hippocrates,  Florid,  c. 
19.  He  wrote  feveral  books,  fome  of 
which  are  mentioned  by  Celfus,  1,3. 
et  2,  14.  et  ^.  praef.  Cicero  fpeaks  of 
him  as  the  friend  of  Ci  alius  the  orator, 
Cic.  Or.  I,  14. 

AscLEPiADEs,  a  philofopher  of  E- 
retria,  (Eretrtcus),  who  having  be- 
come blind,  bore  it  with  great  equa- 
nimity,  Cic.  Tuic.  5,  39. 

AsCLEPiADEs,  a  tragic  poet,  the 
fcholar  of  Ifocrates,  Plutarch,  in  vit. 
Ifocrat. ;  Plin,  in  clench.  Audior.  I.  7. 
from  whom,  or  from  tome  other  poet 
of  the  fame  name,  that  kind  of  verfe 


A  S   I 

by  Horace  in  his  firft  ode  hag 
been  called  Carmen  Ajchpiadacum^  Af- 
clepiadean  verfe,   Dlomed.  3,  p.  408. 

AscLEPioDORUS,  a  painter,  admi- 
red by  Apelles  for  the  fymmetry  of  his 
pidures,  Plin.  35,  10  f.  36. — «[  2.  A 
fculptor,   Li  34,  8f.  19. 

AsCLETARiON,  -dnis,  an  aftrologer, 
put  to  death  by  Domitian,  Suet.  Dum. 

ASCONIUS  Pedianus,  a  gramma- 
rian, born  at  Padua,  fuppofed  to  have 
been  contemporary  with  Livy.  8jme 
of  his  valuable  commentaries  on  Cice- 
ro are  ftill  extant.  Fid.  i^uniJil.  1,7, 
24.  et  5,  10,  9. 

ASDRUBAL,  vel  Hafdruhal,  -alts, 
the  name  of  feveral  Carthaginian  gene- 
rals, particularly  of  a  brother  of  Han- 
nibal's, who  was  defeated  and  flain  by 
the  coafuls  Livy  and  Nero,  near  chc 
river  Mctaurus,  Liv.  27,  48.  &  49.  ; 
Hor.  Od.  4,  4,  34. 

A  SIN  A,  a  Roman  firname,  faid  to 
have  been  derived  from  a  chief  man 
of  the  gens  Cornelia^  who  being  once 
required  to  give  fureties,  brought  into 
the  forum  an  afs  loaded  with  money 
inflead  of  fureties,  Macrob.  Sat.  i,  6. 
propejin.  Hence  Hoi  ace  plays  on  this 
firname,  Ep.  i,  13,  8.  It  feems  that 
the  firname  of  the  father  of  Vinnius,  f. 
Vinius,  to  whom  this  e-piftle  is  infcri- 
bed,  was  As  in  a,  Scoliajl.  ad  loc——* 
From  As  IN  A,  or  -«j,  were  derived  al- 
io, as  it  is  thought,  the  firnames  AfeU 


la,  or  -US)  and  AfelUoy  or  -ius  :  thus, 

Finnius  Asella,  the  friend  of  Ho- 
race, Ep.  I,  13. 

Claudius  AsELLUS,  a  famous  horfe- 
man,  to  whofe  firname  his  antagonift 
Taurea  is  thought  to  allude  in  that 
faying,  Minime  Jis  cantheriura  in  fojfa^ 
Be  nut  an  afs  in  a  ditch,  Liv.  23,  47. 
{^Vid.  Rom.  Antiq.  /.  549.) 
AsELLio,  or 


a  Latin  hiftorian, 
Cic,  Leg.  I,  2.  called  Sempronius  A- 
fellio,   Gell.  4,  9. 

ASINIUS,  the  gentile  name  of  fe- 
veral illuftrions  Romans. 

ASINIUS  POLLIO,    the  friend 
of   Antony,   Cic.  Fani,  10,    31,  32.  & 
33.  and  afterwards  in  great  favour  with 
Augullus  ; 


A  s  r  C 

Auguftus  ;  an  eminent  orator,  ^I'lndtil. 

pajfim,   poet  and    hiftorian,  Hor.  Oct,  2, 

1,9.;    F'lrg.  Ed.  3,  84.  &  d>6.  4,  10. 

AsiNius  Gallus,  the  fon  of  the 
former.   Tacit.  Ann,  ly  12^  el  6,  2^. 

Both  of  them  detracted  from  the 
merits  of  Cicero,  ^AiicfiL  12,  i,  22. 
The  fon  wrote  a  book,  in  which  he 
compared  the  works  of  his  father  with 
thofe  of  Cicero,  and  endeavoured  to 
fSiew  the  fuperiority  of  the  former, 
Plln.  Ep.  7,  4.  The  emperor  Clau- 
dius wrote  a  learned  anfwer  to  this 
book  in  defence  of  Cicero,  Suet,  CI. 
41.  ;   Gell.  17,  I. 

Asopus,  the  god  of  the  river  Aso- 
pus,  which  runs  paft  Thebes,  the  fa- 
ther of  Aegina,  Stat.  Theb.  7,  315. 
who  is  hence  called  Aesop  is,  -uUsy 
Ovid.  Met.  6,  113.  and  grandfather  of 
Aeacus,  the  fon  of  Aegina  ;  who  is 
therefore  called  Afopiadesj  -ae,  ib.  7, 
484. 

ASPASIA,  born  at  Miletus,  a 
woman  of  uncommon  accomplifhments, 
who  taught  eloquence  at  Athens.  So- 
crates ftudied  under  her,  and  Pericles 
was  fo  captivated  with  her,  that  he 
married  her,  Plutarch,  in  Pericle. 

AsPAsiA,  the  wife  of  Xenophon, 
Cic.  Inv.  I,  31.  ;   ^indiL  5,  II,  28. 

L.  AsPRENAS,  -fitis^  a  proconful  of 
Africa,  Tac.  Ann.  i,  53.  Conjularis 
jdfprenatum  domus,  the  family  of  the 
Afprenates^  fome  one  or  more  of  which 
had  enjoyed  the  confulfhip,  Plin.  30, 
7  f.  20. 

C.  Nonius  AspRENAS,  a  young 
nobleman,  lamed  in  the  diverrton  cal- 
led Lufus  Trojae,   Suet.  Aug.  43. 

AssABiNus,  a  god  of  the  Aethio- 
pians,   Plln.  12,  ipf.  42. 

AssARACUs,  the  fon  of  Tros.,  the 
father  of  Capys,  and  grandfather  of 
Aeneas  ;  hence  Domus  AJfaracU  the 
Roman  nation,  Virg.  jicn.  284.  jif- 
Jaraci  Proles,  the  Julian  family,  Id.  G. 
3,  35.  So  Gens  AJfarad,  Id.  Aen.  9, 
643.  Romulus  Ajjarac'i  quem  Janguhiis 
Ilia  mater  Educet,  Virg.  Aen.  6,  778. 
Ajfaraci  Lar^  for  Lares,  the  houfehold 
gods  of  Affaracus,  carried  into  Italy 
by  Aeneas,  ih.  9,  259.     Et  Csnus  AJ- 


3.-3  AST 

farac't  Mnejlheus^  a  defcendant  of,  ib» 
12,  127. 

AsTARTE,  -eSf  a  goddefs  of  the 
Syrians,  faid  to  be  the  fame  with  Ve- 
nus, Ctc.  N.  D.  3,  23. 

Aster  I  A,  vel  f ,  -es,  the  daughter 
of  Titan,  Hygln.  ^i.  the  fider  of  La- 
tona,  and  mother  of  the  Tyrian  Her- 
cules by  Jupiter,  Ck.  Nat.  D.  3,  16. 
&  18.  ;    Ovid.  Met.  6,  108.  ;  Serv.  ad 

^><?-  3'  73- 

ASTRAEA,  the  daughter  of  A- 
ftraeus  the  giant,  and  of  Aurora  ;  or, 
as  others  fay,  of  Jupiter  and  Themis  ; 
put  for  Juftice  or  the  goddefs  of  juf- 
tice,  who,  with  feveral  other  deities, 
lived  on  earth  m  ihe  golden  age.  But 
offended  at  the  vices  of  men,  they  all 
left  the  earth  ;  and  Aftraea,  the  laft 
of  them,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  150.  She  was 
trandated  into  the  fign,  between  Libra 
and  the  Lion,  under  the  name  of  Vir- 
go or  Erigoney  Manil.  4,  ^:^2.  ',  Senec. 
0*fi:av!a,  422. 

ASTRAEUS,  one  of  the  Titans, 
who  is  faid  to  have  begotten,  on  Au- 
rora, the  winds,  Hefiod.  Theog,  378. 
whence  they  are  called  AsTRAti  Fra- 
TRES,  the  Allrean  brothers,  Ovid, 
Met.  14,  545.^' 

AsTUR,  -uris,  aTufcan,  who  joined 
Aeneas  in  the  war  againft  Turnus, 
Virg.  Am.  10,  180. 

AsTYAGEs,  -/J-,  a  king  of  Perfia, 
the  grandfather  of  Cyrus,  Juftin.  i,  4. 
— Alfo  a  perfon  whom  Perieus  is  faid 
to  have  turned  into  a  ftonc  with  the 
Gorgon's  head,   Ovid.  Met.  5,  205. 

ASTylNAX,  -aclisy  (q.  Urbts prin- 
cepi  )  the  Ton  of  He6tor  and  Andro- 
mache; who,  after  the  taking  of  Troy 
by  the  Greeks,  being  concealed  by  his 
mother,  was  difcovercd  by  Ulyffes, 
and  thrown  headlong  from  a  lofty 
tower,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  415.  accuf.  Af- 
tyanactdy  Virg.  Aen.  2,  457.;  Add.  3, 
489. 

AsTYDAMiA,  the  daughter  of  Or- 
menus,  [Onnenis  -idisy)  whom  Hercules 
carried  off  after  flaying  her  father,  Ovid. 
Ep.  9,  50. 

Asrytus,  one  of  the  centaprs,  an 

augur,  who  diffuaded  his  brethren  from 

£  2  lighting 


AST  [36 

fighting  with  the  LafithaCy  Ovid.  Met. 
12,  307 

ASyLAS,  a  Tufcan  augur,  who 
joined  Aeneas  againft  Turnus,  Virg, 
Jen.   10,  175. 

ATAL\NTA,  the  daughter  of 
Jafius,  Cjafis,  id'is,)  an  Arcadian  vir- 
gin, devoted  to  hunting  ;  who  was  the 
firll  that  wounded  the  wild  boar  of 
Calydon  ;  and  on  that  account  was 
belo.ed  by  Melea'^er,  who  flew  the 
boar,  Ot)id.  Met.  8,  317.  From  her 
liative  city  Tegea,  fhe  is  called  Tegeaea, 
fb.  et.  380,  from  the  fountain  Nona- 
cris,  NonacrMj  fc.  virgo,  ih.  426,  and 
from  mount  Maenalus,  Maenaha^  Id. 
Ep  4,  99,  Manilius,  fpeaking  of 
Meleager,  has  Atalante't  labores,  5, 
179.  and  Statius,  jfamque  Atalantae-_ 
m  implerat  nuntlus  awes,  had  reached 
the  ears  of  Pavthenopoeus,  the  ftm  of 
Atalanta  by  Meleager,  Theb.  4,  309, 

AT  A  L  AN  r  A,  a  daughter  of 
Schoeneus,  king  of  the  ifland  Scyros  ; 
hence  called  Schoene'iay  Ovid.  Mtt.  10, 
609.  She  agreed  with  her  lovers  to 
contend  with  them  in  running,  on  this 
condition,  that  fhe  fhould  marry  the 
man  that  vanquiHied  her  ;  but  fuch  as 
were  vanquiflied,  fhe  fhould  flay.  Se- 
veral fuffeVed  this  fate.  At  lafl  Hfp- 
pomenes  conquered  her,  by  throwing 
down,  in  different  parts  of  the  courfe, 
golden  apples  which  he  had  received 
from  Venus ;  and  while  fhe  flopt  to 
gather  them,  he  got  before  her,  Ovid. 
Met.  10,565,  &c.  ;  Hyg'tn.  185.  Pro- 
pertius  confounds  her  with  the  other 
Atalanta,  calling  her  JqfiSi  and  her 
lover  MiLANiON  inflead  of  Hippomenest 

3,  I,  9- 

C.  ATEJUS  Caplto,  a  tribune  of 
the  commons,  who  tried  to  prevent 
CrafTus  from  ii^oing  on  his  expedition 
againil  the  Parthians,  by  telling  bad 
omens,  and  even  attempted  to  carry 
him  to  prifon,  Dlo,  59,  39.  on  which 
account  the  cenfor  Appius  degraded 
Atejus  from  the  rank  of  a  fenator,  al- 
leging as  a  caufc,  that  he  had  faililied 
the  omens,  Cic.  Div.  i,  16. 

£i.T  ^AVi  AS, -anthy  the  fon  of  Aeolus 


1  A  T  H 

and  king  of  Boeotia  or  Thebes.  He 
firft  married  Nephelf.,  by  v^'hom  he 
had  Phrjxus  and  Helle.  Having  di- 
vorced Nephele^  he  next  married  Ino 
the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  by  whom  he 
had  two  G)ns,  Learchub  and  Melicerta 
or  Melicertes.  Phrixus  and  Helle,  to 
avoid  the  machinations  of  their  ftep- 
mother,  fled  on  a  ram  with  a  golden 
fleece,  which  their  mother  Nephele  ha- 
ving got  from  M:;rcury  gave  them. 
Soon  after  Athamas,  through  the  wrath 
of  Juno,  being  "feized  with  madnefs, 
killed  his  fon  Learchus  ;  and  Ino,  to 
fave  herfelf,  fled  with  her  fon  Mellcer- 
tes,  Apollodor.  1,9,  i-  &  2.;  Hygin.  i. 
&  2.  whence  Ino  is  called  Athaman^ 
Tis,  -/<^«,  Propert.  i,  20,  19.  Atha-^ 
mantid^s  undaey  the  fea  adjoining  to 
ThefTaly,  into  wfiich  [no  threw  herfelf 
with  her  fon  in  her  arms,  ib-  —  Arha- 
mantidos  Helles  pecus^  the  ram  on  which 
Helle  and  her  brother  Phryxus  croflTed 
the  Hellefpont,  after\\'^ards  converted 
into  a  conffcellation,  Ovid.  Fajl.  4,  903. 
So  Athamani'idos  aequora,  Ovid,  Ep.  1 8. 
137. —  Athatnant'iades,  -ae,  a  fon  of 
Athamas,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  919. —  ^tha- 
tnanteus  Jlnus,  the  bofom  of  Atham.is, 

Ovid.    Met.    4,   497. Men   vel  Meum 

Aithamariticum,  i.  e.  ab  .nthamante  inven- 
tum,  Phn.  20,  23  f.  94. 

Athenaeus,  a  Greek  grammarian, 
born  at  Naucratis  in  Egvpt  [Naucrati- 
ta;)  who  flouriPaed  under  M.  /Vnto- 
nius  and  Coramodus.  He  publifhed 
feveral  works,  of  which  that  only  re- 
mains called  De'ipnofophijiae^  or  the  So- 
phifls  at  Supper  ;  containing  many  cu- 
rious anecdotes  of  the  ancients  ;  but  ia 
an  imperfeft  ilate. 

Athenio,  -oniSy  a  general  of  the 
fugitive  flaves  in  Sicily,  Cic.  Verr.  2, 
54.  ;  Har.  Refp.  12.  whence  Clodlus  is 
called  b)  that  name,  as  being  the  leader 
of  flaves  and  low  people  at  Rome,  Cic, 
/itt.  2,  12. 

Athenodorus,  of  Tarfus,  (Tar- 
feTifis)y  a  phdofopher,  the  praeceptor  of 
Augudus,  Dioy  52,  36.  et  ^6,  43. ;  Ae^ 
lian,  12,  2S'  ;  Zofim.  i,  6.  j   Cic.  Fam» 

h  7' 


A  T   [^ 


t    37    ] 


A  T  L 


3,7. — Different  peifons  of  this  name     mountain  of  that   name,   by    Perfcu« 


are  mentioned,  Cic.  Atl.  16,  11.  et  14.; 
Sv€t.  Claud.  4. 

Athf.rius  vel  Aterius,  a  certain 
lawyer  in  the  time  of  Cicero  ;  whence 
Tu  ijlhlc  te  Athcr'tano  jure  ddcEtato^  ego 
me  hie  Hiriiauc,  Wiiile  you  at  Naples 
fip  the  meagre  broth  of  Aterius,  1  at 
Rcn)e  regale  n.yfclf  with  the  favory 
fot  p  of  Hirtius,  Cic.  Fam.  9,  18. 

ATI  A,  V.  ylulu,  the  daughter  of  M. 
Atius  Balbus,  by  Julia,  the  filler  of  C. 
Julivis  Caefar,  the  wife  of  C.  O^lavius, 
and  mother  of  Augullus,  Suet,  Aug.  4.; 
Paterc.  2,  59.  ;  Dio^  45,  1.  Virgil,  in 
compliment  to  rVuguilus,  derives  the 
origin  of  the  Atian  family  from  Atys, 
the  friend  of  lulus  ;  thus  tracing  the 
defcent  of  that  emperor,  both  by  the 
father's  and  miOther's  fulc,  from  the 
mod  remote  antiquity,  {Parvus  jJtys, 
genus  imde  Jttii  duxere  Lattni^J  Aen.  5, 
568.  And  becaufe  the  father  of  Atia 
was  fprung  from  Aricia,  [Ariclnusy)  a 
town  near  Alba,  he  is  alfo  fuppofed 
to  allude  to  that  circumftance,  {Vir- 
biusy  injignem  quern  tnater  Aricia  iniftty) 
ib.  7,  763.  et  il/i,  Serv.  But  others 
-here  fuppofe  that  a  nymph  called 
Aricia  is  meant. 

ATlLlA  gefis,  a  plebeian  noble  fa- 
mily at  Rome,  of  which  were  M.  .\ti- 
lius  Rirgulus,  Liv.  Ep.  15,  &c.  M.  Ati- 
lius  Calatinus,  ih.  !"],$<.  19.;  Cic.  Fin. 
2,  35.;  whence  Praedia  Atilianaf  Cic. 
v^'//.  5,  I. 

ATILLA,  (al.  Jtilia  v.  Jcilia,) 
the  mother  of  the  poet  Lucan  ;  named 
by  her  Ion  among  the  conlpirators 
againft  Nero,  Tuc.  Ann.  15,  56.  but 
not  punifned.  She  was  iuffered  to 
live  in  lileut  obfcurity,  {d'ljfimulata.,  ib. 
71  f. 

ATINIA  /<f,"c,  a  law  propofed  by 
one  Atiniii?,  a  tribune,  that  Helen 
goods,  how  long  foever  poflciTed, 
might  be  reclaimtrd,  {de  rebus  furto 
furreptis,  non  ufu  capiendis,)  Cic.  Vcrr. 
1,42^;   Gell.  17,  7. 

ATLAS,  antis^  the  fon  of  Japetus 
or  Japetioi),  [yapelionuiesy  -ae,)  king 
of  Mauritania,  aiid  fuppofed  by  the 
poets  to  have    been    changed  into  a 


prefenting  to  his  fight  the  head  of  the 
Gorgon  Meciijfa,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  627, 
S:c.  ;  Lucan.  9,  6^y.  which  Perfeus 
did  becaufe  xAtlas  refufed  him  an  hof- 
pitable  reception  at  his  houfe,  Ovid.  Ih, 
When  conlidered  as  a  perlon.  Atlas  is 
reprefented  as  fupporting  heaven  on  his 
(houldcrs,  Hygin.  150.  according  to 
Vitruvius,  becaufe  he  iirft  obferved  the 
courfe  of  the  fun  and  moon,  6,  10. 
according  to  Cicero,  from  his  fi<ill  in 
adionomy  (cackjlium  divina  cognitio^) 
Cic.  Tufc.  5,  3.  whence  he  is  called 
Caelifer  Atlasy  Virg.  Aen.  6,  797. 
When  confidered  as  a  m.ountain.  Atlas 
is  faid  to  fupport  heaven  on  his  top, 
(caelum  qui  verti.e  fuhit,)  Virgil,  Aen. 
4,  246.  For  Atlas,  though  converted 
into  a  mountain,  is  defcribed  by  Virgli 
as  fciil  retaining  a  human  form,  ib. 
Atlas  is  faid  to  have  exceeded  ail  mor- 
tals in  lize,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  631.  hence 
he  is  called  Maximus  Atlas,  Virg.  Aen, 
I,  741.  Atlas  has  in  the  vocative,  At' 
la,  Ovid.  Met  4,  643.  To  him  the 
gat  den  of  the  Hefpcrides  belonged, 
w  hich  contained  the  golden  apples  ; 
and  he  is  faid  to  have  been  prevented 
from  admitting  Perfeus  into  his  houfc 
by  a  predidlion  he  had  received  from 
an  oracle,  that  a  fon  of  Jupiter,  which 
Perftus  pretended  to  be,  Ihould  carry- 
off  the  golden  apples  from  the  tree, 
Ovid.  ib. — Atlas  was  the  grandfather 
of  Mercury  by  his  daughter  Maia ; 
hence  Mercury  is  called  Atlantia- 
DEs,  -ae,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  627. — Atlas 
had  ftvcn  daughters  by  the  nymph 
Plddni'j  who  are  faid  to  have  been  con- 
verted into  the  conllellation  called  the 
SEVEN  STARS  (Pltladcs;)  named  from 
their  father  Atlantides,  -urn,  Virg, 
G.  I,  221.  ;  Vitruv.  6,  10.  and  Sor/j- 
res  Atlantiades,  -urn,  Sil.  16,  137. 
— Homer  makes  Calypfo  alfo  a  daughter 
of  .\tias,  Od^fs.  7,  245.  ;  fo  Bygin.  i\ 
125.  whence  Tibyllus  calls  her  liland, 
Faecunda  /^Itlantidos  arva  Cdlypfus^  4, 
1,77.  Hyginus  fays,  that  Atlas  had 
twelve  daughters  ;  feven  of  whom  were 
changed  into  the  Pleiades;  and  five  into 
the  Byades,  fab.   192. — Adj.  Atlantia 

regnay 


A  T   R  C 

regna-,  tTie  kingdom  or  realms  of  Atlas, 
S'tl.  15,  37.  Atlanthis  jinh^  {ox  jirn-y 
the  country  round  Atlas,  put  for  the 
moft  remote  parts  of  the  earth,  Horat. 
Od.  I,  34,  1  I.  Antlanticum  aequor,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  lb.  r,  31,  14.  Mare 
vel  oeeanusy  Cic.  Somn.  Scip.  6.  •  >- 
lantiacujn  profundum^  Aufon.  Mofell. 
144.  Atlantaeum  prope  I'ltius ^  Lucr.  5, 
36. — There  were  feveral  pcrfons  of  the 
name  of  Atlas. 

Atrax,  -achy  a  TheiTalian ;  whence 
Cencus,  one  of  his  defcendants,  is  fup- 
pofed  to  be  called  Atracides,  -ae^ 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  209.  and  Hippodame, 
Atracis,  -/^/j.  Id.  %mor.  1,4,  8. 

ATREUS,  (of  twofyllables,)  -e'l, 
vel  -eosy  the  fon  of  Pelops  and  Hippo- 
damia  king  of  Mycenae;  the  father  of 
Agamemnon  and  Menelaus  ;  who  are 
hence  called  Atridae,  -annn^  Virg. 
A  en.  t,  462.  et  2,  415.  Atrides  minor 
et  major,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  623.  But 
when  Atrides  is  put  by  itfelf,  it  de- 
notes Agamemnon,  Hor,  Od.  2,  4,  7.  ; 
Ovid.  Met.  13,  655.  ;  Ep.  i,  2,  12. 
(See  Geog.  p.  402.)— Atreus  has  in 
the  accuf.  Atrea^  Senec.  Thy  eft.  486. 
Voc.  Atreuy  (in  two  fyllables,)  lb. 
513. — Adj.  Atreus,  i.  e.  Arglvus, 
Stat.  Theh.  8.  743. 

Atropos,  -z,  f.  oneof  the  three  Fates, 
Ts-hole  office  it  was  to  cut  the  thread 
of  life,  (ex  «  priv.  et  rpi-ruj  verto,  i.  e. 
inc\ordhdii)y  Jgnara  moveri  Atropos, 
Stat.Thcb.  3,  67.  Ad/a  r.tropos,  prof- 
perous  fate,  Id.  Sih.  4,  8,  18.  as  Atra 
denotes  fad,  difmal,  Hor.  Od.  2,  3,  16. 

Atta,  (Titus  ^i'mciius)^  a  Roman 
dramatic  poet,  Horat.  Ep.  2,  1,  79. 
{^Sic  diaus,  quod  propter  vitium  crwum 
aut  pcdiiviy  plardii  infijhns,  potius  altin- 
gere  terram  quam  amhulare  videbatur), 
Schohaft.  ex  Fcfto. 

Attalus,  the  name  of  feveral 
kings  of  Pergamus,  the  laft  of  whom, 
having  no  children,  left  the  Roman 
people  his  heir,  F/or.  3,  12.  Hence 
Attaltcae  cGnditicr.^s,  the  promlfe  of  the 
greateft  riches,  or  the  wealth  of  Atta- 
lus, Horat.  Od.  I,  i,  12.  Attalli- 
CA,  'Oruniy  (\c.  aulaca,  \'q\  peripetafmata 
auro  ititexta),  a  kiad  of  embroidered 


3?    ]  A  T  y 

tapeftry  or  hangings,  Cic  Verr.  4,  12* 
which  Attalus  is  faid  to  have  invented, 
Plin.  8,  48.      Vejlcs  Attalicae^   Piopert. 

3,  18,  19.  P  or  lieu  s  aulaeis  nohilis  At- 
talicis.  Id.  2,  32,  12.  At  tali:  us  torus, 
a  couch  adorned  with  fuch   cloth,  Id. 

4.  5»  24. 

Atthis,  -^tdts,  the  daughter  of  Cra- 
naHS,  who  gave  her  name  to  the  coun- 
try  of   Attica,   Paufan.  i,  2.  ;    Strah. 

9,  397.  whence  Ait'oules,  Athenian  wo- 
men, Stat.  Theb.  12,  536.  ;  Martial, 
II,  54,  4.  And  Atthis  is  put  for  a 
nightingale,  from  Philomela,  an  'Athe- 
nian woman,  metamorphofed  into  that 
bird.  Martial  i,  54,  9-  ;  alfo  for  a 
fwallow,  from  Progne,  the  fifter  of 
Philomela,  who  was  changed  into  a 
fwallow,  /^.  5,  68,  2. —  51  2.  \  girl 
beloved  by  Sappho,  Ovid.  Ep,  15,  18. 

Attjcus,  (properly  an  adj.  of  or 
belonging  to  Attica),  a  hrnajne  given  to 
Titus  Pomponius,  the  friend  of  Cicero, 
from  his  fptaking  the  Greek  likt  an 
Athenian,  or  like  a  native  of  Attica, 
[Attice),  Nep.  ,'\ttlc.  4.  whence  the 
daughter  of  Atticus  is  called  Atti- 
CULA,   Cic.  Att.  4,  5. 

Attius.     See  Accius. 

Atys,  orATTYS,  -yis',  alfoATTis, 
■^tdis  ;  or  Attin,  -Iriis,  a  Phrygian 
young  man,  [Phryx  puer),  the  favour- 
ite of  Cybeie,  the  mother  of  the  gods, 
who  made  him  vow  to  her  perpetual 
chaiiity  ;  and  for  having  violated  his 
prom.ife,  punifhed  him  with  infanity. 
Upon  which  he  mutilated  himfelf,  (fc 
cajlravit ) ,  as  all  the  priefts  of  that 
goddefs  did,  in  imitation  of  his  ex- 
ample, Ovid.  Faji.  4,  27,3, — 245.  He 
{Cyheh'ius  Attis)  is  faid  to  have  been 
changed  into  a  pine   tree,  Ovid.  Met. 

10,  103.      (Berecynthius  Jtlin,  Pcrf.  i, 

93-) 

Atys,  a  Trojan  youth,  the  favour- 
ite of  lulus,  from  whom  Virgil  makes 
the  Latin  family  of  the  Attii  to  be  de- 
rived, in  compliment  to  Attia,  the 
mother  ofAluguftus,  Aen.  5,  ^6S. 

Atys  Silvius,  a  king  of  Alba,  Liv. 

Atys,  the  fon  of  Croefus,  killed 
by  accident.     Fid,  Adrastus. 

AVER- 


AVE 


C     39    3 


A  IT  T 


AVERRUNCUS,  a  god,  who  a- 
verted  misfortunes,  {^mala  averrunca- 
bat)y  Varr.  L.  L.  6,  5.;  Gell.  5, 
12. 

AuFEiA  //(j-//^,  a  Roman  aqueduft, 
afterwards   called    Marti  A,  Plin,  31, 

Cn.  AuFiDius,  a  fenator  of  prae- 
torian rank,  who,  though  blind,  ufed 
to  dehver  his  opinion  in  the  fenale, 
and  wrote  a  Greek  hiftory,  Cic.  Tufc, 
5,  39.  When  very  old,  he  adopted 
Oreftes,   Cic.  Fin.  19.  ;  Dom.  13. 

T.  AuFiDius,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
Ck.  Br.  48.  who  is  thought  to  have 
been  praetor  of  Afia,  CAc.  Flac.  19. 
and  the  competitor  of  Cicero  for  the 
confulihip,  Cic.  Atl.  1,  I. 

M.  AuFiDius  Lnrcoy  made  an  an- 
nual income  of  Go.ooo  ftfterces,  by 
fattening  peacocks,  Var.  R.  R.  3,  6. ; 
-Plin.  10,  20  f.  23. 

AUGA,  V.  -e,  -esy  the  daughter  of 
Aleus,  and  the  mother  of  Tclephus 
by  Hercules,  Hygln.  99.  &  100. 

AUGEAS,  V.  Aasy  -ae^  a  king  of 
Elis,  who  is  faid  to  have  had  a  ftable 
which  held  3000  oxen,  and  had  not 
been  cleaned  for  39  years.  Hercules 
cleaned  it  in  one  day,  by  turning  the 
courfe  of  the  river  Alpheus  or  Peneus, 
Hygln.  30.  according  to  ApoUodorus, 
by  turning  the  courfe  of  both,  2,  5. 

AUGUSTA,  a  name  firll  given  to 
Livia,  the  wife  of  Auguftus,  Tacit. 
Ann.  I,  8.  and  after  her  to  fome  of 
the  wives  and  other  female  relations 
of  the  fucceeding  emperors,  'Tacit,  /inn. 
12,  26.  et  15,  23.;  Hijl.  2,  89. 

AUGUSTUS,  a  liiname  given  to 
Oc^avius  or  Oclavianus,  the  adopted 
fon  and  fucceffor  of  Juhus  Caefar,  Suet. 
Aug'  7.  and  after  him  to  the  fucceed- 
jng  emperors;  hence  .'-Vugustales 
facerdotes,  vel  Sodaksi  prieils  appointed 
to    Auguftus   after   his    death,    Tacit. 


[Fid, 


w?«j,  fc.  currusy  Id.  Claud.  11. 

OCTAVIUS.) 

\viDiENus,  a  fordid  fellow,  firna- 
med  Can  IS,  Dog,  from  his  manner  of 
living,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  2,  ^^. 

AULUS,-  a  praenomen  common  a- 
mong  the  Romans,  marked  by  the  let- 
ter A.  as,  A.  Gellius  ;  thus,  Auli  Lex^ 
Is  put  for  Lex  Galiniay  Cic.  Att.  6,  2.- 
AuLi  FiLius,  i.  e.  Afranius,  Cic. 
Att.  I,  20. 

AtJNUs,  a  Ligurlan,  the  father  of 
a  warrior  flain  by  Camilla,  Virg.  Aeru 
II,  700. 

Aurora,  the  goddefs  of  the  morn- 
ing, the  daughter  of  Hyperion  and 
Thea,  Apollochr.  i,  2,  2.  or  Aethra^ 
Hygin.  Praef.  who  fell  in  love  with 
Tithonus,  the  fon  of  Laomedon,^^^^^?//^- 
dor.  3,  11,4.;  Hygin.  2  70.  whence  fhe 
is  called  by  the  poets  the  wife  of  Ti- 
thonus, Ovid.  Ep.  18,  III.  et  16.  199-; 
Am.  2,  5,  15.  ;  Virg.  Aen.  4,  447. 
bt-autifully  and  variouHy  defcribed,  Id, 
Aen./\.y6.  3,  389.  &  521.  5,105.  II, 
129.  ;  Ovid.  Met.  2,  112.  i,  598.  2, 
144.  4,  628.  &c.  put  for  the  eaft,  ib. 
I,  61.  and  the  morning.  See  JLatln 
Didionary. 

AuTOLycus,  the  fon  of  Mercury 
and  Chione,  ingenious  at  every  kind  of 
theft,  who  could  turn  whatever  he 
ftoJe  into  any  colour  he  pleafed.  But 
he  was  at  lail  detected  by  Sisyphus  ; 
who,  while  employed  in  making  the 
detcttion,  is  faid  to  have  feduced  his 
daughter  Anticlea,  who  was  afterwards 
married  to  Laertes,  and  became  the 
mother  of  Ulyffes  ;  whence  Ulyffes  is 
fuppofed  to  have  derived  his  craftinefa 
from  his  grandfather  by  the  mother's 
fide,  ,'iutolycus,  and  from  his  alledged 
father  Sisyphus,  Hygin.  f.  200.  &  201.; 
Ovid  Met.  II,  312.  &c.  ;  Col.  I,  3,  7. 
{Vtd.  G.  451.) 

A  u  T o  M  a  T I  a  ,  a  godde fs  of  fortune, 
Ann,  I,  15.  et  54.  et  2,  83.  et  3,  6.  ;  worlhipped  by  Timolcon,  Nep.  20,  4. 
HiJl,  2,95.  AvGV  ST  ALES  ludi,  games  Automedon,  -ontisy  the  charioteer 
inftituted  in  honour  of  Augudus, '/"tiW/.  of  Achilles,  /^/r^.  yA-zz.  2,  477. ;  Ovid, 
Ann.  I,  15.  (?c  54.  AuGusTANi  equi-  Tr'tft.  5,  6,  10.  put  for  a  charioteer, 
tesy  a  body  of  cavalry,  fo  called  by  Cic.  Rofc.  35.  ;  Add.  ib.  7, 
Nero,  Tacit.  Ann.  14,  15.  Atjgus-  Autonoe,  -esy  the  daughter  of 
TjANi,  Suet.   Ner.  25,      Angujlinusy  v.     Cadmus  and  HermisnCf  the  wife  of  A- 

nltaeu% 


.  A  U  T 
riftaeus,  and  mother  of  Adlaeon 
IS  hence  called  Autonoctus  hero.iy   Ovid. 

Met.  3,  198. Alfo  the  name   of  a 

play,  ywjJcnaL  6,  72. 

P.  A  u  T R o  N I  u  s  Paetusy  ele£led  con- 
ful  with  P.  Sulla,  a.  u.  687,  but  con- 
demned for  bribery,  Cic.  Syll.  1.  ;  Sal- 
lu!l.  Cat.  18.  ;  Dio,  36,  27.  01  courfe 
degraded  from  the  rank  of  a  fenator, 
and  declared  incapable  of  enjoying  any 
public  office.  Id.  37,  25'.  He  after- 
wards confpired  with  Catiline  and  o- 
thers  again  11  the  ftate,  Sallull.  Cat.  17. 
&  18.  ;  Suet.  Cacf.  9.      After  the  death 


[    40    1  B  A  L 

who  per  {cum  adbibit)  cornua  fum'it^  ib.  I,  239. 
or,  as  Diodorus  fays,  becaufe  Bacchus 
firll  taught  the  yoking  of  oxen,  lib.  5. 
Bacchus  is  diftingLiiflied  by  various 
epithets  ;  Corymbljhr^  becaufe  he  de- 
lighted in  ivy,  and  his  votaries  were 
crowned  with  it*  Ovid.  Faji.  i,  393. 
Racemlfer^  Id.  Met.  15,  413.  Last!- 
tla.".  dator^  Virg.  Aen.  i,  734.,  &c. — 
Adj.  Ba'xbdus,  V.  -etusy  et  Bacchuus  ; 
tiius  Bella  Bncchea,  the  wars  of  Bac- 
chus  in    India,    Stat.    Theb.    12,   791. 


cf    Catil 


he    efcaped    to   Greece, 


where  Cicero,  when  forced  into  exile, 
was  afraid  of  being  attacked  by  him 
and  his  afibciates,  Cic.  Att.  3,  2.  &  7. 
As  an  orator,  Cicero  fays  his  chief 
accompliflimeat  was  a  good  voice,  j5rw/. 
68. 

AXILLA,  a  iuname  of  the  Servi- 
Ki,  which,  by  dropping  the  x,  was 
changed  into  Ala,  (  Vejhr  Axilla  Ala 
fadus  eft  fiJgd  liter ae  vajUorisJf  Cic.  Or. 
45;.  The  mother  of  M.  Brutus,  to  whom 
Cicero  infcribed  his  book  called  Or  a* 
TOR,  was  of  the  gens  Servilia,  and 
therefore  he  fays  P^ejler  Axilla^  ib. 

Q^  AXIUS,  a  fenator,  intimate 
with  Cicero,  Cell.  7,  3.  w^ho  had  a 
villa  in  the  beautiful  plains  of  Rok-a, 
Cic.  Att.  4,  15.   f.'  3,  15.;    Farr.  R.  R. 

3,  2.  He  fcems  like  wife  to  have  been 
a.n  ufurer,  Cic.  Ait.  i,  12  Suetonius 
mentions  a  letter  of  Cicero's  to  him, 
Avhich  is   not  now  extant,  Sitet.  Caef. 

BAnyLO,  'onis,  the  name  of  a  bank- 
er,  Ter.  Adel.  5,  7,  17. 

Bacchius,  the  uaaie  of  a  gladiator, 
llor.  Sat.  I,  7,  20. 

BACCHUS,  the  fon  of  Jupicer  and 
Semele,  the  god  of  wine,  ( See  G. 
581.)  Comttyr  uvae,  the  planter  of 
the  vine,   Tihull.  2,  3,  67.  ;  O-vid.  Met. 

4,  14.  hence  put  for  wine,  V^ii'g.  G, 
2,  143.  ;  Ovid.  Rem.  Am.  803.  ;  Firg. 
G.  4,  102.  ;  Sen.  Here.  fur.  697.  re- 
|)refented  with  horns,  Coma  injignis, 
Ovid.  Art.  Am.  3,  348.  becaufe  wine 
makes  people  pctular.t  and  bold,  Pliu- 


Cornuay  ib.  9,  435;.  Bacchei  ululatusy 
Bacchean  yellings,  or  the  cries  of  the 
prielleffes  of  Bacchus,  Ovid.  Md.  11, 
17.  Baccheia  donay  the  gifts  of  Bac- 
chus, i.  e.  the  vine,  Virg,  G.  2,  454. 
3Iuneray  A  u  fon.  Mo  fell  v.  153,  Serta 
Bacchicdy  garlands  of  ivy,  Ovid.  Trifl. 
I,  6,  2. 

Bacchia,  a  daughter  of  Bacchus, 
from  whom  the  Bacchiadae  were  de- 
fcended,  a  family  which  ruled  Corinth 
200  years,  Sirab.  8,  p.  378.  whence 
Corinth  is  called  Ephyre Bacchl'isy  -tdisy 
Stat.  Silv.  2,  2,  34.  This  family  be- 
ing expelled,  failed  to  Sicily  under 
Archias,  one  of  their  number,  and 
built  Syracufe,  Ovid.  Met.  5,  407.  ; 
Thucydid.  6. 

B  AGO  AS,  -aey  a  famous  eunuch 
at  the  Perfian  court,  (G  620.),  fup- 
pofed  to  be  ufeJ  as  a  common  name 
for  a  eunuch,  ^tinuil.  5,  1 2,  21.  which 
is  confirmed  from  Piiny,  (/«  horto  Ba^ 
gouy  ila  enini  vacant  Spadones)  j  Piin.  13, 
4  f.  9.  Ovid  makes  the  name  Ba- 
Gous,  voc.  Bagoe,  Am.  2,  2,  i. 

BALATRO,  'Onii,  an  attendant 
on  Maecenas,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  8,  2  i  <  5c  33. 

B  A  LB  US,  a  native  of  Cadiz,  made 
a  Roman  citizen  by  Pompey,  at  the 
requeit  of  L.  Cornelius  Lcntvdus  ; 
vv'hence  he  allumed  the  name  of  L. 
Cornelius  Balbus,  Cic.  Balb.  a  great 
favourite  with  Julias  Caefar,  Cic,  Ait» 
7,  3.  by  which  meavis  he  afterwards 
even  became  conful,  a.  u.  714,  Plih. 
7,  43  f  44..  He  died  fo  rich,  that  h£ 
left  each  Roman  citizen  25  d,'nariiy 
Uio,  48,  52.  ;  Veil.  2,  51. 

Corn  BALBUS,  nephew  to  the 
former,  by  hiij  fiiltr,   called   Mino*, 

Cic, 


B  A  L  [41- 

C'lc.  Ait.  8,  9.  to  diftinguiHi  him  from 
his  uncle,  who  is  called  Major,  Plhu 
7,  43.  quaeftor  to  Afinius  Pollio  in 
Spain,  Id.  Fam.  10,  32.  who  triumph- 
ed over  the  GaramanteSf  and  was  the 
firft  foreigner  that  enjoyed  that  ho- 
nour, I'l'm.  5,  5.  ;  Solin.  c,  29.  He 
built  and  dedicated  a  theatre,  a.  u.  741, 
which  afterwards  bore  his  name,  Dioj 
54,  25.  et  66y  24.  ;  Suet.  Aug.  29.  ; 
Plln.  s>S' 

Bale  I  duOf  two  Stoic  philofophcrs, 
Ck.  deOr.  3,  21. ;  Brut.  42.;  Fam.  3, 
4.;  N.D.u^. 

BALLIO,  the  comic  name  of  a 
procurer,  Cic.  ^  Rofc.  7.  ;  Phil.  2,  6. 
from  that  of  Plautus,    Pfeud.  i,  2,  59. 

M.  BAMBALIO,  a  nick-name  gi- 
ven to  the  father  of  Falvia.     Fid.  Fa- 

DIUS. 

Barbatus,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family,   Suet.  CI.  2i. 

BARCA,  Barcas,  or  Barchas, 
the  firname  of  Amilcar,  the  father  of 
Hannibal,  Nep.  21,  i.  hence  Barci- 
^A.famiHay  the  family  of  Hamilcar  or 
Hannibal,  Liv.    23,    13.      So  Barcina 


faaio,  the  party  at  Carthage  which  fa- 
voured Hannibal,  Liv.  2if  2.  8c  g.  et 
30,  7  &  42.  Maxijnus  fecundum  Bar- 
cirios  duxy  next  to  thofe  of  the  family 
of  Barca,  i.  e.  next  to  Hannibal  and 
his  brothers,  Liv.  28,  12. 

Bardus  CaJJlus,  a  friend  to  Caefar 
and  Antony,   Cic,  Phil.  13,  2. 

Bard Y LIS,  a  powerful  illyrican  rob- 
ber,    Cic.   Of.  Zy    II. 

Barinc,  the  name  of  a  courtefan, 
Ilor.  Od.  2,  8,  2. 

Barrus,  a  perfon  vain  of  his  beau- 
ty, Hor.  Sat.  },  6,  30. 

Bars  IN  E,  -es^  the  wife  of  Alexan- 
der, murdered  by  Caffander,  with  her 
fon  Hercules,  piflin.  15,  2. 

Basilius,  a  parti zan  of  Caefar's, 
who  afterwards  confpired  againll  him, 
Cic.  Fam.  6,  15. 

Basilus,  an  Iflrian  commander,  on 
the  fide  of  Caefar  in  the  civil  war,  Flor. 
4,  2.  ;   Lucan,  4,  416. 

Basilus,  an  orator  in  poor  circum- 
ftances,  and  therefore  dilregarded,  Ju- 
'yenah  7,  145. 


3  BAT 

Basilus,  a  Roman  governor,  who 
plundered  his  province,  Jiroenal.iOyliz. 

Bass  a  REUS,  voc.  Bajsarcu^  {\x\  three 
fyllables),  a  name  of  Bacchus,  Hor.  Od, 
I,  18,  II.  hence  Bajfaricae  comae,  the 
hair  of  Bacchus,  t'ropert.  3,  17,  30. 
Bas saris,  -"idis,  a  prieftefs  of  Bac- 
chus,  Prrf.  I,  100. 

Bassus,  a  poet,  famolis  for  his  com- 
pofitions  in  Iambic  verfe  ;  a  friend  of 
Ovid's,  Trijl.  4,  10,  47.  ;  mentioned 
alfo  by  Propertius,   1,4,  i.  &  12. 

Bassus  ^w/J'JzW,  an  hiftorian,  in  the 
time  of  Augudus  and  Tiberius,  v/ho 
wrote  an  account  of  the  German  war, 
^linclil.  10,  I,  103.  and  alfo  of  the 
civil  war,  Senile.  Rhetor.  Sua/.  6.  Pliny 
the  Elder  began  the  hiftory  of  his  own 
time  w-here  BafTus  left  off,  P/in.  Praef, 
et  Plln.  Ep.  3,  5.  Neither  of  thefe 
works  remains. 

Caefius  Bassus,  a  poet,  contempo- 
rary with  Quinftilian,    10,  I,  96. 

Several  others  of  the  name  of  BafTus 
are  mentioned  by  the  claffics,  Cic.  Alt. 


12,  5. 


^i 


iSil.  6,  3,  27.  &c.  ;    Plin. 


Ep.  4,  15.  ^/  4,  9.  et  10,  ^2.;  MartiaL 
pqfm. 

Bathyllus,  a  young  man  of  Sa- 
mos,  the  favourite  of  Anacreon,  Flor, 
Epod.  14,  9. — <|[  2.  Alfo  a  pantomime, 
yuvenah  6,  6'^.  ;   Tacit.  Ann.  i,  54. 

BATTIS,  -ulisy  a  native  of  Cos, 
{Coa)y  Ovid.  Pont.  3,  1,  58.  the  mif- 
trefs  of  the  poet   Philetas,  Id.  Tr.  i, 

5,  2. 

BATTUS,  a  Lacedemonian,  who, 
with  a  colony  from  the  ifland  Thera, 
founded  the  city  Cyrene  in  Libya, //c- 
rodot.  ^t  145, — 164.;  Paiifan.  10,  15.; 
Sir  ah.  17.  p.  837.  from  whom  the  Cy- 
renians  i^Cyrenenfes)  were  called  Bat- 
TiADAE,  -arum,  Sil.  3,  253.  and  the 
poet  Callimachus,  a  native  of  Cyrenae, 
who  gave  out  that  he  was  defcended 
from  Battusi  Strab.  ib.  is  called  BAT- 
TIaDES,  -acy  Ovid.  Trill.  5,  5.  38. 
et  in  Ibin.  53.  ;  Stat.  Silv.  5,  3,  157. 
Juitin  fays  that  the  founder  of  Cyrene 
v/as  called  Aristalus,  and  got  the 
name  of  Battus,  from  a  defetl  in  his 
fpeech,  Jufm.  13,  7. 

Battus,  the  name  of  a  fhepherd, 
E  ^Yhom, 


B   A  U  [42 

wKom,  for  having  violated  his  promife 
of  fecrecyj  Mercury  turned  into  a 
touch-ftone,  (Lndi-x),  Ovid.  Met.  2, 
687, 707. 

Baucis,  tdos^  the  name  of  a  poor  old 
woman,  who,  with  her  hufbnnd  Phile- 
mop,  entertained  Jupiter  and  Mercury, 
Ovid.  Met.  8,  631.  &c.  hence  put  for 
any  poor  v/oman,    Perf.  4,  2  i . 

BAVrUS,  a  contemptible  poet  in 
the  tin.e  of  Virgil,    Virg,  Ed.    5,  90. 

Beeryx,  ycis^  a  king  of  that  part 
of  Spain  vv'hich  lies  among  the  Pyre- 
uean  mountains,  Sil.  3,  423.  ;  but  the 
adje:live  is  fhort ;  thus,  rromen  Bchry- 
cia  duxere  a  'virglne  colles^  the  Pyrenean 
mountains  derived  their  name  from 
Pyrene,  the  daughter  of  Bcbryx,  *S'/7. 
3,  420. 

BELLERoPF-iON,  -onfis  ;  -vd 
Bellerophontes,  -ae,  an  ilUiilrious 
Corinthian,  diilinguiflied  for  his  chaf- 
tity,  and  for  his  ikill  in  horfemanfliip. 
He  difdaincd  the  advances  of  Steno- 
boea,  the  vv  ife  of  Proetus,  king  of  Ar- 
gos  ;  whence  he  is  called  Castus, 
Hor.  Od.  3,  7.  15.  and  mounted  on 
his  horfe  Pegafus  flew  the  monfter 
Chimaera,  (See  G.  393.)  whence  E- 
ques  ipfo  meUor  Bellerophonts,   an   incom- 

parcible  nder,  Hor.  Od.    3,  12,  7. 

Bdlerophontei  equi  humor.,  the  fountain 
Piippocrene,  formed  by  the  ftroke  of 
the  hoof  of  Pegafus.   Propert.  3,  3,  2. 

Bellienus,  a  partizan  of  Pom- 
pey's,  whofe  houfe  was  burnt  by  the 
mob  after  the  funeral  of  Caefar,  Cic. 
Phil  8,  15. 

BELLoN'^,  the  goddefs  of  war; 
faid  to  be  the  fifter  of  Mars,  LnBant. 
ad  Stat.  Theb.  ^,  155.  But  Ciaudian 
makes  her  the  daughter  of  that  god, 
Stilic.  2,  372.  She  is,  reprtfented  as 
his  conftant  attendant,  armed  with  a 
bloody  whip,  Virg,  A  en.  8,  703.;  Lu- 
caUi  7.  569.  and  driving  the  horfes  of 
his  chariot,  Stat.  Theh.  7,  72.  IShe  is 
calicd  Ha  STAT  A,  Stat.  Thcb.  2,  719. 
becaufe  before  her  temple  at  Rome 
there  was  a  pillar  called  Bellica, 
over  which  a  fpear  ufed  to  be  thrown, 
when  war  was  proclaimed,  Fejlus  et 
Serv.  ad  Aeri.  9.  53.  Bellona  is  dc- 
fcribed,  Sil,  5,  221.    Ciaudian  Ei:tv,  2, 


]  BEL 

144.  et  de  quart.  Conf.  Honor.  12.— A 
temple  was  vowed  to  her  by  Appius 
Claudius  while  engaged  In,  battle,  Liv. 
10,  19.  In  this  temple,  which  Itood 
without  the  walls  of  the  city,  the  fe- 
uate  was  often  afiembled,  Liv.  26  21. 
28,  9,  &  38.  3c,  22,  &  40.  31,47. 
33,  22,  &  24.  39,  29.  42,  21.  The 
priefts  of  Bellona,  (Bellonarii ;  Turta 
enthcata  Bellonae,  Martial  12,  57,  i  i.), 
ufed  to  cut  their  arms  and  fhouldeVs 
when  performing  her  facred  rites,  Lu- 
can.  I,  566.    TibuU.  1,5,  47. 

Bellovesus,  the  commander  of 
the  fir  ft  body  of  Gauk  that  crolTed  the 
Alps,  in  the  tim.e  of  Tarquinius  Prif- 
cus  ;  and  having  defeated  the  Tufcans 
near  the  river  TicTnus,  took  pofrefiion 
of  that  country,  and  built  the  city  of 
Milan.   Liv.  5,  34 

BELUS,  the  chief  god  of  the  Af- 
fyilans,  Plin.  37.  10.  f.  55.  fuppofed 
to  be  the  fame  with  Baal,  often 
mentioned  in  the  Bible. 

Belus,  the  Plercules  of  India,  Cic, 
N.  D.  3,  16. 

Belus,  a  king  of  Phoenicia,  the 
father  of  Dido,  Virg,  Aen.  i,  621. 
defcended  from  a  remote  progenitor 
of  the  fame  name,  Virg,  ib.  729.  Lac- 
tant.  I,  21.  From  himi  was  fprung 
Barcas,  the  founder  of  the  family  of 
Hamilcar,  and  the  companion  of  Di- 
do's flight  from  Tyre  ;  hence  called 
Bdldes  juvenis,   Sil.  i,  "j'^. 

Belus,  a  king  of  Egypt,  the  fa- 
ther of  Aegyplus  and  Danaus,  who  are 
hence  called  Bclldae  fratres,  Stat. 
Theb.  6,  291.  (nom.  Belides,  -ae ;) 
and  the  daughters  of  l/anaus,  (Da- 
vauUs,)  are  called  from  their  grandfa- 
ther, Belules,  (nom.  f.  Belis^  -idis,) 
thus,  AJfuiue  repetunt  quas  per dant,  Be- 
lides iindas,  they  are  continually  taking 
up  aga'u  the  waters  which  they  lofe, 
Ovid.  Met.  4,  463.  Vid.  Danaus. 
One  of  them  is  alfo  cabled  Beliasy  -adis, 

Senec     Here.   Get.    960. ^Palame- 

des,  one  of  the  generals  of  the  Greeks 
in  the  Trojan  war,  is  called  the  fon.of 
this  Belus,  (Belides,  -ae,)  tjiough 
according  to  Servius,  the  feventh  in 
dcfcent  from  him,  yirg,  Aen.  2,  81. 
Berenice, 


B  E  R.  [ 

Berenice,  -es^  the  name  of  fcvc- 
Tal  queens  of  Egypt,  particularly  of 
one,  whofe  liair  ( Berenice o  vertke  cae- 
faries),  was  converted  into  a  conftella- 
tion,  Catiill.  64,  5.   De  Coma  Berenices. 

Berknice>  a  Jewiih  princefs,  of 
whom  the  Emperor  Titus  was  fo  fond, 
that  he  promifed  to  marry  her,  Suet. 
Tit.  7.  S!ie  is  called  Iiuejla  by  Juve- 
nal, Sat.  6,  157.  becaufe  fhe  was  faid 
to  have  had  commerce  with  her  bro- 
ther King  Agrippa,  jojeph.  Ant.  20, 
5.  with  whom,  flie  lived  for  fome  time 
after  the  death  of  her  hufband,  Herod. 
ib.  4,  &  5.  while  Feftiis  was  governor 
of  Judaea,  zA*7j- 25,  13.  Tacitus  men- 
tions the  paffion  of  Titus  for  Queen 
Berenice,  Hijl.  2,  2.  and  chat  flie  even 
pltafed  Vefpafian  by  the  magniiicence 
of  her  prefents,  ih.  81. 


43 


Berenice,  (al.  PI. 


?Jf  faid  to 


have  been  the  only  woman  that  was 
the  daughter,  lifter,  and  mother  of 
vigors  at  the  Olympic  games,  (Olym- 
piomcarumjy  Plin.  7,  41.  and  therefore 
the  only  woman  admitted  to  fee  the 
games,  Val.  Max,  8,  15.  ext.  4,  f. 
Aelian.  Var.  H'lft.  10,  I. 

Be  ROE,  -es,  the  nurfe  of  Semele, 
the  m.other  of  Bacchus,  Oiud.  Met.  3, 
278. 

Beroe,  the  wife  of  Doryclus,  Virg» 
Aen.  5,  620. 

Beroe,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
(Oceaiutisf  -tdis,)  and  lifter  of  Clio, 
Flrg.  G.  4,  341. 

Berosus,  a  famous  aftrologer,  to 
w'hom,  on  account  of  his  divine  pre- 
didlions,  the  Athenians  ereded  a  fta- 
tue  at  the  public  expence,  with  a  gilt 
tongue,  in  the  gymnafium.,  Plin,  7,  37. 
Add.  Fitruv.  9,  7.  He  is  thought  to 
be  the  fame  with  the  hiltorian  men- 
tioned by  Jt)fephus,  who  is  faid  to 
have  been  a  prielt  of  Belus  at  Baby- 
lon in  the  time  of  -lexander;  lih.  i. 
contra  Aplon,  and  by  Eufebius  10, 
Praep.  E-vavgel.  p.  289.  Edit.  Rob. 
StepL 

L.  Calpurnius  BESTIA,  a  conful 
in  the  Jugurthine  war,  SalluJ}.  jfug. 
27,  &c.  condemned  by  the  Mauiillan 
Jaw,  Cic.  Or.  25  70.5  Brut.  24. 


}  BIT 

BIAS,  -antisy  a  native  of  Prlene  in 
Ionia,  one  of  the  feven  wife  men  of 
Greece  ;  who,  upon  the  taking  of 
that  city  by  the  enemy,  having  fled 
without  taking  any  of  his  effefts  with 
him,  as  others  did,  being  aflved  t^e 
caufe,  faid,  omnia  me  a  mecum  por- 
TO,  I  carry  all  my  things  with  me, 
Cic~  Paradox,  i. 

BiEULUS,  a  firname  of  the  Cal- 
purnii : 

M.  BiBDLus,  the  coljeague  of  Ju- 
lius Caefarin  the  confulftiip,  Cic.  Har, 
Refp.  2  2.     Att.  2,  19.  et  alibi pajfim. 

BION,  -o/kV,  a  celebrated  fophift 
and  poet,  born  in  Scythia,  near  the 
river  Boryfthenes  ;  hence  called  Borys- 
thenltesy  Laert  4  46.  contemporary 
with  Socrates  ib.  He  came  to  A- 
then-,  where  he  diftinsjuilhed  himfelf 
by  his  genius  and  wit,  ib.  Cicero  men- 
tions one  of  his  witty  remarks,  Tufc. 
3  26.  He  imitated  Archilochus  and 
Hipponax  in  his  poems  ;  whence  Bio- 
net  fernmneSf  the  fatires  of  Bion,  or 
fatirical  compofitions  like  thofe  of 
Bion,   Hor.  Ep.  2,  2,  60. 

EIS^VLTIS,  Adts,  the  daughter  of 
Bifaltis  or  Bifaltes,  v/ho  being  viola- 
ted by  Neptune  in  the  form  of  a  ram, 
brought  forth  the  ram  with  a  golden 
fleece,  which  carried  Phryxus,  Ovid, 
Met.  6,  117.  Hyginus  calls  her,  Theo- 
phaney  188. 

BiSTON,  -onisi  the  fon  of  Mars  and 
Callirhoe,  who  built  the  city  Biftonia 
in  Thrace  ;  whence  the  Thracians  are 
called  Bifiones  or  Bijlonii ;  Bjjlonii  vi- 
ri,   Ovid.  Met.  13,  430. 

BiTiAS,  a  nobleman  at  the  court 
of  I  >ido,    Virg.  Aen.  1,  738. 

BiTiAs,  the  fon  of  Alcanor,  an 
inhabitant  of  Mount  Ida,  the  brother 
of  Pandarus,  Virg  Aen.  9,  672.  uaiu 
by  Turnus>  ib.  703.  et  i\^  396. 

BITON,  -5ni/,  the  fon  of  the 
prieftefs  of  Juko  at  Ar-o^,  ( ,^lrgiae 
.facer dot! s),,  who  one  day  at  a  fole rnn 
facrifu  e,  when  the  mules  were  too 
long  of  coming,  together  with  his 
brother  Cleobis,  drew  the  chariot  of 
their  mother  to  the  temple.  Where- 
upon flie  having  prayed  the  goddefs 
J?  2  ta 


B  L  A  t    44 

to  beftow  on  her  fons  the  greateft  re- 
ward that  could  be  given  to  man  by  a 
god,  they  were  both  found  dead  next 
morning,  Herodot.  I,  3 1.  C'tc.  Tufc. 
1,  47.    PJufarch.  de  Corifolat. 

Blaesus,  a  firname  given  to  Arif- 
taeus,  or  Battus,  the  founder  of  Cy- 
rene  in  Africa,  from  his  Hfpmg  man- 
ner  of  fpeaking,   On}'uL  In   Ib'in.    541. 

Jiijlin..  13,  7,  Herodot    4,  JC. ^  2. 

J\lfo  a  firname  of  the  family  of  the 
Sempronn  at*  Rome,  Stat,  Sih.  2,  i, 
191.  Tacit.  H'Jl.  I,  59.  ^tod  donas y 
facts  ipff  Blafianitm,  you  make  the  gift 
of  Blaefus  ;  you  call  the  feftival  inlli- 
tuted  in  honour  of  him  Fejium  Blaefia- 
num.  Martial    8,  38,  14. 

BocCAR,  -arts,  a  Mauritanian  name, 
put  for  any  Mauritanian  or  African, 
"Junicnal.  5>  90. 

BoccHUs,  a  king  of  Mauritania, 
who  dehvered  Jugurtha  in  chains  to 
Sulla,   SalluL  Jug.  113. 

BoETHUs,  a  carver  and  ftatuary, 
C'lc.  Verr.  4,  14.    Pl'in.    33,  55.   et  34, 

8.  a  Carthaginian,    Paufan.  5,  J  7. 
BoETHUS,  a  Stoic  philofopher,  Cic, 

Di-v.  I,  8.  et  2,  20.  Laert.  7,  143, 
&c. 

BoGUDEs,  -Is,  a  king  of  Maurita- 
nia Tingitana,  Cic.  Fam    10,  32. 

M.  B0LANUS,  a  friend  of  Cicero's, 
C'lc  Fam.  13,  77. 

BoLANUs  or  Bollaniis,  a  choleric  or 
irritable  perfon,  who  kept  thofe  who 
were  apt  to  be  impertinent  at  a  dif- 
tancc  ;  whence  Horace  fays  of  him, 
0  te,  B'jlane,  cerebri  felicemy  O  Bola- 
nus,  happy  in  having  a  brain  or  tem- 
per eafily   ruffled  or   irritated,  Sat.  i, 

9,  II.  et  ibi  Scholiafi.  But  others  fup- 
pofe  Boianus  to  have  been  a  dull 
phlegmatic  man,  who  could  bear  pa- 
tiently any  impertinence  or  infipid  dif- 
courfe,  Cruquius.  The  firil:  Interpre- 
tation, however,  feems  preferable ; 
whence  cerebrofus  is  put  for  iracundus, 
pafhonate,   Hor.  Sat.   i,  5,  21. 

BoMiLCAR,  -aris,  a  Carthaginian 
general,  cruciiied  on  fuipicion  of  trea- 
fon,  called  Rex,  from  his  being  fuf- 
pe(5i:ed  of  afpiring  at  fovcreignty,  juf- 
tin.  22,  7. 


1  B  R  E 

BomilCAR,  a  commander  of  the 
Carthaginian  fleet,  Liv.  23,  41-  24, 
36,   &c. 

BONA,  vel  Bona  Dea,  the  name 
of  a  goddefs  among  the  Romans,  wor- 
fhipped  only  by  women,  Cic.  Att.  i, 
12.  et  2y  4.  Harufp.  Refp.  1 7.  Dom. 
40.  'Templum  ejus  virum  introire  non  /i- 
cebat,  Macrob.  Sat.  I,  12.  Sacra  Bo- 
nae  maribus  non  adeunda  deae,  Tibul.  I, 
6.  2  2.  It  was  thought  that  any  man 
that  faw  them  would  be  deprived  of 
fight,  ib.  24.  Add.  Ovid.  Fnjl.  5,  148, 
&c.  Art.  3,  637,  et  243,  Juvenal.  6, 
314,  et  2,  86.    Propert.  4,  9,  25. 

Bootes,  -ae,  vel  -/j,  (i.  e.  bubu/cus, 
the  ox-dnver),  a  conftellation  near  the 
Urfa  Major^  Hygin.  Aftron.  2,  2. 
called   alfo    Ar6l6phylax,   Cic.   N".  D. 

2,  42.  This  name  was  given  to  Ar- 
eas, the  fon  of  Caliilo,  when  tranfla- 
ted  into  a  conftellation,  [G.  417.) 
called  piger,  from  the  flownefs  of  his 
motion,  Juvenal,  5,   23.  ;    Ovid.  Fa/l. 

3,  405.;  tardus.  Id.  Md.  2,  1 72.  So 
Cur  fcrus  verfare  boves,  et  plaujlra 
Bootes,   Propert.  3,  5,  35. 

BOREAS,  -ae,  a  king  of  Thrace, 
who  married  Orithyla,  the  daughter 
of  Erechtheus,  king  of  Athens,  Hero- 
dot-  7,  189.  or  according  to  Ovid  car- 
ried her  off,  Met.  6,  707.  and  had  by 
her  twins,  Calais  and  Zethes,  v/ho  re- 
feniiiled  their  father  in  having  wings, 
Ovid,  in  Ibin.  713.  Boreas  was  faid 
to  have  power  over  the  winds,  and 
was  afterwards  worfhipped  by  the  A- 
thenlans  as  the  god  of  the  north 
vi'ind,  Herodot.  ib.  As  fuch  Ovid  de- 
fcribts  him,  ib.  690,  5cc. 

BosTAR,  a' Carthaginian  prophet, 
Sil.  3,  647. 

Branch  us,  a  fon  of  Apollo,  Stat. 
Theb.  3,  479.  called  by  the  fame  e- 
pithet  with  his  father  Intonsus,  /5. 
8,  198.  Apollo  is  alfo  called  Bran- 
chides,  Mel.  I,  17.  pr.  and  the 
prieils  of  his  temple  in  Ionia,  Bran- 
ch idae,  Plin.  '5,  29,/.  30,  Amnuanm 
Marcellin.  29,  I. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  the  Gauls, 
who   took    Rome,    Liv.    5,    38,    .^c. 

(G.   230;) <j|  2.  Another,    who 

attempted 


B  R   I 


C    4 


Attempted  to  pluncjer  the  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi,  but  was  miracu- 
j  loufly  prevented.  Concerning  the 
I  manner  authors  differ,  jfujlin,  24,  6, 
&c.  ;  Propert.  3,  13,  51.;  P aujaiu 
23.  ;   Vol.  Max.  I,  !,  18. 

Briareus,  (3  fyll.)  a  huge  giant, 
the  fon  of  Caehis  and  Terra,  faid  to 
have  an  hundred  hands,  ( centumgemt' 
nusj,  Virg.  Aen,  6,  287.  called  alfo 
Aegaeon,  ib.  10,  565.  whence  Bna- 
rews,-at  umt  Claudian.  de  Rapt.  Pro- 
ferp.  3,  188. 

Br'imo,  -uSf  f.  a  name  of  Hecate 
or  Proferpine,  Propert,  2^  2,  12.  ;  Stat. 
Sih.  2,  3,  38. 

Brisaeus,  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
either  from  Brifa.,  a  promontory  of  Lef- 
bus,  where  he  was  worfhipped,  or  from 
Brifa,  a  lum.p  of  preffed  grapes  ; — add- 
ed as  an  epithet  to  the  poet  Accius, 
Per/.  I,  96.  becaufe  poets  vi'ere  fup- 
pofed  to  be  uudev  the  protection  of 
Bacchus.  But  fome  here  read  Bri- 
sk is,  the  name  of  a  tragedy  of  Acci- 
us. 

Prise  IS,  -z'^/j,  voc.  Bnset^  a  native 
of  Lyrneffus,  a  city  of  Troas,  remark- 
able for  her -beauty  ;  who  fell  to  the 
lot  of  Achilles,  in  the  diftribution  of 
the  captives,  when  that  city  was  taken 
by  the  Greeks.     See  Geog.  p.  446. 

Britannicus,  the  fon  of  Claudius 
by  MefialTna  ;  fo  called  becaufe  under 
that  emperor  a  part  of  Britain  was  fub- 
^wtdiy  jfuvenaL  6,  124;  Tacit,  ""nu.  11, 
II.  et  12,  2.  deprived  of  the  fuccefiion 
to  the  empire  by  the  art  of  A,gripplna, 
the  mother  of  Domitius  Nero,  Tac. 
Ann,  12,  25,  41,  68,  &:c.  and  at  laft 
poifoned  by  Nero,  ib,  13,  16.  ;  Suet, 
Ner.  33.  ^ 

Britomartis,  a  nymph,  the 
daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Carme,  a  fa- 
vourite of  Diam,  who  being  beloved 
by  Minos  king  of  Crete,  to  avoid  fall- 
ing into  his  power,  threw  herfelf  from  a 
rock  into  the  fea,  Virg.  Cir.285, — 295.; 
CaUimach.  in  Dian.  i8y,  &c.  But  others 
fay,  that  (he  was  faved  by  fome  fifliers, 
v;ho  hid  her  under  their  nets,  (J<xTua,^ 
whence  ilie  was  alfo  called  Dictyn- 


5    ]  B  R  XT 

NA,   Diodor.  5,  76.  ;    Anton.   Liheralis 
Metaph,  c.  40. 

Bromius,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  (~«'» 
Tw  BpE^.ii  ,  a  fremendo,)  from  the  noifc 
of  thunder  at  his  birth,  Ovid.  Met.  4, 
II.;  Lucan.  5,  73.  hence  Bromius,  -a 
-urn  ;  hromli  remi,  the  oars  of  the  fliip 
of  Bacchus,  Claudian.  de  Conjul,  Stilic.  3, 

365- 

Brontes,  -ae,  one  of  the  Cy dopes ^ 
who  forged  Jupiter's  thunder-bolts, 
^B/)9vtk)  Virg,  Aen,  8,  4^4. 

Broteas,  -ae,  one  of  the  Lapithac, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  262. — «jj2.  Alfo  a  noted 
boxer,  ih.  5,  107. 

Brotheus,  -W Broteas,- g'fon  of 
Vulcan,  who  being  mocked  for  his  de- 
formity, threw  himfelf  into  the  fire,  and 
wa?  confumed  by  the  flames,  Ovid,  in 
Jlin.  V.  519.  But  fome  think  this 
paffage  has  been  interpolated. 

BRUTUS,  the  firname  given  to 
Lucius  Junius,  who  expelled  the  Tar- 
quins,  from  his  apparent  ftupidity,  Ll'O^ 
I,  66.  (G.  204.)  Bruins  erat Jlulti /apt- 
ens  imitator,  ut  ejjet  "Tutus  ab  injidiis,  dire 
Superbe,  iuis,  Ovid.  Fail.  2,  717.  called 
Ultor,  becaufe  he  revenged  the  cruelty 
of  king  Tarquin,  and  the  rape  of  Lu- 
cretia  by  his  fon  Sextus,  Virg.  Aen.  6, 
819.;  Ovid.  ib.  S;^J.  He  punifhed  his 
own  fons  with  death  for  confpiring  to 
reltore  the  regal  government,  ib.  820.  ; 
Liv.  2,  5.  it  feems  this  aftion  was 
blamed  by  fome  in  the  time  of  VirgiL 
The  poet  therefore  makes  Anchifes  add, 
Uteunque  ferent  ea  fada  miner es  ;  Vincet 
amor  patriae,  laudumque  imnienfa  cupido^ 
ib.  823.  Propertius  praifes  this  deed, 
by  joining  xXitfecures  or  axes  of  Brutus 
with  the  courage  of  Decius,  4,  i,  45". 
Brutus  fell  in  battle,  fighting  with 
Aruns  Tarquinius,  Liv>.  2,  6. 

M.  jfunius  Brutus,  a  tribune,  who 
fupported  the  Oppian  law  concerning 
the  drefs  of  matrons,  Liv.  34,  i.  He 
was  afterwards  made  praetor,  Id.  35, 
24.   and  conful.  Id.  40,  59. 

D.  [al.  A.)  Junius  Brutus,  conful 
with.  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  a.  616, 
Cic.  Brut.  22.  was  put  in  prifon  by  the 
tribune  Curiatius;  C;V.  Legg.  3,  9.  Ha- 
ving 


B   R    U  [ 

"^'ing  conquered  the  Gallaect  in  Spain, 
he  obtained  a  triumph,  Ctc.  Bivh.  1 7. 
whence  he  <vot  the  lirname  of  Gal- 
LAECUS.  ^^//,  2,  5.  He  was  a  good 
Greek  fcholar,  {Gracce  doBuSy)  Cic. 
Brut.  28.  and  fo  fond  of  poetry,  that 
he  adorned  the  entrances  to  the  temples 
and  monuments  of  his  family  by  in- 
fcribing  on  them  the  verfes  of  his  friend 
Attius,  the  poet,  Gic.  Arch.  11. 

M.  Junius  BP.UTUS,  the  fon  of 
M.  Brutus,  lieutenant  to  the  conful 
L.epidu3  in  Cifalpine  Gaul,  who  was 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Pompcy  after 
having  furrcndered  himfelf,  Plutarch,  in 
Pomp,  el  Brut.  App'tan^  B.  C.  2,  p.  497. 
His  mother  Servilia  was  fifter  to  Cato 
by  the  mother's  lide,  Cic.  Tufc.  5,  i. 
of  the  family  of  Servilius  Ahala,  who 
ilew  Spurius  Maelius.  Brutus  having 
loll  his  father  when  very  youngs  was 
educated  with  great  care  by  his  uncle 
Cato.  Being  adopted  by  his  uncle 
Q^  Servilius  Caepio,  he  is  fometimes 
called  Qj^  Caepio  Brutus,  Apfian. 
ibid.  Cic.  PhiL  10,  il.;  -itt.  2,  24.  ;  or 
fimply,  Q.  Caepio,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  2  1.  , 
Dio.  41,  63. 

Brutus,  not  only  in  youth,  but 
through  the  whole  of  his  life,  applied 
with  the  greateft  attention  to  iludy. 
He  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
the  doctrines  of  all  the  fedts,  of  the 
Greek  philofophers  ;  but  he  chitfiy 
elleemed  the  old  academy,  or  the  Plato- 
nifts,  Plutarch,  in  Brut.  Ke  wrote  books 
on  various  fubjeds,  Cic.  Att.  12,5.^/13, 
8.;  Acad.  I,  3.;  Fin.  1.4.  and  Cicero 
infcribes  feverai  of  his  books  to  him., 
Cic.  Brut.  I.  Qrat.  i.  Tufc.  i.  &c. 
The  talents  and  virtues  of  Brutus  pro- 
cured him  univerfal  refpedt,  ih.  But 
fome  circumftances  are  mentioned  by 
Cicero  concerning  his  connedi  »n  with 
ufurers  not  much  to  his  credit,  Cic.  Att. 
5,  21.  f/  6,  I.  &c.  In  the  civil  war 
between  Pompey  and  Caefar,  though  he 
hated  Pompey,  as  the  murderer  of  his 
father,  yet  he  joined  his  pat  ty,  thinking 
it  lefs  dangerous  to  the  liberty  of  his 
country  than  that  of  Caefar,  Plutarch. 
Cic.  /itt.  11,4.  He  was  prefent  in  the 
battle  of  Pharialia  5  but  after  the  de- 


46     ]  B    R  U 

feat  of  Pompey,  he  fubmitted  to  the 
conqueror.  Caefar  had  particularly 
charged  his  officers  to  fpare  Brutus, 
out  of  tenderners  to  his  mother  Servi- 
lia, of  v/hom  Caefar  in  his  youth  had 
been  paffionately  fond  ;  and  afterwards 
continued  his  attachment,  fo  that  fome 
alleged  Brutus  v; as  his  fon,  Plutarch  in 
Brut.  Suet.  Caef.  50. ;  Appian,  2,  49S. 
Whatever  be  in  this,  Caefar  not  only 
forgave  him,  but  inilantly  received  him 
into  favour.  When  about  to  make  an 
expedition  into  Africa  againft  Cato  and 
Scipio,  he  committed  to  Brutus  the 
government  of  Cifalpine  Gaul,  where 
he  conduced  himfelf  with  the  greateli 
prudence  and  integrity. 

Brutus>  after  his  return  to  Rome,  di- 
vorced his  wife  Claudia,  without  any 
ground  of  complaint,  for  the  fake  of  mar- 
rying Porcia,  the  daughter  of  Cato  and 
widow  of  Bibulus;  for  which  he  was 
much  cenfured,  Cic.  Att.  13,  9.  et  to. 
A.  U.  709,  Caefar  m.ade  him  city  prae- 
tor in  preference  to  CaiTius.  But  the 
favours  of  Caefar  could  not  gain  the 
friend (liip  of  Brutus.  He  could  not 
bear  the  thoughts  of  owing;  to  a  maf- 
tcr  ihofe  preferments  which  he  fhould 
have  received  from  a  free  people.  He 
therefore  always  behaved  to  Caefar 
with  diftance  and  referve.  By  the  art 
of  Cafiiu;^,  who  was  married  to  his  fifter, 
he  v/as  brought  to  join  the  confpiracy 
agai nil  Caefar,  Plutarch.  But  Dio  makes 
Brutus  the  author  of  the  plot,  44,  [3. 
and  fays  that  he  brought  Caffius  to 
join  in  it,  i^.  14,  'I'o  this  undertaking 
Brums  is  faid  to  have  been  prompted 
by  various  intimations  from  unknown 
hands.  Under  the  Itatue  of  Brutus 
who  expelled  Tarquin  w^ere  written 
theie  words,  0  thai  lue  had  a  Brutus  how.' 
0  thai  Brutus  ivere  alive  I  The  tribunal 
on  which  he  fat  as  praetor  was  filled 
each  morning  with  fuch  infcriptions  as 
thefe  :  **  You  are  afleep,  Brutus  ;" 
**  You  are  not  a  true  Brutus,"  Plutarch, 
in  Brut.  Dio.  44,  i2.  ;  Appian.  B.  C. 
2,  p.  498.  ;  Suet.  Caef.  80.  He  was 
confirmed  in  his  purpofe  by  the  general 
difcontent  at  Caefar's  ufurpation  ;  and 
thought  that  the  only  v.-ay   of  freeing 

hia 


B   R   U  [    47     1  B   R   U 

by   cutting   off   the     the  right  wing,  gained  the  vi£lory  and 


hh  country,    was 

ufurper.  Hence  .-Sntony  ulcd  to  de- 
clare, that  c-f  all  the  confpirators,  Hru- 
tus  alone  aded  from  virtuous  motives, 
but  that  the  reft  were  aftuated  by  pri- 
vate malice  and  envy,  Plutarch,  in  Br, 
Caefar,  when  attacked  by  the  confpira- 
tors  in  the  fenate-lioufe  on  the  Ides  of 
March,  a.  u.  710,  feeing  Brutus  rufliing 
on  him,  is  reported  to  have  faid  in 
Greek,  j^nd  are  you  among  them  ;  you,  my 
Jcnl  Suet.  Caef.  82.  But  Dio  denies 
the  truth  of  this  fatt,  44,  19.  and  Plu- 
tarch takes  no  notice  of  it,  hi  Brut.  Ap- 
pian  fays,  that  Caefar  at  iirft  made  a  vio- 
lent reiiftance,  but  that  being  ftruck  by 
Brutus,  he  covered  his  face  with  his  robe, 
and  quietly  fubmitted  to  his  fate.  Bell. 
Civ,  2,  p.  502.  Suetonius  fays,  that 
he  never  uttered  a  word,  ib.  The  in- 
activity of  Brutus  and  his  party,  after 
perpetrating  the  deed,  ruined  their 
caufe.    Fid.  Octavius  et  Antonius. 

Brutus  and  Caffms  being  forced  to 
leave  Rome  by  the  art  of  Antony, 
after  remaining  for  fome  time  in  Italy, 
pafled  over  into  Greece.  .  They  were 
every  where  received  v.'ith  the  greattft 
honour,  particularly  at  Athens;  where 
brazen  ftatueswere  ereftedtothem,  nigh 
to  thofe  of  Harmodius  and  Ariitpglton, 
whom  the  Athenians  regarded  as  the 
deliverers  of  their  country  from  the  ty- 
ranny of  the  fons  of  Pififtratus,  about 
468  years  before,  Dio.  47,  20.  Caffius 
fet  out  for  the  province  of  Syria,  which 
he  foon  became  mafter  of.  Brutus  re- 
mained at  Athens,  hearing  and  conver- 
fing  with  the  phiiofophers,  as  if  he  had 
nothing  elfe  in  view.  He  fecretly, 
however,  made  preparations  for  war. 
At  length  he  began  to  ad  openly,  and 
with  fuch  fuccelb,  that  in  a  fliort  time 
he  colledled  a  great  army,  equipped  a 
numerous  fleet,  and  got  poffcllion  of  all 
Greece  and  Macedonia,  Plutarch,  in 
Brut.  ;  Dio.  47,  21,  and  22.  ;  Fell.  2, 
6^.  ;  Lin).  Epit.  118 

Brutus  and  Caffius  having  Joined 
their  forces,  came  to  a  decifive  engage- 
ment with  Antony  and  06lavius  in  the 
plains  of  Philippi.  In  this  battle  Lru- 
tus,  who  was  oppofed  to  Odavius  on 


took  the  camp  of  Oclavius.  But  An- 
tony was  equally  fuccefsful  againft  Caf- 
fius on  the  left  ;  who  having  retreated 
to  fome  rifing  grounds  adjoining,  fent  a 
centurion  to  enquire  what  Brutus  was 
doing,  for  the  duft  intercepted  his 
view.  The  centurion  fell  in  with  a 
body  of  cavalry  which  Brutus  had  fent 
in  quell  of  Caffius,  and  returned  ilowly 
with  them  as  if  there  was  no  dnnger, 
Caffius  obferving  thefe  cavalry  ap- 
proach, and  taking  them  for  the  e- 
nemy,  ordered  Pandarus,  his  freedman, 
to  kill  him.  The  centurion  feeing  the 
fatal  efFedls  of  his  tardinefs,  alfo  flew 
himfclf.  Brutus  lamenting  the  fate  of 
Caffius,  called  him  the  "  lail  of  the 
"  Romans."  Having  now  become  fole 
commander  of  both  armies,  he  wiflied 
to  decline  battle  ;  and  if  he  had  done 
fo,  Antony  and  Odtavius  muft  have 
yielded,  as  they  were  in  the  utmoit 
want  of  provifions.  Befides  •  the  fleet 
of  Brutus  under  Statius  Murcus  and 
Acnobarbus  had  gained  a  great  vidory 
over  the  fleet  of  the  Triuiiiixiriy  under 
Domitius.  But  fearing  the  defertion 
of  his  men,  whom  Antony  and  Oftavi- 
us  ufed  every  art  to  feduce,  he  v^^as  led 
to  rifk  a  fecond  battle*;  in  which,  after 
an  obftinate  conflid,  he  was  entirely 
defeated.  Hearing  that  a  number  of 
his  friends  had  joined  the  conquerors, 
and  being  furrounded  on  all  hands,  ha- 
ving taken  each  of  his  friends  by  the 
hand,  he  addrefled  them  with  a  chear- 
ful  countenance,  and  exhorted  them  to 
provide  for  their  fafety.  Then  with- 
drawing with  two  or  three  of  his  par- 
ticular confidents,  he  fell  on  his  fword 
and  expired.  Some  fay,  that  Strato, 
his  former  fellow  fl;udent,  at  his  earnelt 
entreaty,  held  the  fword,  with  his  face 
turned  away  ;  and  that  Brutus  ruflied 
upon  it  with  fo  much  violence,  that 
entering  at  his  breail,  it  paffisd  quite 
through  his  body.  Antony  honoured 
Brutus  with  a  fplendid  funeral,  and  fent: 
his  afncs  to  his  mother  Serviha,  Plu- 
tarch. Suetonius  fays  that  Oclavius 
fent  the  head  of  Brutus  to  Rome  to  be 
put  below  the  ftatue  of  Caefar,     uet, 

Aug. 


B   R  tJ 


I     4 


jfug-»  13.  But  according  to  Dio,-  it 
was  thrown  into  the  fea,  in  a  tempell 
(during  the  pafTagre  froin  Dyrrhachium, 
47,  46.  Dio  alfo  relates,  that  Brutus 
before  his  death  repeated  in  Greek 
this  faying  of  Hercules  ;  "  O  rirtue, 
*'  thou  art  an  empty  name  :  I  have 
**  wcrfliipped  thee  as  a  goddefs,  but 
**  thou  art  the  flave  of  fortune,"  47, 
49.  So  Florus,  Mor'iens  (fc.  I'rutus) 
stfjlaiiity  non  in  re^  fsd  in  verbo  tanium  ejfe 
vtrt-utem^  4,  7,  II.  to  which  Horace  is 
fuppofed  to  allude,  Ep.  i,  6,  32.  et  7, 
41.  Plutarch  relates  on  the  authority 
«f  Vclumnius,  who  was  then  with  Bru- 
tus, that  Brutus,  the  night  before  his 
death,  repeated  two  verfes ;  the  one  of 
which  was  from  the  Medea  of  Euripi- 
des: "  Punifh,  great  Jove^  the  author 
of  thefe  ills,*'  (meaning  Antony;)  the 
other  he  fays  he  had  forgotten,  P/«- 
tarch.  in  Brut. Jin. 

Brutus  and  Caffius  are  faid  to  have 
fallen  by  the  fwords  with  which  they 
flew  Caefar,  Dio,  48,  l.  So  Suet,  Caef^ 
89.  Brutus  was  then  about  forty  years 
©Id,  Liv.  Epit.  124.  according  to  Vel- 
leius  Paterculus,  only  thirty  feven,  /.  2. 

€.  72. 

Plutarch  obferves,  that  Providence 
determined  Brutus  to  fight  before  he 
heard  of  the  fuccefs  of  his  fleet,  in  or- 
der to  remove  out  of  the  way  the  only 
man  who  was  able  to  refiil  him  (Ofta- 
vius)  who  was  denrlaed  to  change  the 
government  of  Rome  from  a  republic 
into  a  monarchy,  irt^ruto.  tit  might 
have  faid  more  juHly,  that  Providence 
involved  the  Romans  in  a  long  and 
bloody  civil  war,  in  fupport  of  the 
rnoft  profligate  characters,  and  Anally 
fubje6led  them  to  the  mod  ignominious 
fervitude,  as  a  puRifliment  for  their 
crimes,  and  for  their  cruelties  to  the 
nations  which  they  fubdued.  Vid  Hor. 
Od,  J,  1$,  33.  et  2,  I,  29.  ;  Epod,  7 
nd  Jin.  16,  l.  &c.  ;  Juvenal.  4,  37.  et 
6,  292-   et  8,  98-   &c. 

A  confiderable  time  before  the  bat- 
tle of  Philippi,  a  fpeclre  is  faid  to  have 
appeared  to  Brutus  one  night,  while 
fitting  alone  in  his  apartment,  which, 
ypon  Brutus  aflung,  <'  Who  art  thoui" 


%     1  B   H   U 

anfwered,  *'  I  am  thy  evil  genius,  Brii* 
tus  ;  thou  faalt  fee  me  again  at  Philip- 
pi/*  "  Then,''  fays  Brutus,  without 
being  difcompofcd,  **  I  will  fee  thee 
there."  The  fame  fpeftre  Is  faid  to 
have  appeared  to  Brutus  a  fecond  time, 
on  the  night  before  the  lall  battle,  jip- 
pi  an.  Bell.  Civ.  4.  /.  668-  ;  Plutarch. 
in  Brut. 

All  the  ancient  writers  agree  In  ex- 
tolling the  viitues  of  Brutus  ;  but  they 
generally  condemn  his  confpirii^  a- 
galnll  Caefar,  VclL  2,  72.  ;  Appian.  4, 
666.  &:c.  Vid.  praecipue  Senec.  de  Be- 
ne/. 2,  20.  The  friends  of  Caefar  char- 
ged Brutus  and  his  affociates  with  bafe 
in£:;ratitude  for  kilHng  their  benefador; 
but  Cicero  and  the  republican  party 
applaud  them,  for  having  preferred  th<" 
liberty  of  their  country  to  the  obliga- 
tlons  of  private  friendiliip,  Cic.  Phil.  2, 
3.  &  II. 

D.  Juwus  BRUTUS,  one  of  the 
confpirators  againll  Caefar,  of  the  fame 
fanvUy  with  Marcus,  but  not  very  near- 
ly related  to  him.  He  was  adopted 
by  A.  PoJjJiumius  Jloinus,  and  therefore 
is  fomctimes  called  Decimus  Brutus  Al- 
hinvs,  Appian.  B.  C.  2,  497.  He  had 
attended  Caefar,  and,  though  a  young 
man,  was  greatly  trulled  by  him  in  his 
Gallic  wars,  Caef.  J5.  G.  3,  II,  Sc  14. 
7,  9,  &  87.  In  the  civil  war  Caefar 
gave  Brutus  the  command  of  his  fleet 
at  the  fiege  of  Marfeilles,  Caef.  B.  C. 
I,  36.  where  Brutus  acled  with  great 
courage  and  ability,  ib.  ^6,  57.  &c.  2, 
3,  6.  Sec.  He  was  In  fo  great  favour 
with  Caefar,  that,  when  about  to  de- 
part t9  the  Parthian  war,  he  appointed 
Brutus  to  the  command  of  Cifalpine 
Gaul  and  to  the  confulfliip  of  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  even  named  him  fe- 
cond heir  of  his  eilate  in  failure  of  the 
firil  ;  fo  that  people  were  particularly 
furprifed  at  his  joining  the  confplva- 
cy,  Cic.  Phil.  10,  7.  When  Caefar 
hefitattd  about  going  to  the  fenate- 
houfe  on  the  fatal  ides  of  March,  on 
account  of  certain  omens,  as  well  as  of 
bad  health,  Decimus  Brutus,  by  ridi- ' 
culing  his  apprehenfion  of  omens,  and 
by  reprefentjng  how  improper  it  would 

be 


B   R  U  t    49    ] 

be  to  difappoir.t  the  fenators,  who  were     gyptians  to  Diana 


waiting  his  arrival,  removed  his  fcruples, 
and  determined  him  to  go,  Suet.  Caef. 
Si.  ;  D'lOf  44,  1 8.  Brutus  was  pof- 
fefled  of  an  immenfe  fortune,  and  fup- 
ported  a  band  of  gladiators,  at  his  own 
expence,  for  the  diveiTion  of  the  city. 
By  thefe  gladiators  the  confpirators 
were  guarded,  when,  after  killing  Cae- 
far,  they  took  refuge  in  the  capitol, 
j^ppian.  2.  p.  503.;  Dh,  44,  21.;  Phi- 
iarch.  in  Caef.  et  Bnit.  Brutus  having 
taken  poffefficn  of  his  province  of  Cif- 
alpihe  Gaul,  fpent  about  400,000  1.  in 
maintaining  an  army  againil  /Antony. 
Being  befiegCQ  by  Antony  at  Mutina, 
he  defended  hinafelf  with  great  bravery, 
till  he  was  relieved  by  the  confuls  Hir- 
tius  and  Panfa,  and  Odavius.  But 
the  confuls  being  (lain,  and  0<^avius 
having  concluded  an  alliance  with  An- 
tony and  Lepidus,  Decimus  Brutus 
being  deferted  by  his  foldiers,  and  at» 
tempting  to  efcape  into  Macedonia  to 
his  namefake  Brutus,  was  taken  by  the 
foldiers  of  x\atony,  and  put  to  death, 
Veil  2,  64.  ;  Jppian.  3.  />.  588.  ;  Val. 
Max.  g,  13,  3.  ;  Dio,  ^6,  53. 

Marcus  and  Decimus  Bjutus  were 
Relieved  to  be  lineally  defcended  from 
L.  Brutus,  v/ho  expelled  Tarquin,  by 
his  third  fon  ;  whence  he  is  faid  to  be 
the  author  of  their  nobility,  ( Princeps 
nohilitaUs  Brutorum)y  Cic.  Phil.  1,6.; 
Tufc.  4,  I.  and  Atticus,  at  the  reqiiefl 
«f  M.  'Brutus,  drew  up  a  genealogy  of 
the  Junian  family  from  its  firft  origin, 
Nep.  An.  18.  But  as  the  family  of  the 
firll  Brutus  was  of  Patrician  rank,  and 
that  of  the  confpirators  againil  Cacfar 
plebeian,  the  latter  were  fuppoied  by 
jnany  not  to  have  been  fprung  from  the 
former,  Plutarch,  in  Brut.  pr.  ;  Dionyf. 
^..  p.  292.;  Die,  ^^y  12.;  Fid.  Manut. 
ad  pr  imam  Ep.  Cic.  ad  Brut. 

Brutiana  caf.ra,  the  camp  of  M. 
fkutus.  Fell.  2,  72.  Brulianac  Cii/fia- 
fiaequc  partes,  the  party  of  Brutus  and 
Callius,  ib.  74.  Confilla  inire  coepi  Bru- 
i'lna  plane  (vejiri  enim  haec  funt  propria 
fanguinis)  reipublicae  liberandae,  like  thofe 
pf  Brutus,   Cic.  ad  Brut.  15. 

BuBASTis,,  a  name  given  by  thre  E- 


B  U  T 

Ovid.  Met,  9,  6go> 


whence  the  city  Bubastus  was  nam.e^, 
and  the  country  around  it,  Bubasti- 
TEs  NoMOS.  Here  meetings  were 
annually  held  in  honour  of  Diana,  Hg^ 
rcdot.  2,  59,  137.  &  156.  and  facred 
rites  performed  in  her  temple,  called 
BuBASTiA,  -oruniy  Gratian.  Cyneg.  42. 
Bucephalus,  the  horfe  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  fo  named,  either  frorn 
his  ftern  afpe6l,  or  from  the  figure  of 
a  bull's  head  (.^mj-  v.if<x\r,^  being  bran^* 
ed  on  his  fhoulder,  Plin.  8,  42  f.  64.  5 
Solin.  c.  45.  He  would  admit  no  one 
to  fit  on  his  back  but  Alexander  ;  and 
when  that  king  wifhed  to  mount  him, 
he  is  faid  to  have  kneeled  to  receive 
him,  Ih.  et  Curt.  6,  5,  18.  Vv'^hen  this 
horfe  died,  Alexander  celebrated  his 
funeral  obfequies,  and  built  a  city  (cal- 
led Bucephalus,  v.  -^z,  V.  -eia)  round 
his  tomb,  Ih.  et  Curt,  9,  3,  23.  ;  PUiu 
6,  20.  ;   Gell.  5,  2.  ;   Arrian.  5,  3. 

BuPALUs,  a  fculptor  and  ftatuary 
of  Chios,  who  expofed  the  deformity 
of  the  poet  Hipponax  to  ridicule  by 
an  image  he  made  of  him  ;  on  which 
account  the  poet,  being  greatly  incen- 
fed,  wrote  fo  bitter  a  fatire  againil  Bu- 
palus,  that  he  is  faid  to  have  hanged 
himfelf.  But  Pliny  fays  this  report  is 
falfe,  Plin.  36,  5.  Others  fay  that  he 
and  his  brother  Anthermus  were  only 
obliged  to  leave  Ephefus*  Hence, 
however,  Horace  calls  Hipponax,  A' 
cerhojlis  Bupalo,   Epod.  6,  14. 

BuRRHUs,  vel  BurruSy  i.e.  Pyrrhus* 
Burrum  femper  Br.nius,  nunquam  Pyrr- 
hum  dicebati  Cic.  Orat.  48.  j  Quin£liL 
ij  4,  15- 

BURRUS  Afranius,  praefed  of  the 
praetorian  guards,  Tac.  Ann.  12,  4^. 
the  governor  of  Nero,  ih.  13,  2.  by 
whom  his  death  was  fuppofed  to  have 
been  hallened,  ih.  14,  51. 

Bus  IRIS,  -/V,  vel  -tdis,  .a  king  of  E- 
gypt,  who  ufed  to  facrifice  his  gueils 
to  his  gods  ;  whence  he  is  called,  illaw 
dalusy  infamous,  Virg.  G.  3,  5.  and 
his  altars  irnmites,  cruel,  Stat.  Thcb,  12, 
154.  HkC  was  flain  by  Hercules,  Apol-' 
lodor.  2,  II.;  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  I,  647. 
BUTEQ^  -JmV,  tjip  ^wim^  of  a  fa- 
G  ttilr 


BUT  C    50 

mily  of  the  Pabii,  Liv.  23,  21.  50,  26. 
33.  24.  &c.  derived  from  a  hawk  (^k- 
/fo)  perching  on  the  fhip  of  one  of 
them  when  commanding  a  fleet,  which 
was  reckoned  a  lucky  omen,  Plin.  10, 
8f.  9. 

BUTES,  -ae,  the  fon  of  Teleon, 
one  of  the  Argonauts,  /^poUodor.  i,  16.; 
Hyg'tn.  14.  the  father  of  Eryx  by  Ve- 
nus, Hyg'in.  f.  260. ;  ApoUodor,  1,9,  25. 
— 51  2.  A  pugiliil  of  great  bulk,  de- 
fcended  from  Amycus  king  of  Bebry- 
cia  or  Bithynia,  flain  by  Dares  in  a 
combat  of  the  cejlus^  V'lrg.  Aen.  5.  372. 
1^-^  3.  A  Trojan,  (lain  by  Camilla,  th. 
\  1 ,  690. 

BuzyGES,  -w,  (i.e.  Bourn  junclor')^ 
an  Athenian,  who  is  faid  to  have  firll 
ploughed  with  harneffed  oxen,  [bovem 
€t  aratrwn  invenit)^  Plin.  7,  ^6.  j  Varr. 
R.  R.  2,  5*  4.  which  invention  is  com- 
fifjonly  afcribed  to  Triptolemus,  Bern), 
ad  Vlfg   G.  1 ,  19.  et  Plin.  ib. 

Byblis,  •'tdls^  the  daughter  of  Mi- 
letus, {Mileiis^  -1dis)t  by  the  nymph 
dyane,  who  fell  in  love  with  her  bro- 
ther Caunus  5  but  being  rejedled  by 
him,  and  on  that  account  wafted  with 
grief,  was,  by  the  compaffTion  of  the 
gods,  turned  into  a  fountain,  fS'ic  lac- 
rymls  confumpta  fuis  Phoeh'i'ia  Byblis  Ver- 
iitur  in  fontemjy  Ovid.  Met.  9,  449, — 
665.  She  is  called  Phoebeia  BykliSf  be- 
caufe  Miletus  was  the  fon  of  Apollo, 
ih.  662.  But  fhe  is  alfo  faid  to  have 
ended  her  life  by  a  halter,  Ovid,  Art, 
Am.  1,  284. 

C. 

CABALLUS,  the  firname  of  a 
Koman  family,  Martial,  ly  /^Zt  17.  Nan 
€s  Scxtiiis  tile  (Cabailus),  Jed  caballns, 
Yo-u  are  not  equal  to  Sextius  Cabailus 
in  wit,  but  a  mere  beaft  or  horfe,  ib.  20. 

CACUS,  a  moniler  that  emitted 
frames  from  his  mouth,  the  fon  of  Vul- 
can,  who  refided  in  a  cave  on  mount 
Aventine,  and  infcfted  the  neighbour- 
ing country  by  his  thefts  and  robberies. 
Having  ftolen  fome  of  the  cattle  of 
-Hercules,  he  was  (lain  by  that  hero, 
Liv.  I,  7.;  Virg.Aen,%^  193, — 268.; 
^y\d.  Fajh  It  $S^'  ^C. 


1  C    A   E 

CADMUS,  the  fon  of  A^enor, 
{^Agenorides)^  who  founded  TheheS', 
\See  G.  426.),  and  i&  faid  to  hnvc 
brought  the  knowledge  of  letters  from 
Phoenicia  into  Greece  ;  hence  Cadm 
ptgdlae  Jiliae^  letters,  Aufon,  Epift.  2 1. 
jiliolae  atrtcoloresy   lb.  29. 

Cadimeis,  -^dis,  f.  a  daughter  of 
Cadmus  ;  Cadmeus,  v.  -eius,  -a,  -umy 
dtfcended  from  Cadmus.  Errant  fit- 
rentes  inipiae  Cadjneides,  i.  e.  Agave, 
Ino,  Aubonoe,  the  daughters  of  Cad- 
mus, who  tore  Pentheus  to  pieces,  Se- 
nec.  Here.  fur.  759.  Talibus  ignaram 
Juno  Cadmeiiia  diclis  Formdratf  i.  e.  Se- 
mele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus.  Ovid, 
Met.  3,  287.  Cadnieis  domus,  for  Cad" 
mea,  the  houfe  or  family  of  Cadii  U3, 
ib.  4,  545.  Matres  Cadmeuksy  the 
Theban  matrons,  ib.  9,  304.  Conli- 
gerant  te/li  Cadmeida  nubibus  arcem,  co- 
vered with  clouds,  they  had  reached  > 
the  citadel  of  Thebes,  ib.  6,  217.  cal- 
led Cadm E A,  Nep.  Pel.  l.  Thebai 
Cadmeae,  Thebes  built  by  Cadmus, 
P roper t.  i,  7,  i.  yuvctitus  Cadmea^ 
the  Theban  youth,  Stat.  Theb,  8, 
600.  Cadmeum  limetiy  the  threfhold 
of  the  palace  of  Oedipus,  or  of  his 
fons,  ib.  1,  123.  Mater  Cadmeay  A- 
gavc,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  and 
mother  of  Pentheus,  Senec.  Oedip.  IC06. 
So  Cadmeia  Ino,  ib.  446.  Cadmeius 
Aeraon,  tlie  Theban  Aemon,  Stat.  'Theb. 

8,  519. — But  G^jis  Cadm  E A,  the  Car- 
thaginian or  Punic  nation,  as  being  of 
the   fame   origin   with   Cadmus,    from . 
Phoenicia,  SiL  1,6.     So  Cadmeajlirps^ 
ib.  106    manusi  Id.  17,  58.2. 

Cadmus,  a  noted  executioner  in  the 
tlmt  of  Horace  ;  hence  Tradere  Cadmo^ 
to  fentence  to  death,  Hor.  Sat,  i,,6,  ^^» 

CAECILLUS,  thenameof  a  Ko- 
man gens,  containing  feveral  branches 
or  familiasf  particularly  the  Metelli; 
whence  the  family  of  the  Metelli  is  cal- 
led   Cae cilia  familiar    Veil.    2,    il. 

C  a  EC  1  L  I  A   Laciuca,    a    kind    of 

lettuce,  fo  called  from  the  name  of 
Metellus,  Coluw eh  10,  1H2.  &  190.  vel 
Caeciliana,  Id,  II,  3,  26.  ;  et  Plin, 

9,  8.     So  Cerafa  Caeciliana ^  Plin.  15, 

CAE- 


c  A  E  r 

CAECILIUS  Statiusy  an  ancient 
comic  poet,  contemporary  with  En- 
nius,  originally  a  flavc,  Gell.  4,  20.  and 
an  Infubrian  Gaul  by  birth,   Cic.  Or,  2, 

10.  commended  for  the  gravity  of  his 
charatlers  Hor.  Ep.  2,  i,  59.  alfo  for 
his  wit  and  hiunoHr,  Paten,  i,  17.  but 
not  for  the  purity  oi  his  ftyle,  (malus 
enim  au^or  Latinitatis  e/i)^  Cic.  Att.  7, 
2. — CAECiLiANus/'^^^'r,  the  charader 
of  a  father,  as  defciibed  by  Caecilius, 
^InSil,  II,  I J  39.  Vereor^  ne,  Lucul- 
i'ls  quontam  Graecum  poema  cotidld'ity  nunc 
ad  i'aecilianam  fabulam  fpedety  fc.  ^"/rchi- 
as,  I  am  afraid,  Archias,  fince  he  has 
finifhed  his  Greek  poem  for  the  Lucul- 

11,  will  now  (inftead  of  writmg  con- 
cerning my  confulihip)  fet  about  wri- 
ting a  poem  concerning  Caectliui  Me- 
tellus.  (This  poem  Cicero  calls  Fahu- 
la  Caec'iliana^  in  allufion  to  the  plays 
(fabidae)  of  the  poet,  Cic.   ^tt.  r,  16.) 

Z.  CAECILIUS,  a  tribune,  a.  u. 
690,  who  propofed  a  bill  to  the  people 
{Caectlia  rogatio)  for  mitigating  the 
punifhment  enaded  againil  bribery  by 
former  laws  ;  but  it  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  pafTed  ijato  a  law,  Cic.  SylL 
22.  &  23. 

Q.  CAECILIUS,  firnamed  Niger, 
a  Sicilian,  the  quaellor  of  Verres,  a- 
gainft  whom  Cicero  delivered  an  ora- 
tion called  DiviNATio,  ^indilian.  7, 

2,  2.     II,  I,  20. 

^  CAECILIUS,  ^  R  Metellus 
Pius  Scipio,  the  father-in-law  of  Pompey, 
Cic.  Fam.  S,  8.   See  P.  Scipio  Nasica. 

^  CAECILIUS,  a  name  affumed 
by  Pomponius  Atticus  from  his  uncle 
by  the  mother's  fide,  who  adopted 
him,  Nep.  Attic.  5.  hence  Cicero,  when 
he  congratulates  Atticus  upon  his  fuc- 
ceffion  to  the  fortune  of  his  uncle, 
which  was  very  confiderable,  infcribes 
his  letter  thus,  Cicero  S.  D.  (Jalutem 
dicit)  Q^Caecilio  Q:  F*  ( ^intiji- 
Uo)  PoMPONiANO  Attico  The  ad- 
Opted  affumed  the  name  of  the  adopter, 
and  put  his  own  gentile  or  family  name 
after,  changing  the  termination  into 
the  form  of  a  poiTeffive  ^djedive  ;  thus, 
Pamponianus,  for  Pomponius,  as  it  were, 
belonging  to  the  gens  of  the  PomJ^omi, 


?i     ]  C  A  E 

Cic.  Att.  3,  20.  So  Scipio  4emi/ianu/9 
Caefar  O^avianusy  Cffr. — Caecilia,  thfi 
daughter  of  Atticus,  Cic.Att.  6,  2,  &  4. 

r.  CAECILIUS  Eutychides,  a  freed 
man  of  Atticus,  Cic.  /^tt.  4,  15. 

A.  CAECiNA,  a  native  of  Vola- 
terrae,  for  whom  Cicero  made  an  ora- 
tion, Caecin.  i,  &c.  He  was  after- 
wards banifhed,  for  having  written  a 
book  againft  Caefar,  Cic.  Fam.  6,  ^, 
8,  &9. 

CAEtrtiLus,  the  fon  of  Vulcan,  the 
founder  of  Praenefte,  Serv.  ad  Virg. 
Aen.  7,  681.  from  whom,  according 
to  Fefius,  the  family  of  the  Caecilii  at 
Rome  was  defcended. 

C  A  ECUS,  a  firname  given  to  Appiu« 
Claudius  from  the  lofs  of  hig  fight, 
Li'i).  9,  27.  ;  Cic.  Tufc.  5,  38. 

CAEDICIUS  a  centurion  chofea 
as  general  by  the  Romans,  who  fled 
to  Veji  when  Rome  was  taken  by  the 
Gauls,  Liv.  5,  45.  &  46. 

Caedicius,  a  fevere  judge  in  th« 
time  of  Vitellius,   JwvenaL    13.  197. 

CAELIUS,  the  name  of  a  young 
man  defended  by  Cicero,  when  accu- 
fed  of  being  acceffory  to  CatiHne's 
confpiracy.     See  Coelius. 

C  AENIS,  -/V,  a  woman  of  Thefialy, 
changed  by  Neptune  into  a  man,  cal- 
led Caen E us,  (in  two  fyllables),  0- 
liid.  Met.  12,  179, — 210,  et  469,  &c. 
according  to  Virgil,  changed  again 
into  her  former  figure,    Aen.  6,  448. 

CAEPARIUS,  one  of  Catihne's 
affociates,  Cic.  Cat.  3,  6. 

CAEPIO,  -onisy  a  firname  of  the 
Serviiii :  Vid.  Servilius. 

CAESAR,  -aris,  the  name  of  a 
branch  or  family  of  the  Gens  Julia^ 
or  Julian  clan  at  Rome  ;  the  lirll  of 
which  is  faid  to  have  been  fo  named 
from  his  being  cut  out  of  his  mother's 
womb,  (ex  caefo  mairis  uteroj,  Plin. 
7,  9,  or  from  his  being  born  with  hair, 
(cum  caefarieji  Feilus.  Other  reafons 
of  this  name  are  alTigned,  Serv  ad 
Virg.  Aen.  I,  290,  et  iiy  743.  This  fa- 
mily was  rendered  illuftrious  chiefly  by 
CAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAR,  who 
fubverted  the  liberties  of  his  country, 
and  ellabliflied  a  monarchical  form  of 


G  3 


!;overn' 


C  A  s:  [5 

gdvefrtftient  at  Rome,  uftder  tKe  name 
of  Tmperator.  After  him  the  name 
bf  Caesar  was  Annexed  to  that  of 
IMPERATOR,  Taciu  Hlft.  2,  60,  & 
80.  ef  3,  58,  and  the  one  often  put  for 
the  other,  Id.  pq/ftm.  but  in  later  times 
tvas  appropriated  to  the  heir-apparent 
6f  the  empire. 

C.  JULIUS  CAESAR  was  the 
fon  of  C.  Gaefar  and  Aurelia,  the 
daughter  of  Cotta,  born  on  the  12th 
July,  {IV  id.  ^^uinalL)  Macrob.  Sat. 
i,  12.  a-  u.  653*;  (ah  654.)  in  the 
confulfhip  of  C.  Marius,  for  the  fixth 
time,  and  L.  Valerius  Flaccus.  In 
the  16th  year  of  his  age  he  loft  his 
father,  Suet.  i.  ^Yio  died  fuddenly  at 
Pifae,  after  being  praetof,  (praeturd 
perfunclus ) ^  while  he  was  putting  on 
his  (hoes,  Plln.  7,  53  f-  54.  The 
following  yeir,  (  fequent'ihus  confuli- 
hui)  Caefar  was  eleiled  prieft:  of  Ju- 
piter, {flamen  dialis).  Having  prirted 
with  CofTutia,  a  rich  heirefs,  who  had 
been  bettothcd  to  him  when  a  boy, 
(praefexfato)y  he  fnarried  Corneh'a  the 
daughter  of  Cinfia,  by  whom  he  foon 
$fter  had  Jiilia.  Caefar  continued 
faithful  to  Cornelia  after  the  overthrow 
of  her  father,  nor  could  he  be  compel- 
led by  Sulla  the  dictator  to  divorce  her. 
He  was  thefefore  deprived  of  his  pricft- 
hood,  of  his  wife's  fortune,  and  of 
fome  inheritances  that  had  fallen  to 
iiim  by  the  death  of  relations,  (gSfUl- 
Uti'is  haereditatibus  mukatus. )  Being  rf  c- 
koned  of  the  oppofite  party,  not  on- 
ly on  account  of  his  connexion  with 
Cinna,  but  becaufe  his  aunt  Julia  had 
been  m.arried  to  Marius,  he  was  obli- 
ged to  abfcond  ;  and,  though  ill  of  a 
quartan  ague,  to  change  his  lurking 
|)lace3  fevery  night,  and  at  one  time  to 
redeem  himfelf  frotfi  the  foldiers  of 
Sulla,  who  were  fearching  thofe  places 
for  the  profcribed,  with  a  fum  of  ma- 
tiey,  Suet.  I.  by  giving  their  comman- 
der, Cornelius  Phagita,  two  talents, 
Plutarch,  in  Caef.;  Suet.  74.  till  by  means 
01  the  Vcftal  Virgins,  and  of  his  kinf- 
inen  and  conneclions,  he  obtained  a 
grant  of  his  life.  Sulla  having  long 
%v2th(lood  the  importunity  of  his  bell 


2    1  C   A  E 

friends,  and  perfons  of  the  highefl: 
rank,  in  behalf  of  Caelcir,  at  laft  be- 
ing with  diificulty  prevailed  on,  is 
faid  to  have  cried  out,  whether,  fays 
Suetonius,  by  divine  infpiration  or  by 
human  conjedure,  {Jive  divimtus,  i.  e. 
per  divinationem  ;  five  al'tqua  conjeBurdi 
i.  e.  a  caufarum  fcientia),  "  That 
they  fhould  have  t,heir  requeft,  but 
bade  them  take  notice,  that  he  for 
whofe  fafety  they  were  fo  felicitous, 
would  one  day  be  the  ruin  of  the  arif- 
tocratic  party,  which  they  together 
with  him  had  defended.'*  Suet,  ib. 
And  vvl^en  they  faid  that  it  was  be- 
low Sulla  to  feek  the  hfe  of  a  boy  ; 
he  warned  them  to  be  upon  their  guard 
again il  that  loofe-girt  boy,  {ut  male 
praecin^um puerum  cmjcrent;)  alluding  to 
Gaefar's  manner  of  always  wearing  his 
tunic  loofely  girded.  Suet.  45.  ;  Dlo^ 
43,  43.   "  for  in  that  boy,  faid  he,  are 

many  Mariufes,"  Suet.  i. Plutarch 

differs  from  Suetonius  in  his  account 
of  this  matter,  as  in  feveral  other  par- 
ticulars. 

Caefar  ferved  his  firft  campaign  in 
Afia  under  Thermus  the  Praetor,  by 
wiiom  he  was  prefented  with  a  civic 
crown  at  the  fiege  of  Mitylene,  Suet. 
2.  Being  fent  by  Thermus  to  fetch 
a  fleet  from  Bithynia,  he  remained  for 
fome  time  with  Nicomedes,  the  king 
of  that  country,  in  fuch  familiarity, 
as  gave  occalion  to  reports  unfavour- 
able to  his  character,  Suet.  2,  &  49. 

After  the  death  of  Sulla  Caefar  re- 
turnt-d  to  Rom^e.  He  firft  diftinguiih- 
ed  himfelf  by  accufing  Dolabella  of 
extortion,  {vid.  Doiabella),  ac- 
cording to  the  author  ot  the  dialogue 
concerning  the  caufes  of  corrupt  elo- 
quence, in  the  21ft  year  of  his  age, 
c.  34.  But  it  appears  to  have  been 
in  his  23d  year,  vid  Cafaubon,  et  P'gh, 
ad  Suet.  Caef.  4.  Dolabella  being  ac- 
quitted, Caelar,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
odium  of  this  profecution,  refolved  to 
retire  to  Rhodes,  to  iludy  eloquence 
under  ApoUonius,  the  fon  of  Molon, 
the  moft  celebrated  mailer  of  rhetoric 
at  that  time.  fn  his  way  thither, 
near  the  iiland  of  Pharmacufa^  he  fell 

jntQ 


C  A  E  I    53 

into  the  handb  of  pirates,  who  then 
infefted  thofe  feas  ;  among  whom,  for 
near  forty  days,  he  behaved  rather  as 
their  mailer  than  captive,  often  threa- 
tening that  he  would  crucify  thtm  : 
which  they  taking  in  jell,  iifed  to 
laugh  at  him.  But  he  having  ranfom- 
€d- himfelf  for  50  talents,  made  good 
his  threat,   Suet.  ib.  et  74. 

Plutarch  makes  Caefar  repair  to  the 
court  of  Nicomedes,  to  avoid  the 
cruelty  of  Sulla,  and  fays,  that  v^  fail- 
ing from  thence  he  was  taken  by  the 
pirates,  who  at  firft  demanded  only 
twenty  tal-ents  for  his  ranfom,  and 
that  Caefar  gave  them  forty  ;  after 
this,  that  he  lludied  rhetoric  for  fome 
time  under  ApoUonius  at  Rhodes  ; 
that  upon  his  return  to  Rome  he  ac- 
cufed  Dolabella  ;  but  takes  no  no- 
tice of  his  leaving  Rome,  and  retiring 
to  Rhodes,  in  confcquence  of  Dola- 
bella'* acquittal. 

Caefar  difcovered  fuch  abilities  in 
the  profecution  of  Dolabella,  that  ever 
after  he  was  ranked  among  the  chief 
orators.  Suet.  Caef.  SS'  y  ^^^'  J-^ig^^' 
10.  ;  Brut,  72,  &  75.  ;   Paterc.  2,  43. 

71ie  tiril  honour  Caefar  obtained  by 
the  fuffrages  ot  the  people  was  the  of- 
fice of  military  tribune  in  the  army. 
Suet.  5.  in  oppofition  to  C.  Popilius, 
Plutarch.  He  keenly  promoted  the 
law  for  reftoring  the  power  of  the  tri- 
bunes, which  Sulla  had  diminiflied, 
a»  u.  683,  and  by  a  law  which  Ploti- 
us,  a  tribune,  propofed  at  his  iniiiga- 
tion,  {rogat'ione  Plot'ta),  procured  the 
liberty  of  returning  from  banifhment 
to  his  brother-in-law  L.  Cinna,  and 
to  thofe  who  together  with  Cinna  had 
fided  with  the  conful  Lepidus,  and  af- 
ter his  death  had  fled  to  Sertorius, 
Suet.  ib. 

Caefar  when  quaeftor  loft  his  wife 
Cornelia  ;  at  which  time  alfo  his  aunt 
Julia,  the  wife  oi  Marius,  died.  Cae- 
far honoured  both  of  them  with  a  fune- 
ral oration  from  the  ^ollra,  Suet.  6.  At 
the  funeral  of  Julia  he  brought  forth 
the  image  of  Marius,  which  no  one 
had  ventured  to  do  fmce  the  vidory  of 
Sulla,  Plutarch^, 


3  «:  A  E 

It  fell  to  Caefar's  lot  to  ^o  as 
Qiiaeftor,  a.  u.  6-7,  with  the  Praetor 
Antiftius  Veter,  Lh  et  FcU.  2,  43.  to 
Farther  Spain,  Suet.  7.  There,  when 
by  order  of  the  Praetor  he  was  going 
round  the  province  to  hold  the  affizfs 
for  the  adminillraiion  of  juftice,  and 
had  come  to  Cadiz,  obferving  an 
image  of  Alexander  the  Great  in  the 
temple  of  Hercules,  he  fetched  a  deep 
figh,  as  if  grieved  at  his  own  inad;i- 
vity  ,  becaufe  he  had  performed  no- 
thing memorable  at  an  age  {l"^),  at 
which  Alexander  had  conquered  the 
world,  ib.  Dio  fays,  that  this  happen- 
ed while  Caefar  commanded  after  his 
praetorfnip  in  Spain,  ;?7,  52.  So  Plu- 
tarch, who  fays  that  Caefar,  while 
reading  the  hillory  of  Alexander  at  a 
leifure  hour,  having  fitten  a  long  time 
very  thoughtful,  at  lall  hurft  into 
tears  ;  and  when  his  friends,  being  fur- 
prifed,  aflced  the  caufe  of  it,  he  gave 
as  a  reafon  what  has  juft  now  beea 
mentioned. 

x^t  the  expiration  of  his  quaeftor- 
(hip,  Caefar  m.arried  Pompeia,  the 
daughter  of  Q^Pompcius,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Sulla,   Plutarch. 

Caefar,  when  aedilc,  by  ihe  magnt- 
ficence  of  his  fliews,  furpafled  all  hi« 
predeceffors  in  that  ofSce.  He  is  faid 
to  have  entertained  the  people  with  aa 
exhibition  of  320  pairs  of  gladiators, 
Plutarch.  But  Suetonius  informs  us 
that  he  was  not  allowed  to  exhibit  the 
whole  of  thofe  he  had  purchafed,  by  a 
decree  of  the  fenate,  limiting  the  num- 
ber of  gladiators  which  one  might  keep 
at  Rome,  c.  10.  Caefar  afterwards 
kept  a  great  many  gladiators  at  Capua, 
Caef.  li.  C.  I,  14.  In  the  flicw  which, 
he  exhibited  the  faine  year  for  his  fa- 
ther's funeral,  he  made  the  whole  fur- 
nitui-e  of  the  amphitheatre  of  folid  fil- 
ver,  ( omni  apparatu  arenae  argenteo  tijus 
ejl)^  which  had  never  been  feen  before, 
Plin.  33,  3.  f.  16 

Caefar,  having  thus  gained  the  fa- 
vour of  the  people,  tried,  by  means 
of  a  part  of  the  tribunes,  to  get  the 
province  of  Egypt  affigned  to  him  by 
a  decree  of  the  commons,   (plebifcito  ;) 

bui 


C  A  E  r     ?4    1 

tut  he  was  prevented  by  the  oppofi-  didates 
tion  of  the  nobility.  On  which  ac- 
count he  endeavoured  to  w^eaken  the 
power  of  the  ariftocratical  party,  [op- 
timatium  fa8tonts)i  by  every  method  in 
his  power,  Suet.  c.  ii.  He  had  the 
boldnefs  to  replace  in  the  Capitol  the 
ftatues  and  trophies  of  Marins,  which 
Sulla  had  ordered  to  be  thrown  down 
and  broken  to  pieces,  ib.  et  Plutarch, 
in  Caef.  In  the  year  after  his  aedile- 
(hip,  bein^  appointed  Judex  quaejlio- 
fiisy  or  fubftitute  to  the  Praecor,  whofe 
office  ft  was  to  prefide  in  trials  con- 
cerning the  Sicarliy  L  e.  thofe  accufed 
of  killing,  or  of  carrying  a  dagger 
{Jica)  with  intent  to  kill  ;  he  treated 
as  Skaril  all  thofe  who  in  Sulla's  pro- 
fcription  had  received  money  from  the 
treafury  for  bringing  the  heads  oi  Ro- 
man citizens.  Suet.  ih.  He  fuborned 
T.  Labienus,  one  of  the  tribunes,  to 
accufe  C.  Rabirius  of  treafon,  [perdu- 
eHionis)^  for  killing  Saturninus  thirty- 
fix  years  before,  *vid.  Rabirius.— He 
zealoufly  promoted  the  Mantlian  law,  for 
conferring  the  command  of  the  Mithri- 
datic  war  with  extraordinary  powers,  on 
Porapey,  that  it  might  afterwards  ferve 
as  a  precedent  for  himfelf,  Dto,  36,  26. 
■ — He  was  fufpeded  of  being  concern- 
ed in  diiTf:rent  confpiracies  againil  the 
date,  firft  vvith  CraiTus,  Sylla,  and 
Autronius-,  Suet.  9.  and  afterwards 
vith  Catiline,  ib.  13. 

Upon  the  death  of  Metellus  Pius, 
the  Pontifex  Maxtmus^  a.  u.  690,  Caefar 
havinor  laid   afide  all  thoughts   of  the 


C  A  E 

37,  37.  The  tribune  Labie- 
nus had  paved  the  way  for  Caefar's 
fuccefs  by  the  publication  of  a  new 
law,  for  transferring  the  right  of  elec- 
tion from  the  college  of  priel'ts  to  the 
people,  D'lQy  lb.  On  the  day  of  the 
election,  as  his  mother  conduced  him%- 
to  the  door,  with    tears  in  her    eves. 


he    embraced   her,    and   faid,   Mothery 


province  of  Egypt,  fued  for  the  office 
of  High  Prieft  with  the  nioft  protufe 
bnbery,  Suet.  13.  ;  and  though  only 
thirty-fix  years  of  age,  [adokfcentu- 
lus),  carried  it  againft  two  pgwerful 
competitors,  J^  Catuhs  and  C.  Servi- 
lius  JfauricuSf  greatly  fuperior  to  him 
in  age  and  dignity  ;  one'  of  whom, 
(Catulus),  had  been  Cenfor,  and  then 
was  Prince  of  the  Senate,  the  other 
had  been  honoured  with  a  triumph  : 
yet  Caefar  procured  more  votes  in  their 
own  tribes  than  they  boili  in  all  the 
tribes,  Suet.  ib.  Sallujl.  Cat.  9.  Dio 
fays,  that  there  were  many  other  can- 


to-day  you  Jloall  fee  your  f on  High  Prieft y 
or  an  exile  :  Plutarch.  He  was  fo  in- 
volved in  debt  by  his  remarkable  libe- 
rality in  private,  and  his  fplendid  fhows 
in  public,  Salluft.  Cat.  49.  that  if  he 
had  not  obtained  fome  high  office,  he 
muft  have  gone  into  voluntary  banifh- 
ment. 

A.  U.  690,  [ah  691.)  Caefar  was 
ele^led  Praetor.  Before  he  entered  on 
his  office,  the  confpiracy  of  Catiline 
was  detected,  by  the  apprehenfion  of 
Lentulus,  Cethegus,  Statilius,  and  o- 
thers.  When  the  queilion  concerning 
their  punifhment  was  brought  before 
the  fenate  on  the  5th  December,  [No- 
nis  Decembribus),  and  moil  of  the  fena- 
tors  agreed  in  opinion  with  Silanus, 
the  conful  eled,  who  fpoke  firft,  that 
they  fhonld  be  put  to  death,  Caefar, 
when  it  came  to  his  turn  to  fpeak, 
gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that  their  e- 
ftatcs  fliould  be  confifcated,  and  their 
perfons  clofely  confined  in  the  ftrong 
municipal  towns  of  Italy.  Caefar's 
fpeech  made  a  great  impreffion  on  the 
Houfe,  and  he  would  certainly  have 
carried  his  point,  had  not  the  fpeech, 
firft  of  Cirero  the  conful,  Cic.  Cat.  4. 
and  after  him  of  Cato,  then  tribune 
eleft,  determined  the  Senate  to  decree 
capital  punifliment  againft  the  confpi- 
rators,  SalluJL  Cat.  ^2.  \  Veil.  2,  35.; 
Dio,  37,  36.  Caefar  was  fo  ftrongly 
fufptfted  of  being  concerned  in  the 
confpiracy,  that  fome  Roman  Equitesy 
whom  Cicero  had  placed  as  a  guard 
round  the  temple  of  Concord,  where 
the  fenate  was  afltmbled,  threatened 
to  kill  him  with  their  jfwords,  as  he 
came  out  of  the  fenate-houle,  Sallujl. 
ib.  49.  But  Curio  is  faid  to  have 
fcreened  him  with  his  cloak,  and  Ci- 
cero to  have  given  a  fi^nal  to  the  E- 

qu'ites 


CAE  [5?]  CAE 

quifes  to  fpare  him,  Plutarch.  Caef,  in  his  office,  {in  integrum  refliluit^  IndaSk 
p.  711.  Suetonius  fays,  that  this  hap 
pened  to  him  while  he  fat  in  the  fe- 
nate,  and  that  he  was  with  diffi- 
culty protc6>ed  by  a  few  of  his 
friends,  c.  14.  Caefar,  difcouraged 
by  what  had  pafled,  did  not  come  to 
the  fenate  for  the  reft  of  the  year, 
(/'.  €.  from  the  5th  December  to  the 
I  ft  January,  when  he  entered  on  his 
office),  ih, 

Caefar,  on  the  firft  day  of  his  prae- 
torfliip,  a.  u,  691.  called  Catulus  to 
give  an  accoiint  to  the  people  about  the 
repairs  of  the  Capitol,  and  publKhed  a 
bill  for  transferring  the  charge  of  hnifh- 
ing  it  to  another,  (meaning  Pompey, 
Dioy  37,  44.)  But  being  violently  op* 
pofed  by  the  nobility,  he  dropt  the 
bill,  [aBionem  depojult^  i.  e.  rogatwmrn)y 
Suet.  15.  Dio  mentions  feveral  other 
circumftances  concerning  this  affair, 
lb.  et  43,  14.   Add.  Tac.  H'lji.  3,  72. 

By  the  advice  and  fupport  of  Caefar, 
Metellus  Nepos,  one  of  the  tribunes, 
promulgated  a  bill  to  the  people,  that 
Pompey  fhould  be  ordered  to  tranfport 
his  army  from  Afia  to  Italy,  as  if  to 
fettle  the  ftate,  and  quiet  the  diforders 
occafioned  by  the  confpiracy  of  Cati- 
line and  the  temerity  of  Cicero,  Plut. 
Cic.  p.  872.  but  in  reality  to  make 
Pompey  matter  of  the  government, 
Plutarch.  Cat.  Min.  p.  771.  that  by  his 
affillance  they  might  accomplifh  their 
ambitious  projeds,  Dio.  37,  43.  This 
caufed  great  difturfcances  in  the  city, 
ih.  At  laft  the  fenate  fufpended  both 
Caefar  and  Metellus  from  the  execution 
of  their  offices,  {adm'imflrattone  re'ipuhli- 
caefubmo'vehant,)  Caefar  at  firll  refol- 
ved  to  a6l  in  defiance  of  this  decree, 
but  finding  a  llrong  force  prepared  to 
prevent  him,  he  difmiffed  his  hftors, 
laid  afide  his  toga  praetexta,  and  retired 
as  a  private  perfon  U)  his  houfe.  Tvi'o 
days  after,  when  the  mob  affembled  in 
a  tumultuous  manner,  promifmg  him 
their  affiftance  to  alTert  his  dignity,  he 
prudently  checked  them.  The  fenate 
pleafed  with  this  unexpeded  modera- 
tion, thanked  him  ;  and  having  cancel- 
led their  former  decree,  reinftated  him 


priore decreto,)  Suet.  16.     Metellus  fled 
to  Pompey,  Dio.  37,  43. 

After  the  defeat  of  Catiline  in  the 
confuhhip  of  Silanua  and  Murena, 
a.  u.  69 1 ,  Caefar  was  again  involved  ia 
danger  by  a  new  information  brought 
againil  him  as  an  accomplice  in  the 
confpiracy,  by  L.  Vettius,  bef(f>re  No- 
vius  Niger,  the  quaeftor,  and  by  Q^Cu» 
rins  in  the  fenate.  To  repel  this  charge 
Caefar  implored  the  teftimony  of  Cice- 
ro, Suet.  17.  which,  fays  Appian,  Ci- 
cero durft  not  refufe  to  fo  popular  a 
chara£ler,  B.  Civ.  2,  p.  431.  Caefar, 
by  his  influence  in  the  city,  not  only 
freed  himfelf  from  danger,  but  obtain- 
ed at  laft  full  revenge  on  his  accufers. 
Suet.  17.  ;  Cic.  Fatin.  il.  5  Att,  2,  24.; 
Dio.  37,41- 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  an  affair 
happened  in  the  family  of  Caefar,  which 
made  a  great  noiie  in  the  city,  and  was 
produ6live  of  very  important  confe- 
quences.  Publius  Clodius,  a  young 
patrician,  then  quaeftor,  having  fallea 
in  love  with  Pompeia,  Caefar's  wife,  in 
order  to  procure  an  interview  with  her, 
by  means  of  amaid-fervant,gotadmiffion 
to  Caefar's  houfe  in  the  habit  and  dif- 
guife  of  a  mufic  girl,  while  Pompeia, 
as  being  the  praetor's  wife,  and  other 
matrons  were  celebrating  the  facred 
rites  of  the  BonaDea,  or  Good  God- 
defs,  from  which  every  male  creature 
was  excluded,  and  even  their  pictures 
ufed  to  be  veiled  during  the  ceremony, 
Juvenah  6,  339.  But  Clodius  being 
dete6led,  was  driven  out  ot  doors  ;  and 
foon  after  brought  to  a  trial  for  his 
crime.  By  means  of  bribery  he  was 
acquitted.  Vid.  Clodius.  Caefar 
immediately  divorced  Pompeia ;  but 
being  fummonsd  as  a  witnefs  in  the 
trial,  he  declared  that  he  knew  nothing 
at  all  of  the  matter;  though  his  mother 
Aurelia  and  his  fifter  Julia,  who  were 
examined  before  him,  had  given  a  faith- 
ful relation  of  the  whole  fact  ;  and  be- 
ing interrogated  why  then  he  had  di- 
vorced his  wife  ;  **'  Becaufe,  fays  he,  I 
think  that  thofe  who  belong  to  mc 
ought  to  be  free  from  fufpicion,  as  well 

as 


C  A  E  t 

as  from  gtiilt.**  Suet,  'ja..  Caefar  did  not 
wifli  to  offend  fo  popular  a  man  as  Clo- 
d)U3,  Dlo,  37,  45.  ;  App'ian.  2,  f.  435. 
At  the  fame  time  Caefar  was  fufpeded 
of  carrying  on  an  intrigue  with  Mucia, 
^lewife  of  Pompey,  SueL'^c. 

At  the  expiration  of  his  praetorfliip, 
Caefar  obtained  by  lot  the  province  of 
Lufitania  or  Farther  Spain.  His  cre- 
ditors now  urged  him  for  payment,  and 
threatened  to  arrell  him.  CraiTas  un- 
dertook to  fatisfy  the  moil  clamorous 
of  them,  to  the  amount  of  830  talents, 
aiLout  L.  1 60,000  oF  our  money,  Plutarch. 
Appian  mentions  a  faying  of  Caefar's 
at  this  time,  **  That  he  wanted  250 
millions  of  feflerces,  to  be  worth  no- 
thing-,** [opus  ejfs  fihi  his  millies  et  quin- 
ge&ties  centm'is  mlUibuSy  ut  nihU  haheret^ ) 
i.  e.  he  needed  L.  2,01 8,229  to  pay  his 
debts  !    Appian.  B.  C.  2,  ^^2. 

As  Caefar  iti  \m  way  to  Spain  paffed 
%  fmall  village  on  the  Alps,  fome  of  his 
coFmpanions  aficed  him  in  jeil,  if  there 
were  any  contells  for,  power  and  pre- 
ierment  there  ;  upon  wliich  Caefar  is 
reported  to  have  faid,  "  I  would  ra- 
ther be  firll  man  there  than  fecond  man 
in  Rome,^'  Plutarch,  p.  712.  Caefar 
conquered  feveral  ftates  in  Lufitania, 
which  he  made  tributary  to  the  Ro- 
mans ;  by  which  means  he  acquired 
•great  wealth  to  himfelf  and  enriched  his 
ioldiers.  He  was  as  much  praifed  for 
liis  llrifl  adminiibatiofl  of  juilice  as  for 
Ilia  military  exploits.  Before  tlie  end 
of  the  year,  without  waiting  far  a  fuc- 
ceiTor,  he  returned  to  Roaieto  demand 
a  triumph  and  the  confulihip.  But  as 
both  were  incompatible,  without  an  ex- 
emption from  the  laws,  which,  from  the 
oppoiition  of  Cato,  he  could  not  ob- 
tain, he  dropt  his  pretenfions  to  a 
triumph,  and  fucd  for  the  coniulihip,, 
Snd.  18.  ;  P  hit  arch,  i.aef,  p.  713-  ; 
Cat.  Minor,  p.  774.  ;   Dio,  37,  54. 

Caefar's  competitors  were  L.  Luc- 
ceitis,  the  hiilorian,  Ck.  Fam»  5,  10. 
and  M.  ijibulus,  who  had  been  his  col- 
league in  the  aedilefiiip  and  praetorfliip. 
<_aefar  united  himfelf  with  Lucceius,  on 
condition  tiiatLucceius,  wiio  was  inferior 
to  himieU  iu  iaterdlbut  mote -rich,  ftxould 


5<5    1  C  A  E 

furnifh  money  on  their  joint  account 
to  bribe  the  centuries.  The  nobility 
(optimatesy)  appreheniive  that  Caefar 
would  attempt  any  thing  with  a  col- 
league fubfervient  to  his  will,  made  a 
contribution  to  enable  Bibulus  to  bribe 
as  high  as  his  competitors  ;  and  thus 
procured  hiseleftion.  Accordingly  he 
was  made  conful  with  Caefar,  Suet.  1 9. 
From  the  fa:ne  jealoufy  of  Caefar, 
the  fenate  decreed  to  the  confula  that 
ihould  be  elected  for  that  year,  pro- 
vinces of  fmall  importance,  the  care  of 
the  woods  and  roads.  Caefar,  provoked 
by  this  affront,  tried  by  every  means  ia 
his  power  to  gain  the  friendlliip  of 
Pompey,  and  reconcile  him  to  Craf- 
fus ;  in  which  he  fucceeded.  According- 
ly thefe  three  entered  into  an  agreement, 
which  they  confirmed  by  a  folemn  oath, 
not  to  allow  any  thing  to  be  done  in 
the  Hate  without  their  joint  concur- 
rence, [ne  quid ageretur  in  repnblica  quod 
dtfplkmjfet  ulli  e  tribusy)  Suet,  19.;  Dio, 
37,  57.  This  is  that  famous  combina- 
tion commonly  called  theFiRSxTRiurvi- 
viPvATF,  which  in  reality  was  nothing 
elfe  but  a  criminal  confpiracy  of 
three  meny  to  extort  from  their  country 
by  violence,  what  they  could  not  ob- 
tain bylaw;  and  from  the  time  when  this 
confederacy  was  made,  in  the  coufulfliip 
of  Metellus  and  Afranius,  all  the  Ro- 
man writers  date  the  origin  of  the  civil 
wars,  {kx  Mefello  confide,  a.  u.  693, 
Horat.  Od.  2,  I,  I.),  which  terminated 
in  the  fubverfion  af  the  republic. 
Hence  Horace  calls  the  Triumvirate, 
Graves  Principum  amicitiaCf  the  fatal 
friendfnips  of  the  chiefs  ;  of  Pompey 
the  molt  powerful,  CraiTus  the  moil 
opulent,  and  Caefar  the  ablell  and 
moll  popular  man  in  Rome,  Od.  2,  I. 
4.  SoVelleiusPatercuius:  ^^c(Caefare) 
confide  (it  (hould  be  confnle  defignatOy 
conful  ele6l,  according  to  Suetonius, 
ib.^  inter  eum  et  Cn.  Pompeium,  et  M. 
Crnffum  inita potentiae  focktasy  &c.  2,  44. 
In  the<^i//?i72<f  of  Livy  it  is,  Eo  conjulaius 
candidatOy  et  captantc  rempuhlkam  invade- 
rsy  conjptratio  inter  tres  prtncipts  fa£ta  ejiy 
\yc.  Liv.  Epit.  1 03.  Pompey's  chief 
motive  for  joining  in  this  confederacy 

was 


I 


C  A  E  [ 

yyas  to  get  his  ads  in  Afia  confirmed 
by  Caefar  in  his  confulfhip.  (  FhL  PoM- 
ptius.)  Caefar  Jjerceived,  that  by- 
yielding  to  Pompey's  glory,  he  fhould 
?i4vance  his  own  ;  and  CrafTus  hoped 
to  gain,  by  the  authority  of  Pompey 
and  the  influence  of  Caefar,  that  pre- 
eminence which  he  could  not  obtain 
^lone.  Fell.  2,  44.  Add.  Flor.  4,  2, 
}l.  But  the  chief  advantage  of  the 
coalition  redounded  to  Caefar.  It 
proved,  however,  in  the  end  as  deflru'c- 
tive  to  thofe  who  made  it,  as  to  their 
country.  ( ^ae^  fc.  focietas,  urbi  orbique 
terrarum,  nee  mlntis,  d'lverfo  quoque  tem- 
pore, \pfis^  CralTo  primum,  deinde  Pom- 
peio,  denique  Caefari,  exitiabtlis  fuit,) 
Veil.  2,  44.  The  confederacy  for  fome 
time  was  kept  fecret.  The  firft  who 
4ifcovercd  it  wa«  Cato,  Plutarch. 

Caefar  now  afTured  of  the  fupport  of 
Pompey  and  CrafTus,  endeavoured  in 
his  confulfliip  to  gain  the  favour,  firft  of 
the  people,  by  promulgating  an  agra- 
rian law,  and  next  of  the  Equltes,  by 
remitting  the  third  part  of  what  they 
had  ftipulated  to  pay  'for  the  Afiatic 
revenues,  [Fid.  A.  p.  24.  and  204.) 
When  Bibulus  attempted  by  his  inter- 
pofition  to  prevent  thefe  laws  from 
being  pafied,  he  was  treated  fo  roughly 
by  the  mob,  that  for  the  laft  eight 
isionths  of  the  year,  (not  the  whole  year, 
as  Seneea  fays,  ad  Marc.  14.)  he  fhut 
himfelf  up  in  his  houfe,  and  only  en- 
deavoured to  obftruft  the  proceedings 
of  Caefar  by  his  edids,  Suet.  20. 
■Henceforth  Caefar  managed  every  thing 
as  he  chofe  ;  whence  fome  witty  per- 
sons, when  they  figned  any  writing  as 
*vitnefles,  did  not  add.  as  uuial,  "  In  the 
confulfliip  of  Caefar  and  Bibulus,  but  of 
Juhus  and  Caefar  '*  {non  Caefare  et  B'lhu- 
lof  Jed  Julio  et  Caefare  Cofs.J  putting 
the  fame  perfon  down  twice  by  his 
name  and  firname.  Suet.  ib.  ;  Dio,  38, 
%,  The  bitter  edicts  ( Archilcchia  edic- 
ta)  of  Bibulus,  however,  provoked 
Caefar  fo  lar,  that  he  attempted  to  ex- 
cite  the  mxob  to  dorm  his  houfe  and 
di'ag  him  out  by  force  ;  and  Vatinius, 
the  tribune,  at  Caefar's  delire.,  adually 
mude  iin  ^ii'^ult  on  it,  jJioj^gU  without 


57    1  C   A  E 

luc;  efs,  Cie.  4tt.  2-  21.  ;  Faf.  g.  C;»- 
cero  having,  in  a  fpeech  at  the  trial  Gjf 
Antonius.  his  former  colleague,  com* 
plained  too  freely  concerning  the  itate 
of  the  times,  Caefar  being  informed 
of  it,  inftantly  called  an  affembly  of 
the  people,  and  by  the  ailiftance  of 
Pompey,  who  aded  as  augur,  ratified 
the  adoption  of  Clodius,  Cicero's  ene- 
my, into  a  plebeian  family;  that  fo  ''Jo- 
dius  might  be  made  a  tribune,  and 
thereby  enabled  to  profecute  Cicero 
for  putting  Lentulus  and  the  other  ac- 
complices of  Catiline's  confpiracy  tp 
death  without  a  trial,  Su£t.  20.  ;  Plw 
tarch.  CaeJ.  p.  714.  j  Cic.  Dom.  16.5 
Sext.  7. 

The  violent  proceedings  of  Caefar 
rendered  the  triumvirate  odious  to  all 
ranks  of  men,  and  Pompey  chiefly  be- 
came the  objed  of  the  pubhc  hatred, 
Cic.  Att.  2,  13,  19,  &  20.  He  nov/ 
began  to  be  fenfible  of  his  error  in  af- 
fociating  himfelf  wath  Caefar ;  whicji 
he  frankly  owned  to  Cicero,  C'lc.  Att^ 
2,  21,  &  21.  who  urged  him  to  the 
only  remedy,  an  immediate  breach  witk 
Caefar  ;  but  Caefar  was  more  fuccefs- 
ful,  and  entirely  alienated  Pompey 
from  Cicero,  Cu.  Phil.  2,  10. 

Caefar,  to  ftrengthen  his  union  with 
Pompey,  gave  him  in  marriage  his  only 
daugiiter  Julia;  who,  by  her  amiable 
difpofition  and  engaging  manners,  pre- 
ferved  a  good  underftanding  betweea 
her  father  and  hufband  while  flie  lived. 
Suet.  21.  ;  Clc.  Att.  2,  17.  About  the 
fame  time,  to  fecure  the  intereil  of 
Pifo,  his  fucciiior  in  the  confulate, 
Caefar  married  Calpurnia,  Pifo' s  daugh- 
ter, Suet.  11^  Dioy  3H,  9. 

In  order  to  llrike  a  ten'or  into  thg 
oppofite  party,  Caefar  bribed  Vcttius, 
who  had  formerly  accufed  himfeif,  to 
declare,  that  he  had  been  folicited  by 
fome  of  the  nobility  to  afrafii.ate  Pom*, 
pey  ;  and  being  produced  to  the  people: 
ih  the  Rojirdi  named  feveral :  but  this 
plot  being  treated  with  merited  con- 
tempt, Caefar  was  gbd  to  get  rid  of  it^ 
by  llran^'Hng  or  poiioning  Vettius  pr> 
vatclv  in  priic:;.  and  giving  out  that  i^ 
WAS  fipae  by  the  .cpnipii;3X»^,  ^u^*  AO- » 


C  A  E  [    ?8 

(?/V.  jIu.  2,  24. ;  Vat.  II.;  ^^rx.  63.  ; 
App'^nn.  2,  p.  244.  Dio.  who  is  rarely 
favourable  to  Cicero,  afTerts,  very  im- 
probably, that  Cicero  and  Lucullus 
aciually  did  attempt  to  perpetrate  this 
cfime  by  means  of  Vettlus,  38,  9. 

Gaefar  being  now  near  the  clofe  of 
his  conful^Tiip,  employed  his  age.it,  the 
tribune-  Vatinius,  to  procure  from  the 
people,  by  an  extraordinary  law,  the 
province  of  Cifalpine  Gaul  and  Illyri- 
Cum,  for  five  years-  with  three  legions, 
Suet.  21.  \  Ctc.  Dom.  9.  ;  Vat,  15.  to 
which  the  fenate  foon  after,  difregard- 
ing  their  former  appointment,  upon 
Caefar's  defire,  added  likewife  Tranf- 
alpine  Gaul,  and  one  legion  more  ;  a- 
fraid  left,  if  they  fhould  refufe  it,  he 
Ihould  get  that  alfo  from  the  people, 
without  their  confent.  Suet,  ib  ;  Dhj 
38,  8.  while  Cato  in  vain  remonftrated, 
that,  by  their  decrees,  ihey  were  pla- 
cing the  tyrant  in  a  citadel,  Plutarch. 
in  Cat    Min.  p.  775. 

Though  Caefar  received  at  firfl  only 
four  legions,  Dlo,  38,  8.  5c  41.  ;  Plu- 
tarch, lb.  et  Caef.  />.  7  14.;  Pomp.  p.  644.; 
App'ian.  2,  435.  he  afterwards  encrea- 
fed  that  number,  at  different  times, 
Suet.  24.  ;  (.aef.  Bell  Gall  2,  2.  &  23. 
to  ten  legions,  th.  6,  i,  31.  &  32.  At 
the  end  of  the  Gallic  war  he  had  thir- 
teen legions,  befides  the  two  which  he 
gave  to  Pompey,  ib.  8,  54. 

Caefar  having  laid  down  the  conful- 
fliip,  remained  for  fome  time  with  his 
army  before  the  city,  D'to^  38,  17.  ; 
Ck.  Sext.  18.  ;  PoJ}.  Red.  in  Sen  at.  13. 
Several  of  the  fuccceding  magidrates 
wanted  to  profecute  him  for  his  illegal 
proceedings  during  the  former  year, 
and  to  annul  his  acls;  but  Caefar,  by  the 
interpofition  of  the  tribunes,  whom  he 
had  gained,  prevented  them  ;  and,  to 
fecure  himfelf  for  the  future,  always 
took  care,  by  every  method,  to  attach 
to  his  intereil  a  majority  of  the  annual 
magiftrates,  Suet.  23. 

Caefar  fet  out  for  his  province  about 
the  end  of  March,  a.  u.  695,  Caef.  B. 
G.  1,6.  He  firft  conquered  the  Hel- 
VETii,  who  had  left  their  coutry  in 
quell  of  better  fettlements;   and  forced 


]  C  A  E 

them,  after  fuftaining  prodigious  lofs, 
to  return  to  tlieir  own  territories,  tb. 
21.  He  next  defeated  Ariovistus, 
a  king  of  the  Germans,  who  had  fet- 
tled in  Gaul,  with  great  ilaughter,  and 
obliged  him  to  crofs  the  Rhine,  ib  53. 
In  the  fecond  year,  a.  u.  696,  Cae- 
far fubdued  the  Belgae,  Id.  2,  11. 
the  SitefftoneSi  c.  13.  the  Bellovaci.  4. 
the  Nervii,  c.  28.  the  -^ttuat^ci  ;  of 
whom'  he  fold  53,000  for  (laves,  be- 
caufe,  after  making  a  furrender,  they 
again  took  up  arms,  c.  33.  He  alfo 
reduced  feveral  other  ftates,  c.  34.  In 
the  fame  year,  by  mean:-  of  his  lieute- 
nant Sergius  Galba,  he  vtinquifhcd  the 
Nan*uaiesy  Veragri,  and  Srlilni,  Id.  3, 
1, — 6.  For  thefe  fucceffes,  a  thankf- 
giving  (fuppUcatio)  was  decreed  at 
Rome  in  hon.>ur  of  Caefar,  for  fifteen 
days,  a  greater  number  than  had  ever 
before  been  granted  to  any  one,  Id.  2, 

35  f- 

Caefar  thinking  that  all  Gaul  was 
now  fubdued,  ib.  et  3)  7-  made  a  pro- 
grefs  into  Illyricum.,  ib.  and  from  thence 
went  to  Luca  in  Italy,  where  Pompey 
and  Craffus  met  him,  to  concert  mea- 
fures  for  their  mutual  advantage.  It 
was  agreed  that  Pompey  and  Craffus 
fiiould  be  confuls  for  next  year,  and 
that  they  fhould  procure  for  Caefar  the 
prolongation  of  his  command  for  five 
years  more,  w'l^h.  money  to  pay  his 
troops,     Suet.    Caef,    24.  ;    Appian.    2. 

^  437- 

In  the  mean  time  a  fudden  war  broke 
ont  in  Gaul  with  the  Vemti^  and  otner 
ftates  bordering  on  the  ocean,  Caef.  B. 
G.  3,  7.  who,  being  vanquifhed  m  a 
naval  battle,  furrendered  themfelves  to 
Caefiir.  Bat  he,  provoked  at  the  Ve- 
ntti  for  having  detained  the  Roman  am- 
baffadors,  ordered  all  their  fenators  to  • 
be  put  to  death,  and  the  reft  to  be  fold 
as  fb.ves, /^.  7, — 16.  Meantime  Q^Ti- 
turius  Sabinus,  Caefar's  lieutenant,  by 
an  artful  ftra:agem,  defeated  the  Unellip 
ib.  17, — 19.  At  the  fame  time  P. 
Craffus,  in  Aquitania,  having  vanqaifti- 
ed  the  Satiates,  forced  tiiem  to  fubmit, 
ib.  20, — 25.  with  feveral  other  ftates 
©f  the  fame  country,  ik  27.     In  the 

end 


C   A  E 


r  90  1 


C   A  E 


end  of  the  fame  fummer,  Caefar  attack, 
ed  the  Monni  and  Menu;>ih  which  were 
the  oniy  ftates  in  Gaul  t'^at  remained 
in  arms,  but,  by  the  woody  nature  of 
their  country,  was  prevented  from  com- 
pleting the  conquell  of  them,  ib.  28.  & 
29.'^  but  he  effected  it  ntxt  feafon,  with 
great  flaughtcr,  Id.  4,  37.  &  38. 

A.  u.  698,  when  Pompey  and  Craf- 
fus  were  confuls,  the  Ufipetcs  and  Tmch- 
ther'i^  two  German  nations,  bein^  ex- 
pelled by  the  Suevi,  paiTed  the  Rhine, 
and  feized  the  country  of  the  Menapiif 
ib.  4,  I, — 4.  the  EburoneSf  and  Con- 
drufi^  ib.  6.  to  the  number  of  430,000, 
ib.  15  Caefar  defeated  them  with 
vaft  flaughter,  and  without  the  lofs  of 
a  man  on  his  own  fide,  ih.  Plutarch 
fays  that  no  lefs  than  400,000  were 
flain,  in  CaeJ.  p.  718. 

Caefar,  that  he  might  ilrike  terror 
into  the  Germans,  in  his  turn,  and  for 
feveral  other  reafons,  which  he  men- 
tions, particularly  that  he  might  affill 
the  Uhn  againll  the  Sueviy  refolved  to 
crofs  the  Rhine,  Id.  4,  1  6.  He  more- 
over was  defirous  of  doing  what  no  Ro- 
man had  ever  done  before  him,  Dio,  39, 
48.  Accordingly  having  made  a  wood- 
en bridge  with  lurprifmg  difpatch,  in 
ten  days,  he  led  over  his  army  ;  and 
Jiaving  ravaged  the  country  of  the  Si- 
famhri,  who  fled  to  their  woods  upon 
his  approach,  led  back  his  troops  into 
Gaul,  after  (laying  beyond  the  Rhine 
only  eighteen  days  ;  and  broke  down 
the  bridge,  Caef.  B.  G.  4,  16, — 19. 
Dio  fays  that  Caefar  llaid  twenty  days 
in  Germany,  and  that  he  left  it,  upon 
hearing  that  the  Suevi  were  affembling 
to  affiil  the  Sicambri,  ib 

From  the  fame  fondnefs  of  accom- 
pliiliing  things  never  before  attempted, 
though  but  a  fmall  part  of  the  furamer 
remained,  Caefar  tranfported  his  army 
iiito  Britain  on  pretext  that  the  Bri 
tons  had  aflifted  the  Gauls  in  all  their 
wars  againft  him.  The  Britons  oppo- 
fed  hiy  landing  with  great  bravery;  but 
being  defeated,  were  forced  to  aik 
peace,  and  to  give  hoftages,  Id.  4,  20, 
.—36.     In  this  expedition  Caefar  loft  a 


number  of  !his  (hips  by  a  ftorm,  tb»  28* 
&  29. 

Next  year,  a.  u.  699,  Caefat  made 
a  fecond  expedition  into  Britain,  Af- 
ter feveral  contefts,  in  fome  of  which 
Caefar  fuftained  confiderable  lofs,  Caf- 
fibclaunus,  the  chief  king  of  the  ifland, 
w^as  obliged  to  fue  for  peace ;  upon 
which  Caefar  failed  back  with  his  army 
to  Gaul,  lb.  5,  5, — 23.  Upon  his  land- 
ing he  received  letters  informing  him 
of  the  death  of  his  daughter  Julia,  P/u- 
tarch. 

Next  winter,  on  account  of  the  fear- 
city  of  corn,  Caefar  diftributed  his  le- 
gions among  the  feveral  dates,  th.  24* 
On  this  account  the  Gauls,  at  the  in- 
ftigation  of  Ambiorix  and  Cativulcus, 
the  chiefs  of  the  Ehurones.,  and  of  In- 
dutiomarus  king  of  the  Trcviri,  form- 
ed a  plan  of  attacking  the  Romans  in 
their  winter-quarters.  Ambiorix  ha- 
ving, by  an  artful  fpeech,  induced  Ti- 
turius  and  Cotta  to  quit  their  camp, 
which  w^as  placed  between  the  Maefe 
and  the  Rhine,  in  the  country  of  the 
Ehurones.,  attacked  them  on  their  march, 
and  cut  them  off,  with  all  their  forces, 
confiding  of  a  whole  legion  and  tive 
cohorts.  Cotta  had  at  firft  ftrongly 
oppofed  this  meafure,  but  yielded  co 
the  opinion  of  Titurius,  ib.  26,-36. 
Suetonius  calls  him  Aurunculeius,  aad 
fays,  that  he  and  Titurius  were  killed 
by  an  ambufcade  in  the  territories 
of  the  Germans,  Caef.  25.  Ambio- 
rix being  afterwards  joined  by  the  AtU' 
aiici  and  Nervii,  attacked  the  camp  of 
Q^  Cicero,  the  brother  of  the  orator, 
who  defended  himfelf  with  great  brave- 
ry ;  but  being  reduced  to  the  greateft 
flraits,  mull  have  foon  furrendered,  had 
he  not  been  relieved  by  Caefar  ;  who 
having  heard  of  his  danger,  came  to  his 
afTillance  with  wonderful  expedition, 
defeated  the  Gauls,  and,  to  prevent 
their  continual  revolts,  determined  him- 
felf to  pafs  the  winter  in  Gaul,  ib.  37, 
— 51.  Indutiomarus  attacked  the  camp 
of  Labienus,  which  was  placed  on  the 
confines  of  the  Treviri  and  Rnemi  ;  but 
being  flain  in  the  attempt,  the  Gauls 
H  2  feparated^ 


C   A  t  I    69 

fc|5aratcd,    and  tranquillity  was  in   a 
great  meafure  reftoied,  iL  53-   adf.n. 

Caefar,  to  repair  his  lofTes,  levied 
three  new  legions.  He  next  year,  a. 
700,  reduced  the  Neri^ti,  by  a  fudden 
jnvafion,  and  forced  the  Carniltes  and 
Menapl't  to  furrender.  The  Trennrt 
¥rere  routed  by  the  artful  conduft  of 
X.abienus  his  lieutenant,  tb.  6,  i, — 7. 
As  the  Germans  had  alTifled  the  Tre- 
virif  Caefar  again  croffed  the  Rhine  ; 
but  underftanding  from  the  Ubian 
fcouts  that  the  Suc'vi  were  retired  to 
their  woods,  and  fearing  the  want  of 
provilions,  he  in  a  fhort  time  returned 
into  Gaul,  Ih.  c.  8,  9.  &  28.  Dio  fays 
that  Caefar  retreated  from  fear  of  the 
Suevi,  as  before,  40,  32.  He  how- 
ever left  a  part  of  his  bridge  ftanding, 
having  broken  down  only  about  200  feet 
of  it  on  the  German  fide,  and,  to  fecure 
the  reft,  built  at  the  extremity  a  ftrong 
tower  of  four  ftories,  where  he  left  a 
garrifon  of  twelve  cohorts,  under  the 
command  of  C.  Volcatius  Tullus,  CaeJ. 
tt  Dio,  ibid. 

Caefar,  after  his  return  from  Ger- 
many, ravaged  the  country  of  the  E 
hurones.  In  the  mean  time  the  Sicam- 
hri  having  croffed  the  Rhine,  attacked 
a  party  of  the  Romans  under  Cicero, 
and  cut  off  two  cohorts.  They  alfo 
attacked  his  camp  ;  but  being  beat  off 
from  it,  they  repafTed  the  Rhine  with 
their  booty,   Caef.  6,31.  ad  Jin. 

A.  n.  701,  almoft  all  the  ftates  of 
Gaul  confpired  to  recover  their  liberty 
imder  the  conduftof  Vercingetorix, 
prompted,  as  Caefar  himfelf  fays,  by 
hearing  of  the  difturbances  at  Rome, 
occaficned  by  the  murder  of  '..lodius, 
Ifp,  y,  I, — j;.  After  feveral  defperate 
confiidls,  repulfmg  the  Romans  at  Ger- 
govia,  with  the  lofs  of  700  men  and  46 
centurions,  ib.  ^i.  [legione  ftisd.  Suet. 
Caef.  25.),  the  Gauls  were  at  laft  en- 
tirely defeated  at  Alefia,  and  that  city, 
together  with  Vercingetorix,  and  a 
great  number  of  captives,  furrendered 
to  Caefar,  ib.  8y.  The  fcnate  at  Rome 
being  informed  of  thefe  fuccefl'es  by 
Caefar's  letters,  decreed  a  fupplication, 
;.  c,  that  prayers  and  facrihces  fhould 


1  C   A    E 

be  tnade  in  all  the  temples,  and  fefti- 
vals  celebrated  for  twenty  days,  ib.  90. 
Notwithftarding  the  dreadful  defeats 
which  the  Gauls  had  fuftained,  new 
efforts  were  flill  made  next  year,  a.  702^ 
to  fhake  off  the  Roman  yoke,  by  diffe- 
rent ftates,  by  the  Biturlges,  Carn.fres', 
Bellovaciy  Treviri,  PiBones,  jirmoncii 
Cadurci,  Sec.  but  thefe  were  all  fiiially 
crulhed,  fome  of  them  with  the  utmdll 
feverity,  ib.  8,  1,-40.  To  prevent 
thefe  repeated  revolts  by  an  exemplary 
puniihment,  Caefar  having  taken  Uxel- 
lodumimj  cut  off  the  hands  of  all  thofe 
who  had  borne  arms  againft  him,  ib.  A^. 
Thus  Caefar  cotnpletely  fubdued  all 
Gaul  in  lets  than  ten  years.  rSuetonius 
fays  in  nine  years,  f.  25.  but  in  anothet 
place  he  fays  in  ten,  r.  69.  Dio  makes 
the  time  only  eight  years,  39,  33.  et 
44,  43.  Caefar  himfelf  makes  it  nirie 
years,  B.  C.  1,  7.  but  a  little  after  com- 
plains that  he  was  recalled  from  his  go- 
vernment fix  months  before  his  decen- 
nial period  was  completed,  ib.  c.  9.  fo 
that  he  is  commonly  faid  to  have  been 
ten  years  in  conquering  Gaul ;  thus, 
Bellantem  geminis  tenuit  te  Gallia  lujlris, 
Lucan.  I,  283.  Decimo  jam  vincitis  an^ 
no,  ib.  300.  During  that  time  he  is 
faid  to  have  taken  800  towns,  to  have 
fubdued  300  ftates,  (Appian  fays  400 
llateb),  and  to  have  engaged  at  diffe- 
rent times  three  millions  of  men,  (Ap- 
pian fays  four  milHons),  one  million  of 
whom  he  flew  in  battle,  and  made  an- 
other million  prifoncrs,  Plutarch,  in  Caef. 
et  Jppian.  in  Celt.  p.  755.  Piiny  makes 
him    to   have   flain  1,192,000  men,   7, 

39.   Paterculus   400,000,    2,    47. • 

Though  Caefar  always  gives  plaufible 
pretexts  for  his  wars,  yet  there  is  rea- 
fon  to  think  that  they  were  not  always 
juftifiabie.  Suetonius  fays,  that  after 
he  had  augmented  and  difciplined  his 
army  to  his  mind,  he  declined  no  occa- 
fion  of  war,  even  though  unjuft  and 
dangerous,  attacking  confederate  ftates 
as  well  as  thofe  that  were  hoftile  ;  fo 
that  the  fenate  once  decreed,  that  am- 
bafladors  fliould  be  fent  to  examine  the 
ftate  of  Gaul,  and  fome  advifed  that 
Caefar  fuould  be  given  up  to   the   ene- 


C  A  E  [6 

my  ;  but  all  oppofition  was  quafhed  by 
his  fplendid  fiicceffes,  6"?/^/.  CaeJ.  24. 

Caefar  reduced  Gaul  to  the  form  of 
<l  province.  To  lecure  its  fubjeclion, 
he  built  forts  in  different  places,  and 
impofed  an  annual  tribute  of  forty  mil- 
lions of  fc ftcrces,  [quadringenties) ,  Suet. 
25.;   Eutrop.  6,  14.;  Dio,  40,  43. 

While  Caefar  profecuted  his  con- 
quefts  with  fo  much  vigour  and  fuc- 
cefs  in  Gaul,  he  .paid  the  utraoft  at- 
tention to  fupport  and  increafe  his  in- 
fluence at  Rome.  He  always  took 
care  to  oblige  the  annual  magiftrates, 
and  to  aflilt  none  of  the  candidates 
with  his  intereil,  but  fueh  as  engaged 
to  defend  him  in  his  abfence  ;  and  to 
fecure  their  performance,  he  did  not 
hefitate  to  exad  from  fome  of  them  an 
oath,  and  even  a  formal  bond  or  written 
obligation,  (fyngrapham  exigen)^  Suet. 
23.  Every  year,  when  he  came  to  Cif- 
alpine  Gaul  to  hold  afiizes  or  courts  of 
jultice,  (ad  conventus  agendas),  and  to 
regulate  the  affairs  of  the  province,  a 
great  many  of  the  principal  perfons  in 
Rome  came  to  pay  their  refpetlis  to 
him.  Plutarch  informs  us,  that  there 
were  once  at  Luca  at  the  fame  time 
120  Hirers,  and  more  than  2CO  fena- 
tois,  in  Caefare, -p.  -"jiS.  So  Appian, 
B.  Civ.  2.   p.  437. 

When  Pompey  was  created  fole  con- 
ful,  to  quell  the  dilturbances  which 
took  place  after  the  death  of  Clodius, 
a.  u.  701,  fome  of  the  tribunes  pro- 
pofed  making  Caefar  his  colleague  ; 
but  Caefar  requeiled,  that  they  would 
rather  get  a  law  paffed,  that  when  the 
time  of  his  command  in  Gaul  was  near 
expiring,  he  fhould  be  permitted  to 
ttand  candidate  for  the  confulfliip  in 
his  abfence,  Sui^L  26.  Dio  fays,  that 
this  difpenfation  was  granted  to  Caefar 
by  Pompey,  Dio,  40,  5 1,  &  56.  The 
law  however  appears  to  have  been  paff- 
ed by  the  joint  appHcation  of  the  tri- 
bunes, with  the  concurrence  of  Pom- 
pey, Cic.  Fam.  8.  3.  ;  Appian.  2,  442. 
And  Cicero  acknowledges  that  he  al- 
fo  had  lent  his  aid  in  that  bufmefs,  by 
engaging  Coeiius,  then  one  of  the  tri- 
bunes, to  'prompte  the  law  ;  which  Ci- 


I    1  C  A  E 

ccro  did  at  the  requcH  of  Caefar,  wbotli 
he  had  feen  at  Ravenna,  and  afterwards 
of  Pompey  himfeif  at  Rome.  Hencfi 
Uh'i  illae  flint  denfae  dextrae  ?  Wlierc 
is  that  right  hand,  which  you  joined 
clofely  to  Caefar's,  when  you  promifcd. 
to  fupport  his  intereft  ?  Caefar  and  his 
friends  will  ail^,  fays  Cicero,  if  I  aft 
again ll  him,  Cia.  Att,  7,  i.  But  Ci- 
cero  aftervvatdfi  afferted,  very  incoiifift. 
ently,  that  he  had  advifed  Pompey  not 
to  grant  Caefar  this  difpenfation,  Cic, 
Phd.  2,  10. — Caefar,  having  obtained 
this  fa^'our,  raifed  hi-^,  views  flill  higher. 
He  lavlilied  immenfe  fums  to  gain  the 
favour  of  the  people  both  in  public  and 
in  private.  He  was  the  fure  fuccour 
of  criminals,  of  infolvent  debtors,  and 
prodigal  young  men  ;  nor  was  he  Icfs 
iludious  to  gain  the  friendfliip  of  kings 
and  of  the  allied  Hates.  He  main- 
tained a  large  body  of  gladiators  ia 
different  places,  particularly  at  Capua. 
He  doubled  the  pay  of  his  foldiers, 
and  by  his  liberality  gained  their  af- 
fections 10  a  wonderful  degree.  Suet, 
ib.  26,  27,  &  28.  Cic,  Att.  7,  3.  Fanu 
8,  4,  &  14. 

Pompey,  who  had  fo  long  contri- 
buted to  raife  Caefar,  (per  decern  anno* 
aluity  Cic.  Att.  7,  5).  at  lail  became 
jealous  of  his  power  ;  but,  from  a  vaift 
couiidence  in  his  own  ilrength,  neglect- 
ed to  make  proper  preparations  for  hiss 
defence  :  and  by  the  violent  meafures 
which  his  party  purfued,  affoi'ded  Cae- 
iar  a  pretext  for  bringing  matters  to 
extremity.  For  three  years  there  was 
each  year  one  of  the  confuls  of  the 
name  of  Marcellus,  all  of  them  inimi- 
cal to  Caefar. 

A.  U.  702,  M.  Marcellus  made  a 
motion  in  the  fenate,  that  a  fucceffor 
fhould  be  appointed  to  Caefar,  and 
fmce  the  war  in  Gaul  was  finifhed,  that 
he  fnould  be  obliged  to  difband  his  ar- 
my, and  come  in  perfon  to  fue  for  the 
confullhip;  alleging  that  the  law,  which 
granted  him  leave  to  declare  himfeif  a 
candidate  in  his  abfence,  was  not  for- 
m.ally  pafTed.  But  this  motion  of  Mar- 
cellus was  oppofed  by  his  colleague 
Serv.  Sulpicius,  and  fome  of  the  tri- 
bunes 


C   A   E  t 

feunes,  who  were  in  the  interell  of  Ca'- 
far,  Suet.  28.  It  was  difapproved  of  even 
by  Pompey  himfelf,  who  pretended 
not  to  wifh  that  Caefar  fhould  be  de- 
prived of  his  command  before  the  time, 
Dlo,  40,  59.  and  feems  to  have  had  no 
notion  that  Caefar  would  think  of  re- 
taining it  longer,  Cic.  Fam.  8,  8.  Ac- 
cordingly, after  many  warm  debates, 
in  which  the  fummer  was  chiefly  fpent, 
a  decree  of  the  fenate  was  carried  on 
the  lail  day  of  Septeiiber,  "  That  the 
next  confuls,  L.  Paiilus  and  C.  Mar- 
cellus,  (who  was  the  coufm  of  Mar- 
cus), ihould,  on  the  ift  of  March  there- 
after, a.  u.  703,  move  the  fenate  to 
fettle  the  confular  provinces,  &c."  But 
to  this  decree  four  of  the  tribunes  gave 
their  joint  negative,  Cic.  ib.  M.  Mar- 
celhis,  not  fatisfied  with  taking  from 
Caefar  his  provinces  and  the  privilege 
of  being  made  conful  in  his  abfence, 
alfo  moved  the  houfe,  that  the  free- 
dom of  the  city  (hould  be  taken  from 
thole  planters,  whom  Caefar,  by  the 
Vatinian  law,  had  fettled  at  Novum- 
comum.  Suet,  28.  ;  and  having  caught 
a  certain  Comeniian  magillrate,  who 
was  acting  the  citizen,  he  ordered  him 
to  be  feized  and  publicly  whipt ;  as 
an  indignity  to  Caefar,  Appian.  2,  243. 
which  a6:  Cicero  greatly  condemns. 
An.   5,  II. 

Caefar,  alarmedby  thefe proceedings, 
took  every  precaution  for  his  defence  ; 
he  levied  foldiers,  colle6ted  money,  and 
tried  to  conciliate  the  Gauls  by  the 
mildneis  of  his  adminiitration,  D'lo-,  40, 
60.  ;  Caef.  B.  G.  8,  49.  To  counttr- 
ad  the  defigns  of  his  enemies  at  Rome, 
he  attached  to  his  intereil  L.  Paulus, 
the  conful,  by  no  lefs  a  fum  than  1590 
talents,  about  L.  279,500;  and  Cu- 
rio, one  of  the  tribunes,  by  a  ilili  lar- 
ger fum,  Db,  lb.  Appian.  2,  243.  ;  Phi- 
tar  ch.  Pomp.  p.  650;  Cdef.  p.  722. 
(The  fum  given  to  Curio  is  faid 
to  have  been  fexcenttes  fejlertiumi  i.  e. 
L.  484,373,  Val.  Max.  9,  1,6.  ;  Pa- 
ierc.  2,  48.):  But  in  moil  editions  of 
Paterculus  it  is  cent'ies  H.  S. 

Under  pretext  of  the  Partiiian  war, 
the  fenate,  which  was  now,  at  lealt  a 


62    3  C  A  E 

great  majority  of  it,  in  the  intereft  of 
Pompey,  decreed,  "  that  both  'aefar 
and  Pompey  fliould  each  give  a  legion 
to  Bibiilus,  the  governor  of  Syria  ;'* 
and  Pompey  demanded  from  Caefar  the 
legion  vv^hich  he  had  lent  him  after 
the  deftrutlion  of  Titurius  and  Cotta. 
Caefar,  though  he  perceived  that  both 
thefe  legions  would  be  given  to  Pom- 
pey, as  they  adually  were,  yet  readily 
fent  them,  Caef.  B.  G.  8,  54.  becaufe 
it  afforded  him  a  plauiible  reafon  for 
levying  ftill  greater  forces  in  their  room, 
Dio,  40,  6^.  At  their  departure  he 
gave  each  legionary  foldier  250  drach' 
maCi  about  L.  8,   Plutarch. 

Thefe  foldiers,  whether  from  igno- 
rance or  defign,  fpread  unfavourable 
reports  of  Caefar,  "  that  his  army, 
wearied  of  the  war,  would  leadily  de* 
fert,  as  foon  as  they  came  into  Italy  ;" 
which  increafed  the  confidence  and  fe- 
curity  of  Pompey,  and  of  his  parti* 
fans,   App'ian.  2,  446. 

The  confuls  eleded  for  the  cnfuing 
year  704,  were  C.  Cdaudius  MarccUus, 
(the  brother  of  Marcus),  and  L.  Cor» 
nelius  Lentulus,  both  of  them  attach- 
ed to  Pompey.  Caefar  now  alFumed 
the  appearance  of  moderation,  and  pro* 
pofed  to  refign  the  command  of  his  ar* 
my,  provided  others,  meaning  Pom- 
pey, (hould  do  the  fame  ;  knowing 
from  Curio,  that  Pompey  would  never 
agree  to  fuch  a  propofal.  He  even 
m.ade  llill  greater  conceiTions,  Suet.  29.; 
Flor.  4,  2.  ;  Veil.  2,  49.  Caefar  wrote  a 
letter  to  this  effed  by  Curio,  who,  af- 
ter laying  down  his  office  of  tribune 
on  the  lOth  December,  had  gone  di- 
reftly  to  Caefar,  D'lo^  40,  (^6.  and  re- 
turned with  great  difpatch  to  Rome 
before  the  ift  of  January  704,  Appian. 
2,  247.  Authors  differ  about  fome 
particulars  in  this  letter,  but  they  all 
agree  in  the  principal  point  of  Caefar's 
propofmg  to  refign  his  command,  if 
Pompey  would  do  the  fame,  Appian, 
ibid.  J  Dioy  41,  I.  ;  Plutarch.  Caef.  727. 
The  matter  v.-as  violei.tly  debated  in 
the  fenate  for  feveral  days.  At  lail  a 
decree  was  made  by  a  great  majority, 
^t  the  motion  of  Scipio,  "  That  Cae- 


C  A  E  t    «3 

far  (lioulcl  difmifs  his  army  by  a  certain 
day,  ^  r  be  declared  an  enemy  ;"  and 
when  M.  Antony  and  Q^  Caflius,  two 
of  t^be  tribunes,  oppofed  theii  negative, 
tbe  fenate  proceeded  to  that  decree, 
^vhich  was  ufually  made  in  cafes  of  ex- 
tremity, "  That  the  confuls,  prae- 
tors, tribunes,  and  all  who  were  about 
the  city  with  proconfular  power,  ihould 
take  care  that  the  repubhc  received  no 
detriment,"  (ut  curarent,  ne  quid  refp. 
detrimcnti  caperet),  Cic.  Fam.  i6,  1 1. 
Upon  which  Antony  and  Caflius,  to- 
gether with  Curio,  fled,  in  difguife,  his 
(vehiculo  mtr'itor'iOy  teS'i  fervil'i  habituj, 
to  Caefar,  who  was  then  at  Ravenna, 
Caef,  B.  C.  I,  5.  with  only  one  legion, 
ib.  8.  Plutarch  fays,  with  about  5000 
foot  and  300  horfe,  the  ufual  num- 
ber of  troops  then  in  a  legion,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Caef.  p.'JZ'J.  Add.  Dio,  41,3.; 
j^pp'ian.  2,  248.;  Lucan.  .,  267,  &c. 
When  Caefar  was  informed  of  what 
had  paffed,  he  immediately  difpatched 
his  cohorts  before,  and  to  avoid  fuf- 
picion,  fpent  the  day  himfelf  in  public, 
attended  a  fhow  of  gladiators,  and 
flipped  as  ufual  with  his  friends.  Af- 
ter fun-fet  he  rofe  from  the  table,  and 
fet  out  privately  with  a  few  attendants. 
Having  travelled  all  night,  he  in  the 
moming  overtook  his  cohorts  at  the 
rivci  Rubicon,  the  boundary  of  his 
province.  Here  he  flopped  a  little, 
mufmg  on  the  greatnefs  of  his  cnter- 
prife,  {reputans  quantum  moliretun)  ; 
then  turning  to  thofe  who  were  next 
him,  *'  Still,  fays  he,  we  may  go  back, 
but  if  we  pafs  this  little  bridge,  every 
thii^  muil  be  done  by  arms,"  f  omnia 
arwls  agenda  erunt)y  Suet.  31  f.  Upon 
which  he  quickly  croffed  the  river,  fay- 
ing. *'  The  die  is  call,"  {alea  jacta 
EST  J,  Suet.  ib.  Hic-)  a'lty  hie,  pactniy  te- 
nter at  aque  jura  relinquOi  Te,  Fortuna  fe~ 
guory  &c.  l.ucan.  i,  225.)  His  troops 
readily  followed  him.  He  fpeedily 
led  them  to  Ariminum,  and  took  pof- 
feflion  of  the  place  without  refiilance, 
6uet.  31,  &  32.  Plutarch,  in  Caef. 
727.;  Jppian.  2,  249.;  Lucan.  2, 
231.  ;  Flor.  2,  19.  Lucan  represents 
the  Rubicon  as  fwelled  by  the  winter 


1  C  A  E 

rains,  and  fays,  that  Caefar  and  his 
troops  waded  it  with  difficulty,  the 
horfe  entering  fir  ft,  and  oppofmg  the 
rapidity  of  the  current  till  the  foot 
paffed,  I,  217,  &c.  A  prodigy  is  al- 
fo  faid  to  have  appeared  to  Caefar 
while  he  hefitatcd  on  the  banks,  which 
encouraged  him  to  pafs,  Suet.  32.  Lu- 
can makes  the  image  of  Rome  to  ap- 
pear to  Caefar,  and  addrefs  a  fpeech 
to  him,  I,  186. 

Caefar  takes   no  notice  of  his  paf- 
fing  the   Rubicon,  but  only  mentions 


,^al  at  Aril 


B.  C.  T,  8. 


Here  he  met  with  Curio,  and  the  tri- 
bunes. Having  fummoned  his  troops 
to  an  aflembly,  he  brought  forth  the 
tribunes  in  the  fame  fervile  habit  in 
which  they  had  fled  from  Rome ;  aed. 
after  Curio  had  given  an  affecting  ac- 
count of  all  that  had  happened,  Cae- 
far, with  marks  of  the  gieateft  emo- 
tion, (Jlens,  ac  vefie  a  peBore  dfc'i/fdj^ 
implored  the  proteAion  of  his  foldiers. 
Suet.  33.  ;  Dio.  41,  4.  ;  Lucan.  l, 
272,  &c.  Caefar  takes  no  notice  of 
this,  but  mentions  his  having  made  a 
fpeech  to  his  foldiers  at  Ravenna,  in 
which,  after  recounting  the  injuries  he 
had  fuffered,  he  conjured  them  to  de- 
fend his  reputation  and  dignity  againft 
the  malice  of  his  enemies,  B.  C.  i,  n. 
From  Ariminum  Caefar  fent  orders  to 
his  army  in  Gaul  to  follow  him  with  the 
utmoil  expedition.  But  while  he  made 
the  moil  vigorous  preparations  for  war» 
he  profelTed  the  ftrongeft  defire  of  an 
accommodation.  Accordingly  various 
overtures  for  peace  were  made  on  both 
fides,  but  without  effed,  Caef.  ib.',  Cic, 
Ait.  7,  14,  &  15. ;  f/  8,  9.  Fatn.  16, 
1 2.  Though  Caefar  had  the  belt  dif- 
ciplined  army,  yet  his  enemies  were 
greatly  fuperior  to  him  in  refources, 
particularly  as  they  were  m afters  of  the 
fea,  Cic.  Att.  10,  8.  whence  Cicero 
ufually  fpeaks  of  Caefar's  attempt  as 
a  kind  of  madnefs,  {^cum  amentia  qua- 
dam  raperetur).^  and  did  not  imagine 
he  would  venture  on  fo  defperate  an 
enterprife,  Cic.  Fam.  l6,  12.  Pom- 
p.y  not  havi.g  an  army  fulTicient  to 
oppofe   Caefar,  till  he   fliould  collect 

hi9 


C   A  E  [    f  4 

his  forces  from  the  different  parts  of 
the  empire,  feems  originally  to  have 
formed  the  refolution  of  reh'nquifhing 
Italy;  but  imprudently  concealed  that 
deiign    from   his   friends,    Clc.  ^4tt,   8, 

12. 

The  news  of  Caefar's  approach  fill- 
ed Rome  and  all  Italy  with  the  great- 
eft  conllernation.  Many  prodigies,  as 
ufual,  were  reported.  The  fame  ca- 
lamities were  apprehended  as  happen- 
ed under  Marius  and  Sulla,  Cacf.  ih. 
fy  14  ;  Jppian.  2,  449.  ;  Dlo,  49,  5.; 
JLucan^  I,  466, — ad  Jin,  et  2,  I, —  234.; 
Pompey  iled  from  Rome  to  Capua, 
Id.  2,  392.  declaring-,  that  he  iliould 
confjder  as  enemies  all  thofe  v.ho  did 
not  follow  him,  {^qui  Komae  remanif- 
fet}t,  Caef.  ib.  c.  33.  ^d  re'ipublirae  de- 
fuiffent.  Suet.  7^.)  which  he  is  faid  to 
bave  done  by  the  advice  of  Domitius, 
Suet.  Ner.  2.;  whereas  Caefa'-  declared, 
that  he  ihould  eittem  all  thofe  who  re- 
mained neuter,    [medios 


et  iieutrius  par- 
tis]j  as  his  friends,  Suet.  75.  Cic.  Lig, 
II.  The  coniuls,  and  moft  of  the  .0- 
th<?r  magillratt's  and  fenators,  followed 
Poaipey,  Cdc/l  lb.  14.;  2)iof  41,  6. 
^c  9.;  Ci^.  i^<7?w.  16,  12.  Appian 
fays  that  Pompey  was  urged  by  tfie 
confulg  to  leave  the  city,  ib.  450.  They 
dcpai-ted  in  fuch  a  huny,  that  they 
ueglefiied  to  tdie  with  them  the  mo- 
ney from  the  treafury,  Ca^f.  ib. ;  Dioy 
41,6-;  Cic.  Att.  6,  7.  The  o-nly  per- 
fon  of  note  in  Caefar's  army  that  join- 
ed Pompey,  was  Labienus,  Dio,  41, 
4. ;  Cic.  Att.  7,  II,  &  12.  Caefar's 
chief  lieutemip^t,  jaiid  then  command- 
er of  Cifalpine  Gaul,  Catf.  B.  G. 
8,  52. 

Caefar  rcmuined   for   fonie   time  .Jtt 


■J  C    A   E 

Domitius  intended  to  make  his  e- 
fcape  ;  but  his  troops  prevented  him, 
and  delivered  him  up  to  Caefar,  who 
difmifled  him  in  fafety,  and  reftorecj 
to  him  a  great  fum  of  money,  (  fcfter^ 
tium  ftxagies,  fix  milhons  of  fefterces), 
Avhich  Domitius  had  depofited  in  the 
town.  Caelar  trea^ed  with  the  fame 
lenity  Lentiilus,  the  conful,  and  ma- 
ny other  perfons  of  rank  who  fell  into 
his  power.  He  joined  the  foldlers  of 
Domitius  to  his  own,  adminifiering  to 
them  the  ufual  military  oath  ;  and  in- 
ilantly  m.arched  from  Corfinium  to  A- 
pulia,  Caef.  B.  C,  I,  23.;  Dio,  41, 
II.;  Liican.  2,  477.  The  news  of 
Caefar's  clem.ency  to  Domitius  and 
the  other  captives,  raifed  the  fpirits 
of  fuch  as  remained  in  the  city,  and 
made  many  of  thofe  who  had  fied  re» 
turn  to  their  habitations,  Plutarch. 

Pompey  being  informed  of  this  dif- 
after,  retreated  to  Brundufium,  where 
Caefar  endeavoured  to  block  him  up, 
Caef.  B.  C.  I,  24,  &c.  But  Pompey 
made  his  efcape,  {^per  obftfji  claii/ira  par- 
tus, noBurnd  fu;jd  eimfit,  Flor.  4,  2.) 
on  the  15th  March,  {Idib.  Mart.) 
with  all  the  forces  he  could  carry 
with  him,  Cic.  Att.  9,  14.;  and  failed 
to  Dyracchium,  Dio,,  41,  14.  Several 
prodigies  are  faid  to  have  been  fecn  by 
him  in  his  paifage,  ib. 

Thus  Caefar,  with  very  little  blood- 
shed, in  fixty  days,  made  himfeif  m.af- 
ter  of  «11  Italy,  Plutarch. ;  whence  Ci- 
6  ccJeritaiem  incre-. 
;  and   fpeaking   of 


cero  juiliy  exclaims, 

dililem  !  Att.  7,  2  2. 

the  rapidity  of  liis  progrels,   he   lays. 

Ilium  luere  imutianU  ib.  7,  20. 

Caefar,  unable   to    puifue    Pompey 

for    want   of  fhippiag,  feat    Valerius, 

Ariminum  till    he  was   joined   ;by  his     liis  lieuteaant,    to    take    poiTeffion  of 

Sardinia  with  one  legion,    and  Curio 


He    quickly 
15.  and  trien 


troops,  Id,  B,  C.  1 
"Overran  all  PiGenirm, 
Jaid  fiege  to  Corfinium,  the  chief  town 
.of  the  Pehgoi ;  where  Domitius,  who 
iiad  been  ap]>ointed  his  fucceffor  by 
ttlie  Xonate,  had  ftiut  himfeU  up  with 
ithirty  cohorts,  or  three  legions ;  e%- 
:pt-Pz\\  ■■:  that  Pompey  would  come  to 
iis  affiftance.  But  Caefar  forced  tlie 
ipiace  to  lun-jender  m  ifevaa  d^irs. 


to  Sicily  with  three,  Caef.  ib.  29, — 31. 
Catfar  having  diftributed  his  troops 
among  the  •ncarell  towns,  fet  out  for 
Rome.  In  liis  progrels  through  Italy 
.he  v\-as  met  by  crowds  from  the  differ- 
ent towns^  Cic,  Ait.  8,.  1 6.  Lucaa 
fays  the  contrary,  3,  8c.  Notwith- 
ilanding  the  favourabie  reports  of  his 
cloneiity*  his  :srriii^.l   ia  CLenie  occa- 

f  oned 


C   A  E  [ 

iioned  confiderable  terror,  Dw^  41, 
1 6.  (  Urbem  Attonitam  ttrrore  fubit ; — 
fuit  haec  menfura  ttmorts,  Velle  put  ant, 
quodcunque  potejly)  Lucan.  3,  98,  &c. 
But  Caefar  foon  difpelled  it,  At)pian, 
2,  453.  He  aflembled  fuch  of  the 
fenators  as  were  in  the  city,  ai  d  made 
a  long  fpeech  to  them,  juftifying  \m 
conduv5t,  CaeC.  B.  C.  i,  ^2.  Dio  fays, 
that  the  fenate ,  was  affembled  by  An- 
tony and  Caflius,  the  -tribunes;  who 
had  a  few  months  before  been  expelled 
from  it,  41,  15.  by  Lentulus,  the 
conful,  Plutarch.  Anton,  p.  918.  Lucan 
fays,  that  the  fenate  met  in  the  temple 


65    i  C   A  E 

fake  of  a  Gallic  war,  whence  it  was 
called  Aerarium  Sanctum,  Fhr, 
4,  2. ;  but  Caefar  fald  that  he  had  re- 
moved that  fcruple  by  conquerinir  the 
Gauls,  Appian.  2,  453.  H<"  is  faid  to 
have  taken  out  2j,ooo  bars  of  gold, 
{lateres  aurei),  35,000  bars  of  filver, 
and  40,000,000  federces  in  coined  mo- 
ney, {in  numerato,  H.  S.  'C'A-.  i.  €. 
qnadrlngentin),    Plin.  33,  3   f.  17. 

Caefar  does  not*  mention  his  break- 
ing open  the  treafury,  but  only  that 
Metellus  had  been  inftigated  by  his 
adverfaries  to  oppofe  his  meafures ;  and 
that  therefore  he  left  the  city  witliout 


of  Apollo,  without  being  legally  fum-     effeAing  what  he  intended,  and  march- 


moned,  {nullo  cogendi  jure  fenatus),  3 
103.  There  were  no  curule  magif 
trates  prefent,  [omnia  Caefar  erat,)  ib. 
108.  Caefar  regulated  every  thing  as 
he  thought  propt^r.  He  reftored  the 
children  of  thofe  profcribed  by  Sulla 
to  their  former  rights,  Z)/'(?,  41,  18.; 
Suet,  ^i.;  Fell.  2,  43.  He  made  a 
propofal  that  ambafladors  fhould  be 
fent  to  Pompey  concerning  peace  ; 
but  no  one  chofe  to  undertake  that 
office,  whether  from  a  fear  of  Pom- 
pey, whom  they  had  deferted,  Caef. 
ib.  34.  or  from  a  fufpicion  that  Caefar 
was  not  fincerely  defirous  of  peace, 
Plutarch,  p.  735.  Dio  fays,  that  cer- 
tain perfons  were  chofen,  but  did  not 
go,  41,  16. 

Caefar  next  went  to  take  pofTeffion 
©f  the  treafure,  which,  by  a  ftrange 
overiight,  Pompey  had  left.  When 
he  came  to  the  temple  of  Saturn 
wliere  the  public  treafure  was  kept, 
Metellus,  one  of  the  tribunes,  attemp- 
ted to  hinder  him  from  entering ;  but 
Caefar  having  threatened  to  kill  him, 
he  was  forced  to  defift.  The  confuls 
had  carried  off  the  keys,  and  therefore 
the  gates  were  broken  open,  Dio,  41, 
17.;  Lucan.  7^,  114,  169.;  [quia  tar- 
dius  aper'iehant  trihuni,    i.   e.  Metellus, 


ed  into  Gaul,  Caef.  ib.  33.  f.  He  had 
propofed  to  make  a  fpeech  to  the 
people  before  his  departure  ;  but  per- 
ceiving that  they  were  offended  at  his 
feizing  the  public  treafure,  he  did  not 
venture  on  it,  and  went  away  much 
difcompofed,  [vehementer  animit  pertur- 
bato  profedus),  Cic.  Att.   10,  4. 

Caefar  having  left  the  command  of 
Italy  to  Antony,  advanced  again  ft  A* 
franius,  Petreius,  and  Varro,  the  lieu- 
tenants of  Pompey  in  Spain.  He  faid, 
"  that  he  was  going  againft  an  army 
without  a  general,  and  then  would  re- 
turn againft  a  f«;eneral  without  an  af- 
my,"  Suet.  34.  Every  town  by  the  way 
opened  its  gates  to  him  except  Maf- 
feilles,  which  he  immediately  attack- 
ed ;  but  perceiving  that  it  could  not 
be  foon  reduced,  after  having  ftaid 
for  fome  time  before  it,  he  fet  cut  for 
Spain  ;  leaving  the  charge  of  conduc- 
ting the  fiege  by  land  to  Trebonius, 
his  lieutenant  ;  and  the  command  of  a 
fleet,  which  he  had  quickly  built,  to 
D.  Brutus,   Caef  B.  C.  i,  36. 

Caelar  encountered  great  difficulties 
in  his  expedition  againft  Petreius  and 
Afranius,  and  his  army  was  expofed 
to  the  utmoft  danger  near  Ilerda,  by 
the  overflowing  of  the  river   Sicoris  ; 


jujjit  effringi,  fc.  Caefar),    Flur*  4,    2,     but  he  e^itricated   himfelf  by  wonder- 
21.  ful  ability  and  good   fortune  ;  obliged 

Petreius  and  Afranius  to  retreat  to- 
wards Celtiberia,  and  having  overta- 
ken them  on  their  march,  by  fuperior 


This  treafure  had  long  remained  un- 
touched, Liv.  27,  10.  and  execrations 
were  denounced  againft  any  one  who 
fhould  meddle  with  it,  unlefs  for  the     generalfliip, 


at  laft 
X 


forced   them   to 
furrender 


C  A  E 


[    66 


{urrender  with  their  whole  army,  con- 
fifting  of  five  legions,  befides  auxilia^ 
ries,  (Livy  fays,  feven  legions,  Ep'it, 
no.),  on  his  own  terms,  "  that  they 
fhould  difband  their  forces,  and  quit 
Spain."  Caef.  B.  C.  l,  7,'].— ad  Jin, 
Soon  after,  Varro,  who  commanded 
two  legions,  being  deferted  by  his 
men,  was  forced  to  fubmit,  ih.  2,  20. 
Caefar,  leaving  Q^Caffius  to  command 
in  Spain  with  four  legions,  returned 
to  Marfeilles  ;  which,  after  a  long  and 
brave  refiftance,  was  at  lail  obliged  to 
furrender,  ib.  22.  ;  Fell.  2,  50. ;  Dlo, 
41,  19,  &  25, 

Caefar,  though  greatly  provoked  at 
the  people  of  Marfeilles,  (  Maffd'icnfihus 
irat'ifjtmus),  yet  on  account  of  the  anti- 
quity and  renown  of  the  place,  treat- 
ed them  with  gentlenefs,  Caef.  ih. 
C'lc.  Phil.  8,  6.  Dio  fays,  that  he 
took  from  them  every  thing  except  li- 
berty, 41,  25.  ;  which  they  valued  a- 
bove  all  things,  i^quam  potiorem  omnibus 
habebant)^   Flor.  4,  2,  27. 

Caefar,  having  left  two  legions  as  a 
garrifon  at  Marfeilles,  fet  out  for 
Kome,  CaeJ.  B.  C.  2,  22  /  In  his 
■way  thither  fome  of  his  foldiers  muti- 
nied at  Placentia,  particularly  the 
ninth  legion  ;  but  he  fo  moved  them 
by  a  fpeech,  particularly  by  calling 
them  in  the  end  of  it  Citizens,  in- 
ilead  of  Fellow-Soldiers,  [Difcedite 
cafris  ;  Tradite  pojlra  viris  ignavi  frgna 
QyiRiTES,  Lucan.  5,  357-)  that  with 
tears  they  entreated  his  forgivenefs, 
which  with  difficulty  they  obtained. 
He  however  fekcted  120  of  the  ring- 
leaders, and  having  made  them  call 
lots,  he  caufed  every  tenth  man  to  be 
beheaded,  (decimabat)  ;  but  it  was 
found  that  one  of  thefe  twelve  had 
been  abfent  in  the  time  of  the  mutiny. 
Caefar  therefore  ordered  the  centurion 
who  had  accufed  him  to  be  put  to  death 
in  his  ftead,  Jppian.  2,  p.  457.  Dio 
fays,  that  the  reft  of  the  foldiers -^^'erc 
all  difbanded  ;  but  afterwards,  having 
given  proofs  of  their  penitence,  they 
were  reftored,  41,  35,  f.  So  Sueto- 
pius,  Ciisf.  69,  who  fays,  that  it  was 
t-he  ioldiers  pf  the  tent^h  legion  whom 


3  C  A  E 

Caefar  reclaimed  from  a  mutiny  at 
Rome  during  the  African  war,  by 
calKng  them  Qui  rites  inftead  of  Mi- 
LiTES,   ib.  70. 

Caefar,  before  he  left  Marfeilles, 
was  informed,  that  he  had  been  made 
didator  in  his  abfence,  by  Lepidus,  the 
praetor,  at  Rome,  B.  C.  2,  21.  Dio 
fays,  that  Lepidus  advifed  the  people 
to  create  Caefar  dictator,  41,  36.;  but 
Dio  afterwards  fays,  that  Caefar  was 
chofen  dictator  by  Lepidus  hinifelf, 
43,  J.  Appian  fays,  that  the  people 
in  a  great'  fright  elected  him  dictator  ^ 
of  themfelves,  without  either  a  decree  ,■ 
of  the  fenate,  or  the  fuperintendance  ■ 
of  a  magiftrate,  B.  C.  2,  457.  Lucan 
fays,  that  Caefar  afluraed  the  office  of 
di£tator  at  the  requeft  of  the  people, 
5,  382.  Plutarch  fays,  that  he  was 
created  by  the  fenate,  in  Caef.  p.  725. 
It  is  certain  that  he  was  created  in 
an  uiiufual  manner. 

Caefar,  as  didator,  prefided  at  the 
Comitia  for  the  election  of  magistrates. 
He  himfelf,  and  P.  Servilius  Ifauri- 
cus  were  made  confuls  for  the  next  • 
year,  a,  u.  705,  (al.  706).  Having 
made  feveral  regulations  for  the  go- 
vernment of  the  ftate,  (  Fid.  R.  A.  Le- 
ges JuLiAt),  he  refigned  the  dicta- 
torfhip  in  eleven  days,  Caef.  B.  C.  3,  I, 
&  2.  Plutarch,  et  rlppian.  ibid,  and  fet 
out  to  join  his  army  at  Brundufium, 
where  he  had  ordered  twelve  legions 
and  all  the  cavalry  to  affemble  ;  but  he 
fcarcely  found  ihips  fufficient  to  tranf- 
port  2c,QOO  legionary  foldiers,  and 
600  horfe,  Caef  ib.  With  thefe  he 
fet  fail  on  the  4th  of  January,  and 
next  day  landed  at  Pharsalus,  a  fmall 
place  near  Qricum  ;  which  town  he 
got  poffeflion  of  the  fame  day,  ib.  c.  8. 
and  foon  after  alfo  of  Apollonia,  ih^ 
(.12, 

Caefar  having  landed  his  troops,  fent, 
the  fleet  back  the  fame  night  to  Brun-j 
dufiuni,  to  bring  over  the  reft  of  his 
legions  and  cavahy,  ib,  c.  8.  But  as 
they  were  long  of  coming,  Caefar  dif- 
guiling  himfeif,  fet  out  in  a  fifl^ing- 
boat  to  bring  them  more  fpeedily  ;  but 
a  t^mpeft   having   arifen,  the  pilot  re^ 

Med 


C  A  E  [ 

fufed  to  proceed  farther.  Upon  which 
Caefar  difcovered  himfelf,  faying, 
**  Be  not  afraid,  you  carry  Caefar," 
Z)/o,  41,  46.;  Plutarch.  Caef,  726.; 
Apophthegm, p.  2q6.  \  Suet.^S.;  Appian. 

Civ.  h.  2,  463,  522,  &C.  (Q^UID  TI- 
MES ?  Caesarem  vehis,  Flor.  a^,  2.) 
But  after  many  fruitlefs  efforts  he  was 
at  laft  forced  to  fail  back.  His  foldiers 
expreficd  the  utmoft  joy  at  his  return, 
ih.  Caefar  takes  no  notice  of  this 
bold  adventure  ;  but  that  he  wrote 
fharply  to  Antony  and  Calenus,  his 
lieutenants  at  Brundufium,  to  lofe  no 
time  in  endeavouring  to  join  him. 
They  quickly  fet  fail,  and  next  day 
landed  in  Epire,  to  the  great  joy  of 
Caefar,  having  narrowly  efcaped  the 
enemy's  fleet,   Caef.  ih.  25,  &  26. 

Caefar  foon  after  forced  Pompey, 
with  an  army  much  more  numerous 
than  his  own,  to  fliut  himfelf  up  in 
Dyrrachium  ;  and  furrounded  him  with 
works  of  an  amazing  extent,  CaeJ.  ib. 
c.  43. — 47.  Here  many  fharp  conflidls 
took  place,  generally  to  the  advantage 
of  Caefar.  At  laft  Pompey  made  a 
general  fally,  and  broke  through  Cae- 
far*s  lines,  after  making  a  great  jQaugh- 
ter  of  his  troops,  ih.  c.  52, — 72. 

Caefar  led  his  army  from  thence  to 
Theffaly,  whither  Pompey  had  the 
imprudence  to  follow  him,  and  was 
completely  defeated  in  the  plains  of 
Pharfalia.     Vid.  Pom  pejus. 

The  army  of  Pompey  was  much 
more  numerous  than  that  of  Caefar. 
The  army  of  Pompey  was  above  45,000 
men,  and  that  of  Caefar  22,000,  Caef. 
-^.  C.  3,  88,  &:  89.  Appian  fays,  that 
Caefar  had  only  22,000  foot  and  1000 
horfe,  but  that  Pompey  had  more  than 
double,  and  of  thefe  7000  were  caval- 
ry. The  nurrber  of  Italians  on  both 
fides  are  faid  to  have  amounted  to 
70,000,  at  lead  to  60,000.  Some 
made  them  400,000,  Appian.  B.  C.  2. 
^.  47  I.  So  Flo  r  us,  T recent  a  amplius  mil' 
lia  hinc  vel  iliinCf  praster  auxilia  regum  et 
Sociorunii  4,  2.  Caefar  had  auxiliaries 
both  of  horfe  and  foot  from  the  different 
ftates  of  Gaul,  and  light-armed  foldiers 
from  feverai  parts  of  Greece,  Appian, 


67    1  C  A  E 

ih.p.^^2,;  Lucan.if  ^g6, — 465.  The 
auxiliaries  of  Pompty  were  coUecfted 
from  the  various  nations  of  the  eaft, 
which  are  enumerated  at  great  length, 
Appian.  ib.  ;  Caef.  .5.  C.  3,  3,  4,  &  5.  j 
Lucan.  3,  169, — 295.  The  affemblage 
of  fo  many  nations,  as  Lucan  obferves> 
enabled  Caefar  to  fubdue  the  world  at 
once,  [Acciperet  felix  ne  non  femel  omnia 
Caefar.,  Vinccndum  pariter  Pharfalia 
praejlitit  orbem)^  ib.  296.  The  troops 
from  the  conquered  countries  are  faid 
to  have  fought  with  particular  alacrity 
and  vigour,  that  they  might  reduce  the 
Romans  to  the  fame  fervitude  to  which 
the  Romans  had  reduced  them,  Dioy 
41,  59/  As  thefe  foreign  foldiers 
contributed  \o  eftablifh  tyranny,  fo 
they  afterwards  ferved  to  perpetuate  it. 
Suet,  et  Tacit,  pajjtm,  Pompey  did  not 
allow  his  men  to  run  to  the  charge 
with  a  fhout,  as  ufual,  but  ordered 
them  to  receive  the  attack  of  Caefar 
without  changing  their  ground,  which 
Caefar  difapproves  of,  Caef.  B.  C.  3, 
92. 

Pompey  depended  chiefly  on  his  ca- 
valry ;  but  Caefar  fruftrated  this  hope 
by  one  of  thofe  contrivances  which 
marked  the  fuperiority  of  his  genius- 
Knowing  that  Pompey's  horfemen 
were  in  a  great  meafure  compofed  of 
young  men  of  rank,  who  were  fond  of 
their  looks,  Caefar  felefhcd  fix  cohorts 
of  his  bravefl  foldiers,  Caef.  B.  C.  3, 
89,  5c  93.  confilling  of  3000  men,  Ap- 
pian. ib.  to  oppofe  them.  Thefe  he 
direded  to  aim  their  fpears  at  the  ene- 
my's faces,  ib.  and  during  the  fight 
rode  up   and   down,  calling  out,   Fa- 

CIEM     FERI,      MILES,     FIcr.  4,    2,    47. 

which  had  the  delired  effect.  Pom- 
pey's  cavalry,  flruck  with  the  dteadful 
wounds  they  received  in  their  faces, 
took  to  flight,  and  drew  the  foot  after 
them,  Appian.  ib.  ;  Plutarch.  Caef  657. 
Caefar  takes  no  notice  of  this  flrata- 
gem,  though  he  afcribes  his  vidory 
chiefly  to  thefe  fix  cohorts,  ih.  94. 
Lucan  makes  Caefav's  order  to  aim  at 
the  faces  of  the  cavalry  a  general  order 
to  the  whole  army,  7,  322.  In  the 
purfuit  Caefar  charged  his  foldiers  to 
I  z  fpar<'. 


C   A  E 


I    68    1 


C  A  E 


fpare  citizens,  Flor,ib.  50.  [C1*j}s,  qui 

fugfrit^  ejlo.,  Lucan.  7,  3 1 9.),  and  to 
daughter  the  auxiliaries,  Appian.p,  4'~8. 
Thofe  fenators  and  Equites  whom  he 
had  formerly  taken  and  difmiffed,  he 
ordered  to  be  put  to  death,  except 
filch  as  were  preferved  by  his  friends, 
each  of  whom  he  permitted  to  fave  the 
life  of  one  of  the  adverfe  party,  Dioj 
41,  62  ;  Suet.  7 J.  Caefar,  viewing 
thofe  who  were  flain  on  the  field  of 
battle,  is  reported  to  have  faid,  "  They 
would  have  it  fo,  {^hoc  vo/uerunt)  ;  I 
Caius  Caefar,  after  having  performed 
fo  great  exploits,  (hould  have  been  con- 
demned, had  I  not  aflced  afliftance  from 
my  army,"  Suet.  30. 

After  the  viftory  Caeiar  immediate- 
ly attacked  Pompey's  camp,  and  took 
it.  Here  he  found  tables  covered, 
plate  difplayed,  and  other  preparations 
for  a  feaft;  fo  that  Pompey^s  men  feem- 
ed  to  have  been  confident  of  fuccefs, 
and  not  to  have  in  the  lead  apprehend- 
ed an  adverfe  ilTue  of  the  batile,  Caef, 
ib.  96.  The  infatuation  of  Pompey  is 
furprifing,  in  not  having  taken  proper 
precautions  againft  a  defeat  ;  and  his 
flight  to  Egypt  ftill  more  fo,  when  he 
had  fo  great  refources  ftill  left  in  diffe- 
rent parts  of  the  empire,  by  which  he 
might  have  retrieved  his  aiTairs.  Caefar 
burnt  all  the  letters  he  found  in  the  cof- 
fers of  Pompey  without  reading  them; 
for  which  he  is  juflly  praifed,  Dio<,  41, 
6^.  ;  Senec,  Ir.  2,  24.  ;  PJ'm.  7,  25. 

Caefar  next  day  forced  a  great  num- 
ber of  men  to  furrender,  who  had  ta- 
ken refuge  in  a  neighbouring  moun- 
tain, ih.  98.  The  fmallnefs  of  Caefar's 
lofs  in  this  battle  is  aftoniOiing,  only 
30  centurions  and  200  legionary  fol- 
diers,  ih.  Some  made  the  nu.iber  of 
men  1200,  App'tan.  lb.  479.  Of  Pom- 
pey's army  15,000  were  flain,  and 
24,000  taken  prifoners,  ib,  99.  Ap- 
pian  fays,  that  on  Pompey's  fide  there 
fell  25,000  Italians,  lo  fenators,  among 
ivhom  was  Domitius,  the  fuccelfpr 
elect  of  Caefar,  and  40  Equites  ;  but 
ados,  that  Afinius  PoUio,  one  of  Cae- 
far's generals,  makes  Pompey's  flain 
amount  only  to  6000.     The  number 


of  auxiliaries  that  fell  was  fo  great  that 
they  could  not  be  reckoned,  App'tan, 
ib.  479. 

Caefar,  immediately  after  his  vi6lory, 
fet  out  in  purfuit  of  Pompey,  to  prevent 
him  from  renewing  the  war,  Caef.ib,  102. 
While  crofling  the  Hellefpont  in  a  t.*r- 
ry-boat,  he  fell  in  with  one  of  P  im- 
pey's  fleets,  confifting  of  ten  galleys, 
(Appian  fays  70,  ib.^'^'i,.)^  under  the 
command  of  L.  Caffius  ;  but  was  fo  far 
from  flying,  that  going  up  clofe  to 
Caflius,  he  exhorted  him  to  furrender, 
and  upon  his  compliance,  took  him  in- 
to the  boat  to  him,  (fupplicem  ad fe  rC' 
cepit)y  Suet.  63.  Appian  fays,  that 
Caflius,  ftruck  with  Caefar's  wonderful 
fuccefs,  and  thinking  that  he  was  co- 
ming againll  him,  ftretched  out  his 
hands  to  aflc  forgivenefs,  and  furren- 
dered  his  fleet,  ib.      So  Dio,  42,  6. 

Caefar  reached  Egypt  foon  after  the 
murder  of  Pompey,  with  a  very  fmall 
force,  only  twelve  Rhodian  gallies  and 
a  few  from  Afia,  having  on  board  no 
more  than  3200  foot  and  800  horfe  ; 
but,  trufliing  to  the  fame  of  his  ex- 
ploits, he  thought  that  in  any  place 
he  fliould  be  fafe,  CaeJ.  ib.  c.  106.  Up- 
on his  arrival  at  Alexandria,  perceiving 
a  tumult  on  fliore,  occafioned  by  the 
news  of  the  death  of  Po.  ipey,  (an  e- 
vent  yet  unknown  to  Caefar,  Lucan.  9, 
1015.  ;  Caef.  B.  C.  3,  106.),  he  did 
not  land  immediately,  [dubiis  vent,.s  fe 
credere  regmsy  Ab/linuit  tellure  ratesy  Lu- 
can. 9,  1009.),  but  waited  till  Ptolemy 
returned  from  Pelufmm,  and  fent  to 
him  the  head  of  Pompey  with  his  ring, 
Dioy  42,  7.  Caeiar,  fliocked  at  the 
fight,  ihed  tears  ;  and,  cxprefiing  the 
utmoft  difpkafure  againft  the  murder- 
ers, ordered  it  to  be  iumptuoufly  bu-  . 
ried,  ib.  8.  ;  Plutarch. p.  662.  ;  Appian, 
2,481.;  Fal.  Max.  5,1.  Dio  obferves, 
that  this  grief  of  Caefat  was  all  pre- 
tended, ib.  So  Lucan,  i^lacrymas  non 
fponte  cadentes  Effudity  gemitufque  expref- 
fit  pect'jre  laeto),  9,.  1038,  Sec.  Thus 
Ptolemy  was  difappointed  in  his  hopes, 
«'of  gaining  the  friendfliip  of  Caefar  by 
his  deteilable  preient,  (foedus  amicitiae 
cum  Ca^are  fanciendi,  muito  Pompeii  ca* 


C  A  E  C    69    ]  C  A  E 

i.  c.  mediante,    conjungente  Ulud    far's  afTuming  the  right  of  determining 


ptte, 

foedus)*  Flor.  4,  2.  and  Pothlnus  the 
eunuch,  the  governor  of  the  young 
king,  and  regent  of  the  kingdom,  (««- 
trilius  puerty  et  procurator  regniy  Caef. 
B.C.  3,  112.),  who  had  adviled  the 
deed,  and  brought  the  prefent,  inftead 
of  receiving  his  expected  rew^ard,  was 
treated  with  deferved  contempt  and 
abhorrence,  Plutarch.  730. ;  Lucan.  9, 
1064,  &c. 

Caefar  now   landed  at  Alexandria, 
with  hi  J  lidlors  walking  before  him,  as 
being    conful ;    which   the    Egyptians 
thinking  derogatory  to   the  authority 
of  their  king,  raifed  fuch  diilurbance, 
that  Caefar,  to  avoid   being   infulted, 
made   his  way  to  the  palace  as  fad  as 
he   could,  Dio,  42,  7.  ;  Lucan.  10,  9, 
&c.     Caefar  takes   no    notice    of  the 
head  of  Pompey    being  fent   to  him  ; 
but  only  fays,  that  at  Alexandria   he 
heard  of  his  death,  B.  C.  3,  106. — The 
tumults  amoug  the  Egyptians  ftill  con- 
tinued,   and   fevtrral    of    Cacfar's    fol- 
ditrs  were  flain  in  different  parts  of  the 
city,  ib.    on    which    account    he    fent 
for  other  legions  from   Afia,  ib.  107. 
and  in  the   mean  time,  to  conceal  his 
apprehenfion  of  danger  till  more  forces 
(hould  arrive,  he  amufed  himlelf  in,vi- 
fiting  different  parts   of  the  city,  and 
in  hearing  the  philofophevs,  Apptan.  2, 
483.;  Lucan.  10,    14,  194,  &c.     Ac- 
cording to  Dio,  Caefar,   thinking  that 
nothing  hoflile  now  remained  after  the 
deftrudtion  of  Pompey,  fpent  his  time 
in   collecting  money  and    fettling   the 
■  diff'-rcnces  between    Ptolemy   and   his 
fitter  Cleopatra,    D'lo^    42,   9.     l^Vid. 
Ptolema^us.)      Ptolemy   Auletes, 
the  prefent  king's  father,  owed  Caefar 
no  lefs  than  l'] ^^00,000  drachmae^  (Jep- 
imgentiesy  H.  S.').     Caefar  had  former- 
ly remitted  to  his  children  all  above  ten 
millions,   [quadr'ingeni'ies  H.  S.),   which 
he  then  dem.anded   to  maintain  his  ar- 
-    my.     Pothinus,    the    eunuch,    remon- 
ftrated  againft  the  payment  of  fo  great 
a  fum  ;  and  the  methods  he  took   to 
raife  it  were  calculated   to  excite  ge- 
neral   difcontent,    Plutarch,   ib.       But 
what  gave  particular  oifeiice  was  Cae- 


the    difference    between  Ptolemy   and 
Cleopatra  concerning  the  pofTefTion  of 
the  crown,   Caef.  ib.  8.     This  diffatif- 
fadion  was  encreafed  by  Caefar*s  par- 
tiality to  Cleopatra,  who,  to   get   ac- 
cefs  to  Caefar  without  being  difcover- 
ed,  landed  one  evening  from  a  fmall 
boat  near  the  palace,  and  having  cau- 
fed   herfelf  to  be  wrapped  up  m  a  co- 
verlet at   her  full  length,  was  carried 
on  the  back  of  one  of  her  attendants 
to   Caefar's  apartment.      Caefar   was 
pleafed  with  the  ingenuity  of  the  con- 
trivance, and  Cleopatra,  by  her  beauty 
and  addrefs,  foon  gained  his  afFedions, 
(  l^ultus  ade/?Jfrecibus),  Lucan.  10, 1 05.; 
13io,   42,  35.    {^Aderat  pudlae  forma)^ 
Flor.  4,  2.     Next  morning  young  Pto- 
lemy, when  he   unexpededly  faw  his 
filter  with  Caefar,  was  tranfported  with 
rage  ;  and  running  out  to  the  people, 
cried  that   he  was  betrayed,  and  tear- 
ing the   crown  from  his  head,  call  it 
on  the  ground.     This  having  caufed  a 
great  tumult,  Caefar's  foldiers  fecured 
the  king's  perfon  ;  upon  which  the  E- 
gyptians  v/ere  fo  much  provoked,  that 
they  would  have  inilantly  ftormed  the 
palace,  as  the    Romans,  who  lived  on 
a  fiievidly  footing  with  them,  were  not 
pi-epared  for  defence,  had  not  Caefar, 
being   greatly  alarmed,  come  forth  to 
them,  and  Handing  in  a  lafe  place,  pro- 
mifed  that  he  would  do  whatever  they 
wilhed.     Then  having  called  an  alTem- 
bly,  and   brought  forth  Ptolemy  and 
Cleopatra,  he  read  over  their  father's 
teilament,  which  ordained,  that  they 
fliould  marry  each  other,  according  to 
the  cuftom  of  the  country,  and  reign 
jointly  under  the  proteclion  of  the  Ro- 
man people.    For  which  reafon,  Caefar 
added,  it   belonged  to    him,  as  being 
conful,  (Dio  fays  didator),  of  the  Ro- 
man people,  to  take  upon  hirnfelf  the 
guardianlhip  of  the  children,  and  exe- 
cute  the  father's  will ;  tht;reforc  that 
he  gave  to  the  elder  Pcolemy  and  Cleo- 
patra the  kingdom  of  Egypt ;  to  the 
younger   Ptolemy  and   lirs  filler  Arfi- 
noe   he   granted  the  ifiaiid  of   Cypi^us, 
which  then  was  polTefied  by  the   Ro- 


C  A   E 


[    70    ] 


C  A  E 


rnang.  Thus  the  tumult  was  allayed 
for  the  prefent,  D/o,  42,  35.  and  a  feaft 
was  kept  for  the  joy  of  this  reconcilia- 
tion, Plutarch,  ib.  p.  731.  [Excepere 
epulae  iantarum  (raud'ia  rermn),  Lucan. 
10,  108.  of  which  Lucan  gives  a  long 
delcription,  ib,  ad  v.  3^2. 

In  the  mean  time,  Pothinus,  appre- 
hending the  lofs  of  his  power,  and 
perhaps  of  his  life,  fent  privately  to  A- 
chillas  to  bring  the  army  from  Pelu- 
ilum  to  Alexandria,  Z/w,  42,  36.  Cae- 
far,  unable  to  contend  in  battle  with 
fo  great  forces,  fortified  himfelf  m  a 
part  of  the  palace,  (Paribus  claufae  fe 
protcgit  nulae—nec  toia  vacalat  Regia  com' 
preffo  :  minimd  colhgp.rut  arma  parte  do- 
miiSf  Lucan.  10,  440).  and  lent  two 
Egyptians,  Diorcorides  and  Serapion, 
as  ambaffadors  to  Achillas,  in  the  name 
of  Ptolemy,  to  detire  him  to  refrain 
from  holHlities.  But  Achillas  ordered 
them  to  be  feized  and  put  to  death,  [Sed 
neque  jus  mundi  'ualuit,  neque  foeder a  fane- 
ta  Gentibus,  Lucan,  ib.  47  1  • )  One 
was  killed  on  the  fpot,  and  the  other, 
having  received  a  dangerous  wound, 
was  carried  off  for  dead  by  his  attend- 
ants, Caef.  B.  C.  3,  109.  ;  Dioy  42, 
37.  Lucan  fpeaks  only  of  one  am- 
bafFador,  ib, 

Caefar  having  difcovcred  a  corre- 
fpondence  betwixt  Pothinus  and  A- 
cbillaG,  ordered  Pothinus  to  be  put  to 
death,  Cocf.ih.  1 1  2  f .  Achillas  quick- 
ly made  himfclf  mailer  of  Alexandria, 
and  endeavoured  to  break  into  the  pa- 
lace by  force  ;  but  was  repulfed.  He 
rextiittempted  to  feize  the  fhips  in  the 
harbour  ;  but  Caefar,^  to  prevent  them 
from  fallijig  into  the  power  of  the  ene- 
my, fet  fire  not  only  to  thefe  vefTels, 
butalfo  to  ail  that  were  in  the  arfenals, 
Caef.  ib.  III.  By  this  conflagration, 
a  part  of  the  famous  Alexandrian  li- 
brary was  confumed  conlUting  of 
40C,oco  volumes,  Se:.'ec,  Tra.'iqud/,  yJru 
9.  ;  Gell.  6,  17.;  Or  OS.  6,  15.  Marcel- 
linus  fays  700,000  volumes,  22,  17. 

The  war  being  thus  begun,  called 
the  Alexandrian  war,  {Bellum  Alex- 
ANDRiNUM,)  Catfar  fent  for  rtinfcrce- 
meiUs  from  all  cj^uarters,  and  ufcd  every 


art  to  defend  himfelf  againft  the  attacks 
of  the  enemy,  Hirt,  B.  Alex.  i.  nor 
were  the  Alexandrians  lefs  attentive 
on  their  part,  ib.  2.  Many  fierce  com- 
bats were  fought  both  by  land  and  fea 
with  doubtful  fuccefs  ;  nor  was  Caefar 
ever  in  greater  danger.  At  one  time 
in  defending  the  bridge  which  led  to 
the  ifland  Pharos,  which  he  had  taken 
pofTefTion  of,  Hirt.  ib,  19.  ;  Lucan.  10, 
509.  being  forced  by  a  fudden  fally 
of  the  enemy  into  a  fmall  flciff,  (in 
fcapham.  Suet.  64.  Hirtius  fays-,  into  his 
own  galley,  iri  fuum  navigiumferccepit,  ib. 
2  1.)  and  many  hurrying  on  board  along 
with  him,  perceiving  that  the  f]-:ifF  mufl 
fmk,  (as  it  aftually  did),  he  jumped  into 
the  fea,  and  faved  himfelf  by  fwiinming 
for  200  paces  to  the  nearcft  fhip,  raifing 
his  left  hand,  that  fome  papers  which 
he  held  in  it  might  not  be  wetted,  and 
drawing  after  him  his  military  robe  in 
his  teeth,  that  the  enemy  might  not 
become  mafler  of  his  fpoils,  Suet.  Caef. 
64.  Plirtius  takes  no  notice  of  the 
two  lad  circumflances,  f.  21.  Appian 
fays  that  the  enemy  got  pofTeffion  of 
his  cloak,  B.  C.  2,  p,  484.  So  Dio^ 
42,  40.  and  Florus,  4,  2,  59.  Plutarch 
fpeaks  of  Caefar's  faving  his  papers, 
but  fays  nothing  of  his  cloak,  /;.  731. 
80  Or  of  as  y  6,  I  J.  Julius  Celfus  agrees 
v\'ith  Suetonius,  p,  218.  Lucan,  who 
alludes  to  this  facl  in  the  end  <c-i  his 
poem,  ic,  534.  fuppofes  Caefar  to  have 
been  prompted  to  attempt  his  efcapc 
in  the  manner  he  did,  by  reflecting  on 
the  wonderful  braveiy  of  Scaeva,  ih, 
544.  one  of  his  own  centurions  at  Dy- 
racchium,  Id,  6,  138, — 263. 

Arihioe,  the  filler  of  Ptolemy,  made 
her  efcape  from  the  palace  by  the  con- 
trivance of  Ganymedes  an  eunuch,  her 
governor,  and  joined  Achillas.  But  a 
difference  having  arii'en  between  them, 
Arfmoe  caufed  Achillas  to  be  put  to 
death,  and  gave  the  com.mand  of  the 
army  to  Ganymedes,  Caef.  B.  C.  3, 
112.;  Hirt.  B.  A.  4.  ;  Z//0,  42,  39,  & 
40.  ;  Lucan.  10,  520,  2cc.  This  tiap- 
pened  foon  after  the  com.mencement  of 
hoflilities.  Dio  fays,  that  Caefar,  a- 
fraid  left  Pothinus  fliould  alfo  carry  off 

Ptolemy 


C  A   E  [7] 

Ptolemy  by  artifice,  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death,  ib.  39.  But  other  au- 
thors relate  that  Pothinus  was  put  to 
death  before,  and  for  a  different  rea- 
fon,  Caef.  B.C.  3,  112  f.  Plutarch 
fays  that  Caefar  ordered  Pothinus  to 
be  killed  at  a  feaft  ;  and  that  Achillas 
efcaptrd  to  the  army,  and  raifed  a  dan- 
gerous war  againft  Caefar,  p.  731. 
Lucan  mentions  the  death  of  Achillas 
immediately  after  that  of  Pothinus,  as 
a  fecond  vidlim  to  the  manes  of  Pom- 
pey,  (  Altera^  MagnCf  tuis  jam  vld'ima 
m'ltt'itur  umhris ) ,    10,524. 

The  war  was  conduced  with  no  lefs 
vigour  by  Ganymedes  than  it  had  been 
by  Achillas.  The  Alexandrians,  pre- 
tending to  be  tired  of  the  war,  fent 
ambaff.dors  to  Caefar  to  treat  about 
peace,  and  to  beg  the  releafe  of  their 
king.  But  having  obtained  their  re- 
queil,  they  profecuted  the  war  with 
unabated  fiercenefs.  Caefar  having 
obtained  fupplies,  and  being  joined  by 
Mithndfites  of  Pcrgamus,  with  a  great 
body  of  forces,  routed  the  Egyptians, 
took  their  camp,  and  thus  put  an  end 
to  the  war.  Ptolemy  was  drowned  in 
his  flight  over  the  Nile,  H'trt.  ih.  23, — 
32.;  Bio,  42,  42,  &  43.  Nine  months 
were  fpent  in  this  conteft,  ylppian.  B. 
C,  2.  /.  4S4.  wriich  was  thought  to 
have  been  undertaken  chiefly  on  ac- 
coimt  of  Cleopatra.  For  this  reafon 
Cicero  fays,  that  Caefiir,  confcious  of 
his  imprudence,  was  afaamed  to  write 
about  it,  ^if.  ii,  15.  and  in  fad  he 
did  not  fo  much  as  fend  a  letter  to 
Rome  concerning  his  affairs  from  De- 
cember to  June. 

Caefar  gave  the  kingdom  of  Egypt 
to  Cleopatra  j  but,  to  fave  appearan- 
ces, he  joined  with  her  in  the  govern- 
ment her  younger  brother  Ptolemy, 
then  a  boy,  and  ordered  that  fhe  fhould 
marry  him,  accordiug  to  the  cuflom  of 
the  Egyptians,  Dioj  ib,  44.  He  re- 
moved Arfmoe  out  of  the  kingdom, 
Hlri.  ib.  33.  and  aftervi'ards  caufed  her 
to  be  led  among  the  captives  in  his 
triumph,  D'lo,  43,  19.  ;   Flcr,  4,  2,  88. 

Caefar  made  a  progrefs  through  E- 
gypt  with  Cleopatra,  along  the  Nile, 


] 


C  A  E 


in  a  large  pleafure  boat,  [eadeni  nave 
thalainego).  Suet.  52.  attended  by  400 
fhips,  Appian.  ib.  He  would  have  ad- 
vanced as  far  Aethiopia,  but  his  army 
refufed  to  follow  him,  Suet,  ih.  He 
was  fo  attached  to  Cleopatra,  that  flie 
would  have  detained  him  ;ftill  long- 
er in  Egypt,  or  have  accompanied 
him  to  Rome,  if  he  had  not  been  o- 
bHged  to  march  againft  Pharnaces^ 
the  fon  of  Mithridates ;  who  having 
heard  of  the  dangerous  fituation  of  Cac- 
far's  affairs  in  Egypt,  and  thinking  this 
a  favourable  opportunity  for  regaining 
his  father's  dominions,  had  defeated 
Domitius,  one  of  Caefar  s  lieutenants, 
feized  on  Armenia  Minor  and  Cappa- 
docia,  and  made  himfelf  mailer  of  all 

Pontus,  Hirt.  34, — 42. But  Caefar, 

having  come  up  with  him,  crufhed  him 
fo  fpeedily,  that  giving  an  account  of 
his  victory  to  a  friend  at  Rome,  he 
made  ufe  of  only  three  words,  Veni, 
ViDi,  Vici,  I  came,  I  faw,  I  con- 
quered, Appian.  ib.  p.  485.  ;  Z}/V,  ih, 
48.;  Plutarch,  p.  111.  Thefe  words 
he  afterwards  ordered  to  be  infcribed 
on  a  frame,  which  was  carried  before 
him  in  his  Pontic  triumph.  Suet.  37. 
and  ufed  frequently  to  fpeak  of  the 
good  fortune  of  Pompey,  who  had 
gained  fuch  renown  by  vanqulfhing  fo 
feeble  an  enemy,  ib.  35.  Appian  re- 
lates, that  Caefar,  feeing  the  enemy- 
fly  fo  foon,  faid,  *'  O  happy  Pompey, 
who  hadft  to  light  with  fuch  men, 
and  obtained  the  firname  of  Magnus 
the  Great,  for  vanquifhing  them," 
ib.  But  thi.s  firname  was  given  to 
Pom.pey  by  Sulla,  Vid.  Pompeius. 
Caefar  gave  the  kingdom  of  Bofpho- 
rus,  on  the  lake  Mocotis,  v.'hich  Phar- 
naces  had  pofTelTed,  to  Mithridates, 
to  whofe  fervices  in  Egypt  he  had 
been  fo  much  indebted,  Hirt.  ib.  78. 

Caefar,  having  left  the  fettlement  of 
affairs  in  Afia  to  Domitius,  the  gover- 
nor of  it,  and  having  exafted  large 
fums  of  money  in  the  countries  through 
which  he  pafTed,  fet  fail  for  Italy, 
Z)w,  42,  49.  where  great  difturbances 
had  been  excited  by  the  mifconduft  of 
Antony,  and  of  his  other  agents,  ih, 

27,-- 


C  A  E  [ 

27>— 34>  ^  50.  ;    Appian,  ihid.  \  Plu- 
tarch, p.  732. 

Caefar  reached  Italy  in  the  month 
of  September,  a.  u.  706,  much  fooner 
than  he  w^s  i^xpefted.  Upon  his  ar- 
rival at  Rome  he  eafily  quieted  the 
commotions  of  the  city  ;  but  found 
g^reater  difficulty  in  quelling  a  mutmy 
of  his  foldiers.  Thofe  of  his  favourite 
legion,  the  tenth,  [decimani)y  knowing 
that  Caefar,  on  account  of  the  renew- 
al of  the  war  in  Africa,  needed  their 
aflillance,  and  therefore  thinking  that 
they  Hiould  cafily  obtain  whatever  they 
delired,  infolently  demanded  their  dis- 
charge, and  rewards  for  their  fervice. 
Caefar,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of  all, 
without  hefitation  faid,  "  That  he  dif- 
charged  them  ;'*  and,  to  their  aftonifh- 
ment,  added,  "  That,  after  having 
triumphed  with  the  reft,  he  would 
grant  them  all  that  he  had  promifed:** 
concluding  with  calling  them  Qui  ri- 
tes, Romans,  inftead  of  Milites, 
foldiers.  This  fo  mortified  them,  that 
they  all  earneflly  entreated  to  be  con- 
tinued in  the  fervice  ;  to  which  re- 
queft  Caefar,  with  apparent  reludance, 
at  laft  confented  App'tan,  ib.  p.  485, 
&c  D/o,  42,52,Scc.;  Plutarch. p.  732. 
Suetonius  fays,  that  they  followed 
Cafar  into  Africa,  though  he  refufed 
their  fervice  ;  and  that  notwithflanding 
he  puniflied  the  moft  feditious  of  them 
with  the  lofs  of  a  third  in  their  fhare  of 
the  plunder,  and  of  the  land  defigned 
for  them,  c.  70.  Caefar  was  blamed 
for  not  punifhmg  them  more  feverely  ; 
becaufc  in  their  tumult  they  had  kill- 
ed Gofconius  and  Gal  ha,  men  of  prae- 
torian rank,  Plutarch,  ib.  and  Sallufl, 
the  hiftorian,  then  praetor,  whom  Cae- 
i^far  fent  to  them  with  a  melfage,  nar- 
rowly faved  his  life  by  flight,  Dio,  et 
Jlpp'ian.  ibid. 

About  the  middle  of  December, 
Caefar  fet  out  for  Africa  ;  where  Cato 
a  i  Scipio  had  renewed  the  war,  called 
the  African  war,  (Bellum  Africa- 
NUM  ;)  and,  by  the  aflillance  of  j[uba, 
king  of  Mauritania,  had  collected  a 
great  army,  Hirt.  B.  A.  i.  Here 
Caefar's  ufual  good  fortune  attended 


73    ]  C  A  E 

him.  He  defeated  Scipio  and  Juba, 
near  Thapfus,  with  preat  flaug];tcr; 
upon  hearing  which  Cato,  who  com- 
manded at  Utica,  flew  himfelf,  that  he 
might  not  fall  into  the  hand-  of  Caefar, 
Z>/9,  43,  I, — 14  ;  H\rt  ib.  8«.  Ca<-faf 
is  faid  to  have  exprefft*d  regret  at  th^ 
death  of  Cato,  becaufe  he  had  envied 
him  the  glory  of  faving  his  life,  Dioy  43, 
12.  Caefar  pardoned  many  of  'is  ene- 
mies who  furrendered  to  him,  Hirt.  ib, 
89  but  feveral  he  cauf:^d  to  be  put  to 
death,  Dioj  ib,  et  c.  13.  He  reduced 
the  kingdom  of  Juba  into  the  form  of  a 
province,  arvd  app  >inted  Sallufl  to  go- 
vern it,  Appian,  ib.  The  fenate  at 
Rome  having  heard  of  Caefar^s  fuccefs, 
decreed  to  him  extraordinary  honours, 
fome  of  them  almoil  divine,  Dto,  43, 
14.  He  fet  fail  from  Utica  on  the 
13th  of  June,  [Idibus  Jun.)  a.  707; 
and  on  the  third  day  after  landed  at 
Caghari  in  Sardinia,  (Caralcs  in  Sardi' 
mam  pervenitf)  which  ifland  Cicero  plea- 
fantly  calls  one  of  Caefar's  farms  {^prae- 
dium ;)  intimating,  that  he  now  was 
as  much  mafter  [dominus)  of  all  the 
countries  of  the  republic,  as  a  proprie- 
tor of  an  eflate,  Fam.  9,  7.  Here  he 
flaid  till  near  the  end  of  the  month, 
Hirt.  98.  and  being  detained  by  bad 
weather,  did  not  arrive  at  Rome  till 
near  the  end  of  July,  Hirt.  98. 

Caefar,  upon  his  return,  celebrated 
four  triumphs,  with  an  interval  of  a  few 
days  between  each  :  the  firft  over  Gaul, 
the  fecond  over  Alexandria,  the  third 
over  Pontus,  and  the  fourth  over  Africa, 
(or,  as  i)io  expreffes  it,  over  the  Gauls, 
Egypt,  Pharnaces,  and  Juba,  43,  16.) 
each  of  them  wiih  different  apparatus 
and  furniture,  (diverjo  apparatu  et  iri" 
Jiriimento,)  Suet.  37.  Appian  adds, 
that  though  there  could  not  properly 
be  a  triumph  over  Roman  citizens,  yet 
that  reprefentations  of  the  various  de- 
feats, and  effigies  of  all  the  vanquiflied 
leaders,  except  Pompey,  were  carried 
along,  B.  C.  2,  491.  Plutarch  men- 
tions only  three  triumphs,  p.  733* 
After  the  Gallic  triumph  Vereingeto- 
rix  and  others  were  put  10  death,  DiOf 

After 


I 


C   A  E  [73 

After  thefe   triumphs  Caefar   gave 
large    donations    to    his    foldlers,    and 
largefTes  to   the   citizens.     He    enter- 
tained the  people  with  feads  and  fpec- 
tacles.     At  one  of  thefe  feails  there 
were  no  fewer  than  22,000  tables.    He 
exhibited  a  fhew  of  gladiators  and  a 
nVLVzl  fight  in  honour  of  his  daughter 
Julia,  Plutarch,  ib.  D'w^  43,  22.     After 
this  he   made  a  review  of  the  people  ; 
when  the  number    of    the   citizens    is 
faid  to  have  been  diminiihed  one  half  by 
the  deilru6lion  occafioned  by  the   civil 
war,  j^ppian.   ibid.     So   that  inflead  of 
520,000,  there  were  only  150,000,  Plu- 
tarch, ib.      But  this  is  to  be  undci  flood 
bnly  as  a  review  of  the  poorer  fort  of 
the  common  people,  who  ufed  to  receive 
:il  hionthly   gratuity  of  corn  from  the 
J)ublic  ;  the   number  of  whom  Caefar 
to    one    half.   Suet.   41,   Dio, 
He   enafted  feveral    ufeful 
iaws  for  the   government  of  the  (late. 
He  correfted  the  irregularities  in  the 
Homan   Calendar,    and    adjufted    the 
tomputation   of  time  to  the  courfe  of 
^he  fun  ;  which  is  ftill  called  the  Ju- 
lian or  Solar  Year,  [Vid.   R.  A.  p. 
I    ^29.)  ;    Z)io,   43,  26.       In  the   mean 
I  time  Cleopatra  came  to  Rome  with  her 
s  brother  or  nominal  hufband  ;  to  whom 
\  Caefar  affigned  an  apartment  m  his  own 
i   houfe,  Dio,  43,  27.  and  fufFcired  her  to 
j  tall  a  ion  flie  had  Caesario,  after  his 
I  ^wn  name,  Suet.  52. 

In  the  end  of  the  year,  Caefar  fet  out 
lor  Spain,  againft  the  fons  of  Pompey 
and  Labienus  ;  whom  he  defeated  near 
:  Munda,  after  one  of  the  molt  obllinate 
;  battles  he  ever  fought.  His  foldiers 
I  \yere  fo  preffed  that  they  were  forced 
[  to  fly  ;    and  it  was  with  the  greateft 


reduced 
43,    21. 


difficulty  that  he  rallied  them.  He  is 
reported  to  have  faid,  *'  That  he  had 
often  before  fought  for  viftory,  but 
then  for  the  hrft  time  for  life,"  Appian. 
p.  C.  2,  493.  ;  Plutarch,  p.  734.  He 
IS  faid  to  have  been  reduced  to  fuch 
'defpair,  that  he  once  had  thoughts  of 
killing  himfclf,  Suet.  36. ;  Flor.  4,  2, 
82.  The  vidlory,  however,  at  latt  was 
fo  complete,  that  it  put  an  end  to  the 
war.  About  30,000  of  the  enemy 
w.^re  (lain,  Plutarch,  ib. 


j  C    A   E 

Caefar  returned  to  Rome  about  the 
end  of  September,  Suet.  76.  ;  Dio,  43, 
46.  or  the  beginning  of  Oclober, 
a.  708.  ;  Fell.  2,  56.  He  celebrated 
his  fifth  and  laft  triumph  with  greater 
magnificence  than  had  ever  been  feen, 
Appian.  ib.  p.  498.  It  was  profeifedly  a 
triumph  over  Spain,  but  in  reality  over 
the  fons  of  Pompey,  over  the  nobleft 
famihes  of  the  repubhc,  and  over  the 
liberties  of  his  country.  The  people 
confidered  it  in  this  light ;  and  inftcad 
of  admiring  and  applauding  it,  as  Caefar 
expeftfcd,  were  fallen  and  filent.  They 
efteemed  it  a  difmal  procefiion,  [acerba 
pompa,)  and  exprelTed  the  fame  difcon- 
tent,  as  they  had  done  before  at  the 
Circenfian  games,  when  Caefar's  ftatue 
was  carried  along  with  the  image  of 
viaory,  Cic.  Att.  13,  44, — Caefar 
granted  a  triumph  alfo  to  Fabius  and 
Pedius,  his  lieutenants  ;  which  occa- 
fioned great  ridicule ;  becaufe  they, 
infiiead  of  ivory,  ufed  wooden  images, 
Dto^  43,  42.  whence  Chrifippus  faid 
wittily,  "  That  the  images  of  Fabius 
were  the  cafes  of  Caefar's  towns,** 
(thecal  ejje  oppidorum  Caefaris^)  QuinC- 
til  6,  3,  61. 

The  honours  which  the  fenate  now- 
conferred  on  Caefar  exceeded  all 
bounds.  They  decreed  to  him  a  con- 
tinual confullhip,  (Dio  fays,  for  ten 
years,  43,  45.),  the  didatorihip  for  life, 
the  fuperintendence  of  the  public  tt.q- 
rals,  the  praenomen  of  Imperator, 
the  firname  of  Father  of  his  Country, 
a  fi.atue  among  the  kings,  an  elevated 
feat  in  the  theatre,  a  golden  feat  in  the 
fenate -houfe  and  on  the  tribunal  in  the 
forum  ;  nay  even  temples,  altars,  and 
prieits,  ias  to  a  divinity.  All  thefe  and 
other  empty  honours  of  the  fame  kiiicL 
Caefar  accepted,  Suet.  76.  ;  Dioy  44, 
4.  &  5.  though  it  might  have  been  ex-» 
peeled  his  mind  would  have  difdained 
them.  The  fenate  beftowed  on  him 
the  management  of  the  public  treafury, 
and  the  comn-and  of  all  the  forces  of 
the  empire  ;  alfo  the  nomination  of  all 
the  magiftrates,  Dloy  43,  45.  which 
he  afterwards  fhared  with  the  people, 
i^cemitia  cum  populo  patiiius  */?,)  refcr- 


f 


C  A  E 


C    74    ] 


C  A  E 


-v?hg  to  himfelf  the  choice  of  the  con- 
suls, Suet.  41. 

Caefar,  after  his  vi(5lory  In  the  civil 
war,  ufed  great  clemency  to  his  adver- 
faries.  But  this,  by  many,  was  afcri- 
bed  to  policy,  not  to  humanity ;  whence 
Cicero  calls  it  an  injidious  clemency, 
Cic.  Jtt.  8,  16. 

Caefar's  adivity  was  not  diminifhed 
by  his  wonderful  fiiccefs.  He  made 
various  laws  for  the  better  reg-ulation 
oF  the  ftate,  {Fid.  R.  A.  Leges  Ju- 
LiAF.  )  He  adminiftered  juib'ce  with 
grea?  labour  and  ftrictnefs,  Suet.  43. 
He  fettled  about  8c,ooo  Roman  citi- 
zens in  colonies  beyond  feas.  Id.  42. 
Among  other  places  which  he  afiigned 
to  them,  were  Carthage  and  Corinth  ; 
which  cities  he  ordered  to  be  rebuilt, 
D'tOy  43,  50.  He  every  day  formed 
many  important  plans  for  adorning  and 
improving  the  city,  as  alfo  for  fecuring 
and  enlarging  the  empire,  Suet.  44. 
Not  fatisfied  with  his  numerous  con- 
quefts,  he  meditated  an  expedition  a- 
gainil  the  Geiae  and  Parthians.  But 
thtrfe  mighty  projects  were  prevented 
by  his  death,  ih.  His  engrofiing  all  the 
powers  of  the  ftate,  and  ruling  with 
abfoliitc  authority,  created  general  dif- 
guft  ;  and  his  defire  of  afiuming  the 
name  of  King  encreafed  the  popular 
odium.  What  gave  particular  offence, 
v-as  his  receiving,  one  day,  the  fenate, 
which  waited  on"  him  in  a  body,  with 
very  honourable  decrees  in  his  favour, 
without  deigning  to  rife,  Suet.  78.;  Plu- 
tarch, p.  736.  At  the  fame  time, 
though  Caefar  behaved  thus  haughtily, 
yet  trufting  to  his  acls  of  clemency, 
and  perhaps  prompted  by  a  defire  of 
furpafling  Sulla,  he  difmilted  his  body- 
guards, and  appeared  in  public  attend- 
ed only  by  his  li(fi;ors  ;  which  facilita- 
ted any  attempt  on  his  life.  A  con- 
fpiracy  was  therefore  formed  againft 
}:im  by  more  than  fixty  fenators,  the 
chief  of  whom  were  Brutus  and  Caffius. 
H(  was  ftabbed  in  the  fenate- houfe  on 
the  Ides  of  March,  a.  u.  709,  (<?/.  710,) 
with  three  and  twenty  wounds.  Suet.  82. 
and  fell  at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  ftatue, 
Plutarch,  p.  73.9.  J    Ck.  Div*  2,9.  in 


the  56th  year  of  his  age,  Suet^9>9,.  aftei" 
he  had  enjoyed  the  quiet  poffeTion  of 
the  empire  only  for  five  months.  Veil. 
2,  ^6.  which  verified  the  prediffcion  of 
Cicero,  (id  regnum  vix  seme^tre 
ESSE  POSSE,)  Cic.  St,  10,  8.  He  was 
to  have  fct  out  on  his  Parthian  expedi- 
tion four  days  after,  App'ian.  B.  C  2, 
497.  And  Cicero,  who  at  firft  fo  hig;hly 
extolled  the  a£lion  of  the  confpirators, 
after  he  found  that,  by  fparing  Antony 
and  by  their  mifconduA  afterwards, 
the  Romans  had  only  changed  ma*i:rs 
for  the  worfe,  feems  to  think  th;.  t  the 
confpirators  were  too  precipitate,  and 
that  they  ouj^ht  to  have  waited  rhe 
events  of  the  Parthian  war;,  from  which 
he  imagined  that  Caefar  would  not 
have  returned,  (i/Z?  ent?n  nunquam  rever- 
t'l/fet:  but  fome  underlland  this  paffage 
differently,)  C'tt.  Att.  15,  4.  Nay  Ci- 
cero  appears  even  to  regret  his  death, 
(Si  haec  manent^  ut  v'ukmur,  if  the  pre- 
fent  (late  of  public  affairs  continue  j 
me  Idus  Martiae  non  deleclant:  ^wnianif 
interfccto  domino,  liberi  notifumuf,  tion  fuit 
dominus  ilk  [[c.CzQ^m')  f'/gicndusy  ib.  ^V/^- 
lato  enim  tyranno,  tyrannida  (i.  e.  domi- 
nationem  Antonii)  manere  video,  ih.  14. 
14.  A^a  quidem  ilia  res,  (fc.  caedes 
Caefaris),  animo  virili,  canfdio  puerili: 
quis  enim  non  videt,  regni  haredem  relic- 
turn?  fc.  Antonium;  ib.  21.) 

The  opinions  of  men  in  that  age 
were  greatly  divided,  as  they  have  been 
ever  fince,  whether  Caefar  was  flain 
juftly  or  not,  [cum  ahis pejjlmum,  alii^  piiU 
cherrimum  facinm  videretur,  Tacit.  Ann. 
1,8.)  In  general  the  favourers  of  a 
popular  government,  as  Cicero,  Lucan, 
&c.  applaud  the  aftion,  while  the  fup- 
porters  of  monarchy,  as  Virgil  and  Ho- 
race, Seneca,  Dio  Caffius,  Si.c  con- 
demn it.  But  the  fentiments  of  writers 
are  commonly  influenced  on  this  fub- 
je6l  by  the  nature  of  the  government 
under  which  they  live.  Suetonius, 
however,  after  enumerating  the  good 
qualities  and  aftions  of  Caefar,  declares 
that  his  bad  adions,  in  a  political  light, 
preponderate,  and  that  therefore  he 
was  thought  to  have  abufed  his  power, 
and  to  have  been   ilain  juftly,  [Praegra- 

vans 


C  A  E  [ 

i\7nf  tamen  caetera  faEla  diBaque  ejus,  itt 
et  ahuiijs  fJowJnatloney  et  jure  caefus  ex'tjli- 
metur,  c.  76. 

The  death  of  Caefar  was  followed 
by  the  moit  dreadful  fcenes  of  war  and 
maflacre ;  fo  that  in  this  refjKift  at  leaft, 
it  was  a  great  misfortune  to  the  Ro- 
mans.  See  Antonius  and  OcTAvius. 

Juvenal  juftly  afcribes  the  fate  of  all 
the  firft  'Triumviri  to  their  inordinate 
ambition  ;  ^id  Crajfos,  qukl  Pompeios 
evertit,  et  ilium  (fc.  Caefarem),  Jld 
fua  qui  domttos  deduxit  flagra  ^uiri- 
tes  ?  Summus  nempe  locus  nulla  non  arte 
quaefitus.  The  poet  expreffes  the 
meannefs  of  the  fervitude  to  which  Cae- 
far reduced  the  Romans,  by  his  bring- 
ing them  to  bear  his  laHi,  [ad  fua  Jia- 
gra)  ;  a  punifhment  which,  under  the 
republic,  it  was  unlawful  to  inflid:  on 
a  Roman  citizen,   10,  107. 

Julius  Caefar  is  perhaps  on  the 
whole  the  moft  diftinguiflied  chara'tler 
in  hiflory.  He  ppfTefTed  very  uncom- 
mon abilities,  and  was  formed  to  ex- 
cel in  peace,  as  well  as  in  war.  Ci- 
cero ranks  him  ^mong  the  greateft 
orators,  Br.  75.  ;  Suet,  Caef,  ^^,  His 
orations  were  admired  for  two  qua- 
lities, not  always  found  together, 
ftrength  and  elegance,  [vis — et  mirafer- 
monis,  cujus  pruprie  jludiofus  fuit,  eiegan- 
iia),  Quindil.  10,  I,  114.  Quindilian 
fays,  *'  that  he  fpoke  with  the  fame 
fpirit  with  which  he  fought,  (eodem 
animo  dixiffe,  quo  bellavlt),  and  if  he 
had  devoted  himfelf  to  the  bar,  (ft  fo- 
ro  tantum  vacdjfet),  would  have  been 
the  only  man  capable  of  rivalling  Cice- 
ro," ib. 

Caefar  wrote  memoirs  or  commenta- 
ries of  his  wars  in  Gaul,  in  feven  books, 
and  of  his  civil  war  with  Pompey,  in 
three  books;  which  are  ftill  extant. 
The  eighth  book,  concerning  the  Gal- 
lic war,  was  written  by  Hirtius.  The 
author  of  the  memoirs  of  Caeiar^s  wars 
in  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Spain,  is  un- 
certain. Some  afcribe  them  to  Hir- 
tius, and  others  to  Oppius,  Suet.  Caef. 
^6.'  Cicero  beftovvs  the  higheil  praife 
Caefar 


on     Caelar's    commentaries,     Br.    75 

But  Pollio  Almius  thcu^ht  that  they     So   Seneca,    P7:oe/u  4, 

K   2 


7^    ]  ^.  ^  ^     . 

were  compofed    with   too  lif^^e  care, 

and  without   lufficient  regard  to  truth. 

Suet.  ib. Caefar  alfo  left  two  books 

on  the  Analogy  of  language,  ib.  or  the 
Art  of  Grammar,  ^jin^il.  i,  7,  34,  [de 
ratione  Latine  loquendi),  Cic.  Br.  72  in- 
fcribed  to  Cicero,  Gell  19,8.  He  is 
faid  to  have  written  thisbook  duringthe 
Gallic  war,  in  his  paflageover  the  Alps. 
He  wrote  his  anfvver  to  Cicero's  eulo' 
giuin  on  Cato  about  the  time  of  the 
battle  of  Munda  ;  and  while  travelling 
from  Rome  to  Farther  Spain  in  his 
laft  expedition,  he  compofed  a  poem, 
which  he  called  Iter,  the  Journey. 
There  were  fooie  of  Caefar's  juvenile 
poems  extant  in  the  time  of  Suetoni- 
us ;  alfo  feveral  of  his  letters  to  the 
fenate,  to  Cicero,  and  to  his  familiar 
friends  ;  and  a  coUedlion  of  Apoph- 
thegms, or  memorable  fayings  of  emi- 
nent men,  (dicta  colleSlanea),  Suet  ib. 
which  we  learn  from  Cicero  he  conti- 
nued to  improve  in  the  height  of  his 
power,  Cic.  Fam.  9,  16.  But  Au- 
guftus  is  faid  to  have  forbidden  thefe 
books  to  be  publiflied.  Suet.  ib.  Such 
was  the  power  of  Caefar's  mind,  that 
while  reading  or  writing,  lie  ufed  to 
didate  and  hear  at  the  fame  time.  He 
is  faid  to  have  didated  letters  on  the 
moft  important  affairs  to  four  fecreta- 
ries  at  once  ;  or  if  otherwife  quite  dif- 
engaged,  [Ji  nihil  aliud  ageret),  to  fe- 
ven, Plin.  7,  25.  Happy  had  it  been 
for  Caefar  himfelf,  as  well  as  for  man- 
kind., if  he  had  employed  his  wonder- 
ful talents  to  promote  the  good  of  his 
country,  and  not  to  enflave  it,  (Fe- 
lix —  ft  patriae  hojles  tantum ,  non  et  pa- 
triam  incijfet.  I.  Celf.  in  Vita  Caef. 
p.  246.  But  the  defire  of  becoming 
Sovereign  of  Rome,  and  of  the  world, 
( Rex  populi  Romani  dominufque  omnium 
gaitium  ejfe),  made  him  difregard  every 
other  confideration,  Cic.  Offic.  3,  21. 
He  ufed  often  to  repeat  two  verles  of 
Euripides,  which  he  himfelf  thus 
tianflated,  Nam  ft  violancium  eft  jusy 
regnaridi  gratia  Fiolandum  eji,  aliis  rebus 
pietatcm  colas,  Cic.  O:  .  3,  21.  ;  Suet, 
Caef.  3c.  Euripid.  P  oeiiifT.  n.  527. 
2  20.  Hence 
Lucan 


e  A  E  C    7'5    3 

X.ucail  calls  Gaefar's  ufurpation  y«j- Ji^i-     i,    i; 


7c. 


C  A   L 

So    Caefcirei    PenaUs,     Id. 


turn  fceleri,  I,  2.  Thus,  among  the 
feoffs  which  his  foldiers,  according  to 
cuilom,  threw  out  againft  him  in  his 
triumphs,  this  was  one  :  Si  rede  fades, 
pkdere  ;  Jin  male,  regnab'is,  "  If  you 
do  right,"  I.  e.  if  you  rellore  to  the 
people  "their  liberty,  **  you  fhall  be 
punifhed,"  (for  what  you  have  done 
contrary  to  law):  *'  But  if  you  do 
wrong,"  L  e.  if  you  do  not  reilore  li- 
berty, "   you  fhall   be  a  king,"  D'to, 

43,  20.  So  Juvenal,  Hie  crucem  preti- 
um  fcderis  tul'ity  hic  diademay  13,  105. 
Caefar  after  his  death  was  ranked  a- 
mong  the  gods,  and  worfhipped  as  a 
divinity,  Suet.  58. 

Caefar  is  faid  to  have  been  tall,  of 
a  fair  complexion,  and  very  healthful,^ 
except  that  in  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  he  was  liable  to  the  falHng  fick- 
pefs,  with  which  he  was  twice  feized 
in  the  time  of  aftion,  Suet.  45. ;  D'to, 

44,  38.;  Plutarch*  in  Caef.  715.  <3c 
733. 

GAE^AR  is  often  put  for  the  em- 
peror, thus,  V'fvaria  Caefans,  the  em- 
peror's fifh  ponds  or  ftews,  Juvenal. 
4,  51.  So  Caefaris  ad  men/as.  Id.  5, 
4.  Calcemus  Caesaris  hojlem,  i.  e.  Seja- 
rum.  Id.  10,  86.  Caefaris  uxor,  i.  e. 
Meffalina,  ib.  330.  Caefaris  Armentum, 
\.  e.  elephanti.  Id.  14,  ic6.  Tumu- 
lus   Caefarum,   Tac.    Ann.    3,  9.      C. 

SUETONII  TrANQUILLI    XII  GaESA- 

RES,  the  hves  ot  the  twelve  firft  em- 
perors by  Suetonius  ;  the  ufual  in- 
fcription  to  that  work.  Prope  Caefa- 
ris hortos,  near  Gaefar's  gardens,  Hrjr, 
Sat.  I,  9,  18.  ;  which  he  left  to  the 
Roman    people,     Suet.    83. adj. 

CaESAB-EUS     etGAESARIANUS. 

Caesareae  doTuus  feries,  the  fuccef- 
fors  of  Gaefar,  Lucan,  4,  823.  Gae- 
sAriani,  fc.  miiites,  the  foldiers  of  Gae- 
far, Hirt.B.  Afr,  13,  &c.  whom  Lu- 
can  calls  Coefaris  pules,  3,  526.  Caefa- 
rianae  necis  confdi^  privy  to  the  death 
•  of  Gaefar,  Syei.  Ner^  4  Sanguis  Cae- 
fareus,  the  bipod  of  Julius  Gaefar, 
"Ovidf  Met.  I,  20c.  Caefarta  domus, 
the  ho^fe  of  Augullus  Gaefar,  Id,  Trift, 


Met.  15,  864.  Caefar iand  celeritate  utiy 
to  be  as  expeditious  as  Gaefar,  Cic.  Att, 
16,  10.  Caefarianum  civile  helium,  the 
civil  war  between  Gaefar  and  Pompey, 
Nep.  25,  7. 

Gaeyx.     See  Geyx. 

Gajeta,  the  nurfe  of  Aeneas, 
Firg,  A  en.  7,  I. 

Caiuc,  a  frequent  praenomen  of 
men  among  the  Romans  j  and  Gaia 
of  women. 

C'aius  is  marked  by  G.  and  Gaia  by 
the  fame   letter  inverted    3.    ^tinflil. 

I,  7,   28. Gaia    was   a   name  af- 

fumed  by  every  new-married  woman. 
When  on  the  marriage-night  fhe  ar- 
rived at  the  door  of  her  hu(band,  be- 
ing afked  by  him  what  was  her  name, 
fhe  anfwered,  uBi  tu  Gaius,  et 
EGO  Gaia,  i.  e.  ivhere  you  are  majler 
of  the  family,  I  am  mijlrefs  ;  as  it  is 
faid,  from  Tanaquil,  the  wife  of  Tar- 
quinius  Prifcus  ;  who  was  alfo  called 
Gaia  Gaecilia,  Plin.  8,  48  f.  74, 
et  Fejlus.  et  ^un3il.  Ibid.  adj.  Gaja- 
N  u  s  ;  Caiana  nex,  the  murder  of  Gaius 
Galigula,  Suet.  Tit.  i.  Emptum  (fc, 
librum)  plus  minus  affe  Caiano  Donas^ 
for  one  of  Gaius  Gaiigula's  afies,  /'.  e, 
at  the  loweft  price,  Stat.  Sih.  4,  9,  22. 
The  as  it>  faid  to  have  been  dimiuiilied 
in  weight  by  G.  Galigula. 

Gal  a  IS,  the  fon  of  Boreas  and  O- 
rithyia,  and  brother  of  Zethes,  both 
reprefented  by  the  potts  as  furnifhed 
with  wings.      See  Zethes. 

Gala  MIS,  -idis,  m.  a  ilatuary,  who 
was  unrivalled  in  h's  art  of  reprefent- 
ing  horfes,  i^equis  femper  fine  aemulo  ex-^ 
pre/JIs,)  Plin.  34,  8  f.  19,  ii.  ;  Pro- 
pert.  3,  9,  10.  ;  Ovid.  Pont.  4,  i,  33.; 
Quinctil.  12,  10,  7 

Gal  AN  us,  a  celebrated  Indian  phi- 
lofopher,  who  falling  fick,  caufed  a 
funeral  pile  to  be  raifed,  on  which  he 
was  burnt  at  his  own  defire  in  pre- 
fcnce  of  Alexander  and  his  army,  Cic, 
Ttfc.  2,  21.  He  is  faid  to  have  pre- 
dicted the  death  of  that  prince,  which 
happened   foon    after.      Id.   Div.    i, 

CALGHAS, 


E-   77    1  C  A    L 

fon  of  lophon,  where  he  had  a  temple,  StraJ^' 
14,  p.  442.  J  OvicL  Met,  I,  515. — 
— Callimachu$  is  efteemed  by 
Quin6lilfan  the  chief  ckgfac  poet  or 
writer  of  love  poems  :  Cujus  (fc.elegi- 
aej  pr'mceps  haheLur  CaHitnachus^  10, 
I,  58.  But  Horace  feems  to  prefer 
Miinviermus,  Ep.  2,  2,  loi.— — Pro- 
pertius  made  Callimachus  his  mcrdel; 
whence  lie  calls  him  Celt  the  Roman 
Callimachus,   Pmp^ri,  4,   i,  64.     Ho- 


G  H  A 

CALCHAS,     -ant'isy    the 
I'hellor,  the  foothfayer  of  the  Greeks 
in    the    Trojan     war,     Cic.    Or.    22   ; 
Div.    I,    33.;     Vlrg.   Am.    2,    123.; 
^/7.  13,  38. 

CALDIUS,  a  firname  gwt'^x  to 
Tiberius  by  the  foldiers  from  his  fond- 
pefs  of  hot  drinks,  [cal'tdae  potion^s  ;) 
fnftead  of  Claudius,  Suet.  Tib.  42. 

C  ALDUS,  a  fir  name  gu^w  to  rafli 
hot  headed  men,   Cic.  Inv.  2,9. 

CaligulA:  the  fourth  Emperor  of    race  is  fuppofed  to  allude  to  Proper 
Rome,    remarkable     for    his   cruelty  ;     tius  in  thefe    words  :    Difcedo    .-licacus 


fo  called  from  his  being  educated  in 
the  camp,  and  wearing  the  Ihoes  or 
fliort  boots  [caltgas]  of  the  common 
foldiers,  Suei.  CaL  9. 

^  Fujius  Calenu^,  a  tribime  of 
the  commons,  who  got  a  law  palled, 
called  Lex  Fufia,  by  which  he  pro- 
cured the  acquittal  of  Clodius,  when 
tried  for  violating  the  facred  rites  of 
the  good  goddefs  {Bona  Drx) ;  Cic. 
/Itt.  I,  14,  &  16.  an  adviler  of  peace 
with  Antony,   Cic.  Phil.  8,  3. 

M.  Calidius,  a  remarkable  orator, 
Cic.  Br.  79.    ^in3lL  70,  i. 

Call  I  CRATES,  -/j,  an  Athenian 
who  impofed  on  Dion,  and  having 
caufed  him  to  be  put  to  death,  feized 
on  the  fuprem.e  power  at  Syracufe, 
Nep.  10,  8.  &  9. ^  2.  A  Lacedae- 
monian artiil,  who  made  ants  and  o- 
ther  little  animals  of  ivory,  fo  fmall, 
that  their  parts  could  not  be  difcerned 
by  any  other  perfons  but  himfelf,  Plin. 
7,  21.;  alfo  chariots  with  their  dri- 
vers, fo  minute,  that  a  tly  could  co- 
ver them  with  its  wings,  Jd.  56,  5.  ; 
et  A  ell  an.  i,  17. 

Callicratipas,  -ae,  a^general  of 
the  Lacedemonians,  CicOff.  1,24,  &  30. 

Callimachus,  a  celebrated  Greek 
poet,  born  at  Cyrene  in  Africa,  Cic. 
Tufc.  I,  34,  &  39.  ;  the  fon  or  defcend- 
ant  of  Battus  ;  hence  called  Battia- 
DEs,  -aci  Ovid.  Ain.  I,  14,  53.  ;  Tr,  2, 
367.  ;  /?/ 5,  5,  33. ;  in  Ibin.sZ'\  called 
alfo  Clarius  poeta^  i.  e.  infplred  by  A- 
pollo,  Ovid.  Tr.  1,5,  I.  who  is  de- 
nominated  Clarius,     Virg.   Aen. 


pimflo  illius:  lUe  mco  quis  ?  ^is  niji 
Callimachus  P  I  come  off,  or  am  made 
an  Alcaeus  by  bis  fuff.age ;  and  he 
a  Callimachus  hy  mine,  Hor.  Ep.  2,  2, 
99- 

Callimachus  is  commonly  joined 
by  the  poets  with  Philetas ;  thus,  Ovid. 
Art.  Am.  3,  330.;   Rem.  760.  ;    Tr.  i, 

5,  I.  ;  Prepert.  3,  i,  i.  So  Seri;a  Phi- 
leteisy  &c.  {Vid.  Philetas);  Et  Cy* 
renams  tirna  mhiifiret  aquas,  and  let  mv 
urn  furnifh  me  with  the  waters  of  Cy- 
rene, /.  e.  let  me  drink  of  the  fame 
fountain,  and  thus  imbibe  the  fame  poe- 
tic enthufiafm  with  Calhmachu§,  Prop^ 
4»  6,  3.    ^ 

Calliope,  -es,  the  chief  of  the  nipe 
Mufes,  who  prefided  over  eloquence 
and  heroic  poetry,  called  alfo  Cal- 
liope a,  Ovid.  Fqfl.  5,  80.  the  mo- 
ther of  Orpheus,   Virg.  Ec.  4,  57, 

Callipho,  -cinis,  a  philofopher,  whd 
made  the  chief  happinefs  of  man  to  con- 
fill  in  pleafure  and  virtue,   Cic.  Fin,  2, 

6,  &  II.  ;  Acad.  4,  42.  ;  Fin.  5,  25. 
Calli PEDES,  -//,  a  name  put  pro- 
verbially for  one  who  promifes  a  great 
deal,  but  does  nothing,  Cic.  Ati.  13, 
12.;  Suet.  Tiber.  38.  The  caufe  of 
this  appellation  is  uncertain. 

Callirhce,  -es,  the  daughter  of 
the  river  Achelous,  (Achtloia,  Ovid. 
Met.  9,  413.),  and  wife  of  Alcmaeon, 
who  obtained  from  Jupiter  that  her 
infant  fons  by  Alcmaeon  Ihould  be- 
come men  before  their  time,  in  order 
to  avenge  the  dtath  of  their  father^ 
Ovid.  ib.  414. 


360.;  from   Claras,  a  grgve  near  Co-         Callisthenes,  -/x,,  a  native  of  O- 

iyuthu--, 


C  A  L  [7?? 

lynthus,  [Olynth'ius),  the  fcholar  of  A- 
rlllotle,  and  companion  of  Alexander  ; 
by  whom  he  was  put  to  death,  becaufe 
he  refufed  to  pay  him  divine  honours, 
Cic.  Raber.  Pofth.  9.  ;  Tufc,  3,  lo. 
He  wrote  the  hiftory  of  his  own  coun- 
try, Cic»  de  Or.  2,  14.  and  of  the  Tro- 
jan war,  Id.  D'tv.  i,  ^^4.  ^/  2,  25. 

Callisto,  -z/x,  the  daughter  of  Ly- 
caon  king  of  Arcadia,  converted  by 
Jupiter  into  the  conftellatioa  Urfa 
iJf^or,  the  Greater  Bear.      (G.  417.) 

CallisTrItus,  the  name  of  feve- 
ral  Athenians. 

CALPURNIA  gens,  the  name  of 
a  clan  at  Rome,  containing  the  families 
of  the  Phones,  Be/liae,  Bibuli,  and  Cae- 
fennini,  Cic.  Pif.  23.  ;   Att.  10,  8,  &c. 

CALPURNIA,  the  daughter  of 
L.  Caluurnius  Pifo,  and  the  fourth 
wife  of  Julius  Caefar,  faid  to  have  been 
"warned  by  a  dream  of  her  husband's 
death,  Suet.  Caef.  81. 

Calvena,  a  friend  of  Caefar's,  C'lc, 
Jtt.  14,  5. 

Calvisius,  a  governor  of  Africa, 
Cic.  Phil.  3,  10.  the  name  of  feveral 
eminent  men,  from  one  of  whom  is 
derived  Actio  Calvisiana,  an  aftion 
granted  to  a  patron  againll  his  freed 
man,  for  recovering  what  the  freed 
man  had  defrauded  him  of,  Digejl. 

Licinius  Calvus,  a  fatirical  poet, 
whofe  works  are  loft,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  24. 
mentioned  by  Horace,  Sat.  i,  10,  19. 

C.  Licinius  Calvus,  an  orator,  Cic. 
Fum.  15,  21.  ;  Fin.  1,2.;  Brut.  8  I. 
— —  ^  2.  A  name  given  to  M.  Craf- 
fus,   Cic.  Att.  I,  16. 

Calypso,  -iisy  (rarely  Calypsonisy 
QuinAil.  i,  5,  63.  in  the  other  cafes 
Calypso) i  a  nymph,  the  daughter  of 
Oceanus  and  Tethys,  or  according  to 
others,  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  ( Atlan- 
tis j  Adis)y  who  poiTeiTed  the  ifland  O- 
gygia,  the  fituation  of  which  is  uncer- 
tain. When  Ulyfies  was  fhipwrecked 
on  her  coaft,  Calypfo  gave  him  a  hof- 
pitable  reception,  retained  him  in  her 
ifland  for  fix  or  feven  y^ars,  and  pro- 
miftd  him  immortality,  if  he  would 
remain  for  ever  with  her,  which  he 
refufed,  Hoimr,  Odyjf.  7,  6c  15.  j  Ovid. 


]  CAN 

Pont.  4,  10,  13.  ;  Amor.  2,  17,  15.  ; 
Art.  2,   (25.;    Cic.  Off.  I,  13. 

CAMBysES  -is,  the  fon  of  Cyius 
the  Great,  king  of  Perfia.     (G   6.  3.) 

Camilla,  the  queen  of  the  Volfci, 
who  affifted  Turnus  againft  Aeneas, 
famous  for  her  fwiftnefs  and  courage, 
flain  by  Aruns,    Virg.  Aen.   7,  803.  et 

CAMILLUS,  the  name  of  a  branch 
or  family  of  the  Geus  Furia. 

M.  Furius  CAMILLUS,  an  lUuf- 
trious  Roman  general,  who  cook  Veji, 
after  it  had  been  bcfieged  for  ten 
years,  and  defeated  the  Gauls,  who, 
under  Brtnnus,  had  taken  and  facked 
RoT.e.  He  was  celebrated  as  a  fecond 
Romulus,  and  founder  of  his  country. 
Extulit  haec  (fc.  Italia)  Decios,  Marios, 
ma^nofque  Camillos,  for  Magnum  Camil' 
/urn.  Virg.  G.  2,  169.  Reducefque  Ca- 
viillosy  fo  called,  becaufe  he  returned 
from  banifhment  to  free  his  country, 
Lucan.  7,  358.      (G.  218,  &c.) 

CAMOENAE,  WCamenae,  (q. 
Canenae,  a  canendo),  the  Mufes.  Fid* 
MusA. 

Campaspe,  -es,  a  favourite  concu- 
bine of  Alexander's,  whom  Apell»s 
being  ordered  to  paint  naked,  fell  def- 
perately  in  love  with  her.  Upon  which 
Alexander  gave  her  to  him  in  a  pre- 
fent.  She  was  fo  beautiful,  that  A- 
pelles  is  faid  to  have  painted  from  her 
his  Venus  rifing  from  the  fea,  Plin.  35, 
10. 

Can  ACE,  -es,  the  daughter  of  Oe- 
olus,  [Oeolis,  -tdis ;  voc-  Oeoli),  who 
had  a  child  by  her  brother  Macareus. 
Her  father  having  got  notice  of  it,  or- 
dered the  child  to  be  expofed  to  wild 
beafts,  and  fent  a  fword  to  his  daugh- 
ter, with  which  (he  might  kill  herfelf. 
She  complied  with  the  command,  but 
firft,  according  to  Ovid,  wrote  a  mo- 
ving epiftle  to  Macareus,  who  had  fled 
to  the  temple  of  Delphi  for  proteAion, 
Ovid.  Ep.  II.;  Amor.  2,  18,  23.;  Trift. 
2,  384.  ;  in  Jhin.  359,  &  564. ;  Hygin. 
Fab.  238.  Macaieus  is  alfo  faid  to 
have  killed  himfelf,  ib.  242.  But  Ho- 
mer makes  Oeolus  give  his  daughters 
in  marriage  to  his  fens,  Odyff.  10,  7. 

Can  ACE, 


CAN  [79 

Camace,  f.  Canache,  one  of  Ac- 
taeoa's  dogs,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  217. ;  Hy- 
gin.  t8i. 

Can  ACHUS,  a  ftatuary,  Cic.  Br.  18.; 
Plin.  34,  8. 

Candace,  -es,  a  queen  of  Aethiopia, 
in  the  time  of  Auguftus,   Plin.  6,  2i>. 

Can  ENS,  -entisy  a  beautiful  nymph, 
remarkable  for  her  fl<:ill  in  mufic, 
whence  her  name,  the  daughter  of  Ja- 
nus and  Venilla,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  333. 
.whence  Hie  is  called  jfanigenay  ib.  381. 
the  wife  of  Picus  king  of  theLaurentes; 
who  having  been  turned  by  Circe  into 
a  bird,  called  Picus,  Canens  lamented 
his  lofs  fo  much,  that  (lie  pined  away, 
and  by  degrees  vanifhed  into  the  thin 
air,  i.  e.  ihe  was  changed  into  a  voice, 
Ovid.  Met.  14,  432. 

Canephorae,  virgins  at  Athens, 
who,  in  the  facred  rites  of  Venus,  car- 
ried canifters  on  their  heads,  Cic.  Verr. 

CANIDIUS,  the  name  of  feveral 
Ron\ans. 

C.  CANINIUS  Rehilm,  one  of 
Caefar's  lieutenants  In  Gaul,  Caef.  B. 
G.  7,  83,  &  90.  8,  26.  alfo  in  the  ci- 
vil wars.  Id.  B.  C.  i,  24,  26.  ;  Hirt. 
B.  Hifp.  35.  whom  Caefar  made  con- 
ful,  a.  u.  708,  at  his  own  requeft, 
&e  laft  day  of  the  year  only  for  a  few 
hours,  (Vid.  Q^Fabius  Maximus), 
whence  Cicero  fays  of  him  farcaftical- 
ly,  Caninio  confide,  neinintm  prandiffey 
that  no  one  dined  in  lu's  confulfhip  ; 
becaufe  he  was  nominated  at  the 
7tb  hour,  or  one  o'clock  afternoon, 
\hord  vli.  renun-iatus  ej}),  and  the 
ufual  time  of  taking  the  prandium  was 
atnndday,  Cic.  Ep.'],  30.;  Ma  rob. 
Sat.  2,  3.  ;  Add.  Dio,  43,  46.  ;  Plin. 
7,  53.  ;  Tacit  Hiji.  3,37.;  Suet.  Caef. 
76.  ;   Plutarch,  in  Caef.  p.  735. 

Can  1  us,  a  learned  Roman  knight, 
cheated  by  Pytheas,  a  banker  of  Si- 
cily, Cic.  Off.  3,  14. — ^  2.  A  faccrtious 
poet,  born  at  Cadiz,  Martial.  l,  62,29, 

Canuleius,  a  tr'bune  of  the  com- 
mons at  Rome,  who  procured  a  law 
to  be  made,  that  the  Plebc-Ians  might 
intermarry  with  the  Patricians,  Liv.  4, 
3,  &c. 


]  C  A  E 

P.  Canutius,  an  eloquent  orator, 
Cic.  Brut,  56.  ;  T.  Canutius,  a  tri- 
bune,   Cic.  Fam.    12,  3,  &  23.;   PhiL 

'3>9- 

Cap  HO,  a  veteran  foldier,  Cic.  Phil. 

10,  10,  &  II,  9.  A  centurion  of  An- 
tony's, ib.  8,  3. 

Cap  no,  -onisf  a  firname  of  the  Gens 
Jteja. 

C.  Cap  I  TO,  a  partiian  of  Caefar's, 
Cic.  Fam.  8,  8.  et  13.  29. 

Fontejus  Cap  I  TO,  a  man  highly  ac- 
compllfhed,  (ad  wignem  fadus  homo)., 
an  intimate  friend  of  Antony's,  Hor* 
Sat.  I,  J,  32. 

Capaneus,  -i,  (in  three  fyllables)  j 
a  noble  Arglve,  the  hufband  ofEvadne, 
one  of  the  feven  famous  generals  in 
the  war  again  ft  Thebes,  Ovid.  Trijl, 
4,3,  63.;  Plin.  35,  II.  remarkable 
for  his  impiety,  Stat.  Theb-  9  545'.  et 
3,  602.  ;  and  therefore  killed  by  Ju- 
piter with   a  thunderbolt,  Hygin.  68» 

&  70.  ;    Ovid.   Met.  9,   404. Adj. 

Capaneus,  v.  -eius ;  thus,  Capanea 
pe£tora,  Stat.  Theb.  12,  764. ;  CcLpaneia 
conjux,  ib.  545. 

Capetus,  the  fixth  king  of  Alba, 
after  Aeneas,  Ltv.  i,  3. ;  Ovid.  Met, 
14,613. 

C  \  PYS,  -yts,  v.  -yos  ;  ace.  Capyniy  v. 
•yn  ;  the  fon  of  Affaracus  and  father 
of  Anchifes,  Firg.  Aen.  6,  768.;  OvicL 
Fajl.  4,  34.— Aifo  a  companion  of 
Aeneas,  who  is  faid  to  have  given 
name  to  Capua  in  Italy,  ih.  10.  145. 

Carcalla,  a  Roman  emperor, 
remarkable  for  his  cruelty. 

Car  BO,  a  lirname  of  the  Gens  Pa" 
piria,  Cic.  Fam.  g,  2  1.  adj.  Carbonianus, 

C.  CARBO,  an  orator,  faid  to  be 
the  only  one  of  that  name  that  was  a 
good  citizen,  ib.~'-^\  2.  Cn.  Carbo,  the 
friend  of  Marlus,  thrice  Conful,  Cic, 
de  Or  at.  3,  3.  flain  by  Pompey,  Id, 
Fam.  9,  21. 

Carmenta,  v.  Carmentis,  an  Ar- 
cadian prophetef?,  the  mother  of  E- 
vander,  Liv.  i.  7.  Virg.  Aen.  8,  336. 
from  whom  the  Porta  Carmentatis  at 
Rome  is  faid  to  have  been  named,  ib. 

Carneades,  -/j,  a  native  of  lyrene 
(  Cyrenaeus  }f 


CAR  [ 

(Cyfenaius)y  tlie  founder  of  wKat  is 
called  the  Third  or  New  Academy, 
Ctc.  Chrot,  1 ,  1 1 .  the  fchokr  of  Dio- 
j^enes,  the  Stoic,  Cic,  Acad.  4,  30.  ; 
b»it  afterwards  drfPered  widely  from 
that  fe(^.  He  maintained  that  nothing 
can  be  certainly  perceived  by  the  fcnfes, 
*l5.  4,  9.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
eloquence  ;  and  was  fent  to  Rome 
^ith  Dio^'enes  as  an  atiibaiiador,  Ck. 
Oral.  2,  3.  Acad,  4,  45. 

S'punus  C A R  V I L 1  u  s ,  the  fi rfl  Roman 
who  divorced  his  wife,  a.  u.  521,  VaL 
Mcr*.  2,  I. 

Carus,  a  Roman  emperor,  EittroJ>, 

(CAkTHlLO,  'Cms^  the  conmiander 
of  Annibal's  cavalry,  22,  15- 

CASCA,  (a  firnaihe  of  the  Ser^'t- 
Ui)  ;  one  of  the  confpiratovs  ag?.in{l 
Caiefar,  Ck.  PUL  2,11.  wlio  gave  him 
the  Firfl.  wonnd,  Plutarch.  Caefp.  739.; 
App'iiiny  B.  C-  2^  p.  §01. 

CA  SSANDER,  -/h-},  the  fon  of  An- 
ti^ater,  governor  of  Macedonia  under 
Arid^clis,  who  pnt  to  death  Olympias, 
the  mother  of  Alexander  the  Grtat, 
'Jufih.  14,  6.  and  others  of  that  king's 
neareft  relation?,  'uL  15,  2. 

CASSANDRA,  the  daughter  of 
Priam,  king  of  Troy,  to  whom  Apol- 
lo granted  the  gift  di  prophecy,  upon 
her  proriiifmg  to  gratify  his  paffion  ; 
tut  afterwards,  upon  her  refufal,  he 
oidained  that  her  prophecies,  though 
tiTte,  fiiould  never  be  believed,  V'lrg, 
Jen.  2,  246,  Wighi.  93.  Hence  fhe  is 
called  Ani'tjiita  Phochi^  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
410, 

CassiDPE,  -es,  wCqffwpta  ;  and  in 
later  writers  CnJJtopela^  the  wife  of  Ce- 
3>heuskingof  Aethiopia,  and  mother  oF 
Andromeda  ;  converted  into  a  coniiel- 
iation,  and  reprefer.ted  in  a  fitting  pof- 
tme,  Cciumdl.  71,  2,78.;  Cic.  N.  D.  2. 
4'S' ;  ihs'"^''  Poet.  AJiron.  2,  10.;  Q'o'd. 
Mei.^y  737- 

CASSIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gins;  adj.  Cassius,  atid  oftcntr  Cas- 
siANUS.  Cafjla  famdla,  the  family  of 
the  Callii,  Liv.  2,41.  Hort'i  Cajficmi, 
the  gardens  of  one  CaiHus,  6ic.Att.i2f 
21. 


So    ]  CAS 

Sp.  CASSIUS  nfceirmus,  conful 
a.  u.  261,  who  obtained  a  triumph  for 
taking  Pometia,  Liv.  2,  17.  the  firil 
who  was  made  matter  of  horfe,  ib.  18. 
made  conful  a  fecond  time,  a.  261,  ih. 
33.  a  third  time,  a.  26B,  when  he  firft 
promulgated  an  agrarian  law,  for  divi- 
ding the  lands  taken  from  the  enemy 
among  the  citizens  and  Lritins,  which 
Vvas  violently  oppofed  by  the  patricians, 
particularly  by  thofe  who  poffefled  the 
public  lands  ;  and  therefore  the  law- 
did  not  pafs.  On  this  acqount  Caffius, 
after  he  refigned  his  office,  was  con- 
demned and  put  to  death,  on  fufpicion 
of  his  having  formed  a  plot  to  make 
him felf  king,  ih.  41. 

L.  CASSIUS  Longinusy  a  tribune 
a.  616,  f.  617,  who  got  a  law  paiTcd, 
[Lex  Cajfia  Tahellaria^y  in  the  conful- 
fliip  of  Lepidas  and  Mancinus,  that  in 
all  public  trials,  except  for  treafon,  the 
people  in  the  comitiay  and  the  yudices 
felePa  in  the  praetor's  court,  Ihould  give 
their  votes  by  ballot,  and  not  viva  voce 
as  formerly,  Cic.  Br.  2,  27.  ;  Sext.  48.  ; 
Leg.  3,  16.  Caffias,  when  praetor, 
vv^as  noted  for  his  rigid  ftridlnefs  ; 
whence  Cassiani  judices,  as  ftrict  or 
as  upright  as  Caflius,  Cic.  Pofc.  Am. 
30.  ;  Fcrr.  3,  60,  &  62.  Ille  (Julia- 
nus)  judlcihus  Ca[fils  trijjior,  Marcelllu. 
i.  22.  On  account  of  his  exceflive  fe- 
rerity,  his  tribunal  was  called  Scopulus 
reoruiuj  the  rock  of  criminals,  Val. 
Max.  3,  7,  9.  When  he  preiided  in 
a  trial  for  murder  iDr  the  like,  he  char- 
ged the  judices  or  jnrytnen  to  enquire, 
Cui  BON®  FUERiT  ?  To  whom  was  it 
of  advantage,  or  whofe  interell  was  it  ? 
He  ufed  this  fiying  fo  frequently,  that 
it  was  called  Cassianum  dictum,  the 
faying  of  Caiiius,  Cic.  Mil.  I2.  et  ihi 
Afcon.  ;  Phil.  2,  I4.— ^Peduceus  a  tri- 
bune having  complained  of  a  fentence 
of  Q^Meteilus,  the  Pontifex  Maximus, 
and  of  the  college  oi  Pentificesy  concern- 
ing fome  Veftai  virgins,  accufed  of  iu- 
cell,  as  partial,  Caiiius  being  appoint- 
ed by  the  people  to  try  the  fame  vir- 
gins anew,  condemned  feveral  of  them 
to  death j  Alccn.  (hid,  Liv.  Eplt.  6^. 

X.  CASSIUS, 


C    A.  9  [    8i 

L.  CASSIUS,  praetor  a.u.  644.  So 
much  refpetled  for  his  integrity,  that 
being  fent  by  the  people  to  bring  Ju- 
gurtha  to  Rome  on  a  public  promife 
of  fafety,  {tnterpofita  Jide publka^)  when 
Caflius  pledged  his  own  promife,  Ju- 
gurtha  valued  it  no  lefs  than  the  pub- 
lic faith,  Salluji.  Jug.  33.  Some  fup- 
pofe  this  Caflius  to  have  been  the  fame 
with  the  former,  but  he  rather  feems 
to  have  been  a  different  perfon  ; — pro- 
bably the  fame  who  was  conful  with 
Marius,  a.  647,  and  who  was  defeated 
and  flain,  and  his  army  made  to  pafs 
unde.r  the  yoke,  by  the  Tigunni,  a  can- 
ton or  divifion  (pagus)  of  the  Helvetii, 
Caef.  ^.  G.  17,  &  14.  ;  Liv.  Epit.Ss-', 
Orojl  16,  17.;  —  Cassianum  Bel/unif 
the  war  in  which  Caffius  was  flain, 
Caef.  B.G.iy  12. 

C.  Cass  SI  us  Varus  y  a  favourer  of 
.the  Manilian  law,  Cic.  Manil.  23.  con- 
ful with  M.  Terentius  Varro  LucuUus 
a.  u.  680,  the  firft  year  that  Verres 
was  praetor  of  Sicily,  Cic.  Vert;  1,23. 
tf/3,41. 

C.  Cassius  Lonpnusy  the  quaeftor 
of  Craffus,  in  his  expedition  againft  the 
Parthians  ;  after  whofe  death  he  col- 
leeled  the  remains  of  the  Roman  army, 
|!  checked  the  pi  ogrefs  of  the  enemy,  re- 
!  pulfed  them  from  the  city  Antioch,  and 
\  preferved  the  province  of  Syria,  Cic.Fam. 
!  2,  10.  ct  5,  20.  et  8,  10.  ;  Phil.  1 1,  14.  ; 
.  Veil.  2,  46.;  Dio,  40,  28.;   Or  of,  6,  13. 
'  Cafiius  was  tribune  of  the  commons  at 
'  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.     Pom- 
pey  having  fled  from  the  city,  fent  Caf- 
fius to  the  confuls  at  Capua,   to  defire 
1  they  would  return  to  Rome,  and  carry 
off  the  money   which  they  bad  left  in 
;  the   public    treafury.     But   it  was  too 
late,  Cic.  An.  7,  21.    Caflius  command- 
i  ed  a  large  fleet  under  Pompey,  confift- 
ing  of  Syrians,   Phoenicians,  and  Cili- 
cians;  with  which  he  deilroyed  a  num- 
ber of  Caefai's  fliips  at  Mefsana  in  Sic: 
ly,  and  would  have   taken  that  town, 
had  not  the  news  of  Caefar's  vidory  at 
Fharlalia,  arriving  juft  at  the  time,  pre- 
vented it,   Caef.  B.   C.  3,  1 01.     Alter 
tljjs  Cafiius  joined  Cato  in  Greece,  r^nd 
puflcd  Qver    with    him  to  Cyrene  ia 


]  CAS 

Africa  J  but  having  there  heard  of  the 
death  of  Pompey,  he  left  Cato  and  went 
over  to  Caefar,  Dio,  42,  13I     Caefar's 
pardon  had  previoufly  been  fecured  for* 
Cafflus  by  Brutus,  to  whofe  After  Caf- 
fius was  married,    Plutarch,   in  Brut.i 
Cic.  Fam.  12,  2.     Nay,  fo  far  did  Cae- 
far drop  his  refentment  againfl  Caffius, 
that  he  even  made  him  one  of  his  lieu- 
tenants, [Caffiumfihi  legavit  )  Cic.  Fam. 
6,  6,  20.    Caffius,  however,  afterwards 
became  one  of  the  chief  confpirators 
againft  Caefar;  (See  Brutus,  and  G. 
242,  &  328.)     Some  afcribe  this  to  his 
being  offended  becaufe   Caefar  had  re- 
fuied    liim  the   confuldiip,  Veil.  2,  561 
others,  becaufe  Caefar  gave  Brutus  the 
more  honourable    praetorfliip  in  prefer- 
ence to  him,  Plutarch,  in  Brut.;  Appiam 
p.  498.     But  CafTius  had   aUvays   dif- 
covered  a  high  fpirit  and  a  ftrong  love 
of  liberty.     When  a  boy,  he  is  ia'd  to 
have  given  Sulla's  fon,  Fauftus,  a  box 
on    the    ear,   for  boailiug    among  his 
fchoolfellows   of  his  father's  greatnefe 
and  abfolute  power,  (profcriptionem  pa* 
ternam  laudantem  colapho  percujjtt^ )  VaL 
Max.  3»  X,  3.  and  when  Pompey  called 
the  boys  before  him  to  give  an  account 
of  their  quarrel,  Cafiius  declared  in  his 
piefence,  "  that  if  Faullus  fhould  dare 
to  repeat  the  words,  he  would  repeat 
the  blow,"  Plutarch,  in  Brut. 

Caflius  in  his  later  years  deferted  the 
fed  of  the  Stoics,  and  became  a  con- 
vert to  Epicurus,  Cic.  Fam,  15,  16. 
He,  however,  alv/ays  lived  as  a  Stoic  ; 
was  moderate  in  pleafures,  temperate 
in  diet,  and  a  water  drinker  through 
life,  [totd  vita  aquam  bibiti)  Senec.  Ep« 
83.  Hence  Caefar,  when  admoniihcd 
to  beware  of  Antony  and  Dolabclia, 
ufed  to  fay,  "  That  it  was  not  the  fat 
and  fleck  men  that  he  feared,  but  the 
pale  and  the  lenn  :"  meaning  Callius 
and  Brutus,  Plutarch.  CaeJ.p.']^').  Ci- 
cero fpeaks  of  Callius  as  having  kirmer- 
ly  dehgned  to  difpatch  Caefar  in  Cilicia 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cydnus,  o/r. 
Phil.  2,  II.  But  when  thia  happened 
is  uncertain, (See  Brutus,  and  G.  242. 
&  32 S.} 

Z.,   Cassiusj,    the  brother  <a   the 
L  iormer^ 


HH 


CAS  [8 

fbVmer,  Cic.  Plan:,  24.  made  tribune 
after  the  death  of  Cacfar,  C'lc.  Phil.  3, 
9.  He  prefided  at  the  celebration  of 
the  games  exhibited  by  Brutus  and 
C.  C  i  '' us.  the  praetors,  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  when  they  themfelves  could 
rfot  be  prefent  in  fafety  on  account  of 
the  defigns  of  Antony,  CicFam.  12, 
2. ;  y^tt.  14,  2. 

L.  Cassius  Lon^hms,  a  fenator,  an 
accomplice  in  Catiline's  cunfpiracy, 
SalluJ.  Cat.  17.  ;  Sull.  13.  ;  Cat.  3,  4. 
who  demanded  the  charge  of  fetting 
the  city  on  fire,  ih.  6.  but  made  his 
cfcape  before  the  confpiracy  was  dif- 
tioverecl,  Sallujl.  Cot.  44, 

L.  Cassius,  the  commander  of  one 
cf  Pompey's  fleets,  who  might  have 
taken  Caefar  prifoner  after  the  battle  of 
Pharfalia,  while  crofTmg  the  Hellef- 
pont  ;  but  was  fo  ftruck  with  the  fame 
oi  Caefar's  fuccefs.  that  he  voluntarily 
furrendered  to  him.  Suet.  Caef.  63.  V'ld. 
Caesar.  Appian  fays  this  was  done 
by  C.  Cassius,  B.  C.  2,  497.  in  which 
feverril  modern  hiilorians  have  followed 
him  ;  and  Cicero  is  fuppofed  by  fome  to 
allude  to  the  fame  fact,  Phil.  2,11.  But 
Cains  was  at  that  time  with  his  fieet  on 
tht  coafl  of  Sicily,  Caef.  B.  C.  39,  loi.; 
Dio,  42,  13.  and  did  not  furrender  him- 
felf  to  Caefar,  till  after  the  death  of 
Pompey,  Dio,  42,  13.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  this  was  the  other  Caffius,  (a/- 
ler  CaJJius)^  mentioned  among  the  con- 
fpirators  againft  Caefar,  Suet.  Caef.  82. 
fend  fuppofed  to  be  the  brother  of 
Caius,  who  is  faid  to  have  given  Caefar 
the  firfl:  wound  in  the  breaft  a  little  be- 
low the  throat,  ih.  Appian  fays  that 
Cafca  was  the  firft  that  wounded  Cac- 
far in  the  breail  ;  that  another  llabbed 
him  in  the  fide,  and  that  Caifius  wound 
ed  him  in  the  face,  B.  C.p.  ^oc.  &  502. 
L,  Cassius  Lon^iuusj  a  lieutenant 
of  Caefar's  in  the  civil  war,  Caef.  B.  C. 
3,  34.   &  36. 

^  Cassius  Longlnusy  chofen  by 
Pompey  to  be  his  quaeftor,  without 
calling  lots  for  it,  a.  700,  Ck,  Att. 
6,  6.  ;  but  in  the  civil  war  he  joined 
Caefar.  He  was  tribune  when  ..he  de 
cree  of  the  fenate  againft  Caefar  was 


2    ]  CAS 

made,  and  gave  his  negative  to 
with  Antony,  Caef.  B.  C.  i,  2.  And 
when  iheir  negative  was  difregarded, 
he  fled  with  Antony  and  '~'urio  to  Cae- 
far, ib.  5.;  Cic.  Fam.  16,  II.;  Dioy 
41,  1.  ;  Appian.  B.  C.  2,  448.  After 
the  defeat  of  Afranius  and  Petreius, 
Cafliu3  was  fent  with  two  legions  to 
Corduba,  Caef.  B.  C.  2,  19.;  and  af- 
ter the  furrender  of  Varro,  Caefar 
gave  him  the  command  of  the  fouth 
part  (jf  Spain,  with  four  legions,  Caef 
B.  C.  2,  21.  ;  Z?/o,  41,  24. ;  4ppian.  ib. 
454.  ;  which  country  CalTius  haraffed 
fo  cruel ;y  by  his  exactions,  that  the 
Spaniards  attempted  to  kill  him,  Hirt, 
BpU.  Alex.  48, — 53,  &c.  Being  obli- 
ged, on  account  of  his  mifcondudl,  to 
leave  the  province,  he  was  drowned  in 
the  mouth  of  the  Iberus,  ib.  64.  ; 
Dio,  42,  16. 

The  com.m.otions  excited  by  Caflius 
facilitated  the  attempts  of  the  fons  of 
Pompey  and  of  Ltbienus  to  become 
mailers  of  Spain,  Dio^  43,  29.;  and 
hence  gave  occanon  to  Caefar'slaft  war 
in  that  country,  Hiit.  ib.  ei  B.  Hfp. 

CASSIUS  Panncnfts,  probably  fo 
called  from  his  being  a  native  of  Par- 
ma. He  was  left  by  Brutus  and  C. 
Cafiius,  when  they  marched  againft 
Antony  and  Octavius,  with  a  fleet  and 
army  to  collect  money.  After  their 
death,  he,  with  young  Cicero,  the 
fon  of  the  orator,  joined  Statius  Mur- 
cus,  Appian,  B.  C.  5,  p.  672.  The 
fcholiaft  on  Horace  fays,  that  he  reti- 
red to  Athens,  where  he  was  killed  by 
the  order  of  Auguftus.  He  wrote  tra- 
gedies and  other  poems,  which  were 
much  ellccmed,  Hot\  Ep.  i,  4,  3.  He 
is  fuppofed  by  fome  to  have  been  the 
fame  with  Caihus  the  Tufcan,  [Etruf 
cits)y  who  wrote  fo  much,  that  hi? 
papers  and  books  ferved  to  compofe 
his  funeral  pile,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  10,  6 1. 
But  others,  and  with  more  juftnefs, 
fuppofe  him  to  have  been  a  different 
perlon. 

CASTOR,  -oris,  the  fon  of  Jupi 
ttr  by  Leda,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus; 
tue  t^,  ;n-'>rother  o'  Pollux  ;  who  .  fteir 
their  death  were  both  ranked  amongj 

the 


I 


CAT  [    R 

tlhe  ftars,  and  worfliipped  as  deities  by 
inariners,  (G.  411.)  Ad  Caftorls  fc. 
aedem,  at  the  temple  of  Caftor,  Cic. 
^lint.  4.;  Add., /■'^f/v.  I,  49,  &c. — 
adj.  Castoreus. 

CASTOR,  the  grandfon  of  King 
Dejotarus,  who  accufed  his  grandfa- 
ther to  Caefar  of  having  plotted  his 
death,    Cic.  Dej.   \. 

L.  Sergius  Catilina,  who  formed 
a  confpiracy  to  overturn  the  govern- 
ment of  Rome,  which  was  detected  by 
Cicero,  when  conful,  SalluJI.  Cat,  [See 
Cicero). — putfor  any  feditiousperfon, 
Juvenal.  14,  41.;  adj.  Catilinarus. 

Catillus,  f.  Cat'ilusy  the  leader  of 
the  Tiburtines,  one  of  the  confederates 
of  Turnus,  V'lrg,  Aen.  7,  672.  Hence 
Mcenia  Cauliy  the  walls  of  Tibur,  Hor. 
Od.  I,  18,  2.  ;  the  fame  with  Moema 
Tihurtla,  fo  named  from  Tiburtus,  the 
eldeft  brother  of  Catilus,  Virg.  ih.  670. 

P.  CATiiiNus  Plot'inusy  a  freedman, 
who  was  fo  fond  of  his  patron,  that 
being  left  his  fole  heir,  he  threw  him- 
felf  on  his  funeral  pile,    Plin.  7,  36. 

Cativulcus,  a  king  of  the  Ehui-o- 
ties,  who  poifoned  himfelf,  that  he 
might  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  Cae- 
far, Caef.  B.  G.  6,  30. 

M.  Porcwsy  firnamed  C  ATO,  on  ac- 
count of  his  wifdom,  {q.  catus)  ;  Cic. 
Sen.  2.;  Plutarch,  in  vita  ejus,  pr.  His 
original  firname  was  Pr IS cus,  ib.  He 
was  born  at  Tufculum ,  ( Tufculanus ) ,  Cic. 
Plane.  S.  of  reputable  parents,  but  not 
noble,  Plutarch,  ib.  a.  u.  520.  the  year 
before  Q^Fabius  Maximus  was  conful 
for  the  firil  time,  Cic.  Sen.  4. ;  Fal. 
Max.  3,  4.  He  refided  in  the  country 
of  the  Sabines,  where  he  had  a  farm, 
{hneredium),  left  him  by  his  father, 
Nep.  23,  1.;  near  which  was  a  fmall 
farm-houfe,  which  had  belonged  to  Cu- 
rius  Dentatus,  whofe  character  Cato 
greatly  admired,  and  ftrove  to  imitate, 
Plutarch,  et  Cic,  Sen.  16. 

Cato,  when  very  young,  ferved  un- 
der Fabius  Maximus  at  the  taking  of 
Tarentum,  ib.  (Cicero  makes  him 
then  quaeftor,  Sen,  4.  but  the  reading 
of  this  paflage  is  fuppofed  to  be  incor- 
red,   Vid,   Gruter  in  Cic.)     He  was  a 


^    1  CAT 

military  tribune  in  Sicily  ;  an^  after 
that  gained  great  praife  for  his  bravery 
in  the  battle  of  Metaurus,  near  Sena 
(Gallia),  againft  Hafdrubal,  Nep.  2^,  i. 

Cato  is  faid  to  have  been  induced 
by  Valerius  Flaccus,  a  nobleman  whd 
lived  in  his  -neighbourhood,  to  come  to 
Rome  and  fue  for  preferments,  Plw 
tarch.  Being  made  qureftor,  it  fell  to 
his  lot  to  ferve  under  the  great  Scipio 
in  Sicily,  by  whom  he  was  appointed, 
with  Laclius,  to  command  the  left 
wing  of  the  fleet  in  the  paflage  to 
Africa,  Liv.  29,  25.  Plutarch  fays, 
that  Cato,  difpleafed  with  Scipio's  pro- 
fufion  of  the  public  money,  and  with 
his  indulgence  to  his  troops,  returned 
to  Rome  ;  and  by  his  complaints 
againft  Scipio  in  the  fenate,  with  the 
affiftance  of  Fabius,  caufed  ambaffa* 
dors  to  be  fent  to  Sicily  to  examine 
the  ftate  of  Scipio's  army.  But  Livy 
gives  a  different  account  of  this  matter, 
29,  22.      _ 

Cato  being  created  praetor,  obtain- 
ed the  province  of  Sardinia,  Liv.  32, 
7,  ^  8, ;  where  he  a6led  with  great 
integrity  and  difintereftednefs,  [fanctus 
et  innocens),  but  was  thought  too  fevere 
in -checking  ufury,  ib,  27.  a.  u.  559.; 
he  was  made  conful  with  his  old  friend 
Valerius  Flaccus,  a.  559,  Liv.  33,  42. 
The  province  of  Spain  fell  to  his  lot, 
ih.  43.;  where  he  performed  io  great 
exploits  as  to  met  it  a  triumph,  Id, 
34,  8, — 46.  Before  he  left  Rome  he 
delivered  a  memorable  fpeech  againfl 
the  abrogation  of  the  Appian  law, 
which  limited  the  expences  and  drefs 
of  women,  ib.  2, —  5.  In  the  war 
againft  Antiochus  he  ferved  under  Ma- 
nius  Acilivir.,  the  conful,  as  lieutenant, 
[crjnfularis  legatus),  Liv.  36.  17.;  Cice- 
ro fays,  as  military  tribune.  Sen.  10.  ; 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  victory 
gained  over  Antiochus  at  Thermopy- 
lae, ih.  18.  He  *VMS  fent  by  the  con- 
ful to  carry  the  news  of  the  vidory  to 
Rome,  ib.  21.  Cicero  fays,  that  Ca- 
to v.-ent  to  the  war  againft  Antiochus 
with  L.  Scipio,  by  n^'ftake,  as  it  is 
thought  ;  or  the  worcs  [cum  Scipio" 
ne)  are  fuppofed  to  have  been  interpo- 
L  2  Uttd 


CAT  [8 

lated  by  fome  tranfcriber,  Cic,  Mun 

14- 

Cato  was  a  great  admirer  of  Fabius 

Maximus,  Cic.  Sen.  4.;  and  Inimical  to 
Sclpio  Afrlcanus,  He  fupported  the 
charge  brought  againft  him  of  having 
taken  money  from  Antiochus,  to  pro- 
cure for  that  king  favourable  terms  of 
peace,  Lh.  38,  54.;  and  after  the 
death  of  Afrlcanus,  promoted  a  fimilar 
accufatlon  againll  his  brother  L.  Scl- 
pio, who  was  condemned,  Liv.  38,  54. 
^^,  ^6,  &  60.  Cicero  reprefents  Cato 
as  extolling  Scipio  Afrlcanus  highly. 
Sen.  6,  9,  &  23.  But  the  dialogue  re- 
quired this  change  of  chara6ler. 

A.  u.  570,  Cato  was  created  cenfor 
with  Valerius  Flaccus,  who  had  been 
his  colleague  In  the  confulate.  He  ex- 
ercifed  this  office  with  fo  great  flrlftnefs, 
Liv.  39,  42 ,  &  44.  that  he  was  ever  after- 
wards called  Cato  Censor,  or  Cen- 
sor i  us,  Plin.  7,  30.;  ^'mclUian.  I, 
7,  23.^/  alibi  pqlfim.  Durus  CatOf  rigid, 
fevere,  Juvenal.  11,  90.  Hence  Cato 
is  put  for  a  cenfor,  or  cenforious  per- 
fon  ;  thus,  non  pojfum  libertum  ferre  Ca- 
tonemy  I  cannot  bear  a  freedman  to  be 
a  cenfurer  of  my  condud.  Martial. 
11,40,  15.  Trijle  fuperciUmii  durique 
fever  a  Catonis  Frons,  Id.  il,  2,  I.; 
Cum  trcmerent — durum  Catonem,  Juve- 
nal. 1 1 ,  9c,  The  Pvoman  people,  even 
in  Cato's  lifetime,  erected  a  ftatue  to 
bim  on  account  of  his  meritorious  con- 
duct in  his  cenforfliip,   Plutarch. 

Cato,  by   his   rigid   feverity  againft 
luxury  and  vice,    incurred  great  enml- 


t    3  CAT 

his  dantem  jura  Catonem),  A.  8,  670. 
Some  afcrlbe  this  to  Cato  Uticeii/is.  So 
^is  tey  Magne  CatOy  taciturn  —  relin- 
quat  ?"ih.  6,  841. 

Horace,  inveighing  againft  the  luxu- 
ry of  his  time,  contrafta  It  with  the 
fimple  manners  of  the  age  of  Cato, 
whom  he  calls  intonfus,  becaufe  bar- 
bers were  then  little  uied,  Od.  2,  15, 

II. 

Cato,  though  remarkable  for  tem- 
perance, was  fond  of  convivial  meet- 
ings,   where    he   fometimes    remained 

all  night,  and   drahk   freely,   Cic.  Sen. 

14.     Hence   narratur  et  Prifci   Catonis 
faepe  mero  incaluijfe  virtus^   Hor.  Od.  2, 

21,  II.      Hence  alfo  Martial  calls  this 

Vitium  Catonis,   2,  89,  2. 

Cato  was  one  of    the   moft   diftin- 

guifhed  characters  of    ancient   Rome 


as  an  orator,  a  lawyer,  a  general,  a 
ftatefman,  and  a  fcholar,  Lrj.  39,  40.; 
Plin.  7,  27.  ;  Cic.  Brut.  17.;  Nep.2  7^, 
3.  ;  ^inSilian.  12,  11,  23.  Through - 
moft  part  of  his  life  he  exprefled  a 
great  diflike  to  the  learning  of  the 
Greeks,  Plin.  7,  30.  ;  afraid,  as  he 
fald,  left  It  {hould  corrupt  the  Roman 
youth,  and  lead  them  to  prefer  the 
glory  of  fpeaking  to  that  of  acting  well, 
Plutarch.  ;  but  when  old,  having  chan-» 
ged  his  mind,  he  applied  to  the  ftudy 
of  Greek  with  wonderful  avidity,  C/V, 
y^cad.  8,  2.  ;  Sen.  I,  8,  &  11.  He 
wrote  books  on  various  fubje£ls.  His 
principal  work  was  on  hiftory  and  an-, 
tiqultles,  which  he  called  Origin ts, 
in  feven  books,   .  ic.  Brut.  1 7. ;  Sen.  1  f. 


ty,  efpecially  among  the  nobility,  who  Nepos  calls  them  Historiae,  and 
never  failed  to  arraign  him  whenever  mentions  the  fubjeft  of  each  book. 
hf  v-ave  the  leaft  ground  for  It.  He  In  the  fecond  and  third  books  he  tra- 
ced the  origin  of  eveiy  city  In  Italy  ; 
whence  he  gave  the  name  of  Origi- 
NEs  to  all  the  feven  books.  He  did 
not  begin  to  write  them  till  he  was 
an  old  man,  Nep.  23,  3.;  Cic  Sen. 
II.;  though  LIvy,  by  a  licence  or 
anachronlfm,  which  he  fometimes  ufes 
in  his  fpeeches,  makes  the  tribune  Va-» 
lerius  quote  them  while  Cato  was  con- 
ful,  and  only  thirty-nine  years  old,  an 
early  age  for  a  new  man  ;  but  the  /.<?- 
^es  Anni^kf  were   not  then  ftridly  ob-* 

i^rvcd, 


is  laid  to  have  pleaded  his  own  caufe 
forty -four  times,  [quater  et  quadragies); 
but  was  always  acquitted,  Plin  7,  27 
f.  28>  ;  and  came  off  from  every  trial 
witi)  increafed  reputation,  Liv.  39,  40. 
The  republic  was  then  governed,  as 
Nepos  obierves,  not  by  power,  but 
by  j  uftice,  ( non  potentidj  fed  jure ) ,  2  3 ,  2 . 
^uch  was  the  reputation  of  Cato 
for  inflexible  jufticc,  that  Virgil  repre- 
fents him  as  prefcribing  laws  to  the 
pipus  fliades  belqw^  {fecrelof^ue  pios  ; 


CAT 


[    S5    1 


CAT 


ferved,  and  preferments  were  open  to 
merit,  L'lv.  34,  5. 

Of  the  various  compofitions  of  Ga- 
te, mentioned,  Cic.  Or,  2,  $2.  ;  OJl  jy 
29.;  Brut.  15,  16,  17.  ;  ^ilnBil  3,  i, 
19.  et  3,  6,  97.  ;  Gell.  7,  10.  ;  Pl'in, 
14,  4.  et  29,  I. ;  MacroL  Sat.  3,  5.  ; 
Plutarch,  in  Cat.  Maj.  the  only  one 
now  extant  is  his  book  on  hufbandry, 
{^de  re  ruft'icay  vel  de  rebus  rujlkisy 
Cic.  Sen.  15.) 

Cato  is  faid  to  have  enriched  the 
Latin  language  with  feveral  new 
words,  Horat.  Art.  p.  5  6.  Vocahula  re- 
rum  Prijcis  memorata  Catonibusy  in  the 
dat.  for  a  Prifco  Catsne,  the  names  of 
things  or  nouns  ufed  by  Old  Cato,  Id. 
Ep.  2,  2,  117.  Salluft  is  accufed  of 
having  ftolen  [furatus)  or  borrowed 
many  of  Cato's  expreilions,  ^iinSil. 
8,  3,  29.;  Suet.  Jug.  85. 

The  Carthaginians  and  Mafinifra  be- 
ing at  war  with  each  other,  Cato  was 
fent  on  an  embafly,  to  enquire  into 
the  caufe  of  their  quarrel.  When  he 
came  to  Carthage,  he  found  it  not  in 
the  low  condition  he  expedled,  but 
opulent,  and  flourifliing.  Inftead, 
therefore,  of  endeavouring  to  fettle 
differences  between  the  contending 
Hates,  upon  his  return  to  Rome,  he 
told  his  countrymen,  that  they  would 
never  be  fecure,  unlefs  they  deftroyed 
fo  dangerous  a  rival ;  and*  after  this, 
on  whatever  fubje6l  he  fpoke  in  the 
fenate,  he  always  concluded  with  ad- 
vifmg  the  deitrudion  of  Carthage, 
Carthago  est  delenda,  Flor.  2, 
15.    Et  hoc  amplius  censed,  Car- 

THAGINEM  ESSE  DELENDAM,  Plu- 
tarch. Scipio  Nafica  judged  more 
wifely,  that  Carthage  fhould  be  pre- 
fervcd,  ib.  as  the  event  fhowed,  (G. 
6'jS).Jppian.  Punic,  n.  38.  ;  Feli.  2,  1.; 
Plin.  33,  II  f.  53.  ;  Flor.  2,  15.  et 
3,  12.  Juftice  feems  to  have  been  lit- 
tle regarded  either  by  the  one  or  the 
other.  The  authority  of  Cato  prevail- 
ed, as  Cicero  obferves,  even  after  his 
death,  [eiiam  mortui).  Off.  I,  23.  But 
Plutarch  affirms,  that  Cato  lived  till 
after  the  beginning  of  the  Third  Pu- 
nic war,     Cicerp  favs,   that  Cato  was 


eighty-five  years  old  when  he  died ; 
and  that  he  retained  his  vigour  to  the 
laft,  fo  as  to  accufe  Serv.  .Galba  that 
very  year  before  the  people.  Brut.  2a 
So  Pliny,  Atque  hicy  Cao  DCV  anno 
urbis  nojlrae  obiity  LXXXV  fuoy  29,  i 
f.  8.  But  Livy  fays,  that  Cato  plead- 
ed his  own  caufe  in  his  86th  year,  and 
accufed  Galba  in  his  90th  year,  39, 
40. — So  Valerius  Maximus,  8,  7,  i. 
If,  however,  Cato  died  in  the  year  PH- 
ny  mentions,  he  was  only  85. 

Cato  had  a  fon  called  alfo  Marcus, 
a  youth  of  great  hopes,  whom  Cato 
himfelf  taught  the  rudiments  of  learn- 
ing, Plutarch.  He  ferved  as  a  foldier 
under  Pompilius  ;  and  when  that  ge- 
neral thought  proper  to  difband  the 
legion  in  which  young  Cato  ferved, 
Cato  wifhed  to  remain  in  the  army, 
but  would  not  fight  agalnft  the  ene- 
my till  he  had  taken  the  military  oath 
anew.  Cicero  fays,  that  there  was  a 
letter  extant  in  his  time  from  old  Cato 
to  his  fon,  giving  him  this  advice, 
0^  I,  II.  Cato's  fon  married  the 
daughter  of  Paulus  Aemllius,  under 
whom  he  fought  with  uncommon  bra- 
very in  the  battle  agalnft  Perfeus, 
Plutarch.  He  died  when  praetor,  to 
the  great  grief  of  his  father,  lb.  et  Cic, 
Fam.^y  6. ;   Sen.  23. 

Cato  married  a  fecond  time  the 
daughter  of  his  client  Salonius,  and 
had  by  her,  after  he  was  eighty,  (o<5c- 
ge/imo  exaBo)y  a  fon  whom  he  called 
M.  Cato  Salonianus,  or  Salonius,  from 
his  mother's  father,  Plin.  7,  13.;  Gell. 
13,  18.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Cat.  Maj.  This 
Salonius  had  a  fon,  called  Marcus,  who 
was  the  father  of  Cato  Utlccnfis,  Plu- 
tarch, et  Cic.  Off.^y  c  6 — Cato,  the  Cen- 
for,  is  alfo  called  Major,  to  diftinguKli 
him  from  his  great  grandfon,  who  is 
called  Cato  Minor.  Hence  Cicero 
calls  his  treatife  on  old  age,  in  which 
Cato  the  Cenfor  is  introduced  as  the 
principal  fpeaker,  Cato  Major,  Ciu 
Off.  I,  42.  ;  Amic.  I. 

M.   Porcius   CATO,  .the    great- 
grandfon  (pronepos)  of  Cato  the  Cen- 
ior,  loft  his  parents  when  ver)'  young, 
and  was  brought  up  with  his  half-bro- 
ther 


CAT  [8(5 

ther  Caepio,  and  three  half-fiHers,  in 
the  houfe  of  Livlus  Drufus,  his  mo- 
ther's  brother.  From  his  very  infancy 
he  difcovcred  a  refolute,  firm,  and  in- 
flexible temper.  He  was  flow  in  learn 
ing,  but  what  he  once  conceived,  he 
faithfully  retained,  and  conquered  eve- 
ry difficulty  by  perfeverance.  As  he 
fpurned  flattery,  fo  he  fcorned  threat- 
ening;s.  Popoedius  Silo,  an  It:ilian 
nobleman  who  had  come  to  Rome  to 
folicit  for  the  allies  the  rights  of  citi- 
zens, and  lodged  at  the  houfe  of  Dru- 
fus, having  become  familiar  with  the 
boys,  afl^ed  them  one  day  to  intercede 
with  their  uncle,  that  he  would  be- 
friend their  caufe.  Caepio  gave  a 
fmile  of  confent ;  but  Cato,  by  his  fi- 
lence  and  looks,  intimated  his  refufal. 
Upon  which  Silo,  fnatching  him  up, 
carried  him  to  the  window,  and 
threatened  to  throw  him  over,  if  he 
would  not  confertt,  holding  his  body 
out  of  the  window,  and  fhaking  him 
feveral  times.  But  Cato  remained  all 
the  time  unmoved  and  unconcerned, 
Plutarch.  Cicero  is  fuppofed  to  allude 
to  this  ftory  in  the  expreffion,  De 
Quadnmo  Catone^   Fam.  i6,  2  2. 

Sulla,  the  dictator,  ufed  frequently 
to  invite  Cato  and  his  brother  to  his 
"houfe,  and  to  talk  familiarly  to  them., 
which  he  did  to  very  few,  Cato  was 
then  about  fourteen  years  old.  One 
da)',  obferving  the  heads  of  feveral 
great  men  brought  in,  he  a&ed  Sarpe- 
do,  his  governor,  "  Why  does  no  bo- 
dy kill  this  man  V  "  Becaufe,"  fays 
he,  "  they  fear  him  more  than  they 
hate  him."  "  Why  then,"  replied 
Cato,  *'  do  you  not  give  m.e  a  fword, 
that  I  may  flab  him,  and  free  my 
country  from  this  flavery  ?"  Sarpedo 
feeing  his  countenance  full  of  anger 
and  tury,  was  greatly  terrified,  and 
from  that  time,  watched  him  ilridly, 
left  he  fnould  attempt  fomething  def- 
perate,  Ih. 

Cato  early  became  acquainted  with 
Antipater,  the  Stoic  philofopher  ;  and 
finding  the  principles  he  taught  acjree- 
able  to  his  natural  temper,  cordially 
-mbraced  them,  ^nd  adhered  to  them 


1  CAT 

fo  {Icadily,  that  he  has  ahvays  been 
juftly  eftecmed  one  of  the  chief  orna- 
ments of  that  fed,  (pERFECTUb  StOI- 
cus,  C'lc.  praef.  Paradox.)  The  man- 
ners of  the  Romans  being  at  that  time 
very  corrupt,  Cato  thought  it  requi- 
fite,  in  many  things,  to  go  contrary  to 
the  ordinary  way  of  the  v.'orld.  See- 
ing, therefore,  that  a  rich  purple  was 
rioft  in  fafhion,  he  always  wore  black. 
He  often  ufed  to  go  out  after  dinner, 
(which  was  a  flight  meal,  and  ufed  to 
be  taken  about  mid-day),  without  ei- 
ther flioes  or  tunic  ;  not  that  he 
fought  reputation  from  fuch  pecuHa- 
rities,  but  wifhed  to  accuftom  hlmfelf 
to  be  aivhamed  of  nothing  but  what 
was  really  fllameful,  and  to  defpife 
all  other  things  which  were  difefteem- 
ed  by  the  world,  Phtnrch.  To  this 
negligence  of  drefs  Horace  alludes, 
Ep.  I,  19,  12.  Having  fucccedcd  ta 
an  eftate  worth  igo  talents,  he  turned 
it  all  into  ready  money,  v/hich  he  kept 
by  him,  that  he  might  have  it  in  his 
power  to  fervc  fuch  of  his  friends  as 
needed  it.      Plutarch,  w. 

Cato  married  Attiiia,  the  daughter 
of  Soranus,  whom,  on  account  of  her 
mifconduct,  he  was  obliged  to  divorce. 
He  after  that  married  Marcia,  the 
daughter  of  Philippus,  a  lady  of  exem- 
plary virtue,  Plutarch.  Hence  Martial 
puts  '  C atoms  uxot  for  mutter  cciPj/fima, 
II,  16,  I. 

Cato  ferved  feveral  campaigns  with 
great  reputation.  The  firft  office  he 
obtained  from  the  people  was  that  of 
military  tribune  ;  in  which  capacity  he 
ferved  under  Rubrius,  praetor  of  Ma- 
cedonia. He  took  with  him  fifteen 
flaves,  two  freedmen,  and  four  of  his 
friends.  Thefe  rode  on  horfeback, 
but  Cato  always  went  on  foot,  to 
which  hardinefs  he  had  inured  himfelf 
from  his  youth  ;  yet  kept  up  with  the 
reft,  and  converfed  with  them  by  turns 
on  the  way.  After  his  arrival  in  the 
army  he  rendered  the  legion  which  he 
commanded  a  model  for  difcipline ; 
being,  at  the  fame  time,  equally  re- 
fpected  and  beloved  by  the  foldiers. 
h\  his  apparel,  his  diet,  and  manner  of 
marchfng, 


CAT 


[    87    1 


CAT 


marching^,  he  was  more  like  a  common 
fol'^'er  chan  an  officer;  but  in  virtue, 
couvr^p^e,  and  wifdom,  he  exceeded 
molt  commanders. 

Cato  always  difcovered  the  ftrongeft 
.afftction  for  his  brother.  Whilfl  he 
was  with  the  army  in  Macedonia,  be- 
ing informed  that  Caepio  had  been  ta- 
ken ill  at  Aenus  in  Tlirace,  though 
it  was  the  middle  of  winter,  he  in- 
ftantly  fet  fail  in  a  fmall  boat  from 
Thelfaionlca,  and  with  the  utmoft  ha- 
zard reached  Aenus  juft  after  Caepio 
expired.  Cato,  forgetting  his  Stoical 
principles,  lamented  the  lofs  of  his 
brother  with  exprefiions  of  the  deep- 
ell  grief,  and  celebrated  his  funeral 
with  the  greateft  n>agniticence,  /3. 

Cato,  having  left  the  army,  made  a 
progrefs  through  Afia,  to  obferve  the 
cuftoms  of  that  country.  Being  little 
known,  and  traveUing  with  a  fmall  re- 
tinue, he  often  met  with  a  poor  recep- 
tion. But  when  he  reached  the  camp 
of  Pompey,  who  was  then  carrying  on 
war  againlt  Mithridates,  that  general, 
knowing  his  confequence,  received  him 
with  marks  of  thehigheli  refpeft.  Af- 
ter this,  the  cities  through  v/hich  he 
paffed  drove  to  outdo  each  other  in 
expreffions  of  honour,  and  in  the  mag- 
nihctnce  of  their  entertainments.  King 
Dejoiarus  offered  him  the  richeft  pre- 
fents,  but  Cato  accepted  none  of  thera, 
iL 

Cato,  after  his  return  to  Rome,  be- 
ing made  quaeilor,  difcharged  the  du- 
ties of  that  office  with  the  utmoft  fi- 
delity. His  integrity  was  fo  confpicu- 
ous,  that  it  became  proverbial  among 
the  peo!  'e,  if  any  thing  unlikely  or  in- 
credible were  afferted,  to  fay,  *'  They 
would  not  beheve  it  though  Cato 
himfelf  fhould  affirm  it."  In  vacation 
time,  as  he  was  going  to  his  country- 
feat  in  Lucania,  with  his  books  and 
philofophers,  he  happened  to  meet  a 
great  many  horfes  and  attendants, 
which  he  was  informed  belonged  to 
Metcllus  Nepos,  the  brother-in-law  of 
Pomipey,  who  was  going  to  Rome  to 
offer  himfelf  a  candidate  for  the  tri- 
Hunefhip.    Cato,  apprehending  his  dan- 


gerous defigns,  immediately  returned 
to  the  city,  and  fued  for  the  fame  of- 
fice, that  he  might  oppofe  them.  They 
were  both  chofen.  Cato,  havinn-  ob- 
ferved  that  the  eleftion  of  confuls  was 
commonly  determined  by  bribery,  de- 
clared,  <'  that  he,  would  accufe  whom- 
foever  he  fnould  find  giving  money." 
Yet  he  excepted  Silanus,  who  was 
married  to  his  fifter  Strviha  ;  but  ac- 
cuied  Murena,  who  was  not  more 
guilty  than  the  other.  Cato  was  join- 
ed in  the  accufation  by  Sulpicius,  one 
of  the  difappointed  candidates.  Cice- 
ro, then  couful,  defended  Murena,  and 
in  his  pleading,  expofed  the  paradox- 
es of  the  Stoic  pliilofophers  with  fo 
much  humour,  that  he  raifed  great 
laughter  among  the  judges.  Where- 
upon Cato  faid  to  thofe  Handing  by, 
*'  What  a  pleafant  conful  we  have  I*' 
Plutarch,  in  Cat.  Mm.  Murena  was 
acquitted,  and  inftead  of  refenting  the 
condud  of  Cato,  always  treated  him 

with  the  greateft  confidence,  ib. > 

Cato,  while  tribune  eledt,  i.  e,  be- 
fore he  entered  on  his  office,  by  his 
memorable  fpecch  in  the  fenate,  de- 
termined the  fate  of  Lentulus,  Cethe- 
gus,  and  the  other  accomphces  of  Ca- 
tiline, who  were  apprehended,  (See 
Cicero).  Plutarch  relates,  that  this 
alone,  of  all  Cato's  fpeeches,  was  pre- 
ferved,  by  means  of  certain  perfons, 
whom  Cicero  had  taught  to  take  down 
what  was  faid  by  certain  abbreviation; i 
and  that  this  ferved  as  the  firft  founda- 
tion of  the  arc  of  writing  fhort  hand, 
in  Cat.  Mill. 

Metellus  the  tribune,  with  the  con- 
currence of  Caefar,  pr  poicd  a  law  for 
recalling  hum.e  Pompey  with  his  armv, 
under  pretext  i^i  preferving  the  city 
from  the  danger  of  Catiline's  confpi- 
racy  ;  but  their  real  defign  was  to  deli- 
ver the  republic  into  the  hands  of  Pom- 
pey, and  to  give  him  abfolute  power, 
I'his,  however,  was  prevented  by  the 
firnmefs  of  Cato,  whom  Metellus,  on 
the  day  for  paffing  the  law,  attacked 
in  the  forum  with  an  armed  force  ; 
but  Cato  perfifted  in  his  oppofition, 
with  no  fmall  danger,  C'lc.  Sc'xf.  28.  till 

at 


CAT 


L    88    1 


C  A  T 


at  laft  lie  was  extncated  by  the  inter- 
vention of  Murena  the  conful.  Metel- 
lus  thus  being  fruftrated,  fled  to  Pom- 
pey.      (See  Caesar  ) 

Next  year,  a.  u.  692,  Pompey  re- 
turned from  Afia,  in  the  height  of  his 


When  moft  of  the  nobih'ty  made  a 
contribution  (pecunias  contulerunt)  to 
enable  Bibulus,  in  his  fuit  for  the  con- 
fulfliip,  to  bribe  as  high  as  his  compe- 
titors Lucejus  and  Caefar,  Cato  is 
fa  id  to  have  approved  of  it,   {ne  C  atone 


glory.      Perceiving   that   he  could  not    qu'idem  abnuente  earn  largitlonem  e  repub- 
accompllili  his  defigns  without  the  con-    Hcajleri)y  Suet.  Caef.  19. 


currence  of  Cato,  he  fent  his  friend 
Minutius  to  propofe  to  Cato  an  inti- 
mate alliance  with  him,  by  marrying 
the  eldeil  of  Cato's  two  nieces  himfelf, 
fome  fay  his  daughters,  and  his  fon 
the  youngeft.  But  Cato,  without  he- 
Ctation,  immediately  anfwered,  "  Go 
tell    Pompey  that  Cato  is  not   to   be 


Caefar  having  got  his  law  pafled  for 
the  diviiion  of  the  lands  of  Campania 
among  the  poorer  citizens,  annexed  a 
claufe  to  it,  "  That  all  the  fenators 
fhould  fwear  to  defend  it.'*  This  Cato 
long  refufed  to  do,  and  his  admirer 
Favonius  ;  but  moved  by  the  entrea- 
ties of  his  family,  and  the   perfuafion 


gained  by  female  influence,  though  o-    of  his  friends,  among  the  reft  of  Cice- 


thervvife  I  very  much  value  his  kind- 
nefs.  While  he  afts  honourably  and 
juftly,  he  fhall  find  in  me  a  friendfhip 
more  firm  than  any  alliance;  but  I  will 
not  give  hoftages  to  Pompey's  glory 
againft  my  country's  fafety."  This 
anfwer,  as  may  be  imagined,  was  very 
difagreeable  to  the  vvomen,'and  however 


ro,  he  at  laft  complied,  Plutarch,  et 
Cic.  Sext,  28.  Cato,  however,  ftill 
continued  to  oppofe  the  laws  of  Cae» 
far,  on  which  account  Caefar  one  day 
ordered  him  to  be  carried  to  prifon  ; 
but  when  many  of  the  fenators  follow- 
ed Cato,  Caefar,  fearing  left  fuch  vio- 
lence fliould  raife   odium,  defired  one 


praife-worthy  in  Cato,  proved  in  the  end  of  the  tribunes  to  interpofe,  and  libe- 

very  unfortunate  to  his    country;    for  rate  Cato,  Z)/o,  38,  3.;  Suet,  Caef.  20. ', 

Pompey  foon    after   formed   the   fatal  Cell.  4,  10. 

connexion   with   Caefar  and   CrafTus,        A.  \J.  695,  Clodius,  when  tribune, 

which  gave  caufe  to  all  the   civil  wars  having  effected  the  banlfhment   of  Ci- 

which  followed,  and  linally  to  the  de-  cero,    procured    a   law    to    be   paifed. 


ftruclion  of  the  republic.  All  this  Ca- 
to might  have  prevented,  by  yielding 
a  little.  Hence  Cicero  blames  him 
for  acting  as  if  he  had  lived  in  the  re- 
public of  Plato,  not  in  the  dregs  of 
Romulus,  {^tanquam  in  -^oxiruu  Platonis, 
non  tanquam  in  fatce  Ronnih^^  Att.  2,  i. 
The  remaining  part  of  Cato's  life  was 
employed  in  unavailing  efforts  to  op- 
pole  the  unjuil  dci'gns  of  the  Triumvi- 
rate. The  Romans,  funk  in  luxury, 
and  blinded  by  corruption,  with  a  veiy 
few  exceptions,  lent  a  deaf  ear  to  all 
his  remonftrances,  Dio,  37,  57.  Cato 
vainly  endeavoured  co  pveferve  the  an- 
cient forms  of  the  conilitution,  while 
the  fpirit  of  it  was  gone. 

In  the  difpute  between  Lncullus  and 
Pompey,  Cato  took  part  v^itli  Lucul- 
lus,  both  from  a  fenfe  of  jufticc  and 
regard  to  affinity,  Lucullus  being  mar- 
ried to  Cato's  filter,  Plutarch.' 


"  That  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus  fhould 
be  taken  from  Ptolemy,  and  reduced 
into  the  form  of  a  province."  Cato 
was  appointed  to  execute  this  law,  in 
order  to  remove  him  aifo  out  of  the 
way,  that  he  might  not  thwart  the 
unjuit  proceedings  of  Clodius,  nor  the 
views  of  the  Triumviri^  by  whom  Clo- 
dius was  fuppovted,  Cic.  Dom.  8,  20, 
&  25.  ;  Sext.  18,  &  28. ;  D/>,  38,  30. 
et  y^,  2  2.\  /^f//.  2,45.  Cato,  though 
he  difapproved  of  the  proceedings 
of  Clodius,  yet  accepted  this  office, 
which  viras  impofed  on  him  by  what 
Cicero  calls  rogaiio  feeler at'ijjimay  a  moft 
wicked  law,  Sext.  29.  and  dilcharged 
it  with  his  ufuai  fidelity.  Upon  his 
return  to  Rome  he  was  received  by 
the  people  and  fenate  with  every  mark 
of  relped,  Plutarch.  \  Flor.  ■?,  9.  The 
fe.iate  decreed  him  an  extraordinary 
praetorlhip,    or  that  he  might   ftand 

candidate 


CAT  [89 

candidate  for  that  office  before  the  le- 
gal time,  and  the  right  of  viewing  the 
fptftacles  in  a  toga praetextay  or  in  a  robe 
bordered  with  purple.   But  Cato  would 


] 


CAT 


fed  the  law  concerning  the  provinces 
of  the  confuls,  Cato,  oppofing  it  with 
his  ufual  firmnefs,  was  ordered  to  be 
earned  to  prifon  ;  but  when  the  peo- 


accept  none  of  theie  honours,  Plutarch,    pie  followed  him,  liilening  to  him   as 


ih,\  D'lo,  39,  23.;  VaJ.  Max.  ^t  i>  H* 
Cato  brought  from  Cyprus  no  lefs  a 
fum  than  ycoo  talents  of  fjlver,  ib.  et 
Lucan.  3,  164. 

Pompey  and  Craffus   having  agreed 


he  fpoke  by  the  way,  Trebonius,  being 
alarmed,  commanded  him  to  he  relea- 
fed.  When  the  law  was  propofed  con- 
cerning the  continuation  of  Caefar's 
command,  Cato  did  not  addrefs  him- 


with  Caefar  to  fue  for  a  fecond  conful-  felf  to  the  people,  but  to  Pompey,  fore- 
fliip,  to  continue  to  him  his  command  warning  him  of  what  awaited  himfelf 
for  other  five  years,  and  to  ftize  for  for  his  prefent  conduft.  But  Pompev 
themfelves  the  riched  provinces  of  the  Hill  \vent  on,  never  imagining  that 
empire,theonlycompetitor  that  appear-  Caefar  would  change,  and  always  con- 
ed againft  them  was  Domitius  Aheno-  fiding  in  his  own  power  and  good  for- 


barbus,  who  was  married  to  Marcia, 
Cato's  filler.  But  on  the  day  of  the 
election,  Domitius  and  Cato,  in  their 
way  to  the  Campus  Martius,  were  at- 
tacked by  the  party  of  Pompey  and 
Craffus,  one  of  their  attendants  killed 
©n  the  fpot,  feveral  wounded,  and  the 
rell  obhged  to  fly.  After  this  Pompey 
and  Craffus  were  declared  confuls,  Dioy 
39,  31.  Cato,  flill  determined  to  op- 
pofe  their  meafures,  offered  himfelf  a 
candidate  for  the  praetorfhip ;  but  Pom- 
pey, by  violence,  artifice,  and  bribes, 
prevented  his  election  ;  and  Vatinius,  a 
man  of  a  worthlefs  charaClier,  was  cho- 
fen  praetor,  inftead  of  Cato,  a.  u.  698. 
Upon  which  Cato,  Handing  up  in   the 


in 
tune,   Plutarch,  in  Cat.  Mm. 

Cato  was  eledled  praetor  next  year. 
In  this  office  lie  was  not  more  remark- 
able for  his  integrity  than  for  his  fin- 
gular  drefs.  In  funimer  he  ufed  to  fit 
on  the  tribunal  without  a  tunic,  dreffed 
only  in  his  toga,  with  drawers  below, 
{campejln  fub  toga  fc.  praetexta  c'lntius)^ 
in  imitaiion  of  the  brazen  flatues  of 
Romulus  in  the  capitol,  and  of  Camil- 
lus  in  the  roftra,  Afcon.  'in  Cu.  pro  Scan- 
ro,  fin.  ;  Val.  Max.  3,  6,  7.  alfo  with- 
out fhoes ;  both  which  Plutarch  blames, 
in  Cat.  p.  780. 

The  people  then  w^ere  fo  corrupted 
by  the  gifts  of  thofe  who  fued  for  of- 
fices, that  many  made  a  conflant  trade 


alTembly  of  the  people,  for'?told,  as  if    of  felhng  their  votes.     To  check  this 


t>y  infpiration,  all  the  calamities  that 
afterwards  befel  the  fiate,  and  exhort- 
ed the  people  to  beware  of  Pompey 
and  Craffus,  who  had  been  J^uilty 
■of  fuch  crimes,  and  had  formed  fuch 
dtfigns,  that  they  had  reafon  to  be  a- 
•fraid  of  Cato  for  their  praeior.  .When 
tie  had  ended  his  fpeech,  he  was  fol- 
lowed to  his  houfe  by  a  greater  num- 
ber of  people  than  all  the  praetors  to- 
gether,  Plutarch,  ih.     [Si  vere  ae/limare 


non   Catoni   tunc  praetura,  fed 


'volu 

fraeturae  Cato  ncgatus  ejl,  Val.  Max. 
5,  6.).  Cato  was  fupported  in  his  ap- 
plication for  the  praetorfiiip  by  Cice- 
ro ;  who  foon  after,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Pompty,  was  reconciled  to 
Vatinius,   Cic.  P'am.  i,  9,  50. 

When  Trebonius  the  tribune  propo- 


corruption,  Cato  perfuaded  the  fcnate 
to  make  an  order,  that  thofe  who  were 
clefted  Into  any  office  fhould  be  obli- 
ged to  declare  upon  oath  how  they 
obtained  their  eledion.  This  fo  of- 
fended the  populace,  that  they  made 
an  attack  one  day  on  Cato  as  he  was 
coming  into  the  forum.  But  Cato 
having  got  into  the  rollra,  by  his  firm 
2nd  Iteady  alpe6t,  inllantly  awed  them 
into  filenci.%  Plutarch,  hterally  verif .  ng 
the  defcription  of  Vivgil,  jlen.  i,  i  '^^. 
The  propofed  regulation,  however,  i\.id 
fuch  an  effect,  that  the  candidates  tor 
the  tribunelhip  that  year,  agreed,  tiiat 
each  fiiould  depofit  in  Cato's  r.anda 
125,000  drachmae,  about  L.  4000,  to 
be  forfeited  by  any  of  them  whom  Ca- 
to (hov.id  judge  guilty  of  bribery,  Cic. 
M  '     Aiu 


CAT 

jfit.^,  15.;  ^Fr.2,  15 
fed  to  take  the  money,  and  only  re- 
quired eacli  of  them  to  find  fecurity. 
On  the  day  of  elcAion,  Cato  having 
watchfully  obferved  all  that  pafTed,  dif- 
covered  one  who  had  broken  the  agree- 
ment, and  immediately  ordered  him  to 
pay  his  money  to  the  reft  ;  but  they, 
greatly  admiring  the  juftice  of  Cato, 
remitted  the  penalty,  thinking  the  dil- 
honour  a  fufficient  punifament,  Plu- 
tarch. On  this  occafion  Cicero  is  faid 
to  have  cried  out,  *'  O  happy  Cato, 
from  whom  no  body  dares  to  aflc  a  dif- 
honeil  thing  !"  {Otefelicem,  M.  Porc'ty 
a  quo  rem  impt'olmn  pttcre  nemo  audet !)y 
Plin.  PrS-f.  Cicero  declares,  "  That 
if  the  tle<£lions  fnould  go  on  freely  or 
without  bribery,  [gralulln),  as  was  ex- 
pef^ed,  that  Cato  alone  would  efl-ed 
more  than  all  the  laws  and  courts  of 
juftice,"  (plus  unus  Cato  fuer'it,  qiiam 
cmnes  leges y  omncfque jud'ices,  ib.).  Such 
public  confidence,  however,  procured 


[    90    ]  CAT 

Cato  refu-  power  of  Pompey  and  Caefar,  if  they 
agreed,  would  opprefs  the  republic,  or 
If  they  differed,  involve  it  In  civil  wars, 
that  he  might  more  effeftually  avert 
both  evils,  flood  candidate  for  the  con- 
fulftiip  againft  next  year,  702.  But 
Cato's  competitors,  Serv.  Sulplcius  and 
M.  Marcelius,  being  more  acceptable 
to  the  people,  were  preferred.  Cato 
could  not  Hoop  to  the  arts  of  folicita- 
tion,  and  had  offended  the  populace 
by  his  efforts  to  check  bribery.  Not 
being  in  the  leafl  dejected  at  this  re- 
pulfe,  he  the  fame  day  played  at  ball 
IP.  the  Campus  Martins^  and  after  din- 
ner went  to  the  forum,  as  ufual,  with- 
out his  flioes  or  his  tunic,  and  there 
walked  about  vi^ith  his  acquaintances, 
ih. 

"When  fom.e  of  Caefar's  friends  pro- 
pofed  In  the  fenate,  that  a  thankf- 
givlng  fhould  be  decreed  for  his  vic- 
tories over  the  Germans,  Cato  decla- 
red, *'  That  Caefar  ought  to  be  dell- 


Cato  as  much  envy  as  reputation.  Pom-  vered  Into  the  hands  of  thofe  whom  he 
pey.  In  particular,  conlidered  the  in-  had  fo  unjuftly  attacked.'^  Caefar, 
creafe  of  Cato's  credit  as  a  diminution     upon  hearing  this,  wrote  a  reproachful 

letter  againft  Cato,  which  was  openly 
read  In  the  fenate.  Whereupon  Cato 
laid  open  the  whole  defigns  of  Caefar 
from  the  beginning,  and  told  the  fe- 
nate, "  That  It  was  not  the  Britons 
and  Gauls,  but  Caefar  himfelf  they  had 
to  fear,"  ih. 

When  news  was  brought  that  Caefar 
had  croffed  the  Rubicon,  and  was  ad- 
vancing with  his  army  tov/ards  Rome^ 
all  men,  even  Pompey  himfelf,  acknow- 
ledged, "  that  Cato  alone  had  forefeen 
and  clearly  foretold  the  Intentions  of 
Caefar."  Cato  faid,  "  That  if  the 
fenate  had  followed  his  advice,  they 
would  not  nov/  be  reduced  to  the  ne- 
ceflity  of  fearing  one  man,  nor  of  de- 
pending on  one  man  for  fafety  "  He 
however  advifed  them  to  entrufl  the 
fupreme  command  to  Pompey  ;  for, 
faid  he,  *'  thofe  who  are  the  authors 
of  great  evils  can  beft  remove  them.'* 
Cato  therefore  concurred  In  all  the  fc- 
Vere  decrees  againfl  Caefar,  Caef.  B.  C* 
I,  3,  4,  &  32.  Whereas,  had  the  con- 
llitution  of  the  republic  prevailed,  both 

Caefar 


of  his  o^n  power,  and  therefore  con- 
tinually fet  up  men  to  rail  againft  him. 
Among  thefe  was  Clodius,  who  now 
accufed  Cato  of  having  embezzled 
part  of  the  treafure  brought  from  Cy- 
prus. But  Cato  eaiily  refuted  this 
charge,  by  fhewing,  "  That,  without 
taking  any  thing  to  himfelf,  he  had 
brought  more  treafure  from  Cyprus  a- 
lone,  than  Pompey,  after  fo  many  wars 
and  triumphs,"   Plutarch. 

On  account  of  the  tumults  which 
happened  after  the  death  of  Clodius, 
BibiiluG,  .who  vvas  a  relation  of  Cato'3, 
moved  the  fenate  to  create  Pompey 
fole  conful,  a.  701,  which  Cato,  con- 
trary to  the  expectation  of  sjl,  agreed 
to,  declaring,  that  any  government  was 
better  than  anarchy  or  confufion,  Plu- 
tarch. Cato  was  one  of  the  judges  ap- 
pointed to  try  Milo,  and  gave  his  vote 
'vlvd  voce  for  his  acquittal,  (palam  lata 
ahfohit  fententid),  Veil.  2,  47.  Milo, 
liowever,  being  odious  to  Pompey,  was 
condemned,  id?. 

Cato  perceiving  that  the  overgrown 


CAT  r  9 

Caefar  and  Ponipey  ouglit  to  have 
been  deprived  of  their  command,  or 
rather  fliould  never  liave  obtained  it. 
The  Romans,  by  fnbmlttinc^  to  the 
ufurped  authority,  fnft  of  Marius  and 
Sulla,  and  afterwards  of  Pompey  and 
Caefar,  fnewed  that  they  were  prepa- 
red for  fcrvitude.  The  fenate,  and  Ca- 
.  to  among  the  reft,  by  fwearing  to  fup- 
port  fuch  laws  as  thofe  of  Caefar  and 
Clodius,  not  to  mention  others,  gave 
up  their  legal  means  of  refiftance.  If 
Cato,  and  the  few  that  joined  him,  had 
imitated  the  conduct  of  the  virtuous 
MetcUus  Numidicus,  they  would  have 
aded  more  confiftently,  and  probably 
more  for  the  good  of  their  country. 
What  Dio  Caihus  obferves  took  place 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi,  in  reality 
was  the  cafe  long  before.  The  conteil 
was  not  for  freedom,  but;  what  malter 
the  Romans  fliould  fervc,  D'lOy  47,  39. 
The  army  being  then  raoilly  compofed 
of  mercenaries,  always  fided  with  that 
party  which  they  thought  would  pay 
them  beft,  [Nulla  JiJes  p'tctafque  luris, 
qtii  cajlra  fequuntur,  Vcnalejque  manus  : 
ibi  FAS)  ubi  maxima  merges,  Lucan.  1  o, 
407.).  Liberty  cannot  exift  in  any 
ration  where  the  great  body  of  the 
people  are  corrupted.  Caefar  knew 
that  in  fuch  a  ftate  the  moft  virtuous 
patriots  are  of  little  avail,  (twmina  va- 
na  Catones),  Lucan.  i,  313.  Cato 
joined  Pompey,  becaufe,  by  doing  fo, 
he  thought  that  there  was  the  beft 
chance  for  reftoring  liberty ;  but  liberty 
\vas  in  equal  danger  from  both  Caefar 
and  Pompey.  Cato  was  fenfible  of 
this,  and  followed  Pompey  only  as  the 
defender  of  the  fenate.  Thus  Lucan, 
Ille  (fc.  Cato)  ubi  pendebant  cafusy  du- 
hiumqne  manehat,  ^em  mundi  domimim 
faccrcnt  civilia  bdla,  Oder  at  d  Magnum, 
quamvis  comes  i/Jct  in  anna,  jdufpiciis  rap' 
tus  patriae,  dutfuque  fenatus,   9,  1 9. 

Cato  had  feveral  years  bfrfore  volun- 
tarily given  up  his  wife  Marcia  to 
Hortenfius,  with  the  confcnt  of  her 
father  Philippus  ;  and  after  the  death 
of  Horcenfms,  who  left  her  his  eilate, 
Cato  again  formally  married  her,  that 
ihe  might  take  care  of  his  family  ;  but 


1     ]  CAT 

did  not  cohabit  with  her,  Plutarch* 
Lucan  makes  Marcia  come  of  herfelf, 
and  requeft  this  of  Cato,  2,  326,  &c. 
( Da  tantum  nomen  inane  Connubii  ;  Li" 
ceat  tumido  Jcripjijfe,  Catonis  Mar- 
cia, ib.  342.^.  After  this  Cato  is  faid 
never  to  have  cut  his  hair  nor  ftiaved 
his  beard,  through  grief  for  the  cala- 
mities of  his  country,  Plutarch,  et  Lu- 
can. ib.  375.  The  great  purpofe  of 
Cato's  life  was  to  ferve  his  country, 
and  promote  the  good  of  mankind, 
(  Patriae  impcndere  vitam  ;  Nee  Jtbi,  fed 
toil  geni turn  fe  credere  mundo),  ib.  382. 

Cato  had  the  government  of  Sicily 
afiigncd  to  him,  which  he  might  have 
defended,  Cic.  Att  10,  16.  but  hear- 
ing that  Pompey  had  abandoned  Italy, 
he  was  unwilling  to  engage  the  ifiand 
in  a  war,  and  therefore  failed  from 
thence  and  joined  Pompey  at  Dyrra- 
chium,  Plutarch.  He  always  gave  his 
advice  to  prolong  the  war,  in  hopes 
that  matters  might  be  amicably  fettled. 
In  a  council  of  war  he  got  a  refolution 
paffed,  that  no  city  that  was  fubjeft  to 
the  republic  fhould  be  facked,  and  no 
Roman  killed,  unlefs  in  the  heat  of 
battle.  Pompey  at  firft  defigned  to 
give  Cato  the  command  of  his  fleet, 
w^hich  confifted  of  500  fhips  of  w^ar ; 
but  refle6ling  that  as  Cato's  only  aim 
was  to  free  his  country  from  ufurpa- 
tion,  if  Caefar  were  conquered,  Cato, 
with  fo  great  a  force,  would  oblige 
Pumpey  to  lay  dow^n  his  arms,  and  be 
fubjeft  to  the  laws:  Pompey  therefore 
changed  his  mind,  and  made  Bibulus 
admiral.  Cato's  zeal,  however,  for  the 
public  good  continued  unabated  ;  and 
he  contributed  greatly  to  the  fucceff- 
ful  fally  at  Dyrrachium,  which  made 
Caefar  defift  from  his  blockade  of  Pom* 
pey  and  his  army.  Whilft  others  re- 
joiced at  this  fuccefs,  Cato  alone  be- 
wailed the  fate  of  his  country,  and 
curfed  that  deftrudive  ambition  which 
made  fo  m.aiiy  brave  Romans  murder 
one  another,  ib. 

When  Pompey  followed  Caefar  into 
Thelfaly,  he  left  Cato  to  comirrand  at 
Dyrrachium  with  only  fifteen  cohorts. 
After  the  overthrow  at  Pharfalia,  Cato, 


M  2 


fuppofing 


'"""'  CAT  C    92    ]  CAT 

fappofing  that  Pompey  had  fled  to  E-     9,    890.  —  940.      Plutarch 
gypt  or  Libya,  haflened  after  him  with 


all  the  troops  he  could  colleft.     When 
they  reached  the  coaft  of  Africa  they 
met   with   Sextus,    Pompey's  younger 
fon,   who   told    them    of    his    father's 
death  in   Egypt.      (According  to  Lu- 
can,  Cneius,  the  elder  fon  of  Pompey, 
accompanied  Cato  to  Africa,   9,   120. 
whe^'eas  Appian  fays   that  he  failed  to 
Spain  with  Labienus,  B.  C.  2, p.  482.) 
All  the   troops    declared,     that    after 
Pompey,  they   would  follow  no  other 
leader  but    Cato.     He  therefore  took 
upon  himfelf  the  command,  and  march- 
ed toward   the  city  of  Cyrenae,  which 
openedits  gates  tohim,  though  not  long 
before  it  had  refufed  admiilion  to  La- 
bienus, Plutarch,     Lucan  fays  that  Ca- 
to forced  his  entrance  into  Cyrenae  by 
taking   the  city,  but   did  not  ufe  any 
feverity  to  the  inhabitans  for  having  ex- 
cluded  him,   {^Exclufus  nulla  fe  vimlicat 
hd;   Poenaqiie  cle  viElis  fola  ejl,  vic'^e, 
Caionif  ib.  298.      Here   being  inform- 
ed that  Scipio,  Pompey's  fathe»-in-law, 
h?.G  retired  to  King  Juba,  and  that  Va- 
rus, the  governor  of  Africa,  under  Pom- 
pey, had  jomed  them  with  his  forces, 
Cato  led  his  army,  with  incredible  la- 
bour and   difficulty,  {^ingenti  cum  cli^cul- 
iate  il'merum  locorumque  (al.  aquarumqii^) 
inop'ui^  Veil.  2,  54.)  through  a  fandy  de- 
fert,  infeiled  with   ferpents.     Cato  all 
the  time  went  on  foot,  at  the  head  of 
his  men,   and   never  made   ufe  of  any 
horfe  or  carriage,  ( Movjlrat  tolerare  la- 
lores,  Nonjuhcty)  Lucan.  9,  588.)   Ever 
after  the  battle  ot  Pharfalia,  he  ufed  to 
fit  at  table  ;  adding   this  to   his  other 
marks  of  mourning,   that  he   never  re- 
clined, but  to  fleep,  Plutarch.     Lucan 
gives  a  long  defcription   of  the  various 
ferpents  produced  in  the  deferts  of  Li- 
bya,   9,    619. — 890.       As    a   defence 
againft  this  evil,    Cato    carried   along 
wi^h  him  fome  of  tliofe  people  called 
PsYLLi,  who  curtd  the  bite  of  ferpents, 
by  fucking  out  the  poifon   with   their 
mouths,  and    had  certain   charms,  by 
y/hich  they  llupilied  and  laid  afleep  the 
ferpents  thernfelvesj  Plutarch,  et  Lucan. 


fays  that 
Cato  was  feven  days  in  pafling  this  de- 
fert,/>.  787.  Strabo  fays  thirty  days,  ult. 
libr.  Lucan  fays  two  months,  {^Bis  po- 
ftt'is  Phoebe  (i.  e.  I^un2i)jlammisf  bis  luce 
receptd,  Vidit  arenivagum furgens  fug'iens' 
que  Catonerriy)  9,  940. 

Cato    having     wintered    in    Libya, 

drew  out  his  army,  which  amounted  to 

about    10,000    men.       He    found  the 

d  Varus  in  a  bad  flate, 


affairs  of  Scipio  an 
by  reafon  of  a  mifunderftaoding  be- 
tu'een  them  ;  which  led  them  to  make 
undue  fubmiffions  to  Juba,  who  treated 
them  with  great  arrogance.  Cato  pro- 
duced a  reconciliation  between  Scipio 
and  Varus,  and  obliged  Juba  to  behave 
towards  them  with  proper  refpeft.  All 
the  army  defired  Cato  to  be  their 
leader  ;  but  Cato  yielded  the  chief 
command  to  Scipio,  as  being  fuperior 
to  him  in  dignity  ;  Scipio  having  been 
conful,  and  he  only  praetor,  [honorat'iori 
parere  maluk,  Veil.  2,  54.)  Appian.  2, 
482  Befides,  it  was  thought  aufpici- 
ous  to  have  a  Scipio  to  command  in 
Africa,  and  the  very  name  gave  courage 
to  many  of  the  foldiers,  Plutarch,  ib.  et 
I)io,  42,  57.  [fafale  Africae  nomcn  Scipio- 
nurn  via'ebatur,  Flcr.  2,  15.) 

Scipio,  having  aiTumed  the  command, 
to  gratify  Juba,  was  inclined  to  put 
the  inhabitants  of  Utica  to  death,  and 
to  raze  the  city,  for  its  attachment  to 
Caefar  ;  but  was  prevented  by  Cato, 
who  took  upon  himfelf  the  government 
of  the  place,  ib,  He  chofe  300  Ro- 
man citizens,  who  trafficked  at  Utica, 
for  a  council ;  and  deliberated  with 
them  on  things  of  comm.on  concern, 
Plutarch,  liht.  Bell.  AJr.  88.  Cato 
advifed  Scipio,  as  he  had  Pompey,  not 
to  hazard  a  battle,  but  to  prolong  the 
war.  Scipio,  however,  rejetled  his 
counfcl  ;  and  when  Cato  propofed  to 
make  a  diveriion  in  Italy  by  tranfport- 
ing  thither  the  troops  which  he  had 
brought  into  Africa,  Scipio  derided 
the  projeft.  Cato  now  repented  hig 
having  refigned  the  command  to  Sci- 
pio ;  and  told  his  friends,  thai  he  pla- 
ced but  (lender  hopes  in  generals  wb< 

hac 


CAT  C    93 

had  To  much  prefumption  and  fo  little 
condud.  Cato's  apprehenlions  were 
fooner  verified  than  he  expefted,  Sci- 
plo  and  Juba  being  completely  defea- 
ted by  Caefar  at  Thapfus,  with  the 
lofs  of  their  camps.  Cato  wifhed  to  de- 
fend Utica,  and  had  made  every  prepa- 
ration requifite  for  fupporting  a  long 
fiege.  But  finding  the  townfmen  and 
many  of  his  foldiers  unwilhng  to  con- 
cur with  him  in  that  refolution,  he  de- 
termined to  put  an  end  to  his  days,  that 
he  miffht  not  fall  into  the  hands  of 
Caefar.  He,  however,  was  at  great 
pains  to  conceal  his  intention  from  his 
friends.  He  provided  fhips  and  what 
was  necefTary  for  fuch  as  wifhed  to  de- 
part by  fea  ;  he  afforded  money  and 
other  things  requinte  to  thole  who  in- 
tended to  efcape  by  land.  He  advifed 
t!ie  people  of  Utica  to  fend  fpeedily 
and  make  their  peace  with  Caefar.  In 
the  evening  he  bathed,  as  ufual,  and 
then  went  to  fupper  with  a  large  com- 
pany, at  which  he  fat,  as  he  had  al- 
ways done  fince  the  battle  of  Pharfalia. 
All  his  friends,  and  the  magillrates  of 
Utica  fupped  with  him.  After  fupper 
the  converfation  was  carried  on  with 
much  wit  and  learning  :  Several  philo- 
fophical  queflions  were  propofed  and 
difcuHed  :  among  the  reft  that  maxim 
of  the  Stoics,  "  That  the  wife  or 
good  man  alone  is  free,  and  that  all 
wicked  men  are  flaves."  On  this  fub- 
ject  Cato  fpoke  with  fo  great  vehe- 
mence, that  every  one  prefent  faipeCted 
liis  defign.  This  cccafioned  -a  pro- 
found filence,  and  the  whole  company 
were  much  dejcfted.  Cato  perceiving 
it,  changed  the  fubjeft  of  dircourfe. 

After  the  entertainment  was  over, 
Cato  walked  with  his  friends,  as  he  ufed 
to  do  after  fupper,  gave  the  neceffary 
orders  to  the  captains  of  the  guard,  and 
retiring  to  his  chamber,  embraced  his 
fon,  and  each  of  his  friends,  with  more 
than  ufual  affection.  Then  laying  him- 
felf  down,  he  began  to  read  rlato's 
Phaedoii  or  Dialogue  concerning  the 
immortality  of  the  foul.  Having  read 
hair  the  book,  upon  looking  up,  he 
perceived  that  his  fwcrd  was  not  hang- 


3  CAT 

ing  at  the  head  of  his  bed  in  its  ufu^Ll 
place  ;  for  his  fon  had  taken  it  away 
while  he  was  at  fupper.  Hereupo" 
Cato  ordered  it  to  be  brought  ; 
and  when  this,  after  various  delays, 
was  done,  "  Now,"  fays  he,  "  I  am 
mailer  of  myfelf.'*  Then  he  took  up 
his  book  again,  and,  as  it  is  reported, 
read  it  twice  over.  After  this  he  flept 
fo  found,  that  his  breathing  was  heard 
by  thofe  who  were  in  waiting  without. 
About  midnight  he  called  for  two  of  his 
freedmen,  and  fent  one  of  them  named 
Butas,  to  enquire  if  his  friends  were  all 
embarked.  Butas  returned  in  a  (hort 
time,  and  brought  word,  "  That  they 
all  were  gone."  Upon  which  Cato 
laid  himfeif  down,  as  if  to  flcep  out  the 
reft  of  the  night,  and  ordered  Butas 
to  (liutthe  door.  But  after  Butas  went 
out,  he  took  his  fvvord,  and  ftabbed 
himfeif  under  the  breaft.  The  wound 
not  being  inftantly  mortal,  with  his 
ftruggling  he  fell  from  his  bed,  and  by 
the  noife  alarmed  hv  friends,  v/ho  rufti- 
ing  into  the  room,  found  him  welter- 
ing in  his  blood,  with  part  of  his  bowels 
fallen  out,  but  ftill  alive,  and  his  eyes 
fixed  upon  them.  They  were  all  ftruck 
with  horror.  As  the  entrails  were  un- 
injured, the  phyfician  tried  to  put  them 
in  again,  and  to  few  up  the  wound. 
But  Cato,  coming  to  himfeif,  thruft 
away  the  phyfician,  plucked  out  his 
own  bowels,  and  tearing  open  the 
wound,  immediately  expired,  Plutarch* 
Appian  fays,  that  Cato's  phyficians 
adfually  did  put  in  his  entrails  and  few 
up  the  wound  ;  that  Cato  pretended  to 
be  forry  for  what  he  had  done,  thank- 
ed his  friends  for  having  faved  him, 
adding,  that  he  needed  quiet,  and  then 
laid  himfeif  down,  as  if  to  ileep.  But 
when  his  friends  were  gone  oui,  beincr 
determined  not  to  fubmit  to  a  tyrant, 
(Ne  cu'i  Ciitonsm  nut  oc ciders  hcerety  aut 
fervan;  cont'ingeret,)  he  pulled  off  the 
bandages,  tore  up  the  fewing,  and  for- 
ced open  thp  wound  with  his  nails  and 
fingers  like  a  wild  beaft  ;  and  thus  ex- 
pired, 2,  490.  So  Z>/o,  43,  IT.;  H'trt. 
B,  j4fr.  88.  {^Moribundas  manus  in  ipfo 
vulmrc  rdlquitt)   Flo r.  4,  2,  71.    {^nitdas 

in 


CAT  [94 

in  'vulnus  mamis  eg'tt^  et  generofum  ilium 
contemptoremque  omnis  potentiae  fpir'itum 
non  emlCtt^  fed  ejecif,)  Senec.  Ep.  24. 
This  refolute  fiercenefs  and  ftern  in- 
flexibility of  mind  is  beautifully  expref- 
fed  by  Horace  In  one  word,  JEt  ciwMa 
f err  arum  fubaBa,  praeter  at  roc  em  ani- 
mum  Cafonhj  Od.  2,  1,23.  So  Manilius, 
Invicfum  devlctd  morte  Catonem,  4,  87. 
Hence  Horace  celebrates  the  death  of 
Cato,  as  a  noble  deed,  ( Caton'is  noh'de  h- 
thum,)  Od.  I,  12,  35.  So  Cicero, 
Cato  praedare^  fc.  per'iil^  Fam.  9,  1 8. 
who  fays,  "  that  Cato  died  in  fuch  a 
difpofition  of  mind  that  he  was  happy 
in  having  found  a  caufe  for  quitting 
life,  C'lc.  Tujc.  I,  30.  This  Cicero 
thinks  was  a  juil  caufe  ;  but  others 
have  thoujyht  the  contrary,  and  for 
the  very  reafon  which  Cicero  men- 
tions :  "  that  we  ought  not  to  leave 
this  life  without  the  order  of  the  Deity, 
who  has  placed  us  in  it,"  (Vetat  en'im 
do)r,ina7is  His  in  nobis,  injvJJ'u  h'lnc  nosfuo 
demigrare,)  Tufc.  i,  30. 

The  people  of  Utica  inftantly  flock- 
ed round  the  houfe,  calling  Cato  their 
benefactor,  and  their" fa viour,  the  only 
free  and  unconquered  man.  Though 
they  knew  that  Caefar  was  approaching, 
yet  they  performed  Cato's  funeral  ob- 
f.'quies  with  the  greateli  magnificence, 
and  buried  him  by  the  fea-fide  ;  v/here, 
fays  Plutarch,  now  flands  his  fhatue, 
holding  a  fwofd,  ib.  Hence  Cato  has 
ever  fince  been  called  Cato  Uticen- 
sis,  Dioy  43,  II.  Cato  died  in  the 
forty- ninth  year  of  his  age,  Lh.  Epit. 
1 14.  Plutarch  fays  that  he  was  forty- 
eight  years  old,  p.  794.  Appian 
makes  him  about  fifty,  ib. 

Caefar,  having  heard  of  the  fate  of 
Cato,  is  reported  to  have  faid,  *'  Cato, 
I  envy  thee  thy  death,  fince  thou  hafl 
envied  me  the  prefervation  of  thy  life." 
Plutarch,  ib.  According  to  Dio,  Cae- 
far faid  that  he  was  angry  with  Cato 
for  having  envied  him  the  glory  of  fa- 
ving  his  hfe,  43,  1 2.  So  appian.  p.  490. 
Caefar  pardoned  Cato's  fon,  who  after- 
wards fell  ligliting  bravely  in  the  battle 
pi  Philippi,  Plutarch,  ib., 


1  CAT 

Cicero,  after  the  death  of  Cato 
wrote  a  book  in  his  praife,  which  he 
called,  Cato,  [Laus  \t\  Laudatlo  Qh- 
TON  is),  Dioy  43,  13.  ;  Tacit.  Ann.  4, 
34.  ;  Appian.  p.  490.  Caefar  wrote 
an  anfwer  to  it,  called  Anticato, 
Dio,  ib.  ;  Gelh  4,  16.  divided  into  two 
parts  or  books.  Suet.  Caef  56  whence 
Juvenal  calls  it  Duo  Caesaris  An- 
TicATONiLs,  6,  338. 

M.  Fabias  Gallus  alfo  wrote  a  book 
in  praife  of  Cato,  Cic,  Fjm.  7,  24.  ; 
as  likewife  Brutus,  ind.  Ciclro.  In 
the  time  of  Vefpafian,  Maternus,  a 
poet,  wrote  a  tragedy  called  Cato. 
See  Maternus. 


Cato  was  the  moil  celebrated  cha- 
rafter  of  his  time  for  virtue  and  pa- 
triotifm,  Cic.  Mur.  29,  >^'  30.  ;  DiOf 
43,  II.  ;  Hirt.  B.  Afr.  88.  ;  Appian. 
490  So  Plutarch,  who  calls  him  Ca- 
to, tlie  philofopher,  in  Cat.  Major  fin. 
Dio  reprefents  Cato  as  the  only  up- 
right fupporter  of  the  liberty  of  his 
country,  37,  57.  Cicero,  in  the  book 
v.^hich  he  wrote  in  praile  of  Cato,  is 
laid  to  have  extolled  him  to  the  lilies, 
[Catonem  coeJo  aequavit,)  Tacit.  Ann. 
4,  34.  The  topics  on  which  Cice- 
ro chiefly  infilled,  fcetn  to  have  been 
the  gravity  and  conilancy  of  Cato ; 
his  having  forefeen  the  things  which 
happened,  his  efforts  to  prevent  them, 
and  his  parting  with  Hfe  that  he  might 
not  fee  them,  Cic.  Att.  12,  4.  We 
may  judge  in  what  eftimation  Cato. 
was  held  among  his  contemporaries  by 
what  Salluft  fays  of  him,  in  the  con- 
traft  which  he  makes  of  the  clipj-afters 
of  Cato  and  Caefar  ;  At  Caloni  Jludium 
mcdcjliae,  decoris,  fed  maximc  fcverltatis 
erat.  Non  divitiis  cum  divite,  nequefac- 
tione  cum  faSiofo  ;  fed  cum  Jlrenuo  vir- 
lute,  cum  mode/io  pudore,  cum  innocente 
aliftinentid  certahat  ;  esse,  quam  vide- 
Ri  BONUS  malebat.  CatiUn,  54.  M. 
Cato,  —  homo  'virtuti  Jtmillpnus,  et  per 
omnia  ingenio  diis  quam  hominilus  pro- 
pior,  qui  nunquam  rccte  fecit,  ut  facere 
indereiur,  fed  quia  aliter  facere  non  po- 
terat,  6cc.  Veil.  2,  35.  Lucan  fpcaks 
Hill  more  hyperbohcally  in  preferring 

the 


CAT  [    9?    1  CAT 

the  judgment  of  Cato,  concerning  the     Favonius,  who    fat   next  to  him 


cm'viI  war,  even  to  that  of  the  Gods  > 
J'^'iSrix  caufa  di'is  placuit^  fed  vida  Ca- 
ionii  I,   128.     Martial  calls  Cato  con- 

'  fummatuSf  i.  e.  perftclus  Stotcus,  a  per- 
fed:  charader,  according  to  the  tenets 
of  the  Stoics,  who  confidered  fuicide 
in  certain  cafes  as  a  virtue  ;  but  this  a6l 
Martial  juftly  difapproves,  Nolo  vlnmi^ 

'  fac'di  redlmti  qui  fangu'ine  famam  :  Hunc 
voloy  laudari  qui  Jine  morte  potejl^  Give 

.  me  the  man  who  deferves  renown  for 
bearing  misfortunes  lleadiiy,  without 
killing  himfelf  to  get  rid  of  them,  i, 
9.  Martial,  however,  in  anotlier 
place,  calls  killing  one's  felf  with  the 
fvvord  a  Roman  death,  [rnors  Romana^ 
i.  e.  multorum  P^omanorum  commu- 
nis, Lucretiae,  &c. ),  in  oppofition 
to  taking  poifon,  or  ftarving  one's  felf; 
and  by  an  artful  piece  of  fiattcry  to 
Domitian,  prefers  the  death  of  Feltus, 
(a  friend  of  that  Emperor's,  who,  to 
get  quit  of  a  loathfome  difeafe,  ftab* 
bed  himfelf),  to  that  of  Cato,  who 
£itvf  himfelf  either  from  fear  or  hatred 
of  Caefar,  {^Ham  mortem,  (fc.  Fefti), 
j'atii  magni  praeferre  Catoms  Fama  po- 
tejl :  hujus  (fc.  Feili),  Caefar^  (i.e. 
Domicianus),  amicus  e  rat ;  (At  Cato- 
ni  Caefar  inirnicus  erat),  i,  79,  9. 
Martial  allows  Cato,  while  alive,  to 
have  been  fuperior  evev,i  to  Caefar, 
(5"//  CatOf  dum  vivitf  fane  W  Caefare 
major) y  6,  32,  5.  ;  and  as  the  higiitil 
coiD.pliment  he  could  pay  to  Nerva,  on 
the  lenity  of  his  government,  he  favs, 
that  .  -ato,  if  he  were  to  rife  from  the 
infernal  regions,  would  be  a  fupport- 
er  of  Nerva  Caefar,  ( Ipfe  qiioqm  hi:er- 
fiis  revo'catus  Ditis  ah  umhris.,  Si  CatOy 
reddaiilry  Caefarianus  erity  i.  e.  wuuld 
rather  live  under  fo  good  an  emperor, 
than  under  a  repubhcan  government, 
II,  6,  13.';  and  would  even  be  an  imi- 
tator of  Nerva,  ib.   12,  6,  8. 

The  Romans  had  fo  great  a  venera- 
tion for  the  virtue  of  Cato,  that  once, 
while  he  was  in  the  theatre,  the  peo- 
ple were  afliamed  to  aflc  certain  inde- 
cent exhibitions,  which  uftid  to  be 
made  at  the  feftival  of  Flora.  Cato 
having   learned    this  from    his    friend 


.  left 
the  theatre  ;  and  upon  his  departure, 
the  people  raifed  a  loud  fhout  of  ap- 
plaufe,  Val  Max,  2,  10,  8.  ;  Senec, 
Ep.  97.  Whence  Martial  fays.  Cur 
in  t  heat  rum  y  Cato  fevercy  'oenifli?  An 
ideo  taritum  venerasy  ut  exires  ?  denoting, 
that,  as  he  knew  the  cuitom,  he  fliould 
either  not  have  come,  or  have  remain- 
ed, 2,  3.  ^'on  intrst  Coto  t  heat  rum  nof- 
Irnm  ;  autfi  inlravtrit,  fpcclety  ib.  Praef. 
Praifmg  the  morals  of  Latinus,  a  cele- 
brated mimic  under  Domitian,  he 
makes  him  fay,  "  that  he  never  did 
any  thing,  which  he  (hould  have  been 
alhamed  of,  even  in  the  pi'efence  of 
Cato,  [qui  fpeciotorem  poiui  fecijfe  Cato- 
nem)y  9,  29,  3. — So  Juvenal,  lalhing  the 
hypocritical  philofophers  of  his  time, 
makes  Laronia,  an  immodeil  woman, 
fay  ironically  to  one  of  them,  Felicia 
tempora  !  quae  te  morihus  opponunt  :  ha- 
beat  jam  Roma  pudorem  %  Tertius  e 
coELO  CECiDiT  Cato,  Happy  times! 
which  have  you  for  a  cenfor :  let 
Rome  now  be  afaamed  (to  do  any- 
thing bafe  before  you)  ;  A  third  Cato  is 
dropped  from  the  clouds !    2,  40. 

Cato,  like  his  great-gr-andfather,  was 
fond  of  focial  entertainments,  w^hich 
fomecimes  he  ufed  to  prolong  through 
a  great  part  of  the  night.  Juhus  Cae- 
far reproached  him  upon  that  head, 
but  in  fuch  a  manner  that  he  exalted 
the  character  of  Cato  while  he  endea- 
voured to  expofe  it.  For,  as  Phny 
infor-ras  us,  Caefar  writes,  (probably 
ia  his  invedive  againft  Cato  in  Antica- 
tone)y  "  That  while  Cato  was  going 
home  from  one  of  thofe  meetings  a 
httle  intoxicated,  with  his  head  cover- 
ed, that  he  might  not  be  known,  fome 
perfons  whom  he  met  having  uncovei"- 
ed  his  head,  Llufned  when  they  difco- 
vered  who  he  was.  You  would  have 
thought  that  Cato  had  deteded  them, 
not  they  Cato."  Could  the  dignity  of 
Cato,  fays  Piiny,  be  placed  in  a  itrong- 
er  light,  than  by  reprefenting  him  thus 
venerable,  even  in  la's  cups  ?  FUn.  Ep, 
3,  12.  Hence  Mar-tial  fays,  "  That 
during  the  mierrim.ent  of  a  feafl,  even 
the  rigid  Caio  would  read   his  verfes. 

Turn 


CAT  [    96    3  CAT 

(Turn  me  vel  rigidl  legant  Catones),   10,     and  of  the  hi'gheft  rank. 


19,  21. 

Quinftllian,  fpeaking  of  both  Catos, 
{^de  uti'oque  Catoue^y  f^'js,  ^orutn  alter 
appeUatus  ejl  Sapif.sS)  alter  n'lfi  creditur 
fui/fcy  "v'lx  fclo,  cut  rsliquerit  hujus  nomliils 
locum,   12 f  7,  4. 

Catonianus,  adj.  of  or  belonging 
to  Cato;  tluis,  Catoniana  linjua,  the 
tongue  of  an  hypocritical  profligate, 
who  pretended  to  imitate  Cato  in  the 
ilriclnefs  of  his  morals,  Martial.  9,  28, 
14. — Catonini,  'orum,  the  favourers 
of  Cato  ;  thus,  Vereor  ne  in  Catonium, 
{{.  e.  in  Orcum  vel  inferos,  a  ^.x^,  in- 
fra), Catoninosy  (fc.  piaecipitet  vel  agat 
Caefar),   C'u\  Fam.  7,  25. 

C.  CATO,  the  grandfon  of  Cato, 
the  cenfor,  and  of  Paulus  Aemilius  ; 
the  fon  of  the  filler  of  P.  Scipio  Afri- 
canus,  the  younger,  a  tolerable  ora- 
tor, Cic,  Br,  28.  who  was  confiil, 
a.  640 ;  and  afterwards  being  con. 
demned  for  extortion,  Cic.  Verr.  4, 
10.  by  the  Mamilian  law,  Cic.  Br.  34. 
lived  in  exile  at  Tarraco,  Ci:.  Balb.  J  i. 

C.  CATO,  of  the  fame  family  with 
Cato  Uiicerfis  ;  faid  to  be  a  young  man 
void  of  prudence,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  i,  2,  5. 
which  he  ihewed  by  his  condud^,  ib. 
Being  created  tribune,  a.  697.  he 
keenly  oppofcd  tlie  reftoration  of  King 
Cic.  Fam.  I,  2,  Sic.  and 
a  law  for  recalling  Lentuius 
fclpintlier  from  his  government  of  Ciii- 
cia, /i'.  4,  &  5.  At  the  inRigation  of 
Pompey  and  Craflus,  Dio,  39,  27.  et 
28.  he  attempted  to  hinder  the  eltc- 
tioa  of  magiitrates,  becaufe  he  was 
not  ptrmitted  by  the  confuls  to  hold 
any  aQlmblies  of  the  people  for  pro- 
mulgating his  pernicious  laws,  (it.  ^ 
Fr.2y  6.  ;  Liv.  Epii.  105.  He  was 
next  year  brought  to  a  trial,  but  was 
acquitted,  Cic.  Att.  4,  15,  et  16. — 
Familia  Catoniana,  the  fiaves  of  C. 
Cato,  i.  e.  gladiatois  and  bejliarii,  v^hom 
he  had  purchaled,  bat  was  obliged  to 
fell, becaufe  he  could  not  fapport  them, 
Cic.  ^Fr.2y  6. 

Faierius  CAl^O,  a  grammarfan,  the 


Ptolemy, 
propofed 


friend   of  Catull 
waidUtuded  by 


Cat  nil.  56, 


who 
;lars. 


He  was  e- 
fteemed  an  excellent  teacher,  particu- 
larly for  fuch  as  had  a  turn  for  poetry, 
Suet.  Gram.  2y  et  ii. 

C.  (al.  Q.  j  Valerius  CATULLUS, 
a  celebrated  poet,  born  at  Verona,  a.  u. 
667,  of  a  refpeilable  family.  His  fa- 
ther Valerius  was  the  friend  of  Ju- 
lius Caefar,  who  ufed  to  lodge  at  his 
houfe,  Suet.  Caef.  73.  Catullus,  though 
not  opulent,  appears  to  have  polfelTed 
a  moderate  fortune.  He  fpeaks  of 
Sirmio,  a  beautiful  peninfula  in  the 
lake  Benacus,  as  his  property,  31, 
12.  He  went  with  Memmius,  the  Prae- 
tor to  Bithynia  ;  but  derived  very  little 
advantage  from  that  expedition,  c.  10, 
8,  &c.  In  his  way  thither,  when  he 
reached  Troas,  he  loft  his  brother, 
whom  he  often  laments  with  great  ten- 
dcrnefs,  c.  64,5,  &c.  67,  18,  90,  &c. 
99,  I,  &;c..  Upon  his  return  he  confe- 
crated  his  (hip  to  Caftor  and  Pollux, 
4, 26.  Catullus  ufually  refided  at  Rome, 
67,  34-  and  occafionally  at  Verona,  ib, 
27.  His  genius  procured  him  the 
friendihip  of  many  perfons  of  the  firil 
dillindlion  ;  fuch  as  Manlius  Torqua- 
tus,  whofe  favours  he  gratefully  ac- 
knowledges, c.  67,  "y.  41,  66,  &c.  and 
upon  whofe  marriage  he  wrote  a  beau- 
tiful cpithalamium,  c.  60.  ;  Cicero, 
f.  49.  ;  Calvus,  an  orator  and  poet,  53, 
3.  et  94,  2.  ;  Cornelius  Nepo?,  to  whom 
lie  dedicated  his  book,  i,  z.  et  lOO,  3.; 
Cornihcius,  38,  I. ;  Afmius  Pollio, 
tiien  a  young-  man  of  great  wit  and 
humour,  12,  6,  5c c. ;  Alphenus  Varus, 
30.  and  feveral  others. 

Catullus  wrote  bitter  Invedlives  a- 
gainil  thofe  whofe  condud  he  difap- 
proved  ot,  in  Iambic  and  Piialaeciaa 
verfe  of  eleven  fyilables,  (verfus  He/i' 
dccafyllahi)  ;  againft  Mamurra,  Gellius, 
Vaiiuius,  VettiuG,  Cominius,  &c. ;  nor 
did  he  fpare  even  Caefar,  whom  he 
lalhes  fevcrely  under  the  name  of  Ro- 
mulus, for  his  profligacy  and  other 
crimtSj  c.  29,  5,&c. ;  Fiin.  36,  6.  But 
upon     making    his    acknowledgment. 


Caefar    ^eneroudy  pardoned  him,  and 

vifited  his  father   (at  Verona,   when  he 

to  pafd    that    v»ay)   in    the 


happened 


fam^ 


CAT  [ 

fame  friendly  manner  as  formerly,  (hof^ 
pitioquc  patris  ejus^  Jicut  confueveratj  uti 
ptrfeveravit ) ,  Suet.  Caef.  73. 

Many  of  the  poems  of  Catullus  are 
written  on  amorous  fuhje£ls,  and  fome 
of  them  difgnft  a  modeil  reader  by 
their  indelicacy  :  bwt  this  was  owing 
to  the  grofs  tafte  of  the  times,  when 
in  coinpofitions  of  this  fort  obfcenity 
was  not  merely  tolerated,  but  even 
applauded.  Hence  Catullus  fays,  "  that 
the  morals  of  a  poet  ought  not  to  be 
cftimated  from  the  nature  of  his  ver- 
fcs  ;"  Nam  cajliim  ejfe  decet  plum  poet  am 
Ipfum,  ijerjiculos  nihil  neccjje  ejl :  ^u^ 
turn  denique  hahtnt  falem  ac  leporem.  Si 
Jmt  mollicxdi,  ac  parum  pudiri,  16,  5. 
Hence  Ovid  juitilies  himfelf  by  the  ex- 
ample of  Catullus,  Triji.  2,  427.  ;  fo 
Maitial,  I,  pracf.  and  the  younger 
Pliny  obferv!.ii,  Scimus — hnjus  opufculi 
(epigrammatis  nempe  verfibus  Hende- 
cafyilabls  fcripti)  illam  eJfe  ver'ijjiniam 
kgem,  Ep.  4,  14. — The  favourite  mif- 
trefs  of  Catullus  was  called  Clodia, 
whom  he  celebrates  under  the  name  of 
Lesbia,  £-.5,  I.  ^/ 7,  2,  &c.  J  Mea 
puellat  2,  I.  3,  3,  &c. ;  which  name  he 
is  fuppofed  to  have  given  her  in  ho- 
nour of  Sappho,  a  native  of  the  iHand 
Lefbos,   (Lejhia). 

Catullus  was  a  perfeft  mailer  of 
the  Greek  language,  and  traaflated 
from  it  two  of  his  moil  beautiful  poems 
the  5^1  ft  from  Sappho,  and  the  65th 
fi  om  Callimachus  ;  for  which  reaion 
he  is  fuppofed  to  be  called  doctus, 
learned,  Ovid.  Amor*  3,  9,  62. ;  Mar- 
tial.  8,  73,  8.  tfi  14,  ic.  ;  Tihull. 
3,  6. — Martial  fays,  that  Catullus  re- 
lieved as  much  honour  on  Verona  as 
Virgil  did  on  Mantua,  ih.  195.  et  10, 
103,  5.  Thus  Ovid,  Mantua  Firgilio 
gaudety  Verona  Catidlo,  Amor.  3,  \^, 
7.  Catullus  is  commonly  joined  with 
Calvus,  becaufe  their  ^oems  were  fi- 
milar,  Herat.  Sat.  i,  10,  19.  ;  Ovid. 
Am.  3,  9,  62.;  Plin.  Ep.  I.  16.;  f/4,27. 

The  elder  Pliny  mentions  Catullus 
as  his  countryman,  (conterraneus)  Praef. 
and  quotes  him  in  different  places  with 
great  approbation,  28,  2.  et  36,  6.  & 
2  1.  f/ 37,  6/21.    i^i'Ci  the  lati  paffage 


97     ]  CAT 

the  beft  editions  have  Q^ Catullus) -5 
fo  the  younger  Pliny,  Ep.  i,  16,  &C' 
Qjjinftilian  alfo  quotes  Catullus  feve- 
rai  times,  i,  5,  8  f/  2Q.  6,  3,  18.  9, 
3,16,  &c. ;  but  does  not  give  him  fo 
high  a  characler  as  fome  others,  and 
what  he  fays  of  him  is  fomewhat  ob- 
fcure.  He  allows  him  genius,  (ctijus  ^c. 
iambi  acerhitas  in  Catullo,  &c.)  10,  I, 
96.   but  afcribes  to  him  infanity,    11, 

1,  38.  In  this  laft  paflfage  he  does 
not  narpe  him,  but  fimply  calls  him 
aliqnis  poetariim.  Martial  often  men- 
tions Catullus  with  the  greateft  refpeft, 

2,  71,  3.  5,  5,  6,  &c.  and  reckoned  it 
an  honour  to  be  ranked  next  to  him, 
(uno  minor  Catu/Iojf  lO,  78,  1 6. — The 
poem  of  Catullus  moft  celebrated  by 
the  ancients  is  that  on  the  death  of 
Lefbia's  fparrow,  c.  3.  thus  Juvenal, 
6,  7.  So  Martial,  who  calls  this  poem 
Passer,  i,  8,3.  f/ 7,  13,  3.  11,  7, 
i6.Catullus  is  ranked  by  Quinftilian  a- 
mong  the  Iambic  poets,  10,  i,  96.  and 
there  is  extant  one  poem  of  his  [c.  25.) 
ia  Iambic  verfe,  confiiling  of  fe- 
ven  feet,  and  a  caefura^  (verfus  tam- 
hicus  tetrameter  cataleclus)  ;  fo  that  the 
boaft  of  Horace,  when  he  fays,  Parios 
ego  primus  lambos  OJlend't  LatiOy  mull 
be  reftrided  to  his  firll  introducing 
at  Rome  the  Iambic  verfe  of  Archi,-. 
lochtts,  a  nati\e  of  the  iHand  Pares, 
Ep.  I,  19,23. 

Catullus  is  faid  to  have  died  in  tha 
prime  of  life,  when  only  about  thirtTt 
years  of  age,  Eufeb.  Chronic.  ;  but  if  he 
was  born  in  the  667th  year  of  Ronie,- 
as  the  fame  autlior  favs^,  he  mult  have 
been  at  leaft  forry  years  old:  for  he 
mentions  tl\e  confullhip  of  Vatinius, 
f.  52.  which  was  in  the  year  707.— 
Some  fuppofe  that  Catullus  lived  to  a 
great  age,  fo  as  to  be  familiar  with. 
Virgil  ;  from  thefe  words  of  Martial; 
Sic  for/an  tener  aufus  eft  Catullus  Magno 
mittere  pajjsrem  Maroni :  But  Martial 
here  means,  "  That  perhaps  Catullus 
would  have  ventured  to  fend  his  poem 
on  the  death  of  Leibia's  fparrow  to 
Virgil,"  (If  they  had  been  contempora- 
ry, as  he  (Martial)  prefumes  to  fend 
liis  pof'iris  I©  Siilus  Ital:es.i3  :  thus  e- 
N  qualUas 


CAT  [    98    1 

quailing  Silius  to  Virgil,  and  Kimfelf    nunciation. 
to  Catullus),  4.,  14,  13, 

Catulliana  bafiay  as  many  kiffes 
as  Catullus  af]<ed  from  Lefbia,  Mar- 
tial, 1 1,  7,  14.  f/6,  34,  7.  CatuU.  c.  5. 

CATULUS,  a  llrname  of  the  Lu- 
tatii  or  LuBatii. 

a  Lutatius  CATULUS,  conful  a. 
652  ;  who  defeated  the  Carthaginian 
-^fltct  at  the  iflands  called  Aegates, 
near  Lilybaeum,  and  put  an  end  to 
the  iirft  Punic  war,  Liv.  Ep'it,  19. 
(G.  237). 

Q^Lutaths  CATULUS,  the  col- 
league  of  Marius  in  his  fourth  conful- 
(liip,  a.  652.  a  man  of  diilinguiflied 
merit,  Cic.  Arch.  3.  yet  twice  difap- 
pointed  of  the  confulfhip,  Cic.  Plane. 
5.  Mur.  17.  He  fhared  with  Marius 
the  glory  of  defeating  the  Clmbri,  Cic. 
Tufc  5,  19.  and,  with  the  afTiftance 
of  Sulla,  his  lieutenant-general,  was 
thought  to  have  contributed  moll  to 
the  celebrated  viftory  over  that  people, 
Plutarch,  in  SulL  p.  460.  Catuhis,  with 
part  of  the  fpoils  taken  from  the  Cim- 
bri,  (de  manuhiis  CimbricisJ,  built  a 
portico  on  the  area  where  the  houfe 
of  M,  Fulviuis  Flaccus,  who  was  llain 
with  C.  Gracchus,  had  ftood,  Cic.Bom. 
;^8.  ;  Val  Max.  6,  3,  i.  which  is  hence 
-called  MoNUMENTUM  Catuli,  Cic. 
Verr.  4,  57.  He  alfo  placed  two  lla- 
tnes  in  the  temple  of  Fortune,  Plin. 
34,  8.  In  the  political  conteft  be- 
twixt Marius  and  Sulla,  Catulus  fup- 
ported  Sulla  On  which  account  Ma- 
rius having  returned  from  banifliment, 
doomed  Catulus  to  death  ;  and  when 
the  friends  of  Catulus  interceded  for 
Ills  life,  he  anUvcrcd  In  apaiuon,  "  Let 
him  die,"  (Mohiatur)  ;  which  he  re- 


CAT 

He  left  behind  him  feve- 
ral  orations  ;  alfo  memoirs  of  his  con- 
fulfhip and  of  his  exploits,  written  in 
the  manner  of  Xenophon,  Cic.  Brut. 
35.  He  like  wife  amufed  himfelf  in 
writing  amorous  verfcs,  Plin.  Ep.  5, 
3.  ;  Gell  19,  9.  He  was  intimate  with 
the  poet  A.  Furlus,  Cic.  Hid.  and  a 
great  admirer  of  Rofclua,  the  play- 
aftor,  Cic.  N.D-  1,-28. 

^  Lvtatins  CATULUS,   the   fon 
of  the  former,  in  his  youth  was  mifled 


peated  feveral  times,  Cic.  Tvfc  5,  19. 
Catulus  put  an  end  to  his  days,  by 
fhuttiiig  hia-ifelf  up  in  a  room  newly 
plaftered,  with  a  lire  in  it,  a.  u.  666y 
Cic.  6y.  3,  3.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Mar.  ;  Ap- 
pian.  B.  C.  p.  395.;  y^elL  2,  22.; 
Flor.  3,  2.  Cicero  thought  fo  highly  of 
this  Catulus,  that  he  calls  him  a  fe- 
cund Laelius,  Tufc.  5,  19.  He  was 
remaikable  for  the  ^pvirity  of  his  lan- 
guage, and  the    fweetnefs  of  hi:;  pro- 


by  luxury  and  the  love  of  pleafure,  but 
in  after  life   became   one  of  the  moll 
dillingulfhed   characters    of  his    time, 
Val.  Max.   6,  9,   5.      He   was   conful 
the  year  in  which   Sulla   died,  a.  675, 
and,    with  the   aflillance   of  Pompey, 
fuccefsfully  refilled  the  attempts  of  his 
colleague   Lepldus  to  refcind  the  laws 
of   Sulla,   Cic.  Cat.   3,  ic.  ;    Plutarch, 
in   Pomp. — Vid.    Lepidus. — Catulus 
and   Pompey,  after  their   vlftory,  be- 
haved with  great  moderation,   [vi^ores 
pace  contenti  Juerxini^,   Flor.  3,  23.      In 
the  year  683,  Catulus  was  named  Prince 
of  the  Senate  by  the  cenfors  L.  Gellius 
and  Cn.  Lentulus,  Z);*o,  36,  13.;  Afcon. 
in  Cic.  in    Tog.  Candid,  and  next  -year 
dedicated  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  which 
had  been  burnt   down  in   the  time    of 
Sulla,  a.    670,    Liij.  Epnt.  98.  j     Cic. 
Verr.   4,    31.      Suetom'us   menti,ons    a 
wonderful  dream    which   Catulus,    on 
this  occafion,  is  faid  to  have  had  con- 
cerning the  future  fuccefs  of  Auguftus, 
then  a  boy,  Aug.  94.     So  Dio,  45,  2. 
But  Auguflus  was  not  born  till  live  or 
fix  years  after  this,  in  the  confulate  of 
Cicero,   ^iJ.  OcTAVius.    A  decree  of 
the  lenate  was  made,  after  Caefar  de- 
feated Scipio  and  Juba  in  Africa,  that 
the  name  of  Catulus  Ihould  be  erai'ed 
from  the  Capitol,  and  the  name  of  Cae- 
far ihould  be  infcribed  iix  its  place,  Dioy 
43,  14.      Bat  this  decree   feems   never 
to  have  been  executed.     For  we  learn 
from  Tacitus,  that  the  name  of  Luta- 
tiiis  Catuhis  remained  on  the  Capitol 
till  it  was   again   burnt  down,  in  the 
time   of  Vitellius,  Hijl.  3,    72.  ;  P/«- 
tarch.  Poplic.  p.  104.     Hence,  Sic  laU' 
dant  Catidi  vilia  templa'  fenesy  old  me  A 

prefer 


CAT  [99 

prefer  the  mean  temple  of  Catnlus  to 
the  magnificent  temple  then  lately  built 
by  Domitian,  iVIartiaL  5,  10.  The 
common  reading  here  is,  yuUa  temphy 
which  commentators  interpret  variouf- 
ly. — Tacitus  fays,  that  Sulla's  not  h- 
vin^  to  dedicate  this  temple  was  the 
only  thing-  wanting  to  complete  his 
happinefs,  ih.  Phny  makes  Sulla  ac- 
knowledge this  himfelf,  7,  43.  Catu- 
lus  keenly  oppofed  both  the  Gabinian 
and  Manihan  laws  in  favour  of  Pom- 
.pey,  Dioy  36,  13,  3c c;  C'lc.  Maml.  17, 
&  20.  Catulus  was  made  cenfor  with 
Crafius,  a.  688.  but  not  agreeing  to- 
gether, they  foon  refigned  that  office, 
Pint  arch. ^  in  CraJ. 

A  meeting  of  the  fenatc  being  af- 
fembled  on  account  of  Caefar's  having 
replaced  the  trophies  of  Marius  in  the 
Capitol, Catulus  faidjthatCaefar  now  at- 
tacked the  conftitution  of  the  republic, 
not  by  mines,  but  by  open  battery,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Caef.  Some  time  after,  Catu- 
his  was  defeated  by  Caefar  in  his  fuit 
for  the  office  of  Pontifex  Maximus, 
Salhtfl.  Cat.  49.  After  the  fuppreffion 
of  Catiline's  confpiracy,  Catulus,  in  a 
very  full  meeting  of  the  fenate,  be- 
ftowed  on  Cicero  the  honourable  title 
of  Father  of  his  Country,  {Me 
^  Catulus,  pr'inceps  hujus  ordlnh,  et  auc- 
tor  puhlici  confiiiiy  frequent'ijjimo  fenatu 
parentem  patriae  nominav'itji  Cic.  Pii.  3. 
Thofe  who  fat  as  judges  or  jurymen  on 
the  trial  of  Clodius  having  dtfned  from 
the  fenate  a  guard  to  prote6t  them 
from  the  infolence  of  the  mob,  Catulus 
happening  to  m-eet  one  of  them  after 
the  acquittal  of  Clodius,  which  had 
been  obtained  by  the  moft  Ihamelcfs 
bribery,  aflced  him,  "  What  the  jucii- 
ces  meant  by  defiring  a  guard  ?  Were 
they  afraid  of  being  robbed  of  the  mo- 
ney which  Clodius  had  given  them  ?" 
Cic.  Att.  I,  16.;  Senec.  jE/.  97.  Catu- 
his  died  foon  after,  in  an  advanced  age. 
He,  through  life,  was  a  zealous  fup- 
porter  of  the  ariftocratic  party.  Cicer- 
ro  always  fpeaks  in  the  higheit  terms 
of  the  character  of  Catulus,  Manil.  17, 
&  20.  ;  Fam.  9,  15.  et  alibi  pajjim,  e- 
<jualling  him  to  Pompey,  Off.  i,  ,22» 


]  C  E  L 

Catuliana  Minerva,  an  image  of 
Minerva  made  by  Kupranor,  and  pla» 
ced  by  Catulus  below  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  in  the  Capitol,  when  he  dedi- 
cated it,   Plin.  34,  8  f .  19  n.  i6. 

Ce CROPS,  -opis,  commonly  reckon- 
ed the  firft  king  of  Athens,  (G.  418.), 
whence  Cecrcp^c/ae,  -arunty  the  Athe- 
nians ;  Cecropisy  -ulisy  f.  an  Athenian 
woman ;  Cecropiusy  -a,  -urn,  Athenian,  ih, 

Celeno,  -usy  f.  one  of  the  Har- 
pies, called  Z)yr^,  Virg.  Aen.  3,  211. 
infelix  vates,  the  prophctefs  of  unhappy 

events,  ib.  245. ^2.  Alfo  one  of 

the  Pleiades,  Ovid.  Fajl.  ^y  173. 

Celeus,  'it  king  of  Eleufis,  who 
hofpitably  entertained  Ceres,  the  god- 
defs  of  corn  ;  in  return  for  which  Hie 
taught  his  fon  Triptolemus  the  art  of 
huibandry,   (G.  360.) 

Celmis,  -is,  voc.  Cehnty  v.  -rnusyi, 
one  of  the  IJaei  Dadyliy  who  attended 
on  Jupiter  when  a  child.  He  was  con- 
verted into  an  adamant,  Ovid.  Met.  4, 
2S1. 

Celotes,  'is,  a  painter  of  Teios, 
^lindiL  2,  13,  13. 

Aurelius  Cornelius  C  E  L  S  U  S,  an 
author,  who  flouriflied  in  the  time 
of  Tiberius.  He  wrote  on  different 
fubjc^ls,  rhetoric,  hufUandry,  the  mi- 
litary art,  and  medicine,  ^indilian. 
12,  IF,  24.  His  book  on  medicine 
is  flill  extant,  and  juftly  held  in 
the  highefl  elleem.  QuinftiHan  rec- 
kons him  a  man  only  of  moderate  ge- 
nius, ih.  but  allows  him  not  to  have 
been  void  of  elegance,  {nonfine  cultuaa 
nitore),  lO,  I,  124.  Celfus  was  not  a 
phyfician  by  profeflion,  but  ftudied 
medicine  as  a  branch  of  ufeful  know- 
ledge, and  derived  the  materials  of  his 
book  from  other  authors,  chiefly  from 
Hippocrates  ;  whence  he  is  fometimes 
called  the  Latin  Hippocrates,  and,  from 
the  beauty  of  his  ftyle,  the  medical  Ci- 
cero, 

Celsus  Alhinovanusy  a  companion 
of  Tiberius  Claudius  Nero,  in  his  ex- 
pedition to  the  eaft,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  8,  I. 
whom  tlorace  accufes  of  plagiarifm,  ih, 

Julius  Celsus,  the  author  of  com- 
N  2  mentaries 


C  E  N 


r  100  ] 


CAR 


mentaries  concerning  the  life  of  Caefar, 
who  is  fuppofed  to  have  lived  in  the  6th 
century. 

-CtNSORiNUS,  a  learned  gramma- 
rian, the  author  of  a  valuable  little 
book,  de  Die  Nat  all,  now  extant,  which 
he  publifhed  a.  u.  991,  as  we  learn  from 
himfelf,  c.  17,  &  21. 

Ce  PARI  us,  one  of  the  affociates  of 
Catiline,   G'tc.  Cat.  3,  6. 

Cephalus,  the  hufband  of  Procris, 
beloved  by  Aurora,  Oind.  Met.  7,  (iGl.\ 
^rt.^m,7,,6%'].      (Sec  G,^.  421.) 


CefKEU: 


'ei  -ei  ; 


voc.  -eu,  abl.  -eo),  a  king  of  Aethiopia, 
the  father  of  Andromedji,  OwV/.  Md. 
4,  670.  adjirt.  et  5.  /«//.;  adj.  Ceph^- 
lus.  Cephe'ia  arim,  the  territories  of 
Cepheus,  ib.  4,  ^9.  (See  G.  p-  ^c)^-) 
— Cepheni  proceresy  the  nobles  of  Ce- 
pheus, Ovid.  Met,  4,  763.  but  this 
verfe  is  thought  to  be  fpurious.  Gen, 
plur.  Csphenum,  for  Cephenorumf  Id.  5, 
1,  &  97.  in  Ibin.  ^$6.  more  properly 
however  Cephenum,  from  Cephe- 
NES,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Aethio- 
pians,  as  of  the'Perfians,  Herodot.  7,  61. 

Cephissus,  vel  Ceph'ifos,  -/',  the  god 
of  the  river  of  that  name,  and  father 
of  Narciffus  by  the  nymph  Liriope, 
OvlJ.  Met.  3,  343.  whence  NarcilTris  is 
called  Cephisius,  /^.  351. 

Ceraunus,  a  firname  of  Ptolemy, 
the  fecoTid  king  of  Egypt,  J^flin.  24, 

i^. 1^  2.  A  name  which  Clearchus, 

tyrant  of  Heraclea  in  Pontus,  gave  to 
liis  fon,  in  contempt  of  Jupiter's  thun- 
der,   (v.rfauvo?),    JcL   1 6,  5. 

Cerberus,  a  dog  that  was  fuppo- 
fed to  guard  the  entrance  of  the  infer- 
ual  regions,  [Janitor 'Orci),  Virg.  Aen. 
8,  296.  reprefented  as  having  three 
heads,  (tncrps)y  Virg.  Aen.  6,  417. 
Horace  gives  him  an  hundred  heads, 
calling  hhn  Bclliia  ceniiceps,  the  hun- 
dred-headed monfter,  Od.  2,  13,  34.; 
adj.  Cerbereus;  Os  Cerbertum,  Ovid. 
Met.  4,  501, 

Cercyon,  'crMy  f.  the  fon  of  Vul- 
can, Nygm.  38,  &  158.  a  noted  rob- 
ber,  that  infciled  the  country  round 
Eieulis,  v.wd  ufed  to  kill  thofe  whom 
he  vanquifned  in  wreltling,  Paufan.  i. 


39.  flain  by  Thefeus,  Ovid.  Met.  7,  439.; 
adj.  Cercyon e us,  Id.  in  /bin.  412. 

CERELLIA,  V.  Caerelliay  a  lady 
fond  of  books  and  philofcphy,  Cic.  Att. 
13,  21.  and  on  that  account  familiar 
with  Cicero,  Cic.  Fam.  13,  72.  ;  Att. 
15,  I.  12,  51.  et  14,  19.;  ^inHil  6, 
3,  1 12.  whence  C^lcnus  imputes  to  him 
(very  improbably)  an  improper  intima- 
cy with  her,  tho' fhc was  feventy  years  of 
age,  much  olderthan  himfelf,  Dio,i^6, 1 8, 

CERES,  ^eris,  f.  the  goddefs  of 
corn,  often  put  for  corn,  (See  G. 
360.)  ;  adj.  Cerealis,  -e.  Turn  Ce- 
rerem  corruptam  unJis  Cereallaque  arma 
exped'mnty  they  bring  out  corn  fpoiled 
by  the  waves,  and  inttruments  for 
grinding,  Virg.  Aen.  I,  181.  Larga 
Ceres y  great  plenty  of  corn,  Lucan.  3, 
347,  Munera  Cerealiay  bread,  Ovid. 
Met.  IT,  121. 

Ceth ileus,  the  firname  of  a  very 
ancient  family  of  the  Cornelii. 

M.  CETHEGUS,  called  Suadae 
Medulldy  the  marrovv^  of  perfuafion, 
Cic.  Sen.  14.  the  lirft  who  was  efteem- 
ed  eloquent  at  Rome.  He  flourirtied 
in  the  time  of  the  Second  Punic  war, 
Cic.  Brut.  15. 

C.  Cethegus,  the  alTociate  of  Ca- 
tiline,  Juvenal.  2,  27,  et  2,  287. 

Ceto,  'USy  the  daughter  of  Pontus 
and  Terra,  the  wife  of  Phorcys,  and 
mother  of  the  Gorgons,  Lucan,  9,  645. 

Cryx,  -yds,  the  fon  of  Lucifer, 
Ovid.  Met.  II,  272.  and  hufband  of 
Alcyone,   (See  G.  444.) 

CPIABRIAS,  -acy  an  Athenian 
general  wlio  defeated  the  Lacedae- 
monians, in  a  naval  battle,  Nep.  12. — 
Chahriae  eajlra,  a  place  in  Egypt  near 
PcJuuum,   Plin.  5,  12  f.  14. 

CHAERi^A,  the  name  of  a  young  man 
in  Terence's  play  called  the  Eunnchns. 

Chalciope,  -('J,  the  vcifc  of  Phry- 
•XU3,  and  filler  of  Medea,  Val,  Flac, 
6,  479.  ;  Ovid.  Ep.  17,  232. 

Chariclitus,  the  commander  ot 
the  Rhodian  fleet,  Liv.  37,  23. 

Charilaus,  a  principal  citizen  of 
Palaepolis,  who  gave  up  that  city  to 
Publilius  Philo,  the  Roman  command- 
er, Liv,  8,  25, 


C  H  x\  [    101 

Charites,  -«OT,  the  three  graces, 
Aglaia,  Thah'a,  and  Euphrofyne,  5"^- 
nec.  Benef.  1,4.;  Hejiod.  Thecg.  v.  909. 

CHARON,  -otitis,  the  ferryman  of 
the  infernal  regions,  {porittor  infero- 
rum);  who  tranfported  in  his  boat  the 
fouls  of  the  dead  over  the  river  Styx 
and  Acheron,  Virg.  Am.  6,  298.  ;  adj. 
Charoneae  fcrohcs,  openings  \\\  the 
earth,  {^fpiracula)y  which  emit  a  dead- 
ly vapour,  as  the  grotto  del  Cano  near 
Naples,  Plin.  2,  93  f.  95. 

Charondas,  -aey  a  native  of  Ca- 
tana,  the  famous  leglflator  of  Thurll, 
(See  G.p.  171.) 

Charopus,  a  chief  man  of  Epire, 
friendly  to  the  Romans,  L'lv.  32,  6, 
&  II,  w^ho  fent  his  fon  to  be  educa- 
ted at  Rome,  L'lv.  43,  5. 

Chersiphron,  •  om/x,  the  chief  ar- 
chiteft  of  the  temple  of  Diana  at  E- 
phefus,   Plin,  36,  14  f.  21. 

CHILO,  -on'is,  a  philofopher  of  La- 
cedaemon ;  one  of  the  Seven  Wife 
Men  of  Greece,  who  is  faid  to  have 
died  of  joy,  upon  hearing  that  his 
fon  had  been  vidorious  at  the  Olym- 
pic games.  Three  of  Chilo^s  maxims 
were  Infcribed  in  golden  letters  in  the 
temple  of  Delphi,  i.  Know  thyfelf. 
2.  Dcfire  nothing  too  much,  3.  Mi- 
fery  is  the  companion  of  debt  and 
ilrife,   Pl'in,  7,  32. 

CHIMAERA,  the  name  of  a  poe- 
tical moniler,  which  breathed  forth 
flames,  refembling  in  the  fore  part  a 
lion,  in  the  middle  a  goat,  and  in  the 
hinder  part  a  fL^rpent,  Lucr.  5,  902. ; 
Qv'id.  Met.  9,  646. 

Chione,  -es^  the  name  of  a  woman, 
derived  from  fnow,  Martial.  3,  34. — 
^  2.  A  daughter  of  Aquilo,  and  the 
mother  of  Eumolpus,  by  Neptune, 
Hyg'in.  157.  ;  wlio  is  hence  called 
Chtomdes,  -ae,  O-vid,     Pont.  3,   3,  41. 

^   3.   Alfo   a  nymph  beloved  by 

Mercury    and   Apollo    at    the     fame. 

time,   Ovid.   Met.    11,300,   &c. ^ 

4.  The  daughter  of  Daedalion,  and 
mother  of  Autolycus  by  Mercury,  and 
of  Philammon  by  Apollo  :  flain  by  Di- 
ana for  her  prefumption,  in  preferring 
herfelf  to  that  goddcfs,  Ovid.  Met.  Ii, 
30I;— 327, 


I       ^  C'HR 

CwiRON,  -on'isy  the  mod  celebrated 
of  the  Centaurs,  the  fon  of  Satura 
and  Philyra  ;  hence  called  PhdyrUes, 
-ae,  Virg.  G.  3,  ^S"^-  ;  Petron.  2,  i, 
60. ;  remarkable  for  his  /Iciil  in  herbs  ; 
whence  Chironion,  •/,  n.  an  herb 
called  from  his  name,  Plln.  25,  4  f . 
13.;  and  Clnroniat  -ae,  f.  a  kind  of 
vine.  Id.  25,  4  f.  16.  From  his  be- 
ing half  man  and  half  horfe,  he  is  call- 
ed Geminusy  Ovid.  Met.  2,631.;  and 
Senufer,  ib.  634.  Being  converted  in- 
to a  conilellation,  he  was  called  Sa- 
gittarius, (G.  439.) 

Chloe,  -fj,  the  name  of  a  girl  in 
Horace,  Od.  3,  9,  9. 

Chloris,  the  daughter  of  AmphT- 
on,  and  wife  of  Neleus,  by  whom  fhe 
had  Nellor,  and  other  fons,  Hygin*  10. 
^  2.  Alfo  the  Goddcfs  of  flow- 
ers, called  likewife    Flora,  Ovid.  Fafl, 

CvoROEBUs,  one  who  voluntarily 
devoted  himfelf  to  death,  to  freeThebes 
from  a  peftilence,  Stat.  Theb.  2,  221,^/ 
6,  286. 

Choerilus,  a  poet  noted  for  his 
unpoliflied  and  ridiculous  verfes  ;  yet  a 
favourite  of  Alexander  the  Great,  Ho' 
rat.  2,  I,  232. 

Chremes,  -etisy  v.  Chremis,  the 
name  of  an  old  man  in  Tei-ence. 

Chrestus,  one  who  iniligated  the 
Jews  to  make  diflurbances  at  Rome  in 
the  time  of  Claudius,  which  occafion- 
ed  their  c.^puliion  from  that  city,  Suet. 
CL  25. 

Christus,  (I.  c.  nndiusy)  a  name 
of  our  Saviour,  Plin.  Ep.  10,  97. 
ChrijVianusy  a  follower  or  difciple  of 
Chrift  ;  a  name  flrll  given  at  Antioch 
to  thofe  who  profelFed  to  be  Chrii- 
tians,  A3s  11,  26.  ymong  the  hea- 
thens, denoting  criminality  rather  than 
refpea,  Plin.  tb. 

Chryseis,  Adisy  the  daughter  of 
Chryfes,  the  prieft  of  Apollo  ;  the 
miftrcfs  of  Agamemnon,   (G.  406.) 

Chrysippus,  a  Stoic  philofopher, 
born  at  Soli  in  Cih'cia,  ( Solcnfis  Ci- 
lixj'y  Cic.  Orat.  i,  12.  called  by  Zeno 
the  Epicurean,  tlirough  contempt, 
Ch£Sippus,  Id,  Nah  l3,  i,   34. 

112. 


a  freedman 


f      102      ] 


c  r  c 


ff  2.  Alfo  a  freedman  of  Cicero's, 
who  on  account  of  his  bad  behaviour 
•was  again  reduced  to  fervitudc,  Cic. 
Att.  JtZy  et  II,  2. 

Chrysis,  'tdis,  a  courtefan  in  Te- 
rence. 

Chrysogonus,  a  favourite  freed- 
man of  Sulla's,   Cic.  Ver.  i,  ^6.\  Rojc. 

yfm.pajim.\   P/in.^^y  1 8. ^   2.  A 

noted  finger,  JuvenaL  6,  74. 

C.  CiCEREjus,  originally  the  fecre- 
tary  of  Scipio  Africanus,  L'm.  41,  26. 
but  afterwards,  being  made  praetor, 
ih.  33,  triumphed  over  the  Corficans, 
Id.  42,  7,  &  21. 

Cicero,  -o«/V,  the  firname  of  a 
branch  (familia)  of  the  G^wj-  Tullia^ 
faid  to  have  been  derived  from  the 
founder  of  the  family  being  remark- 
able for  cultivating  vetches,  P/i«.  18, 
3.  ;  or  from  an  excrefcence  on  the 
tip  of  his  nofe,  refembling  a  vetch,  {ci- 
/tct),  Plutarch.  Cic.  p.  861.  to  which 
Calen\is  alludes,  D'lo^  46,  18. en- 
nobled by  M.  Tullius  Ciceroj  the  moft 
eloquent  of  the   Romans;  adj.  Cic e- 

RONIANUS. 

M.TuUlus  CICERO  was  born  at  Ar- 
pTnum,  a.  u.  647.  (  ^  Sertnlio  Caep'ione 
€t  C.Atll'io  Serrano  Cnfs.)  Gell.  15,  28. 
on  the  third  of  January,  (///.  Noru 
Jan.)  Cic.  Att.  7,  5,  et  13,  42.;  in  the 
iame  year  with  Pompey,  and  the  year 
after  the  firfi  confuldiip  of  Marius, 
whom  Cicero  calls  his  countrj'man, 
(munlapem  fuutn),  as  being  alfo  a  native 
of  Arpinum,  Pojl  Redit,  nd  ^ir.  8. 

Cicero  was  defcended  from  an  an- 
cient family  of  equeftrian  rank,  C'tc. 
Leg.  2,  I,  &  2.  none  of  which  had 
ever  obtained  any  curule  magiflracy  ; 
whence  Cicero  often  calls  himftlf  a 
ne'W  man,  {nrrous  homo).  So  Salluft, 
Cat.  23.  Cicero,  as  being  the  firft- 
born  of  the  family,  received  the  prae- 
nomen  of  his  father  and  grandfather, 
Marcus.  His  mother's  name  was 
Helvia,  of  a  noble  family,  Plutarch. 
in  Cic.  ;  who  had  a  filler  married  to 
Aculeo,  a  Roman  knight,  diitinguifhed 
for  his  knowledge  in  the  civil  law,  Cic. 


Or.  2. 


It  is  reir.aikable  that  Cice- 


ro   no  where   fpeaks  of   his   mother. 


But  his  brother  Qiiintus  has  left  a  ilo- 
ry  of  her,  which  fhows  her  attention 
as  a  good  houfewife  :  "  that  flie  ufed 
to  feal  her  wine  cafks,  the  empty  as 
well  as  the  full-  that  when  any  of 
them  were  found  empty  and  unfeal- 
ed,  file  might  know  that  they  had  been 
emptied  by  Health, "  Cic.  Fam.  16,  26. 
a  kind  of  theft  then  ufual  in  great  fa- 
milies, Hor.Ep.z,  2,  133. 

Cicero's  grandfather  was  living  at 
the  time  of  his  birth,  and  appears  to 
have  been  a  man  of  confiderable  abili- 
ties and  influence  in  his  country,  Cic. 
Leg.  2,  I,  et  3,  16.  His  father  was 
a  wife  and  learned  man,  but  being  of 
an  infirm  conllitution,  fptnt  his  hfe  in 
the  ftudy  of  letters,  Cic.  Leg.  2,  i. ; 
and  devoted  his  chief  attention  to  the 
education  of  his  fons,  Cic,  Or.  2,  i, 
Cicero  and  his  brother  Quintus  were 
brought  up  with  their  coufins  the 
fons  of  Aculeo,  according  to  the  di- 
reftions  of  the  celebrated  orator  Craf- 
fus,  and  by  thofe  very  mailers  whom 
Cralfus  himfelf  was  in  ufe  to  employ, 
Cic.  Or.  2,  I.  They  We're  firft  taught 
the  Greek  language,  a  method  then 
univerfally  obferved,  Suet.  Rhet.  2.  ; 
and  which  Quincftilian,  even  in  his 
time,  recommends,  (y^  Graeco  fermone 
ptierum  incipere  mcdo ;  quia  Latinus  vel 
nobis  nolentibus  fe  praebctj    1,  i,  12.) 

The  Latins,  before  the  time  of  Ci- 
cero, were  fo  rude  and  ignorant,  that 
CralTus,  when  cenfor,  prohibited  them 
from  teaching  rhetoric,  Ctc.  Or.  3,  24. 
The  firil  noted  Laiin,  teacher  of  that 
art  at  Rome  was  Plotius,  in  the  latter 
times  of  CralTus,  ^incUh  2,  4.  f.  Senec. 
Contr.  2.  prooem.  He  was  much  re- 
forted  to,  and  young  Cicero  expreffed 
a  great  defire  of  becoming  his  fcholar; 
but  was  controuled  by  the  authority 
of  very  learned  men,  who  preferred 
the  Greek  teachers  Suet.  Rhet.  2.  Ci- 
cero is  faid  to  have  made  fo  rapid  pro- 
grefs  in  learning,  that  fiom  the  ac- 
counts of  him  which  his  fchool  fellows 
carried  home,  their  parents  were  often 
induced  to  vifit  the  fchool,  for  the 
fake  of  feeing  a  youth  of  fo  furprifing 
talents,     Plutarch.      Among    Cicero's 

other 


CIO 


t  103  1 


C  I  c 


otlier  teachers  was  the  poet  Archias, 
from  whofe  inftrudlions  he  acknow- 
ledges with  gratitude  that  he  had  de- 
rived the  greateft  advantage,  Cic, 
Jrch.  I,  &  7. 

Cicero,  having  iinlflied  his  puerile 
ftudies,  and  having  affumed  the  drefs 
of  a  man,  {toga  im-ili  fitmptd),  was  in- 
troduced by  his  father  to  Scaevola, 
the  augur,  the  principal  lawyer,  as 
well  as  llatefman,  of  that  age,  that  he 
might  derive  knowledge  from  his  ex- 
perience and  converfation  ;  and  after 
his  death  applied  himfelf  to  Scaevola, 
the  High-prieft,  a  man  equally  diftin- 
gullhed  for  his  probity  and  ficill  in  the 
liw,  Cic.  j^mic.  I.  He,  at  the  fame 
time,  attended  the  pleadings  of  the 
orators  in  the  courts  of  juftlce,  and 
the  public  fpeeches  of  the  magiftrates 
to  the  people.  He  alfo  applied 
with  great  diligence  to  his  private  ixu- 
dles  at  home,  after  the  manner  which 
he  beautifully  defcrlbes  in  the  perfon 
of  Craffus,  Or.  i,  34.  In  the  Italic 
war  he  ferved  a  campaign  under  Pom- 
peius  Strabo,  the  conful,  Phil.  12,  11. 
and  under  Sulla,  Plutarch,  in  Cic.  ei 
Cic.  Div.  I,  33.  et  2,  30.  But  percei- 
ving the  republic  running  into  fac- 
tions, he  left  the  army,  and  returned 
to  his  iludies  ;  which,  during  the  con- 
vulfions  that  followed,  he  ardently 
profecuted  with  the  afliftance  of  the 
ableil  mafters,  {Hoc  tempore  omni,  noc- 
tes  et  dies,  in  omnium  doclrinarum  medita- 
tione  verfabatur)y  Br.  90.  He  iludied 
phllofophy  under  Philo,  the  chief  of 
the  Academy  at  Athens  ;  and  rhetoric 
under  Molo  of  Rhodes,  a  diftinguifh- 
ed  orator  and  teacher,  both  of  whom 
were  then  at  Rome,  ib.  89.  He  had 
in  the  houfe  with  him  Diodotus,  the 
Stoic,  as  his  preceptor  in  various  parts 
of  learning,  but  particularly  in  logic  ; 
yet  with  all  this  attention  to  philofo- 
phlcal  ftudies  he  never  fuffered  a  day 
to  pafs  without  fome  exercife  in  ora- 
tory ;  chiefly  that  of  declaiming,  in 
company  with  his  fellow  iludents,  often- 
cr  in  Greek  than  in  Latin,  ib.  9.  Nor 
did  he  negled  his  poetical  Iludies  : 
'For  he   now  wrote  a  poem   in    praife 


of  Manus.  Leg.  1,1.;  and  tranflatcd 
into  Latin  verfe  Aratus  on  the  ap- 
pearances of  the  heavens,  Nat,  Z).  2, 
41.  He  alfo  tranflated  a  book  of 
Xenophon's,  called  Oeconomicus, 
Off.  2,  24.  At  this  time  too  he  is 
tliought  to  have  written  his  two  books 
De  Inventione,  Cic.  Or.  i,  2.  {quos 
fc.  libi  OS  adolejcenti  fibi  elapfos  ipfe  dice- 
ret)  y  QninaiL  3,  I,  20. 

Thus  accomplilhed,  Cicero  appear- 
ed as  a  pleader  at  the  bar.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-fix  he  defended  the 
caufe  of  P.  QuiNTius,  Gell.  15,  28.; 
but  this  was  not  the  firft  in  which 
he  was  engaged,  Cic.  ^int.  \.  Next 
year  he  undertook  the  defence  of  S. 
Roscius  of  Ameria,  {Amerinm)  ;  ac- 
cufed  of  parricide,  which  he  fays  v/as 
the  firft  public  or  criminal  caufe  in 
which  he  was  concerned,  Br.  90.  Ci- 
cero gained  fo  great  honour,  by  pro- 
curing the  acquittal  of  Rofclus,  in  op- 
pofition  to  the  influence  of  Sulla,  that 
he  was  henceforth  looked  on  as  an  ad- 
vocate of  the  firft  clafs,  and  equal  to 
the  moft  important  caufes,  ik*  et  Off. 
2,  14. 

After  being  employed  for  two  yeans 
in  pleading  caufes,  on  account  of  bad 
health,,  (Plutarch  fays  from  an  appre-. 
henfion  of  Sulla's  refentment),  Cicero 
travelled  into  Greece  and  Afia,  Cif- 
Br.  9 1 .  He  ftaid  fix  months  at  A- 
thens  vv'ith  Antiochus,  the  principal 
phllofopher  of  the  old  academy  ;  and 
exercifcd  himfelf  in  oratory  with  De- 
metrius of  Syria,  an  eminent  rhetori- 
cian. After  this  he  traverfed  the 
whole  of  Afia,  converfing  with  the 
moft  diftingulfhed  orators  of  the  coun- 
try, and  repeating  with  them  his  rhe- 
torical exercifes.  At  Rhodes  he  again 
placed  himlc-lf  under  i\pollonius  Mo- 
lo, [fe  Jlpallcnio  Moloni  Rhodi  forman- 
dum  ac  velut  recoquendicm  dedlty  Quinc- 
til.  12,  6,  7.)  whom  he  had  formerly 
attended  at  Rome,  Cic.  Br.  91.  (Plu- 
tarch fays,  by  mlllake,  under  Apollo- 
nlus,  the  fon  of  Molo,  in  vita  Cic); 
who  after  hearing  Cicero  declaim  be- 
fore him,  is  reported  to  have  deplored 
the  fortune  of  Greece,   becaufe  Cicero 

was 


c  r  c  c   I 

was  about  to  transfer  the  glory  of 
eloquence  from  the  Greeks  to  Rome,  ib. 

Cicero  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, after  an  abfence  of  two  yf?rs, 
greatly  improved  in  bodily  ftrength, 
and  in  his  manner  of  fptaking,  Cic. 
JBr.giyf. 

The  two  mod  diftinguiihed  Roman 
orators  at  that  time  were  Cotta  and 
Hortenfius,  wliom  Cicero  was  ambi- 
tious of  rivalling,  particularly  the  lat- 
ter, ib,  92.  Among  the  chid  caufes 
which  he  pleaded  the  year  after  his 
return,  was  that  of  Q^Roscius,  the 
famous  comedian,    z3. 

Cicero,  next  year,  a.  u.  678,  when 
thirty-one  years  old,  obtained  the  quef- 
torfhip,  while  Cotta  was  confiil,  and 
Hortenfius  aedik',  Cif.  Br.  9:.;  Pif.  l. 
It  fell  to  the  Ir.t  of  Cicero  to  act  as 
^uaeftor  In  the  weftern  part  of  Sicily, 
under  Sex  Peducaeu?,  the  praetor, 
Cic.  Br.  92.  ;  Jfcan.  in  Cic.  Here  he 
behaved  with  fo  much  integrity  and 
prudence,  that  his  condu6t  was  highly 
approved,  Plutarch.  Upon  his  return 
to  Italy,  he  expected  that  every  body 
would  be  full  c.i  his  praifes,  and  was 
extremely  mortified  to  iind,  that  an 
acquaintance  he  met  with  at  Puteoli, 
did  not  even  know  that  he  had  been 
abfent  from  Rome,  Cic.  Plane,  26.  et 
Plutarch,  in  Cic. 

Five  years  after,  being  qnaeftor,  Ci- 
cero was  '  unaniuiouf]y  elect':;d  aedilc, 
Ci^.  Br.  92.  ;  Pif.  \.  in  his  37th  year; 
in  which  year  Hodenfius  was  conful. 
Cicero,  after  his  ekdlion,  and  before 
he  entered  on  his  office,  undertook,  at 
the  requeil  of  the  Sicilians,  the  pro- 
iecution  of  Verres,  Cic.  Caedl.  i, 
&c.  Ferr.  ^1  14.  (See  Verres.)  Ci- 
cero, while  aedile,  is  fuppuftd  to  have 
defended  Fontejvs  and  Caecina. 

Two  years  after  his  edHelhip,-  Cice- 
ro was  created  praetor,   Cic.  Manil.  i. 

The  comhia  had  betn  put  off -by 
violent  diflenfions  between  the  fenate 
and  people,  concerning  fome  popular 
laws,  propofed  by  C.  Cornelius,  a 
tribune,  Jljcon.  in  Cic.  pro  Cornel.  Two 
different  alfcmbiiesg  coavened  for  {^.e 


04     ]  CIC 

choice  of  praetors,  had  been  difTolvcd 
on  account  of  fome  informality  ;  and 
it  was  only  in  the  third  comitia  that 
the  eleftion  was  legally  effedled.  Tiiis, 
however,  fei-r'ed  to  (how  the  great  af- 
fection of  the  people  to  Cicero.  For 
he  was  declared  every  time  the  firll 
praetor  by  the  fuffragcs  of  all  the  cen- 
turies, {jcr  praetor  primus  centuriis  cunc 
tis  renunciatus  e/l)^  Cic.  Manil.  I.  It 
fell  to  Cicero's  lot  to  prcfide  in  trials 
for  extortion  and  rapine,  {de  pecuniis 
repettindis ) .t  Cic.  Cornel,  i.  ;  Rabir. 
Poft.  4.  In  the  capacity  of  a  judge 
he  adied  with  great  juilice  and  inte- 
grity.    Plutarch. 

Cicero,  while  praetor,  delivered  his 
firft  fpeech  to  the  people  from  the 
Rrjlraj  in  defence  of  the  Manilian 
Law,  Manil.  i.  for  conferring  ou 
Pompey  the  command  of  the  Mithri- 
datic  war,  and  of  all  the  Roman  ar- 
mies   Ih    Afia,    Paterc,   2,    33.     (Sec 

PoMPEius.) This    oration  is  ftill 

extant,  and  commendable  rather  for  its 
eloquence,  than  jull  reafoning.  It  was 
alleged,  that  Cicero  delivered  it  to 
gain  the  favour  of  Pompey,  and  of  the 
popular  party  which  fupported  Pom- 
pey, Dio,  36,  2.  though  he  himfelf 
Iblemnly  declares  the  contrary,  Manih 
24.  Whatever  be  in  this,  it  is  cer- 
tain, that  the  beftowing  on  Pompey 
fach  extraordinary  power  proved  in 
the  end  fatal  to  the  republic,  as  well 
as  to  Cicero  himfelf. Cicero,  du- 
ring his  praetor iliip,  alio  defended  the 
caufe  of  Cluentius.  A\.  the  expirat'on 
of  his  o^lce  he  would  not  accept  of 
any  foreign  province,  Cic.  Mnrm.  20* 
but  choie  rathe:  to  remain  at  Rome, 
ih  order  to  canvafs  for  the  confulfhip, 
the  great  object  of  his  ambition,  during 
the  two  years  which  it  was  neccffary 
fhould  intervene  between  the  praetor- 
fiiip  and  that  office.  In  this  interval 
his  correfpondence  with  Atticus 
commenced,  Cic.  Att.  I,  I.  Nepos 
fays,  it  continued  from  hit  confuhhip 
to  the  end  'of  his  life,  in  Vita  Attici, 
if).  But  feveral  letters  .of  the  uril 
book   to  Attic;u.s  were  written  before 

Li* 


C  I  c  C 

Ms  confulflr'p.  None  of  his  letters 
called  Ad  Familiares,  written  be- 
fore that  time,  are  now  extant. 

Cicero  was  made  conful  in  his  forty- 
third  year,  the  age  required  by  law  for 
that  office,  C'lc.  Phil.  5,  1 7.     He  was 
the  firft  neiu  man,  i.  e.  not  a  noble  man, 
who  had  obtained  that  dignity  for  forty 
years,  comput'og  from  the  firft  conful- 
flilp  of  Marius,    Ck.    RuH.  1,2.      He 
was  oppofed  by  fix  noble  competitors. 
Among  ihefe  was  Catiline,   fupported 
by  the  intereft  of  Crallus  and  Caefar, 
and  many  others  of  the  nobility,  Afcon. 
ad  Ck.    in   Tog.   cand.      Catiline    had 
fome  time    before   been   brought   to  a 
trial    for    extortion    [repetumJarum)   in 
Africa,  which  province  he  had  obtain- 
ed after   hi's   praetorfhip,  ib.   et  Salluji. 
Cat.  18.     He  aflced  Cicero  to  under- 
take his  defence,  who,  in  order  to  ob- 
lige Catihne,   at  firft   had    thoughts  of 
doing  it,  Cic,  Alt.  i,  2.  but  afterwards 
changed    his   mind,   Afcon.   ib.      Such 
was  the   diffimulation  of  Catiline,  that 
Cicero  acknowledges  that   he    himfelf 
was  once  almoll  deceived  by  him,  fo  as 
to   take   him   for  a  good   citizen,    Cic. 
Gael.  6.     Catiline,  however,  had  long 
entertained    traitorous    defigns   agalnft 
the   government,   Salhj}.    Cat.   5.   and 
by  various  arts  had   engaged  many  to 
concur  with   him   in  his  views,  ib.  14. 
He  had   brought  his   plot  to  fuch  ma- 
turity, that  in   the  beginning  of  June, 
while  he  flood  candidate  for  the  conful- 
fliip,  he  called  a  meeting  of  his  accom- 
plices ;  among   whom   were  feveral   of 
fenatorian  and  equeftrian  rank,    befides 
many  perfons  of  note  from  the  colonies 
and  municipal  towns,  ih.  17.    Surmlfes 
of  this   confplracy  having  been   fprcad 
abroad,   caufed  a    general   alarm,   and 
determined  all  ranks  of  men  to  confer 
the  coniullhip  on  Cicero,  ib.  18-.     The 
people  not    content    with  giving  their 
lilent  votes,   declared  their  inclinations 
with  a  loud  voice,   Cic.    Rull.  2,2.; 
Pif.  I.     Cicero's  colleague  was  C.  An- 
tonlus,  who  had  formerly  been  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Caiillne  ;  but  Cicero 
detatched    him    from   that  party    by 


10;    ]  CIC 

giving  up  to  him  the  province  he  wifli 
ed,  SalluJl.  26.  ;  Ck.  Pif.  2.  Sext.  5. 
Cael.  31.  The  provinces  appointed  for 
the  confuls  this  year  were  Macedonf-i 
and  Cifalpinc  Gaul.  The  former  ^qW 
to  the  lot  of  Cicero,  but  he  yielded  it 
to  his  colleague,  who  defired  it,  as  beinsr 
the  richeft;  and  foon  after  Cicero  refigned 
his  own  province  of  Gaul  in  an  afiembly 
of  the  people,  contrary  to  their  inclina« 
tion,  {^reclamante  populo^)  Cic.  Pif.  3. 
m  favour  of  Q^Metellus,  Plutarch,  f, 
866. ;  Dio^  37,  33.  Thus  Antonius 
was  brought  to  concur  with  Cicero  iji 
all  his  meafures  for  the  good  of  the 
ilatc,  ib. 

Cicero  had  great  dIfRculties  to  ftrug- 
gle  with  in  difcharging  his  duty  as 
conful,  Cic.  Rull.  I,  8.  Sep.  et  2,  ^. 
and  difplayed  wonderful  abilities  in 
furmounting  them.  P.  Servillus  Rul- 
Lus,  one  of  the  new  tribunes,  had  pra- 
pofed  an  agrarian  law,  promifing  the 
higheft  advantages  to  the  plebeians;  but 
fuch  was  the  power  of  Cicero's  elo- 
quence, that  he  prevented  it  from  bein^ 
paffed,  Cic.  Rull.  i.  et  2.  et  3.  Pif.  2.  or 
as  Pliny,  in  a  beautiful  apoflrophc  to  Ci- 
cero, ftrongly  exprefTes  it,  Te  dicente, 
legem  agrariam,  hoc  ejl,  aliment  a  fua  abdi-- 
caveruut    (I.  e.  rejecerunt)  trihusj  7,  30 

L.  Roscius  Otho,  a  tribune,  had 
got  a  lav/  pafTed  three  years  before, 
while  Cicero  was  praetor,  affigning  to 
the  Equites  dldind  feats  in  the  theatre, 
next  behind  the  patricians,  and  before 
the  plebeians.  The  people  were  highly 
offended  on  this  account ;  and  there- 
fore, when  Otho  one  day  happened  to 
come  Into  the  theatre,  he  was  received 
by  the  populace  with  an  unlverfal  hlfs, 
while  the  Equites  honoured  him  with* 
loud  applaufe  and  clapping-.  Beth  fides 
redoubled  their  clamour  with  great  vie* 
ience,  and  from  reproaches  were  prc- 
ceeding  to  blows.  Cicero,  being  inform- 
ed of  the  tumult,  came  immediately  to 
the  theatre  ;  and  funimoning  the  people 
into  the  temple  of  Bellona,  fo  moved 
them  by  an  oration,  which  is  now  loft, 
that,  alhamed  of  their  copdu<^»  they 
O  r«turnc(E 


C  I  C  [    io6 

feturned  to  the  theatre,  and  changed 
their  hiffes  ngainfl  Ocho  into  applaufes, 
Plin.  ib.  ;  Cic.  Att.  2,  I.  ;  Plutarch,  in 
C'tc.p.  867.  To  this  Virgil  is  fiippofed 
to  allude,  P^irg.  Aen.  1,  152.  but  more 
probably  to  Cato,  {q.  i\).  Much  about 
the  fame  time,  there  hapoened  a  third 
inftance,  not  lefs  remarkable,  of  Cicero's 
great  power  of  perfuafron.  Sulla  had, 
by  an  exprefs  law,  excluded  the  chil- 
dren of  tliofe  whom  he  had  profcribed, 
from  the  fenate,  and  from  all  public 
honours,  Veil.  2,  28.  The  perfons  in- 
jured by  this  tyrannical  aft,  who  were 
numerous  and  of  the  firll  families,  were 
now  ufmg  their  utmoll  efforts  to  get  the 
law  reverfed.  But  Cicero,  though  con- 
vinced of  the  equity  of  their  requeft, 
yet  from  the  condition  of  the  times, 
judging  It  unfeafonable,  prevailed  on 
them  to  defift  from  their  application, 
C'lc,  P'lf.  2.  (Te  oraiite,  prvfcr'iptorum  li- 
ber as  honores pctere  pudu'it^^  Plin.  ibid. 

The  next  important  affair  that  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  Cicero,  was  the 
defence  of  C.  Rabirius,  (7.  T.)."But 
what  chiefly  ennobled  the  confullhip  of 
Cicero,  was  the  fuppreffion  of  the  con- 
fpiracyof  CATILINE  ;  who  having 
been  fruftrated  in  his  application  for 
the  confuKhip  the  former  year,  fet  every 
engine  at  work  to  forward  the  confpi- 
racy,  {in  d'les plura  agitare,  3cc.),  ih.  24. 
But  notwithltandinc^^  thefe  preparations, 
he  declared  himfelF  a  candidate  for 
r.ext  year,  Sallnjh  Cat.  1,26.  and  ur- 
ged his  pretenfions  by  fuch  open  bri- 
bery,- that  Cicero  pnblifiied  a  new  law 
agaiufl;  that  crime,  with  the  additional 
puniihi'nent  of  a  ten  years  exile  ;  prohi- 
biting likewife  all  Tnews  of  gladiators, 
within  two  years  from  the- time  of  f'ling 
for  any  magiilracy  ;  unlefs  they  were 
ordered  by  '.he  will  of  a  perfon  decea- 
fed,  and  on  a  certain  day  therem  fpeci- 
i\tA^  C\c.  Murcn.  z-'y  ;  Vatin.  l^.  Ca- 
tiline thinking  that  this  law  was  aimed 
a^a^nd  him,  as  it  actually  was,  formed 
.a  delign  to  kill  Cicero  on  the  day  of 
the  eicclion,  with  fome  other  chiefs  of 
the  faiate,  Z)/o,  37,  29.  Cicero  fays, 
that  Catiline  wifhed  to  kill  his  compe- 
titors, Cic.  Cal,  I,  5.     But  Cicero  ha- 


]  CIC 

ving  got  notice  of  his  intention,  by 
means  of  Fulvia,  a  noble  woman,  the 
miilrefs  of  Q^Curius,  one  of  the  con- 
fpirators,  prevented  the  attempt,  by 
procuring  a  number  of  his  friends  to  at- 
tend him  to  the  Campus  Mariius,  and 
by  wearing  a  bright  coat  of  mail  under 
his  toga,  which  he  took  care  to  difplay 
to   the  afTembly,   that  fo  all  good  citi- 


zens,  perceiving  their  conful  in  danger, 
might  concur  to  aluft  and  proteft  him, 
Cic.  Muren.  26.  Thus  Catiline  being 
repulfed  a  fecond  time  from  the  conful- 
fhip,  and  difappointed  in  his  hopes  of 
affafiinating  Cicero,  (Sallud:  fays,  both 
the  confuls.  Cat.  27.)  determined  to 
make  war,  and  to  try  all  extremities,  ib. 
et  Diot  37,  30.  Appian  fays,  that  Ca- 
tiline, after  being  at  iirfl  rejected,  dropt 
all  thoughts  of  again  concerning  him- 
felf  with  the  management  of  the  re- 
public, B.  C.  2, p.  42 S.  But  the  con- 
trary  appears  fiom  Cicero  himfclf,  ib„ 

The  defitins  of  Catiline  being  nov7 
publicly  known,  excited  fo  great  ap- 
prehenfion,  that  the  fenate  paflcd  the 
folemn  de<Tee,  "  That  the  confuls 
fhould  take  care  that  the  republic 
might  fuffer  no  harm,"  Sallujl.  Cat.  29.; 
Cic.  Cat.  1,2.;  Dioy  37,  31.  ;  Plutarch, 
in  Cic.  Catiline,  however,  urged  on 
liis  purpofe.  He  fent  Manllus,  a  bold 
and  experienced  centurion,  who  had 
fignalifed  himfclf  in  the  wars  of  Sulla, 
to  Fefulae  in  ILtruria,  to  lake  the  com- 
mand of  a  body  of  men  whom  he  had 
previoufiy  prepared  to  take  up  arms ; 
and  other  perfons  to  diilerent  places. 
He  called  a  meeting  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
confpiracy  in  the  middle  of  the  night, 
to  tiie  houfe  of  M.  Porcius  Laeca, 
where  the  molt  defperate  meafures  were 
refolved  on  :  that  a  general  inlurrec- 
tion  fnould  be  raifed  through  Italy  un- 
der different  leaders ;  that  Catihnc 
ihculd  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the 
troops  in  Etruria  :  that  Rome  Ihould 
be  fired  In  feveral  places  at  once,  and 
that  all  the  nobility,  who  oppofed  them, 
fnould  be  maffacred.  But  the  vigi- 
lance of  Cicero  being  the  chief  ob- 
flacle  to  all  thefe  projeAs,  Catiline  was 
very  defirous  to  fee  him  taken  off  be- 
fore 


i 


C  I  C  C    1 

kirt  he  left  Rome.  Accordingly  two 
of  the  company,  C.  Corneh'us,  an  eguesy 
and  L.  Vargunteius,  a  fenator,  under- 
took to  go  to  Cicero's  houfe,  early  that 
morning,  as  if  to  faliite  him,  and  toftab 
him  unprepared  in  his  bed.  But  Ci- 
_cero  being  informed  by  Fiilvia  of  what 
was  intended,  ordered  them  to  be  re- 
fufed  admittance  at  the  gate,  Sallujl, 
ih.  28.  Cicero  fays  it  was  two  Equites 
that  attempted  this  crime.  Cat.  i,  4. 
and  names  one  of  them  C.  Corneh'us,  Syll. 
6.  Plutarch  calls  them  Marcius  and 
Cethegus,  in  Ck.  p.  868.  Appian  calls 
them  P.  Lentulus  and  Cethegus,  B.  C, 
2. p.  429.  Dio  fays  only  two  perfons, 
37,32. 

Two  days  after  the  nodurnal  meet- 
ing of  the  confpirators,  Cicero,  on  the 
6th  November,  or,  as  others  think,  on 
the  8th,  afiembled  the  fenate,  for  the 
fake  of  fecurity,  in  the  temple  of  Jupi- 
ter Stator  in  the  Capitol,  where  it  was 
not  ufually  held,  unlefs  in  times  of 
alarm.  There  had  been  feveral  debates 
before  this  on  the  fubje^:  of  Catiline's 
■eonfpiracy  ;  and  a  decree  had  pafied,  to 
offer  a  pubhc  reward  to  the  firft  dil- 
coverer  of  the  plot.  Yet  Catiline,  by 
a. profound  diffimulation,  and  conftant 
profeffions  of  his  innocence,  ftill  decei- 
ved many  of  all  ranks  ;  reprefenting 
the  whole  as  a  f.ttion  of  his  enemy  Ci- 
cero, and  offering  to  give  fecurity  for 
his  behaviour,  and  to  deliver  himfeif  to 
the  cuflody  of  any  one  whom  the  fe- 
nate would  name  ;  of  M.  Lepidus,  of 
Q^Metellus,  and  even  of  Cicero  himfeif. 
But  none  of  them  would  take  charge  of 
him,  Cic,  Cat.  1,  8.  (Dio  fays  that 
Metellus  did  receive  him,  37,  32. )  Ca- 
tihne.  Hill  difguifiiig  his  intentions,  had 
the  confidence  to  come  to  this  very 
meeting  of  the  fenate  in  the  Capitol ; 
which  fo  (liocked  the  whole  aiitmbly, 
that  none  even  of  his  friends  and  con- 
nexions fainted  him,  and  the  confular 
fenators  left  empty  that  part  of  the 
benches  where  he  fat,  Ck.  Cat.  i,  7. 
Cicero  was  lo  moved  by  his  prefence, 
(either  with  fear  or  anger,  as  Sallutl 
fays,  c.  31.)  that  inilcad  of  proceeding 
to  any  bufniefs,  he  broke  out  into  a 


07    1  C  I  c 

fevere  iavedlive  againft  Catiiine,  (Ora- 
tionem  hahu'it  luculentam  atrjrte  ut'ilcm  rei' 
publkae  ;  guam  po/leafcnptam  edidit^)  ib. 
This  fpeech  is  ilill  extant,  and  exhibits 
a  ftriking  proof  of  Cicero's  wonderful 
powers  of  eloquence.  Catihne  was  fo 
afreded  by  it,  that  m  xt  night  he  fet 
out  with  a  fmall  retime,  (Plutarch  fays, 
with  300  armed  men,  //;  Ck.)  to  the 
camp  of  Manlius.  His  friends  gave 
out,  that,  to  avoid  the  violence  of  Cice- 
ro, he  was  gone  to  Marfeilles  into  vo- 
luntary exile,  Ck.  Cat.  2,  6.  Cicero 
next  day  called  the  people  together 
into  the  forum,  and  gave  them  a  true 
account  of  the  matter,  Ck.  Cat.  2.  Im- 
mediately after,  he  afiembled  the  fenate. 

CatiUne  hav'.  g  alfumed  the fafcts  and 
other  badges  of  command,  in  a  few 
days  arrived  at  the  camp  of  Manlius. 
Upon  this  news  the  fenate  declared 
both  Catiline  and  Manhus  public  ene- 
mies, with  offers  of  pardon  to  fuch  of 
their  followers  as  returned  to  their  duty 
by  a  certain  day.  But  none  accepted 
the  offer,  Sai/ii/l.  ib.  36.  The  fenate 
alio  decreed  that  the  confuls  (hould  levy 
troops  ;  that  Antonius  fhould  haften 
to  purfue  Catiline  with  an  army,  and 
that  Cicero  fliould  guard  the  city,  ih. 

Some  time  after  the  departure  of 
Catihne,  Cicero  defended  Mure n a, 
the  conful  eled,  who  was  accufed  of 
bribery  by  his  competitor  Sulpicius, 
lupported  by  Cato  and  Pofthumius. 
The  oration  is  flill  extant,  though  in 
fome  paits  imperfedi. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  chiefs  of  the 
eonfpiracy  in  the  city,  Lentulus,  Cethe- 
gus, Statilius,  Gabiniusy  and  Caeparius, 
v^'iihing  to  induce  the  Allohroges,  a  na* 
tion  of  Gaul,  to  take  part  in  the-  war, 
by  means  of  one  Umbienus,  apphed  to 
their  ambaflacois,  who  had  come  to 
Rome  to  complain  of  the  avarice  of 
their  magiftrates,  ih.  40.  et  Plutarch,  in 
Cic.  The  Allohroges  at  firft  eagerly 
liflened  to  the  propofal,  but  afterwards 
changing  their  mind,  difcovered  what 
they  knew  of  the  eonfpiracy  to  L.  Fa- 
bius  Sanga,  the  patron  of  their  nation, 
who  immediately  gave  intelligence  of  it 
to  Cicero,  By  his  contrivance  the  con- 
O  2  fplrator 


C  T  C  [    io8 

fpiratftrs  Xftft  apprehended,  and  the 
plot  completely  deteded,  Salhi/7.  ih.  41, 
—  48.  On  which  account  the  fenate, 
among  other  things,  decreed  a  public 
thankfgiving  to  the  gods  In  Cicero's 
name ;  an  honour  which  had  never  be- 
fore been  conferred  on  any  one  in  the 
P)ga,  I.  e.  in  the  r^>be  of  peace,  without 
affurning  the  drefs  of  a  foldier  and  go- 
ing to  war,  Cic.  Cni.  3,  6.  The  con- 
fpirators  were  ordered  to  be  kept  In 
what  was  called  free  cudody  {in  liheris 
tuflodl'ts  hahebantur,)  i.  e.  in  the  hoafts 
of  illultrlous  citizens,  who  were  bound 
to  fecure  them,  ib.  47.  After  the  dif- 
jniffion  of  the  fenate  Cicero  weut  direct- 
ly to  the  Roflraj  and  gave  the  people 
a  particular  account  of-  what  had  been 
done,  Cic.  Cat.  7^. 

Cicero  appointed  certain  fenators  to 
take  notes  of  the  evidence  againfl  the 
confpirators  ;  and  after  an  account  of 
the  whole  proceedings  was  made  out, 


rdered 


cop 


fes  of  It  to  be  tranfcribed, 


and  to  be  difperfed  every  where 
through  Italy  and  the  provinces,  Ctc. 
Syll.  14,  &  15.  All  this  pafled  on  the 
3d  of  December  ;  and  on  the  following 
night,  according  to  annual  curiom,(  Vid. 
R.A. p.  333.)  the  myftic  rites  of  the 
Good  Goddess,  or  Bona  Dea.,  were 
performed  at  the  houfe  of  Cicero  by 
his  wife  Terentia  v.'ith  the  Velial  vir- 
gins and  the  principal  matrons  of 
Rome.  Cicero  of  courfe  being  exclud- 
ed from  his  own  lodging,  was  forced  to 
retire  to  the  houfe  of  a  friend.  While 
he  was  dellba-ating  there  with  a  few 
confidents  about  the  punlfliment  of  the 
confpirators,  his  wife  came  In  all  haile 
to  Inform  him  of  a  prodigy,  which  had 
juft  happened  ;  for  the  facrihce  to  the 
Bffna  Dea  being  pvtr,  and  the  fire  on 
the  altar  feeraingly  extindl,  a  bright 
jlame  ifrued  fuddenly  from  the  afhes  j 
whereupon  the  Yeftal  virgins  fent  Te- 
rentia to  her  hufband,  to  encourage 
him  to  execute  what  he  intended  for  the 
good  of  his  country  ;  ^iV^cc  the  goddefs 
by  this  fign  alnired  him  that  he  Ihould 
cfFe6l  his  defigns,  not  only  with  fafety, 
but  alfo  with  glory,  Plutarch,  in  Cic. 
p.  870,^  874.;  Z)ic,  37,  35. 


1  CIC 

Next  day  the  fenate  decreed  rewards 
to  the  ambaffadors  of  the  AUohroget, 
and  to  T.  Volturcius,  one  of  the  con- 
fpirators, who,  tempted  by  the  pro- 
mlfe  of  a  pardon,  had  turned  Informer, 
Sallufl.  c,  50.  ;  Cic.  Cat.  4,  3.  In  the 
mean  time  the  accomplices  of  the  con- 
fpiracy  made  every  effort  to  refcue  their 
afTocIates.  Cicero,  therefore,  on  the 
day  following,  the  5th  December,  {Non, 
Deecmb.)y  affembled  the  fenate,  and  put 
the  queftion,  **  What  was  to  be  done 
with  the  confpirators  who  were  in 
cuftody  ?'■  Sllanns,  the  conful  elett, 
being  firft  afked  his  opinion,  according 
to  cullonri,  decreed,  that  they  fliould 
be  put  to  death.  Tib.  Nero  thought 
that  the  deliberation  concerning  their 
punii'hment  fliould  be  deferred  till  the 
public  guards  were  increafed  and  a 
greater  number  of  troops  raifed,  (de  ea 
re,  praefidiis  addiiis,  refL-ruudum  cenfuit,) 
Salluft.  ib.  or  according  to  Appian, 
that  the 7  (liould  be  kept  In  cuftody, 
till  Catiline  fhould  be  crufhed,  and  the 
whole  truth  thoroughly  known,  B.  C, 
2.  p.  430.  The  opinion  of  Caefar  dif- 
fered but  little  from  that  of  Nero,  ib. 
but  being  enforced  by  an  artful  fpeech, 
made  a  great  ImpreiTion  on  the  houfe, 
Appian  ih.  431.  ;  Sallujl.  ih.  51.  to  re- 
move which  Cicero  delivered  v^'hat  Is 
called  his  fourth  oration  agalnll  Cati- 
line ;  wherein,  while  he  feemed  to  (hew 
a  perfect  neutrality,  he  artfully  inhnu- 
ated  a  preference  to  the  opinion  of  Si- 
lanus,  Biic  Silanus  himfelf,  moved  by 
the  fpeech  of  Caefar,  began  to  mitigate 
the  feverity  of  his  opinion,  Sud.  Caef, 
14.  and  declared  that  he  would  go  In- 
to the  opinion  of  Nero,  Salhiji.  50.  Ca- 
to,  one  of  the  new  tribunes,  rofe  after 
Cicero,  and  fpoke  fo  forcibly  againft 
the  confpirators,  that  he  entirely  re- 
moved the  effect  of  Caefar's  fpeech, 
and  determined  the  fenate  to  agree  to 
his  opinion,  **  That  capital  punilhment 
fhould  be  Infiidled  on  the  confpirators 
after  the  manner  of  their  anceflors.'' 
SalluJ}.  ^^.  The  decree  of  the  fenate 
was  drawn  up  In  Cato's  words,  [Senati 
decretumJityJlciU  ille  cenfuerat,')  ib.  Ci- 
cero, without  lofs  of  time,  put  the  fen- 

tence 


C  I  C  [109 

tence  in  execution,  and  caufed  the  con- 
fpirators  to  be  ftrangled  in  prifon,  iL 
^^,  As  he  returned  from  thence 
through  the  foruiD,  he  faw  a  number 
of  their  accomplices  {landing  together 
in  companies,  ignorant  of  what  had 
been  done,  expelling  the  night,  as  if 
the  criminal's  were  ilill  alive,  and  there 
were  a  poflibility  of  tlicir  being  refcued. 
But  Cicero  called  out  to  them  in  a 
loud  voice,  VixERUNT,  **  They  have 
lived,  or  they  are  no  more,"  an  expref- 
fion  which  the  Romans,  to  avoid  inauf» 
picious  words,  made  ufe  of  to  fignify, 
*'  They  are  dead."  Upon  which  they 
all  difperfed,  Plutarch,  in  Clc.  et  Appian, 

p.  431. Cicero  was  conduced  home 

by  the  whole  body  of  the  fenate  and 
Equites ;  the  ftreets  being  all  illumina- 
ted, and  the  women  and  children  at  the 
windows,  and  on  the  tops  of  houfes,  to 
fee  him  pafs  along  through  the  accla- 
mations of  the  multitude,  proclaiming 
him  their  preferver  and  deliverer,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Cic.  p.  871. 

Thefe  are  the  famous  Nones  of 
December,  which  Cicero  fo  often  men- 
tions in  his  writings,  Fam,  1,9.;  Att. 
I,  18.;  Flacc.  40,;  Sext.6o.\  Plu- 
tarch, in  Cic  p.  872.  and  eileemed  the 
moft  illuftrious  day  of  his  life ;  but 
which  afterv^'ards  proved  to  him  the" 
fource  of  the  grcateit  misfortunes,  iL 

The  chief  men  of  the  ftate  fpoke  of 
the  meritorious  conduti  of  Cicero,  in 
terms  of  the  higheli  refpedl  ;  particu- 
larly CraiTus  and  Pompey,  Cic.  Alt. 
I,  13.  ;  Of.  I,  22.  ;  Se^Mt.  61.  L.  Gel- 
lius,  who  had  been  confiil  and  cenfor, 
faid  in  a  fpeech  to  the  fenate,  **  that 
the  republic  owed  Cicero  a  civic  crown, 
for  having  faved  them  all  from  ruin," 
Cic.  Pi/.  3. ;  Cell.  5,  6.  And  Catulus, 
the  prince  of  the  fenate,  called  him^  in 
a  full  houfc.  the  Fatlier  of  his  coun- 
try, (Pater  Patriae),  Cic.Pif.^.', 
as  Cato  like  wife  did  in  a  fpeech  to  the 
people  from  the  Roftra,  Plutarch,  ib. 
et  Appian.  p.  43 1,  Whence  Pliny,  in 
honour  of  Cicero's  memory,  cries  out, 
**  Hail  thou,  who  waft  firil  faluted  the 
parent  of  thy  country,"  (Sahe  pri- 
mus omnium  parens  patriae  appellate  J  ^   7, 


3  CIC 

30.  This  title  ufed  to  be  conferred  ou 
the  emperors  by  the  Romans  when  en- 
flaved  ;  but  it  was  firft  given  to  Cice- 
ro by  Rome,  while  free  :  whence  Ju- 
venal fays,  Roma  patrem  patriae  Cicero* 
nem  libera  dixit,  8,  244.r  All  the  towns 
of  Italy  followed  the  example  of  the 
metropolis  in  decreeing  extraordinary- 
honours  to  Cicero.  The  people  of  Ca- 
pua in  particular  chofe  him  for  their 
patron,  and  ereded  a  gilt  pillar  to  him, 
Cic,  Pif.  1 1. — Salluft,  who  allows  Ci- 
cero the  charadler  of  an  excellent  con- 
ful,  takes  no  notice  of  any  of  thefc 
honours,  from  perfonal  enmity,  as  it  is 
fuppofed,  and  to  pleafe  Auguftus,  in 
whofe  time  Salluft  publiHied  his  hiftory. 

The  honours  jufiily  paid  to  Cicero 
cxafperated  his  enemies  ftill  more  a- 
gainft  him.  The  chiefs  of  the  popu- 
lar party  therefore  embraced  every  op- 
portunity to  mortify  him.  On  the  laft 
day  of  his  office,  when  he  appeaned 
in  the  Rojlray  to  make  a  fpeech  to  the 
people,  as  was  commonly  done,  be- 
fore he  took  the  ufual  oath,  "  That 
he  had  dilcharged  his  duty  with  fideli- 
ty ;"  the  tribune  Metellus  would  not 
fuffer  him  to  fpeak,  or  to  do  any  thing 
more  than  barely  to  take  the  oath  ; 
declaiing,  "  that  he,  who  had  put  ci- 
tizens to  death  unheard,  ought  not  to 
be  permitted  to  fpeak  for  himfelf»" 
Whereupon  Cicero,  who  was  never  af 
a  lofs,  inftead  of  pronouncing  the  <k- 
dinary  form  of  the  oath,  fwore  aloud,  . 
"  that  he  had  faved  the  republic  and 
the  city  from  ruin  ;"  which  the  wh<5le 
people  prefent  wich  a  general  fhout 
fwore  to  be  true,  and  conducted  him 
from  the  Forum  to  his  houfe  v/ith  lall 
poffible  demonftrations  of  refpecl :  fo 
that,  as  he  himfelf  expreiles  it,  ncme 
but  thofe  w^ho  attended  him,  feemied 
to  be  Roman  citizens,  (ut  nemo,  iiiji 
qui  mecum  ejjety  civium  efje  in  numero  n}i- 
JereturJ,  Pif.  3.  Fam.  5,  2.  j     , 

In  the  confulfliip  of  Cicero  Luqlil- 
lus  triumphed  over  Mithridates,  wh  ich 
honour  he  had  been  prevented  frsm 
obtaining  for  three  years,  by  the  Je- 
traftion  of  his  enemies,  (inimicorum  pa- 
lumnidj,    Cic.  Agad.    2,   i.  of  Mtrn- 

r.lius 


C  I  C  [I 

mius  the  tribune  and  others,  at  the  in- 
ftigation  of  his  rival  Pompey,  Plutarch, 
in  LucuIL  But  Cicero,  by  his  autho- 
rity, efTe^^ed  it.  Hence  ke  fays,  that 
he  had  ahnoil  introduced  the  trium- 
phal chariot  of  Lucullns  into  the  city, 
ib.  However,  to  gratify  Pompey,  af- 
ter the  conclufion  of  the  Mithridatic 
^^ar,  ib.  a  public  thankfgiving  Vv\ts  de- 
creed in  hit*  name,  on  the  motion  of  Ci- 
cero, for  ten  days,  Cic.  Acad.  4,  i.  which 
was  twice  as  long  as  had  ever  been 
decreed  before  to  any  General,  C'lc. 
Conf.  Prov,  1 1 4 

Cicero  got  two  laws  paiTed  this 
year,  called  from  him  Leges  Tul- 
LiAE,  the  one  againll  bribery  in  elec- 
tions, (p.  106).  the  other  to  abridge 
the  time  of  a  privilege,  called  a  Free 
Legation,  (legatio  libera).  Leg.  3,  8.; 
(R.  A.  220.) 

One  of  the  moft  important  objects 
■which  Cicero  laboured  to  accomplifli 
in  his  confulfliip,  was  to  unite  the  po- 
pulace with  the  leading  men,  and  the 
eijueft  ■.in^ord':^r  with  the  fenate,  Pif.  3. 
The  conjundlion  of  the  two  latter  he 
efecled,  Cic.  Cat.  4,  10.  ;  fo  that  Pli- 
ny even  fays  it  was  Cicero  that  iirft  e- 
flablifhed  the  Equites  as  a  third  order 
ii  the  ftate,  33,  2.  From  this  union 
Cicero  juftly  hoped  the  greateil:  bene- 
fit would  arife  to  the  republic,  Cic.  ib. 
'  But  it  was  foon  after  broken,  by  the 
f;;nate  refufmg  a  petition  of  the  Equi- 
tis  to  be  relcafed  from  a  difadvantage- 
ous  leafe  of  the  Afiatic  revenues,  Cic. 
Alt.  I,  17.  &  I S.  f/  2,  I.  which  Caelar 
afterwards  granted  them,  Dio,  38,  7.  ; 
hiet.  CaeJ  20.   (Vid.  R.  A.   p.  24.). 

Ill  the  beginning  of  the  next  year, 
a.  u.  691,  Catiline  was  cut  off  with  his 
srmy  by  M.  Petreius,  the  lieutenant  of 
C.  Antonius,  Salhijl.  Cat.  61.;  Liv.  Ep. 
103.  ;  Dio,  37,  39.  — In  this  fame  year 
Cicero  defended  ?.  Sylla,  who  had 
formerly  been  condemned  with  Autro- 
iiius  for  bribery,  Salluji.  Cat.  18.  and 
■^-•dS  then  accufed  of  having  tv/ice  con- 
^ired  with  Catiline  againfl:  his  coun- 
try, Cic.  SuU.  He  was  acquitted, 
vid.  Sulla. — About  this  time  Cice- 
7i)  bought  the  hcuie  of  M.  Craifus,  on 


10    ]  C   T  C 

the  Palatine  hill,  partly  with  borrowed 
money,  for  H.  S  xxxv.  i.  e.  tricies  quin- 
quies,  about  L.  24,218,  Cic.  Ep.  Fam, 
5,  6.;  Att.  I,  13.;  Plin.  13,  15.  et  7, 
38.  In  the  trial  of  P.Clodius,  then  quae- 
ftor,  for  the  violation  of  the  facred  rites 
of  the  Bona  Dea,  Cicero  appeared 
as  a  witnefs  againfl  him,  Cic.  Att.  i, 
\6.  vidiich  was  the  fource  of  the  bitter 
hatred  Clodius  ever  after  bore  to  Cicero. 

A.  U.  692,  Cicero  is  fuppoftd  to 
have  made  that  elegant  oration,  ftill 
extant,  in  defence  of  his  old  praecep- 
tor,  the  poet  Archias. 

A.  U.  693,  [al.  694).  in  the  con- 
fuhhip  of  ^ietellus  and  Afranius,  Ci- 
cero compofed  in  Greek  a  commiCnta- 
ry  or  memoirs  of  the  tranfa<flions  of  his 
confuKhip,  Att.  I,  19.  et  2^  i.  He 
alfo  publifhed  a  collection  of  the  prin- 
cipal fpeeches,  which  he  made  when 
conful,  under  the  title  of  Consular 
Oratio^js,  in  number  twelve,  the  fub- 
je6t  of  each  of  which  he  mentions,  Att. 
2,  I.  Four  of  them  are  now  entirely 
loll:,  and  fome  of  the  reil  have  not 
come  down  to  us  entire.  He  publifh- 
ed likewife  at  this  time  in  Latin  verfe 
a  tranllation  of  the  Prognostics  of 
'Aratus, /^.  Clodius  now  began  to 
difclofe  the  plan  which  he  had  form- 
ed for  ruining  Cicero,  and  that  was 
to  get  himfelf  chofen  a  tribune.  But 
as  no  patrician  could  by  law  obtain 
that  office,  he  propofed  to  get  himfelf 
adopted  by  a  plebeian  ;  which  could 
not  be  done  without  the  order  of  the 
people.  In  this  however  he  was  op- 
pofed,  for  the  preient  year,  by  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, the  conful-  Metcilus,  Cic, 
Att.  2,  1.;  Cael.  24.  Biit  the  combi- 
nation between  Cacfar,  Pompey,  and 
Craffus,  commonly  called  tlie  First 
Triumvirate,  being  formed  towards 
the  end  of  this  year ;  and  Cicero,  next 
year,  in  his  defence  of  Antony,  (who 
had  been  his  colleague  in  the  confulate, 
and  was  accufed  by  Caelius  of  the 
mal-adminiilration  of  his  province  of 
Macedonia),  having  uttered  fome  com- 
plaints concerning  the  Hate  of  the  re- 
public, Dio,  38,  10.  Caefar,  vv'ho  was 
then  coniul,  being  informed   of  what 

Cicero 


1 


C  T  C  C    I 

Cicero  had  faid,  inftantly  called  an  af- 
fembly  of  the  people,  and  being  afliil- 
ed  by  Pompey,  as  augur,  to  make  the 
a£l  legal  and  aufpicious,  got  the  adop- 
tion of  Clodius  ratified  by  the  people 
through  all  the  forms,  within  three 
hours  from  the  time  of  Cicero'?  fpeak- 
ing,  dc.  Dom.  l6. ;  Suet.  Caef.  2c.  ; 
and  thus  the  bow,  as  Cicero  calls  it, 
which  had  been  kept  bent  againli  him 
and  the  republic,  was  at  lall  difchar- 
ged,  Sext.  7.  Cicero,  among  other 
caufes  which  he  pleaded  this  year,  de- 
fended L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  who 
had  been  praetor  in  Cicero's  conftd- 
fhip,  and  had  aflifted  him  in  appre- 
hending the  confpirators  with  the  am- 
bafuidors  of  the  Allobroges,  C'lc,  Cat. 
3,  2.  h  6.  He  was  now  accufed  by 
P.  Laelius  of  rapine  and  oppreffion  in 
his  province  of  Afia.  The  ipeech  is 
fhill  extant,  but  fomewhat  mutilated. 
Flaccus  was  acquitted. 

Caefar  and  Pompey  knowing  that 
Cicero  dlfapproved  of  their  ufurpation, 
and  fearing  left  he  might  oppofe  their 
meafures,  determined  to  fupport  Clo- 
dius in  his  defigns  againli  him,  Cic. 
Ait.  2,  18,  19,  (SiC.  et  9,  2.;    ^int.  Fr, 

1,  2.;  latere.  2,  45.  Caefar  wifhed 
to  bring  Cicero  to  concur  with  him  in 
his  plans,  and  therefore  offered  to  miike 
him  one  of  the  twenty  comm.iffiuners 
appointed  to  di (tribute  the  lands  cf 
Campania  among  the  planters  fent  from 
R(nne  to  occupy  them  ;  but  Cicero 
refuied  it,  Cic.  Att.  2,  18.  &  19.  which 
is  faid  to  have  offtnded  Caeiar,  C'lc. 
Prov.  Cotif.  17.;  fo  that,  as  Caefar 
could  not  gain  him,  he  refolved  to 
humble  him,  ih.  9,  2.  ;  Veil.  2,  45. 
But  Pompey  gave  Cicero  the  ftrongcil 
affurances  ol  his  protection  ;  declaring 
that  he  would  fooner  be  killed  hiu.felf 
than  fuffer  Cicero  to  be  hurt,  Cic.  Att. 

2,  20.  Pompey  however  foon  fnowed 
that  all  thefe  prom.ifes  were  falfe,  and 
Clodius,  as  he  himfelf  declared,  was 
in  reality  as  much  luppcrted  by  Pom- 
pey and  Craffus  as  by  Caefar,  Cic. 
Har.  Refp.  22.  Clodius,  being  cre- 
ated tribune,  and  having  procured 
the  concurrence    of    Pif»    and   Gabi- 


ir     1  C  T  C 

nius,  the  confuls  of  the  following  year* 
a.  a  695",  by  granting  them  the  pro- 
vinces they  wiihed»  promulgated  feve- 
ral  popular  laws  to  gain  the  people. 
Then  he  propofed  a  fpecial  law,  "  That 
whoever  had  put  to  death  a  Roman 
citizen  uncondemned,  fliould  be  pro- 
hibited from  fire  and  water,"  /WA  2, 
45.  Cicero,  though  not  named,  was 
plainly  pointed  at  by  this  law.  He 
therefore  changed  his  habit,  and  affu^ 
med  the  drefs  of  a  criminal  j  which  he 
was  afterwards  Cenfible  he  ought  not 
then  to  have  done,  Cic.  Att.^'^,  15. 
For  Clodius,  at  the  head  of  his  mer- 
cenaries, contrived  to  meet  and  in- 
fult  Cicero  at  every  turn,  Plutarch,  in 
Cic.  The  equeilrian  order,  to  tlic 
number  of  20,000,  and  the  fenate, 
changed  their  habit  on  Cicero's  ac- 
count, Cic.  pojl  red.  in  Sen.  5.  ad  ^ir, 
3.;  Plane.  35.;  Sext.  Ii,  &c.  ;  Fam. 
II,  16.  But  the  confuls,  by  an  edidt, 
ordered  the  fenate  to  refume  their  or- 
dinary drefs,  Cic.  Fain.  11,  14.  Cae- 
far, who  w^as  then  before  the  city  with 
his  army,  about  to  fet  out  for  his  pro- 
vince of  Gaul,  offered  to  make  Cicero 
one  of  his  lieutenants  ;  but  this,  by 
the  advice  of  Pompey,  he  declined, 
Dio,  38,  15.  CraiTus,  though  fecret- 
ly  inimical  to  Cicero,  ik  yet,  at  the 
j)erfuarion  of  his  fon,  wdio  was  a  great 
admirer  of  Cicero's,  (Ac.  ^  Fr.  2,  9. 
did  not  openly  oppofe  him,  Cic.  Sext, 
17.  &  19.  But  Pompey,  who  had  gi- 
ven Cicero  the  ftrongell  affurances  of 
fupport,  dtferted  him,  Cic.  Pif.  31, 
and  even  refufed  liis  fupplication  when 
he  threw  himfelf  at  Pompey's  feet,  al- 
leging tiiat  he  could  do  nothing  againfl 
the  will  of  Caelar,  Cic.  Att.  10,  4.  Plu- 
tarch fays,  that  Pompey,  when  Cicero 
came  to  entreat  his  nililtance,  went  out 
at  the  back  door,  and  would  oot  fee 
him,  in  Cic. 

Several  of  Cicero's  friends,  and  in 
particular  Lucullus,  advifed  him  to  de- 
fend himfelf  by  force  ;  but  Cato,  and 
above  all  I-Iortenfius,  urged  him  Lo  fa ve 
the  effufion  of  bloud,  by  retiring  till 
th^.  ftorm  fliould  blow  over :  which 
concuiring  with  the  advice  of  Atticr.?, 


C  I  C  [I 

as  well  as  with  the  fears  and  entreaties 
of  all  his  own  family,  made  him  refolvc 
to  leave  the  city>  and  go  into  volunta- 
ry exile,  Ck,  Atu  i  o,  4.  A  little  be- 
fore his  departure  he  took  a  fmall  lla- 
tue  of  Minerva,  vi^hich  had  been  long 
woHhipped  in  his  family,  as  a  kind  of 
tutelar  deity  ;  and  carrying  it  to  tlie 
Capitol,  placed  it  in  the  ternple  of  Ju- 
piter, C'lc.  Leg.  2,  17,  wirh  this  infcrip- 
tion,  To  Minerva,  the  Guardian 
OF  Rome,  Plutarch.,  p.  876.;  D'lo,,  ^8, 
17.  ;  Cic.  Fam.  12,  IS-  Dom.  57.  Jtt. 
7,  3.  Leg.  2,  15.  .        ,     .       ^ 

Cicero  left  the  city  privately  m  the 
night  time,  about  the  end  of  March, 
accompanied  by  a  number  olhis  friends, 
Plutarch,  After  his  departure  Clodius 
frot  a  law  pafTed,  which  prohibited  him 
from  coming  within  46S  miles  of 
Rome,  under  pain  of  death  to  himfelf, 
and  to  any  perfon  who  entertained 
him,  Cic,  Att.  3,  4.  ;  L)'iOy  38,  17.; 
Plut,  Cic.  p,  876.  This  law,  as  being 
informal,  Cicero  calls  Privilegium, 
Dom.  10,  17,  42,  &c.  Cicero's  hou- 
fes,  both  in  the  city  and  in  the  coun- 
try, were  burnt,  and  his  furniture 
plundered,  Cic,  Dom.  24.  Red.  in 
Senat,  7.  His  wife  and  children  were 
treated  with  great  cruelty,  Cic.  Scxf. 
24.  Dom.  23.  Fam.  14,  2.  To 
make  the  lofs  of  bis  houfe  in  Rome 
irretrievable,  Clodius  confecrated  the 
area  on  which  it  Hood,  and  built  on  it 
a  temple  to  the  Goddefs  Liberty,  Cic. 

Dom.  40,  &   51. Cicero,   notwith- 

ftanding  the  law  again  ft  him,  was  e- 
very  where  received  with  the  greateil 
refpedt,  Cic.  Dcni.  20,  40.  &  41.  ex- 
cept in  a  very  few  inftances.  He  at 
firil  pvopofed  going  to  Sicily,  and  on 
the  8th  of  y\pril,  had  got  as  far  as 
Vibo,  in  his  way  thither,  Cic-  Att,  3, 
4.  but  was  forbidden  by  C.  Virgiiius, 
the  governor  of  it,  though  an  old 
friend,  and  intimate  acquaintance, 
Plane.  40. ;  Philarch.  in  Cic.  He 
therefore  direfted  his  courfe  towards 
Greece.  He  ftaid  thirteen  days  in  the 
villa  of  M.  Lenius  Flaccus  at  Brundu- 
fiuin,  Cia   Plane,  45.;     Fam,    14,  4. 


12    -]  CIC 

On  the  laft  day  of  April  he  embark- 
ed for  Dyrracchium,  Cic.  Ait.  3,  7. 
where  he  (laid  but  a  fhort  time,  being 
apprehenfive  of  danger  from  the  ac- 
complices of  Catiline's  confpiracy,  ma- 
nv  of  whom  had  fied  to  that  country 
after  the  death  of  their  leader.  Cice- 
ro therefore  went  to  ThefTalonTca  in 
Macedonia,  whither  he  was  conduil- 
ed  by  Plan ci us,  the  quaeftor  oi' 
Appuicius,  the  governor  of  that  pro- 
vince, with  whom  he  remained  almoll 
the  whole  time  of  his  exile,  Plane.  41.; 
Pofl  red.  in  Sen.  14.  Cicero  did  not 
bear  his  baniiliment  with  fortitude?,  but 
fliowed  marks  of  deje£tion,  and  uttered 
exprefPions  of  grief  unworthy  of  his  for- 
mer charader,  Dio,  38,  t8.;   Cic.  Att, 

3,  7,  &c.  He  was  reilored  with  great 
honour  nest  year,  after  an  abfence  of 
fixteen  months,  by  a  decree  of  the  fe- 
nate,  and  by  a  law  paffed  at  the  Co- 
mitia  Centitriata,  on  the  4th  day  of  Au- 
guft,  in  the  confulfhip  of  Lentulus  and 
Metellus,  chiefly  through  the  influence 
of  Pompey,  who  then  needed  the  af- 
fiftance  of  Cicero  to  oppofe  the  de- 
fi<ins  of  Clodius  a^ainil  himfelf,  Cic.  Att, 

4,  I.  Fam,  I,  9.  Pojl  red.  ad.  ^ur.  7. 
in  Senat.  il.  ATd.  20.  Pif.  15.  ;  Z>io, 
38,  30,  et  39,  8.  The  number  of 
p.-cple  that  met  Cicero  on  the  way  to 
congratulate  him  on  his  return  was  fo 
great,  that  Plutarch  fays,  the  faying 
of  Cicero  concerning  it  was  lefs  than 
the  truth,  "  that  all  Italy  brought 
him  back  on  its  (hoalders,"  <  ic.  po/l 
red.  in  Sen,  15.  ;   Pif.  22.  ;  Scxt.  63. 

Cicero,  on  the  day  after  his  return, 
the  5th  Septen^bcr,  {^Non.  Septemb.) 
thanked  the  fenatc,  Cic.  Ait,  4,  i, 
and  next  day,  the  people,  in  two  ora- 
tions, which  are  itill  extant.  As  he 
was  overjoyed  on  being  reftored  to 
his  country,  fo  he  was  in^.modcrate  in 
his  exprellio^s  of  gratitude,  Poured, 
in  Sen.  4,   &c.  ad  ^Ar,  7. 

There  happened  at  that  time  to  be 
a  great  dearth  of  corn,  which  occa- 
fioned  a  tumult  in  the  city.  To  re- 
medy this  calamity,  Cicero  propofed 
in  the  Icuate,  that  the  charge  of  pro- 

vifions 


etc  [I 

vifions  fiiould  be  conferred  on  Pom- 
pey  for  five  years,  with  extraordinary 
powers,  through  the  whole  empire. 
To  this  the  fenate  agreed,  and  a  law 
was  foon  after  enacled  by  the  people 
for  that  purpofe.  Such  then  was  the 
influence  of  Pompey's  name,  that  his 
credit  immediately  reduced  the  price  of 
provifions,  Cic.  Att.  4,  i.  Dom,  4, 
&:c.  ad  ^lir,  8.  in  Senat.  14.  ;  Dio, 
39,  9.  Pompey  was  allowed  to  chufe 
fifteen  lieutenants,  and  named  Cicero 
the  firft,  Cic.  Jtt.  4,  i.  Cicero  ac- 
cepted the  employment,  but  foon  af- 
ter refigned  it  to  his  brother,  il.  2. 

Cicero  was  reftored  to  his  former 
dignity,  but  never  received  a  full  com- 
penfation  for  the  ruin  of  his  houfes 
and  eftates,  although  it  had  been  de- 
creed, Cic,  Att.  4,  2.  The  reafon  was, 
as  he  himfelf  expreffes  it,  **  Thofe  who 
had  dipt  his  wings  had  no  mind  to 
let  them  grow  again,"  ih.  Nor  indeed 
did  Cicero  after  this  behave  with  the 
fame  independence  he  had  done  before. 
*'  If  he  rofe  from  his  fall,"  as  a  modern 
critic  (^MongauU)  expreffes  it,  **  he  al- 
ways appeared,  however,  to  be  fome- 
vvhat  ftunncd  by  the  blow."  There  was 
fome  difficulty  about  the  area  of  his 
houfe  on  the  Palatine  mount,  which  Clo- 
dius  had  confecrated.  But  the  Pontift- 
CCS,  to  whom  the  affair  was  referred  by 
the  fenate,  decreed,  "  That  if  he  who 
performed  the  office  of  cdnfecration 
had  not  been  fpecially  appointed  to  it 
by  the  people,  then  the  area  in  quef- 
tion  might,  without  any  fcruple  of  re- 
ligion, be  reftored  to  Cicero."  The  fe- 
wate,  therefore,  decreed,  that  Cicero's 
houfe  fhould  be  reftored  to  him,  il\ 
The  pleading  of  Cicero  before  the 
Pontijices  on  the  occaiion,  is  ftill  ex- 
tant j  and  he  himlelf  was  particularly 
pleafed  with  the  compofuion  of  it, 
ih, 

Clodius  ftill  continued  his  a6ls  of 
violence  againft  Cicero  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree, that  it  feems  ft  range  that  any 
government  fhould  have  permitted 
them  to  pafs  with  impunity,  Cic,  Att. 
4;  3.     Clodius,  however,  not  only  e- 


'3    1  CIC 

fcaped  punifliment,  but  was  even  creat" 
ed  aedilc  next  year,  a.  697.  The  tri* 
umvirs  found  him  ufeful  in  promoting 
their  meafures,  and  therefore  fupport- 
ed  him  ;  and  the  fenate  were  pleafed 
to  fee  him  fometimes  even  attack  the 
triumvirs  themfelvcs,  Cic.  Refp.  Har. 
24.  The  moft  fuccefsful  opponent  of 
Clodius  was  Milo,  the  friend  of  Cice- 
ro, who  repelled  force  with  force, 
Cic.  Off.  2,  17.  and  of  courfe  their 
contefts  excited  the  grcateft  commo- 
tions in   the  ftate,  ( ic.  Att. /\j  'i,.    ^. 


Fr.  2 


»  0- 


They   fucceflively  brought 


each  other  to  a  trial  for  a6ls  of  vio- 
lence, but  without  efPeft,  ib. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  697, 
Cicero  es^erted  all  his  influence  to  get 
the  commiffion  for  reftoring  Ptolemy 
to  the  throne  of  Egypt,  confirmed  to 
Lentulus,  the  conful  of  la  ft  year,  Cic. 
Fam.  I,  I,  &c.  ^int.  F.  2,  2.  ;  but 
without    effedt,     Vid.    Ptolemaeus. 

rin  March,  Cicero  undertook  the 

defence,  and  procured  the  acquittal  of 
Sextius,  who,  in  his  tribunefliip  the 
former  year,  had  been  very  aAive  in 
promoting  the  reftoration  of  Cicero, 
and  was  now  accufed  of  public  vio- 
lence, by  M.  TuUius  Albinovanus,  at 
the  inftigation  of  Clodius,  Cic.  ^  Fr. 
2,  5,  &  4.  Sext.  13.  Vatinius, 
the  creature  of  Caefar,  having  appear- 
ed as  a  witnefs  againft  Sextius,  Cice- 
ro, inftead  of  interrogating  him  in  the 
ordinary  way,  took  occafion  to  ex- 
pofe  the  profligacy  of  the  whole  life 
of  Vatinius,  and  particularly  the  crimes 
of  his  trlbunelliip,  by  a  ferics  of  quef- 
tions  ;  whence  Cicero  calls  his  oration 
againft  Vatinius,  which  is  ftill  extant, 
Interrogatio,  Fam.  i,  9.  So  Con* 
cludam  jam  interrogationem  mearriy  Cic. 
Vat.  16. 

About  this  time  many  prodigies 
were  faid  to  have  happened  ;  concern- 
ing which  the  Harufpices^  or  foothfay- 
eis,  being  confulted,  alTigned  various 
reafons  for  the  divine  wrath  ;  among" 
the  reft,  that  facred  places  were  held 
as  profane ;  which  Clodius  applied  to 
Cicero's  houfe.  On  this  account  Ci- 
P  cero 


C  I  C  [11 

Cero  next  day  made  an  oration  in  the 
fenate,  now  infcribed,  De  Haruspi- 
cuM  RESPONsis,  111  which  hc  fhows, 
that  all  the  parts  of  the  anfvver  of  the 
Harufpices  were  applicable  to  the  crimes 
of  Clodius,  Dioy  39,  20.  ;  Cic.  Har. 
Help. 

About  the  middle  of  fummer  the  le- 
nate  began  to  deliberate  as  ufual, 
about  the  provinces  to  be  affigned  to 
the  next  confuls.  On  this  occafion 
Cicero  dthvered  that  oration,  infcri- 
bed De  PRoyiNCiis  Consularibus  ;  in 
which  he  advifed,  that  Pifo  (hould  be 
recalled  from  Macedonia,  and  Gabi- 
nius  from  Syria  j  becaufe  they  had  be- 
haved ill  in  their  government.  But 
■when  moft  of  the  fenators  who  had 
fpoken  before  him  had  decreed  that 
one  of  the  Gauls  fliould  be  taken  from 
Caefar,  and  given  to  one  of  the  con- 
fuls, Cicero  oppofed  it  ;  and  with 
great  eloquence  urged  the  propriety  of 
prolonging  Caefar*s  command,  as  like- 
wife  of  granting  him  what  he  requeil- 
cd,'  money  to  pay  his  troops,  and  per- 
milTion  to  employ  ten  lieutenants,  Cic. 
de  Prov.  Corif.  10,  &c.  Balb.  27.  ; 
though  all  this  was  contrary  to  his 
private  opinion,  Cic.  Fam.  I,  7.  Att. 
2,  17.  Thus  Cicero,  by  a  mean  com 
pllance,  contributed  to  confirm  that 
power,  which  in  the  end  proved  fatal 
to  hinnfelf,  as  well  as  to  the  liberty  of 
his  countiy*  The  excufe  he  makes  for 
this  conducl  is,  **  That  he  v,'as  forced 
by  the  envy  and  malevolence  o.f  the 
ariftocratic  party,  [optimatium)^  at  laft 
to  pay  regard  to  his  fafety,  without 
forgetting  his  dignity,  Cic.  Fam.  i,  7, 
17.    Plane,  %(^. 

About  this  time  Cicero  defended 
Li.  Cornelius  Balb  us,  whofe  right  to 
be  a  Roman  citizen  was  called  in  quef- 
tion  ;  and  M.  GoELius,  who  was  ac- 
cufed  of  being  concerned  in  the  afTaf- 
fination  of  Dio,  the  chief  of  an  em- 
bafly  from  Alexandria,  and  of  an  at- 
tempt to  poifon  Clodia,  the  fifter  of 
Clodius.  Cicero  was  fuccefsful  in  both 
pleadings.  The  orations  arc  flill  ex- 
t.anto 


4    ]  CIC 

A.U.  698,  in  the  confuifhip  of  Pom- 
pey  and  Craffus,  Pifo,  having  returned 
from  his  province  of  Macedonia,  which 
he  had  grievoufly  oppreffed,  yet  truft- 
ifig  to  the  influence  of  Caefar,  his  fa- 
ther-in-law, attacked,  in  the  fenate, 
Cicero,  in  confequence  of  whofe  opi- 
nion he  had  been  recalled.  Cicero,  in 
reply,  delivered  that  fevere  inveftive, 
(/n  Pi  SON  em),  which  is  ftill  extant, 
though  fomev/hat  mutilated.  Vid.  Cic 
in  Pif.  This  year  Cicero  finifhed  his 
three  books  concerning  the  accomplifli- 
ments  of  an  orator,  (De  Orjtqre),  Cic. 
Jtt.  4,  13,  &  16.   Div.  2,  I. 

i\.  U.  699,  Cicero  fupported  Craf- 
fus in  his  abfence  agaiuil  an  attempt 
which  was  made  in  the  fenate  to  recal 
him  from  his  province,  or  at  leafb  to 
prevent  him  from  executing  his  known 
intention  of  making  war  againft  the 
Parthians,  Cic.  Fam.  1,9.  et  5,  8.  in 
which  war  Craffus  foon  after  periflied. 

About  this  time  Cicero  entered  into 
a  more  familiar  correfpondence  with 
Caefar,  by  means  of  his  brother  Qui  nc- 
Tus,  who  had  been  made  one  of  Cae- 
far's  lieutenants,  and  of  Trebatius 
the  lawyer,  whom  Cicero  had  recom- 
mended to  Caefar,  Cic.  J^  Fr.  2,  15. 
et  3,  I.  Fam.  7,  5,  6,  &c. 

Caefar  and  Pompey  had  fo  complete- 
ly engrolTed  the  power  of  the  ftate,  that 
Cicero  found  it  neceffary  to  do  many 
things  which  in  his  heart  he  difappro- 
vcd,  Cic.  Fam.  I,  9.  (f/  7,  i.  At  the 
requcft  of  Caefar  and  Pompey,  hc 
fppke  in  defence  of  feveral  criminals, 
who  had  formerly  been  his  greateil  e- 
nemies.  Thus,  during  the  prefent  year, 
he  defended  Gabinius  and  Vatinius, 
who  had  aflifted  Clodius  in  effecting 
his  banifhm.ent,  and  againft  whom  he 
had  uttered  the  bittereft  inveftives  in 
his  fpeeches,  Cic.Rahir.  Pqfl.  8,  &  12. 
Fam.  I,  9.  et  5,  9,  &c.  ;  VaL  Max.  4, 
2,4.;  ^inBilian.  11,  1,75.  though 
in  the  cafe  of  Gabinius  hc  had  de- 
clared, *'  that  he  muil  incilr  eternal  in- 
famy if  he  defended  him,  ad  ^  Fr.  3, 
4.  and  that  P'ompey  fhould  never  pre- 
vail on  him  to  be  reconciled   to  Gabi- 

niu6* 


C   I  C  [     i 

nius,  if  he  retained  the  Icaft  fpark  of 
liberty,"  [nee,  fi  ullam  partem  lihertatis 
eneboy  prqficiet),  ib.  i.  The  only  ex- 
cufe  he  could  make  for  his  eondu6l 
was,  "  That  his  quarrels  were  mortal^ 
his  friendfhips  immortalj"  Cic.  Rabir. 
Pojl,  I  2.  Valerius  Maximus,  however, 
praifes  Cicero's  defence  of  Vatinius 
and  Gabinius  as  an  ad  of  great  huma- 
nity, 4,  2,4.  Cicero  was  conllrained  to 
accommodate  his  conduct  to  the  ne- 
cellity  of  the  times,  as  he  laments  to 
his  brother,  ^  Fr.  3,  5.  fo  that,  as 
he  expreffes  it,  his  votes  in  the  fenate 
were  luch  as  pleafed  others  rather  than 
himfelf,  ib,  2,15.  Bribery  and  corrup- 
tion were  now  carried  to  an  incredible 
height,  Ck,  Att.  4,  15,  &  18.  Of 
thefe  vices  Cicero  always  fpeaks  with 
the  utmoft  dcteftation,  and  often  fore- 
tells that  they  would  prove  the  dcllruc- 
tion  of  the  republic.  Lie.  Div.  2,  2. 
Fam.  2,  5.  ^Fr.  3,  i,  2,  3,  4,  «Scc.  jltL 
4,  16.  et  alibi  pajfim. 

This  fame  year,  from  a  principle  of 
gratitude,  Cicero  defended  Cn.  Plan- 
cius,  who  had  entertained  him  in  his 
exile;  and  being  now  chofen  aedile,  was 
accufed  of  bribery  and  corruption  by 
a  diiappoinced  competitor,  M.  Late- 
renlis.  The  oration  is  Itill  extant.  Plan- 
cius  was  acquitted. 

Cicero  was  now  fo  much  engaged 
in  pleading  caufes,  that  there  fcarcely 
paffed  a  day  without  his  fpeaking  for 
fome  one,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  2,  16.  et  3,  3. 
But  the  only  other  otation  now  extant 
of  thofe  he  delivered  this  year  is  that 
for  C.  Rabirius  Posthumus,  whofe 
trial  was  conncCled  with  that  of  Gabi- 
nius. 

A.  U.  700,  Cicero  was  chofen  an 
augur,  in  the  room  of  young  Crafl'us, 
who  had  perifhed  with  his  father  in 
the  expedition  againil  the  Farthians, 
Cic.  Phi/.  2,  2. 

A.  701,  Cicero  defended  MILO, 
in  his  trial  for  the  murder  of  Clodius. 
The  Forum  was  furrounded  with  arm- 
ed men,  to  prevent  diilurbance,  a  thing 
unufual  on  fuch  occafions,  Cic,  Mil.  i. 
Cicero,  when  he  rofe   to  fpeak,  being 


15    ]  CIC 

received  with  a  loud  clamour  from  the 
favourers  of  Clodius,  is  faid  not  to  have 
fpoken  with  his  ufual  firmnefs,  [nort 
ea,  quafoUtuserat,  conjlaniid dixit),  A-i- 
con.  in  Cic.  Milo  was  condemned, 
and  went  into  exile  to  Marfeilles.  The 
fpeech  for  Milo  now  extant  was  after- 
wards writs  en  by  Cicero  ;  and  Milo, 
when  he  read  it,  is  reported  to  have 
faid,  "  That  if  Cicero  had  fpoken  fo, 
he  (Milo)  fhould  not  then  have  been  eat- 
ing mullets,  (a  kind  of  lifh  he  was  fond 
of),  at  Marfeilles,  Dio^  40,54 — Ci- 
cero (liewed  fo  much  joy  at  the  death 
of  Clodius,  irfiat  Milo  was  faid  to  have 
killed  him  at  Cicero's  Iniligation,  (w^- 
nu  Milonis  caedem  ejft  faBam,  confiUo  ver^ 
maj^ris  alicujus),  Cic.  Mil.  18.  Cicero 
feems  to  have  had  fome  anticipation  of 
what  happened,  Cic.  Att.  4,  3.  though 
he  fays  that  Milo  did  the  deed  before 
any  one  fufpe6ted  that  he  vt'ould  do  it, 
Cic.  Phil.  2,  9.  Cicero  thought  the 
death  of  Clodius  an  event  of  fuch  im- 
portance, that  he  dates  a  letter  thus, 
Pqfl  Lsudricam  pvgnam  die feptingente/imo 
fexagefimo  quinto.  Cicero  calls  the  ren- 
counter in  which  Clodius  was  killed  by 
Milo  Leu^rica pugna,  becaufe,  as  it  is 
thought,  Milo,  by  killing  Clodius,  re- 
ftored  liberty  and  fecurity  to  the  Ro- 
man republic,  as  Epaminondas,  by  the 
battle'  of  Leudtra,  freed  Greece  from 
the  dominion  of  the  Lacedaemonians, 
Cic.  Att,  6,  I  f. 

Soon  after  the  trial  of  Milo,  Cicero 
accufed  Plancus  Bursa,  for  the  adls 
of  violence  he  committed  after  the 
death  of  Clodius,  and  got  him  con- 
demned and  banifhed,  though  he  wa3 
defended  by  Ponipey,  Cic,  Fam.  7,  2. 
This  v/as  the  only  caufej  excepting 
that  of  Verres,  in  which  Cicero  a6i:ed 
the  part  of  an  accufer,  Dio  fays,  that 
Cicero  accufed  Plancus  with  not  more 
ability  than  he  defended  Milo,  40,  '^$. 

About  this  time  Cicero  is  thought 
to  have  written  his  treatife  on  laws, 
{^De  Leoibvs),  Cic.  Leg.  2,  17  It 
is  luppofed  to  have  been  divided  into 
nx  books,  as  another  work  which  he 
had  compofed  fome  tlm,£  before  con- 
P  3  csrning 


C  I  C  [     1 

ceniing  government,  (De  Retublica). 
Nothing  of  the  latter  remains  but  fome 
fcattered  fragments  ;  of  the  former 
Only  three  books,  and  thefe  in  fome 
places  imperfeft. 

A.  U.  702,  in  confeqiience  of  a  law 
inacle  by  Pompey,  that  no  conful  or 
praetor  fliould  hold  any  province  till 
five  years  after  the  expiration  of  their 
magillracies ;  and  in  the  mean  time, 
that  the  fenators  of  confular  and  prae- 
torian rank,  who  had  never  held  any 
foreign  command,  fhould  divide  the 
vacant  provinces  among  themfelves  by 
lot,  D'io,  40,  ^6.  v/hich  had  formerly 
been  ordered  by  a  decree  of  the  fenate, 
rh.  30,  &  46.  Cicero  was  obliged,  a- 
gainft  his  will,  to  undertake  the  go- 
T^rnment  of  the  province  of  Cilicia, 
in  Vvdiich  he  fucceeded  Appius  Clan- 
diu?,  who  had  been  conful  a.  699.  To 
Cilicia  were  annexed  Pilidia,  Pamphi- 
lia,  and  three  diflri<Sts  [d'loecefes)  of  A- 
fra,  together  with  the  ifland  of  Cyprus. 
Here,  by  the  wifdom  and  integrity  of 
his  adminiftration,  Cicero  merited  the 
liigheft  praife,  Clc.  Att,  6,  2.  ;  Plu- 
tarch, in  Ck.  and  for  his  military  ex- 
ploit?, though  not  very  confiderable, 
was  faluted  Imperator  by  his  army, 
Cic.  yitt.  5,  10.  He  was  well  fuppon- 
€d  by  his  four  lieutenants,  his  brother 
Quindus,  who  had  left  Caefar  to  ac- 
company him,  Pontinius,  who  had  tri- 
umphed over  the  Allohroge:^  M.  An- 
neius,  and  M.  Tullius  ;  chiefly  by  Pon- 
TiNius.  A  thankfgiving  to  the  gods 
(Jupplicaho)  war,  decreed  by  the  fenate 
at  Rome  for  Cicero's  fuccefs,  to  v/hich 
decred  Cato  gave  his  diffent,  though 
Cicero  liad  written  him  a  long  cpillte 
to  procure  hi"  concurrence,  Ck.  Fcaa. 
15,4.  Cato,  however,  wrote  Cicero 
a  letter  of  apology,  the  only  letter  of 
Cato  now  extant,  in  which  he  highly 
praifes  Cicero's  nprighl  adminiftration 
of  his  province,  ih.  5.  On  thi^  occa- 
iion  Caefar  wrote  Cicero  a  congratula- 
tory letter,   Ck.  Alt.  7,  i. 

AVhilc  Cicero  was  in  Cilicia,  he  Lad 
a  regular  account  fent  him  by  Cae- 
Liu^  of  whTit  pa  (Ted  'A  the  city,   Ck 


16    1  CIC 

F(tfn.  8,  I,  U<z.  A  profecu^on  being 
raifed  againft  Appius  Claudius  by  Do- 
lobella,  who  had  lately  married  Tullia, 
Cicero's  daughter,  CiCero  neverthelefs 
profeffed  the  warmefl  attachment  to 
Appius,  C'lc.  Fam.  3,  10.  in  which  he 
could  not  be  fmcere;  for  he  mentions  fe- 
veral  inf^ances  of  opprefTion  and  cruelty 
committed  by  Appius,  which  fhew  that 
he  was  far  from  being  unjuflly  arraigned 
by  Dolobella,  Ck.  Att.  5,  1 6,  &  1 7.  6, 
I,  &  2.  But  to  Appius  himfelf  Cicero 
writes  in  very  different  terms,  Ck.Fam. 
3,  II,  &  12.  Appius  had  too  power- 
ful connedtions  for  Cicero  to  break 
with  him.  One  of  the  daughters  of 
Appius  was  married  to  a  fon  of  Pom- 
pey's,  and  another  to  M.  Brutus.  By 
the  influence  of  Pompey  Appius  was 
not  only  acquitted,  but  foon  after  made 
cenforwith  Pifo,  the  father-in-law  of 
Caefar,  Ck.  Fam.  8,  6,  &  11.  ;  Dio, 
4c,  €3.  (/^/V/.  Appius.)  At  this  time 
nothing  fo  bafe  or  fo  viilanous  could  be 
perpetrated,  that  by  interell  was  not 
fare  of  efcaping  punifliment,  {et  her- 
cuk  conftpta  omnia  faeda  et  inhonefla  funt^, 
Cic.  Fam.  8,  6. 

Cicero,  impatient  to  return  to  Rome, 
left  his  province  at  the  expiration  of  a 
year,  to  thecare  of  hisquaeftor,  C.  Cae- 
lius,  and  fet  out  for  Italy,  Ck.  Ep.  Fam.. 
2, 15.  Att.  6,§,  8<.  6.  He  ftaid  a  few  daya 
at  Rhodes  for  the  fake  of  his  fon  and 
nephew,  (puerorurn  causa,)  who  were 
then  profecuting  their  rtudies,  Ck.  Att. 
6,  7.  Here  he  heard  of  the  death  of 
Hortenfiu?,  AV.  i.  From  Rhodes  he 
failed  to  Ephtfus,  and  thence  to  Athens, 
Ck.  Fam.  14,  5.  On  his  anival  at 
Brundufium  he  found  all  things  tend- 
ing to  a  civil  warj  which  he  ufed  every 
method  in  his  power  to  prevent,  Ck. 
An.  7,  3,  4.  Sec.  As  he  had  preten- 
fion3  to  a  triumph,  he  was  attended 
by  hia  liciors,  v/ith  their  fafces,  accord- 
ing to  cuitonv  wreathed  with  laurel,  ib. 
I,  £c  2.  He  reached  Rome  on  the  4th 
January,  a.  704.  Great  multitudes  came 
out  to  meet  hirn  with  ail  poiTible  de- 
mon ft  rations  of  honour,  {ut  nihil  poffet 
f.cri  orn.ithus^y  Cic,  Fam,     16,  11.      H« 

f'.U, 


C  I  C  [    II 

fell,  as  he  himfelf  fays,  into  the  very 
flame  of  civil  difcord.  ^he  decifive 
decree  had  juft  been  pafled  arming  the 
confuls  with  abfolute  power  againft 
Caefar,  ik  In  this  confiifed  ftate  of 
affairs,  the  fenate  demanded  in  a  very 
full  houfe,  that  a  triumph  Ihould  be  de- 
creed to  Cicero ;  but  Lentulus,  the 
conful,  defired  that  it  might  be  deferred 
till  the  piefent  comniotions  were  fet- 
tled ;  giving  his  word,  that  he  would 
then  be  the  mover  of  it  liimfeif,  tb. 
But  Cacfar's  fudden  march  towardtv 
Rome,  put  an  end  to  all  further 
thouglits  of  it ;  and  ftruck  the  fenate 
with  fuch  a  panic,  that,  as  if  Caefar 
had  already  been  at  the  gates,  they  re- 
folved  prefently  to  quit  the  city,  and 
retreat  towards  the  fouthern  parts  of 
Italy.  All  the  principal  fenators  had 
particular  diilricts  alhgned  to  their  care. 
Cicero  had  Capua,  with  the  infpectlion 
of  the  fea-coaft  from  Formiae,  Cic.  Alt. 
7,  II.  Fam.  1 6,  12.  But  finding  his 
new  province  wholly  unprovided  againft 
an  enemy,  and  that  it  was  impolTible  to 
hold  Capua,  without  a  llrong  garrifon, 
he  refigned  his  charge,  and  chofe  not 
tG  aft  at  all^  C'lc.  An.  8,  ii,  &  I2. 

Cicero  was  long  in  fufpenfe,  what 
courfe  to  take,  whether  to  reniain 
neuter,  as  Caefar  and  his  friends  llrong- 
ly  exhorted  him,  Cic.  Alt.  9,  6,  8,  9, 
II,  &c.  or  to  join  Pompey.  Caefar 
wrote  Cicero  feveral  letters,  and  had  an 
interview  with  him  at  Formiae,  in  his 
return  from  Brundufium,  after  Pom- 
pey's  flight  to  Greece.  Caefar  labour- 
ed to  prevail  on  Cicero  to  return  to 
Rome,  and  take  his  feat  in  the  fenate. 
But  Cicero  with  great  fpirit  refifed  to 
do  it,  C'tc,  An,  9,  18.  Cicero  ib'ii  re- 
tained his  liftors  and  other  marks  of 
command,  though  he  found  them  very 
inconvenient,  CAc.  Fam.  2,  16,  Ait.  10, 
10.  At  lail,  on  the  i  ith  June,  (III  Id. 
Jun.)  Cicero  fet  fail  with  his  brother, 
his  fon,  and  nephew,  Fam.  14,  7.  Ck. 
Att.  9,  I,  &  6.  and  joined  Pompey 
"at  Dyrrachium,  Ih.  But  he  foon  re- 
pented of  what  he  had  done,  when  he 
law  how  ill  matters  were  condudled  in 


■7   ]  etc 

Pompey's  camp,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  3.  and 
efpecially  when  he  found  his  coming 
blamed  by  Cato,  who  thought  that  he 
might  have  been  more  ufeful  to  his 
country  by  remaining  neuter,  Plutarch, 
in  Cic.  Cicero  perceiving  that  he  was 
neither  employed  nor  truiled  by  Pom- 
pey, refumed  his  ufual  way  of  raillery, 
tb^  An.  11,4.  for  which  Antony  after- 
wards blamed  him,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  16. 

Cicero  was  not  prefent  at  the  battle 
of  Pharfalia,  having  ilaid  behind  at 
Dyrrachium  on  account  of  bad  health, 
Plutarch,  p.  880.  but  his  fon  command- 
ed one  of  the  wings  of  horfe,  and  be- 
haved with  great  bravery,  Cic.  Off".  2, 
13.  Lucan  reprefents  Cicero  not  only 
as  'prefent  in  the  battle,  but  as  the  chief 
advifer  of  it,  in  name  of  the  whole 
army,  (cvn^lorum  voces — pertulit,)  7,62, 
Sec.  Cato,  who  commanded  at  Dyr- 
rachium with  fifteen  cohorts,  when 
Labienus  brought  them  the  news  of 
Pompey's  defeat,  offered  the  chief  com- 
mand to  Cicero,  as  being  of  confular 
rank,  and  therefore  his  fuperior  in  dig- 
nity, but  Cicero  declined  it.  Upon 
which  young  Pompey  was  fo  enraged, 
that  he  drew  his  fword,  and  would  have 
killed  Cicero,  if  Cato  had  not  inter- 
pofed  and  prevented  it,  Plutarch.-  ih. 
This  fa6l  is  not  mentioned  by  Cicero  ; 
but  he  is  thought  to  refer  to  it.  Mar-- 
cell.  5.  A  few  days  after,  thofe  who 
were  at  Dyrrachium  difperfed  to  dif- 
ferent places,  Cic.Divin.  J,  32.  Cice- 
ro determined  to  throw  himfelf  on  the 
mercy  of  the  conqueror,  and  therefore 
pafFed  over  to  Brundufium,  about  the 
end  of  Od:obfcr,  a.  705.  Cic.  Fam.  7,  3, 
et  14,  12.  where  he  remained  till  Cac- 
far's return  from  Egypt,  Plutarch.  He 
foon  repented  of  his  coming  to  Brun- 
dufium fo  haflily,  when  the  reft  of  his 
party  had  cither  remained  in  Achaia, 
or  pafied  over  into  Africa,  which  was 
ftiil  in  the  power  of  the  Pompeians,  Cic. 
Att.  II,  6,  7,  9,  &c.  Cicero's  brother 
Quint  us  with  liis  fon  followed  Caefar 
into  Afia,  to  obtain  their  pardon  from 
him  in  peifon;  and,  to  jullify  them- 
felves,  tiircw  all  the  blame  on  Cicero  ; 

which 


c  r  c  [   I 

which  gave  him  great  pain,  lb.  8,  & 
lo.  But  his  behaviour  to  them  vv^as 
quite  the  reverfe  of  theirs  to  him,  ib, 
12.  Cicero  fufFered  many  mortifica- 
tions, [tnultas  graves  o^enfionfs,)  while 
he  remained  at  Brundufium,  ib.  He 
was  entirely  in  the  power  of  Antony, 
who  governed  all  things  In  Italy  with 
abfolute  authority.  He  had  befides 
feveral  grievances  of  a  domefh'c  kind, 
particularly  from  the  uncomfortable 
flate  of  his  daughter  Tullla,  whom 
I^olabella  foon  after  divorced,  ib.  3. 
He  was  alfo  in  fome  diftrefs  for  want  of 
money,  having  lent  moil  of  what  he  had 
to  Pompey,  ib.  2,  3,  13,  Sec.  His  health 
likcwife  began  to  be  afFecled  by  the  air 
of  the  place,//'.  22.  At  lail  he  was 
relieved  by  a  very  obliging  letter  from 
Caefar,  who  confirmed  to  him  the  full 
enjoyment  of  his  former  ftate  and  digni- 
ty, and  defired  him  to  refume  hkfqfces 
and  title  of  Imperatoi-,  as  bt^fore,  Cic. 
Fam.  14,  23.  Llgar.  3.  Caefar  hlm- 
felf  foon  after  arrived  in  September, 
and  treated  Cicero  at  meeting  with  par- 
ticular marks  of  refpcft,  Plutarch. 

Cicero  being  now  excluded  from  all 
concern  in  the  management  of  public 
affairs,  became  reconciled  to  his  old 
friends,  as  he  fays,  his  books,  {^reciilt  cum 
tcteribvs  atfiicis,  id  fji,  cum  iilrls  fuis  in 
gratiam,)  Fam.  9,  i.  from  which  he  de- 
rived, not  only  amufement,  as  formv.'rly, 
but  alfo  fupport,  ib.  2.  et  6,  1  3.  He  at 
this  time  wrote  his  dlalofrue  on  famous 

o 

orators  called  Bk^utus,  but  it  was 
not  publilhcd  till  the  year  foil 
Cic.  Brut.  I.  He  is 
compofed  much  about  the  fame  tiuie 
Lis  Par.titiones  Oratoriae,  or  the 
art  of  ordering  and  dillributing  the 
parts  of  an  oration. 

Cicero  now  divorced  his  wife  Te- 
rentla,  with  whom  he  had  lived  above 
thirty  years,  being  difpleafed  with  her 
bad  teniperand  want  of  oeconomy,  Cic. 
Ep.  Fam.  4,  14.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Cic. 
p.  881.  He  married  a  young  woman 
called  Pu.BLiLiA,  to  whom  he  had  been 
guardian,  on  account  of  her  beauty,  as 
T^rentla  alleged  ;  but,  as  his  favourite 
-freed  man  Tire  laid,  for  the  lake  of  her 


thought  to  have 


8    ]  CIC 

fortune.  This  ftep,  however,  expofed 
Cicero  to  much  cenfure,  Z)/o,  46,  18. 
nor  was  he  happy  in  his  new  connec- 
tion ,  Plutarch,  ib. 

Caefar  wiihed  that  Cicero  w^ould 
take  a  part  in  the  government  under 
his  ufurpatlon,  but  In  vain,  Cic.  Fam. 
9,  15,  &c.  Cicero,  how^cver,  lived  in 
habits  of  great  intimacy  wuth  the  chiefs 
of  Caefar's  party,  ib.  6,  7,  16,  &c. — 
After  the  death  of  Cato  Cicero  wrote 
a  book  In  his  praile,  which  he  called 
Cato,  Cic.  Att.  12,  4  &  15.  et  13, 
46.  jF^m.  7,  24.  Div.  2f  I.  (GeUius 
calls  it  Laus  Catonis,  13,  19.;  and 
fo  alfo  Cicero  himfelf,  Laus  vel  lauda- 
iio  Catonis,  Att.  ibid.)  This  Caefar 
was  fo  far  from  taking  amifs,  that  he 
wrote  an  anfwer  to  it,  called  AntiCx\- 
TO,  in  which  he  accuied  the  whole  hfc 
and  conduft  of  Cato  as  in  a  pubhc  tri- 
al before  judges,  at  the  fame  time  be- 
llowing great  pralfes  on  Cicero,  Ta^ 
cit.  Ann.  4,  34.  ;  Dio,  43,  13.  ;  Ap- 
pian.  B.  C.  2,  490.;  Plutarch.  Cic.  p. 
8S0.  ;  et  in  Caef.  p.  708,  &  733-  ;  m 
Cat,  Minor,  p.  764.  ;  Gell.  4,  16.  It 
was  divided  into  two  books ;  hence 
the  fcholiaft  on  Juvenal  fays,  that  Cae- 
far wrote  two  books  on  this  fubjeft, 
Sat.  6,  338.  So  Suetonius,  {Antica^ 
tones  tolidtm^  I.  e.  duos  icreUquit),  ^6, 
Caefar  did  not  finifh  his  Anticato  till 
afttr  the  conclufion  of  the  Spanifli 
war.  In  the  mean  time  HIrtius  com- 
pofed a  book  on  the  fame  fubject  in 
the  form  of  a  letter  to  Cicero,  filled 
with  objections  to  Cato's  character, 
but  with  high  compliments  to  Cicero 
himfelf,  which  Cicero  confidered  as  a 
fpecimcn  of  what  Caefar's  work  was 
to  be,  and  caufcd  it  to  be  pubhdied, 
Cic.  Att.  12,  40,  &  41.  Brutus  alfo 
wrote  a  book  in  praife  of  Cato,  who 
was  his  uncle  and  father-in-bw,  (  Vid, 
Brutus),  Cic.  Fam.  7,  24.  Att.  13, 
46.  to  wiiich  Auguilus  afterwards 
wrote  an  anfwer.  Suet.  85.  Cicero 
fays,  that  Brutus  had  fallen  Into  fome 
millakes  in  his  account  of  Cato  ;  par- 
ticularly in  fpeaking  of  the  debate  in 
the  fenate  concerning  the  puniiaineni; 
of  the  confpiratQrs,  Att.  12,  21.  Mid- 
dle ton 


C  I  C  [I 

dleton  thinks,  that  Salluft  took  his  ac- 
count of  this  matter  from  Brutus,  and 
chofe  to  copy  even  his  miilakes,  rather 
than  do  juitice  to  Cicero,  (See  Middle- 
tori's  Life  of  Cicero,  vol.  2.  p»  346.) 
It  may  be  remarked,  that  Salluft  gives 
Cicero  the  fame  character  of  an  excel- 
lent confnl,  (optimus  conful).  Cat.  43. 
with  v,'hich  Cicero  exprefles  himfelf  to 
be  difTatisficd  from  Brutus,  {^^lis  enim 
jejunius  dixit  inimicus  ?  Did  ever  an  ene- 
my fpeak  of  me  in  colder  terms  ?)  iL 
It  feems  this  book  of  Brutus  was  not 
remarkable  for  elegance  of  compoix- 
tion  ;  whence  Caefar  faid,  "  That  by 
reading  Cicero's  Cato  he  became  more 
copious,  but  after  reading  the  Cato  of 
Brutus,  he  thought  himfelf  even  elo- 
quent,'*  Cic.  Jit.  13,  46. 

After  this,  Cicero,  at  the  requeft 
of  Brutus,  compofed  his  book  called 
Orator,  containing  a  delineation  of 
what  he  thought  the  befl:  manner  of 
fpeaking,  or  of  a  perfect  orator,  Cic. 
Or.  I.  This  he  calls  his  fifth  book  con- 
cerning oratory  ;  the  three  firll  were 
Dr  Oratore,  and  the  fourth  Bru- 
tus, Cic.  Div.  2,  I.  Cicero  fays, 
that  he  had  difplaycd  in  that  book 
whatever  llciil  he  pofTeiTed  in  the  art, 
"and  was  willing  to  reft  his  reputation 
as  an  orator  on  the  merit  of  it,  Cic. 
Ep.6y  19. 

About  this  time  M.  Matcellus  ha- 
,  ving  been  mentioned  by  Pifo  in  the 
fenate,  and  his  brother  Caius  having 
thrown  himfelf  at  Caefar's«feet,  all 
the  fenators  rofe  up,  and  advancing 
forward  to  Caefar  in  a  fuppiicating 
manner,  obtained  from  him  the  par- 
don of  Marccilus.  This  ad  of  Caciar's 
broke  Cicero's  refolution  ofobferving 
a  perpetual  filence  in  pubhc.  Accord- 
ingly, v/lien  all  the  fenators,  who  had 
been  ail<:ed  their  opinions  before  him, 
had  returned  thanks  to  Caefar,  ex- 
cept Volcatius,  iq.  1).)  Cicero  made 
his  acknowledgments,  i^gratias  egit), 
in  that  admirable  fpeech,  entitled. 
Pro  Marcello  ;  of  which  he  gives 
an  account  to  Sulpicius,  Fam.  4,  4. 
!~— Soon  after  this  Cicero   difplayed 


19    ]  C  T  C 

the  power  of  his  eloquence  In  defence 

of  LiGARlUS,    [q.  V.) 

Next  year,  a.  708,  while  Caefar  was 
engaged  in  the  war  againil  the  fons  of 
Pompey  and  Labienus  in  Spain,  Ci- 
cero loft  his  beloved  daughter  Tul- 
LiA,  who  died  in  childbed,  in  the 
houfe  of  her  hufoand,  Plutarch,  in  Cic. 
[apud  quern  {c.  P.  Lentulum  Yiol^hnW^mj 
ilia  ex  partu  decejfity  Afcon.  in  Cic.  Pif.) 
who  was  then  in  Spain  with  Caefar, 
Cic.  Phil.  2,  30.  Cicero  wrote  to  him 
an  account  of  Tullia's  death,  in  fuch 
terms,  as  fliow,  that  the  divorce  which 
had  taken  place  between  Dolabella 
and  TuUia  was  with  mutual  confent, 
Fam.  9,  II. ;  and  Cicero  after  this,  in 
writing  to  Dolabella,  ufes  the  ilrong- 
eft  exprefiions   of  friendihip,  Fam,  9, 

12,  13,    14,  &c. Dolabella  was 

too  great  a  favourite  of  Caefar's,  for 
Cicero  to  quawel  with  him.  By 
reading  the  letters  of  Cicero  to  Do- 
labella, one  would  imagine  him  to 
have  been  a  perfon  of  great  virtue, 
Cic.  Fam.  9,  12,  13,  5cc.  Ncverthe- 
lefs,  Cicero  afterwards  reprefents  him 
as  a  moniter  of  lewdnefs  and  inhuma- 
nity, PhiL  II,  4.  Cicero's  warmth 
of  temper  often  made  him  exprefs  him- 
felf too  ftrongly,  both  with  refpecl  to 
his  friends'  and  enemies  ;  and  fome- 
times  in  fpeakmg  of  the  fame  perfons, 
to  ufe  very  different  terms,  as  he  was 
differently  affedted  towards  them. 

Cicero  was  greatly  afHIded  for  the 
lofsofhis  daughter,  Cic.  Att.  12,  i  ^, 
&c.  Piutarch  relates,  that  the  philo- 
fophers  came  from  all  parts  to  com- 
fort him.  But  this  is  no  where  men- 
tioned by  Cicero  himfelf.  Confolato- 
ry  letters  were  indeed  written  to  him 
by  different  perfons  ;  by  Atticus,  ib. 
Brutus,  iL  13.  Lucceius,  Cic.  Fam. 
5,  13,  &  14.  Sulpicius  ib.  4,  5  &  6. ; 
and  by  Caefar  himfelf,  dated  at  Se- 
ville, the  laft   day  of  April,    Cic.  Att. 

13,  20.  But,  as  Cicero  himfelf  fays, 
he  derived  his  chief  comfort  from  his 
books,  Cic.  Alt.  12,  14,  &  15.  He 
wrote  a  book  to  confole  himfelf,  which 
he  called   Con?olatio,  ib.  14,  &  28. 

Dlv. 


C  I  C  [I 

Dlv.  2f  1.  Tufc.  4,  29=  Tlie  trcatife 
commonly  annexed  to  Cicero'5  works, 
entitled   Consolatio,  is  thought  to 

be  fpurious. Cicero  alfo  dciigned  to 

build  a  temple  to  Tullia,  as  a  kind  oi 
deity,   Cic.  Ait.   12,  ^6,41,43,   &c.  ; 

but  never  efteftcd   his   defign. -He 

iiow  divorced  his  young  wife  Publi- 
LiA,  bccaufe,  as  it  is  faid,  flic  feemed 
to  rejoice  at  the  death  of  Tullia,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Cic.  p.  882,  ;  Dio,  46,  18. 

Cicero  at  this  time  wrote  a  book 
called  KoRTENsius,  in  praife  of  phi- 
lofophy,  Cic.  Div.  2,  I.  Tiyfc.  2,  2. ; 
which  is  now  lofl. — He  then  alfo  com- 
pofed  his  Academicae  Quaestio- 
NES,  in  four  books,  containnig  an  ac- 
count and  defence  of  the  philofophy 
of  the  academy  ;  the  fecl  which  he 
himfelf  preferred,  Cic.  Div.  2,  i.  He 
had  formerly  written  two  books  on  the 
fame  fubje£l;,  infcribed  the  one  to 
Catulus,  and  the  other  to  Lucul- 
i,us  ;  but  he  now  divided  the  work 
into  four  books,  which  he  addrefTed 
to  Varro,  Att.  13,  12.  whom  he  calls 
his  fodalis,  Att.  13,  13.  Here  he  took 
on  himfelf  the  part  of  Philo,  who  de- 
fends the  principles  of  the  academy  ; 
be  alTigns  to  Varro  the  part  of  Ak- 
TiocHUS,  [partes  Antiochinas)y  who 
oppofes  and  confutes  them  ;"and  intro- 
duces Atticus  as  the  moderator  of  the 
dffpute,  C'ic.  Acad,  i,  pr.  Fam.  9,  8. 
He  was  fo  partial  to  this  work,  that  he 
fays,  "  There  was  nothing  on  the  fub- 
iedequaltoit,  eyenamong  theGreeks,'* 
"Att.  13,  13,  16,  c^  19.  All  thefe  four 
books  are  loll,  except  part  of  the  firil  ; 
whilll  the  fecond  book  of  the  two 
which  he  pubhihed  hril  remains  entire 
under  its  original  title  of  I^ucul- 
Lus.  It  is  commonly  infcribed,  Acad, 
^aefiionum  liber  quartus ;  but  impro- 
perly ;  for  it  appears  to  have  been  a 
feparate  book,  and  written  after  that 
which  was  addrefTed  to  Catulus,  Cic. 
Acad.  4,  3. 

Cicero  next  publi:lied  one  of  the  no- 
bleft  of  his  works,  called  Ds  Finibus, 
(:T:pj  T£?.a>v);  <«  Concerning  the  chief 
good  aiKl  ill  of  man  ;"  written  in  ths 


20    }  CIC 

manner  of  Arlilotle,  Cic.  Att.  13,  19. 
Fin.  I,  4.  The  work  confifts  of  five 
books.  In  the  two  firft,  the  Epicu- 
rean doftrine  is  defended  by  Torqua- 
tus,  and  confuted  by  Cicero,  in  a  con- 
ference fuppofed  to  be  held  in  his  Cu' 
man  Villa  ;  in  the  prefence  of  Triarius, 
a  young  nobleman,  who  came  with 
Torquatus  to  vifit  Cicero.  The  two 
next  books  explain  the  do6lrine  of  the 
Stoics,  which  is  fupportcd  by  Cato, 
and  oppofcd  by  Cicero,  in  a  friendly 
debate,  upon  their  meeting  accidental- 
ly in  the  library  of  Lucullus.  The 
flhh  book  contains  the  opinions  of  the 
Old  Academy,  or  of  the  Peripatetics, 
explained  by  Pifo,  in  a  third  dialogue, 
fuppofed  to  be  held  at  Athens,  in  the 
prtfcnce  of  Cicero,  his  brother  Quln- 
tus,  his  coufm  Lucius,  and  Atticus. 
This  work  is  infcribed  to  Bi  utus,  Fin. 
r,  I.  in  return  for  a  book  which  Bru- 
tus a  little  before  had  fent  to  Cicero, 
♦*   concerning  virtue,"  ih.  3. 

Not  long  after,  Cicero  publiflied  an- 
other work  of  equal  importanc«,  call- 
ed his  Tupculan  Disputations  or 
Questions  ;  alfo  infcribed  to  Bru- 
tus, and  confining  of  five  books.  The 
firll  teaches  us  to  contemn  death,  and 
to  confider  it  as  a  blclfing  rather  than 
an  evil  ;  the  fecond,  to  bear  pain  and 
aitiicLion  with  fortitude  ;  the  third,  to 
appeafe  our  grief  and  uneafinefies  un- 
der the  accidents  of  life  ;  the  fourth, 
to  moderate  all  our  other  pafiions  ;  and 
the  fifth  ^emonflrates  the  fufficiency  of 
virtue  alone  to  m.ake  a  man  happy.  Ci- 
cero is  fuppofed  to  have  fpent  five 
days  at  his  Tufculan  villa,  in  difcuifing 
with  his  friends  the  feveral  queilions 
juft  mentioned.  After  declaiming  in 
the  morning,  they  ufed  after  mid-day 
to  retire  into  a  gallery,  called  the  Aca- 
demy., which  Cicero  had  built  for  phi- 
lofophical  conferences.  Here  he  defi- 
red  any  one  of  the  company  to  pro- 
pofe  fome  queftion,  which  he  wirtied 
to  be  difcufled  ;  and  then  Cicero  dif- 
puted  Oil  it  either  fitting  or  walking, 
Cic.  Tujc.  1,4.  ^/  2,  3.  ^^  3,  3.  Each 
of  thcfc  difputstions  was  called  Scho- 

LA, 


C  I  C  [I 

tA,  t!>.  d  Pif.  25,  d  IJ.  ;   Fin.  2,  i.; 
Tufc.  3,  34. 

Much  about  this  time  Cicero  alio 
wrote  a  funeral  encomium  (laudatw) 
on  PoRCiA,  the  fifter  of  Cato  and  wife 
of  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  ;  which  fub- 
jeft  Varro  andLollius  likevvife  attempt- 
ed, Cic.  An.  13,48,  &  37.  But  all 
the  three  are  now  loft. 

While  Caefar  remained  ia  Spain, 
Cicero  was  urged  by  Atticus,  among 
his  other  works,  to  write  fomcthing 
to  Caefar.  He  therefore  drew  up  a 
letter  to  him,  which  he  communicated 
to  Hirtius  and  Balbus  ;  but  as  they 
thought  fome  things  in  it  rather  too 
freely  exprefled,  it  was  never  fent  C'lc, 
Att.  12,  51.  et  13,  27,  et  2%.  Cicero, 
it  feems,  in  this  letter  advifed  Caefar 
to  reilore  the  republic,  and  to  drop 
his  intention  of  going  to  the  Parthian 
war,  ih.  31,  Caefar  however  having 
now  publifhed  his  anfwer  to  Cicero's 
Cato,  which  he  had  written  before, 
Cicero,  pleafed  with  the  compliments 
which  Caefar  had  paid  him,  [Bene  en'im 
exijiimo  de  illis  librisy  fc  Caefaris,  Cic. 
Att.  13,  51.)  fent  a  letter  of  thanks  to 
Caefar,  for  the  great  civility  with 
which  he  had  treated  him,  ib  50.  Ci- 
cero was  pleafed  with  the  iffue  of  the 
war  in  Spain.  He  widied  rather,  to 
ufe  the  words  of  Cailius  in  a  letter  to 
Cicero,  to  keep  his  old  and  clement 
mafter,  than  try  a  new  and  cruel  one  ; 
which  was  the  opinion  he  had  of  young 
;  Pompey,  /ift.  12,  37.;  Fam.  15,  ig. 
Some  time  after  Caefar's  r:  turn  from 
Spain,  a.  708,  Cicero  delivered  his 
oration  in  defence  of  king  Dfjota- 
;  Rus,  (q.  v.).  On  the  third  day  of  the 
I  Saturnaha,  Caefar  paid  a  viiit  to  Cice- 
\  to  at  his  country -feat  on  the  Formian 
coalt  near  Cajeta.  Catfar  had  lodged 
the  night  before  at  the  houfe  of  Philip, 
the  next  neighbour  of  Cicero,  who  was 
married  to  Attia,  Caefar's  niece,  and 
mother  of  Octavius,  afterwards  called 
Auguftus.  Cicero  gives  a  pleafant  de- 
;  fcription  of  this  entertainment,  Alt.  13, 

52-  . 

Cicero  w^as  not  concerned  in  the  con- 
fpiracy  againft;  Caefar  j  but  was  pre- 


2T       ]  CIC 

fent  at  his  death,  Cic  Att.  14,  14.  J 
and  Brutus,  after  Caefar  was  flain* 
holding  up  his  bloody  dagger,  called 
on  Cicero  by  name,  to  congratulate 
with  him  on  the  recovery  of  their  li- 
berty, Cic.  Phil.  2,  12.  AH  the  con- 
fpiratovs,  prefently  running  out  into  the 
Forum  with  their  daggers  in  their 
hands,  and  proclaiming  liberty  to  the 
city,  every  now  and  then  caflcd  aloud 
on  Cicero,  Dio  44,  20.  Whence  An- 
tony afterwards  accufed  Tlicero  of  ha- 
ving been  privy  to  the  confpiracy,  and 
the  chief  advifcr  of  it,  Phil.  2,  11.; 
Fam.  12,  2,  &  3. 

Cicero  followed  the  confpirators  to 
the  capitol,  and  urged  them  to  adopt 
vigorous  meafures  ;  but  Brutus  and 
Caffius,  deceived  by  Antony,  prefer- 
red pacific  plans,  and  thus  ruined  both 
themfelves  and  their  caufe,   Cic.  Att. 

14,  10.  ;  Phil.  2,  35.  When  the  con- 
fpirators, by  the  art  of  Antony,  were 
obliged  to  leave  the  city,  Cicero  foon 
after  left  it  alfo,  Cic.  ad  Brut.  15.  great- 
ly mortified  to  fee  things  take  a  wrong 
turn  by  the  indolence  of  his  friends. 
He  ufed  often  to  fay,  "  That  the  Ides 
of  March  had  produced  nothing  that 
pkafed  him  but  the  aft  of  the  day  ; 
which  had  been  executed  indeed  with 
manly  fpirit,  but  fupported  with  chiid- 
ifli  counfels,'*    Cic.  Att,  14,  6,  £'^21.    et 

15,  4.  *'  That  tyranny  lived,  when 
the  tyrant  was  killed," /3.  14,  9,  {^Vid. 
Caesar,  p.  74.) 

Cicero,  while  he  ftaid  in  the  coun- 
try, wrote  his  treatife  on  the  nature  ot 
the  gods,  in  three  books,  (De  Napu- 
RA  Deorum),  addreffed  to  Brutus, 
Cic.  hat.D.  1,  6.;  alfo  on  Divina- 
tion, in  two  books,  Cic,  Div.  1,4.; 
on  old  age,  in  one  book,  called  Cato 
Major,  addreffed  to  Atiicus,  Cic.  Sen, 
I,;  on  Friendship,  alfo  addreffed  to 
Atticus,  Cic.  Amic,  i,  and  on  Fate  ; 
which  is  fuppoftd  to  have  been  the 
fubje6t  of  a  conyerfation  with  Hirtius, 
in  his  inlla  near  PuteoU. 

Cicero  was  now  alfo  compofmg  a 
hiflory  of  his  own  times,  or  rather  of 
his  own  conduft,  which  he  calls  his 
Anecdote    («v£)c^otovj ;  or  anecdotes. 


C  I  C  [I 

in  tlie  fatirical  manner  of  Theopompus, 
(  Theopomp'ino  genere,  aut  ct'iam  afperiore 
multo)y  CIc.  Att.  2,  6.  et  14,  17.  At- 
ticus  wifhed  him  to  continue  this  work 
down  through  Caefar's  government  ; 
but  this  he  referved  for  a  diftinft  hifto- 
ry,  in  which  he  defigned  to  vindicate 
the  juftice  of  kilhng  a  tyrant,  lb.  cl  \  5, 
3.  ;  Fam,  12,  16.  Dio  fays,  that  Ci- 
cero delivered  this  book  fealed  to  his 
fon,  (T^-raih.)  with  ilrift  orders  not 
to  read  or  publifh  it  till  after  his  deatli, 
39,  10.  ;  but  he  never  after  this  faw  his 
fon.  Some  commentators  therefore  ap- 
ply the  cxpreffion  of  Dio,  (ra  -rxtli, 
piiero),  to  Tiro,  the  favourite  (lave, 
and  afterwards  freedman  of  Cicero. 
Cicero  probably  left  the  work  unfinifli- 
cd,  thougli  fume  copies  of  it  afterwards 
got  abroad,  from  v;hich  his  commen, 
tator  Afconius  has  quoted  feveral  par- 
ticulars, in  Tog.  candid.  Boethius  alfo 
quotes  it,  De  Mufica^  i,  i. 

As  Antony,  by  means  of  Caefar's 
veteran  foldierp,  podcffcd  all  povver  at 
Rome,  Cicero  now  refolved  to  make  a 
voyage  to  Greece,  and  fpend  feme 
months  with  his  fon,  who  was  then 
ftudying  at  Athens  under  the  philofo- 
pher  Ariilippus.  On  this  account  he 
wrote  to  the  confuls  Antony  and  Do- 
labella,  to  procure  for  him  the  privi- 
lege of  a  free  legation  [legatlo  libera) y 
Att.  15,  8.  Dolabella  immediately 
named  him  one  of  his  own  lieutenants  ; 
which  pleafed  Cicero  better,  ib.  11. 
While  Cicero  ftaid  in  the  coun- 
try preparing  for  his  voyage,  he  began 
his  book  of  ofTices,  [l)c  nficus,)  for 
the  ufe  and  inilrudtion  of  his  fon,  Att. 
15,  13,  et  14.  He  alfo  wrote  a  treatife 
on  Glory,  ib.  27.  which  is  faid  to  have 
been  extant  after  the  invention  of  priiit- 
ing ;  but  fomchow  was  loft.  See  Middle- 
ion's  life  cf  Cicero  J  vol.  3,  p.  64. 

Cicero  thinking  that  he  would  fail 
more  fafcly  in  company  with  Brutus 
and  Cafiius,  v/ho  v^ere  then  prcpaiing 
to  pafs  over  into  Greece,  frequently 
gave  hints  of  his  wifhes  to  Brutus. 
But  finding  his  propofal  received  more 
coldly  than  he  expected,  he  fet  fail 
ulone  in  the  month  of  July,  with  three 


22    1  CIC 

fmall  galleys,  Att.  16,  4,  5.  with  a  re- 
folution  of  returning  to  Rome  before 
the  end  of  the  year,  that  he  might  be 
prefent  in  the  fenate  on  the  i  il  of  Ja- 
nuary, when  Hirtius  and  Panfa  were 
to   enter  on  their   confulfnip,  ib.  6.  et 

pili    I,    2. V/hilft   Cicero     failed 

along  the  coaft  from  Velia,  he  wrote 
his  treatife  on  topics,  (Topica),  or 
the  art  cf  finding  arguments  on  any 
queftion  ;  addreffed  to  Trebatius,  to 
Vv'hom  he  fent  it  from  Rhegium,  Clc, 

Fam.  7,  19.  ;    Top.  I. In    reading 

his  books  on  the  academic  philofophy, 
he  difcovered  that  the  preface  to  the 
third  book  was  the  fame  with  what  he 
had  prefixed  to  his  book  on  Glory.  It 
was  his  cullom,  it  feems,  to  prepare  at 
leifure  a  number  of  different  prooems, 
which,  by  a  little  alteration,  might  be 
adapted  to  any  fubjeft,  [Habeo  volu- 
men  prsoeniiorum.  ex  eofellgere  /oleoj  i5'c.) 
So  that  by  miftake  he  had  ufed  thia 
preface  twice  without  remembering  it. 
He  therefore  compofed  a  new  one  for 
his  book  on  Glory,  and  fent  it  to  At- 
ticus,   Clc.  Att.  i6y6- 

Cicero  arrived  at  Syracufe  on  the 
iftof  Auguft;  whence  he  failed  next 
day,  and  -vivas  driven  back  by  crofs 
winds  to  Leucopetra,  Clc.  Phil.  1,6.; 
yJtt.  16,  7.  Here  he  met  with  fome 
people  lately  from  Rome,  who  brought 
him  news  of  an  unexpedled  turn  of  af- 
fairs there  tov>'ards  a  general  pacifica- 
tion. Upon  which  he  dropped  all 
thoughts  of  purfuing  his  voyage,  and 
immediately  fet  out  on  his  return  to 
Rome,  lb.  At  Velia,  he  had  a  confe- 
rence with  Brutus,  the  laft  they  ever 
had,  Clc.  Att.  16,  7,;  Fam.  12,  25.; 
ad  Brut.  1 5  ;  Phil,  i ,  4.  Cicero,  up- 
on his  arrival  at  Rom.e  on  the  laft  day 
of  Auguft,  was  met  by  great  numbers 
of  the  citizens  who  came  out  to  con- 
gratulate him  on  his  return,  Plutarch* 
He  did  not  however  find  things  in  the 
favourable  ftate  which  he  expefted. 
The  fenate  met  next  morning,  to  which 
he  was  particularly  fummoned  by  An.- 
tony,  but  cxcufed  h.imfelf  by  a  civil 
meftage,  as  being  indifpofed  by  the  fa- 
tigue of  his  journey  :  at  which  Anto- 


C  I  C  [I 

ny  was  fo  offended,  that  he  threaten- 
ed to  order  his  houfe  to  be  pulled 
down,  if  he  did  not  come  immediate- 
ly ;  till  by  the  interpolition  of  the  af- 
fembly,  he  was  diffuaded  from  ufing 
any  violence,  Cic.  Phil,  i,  5.  The  fe- 
nate  met  again  next  day,  when  Anto- 
ny being  abfent,  tb.  5,  7.  Cicero  deli- 
vered the  firft  of  thofe  orations,  which, 
in  imitation  of  Demollhenes,  he  after- 
wards called  Philippics.  Antony 
was  greatly  enraged  at  this  fpeech,  and 
fummoned  another  meeting  of  the  fe- 
nate,  where  he  again  required  Cicero's 
attendance.  But  Cicero,  though  de- 
firous  to  go,  [ciip'iens  venire j)  was  pre- 
vented by  his  fiiends,  who  were  appre- 
henfive  of  fome  defign  againft  his  life, 
Cic.  Phil.  5,  7.;  Fam.  12,  2 J.  Their 
apprehenfions  were  confirmed  by  An- 
tony's fpeaking  with  fuch  fury,  that, 
as  Cicero  fays,  alluding  to  what  An- 
tony had  done  a  little  before  in  public, 
he  feemed  rather  to  fpew  than  to  fpeak, 
Cic»  Fam.  12,  2.  Cicero,  feeing  that 
a  breach  w^ith  Antony  was  now  inevi- 
table, for  the  fake  of  fecurity  remo- 
ved from  Rome  to  fome  of  his  villas 
near  Naples,  where  he  compofed  the 
Second  Philippic,  by  way  of  reply 
to  Antony  ;  which  was  not  delivered 
in  the  fenate,  but  afterwards  publifli- 
ed.  It  is  a  bitter  invedlive  againll  the 
whole  life  of  Antony,  and  was  fup- 
pofed  to  have  been  the  chief  caufe  of 
the  death  of  Cicero.  It  was  fo  great- 
ly admired,  that  Juvenal  calls  it  a  di- 
vine compofition.  After  mentioning 
a  verfe  of  Cicero's  on  his  confulfhip, 
0  fortunatam  natam^  me  confule.  Remain! 
which  was  much  ridiculed,  he  adds, 
ylntonii  gladlos  potuit  centemnere^  Ji  Jic 
omnia  dixijfet.  Ridenda  poemata  malo^ 
quam  te^  conjpicuae  divina  P  h  i  l  i  p  p  i  c  a 
famacy  Volveris   a  prima  qiiae  prox'nraf 

i.  e.  fecunda,    10,  122,   Sec. After 

this  Cicero  finiflied  his  book  of  Offi- 
ces, or  the  duties  of  man,  for  the  ufe 
of  his  fon,  Cic,  y///.  16,  ii.  He  now 
alfo,  as  it  is  thought,  compofed  his 
Stoical  Pa  R  A  D o  X  E  s ,  or  an  illu llrat ion 
of  the  particular  doftrines  of  that  (cti, 
addrefled  to  Brutus. 


23    ]  CIC 

Antony  left  Rome  about  the  end 
of  September,  to  meet  four  legions, 
which  were  coming  from  Macedonia 
to  Brundufium,  and  by  money  to  en- 
gage them  in  his  fervice  ;  but  three  of 
them  rejeded  his  offers,  and  would 
not  follow  him.  Upon  which  he  in- 
vited their  centurions  to  his  lodging, 
and  ordered  fuch  of  them  as  he  fuppo- 
fed  inimical  to  be  maffacred,  to  the 
number  of  300,  Cic.  Fam.  12,  23.  ; 
Phil.  3,  2,  SiC.  et  5,  8.  ;  Z)/o,  45,  13. 
He  returned  to  Rome  in  great  rage, 
and  publiflied  feveral  threatening  e- 
dids  ;  but  hearing  that  two  of  the  le- 
gions from  Brundufium,  the  fourth, 
and  that  called  Legio  Martia,  had  de- 
clared for  Oftavius,  he  fuddenly  af- 
fembled  the  fenate,  made  feveral  haf- 
ty  decrees,  and  then  left  Rome  to 
feize  on  Cifalpine  Gaul,  which  was 
then  poffeffed  by  D.  Brutus  as  his  pro- 
vince, Cic.  Phil.  3,  2,  &.C.  5,  2,  &c.  ; 
Fell.  2,  61. 

About  this  time  Cicero,  at  the  car- 
neft  requeft  of  Oppius,  formed  an  u- 
nion  with  06lavius,  on  condition  that 
Oftavius  fnould  befriend  Brutus  and 
his  accomplices,  Cic.  Att.  16,  15.  Ci- 
cero, however,  often  expreffed  his 
fufpicions  that  Oclavius  could  not  be 
fincere  in  fupporting  the  confpirators, 
Cic.  Ait.  16,  8,  9,  II,  14,  &c.  Pie 
therefore  was  careful  to  arm  him  on- 
ly with  a  power  fulhcient  to  crufli  An- 
tony, yet  fo  checked  and  limited,  that 
he  Ihould  not  be  able  to  opprefs  the 
repubhc,  ih.  But  in  this  he  was  out- 
witted by  Odavius,  Appian.  B.  C.  p. 
568. 

Cicero  having  heard  of  the  retreat 
of  Anto'iy,  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  arrived  on  the  9th  December.  The 
new  tribunes,  (one  of  whom  was  Caf- 
ca,  who  gave  the  firll  blow  to  Cae- 
far),  in  the  ab fence  of  the  luperior 
magiftrates,  called  a  meeting  of  the 
fenate  on  the  19th,  {^xii'i.  Kal.  Jan.) 
Cicero  had  refolved  not  to  go  to  the 
fenate  till  the  tirlt  ot  January ;  yet 
happening  on  that  day  to  receive  the 
edid  of  D.  Brutus,  which  prohibited 
Antony  from  entering  his  provinces, 
0^2  he 


[      124     1 

and  this    foldiers 


C  I  c 

he  went  to  the  fenate  early- 
being  obferved  by  the  other  fenators, 
prefently  drew  together  a  full  houfe, 
Ck.  Ep.  Fam.  il,  6.  Here  Cicero  de- 
livered his  Third  Philippic,  in 
which  he  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  among 
other  things,  **  that  what  Oftavius 
(called  alfo  Caefar  Oftavianus)  had 
done  as  a  private  perfon,  ihould  be 
conlinried  by  public  authority  ;  that 
the  legions  which  had  deferted  from 
Antony  and  joined  Ottavius,  fliould 
be  rewarded  ;  and  that  D.  Brutus  by 
his  fervices  had  deferved  well  of  the 
republic,"  PJAL  3,  15.  A  decree  of 
the  fenate  was  made  agreeably  to  Ci- 
cero's opinion.  Cicero  pailed  from 
the  fenate-houfe  directly  to  the  forum, 
and  informed  the  people  from  the  rof- 
ira  of  what  the  fenate  had  done,  in  his 
Fourth  Philippic.  Thefe  two 
fpeeches  were  fo  well  received,  that 
Cicero  afterv^'ards  declared  publicly, 
that  he  fhould  have  been  falisfied,  if 
this  had  been  the  lall  day  of  his  life, 
when  the  people  with  one  voice  ex- 
claimed, *'  that  he  had  a  fecond  time 
faved  the  republic,"  Phil.  6,  i.  In 
the  mean  time  Antony  had  laid  fiege 
to  Mutina,  where  D.  Brutus,  unable 
to  oppofe  Antony  in  the  field,  had 
fhut  himfelf  up. 

On  the  ill  of  January  a.  710,  {////-- 
iioet  Panfa  Co^),Q^Fulius  Calen us. 


■who  was  firft  aflced 


nis  opmion,  a; 


be- 


ing the  father;-in-law  of  Panfa,  adviled, 
'*  that  ambaffadors  fnould  be  fent  to 
Antony,  to  order  him  to  dcfiil  from 
the  fiege  of  Mutina,  and  fubmit  to 
the  authority  of  the  fenate."  Pilb  and 
feveral  others  were  of  the  fame  mind. 
But  Cicero  warmly  oppofed  this  mo- 
tion in  his  Fifth  Philippic,  by  the 
ilrongeft  arguments,  ib.  I, — 12.  and 
gave  it  as  his  opinion,  *'  That  no  fur- 
ther mention  Ihould  be  made  of  an 
embaffy,  that  war  fhould  be  inftantly 
entered  upon,  that  a  vacation  from  all 
civil  bufinefs  [jujiitium),  fliould  be 
appointed,  that  the  militai7  drefs 
fhould  be  alTumed,  inftead  of  the  togaj 
{fagajumi  oj^ortere),  and  that  levies  of 


C  I  c 

fhould  be  made  in  the  city, 
and  through  Italy,  without  admitting 
any  exemption  or  excufe,  (  fuhlatls  va- 
Ciitionibus)  ;  that  the  whole  republic 
fliould  be  committed  to  the  confuls, 
to  take  care  that  it  received  no  detri- 
ment," &c.  iL  Cicero  next  propofed, 
that  particular  honours  fliould  be  de- 
creed to  D.  Brutus,  to  Lepidus,  and 
Oclavius,  whom  he  calls  C.  Caefar,  iL 
13,  &c.  With  refpecl  to  the  honours, 
though  thofe  prop©fed  to  Oclavius 
v/ere  very  extraordinary,  the  fenate 
readily  agreed  with  Cicero.  But  the 
houfe  was  much  divided  about  the 
main  queilion  of  fending  a  deputation 
to  Antony.  Some  of  the  principal  fe- 
nators were  for  it.  The  confuls  them- 
ftlvcs  fecretly  favoured  it,  and  therefore 
arLfully  avoided  putting  it  to  the  vote; 
as  it  appe?red  the  majority  would  have 
confirmed  the  opinion  of  Cicero.  But 
after  the  debate  had  continued  for 
three  days,  Salvius,  a  tribune,  by  his 
interpofition,  prevented  a  decree  of 
the  fenate  from  being  made,  Cic.  Phi/, 
6,  I,  et  14,  7.  Appiatup.  559.  At  lall 
the  friends  of  Antony,  a  lew  days  af- 
ter prevailed  that  an  embaffy  Ihould 
be  fent.  Three  fenators  of  confular 
rank  were  prefently  nominated,  S. 
Sulpicius,  L.  Pifo,  and  L.  Philippus» 
The  unufual  length  of  thefe  debates 
having  greatly  excited  the  curiolity  of 
the  people,  Cicero  was  loudly  called 
upon  to  give  them  an  account  of  what 
had  been  done.  Being,  therefore, 
produced  in  the  rof.ra  by  Apuleius,  the 
tribune,  he  recounted  to  an  affembly 
of  the  people  the  proceedings  of  the 
fenate  in  his  Sixth  Philippic,  in 
which  he  difapproved  of  the  embafly, 
and  predided  the  refult  of  it,  Phil, 
6,  I,  &c.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
friends  of  Antony,  at  the  head  of 
whom  was  Calenus,  endeavoured  to 
mitigate  the  public  refentmeut  againfl 
Antony  by  various  arts.  Cicero,  there- 
fore, in  a  meeting  of  the  fenate,  call- 
ed about  ordinary  matters,  took  occa- 
fion  to  roufe  the  affembly,  and  to  point 
out  to  them   the  mifchievous  vievi^s  of 

thofc 


C  !  C  [    12 

t^ofe  wKo  advifed  an  accommodation 
with  Antony,  in  his  Seventh  Phi- 
lippic. 

Sulpicius  died  on  his  embafTy.  PI- 
fo  and  Phih'p  returned  about  the  be- 
ginning of  February,  without  fuccefs, 
as  Cicero  had  predi<Sied  ;  bringing  un- 
fufFerable  demands  from  Antony,  who 
did  not  difccntluue  the  ficge  of  Muti- 
ra  for  a  moment,  but  battered  it  fu- 
rioufly  with  his  engines,  even  in  pre- 
fence  of  the  ambafTadors,  Cic.  Phil  8, 
7,  «?cc.  Stili,  however,  the  partizans 
of  Antony  ftrove  to  foften  the  decree 
of  the  fenate  again  ft  him,  and  partly 
fucceeded  in  oppofition  to  Cicero, 
PrjiL  8,  I,  &  10,  ct  12,  7.  Fam.  12,  4. 
Cicero  next  day,  in  his  Eighth  Phi- 
lippic, ftrongly  expoftulates  with 
the  fenate  for  their  imprudent  lenity ; 
and  concluded  with  prcpofing,  "  That 
impunity  (hould  be  granted  to  fuch  as 
deferted  Antony  before  the  Ides  of 
March,  but  if  any  one  (hould  go  over 
to  Antony  except  L.  Varius  Cotyla, 
his  ambaffador,  that  the  fenate  would 
confider  him  as  an  enemy  to  his  coun- 
try,  PhiL  8,  1 1. The  fenate  being 

aflembled  by  Panfa  to  confider  what 
marks  of  refpeft  fhould  be  decreed  to 
the  memory  of  Sulpicius,  Cicero  pro- 
pofed,  in  his  Ninth  Philippic, 
*'  that  a  magnificent  funeral  (hould  be 
made  for  him  at  the  public  expence, 
and  a  ftatue  of  brafs  erefted  to  him 
in  the  roflra,  with  other  honours  ;" 
to  all  which  the  fenate  agreed,  PhiL 

Brutus  having  fent  public  letters  to 
the  confuls,  concerning  his  fuccefTcs 
in  Macedonia,  (See  Brutus),  Pan- 
fa  called  a  meeting  of  the  fenate,  and 
having  fpoken  largely  in  praife  of  Bru- 
tus, moved  that  public  honours  and 
thanks  (hould  be  decreed  to  him.  Then, 
according  to  his  ufual  cuftom,  he  iirft 
aflced  Calenus  his  opinion,  who  ha- 
ving deti acted  from  the  merits  ot  Bru- 
tus, was  (harply  attacked  by,CIcero, 
in  liis  Tenth  Philippic.  The  (e- 
iiate,  according  lo  the  opinion  of  Ci- 
cero, coatirmtd  what  Brutus  had  done, 


and  ordered  him  to  proteft  Macedonia 
and  Greece  with  the  army  which  he 
had  raifed,  in  conjunction  with  Ql 
HoRTENsius,  the  proconful,  by  whom 
he  had  been  greatly  affifted,  P/jIL  10, 

1 1.  The  news  being  brought  to  Rome, 
that  Dolabclla  had  furprifed  and  cru- 
elly killed  TreboniuS)  the  governor 
of  Alia  at  Smyrna,  Dolabella  was 
judged  an  enemy  by  the  fenate  at  the 
motion  even  of  Calenus,  with  whom 
Cicero  concurred,  in  his  Eleventh 
Philippic.  But  there  was  a  differ- 
ence of  opinion  about  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  general  againft  Dolabella  ; 
fome  propofing  Scrvlllus,  and  others 
the  two  confuls.  Cicero,  however, 
gave  his  opinion  for  Caffius,  Phi/.  11, 

12.  and  afterwards  fupported  it  in  a 
fpeech  to  the  people,  in  oppofition 
to  the  authority  of  Panfa,  and  the 
wifhes  even  of  CalTius's  neareft  rela- 
tions,  Cic.  Fam.  12,  7. 

D.  Brutus  being  reduced  to  great 
ftraits  at  Mutina,  and  the  friends  of 
Antony  having  given  aiTurances  that 
he  was  difpofed  to  peace,  Cicero,  an- 
xious to  preferve  Brutus,  had  agreed 
to  go  on  an  embafly  to  Antony  with 
Servilius,  and  three  others  of  ccnfu- 
lar  dignity.  But  having  learned  that 
there  was  no  change  of  mind  in  Anto- 
ny, and  that  he  was  as  much  fet  on 
the  deftruclion  of  Brutus,  and  on  pro- 
fecuting  the  war,  as  ever,  Cicero  re- 
tracted his  opinion,  and  gave  many 
convincing  reafbns  for  it  in  the  fenate, 
in  his  Twelfth  Philippic,  c.  i,  2, 
&:c.  Soon  after,  Panfa  fet  out  with 
the  forces  which  he  had  newly  raifed, 
to  join  iHirtius  and  Octavius  againft 
Antony.  In  the  mean  tinie  Lepldu^ 
who  commanded  a  great  army  in  Gaui, 
and  had  lately  made  peace  with  Scx- 
tus,  the  fon  of  Pompey,  wrote  a  pu- 
blic letter  to  the  fenate,  to  exhort 
them  to  rneafures  of  peace  with  An- 
toiiy,  witnout  taking  any  notice  of 
t)\e  honours  which  the  Senate  had  de- 
creed to  him.  Cicero,  in  ttis  Thir- 
teenth Philippic,  fpeaks  in  praife 
of  peace,  but  infiils,  that  there  could 

be 


etc  t    I 

\je  no  peace  with  Antony,  P/j/Z.ij, 
1,  2,  &  3.  He  however  airented 
to  a  vote  propofed  by  Servilius,  to 
thank  Lepidus  for  his  defire  to  reftore 
peace  among  his  countrymen,  P//i/. 
13,  21.  and  wrote  Lepidus  a  letter  to 
that  efFeft»  Fam.  10,  27.  Cicero,  at 
the  fame  time,  read  over  in  the  fenate, 
a  letter,  which  Antony  had  written 
to  Hirtius  and  Oclavius,  with  a  view 
to  detach  them  from  the  intereft  of 
the  fenate.  But  they,  inftead  of  an- 
fwering  the  letter,  fent  it  £0  Cicero, 
to  make  what  ufe  of  it  he  thoug-ht 
proper.  Cicero  read  it  to  the  fenate, 
paragraph  by  paragraph,  with  perti- 
nent remarks  on  each,  Phi!.  13,  10, — 
21. 

The  news  of  Antonyms  defeat  at 
Mutina  reached  Rome  on  the  20th 
April,  where  it  raifed  an  incredible 
joy.  The  people  prefently  aflembled 
at  Cicero's  houfe,  carried  him  in  a 
kind  of  triumph  to  the  capitol,  and 
from  thence  home,  Cic.  Phil.  14,  5. 
ad  Brut.  5.  Cicero  received  a  parti- 
cular account  of  this  battle  from  Gal- 
ba,  one  of  the  confpirators,  who  bore 
a  principal  command  in  it,  Fam.  10, 
30.  There  came  alfo  public  difpatch- 
es  from  the  confuls  and  Caefar  ;  which 
Comiitus,  the  city  praetor,  next  day 
laid  before  the  fenate.  Servilius  gave 
It  as  his  opinion,  *'  That  the  citizens 
(liould  lay  afide  the  faguniy  and  refurae 
the  togdj  and  that  a  public  thankfgi- 
ving  Ihould  be  decreed  in  honour  of 
the  confuls  and  Oclavius."  Cicero, 
in  his  FouRTSENTH  and  lad  Philii- 
pic,  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  "  that  the 
fdgum  (hould  not  be  laid  aiide  till  they 
were  fure  that  the  fiege  of  Mutina  was 
raifed,  and  Brutus  freed  from  danger," 
Phil.  14,  I.  ;  but  agreed  with  Servili- 
us, in  decreeing  a  tliankfgiving  for  fif- 
ty days  ;  as  alfo  rewards  to  the  offi- 
cers and  foldiers  who  had  diftinguifh- 
ed  themfelves  in  battle,  and  that  the 
fame  rewards  fliould  be  given  to  the 
relations  of  thofe  who  had  fallen,  as 
to  themfelves,  if  alive,  ib.  14.  Soon 
after,    Hirtius   and'  Odavius  attacked 


26   1  Clc 

Antony's  entrenchments  before  Muti- 
na, and  being  aided  by  a  fally  of  Bru- 
tus from  the  town,  forced  the  camp 
of  Antony,  who  fled  precipitately 
with  all  his  cavalry  towards  the  Alps. 
Hirtius  was  killed  in  the  a6lion  ;  and 
Panfa,  the  day  follovi^ing,  died  at  Bo- 
logna, of  the  wounds  he  hud  received 
in  the  former  battle,  Cic.  Ep.  ad  Brut.. 
4.  Fam.  10,33.  ^^  *^»  *3'  ^ppi^in.  3, 
p.  372.  Thus  Oclavius  became  maf- 
ter  of  the  three  armies.  Whereupon, 
inflead  of  improving  his  victory,  he 
determined  to  form  an  union  with  An- 
tony and  Lepidus,  againft  the  party 
of  the  fenate,  and  the  confpirators, 
for  whom  he  had  hitherto  fought, 
(See  OcTA\-ius.) 

Cicero  was  foon  aware  of  the  dan- 
gerous turn  which  the  death  of  the 
two  con f 'lis  was  likely  to  give  to  pu- 
blic affairs,  Fam.  12,  25  f/  11,  9,  5c 
13.  He  therefore  implored  Brutus 
to  bring  his  legions  into  Italy,  as  the 
only  thing  which  could  fave  the  re- 
public, ad  Brut.  10.  He  attempted 
alfo  to  fecure  every  other  refource  in 
his  power,  by  writing  to  Lepidus, 
Plancus,  and  Pollio,  to  preferve  their 
attachment  to  the  republic  ;  and  they, 
for  fome  time,  ftruck  with  the  defeat 
of  Antony,  gave  Cicero  the  ilrongeft 
affuranccs  of  their  fidelity,  Cic.  Fam, 
10,  11,  12,  15,-33,  &  34._  He  even 
had  fome  hopes  of  prevailing  on  Oc- 
tavius  to  continue  ftedfaft  to  the  fe- 
nate, ad  Brut.  3.  Nor  did  Oclavius 
at  ^i\-^  difcover  his  real  intentions  till 
he  got  every  thing  he  wifhed  decreed 
to  his  army,  and  himfelf  made  conful, 
with  (y^Pcdius,  in  the  room  of  Hirtius 
and  Panla,  Suet.  Aug.  26.  ;  Dio^  46, 
45.  Plutarch  fays,  that  Cicero,  old 
as  he  was,  fuffercd  himfelf  to  be  du- 
ped by  fo  young  a  man  as  Oftavius, 
(who  was  not  yet  twenty),  by  the  of- 
fer of  the  confulfhip  to  himfelf ;  and 
that  Cicero,  on  this  account,  brought 
over  the  fenate  to  favour  the  views  of 
Odavius.  Brutus,  in  a  letter  to  Ci- 
cero, fays,  that  he  had  heard  that  Ci- 
cero   adlually    was    made  conful,    ad 

Brul. 


C  I  G  [12 

Brut,/^.  But  Cicero,  writing  to  Bru- 
tus, gives  a  very  different  account  of 
the  matter  from   that  of  Plutarch,  ib. 

lo. The   firft   thing  06lavius  did, 

after  being  made  conful,  was  to  feize 
all  the  public  money,  and  divide  it  a- 
inong  his  foldiers  ;  complaining  of  fe- 
veral  affronts,  which  he  alleged  had 
been  put  upon  him  by  the  fenate  ; 
particularly  of  their  calling  him  a  boy, 
DiOf  46,  41.;  Sitet.  ylug.  12.  For 
on  account  of  his  youth,  he  was  com- 
monly dillinguiflied  by  the  name  of 
*'  The  young  man,  or  the  egy,'* 
Appian.  p.  537,  545,  554,  &  557.; 
D'w,  46,  30.  ;  C'lc.  Ph'iL  13,  II.  He 
alio  complained  of  Cicero's  having  u- 
fcd  an  ambiguous  exprefTion  concern- 
ing him,  Lmidandum  adolefcentem^  or- 
iiandumy  tollendum;  which  lafl  word 
fignifies  either,  "  that  he  ought  to  be 
advanced  to  honour,  or  cut  off." 
Octavius  added,  "  that  he  would  take 
care  not  to  put  it  in  any  man's  power 
to  cut  him  off,"  C'lC.  Fam.  11,  20.; 
P't'Il.  2,  62.;  Suet.  Avg.  12.  Odavi- 
us  now  was  Independent  of  the  fenate, 
and  had  no  further  ufe  for  Cicero. 
He  therefore  was  glad  to  lay  hold  of 
any  pretext  to  break  with  them. 

Oclavius,  \ntony,  and  Lepidus, 
having  concluded  an  alliance,  agreed 
on  a  profcription  of  their  enemies. 
06lavius  is  faid  at  firft  to  have  oppo- 
fed  this  meafure,  Suet.  Aug.  27.  and 
to  have'ftruggled  for  two  days  to  pre- 
ferve  Cicero  ;  but  at  laft  gave  him  up 
to  pleafe  Antony,  Plutarch,  in  C'lc.  ; 
Veil.  2,  66.  Cicero  being  informed 
of  the  profcription,  attempted  to  make 
liis  efcape,  and  might  have  fucceeded, 
if  he  had  ufed  fufficient  difpatch  ;  but 
being  overtaken  by  a  party  of  foldiers, 
under  the  command  of  Popilius  Lae- 
iias,  a  centurion,  whom  Cicero  had 
formerly  defended  in  a  trial  for  parri- 
cide, (whence  Seneca  calls  him  the  cli- 
ent of  Cicero,  Tranquil,  an.  15.),  he 
fubmltted  to  his  fate  with  great  forti- 
tude. Popilius  cut  off  his  head,  and 
risjht  hand,  which  had  written  the 
P.Mippi'jp,  and  carried  them  to  Anto- 


7    1  C  I  C 

ny,  who  then  liappened  to  be  fitting" 
in  the  forum.  Antony  greatly  rejoi- 
ced at  the  death  of  Cicero,  liberally 
rewarded  the  centurion,  and  ordered 
the  head  and  hand  to  be  fixed  on  the 
roftra,  Appian.  B.  C.  p.  600.  &  60 1. 

Plutarch  relates  feveral  circUmftan- 
CCS  concerning  the  death  of  Cicero  dif- 
ferently. He  fays,  that  the  foldiers 
were  commanded  by  Herennius,  a 
centurion,  and  Popilius,  a  tribune  ; 
that  Herennius  cut  off  Cicero's  head 
by  Antony's  command,  and  his  hands 
alfo,  with  which  his  Philippics  had 
been  written  ;  and  that  Antony,  when 
thefe  members  were  brought  to  him, 
faid,  "  Now,  let  there  be  an  end  of 
our  profcriptions,"  in  Cic.  p.  885.  ; 
btit  in  another  place,  Plutarch  fays, 
that  Antony  ordered  only  the  head 
and  right  hand  to  be  cut  off,  in  Anton, 
p.  894.  So  the  epitomifer  of  Livy, 
who  calls  Popilius  a  legionary  foldier, 
and  writes  thus  :  Ciceronls — caput  quo- 
que  cum  dextrd  manu  in  rojlris  pofitum 
ejl,  Epit.  120.  So  alfo  Valerius  Maxi- 
"^"s,  5,  3,  4.  But  in  a  fragment  of 
Livy,  prefervcd  by  the  elder  Seneca, 
the  head  of  Cicero  is  faid  to  have  been 
fixed  on  the  roftra,  between  his  two 
hands,  Senec.  Suafor.  6.  Cremuti- 
us  Cord  us  however,  as  quoted  by 
the  fame  author,  mentions  only  the 
right  hand,  ib.  So  Juvenal,  alluding 
to  this  fad,  Ingenio  manus  efl  et  cer- 
vix caefa^  10,  120. Fulvia,  the  wife 

of  Antony,  is  faid  to  have  infulted 
the  head  of  Cicero  in  a  Shocking  man- 
ner, pulling  out  the  tongue,  and  pier- 
cing it   with  a  hair  bodkin,  Dio,  4;/, 

8. Cicero    was  killed  in   his   villa 

near  Cajeta,  on  the  7th  December, 
in  the  64th  year  of  his  age.  His 
death  is  faid  to  have  been  foreboded 
in  a  remarkable  manner  by  crows, 
Appian.  et  Plutarch,  ib.  Val  Max,  I, 
4.  5- 

The  ancient  authors  feem  to  labour 
for  exprellions  to  deplore  the  fate  of 
Cicero,  and  moft  of  them  to  deteft 
the  cruelty  of  Antony  ;  thus,  Abjlu- 
lit  una  dies  aevi  decus,  ictague  luSlu  Con- 

ticuit 


C  I  C  [ 

ticutt  Lat'tae  trljlis  facundla  linguae,  — 
PuMica  vox  faev'ts  (?\  civis)  aefdrnum 
ohmutvk  arm'ts.  Corn.  Sever,  apud  Se- 
ll ec.  Suafor  6.  Chit  as  lacrhnas  ten  ere 
lion  potuitf  Qt/um  rec'ifum  Ciceronts  caput 
in  ilTis  Juh  rqfirts  videretur,  Flor.  4,  6. 
Caeteronim  htelus  fr'ivatos  tudus  excita- 
Tfi'unt,  ilia  una  comrnunem,  Cordus  a- 
pnd  Senec.  ib.  Velleius  Paterculus, 
after  narrating  the  murder  of  Cicero, 
addreffes  a  pathetic  apoftrophe  to  An- 
tony ;  Nihil  tamen  egijliy  M.  Anionic 
mercedem  caelejlijjimi  oris,  et  clarijjimi 
SJciJfi  numerando,  (fc.  Popih'o  Laena- 
ti,)  &c.  Plvit,  vi-vetque  per  omnium 
faeculorum  memoriam  :  Omnijque  pojleritas 
iUius  in  te  fcripta  mirahitur,  tuum  in  eum 
faBum  execrabitur,  citiiifque  tn  munda 
genus  homimim,  quarn  hnjus  nomen  cadets 
2,  66.  Livy  fays  of  Cicero,  /^/r  mag- 
nuSf  aeeff  memorahiTts  fuit.,  et  in  cujiis 
hi^ides  fequendas  Cicerone  laudatore  opus 
Jmrit.  apud  Senec.  ibid.  Add.  Plin» 
10,  30,  f.  3i.  Valeiius  above  all  juft- 
ly  execrates  the  ingratitude  of  Popili- 
its>  5,  54.  Cicero  perhaps  defended 
Popilius,  though  he  knew  him  to  be 
guilty.  If  fo,  the  return  he  met  with 
is  remarkable.  I:  is  more  worthy  of  no- 
tice, that  Cicero,  fpeaking  of  Antony's 
grandfather,  whofe  fate  was  very  fimi- 
lar  to  his  own,  fays  to  Antony, 
(though  abfent),  Acerbi/fimum  ejus  diem 
fupremum  malim,  quam  L.  Cinnae  donii- 
nafum,  a  quo  die  crudelijfiiue  ejl  interjec- 
tuSf  Phil.  I,  14. 

Cicero,  as  to  his  perfon,  was  tall 
and  (lender,  with  a  long  and  fmall 
Beck,  {^procerum  et  t::nue  cclliim),  Cic. 
Br.  91.  but  his  appearance  was  grace- 
fol,  ^decora  fades),  Senec.  Suaior.  6 
He  was  naturally  of  a  v/eak  conlti- 
tHtion,  but  fticngtheiied  it  io  much 
by  care  and  temperance,  that  he  en- 
jo)^ed  health  and  vigour  to  the  laft, 
«5.  When  attacked  by  any  flight  in- 
c!ifpafition,  his  ufual  remedy  was  ab- 
fiinencc,   Cic.  Fam.  7,  26. 

Cicero  had  a  great  number  of  fine 
Jioufes  in  different  parts  of  Italy,  fome 
reckon  up  eighteen,  all  built  or  pur- 
chafed  by  himfclf,  except  the  family 


12^    ]  CIC 

-  feat  at  Arpinum.  Thefe,  on  account 
of  their  elegant  flrufture  and  pleafant 
fituation,  he  calls  the  eyes  or  the  beauties 
of  Italy,  {oChL'LO^  Italiae),  Cic.  Att. 
16,  3,  &:  6.  His  favourite  villas  were 
thofe  of  Tufculuai,  Antium,  Aflura, 
Formiae,  Cumae,  Puteoli,  and  Pom- 
peii, all  of  them  large  enough  for  the 
reception,  not  only  of  his  own  family, 
but  of  his  friends  and  guefls.  Befides 
thefe,  he  had  feveral  fmall  inns  [diver- 
Jiola)  or  re'ting  places,  in  palTmg  from 
one  villa  to  another,  Cic,  Att.  14,  8. 
Cicero's  revenues  muft  have  been  very 
confiderable  to  enable  him  to  build  and 
fupport  fo  many  great  houfes.  As  his 
paternal  fortune  was  but  fmall,  the 
fources  from  vi^hich  he  derived  his  funds 
were,  the  emoluments  of  his  public  of- 
fices, the  prcfents  of  his  clients,  and 
the  legacies  left  him  by  his  friends  ; 
which  laft,  he  himfelf  informs  us,  a- 
mounted  to  near  200,000 1.  (amplius 
H.  S,  ducenties ) ,  Phil.  2,  16.  The  furni- 
ture of  Cicero's  houfes  was  fultable 
to  their  elegance.  There  was  a  cedar 
table  of  his  remaining  in  Pliny's  time, 
faid  to  have  been  the  firft  of  the  kind 
in  Rome,  and  to  have  coil  about  L.  80 
(H.  S.  X.),  Plin.  13,  15,  &  16.  By» 
thefe  expences  Cicero  was  often  invol- 
ved in  pecuniary  difficulties,  Vid.  Ep, 
ad  Alt,  pajfim. 

Cicero's  moral  charadler,  though 
cenfured  by  his  enemies,  ^indiU  12, 
I,  14.  was  on  the  whole  irreproach- 
able. His  ruling  paflion  was  the  love 
of  glory,  Cic.  Att.  1,  15.  <?/  2,  17.  Fam, 
9,  14.  Arch.  II.  Mil.  35.  He  was 
blamed  for  his  vanity,  and  for  boafling 
too  frequently  of  the  actions  which  he 
performed  in  his  confulihip,  Dio,  38, 
12.  Bat,  as  Quinftilian  obferves,  he 
feldom  did  this  without  reafon  ;  either 
to  repel  calumny,  or  to  vindicate  his 
conduA  when  attacked,  11,  i,  17.  So 
he  himfelf  fays,  Dam,  35,  &  36.  Har, 
Rejp.  8.  He  was  alfo  accufed  of  timi-' 
dity,  which  charge  he  allows  to  be  jufl, 
Fam.  6,  14.  Att.  13,  37.  but,  by  way 
of  explanation,  adds,  that  he  was  not 
timid  in  encountering  dangers,  but  in 

forefeeing 


C  I  C  [I 

forefeein^  tKem  ;  which,  as  Quindlh'an 
juftly  obfcrvcs,  he  confirmed  by  many 
parts  of  his  condu6l,  and  chiefly  by  his 
death,  12,1,  17.  But  Quinttih'an  carries 
his  eulogiiim  too  far,  when  he  reprcfents 
Cicero  as  a  perfect  patriot,  (Nee  Mar- 
co "TttUio  defuiffe  video  in  uUa  parte  civis 
optimi  twlutilatemjf  ib.  16.  Unfortu- 
nately there  are  too  many  iiillanccs  on 
record  of  his  mean  compliance  to  thofe 
in  power,  which  ou^ht  to  be  afcribed 
chiefly  to  his  timidity.  Hence  the 
fharp  repartee  of  Laberius,  the  writer 
of  farces,  {^mimographus)^  to  Cicero  ; 
who  one  day  obferving  Laberius  feek- 
ing  for  a  feat  in  the  theatre,  faid  to 
him  while  pafling  by,  "  I  (hould  give 
you  a  feat,  if  I  were  not  ftraitened  for 
room,''  [n'lfi  augujl^  federem).  ^^  It  is 
a  wonder  you  are  ftraitened  foi*  room, 
fays  Laberius,  when  you  ufe  to  fit  on 
two  ftools,"  [miruyn  ft  augujle  fedes y  qui 
J'oles  duabus  fellis  federe) ,  alluding  to  Ci- 
cero's profclTions  of  friendfhip  both  to. 
Pompey  and  Caefar,  while  he  was  fin- 
cerely  attached  to  neither,  Senec.  Con- 
trov.  3,  18.;  Macroh.  Sat.  2,  3. — Cice- 
ro was  apt  to  be  too  much  elated  in 
profperity,  and  dejeifted  in  adverfity, 
Senec.  Sua/.  6. ;  BruL  ad  C'lc.  4. 

But  Cicero  is  chiefly  to  be  admired, 
not  merely  as  a  ftatefman,  but  as  an 
orator,  a  man  of  genius,  and  a  fcholar, 
in  all  which,  taken  together,  he  has 
perhaps  never  been  equdlled.  His  in- 
dufl:ry  in  fl:udy  amidft  fo  many  ])ublic 
and  private  engagements  is  aftonirtiing. 
Catullus,  his  contemporary,  in  thank- 
ing him  for  fome  favour,  addrefles  him 
thus,  Dijertiffime  Komuli  nepofum,  ^lot 
funty  quotque  fuerey  ^otque  pojl  a  His  erunt 
in  annisy  Slc.  47.  ;  and  Julius  Caefar 
faid,  that  Cicero  had  acquired  a  laurel 
fuperior  to  that  of  all  triumphs,  in  as 
much  as  it  was  more  glorious  to  have 
extended  the  fame  of  Roman  genius, 
than  to  have  enlarged  the  limits  of  the 
empire,  {quant 0  plus  ejl  ingenii  Romani 
ierminos  in  tanium  promovlffcy  quam  impe- 
.rii)y  Plin.  7,  30.  During  the  domi- 
.nion  of  the  Triumviri  and  of  Auguilus, 
it  was  fafliionable  among  the  flatterers 


29    1  C  I  c 

of  power  to  difparage  the  merit  of  Ci- 
cero, {adulatores  praefentis  potentiae  .non 
rcjponfurum  invaferunt)y  Quindil.  i?,- 
10,  13.  The  Oily  writer  of  that  pe- 
riod who  fpeaks  of  Cicero  with  refpec^, 
is  Livy.  Virgil  and  Horace  do  not  fo 
much  as  mention  his  name.  Virgil  h 
fuppofed  to  have  him  in  view  when  he 
yields  the  fuperiority  of  eloquence  to 
the  Greeks,  [Orabunt  canfas  melius y  fc. 
alii,  nempe  Graecl),  Aen.  6,  849.  But 
fucceeding  authors  do  Cicero  ample 
juftice.  Quinftilian  compares  him  with 
Demoftheues,  and  feems,  on  the  whole, 
to  ^\^t  Cicero  the  preference,  lo,  i, 
105,  ^c.  He  calls  him  Optimus  auBor 
ac  magifler  eloquentiae,  5^,  11,  17.  Lati- 
nae  eloquentiae  princepSy  6,3,1.  Caele/lis 
in  dicetido  vir,  ic,  2,  18.  In  omnibus  e- 
nnnentiJTimuSy  12,10,  12.  Nam  mihi  vi- 
detur  M.  Tullius  effnxtJTe  vim  Denujlhe- 
nisy  copiam  Plaionisy  jucunditatem  Ifocra- 
tisy  10,  I,  108.  ^are  non  immerito  ah 
hominibus  aetatisfuae  regnare  in  judiciis 
didus  ejl ;  apud  pqjleros  vero  id  confecutiis," 
ut  jam  non  hominis  nomeny  fed  eloquentiae 
habeatur.  Hunc  igiturjpedtemusy  hoc  pro- 
pofitum  nobis  Jit  exemphm  ;  illefe  profecijfe 
fciaty  cui  Cicero  valde  placebity  ib.  112, 
Lucan  calls  him,  Romani  maximus  au8or 
eloquiiy  7,  62.  There  were,  however, 
many  who  cenfured  Cicero's  diction, 
as  loofe  and  languid,  tumid  and  exu- 
berant, ^indil.  Oy  4,  1.  12,  I,  22.^/ 
12,  10,  12.;  Dial,  de  Orat.  1.8,  &  22. 
Hence  Ciceromastix,  -Igisy  the  •  -^  le 
of  a  book  written  by  one  Lar^ii  s  La- 
cinius,  againft  the  fl:yle  of  Cicero,  Gell. 

None  of  Cicero's  hifl:orical  compofi- 
tions  remain,  nor  of  his  poems,  but  de- 
tached paffages  in  different  parts  of  his 
works,  which  are  far  from  being  defti- 
tute  of  merit.  Hence  Plutarch  ranks 
him  among  the  moft  eminent  of  the 
Roman  poets,  in  Cic.  But  as  he  was 
greatly  inferior  to  the  poets  of  the  fuc- 
ceeding age,  and  did  not  polifli  his 
poem.s  with  fufHcient  care,  a  fev?  bad 
lines  being  picked  out  and  turned  into 
ridicule,  ferved  to  difcredit  all  the  refl: ; 
whence  Qui n (Lilian  fays,  In  carminibus 
R  utimim 


die 


[     MO    ] 


C  I  C 


vtmam  peperclffety  quae  non  defierunt  car- 
fere  malignly  ll,  i,  24.  Thus  Martial, 
fpeaking  of  a  bad  poet,  Carmina  quod 
fcrihis,  Mufis  et  Apelline  nullo  (i.  e.  invi- 
to)— hoc  (fc.  vitium)  C'tceronls  hahes,  2, 
89,3. 

But  of  all  Cicero's  works  his  philo- 
fophical  writings  are  the  moft  ufeful ; 
in  which,  though  he  explains  and  fup- 


came  mader  of  the  ftate,  gave  orders 
to  his  friends  to  report  to  him  the  wit- 
ty fayings  which  happened  to  drop 
from  Cicero  in  their  company,  that  he 
might  infert  them  among  his  Apo- 
thegms, lb.  9,  1 6.  But  the  moft  com- 
plete coUef^ion  of  Cicero's  fayings  was 
publiflied  after  his  death  by  Tiro,  his 
freedman,  or  by  fome  other  perfon,  in 


ports  the  opinions  of  all  the  different  three  books  ;  who,  it  feems,  fhewed 
fe6ls,  yet  he  in  private  approved  the 
dodlrine  of  the  Academics,  who  af- 
firmed nothing  for  certain,  but  fatisfied 
themfelves  with  embracing,  after  a  care- 
ful inveftigation,  what  appeared  moft 
probable,  C'lc.  Acad.  4,  3,  &  4.  T^fi-  i> 
9.  Orat.fn.  The  pradice  of  the  Aca- 
demics of  difputing  for  and  againft 
every  opinion,  (de  omnibus  rebus  In  con- 
trarias  partes  dtfferend'i, )  was  particular- 
ly ufeful  to  an  orator,  in  teaching  him 
to  fpeak  readily  on  all  fubjeds,  Cic. 
'Tufc.  2,  3.  Cicero  therefore  called  it 
the  **  Parent  of  elegance  and  copiouf- 
■nefs,"  and  often  declared,  "  that  he 
owed  whatever  eloquence  he  had,  not 
fo  much  to  the  fchools  of  rhetoricians, 
as  to  the  walks    of    the   Academy," 


(^Ego  aiitem  fateor,  me  oratorem^Ji  modo 


more  folicitude  to  compile  all  that  oc- 
curred, than  judgment  to  make  a  pro- 
per feleftipn,  ^ilndil.  6,  3,  5.  None 
of  thefe  books  are  now  extant. 

M.  TuHlus  Cicero,  ikf.  F.  the  fon  of 
the  orator  by  Terentia  5  born  in  the 
year  before  his  father  was  conful,  a.  689. 
(L,  Caefare  et  C.  F'tgulo  Cofs.)  Cic, 
Attr  1,2.  commanded  a  wing  of  Pom- 
pey's  horfe  in  the  battle  of  Pharfalia, 
where  he  was  greatly  applauded  for  his 
courage,  Cic,  Off.  2,  13.  He  wifhed 
to  attend  Caefar  in  his  expedition  to 
Spain,  but  his  father  would  not  agree 
to  that  propofal,  Cic.  Att.  12,  7.  and 
fent  him  to  Athens,  with  proper  at- 
tendants, to  ftudy  philofophy  under 
Cratippus,  ib.  32,  52,  &  53,  Off,  i,  i. 
Here  he  remained  till  after  the  death 


Jim^  aut  et'iam  quicunqiie  fim,  non  e^  Rhe-     of  Caefar,  when  he  joined  Brutus,  who 
toriimofficms.,  fed  ex  Academiae  fpati'is  ex 


thffey  Cic.  Orat.  3.  Non  tantumfe  debere 
Jchol'is  rhetorum-,  quantum  Academ'tae  fpa- 
ttis,  frequenter  ipfe  tefiatus  eJU Quin Ail.  1 2 , 
2,  23.  Ex  ph'dofophis  plurimum  fe  traxffe 
eloqueni'iae,ld.  lO,  T,  81.  D'lcend't facuU 
iatsm  ex  inlimis fapimt:aefontibusJiuere,i2, 
2,  6.)  From  the  fcepticifm  of  the  Aca- 
demic philofophy  Cipero  perhaps  partly 
derived  that  want  of  decifion  which  was 
difcoverablc  in  feveral  parts  of  his  con- 
dud. 

Cicero  was  as  diitinguilhed  for  his 
wit  as  for  his  eloquence.  Several  fpu- 
rious  colleftiqns  of  his  fayings  were 
handed  about  in  his  own  lifetime,  Cic. 
Fam.  7,  32.  et  9.  16.  till  his  friend  Tre- 
bonius,  after  he  had  been  conful, 
thought  it  worth  while  to  publilh  a  ge- 
nuine edition  of  them,  in  a  volume 
which  he  addreffed  to  Cicero  himfelf, 
lb»  15,  2i>     Caefir  alfo,   after  he  h%- 


made  hi-.n  one  of  his  lieutenants,  and 
wrote  his  father  a  very  flattering  account 
of  his  abilities  and  conduct,  ad Brut.z,^, 
which  ^vas  confirmed  by  Lentulus,  Cic, 
Fam.  12,  14.  and  Trebonius,  ib.  16.  and 
by  the  fon's  own  letters  to  his  father, 
Cic.  Att,  14,  7,  15,  16,  &  17.  but  none 
of  thefe  now  remain.  Young  Cicero, 
with  the  troops  which  he  commanded 
in  Macedonia,  completely  defeated  C. 
Antonius,  and  took  him  prifoner,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Brut,  et  Cic.  ad  Brut.  2,  7. 
After  the  battle  of  Phihppi  and  the 
death  of  Brutus,  he  made  his  efcape  to 
Sex.  Pompeius  ;  and  after  Pompey's 
treaty  with  the  triumvirate,  returned 
to  Rome,  Appian.p.  619,  .672,  &  713. 
Cicero  now,  having  nothing  to  do, 
funk  into  a  life  of  indolence  and  plea- 
fure,  and  the  intemperate  love  of  wine, 
Flin.  14,  22.  He  afterwards,  however, 
was  made    augur,  Appian.p.  619=  and 

confiJj 


C  I  C  f    I 

conful,  {Vid.  OcTAVius,)  and  at  laft 
proconful  of  Afia,  or,  as  Appian  fays, 
of  Syria,  ib.  after  which  we  read  no- 
thing more  concerning  him.  He  is 
faid  to  have  had  nothing  of  his  father's 
genius,  but  his  wit  and  pohtenefs,  («r- 
bankatefn,)  Senec.  Suafor.  6.  There 
are  ftill  extant  two  letters  of  his  to  Ti- 
ro, when  he  was  about  nineteen  years 
old,  the  former  of  which  gives  us  a 
very  favourabl<l;  fpecimen  both  of  his 
difpofitions  and  abilities,  C/V.  Fam.  i6, 
21,  &.  25. 

.  J^  Tul/ius  Cicero,  the  brother  of 
the  orator  ;  after  his  praetorfliip,  a. 
692.  fucceeded  Flaccus  as  governor 
ofAfia,  Cic.  Flac.  14.  Fam.  1,28.; 
where  he  continued  for  three  years, 
but  did  not  gain  great  reputation  by 
his  conduft.  In  the  third  year  of  his 
government,  he  received  from  his  bro- 
ther an  admirable  letter  of  advice,  Cic, 
^.  Fr.  1,1.  He  afterwards  diftin- 
guiflied  himfeif  as  one  of  Caefar's  lieu- 
tenants in  Gaul,  Fid.  Caesar,  /.  59. 
He  left  Caefar  to  accompany  his  bro- 
ther to  Cilicia,  as  one  of  his  lieute- 
nants, Cic.  Fam.  15,  4.  In  the  civil 
war  he  joined  Pompey,  contrary  to 
his  brother's  advice,  Cic.  yf//.  9,  r, 
&  6.  But  after  the  battle  of  Pharfa- 
lia,  he  and  his  fon,  in  order  to  make 
their  peace  with  Caefar,  bafely  threw 
all  the  blame  on  Cicero,  Cic,  uitt,  11, 
8,  9,  &c.  who  on  the  contrary  aded 
with  great  generofity  to  them,  ik. 
They  were  both  with  Cicero  at  his 
Tufculan  villa,  when  they  received  the 
accounts  of  their  being  profcribed  by 
the  Triumvirate.  They  might  have 
eicaped,  had  they  inftantly  fled  ;  but 
Qu^intus  and  his  fon  returned  to 
Pwome,  to  furnirti  them.felves  with  mo- 
ney and  other  neceffaries.  Plere  they 
were  overtaken  by  Antony's  emiffaries. 
The  fon  was  found  out  firft  ;  who, 
defirous  to  preferve  his  father,  nobly 
refufed  to  difcover  the  place  of  his 
concealment.  But  the  foldiers  inftant- 
ly putting  him  to  the  rack,  the  father, 
to  refcue  his  fon  from  torture,  burft 
from  his  hiding  place,  aijd  vQlyatarily 


31    ]  C  I  N 

furrendered  himfeif,  making  no  other 
requeft  to  his  executioners,  than  to  be 
difpatched  firft.  The  fon  urged  the 
fame  petition ;  fo  that  the  afl'aflins, 
to  fatisfy  both,  taking  them  apart, 
killed  them  according  to  agreement  at 
the  fame  time,  Dio,  47,  10.;  Appian. 
p.  601.  ;   Plutarch,  in  Cic,  Jin. 

CiCERONES  pueri^  young  Marcus 
and  Quintus,  the  fons  of  Cicero  and 
of  his  brother,  whom  Cicero  carried 
with  him  to  Cilicia,   Cic.  Fam.  2,  17. 

CicERRus,  a  buffoon  defcribed  by 
Horace,  Sat.  i,  5,  51. 

CicuTA,  an  ufurcr,  Hor,  Sat.  2,  3, 

175- 

CiLNiUM  genus i  an  opulent  family 
or  clan  in  Etruria,  Liv.  10,  3. 

CiMON,  'onis,  the  fon  of  Miltiades, 
an  illuftrious  Athenian  general,  who 
defeated  the  Perlians  in  feveral  en- 
gagements, (G.  466.),  no  lefs  diftin- 
guifned  for  his  liberality  than  valour, 
Nep.  5,4.  ;   Cic.  Of,  2,  18. 

M.  CINCIUS  Alimentoy  a  tribune 
of  the  commons  at  Rome,  who  got  a 
lav/  paffed,  a.  u.  549,  called  Lex  Cin- 
ciA,  prohibiting  any  one  to  receive 
from  a  client  money  or  prefents  of 
any  kind,   Cic,   Sen,   4.  j  ■  Tacit,  Ann. 

11,5- 

CiNCiNNATUs,  a  firname  of  the 
Gens  ^intia  vel  ^lin^ia ;  vid.  Quin- 

TI£S. 

Cine  AS,  -ae,  the  minifter  and  fa- 
vourite general  of  Pyrrhus,   (G.  231.) 

CINNA,  a  firname  of  feveral  Ro- 
man gentes  or  clans,  particularly  of  the 
^ens  Cornelia. 

L.  Cornelius  C INNA,  firft  dift  inguifh- 
ed  himfeif  as  a  lieutenant-general  in  the 
Social  or  Italic  war,  after  his  praetor- 
ftiip,  Cic.  2' out.  15.  He  was  conful  with 
Cn.  Odavius,  a.  u.  664,  the  year  after 
Sulla  and  Q^Pompeius  were  confule. 
Sulla,  knowing  Cinna  to  be  inimical 
to  him,  before  he  fet  out  to  the  war 
againil  Mithridates,  obliged  him  to 
fwear  that  he  would  do  nothing  a- 
gainft  his  intereft  in  his  abfence.  But 
no  fooner  was  Sulla  gone,  than  Cin- 
na openly  avov/ed  his  enmity  to  Sulla. 
Ri  '  He 


C  1  N  [I 

He  propofed  a   law,  «<  That   the  Ita- 
lians, who  had  lately  been  made  citi- 
zens, fhould  be  diftributed  through  all 
the  thirty-five  tribes,'*   inftead  of  vo- 
ting in   eight  feparatc  tribes  by    them- 
felves,    Veil.  2,    20.  ;  being  bribed,  as 
was   fuppofed,  with   300  talents,  y//- 
p'tan,  B.  C.  I, p.  389.  This  vi'as  violently 
oppofcd  by  Oftaviiis  and  the  Patrici- 
ans, who  expelled  Cinna  from   the    ci- 
t}'-,  after  a  bloody  conteft,  to   which 
Cicero  alludes,  Sext.  36.  deprived  him 
of  his  olflce,  and  eletled   Merula  con- 
ful   in    his    room.      But  Cinna,  being 
joined  by  Sertorios   and  Carbo,  raifed 
forces  in  different  parts  of  Italy  ;    and 
having  recalled  Marias  and    the  other 
exiles,  advanced  againft  the  city  with 
a  great  army  in  four  divifions.    Several 
bloody  contefts  took   place  before    the 
walls,  lb.  el  Liv.  Epit,    79.     At    lad 
0(?l:avius  and    the  fenate    were   forced 
to  fubmitj   and  receive   Cinna  into  the 
city.     Marias    flopped    at    the  gates, 
on    pretext,  that  being  an  exile,    he 
could  not  enter  the  city,  till  the   de- 
cree of  his   banifhment  was  reverfed. 
Cinna  inftantly  fummoned  an  aflembly 
for  this  purpofe  ;  but   Marius   waiting 
only  till  three  or  four  tribes  gave  their 
votes,  entered  the  city,  as  if  taken  by 
ftorm,   Plutarch,  in  Mar.  f>.  ^'^i.    Cin- 
r.a  and  Marius  .made  a  horrible    mafTa- 
cre   of  their   enemies,   'vid.    Marius. 
Liv.    Epit.    80.;     Fell.    2,    22.;     Cic. 
Phil.  Ij  14.;    Tufc.   5,    19.;    Flor.  3, 
21,  13.;  Appian.  p.  391,   5cc.      Cinna, 
without  any  formality  of  election,  (««/ 
lis  comitiis  hahitis)^  declared  himfelf  and 
Marius  confuls  for  the  next  year.   Ma- 
rius  having    died  in   the  firll   irx)nth, 
Cinna  nominated  in   l-is  ftead  Valerius 
Flaccus/  wh(>m  he  fent  into  Afia  with 
two  legions,  to  fuperfede  Sulla  in  the 
command   of  the  war  againil:   Mithri- 
dates.     But   Flaccus   being   killed  by 
!Fimbria,   [q.   1;.)   his  quaeilor,  Cinna 
chofe  Carbo  as  his  colleague  in  the  con- 
fulate  for   the   tw^o    next  years,    Liv. 
Epit.  83.     Cinna,  when  conful  for  the 
fourth  time,  gave  his  daughter  Gwrne- 
lia  in  marriage  to  Julius  Caefar,  Suet* 


32     ]  C  I  N 

Caef.  I.  During  the  dominion  of 
Cinna  m  Italy,  moft  of  the  nobility 
fled  to  Sulla  ;  v^'ho  having  now  com- 
pletely vanquifhed  Mithridates,  and  ha- 
ving forced  the  two  legions  under  Fim- 
bria to  join  him,  was  preparing  to  re- 
turn with  his  victorious  army  into  I- 
taly,  ap,ainfl:  his  enemies.  Cinna  and 
Carbo  made  the  moft  vngorous  efforts 
to  oppofe  him,  Liv.  Epit.  83.  But. 
before  the  arrival  of  Sulla,  Cinna  was 
cut  off  in  a  mutiny  of  his  foldiers  at 
Ancona  ;  {^vir  dtgnior,  qui  arbitrio  vie- 
tornm  moreretur,  qvam  iracumUd  fnilitum, 
de  quo  vere  diet  poiefiy  aufwn  eum,  quae 
nemo  auderet  bonus,  perfecijfe  quae  a  nuU 
lo  nift  a  fori'ilfiino  perjici  prx/fent).  Veil. 
2,  24.  Thus  Lucan,  Sylla  potensy  Ma- 
riiijque  ferox,  et  Cinna  cruentus,  4,  822. 
Ad  Cinnas  ATariofque  venis,  you  come 
to  be  ranked  with  Cinna  and  Maiius, 
ib.  2,  546.  Cinna  nimin  potens,  Cic. 
Phil.    2,   42.      Hence    Cinnae  faevitiaf 

Cic.   N.  D.    3,  32. CiNNANUM  /^»|- 

pus,  Cic.  Red.  in  Senat.  4.  Cinnani 
ttmporis  iniquitas,  ib.  3 1.  Cum  per  tri" 
ennium^  Cinnanae  Marianaeque  partes 
Italiam  olfiderent,  the  party  of  Cinna 
and  Mariua,   Veil.  2,  24. 

CINNA,  an  excellent  poet,  Virg, 
Aen,  9,  35.  who  took  nine  years  to 
write  a  poem,  called  Smyrna,  CatulL 
89.  (ai.  92.)  to  which  Horace  is  fup- 
pofed to  allude  in  his  advice  to  au- 
thors, to  keep  their  works  by  them 
for  nine  years,  {^nonumque  prematur  in 
annum),  Art.  P.  388.  et  ibi  Scholiajl. 
Cinna  is  faid  to  have  been  rather  ob- 
fcure.  Martial.  10,  21,  4^;  and  in 
fome  places  alfo  obfcene,  Ovid.  Tri/l.  2, 
435.  None  of  bis  works  now  remain* 
Some  take  him  to  have  been  the  fame 
with  C.  Helvius  Cinna,  a  tribune,  who 
was  torn  in  pieces  by  the  mob, 
through  millake,  at  the  funeral  of 
Caefar,  Suet.  Caef.  85.  ;  Val.  Max.  9, 
9,  2.  ;  Appian.  B.  C.  2,  521.  ;  becaufe 
Plutarch  calls  him  a  poet,  in  Brut,  p, 
993.  et  in  Caef.  740.  But  they  fecm 
to  have  been  different  perfons. 

CiNNAMus,  a  barber  at  Rome, 
made  an  eques  by    the    favour  of  his 

miflrefsj 


C  I  N  [I 

miftrefs  ;  but  having  dlHipated  his  for- 
tune, became  bankrupt,  and  an  exile, 
Martial.  J,  6$. 

CiNyRAs,  -aft  a  kln;sr  of  Cyprus, 
who  bu.'lt  a  temple  to  Venus  at  Pa- 
phos,  where  was  an  oracle,  the  hrft 
pried  of  which  was  Thamyris,  a  Ci- 
lician  ;  but  his  pofterity  religncd  that 
office,  and  one  of  the  royal  family 
was  always  elefted.  Hence  Cinyra- 
DEs,  -aej  a  fon  or  defcendant  of  Ci- 
nyias,  Tac.  Hifl.  2,  3. 

CIPIUS,  W  Capius,  a  complai- 
fant  hufhand,  who  would  affeft  to  nod 
while  his  wife  indulged  her  amours. 
But  a  flave  coming  into  the  room 
while  he  was  in  one  of  thefe  obliging 
flumbers,  and  attempting  to  carry  off 
a  flaggon  that  ftood  on  the  table,  Sir- 
rah, fays  he,  Non  omnibus  dormio, 
I  do  not  fleep  to  all,  Fejlus  in  Non. 
tt  Cic,  Fain.  7,  24. 

Cipus,  a  Roman,  on  whofe  fore- 
head two  horns  are  faid  to  have  grown, 
which  an  Harufpex  declared  was  an 
emblem  of  fovereignty,  and  that  if  he 
entered  the  city,  he  fhould  become 
king  of  it  ;  on  which  account  he  ne- 
ver went  within  the  walls,  Ovid.  Met. 

Circe,  -esy  the  daughter  of  Sol,  or 
Titan,  (Tttanis,  'ulisj  voc.  Tifantf 
Ovid.  Met.  14,  14.)  a  famous  forccrefs. 

{G.375-). 

CiRis,  -iS)  f.  a  name  given  to  Scylla, 
the  daughter  of  Nifus,  when  changed 
into  a  bird,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  150. 

Cispius,  a  tribune,  who  coming  to 
afiill  his  colleague  Fabricius,  on  the 
day  on  which  the  law  about  recalling 
Cicero  from  banifhment  was  to  be  pro- 
pofed,  was  attacked  by  Clodius,  and 
driven  from  the  forum  with  great 
(laughter,  Cic.  Sext.  35.  poji  red.  in 
Sen,  8.  Cicero  afterwards  defended 
him  in  a  trial  v/ith  much  earneftnefs, 
{^cum  multis  hichniis)^  but  without  fuc- 
cefs,  Cic.  Plane.  3 1 . 

CissEUs,  (in  two  fyllables),  -eos.,  a 
king  of  Thrace  ;  the  father  of  Hecii- 
ba,  who  is  hence   called  Cifseii,  -tdis, 


33    ]  C  L  A 

the  daughter  of '  Ciffeus,     Firg.  jlen, 
7,  320.  et  10,  •^05. 

Claranus,  an  illuftrlous  gram- 
marian, Senec.  Ep.  66.  \  Martial.  10, 
21. 

CLAUDIA,  'oel  Clodia  gens,  an 
ancient  and  noble  clan  at  Rome,  di- 
vided into  feveral  branches  or  families, 
fome  of  which  were  of  patrician  rank, 
as  the  Nerones,  Pulchri,  8cc.  others  ple- 
beian, as  the  Marcel  LI,  Suet.  Tib.  i.; 
Cic.  Or.  I,  38.  ;  Afcon.  in  Cic.  pro 
Scaur.  The  Gens  Claudia  originated 
from  one  Atia  Clausus,  a  chief  of 
the  Sabines ;  who  being  obliged  to 
leave  his  countiy  by  a  domeftic  {^^\^ 
tion,  came  to  Rome  from  Regillum, 
with  a  great  body  of  his  clients,  Liv. 
2,  16.  (Servius  fays  5000,  in  Virg^ 
Aen.  7.  706. )  about  five  years  a  «  tx  the 
cxpulfion  of  the  kings.  They  were 
admitted  into  the  freedom  of  the  ftate, 
and  lands  affigned  to  them  beyond  the 
Anio.  Their  number  being  after- 
wards encreafed  by  new  acceflions  from 
the  fame  country,  they  were  called 
The  old  Claudian  Tribe,  Atta  Clau- 
fus  got  the  name  of  Appius  Clau- 
dius, and  being  chofen  into  the  fe- 
nate,  became  one  of  the  chief  men  in 
the  ftate,  Liv.  ib.  Virgil  afcribes  the 
orisjin  of  both  the  Claudian  tribe  and 
Gens  to  Claufus,  a  Sabine  chief,  who 
came  to  the  affiftance  of  Turnus  againfl 
Aeneas,  (  Claudia  nunc  a  qua  diff'anditur 
et  tribiis  et  gens)y  Aen.  7,  708-  Sueto- 
nius fays,  that  the  patrician  branch  of 
the  gens  Claudia  carne  originally  from 
Regilliy  (v.  -us,  V.  -um)^  a  city  of  the 
Sabines  ;  but  is  uncertain  about  the 
time  of  its  removal  to  Rome,  whether 
in  the  time  of  Romulus,  by  the  advice 
of  Titus  Tatius,  or  of  Atta  Claudius, 
the  chief  of  the  clan,  about  fix  years 
after  the  expulfion  oF  the  kings,  Tib.  i: 
Dionyfius  agrees  with  Livy  as  to  the 
time  when  the  Claudil  came  to  Rome, 
(  Valeric  quartum  et  Lucrctio  iterum  Cojf. 
a.  u.  250),  and  makes  their  number 
amount  to  5000  men  that  could  bear 
arms,  1.  5,  p.  308.  So  Plutarch,  in 
Poplicola, 


C  L  A 

Poplicola,  p.  1 08. 
branch  of  this  clan,  (  Patricia  g^ns  Clai 
dia)i  from  which  the  Emperor  Tibe- 
rius was  defcended,  is  faid  to  have  ob- 
tained twenty-eight  confulfliips,  five 
diftatorlhips,  feven  cenforfhips,  feven 
triumphs,  and  two  ovations.  Suet.  ib. 
This  family  is  faid  to  have  rejected  by 
joint  confent,  the  firname  of  Lucius, 
becaufe  two  diftinguiified  by  that  fir- 
name  had  been  condemned  for  capital 
crimes,  ib.  But  this  muft  be  under- 
itood    only    of  the    patrician    branch. 


[     lU    1  C  L  A 

The  patrician  bunes  Volero  and  Laetorius,  to  pre-* 
vent  the  paffing  of  a  law,  that  the, 
plebeian  magillrates  ihould  be  created 
at  the  Comiiia  Tributa  \  but  without 
fuccefs,  ib.  et  57.  Being  fent  againft. 
the  Volfci  with  an  army,  he  treated 
his  fold fers  with  great  feverity,  ib.  58.  ; 
on  v.'hich  account  they  Ihowed  the 
utmoft  ftubbornnefs,  and  even  fuifered 
them.felves  to  be  defeated  by  the  ene- 
my, ib.  59.  Appius  punilhed  them 
with  extreme  rigour,  ib.  Next  year 
two   of  the  tribunes   raifed  a  criminal 


For  we  find  a   L.  Claudius  mcntiontd,    profecution  againft  him  before  the  peo- 


Cic.  Hay.  R.6.',  and  Liv.  41,  21. — 
Tlie  gens  Claudia  was  always  remark- 
able for  fiipporting  the  privileges  of 
the  patricians,  (^maje/Iatis  pairtim  pro- 
puj^nafrix),   Liv.  6,  4r.  and  inimical  to 


pie,  (diem  ei  cJixere.)  Appius  once 
pleaded  his  caufe,  not  in  the  tone  of  a 
criminal,  but  with  the  haughtinefs  of 
an  accufer,  [accufatorio  fpiritu)^  and 
fo  llruck   the  tribunes   and   people  by 


the  rivets  of  the  plebeians,  [iuiviica  pie-    his  firmnefs,  that  they  voluntarily  ad- 
bi)i  Id.  9,  34.  with  the  fingle  excep-    journed  his  trial  to  another  day.     Ap- 


tion  of  P.  Claudius  or  Clodius,  the 
enemy  of  Cicero,  Suet.  Tib.  2.  whence 
Tacitus  fays  of  Tiberius,  that  he  pof- 
fcffed  the  pride  always  inherent  in 
the  Claudian  family,  [vetere  atque  infi- 
td  Claudiae  ftnniiiae  fuperbid),  Ann.  i, 

4. adj.   Claudius   et  Claudia- 

Nus  ;  thus,  Claudiae  manu St  X\ith?^Vids, 
i.  e.  the  flrength  or  fotce  of  the  Clau- 
dian family,  put  for  the  Claudii,  al- 
luding to  the  fteplons  of  Augulius, 
Jior.  Od.  4,  4,  73.  vid.  Nero.  Clan- 
diana  cajlra,  tlie  camp  of  Claudius, 
Liv.  23,  31,  39,  &  48,  firft  fortified 
by  Claudius  Marcellus,  ib.  17.;  and 
kept  up  for  feveral  years ;  whence  it 
retained  his  name,  JAv.  25,  22. 

Appius  CLAUD1U8  being  rr.ade 
conful,  a.  259,  fhevvtd  himfelf  a  keen 
fupporter  of  the  power  of  the  fenate, 
and  inimical  to  the  plebeians,  Liv.  2, 
21, — 28.  He  advifed  the  patricians 
to  baffle  the  power  of  the  tribunes 
by  procuring  one  or  n^.ore  of  their 
number  to  interpofe  their  negative  a- 
gainft:  the  rell,  ib.  44. 

Ap.  Claudius,  the  fon  of  the  for- 
mer, conful  a.  282,  was  as  holiile  to 
the  plebeians  as  his  father,  and  (liil 
moFe  hated  by  them,  Liv.  2,  56. 
He  had  a  vicknt  conteit  with  the  tri- 


puis,  however,  died  of  a  difeafe  before 
the  day  of  adjournment  [prodida  dies) 
arrived,  ib.  61. 

C.  CLAUDIUS,  the  fon  of  Ap- 
pius,  conful  a.  294.  was  as  fteady  as 
his  father  in  fupporting  the  caufe  of 
the  nobility,  but  m.ore  moderate,  Liv. 
3,  15,  &  35.  Having  loft  his  col- 
league P.  Valerius,  who  was  killed  in 
quelling  an  infurrection  of  the  ilaves  un- 
der Kerdoniu.i,  ib.  18.  he  got  L.  Quin- 
tius  CJncinnaius  chofen  in  his  Head, 
ib.  19.  Ke  ilood  candidate  for  the 
Dccemvirate,  the  fecond  year  after 
the  iniiitution  of  that  office,  but  was 
uflappointed  by  the  intrigues  of  his 
litplRVV  [fratris  fdii)  Appius,  ib.  35. 
Afterwards,  hovvevcr,  when  A])pius 
was  impeached,  he  interelled  himfclf 
warmly  in  his  favour,  though  without 
fuccefs,  ib.  58.  When  the  tribunes 
urged  the  palTiiig  of  a  law,  that  "  one 
of  the  confuls  iliould  be  chofen  from 
the  plebeians,"  Caius  gave  his  opi- 
nion, "  that  the  confuls  Ihould  ufe 
force  of  arms  againft  them,  [confules 
annahat  in  tribunes)',  but  this  was  pre- 
vented by  the  expedient  of  creating, 
inftead  of  conffds,  military  tribunes 
with  confular  power,   Liv.  4,  6.  - 

Appius  CLAUDIUS,  the  chief  of 

the 


C  L  A  C     ] 

the  decemvirs,  (called  Regillanus, 
Suet,  Tib,  2.  from  Regillum,  the  an- 
cient country  of  the  Claudii,  Liv.  3, 
58.)  He  was  conful  elect:,  a.  301, 
(al.  303,)  when  the  ckceminri  were  firft 
created,  Liv.  3,  33.  After  it  was  de- 
termined that  decemvirs,  inftead  of 
confnis,  fliould  be  created  for  a  fecond 
year,  fevcral  of  the  chief  men  in  the 
ilate  declared  themfelves  candidates. 
Appius  Claudius  took  uncommon  pains 
to  ingratiate  himfelf  with  the  people. 
Though  the  youngeil  of  his  colleagues, 
he  was  appointed  to  preiide  at  the  elec- 
tions, that  he  might  not  return  him- 
felf; which  no  one  had  ever  done,  ex- 
cept the  tribunes  of  the  commons,  a.Tid 
that  by  a  very  hurtful  precedent.  But 
Appius  having,  by  his  addrefs,  fet 
afide  the  moil  refpeftable  candidates, 
among  the  reil  his  own  uncle,  got  per- 
fons  of  a  very  inferior  charafter,  [ne- 
quaquam  Jplendore  vliae  pa  res)  f  to  be 
chofcn,  and  himfelf  among  the  firll,  ib. 
35.  Appius  having  procured  the  con- 
currence of  his  new  colleagues,  hence- 
forth did  every  thing  according  to  his 
own  pkafure,  ib.  36.  But  his  crimi- 
nal paffion  for  Virginia  foon  put  a  pe- 
riod to  his  power  and  his  life.  Being 
divelled  of  his  office,  and  thrown  in- 
to prifon,  he  killed  himfelf,  ib.  57,  & 
58.    (G.  215,  &  216.) 

Appius  Claudius  Crajfusy  the  fon 
of  the  decemvir,  one  of  the  military 
tribunes  with  confular  authority,  a.33  i, 
I,iv.  4,  35.  and  praefe6l  of  the  city, 
ib.  36.  He  (liewed  the  fame  hatred 
again il  the  tribunes  and  plebeians  that 
his  anceftors  had  done,  ib.  36. 

/Ippius  CLAUDIUS,  the  decem- 
vir's grandfon,  and  the  youngeil  fena- 
tor,  a.  339,  advifed  the  fenate  to  fol- 
low the  counfel  of  his  anceftor,  the 
iiril  Appius  Claudius,  to  balHe  the 
power  of  the  tribunes  by  the  protelts 
of  their  colleagues,  //it'.  4,  48.  When 
military  tribune,  a.  352,  Liv.  5,  i.  he 
made  a  noble  fpeech,  to  perfuade  the 
people  not  to  difcontinue  the  fiege  of 
Veji  in  winter,  ib.  3, — 7.  with  fuccefs, 
ib.    When  Veji  was  about  to  be  taker;. 


3?    3  C  L  A 

he  gave  it  as  his  opinion  in  the  fenate, 
"  That  the  money  arillng  from  the 
plunder  of  that  city  fliould  be  reduced 
into  the  public  treafury;"  but  this  ad- 
vice was  not  followed,  ib.  20.  Appius 
keenly  oppofed  the  law  for  eleding 
one  of  the  confuls  from  among  the  ple- 
beians, Liv.  6,  40.  but  without  effed, 
ib,  42.  He  was  made  dictator,  a.  393, 
Liv.  7,  6.  and  conful  with  Camillus, 
a.  405,  ib,  24.  in  which  olKce  he  died, 
ib.  25. 

yip.  CLAUDIUS,  cenfor  with  C. 
Plautias,  a.  442,  who  paved  the  road 
named  from  him  p^'ia  Appia,  Gic.  Mil. 
7.  and  firil  brought  an  aquaeduft  into 
the  city,  hence  called  y^qua  Claudia^ 
Liv.  9,  29.  His  colleague  having-  re- 
iigned  his  office  on  account  of  the  fcan- 
dal  and  odium  incurred  from  their  im- 
proper choice  of  fcnators,  ib,  et  39. 
Appius,  from  an  inflexibility  of  temper 
long  inherent  in  his  family,  retained 
the  cenforfliip  alone.  Appius  is  faid 
firil  to  have  difgraced  the  fenate,  by 
chuling  into  it  the  fons  of  freed  men, 
{lihertinorum  Jiliis  le&is),  Liv,  9,  46. 
(Vid.  R.  A.  p.  6.)  The  tribunes  at- 
tempted to  force  Appius  to  lay  down 
the  cenforfliip,  ib.  33.  but  without  ef- 
fe6l,  ib.  34.  -—  He  was  made  conful 
a.  446^  ib.  42,  interrex,  a.  453,  to  pre- 
iide at  tiie  eledion  of  confuls,  Liv,  10, 
1 1,  when  he  would  not  admit  plebeian 
candidates,  CicBr.  14.  Being  made 
conful  a  fecond  time,  a.  456,  Liv.  10, 
15.  he  was  feiit  againll  the  Tufcans 
and  Samnites.  At  iiril  he  was  unfuc- 
cefsful,  ib.  1 8.  but  afterwards  gained 
a  iignal  viclory,  by  the  affiilance  of 
his  colleague  Volumnius,  ib.  19.  The 
year  after,  being  made  praetor,  ib,  22. 
he  fought  a  fecond  battle  againft  the 
Samnites  with  equal  fuccefs,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Stella,  [in  agro,  v.  ca7npo  SkL 
hai)f  where  alfo  he  was  affifted  by  Vo- 
lumnius, now  proconful,  z^.  f/31.  Ap- 
pius in  his  old  age  loil  his  fight;  whence 
he  is  often  called  Appius  Caecus,  the 
Blind.  His  blindncfa  was  confidered  as 
a  puiuninicnl  from  heaven,  for  his  ha. 


C  L  A  C    1 

ving,  when  cenfor,  advffed  the  Pinarian 
family  to  delegate  their  performance  of 
the  facred  rites  of  Hercules  to  public 
flaves,Zi'u.9,39.  (7?. ^.3 14.)  In  confe- 
quence  of  this  misfortune,  he  withdrew 
himfelf  from  all  concern  in  public  af- 
fairs ;  till  hearing  that  a  majority  of 
the  fenators,  gained  by  the  eloquence 
and  prefents  of  Cineas,  were  inclined 
to  make  peace  with  Pyrrhus,  he  came 
into  the  fenate,  and  fpoke  with  iuch 
energy,  that  a  decree  was  inftantly  pafT- 
cd,  according  to  his  opinion,  "  That 
the  Romans  would  never  make  peace 
with  Pyrrhus  while  he  remained  in  Ita- 
ly," (G.  232.),  Liv.  Epit,  13.  ;  Sen. 
6. ;  Flor.  I,  x8.  Cicero  fays,  that  this 
happened  only  feven  years  after  his  fe- 
cond  confulfhip.  Sen.  6.  But  Cicero 
fpeaks  ef  Appius  having  borne  public 
ofHces  after  being  deprived  of  his  fight, 
Clc.  Tt/fc.  5,  38.  and  that  he  poffelTed 
fuch  vigour  of  mind,  that  neither  old 
age  nor  blindncfs  prevented  him  from 
attending  both  to  private  and  public 
bufinefs,  tb.  et  Sen.  ir.  Appius  Clau- 
dius appears  to  have  been  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  but  more  dillinguifhed 
for  the  arts  of  peace  than  of  war,  Liv. 
9,  42.  (?/  10,  22.  ;  Cic.  Br.  14.  ;  Cael. 
■  14. 

Jp.  Claudius,  the  brother  of  Ap. 
Claudius  Caecus,  GeU.  ,17,21.;  Viclor. 
de  lUvJlr.  vir.  c.  7,1.  couful  a.  489,  in 
which  year  the  firil  Punic  war  began, 
Zii?.  3 1 ,  T . ;  Plin .  33,3.;  Sfjlin.  i ,  Ap- 
pius was  firnamcd  Caudex,  becaufe 
be  firft  perfuaded  the  Romans  to  fit 
out  a  fleet,  [Romanh  primus  perfuafit 
navem  conjcendere  ;  Caudex  oh  hoc  Ipfum 
oppellatuc^qu'ia plurlum  fabularum  contextus 
caudex  apud  antiquos  appcilahatur)^  Se- 
nec.  de  Brev.  vit.  13.  The  Romans 
at  that  time  Vv'ere  ignorant  of  ihip-build- 
ing.  They  had  noLning  but  open  boats, 
made  of  rough  planks,  {^ex  tahul'is  craf- 
Jlor'ibusy  Feilus),  called  Naves  caudka- 
r'tae.  and  in  their  firfc  expedition  to  Si- 
cily borrowed  fliips  from  the  people  of 
Tarentuin,  Locri,  Elea,  and  Naples, 
Polyb.  I,  20.  Appius  having,  by  a 
bcld  ftratagem,  tranfportcd  his  troops 


36    ]  C  L  A 

to  Sicily,  though  the  Carthaginians 
were  mailers  at  fea,  firft  defeated  Hie« 
ro,  the  tyrant  of  Syracufe,  and  then 
forced  the  Carthaginians  to  raife  the 
fiege  of  Mefsana,  Polyb.  i,  11,  &  12. 
Suetonius  favs,  that  Appius  expelled 
them  from  Sicily,  Tib.  2.  which  was 
not  the  cafe.  Aurelius  Vi6lor  expref- 
fes  it  more  properly,  Carfhaginienfes 
Mejfand  expvht,  r.  37.  Hiero  was  ob- 
liged to  fue  for  peace,  which  was  grant- 
ed to  him,  Polyb.  1,16.  Claudius  was 
the  firft  Roman  that  triumphed  over  a 
tranfmarine  people,  Sil.  6,  660.;  Eutrop, 
2,  18. 

P.  CLAUDIUS  Pulcher,  the  fon 
or  grandfon  of  Ap.  Caecus,   Cic.  Div, 

1,  16.  ;  Gel/.  10,  6.  conful  a.  u.  ^o^. 
Being  fent  againll  the  Carthaginians, 
before  he  engaged  in  battle,  he  ordered 
the  omens  to  be  confulted  by  the  feed- 
ing of  chickens.  When  he  was  told 
that  they  would  not  eat,  "  Then,  fays 
he,  let  them  drink,"  and  immediately 
ordered  them  to  be  thrown  into  the 
fea.  Having  thus  engaged  contrary 
to  the  aufpiccs,  his  fleet  was  defeated 
by  the  Carthaginians  with  great  flaugh- 
ter,    Cic.  N.  D.  2,  3.  ;  Dlv.  1,   16.  et 

2,  8.  ;  Liv.  Epit.  19.;  Po^yb.  i,  51.; 
Flor.  2,  2,  29.  After  this,  being  re- 
called by  the  fenate,  and  ordered  to 
name  a  diftator,  he  in  derifion  named 
M.  Claudius  Glicia,  or  Glycias,  his 
fecretary  or  viator^  certainly  a  man 
of  m.ean  rank,  Liv.  Epit.  \g.  ;  Suet. 
Tib.  2  Polybiusfays,  that,  after  his  re- 
turn, he  was  tried,  and  a  heavy  fine 
impofed  on  him,  i,  52. 

App.  CLAUDIUS  Pulcher,  con- 
ful  a.  542,  who  laid  fiege  to  Capua, 
Liv.  25,  3.  and  being  wounded,  Id. 
26,  6.  died  after  the  furrender  of  that 
city,  ib.  16. 

C.  CLAUDIUS  Pnlcher,  the  fon 
of  the  former,  when  conful,  a.  577, 
Liv,  41,  8.  triumphed  over  the  Iftri- 
ans  and  Ligurians,  ib.  13.  Being 
created  cenfor  with  Tib.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  a.  585,  Liv.  43,  14.  on  ac- 
count of  the  vigorous  difcharge  of  his 
duty,  he  was  brought  to  a  trial  before 

the 


C  L  A  E     I 

lae  people  by  Rutllius,  a  tribune,  and 
with  difficulty  efcaped  being  condemn- 
ed, tb.  1 6. 

^pp,  CLAUDIUS  Pulchery  con- 
ful  a.  609,  {al.  611,)  was  firft  de- 
feated by  the  Sahijfiy  a  Gallic  nation, 
inhabiting  the  Alps  ;  but  afterwards 
conquered  them.  On  this  account,  up- 
on his  return  to  Rome,  he  triumphed 
by  his  own  authority,  contrary  to  the 
will   of  the   fenate  and' people  ;  which 

.  he  is  faid  to  have  effected  by  means  of 
In's  daughter,  (or  filler.  Suet.  Tib.  2.), 
a  Veftal  virgin,  C'ic.  Coel.  14.  who  ha- 
ving mounted  the  triumphal  chariot, 
attended  him  to  the  capitol,  and  thus, 
by  the  refped  paid  to  her  facred  cha- 
radcr,  prevented  any  of  the  tribunes 
from  Interpofmg  and  hindering  the  tri- 
umph, ib.  el  Val.  Max.  5,  4,  6.  ;  DiOf 
34.  79.  ;  Orof.  5,  4. 

yipp.  CLAUDIUS  Pulder,  y^pp. 
F.  C.  N.  conful  withDomltlus,  a.  700  ; 
the  predeceflbr  of  Cicero  in  the  go- 
vernmentofCiiicia,wW.  Cicero, p.  1 16. 
accufed  by  Dolabella  of  improper  con- 
duct in  his  province  ;  but  acquitted  by 
the  influence  of  Pompey  and  Horten- 
fms,  Cic.  Fanu  8,  6.  et  3,  12.  and  af- 
terwards made  cenfor,  ib.  12.  ei  14. 
which  office  he  exercifed  with  great 
ftriftnefs,  though  liimfelfby  no  means 
oF  an  irreproachable  charadler  ;  degra- 
ding many  of  the  fenators  and  Equites 
for  their  immoral  conduct,  ib.  among 
.the reft  Salluft  the  hillorian  :   and  thus, 

;  without  intending  it,  he  ftrengthened 
the  party  of  Caefar,  Dio-,  40,  d^.  He 
perifhed  in  the  civil  war.     One  of  his 

:  daughters  was  married  to  Cn^ius,  the 
fbn  of  Pompey,   CAc.  Fam.  3,4.;  and 

I  another  to  M,  Brutus,  Cic.  Br.  77.  He 
was  a  learned  orator,  drilled  in  the  Civil 
law,  and  in  the  law  of  augurs,  ib.  On 
the  fubjeft  of  augury  he  wrote  a  book, 
{librum  auguraUfn,)  which  he  dedicated 
to  Cicero,  Cic.  Fam.  '^i^yct  11.  Appius 
is  faid  to  have  been  the  only  augur  who 

I     maintained   the    truth   of    divination  ; 

I    for  which  he  was  ridiculed  by  his  col- 

1    leagues,    Cic.  Div.  i.  47.  f/  58. ;   Tufc. 


37    1  C  L  A 

CLAUDIUS  ^mdrigarius,  an  hif- 
torian  contemporary  with  Sulla,  Velf, 
2,  9.  fuppofcd  to  have  been  the  fame 
wlio  is  faid  to  have  tranflated  the  an- 
nals of  AciHus,  Liv.  25,  39  ;  and  is 
quoted  by  Livy  in  other  places,  8,  19. 
9,- 5.  33,  ic.   f/3^,  14. 

riberius  CLAUDIUS  Drvfus,  the 
fon  of  Drufus  and  Antonia  ;  the  5th 
emperor  of  Rome,  Suet.  CL  i.  in  his 
youth  affllAed  with  various  diftempers, 
which  were  fuppofed  to  have  rendered 
him  dull,  ib.  2.  and  therefore  defpifed 
by  hls^  relations,  ib.  4,  5,  &c.  He 
however  applied  with  uncommon  at- 
tention to  the  liberal  fciences,  and 
made  confiderable  proficiency  in  them, 
ib.  3.  Tac.  Ann.  6,  46.  Having  ob- 
tained the  empire  by  a  wonderful  acci' 
dent.  Suet.  CL  10.  he  at  ilrft  behaved 
fo  as  to  render  himfelf  very  popular, 
ib.  12.  but  afterwards  became  the  mere 
tool  of  bis  wives  and  freedmen,  who 
in  his  name  committed  a6ls  of  the  moft 
fiiocking  rapacity  and  cruelty,  c.  29. 
He  was  at  lafl  polfoned  by  his  wife 
Agripplna,.as  was  generally  believed, 
with  a  mulhroom,  of  which  kind  of 
food  he  was  very  fond,  ib  44.  Tac* 
Ann.  12,  67.  Hence  Boktum,  quakm 
Claudius  edit,  edas.  Martial,  i,  20,  4* 
So  Juvenal,  5,  146.  et  6,  420. 

CL  AUDI  ALE^^w/k/ww,  a  certaia 
number  o^JIamJnes  or  priefts,  inftltuted 
in  honour  of  Claudius,  as  a  divinity, 
after  his  death,   Tac.  Ann,  13,   2. 

Many  other  illuftrlous  men  of  the 
Gens  Claudia  are  mentioned  in  the  Claf- 
fics  :  See  Nero  and  Marcellus.  Se- 
veral women  of  this  family  alfo  are  ce- 
lebrated ;  particularly^ 

CLAUDIA,  the  daughter  of  Ap- 
pius Caecus,  who  being  incommoded 
by  the  crowd  of  people  in  the  ftreets, 
fo  that  her  carriage,  while  returning 
from  the  games,  could  with  difficulry 
proceed,  Is  faid  to  have  uttered  loudly 
a  wIlli,  "  That  her  brother  Pulcher 
were  alive  again,  to  lofe  another  fleet, 
that  there  might  be  a  lefs- throng  at 
Rome.*'  On  which  account  (he  was 
brought  to  a  trial  and  fined,  Suet.  TiB. 
S  2.V 


C  L  A  C     I 

2.  ;  Val.  Max.  8,  i,  de  DamnatiSy  4. ; 
Cell.  10,  6. 

CLAUDIA,  the  grand- daughter 
of  Appius  Caecus,  i^Jlppii  Caen,  proge- 
nieSf)  Cic.  Coel.  14.  called  Qu in ta, 
as  it  is  thought,  becaufe  fhe  was  the 
fifth  daugliter  of. her  family,  ik  et  Liv. 
29,  14.  Being  appointed  with  other 
matrons  of  the  firil  rank,  {^inter  matro- 
nas  pr'imores  civiiruis,)  to  receive  the 
image  of  Cybele,  (poet.  Cybelie  v.  Cy- 
bebe^)  the  mother  of  the  Gods,  brought 
from  Pcfsinus  in  Phrygia,  [Caelico- 
lum  Phrygid  gcnhr'trem  fede  petita7n,  vSil. 
17,  4.)  when  the  fhip,  which  carried 
the  image,  ftuck  on  a  fliallow  place  in 
the  Tiber,  and,  as  it  is  faid,  could  not 
be  moved  by  any  force,  Claudia  ha- 
ving prayed  to  the  goddefs,  *'  that  fhe 
would  follow  her,  if  her  virtue  were  un- 
tainted," [fifibipudicitiacoujlaret).,  eafi- 
ly  drew  oif  the  (liip  with  her  girdk  or 
with  a  rope  ;  and  thus  retrieved  her 
charafter  for  chaflity,  v/liich  before 
had  been  fufpedted,  on;  account  of  the 
levity  of  her  drefs  and  behaviour,  Suet, 
''Tib.  2. ;  Appmn,  BsU.  Haumbal,  p.  345. ; 
Plin,  7,  35.  ;  Cic.  Cod.  14.  ;  Har.  13.  ; 
Di9nyf.2,%.  This  ftory  is  told  at 
great  length  by  Ovid,  Fq/l,  4,  30 5, 
^. —  344,  who  alludes  to  it,  Pont,  i, 
2,  144.;  alfo  by  Silius  Italicus,  17, 
2  —  45.  ;  and  by  Herodian,  wlio 
makes  Claudia  a  Vellal  virgin,  i,  i  r, 
f.  35.;  as  Statius  does,  SHv.  i,  2,  146. 
But  (lie  is  generally  faid  to  have  been 

a  matron. A  flatue  was  erecled  to 

Claudia  in  the  veflibule  of  the  temple 
of  Cybele,  which,  when  that  temple 
was  twice  burnt  down,  flood  untouch* 
ed  by  the  flames,    Fal,  Max.  1,8,  1 1. 

CLAUDIANUS,  an  excellent  La- 
tin" poet,  in  the  time  of  Theodofius 
and  Honorius,  whofe  works  are  Hill 
extant. 

Cleantkes,  -is,y.-ae,  a  Stoic  philo- 
'  fophcr,   Cic.  Jcad.    2,    13.   the  mailer 

©f  Chryuppus,  'Id.  Fat:']. —Clean- 

THEA  turba,  the  fedl  of  the  Stoics, 
Claudian.  Cpnf.  Mall.  88. 

Clearchus,  a  general  cf  the  La- 
cedaemonians, who  comprehended  mi- 


38    3  C  L  O 

litary  difcipline  in  the  following  ma- 
xim, which  he  often  inculcated  on  his 
army,  "  That  a  commander  ought  to 
be  more  feared  by  his  foldiers  than  the 
enemy,"    Val.  Max.  2,  7.  ext.  2. 

ClEOBIS,    Vid.   BiTGN. 

Cleobulus,  one  of  the  feven  wife 
men  of  Greece,  (G.  464.) 

'  Clkombrotus,  a  general  of  the 
Lacedaemonians,  who  engaged  raflily 
with  Epaminondas  at  Leuctra,  and  was 
defeated,  Cic.  OJf.  i,  24.  (G.  469.) 
■  5[  2.  A  native  of  Ambracia,  {^Am- 
hraciota,^  who  threw  liimfelf  into  the 
fea,  after  having  read  the  Phaedo  of 
Plato,    Cic.  Titfc.  I,  34.;  Ovid,  in  Ibin. 

493- 

Cleomenes,  'is,  the  name  of  feve- 
ral  kings  of  Sparta,    [G.  474,  &c,) 

CLEONyMus,  a  general  of  the  La- 
cedaemonians, who  invaded  Italy,  Liv. 
10,  2. 

CLEOPATRA,  a  queen  of  Egypt, 
who  captivated  Julius  Caefar  by  her 
charms,  and  ruined  Antony.  Vid.  Cae- 
sar et  OcTAvius. — Cleopatra  was  a 
name  common  to  feveral  queens  of 
Egypt,  Liv.  21,  4.  37,  3.  45,  13.  &c. 

CLIO,  -us  one  of  the  nine  Mufes, 
who  are  hence  called  C'"?^J"y^'"0/'^J"j  Qvid. 
Art.  A.m.,  I,  27. 

Clisthenls,  -isy  the  chief  of  he 
family  of  Alcmaeon,  wlio  having  ob- 
tained the  afiiilance  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians by  ineans  of  the  Pythia  or 
priellefs.  of  Delphi,  forced  Hippias  to 
abdicate  the  tyranny  at  Athens,  and  to 
leave  the  city,  Herodot.  5,  62, — 66. 

CLITUS,  ^an  intimate  friend  of 
Alexan^'er  the  Great,  whom  that  king 
flew  in  a  fit  of  drunkenntfs.  Curt.  8, 
12,  18. 

.  CLODIA  gens,  the  fame  with  Gtns 
Claudia,  Cic.  Dom.  44. 

CLODIUS,  a  Latin  hiilorian,  Cic. 
'Leg.  1,2.    Liv.  29,  12. 

P.  CLODIUS,  a  patrician  of  noble 
birth,   the  brother   of  App.    Claudius 
Pulcher,  poffelied  of  uncoinmon  abili- 
ties, but   extremely  profligate ;    dif^e-   |J 
garding  all  laws,  both  human  and  d.i-  ^ 
vine,  to  fnch  a  degree,  that  he  was  ac- 

culed 


C  L  O  [I 

tufed  of  Inceft  with  his  own  fifters,  Veil 
2,  45.  Cic.  Har.  R.  20.  Sext.  7,  17,  & 
54.  Pif.  12.  Dom.  34.  Plutarch,  in 
IaiciiU.  p.  515,  &  517.  Lucullus  was 
married  to  one  of  them.  Clodius  ha- 
ving gone  into,  Aiia  to  ferve  in  the  army 
•of  Lucullus,  but  not  obtaining  the 
rank  to  which  he  thought  himfelf  en- 
titled, fomented  a  rriutiny  in  the  army 
of  Lucullus,  which,  joined  to  other  cir- 
cumrtances,  occaiioned  that  illuftrious 
commander  to  be  recalled  from  Aha, 
and  x\\t  charge  of  the  Mithridatic  war. 
to  be  transferred  on  Pompey,  Plutarch 
ib.  Dioy  35,  14.  Clodius  being  obliged, 
on  this  account,  to  leave  the  artny  of 
Lucullus,  retired  to  Marcius  Rex,  the 
governor  of  Cilicia,  who  was  married 
to  another  of  Clodius's  lifters,  and  was 
inimical  to  Lucullus,  Z)/o,  35,  17. 
Marcius  gave  Clodius  the  charge  of  na- 
val afl""ftirs,  ib.  Clodius  having  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  pirates,  fent  to 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Cyprus,  requeiling 
money  to  pay  his  ranfom  ;  Ptolemy 
fent  him  two  talents,  a  fum  fo  fmall, 
that  the  pirates  fcorned  to  accept  it, 
and  let  Clodius  go  without  ranfom, 
Strnb.  14./).  684.  ;  Jlppian.  p.  j^d^-i.  as  it 
is  faid,  for  fear  of  Pompey,  Dio^  ib. 
Clodius  then  repaired  to  Antioch  in 
,  Syria,  where,  attempting  to  excite 
fome  fedition,  he  was  near  being  killed, 
ih.  He  fled  from  thence  to  Rome, 
where  he  ufed  every  art  to  ingratiate 
himfelf  with  tjie  people,  who  were  now 
fo  corrupt,  that  the  irreligion  and  im- 
morality of  Clodius  feem  to  have  been 
no  obftruftion  to  his  obtaining  the  iiril 
place  in  their  favour.  Hence  he  is  call- 
ed Illapoptiii  A  p  u  L  E I  A,  ( i.  e.  alter  Apuk- 
ia  Saturnhms,  feditiofus  tribiimis ;  et  Apu- 
LEiA,  propter  libidinum  infatniam))  Cic. 
Att.  4,  I  r.  Being  eleAed  quaeftor, 
before  he  entered  on  his  office,  he  con- 
trived to  get  admiffion  into  Caefar's 
'  houfe  during  the  celebration  of  the  fa- 
cred  rites  of  the  Bona  Dea,  in  order 
to  procure  an  interview  with  Pompeia, 
Caefar's  wife.  But  being  deteded,  he 
quickly  made  his  efcape,  Cic.  Att.  1,12. 
FiJe  Catsar,  p.  ^^.     Ileucc  Clodius 


39    1  C  L  O 

is  put  for  any  adulterer  ;  thus,  Clodius 
accufet  maechosy  Juvenal  2,  27.;  Sed 
nunc  ad  quos non  Clodius  aras^  Before 
what  altars  is  there  not  now  a  Clodius  ? 
Id.  6,  344.  It  was  a  vulgar  opinion, 
that  whatever  man  fhould  pry  into  thefe 
myfteries,  would  be  inllantly  ftruck 
blind.  Cicero  fays  that  it  was  impof- 
hble  before  to  knov/  the  truth  of  this, 
becaufe  no  man  but  Clodius  had  ventu- 
red on  the  experiment,  Cic.  Har.  R.  18. 
He  obferves,  that  in  his  cafe,  the  blind- 
nefs  of  the  eyes  was  converted  to  that  of 
the  mind,  Cic.  Dom.  40.  The  fenators 
who  hated  Clodius  wiihed  to  improve 
this  opportunity  to  banifh  him  from  the 
ilate  ;  but  Caefar,  who  was  chiefly  in- 
terefted,  knowing  the  popularity  of 
Clodius,  did  not  in  the  leafl.  refent  the 
affront  ofi'ered  him,  Dio^  37>  45?  &  46* 
Various  confultations  of  the  fenate  were 
held  concerning  the  manner  in  which, 
he  fliould  be  tried,  Cic.  Att.  i,  14. 
At  laft  it  was  determined,  that  he 
fliould  be  tried  by  the  praetor  and  a 
fcledl  number  of  judges,  ib.  16.  By 
means  of  the  molt  fcandalous  bribery 
Clodius  was  acquitted,  ib.  (Ilia  furia 
muUehrium  rehgionum,  qui  non  pluris fecerat 
Bonam  Deam,  quam  tresforores-^  impuni' 
tatera — ejl  ^orifeciitus.,  Cic.  Fam.  i,  9,  34.) 
Clodius  henceforth  always  harboured' 
the  bittereil  enmity  to  the  fenate,  and 
chiefly  to  Cicero,  who  had  appeared  ia 
court  as  an  evidence againfl:  him,  Cic.ib, 
Plutarch,  in  Cic.  Val.  Max.  8,  5,  5. 
That  he  might  execute  his  purpofes  of 
revenge,  with  the  alTiftance  of  Caefar, 
then  conful,  he  caufed  himfelf  to  be 
adopted  by  C.  Herennius  a  plebeian, 
though  younger  than  himfelf,  Cic.  Dom, 
13.  Att.  2,  7,  &  12.  and  was  elefted 
tribune.  Clodius  having  fecured  the 
concurrence  of  the  confuls  Pifo  and 
Gabinius,  and  of  a  majority  of  his  col- 
leagues, hrlb  paifed  feveral  laws  calcula- 
ted to  gain  the  favour  of  the  people  ; 
next  by  artifice  and  violence,  he  forced 
Cicero  into  baniihment,  (  J'^id,  Cicero, 
p.  112.)  and  then,  in  order  to  punlfli 
Ptolemyking  of  Cyprus,  forfendinghim 
io  imall  a  fum  Ibr  his  ranfom  when  taken 
S  3  by 


C  L  O 


140    ] 


C  L  0 


by  the  pirates,  he  appointed  Cato  to  re- 
duce Cyprus  into  the  form  of  a  Roman 
province,  Strab,  14,  p.  684.  {FicL  Ca- 
To,/>.88.) 

Clodius,  elated  with  this  fuccef?,  car- 
ried-his  prefumption  fo  far  as  to  infult 
Pompey,  Cic,  Dom.  25,  and  even,  as 
was  faid,  to  attempt  his  h'fe,  Clc.  Sext, 
32.  Pif.  12.  On  which  account  Pom- 
pey, to  mortify  Clodlus,  determined  to 
reltore  Cicero,  Cic.  Att.  3,  8,  &  ]8. 
This  Clodius  endeavoured  to  prevent 
by  the  utmoft  violence,  and  in  the 
llruggle  occafioned  great  (laughter  of 
the  citizens,  C'tc.  pojl  reel  ad  ^/ir.  5. 
in  Sennl.  3,  &c.  Sext.  35.  Dto,  39,  7, 
&  8.  The  chief  opponent  of  Clodius 
was  Milo,  who  refilled  him  in  his  own 
way,  by  force  of  arms,  and  at  the  fame 
time  brought  him  to  a  trial  for  public 
violence  and  breach  of  the  laws,  D'lo, 
39,  7,  &  8.;  Cic.  Mil.  13,  &  1/5..  Clo- 
dius, however,  not  only  efcaped  punKh- 
ment,  but  Vv'as  even  created  curule 
aedile  without  oppofition,  a.  697,  Dio, 
39,  1 8,  &.  19.;  Cic.  Sext.  44. ;  Har.  Refp. 
1I,&I3.  Milo  was  now  in  his  turn 
brought  to  a  trial  for  the  fame  crime 
by  Clodius,  but  after  feveral  warm  dif- 
putes  and  bloody  contefts,  the  matter  v;as 
dropt,  Cic.  ^  Fr,  2,3.  Sey.t,  44. ;  Dioy 
39,  18,  &c.  The  hofiihty,  hov/ever,  be- 
twixt Clodius  and  Milo  continued,  till 
at  lail  it  terminated  fatally,  while  Clo- 
dius Vv'as  candidate  for  the  office  of 
praetor  and  Milo  for  the  confulflup. 
They  met  accidentally  near  Bovillae, 
on  the  Appian  road,  not  far  from 
Rome,  about  three  o'clcck  in  the  after- 
noon. Clodius  was  coming  from  A- 
ricla,  on  horfeback,  with  three  com- 
panions and  about  thirty  flaves,  well 
armed.  Milo  was  going  to  Lanuvium 
in  a  chariot  with  his  wife  and  one 
friend,  but  with  a  much  greater  reti- 
nue, and  among  them  fome  gladiators. 
A  fray  took  place  betv.'ixt  the  flaves  on 
both  fides,  in  which  Clodius  interfering, 
was  wounded,  and  carried  to  a  neigh- 
bouring inn.  Milo  being  Informed  of 
what  had  happened,  refolvcd  not  to 
leave  the  matter  unfiniflied.     He  there- 


fore ordered  the  inn  to  be  flormed,  and 
Clodius  to  be  dragged  out  and  killed, 
Appian. ^  B.  C.  2,  439.  ;  Dio,  40,  39.; 
Ajcon.  in  Cic.  Argum.  Mil.  Cicero  fays 
that  this  was  done  without  the  know- 
ledge of  Milo,  Mil.  10.  Several  of  the 
flaves  of  Clodius  being  ilain,  and  the  • 
reft  having  fled  for  fafety,  his  body  was 
left  on  the  road,  till  one  S.  Tedius,  a 
fcnator,  happening  to  come  by,  took  it 
up  into  his  carriage,  and  brought  it  to 

Rome,    A/con.   ib. Clodiani     vd 

Clodianae  operae,  the  mercenaries  of 
Clodius,  Cic.  Fat.  ij.  ^  Fr,  2,  3. 
So  Clodiana  manus,  Cic.  Sex.  37.  Clodi" 
anum  imperiumy  Cic.  Dom.  10. 

P.  Clodius,  the  fon  of  the  former 
by  Fulvia,  and  the  ftep-fon  of  Antony, 
who  married  Fulvia,  Cic.  Ait.  14,  13. 

Sex.  Clodius,  a  kinfman  of  P. Clo- 
dius, who,  the  day  after  Clodius  was 
killed,  carried  his  body  naked,  fo  as 
all  the  wounds  might  be  feen,  into  the 
forum,  and  placed  it  m  the  roftra ; 
whence  the  mob,  inflamed  by  a  fpeecli 
from,  one  of  the  tribunes,  and  headed 
by  Sex. Clodius,  conveyed  it  into  the  fe- 
nate-houfe,and  there  tearing  up  the  ben- 
ches, tables,  and  every  thing  combuft- 
ible,  erected  a  funeral  pile  on  the  fpot, 
and,  together  with  the  body,  burnt 
the  houfe  itfelf,  with  a  public  hall  ad- 
joining, called  Porcia  Bafdica.  They 
then  attempted  to  ftorm  the  houfe  of 
Milo,  and  of  Lepidus,  at  that  time  In- 
ter rex ,  but  were  repulfed  in  both  at- 
tacks with  lofs,  A/con.  in  Cic.  Arg.  Mil. 
On  account  of  thefc  exceffes  S.  Clo- 
dius was  banifhed,  ib.  but  was  after- 
wards reftored  by  Antony,   Cic.Att.  14, 

13- 

CLODTA,  the  fifter  of  P.  Clodius, 
and  wife  of  Metellus,  as  wicked  and 
profligate  as  her  brother,  Oic.  Coel.  13, 
14,  20,  &  32.      Cicero  alleges  that  fhc 

poifoncd  her  hufband,  ib.  24. ^  2. 

Clodia,  the  wife  of  Lucullus,  was 
divorced  for  improper  condudl,  Plu' 
tarch  in  Lucullo. — Concerning  the  other 
fifter  of  Clodius,  who  was  married  tp 
Marcius,  there  is  nothing  particular 
mentioned, 

Clodius 


C  L  U  C     1 

Clodius  Licinius,  a  Roman  hifto- 
rlan,  Lh.  29,  22. 

CLOELIA,  one  of  the  hoftages 
given  to  king  Porsena,  who  having 
deceived  her  keepers,  fwam  over  the 
Tiber  amidft  the  darts  of  the  enemy, 
and  efcaped  to  Rome,  Llv.  2,  13.; 
Flrg.Jen.  8,'65l.  ;  Juvenal.  8,  265. 

CLOELII,  one  of  the  chief  fami- 
lies of  the  Albans,  chofen  into  the 
number  of  fenators  at  Rome,  Llv.  i, 

30- 

Cloelius  TuUuSi  a  Roman  ambaf- 
fador,  killed  by  the  order  of  Toluna- 
nius  king  of  the  Vejentes,  on  which 
account  a  ftatue  was  ere^led  to  him  in 
the  rollra,  Llv.  4,  17. 

T.  Cloelius  Slculusj  one  of  the  fir  ft 
tribunes  with  confular   power,  Liv.  4, 

CLOTHO,  -us,  one   of  the  three 

Fates,  {G.  589  ) ^y  2.  A  daughter 

of  Nereus,  a  goddefs  of  the  fea,  Flrg. 
Aen.  9,  loi.  But  here  the  beft  edi- 
tions read   Doto,  as  in    Vol.  Flac.  i, 

134- 

CLUENTIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man  gens,  faid  to  have  been  derived 
frtAn  a  Trojan,  Cloanthus,  Virg.  Aen, 
5»  '23. 

A.  Cluentius  Av'itus,  a  native  of 
Larluum,  (^Lannas,  -atls),  ace u fed  by 
his  mother  Safiia  of  having  poifoned 
his  father-in-law  OppianTcus ;  defended 
by  Cicero  in  an  oration  ftill  extant. 

Clusius,  a  name  given  to  Janus, 
when  the  gates  of  his  temple  v/ere  (hut, 
{claufae),  Ovid.  Fall,  i,  130. 

Cluvia,  a  Campanian  courtefan, 
rewarded  by  the  Romans  for  her  kind- 
nefs  to  their  captives,  Liv.  26,  33,  & 

34- 

Clymene,  -fj,  the  daughter  of  O- 
ceanus  and  Thetys,  the  mother  of  Pha- 
ethon,  Ovid. Met.  1,765.;  adj.  Clyme- 
NEUS,  V.  -elus 'y  proles  Clymen'ia,  i.  e. 
Phaethon,  ib.  2,  19.  Clymhindes  altae, 
the  filters  of  Phaethon,  metamorphofed 
into  tall  poplars,  AuBor  ad  Liv.  i  n. ; 
hence  Clymenaea  germinay  i.  e.  amber, 
fuppofed  to  be  formed  by  the  tears 
fhed  by  the  fillers  of  Phaethon,   StaU 

Sllv.  I,  2,  12^. 


41    1  COL 

Clymenos,  a  name  of  Pluto,  OW^/. 
Faft.  6,  757.  ;  but  moft  editors  read 
Pluto,  fome  Lachefis. 

Clymenus,  a  king  of  Arcadia, 
Hygitu  206.  who  is  faid  to  have  given 
name  to  an  herb,  Plin,  25,  7  f.  33. 

Clytia,  v.  -f ,  -es,  a  nymph  beloved 
by  Sol,  (G.  373,) 

CLYT  AEMNESTRA,the  daugh- 
ter of  Tyndarus  by  Leda,  the  wife  of 
Agamemnon,  and  mother  of  Oreftes. 
She  caufed  Agamemnon  to  be  killed 
by  her  paramour  Aegillhus,  and  was 
htrfelf  flain  by  Oreftes,   (G.  407.) 

Clytius,  a  young  man,  beloved  by 
Cydon,    Virg.  Aen.  10,325. 

CocALUS,  a  king  of  Sicily,  to  whom 
Daedalus  fled  from  Crete,  Ovid.  Met. 
8,  261.;  (G.  421.).  CocaUdcs,  -um^ 
the  daughters  of  Cocalus,  BiU  14, 
42. 

COCCEIUS,  one  who  owed  Cicero 
money,  Cic.Att.  I2,  13,  &  18.  proba- 
bly the  fame  who  was  afterwards  the 
quaeftor  and  lieutenant  of  Antony,  and 
the  author  of  peace  between  him  and 
Auguftus,  Appian.  B.  C.  5,  1122.  mea- 
tionedby  Horace,  Sal.iy^,  2^.  thought 
to  have  been  the  great-grandfather  of 
the  emperor  Cocceius  Nerva. 

COCLES,  -ttls,  m.  afirname  given 
to  P.  Horatius,  who  alone  fuftained 
the  attack  of  Porsena^s  army  on  the 
Sublician  bridge,  (G.  208.)  ;  Cic.  OJl 
I,  18.  Paradox.  I.  Leg.  2,4.;  Liv.  2, 
10.  ;  Plln.  36,  15.  from  the  lofs  of  one 
of  his  eyes,  (Coclifes  diBl,  qui  nafcereri' 
tar  altera  lumine  orli),  Plin.  Hi  37. 

CODRUS,  the  laft  king  of  Attica, 
who  devoted  liis  life  to  fave  his  coun- 
try, Clc.  Fin.  5,  22.  Tufc.  1,48.  N.D, 
3,  19.  (G.  425.). — The  name  of  a  man 
noted  for  his  poverty,  Juvenal.  3,  208. 
— Of  a  bad  poet.  Id.  i,  2. — And  of  a 
good  one,    Firg.  Eel.  7,  30. 

COELIUS,  an  ancient  Roman  hif- 
torian,  Liv.  21,  38.  22,  31.  23,  6. 
&c. 

G  COELIUS  Caldus,  Cicero's  quae- 
ftor in  Cilicia,  to  whom  he  entrufted  the 
charge  of  the  province  when  he  left  it, 
GiV.  Atf.  6j  Kf  k  6.  Fam.  2,  15, 


C  O   E  [142 

MCOELIUS  Rufiis,  a  young  noble-  v. 
man,  who  accui'ed  C.Antouius,  who  had 
beenCicero^s  colleague  inthe  confulfliip, 
of  mifcondiift  in  his  province  of  Mace- 
donia, and  got  him  condemned, C/V.Co^-/. 
31.  He  alfo  accufcd  L.  Atratinus  of 
bribeiy,  on  which  account  Cotlius  was 
accufed  by  the  fon  of  Atratinus  of  pu- 
blic violence,  and  of  an  attempt  to  poi- 
fon  Clodia,  in  which  caufe   he  v,'as  de- 


3  COR 

ib.   et  Varr.  L.  L.5,  3.  firfl 


9-5 


Ovid 


fended  by  Cicero,  C'lc.  CoeJ.  i.  and  ac- 
quitted. Coelius  poflefied  confiderable 
talents  as  an  orator,   Ck.  Br.  79. 

Tarquin'ws  COLLATINUS,  the 
hiiftand  of  Lucretia,  Liv.  1,57.  crea- 
ted conful  with  Brutus,  ib.  60.  but  ob- 
liged to  abdicate  that  oiHce,  and  go 
into  banifhment,  on  account  of  his  be- 
ing  of  the  family  of  Tarquinius,  Liv. 
2,  2. 

COLUMELLA,  (L.  Jun.  Mode 
ratus)i  a  native  of  Gades,  the  author 
of  an  excellent  book  on  hufbandiy  and 
gardening,  ftill  extant. 

Combe,  -f.r,  the  daughter  of  Ophi- 
us,   {Ophias,  -aJis).  Ovid.  Met.  7,  382. 

Co  METES,  -ae,  m.  the  father  of  A- 
fterion,  who  was  one  of  the  Argonauts, 

P.  CoMiNius,  a  Roman  egues^  who 
accufed  C.  Cornelius,  in  oppofition  to 
Cicero,  who  defended  him,  Cic.  Cornel. 
1. 

CoMMODUS,  the  fon  of  M.  Antoni- 
nus, a  Roman  emperor.  [G.  246.) 

Com  us,  the  god  of  nofturnal  revels; 
whence  comijfori  -ariy  to  revel. 

Concordia,  the  goddefs  of  concord, 
Liv.  9,  46. J  Cic.Dom.si.  ;  OivW.  Fr^l. 
i>  639. 

CoNNUS,  a  mufician,  the  maftcr  of 
Socrates,  Cic.  Fam.  ^9  22. 

Con  ON,  -onis,  a  general  of  tlie  A- 

thenians,  Nep. ^  2.  An   illuilrious 

allronomer,  Firg.  Eel.  3,  40.  ;  C^iuU. 
de  Coma  Berenices,  ep.  6^. 

Con  SID! us,  governor  of  Africa  the 
year  before  the  commencement  of  the 
civil  war,   Cic.  Ligar.  I . 

CONSUS,  the  god  of  counfel,  Fef- 
tus.  et  Serv.  in  Firg.  Jen.  8,  636.  whofe 
fcllival  v.aa  called  Consu.^lia,  -iunii 


lorum 
inllituted  by  Romulus,  Liv. 
FaJL  3.  119. 

C.  CopoNius,  a  prudent  and  learn- 
ed man,  Cic.  Fam,  i,  31.  praetor  in 
the  confulfhip  of  C.  Marcellus  and  Len- 
tulus,  Cic.  An.  8,  12. 

Coras,  -ae,  a  leader  of  the  troops 
of  Tibur,  who  came  to  the  affiftance 
of  Turnus^  Virg.Aen.  7,672.  the  bro- 
ther of  Catillus,  ih.  et  11,465,  &  604. 
Co  RAX,  -acis,  a  Sicilian,  who  firft 
wrote  on  rhetoric,  Cic.  Or,  i,  20.  ^/  3, 
21.   Brut.  12. 

CoRBULO,  -onisf  a  Roman  general 
in  the  tim.e  of  Nero,  Tacit.  Anna/.  13, 
8,  &c. 

CoRFiDius,  vel  CwfJius,  a  Roman 
eques,  who  is  mentioned  among  the 
friends  of  Ligarius,  as  having  appear- 
ed in  court  to  fupport  him,  (aclvocatus), 
Cic.  Ligar.  ii.  by  miftake,  as  it  ihould 
feem  ;  becaufe  Cicero  difcovered,  after 
the  fpeech  for  Ligarius  was  publiilied, 
that  Curfidius  was  dead  before  that 
time,  and  therefore  defiied  the  name 
to  be  erafed,  Aft.  13,  44.  But  too 
many  copies  had  got  abroad  for  that 
to  be  done.  This  is  fuppofed  to  be 
the  perfon  who  is  faid  to  have  come  to 
life  again  after  his  funeral  had  been  or- 
dered, and  to  have  buried  the  under- 
taker of  his  funeral,  i^locatorcrn  funeris)^ 
Plin.  7,  52. 

CORINNA,  a  native  of  Tanagra 
in  Boeotia,  the  moft  beautiful  woman 
of  her  time ;  fo  excellent  a  poetefs,  that 
file  is  faid  to  have  got  the  better  of 
Pindar  himfelf,  in  a  contell  of  fkil)  at 
Thebes  ;  on  which  account  the  people 
of  Tanagra  erefted  a  llatue  to  her  in 
the  moil  confpicuous  part  of  the  city, 
and  placed  her  pidure  in  their  gymna- 
fium.,  Puu/an.  9,  2  2.  Aelian  fays,  that 
Corinna  gained  the  viclory  over  Pindar 
feven  times,  13,  25.  But  both  thefe 
authors  afcrlbe  the  decifion  to  the  un- 
flcilfulnefs  of  the  judges,  ib.  Perhaps 
it  was  owing  m.ore  to  their  partiahty. 
Corinna  feems  to  have  been  older  than 
Pindar  ;  and  therefore  Plutarch  fpeaks 
of  her  giving  advice  to  Pindar  when  a 

young 


COR 


[ 


young  man,  on  Ins  inattention  to  mu- 
fic  and  the  life  of  fable,  and  afterwards 
ridiculing  liim  for  his  having  introduced 
in  the  beginning  of  a  poem  too  much 
fable,  de  Glor.  AthenicnJ.  p.  347.  Co- 
rinna  thought  I'afic  a  divine  invention. 
She  faid  that  Apollo  had  been  taught 
to  play  on  the  flute  by  Minerva,  Plu- 
tarch, de  Mufica,  p.  1136.  The  poems 
of  Corinna  are  celebrated  by  Proper- 
j      tius,  2,  3,  21.  and  by  Statius,  S'lh.  5, 

I      3i  JS^. <([  2.  The  name   which  O- 

I      vid  gave  to  his  millrefs,  Am,  2,   6,  48, 
j      &c.  Art.  Am.  3,  538.   T'r'ijl,  4,  10,  60.; 
Mart'ud.  5,  10,  10.  €t  12,  44,  6. 

CORIOLaNUS,  a  cdebtated- ge- 
neral of  the  Romans,  fo  called  from 
his  bravery  at  the  taking  of  Corioli, 
JJv.  2,  33.   (G.  212.) 

CORNELIA  ^tw,  a  great  clan  at 
Rome,  containing  many  noble  families; 
as,  the  Scip'iGnes,  Lentidi^  Syllae,  &c. 

CORNkLIA,  the  daughter  of  Sci- 
pio  Africanus,  Clc.  Inv.  i,  49.  the  mo- 
ther of  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus, 
remarkable  for  the  purity  of  her  lan- 
guage, Cic.  Brut.  58.  who  educated 
her  fons    with  the   greateft  care,  ib. 

"'!^CORNIFICIUS,  the  competi- 
tor  of  Cicero  for  the  confulfhip,  Cic, 
'    Ait.  I,  I. 

COROEBUS,  an  Athenian,  Avho 
firlt  invented  the  art  of  pottery,   (Jigl'i- 

vqs   fc.  artes  invemt)^   Plin.  7,  ^6. 

«T  2»  The  fon  of  Mygdon,  {Mygdont- 
d:s)y  the  lover  of  Cailandra,  Virg.  Aen. 
■,34i._ 

CoRONAE,  a  name  given  to  two 
■  yoiing  men,  who  are  faid  to  have 
fprung  from  the  afhes  of  two  virgins, 
Ovid.  Met.  13,  698.      Vld.  Orion. 

CoRONis, -/^^/j-,  a  nymph  of  LarifTa, 
{Lar'ifaea),  in  TheiTaly,  the  mother  of 
Aefculapius  by  Apollo,  Ovid.  Met.  2, 
543.  whence  Aefculapius  is  called  her 
Ion,  (^CoronideSf  -ae),  Ovid.  Fall.  6, 
.     746. 

■Ti.  CGRUNCANIUS,  the  firft 
plebeian  Pontifex  Matdmusy  Cic.  N.  D. 
3,  2.  and  the  iirll  who  gave  his  advice 
freely  as  a  lawyer  to  any  citizen  that 
applied  to  him,   Ck.  Or.  3,  33. 


43    1  COS 

C.  CORNUTUS,  a  tribune,  an  U 
mitator  of  Cato,  hence  called  Pfeudo- 
Cato,  Cic.  Att.  I,  14.  praetor  in  the 
confulfhip  of  P.  Lentulus  Spinther, 
pic.  Red.  in  Sen  at.  9. 

M.  CoRNUTus,  praetor  in  the  con- 
fulfhip of  Hirtius  and  Panfa,  Cic.  Fanu 
10,  12.    Phil.  14,  14. 

CORNUTUS,  a  Stoic  philofophcr, 
the  praeceptor  of  Perfius,  to  whom 
that  poet  dedicated  his  fifth  fatire. 
Per/.  5,23,  &c.  He  is  faid  to  have  been 
confulted  by  Nero  concerning  an  hif- 
torical  compofition  which  that  emperor 
propofed  to  undertake,  and  to  have 
been  banifhed,  becaufe  he  mentioned 
his  objections  too  freely  againft  it,  Dio, 
62,  29. 

CORVUS,  a  firname  given  to  M. 
Valerius,  from  a  raven  perching  on  his 
helmet  while  engaged  in  fingle  combat 
with  a  Gaul,  Liv.  7,  26.  v,rhence  his 
poflerlty  were  called  Corvini. 

CoRVBAs,  -antisj  the  fon  of  Jafon 
or  Jafus  and  Cybele,  from  whom  the 
priefts  of  Cybele  were  called  Cory- 
ban  tes,  -tiumj  Horat.  i,  16,  8.  adj. 
Corybantius ;  Corybantia  aera^  the  bra- 
zen cymbals  ufed  by  the  priefts  of  Cy- 
bele \\\  performing  her  facred  rites, 
Virg.  A  en.  3,  i  J  I. 

CoRyciDEs,  -«w,  a  name  of  the 
Mufes,  who  were  fo  called  from  Cory- 
cus,  a  ridge,  or  rather  a  cave,  of  Mount 
ParnafTus,  near  Delphi,  Ovid.  Met*  i, 
320.      ^ 

CoRyooN,  -onisy  the  name  of  a  fliep- 
herd  frequently  mentioned  by  Theocri- 
tus and  Virgil,    Virg.  EcL  2,  &  7. 

CoRYNKTEs,  v.  -asy  -ae,  the  fon  of 
Vulcan,  Hygin.  158.  [Fulcani  proles) y 
a  robber,  that  infefted  the  territory  of 
Epidaurus,  (lain  by  Thefeus,  Ovid. Met. 

7»437- 

CoRyTHus,  an  ancient  king  of  E- 
truria,  who  founded  Cortona;  whence 
that  town  is  called  Corythusy  v.  -umy  by 
the  poets,  Firg.Aen.gy  10.;  Si/,  ^yj  21. 

A.  Cornelius  COSSUS,  a  Roman 
general,  who  was  the  fecond  that  gain- 
ed t\\tfpolia  ophnay  by  flaying  \\\  battle 
Lar  Tolumnius  king  of  the  Vejentes, 
a.  u.  318,  Liv,  4,  20,  5c  32. 

COSSUTII, 


COS  C    I 

CossuTii,  or  Cojfetii,  an  equeilrian 
family  at  Rome,  from  which  Cofiutia, 
Caefar's  firft  wife  was  defcended,  Suet. 
Caef.  I,  whence  Tahernae  Cojfut'ianaey 
fnops  or  taverns  belonging  to  one  Cof- 
futius,  Cic,  Ep.  1 6,  27.  perhaps  to  him 
who   is  mentioned  Ctc.  Verr.  3,  27,  & 

Cot  is  ON,  -owV,  v.  -ontis,  a  king  of 
the  Getae,  Suet,  Aug,  d^,  or  of  the 
Dacians,  Horat.  Od.  3,  8,  18. ;  for  the 
Getae  were  called  Daci  by  the  Romans, 
P/in.^,  12  f.  25.  ;  DiOf  51,  22. 

COTTA,  a  firname  of  the  Gens  Au- 
relia. 

Lucius  COTTA,  the  colleague  of 
Torquatus  in  the  confulfhip,  a.  688, 
Ck.  Cat,  ^,S,  RuIL2,  1 7.  He  thought 
that  there  was  no  need  of  propofing  a 
law  forCicero^s  reflioration,  becaufe  the 
law  for  his  banifliment  was  not  legally 
pafTed,  Cic.  Fam,  12,  2.  et  2,  21.  Att. 
12,  23. 

CoTTios,  a  king  of  a  country  lying 
among  the  Alps,  Suet,  Tib,  37.  ;  Ner. 
18.  whence  that  part  of  thofe  moun- 
tains was  called  Alpes  Cotliacy  or  Cottia- 
tiacf  Tacit.  Hilt  i,  61.;  Ammian.  15, 
10. 

CoTYS,  -yts,  or  -yosy  a  king  of 
Thrace,    who  fided  with   Pompey  in 

the  cKil  wars,  Cacf.  B.  C,  3,  4. 

The  Cotys  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  who 
was  murdered  by  his  uncle  in  the  time 
of  Tiberius,  feems  to  have  been  a  diffe- 
rent perfon,  Annai  2,  64,  &c.  To  him 
Ovid  appears  to  have  written  one  of 
his  epiftlcs  from  Pontus,   2,  9. 

COTYTTO,  -zix,  the  goddefs  of 
lewdnefs,  Jwvenoh  2,  92.  whence  the 
nodturnai  facred  rites  performed  to  her 
by  her  prieils  [Baptae)  were  called  Co- 
vtyttia  facray  Horat.  Epod.  17,  <^6, 

CRAN  FOR,  -mis,  a  celebrated  phi- 
iofopher,  born  at  Soliy  a  town  of  Cili- 
cia,  a  fcholar  of  Plato,  Cic.  Acad,  i, 
10.  {yetus  Academcus^y  ''^,  j\y  /f^ji^.  He 
wrote  a  book  on  grief,  called  Conso- 
LATio,  Cic.  Tufc.  I,  48.  which  Cicero 
calls  lihellus  aureolusy  and  fays,  after  Pa- 
iiaetius,  that  every  word  of  it  fliould  be 
got  by  heart,  {ad  verlum  cdifcendiis)^ 


44    ]  C  R  A 

Acad.  4,  44.     Horace   places  him  in 
the  fame  rank  with  Chryfippus,  Ep.  i, 

2,  4-' 

Crassipes,  -edisy  a  firname  of  the 
gens  Furiay  Liv.  38,  42.  One  of  this 
family  married  Tullia,'the  daughter  of 
Cicero,  Cic,  Alt.  4,  5.;  ^  Fr.  2,  5, 
6.  but  foon  after  divorced  her. 

CRASSUS,  a  firname  of  the  Li- 
ciNii,  adj.  Crassianus. 

P,  Licinlus  CRASSUS,  one  of  the 
molt  diilinguifhed  citizens  of  his  time 
for  ever)"  accomplifhment,  Li-v.  30,  i. 
called  Dives,  on  account  of  his 
wealth,  ih.  et  27,  21.  This  is  the  firlt 
of  the  Crassi  diftinguilhed  by  that 
firname.  Pliny  alludes  to  fome  other 
one  ;    but  what   perfon    he    means    is 

uncertain,    33,    10    f.  47. Craffus 

obtained  the  office  of  Pontifex  Maxi- 
viusy  before  he  had  been  aedile,  in  op- 
pofition  to  two  competitors,  who  had 
each  of  them  been  twice  conful  and 
cenfor,  Lro.  25,  5.  He  was  appoint- 
ed mailer  of  horfe  by  Q^Fulvius,  the 
dictator,  a.  542.  ;  Liv,  27,  5.  Soon 
after  he  was  chofen  cenfor  before  he 
had  been  either  praetor  or  conful,  ih. 
6,  et  2\,  But  his  colleague  Veturi- 
us  having  died  before  they  performed 
any  public  function  of  their  office, 
Craffus  alfo  abdicated  the  cenforfliip, 
ih.  6.  according  to  cullom,  Lin).  5,  31. 
He  was  made  conful  with  Scipio,  the 
conqueror  of  Annibal,  a.  u.  547.  ; 
Lii!.  28,  38.  {^cum  fuperiore  Africanoy 
Cic.  Br.  19.)  ;  and  the  province  of 
Bruttii  affigned  to  him,  Liv.  ib.  But 
he  and  his  army  being  feized  with  a 
grievous  diftemper,.  were  forced  to 
remain  inactive,  Liv.  29,  10.  Next 
year,  being  continued  in  his  com- 
mand, ib.  13.  ;  and  having  joined  his 
forces  with  Sempronius  the  conful,  he 
defeated  Annibal  near  Croton,  ib.  36. 
He  died,  a.  571.  After  his  death  a 
diflribution  of  flefh  was  made  to  the 
people,  (vifceratio  data),  a  fliow  of 
1 20  gladiators  exhibited,  and  funeral 
games  celebrated  for  three  days,  Liv. 

39>  46- 

P,  Licinius  CRASSUS,  a  praetor, 

who 


C  R  A 


C     145    1 


C  R  A 


who  cxcufed  himfelf  from  going  into 
Ill's  province  of  Hither  Spain,  on  ac- 
count of  a  folemn  facrifice,  Z,iz>.  41, 
15.  Being  eleftcd  conful,  he  was  fcnt 
into  Macedonia  againih  Perfeus,  by 
whom  he  was  defeated,  /Ji;.  42,  28, 
32,  58,  &  59.  ;  but  in  a  fecond  bat- 
tle proved  victorious,  ilf.  66.  He  be- 
liavcd  with  great  rapacity,  and  cruelty 
in  Greece,  Liv.  43,  4. 

Z.  Llrmius  CRASSUS,  the  chief 
orator  of  his  time,  Cic.  Brut.  38,  &c. 
The  only  one  to  be  compared  with 
him  was  Antonius,  iL  47. ;  Paierc.  2, 
9.  ;  whence  Cicero  introduces  thefe 
two  as  the  principal  fpeakcrs  m  his 
book  (le  Oratore.  CrafTus  was  colleague 
with  Scaevola  in  all  the  public  offices, 
{^omnibus  in  magijlratibus^  except  thofe 
of  tribune  and  cenfor,  ih.  43  When 
a  very  young  man,  {^Adolejcentulasy 
Cic.  Or.  I,  10.  Annos  natus  unmn  et 
vigintif  al.  undevig'mtit  ib.  3,  20.  nonO' 
dcc'imo  aetatis  anno.  Dial,  de  Orat.  c. 
34.)  he  accufed  C.  Carbo,  the  year 
after  he  was  conful,  a.  634,  of  various 
capital  crimes,  Cic.  Or.  2,  40,  &  43.; 
0^.  2,  13.  with  fo  great  eloquence,  that 
Carbo,  fearing  the  iffue  of  the  trial, 
put  an  end  to  his  own  life  by  poifon, 
Cic.  Brut.  27.;  Fam.  9,  21.  Valerius 
Maximus  fays,  that  he  was  baniflied, 
3,  7,  6.  During  the  trial  a  flave  of 
Carbo's  brought  to  Craflus  a  box, 
containing  fevcral  papers  which  would 
have  ferved  to  convidl  Carbo ;  but 
Cvaffus  deteiting  fuch  villany,  ordered 
the  flave  to  be  carried  back   iir  chains 

to  his    mafter,  Id^  6,  5,   6. Next 

year  Cialfus  was  appointed  one  of 
three  commifiioners  to  fettle  a  colony  at 
Narbonne  in  Gaul,  Cic.  Br.  43.  ;  by  a 
law  he  had  recommended  in  a  popular  o- 
ration,  which  he  publilhedj  Cic.  Cluent. 
51.  Or.  2,  'C^^.  But  he  afterwards  pu- 
bhfhed  another  oration  in  fupport  of 
the  ariftociatic  party ;  which  contra- 
riety of  opinion  having  been  caft  up 
to  him  in  a  trial  by  Brutus,  drew  from 
CrafTus  a  fhirp  reply,  which  Cicero 
extols,  th.  So  Quinftilian,  6,  3,  43, 
^  44.     CrafTus  delivered   this  oration 


when  thirty.four  y-^ears  old,  a.  tl.  647, 
the  year  in  which  Cicero  was  born, 
Cic.  Br.  43.  CrafTus  difcharged  the 
olHce  of  aedile  with  Q^Mucius  Scae- 
vola  very    magniricently,    Cic.   Ojf.    i, 

16. When    conful  with   the   fame 

Mucins,  a.  u.  659,  he  palTed  a  law, 
(called  from  them  Lex  Licinia  Mucia 
de  civihus  rcgundis)^  *'  that  no  one  fliould 
pafs  for  a  citizen  that  was  not  fo,'*  Cic, 
Off.  3,  II.;  Ball.  21.;  which  was  one 
principal  caufe  of  the  Itahc  or  Marfic 
war,  that  took  place  three  years  af- 
ter, Afcon.  ui  Cic,  pro  Cornel.  Craf- 
fu3,  after  his  confulrtiip,  obtained  the 
province  of  Gaul,  which  he  ruled  with 
great  juftice,  and  freed  from  robbers, 
whom  he  was  at  great  pains  to  detetl 
and  deftroy.  On  this  account,  upon 
his  return,  he  aflced  a  triumph,  which 
the  fenate  was  difpofed  to  grant  him  ; 
but  his  former  colleague,  Scaevola, 
thinking  that  he  had  not  deferved  that 
honour,  prevented  it,  Cic.  Inv.  2,  37.; 
Pif  26,  et  ibi  Afcon.  The  fon  of  Car- 
bo v^rent  with  CrafTus  to  his  province, 
to  be  a  fpy  on  his  condud,  whom 
CrafTus  was  fo  far  from  excluding  from 
his  prefence,  that  he  afiigned  him  a 
place  on  the  tribunal,  and  never  de- 
termined any  thing  without  having 
him  for  one  of  his  counfel,  Val.  Max. 
3,  7,  6.  CrafTus,  however,  vv'hen  he 
law  himfelf  fo  v/atched,  is  reported  to 
have  faid,  "  that  he  never  repented 
any  thing  fo   much   as    his   accufation 

of  Carbo,''  Cic.  Verr.  3.,  t. Craf- 

fus  being  made  cenfor  with  Cn.  Domi« 
tins  Ahenobarbus,  ordered  fome  La- 
tins, who  profefTed  to  teach  rhetoric, 
to  fhut  up  their  fchool,  [cludere  ludiim, 
\.  e.  JchoUim  hnpudentiacy  as  it  was  then 
called),  on  account  of  their  ignorance,  . 
Dial,  de  Orat.  c.  35.  ;  Cic.  Or,  3,  24.  ; 
Suet.  Clar.  Rhet.  i.;  Gell.  15,  u,  ; 
(Vid.  CiCKRO,  p.  102.).,  CrafTus  did 
not  agree  with  Domitius,  whom  he 
raUied  with  great  humour  for  his  au- 
llerity  and  dullnefs,  Cic.  Or.  2,  ^6.', 
Br.  44.  ;  Suet.  Ner.  2.  while  Domitius 
blamed  him  for  his  luxury,  PHn.  I'J,  1. 
ft  33,  Ji.  et  34,  3.  et  36,  3.  J  FaL 
T  Max. 


C  R  A 

Max.  gf  I,  4.  ;  Macrob.  2,  ll.  . 
linn.  H'rjl.  Animal.  8,  4. CrafTus  ha- 
ving engaged  in  a  violent  altercation 
with  PhiHppus,  the  conful,  in  the  fe- 
nate,  was  fucldenly  feized  with  a  pain 
in  his  fide,  of  which  he  died  in  feven 
days  after,  a.  u,  661,  happy,  as  Ci- 
cero thinks,  in  being  thus  prevented 
from  feeing  fo  many  dreadful  calami- 
ties as  foon  after  befel  the  ftate,  C'lc. 
Or,  3,  I,   &  2.;     VaL   Max.  6,  2,  2. 

P.    L'tc'inhis  CRASSUS,   Mucianm 
Dives,  the   adopted    fon   of  P.    Craf- 


fus  Dives,  who  fought  againft  Anni- 
bal,  the  natm-al  fon  of  Mucins,  and 
brother  of  P.  Scaevola,  an  orator  of 
fome  repute,  Cic.  Br.  26.;  Or.  l,  37.; 
Pontifex  Ma:i:imus,  and  colleague  oi 
L.  Valerius  Flaccus  in  the  conful- 
ihip,  a.  622,  Cic.  Phil.  11,  8.  He 
perifhed  in  the  war  againft  Ariftoni- 
cus,    Veil.  2,  4.  ;  Liv.  Epit.  39. 

M,  Crassus,  fuppofcd  to  be  the 
-foil  of  the  former,  praetor  a.  648,  Cic. 
Or.  I J  36.  called  «>'£x«<rTc,-,  becaufe  he 
was  faid  to  have  laughed  but  once  in 
his  life,  Cic.  Fin.  5,  30.  Pliny  fays 
never,   {^Ferunt  Crajfimiy  avum   Crafft  in 


Parihis  intere/npti 
19. 


nunnuam    n  11  e 


P.  Crassus,  the  fon  of  the  former, 
lieutenant  to  L.  Caeiar  in  the  Italic 
war,  Cic- Font.  15.  ;  Appian.  p.  446.; 
conful  with  Cn.  Lentulus,  a.  657.; 
in  which  year  liuiian  facrifices  are  faid 
to  have  b^^en  urft  ptohibitcd  by  a  de- 
cree of  the  fenate,  hi  Plin.  10,  2,  et 
30,  I  f.  3.;  {Plutarrh.  ^me/l.  Rom. 
83.)  and  cenfor  with  L.  Julius  Cae- 
far,  a.  664,  Cic.  Arch.  5.  He  flew 
himfelf  to  avoid  the  cruelty  of  Marins, 
Cic.  Or.  3,  3.  Plutarch  lays,  that  he 
and  his  brother  were  ilain  by  Cinna 
•and  Marius,  in  Crajjo.  Florus  fays, 
that  CrafTus  and  his  Ion  v/erc  flain  in  the 
fight  of  each  other,  {Crqjji,  pater  ct 
Jilius,  fc.  trucidantur,  m  Kiutuo  alter  al- 
Urius  afpe^Uy  3,  21.)  according  to  Lu- 
can,  by  Fimbria,  {^truncos  laceravit  Fim- 
bria  Craffos),   2,   124. 

M,  Licinius  CKAS^US  Dives,  Tri- 
■jmx'irj  the  Cgn  of  the  fgrmer,  v/ho  ha- 


[     146    1  C  R  A 

Ae-  ving  cfcaped  from  the  cruelty  of  Ma- 
rius  and  Cinna,  fled  with  three  friends 
and  ten  ilaves  into  Spain,  where  he 
had  been  fome  years  before  with  his 
father,  when  governor  of  that  pro- 
vince. Here  he  lay  concealed  in  a 
cave  for  eight  months  ;  till  hearing  of 
the  death  of  Cinna,  he  left  his  con- 
cealment, raifed  2500  men,  atid  ha- 
ving procured  !tippiiig>  pafTed  over 
with  them  into  Africa  and  joined,  Me- 
tellus  Pius.  But  differing  with  him, 
he  went  over  to  Sulla,  with  whom  he 
returned  into  Italy  ;  and  having  raifed 
a  conl-lderable  number  of  forces,  was  of 
great  fervice  to  Sulla  in  the  civil  war. 
But  finding  himfelf  lefs  refpetlcd  by 
Sulla  than  Pompey,  a  much  younger- 
man,  he  was  greatly  piqued  at  the  pre- 
ference ;  which  laid  the  foundation  of 
a  violent  jealoufy  between  Craffus  and 
Pompey  for  a  long  time  after,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Crajf.  ;  Sallujl.  Cat.  17.  In  the 
dreadful  battle,  and  the  laft  which  Sul- 
la fought,  at  the  Porta  Collina,  under 
the  walls  of  the  city,  Craffus  com- 
manded the  right  wing,  and  was  vic- 
torious, when  the  left  wing  was  obli- 
ged to  give  way,  Plutarch,  ih.  ;  Appian., 
p,  407.  Craffus,  by  purchafing  the  e- 
flates  of  the  profcribed,  which  Cicero 
calls  the  harvell  of  that  time,  ( Sullani 
temporis  mejfem,  Paradox.  6,  2.)  and  by 
other  unjuftifiable  methods,  accumula- 
ted an  immenfe  fortune,  amounting 
in  lands  to  Sejlertium  his  millies,  i.  c. 
L.  1,614,583  :  6  :  8,  befides  money, 
flaves,  and  honfehold-furniture,  Plin. 
33,  10  f.  47.  which  may  be  ellimated 
at  as  much  more.  Plutarch  fays,  that, 
after  confccrating  the  tenth  of  all  he 
had  to  Hercules,  feafcing  the  people 
at  10,000  tables,  and  giving  to  every 
citizen  corn  fufKcient  to  ferve  him  fof 
three  months,  his  eftate  amounted  to 

7 1 00  talents. Craffus  ufed  to  fay> 

"  That  no  one  ought  to  be  called  rich,' 
who  could  not  with  his  income  main- 


.)  7. 


tam  an  army, 
tarch.  in  Crnjfo  _ 
ny,    a   legion, 

27.  ;   Plutarch. 


ih.  I.  OJf.  I,  8.;    Ph- 

or,  according  to  Pli- 

ih.  (^Ts^TorzSov,  Dio,  40, 

in    CraJf.   544).       Th© 

numbev 


C  R  A  C 

number  of  his   flavcs  is  faid  to  have 
been  equal  to  that  of  an  army.     Thefe 
he  employed  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  not 
only  to  fupport  themfelves,  but  alfo  to 
enrich   their   mafter.     He    had  above 
500  mafons   and   architefts  conftantly 
employed    in  building  or  repairing  the 
houfes  of  the   city,  the   greatelt  pait 
of  which    had    become    his   property, 
Plutarch,  ik    CraiTus  however  was  very 
hofpilable  to  ftrangers,  and  often  lent 
money  to  his  friends  without  intereft  ; 
but  was  pundual  in  exafting  payment, 
id.      As   he    was    inferior   to  his  rival 
Pompey    in    military   exploits,  he  ap- 
plied himfelf  to  eloquence,  Cir.  Br.  66. 
and   tried  by  every  art  to  gain  the  fa- 
vour  of  the  people  ;  in  which  he  was 
very  fuccefsful,   Plutarch.     Being  crea- 
ted praetor,  he  was  appointed  to  con- 
duit   the    war    'againll     the     fugitive 
flaves    under      Spartacus,      C'lc.     Ver. 
5,    2.    whom   he    crufhed    with   great 
llaughter,     Flor.     3,     20.  ;      and      on 
that  account   obtained  the   honour  of 
an    ovation,  in  which,  by  a  decree  of 
the  fenate,  he  was  permitted  to  wear 
a  laurel  crown,    the  proper  ornament 
of   a   triumph,    inltead    of    a    myrtle 
crown,  whi«^h  ufed   to    be  worn  in  an 
ovation,     GelL   ^t  6.;    Plln.    15,  29.  ; 
Cic.  Pif.  2j. 

Cralfus  in  this  war  decimated  500  of 
his  foldicrs  for  cowardice  ;  a  kind  of 
punifhment  which  had  long  been  difcon- 
tinued,  Plutarch,  in  Crajj.  p.  548,  on 
which  account  Craffus  was  called  rigid 
and  fevere,  Dio^  48,  42.  Having  be- 
come reconciled  to  Pompey,  he  was 
made  conful  with  him,  a.  684.  But 
their  agreement  was  of  Ihort  continu- 
ance. In  the  exercife  of  their  office 
they  difTered  almoft  in  every  thing. 
They  were  made  friends  again  jull  be- 
fore the  expiration  o^f  their  office,  at 
the  requeit  of  the  people.  The  moft 
important  thing  that  took  place  in 
their  confulihip  was  the  rciloration  of 
the  power  of  the  tribunes,  Plutarch.  \ 
Sallujl.  Cat.  38.  Craffus  was  eleded 
ccnfor  with  Catvilus  ;  but  they  too 
happening  to  difagrce,  refigned  their 


147    ]  C  R  A 

office  without  doing  any  thing,  (Vid. 
Catulus),  Craffus  is  faid  to  have 
been  engaged  with  Caefar,  Pifo,  and 
others,  m  a  dreadful  confpiracy  againft 
the  (late,  which  was  fortunately  pre- 
vented, Suet.  Caef.  9. ;  Sallujl.  Cat.  18,  & 
19.  He  was  fufpeAed  of  being  con- 
cerned in  Catiline's  confpiracy  ;  and 
one  Tarquinius,  an  informer,  named 
him  as  an  accomplice.  But  the  power 
of  Craffus  quafhed  all  enquiry  about 
the  matter.  Craffus  afcribed  this  af- 
front to  the  contrivance  of  Cicero, 
which  increafed  their  former  enmity. 
They  were  however  afterwards  recon- 
ciled, C'lc.  Fam.  I,  9,  57.  et  5,  8. ;   SaU 

lujl.  Cat.  48.— Ponlpey    and  Craffus 

were  foon  again  at  variance,  but  were 
at  lail  firmly  united,  by  the  art  of  Cae- 
far, in  the  famous  triumvirate,  (Vid.. 
Caesar,  p.  <^6.) 

Craffus,  in  his  fecond  confulfliip, 
{^Vid.  Caesar,  p.  58.  ;  and  Cato, 
/>.  89.)  having  obtained  the  province 
of  Syria  for  five  years,  was  fo  impa- 
tient to  take  poffcffion  of  it,  that  he 
left  Rome  two  months  before  his  con- 
fullliip  was  expired.  He  openly  de- 
clared his  intention  of  making  war  a- 
gainft  the  Parthians,  though  they  had 
given  the  Romans  no  provocation,  nor 
was  Craffus  commiffioned  to  attack 
them,  jDi(5,  40,  12.;  Appian.  Parthlc, 
135.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Cra[j\  p.  553.  But 
Craffus  had  conceived  the  moil  extra- 
vagant expeftations  from  this  expedi- 
tion, and  both  Caefar  and  Pompey 
encouraged  him  to  profecute  it,  P/a- 
tarch.  His  dehgn  however  was  gene- 
fally  difapproved.  The  tribunes  there- 
fore attempted  to  hinder  his  departure, 
by  denouncing  to  him,  while  facri- 
hcing  as  ufual  in  the  Capitol,  that  the 
omens  were  unfavourable  :  and  when 
Craffus  diiregarded  this,  Atejus,  one 
of  the  tribunes,  (Fiorus  calls  him  Me- 
tellus,  3,  II.)  attempted  to  carry  him 
to  prifon  ;  but  being  prevented  by  his 
colleagues,  he  went  to  the  gate  of  the 
city,  and  having  dreffed  up  a  little  al- 
tar, with  certain  ceremonies,  devoted 
Craffus,  as  he  paffed,  to  dedrudion,  (ho- 
T  2  pllhus 


C  R  A  C    14S    ] 

filihus  clinsDsroriTy)  Flor.  3.  11.;  P/w-    Lucan, 

^tarch,  in  Crnjfoy  p.  553. ;  D'lOi  39,  39.  ; 

App'ian,   in  Parth.  p.  135.  ;  Cic.  Dlv. 
1, 16. 

Velleius  afcribes  this  aft  to  all  the 
tribunes,  {^Craffuniy  proficifcentem  in  Sy- 
rianif  dlris  omnibus  tribuni  plebis  frujlra 
retinere  conatiy)  2,  46.  So  Lucan, 
Crajfumque  in  bellafecutae  Saeva  tribuni- 
tiae  voverunt  praelia  dirae,  3,  126.  Craf- 
fus  was  in  fo  great  halte  to  fct  out, 
that  he  embarked  at  Brundufium  in 
the  middle  of  winter,  and  loll  a  num- 
ber of  his  fhips  in  the  pafiTage. 

While  Craffus  was  putting  his  troops 
on  board  at  Brundufumi,  one  happen- 
ed to  be  crying  figs  from  Caunus  in 
Caria  to  fell,  (Caunea?  fc.  ficus  da- 
mitabat  ;)  which  was  thought  a  bad 
omen,  as  if  the  word  Caimeas  were  a 
contraction  for  Cave  ne  sas,  Cic, 
Div,  2,  40. 

Craffus,  after  his  arrival  in  Syria, 
was  more  attentive  to  the  exaction  of 
money  than  to  military  affairs.  He  is 
faid  to  have  plundered  the  temple  of 
Jerufalem  of  a  large  fum,  Jojeph,  Antlq, 
14,  12.  et  Bell.  Jud.  I,  6.  In  his  ex- 
pedition againft  the  Parthian*?  he  afted 
with  great  imprudence.  Several  bad 
omens  are  faid  to  have  happened  while 
he  croffed  the  Euphrates,  Dto,  40,  i  8.; 
Plutarch,  in  Crajfo,  p.  554.  and  at  other 
times,  Vol.  Man.  I,  6,  11.  Some  of 
his  friends  advifed  him  not  to  advance 
into  the  enemy's  country.  But  he 
flighted  their  advice?,  and,  deceived  by 
the  art  of  one  Agbarus,  an  Arabian, 
(Phitarch  calls  him  Ariamnes,  ih.p.^^^. 
jlorus  calls  him  Mazarcs,  3,  ii.),  he' 
led  his  army  to  a  diilance  from  the  ri- 
ver into  a  vaft;  plain  without  trees  or 
%\'ater,  where  he  was  furrounded,  by 
the  Parthians  under  Surcna,  (v.  -as.) 
the  chief  general  of  king  Orodes,  and 
the  greatell  part  of  his  army  cut  to 
pieces.  Craffus  with  a  fmall  number 
efcaped  to  Carrae,  a  town  of  Mefopo- 
tamia  ;  where  being  decoyed  by  Surc- 
na into  a  conference,  as  if  to  treat  about 
peace,  he  was  killed,  his  head  cut  off, 
and  fent,  together  with  his  right  hand, 

4:o  Orodes,  Dio,  40,  20,-28.     Hence 


C  R  A 

mijcrando   funere    Craffus    Af- 
fyrias  Latio   maculavit  Janguine  Carras, 
I,  104.      It  is  faid  that  the  Parthians, 
by    way    of    derifion,     poured    melted 
gold  into  his  mouth,  Dio,  40,  27.     (  Ut 
cujus   animus  arferat  auri  cupiditatef   ejus 
etiain  rnortiium  et  exj'angue  corpus  auro  ure- 
retur,  Flor.  3,  11.)      Plutarch  and  Ap- 
pian    take  no  notice    of   this   circum- 
ilance,   though   they  mention  a  fimilar 
thing  done  to  Aquilius  by  Mithridates, 
Plutarch,  p.  564,  et  Appian.  in  Mithrida- 
tic.  p.    184.       But   Plutarch   mentions 
a  different  kind  of  infult  offered  to  the 
head  of  Craifus  by  Surena  and  Orodes, 
p.  564,  &c.       So   Appian,   in  Parthicis, 
p.  154,  155. — After  the  deftruclion  of 
Craffus   moll    of   his    foldicrs    efcaped 
through   the    mountains  ;    fome    were 
taken  by  the  Parthians,  Dio,  40,   27. 
and  conformed   to  the  cultoms  of  the 
country;  which  Horace  fpeaksofwith 
great  difapprobation,  Milefne  Crajfi^  &c. 
Od.  3,  5,  5.     Caffuis,  the  quaellor  of 
Craffus,  having  colleded  fuch  as   fur- 
vived,  efcaped  to  Antioch,  Veil.  2,  46. 
{^Vid.  Cassius.) — The  overthrow   of 
Craffus,  (Jirages  CraJJiana,  Val.  Max.  3, 
4,  5.)   was  one  of  the  greateft  difaffcrs 
that  ever  befel  the  Romans.     Concern- 
ing the  number  of  men  that  were  loff, 
authors   differ.      They  are    commonly 
reckoned   at    20,000  flain  and  JO,oco 
taken.      Appian.  Parth.    154.       Juftin 
fays   that   the   whole   army  of  Craffus 
was  deffroyed,  42,  4.     So  nearly  Flo- 
rus,  3,  1 1,  and  Pliny,  2,  56. 

The  death  of  Craffus  was  calami- 
tous to  the  republic,  not  merely  from 
the  lofs  of  fo  great  an  army,  but  chief- 
ly becaufe  it  removed  the  only  bond  of 
union  which,  after  the  death  of  Juiia, 
remained  between  Pompey  and  Caefar, 
or  rather  the  only  check  to  their  am- 
bition, {^Solafuturi  CraJJus  erat  belli  me- 
dius  moray — faeva  arnta  ducum  dirimens. ) 
The  intervention  of  Craffus  was  the  on- 
ly thing  which  kept  Pompey  and  Cae- 
far from  quarrelling,  as  he  would  na- 
turally join  the  weaker,  Lucan,  i,  lOO, 
&  104.  [Exlnde,  quoniam  mktuo  metu  te- 
nebantur^'—Jiatim  aemulatio  erupit,  Flor.  4, 
2.)      Hence   Lucan  jullly    fays,    that 

the 


C  R  A 


t    149    1 


C  R  IS 


tlie  dellruftlon  of  Craffus  by  the  Par- 
thians,  [Pofthia  damnai  i.  c.  clades  a 
Parthis  illata^)  gave  caufe  to  the  civil 
war,  ih.  106.  Cicero,  while  he  (hews 
how  happy  it  is  for  men  that  they  are 
ignorant  of  what  is  to  befal  them,  de- 
fcribes  in  a  {t\v  words  tlie  miferable 
fate  which  juftly  befel  not  only  Craf- 
fus,  but  alfo  Pompey  and  Caefar,  in 
confequcnce  of  their  criminal  ambi- 
tion, and  to  which  Cicero  himfelf  not 
a  little  contributed  by  fupportlng  their 
unjull  meafures,  contrary  to  the  con- 
vitllon  of  his  own  mind,  C'lc,  Div.  2, 
9.  {Ful  CiCEKOj  p.  114.) 

Plutarch  obferves,  "  that  divine  juf- 
tice  failed  not  to  punifli  both  Orodes 
for  his  cruelty  and  Surena  for  his  per- 
fidy ;  for  Surena  was  not  long  after 
put  to  death  by  Orodes,  who  envied 
his  glory  ;  and  Orodes  at  lall  was  mur- 
dered by  his  ion  Phraates,"  in  Cra/s. 
Jin. — The  poets  contemporary  with 
Auguftus  take  particular  notice  of  the 
defeat  of  Craffus,  while  they  celebrate 
the  greatnefs  of  Augullus,  who  by  the 
terror  of  j^is  arms  recovered  the  liand- 
ards  which  Craffus  had  loft ;  thus  Ovid, 
Fa/I.  5,  583.  et  6,  465.  ;  Jrt.  Jin,  I, 
179.  ;   Propert.  2,  10,  I'^.et  4,  6,  83. 

P.  CRASSUS,  the  Yon  of  the  trl- 
umvir,  a  young  man  of  an  amiable  cha- 
ra£ler,  of  a  quick  genius,  and  highly 
cultivated  by  learning  ;  but  perverted 
by  ambition  and  an  immoderate  paffion 
for  military  glory,  Cic.  Brut.  81.  Fam. 
5,  8.  et  13,  16.  He  gained  much 
honour  by  his  bravery  and  conduct  as 
one  of  Caefar's  lieutenants  in  Gaul, 
Caef.  B.  G.  I,  52.  et  2,  34.  et  3,  7,  11, 
ao, — 28.  When  his  father  and  Pom- 
pey fued  for  the  confulihip  a  fecond 
time,  young  CrafTus  came  to  Rome  to 
vote  for  them  with  a  number  of  fol- 
diers,  Dlo,  39,  31,  whom  Caefar  had 
promiied  to  lend  for  that  purpofe,  Plu- 
tarch. In  C rajs.  p.  551.  in  Pomp,  p,  646. 
Next  year  he  joined  his  father  in  Syria 
with  a  thoufand  chofen  horfe  from 
Gaul,  given  him  by  Caefar,  Appian. 
Parth.  136.  and  in  the  fatal  battle 
againll  the  Parthians,  commanded  the 
left  wing.     Having,  in  the  beginning 


of  the  fight,  advanced  too  far  in  pur- 
fuit  of  a  body  of  the  enemy,  who  pre- 
tended to  fly,  he  was  furrounded,  and 
fcorning  to  fave  his  life,  which  he  might 
have  done,  by  deferting  his  men,  he 
was,  at  his  own  defne,  killed  by  his 
armour-bearer,  being  difabled  by  a 
wound  to  do  it  himfelf.  The  Parthi- 
ans returned  to  the  combat  in  triumph 
with  his  head  fixed  on  a  fpear.  The 
father  bore  the  fight  with  uncommon 
fortitude,  but  it  greatly  deprefled  the 
courage  of  the  army,  Plutarch,  in  Crajs. 
559.  ;  Apptan.  ih.  147. 

CPvATe  RUS,  a  general  much  truft- 
ed  by  Alexander  the  Great ;  after 
whofe  death  he  was  llaln  in  a  battle  a- 
gainit  Eumenes,  Nep.Eum.  4. — ^  2.  An 
eminent  phyficlan  in  the  time  of  Cice- 
ro, Cic.  Att.  12,  13,  &  14.  fuppofed 
to  have  been  the  fame  mentioned  by 
Plorace,  ^^2/.  2,  3,  161.  and  by  Per- 
fius,  3,  65. 

CRATES,  -his,  a  native  of  Mallos, 
[Mallotesj  -ae,)  who  being  fent  as  an 
ambaffador  to  the  fenate  from  Attains, 
king  of  Pergamus,  firft  introduced  the 
ftudy  of  grammar  at  Rome,  between 
the  fecond  and  third  Punic  war.  Suet. 
Gram.  2. — ^\  2.  An  academician  phl- 
lofopher,  Cic.  Acad,  i,  9. 

CRATiNUS,  a  celebrated  ancient 
comic  writer  at  Athens,  Hor.  Sat.  i, 
4.  I.  rather  too  fond  of  drinking.  Id. 
Ep.  I,  20,  I.  uncommonly  fatlrical,  and 
therefore  termed  Audax,  daring,  becaufe 
he  foared  nobody,  Perf.  I,  123. 

CRATIPPUS,  a  philofopher,  born 
at  Mitylenae,  an  intimate  acquaintance 
of  Cicero's,  Cic.  Div.  1,  3.  whofe  lec- 
tures on  philofophy  Cicero's  fon  attend- 
ed at  Athens,  Cic.  Off.  i^  i, 

Crenis,  -'idis,  the  name  of  a  nymph, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  313. 

CREON,  -ntis,  a  king  of  Thebes, 
the  father  of  Jocafta  the  wife  Oedipus, 
(Apoilodorus  fays,  her  brother,  3,  5, 
7.)  who,  after  Polynlces  and  Eteocles, 
the  fons  of  Oedipus,  were  flain,  refum- 
ed  the  government,  (G.  430.)  He 
gave  his  daughter  Megara  in  mar- 
riage to  Hercules,   {^G.  p.\oo.) 

Creon,  the  fon  of  SIfyphus  king  of 
Corifith, 


CHS  I    I 

Corintti,  [G.  Ai6.)  whofe  daughter, 
Creufa,  Jafon  married,  after  divorcing 
Medea,  {G.p.  443.) 

Cresphontes,  a  king  of  Mefienia, 
Cic.  Her.  2,  24.  from  whofe  ftory  Euri- 
pides wrote  a  tragedy  called  Cres- 
PHQNTEs,  Cic.  Tufc.  1,  48. 

Cretheus,  -eos,  v.  -e'l^  the  Ton  of 
Aeolus,  and  father  of  Aefon,  by  Tyro, 
the  daughter  of  Salmoneus,  Apollodor. 
1,  7.  whence  Jafon,  the  fon  of  Aefon, 
is  called  Crethulesy  -ae.,  Val.  Flacc.  6, 
609.;  Crethcm proles ^  Id.  8,  112.;  and 
Helle,  the  daughter  of  Aefon,  Firgo 
Crefheia,   Id.  2,  61  2. 

Creusa,  the  daughter  of  Priam, 
and  wife  of  Aeneas,  P'"irg.Aen.  2,  651. 
who,  while  flie  followed  her  hufhand, 
in  his  flight  from  the  burning  of  Troy, 
by  fome  unfortunate  accident  was  lol't, 

tb.  737,  Sec. ^  2.  The  daughter  or 

Creon  king  of  Corinth,  whom  Jafon 
married,  after  having  divorced  Medea, 
(G.443.) 

Crispinus,  a  Stoic  philofopher, 
Hor.Sat.  2,  7,  45. 

CRISPUS,  a  firname  of  the  SalhflU. 
In  the  works  of  Salluil,  the  cognomen 
Crifpus  is  put  before  the  nojnen  Salluf- 
tius,  which  is  not  ufually  the  cafe.  So 
Horace,  addveinng  the  grandnephew 
and  adopted  fon  of  the  hiftorian,  has 
Crifpe  Salltiftiy  Od.'2,  2,  3.  But  in. the 
infcription  to  this  ode  the  names  are  in 
their  regular  order,  jlfl  C.  Sallnjlium 
Cnfpum. 

CRITIAS,  -acy  one  of  the  thirty 
tyrants  fct  over  Athens  by  the  Spar- 
tans, who  caufcd  Theramcnes  to  be 
put  to  death,  Gic.  Tufc.  1,  40.  noted 
for  his  eloquence,  Cic.  Or.  3,  34.  vSome 
of  the  writings  of  Critias  were  ext&ut 
ill  the  time  ot  Cicero,  ih.  2,  22. 

CRiTO,  -cnisy  the  Icholar  and  in- 
timate friend  of  Socrates,  Cic.  Div.  i , 
25.  who  attended  his  praecptor  in  his 
lail  moments,   Cic.  Tufc.  i,  43. 

CRlTOBuLUS,  a  ikilful  phyil- 
ci-'^n,  who  extradted  an  arrow  from  the 
eye  of  Philip  king  of  Macedonia,  when 
wounded  by  After,  (G.  325.),  with- 
out disfiguring  his  face,  P/in.  7,  37. 
Ke  attended  Alexander  into  India,  and 


5c    ]  C  R  O 

extra6lcd  a  dart  from  his  body  when 
dangeroufly  wounded,   Curf.gy  5,  25. 

CRITOL^US,  a  general  of  the 
Achaeans,  who,  by  his  imprudence, 
involved  his  country  in  a  war  with  the 
Roman?,  which  occafioned  the  deftruc- 
tion  of  Corinth  ;  and  hence  he  is  faid 
to  have  overturned  that  city,   Cic.Tufc. 

N.  D.  3,  38. 5f  2.  An  Ariltotelic 

philofopher,  Cic.  Fin.  5,  5.  who  came 
to  Rome  on  an  embafly  from  Athens, 
Cic.  Or.  I,  II. 

Crocale,  -esy  the  daughter  of  the 
river  Ifmenus,   Oind.  Md.  3,  169. 

Crocus,  a  beautiful  youth,  who, 
having  fallen  in  love  with  Smilax,  was, 
together  with  her,  turned  into  fmall 
iiovv'ers  of  the  fame  name,  Ovid.  Met. 
4,  283. 

CROESUS,  king  of  Lydia,  con- 
quered by  Cyrus,  (G.  601 ),  put  for  a 
rich  man,  Ovid.  Triji.  3,  7,  42.  and  fo 
in  the  plur»  Croefiy  rich  m,en.  Mar- 
tial. 1 1 .  6. 

Crutopus,  the  fon  of  Agenor,  a 
king  of  Argos,  Panfin.  2,  16.  the 
father  of  Pfamathe,  and  grandfather 
of  Linus,  who  is  hence  called  Crq- 
TOPiADEs,  -acy  Ovid,  in  Ibin.  482. 
Pfamfithe  having  fe ere tly  brought  forth 
a  fon  by  Apollo,  gave  him  to  be 
brought  up  by  the  keeper  of  the  kingj's 
flock  ;  but  the  child  being  carelelsly 
left  by  him  in  the  woods,  was  devour- 
ed by  dogs.  Pfamathe,  deploring  the 
lofs  of  her  child,  whom  flie  called  Li- 
nus, in  the  tranfports  of  her  grief, 
difclofed  the  whole  truth  ;  on  which 
account  her  merciiefs  father  ordered 
her  to  be  put  to  death*  Apollo,  in 
revenge,  fent  a  monller  into  the  coun- 
try of  Argos,  which  tore  the  children 
from  the  bofoms  of  their  mothers,  and 
devoured  them.  The  moniler  at  lall 
was  flain  by  Choroebus.  Apollo  next 
brought  a  peftilence  on  the  country, 
which  deilroyed  a  number  of  people  ; 
till  Choroebus  having  gone  to  the  tem- 
ple of  Delphi,  and  voluntarily  offered 
himfelf  as  a  vi6lim,  by  this  a6l  pacihed 
Apollo,  and  procured  a  refpite  from 
the  plague,  Stat.  Theh.  i,  557.  ad  fin. 
Paufanjas  telk  the  itorv  femewhat  djtFe- 


c  T  E  Cm 

rently,  i,  43.  It  (hould  feem  that  Cro- 
topus  himfelf  periflied  by  the  plague  ; 
for  he  is  Tdid  to  have  been  driven  to 
Tartarus  by  Apollo,  Ov'id.  in  Ibhu  575. 

Ctesias,  -«.",  a  native  of  Cnidus, 
the  phyfician  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon, 
Plutarch,  m  Artax.  p.  1012,  &c.  who 
wrote  the  hiftory  of  Perfia,  in  twenty- 
three  books,  JJ'wdor.  2,  2,  &  23,;  Plitu 
2,  106. 

Ctesibius,  a  native  of  Alexandria 
in  Ejrypt,  the  inventor  of  the  pump 
and  other  hydraulic  machines,  Plin.  7, 
37.  ;  V'/tni-v.  9,  9.  whence  the  pump 
is  called  MacJ/wa  Ctefib'ica,   Id.  10,  12. 

Ctesilochus,  anoted  painter,  Pl'in. 

Ctesiphon,  'OntiSy  an  Athenian, 
who  propofed  in  an  aiTembly  of  the 
people,  that  Demollhenes  fhould  be 
prefented  with  a  golden  crown  for  his 
public  fervices,  particularly  for  his  ha- 
ving rebuilt  the  walls  of  Athens  at  his 
own  expence  ;  which  was  oppofed  by 
Aefchines,  the  rival  of  Demollhenes, 
who  brought  a  formal  accufation  a- 
gainft  Ctefjphon.  Demofthcnes  under- 
took his  defence,  or  more  properly  his 
own,  in  that  admirable  oration,  (^ff« 
c-rapayou^  de  cofoiia),  whicli  is  ftill  extant. 
Ctefiphon  was  acquitted,  and  Aefchi- 
nes baniflicd  for  his  falfe  accufation, 
Cic.  Or.  3,  56. 

CupiDo,  -uilst  Cupid,  the  god  of 
love;  plar.  CupiDiNES,  Cupids. — Cu- 
pidlnea  ttla^  the  darts  of  Cupid,  Ovid. 
Tnjl.^,  10,65.   (G.  364.)        • 

CURIO,  a  firname  of  one  of  the  fa- 
milies of  the  Gens  Scribonia.  There 
were  three  orators  of  this  family  in  fuc- 
cefiion,  which  Pliny  mentions  as  an  in- 
ilance  of  fmgular  felicity,  (  Una  familia 
Cur'iom.m  in  qua  tres  continud  ferie  oratorts 
€sj}iterunt)y  7,  41  f.  42. 1.  C,  CU- 
RIO, the  grandfather,  Cic.  Br.  32. 


2.  C.  Scrihonius  CURIO,  the  fon,  conful 
a.  677,  Cic.  Br.  16,  &  60.  Fam.  I,  4. 
Next  year  having  obtained  the  pro- 
vince of  Macedonia,  he  made  war  on 
the  Dardiinii  a  neighbouring  nation, 
whom  in  three  years  he  fubdued,  and 
extended  his  conauefts  tg  the  Danube. 


I    1  CUR 

Upon  his  return  to  Rome  he  was  hof 
noured  with  a  triumph,  Liv.  Epit.  92, 
95,  &  97. ;  Flor.  3,  4.  ;  Eutrop.  6,  2.  ; 
Cic,  PiJ\  19,  &  24.  As  an  orator,  Ci- 
cero commends  him  for  the  fplendour 
and  copioufnefs  of  his  diftion,  Br.  59. 
but  he  was  remarkable  for  a  weak  me- 
mory, and  for  the  violent  agitation  of 
his  body  from  one  fide  to  another  while 
fpeaking  ;  fo  that  one  Junius  ridiculed 
him,  by  aflcing,  who  it  was  that  fpokc 
from  a  boat,  {^ds  loqueretur  e  lintre  ? 
ib.  60,  &  61.),  or  in  a  boat,  [^is  in 
lint  re  loqueretur?  Qjainftil.  Ii,  3,  129.) 
On  this  account  Sicinius,  a  tribune, 
one  day  faid  to  Octavius,  the  colleague 
of  Curio  in  the  confulate,  who,  while 
Curio  was  delivering  a  tedious  harangue, 
fat  filently  by  him,  wrapt  round  with 
bandages,  and  bcfmeared  with  oint- 
ments, to  eafc  the  pain  of  the  gout, 
*'  You  are  greatly  obliged  to  your  col- 
league, Oftavius,  for  if  he  had  not  toff- 
ed  himfelf  from  fide  to  fide  in  his  ufual 
way,  the  flies  would  have  this  day  de- 
voured you,*'  Cic.  et  ^inclil.  ib.  Hence 
Curio  got  the  firname  of  Buruuleius, 
from  a  play-aftor  of  that  name  who 
had  a  funiiar  impropriety  of  gefture, 
Plin.  7,  12  f.  10. ;  Fal.  Max.  9,  14,  5. 
3.  C.  CURIO,  the  ion  of  the  for- 
mer, a  young  man  of  great  natural  abi- 
lities, but  not  fufficiently  cultivated  by 
iludy,  [a  magijlris parum  injtitutus,  natu- 
ram  hahuit  admirahikm  ad  cricendum), 
Cic.  Br.  81.  He  was  early  recomciend- 
ed  by  his  father  to  the  attention  of  Ci- 
cero, who  endeavoured  to  infpire  him 
with  the  defire  of  true  glory,  ib.  ;  but 
Curio,  feduced  by  the  love  of  plea- 
fure,  became  exceedingly  profligate  and 
extravagant,  whence,  on  account  of  his 
effeminacy,  Cicero  calls  him  fliola  Cu- 
rionisy  Cic.  Att.  I,  14.  Curio  formed 
a  detellable  conne6lion  with  Antony, 
from  which  he  was  withdrawn  by  the 
interpofition  of  Cicero,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  iS. 
who,  knowing  the  fliining  talents  of 
Curio,  ilill  llrovc  to  engage  him  to  fup- 
port  the  interefts  of  the  republic.  The 
fix  firfl  letters  of  Cicero's  fecond  book 
of  FamiU:\r  Epiftks  are  addreffed  to 

Curio, 


CUR  [ 

Curio,  while  he  was  (as  is  fuppofed, 
quaeflorto  Caius  Claudius)  in  Afia,  Cic. 
Fam.  2,  6.  DuriHg  this  period  Curio 
loft  his  father,  ih.  z.  in  honour  of  whom 
he  propofed  exhibiting  a  fplcndid  ihew 
of  gladiators,  from  which  Cicero  tried 
to  difluade  him,  but  in  vain,  ib.  3.  On 
this  exhibition  (funebri  patr'is  munere) 
Curio  expended  an  immenfe  fum,  and 
exceeded  all  that  had  gone  before  him 
in  the  ingenuity  of  his  contrivances  to 
amufe  the  people,  Pl'in,  36,  15  f.  24. 
By  fuch  profufion  he  contracted  fo 
much  debt,  that,  as  Pliny  expreffes  it, 
he  had  no  eftate  left,  but  in  the  hope 
of  a  civil  war,  {ut  nihil  in  cenju  habuerity 
practer  d'tfcorA'mm  principum)^  36,  15. 
and  was  at  laft  reduced  to  the  neceffity 
of  felling  himfelf  to  Caefar.  The  debt 
of  Curio  is  faid  to  have  amounted  to 
no  kfs  a  fum  than  fexcentles  fejhrttum,, 
near  500,000  L  Val.  Maat.  9,  1,6.  and 
this  fum  he  is  fuppofed  to  have  received 
from  Qiefar,  who  attached  him  to  his 
jnterelt  by  paying  all  his  debts,  D'tOy 
40,  60.  VelL  Paterculus  makes  the 
fum  only  cenhes  BS.  2,  48.  But  it  is 
thought  that  here  we  fhould  read  fex- 
centusy  becaufe  Appian  fays  that  Cae- 
far induced  Curio  to  co-operate  with 
him  for  more  than  1500  talents,  the 
fum  which  he  gave  to  Paulus  the  conful, 
B.  C,  2.  p.  443.  So  Plutarch  in  Cae- 
fare,  p,  722.  ei  Pomp.  p.  650.  Sueto- 
nius does  not  mention  the  fum,  but 
iimply  fays,  Aemilium  Paulum  (confu.- 
Icm)  Caiumqua  Curionem  violerui/fmium 
ir'ihunoytim  ingeiiti  mercccle  defenjores  para- 
int,  Caef.  29.  ^Vid.  Caesar,  p.  62.). 
Virgil  is  thought  to  allude  to  Curio, 
Vendid'it  hic  auro patriam,  <Sjc.  Aen.  6, 
62  f. ;  and  Lucan,  after  obferving  that 
all  thofe  who  had  opprefled  the  liberty 
of  their  country  effected  their  purpofe 
by  money,  [emcre  omnes),  adds,  Hic 
(Curio)   vcndidit  url^m,   4,  824. 

Curio  had  been  a  keen  fupporter  of 
the  power  of  the  fenate  and  of  Pom- 
pey,  [H':c  primo  pro  Pompeii  partih us ^  id 
ej},  ut  tunc  habebatur,  pro  republican  Veil. 
ib.)r  by  whofe  influence  he  was  made 
tribune,  a.  703,  DiQj  40?  59.     On  this 


152     ]  CUR 

occafion  Cicero  wrote  him  from  Cilicia, 
an  admirable  letter  of  advice,  in  which, 
however,  he  infmuates  fome  apprehen- 
fion  of  his  unfteadinefs.  Fain.  2,  7.  The 
caufe  of  Curio's  oppoiition  to  Caefar  is 
faid  to  have  been  the  contempt  with 
which  Caefar  treated  him,  and  the  op- 
pofition  made  by  Cacfar's  friends  to  his 
eleftion,  Cic.  Fam.  8,  4.  Curio,  after 
he  had  fold  himfelf  to  Caefar,  acled 
with  exquifite  art.  He  did  not  imme- 
diately diicover  his  having  changed 
fides,  but  appeared  ftiil  to  go  along 
with  his  former  friends,  that  thus  he 
might  become  more  thoroughly  acquain- 
ted with  their  fecret  views,  Dio,  40,  61. 
He  feemed  for  fome  time  to  be  wholly 
inaftive,  [Curioni  iribunafut  conglaciot 
ve\frigei)y  Cic  Fam.  8,  6.  Som.etimes 
he  pretended  to  be  equally  again fl  Pom- 
pey  and  Caefar,  {^moxfimulationey  contra 
Pompeium  et  Caefar  em).  Veil.  2,  48.  At 
lait,  however,  he  threw  off  the  mafic, 
and,  that  he  might  have  a  pretext  for 
breaking  with  the  fenate,  made  feveral 
extravagant  demands,  which  he  knew 
would  not  be  granted,  Z)/<?,  40,  61. ; 
Appian.  p.  443,  Then  he  joined  the 
popular  party,  and  openly  avowed  his 
attachment  to  Caefar,  [trans fugit  adpo^ 
pulumy  et  pro  Caefar e  loqui  coepit),  Cic. 
Fam.  8,  6.  which  change  did  not  fur- 
prife  Cicero,  {^is  hoc  putarei  prcuter 
me  ?  nam,  ita  vivamy  putavi),  ib.  2,  13. 
Curio  fupported  the  caufe  of  Caefar  in 
the  fenate  with  great  addrefs  during  his 
tribunefliip,  and,  after  laying  down  his 
olnce,  went  directly  to  Caefar,  Dioy  40, 
66  f.  fpeedily  returned  with  a  letter. 
Id.  ^ly  I.  and  after  the  final  decree 
was  paffed,  fled  with  Coehu?  and  the 
tribunes  Antony  and  Caflius,  ib.  3. 
(Audax  'venali  comitatur  Curio  lingua, 
Lucan.  i,  269.),  to  Caefar,  whom  he 
inftigaced  to  war,  Appian.  p.  447.  ;  Lu- 
can.  I,  273, — 293.  Hence  Curio  is  faid 
to  have  been  the  perfon  that  firfl  kin- 
dled the  civil  war,  and  even  prevented 
an  accomm.odation,  when  Pompey  and 
Caefar  were  inclined  to  it,  [Bello  civili 
— -fubjecitfacem  ; — et  coakjcentis  conditions 
pads  difiujit  ac  rupit),  Veil.  2,  48.  (Mo-, 

rnentumqus 


CUR 


C    ts^    1 


C  Y  M 


meniumque  fult  mr/tafus  Curio  rerum,  GaU 
lorum  captus  fpoliis  et  Caefarts  aiiroy  Lu- 
can.  4,  819.) 

Curio  was  fent  by  Caefar  with  an  ar- 
my to  Sicily,  Lucan.  3»  59  which  he 
got  pofl'efiion  of  without  a  batrle,  Caef. 
Bell,  C.  I,  30,  &  31.  Cato  having  left 
it  upon  hearing  of  Curio's  arrival,  ib. 
{S^eC.ATO,  91.),  D'lOy  41,  41.  Curio 
paflfcd  over  from  Sicily  toAfrica,  where 
he  deft'ated  Varus,  who  commanded  in 
that  country  for  Pompey,  and  laid  fiege 
to  Utica,  I)iof  ib.  ;  Cocf  B,  C.  2,  34, 
&c.;  Lucan.  ^,  C83,  661.  &  713.  But 
Juba  king  of  Mauritania,  whom  Curio, 
while  tribune,  had  tried  to  deprive  of 
his  kingdom,  Caef.  B.C.  2,  25.  {Lege 
tribunitid  f«liO  depdlere  avorum  Curio  ten- 
tdratf  Lylnamqite  auferre  tyranno,  Lu- 
can, 4,  694.),  having  fpeedily  come  to 
the  afiillance  of  Varus,  artfully  decei- 
ved Curio,  who  feeing  himfelf  furround- 
ed,  and  fcorning  to  flee,  though  he 
might  have  efcaped,  fell  fighting  brave- 
ly, {Caef.  ib.  36, — 430>  ^n^idlt  heaps 
of  his  men,  {ceciilitque  in  Jlrage  fiwrumy 
Jmpiger  adletbum,  et  foitis  inrtvte  coadd. 
^id  nunc  rojlra  tihi  profunt  turhata^  Jo- 
rumquCy  Unde  trihunilid  plebeius  figrilfer 
arce  Arvia  dahas  popuiis  P  quid  prod/la 
jura  fenatus,  Et  gcner  at  que  foe er  hello  con- 
cur r  ere  jujfi  P Lybicas  en  nobUe  corpus 

Pafcit  aveSf  nullo  confeSus  Curio  lujto, 
Lucan.  4,  797, — 809.  et  5,  39. 

CUR  I  US,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens  ;  the  moft  illullrious  of  which  was 
M.  CuRius  DtntatuS)  who  conquered 
the  Samnites,  and  forced  Fyrrhus  to 
leave  Italy.  He  was  a  man  as  remark- 
able for  his  contempt  of  ricl  es  and 
frugality,  as  for  his  bravery  in  war,  {G. 
p.  230,  &  231.).  He  is  faid  to  have 
had  his  hair  undrefied,  becaufe  in  his 
time  there  were  no  barhtrs  in  Rome, 
Horat.  1 ,  12,  41.  ^i  Curios  fimulant 
Bacchanalia  iji'vunt,  pretend  to  live  as 
foberly  as  Curius,  Juvenal.  2,  3.  who 
uied  to  dine  on  pot  herbs,  which  he 
drelTed  himftlf.  Id.  11.78.— Adj.  Cu- 
RiAKUs,  ^tinclih  7i  6,  9. ;  Cic.  Or.  l^ 
39* 


Mettius  Curt  I  us,  a  Sabine  chief, 
Liv.  1,12.  who  is  faid  to  have  given 
name  to  the   Curtian  lake  in  Rome,  tb, 

13- 

M  CuRTius,  a  brave  young  man, 
who  threw  himfelf  into  a  great  opening 
in  the  forum,  produced  by  an  earth- 
quake, or  fome  other  caufe,  in  order, 
as  he  fuppofed,  to  appeafe  the  divine 
wrath,  Liv.  7,  6.  The  Curtian  lake 
is  fuppofed  to  have  been  named  rather 
from  this  Curtius,  ib. 

CvANE,  -esy  a  nymph  of  Sicily, 
who  attempting  to  hinder  Pluto  in 
carrying  off  Proferpine,  was  by  him 
changed   into  a  fountain,  Ovid.  MeL 

5»  409- 

Cyanee,  v.  -ea,  the  daughter  of 
the  river  Maeander,  the  mother  of 
Byblis  and  Caunos,  by  Miletus,  the 
fon  of  Apollo,  Ovid.  9,451. 

Cybele,  Cybelle,  v.  Cybebe, 
'es,  the  mother  of  the  gods,  {G.  355.) 
Hence  Cybeleius  Attis,  the  fon  of  Cy- 
bele, Ovid.  Met.  TO,  104. 

Cycnus,  or  Cygnus,  the  fon  of 
Neptune,  invulnerable  by  a  dart ; 
cruflicd  to  death  by  Achilles,  and  me- 
tamorphofed  into  a  fwan,  Ovid.  Met* 

12,  72, — 145. H  2.  A  Boeotian 

youth,  the  fon  of  Apollo  and  Hyric, 
beloved  by  Phyllius  ;  who  having  refu- 
fed  to  give  him  a  bull,  which  at  the 
defire  of  Cycnus  he  had  tamed,  Cyc- 
nus, in  a  fit  of  paflion,  threw  himfelf 
from  a  lofty  rock  on  mount  Teumefui 
in  Boeotia,  and  was  turned  into  a 
fwan  ;  whence  a  beautiful  vale  near 
that  place  was  called  Cycneta  Temper 
plur.  Ovid.  Met.  7,  371,  &c.    (vid.  G- 

CvDiAs,  -ae,  a  fl<:ilful  painter,  PUn^ 

35»  i'- 
Cydippe,  -fj-,  a   virgin  beloved  by 
Aconlius  ;  vid.  Acontius. 

Cyllarus,  a  beautiful  centaur, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  393.  flain  in  the  battle 
of  the  centaurs  wiih  the  Lapithae,  ib» 

420. ^  2.  The  horle  of  Pollux, 

Virg.  G.  3^  89. 
Cymqdoce,   'CSy    or   CymodGc^a,    a 


C  Y  M  [     T54    I  DAE 

fca-nympli,    the   daughter   of    Nereus  xes,  was  ftoned  to  death,  CzV.  0^  3,  Tt» 

and  Doris,    Vir^.  Jen,  10,  225.;  Stat.  CYR.US,  the   founder   of  the  Per- 

Sih.  2,  2,  20.  fian  empire,  (G'  600.)  -R'^dditum  Cyri 

Cymotkoc,  -fj,    another   daughter  folio  Phranten,  8cc.  Phraate<  reftored  to 

of   Nereus,    Serv.    ad    Virg.    Aen.    i,  the  throne  of  Cyrus,  t   e.   of  Parthia, 


the  Parlhians  being  tnafters  of  Perfia  in 
the  time  of   Horace,  Horat.  Od.  2,  2, 

17.    vid.    OCTAVIUS. 

Cyrus  minor,  Cyrus  the  younger, 
who  attempting  to  expel  his  brother 
Aftaxerxes    from  the   throne  by    the 


148. 
Cynafgirus,  an  Athenian,  the  fon 

of  Euphorion,  and  brother  to  the  poet 

Aefchylus  ;  who,   after  the    defeat   of 

the  Pcrfians   at   Marathon,  took   hold 

of  one   of   th.eir    (hips  with   his  hand, 

and  it  being  cut   oiF,  fell,  Herodot.  6,     afhftance  of  Graecian  mercenaries,  was 

114.     Juftin  relates,  that,    after  both     flain  in  battle  through   his    own    rafh- 

his  hands  were   cut  off,  he  ftized   the     nefs,  in  the  moment  of   vi6lory,   (G. 

{hip  with   his  teeth,   2,  9,   (G.  3C0.)        468.)    C'lC,  Div,  i,  23,  &  25. 

Cyrus,  an  architcv^,  Ck.  Alt,  2,  3.;. 
Md,  17.  hence  Cyrea,  fc.  op^ra,  the 
works  of  Cyrus,    Cic,  AtL  4,  10. 

Cytheris,  -Ws,  an  aftrefs,  the  fa- 
vourite miftrefs   of  Antony,   Ck.  Phil. 


CynTci,  a  feit  of  piiilofophers,  re- 
markable for  the  rulb'city  and  indelica- 
cy of  their  manners,   (G.  295  ) 

Cynosura,  the  conriellation  called 
Urfa  Minor,  the  leiTer  bear,  Ovid.  Fafi. 
3,  107   ;  Sil  3,  6(Ss. 

Cynthius,  a  name  given  to  Apol- 
lo, from  Cynthos,  a  mountain  in  De- 
los,     \vhe:e    he   was  born,   Virg.  Am. 

6,  3. Cyntkia,  a   name  given  to 

Diana,  or  Luna,  the  moon,  Ovid.  Fajl. 


2,  24,  &  25.  ;  Fam.  9,  26  ;  Att.  10, 
10,  &■  i6.  ;  properly  called  Volumnia, 
as  being  the  freed-woman  of  Volumni- 

us   Eutrapelus,  Ck.   Phil.  2,  24. 

Servius  on  Virgil  makes  Cytheris  the 
fame  with  Lycoris,  beloved  by  Gallus  ; 


2,  91  51  ^'  '^^'^^  name  which  Pro-     but  feveral  circumilances  mentioned  by 

pertius  gave   his   miflrefs,    I,  l.  et  alibi     Virgil  ccicerning  Lycoris,   /:i:/.  10,  2, 


^qfflm.   Martial  14,  187. 

Cyparissus,  a  bc-iutlful  youth,  be- 
loved by  Apollo  ;  who  having  acci- 
dentally killed  a  ftag  he  was  fond  of, 
and  being  inconfolable  in  his  griei, 
.was  turned  into  a  cyprefs-tree,  which 
tvab  ahvays  ufed  at  funerals,  Ovid.  Met. 
*IG,,  1065 — 142* 
**    'Cyf.selus,    a  tvrant    of    Cori-ith, 


&c  appear  to  be  inconnftent  with  the 
account  given  concerning  Cytheris  in 
hiftory. 

.  D. 
Daedalion,  -cr/j-,  the  fon  of  Lu- 
cifer, and  brother  of  Ceyx,  Ovid.  Met. 
I  r,  295.  who  was  fo  aifefted  with  the 
death  of  his  daughter  Chicne,  flain  by 
Diana,  that  he  threv,"  himfelf  from  the 
■^thoie  government  Demaratus,  the  fa-     top  of  Parnaffus  ;  but  Apollo   pitying 


ther  of  Tarquinius  Prifcus,  the  fifth 
king  of  Rome,  being  unwilling  to 
bear,  retired  to  Tarquinii  in  Tufcany, 
Cic.  tiifc.  5,  37. 

Cyrehe,  -es,  the  daaghcer  of  the 
river  Peneus,  and  mother  of  Ariitaeus 
by  Apollo,   (G.  371.) 


him,  made  him  a  bird,  called  a  fal/jn 
cr  liawk,    [accipller),  ib.  345. 

DAEDALUS,  a  native  of  Athens, 
a  famous  architeft,  the  conitrudor  of 
the  labyrinth  in  Crete,- where  being 
fnut  up  with  his  fon  Icarus,  he  con- 
trived'to  make  his  efcape  by  m.eans  of 


Cyrenaici,    the  followers    of  the     waxen  wing? ;  but   Icarus   foaring  too 


philofopher  Ariilippus,  a  native  or 
Cyrene  in  Africa,  Cic.  Tufc.  3,  12.  ; 
Acad.  4,  7,  &  46. 

CyrsIlus,  an  A.thenian,  who  ha- 
ving'advi  fed  h?s  .countryrTien'  to'' re- 
'rnain  in  the  city,  -^nd  fubmit  to  Xcr- 


high,  had  his  wings  melted  by  the  heat 
of  the  fun,  and  fell  into  the  fea,  call- 
ed from  him  the  Icarean  fea,  [G, 
42 1 .")  'Hence,  Et  mare  perniffum  pucrot 
(i.  e.  Icaro)^  fahrumque,  (f  e.  Daeda- 
lum)  1-olantsnii    Juvenal,   I,  54.     P-'O- 

ponimui 


DAM  [     155 

ponhnus  Uluc  Ire  fai'igaias  uhl  Daedalus 
exuit  alas,  i.  e«  Cumas,  Id.  3,  25.  ; 
Virg.  Aen.  6,  14.  ;  Hor,  Od,  1,3,  44.; 
lUe  ceratis  ope  Daedaled  mt'itur penniSy  in- 
treo  daturas  ncmina  ponto,  Ibars  on 
waxen  wings  by  the  aflidance  or  art 
of  Daedalus,  about  to  fall  like  Icarus, 
and  give  name  to  the  azure  fea,  /'.  e. 
be  will  fail  in  his  attempt  to  equal 
Pindar,  lb,  4,  2,  2,  Daedaleo  ocior  I- 
carOi  fwifter  than  Icarus,  the  Ton  of 
Daedalus,  /.  e.  not  retarded  like  him 
in  my  flight,  lb.  2,  20,  13.  Daedale- 
vm  iter  rexii,  direfted  liis  road  through 
the  windings  of  the  labyrinth  made  by 
Daedalus,  Propert.  2,  14,  8.  DaeDA- 
LA  teclaj  the  cells  of  the  bees,  curionf- 
iy  made,    Firg,    G.  4,  179.      So  Dae- 


dala  tellus,  L,ucr.  i,  7,  &  229.  carmi- 
fia.  Id.  2,  504. ;  J^gna  (/.  e.  ftatuas) 
polire,  Id.  5,  1450.  ;  J'^erborum  Daedn- 
la  lingua^  which  curioufly  forms  the 
founds  of  words,  Id.  4,  ^<^^.  ;  Vtd. 
C'lc.  A^.  Z).  2,  59.  Natura  Dae  dala  re- 
rum,  the  curious  former  or  framer  of 
things,  Lucr.  5,  235.;  Daedala  Circe, 
ingenious,    Virg.  /Jen.  7,  282. 

Damalis,  -is,  the  name  of  a  drunk- 
en woman,  Hor.  ^il.  i,   36,  13. 

DAMASiPPUS,  a  lirnameofthe 
Lictnli. 

Dam  AS  IP  PUS,  a  nobleman  fond  of 
ftatues,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  23.  ;  whence 
Pfciidodamajippus,  an  admirer  of  itatues 
like  Damatippus,  ib. — Suppofed  to  be 
the  fame    with   the   Damaiippus  m.en- 

tioned  by  Horace,  Sat,  2,  3,  64. 

^  2.  One  who  having  fpent  his  for- 
tune, hired  himfclf  as  a  player,  Jwce- 
nal  8,  185. 

/..  Jtmius  Brutus  DAMASIPPUS, 
city  praetor  in  the  third  confulfhip 
of  Carbo,  and  the  younger  M'arius ; 
who  having  affembled  the  fenate,  by 
the  order  of  Marius,  cruelly  put  to 
death  a  number  of  the  chief  fenators, 
under  pretext  of  their  being  the  fa- 
vourers of  Sulla  ;  among  the  reft  Scae- 
vola,  the  High  Prieft,  Fell.  2,  26.  ; 
Cic.  Fam,  9,  21.  ;  Appian.  B,  C.  i.  p, 
403,  &  404. ;  Liv.  Epit.  86.  Dama- 
iippus was  afterwards  llain  bv  the  or- 
Ja- of  Sulla,  Sallujh  Cat.  51.' 


1  DAN 

DAMOCLES,  As,  a  flatterer  of 
Dionyfius,  who  ufed  often  to  extol  the 
happinefs  of  that  prince.  Upon  which 
Dionyfitis  al'ked  if  he  would  make 
trial  of  it.  When  he  readily  afiented, 
the  tyrant  ordered  him  to  be  placed 
on  a  golden  couch,  and  the  moll  deli- 
cious dilhes  to  be  fet  before  him,  with 
every  thing  elfe  that  could  regale  hi$ 
fenfes.  But  in  the  midil  of  the  en? 
tertainment  he  caufed  a  fwovd  to  be 
let  down  from  the  ceiling,  fufpended 
by  a  horfe-hair  over  his  head  ;  which 
fo  terrified  liamocks,  that  he  was  un- 
able to  tafte  any  of  the  delicacies,  and 
begged  that  he  might  be  allowed  to 
depart.  Thus  Dionyfius  Avowed,  that 
no  one  can  be  happy  over  whom  fomc 
terror  always  hangs,   Ci^.  Tufc.    5,21. 

To   this  ftory    Horace    alludes, 

DiJlriElus  erjis  cut  fuper  hvpia  Cervice  pew 
dct,   &c.  Od.  3,  I,  17.    ' 

DAMO,  V.  -on,  and  Phintias,  or 
Pythias,  Pythagoreans,  who  gave  a 
rare  example  of  friendfhip  at  Syracufe 
\\\  the  time  of  Dionyfius.  One  of  them 
being  condemned  to  die  by  the  tyrant, 
afked  a  few  days  refpite  to  fettle  his 
affairs,  and  the  other  became  furety 
for  his  return,  fo  that  he  muft  have 
died  if  he  failed.  But  he  came  on  the 
day  appointed.  Dionyfius  admiring 
fuch  fidelity,  not  only  pardoned  him, 
but  requefted  to  be  admitted  as  a 
third  'perfon  in  their  friendfhip,  Cic, 
Off.  3,  10.  ;    Val,  Max,  4,  7,  ext.  i. 

Damon,  a  mufician,  Cic.  Or.  3,  33. 

Damophilus,  a  ftatuary  and  pain- 
ter,  PUn.  t^,  12. 

DanaJ:,  -es,  the  daughter  of  Acri- 
fiU3,  king  of  the  Argives,  and  the  mo- 
ther of  Pcrfeus  by  Jupiter,  (G.  395.) 
who  is  hence  called  D  A  n  a  E  i  u  s  heros^ 
Ovid.  Met.  5,   I. 

D:->.NAUS,  a  king  of  Argos,  the 
fon  of  Belus,  and  brother  of  Aegyp- 
tus,  whofe  fifty  daughters,  (Danauks, 
-umj,  ilew  their  huibands  on  the  mar- 
riage night,  except  Hypermneftra, 
who  preferved  her  huiband  Lynceus. 
For  this  crime  the  Danaids  were  fup- 
pofed  to  be  condemned  to  pour  water 
for  ever  into  a  tub  full  of  holes,  {G, 
U  2  392.) 


DAP  [156 

19 2.)    From  Danaus  the  Greeks  were 
called  Dan  A  I. 

Daphne,  -es,  the  daughter  of  the 
river  Peneus,  beloved  by  Apollo, 
changed   into  a  laurel,  Ovid.  Met,  J, 

Daphnis,  -is,  V.  -ullsi  a  beautiful 
toy,  the   fon  of   Mercury,  Atl'ian,  10, 

x8. 5[  2.  The  name  of  a  fhepherd, 

V'trg,  Aen.  2,  5,  &  8. 

Dardanus,  the  fon  of  Ele£lra  and 
Jupiter,  the  founder  of  the  Trojan  na- 
tion, (G.  187  )  Iliacae  primus  pater 
urhis  et  auSor^  Virg.  Aen.  8,  34.  put 
for  any  Trojan,  (q.  Dardanius)^  Crw 
delis  JDardanus,  i.  e.  Aeneas,  Virg, 
Aen.  4,  661. —  Dardanipes,  -dae^  a 
fon  or  defcendant  of  Dardanus,  Virg'. 
Aen.  10,  545.  plur.  Dardanidae, 
^arunii  the  Trojans,  ii.  3 >  94-  5 >  45. 
— -Dardanis,  -7diSf  a  Trojan  woman, 
Matres  Dardamdesy  the  Trojan  ma- 
trons, O'vid.  Met,  13,  412. — Darda- 
Nius,  adj.  Trojan;  l^irg.  'en.  5,  711. 
— Dardania,  'Of.,  fc.  wbs^  Troy,  ib, 
jr,  324.  or  fc.  regiOi  Troas,  the  coun- 
try of  Troy. 

Dares,  i^//x, an  hiftorian  that  wrote 
the  hiftory   of  the  Trojan  war,  Ijidor, 

*" ^  2.  The  name  of  a  noted  boxer  or 

combatant  at  thec^eftus,  Firg.A.^y  375. 

DARIUS,  the  name  of  three  kings 
cf  Perfia,  namely,  the  fon  oi  Hy/iafpiSy 
J^othusy  ard   Codomatinus,   (G.   6c8, — 

614;    616;  620.)-^ Daricus, -/, 

m.  <i  daric,  a  coin  marked  with  the 
image  of  Darius,  An/on.  Ep.  5y  21. 

DATis,rij",  the  general  of  Daiius, 
whom  Miltiades  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Marathon,  Nep.  1,4. 

DAUNUS,  the  fon  of  Pilumnus 
and  Danae,  who  reigned  in  the  north 
of  Apulia  ;  whence  that  country  was 

cralled  Daunia,  (G-  p.  158,) The 

father  of  Turnus,  Firg.  Aen.  10,  616, 
«?  12,  90. ;  whence  Daunius  herosj  i.  e, 
Turnus  ih.  \2,  723.  Daunia  dea,  i.  e, 
Juturna,  thefiller  of  Turnus, iZ".  12,  785* 

Davus,  the  name  of  a  flave,  which 
often  O'curs  in  Terence  :  faid  to  have 


]  DEI 

DECIUS,  the  nam.c  of  a  Roman 
gens;  ennobled  by  the  three  Dfcii, 
who  devoted  themfelves  for  their  coun- 
try, Cic  Tufc.  I,  37.  JLivy  mentions 
only  two,  the  father,  8,  9,  &  10.  ;  and 
the  fon,  TO,  28,  &  29,  Vid.  Firgif, 
A.  6,  825.  ;  Jwvenalt  8,  254,  &  258, 
14,  239. 

De  J  AN  IRA,  the  mofl  illuftrions  of 
the  wives  of  Hexxules,  (G.  401,)  the 
daughter-in-law  of  Alcmena,  the  mo- 
ther of  Hercules,  hence  called  AlcmC' 
naenurusy  Ovid.  Met.  8,  542. 

D  E  i  D  A  M I  A,  or  Deiam'ia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Lycomedes,  king  of  Scyros,  and 
the  m.other  of  Pyrrhus   by   Achilles, 

(G.446.) 

Dejoces,  -isf  the  firfl  king  of  the 
Medes,  (G.  599.) 

Deione,  -esf  the  mother  of  Mile- 
tus by  Apollo  ;  whence  Miletus  is 
called  Dewmdesy  -acy  the  fon  of  Deio- 
ne, Oind.  Met.  9,  442. 

Dejotarus,  the  king  of  Galatia, 
who  fided  with  Pompey  in  the  civil 
war  ;  but  after  the  battle  of  Pharfalia, 
having  fubmitted  to  Caeiar,  was  left  in 
the  pofTeflion  of  his  kingdom.  He 
was  afterwards  accufed  by  his  fon  De- 
jotarus and  one  Phihppus,  of  having 
plotted  the  death  of  Cacfar  ;  but  be- 
ing defended  by  the  eloquence  of  Ci- 
cero, he  was  acquitted,  Cic.  Dejot.  i, 
&c.    _    ^    _ 

Deiopeia,  lu-peay  v.-play  one  of 
the  nymphs  of  Juno,  whom  ihe  pro- 
mifed   in    marriage  to    Aeolus,    Virg. 


Aen.  1. 


72. 


■^2.    A  water-nymph 


been  derived  from  Dahacy  v.  Daacy  a 
people  of  Scythia,  Donat.  in  Terent, 
Andro  Frinc, 


that   frequented  the   lake  Afia  in  Ly- 
dia  ;  hence  called  AJia  Deiopeay  Virg, 

G.  4»343-^ 

Deiphobus,  the  fon  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  who,  after  the  death  of  Pa- 
ris, married  Helena,  by  whom  he  v/as 
bttrayed  to  the  Greeks,   Firg.  Aen.  6, 

494»  ^^' 

Deiphobe, -^^,  the  daughter  of 
Glaucus,  the  prieftefs  of  the  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Cuniae,  Virg.  Aen.  6,  35.  ; 
hence  called  the  Cumean  Sibyl  ( Cu- 
maea  Sibylla,)  ib.  98.  who  attended  Ae- 
neas to  the  infernal  regions,  ib.  262, 

Pemades, 


D  E  M  [     I 

Demades, -/'j,  an  Athenian  orator, 
contemporary  with  Dcmoftheries,  Cic. 
Brut.  9.  Or.  26.  orio-inally  a  failor  ; 
whence  Quindtilian  lays  of  him.  Ex 
rem'ige  orator  fatl us y   2,    17,  12. 

Demaratus,  a  king  oF  Lacedae- 
mon,  who  being  bani(hcd  from  his 
country,  fled  to  Pcrlia,  and  lived  in 
exile  at  the  court  of  Xerxes.  Percei- 
ving that  Xeixes  meditated  war  againft 
Greece,  he  gave  the  Lacedemonians 
notice  of  his  defign,  Jujiin,  2,  10.  & 

13. <|[  2.    The   father  of  Tarqui- 

nius  Prifcus,  who,  on  account  of  the 
tyranny  of  Cypfelus,  retired  from  Co- 
rinth to  i'arquinii  in  Etruria,  Cic, 
Tufc,  5,  37.;  Liv.  I,  34. 

Dlmea,  the  name  of  an  old  man 
in  Terence,  Adelph.  I,  2,  i,   &c. 

DEMETRIUS,  the  fon  of  Antl- 
gonus,  called  Poliorcetes  (  ic.  Off. 
2,  7.  {O.p.  341.  &  471.) — Demetri- 
us Phalereus,  the  fcholar  of  Thco- 
phraRus,  Ch,  Fin.  5,  9-  ;  Br.  9.  and 
governor  of  Athens  under  CalTander, 

(G.  472.) 

DEMETRIUS,  the  fon  of  Philip, 
king  of  Macedonia,  given  by  his  fa- 
ther as  a  hollage  to  the  Romans,  Liv. 
33,  30.  and  led  in  triumph  by  T. 
Quintius  Flaminius,  LI,  34,  52.  He 
was  afterwards  reilored  to  his  father. 
Id.  36.  ;  and  being  fent  by  him  on  an 
embaiTy  to  Rome,  was  treated  with 
great  refpeift  by  the  fenate.  Id.  39,  47. 
■which  foon  after  became  a  ground  of 
odium  againll  him,  ib.  48.  For  being 
invidioufly  accufed  by  his  brother  Per- 
feus  of  deiigns  againit  his  life,  and  of 
undue  attachment  to  the  Romans,  he 
was  put  to  death  by  the  order  of  his 
father,  Liv,  40,  5, — 24,  who  having 
difcovered  the  guilt  of  Perfeus,  and  the 
innocence  of  Demetrius,  was  lo  racked 
with  remorfe,  that  it  put  a  pi.rzod  to 
his  life,  ib.  54,  $$.  &  S'^' 

Democ HARES,  -«,  an  A.thenian  ora- 
tor, the  filter's  fon  of  Demofthenes, 
called  Parrhefmjlesy  on  account  of  his 
loo  great  freedom  of  fpeech,  Cic  Or, 
2,  23.  ;  Br.  83.  Being  fent  among 
others  on  an  embaffy  to  Philip,  when 
that  Prince  allied  what  he  could  do 


57    1  DEM 

moft  agreeable  to  the  Athenians ;  **  Ta 
hang  yourfelf,"  replied  Democharei, 
**  Tell  your  countrymen,'*  fays  Phi- 
lip to  the  other  ambafladors,  **  that 
thofe  are  more  haughty,  who  fay  fuch 
things,  than  thofe  who  hear  them  with 
impunity,"    Sencc.  ds  Ir.  3,  23. 

D  £  M  0  c R  A  T £  s,  -/V,  a  phy fician,  PUn, 
2a,  7- 

DEMOCRiTUS,  of  Abdera,  {AU 
der'ilesy  -acj  the  parent  of  experimental 
philofophy,  called  the  Laughing  philo- 
fop})er^  (G.  16.)  btcaufe  he  laughed 
at  the  follies  of  m.ankind  ;  whence  Ju- 
venal fays  of  him,  Perpetuo  riju  pulmo- 
Item  agitare  folebat,  10,  34.  From  ade- 
fne  of  learning  he  gave  up  his  patri- 
mony, Cu:.  1  ufc.  5,  39.  and  traverfed 
the  moft  remote  countries  in  qued  of 
knowledge,  Cic.  Fin.  ^,  29.  He  is  faid 
to  have  deprived  himifelf  of  fight,  that 
his  mind  might  not  be  withdjawn  from 
the  contemplation  of  truth  by  external 
objects,  ib.  ei  Gtll.  lo,  17.  But  Cice- 
ro doubts  the  truth  of  this,  ih.  and  Plu- 
tarch exprefbly  denies  it,  De  Curiof, 
Cicero  thinks  him  one  of  the  greateil 
men,  fvir  magm/s  in primis, J  N.  D.  I, 
43. — Fience  Democritici,  the  fol- 
lowers of  Democritus,  Cic.  Or.  I,  10. 
Dernotriiea  fc.  d'icld,  v.  dogmata ^  the  fay- 
ing>  or  opinions  of  Democritus,  Cic, 
Di-v.  2,  13. 

Demodocus,  a  mufician  at  the 
court  of  Alcinbus,  Homer,  Odyfs.  8,  44. 
— ^  2.    A  Trojan  chief,    Vtrg.  ^.  10. 

Demoleus,  •;,  a  Greek  flain  by 
Aeneas  at  Troy,  Virg.  /len.  5,  260. 

Demoleon,  -oniis^  a  centaur,  killed 
by  The  feus,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  356. 

Demophoon,  -ntisy  the  fon  of  The- 
fcui,  and  Phaedra,  one  of  the  leaders 
of   the    Greeks   in    the    Trojan    war, 

(G.425.) 

DEMOSTHeNES,  -w,  an  Athc- 
nian.  the  prince  of  the  Greek  ora- 
tors, ^indiL  10,  I,    76.   et  iz,  2,   22. 

(longepi7'fcL{'iffimiis  Graecorum^  Id.  10,  2, 
24.)  faid  to  have  been  the  fon  of  a 
blackfraith,  i^^tem  pater  ardentis  maffae 
fuligine  Itppus  A  carbone^  l^c.  ad  rhetor  et 
mjfitj  Juvenal,  xo,  130.     But  Plutarch 

fays 


DEN 


C    15S    1 


T)  r  D 


fays  that  the  father  of  Demofthenes 
was  a  man  of  birth  and  probity,  and 
died  when  his  fon  was  only  feven  years 
of  age,  m  Demollh,  Demofthenes  firfl 
applied  to  philofophy  under  Plato, 
whom  he  greatly  admired,  Cic.  Or.  4.  ; 
^uinciil.  12,  2,  22,  ei  12,  10,  24.  He 
afterwards  ftudied  eloquence  under  I- 
faeus  and  other  mailers.  He  at  firft 
could  not  pronounce  the  letter  R,  but 
by  attention  and  induftry,  got  fo  much 
the  better  of  this  and  other  defefts, 
that  no  one  fpoke  more  diltindlly,  Cic. 
Div»  2,  46.  Or.  1,  61.  and  acquired  an 
excellence  in  his  art  thalhasfcarcely  ever 
been  equalkd;  {^DemojJhenis commemoraio 
nomine y  maximae  eloqnmtiae  conjummaiio  au- 
dicntis  onimo  oboritiir,\ A.  Max.  8,  '],ext. 
1.)  But  his  eloquence  at  lall  proved 
fatal  to  him  ;  for  Antipater,  iiaving 
vanquifhed  the  Athenians,  demanded 
that  their  orators  fliould  be  given  up  to 
him.  Upon  which  Demofthenes  fled, 
and  to  prevent  his  falling  into  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  put  an  end  to  his 
life  by  poifon,  in  the  ifland  of  Caiauria, 
Strnb.  8,  374.;  Plutarch,  in  Den.oJIh. 
Dentatus,  a  fn-name  given  to  M. 
Curius,  becauie  he  is  faid  to  have  been 
born  with  teeth,  Phn.  7,  \6f.  15. 

Deois,  -idisy  i.  e.  Proierpine  the 
daughter  of  Ceres,  who  is  called  Dcot 
by  the  Greeks,  Ovid.  Met.  6,  114. 

D ERG  ETC,  'USi  or  Dercilisy  -isf  voc. 
Derccti,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  45.  (or  Ceto, 
-us J  Plin.  5,  13.)  the  name  of  a  Syrian 
gcddcis  called  by  the  Syrians  Atar- 
GATis,  rlin.  5,  23.;  Strab.  16,/.  748. 
or  Aihara,  W  Mhara^  ih.  785.  iuppo- 
fcd  to  be  the  fame  with  Afitaroih^  men- 
lioned  in  the  facred  fcriptures, — in  the 
upper  part  refem.bling  a  woman,  and  in 
the  lower  a  fifii,  Ovid.  ib.  et  Lucian.  de 
Dea  Syria;  hence  csilkd prodigiofa,  Piin. 
ib. 

DEUCaLION,  -oiiis,  thefon  of  Pro- 
nietneus,  and  hufoand  of  Pynha,  king 
of  TheJaly  ;  in  whofc  time  happened 
the  deluge,  {G.  436.) — Deucalio- 
KLUS  adj.  Dtucalioneas  tjfugit  inolrtiLus 
undas,  efcaped  Deucalion's  iiood,  Ovid. 
Met.  7,356.     So  DeucaliGii^l  imhres,  ex- 


ceffive  fhowers,  fuch  as  fell  before  Deu- 
calion's flood,  Lucan.  1,  653. 

DiAGON'DAS,  -ae,  a  Theban,  who 
aboiiflied  all  nodlurnal  facred  rites,  Cic. 
Leg.  2,  ly 

DiAGQRAS,  -ae^  a  native  of  Melos, 
(Melius,)  a  fcholar  of  Dejuocritus, 
called  Atheos,  v.  -us,  the  Atheift,  be- 
caufe  he  denied  the  exiilence  of  the 
gods,  Cic  N.  D.  I,  i,5i  23.  e/3,  37. — 
^2.  A  combatant,  famous  for  his 
victories  at  the  Olympic  games  [Olym- 
pionices  nobdis,)  who  had  three  fons 
(Cicero  fays  two,  'Tuft.  1,46)  that 
gained  the  prize  of  viciory  in  different 
contefts  on  the  fame  day.  When  they, 
embracing  their  father,  placed  their 
crowns  on  his  head,  and  the  people 
with  congratulations  threw  flowers  up- 
on him,  the  old  man,  tranfported  with 
joy,  expired  amidft  the  kifles  of  his  fons, 
Cell.  3,  15. 

DIANA,  tlie  goddcfs  of  hunting, 
(G.  377.)  v\hence  dogs  are  called  Tur- 
la  D I  Am  A,  Ovid.  FaJ}.  5,  141.  Diani" 
um,  fc.  iemplum,  the  temple  of  Diana, 
Liv.  I,  48. 

DiCAEARCHUs,  a  Peripatctick  phi.- 
lofcpher,  the  fcholar  of  Ariitotle, 
whofc  writings  Cicero  much  admired, 
Cic.  yitt.  2,  2,  and  particularly  com- 
mends his  maps,  {^tabilas gecgraphicas,) 
ib.  6,  2. — ^  2.  A  chief  of  the  Aeto- 
lians,  Liv.  35,  12.    36,  28.  et  38,  10. 

DiCTYNNA,  a  name  of  Diana,  Ovid. 
Met.  2,  441.;  Stat.  Thcb.  9,  632. 

DICTYS,  -yiii  -yi,  -ym  v.  -yn^  (fvC.  a 
fiflier  that  educated  Peifcus,  Slat,  Silv. 
2,  95. —  <{|  2.  One  of  the  centaurs, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  334. —  ^  3.  DrcTYS 
of  Crete,  Cretcvjisy  to  whom  is  aicribed 
a  hiftory  of  the  Tiojan  war. 

DiDAS,  -ae,  a  Macedonian,  the  go- 
vernor of  Paeonia  under  Piiilip,  em- 
ployed by  Perfcus  to  effe6l  the  deihuc- 
tion  of  his  brother  Demetrius,  Liv.  40, 
23,  &  24.  and  afterwards  as  one  of  his 
prmcipai  generals,  Liv. ±2,  5I>  &  ^"^^ 
DiDius,  the  name  of  a  Roman ^f/zx. 
P.  DiDius,  the  lieutenant  of  L. 
Caefar  in  the  Italic  war,  Cic.  Font.  15. 
Jit.  I?,,  32. ;   Fell.  2,  16. 

T.  DiDius, 


D  T  N 


[     '59     1 


T.  DiDius,  conful  with  Q^Caecili- 
us  Metellus,  who  paffed  a  law  called 
Lex  Caectlia  Did'ia-,  about  the  manner  of 
propofing  and  paffin;jr  laws,  Ck.  Att. 
2,  9.  ;  Phil.  5,3.  Didius,  being  made 
governor  of  Macedonia,  obtained  a  tri- 
umph over  the  Scordifci,  Ck.  Plane.  25.; 
P//.  25. 

DIDO,  'US  V.  -onlsy  the  daughter  of 
Belus,  and  fifter  of  Pygmalion,  king  of 
Tyre  and  Sidon,  and  of  Phoenicia  ; 
whtnce  fhe  is  called  Phoen'i/fa  Dido, 
Virg.  Aen.  i,  670.  and  Sidonla.,  ib.  446. 
Sichaeus,  the  hufband  of  Dido,  being 
flain  by  Pygmalion,  on  account  of  his 
riches,  fhe  fled  into  Africa,  and  there 
founded  the  city  Carthage  on  a  fpot  of 
ground  which  (he  purchafed,  [urbem  ex- 
iguam  preiio  pofuky  Virg.  Aen.  4,  211.) 
about  300  years  after  the  deftvuflion  of 
Troy  ;  (G./'.  189,  3^678.)  Ellfa  was 
her  proper  name  ;  (lie  v/as  called  Dido 
from  her  mafculine  courage  ;  which 
word  in  the  Phoenician  language  figni- 
feed  the  fame  as  Virago  in  Latin,  Sew. 
ad  Virg.  Aen.  4,  36. 

DiDYMAON,  -onis,  2.  Hotcd  maker  of 
arms,  Virg.  Asn.  5,  359. 

DiESPiTER,  (i.  e.^/f/vel. lucis/^/^r,) 
a  name  given  to  Jupiter,  Hor.  Od.  i, 
34,5.  et7,  2,  29. 

Sex.  DiGiTiUE,  a  marine,  ^focitis  na- 
'valis  vel  cla//kus,)  who,  iifter  the  taking 
of  New  Carthage  in  Spain,  claimed  the 
prize  of  valour  [deciis  virli/iij,)  in  oppo- 
lition  to  Q^  Trebellius,  a  centurion. 
When  their  comrades  warmly  efpouled 
the  caufe  of  each,  Scipio,  the  command- 
er in  chief,  to  prevent  the  difagrteable 
confequences  of  a  difpute  between  the 
army  and  navy^  conferred  a  mural  cvown 
on  them  both,  as  having  fcaled  the  wall 
or  entered  the  town  together,  [quod 
pariter  mjirum  nfcendijfent  vel  in  tirhem 
trar^fctndilfcnt,)  Liv.  26,  48. 

DiNDYiJENE  or  Diiidyms,  -es,  a  name 
of  Cybele,  the  mother  of  the  Gods, 
from  Dind}'mus  a  mountain  of  Phrygia, 
where  fhe  was  worfliippcd,  (G.p.  SSS-) 

Ding  W  Dinon,  -dnis,  a  Greek  hi- 
ll orian,  who  wrote  an  account  of  Vcr- 
i^a,  Cic.  D:v.   I,  2'^.Nep.  9,  5. — > — 


D  \  O 

prince    of     the 


5[   2.     A    prince    of     the    Rhodi 
ZiV.  44,  23^ 

Din  GO  RATES,  'is,  praetor  of  the 
Meffenians,  Liv.  39,  49. 

DiNGMENES,  -is,  one  of  the  guards 
of  Hieronymus,  who  confpired  againil 
him.  Liv.  24,  7.  and  afterwards  was 
made  praetor  of  Syracufe,  ib.  23. 

DiocLEs,  a  chief  of  the  Aetollans, 
7.^^.35,  34. 

DiO,  vel  DION, -o«/V,  a  Syracufan 
who  freed  his  country  from  the  tyran- 
ny of  Dionylius,  {G.  274.)  Nep.  in  viia 
ejus. 

DIO,  an  academic  philofopher,  Cic 
Ac-ad.  4,  4.  who  having  come  to  Rome 
as  an  ambafiador  from  the  people  of 
Alexandria  to  accufe  Ptolemy  Auletes, 
was  murdered  by  the  contrivance  of 
that  king,  Cic.  Coel.  10.  ;  Strabo,  17, 
p.  1 147. — Several  others  of  tiul^  name 
are  mentioned  by  Cicero,  Leg.  3,  ^, 
Fam.  9,  26.  Veir.  i,  10.  Place,  30* 
Verr.  2,  7. 

DIO  Caffms  vel  Dion,  a  native  of 
Nice  in  Bithynia,  of  noble  defcent,  who 
flouriihed  under  Severus  and  his  fons, 
and  was  raifed  to  the  higheft  dignities 
of  the  ilate.  He  wrote  in  Greek  the 
Roman  hiftory  in  eighty  books,  from 
the  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy,  to  the 
eighth  year  of  Alexander  Severus,  m 
which  year  Dio  Caifius  was  conful  for 
the  fecond  time,  a.  u.  982.  ;  A.  D.  229, 
The  hrfl  thirty-four  books  are  loir. 
Part  of  the  thirty- fifth  and  the  eighteen 
following  books,  from  the  thirty- 
fixth  to  the  fifty-fourth,  remain  entire. 
The  four  next  are  very  imperfeft. 
There  Is  an  abridgement  of  Dio  from 
the  thirty-fifth  to  the  eightieth  book, 
compiled  by  Xiphilin  [Joannes  Xi- 
pbilinus,)  a  native  of  Trebifond,  [Trape- 
zunlius,)  brother  to  the  Patriarch  of 
Conilantinople  in  the  cleventii  century. 
The  liiilory  of  Dio  is  very  valuable,  as 
it  contains  an  account  of  many  impor- 
tant facts  which  are  to  be  found  no 
where  elfe. 

DiocHARES,  a  favourite.' freedman 
of  Gaefar's,  Cie.  /-(it.  1 1 ,  6.  Illas  Diochn- 
rinae,  fc.  literae,  the  letter  from  Dio- 
chares,  ib.  13,  45. 

DIOCLETIANUS, 


D  T  O  t 

DIOCL  ETIANUS,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, called  Diocles  till  he  afTnmed 
the  empire,  Eutrop.  9,  19.  from  Dio- 
dea,  a  city  of  Dalmatia,  Plin.  3,23. 
After  a  vigorous  reign  of  twenty-two 
years,  he  reil^ned  the  empire,  and  h'ved 
in  retirement  till  his  death,  Awel,  Vic- 
tor^ Eplt.  39-  ;   Eutrcp.  9,  22. 

DIODoRUS,  a  Greek  hiftorian, 
who  fiourifhed  under  Auguitus,  called  vSi- 
CULUS,  from  Sicily,  his  native  country. 
His  works  are  ftill  extant. —  %  2.  A 
peripatetic  philofophcr,  Cic.  Tufc.^  5,  3. 

^3.     A  praefcct    of  AmphipoKs, 

Ur^.  44,  44. 

DiODOTUS,  a  Stoic  philofo])her,  the 
mafler  of  Cicero  in  logic,  {in  d'tahSicis^') 
Cic.  Br.  90.   Fam.  13,  16. 

Diogenes,  -w,  a  Cynic  philofopher, 
in  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
(G.  295.) 

Diogenes,  called  Laertius,  {La- 
.ert'ienftsj  v.  Laertes^ )  from  his  birth-place 
Laerte^  v.  -£?,  a  town  of  Cilicia,  who  li- 
ved under  Severus,  and  wrote  the  lives 
of  the  Greek  philofophers  ;  which 
work  is  ftill  extaat. 

DIOMeDES,  -h,  the  fon  of  Ty- 
deus  (Tydidesy  -ae,)  king  of  Aetolia, 
hence  called  Aetclius  htrosy  Ovid.  Met. 
14,  461.  one  of  the  Graecian  chiefs  in 
the  war  againfl:  Troy.  His  wife  ^sgi- 
ale  having  proved  unfaithful  to  him  in 
his  abfence,  he  did  not  return  to  his 
native  country,  but  v^rent  into  Italy, 
and  hiving  married  the  daughter  of 
Daunus,  king  of  that  part  of  Apuha, 
afterwards  called  from  him  Daini'ia, 
fliared  the  fovereignty  with  Daunns,  and 
built  feveral  cities,  (G.  186,  &45S.) 
Some  of  his  compaiiions  are  faid  to 
have  been  changed  into  birds,  Ovid. 
Met.  14,  484,  &c.  called  the  birds  of 
Diomedes,  (  -'ves  Dirnnedis  vel  D'lomc 
deae.)  Plin.  10,  44  f.  61.  Hence  Dio- 
medes fays,  Et  focd  (fc.  mei)  admlfjls 
(i.  e.  celeribus)  petierurt  atlhera  pennis, 
Vircr.  Aen.  11,  272.  Diamedis  urhsy  ib. 
8,9.  i.e.  Arpi  feu  Argyrlpa,  ib.  11, 
246.  Dlomedis  campus y  a  plain  near 
Cannae,  Llv.  25,  12.  Dismadeae  inJnJae., 
fpaall  iilauds  oa  the   CQall  of  Apulia, 


160    ]  D  I  O 

near   mount   Gafganns,  frequented  by 
thefe  birds,  Plin.  3,  26  f.  30. 

Diomedes,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who 
fed  his  hovfes  on  human  flefh.  He  was 
flain  by  Hercules,  (G.  p.  339.) 

DiONE,  -esy  the  mother  of  Venus, 
put  for  Venus  hevfelf,  (G.  363.) 
whence  Caefar  is  called  Dionaeusy  as 
being  defcended  from  Venus  and  An- 
chifes,  l>^it'g.  E.  9,  47.  ;  Columhae.  Di- 
onaeae,  pigeons  facred  to  Venus,  Stat, 
S'dv.  3,  5,  80.  So  Dionaeae  avesy  Id, 
Theb!  7,261. 

Dionysus,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  (G. 
382.)  vv'hence  Dionysia,  -arum,  the 
feafts  of  Bacchus,  Ter,  Heaui,  i,  i, 
no. 

DiONYSius,  the  name  of  two  ty- 
rants of  Syracufe,  father  and  fon,  (G. 
274.) 

DIONYSIUS,  a  native  of  Hali- 
carnaflus,  the  capital  of  Caria  ;  hence 
called  Halicarnasseus,  or  H alt  car- 
nnj'trfisy  who  came  to  Rome  after  Au- 
guftus  put  an  end  to  the  civil  wars,  in 
the  middle  of  the  187th  Olympiad,  a- 
bout  thirty  years  before  the  birth  of 
Chrift.  After  having  ftaid  at  Rome 
for  twenty-two  years,  he  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  origin,  culloms,  and 
tranfa6tions  of  the  Romans  till  the  be- 
ginning of  the  firll  Punic  war,  m 
twenty  books,,  of  which  only  the  firll 
eleven  remain,  ending  with  t!'.e  3  [2th 
year  of  the  city  ;  and  fpme  fragments. 
Dionyfius  alio  compofed  feveral  books 
concerning  rhetoric,  fome  of  wliich  are 
ftill  extant. 

D 1 6  N  Y  s  I  u  s  of  Heraclea,  ( Heradeo* 
tesy  -ae)y  firil  a  Sloic,  Cic.  ykad.  4, 
22.  but  afterwards  an  JXpicurean,  Cic. 

Fin.  I,  ?i. «|  2.  A  native  of  Jvlag- 

nefia,    [Moznesy  -eilsy)    a  rhetorician, 

intimate  with  Cicero,  Cic. Br.  91. » 

^  3.  A  fiave  of  Cicero's,  his  reader, 
[anngnGj}es)y  Cic.  Fai'n.  5,  10.  and  li- 
brarian, ib.  13.  77.  But  having  fto- 
len  many  of  his  ma'icr^s  books,  he 
fled  for  fear  of  puaiihment,  th.  He 
feems  to  have  returned,  and  to  have 
been  taken  into  favour ;  for  Cicero 
coiTiplains  Qi  his  having  d<:fertcd  him 

in 


D  I  O  [ 

in  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  Jlit. 

9,  12. 51  4-   ^   ^^^^  o^   freedman 

of  Attfcus,  whom  Cicero  employed  In 
arranging  his  library,  C'tc.  Att.  4,  7, 
11,15.  Fam>  \2,  24..  —  There  were 
many  others  of  ihis  name.  Fabric. 
BihI.  Graec.  torn.  2,  p.  794.,   &0. 

DiONysus,  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
(G.  382.)  whence  Dionysia,  -lirum, 
the  feads  of  Bacchus,  Ter.  Heant.  i, 
I,  1 10.  There  were  many  of  this 
name,  [multos  Dlonyfos  hahemus,  Cic. 
N.  D.  3,  23.) 

DiOPHAMES,  -/V,  a  native  of  Mi- 
tylcnae,  art  eloquent  Greek  orator, 
the  praeccptor  of  the  Gracchi,  Cic. 
Brut.  27. 

DioscorTdes,  -isy  a  native  of  A.- 
nazarba,  ( Ana%arhsttSy  4  fyll. )  in  Ci- 
licia  ;  a  phyfician  in  the  time  of  Nero, 

whofc  works  are  dill  extant. ^  2. 

An  eminent  engraver  in  the  time  of 
Auoruftus,  Plin.  37,  I.  ;  Suet.  Aug.  50. 
— There  were  many  others  of  this 
name,  vid.  Fabricii  Biblioth.  Graec.  vol, 

Dioscuri,  -orum^  \.  e.  Jovis  liheri, 
a  name  given  to  Caflor  and  Pollux, 
Cic.  /V.  2).  3,  21.  {vid.  G.  411.) 

Dioxippus,  a  noted  wreftler,  Plin, 

^^^,  II.- ^   2.  A    Trojan    ilain   by 

Turnus,    Virg.  Aen.  9,  574. 

DiPMiLUS,  an  architect,  flow  in 
peVforming  his  work  ;  whence  Diphilo 
tardiorj  uncommonly  flow,    Cic.  i^.  Fr, 

3»  i»  •• 

DiPsAS,  -adisy  a  drunken  old  wo- 
man, Ovid.  Am.  I,  8,  2. 

DiRAE,  ,the  furies,  Tifiphone,  A- 
lefto  and  Megaera,  Virg.  ^f«.  4,  473. 
8,  701.  et  12,  845. 

DIRCE,  esy  the  wife  of  Lycu?, 
king  ol:  Tliebes  ;  who  jealous  of  An- 
tiope,  treated  her  with  great  cruelty. 
'  On  which  account  Zethus  and  Am- 
phion,  the  fons  of  Antiope,  when 
they  grew  up,  having  flain  Lyctis, 
tied  Dirce  by  the  hair  to  the  tail  of  a 
fierce  bull,  (Propei^tius  fays,  to  the 
tnouth  or  neck,  Vinxerunt  Dircen  fub 
frucis  era  bovisy  3,  15,  38.)  and  thus 
file  periilied  by  a  miferable  death,  Ovid, 


161    1  tiOh 

in  /bin.  537.;  Plaut.  Ps,  I,  2,  65.  J 
La&ant,  In  Stat  Thsb.  4,  570.  (vid* 
Antiope.)  Dirce  is  faid  to  have 
been  changed  into  a  fountain  near 
Thebes,  which  was  called  after  her 
name,  Stat.  Th^b.  3,  205.  {Ex  cujus 
cor  pore  fons  in  Cithxerone  na'us  e/i,  qui 
Dircaeus  ejl  appellatus.  Hygin.  fab.  7.) 
ApoUodorus  fays,  that  Zethus  and 
AmphTon  threw  her  body  into  a  foun- 
tain, called  fiom  her  Dirce,  3,  5,  5. 
— Hence  Dircaeus  Amphiotty  i.  e.  The- 
baniis,  Virg.  Eel.  2,  24.  So  Dircaein 
cnhorsy  Luc  an.  4,  590.  Difcaeus  cyg-^ 
nusi  the  Dircaean  fwan,  i.  e,  Pindar, 
Hor.  Od.  4,  2,  25. 

Dis,  djtis,  the  god  of  riches,  Pla- 
to, fqui  dives  fc.  e/f)j  Cic.  N.  D.  2^ 
26  {^ia  mini  me  dives  Jit)  ^  Quinilil, 
I,  6,  34.  Domina  ditisy  Proferpinc, 
the  wife  of  Phito,  Virg.  Aen.  6,  397. 
Atri  janua  Ditis,  the  entrance  to  tha 
infernal  regions,  iby  127. 

DiscoRDiA,  the  goddefs  of  difcord'^ 
Virg.  Aen.  8,  702.  j  Hor.  Sal,  I,  4> 
60. 

DiTHYRAMBUS,  a  name  of  Bac- 
chus ;  whence  a  poem  in  honour  of 
Bacchus,  filled  with  bold  and  fubiime 
expreflions,  was  called  by  that  name, 
Hor.  Od.  4,  2,  10.  So  alio  a  kind  of 
poetic  meafure,  Cic.  Or.  3,"  48. — - 
DiTKYRAMBrci,  ic.  poetac,  poets  who 
wrote  Dithyrambics,  Cic.  Opt.  gen.  die* 
I. 

DiviTiAcus,  a  chief  of  the  Aedui^ 
Caef.  B.  G.  I,  3.  friendly  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  on  that  account  in  great 
favour  with  Caefar,  ib,  19,  &c.  on6 
of  the  Druids,  Cic.  Div.  1,41.  The 
Aedui  being  hard  prtfTed  by  Ariovif-* 
tus,  before  Caefar  comm.mded  irx 
Gaul,  Divitiacus  went  to  Rome  to 
afk  afiiftance,  Caef.  6,  11.  when  he. 
feems  to  have  formed  a  friendlbip  witht 
Cicero,   Cic.  ib. 

DOLABELLA,  the  firname  of  a 
branch  of  the  gens  Cornelia. 

Cn.    DoLABELLA,      COuful    with     M. 

Tullius  Deciila,  a.  672.  ;  Appian.  B.  C. 

I,  412.  after   which   he   obtained   the 

prcvin,ce  of  Macedonia,  and  was  ho- 

X  Qoured 


D  O  L 


[    1^2    ] 


D  O  L 


noured  with  a  triumpK  over  the  Thra- 
cians,  Cic.  Pif.  19.  He  was  accufed 
by  Caefar,  then  a  young  man,  of  ex- 
tortion, Suef.  Caef.  4.  He  was  de- 
fended by  Cotta  and  Hortenfiiis,  and 
acquitted,  Cic.  Br.  92.  ^B'lones  Dola- 
hellae,  the  fpe^ches  of  Dolabella  airainft 
Caefar,  wiien  accufed  by  hinm,  which 
he  feems  to  have  publiflied.  Suet,  Caef, 
49. 

On.  Dolabella,  city  praetor,  a. 
672  ;  before  whom  the  caufe  of  Quin- 
tius  was  tried,  Cic.  ^I'ln.  8.  He  af- 
terwards was  orovernor  of  Cilicia,  where 
Verres  was  his  quaeftor;  who  appear- 
ed a^ainll  bin,  when  he  was  brought 
to  liis  trial  for  extortion  by  Scaurus, 
and  condemned,  Cic.    i,    15,  &c.    32, 

P.  Corneous  Lentnliis  DOLABEL- 
LA, the  third  hufband  of  Tullia,  the 
daughtei  of  Cicero,  Cic.  Ftim.  2,  15, 
ei  8,  13,  ^  16.;  ^//.  6,  6,  ei  7,  3.; 
ivho  accufed  Appius,  Cicero's  prede- 
ceiTor  in  the  government  of  Cih'cia, 
of  crimes  againlt  the  ^late,  and  bribe- 
ry, (maj'jlatis  et  amhitus)^  without  Ci- 
cero's knowledge,  aad  without  fuc- 
cefs,   Cic.  Fam.  3,  10,  ri,  &  12. 

Dolabella  was  a  keen  partifan  and 
great  favourite  of  Caefar's.  He  wiis 
prefent  at  all  his  battles  during  the  ci- 
vil war,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  30.  Tnou-rh  a 
very  your  g  m'-m,  he  co;nmanded  a  fleet 
in  tlie  Adriatic  fea,  where  he  was  de- 
feated by  the  generals  of  Fompey.  a. 
u.  705.  Siu-t.  Aug.  36.;  Fh>r.  4,  2,  31 
Dl  .  -  -      -^ 

lalia 

ving-  caufed  hinifelf  to  be  adopted  by 
a  plebeian,  that  he  might  be  eleded 
tribune,  a.  u.  707.  be  propofed  a 
law  concerning  the  abolition  of  debts, 
{de  novis  tabuiis)^  which  occafioned 
.j^reat  ditlurbances  in  the  city,  Dio, 
42,  29,  30,  &c.  ;  Cic.  Ail.  II,  12,  13, 
.14,  5c  23.  ;  Lii}.  Epit.  113.  but  thefe 
were  fuppreffed  by  tlie  unexpected  ar- 
rival of  Caefar,  after  the  overthrowof 
Pharnaccs,  Z)/o,  42,  33.;  Appian,  B. 
C.  Z^  p.  485.  ;  Hiri.  tic  Bell.  .ihx.  c. 
ult.      Dolabella   was   apprehenfivc    of 


^  1 ,  40.    After  the  battle  of  Phar- 
he    returned    to    Rome,  and    ha- 


Caefar's  difpleafure,  Din,  ih.  32.  but 
Caefar,  mindful  of  his  fervices,  made 
no  enquiry  about  his  condutl,  and  af- 
terwards railed  him  to  the  highefl  pre- 
ferment, ik  33.  A.  U.  708,  a  divorce 
took  place  between  Dolabella  and 
Tullia,  probably  with  mutual  confent ; 
for  it  made  no  appareit  interruption 
in  the  friendfhip  between  him  and  Ci- 
cero, Cic.  Alt.  11,23.  Fam.  14.  13.; 
He  owed  s^eat  obligations  to  Cicero, 
who  had  defended  him  in  two  capital 
trials,  Cic.  Fam.  3,  10,  '4.  et  6,  II. 
and  Cicero  was  unwilling  to  break  with 
D  glabella,  on  account  of  his  influ- 
ence with  Caefar,  Cic.  Fam.  14,  13. 
Tullia  foon  after  died  in  childbed  at 
her  hufband's  houfe,  Plutarch,  in  Cic, 
leaving  a  fon  by  Dolabella,  called 
Lentulus,  which  name  the  father  feems- 
to  have  acquired  by  adoption,  ^tt  12, 
28,  &  50.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
this  Lentulus  was  born  by  TuUia  at 
her  lad  delivery,  or  at  a  former  one 
mentioned,  ib.  10,  18. 

Caefar  had  promifed  to  make  Dola- 
bella coaful  with  Antony,  a.  u.  710, 
though  greatly  below  the  confular  age, 
being  only  twenty  five  years  old,  Zip- 
pian.  B.  C.  2. p.  509.  but  was  prevented 
by  the  art  of  Antony,  Plutarch.  'In- 
t^n.  p.  921.;  who,  jealous  of  Dolabel- 
la, as  a  rival  in  Caefar's  favour,  had 
prejudiced  Caefar  againfl  him,  fo  that 
Caefar  took  the  confulate  to  himfelf. 
On  which  account  Dolabella,  on  the 
firfl  of  Jan.  a.  7»o,  inveighed  bitterly 
againft  Antony  in  the  lenace-houfe, 
\a  prefence  of  Caefar ;  who,  to  paci- 
fy him,  faid,  that  before  he  fet  out 
to  the  Parthian  war,  he  would  order 
that  Dolabella  fliould  fucceed  him  in 
the  confulihip,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  32,;  Dio, 
43,  51.  Accordingly  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  Dolabella  immediately  fei- 
zed  the  ensigns  of  the  confular  office. 
Veil.  2,  28.  ;  and  was  acknowledged 
by  Antony,  as  his  colleague,  Dio,  44, 
53.  ;  Cic.  Phil.  1,13.  He  at  firil 
went  up  to  the  confpirators  in  the  Ca- 
pitol, and  by  his  w  .rcjs  and  adions 
gave  them  the  greated  reafon  to  hope 

that 


D  O  L                    C    i^^    3  DOM 

that  he  would  concur    with   them  in  lb,  12.   &c.      In  the  mean  time  Cafliu:} 

re'lonng  the   liberty  of  their  country,  having  made   himfelf  marter  of  Syria, 

D'lOt  44,  22.;   /Ippian.  2,  p,  505.     He  and   having   defeat,;d    Dolabella,    fhut 

confirmed   thefe  hopes  by  his  condu6l  him  up   in  Laodlcea,  where   he  killed 

in  the  abfence   of  Antony,  particular-  himfelf,  to  prevent  his  falling  into  the 

ly  by  cutting  off  the  impoftor  Marius  hands  of  CaiHus,   Cic.  Fam.   12,  13,  & 

and  his  affociates,  and  by   dcmolilhing  15.  ;     '^ppian    4,  625.;  Dlo,  47,  30.; 


a  pillar,  which  they  had  raifed  in  ho 
nour  of  Caefar  in  the  forum,  on  the 
fpot  where  his  body  was  burnt,  Suet, 
Caef.  85.;  Dlo,  44,  51.;  for  which 
Cicero  extoh  Dolabella  with  the  great- 
eft   praifes,     Ck.    Phil,    i,    2,    &    12, 


L'lv.  Ep'u,  121. 

DoLON,  -omsy  a  Trojan,  fent  to  fpy 
the  camp  of  the  Greeks;  flain  by  Dio- 
medes  and  Ulyifes,  Serv.  ad  V'lrg.  Aen, 
12,347.;   Ovid,  Met,  13,98. 

iiOMITIUS,  the  name  of  an  illuf- 


^/Z.  14,  15,  &:  16.  iv7m.  9,  14.  But  trious^^/zjat  Rime,  diftin  ruifhed  by  va- 
being  overwhelmed  with  debt,  Dola-  rious  firnames,  as  A'imharhus^  Calvhmst 
bella  was  foon  corrupted  by  the  bribes  ^fi^'y  Labeoy  Mnrfus,  &c.  '  -a-lj.  Do- 
of  Antony;  fo  that,  as  Cicero  expref- 
fes  it,  he  not  only  deferted,  but  over- 
turned the  republic,  Cic.  Att,  16,  15. 
Before  the  expiration  of  his  confullhip 
he  fet  out  for  Syria,  which  province 
had  been  alfigned  to  him  by  the  con- 
trivance of  Antony  ;  though  it  had 
form.erly  been  deftined  to  Caffius  by 
Caefar,  App'ian.  3,  527,  &  ^i'^.  Ha- 
ving arrived  before  Smyrna,  where  Tre- 
bonius  then  refided,  without  any  ap- 
pearance of  hoilility,  he  defired  only  a 
free  paffage   through   that  country  to 


M  in  AN  us.  The  two  chief  branches 
ffam'd'taejy  were  the  Cahini  and  Ahs^ 
nobarhi.  The  latter  ufed  no  other />r^f- 
nomen  but  Cneius  and  Lucius,  Suet, 
Ncr.  I. 

Cn.  DoMiTius,  a  conful,  a.  422, 
Llv.  8,  17. 

Cn.  Do  Minus  Ahenobarbus,  aedile 
of  the  commons,  Lin).  33,  42.  prae- 
tor, 34,  42.  When  conful,  a.  11.  562, 
he  was  fent  againll  the  Boji,  ib.  22.  who 
furrendered  to  him,  ib.  40.  and  was 
fucceeded  in  that  province  by  P.  Corne- 


his  province.    Trebonius  refufed  toad-  lius  Scipio  NFasTca,  Llv.  ^i),  37. C 

mit  him  into  the  town,  but  confented  2.  A  Pontlfexy  chofen  when  very  young, 

to  fupply  him  with  refrefiiments  with-  [oppldo  ndoJefcens)^    Ll-v.   42,    28.  fent 

out  the  gates  ;  where    Dolabella  made  as  amba.Tador  into   Macedonia,  to  in- 


great  profeffions  of  amity  and  friend- 
ihip  to  Trebonius,  and  fet  out  as  with 
an  intention  to  proceed  on  his  journey. 
But  returning  fuddenly  in  the  night- 
time, he  took  the  city  without  oppo- 
fition,  and  feizcd  Trebonius  in  his  bed, 
before  he  knew  any  thing  of  his  dan- 
ger, Dlo,  47,  29.  Dolabella  treated 
him  with  the  utmoft  cruelty  ;  kept  him 
two  days  under  torture  to  extort  a  dif- 
covery  of  all  the  money  in  his  cufto- 
dy ;  then  ordered  his  head  to  be  cut 
off,  and  carried  about  on  a  fpear,  and 
his  body  to  be  dragged  about  the 
llreets,  and  thrown  into  the  fea,  Cic. 
Phil.  II,  2,  &  3.  When  the  news  of 
this  reached  Rome,  Dolabella  was  un- 
animoufly  declared  a  public  enemy  by 


fpecl  the  army  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 
Id.  44,  18.  and  afterwards  as  one  of 
the  ten  commiffijners  who  were  ap- 
pointed to  aliill  that  general  in  fettling 
the  affairs  of  Macedonia,  after   the  o- 

verthrovv  of  Perfeus,  /^/.  45,  17. — 

^  3.  A  conful  with  C.  Fannius,  a. 
631,  Ck.  Br  26.  who  conquered  the 
yli'vernl  and  Allobroges,  Cic.  Font, 
I  z.  ;  Liv.  Eplt.  61.  ;  Orof.  5,  13.  This 
Suetonius  by  miltake  afcribes  to  his 
fou,  Ner.  2.  and  Eutropius  to  Sex, 
Domitius  Calvinus,  4,  16.  Domitius 
made  a  mad  through  the  country,  call- 
ed from  him  Via  DoMiriA,  Cic.  Font, 
4.  He  eredled  a  trophy  of  his  victo- 
ry, a  thing  formerly   not    ufed   by  the 


Romans,  and  adorned  it  with  the  fpoils 
the  fenatej  and   his  ellate  conhfcated,    of  the  enemy,  Flor.  3,  2.     He  made  a 

X  2  progrefs 


BOM  C    i<?4    1  DOM 

progrefs  through  his  province,  mount-     cient  eloquenGC   to   fupport  his  dignity 


ed  on  an  elephant,  with  a,  nun^ber  of 
his  foldiers  following  him  in  a  kind  of 
triumphal  proceflion,  [quaft  inter  Jolen- 
fiia  tr'iumph'i)^   Snet.  Ner,  2. 

Cn.  DOMITIUS  Jhenobarhus,  the 
fon  of  the  former,  and   grandfather  to 
the  great  grandfather  of  the  emperor 
JvTero,   iota-vus  ejus.)       When    tribune, 
he  got  a  law  paffed  for  transferring  the 
elediion  of  priefts  from   their  own  col- 
leges to  the   people,   Suet.  Ner,  2,  a.  u, 
649.  ;   Afcon.  in  Cic,  Cornel,  p,  142,  or 
a.  650.  ;   Veil.  2,   12. ;   Cic.  Rull.  2,  7. 
He  accufed   D    (al.  M.)  Junius   Sila- 
rus,  a    man  of   confular   dignity,    be- 
caufe,  when  governor  of  Gaul,  he  had 
injured   Egritomarus,  a  friend   of  bis 
father's,  Cic.  Caecil.  20.  ;    Verr.  2,  47- 
Soon  after  his  acquittal  he  accufed  M, 
6cauru8,  then  prince  of  the  fenate,   of 
certain   offences   againll  religion,    and 
was  near   getting  him  condemned,  4f- 
con.  in  Cic.  pro  Scaur,  p    171.      Domi- 
tius  was  Incenfed  at  Scaurus,  for  having 
prevented  him   from   being   chofen  au- 
gur  in  his    father's   room,  ih, ;  which 
Suetonius   fays,  was  the   caufe  of  his 
paffmg  t^ie  law  concerning  the  eleftion 
of  priefts,  Ner.   2.      During   the    trial 
of  Scaurus,  one  of  the  (laves  of  Scau- 
rus came  to  Domitius,  offering  to  fur- 
iiilh  him    with   grounds   of  accifation 
flgainft    his     mailer ;    but     Domitius, 
fcorning  to  take   advantage  of  ibis  in- 
formation, ordered  the    flave  to  be  foi- 
led and  carried  back  to  Scaurus,   Cic. 
Dejot,  ll.\    Fa!.    Max,  6,    5,5.      Do- 
iritius    was    afterwards    made    coniul, 
cenfor,  and  Pontifex  Maximus,  Cic.  ib. 
He  was   cenfor  with  CralTus   the   ora- 
tor, with  whom  he  had  many  fharp  al- 
tercations,   Cic,  Or,    2rj  56.    Br.  44.  ; 
JTm.   17,  I.;   Fdl.   Max.  9,   i,  4, — r— 
In  one  of  thefe   CrafTus   faid   to  him, 
**  there  was  no  wonder  that  he  had  a 
beard  of  bvafs,   ( vid.  Ahenobarbus), 
who  had  a  face  of  iron,  and  a  heart  of 
lead,"   Suet,    Ner.  2.   [vid.  Crassus.) 
Cicero  fpeaks  of  Domitius  as  a  man  of 
great  gravity  and  authority.   Or.  2,  56. 
Ylipugh  not  ao  orator,  he  had  fuff^- 


as  a  magiftrate,  Cic.  Br.  45. 

/..    DOMITIUS    Ahenobarbus, 


the 


fon    of   the   former,    curule   aedile    a. 
691.  ;  when   he  exhibited  in  the  circus 
ICO  Numidian  bears,  and  as  many  Ae- 
thiopians  to   contend  with  them.,   (ve- 
natores,   Plin.  8,  36    f.  34,  i.  e.   qui  cO" 
m'lmu    urfos  f.gebanty  Juvenal.    4,    99.) 
When  praetor,  a.  u.  695,  the  year  af- 
ter Caefar  was  conful,  he  made  h  mo- 
tion in  the  ftnate  about  annulling  Cae- 
far's  a6ls  ;   but  the  fenate  not  chufmg 
to  undertake  the  bufinefs,  it  was  dropt. 
Suet.  Caef.  23.    (vid.  Caesar,  p.  58.) 
Domitius    is    faid,    in   his  practorfliip, 
to  have    prevented  a    pernicious    law 
from   being  paffed,  "  That   freedmen 
(libertini)  fhould  vote  promifcuoufly  in 
all  the   tribes  ;*'   to    which    Cicero  al- 
ludes, Mil.  8.  /  et  ibi  Afcon.      He  was 
the  only  one  who  appeared  as  competi- 
tor with    Pompey    and   Crallus,   when 
they  fued  for   the    confullhip  a  fecond 
time  ;  but    was  obliged  by  violence  to 
dehlf,  fvid.CATO  89.)    Suetonius  fays, 
that  Caefar  obliged  Pompey  and  Craf- 
fus  to  feek  a   fecond  confullhip,  in  or- 
der to  difappoint  Domitius,  who  threats 
ened,  that    vvhen    conful  he   would  do. 
what  he  could  noc  effeCl  when  praetor, 
and  would  take  his  armies  from  Caefar, 
Suet.    Caef.    24.     Domitius,    however, 
next  year,  a.  699,  obtained  the  conful- 
fhip  with  App.  Claudius,  Dio,  39,  60. 
but  did  notliing  of  importance  in  that 
olhce.      Both  he  and  his  colleague  dif- 
graced  themfelves  by  an    infamous  bar- 
gain with  tw^o  of  thofe  who  were  can- 
didates to  fucceed  them   in  the  conful- 
fliip,   Cic.  Att.  4,  18.      In  conieqnence 
of  the  violent   ferment   v^hich   this  oc- 
cafioned,  there  was  in  the  beginning  of 
next  year  an  interregnum  foi  lix  months, 
the  tribunes,  by  their  interpohtion,  al- 
ways hindering   the   comitia,   Cic.    ^ 
Fr.   3,5.    Att.  4,    16.    Fam.'j,  II.; 
Diot  4Q,  45, 

Domitius  was  appointed  by  the  fuf- 
frages  of  the  peopie  to  prclide  at  the 
trial  of  Milo,  (fujfraglo  popuJl  quaefitor 
creates  ej}.,  Afcoii.  jn  Cic.  Mil.  praef.  p» 

190.) 


D  a  M^ 


r  1^5  1 


D  O   M 


'190.)  according  to  the   hw  pafTed  by 
Pompey  ;  whence    be   is    faid  to  have 
been  appointed  by  Pompey,  fhuic  quae- 
JlionipraeejJ'e),  Cic.  MIL  8. 

When  Pompey  and   Caefar  came  to 
an  open  breach,  Doinitius  was  appoint- 
ed to  rucceed    Caefar  in   the  province 
of  Tranfalpine    Gaul,  Cic,    Fam.   i6> 
12. ;  Sud.  34.  ;  jlppian.  p.  448.      Do- 
initius, unable  to  oppofe  Caefar  in  the 
field,  inflead  of  retreating  and  joining- 
jPompey,  as    he    ought   to  have  done, 
imprudently  threw  himfclf  into   Coifi- 
pium,  with   a   confiderable  force,  and 
ibme  of  the  principal  fenators,  expect- 
ing to  be  relieved  by  Pompey;  bur  he 
was    oblii'^ed    to   furrender    himfelf  to 
Caefar,  who    treated   him    with   }.^reat 
clemency,    (wcL    Caesar,    64.)    Ap- 
plan  p.  45  J       Domitius  fearing  the  re- 
fentment   of  Caefar,  had    ordered    his 
phyficlan,  who    was   alfo   his  flave,  to 
give  him  a   dofe  of  poifon.     But  hear- 
ing of  Caefar's  lenity,  he  lamented  his 
having  taken  it.     Whereupon  the  flave 
told  hixn,  that  he  had  given  him  only  a 
foporlterous   potion.     Domitius,   over- 
joyed   at    this,  immediately    rofe    and 
went  to    Caefar,   Plutarch,  in    Caef,  p. 
724.  ;   Stnec.   de  Benef.  3,  24.      Sueto- 
nius fays,  "  that  from  the  fear  of  death 
he  took  a  vomit  to  enable  him  to  throw 
up   the    poifon,     and    manumitted   his 
flave,  for  having  given  him  a  very  gen- 
tle dofe,"   A>?'.  2.     Phny  fays,  "  that 
having  drunk  the  poifon,  he  did  every 
thing  he  could  to  fave  his  life,"   7,  53. 
But  Lucan,  probably  to   flatter  Nero, 
reprefeuts  Domitius  as    always  adlng 
with  the   greated   fortitude,  2,  478. — 

526. Domitius  remained  for  a  fhort 

time  in  his  vlila  near  Cofa,  [in  Co/a- 
no)i  Cic.  An.  9,  6,  &  9.  till  having  col- 
lected and  manned  feven  fhlps,  he  fail- 
ed to  Marfeilles,  Caef.  B.  i,  34.  took 
upon  himfelf  the  command  of  that  ci- 
ty, ih.  36.  ;  DiOi  41,  21.  which  he  de- 
fended with  great  vigour  agalnll  Cae- 
far's heutenants,  ih.  et  2,  3,  &c.  But 
the  Maliilians  being  forced  to  furren- 
der, Domitius  made  his  efcape  with  a 
number  of  his  friends  to   Pompey,  ih. 


22.  being  privately  let  go  by  tbe  ^o- 
ple  of  Marfeilles  in  the  night  time» 
Dio,  41,  25. 

In  the  battle  of  Pharfalin,  Domitiua 
commanded  the  left  wing  of  Pompey'a 
army,  Appian.  p.  475.  According  Xo, 
Lucan,  the  right  wing,  7,  220.  Afn 
tcr  the  defeat,  Domirius,  in  his  flight 
from  the  camp  to  the  mountains,  be* 
coming  faint  through  fatigue,  was  o» 
vertaken  and  killed  by  forne  horfemert. 
Domitius  is  the  only  Pompelan  whofj* 
death  Caefar  mentions,  B.  C.  3,  99^ 
Cicero  fays  that  he  was  killed  by  An- 
tony, Phil,  2,29  Lucan  fuppofes  Oo^ 
micius  to  have  fallen  in  the  held  of  bat* 
tie,  and,  as  ufu.il,  highly  extols  his  cou- 
rage. Mors  tamcn  eminuii.  clarorum  in 
Jlrage  virorum  Pugnacis  Do?n2/i,  &c.  7, 
579.  He  rtprefents  him  as  happy  in 
dying  before  his  country  v^as  enilaved, 
[falvd  LihertaU  perit^  ib.  603.)  and 
Avithout  needing  a  fecond  pardon  from 
Caefar,  alluding  to  the  firll  at  Coifi- 
nium,  {Labitur  ac  vaiid  gauckt  carutlfe 
JecunddJi  ib.  604.  Lucan  deviates  full 
farther  from  the  truth  of  hii':o!y,  ia 
making  Caefar  to  upbraid  Domitius, 
while  weltering  m  his  blood,  (Jam 
Magni,  {i.e.  Pompeii),  dcfcris  arma^ 
Succejfor  Doinltiy  ib.  607.)  and  Domiti- 
us to  return  a  bold  anfvver,  //-.  Gio, 

Cicero  feems  to  have  had  but  a  poor 
opinion  of  the  underflandlng  of  Domi- 
tius ;  for  writing  to  Auicus,  he  fays> 
Nemo  Jluhior  eji  quam  L.  Domitius,  8,  r. 
In  an.jther  place,  however,  he  exprcf- 
fes  himfelf  quite  differently,  Fortes  illi 
luri  et  Japientes  Doniitiiy  et  Leiituliy  5cc* 
Fam.  6,  21.  So  Fat.  10.  Ipeaklng  of 
Domitius  as  an  orator-,  he  fays,  *'  that, 
though  unacquainted  with  the  rules  of 
art,  yet  he  fpoke  his  native  language 
with  purity,  and  had  much  freedom  of 
addrefs,"  Br.  77.  Suetonius  fay?, 
"  th.at  Domitius  was  inconilant  and 
cruel."  When  Pompey  confulted  v/ilh 
his  friends,  how  thofe  who  remuiaed 
neuter  ought  to  be  treated,  DomlLius 
alone  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  "that  they 
fhould  be  reckoned  as  enemies,"  Sud» 
Ner.  ?.  add.  Cic  Att.  Ii,  6. 

Cn. 


r  O  M  I    i66    1  DOM 

Cn.   DOMITIUS,  the  Ton    of  the    preferments  of  the  ftate,  iL   In  the  Pe- 


former  by  Marcia,  the  fifter  of  Cato 
Uticenfis,  was  prefent  with  his  father 
in  the  battle  of  Ph-irfaHa,  but  feems 
to  have  taken  no  further  concern  in  the 
war,  Cic,  Fam.  6,  22.  He  was  one  of 
the  confpirators  againil  Caefar,  Cic. 
Phil.  2,  II.  and  on  that  account  pro- 
fcnbed  by  Anguftus,  Apfnan.  p.  703, 
&  707.  though  innocent,  according  to 
Suetonius,  who  extols  him  as  inco  upa- 
rably  the  mofl:  virtuous  man  of  his  fa- 
mily, (gentis)t  Ncr.  3.  But  that  he 
was  concerned  in  tfie  confpiracy  againfl 
Caefar,  the   authority  of  Cicero  is  ex- 


rufian  war,  fviJ.  Octavius),  he  fi- 
ded  with  Lucius,  the  brother  of  Anto- 
ny, againit  Auguflus,  for  which  Au- 
eufliis,  from  thf  particular  fitnation  of 
his  affairs,  was  induced  to  pardon  him, 
Dioi  48,  29  Domitius  wasconful,  a. 
721,  with  C.  So'nus,  Dio,  50,  2.  a. 
721,  the  year  hi  which  the  iiua^  breach 
t(^k  place  between  Antony  and  Cae- 
far, iL  6.  Both  the  conluls  left  Rome 
and  joined  Antony,  ib.  2,  Sc  20.  with 
the  coiifent  of  Augaflus,  SurL  ^ug.  17, 
But    Domitius,    beinjr    difofu'ted    with 


Cleopatra  ( n-%nquam  reginam  nifi  nomine 
prefs,  and    to    be    preferred  to  that  of   falutavit,  i.  e    Cleopatram  non  reginam 
Suetonius,  ib.  or  of  Cocceius,  Appian.     vocavit,    Veil.  2,   84  )   and 
*.  707.     Domitius  was  the  only  one  of 
thofe   condemned  by   the    Pedian  law, 


84  )  and  confidering 
Antonyms  affairs  as  defperate,  deferted 
to   AuQ-r.dus,  and   foon   after   was  cut 


(ivV.  Octavius).  that  wjs  afterwards  off  by  a  dikafe,  Dio^  50,  13.  Plutarch 
reftored  to  his  country,  Sutt.  ib.  He 
had  left  Rome  before  the  triumvirate 
was  formed,  or  the  profcription  took 
place,  and  join-d  Brutus  in  Macedonia; 
where  he  had  the  addrefs  to  bring  over 
to  the  fide  of  Brutus  and  Cafhus  a  bo- 
dy of  cavalry,  which  Pifo  was  leading 
into  Syria  to  join  Dolabella,  Cic.  Phil. 
10,  6.  Domitius  was  fent  by  Bnuus 
and  Cafiius  with  a  fleet  of  50  fail,  and  a 
confiderable  body  of  land  forces,  to  join 
Murcus,  and  intercept  the  fupplies  of 
Caefar  and  Antony,  Appian.  p.  639. 

It  appears  rhat  Domitius  was  piefent 
at  the  battle  of  Philippi  ;  whence  Dio 
fay,  he  was  the  only  one  of  the 
confpirators  that  made  his  efcape, 
48,  7.     Having  coUedled  a   number  of 


fays,  of  a  fevrr,  occalioned  by  remorfe 
for  his  perfidy,  in  Anton,  p.  495.  An- 
tony alleged  that  Domitius  had  left 
him  from  a  delire  to  fee  a  favourite 
miflref^.   Suet.  Ner.  3. 

L.  Domitius,  the  fon  of  Cneius 
jull  mentioned,  diflinguiflied  himftlf  in 
the  German  war  under  Tiberius,  'Tacit. 
Ann.  I,  6'2^.  et  4,  44.  but  in  his  general 
character  was  arrogant,  prodigal,  and 
cruel,  Suet.  Ner.  4.  whom  however  his 
cotem.pcrary  Velleius  Patercuius,  from 
delp'cable  fiattery,  calls  a  man  of  the 
moll  en'inent  virtue,  (eminentjjjtmae  ac 
wMhJjmae Jimplicitatis ) i  2,  72.  He  mar- 
ried Antonia,  the  elder  daughter  of 
Antony  and  06lavia,  the  filler  of  Au- 
sriiftus.  Suet.  Ner.  ^.  ei  Cal.  I.     Tacitus 


(hips,  and  being  joined  by  many  of  the     fays,  the  younger  Antonia,  Ann.  4,  44, 


foldiers  of  Brutus,  he,  in  conjundion 
with  Murcus,  kept  pofTefilon  of  the 
Ionian  lea  for  a  c  >nfidcrable  time,  and 
greatly^  annoyed  the  enemy,  ih.  et  Pa- 
ten. 2,  72,  &  76.  ;  Appian.  679.  He  af- 
terwards, at  the  iiiitigation  ofAfinius 
PoUio,  joined  Antony  at  a  very  criti- 
cal time,  a.  713,  Apptan.p.  700,  &  703.; 
DiOi  ^8,  16.  I'Aid  thereby  laid  Antony 
under' great  obligations  to  him,  (et  in- 
gentis  meriii  loco  tradiciit,  fc,  clafTem), 
Suet.  Ner.  3.  Being  thus  reftored  to 
iiis  country,  he    obtained   the    higheft 


f/  12,  64.  Dio  fays  by  miftake,  that 
Antonia     was    betrothed     to     Cneius 

Domitius,    the   father,    48,     54. 

C«.  Domitius,  their  fon,  is  faid  to 
have  been  deteflable  in  every  part  of 
his  life.  Suetonius  mentions  the  moft 
fiiocking  inftances  of  his  perfidy,  pro- 
fligacy, and  cruelty,  Ner.  5.  He  how- 
ever is  called  by  Paterculns  clariffimus 
juvenisi  2,  72.  and  was  conful  a.  u.  785, 
A.C.  32,  Tac.Ann.  6,  i.  He  married 
AgrippTra,  the  daughter  of  Germani- 
cub,  and  by  her  was  the  father  of  the 

emperor 


DOM  t    t67    3  D  R  U 

emperor  NERO,  .^w^/.  *i5.  whofc  origi-     firfl  rank,  Dio,  48,42. 


nal  name  was  L.  Domitius  Ahenobar- 
bus.   Tac,    -Tin.  i  [,  it.      F/V/.  Nero. 

Cn,  DOMITIUS  Cah'inus,  lieiite- 
nant  under  Flaccus  in  Aiia,  Cic.  Flacc, 
13.  tribune  in  the  confulfnip  of  Blba- 
lus  and  Caefar,  C'lc.  Sext.  5^.  made 
conful  with  Mefj^ala,  after  an  interreg- 
num of  fix  months,  a.  700,  Dlo,  40, 
17.  &  45.  wounded  in  attempting  to 
quell  a  tumult  raifed  by  Milo  and  his 
competitors  for  the  confuKbip  next 
year,  ib.  46. — In  the  civil  war  Domi- 
tius joined  Caefar,  who  fent  him  with 
two  legions  and  500  cavalry  into  jMa- 
cedonia,  Cnef.  B.  C.  3,  34.  where  he 
was  oppofed  to  Scipio,  the  father-in- 
law  of  Pompey,  ih.  36,  37,  ^c.  Ac- 
cording to  Dio,  he  was  driven  from 
Macedonia  by  Fauflus  the  fon  of  Sulla, 
one  of  Pompey's  lieutenants,  41,  51. 
but  Caefar  does  not  mention  this  cir- 
cumftance.  Domitius  fought  two  bat- 
tles with  Scipio  ;  in  the  firft  he  was 
defeated,  but  in  the  fecond  was  vi6lo- 
rious,  ih.  Cmf.  ^.  C.  3,  37,  &  38.  Some 
time  after  Caefar  having  left  Dyrac- 
chiwm,  came  into  Theffaly  and  joined 
Domitius,  Caef.  ib.  78, — 80.  In  the 
battle  of  Pharialia  Domitius  command- 
ed the  centre  of  Caefar's  army,  ib.  89. 
After  this  be  wa^^  made  governor  of 
Afia,  whence  he  fent  affiilance  to  Cae- 
far in  Egypt,  H'irt.  B.  Alex.  9.  Do- 
mitius being  attacked  by  Pharnaces, 
the  fon  of  Mithrldates,  with  fuperior 
forces,  was  defeated  with  coni  derable 
lofs,  though  aifillied  by  Dejotarus  and 
Ariobarzanes,  ih.  34, — 41.;  D'lO.,  42, 
46.  ;  Slid.  Caef,  36.  But  Pharnaces 
bei'.ig  Ipeedily  crufhed  by  Caefar,  Do- 
mitius was  ftill  continued  in  his  former 
command,  Dio,  42,  52.  He  foon  after, 
however,  attended  Caefar  in  his  CKpe- 
diiion  to  Africa,  Hirl.  B.  Afr.  86,  & 
93.  He  was  conful  a  fecond  time  un- 
der the  triumvirate,  a.  u.  715,  Z)/©,48, 
15.  The  next  year  he  obtained  the 
province  of  Spain,  where  he  decimated 
two  centuries  of  his  army  for  having 
iled  from  battle.  Pie,  for  the  fame 
crime,  iniiidcd  capital  punii'bment  aUb 
•n  feme  centurions,  oiic  of  them  of  the 


Veil  2,  78. 
He  then  marched  agalnft  the  Ceretanit 
v.'hom  he  completely  defeated,  and  on 
that  account  was  honoured  with  a  tri- 
umph,  Dio,  ib. 

DoMiTiANUS,  the  fon  of  Vefpafian, 
a  Roman  emperor,   [G.  246.) 

DoRCEus,  (2  fyll. ),  -eosj  ace.  -ea, 
one  of   Aifi:aeon*s  dogs,  Ovid.  Met.  3, 

210. ^  2.  One   fkilled   in   mufic, 

Val.  Flacc.  3,  159. 

Doris,  -tdis,  a  nymph,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Oceanus  and  Teihys,  and  wife 
of  Nereus,  who  was  the  mother  of  a 
great  number  of  nymphs. — Sometimes 

put  for  the  feg,   Virg.Ecl.  10,  ^. 

^  2.  A  native  of  Locri,  (^Locrerifis)y 
the  wife  of  Dionyfius,  the  tyrant  of 
Syracufe,   Cic.  Tufi.  5,  20. 

DoROTHEus,  a  remarkable  painter 
in  the  tim.e  of  Nero,   Plin.  35,  10. 

DORSO,  -onisf  a  firname  of  the 
Gens  Fahia  ;  thus,  C.  Fabius  DoRSO, 
Div.  5,  46. 

DoRus,  the  fon  of  Neptune,  who 
reigned  over  a  part  of  Greece,  and 
gave  name  to  the  Dori  or  Dorien- 
SES  ;  whence  Doricusy  -^,  -uniy  Gre- 
cian, Serv.  ad  Virg.  Aen.  2,27. 

DoRycLus,  the  brother  of  Phineus 
king  of  Thrace,    Virg.  Aen.  5,  620. 

DoRyLAs,  -ae,    faid  to    have  been 

rich   in   land,   Ovid.  Met.  5,  129. • 

^  2.  The  name  of  a  centaur,  ih. 

Do  SON,  a  firname  given  to  Anti- 
gonus  a  king  of  Macedonia,  becaufe 
he  promifed  fairly,  but  did  not  per- 
form ;  for  he  alvrays  faid  to  thofc  that 
requeiled  any  thing,  Ac^o-i;,  I  will  give 
it,   Plutarch,  in  Coriolano. 

DKACO,  -onis,  the  moll  ancient 
lawgiver  of  the  Athenians,  Cic.  Or,  i, 
44.  whofe  laws  puniihed  all  crimes  e- 
qually  with  death  ;  whence  they  were 
faid  to  have  been  written  with  blood, 
Gell.  II,  18.      (G./.464.) 

Drances,  -isy  a  counfeilor  of  king 
Latinus,  inmiicalto  Turnus,  Virg.  Aen. 

11,3^5- 

Dkuidae,  -arumy  vel  Druides, 
'Um,  the  prieils  of  the  ancient  Gauls 
and  Britons,  (G.  492,  Sc  5^0-) 

DRU- 


D  R  U  1 

DRUSUS,  a  firname  of  the  Gens 
JLima.  This  firname  was  firft;  alTumed 
hj  crtie  of  the  Lhii,  who  had  (lain  a 
gcfteral  of  the  enemy  called  Dranfus  in 
clofe  combat,  [com'inus)y  Suet.  Tib.  7,. 
—-'His  great-gvandfon,  (abnepos'j^  M. 
D)  ufus,  was  colleague  to  C.  Gracchus 
m  the  tribunefhip,  (  Plutarch,  in  Gracch. 
j*,  838.),  and  for  his  great  fervices  in 
the  caufe  of  the  nobility  againll  Grac- 
chus, {^oh  exiriuam  ad'uerfus  Gracchos  0- 
feram.  Suet.  Tib.  3.  ^iod  C.  Gfac:hum 
itertim  triL  pi.  fregity  Cic.  Brut.  28.), 
was  called  the  Patros  of  the  fenate, 
Sttet.  Tib.  3. 

M.  DR.USUS,  the  fon  of  the  for- 
mer, ( M.  fil')y  a  man  of  great  elo- 
quence and  intef^ity,  {^eloquertli/Jimus  et 
JantTrJitnus),  tribune  of  the  comm.ons, 
a.  u.  662,  who,  wifhino^  to  reconcile 
the  inlerefts  of  the  nobility  with  thofe 
of  the  plebeians,  had  the  misfortune  to 
pleafe  neither  party.  He  was  flain  by 
fome  aiTaffin  at  his  own  houfe,  upon 
bis  return  from  the  forums  while  fur- 
i*ounded  with  a  great  num.ber  of  his 
friends.  No  enquiry  was  made  con^ 
ccrniuc^  the  ^zcd,  Paterc.  2,  13,  &  14. ; 
Ck.  Mil.  7.  The  afraifm  is  faid  to 
have  been  Q^VariiTS,  who  afttrwards 
perifhed  miferably,  N.  D.  3,  33.  But 
author?  differ  about  the  manner  of  the 
death  of  Drufu^-.  ( Fid.  R.  A.  p.  2c8.) 

Liv'ius  DllUSUS,  D'lo,  48,  44.  ; 
Pafsrc.z,  71.  or  Drufzis  Claudlanns,  ib. 
75.  th.e  father  of  Li  via  Drufiila,  the 
wife  of  Auguilus,  {^Pld.  Livia),  was 
crngaged  on  the  fide  of  Brutus  in  the 
battle  o^  Philippi,  and  after  their  de- 
feat llcw  hirnfc'lf,  ib. 


M 


er:>i 


'd  Dt 


Claudhts  DP.U- 


SUS,  the  fon  of  Tib.  Claudius  Nero 
and  Li'vii,  born  three  months  after  Li- 
via married  Angnfcus,  a  young  man  of 
^n|^lar  merit,  who,  before  the  age 
required  l;>y  l:nv,  was  raifed  to  the  high- 
#!!:  honours  of  the  ilate.  He  command- 
ed with  great  fuccefs  againil  the  RLa^ti 
and  P^enddicly  Hur.  Od.  4,  4.  and  aifo 
againit  the  Germans.  He  is  faid  to 
bave  been  the  firfi  Roman  general  that 
faded  on  the  northern  oc^an.     To  cca- 


6^    1  D  R  IJ 

vey  lu's  troops  thither,  he  cut  a  great 
canal,  [novi  et  immtnfi  opsris.  Suet.  CI. 
I.),  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Sala  or  If- 
lel  between  Ifelfort  and  Djefbourg,  for 
about  eight  miles,  called  Fossa  i3RU- 
s  I  AN  A,  or  in  the  plural.  Fossae  Dru- 
siAN  AE,  Suef.  CI.  (.;  Tac.  Ann.  2,8.  He 
died  of  a  difeafe  in  Germany,  a.  u.  745, 
Suet.  ib.  ;  Dloy  55,  2.  according  to  the 
epitomifer  of  Livy,  in  confequence  of 
a  fra^iure  of  his  leg,  occafioned  by  a 
fall  from  his  horfe,  Liv.  Ep.  140.  His 
body  was  conveyed  to  R'»me,  Tiberius 
his  brother  g.^ing  before  it  on  foot  all 
the  way.  Suet.  'Tib.  7.  Several  prodi-  ] 
gies  are  faid  to  have  preceded  the  death 
of  Drufus,  [Dioy  ^^,  I.  Pedo  Albino- 
lyanus  v.  Ovid,  in  mortem  Drufiy  ad  Li' 
via>??i  V.  401.  &c. )  ;  and  a  barbarian 
woman  of  extraordinary  fize,  fuppofed 
to  be  the  genius  of  Germany,  is  faid 
to  have  appeared  to  him,  forbidding 
him  to  proceed  farther,  Dioy  ib.  ;  Suet. 
CI.  t.  Drufus  died  when  conful,  Dio,  ib.; 
Ovid,  ad  Liv.  293.  et  177,  199,  &  4J7. 
The  aifcdtion  which  Tiberius  exprelfed 
for  hi?  brother  is  extolkd  by  hillorians 
and  poets.  When  he  heard  of  hh  bro- 
ther's fickncfs,  he  travelled  200  miles  ^ 
in  one  day  and  night,  Plin.  7,  20.  and  j 
arn'ved  jud  before  Drufus  breathed  his  ' 
lail,  Suet.  CI.  2.  ;  Senec.  ad  Polyb.  34.  ; 
Ovid,  ad  LJv.  89.  ;  Tacit.  3,  5.  The 
army  wifhed  to  retain  the  corpfe,  that 
they  might  pay  it  military  honours,  but 
Tiberius  carried  it  off,  (  Ahjhdit  invitis 
corpus  venerabile f rater) y  Ovid.  ad.  Liv. 
171.;  Senec.  ib.  The  funeral  was  ce-* 
lebrated  with  the  greateil  magnificence. 
His  elogium  was  pronounced  in  the  fo- 
rum both  by  Tiberius  and  Auguftus, 
Dioy  55,  2.  In  the  fpeech  which  Au- 
gullas  delivered  to  the  people  in  his 
praife,  he  prayed  to  the  gods  that  they 
would  make  his  Caefars  (i.  e.  Caius 
and  Lucius  his  grandfons)  like  to 
Drufus,  and  that  they  would  grant 
himfclf  an  equ:;lly  honourable  exit^ 
whenever  it  fhould  happen.  Suet.  ib. 
The  fer.ate  confctred  the  firnamc  of 
GP:RMANICUS  on  Drufusandhis 
•poilQvilj.     Paterculus  fays  he  poffefTecl 

as 


DRY  [ 

as  many  and  as  great  virtues  as  human 
nature  admits  or  induftry  can  acquire, 

2,  97.  He  always  declared  that  he 
would  reftore  the  ancient  ilate  of  the 
republic,  if  ever  he  could,  Suet.  ib.  He 
is  faid  to  have  even  conferred  with  his 
brother  about  forcing  Auguftus  to  re- 
ilore  liberty.  Suet.  Til.  50.  add.  Tac. 
Jnn.  r,'33.  et  2,  82.  Drufus  left  by 
Antonia,  the  younger  daughter  of  An- 
tony by  Oclavia  the  filler  of  Auguftus, 
three  children,  Germanicus,  who  af- 
terwards became  fo  illuftrious,  and 
whole  fon,  Caligula,  fucceeded  Tibe- 
rius in  the  empire  ;  Livilla  ;  and  Clau- 
dius, who  fiicceeded  Caligula,  Sud.  CL 

1 . It    happened    unfortunately  for 

Rome,  that  thofe  of  the  family  of  Au- 
guftus who  were  fit  for  government, 
and  might  have  made  the  Romans  hap- 
py, were  all  cut  off",  and  only  thofe 
furvived  who  became  deteftable  for 
their  wickednefs  and  cruelty.  What 
Virgil  fays  of  Marcellus  the  fon  of  Oc- 
tavia,  may  be  applied  to  others  of  her 
defcendants,  —  Nimium  'vobh  Romana 
frcpago  Vifa  pot  ens,  Superi,  propria  haec 
Ji  dona  fuijfent  !   A  en.  6,  87  i. 

Dryades,  -um,  nym.phs  or  goddef- 
fes    of  the   woods,    Virg.  G.  i,  11.  et 

3,  40.  ;  OviJ.  Ep.  4,  49.  ;  Claudian.  de 
Rapt.  Prof.  271,  &'38l. 

Dry  AS,  -antis,  (voc.  Drya,  Ovid. 
Met.  12,  294.),  the  fon  of  Orion,  flain 
in  the  Theban  war  by  Diana  with  an 
invifible  weapon,  Stat.  Theh.  9,  842,  & 
875.  Dry  as  was  the  father  of  Lycur- 
gus,  king  of  Thrace,  who  is  hence  cal- 
led  Dry  ANT  IDES,  Oiiid.  in  Ibin,  347. 

Dryope,  -es,  a  daughter  of  Eury- 
tus,  the  fifter  of  lole  by  the  father's 
fide,  but  by  a  different  mother,  Ovid. 
Met.  9,  327.  violated  by  Apollo,  ib. 
332.  afterwards  married  to  Andraemon, 
/^.  333.  and  turned  into  a  lote  tree,  as 
lule,  who  was  then  prefent,  relates  the 
ftory  to   \\zx   mother-in-law  Alcmena, 

*^'  325'— 394- 

C.  DUILLIUS,  or  Diiellius,  the 
fivft  Roman  geneial  that  gained  a  naval 
triumph  over  the  Carthaginians,  (G. 
237.)  ;   Cic.Sen.  13. 


169    ]  E  G  E 

DuRis,  a  Greek  hiftorian,  born  in 
Samps,   Cic.  Att.  6,  i. 

Dymas,  -antisy  the  father  of  Hecu- 
ba, Ovid.  Met.  II,  761.  who  is  hence 
called  Dymantis,  -tdis,  ib.  13,  620. — 
f^id.  Hecuba. 

Dymas,  a  Trojan  warrior,  F^irg. 
Jen.  2,  394. 


E. 

EcHECRATEs,  -is,  a  Pythagorean 
philofopher  of  Locri,  [Locrenjis),  con- 
temporary with  Plato,    Cic.  Fin.  5?  29- 

EcHiON,  -onis,  one  of  the  five  w^ho 
furvived  of  thofe  produced  from  the 
dragon's  teeth,  which  Cadmus  fowed 
in  the  ground,  and  who  aflifted  Cad- 
mus in  building  Thebes  ;  whence  Echl' 
omae  Thebae,  Thebes  built  by  EchTon, 
Hor.  Od.  4,  4,  64.  Pkbs  Echionia,  the 
Theban  people,  Stat.Theb.  \\  169.  Ar^ 
ces  Echioniae,  the  citadel  of  Thebes, 
Ovid.  Trijl.  5,  5,  53.  No  men  Echioni- 
urn,  a  Theban  name,  Virg.Aen.  12,  515. 
— EcHiONiDES,  -ae,  Pentheus,  the  fon 
of  EchTon,   Serv.  ad  Virg.  ib-   'et   Ovid, 

Met.  3,51 3. ^  2.  One  of  thofe  who 

affembled  to  hunt  the  wild  boar  of  Ca- 
lydon,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  ^^  11.  —  Ecbwneus 
lacertus,   the  arm  of  Echion,  ib.  345. 

ECHO,  -uSf  a  loquacious  nymph, 
whofe  ftory  is  recorded,  Ovid.  Alet.  3, 
357,-507. 

Eetion,  -onis,  the  father  of  An- 
dromache, the  wife  of  Heftor;  whence 
Eetion EAE  Thebae,  Thebes,  a  city 
of  Myfia,  lubjea  to  Eetion,  Ovid.  Met. 
12,'  no. 

Egeria,  a  nymph,  with  whom  Nu- 
ma,  the  fecond  king  of  Rome,  pretend- 
ed to  have  nocturnal  meetings,  and  gave 
out,  that  by  her  advice  he  inftituted 
facred  rites,  and  appointed  pricfts,  Li-v. 
I,  19. — called  his  wife,  [corijux),  \\y.  % 
Ovid.  Met.  15,  547,  &c.  and  his  mif- 
trefs,   [arnica),  Juvenal.  6,  II. 

Egerius,  the  grandfon  of  Demara- 
tus,  and  fon  of  Aruns,  fo  called  from, 
his  poverty,   [abinopia),  Liv.  i,  34. 

Egesinus,  an  academic  philofo- 
Y  pber, 


E  GN 


[     170    1 


E  N  N 


Eg 


NATULEIUS, 


v-'ithdrew  the  Mar/ian  legion 
tony  to    Ociavius  Caefar, 


pher,  the  fcholar  of  Evander,  Cicc  A- 
cad.  4,  6. 

EGNATIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man ^ens. 

Cn.  Egnatius,  a  fcnator,  Cic.  CIu- 

ent.  48. Others   of  this   name    are 

mentioned,  Cic.  Att.  6,  i.  et  7,  18.  et 
13,  4.   Fam.  1^3,  34. 

a    qiiaeftor,     who 

from  An- 

Clc.  Phil.  3, 

3. 

Elatus,  vel  Elateus^  one  of  the 
Laptthac^  the  father  of  Caenis,  vvho  is 
hence  called  Elaiela  prohs,  Ovid.  Met. 
3  2,  189.  and  when  changed  into  a  man, 
Caeneus  Elatetus^  ib.  497. — fuppoled  to 
have  been  afterwards  changed  into  a 
bird,  ib.  53^1. 

Electra,  the  daughter  of  Atlas, 
(Atlantis, 'tdis,  Ovid.  Fad.  4,  31.)*  ^'^^ 
mother  of  D:'.rdanus  by  Jupiter,  Firg. 
Aen.  8,  135.  whence  Eleciria  tellus,   the 

ifland  Samos,    Val.  Place.  2,  431. 

^  2.  The  fifter  of  Oreiles,  Ovid.  Trift. 
2,  395.  ;  Hor.  Sat.  2,  3,  140.  and  wife 
of  Pylades,   {G.  408.) 

ELECT  RYON,  -mm,  the  fon  of 
Perfeus  and  Andromeda,  king  of  My- 
cenae or  Argos,  the  father  of  Alcmene, 
Apollodor.  2,  4,6. 

Elegeia,  the  goddefs  of  elegiac 
jpoets,  Oind.  Am.'T^,  i,  7. 

El]£lei^s,  (3  fyll.), --foj,  a  name  of 
Bacchus,  O-vid.  Md.  4,  15.  whence  E- 
7.ELEIS,  idis,  a  female  worfhipper  of 
Bacchus,  a  Bacchanal,  Ovid.  Ep.  4,  47. 

Elicilts,  a  name  given  to  Jupiter, 
from  the  fuperftitious  anxiety  of  the 
Romans  to  dra^o)  or  obtain  from  the 
gods  prodigies  or  omens  of  fucurity, 
i^ad  elictenda  prodigia  ex  divinis  mentilus), 
Eiv.  I.  20.  Eliciunt  coelo  te,  [Jupiter,  O- 
vid.  Faft.  3,  327. 

El  ICO.     Vid.  Helico. 

Elisa,  the  proper  name  of  Dido, 
Virg.  Aen.  df,  335.  \\\\tViQQ.  Elisei  patrcs, 
the  Carthaginian  fenators,  Sil.  6,  346. 

Elpenor,  -oris,  one  of  the  compa- 
nions of  UlyiTes,  changed  into   a  hog 


by -Circe,  yuvenal.  1^, 
14,  252,   SiC.      Havin; 


23.;  Ovid.  Met. 
recovered   his 


former  (hape,  he  Is  faid  to  have  been 
afterwards  killed  by  a  fall  from  the  top 
of  a  hoafe,  Ovid.  Trijl.  3,4,  19.;  Mar" 
tial.  II,  82. 

Elym-  s.      Vid.  HELYMrs. 

EMPEDoCLES,  is,  an  illuftrious 
philofopher  and  poet  of  Agrlgentum, 
Lucr.  I,  717, — 735  ;  Cic.  Or  at.  1,  50. 
(G.  14.).  Adj.  EMPEDOCLiius  ;  Salluf- 
tii  Empedoclea^  fc.  poemata,  poems  con- 
cerning the  philofophy  of  Empedocles, 
or  written  in  the  manner  of  Empedo- 
cles,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  2,  11.  N:c  tarn  ve- 
geta  mens  ant  in  corde,  cercbrove,  ant  in 
Empi'docleo  fanguine  demerfa  jaceat.  Nor 
can  the  foul,  pofieirmg  fuch  vigour  and 
activity,  be  plunged  or  lie  funk  in  the 
heart  or  brain,  (as  fome  think),  nor 
In  the  blood,  as  Empedocles  thought, 
Cic.  Tufc.  I,  17,  k  9. 

Enceladus,  a  giant,  the  fon  of  T'^r- 
ra,  ftruck  with  a  thunderbolt  byjupiter, 
and  buried  under  mount  Aetna,  from 
which  volcano  he  was  fnppofed  by  the 
poets  to  breathe  forth  flames,  and,  by 
turning  himfclf,  to  fliake  Sicily  with 
earthquakes,    F'lrg.  Aen.  3,  578. 

Endymion,  -onis,  the  favourite  of 
Luna  or  Diana,  (G.  378.'),  put  for  a 
beautiful  young  rhan,  Juvenal.  10,  318. 
En  CON  AS  IS,  -is,  f.  (q.  m  genibus), 
a  name  given  to  the  confteilation  Her- 
cules, becaufe  reprefented  as  on  his 
knees,  (  Engona/in  vocitant,  genibus  quia 
nixaferatur),   Cic.  N.  D.  2,  42. 

^  ENNIUS,  an  ancient  poet,  born 
at  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  (hence  called /£z/- 
diiis  homo,  Cic.  Arch.  lO.),  a.u.513,  Cic. 
Br.  18.  Tufi:.  1,1.  who  wrote  the  Ro- 
inan  annals  in  hexameter  verfc.  In  eigh- 
teen books,  and  an  epic  poem,  Infcri- 
bed  to  Scipio  Africanus  the  Elder,  in 
both  of  which  he  celebrated  the  ex- 
ploits of  that  great  commander,  Hor. 
Od.  4,  8,  17.  whence  Ennius  is  faid  to 
have  been  fo  great  a  favourite  with  Sci- 
pio, that  ht  is  fuppofcd  to  have  order- 
ed a  (latue  of  Ennius  to  be  erecled  on 
his  tomb,  {in  fepulchro  Scipioniim  putatur 
is,  fc.  Ennius,  effe  conjlifutus  e  marmore), 
Cic.  Arch.  9.  So  Livy,  38,  56.  ;  O- 
vid,   Art.  Am.  3,  409.  j   Valerius  Maxl- 

mus. 


E  N  N  [17 

miis,  8,  14,  I. ;  Soliniis,  c,  7.  Ennius 
alfo  compofed  tragedies,  comedies,  fa- 
tires,  epigrams,  6!.c.  of  all  which  no- 
thing now  remains  but  fome  fcattcied 
fragments.  Ennius  pretended  that  the 
image  of  Homer  had  appeared  to  him 
in  his  fleep,  and  explained  to  him  the 
nature  of  things,  Lucr.  i,  125.  or,  ac- 
cording to  others,  he  dreamed,  that  Ho- 
mer having  appeared  to  him,  declared 
that  his  foul  was  tranfmigrated  into  the 
body  of  Ennius  ;  whence  Cor  jubet  hoc 
£mn,  pojlquam  deJlertuH  ejfe  Maeonides, 
after  he  gave  over  dreaming  that  he 
was  Homer,  Perf.  6,  10.  To  this  Per- 
feus  alfo  alludes,  Prol.  v.  2.  Ci- 
cero obferves,  that  Ennius,  when  he 
awoke,  did  not  fay  that  he  had  feen 
Homer,  but  thought  that  he  had  feen 
him,  or  thought  himfelf  Homer,  Acad. 
4,  27.  The  words  of  Ennius  himfelf 
are,  V'ljus  Homerits  adejfe  poeta,  ib.  16. 
Thefe  imaginations  ot  Ennius  Horace 
calls  Soniiila  Pythagnrea,  Ep.  2,  52. 
Ennius  is  faid  to  have  borrowed  feveral 
things  from  Naevius,  who  was  older 
than  Ennius,  but  an  inferior  poet,  C'tc. 
Br,  19.  Ennius  died  in  poverty,  at 
the  age  of  70,  Cic.  Sen.  7.  or  72, 
as  it  Ihould  feem,  from  the  confuls  un- 
der whom  he  is  faid  to  have  died,  ib. — 
Lucretius  allows  Ennius  to  have  been 
the  tiril  Roman  poet  of  real  merit, Z-z/^r. 
I,  118.  Ennius  is  often  quoted  with 
great  praife  by  Cicero,  Or.  i>  45.  "Tufc. 
1,15.  et  al'ihi  pajfim.  Virgil  tranfcribed 
many  verfes  trom  Ennius,  Macrob.  Sat. 
6,  I.  Horace,  by  a  metonymy,  calls 
the  poems  ot  Ennius  Calabrae  Piertdes, 
the  Calabrian  Mufes,  Qd.  4,  8,  20.  He 
fays,  that  Lucilius  ufed  to  ridicule  fome 
of  the  verfes  of  Ennius,  as  being  inac- 
curately compofed.  Sat.  I,  10,  54.  En- 
nius is  faid  to  have  been  too  fond  of 
wine.  He  ufed  never  to  fet  about  de- 
fcribing  battles  without  having  firft 
drunk  freely,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  19,  7.  Ho- 
race however  allows,  that  Ennius  en- 
riched  his  native  language,  by  the  in- 
troduction of  new  words,  Jlrt.  P.  ^6. 
Ovid  fays  that  Ennius  had  great  ge- 
nius, but  wanted  art,  (^Ennius  ingenio 
7nai<imus,  arts  rudis),  Tnil.  2;  424.  A- 


I    ]  E  P  H 

mor.  I,  15,  19.  So  Statius  calls  the 
mufe  of  Ennius  rudisy  Silv.  i.  proba- 
bly alluding  both  of  them  to  Riuitae, 
the  place  of  his  nativity.  Quin6tiliari 
efteems  Ennius  venerable  on  account 
of  his  antiquity,  [Ennluni,  Jicut  facros 
'vctujiate  lucoif  adoremus,  l^c.  10,  I,  88.) 
— Adj.  En  N I  AN  us. 

Ennosigaeus,  (i.  e.  terram  qua- 
ilens),  a  name  of  Neptune,  ^«^»d'/2J/.  10, 
182.  ;   Ge/I.  2,  28. 

ENyo,  -uSf  a  name  of  Bellona,  the 
goddefs  of  war.  Si/.  10,  203.  hence  A''^- 
va/is  Enyoy  a  naval  battle,  Martial. 
Spe£l.  24.  Cum  dubitaret  belli  civilis  E- 
nyo,  when  the  fortune  of  the  civil  war 
between  Otho  and  Vitellius  was  doubt- 
ful, Id.  6,  32,  i. 

Eos,  Edisy  the  goddefs  of  the  morn- 
ing, Ovid.  Fajl.  3,  877.  put  for  the 
morning,  /3.  4,  389.   Ep.^,  57. 

Eous,  -/,  one  of  the  horfes  of  the 
fun,  Ovid.  Met.  2,  153.  alfo  the  morn- 
ing ftar,  Virg.  G.  I,  288.  adj.  eailern, 
Ovid.  Fajl.  3,  466.  &c. 

EPAiMINONDAS,  -ae,  the  cele- 
brated general  of  theThtbans,  [ciwi  quo 
Thebanoriim  gloria  et  nata  eft  et  ex/intla, 
Juftin.  6,  8.),  mortally  wounded  in  the 
battle  of  Man  tinea,  but  furvived  till  he 
heard  that  his  men  had  defeated  the 
Lacedaemonians,  Cic.  Fam.  ^^  12.  (G. 
469.) 

Er  APHRODiTus,  the  freed  man  of 
Nero,  Tac.  15,  55.  who  aflilled  that  em- 
peror in  killing  himfelf,  on  which  ac- 
count he  was  afterwards  put  to  death  by 
Domitian,  Suet.  Dom.  14.;  Plin.  Pan.  53. 

Epaphus,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  and 
lo,  Ovid.  Met.  I,  74S. 

Epeus,  the  fiamer  of  the  Trojan 
horfe,    Firg.  j^en.  2,  264. 

Ephialtes,  'isy  a  giant,  the  fon  of 
Neptune,  who  grew  nine  inches  eveiy 
month.  He  was  flain  by  the  arrows 
of  Apollo  and  Diana,  Serv.  ad  Virg.  G. 

1,  2S2. 

Ephorus,  an  hiftorian,  born  at  Cu- 
mae,  the  fcholar  of  Ifocrates,   Cic.  Or. 

2,  13,  &  23.  Mnit.  56.   Orat.  51,  &  57. 
EpKyREj  'CSy  et-<2, -/7^^a  fea-nymph, 

the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
Firg.  G.  4,  343. 

y  2  ^?l^ 


E  P  I  [     1 

Epicharis,  a  freed  woman,  who 
was  concerned  in  a  ronfpiracy  again  ft 
Nero,  1  ac.  Ann.  15,  51.  but  could  not 
be  forced  by  any  tortures  to  difcover 
her  accomplices,  and  chofe  rather  to 
put  an  end  to  her  life  than  confefs,  ib. 

SI- 

EPICHARMUS,  a  Sicilian  poet 
and  philofopher  in  the  time  of  Cicero, 
whom  Piautus  is  faid  to  have  imitated, 
Hor.  Ep.  2,  1,57.  His  works  abounded 
with  excellent  maxims,  which  Cicero 
mentions,  [praecepta  Epicharmi),  Q^Fr. 
3,  1,7.  He  ufed  to  fay,  that  the 
principal  requifite  in  a  philofopher  was 
not  to  believe  raflily,  Cic.  Att.  i,  19. 
Ep'tcharmium  illitd  tenetpy  Neriws  atqiie 
art  us  fap'ientiac  non  temere  credere,  Cic. 
de  Petit.  Conful.  c.  10. 

Epicrates,  -isy  a  chief  man  among 
the  Athenians,  Cic.  Fam.if),  2 J.  The 
name  denotes  a  fupreme  ruler,  and  is 
applied  to  Pompey,   Cic.  Att.  2,  3. 

Epictetus,  a  ftoic  philofopher  in 
the  time  of  Nero,  Gell.  2,  18.  17,  19. 
19,  I.  He  was  born  at  Hierapolis,  a 
town  in  Phrygia.  Being  brought  to 
Rome  as  a  flave,  he  was  purchafed  hy 
Epaphroditus,  the  ireed  man  of  Nero. 
He  is  faid  to  have  lived  to  the  time  of 
the  emperor  M.  Antoninus,  (^Suidas), 
who  mentions  him  with  great  praife,  i, 
7.  et  4,  4.  f/  7,  19.  f/  1 1,  34,  36,  & 
37.  Gellius  calls  him  Sioicorun  vel 
viGXtmus,  I,  2.  mnximus  philofophorum, 
17,  19.  Lucian,  who  is  feldom  favour- 
able to  philofophers,  calls  Epi6letus  an 
(idmirahlc  old  man^  and  informs  us,  tl»it 
his  memory  was  fo  refpected,  that  his 
lamp  fold  for  3000  drachmae^  (^fo; 
ttTTxiSi  Tov).  Epictetus  ufed  to  exprefs 
the  fum  of  his  philpfophy  in  two  words, 
•jtv£  vov  Kcti  'ayfixo^,  i.  e.  fuftine  et  aljline, 
bear  and  forbear,  ih.  He  Wt^s  banifhed 
from  Rome,  with  all  the  other  philofo- 
phers, by  Domitian,  GelL  19,  r.  St 
Auguftine  calls  him  NobiJlfJlmus  Sioicus, 

de  civ.  Dei,  9,  5. -Arrian  publifhed 

the  dilTertations  of  Epictetus  after  his 
death,  under  the  name  of  Encheiri- 
D!ON  Epicteti,  Geil.  g,  2.  which  are 
ilill  extant,  and  juilly  held  in  the  high- 
eft  eftimationc 


72     ]  ERA 

Epicurus,  born  at  Gargettus,  a 
village  of  Attica,  whence  he  is  called 
Senior  Gargettius,  Stat.  Silv.  i,  3,  94. 
He  was  the  fcholar  of  Xenocrates  and 
Plato,  and  afterwards  became  the  foun- 
der of  that  feft  of  philofophers  v/ho 
held  pleafure  to  be  the  fupreme  good, 

Cic.  Fin.  1,7,   &c. Epicureus, 

a  difciple  or  follower  of  Epicurus,  ib. 
Epicureorum  fcribtay  ib.  I,  2. 

Epigoni,  (i.  e.  pofteri),  the  fons 
of  the  feven  chiefs  in  the  iirft  Theban 
war,  (G.  432.)  by  which  name  a  tra- 
gedy of  Euripides  on  this  fubjedl  was 
called,  Cic.  Of.  i,  31.  ;  Tufc.  2,  25. 
The  offspring  of  the  foldiers  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  by  Perfian  women 
got  the  fame  name,  Jujlin.  12,  4. 

EpiMENiDiiS,  -is,  a  Cretan  poet, 
contemporary  with  Solon  ;  faid  to  have 
flept  in  a  cave  fifty-feven  years,  Piin. 
7,  52.  and  to  have  foretold  future  e- 
vents  by  a  kind  of  infpiration,  Cic.  Div. 
I,  18. 

Epimetheus,  {4  fyll.),  -eos,  v.  -ei, 
the  fon  of  Japetus,  and  father  of  Pyr- 
rha  ;  who  is  hence  called  Epimethis^ 
idisy   Ovid.  Met.  i,  390.  (G.  435.) 

EpiPHANES,  -/'/,  (i.  e.  illujlris),  a 
fnname  of  A.ntiochus  king  of  Syria. 
^  2.  An  Afiatic  prince  in  the  ar- 
my of  Otho,  the  fon  of  Antiochus, 
king  of  Commagene  ;  called  rex,  af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  Greeks,  who 
gave  the  name  of  ^aTOAv;,  not  only  to 
kings,    but  alfo   to    their    fons,     Tac. 

EpyTUS,  a  king  of  AJba,  O'vid.  Fajl. 

4»  44- 

Epytides,  -ae,  v.  .?>,  the  governor 
and  companion  of  Afcanius,  Virg.  Aen. 

5'  547; 

Erato,  -ui,  one  of  the  nine  Mufes, 
invoked  by  fuch  as  wrote  on  amorous 
fubjeds,  Oi)/t/.  Art.  Am.  2,  16.  put  for 
Miifa,  any  mufe,  or  for  Calliope,  the 
chief  of  the  Mufes,    Virg.  Aen.  7,  37. 

ERATOSTHiiNEs,  -is,  a  native  of 
Cyrene,  the  fcholar  of  Ariflo  of  Chi- 
os, and  of  Callimachus  the  poet,  illuf- 
trious  as  a  philofopher  and  poet  ;  but 
ciiiefiy  as  a  geographer  and  allronomer, 

Cic: 


ERE  [     173 

2,  6.      He    flourifhed  under 


C'lc.   Jtf 

Ptolemy  Euergetcs,  and  had  the  charge 
of  the  library  of  Alexandria,  (G.  18.) 

Erebus,  the  Ton  of  Chaos  and 
Daiknefs,  (Caligo),  Hygin.  Pracf, 
the  hufband  of  Nox,  Cic.N.  jD.  3,  17. 
— put  for  the  infernal  regions,  Virg. 
6,  247. 

Erechtheus,  -W,  v.  -eos^  a  king 
of  Athens,  (G.  419.)  whence  Erech- 
THis,  Adis^  the  daughter  of  Erech- 
theus, t.  e.  Procrls,  O-oid.  Mct.'^^  726. 
ErechthIdae,  'Ciriim,  the  Atheni- 
ans, lb.  430.  Arces  Erechlheae,  the  ci- 
tadel of   '\thens,  ih.  8,   547. 

Erich T  HO,  -us^  a  rheiTalian  wo- 
man, noted  for  her  flcill  in  forceries, 
Liican.    6,    508.  ;      Ovid,    Ep.   Sapph. 

139- 

Erichthonius,  the  fon  of  Vulcan, 

a   king  of  Athens,   (G.  418.)   whence 

Popidus    Erichthonius,     the    Athenians, 

Propert.  2,  6,  4.     Ele  is  faid   to  have 

invented  chariots,     Virg,    G,    3,    113. 

and  the  ufe  of  filver,  Piin,  7,  ^6.      He 

was   converted    into    the    conftellation 

wiurlga,  the  waggoner,  Hygin,  Poet.  2, 

Erigone,  -es.)  the  daughter  of  I- 
carius,  a  naiive  of  Attica,  (hence  call- 
ed Maralhonia  Virgo,  Stat.  Silv.  5,  3, 
74.)  who,  hearing  that  her  father  had 
been  flain  by  fome  fhepherds,  whom  he 
had  taught  the  ufe  of  wine,  was  fo 
overcome  with  grief,  that  flie  is  faid 
to  have  hung  herfelf ;  but  through  the 
commiferation  of  the  gods,  was  chan- 
ged into  a  conftcliation  called  Virgo, 
Hygin.  f.  1 30.  ErigoruTiJ!  canis^  i.  e.  Mae- 
ra,  the  dog  of  Icarius,  who  is  faid 
to  have  led  Erigone  to  the  place  where 
the  dead  body  of  her  father  lay,  u^poi- 
lodor.  ^y  13,7.;  and  f>;eing  his  mif- 
trefs  dead,  pined  avv'ay,  and  was  chan- 
ged into  the  conftellation  called  Ca-r 
nicida,  the  LciTer  Dog  Star,  Hygin, 
Poet,  2,  4.  ;   O'vid.  Fafi,  5,  723. 

Er  ICON  us,    a  noted  painter,  Plin, 

Erinna,  v.  -NE,  -es,  a  poetefs,  the 
contemporary,  and  as  Is  thought,  the 
friend  of  Sappho  ;  mentioned,  Pro- 
pert,  2,  3,  2  2.  J   Plin,  34,  8. 


]  E  R  Y 

Erinnys,  -yis,  a  name  common  to 
any  one  of  the  three  Furies,  a  fury, 
Ovid.  Met,  I,  241.  f/  If,  14.  ;  having' 
her.  head  and  arms  furrounded  with 
fnakes,  lb.  4,  490.  Patriae  communis  E- 
rlnnys,  i.  e.  Elelena,  Virg,  Jen.  2,  573. 
Dedeciis  Jegypti,  Latio  fa  rails  Erinnys, 
i.  e.  Cleopatra,  Liican.    10,  59. 

EriphJ-lk,  -^j,  V.  Eriphyla,  the  fif- 
ter  of  Adraftus,  king  of  Argos,  and 
wife  of  Amphiaiatis  the  augur,  who, 
bribed  with  a  golden  necklace  by  Po- 
lynTces,  Apollodor.  3,  6,  2.  or  oy  A^ 
draftus,  Hygin.  73.  difcovered  the  place 
where  her  hulband  lay  concealed  to  a- 
void  going  to  the  war  againfl  Thebes, 
in  which  he  knew  that  he  muil  perifh. 
Amphiaraus,  before  he  fet  out,  char- 
ged his  ion  Alcmaecn  to  avenge  his 
death  ;  which  Alcmaeon  did  by  flaying 
his  mother,  Serv,  ad  Virg,  Aen,  6, 
445.;    Clc.   Verr.\\,    18.;   Inv,    1,50- 

(G.   431.) -Qccurrent   multae  tlbi  ~— 

Erlphylae,  you  will  meet  with  many 
EriphykiG,  I.  e.  many  as  wicked  as  E- 
riphylc,   Juv,  6,  654. 

Eris,  -tdlsy  the  goddefs  of  flrife  or 
difcord,  Hygin.  92. 

Erisichthon,  -onis,  a  ThefTalian, 
the  fon  of  Triopa,  who  having  impi- 
oufly  cut  down  an  oak  facred  to  Ceres, 
was  by  that  goddefs  feized  with  fo  vo- 
racious hunger,  that  after  having  fpent 
his  whole  patrimony,  he  at  laft  devour- 
ed his  own  members,  Ovid.  Met,  8, 
^^gy—adfn, 

Ero,  -lis.  vid.  Hero. 

Eros,  -otis,  a  comedian,  the   fcho- 

lar  of  Rofcius,   Clc.  ^  Rofc,   11. . 

5j  2.  The  name  of  a  flave,  Clc,  Att, 
10,  15. 

Erythras,  -acy  a  king  of  Arabia, 
from  whom  the  Arabian  fea,  the  A- 
rabian  and  Perfian  gulfs,  were  called 
Mare  Erythraeuniy  and  by  the  Latins 
Rubrtwi  mare.  Curt.  8,  9,  14.  ;  Plin, 
6,  23.  ;  whence  Lapllll  Erythraely  pearls 
from  any  of  thefe  feas,  Stat,  Sllv.  4, 
6,  18.     So  Tibullus,  3,  3,  17. 

ERYX,  -yds,  a  king  of  Sicily,  the 
fon  of  Venus  and  Butes,  or  accord- 
ing to  others,  oi  Venus  and  Neptune  ; 
who  ufed  to  challenge  all  ftrangers  to 

contend 


E  T  E  [I 

contend  with  him  in  boxing,  and  flew 
thofe  he  vanquidied.  At  laft  he  htrn- 
felf  was  flain  by  Hercules,  and  gave 
name  to  the  mountain  in  Sicily  where 
he  was  buried,  S:irv.  ad  Virg.  Aen.  5, 
24,  &  759.     adj.  Erydnus. 

Eteocles,  -is,  fon  of  Oedipus, 
(Oed^podes,  -as),  and  king  of  Thebes, 
(G.430.) 

Claudius  ETRUSCUS,  a  Roman, 
taifed  by  Vefpalian  from  a  mean  rank 
to  the  equeftrian  order,  for  his  fcrvices 
in  the  JewiPn  war,  Stat.  Slh.  3,  3,  140, 
&c.  who  being  banifhed  by  Domi- 
tian,  was  attended  by  his  fon  in  his 
exile.  Hence,  when  he  was  reftored 
from  banifhment,  the  fon  is  faid  to  have 
been  grateful  to  Domitian,  both  for  be- 
ing allowed  to  accompany  his  father, 
and  to  return  with  him,  (  Muneris  hoc  u- 
trumque  tii'i  tejlatur  Etnifcusy  Fje  quod  et 
comiti  contlgit  et  reduci),  Martial.  6,  83, 
7.  The  grief  of  the  fon  on  the  death 
of  his  father  is  celebrated  by  Statius 
in  a  poem,  infcribed  Lacrymae  E- 
TRUSCi,  Silv.  3,  3.  (^Cuin  lugeret  ve- 
rts lacrhnis  fcnem  patrem^  i.  e.  non  fal- 
fi3  lacrimis,  ut   praeficae,  lb.    Pracf.) 

and   by    Martial,   7.    39. A   bath 

built  by  this  Etrufcus  is  highly  extol- 
led by  Statius,  (Balneum  Etp.us- 
ci),  Slh.  1,5.  and  by  Martial,  [De 
Etrufci  thermis)^  6,  42. 

EvADNEj-fj-,  the  daughter  of  Iphis, 
(Iphiasy  -adlSi  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  3,  21.) 
and  the  v/ife  of  Capaneus,  whom 
fhe  was  fo  fond  of,  that  flie  threw  her- 
felf  on  his  funeral  pile,  and  perifhed  in 
the    flames,   Propert.   i,     15,    22.  (G. 

43'-) 

EvAGON,    a    native    of  Cyprus,  of 

that   kind  of  people   called  Ophiogenes, 

who  were  not  hurt  by    ferpenis,  PUn. 

28,  3. 

EvAGORAS,  -aey  a  king  of  Cyprus, 
(G.  618.) 

Evan,  -antis,  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
Ovid,  Ma.  4,  15.  hence  Evans,  adj. 
plur.  Evantes,  raging  or  exulting  like 
Bacchanals,  Virg.  Jen.  6^  517.;  Pro- 
pert.  2,  3,  18.  j  S'd.  1 5  101.  i  and  Evoey 


74     1  EUC 

Evohe,  or  Euoe,  the  exclamation  ufed 
by  Bacchanals,  Hor.  Od.  2,  19,  5.  ; 
Plant.  Men.  5,  2,  82. 

EVANDER,  v.  -dnis,  -drl,  the 
fon  of  Mercury  and  Carmenta,  or 
Carmentis,  ViBor.  de  orig.  P.oni.  c.  5. 
the  grandfon  of  Pallas  king  of  \rca- 
dia,  who  being  forced  to  fly  from  his 
native  country  by  a  fedition,  pafled 
over  into  Italy,  accompanied  by  his 
mother  and  a  number  of  Arcadians; 
whence  he  is  called  Rex  Areas,  Virg. 
Aen.  8,  [02.  ;  Arcadius  ducior,  Sil.  6, 
631.  He  built  a  few  cottages  on  the 
top  of  one  of  the  hills  on  which  Rome 
afterwards  flood,  and  gave  to  the  place 
the  name  of  Pallanteum,  from  one  of 
his  progenitors,  Virg.  Aen.  8,  51.  or 
from  his  native  town  in  Arcadia ; 
whence  the  mountain  was  called  Pala- 
tium,   or    mons    Palatinus,  Liv.    1,5.; 

Ovid.  Faft.    I,   470,   &c. Evander 

is  faid  to  have  firjl  introduced  the 
knowledge  of  letters  into  that  country, 
which  Vv'-onderful  difcovery  {inlracu- 
lu7n)  made  him  much  refpefted  by  the 
rude  inhabitants,  and  he  was  ftill  more 
revered  for  the  fuppofed  divinity  or 
prophetic  powers  of  his  mother,  Liv, 
I,  7.  Evander  alfo  introduced  the 
worfliip  of  Pan,  Faunus,  and  other 
rural  deities,  Liv.  F,  5. ;  Ovid.  Fajl.  2, 
279.  et  4,  65.  et  5,  90, — Hahehis  Evan- 
drum,  you  will  And  me  a  frugal  hofl: 
or  landlord,  who  will  entertain  you 
with  as  fimple  fare  as  Evander  did  Her- 
cules  and   Aeneas,    jfuvenal.    11,  61. 

[G.  186.) Adj.  EvANDRius  ;  thus 

Re'gna  Evandria,  the  country  which 
Evander  ruled,  i.  e,  the  territory  of 
Rome,  Sd.  7,  18.  Evandrlus  enjis,  the 
fword  of  Evander,  Virg.  Aai.  10,  394. 
Mons  Evandrius,  the  Palatine  hill, 
Claudian  Conf.  Honor.  6,  1 1 . 

Evander,    a    noted  carver,   Acron, 

ad  Horat.  Sat.   i,    3,    91. ^  2.  A 

fculptor,   Plin.  36,  5. 

Eu GLIDES,  'is,  a  native  of  Mega^ 
ra,  {3'Iegareiis),  a  fcholar  of  Socrates, 
(G.  302.)  from  whom  a  feft  of  anci- 
ent phiiofophers  wer:  called  Mi:gari- 


E  U  D  [I 

ct,   Cic.  Acad.  4,  42.  ;  Or.  3,  1 7. 

«j  2.  A  geometrician  of  Alexandria, 
Cic.  Or.  3,  33.  ;    Gell  6,  lO. 

EuDEMUs,  a  philofopber  of  Cy- 
prus, intimate  with  Ariilotle,  Cic, 
Div,  I,  25. 

EuDOXUs,  a  fcholar  of  Plato's,  a 
celebrated  ailronomer,  Cic.  Div.  2,  42. 
(G.  ,6.) 

EuHEMiiRUS,  v.  Evemerusy  an  an- 
cient hillorian  of  Sicily,  who  wrote 
a  book  concerning  the  gods  ;  which 
was  tranflated  by  Enriius,  Cic.  N.  D. 
1,42. 

Eve  NOR,  -oris,  a  painter,  the  fa- 
ther and  inilru'ilor  of  Parrhafius,  Plin. 

EuERGETES,  -ts,  [i.e.  Benefuf^'), 
a  title  given  to  three  of  the  Ptole- 
.mies,  kings  of  Egypt,  on  account  of 
their  fervices  to  the  Greek  Hates,  Curt. 
7,  3,  I.;  Jujiin.  12,5. 

Evius,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  Hor. 
Od.  2,  11,  17.  ;  whence  Evias,  -adhy 
a  female  vvorlhipper  of  Bacchus,  a  Bac- 
chanal, Ih.  3,  25,  9. 

EuMAEus,  the  fwine-herd  or  fnep- 
hevd  of  UlyfTes,   (G.  457.) 

EuMELUs,  the  fon  of  Admetus, 
king  of  ThelTaly,  by  his  wife  Aicef- 
tis  ;  and  father  of  Parthenope,  the 
founder  of  Naples  ;  who  is  hence  call- 
ed  EuMELis,  -Xdis^  the    daughter  of 

Eumelus,  Stat.  Sih..  4,    8,   49. ^ 

2.  A  Trojan,    Virg.  ylen.  5,  664. 

EuMENEs,  '/j,  a  native  of  Cardia, 
one  of  the  principal  ofiicers  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  and  the  only  faithful 
adherent  to  the  family  of  that  prince 
after  his  death,  Nep.  in  Fit.  (G-471.) 

5[  2.     The  name  of  feveral  kings 

of  Pergamus,  Liv. 

EuMfiNis,  -idisf  any  one  of  the  Fu- 
ries, a  fury,  SU.    2,   559.;  Lucan.     I, 

57I.plur.    EUMENIDES. 

EuMOLPUS,  the  hriL  chief  prieft  of 
Ceres  at  Eleufis ;  whofe  defcendants, 
called  EuMOLPiDAE,  -<3rtt?w,  continued 
to  enjoy  that  office  for  many  ages, 
(G.  420.) 

EuNEUs,  V.  -osy  -if  the  fon  of  Ja- 
fon  and  Hypfipjde,  Hygin,  15,  &  273. 
vhc   twin-brother    of    'i'hoas ;    whence 


7?    1  EUR 

they  are  called  jfasomdae  juvenes,  Stat. 
Theb.  6,  340.  Thoas  was  named 
from  his  maternal  grandfather,  and  Eu- 
NEOs,  (ex  £w.  bene,  et  vfa),  navigo)^ 
was  fo  called,  that  his  name  might  be 
a  good  omen  of  a  profperous  voyage  to 
the  Argonauts,  (amine  didus  Argoo), 
lb.  343. 

EuNUS,  a  Syrian  by  birth,  who  ha- 
ving roufed  his  fellow-flaves  in  Sicily 
to  attempt  to  regain  their  liberty,  foon 
collected  an  army  of  60,000  men,  with 
which  he  defeated  feveral  Roman  ge- 
nerals fent  againft  him,  but  was  at  lalt 
cruflied  by  Perperna,   Flor.  3,  19. 

EuPHORBus,  the  fon  of  Panth5us, 
(^Pantho'ides,  -ae),  who  was  the  firil 
that  wounded  Patroclus,  Homer.  II.  16, 
809.  and  was  afterwards  killed  by  Mene^- 
laus, //-.  17,43.  Pythagoras  pretended 
that  his  foul  had  animated  the  body  of 
Euphorbus,  Ovid.  Met.  15,  161.  and 
therefore,  obferving  the  fliield  of  Eu- 
phorbus in  a  temple,  he  palled  it  down, 
as  having  been  once  his  own,  Hor.  Od. 
I,  28,  II. 

EuPHORiON,  -onisf  a  tragic  poet, 
born  at  Chalcis,  ( Chalcidenfis ) ,  Cic. 
Div.  2,  64.  ;   Tujc  3,  19. 

EuPHRANOR,  -oris,  an  excellent  lla- 
tuary,  Plin.  34,  8.  and  painter,  Id.  35, 
II.;   jfuvenal.  3,  217. 

EupoLis,  -idis,  y. -is  ;  a.ccu(. -Udem. 
v.  -/«,  an  ancient  comic  poet  of  A- 
thens,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  4,  i.  f/  2,  3,  12. 
Per/.  I,  124. 

Euripides,  -is,  a  celebrated  A- 
theuian  tragic  poet,  born  at  Sala- 
rais  on  the  day  that  Xerxes  was  de- 
feated by  the  Greeks  ;  the  fcholar 
and  friend  of  Socrates.  Nineteen  of 
his  tragedii;S  remain.  Cicero  fpeaks 
of  him  with  the  liighed  pvaife,  Fum. 
16,  18.  So  Quinitiiian,  10,  i,  67, 
&c.  While  he  was  at  the  court  of 
Archelaus,  king  of  Macedonia,  with 
whom  he  lived  on  terms  of  familiarity, 
returning  one  night  from  fupper  with 
that  prince,  he  was  torn  by  dogs,  fet 
on  him  by  fome  invidious  perfon,  and 
died  of  his  wounds,  GelL  15,  20. — 
Eus.iviDF.uM  carmen,    a  poem  of  Euri- 


pides, Cic.  Tup-. 


59* 


EUROPA, 


EUR 

EuROPA,  V.  -PE,  -es,  the 
of  Agenor,  carried  off  by  Jupiter  in 
the  {liape  of  a  bull,  (G.  384.)  the  mo- 
ther of  Minos  ;  who  is  hence  called 
Ditx  Eziropaeus,   Ovid.  Met.  S,  23. 

Eur Y ALUS,    the    friend    of    Nifus, 

Flrg.   ^m.   9,    295,    &c. ^  2.     A 

play-actor,  yuvena/.  6,  81. 

EuRYBATEs,  -<7tf,  a  Dative  of  Ithaca, 
whom  Agamemnon  fent  with  Talthy- 
bius  to  bring  Briseis  from  the  tent  of 
Achilles,  Oind.  Ep.  3,  9. 

EuRYBi  APES,  ./.!■,  a  Lacedaemonian, 
the  commander  in  chief  of  the  Graecian 
fleet  againft  Xerxes,  (G.  334.) 

EuRYDAMAs,  ■aiitis^  (i.  c.  latc-domi- 
ioTy)  a  firuame  of  Hercules,  OvlcL  in 
Jbln.  331. ;  SiL  2,  186. 

EuRYDiCE,  -es,  the  wife  of  Orpheus, 
to  recover  whom,  when  deadj  he  is  faid 
to  have  gone  down  to  the  infernal  re- 
gions, Virg.  G.  4,  486,  &c.    (G.  371.) 

€[[  2.   liie  wife  of  Amyntas,  king 

of  Macedonia,  and  mother  of  Philip  ; 
who  attempted  to  deilroy  her  hufband, 
that  (he  might  marry  her  fon-in-law, 
Jifin.  7,  4. 

EuRYLOCHUs,  one  of  the  compa- 
nions of  UlyiTcs,  who  alone  did  not 
laifc  the  potions  of  Circe,  and  there- 
fore was  not  transformed  into  the  (liape 
or  a  fwinc,  like  the  reft,  Ovid.  Mtt.  14, 

EuRVM  ACHUS,  one  cf  the  fuitors  of 
Penelope,  Ovid,  Ep,  i,  92. 

E  u  R  Y  M  E  D o  N ,  - outis^  (i.e.  late  impe- 
raris,)  a  fon  of  Faunus  engaojed  in  the 
Thtban  war,  Staf,  Thd,  ii,  32. 

EuRVMUs,  the  father  of  Telemus, 
th'.^  augur,  who  is  hence  called  Eury- 
tnules,  -aer  Ovid.  Met.  13,  77  [. 

EuRYNOME,  -es.  the  wife  of  Orcha- 
mus,  king  of  the  Acliaemenians  .  in 
Arabia,    and^  mother    of    Leucothce, 

Ovid.  Md.  4,  210,  &c. ^  2.    The 

daughter  of    Do;^>'clus,    and    wife    of 

Codrus,   7'aL   FItjcc.   2,    156. ^3. 

I'he  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
jlpoUodcr.  I,  2,. 2.  the  iriother  of  the 
Graces  by  Jupiter,  Id.  1,3,  i. 

EuRYONE,  -es.  the  daughter  of  A- 
myntas  xiing  of  Macedoni;t,  who  f.ived 


U    176    ]^ 

daur^hter     her  father 


E  U  T 

from  being  cut  off  by  the 
fnares  of  her  mother,  Juflin.  7,  4. 

EuRypvLvs,  the  fon  of  Euaemon, 
from  Orm.enium,  a  city  of  Theffaly, 
who  accompanied  Agamemnon  to  the 
Trojan  war  with  forty  fliips.  Homer.  II, 
2,  737.  called  Ferox^  Ovid.  Met.  13. 
357. — <f|  2.  A  fl^ilful  Graecian  au- 
gur, Virg.  Aen.  2,  1 14. 

Ev^RYSTHENEs,  -«,  thc  twin-brother 
of  Procles,  who  were  both  joint  kings 
of  Lacedaemon,  Cic.  Div.  2,  43. 

EURYSTHEU8,  (three  fy II.) -^Z, 
V.  -?osj  the  fon  of  Sthenelus,  and 
grand  fon  of  Perfeus  king  of  Argos, 
who  was  de (lined  by  the  fates  to  com- 
if^and  Hercules,  Homer.  II.  19,  98,  &c. 
Odyfs.  ir,  619.  though  greatly  inferior 
to  him  in  merit  ;  whence  he  is  called 
deterior  hems,  fc.  Herculis,  Catull.  66, 
114.  At  the  inftigatioH  of  Juno,  he 
impofed  on  Hercules  his  twelve  la- 
bours, (G.  398.)  Hence  he  is  called 
drrrus,  Virg,  G.  3,  4.  and  cruentus,  Se- 
nec.  Here.  061.  1973-  Cicero  men- 
tions a  tragedy  of  Euripides,  in  which 
Hercules  is  reprefented  as  having  (lain 
the  fons  of  Euryilheus,  Acad.  4,  28. 

EuRyTus,  king  of  Oechalia,  (lain 
by  Hercules,  becaufe  he  refufcd  to  give 
to  Hercuks  his  daughter  lole,  (called 
Eirrytisy  -ulis,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  395.)  ac- 
cording to  promife,  [G.  402.) 

EvKy^Tus,  a  fkilful  artift,  vi^ho  made 
a  fuit  of  armour  for  Pallas,  the  fon  of 

Evandtr,  Virg.  Aen.  10,499. H  2' 

One  of  the    Argonauts,    Oiid.  Met.  8, 
(J 1 1., fT  ^^^  ^  fon   of  Lycaon,  tlse 


brother    of  Pandarus,    Virg.    Aen.   5, 

495,- 

Euterpe,  -es.  one  of  the  nine  Mufes, 

Hor.Od.  r,  i,33-(G.  368.) 

E  l:  T  H  Y'  c  R  A  T  K  s ,  -isy  a  renowned  paint- 
er, the  fon   of  Lyfippus,  Plin.  34,   8. 

€|  2.   A  ftatuary,  Id.  4.  8. 

EuTHYMEDHs,  -i/,  a  painter,  PIm. 

EiTRAPELi's,  a  name  given  to  Vo- 
lumnius,  the  friend  of  Antony,  Cic, 
Fid.  13,  2.  fiom  his  great  politenef?, 
wit,  and  turn  for  raillery,   Cic.  Fam. 


3-: 


33- 


fuppG(:d  to  be    the  fame 
who 


E  U  T  [ 

vviio  is  mentioned  by  Horace,   Ep,  i, 
18,31. 

E'jTROPius,  a  Lati'n  hiHomn,  who 
lived  in  the  time  of  Julian,  whom  he 
attended  in  his  unfortunate  expedition 
againfl:  the  Parthians,  Eiitrop.  10,  16. 
He  addrcffed  his  hillory  toVaiens,  Praef. 

EuTycHE,  -cs^  a  woman  of  Traiks 
in  Lydia,  [Tralliana^)  who  had  thirty 
children,  twenty  of  whom  attended 
her  funeral,  Plin,  7,  3. 

E'jTYCHiDEs,  -isi  a  freedman  of  Afc- 

ticus,    Ctc.  Jn.  4,  15. ^  2.  A  ila- 

tuary,  Pl'uu  34,  8. 

Ex  AG  ON,  one  of  that  kind  of  people 
called  Pfyll'h  wlio  having  come  to 
Rome  as  an  ambaffador,  and  a  report 
having  fpread,  that  no  fcrpent  would 
bite  him,  he  was,  for  the  fake  of  an  ex- 
ptriment,  thrown,  by  the  order  of  the 
confuls,  into  a  caflc  full  of  ferpcnts, 
where,  to  the  ailonilhment  of  all,  he 
remained  quite  unhurt,  Plitu  28,  3. 


FABIUS,  the  name  of  an  illuftri- 
ous  patrician  gens.  (Fabia  Gens, 
Ovht  Poitt.  4,  6,  9. )  one  of  the  nobleil 
m  Rome,    {JJkra   Fablos  gradus  cogno- 

■lis  nuUus  ejl.  Id.  Fall.  I,  605.) — 
v..vided  into  feveral/cxwi/z'^z^";  the  Fibu- 
lani,  j'lmbiifi'i^  Maxlmiy  P'ldlores, Doi'soneSf 
Laheores,  Gurgites^  and  Buteoncs.  The 
Fabii  are  faid  to  have  been  cieicended 
from  Fabius,  the  fon  of  Hercules, 
Piularch.  in  Fab.  Max.  p.  174.  by  Vin- 
duna,  the  dauThter  of  Evai.der,  [Ar- 
eas, 1.  e.  Arcadia  puella, — ngla  v'lrgo,) 
Sii.  6,  633.  Hence  the  family  of  the 
Fab'ii  is  called  Herculea  gens,  Ovid. 
F.  2,  237. — '$iO  Fabius  Tirynthia  proles, 
the  offspring  of  Hercules,  Sll.  2,  3. 
Nat  us  in  Harculeo  Fabius  bare,  in  the 
houfe  of  Hercules,  JwvenaL  8,  14. 
But  others  derive  the  name  fi'om  fome 
one  of  the  family  who  paid  particular 
attention  to  the  cultivation  of  beans, 
(fabae,)  Plin.  18,  I. Fabium  no- 
men,   the   name  or  family  of  the  Fabii, 

Liv.  2,  42. The  Fabian  gens  by  it. 

felf  alone,  a.  u.  275,  undertook  to  car- 
ry on  war  againit  the   rej-nl^-s,  which 


177    1  FA  B 

they  did  for  fome  time  with  fuccefs. 
At  laft,  being  brought  into  an  ambuf- 
cade,  they  were  all  cut  off  to  the  num- 
ber of  306,  Liv.  2,  48, — 51.  Ovid 
makes  only  300,  faji.  2,  196,  &  2C'3. ; 
Poni.  I,  2,  3.  So  8iiius  Italicus,  2,  4, 
ei  6,  637.  This  difafler  happened  011 
the  ibth  July,  (xv.  Kal.  Sextil.)  a.  u. 
277,  near  the  river  Cremera  ;  whence 
that  day,  wliich  was  ever  after  held  as 
an  unlucky  day,  was  called  Dies  Cre- 
MERENsis,  and  in  future  tiiTkes  more 
frequently  Allien  sis,  becaufe  the  de- 
feat of  the  Rom.ans  by  the  Gauls  under 
Brenuus,  at  Alha,  happened  on  the 
fame  day,  Liv  6,  i.  j  Tac.  Hi]}.  2,  91. 
It  ?b  faM  that  there  was  only  one  boy 
of  the  Fabian  family  left,  from  whom 
the  illulh-ious  men  of  that  nam.e,  who 
afterwards  appeared,    were   defcended, 

Liv.  2,  50  f.  ;   Ovid.  Fajl.  2,  239. 

Fabia   trihus,   a   tribe  called  from  the 
name  of  the  Fabii,  Pirn-.  Ep.  i,  6,  52. 

^  FABIUS,  the  only  one  who 
furvived  the  deflru6lion  of  his  family  at 
Cremera,  was  three  times  conful,  Liv. 
3,  I,  2,  V  £2.  and  one  of  the  decem- 
virs, ib,  36.  after  which  he  was  banifn- 
ed,  lb.  58. 

j^  FABIUS  Rullus  vel  RuUianus, 
five  times  conful,  Liv.  8,  38.  et  10,  22, 
didator,  Li.  9,  22.  and  cenfor,  ib.  46. 
He  gained  feveral  vidlories  over  the 
Samnites,  Tufcans,  and  Umbrians, 
Liv.  8,  30,  9,  23,  &  41.  et  10,.  14. 
He  obtaiufd  his  hnl  vidlory  over  the 
Samnites  wlu-n  mailer  of  horfe  to  Pa- 
pirius  Curiov,  the  dictator;  in  whofe 
able  nee  Fabius  fought  that  fucccfsful 
bat  lie  contrary  to  orders  ;  for  which 
papirius  WGuld  have  punilhed  him  with 
deaih,  but  v.^as  prevented,.  Liv.  8,  29, 
— 23. FabiUS,  when  cenior,  includ- 
ed all  the  poorer  citizens  in  the  four 
city-tribes,  whereas  formerly  they  ufed 
to  vote  in  all  the  tribes  promifcuoully  ; 
on  which  account  he  got  the  firname  of 
Maximus,  Liv.  9,  46. 

^  Fabius  Maximus  Gurges,  the  fon 

of  Ruiius  or  Rullianus,    conful  a.  461, 

Liv.    10,  47.     Being   fent  againft  the 

Samnites,  he  was  defeated  with   great 

Z  iofs, 


FAB 
lofs,  fo  that  the  fenat 
priving  him  of  his  command,  but  the 
father  deprecated  that  indignity,  promi- 
iing  to  ferve  as  his  fon's  lieutenant.  By 
his  advice  and  aiTiilance  the  fon  gained 
a  com^)lete  vidory,  took  Pontius  the 
Samnite  general,  and  having  led  him  in 
triumph,  ungeneroufly  ordered  him  to 
be  beiieaded,  Liv.  Epit.  ii. 

^FABIUS  Maximus,  called  Ver- 
rucofus,  from  a  wart  on  his  upper  lip, 
the  grandfon  of  Rullus,  Llv.  30,  26. 
Plutarch  makes  him  the  great- grandfon, 
in  vit.  Fah,  Max.  He  alfo  was  five 
times  conful.  In  his  firft  confulfliip, 
a.  521,  he  triumphed  over  the  Liguri- 
ans,  Plutarch,  in  Vita  ejus.  After  the 
taking  of  Saguntum  by  Annib?.!,  he 
was  fent  at  the  head  of  an  embafTy  to 
Carthage,  to  demand  whether  what 
Annibal  had  done,  was  by  pubhc  au- 
thority or  not.  An  ambiguous  anfwer 
being  returned  by  one  of  the  principal 
Carthriginian  fenators,  Fabius,  having 
formed  his  toga  into  a  hollow,  (Jinu  ex 
togn  fadto^)  faid,  "  Here  we  bring  you 
peace  and  war  ;  take  which  of  the  two 
you  pleafe."  The  Carthaginians  upon 
this,  calling  out  fiercely,  **  That  he 
might  give  which  he  chofc,''  Fabius, 
liaving  as  it  were  poured  out  what  was 
in  the  hollow  of  his  robe,  (finu  ej'ufo,) 
faid,  "  That  he  gave  them  war,'' 
f^iv.  21,18.   So  Si!.  2,384..;  Flor.  2,  6. 

After  the  dreadful  defeat  at  the  Tra- 
fu-nene  lake,  Fabius  being  created  dic- 
tator or  prodidator,  was  fent  againft 
Annibal,  whofe  impetuolity  he  checked 
by  declining  battle,  [cundtandoi'i.e.  prae- 
lium  detretlando,  Liv.  22,  12.),  on 
which  account  he  got  the  firname  of 
Cunctator;  whence  Virgil  fays,  ^10 
fejjiim  (fc.  me,)  rapitisy  Fabli.  Tu  Max- 
IMUS  illeesy  Unus  qui  nobis  cun^ando  re- 
Jlituis  rem,  A.  6,  .S46.  Tne  Lift  verfe 
Virgil  borrowed  from  Ennius,  {^n  ce- 
cinit  njiBrkes  moras  Fabil,  i.  e.  Fabium 
Cundlacorem,  P-ropert.  3,  3,  9.),  to 
which  Ovid  alfo  alludes,  Fajl.  2,  242. 
At  one  time  Fabius  had  io  hemmed 
in   Annibil,  that   he   could   not    have 


C    17S    ] 

thought   ofde-    for  which  that 


FAB 

great  general  was  re- 
markable. Fid.  Liv.  2  2.  16,  &  17.; 
Nep.  2  2.  5. ;  Plutarch,  in  Fabio.  Fabius 
having  been  recalled  to  Rome  to  per- 
form fome  facred  rites,  Minucius,  his 
mafter  of  horfe,  in  his  abfence  gained 
fome  advantage  over  Annibal.  For. 
this  reafon  the  people  difapproving  the 
dictator's  dilatory  conduct,  by  an  un- 
precedented aft,  made  Minucius  equal 
in  command  with  him.  Fabius  fhewed 
no  refentment  at  this  indignity  ;  but 
when  Minucius,  by  his  rafhnefs,  had 
brought  himfelf  and  his  army  into  the 
greateft  danger,  Fabius  haftened  to 
their  relief  and  refcued  them.  Mi- 
nucius having  gratefully  acknowledged 
his  deliverance,  again  chearfuUy  fub- 
raitted  himfelf  to  the  command  of  Fa- 
bius ;  who,  at  the  expiration  of  fix 
months,  refigned  the  didatorihip,  i3.i6, 
1 — 31.  After  the  overthrow  at  Can- 
nae, every  thing  was  regulated  by  the 
advice  of  Fabius,  ib.  55.  Next  year, 
upon  the  death  of  one  of  the  confuls, 
Fabius  was  fubftituted  in  his  room, 
Liv.  23,  31.  and  re-elected  the  follow- 
ing year  with  Marcellus,  Liv.  24,  9. 
Fabius  was  fucceeded  in  the  confulate 
by  his  fon  of  the  fame  name,  who  was 
created  conful  in  his  abfence,  ib.  43. 
under  whom  Fabius  ferved  as  lieu- 
tenant, ib. — When  Annibal  led  his 
army  to  Rome,  Fabius  gave  his  opi- 
nion againft  raifing  the  ficge  of  Capua, 
Liv.  26,  8.  Fabius,  in  his  fifth  con- 
fuliliip,  a.  545,  was  chofen  prince  of 
the  fenate,  Liv.  27,13.  and  retook  Ta- 
rentum,  ib.  18.;  Cic.  Br.  18.  Or.  2,  67, 

■^ Fabius    ftrongly    oppofed     Sci- 

pio's  plan  of  transferring  the  war  into 
Africa,  Liv.  28,  40.  but  his  oppofition 
being  thought  to  proceed  not  merely 
from  caution,  but  partly  from  envy, 
was  in  vain,  i^.  45,  When  the  -news  of 
Scipio's  fplendid  viftories  in  Africa  were 
brought  to  Rome,  Fabius  ftill  perfifted 
in  his  opinion.  He  did  not  five  to  fee 
Scipio's  final  fnccefs.  Fie  died  at 
an  advanced  age,  Liv.  30,  26.  about 
"    '       Plu- 


the  time  that  Annibal  left  Italy, 
Reaped  without  one  of  thofe  ftratagcnis    tfirch,  iL     Fgibius  was  called  the  Shield 

an4 


FAB  [I 

and  Marcellus  the  Sword  of  the  Ro- 
man people,  Flar,  2,  6. — Fabiani  mi 
/lies J  the  foldiers  of  Fabius  ;  put  for 
brave  well-difcipHned  troops,  Ncp,  11, 
2. 

C.  FABIUS,  who  firft  got  the  fir- 
name  of  Pictor,  from  his  flcill  in 
paintins^,  a.  u.  45c,  P/in.  39,4. 

^  FABIUS  Finor,  C.F.CN.  an  an- 
cient  hiftorian,  (hijloricus,  ann al'i urn f crip- 
tor,  Cic.  Or.  2,  12.  Div.  i,  26.),  who 
lived  in  the  time  of  the  fecqnd  Punic 
war,  Liv.  22,  7.  add.  i,  44.  2,  40.  8, 
30.  10,  37.  After  the  battle  of  Can- 
iiae,  he  was  fent  to  Delphi  to  confult 
the  oracle  how  the  divine  wrath  might 
be  appeafrc],  lAv.  22,  57.  f^  23,  11. 

Numerius  Fabius  Pictor,  fuppofed 
to  be  the  fon  of  the  former,  who  wrote 
the  annals  of  Rome  in  Greek,  Cic.  Div» 
1,  21. 

J^  Fabius  Jemilianus,  the  grand- 
fon  of  Paulus  AemiHus,  F^eli.  2,  10. 
and  brother  to  Scipio  Africanus,  the 
younger,  Plin.  33,  11.  who  conquered 
the  Allobroges,  Plin.  ib.  et  7,  50.  from 
whofe  fpoils  he  built  an  arch,  called 
jFornix:  Fabian  us,  Cic.  Or.  2,  66.; 
Act.  I.  in  Verr.  7.  et  ibi  Afcon. 

^  Fabius  Maximus,  made  conful 
by  Caefar  only  for  the  three  lad 
months  of  the  year,  {^Vid.  Treboni- 
us,)  He  died  on  the  lail  day  of  his 
office,  Dio,  43 ,  46.      Vid.  C  a n  i  n  i  u  s. 

Fabius  Lupercus,  one  of  the  piiells 
of  Pan,  Pi'opert.  j^y  I,  z6.  who  were 
divided  into  two  claffes,  called  Fabiani 
and  ^tindiliani  from  their  firlt  chiefs, 
[a  pratpo/itis  fuis,)  Ydlus.  The  Fabii 
were  the  friends  of  Remus,  and  the 
^unclilii,  of  Romulus,  Ovid.  Fajl.  2, 
375,  .vc. 

Fabi  •,  a  veflal  virgin,  the  fiftcr  of 
Terentia  the  wife  of  Cicero  ;  who  was 
accufed  of  incell  with  Catihne,  but  ac- 
quitted, Afcon.  in  Cic.  in  Toga  Candi- 
da. 

FABRICIUS,vel/^fl^nVm,  the  name 

of  a  plebeian  ^f«j. Pens  F'abricius, 

a  bridge  which  joined  the  city  to  an 
ifland  in  the  Tiber,  built  by  fome  one 
of  this  family,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  3,  36. 


79    ]  F  A  U 

C.  FABRICIUS  Liifcinusy  a  cele- 
brated  Roman  general  againil  Pyrrhus> 
remarkable  for  his  integrity  and  con- 
tempt of  riches,  {G.  232,  &c.)  Cic.  Off, 
I,  4,  &  15.  et  3,  15,  k  22.  Br.  T4. 
Tufc.  3,  23.;  Liv.  Epil.  13,  &  14.; 
P hilar ch.  in  Pyrrh.  \    Vail.  Max.  4,3.; 

Aurel   Fi^.    Fir.  III.   35. «[  2.  A 

praetor,  a.  559,  Liv.  33»  42»  &  43- 
one  of  the  lieutenants  of  Scipio  Afiati- 
cas,  Id.  37,  4. 

^Fabricius,  a  tribune,  who  pro- 
pofed  the  law  for  reftoring  Cicero 
from  banifliment,  Cic.  Sext.  ^^. ;  Red. 
in  Sen.  8. 

^Fadius,  a  freed  man,  {^lihertifius 
homo,)  the  father  of  Fulvia,  the  wife  of 
Antony,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  2.  called  Bam- 
balio,  ib.  36.  on  account  of  his  ftutter- 
ing  or  hefitating  manner  of  fpeaking, 
Cic.  Phil.  3,  6. 

T.  Fad  I  us,  quaeftor  when  Cicero 
was  conful,  Cic.  Red.  in  Sen.  8.  tribune 
in  the  confulfhip  of  Lentulus  Spinther, 
Cic.  Att.  3,  23.  afterwards  banifhed 
by  what  was  thought  an  unjuft  fen- 
tence,  Cic.  Fam.  5,  i8» 

C  Falcidius,  a  tribune,  and  the 
year  after  a  lieutenant,  Cic.  Manil.  19. 

C.  FANNIUS,  the  fon-in  law  of 
Laelius,  who  wrote  annals,  Cic.  Br.  21. 
and  a  hiftory,  not  inelegant,  ib.  26,  Sc 
87.  Tujc.  4,  17.  Leg.  I,  4.  of  which 
M.  Brutus  made  an  abridgment,  Epi' 
tome    Fanniana    vel    Farinianorum,   Cic. 

Att.   12,  5. 5f  2.    A  tribune,  Cic. 

Sext.  53.  one  of  the  Pontifices,  Id.  Har, 
R.  8.  He  was  appointed  by  the  fe- 
nate  to  command  in  Sicily,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war,  Cic.  Att.  7, 
15.  After  the  death  of  Ca  far,  he 
was  fent  to  Cneius,  the  fon  of  Pompey, 
to  advife  him  to  go  to  Mutina  and  re- 
Heve  D.  Brutus,  Cic.  Phil.  13,  6. 

Fannius,  a  contemptible  poet  m 
the  time  of  Horace,  vain  of  hia  own 
compofitions,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  4,  2  I- 

M.  Faucius,  a  Roman  eques,  one  of 
the  magillrates  of  ArpTnum,  [decuri9 
Arpinatium,)  Cic.  Fam.  13,  11. 

FAUMUS,  a  rural  deity,  who  wag 
fuppofed  to  foretel  future  events,  Cic» 


F  A  V  [     i3o    ]  F  I  M 

N'.  D,   3,  6.      There   were  many    of    be  made  to  Feronia,  Z/ij.  22,  t 

thcfe   rural  divinities,  Agrejlum  niimina, 

Faunl,  Virg.  G.  1 ,  10.    Rujl'ica  numina^ 

Faun'i,  Ovid,   i,  193.  ;   Cic.  N.  D.  2, 

2.  Div.  I,  4c;,  '^    50. — Littora  Faun'iy 

the  fliore  of  the  Traiimene  lake,  6"//.  5, 

627.  (G.    380,   &  381.) ^'f  2.   A     he  led  his  army  from  Rome,  L 

kin^   of  Latium,  the  fon    of  ^icus  and 


The 
temple  of  Feronia  was  enriched  with 
numerous  gifts  from  the  neighbouring 
people,  hiiu  26,  11.  whence  (he  is 
called  fi'/wj-,  Sih  13,  84.  It  was  plun- 
dered of  all  its  riches  by  Annibal^  when 


grajidfon  of  Saturn,  the  father  of  La- 
tiniis,  V'lrg.  Aen,  7,  48.  whence  Fau- 
NiGENAE,  -aruin,  the  Latins  or  Ititli- 
ans  defcended  from  Faiinus,  SiL  8,  357. 

Favonius,  a  great  imitator  of  C;jto, 
fo- that  he  was  called  his  ape,  [Slmia 
Catonls,)  Val.  Max.  2,  10.  cruelly  put 
to- death  by  Auguftus,  after  the  battle 
of  Philippi,  Suet.  Jug.  13. 

Faustulus,  chief  (liepherd  to  king 
Proca?,  who  preferved  and  brought  up 
Romulus  and  Remus,  Llv.  1,  4,  &  5. 

Fx-iUSTUS,  a  praenomen  gl-^iw  by 
SiiHa  to  a  Ton  born  to  him  after  he  was 
made  diftator,  on  account  of  his  won- 
derful fuccefs,  Plutarch,  in  SulJ.  c.  67. 
Cicero  often  calls  him  by  this  name, 
Sail  19.  Chieut.  34.  Fat.  14.  Ait.  4,  10. 

et^,\, FAUST  A,   the  daughter 

of  Sulla,  the  twin-filter  of  Faullus,  Plu- 
tarch, ih.  the  wife  of  Miio,  Cic.  Att.  5, 
8. 

FERETRIUS,  a  name^  given  to 
Jupiter  by  Romulus,  from  his  bringing 
{quodferehat)t\\>i  fpoils  of  xAcron,  king 
of  the  ^'aeninenfes,  whom  he  had 
flain  in  fmgle  combat,  to  the  temple  of 
that  God,  fufpended  on  a  frame,  (fire- 
tio,)  Liv.  i,  10.  or  fromyr,-i;r  ;  Omi;ie 
quod  certo  dux  ferit  cnfe  ducemy  Fropert. 

4,  TI,  46. 

Ffronia,  a  nymph  of  Campania, 
•the  mother  of  Henlus,  Plrg.  Aen.  8, 
564.  a  goddefs  worfbipped  at  Anxur, 
ib.  7,  8qc.  where  a  fbuutain  -.vas  confe- 
crated  to  her.  If  or.  Sat.  i,  5,  24.  faid 
td  be  the. goddefs  oi  freedmen,  bccaufe 
flaVes,  v,dien  made  free>  fiiaved  thtir 
head,  and  received  a-  cap  from  their 
mafter  in  her  temple,  Sirv.-  ad.  Firg. 
■Aen.  8",  564.  whence  we  -read  of  the 
freedwoir.en  [liheriinae)  befng  ordered 
td  contribute  money  according  to  their 
abilitiv^s,  out  of -which  a  preknt  might  ■ 


FID  I  US,  or  Dius,  v.  Deus  Fid  i  us, 
a  name  of  Hercules,  as  being  the  god 
of  faith  or  truth,  (deus  Jidei)^  per  Deuni 
Fidiuniy  by  Hercules,  the  god  of  truth, 
or  of  honour.  Plant.  Afin.  I,  I,  48. 
Mediiis  FidiuSf  i.  e.  Me  deus  Jidei,  Ic. 
juvet,  May  Hercules,  the  god  of  ho- 
nour or  of  truth,  aiTiit  me.  The  fame 
with  Afeljercley  i.  e.  Me  Hercules^  fc, 
juvetj  a  common  and.  folemn  oath  a- 
mong  the  Romans,  S<dJuJl.  Cat.  36.  ; 
Liv.  2  2,  59. ;  Piin.  Ep.  4,  3  f,  &  10, 
47. 

C.  FiDicuLANius  Fakula,  a  fena- 
tor,    Cic.  Caecin.  10.  ;   Cludnt.  37. 

M.  FiDusTius^  a  fenator,  who  was 
lirft  profcribed  by  Syila,  but  had  the 
good  fortune  to  efcape;  Fie  was  thir- 
ty-three years  after  profcribed  by  An- 
tony, and  put  to  death,  Piin.  7,  43. ; 
Dio,\'],  /.  333. 

C.  Marcius  FIGULUS,  created 
conful  with  P.  Scipio  NasTca,  a.  592.  ; 
but  on  account  of  fome  informahly  in 
their  eleftion,  they  were  both  obhged 
to  abdicate  their  office,  Cic,  N.  D*  2, 
4.  Div.  2,  35.  Figulus  was  after- 
wards   conful  with    Lentalus,  a.   598. 

Cic.  Br.  2C. «j[  2.  Conful    with  L, 

Caefar,   a.  689,  Cic.   Att.    i,    2.  whofc 


very    fumptuous,     Cic. 


fcpulchre    was 
Leg.  2,  25. 

P.  Nigidius  FIGULUS,  a  Roman 
fenator,  remarkable  for  his  knowledge 
in  aitrology,    Lucan.   I,  639.  vid.   Ni- 

C.  Flavlus  FIMF>RIA,  conful  with 
Marius,  a.  649.  Cic.  Rabir.  7.  OJf.  3. 
19.  Having  >fterwards  gone  into  A- 
fia  asheutenant'^to  L.  Valerius  Flaccus, 
the  coftflilj  who  was  fent  by  Cinna  to 
carry  on;  the  war  againil  Mithridates 
in  place  of  Sulla,  Fimbria,  on  account 
of  ftime  offence,  flew  Fiaccus,  defeat- 
ed the  forces  of  Mithridates  in  feveral 
engagements, 


FLA  [I 

engageiftents,  and  at- one  time  was  near 
taking  that  king  himfelf.  But  Sulla 
having  pi^irtd  over  into  Aiia,  and  made 
peace  with  Michridates,  Fimbria  being 
defttted  by  his  troops,  put  an  end  to 
hi^  days  by  the  aiSllance  of  a  Have, 
Lhu  Epit.iz,  &  83. 

FLA  ecus,  a  finiame  of  the  Fulvli 
and  Vahriiy  faid  to  have  been  given 
t lie m  from  their  broad  and  loofe  ears, 
{ex  jlaccis  auribus),  Plin.  ii,  37  ^.  ^0* 
ijick  FuLvius  et  Valerius. 

C.  FLAMINIUS,  vel  Flamini- 
Nus,  twice  conful,  a,  u.  530,  &  536. 
Inhis  fecond  confulatehe  perifiied  in  the 
unfortunate  battle  at  the  Tlirafymene 
lake  again (l  Hannibal,  which  he  fought 
in  contempt  of  the  auf pices,  Cic.  A^af. 
D.  2,  3.  Div.  I,  35,  et  2,  33.  ;  Liv. 
22,  4, — 6.,  Flor.  2,  7.  Wlien  cenfor 
he  paved  the  fla  F/aniinia,  and  laid 
out  the  Circus  FlajnimaSy    Fellus.  Liv. 

Epit.  2C.  et  23    23. Flaminiana  of- 

teniay  the  omens  flighted  by  Flamini- 
ua,  Ck.  Div,  2,  3.1, 

T.  ^lintius  FLAMININUS,  v. 
FlaminiuSf  a  conful  who  conquered 
Philip  king  of  Macedonia  n\  the  battle 
at  Cynocephalae,  Cic.  Mur.  14.  ;  Liv. 
33,  7,   &c. 

Z.  Shiintius  Flamininus,  the  bro- 
thvr  of  the  former,  under  whom  he 
commanded  the  fleet,  Liv.  32,  16.  He 
was  afterwards  conful,  LI.  35,  lo.  He 
was  expelled  from  the  feiKite  by  Cato, 
when  cenfor,  on  account  of  his  crimi- 
nal conduft,  Liv,  39,  42.  ;  Cic.  Sen, 
12.  He  however  ftill  continued  to  en- 
joy the  honour  of  prieilhcod,  Liv.  43, 
II. 

C.  FLAVIUS,  the  fon  of  a  freed- 
man,  the  fcribe  or  fecretary  of  Ap- 
pius  ClaAidius,  who  ftole  or  copied  the 
bot^k  of  Appius,  in  which  the  forms 
of  procefs  in  courts  of  law,  (  act  10- 
NEs),  and  the  legal   days  for  adm.inif- 


tering    juiliiee,     were 


iged  ;     and 


pivbliihed  them  to  the  people,  froi 
whom  all  theie  things  were  then  con- 
cealed by  the  patricians;  whence  the 
book  of  Flavins  was  called  jus  Civi- 
Li>  Flavian UM,    Ci;,Or,  l,4{.   Mur, 


81     1  FLA 

II.  Att,  6,  I.  Gell.Gyg.i  ^//>^  3^ 
I  f.  6.  ;  Fal.  Max.  2,  5,  2;  In  re- 
turn for  this  fervice.  Flavins  was  made 
curule  aedile  by  the  people,  Liv,  9, 
46. 

M.  Flavius,  a  tribune,  who  pro- 
pofed  a  bill  to  the  people,  (Fiavia.  ro- 
gatio),  about  puniihing  the  people  of 
Tufculum,  Liv.  8,  37.  At  the  fune- 
ral of  his  mother  he  made  a  diftribu- 
tion  of  raw  flefh  [vifceratio)  to  the 
people,  ih,  22. 

L.  Flavius,  a  tribune  in  the  conful- 
fhip  of  Metellus  and  Afranius,  who  pro- 
pofed  an  Agrarian  law,  but  could  not 
get  it  pafled,  Cic.  Jtt.  i,  18,  &  19.; 
Bioi  37,  52 — He  was  elected  praetor 
in  the  confulfliip  of  Caefar  and  Bibuluf?, 
Cic.  ^  Fr.  I,  2,  2.  ;  an  adherent  of  Cae- 
iar's  in  the|civil  war,   Cic.  Att.  10,  i. 

Titus  FLAVIUS  Vefpajmnns,  the 
tenth  Roman  empiiior,  defcended  of 
mean  parents;  whence  that  part  of 
the  gens  Fiavia.,  from  which  he  was 
deicended,  is  faid  to  have  been  ob* 
fcure,  and  without  any  images  of  an- 
ceftors,  /.  e.  nonfe  of  Vefpafian's  an- 
ceilors  had  enjoyed  any  curule  ofiice, 
Suet.  Vefp.  I. FLAyi».Ni,  the  adhe- 
rents or  favourers  of  Vefpafian,  Fac, 
Hijl.  3,  7,  &  23.  So  Flavianae  partes^ 
the  party  of  Vefpafian,  ih.  i,  &  13. 
Flavicrnus  exercitusy  the  army  of  Vefpa- 
fian, ib.  63. Fl/vvius  u/timus,  i.  e. 

the  emperor  Domitian,  the  laft  of  the 
Flavii,  JnivenaJ.  4,  37.  called  calvus 
Neroy  the  bald  Nero,  io,  38.  on  ac- 
count of  his  cruelty  and  baldnefs. 
Suet.  Dom.  10,  &  18.  He  degenera- 
ted fo  much  from  Vefpafian  his  father, 
and  Titus  his  brother,  that  Martial, 
who  had  often  grofsly  flattered  .Domi- 
tian, is  faid  to  have  written  the  fol- 
lowing dtilich  on  him  after  his  death, 
in  the  form  of  an  adclrefs  to  the  Fla- 
vian family,  Fiavia  gcns\  quantum  fiFi 
tertius  akJluHt  heres,  (i,  e.  Douiitianus.) 
Pene  fuit  tanti,  non  hahuijfe  duos,  (i.  c. 
Vefpafianum   et   Titum),    SchoUajl.  in 

'Juvenal.   Void. -Fl\vi\   templa,    the 

temple  of  Jupiter  in  the-  Capitol,  re- 
built by  Domitian,  3,Ia-iitiiL  9,  4,   12. 

et 


FLO  r    I 

et  t5.  35,  2.  and  a  temple  which  Do- 
mitian  built  in  honour  of  the  Flavian 

family,   Suet.  Dom.    1 7. Collegium 

Flavialium,  a  body  of  priefts  ap- 
pointed by  Domitian  to  take  care  of 
the  temple,  and  to  perform  facred  rites 
to  the  deified   Flavii.,  ib.  4. 

FLORA,  the  goddefs  of  flowers. 
Tloralis  Jlamen,  the  priell  of  Flora, 
F^arr.  L.  L.  6,  3.  Floral e  fejlum., 
the  fedival  of  Flora,  O'oid.  Fajl.  5,  195. 
— but  oftencr  Floralia,  -turn,  feili- 
Tal  days  kept  in  honour  of  Flora, 
which  began  on  the  28th  of  April,  ( iv. 
KaL  Maii)y  and  continued  to  the  end 
of  the  month,  Plin.  18,  29.  Florali- 
ciae  ferae^  hares,  goats,  and  other  ani- 
mals exhibited  by  the  aediies  at  the 
feilival  of  Flora,   Martial.  8,  67,  4. 

FONTEJA  gens,  a  plebeian,  fami- 
ly, into  which  Clodius,  the  enemy  of 
Cicei'o,  was  adoptt^  by  P.  Font  ejus, 
a  man  younger  than  himfelf,  Clc.  Dom. 

13,  19,    &  44. Foktejanum    no- 

men  Clodlo  adoptato  Indltum,  Cic.  Refp. 
Arufp.  57.  —  M.  FoNTEjus,  gover- 
nor of  Gaul  for  three  years  after  his 
praetorfliip,  Clc.  Att.  4,  15.  in  de- 
fence of   whom  Cicero   delivered  an  o- 

ration,  Font,  i,  5<c. Fonteja,  his 

lifter,   a  veftal  virgin,    Clc.  Font.  17. 

Fontejus  Capita,  a  friend  of  An- 
tony's, Hot'.  Sat.  I,  5,  32. 

7*.  FoNTEjus  Capita,  a  praetor, 
Liv.  40,  59.  ;  governor  of   Spain,  Id. 

41,  2,  &   19. 

FoNTiNALiS,  a  god  who  prefided 
over  fountains,  Plaut.  Stlch.  5,4,  17. 
FoNTiNALiA,  -lum,  a  feitival  celebra- 
ted in  honour  of  fountains,  when  chap- 
lets  of  flowers  were  thrown  into  them, 
Varr.  L.  L.  $,  ^. 

FoRN>x,  -iiclsy  a  goddefs,  whofe 
fedival  (FoRN  \c  '  LI  A,  -lum),  was  not 
Hated,  {Jlata),  but  appointed  [Indicia) 
by  the  Curio  Maxlmus,  Ovid.  Fail.  2, 
527,   &c.      Fefcus. 

Fort  UNA,  the  goddefs  fortune,  wor- 
fhipped  in  various  places ;  at  Rome, 
Lin].  2,  40.  10,  46.  24,  47,  &c.  at 
Praenelle,  Lin).  23,  19. ;  Clc.  Dm.  2, 
41.     Leg.   2,  II.;    at   Antium,  Hor. 


%t    -]  F  U  L 

Od.  I,  35,  I.  and,  as  Pliny  fays,  by  the 
whole  world,  2,  7. — Nos  te,  nos  fact' 
mus,  Fortuna,  deam  caeloque  locamus,  Ju- 
venal. 2,  366.  Fortune  was  reprefent- 
ed  as  blind,  Plln.  lb.  et  13,  5.  ;  Clc. 
Amlc.  15.  One  of  her  chief  appenda- 
ges was  a  wheel,  Clc.  Pis.  10.  ;  TlbulL 
I,  6,  32. 

Fronto,  -dnis,  a  learned  man,  who 
taught  the  emperor  M.  Antoninus  phi- 
lolo])hy. 

Mettns,  V.  Meftlns  FUFFETIUS, 
dictator  of  the  Albans,  who  having  ac- 
ted perfidioully  to  TuUus  Hoitilius, 
was  by  his  order  tied  to  two  carriages, 
and  his  body  torn  to  pieces,  Llv.  i, 
28.  ;   Flrg.  Aen.  8,  642. 

FuFiDius,  an  orator,   Clc.  Brut.  zg. 

FuFius,  the  name  of  a  Roman  ^^«j-, 
often  confounded  with  Fujius  by  the 
editors  of  Cicero. 

FuLViA,  the  v/ife,  firft  of  Clodius, 

the  enemy  of  Cicero  ;    next  of  Curio, 

and  then  of  Antony,  Flor.  4,  5. ;  Pa- 

2,  74.  adj.  FuLviANUs,  Plin.  26, 


terc. 
8. 


FULVIUS,  the  name  of  a  gens, 
which  originally  came  from  Tufculum, 
Clc.  Plane.  8. 

L.  FuLvius,  conful  a.  432,  Ufv. 
8,  38,  the  lirll  of  that  name  who  ob- 
tained any  office  at  Rome.  The  Tuf- 
culans  had  rebelled  againft;  the  Ro- 
mans, lb.  14,  &  37.  and  Fulvius,  who 
was  conful  of  Tufculum,  having  come 
over  to  the  Romans,  was  inveiled  with 
the  fame  honour  at  Rome  ;  and  is  faid 
to  have  been  the  only  perfon  who  the 
fame  year  in  which  he  had  been  an 
enemy,  triumphed  at  Rome  over  thofe 
whofe  conful  he  had  been,  Plin.  7,  43 
f.  44.  But  this  feems  inconfillent  with 
Livy's  account.  He  w^as  afterwards 
matter  of  hoi-fe  under  Q^  Aemilius, 
Ll'D.  g,  21. 

^  FULVIUS  Flaccus,  feveral  times 
conful  and  once  dictator  in  the  fecond 
Punic  war,  Llv.  27,  6.  He  took  Capua^ 
and  put  to  death  eighty  of  the  princi- 
pal fenators,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of 
App.  Claudius,  who  had  a  joint  com- 
mand with  him  in  conduding  the  fiege, 

»ud 


F  U  L  [     T 

and  without  reading  the  decree  of  the 
fenate;  which  a  meffenger  had  juft 
brought  him  from  Rome,  to  ftop  the 
punlfhment,  Liv.  26,  15,  &  16.  Ci- 
cero fays,  that  Capua  was  taken  when 
Fulvius  and  Fabius  Maximus  were  con- 
fuls,  Rull.  2,  33.  But  according  to 
Livy,  Fulvius  was  then  proconful,  ib. 
When  Annlbal  led  his  army  to  Rome, 
Fulvius  followed  with  part  of  the  troops 
that  bcfiegtd  Capua,  leaving  the  reil 
with  Claudius,  iiv,  26,  8.;  ^/7.  12, 
571. Fulvius  was  fome  time  af- 
ter made  diclator,  to  hold  the  comitia  ; 
in  which,  notwithllanding  oppolition 
from  the  tribunes,  he  himi'elf  and  Fa- 
bius weie  made  confuls,  Liv.  27,  6. 
Fulvius  was  cenfor  with  A.  Poilhumi- 
us,    Cic.  Verr.  1,41. 

M.  FULViUS  Nohllhr,  a  conful 
who  triumphed  over  the  Aetolians,  Liv. 
37,  i>^o.  ft  39,  5.  He  built  a  temple 
to  the  Mules  and  Hercules  from  the 
fpoils,  Cic.  Arch.  \  i.  and  brought  from 
Ambracia  a  piclure  of  the  Mufes  by 
Zeuxis,  to  adorn  it,  Plin.  35,  10.  He 
carried  Ennius  along  with  him  to  Ae- 
tolia,  Cic.  lb.  et  Tufc.  1,2.  He  was 
cenfor  with  M.  Lepidus,  a.  574. ;  Liv. 
40,  45,   5.  c.  ;   Cic.  Prov.  Com.  9. 

^  FULVIUS  Flaccusy  a  great  fa- 
vourite with  the  people  ;  fo  that  after 
being  elefted  curule  aedile,  upon  the 
death  of  a  praetor,  he  would  have  been 
chofen  praetor  in  his  room,  though  it 
was  unprecedented,  had  not  L.  Porci- 
us,  the  conful,  and  the  fenate,  pievent- 
ed  it,  Liv.  39,  39.  by  forbidding  any 
ele6iion  to  be  made.  Two  years  after, 
a.  572,  being  regularly  elected,  ib.  ^6. 
he  got  the  province  of  Hither  Spain, 
/^/.  40,  I.  where  he  conquered  the  Ccl- 
tiberians,  and  ravaged  their  country, 
ib.  30, — 33.  Upon  his  return  to  Rome, 
he  was  cholen  one  of  the  Poniifices,  ib. 

42.  and  foon  after  made  conful,  while 
he  ftaid  without  the  city  previous  to 
his  triumph  ;  and  on  the  day  after  his 
election  entered  the  city  in  triumph,  ib. 

43.  When  cenfor,  he  took  the  mar- 
ble tiles  or  flags  from  the  temple  of  La- 


S3    ]  FUR 

cinian  Juno,  to  cover  a  temple  which 
he  was  building  to  Equeftrian  Fortune 
at  Rome^  in  confequence  of  a  vow  he 
had  made  in  the  Cantabrian  war  ;  but 
thisbeino'  univerfally  difapproved  of,  he 
was  obliged  to  reftore  them,  Xm  42, 
3.  (G.  179.)  Next  year,  being  over- 
whelmed with  grief  on  account  of  the 
death  of  a  fon,  he  ftrangled  himfelf.  It 
was  thought  that  Juno  had  deprived 
him  ot  his  judgnient  for  having  unroof- 
ed her  temple,  ib.  28. 

M.  FULVIUS  FLACCUS,  con- 
ful a.  6.  9,  being  fent  to  the  afiiftance 
of  the  people  of  Marfeilles,  he  is  faid 
to  have  been  the  firil  that  fubdued  the 
Ligures  beyond  the  Alps,  Liv.  Epif. 
60.  Having  afterwards  joined  C-.  Grac- 
chus, he  was  on  that  account  flain  by 
Opimius,  the  conful,  with  liis  fon,  Ap^ 
pian.  B.  C.  I.  p.  ^6q  ( occifus  eji  cwn  li- 
beris),  Cic.  Cat.  I,  2.  his  houfe  levelled 
with  the  ground,  and  the  area  declared 
to  be  the  property  of  the  public,  [ejus 
domus  ever  fa  et  publiccita  ejT)^   CiC,  Dom. 

48. Fl^ccian  \  arl:a,  the  area  on 

which  the  houfe  of  Flaccus  itood,  Val, 
Max.  6,  3,  I. 

C.  FuNDANius,  a  friend  of  Cicero's, 
Cic.  ^  Fr.  1,2,  3.  the  father-in  law 
of  Varro,    Varr.  R   R.  1,2. 

C.  FuNDANius,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
time  of  Auguftus,  whom  Horace  prai- 
fes  for  his  agreeable  defcription  of  art- 
ful courtefans  and  cunning  flaves,  Sat^ 
I,  10,  42.  et  2,  8,  19. 

M.  Fun  DAN  I  us,  a  tribune  who  pro- 
pofed  the  abbrogating  of  the  Oppian 
law,  Liv.  34,  I. 

FURIAE,  -arum^  the  three  Furies, 
AJe^o,  Tyiphone,  and  Mcgaera^  fuppo- 
fed  to  be  the  avengers  of  wickednefe 
and  crimes,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  18. — Adj. 
Flrialis;  iiwiSf  furialia  membra,  the 
members  or  torm  of  a  fury,    P^irg.  Aen. 

FuRiNA,  the  goddefs  of  thieves; 
anciently  worlhipped  ;  and  her  fellival, 
or  facred  rites,  called  F.  RiN'tiA, 
Varr.  L.  L.  ^,  3.  but  altogether  dilu- 
fed  in  later  tiaiesj  iL  et  Cic.  N,  D.  3, 

18. 


FUR 


C    I 


1 8.  A  grove  however  continued  to  be 
called  after  her  name,  Luc  is  Fi  ri- 
N^E,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  18.  Ad  Furinae,  fc. 
templum,   C'tc.  9\  Fr.  3,  i,  2. 

FURIUS,  the  name  of  an  illuftrf 
iQMi^  gens^  or  clan,  at  Rome  ;  ancient- 
ly the  fame  with  Fusius,  Lii).  3*  4.  ; 

^uind'tL  1,4,  13. T'ht:  fam'mae J  or 

fubdiviiions  of  it,  were  diftinguiilied  by 
various  firnames,  as  Aculco,  Liv.  ^^i, 
^^.  Bibaciilus,  Id.  22,  49.  Camillus,  5, 
I.  Crafsipes,  34,  53.  Lufcus,  39,  7. 
Pacihis,   4,    12,    &c.    PhiJiis,  22,  35. 

Purpureo,  31,  29. As  many  of  this 

gcTis  happened  to  be  employed  as  ge- 
nerals againfl  the  Gauls,  it  was  faid, 
**  That  the  Gallic  wars  were,  by  fome 
fatality,  dellined  to  the  Fur'ian  family, '^ 
Liv.  3?,  48. 

M.  FURIUS  Camillus,  feven  times 
military  tribune  with  confular  authori- 
ty, Liv.  6,  18,  &  22.  ;  five  times  dic- 
tator, ib.  42.  He  took  Veji,  and  tri- 
umphed over  it,  Lro.  5,  21,  &  23.; 
whence  he  is  called  the  conqueror  of 
the  Tufcan  nation,  i^Furlus  pophli  fupe- 
rator  Etrufc'ry  Ovid.  Fail,  i,  641.)  He 
conquered  the  Falifci,  and  by  his  gene- 
rous conduct  induced  them  to  furrender 
to  him  their  capital  Falerii,/;^.  27.  which 
Ovid,  (vvhofe  wife  was  from  that  coun- 
ti-y),  when  he  vifited  it,  thus  defcribes, 
Moenia  contjglmiis  'utda,  CarAlhytibi,Ara. 

3,  13,   2. r— Camillus    being   unjullly 

accnfed  by  L.  Apulejus,  a  tribune, 
went  into  voluntaiy  banifhm.ent  to  Ar- 
dea,  lb.  32.  He  was  foon  recalled  to 
deliver  his  country  fiom  the  Gauls, 
Viho  had  taken  and  facked  F^ome.  Ca- 
millus defeated  them  with  great  ilaugh- 
ter,  and  entered  the  city  in  triumph, 
ih.  49.  Hence  Virgil  celebrates  him  as 
bringing  back  the  Roman  ilandards 
which  he  had  recovered  from  the  Gauis, 
(referentem  Jigna  Camllium),  Aen.  6, 
826.  So  Propertius,  3,  n,  67.  Ca- 
millus next  conquered  the  Volfci,  and 
triumphed  over  them,  Lin).  2,  2,  &  4. 
When  dittator  for  the  fifth  time,  he 
gained  a  fecond  viftory  over  the  Gauls, 
and  obtained  a  fourth  triumph,  lb.  42. 
He  was  cut  off  by  the  plague   in   the 


84    1  F  U  S 

80th  year  of  his  age,  having  merited, 
by  his  uncommon  fervices,  to  be  eftecra- 
ed  another  Romwlus,  and  a  fecond 
founder  of  the  city,  Ltv.  7,  -i .  ( G.  2  1 8. 
— 222.)  All  the  Roman  writers  con- 
cur in  ^xtoUing  the.  virtue  of  Camillus, 
Clc.  Doin.  32.  Tujc.  r,  37.  ;  Vtrg. 
G.  2,  169.;  Propert.  3,  9,  31.  ;  Ho- 
rat.O'l  1,  12,  42.;  Ep.  I,  1,64.; 
Juvenal.  2,  154.  et  16,  1 5.  ;  Lucan, 
I,  160.  2,  544.  6,  786.  ;  SIJ.  7,  598. ; 
Martial,  i,  25.  3,  9,  28,  [lu'vuius  pro 
llbertate  Camillus  J  ^  11,  6,  7.  (vid.  Ca- 
millus.) 

Sp.  FuRius  Camillus,  M.  F.  firfl 
praetor,  Llv,  7,  i. 

L.  FuRius  Ci3rm7/«j,  didlator  and 
conful,  a.  406,  Lit).  7,  24.  He  alfo 
gained  a  viftory  over  the  Gauls,  ib. 
26.  and  vowed  a  temple  to  Juno,  af- 
tenvards  called  Moneta,  Llv.  26,  28. 
(vld.  Moneta.)  Ovid  con  ounds  this 
Furius  with  the  great  Camillus,  F.  I, 
641. 

L.  FuRius  McduUinus,  feven  times 
military  tribune,  Llv.  4.  25,  &  35.  5, 
32.  tiolce  confuU  Id.  4,  51,  5;  54.  But 
fome  of  thefe  offices  are  fuppofed  to 
have  been  held  by  different  perfons  of 
the  fame  name. 

FcRius,  a  friend  of  Catulius,  IT, 
I.  in  indigent  circumllances,  23,  i,  & 
24.^ 

FUR.IUS,  firnamed  3ibacul-;s,  as 
it  is  fuppcfed,  from  liis  fondnefs  for 
drinking  ;  a  poec,  contemporary  with 
Julius  Caefar  and  Catullus,  who  wrote 
bitter  faiires  in  Iambic  verfe,  ^nlncllL 
10,  I,  96.  f  Tac.  Ann.  4,  34.  Horace 
is  fuppofed  to  have  ridiculed  the  falfc 
fuhlirne  of  his  ftyle,  Sat.  2,  5,  41.  et  ibi 
JchQliaJl.  ^incill.  8,  6,  17.  Furius  was 
blamed  for  framing  new  words,  Gelh 
18,  II.  Virgil  however  is  faid  to  have 
borrowed  feveral  verfes  from  him.  Ma- 

crob.  Sat.  6,    i. Furiana  poemata, 

the  poems  of  Furius,  Cell.  18,  11. 

C.  FuRNius,  a  friend  of  Cicero's, 
Ctc.  Fam,  10,  li ;  the  lieutenant  of 
Plancus,  lb.  6,  &  8. 

FUSCUS    Arylluii     a    grammari-' 
an,  a  poet,  and  orator  j  a  man  of  wit 

and 


r  U  S  C    r 

and  of  great  intcgnty,  muclV  beloved 
by  Horace,  Hor,  Sat.  i,  9,  61.;  Od. 
I,  22,  /\i.   Ep.  r,  ro,  I. 

Sp.  Fi'Sius  vel  Furius,  the  Pafer 
patratus,  or  herald'  appointed  to  take 
the  piibh'c  oath  in  making  a  treaty  with 
the  Albans,  Liv.  1,  24. 

Z,.  F'Sius  vel  FuF^us,  an  orator, 
C'lc,  Br,  J\X),  k  69. ;  Or.  2,  22.  et  3,  13.; 
Of.  2y  14.  Btit  the  beil  commentators 
on  thele  paffages  read  Furius,  or  Fu- 
Fius.     So   C.  ^  M   Fusil,  Cic.  F/ac. 

20.  {Fid.  Pearce  ad  Cic.  Or.  2,  22.  et 
Ernejli  th'id.  et  Flcuc.  20.     Ctc  Fam.   9, 

2 1.  J  Fejiusin  R.  ;   Macroh.  Sat.  3,  2.) 


^.  GABINIUS,  a  nobleman  of 
Rome,  who,  when  tribune,  got  a  lav/ 
to  be  paffed,  {Lex  Gal^inia),  appoint- 
ing Pompey  commander  againft  the  pi- 
ratesgr  who  atth^t  time  infeiled  the  feas, 
67V.  Aland.  17.  When  conlul,  he  af- 
fifted  Clodiiis.  in  effecling  the  banilh- 
irient  of  Cicero  ;  as  a  compenfation  for 
which,  he  obtained  the  province  of  Sy- 
ria, Cic.  Dem.  9.  ;  Sext.  25.  After  his  re- 
turn from  thence  to  Rome  he  was  tried 
for  his  criminal  condud:,  and  banilhed, 
Dlo,  39j  55> — 63.  He  v/as  afterwards 
recalled  by  Caefar,  and  aCitd  as  one  of 
his  heutenants  in  the  civil  war,  Z)/o, 
42,  II.;  App'ian.  in  JHyY.  762.;  H'lrt. 
B.  ilex.  43.  At  lait  being  befiegcd 
by  Odtaviiis  at  Salonae,  he  died  of  a 
diicafe,  lb. 

P.  Gabinius  Capito,  praetor  a. 
664,  Cic.  Arch.  5.  accufed  of  extortion 
in  Achaia^  Cic.  Caedl.  20. 

Galanthis,  -ulis,  the  handmaid 
{Oniid.  Met.  9,  306,  &  324.)  of  Alc- 
mena  ;  who  iiaving  effected  the  delive- 
ry of  her  miftrefs,  by  deceiving  Ili- 
thyla,  was  by  that  goddel's  turned  into 
a  weafel,   [raujlela,)  ib.  321,   &c. 

Galatea,  a  fea-nympb,  the  daugh- 
'terof  Nereus  and  Doris,  beloved  by 
the  Cyclops  Polyphemus  ;  to  avoid 
whom    ihc  plunged  into  the  fea,  Ovid. 

Met.    I  ,    742,-897.^ -f    2.    The 

irjftrefsof  Corydon,  Virg.  E.  7,  37, 


85     31  GAL 

Gala,  a  king  of  Niimidia,  Liv, 
24,  48.  the  father  of  MaffiniiTa,  ih,  49. 
et  29,  29.  in  alliance  with  the  Cartha- 
ginians, /<^.  24,  49. 

Galea,  the  name  of  a  branch  ( fa- 
mi  li  a)  of  the  Gens  Sulpiciay  vvhence 
the  emperor  Galba  was  defcended, 
Suet.  Galb.  3; 

Sergio Sy  v.  Seri'ius  Sulpicius  GALBA, 
the  molt  eloquent  orator  of  his  time, 
*SV^/.  Galb.  3.;  Cic.  Br.  21.  ;  Oa  i, 
53.  the  firil  of  his  family  who  dif- 
tinguifned  himfclf 'in  the  (late.  Suet,  ib. 
After  his  praetorfliip,  he  obtained  the 
province  of  Spain,  a  U.  601,  ib.  Cic. 
Or.  I,  53;  where,  by  the  bafeft  perfi- 
dy, he  cut  off  7000  of  the  Lufitani- 
ans,  Fal.  Max.  9,6,  2.  ;  Appian.  Hifpan. 
288.*  Suetonius  fays  30,000,  Galb.  3.; 
which  gave  rife  to  the  war  againft  Vi- 
riatus,  ii$.  When  hfe  returned  to  Rome, 
he  was?  accui'ed  of  this  Crime  by  Scri- 
bonius  Libo  and  M.  Cato  ;  but  de- 
fended hirrifelf  with  fo  great  elo- 
quence, that  he  was  acquitted,  Cic.  Or.^ 
1,53.  Fyltir.  28  ;'  Liv.  E pit.  ^i).)  Tacit. 
Ann.  3,  66'. .  He  w^as  afterwards  conful' 
with  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  a.  610.  ; 
whence  he  is  ranked  among  the  ConfU" 
lares,   Cic.  Rabir.  7. 

C.  Galea,  the  fon  of  Servius  Gal- 
ba, the  orator,  who  v/as  condemned  by 
the  Mamilian  (ah  Manillan)  hw.  He 
is  faid  to  have  been  the  firft  perfon 
of  the  college  of  priefts"  that  was  con- 
demned by  a  piiblic  fcntence,  Cic.  Or, 
I,  ^6.;  Br    26,  &  34. 

Sergius  Galba,  the  fon  of  C.  and 
grandlon  of  Sertr.  the  lieutenant  of 
Catfar  in  Gaul, X'^^J  ^.  (?.  3,  i.  &  4,  3, 
Sec.  and  afterwards  One  of  the  confpi- 
rators  agaiiifl  him,  Suet.  Galb.  3.  ;  Pa^ 
terc.  2,  56.  ;  Cic.  PhU.  13,  1  6.  ;  Fam, 
ic,  30.  et  II,  18.  He  was  the  great- 
grandfather of  the  emper-or  Galba,  Suet, 
ib. 

Sulpicius  Ga  l  b  a,  the  emperor's  grand- 
father, never  rofe  higher  than  the  prae- 
torfliip. He  devoted  his  chief  atten- 
tion to  literary  purluits,  and  publifhed 
a  hiflory,  containing  a  great  variety  of 
interelling  information,  Suet'.  Galb.  3. 
A  a  but 


GAL  [ 

but  on  what  fubje(£^  we  are  not  told. 
Voflius  thinks,  that  Sulpicius,  the  hif 
torian,  nientioncd  by  Nepos,  22,  13. 
Avas  the  fame  with  Galba ;  but  this 
fcems  improbable,  as  Galba  appears  to 
have  been  younger  than  Nepos. 

j4  Galea,  f.  Gabba,  a  witty  buf- 
foon at  the  court  of  Auguilus  or  Ti- 
berius, y^/Tf/jd!/.  5,  4.  f/  Scholia/},  i  Mar- 
tial. I,  42,  16.  et  10,  loi. 

Galeo,  -onisy  one  who  left  Cicero 
his  heir,   Cic,  Att.  11,  11. 

Galli,  the  priefts  of  Cybele,  Ovid. 
F.  4,  361,  named  from  Gallus,  a  river 
of  Phrygia,  ib.  364. 

Galli,  v.  GaUii  duoy  two  of  the 
name  of  Gallus  or  GaUius,  Cic,  Fam. 
8,  4. 

Gallonius,  a  public  crier  (prae- 
co)  noted  for  his  luxury,  Cic.  Fin. 
^ind.  3c.  and  on  that  account  cenfu- 
red  by  Lucllius,  Cic.  Fin.  2,8.;  Hor. 
Sat.  2,  2,47, 

,  .  Gallus,  a  fenator,   Cic.  Ver.  3, 

Gallus,  a  Roman  noted  for  his 
knowledge  of  aftronomy,  ((?./>.  22.) 

Corn.  GALLUS,  a  poet  in  great 
favour  with  Auguftus,  Suet.  Aug.  66. 
to  whom  Virgil  infcribes  his  laft  ec- 
logue, Virg.E.  10.  etih.  Serv.  ^inc- 
til.  ly  S,  S.  et  lOy  I,  93.  ;  Propert.  2, 
25,  91.  In  the  war  againll  Antony  he 
took  Paraetonium,and  preferved  it  with 
great  courage  and  condud,  Dio,  51, 
9.  He  was  the  firil  Roman  governor 
of  Egypt,  Dio,  S^^  ^V  But  behaving 
\mdutifully  towards  Auguftus,  and  a- 
buhng  his  truft,  he  was  fentenced  to 
be  banifhed,  and  l>is  goods  confifcated  ; 
which  fo  affeded  him,  that  he  laid 
violent  hands  on  himfelf,  DiOf  53,  23. 
Auguilus  however  lamented  his  death, 
Suet.  66. 

Jelius  GALLUS,  governor  of  E- 
gypt,  alter  the  former,  who  is  laid  to 
Lave  been  the  firll  and  only  Rom,an 
that  made  war  on  the  Arabians,  Dio, 
53,  29.  :  Fiin.  6,  28, ;  Add.  Strak  16. 
^.'780,  17.  //.  816,  5c  819.;  JofepL 
B.  Jud    15,   .2. 

Gakymepes,  vV,  the  fon  of  Tros^, 


186    3  GAL 

.     king  of  Troy,  whom,  on  account  of 


his  beauty,  Jupiter  caufed  to  be  car- 
ried to  heaven  by  an  eagle,  and  made 
him  his  cup-bearer  in  place  of  Hebe, 
Cic.  Tufc.  I,  26.;  Hor.  Od.  ^f  2,  i. 
-^called  FlavuSf  yellow  haired,  beau- 
tiful, Nor.  Od.  4,  4,  4.  Phrygius,  of 
Phrygian  extraction,  Ovid.  Met.  10, 
195.  faid  to  have  been  carried  off, 
while  hunting  on  Mount  Ida,  Virg, 
Aen.  5,  252. Propertius  makes  Ju- 
piter himielf  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
[yupiter  avis)y  to  carry  off  Gauymedes 
from  Troy,  2,  30,  30. Adj.  Gany- 
mede u  s,  -eae  comae ^  beautiful  hair  like 
that  of  Ganymedes,  Martial.  9,   17. 

Gar  G I  LI  us,  a  vain  man,  who  paffed 
through  the  Roman  forum  in  the  morn- 
ing with  his  flaves  and  inftruments  for 
hunting,  and  returned  in  the  evening 
carrying  a  boar,  which  he  had  bought, 
that  he  might  appear  to  have  caught 
it  himfelf,  Hor.  Ep.   i,  6,  58. 

L.  Gavius  Firmanus,  a  trader  in 
Cilicia,  whom  Cicero  made  one  of  his 
praefcds,  Cic.  Att.  6,  i.  but  he  proved 
ungrateful,  ib.  3. 

Geganius,  the  name  of  a  patrician 
gensy  chofen  from  among  the  chief  men 
of  Alba,  (Geganii  ex  Albanis  principibus 
in patres  letti,)  Liv.   i,  50. 

M.  Geganius  Macerlnusy  a  conful, 
Liv.  3,  65,  &c.  who  triumphed  over 
the  Volfci,  4,  10. 

Gellius,   a  common  name  amon 
the  Romans,  CicetLiv.paJfn 

L.  Gellius,  an  orator,  Cic  Br.  27, 

&  47.: H  2.  A  conful  a.  681.  and 

cenfor  with  Cn.  Lentulus,  Cic.  Balb.  8, 
'\  14.  who  beftowed  on  Cicero  the 
highell  praifes  for  having  cruflied  the 
confpiracy  of  Catiline,  Cic.  ad  ^ir, 
poji  nd.  7.  Pif.  3. 

J.  (i.  e.  Aulus,)  GELLIUS,  an 
ingenious  and  learned  mifcellaneous 
writer,  [vir  ekgantijjimi  e/oquii,  ac  multae 
et  facundae  faentiacy  Auguilin  de  Civ, 
Dei,  9,  4.)  in  the  time  of  Adnan  and 
the  Anionines,  who  compoied  a  valu- 
able v/ork  called  Noctes  Atticae, 
in  twenty  books,  which  is  ftiU  extant.  ^ 
Some  call  him  Agellius, 

C", 


g 


G  E  G  [     1 

Cn,  et  Sext.  Gellii,  Latin  hiftori- 
ans,  but  of  little  repute,  C'tc.  Div,  i, 
26.   Leg.  I,  2. 

Gelo  vtl  Gc'/on,  'Onisy  a   tyrant  of 

Syracufe,  (G.  274.) <||  2.    A   fon 

of  Hlero's,  who  revolted  to  the  Car- 
thac^lnians,  Liv.  23,  30.  et  24,  5. 

Geminius  Metjus,  a  Tufculan  (lain 
by  T.  Matilius  IniingIecombat,Zy7=u.8,7. 

GeNIUS,  voc.  Gent,  the  guardian 
deity  of  each  individual,  Cenforin.  de  die 
Natali,  c.  2,  &  3.  Apulei.  de  Genio^  vel 
Daevione  Soc rails  ;  fuppofed  to  be  born 
and  to  die  with  every  one,  Horat.  Ep. 
2,  2,  187.  worfhipped  by  facrifices, 
L'tv.  2 1 ,  62. ;  Tibul.  4,  5,  9 .;  Per/.  2,  3. 
invoked  in  oaths,  Senec.  Ep.  12.  and 
intreaties,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  7,  94.  Thus  it 
was  common  to  fvvear  by  the  genius  of 
the  emperor,  Tertidl.  Apol.  c.  27^  &  32. 

The   guardian   deities  of   women 

were  called  Ju nones,  Senec.  Ep.  1 10. ; 
Plin,  2,  7.  TibuUus  mentions  both, 
Magne  Genif  cape  thura  lihcnSy  4,  5,  9. 
Nat  alls  yutio  fandos  cape  t  hurls  acervosy 
4,  6,  I.  Hence  Juvenal  fpeaking  of 
the  effeminacy  of  Otho,  reprefents  his 
flave  as  fwearing  by  the  Juno  of  his 
mafter,  inftead  of  fwearing  by  his  ge- 
nius, {^Et  per  jfunonem  domint  jurantc  ml' 
nljlroy)  2,  98.  In  this  manner  fome 
explain  the  following  paffage  of  Virgil ; 
Cm  non  rlfere  parentes,  nee  dens,  ( i.  e. 
genius,)  hunc  menfd,  dea,  (i.  e.  yuno  na- 
talls )  nee  dlgnata  ciiblH  ejl ;  but  others 
more  fimply  explain  it  thus,  "  Neither 
l;ias  a  god  admitted  to  his  table,  nor  a 
goddefs  to  her  bed,  the  boy  on  whom 
his  parents  have  not  fmiled  at  his  birth,'* 
Vlrg.  E.  4,  63.  i.  e.  fuch  a  child  has 
never  enjoytd    the   happinefs  promifed 

to  tlie  fon  of  Pollio,  lb.  15. Places 

alfo  and  cities  had  each  their  genius, 
Flrg.Jen.  5,  95.  ;   Llv.  2i,  62. 

T,  Genucius,  a  tribune,  killed  at 
Ms  own  houfe,  as  was  believed,  by  the 
influence  of  the  patricians,  Llv.  2,  54^ 

C.  Genucius,  one  of  the  iirft  ple- 
beian augurs,  Llv.  10,  9. 

GEHMaNiCUS,  the  fon  of  Dru- 
fus  and  Antonia,  who,  when  vefy 
young,  was  entrufled  by  Auguftus 
with  the  command  of  the  army  ©n  the 


87    ]  GET 

Rhine,  confifting  of  eight  legions,  Tac» 
An.  I,  3,  &  7.  His  uncommon  merit 
made  him  univerfally  belovi.'d.  Upon 
hearing  of  the  death  of  Auguftus,  his 
foldiers  mutinied,  and  wifhed  to  make 
him  emperor,  Ih.  33»  &  35.  But  he 
obftinately  refufed  the  offer,  and  ha- 
ving, with  great  danger,  quelled  the 
fedition,  led  his  army  againit  the  Ger- 
mans, whom  he  defeated  in  feveral  en- 
gagements,/5.  51.  5cc.  Being  recall- 
ed by  Tiberius,  ih.  2,  26.  he  was 
honoured  with  a  triumph,  lb.  41.  and 
foon  after  was  fent  with  an  army  to  the 
eaft,  under  pretext  of  fettling  fome 
commotions  in  that  part  of  the  em- 
pire, but  in  reality  to  remove  him  out 
of  the  way  ;  his  tranfcendent  virtue 
having  rendered  him  odious  to  the  jea- 
lous emperor,  lb.  43.  He  died  at  An- 
tioch,  in  the  thirty-fourth  year  of  his 
age,  having  been  poifoned,  as  was  fuf- 
pe6led,  by  Pifo  and  his  wife  Plancina, 
at  the  indigation  of  Tiberius  and  his 
mother  Livia,  Suet.  Cal.  i,  &  2.;  Tat. 
lb.  69.  The  death  of  Germanicus 
caufed  incredible  grief,  not  only  at 
Rome,  but  among  foreign  nations,  Suet, 
lb.  5,  &  6.  ;  Tac.  lb.  2,  82,  &c.  He 
left  nine  children  by  his  wife  Agrip- 
pTna,  the  daughter  of  Julia,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Auguftus,  Suet.  Cal,  7. 

Geryon,  -onls,v.  GeryOnes,  -ae,  a 
king  of  Spain,  feigned  by  the  poets 
to  have  had  three  bodies,  becaufe  he 
ruled  over  three  iflands,  Ivica,  Majorca, 
and  Minorca,  Serv.  ad  Vlrg.  A.  7,  661. 
hence  called  Ter  amplus,  Hor.  Od.  2, 
14,  7.  'Tergemlnl  vis  Ceryondl,  for  Ge- 
ryonae,  Lucr.  5,28.  Tergcm'mus  Geryon^ 
Vitg.  Aen.  8,  202.  Forma  trlccrporls 
umbrae,  ib.  6,  289.  Prodiglum  trlpLx^ 
Ovid.  Ep.  9,  91.  ilain  by  Hercules,  lb, 
(G.  399.) — adj.  Geryon Eus  ct  Ge- 
ryon a  c  e  u  s  ;  Gerycnaceum  genus,  like  a 
moniler,  Plaut.  Aul.  3,  6,  18. 

Geta,  a  Roman  nobleman,  expelled 
from  the  fenate,  and  yet  himfelf  after- 
wards made  cenfor,  Cic.  Cluent.  42.;  Val, 
Max,2,^,  9. — ^  2.  The  name  of  a  Have 

in  Terence,  Aael.  et  Phor. ^  3.    A 

Roman   emperor,  the  fon  of  Severus, 

/Iain  by  bis  brother  Caracalla,  (G.  247.) 

Aa  s  Ct^BRiOj 


G  L  A  [     iS3 

Glabr  10,  -onisf  a  firname  of  the  j4d- 
//■/,  Cic.  Brut.  68. 

M.  Glabrio,  praetor  and  inquifitor 
in  the  caufe  of  Verres,  Cic.  Ad,  I.  in 
Verr-  2. 

Gi/AuciA,  a  firnaine  d'i  xSit  Ser'villiy 
Cic.  Or.  %,  41.  e^  2,  61, 

C.  GlauCia,  a  praetor,  flain  by  the 
confuls  Marius  and  Valerius,  Cic^  Rabir. 
7.    Cat.  ;^,  6. 

GLAUC.US,  t^e  fon  of  Hfppolo- 
chus,  who  came  to  the  afiiilance  of  the 
Trojans,  Homer.  II.  .6,  236. — ^ — f  2.  A 
;fifherman  of  Ajithedon  in  Euboea, 
converted  into  a  fea  god, .  O'vid.  Met. 
13,  90  J,  Sec,  ibence  cailec]  Enhoicus  tu- 
midarum  cultor  aquannn^  Id.  14,  4,— — 
11^  3.  The  fon  of  Sisyphus,  the  king  of 
Pqtniae  near  Thehes  in  Boeotia,  who 
was  devoured  .by  the  mares  that  drew 
his  carriage,  which  are  faid  to  have 
-been  rendered  furious  by  Venus,  y^'irg. 

C.    Zy    267. 

Glycera,  v.  'Cy  3.  girl  beloved  by 
Horace,  Od.  i,  jg,  5.  >/  30,  3. 

Glycerium,  -i,  f.  the  miilrefs  of 
Paipphtlus,  Ter.  And.  I,  5,  9. 

GLYCON,  -Znis,  a  man  of  uncom- 
mon ftrencTth,  Hor,  Ep.  i,  1,  30. 

GoRDiANus,    a     Roman    emperor, 

{G.247-) 

GoRDius,  made  king  of  Phrygia, 
from  being  a  peafant. — He  confecrated 
his  cart  in  the  temple  of  Jupit,er  at 
Gordium,  the  yoke  of  which  was  fo 
artfully  bound,  that  no  one  could  un- 
tie the  knot.  Alexander  the  Great, 
being  told  that  there  was  a  prediction, 
that  whoever  untied   this  knot  (lioiild 

k  become  mailer  of  Afia,  after  having 
attempted  it  in  vain,  cut  the  knot 
afunder  with  his  f'.vord  ;  and  pretend- 
ed that  thus  he  had  fidnlled  the  pro- 
phecy, Ji-jTm.  II,  7.  ;  Curt,  3,  i.  i6.  ; 
jirnan.  2,  />.  87. 

GORGE,  -es,  one  of  the  fillers  of 
Meleagcr,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  942. 

GORGE,  -csj  one  of  the  daughters 
of  Oeneus  and  Althaea,  the  wife  of 
Andraemon,   ApoUodor.    i,    8,    i.  who 

.  with  Dejanira  retained  their  form  when 
their  fillers  were  changed  into  birds  by 


]  G  O  R 

Diana  after  the  death  of  their  brother 
Meleager,  Ovid.  Met.  ^^  542.;  Hygin. 
174.  as  it  is  faid,  by  the  interceffion  of 
Bacchus,  who  obtained  that  favour 
from  Diana,  Anton.  Liberal,  Metaph. 
c.  2 

GORGIAS,  -ae,  a  celebrated  fo- 
phift  and  orator  of  Leontini  in  Sicily, 
(^Leontinus,)  Cic.  In  v.  1,  5.  Or.  i,  22. 
et  3,  32.  Being  fent  by  his  country- 
men to  folicit  afliftance  from  the  Athe- 
nians againfl:  the  Syracufans,  he  indu- 
ced them  to  undertake  their  fatal  expe- 
dition to  JSicily,  Diodor.  12,  53,  &  83. 
Gorgias  w'as  the  firft  that  undertook 
to  fpeak  in  public  extempore.,  on  any  fuh- 
je6l  that  was  prcpofed  to  him,  Cic.  Fin. 
2,  I.  Or.  I,  22.  He  was  fo  famous^ 
-that  a  golden  (latue  was  ered;ed  to  him 
at  Ddphi  by  the  whole  of  Greece,  Cic, 
Or.  3,  32.  Pie  was  the  mafter  of  So- 
crates, and  of  many  other  phiiofophers 
and  orators.  He  lived  to  the  age  of 
J  07,  Cic.  Sen.  5.  From  him  Plato  gave 
the  name  of  Gorgias  to  his  dialogue 
again  ft  the  fophifts,  Cic^  Or.  i,  11. 

GQRGO,  V.  Gorgon^  'Onis,  plur. 
GoRGONEs,  three  fa;bulous  fillers,  the 
daughters  of  Phorcus,  a  king  of  Afri- 
ca, called  S4hejio,JLuryaley  and  Medufa, 
having  fnakes  iuftead  of  hair,  and  turn- 
ing into  ilone  every  one  that  looked  at 
tl>em  ;  all  of  them  immortal,  except 
Medufa,  whofe  head  Perfeus  cut  off, 
(G.  395.)  Ovid  fays  that  there  were 
only  two  fitters,  and  that  Med u fa's 
head  alone  was  fuiTounded  with  fer- 
pents.  Met.  4,  774,  &  791.  Hence 
GoRGO,  V.  -on,  onis,  the  gopgon  in  the 
fmg.  put  for  Medufa,  Cic  Fer.  4,  56. 
or  for  her  head,  which  Perfeus,  after 
havingliniftied  his  exploits,  prefented  to 
Minerva,  who  placed  it  in  her  (hield, 
Firg.  A  en.  2,  616. ;  Ovid.  Met.  4  /. 
whence  Minerva  is  called  Gorgopho- 
RA,  Pfeud.  Cic.  anteqnam  tret 
c.  10. — Gorgon  I  A,  ae,  f.  coral,  (quia 
in  duriiiem  lapidis  mutatur,)  Plin.  37,  10. 

Gorgon EUs    crinis,   the    hair  0 

Medufa,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  801.    Gorgcneae 
domusy  the  habitation  of  the  Gorgons,    . 

ih,  ri'^' 

GORGONIUS, 


G  O  R  C    I 

CoRGONius,  a  perfon  mentioned 
hy  'Horace  as  ihaving  an  offenfive  fmcll, 
^Sat.  T,  .2,  27. 

GilACCHUS,  the  firname  of  a 
-branch  f/nmiliaj  of  the  Gens  Sempro- 
nja.  adj.  Gracchanus  ;  Gracchanum 
jllud,  that  faying  of  Gracchus,  ^tinclil. 
II,    7,,    115. 

Tib.  Sempromus  GRACCHUS,  maf- 
ier  of  horfe  to  M.  Junius,  who  was 
made  di<ftator  by  the  authority  of  the 
fenate,  a.  538,  after  the  defeat  at  Can- 
jiae,  Liv.  22,  57.  Next  year  Grac- 
chus was  elefted  conful,  Id.  23,  24. 
-though  at  the  time  he  was  curule  aedile 
and  mailer  of  horfe,  lb.  30.  His  col- 
league-was  JFabiu5  Maximu;  Marcelhis 
had  been  chofen  con.ful,  but  the  augurs 
declared  his  election  invahd,  becaufe  it 
•happened  to  thunder  while  he  perform- 
ed the  folcmnities  u-fuiil  on  entering 
-upon  his  office,  (quod  ineuntl  confidalum 
4onui(j'';Jt ) .  The  fenators  alleged  tliat 
the  gods  were  difpleafed,  becaufe  then, 
for  the  tirft  time,  two  plebeians  had 
been  made  confuls,  ih.  31.  The  army 
which  fell  to  the  lot  of  Gracchus,  was 
compofed  chiefly  of  the  flaves  who  vo- 
luntarily enlifted  after-  the  overt,hrow 
at  Cannae,  (hence  called  Volones, 
Z/'-y.  2,  57.)  and  2 5,000 allies, /./=u.  23, 
^2.  Th(=fe  undifciplined  troops  Grac- 
chus trained  with  fo  great  difpatch  and 
prudence,  that  with  them  he  perform- 
ed the  molt  important  fervices  to  the 
flate.  He  took  the  camp  of  the  Cam- 
pani  by  an  unexpected  attack  in  the 
night-time,  ih.  35.  and  foon  after  for- 
ced Aniiibal  to  raife  the  fiege  of  Cu- 
mae,  d).  37.  The  following  year,  be- 
ing continued  in  his  command.  Id.  24, 
10.  he  defeated  an  arm.y  of  Carthagi- 
nians and  Italians  under  Hanno,  in  a 
pitched  battle  near  Bcnevtntym,  with 
great  (laughter.  The  volunteer  flaves  " 
(^volcjnes)  fought  v,'it"h  fuch  courage, 
that  next  day  Gracclius,  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  fenate,  granted  them 
their  liberty,  iL  15,  .Sc  16.  The  year 
after,  Gracchus  being  made  conful  a 
fecond  time  in  liis  abfence,  ib.  43. 
fought  many  fl<:irn-.i(hes  and  reduced 
feveral  places  in  Luc?Ri:a,  but  perfonn- 


?9    1  G  R  A 

ed  no  aftion  of  great  importance,  Liv. 
25,  I.  Next  year  he  was  ftdl  conti- 
nued in  his  command,  ib.  3.  Being  led 
■into  an.ambufcade  by  the  treachery  of 
his  hoft,  he  fell  fighting  bravely,  ib.  1 6.; 
Nep.  22,  5.  There  were  different;  ac- 
counts concerning  the  manner  of  his 
death,  Liv.  1 7.  which  is  faid  to  have  been 
foreboded  to  him  by  a  prodigv,  lb.  16. 
Td^.  Sempronlus  G-RACCHUS,  P. 
F.  (i.  e.  Pubnifdlus.Cicp'w.  I,  18.,) 
•when  a  young  man,  waa<'  diftinguifhed 
for  his  activity  above  all  the  youth  qf 
-bis  time ;  on  which  account,  m  the  war 
againft  Antiochus,  he  was  fent  by  L. 
Scipio  on  an  important  embafly  to 
Philip,  king  of  Macedooia,  and  execu- 
ted that  commifiion  to  tlxe  great  fatis- 
faclion  of  his  commander,  Liv.  37,  7. 
When  tribune,  he  defended  Scipio  A- 
fricanus,  though  formerly  inimical  to 
him,  from  the  accuf^'on  of  the  Fefdlly 
his  colleagues  in  the  tribunefliip,  lb.  38, 
&  52.  On  account  of  this  generous 
condu£l  he  was  thanked  in  the  fenat£ 
by  the  chief  men  of  the  ftate,  lb.  53, 
and  Scipio,  as  a  mark  of  his  approba- 
tion, gave  him  his  younger  daughter 
Cornelia,  for  the  elder  1. ad  been  form- 
erly married  to  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Na- 
-sica,  ib.  But  this  fail  is  related  dif- 
ferently by  different  authors,  Liv.  38, 
57.  ;  Fal.  Max.  4,  2,  3.  ;  G.dl.  2,  8. 
After  the  death  of  Africarius,Gracchup, 
with  equal  firmnefs,  fupported  the  caule 
of  L. Scipio,  Z/=t;.38,6o.;  '  Ic.  Prov.Conf. 
8.  Gracchus,  v/hen  praetor,  obtained 
the  province  of  Hither  Spain,  Liv.  40, 
35.  Next  year,  being  continued  in  his 
command,  he  took  the  city  Munda, 
defeated  the  Celtiberians,  48,  &c.  and 
having  reduced  them  to  a  furrender, 
returned  to  the  city  in  triumph,  Liv» 
41,  7.  Gracchus  being  made  conful, 
a.  577,  t3.  8.  v;as  fent  againff  the  Sar- 
dinians, whom  he  fubducd,  and  tri- 
umphed over  them,  Liv.  41,  i  7,  &c.— r- 
A.  U.  585,  he  was  eleded  cenfor  with 
C.  Claudius  Pulcher,  Liv.  43,  14.  In 
this  ofHce  Gracchus  and  his  colleague 
acled  with  great  unanimity,  and  with 
fo  much  llriclnefs,  that  they  engaged 
ill  a  diipute  with  a  tribune  of  the  com* 

mons, 


G  R  A  [I 

mons,  who  fummoned  them  both  to  a 
trial  before  the  people.  Claudius 
would  have  been  banifhed  had  not 
Gracchus  prevented  it  by  declaring, 
that  if  his  colleague  were  condemned, 
he  would  go  into  voluntary  exile  along 
with  him,  ib.  1 6.  Gracchus  in  his 
cenforiliip  built  a  hall  for  holding 
courts  of  juftice,  afterwards  called  Ba- 
silica Sempronia,  Z/'i).  44,  16.  He 
ordained  that  all  freed  men  (hould  be 
included  in  one  of  the  four  city-tribes, 
namely  the  Efquiline,  Id.  45,  15.  Ci- 
cero fays,  in  the  four  city-tribes  in  ge- 
neral, ( Itbertinoa  in  urbanas  trihus  tranf- 
tullii)  and  highly  commends  the  regu- 
lation. Or.  I,  9.  So  Aurel.  Victor. 
ae  Fir.  Illnji.  55. — Gracchus  next  year 
was  fent  on  an  embaffy  into  Afia  to 
examine  how  the  different  powers,  par- 
ticularly Antiochus  and  Eumenes, 
flood  affeftcd  tpvards  the  republic, 
Polyb.  Legal.  105.  Upon  his  return 
he  was  made  conful  a  fecond  time  ;  Ci- 
cero fays,  on  account  of  his  meritorious 
behaviour  when  cenfor,  Inv.  i,  30. 

Gracchus  prefided  at  the  eledion  of 
the  next  confuls,  when  Sclpio  Nasica 
and  Figulus  were  chofen  ;  after  which 
he  wtnt'  to  Sardinia,  which  had  been 
allotted  to  him  as  his  province.  There 
recolleding  that  he  had  not  properly 
taken  the  omens  at  the  ele<!^ion  oi  con- 
fuls, he  wrote  of  it  to  the  augurs  ;  and 
they  having  communicated  his  letter 
to  the  fenate,  a  decree  was  immediate- 
ly pafied,  "  That  the  confuls,  (who 
had  not  only  entered  on  their  office, 
but  had  gone  to  their  provinces,) 
fnould  refign  their  office  ;"  which  they 
accordingly  did,  and  new  confuls  v.ere 
fubftituted  in  their  place,  dc.N.  D.  2, 
4.  Di-o-  1,17.  ^  i'V.  2,  2. ;  Fal.  Max. 
Ij  I.  2.*— Two  fnakes  of  different  lexes 
having  been  found  in  the  houfe  of 
Gracchus,  he  is  faid  to  have  cor.iulted 
the  Harufplcesy  who  declared,  tliat  if  he 
let  go  the  male  ferpent,  his  wife  muft 
die  in  a  fliort  time  ;  but  if  the  female, 
himfeif.  Gracchus,  who  extremely 
loved  his  v^'ife,  and  behdes  thought  it 
fitter  that  he,  an  old  man,  fiiould  die, 


90    1  G  R  A 

than  Cornelia  in  the  prime  of  life,  kill- 
ed the  male  ferpent,  and  let  the  female 
efcape.  In  a  few  days  after  he  died, 
Cic.  Div.  I,  18.  f/2,  29.;  Fal.  Max. 
4,  6,  I.  leaving  behind  him  twelve  chil- 
dren by  Cornelia,  all  of  whom  died  be- 
low the  age  of  puberty,  except,  a 
daughter,  who  was  married  to  Sciplo 
Africanus  the  younger,  and  two-fons, 
Tiberius  and  Caius,  Plutarch,  in  Tib* 
Graccho  pr.  Cicero  extols  Gracchus  as 
a  man  of  confummate  wifdom,  and  en- 
dued with  every  virtue,  Proi).  Conful.  8. 
Br.  20.  N.  Z?.  2,  4,  &c.  To  him  Vir- 
gil is  thought  to  allude,  ^lis  Gracchi 
genus?  fc.  taciturn  relinquatj  A.  6,  842. 

Tib.  GllACCHUS,  T.  F.  P.  N. 
was  nine  years  older  than  his  brother 
Caius.  They  were  educated  with  the 
utmoft  care  by  their  mother  Cornelia, 
a  woman  of  uncommon  virtue  and  ac- 
comphfhments  ;  who  procured  for  them 
the  ableft  mailers  from  Greece,  (exqui- 
Jitos  a  Graecia  magifiros);  and  among 
thefe  Diophanes  of  Mitylene,  the 
moil  eloquent  man  of  his  time,  Cic. 
Br.  27.  Tiberius  was  of  a  mild  and 
compofed  temper,  but  Caius  v.^as  ardent 
and  paffionate.  There  was  a  fimilar  dif- 
ference in  their  manner  of  fpeaking  ; 
but  they  were  equally  remarkable  for 
valour,  juftice,  integrity,   temperance, 

and  fobriety. Tiberius,  when  but  a 

young  man,  was  held  in  fuch  eftima- 
ticn,  that  he  was  admitted  into  the 
college  of  augurs  ;  and  Appius  Clau- 
dius, who  was  then  prince  of  the  fenate, 
and  excelled  all  his  contemporaries  in 
wifdom,  offered  him  his  daughter  in 
matriage :  Vv'hich  propofai  Tiberius  with 
much  fatisfaftion  embraced.  When 
Appius  went  home  and  told  his  wife, 
that  he  had  betrothed  his  daughter  ; 
(lie  faid  in  furpriie,  "  Why  fo  fudden- 
ly  !  What  means  this  haile  ?  Unlefs 
you  have  betrothed  her  to  Tiberius 
Gracchus.'*  Plutarch.  Tiberius,  while 
he  ferved  in  Africa  under  his  brother- 
in-law  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger, 
excelled  all  the  young  men  of  the  army 
in  regularity  of  behaviour,  as  well  as 
courage.     At  the  taking  of  Carthage 

he 


G  R  A  C     191     ] 

he  was  the  firft  that  mounted  the  wall,    glned, 

Plutarch. After  his  return  to  Rome, 

being  made  quaellor,  it  fell  to  his  lot 
to  attend  Mancinus,  the  conful,  to  the 
Numantine  war.  Mancinus  was  a  man 
of  virtue,  but  unfortunate.  Being  de- 
feated and  furrounded  by  the  Numan- 
tines,  he  was  obliged  to  beg  a  truce  ; 
but  the  Nuinantines  refuled  to  nego- 
tiate with  any  one  but  Tiberius  Grac- 
chus; who  concluded  with  them  a  treaty 
on  equitable  terms,  and  thus  faved  from 
deftruAion  20,000  Roman  citizens,  be- 
fides  flaves  and  futlers,  who  attended  the 
army,  [praeter  calones  et  lixas  ) .  But  the 
fenate  and  people  at  Rome  very  unjuiUy 
annulled  this  treaty,  and  ordered  Man- 
cinus, with  his  own  concurrence,  [Lh. 
Ep'it.  ^6.',  Cic.  0^.' 3,  30.)  for  having 
made  it,  to  be  delivered  naked  and 
bound  to  the  Numantines.  Gracchus, 
however,  the  chief  author  of  the  trea- 
ty, was  exempted  from  this  puniili- 
ment,  and  for  his  fake  the  other  offi- 
cers, who  had  fworn  to  the  treaty, 
Plutarch.  Gracch. p.  827.  Tiberius  go- 
ing through  Tufcany,  in  his  way  to 
Numantia,  had  obferved  the  country  ve- 
ry much  depopulated,  there  being  hai  d- 
ly  any  hufbandmen  or  fliepherds  in  the 
fields,  except  (laves  or  barbarians,  which 
was  occalioned  by  the  nobility  having 
in  a  great  meafure  engrofled  the  pro- 
perty of  land,  [vid.  R.  A,  p.  543.)  and 
deprived  the  poorer  citizens  ot  their 
poffeffions,  Plutarch,  ih.  ;  Salltiji.  Jug. 
41.;  App'ian.  B.  C.  i,  p.  353,  &c..; 
Lucan.  I,  167.  Tiberius,  therefore,  be- 
ing created  tribune  of  the  people,  a. 
620,  refolved  to  correil:  this  abufe  by 
enforcing  the  Licinian  law,  <'  that  no 
one  fhould  pofTcfs  above  500  acres  of 
land,"  [A.  207,  &  216.).  The  fame 
thing  had  been  attempted  by  C.  Lae- 
lius  in  his  tribunelhip  ;  but  he  perceiv- 
ing the  oppofition  which  fuch  a  mea- 
fure would  meet  with  from  the  rich, 
prudently  defifled  ;  whence  he  got  the 
firname  of  sapiens,  the  wife,  Plutarch, 
'ih, 

Tiberius  profecuted  his  defign  with 
great  eagernefo,  as  it  was  generally  ima- 


G  R  A 

at  the  inftigation  of  his  prae- 
ceptor  Diophanes,  the  orator,  and  Blo- 
fius,  a  philofopher.  Some  faid  that  he 
was  pi-ompted  to  it  by  his  mother  Cor- 
nelia often  calling  up  to  him,  "  that 
the  Romans  fliU  called  her  the  mother- 
in-law  of  Scipio,  and  not  the  mother 
of  the  Gracchi,"  Plutarch.  Ih.  He  was 
hkevvife  incited  by  bills  affixed  to  por- 
ticoes, to  the  corners  of  llrcets  and 
monuments,  imploring  him  to  reftore 
the  public  lands  to  the  indigent  citi- 
zens, ib.  Cicero  fays,  that  Gracchus 
was  moved  by  refentment  againllthe  fe- 
nate for  having  difappi-oved  of  the  trea- 
ty which  he  had  made  with  the  people  of 
Numantia,  Har.  Refp.  20.      So  Pater- 

culus,  2,  2. Tiberius,  in  drawing  up 

his  law,  was  direded  by  the  advice  of 
the  wifeft  men  in  the   ftate.     Among 


whom  were  Craffus  the  high  pricft.  Mu- 
cins Scaevola  then  conful,  and  his  fa- 
th^^r-in-law  Appius  Claudius,  Plutarch, 
ib,  ;  Clc.  Acad,  4,  5.  Plutarch  fays, 
that  never  was  a  law  propofed  more 
mild  and  gentle  againft  fucli  iniquity 
and  oppreffion,  ih.  The  nobility,  how- 
ever, and  the  pofieiTors  of  the  public 
lands,  being  greatly  alarmed,  ufed  eve- 
ry means  to  oppofe  it.  For  this  pur- 
pofe  they  procured  the  affiftance  of  M. 
06tavius,  one  of  the  tribunes,  and  for- 
merly the  friend  of  Tiberius,  Cic,  Br, 
25. ;  who  was  intereiled  in  refilling  the 
law,  as  he  hirafelf  poffefTed  a  confider- 
able  portion  of  the  public  lands.  Ti- 
berius, though  not  rich,  offered  to  in'" 
demnify  him  for  his  lofs,  if  he  would 
defiil  from  his  oppofition  ;  but  in  vain. 
Whereupon,  by  order  of  the  people, 
Oiitavius  was  depofed  from  his  office, 
Clc.  N.D,  I,  38.  and  then  the  law  be- 
ing pafled  concerning  the  public  lands, 
Tiberius  himfelf,  his  brother,  and  fa- 
ther-in-law, were^  appointed  commif- 
fioners  to  divide  them.  Tiberius  was 
now  in  the  height  of  his  power,  whence 
he  is  faid  to  have  a6ted  for  a  few- 
months  with  fovereign  authority,  {reg- 
ndjje paucos  menfes),  Cic.  Amic.  12.  la 
the  mean  time,  news  being  brought 
of  Pergamus  had 
left 


thiit  Attalus  king 


G  R  A  f 

left  tlie  Roman  people  his  heir,  Grac- 
chus promulgated  a  law,  "  That  the 
ready  nioney  ariiin^  from  that  inheri- 
tance fhoiild  be  diftributed  among  fuch' 
poot*  citizens  as  were  to  be  Iharers  iiV 
the  public  laiid«,  to  enable  them  to 
purchafc  riiilic  utenfils,  and  other 
things,  requifite  for  cultivating  the 
jrroh'nd.'-  By  this  propofal  Tiberius' 
cxafperated  the  fenate  li'ill  more  than 
eVer.  His  friend?,  therefore,  appre- 
h'cfnllve  of  danger,  advlfed  him  to  aflc 
that  he  might  be  (Continued  in  the  tri- 
bunediip  for  another  year.  In  the 
n\ean  time  he  propofed  feveral  popular 
laws,  to  fecure  the  attachment  of  the 
people^  while  the  patricians  exerted  all 
their  power  to  oppofe  him.  As  it  was 
towaids  the  end  of  fummer,  many  of 
the  friends  of  Tiberius  were  eng^aged 
in  the  country,  fo  that  he  was  obliged' 
to  depend  on  the  plebeians"  of  the  city. 
The  day  before  the  comltia  were  held 
for  voting  abont  the  laws  he  had  pro- 
pofed, Plntatch.  ih.  p.  832.  (Appian 
fays  for  the  deftion  of  liew  tribunes, 
th.  p.  358.  So  Lh.  Ep'it.  58.),  Tibe- 
rius having  expreiTcd  his  fear  of  being 
attacked  in  his  houfe  by  his  enemies,  a 
riiihlber  of  people  kept  watch  before 
bis  gate  during  the  night,  Plutarch. 
Next  morning  feveral  unlucky  omeiis 
are  faid  to  have  appeared  to'  him. 
When,  howt^ver,  he  heard  that  the 
people  Were  affembled  in  the  Capitol,-, 
he  inilantly  went  thither,  arid  was  re- 
ceived wnth  Joud  acclamatiolis.  But 
fodn  after  he  was'  informed  by  Fulvius 
Flaccns  a  fenator,  that  the  rich  men' 
in  the  fenate,  feeing  they  could  not 
pre\^-il  on  the  conful  to  join  with  them 
in  their  defign,  had  refolved  to  aiTalfi- 
nate  him  themfelves,  and  for  that  pur- 
pofe  had'  armed  a  number  of  their 
clients  arid'  flavesi-  Tiberius  having 
cofnmiitiicatcd  this  intelligence  to 
thofe  around  him,'  they  immediately 
tucked  up  their  g'Owns,-  and  feized 
whatever  inflruments  of  defence  they 
could  hnd.  Upon  which,  thofe  who 
ftood  at  a  diftarxe  being  furpfifed,  and 
demanding  the    cauf^   of  the  tariiilt, 


f92'    T  G  R  A 

Tiberias,  knowing  that  they  couM 
not  hear  his  words,  raifed  his  hand  to 
his  head,  thereby  intimating  that  his 
life  was  in  danger.  His  adverfaries  ob- 
fefving  thisjprefently  ran  to  the  ienate- 
houfe,'  and  told  "  that  Tiberius  aiked 
from  the  people  a  diadem.'*  All  the 
feilators  were  thrown  into  great  jiertur- 
batiOn.  Scipio  Nafica,-  th.e  high-prleft 
arid  coufui-german  to  Tiberius,  de- 
manded that  Miicius  Scaevo^a,  the  con- 
ful, would  defend  the  government  and 
deftroy  the  tyrant :  When  the  coni'ul 
repHed  gently,  "  that  he  would  not 
beg'Iii  to  life  violence,  nor  put  any 
citizen  to  death  uncondemned  ;"  Sci- 
pio ftarting  up,  faid,  "  Thofe  who 
wifh  to  fupport  the  laws,  aiidprefcrve 


throwing  the  ilcirt  of  his'  toga  over  his 
head,  (or,'  as  Paterculus  fays,  wrap- 
ping it  round  his  left  arm,  circumdatd 
Ictevo  brdchio  fdgae  lacinid,  2,  3.),  he 
haftened  to  the  Capitol,  accompanied 
by  a  number  of  the  patricians  and  their 
dependents,  armed  with  clubs,  knock- 
ing down  all  that  came  in  their  way  ; 
fo  that  the  people  were  foon  difperfed, 
and  many  of  them  killed.  Tiberius  in 
his  flight  was  Hopped  by  one  who  took 
hold  of  his  clothes ;  but  having  left 
his  toga,  and  efc?.ping  in  his  tunic, 
he  happened  toUumbie  over  fome  of 
thofe  v;^ho  had  fallen  before  him, 
Whilit  he  endeavoured  to  recover  him- 
felf,  he  was  (truck  on  the  head  with 
the  foot  of  a  ftool  by  P.  Saiureius,  one 
of  his  colleagues  in  the  tribunelhip.  He 
was  diipatched  by  a  fecond  blow  from 
L,.  Rutus,  who  boafted  of  what  he  had 
done,  as  an  honourable  deed.  Plutarchy 
p,  833.  Some  fay  that  Tiberius  was 
killed  without  moving  from  the  place 
wiiere  he  Hood,  A.  ad  Herenn.  4,  ^^, 
Florus  fays,  that  the  maffacrc  began  in 
the  forumi  and  that  Tiberius  fled  from 
thence  to  the  Capitol,  3,  14,  Appian, 
who  differs  from  Plutarch  in  feveral 
particulars,  fays,^  that  Tiberius  vras 
flain  in  the  tumult,  wi«-h  many  of  his 
friends,  near  the  gate   of  the  te:nple, 


before  the  ftatues  of  the  kings,  p. 


300. 

The 


G  R  A  C 

The  number  of  thofe  that  fell  was 
above  300.  They  were  all  killed  with 
clubs  or  flones,  without  any  military 
weapon,  and  their  carcafes  thrown  in- 
to the  Tiber.  Cains  was  not  permit- 
ted to  bury   the  body  of  his  brother, 

though  he  earneftly  requeued  it. 

This  was  the  hrft  civil  blood  llied  iu 
Rome,  which  afterwards  flowed  in 
fuch  abundance,  VelL  2,  3.  (y^.  140.) 
Tiberius  Gracchus  is  faid  to  have 
been  flain  by  Scipio  NasTca,  becaufe 
he  was  the  chief  author  of  his  d^  ath. 
Cic,  Cat.  I,  I.  This  deed  C'cero 
hii^hly  extols,  ib.  Phih  8,  4.  ei  alibi 
pQJftm.  and  declares  that  Africanus  did 
not  more  proBt  the  republic  by  de- 
ftroying  Numantia,  than  Nasica  by 
killing  Tib.  Gracchus,  Off*  i.  22.  So 
Fall.  Max.  5,  3.  2.  To  the  fame  pur- 
pofe  Velleius  Paterculus,  2,  3.  who, 
however,  beftows  an  Tiberius  the  fol- 
lowing juft  eulogium  ;  Tribunns  pi.  crea- 
titSj  'vir  alioqui  'vitd  tnnocenttjfimus,  in- 
genlo  Jlorentiffimvs,  propofuo  fan^iffimuSi 
tantis  dcniqiie  adornatus  'viriutibus,  quan- 
tas  perfe6la  et  naturd  ei  indujlrid  mortalis 
conditio  redpit,  ib.  2.  Plutarch,  p.  834. 
and  Appian,  p.  360.  blame  the  con- 
du6l  of  the  fenate.  The  opinion  of 
Appian  feems  to  be  juft,  "  that  Ti- 
berius was  actuated  by  the  bed  inten- 
tions, but  profecuted  his  dehgn  too 
violently,"  ib.  Many  of  the  friends  of 
Tiberius  were  afterwards  put  to  death 
or  banifhed,  which  fliewed  that  the 
nobility  were  animated  more  by  refent- 
ment  than  regard  for  the  public  well- 
fare,  Plutarch,  ib.  ;  Val.  Max.  6,  3. 
Vid.  Scipio  Nasica. 

C.  GRACCHUS,  for  feverr.1  years 
after  his  brother's  death,  lived  in  re- 
tirement, applying  himfelf  with  great 
attention  to  the  ftudy  of  eloquence, 
in  which  he  excelled  all  his  con- 
temporaries, Cic.  Br.  33.;  ^inQil.  I, 
10,  27.  Being  made  quaellor,  a.  627, 
he  attended  the  conful  Oreftcs  to 
Sardinia,  where  he  gave  a  noble  fpe- 
cimen  of  every  virtue.  While  he  Hood 
candidate  for  the  quaeilorfliip,  his 
brother  is  faid  to  have  appeared  to 
Vim  in  a  dream,  and  forewarned  him 


193    1  G  R  A 

that  he  rtiould  perlfh  by  the  fame  deatli 
with  himfelf,   Cic.  Div.    i,  26.  ;   Fal. 
Max.  I,  7,  6.      After  his  return  from 
Sardinia,  being  eledled  tribune,  he  got 
feveral  laws  enafted,  to  raife  the  autb.o- 
rity  of  the  people  and  lefTen  thatof  ibe 
fenate.      Gracchus   took   from   the  fe- 
nators  the  right   of  ailing  ^s  judges  or 
juiTmen,  becaufe  they   had  abufed  it, 
and  confened  it   on  the  equites.     Plu- 
tarch fays,  by  miftake,  that  he  divided 
this    right   between  the    fenators    and 
equites  ;   but  this  was  not  done  till  after 
the  time  of  Gracchus.     Though  Grac- 
chus abridged  the  power  of  the  fenate, 
becaufe  he  thought   it  exorbitant,  yet 
he  did   not  wilb  to  annihilate  it.     On 
the  contrary,  he  confirmed  to  the  fenate 
feveral  important  privileges,  which  by 
the  law  of  Gracchus  {^Lex   Setnpronia) 
it  continued  to  enjoy   till   the  time  of 
the    Emperors,   Cic.    Dom.  9.  ;    Pronj, 
Conf.  2,  &  7.  ;    Vat.  15.  ;   Sallujl,  Jug, 
27.  ;  and   when  the  fenate  in  their  de- 
liberations  weie  difpofed    to    liflen   to 
his  advice,  he  nevti  gave  any  that  was 
not  fuitable  to  their  dignity,  Plutarch. p* 
837.     The  fenators  however  in  general 
were  greatly  diffatisfied,  and  many  of 
them  entertained   the   bittereft   refent- 
ment  againft  Gracchus  for  diminirtiing 
their  authority.     The  people  at  large 
were   highly  pleafed  with   the  regula- 
tions of  Gracchus,  and  therefore  with 
great  unanimity  re-ele£led  him  tribune 
for  a  fccond  year,  without  his  alking  It. 
The   fenate,    in  order  to  oppofe   the 
proceedings  of  Gracchuf?,  engaged  on 
their  fide    M.    Lis'ius  Drufus,   (q.  v.) 
one  of  the   tribunes,  who   acl^d    with 
great  art.     He  propofed  laws  ftill  more 
for  the  advantage  of  the  people  than 
thofe   of  Gracchus,  declaring  that  he 
did    fo    with  the   concurrence   of  the 
fenate.      Gracchus    had    propofed    to 
plant   only   two   colonies,  which  were 
to  confift  of  fome  of  the  moll  eieferving 
citizens  ;  but  Drufus  propofed    twelve 
colonies,  and  thefe  to   confiil   of  the 
meaneft  of  the  people.     Gracchus  or- 
dered that  a  fmall  rent  fliould  be  paid 
for  the  lands  which  were  to  be  divided; 
B  b  but 


G  R  A 


[    194    ] 


G  R  A 


but  Driifus  exempted  his  planters  from 
paying   any  thing.     Cicero,  however, 
from  his  ufual  partiality  to  the  fenate, 
fays,  that   Drufus   healed  the  wounds 
■which  Gracchus  had  infliAed  on  the  re- 
public, Fin.  4,  24. — Drufus  indeed  ap 
peared   more   difinterelled  than    Grac- 
chus ;  for  he  never  allowed  himfelf  to 
be   appointed   a    commiflioner  for  ex- 
ecuting any  of  his  own  laws,  as  Grac- 
chus had  done.     Nay,  he  even  caufed 
Gracchus  to  be  nominated  one  of  three 
commifTioners    {triumvir^    Salluft.  Jug. 
42.)   for  fettling  a  colony  at  Carthage, 
with    Fulvius    Flaccus,    the   friend  of 
Gracchus,    who    had  been  conful,   a. 
628.     This   however    was   no   favour, 
but  the   contrary.      For  while   Grac- 
chus was  abfent   from    Rome    on    that 
bufinefs,  his  enemies  were  plotting  his 
deftrudlion.    After  his  return  Opimius, 
the   conful,  propofed  annulling  all  the 
laws  of  Gracchus,  which  caufed  great 
commotions  in   the   city.      One  of  the 
Mors  of  Opimius   having  been  killed 
in  the  tumult,  the  fenate  armed  Opi- 
mius with  abfolute  power,  by  the  fo- 
lemn  decree,  l/t  v'ulereff  ne  quid  refpuhti' 
(a   detrirnent'i  caperet.      Gracchus,    who 
was  extremely  concerned  for  the  death 
pf  the  liftor,  wiihed  to  accommodate 
matters,  and  fent  the  youngefl:  fon  of 
Flaccus  to  propofe  terms.     But  Opi- 
mius would  hften  to  no  conditions.    A 
proclamation  was  publifhed,  offering  a 
pardon   to    fuch  of  the    adherents  of 
Gracchus  as  dcferted  him ;  which  offer 
many   of  them  accepted.     Caius   was 
obliged    to  fly  for   his  life.      Finding 
himfelf   every    where   furrounded,    he 
ordered    Epicrates,     (a),    Euphorus,) 
his    flave  and   only   attendant,  to   kill 
him.      Epicrates  obeyed,    and   imme- 
diately after  difpatched  himfelf.     Fui- 
"vius    Flaccus,    who  had   attempted  to 
make    refinance,  was  aifo  killed  with 
his  elded   fon  j    and  the   youngeft,    a 
beautiful  youth    about  eighteen  years 
old,  who  had   been   kept    in  cuftody, 
\vas    like  wife    put    to    death    without 
mercy,  as  it  is  faid,  by  Opimius  him- 
felf. Veil  2,  6,  &  7.  The  head  of  Grac- 


chus w^as  brought  to  Opimius  by  one 
Septimuleius,  (the  friend  of  Opimius, 
Plutarch,  p.  842.  according  to  Pliny, 
the  intimate  of  Gracchus,  33,  3  f.  14, 
So  Val.  Ma?!.  9,  4,  3.)  who  received 
as  a  reward  its  weight  in  gold.  To 
make  it  weigh  the  m.ore,  he  is  faid  to 
have  taken  out  the  brains  and  filled 
the    fcull    with    lead.     Caius   periflied 

about  ten   years  after  his  brother. 

Opimius  pi-ofecuted  his  vitlory  with 
great  cruelty  :  About  3000  of  the 
friends  of  Gracchus  were  flain,  and 
all  their  bodies  thrown  into  the  Tiber. 
Plutarch,  in  Gracch.  p.  842. ;  Appian, 
/..366. ;  Liv.  Epit.  60,  &  61.;  Veil. 
2,  6.;  Flor.  3,  15.;  Victor  de  Vir, 
Illujlr.  6^,      Vid.  Opimius. 

Cicero,  in  an  oration  which  he  ad- 
drelfed  to  the  people  when  conful,  be- 
(lov^s  the  higheft  praifes  on  the  Grac- 
chi y  and  acknowledges,  that  many  of 
their  laws  which  remained  in  force  af- 
ter their  death,  were  very  beneficial  t§- 
the  ftate,  {^non  Jum  autem  is  confuly  qui, 
lit  pkrique  ncfas  ejje  arhitror,  Gracchos 
laudare ;  quorum  corifiUis,  fapientid,  legi- 
busy  mult  as  ejfe  "video  reipuhlicae  partes  con- 
Jlitutas.)  Rull.  2,  5,  &  29.  He  allows 
Caius  to  have  furpaffed  all  his  contem- 
poraries in  virtue  and  eloquence,  pro 
C.  Rahir.  5.  ;  Br.  33.  ;  that  he  was 
prompted  to  oppofe  the  fenate  by  a  de- 
fire  to  revenge  his  brother's  death,  Har, 
Refp.  20.  ;  and  that  he  was  killed  on- 
ly on  account  of  ccnaln  fujpicicns  of  fe- 
ditious  pradices,  Cat.  1,2.  But  Ci- 
cero, in  other  parts  of  his  works,  fpeaks 
very  differently,  Rull.  i,  7.  Cat.  i,  12. 
f/  4,  2.  P^at.  9.'  Phil.  8,  4.  0^  2,  2  I.  &c. 
Caius  Gracchus,  when  he  fpoke  in 
public,  was  apt  to  becom.e  too  vehe- 
ment ;  for  which  rcafon  he  had  an  in- 
genious flave,  called  Licinius,  w^ho 
llood  behind  him  with  a  pitch-pipe, 
which  he  founded  when  his  mailer  be- 
gan to  overftrain  his  voice  ;  whereupon 
Gracchus  checked  the  violence  of  his 
attion,  and  tone  of  voice,  Plutarch,  p. 
825.  Cicero  fay<5,  that  this  flave,  wMtk 
an  ivor}'  flute,  [el'urnedjijiuld),  ufed  to 
modulate  the  tone  of  bs  mailer's  voice, 

>vhcther 


G  R  A 


C     195    ] 


HAM 


whether  he  fpoke  too  high  or  too  low, 
Or.  3,  60.  So  Quinftilian,  i,  10,  27. 
and  Val.  Maximus,  8,  10,  i. 

The  people,  though  at  firft  deject- 
ed by  the  deftrudion  of  the  Gracchi, 
yet  afterwards  erefted  ilatues  to  them, 
and  worfhipped  them  as  deities. — Cor- 
nelia bore  the  death  of  her  fons  with 
great  magnanimity,  Plutarch,  p.  843. 
When  her  friends  condoled  with  her 
on  her  lofs,  ihe  faid,  "  that  Ihe  fliould 
always  think  herfelf  happy  in  having 
brought  forth  fuch  fons,"  [confolantl- 
bus    miferanique    dkentibus,     Nunquam 

tnquit,   NGN    FELICEM   ME    DICAM,   Q^IAE 

GRACCHqis  PEi'ERi),  Sencc.  Confol.  ad 
Marc.  c.  16.  {^Jos  qui  bonos  viros  Tie- 
gaveritf  magnos  falebiiurf  Senec.  ib.) 
The  people  alfo  afterwards  ere6led  a 
flatue  to  her,  with  this  infcription, 
Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the 
Gracchi,  Plutarch.  />•  836.  Horace 
puts  Gracchus  for  an  accomplifhed  o- 
rator,  Ep.  2,  2,  89.  Juvenal,  for  any 
noble  man,  or  one  of  the  family  of  the 
Gracchi,  2,  117,  &  143.  et  8,  210. 
and  Cornelia  mater  Gracchorum, 
for  a  lady  of  the  higheft  rank,  6,  166. 
— ^is  tukrit  Gracchos  de  feditione  que^ 
rentis  P  i.  e.  very  feditious  men,  Id.  2,  4. 

GKACCUAtii  judices,  judges,  who, 

to  revenge  the  death  of  C.  Gracchus, 
condemned  Opimius,  Cic.  Br.  34.  (  l^id. 
Opimius.) 

Gratiae,  the  three  Graces,  ^glaia, 
Thalia,  and  Euphrosyne ;  called  alfo 
Charites,   (f.  v.) 

Grvllus,  the  fon  of  Xenoplion, 
who  killed  Epaminondas  at  the  battle 
of  Mantinea,  and  was  himfelf  foon  after 
Hain,   Paufan.  8,  11,   &c. 

Gyas,  -acy  a  companion  of  Aeneas, 
one  of  the  competitors  for  pre-emi- 
nence in  the  conteft  of  quick-faihng, 
Firg.  Aen.  5,  117,   &c. 

Gyges,  -is,  a  king  of  Lydia,  who 
Is  faid  to  have  had  a  ring,  which, 
when  he  put  it  on,  rendered  him  invi- 
fible^  (G.  6co.)  From  him  a  celebra- 
ted lake  in  that  country  was  named 
Gygaeum  Jlagnum,  Phn.    5,    29    f.    30. 

Gygcus  lacus,   Propert.    3,   9,    18. 

Gyges,  Gycsy  or  Gyas^  the  name  of  a 


giant,  Hor.  Od.  2,  17,  14.  f/  3,  4,  69* 
Gylippus,  a  general  of  the  Lace- 
demonians, who  gained  a  celebrated 
victory  over  Nicias  and  Demollhenes, 
the  Athenian  generals,  before  Syracufe, 
(G.  467.)  Jufun.  4,  4.  ;  Tibull  4,  i, 
199. 

H. 

C.  Pabius  Hadrianus,  a  praetor  of 
Africa,  burnt  by  the  people  of  Utica* 
for  having  confpired  with  flaves  to  de- 
llroy  their  chief  men^  Cic.  Verr.  1,27. 
et  5,  26. 

Haemon,  -onis,  the  fon  of  Creon 
king  of  Thebes,  who  v/as  fo  fond  of 
Antigone,  that  he  flew  himfelf  on  her 
tomb,   Propsrt.  2,  7,  83. ;   O^Sid.  in  Ibin, 

Haemon  IDES,  (al.  jlcmonides),  an 
Italian  prieft  of  Apollo  and  Diana,  flaia 
by  Aeneas,    Firg.  Aen.  10,  537. 

Hales  us,  a  Graecian  or  Argive, 
who  fettled  in  Italy  near  Mount  Mafli- 
cus,  defcended  from  the  family  of  Aga- 
memnon, whence  he  is  called  Agameni" 
«o«m,Virg.  Aen.  7,72  3,b.ut  not  his  fon, 
for  the  father  of  Halefus  was  a  foothfay- 
er,  ib.  10,  41 7.  Halefus  was  flain  by  Pal- 
las, ib.  425. — ^Ovid  m.akes  Halefus  the 
fon  or  grandfon  of  Atreus,  [Atrldes), 
and  fays  that  he  gave  name  to  the  coun- 
try o(  Falcrii,  [terra  Falifca),  F.  4,  730 
which  city  he  built  on  a  high  fituation, 
(  Moenia  felici  condidit  aha  manu).  Amor. 
3,  13,  34.      So  Solinus,  c.  8. ;   Servius, 

ad  Firg.  Aen.  7,  795. Silius  Italicus 

fays,  that  Halefus  or  Alefus  from  Ar- 
gos,  (ArgoUcus),  built  Alfium  in  £tru- 
ria,^8,  475. 

PIalirrhotius,  the  fon  of  Neptune 
and  Euryte,  killed  by  Mars  for  ha^nng- 
violated  his  daughter  Alcippe ;  on  which 
account  Mars  was  brought  to  his  trial 
before  the  other  gods,  in  a  place  which 
afterwards  formed  a  part  of  the  city  A- 
thens,  and  hence  was  called  Areopa- 
gus, (Apnof  7tyyo<;"^^  the  Hill  or  Village 
of  Mars,  Paufan.  1,21,  3c  28.  Mara 
was  acquitted,  Apollodor.  3,  13,  2. 

HAMADRYADbS,     '■um,     f.     [^ex    'aux^ 

Jimul,  et  S{>v^^   querciis^  dat.  plur.  Hama- 

dryafwy     Piopeit.    t,    20,    32.),     the 

E  b  2  uymphi 


HAM  [    19^    1  H  E  C 

nymphs  or  protecting  deities  of  oaks    the  daughter  of  Venus  by  Mars,  and 


and  other  trees,  fuppofed  to  be  produ- 
ced and  to  perifh  with  them  ;  for  the 
ancients  believed  that  every  tree  had 
its  guardian  divinity,  in  the  fame  man- 
ner with  men  and  women,  Serv.  ad 
Virg.  Eel.  10,  62.  ;  Ovid.  Md.  I,  690. 

14,  624.  et  8,  77 T.  Fajl.  2,  155. 

The  Hamadryades  are  fometimes  con- 
founded with  the  Dry  ADES,  Ovid.  Met. 
8,  777.  ;  Propert.  i,  20,  22.  and  with 
the  Naiades,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  691. 

HAMILCAR,  -aris,  a  Carthagi- 
nian general,  the  father  of  Hannibal. 
yid.  Amilcar. 

Ham  MOV.      Vld.  Ammok. 

HANNIBAL,  -alisy  the  famous  ge- 
neral of  the  Carthaginians  in  the  fecond 
Punic  war.      V'ld.  Annibal. 

HANNO,  -dnis,  a  frequent  name  a- 
mong  the  Carthaginians  ;  the  moll  il- 
lullrious  was  he  who  gave  his  voice  a- 
gainft  attacking  the  Romans  in  the  fe- 
cond Punic  war,  Llv.  21,  &  30. 

HARMODIUS,  an  Athenian,  who, 
to  revenge  an  affront  oifered  to  his  fif- 
ter  by  Hipparchus,  the  fon  of  Pififtra- 
tus,  and  tyrant  of  Athens,  in  conjunc* 
lion  with  his  friend  Ariftoglton,  form- 
ed a  confpiracy  for  the  deltrudion  of 
Hipparchus  and  bis  brother  Hippias. 
Hipparchus  was  affaffinated,  and  Har- 
modius  cut  to  pieces  by  the  tyrant's 
guards.  Arillogiton  being  feized,  was 
put  to  the  rack  ;  but  inftead  of  naming 
his  accomplices,  he  accufed  the  mod 
faithful  partifans  of  Hippias,  who  or- 
dered them  to  be  inftantly  executed. 
Hereupon  if^ritlogiton,  exulting  in  ha- 
\ung  extinguiflitd  the  chief  fupporters 
of  tyranny,  declared  to  Hippias  what 
he  had  done,  and  fubmitted  to  his  fate 
with  the  greated  intrepidity.  After 
this  Hippias  became  more  tyrannical 
than  before,  vsrhich  in  about  three  years 
after  occafioned  his  expullion,  Herodot. 
5,  ^^.  et  6,  123.  ;  Thucydid.  6,  59.  ; 
Senec.  Ir.  2,  25.  ;  Jnftin.  2,  9.  The 
greatell  honours  were  paid  to  the  me- 
mory of  Hat  modi  us  and  Arillogiton, 
ClcTufc.  I,  49.;  Pl'in.  34,  8.;  Gdl.  9,  2. 

Harmon  I  A,  -acj    v.   Hcrmioncy   -es^ 


the  wife  of  Cadmus,  (G.  426.) 

HARPALycE,  -w,  a  queen  of  the 
Amazons,    Virg.  Aen.  1,317. 

Harpagus,  a  riiepherd,  who  pre- 
ferved  Cyrus,   (G.  600.) 

Harpocrates,  •/>,  the  god  of  {i" 
lence,  fuppofed  to  be  the  fon  of  Ifis 
and  Serapis.  His  Image  was  ufed  by 
the  Egyptians  in  their  facred  rites,  re- 
prefented  with  his  finger  preffed  on  his 
fhut  mouth,  intimating,  that  filence 
fhould  be  obferved  in  religbus  worrtiip. 
Hence  he  is  thus  defcribed,  ^lique  (fc. 
Harpocrates)  ^r<f;«i;  vocem,  digitoque  ft- 
le?tfia fuaddy  Ovid.  Met.  9,  69 1.  [Digita 
qui  Jignificat  S'T,  Varr.  L.  L.  4,  10.} 
Facere  aliqnem  Harpocraleniy  to  make  one 
fiktit,   Catnll.  73,  4. 

Harpviae,  -aruniy  harpies,  vora- 
cious moiiilers,  half  women  half  birds, 
Serv,  ad  Virg.  Am.  3,  2  1 6. 

HiLbe,  -esy  the  daughter  of  Jupiter 
and  Juno,  Apollodor.  1,3.;  Paufan.  I, 
19.  according  to  others  the  daughter 
of  Juno  alone,  conceived  without  the 
participation  of  Jupiter,  by  eating  im- 
moderately of  lettuce  at  a  feaft ;  whence 
fhe  is  Q^MtA  jfunonia  Hebe,  Ovid.  Met. 
9,400.  andgoddefsof  youth;  called 
Juventas,  -atis,  by  the  Latins,  Cic, 
Tvfc.  r,  26.  ;  Liv.  36,  36.  or  Juven- 
ta,  Ovid.  Pont.  I,  10,  12.  on  account 
of  her  beauty  appointed  by  Jupiter  to 
be  his  cupbearer,  Paufan.  2,  13.  But 
having  fallen  in  an  indecent  polture 
at  a  teaft,  flie  was  deprived  of  that  of- 
fice, and  Ganymedes  placed  in  her 
room.  When  Hercules  was  exalted  to 
heaven,  Juno  became  reconciled  to  him, 
and  gave  him  Hebe  in  marriage.  Pro- 
pert.  I,  13,  23.  whence  flie  is  called 
HercuUs  uxor,  Ovid.   Fail.  6,  6$.  ;  Ju- 


3'43- 


Hebe 


faid   to  have 


poiTeiTed  the  power  of  reftoring  to 
youth  whomfoever  fhe  picafed,  Uvid, 
Met.  9,  400. 

He c ale,  -et,  a  poor  woman,  that 
entertained  Thefeus-  when  going  t© 
fight  againft  the  bull  of  Marathon, 
Plutarch,  et  .  >pul.  Met.  I .  put  for  any- 
old  woman,  Ovid^  Remed.  Am.  747. 

Hs. 


H  E  C  t    197    1  H  E  L 

Hecataeus,  of  Miletus,  an  hifto-     He^ oris  Andromache,  ib.  319 
rian  who  lived  in   the  time   of  Darius 


the  fon  of  Hyftafpi?,  Herodot.  2,  143. 
-  '  -^  2.  A  fculptor,  I^/in.  33,  12.  et 
34,8. 

Hecate,  -^j,  the  daughter  of  Per- 
fes  king  of  Taurtca ;  hence  called  Fer- 
scisf  -hiisy  Ovid.  Met.  7,  174.  and  of 
Afteria,  Ck.  N.  D.  3,  18.;  Apollodor. 
I,  2,  4.  According  to  Diodorus  Sicu- 
lus,  flie  was  the  inventrefs  of  poifonous 
'  di^ugs  and  incantations,  tlie  wife  of 
Aeetes,  and  mother  of  Medea  and  Cir- 
ce, D'iodo7\  4,  45. Plecate  is  com- 
monly put  for  an  infernal  goddefs,  faid 
to  have  had  three  bodies;  hence  termed 
Tergemmci^  Virg.  A.  4,  511.  Diva  tri- 
formisy  Ovid.  Met.  7,  177.  and  triceps j 
ib.  194. — called /y?;n^2  in  heaven,  Diana 
on  earth,  and  Proferphia  or  Hecate  in 
the  infernal  regions,  Serv.  in  Virg.  iL 
on  which  account  (he  was  reprefented 
with  three  heads,  Ovid,  Fajl.  i,  141. 
Her  infernal  form  is  called  Hecates  pars 
vhimay  Lucan.  6,  700.  Fades  Erebiy 
pallenti  tahida  formdy  very  different  from 
her  appearance  in  heaven,  [ad Deos  alio 
procedere  vuhufolet)y  ib.  736.  She  was 
fuppofed  to  prefide  over  forccries  or 
incantations,  Ovid,  et  Virgil  ib.  and 
was  invoked  with  bowlings  in  the  night- 
time, Virg.  Aetu  4,  609.  Her  power 
was  great,  both  in  heaven  and  in  the  in- 
fernal regions,  z^. 6,  247. — Adj.  Heca- 
te lus;  thus,  Hccateia  carminay  power- 
ful charms,  fuch  as  were  invented  by 

Hecate,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  44. HtCA- 

TJiis  herla,  -Idisy  vel  -Idos,  a  poifonous 
herb,  fuch  as  were  ufed  by  Hecate,  ib. 

6,  139-^ 

He  c  A  TO,  -onisy  a  Rhodian,  the  fcko- 
}ar  of  Panaetius,  who  wrote  concerning 
the  duties  of  man,   Cic.'Ojf.'i^y  15. 

HECTOR,  'Orisy  the  fon  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  the  braveft  of  the  Tro- 
jans, flain  by  Achilles,  (G.  447.),  A- 
demplus  Hector  Tradidit  fejjis  kviora  tolli 
Pergama  Grdiisy  the  death  of  Hector 
made  1  roy  more  eafy  to  be  taken  by 
the  Greeks,  Hor.Od.  2,  4,  10.  ;  Senec. 
Troad.  1 24. — adj.  Hectoreus  :  —  ea 
conjux,  Andromache,  the  wife  of  Hec- 
tor, P^irg.  Aen.  3,  488,  the  fame  with 


He3oreh 
opibus,  by  the  power  or  affiftance  of 
HeClor,  Hor.  Od.  3,  3,  28. 

Hecuba,  the  daughter  of  Ciifeus 
king  of  Thrace,  (Ci/sas,  -idis,  Virg, 
Aen.  7,  320.),  or  according  to  others, 
of  Dymas,  a  Phrygian  prince.  Homer. 
II.  16,  71^.;  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Aen,  7, 
320.  (Dym^ntis,  -idis,  Ovid.  Met. 
i3»  SlS')y  Apollodor.  3,  11,9.;  Hygin. 
91.  and  wife  of  Priamus  king  of  Troy, 
(C.  414.).  Overwhelmed  with  grief 
on  account  of  her  fufferings,  and  utter- 
ing dreadful  imprecations  againft  the 
Greeks,  fhe  is  faid  to  have  been  at  laft 
changed  into  a  bitch,  Cic.  Tufc.  3,  26.; 
Hygin.  Ill,  &  243.;  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
404, — 569.;  Juv.nal.  10,  271.  whence 
her  tomb  was  called  Cynossema,  i.  e. 
Canis  tumulus y  Plin.  4,  I  I. 

Hedymeles,  -isy  a  mufician,  fo  na- 
med from  the  fwectnefs  of  his  melodv, 
Juvenal.  6.  383. 

Hegesias,  -aey  a  philofopher  born 
at  Cyrene,  [Cyrenauus),  who  ufed  in 
his  leflures  to  defcribe  fo  pathetically 
the  miferies  of  life,  that  he  is  faid  to 
have  made  feveral  of  his  hearers  put  an 
end  to  their  days  ;  on  which  account 
he  was  prohibited  by  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus  to  difcourfe  any  more  public- 
ly on  that  fubjedl,  Cic.  Tufc.  i,  34.—-, 
•[  2.  An  Athenian  orator,  Cic.  Brut. 
83.   yjltt.  12,  6. 

HELeNA,  the  daughter  of  Tyn- 
darus  [Tyudarisy  -tdis)  king  of  Spar- 
ta, or  of  Jupiter  and  Eeda,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  carried  off  by  Paris  the 
fon  of  Priam,  which  gave  occafion  to 
the  Trojan  war,  and  all  its  memorable 
confequences,  (  G.  413,  Sec).  Fratres 
Helenae,  i.  e.  Caitor  and  Pollux,  Hor. 
Od   I,  3,  2. 

Hf.lenor,  -orisy  the  natural  fon  of 
the  king  of  Lydia  by  Eicymnia  a  Have, 
fent  to  Troy  to  the  afliftance  of  Priam, 
{vetttis  armisy  in  forbidden  arms,  as  it 
is  faid,  becaufe  among  the  Pwomans 
flaves  w^ere  not  permitted  to  ferve  in 
the  army)  ;  a  companion  of  Aeneas  in 
his  voyage  to  Italy,  where,  having  fal- 
len with  one  of  the  turrets  on  the  ram- 
part of  the  camp  while  in  flames,  and 

being 


H  E  L  C     198    ]  HER 

belao-    furrounded   by  the   enemy,  he     who  being  drowned  in   the 


rufhed  on  the  thickeft  of  their  ranks, 
and    was    flain,     Virg,    Aen.    9,    543, 

&c. 

Helenus,  the  fon  of  Pnam,  (  Pr/- 
Gmides,-ae,  Virg.  Aen.  3,  295. )>  ^'-'^^• 
ed  in  augury,  {vates),  ib.  712.;  Cic. 
Div.  I,  40.  who,  after  variojs  adven- 
tures, at  lall  became  the  hufoand  of 
Andromache,  the  widow  of  his  brolhtr 
HetE^or,  and  alio  king  oi  Chaonia  in 
Epire,  Vh-g.  Aen.  3,  325.  S:c.  At  Bii- 
throtum,  his  capital  city,  he  entertain- 
ed  Aeneas,  and  gave  him  directions  at 
his  departure  concerning  his  voyage, 
ih  381,  &c. 

Heliades,  -um,  (1.  e.  Soils  fiiae), 
the  daughters  of  Sol  and  i  hmene^  who 
lamented  tlie  fate  of  their  brother 
Phaethon,  till  they  were  changed  into 
alder  or  poplar  trees,  U'uld.  Met.  2, 
■540,  &c.  Hence  Nemus  Ileliadum,  a 
grove  of  the  Hd'uidesj  i.  e.  pc-plar  trees, 
ib.  10,  91.  which  are  faid  to  have  firil 
grown  on  the  banks  of  the  Po,  Lucan. 
2,  410,  and  were  fuppofed  to  diftil 
amber,  Owd.  Amor.  3,  12,  38.  whence 
Heliadnm  cmfuie,  cups  of  amber,  Juve- 
nal 5,  3^- 

HfcLico,  vcl  Erico,  -onis,  a  citizen 
of  Helvetia,  who  having  llaid  fome 
time  at  Rome  in  order  to  learn  or  ex- 
erclfe  the  art  of  a  fmith  or  carpenter, 
(fahrilem  ob  artem),  when  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  carried  with  him 
dry  figs  and  grapes, and  choice  famples  of 
oil  and  wine,  [ok'ique  ac  i)in!  praewlfa), 
which  is  fuppofed  to  have  firll  induced 
the  Gauls  to  invade  Italy,  PIln.i2y  i  f. 
2.  So  L  ivy.  Earn  gent  em  tradiiu}\fan:a 
dukcdimfrugum  niaximeque  vini,  nova  turn 
voluptate,   captam,  Alpes  travxijje,  5,  33. 

Kellice,  -^j,  a  name  given  to  Cai- 
lifto,  or  the  conileliation  Urfa  Major., 
Cic.  Acad.  4,  20.   (G.  417.) 

Heliogabalus,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, remarkable  for  his  effeminacy  and 
cruelty,  (G.  247.) 

Hellanicus,  an  ancient  Greek 
hiflorian,   Cic.  Or.  2,  12. 

HELLE,  -fs,  the  daughter  of  A- 
thamas  king  of  Thebes,  and  Nt  p  h  e  l  e, 


flrait  be- 
tween the  Aegean  fea  and  the  Propon- 
tis,  gave  name  to  it  ;  fo  that  it  was 
thenceforth  called  Helles  pontusy  the  fea 
cf  Helle,   (G.  349.) 

HtLviDius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

HEPHAESTI.ON,  -dnls,  the  fa- 
vourite  general  of  Alexander  tiie  Great, 
Curt.  3,  12,  16.  et  10,  4,  II. 

Hera  GLIDES,  -ij-,  a  very  learned 
philofopher,  born  at  Heraclea  in  Pon- 
tus,  a  fchoiar  of  Plato's,  Cic.  Tufc.  5, 
3.  D'l'V.  I J  23.  who  entertained  Ihange 
notions  concerning  the  deity,  Cic.N.D. 
I,  13.  He  wrote  concerning  govern- 
ment, {de  republica),  Cic.  Leg.  3,  6, 
Cicero  fpeaks  fevcral  times  of  writing 
lomething  iimilar  to  the  work  of  Hera- 
elides,  Ck.  Att.  15,  4,   &  13,  &  29.  f/ 

16,  2. Many  others  of  this  name 

are  mentioned  in  ancient  writers. 

Heraclitus,  a  celebrated  natural 
philofopher  of  Ephefus,  ( Pbyficus), 
Cic.  Tufc.  5,  36.  He  thought  "that  all 
things  were  produced  from  fire,  Ck. 
Acad.  4,  37.  He  was  remarkable  for 
his  cbfcurity,  Ck.  Fin.  2,"  5.  Div.  2, 
64.  which  he  fometimes  ufed  on  pur- 
pofe,  Cic.  N.  D.  I,  26.  and  therefore 
was  varioully  interpreted,  ib^  3,  14. — 
called  the  "Weeping  Philosopher., 
becaufe  he  often  wept  at  the  vices  and 
confequent  miferies  of  xnan|cind,  juvd- 
nul.  10,  3c. 

Hercaeus,  an  epithet  of  Jupiter, 
fo  named  from  his  akar  being  placed  in 
the  iniplwo'rum  or  open  court,  in  the 
middle  of  the  hcufe,  called  by  the 
Greeks  fVy-o^' ;  thus,  Cui  nihil  Hercei  pro- 
fuit  ara  Jo^nsy  i.  e.  Priam,  who  v/as 
{lain  by  Pyirhus  before  the  altar  of  Ju- 
piter in  the  impluvium,  Ovid,  in  Jhin. 
286.  (Aidilus  in  mediis,  nudcque  fub 
aetheris  axe  ;  vel  in  penetralibusjt  where 
the  Penates,  were  worfliipped,  Virg. 
Aen.  2,  512,  &c.  ;  Juvenal.  10,  268. 
Herceae  aracj  the  altar  of  Jupiter 
Hcrceus,  before  which  Priam  was  IJain, 
Lucan.  9,  979.  Around  this  altar  tliere 
feem  to  have  been  feveral  images  of  the 
godsj  probably  tbofe   cf  the  Penates, 

Virg. 


K  E  R  [     1 

Plrg.iL  517.  which  Ovid  calls  Patrio- 
rnm  figna  Deorum^   Met.  13,  412. 


The  ancient  Greeks  placed  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Hercaeus  in  the  j4ula^  or  A- 
TRiUM,  At  hen.  4,  p.  189.  Fid.  Eu- 
rip.Troad.  48 2,  &c.  ;    Paiifan.    2,  24. 

4,    17,    ^/   10,    2^. 

HERCuLES,  'is,  (vel  Hercukus, 
•ei^  contrafted  Herculi  ;  thus,  Hirtulei 
lahos  tjl,  iox  Herculis,  Catull.  ^^,  13.) 
the  moll  famous  hero  of  antiquity,  the 
fon  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena,  the  wife 
of  Amphitryo,  (G.  398.  i^077?.y/.  286.) 
who  is  c'AWtd  fiilfiparnis  Amphitryoniades ^ 
becaufe  Hercules  was  fuppofed  to  be 
the  fon  of  Amphitryon,  when  in  rea- 
li^  he  was  the  fon  of  Jupiter,   Catull. 

6^112. Adj.  Herculeus  :  thus, 

Herculci  lahoresy  the  labours  of  Hercu- 
les ;  Herculea  clava,  the  club  of  Her- 
cules ;  Heracleapocula,  l^^ge,  Cic.  Verr. 
4,  18.  but  the   bed  editions  have  77^*?- 

riclea  : Heraclidae,    the     de- 

fcendants  of  Hercules,  Patifan.  2,  18. 
[G.  403,  &  410.) — — Hercule,  v. 
Hcrde,  adv.  by  Hercules,  a  form  of 
fwearing,  or  a  ftrong  aiTeveration  :  So 
Mehercide,  or  Mthercules^  fcjuvetj  may 
Hercules  afiift  me  !  by  Hercules,  up- 
on my  honour,  Cic.  Or.  47.;  Plane. 
26. 

Herennius,    the   name    a    Roman 

gens  : A  tribune  of   the   commons 

who  propof!:;d  the  law  about  permit- 
ting Clodius  to  be  adopted  by  a  ple- 
beian,  Cic.  yltt.  T,  18. 

HerIlus,  a  king  of  Praenelle,  flain 
by  Evander,    Virg.  Aen.  8,  583. 

Hlrillus,  a  philofopher  of  Chal- 
cedon,  the  fcholar  of  Zeno,  who  pla- 
ced the  chief  good  [Jummum  bonum)^  in 
learning  and  knov>'ledge,   Cic  Acad.  4, 

42-  ^ 

Herm  ACHUS  ofMitylene,  the  friend 
of  Epicurus,  Cic.  Acad.  4,  30.  ;  Fin. 
30.  whom  that  philofopher  left  his  heir, 
Laert.  10,  2  1. 

HiLRMAGORAs,  -«<?,  a  celebrated 
rhetorician,  Cic.  Br.  76.;  Inv,  i,  6 
&  51. 

HERMAPHRODiTuSjthefon  of  Mcr- 
cnry  and  Venus,  united  into  one  body 
with  the   nymph  Saimacis  j  whence  a- 


99    1  HER 

nimals  participating  of  both  fexes  were 
called  Hermaphrodites <,   [G.  363.) 

HERMES,  the  Greek  name  of 
Mercury,  which  Virgil  traufiates,  In- 

terpres  divum,    Aen.  4,  356. Her- 

MAE  trunci^  ihapelefs  polls  with  a  mar- 
ble head  of  Mercury  on  them,  jfuve- 
nal.  8,  53. 

Herm  p. s  'Trifmcgijlus,  (i.e.  ter  maxt" 
tnus)f  a  celebrated  Egyptian  philofo- 
phfr. 

FIfrmiom",  -eSf  the  daughter  of  Me- 
nelausby  ?Ielena  ;  hence  called  Ledaea, 
from  Leda,  the  mother  of  Helena, 
Firg.  Aen.  3,  328.  betrothed  to  Oref- 
tes  the  fon  of  Agamemnon,  but  carri- 
ed off  by  Pyvrhus,  the  fon  of  Achilles  ; 
on  which  account  Oreftes  killed  Pyrr- 
hus,  and   recovered    her,    tb.   et  Ovid. 

Ep.    8,    1. ^    2.  The    fame  with. 

Harm  ONI  A,  the  wife  of  Cadmus,  (<^. 

Hermodorus,  a  native  of  Ephefus, 
baniflied  from  thence  through  envy,  on 
account  of  his  fuperior  virtue,  as  A- 
riltides  was  from  Athens,  Cic.  Tufc, 
5,  36.  After  which  he  came  to  Rome, 
and  explained  the  laws  of  the  Greeks 
to  the  Decemviri,  who  compiled  the 
laws  of  the  twelve  tables,  Plin.  34,  5. 

Hermotimus,  a  prophet  of  Clazo- 
mene,  whofe  foul  is  faid  to  have  left 
his  body,  and  afcer  wandering  up  and 
down  to  a  great  diftance,  and  revealing 
wonderful  things  to  people,  ufed  to 
return  to  it  again.  In  the  abfence  of 
the  foul,  the  body  v/as  apparently  dead. 
His  enemies  having  difcovered  this,  bu- 
ried it,  Plin.  7,  5.  Lucian  fays  that 
this  was  done  by  his  wife. 

HERO,  "od  Erg,  -us  ;  v.  H':rom, 
'OJiis,  a  beautiful  young  woman  of  Sef- 
tos,  beloved  by  Leander  of  Abydos, 
who  ufed  to  fwim  over  in  the  night  to 
vifit  her,  and  return  before  day-light  ; 
till  at  lail  he  periihed  in  the  waves, 
(G.  349.)  hence  Heroae  «y.  Eroa^, 
turres,  the  tower  from  which  Hero  held 
a  torch  to  give  light  to  her  lover  as  he 
fwam,  Lucan.  gj  g^^.   (G.  349.) 

Herodes,  'is,  the  fon  of  Antipater 
of  Idumaea,  who  was  made  king  of  the 
Jews,  by  the  favour  of  Antony,  and  re- 
tained 


HER 


r  200  ] 


H  I  E 


tained  that  power  by  his  mean  fubmif- 
fion  and  flattery  to  Auguftus,  jofephus. 
Herodis  palmcta  pinguia,  Herod's  fertile 
groves  of  palm-trees,  which  produced  a 
great  revenue,  Horat.  Ep.    2,   2,    184. 

^  2.  An  Athenian   writer  in  the 

time  of  Cicero,  Lie.  /Itt.  2,  2. 

HsRODiANTTs,  a  Greek  hillorian  of 
Alexandria,  who  wrofe  the  lives  of 
Commodus  and  his  fucceiTors  to  the 
younger  Gratian.  This  work  is  ftill 
extant. 

HER0D6TUS,  a  native  oF  Hali- 
carnafTus,  the  mofi;  ancient  Greek  hif- 
torian  extant ;  wliom  Cicero  calls,  Hif- 
iorlae parens f  the  facher  of  hiltory,  C'lc, 
Leg,  I,  I.  He  was  the  firil  of  the 
Greeks  who  adorned  hitiory,  Cic.  Or. 
2,  12.  but  did  not  ftudy  harmony  in 
his  periods,  Cic.    Or.   ^^.    Add.    D'lv. 

Herophile,  -esy  a  prieftefs  of  A- 
pollo,   T'lhull.  2,  5,  67. 

Herophilus,  a  celebrated  phyfi- 
cian,  who  reRored  Phalaris  to  health, 
Plhi.  T  I,  37,  &c. 

HePvOStratus,  a  man  who  fet  fire 
to  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephefus, 
that  he  might  obtain  a  more  extenfive 
fame  after  death,  Sol'in.  c.  53. 

Hers"-',  -esy  a  daughter  of  Cccrops, 
king  of  Atliens,  beloved  by  Mercury, 
Ovid.  Met.  2,  725. 

Hersilia,  the  wife  of  Romulus, 
Ulu.  I,  II.  called  Ora,  after  (lie  was 
made  a  goddefs,  as  Romulus  was  call- 
ed QuiRiNus,  after  his  deification, 
Q'vid.  Met.  14.  fin. 

Herthum  vel  Hcrtha^  i.  e.  the 
earth,  WOT  (hipped  .by  tlie  ancient  Ger- 
mans as  a  goddefs,   Tacit.  G.  40. 

HESI6DUS,  an  ancient  Greek 
poet,  born  at  Afcra  in  Boeotia;  whence 
he  is  called  Afcraeus  Senex^  Virg.  E.  6, 

70. Adj.  Hesiodius.  IHudHefiodi- 

uniy  fc.  didumy  that  faying  of  Hefiod's, 
CAc.  Brut.  4.  Hejiodi  theogoniay  the  ge- 
neration of  the  gods,  a  book  written 
by  Hefiod,  Cic.N.  D.  i,  14.  Brut,  4. 
flill  extant, 

Hesione,  -fj,  the  daughter  of  Lao- 
medon,  king  of  Troy,  and  fifter  of 
Friam  ;  v/hora  Hercules  fretd  from  a 


fea-monRer,  to  which  fiie  was  expo* 
fed  ;  and  having  taken  Troy,  gave  her 
in  marriage  to  Telamon,  Ovid.  Met, 
II,  2r7.   [G.  339.) 

HESPERIE,  -esy  a  nymph,  the 
daughter  of  the  river  Cebren,  (Ce- 
BRENis,  ■'idis)y  Ovid.  Met.  11,  769. 
Fid.  Aesacus. 

Hesperus,  the  brother  of  Atlas, 
who  is  faid  to  have  gone  up  to  the 
top  of  mount  Atlas  to  obferve  the  ftars, 
and  never  afterwards  to  have  been  feen; 
on  which  account  the  evening  Rar  was 

called  by  his  name,  Diodor. Hes« 

PER  IDES,  -uiriy  nymphs,  the  daughters 
of  Hefperus,  who  had  a  garden  in  the 
extremity  of  Africa,  in  which  \^^e 
golden  apples,  guarded  by  a  dra^n 
that  never  llept.  Hercules  flew  the 
dragon,  and  brought  fome  of  the  gol- 
den apples  to  EuriRheus,   (G.  399.) 

Hests,  a  god  of  the  Gauls,  fuppo- 
fed  to  have  been  the  fame  with  Mars, 
Lucan.  I,  440. 

Hi  AREAS,  W  Iapbas,  -ae^  a  king  of' 
Lybia,  who  wiflied  to  marry  Dido, 
(G.  678.)  Fir-.  Jen.  4,  36.  but  Dido 
preferred  Aeneas  to  him  ;  whence  Ae- 
neas is  called  zelotypo  juvenis  praelatus 
Hiarlncy  the  young  man  preferred  to 
the  jealous  larbas,  jfuvenal.  5,  45. — 
— ^  2.  A  king  of  Africa,  conquered 
and  (lain  by  Pompey,  Liv.  Epit.  89.  j 
Eutroj).  5,  6. 

HiCETAS.     Fid.  NiCETAS. 

Hi  EM  p  SAL,  -alisy  the  fon  of  Micip* 
fa,  king  of  Numidia,  murdered  by  Ju- 

gurtha,  Sallufi.   Jug.    12 5[    2.  A 

king  of  Mauritania,  Cic.  Riill.  i,  4.  ; 
Fatin.  5. 

HIERO,  -onisy  a  king  of  Syracufc, 
a  faithful  ally  of  the  Romans,  Liv.  24, 

4,  &C.   (G.    274.) PIlERONICA  leXf 

a  law  made  by  Hiero,  concerning  corn, 
Cic.  Ferr.  2,  13,  &  60. 

HiEROCLES, -ij,  the  father  of  king 
Hiero,  defcended  from  Gelon,  jfujlin. 
23,  4. ^  2.  A  philofopher  of  Alex- 
andria, who  Rourifhed  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fifth  century,  and  wrote  a 
commentary  on  the  golden  verfes  of 
Pythagoras  ; — Rill  exant.  Fid,  Fabric, 
BibliQth,  G.  /.  2.  a  12,  7, 

H- 


H  I  E 


[       20I       ] 


H  I  R 


HiERONyMus,  the  grandfon  and 
fuccefTor  of  Hiero,  flain  on  account  of 
his  cruelty,  Liv.  2 Ay  4»  «S:c.  ;  Sil.  14, 
87. — 5[  2.  A  peripatetic  philofopher, 
a  native  of  Rhodes,  Ck.  Or.  57.  who 
maintained,  that  the  abfencc  of  pain 
was  the  chief  good,  C'lc.  ^^cad.  4.  42. 

HIPPARCHUS,  the  fon  of  Pifif- 
tratiis,  and  tyrant  of  Athens ;  fond  of 
learning  and  learned  men.  Pie  invited 
to  his  court  the  poets  Anacreon  and 
Simonides,  and  treated  them  with  the 
greateft  liberality.  According  to  Pla- 
to, he  was  the  lirft  who  arranged  the 
poems  of  Homer  ;  which  honour  Cice- 
ro afcribes  to  his  father  Pififtratus,  Cic. 
^^*  3>  S3'  Hipparchus  was  alTaffinat- 
ed  by  a  confpiracy ,  Pld.  H a  r  m  0 d i  u  s. 
— '■ — <f[  2.  A  celebrated  philofopher  of 
Alexandria,  the  moil  i]<:ilful  alh-onomer 
in  ancient  times,  (  G.  ly) 

HIPPIAS,  -iae,  the  fon  of  Pififtra- 
^S)  and  tyrant  of  Athens,  v/ho  beine^ 
Txpelled  from  thence,  repaired  to  the 
court  of  Darius,  and  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Marathon.  Cicero  calls  him  Nefa- 
Rius,  becaufe  he  made  war  on  his  na- 
tive  country,   y^lL  9,  i  i. ^  2.     A 

celebrated  fophiit  of  Elis  [Eleus),  in 
the  time  of  Socrates,  Cic.  Or,  3,  32. 
who  ufed  to  boaft  that  there  was  no- 
thing in  any  art  of  which  he  was  igno- 
rant. His  cloak,  his  fhoes,  his  ring, 
Slc.  were  all  of  Us  own  making,  ib.  ^ 
JBrat.S,  .^85. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  fon  of 
HeraclTdes,  born  in  the  iiland  Cos, 
[Cous),  b.  C.  460,  the  moil  illuflrious 
phyfician ^of  antiquity,  Celf.  pracf. ;  C'lc. 
N.  D,  3,  38.  He  came  to  Athens  in 
the  time  ot"  a  plague,  where  he  exerted 
his  great  abihties  at  the  hazard  of  his 
life.  Artaxerxes  king  of  Perfia,  at 
the  fame  time,  ufcd  every  motive  to 
prevail  on  him  to  come  to  his  court, 
but  in  vain.  The  Athenians,  penetra- 
ted with  gratitude,  decreed  to  him  the 
higheft  honours,  (G.  467.).  His  a- 
phorifms   are  flill  extant. — Adj.  Hip- 

POCRATICUS. 

HippoDAME,  -fj-,  V.  -amlat  the 
daughter  of  Oenomuus  king  of  Pifa, 


who  became  the,  wife  of  Pelops,   [G. 

404.). f  2«  The  daughter  of  A- 

draftus  king  of  Argos,  and  wife  of  Pe- 
rithous,  at  whofe  marriage  the  conttlt 
between  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae 
took  place,   (G.  439  ) 

HippoLy-TE,  -esf  queen  of  the  A- 
mazons,  and  wife  of  Phefeus,  (G.423.) 

<[T  2.  The    wife   of   Acallo,    who 

fell  in  love  with  Peleus,  (G.  444.) 

HiPPOLyrus,  the  fon  of  Thefeus 
and  Hippolyte,   (G.  424.) 

HippoMEDON,  ■ontis,  one  of  the 
feven  leaders  in  the  war  againft  Thebes, 
(  G.  43  1 . ),  Stat.  Iheh.  5,  664.  et  6,  654. 

HippoMENEs,  -IS,  the  fon  of  Ma- 
cafeus,  who,  by  means  of  three  golden 
apples,  vanquifhed  Atalanta  in  run- 
ning, and  thus  procured  her  confent  to 
marry  him,   (G.  433.) 

HrppoNAX,  attis^  a  fa-nous  poet  of 
Ephefus,  who,  by  the  fliarpnefs  of  his 
fatirical  raillery,  is  faid  to  have  impel- 
led perfons  to  hang  themfclves,  Pl'in,, 
36,  5.  whence  Praeconhim  Hippona£leu?n, 
a  fatirical  poem,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  24.  /*<?- 
des  Hipponatleiy  the  feet  ufed  in  Iambic 
vtrle,  in  which  fuch  poems  were  writ- 
ten,  Cic.  Or.  ^6. 

HippoTOs,  X'.  -us,  the  father  of  Ae- 
olus, who  is  hence  called  Hippotades,  -acy 

(G.  276.). HippoTADEs,  -ae,  is 

ufed  as  a  proper  name,  and  not  a  pa- 
tronymic, Siat.  Theb.  8,  699. 

yl.  HIRTIUS,  the  friend  and  com- 
panion of  Julius  Caefar,  who  wrote  the 
eighth  book  of  the  Commentaries  con- 
cerning Caefar's  wars  in  Gaul,  and  al- 
fo,  as  it  is  thought,  the  hiftory  of  the 
Alexandrian,  African,  and  Spanifli 
wars  ;  but  fome  afcnbed  thefe  works 
to  Appius,  Suet.  Caef.  ^d.  Accord-ng 
to  the  appointment  of  Caefar,  Cic.Att. 
14,  6;  Hirtius  becauic  conful  with. 
Panfa,  the  year  after  Caefar's  death. 
Being  fent  againll  Antony,  together 
with  his  colleague  and  Caefar  Ofta- 
vius.  Suet.  Aug.  10.;  Cic.  Phil.  7,  4. 
after  the  defeat  of  Antony,  he  was 
killed  in  attacking  his  camp,  Cic.  Fam, 
10,  30.  et  33.  J  Suet.  Aug.  II.  (F/i/. 
CicCRO,  /.  126.) 

C  c  HO. 


H  O  M                     [    202    1  H  Y  D 

HOMeRUS,  the  firfl  and  moft  ex-  him  to   Maecenas,  S/rL  i,  6,  55.  who 

celleni  of  the  Greek  poets,   who  flou-^  introduced  him  to  Aiiguftus.      Horace 

rilhed  160  years  before  the  founding  of  foon  became  a  great  favourite  with  both. 

Rome.     He   is   thought  to  have  been  Maecenas  gave  him  a  beautiful  farm  in 

born   near   Smyrna,   (G.  587.). — Adj.  the    country  of  the  Sabines,  wherein 

HoMERicus,  jfuv.  13,  113. Ho-  fummer   he  ufually  rtfided,   (G.  162.) 

MERONIDES,  -oe,  an  imitator   of  Ho-  Horace  died  in   the    97th  year  of  his 

itier,  P/aut.  True.  2,  6,  4. Home-  age,  a  few  months  after   Maecenas. — 

ROMASTix,    -Igis,   (i.  e.  Homerijlag^ 


Idtor),  a  firname  given  to  one   Zoilus, 
who  wrote  bitterly  againft  Homer  ;  put 
for  any  fnarhng  critic,   Pl'in.  praef.  11. 
HopLEUS,     ^2fyll.),    e'ts    v.    -eos  i 
V.  -ea^ 


Adj.  Hon  ATI  AN  us. 

HORTENSIUS,  a  celebrated  ora- 
tor, contemporary  with  Cicero,  Cic. 
Br.  64.  v^'hence  Cicero  calls  one  of  his 
books   by   that   name,   Cic.  D'lv.  1,1, 


zee.  -eumf  v. -ea^  an    Argive,  flain   by     Horten  si  an  a  f/o.jWi^w/'w,  the  eloquence 

Aepytus,  Stat.  Theb.  10,  400.  of   Hortenhus,     Fal.  Max.  8,    8, . 

HoRAE,-rtr«fw,  the^^'oz/rj',  thedaugh-     «T  2.  A  poet,  Ovid.  Tri/i.  2,  \/\.l 


ters  of  Jupiter  and  Themis,  Hcjiod. 
'Theog.  901.  the  attendants  of  Phoebus, 
Ovid.  Met.  2,  26.  who  yoked  the  horfes 
of  his  chariot,  ib.iii%.  the  keepers  of 
the  gates  of  heaven,  Ovid.  Fajl.  i,  125. 
■ The  Seafons,  Hor.  Od.  i,  12,  16. 


Tullus    H03TIL1US,    the    third 

king  of  Rome,    (G.  196.). ^  2.  A 

lawyer,  by  whom  certain  forms  of  law 
were  compofed,  called  Hostilianae 
aclioneSf   Cic.  Or.  1,57. 

HYACINTHUS,    a  boy  beloved 


the  twelve  divifions  of  the  day,  Martial,    by  Apollo,   (G.  372,  &  41 1.) — Hya 


ciNTHiA,  'Orum-,  a  feail   in   honour  of 
Hyacinthus,  Ovid.  Met.  lO,  209. 

HYAS,  -acy  V.  -antis,  the  fon  of  At- 
las and  Pleione  or  Aethra^  the  daughter 
of  Occanus,  flain    by  a    lion    or   boar 


4,  B. 

HORaTIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gensy  ennobled  by  the  Horatii^  who 
fought  with  the  Ciiriatii,  Li  v.  i,  25. 
and  by  Horatius  Codes,  who  defended 

the  Sublician  bridge  againft  the  army  Avhile  hunting. — His   twelve   fillers  la- 

pf    Porsena,  Liv.  Zt  10.     By  one    of  mented  his  death  fo   much,  that  they 

this  gens  the  father  of  the  poet  Horace  pined  away  with  grief.     Jupiter,  from 

having  been  freed  from  flavcry,  aiTumed,  compafiion,  changed  them   into   ftars. 

according  to  cuftom,  the  name  of  his  Five  of  them  were  placed  in  the  head 

patron.  or  face  of  Taurus,  and  called  Hyades, 

QuiNTUS  PIORATIUS  Flaccus,  -wm,  from  their  brother,   Ovid.  Fajl.  5, 

the   prince   of  Latin   lyric  poets,  was  182.  or  becaufe   when   they  rife  they 

born  at  Venufia  in  December  a.  u.  689,  were  fuppofed  to  occafion  rain,  (ab  iuvi 

Hor.  Ep.  I,  20,    27.    Od.  3,    2  1.     His  plue}-e)y   Hygin.  f,  192.  ;   Plin.   2,    29. 

father  carried   him    to    Rome   when    a  ^/  18,  26  f.  66.  hence   termed  pluviae, 

boy,  and  educated  him  with  great  care,  rainy,    Virg.  Aen.    3,516,    and    irijlcs. 

Sat.  I,  6,  76.     At  the  age  of  twenty  Hor.  Od.  1,3,    14.      Seven    of   them 

or  twenty-one  he  went   to    Athens   to  were  placed  in  the  neck  of  Taurus,  and 

fludy  philofophy,  Ep.   2,    2,43.      He  called  Pleiades,  Hygin   ib.  et  Poet.  2, 

was  led  from  thence  to   the  civil   war     21. Hyas,  -antis,  a  king  of  Boe- 

by  Brutus,  who  made  him   a  military  otia  ;  whence  Hyantius  juvenis,  Actae- 

tribune.  Sat.  i,  6,  47.     In   the   battle  on,  the    Boeotian   or   Theban    youth, 

of  Philippi,   Horace  faved   himfelf  by  Ovid.  Met.  ^y  147.    Hyantea  Aganippey 

flight,   Od.  2,  7.     After   his  return  to  ib.  5,  312.      Hyanteus  lolausy  the  The- 

Rome,    finding   his   father    dead    and  ban  lolaus,   Ovid.  Met.  %y  310. 

his  fortune   ruined,  he  applied  himfelf  Hydra,  a  dreadful  ferpent  with  nine 

to  writing  verfes.   Pp.  2,  2,  52.     The  heads,  the  daughter  of  Typhon  and  E- 

poets  Virgil  and  Varius   recommended  chidna,  flain  by  Hercules  at  the  foun- 

taiu 


H  Y  G 


[     203     ] 


H  Y  R 


taiti  or  lake  of  Lerna,  H^gth.  praef.  et 
f.  151. — called  in  Latin  Excetra,  be- 
caufe  when  one  head  was  cut  off,  three 
grew  lip  in  its  place,  Serv.in  Vtrg.Aeu. 
6,287.  Hercules  dipt  his  arrows  in 
the  gall  of  this  moniler,  which  made 
them  fatal  to  every  one  they  ilruck, 
Jlygln.  30.  and  at  laft  proved  his  own 
deflru6tion,  ih.  34.      (G*.  402.) 

Hygie/i,  Hygea,  W  ia,  thegod- 
defs  of  health,  the  daughter  of  Aefcu- 
lapius,  Pl'in.  ^^^  Ti  f.  36,  31.;  Martial 
Ji,  6r. 

HygInus,  a  freed  man  of  Auguf- 
tus,  who  had  the  charge  of  the  Pala- 
tine library,  GelL  l,  7,  &.  10.;  Suet.  III. 
Gram.  20.  The  books  on  mythology 
and  aftronomy,  which  bear  the  name 


of  Hy: 


are  fuppofed  to  be  of  a 


later  date. 

Hylaf.us,  a  centaur,  who  fought 
with  the  Lnptthaey  (G.  439.)  —  adj. 
Hylaeus  ramus,  (i.  e.  clava),  the  club 
of  Kylaeus,  Prop.  1,1,13.  his  bow  or 

arrov/,  OvuL  Art.  2,  191. ^  2.  The 

name  of  Adaeon's  dog,  O'uid.  Met.  3, 
213. 

HYLAS,  vel  -a,  -ae,  a  beautiful 
youth,  the  fon  of  Theodamas,  and  fa- 
vourite of  Hercules,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  the  Argonautic  expedition. 
Being  fent  to  get  water,  while  drawing 
his  pitcher  from  a  river  or  fountain,  he 
fell  in,  and  was  drowned.  The  poets 
feign,  that  the  nymphs,  enamoured  of 
his  beauty,  carried  him  off;  fo  that 
Hercules  and  his  companions  could  not 
find  him,  Apollodor.  i,  9,  19.  Annual 
facred  rites  ate  faid  to  have  been  indi- 
tuted  to  his  honour,  in  which  he  was 
often  invoked  by  name,  (Hyla,  Hy- 
la),  as  he  had  been  by  Hercules  and 
the  Argonauts  when  he  was  loft,  Serii. 
ad  Vlrg.  Eel.  6,  44. 

Hyllus,  the  foh  of  Hercules  by 
Dejanira,   (G.  403.  &  405.) 

Hy LONG  ME,  -es,  a  female  centaur, 
who,  upon  the  death  of  her  hufband 
Cyllaru.s,  flew  herfelf,  O'vid.  Met.  12, 
405,  &c. 

Hymen,  -cms,  vel  H y  m  e  n  A  e  u  s ,  the 
god  of  marriage,  Donat.  ad  Ter.  And. 

5?  7>  7- ;  O'md.  Met,  ij  480.  a  ^,  761. 


— Hymenaeus  is  fometimes  put  fof  the 
nuptial  fong,  Virg.  Aen.  7,  398.  and 
in  the  plur.  for  the  nuptials,  Virg.  Aeh. 
I,  6$$.  4,  99.  &  6,  613.  G.  3,  60. 

Hyperides,  -is,  vel  ae,  an  Athe- 
nian orator  contemporary  with  Demoft- 
henes,  greatly  commended  by  Cicero, 
Or.  I,  13.  et  3,  7.  et  26,  &  3 1.;  and 
by  Quindihan,    10,  i,  77. 

HypERioN,  -onls,  faid  to  be  the 
father  ot  Sol,  Ck.N.D.  3,  21.  ufually 
put  for  the  fun,  (<?•  373.)  ;  whence 
currus  Hyper'ionius,  the  chariot  of  the 
fun^  Fal.  Flac.  2,  34.  So  Hyperwnia 
lux,   Sil.  15,  214. 

HypErmnestra,  the  daughter  of 
Danaus,  and  wife  of  Linus  or  Lynceus, 
whom  fhe  faved,  when  her  fifters,  by 
the  order  of  their  father,  flew  their  huf- 
bands,   (G.  392.) 

Hypsaea,  a  woman  of  the  Plauttan 
family,  who  is  fuppofed  to  have  had 
bad  eyes,  or  to  have  been  fo  blinded 
by  a  paflionate  fondnefs  for  a  man  of  a 
difagreeable  appearance,  that  fhe  was 
infenfible  of  his  bad  looks,  Hor.  Sat, 
I,  2,91. 

Hypsaeus,  the  brother  of  Aeacus, 
Stat.  Theb.  7, 


310. 


5[  2.   A  candi- 


date for  the  confulfliip  with  Milo,   C'lc. 
Att.^,  8. 

HYPSipyLE,  -es,  3,  queen  of  Lem- 
nos,  who  preferved  her  father  Thoas, 
when  all  the  other  men  in  the  ifland  were 
flain  hy  the  women,  (G.  441.).  They 
having  found  that  Hypilp)']e  had  faved 
her  father,  wanted  to  kill  her  ;  but  flie 
fled  :  and  being  taken  by  pirates,  was 
carried  to  Nemea,  and  fold  to  Lycur- 
gus  the  king  of  that  place  as  a  flave, 
Apollodor.  3,  6,  4.  ;  Ladant.  ad  Stat. 
Theb.  5,  29.  Kyginus  fays,  that  (he 
was  carried  to  Tliebes,  and  fold  to  king 
Lycus,  /  15,  &  74.  Tellus  Hipfipylia^ 
i.  e.   Lemnos,  Ovid.  Fall.  3,  82. 

HyRiE,  -es,  the  mother  of  Cycnus, 
who  having  heard  of  the  fall  of  her  fon, 
and  not  knowing  that  he  was  faved  bv 
being  changed  into  a  fwan,  difl'olved 
away  {dtlicuit)  with  weeping,  and  form- 
ed a  lake  called  after  her  own  name, 
Ovid.  Mit  7,  379. 

C  c  2  Hyr- 


H  Y  R 

Hyrtacus,    a  Trojan, 


of  Nifus,  who  is  hence  called  Hyrtaci- 
des,  -ae,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  177. 

Hystaspes,  -;>,  the  father  of  Darius 
king  of  Periia,  (G.  608.)  Jnjlin.  1,10. 


I 

lACCHUs,  the  fame  with  Bacchus; 
iput  for  wine,  Virg.  E.  6,  15. 

lALysus,  V.  Ialyssus,  the  fon  of 
Hercules,  Clc.  Verr.  4,  60. — f  2.  The 
grandfon  of  Sol,  C'tc,  N.  D,  3,  21. — 
adj.  I A  Ly  SI  LIS,  OviJ.  Met.  7,  365. 

JaNUS,  the  moft  ancient  king  of 
Italy,  {G.  1S5,  &  357.)  worfhippedas 
a  god  after  his  death ;  reprefented 
vith  two  faces,  [bifrons^  ^  "g*  Aen. 
J  2,  198.  f/  7,  180.)  or  with  two  heads, 
{biceps,  Ovid.  Fall,  i,  6$.)  His  tem- 
ple  was  open  in  time  of  war,  and  flint 

in  time   of  peace. Jx\NUS  is  put 

for  any  thoroughfare  or  pafTage  from 
cue  place  to  another,  {^tranfnio pervia,) 
Cic.  N.  D.  2,  27.  probably  from  its 
having  an  arch  and  an  image  of  Janus 
over  it,  with  one  of  the  faces  looking 
one  way  at  the  entrance,  and  the  other 
looking  another  way  at  the  outlet  or 
egrefs.  Such  were  thofe  mentioned, 
IJv.  41,  32.;  SucL  Domit.  13.  Pom- 
peii J}atuam  marynoreo  Jano  fuppofuit,  he 
placed  the  ftatue  under  a  marble  arch, 
which  ferved  as  a  thoroughfare.   Suet, 

u4ug.  31. Janus  is  alfo  the  name  of 

a  ilreet  or  alley,  in  which  bankers  tranf- 
aftcd  bufmefs,  Cic.  Of.  2,  25.  ;  Phil  6, 
5.  ;  Hor.  Ep.  T,  1,  54-  Sat.  2,  3,  18. 
and  where  books  ufed  to  be  fold,  Hor. 
Ep.  I,  20,  I. 

Iantke,    Vid.  Iphis. 

lAPiiTUs,  the  fon  of  Caelus  and 
Terra,  and  the  father  of  Prometlieus, 
■who  is  hence  calkd  Satus  Japeto,  Ovid. 
Met.  I,  82.  Japcti  genus ^  Hor.  Od.  i, 

^j    27. Alfo  the  father  of  Atlas, 

hence  called    lapeilomdes,   Ovid.   Met. 

Ja  PET  IDES,  -ne,  a  mufician,  killed 
at  the  nuptial  feail  of  Perfeus  and  An- 
dromeda, G'vid.  Met.  5,  III. 

lAPis,  -)dis,  the  fon  of  Jafus  [las'i- 
des,-ae,)  a  phyfician,  w^ho,  by  the  af- 


[    2C4    ]  I  B  Y 

the   father    fiftance  of  Venus,  cured  the  wound  of 


Aeneas,  Virg.  Aen.  12,  391,  &  420. 

i  A  p  Y  X ,  -ygisy  a  fon  of  Daedalus,  who 
having  fettled  in  the  fouth  eaft  corner 
of  Italy,  gave  the  name  of  Japygia  to 
that  part  of  the  country,  (G.  158.) 
which  is  hence  called  Japygis  arva, 
Ovid.  Met.  iStS^' II  2.  A  north- 
weft  wind,  blowing  from  Japygia,  and 
favourable  to  fuch  as  failed  from  Brun. 
difium  to  Greece,  Nor.  Od.  i,  3,  4. 

lARBAS,  (three  fyll.)  a  king  of 
Gaetulia  or  Mauritania,  who  wiflied  to 
marry  Dido,  Virg.  Aen.  4,  36,  2x6,  & 
326. — Plence  larb'tta,  v.  -as,  a  Moor, 
fuppofed  to  be  put  for  Cordus,  a  rhe- 
torician, a  native  of  MauritJtiia  ;  whom 
a  defire  of  imitating  the  wit  of  Ti- 
ma2;enes  is  faid  to  have  made  to  burft 
with  envy,  {Rupit  larbitam  Timagenis 
tiemula  lingua.)  Some  think  larbitashere 
a  proper  name,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  19,  15. 

lAsius,  (four  fyll.)  the  brother  of 
Dardanus,  Virg.  Aen.  3, 168.  and  grand- 
father of  Adraftus,  who  is  hence  called 
Dux   lasmesy  -ae,   Stat.  Theb.  6,  914. 

5[  2.   I  ASUS    V.  lafnis,  the  father 

of  Paiinurus,  hence  called  iastdes,  -ae, 

Virg.  Aen.  5,  843. ^  3.  Another, 

called  alfo  Schoeneus,  the  father  of 
Atalanta,  hence  called  11  sis,  -tdis, 
Propert.  i,  i,  10. 

lASON,  (three  fyll.)  -onis,  the  fon  of 
Aef;>ii,  [AefomdeSi  -ae,)  king  of  lolcos, 
and"  of  Alcimede  ;  th:^  leader,  of  the 
Argonauts  in  the  expedition  to  Colchis 
in  queft  of  the  golden  fleece,  (G,  439.) 
Hence  lasonia  puppis,  the  fhip  Argo, 
in  which  they  failed,  Avien.  Arat. 
Phaen.  'j^6.et  808.  Jajonia  rapina,  Ja- 
fon's  can-ying  off  the  golden  fleece, 
Stat.  Achil.  J,  6^. 

Jasonidae  j?/w/7^j-,  the  two  fons  of 
Jalon  and  Hypfipyle,  Thoas  and  Eu- 
neus,  Stat.  Theb.  6,  340. 

IBIS,  -^disy  ace.  I  bin,  abl.  Ihtde,  a 
fici'tious  name  which  Ovid  gave  to  a 
perfon  on  whom  he  wrote  a  fatirical 
poe.:i  called  Ibis  ;  ftill  extant. 

iBycus,  a  poet  of  Rhenium,  noted 
for  his  am.orous  verfes,  Cic.  Tufc.  4,  33. 
whofe  murderers  were  wonderfully  dif- 
coveied,  (G.  i75«) 

ICA« 


I  C  A  [    205    ]  I  L  U 

IcADTUS,  a  robber,  who  perifhed  by     difregarding  his  father's  advice,  foared 

too  high,  fo  that  the  fan  having  melt- 
ed his  wings,  he  fell, down  into  that 
part  of  the  iEgean  Sea  afterwards  call- 
ed the  Icarian  Sea,  and  was  drowned, 


a  ftone  which  fell  from  a  cave  on  his 
legs,  C'lc.  Fat.  3. 

iCARIUS  vel  icar-us,  an  Athenian, 
who   hofpitably   entertained  Bacchus  ; 
whence  he  is  called  CunSis  Baccho  jucun- 
dior  hofpes,  Tibull.  4,  1,9.     On  this  ac- 
count Bacchus  firll  taught  him  the  art 
of  making    wine,    and   defired   him  to 
propagate  it  through  the  world.      Ica- 
rius  gave  a  quantity   of  wine  to  fome 
fhepherds,    who    having    drunk    of  it 
greedily,  became  intoxicated  ;  and  ima- 
gining that  Icarius   had   given   them  a 
poifonous  drug,  killed  }iim  with  theiV 
clubs.       Next   day,    being   fenfible-  of 
what  they  had  done,  they  buried  him. 
Erigone,  his  daughter,  having  difcover- 
ed  where  he  lay  by  the  hovvling  of  his 
dog  Maera,  hung  herfelf,  Apollodor.  3, 
13,  7.   Some  fay  that  the  body  was  left 
unburied,    Hyg'tn,    130.;      Poet.    2,    4. 
Maera,  affefted  by  the  lofs  of  his  mafter 
and  miftrefs,  pined   away.     Jupiter,  in 
compaffion,  changed  the  three  into  flars. 
Icarius  was  called  Bodies  or  ArBtlrus  ; 
Erigone,    Virgo  ;    Maera,    Can'icula  or 
the  Leffer  Dog  liar,  ib. — Hence    Lca- 
Rii    bo'ves,   the   liars    of    Urfa    Major, 
which   Icarius  or  Bootes  was  fuppofed 
to  drive,  Propert.  2,  33,  24.      But  the 
poets  commonly  make  Bootes  the  fame 
with  Areas  the  fon  of  Hellice,  [q.  v.) 
—  Icarium    ajlrum,    Stat.   Theb.    4, 
•777,  the  fame   with   Icarius  cams,  \.t. 
canicula,   the   leffer    dog-ilar,   Ovid,   in 
Nuce,  118. 

icARi-'S,  vel  Icarus,  the  father  of 
Penelope  ;  whence  (he  is  called  Ica- 
Ris,  -^idis,  Ovid,  in  Ibin,  391  ;  or  Ica- 
RiOTis,  -idis,  voc.  Icarioii,  Propert.  3, 
13,  10. — Adj.  Icariotis  tela,  abl.  Icari- 
otide,  Penelope's  web,  O-vld.  Pont.  3,1, 
1 1 2.  Icarius  is  faid  to  have  urged  Pe- 
nelope to  marry  one  of  her  fuitovs  in 
the  abfence  of  Ulyfles,  Oind.  Et).  1,81. 

The  father  of  Penelope  is  by  fome 

confounded  with  the  father  of  Erigone; 
but  iir.properly. 

Icarus,  the  fon  of  Daedalus,  vi'ho 
flying  with  his  father  from  the  laby- 
rinth In  Crete,  on  waxen  wings,  and, 


( G.  42  !•) Ic  AR I  >  fiuStus,  the  waves 

of  the  Icarian  Sea,  Hor.  Od.  1,  I,  I  J. 
So  Icariae  aquae,  Ovid.  Trift.  5,  2,  28. 
IcELOS,  one  of  the  fons  of  Somnusy 
who'  imitated  the  appearance  of  wild 
beafts,  birds,  and  ferpents,  as  Morpheus 
did  that  of  men,  Ovid.  Met.  \  1,  638. 

Idmon,  -onis,  (i.  e. Jciens,)  the  fon  of 
Apollo  and  Afteria,  a  foothfayer  among 
the  Argonauts,  Fa/.  Flac.  i,  228. 

Idomeneus,  (four  fyll.  gen.  -eif 
Virg.  Aen.  11,  264.  ace.  -ea,  ib.3,122.) 
a  king  of  Crete,  one  of  the  Graeciaii 
leaders  in  the  war  againft  Troy,  who 
being  expelled  by  his  fubjefls,  failed 
into  Italy  with  a  number  of  compani- 
ons, and  fettled  in  Calabria,  near  the 
Japygian  or  Sallentine  promontory, 
Firg.  Aen.  3,  121,   &  400.    (G.  459.) 

Idya,WIdyj\,  the  wife  of  Aee- 
tes,  and  mother  of  Medea,  Cic.  N.  D. 
3,  19.  Ovid  calls  her  Ipsea,  Ep.  17, 
232. 

Ignigena,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  as 
having  been  brought  into  the  world 
by  the  force  of  lire  or  lightning,  Ovid. 
Met.  4.  12. 

Ilia,  the  mother  of  Romulus  and 
RemAis,  (G.  192.) 

Ilione, -fj",  the  eldeft  daughter  of 
Priamus  king  of  Troy,   Firg.  Aen.  I, 

653- 

I L I o N E u s ,  (four  fyll.  g e n.  -eos  et  -et, 

accuf.  -ea,  Virg.  A.  i,  611.)  a  Trojan, 
one  of  the  chief  companions  of  Aeneas  ; 
always  diftinguifhed  in  Virgil  by  his  elo- 
quence, as  his  father  Phovbas  is  in  Ho- 
mer, Scrv.  ad  Firg.  Aen.  i,  525,  &c. 

iLYTHyi  ',  the  goddefs  who  pretld- 
ed  over  women  in  phikl  birth,  Ovid, 
Met.  9,  2 ''3.  faid  to  be  the  fame  with 
rylana,  Hor.  Car.  Saec.  14.  called  alfo 
Ij.  cin  ,  Ovid.  ib.  294.;  Hor.  ib.  15. 
To  gratify  Juno  fhe  is  faid  to  have  re- 
tarded the  birth  of  Hercules,  Ovid.ib, 
284.;   Apollodor.^,  ^,  S. 

ilyUS,  the  fon  of  Tros;  and  fourth 

kins: 


1MB 


[      206     ] 


J  O  C 


king  of  Troy,  from  whom  that  city- 
was  called  Ilium,  (G.  ^Sy.)  whence 
Ilia  tellus^  the  country  of  Troy,  Firg. 
Aen.  II,  24  J.  I  LI  A  CI  murif  the  wails 
of  Troy,  Ih.  i,  48'^.  Iliades,  -urn, 
the  Trojan  women,  ih.  480.  Iliades, 
-fl<?,  Ganymedes,  the  grandfon  of  Ilus, 
/  O'otd.  Met.  10,  160. 5f  2.  The  ori- 
ginal name  of  lulus  or  Afcanius,  the 
fon  of  Ae-neas,  V'lrg.  Aen.  i,  268. 

Imbrasus,    the    name   of   a   man, 

V'lrg.  Aen.  12,   343. Imbrasides, 

-ae,  the  fon  of  Imbrafus,  ib.  10,  123. 
ace.  plur.  Imbrojldas,  ib.  12,  343. 

InaCHIa,  the  name  of  a  girl  beloved 
by  Horace,  Hor.  Epod.  1 1,  8.  ct  12.  14. 

iNaCHUS,  the  x%a  king  of  the  Ar- 
gives,    (G.  39I.)    hence   called  pnfcusy 

Hor.  Od,  2,  3,  21. In  AC  HIS,  -id'is, 

lo  or  Ifis,  the  daughter  of  Inachus, 
Ovid.  Met.  1 ,  6 1  f .  called  I  n  a  c  h  i  \ 
Juvenca,  Virg".  G.  3,  153.  becaufe 
changed    by    Jupiter    into    an    heifer, 

Ovid.  ib. In  a  c  h  I  de  s,  -ae,  Epapluis, 

the  fon  of  lo  and  grandfon  of  Inachus, 
Ovid.  Met.  I,  7<J3.  in  the  plur.  put  for 
Argivi,  the  Argivcs,  Stat.  Theb.  3,  365. 
Jnachules  ripae,  the  banks  of  the  river 
Inachus,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  64c.  to  which 
river  Inachus  gave  name,  and  after  his 
death  was  fuppofed  to  prefide  over  it 
as  a  divinity,  Ovid.  ib.  511.  On  the 
Ihleld  of  Turnus  was  reprefented  the 
figure  of,  lo  converted  into  a  heifer, 
and  her  father  Inachus  pouring  his 
river  from  an  embofled  urn,  Virg.  Aen. 
7.  789.  According  to  Virgil,  Turnus 
v»a3  defcended  from    Inachu;,  j'hn.  7, 

371. Inachii  Argi^  Argosthe  ca- 

pitol  of  Inachus,  Virg.  Am.  7,  286. 
Jnachiae  urbes,  the  cities  of  Inachus, 
i.  e.  of  the  Argives  or  Greeks,  Virg. 
Afn.  II,  286.  So  Stat.  Theb.  I,  324. 
Jnachiae  rates,  Graeoian  fliips,  Ovid.  Ep. 
13,  134.  Jnachium  Uttus,  the  (liore  of 
ArgOiis,  Id.  Fii!:.  5,  (y^^. 

INO,  -7/J,  the  daughter  of  Cadm'is, 
and  wife  of  i\thamas,  king  of  Thebes, 
who  flying  from  her  frantic  hufband 
with  her  fon  Meiicerta,  threw  herfelf 
from  a  high  rock  into  the  fca.  By  the 
power    of  Neptune,  (lie    aud   her  lou 


were  both  changed  into  fea-deities,  the 
mother  called  Leucothoe,  or  by  the  Ro- 
mans Matuta^  and  the  fon  Palasmon  or 
PortumnuSi  (G.  427.)  ;  hence  Indus 
Meiicerta,  the  fon  of  Ino,  Virg.  G, 
I,  437.;  Palacmon,  Id.  A.  5,  823. 
Inoi  Jinus,  the  bofom  of  Ino,  Ovid. 
Met.  4,  497.  Inoi  doli,  the  artifices  of 
Ino  to  dellroy  her  ftep-chiidren,  Ovid. 
Art.  A.  3,  176.  Inoum  Lechaeum,  the 
promontory  of  Lechaeum,  the  port  of 
Corinth,  whence  Ino  threw  herfelf, 
Stat.  Silv.  2,  2,  35.  ;  and  hence  Indus 
I/Ihmas,  the  illhmus  of  Corinth,  ib.  4, 
3,  60.  Indus  Learchus,  the  fon  of 
Ino,   Val.  Flac,   i,  280. 

INUUS,  a  name  given  to  Pan  by 
the  Latins,  Liv.  l,  5.  ;  Serv.  ad  Virg. 
Aen.  6,  J'JS- 

10,  -us,  (in  all  other  cafes /o,)  the 
daughter  of  Inachus,  {^Inachis  -idis,) 
king  of  Argos,  beloved  by  Jupiter, 
and  by  him  converted  into  a  beautiful 
heifer,  to  conceal  her  from  Juno  ;  who 
fufpecling  the  fraud,  aflced  the  animal 
in  a  prefent  from  Jupiter  ;  and  having 
obtained  her  requeft,  commxitted  her 
to .  the  charge  of  a  fnepherd,  cal- 
led Argus.  But  he  being  flam  by 
Mercury,  [Vid.  Argus,)  lo,  after 
many  wanderings,  at  laft  reached 
Egypt,  where  Cue  was  reflored  to  her 
former  ihape,  married  Osiris,  the  king 
of  that  country  ;  and  after  her  death 
was  worfiiipped  as  a  goddefs  by  the 
Egyptians,  under  the  name  of  Ifis, 
Ovid.  Met.  I,  588, — 747.  Ep.  14,  85, 
&c.  ;  ScTv.  ad  Virg.  Aen.  7,  789. 
Propertius  feems  to  intimate  that  fhe 
retained  the  form  of  a  cov^,  after  fne 
was  deified,  2,  28,  17.  (ah  2,  2i,  19.) 
or  rather  becaufe  liis  was  worihipped 
in  the  form  of  a  cow  ;  whence  flie  is 
reprefented  vvith  horns  like  thofe  of 
the'moon,   Ovid.  Met.  9,  687,  et  782. 

Jo  BATES,  -is,  v.  -ae,  a  king  of  Ly- 
cia,  the  father  of  Sthenoboea,  the  wife 
of  Pmetus,  who  fent  Bellerophon  a- 
gainit  the  Chimaera,  (G.  393.)  Apol-r 
lodor.  2,  3.  ;  Hygin.  57. 

JOCASTA,  the  daughter  of  Creon, 
and  wife   of  Laius,  kir>g  of  Thebes  ; 

after 


Ignorantly  mar 
own   ion  by  Laius 


1  0  L  [ 

after  wbofe  death  fae 

ried  Oedipus,  her 

and  had   by   him    Eteocles  and   Poly- 

nlces.      Having   difcovered  the   truth, 

flie    hanged    herfelf  in    defpair,     (G. 

429,) 

iOLAS,  -ae,  the  name  of  a  fliepherd 

in  Virgil,  E.  2,  57,  et  3,  79. f  2. 

A  Trojan   flain  by  Catillus   of  Tibur, 
Virg.  ken,  II,  640. 

ioLAUS,  the  fon  of  IpliJclus,  Apol- 
loder.  2,  3,  II.  a  Thtban  ;  hence  cal- 
led HyanteuSf  (i.  e.  Thebajius^)  Ovid. 
Met.  8,  310,  who  afljftcd  Hercules  in 
deftroying  the  hydra,  Jlpollodor.  2,4,  2. 
faid  to  I'.ave  been  reilored  to  youth 
in  his  old  age  by  Hebe,  O'v'uL  Met.  9, 

399,  &c. ^2.   The  fon  of  Iphiclus 

and    Diomedea  ;    called    ufually    Pro- 
tefilaus,  Hygin.  103. 

ioLE,  -esi  the  daughter  of  Eurytus, 
king  of  Oechalia,  [F'uL  EuRyr us,) 
beloved  by  Hercules  ;  after  whofc 
death  (he  married  Hyllus,  the  fon  of 
that  hero,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  279.  (G. 
401.) 

iON,  'On'iSt  the  fon  of  Xuthus, 
an  Athenian  ;  from  whom  firil  the 
country  on  the  north  of  the  Corin- 
thian gulf,  and  afterwards  part  of  Afia 
Minor,  w^as  called   Ionia,   (G.  409.) 

«][  2.  An  inhabitant  of  Pifa,  a  fol- 

dier  in  the  Theban  war,  Stat.  Thcb.  8, 

ioPAs,  -ae,  a  mufician  at  tne  court 
of  Dido,  who  had  been  inftrucled  by 
Atlas  ;  defcribed,  as  having  long  hair, 
(crinlluSf)  according  Lo  the  cullom  of 
harpers,  probably  in  imitation  of  A- 
polio,    P^irg.  ylen.  i,  740,  et  Ihi  Serv. 

ioPE,  (al. /&/?,)  -esj  a  nymph,  Pro- 
pci-t.  2,  28,  51. 

Joseph  us,  the  celebrated  Jevviili 
liiftorian,  who  being  made  prifoner  by 
Nicanor,  one  of  the  officers  of  Vefpa- 
fian,  the  governor  of  Judaea,  and  be- 
ing ordered  by  that  commander  to  be 
put  in  chains,  preditled,  that  he  fhould 
loon  be  releafcd  by  the  fame  Vefpafian, 
when  made  emperor,  Suet.  Vefp.  5.  ; 
Jofe.pl3.  de  Bell.  JiuL  3,  14,  (al.'2  7.) 

Jo VI?,  ufcd  aucieutly   in  the  nom. 


2C7 

-     for 


1  I  P  H 

Jupiter,  Far.  L.  L. ']i  7^^,f.zn^ 
alfo  by  later  writers,  Petron.  47,  &  58.; 
^J'c?"-  53'  54»  63,  75,   &c. 

Iphianassa,  one  of  the  daughters 
of  Proetus,  and  wife  of  Melampus, 
(G.  393.  vld.  Proetus  et  Melam- 
pus.)  ^  2.  A  name  given  to  Iphi- 

genla,  (genit.  Iphianajsa'h  for  -ae), 
Lucr.  I,  86. 

IPHiCLES,  -IS,  or  Iphiclus,  -/, 
a  Theban,  the  fon  of  Amphitryon  and 
Alcm.ena,  born  at  the  fame  birth  with 
Hercules,  Apollodor.   i,    8,    2.  et  2,  7, 

3.  When  Hercules  killed  the  two 
fnakes  fent  by  Juno  to  deftroy  him  ,in 
his  cradle,  Iphiclus  is  faid  to  have  dif- 
covered  ilrong   marks   of  fear,  Id.  2, 

4,  8.   Serv.  ad  Vhg.  Jen.  8,  288. 

<|y  2.  A  king  of  Phylace,  a  city  of 
Theflaly,  (G.  322.)  the  father  of  Pro- 
tefilaus,  Apollodor.  3,  9,  8. ;  Hygin.  103, 

et  173.;  Ovid.  Ep.  13,  25. ^  3. 

One  of  the  Argonauts,  the  fon  of 
Theflius,  JpollodGr.  i,  9,  16. 

IPHICRaTES,  -is,  an  Athenian 
general,  diilinguifhed  for  his  fliill  in  the 
military  art,  and  for  the  improvements 
he  made  in  the  armour  of  the  foot-fol- 
diers,  Nep.  11,  i. 

IPHIGENIA,  the  daughter  of  Aga- 
memnon, oifered  up  as  a  facrifice  to  ap- 
peafe  the  wrath  of  Diana,  and  to  pro- 
cure favourable  winds  for  the  Graeciaii 
fleet,  then  weather-bound  at  Aulis, 
Virg.  A  en.  2,  116.;  Propert.  3,5,53.  ; 
Cic.  Tufc.  I,  48.  But  others  fay,  that, 
while  (he  was  juft  about  to  be  facriil- 
ced,  (lie  was  refcued  by  Diana,  who 
fubtlituted  an  hart  in  her  ftead,  hence. 
Nee  fperet  tragicae  fiirtiva  piacula  cerva, 
he  cannot  hope  that  his  dauglijter  will 
be  fecretly  carried  off  as  Iphigenia  was, 
and  a  hart  fubftituted  as  an  expiation 
to  Diana,  in  her  llead.  The  hart  is 
called  tragicay  becaufe  this  incident  was 
often  exhibited  in  acling  the  tragedy 
of  Iphigenia  on  the  ilage,  Juveyial.  12, 
120.  Diana  is  faid  to  have  conveyed 
her  in  a  cloud  to  Taur^icay  w^here  '^c 
became  the  prieilefs  of  the  altar  of  that 
goddefs,   (G.  406.) 

Iphimedia,  the  mother  of  the  gi- 
ants, 


I  P  H 


r  208  ] 


I  S  I 


ants,  Otus  and  Ephialtes.  [Vld,  Alo- 

EUS.) 

Iphinoe,  -es,  the  eldeft  of  the 
daughters  of  Proetiis,   JpoUodor.  2,  2, 

2. C|  2.  One  of  the  women  of  Lem- 

nos,  that  flew  their  -hufoands,  and  en- 
tertained Jafon  and  his  companions, 
Val  Flacc.  2,  162,  &  ^27. 

Iphis,  -id'is^  (ace.  Iph'm,  Ovid.  Met. 
14,  753.  abl.  Iph'ide,  ib.  9,  667.)  a  young 
man  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus,  of  mean  ex- 
traction, who  having  fallen  defperately 
in  love  with  Anaxaretc,  a  girl  of  noble 
birth,  and  on  that  account  being  trea- 
ted by  her  with  coldnefs  and  contempt, 
hanged  hirrfelf.  Anaxarete,  looking 
out  to  his  funeral,  as  it  pafled  along, 
was  turned  into  a  (lone,  Ovid.  Met.  T4, 

698, — 760. <}[  2.   A   Cretan    girl, 

whom  her  mother  Telecufa  brought  up 
as  a  boy,  to  deceive  her  hufhand  Lig- 
diis,  who  being  in  narrow  circumllan- 
CC3,  according  to  the  cruel  cuftom  of 
the  ancients,  had  ordered  the  child,  if 
a  daughter,  to  be  killed.  Iphis  being 
betrothed  by  her  father  as  a  hufband 
to  I  ANT  He,  was,  by  the  power  of  His, 
on  the  day  of  her  nuptials,  changed  in- 
to a  male,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  665,  &c.  ad 
Jiji.^-^-  ^  3.  A  fon  of  Mercury's,  one 
of  the  Argonauts,    Val  Flacc.  1,441. 

^  4.  An    Argive,  flain  by  Atha- 

mas  in  the  Theban  war,  Stat.  Theb.  8, 

445. ^   5.    The  fon    of  AleCior, 

who  fliowed  PolynTces  a  method  of  in- 
ducing Amphiaraus  to  accompany  him 
to   the  war   againft  Thebes,  ApoUodor. 

3,  6,  2. ^  6.  The  father  of  Evad- 

ne,  the  wife  of  Capdneus  ;  whence  fhe 
is  called  IPHIAS,  -ad'is,  Ovid.  Art. 
Am.  3,  22.;  Pont.  3,  I,  III.;  Trill. 
5,  14,  38.  (G.  431.) 

IPHiTl'S,  the  fon  of  Eurytus, 
king  of  Oechalia,  and  brother  of  lole, 
(G.  401.)- <[}  2.  A  Trojan,  enfee- 
bled by  age,  {gravior  ann'is),  the  com- 
panion of  Aeneas,    Virg.  Aen.   2,  435. 

■ ^  3.  A  king  of  EHs,  who  retto- 

red  the  Ohmpic  games,  which  had 
iird  been  inftituled  by  Hercules,  (G. 
282.; 

Ip£EA,  the  mother  of  Medea,  Ovid. 
is/.  17,232. 


IRIS,  Irtdisi  (ace.  Irim,  v.  Ir'w  ; 
voc.  /W),  the  goddefs  of  the  rainbow, 
the  daughter  of  Thaumas,  {jThauman.' 
tiaSf  -adis),  Stat.  Silv.  3,3,  8.;  the  mef- 
fenger  of  Juno,  (nuncia  jfunonis),  Ovid. 
Met.  I.  270,  et  II,  585,  et  14,  830.  ; 
hence  called  Iris  jfunonia,  ib,  14,  85. 
beautifully  defcribed,  Virg.  Aen.  4, 
700. ;  fuppofed  to  draw  water  from  the 
earth  to  the  clouds,  (G.  6^.') 

IRUS,  a  beggar  of  Ithaca,  of  a 
large  lize,  but  ugly  and  feeble  ;  fup- 
ported  by  the  fuitors  of  Penelope  on 
account  of  his  drolleiy ;  flain  by  Ulyf- 
fes.     {Vid.  G.  457.) 

IsAEUs,  a  celebrated  Athenian  ora- 
tor, ^dnuil.  12,  10,  2  2.;  the  mailer 
of  Demofthenes  ;  prailed  by  Juvenal, 
3,  74.  Several  of  his  orations  are  ilill 
extant.  There  was  a  Roman  orator  of 
the  famft  name,  who  is  extolled  by  Pli- 
ny the  younger,  Ep.  2,  3.  ;  to  whom 
fome  think  Juvenal  alludes,  ib. 

ISIS,  Isidis^  Ifidi^  IJim,  v.  -///,  JJiy 
Ifulcy  a  goddefs  of  the  Egyptians,  fup- 
pofed by  the  poets  to  be  the  fame  with 
lo,  the  daughter  of  Inachus  ;  hence 
called  In  AC  HIS,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  686.; 
and  the  river  Inachus,  Aveclae  (fc.  in 
Aegyptum)  pater  Ifidis^  Lucan.  6, 
363.  Her  image  was  covered  with  fine 
linen  ;  whence  flie  is  called  Linigera 
juvenca,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  1,77.  Linige- 
ra  Ifis;  Id.  Amor.  2,  2,  25.  ;  Pont,  i, 
I,  51.  ;  and  tliofe  who  worfhipped  her 
were  dreifed  in  a  llneu  robe,  Suet.  0th. 
1 2. ;  whence  her  priefts  are  called  Turba 
linigera,  Ovid.  I,  747.  ;  Add,  Lucmu 
10,175.  Grex  limgery  Juvenal.  6,  532. 
and  when  about  to  celebrate  her  facred 
rites,  clofcly  iliaved  their  heads ;  whence 
they  are  called   Grex  calvus,  ib.     Lint- 

geri  cahii  Martial.  12,  29,  19. Ifis 

carried  in  her  right  hand  zfijirum,  by 
a  ftroke  of  which  flie  was  luppofed  to 
infiift  difeafes,  Juvenal.  13,  93.  Her 
priells  alfo  carried  a  fiilrum,  Perf.  5, 
186.  ;  Ovid.  Met.  9,  776.  whence  they 
are   called  Sift  rata  turba.  Martial.    12, 

29. The  worfhip  of  Ifis,  and  other 

Egyptian  deities,  was  admitted  at 
Rome  towardj  the  end  of  the  republic, 

which 


t  S  U  I 

which  Lucan  mentions  with  indigna- 
tion, 8,  831.  Tacitus  fays,  that  a 
part    of  the   S^fevi  in    Germany  facri- 

ficed    to    Ifis,  cie   Mor,   Germ.  9. 

Isi  Acus,  -/,  3  pricft  of  Ifis,  Stie\  Dom. 

1.;    Fal.Max.'],    3,8. Ifiac'i  foc'iy 

the  altars  of  Ifis,  Qvid.  Pont,   i,  I,  52. 


Ifaci  conjedores,  priclls  of  Ifis,  who 
preiended  to  be  fortune-tellers,  Cic. 
Div.  ex  {innio poeia,  i,  58. 

IsMENE,  -fSf  a  daughter  of  Oedi- 
pus, betrothed  to  Athys  or  Atys,  a 
youth  of  Cyrra,  who  was  flain  by  Ty- 
dcus  before  the  nuptials ;  called  y^ge-^ 
norea  Ifmene,  i.  e.  Thehamiy  becaufe 
Thebes  was  founded  by  Cadmus,  the 
fon  of  Agenor,  Stat.  Theh.  8,  <^z,^.  Sec. 

Ism  EN  us,  a  fon  of  Apollo  and 
Melia,  one  of  the  Nereides^  who  gave 
name  to  the  river  Ismenus  in  Boeotia, 
near  Thebes,   Paufan.  9,  10. 

ISOCRaTES,  'is,  an  Athenian  o- 
rator,  called  by  Cicero  the  father  of 
eloquence,  Or.  2,  3.  contemporary  with 
Plato,  Clc.  Or.  6.  His  houfe  was,  as 
it  were,  the  rhetorical  fchool  of  ail 
Greece,  Ck.  Brut.  8.  He  rarely  fpoke 
in  public  himfelf,  but  compofed  ora- 
tions for  others,  ih.  12.;  ^nn&ll.  3, 
T,  14.  He  is  faid  to  have  written 
his  famous  oration,  or  book  called 
PanathenaicuSf  in  the  94th  year  of  his 
age,  and  to  have  lived  five  years  af- 
ter, Cic.  Sen.  5,  &  7.;  ^inail.  ib. 
About  thirty-one  of  his  orations  are 
flill    extant.  


209    ]  i\3  c 

IToNUS,  vd  Ithmus,  tlie  firft  king 
of  ThelTaly,  who  is  faid  to  have  invent- 
ed the  art  of  melting  metals,  and  of 
coining  money,  Lucan.  6,  402. 

ITYS,  -yns.y  (ace.  -yn),  the  fon  of 
Tereus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  (Tercides 
puer)y  Ovid,  in  Ibide  ;  killed  by  his  mo- 
ther Prognc,  and  ferved  up  as  a  feafi: 
to  his  father,  to  revenge  the  injury  done 
by  him  to  Philomela,  the  filler  of  Prog- 
ne.  Itys  was  changed  into  a  pheafant, 
{G.  419.)  He  is  called  by  CatuUua 
IryLus,  64,  14. 

JUBA,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  who 
joined  the  party  of  Pompey  in  the  civil 
war,  and  defeated  Curio,  (^."z^. )  But 
at  laft  being  vanquifhed  by  Caefar,  in 
the  battle  of  Thapfus,  {^vid.  Caes-\r, 
p,  72.)  and  being  deferted  by  his  fub- 
je6ls,  he  flew  himfelf  by  the  afliftance  oi" 
a  (lave,  Hirt.  B.  Afr.  94. — — Juba,  his 


Script  ores,  qui  funt 
ah  IJocrate,  the  followers  of  Ifocrates, 
^linSlil.  ^,  2,   31.   i.  e.   Ifocratem  fecuti. 

Id.     9,    4,     35. Adj.    IsOCRATEUS. 

Thus,  Placet  omma  did  Ifocrateo  more, 
"in  the  manner  of  Ifocrates,  Cic.  Or.  61. 
JJocratea  ratio  oratoria,  the  oratorial  rules 
of  Ifocrates,  or  his  art  of  rhetoric,  Cic. 
Fam.  I,  9,  6'. 

iTz\LUS,  a  king  of  Sicily,  who 
fettled  in  that  part  of  Italy  where  Tur-' 
iius  afterwards  reigned  ;  and  gave  his 
name  to  the  country,  which  it  ilill  re- 
tains, Scrv.  ad  Virg.  Aen,  I,  530.  ; 
Dionyf.   I,  12. 

Ithyphallus,  a  name  of  Priapus, 
Col  !o,  32, 


fon,  was  led  in  triumph  by  Caefar,  but 
afterwards  recovered  his  father's  king- 
dom by  the  favour  of  Auguftus,  and 
married  Cleopatra,  the  daughter  of  An- 
tony, Dio,  51,  15.  He  was  greatly  dif- 
tinguifhed  for  his  learning  :  he  wrote  SL 
hiilory  of  Rome  in  Greek,  and  feveral 
other  works,  which  were  much  efteem- 
ed,  Plin.  6,  27,  &C. — = — -Julae  tellus^ 
Mauritania,  Hnr*  Od.  i,  2  3,  15* 

JUGURTPIA,  a  king  of  Numi- 
dia,  the  grandfon  of  Mafmiffa,  re- 
markable for  his  cunning  and  cou- 
rage, conquered  by  Marius^  (y.  "u, )  by 
whom,  being  led  in  triumph,  he  is  faid 
to  have  been  killed  in  prifon,  Sallujh 
Jug-  I  f^.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Mario.  Hence 
Marias  is  faid,  Frangere  colla  ^Tttgurthae^ 
Lucan.  9,  6wC.  and  when  to  fave  him- 
felf from  Sulla,  he  was  obliged  to  fly 
to   Africa  ;    Nuda  triumphati  jacitit  per 

VFgna  Jugurthae,  ib.  2.  9Q. File  (fc. 

Marius)  Jugurthmo  clarus  Cimhroque 
triumphoy  famous  for  his  triumph  over 
Jugurtha  and  the  Cimbri,  O'Sid.  Pont. 
4,  3,  45.  BcUum  Jugurthiniim,  the  war 
againft  Jugurtha,  Hor,  Epod.  9,  23. 
'Jugurthinae  conjurationis  invidia^  the  o- 
dium  of  being  concerned  as  a  party  to 
fupport  Jugurtha,  or  of  being  bribed 
by  him,  Cic.  Brut.  ^t,.  ^aejlio  conju-» 
D  d  ratiQrils 


I  U  L  [2 

railonh  jfugufthinaey  the  inquifition  into 
the  conduA  of  thofe  who  were  thus 
concerned  or  corrupted,  Cic.  N.  D.  3, 
30. ;  Salluj}.  yt'g.  40.  yugurthinae  con' 
ditor  hjftor'mey  the  hiftonan  of  the  Ju- 
gurthine  war,  i.  e.  SaUuft,  ^nn5lil.  8, 
3,  29. 

iULUS,  called  Afcanius,  the  fon  of 
Aeneas,  according  to  Virgil,  by  Crtu- 
fa  ;  but  Livy  fays  it  is  unceriain  whe- 
ther by  Creufa  or  Latinia.  The  ac- 
count of  Dlonyfius  is  different  from 
both,   [ind,  G.  191.) 

JULIA  gensf  the  Julian  clan,  which 
claimed  lulus  as  the  author  of  its  name, 
Lh.  1,  3.  Julius  Caefar,  in  particular, 
wiflied  it  to  be  believed,  that  the  branch 
of  it  to  which  he  belonged,  [famtlia 
Caefarum),  was  defcended  from  lulus, 
(fl  P^'enere  lulii,  [c.  funt  ;  ciijus  gerd'is  fa- 
milia  ejl  nrjlra)^  Suet.  6.  ;  Dio,  41,  34. 

tt  43,  22. Julius  a  magno  dmijfum 

nomen  lulo,  Virg.  Acn.  i,  288.  After 
the  deftrudlion  of  Alba,  the  JuHi  are 
iirft  mentioned  among  the  chiefs  of  the 
Albans,  chofen  by  Tullus  into  the  pa- 
trician order  at  Rome,  {^in  pat  res  lecft)y 
liiv,  I,  30.     Or'igo  yullae  gentisy  Tac. 

Ann.  4,  9.  Julius   men/is,  the 

month  formerly  called  ^'mli/is,  named 
Julius y  from  Juhus  Caefar,  (A.  327.) 
JuLiAE  hgeSi  laws  paffed  by  Ju- 
lius Caefar  and  Augulhis,  (A.  203.) 
^\ji.\\jn  fiJuSy  the  Julian  ftar,  i.  e.  a 
comet  which  appeaved  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  Hor.  Od.  1,12,  47.  and  was 
fuppofed  to  be  the  foul  of  Caefar,  after 
he  was  received  into  heaven,  Sud.  Caef. 
88.  On  which  account  the  mark  of  a 
ftar  was  affixed  to  the  head  of  the  lla- 
tue  which  Auguilus  dedicated  to  Caefar 

an  the    Forum,   Plin,  2,  25. Domus 

Julia^  the  Julian  family,  Ovul.  Faft.  4, 

40. Julius  partus,  a  harbour  made 

by  Auguftus  near  Baiae,  by  letting  in 
the  fea  to  the  Lucrine  lake,  and  the 
lake  Avernus,  Suet.  Jug.  16.  ;  whence 
Virgil  calls  the  water  thus  let  in  Jidia 
jinda,  G.2,  163.  yuliatempla,  the  tem- 
ple of  Venus,   built  by   Julius  Caefar, 

Qvld.  Pont    4,  5,  21. lulhis,   in  4 

fyll.  Tempus  yule'is  eras  ejl  naiaie  Kalen- 
d'iSf  to-morrow  will  be  the   calends,  or 


!0    1  JUL 

firil  day  of  July,  Ovid.  Fajl.  6,  797. 
Surgit  luleo  ju'venis  cognomine  digrtus,  i.  e. 
Germanicus,  Ovid.  Pont.  2,  5,  49.  Geri' 
its  luleae  nomina  fanSa  fero,  I  bear  the 
facred  name  of  Auguftus,  I  venerate  his 
divinity,  ib.  i,  i,  46.  Et  tot  Juleae  no- 
bili'atis  avos,  fc.  'videt,  fees  fo  many  an- 
ceilors  defcended  from  the  noble  race 
of  lulus,  Id,  Fajl.  5,  564.  Ut  fcilicet 
olim  magnus  Juleos  Caefar  haheret  avos^ 
ib.  4,  124.  Jctia  Julaeae  pelagus  monU' 
menta  carinae,  gf  the  fhips  of  Auguftus, 
Propert.  4,  6,  17.  Cujus  luleae  ca~ 
piti  nafcantur  Glivae,  on  whofe  head  the 
Julian  olives  grow,  i.  e.  who  is  to  be 
crowned  with  olive  by  Caefar,  i.  e.  by 
Domitian,  Martial  9,  36,  9. — Poffef- 
five  adj.  Julian  us  ;  JuUani,  fc.  militeSf 
the  foldiers  of  Caefar,  Suet.  Caef.  75. 
Vedigalia  JuUana,  the  taxes  impofed 
by. Julius  Caefar,  Cic.  Phil.  13,  15. 

JULIA,  the  daughter  of  Juhus 
Caefar,  by  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of 
Cinna,  Suet.  Caef.  i.  married  firft  to 
Servilius  Caepio,  whom  her  father  o- 
bliged  her  to  divorce  that  (he  might 
marry  Pomper,  ib.  2 1 .  The  unfortu- 
nate death  of  this  amiable  woman, 
broke  the  connexion  between  her  fa- 
ther and  hufband,  ib.  26.  et  Paterc.  2, 
47. ;  and  their  difagreement  foon  after 
gave  rife  to  the  civil  wars,  which  ter- 
minated in  the  extinftion  of  the  liber- 
ties of  Rome  ;  hence  Lucan,  Tufola 
furentem   Inde  'virum  poteras,  atque  hinc 

rctirere  parentem  ; Morte  tua  difcuf- 

fa  Jldes,  bellumque  mover e  Permiffum  eji 
ducihus,  I,  125.  i^Vid.  Pompeius.) 
^  2.  The  only  daughter  of  Au- 
guftus, Infamous  for  her  lewdnefs,  Tac. 
Ann.  I,    s?>'   (G.  244.) 

JuLiANUs,  {Titius  vel  Tertlus),  a 
lieutenant  of  Otho's,  prefented  with 
confular  ornaments  for  his  bravery, 
Tac.  Hi/l*  I,  79.  He  afterwards  join- 
ed the  party  of  Vefpafian,  ib.  2,  85. 
et  4,  39,  2c  40. 

Salvius  Ju  LI  ANUS,  a  lawyer,  who, 
by  the  order  of  the  emperor  Adrian, 
collected  and  arranged  all  the  edlAs  of 
the  praetors,  and  formed  them  into 
one,  called  Edictum  Perpetuum, 
Eutrcp,  8,  sj. 

Didius 


JUL  [211 

Dldius  Julian  us,  the  grandfon  or 
great-grand  foil  oFthe  former,  a  wealthy- 
lawyer,  who,  after  the  mnrderof  Com- 
modus,  bribed  the  praetorian  cohorts 
to  make  him  e:nperor ;  but  he  was 
(lain  In  a  fliort  rime  after,  by  order  of 
Sevenis  his  fucceiTor.  Spartianus  fays 
that  JuHan  was  emperor  only  two 
months  and  five  days,  r.  9.  Dio  fays, 
fixty-fix  days,  73,  17.  Eutropius 
fays,  feven  months,  8,  17.  So  Victor, 
Ep'tt.  c.  19.  who  by  miftake  afcribes 
the  arrangeinent  of  the  praetorian  e- 
Aidis  to  this  JuUan,  Je  Caef.  19. 

Jul  I  AN  us,  the  fon  of  Conftantius, 
the  brother  of  Conftantine  the  Great, 
who  fucceeded  liis  coufin-german  Con- 
ftantius, the  fon  of  Conftantine,  in  the 
empire,  a.  u.  11 13.  A.  D.  361. — cal- 
led the  Apojlate,  from  his  relinquifhing 
Chriftianity,  and  reiloring  the  Pagan 
worfliip.  He  perilhed  in  an  expedi- 
tion againft  the  Perfians,  in  which  Eu- 
tropius fays  he  was  prefent,  10,  16. 
(G.  249.) 

JUNIA  gem^  a  patrician  clan; 
whence  was  defcended  L.  Junius  Bru- 
tus, who  expelled  Tarquin  ;  but  the 
Bruti  who  flouriflied  towards  the  end 
of  the  republic,  were  of  plebeian  ex- 
traction, V'ld.  Brutus. — Several  of 
the  name  of  Junius  are  mentioned  in 
Cicero,  Ver.  i,  6,  Jt  &i.  50.  N.  D,  2, 
3.  Leg.  3,  20,   &c. 

JUNIA,  the  daughter  of  D.  Ju- 
nius Silanus,  the  ni^ce  of  Cato,  the 
half-fifter  of  Brutus,  (FzV/.  Servilia,) 
and  the  wife  of  Calfius,  who  lived 
fixty-four  years  after  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi  in  great  opulence,  and  died  under 
Tiberius,   Tac.  Ajin.  3,  76. 

JUNO,  -onis,  the  fifter  and  wife  of 
Jupiter,  (Jut  germana  marliiy)  Ovid. 
Fail.  4,  17.  called  Saturn i a  from  her 
father ;  Reglna  or  Regia,  as  being 
queen  of  the  gods  ;  Pronuba,  as  be- 
ing the  goddefs  of  marriage ;  Lu- 
CINA,  as  prefiding  over  births,  Slc. 
(G.  359.  ji.  275.) — put  for  a    wife, 

Rlaut.  Caf.  2,  3,    14. Men/is   Ju- 

NONius,    the  month   of  June,    facred 
to   Juno,    Ovid,    FaL    6,   61.    called 


]  J  tr  p 

alfo  jfunonale  fempuT,  ib.  63. ;  j4vU 
Junonia,  the  peacock,  Ovid.  Art.  Am» 
I,  627.;  Junonia  templa.   Id.   Trift.  2, 

291. yunontcolae   Falifcij     worfliip- 

pers  of  Juno,  Ovid.  Fajl.  6,  49. . 

jfunonigenaj  -ae^  m.  Vulcan  the  fon  of 
Juno  alone,  without  the  participation 
of  Jupiter,   Ovid.    Met.  4,    173.     (G. 


365.) 

JuPiTER,  Jovis,  the  chief  god 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  (G  358, 
&c.  A.  275.)  yet  fometimes  rcprefent- 
ed  by  the  poets  as  committing  the 
groffeft  crimes,  (G.  384,  391,  395, 
&c.)  Hence,  A deo  fenuerunt  Jupiter  et 
Mars  ?  (fc.  ut  ftupra  in  montibus  et 
filvis  perpttrare  non  poffmt,)  jfuvenaL 
6,  59.  In  gentral,  however,  he  is  de- 
fcribed,  as  he  ought  to  be,  the  friend 
of  virtue,  and  enemy  of  vice  ;  whence, 
Sivivere  cum  Jove  tendis,  if  you  wifh  to 
pleale  Jupiter  by  the  integrity  of  your 
life,  Perf.  5,  139. — Jupiter  was  fup- 
pofed  to  throw  the  thunderbolts  and 
lightning  [ignis  Jovis-,  Virg.  A.  I, 
42.)  with  his  right  hand,  [rubente  dex- 
trdi  Hor,  Od.  {,  2,  2.  et  3,  3,  6.) 
whence  they  are  called  his  weapons, 
[tela  jfovis,)  Lucan.  7,  197.  ;  and 
Jupiter  himfelf  is  called  Ton  an  s,  the 
Thunderer,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  170.2,466, 

kc.   Martial.   7,  59.   8,   39,   &c 

Pythagoras  fuppofed  the  deity  to  be  the 
loul  of  the  univerfe,  Cic.  N.  D.  i,  11. 
So  nearly  the  Stoics,  {ipfum  mundum^ 
dtum  ejfcy  et  ejus  animi  fiijionem  univer- 
fani,)  ib.  15.  Hence,  Jupiter  ej}^  quod- 
cunque  vides,  quocunque  moverisy  Lucan. 
9,  580.  So  Virgil,  Jbvis  omnia  plena^ 
E.  3,  60, 

Jupiter  Is  often  put  for  the  air  or 
ficy,  (Chryfippus  difputat^  aether  a  ejfe 
eum  quern  homines  Jovem  appellant^)  Cic. 
N.  D.  I,  15.  Hence,  Sub  Jove  fri* 
gidof  under  the  cold  air,  Hor.  Od.  i, 
1,  25.  ^ofubdioi  Ib.  2,  3,23.  Ju-> 
piter  humidus  (al.  uvidus)  aujlris^  the 
air  moift  with  the  fouth  winds,  Virg. 
G.  I,  418.  So  Madidus  Jupiter ,  a 
moift  atmofphere.  Martial.  7.  35. 
Phirimus  et  laeto  defcendet  Jupiter  imbri, 
Y'ug.  E.  7,  60.  Et  jam  maturis  mC" 
D  d  2  tmndus 


J   UP  [21 

iuendus  yup'ifer  uvis,  and  Jupiter,  or 
the  air,  is  to  be  feared,  even  when  the 
grapes  are  ripe,  Id.  G.  2,  419.  Fre- 
meret  faeva  qtium  grandine  vernus  yupiter, 
the  air  in  fpring,  Juvenal.  5,  79.  Malus 
yup'iter^  bad  or  inclement  air,  Hor.  Qd, 
1,22,  19.  Terra  non  ind'tga  Jovis,  a  coun- 
try that  does  not  need  rain,  i.  e.  Egypt, 
Luc  an.  8,  447.  So  Id.  g,  436. — Jovis 
ales,  the  bird  of  Jupiter,  i.  e.  the 
eagle,  Virg.  Aen.  i,  594.  called  alfo 
his  armour  bearer,  i^.  5,  255.  Jupiter 
avisf  i.  e.  Jupiter  transformed  into  aa 

eagle,   P roper t.   2,    30,   30. Siygius 

Jupiter,  i.  e.  Pluto,  /^/V^.  ^f/z.  4,  638. 
Nigri  Jovis  regiia,  the  infernal  re^^ions, 
Senec.  Her,  Oet,  13.  {Fid.  G.  359.) 

Justin  us,  the  epitomifer  of  the 
hiftory  of  Trogus  Pompeius,  who  is 
thought  to  have  lived  under  the  An- 
tonincs  j  but  this  is  not  certain.  Juf- 
tin's  abridgment  is  ftill  extant,  in 
forty-four  books,  entitled,  HiJIoria- 
rum  Philipplcarurn  et  totius  mundi  Origi- 
num  et  terrae  Jit  us  ex  "Trogo  Pompelo  ex- 
cerptarurriy  Libri  XLIV.  It  feems  that 
Trogus  called  his  work  the  Philippic 
Hiilory,  becaufe  it  treated  chiefly  con- 
cerning the  Macedonian  empire  found- 
ed by  Philip,  or  concerning  Philip  and 
his  fuccefTors. 

JuTURNA,  a  Latin  nymph,  the  fifter 
of  Turnus,  violated  by  Jupiter,  F'irg. 
Jen.  12,   139,   .^c. 

Decimus  Junius  JUVENILIS,  an 
exceilent  poet,  born  at  Aquinum, 
Juv.  3,  319.  contemporary  with  Mar- 
tial, who  infcribed  to  him  three  of  his 
epigrams,  7,  23,  &  90.  et  12,  18. 
Juvenal  was  at  firft  bred  to  the  lludy 
of  eloquence,  and  he  is  thought  not  to 
have  applied  to  poetry  .till  late  in  life. 
Sixteen  of  his  fatires  are  Hill  extant, 
which  many  prefer  to  thofe  of  Horace  ; 
but  they  are  written  in  a  very  different 
flyle.  It  is  faid  that  Juvenal,  having 
offended  Paris,  a  pantomime  player, 
in  great  favour  vvith  I)omitian,  was 
banilhed  at  an  advanced  age  to  Egypt, 
where  he  died.  Suet,  feu  P rob.  in  vita  ejus, 
Qthers  fuppofe  that  he  returned  after 
the  death  of  l^pnaitian,  and  wrote  his 


I    1  LAB 

fifteenth  fatire,  on  the  religions  dif- 
ferences and  fupcrftitions  of  Egypt ; 
Fid.  Pelopea. 

JUVENTA,  -ae,  the  l^me  with 
Hebe,  the.  goddefs  of  youth,  Ovid.  Potif, 
1,  10,  II.  but  oftener  of  the  third  de- 
clenfion,  Juventas,  -atis,  Hor.  Od. 
I,  30,  7.;  Cic.  Tuf.  I,  26.  Brut.  18, 
Att.  I,  18.  ;.  Liv.  5,  54.  21,  62.  f/36, 
^6.',    Plin.  29,  4  f.  14. 

JuvENTius,  the  fu-ll  plebeian  that 
was  made  curule  edile,  Cic.  Plane, 
24. 

IX ION,  'Cnis,  the  fon  of  Phlegyas, 
a  king  of  Thcflaly,  the  father  of  the 
Centaurs  ;  who  having  been  admitted 
by  Jupiter  to  an  entertainment  of  the 
gods,  attempted  to  violate  Juno.  On 
this  account  he  was  ftruck  with  thun- 
der to  Tartarus,  and  by  the  order  of 
Jupiter  tied  with  twifted  fnakes,  Serv, 
ad  Firg,  G.  3,  38.  to  a  wheel  which 
continually  turns  round,  (G.  438.); 
hence,  Atque  Ixionii  vento  rota  conjiiiit 
orhis,  the  whirling  of  Ixion's  wheel 
ilopt  with  its  wind,  or  with  the  wind 
that  moved  it,   (al.  cantu,  at   the  fmg- 

ing  of  Orpheus,)  Firg.G.  4,  484. 

IxIoNiDES,  -ae,  Perithous,  the  fon  of 
Ixlon,  Propert.  2,  I.  38.;  Ovid^  Met^ 
8,  S^^' 


Labdacus,  the  father  of  Laius, 
and  grandfather  of  Oedipus,  king  of 
Thebes,  Apollochr.  3,  ^,  l*',  whence 
Polynices,  the  fon  of  Oedipus,  is  cal- 
led from  his  great-grandfather,  Lab- 
DACiDEs,  -AE,  Stat,  Thch,  6,  451. 
Labdacius  dux,  lb,  3,  418.  Labda- 
CIDAE,  'dru?n,  m.  the  Thebans,  ///. 
10,   36. 

Labeo,  'onis,  a  firname  of  the 
Antijlii,  /^fconii,  Cethegi,  &c.  feid  to> 
have  been  given  to  fome  one  from  his, 
large  lips,   Plin.  1 1 ,  37  f.  60. 

M.  Aniijlius  LABEO,  a  celebrated 
lawyer  in  the  time  of  Augullus  and 
Tiberius,  remarkable  for  his  indepen^ 
dent  fpirit,  {incorruptd  libertate,)  Tac. 
Ann.  3 J  75.  which  he  always  expreiTed- 

without 


LAB  C    21 

without  regarding  eitiier  tlie  fmiles  or 
frowns  of  the  emperor,  Suet,  /lug-  54. ; 
JD'tOf  54,  15.  ;  fomt'times^  however,  as 
his  more  obfequious  rival  Accius  Capito 
alleged,  without  prudence,  (Sed  agi- 
tahatt  inqult,  hoynlnem  libertas  qumdam 
tilmia  aiq^ie  Tecots,)  Gell.  13,  12.  ; 
whence  Horace  ridicules  him  for  his 
infanity,  [Laheone  inJan'iDr  inter  Sanos 
habeatur,)  Sat.  i,  3,82.  et  ibi  Scoliaft. 
Bentley  thinks  that  Horace  does  not 
here  allude  10  Antiilius  Labeo,  but  to 
cue  Labienus,  mentioned  by  Seneca, 
Contr.  ^ pr.  and  that  therefore  we  Ihould 
lead  Lab'ieno,     Poffihly  a  different  per- 

fon  of  the  name  of  Labeo  is  meant. 7- 

Labeo  feems  to  have  retained  the  re- 
publican principles  of  his  father,  who 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Philippi  under 
Brutus,  and  after  their  defeat,  having 
refolved  not  to  furvive  the  lofs  of  pub- 
lic liberty,  ordered  himfelf  to  be  dif- 
patched  by  one  of  his  domcilics,  whom 
he  enfranchifed,  that  he  might  not 
fall  by  the  hands  of  a  flave,  App'ian.  4, 
p.  669. — Labeo  never  rofe  higher  than 
the  office  of  praetor,  whereas  Capito 
was  promoted  to  the  confuifhip,  Tac.ih, 
Wc  are  told  by  Pomponius,  that  the 
confulfliip  for  part  of  the  year  was  of- 
fered to    Labeo,  and    rejected,  Dige/I. 

I,  2,  47. — Labeo  is  often  mentioned 
in  the  Digeil  as  an  oracle  of  law.  He 
15  faid  to  have  left  behind  him  no  Icfs 
than  500  volumes  on  that  fubjeft, 
many  of  which  were  extant  in  the 
time  of  JuHinian,  ib, 

Laberius,  a  Roman  eques^  a  com- 
pofer  of  mimic  performances  or  farces, 
(miimts  \t\  mlmographusy)  dc.  Fam.  7, 

II.  et  12,  18.;  H^r,  Sai,  I,  10,  6. 
At  the  games  exhibited  by  Caefar,  he 
adled   one  ol  his    own   plays,   {mmium 

Juvm  egiii)  Suet.Caef.  39. 

T,  \Attius.  LABIeNUS,  a  tribune 
ii]  the  time  of  Cicero's  confulate,  who 
accufed  C.  Rabirius  of  trealon  before 
the  people,  for  having  many  years  be- 
fore killed  Saturninus,  C'lc.  RaLlr. 
Perd.  1. — afterwards  one  of  Caefar's 
h'eutenants  in  Gaul,  Caef.  B.  G.  i, 
21,  &c.     In  the  beginning  of  the  civil 


3     1  LAD 

war  he  left  Gaefar  and  joined  Pompey» 
Cic.  An.  7,  II,  &  12.;  on  which  ac- 
count he  was  little  refpeded,  Ck.  Att. 
S,  2..  Hence,  Fort  is  in  annis  Caefare.is 
Labienus  erat ;  nunc  transfuga  'vilis,- 
Lucan.  5,  345.  He  efeaped  from  the 
battle  of  Pharfalia,  Cic.  Fam.  i,  32, 
and  was  flain  in  the   battle  of  Munda, 

Hirt.  Bell.   Hifp.  31. -Labieniani 

GciUiy  Gauls  ferving  under  Labienus, 
Hirt.  B.  AJr.  29. 

Labi'llus,  a  rich  man  at  Rome, 
whom  Martial  exeufes  himfelf  from  at- 
tending on  as  a  client,  11,  25.  and 
complains  that  he  wifned  to  be  elteem- 
ed  liberal  by  giving  contemptible  pre- 
fents.  He  therefore  calls  him,  Opti^ 
mus  malorum,  the  moil  munificerit  of 
miiers,  12,  36,  7. ;  but  compared  with 
generous  patrons,  Ultinms  bonorum^  the 
meanell  or  leaft  munificent  of  the  truly- 
liberal,  ib,  V.  10. 

LABycAS,  -ae^  a  beautiful  youth. 
Martial.  7,  86,  9. 

Laches,  -his,,  a  praetor  of  the  A- 
thenlans,   Cic.  Div,   i,  54. 

Lachesi-s,  -isf  one  of  the  three 
Parcae  or  fates,  [G.  389.)  who  was 
fuppofed  to  fpin  the  thread  of  human 
life;  whence,  Dum  fuperejl  Lachcfi  quod 
torqueaty  whiKt  Lacheiis  has  fome  thread 
to  fpin,  i.  e.  whilil  I  have  the  appear- 
ance of  living  for  fome  time,  'Ju'v.  3, 
27. 

L  ACT  AD  a  E,.  thofe  of  the  fame  Curiae 
(curialds)  with  Cimon  at  Athens,  Cic, 
Of.  2,  iB  f. 

LAcyDES,  "isi  a  phlloiopher  of  the 
middle  academy,  the  fcholar  of  Arce- 
Silas,   Cic.  Acad,  4,  6. 

Ladas,  -aCi  a  rcrsarkable  runner  at 
the  Olympic  games,  A.  ad  Heren.  4,  3.; 
the  fwifteil  of.  his  age,  Paufan.  2,  19. 
3,21.^/10,  23. ;  yldd.  Catuil.  55,  25,  j 
but  faid  to   have  been   poor,  Ju-venaL 

13,  97. Habeas   licet   alteram  pedem 

Ladae,  Inept e^  f^^ifira  crure  Hgneo  curres^ 
Suppole  you  liav?  one  foot,  as  fwift 
as  that  of  Ladafi,  and  the  other  of 
wood,  you  will  attempt  to  run  in  vain, 
(fo  you  will  as  little  get  the  character 
o.f  a   poet  by   intermixing   my  verfes 

with 


LAD 

with  your  own.)   Martial.  lO, 


r 


100,  5. 

^id Ji per  grac'iles  vlas  petauri  Inv'ttum 
jtibeas  Subire  Ladam  ?  What  if  you 
fhould  order  Ladas  agalnft  his  will  td 
mount  the  machine  called  Petaurusy 
and  become  a  rope-dancer  ?  (he  would 
fcorn  fuch  an  exercife.  So  poets  of 
genius  difdain  to  write  verfes  on  trifling 
fubjefts.)    Martial.  2,  86,  7. 

Lades-,  -ae,  the  fon  of  Imbrafus 
{^Lnhrasnhs,)  a  Lycian,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Aeneas  ;  flain  by  Tur- 
nus,    Virg,u4en.  12,  343.  ^ 

Ladon,    -onls,    a    Trojan    flain   by 

Halefus,   Virg.  Jen.  10,  413. f  2. 

A  failor  on  the  Tiber,  Martial.  10,  85. 

' 11  3'  ^"^  of  Actaeon's  dogs,   (al. 

Lagon,)   Ovid.  Met.  3,  216. 

M.  Porcius  LaeC'.,  an  accomplice 
in  the  confpiracy  of  Catihne,  Sallujl, 
17.  in  whofe  houfe  the  confpirators 
met,  ih.  26.  In  Cicero,  he  is  called 
M.  Lecca,   Cic.  Cat.  I,  4. 

Laelaps,  -apis,  (i.  e.  Tempejlas,^ 
the  name  of  the  dog  of  Cephalus,  Ovid. 
Met,  7,  772.  which  his  wife  Procris 
gave  him  in  a  prefent,  having  hetfelf 
got  him  from  Diana,  ih.  753-  ;  fofwift 
that  no  beail  could  efcape  him,  Hygin. 

f.  389 ^   2.  One  of  the  dogs  of 

A^laeon,  ih.  f.  181. 

LAELltTS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

C.  Laelius,  the  commander  of  the 
Roman  fleet  in  the  fecond  Punic  war, 
under  Scipio,  Liiu  26,  42.  prefenced 
with  a  golden  crown  and  thirty  oxen 
for  his  bravery,  ih.  He  was  the  chief 
affiftant  of  ijcipio  in  all  his  exploits, 
Un^.  27,  7.  29,  1,-15:  H^  ^'^3 
made  conful  with  L.  Scipio,  the  bro- 
ther of  Africanus,  a.  u,  563,  Id.  36, 

45.;  Cic.  Phil.   II,   7. f  2.  Ihc 

Con  of  the  former  ;  called  Sapiens,  on 
account  of  his  wifdom,  Cic.  Off.  2,  II. 
ct  3,  4,  &c.  ;  the  companion  and  friend 
of  Scipio  Africanus,  the  younger ; 
concerning  whom  Cicero  fays  many 
things  in  his  book  on  friendfliip,  [De 
Jmicitia,)  which  he  infcribes  with  the 
name  of  Laelius. — Horace  celebrates 
the  gentlenefs  and  good  fenfe  of  Lae- 
lius, Sat.  2,  I,  72% 


214    1  LAI 

Laenas,  -atis,  a  firname  of  the  ^^»j 
Popilia  ;  firll  given  to  M.  Popilius,  be- 
caufe,  when  conful,  being  informed  of 
an  infurrcdlion  of  the  people  againfl  the 
patricians,  while  engaged  in  a  folema 
facrifice,  he  rufhed  out  to  the  affembly, 
clothed  as  he  was  with  his  facerdotal 
robe,  (laend),  and  quafhed  the  fedition, 
Cic.  Brut.  14. 

Laenius.      Vid.  Lenius. 

Laertes,  -ae,,  the  fon  of  Acrifius, 
or  Arcefius,  Ovid.  Met.  1 3,  144.  and  fa- 
ther of  Uiyfles,  (G.  453.)  vvho  is  hence 
called  Laertiades,  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
48.;  Ltican.  ad  Pif.  6i.  Laertius 
herds,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  r24. ;  and  Itha- 
ca, his  kingdom,  Lae^tia  rkgna, 
Acn.  3,  273. 

Laetus,  a  friend  of  Cicero's,  who 
had  a  houfe  at  Naples,   Cic    /Jtt.  4,  9. 

Laevin'.'s,  a  firname  of  the  Vak' 
rii,    Hor.  Sat.  I,  6,  2. 

P.  Valerius  \  a  :viNus,  a  conful  who 
fought  againfl;  Pyrrhus,  and  was  de- 
feated by  him,   {G.  231.) 

M,  Valerius  1  AEViN-  s,  a  general 
who  performed  many  fignal  exploits  in 
the  fecond  Punic  war,  Liv.  23,  24, 
30,  he.  24,  40,  ^'c.  He  was  created 
conful  in  his  abfence,  Liv  26,  22.  ; 
and  drove  the  Carthaginians  out  of  all 
Sicily,   ih.  36. ;    Ck.  Verr.  3,  54. 

Laevus  CifpixiSy  a  lieutenant  of  Plan- 
cus,   Cic.  Fam.  10,  18,  &  20. 

Lag  us,  the  father  of  Ptolemy,  the 
general  of  Alexander,  and  the  hrfl;  of 
the  Macedonian  kings  in  Egypt;  hence 
Cleopatra,  in  addrefling  Caefar,  lays, 
Pharii  proles  clarjjjtma  Lagi) — Complec- 
tor  regina  pedes,  L  a  queen,  defcended 
from  Ptolemy  the  illuftrious  fon  of  La- 
gus,  fall  down  at  your  feet,  or  fuppli- 
cate  your  affiftance,  Lucan.  10,  86. 
So  Regia  Lagi)  the  royal  feat  of  the 
kings   of  Egypt,  i.  e.  Alexandria,  ih, 

527. Lagea  Proles y  i.  e.  Arfmoe, 

the  younger  filler  of  Cleopatra,  ih.  522. 
Ultima  Lageae  jlirpis  proles ^  the  laft  of 
the  Ptolemies,  Id.  8,  692.  Lagea  do' 
musi  the  royal  family  of  Egypt,  put 
for  the  Egyptians,  Id.  10,  414.  Do' 
nata  ejl  regia  Lagi,  the  kingdom,  or 
throne  of  Egypt,  Id.  $j  62*     So  Reg^ 

num 


LAI  in 

num  Lagtf  Id.  lo,  4.  /^rva  Lagi,  the 
country  of  Egypt,  LI  8,  443.  So  Ru- 
ra  Lagi,  ib.  8o2»  Lageajuventusy  the 
Egyptians,  Id.  10,  394.  Lageus  Ni- 
lusf  the  Nile,  the  river  of  Efrypt,  LI. 
I,  684,  So  Amnis  Lageus ^  Sil.  i,  196. 
Flumina  LagU   Id.  17,  596. 

Lagus,  one  of  the  warriors  of  Tur- 
nus,  flain  by  Pallas,  Virg.  10,  381, 
&c. 

Lais,  -'idist  a  famous  courtezan  of 
Corinth,  Gelh  i,  8.  Multis  Lais  ama- 
ta  virisi  Ovid.  Am.  1,5,  12.  ;  admi- 
red even  by  the  philofopher  Ariftippus, 
Cic.  Fam.  9,  26. 

Lai"S,  a  king  of  Thebes,  the  fon 
of  Labdacus,  and  father  of  Oedipus, 
(G.  429.) 

Lalage,  -esy  the  name  of  a  girl  ce- 
lebrated  by  Horace,    Od.    i,    22,    23. 

5f  ^'   ^  ^'^^y  reproached   for  her 

cruelty.   Martial.  2,  66. 

Lamachus,  a  general  of  the  Athe- 
nians in  Sicily,  flain  before  Syracufe, 
Jujlm,  4,  4. 

LAMIA,  a  firname  of  the  Aelii, 
faid  to  be  derived  from  Lamus,  an  an- 
cient king  of  the  Laejlr'igones^  Hor.  Od. 

3,  17,  I . ;  vrho  is  fuppofed  to  have  been 
the  fame  with  that  mentioned  by  Ho- 
mer, OdyJ".  10,81. Several  illullrious 

men  of  the  family  of  the  Lamiae  are 
mentioned,  Cie,  poji  red.  in  Sen.  5. 
Sext.  13,  Fam.  12,  29,  et  II,  16,  & 
17.  ;  Hor.  Od.  i,  26,  8.  Ep.  I,  14,  6.; 

Tac.  Ann.  6,  27. Juvenal  ufes  La- 

miae  not  only  for  thofe  of  that  family, 
but  alfo  for  the  chief  nobility  of  Rome, 
6,  385.  Hoc  nocuit  Lamiarum  caede  ma- 
denti.  This,  (viz.  his  becoming  an  ob- 
jeft  of  terror  to  people  of  the  mcaneft 
rank),  proved  fatal  to  Domitian,  reek- 
ing with  the  blood  oT  the  Lamiae,  and 
of  the  noble  ft  men  in  Rome,  Juvenal.  4, 
154.;  Suet.  Dom.  I,  &  10. — —Adj. 
HoRTi  Lamiani,  the  gardens  of  the 

Lainiae,   Cic.  Att.  12,21. ^  2.  A 

woman  of  Segefta  \.\\  Sicdy,    Cic.  Verr. 

4,  2f\ 

Lampedo,  'o.  Lampido,  a  Lace- 
deraoTiiai!  lady,  who  is  fa  id  to  have  been 
the  only  woman  in  any  age  that  was  a 


5    1  LAO 

king's  daughter,  a  king's  wife,  and  a 
king's  mother,  Plin.  7,  41.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Leotychidas,  the  wife 
of  Archidamus,  and  the  mother  of  A- 
gis,  all  of  them  kings  of  Sparta,  Plato 
in  Alcihiade, 

Lampetie,  -fj,  one  of  the  fifters  of 
Phaethon,  turned  into  a  poplar  tree, 
Ovid.  Met.  2,  349. 

Lamus,  a  king  of  the  Laejlrigones, 

{Fid.L,AMiA.)  51    2.    A  fon   of 

Hercules  by  Omphale,  queen  of  Ly- 
dia  ;  whence  he  is  called  Lydus  LamuSf 
Ovid.  Ep.  9,  54. 

LaoCoON,  -ontisy  a  Trojan,  the 
prieft  of  Neptune,  who  ftrongly  advi- 
fed  his  countrymen  not  to  admit  the 
wooden  image  of  a  horfe,  made  by  the 
Greeks,  into  the  city,  and  even  fhot  a 
dart  into  its  fide,  Virg.  Aen.  2,  41,  &c. 
In  a  Ihort  time  after,  while  he  was  fa- 
crificing  on  the  fiiore,  two  huge  fnakes 
having  fwum  from  Tenedos,  made 
ftraight  towards  him,  and  firft  devour- 
ed the  bodies  of  his  two  fons,  (little 
boys,  who  probably  aflifted  him  in  the 
facrifice)  ;  then,  while^he  attempted  to 
afliU  them,  the  ferpents  folding  round 
his  middle,  difpatched  him  likewife. 
The  Trojans  confidering  this  as  a  juft 
punifhment  on  Lacc5on  for  his  impie- 
ty, in  having  violated  the  facred  image, 
carried  the  horfe  filled  with  armed  men 
into  the  city,  and  placed  it  in  the  cita- 
del. The  armed  men  next  night  being 
let  out  by  Sinon,  opened  the  gates,  ad- 
mitted their  companions,  and  took  the 
town,  Ib.  201,  &c. 

Laodamia,  the  wife  of  Protesila- 
us,  to  whom  the  accounts  of  the  death 
of  her  hufband  proved  fatal,  (G.  460.) 
hence,  Aut  comes  extinclo  Laodamia  viro, 

Ovid.Tr.  I,  5,  20.  (G.  460.) ^  2. 

A  daughter  of  Beilerophon,  the  mo- 
ther of  Sarpedon  by  Jupiier,  according 
to  Homer  ;  but  others  make  Europa 
the  mother  of  Sarpedon,  Apoliodor.  3, 
I,   I. 

LAOi>icE,or  Laodoce,  -es,  one  of  the 

daughters  of  Priam,   Hygin.  f.  90. • 

5[  2.  A  nymph  beloved  by  Neptune, 
Ovid.Fp,  19,  lis- 

Lao- 


LAP  [21 

Laodamas,  -antisi  a  fon  of  Alcf- 
nous,  who  challenged  UJyfles  to  con- 
tend with  him  in  boxing,  Homer.  Od. 
8,  130,  &c. 

IjAOmldon,  -OW//J-,  a  king  of  Troy, 
(G.  187,372,399.)  the  father  of  Pn- 
am ;  who  is  hence  called,  Ljomeijoj^' 
TTABE~?j  Jwoenal.  6,  325.  ace.  Laome- 
dontiaden  Pr'uimumy  Virg.  A  en.  R,  i  ^8, 
&  162.  L^OMEDONTiADAE,  the  Tro- 
jans, defcendants  of  Laoniedon,  by  way 
of  reproach,  tb.  3, '248. — LAOMznoN- 
rws  HERoSy  Aeness,  ii>.  iS.  Laome- 
elontiapuhes,  the  Trojan  yoiitli,  tb.  7,10^. 
Laomtdordeae  luhnus  perjuria  '7'rojae,  we 
have  atoned  for  the  perjury  of  Troy, 
buitt  or  pofieffed  by  Laomedon,  (Avho 
defrauded  Neptune  and  Apollo  of  the 
h*re  which  he  promifed  them,  for  af- 
iifling  him  to  build  t!ie  walls  of  Trov), 
Firg.  G.  I,  502.  (Fid  G.  372.)  Paf. 
tor  LaomedonfeuSf  i.  e.  Parif,  Sid  7, 
437.     Urbs   Laomedonteay    Rome,     Id. 

L.APPA,    'v'uL  R.USRENUS. 

Lak.,  Lars,  V.  Lartesy  -isy  a  name 
common  to  the  kings  of  Etriiria,  which 
fecms  to  h'ive  denoted  their  rank  or 
dignity,  Liv.  2,  9.  ef  4,  17.  ;  Cic. 
Phil.  9,  9. 

Lara,  a  nymph  of  the^Tyber,  {nviv- 
fha  Tlberlnis,  -7dfSj  vel  Naisy  -idis), 
fuppofed  to  be  the  daughter  of  the  ri- 
ver Almo,  deprived  of  her  tongue  by 
Jupiter,  for  having  told  of  his  amoors 
to  Juno. The  mother  of  the  La- 
res by  Mercury,  O'vid.  F'ljl.  2,  599, 
&c.  called  alfo  Larunda,  Varr.  L.  L. 
4,  ro.  ;  Laclant.  i,  20,  35.  Her  ori- 
ginal name  was  Lala,  from  her  loqua- 
city,   (>^>fy,  hqv.or),   Ovid.  ib. 

Largus,  or  Largius,  a  firname  of 
the  Scrihorniy   Cic.  Or.  2,  59.  ;   Fam.  6, 

8 -«[  2.     A  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 

a  poem  on  the  arrival  ot  Antenor  in 
Italy,  Galiica  qu\  Phry^iwn  duxit  in  ar- 
va  feneniy  who  led  the  Trojan  old  man, 
i.  e.  Antenor,  into  the  country,  of  G:iul, 
i.  e.  dcfcribcd  his  voyage  from  Phry- 
gia,  and  his  fettlement  in  that  part  of 
Cifalpine  Gaul  where  Pataviurn  or  Pa- 
dua was  built,    Ovid.  Pont.  4,  16,  17. 


6    J  L  A  T 

LarTdfs,  -m,  or  Larldiis,  ?.  Volf- 
cian  or  Rutulianf  the  fon  of  Daucu?, 
and  twin-brother  of  Thymber,  to  whom 
h^-  was  very  like.  [Daucia  Larlde 
Thymherque,  JinnlUma  pfbles.)'  He 
had  his  rigiit  hand  cut  off  by  Pallas, 
yirg.  uicn.  \o>,  390,    &c. 

Larina,  an  Italian  virgin  that  at- 
tended Camilla  to  the  war  againft  Ae- 
neas,   Virg.  Aen.  11,655. 

Lartidius,  a  name  of  reproach,  u- 
fed  by  Cicero  to  denote  a  fraudulent 
agent  ;  fignifying,  according  to  fome, 
as  cunning  as  Ulyffes,  the  fon  of  Laer- 
tes ;  according  to  others,  the  name  is 
taken  from  fome  noted  knave  or  thief, 
Cic.  Att.  7,  1. 

M.  LATERENSIS,  a  friend  of 
Cicero's,  who  would  not  fland  candi- 
date for  the  oiSce  of  tribune  of  the 
commons,  that  he  might  not  be  obli- 
ged to  fwear  to  fupport  the  Agrarian 
law  of  Caefar,  [ne  juraret  in  Caefarii 
legem  Agrariam)y  Cic.  Att.  2,  18.  Be- 
ing repulfed  in  his  application  for  the 
aedileiliip,  he  accufed  his  fuccefsful 
competitor  Plancius  of  bribery,  Cic. 
Plane,  f .  Pie  was  praetor  in  the  con- 
fuliTiip  of  Marcellus  and  Paulus,  Cic, 
P'anu  8,  8.  Pie  was  afterwards  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Lepidus,  and  laid  violent 
hands  on  hirnfelf,  when  Lepidus  dtfert- 
ed  the  republican  party,  and  joined 
Antony,  Cic.  Fam.  ic,  2i,  &  23.  Ci- 
cero extols  bis  honour  and  attachment 
to  his  country,,  ib.  et  Vat.  1 1. 

Ijateranus,  a  noble  Roman,  put 
to  death  by  the  command  of  Nero.  He 
fubmiited  to  his  fate  with  wonderful 
fortitude,  Tac.Ann.  15,49,  &  60.  His 
houfe,  ( Lateranae  aedes),  was  fuddenly 
befet  by  a  cohort  of  armed  men,  and 
b.e  was  fo  quickly  difpatched,  that  he 
was  not  permitted  to  embrace  his  chil- 
dren, ib.  ei  jfuvenal.  10,  17.;  Arrian. 
I,  r.  A  magnificent  houfe  in  Rome 
ilill  retains  the  nam.e  of  this  family. 

Lat?nus,  the  fon  of  Faun  us  and 
Marica,  a  Laurentlan  nym.ph  ;  king  of 
Latium,  when  Aeneas  arrived  in  that 
country,    Virg.  A.n,  7,  45,  &c.  ;  Liv. 


i  n. 


19 


luKTHsVi 


L  A  T  [2 

Latinus  Syhiins,  one  of  the  kings 
of  Alba,  by  whom  ftveral  colonies  were 
planted,  called  the  ancient  Latins, 
(Prifc'i  LatiniJ,   Liv.  I,  3. 

Latinus,  a  lieutenant  of  Calvifius, 
the  governor  of  Africa,  C'tc.  Fam.  12, 

Latinius  LatiariSj  a  man  of  prae- 
torian rank,  who,  to  gratify  Sejanus, 
by  the  bafeft  treachery,  procured  the 
de(lru£lion  of  Sabinns,  the  friend  of 
German icus,  Tac.  Ann,  4,  68,  &c. 
After  the  fall  of  Sejanus,  he  met  with 
the  juft  punilhment  of  his  guilt,  ih.  6, 

4- 

Latinius  PancluSf  the  pro-praetor 
of  Moefm,   Tac.  Ann.  2,  66. 

LAT6NA,  the  mother  of  A^pollo 
and  Diana  by  Jupiter,  (G.  365.)  ; 
whence  they  are  called  Latonae  duplex 
genus,  Virg.  Aen.  J2,  ig8.  Duo  Lato- 
nigenae^  Ovid.  Met.  6,  160.  Apollo  is 
called  Latoides,  -ae,  .9/^/.  Theh.  i, 
^(i'^.  Latous,  Omd.  Met.  6,  384. 
voc.  Latocy  Herat.  Od.  I,  31,  18.  Piier 
Latonae^  ib.  4,  6,  37.  Latonae  fJ'ius, 
Tibuil.  3,4,  72.  Latenia proles,  Ovid. 
Met.  8,    15.   Trift.  5,  I,   57.     Latonia 

vel  Latomjlirbs,  Id.  Triil.  3,2,  3. — 

Diana  is  called  Latonia,  Virg.  Acn.  9, 
405.  ;  Ovid.  Met.  i,  696.  et  8,  394.  ; 
Stat.  Theb.  9,  679.  Latdia,  Ovid. 
Met.  8,  541.  Latoisy  -uiis,  v.  -ulos.  Id. 
Ep.  21,  153. — Latoulos  arae,  the  al- 
tars of  Diana,  O-v'id.  Met.  8,  278.  Ca- 
laureae  Lato'idos  arva,  the  fields  of  Ca- 
laurea,  an  ifland  facred  to  Latoi.ia,  0- 
iiid.  Met.  7,  384.  Latdae  arae,  the  al- 
tars of  Latona,  Id.  6,  274. — Delos 
Latonia,  the  ifland  Delos,  in  which 
Latona  brought  forth  Apollo  and  Dia- 
na, Virg.  G.  3,  6.  ;   On)] a.  in  Ihtde,  479. 

L-VEiiNA,  the  goddefs  of  thieves 
and  fraudulent  perfons,  Hor.Ep.  1,16, 
60. ;    Plant.  Aul.  2.  3,  31. 

Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  king  La- 
tinus aitd  Amata,  and  the  wife  of  Ae- 
neas,  (G.  190.) 

Laurenti  ,  the  wife  of  Fauftulus, 
and  nurfe  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 
'.  jLf-u.  1 ,  4.     Fid.  Ace  A. 

Lausus,  the  fon  of  Mezentius,  llain 


17     1  L  E  K 

by  Aeneas,  Firg.  Aen.  10,  8t4,-^-*-*« 
f  2.  The  fon  of  Numitor,  and  brother 
of  Ilia,  (lain  by  his  uncle  Amulius,  0- 
'vid.  Fajl.  4,  ^^, 

Leander,  W  Leandrus,  -driy  a 
native  of  Abydos,  (Ahydenus),  famous 
for  his  love  for  Hero  of  Sellos,  whom 
he  ufed  to  fwim  over  the  Hellefpont 
in  the  night-time  to  vifit,  and  to  re- 
turn before  morning,  till  in  a  ftormy 
night  he  was  drowned,  (G.  349.); 
hence  Hellespontus  Leandrius, 
i.e.  in  quo  Leander  periit,   Sil.  8,  622. 

Le  arc  HUB,  the  fon  of  Athamas  and 
Ino,  whom  his  father,  being  fcized  with 
a  fudden  madnefs,  killed,  (G.  427.); 
hance  Learcheae  umbrae,  the  fhade  Or 
ghoft  of  Learchus,  Ovid.  Fajl.  6,  491. 

Lecca.     Vid.  Laeca. 

LEDA,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus,  the 
fon  of  Oebalus,  king  of  Lacedaemon, 
who  is  faid  in  fable  to  have  laid  two 
eggs,  from  the  one  of  which  were  pro- 
duced Pollux  and  Helena  by  Jupiter, 
who  had  come  to  Leda  in  the  form  of  a 
fv/an  ;  and  from  the  other  Cailor  and 
Clytaemneftra,  by  Tyndarus,  (G.  41 1.); 
whence  Bii  Ledaei,  Cailor  and  Pollux, 
Ovid.  Fajl.  1,706.  So  Fratres  Ledaei, 
Id  ad  Liv.  283.  etS'il.  15,23.  Ledaea 
Helena,  the  daughter  of  Leda,  Virg. 
Acn.  7,  364  alfo  Ledaea  Hennione,  the 
daughter  of  Helena,  and  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Leda,  ih.  3,  328. 

Lelex,  -'egisy  a  native  of  Naryx, 
{^Narycius),  one  of  thofc  who  afTembled 
to  deftroy  the  wild  boar  of  Calydon, 
Ovid.  Mtt.  8,  312 ^-5[  2.  An  inha- 
bitant of  Troezen,  [Troezenius  heros), 
the  companion  of  Thereus,  Ovid.  Met. 
8,  566.  a  man  of  experience  a.d  good. 

fenfe,  ib.  617. 5[  3.   An  E^^yptian 

that  fettk^d  at  Meg^xra,  from  wi'om  the 
Lcleges  are  fuppolcd  to  have  derived 
their  name,  Pau/an.^,  i.  (See  Geogr. 
Index.) 

LtNArus,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  (a 
A>'v-'f,  torcular,  a  vine-prefs),  Ovid.  Met. 
4,  14.  whence  Lena  .Us  honor,  wine, 
Vir^.  Aen.  4,  301.      So  Leuaei  latices. 

Id.  G.  3,  510. «1 2.  A  king  of  Pon- 

E  e  tJJs, 


L  E  N  [2 

tus,  TvVio  Is  faid  to  have  been  left  naked 
on  the  ifland  of  Leuce,  (  Achillea  humo)^ 
Ovid,  in  Ibide,  331.     ^V'td.  G.448.) 

G.  b'  AT.  Len  n  W  L  a  -  n  1 1,  two  bro- 
thers,  who  entertained  Cicero  at  Brun- 
dufium,  notvvithilanding  the  threats  of 
Clodius,  Cic.Fam.  13,  63.  Ait.  ^,  20, 
&  21.  Plane.  41.  Sext.  63.  One  of 
thefe  (Marcus)  is  thought  to  be  the 
perfon  who  is  faid  firft  to  have  invented 
an  aviary  at  Brundurmm,  I' arr.  R.  R. 
3,  5,  8.  Pliny  calls  him  M.  Laenius 
Strabo,   [al.  Laelius),    10,  50  f.  72. 

L'-NTiDi'.  s,  one  of  the  agents  of 
Clodius,   Cic.  Dom.  33.  Sext.  37. 

L:.NTO  Caefcnius,  one  of  itv&n  em- 
ployed by  Antony  to  command  in  part 
of  Etruria  ;  hence  Cicero  fpeaks  of  his 
feptemviral  authority,  PhiL  12,9. 

LENTuLUS,  the  hrname  of  a 
noble  family  of  the  Gens  Cornelia^  deri- 
ved from  fome  one  who  excelled  in  rai- 
fing  that  kind  of  pulfe  called  icntiles, 

Plh,  iS,  3. Lentulitas, -Jt/V,  f. 

a  word  ufed  jocularly  by  Cicero  to  de- 
note the  nobility  of  the  Leniuli,   Fam. 

L.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  conful, 
a.  427,  Llv.  8,  22.  appointed  to  com- 
mand  againft  the  Samniteb,  ib.  23.  As 
he  could  not  leave  the  army,  and  bis  col- 
league alfo  was  abfent  from  Roine,  he 
named  a  didlator  in  the  camp  to  hold  the 
comltia  for  eleftmg  new  magiilrates,  ib, 
"When  the  Roman  army  v/as  furrow nd- 
ed  by  the  Samnites  at  Caudium,  Len- 
tulus, who  then  ferved  as  a  lieutenant, 
was  fent  on  an  embaffy  to  Pontius,  the 
general  of  the  Samnites,  and  upon  his 
return  advifed  the  confuls  to  accept  the 
terms  prefcribed,  Liv,  9,  4. 

Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  a  military 
tribune,  who,  in  his  flight  from  the 
battle  of  Cannae,  obfcrving  the  conful 
Paulus  Aemihus  fitting  on  a  Hone  co- 
vered with  blood,  in  confequence  of 
his  wounds,  offered  him  his  horfe, 
which  that  great  man  refufed,  char- 
n-ing  Lentulus  to  baften  his  elcape,  and 
tell  the  fenacors  to  make  proper  prepa- 
rations for  the  defence  of  the  city  be- 
fore the  approach  of  the  enemy,  Liij. 


4 


18    ].  L  E  N 

22,  49.  Lentulus  was  quaeftor  to  T» 
Gracchus,  and  after  his  death  com- 
manded the  army,  Liv.  25,  17,  &  19. 
— In  the  confulihip  of  Lentulus,  a.  5  53, 
peace  was  concluded  with  the  Cartha- 
ginians, Liv.  30,  44.  Lentulus  was 
defirous  of  having  the  province  of  A- 
frica  •,  and  the  fear  of  being  fupplanted 
by  a  fuccelTor  made  Scipio  grant  the 
Carthaginians  more  favourable  terms, 
ib.  The  province  of  Hither  Spain  was 
given  to  Lentulus,  Id.  31,  50.  where, 
by  his  exploits,  he  obtained  the  ho- 
nour of  an  ovation,  Id.  3^,  27. 

L.  Cornelius  LENTULUS,  a  Ro- 
man  $^eneral,  to  whom,  in  conjunction 
with  L.  Manlius,  Scipio  entrufted  the 
command  of  the  army  when  he  left 
Spain,  Liv.  28,  38.  Here  Lentulus 
behaved  fo  well,  tb.  29,  2,  &  3.  that  he 
was  .created  curule  aedile,  in  his  ab- 
fence,  with  Cn.  Lentulus,  ib.  1 1.  and 
continued  in  his  command,  ib.  13.  Up- 
on his  return  to  Rome  he  aflced  a  tri- 
umph, which  was  refufed  him,  becaufe 
he  had  never  been  conful,  having  com- 
m.andcd  with  only  the  title  of  proconful. 
He  was,  however,  permitted  to  enter 
the  city  m  an  ovation,  31,  20.  He 
was  made  confjl,  a.  ^^^,  ib.  49.  but 
performed  nothing  memorable  in  that 
office,  ib.  32,  7,  8,  &  9. 

P.  Cornelius  LENTULUS,  prince 
of  the  fenate,  who  received  a  danger- 
ous wound  while  he  affifted  Opimius 
the  conful  in  attacking  C.  Gracchus 
and  Fulvius  Flaccus  on  the  Aventine 
hill,  Cic.  PhiL  8,  4.  Cat.  4,  6.  He  af- 
terwards  became  fo  odious  that  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  city.  He  retired 
on  what  was  called  libera  legatio  to  Si- 
cily, where  he  died,  Val.  Max.  5,  3,  2, 
^  2.  The  grandfon  of  the  for- 
mer, Cic.  ib. ;  Dio,  46,  20.  firnamed 
Su:;a,  (  Fid.  Plutarch,  in  Cic,  p.  868.), 
conful  a.  682,  afterwards  expelled  from 
the  fenate,  (as  it  is  thought  by  the 
cenfors  Cn.  Lentulus  and  L.  Gellius}, 
on  account  of  his  diffolute  morals  ; — - 
made  praetor  a.  690,  that  thas  he 
might  regain  his  fenatorian  dignity, 
^iOj  37,  3 O.J  Plutarch,  ib.   (  Vid.  A.  7.) 

Having 


L  E  N  [2 

Having  engaged  in  the  confplracy  of 
Catiline,  and  being  detcfted  by  the  e- 
vidence  of  T.  Volturcius  and  the  Allo- 
broges,  he  was  put  to  death,  with  fe- 
veral  of  his  alFociates,  [Vid.  CictRO, 
/.  107,  &c.) 

P.  LENTULUS  Splnther,  curule 
aedile  in  tlie  conlulfliip  of  Cictro,  who 
exceeded  all  that  had  been  before  him 
in  the  magnificence  of  his  games,  Cic. 
Off.  2,  16.  When  conful,  a.  d^jd^  he 
ftrenuouily  promoted  the  rclloration  of 
Cicero,  for  which  Cicero  often  expref- 
fes  his  gratitude  in  the  llrongell  terms; 
thus,  P,  Leniuliis  confuU  parens^  deus 
falulls  nqjlraey  vitae^  fortunae,  ^c,  Cic. 
poft  red.  ad  Quir.  5.  in  Sen.  4.  &c. 
i3o  Fam.  I,  I,  ^vC,  LentuUis,  after  his 
confuhhip,  obtained  the  province  of 
Cilicia,  and  wiflied  to  be  commiffioned 
to  reltore  king  Ptolemy,  but  was  dif- 
appointed,  (ivV/.  Ciccro,  />.  113.)  He 
periflied  in  the  civil  war,  Cic,  Fam.  6, 
21. — He  left  a  fon  of  the  fame  name, 
who,  after  the  death  of  Caefar,  per- 
formed fome  exploits  in  Afia,  which 
he  himfeif  enumerates  in  two  letters 
iliil  extant,   Cic.  Fam.  12,  14,  &  15. 

Leo,  -onis,  the  name  of  feveral  em- 
perors of  Conftantinople,   (C.  478.) 

Le  DC  HA  RES,  -isf  a  notcd  engraver, 
Plin.  34,  8. 

Lc:ON,  -onisy  the  chief  man  of  Phlius, 
{^Phliafiorum  princeps)^  to  whom  Pytha- 
goras explained  the  reafon  of  his  affu- 
ming   the    name    of    philofopher,    Cic. 

fujc.  5,  3.- %  2.  A  native  of  Mega- 

ra,  [Mcgarenjis),  Cic.  Verr.  5,  6. 

Leonatus,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander,   Nep.  18,  2. 

LEONiDAS,  -ae,  a  king  of  Spar- 
ta, who,  with  a  fmall  body  of  men  at 
Thermopylae,  bravely  oppofed  the 
■whole  Perfian  army  under  Xerxes;  and 
at  lall  being  furrounded  through  the 
treachery  of  a  ThefTalian,  he  and  his 
men  nobly  devoted  their  lives  for  their 

country,   ( G.  3  1 1 ,  &  465.) ^  2.  A 

native  of  Lilybaeum,   Cic.  Verr.  5,  5. 

Leon  IDES,  -ae,  a  chijf  man  at  A- 
thens,  who  wrote  to  Cicero  a  favour- 
able account  concerning  his  fon,  Cic, 


19    1  LEU 

Fam.  15,  21.  Att.  15,  16,  3c  18.  16, 
16. 

Leontium,  an  Epicurean  courte- 
zan, who  wrote  a  book  againfl:  Theo- 
phraftus,   Cic.  N.  D.  I,  33. 

L^.ONTius,  a  famous  engraver,  Plin* 
34,8. 

Leotychides,  -/V,  a  king  of  La- 
cedaemon,  who  commanded  the  Lace- 
demonian flea  at  the  battle  of  Mycale, 
in  which  the  Perfian  fleet  was  deftroy- 
ed,  (G.  466.) 

Lepidus,  a  firname  of  the  Aemillu 

M.  Aemilius  LEPIDUS,  the  trium- 
vir  with  Antony  and  Auguftus,  (G. 
242.),  Cic.  Phil.  5,  14,  &  15.  Fam.  10, 
20.  ei  12,  10.  He  mariied  one  of  the 
fifl:ers  of  Brutus,  and  Caflius  another ; 
whence  Cicero,  writing  to  Cafiius,  calls 
Lepidus  his  relation,  (inus  neceffarius) y 
Fam.  12,  2.  [affnisy  ib.  8.).  After 
the  death  of  Caefar,  the  fon  of  Lepi- 
dus married  one  of  Antony's  daugh- 
ters, with  which  connection  Lepidus 
was  much  pleafed,  [ajinitate  ro'vd  deleC' 
tatur),  ib.  et  Dio,  44,  33.  [Fid.  An- 
TONIUS  ei  OCTAVIUS.) 

Lh  PI  LI  us,  the  courier  [tahellarius) 
of  L.  Metellus  in  Sicily,  Cic*  Verr, 
2,  26. 

^  LcpTA,  the  commander  of  the 
artificers  or  captain  of  artillery  (preie- 
feSus  fahrttm)  to  Cicero  m  Cilicia,  Cic. 

Fam.  3,  7. 1[[  2.  The   fon  of  the 

former,    Cic.  ib.  6,  1 8, 

Leptines,  -is,  an  Athenian,  a- 
galnll  whom  Demofthenes  delivered  an 

oration,  Cic.  Or.  3  f. ^  2.  The  per- 

fon  who  affafTmated  Cn.  Octavius, 
when  fent  as  ambaffador  to  Antiochus, 
Cic.  Phil.  9,  7. 

Lepus,  -oris,  the  hare,  the  name  of 
a  conffellation,  Cic.N.D.  2,44.;  Cohi- 
mel.  11,2. 

Leucaepis,  -uiis,  ace.  Leucajpim, 
one  of  Aeneas's  companions,  loll  in  a 
florm,    Firg   Aen.  6,  334. 

LEUCIPPUS,  the  mailer  of  Demo- 


critus,  and   auth*. 


the  doArine  of 
Ke  thought 


atoms,  Cic.  N.  D.  i,  24 

that  all   things   were  produced  from  a 

pknum  and  a  vacuum^  Cic.  Acjad.  4,  37. 

E  e  2  LEiJ^irrus, 


LEU  [220 

Leucipphs,  the  fon  of  Perieres  and 
Gor^oplione  the  daughter  of  Perfeus, 
the  brother  of  Tyndarus,  JpoIIodor.  i, 
9,  5.  one  of  the  Argonauts,  Gv'id.  Met. 
8,  306.  the  father  of  Phoebe  and  Elaira, 
who  are  hence  called  Leucippides, 
Ov'id.  Ep.  16,  327.  fing.  Leucippis  Phoe- 
be, Propert.  i,  2,  15.  They  were  be- 
trothed to  two  brothers,  Lynceus  and 
Idas,  and  carried  oflP  by  Caftor  and 
Pollux  on  the  day  of  their  marriage, 
Uygin.f.  80.  5  Omd,  Fajl.  5,  699,  &c. 

(G.412.) 

Leitcon,  faid  to  be  the  brother  of 
one  Spartacus,  a  king  of  Pontus,  whofe 
wife  he  feduced,  and  then  flew  the  king, 
hoping  thus  to  poffefs  the  crown  ;  but 
the  king's  wife  killed  him  in  revenge, 
Ovid,  in   Ihin.    309.' ^  2.    One  of 


A^^aeon*s  dogs,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  218. 

Lelconoe,  -es^  3.  woman  whom 
Horace  dilTuades  from  confulting  aftro- 

logers,  Od.    I,  i  r. ^|  2.  A    nymph 

who  recounts  the  amours  of  Sol,  Ovid. 
M^t.4.,  168. 

LtucoTHEA  vel  Leucothoe,  -fj, 
the  name  given  to  Ino  by  the  Greeks 
after  ihe  was  converted  into  a  fea-god- 
defs,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  15.  Tufc.  I,  12  f. ; 
Ovid.  Met.  4,  542. 

Leucqthoe,  -es,  a  virgin  beloved 
\>y  So  J,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  196,   [G.  373.) 

LIBER,  -eriy  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
{G.  382.),  becaufe,  as  commentators 
fay,  wine  frees  (iiberat)  the  mind  from 
cares,  yocofi  mun^ra  Liberi,  the  gifts  of 
merry  or  joyous  Bacchus,  i.  e,  wine, 
Hor.  Od.'^y  l^t  26.  Modici  tranfdire 
iniinera  Liheri,  to  exceed  a  moderate 
ufe  of  the  gifts  of  Bacchus,  i.  t.  to 
drink  to  exccfs, /i^.  i,  18,  7.  :.lne  Cere- 
re  et  Libera  frig^tt  Venusy  without  bread 
and  wine  love  grows  cold,  Ttr.  Eun,  4, 

Libera,  a  name  given  to  Ariadne 
by    Bacchus    when    he    married    her, 

Ovid.  Fajl.  3,  512.-- Cicero  fpeaks  of 

Liber  and  Libera^  the  children  of  Ceres, 
whom  the  Romans  worfnipped  W'ith 
great  veneration,  Cic.  N.  D.  2,  24, 
Here  Lieer  denotes  Triptolemus,  the 
fp^Ypyrite  0^ Ceres  5  and  LiberAj  Prc^ 


]  LIB 

ferpine,  her  daughter  ;  both  of  whom 
were  worfhipped  under  thefe  names  at 
Enna  in  Sicily;  whence  the  Romans 
feem  to  have  derived  the  worfhip  of 
Ceres  and  of  her  children,  Cic.  Verr. 
4,  49,  &  53.  Hence  we  find  the  temple 
of  Ceres  joined  with  that  of  Liber  and 
Libera,  Liv.  3,  55.  ^^  41,  28.  Three 
brazen  ftatues  erected  to  them  out  of 
the  money  arifing  from  tines,  [ex  argento 
nndtaiitiOy)  Liv.  33,  25. 

Lib  ERA  LI  A,  -iumy  et  -iorum,  a  fefti- 
val  in  honour  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  on 
the  1 6th  of  March,  (xvi.  KaL  Jpril.) 
on  which  day  young  men  ufed  to  af- 
fume  the  Toga  virilis,  Cic.  Att.  6,  i. 

LiBERTAs,  -a/is,  Liberty,  worfliip- 
ped  as  a  gcddefs  at  Rome,  Liv.  24,  16.; 
Cic.  Dam.  35.;   Ovid.  Trifl.  3,  i,  72. 

LIBITiNA,  the  goddefs  of  fune- 
rals ;  hence  Libitinam  vitare,  Hor.  Od. 
3,  3,  7.  Evadere  Libitinam,  to  efcape 
death,  jfuvenal.  12,  122.  Miraturque 
nihil,  niji  quod  Libitina  facravit,  admires 
no  work,  unlefs  the  author  has  been 
longfince  dead,  Hor.  Ep.  2,  1,49. — In 
the  temple  of  Libitina  the  things  re- 
quifite-  for  funerals  were  fold,  Plutarch^ 
^uaeji.  Rom.  23.  A  certain  coin  alfo 
was  paid  for  every  one  that  was  buried, 
according  to  the  inftitution  of  Servius 
Tullius,  Dionys,  4,  15.  and  an  account . 
(ratio)  kept  of  thofe  who  died  ;  thus, 
jiutu'innufque  gravis,  Lihitinae  qiiaejlns  a- 
cerbae,  iickly  autumn,  the  gain  of  cruel 
Libitina,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  6,  19.  i.  e.  of 
thofe  who  took  care  of  funerals,  [qui 
funera  exercehant,  Val.  Max.  5,  2,  10.) 
and  attended  in  the  temple  of  Libitina, 
hence  called  Libitinarii,  Senec.  Bcncf. 
6,  38.  ^o  Phaedrus  fpeaking  of  a  mi- 
fer  fays,  J^/i  circumcidis  omnern  impen- 
fam  funeris  Libitina  (i.e.  Libitinarii) 
ne  quid  de  tuo  (i.  e.  de  tua  re)  faciat  lu- 
crum, lib.  4,  fab.  19,  21.  Pejlilentia  uniiis 
autumni,  qua  triginta  funerum  millia  in  ra- 
tionem  Libitinae  venerunt,  30,000  people 
died,  as  appeared  by  the  account-books 
of  the  temple  of  Libitina,  Suet.  Ner. 
39.  Pejlilentia  in  urh  taniafuit,  ut  Libi- 
tina tunc  vixfiifficeret,  that  the  temple  of 
Libitina   coiiid   fcarcely  fupply   what 


L  I  R  C     ill 

was  neceflary  to  bury  the  dead,  Llv.  40. 
19.  (for  in  the  temple  of  Libitina  all 
things  reqiiilite  for  funerals  were  fold, 
Plutarch,  ^latj}.  Rom,  23.)  Eoritm  (fc. 
fervorum)j/?/-rt^'-^j-  per  omnes  inas  infepul- 
torum  erat  :  Ne  I'lherorum  quukm  funsri- 
biis  LihiUnaJiiJfic'iehaty  the  temple  of  Li- 
bitina could  not  afford  a  fuffieient 
number  of  perfons  to  bury  the  free  ci- 
tizens,  Lin).   41,  21. Libitina  is 

fomctimes  put  for  a  coffin  or  funeral 
pile  ;  thus  Una  duos  tit  Libitina  feiat, 
tiiat  one  funeral  couch  or  cofiin  may 
carry  both,  Martial.  8,  43,  4.  Dinn 
levis  arfurajlriiitur  Libitina papiro,  while 
the  funeral  pile  is  ratfed  with  paplrus, 
ready  to  be  burnt,  Martial.  10,  97,  [. 
LiBO,  'onis^  a  lirname  of  the  Scri- 
honii. — Futeal  Libonis,  vel  Scribonianum, 
a  place  in  the  forum,  near  which  the 
praetor  fat,  (  Vid.  R.  Ant.  p.  247.) 

L.  LiBO,  a  writer  of  annals,  Cic, 
Att.  13,  31,  &  32. 

Lie  HAS,  -ae,  the  fervant  of  Hercu- 
les, who  brought  to  him  from  Dejani- 
ra  the  empoifoned  robe,  which  proved 
fatal  to  that  hero.  Hercules  in  his 
rage  threw  Lichas  into  the  fea.  Li- 
chas  is  faid  to  have  been  converted  in- 
to a  rock  of  the  fame  name  in  the  Eu- 
bean  fea,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  155, — 229.; 
Hygin.fi.',   {G.  402.) 

LICINIUS,  the  name  of  a  nume- 
rous gefis  or  clan  am.ong  the  Romans, 
comprehending  many  branches  or  fa- 
miliae  ;  as,  the  Crojfi,  LticuUi,  Murenae^ 
Nervae,  Stolones,  Sec. — Hence  Atria 
Licinia,  courts  or  hall?  built  by  L.  Uv- 
cinius  CralTiis,  when  aediie,  for  holding 
auftions  or  the  like,  Cic.  ^dnt.  3.  ; 
I/icinia  oliva,  a  kind  of  olive  cultivated 
by  one  Licinius,  Col.  12,  49,  &  52. 
called  alfo  oka  Liciniana,  Cato,  R.  R.  6. 
So  Donius  Liciniana,  the  houfe  of  Lici- 
nius, Cic.  i^  Fr,  2,  3. — Horace  in- 
fcribes  the  tenth  ode  of  the  ftcond  book 
to  Licinius  Varro  Murena,  the  brother 
of  Tcrentia,  the  wife  of  Maecenas. 
£go  pcjf.deo  plus  Licinis,  I  am  richer 
than  the  Licini,  i.  e.  than  Licinius 
Craffu?,  called  Dives  on  account  of  hij 
riches,  juvetml.  i,  109.  So  Praedives 
Llchus,  for  any  rieh  man,  Id,  14.  306, 


3  L  1  G 

C.  LICINIUS   Cahus  Stolo,  a  ple- 
beian, married  to  the  younger  daughter 
of  M.    Fabius  Ambuilus,   a  patrician, 
Liv.  6,  34.      Moved  by  the  chagrin  of 
his'  wife  at  finding  herfelf  married  to  a 
man   who  could   not    enjoy   the   fame 
honours  with   her  filler's   hiifband,  he 
got   himfelf  elected  tribune  ;    and,    in 
conjundion  with  L.  Sextius,  propofed 
laws  againft  the  power  of  the  nobility, 
and  lor  the  advantage  of  the  commons; 
particularly,     "    That   no    one    Pnould 
polfefs  more  than    500  acres  of  land, 
and  that  one  of  the  confuls  fiiou'd  be 
a  plebeian.'*     Thefe  laws    being   vio- 
lently oppofed  by  the  patricians,  Lici- 
nius and  Sextius  got  themfelves  to  be 
fucceffively  re-elecled  tribunes  for  five 
years,  and   during  all  that  time  hinder- 
ed   patrician    magiftrates    from   being 
created,   ib.  35.  till   at  laft,   after  vio- 
lent ftruggles,  they  got  their  laws  paff- 
ed,  a.  u.  388,  Ib.  42.     Sextius  was  the 
firll  plebeian  created  conful,  Liv.  7,  I. 
and  in  the  year  following  Licinius  was 
the  next,  ib.     A  few  years  after,  Lici- 
nius being  profecuted  by   M.  Popilius 
Laenas,  a  tribune,  by  his  own  law,  was 
fined  in  10,000  ajfes,  becaufe,  with  his 
fon,   he    pofleiTcd   a   thouiand  acres  of 
land,  and  by  emancipating  his  fon,  had 
eluded  the  law,    (fvaudem   legi  fccijfet,) 
ib.  16. 

Macer  Licinius,  an  ancient  Roman 
hiftorian,  Liv.  4,  23. 

LiGARius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family. 

LIGARII  fratrcs,  three  brothers  ; 
one  of  whom,  called  ^lintus,  Tided  with 
Pompey,  the  other  tV\'o  with  Caefar, 
The  two  brothers  had  nearly  prevailed 
in  procuring  the  pardon  of  Quintus, 
but  were  prevented  by  one  Tubero, 
who  inltigated  Caefar  againll  him. 
Cicero  made  an  oration  in  his  defence, 
with  fuch  effeA,  that  he  is  faid,  by 
Plutarch,  to  have  made  Caefar,  who 
fat  as  judge,  tremble,  and  to  have  ex- 
torted from  him  a  pardon  againft  his 
will.  Ligarius  was  afterwards  one  of 
the  confpirators  againll  Caefar.  Plu' 
tarch.  in  Caejarc,  Cic,  pro  Lig.  t,  II, 
^    12. — -*-LiGAHiANA,  fc.  oratio,  the 

oration 


L  I  G  [2 

©ration  for  Ligarius,  Cic,  Atl.  13,  12, 
19,  20,  &  44. 

LiGUR,    V.    L'tgus,   'urh,  a  firname 

of  the  Jeliit  Cic.  Cluent,  26. «[2.  x\r). 

Italian  warrior,  {lain  by  Camilla,  Virg. 
^eru  II,  715.;  but  Ligns  here  is  ra- 
ther a  patrial  noun. 

LiGURius,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Caefar's,  Cic,  Fam.  16,  18.  Jtt.  ii,  9. 
^  Fr.  3,  7. 

LiNDUs,  tbe  founder  of  Lindas,  a 
city  of  Rhodes,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  21. 

LINUS,  V.  Linasy  an  ancient  poet, 
the  fon  of  Apollo,  yirg.  Aetu  4,  57. 
by  the  nymph  Urania,  Hygiriy  f.  161. 
He  is  reprefentcd  by  Virgil  as  a  fhep- 
herd,  though  not  really  f o  ;  (Linus 
di'vino  carmine  pajlor^^  ib.  6,  67.  killed 
by  Hercules  in  a  lit  of  paffion,  with 
*  a  harp,  which  Linus  taugnt  that 
hero  to  play  upon,  Apollodor.  2,  3,  9. 
Hercules  is  faid  to  have  been  provoked 
at  Linus,  for  ridiculing  his  awkward- 
jiefs  in  holding  the  harp,  Pauj'an.  9, 
29.  ApoUodorus  fays,  that  Linus,  as 
being  his  teacher,  ftruck  Hercules,  ib, 
Apollo  gieatly  lamented  the  death  of 
Linus,  Ipfe  meum  Jlevi,  dixit  ApoJloy 
Linony  Martial.  9,  88,  4-  —  Tacitus 
mentions  Linus  {^Linum  Tkehanvn.)  a- 
inong  the  inventors  of  letters,  Ann,  1 1, 

14- 

LiRiOPE,  -es,  a  nymph,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Oceanus  and  Tethyp,  the  mo- 
ther of  NarcilTus,  by  the  river  CephiiTus, 
Ovid,  Met.  3,  342,   &c. 

LIViUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
^ens  or  familia.   Suet.  Tib.  3. 

M,  LIVIUS  Salinator,  a  Roman 
conful,  who  dc'feated  Ilaldrubal,  Liv, 
27,  46, — 49.  Hvi  got  the  tirname  of 
Salinator,  from  his  having  impoled 
an  unpopular  tax  on  ialt,  while  cenfor, 
Liv.  29,  3-7. 

M.  LIVIUS  Andrcnlcus,  the  freed- 
man  of  Saiinator,  and  the  praecept  jr  of 
his  fons,  who  was  the  tiril  dramatic  poet 
at  Rome,  {Via,  R.  A.  p.  352.)  He  ■ 
exhibited  his  hrfl.  play  (Jahuiam  dedit) 
about  5 1  o  years  aker  the  foundation  oi 
Rome,  Cic,  Tujc,  i,  i.  or  514  years, 
'.(primus  fahulam  docuit,  Caio  Clodio, 
Ca(ci  Jilioi  et   M,  Tudctano,  confulil'us, 


It    -]  LTV 

anno  Ipfo  antequam  natus  ejl  Ennius  ;  pojl 
Romam  condl'am  autem  quarto  dectmo  et 
quingentejimoy  Cic.    Brut.  18.  Sen.    14.) 

LiviANAE  fcdulae,    the    plays   of 

Li vius,  Cic.  Br.  18.  Liviant  modiy 
Cic.  Leg.  2,  15.  Carmina  Livij  for 
Liviiy  the  poems  of  Livius,  Hor.  Ep, 

2,  I,  69. 

Titus  LIVIUS,  boni  at  Padua  [Pa- 
tavinus)  a.  u.  695,  Eufeb.  Chrnn.  who 
wrote  tlie  Ronian  hillory  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  744> 
in  140  or  142  books;  of  which  only 
thirty-five  remain  ;  the  ten  hril,  and 
from  the  beginning  of  the  twenty-firll 
to  the  end  of  the  forty-fifth.  In  the 
oldelt  editions  of  Livy  there  are  only 
twenty-nine  books,  and  thefe  not  en- 
tire. The  red  were  difcovered  after 
the  invention  of  printing,  at  different 
times,  (  Vid.  Fabric.  Bibuoth.  Lat.vol,  I, 
p.  181.)  Some  of  them,  however,  are 
Itill  imperfect.  The  lofs  of  the  works 
of  no  ancient  author  is  more  regretted 
than  that  of  the  writings  of  Livy. 

Q^intilian  calls  Livy,  Vir  inirae  fa- 
cundiacy  8,  i,  3.  in  concionibus,  jupra 
qudm  enarrari  poteji,  eloquens,  10,  I, 
101.  and  compares  him  to  Herodotus, 
ib.  He  feys,  that  Livy,  by  his  agree- 
able copioufncfs,  {laciea  ubertas^^  had 
equalled  the  admirable  conciienefs  of 
Salluft,  ib.  32,  &  10 1.  AfiniustPoilio, 
however,  thought  that  there  was  in 
Livy's  flyle  a  certain  provincial  impro- 
priety, which,  from  his  birth-place, 
Pollio  called  Patavinitas,  Id.  i,  5, 
^6.  et  8,  I,  3.  Though  Livy  was 
treated  with  marks  of  great  refpeft  by 
AuguPtUs,  yet  he  extolled  Pompcy  fo 
highly,  that  Auguihis  ufed  to  call  him 
a  Fompeian  ;  he  alfo  beftowed  deferved 
praiies  on  Brutus  and  Cafliiis,  the  ene- 
mies of  Auguftus  ;  which  however  did 
not  interrupt  their  frienddiip,  Ta:.  Ann. 

3,  34. X^ivy  is   luppofed   to  have 

been  appointed  by  Augullus  tutor  to 
Claudius  Caefar,  afterwards  emperor  ; 
becaufc  Suetonius  fays  that  Claudius, 
when  ^  young  man,  attempted  to  write 
hiftory   by   the    exhortation   of    Livy, 

CI.  41. Livy  died  at   Padua,  a,  u. 

771,  in  the   fourth  year  of  Tiberius, 


L  I  V  [2 

Eufeh.  He  left  a  fon,  to  whom  he 
wrote  a  letter  on  the  fubjed  of  rhe- 
toric ;  in  which  he  advifcd  him  to  read 
chiefly  Dtmollhenes  and  Cicero  ;  next, 
fuch  authors  as  mofl  reCembled  Demoil- 
henes  and  Cicero,  ^uindil.  2,  5,  10.  et 
10,  I,  39.     This  letter  is  fuppofed  to 

be  alhided  to,  Id.  8,  2,  18. Such 

was  the  fame  of  Livy  during  his  h'fe- 
time,  that  an  inhabitant  of  Cadiz  (Grt- 
d'ltanus)  is  faid  to.  have  travelled  to 
Rome  on  purpofe  to  fee  him  ;  and  as 
foon  as  he  had  fatisfied  his  curiofity  he 
returned  home  again,  Plin.  Ep.  2,  3,  8. 
Livy  has  been  acculed  of  fuperilitious 
credulity,  and,  not  without  reafon,  of 
partiality  to  his  countrymen. 

M.  LIVIUS  Drufus,  a  tribune  a. 
662,  whopublifhed  feverallaws,  (Leg^s 
LiviAE,  R.  A.  208.)   Vid.  Drusus. 

LIVIA  Dnifllay  the  daughter  of 
Livius  Drufus,  who  being  profcribed 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi,  as  one  of 
the  friends  of  Brutus,  flew  himfclf. 
Dm.  48,  44.  p.  383.  Paterculus  calls 
him  Drufus  Claudianus,  2,  94.  Livia 
was  fir  ft  married  to  Tiberius  Claudius 
Nero,  by  whom  {[\t  had  Drufus,  and 
Tiberius,  afterwards  emperor.  Auguf- 
tus  having  fallen  in  love  with  her, 
forced  Nero  to  refign  her  to  him  ;  and 
divorced  his  own  wife  Scribonia,  in 
order  to  marry  Livia,  w^horn  he  brought 
home  to  his  houfe,  while  big  with 
child.  Within  three  monchs  after,  (lie 
bore  Drufus,  Dio,ib,  ;  Suet.  CI.  i.  Li- 
via had  no  children  to  Auguftus,  but 
by  her  influence  over  that  emperor, 
prevailed  on  him  to  appoint  her  fon 
Tiberius  his  fuccelTor,  in  preference 
to  his  own  grandchildren,  Tac.  jinn. 
1,  3.  et  5,  I.;  Suet.  j^ug.  62,  63. 
Tib.  I, — 22.  Livia  is  faid  to  have 
mitigated  the  cruelty  of  Auguilus  to 
his  enemies,  by  her  advice,  which  Dio 
details  at  great  length,  ^1^,  14, — 22, 
She  was  fvifpedied  of  having 
haftened  the  death  of  Auguftus  by 
poifon,  ih.  22.  ^r/  56,  30.  ;  Tac.  Jinn, 
I,  5.;  Plin.  7,  45.  for  the  fake  of  her 
fon  Tiberius,  who  proved  ungrateful 
to  her.         By  the  will  of  Auguilus, 


23    3  L  O  L 

Livia  was  adopted  into  the  Julian  fa- 
mily, with  the  title  of  Augusta, 
Tac.  Ann.  1,8.;  Suet.  Aug.  102. ;  Add. 
Plin.  15,  30.  by  which  name  after 
this  flie  was  called,  Tac.  Ann.  i,  13. 
14,  33,  &c.  ;  Suet.  Cat.  10,  15,  &c. 
or  Julia  Augijla^  Tac.  Ann.  3,  64. 
et  5,  I. L)ivine  honours  were  de- 
creed to  her  by  her  grandfon,  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  Suet.  Claud.  1 1.  which 
Ovid  by  way  of  flattery  had  predicted. 
Sic  Augujia  novum  yuUa  (al.  Livia)  nu- 
men  erit,  Faft.  i,  536.  The  fenate 
propofed  this  after  her  death,  but  Ti- 
berius hindered  it,  Tac.  Ann.  5,  2. 
Suetonius  feems  to  fay,  that  the  name 
oi  Augujia  was  refufed  by  Livia,  Matrt 
cognomen  Augujlae  (fc.  decernendum 
curavit  Claudius)  ab  avia  recufatum. 
Suet.  CI.  I  f.  But  this  by  the  bed 
commentators  is  referred  to  his  grand- 
mother Antonia  ;  for  Suetonius  him- 
felf  mentions  the  order  of  Auguftus  in 
his  will,  that  Livia  fliould  bear  the 
name   of   Augusta,  Suet.  Aug.  102. 

L,iv I AE  portu'uSf  Suet.  Aug.    29, 

or  as  an  adj.  Z.ivia porticus,  Ovid.  Faft. 
6,  639.  a  portico  which  Auguftus 
built  on  the  ground  where  the  houfe 
of  Vedius  Poilio,  which  he  deftroyed, 
had  ftood,  and  called  after  the  name  of 

Livia,     Dio,    54,   p.    537. Livia- 

NUM  aes,  a  kind  of  copper  or  brafs, 
found  in  Gaul,  named  from  Livia,  Plin. 
34»  2. 

Locust  A,  a  woman  j[]<illed  in  poi- 
foning,  and  a  great  favourite  with  Nero, 
Tac,  Ann.  12,  66.  et  13,  15,;  Juve- 
nal. I,  71. 

LOLLIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family  ;  ftveral  .perfons  of  which  are 
often  mentioned  by  Cicero,  Att.  2,  2. 
et  12,  21.  ;  Ferr.  3,  25. ;  and  by  other 
clafiic  author... 

AL  LOLLIUS,  conful  with  Lepi- 
dus,  a.  u.  733,  when  Horace  was  for- 
ty-four years  of  age,  as  he  himfelf  in- 
forms us,  jEp.  I,  20,  26.  Lollius  was 
firft  made  conful  alone,  ti;e  other  place 
being  rcferved  for  Auguilus,  who  was 
ebfent ;  but  he  not  chufing  to  accept 
it,  Lepidus   was  elected,  Dio,   54,  6. 

To 


L  O  L 


224    1 


LUC 


To  LoUius  Horace  infcnbes  Od.  4, 
9.  Ep.  I,  2,  &  18.  Lollius,  when 
praefed  of  Gaul,  being  fuddenly  at- 
tacked by  a  body  of  Germans,  lod  part 
of  his  army,  Dlo,  54,  20.  This  Taci- 
tus calls  Loll'iana  dades^  Ann.  1,  10. 
So  Suetonius  ;  who  fays  it  wa?  attend- 
ed with  more  infamy  than  lofs,  {^ma- 
joris  infawlae quam  detrir.^sntt) ^  ^^Z'  ^3* 
About  twenty  years  after  this,  Lol- 
lius being  appointed  a  kind  of  director 
(qunfi  moderator)  to  Caius,  the  grand- 
fon  of  Auguftus,  while  governor  of 
Syria,  fhowed  himfelf  very  unworthy 
of  the  praifes  beilov/ed  on  him  by  Ho- 
race. For  by  the  information  of  the 
Parthian  king,  he  was  found  to  have 
entertained  traitorous  defigns  againft 
his  country.  He  died  a  few  days  af- 
ter, whether  by  a  natural  or  voluntary 
death  is  uncertain,  a.  u.  753,  Patera, 
102.  Pliny  fays,  he  took  poifon,  9, 
35  f.  54.  This  happened  feveral  years 
after  the  death  of  Horace  ;  and  we 
reed  not  be  furprifed  at  Horace  being 
deceived  with  refpecft  to  the  charadler 
of  Lollius,  when  he  impofed  even  up- 
on Auguilus.  He  was,  as  Pdercu- 
lus  inforniS  us,  Homo  in  omnia  ptcitn'tas 
quam  rcSe  faciendi  cupidior,  inter  fom- 
mam  ifitiorum  difftmuiationem,  intiujijji- 
mus.  Pa i: ere.  2,  97. 

LoLLiA  PauHlna,  the  daughter  of 
M.  LoJhus,  TacAnn,  12,  I.  the  fon  of 
M.  Lollius  lall  mentioned,  Pl'in.  9,  35: 
f^  37.  remarkable  for  her  beauty  ;  tnar- 
ried  firll  to  C.  Mtmmius  Regiikis,  Tac. 
Ann.  12,  22.  and  forcibly  taken  from 
him  by  Caligula,  who  foon  after  di- 
vorced lier,  Suet,  Cal.  25.  After  the 
death  of  Meffriina,  fhe  was  propcfed  as 
wife  to  the  emperor  Claudius,  Tac.  Ann. 
12,  1.  ;  Suet.  CI.  26.  which  excited  the 
hatred  of  AgrippTna,  whom  Claudius 
married.  This  proved  the  caule  of 
the  death  of  Lollia,  Tac.  Ann.  12,  22. 
Pliny  gives  a  curious  defcription  of 
the  fplencor  of  LoUia's  drefs,  y,  55   f. 

LoNGiMANUS,  -/,  a   firnam.c  given 

•  to   Arcaxerxes,    king  of  Perfia,  from 

the  uncommon  length  of  his  hands,  (G. 

6.5.) 


LoNCiKrrs,  a  firname  of  the  CafTif, 

Cic.  Plane.  24. ^  2.  A  friend  of  An- 

tonius  the  orator,  very  ll'cilled  in  jurif- 
prudence,  hiftory,  and  antiquities,  Cic, 

Or.  I,  60. «j|  3.  The  fecretary  of 

Zenubia  queen  of  Palmyra,  author  of 
an  excellent  treatife  on  the  fublime  ; 
put  to  death  by  the  emperor  Aurelian, 
when  he   took  Palmyra,   (G.  248.) 

Cajjius  LoNGiNus,  the  hufband  of 
the  grand -daughter  of  Tiberius,  {pro- 
gener),  Tac.  Ann.  6,  45. 

Tr.  I  oNGus,  the  colleague  of  P. 
Scipio  Africanus,  in  his  fecond  confu- 
late,  a.  u.  559,  when  the  feats  of  the 
fcnators  at  the  fpeftacles  were  firil  fe- 
parated  from  thofe  of  the  people,  Cic. 
Corn.  I. 

LoTis,  '^disi  a  nymph,  who,  flying 
from  the  violent  attempts  of  Priapus,  is 
faid  to  have  been  changed  into  a  tree 
called  lotus,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  347.  ■ 

Lu  A,  a  goddefs,  fuppofed  to  be  the 
fame  with   Rhea  or  Ops,  Liv.  8,  l.  et 

45»  33- 

M.  Annaeus  LUCANUS,  the  fon 
of  Annaeus  Meila,  Tac.  Ann.  16,  17. 
a  celebrated  poet,  author  of  the  Phar- 
SALiA,  a  poem,  which  contains  an  ac- 
count of  the  civil  wars  between  Caefar 
and  Pompey.  Lucan,  having  entered 
into  a  confpiracy  againlt  Nero,  Tac. 
Ann.  15,  49.  was  put  to  death,  ib.  7c. 
His  veins  were  cut,  and  he  died  with 
undaimted  courage,  repeating  fome  ver- 
fes  of  the  Pharialia,  Lucan.  9,  806.  ; 
Tac.  ib.  But  vvhen  he  was  fird  appre- 
hended, and  threatened  with  being  put 
to  the  rack,  tempted  by  a  prom.ife  of 
pardon,  he  had  the  weaknefs  to  name 
his  own  mother  Attilla  among  the  con- 
fpirators.  Tac.  Ann.  15,56.  Tacitus 
expcfes  this  timidity  of  I^ucan,  and 
others  of  the  fame  rank,  by  coRtrad- 
ii-g  it  with  the  noble  conflancy  of  E- 
picharis,  a  freed  woman,  whom  no 
tortures  could  force  to  betray  her  ac- 
complices, ib.  57.  Lucan  was  born  at 
Cordiiba  in  Spain,  which  was  a'fo  the 
bii  th  place  of  the  two  Senecas  ;  whence 
Martial  fays,  Duofque  Senecas,  urJcum- 
que  Lucanuvi  Facutida  loquitur  Corduba, 


LUC  t    22^    1  LUC 

and   therefore  thinks  that     venal.  I,  20.  the  firft  author  of  fatire. 


1,  62,  7-  ?       . 

the  river  Baetis,  which  runs  pall  Cor- 
duba,  fhould  be  mixed  with  the  foun- 
tain C^ftalia,  or  be  ranked  with  it  a- 
mong  the  flreams  facred  to  the  Mufes, 
Id.  7,  21,  4.  Martial  kept  the  birth- 
day of  Lncan,  wham  he  efteemed  the 
next  Latin  epic  poet  to  Virgil,  ib.  22, 

2.  and  declares,  that  Nero  was  to  be 
more  execrated  for  the  death  of  no  one 
{^nuUdque  hi'v'ifior  umbra)  than  for  that 
of  Lucan,  il.  20,  3. 

LUCCEIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man  gens. 

L.  LUCCEIUS,  the  intimate  friend 
of  Pompey,  Cic.  Alt.  i)j  i.  Fam.  13, 
41,  &  42.;  Caef.  B.  Ckf.  3,  18.  who 
wrote  the  hiftory  of  the  Marfic  war, 
and  of  the  civil  war  between  Marius 
and  Sylla.  Cicero  fo  much  admired 
the  abilities  of  Lucceiiis  as  an  hiilorl- 
an,  that  he  requefted  of  him  to  write 
the  hiftory  of  his  confulfiiip,  Cic*  Fam. 
5,  12.  Lucccius  joined  Pompey  in  the 
civil  war,  Caef.  B.  C.  3,  iS.  but  was 
pardoned  by  Caefar.  Nothing  of  Luc- 
ceius  remains,  but  a  coniolatory  letter 
which  he  fent  to  Cicero  upon  the  death 
of  his  daughter  Julia,  Cic.  Fam.  5,  14. 
— Several  others  of  this  name  are  men- 
tioned by  Cicero,  Fam.  12,  25,  &  30. 
PWr.  5,  64.    Flacc.  33.    Jtt.  5,  21. 

LUC  I  ANUS,  a  Greek  author  of 
great  wit  and  learning,  born  of  poor 
parents  at  Samofata,  a  city  of  Syria,  In 
the  time  of  Trajan.  He  was  lirft  bred 
to  be  a  llatuary  under  his  uncle  ;  then 
he  applied  to  the  ftudy  of  rhetoric,  and 
after  that  of  philofophy.  At  laft  he 
was  appointed  procurator  of  Egypt, 
{Fid.  A.  166.)  by  Marcus  Aurelius, 
the  emperor.  He  died  of  the  gout  at 
the  age  of  ninety. — The  enemies  of 
Lucian  fabricated  a  ftory,  that  he  was 
torn  in  pieces  by  dogs. — The  writings 
of  Lucian  are  ftill  extant. 

Lucifer,  -erl,  m.  the  name  of  the 
morning  liar,  or  of  the  planet  Venus 
when  it  appears  in  the  morning,  P'^irg* 
Aen.  2,  801.   8,  5S9.    G.  3,  60. 

C'.Ll'CiLlUS,  apoetb6rn  at  Au- 
Tunca,  a  city  of  Latium  ;  whence  he 
is  called  Magnus  Auruncac  alumnus ^  Ju* 


,    I,  69.     SecuH 
I.  114.  Add.  Ju' 
Cic.  Fam.  1 2 , 


at  Rome,  {in  fat'ira primus  magnam  law 
dem  adeptus  eft),  Qiiinftil.  10,  I,  93.—^ 
Cum  eji  Lucilius  aufus  Primus  in  hum  0- 
ptAs  componere  morem,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  i, 
62.  or  as  Pliny  expreffes  it,  qui  primus 
condtditjlili  nafum,  Praef.  who  fliarply 
reproved  the  vicious  morals  of  the  time, 
{Sale  multo  urbem  defricvit),  Hor.  Sat. 
1 ,  10,  3«  Primores  populi  arripuit  popu- 
lumque  trlhutimf  Ib.  2 
Lucilius  urbem,  Perf. 
venal,  i,  165.  ;  Cic.  Fam.  I2,  16 i  Ho- 
race praifes  Lucilius  for  his  wit,  but 
blames  him  for  his  hally  and  inaccurate 
compoiition.  Sat.  1,4,  6,  <Scc.  et  i,  10, 

1.  unjuftly  in  the  opinion  of  QuInCtl- 
lian,  10,  T,  94.  Lucilius  ejfe  laboras, 
you  attempt  to  write  fatn-es,  Martial. 
12,  96,  7.  Lucilius  was  contempora- 
ry with  Sclpio  Afticanus  the  younger, 
andLaelius,  with  both  of  whom  he  lived 
on  tlie  moft  intimate  footing,  ib.z,  1,73. 
He  ufed  to  fay,  that  he  wrote  neither 
for  the  very  learned,  nor  for  the  very 
unlearned,  Cic.  Or.  2,  6.  Cicero,  in  the 
charafter  of  Craffus,  reprefents  Lucili- 
us as  a  man  of  learning,  and  of  great 
politenefs,  {dodus  et  perurbanus)  ;  and 
mentions  a  frequent  obfervation  of  his 
with  approbation,  **  that  no  one  ought 
to  be  accounted  an  orator  who  is  not 
accompliflied  in  all  the  liberal  arts,'* 
{qui  nonjit  omnibus  iis  artibus,  quae Junt 
lilero  dignae,  perpolitus),  Cic.  Or.  i,  16, 
Nothing  of  the  works  of  Lucilius  re- 
mains but  fcattered  fragments. Lu- 

CILIANO  cbaraBere  libelli,  books  writ- 
ten in  the  manner  of  Lucilius,  Farr. 
R.  R.  3,  2,  17.     Sine  vallof  v.  nyalo  (al. 

fine/ale  v.Jiilo)  Luciliano^  without  uiing 
a  fatirical  ftik-,  or  fpeaking  fatu'ically, 
Cic.  Att.  16,  I  r . 

L.  Lucilius  Balbus,  the  praecep- 
tor  of  Serv.  Sulpicius,   Cic.  Brut.  42. 

Lucilius  Bajfus,  commander  of  the 
Roman  fleet  under  Vitellius,  Tac.  Hijl. 

2,  100,  who  betrayed  it  to  Vefpaiian, 

ib.  1 01. ^  2.  A  contemptible  poet, 

Cic.  Att.  12,  3. 

Sext.  Lucilius,  a  military  tribune 
in  the  army  of  Bibulus,  Cic,  Att.  5, 

F  f  Lu- 


LUC  [    226 

LuciLius,  the  commander  of  Do- 
labella's  fleet  in  Afia  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  Ck.  Fcnn.  12,  13.  Appian 
calls  him  L.  FiguUis,  on  which  account 
Manutius  tliinks  LuciHus  is  here  put  for 
the  praenomen  Lucius  ;  but  Viclorius 
imagines,  that  Figulus  was  the  cogno- 
77i£n  of  jLucilius. 
>.LuciNA,  a  name  of  Juno,  when  in- 
voked by  women  in  child-birtli.  Tu 
Ltuc'ma  dolmi'ihiis  Jimo  ■  dida  puerperis, 
Catu]].  32,  13.  thus  yitno  Ljicina^  fer 
operrit  Ter.  And.  3,  i»  15.  [funo  Luc'i- 
na,  tuamjidem^  fc.  imploro,  Plaut.  Aul. 
4,  7,  II.  fo  named,  either  from  her 
bringing  they<7(ft'uj' to  hght,  [inlucem), 
or  from  a  grove,  [a  luco),  on  the  Ef- 
quihne  hill  at  Ronie,  facred  to  Juno, 
Plin.  16,  44  f.  85.  ;  Ov'd.  Fafl.  2,  449, 
Zl  451. Aetas  Lucinam palU  the  pro- 
per age  for  bearing  young,  Virg.  G.  3, 
60.  yil/era  turn  primes  lAicinne  experta 
labores,  i.  e.  having  brought  forth   her 

iirft  child, '/^.  4,  340. The  name  of 

Lucina  is  alfo  given  to  Diana,  Hor. 
Carm.  Saec.  15.  So  Tu  modo  nafcenti 
puero — Cajlafa've  Lucina:  tuus  (fc.  Ira- 
ter)  jam  regnat  Apollo,  Virg.  Aen.  4, 
10. —  Cum  Luna  a  lucendo  nom'maiajil  ; 
eadcm  ejl  enirn  Lucina,  C'lc.  N.  D.  2, 
27. 

Lucius,  ^^ praenomen  o^ t\\^  Romans, 
{Lucii,  qui  orient e  luce  'vel prima  luce  naf- 
cuntur,  Feftus  ;  et  Varr.  L.  L.  5,  2,  et 
8 ,  38 . — L  u  c  I  p  o  R ,  -  oris  :  Alitcr  opud 
antiquos,  finguU  Marcipores,  Lucipon's- 
iie  dominorum  gentilesy  omnem  'viUwn  in 
promifcuo  habehant,  the  ancients  had 
jiot  fo  great,  a  number  of  Haves  ;  each 
had  one,  who.  was  called  after  his  own 
name  ;  thus,  the  boy  or  fervant  of  Mar- 
cus or  Lucius,  as  if  of  the  fame  gens, 
and  they  ate  promifcuoufly  at  tiie  fem.e 
board  with  their  mafter,  Plin.  33,  if. 
6. 

LUCRETIUS,  the  name  cf  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

LUCRETI  A  ,  the  daughter  of  Spn- 
rius  Lucretius  Triciplnnus,  and  the  v»-ife 
of  Tarqu''nius  C'»llatini-s,  who  having 
been  bafely  violated  by  Sex.  Tarquini- 
us,  the  fon  of  king  Tarquinius  Super- 
l^us,  flcv*' heifelf ;  which  occafioned  the 


]  LUC 

abolition  of  regal  government  at  Rome, 
Cic.  Fin.  2,  20.  Leg.  2,  4.  ;  Liv.  I, 
57,  .S:c.  (G.  /».  205.)  Bruto  lihertatem 
debemus,  Lucretiae  Brutumy  Seh^.  ad 
Marciam,  c.  16.  EJfe  indeharis,  fateor, 
Lucretia  nobis,  as  chafle  as  Lucretia, 
Martial.  I,  91,  5.;   Add.  Ii,  10^,  21. 

r.  LUCRE  i  lUS  Cams,  a  Roman 
poet,  born  at  Rome  a.  u.  659  ;  who 
having  ftudied  at  Athens,  imbibed  the 
do£lrines  of  Epicurus,  which  he  has 
explained  and  endeavoured  to  eftabhfli, 
in  an  elegant  poem  of  fix  books,  en- 
titled De  Rtruni  nafura,  and  dedicated 
to  his  friend  Memmius,  Lucr.  i,  26, 
&c.  Of  the  poems  of  Lucretius  Ovid 
fays,  Carmina  [ublimis  tunc  funt  peritura 
Lucreti,  Exitio  ierris  cum  dabit  una  dies. 
Amor.  I,  15,  23.  Cicero  commends 
them,  but  not  in  fuch  high  terms,  Lu- 
cr elii  poemata,  ut  Jcribis,  it  a  funt ;  non 
•niultis  luminibus  ingenii,  multae  tamen  ar- 
tis,  ad.  Q^Er.  2,  t  r.  Quinctilian  joins 
Lucretius  with  Macer,  who  wrote  a 
poem  concerning  herbs,  which  is  nowr 
1  ")ft  :  Macer  et  Lucretius  legendi  quidem 
(fc.  oratori)  ;  fed  non  ut  phrafin,  id  e/l, 
corpus  eloquentiae  faciant  :  elegantes  quif- 
que  in  fua  materia,  fed  alter  (fc.  Macer) 
humilis,  alter  (Lucretius)  difficilis,  10, 
i,  87.  ;  Add.  Ld.  I,  4,  4.  r/  3,  I,  4. 
et  8,  6,  45.  et  12,  I  I,  27.  Lucretius 
died  in  the  43d  year  of  his  age,  on  the 
fame  day,  as  it  is  faid,  on  which  Vir- 
gil was  born.  Eufebius  relates,  that  he 
put  an  end  to  his  days  in  a  fit  of  deli- 
rium, occafioned  by  a  love-potion,  gi- 
ven him  by  his  wife  or  miftrefs,  Lucilla. 
But  with  regard  to  the  time  or  manner 
of  his  death,   we  are  uncertain. 

LucTATius,  (al.  Lutatius),  the 
name  of  a  Reman  gens  ;  the  moft  re- 
markable branch  or  fam.iiy  of  which  was 
that  of  the  CatuU,   (q.  v.) 

LUCULLUS,  a  hrname  of  the  Li- 
cinn. 

L.  Licinivs  LUCULLUS,  a  cele- 
brated  Roman  general,  who  carried  on 
war  for  feveral  years  againft  Mithri- 
dates,  remarkable  for  his  wealth  and 
magnificence,  Plutarch,  in  vita  ejus.  ; 
Cic.  Leg.  3,  13.  Ojf.  1,  ^c).  He  wrote 
feme  hiilorical  books  in  Greek,  Cic, 

Att. 


LUC  [2 

Att.  r,  19.  concerning  tlie  Marfic- war, 
Plutarch.  Cicero  has  kft  a  fine  eulo- 
ginm  on  this  great  man,  in  the  lil 
chapter  of  the. 4th  bonk  of  his  Acade- 
inical  Qiiellions,  which  Is  commonly  en- 
titled Lu  c u  L  L u  s. — L u  c  u  L  L E  u M  maj'' 
trior,  a  kind  of  marble,  fo  called  hecaufe 
LiUCLillus  was  very  much  delighted  with 
it,  Fljn.  36,  6  f.  8.  Fil/a  LucuUi,  the 
villa  of  Lucullus  near  Mifenum,  which 
afterwards  became  the  property  of  the 
emperors,  where  Tiberius  died,  Tac, 
Arm.  6,  50.  Horti  LucuUi,  Tac.  Ann. 
II,  I.  \<:\  Liiciilliani,  adj.  the  gardens 
of  Lnculhis,  wiiere  Mcfi'alina  was  kill- 
ed by  NarcilTiis,  the  freed  ii"; an  of  Clau- 
dius,   Tac,  Ann.  1 1,  32,  &  37. 

LiUCUMO,  -dnisf  the  name  of  Tar- 
qui'.iius  Prifcus,  the  fifth  king  of  ilom.e, 
befoie  he  came  to  that  city,  Llv.  i,  34. 
(G.  i99')v  JLucamo,  in  the  Tufcan 
language,  denoted  a  king,  prince,  or 
chief,  8erv.  ad  V'lrg,  Aen,  2,  278.  et  8, 

^5?  ^  475'  ^^  i<^j  202. 

LUNA,  the  moon,  the  daughter  of 
Hyperion  and  Thia,  Apollodor.  i,  2,  2. 
or  Aethra,  Hygin.  Prasf.  fuppoied  by 
fome  to  be  the  fame  with  Diana,  {^vid. 
G.  377.)«  There  was  a  temple  of  Lu- 
na at  Rome,  on  mount  Avcatine,  L'lv. 
40,  2. 

Li/PERCi,  the  priefts  of  Pan,  Qc. 
PhiL  2,  34.  whence  Lupercalia, 
'tuniy  the  fellival  of  Pan,  celebrated  in 
February,  i^.  33.   [A,  l-i,^,) 

Lu  FERGUS,  a  mifer,  to  whom  Mar- 
tial infcribes  an  epigram,    11,  118. 

Lupus,  a  firname  of  the  Rut'dil. 

P.  Rutil'ius  Lupus,  conful  a.  u.  (SG'i^, 
feverely  laflied  in  the  fatires  of  Luci- 
lius,  C'lc.  N.  D.  I,  23.  ;  Hor.  Sal.  2, 
1,68. 

P.  Lupus,  a  tribune,  C'lc.  Fam.  i, 
I.  afterwards  praetor,  LL  Att,  8,  12. 
ct  9,  I. 

Lupus,  the  author  of  a  poem  con- 
cerning the  return  of  M.uelaus  and 
Helen  to  Sparta  after  the  Trojan  war, 
(^Auclor  Tantalidae  reducls  "Tyndaridof- 
que),   O^id.  Pont.  4,  16,26. 

LuRCO,  a  lirname  of  the  AuMii. 

M.  LuRCO,  a  tribune,  and  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  Cicero's,  C'lc,  Flac.  4. 


37    1  L  Y  C 

Alt.  1,16.  This  is  fuppofed  to  be  the 
M.  Aufidius  Lurco  who  is  faid  to  have 
firft  invented  the  method  of  feeding 
peacocks,  by  which  he  made  a  great 
fortune,  Varr.  R.  R.  3,  6,  i.  ;  Pl'in, 
10,  2C. 

Lyaeus,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  (of 
a  fimilar  import  in  Greek  to  Lrber  in 
Latin),  Firg.  Acn.  4,  58.  Tecln  Ly- 
acif  the  temple  of  Bacchus,  Martial, 
l>  7'>  9> — P^^t  for  wine  ;  thuo,  Tern- 
pora  lida  Lyaeo,  Hor.  Od.  i,  7,  2  2. 
So  yocojo  Lyaro  arcanum  retegerCf  ib.  3, 
21,  14.  Didci  Lyaiv  curain  folvere^ 
Id.  Epod^9,  38.  Inhal'iUs  uva  Lyaeoy 
grapes  unht  for  making  wine.  Martial, 
r  1 ,  22.  Torraco  Campano  tan  turn  ccjjii- 
ra  Lyaco,  which  will  yield  only  to  the 
Cauipanian  wine,  i.  e.  which  produces 
as  good  wine  as  any  part  in  Italy,  ex- 
cept Campania,  Id.  ii.y  118.  Annofus 
Fyatusy  old  wine,  Tihull.  3,2,  I.    Lar- 


gi  Jlumina   Lyat 
wine,   Stat.  S'lh. 


great  abundance   of 
,  6,  95.     And  by  a 


bold  trope,  Puh.fcens  f.yaeus^  the  vine 
grape  growing  ripe,  ih,  2,  2,  i&o. — 
Latex  Lyaeus,  adj.  wine,  Firg.  Aen.  I, 
686. 

Lyc.^bas,  -ac,  a  Tufcan,  one  of 
the  mariners  who  carried  off  Bacchus 
from  Chia,  and  lefufing  to  land  him 
in  Naxos,  "according  to  promife,  were, 
by    that   god,  changed   into   dolphins, 

Ov:d.    V/>/.  3,   624.    &c. f  2.   An 

A-fiyrian,   flain  by  Pcrfeus,   (al.  Lyca- 

bus),  ib.  5,  60. ^  3.   One   of  the 

Ijaplthac,  who  fled  from  the  battle 
which  was  fought  at  the  marriage  of 
Piritiious,  ik  12,  302. 

Lycambl s,  -is,  V.  -ae,  a  Tbeban, 
who  promifed  his  daughter  .Neobiile  ia 
ma;;nage  to  the  poet  Archilochus,  but, 
violating  his  engagement,  gave  her  to 
another  of  greater  wealth  wiio  aflced 
her.  Whereupon  Archilochus  wrote  fa 
bitter  a  fatire  againlt  them,  that  thro' 
defpair  both  the  father  and  daughter 
are  faid  to  have  hanged  themfelvis,  A- 
ri/lotel.  Rhet.Ub.  3.  ;  hence,  ^alis  Ly- 
cambae  fpretm  irjido  gener,  \.  e.  .'\rchl- 
lochus,  Horat.  Epod,  6,  13.  Parios 
ego  primus  ianibos  OJlenui  Latio,  numcros 
aiiimojque  Je cuius  ArcFihchl^  nan  res  et 
F  f  2  agentia 


L  Y  C 


agetiiia  verha  Lycamhen,  not  the  matter 
and  expreffionR  that  forced  Lycambes 
to  hang  himielf,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  19,  23. 
Nee  focerum  quaerit^  quern  verfibvs  oblinat 
atrisi  Nee  jpcnfae  laqueum  fanwfo  earmius 
peflitf  ib.  30. — Tinffa  Lycamheo  f anguine 
tela,  \.  e.  bitter  invcdives,  fuch  as  ihofe 
of  Archilochus  againft  Lycambes,  0- 
vU.  in  Ibky  53.  ^uid prcdtfli  cuptant 
fum  qutdam  nojlra  iiidtri,  S'lqua  Lycam- 
leo  f anguine  tela  madenty  What  does  it 
avail,  if  any  anonymous  poets  defire 
their  fatirical  verfes  to  pafs  for  mine, 
(when  no  one  will  believe  it,  who 
knows  I  never  write  verfes  of  that 
kind).   Martial.  7,  11,5. 

Lycaon,  -onisy  the  fon  of  Pelafgiis 
and  the  nymph  Melibaea  or  Cyllene,  a 
king  of  Arcadia,  /^poUodor.  3,  8,  i. 
turned  into  a  wolf  by  Jupiter,  becaufe 
Lycaon,  to  try  the  divinity  of  Jupiter, 
when  his  gueft,  had  fet  before  him  the 
flefli  of  a  human  body,  Ovid.  Aid.  i, 
165.  &-C.  (G.  417.)  hence  Menfae  Ly- 
caoniae  faeda  m'lnijieria,  the  fl-iocking 
feaft  of  Lycaon's  table,  ib.    Notus  feri- 

tate  Lycaony    ib.  1 98. Lycaon  is, 

ridtsj  voc.  Lycaoni,  Calillo  the  daugh- 
ter of  Lycaon,  Ovid.  Fojl.  2,  173.  chan- 
ged by  Juno  into  a  bear ;  and  aUer- 
'^vardg  by  Jupiter  converted  into  the 
conilellation  called  the  Bf  ar,  Lyca- 
on i  a  Arctos,  Qyld.FcJ}.  3,  793,  near 
the  north  .pole  ;  hence  j^xis  Lycaoniusy 
the  north  pole,  Ovid.  Trijl,  3,  2,  2. 

Lycaon,  a  fldlful  Cretan  artift, 
Virg.  Jen.  9,  304,. 

Lycvs,  -acy  an  Italian,  cut  out  of 
his  mother  when  dead,  (lain  by  Aeneas, 
yirg.Jen.  10,  315. 

Lych\s.      f^/V.  Lichas, 

Lycidas,  -ae,  the  name  of  a  cen- 
taur, Qvid.  Met,  12,  310. <[[  2.  A 

flieplierd,   Virg.  Eel.  7,  67 ^  3.  A 

beautiful  boy,  Hor.  Od.  i,  4,  19. 

Lycisca,  the  name  of  a  bitch,  (de- 
noting either  begotten  by  a  wolf,  or 
like  a  wolf),  Ovid.  Met,  3,  220, ;  Virg. 
Eel.  3,  18. 

Lyciscus,  the  name  of  a  youth, 
Hor.  Ep.nd.  1 !,  36. 

Lyco,  -onisy  a  Peripatetic  philofo- 
pher,  the  fucceffoy  cf  Strato,  Cic  TuJ'c. 


l    228    ]  L  Y  C 

32.  called  alfo  Glyco,  on  account  of 


3^ 

the  fv^^eetnefs  of  his  difcourfe,  Diogen* 

Laert.  $y6$. 

Lycomedes,  -zV,  king  of  the  ifland 
Scyros,  to  whom  Thetis  committed 
her  fon  Achilles  to  be  concealed  under 
a  female  drefs  among  that  king's  daugh- 
ters, that  he  might  not  go  to  the  war 
againft  Troy,  (G.  446.).  Cicero  fays, 
that  Neoptolemus,  the  fon  of  Achilles, 
would  never  have  taken  Troy,  if  he 
had  liftened  to  Lycomedes,  with  whom 
he  was  educated,  who,  wMth  many  tears, 
wifhed  to  hinder  his  departure,  (thus 
confounding  part  of  tlie  ftory  of  A- 
ehlUes  with  that  of  Pyrrhus  his  fon), 
Amic.  20. 

Lycophron,  -onisy  a  poet  born 
at  Chalcis  in  Euboea,  [Chalcldcnfis)y 
who  flouriflied  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus.  He  wrote  feveral  tra- 
gedies, whence  he  is  called  colhumatusy 
Ovid,  in  Ibin,  533.  He  wrote  alfo  an 
obfcure  poem  called  Alexandra  or  Caf- 
fandrdy  ftill  extant  ;  whence  he  is  cal- 
led atery  vel  tcnecrofus  ;  thus,  Tenelraf- 
que  Lycophronis  atriy  Stat.  Silv.  5,  3, 
157.  He  is  faid  to  have  been  killed 
by  a  poifoned  arrow  fhot  at  him  by  an 
adverfary,  Ovid.  ib. 

Lycoris,  'idis,  the  miflrefs  of  C. 
Cornelius  Gallus,  the  friend  of  Virgil, 
Virg.  Eel.  10,  often  celebrated  by  Gal- 
lus in  his  verfes,  which  are  now  loft, 
Ovid.  Am.  I,  15,30.  Art.  Am.  3,  537. 
'TriJ}.  2,  44^.  whence  Martial  lays, 
Ingenium  Galii  pulehra  Lyeoris  erat,  i.  e, 
infpired  Gallus,  8,  73.  5.  She  is  faid 
by  Servius  to  have  been  the  fame  with 
Cytheris,  the  freed  woman  of  Volum- 
nius,  and  therefore  alfo  called  Volum- 
nla,  the  niiftrefs  of  Antony.  But  this 
feems  very  doubtful. f  2.  A  beauti- 
ful woman,  often  celebrated  by  Martial. 

LYCUllGUS,  the  famous  lawgiver 

of  Lacedaemon,  (G.  461.). f[  2.  A 

king  of  Thrace,  Virg.  Aen.  3»  14.  the 
fon  of  Dryasj  Apollodor, /i^y  ^y  i.  flain 
by  Bacchus  for  violating  his  facred 
rites,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  20.  ;  Hor.  Cd.  2, 
19,  16.  Apollodorus  fays,  that  Ly- 
curgus,  being  feized  with  madnefs  by 
the  wrach  of  Baccbu£|    flew   his  fon 

Dry  as. 


L  Y  C  [22 

Dry'as,  then  cut  off  his  own  limbs  with 
a  fcythe,  and  at  lalt  was  torn  to  pieces 

by  his  own  horfes,  ib, fl  3.  A  king 

of  Nemaea,  Stal.  Theb.  5,  39. ;   Apollo^ 

dor.  3,  6,  4. ^  4..  An  Athenian  o- 

rator  in  the  titr.e  of  Aelchines,  remark- 
able for  his  probity  and  Itrictnefs  ;  a 
vehement  profecutor  of  the  wicked  and 
profligate,  i^accufatur  vehemens),  i/tc.  ad 
Brut.  9,  &  34.  Being  entruiied  with 
the  police  of  the  city,  he  freed  it  from 
thieves  and  robbers,  Plutarch,  in  vita 
ejus.  Hence  Najmetipfi  Lycurgei  a 
princip'io  fuyfemus,  would  have  been  as 
rigid  and  inflexible  as  Lycurgus  againft 
Clodius  and  his  alTociates,  Cic.  Att.  i, 

Lycus,  a  Trojan,  a  companion  of 
Aeneas,  drowned  in  a  ftorm,  Virg.  Aen. 
1,  222. ^2.  Another,  who,  ha- 
ving efcaped  with  Helenor  from  a  tur- 
ret, which,  being  in  flames,  fell  from 
the  rampart,  was  ilain  by  Turnus,  Ib, 
9,  556.  &c.     Vid.  Helenor. 

Lycus,  a  king  of  Thebes,  (Iain  by 
Zethus  and  AmphTon,  the  fons  of  An- 
tiope,  on  account  of  his  unjull  treat- 
ment of  their  mother,  Apallodor.  3>  3, 
5.  But  Hyginiis  fays,  that  Mercury 
ordered  them  not  to  kill  Lycus,  and 
commanded  l^ycus  to  refign  the  king- 
dom to  Amphion,  Fab.  %f.     Vid.  An- 

TIOPE. 

Lyde,  -esj  the  wife  or  miflrefs  of 
the   poet   Caliimachus,  Ovid.  Tr'iJL  1, 

5'  I- 

Lydia,  Horace's  miftrefs,  whom  he 

often  celebrates,  Od.  1,8.  3,  9.  <Scc. 

Lydts,  the  fon  of  Atys,  from  whom 
the  country  of  Lydia  was  named,  which 
formerly  was  called  ^loEOUi  \,  licrodot. 
7,  74.  ;  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Aen,  8,  479. 

Lynccus,  one  of  the  hfty  fons  of 
Aegyptus,  the  only  one   laved  by  his 

wife    Hypermnellra,     {G.  392.). 

%  2.  The  fon  of  Aphareus  king  of  Mef- 
fenia,  of  fuch  quickncfs  of  fight  that 
he  was  fuppofed  to  fee  under  ground, 
Hygin.  14.  hence,  ^is  ejl  tarn  Lyncevs^ 
ib  quick-fighted,  Cic.  Fam,  9,  2.  Non 
pojjis  Gculo  quantum  contendere  Lynceus, 
(in  two  fyllables),  you  cannot  fee  as 
far  as  Lynceus,  Hor,  Ep,  i,  i,  28,    Nti 


9    1  L  Y  S  • 

corporis  optima  Lynceis  Conlemplere  oculisf 
with  Lyncean  eyes,  i.  e.  as  quick-fight- 
ed as  thofe  of  Lynceus,  Id.  Snt.  i,  2, 
90.  Add.  Flin.  2,  17.  ;  Fa/.  Flacc.  i, 
462.  ;  Senec.  Tvled.  228. — Lynceus  was 
Ilain  by  Caftor,  (G.  412.). — Accord- 
ing to  Ovid,  Caftor  was  (lain  by  him  ; 
hence  PeBora  trnjedus  Lyncso  Cajlor  ah 
enfcy    Fafl.  5,  709. 

LyncIdes,  -ae,  a  patronymic  noun, 
the  fon  of  Lynceus  ;  or  rather  a  pro- 
per name,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  768.  5,  99,  &; 
185. 

Lyncus,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who 
hofpitably  entertained  Triptolemus, 
fent  by  Ceres  through  the  world  to 
teach  men  the  ufe  of  corn,  and  wifliing 
to  take  the  glory  of  the  invention  to 
himfelf,  attempted  to  kill  his  guell 
while  afleep  ;  but  Ceres  changed  him 
in  the  very  acl  into  a  lynx,  {^conantem 
lyncafecit)^  Ovid.  Met.  5,  650, — 660.; 
Serv.  in  Virg.  i,  323. 

Lyra,  the  name  of  a  conftellation, 


Col, 


^  79- 


Ovid. 


a  celebrated  gene- 


Varr.R.R,  2,  5.; 
Fajl.  2,  75. 

Lysandfr,  'dr 
ral  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  who  having 
defeated  the  Athenians  at  Aegos  Pota- 
mos,  took  Athens,  and  fet  over  it 
thirty  men  called  Tyrants,  from  the 
cruel  ufe  they  made  of  their  power, 
Nep.  6,  I.  ^/  8,  I.   (G.  467.) 

LYJSIAS,  -ae,  an  Athenian  orator, 
Cic.  Brut.  16.  the  firft  who  maintained 
that  there  is  an  art  in  fpeaking,  {^ejfe 
art  em  dicendi),  ib.  12.  He  left  a  great 
many  orations,  ib.  16.  of  which  only 
a  few  remain.  He  wrote  an  oration 
for  Socrates  to  ufe  at  his  trial,  which 
that  philofopher  praifed,  but  declined 
ufmg  it,   Cic.  Or.  i,  54. 

Lysidicus,  a  partiian  of  Antony's, 
whom  Cicero,  playing  on  his  name, 
calls  the  deilroyer  of  all  law  and  juf- 
tlce,  [qui  jura  omnia  di/pJvit^i  Phil. 
II,  6. 

Lysimachus,  one  of  Alexander's 
generals, and  afterwards  king  ot  Thrace, 

(<^-473-)  J#«-  '7»2. 

Lysippe,  -es,  one  of  the  daughtei^ 
of  Proetus,  ApoIIodor,  2,  2,  2. 

Lysipyus,  d,  cekbrated  fculptor, 
'  born 


L  Y  S  [2 

born  at  Si'cyon,  (Siyonius)^  the  only- 
one  whom  Alexander  the  Great  would 
allow  to  make  a  ilatue  of  him,  Cic, 
Fam.  5,  12.  Add.  ///.  Brut.  86.  Or. 
3,  7.  ;  H^ren.  4,  6.  ;  Horat.  Ep.  2,  I, 
239,  &c. ;  Piin.  34,  7,  3c  8.;  Stat.  Sih. 
I,  I,  86.  Gloria  cjl  Lysippo  animofa  ef- 
Jingtre fignay  to  make  ftatuts  to  the  life, 
Fropert.  3,  7,  9.  After  the  battle  of 
Granicus,  Altxander  prevailed  on  Ly- 
fippus  to  make  Ilatues  of  thofe  horfe- 
men  who  had  fallen,  and  to  place  A- 
lexauder's  ftatue  among  them,  Paterc, 
I,  II.  Thefe  ilaraes  Metelliis,  having 
fubdued  Macedonia,  brought  to  Rome, 
il.  et  Piin.  34,  8  f .  19. 


Lysi 


Pythagorean  philofo- 


pher,  born  at  Tarentum,  the  mailer  of 
Epaminondas,  Cic.  Gr.  3,  34.  Of.  1, 
44.   Nep.  15.  2. 

Lysistratus,  the  brother  of  Ly- 
fippus,  who  firlt  made  ftatues  of  gyp- 
fiim  and  potters  earth,   Piin.  354  12. 

Lyso,  -dnis,  a  native  of  l^atrae  in 
Achaia,  {Patrenfs),  the  hofl  of  Cice- 
ro, whom  he  fpeaks  of  as  a  very  Wor- 

thy  man,   Cic.  Fam.  13,  19. ^  2.  A 

native  of  Li^ybaeum,  {Lilybaetanus)y 
Cic.  Fam,  13,  34. 

M. 

Mac  A  RE  us,  -eij  (voc.  Alacareu,  in 
three  fyll. )  the  fon  of  Aeolus,  who  fe- 
duced  his  own  lUter  Canace,  Ovid. 
Trifi.  2,  384.  Ep.  II.  in  Ihin.  359,  & 
564.  Amor.  2,  18,  23.  V/hen  detect- 
ed, he  fled  to  the  temple  of  Apollo, 
which  was  a  fancluary.  But,  hearing 
of  the  fate  of  his  hfter,  (  VicL  C/  n  a  c  £  ) , 

he  fiew  liimfelf,  Hygin.  242 ^  2.  Kcrl- 

tius  MlcAREus,  (in  three  fyh-)  a  na- 
tive of  Ithaca,  from  Ner^itus,  a  moun- 
tain in  that  ifl?nd,  one  of  the  compa- 
nions of  Ulyffes,  found  by  the  Tro- 
jan: on  their  arrival  in  Italy,,  at  the 
promontory  rfterwards  called  Cajeta, 
and  being  recognifed  by  Achejiienides, 
whom  Aeac.-.s  had  brought  with  him 
from  the  country  of  the  Cyclops,  they 
mutually  recounted  to  each  other  their 
adventures,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  159, — 441. 

"^ ^  3.  A  priefc  of  Bacchus,  At^Iian, 

Var^IiijL  13,  2. 


30    ]  MAC 

MACER,  -crii  a  firname  of  the  Z/- 
cinii. 

C.  Lkinius  Macer,  an  orator,  Cic, 
Brut.  67.  condemned  for  extortion, 
while  Cicero  was  praetor,  Cic.  Att.  i, 
4.  Various  accounts  are  given  of  the 
manner  of  his  death.  Plutarch  fays, 
that  when  he  heard  that  he  was  con- 
demned, he  took  to  his  bed  and  died 
immediately,  in  Fit.  Cic.  Valerius 
Maximus  fays,  that  Macer  was  hirnfelf 
in  court  during  the  trial,  and  perceiving 
the  caufe  about  to  be  determined  a- 
gainft  him,  he  preverited  fentence  be- 
ing pronounced,  by  Hopping  his  breath 
with  a  handkerchief,  and  thus  putting 
an  end  to  his  days  ;  whereby  his  eO.ate 
was  faved  to  his  fon-  Licinius  Calvus, 
who  afterwards  became,  an  oracor  of 
diilinguiihed  merit,  Fal.  Max.  9,  12,  7. 
Bui  Cicero  fays  exprcisly,  that  Macer 
was  actually  condemned,  Cic.  Att.  \ ,  4, 

This  Licinius  Macer   is   thought 

to  have  been  the  Roman  hiltorian 
fpoken  of  by  Cicero,  Leg.  i,  2.  and 
often  mentioned  by  Livy,  4,  7,  lo,  «Sc 
23.    7,  9.  et  10,  9,  &c. 

Aemylius  Macer,  a  poet  bora  at  V^^ 
rami  [Fcronefj/is),  in  the  time  ofAu- 
guihis,  who  v.'rote  a  poem  concerning 
birds,  ferpcnts,  and  the  virtues  of  herbs; 
which  Ovid  fays  he  often,  when  old, 
ufed  to  read  to  him.,  when  a  young 
man,  {^Saepe  fuas  valuer es  legii  mihi gran- 
dior  aevoy  ^aeqii^  necet  fcrpens,  quae 
junket  hcrha,  Macer y  Ovid.  Triit.  4,  10, 
43.  Ke  alfo  wrote  concerning  the 
I'rojan  war  aitcr  the  death  of  Heclor, 
as  a  iupplemint  to  the  IHad  of  Homer, 
as  Ovid  lays  in  an  epiftle  to  Macer,  (  Fu 
cauls  aeterno  quicquid  rtjiahat  Homero, 
Ne  careant  Junvnd  Froica  hclla  nianu,) 
Ovid.  Pont.  2,  10,  13.  whence  he  is 
called  Fliacus  Macer,  ib.  4,  16,  6. 
-     Macerinvs.    Fid.  Geganius. 

M  chanidas, -«^,  a  tyrant  of  La- 
cedaemon,  Fiv.  27,  30.  et  28,  5.  who 
had  refolved  to  attack  the  Eleans, 
v.-hlle  preparing  to  celsbrate  the  Olym- 
pic games,  but  was  prevented. by  the 
terror  of   Philip   king  of  Macedonia, 

Flv'  28,  7, 

,     MACHaON, 


i 


MAC  [23 

MACHaON,  -onisy  the  fon  of  Aef- 
culapius,  a  phyfician  in  the  Trojan 
war,  {G.  370.)  put  for  any  phyfician  ; 
tlius  F'lrma  (Tc.  corpora)  valent  per  fe 
nvUumquc  Machaoiia  quaenint^  need  no 
phyfician,  O'v'id.  Pont.  3,  4,  7  hence' 
Machaoniae  artesy  the  arts  of  me- 
dicine, f^.  i,  3,  5.  So  Ilk  MachaoTiid 
'V1X  ape  fanus^  Id.  Rem.  Amor.  546- 
Saeva  Machaomo  coierunt  vulnera  fucco,, 
Stat.  Siiv.  1,4,  114. — Virgil  mentions 
Machaon  as  the  firft,  or  among  the  fore- 
mofl,  who  came  out  of  the  Trojan  horfe, 
(primufqtie  Machaon)  y  Virg.  A  en.  2, 
263. 

Macro,  -onisi  a  perfon  efleemed  by 
Atticus,  Ck.  Att.  4,  12. 

MACRO,  praefed  of  the  praeto- 
rian guards  under  Tiberius, T^r.  Ann.  6, 
15,  &  23.  whence  he  acquired  great 
power,  th.  45.  which  he  employed  with 
fuccefs  to  defbroy  thofe  he  hated,  ih, 
29.  He  was  the  chief  inftrument 
whom  Tiberius  employed  to  crufii  Se- 
janus,  il.  48.  Tp^ards  the  clofe  of  the 
emperor's  life,  he  tried  to  gain  the  fa- 
vour of  Caligula  by  the  bafell  means, 
ih.  45.  Tiberius  perceiving  it,  faid  to 
him  reproachfully,  that  he  turned  from 
the  fetting  to  the  rifmg  fun,  {Occiden- 
tem  ah  eo  defer'i,  Onsnfem  fpe^lari^)  ib. 
46.  Tiberius  in  his  lafl  illnefs  having 
fallen  into  a  fwoon,  thofe  prefent 
thought  that  he  had  expired.  Where- 
upon Caligula  began  to  a6l  as  empe- 
ror. ,  But  Tiberius  having  recovered 
from  his  faint,  they  were  all  (buck 
with  terror.  Macro,  however,  relie- 
ved them  by  ordering  theoldemperor  to 
be  fmothered  by  thross  ing  on  him  a  heap 
of  bed-clothes,  ih,  50.  Suetonius  men- 
tions  different  accoiints  concerning  that 
emperor's  death,  Tih,  73.  Macro  foon 
after  met  with  the  juft  puniihment  of 
bis  crimes,  being  (lain  by  the  order  of 
Caligula,  Suet.  Cal.  26. 

Macro B I 'J  s,  an  author  in  the  time 
of  Theodolius,  who  compofed  a  leai  ned 
work  called  Saturnalia^  in  feven  books  ; 
and  alfo  a  coinmentary  on  the  Sojnn/um 
Scipionis  of  Cicero,  in  two  books;  which 
works  are  both  extant. 

Macula,  one  who  offered  Cicero 


T    ]  m  a  e 

the  ufe  of  his  villa  in  the  Agcr  Falernust 
Cic.  Fam.  6,  19.  fuppofed  to  be  the 
fame  who  is  called  Pompeius  Macula, 
Macroh.  Sat.  2,  2. 

MAECeNx^S,  .Ms,  a  Roman  E- 
ques  (of  the  gens  Cilnia  ;  hence  he  is 
called  Cilnius  Maecenas  equejiris  ordinisy 
Tac.  Ann.  6,  11.)  faid  to  have  been 
defcended  from  the  ancient  kings  of 
Etruria,  whence  he  is  called  Tyrrhena 
regum  progenies^  Hor.  Od.  3,  2(^.  and 
Tufcus  eques,  Marcial.  8,  56,  9.  So 
Silius  Italicus  fays  the  name  of  Maece- 
nas v>'as  anciently  refpeftable  in  Etru- 
ria, and  dignihed  with  the  fceptre, 
(Maecenas,  cut  Maeonid  (i.  e.  Etruria) 
venerahile  terra,  Et  fceptris  o/im  celebra" 
turn  fiomen  Elrufcis,  Sil.  10,  40.  He  was 
the  favourite  of  Augullus,  and  a  great 
patron  of  learned  men.  To  Maecenas 
Virgil  infcribed  his  Georgics  ;  and  Ho- 
race his  firft  ode,  his  firil  fatire,  and 
firfl  c  piitle.  Hence,  Sint  Maecenatcs, 
non  deerunt,  Flacce,  Mar  ones,  O  F!ac- 
cus,  let  therc  be  patrons  like  Maecenas, 
and  there  will  not  be  wanting  good 
poets  like  Maro,  i.  e.  Virgil,   Martial. 

8,  56,  5. Turris  Maeccnatiana,  the 

tower  of  Maecenas,  Suet.  Ner.  58. — 
Cicero  mentions  a  Roman  knight  call- 
ed C.  Maecenas,  Cluent.  ^6, 

Sp.  MAECIUS  Tarpa,  (ah  Mcclus, 
vel  Met/us),  a  great  critic  of  theatrical 
compofitions  ;  confulted  by  Pompey 
concerning  the  fplendiJ  fpe6lacles  he  ex- 
hibited in  his  fecond  coniulihip,  which, 
however,  Cicero  feems  not  to  have 
been  much  pleafed  with  :  Nohis  autem 
erant  ea  perpetienda,  qunefcdicet  Sp.  Mae- 
cius  prohcro'ijjit,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  i.  -He 
is  fuppuied  to  have  been  the  fame  with 
that  Maecius-  who  was  one,  and  per- 
haps the  chief,  of  ii%'e  perfons,  whom 
Augulfus  appointed  to  jud^-^e  of  the 
merit  of  poetical  comporilifins  in  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  to  diitt-ibute  prizes 
to  the  m.oil  deferving,  and  to  deter- 
mine vvhat  plays  were  to  be  reprefent- 
ed  on  the  ihi;p;e  :  Hence  Horace  fays, 
Haec  (fc.  carmina)  ego  ludo,  ^ai  nee  in 
Aede  fonent  ccrtantia,  judice  Tarpa,  I 
amufe  rnyfjlf  in  >A'ritiag  thefc  iatires, 
which  will  not  be  recited  in  the  temple 

of 


MAE  [2 

of  Apollo  to  contend  for  the  piize,  be- 
fore Tarpaprefiding  as  judge,  Hor.  Sat. 

1,  lO,  38.  el  ib'i  Scboltaft.  The  writers 
of  plays  feem  to  have  fubmltted  their 
works  to  the  infpeftion  of  Maecius, 
before  they  read  them  to  the  five  judges 
ill  the  temple  of  Apollo  ;  hence,  Si 
quid  tarncn  olim  Scripferisf  in  Met'i't  defcen- 
dat  jud'ic'is  auresy  Et  patriSy  et  nojlrasy 
K'mumque  prematur  in  annum.  If,  how- 
ever, you  fliall  hereafter  write  any 
thing,  firll  read  it  to  the  judge  Metius, 
(or  to  Metius,  who  is  a  good  judge,) 
to  your  father,  and  to  me,  i.  e.  fubmit 
it  to  our  examination  ;  and  then  keep 
it  by  you  for  nine  years,  before  you 
pubhdi  it,  Id.  Jrt.  386. 

Maelius.  Vid.  Melius. 

Maenades,  'um,  women  fuppofed 
to  be  infpired  by  Bacchus,  Bacchanals, 
Catull.  64,  23.  fuTg.  Marnas,  Scnec. 
Med.  V.  382. 

Maenalus,  a  fon  of  Lycaon,  Jpol- 
lodor.  3,  8,  I.  from  whom  Maenalus, 
(plur.  -^1,)  a  mountain  in  Arcadia  is 
faid  to  have  been  named. 

MAENIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

C.  MAENIUS,  a  conful,  who  con- 
quered the  ^r/Viwi,  Lai/inii,  :ir)d  Veliterni, 
joined  with  tlie  Antiales  Volfci,  Liv.  8, 
13.  Part  of  the  (Iiips  of  the  Antiates 
were  brought  to  Rome  ;  and  with  their 
beaks  the  place  in  the  forum,  from 
which  fpeeches  ufed  to  be  made  to  the 
people,  (fuggijlt^ni  vel  t  h  m  p  l u  m  ,  IJi). 

2,  ^G.  et  3,  17.;  Cic.  Vat.  10.)  v/as 
adorned,  hence  called  Rostra,  Liv. 
8.  14.  A  column  was  ered^ed  to  Mae- 
r.ius  for  his  victories,  a.  u.  416,  Plin. 
34,  5  f.  I.  This  feems  to  have  been 
the  column  called  Column  v  Maenia, 
r.igh  vvhich  thieves  and  worthlefs  flaves 
iifed  to  be  punifhed,  Cic.  Caecil.  16. 
et  ibi  Afcon.  Cluen-.  1 3.  by  the  Trinrnvhi 
Capitales ;  hence  Cicero,  fpeaking  of 
one.  Afniius,  Vvho  being  fulpetted  of 
murder  was  brought  before  Q^  Manir 
h'us,  who  was  then  Triumvir,  adds  : 
Jlle  ManiUus  ex   petulanti   atque  improho 

fcurra  in  d/fcordlis  civltatis  ad  cam  colam- 
nam,  ad  quam  faepe  muJtorum  coninciis 
^erdudus  crat,  timfd/'ragi's  populi jW-rvcrie- 


32    ]  MAG 

rat.  i.  e.  he  had  been  chofen  a  Triumvir 
by  the  people  to  judge  of  caufes  near 
that  pillar,  to  which  he  had  been  often 
brought  as  a  criminal,  Cic.  Cluent.  13. 
This  column  feems  alfo  to  be  the  fame 
which  Maenius,  (probably  one  of  the 
defcendants  of  C.  Maenius,  the  conful), 
v/hen  he  fold  his  houfe,  (called  Atrium 
Maeniuin,)  to  the  cenfors  Flaccus  and 
Cato,  that  on  the  ground  where  it 
ftood  they  might  build  a  court  of  juf- 
tice  (hajdica),  referved  to  himfelf  the 
right  of  one  column,  on  which  he 
might  build  a  projeftion  ;  whence  he 
and  his  pofterity  might  view  the  fhews 
of  gladiators,  which  were  then  exhi- 
bited in  the  forum,  Afcon,  ibid.  Hence 
the  balconies  or  open  galleries  erefted 
on  the  farther  or  femicircular  end  of 
the  circus  were  called  Maeniaka,  Suet. 
Cal  18. 

C.  Maenius  was  made  dictator  for 
holding  trials  concerning  confpirators, 
( quaejTwnum  de  conjuratis  exercendarum 
caufdy)  Liv.  9,  26. 

C.  Maenius,  a  praetor,  appointed 
to  hold  inquifitions  concerning  forceries 
and  poifonings,   i^de  veneficiis),  Liv.  40, 

L.  Maenius,  a  tribune,  who  pro- 
pcfed  a  bill  to  the  people  about  re- 
ducing the  intereil  of  money  to  one 
per  cent,  {^de  unciario  fcenore,^  Liv.  7, 
16. 

P*'L  Maenius,  the  author  of  an  agra- 
rian l?.w,  Liv.  4,  53. 

Maeonides,  -ae,  a  name  given  to 
Homer,  from  his  being  born  in  Lydia, 
anciently  called  Maeonia,  MartiaL  5, 
10. 

Ma  ERA,  a  woman,  metamorphofed 

into   a  dog,   Ovid.    Met.  7,    362. 

^  2.  A  prieftefs  of  Venus,  Stat.   7heh. 

7,  477. ^  3     The  dog  of  Icarius, 

who.  by  his  cries,  fliev^ed  to  Erigone 
the  place  whei"e  the  dead  body  of  her 
father  lay  unburied,  Hygin.  130.  Vid. 
Erigone. 

Maevius,  a  contemptible  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Horace  and  Virgil, 
Hor.  Ep.  TO,  2.  ;    Virg.  E.  3,  90. 

MAGI,  magicians,  a  name  given  to 
Wife  and  learned  men  among  the  Per- 

fians 


MAG  [2 

fians,  Ck.  Div.  i,  23.  who  ufed  to  af- 
feirtble  In  a  temple  for  the  take  of  me- 
ditation and  conferring  together,  fL  41. 
Their  bodies,  when  dead,  are  faid  not 
to  have^been  buried,  unlefs  they  were 
firil:  torn  by  dogs,  I  J,  Tufc,  i,  45. 

Magius,  the  name  of  a  Roman ^^«x. 

P.  Magius  (h'llo^  v.  Ciloy  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  M.  Marcellus,  whom, 
however,  he  murdered  at  Athens  ;  and 
after  perpetrating  the  deed,  flew  him- 
felf,  Ctc.  Fam.  4,  12.  in  a  fit  of  infanity, 
as  it  was  fi?ppofed,  for  the  real  caufe  was 
not  certainly  known,  C'lc.  Att.  13,  10. 

L.  Magius,  an  adherent  of  Marius, 
after  whofe  death  he  fled  to  Mithri- 
dates.  He  was  fent  by  that  king  to 
conclude  an  alliance  with  Sertorius  In 
Spain.  Having  afterwards  proved 
treacherous  to^Mithridates,  he  returned 
to  the  Romans,  and  dvveit  at  Myndus, 
Cic.  Verr.  \ ,  34.  et  ihi  Afcon, 

Dec,  Magius,  a  noble  Campanian, 
remarkable  for  his  firm  attachment  to 
the  Romans  in  the  fccond  Punic  war, 
L'lv.  23,  7,  &  10.  The  Magii  of  Capua 
are  m.entloned  by  Cicero,  among  others, 
as  a  family  remarkable  for  their  pomp 
and  magnificence,  Cic.RulL  2,'S^^,Flf.  1 1. 

Magnes,  -etisy  the  name  of  a  fhep- 
herd  on  mount  Ida,  who  is  faid  to  have 
firft  difcove^ed  the  magnet  ftone,  (call- 
ed from  him  inagncs),  by  the  nails  of 
his  flioes  and  tiie  point  of  his  flaft' 
fticking  in  it,  PUn,  36,  \6.  But  Lu- 
cretius fays  the  magnet  Is  fo  named 
from  its  being  found  in  the  country  of 
the  Magnates,  ling.  Magues ;  i.e. in  IViag- 
nefia,  a  part  of  Theilaly,  L^tcr.  6,  908. 

«j|  2.  A  firnatiie  of  Demetrius,  the 

contemporary  of  Cicero,  and  friend  of 

^      Attlcws,  Cl\  Att.  4,  II.  ^/  8,  11.— 

alfo  of  iJcmetrlus,  the  rhetorician,  and 
co^npanion  of  Cicero  when  a  iludent 
in  Afia,  Cic.  Brut.  9  i . 

Magni  s  Claudius^  the  brother  of  VI- 
fo,  who  was  adopted  by  Galba,  Fac.H. 
) ,  48.  put  to  death  by  Claudius,  ih. 

Magnus,  the  Great,  a  firname  given 
to  Pompey  ;  thus,  Mngni  amhuhttOf  the 
walk  or  portico  built  by  Pompey,  Catull. 
$$i  6'  So  Senjit  et  Ipje  metum  Magnus y 
i.  e.  Pompeius,  Lucan*  2;  598,  S^ic*  This 


33    1  MAL 

name  is  alfo  applied  to  Cneius,  the 
eldeft  fon  of  Pompey.  ih.  9,  12  i ,  &  145. 
Fid.  POMPEIU  s. 

MAGO,   a   frequent    name   among 

the    Carthaginians. A    brother    of 

Hannibal's,  who  commanded  the  cen- 
tre of  the  Carthaginian  army  at  the 
battle  of  Cannae,  Liv.  22.46.  and  after 
the  vi6^ory,  was  fent  by  his  brother 
to  give  an  account  of  his  exploits  to 
the  fenate,  ih.  zi,^  i2.  At  laCt,  being 
conquered    in  battle  by  the    Romans, 

he  died  of  his  wounds,  ib.  30,  1 8 

^  2.  An  author,  v/ho  wrote  twenty- 
eight  books  on  hufbaadry,  Cic.  Or,  i, 
58.  which,  after  the  taking  of  Car- 
thage, the  Romans  ordered  to  be  tranf- 
lated  Into  Latin,  Farr,  R,  R,  i,  i.; 
Plin.  18,  3. 

Maharbal,  -alis,  the  fon  of  Himil- 
co,  a  Carthaginian ;  entrulled  by  Han- 
nibal with  the  command  of  the  army 
which  befieged  Saguntum,  Liv,  21, 
12.  After  the  vidory  at  Cannae,  he 
advlfed  Hannibal  to  march  diredly  to 
Rome,  Liv.  22,  51.  et  23,  18.  Fid, 
Annibal,  p.  18. 

Mil  A,  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  and 
mother  of  Mercury  by  Jupiter,  (G. 
378.)  who  is  hence  called  Almae  fdivs 
Maine,  Hon  Od.  i,  2,  43.  Natiis  Maid, 
Id.  Sat.  2,  6.  5.  Genitus  Maid,  Virg, 
Aen.  I,  297.  Mala  with  her  fix  fillers 
were  changed  into  fo  many  ftars,  call- 
ed Pleiades,  [G.  379.),  whence  one 
of  them  is  called  Mala,  Virg.  G,  l, 
225.  and  Phias  is  put  for  Mala,   Ovid, 

Met.  I,  670.- Some  derive  the  name 

of  the  month  May  (menjts  Mains)  from 

Maia,   Mac  rob.  Sat.  i,  12. 

'    Malleolus,  a  firnam.e  of  the  P«- 

hlicii, 

Cn.  Malleolus,  the  quaefior  of 
Dolabella  in  Afia,  Cic.  Verr.  i,  15. 
Plis  fon  was  pillaged  by  his  guardian 
Verres,  ih.  36. 

Malleolus,  one  who  m.urdered  his 
mother,  and  on  that  account  was  few- 
ed  into  a  fack,  and  thrown  Into  the 
fea,  A.  ad  Herenn.  i,  13.  This  hap- 
pened a.  u.  653,  and  he  is  faid  to  have 
been  the  firil  perfon  punlflied  In  this 
manner,  Orof,  5,  16. ;  Liv.  Epit.  68. 
G  g  Mallius, 


M  A  L  [    234    ] 

Mallius  Glauciay  a  freed  man,  the    beian  that  was 
client  of  T.  Rofcius  Magnus,  Cic.  Rofc. 
S.7. 

fir- 


M  A  N 
created  Curio  Maximum, 


Mamercinus   or   Mamercus,  a 
name  of  the  Aemilti, 

Lucius  AemiVius  Mamercinus,  twice 
conful,  Lin}.  8,  I,  &  20.  and  twice  dic- 
tator, Liv.  8,  '6.  ^/  9,  21. 

Mam E ROUS,  a  very  rich  man,  who 
having  omitted  to  feek  the  aedilefhip, 
becaufe  that  office  occafioned  great  ex- 
pence,  was  on  that  account  re|e6ted, 
when  he    appHed   for   the    confulfliip, 

Cic.  Off.  2,  17.  5[  2.   A   conful, 

the  colleague  of  D.   Brutus,  Cio.  Br. 

47. 

Mamertes,  -iV,  (al.  Vimtifrmus),  a 
Corinthian,  who  is  faid  to  have  killed 
his  brother's  children,  that  he  mi^ht 
fucceed  to  the  crown  ;  but  the  brother 
being  informed  of  the  deed,  put  him  to 
death  in  the  moft  cruel  manner,  by  mu- 
tilating his    members,    Ovid,   in   Jbin, 

549- 

Oaav.  Mam  I  LI  us,  didator  of  Tuf- 

culum,  Cic.  N.  D.  2,  2.  and  chief  of 
the  Latin  nation  ;  who  is  faid  to  have 
been  defcended  from  the  goddefs  Circe, 
Lii).  I,  49.  He  fell  in  battle  at  the 
lake  Regillus,  while  fighting  again  ft  the 
Romans  under  Pofthumiusthe  dictator, 
in  order  to  reilore  his  father-in-law  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus  to  his  kingdom,  Liv. 
2,  20. 

L.  Mamilius,  diftator  of  Tufcu- 
lum,  v/lio  brought  afiiftance  to  the  Ro- 
mans, when  the  Capitol  was  fuddenly 
feized  by  Heidonius  with  a  body  of 
flavcs,  Lii)  3,  18.  and  on  account  of 
his  fervices  was  prefented  with  the  free- 
dom of  thp  city,  ih.  29. 

C.  Mamilius  Limetanus^  a  tribune, 
who  propoied  a  bill  to  the  people  a- 
bout  the  puniihment  of  thofe  who  had 
taken  bi'Jbes  from  Jugurtha,  Sallujl.  Jug. 
40.  called  MaiTiilia  rogatioy  ib.  et  Cic. 
:3rut.  33. 

Mamilius  Mancimu,  a  tribune,  who 
propofed  a  bill  to  the  people  about 
trant^ferring  the  command  of  the  v/ar  a- 
gainit  Jugurtha  from  Metellus  to  Ma- 
j-ius,  Salluji.  Jvg.  73. 

C.  MA>jii;iys  Vitulus^  th?  iirH  pie- 


Liv.  27,  8. 

Manius  Mamilius,  {ah  Manilius), 
a  lawyer  and  conful  a.  u.  603,  who 
Gompofed  forms  to  be  ufed  immaking 
bargains,  called  Leges  'uenalium  venden- 
dorurri)  Cic.  Or.  I,  58.  W  Actiones, 
Varr^  R,  R.  2,  3,  11.  An  example  of 
which  we  have,  ib.  2,  3,  5.— .-Mamilius 
and  Manilius  are  often  put  the  one  for 
the  other. 

MAMURRA,  a  Roman  eques,  born 
at  Formiae,  praefecius  fabrum  to  Cae- 
far  ;  a  rich  luxurious  man,  Cic.  Att.  7, 
7.  ^/  13,  52.  who  firft  covered  all  the 
walls  of  his  houte  on  the  Caelian  mount 
at  Rome  with  cruits  of  marble,  Plin, 
36,  6  f.  7,  There  is  a  bitter  epigram 
in  Catullus,  Infcribed,  In  Mamurram 
et  Caefaretny  $$.  and  a  ftill  more  bitter 
one  againft  Mamurra  himfelf,  27, 
Urbs  Mamurraruniy  i.  e,  Formiae,  whence 
the  family  of  the  Mamurrae  came,  Hor. 
Sat.  I,  5,  37, — — ^  2.  Mamurius 
vel  MamUriusy  a  worker  in  brafs  in  the 
time  of  Numa,  who,  at  the  defire  of 
that  king,  made  eleven  round  fliields, 
(ancilia)y  exactly  like  thnt  anclle  which 
was  fuppofed  to  have  fallen  from  hea- 
ven, that  it  might  not  be  ilolen  ;  and 
when  Numa  aflced,  what  reward  he  de- 
fired  for  his  labour,  he  anfvvcred,  **  to 
have  his  name  handed  down  to  pofteri- 
ty  as  the  maker  of  the  fhields  ;  and 
that  the  Salii  fhould  repeat  it  in- the  end 
of  their  fongs,"  which  was  granted, 
(Inde  facer  dotes  operi  promijja  'vctujh 
Praemia  perfohunt,  Mamuriumque  va- 
cant), Ovid.  Fail.  260, —  383,  &c.  ; 
Propert.  4,  2,  61, 

C.  H^jIHIhs  MANCINUS,  conful 
with  Lepidus,  a.  617.  Cic.  Brut,  27. 
who  being  furrounded  with  his  arm.y 
by  the  people  of  Numantia,  was  ob^ged 
to  beg  a  truce,  and  conclude  a  treaty 
with  them,  (  Vid.T.  Gkacckits), which 
being  difapproved  of  at  Rome,  he  was, 
with  bis  ovvn  confent,  given  up  to  the 
Numantines,  but  they  would  not  receive 
him,  Cic.  Or.  i,  40.  ;  Off.  3,  30.  It 
was  made  a  queftion  at  Rome,  when 
he  returned,  whether  he  fhould  be  con- 
fidered  as  a  citizen  or  not.  Cicero  w^s 
■     ■  of 


MAN  E    2 

of  opinion  that  he  ought,  Cic.  Caecin. 
34.    Or.  I,  4. 

Mandane,  -es,  the  mother  of  Cy- 
rus the  great,   (G.  600.) 

Mandonius,  the  brother  of  Indlbi- 
lis,  prince  of  the  Illcrgetes  in  Spain, 
Li'v.  22,  21.  whofe  wife  and  daughters 
having  fallen  into  the  power  of  Scipio, 
and  being  honourably  treated  by  him, 
I  All.  26,  49.  Indibills  and  Mandoni- 
us deferted  from  the  Carthaginians  to 
the  Romans,  Li<v.  27,  19.  But  Sci- 
pio having  fallen  into  a  dangerous  dlf- 
eafe,  they  revolted,  Zi-u.  28,  24.  Be- 
ing conquered  in  a  great  battle,  they 
were  treated  with  lenity,  ih.  33,  &  34. 
They  again  rebelled,  but  with  no  bet- 
ter fuccefs,  L'lv.  29,  2.  Indibilis'fell 
in  battle,  and  Mandonius  being  given 
up  to  the  Romans  by  his  countrymen 
to  fave  themfelves,  was  put  to  death, 
ik  3. 

Mania,  v.  Mana,  the  mother  of  the 
Lares,   Varr.  L.  L.  8,  38. 

Man  I  LI  us,  the  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens  at  Rome. 

C.  Manilius,  a  tribune,  the  author 
of  the  Manilian  law,  {lex  Manilla), 
which  conferred  on  Pompey  the  charge 
of  profecuting  the  war  againft  Mithri- 
dates,   C'lc.  Manil.  24. 

M.  Manilius,  a  lawyer,  Cic.  Or. 
I,  48.  who  ufed  to  offer  his  advice  free- 
ly to  all  the  citizens  who  chofe  to  ai]<; 
it,  {facer e  omnibus  ci-vibus  confilii fui  co' 
f)iam),  Cic.  Or.  3,  33.  Conful  with  L. 
Cenforinus,  a.  u.  604.  Cic.  Brut.  27. 
^cad.  4j  32. 

Manilius  vel  Manlius,  the  author 
of  a  poem  on  aftronomy,  dill  extant  ; 
which  is  thought  to  have  been  publifh- 
ed  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  reign 
of  Auguftus,  from  his  mentioning  the 
defeat  of  Varus,  and  other  circumftan- 
ces.  But  Manilius  is  not  mentioned  by 
any  author  of  that  period,  and  there- 
fore fome  fuppcfe  him  to  have  lived  as 
late  as  the  time  of  Theodofius. 

Manius,  a  Roman  praendmeny  (quod 
mane  quis  initio  natus  Jit,  ut  Lucius  qui 
luce),  Varr.  L.  L.  8,  38,  written  M', 
to  diilinguifh  it  from  M.  for  Marcus. 

Manius  Marcius,  an  aedile  of  the 


3$   1  MA>;r 

commons,  who  firft  gave  corn  to  the 
people  at  an  as  the  bufhel,  Plin.  1 8,  3* 

MANLIUS,  the  name  of  a  patri- 
cian  gens. 

A.  MANLIUS,  conful,  Li^.  2,  544 
a  violent  oppofer  of  the  Agrarian  law, 
and  therefore,  after  the  expiratimi  of 
his  office,  he  with  his  colleague  L.  Fu- 
rius  were  fummoned  to  a  trial  before 
the  people  by  Genucius,  a  tribune.  But 
on  the  day  of  the  trial,  the  tribune  was 
found  dead  at  his  houfe,  ih.  This  Man- 
hus  was  oiie  of  the  ambaffadors  fent  to 
Athens,  to  examine  the  laws  of  Solon, 
and  the  inlHtutions  of  the  other  ftates 
of  Greece,  Zk*.  3,  3 1.  f.  and  after  his 
return  made  one  of  the  decemnnri,  ib. 

33* 

M.  MANLIUS,  who  defended  the 
Capitol,  (G.  221),  and  hence  got  the 
firname  of  Capitolinus,  Liv.  ^,  31, 
&  47. ;  Plin.  7,  28.  But  being  after- 
wards fufpedled  of  aiming  at  fovereign- 
ty,  he  was  condemned  and  thrown  from 
the  Tarpelan  rock,  Liv.  6,  20.  By  a 
decree  of  the  Manlian  family,  it  was 
decreed,  that  no  one  fhould  be  called 
Marcus  Manhus,  ib.et  Cic.  Phil,  i,  13. 
His  houfe  was  overturned^  and  the 
ground  where  it  Hood  covered  with  two 
groves,   Cic.  Dom.  38. 

L.  Manlius,  a  diftator,  called  Im- 
PERiosus,  on  account  of  his  haughty 
imperious  temper,  and  rigorous  feveri- 
ty,  in  holding  a  levy  of  foldiers,  Liv. 
7,  3,  &  4.  Being  on  this  account 
brought  to  a  trial  before  the  peof)]e,  he 
was  extricated  by  the  generous  interpo- 
fition  of  hts  fon,  ib.  5.  j  Cic.  Off".  3,  31. 
(G.  223.) 

r.  MANLIUS,  L.  F.  on  account 
of  his  dutiful  behaviour  to  his  father, 
was  made  a  military  tribune  by  the  peo- 
ple, Liv.  7,5.  Having  killed  a  Gaul 
in  fingle  combat  in  fight  of  both  ar- 
mies, he  fpoiled  him  of  nothing  elfe 
but  a  golden  chain,  {uno  torque  Jpolia- 
vit),  which,  ail  bloody  as  it  was,  he 
threw  round  his  own  neck  ;  and  hence 
got  the  firname  of  TORQLTaTUS, 
which  he  tranlmitted  to  hib  pofterity, 
ib,  10.  He  was  three  times  conful,  and 
twice  didator.  In  his  third  confulate, 
C  g  2  tein^ 


MAN  [    236    ]  MAR 

being  fent  as  general  againft  the  La-  ter  the  battle  of  Cannae,  Marcellus, 
tins,  he  ordered  his  own  fon,  for  ha-  then  praetor,  was  fent  to  receive  the 
ving  fought  with  the  enemy  contrary  to  remains  of  the  army  from  Varro,  the 
orders,  though  viftorious,  to  be  behead-  conful,  L'lv.  22,  57.  Having  thrown 
ed,  Llv.  8,  7.  hence   Manliana  impe-    himfelf  into  Nola,  by  a  fuccefsful  fally 


ri^,  »ManHan  commands,  for  commands 
unrimfonably  fevere,  ih.  et  4,  29.  thus 
Vide  ne  iflajint  Manhana  veJlrOf  aut  ma- 
jora  etlarriy  Ji  hnperes  quod  facere  non  pof- 
Jimt  See  that  thofe  requilitions  be  not 
as  unreafonable  as  thofe  of  Manhus, 
your  anceftor,  or  m.ore  fo,  &c.  Ck.  Fin. 
2,  32. Manliaxum,  ic. praedlum,  a 


from  that  city,  he  firil  (howed  the  Ro. 
mans  that  Hannibal  could  be  conquer- 
ed, Liv.  23,  14,  &  16.  He  was  made 
conful  the  third  time  in  his  abfence, 
Li-v.  2\,  9.  ;  and  the  province  of  Sici- 
ly decreed  to  him,  ii.  21.  He  took 
Syracufe  after  a  fiege  of  near  three 
years,  Liv.  25,  23,  &c.  drove  the  Car- 


villa  of  Cicero's,  probably  fo  called,  be-    thaginians  from   the  idand,  ik   27,  & 


caufe  it  had  anciently  belonged  to  one 
Manlius,   Cic.  ^  Fr.  3,  i,  i. 

7*.  Manlius  Torquatus,  a  defcend- 
ant  of  the  former,  in  whofe  confulfhip 
the  temple  of  Janus  was  Ihjt  afier  the 
end  of  the  fecond  Punic  war,  Liv.  i, 
19. 


C.  Manlius, one  of  Catiline's  affoci- 
ates,  who  commanded  the  army  of  the 
confplrators,  till  Catiline  joined  it,  Cic. 


28.  and  fettled  the  affairs  of  that  coun- 
try with  great  integrity  and  prudence, 
ib.  41.  In  his  fourth  confulfhip,  he 
fought  feveral  battles  againil  Hannibal 
In  Italy  with  various  fuccefs,  Liv.  27, 
2,  12,  &c.  In  his  lifth  confulfhip,  be- 
ing led  into  an  ambufcade,  he  was  cut 
off  by   Hannibal,  ih.   26,    &    27. 


Marcellea,  -orurrti  a  feftival,  obfer- 

ved  annually  by  the  Sicilians  in  honour 

.Cat.  3,  6.;  Sail.  Cat.  27,  32,  &c.   and    of  Marcellus,  which   Verres  abohfhed, 


commanded  the  right  wing  in  the  bat 
tie  againil  Petreius,  where  he  fell,  ih. 
59,  &  60. 

Mann  us,  the  nam.e  of  a  llave  who 
gave  Information,  that  a  dangerous  hie, 
which  broke  out  at  Rome,  had  been 
raifed  by  fome  Campanlan  young  men, 


and  fubftltuted  one  in  honour  of  him- 
felf, called  Verrea,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  2i. 
m.  MARCELLUS,  the  fon  of  the 
former,  was  with  his  father  when  he 
fell  by  the  artiiice  of  Hannibal ;  and 
though  w^ounded,  made  his  efcape, 
Liv.  27,  27.     He  dedicated  the  temple 


whofe  parents  had  been  beheaded  by  Q^  of  Virtue,  a.  u.  550,  the  1 7th  year  af- 


Fulvius  Flaccus,  Liv.  26,  27. 

Manto,  -usy  the  daughter  of  Tlre- 
fias,  the  Theban  prophet,  who,  after 
her  father's  death,  came  into  Italy,  and 
had  by  the  river  Tiber  {JTufcus  amnis) 
Ocnus,  who  founded  Mautua,  and  call- 
ed It  after  his  mother,  Virg.  Aen.  10, 
198. 

MARCELLUS,  the  firname  of  a 
moft  illuftrious  plebeian  family  of  the 
gens  Claudia. 

M.  Claudius  MAPvCELLUS,  five 
times  conful.  In  his  firil  confuKliip  he 
defeated  the  Galli  lasuhresy  and  having 
killed  their  king  Viridoraams  {yi\.  Bri- 
tonarus)  with  his  own  hand,  gained 
the  fpo/ia  opima  the  fecond  after  Ro- 
mu'us,  a.  u.  530.  Liv.  Epit.  20.  Hence 
^fpice  ui  iiifignis  Jpoliis  Marcellus  opimis 
ingrcditui-f  ^Q,   Virg.  Aen.  Gj  ^^6.    Af- 


ter it  had  been  vowed  by  his  father  in 
his  iirfl  confulfliip  at  Claftidium  in 
Gaul,  Liv.  29,  1 1.  He  was  afterwards 
tribune  of  the  commons,  ih,  20.  curulc 
edile,  Id.  31,  50.  praetor,  LI.  32,  7.  in 
which  office  he  got  Sicily  for  his  pro- 
vince, Id.  32,  8,  &  27.  When  conful, 
33,  24.  he  triumphed  over  the  Insuhres 
and  ComcnfeSi  ib.  37.  When  cenfor, 
37,  58.  he  performed  the  ordinary  fa- 
crifice  at  the  conclution  of  the  cenfus, 
(iujlrumcondidit),  Id.  38,  36.  and  died 
a  pontifex,  Id.  41,  13. 

M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  probably 
the  fon  of  the  former,  praetor,  Liv, 
43,  II.  conful,  45,44.  three  times, 
Liv.  Epit.  47*,  Sc  48.  Being  fent  on  an 
embaffy  to  MafinilTa,  he  perifhed  by 
/fnlpwreck,  Liv.  Epit.  50.  ;  Cic.  Pif, 
19.  which  he  is  reported  to  have  fore- 
told 


MAR  t    237    1  MAR 

told  many  years  before   would  be  his    hopes,  [tngenuarum  artium,   laetufque  a- 


fate,  Ck.  Div.  2,  5.   Fat,  14. 

Three  of  the  family  of  the  M.vr- 
CELLi  were  confuls  for  three  years 
fuccefiively  before  the  civil  war  broke 
out  between  Caefar  and  Pompey,  all 
of  them  attached  to  the  intered  of 
Pompey,  and  inimical  to  Caefar  ;  al- 
though one  of  them  was  married  to 
Odavia,    the    grand-niece    of  Caefar, 

Dioy    40,    59.  J    Suet.    Jul.    27. 

M.  Claudius  Marcel Lus  was  con- 
ful  with  Serv.  Sulpicius,  a.  u.  703,  Dio, 
40,  58.  C.  Claudius  MAKCEhhv Si  the 
coufin-german  of  Marcus,  was  conful 
next  year  with  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  ib. 
59.;  Suet.Caef.  29.;  and  C.  Claudius  Mar - 
CELLus,  the  brother  of  .Marcus,  was 
conful  the  year  following,  a.  u.  705, 
with  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  when  the 
war  began,  Dioj  41,1. 

M  MARCELLUS,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Pharfalia,  retired  to  Mitylenae, 
where  he  fpent  his  time  in  literary  pur- 
fuits,  without  concerning  himfelf  any 
farther  in  the  war.  He  remained  there  till 
upon  the  requell:  of  his  brother  Caius, 
and  the  entreaty  of  the  whole  fenate, 
Caelar  granted  him  permilfion  to  return 
to  Rome.  On  this  occafion,  Cicero, 
who  happened  to  be  prefent,  made  that 
noble  fpeech,  infcribed  pro  Marcello, 
which  is  ftill  extant.  In  his  way  to 
Rome,  Marcellus  was  afTafiiaated  at  A- 
thcns  by  Magius  Chiio,  (^q.  «u.)  Sul- 
picius, formerly  his  colleague  in  the 
confulate,  and  then  the  Roman  gover- 
nor of  Greece  under  Caefar,  wrote  an 
intereiling  account  of  this  event  to  Ci- 
cero, Cic.  Fam.  4,  1 2.    (  Fid.  Magiu  s.) 

M.  MARCELLUS,  the  fon  of  C. 
Claudius  Marcellus  conful  a.  u.  703, 
and  of  06lavia  the  grand-niece  of 
Julius  Caefar  and  lifter  to  Auguftus, 
Sutt.  CaeJ.  27.  firft  betrothed  to  Pom- 
peia,  the  daughter  of  Sextus  Pompeius, 
Dio,  48,  38.  ;  Appian.  de  Bell.  Civ.  I.  5. 
p.  714.  married  to  Julia,  the  daughter 
of  Auguilus,  when  very  young,  {^tan- 
tutn  quod  pueritmm  egrejfusy  having  juli; 
palted  the  age  ol  boyhood,  i.  e.  being 
only  feventeen  years  old,  Suet.  Aug.  6'^. ; 
^^^1  5S>  27.),  a  young  man  of  great 


nhni  et  ingenify  fortunaeque  in  quam  aleba* 
tur,  capax,)  Paterc.  2,  93.  S.o  Virgil, 
Nee  puer  I  lined  qiitfquam  de  gente  Latinos 
In  iantum  fpe  toilet  avos,  i.  e.  tantam 
de  fe  fpem  faciet,  Aen.  6,  876.  def- 
tined,  as  it  was  believed,  by  Auguftus 
to  be  his  fucceftbr  in  the  empire, 
•^'*''»  53»  3*^-  {Succeffloni  praepara- 
ius  fuae,)  Sencc.  ad.  Polyb.  c.  34.  [in 
proximo  fihi  fajligio  collocatusy)  Tac 
Hill.  I,  15.  But  being  feized  with  a 
diftemper,  he  was  cut  off  by  the  Inju- 
dicious application  of  the  cold  bath, 
prefcribed  by  Antonius  Mufa ;  who 
not  long  before  had  cured  Auguftaa 
from  a  dangerous  difeafe  by  the  farac 
means,  i^io,  53,  3c. ;  Suet.  Aug.  59,; 
Plin.  25,  7  f.  38.  Pie  died  at  Baiae,, 
Propert.  3,  16,  7, ;  Serv.  in  Firg.  6,  86 1. 
to  the  great  grief  of  the  Roman  people, 
with  whom  he  was  a  great  favourite, 
(  M arcellumjlagrantibus  plebis  Jludiis  intra 
juventain  ereptuniy)  Tac.  Ann.  2,  41  f. 
Livia  was  fufpcdled  of  having  had  a 
hand  in  his  death,  becai^fe  he  was  pre- 
ferred to  her  fons,  Z)io,  53,  33.  He 
was  buried  in  the  Campus  Martius,  m 
the  Maufoleum  of  Auguftus,  who  paid 
the  greateft  honours  to  his  memory, 
ib.  30.  That  emperor  built  a  theatre, 
and  called  it  after  his  name,  (  Theatrum 
Marcelli,)  Tac.  Ann.  3,  64.  ;  Suet, 
Aug.  29,  &  43.  Dio,  ib.  et  54,  26.  the 
fcene  of  which  was  renewed  by  Vef- 
palian,  (fcena  tbeatri  MarceUiajiiy)  Suet. 
Vefp.  19. — But  the  name  of  Marcellus 
has  been  more  effectually  immortalifed 
by  the  beautiful  eulogium  of  Virgil 
than  by  all  thofe  honours,  P'irg.  Aen^  6, 
860,-887. 

In  the  life  of  Virgil,  commonly 
afcribed  to  Donatus,  (but  as  many 
think  fallely,)  Auguftus  is  faid  to  have 
requefted  ol:  Virgd  to  fend  him  part  of 
the  Aeneis,  which  the  poet  long  ex- 
cufed  himfelf  from  doing.  At  laft  he 
read  to  Auguftus  the  fecond,  fourth, 
and  fixth  books.  He  is  fuppofed  to 
have  fmiftied  the  fixth  book  Icon  after 
the  death  of  Marcellus.  "When  in  read- 
ing it,  he  had  pronounced  thefe  words, 
Heu^  mijerande  puer  I  Ji  qua  Jata   afpera 

rumpasy 


MAR 
TumpaSf  Tu   Marcellus   eris  . 
tavia,   who   was  fitting  by,  is  reported 


to  have  fainted  away.  When  (he  came 
to  herfelfj^  fiie  ordered  ten  feficrt'ia  (a- 
bove  L.  80  of  our  money)  to  be  given 
to  the  poet  for  each  verfe ;  about 
IL,.2o8o  for  the  whole  twenty-fix  verfes. 
— But  this  fact  is  mentioned  by  no 
other  author. 

Sanadon,  and  Jani  who  follows  him, 
afcribe  to  the  fon  of  Oclavia  the  ftanz^ 
in  Horace,  Od.  i,  12,  45.  Crefcit  oc- 
ciiho^  &c.  the  fame  of  the  young  Mar- 
cellus encreafes  like  a  tree  with  imper- 
ceptibk  growth  ;  the  Julian  ftar,  i.  e.  the 
ornament  ot  the  Julian  family,  (as  the 
Tiber  li  are  called  Sit  las  jiroenihy  Ovid. 
Triih  2,  1 67.  and  Fabius,  Fahiaefdiis 
gentis,  Ovid.  Pont.  2,  5,  49.)  fhiries, 
or  is  diftinguiftied  amofig  all  the  other 
families  of  Rome,  as  the  moon  among 
the  leffer  flats. — But  moil  commenta- 
tors, more  agreeably  to  the  context, 
apply  the  firll  part  of  the  ftanza  to  the 
great  Marcellus,  the  antagonifl  of  Han- 
nibal ;  and  the  latter  part  to  Julius 
Caefir,  who  is  fiid  to  excel  ail  the 
other  heroes  before  mentioned,  as  much 
la  glory  as  the  moon  does  the  ilars  in 
fplendor,  Hor.  Od.  i,  12,  43:. 

Marcia,  the  wife  of  Regulus,  w-ho 
to  revenge  the  dcatfi  of  her  hulhr.nd, 
got  from  the  public  feveral  Carthaoji- 
nian  prifoners,  whom  fhe  put  to  death 
with  the  mod  exquifite  tortures  ;  to 
fuch  a  degree  that  the  fenate  were  obli- 
ged to  interpofe  and  Hop  her  cruelty, 
Dlodor.  I.  24.  Gellius  fays,  that  thefe 
captives  were  given  up  to  the  children 
oi  Regulus,  who  put  them  to  death 
with  the  fame  cruelty  that  was  ufed 
againft  their  father,   GelL  6,  4. 

Nunia  MARCIUS,  the  fon  of  Mar- 
clus,  a  patrican,  made  Pontifex  Maxl- 
mus  by  Numa,  Z.iv.  r,  20. 

ylnciis  MARCIUS,  the  grandfon 
of  Numa  Pompilius,  by  his  daughter, 
the  fourth  king  of  Romie,  Liv.  i,  q2. 
(G.198.) 

C.  MARCIUS,  firnamed  Coiiio- 
LANU.s,  from  his  bravery  in  taking  the 
city  Corioli,  L'tv.  2,  33.  Being  ba- 
nifhed  by  the  rancour  of  the  tribunes 
and  the  hatred   of  the   plebeians,  hs 


[    23S    1  MAR 

Oc-  went  to  the  country  of  the  Votfa, 
whence  he  led  an  army  againfb  his 
copintry  ;  and  having  defeated  the  Ro- 
mans in  every  engagement,  reduced 
the  city  to  the  greatefl  diftrefs.  After 
feveral  fruitlefs  embafhes,  he  was  at 
lall  prevailed  on,  by  the  interpofition  of 
his  mother  Veturia,  to  withdraw  his 
troops,    (G.  212.) 

6\  MARCIUS  Rurdus,  the  firil 
plebeian  dictator,  who  having  conquer- 
ed the  Tufcans,  firfl:  triumphed  by  the 
order  of  the  people  without  the  autho- 
rity of  the  fenate,  Liv.  7,  17.  He  was 
alio  the  nrft  plebeian  cenfor,  ih.  22.  and 
four  times  conful,  ib.  38,  &  39. 

L.  MARCIUS,  a  Roman  eqiies,  and 
a  centurion  of  the  ftrft  rank,  {prlmipili 
cenUirlo, )  who,  after  the  two  Scipios  were 


cut  off  by  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain, 
by  his  courage  and  conduft  faved  the 
Roman  army.  Being  chofen  command- 
er by  the  foldiers,  he  took  two  camps  of 
the  enemy,  Llv.  25,  39.  and  preferved 
the  Roman  conquefts  in  quiet,  till 
P.  Scipio,  afterwards  called  Africanus, 
was  fent  with  proconfular  authority  in- 
to Spain,  ib.  et  26,  19. Marcius,  in 

writing  concerning  his  exploits  to  the 
fenate,  had  affum.ed  flie  title  of  Pro- 
praetor,  which  gave  offence  to  many, 
who,  though  they  efteemed  his  at- 
chievements  as  highly  meritorious,  yet 
thought  it  a  dangerous  precedent  that 
commanders  fliould  be  chofen  by  the 
army,  Liv.  26,  2.  Scipio,  how^ever, 
always  treated  Marcius  with  the  great- 
etl  refped,  Liv.  26,  20.  made  him  one 
of  his  lieutenants,  and  employed  him 
in  the  moft  impcrtant  affairs,  Liv.  z"^, 
14,  19,  22,  &c.  Before  the  arrival  of 
Scipio,  Marcius  had  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  people  of  Cadiz,  (^Gaditani,) 
Liv.  32,  2.  which,  though  not  confirm- 
ed by  the  Roman  people  or  fenate,  was 
ever  after  held  valid,  Cic.  Ball.  15,  & 
16.  and  from  him  vv'as  called  Foedus 
Marcianum,  ib.  17. 

March  Reges,  a  family  of  the 
Gens  Marcia,  who  pretended  to  be 
fprung  from  king  Ancus  Marcius,  and 
therefore  retained  the  firname  Rex, 
Stist.  CasJ.  6.     The  fam«  Mardi  Reges 

arc 


MAR  r     239    ] 

are  fuppofed  to   be  alluded  to,  j4.  ad    clus    Galba 
Herenn.  3,  2  1. 

MARCIUS,  a  famous  diviner,  {jva- 
tes  illujlriiy)  who  is  laid  to  have  foretold 
the  defeat  of  the  Romans  at  the  battle 
of  Cannae  ;  whence  the  phiin  where 
the  battle  was  fought  is  faid  to  be 
Damnatufque  cleum  quondam  per  carm'tna 
campus,  Sil.  7,  483.  The  fulhlment 
of  this  predidion  being  known  after 
the  event,  procured  belief  to  another 
prediction  of  Marcius,  concerning  the 
expulfion  of  the  Carthaginians  from 
Italy.  In  order  to  effecJi:  this,  the  Ro- 
mans were  directed  to  appoint  folemn 
games  in  honour  of  Apollo,  which 
were  accordingly  inftituted,  Liv.  25, 
12.  Thefe  predictions  [carmina  Mar,- 
ciana)  are  fuppofed  to  be  alluded  to 
by  Silius  Italicus,  ib. — Cicero  mentions 
tv/o  brothers  of  this  name,  defcended 
of  a  noble  family,  who  were  diviners, 
{^divinantes,)  Cic.  Div.  i,  40.  but 
fpeaks  only  of  one  afterwards,  (^vates^) 
ib.  50.  evidently  the  fame  with  that 
mentioned  by  Livy. 

^  MARCIUS  Rex,  the  colleague 
of  Metellus  in  the  confulihip,  a.  u.  686, 
C'lc.  P'lf,  4.;  Dioj  35,  4.  who  after  his 
confullliip  got  the  province  of  Cilicia, 
where  he  did  not  properly  affill  Liicul- 
lus  in  the  war  againft  Miihridates, 
D'Wi  ib.  15,  &  17.  probably  infiigated 
by  P.  Clodius,  to  whofe  filler  Marcius 
was  married,  ib*  Marcius  was  foon 
after  obliged  by  the  Manilian  law  to 
leave  his  provincp  before  the  legal  time, 
D'w,  36,  26.  and  to  give  up  his  army 
to  Pompey,  ib.  31.  Upon  his  return 
to  Italy  he  claimed  a  triumph  ;  but 
was  hindered  from  obtaining  that  ho- 
nour i^impeditus  tie  triumphanij)  by  the 
detraction  probably  of  the  partifans  of 
Lucullus.  (Salluil  fays,  ccdumnid  pau- 
corum  quibus  omnia  hone.fla  atque  inhonejla 
'vcndere  mos  erat.  Cat.  30.)  In  the 
mean  time  the  confpiracy  of  Catiline 
broke  out,  and  Marcius  was  fent  to 
Faefulae,  to  oppofe  the  attempts  of 
Manlius  and  the  other  confpirators  in 
Etruria,  Salluft.  ib. 

^  MARCIUS  Rex,  a  praetor  a.u. 
1^19,  in  the  confulihip  of  Scry.  Sulpi- 


M  A  R 

and  L.  Aurelius  Cotta, 
who  being  ordered  by  the  fenate  to  re- 
pair the  old  aquedufts,  built  alio  anew 
one,  and  called  it  by  his  own  name, 
AQUA  MARCIA,  Plin.  36,  15  f. 

24.  which  Pliny  calls  the  moil  famous 
aquedu6l  in  the  world.  It  took  it3 
rife  in  the  mountains  of  the  Peligni,  a- 
bove  fixty  miles  from  Rome.  From 
the  territory  of  Tibur  it  was  carried 
to  Rome  on  arches  for  nine  miles.  Pli- 
ny fays  it  was  begun  by  king  Ancus 
Marcius,  31,  3  f.  24.  Plutarch  fays  it 
was  built  by  two  brothers,  Publius  and 
Quintus  March,  in  vita  Corlolani, priuc. 
Thcylqua  L'larcia  was  afterwards  repair- 
ed by  Ajgrippa,  Plin.  ib.;  et  Dio,  49,  42. 
The  u^qua  Mania  is  faid  to  have  been 
the  bell  for  drinking  of  all  the  waters 
in  Rome,  on  account  of  its  coldnefs 
and  falubrity,   Plin.  ib.f.  23,   &  24,  & 

25.  as  the  jlqua  Virgo  \va3  for  fwim- 
ming,  ( ^antum  Virgo  taciu,  tantum 
praejiat  Marcia  haujiu),  Piin.  ib.  f.  23^. 
whence  Statins,  in  his  poem  on  the 
Bath  of  Etrufcus,  reprefents  thefe  two 
waters  as  particularly  agreeable  to  the 
nymphs,  and  defcribes  their  magniii- 
cence,  ( ^as,  fc.  Nymphas,  except ura 
natatus  (i.  e.  homines  ad  natandum  cla- 
ritate  aquae  invitans)  Virgo,  Marfafqns 
nives  etjrigora  ducens  Marcia,  praecelfis 
quarum  vaga  molibus  unda  Crefcit,  et  in- 
numero  pendens  tranjmlttitur  arcu),  Silv. 
i>  5>  25. 

Marcus,  a  frequent  praenomen  z- 
moug  the  Romans,  the  origin  of  which 

is  uncertain. Marcipor,  -oris,  i. e. 

/^larci  puer,  the  boy  or  Have  of  Marcus, 
Plin.  33,  I.;  ^inciil.  i,  4,  46.  (/7J, 
LuciPOR.) 

Marica,  a  Laurentine  nymph,  the 
mother  of  king  Latinus,  Virg.  Aen.  7, 
47.  worfhipped  as  a  goddels  by  the 
people  of  Minturnae  ;  whence  Marlcae 
littora,  the  fliores  of  Minturnae,  Hor* 
Od.  3,  17,  7.  Umbrojae  regna  fVlaricae, 
the  wood  round  the  temple  of  Marica, 
on  the  fide  of  the  river  Liris,  below 
Minturnae,  Lucan.  2,  424.     Siha  Ma^ 


ricac,  Mtirtial.  13,  83. 


Mario,    onis, 
Cic,  Fam,  16^  \o 


a  Have  of  Cicero's, 

MA- 


MAR 


C    240    1 


MAR 


MARIUS,  the  name  of  a  plebeian 
family  at  Rome,  rendered  illuftrious  by 
C.  MARIUS,  born  at  ArpTrtinn,  (  Ar- 
phias),  a  town  of  the  Volfci,  Sallu/f. 
Jug.  63.  of  fa  mean  a  family  *,  that 
in  his  youth  he  is  faid  to  have  wrought 
for  hire  as  a  ploughman,  (pofcere  mer- 
cedes  al'ieno  la/Jus  aratro)  ;  then  he  be- 
came a  common  foldier,  (^Nodofam  poji 
haec  frangehai  vcrtice  viiemj  Si  lentus  pi- 
grd  muniret  cajlra  dolabrd,  he  had  the 
knotty  vine  {i.  e.  the  inftrument  of 
punifhment  ufcd  by  a  centurion)  bro- 
ken on  his  head,  if  he  worked  lazily 
with  his  axe  in  fortifying  the  camp), 
Juvenal.  8,  245,  &c.  He  ferved  un- 
der P.  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger 
at  Numantia,  Cic.  BalL  20.  who  pro- 
mottd  him  for  his  courage,  Plutarch,  in 
vita  Marii.  When  he  came  to  Rome 
to  fue  for  the  office  of  military  tribune, 
which  was  conferred  by  the  people,  tho' 
moil  wcr«  unacquainted  with  his  appear- 
ance, yet  being  eafily  known  (facile  no- 
tus)  by  his  character,  he  was  unanimouf- 
ly  chofen  by  all  the  tribes.  Sail,  jug. 
63.  He  obtained  the  of&ce  of  tribune 
of  the  ccmxmons  by  the  intereft  of  Me- 
telius,  whofe  family  had  long  been  pa- 
trons to  Marius  and  his  anceftors, 
Plutarch.  In  this  office  he  propofed 
a  law  about  regulating  the  manner  of 
voting  at  the  eietlion  of  magiilrates, 
in  order  to  prevent  bribery,  which, 
notwithdanding  the  oppofuion  of  Cot- 
ta  and  I'orquatus,  he  got  palTed,  a.  u. 
634,  ih.  €t  Cic.  Leg.  3,  17.  In  his  ap- 
phcation  to  be  made  aedile,  he  was 
twice  repulfed,  [duahus  aedilitatis  accep- 
tis  repujfis),  Cic.  Plane.  21.  in  one  day, 
being  tiril  refufed  the  office  of  aedilis 
curiilis,  and  then  that  of  aedilis  non  cu- 
ridis,  Plutarch.  After  his  praetorfnip 
he  got  the  province  of  Spain,  which 
he  is  faid  to  have  freed  from  robbers, 
ib.  Cicero  fays  he  paffed  feven  years 
after  his  praetorfhip  unnoticed,  (jacc' 
bat),  Cic.  Off.  3,  20.  In  the,  war  a- 
gainft   Jugurtha,  being  appointed  by 

•  Paterculus  fays,  natus  equejlri  hco,  2,  I4. 
but  here  fome  read  agrejl'i  loco ;  becaufe  the 
fame  author,  in  another  place,  makes  Marius 
of  an  ignoble  origin,  {ignotag  sri^init)^  3, 128, 
as  all  others  do. 


Metellus  one  of  his  lieutenants,  he  aft- 
ed  with  great  courage  and  conduct; 
but  prompted  by  ambition,  he  proved 
ungrateful  to  his  benefad^or.  By  cri- 
minating Metellus,  he  obtained  the 
confiilfhip,  and,  by  the  favour  of  the 
people,  got  the  province  of  Numidia, 
which  the  fenate  had  decreed  to  Metel- 
lus, to  be  transferred  on  himfelf,  ib.  et 
Sallujl.  Jug.  64,  G^j  82,  &c.  Having 
hnifhed  the  war  fuccefsfully,  he  was 
fent  againfl  tlie  Cimbri  and  Teutoves, 
whom  he  defeated  in  two  different  en- 
gagements with  vaft  flaughter.  The 
Romans  were  fo  afraid  of  this  enemy, 
that,  contrary  to  law,  the  confullh.ip 
was  continued  to  Marius  for  five  years. 
In  the  fifth  year  Catiikis  was  liis  col- 
league, who  contributed  more  to  the 
victory  over  the  Teutones  than  Marius. 
Marius,  however,  carried  off  the  chief 
glory ;  whence  Nohilis  ornatur  lauro  col' 
Icga  (fc  Catulus)  ficunddt  Juvenal.  8, 
253.  Marius  having  returned  to  Rome, 
obtained,  by  bribery,  the  confulihip  a 
fixth  time.  Being  oppofed  in  his  mea- 
fiires  by  Metellus,  he  procured  his  ba- 
nifhment  by  means  of  Saturninus  a  tri- 
bune and  Glaucia  a  praetor,  whom, 
after  having  ferved  his  purpofe  with 
them,  he  foon  after  caufed  to  be  cut 
off,  Plutarch.  ;  Cic,  Cat.  1,2.  &  3,  6. 
This  perfidious  conduct  made  Marius 
juiciy  unpopular.  To  avoid  the  public 
odium,  he  took  a  journey  to  Afia, 
where  he  endeavoured  to  excite  the 
kings  of  the  country,  particularly  Mi- 
thridates,  to  war  againft  the  Romans, 
that  he  might  again  be  employed  as 
general,  Plutarch.  In  the  Mar  fie  or  I- 
talian  war  he  was  eclipfed  by  his  rival 
Sulla  ;  who  being  created  coni'ul,  was 
appointed  by  the  fenate  to  carry  on 
the  war  againft  Mithridates.  Ma- 
rias envying  Sulla  this  command,  by 
means  of  the  tribune  Sulpicius,  pre- 
vailed on  the  people  to  transfer  it 
on  himfelf.  Upon  this  Sulla,  who  was 
then  befieging  Nola,  marched  with 
his  army  to  Rome,  put  to  death  Sul- 
picius,  with  feveral  of  his  partizans, 
and  forced  Marius  to  fly  for  his  life, 
Mariusj  after  efcaping  many  dangers, 

was 


MAR  r 

was  at  lafl:  obliged  to  plunge  into  a 
muddy  part  of  the  lake  of  Minturnae 
to  conceal  himfelf.  But  being  dragged 
from  thence,  he  was  put  in  prifon,  and 
a  Cimbrian  or  Gaul  fent  by  the  magi- 
flrates  of  Minturnae  to  kill  him.  Ma- 
rius  feeing  the  Gaul  approach,  with  a 
fierce  look  called  out,  "  Fellow,  dare 
you  kill  Caius  Marius  ?"      [Homo,  tune 


audes  occidere  Caium  Mai 


Appian. 


B.  C.  I.  p.  652.  The  Gaul,  ftruck 
with  terror  at  the  fparkling  of  Marius's 
eyes,  and  the  tremendous  found  of  his 
voice,  or  pretending  to  be  fo,  dropt 
his  fword,  and  ran  out,  crying,  *'  that 
he  could  not  kill  Marius  *."  The  Min- 
turnenfes  now,  touched  with  compaf- 
fion,  gave  Marius  a  fliip,  in  which  he 
efcaped  to  Africa,  and  lay  concealed 
for  fome  time  amidll  the  ruins  of  Car- 
thage ;  a  ilriking  inflance  of  the  un- 
certainty of  foriune  !  Being  forced 
to  fly  from  thence  by  Sextius  or  Sex- 
tilius  the  Roman  governor,  he  retired 
to  the  ifland  of  Cercina,  adjacent  to 
the  Syrtis  Minor.  At  latl  hearing  that 
his  party,  with  Cinna  the  conful  at 
their  head,  had  regained  the  alcendan- 
cy,  Marius  returned  to  Italy,  and  join- 
ed them.  He  entered  Rome  in  a  ho- 
ftile  manner,  {vul.  Cinna,  /.  132.), 
and  with  the  moft  horrible  cruelty  put 
all  his  enemies  to  tiie  fword,  without 
regard  to  age,  dignity,  or  former  fer- 
vices.  Among  the  rell  fell  the  conful 
Cn.  Oclavius,  the  two  brothers  L.. 
Caefar  and  C.  Caefar,  P.  Craflus,  and 
M.  Antonius  the  orator,  (  Fid,  Anto- 
Nius,  p.  23.)  ;  alfo  Q^Catulus,  for- 
merly Marius's  colleague  in  the  conful- 
fliip,  [vid.p.gS.).  Marius  had  given 
orders  to  the  foldiers  that  attended  him 
to  kill  every  one  to  whom  he  did  not 
ilretch  out  his  hand  to  kifs  when  they 
faluted  him  ;  hence  Lucan  fays,  Spes 
una  falutis,  Oscula  pollutae  Jixjjfc  tre- 
mentia  dextrae,  2,  113.  Manus  and 
Cinna  caufed  themfelves  to  be  declared 
confuls.  But  Marius  did  not  long  en- 
joy his  iU-gotten  power.     He  died  on 

*  Cicero  takes  no  notice  of  this  laft  cir- 
CUmftance,  Plar.c.  10.  ad  ^uir.  ptji  red.  8.  Fif. 
19.  whence  fome  think  it  was  afterwards  fa- 
bricated, to  make  the  relation  mere  alTc^aiig. 


2+1    ]  MAR 

the  17th  of  January,  in  the  70th  year 
of  his  age,  and  in  his  7th  confulate, 
an  honour,  [i.e.  being  feven  times  con- 
ful), which  no  Roman  before  him  had 
ever  attained.  By  military  talents  a- 
lone  he  raifed  himfelf,  without  learn- 
ing, which  he  pretended  to  defpife, 
and  without  integrity  or  patriotifm ; 
for  all  his  a6tions  were  diredtcd,  not 
to  promote  the  public  good,  but  only 
to  the  advancement  of  his  own  private 
intereft:  and  glory.  That  a  man  fo 
crafty,  cruel,  covetous,  and  perfidious, 
fhould  have  been  fo  fuccefsful,  is  urged 
by  Cotta  the  academic  as  one  argument 
among  others  againft  the  exiftence  of 
a  providence,  Cic.N.D.  3,  32.  Many 
authors,  however,  forgetting  his  vices, 
on  account  of  his  illuftrious  warlike  ex- 
ploits, rank  him  among  the  moll  vir- 
tuous citizens.  Thus  Virgil,  Extulit 
haec  (fc.  Italia)  Deciosy  Marios,  mag' 
nofque  Camillosy  {by  3.  Jynecdoche  for  Z)<r- 
cium,  ^c),  Virg.  G.  2,  1 69.  So  Ci- 
cero, Muren.  8.  addrelTing  the  Romans, 
calls  Marius,  Pater  patriae',  parens  'vsjlrae 
libertatis  atque  hujtifce  reipuhlicae,  C.  Ra- 
bir.  I  o.  Vir  optimus  et  fap'ientijfimus,  ib. 
II.  Citjlos  hujus  urhis.  Cat.  3,  lO.  Cu" 
Jlos  civitatis  atque  imperii,  Cic.  ad  Quir. 
pod  red.  4.  J^i  his  Italiam  obfidione  et 
metu  fervltutis  liheravit,  by  defeating  firit 
the  Citnbri  and  then  the  Teutones,  Cic, 
Cat..  4,  10. 

Juvenal,  in  fpeaking  of  the  difad- 
vautages  of  long  life,  has  the  jiiftefl: 
remarks  on  the  lile  of  Marius:  ExiUumf 
et  career,  A'linturnarumque  prJudcs,  Et 
inenJicatus  victd  Carthagine  pants,  Hinc 
(fc.  ex  longa  vita)  caujas  habuere,  ^icl 
dlo  civc  tuliffet  Natura  iti  I  err  is,  quid  Ro- 
ma heatius  unquam.  Si  circumducio  capti- 
vorum  agrnine,  et  omni  Bdlorum  pompd, 
unimam  exhaldjftt  ophnam.  Cum  de  T'eu- 
tonico  vellet  dejcendere  curru,  10,  276. 
So  Ovid,  Ilk  Jugurthino  clarus  Gimhro- 
que  triumpho,  ^0  viclrix  totia  cnnfuU 
Romafuit,  In  coeno  latuit  Marius,  can- 
naque palujiri ;  Pertulit  et  tanto  multapu- 
denda  viro,   Pont.  4,  3,  45. 

The  frequent  allufions  of  the  poets 

to   the   difterent   circumflances   in  the 

life  of  Marius,  makes  it  necelTary  to  be 

H  h  ac- 


MAR 

acquainted  with   them. 
nal  8,   245, — 253.  ;  Lucan.  2,  69, — 
138.  ;    Propert,  2,    I,    24.   et   3,  ^,  16, 
Statuas  inter  et  arma  Man^  (for  Vani), 
Id.  3.  1 1,  V.  9,  46.  the  trophies  ereded 
in  hon  ur   of  Marlus,   which  were  de- 
molifhed  by  •'^ulla,  and  reftored  by  Ju- 
lius Caefar,  Suet.  Caef.  1 1 .      Olim  'vera 
jideSi  Sylla  Marioqus  recepth^  Tihertat'is  0- 
bit  :   Pompeio  relus  ademiOy  Nunc  et  Jida 
perit,  The   true   poffeflion     of    h"berty 
was  loft  after  Marius   and   vSylla   were 
permitted,  the  one  after  the  other,  to 
enter  the  city  in  a  hoftile  manner,  but 
iliU  fome  colour  of  it  remained  :  now 
fince  the   death   of  Pompey,  even  the 
femblance  of  liberty  is  gone,  Id.  9,  204. 
yus  licet  in  jugulos  nojlros  fibi  fecerit  enfe 
Sylla  pot  ens  y     VJariufque  ferox,  et  Cinna 
cruentm  ;   Caefareaeque  domus  feries,  cui 
ianta  potejlas   Concejfa  efl  :  emere  omnest 
hie    (fc.    Curio)    vendidit    urbem,    i.  e. 
though    all   thefe   procured   tyrannical 
power   by    the    fword,   they  purchafed 
k  by  bribing  fuch  venal  men  as  Curio, 

Id.  £>.,jin. ExuUbus  Mariis   helhrum 

maxima  merces  Roma  recepta  fuit,  the 
chief  object  whicl*  Marius  and  his  af- 
fociatef?  fought  by  war,  was  a  return 
to  their  native  country,  Lucan.  2,  227. 
— Ad  Cinnas  Mariolque  vents ^  you  imi- 
tate, or  you  come  to  be  ranked  with 
Marius  and  Cinna,  ih.  546.  Truces 
Marii,  the  cruel  Marius  with  his  fon 
and  brother.  Id.  6,  794. 

Ma  p.  I A  lex,  a  law  propofed  by  Ma- 
rius,  Cic.  Leg.  4,  17. —  Miles  Maria- 
Nus,  a  foMier  of  Marius,   ^>iri3il.  3, 
ji^  x^. — MAP.iANAE/^r/fj,  the  party 
of  Marius,   Paterc.  2,  24.  ;  Liv.  Epit. 
84. —  Sertorius,   qui  Marianarum  partium 
fuerat,    of  the    Marian    party,  Eiitrop. 
'6,  £. — Mariana  rabies^  the  rage  of  Ma- 
rius, Flor.  4,  2,  2.     Mariana  tempejiasy 
the  ftorm   of  Marius,  i3.  3,  12,  i!-~ 
yiKKiA-^iXinfcutum  Cimbricumy  the  Ihitld 
of  Marius,    on   which  was   painted  a 
Cimbrian  of  hideous  fuape,  the  fign  of 
forne  ihop,  (a).  Manlianum),  Cic.  Or. 
2,  66.  5     .^linalL  6,  3,  38.  y    Plin.  35, 
4  f.  8.      Aut  quihus  in  campis   iVariano 
praella  figno   5/^«/, .  battles  are   fou-rht 
'under  the  banner  or  command  of  Ma- 
v.'Mq,  ivho  apDronnated  the  eagle  p.s  the 


[    242    ]  MAR 

Thus,  Jwue-  ftandard  of  the  Roman  legion,  Propert. 
3,  3,  43.  ^iid  ergo  ait  Marianus  tri- 
bunus  pishis,  qtii  nos  Sullanos  in  invidiam 
rapit?  what  fays  this  tribune,  who  wifli- 
es  to  appear  popular,  and  expofes  me 
to  odium  as  a  favourer  of  the  nobility, 
Cic.  RuU.  3,  2.  —  MuLi  Mariani,  a 
kind  of  forks  on  which  Marius  appoint- 
ed that  the  foldiers  fhould  carry  their 
baggage,  Fejlus  in  Aerumnula;  et  Plu- 
tarch, in  Mario.  Colonia  Mariana,  a  co- 
lony planted  in  Corfica  by  Marius, 
Plin.  3,  6  f .  12. 

Marius,  a  poem  written  by  Cicero 
concerning  the  exploits  of  Marius,  Cic. 
Leg*  1,1.  Div.  I,  ^"/.-—Mariana  quer- 
cus,  the  oak  of  Marius,  a  tree  fo  called, 
in  the  territory  of  Arpinum,  mention-" 


ed  in  that  poem,  Cic.  Leg.  1,  i, 

C.  Marius,  the  fon  of  the  great 
Marius,  whether  natural  or  adopted  is' 
uncertain,  the  companion  of  his  fatheP 
in  his  banifhment  and  return,  made  con- 
ful  with  Carbo  when  only  twenty-fix 
years  of  age,  a.  u.  672,  Paterc.  2,  26. 
Being  defeated  by  Sulla,  he  fliut  him- 
felf  up  in  Praenefte,  and,  attempting 
to  make  his  efcape  from  thence,  v/as 
(lain,  ib.  27.  or,  as  others  fay,  killed 
himfelf,  Appian.B.  C.i.p.6Si.  When 
reduced  to  extremity,  and  defpairing 
of  relief,  he  wrote  to  Damafippus,  then 
praetor  of  the  city,  to  call  a  meeting 
of  the  fenato>"s,  as  if  on  bufmefs  of  im- 
portance, and  put  the  principal  of  them 
to  the  fword.  In  this  mafTacre  many 
of  the  nobles  periihed  ;  among  the  relt 
Scaevola  the  high-prieft  was  flain  be- 
fore the  altar  of  Veila,  Paterc,  2,  26.  j 
Cic.  N.  D.  3,  32. 

M.  Marius  Gratidianus,  a  prae- 
tor, the  brother  or  uncle  of  Marius, 
vi^hom  Catiline  having  fcourged  with 
rods  through  the  city,  put  to  death 
with  the  greateft  torture,  Cic.  de  Pe- 
tit.  Conf.  c.  $.;  Plutarch,  in  Syll.  Val. 
Maximus  fays  he  was  dragged  to  the 
tomb  of  Catulus,  (ad  fepulchrum  Luta- 
tiae  gentis),  and  there,  by  the  orders  of 
Sylla,  cruelly  butchered,  9,  2,  i.  ha- 
vlncr  his  members  mangled  one  bv  one, 
Lucan.  2,  175, — 192. 

Several  others  of  the  name  of  Marius 

tire 


MAR  [2 

are  mentioned  by  Cicero  and  Livy, 
Cic.  Fam.  7,  I,  kc.  Alt.  12,  49.  Brut. 
45.  Fam.  12,  15.  Sex.  Rofc.  32.  ^Fr. 
3,  1,4,  &c.  in  other  places  alio  beiides 
Rome,  Liv.  23,  7.  &  35.  22,  42.  j  Cic. 
Verr.  5,  16. 

MARO,  -om,  a  firname  of  the  P^- 
pirlan  patrician  family,  C'tc.  Fam.  11, 
21. — the  firname  of  the  poet  Virgil ; 
whence  his  poems  are  called  Alt'tjoni 
Maronis  carnnna,  Juvenal.  II,  178. 
Grande  cothurnati  Maronis  opus,  lofty, 
fublime,  'Martial,  5,  ^,8.  Sic  Mjro  nee 
Calabri  tentavit  carmina  Flacci,  Virgil 
did  not  attempt  fuch  pocn*is  as  Horace 
wrote.  Martial.  8,  18,  5.  Silius  haec 
tnagni  cekbrat  monumenta  Maronis,  Silius 
Italicus  refpeded  the  tomb  of  Virgil  as 
a  temple,  Id.  11,49.  Sacra' cothurnati 
non  atligit  ante  Maronis,  Implevit  magni 
quam  Ciceronis  opus,  Silius  did  not  ap- 
ply himfelf  to  poetry  till  he  had  com- 
pletely iliudied  Cicero,  i.  e.  he  was  an 
advocate  before  he  was  a  poet,  Id.  7, 
62,  5.  ^lam  hrevis  immenfum  cepit  mem- 
brana  Maronem  !  Ipfms  vultus  prima  ta- 
heila  gerit,  what  a  fmall  book  of  parch- 
ment holds  the  poems  of  Virgil  !  the 
image  of  the   poet  is  marked    on  the 

firft  page,  Id.  14,  186. Ma  rones 

is  put  for  good  poets   like  Virgil,  Id. 

8,  ^6,  5. Maroneum  templum,  the 

tomb  of  Virgil,  which  Statists  vifited 
with  the  fame  religious  veneration  as 
a  temple,  SiliJ.  4,  4,  54.  So  Silius  I- 
talicus.  Martial.  I  \,  j\<^.  Virgilii  (fc. 
imaginem  v.  llatuam)  ante  omnes  (venc- 
rabatur),  cujiis  nataiem  religiofius  quam 
fuum,  cclebrabat ;  NeapoH  maxitne,  ubi 
monumentum  ejus  adire,  ut  templum,  fole- 
hat,  Plin.  Ep.  4,  7,  8.  Haec  prima  ju- 
venis  canes  fub  aevo.  Ante  annos  Liilicis 
Maroniani,  younger  than  Virgil  was 
when  he  wrote  his  poem  called  Culex, 
Stat.  Sih.  2,  7,  73. 

MARS,  the  god  of  war,  Martis,  vel 
Maa^ors,  -rtis,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  and 
Juno,  or,  according  to  Ovid,  of  Juno 
only,  Fajl.  5,  231.  called  Pater  Gradi- 
vus,  P^'irg.  Aen.  3,  35. ;  Liv.  i,  20.  et  2, 
45.  from  the  military  pace  {agradiendo,) 
and  when  peaceable,  Q^'irinus,  Senv. 
ill  Firg.  Acn.  I,  296.   (G.  362.) — %/j- 


43    1  MAR 

Martem  tunica  fe&um  adamantma  Drgne 
fcripferit  ?  Who  can  properly  cele- 
brate Mars,  covered  with  his  adaman- 
tine  coat  of  mail,  Hor.  Od.  i,  6,  3. 
According  to  Martial,  the  coat  of 
m.ail  of  Mars  was  made  of  the  hides  of 
animals  ;  hence,  Et  Martis  Getico  ter- 
gorejida  magis,  (fc.  lorica,)  more  trufty 
or  ftronger  than  the  coat  of  mail  of 
Mars  made  by  the  Getae,  (by  whom  he 
was  worihipped,)  7,  1,2.  Dant  alios 
Furiae  torvofpeclacula  Marti,  the  Furies 
make  fome  fpe(^\acles  to  ilern  or  cruel 
Mars,  who  delights  in  flaughter,  i.  e* 
make  them  fall  in  battle,  ib.  i,  28,  17. 
Protinus  et  graves  iras,  et  invifum  nepbtem 
—  Marti  redonnbo,  1  will  give  up  to 
pleafe  Mars,  or  for  his  fake,  my  heavy 
refcntment,  and  my  hated  grandfon 
(Romulus,)  i.  e.  I  will  lay  afide  my 
refentment  and  hatred  againll  hmi,  ib. 
3,  3,  30.  Hac  (fc.  arte  vtl  virtute, 
nempe  juftitia  et  conftantia  )  ^urinus 
Martis  equis  Acheronta  fugit,  Romulus 
efcaped  the  infernal  regions,  i.  e.  reach- 
ed heaven,  in  the  chariot  of  Mars,  i.  e^ 
by  warlike  coinage,  ib.  15.  or  as  Ovid 
exprefles  it,  Rex  patrlis  ajlra  petehat  e- 
quis,  afcended  to  heaven  in  his  faiher's 
chariot,  Fcyl.  2,  496.  Mars  ipjs  eod 
acie  fortijfimum  quemque  pignorari  folet,  to 
take  to  himfelf  as  his  own,  i.  e. 
the  braveft  ulually  fail,  Cic.  Phil,  i/^.^ 
12.  Sin  nnjlrum  annuerint  notis  viBoria 
Martem,  if  victory  (hall  (how  that  Mars 
is  favourable  to  us,  i.  e.  if  we  fhail  gain 
the  victory,    Virg.  Aen.    r2,  187. 

Mars  is  often  put  tor  war,  or  the  for- 
tune of  war,  ibr  battle,  &c.  thus,  Frujtra 
cruento  Marte  carebimiis.  In  vain  (hall  we 
be  free  from  bloody  war,  Hor.  Od.  2, 
14,  13.  Marti  apta  co'pora^  for  war, 
Ovid.  Ep.  i^,  2^1.  So,  M arte  exlinciif 
Id.  Pont.  3,  6,  55,  Sub  adverfo  larte, 
m  adverfe  or  unfuci  efstul  battle,  Jd. 
Fajl.  1,60.  So  InfraSi  •idverfo  \iarte,, 
broken  or  reduced  by  unfuccefsful  war^ 
Virg.  Aen,  12,  I.  Nee  apertt  copia 
Aiartis  ullafuit,  there  was  not  any  op- 
portunity or  poffibihty  of  open  iight. 
Id.  Met.  13,  208.  Civili  Marfe  per- 
emplos,  by  civil  war,  by  fighting  with 
one  another,  Id.  Ep,  6,  35.  Collato 
H  h  2  Dlartf^ 


MAR 

JVtarte,  in  clofe  fight,  Id. 
379.  Caeco  in  Marte,  in  the  doubtful 
or  uncertain  battle,  Lucan.  7,111.  So 
A'larte  caeco  rejijlunt,  or  rather  in  the 
nofturnal  conflift,  fought  in  the  dark, 
Virg.  Aen,  2,  335.  Caeco  contendere 
Marte,  in  a  blind  or  dark  encounter  or 
attack,  to  fight  under  the  cover  of  a 
teftudo  formed  by  their  fhields,  ih.  9, 
518.  DcteElo  Marte,  in  open  war, 
lAican.  10,  346.  Dextr't  frons  Mart'is, 
the  right  wing  of  the  army,  Lucan.  7, 
Dtd'ius  medlls  Mars  err  at  in  ar- 
Mars  hovers  between  the  two 
armies,  uncertain  to  which  fide  to  give 
the  vidory,  Firg.  G.  2,  283.  ^?W 
duhius  Mars  eji,  &:c.  is  doubtful,  i.  c. 
the  event  of  battles  is  uncertain,  Ovid. 
Am.  2,  9,  47.  So  Mars  dub'ws  eji, 
lb.  I,  9,  29.  Durofuh  Marte f  in  the 
hard  confiid,  Firg.  Aen.  12,  410.; 
but  Nunc  hifanus  amor  dur'i  me  Mart'is  in 

armis detinet,  raging  love  detains  me 

in   the  arms  of  cruel  Mars,   Virg.  E. 


220. 
mis. 


10,  44.  . 

Faemineo  Marte,  in  fighting  with 
a  woman,  by  the  hand  of  a  woman, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  610.  Marte  feroci,  in 
fierce  war,  ib.  13,  11.  Mars  ferus  et 
damnijit  modus  ilk  tui,  and  let  that  cruel 
■war  (which  proved  fatal  to  Troy,)  be 
the  end  of  your  calamities,  i.  e.  may 
you  never  be  engaged  in  anotlier  war. 
Id.  Ep.  7,  160.;  but  Utquefero  Marti 
p-imam  dedit  ordlne  Jortem,  gave  the 
name  of  the  firft  month  (March)  to 
cruel  Mars,  Id.  Fajl.  4,  25.  Finiiimo 
civdus premor  undique  Marte,  furrouiided 
with  hoftile  neighbours,  Ovid-  Tr'tJ}.  5, 
2,  69.  Finito  Marte,  the'  war  being 
ended.  Id.  Met.  14,  246.  Falere 
Marte  for  enji,  to  be  a  powerful  pleader 
at  the  bar,  Id.  Pont.  4,  6,  29.  Hec- 
ioreo  folum  conairrsrc  Marti,  to  engage 
in  fingle  combat  with  Kedor,  Id. 
Met.  13,  275.  Mart  em  indomitum  cer- 
nimus,  the  battle  unallayed,  as  fierce  as 
ever,  Firg.  Aen.  2,  440.  Infani  Mar- 
tis  amor,  a  defire  for  furious  war,  Firg. 
Aen.  7,  550.  Inopino  Marte,  by  an 
unexpecled  attack,  Ovid.  Pont,  i,  8, 
15.  Totumque  injirvdo  Marte  videres 
Fervere  Leucaten,  you  could  difcern 
Leucates  all  in  a  ferment,    i.  e.  the 


C    244    1  M  A  R        ^ 

Met.  3  2,  whole  entrance  of  the  Ambracian  gulf 
covered  with  the  fleets  of  Auguftus 
and  Antony,  drawn  up  in  order  of  bat- 
tle, Firg.  Aen.  8,  676.  In  Marte 
medio,  in  the  midll  of  war,  Ovid.  Am.  2, 
18,  36.  Aut  cedent  Marti  Doric  a  cajlra 
meo,  the  Graecian  army  will  yield  to, 
or  will  be  defeated  by  my  troops,  Ovid. 
Ep.  16,  369.  Arva  Marte  populata 
nojiro,  by  our  army,  Hor.  Od.  3,  5, 
24.  Marte  noJlro,  by  my  own  ftrength, 
without  affiftance,  Cic.  Off.  3,  7.  Prae- 
fertim  cum  vos  ve/lro  Marte  his  rebus  om- 
nibus abundetis,  of  yourfelves,  you  have 
enow  of  your  own,  without  any  of  his, 
Cic.  Ferr.  3,  4.  Rex  Juo  Marte  res 
fuas  recuperavit,  recovered  his  efFedls, 
the  countries  that  formerly  belonged  to 
him,  by  his  own  ftrength  or  bravery, 
Cic.  Phd.  2,  37.  Ferecundiae  erat  (fc. 
peditibus,)  equitcmfuo  alienoque  Marte  pug- 
nare,  th^it  the  cavalry  fiiould  fight  on 
horfeback  and  on  foot,  Liv.  3,  62. 
Novum  Martem  tentare,  a  new  or  un- 
ufual  war,  Sil.  15,  360.  Parentali peri- 
turae  Marte  rebellant,  they  renew  the 
war,  about  to  perllh  by  fighting  at  the 
tomb  of  their  parent  Memnon,  to  ap- 
peafe  his  manes,  as  gladiators  who 
fought  at  the  tombs  of  the  dead,  Ovid. 
Mel.  13,  619.    (G.  449.) 

Propria  Marte.  by  your  own  warfarejor 
experience.  Id.  Pont.^,  7>  H*  Ufi  Marte 
fecundo,  having  fought  fuccefsfully,  Lu- 
can. 4,  388.  Martemque  Jecundum  Jam 
niji  de  genero  fatis  debcre  recufat,  Cacfar 
refufes  to  be  indebted  to  the  fates  for 
a  vidory  unlefs  over  Pompey,  his 
former  fon-in-law,  Id.JS,  4.  Songuinei 
munera  Martis  fufcipcre,  to  become  a 
foldier,  Id.  Rem.  Am.  153.  Sub- 
duSlo  Pi'Jarte  ruis,  the  enemy  being 
withdrawn,  or  having  retreated,  there 
being  no  body  to  fight  witii,  you  lall. 


6,    250.      Falido  Marte,    with 

great  force,   Ovid.  Fnjl.    2,    208. 

Acqiio,  vario,  v.  Ancipite,  incerto  Marte 
pugnalum  eji,  with  equal,  various, 
doubiful  fuccefs  ;  Atque  ea  per  campos 
aequo  dum  l\iarte  geruntur,  with  equal 
lofs  on  both  fides,  (hitherto,  for  after- 
wards  the  cafe  was  altered,)  Firg.  Aen. 
7,  540.     Dlmicare  prope  aequo  Alartf, 

almoft 


MAR  Chj]  mar 

almofl  on  equal  terms,  with  equal  ad-  fuo  Utiglofa  vacent,  let  courts  of  juilice 
vantages,  Caef.  B.  G,  7,  19.  Vario 
Marte  pugnatum  eruditus  eft  fermo,  is 
a  learned  expreffion  or  a  trope,  ^:indiL 
8,  6,  24.  Mars  communis^  the  com- 
mon chance  or  fortune  of  war,  Cic. 
Mel.  2  1.  Very.  5,  50.  Phil.  10,  10. 
Cum  omnis  belli  Mars  comnnmis,  et  cum 
femper  incerti  eixitus  praeliorum  furit,  Cic. 
JSp.  6,  4.  Martis  opus,  fighting.  Vug. 
Am.  8,  516. 

Martem  accendere  cantu,  to  roufe  the 
fight,  to  excite  the  foldiers,  to  battle, 
by  the  found  of  his  trumpet,  Vlrg.Aen. 
6,  165.  Aeneas  acutt  Martem^  (liai-pens 
his  martial  ardour,  roufes  his  warlike 
courage  for  battle,  ih.  12,  108.  Mar- 
tem cientesi  roufmg  the  martial  fpirit  of 
the  foldiers,  ib.  9,  766.  Martemque fa- 
t'lgant,  loudly  demand  war,  \b.  9,  582. 
Jnvadunt  Martem^  rufii  on  the  combat, 
begin  the  battle,  ib.  12,  712.  Cum 
prima  moverd  in  praelia  Marfetn,  roufe 
Mars  to  battle,  i.  e.  when  they  enter 
his  temple,  where  the  ancilia  or  facred 
fhields  were  fufpended,  and  claili  upon 


be  free  trom  their  war,  i.  e.  from  litiga- 
tion or  law-fuits,  Id.  FaJ.  4,  188. 
Martem  cecinit  Enn'ius,  fung  of  battles. 
Id.  Trijl.  2,  423.  Martem  coluere,'^r?iC- 
tiied  or  ftudied  war.  Id.  Fajl.  3,  79. 
^/i  Martem  terra,  Neptunum  effvgit  in 
und'tSi  Conjugis  Atrides  vidima  dira  fuit^ 
wlio  efcaped  the  dangers  of  battle  by- 
land,  and  llonns  by  fea,  Qnnd.  Art.  Am. 
1,  333.  Martem  fpirare  diceres,  that  he 
breathes  nothing  but  war,  that  he  has 
the  fpirit  of  Mars,  Cic.  Att.  15,  15. 
S pedes,  dum  laxent  aequora  Martem,  at- 
tend or  wait  till  the  water  in  which  the 
naumcchia  or  fea  fight  was  exhibited, 
being  let  out,  fliall  leave  room  for  in- 
troducing gladiators  in  the  fame  place. 
Martial.  Sped.  24,  5.   Vid.  Suet.   Tit.  7. 


them  with  thefe  words.  Mars  evigila, 
Mars  awake,  ib.  7,  603.  et  ibi  Serv. 
Nunc  fine  Marte  capi,  without  war, 
without  fighting,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  540. 
So  Nonfine  Marte  tamen,  ib.  14,  450.  ; 
AA^.Amor.  2,  14,  3.  Cum  Marte  quid  fit 
poetae,  what  has  a  poet  to  do  with  Mars 
or  war  ?  Ovid.  Fajl.  3,  3,9.  Necfunt  tilt 
Marte  fecundi,  fecond  or  inferior  to  you 
in  v/ar.  Id.  Met.  13,  360.  Et  Marte 
Poenos  proteret  altera,  will  defeat  the 
Carthaginians  in  a  fecond  engagement, 
or  in  another  war,  Hor.  Od.  3,  5,  34. 
Vindelici  didicere  nuper  ^id  iViarte  ptf- 
feSi  what  you  could  do  in  war,  have  iclt 
your  power  in  war,  ib.  4,  14,  9.  Suo 
Marte  cadunt  fratres,  by  their  own 
war,  by  fighting  with  one  another, 
Ovid.  Met.  3,  122.  Diruta  Marie  tuo 
LyrneJJla  moenia  vidi,  by  your  attack. 
Id.  Ep.  45.  Si  quaerit  "Julus,  Unde 
fuo  partus  Marte  triumphus  eat,  feeks  an 
opportunity  of  gaining  a  triumph  by 
bis  own  bravery,  ib.  7,  154.  Marie 
fuo  c  apt  am  Chryseida  vi6lor  amah  at,  made 
captive  by  his  own  army,  or  by  himfelf 
in  war,  id.  Rem,  469,     Et  Fora  Marts 


et  Dio,  66,  25,  et  ibi  Reimarum. 
Bella  velint,  Martemque  ferum,  and  fierce 
battle,  Id.  6,  2  J,  7.  Damnavit  multo Jha- 
turum  fanguine  Martem,  a  war  or  battle 
that  would  coll  much  bloodflied,  Id. 
6,  32,  J.  Hermes  gloria  Marlis  wiiver- 
fi,  the  glory  of  all  combatants  or  gla- 
diators, Ikilled  in  all  kinds  of  arms,  the 
moil  excellent  gladiator  in  the  world. 
Id.  5,  25,  T4.  Defperabantur  promijji 
praelia  Martis,  the  contefts  of  wild 
bealls,  which  had  been  promifed,  were 
defpaired  of,  Id.  Sp.  22,  3.'  Ei  Mars 
iratus  ejl,  he  has  been  unfortunate  in 
v/ar,  Plaut.  3,  3,  32.  An  tibt  Mavors 
in  lingua  femper  eritP  Shall  your  courage 
always  lie  in  your  tongue  ?  Firg.  Aen. 
II,  389.  In  manibus  Mars  ipfe,  the 
battle  is  in  your  power,  you  arejufl 
about  to  engage,  ib.  10,  280.  Si patrii 
quid  Martis  habes,  any  of  your  native  or 
paternal  courage,  ib.  1 1,  374.  Cautius 
ut  faevo  velles  te  credere  Marti,  to  trufl 
yourfelf  more  cautioufly  to  the  fierce 
pombat,  ib.  153. 

MARTLS  Stella,  the  planet  Mars, 
Cic.  N.  D.  2,  2.  Habet  v.ntus,  incer- 
taque fulmina  Mavors^  rules  tlie  winds 
and  thunders,  Lucan.  io.  206.  The 
planet  Mars  was  fuppofed  to  portend 
v/ar,  ib.  1 ,  660,  ic  663.  AJlrum  Martis^ 
put  for  Mars,  Juvenal.  10,  3  12. — Curia 
Martis,    the   Areopagus,    at   Athens, 

JuvenaL 


MAR  [2 

ywvenal  9,  loi.  [G.  291.) — I\flartis 
frammy  the  fpcar  of  Mars,  Jwvenal.  13, 
79.  Hafiam  y>artis  Praenejle  Juafponte 
promotarriy  that  the  fhield  of  Mars  at 
Praeneile  moved  forward  of  its  own 
accord,  Liv.  24,  10. — Mart'u  imago^ 
Virg.  A  en.  8,  557.  Exornanfque  deos 
ac  nudum  pedore  Martem  Armis,  Scaeva, 
tuts,  they  adorn  the  temples  of  the 
gods,  and  the  naked  image  of  Mars, 
with  your  arms,  Lucan.  6.  256. — Mar- 
tis  urhsy  Rome,  Martial.  8,  65,  12.  So 
Cppidum  March  J  Id.  ic,  30,  2.  Mavor- 
tis  urhsy  Virg.  Aen.  6,  872.  ;  Ovid. 
Met.  8,  ^.—  Marth  Kafendae,  the  firft 
of  March,  Martial.  9,9,  92,  15.  diBae 
a  PrlartCy  Id.  ic,  29,  3.  Martiae  Kalen- 
dae.  Id.  9,  53,  3.  which  he  thus  ad- 
drelTes,  Marts  alximne  dies,  becaufe  he 
was  born  on  that  day,  12,  60,  i. — Mar- 
tis  Ultorts  aedesj  a  temple  built  by  Au- 
guflus  to  Mars  for  having  revenged  the 
death  of  JuHus  Caefar,  Snet.  29.  ;  Mar- 
tial.  7,  5c,  4.   very  magnihcent,  Q-vld. 

FaJ}.  s,SS^' 

MAR  riUS  (adj.)  angu'is,  facred  to 
Mars,  warh!ke,  iierce,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  32. 
So  Martia  piciis  avis.  Id.  FalL  3,  37. 
JMartia  cum  durum  Jlcrnit  arena  ffJiim, 
when  the  ground  or  the  forum  is  cover- 
ed with  fand  for  exhibiting  fhews  of 
gladiators,  Ovid.  Trij'L  2,  282.  ;  Mar- 
tia bsllay  fierce  wars,  Id.  Fafi.  3,  232.  ; 
Nor  at.  Art.  p.  402.  Campus  Martins ,  a 
field  or  plain  along  the  Tiber,  which 
had  belonged  to  king  Tarquin,  and 
after  his  expuliion  was  confecrattd  to 
Mars,  Liv.  2,  i,  44.  f/  2,  5.  where 
afTembhes  of  the  people  were  held,  Liv. 
6,  2C.  and  the  youth  perfonned  their 
exercifes,  Horat.  Od.  ^,  ^j  39-  Certa- 
mine  Martio,  in  battle,  Hor.  Od.  4,  14, 1 7. 
Martius  ille  aeris  rauci  canory  the  warlike 
found  of  hoarfe  brafs,  i.  e.  the  parti- 
cular buz  or  noife  which  bees  make  be- 
fore they  faliy  forth  from  their  hives, 
Virg.  G.  4,  71.  Martius  Hannibal,  war- 
like, Sil.  15,  407.  Martia  Icgio,  the 
name  of  a  legion,  fo  called  from  Mars, 
(nomen  a  Marfe  rjl,)  Cic.  Phi).  14,  12. 
which  deferted  Antony  and  joined 
Augullus,  Cic.  ib.  3,3.     Martiui  lupus, 


46    ]  MAR 

facred  to  Mars,  cruel,  Virg.  Aen.  9* 
^66.  Martius  miles,  for  milites,  brave, 
valiant,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  798.  Conf. 
Martial  II,  8,  5.  Martia  proles,  Ro- 
mulus and  Remus,  the  offspring  of 
Mars,  Ovid.Fafl.  3,  59.  Martia  Roma, 
warlike  or  built  by  Romulus,  the  fon 
of  Mars,  Id.  Trifl.  3,  7,  52.  Pont,  i, 
8,  24.  et  4,  9,  6$.  Liv.  246.  Mavor- 
tius  Romulus,  warlike,  or  the  fon  of 
M^YS,  Virg.  Jen.  6,  778.  So  Martia 
Penthcfilea,  warlike,  or  the  daughter  of 
Mars,  ih,  11,  662.  Mavortia  moenia, 
the  walls  of  Rome,  ib.  i,  276.  Terra, 
a  country  facred  to  Mars,  warlike,  i.  e. 
Thrace,  ib.  3,  13.  Tela  inter  Martia,  the 
weapons  of  war.  Id.  E.  9,  12.  Vulne- 
ra,  martial  or  brave,  honourable,  Virg, 

Aen.    7,     182. Martius    menjis, 

March, (wf;7/?j  nomine  Martis,)Ov\di.Yz^. 
5,  88.  anciently  the  firft  month  of  the 
year,  ib.  75.  Martiae  Kalendae,  the 
hrft  day  of  March,  the  birth-day  of 
Martial,  10,  24,  i.  kept  as  a  feftival 
by  married  people,  Hor.  Od.  3,  8,  i. 
particularly  by  matrons,  Ovid.  Foji.  3, 
170,  &;c.  obferved  by  Horace,  becaufe 
on  that  day  he  had  nearly  been  killed 
by  the  fall  of  a  tree,  Hor.  ib.  7.  Idus 
IVjartiae,  the  15th,  the  day  on  which 
JuHus  Gaefar  was  killed,  Cic.  Phil.  2, 
36.  J  Cvid.  Faft.  3,  697.  and  on  which 
m.agiftrates  anciently  entered  on  their 
ornce,  Liv.  22,  i.  26,  i,  &  26.  27,  7. 

.V'  5-' 38,  35-  39>  45-  40»  35-  ^^42, 
22. 

M.  RTicoLA,  -ae,  m.  a  worfhipper 
of  Mars,  Ovid.  Trijl.  5,  3,  22.  Pont.  4, 
14,  14. 

Map.tigena  [-ae,  m.)  Quirinus, 
Romulus  the  Ion  of  Mars,  Ovid.  Fafi. 
1,  199.  Martigenae,  plur.  Romulus 
and  Remus,  Id.  Amor.  3,  4,  39.  Mar- 
tigeha  bellua,  the  Inake  killed  by  Cad- 
mus, Plaut.  Amph.  4.  Suppof.  2,  13. 

Martia  LIS   Jlarnen,     the    prieft    of 

Mars,  Cic.  Phil.  11,  8.      Martiales 

minijlri  publici  Martis,  Id.  Ciuent.  15. 
lylariiaks  lupi,  facred  to  Mars,  raven- 
ous, Hor.  Od  I,  7,  9. 

MARSYAS,  V.  Marfya,  -ae,  a  Phry- 
gian mufician,   who  challenged  Apollo 

to 


I 


MAR  [247 

to  a  contcft  of  /l-cill  in  mufic,  and  be- 
ing worfted  by  him,  was  flayed  alive 
for  his  prefuraption,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  6, 
383,  &c.  [G.  372.)  There  was  a 
ftatue  of  Marfya  in  the  Roman  forum 
near  the  place  where  the  praetor's  tri 
bunal  ftood,  to  deter  unjull  litigants, 
Hor.  Sat.  I,  6,  120. 

M.  Valerius  MARTIALIS,  a  cele- 
brated poet,  a  writer  of  epigrams,  who 
flouriihed  under  X)omitian  and  Trajan, 
whofe  works  are  ftill  extant. 

Marullus  Epidius,  a  tribune  of  the 
commons,  deprived  of  his  office  by 
Caefar,  for  having  puniflied  one  of  the 
people  who  had  put  a  laurel  crown  on 
Caefar's  ftatue.  Suet.  Caef.  79.  ;  C'tc. 
Phil.  13,  15.  In  doing  which,  Pater- 
culus  obferves,  he  had  ufed  unfeafoni- 
ably  too  great  liberty  towards  Caefar^ 
2,68. 

MASINISSA,  a  king  of  Numldia, 
firft  an  enemy  and  afterwards  a  faithful 
friend  to  the  Romans,  as  long  as  he 
lived,  Liv.  27,  &c.  ;  SaUuJI.  Jug.  5. 
He  retained  uncommon  vigrour  at  the 
age  of  90,  Cic.  Sen.  10. 

Maso,  -onis,  the  name  of  feveral  per- 
fons  mentioned  by  Cicero,  N.  D.  3, 
20.  Balh.  23.  Fam.  9,  2i,  &c. 

Mastanesosus,  v.  -es,  -ae,  a  king 
of  part  of  Mauritania,  as  it  is  thought, 
Cic.  Vat.  5. 

MATERNUS,  a  poet  and  fopbift, 
in  the  time  of  Vefpalian,  who  compo- 
fed<i  tragedy,  called  C  a  to,  which  is 
faid  to  have  offended  the  ruling  powers, 
(offendijfe  poieniium  animos,)  Dial,  de 
Orat.  2,  &  3.  Hence  he  was  afterwards 
put  to  death  by  Domitian  for  having 
written  againft  tyrants,  Z)/o,  67,  12. 

P.  Matin lus,  a  trader,  who  had  a 
difpnte  with  the  people  of  Salamis 
about  a  fum  of  money  which  he  lent 
them,  Cic.  Att.  5,  21. 

C.  MATIUS,  a  very  learned  and 
accompHflied  Roman,  Cic.  Fam.  j,  15. 
the  friend  of  Caefar,  as  well  as  of  Ci- 
cero, iL  6,  12.  et  II,  27.  an  advifer 
of  peace,  Cic.  jitt.  9,  11.  He  v/rote 
a  beautiful  letter  to  Cicero,  j unifying 
his  attachment  to  Caefar,  and  regretting 
his  death,  Cic.   Fam,   11,   28.;  Add. 


]  M  A  U 

Sitet.  Chef.  52.  ;  Tac.  Ann.  12,  60.  He 
was  employed  by  Auguilus  as  one  of 
the  managers  [procuratores)  of  the 
games  which  Auguftus  celebrated  in 
honour  of  Caefar,  Cic.  AiU  15,  2.  He 
lived  long  a  ter  in  great  friendfliip 
with  Auguilus,  but  appears  never  to 
have  accepted  any  public  office.  He 
feems  to  have  fpent  the  remainder  of 
his  days  in  an  elegant  and  pleafureable 
retreat.  Pliny,  who  calls  him  the  friend 
of  Auguftus,  afcribes  to  him  the  inven- 
tion of  cutting  trees  and  groves  into  re- 
gular forms,  {^nemora  tonfdia),  12,  2  f. 
6.  alfo  of  inoculating  and  propagating 
certain  foreign  fruits,  Plin.  15,  14  f. 
15.  He  publlihed  three  books  about 
the  manner  of  letting  out  a  table,  and 
furnilhing  fplendid  entertainments,  («/-- 
hanas  menfas-t  et  lauta  convivia  inflruere.^ 
The  firft  of  thefe  books  he  called  the 
cook,  i^cocus^  ;  the  fecond,  the  fifhmon- 
ger,  [cetarius)  ;  and  the  third,  the  oil- 
man, {  fa/gam ari us) f  Columel.  12,  44. 
It  appears  that  Matius  hkewife  made  a 
verfe-tranfiatioh  of  Homer's  Iliad;  from 
-Gellius,  6,  6.  who  calls  him  a  very 
learned  man  ;  but  gives  feveral  inftances 
of  his  being  fond  of  ufing  new  and  un- 
common words,  15,  25.  which  however 
feem  to  have  been  ingenioufly  contri- 
ved, Id.  20,  9. 

Mato,  v.  Mathoy  -onisf  a  Roman 
firname,  Cic.  Or.  48.  of  the  gens  Pompo- 
nia,  Fam.  9,  25.  and  of  the  gens  Nae- 
via,   Liv.  39,  32. 

Marti  Nius,  the  name  of  feveral  ob- 
fcure  perfons,  Cic.  Fam,  2,  15.  Verr, 
3,  24.   Cluent.  45.  Balb.  2j. 

Matuta,  the  Latin  name  of  Ino, 
when  changed  into  a  fea-goddefs,  Cic. 
Tvfc.  I,  12.  called  Parens  Matutay  Mo- 
ther Matuta,  Ovid.Faft.  6,  479.  et  545. 
Maier  Matuta,  Liv.  5,21.  25,7.  28, 
II.  (?/  41,  28.  ;  Thehana  dca,  Ovid.  Faft. 
6,  476.  Matralia,  -ium,  the  facred 
rites  or  fcftival  of  Matuta,  ib.  475. 

MAUSoLUS,  a  king  of  Caria,  in. 
Afia  Minor,  after  whofe  death  his  wife, 
Artemifia,  erefted  a  fplendid  monument 
in  honour  of  him,  which  was  reckoned 
one  of  the  feven  wonders  of  the  world, 
GcIL  10,  18.  ;  Cic,  Tufc.  3,  31. ;  call- 
ed 


MAX  [2 

cd  Maufoleum  fepulchruniy  Propert,  3, 
2,  21.  dcfcrlbed,  Plin.  26,  5  f.  4.  9. 
whence  all  magnificent  fepulchres  were 
called  Mausolea  ;  thus,  Maufoleum 
Caefaruniy  the  fepulchre  of  the  CacCars, 
Suet.  Jug.  10 1.  Ner.^6,  Fcjp.2l.', 
Add.  Fior.  4,  1 1 .  f. 

MAXiMUS,  aiirname  firft  given  to 
Q.  Fabius,  the  cenfor,  who,  in  order 
to  prevent  the  election  of  magiftrates 
from  being  in  the  power  of  the  lov/efl 
people,  tiirew  all  of  that  defcripcioa 
(omnemforeHfem  turhari)  into  four  tribes, 
and  called  them  city  tribes,   [urbanas)y 

Xiiv.  9,  46. No  family  in  Rome  dif- 

tinguiflied  itfelf  more  by  its  merits  than 
that  of  the  Falli ;  Nee  gradus  ejl  ultra 
Fabios  cognominh  ullusy  Ilia  domus  trier i- 
tis  Maxima  diEta  fuhy  Ovid.  Fa  ft.  i, 
605.  Virgil  chiefly  celebrates  Fabius, 
who,  when  oppofed  to  Hannibal,  by 
declining  battle,  faved  the  Roman  Hate, 
(Tk  Maximus  illees,  &c.)  A-  6,  846. 
So  Ovid,  Fafl.  2,  241.     See  Fabius. 

Medea,  the  daughter  of  Aeetes, 
(Aeetlasy  -adis),  king  o(  Colchis,  by 
his  wife  Idyia,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  19,  a  fa- 
mous forcerefs,  who  afiifted  iafon  to 
carry  off  the  golden  fleece.  In  return 
for  which,  he  married  her,  (G.  442.) 
Barharae  Mideas  venenay  the  drugs  Uicd 

by    Medea,  Horat.    Epod.  5,  61. 

MedEIDEs  herhaey  (fing.  Medeis),mB.- 
gic  herbs,  Ovid.  JrL  Am.  2,  10 1. 

Me  DON,  -ontlsy  the  fon  of  Codrus, 
the  firfl:  archon  of  Athens,  whofe  fuc- 
ceffors,  being  chofcn  of  the  fame  fami- 
ly for  2CO  years,  were  called  Medon- 
TIDAE,   Paufan.  4,  5.  (G.  426.) 

Medus,  the  fon  of  Medea,  who  is 
faid  to  have  given  name  to  the  country 

of  Media,  [G.  ^A^-Y 11  2.  The  name 

of  one  of  the  tragedies  of  Facuvius,  Clc. 

OJ.  1,31- 

Medusa,  the  daughter  of  Phorcus, 
(Phorcis,  -yis.  Prop.  3,  22,  8.  or 
Phorcynisy  -ulisy  Lucan.  9,  629.)  the 
chief  of  the  three  Gorgons,  a  female 
monPccr,  with  ferpents  on  her  head  in- 
ilead  of  hair,  which  turned  every  one 
into  ftor.e  that  looked  at  her.  She  was 
jQain  by  Perfeus,  (G.  395.)  and  from 
her  blood  fprur.g  the  winged  horfe  Pe* 


48    ]  MEL 

gafus ;  hence  called  Equus  Pegafaeust 
Ovid.  Faft.  5,  8.  ■  --Medusarum  os, 
the  face  of  Mcdufa,  with  which  Per- 
feus turned  people  into  ftone,  Ovid, 
Met.  5,  249.  Chelydri  Medufaely  the 
hair  on  the  head  of  Medufa,  Sil.  7. 

MEGABysus,  one  of  the  Periian  no- 
bles that  expelled  the  Magiy  (G.  607.) 

^  2.  A  general  of  Artaxerxes,  (G. 

61^.) We  learvi  from  Strabo,  /.  14, 

p.  950.  that  the  priefts  of  Diana  at  E- 
phefus,  whoni  it  behoved  to  be  eunuchs, 
were  called  Megabyzi.  Hence  Me- 
gabyzus  is  thought  to  be  put  for  an  eu- 
nuch, or  one  of  thofe  priefts,  and  not 
ufed  as  a  proper  name,  ^incilL  5,  12, 
21.  ;   Pl'tn.  35,  10. 

Megaera,  one  of  the  three  infernal 
furies,  Virg.  Aeii.  12,  846.;  Lucan.  i, 
577.    f/6,  730. 

Megalc,  (^f/.iy;i\yi  f^rrrp,  magna  ma" 
ter)y  the  Greek  epithet  of  Cybele,  the 
mother  of  the  goJs  :  whence  the  fefti- 
val  kept  in  honour  of  her  was  called 
MEGALESIA,  'orunif  Liv.  29,  14. 
34,54.  el  36,  36.  ;  Juvenal.  6,  69.  vel 
ludi  MEGALF.siAy  Ovid.  Fajl.  4,  357.  ; 
^inBiL  I,  65.  or  Meg;.  LENS  I  A,  -iumy 
V.  Megalenfes  ludi;  Ip/ts  MegalenJihuSy 
on  the  feilival-day  of  Cybele,  (the  4th 
or  5th  of  April),  when  games  were  ex- 
hibited in   the  Circus,   {^ludi  Circenjh)y 

Cic.  Fam.  2.  r  I.  de  Har.  Rsfp.  12. 

Hence  M:galefiacae  fpedacula  mappae^ 
the  fpedlacles  of  the  ivjegalenan  or  Cir- 
cenfian  games,  the  fignal  for  beginning 
which  was  given  by  dropping  a  napkin 
or  towel,  [miltendo  mappam)y  Juvenal. 
I  r ,  « 93.  which  cuftom  took  its  rife 
from  Nero,   Suet.  2  2. 

Meg  A  R  A,  the  lirll  wife  of  Hercules, 
flain  by  him  in  a  fit  of  madnefs,  Senec, 
Here. fur.  1015,   &c.   (G.  400.) 

Meg  A  RE  us,  (3  fyll. )  the  fon  of  On- 
cheilius,  and  grandfon  of  Neptune;  the 
father  of  Hippomanes,  Ovid.  I\^ht.  10, 
605.  who  is  hence  called  Megaretus  he- 
ros,  ib.  659. 

Mela,  a  companion  of  Antony's, 
Cic.  Phil.  13,  2. 

Potnponius  MELA,  a  celebrated  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Tingentera  vel  Tingi 
Cetraria,  a  town  of  Spain,  McL  2,  6, 


MEL  E    249    ]  MEL 

S5.  who  wrote  an  excellent  book,  in-     by  that  name,  0-vld.  Met.  8,  534.  fup- 


fcribed  De  fiiu  orl'is^  whicli  is  ftill  ex- 
tant. He  flourinied  between  the  time 
of  i\uga(lus  and   Vcfpalian. 

MELAMPUS,  -odh,  the  fon  of 
Amythaon,  [Amylhaone  cretus,  Stat. 
Thcb.  3,  453.  Amythaonius,  Virg, 
G.  3,  550.)  a  famous  foothfayer  and 
phyfician  at  Arjros,  who  cured  the 
daughters  of  Proetus,  [Proei'idss)y  by 
prefcribing  hellebore,  Apollodor.  \ ,  9, 
11.  et  2,  2,  2.;  V'trg.  Ed.  6,48.; 
wlience  a  fpecies  of  h^'llebore  was  call- 
ed Melampodmii  v.  -ir/m,  Plin.  25,  5  f. 
2(.  Cicero  makes  Melampus  the  fon 
of  Atreus,  A^.  i).  3,  2  £.   and  fpeaks  of 

his   predidions,  Leg.  2,  13. ^  2. 

The  name  of  a  dog  from  his  black  feet, 
OvUL  Met.  3,  206. 

MtLAKEus,  (3fyll.)  the  name  of 
a  dog,  from  his  black  colour,  Gvid. 
IS  let.  3,  22:!. 

Melanippe,    Via.  Menalippe. 

Melantheus,  -eos,  ace.  -ea,  a  per- 
fon  guilty  of  murder,  who,  while  con- 
cealing himfelf,  was  difcovered  by  his 
mother,  ignorant  of  what  had  happen- 
ed,  Ov'id.  in  Ihhij  61^. 

MELANTHIU3,  a  Rhodian,  a 
fcholar  of  Carncades,   Cic.  Acad.  4,  6. 

— ^  2.  A  noted  painter,  Pl'in.  35,  7. 

f  3.    The    goat-herd   of  Ulyffes, 

Homer.  OdyJ]".  21,  175.  who  readily  af- 
foided  to  the  fuitors  of  Penelope  what 
part  of  his  flock  they  defired,  and  join- 
ed with  them  in  devouring  his  mailer's 
fubftance,  ib.  20,  175. ;  Oiiid.  Ep.  I, 
95.  On  which  account  he  was  put  to 
death  by  Tclemachus  with  the  greateft 
torture,  Elomer.  Od.  22,  473,   &c. 

MELEaGER,  v.  Meleagrus, 
'grly  the  fon  of  Oeneus,  [Oaudes),  who, 
having  (lain  the  wild  b.^ar  of  Calydon, 
gave  the  i]<iu  and  head  to  Atn'anta, 
who  had  fivfl  wounded  him.  The  un- 
cles of  Melcager,  attempting  to  rob 
Atalanta  of  her  preient,  were  flain  by 
Meleager.  Whereupon  Althaea  'nis  mo- 
ther, in  a  paflion,  threw  a  log  of  wood, 
on  which  the  life  of  her  fon  depended, 
into  the  fire  ;  and  as  foon  as  it  was  con- 
fumed,  Meleager  expired,  [G.  434.) 
His  fillers,  [Meleagndes^y  lamenting  his 
death,  were  changed  into  birds,  culled 


pofed  to  be  Guinea-hens,  Pli/i.  10,  26 
f.  38. ^  2.  A  Greek  poet,  a  na- 
tive of  Gadara  in  Syria,  who  flourifiied 
150  years  before  the  Chrillian  aera. 
He  was  the  firft  coUeftor  of  the  Greek 
epigrams,  entitled  Aiithologla. 

MELEsiGiiNEs,  -w,  a  name  given  to 
Plom.er,  from  Meles^  a  river  of  Ionia, 
near  which  he  was  born,   (G.  587.) 

Melete,  -eSf  one  of  the  four  Mu- 
fes,  faid  to  have  been  produced  by  the 
fecond  of  the  three  Jupiters,  mention- 
ed by  Cicero,  N.  D.  3,  21. 

Me  L I  BO  E  us,  the  name  of  a  fhepherd, 
Virg.  E.  I,  6.  but  Mcl'ihoeus  dux^  i.  e. 
Philoftetes,  from  his  birth-place  Meli- 
boea,    Firg.  Aen.  3,  401. 

Melicerta,  Melicertes,  -acy  \\ 
-us,  the  fon  of  Athamas  and  I  no.  Vid» 
Ino. 

Melissus,  the  firft  king  of  Crete, 
the  father  of  Am.althea  and  Meliffa, 
who  fed  Jupiter,  when  a  child,  with 
milk  and  honey,  (G.  356.)  Meliffa  is 
faid  to  have  been  changed  by  Jupiter 
into  a  bee.   Col.  9,  2. 

MELISSUS,  a  philofcpherofSamos, 
the  fcholar  of  ParmenidfS,  Laert.  9,  24* 
who  believed  in  the  infinity  and  eterni- 
ty of  the  univerfe,  {hoc,  quod  'ejfct  infi- 
nitum et  immutali/e,  femper  fuijfe  etforej^ 
Cic.  Acad.  4,  37. 

Sp.  Melius,  a  wealthy  Roman  citi- 
zen, fufpefted  of  aiming  at  foveveignty, 
becaufe,  in  the  time  of  a  great  dearth, 
lie  diilribu^ed  corn  among  the  people  at 
a  lov^'  price.  On  this  fufpicion,  being 
fummontd  to  appear  before  Cincinna- 
tus,  the  dictator,  and  rcfufing  to  obey, 
he  was  (lain  by  Q^Servilius  Ahala,  maf- 
ter  of  horfe  to  the  dictator,  Liv.  4,  \  3, 
— 16.;   Cic.  Cat.   I,   I.   Dam.   38.   Sen, 

16.;    Amic.   8,    &    II. -Maeliani, 

the  parLiinns  of  Maelius,  Liv.  4,  14, 
Frumentum  Maelianum,  the  corn  which 
had  been  purchai'ed  by  Maeh'us,  ih. 

Annaeus  MELLA,  i;.  Mela,  the 
brovher  of  Seneca  the  philofopher,  and 
fatlier  of  the  poet  Eucan,  who  was  put 
to  death  by   Nero,   Tac.  Ann.  16,  17. 

MELPOMilNE,  -es,  one   of  the  nine 
Mufes,  Hor.  Od.  i,  24,  3.   (G.  '>^CZ.) 
1  i  MEMMIUS, 


MEM  [2 

'  MEMMIUS,  the  name  of  an  illuf- 
tnou3  plebeian  gens  at  Rome,  faid  to 
have  been  derived  from  the  Trojan 
Mneilheus,  Vtrg.  Aen,  5,  116.  Hence 
the  Memmti  w^ere  among  thofe  called 
Trojugenae,  by  Juvenal,  i,  100. 

C.  MEMMIUS,  a  tribune  of  the 
commons,  who  boldly  accufcd  the  cor- 
ruption of  the  nobility  in  the  war  again  ft 
Jugurtha,  Salluft.  'Jug.  27.  and  roufcd 
the  people  to  punirti  the  guilty,  ih.  30, 
&  31.  Cicero  fpeaking  of  this  Mem- 
tnius,join5  him  with  his  brother  Lucius: 
C.  et  h.  Memmii  fuerunt  oratores  medio* 
cres,  accufatores  acres  atqus  acerhu  Ita- 
que  hi  jwiicium  capitis  niulios  vocaverunty 
pro  reis  nonfaepe  dixerunty  Brut.  ^6.  We 
learn  from  Cicero  tliat  C.  Memmius 
brought  Beftia  to  his  trial,  but  whether 
for  his  conduct  in  the  Jugurthlne  vi'-ar 
or  not,  is  uncertain,  Cic.  Or,  2,  70. 
Memmlus,  when  candidate  for  the  con- 
fulPnip  in  oppofition  to  Glaucia,  was 
affaflinated  by  ruffians  whom  Glaucia 
and  Saturninus  employed  to  attack  him 
with  bludgeons,  in  the  comitlum,  in 
pfefence  of  the  people,  Appian,  B.  C. 
I,  p.  369.;   Cic.  Cat.  4,  2. 

C.  MEMMIUS,  L.F.  an  acute  and 
agreeable  fpeaker,  but  too  carelefs  in 
his  compofition,  highly  accomplidied  in 
Greek  literature,  but  indifferent  about 
the  Latin,  Cic.  Brut.  70.  Q^aeftor  to 
Pompeyin  thewarapjainilSertorius,  Cic, 
Balh.  2.  He  had  an  intrigue  with  the 
wives  of  Lucullus  and  Pompey,  the  for- 
mer of  whom  Cicero,  in  telling  the  fact, 
calls  Menelaus,  and  the  latter  Agamem- 
non, Cic.  Ate.  I,  18.  Memmlus  having 
divulged  a  fliameful  paction,  which  he 
and  Cn.  Domitius,  when  candidates  for 
the-confulfhip,  had  made  with  the  confuls 
Appius  and  Ahenobarbus,  Cic,  Att.  4, 
16,  &  18.  (Vid.  Domitius.)  and  be- 
ing condemned  of  bribery,  lived  in 
exile  at  Athens,  Cic.  Fam.  13,  1.  Cu- 
rio propofed  getting  him  recalled,  Cic. 
Att.  6,  I.  but  whether  he  effeded  it,  is 
uncertain.  To  this  Memmius,  firnamed 
Gemellus,  Lucretius  is  thought  to 
have  infcribed  his  poem  De  Re  rum 

KATURA,  1,43,    412,  &    IO5I;  2,   142, 

&c.     Lucretius  fometimes  calls  him  by 
a  patronymic  name,   Memmiades,  v. 


50    3  MEN 

-DA,  dat.  -net   l,   25.  voc.   Memmtadaf 

ib.  45 . M  E  M  M I A  N  A  praedia,    the 

farms  or  ellate  of  Memmlus,  Cic.  Att. 
5.  I 

MEMNON,  -onis,  the  fon  of  Tltho- 
nus  and  Aurora,  the  general  of  the  Ae- 
thiopians  who  came  to  the  affiflance  of 
Priam,  flain  by  Achilles,  (G.  449.) 
Color  Memnoniiis y  black,  the  colour  of 
the  Aethiopians,  OtvW.  ^x  Pfi'/z^  3,  3,96. 
Alemnonia  regna,  the  nations  of  the  eaft, 

Lucan.  3,  284. Mem  NOV  IDES,  -wriy 

(ling.  Memnonis),  certain  birds,  fuppo- 
fed  to  have  been  produced  from  the  afh- 
es  of  Memnon,  Ovid   Met.  13,  618. 

Mem  NGN,  a  native  of  Rhodes,  the 
principal  general  of  Darius  Codoman- 
nUvS,  who  alone  fuggefted  to  that  mo- 
narch the  proper  means  of  Hopping  the 
progrefs   of  Alexandc*,    (G.  620.) 

MEN  A,  v.  Mcnasy  -acy  a  frecdman 
of  Pompcy  the  Gieat,  Paterc.  2,  73. 
after  v^'hofe  death  he  followed  the  for- 
tunes of  his  fon  Sex.  Pompey,  who  gave 
him  the  command  of  part  of  his  fleet, 
ih.  He  deferted  from  Pompey  to  Au- 
guftus  ;  and  from  Auguflus  again  to 
Pompey.  He  a  fecond  time  left  Pom- 
pey, and  joined  Auguilus,  bringing  o- 
ver  with  him  a  part  of  Pompey's  fleet. 
Caefar  bountifully  rev./arded  him,  and 
made  him  a  military  tribune.  He  was 
the  only  frced-m.an  whom  Auguftus  ad- 
mittedtohis  table,  Suet. Aug.  74. — When 
Augullus  and  Antony,  after  having 
made  an  agreement  with  Sex.  Pompey, 
paid  Pompey  a  viiit  in  his  fhip,  Mena 
propofed  to  Pompey  to  aflafiinate  them 
both,  and  thus  fecure  the  recovery  of 
his  father's  fortune  ;  but  Pompey  no- 
bly rejected  the  propofal,  Plutarch,  in 
Antonio.  Appian,  in  relating  this  fact, 
calls  him  Men  odor  us,  Bdl.  Civ.  ^y  p. 
714.  —  Horace  feems  to  have  had  a  great 
antipathy  to  this  rnan,  Epod.  4.  if  it  be 
the  fame  Mena  againft  whom  he  writes 
his  bitter  invectives.  Some  think  It 
muft  be  a  different  perfon,  becaufe,  a- 
mong  the  other  charges  againit  his  cha- 
racter, the  moft  reprehenhble  part  of 
his  conduct  is  not  mentioned. 

Menalcas,  -acy  the  name  of  a  fhep- 
hcrd,  Virg,  Ed,  2,  15.  et  3,  13.  9,  16. 
et  10,  20.  Menalippe, 


MEN 


C    251    ] 


MEN 


Menalippe,  v.  Melanippe,  -est  the 
daughter  of  Defmontes,  or  Aeolus, 
who,  being  violated  by  Neptune,  bore 
two  fons,  (as  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaf- 
fus  fays,  in  the  ox-Hall  of  her  father, 
(/e  Jrte  Rhetor.  /•  57.  to  which  Varro 
alludes,  R.  R.  2,  5,  5.)  Defmontes, 
enraged  at  the  difcovery,  (hut  up  Me- 
nalippe in  prifon,  after  having  deprived 
her  of  fight,  and  ordered  the  infants  to 
be  expofed.  A  cow  is  faid  to  have  come 
and  given  them  fuck  ;  in  which  Hate 
the  fhepherds  found  them.  In  the  mean 
time  Metapontus,  king  of  Icaria,  being 
anxious  to  have  children,  Theano,  his 
queen,  applied  to  the  Ihepherdsto  pro- 
cure for  her  a  fuppofititious  child. 
Whereupon  they  fent  her  the  infants 
they  had  found.  Thus  theft  infants  be- 
came the  reputed  fons  of  Metapontus, 
under  the  name  of  Boeotus  and  Aeolus. 
After  this  Theano  had  two  fons  of  her 
own  ;  and  when  they  grew  up,  having 
difcovered  to  them  that  their  fuppofed 
brothers  were  fuppofititious,  fhe  advifed 
them  to  take  an  opportunity  of  cutting 
them  off.  But  the  fons  of  Neptune, 
when  attacked,  by  the  affiitance  of  their 
father,  flew  their  aggrefibrs.  Theano, 
ftruck  at  the  fight  of  their  bodies,  which 
were  carried  back  to  the  palace,  flew 
herfelf.  Boeotus  and  Aeolus  fled  to 
the  fliepherds  by  whom  they  had  been 
faved.  There  Neptune  revealed  to  them 
the  fecret  of  their  birth,  and  that  their 
mother  was  in  cuftody.  On  this  ac- 
count they  flew  Defmontes,  and  libera- 
ted their  mother,  to  whom  Neptune  re* 
ftored  her  fight.  Accompanied  by  her 
they  returned  to  Metapontus,  and  in- 
formed him  'of  the  perfidy  of  Theano. 
Whereupon  Metapontus  married  Mena- 
lippe, and  adopted  them  as  his  fons, 
Hyntu  f.  186.  This  ilory  feived  as  a 
lubjedl  for  a  tragedy  of  Euripides,  DtO" 
nyf.  luid.  Accius  likewife  wrote  a  tra- 
gedy called   Menalippa,  Cic.   Of.  i, 

31. Perfona    Menalippes,    the    mafic 

ufed  in  a6ling  the  part  of  Menalippe, 
Juvenal.  8.  229. — There  was  another 
Menalippa,  the  daughter  of  the  cen- 
taur Chiron,  who  is  {aid  to  have  been 


changed  into  a  mare,  Hygin.  Poet.  2, 
18. 

Menalippus,  v.  Melamppus,  the 
fon  of  Aflacus,  {AflacideSi  ae),  who 
mortally  wounded  Tydeus  in  the  belly 
with  a  javelin.  But  Tydeus  exerting 
all  hie  llrength,  threw  a  dart,  which 
killed  Melanippus.  Tydeus  was  carri- 
ed off  the  field,  and  perceiving  his  cafe 
defperate,  requefted  that  fome  of  his 
friends  would  go  and  bring  to  him  the 
head  of  Menalippus,  ( Caputs  6  caput,  6 
m'thi  fi  qiiis  adportety  Menalippe,  tuum  ; 
Nam  voheris  arvis,  Fido  eqii'uiem,  nee 
me  virtus  fiiprema  fefellit),  Stat.  Theb. 
8,  740.  Capaneus  was  the  firft  that 
found  the  dead  body,  and  brought  it 
to  Tydeus  ;  who  ordered  the  head  to 
be  cut  off,  and  in  revenge  for  his  wound, 
divided  it  in  two,  and  tore  out  the 
brains  with  his  teeth.  In  the  mean  time 
Pallas  was  bringing  a  remedy  which  fhe 
had  received  from  Jupiter,  to  cure  Ty- 
deus, and  render  him  immortal.  But 
feeing  this  barbarity,  flie  with-held  it, 
and  left  him  with  indignation,  Stat.  Ih. 
8,  719,  &c.  ad  Jin.  ApoUodorus  fays, 
it  was  Amphiaraus  that  brought  the 
head  of  Menalippus  to  Tydeus,  from 
hatred  to  him,  becaufe  he  had  been  the 
author  of  the  Theban  war.  Soon  af- 
ter this,  Amphiaraus  was  fwallowed  up 
by  an  earthquake,  Appollodor.  3,  6,  8. 
Paufanias  alfo  fays,  that  Menalippus 
was  (Iain  by  Amphiaraus,  9,  18. 

MENANDER,  v.  Menandrus,  -dr'iy 
an  Athenian  comic  writer,  of  uncom- 
mon merit,  {^nohilis  comoediis),  contem- 
porary with  Demetrius  Phalereus, 
Phaedr.  5.  fab.  1.  greatly  admired  by 
the  ancients,  .^y/«(Si/.  10,  T,  69.  ;  Hor, 
Sat.  2,  3,  II.;  Propert.  3,  21,  28.; 
Ovid.  1  rijl.  2,  369.  ;  Stat,  Silv.  2,  I, 
J 14.;  for  nothing  now  remains  of  his 
works  but  a  few  fragments.  His  fla- 
tue  was  erected  in  the  theatre  at  Athens, 

Paiifan.    i,    21. Adj.  Mlnandre- 

us,   Propert.  2,  5,  3. 

Menecles,  a  celebrated  Anatic  rhe- 
torician, a  native  of  ALibiUida,  {Ala* 
banderifis,  v.  -dens),  under  wiiom  L.  Craf- 
fus,  the  orator,  and  Cicero,  in  his 
I  i  Z  youth. 


MEN  [ 

you  til,  {ludied,  Cic»  Or.  2,  23.  Bnit. 
95.  Orat.  69. 

Menecrates,  -ij-,  one  of  the  gene- 
rals of  Perfeus,  Lig).  44,  24. 

Menedemus,  an  Athenian  orator, 
in  the  time  of  L.  Craffus,  Cic.  Or.  1,18. 
^  2.  A  philofopher  of  Eretiia, 
fEretricus),  who  placed  tlie  chief  good 
in  the  perception  of  truth,  Cic.  jlcad. 
4,  42.  from  whom  a  fett  of  philofophers 

were  called  Eretrici,  ib. %  3.  Al- 

fo  the  name  of  an  old  nian  in  Terence, 
Hemit.  I,  I. 

Mr.NVLAUs,  the  fon  of  Atreu?,  {^A- 
tndes),  and  brother  of  Agamemnon,  the 
king  of  Sparta,  and  hufband  of  Hele- 
na, (G.  4 '3.) — Menelai  portiis,  a  mari- 
time town  between  Cyrene  and  Egypt, 

Nep,  Agefil.  8 . M  E  N  E  L  A  E  u  s   thnla- 

vins-,  the  bed-chamber  of  Menelaus,  Pro- 
pert.  2,  15,  13.  Menelcnus  rnonsyTi  moun- 
tain near  Lacedaemon,  Liv.  34,  28. 
<j[  2.  A  Greek  rhetorician,  a  na- 
tive of  Marathos,  a  town  of  Phoenicia, 
(  Marathenus),  whofe  aififtance  C.  Grac- 
chus was  thought  to  have  ufcd  in  com- 
pcfing  his  orations,   Cic.  Brut.  26. 

MENENIA^^?zx,  a  patrician  family 
at  Rome, 

MENENIUS  Agrlppa,  conful  a.  u. 
251,  Liv.  2,  16,  Being  fent  as  an 
i:mbaiTador  to  treat  with  the  plebeians j 
who  had  made  a  feceiTion  to  the  Mons 
Socer,  he  prevailed  on  them  to  return, 
i/i).  2,  32.  He  died  fo  poor,  that  he 
did  not  leave  enough  to  defray  the  ex- 
pences  of  his  funeral,  ib.  33./. 

Menephrot,  -onisy  an  inceftuous 
Arcadian,  Ovid.  Met.  7,  3 87.  ;  Hygin. 

Menes,  'is.  the  firft  king  of  Egypt, 
who  built  Memphis,  Herodot.  2,  99.  (G. 
664.) 

Menestratus,  a  fl^ilful  flatuary, 
Plin.  36,  5. 

Menestkeus.    Fid.  Mnestheus. 

Mekippus,  a  native  of  Stratonicea 
{^Stratonicetjis)  a  town  of  Caria  in  A- 
fia  Minor  ;  the  moH  eloquent  rhetorici- 
an of  that  country  in  his  time,  the  prae- 
(peptor  of  Cicero,   Cic,  Brut.  91. 

Mi-'NiPPus,  a  philofopher  w^io  wrote 
ggveeably  on  philofophical  fubje6lS|  mi^v- 


252     ]  MEN 

ing  humour  with  erudition,  Cic.  Acad. 
1,2.  whom  Varro  imitated  in  his  fa- 
tires,  which  from  him  he  called  Sati- 
rae  Menifpeae,  Macroh.  Sat.  i,  11.; 
GelL  13,  30. 

Memscus,  one  of  the  principal  ci- 
tizens [vir  primarius)  of  Entella,  a 
town  in  Sicily,  who  was  fent  to  Rome 
to  give  evidence  againft  Verres,  Cic. 
Verr.  3,  87. 

Mfnius,  the  fon  of  Lycaon,  killed 
by  the  fame  thunderbolt  by  which  his 
father's  houfe  was  fet  on  fire,  Ovid,  in 
Ihin,  472. 

Menoeceus,  (in  3  fyll.  -ecs,  -ei, 
-ea,  -eu,  -co),  the  fon  of  Creon,  king  of 
Thebe«,  who  having  heard  that  Tire- 
fias  had  foretold  that  Thebes  would  be 
fafe,  if  the  lafi:  or  youngeft  of  the  race  of 
the  ferpent  fliould  periih,  and  perceiving 
that  he  himfelf  was  meant,  mounted  a 
confpicuous  part  of  the  city,  and,  in 
fight  of  his  countrymen,  and  of  the  e- 
nemy,  after  having  uttered  a  folemn 
prayer,  ftabbed  himfelf  with  his  fword, 
and  then  after  fprinlding  the  battlements 
and  walls  with  his  blood,  threw  himfelf 
"down  among  the  middle  of  the  troops 
X)fthe  enemy,  Stat.  Theb.  10,  6ic, — 
790.  and  thus  facrificed  himfelf  for  his 
country,  {^largifus  ejl patriae  Jiium  J angui' 
nem)y  Cic.  Tufc.  i,  48.  Apollodorus 
tells  the  {lory  fomewhat  differently,  3, 
6,  7.  SoHyginus,  242. adj.  Me- 
noeceus ;  thus,  Menoeceo  luhrica  fan  - 
guine  ttirris,  flippery  or  wet  with  the 
blood  of  Menoeceus,  Stat.  Theb.  10,  846. 

M1.NOETES,  -ae^  one  of  the  compa- 
nions of  Aeneas,  the  pilot  of  the  fnip 
called  Centaurus,   Virg.  Aen.  5,  161. 

Menoetius,  the  fon  of  Ador,  and 
father  of  Patrcclus  ;  whence  Patroclus 
is  called  Menoetiades,  Ovid.  Ep.  3, 

23- 

Menocritus,  a  Greek,  the  freed- 

man  of  Lentulus    Splnther,   Cic.  Fam. 

1,9. 

Men  on,  the  name  of  a  book  writ- 
ten by  Plato,   Cic.  Tufc.  I,  24. 

Menophilus,  a  flave  of  Atticus, 
employed  by    Cicero  in    arranging  his 

library,  C/V.  Att.  4,  7. ^  2.  A  Jew 

j-idicukdby  Martial,  7,  81. 

MENTOR, 


MEN 


[ 


MENTOR,  -pm,  a  celebrate^  fciilp- 
tor  and  engraver,  Plin.  33,  12  f.  ^^. 
Rarae  fine  Meniore  mctifaei  there  is 
fcarcely  a  table  without  cups  or  bowls 
embofled  by  Mentor,  jfuvenaL  8,  104. 
Pccula  Mtntoris  manuy  fummo  artlficioy 
fada,  Q'c.  Veir.  4,  1 8.  Pocula  Jvlcn- 
tored  nobil'ttata  mann,  Martfal.  9,  60,  1 6 . 
Add.  IcL  3,  41.  Mentorei  hihoresy  the 
woiUsof  Mentor,  Id.  4,  39,  5.  join- 
ed with  thofe  of  Myro,  [Myi'onis  aries), 
ib.  2.  Lejh'ia  Mentor eo  'o'lna  lAhas  cpere, 
drink  Lefbian  wine  from  a  cup  embofled 

by   Mentor,  Propert.  I,  14,  2. ^  2. 

A  fon  of  Hercules,  Apollndov.    2,  7,  8. 

alfo  of  Euryftheus,  /:/.  2,  8,  t. ^j  3. 

The  companion  of  Ulyffes,  to  whom 
that  king,  at  his  departure  from  Ithaca 
to  the  Trojan  war,  committed  the  charge 

of  his  family,  Homer.  OdyfJ.  2,  225. 

^  4.  A  Pvhodian,  the  general  of  a  bo- 
dy of  Greeks  in  the  fervice  of  Nefta- 
nebus,  king  of  Egypt,  whom  he  bafe- 
ly  betrayed,  and  joined  the   Periians, 

(G.619.) 

Mera,   Vid.  Ma  ERA. 

MERCURIUS,  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  Maia,  the  daughter  of  Atlas  ; 
whence  he  is  called  Atlantiades, 
[Fid.  Atlas),  the  meffenger  of  Ju- 
piter and  of  the  other  gods  ;  the  god 
of  eloquence,  &c.  (Vid.  G.  379.) 
Mercuriales     viri,    men    cf    genius 

and  learning,  Ilor.  Od.  2,  17,  29. 

Mercuriales,  -iz/w,  the  members  of 
a  collo^^e  of  priefts  or  perfons  who 
took  care  of  the  temple  of  Mercury, 
Cic.  J^  Fr.  2,5.  which  was  early  dedi- 
cated at  Rome,  Lku  2,  21,  &  27.- 


I 


^j  2.  The  planet  Mercury,  the  neareft 
of  all  the  planets  to  the  fun,  Cic.  I\\D, 
2,  20. ;' P/in.  2,  8.  called  Cekr  Cyltenius, 
(i.  c.  Mercury,  born  on  mount  Cyllene), 
from  the  quicknefs  of  its  motion,  Lu- 
can.  I,  662.  faid  to  be  the  ruler  of  the 
waters  of  rivers,  and  hence  to  influence 
the  inundation  cf  the  Nile,  Lucariy  10, 
209,  ficc. 

Mericus,  a  Spaniard,  who  betray- 
ed the  ifiand  of  b'yracufe  to  the  Ro- 
mans, Liv.  25,  30.  and  therefore,  in  the 
triumph  of  Marceljus,  \\z  wore  a  crown 


3    ]  M  E  S 

of  gold,   and   was  prefented  vvitli  tlie 
freedom  of  the  city,  Zm  36,  2T. 

Mf-:Ri6N£S,  -ae^  the  charioteer  ^f 
Id5meneus  king  of  Crete,  and  from 
the  fame  country,  Onyid.  Met.  13,  359, 
among  the  biavell  of  the  Greeks, 
hence  faid  to  be  equal  to  Mars  in 
courage,  Homer.  II  2,  651.  defcri- 
beu  aR  black  with  Trojan  duft,  [utpote 
auilga),  Hor.  Od.  i,  6,  15.  Add.  iZ//^. 
15,26.^ 

Merope,  -esj  the  feventh  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas,  who  married  Sify- 
phus.  She  was  fuppofed  to  be  the 
lea  11  bright  of  the  Pleiades,  bocaufe  the 
only  one  of  her  family  that  married  a 
mortal,  all  the  reft  having  raa,rried 
deities,  O'vid.  Fajl.  4,  175. 

Merops,  'Opis,  the  hufband  of  Cly- 
mene  and  the  fuppofed  father  of  Pha- 
ethon,  O'-oid.    Tnjl.  3,  4,  30.   Met.  i. 

763. ^  2.  A  Trojan  Hain  by  Tur- 

nus,  Firg.  Aen.  9,  702. 

Merula,  a  firnamc  of  the  Corneliu 

L.  Cornelius  MERULA,  the  priell 
of  Jupiter,  (jlamen  dialis),  who,  upon 
the  expulfion  of  Cinna,  was  made  con- 
ful  in  his  place.  Pater c.  2,  20. ;  Jppian* 
B.  Civ.  I,  p.  390.  But  when  Cinna 
and  Marius  became  mailers  of  the  city, 
Merula  having  reugned  the  confulfliip 
fled  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  and  ha- 
ving invoked  curfes  on  the  head  of 
Cinna  and  on  his  party,  put  an  end  to 
his  days  by  cutting  his  veins  before  the 
altar,  fo  that  the  blood  flowed  on  the 
altar,  Paterc.  ib,  22.;  Appian,  th', p.  395. 

L.  Mescinius  Rufus,  the  quaeftor 
of  Cicefo,  Cic.  Fam.  5,  19,  &  20.  13, 
26,  &  28.    16,  4,  &  8.  Alt.  6,  3. 

MESSaLA,  a  firname  given  to  Va- 
lerius Corvinus,  from  his  having  con- 
quered Mefsana  in  Sicily,  the  letter  N 
being  gradually  changed  into  L,  Senec. 
de  Brev.  Fit.  c.  13.  Vvho  firft  brought  a 
clock  to  Rome  from  Catana,  a.  u.  490. 
Plin.  7,  60.  f.  ult.  whence  the  flouriiii- 
ing  family  of  the  Messalae,  which 
gave  bir^ih  to  feveral  eloquent  orators, 
Cic.  Brut.  70.  ad  Brut.  15. ;  Hor  at.  ArL 
p.  371.    Tihidl.  1,3. 

J\l  Valerius  MESSaLA  Corvinus, 


M  E  S  [2 

a  noble  Roman,  highly  extolled  by  Ci- 
cero when  a  young  man,  Ep.  ad  Br.  15. 
who  being  profcribed  by  Antony,  made 
his  efcape  to  Brutus  and  Caffius.  Af- 
ter their  death  he  furrendered  the  fleet 
v/hich  he  commanded,  upon  conditions, 
Afp'tan.  B.  C.  ^f  p.  'j^6.  Paterculus  fays 
that  he  was  preferved  by  the  interpo. 
fition  of  Auguilus,  2,  71.  Mefsala 
afterwards  faved  the  life  of  Auguttus, 
when  he  had  him  in  his  power,  ib.  In 
the  year  723,  in  which  the  battle  of 
Adium  was  fought,  Mefsala  was  made 
conful  with  Aug  nil  as  in  place  of  An- 
tony, who  had  been  depofed,  Dio,  50, 
10.  and  thus,  by  a  wonderful  turn  of 
fortune,  poiTelTed  the  poft  of  him  by 
whom  he  had  been  doomed  to  death, 
i&,  47,  1 1 .• ;  Jppian.  B.  C^ySiu  He 
afterwards  obtained  a  triumph  for  ha- 
ving fuppreffed  a  rtbellion  of  the  Aqtd- 
taniy  ib.  hence,  Gcniis  Aquitanae  celeher 
I\^lefsala  trimnphis,  Tibull.  2,  i,  31.  It 
was  upon  the  motion  of  Mefsala  in  the 
fenate  that  Auguilus  was  called  Fa- 
THtR  OF  HIS  COUNTRY,  which  title  he 
accepted  with  tears  of  joy,  though  be- 
fore, when  it  was  offered  him  by  the 
people,  he  had  declined  it.  Suet.  Aug. 
58.  Mefsala  is  mentioned  by  Horace 
as  a  perfon  of  the  highefl  nobility,  Sat. 
I,  6,  42.  and  as  one  of  his  friends,  ib. 
10,  85.  Horace  having  invited  him 
to  fupper,  ingenioufly  addrefies  an  ode 
to  the  calk  of  wine  which  he  intended 
to  open  on  the  occafion,  Od.  3,  21. 
He  reprefents  Mefsala  as  particularly 
ditlinguifhed  by  his  eloquence  and  ikill 
in  jurifprudence.  Art.  />.  37  r.  Add.  Sat. 
I,  10,  29.  Q^inclilian  fpeaks  in  the 
higheft  tcrm%,of  the  eloquence  of  Mef- 
sr.la,  and  feems  to  place  him  next  to 
Cicero  ;  At  Mefsala  niltdus  et  candidus, 
et  quodara  modo  prae  fe  ferens  in  dicendo 
nohllltatem  fuaniy  10,  i,  113.  Multum 
in  vita  dignitatis ,  multum  ad pojhros  gloriae 
tradiditj  Id.  12,  II,  28.  The  cuiiiac- 
teriific  of  his  manner  and  flyk  was  dig- 
nity. Id.  12,  10,  II.  Add.  Id.  I,  7,  23, 
&  34.  4,  I,  8.  9,  4,  38.  et  10,  5,  2. 
In  fome  refpeCis  he  is  faid  to  have  been 
even  fuperior  to  Cicero,  ( Cicerone  mitior 
Curvinus  ct  dulcior^  €t  in  verba  nia^is  ela* 


54    ]  MET 

boratus,)  Dial,  de  Oral.  c.  18.  He  is 
feveral  times  mentidned  by  Tacitus  as 
a  diftinguiftied  orator,  A7in.  11,  6,  & 
7.  13,  34.  But  Mefsala  is  extolled 
mod  of  all  by  TibuUus,  whofe  patron 
he  was,  i,  i,  53.  2,  1,  31.  4,  i,  i,  &c. 
Mefsala  was  the  firft  praefe6l  of  the 
city,  but  retained  that  office  only  for  a 
few  days,  Tac.  Ann.  6,  11.  Dio  there- 
fore takes  no  notice  of  him,  but  men- 
tions Agrippa  as  the  firft  praefe6l,  C4, 
6. 

MESSALiNA,  the  daughter  of 
Barbatus  Mefsala,  and  wife  of  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  infamous  for  her  lewd- 
nefs,  which  at  laft  brought  her  to  an 
untimely  end,  Tac.  Ann.  if,  2, — 58.  ; 
Suet.  CI.  26.  ;    Jwoenal.  6,  118.  et  10, 

335- 

Messapus,  an  Etrufcan  chief  who 
joir.r-d  Turnus,  remarkable  for  his  fl<:ill 
in  horfemanfhip,  hence  called  dotjutor 
equorum,  the  tamer  of  horfes  ;  faid  to 
have  been  the  offspring  of  Neptune, 
according  to  Servius,  becaufe  he  came 
into  Italy  by  fea,  Virg.  Acn.  7.  691. 
one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the  Itahans, 
ih.  8,  6. 

Metabus,  the  king  of  Privernum, 
and  father  of  Camilla,  Virg.  Aen.  II, 
540. 

Met  AN  IRA,  the  wife  of  Celeus,  and 
mother  of  Triptolemus,   Ovid.  Fajl.  4, 

539- 

METELLI,  a  confiderable  family 
o{  \Aitgens  Caecilia. 

X.  Caecilius  METELLUS,  twice 
conful, a.u.503,  and 507.  mafter of  horfe, 
and  dictator,  Fontifex  Maximus^  5cc.  In 
rei'c u^ng  the  Palladium,  or  image  of  Pal- 
las, from  the  temple  of  Vefta  while  in 
fiaines,  {^Servavit  trepidant  flagranti  ex 
aede  Minervamt  Juvenal.  3,  139.)  he 
loft  his  fight,  on  which  account  tiie  Ro- 
man people  granted  him  the  privilege 
of  being  carried  to  the  fenate-houfe, 
when  he  chofe  to  go  thither,  in  a  cha- 
riot, an  honour  which  had  never  been 
granted  to  any  one  btfore,  llin.  7,  43 
f.  45.  add.  Ovid.  FaJ}.  6,  437,  &c.  ; 
Fal.  Max.  I,  5.;  u-'-^'?'-.  Ccntrov.  4,  2. 
This  Metellus  is  faid  firft  (primus)  to 
have  brought  elephants  into  the  city  in 

his 


MET  I    2SS    1  MET 

his  triumpli  in  the  firll  Punic  war,  P//«.    tl  rown    from   the    Tarpeian   rock    by 


ill.  Bat  Pliny  fays  otherwife,  8,  6. 
that  this  v/as  firft  done  in  the  war 
againft  Pyrrhus,  (namely  by  Curius 
©entatus)  ;  and  that  Metelliis  brought 
thegreateft  number  {ph/rhnos)y  ib.  et  8, 
3.  And  therefore  the  reading  in  the 
former  pafiage  is  thought  to  be  wrong. 
^  Caecilius  METELLUS,  the 
grandfon  of  the  former,  Plin,  7,  44. 
praetor,  a.  u.  605,  v/ho  conquered 
Andrifcus,  called  alfo  Pjeudo-Ph'dippus^ 
(i.  e.  falfe  Philip,)  C'lc,  Rull  2,  33. 
who,  pretending  to  be  the  fon  of  Per- 
feus,  had  feized  on  Macedonia.  Me- 
tellus,  on  account  of  his  fuccefs,  got 
the  firname  of  Macedonicus,  Flor.  2, 
14.  ;  L'li:.  Epit.^^,  &  50. ;  Eutrop.  4, 
13.  This  Metellus  is  mentioned  by 
Pliny  as  an  inftmce  of  fingular  felicity. 
For  bcfides  his  great  honours,  and  the 


C.  Attinius  Labeo,  a  tribune,  becaufe 
Metellus,  when  cenfor,  had  expelled 
Labeo  from  the  fenate;  and  he  was  with 
difficulty  faved  by  the  interpofition  of 
another  tribune,  Plin.  7,  44.  His 
goods,  however,  were  confecrated  to 
fome  deity,  C'lc.  Dom.  47.  There  was 
a  mifunderflanding  betwixt  this  Metel- 
lus and  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger, 
but  without  bitternefs,  (ifnmicitiae  fim 
acerbhate^)  Cic.  Off.  i,  25.  ;  Plin.  ib. 

L.  Metellus  Cahus,  the  brother 
of  Macedonicus,  conful  a.  u.  61 1,  His 
evidence  againft  Q^Pompeius  was  not 
regarded,  Cic.  Font.  7. 

^  METELLUS,  the  fon  of  Cal- 
vus,  conful  with  M.  Silanus,  a.  u.  645, 
Cic.  Brut,  ^s-'y  Salhtft.  Jug.  43:  called 
NuMiDicus,  on  account  of  his  vidories 
over  Jugurtha,  Plutarch,  in  Mario,  a  man 


firname  of  Macedonicus,   he  was  carried  of  great  integrity  and   merit,   (nuUi  fe* 

to  the  funeral  pile  by  four  fons,    i.  i^  cundus  Jcculi  fui),   Paterc.   2,    11.  the 

Metellus,  ^\\x\-A.vc\zdi  Balear'icus,  from  only  fenator  who  would  not  fwear  to 

his  having  fubdued  the  iflands  called  fupport  the  laws  of  the  tribune  Apu- 

Bakares,  who  had  been  conful,  cenfor,  ^  ^  ' 

and  had  obtained  a  triumph ;  2.  M.  Me 


TELLUs,  who  had  been  conful,  and 
honoured  with  a  triumph  ;  3.  Z.  Me- 
tj:llu£,  firnamed  Dalmaticus,  from 
his  victory  over  the  Dalmatians,  who 
had  been  conful,  (and  according  to  Val. 
Maximus,  8,  5,  i.   alfo  cenfor),  called 

DiADEMATUS    Or    DiADUMENUS,    bc- 

caufe  he  ufed  to  bind  his  head  with 
fillets  or  rollers  in  order  to  cover  fome 
excrefcence  or  ulcer,  (P/iw.  7,  44.^/ 
34,  8).     But  Metellus  Dalmaticus  and 


leius  Saturninus,  and  therefore  obliged 
to  go  into  banifhment,  Plutarch,  in  Ma^ 
rio;  Paterc.  2,  15.;  Cic.  Cluent.  i^. 
Dom.  i\,  Sext.  16.  but  he  was  foon 
after  reftored  with  great  honour,  Pa- 
terc. et  Plutarch,  ibid.  ;  Cic.  ad  ^ir. 
pojl  red.  3.  in  Senat.  15,  &c.  by  a  law 
propofed  by  Q.  Cahdius,  Cic.  Plane.  28. 
After  his  return,  however,  Cicero  ob- 
ferves,  that  his  mind  was  rather  dejeft- 
ed,  (frado  animo  fuijfe),  Cic.  Fam.  i,  9. 
Such  was  the  opinion  of  his  ftrid  ho- 
nour,  that  at  a  trial  for  extortion,  to 


Diadematus  are  thought  by  fome  to  be     which  he  was  brought  by  his  enemies, 
different  perions,    (Vid.  Ernejit  Index     when  his  account-books  (tabulae)  were 


Flijloricus  Ciceron.)  ;  4-  C.  Metellis 
CaprariuSy  who  had.  been  praetor,  aad 
was  conful  the  year  after  his  father's 
death,  Plin.  7,  44.     Befides  thefe,  Me- 


handed  about  the  court,  as  ufual,  for  in- 

fpe(ition,  there  was  none  of  the  judges 

that  did  not  turn  away  his  eyes,  lell  he 

ould  feem  to  doubt  the   truth  of  the 


tellus  Macedonicus  left  two  daughters,  diuerent  articles  by  looking  at  them 
married  both  to  men  of  confular  dig-  --•  "  " 
nity,  Plutarch.  deFortitud.  Roman. p.  3 1 8. 
In  ihort,  the  number  of  thoie  who  fa- 
luted  him  by  the  appellation  of  father 
or  grandfather  (patris)  amounted  to 
twenty.feven,  Plin.  7,  13  f.  11.  But 
in  the  height  of  his  profperity  this 
Metellus   was    once  jult  about  to  be 


Cic.  Balb.  5.  Att.  I,  16.  So  fcrupu- 
loufly  obiervant  of  truth  he  was,  that 
he  would  not  aid  L.  Lucullus,  his 
filler's  hufband,  by  his  teftimony,  Cic, 
Verr.  4,  66.  This  great  man  was  a 
favourer  of  learning  and  learned  men, 

Cic.   Arch.  3.    Or.   3,    18 Cicero 

often  Ipcaks  of  Metejlus  Numidicus,  be- 
caufe 


MET  [2 

eaufe  he  tliought  his  fortune  in  feve- 
ral  refpe£ls  fimikr  to  his  own  ;  but 
their  conduft  was  very  different. 

^^  METELLUS',  the  fou  of  Nu- 
mlduiis,  called  Pius,  on  accoiict  of  bis 
dutiful  and  affectionate  behaviour  to  hi-3 
father  in  his  exile,  Ck,  Or.  2,  ^o.  ^air. 
pnji  reel.  3.  In  Senat.  15.  He  alvvayci 
ihewed  himfelf  grateful  to  Calidius  for 
having  efrtAed  his  father's  reiloration, 
Cic.  Plane.  28,  5c  29.  He  was  wound- 
ed by  C.  Cethegus,  the  affociate  of 
Catiline,  Cic.  Syll.  25.  He  was  among 
the  hrPc  that  joined  Sylla  upon  his  re- 
tnrn  to  Italy,  Plutarch,  in  Syll.  and  af- 
terwards carried  on  war  againft  Serto- 
rius,  Cic.  Balh.  2,  cv:  17.  ;  Plutarch,  in 
Sartor. 

i^  Metellus,  conful  with  Horten- 
fuis,  a.  u.  674,  Cic.  Act.  I.  in  V^rr.c). 
called  Creticus,  from  the  conquell  of 
the  ifland  Crete,  tic.  Flacc.  13.  Flor.  ^y 
7.  Paterc»2,  34.  After  his  return  from 
thence,  being  prevented  from  obtaining 
the  honour  of  a  triumph  by  the  detrac- 
tion of  his  enemies,  he  was  fent  into 
Pi'cenum  againft  the  accomplices  of 
Catiline's  confpiracy,  Sallujl.  Cut.  30. 

^  Metellus  Celer,  an  orator,  Cic. 
Brut.  §9. 

^  Metellus  Cekr,  the  eldeft  fon 
of  the  former,  praetor  when  Cicero 
was  conful,  Cic.  Cat.  r,  8.  f/  2,  3.  Sul, 
23.  after  which  he  obtained  the  pro- 
vince of  Gaul,  which  Cicero  had  de- 
clined, Cic.  Fa/n.  5.  I.  conful  with  L. 
Afranius,  Cic.  Pif.  4.  Alt.  i,  17.  He 
married  Clodia,  the  fiftcr  of  P.  Clodius, 
Cicero's  enemy,  Cic.  Coel.  r4.  by  whom 
he  was  thought  to  have  been  poifoncd, 
ib.  2A[. 

J^ METELLUS  Nspos,  the  young- 
er brother  of  the  former,  tribune  of  the 
people  the  year  after  Cicero  was  con- 
ful, who  prevented  Cicero  from  making 
a  fpeech  to  the  people  on  the  laft  day 
of  his  office,  and  only  permitted  him 
to  take  the  ufual  oath,  "  that  he  had 
done  his  duty  faithfully,"  Dio,  37,  38. 
But  he  afterwards  laid  afide  his  enmity 
againft  Cicero,  and,  when  conful  v/ith 
Leutulus  Spinther,  concuired  with  his 
coiieague  in  promoting  Cicero's  return 


5.5    ]  MET 

from   exile,  Cic.  in  Sen.  p.  red.  7. . 

Oratlp  Metellina,  an  oration  which 
Cicero  wrote  againft  Metellus  Nepos 
when  tribune,  Cic.  Att.  i,  lo.  ;  ^linc- 
t'il.  3,  g,  50. — Cacfar  was  praetor  when 
Metellus  was  made  tribune,  and  fup- 
ported  him  in  all  his  meafures,  which 
were  fo  violent,  that  the  fenate  decreed 
that  they  fhould  both  be  fufpended 
from  their  oiHce.  Buk  Caefar,  upon 
m.aking  his  fubmiflion,  was  reponed. 
Suet.  Caef.  16.  Metellus  made  his  e- 
fc^pe  to  Pompey,  who  was  married  to 
his  fiftcr,  (^vid.  Caesar,  p.  SS')'  ^' 
niong  the  orations  of  Caefar,  there  was 
one  infcribed,  pro  Metelloj  Suet.  Caef. 

/..  Metellus,  a  tribune,  who  at- 
tempted to  hinder  Caefar  from  taking 
out  of  the  treafury  the  money  which 
was  kept  in  the  temple  of  Saturn,  and 
was  referved  for  the  hift  exigencies  of 
the  ftate  ;  but  in  vain  :  for  Caefar  or- 
dered the  tribune  to  be  removed,  and 
the  door  to  be  opened  *by  force,  Cic. 
Alt.  10,  4.  ;  Plutarch.  Caef.  p.  725.  ; 
Flor.  4,  2.  ;  Appian.  B.  Civ.  2.  />.  453. ; 
TJiof  41,  17.  Pliny  mentions  the  fum,  t 
33,  3.  Lucan  defcribes  at  great  length  I 
all  trie  circumftances  of  this  adiion,  3, 
102, — 169.  But  Caefar  himfelf  no- 
tices it  very  flighcly,  B.  C.  i,  33. 

The  Metelli  v/ere  long  one  of  the 
chief  families  in  Rome,  Liican.  7,  583. 
Several  of  them  obtained  firnames  from 
the  countries  which  they  fubdued.  Two 
brothers  of  that  name  triumphed  in  one 
day,  Paterc.  2,  8.  and  iw  the  fpace  of 
about  twelve  years,  according  to  Pa- 
terculns,  there  were  more  than  twelve 
Metelli  either  confuls,  or  cenfors,  or 
honoured  with  a  triumph,  2,  1 1.  Hence 
Lucan  -  reprcfents  Pompey  deploring 
the  WTCtched  madnefs  of  Caefar,  \w 
wifliing  to  be  ranked  rather  with  the 
Cinnae  and  Marii^  the  oppreflors  of 
their  country,  than  with  the  Camilli 
and  Metelli,  {magnijque  Meiellis),  the 
prefervers  of  their  country,  2,  544. 
But  under  the  emperors  hardly  any  of 
this  family  are  mentioned.  Tacit,  et  Sue- 
ton.  Ut  apparent,  quemadmodum  urlium 
ir!:pcriQrumquei  it  a  gentium  (for  familia- 

rum^ 


M  E  T 

rum^   ^luiic  jlorere  fortunam-,    nunc  fcnef- 
cere,  nunc  Interire,   Paterc.  ibid. 

M»  Metilius,  a  tribune  of  the  ple- 
beians, IJv.  5,11. 

METON,  -onis,  an  Athenian  allro'- 
iiomer,  the  author  of  the  kinar  cycle 
or  golden  number,  as  it  is  called,  (C 
15.).  He  firil  difcovered  that  the 
nvoon  returns  to  the  fame  point  in  the 
I'odiac  from  which  Ihe  fet  out  with  the 
fun  in  nineteen  years  ;  whence  this 
Ipace  of  time  was  called  Annus  Me- 
TONis,  Aufon.  Ep'ijl.  2,  12.  But  the 
inoderns,  more  exad,  have  found,  that 
there  is  a  difference  of  i  hour  27  mi- 
nutes 32  feconds. ^  2.  A  debtor  of 

Cicero's,  Cic.  Att.  12,51.  who  being 
tardy  in  payment,  and  being  allowed  a 
year's  credit,  Cicero,  playing  upon  the 
name,  fays,  ^uando  ijis  Meton'is  annus 
veniet?  when  will  the  day  of  payment 
for  Meton  at  the  end  of  his  year  [annua 
{lies)  arrive?  where  he  feems  to  cxprefs 
an  apprehenfion  left  it  fliould  be  as  long 
as  the  year  or  cycle  of  Meton,  L  e.  nine- 
teen years,  iL  3. 

Metra,  a  favourite  of  king  Ario- 
barzanes,   Cic.  Fam.  15?  4. 

Me  TR  ODOR  us,  a  philofopher  of 
Scepfis,  [Sce^ius)y  remarkable  for  his 
memory,  PUn.  7,  24.  ;  Cic.  Orat.  2, 
88.  Tufc.  I,  24.  the  fcholar  of  Carnea- 
des,  Cic.  Or.  I,  II.  equally  /l^illed  in 
painting  as  in  philofophy,  and  there- 
fore fcnt  by  the  Athenians  to  L.  Pau- 
lus,  who  conquered  Perfeus,  at  the  re- 
queft  of  Paulus,  as  the  fitteft  perfon  to 
inftruA  his  children,  and  to  adorn  his 
triumph  with  pictures,  PUn.  35,  1 1. 

Metrodorus  of  Chios,  [Chius),  a 
fceptical  philofopher,  who  denied  the 
teftimony  of  the  fenfes,  and  the  cer- 
tainty of  all  knowledge,  {Nego,  inqult, 
Jcire  nos  Jciamufne  aliquid,  an  nihil  Jcia- 
musy  l^c),  Cic.  Acad.  4,  23. 

Metrodorus  of  Athens,  an  Epi- 
curean philofopher,  contemporary  with 
Epicurus,   Cic.  Fin.  2,  3.   Tufc.  2,  3. 

Mettius  Fiiffdiusy  didator  of  the 
Albans.      Vid.  Fuefetius. 

Mettius  Curtius.     Vid.  Curtius. 

M.  Mettius,  fent  as  an  ambafiador 
by  Caefar  to  Arioviftus,  Laef.  E.G.  1, 


r  257  1  MIL 

47.  and  found  fafe  after  Caefar's  battle 
with  Arioviftus,  ih.  54. 

Metuscilius,  an  adherent  of  Pom- 
pey,  {Pompeianus)y  Cic.  Att.  8,  12. 

Mfvius.     Fid.  Maevius.     ' 

MEZENTIUS,  the  king  of  Caere, 
[urbis  Agyltinae),  a  defpifer  of  the  gods, 
the  firft  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Italian 
princes  who  joined  Turnus  againft  Ae- 
neas, Virg.  Aen.  7,  648.  expelled  by 
his  fubjefts  on  account  of  his  horrid 
cruelty,  ih.  8,  478, — 493.  He  was 
{lain  by  Aeneas,  ih.  10,  907.-— But  Li- 
vy  and  Dionyfius  of  HalicarnaiTus  tell 
the  ftory  differently,   {^Vid.  G.  190.) 

Mezetulus,  a  Numidian,  who 
contended  with  Mafiniffa  for  the  em- 
pire of  Numidia  ;  and  being  defeated, 
fied  into  the  territory  of  Carthage,  Liv. 
29,  29,  &  30. 

MiciPSA,  the  fon  of  MafinifTa  king 
of  Numidia,  Sallujl.  Jug.  5,  S:c. 

Miction,  ik  Mictio,  a  chief  man 
at  Chalcis  [Chakidenjis]  in  Euboea,  a 
faithful  friend  of  the  Romans,  Li'v.  35, 
38,  &  46. 

MIDAS,  -acy  a  king  of  Phrygia, 
who  having  hofpitably  entertained  Si- 
lenus,  brought  him  back  to  Bacchus  ; 
on  which  account  he  obtained,  at  his 
requeil,  from  Bacchus,  that  every  thing;» 
he  touched  (liould  be  changed  into  gold. 
But  he  fotiin  repented  of  this  gift,  and 
therefore  it  was  withdrawn,  Ovid.  Met. 
90,-145.  {G.  383.).  The  ears  of 
this  king  are  faid  to  have  been  chan- 
ged by  Apollo  into  thofe  of  an  afs,  be- 
caufe  Midas  preferred  the  playing  of 
Pan  on  the  pipe  to  the  muCc  of  A- 
pollo  on  the  lyre  or  harp,  Ovid.  Mei, 
II,  153,  &c. 

MiLANiON,  'onisy  the  lover  of  Ata- 
lanta,  Propert.  i,  i,  9.  fuppofed  to  be 
the  fame  with  Hippomenes  or  Melea- 
ger,  Cvid.  Art.2y  188.    ((?.  433.) 

MILeTUS,  the  fon_of  Phoebus  by 
D clone  or  Dcjoncy  (^DFiorndes),  who, 
perceiving  that  Minos  fufpedted  him  of 
aiming  at  the  crown,  fled  from  Crete, 
and  built  a  city  in  Ionia,  called  Miletus 
after  his  name.  By  the  nymph  Cyanee, 
the  daughter  of  the  river  I^leander,  he 
was  the  father  of  Byblis  and  Caunns, 


MIL  [258 

OviJ*  ^et.  9,  442,  &c. — This  {lory  is 
told  differently  by  Apollodorus,  3,  i, 
2.  and  by  Antoninus  Liberalis,  Meta- 
ntorph.  c.  30. 

MILO,  'onisy  a  famous  atbleta  of 
Croron,  {^Crotoniata,  v.  -ates))  of  un- 
common ftrength,  (G.  i8u.) 5[  2. 

The  commander  of  Tarentum  under 
Pyrrhus,    (G.  234.) 

T.  Anii'ius  MILO,  the  friend  of  Ci- 
cero, and  the  opponent  of  P.  Clodius. 
While  Milo  was  candidate  for  the  con- 
fulfhip,  and  Clodius  for  the  praetor- 
ihip,  they  happened  to  meet  on  the 
Appian  way,  whence  a  fcuffle  took 
place,  in  which  Clodius  was  killed  by 
the  flaves  of  Milo,  and  by  his  order. 
Milo  at  his  trial  was  defended  by  Ci- 
cero, but  being  condemned,  went  to 
Marfeilles  into  banifhment,  C'tc.  Mil. 
€c  iht  Afcon. ;  Paterc,  2,  47.  He  after- 
wards engaged  in  the  civil  war  againft 

Caefar,  and  was  killed,  ib,  68. Ju- 

dicium  MiLONiANUM,  the  trial  of  Milo, 

^kaU.   2,   20,  8.~-^MlL0NIANA   Ci' 

ceronis  oratio,  the  fpeech  of  Cicero  in 
defence  of  Milo,  which  is  not  the  fame 
with  what  he  delivered,  but  was  after- 
wards improved.  When  Milo  read  the 
copy  of  it  fent  to  him  by  Cicero,  he 
is  reported  to  have  written  Cicero, 
^<  that  it  had  happened  luckily  ;  for  if 
Cicero  had  pronounced  that  fpeech  at 
his  trial,  he  (hould  not  then  be  eating 
fuch  large  mullet  tiflies  at  Marfeilles," 
i  e,  that  he  (hould  not  have  been  ba- 
nifhed.  The  letter  of  Milo  did  not 
imply  that  he  was  pleafed  with  his  fi- 
tuatlon,  but  was  meant  as  a  reflection 
agalnft  Cicero  for  not  having  defended 
him  properly,  DtOy  40,  54. 

MILTUDES,  -isy  a  celebrated 
Athenian  general,  who,  with  iD,ooo 
Greeks,  defeated  the  Perfian  army  of 
Darius  under  Datis  and  Artaphernes, 
confiftlng  of  above  i  CO, 000  men,  at 
Marathon,   (G.  347,  &  465.) 

MiMALLONES,  "J.  Ml  MALLON  IDBS, 

'Uniy  women  who  performed  the  facred 
rites  of  Bacchus,  bacchanals,  Stat,  Theb. 
4,  660.  ;  Ovid.  Art.  i,  54.  thought  to 
be  fo  called  from  Mimas,  a  mountain 
pf  Ionia,     Vid,  G.  Inde:^, 


]  M  I  N 

Mimas,  -antisf  a  giant,  of  great 
ftrength,  [validus),  Hor,  Od.  3,  4,  53. 
buried  under  the  ifland  Prochyte,  {Ap- 
paret  Prochyte Jaevum  fortita  Mimanla)^ 
SiU  12,  147. 

MiMNERMus,  a  native  of  Colophon 
or  Smyrna,  contemporary  with  Solon, 
who  wrote  love-poems  In  elegiac  verfe ; 
hence  Propertlus  fays  of  him,  Plus  in 
amore  valet  Mimrierini  verfus  Homero,  i , 
9,  II.  and  Horace,  Si  Mivmermus  tifi 
cenfety  fine  amore  jocifque  Nil  ejl  jucun- 
dum ;  nnifas  in  amyrcjoci/que,  Ep.  1,6, 
6^,  He  alfo  wrote  on  other  fubje^ts 
in  elegiac  verfe  ;  as  concerning  the 
battle  of  the  Smyrneans  againft  Gyges 
and  the  Lydians,  Paufan.  9,  29.  He 
is  faid  to  have  been  the  inventor  of 
that  kind  of  verfe,  Athcnae^  I.  13. 

M.  MiNDius,  the  brother  of  Mef- 
cenius  Rufus,  a  trader,  {^negotiator) , 
Cic.  Fam.  5,  20.  et  13,  26. 

Minerva,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter, 
the  goddefs  of  wifdom,  of  war,  and  of 
arms,  of  fpinning  and  weaving,  &c.^ 
{^Vid.  G.  361.  and  A.  275.) 

MiNOS,  ois,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  by 
Europa,  the  king  and  lawgiver  of 
Crete  ;  who,  after  his  death,  was  con- 
ilituted  judge  of  the  infernal  regions 
with  Rhadamanthus  and  Aeacus,  ( G. 
384.  &  340.),    Cic.  Tufi.  I,  5_,  &  4K 

et  2,  14.   Off.  I,  28. -r  Ml  NO  I A  reg~ 

na,  the  realms  of  Minos  or  kingdom  of 
Crete,  Firg.  Aen.  6,  14..  Mlnd.ae  arenae^ 
the  fliores  of  Crete,  Ovid,  in  Ibin,  5  ^  i- 
'Taurus  Mifious,  the  Minotaur,  Stat.  A- 
chill,  I,  192,  [G.  421.).  Mi  NO  IS, 
-^dist  a  daughter  of  Minos,  put  for  A- 
riadne,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  174. — Minoum, 
a  town  of  Crete,  built  by  Minos,  Plin, 
4,  12  f.  20. 

MiNOTAURUS,  a  monfter  produced 
by  Pafiphae,  the  wife  of  Minos,  ha- 
ving partly  the  fliape  of  a  man  and  of 
a  bull,  ( Spnibovemque  virutTii  femiviruni' 
que  bovemj,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  2,  24. 
(G.  421.),  put  joGofely  by  Cicero  for 
Calvifius  and  Taurus,  two  opponents 
of  Cornlficius,  to  whom  he  v/rites  ;  or, 
as  Cortius  thinks,  for  Antony,  Cic. 
Fam.  12,  25. 

Mi«V<^iA,  a  Veftal  virgin,    buried 

»li'*'e 


M    t    K  [2 

aKve  for  having   violated  her  vow  of 
virginity,  Liv.  8,  15. 

MINUCIA  (al.  Minutia)  gens,  a 
family  at  Rome,  P'err.  1,  45;.  from 
which  was  that  Minucius  who  paved  the 
way  called  after  his  name,  which  led 
to  Brundiifium,  by  a  diiferent  track 
from  the  Appian  way,  Hor, Ep.  r,  18, 

20. MiNuciA   porticusy    a   portico 

built  by  Minucius,  who  triumphed  o- 
ver  the  Scordlfci,    P^e/I.  2,  8. 

L.  Minucius,  a  conful,  who  being 
defeated  and  furrounded  by  the  Jequi-, 
was  liberated  by  L.  Quindius  Cincin- 
natus  the  diftator,  Liv.  3,  26, —  29. 

L,  MiNUCios,  fuperintcndant  of  pro- 
vifions,  (prdefeHus  anuonaej,  who  in- 
formed the  fenatc  cf  the  defigns  of  Sp* 
Maelius;  and  after  he  was  flain  by  Ser- 
vilius  Ahala,  divided  the  corn  purcha- 
fed  by  Maelius  among  the  people  at  an 
as  the  bufliei,  Liv,  4,  12, — 16. 

Minucius  Magius^  fent  by  Pompey 
to  Caefar  to  treat  about  peace,  Cic. 
Atu  9,  I  %. 

M,  MINUCIUS  Rufus^  mailer  of 
horfe  under  Fabius  Maximus  the  dic- 
tator, Lh).  22,  8.  who  having  obtain- 
ed an  inconsiderable  advantage  over  the 
enemy  in  the  dicflator's  ab fence,  and 
complaining  to  the  people  of  his  dila- 
tory conduct,  got  himfelf  made  equal 
in  command  with  Fabius,  and  divided 
the  army  with  him,  ib.  27.  Having 
raflily  engaged  with  Hannibal,  he  was 
in  danger  of  being  cut  off  with  his  ar- 
my, when  he  was  faved  by  Fabius. 
Whereupon  he  acknowledged  his  mif- 
take,  and  again  placed  himfelf  under 
the  command  of  his  preferver,  ib.  29, 
&  30.  He  was  flain  in  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  ib.  49. 

^  MINUCIUS  Rufns,  a  conful, 
who  being  refufed  a  triumph  for  his 
exploits  in  Gaul,  exhibited  the  form  of 
a  triumph  on  the  Alban  mount,  Liv.. 
II,  22,  &  23. 

^  Minucius  Thermusy  a  praetor, 
■who  obtained  a  triumph  for  his  exploits 
in  Spain,  Liv.  34,  10.  When  conful  he 
was  fent  againft  the  Ligurians,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  command  after  his  conful- 
(hip  was  expired,  ib.  35,  20.    But  upon 


^9    1  M  I  t 

his  return  he  was  refiifed  a  trium^tl> 
ib.  37,  46.  He  was  (Iain  in  a  battle 
againft  the  Thracians,  Id.  38,  41,  &c. 
MINYAS  -ai,  vel  nmyeus,  -«,  the 
fon  of  Orchomenos,  a  Theban^  whofe 
daughters,  (Minyeides,  v.  /Hinyeia^ 
desj  fingi  Minyeis,  v.  Minyetas,  Ovid.  4» 
I,  &  32.  Minyaa  prolesy  ib.  389.),  for 
defpifing  the  facred  rites  of  Bacchus, 
were  turned  into  bats,  (vefpertiliones  .• 
No8e  volant,  Jeroque  trahunt  a  vefpere 
norneri),  ib.  4X5. — Antoninus  Literalia 
mentions  three  daughters  of  Minyas, 
(Minyadc's),  Leucippa,  Alcippa,  and 
Alcathoe,  a  10.  Ovid  does  not  ex- 
pfefs  their  number,  but  feems  to  make 
them  more  than  three,  Met.  4,  32, 
168,  &c.  He  names  only  two  of  them, 
Alcithoe,  Aid.  4,  i,  274.  and  Leu* 
conoe,  ib.  168.  Thefe  authors  differ 
as  much  in  the  manner  of  telling  the 
(lory  as  in  the  names. 

MisAGENEs,  -is,  one  of  the  fons  of 
Mafiniffa,  fent  to  alTift  the  Romans, 
Liv.  42,  29,  &  62.  ef  45,  14. 

MisENus,  the  trumpeter  of  Ae- 
neas, called  the  fon  of  Aeolus,  (jieoli" 
des),  according  to  SerVius,  becaufe 
found  IS  produced  from  wind  j  as  fol- 
diers  are  called  the  fons  of  Mars,  Virg.. 
Actii  6,  1 64.  et  ibi  Serv.  He  is  faid  to 
have  been  drowned  by  Triton,  from 
jealoufy  of  his  (IdW,  near  the  promon- 
tory of  Campania,  which  afterwards 
was  named  from  him,  ib.  174. 

MITHRIDaTES,  -is,  king  of  Pon- 
tus,  who  carried  on  vt^ar  for  many- 
years  againft  the  Romans  ;  but  being 
vanquiflied  in  different  wars,  firft  by- 
Sulla,  next  by  Lucullus,  and  then  by 
Pompey  ;  finally,  being  deferted  by  his 
allies,  and  betrayed  by  his  own  fon 
Pharnaces,  he  attempted  to  put  an  end 
to  hh  life  by  poifon.  But  finding  that 
ineffectual,  on  account  of  his  being  io 
much  accuftomed  to  take  antidotes  a* 
gainft  poifon,  [Perfecit poto  Mithridatcf 
faepe  veneno.  Toxica  ne  pojfent  faeva  nocerc 
fibi,  Martial,  5)  77.)  he  with  difficul- 
ty prevailed  on  a  Gaul  to  difpatch  him. 
Hence,  Laffi  Pontica  regis  Praelia  bar- 
banco  vix  confurmnata  veiicno,'  Lucan. 
I7  33^- i  Add.  2,  580,  &c,  Male  ten - 
K  k   2  ttitum 


M  I  T 


[    260    3 


MOM 


ialum  veneno  fplr'ttum  ferro  expulit,  Flor. 

3,   5.   (G.    240.) MiTHRlDATICUM 

bellum,  the  war  againll  Mithi  idates,  Plin. 
2,  105.;  Marital.  6,  19?  5.  ;  put  for  the 
tUree  wars  carried  on  br'that  king  againfl: 
the  Romans;  iiril,  under  Sulla;  I'econd, 
under  Murena  ;  and  third,  under  Lu- 
cullus  and  Pompey,  jlppian,  Mithr. 
Bell.  ;  Flor.  J,  5.  Hence,  Pontict  ter 
inSi  imdicamma  regis,  the  antidotes  a- 
gainft  poifon,  faid  to  have  been  invent- 
ed by  Mithridates,  Juvenal.  6  ult. 
^uod  Mithridaies  coriipofuh,  ib.  14,  252. 
■One  of  thefe  ftill  retains  his  name,  ber 
ing  caiicd  Mithridaticum,  Plin.  25, 
2  f .  3.;  Celf.  5,  23.  ;  pio,  27,  35.; 
Gell.  17,  16.  Pompey  is  faid  to  have 
-found  among  the  papers  of  Mithi  ida- 
tes directions  for  compounding  it,  Plin. 

■23,    8   f.  77. MiTHRiDATiuM   an- 

tidctum,    Scribon.    194. Mithri- 

Datia,  -ae  ;  v.  -w«,  -i,  an  herb  dif- 
covered  by  Mithridates,   Plin.  25,  6  f . 

,j2y, -Mithridates  is  faid  to  have  un- 

derflood  twenty  two  languages,  the 
number  of  the  nations  fubje6t  to  him, 
^intld,  II,  2,  50.;  Plin.  7,  24.  et 
25,   2. 

Mna<^,!str  ATus,  a  refpeftable  farmer 
of  the  public  lands  in  the  ager  Lecnti- 
nus  of  Sicily,   Cic.  Verr.  3,  46. 

Mnemosy^nf.,  -fj-,  the  mother  of  the 
nine   mufes,   Cic.    N.   D.    3,    21.   (G. 

368.) 

Mnesarchus,  a  Scoic,  the  fcht;lar 
of  Panaetius,  who  thought  that  no  one 
could  be  an  orator,  without  being  a 
wife  man,  i.  e.  a  philolopher,   Cic.  Or. 

I,  II,  &  17.  ;   Fin.  2.   Acad.  4,  22. 
Mnesilochus,  a  chief  of  the  Acar- 

nanians,  who  attempted  to  bring  over 
his  country  to  join  with'  Antiochus  in 
a  war  againll  the    Romans,  Liv.   ^6j 

II,  &  12. 

Mnestheus,  (2  fyll.)  -fw,  ace.  -ea, 
\o.  -eu,  abl.  -eo-,  a  Trojan,  one  of  the 
companions,  of  Aeneas,  Firg.  Aen.  4, 
288.  et  5,  117,  &  493.  Sometimes 
for  the  fake  of  quantity  Menlstheus, 
ih.    10,    129.  5[  2*     A     king    of 

Athens,  [G.  424.) 

Modi u  J-:,  a  Pvoman  ^jr/irf ,  Cic.  Verr. 
n-4^- 


Mo  E  R  A  G  £  N  E  s ,  -/j,  a  native  of  Afia, 
(A/ianus,)  who  had  a  difpute  with  At- 
ticus  about  a  flave,  Cic.  Alt.  5,  \^.  et 
6,  I. 

MocRiE,  -zt//j,  a  king  of  Egypt, 
who  dug  an  immenfe  lake,  to  receive 
the  vv'aters  of  the  Nile,  (G.  666.)  call- 
ed  from  him,    Moeridis  lacusy   Plin.  5, 

9.^ «|  2.   The   name   of  a  fliepherd 

in  Virgil,  Eel.  8,  96.  accuf.  Moerim,  ib. 
98.  voc.  Moej-i,  ib.  9.  i. 

uipollonius  MOLO,  -onisy  a  teacher 
of  rhetoric  at  Rhodes,  whofe  le^lures 
•Cicero  attended,  both  there  and  at 
Rome,  Cic.  Or.  i,  17.  &  28.  Br.  90. 
Att.  Zy  I,  &c.  Molo  was  fent  to  Rome 
during  the  diclatorfliip  of  SiiUa,  to 
fulicit  the  payment  of  what  was  due  to 
his  country  for  their  fervices  in  the 
Mithridatic  war,  [legatus  adfenatum  de 
Rhadiorttm  praemiis  vensraty)  Cic.  Br. 
90.  and  is  faid  to  have  been  the  firll 
foreigner  that  wa§  allowed  to  fpeak  to 
the  fenate  without  an  interpreter,  Vah 
III  ax.  2,  2,  3. 

MoLORCHus,  a  fhepherd  who  en- 
tertained Hercules,  v^hen  he  came  to 
Oay  the  Ntniaean  lion,  Serv.  ad  Virg. 
G.  3,  19.  Apollodorus  calls  him  a 
day-labourer  at  Cleonae,  2,  4,  i> 
whence  he  is  called  Ckonaeiis  Molor- 
chus,  Stat.  Theb.  4,  1 60.  pauper,  Stat. 
Silv.  3,  I,  29.  parens y  ib.  4,  6,  51. 
phcidusy  Martial.  9,  44,  1 3.  AutfaBi 
modo  divitis  Mohrchiy  fc.  Penates  v.el 
dcmusy  the  houfe  of  Molorchus,  lately 
made  rich,  Martial.  4,  64,  30.  i.  e.  ha- 
ving a  chapel  enriched  with  valuable  prc- 
fents  built  to  him,  by  Domitian,  near 
the  temple  of  Hercules,  Id.  9,  65,  & 
]OA.  Molorchea  iecfuy  the  houle  or 
Mc'lorchus,   TihU.  4,  1,  1 3. 

Mom  us,  the  fon  of  A^ox  and  Somnus, 
Hefiod.  Theog.  214.  the  god  of  rail- 
lery, who  did  nothing  hii»felf  but 
cenfured  or  reproved  the  laihngs  of 
the  other  gods  ;  hence,  Laborasy  ut 
etiam  Llgurino  {j.q fj.'^  Jatisjacianiy  you  are 
anxious  that  I  Ihould  fatisfy  the  cen- 
forions  or  fatirical  Ligurinus,  \.  e.  give 
no  room  for  cenfure  to  thofe  who  are 
moil  apt  to  find  fault,  C'lc.  Alt.  5,  20. 

What 


M  O  N  C 

What  perfon  is  here  meant  by  Llgu- 
rlnus  is  uncertain. 

MoNAESEs,  -is,  a  renowned  general 
of  the  Parthians  ;who,  when  Phraates 
after  having  murdered  his  father  Orodes 
feized  the  crown,  fled  to  Antony.  But 
Antony,  not  placing  confidence  in  him, 
fent  him  back  with  propofals  of  peace, 
Jppian.  dt'   Bell    Parih.  -p.  157.;    Bio, 

49,  24.;  Plutarch,  in  Antonio-,  p.  9.^2. 
Monatfes  afterwards  feems  to  have  de- 
feated the  Romans,  Hot:  Od,  3,6,  9. 

MoNETA,  a  name  given  to  Juno, 
Ovid.  Fajl.  6,  103. ;  Cic,  N.  D.  3,  18. 
(^  monendoi)  becaiife  after  an  earth- 
quake, a  voice  is  faid  to  have  been  uttered 
from  her  temple,  warning  {monens)  the 
Romans  to  make  expiation  by  facrificing 
a  pregnant  fow,   [ut  fue plena procuratio 

fieret,)   Cic.  Div.    i,  45.  f/  2,  32. 

MoNETA  is  put  for  the  image  or  fuper- 
fcription  flampt  on  money  ;  becaufe 
money  ufed  to  be  coined  in  the  temple 
of  Moneta  ;  Et  centum  dominos  (i.  e. 
aureos  nummos)  novae  monetae,  fc.  do- 
ndjii,  newly  coined,   Martial.  4,  28,  5, 

50,  Binos  quater  a  nova  moneta.  Id.  12, 
SSi  ^'  Be  moneta  Caefaris  decern f.avos, 
(al.  Flavios,)  ten  gold  pieces  with  the 
image  of  Domitian  ilampt  on  them,  ii, 
66,  8.  ya?n  tempus  ejl  quae  dam  ex  nof- 
trd  moneta  ( ut  ita  dicavi )  proferri,  from 
my  own  mint,  i.  e.  of  m»y  own  inven- 
tion, not  borrowed  from  other  authors, 
Senec.  Benef.    3,   351.— ^v^^/  Philotimum 

fcripji  de  viatico,  Jive  a  Moneta,  ( fc.  ut 
pecuniam  Jihi pararet  in  •viaticum y)  &c. 
to  get  money  for  my  travelling  charges, 
either  from  the  mint,  (by  giving  bul- 
lion in  exchange,)  &.c.  Cic.  Att.  8,  7  f. 
Nee  qui  (fc.  poeta)  Communi  feri at  car- 
men triviale  moneta,  who  does  not  im- 
prefs  a  trivial  poem  with  the  common 
Itamp,  i.  e.  who  does  not  com.pofc 
mean  verfes  in  a  vulgar  llyle,  'Juvenal. 
7,  '^^. Moneta  is  put  alfo  for  mo- 
ney ;  thus, y/i/i;tz  moneta,  yellow  money, 
i,  e.  gold.  Martial.  14,  12.  Nigra 
moneta,  i.  e.  lead  or  brafs  money,  mixed 
with  lead,  Id.  i,  ico,  13,  &  1 5. 
F^i£taque  concedit  prijca  moneta  novae,  old 
money  yields  to  new,  i.  c.  brafs  is  in- 
ferior   to   geld,    Qvid.-FaJ,.  I,    22  2. 


261      I 


M  O  S 


—-Hence,  Mo n  e t a  l e  s  TriurUviri, 
three  men  who  had  the  charge  of  the 
mint,  Dio,  54,  26.  called  alfo  Mone- 
TARii,  Eutrop.  9,  14.  ' — The  temple 
of  Juno  Moneta  is  faid  to  have  been 
voAved  by  Camillus,  Ovid.  Faji.  i,  642. 
*■/  6,  184.  It  was  built  on  the  fpot 
where  the  houfe  of  Manlius  Capitolinus 
had  flood,  ib.  185. 

MoNODUs,  a  fon  of  Prufias,  king 
of  Bithynia,  who  inftead  of  teeth  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  mouth,  iiad  an 

entire  bone,  Plin.  7,  i6  f.  15. Val. 

Maximus  fays,  that  he  was  of  the  fame 
name  with  his  father,  t,  8,  ext.  12.; 
and,  according  to  Fellus,  he  was  called 
McvoJ^uf,  from  liis  having  one  bone  in 
place  of  teeth  ;  which  Pyrrhus,  king 
of  Epire,  alfo  had,  FeJlus.  In  both, 
however,  the  appearance  of  diilin<5l 
teeth  was  marked  by  a  kind  of  lines, 
ih.  et  Plutarch,  in  Pyrrho,  p.  384.  Juu 
Pollux.  2.  4. 

Mopsus,  an  augur  of  the  Arglves, 

Cic.  N.  D.2.  l-   Div,  I,   40. 5[  2. 

The  fon  of  Amphycus,  {^Amphycldes,) 
a  foothfayer  of  the  Lapithae,  who  flew 
the    centaur   Odites,    Ovid.    Met.    12, 

40. ^2-  The  name  of  a  rtiepherd^ 

Firg.E.S,26. 

MopsoPUs,an  Athenian,  (G. 41 8.) 
from  whom  Athens  was  called  Mop- 
SOFIA  urls,  Ovid.  Ep.  8,  72.  Mop- 
sopius  juvenis,  Tri-ptolQinus,  an  Athe- 
nian young  man,  born  at  Eleufis,  a 
borough  of  Attica,  Ovid.  Met.  5,  661, 

MORPHEUS,  (zfyll.)  .^w,  ace. 
-ea,  the  fon  of  the  god  Somnus,  who 
could  counterfeit  any  fhape  ;  whence 
his  name,  Ovid.  Met.  i  » ,  635. 

Moschus,  a  Greek  poet,  in  the 
age   of  Ptolemy    Philadelphus,  whofe 

eclogues   are   iiiii  extant. ^  2.  A 

rhetorician  of  Pergamus,  as  it  is  faid, 
accufed  of  forcery,  and  defended  by 
Torquatus,  Hor.  Ep.  i ,  5,  9. 

MOSES,  -is,  V.  -ae,  the  lawgiver 
of  the  Jews  ;  (  Tradidit  arcano  quodcuM- 
que  'volumine  Mofes,)  Juvenal.  14,  102.- 
Tacitus  gives  a  long  account  of  Mofes' 
and  the  inftitutions  of  the  Jews,  Hi^, 
j;,  2 — 9.  Pliny  mentions  Mofes  aj;" 
the.  inventor    of  a  certain  fpecies  of 

m^ic, 


M  O  S  [    i52    ]  M  tf  M 

{EJl   €l   alia    magtces  faclio   a    cius,  after  his  praetorHiip,  obtained  the 

province  of  Afia,  which  he  ruled  with 


fnsi^ic,  ^is/r  €1  ana  magtces  jactto  a 
M'ofe ;  )  and  fuppofes  him  to  have 
flouriflied  many  thoufand  years  after 
Zoroafter,  Plin.  30,  i  f.  2.  juliin  alfo 
afcribes  the  knowledge  of  magic  to 
Mofes»  which,  with  much  other  learn- 
ing, he  fays  he  inherited  from  his  father 
J'ofeph  ;  and  gives  a  ft  range  account 
of  the  caufe  and  manner  of  his  depar- 
ture from  Egypt,   36,  2. 

MUCIA,  the  filler  of  Metellus 
Celer,  the  wife  of  Cn.  Pompeius,  C'lc. 
j^am.  5,  2.  whom  Pompey  divorced, 
Cic.  /^tt.  r,  12.  from  a  fufpicion  of  her 
having  had  an  intrigue  with  Julius 
Caefar,  while  he  was  abfent  \\\  the  Mi- 
thridatic  War,  Plutarch.  Fsmp.  p.  64 1, 
Suet.  Caef.  50. 

C.  MUCIUS,  a  brave  young  noble- 
man, who,  when  Rome  was  bcfiOged 
by  Porfcna,  having  got  admiflion  into 
the  Tufcan  camp,  attempted  to  kill 
that  king.  From  the  lofs  of  his  right 
hand  he  got  the  firname  of  Sgaevola. 
IJv.  2,  17.  [G.  209.) — MuciA  prata, 
the  Mucian  meadows,  lands  given  to 
Mucius,  as  a  reward  fof  his  bravery,  ib. 

P.  MUCIUS  Scmv'Aay  conful  with 
I*.  CalpurhiOs,  a.  u.  620,  remarkable 
for  his  knowledge  of  jurifprudence  ; 
•v.»ho,  as  Pomponius  fays,  firil  founded 
the  civil  law,  Pompon,  de  Orig.  jfur. 
and  firft  introduced  that  fcience  into 
the  family  of  the  Much.  Several  il- 
luftrious  Itiwyers  of  this  name  are  men- 
tioned by  Cicero. 

^  Mucius,  conful  a.  u.  636,  the 
fon-in  law  of  Laelius,  to  whom,  when 
an  old  man,  Cicero  was  brought  by  his 
father,  and  ever  afterwards  conftantly 
attended  him  while  Mucius  lived,  [nun- 
qnam  ab  ejus  latere  clifcejfit)^  Cic.  Amic. 
i.  This  Mucius  was  greatly  advanced 
in  years,  and  infirm  in  the  Marfic  war  ; 
yet  notwithftanding  his  age,  every  day, 
as  foon  as  it  was  light,  he  was  ready  to 
give  counfel  to  fuch  as  afeed  it,  [ab  its 
canveniri poterat),  and  was  the  firft  in 
the  fenate-houfe,   Cic.  Phil.  8,  10. 

^  MUCIUS,  P.  F.  (i.  e.  Pullii 
£Isus)j  to  whom  Cicero  acknowledges 
hiinfelf  much  indebted  for  his  know- 
led  j^e  in  the  civil  law,  Cic,  Br.  89.  Mu- 


great  juftice,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  10.  only  how- 
ever for  nine  months,  Cic.  Att.  5,17.  He 
was  fo  beloved  by  the  people  of  the 
province,  that  they  inftituted  a  feftival 
day  in  honour  of  him,  called  Mucia, 
-or urn,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  21.  ;  and  his  name 
came  to  be  ufed  for  a  juil  praetor  or 
governor  of  a  province,  Cic.  Caecil.  i  7, 
He  hov^'ever  incurred  the  enmity  of  the 
farmers  of  the  revenue,  becaufe  he  had 
checked  their  extortion,  Cic.  Plane.  13. 
Fdm.  1 ,  9.  When  conful  with  L.  Craf- 
fus,  a.  u.  ()^'?^.,  he  got  pafled  the  law 
called  Mucia  Liciniay  concerning  the 
rights  of  citi'/enfhip,  [de  civitate),  Cic. 
Or.  2,  64.  Off.  3,11.  which  is  faid  to 
have  given  caufe  to  the  Italic  war,  ib. 
[Fid.  CrassuS,/*.  145.)  This  Scae- 
vola  was  Pontifex  Maximus,  and  is  great- 
ly e:Ltolled  for  his  moderation  and  vir- 
tue, Cic,  Off.  2,  16.  et  3,  15.  Tempe- 
raniiae  prudentiaeque  fpecimen,  Cic.  N.  D. 
3,  32.  Divini  humanique  juris  auSor  ce- 
lebcrrimfis,  Paterc.  2>  26.  Omnium  mo- 
ikratijfwmsy  Cic.  Off.  2,  16.  Jurifperi- 
torum  eloquentiffimus,  et  eloquentium  juris 
perlt'fflmus,  Cic.  Or.  I,  3.  He  was 
wounded  by  C.  Fimbria  at  the  funeral 
of  Marius,  Cic.  S.  Rofc.  1 2.  and  was 
maffacred  before  the  image  of  Vefta,  in 
the  temple  of  that  goddefs,  by  the 
praetor  Damafippus,  as  a  favourer  of 
Sulla,   Paterc.  2,  26. 

M u  L  c  i  B  E  R ,  -beris,  v.  -3nV,  (  rar.  -be^ 
ri),  a  name  of  Vulcan,  [a  mulcendo  ; 
quod  ignis  omnia  mulceat,  i.e.  molliat,  vin" 
cat,  ac  domet,  Fcftus):  Cic.  Tufc.  2,  4.; 
Ovid.  Art.  Am.   2,  562.    Met.    2,5.  e\ 

L.  MUMMIUS,  conful,  a.  607, 
who  deitroyed  Corinth,  and  conquer- 
ed Achaia  ;  whence  he  got  the  firname 
of  AcHAlCUS,  Cic.  Verr.  I,  2I.  He 
brought  from  Corinth  to  Rome  an  in- 
credible num.ber  of  vafes,  ftatues,  and 
piAures,  made  by  the  beft  mafters,  Plin* 
34,  7.  and  fo  ignorant  was  he  ot  their 
real  value,  that  he  ordered  thofe  who 
undertook  to  tranfport  them  to  be  told, 
that  if  they  deilroyed  any  of  them,  they 
mull  make   new   ones  in   their  place, 

Paterc. 


MUM 


[..  263    ] 


M  U  S 


Paterc.  1,13.  Upon  his  return  to  Ita- 
ly he  entered  the  city  in  a  fplendid  tri- 
umph, Ftrg.  Aen.  6,  836.  and  though 
be  brought  great  riches  into,  the  public 
treafury,  he  did  not  in  the  leaft  enrich 
himfell:,  Cic.  Of.  2,  22.  He  was  cen- 
for  witli  Scipio  Africanus  the  young- 
er, a.  u.  611,  Clc.  Brul.  22. 

Sp.  MuMMius,  the  brother  of  the 
former,  and  his  lieutenant  in  the  war 
againll  Corinth,  Cic.  Att.  13,  5,  5c  7. 
Both  brothers  are  ranked  by  Cicero  a- 
niong  ancient  orators.  Spurius  was 
attached  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Stoics, 
Ck,  Br.  25.  It  was  faid  of  him,  "  that 
he  was  a  man  for  any  time,"  i  e.  always 
plcafant  and  poh'te,  ( P.  Muimnlum  ciA- 
•vis  tenipori  homimm  ^)>  Cic.  Or.  2,  67. 
L.  MUMMIUS  ^adralus,  tribune 
of  the  people  with  Clodius,  who  made 
a  reference  to' the  fenatc  about  the  fafe- 
ty  of  Cicero,  Cic  Sext,  i  r.  He  con- 
fecrated  the  effefts  of  Clodius  to  Ceres, 
as  Clodius  had  confecrated  thofe  of  Ci- 
cero, Cic.  Doin.  48,  But  this  friend 
of  Cicerp  is  commonly  called  NINNI- 
US. 

'T.  MuNATius,  an  affoclate  of  Cati- 
line, Cic.  Cat.  2,  2,  His  full  name  was 
T.  Munatius  Plancus  Burfa,  Cic.  Fam. 
7,  2,  et  9,  10.  et  10,  12.  He  was  tri- 
bune  in  the  third  confulate  of  Pompey, 
and  a  great  opponent  of  Cicero  and  Mi- 
lo.  After  he  laid  down  his  office  he 
was  accufed  by  Cicero  of  violence,  and 
condemned,  Cic.  Fmtu  7,  2.  ;  DiOi  40, 
55.  He  v/as  brother  to  Plancus  the 
orator,   Afcon.  in  Cic.  MiL  argument. 

L,  Statins  MURCUS,  a  proconful 
in  Afia,  after  the  death  of  Caefar,  who 
refigned  his  command  to  Cailius,  Cic, 
Fam.  12,  I  r.  by  the  appointment  ot 
the  fenate,  Cic.  Phil,  ii,  12.  Caffius 
gave  him  the  command  of  the  fleet, 
JDioy  47,  28.  p,  343.  After  the  defeat 
of  Brutus  and  Caffius,  he  joined  Sex. 
Pompey,  who,  upon  a  falfc  accufation, 
bafely  put  him  to  death,  Paterc.  2, 
77.;  £>/<?,  48,  19. 

L.  Licinius  MURENA,  praetor,  a, 
u.  667.  one  of  the  lieutenants  of  8uHa 
in  the  war  againil  Mithridates,  whom 
cuUa  left  to  cqmrat'^nd  the  Romnq  a,r- 


V[\y  in  Afia,  with  the  authority  of  pro- 
praetor, when,  after  having  made  peace 
with  that  king,  Sulla  returned  to  Italy 
againft  the  party  of  Marius,  Plutarch. 
in  Sylla.  Murena  finding  a  pretext  for 
renewing  the  war,  invaded  and  plunder- 
ed the  territories  of  Mithridates  ;  but 
that  king  having  colled^ed  his  forces, 
forced  Murena  to  retreat  into  Phrygia. 
Sulla,  difpleafed  with  the  condud  of 
Murena,  recalled  him,  Appian.  BelL 
Mithr.  /).  215.  It  appears,  however, 
that  Murena  obtained  a  triumph,  C/r. 
M anil.  7^.%  Muren.'].  He  is  fuppofed 
to  have  been  flain  in  fome  civil  com- 
motion after  his  return  from  Afia,  Cic^ 
Brut.  90. 

L.  MURENA,  the  fon  of  the  for- 
mer, lieutenant  of  L.  LucuUus  in  the 
war  againft  Mithridates,  Cic.  Mur.  9. 
Being  created  conful  with  D.  Silanus, 
he  was  accufed  of  bribery  by  Serv. 
Sulpicius,  his  competitor,  and  by  Ca- 
to.  He  was  defended  by  Cicero,  then 
conful,  and  acquitted,  Cic.  Mur,  i, 
&c.   Dio,^-],  30,  &  39. 

MURRaNUS,  a  Latin,  defcended 
from  the  ancient  kings  of  Xjatiumj 
flain  by  Aeneas,  Firg.  Aen.  12,529. 
Servius  on  this  paffage  fays,  that  Mur- 
ranus  was  an  ancient  king  of  the  La- 
tines,  from  whom  his  fucceflbrs  were 
called  MuRRAxi, 

MUSAE,  the  Mufes,  virgin-god- 
defles,  who  were  fuppofed  to  prelide 
over  the  liberal  arts,  faid  to  be  the 
daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemofyne; 
nine  in  number.  Calliope,  Clio,  Erato, 
Thalia,  l\'klpomc"ne,  Terpjichore,  Ew 
terpe,  Polyhymnia,  and  Urania,  [G, 
368.)  They  are  called  Heliconmdes, 
Parnajsldes,  Aomdes,  Pier^idcs,  Pegas^' 
des,  Aganippldes,  Thefpiades,  Lehethri" 
des,  Cajialides,  Sec.  from  places  confe- 
crated to  them. Mufae,  pratjtntia 

numina  vatum,  O  Mufes,  the  propi- 
tious deities  of  poets,  Ovid.  -let.  i^, 
622.  ^i  Mufai  amat  impares,  the 
odd-numbered  Mufes,  whofe  nuniber 
is  unequal,  i.  e.  nine,  Hor.  Qd.  3,  19, 
13.  Sice  I  ides  Mufae,  Sicilian  Mufes, 
i.  e.  Mufes  who  prefide  over  paftoral 
poetry,  in  which  Theocritus,    a  Sici^ 

lian. 


M  U  S  [2 

lian,  excelled,  Virg,  E,  4,  l.  Dulcet 
Mufae,   1(1.  G.  2,  475.      Primus  ego  in 

patriam  me  cum Aonlo    red'iens    dedw 

cam  vert'ice  Mufas^  I  returning  into  my 
native  country  will  bring  with  me  the 
Mufes  from  the  Aonian  or  Boeotian 
mountain,  /.  e.  from  Helicon,  /.  e.  I 
fliall  be  the  firfl  Manti-:an  poet,  Id, 
G,  3 ,  II.  Miijarum  deluhra  colere, 
to  reverence  the  temples  of  the  Mu- 
fes, I.  e.  to  refpedi  learning  and  the 
liberal  arts,  C'lu  Arch.  11.  A  Mufa- 
rum  hcnore  ahhorrere,  to  be  averie  from 
polite  learning,  or  the  ftudies  of  huma- 
nity, ib.  So  averfus  a  Mujis,  averfe 
from  poetry,  ib.  9.  Cum  Miifis,  id  eji 
cum  hvmanitate  et  cum  doclrlna  commerci- 
um  habere s  Cic.  Tufc.  5,  23.  In  pro- 
verb lum  Grnecorum  celehratum  5/?,  Indoc- 
tos  a  Mufis  et  Gratns  aheffe^  it  has  be- 
come a  proverb  among  the  Greeks, 
that  the  illiterate  have  no  commerce 
•with  the  Mufes  and  Graces,  ^rndil. 
I,  10,  21.  Forenjes  caujas  agrejiior'thus 
miifis  reliqtin'unti  fc.  ph'ilofophly  they  left 
the  pleading  of  caufes  in  the  forum  to 
the  ruilic  Mufes,  i.  e.  to  rough,  unpo- 
liihed  men,  not  cultivated  by  polite 
learning  and  the  li1)eral  arts,  C'lc.  Or. 
3.  So  Ah  oral  ion }  bus  disjungo  me  fere^ 
referoquc  ad  manfueiiorcs  mufas,  I  with- 
draw myfelf  from  the  contentions  of 
the  bar,  and  apply  myfelf  to  the  gent- 
ler mufes,  i.  e.  to  the  ftudy  of  philofo- 
phy  and  the  liberal  fciences,  Cic.  Fam. 
I,  9,  67.  Tu  iViuJis  tiojlris  para  nt 
operas  reddas^  prepare  to  reltore  your 
fervices  or  aiTiftance  to  my  Mufes,  /. 
e.  to  me  in  my  ftudies,  Cic.  Fam.  16, 
10.  Cum  omnibus  (al.  folis)  Mujis  ra- 
iionem  habere  cogito,  to  have  commerce 
with  none  but  the  Mufes,  i.  e.  to  ap- 
ply to  ail  kinds  of  polite  learning,  or 
to  mind  nothing  elfe  but  literary  pur- 
fuits,  Cic.  An.  2,  5.  Cum  MuJis  nos 
delcclabimusy  1  will  amufe  myfelf  with 
fludy,  ib,  4.  Mufarum  dona^  i.  e.  ver- 
fes  or  poetry,  Hor.  Ep.  2,  i,  243. 
Saeerdosy  pvieil  of  the  Mufes,  ;.  e.  a 
poet,  Hor.  Od.  3,  1,3.;  P^irg.  G.  2, 
476.;  Ovid.  Am.  3,  8,  23. ;  Propert.  3, 
1 ,  3. ;  T'lbuU.  2 ,  5 ,  I .  Mtifis  amicus,  a 
fri-^nd  to  the  Mufes,  i.  e.  fond  of  poe-r 


64    3  M  u  s 

"try,  and  having  a  genius  for  it,  Hor. 
Od.  I,  26,  I.  So  Vtrg.  Aen.  9,  774, 
Necjludio  c'ltharae,  nee  Mufae  dcditns  ul"' 
liy  nor  acquainted  with  any  kind  of 
mufic,  Horat.  Sat.  2,  3,  105.  Dignum 
laude  virum  Mufa  vciat  mori,  Mufa  cae- 
lo  beati  i.  e.  poetry  renders  a  truly  great 
man  immortal,  it  bkffes  him  with  hea-' 
ven,  i.  e.  it  makes  him  be  ranked  amon_g; 
the  gods,  Hor.  Od.  4,  8,  2B.  MuJis  ac- 
cspta  domusy  acceptable  or  agreeable  to- 
the  Mufes,  /.  e.  the  houfe  of  a  poet, 
Ovid.  Tr.  2,  121.  Sacra  Mufarum  co- 
le, i.  e.  cultivate  the  ftudy  of  poetry, 
Ovid.  Pont.  4,  2,  49.  Mufa  nee  in  plau- 
fus  ambiticfa  mea  £/?,  I  am  not  fond  of 
the  applaufes  of  the  theatre,  Id.  Trl/i. 
5,  7,  28.  Ille  ego  jud'iciis  unica  Mufa 
(i.  e.  folus  poeticae  artis perttus)  tuls,  I 
am  the  only  good  poet,  the  only  perfon 
flcillcd  in  poetry,  in  your  judgment,  Id. 
Pont.  4,  3,  16.  Paflorum  mufam, —  di- 
cemusy  we  (hall  relate  the  fong  or  poem, 
Virg.  E.  8,  I.  Agrejlew  tenui  mediln- 
bor  arundine  mufam,  I  will  warble  or 
play  a  rural  fong  or  tune  with  a  flen- 
der  rccd,  Firg.  E.  6yS.  So  Sihejlrem 
tenul  mufam  meditaris  avend,  you  play  a 
filvan  or  palloral  fong  or  poem  with  a 
fmall  oaten  pipe,  ib.  i,  2.  Craffiore, 
ut  vocanty  mufdy  in  a  plainer  manner,  by 
a  more  familiar  example,  ^inctlL  i, 
10,  28.  Genialis  Mufa,  i.  e.  poetry 
miniliring  to  pleafure,  love-poems,  0- 
vid.  Amor.  3,  15,  19.  Hofpitay  the 
mufc  in  a  foreign  country,  i,  e.  Ovid 
in  exile,  Ovid.  Triji.  4,  i,  88.  So  in- 
felixy  Id.  Pont.  1,5,  69.  Mufa  jocofa 
mihi,  my  poems  are  full  of  mirth  or 
pleafantry.  Id.  Tr.  2,  354.  et  3,  2,  6. 
Mufaque  Turanr.i  tragicis  innixa  cothur- 
nisy  the  mufe  of  Turannius  is  fupport- 
ed  on  tragic  buikins,  i.  e.  he  writes  tra- 
gedies in  a  lofty  ftyle  :  Et  tua  cum  foe- 
CO  mufay  Mel'ijfey  levis,  your  mufe,  as  well 
as  your  flipper,  is  light,  i.e.  you  write 
comedies  in  an  eafy  ftyle,  Ovid.  Pont. 
4,  16,  29.  Claro  mea  nomine  mufay  my 
poems  were  in  great  repute,  ib.  45. 
So  In  nojira  mufdy  in  my  poems,  Id. 
Tr.  2,  313.  Et  nova  jud'uio  fuhdita  mu- 
fa tuo  ejly  my  new  poems,  /,'/.  Pont.  2, 
4,  14.     Nee  'ncva  praeteritam   mufa  re- 

Ui<it 


M  U  S  t    26^    ]  M  Y  R 

Mufe  un-  alfo  ere£lcd  to  him  by  public  contribu- 
tion, [aere  coI/alo)y  nigh  to  the  image 
of  Aei'culapius,  SueL  59. 

MUSAEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  more 


iexU  opus,  nor  does  a  new- 
weave  the-  former  work,  i.  e.  nor  do  I 
here  contradift  what  I  faid  in  my  books 
De  arte  amandi,  Id.  Rem,  12.  Mu- 
fa  pedeflns^  humble  poetry,  verfe  little 
differing  from  profe,  except  in  being 
meafurtd  by  feet,  Hor.  Sat.  2,  i,  37. 
Imhellis  lyrde  potens  Mufa,  the  Mufe 
that  prefides  over  the  peaceful  lyre.  Id. 
Od  r,  6,  10.  procaxt  forv/ard,  petu- 
lant, lb.  2,  I,  J'],  pervicax,  prefunip- 
tuous,  lb.  3,  3,  70,  ''Vhifa  lyraejolcrs, 
{kilful  in  playing  on  the  lyre,  the  lyric 
Mufe,  Hor.  Art.  P.  407.  Mufa  prater- 
va  mea  eji,  my  poems  are  petulant  or 
wanton,  Ovid.  R.em.  362.  Agr'icolae  Mu- 
fa fcn'iss  the  poems  of  Hefiod,  Id. 
Pont.  4,  14,  12.  Sed  Mufa  ilia  rujlica 
et  pajhralis  fc.  Theocriti,  his  rural  and 
pafloral  Mufe  or  poems,  ^inBil.  lo, 
I,  55.  Teta  Mufa,  the  poems  of  A- 
iiacreon,  born  in  Teos,  Ovid.  Rem.  A^n. 
762.  Nee  venit  ad  duros  Mufa  vocata 
Getas,  the  Mufe  does  not  come  at  my 
requeil  to  infpire  me  in  the  rough  coun- 
try of  the  Getac,  Id.  Pont.  1,5,  12. 
07nnefuit  Mufae  carmen  inerme  meae,  all 
my  poems  were  free  from  fatire  or  in- 
ventive. Id.  in  Ihin,  2. Cura  opera- 

ta  Mufts,  attention  paid  to  poetry,  Id, 
Art.  3,  411.  Cur  modo  damnatas  repcto 
mea  crimina  Mufas  ?  Why  do  1  refurae 
my  poem=?  lately  condemned,  which 
furnifhed  ground  of  accufation  againft 
me  ?  Id.  Tr,  2,3.  So  Et  quod  eram 
Mufas  vt  crimina  nqjlra  per  of  us,  Id.  Tr. 
I,  6,  21.  Ad  Mufas  revert!,  to  the 
writing  of  verfes,  or  poems,  ib.  3,  7, 
9.  Alu/is  comitatus,  accompanied  by  the 
Mufes,  Id,  Amor.  2,  279.  So  Mifa- 
rum  comes,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  775. 


ancient  than  Homer,  Firg.  Aen.  6,  667. 
There  is  a  poem  extant  concerning  the 
loves  of  Hero  and  Leander,  which  is 
afcribed  to  Mufaeus  ;  but  its  author  li- 
ved much  later. 

Muse  A,  fuppofed  to  be  a  freed-man 
of  Atticus,  Cic.  Att.6.  I. 

Mu STELA,  one  of  the  affaflins  em- 
ployed by  Antony,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  4, 
&4r.  5,  6.  et  13,  2.  Att.  12,  5,  a 
44. 

C,  MusTius,  a  Roman  ^j-M^j,  Cic. 
Verr.  1,51. 

My  CON,  -dnis,  the  name  of  a  fliep- 
hcrd,    Firg.  E.  3,   10.  et  '],  30. 

Mygdon,  -onis,  the  father  of  Co* 
roebus,  who  is  thence  called  Mygdo- 
NIDES,    Firg.  Aen.  2,  ^<{2. 

Myrmecides,  -ae,  v.  -is,  a  native  of 
Miletus,  (  lilefius),  remarkable  for  ma- 
king minute  images  of  marble  or  ivo- 
ry, for  inftance  a  carriage,  fo  fmall, 
that  it  was  covered  by  the  wings  of  a 
iiy,  together  with  its  driver,  Aelian. 
Far.  Hifl.  I,  17.  ;  Plin.  36,  5,  f.  to 
vidiich  Cicero  alludes,  ( Ut  etiam  inter 
deos,  Myrmecides  aliquis,  minutorum  opuf- 
culoriim  fabricator,  fuiffe  liideatur^,  A- 
cad.  4,  38. 

Myro,  v.  Myron,  onis,  an  excellent 
ftatuary,  Cic.  Or.  0^,  '],',  Herenn.  4,  6. 
a  native  of  Eleutherae,  Plin.  34,  7  f.  19. 
of  whofe  works  feveral  are  mentioned  ; 
an  heifer,  Cic.Ferr.  4,  60.;  an  Apollo, 
ib,  43.;  a  Htrcules,  i,  &c.  ;  particular- 
ly a  cow,  fo  hke  the  life,  that  it  is  ce- 
lebrated by    the   poets,   Plin.   ib.      Ut 


Antonius  MUSA,  the   phyfician   of  fimilis  verae  vacca    ^iyronis  opus,  Ovid. 
Auguftus,  whom  he  recovered  from  a     Pont.  4,  i,  34. 


dangerous  difeafe,  by  prtfcribing  the 
cold  bath,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  15,  3.  f/  ibi 
Scholtaf},  and  by  the  ufe  of  lettuce,  PIm. 
19,  8,  On  which  account  he  v^-as  re- 
warded with  a  large  fum  of  money  ; 
with  the  right  of  wearing  a  gold  ring  ; 
and  with  an  exemption  from  taxes  both 
to  himfeU,  and  thofe  of  his  profeffion, 
not  only  for  the  prefent,  but  alfo  for 
the  future,  Die,  53,  30.    A  ftatue  was 


Myrrh  A,  the  daughter  of  Cinyras, 
and  mother  of  Adonis  ;  on  account  of 
an  inceftuous  pafiion,  turned  into  a 
myrrh-tree,  Ovid.  Met.  298,  &c.  Ap- 
pollodorus  gives  a  different  account  of 
this  matter,   3,  13,  4. 

Myrtilus,  the  charioteer  of  Ocno- 

maus,  [G.  404.)  Cic.  N.  D,  3,  38. 

«[[  2.  'rhe  name  of  a  Have,  Cic.  Att, 
15,  13.  et  1^,  II. 


M  Y  S  [    266 

Mys,  Myosy  a  celebrated  carver  or     n 
emboffer,   (caelator),  in  filver,  Martiah 
8,51.;   Plin.  33,  12  f.  SS- 


N. 

Naedalsa,  a  Numidian  nobleman 
who  confpired  with  Bomilcar  againll 
Jugurtha  ;  and  bein^  detefted,  was  put 
to  death,  Salluft.  Jug.  70, — 73. 

Nabis,  tvrant  of  [-.acedaemon,  Liv. 


3  N  A  I 

rz'u,  quamtUf  (i.  c.  Ennius),  polite,  ib. 
Naevius  having,  after  the  manner  of 
the  Greeks,  lampooned  fome  of  the 
nobility  in  his  writings,  particularly 
MetelliTS,  was  thrown  into  prilon  ;  to 
which  Plautus  allftdes,  Nam  os  colum- 
natum  poetae  effe  inaudivi  harharo,  Qunl 
hint  cufiodes  femper  tot'is  horis  accuhant, 
I  have  heard  that  the  mouth  of  the 
Latin  poet  was  fupported  by  his  hand, 
as  by  a  col'inm,  that  being  his  ufnal 
29,  12.  who  hril  formed  an  alliance  pofture,  (while  be  ftudied),  &c.  Nae- 
vius is  here  called  harharuny  as  not  be- 
ing  a    Greek,  Plant.  Mil   2,   2,   ^G. 


with  the  Romans  and  Achaeans,  Id. 
32,  39.  and  afterwards  carried  on  war 
againft  them,  LU  33,  44,  et  34,  28,  & 
29.  He  was  fl-iin  by  Alexander,  the 
chief  of  the  Aetolians,  Id.  35,  39. 


While  in  prifon   he    wrote   two  plays, 
called  Hariolus  and  Leo?ij  by  which  he 
made  reparation   for  his  former  faults, 
Nabolus,     the    fon    of   Hippafus,     fo  that  he  was  liberated  by  the  tribunes 
iHlppasldes),  the  charioteer  of  Lams,     of  the  commons,  Gell.  3,  3.     He  feems, 


^tat.  Theb.  7,  355. 

Naevia  gem,  a  Roman  family. 
Naevius,  the  moil  ancient  Roman 

dramatic  poet,  next  to  Livius  Andro- 

nicus.     He  is  faid  to   have   ferved   in 

the  firft  Punic  war,  and  to  have  writ- 
ten a  poem  concerning  it,  Gell.  27,  21. 

He  died  in  the  confuHhip  of  Cctbegus 

and  Tuditanus,  a.  u.  549,   the  year  in 

■which   P.  Cornehus  Scipio  pafTcd  over 

into   Africa,  as  Cicero  fays,  140  years 

before  he  v^'as  conful,   C'tc.  Br.  15. 

What  Horace  fays  of  Naevius,   is  dif- 
ferently undsrftood  by  commentators, 

Naevius   in  7nanibus  non  ejl,  ct   mentihus 

haeret  Paem  recens  f  Is  not  Naevius  ge- 
nerally  read,   and    repeated    by  heart, 

as  if  nearly  a  modern  ?     But  mofl  take 

away  the   point  of  interrogation,  and 

turn  et  into^/;  thus,  Natvius   is  not 

now  generally   read,  but  is  remember-     engaged   in    other   eaafes   before,   Cic. 

cd  or  repeated  (by  the  admirers  of  the      ^hjint.  i,  vS.:c. 

ancients),  as  if  his  writings  had  been  Naias,   -adis,   et  N'ais,  -1dis,  plur. 

but  lately  publifhed,  Hor.    Ep-    2,  f,     Namdex,    v,    Naides,   the     nymphs  of 

r5. Ennius  pretended   to   defpife     the  rivers  or  fountains:   Fontana  Numi- 

■'"      '■  ^'      W.7  xV^r^//?.'',  the  Naiades,  deities  or  god- 

deffes   of  the  fprings,    Chvid.    Met.  14, 
328.      N aides  aequoreae,  of  the  fea,  ib. 


however,  afterwards  to  have  incurred 
the  difpleafure  of  the  nobles.  For  we 
are  told,  that  being  baniHied  from 
Rome,  he  died  at  Utica,  m  the  104th 
Olympiad,  Hieronym.  in  Chronic.  Eufeh. 
Naeviani  viodi,  the  meafure  of  the 
verfes  of  Naevius,  Cic.  Leg.  2,  i  ^. 
Naevianus  Heel  or,  the  name  of  a  play 
written  by  Naevius,  Cic.  Tufc.  4,  31, 
Fam.  5,  12. — Naeviana  pira,  a  kind  of 
pears  cultivated  by  cne  Naevius,  Col-, 
5,  10,  18.  et  12,  10,  4. 

Sex.  Naevius,  a  public  crier,  [prne- 
ro),  in  great  favour  with  the  party  of 
Sulla,  to  which  he  had  revolted  from 
that  of  M  irius.  He  had  a  controverfy 
with  P.  Q^intiiis,  in  whofe  defence 
Cicero  dehvered  that  oration,  which 
is  the  firft  of  his  orations  now  extant. 
For  it   appears   that  Cicero  had   been 


Naevius  ;  but  notwithftanding,  as  Ci- 
cero obfervcs,  he  either  borrowed  or 
Hole  from  him,   {^A  Naevlo  vel fumfyTt 


SSI'  Naiadas,  (al.  Naidas,)  undarum 
domiias,  Stat.  Silv.  i,  5,  6. — put  for 
Oreades.,  the  nymphs  of  the  mountains, 
''helium  Punicum,  quafi  Myronis  opus,  de-  or  rather  for  the  nymphs  of  fprings, 
ieBat,  ib.  Luculente  quidem  fcripferunt,  which  rife  in  thefe  mountains,  Virg.  E. 
(fc.  alifj  fi^mpQ  Naevius),  etiamji    mU     10,  ic, 


-rrndta^  fifateris  ;  W,  /  negas,^  furripuif- 
ii),  Cic.  Brut.  19.  Sit  Ennius  fane,  ut 
ejl  eerie,  perfedior  ;   tamen  illius  (  Naevii ) 


^^qndida  Nais,  a  fair  Nai^^d,  ib. 

23 


NAP  [2 

2,6.  Nams  una  f lilt y  Ovid.  Met.  i, 
691.  Hefperiae  Na'ulcs,  the  Italian 
Kaids  or  water  nymphs,  Ovid.  Met.  2, 
325.  voc.  Naif  Propcrt.  2,  23,  96.  (al. 

2,  32,  40.) Naica  Jo«<7,  the  gifts 

of  the  Naides,  Prop.  2,  32,  40.  but 
the  beft  editions  read  otherwife. 

Napaeae,  -aru??!,  nymphs  of  the 
woods  or  groves,  Firg.  G.  4,  335.  J 
Stat.  Thcb.  4,  255. 

Nape,  -es,  the  name  of  a  dog,  Ovid. 
Met.  3,  214. 

Narcissus,  the  fon  of  the  river 
Cephlfus,  and  the  nymph  Liriope,  of 
rcmarkibJe  beauty,  who  flighted  many 
nymphs  that  courted  him  ;  but  he  is 
faid  at  kit  to  have  pined  away  in  gaz- 
in'jf  at  his  own  fhadow,  with  which  he 
vv^as  charmed,  one  day  when  he  lay 
down  to  take  a  diink  from  a  clear 
fountain,  and  was  turned  into  a  fio\tcr, 
which  ilill  retains  his  name,  Ovid.  Met. 

3,  341,-510;  Stat.  Sily.  3,  4,  41. 
Theb.  7,  540.  Paufanias  fays  that 
Narciffus  perifhed  by  looking  at  his 
own  image  in  the  water  from  its  re- 
femblance  to  a  favourite  fifter  he  had 
loft.  There  was  a  fountain  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Thefpia  called  Narciffus,  where 
this  is  faid  to  have  happened,  Paufan. 

9,  31, <[[  2.   Narciffus,   a  favourite 

freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  Suet. 
CI.  28.  ;  Tacit.  Ann.  13,  [.  ;  "JuvenaL 
14,  328.  ;  Dioy  60,  34.  Add.  Tac.  Ann. 

II.' 33'^^  3^-^^  ^2,  53. 

P.  Sdpio  NASiCA,  judged  by  the 
fenate  to  be  the  beft  man  in  Rome, 
and  therefore  chofen  to  receive  into 
his  houfe  the  image  of  Cybele,  when 
brought  to  the  city,  Liv.  29,  11,  &: 
14.  ;  Plin.  7,  34.  ;  Val  Max.  8,  15,3.; 
Ovid,  Fajl.  4,  347.  ;  Cic.  Harufp.  r.  13. 
Hence  he  is  called  Hofpcs  numinis  Idaeiy 
the  hoft  of  the  deity  worfliipped  on 
mount  Ida,  i.  e.  of  Cybele,  'Juvenal.  3, 

137- 

Nasidius,  Nasidianus,  €t  Nafidi- 
enus,  Roman  names,  Cic.  Att.  11,  17.  ; 
Lucan.  9,  790.;  Herat.  2,  8,  I.;  iSlar- 
tial.  7,  53. 

Naso,  -0///X,  a  Roman  firname,  firft 
given  to  fome  perfon  from  the  large- 


67    3  N  E  L 

nefs  of  his  nofe. — The  firname  of  the 
poet  Ovid,  Pont.  4,  9,  2. 

Cn.  Otacilius  Naso,  a  Roman   eques, 

Cic.  Fam.   13,  31. L.  OBavius  Na« 

so,    ^  Fr.  I,  2,  3. ^  Naso,  a 

praetor,  Cic.  Cluent.  53.  Flacc.  21. 

Natta,  a  Roman  firname ;  Statua 
Nattae,  Cic.  Div.  2,  20. 

//.  Natta,  Cic.  Mur.  35.  one  of 
the  Pont'ificesy  Cic.  Att.  4,  8. 

Natta,  (al.  Naeca^)  the  name  of  a 
fordid  mifer,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  6,  124. ;  Ju* 
venal.  S.  95.;   Per/,  ^y  31. 

Navius,  Fid.  Accius. 

N  AUG  KATES,  -aey  v.  -is,  a  native  of 
Erythrae,  an  hiftorian  ;  the  fcholar  of 
liocrates,  Cic.  Or.  2,  23.  f/  3,  44. 

Nauplius,  the  father  of  Palamedes, 
(Gi  453.)  who  is  hence  called  Nauplia* 
desy  -acy  Ovid.  Met.  13,  310. 

NausicAa,  v.  -aey  -esy  the  daughter 
of  Alcinous,  Martial*  12,  31,  9.   (G. 

456.) 

Nausiphanes,  -isy  a  fcholar  of  De- 
mocritus,  (Democriteusy)  the  mafter  of 
Epicurus,  but  not  treated  by  him  with 
proper  refpeft,  Cic.  N.D.iy  26,  5c  33^ 

Nautes,  the  aged  friend  of  Aeneas> 
diftinguifhed  for  his  wifdom,  who  ad- 
vifed  Aeneas  to  leave  with  Aceftes  in 
Sicily  fuch  of  his  companions  as  were 
old  and  inftrm,  Firg.  Aen.  5,  704. 

Neaera,  a  girl  beloved  by  Tibullus, 
TiluU.  "J^y  I,  6.  whom  Scaliger  fuppofcs 
to  have  been  the  fame  with  her  whom 
Horace  calls  Glycera,  «i;.  -e,  Od.  i,  33, 

1. <j[  2.  A  woman,  whom  Horace 

upbraids  for  deceiving   him,  Epod.  15, 

1 1, ff  ^,  The  miftrefs  of  a  Ihepherd 

in  Virgil,  EcL  3,  3. %^  4.  The  wife 

of  Sol,  and  mother  of  Phaethufa  and 
Lampetie,  who  kept  the  ftieep  and 
oxen  of  Sol  in  Sicily,  Homer.  Odyfs»  12, 
133.  &c. 

Nf.prophonus,  (i.  e.  occifor  hlnnulo' 
rmny)  the   nam.e  of  a  dog,  Ovid.  Met. 


0' 


21 1. 


Nectanebus,  v.   'isy  -isf  a  king  of 
Egypt,  Nep.  12,  2.  el  17,  8. ;  Plin.  36, 

9- 

Neleus,  'ly  Ovid.  Met.  2,  690.  (G. 

401.)  king  of  Pylos  ;  which  is  hence 

Lis  called 


N  E  M  [     2 

called  Nelea  Pylos,  ib.  6,  418.  Neptu- 
ttus  Nele'i  fanguuiis  aud.ory  the  foundtrof 
the  family  of  Neleus,  ih.  12,  558.  the 
father  of  Neftor,  who  is  hence  called 
Nelehsy  ib.  577.  or  Nelldes ;  plur.  Bis 
fex  Nciidae  fumusy  confpecia  juvcntus, 
we  were  twice  fix  fons  of  Neleus,  a 
refpeftable  or  fightly  company  of  young 
men,  ib.  553.  Neleus  had  twelve  fons, 
who  were-  all  flain  with  himfelf  by  Her- 
cules except  Kellor,  AprAhdor.  2,  9,  9. 
Nos  Pylony  cntlqui  Neleia  Nejloris  arva^ 
Mlfimus,  we  fent  meficngers  to  Pylcs, 
the  Neleian  country  of  old  Neilor,  Id, 
Ep.  I,  63. 

NrMEsis,  -hy  a  goddefs,  the  avenger 
of  infolence  and  pride,  Stat.  Theh.  8, 
520,  woifhipped  at  Rhamnus  ;  hence 
called   RhaM^tusia,   Ovid,   I'r'ij}.  5,   7, 

8. ^  2.  A  miftrefs  of  Tibullus,  2, 

3,  55.;   Martial  Z,  73,7. 

Neopule,  -fj,  the  daughter  of  Ly- 

cambes,  (q.  v.) ^  2.  A  miilrefs  of 

Horace,  Od.  3,  I2,  6. 

Neoclcs,  -fV,  V.  Neoclu?,  the  fa- 
ther of  ThemiRocles,  Nep,  2,1.  who  is 
hence  called  Neoclides  ;  thus,  Arma 
Neodides  qui  Perjca  contudlt  armay  i.  e. 
who  vanquiilied  Xerxes  at  the  battle  of 

Salamis,    G'vid,    Pont.    I,    3,    69. 

^  2.  The  father  of  Pamphilus,  the 
fcholar  of  Piato,  ( Platonis  auditor,  v. 
P /atonicus)Cic.  N.  D.  i,  26. 

Nedptolemus,  (i.  e.novus  miles),  a 
name  given  to  Pyrrhus,  the  fon  of  A- 
chilles,  beeaufc  he  went  to  the  war  of 
Troy  when  a  boy,  Serv.  in  Firg.  Aen. 
2,  263,  &  499.  ;  Ovid.  Ep.  8,  82,  & 
115.  Met.  13,  455.  Add.  Clc.  Or.  2,  37. 
Tufc.  2,  I.  Amtc.  20.  But  in  the  la  it 
palThge  Cicero  is  fuppofed  to  have  put 
Neoptolemus  for  Achilles.  The  words, 
however,  do  not  altogether  apply  to 
Achilles  ;  and  may  to  Pyrrhus. 

Nephele,  (i.  e.  Nebula,)  the  wife 
of  Athamas  and  mother  of  Phryxus, 
(G.  440.)  hence  Helley  is  called  Ne- 
pksleisy  -uiii,  the  daughter  of  Nephcle, 
Q'vid.  Met.  II,  195.  and  Nepheleiasy 
-adis;  thus,  ^ici  peiago  nomen  Nephsleias 
abJluUt  Hells,  took  from  the  fea  its 
former  name,  and  gave  it  her  Gwn,HEL- 
!,r:s-PONTus,  the  fca  of  Helie,  Lucan, 


63    1  N  E  I? 

9,  956. —  Pccus  Nephelaeuniy  the  ra^^ 
which  earned  Phryxus  and  Hfllc,  Vah 

Flac.  I,   $6. ^^  2.    i'he  name   of  a 

nymph,  Ovi.',  Ma.  ^,  1 7 1. 

Neptunus,  (a  ly^A^Do,  paullum pri' 
mis  Uteris  inimutctis ,  Cic.  N.  D.  2  26. 
a  NUBE,  idejl,  opcrtlnu  ;  quod  ut  caduni 
rmhes,  ita  mare  terras  obmihat^  Varr. 
L.  L.  4,  ID.)  the  fon  of  Saturn  and 
Ops,  the  brother  of  Jupiter  and  Pluto, 
the  god  of  the  fea,  (6.  386,  358,  & 
372.  Terra  ipja  dta  eji ;  mare  tilarn, 
quern  Neptunum  ejfe  dicehas,  Cic-  N.  D. 
3,  20.)  the  government  of  which  is  faid 
to  have  been  given  to  him  by  lot,  Virg. 
Aen.  I,  141.  whence  it  is  called  Sors 
fecunda,  Lucan  4.,  110.  cind  regnum  Jh' 
cundum  ;  thus,  P^egnoque  accejfu  terra  fe- 
cundo,  the  land  was  added  to  the  fea, 
Id.^.  622. — Neptune  is  called  Eque/Irisy 
Liv.  1,9.  becaufe  he  is  faid  to  have 
made  the  fiiR  horfe  to  fpring  from  the 
earth  by  a  ftroke  of  his  trident,  Ovid. 
Met,  6,  75.;  Firg.  G.  I,  12.  (G.388.) 
— frequently  put  for  the  fea  ;  thuf,  /;«- 
mergere  aliquem  Neptuno,  to  plunge  one 
in  the  fea,  Virg,  G.  4,  29.  In  Car- 
pathio  Nsptuni gurgite,  in  the  Carpathian 
gulf  of  Neptune,  i.  e.  in  tlie  Carpathian 
fea,  ib.  387.  Nipiuni  corpus  acerhums 
the  bitter  body  of  Neptunus,  i.  e.  the 
fait  fea,  Lucr.  2,  271.  Uterqtie  NeptU' 
nusyi.t.  Neptune,  who  rules  over  the 
frefh  water  or  lakes,  and  over  the  fea, 
Catull.  31,  3.  ^d  'Mart em  terra,  NeptU' 
num  effugit  in  undis,  Conjugis  Atrides  vic- 
tlmadiia  fuit,  Agamemnon,  who  efca- 
ped  the  dangers  of  war  by  land,  and  of 
florm.s  by  fea,  was  murdered  by  his 
wife  Clicaemneflra  and  her  gallant  Ae- 
giilhuB,  Ovid.  Art.  i,  333.  Neptuni 
ventofa  pcteniia,  the  violence  of  the 
winds   which    rage    on    the    fea,     Ido 

Amor.   2,    16,    27. Neptuni  A    ar^ 

va,  the  fields  of  Neptune,  i.  e.  the 
fea,  Firg.  Aen.  8,  695.  cufpis,  the  tri- 
dent of  Neptune,  Zz/c^/;.  7,  147.  Conf. 
Id.  ^,  III.  Neptunlus  dux,  i.  e.  Sex 
Pompeius,  a  naval  commander,  i/ior.  ^, 
9,  7.  Neptunius  heros,  i.  e.  Thefeus  the 
grandfon  of  Neptune,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  i. 
Ep.  4,  109.  et  17,  21.  lacunae,  the 
depths  of  the   fea,   A.  ad.  Herenn.  4» 

10, 


]  N  E  R 

7. ;   Hygin.  Praef.     Nerelilefque  Deae., 
Nere^tdumque  pater,   Ovid.  Amor.  2,  11^ 


K  E  R  C    2<S9 

to.  the  fame  with  y^^rt^r  lacunae,  Lucr.    2 
3,  1044.  moenia,  the  walls  of  Troy,  faid 

lo  have  been  built  by  Neptune  and  A-  36.  Fukhra  I\'er€is,  \ 
polio,  Ovid.  Ep,  I,  151.;  ProperU  3,  9, 
41.  (6>  372,  &  386.)  So  Neptunlci 
Ptrgama,  Ovid.  Faft.  I,  525.  Troja, 
Virg.  Aen.  2,  625.  ^/  3,  3.  proles  Mef- 
sapusy  ib.  9,  523.  et  10,  353.  /?/  12,  128. 
Hippomenes,  the  deicendant  of  Neptune, 
Ov/V/.    Mi-/.    10,    639.     So    Cygnus,  ib. 

12,  72. Neptunicola,  (-^^5)  Te- 

}on,  who  was  king  of  Capraeae,  (  J^'irg. 
Aeiu  7,  734,   &c.  hence    called   Telon'ts 


he  beautiful  Ne- 


InfuJa,    Sil.    8,    542.)     and    therefore 

dwelt  in  the  fea,  SIL  14,444. [Tep- 

TUNiNi:,   -esy  i.  e.    Thetis,  a  fea-god- 

defs,  CatulL  62,  {al  63,)  28. ■'Nef- 

TUNALiA,  'ium,  the  facred  rites  of  Nep- 
tune, Aufon.  Fer.  17,  19. 

NEREUS,  -e'l,  V.  -eos,  ace.  -ea,  voc. 
-^zi,  abl.  -eoy  a  fea-god,  the  fon  cf  Nep- 
tune by  Canace,  Apollodor.  i,  7,  4.  or 
as  others  fay,  of  Pontus  and  Terra,  Id. 
I,  2,  6.  In  the  opinion  of  thofe  who 
think  that  all  things  were  produced 
from  water,  Nereus  is  fuppofed  to  have 
been  the  moll  ancient  of  the  gods  ; 
whence  he  is  called  grandaevus,  Virg. 
G.  4,  392.  Nereus  poiTelTed  the  gift 
of  prophecy,  Horat.  Od.  ;,  15,  5.  and 
alfo  tlic  power  of  transforming  hlmfclf 
into    any    Ihape,    ApoUcdor.  2,   5,   n. 

(G.  387.) NtRKUs  is  often  put  for 

the  fea  ;  thus,  D'lfcludere  Nerea  ponto, 
to  feparate  the  waters  from  the  land, 
by  confining  them  in  their  proper  cavi- 
ty (ponto),  Virg.  Eel.  6,  35.  Totum 
Nereus  drcumjonat  (al.  circumtonat)  or- 
hcm,  the  fea,  Ovid.  Met,  1 ,  187.  Hie  pri- 
mum rubiiitcivilif anguine  Nereus,  I.  e.  mare, 
Lucan.  2,  713.  Suhitaeque  ruinamjenjit  a- 
quae  Nereus,  and  the  fea  felt  the  force 
or  ruihing  in  of  the  water  fuddenly  let 
out  from  the  river  Peneus,  when  a  paf- 
fage  was  opened  for  It  to  the  fea  by  Her- 
cules, (See  G.  319.*)  Id.  (j,  349. — Ne- 
reus had  by  his  wife  Doris  fifty  daugh- 
ters, called  Nereides,  v.  NerTides, 
fea-nymphs  or  goddeiTes,  -urn ;  fmg. 
Nereis,  or  Nereis,  tdis,  v.  -ulos  ;  voc. 
Nerei,  Their  names  are  recounted  by 
Homer,  //.  18,  39,  &c.  ;  Apollo  dor.  i, 


rtid,  ;.  e.  Thetis,  Ovid.  Met.  11,  259. 
called  aequorea  Nereis,  Id.  Amor.  2, 
17,  17.  Nereis  orba,  the  childlefs  Ne- 
reid, /.  e.  Pfamathe,  the  mother  of 
Glaucus  by  Aciucus  ;  faid  to  be  child- 
lefs, becaufe  her  fon  Glaucus  was  kill- 
ed by  Peleus,  his  brother  by  a  different 
mother,  Ovid.  Met.  11,  380,  398,  & 
267.;  Apollodor.  3,  11,6.  Nereis,  x.t. 
Galatea,  Ovid.  Met.  13?  749.  EJl  alt- 
quid,  non  ejfe  fatum  Nerade,  fed  qui  Ne- 
reaque,  et  natas,  et  ^oium  temper  et  aequor, 
it  is  fomething  not  to  be  defcendcd  of 
a  Nereid,  {i.e.  of  Thetis),  but  of  him 
(/.  e.  Neptune)  who  rules  over  Nereus, 
&:c.  ib.  12,93. — NiiRElDfis,  Ovid. Met. 
I,  302.  5,  J7.  13,899.  14,  264.  Ep. 
5,   57.  ;   Ncreidum  chorus,  Virg.  Aen. 

5,  240.  mater,  i.  e.  Doris,  ib.  3,  74. — 
N?reia  Doto,  the  daughter  of  Nereus, 
ih.  9,  102.  Nerna  turba,  the  Nereids, 
Sil.  7,  416.  Praefcia  venturi  genitrix' 
Nireta  leti,  Thetis,  the  mother  of  A- 
chiiles,  the  daughter  of  Nereus,  Ovid, 

Met.  13,  162. jfuvenis  Nereius, 

Phocus,  the  grandibn  of  Nereus  by  his 
daughter  Pfamathe  and  Aeacus,  OviJ, 
Met.  7,  685. Nerine,  -es,  i.  e.  Ga- 
latea, the  daughter  of  Nereus,  Virg. 
Eel.  7,  37.  ^ 

Nerio,  -lenis^  \\  Nericne,  -es,  w  Ne- 
ria,   the  wife  of  Mars,   Plaut.  True.  2, 

6,  34.;   Cell.  13,  21. 

NERO,  -onis,  a  firname  of  the  ^i;«r 
Claudia.  It  is  faid  to  have  been  deri- 
ved from  the  Sabines,  whence  the  clau- 
dii  were  defcendtd  ;  among  whom  any- 
one diitingulihed  for  bravery  {^qui  erat 
egregid  ac  pr acjlanti  fortitudine  )  was  call- 
ed Nero,  GtlL  13,  21.  Inter  cognomi- 
na,  et  Neronis^  ajfumfu  (ic.  gem  Clau-- 
dia),  quojignificalur  imgud  Sabind  FORTH 
ac  siRENuus,  Suet.  Tib.  i. 

C.  Claudius  NERO,  an  illuilrlous 
Roman  general  in  the  fccond  Punic 
war.  When  praetor  he  commanded  an 
army  againll  Capua,  Liv.  2^,  2,  &  22, 
After  the  furrendcr  of  that  city  tie  was 
fent  into  Spain,  where  Aldrubal  over- 
reached him,  Id.  26,  in.  He  after- 
wards 


N  E  R  [     270    ] 

tvards  fervcd  with  honour  as  lieutenant  Tided 
under  Marcellus  againft  Hannibal,  Lh\ 
27,  t6.  Being  created  conful  with  M. 
Livius,  a.  u.  543,  ib.  36.  it  fell  to  his 
lot  to  command  the  army  againft  An- 
nibal  But  having  got  intelligence  by 
intercepted  letters  concerning  the  arri- 
val of  Afdrubal  in  Italy,  he  fecrctly 
left  his  army  under  the  coromand  of 
his  lieutenant,  and  having  marched  al- 
moft  the  whole  length  of  Italy  with  a 
lelecl  body  of  men,  he  joined  his  col- 
league M.  Livius,  cut  off  Afdrubal 
with  his  army  at  the  river  Mctaurus  in 
Umbria,  and  returned  to  his  camp  In 
Apulia  before  Annibal  perceived  that 
he  had  left  it.  He  caufed  the  head  of 
Afdrubal,  which  he  had  brought  with 
him  and  carefully  preferved,  to  be 
throv/n  before  the  outpofts  of  the  ene- 
my, Zw.  43.  ad  Jin.  By  order  of  the 
fenate  he  again  left  his  army,  and  en- 
tered the  city  in  triumph  with  his  col- 
league, Id,  28,  9.  He  was  afterwards 
joined  in  the  cenforfhip  with  M.  Livius, 
in  which  office  they  by  no  means  aCted 
with  the  fame  unanimity  as  in  their 
confulfhip,  Liv.  29,  37. 

From  this  Nero  was  defcended  T'th. 
Claudius  NERO,  the  hufband  of  Li- 
via  btfore  Auguftus,  and  the  father  of 
the  two  Neros,  Drufus  and  Tiberius, 
whofe  praifes  Horace  celebrates,  Od. 
4,  4,  &  14.  artfully  joining  them  with 
the  praifes  of  their  great  progenitor  ; 
^id  deheasy  0  Roma,  Ncronibusy  iejlis 
Metaurum  jlumen^  et  Afdrubal  Devicltiif 
^Sc.  ib.  4,  4,  37. — Cicei'o  Ipeaks  in  the 
highell  terms  of  Tiberius  Nero,  the 
hufband  of  Livia,  Fatn.  13,  64.  Pa- 
terculus  calls  him  Magni  vir  animi,  dcc- 
iijfmiqne  ingmii^  2,  75.  Tiberius  had 
ailced  Tullia,  the  daughter  of  Cicero, 
before  he  married  Livia  ;  and  Cicero 
was  inclined  to  prefer  him  to  Dolobel- 
la,  whom  Tullia  married  ;  but  Cicero 
was  abfent  from  Rome  at  the  time, 
and  the  mefiengers  whom  he  fent  to 
Tullia  and  her  mother  {^ad  mulieres) 
concerning  this  matter  did  not  arrive 
till  the  cfpoufals  with  Dolobella  were 
over,  Cic.  jtt.  6,  6.  In  the  war  be- 
tween   Pompey  and   Caefar,  Tiberius 


^  E  R 
with  Caefar ;  and  being  com* 
mander  of  the  fleet  in  the  Alexandrian 
war,  contributed  very  much  to  the  vic- 
tory. Wherefore  he  was  made  one  of 
the  Pontifices  in  room  of  P.  Scipio,  the 
father-in-law  of  Pompey,  and  employ- 
ed to  fettle  colonies  at  Narbonne  and 
Aries  in  Gaul.  But  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  when  the  majority  of  the 
fenate  voted  for  an  amneily,  i^abolitio' 
nemfacli)y  he  gave  his  opinion  about 
decreeing  rewards  to  thofe  who  had 
llain  the  tyrant,  [de  prmmiis  tyrannici' 
darum),  as  the  phrafe  then  was,  Suet, 
Tib.  4.  He  was  praetor  a.  u.  712  ; 
and  a  difcord  having  arifen  betwixt  the 
Trimnvtriy  he  fided  with  Antony,  and 
followed  his  brother  L.  Antonius  the 
conful  to  Perufia.  When  that  town 
farrendered  to  Auguflus,  Tiberius  made 
his  efcape,  and  fled  firll  to  Sex.  Pom- 
peius,  then  to  Antony,  Suet.  Tib.  4. 
His  wife  Livia,  with  her  fon  Tiberius, 
then  fcarcely  two  years  old,  attended 
him  in  his  flight,  in  which  they  were 
expofed  to  the  greateft  hardfhips  and 
dangers,  Suet.  Tib.  6.  ;  Dio,  48,  15.  ; 
Paterc.  2,  75.  Dio  and  Paterculus  here 
julUy  remark  the  wonderful  and  unex- 
pected changes  of  fortune,  that  this 
Livia  fhould  afterwards  be  married  to 
Augultus,  whom  fhe  now  fied  from, 
and  that  the  child  whom  fhe  carried  in 
her  bofom  fhould,  by  her  influence, 
fucceed  Auguflus  in  the  empire,  ib. 
A  reconciliation  having  fcon  after  ta- 
ken place  between  Augultus  and  An- 
tony, and  peace  being  made  by  them 
with  Sex.  Pompeius,  Tiberius  returned 
to  Rome,  Paterc.  2,  77.  and  reiigned 
to  Augultus,  at  his  requeft,  his  wife 
Livia  Drufilia,  then  big  v/ith  child. 
Tiberius  foon  after  died,  leaving  An- 
guftus  guardian  to  his  two  fons  Tibe- 
rius and  Drufus,  the  name  given  to 
the  child  whom  Livia  bore  three  months 
after  Augultus  married  her,  (praegnan- 
tern  abduxd.  Suet.  Aug.  62.  Tib.  4.  el 
CI.  I.  Jibdu3a  Neroni  uxor,  Tac.  Ann. 
1,10.  Cupidine formae  auftrt;  adeo  pro- 
perus,  uty  Tie  fpatto  qutdim.  ad  eiiitendiim 
data,  penatibus  Juts  gravidam  induxerity 
ib.  s>  I-")- — yiatcr  Neronum,  the  mother 

of 


i 


N  E  R  [2 

of  the  Neros,  Tiberius  and  Drufus, 
?.  e.  T.ivia,  Oi)id.  ad  L'lv.  I.  Major 
Neronum,  the  elder  of  the  Neros,  /.  e. 
Tiberius,  Hon  Od.  4,  14,  14.  Jam 
pars  mlh'i  rapta  Nsronum^  the  halt  of 
the  Neros  is  taken  from  me,  i.  e*  Dru- 
fus is  dead,  Omd.  ad  Liv.  145.  So 
Jam  t'lbi  dlm'td'ium  nominis  hujus.  ahcjl  ( fc. 
Neronum),  ib.  2.  Unum,  qui  die  at  jam 
fibiy  Mater^  habes,  ib.  4.  Vidimus  atto-, 
jiitum  fraiernd  morte  [i.  e.  Drufi)  Nero- 
nem,  i.  e.  Tiberiitm^  ib.  85.  Nee  cum 
victorem  referetur  adejfe  Neroncrn,  Dicere 
jam  potero.  Major,  an  alter  adejl  r*  i.  e. 
whether  is  it  Tiberius  or  Drufus  ?  Li- 
via  is  fuppofed  to  fay  ;  for  both  had 
gained  vi6lories  over  the  Rhaeii  and 
Germans,  ib.  149.  { Vid.  Tiberius 
et  Drusus.) 

NERO,  emperor  of  Rome,  the  fan 
of  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  and  Agrip- 
pTna  the  daughter  of  Germanicus,  ad- 
opted by  Claudius,  and  appointed  his 
fucceffor  by  the  art  of  his  mother,  Suet. 
Ner.  5,  &  7.  ;  Tac.  jinn.  1 1,  f  I.  et  13, 
69.  He  was  fo  infamous  for  his  cru- 
elty, (G.  245.),  that  his  name  is  put 
for  a  tyrant  ;  Cum  caho  ferviret  Roma 
'Neron't^  was  fubjecl  to  the  bald  Nero, 
r.  e.  to  the  tyrant  Domitian,  Juvenal. 
4,  38.;  Suet.  Dom.  i8-  Nullo  cogente 
Nerouey  (/.  e.  tyranno),  Juvenal.  8, 
193.  Securum  praejlare  Neronem,  to 
protecft  the  perfon  of  the  emperor,  ib. 
170.  Plenus  Nerone  propinquo,  full  or 
proud  of  his  near  relation  to  Nero,  ib, 
72. — Falfus  Ntro,  one  who  pretended 
to  be  Nero,  Tac.  HiJ.  1,  2.  et  2,  8.; 
Suet.  Ner.  57. — Menfis  Neroneus,  the 
month  of  April,  called  by  the  name  of 
Nero,  Tac.Jnn.  16,  12.  ^id  Nerone 
pejus  ?  ^iid  thermis  melius  Neronianis  ? 
Martial.  7,  33,  4.  Add.  2,  48,  8.  et 
^,  25,  4.  12,  85.  Neroniana  maffa,  a 
coin  with  the  image  of  Nero  imprefled 

on   it,  ib.  12,  57,    8. Ncroniamimy 

fc.  dittutn,  the  faying  of  one  Nero,  Cic. 
Or.  2,  61. 

Nerva,  a  firname  of  the  Licinii,  Cic. 
Brut.  34. 

C.  Licinius  Nekva,  a  praetor,  Liv, 
45,  45.     Add.  Farr.  R.  R.  2,  4. 

Cocceius  NERVA,  the  lUh  Roman 


71    ]  N  E  S 

emperor,  the  faccefTor  of  Domlt'an,. 
Suet.  Dom.  I.  of  a  very  different  cha- 
ra<Ster  from  that  of  Domitian,  Martial, 
II,  6.  et  I2y  6.  ^lide  Nrvas,  k.  li- 
cet vincas,  though  you  furpafs  Nerva  iti 
the  mildnefs  of  your  dlfpofition.  Id.  5, 
29,  4.  He  had  a  genius  for  poetry, 
but  did  not  indulge  it.  Id.  8,  70.  et  9, 
27.  Finding  himfelf  unfit  to  fupport 
the  charge  of  the  empire  on  account 
of  his  age,  he  adopted  Trajan,  who  is 
hence  called  Nerva  Trajan  us.  Id. 
11,5,  &  6.;  Plin.  Panegyr.  Tacitus 
gives  a  noble  eulogium  of  thefe  princes, 
that  under  them  one  might  think  as  he 
pleafed,  and  fpeak  what  he  thought, 
[Rard  temporum  felicitate,  iibi  /entire^ 
quae  veils,  et  quae  fentias,  dicere  licet) ^ 
Tac.  Hilt.  I,  I.  Add.  Jgric.  7,.^Fn^ 
rum  Nervae,  a  public  place  begun  by 
Domitian  and  finifhed  by  Nerva,  ib.  5. 

Nesaee,  -es,  a  fea  nymph  or  Ne- 
reid,   Firg.  G.  4,  338.  ^en.  5,  826. 

NESSUS,  a  centaur,  [biformisy  O- 
vld.  Met.  9,  121.  femivir.  Id.  Ep.  9, 
141.),  ferryman  of  the  river  Even  us, 
flain  by  the  arrows  of  Hercules  for  ha- 
ving attempted  to  offer  violence  to  De- 
janira  the  wife  of  Hercules,  after  car- 
rying her  over  the  river  Evenus,  (G^. 
402.),  Ovid.  Met.  9,  loi,  &c. — Tabe 
Nefsed  ilUta  palla,  the  robe  ftained  with 
the  gore  or  blood  of  Neffus,  which  he 
gave  to  Dejanlra,  and  by  which  Her- 
cules periflied,  Senec.  Here.  Oet.  v.  'J16. 
So  Fenenum  Nejfaeum,  the  poifonous 
blood  of  Neffus,  Ovid.  Ep.  9,  163. 
Nefseus  fanguis.  Id.  Met.  9,  153.  Nef" 
scae  matius,  ib.  12,  454. 

NESTOR,  -oris,  the  fon  of  Neleus 
by  his  wife  Chloris,  king  of  Pylos,  ( G. 
401.)  hence  called  Pylius  Nejior,  Hor. 
Od.  I,  15,  22.  educated  at  Gerenos 
V.  -enia,  a  town  of  Meffenia,  ApoUodnr. 
2,  9,  9.  whence  he  is  called  Ghrenius, 
Homer.  II.  ii,  654.  ;  the  only  one  of 
the  twelve  fons  of  Neleus  that  efcaped 
the  fword  of  tJercules,  ib.  691,  be- 
caufe  he  was  not  then  at  Pylos,  [in  Ilio 
erat,  Hygin.  f.  10.)  but  the  reading 
here  is  thought  to  be  wTong,  (al.  in 
Pilo  non  erat  ;  )  Apollodorus  fays,  that 
at  th^t  tim?  he  was  at  Gerenia,  ib. — - 

He 


N  E  S  [2 

He  was  remarkable  for  his  wifdom 
and  eloquence,  Homer. pajlrn.;  Cic.  Tuf. 
5,  3.  Brut.  10.;  Ovik.  Met.  13,  64. 
Hence,  Aeacides  dextra,  pedore  Nejior 
erat,  as  brave  as  Achilles,  and  as  wife 
as  Neflor,  Ovid.  Art.  2,  736.  Habere 
altquem  in  con  film  caplundis  Nejlorcm^  a 
Neilor  or  wife  counfellor,  Cic.  Fam. 
9,  14.  E,x  ejus  lingua  incJle  dulcior 
Jluehat  oratio.  Homer.  11.  i,  249.;  Cic. 
Sen.  10.  Gratia  Nejlorei  inellis^  Lu- 
can.  ad  Pif.  64, — Agamemnon  en- 
tertained fuch  an  opinion  of  his  wif- 
dom, that  he  declared  that  if  he  had 
ten  fuch  counfellors,-  he  fliould  foon 
become  mafter  of  Troy,  Homer.   11.  2. 

372.  ;   Cic.  Sen.  10. Neftor   is  Aiid 

to  have  lived  three  ages,  {^ter  aevo 
funFiusy  i.  e.  300  years  according  to 
the  poets,)  Hor.  Od.  2,  9,  13.  and  was 
\n  his  third  age  in  the  war  of  Troy, 
Homer.  II.  T,  250.  {Vixi  Annos  bis  cen- 
tamy  nunc  iertia  vraitur  aetasy)  Ovid.  Met. 
12,  188.;  Cic.  Sen.  ic. ;  hence  he 
is  called  Senex*  Hor.  ib.  antiquusy  Ovid, 
Ep.  • ,  63.  Rex  Pyliusy  Ji  quidauam 
iredis  Homer Oy  exemplum  'vitae  fuit  a  cor- 
nice feciindaey}\\'i  cna\..  10,  246.  Nejloris 
aetas,  for  a  -ery  long  fpace  of  time, 
Martial,  2,  64,  3.  So,  Nejloris  anniy 
^^i  5>  59>  5'  Add.  Id.  6,  70,  ;  2.  8, 
64,  14.  II,  57,  13.  Nejlore  feniory 
Id,  7,  95,  7.  NeJloreafeneBa,  Id.  11, 
30,  I.  et  13,  117.  ;  Stat.  Silv.  i,  3  f. 
Vhjat  Nejlora  toturuy  let  him  live  as 
long  as  Neilor,  Juvenal  12,  178. 
Nejloris  herniay  the  rupture  of  Neilor, 
L  e.  an  old  man  enfeebled  by  that  dif- 
eafe.  Id.  6,  325. But  va  the  opi- 
nion of  the  ancients  the  age  of  man 
was  thirty  years,  that  is,  taking  \\\  the 
whole  human  race,  the  time  that  each 
lives  one  with  another,  does  not  ex- 
ceed that  time  ;  fo  that  the  age  of 
Keftor  was  ninety  years,  Scholiaji.  in 
Homer,  II.  1,  250.  et  in  Hor  at.  Od.  2, 
9,  ^3.      Vid.  Rader.  in  Martial.  8,  2. 

Nestor  I  us,  (al.  Vejloriusy)  an  in- 
timate acquaintance  of  Cicero's,  Cic. 
Fam.  6,  1 1 . 

NiCANDER,  'driy  of  Colophon,  [Co- 
lophoniusy)  a  Greek  poet,  who  wrote 
on  hnfbandry,  {de  rebus  ruf.icis  fcripjit,) 


72    ]  N  r  c 

Cic.  Or.  I,  16. .<[[  2.  A  praetor  of 

the  Aetohans,  Lin).  3S,  i.  hoilile  to  the 
Romans,  Id.  35,  12.  et   36,  29.  et  38, 

4,  &c ^  3- An  arch-pirate,  Id.  37. 

II. 

NiCANOR,  -orisy  one  of  the  nobles  of 
Philip,  Liv.  33,  8.  — 51  2.  A  fiave 
of  Htticus,   Cic.  Att.  5,  3. 

NiCAsio,  -onisy  a  fenator  of  Enna, 
Cic.  Ver.  4,  51. 

NiCEAKCHUs,  a  painter,  Plin.  ^^^ 
II. 

Nice,  -esy  the  wife  of  Cleomenes  of 
Syracufe,  a  favourite  of  Vcrres,  Cic. 
Ferr.  5,  30. 

NICI43,  -ae,  one  of  the  generals 
of  tlie  Athenians  againft  Syracufe,  a 
man  of  great  piety  and  virtue,  who 
after  bringing  the  Syracufans  nearly  to 
the  point  of  furrendering,  was  at  lafl 
defeated,  made  captive,  and  put  to 
death,  (G.  467.) ^  2.  A  gram- 
marian, whom  Cicero  had  with  him  in 
Cilicia,  Cic.  Fam.  g,  10,  &  11.  Au.  7, 
3.  et  12,  26.  He  was  fent  for  by  Do- 
lobelia,  and  by  the  advice  of  Cicero 
went  to  him,   Cic.  Att.  13,  28,  &  52. 

NicETAs,  -acy  (al.  Hicetasy)  a  Py- 
thagorean philofopher  of  Syracufe, 
who  taught  that  the  fun  and  flars  re- 
mained at  reft,  and  that  the  earth  only 
moved  round  its  axis,   Cic,  Acad,  a^y  39, 

Nice,  -onisy  (i.e.  vidory)  the  name 
of  an  afs,  which  is  faid  to  have  prog- 
nofttcated  to  Auguftus  his  vidlory  at 
A6lium,  Suet.  Aug.  96. 

NicocLES,  -isy  tyrant  of  Sicyon,  cut 
off  by  Aratus,  Cic.  OJf.  2y  23. 

NicOLAUS,  (i.  e.  victor  populiy)  a 
Peripatetic  philofopher  of  Damafcus, 
(Damafcenusy)  an  intimate  acquaintance 
of  Augullus,  to  whom  he  ufed  often 
to  fend  a  prefent  of  large  dates,  or 
fruit  of  the  palm-tree  of  the  largeft  fize, 
Athenae.  l^yp.  652.  As  the  emperor 
was  fond  of  that  kind  of  fruit,  he  cal- 
led them  from  the  philofopher,  Ni co- 
la i,i^.  which  name  they  afterwards 
retained,  Plin.  13,  4  f.  9. 

NicoMEDES,  'isy  the  name  of  fe- 
veral  kings  of  Bithynia,  in  aUiance  with 
Rome,  Jujlin.  34,  4.  et  38,  5.  ;  Cic. 
Ferr,  1,^4.;   Liv.  38,  16.  et  45,  44. 

the 


NIC  [2 

tlie  lafl:  of  whom  left  the  Roman  peo- 
ple his  heir,    Applan.  de  Bell.  Mithr. 

NicocREON,  -ontls,  a  king  of  Cy- 
prus,   Cic,  Tufc.  2,  2  2. 

NicoMACHus,  the  fon  of  Ariftotle, 
who  wrote  an  accurate  book  concern- 
ing morals,  Cic.    Fin.   5,   5. *f[  2. 

A  painter,  Cic.  Brut.  18. ;  Plin.  35,  to. 

NicosTRATA,  the  mother  of  Evan- 
der,  the  fame  with  Carmenta. 

NicosTRATus,  the  flave  of  Op- 
pianicus,   Cic.  Cliient.  62. 

P.  NIGIDIUS  Figulus,  a  candidate 
for  the  office  of  praetor  in  the  confulihip 
of  Cicero,  Cic.  SulL  14.  Having  been 
engaged  in  the  civil  war  againft  Caefar, 
)ie  was  exiled  from  Rome,  Cic.  Fam.  4, 
13.  Cicero  declared  that  he  had  been 
very  much  affifted  by  his  advice  in 
fuppreffing  the  confpiracy  of  Catiline, 
Plutarch.  An  sENr  resp.  sit  gerenda,  f. 
He  was  a  veiy  great  philofopher,  and 
the  moll  learned  of  the  Romans  next 
to  Varro.  He  wrote  on  many  fubjefts  ; 
on  grammar,  Gcll.  5,  2.  et  alibi  pa^m  ; 
on  animals,  augury,  &c.  ib.  He  was 
particularly  fliilled  in  aftrology ;  whence 
he  is  extolled  by  Lucan,  i,  639,  &c. 
On  the  day  that  Auguftus  was  born, 
the  fenate  happened  to  be  deliberatinga- 
bout  the  confpiracy  of  Catiline,  and  Oc- 
tavius,  the  father  of  Auguftus,  having, 
on  account  of  his  wife's  delivery,  been 
late  of  coming  into  the  houfe,  Nigidius 
being  informed  of  the  caufe  of  his 
delay,  and  hkewife  of  the  hour  when 
the  child  was  born,  declared,  "  that 
there  was  a  mafter  born  for  the  world," 
Suet.  Aug.  94.  This  flory  is  told  fome- 
what  differently  by  Dio  ;  Vid.  C.  Oc- 

TAVIUS. 

L.  NiNNius  ^ladraiuSi  Vid.  MuM- 

MIUS. 

NiNUS,  the  fon  of  Belus,  the  firft 
king  of  the  Affyrians,  Lucan.  3,  215. 
the  founder  of  Nineveh,   [G.  59B.) 

Ninyas,  -acy  the  fon  of  Ninus  and 
Semiramis,  and  the  facceffor  of  the 
latter  in  the  empire,  ib, 

NIoBE,  -es,  the  daughter  of  Tan- 
talus, and  wife  of  Amphion  king  of 
Thebes  ;  who,  proud  of  her  numerous 
children,  ufed  to  prefer  herfelf  to  La- 


73    3  N  I  S 

tona,  who  had  only  two,  Apollo  and 
Diana  ;  on  which  account  Apollo 
and  Diana,  to  gratify  their  mother, 
flew  all  the  children  of  Niobe  ;  Apollo, 
the  fons,  and  Diana,  the  daughters. 
Niobe,  overwhelmed  with  grief,  is  faid 
to  have  been  changed  into  a  ftone, 
Cic.  Tufi.  3,  26.  {G.  428.)  She  Is 
called  Sipyleia  mater,  becaufe  when 
converted  into  a  ftone,  fhe  Is  fuppofed 
to  have  been  fnatched  by  a  whirlwind 
to  Mount  Sipylus  in  her  native  coun- 
try, ^tat.  Sih.  5,  I,  33. Proles  Nio' 

baea,  the  offspring  of  Niobe,  Hor.  OcL 
4>  6,   I. 

NiPHAEus,  an  Italian  chief,  turn* 
bled  from  his  chariot  by  the  affrighted 
horfes,  and  killed,   Virg.  Aen.  10,  570. 

Nip  HE,  -es,  one  of  the  attendants 
of  Diana,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  171. 

NiPTRA,  -orum,  (i.  e.  lavacra,)  a 
play  of  Pacuvius  and  Sophocles,  C/V. 
Tufc.  2,  21. 

NiREUS,  (In  2  fyL)  -ei,  v.  -eos,^cc, 
-ea,  the  fon  of  Charopus  and  Aglaia,. 
king  of  Syme,  the  moft  beautiful  off 
the  Graecian  chiefs  In  the  Trojan  war 
except  Achilles,  but  unwarlike.  Homer. 
II.  2,  67  1.  as  remarkable  for  beauty  as 
Therfites  was  for  deformity,  Homer,  ib. 
et  216.;  Ovid.  Pont,  j^i  13,  16.  Nirea 
non  fades,  nen  'vis  exemit  Achillem,  did 
not  fave  or  rcfcue  from  death.  Property 
3,  18,  27.  ^alis  aut  Nireus  fuit,  aut 
aquosa  Rapt  us  ab  Ida,  (i.  e<.  Ganyme- 
des,)  Hor.  Od.  3,  20,  15.  Formdquc'vin-' 
cas  Nirea,  Hor.  Epod,  15,  22. 

NisA,  the  name  of  a  woman,  Virg, 
Aen.  8,  26. 

Nisus,  the  father  of  one  of  thofe 

called  Bacchus,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  23 

^  2.  The  fon  of  Hyrtacus  [HyrtacldeSf 
-ae,)  a  brave  Trojan,  ihe  friend  of 
Euryalus,  Virg.  Aen.  5,  319,  334,  6cc. 
flain  by  the  Latins,  ib.  9,  176,  ^c. 

Nisus,  the  Ton  of  Pandion,  a  king 
of  Megara,  who  had  a  red  lock  of  hair, 
(coma  purpurea,  Tibuli.  i,  4,  57.  pur- 
pura, Ovid.  Met.  S  80.  purpureus  crinisf 
ib.  93.)  on  which  his  fate  depended. 
His  daughter  Scylla,  knowing  tin's,  and 
falling  in  love  with  Minos,  who  then 
befieged  her  father's  capital,  cut  off  the 
M  m  &tal 


NIX  [274 

fatal  lock  ;  whereupon  Nifiis  expired, 
and  Minos  became  mafter  of  Megara, 
Apollodor.  3,  14,  8.  (G.  375.).  Nifus 
was  turned  into  a  bird  or  kind  of  hawk, 
called  Halyacetos,   Ov'td.  Met.  8,    146. 

or  Nifus,    V'lrg.  G,   l,   404. Niseis, 

^Hciisy  the  daughter  of  Nifus,  (Vid. 
ScYLLA.)    Niseus  V.  Nisetus,  adj. 

Nix  us,  {[c.  genu  Hercules,)  a  name 
piven  to  the  conllellation  Hercules,  i.  e. 
t/je  Man  on  his  knee,  called  by  the^ 
Greeks  Engonasis,  Hygin.  Poet,  AJlr, 
2,6.;  Cic,  Arat.  373,  &  400.  Ovid 
exprefTes  the  name  fully ;  ^i  (  fc. 
locus)  medius  nixique  genu  ejl,  anguem- 
que  ienentis,  the  place  of  Ariadne's 
crown  is  in  the  middle,  between  the 
man  reRing  on  his  knee,  and  the  man 
holding  the  ferpent,  (i.  e.  Serpentarius, 
called  by  the  Greeks,  Ophiuchus,)  Met. 
8,  182. 

^  Fuhlus  NOBILIOR,  a  noble 
Roman,  a  favourer  of  learning,  who, 
when  he  was  one  of  three  conimilfioners 
(triumvir)  for  fettling  a  colony,  gave 
Ennius  the  freedom  of  the  city,  Cic. 
Brut.  20. 

NocTiFER,  'cri,  a  name  given  to 
the  evening  ftar,  CatulL  63,  7. 

NocTiLUCA,  a  name  of  Diana  or 
of  the  moon,  Hor.  Od.  4,  6,  38. 

Nodi N us,  a  deity  worfnipped  by  the 
Romans,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  20.  according 
to  Varro,  becaufe  he  prefided  os^er  the 
knots  of  the  ftalks  of  corn,  [geniculis 
nodifque  culmorum  praepofuus,)  Auguftin. 
de  Civ.  Dei,  4,  8. 

C.  Corfidius  NoNi^.NUS,  adopted 
from  the  getis  Nonia  into  the  gens  Con- 
Jidia ;  to  whom  the  fenate  affigned  the 
province  of  Gallia  Ciier'ior,  when  they 
decreed  that  it  (liould  be  taken  from 
Caefar,    Cic.  Fam.  \6,i2. 

M.  Nonius,  pro-praetor  of  Crete 
and  Cy.reiiae,  when  Cicero  was  pro- 
conful  in  Cilicia,  Cic.  Att.  6,  i. 

\^  Junius  NoPvBANUS,  a  tribune, 
who  profecuted  Q^  Servih'us  Caepio, 
after  he  had  been  defeated  by  the  Cim- 
bri  ;  and  on  that  account  being  himfelf 
afterwards  accufed  by  P.  Sulpicius  Ru- 
fus,  a-  tribune,  was  defended  by  M. 
^ntonius  the  orator,  Cic,  Or.  2,  2i, 
25,  47,   6c  48,     When  couful  with  L, 


]  N  U  M 

Sclpio,  he  was  vanquiihed  by  Sulla,  a. 
u.  670,  Paterc.  2,  25. 

C,  Nor  BAN  us,  praetor  of  Sicily, 
Cic.  Verr.  3,  49.  which  he  governed 
in  peace,  ib.  5,  4. 

No  VI  A,  the  wife  of  Oppianicus,  Cic, 
Cluent.  9. 

Novi'js,  a  freed  man,  raifed  to  be 
a  tribune,  or  to  fome  confiderable  office, 
that  entitled  him  to  punifh  citizens,  by 
ordering  them  to  be  thrown   from  the 

Tarpeian  rock,  Hor.  Sat    1,6,  40. 

Noviorum  minor,  the ,  younger  of  two 
brothers,  called  Novii,  remarkable  for 
his  hauffhtv  look,  thought  to  have  been 
a  judge  or  a  rich  banker;  whom  Horace 
fuppofes  the  ftatuc  of  Marfyas,  (eredl- 
ed  in  that  part  of  the  forum  which 
ufurers  frequented,  and  where,  courts 
of  judicature  were  held),  to  behold 
with  difguil  or  indignation,  ib.  121. 
The  old  Scholiaft  on  this  paffage  fays 
that  the  younger  of  the  IVo.mi  was  an 
ufurer. 

Novius,  a  hunter  after  inheritances, 
[captator  wheredipeta),  Juvenal.  12,  in. 
NucuLA,   a  friend  of  Antony,  Cic, 
Phil.  6,  5.  8,9.  II,  6.  et  12,  8. 

NUMA  Pompilius,  the  fecond  king 
of  Rome  ;  renowned  for  his  juftice  and 
piety  ;  and  therefore  invited  to  the 
throne  from  Cures,  a  city  of  the  Sa- 
bines,  (G.  195.)  Hence,  Dejlinat  imperio 
clarum  praenuncia  veri  Fama  Numam, 
Ovid.  Met.  15,  4.  Extindum  Latiae-' 
que  nurus,  populufque,  Patrefque,,  De-. 
Jievere  Numam,  ib.  486.  Regc  Numd, 
in  the  reign  of  Numa,  ib.  Numa  was 
called  Sacriflcus,  froni  his  having  in- 
ftituted  facred  rites,  Lucan,  9,  478. 
^icfiujque  Numam  jufflfe,  complaining 
that  Numa  had  inftituted  thefe  holi- 
days and  ceremonies,  Id.  7,  396.  ^us 
Sympuimim  ridere  Numae  aufus  erat  ? 
to  laugh  at  the  earthen  or  wood,en  cup; 
ufed  by  Numa  in  facrifice,  juvenah  6, 
342.  Juvenciim  more  Numae  caedit 
Jovis  ante  alt  aria.  Id.  8,  155.  Hie  ubi 
nocfurnae  Numa  coiijlituebat  amicae,  ap- 
pointed a  meeting,  or  ufed  to  meet 
with  (the  goddefs  Egena,)  his  mif- 
trefs,  in  the  night-time,  (by  whofe  ad- 
vice he  pretended  that  he  made  all  his 
inllitutions,) 


N  U  M  [ 

inftitutJons,)  Id.  3,  12.  ;  Ovid.   Jmor, 

2,  17,  18.   called  alfo  his  wife,  Id,  F. 

3,  267,    &  276.     Procedat  vel  Numa. 
let  a  witnefs  appear  of  as  ^reat  veracity 


27J    ]  NYC 

potum  Munere  regna  cap'tty)  Ovid.  Met. 

J4'  773- 

NuMiTOR,    a  profligate    man,    pe- 
nurious to   his  friends,  but  profufe  in 


as  Numa,  Juv.  3,  138.  -Noma  was  ca^-     every  thing  that  tended  to  gratify   his 


led  ttitonfusj  becaule  the  Romans  did 
not  clip  nor  (have  their  beards  in  his 
time,  Ovid  Fajl.  6,  264.  jujlus,  Ovid. 
Amor.  2,  17,  8.  ^los  (fc.  mores) 
Numa  maternos  non  neget  ejfe  fuosy  you, 
Cotta,  have  fuch  morals,  or  poflefs 
fuch  qualities,  as  Numa,  from  whom 
you  are  defcended  by  the  mother's 
lide,  vvould  not  deny  to  be  his  own, 
i.  e.  you  are  juft  and  religious,  as  Nu- 
ma was,  and  have  not  degenerated 
from  your  maternal  anceftor,  Ovid.  Pont. 
3,  2,  106.  Et  cum  fab  till  P  rife  us  titer- 
que  Numdy  and  both  poets  called  by 
the  name  of  Prifcus,  who  wrote  the 
life  of  Numa,  in  a  fubtile,  humble,  or 
fimple  ftyle,  ih.  16,  10. 

Numa,  a  valiant  Latin  in  the  army 


ofTi 


Virg.   A  en.    lO,    562. 


51  2.  Another  flaia  by  Nifus  or  Eury- 
alus,  ib.  9,  454. 

Numa  Marciusi  the  fir  ft  Pontifex 
Maximus,  created  by  king  Numa,  Liv. 
li  20. 

NuMANUS  Remiilus,  a  Rutulian,  the 
firft  man  whom  Afcanius  flew  in  battle, 
Firg.  Aen.  9,  592. 

NuMERius,  a  praenomen  frequently 

ufed by  feveral  families. Nu  m  e  r i  u  s 

Fabius  Pi£tor,  a  Roman  hiftorian,.  who 
wrote   his  annals  in   Greek,  Cic.   Div. 

I,  2i. 

Ti.  NuMicius,  a  tribune  of  the 
people,  Cic.  Off.  $,  ^o. 

N.  Misius,  a  commander  of  the  La- 
tins, Liv.  8,  1 1. 

NuMiTOR,  -oris,  the  fon  of  Procas, 
king  of  the  Albans,  and  elder  brother 
of  Amulius,  by  whom  he  was  unjullly 
deprived  of  the  crown  ;  hence  he  is 
called  diri  \umitor  germanus  Atiwlif 
Ovid.  Faft,  4,  53.  ;  and  Amulius,/m- 

ter    Numitorisi    ib.   809. Numitor 

was  the  grandfather  of  Romulus  and 
Remus,  by  his  daughter  Rhea  Sylvia, 
(G.  192.)  In  his  old  age  he  recover- 
ed the^  kingdom  by  the  favour  of  his 
grandfons,   (  NumtorfM  fenex  amtjfa  nc' 


own  paflions,  jfuvenal.  7,  74. 

Ni' Ml  TOR  I  A,  a  native  of  Fregellae, 
the  wife  of  the  father  of  M.  Antony, 
Cic.  Phil.  3,  6. 

P.  NuMiTORius,  the  un  le  of  Vir- 
-ginia  by  the  mother's  fide,  Liv.  3, 
45,   5c  54. 

^  Nu  MI  TORI  us  Pullusi  a  chief 
man  of  Fregellae,  who,  when  fummon- 
ed  to  plead  his  caufe  before  Opimius, 
the  praetor,  faved  himfelf  by  difcover- 
ing  a  coi]fpiracy  which  his  country- 
men had  formed  againft  the  Romans, 
Cic.  Inv.  2,  34.  Fin.  5,  2  2. 

NYMPHAE,  Nymphs,  a  general 
name  given  to  certain  female  divinities, 
that  were  fuppofed  to  prefide  over  par- 
ticular departments  of  nature  ;  as  the 
Nymphs  of  the  mountains,  Oreades ; 
of  the  woods,  D^ades,  Hamadryades, 
and  Napaeae  ;  of  rivers .  and  fountains. 
Naiades    v.    hi  aides  ;    and  of  the  fea, 

Nereuies. Nynipharum    aedes,    the 

temple  of  the  nymphs,  in  which  were 
kept  the   records  of  the  cenfors,   {ta- 

lulae   cenjoriae,)   Cic.   Mil.  27. In 

the  fingular,'NYMPHA,  and  fometimes 
Nymphe,  Ovid.  Met.  i,  744.  et  14, 
762.  F.  ^,  123.  et  6,  107. 

Nyctelius,  a  name  given  to  Bac- 
chus, becaufe  his  facred  rites  were  cele- 
brated in  the  night-time,  Ovid.  Met, 
4,  15.  Ny£leUus  pater,  Ovid.  Art. 
Am.  I,  567. — Latex  Ny Melius,  wine, 
Senec.  Oedlp.  492. 

Nycteus,  (2  fy  11. )  -COS ,  v.  -«,  the 
fon  of  Chthonius,  and  father  of  An- 
tiope,  who  being  diftrelTed  on  account 
of  the  misfortunes  of  his  daughter,  flew 
himfeif,  Apollodor.  3,  5,  5.  His  ftory 
is   varioufly    told,    Hygin.  f,  *],  &c    8. 

Fid.   Antiope    et   Lycus. Nyc- 

teis,  '^isy  i.  e.  Antiope,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Nydteus,  Propert.  I,  4,  5.  J  Ovid. 

/yy.  6,  iri. 

Nyctimene,  -es,  the  daughter  of 

Nyfteus,  king  of  Lefbos,  who  havhig 

polluted  the  bed  of  her  father,   was 

M  m  2        .    changed 


N  Y  M  [2 

changed  into  an  owl,  OvlJ,  Met.  2, 
590,  &c. 

Nymphius,  a  chief  man  at  Palae- 
polis,  who  gave  up  that  city  to  the 
Romans,   Liv.  8,  25,  h  26. 

Nympho,  -onis,  a  native  of  Centuri- 
pa,  Cic.  Ferr,  3,  21. ^2.  A  na- 
tive of  Colophon,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  i,  2,  2. 

Nymphodori  s,  a  native  of  Agri- 

gentum,    Cic.    Verr.    4,    22. ^   2. 

^  native  of  Centiiripa,  ih.  3,  23.  ^ 

NYSA,  the  nurfe  of  Bacchus,  who 
gave  name  to  a  city  on  the  borders  of 
Syria  and  Arabia,  where  (he  was  bu- 
ried, Pl'tn.  5,  18.;  whence  Bacchus 
was  called  Nyseus,  (2.  fyll.)  ')vid. 
Met.  4,  13.  and  Nysaeus,  Stat.  Thch. 
4,  383.  But  moll  derive  thefe  names 
from  Nyfa,  a  mountain  in  India,  where 

Bacchus  was  brought  up. ^  2    A 

perfon  killed  by  Bacchus,  Ctc.  N.  D. 
3»  23. 

Nysius,  (al,  D'lonyftus,)  a  firname 
of  Bacchus,  Cic.  Place.  25. 


Serv.  OcELLA,  an  acquaintance  of 
Cicero's,  who  was  detefted  in  an  in- 
trigue, Cic.  Fam.  2,  15.^/8,  7.  He 
fided  with  Pompey  in  the  civil  war,  Id. 
Att.  10,  13,  &  17, 

Ochus,  a  king  of  Perfia,  (6^.619.) 

OcNUs,  the  fon  of  the  prophetefs 
Manto,  and  of  the  Tiber,  ( Tujci  am- 
Ills,)  who  furroundcd  the  city  Mantua 
with  walls,  and  gave  it  that  name  from 
his  mother,  Firg.  Aen.  10,  198,  the 
fame  with  Bianor,  Virg.  Ed.  9,  6.  et 
thi  Serv. 

OCNUS,  (i.  e.  pigsr,)  2l  perfon 
Vjjiom  the  painters  reprefented  as  fit- 
ting in  the  infernal  regions,  and  twiil- 
ing  a  rope  of  broom  [spartum)  orrufhes, 
while  a  female  afs  Hood  by  and  de- 
voured the  rope  as  fad  as  he  twilled  it. 
This  Ocnus  is  faid  to  have  been  an  in- 
duftrious  man  ;  but  had  an  expcnlive 
wife,  who  confumed  and  lavifhed  away 
what  he  gained.  Hence  the  proverb, 
Ocnus  funem  torquef,  vel  Contorquet  piger 
fitniculuvii  for  a  perfon  who  patiently 
continues   his  labour  to  no   purpofc. 


7<5    1  OCT 

Paufan.  10,  29.  There  was  a  pifture 
on  this  fubjea  by  Polygnotus,  in  the 
temple  of  Delphi,  ib.  Pliny  mentions 
a  fimilar  pidure,  done  by  Socrates  the 
painter,  35,  n  f.  40.  To  this  Pro- 
pertius  alludes,  Dignior  obliquo  funem 
quitorqueat  Ocno,  Aeternufque  tuam  pafcat^ 
ajfelky  famem,  more  worthy  or  more 
deferving  to  turn  the  rope  than  Ocnus, 
(called  ohliquusy  from  the  pofition  of 
his  body  while  twifting,)  4,  3,  21. 

OcEANUs,  the  god  of  the  ocean, 
the  fon  of  Caelus  and  Terra,  Hefiod. 
Theog.  ;  called  Senex^  aged,  Omd.  Met* 
2,  510.  Fafi.  ^i  16.  becaufe  the  mofl 
ancient  of  the  gods,  and  even  their 
^2LV&n\.f  Homer,  II.  14,  201. ;  the  huf- 
band  of  Tethys,  Ovid.  ib.  et  Faji.  5, 
81.  ;  both  of  whom  were  held  in  great 
veneration  by  the  other  gods,  and 
often  vifited   by  them,  Horner,  et  Ovid, 

ibid. OcEANiTiDES,  -«w,    (fing. 

Oceanltisy)  the  daughters  of  Oceanus, 
Firg.  G.  4,  341.  vel  Ocean  IDES,  (fing. 
Oceanis,  of  whom  Apollodorus  fays 
there  were  3000,  i,  2,  2.  So  Hefiod, 
Theog. 

OCRISIA  vel  Ocrejia,  the  wife 
of  Servius  Tullius,  a  chief  man  of  Cor- 
niciilum,  who  was  killed  when  that 
tov/n  was  taken  by  Tarquinius  Prifcus. 
Ocrifia,  then  big  with  child,  was  car- 
ried to  Rome  as  a  captive,  and  given 
toTanaquIl,  Tarquin's  wife,  with  whom 
flie  became  a  great  favourite.  She 
bore  a  fon  in  the  palace,  who  was 
named  after  his  father,  and  became  the 
fixth  king  of  Rome,  Liv.  i.  39.  ; 
Dicnyf.  4,  I.  Ovid  makes  Vulcan  the 
father  of  Servius  Tulhus,  FaJi,  6,  627. 

Gens  OCTAVIA,  a  very  ancient 
Roman  family  ;  originally  from  Veli- 
trae  ;  admitted  into  the  fenate  by  Tar- 
quinius Prifcus,  and  foon  after  ranked 
among  the  patricians  by  Servius  Tul- 
lius  ,  but  in  procefs  of  time  it  returned 
to  the  plebeians ;  and  after  a  long  inter- 
val, it  was  again  raifed  to  the  patrician 
dignity  by  Juhus  Caefar.  The  firll 
of  the  family  promoted  to  any  office  of 
Hate  by  the  people,  was  Caius  Ru. 
fus,  who  obtained  the  quacftorfhip, 
Suet,  Aug.  I,  £c  2.  (fuppofed  by  fome 
"to 


OCT  [2 

to  be  C.  OAavius  Rufus,  the  quaeftor 
mentioned  by  Salluft,  Jug,  104.;  but 
this  OAavius  was  quaellor  a.  u.  647. 
and  Cneius,  probably  the  fon  of  Rufus, 
mentioned  by  Suetonius,  was  praetor 
a.  545>  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  the  fe- 

cond  Punic  war,    Liv.  28,  38.) C. 

Rufus  had  two  fons,  Cne;ius  and  Cai- 
us  ;  from  whom  two  faraihcs  fprung, 
different  in  their  circum (lances.  Cneius 
and  all  his  defcendants  fucceffively  en- 
joyed the  higheft  offices  of  the  ftate. 
Caius  and  his  pofterity,  whether  by 
fortune  or  inclination,  remained  in  the 
equcftrian  order  till  the  father  of  Au- 
guftus  ennobled  his  family,   Suet.  ib. 

Cn.  OCTAVIUS,  when  aedile,  be- 
ing created  praetor,  a.  u.  545.  got  the 
province  of  Sardinia,  Liv.  28,  38.  near 
which  he  took  eighty  tranfports  of  the 
Carthaginians,  ib,  46.  on  which  account 
his  command  was  prolonged.  Id.  29,  13. 
et  30,  I.  After  the  Punic  war  was 
finifhed,    0(5lavius    was    employed     in 

:  honourable  commiffions,  as  an  anibaf- 
fador,  Liv.  31,  11  f.  as  a  triumvir  for 
fettling  colonies,  Id.  34,  45. 

Cn.  OCTAVIUS,  probably  the  fon 

I  of  the  former,  praetor  a.  u.  582,  Liv. 
44,  17.   admiral  of  the  Roman  fleet  in 

1        the   war   againd   Perfeus,    Liv,  45,  5. 

;  who  obliged  that  king  to  furrender  to 
him  on  the  illand  of  Samothracia,  ib. 
^.  Ke  conveyed  the  money  and  plun- 
der taken  from  Perfeus  to  Rome,  ib. 
33,  On  account  of  his  merits  he  was 
honoured  with  a  naval  triumph,  ib.  42. 
He  was  conful  with  L,  (al.  T.)  Manii- 
us  Torquatus,  a.  u.  588,  Cic.  Fin.  i,  q. 
He  was  the  lirll  of  his  family  who  ob- 
tained that  office  ;  which  honour  Cice- 
ro fays  he  owed  partly  to  a  fine  houfe 
he  had  built  on  the  Palatine  mount  ; 
{^quac  fc.  domus,  cum  vidgo  viferetury  fiif- 
fragata  domino^  novo  hominif  ad  confulatum 
putabatur^)  Cic.  Off.  i,  39.  Being  fent 
on  an  embaffy  to  Afia,  he  was  affaffina- 
ted  at  Laodlcea  by  t-ne  Lepthtes ;  on 
which  account  a  ilatue  was  erefted  to 
him  in  the  roflra,  at  Rome,  Cic.  Phil,  c^, 
2.;    P/;V;.34,  6. 

Cn.  OCTAVIUS,  the  fon  of  the 
former,  was  conful  with  T.  Apnius,  a. 


77    3  OCT 

u.   625.  Cn.  OcTATitJS,  his  fofi^' 

was  repulfed  in  his  application  for  the 
aedilefhip,  Cic.  Plane.  2 1,  He  obtain- 
ed the  confulfliip  with  Cinna,  a.  667, 
Cic.  Har.  Refp.  25.  in  which  office  he 
difplayed  a  talent  for  eloquence  which 
before  he  was  not  thought  to  pofTefs, 
Cic.  Brut.  47.  Differing  with  his  col- 
league, he  expelled  him  from  the  city, 
Cic.  Cat.  3,  10.  But  Cinna  being  join- 
ed by  Marius,  returned  with  an  army, 
ordered  Octavius  to  be  flain,  and  his 
head,  after  being  cut  off,  Cic.  Tufc, 
5,  [9.  to  be  fixed  on  the  roflra;  a 
fpecies  of  cruelty  firfl  exemplified  on 
him,  Appian.  B.  Civ.  /•  393.  but  after- 
wards imitated   on  others,    Cic.  Pr.  3, 

3.;  Flor.   3,    21. OCTAVIANUM  ^f/- 

/t/w,  the  war  between  Odlavius  and 
Cinna,  Cic.  Div.  i,  2.  Nat.  D,  2,  5, 
&c.     (  Vid.  Ci N N  A,  /».  1 32. ) 

L.  OCTAVIUS,  conful  with  C. 
Aurelius  Cotta,  a.  u.  678,  Cic.  Verr,  I, 

^o. Adio  OcTAviANA,  a  form  of 

proceeding  in  courts  of  law,  inflituted 
by  0£lavius  when  praetor,  Ib.  3,  6^^, 

C.  OCTAVIUS,  the  father  of  Au- 
guflus,  was  defcended  from  an  ancient 
and  opulent  equeflrian  family,  in  which 
he  was  the  firft  that  was  a  fenator,  SueL 
Aug.  2.  a  man  of  great  abilities  and 
worth,  Paterc.  2,  59.  After  his  prae- 
torfnip,  he  obtained  the  province  of 
Macedonia ;  and  in  his  way  thither, 
dellroyed  the  fugitive  remains  of  the 
army  of  Spartacus  and  Catiline,  who 
had  got  poifeffion  of  the  territory  of 
Thurii  ;  the  fenate  having  given  him 
an  extraordinary  commiffion  to  execute 
that  buiinefs.  In  the  government  of 
his  province  he  condudled  himfelf  with 
no  lefs  juftice  than  bravery  ;  fo  that  Ci- 
cero recommended  his  exam.ple  to  the 
imitation  of  his  brother,  the  pro-prae- 
tor or  pro-conful  of  Afia,  Suet,  Aug.  3. ; 
Cic.  J^  Fr.  I,  I,  7.  whofe  neighbour 
[vicinus)  Oftavius  is  called,  though  a 
fea  intervened  betwixt  them,  lb,  i,  2,  2. 
Add.  Alt.  2,  I  f.  Having  conquered 
the  Beffi  and  Thracians  in  a  great  bat- 
tle, Oftavius  was  honoured  with  the 
title  of  ImperatoRj.S'z/^/,  ib.;  Paterc.  2, 
59.    Returning  from  Macedonia  to  fue 

for 


OCT  t 

for  the  confulflilp,  he  died  fuddenly  by 
the  way,  leaving  two  daughters  and 
one  fon,  only  four  years  old,  ib.  et  Suet, 
8. 

Cams  OCTAVIUS,  afterwards  fir- 
named  AuGUS  '  us,  was  the  fon  of  the 
former  C.  Odavius,  by  his  wife  Atia, 
the  daughter  of  M.  Atius  Balbns  and 
Julia,  the  fifter  of  C.  Julius  Caefar. 
He  was  born  in  the  confulfhip  of  Ci- 
cero and  Antonius,  a.  u.  690,  {al.  691.) 
September  23.  (ix.  KaL  OBob.)  Suet. 
Aug.  5.  Paterculus  fays,  that  the  birth 
ofAuguftus  was  an  acceflion  of  glory  to 
the  confulfhip  of  Cicero,  2,  36.  But 
Paterculus  wrote  under  Tiberius. — It 
happened  on  the  day  in  which  Auguf- 
tus  was  born,  that  the  fenate  aiTembled 
to  deliberate  concerning  the  confpiracy 
of  Catiline;  and  that  Oclavius,  on  ac- 
count of  the  birth  of  his  fon,  was  late 
of  coming  into  the  fenate-houfe.  Ni- 
gidius  Figiilus,  a  man  remarkable  for 
his  knowledge  of  aftrology,  being  in- 
formed by  him  of  the  caufe  of  his  de- 
lay, is  reported  to  have  exclaimed, 
**  You  have  produced  a  mailer  for  us." 
At  which  Oclavius  being  alarmed,  is 
faid  to  have  had  thoughts  of  klUing 
the  child,  but  was  prevented  by  Figu- 
lus,  D'iOy  45,  I .  Various  other  pvog- 
noflications  of  the  future  greatnefs  of 
Auguftus  are  recorded,  ib,  2.  et  Suet, 
yiug.  94,  The  enemies  of  Anguitus  often 
upbraided  him  with  the  meannefs  of 
his  birth,  Suet,  Aug,  2,  &  4.  which  ob- 
jeclion  Cicero  repels  with  great  force, 
C'lc,  Phil.  3,  6.  Augultus  was  nurfed 
in  a  villa  belonging  to  his  family,  (in 
avifo  juburbano,)  near  Velitrae.  The 
nurfcry  [^locus  nutrimenlorurn)  was  a 
fmall  apartment,  like  a  pantry,  (permo- 
dicus,  celiac penuariae  irijiar^)  and  was 
long  after  held  in  religious  veneration, 
Suet.  6. 

Oftavius,  after  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  brought  up -under  the  care 
of  his  mother  Atia,  and  of  her  lecond 
hufband,  L.  Marcius  Philippus,  Z>/o, 
16-  I.  who  loved  him  as  his  own  fon, 
Paterc.  2,  59.  After  Odtavius  grew 
up,  he  lived  with  Juhus  Caefar,  his 
grand-uncle,  {major  avunculus j   ib.  or 


27S    ]  OCT 

fimply  avunculus^  Suet.  Aug.  8,  &c. ;) 
who,  delighted  with  his  genius  and  dif- 
pofitions,  took  the  greattrft  care  of  his 
education,  ranked  him  among  the  pa- 
tricians ;  and  as  he  had  no  lawful  chil- 
dren of  his  own,  deftined  him  to  be  his 
heir,  D20,  45i  2.  Paterc,  ib.  To  con- 
firm him  the  more  in  this  refolutlon,  A- 
tia  gave  out,  that  fhe  had  conceived  her 
fon  by  Apollo,  D'Wi  45,  2.  ;  Suet.  Aug, 
94.  Hence  Apoilo  was  efteemed  the  tu- 
telar god  of  the  Caefars,  and  Auguftus 
wifhed  to  be  reckoned  the  fon  of  Apollo, 
nay  even  to  be  thought  Apollo  himfelf. 
Thus  in  the  famous  fupper  of  the  gods, 
faid  to  have  been  reprefented  at  his 
houfe,  he  was  dreffed  in  the  garb  of 
Apollo,  Suet,  Aug.  70.  And  there  are 
feveral  coins  extant  in  which  Auguftus 
is  reprefented  in  the  habit  of  Apollo, 
fitting  with  a  lyre  in  his  hand,  with 
this  infcription,  Caesar  Divi  F. 
There  was  a  ftatue  ercded  in  honour 
of  Auguftus  with  tlie  enfigns  of  Apol- 
lo ;  hence  Virgil  is  fuppofed  to  mean 
Auguftus  in  that  phrafe,  Tuusja?n  reg^ 
nat  Apollo.,  Eel.  4,  10.  et  ibi  Serv, 
Hence  alfo  Aeneas,  under  whofe  cha- 
radler  Virgil  is  thought  to  have  de- 
fcribed  Auguftus,  is  compared  to  Apol- 
lo, Firg.  Aen.  4,  144.  And  that  god 
is  reprefented  as  particularly  intertftcd 
in  the  fortune  of  Afcanius,  ib.  9,  638. 
&.C.  and  by  the  terror  of  his  bow,  the 
troops  of  Antony  at  the  battle  of  Ac- 
tium  are  faid  to  have  been  put  to 
flight,  ib.  8,  704.  Thus  Horace  firft 
invokes  Apollo  to  revenge  the  death  of 
Caefar,  OJ,  i,  2,  30.-— Octavius,  when 
only  twelve  years  of  age,  pronounced  a 
funeral  oration  in  praile  of  his  grandmo- 
ther Julia,  from  the ro/?r<3,  (pro condone ,) 
Suet.  Aug.  8.  In  his  fixtcenth  year  he 
put  on  the  manly  gown,  [togam  virilem 
fumfit,)  a  year  fooner  than  uiual,  ib.  He 
attended  Caefar  in  his  African  triumph, 
and  was  honoured  by  him  with  feveral 
mihtary  prefents,  though  he  had  not, 
on  account  of  his  youth,  been  concerned 
in  the  war,  {^expers  belli  propter  aetaiem,) 
ib.  When  Caefar  let  out  for  Spain 
againft  the  fons  of  Pompey,  Auguitus, 
though  fcarcely   then  recovered  from 


OCT  [2 

a  dangerous  difeaf?,  followed  him  ;  and 
haftening  throuajh  roads  infefted  by  the 
enemy,  with  a  very  few  attendants, 
even  after  being  fhipwrecked,  overtook 
him.  This,  added  to  his  engaging  man- 
ners, fo  llrongly  won  upon  his  uncle, 
that  ever  after  he  travelled  in  the  fame 
carriage,  and  lodged  with  him  in  the 
fame  inn.  After  the  reduftion  of  Spain, 
when  Caefar  meditated  an  expedition 
againft  the  Dacians  and  Parthians,  he 
fent  Oftavius  before  to  Apollonia  to 
profecute  his  ftudies,  intending  to  take 
him  along  with  him,  when  he  fliould 
pafs  that  way  with  the  army,  Pater c, 
i^  Suet.  ib. 

Odavius  had  not  been  fix  months  at 
Apollonia,  when  he  heard  of  his  un- 
cle's death,  Appian,  Bell  Ch.  3j/>.  531. 
Upon  which  he  immediately  fet  fail  for 
Italy.  At  Brundufmm  he  was  inform- 
ed that  Caefar  had  left  him  the  heir  of 
his  eftate  and  name,  Paterc.  2,  59.  He 
came  from  thence  to  Naples,  where  fe- 
veral  of  his  friends  met  him  and  con- 
duced him  to  the  villa  of  Philip  his 
ftep-father,  near  Cumae.  It  was  con- 
tiguous to  the  villa  of  Cicero,  to  whom 
the  friends  of  Octavius,  Balbus,  Hir- 
tius,  and  Panfa,  who  happened  then  to 
be  with  Cicero,  introduced  him,  Ctc, 
Att.  14,  10,  &  I?.  {^V'ld.  Cicero,^. 
123.)  The  mother  and  ftep-fiither  of 
young  Oftavius  diffuadcd  him  from 
claiming  the  poffefiion  of  his  uncle's 
eflate,  as  an  attempt  too  dangerous  in 
the  prefent  ftate  of  affairs  for  a  mere 
boy,  fcarcely  yet  above  eiglitcen  years 
of  age,  and  advifed  him  for  fome  time 
at  leaft  to  abftain  from  ufmg  the  name. 
But  the  young  man  with  great  fpirit 
declared,  "  that  it  would  be  (hameful 
for  him  to  appear  to  think  himfelf  un- 
worthy of  a  name  of  which  his  uncle 
had  thought  him  worthy,"  Paterc.  ib. 
He  was  therefore  henceforth  called 
C.  Julius  Caesar  Octavianus,  D'lOj 
46,  47.  or  fimply  Octavianus,  Cic. 
Fam.  10,  33.  Att.  15,  \z.et  16,  8,  n, 
14.  and  fometimes  Octavius,  Ctc, 
Fam.  16,  24.  But  his  ilep-father  did 
not  at  lirlt  call  him  by  that  name,  nor 
<lfd  Cicero,  whom  Odavius  treated  with 


79    1  OCT 

the  greateft  refpeft,  (perhonortfice  et  a- 
mice,)  Cic.  Att.  14,  12.  profeffing  that 
he  would  be  entirely  directed  by  his 
advice,  [m'thi  totus  deditusy  as  Cicero 
himfelf  fays), /3.  10.  When  Odavius 
came  to  Rome  he  was  produced  to  the 
people  by  a  tribune,  and  made  a  fpeecli 
to  them  from  the  rojlray  compofed  with, 
great  art,  in  which  he  promifed  to  pay 
them  what  Caefar  had  ordered  in  his 
will,  Suet.  Caef.  83. ;  D'lo,  44,  35. 
This  he  did  out  of  his  private  fortune 
and  by  the  aiTiftance  of  his  friends ; 
which  gained  him  great  favour  among 
the  populace,  Dio,  $^.  6.;  App'ian.  B. 
Civ.  3.  p.  541.  He  next  exhibited 
games  in  honour  of  the  vidory  of 
Caefar,  or  to  the  Vidory  of  Caefar  as 
a  goddefs,  [/udos  Caefaris  vicloriae  fe- 
cit, Cic.  Fam.  II,  28.)  thofe  to  whom 
that  office  had  fallen  not  daring  to  ce- 
lebrate them,  [Ludos  vidoriae  Caefaris 
non  audentibus  facercy  quibtis  obtigerat  id 
munusy  ipfe  edidit,)  Suet.  Aug.  10  *. 

*  Pliny  faysj  that  Auguftus  exhibited 
thefe  games  in  honour  of  Venus  Gene- 
TUix,  (quo!  fac'iebat  Veneri  Genetrici^  to 
mother  Venus,  a,  25.  So  Seneca,  Nat. 
^/(lef.  7,  17.)  and  that  a  number  of  perfons 
{toUrgium)  had  been  inftituted  by  Caefar  for 
the  fake  of  exhib-ting  them,  Plin.  ib.  et  Juli- 
us Obfequens,  c.  ia8.  which  the  words  of  Sue- 
to.'uus  feem  to  denote,  [quibus  obtigerat  id  tru- 
yiui,)  ib  Among  whom  (j«  quibus,  vel  i/i 
coi/cgie  ab  eo  i.  e.  a  Caefare  inftituto,)  Odavi- 
us adled  as  chief  or  prefident,  becaufe  the 
games  were  celebrated  at  his  expencc,  Plin» 
ib.  Appian  fays  exprefsly,  that  thefe  games 
were  inftituted  by  Caefar  to  Venus  Genetrixt 
when  he  dedicated  a  temple  to  her  together 
with  the  new  forum,  which  he  had  made, 
Appmn.  B.  C.  3,/.,  544.  (The  name  of  Ge- 
NiTPvix  was  given  to  Venus  becaufe  Julius 
Caefar  wifiied  it  to  be  believed  that  he  was 
delcendfd  from  her,  D/o,  41,  34..  et  43,  ViJ. 
JULIA  Gens;  and  the  temple  was  built  to 
her  in  confj-qiience  of  a  vow,  which  Caefar  had 
made  before  the  battle  of  Pharfalia,  Appian, 
B.  C.  2,  p.  470,  &  492.)  Suetonius  fays, 
Ludis  quos  primes  corjecraios  ei  (i.  e  ab  €0,  fc. 
Caefare,)  hae'-cs  edtbat^  at  the  games,  which, 
having  been  firft  conlecrated  by  Caefar,  his 
heir  AuguOus  exhibited.  Suet.  Cacf.  88.  Dio 
fays,  that  thefe  games  were  inftituted  on  ac- 
cou'.it  of  tlie  finifliing  of  the  temple  of  Venus, 
and  that  certa'n  perfons  had  undertaken,  wliile 
Citfar  was  alive,  to  celebrate  them;  bu'  had 
ne^leiled  to  do  fo,  ib.  45, 

During 


OCT 


L     2S0     ] 


OCT 


During  the  celebration  of  thefe 
games,  a  comet,  [Jiella  crlnita,  Suet. 
Caef.  SS./rdiis  crtnitum,  Plin.  2,  25.) 
appeared  for  feven  days  together; 
which  was  believed  by  the  credulous 
vulgar  to  be  the  foul  of  Caefar,  admit- 
ted into  heaven,  zb,  *  This  fiar  is 
called  by  Virgil  Dwnast  Caefaris  ajlrum, 
E.  9,  47.  ( Vicl.  DiONE ),  and  by  Ho- 
race, jul'mm  fulus,  Od.  i,  12,  47. 
(Vid.  Julia  gens.)  Its  appearance 
was  thought  to  forebode  fuccefs  to  Au' 
guftus,  Dio,  45,  7.  On  which  account 
he  placed  the  figure  of  a  ftar  on  the 
bead  of  a  brazen  ftatue,  which  he  eredl- 
cd  to  Caefar,  Suet.  Caef.  88.  in  the  fo- 
rum, Plin.  2,25.  (  Dio  fays,  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Venus,  ib.  and  Servius,  in  the  Ca- 
pitol, ad  Virg.  E.  9,  47.)  The  itar  of 
Caefar  is  alfo  faid  to  i)e  difplaycd  from 
the  top  of  the  head  of  Augullus,  (pa- 
tr'wmque   aperitur    lierlice  jidus)^    Virg. 

Aen.  8,  68it- 

In  thefe  fnews  0>5lavius  brought  out 
the  golden  chair,  and  crown  fct  with 
gems,  which,  among  other  honours, 
the  I'enate  had  decreed  to  Caefar 
while  alive,  Dlo^  44,  6.  et  45,  6.  but 
they  were  ordered  by  the  tribunes 
to  be  removed  ;  upon  which  the  eqiiiies 
gave  a  (liout  of  applaufe,  C'lc,  Att.  15, 
3.     Dio  fays,  that  Odavius  was  pre- 

*  Ovid  makes  this  cumet  to  appear  while 
Venus  flew  to  heave-n  with  the  foul  of  Cae- 
far, which  flie  fnatci.ed  from  hi?  dead  body, 
and  not  fufTering  it  to  he  dilTolved  into  air, 
placed  it  amontr  the  cele0.ial  ftars.  V/hile 
Ihc  carried  it,  llie  ptrceivt  d  ic  to  catch  fire, 
and  let  it  go  out  of  her  i>cfom.  A^  it  flew  to 
heaven,  it  drew  a  hair  of  fianie  after  ic, 
which  formed  the  anpt-arance  of  a  comet, 
Ovid.  Met.  15,  840,   &c. 

+  To  this  comet  Virgil  is  thought  to  al- 
lude, when,  in  menrioning  the  prodigies 
which  appeared  after  the  death  of  Caefar,  he 
fays.  Nee  diri  Uties  arfen  cometac,  Virg.  G. 
I,  488.  But  as  he  fpcaks  of  m.ore  comets 
than  one,  and  adds  the  epithet  diri^  fome 
think  he  means  certain  fiery  meteors,  which 
were  feen  about  that  time,  called  by  Ovid 
feces.  Met.  15,  787.  Cicero  fpeaks  of  feve- 
ral  comets  having  appeared  in  the  contell  be- 
tween Odavius  and  Clnna,  foreboding  the 
great  calamuies  which  fc.igwed,  GV.  N.  D, 
a,i. 


vented  from  bringing  them  into  the 
theatre  for  fear  of  Antony,  45,  6. 
The  conduct  of  0£lavius  in  exhibit- 
ing the  games  gave  offence  to  Cicero 
and  the  republican  party,  Clc,  Att,  15, 
2'.  but  was  very  acceptable  to  the  ve- 
teran foldiers,  and  to  the  other  friends 
of  Caefar,  Dh),  45,  7. 

In  order  to  gain  the  populace  more 
effcdually,  he  declared  himfelf  a  candi- 
date for  the  office  of  tribune,  though 
a  patrician,  and  not  yet  a  fenator.  But 
being  thwarted  by  Antony,  from 
whom  he  chiefly  expected  fupport,  he 
joined  the  republican  party,  (ad  opti' 
mates  fe  CDntuUt)^  Suet.  Aug.  10.  He 
in  particular  paid  great  court  to  Cice- 
ro, Plutarch,  in  Cicerone^  p.  884.  by 
whofe  influence  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  troops  which  he  had  levi- 
ed, with  the  authority  of  praetor,  (pro- 
praetore),  Cic.  Phil.  5,  17.;  Plu- 
tarch. Anton.  923.  ;  App'ian.  Sip'  SSJ'f 
Suet.  ibid,  and  commifTioned  with  Hir- 
tius  and  Panfa  to  carry  afiiftance  to  D. 
Brutus,  who  had  been  befieged  for 
more  than  three  months  in  Mutma  by 
Antony,  Suet.  ib.  whence  this  war  was 
called  Bellum  Mutinense,  the  war 
of  Mutina,  Suet.  Aug:  9.  Antony  was 
completely  defeated  ;  but  made  his  ef- 
cape  over  che  Alps,  with  the  remains 
of  his  army,  to  Lepidus,  who  command- 
ed in  Gaul.  Hirtius  having  fallen-  in 
battle,  and  Panfa  foon  after  dying  of 
his  wounds,  Oclavius,  who  was  fuf- 
pefted  of  having  caufed,  by  his  contri- 
vance, the  death  of  both  of  them,  be- 
came fole  maflcr  of  the  viftorious  ar- 
mies, Suet.  Aug.  12.;  Tac.  Ann.  i,  10. 
D.  Brutus  being  abandoned  by  his 
troops,  v/as  put  to  death  by  the  orders 
of  Antony. 

Vv'"hen  Oftavius  underftood  that  An- 
tony, after  his  defeat,  had  been  recei- 
ved by  Lepidus,  and  that  the  other 
generals  and  armies  had  declared  for 
the  fenate,  he,  without  hefitation,  de- 
ferted  the  republican  party,  [caufam  op- 
timafium  defer uit))  and  formed  an  alli- 
ance with  Antony  and  Lepidus :  al- 
leging, by  way  of  excufe  for  changing 
fides,  that  the  fenste  had  not  conferred 

proper 


OCT  [    281    ] 

proper  rewards  on  his  veterans  for  their  and  Lepidu 
ferrices  ;  that  feveral  of  the  fenators 
had  ufed  difrefpe(ftfulexpreIIionsaga{n{l 
himfelf;  that  feme  of  them  called  him 
a  boy  ;  that  others  faid,  the  young  man 
was  to  be  praiied,  adorned,  and  cut 
off,  {^iolIaidum)y  a  word  of  ambiguous 
meaning,  tollere  lignifying  either  to 
raife  to  preferments,  or  to  take  away 
life),  Suet.  Aug.  12.  This  laft  expref- 
fion  was  particularly  afcribed  to  Cice- 
ro, Pat  ere.  2,  62.  j  Cic.  Favi.  11,  20. 
{^Vid,  Cicero,  p.  izj.) 

Oilavius  foon  after  advanced  to  the 
city  with  his  legions  ;  and  though  on- 
ly twenty  years  of  age,  demanded  the 
confulfhip  for  the  remainder  of  the  year. 
Accordingly  he  was  made  conful  with 
his  kinfman  Q^Pedius,  Suet.  Aug.  26.; 
App'ian.  5.  6".  3,  />.  578. ;  DiOy  46,  46. 
a.u.  711.  in  the  monthof  ^^.v/i//.r,  which 
was  afterwards  called  Augujiusy  from  his 
own  iirname,  becaufe  in  that  month  he 
had  firft  been  made  conful,  and  had 
gained  his  moft  important  vidlories, 
Suet.  "^i.  This  year  however  continu- 
ed to  be  denominated  to  the  end  of  it 
by  the  names  of  Hirtius  and  Panfa, 
though  dead. 

Odavius  having  thus  becom.e  mailer 
of  the  city,   was  formally  admitted  in- 


to the  family  of  Caefar,  and  changed 
his  name.  For  though  he  aflumed  the 
name  of  C.  Julius  Caefar  Oftavianus 
immediately  after  his  uncle's  death, 
yet  he  did  not  aKvays  continue  to  ufe 
it.  Henceforth  he  was  generally  call- 
ed CAESAR,  Dio,  46,  47.  But  in 
after  ages  he  has  been  generally  called 
AUGUSTUS,  a  name  given  him  long 
ufterthis  period,  to  diilinguiih  him  from 
his  uncle, 

Auguftus  now  Openly  avowed  his  re- 
folution  of  avenging  his  uncle's  death, 
which  ferved  as  a  pretext  for  his  late 
condu6l,  and  for  the  wars  that  follow- 
ed, Sui't.  Aug.  10.  He  therefore  cau- 
fed  a  law  to  be  pafled,  ordering  all  who 
had  any  concern  in  the  death  of  Cae- 
far to  be  brought  to  their  trial,  thus 
giving  the  femblance  of  juftice  to  his 
meafures,  Dlo,  46,  48.  Soon  after  he 
fct  out  with  his  army  to  meet  Antony 


O  C  f 

that  they  might  confer 
together  concerning  the  divifion  of  the 
provinces.  Africa,  Sardinia,  and  Si- 
cily were  given  to  Auguftus,  Spain  and 
Gallia  Narhoncnfis  were  given  to  Le- 
pidus,  and  the  reft  of  Gaul  to  Anto- 
ny. The  provinces  of  the  eaft  were  in 
the  power  of  Brutus  and  Caflius.  It 
was  agreed  that  Antony  and  Odlavius 
fiiould  profecute  the  war  againft  them, 
and  that  Lepidus  fhould  be  left  to 
guard  the  city.  Thcfe  conditions  were 
ratified  by  a  marriage  between  0(?ta- 
vius  and  Clodia  or  Claudia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Antony's  wife  Fuivia  by  her  firft 
hufband  P.  Clodius,  D'lOy  46,  55,  & 
56.  But  this  match  never  took  place. 
Suet.  Aug.  62. 

The  place  of  conference  was  a  fmall 
ifland  in  the  river  Rhenus,  about  two 
miles  from  Bononia,  Z)/o,  ih. ;  Flor.  4, 
6.;  Plutarch,  in  Cic.  p.  884.  Appiau 
fays  they  met  near  Mutina,  in  a  fmall 
ifiand  of  the  river  Labinius,  B.  C.  4. 
/.  589.  by  miftake,  as  it  is  thought, 
Fid.  Clwccr.  Ital.  Antiq.  i.  c»  27.  ; 
Cellar.  Orb.  Ant.  vol.  i.  p.  67 T.  &c.  ; 
Reinef.  Infcript.  Clafs  2.  infcn  67./'.  285. 
They  aflumed  the  title  of  Triumvirs 
for  fettling  the  ftate  of  the   republic, 

(TriUMFIRI     RF.IPUBLICAE     CONSTITUEN* 

dae),  and  their  union  was  called  the 
fecond  Triumvirate.  The  laft  thing  de- 
termined on  was  a  profcription  of  their 
enemies,  which  0(5lavius  is  faid  to  have 
long  oppofed,  but  afterwards  to  have 
carried  it  on  with  more  cruelty  than  ei- 
ther of  his  colleagues.  Suetonius,  after 
mentioning  this  circumftance,  recounts 
feveral  inftances,  in  which  he  was  guil- 
ty of  the  moft  favage  and  brutal  Ijar- 
h^r\\.jyAug.  27.  But  Dio  fpeaksof  him 
in  a  quite  different  manner,  47,  7.  and 
afcribes  the  atrocities  of  the  profcrip- 
tion chiefly  to  Antony^  ih.  8.  The 
lift  of  thofe  profcribed  is  faid  to  have 
amounted  to  three  hundred  fenators 
and  two  thoufand  knights,  confifting 
of  fuch  as  were  moft  attached  to  the 
ancient  conftitution  of  their  country, 
and  therefore  defirous  of  reftoring  it, 
AppiamB.  C.  3.  p.  592.  Such  of  thefe 
as  were  found  were  put  to  death  with- 
N  n  out 


OCT  [28 

out  mercy,  ib.  But  many  of  them 
made  their  efcape  o  Brutus  and  Caf- 
fius;  or  to  Sex.  Pumpeius,  the  fon  of 
Pompey  the  Great,  who,  amidft  the 
convulllons  which  followed  Caefar's 
death,  had  got  polftfTio-  of  Sicily,  and 
was  n^afler  of  a  great  fleet,  D'w,  47,  12. 
but  difgraced  himfelf  by  eniployinp^  it 
in  piracy,  Paterc.  2,  73.;  Lvcan.  6,  418. 

After  the  profcription  was  over,  a 
great  number  were  deprived  of  their 
effefts,  which  was  called  a  fecond  kind 
of  profcription,   Dlo<,  47,  16,  &  17. 

On  the  firrt  of  January,  a.  u.  712,  the 
triumvirs  bound  themfelves  and  others 
by  an  oath  to  defend  and  preferve  in- 
violate all  the  adls  of  Julius  Caefar  ; 
whence  it  bccam.e  a  cuftom  afterwards 
on  that  day  to  fwear  Lo  the  acts  of  the 
fucceeding  emperors,  lb.  18.  At  the 
fame  time  they  decreed  divine  honours 
to  Julius  Caefar,  and  built  a  chapel  to 
him  in  the  forum,  as  to  a  deified  hero, 
ib,  18,  &  19.  ;  after  which  time  Oda- 
vianus  was  called  Divifiliusy  the  fon  of 
a  divinity,    firg.  Aen.  6,  793. 

Soon  after  this,  having  left  Lepidus 
to  govern  the  city  and  Italy,  Oclavius 
and  Antonv  fet  cut  againll  Brutus  and 
Cafiius.  This  war  was  called  Bellvm 
PfjiLipPExsEf  from  Philippi,  a  town 
on  the  confines  of  Thrace  and  Mace- 
donia, near  which  two  great  battles 
were  fought.  In  the  firll  Oftavius 
\va?  defeated  by  Brutus,  and  Cafiius  by 
Antony.  Oclavius,  being  indifpofed, 
was  carried  in  a  litter,  and  narrowly 
cfcaptd  being  killed.  Caliius,  through 
the  millake  of  a  meflengcr,  thinking 
that  all  was  loll,  put  an  end  to  liis 
days,  by  the  afTiilancc  of  a  freed  man. 
A  few  day3  after,  Brutus  being  forcul 
by  his  army  to  engage,  contrary  to 
his  own  opinion,  was  defeated,  and 
term.inatecl  his  cays  in  the  fame  man 
Tier  with  Cafiius,  a.  u.  712,  (Wt/.  Bru- 
tus, p.  48.).  The  conquerors  made 
a  cruel  ufe  of  their  victory,  putting  to 
death  almoft  every  perion  of  rank  that 
fell  into  their  power,  Suet.  Aug,  13. 
This  was  the  lall  great  ilruggle  the 
Romans  m.ade  for  liberty  :  the  iubie- 
qucnt  battles  were  only  to  determine 


2    ]  OCT 

what  mafler  they  fliould  ferve,  Dioi  47, 
39.  (G.  328.).  Antony  remained  to 
fettle  affairs  in  the  eaft,  Oftavius  re- 
turned with  his  troops  to  Italy  to  car- 
ry on  the  war  againft  Sex.  Pompey, 
and  to  diftribute  among  the  veterans 
the  lands  in  Italy  which  had  been  pro- 
mifed  to  them,  Dioy  48,  2.  ;  Suet.  Aug. 
13.  In  order  to  accommodate  thefe 
veterans,  an  incredible  number  were 
deprived  of  their  pon'eflions,  chiefly 
thofe  who  were  fufpefted  of  having  fa- 
voured the  republican  pai-ty.  Hence 
the  poets  of  that  time  complain  bitter- 
ly of  their  lolfes  :  thus,  Tibullus,  i,  t, 
19, —  23.  ^/ 4,  I,  183, — 190.;  Proper- 
tiusj  4,  I,  129.  Among  the  reft  Vir- 
gil on  this  occafion  is  fuppofed  to  have 
loil  his  paternal  farm.  For  though  the 
people  of  Mantua  had  done  nothing  a- 
gainil  the  Triumviri^  yet  being  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Cremona,  which  had 
iided  with  Brutus  and  Cafiius,  many 
of  them  were  deprived  of  part  of  their 
farms,  as  the  lands  of  Cremona  did  not 
fatisfy  the  veterans.  Martial.  8,  56,  7.; 
Serv.  ad  Virg.  Eel.  9,  28.  [Mantua 
vac  miferae  nimlum  vicina  CremonaeJ)  But 
Virgil  having  gone  to  Rome  to  petition 
redrefs,  recovered  his  lands  by  the  fa- 
vour of  06lavianus,  and  defcribes  his 
happinefs  and  gratitude  in  the  firft  ec- 
logue under  the  chara6ler  of  Tityrus, 
reprefenting  at  the  fame  time  the  dif- 
trefs  of  thofe  who  had  been  difpoffefTed, 
under  the  cliarader  of  Meliboeus.  Vir- 
gil calls  Oftavianus  a  god,  on  account 
of  his  kindnefs  to  him,  and  as  being 
the  fon  of  Julius  Caefar,  who  had  re- 
ceived divine  honours,  £el.  i,  6.  and 
a  young  man,  ib.  43.  ( elecreverat  enim 
Senatus,  ne  quis  eum  puervm  dkerei), 
Serv.  ib.  In  the  ninth  eclogue,  the  in- 
folence  of  the  new  poffefTor  of  Virg'Ts 
farm  is  defcribed  by  Moeris  his  over- 
feer,  who  fpeaks  of  his  mailer  Vii'gii 
under  the  name  of  Menalcas,  Eel.  9, 
10,  16.     :c.  ;   ^unSiil.  8,  6,  47. 

This  divifion  of  the  lands  among  the 
veterans  gave  occafion  to  a  bloody 
quarrel  betw^een  Octavianus  and  Fulvia 
the  wife  oi  Ann^ny,  aided  by  L.  An- 
tonius  the  triumvir's  brother.     After 

fevera] 


OCT  [283 

feveral  fruitkfs  attempts  to  fettle  their    via 
differences,  both  parties  at  laft  had  re- 
courfe   to   arms.     Upon  this  Odavius 
divorced  Clodia   the  daughter  of  Ful- 
via,  vi^ho   he   fwore   was  dill  a  virgin, 
Dio,  48,  5.  ;   Suet.  62.      After   various 
contefts  and  changes  of  fortune,  06la- 
vius  at  laft,  by  the  affiftance  of  the  ve- 
terans,   prevailed.      L.  Antoniiis    was 
obliged  to  fliut  himfelf  up  in  Perufia, 
where,  after  a  long  iiege,  he  was  for- 
ced to  furrender  by  famine,  a.  u.  713. 
This  was   called  the    war  of  Perufia, 
(Bellvm  PERusiNUMt  Suef.  j4ug.  i^.J, 
and  the  famine  (fames  Perufina)  became 
proverbial,  Lucan.  i,  41.  and  is  joined 
with   that    of   Saguntum,  Aufon.  Ep'ijl. 
22,  1}.  42,      L.  Antonius   himfelf  was 
difmiiTed    with   impunity,  but   moft  of 
the  fenators  and  equites  who  had  joined 
him  were  pat  to  death.    No  fewer  than 
400  are  faid  to  have  been  facrificed  as 
viftims  before  the  altar  of  Julius  Caefar 
on  the  Ides  of  March,  the  anniverfary 
of  his  allaflination,  Dlo,  48,  14.   Sue- 
tonius fays  300,  Aug.  15.     Thefe  are 
the   Peruiinian  ^altars  ( Periifmae  arae) 
to   which   Seneca  alludes,  De  Clem,  j, 
II.  where  he  fays  beautifully,  Fuertt 
(fc.   Auguftus)    modcratus    et    ckmcns ; 
tiempe  poji  fnare  Aciiacum  Rotr.ano  cruore 
infeBumy  nempe pnjl  fraiias  in  Sic'tUa  claf- 
fes^  et  fuaSi  et  alitnas  :  nempe  pojl  Peru- 
Jinas  aras  et  profcriptiones.     Ego  Tero  cle- 
mentiam  non  voco  lajfam  crudelitaterrii  ib. 
Add.  Appian.  B.   C  5.    p.  689.   I'C.  ; 
Liv.  Eph.  126.;   Pater c.  2,  74.  ;  Flor. 
4,  5. ;   Eutrop.  7,  2,  &c. 

While  thefe  things  were  doing  in  I- 
taly,  Antony  paffed  his  time  iw  luxu- 
rious indolence  with  Cleopatra  in  E- 
gypt ;  but  when  he  heard  that  his  wife 
and  brother  had  been  obhged  to  fly 
from  Italy,  he  roufed  from  his  inadi- 
vity  ;  and  having  concluded  a  peace 
with  Sex.  Pompey,  paiTed  over  from 
Greece  to  Brundufium.  Great  appre- 
henlions  of  a  war  between  Oilavius  and 
Antony  were  entertained,  but  by  the 
intervention  of  friends  peace  was  refto- 
red  ;  and  Fuivia  in  the  mean  time  ha- 
ving died  at  Sicyon,  the  peace  was 
confn-med,  by  Antony  marrying  06;a- 


]  OCT 

the  fifter  of  06l2vius,  who  had  a 
little  before  lofl  her  former  hufband 
Marcellus,  and  was  then  with  child  of 
Marcellus,  whom  Auguftus  afterwards 
propofed  making  his  fucceffor  in  the 
empire,  Dioy  48,  27,  c<s:  28.  ;  Palerc, 
2,  76.  ;  Plutarch,  in  Anton,  p.  929.  ; 
Appian.  p.  jog.  Upon  the  conclufioii 
of  this  peace,  and  the  birth  of  this 
child,  Virgil  is  fuppofed  to  have  writ- 
ten his  fourth  eclogue,  addreffed  to 
Pol  LID,  who  was  then  conful,  a.  u. 
714. 

Oclavius  and  Antony  made  a  new 
partition  of  the  provinces.  Sardinia 
\and  Dalma^ia,  Spain  and  Gaul,  were 
affigned  to  Oftavius  ;  all  the  countries 
eail  of  the  Ionian  fea  were  given  to 
Antony  ;  Africa  was  left  to  Lepidus, 
Dh,  ih. 

Odavius  next  prepared,  with  the  ut- 
moft  diligence,  to  profecute  the  war  a- 
gainil  Sex.  Pom.peius,  Dio,  48, 16.  This 
war  was  called  the  Sicilian  war, (  '^rllum 
Siculum);  Suet.  16.  in  which  06lavius 
experienced  various  turns  of  fortune. 
He  twice  fufTered  {liipwreck,aad  wasof- 
ten  expofed  to  the  greateft  hazard.  At 
one  time  he  was  obliged  to  make  peace 
with  Pompey  on  difadvantageous  terms, 
whereby  all  the  profcribed  were  permit- 
ted to  return  to  Rome,  except  the  con- 
fpirators  againd  Caefar,  a.  u  715  Dio, 
48,  i6.\   Veil.    2,   77.;  Appiauy  B.  C, 

I'P'  7^3- 

But  this    peace    did  not  laft    ^3ng. 

The  war  was  next  year  refumt^d  with 
redoubled  vigour.  It  was  at  laft  how- 
ever fuccefsfully  terminated  by  A  grip- 
pa,  to  whom  Auguftus  entruftcd  die 
charge  of  naval  affairs.  According  to 
his  advice  Auguftus  formed  a  harbour 
near  Baiae,  by  letting  in  the  fea  to  the 
Lacus  Lucrinus  and  Avernus,  for  con- 
taining and  exercifing  his  (hips,  called 
Port  us  Julius,  Suet.  Aug.  16.  This 
magnificent  work  is  defcribed  by  Dio, 
48,  50.  and  by  Virgil,  G.  2,  261,  c. 
( G.  1 5 1.)  It  is  fuppofed  to  be  alluded 
to,  Horat.  Art,  P.  63  and  the  labour 
of  conftruding  it,    Virg.  Aen.  9,  7  to. 

Pompey  was  completely  defeated  by 

Auguftus  and   Agrippa  near  the  pro- 

N  n  a  moutory 


OCT 


t    2S4    3 


OCT 


montory  of  Mylae,  on  the  nortli  of  Si- 
cily, and  obliged  to  provide    for  his 

fafety  by  flight,  Z)/o,  49,  9,  &  1 1 . • 

In  this  war  Antony  fent  auxiliaries  to 
Oftavius,  and  Lepidus  came  to  his  af- 
fiftance  with  a  great  army,  Dioy  49>  5» 
&  8.  ;  App'ian,  B.  C.  5,  p.  727. 

After  the  defeat  of  Pompey,  a  dif- 
pute  having  taken  place  between  Oc- 
tavius  and  Lepidus,  concerning  the  pof- 
feffion  of  Sicily,  OAavius  had  the  ad- 
drefs  to  corrupt  the  army  of  Lepidus, 
and  to  prevail  on  them  to  defert  their 
general.  Whereupon  he  ilrlpped  Le- 
pidus of  his  command,  and  having  for- 
ced him  to  beg  his  life  as  a  fupphant 
on  his  knees,  [genibus  advohifusj  Paterc. 
2,  80.),  banifhed  him  for  life  to  Cir^ 
ceji,  where  he  was  ever  after  guarded  as 
^  prifoner,  D'to,  49,  12.;  Suet,  /lug. 
16. 

Sex.  Pompeius,  after  his  defeat,  fled 
into  Afia  to  Antony ;  but  there  at- 
tempting to  raife  difturbances,  he  was 
put  to  death  by  Titius,  one  of  Anto- 
ny's generals,  at  Miletus,  in  the  40th 
year  of  his  age,  a.  u.  718,;  j^ppian. 
B.  C.  5  f. 

After  this,  a.  u.  719,  Odavius  made 
war  on  the  lapydes,  a  people  of  lUyri- 
cum,  D'Wi  49,  35.  in  which  war  he 
was  fevercly  wounded,  ib.  ;  App'tan.  de 
Bell.  Illyr.  p.  763,  &  764.;  i^/or.  4, 
12,  7.  Next  he  made  war  on  the  Pa- 
nonians,  without  any  jull  caufe,  and 
forced  them  to  fue  for  peace,  D'lOy  49, 
36,  ^  37.  They  afterwards  rebelled, 
in  conjunftion  with  the  Dalmatians, 
and  were  fubdued,  a.  u.  720.  In  this 
war  Oftavius  was  wounded  a  fecond 
time,  /)/£>,  49,  38.  So  Suetonius,  Dal- 
matico  belh  etiam  vulnsra  accep'tt,  &c. 
Aug.  20.  ;  App'ian.  ibid.]  Flor.  ^,  12,  7. 
The  friendfliip  between  Qdavius  and 
Antony,  which  had  always  been  infln- 
cere,  vind  interrupted  by  feverai  mifun- 
fderftandings,  at  lail  terminated  in  an 
open  breach,  a.  u.  722,  Antony,  at 
the  inlligation  of  Cleopatra,  caufed  an 
immediate  declaration  of  hoftilities,  by 
divorcing  Odavia,  the  filler  of  Augul- 


tus,  who  on  account  o 


f  her  virtue  was 


yniyerfally  refpcded,  and  had  done  eve- 


ry thing  that  prudence  could  di£laLe 
to  prevent  the  quarrel.  The  prepara- 
tions on  both  fides  were  fuitable  to  the 
prize  for  which  they  were  contending. 
Octavius  was  fupported  by  the  forces 
of  the  weif,  and  Antony  by  thofe  of 
the  eaft,  [Hinc  movet  Euphrates^  illinc 
Germania  bellum,  Virg.  G.  I,  509. 
Hinc    Augujlus    agens    Italos    in    praelia 

Caefar,   Sec. Hinc  ope  barbaricd  va- 

riifjue  Antonlus  armis,  Vidor  ah  Auro- 
rae  populis,  et  liitore  rubra  A:'gyptum,  vi- 
refque  orientis,  et  ultima  fecum  Bacira  ve- 
hit.  Id.  A.  8,  678,  &c.')  The  empire  of 
Rome  was  decided  by  a  naval  battle, 
fought  near  Aclium,  on  the  coaft  of  E- 
pire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ambracian 
gulf,  on  the  2d  day  of  September,  (/A^. 
Non.  Septemb.),  a.  u.  723.  Cleopatra  ioon 
fled,  and  drew  Antony  after  her,  (P/7- 
ma  dux  fugae  regina  :  mox  fecutus  Anto- 
nius)j  Flor.  4,  11,8.  His  fleet  how- 
ever continued  the  combat  for  a  confi- 
derable  time  with  great  obfl:inacy,  Pa- 
terc. z,  85.;  Dio,  50,  33,  &c.  The 
ftiips  of  Antony  were  of  a  large  fize, 
(  Turrihus  atque  tubulatis  allevatact  caJleU 
lorum  et  urbium  fpecie,  Flor.  4,  11,5.)- 
whence  they  are  compared  to  floating 
iflands  or  mountains,  [Pelago credas  in- 
nare  revulfas  Cycladas,  aut  montet  con- 
currere  montibus  aids:  Tan  fa  mole  virt 
turritis  puppibus  injlantj  Virg.  A.  8, 
691.)  Lofty  turrets  were  erefted  on 
the  decks,  whence  the  manners  threvr 
darts  from  engines.  The  fliips  of  Oc- 
tavius  were  of  a  fmaller  fize,  and  were 
greatly  fuperior  to  the  fliips  of  Anto- 
ny in  agility.  They  were  made  in  the 
form  of  Liburnian  gallies,  [Liburnae 
naves  :)  whence  Horace,  addrefling 
Maecenas,  before  he  fet  out  to  this 
war  with  Auguflius,  fays  ;  Ibis  Libur- 
nis  (fc.  navibus),  inter  aha  naviunu 
(fc.  Antpnii),  Amice  ^  propugnacuhy 
You  will  go,  my  friend,  in  Liburnian 
gallies,  amidll  the  lofty  bulwarks  of 
Antony's  fliips,  Epod,  i,  i.  Vid.  Dio^ 
50,  33.  The  engagement  lafted  till 
the  evening,  {in  Jerum  dimicatione  pro- 
tra3d)y  Suet.  17.  and  the  vidory  was 
determined  by  the  contrivance  of  fire- 
ballsj  with  vyhich  Caefar's  men   were 

fupj?lied 


OCT  [    2^5 

fupplied  from  the  land,  and  thus  burnt 
many  of  the  encmy^s  (liips,  Dio^  50,  35. 
Thofe  that  remained  fubmitted  to  Oc- 
tavlus.  Antony's  land  army  foon  af- 
ter followed  their  example,   Dio,  51,  r. 

—Thus   Otlavius   became  fole  maf- 

ter  of  ti\e  Roman  empire,  in  the  3 2d 
year  of  his  age,  a.  u.  723.  The  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  Auguflus  is 
ufually  computed  from  the  battle  of 
Adkim,  Diot  51,  I. 

Antony  having  efcaped  to  Alexan- 
dria with  Cleopatra,  endeavoured  to 
drown  his  cares  in  wine  and  fealllng. 
Both  of  them  fent  repeated  embaffies  to 
Odavius  with  propofals  of  peace  and 
rich  prcfents.  Oclavius  accepted  the 
prefcnttf,  but  returned  no  anfwer  to  the 
propofals  of  peace.  He  only  gave  pri- 
vate affurances  to  Cleopatra,  that  flie 
fliould  be  left  in  poifeflion  of  her  king- 
dom, If  file  cut  off  Antony,  Dio,  51, 
6.  06lavius  having  fettled  the  affairs 
of  Greece  and  Afia,  when  about  to  fet 
out  for  Egypt,  was  recalled  into  Italy 
by  reports  of  a  mutiny  among  his  fol- 
dlers.  Upon  his  arrival  ai  Brundufi- 
urn,  the  whole  fenate,  the  equlksy  and 
many  of  the  plebeians,  either  In  perfon 
or  by  embafly,  went  from  Rome  to 
m.eet  him.  Having  pacified  the  ioldiers, 
he,  after  ftaying  only  thirty  days,  re- 
turned to  his  winter  quarters  in  Alia, 
Dio,  51,  4,  &  5.;   Suit.  17. 

Next  year  he  advanced  into  Egypt 
againft  Antony,  who  made  the  great- 
eit  efforts  to  defend  himfelf ;  but  in 
vain.  At  laft,  finding  himfelf  betrayed 
by  Cleopatra,  and  alarmed  by  a  falfe  re- 
port of  her  death,  he  ordered  Eros,  his 
freed-man,  to  flay  him.  Eros,  inilead 
of  complying,  killed  himfelf.  Anto- 
ny, ilruck  with  this  proof  of  attach- 
ment, and  defiring  to  imitate  the  deed, 
wounded  himfelf.  Then  learning  that 
Cleopatra  was  fllU  alive,  he  caufed  him- 
felf to  be  carried  to  her  apartment,  and 
expired  In  her  arms.  Oitavlus,  defirous 
of  preferving  Cleopatra  to  adorn  his 
triumph,  in  an  interview  with  her,  en- 
deavoured to  footh  her  m.Ind  with  fpe- 
clous  promifcs.  He  committed  the 
charge  of  her  tp  C«   Procukiusj  and 


]  OCT 

his  freed-man  Epaphroditus,  with  in- 
flru£lions  to  treat  her  with  the  greateft 
refped,  but  to  watch  her  narrowly, 
that  file  might  not  ufe  violence  againft 
herfclf.  She' perceiving  their  defign, 
and  difdalnlng  to  be  led  in  triumph, 
contrived  to  fend  her  keepers  out  of  the 
way  ;  and  in  the  mean  time  put  an  end 
to  her  days,  as  was  generally  believed, 
by  the  bite  of  an  afp,  Hor.  Od,  1,  37, 
26.  ;  Paierc.  2,  87.;  SueU  Aug.  17.  ; 
which  had  been  artfully  conveyed  to 
her  In  a  bafket  of  figs,  Plutarch,  in 
Anton,  or  of  flowers,  Dio,  51,14.  But 
Dio  fays,  the  manner  of  her  death  is 
uncertain,  ih.  OAavius,  being  great- 
ly vexed  at  her  death,  is  faid  to  have 
tried  to  reftore  her  to  life  by  employing 
the  Pfylli.  (certain  perfons  not  affedl- 
ed  by  ferpents),  to  fuck  out  the  pol- 
fon  ;  but  without  effed,  Dio,  et  Suet. 
ihicL  He  gave  orders  that  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  fhould  be  buried  In  the  fame 
tomb,  ib.  He  caufed  Antyllus  or  An- 
tonillus,  the  elder  fon  of  Antony  by 
Fulvla,  to  whom  he  had  formerly  be- 
trothed his  daughter  Juha,  and  Cacfa- 
rio,  the  fon  of  Cleopatra  by  Julius  Cae- 
far,  to  be  put  to  death,  ibid.  The  o- 
ther  children  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
he  prefervcd,  and  caufed  to  be  careful- 
ly educated.  The  daughters  he  after- 
wards difpofed  of  in  marriage  fuitably 
to  their  rank,  Dio,  51,  15.;  Suet. 
Aug.  1 7  f.  Of  the  adherents  of  An- 
tony, he  puniflied  fome,  and  others  he 

forgave,  Dio,  51,  16. The  day  on 

which  Alexandria  fubmitted  to  0*5ta- 
vlus,  [quo  die  Alcxandrea  Jupplex  Et  njU" 
cuam  patefecit  aulam,  Hor,  Od.  4,  1 4, 
34.)  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  29th 
of  Auguil,  a.  u,  724.;  and  was  ever 
after  held  as  a  feilival,  Dio,  51,  19. 

It  happened,  by  the  remarkable  in- 
terpofition  of  divine  Providence,  as 
Plutarch  and  Dio  obferve,  that  the  let- 
ter of  Oitavius,  giving  an  account  of 
the  death  of  Antony,  was  read  to  the 
people  by  Cicero,  the  fon  of  Cicero 
the  orator,  then  conful,  Z?/^,  51,19. ; 
Plutarch,  p.  886.  Appian  fays,  that 
06lavius,  to  remove  the  imputation  of 
having  betrayed  Ciccro;  made  his  fon 

an 


OCT 


[     286    ] 


OCT 


an  augur,  and  not  long  after  conful, 
and  then  governor  of  Syria  ;  and  that 
Caefar's  letter  concerning  the  defeat  of 
Antony  at  Aftium,  was  read  by  Cice- 
ro, when  conful,  from  the  roftra,  where 
his  father's  head  had  been  fixed  up  by 
Antony,  BdL  Civ.  ^,  p.  619.  {V'ld, 
Cicero,  ^.  130.) 

06lavius,  to  perpetuate  the  memory 
of  his  victory  at  Adium,  built  a  city  on 
the  place  where  he  had  pitched  his 
camp,  called  Nicopolisy  (i.  e.  the  city  of 
victory),  enlarged  the  ancient  temple 
of  Apollo,  and  inftituted  quinquennial 
games,   called  Actii   ludi,  Z)//?,  51, 

1.  ;  Suet.  Aug.  17.  (  Fid.  G.  314.) 

Similar  games  were  celebrated  at 
Rome,  Dio,  Sl>  19,  et  53,  i.  ;  Suet. 
Jlug.  1 8,  &  59. ;  TiL6. 

Oclavius  renewed  the  reprefentation 
of  an  equellrian  combat  by  young  men 
of  noble  birth,  which  had  been  exhibi- 
ted by  Julius  Caefar,  Dio,  43,  23.  called 
Lusus  Trojae,  Suet.  Caef.  19.;  Dio^  51, 

2.  afterwards  frequently  exhibited.  Suet. 
Aug.^^.;  TIL  6.;  Cal.  18.;  67.  21.; 
Ner.  7.  This  parade  {decurjus)  is  beau- 
tifully defcribed  by  Virgil,  j4en.  5,  545, 
— 604. The  mort  extraordinary  ho- 
nours were  conferred  on  Caefar  by  the 
fenate,  Dioy  51,  20.;  amorg  the  reft:  it 
was  ordained,  that  vows  and  hbations 
fhould  be  made  for  his  fafety,  D'to,  51, 
19  f.  to  which  Ovid  alludes,  Fcijl.  2, 
637.      So  Horat.  Od.  4,  5,  33.  et  4,  15, 

Oclavius,  upon  his  return  to  Rome, 
triumphed  for  three  days ;  the  firft 
day  for  his  victories  over  the  Dalma- 
tians and  adjoining  nations ;  the  fe 
cond  day  for  the  vidory  at  Actium  ; 
and  the  third  for  the  redudlion  of  E- 
gypt,  Dio,  51,  21.;  Llv.  Epit.  133. 
(  Curuks  triumphos  tres  egit,  Dalmat'icum, 
jidiacum,  Alexandrinumy  Suet.  Aug.  22. 
At  Caefar  tr'iplk'i  iwoeMus  Romana  trium 
pho  Moeniay  &c.  Virg.  Aen.  8,  714.) 
So  much  gold  and  filver  was  brought 
into  the  treafury,  that  the  rate  of  in- 
terefl  was  diminiihed,  and  the  price  of 
landencreafed,  Bio,  ib.;  Suet.^i. — The 
gates  ot  the  temple  of  Janus  were   or- 


dered, by  a  decree  of  the  fenate,  to  be 
fhut,  as  if  all  wars  had  been  Hniflied, 
Z)/o,  51,  20.;  Suet  22.  The  temple 
of  Janus  had  only  been  twice  fhut  fince 
the  foundation  of  the  city,  Liv.  i,  19.; 
Paterc.  2,  38.  To  this  Virgil  is  thought 
to  allude,  y^(?«.  1,295,      300. 

A.  U.  725.  The  Baftarnae  and  Da- 
cian?,  who  had  crofTed  the  Danube-  and 
taken  pofTeiTion  of  Maelia  or  Myfia, 
were  conquered  by  M.  CrafTus,  the 
grandfon  of  M.  Licinius  CrafTus  Di- 
ves, Did,  51,  zA,  Si  24.  alfo  the  Myfi 
or  Maell  and  Getae,  &c.  iL  25,  26,  & 
27. 

A.  U.  726.  Oclavlus  built  a  temple 
to  Apollo,  on  the  Palatine  hill,  to 
which  he  joined  a  library,  Dio^  53,  i. ; 
Suet.  Aug.  zg.  At  the  dedication  of 
which  Horace  wrote  the  31ft  ode  of 
the  firft  book;  whence  Apollo  Is  called 
Palatinus,  Her.  Ep.  1,  3,  17.  This 
temple  is  mentioned  by  Propertius,  4, 
6,  II. —  Oftavius  was  born  and  dwelt 
on  the  Palatine  hill  {in  PalatioJ  Suet, 
5,  &  72.  whence  the  name  cf  palace  [pa- 
latimn)  was  given  to  the  houfes  of  the 
emperor,  wherever  they  were,  Dio^  ^7^, 
16. 

A.  U.  727.  Oftavius  propofed  in 
the  fenate  to  relign  the  government. 
But  the  fenators  conjured  him  to  retain 
it.  On  this  occafion  it  was  decreed, 
that  he  fhould  henceforth  be  called 
AUGUSTUS.  He  himfelf  is  faid  to 
have  defired  the  nan)e  of  Romulus  ; 
whence  Virgil  Is  fuppofed  to  call  him 
by  the  nam.e  of  Quirinus,  G.  3,  27. 
but  he  laid  ahde  that  thought,  leil  he 
fliould  be  fuipeded  of  aiming  at  regal 
power,  Dio.  53,  16.  ;  Suet.  7.;  Ovid. 
Faji.  I,  587.  et  607.;  Paterc.  2,  91. 
By  the  name  of  Auguftus,  therefore, 
he  has  fince  been  diliinguifhed,  {Av- 
GusTus  Caefar^  Divi  genus,  I,  e.  the 
adopted  fon  of  Julius,  who  had  been 
deified,  Virg.  6,  793.  et  8,  678.) 
Though  Augullus  durfl  not  hurt  the 
prejudices  of  the  Rom.ans  by  afi'uming 
the  badges  and  title  of  king,  yet  ur.der 
the  fie  me  of  Prince  or  Emperor, 
f  Princeps  v,  Imperator,)  he  poiief- 


OCT 


C  287   ] 


OCT 


fed  all  tlie  power  of  an  abfolute  fove- 
rtign,  DiOj  53,  11,  &  17,  {Vid.  Roman 
Ant.  p.  170,  &:c.) 

The  night  after  OAaviiis  got  the 
name  of  Aiiguftus,  the  Tiber  over- 
flowed its  banks,  D'w^  53,  20.  on  which 
occafion  Horace  is  fuppofed  to  have 
v/ritten  the  2d  ode  of  the  firfl  book. — 
But  others,  with  more  probability,  refer 
it  to  the  year  731,  in  the  end  of  which 
and  in  the  beginning  of  the  following 
year,  there  was  not  only  a  great  inun- 
dation of  the  Tiber,  but  the  Pantheon 
and  other  houfes  were  ftruck  with 
lightning,  D'lo,  ^l,  31.  ct  54,  i. 

A.  U.  729.  Augullus  marched  a- 
gainft  the  AJlures  and  Cantabrians  in 
Spain,  and  with  great  difficulty  fub- 
dued  them,  Z)/<?,  53,  25.  ;  Flor,  4,  12, 
54.;  Suet.  20,  &  21.  Hence  Canta- 
her  non  ante  domah'ills^  Hor.  Od.  4, 14,  4 f . 
Indoclits  juga  f  rre  nq/lra,  ib.  2,  6,  2. 
Sera  doniitus  faghtd,  ib.  3,  8,  22.  After 
the  war  was  finished  Augullus  fettled 
in  that  country  fuch  of  his  foldiers  as 
had  ferved  out  their  time,  [emeriti),  and 
permitted  them  to  build  a  town,  which 
was  called  Augusta  Emerita,  now 

Merida,   Dlo,  53,    26, After   this 

war  Augullus  fliut  the  temple  of  Janus 

a  fecond  time,  Dio^  53,  26  f. 'i  he 

Cantabrians  again  rebelled  with  great 
ferocity,  Dio,  53,  29,  54,  5.  but  were 
finally  fubdued  or  dtlhoyed  by  Agrip- 
pa,  a.  u.  735,  Dlo,  54,  II.  Lantaher  A- 
grippae,  &c.  Hor.  Ep.   i,  t2,  26. 


thians ;  but  that  nation  being  diftraft- 
ed  by  internal  convulfions,  [Medus  iti" 
jejlusfihi  luBuofis  D'lffidet  armis,)  Horat. 
Od.  3,  9.  occafioned  by  the  contefts 
between  Phraates  and  Teridatcs  con- 
cerning the  poffeifion  of  the  crown, 
Augullus,  while  he  ilaid  in  Syria,  at 
laft  without  lighting,  obtained  what  he 
defired  by  the  mere  terror  of  liis  arms. 
For  Phraates  having  prevailed  over  his 
competitor,  rellored  to  Augullus  the 
llandards  taken  from  the  Romans 
when  Craflus  was  ilain,  together  vAth 
all  the  captives,  Dio,  54,  8.  Add  Id. 
51,  18,  &  20.  53,  33.  54,  6.  He 
alfo  gave  up  Armenia,  and  fent  feve- 
ral  of  his  children  as  hoftages  lor  the  fe- 
curity  of  the  peace.  Suet.  Aug.  2  f .  ;  Ta^ 
c'lt.  Annal.  2,  1.  ;  Strah.  16,  p.  748. 
Augullus  efteemed  this  highly  honour- 
able, that  he,  without  a  war,  had  re- 
covered, what  former  commanders  had 
loft.  Hence  it  is  extolled  by  the  poets; 
thus,  S'lgna  nojlro  rcft'itu'it  Jovi,  Derepta 
Parthorum  fuperbis  Pojl'ihus,  Hon  Od. 
4,  15,  6.  80  Id.  Ep.  I,  18,  56. ;  On^'id. 
Tr'ifl.  2,  227.  Horace  reprefents  Phra- 
ates as  receiving  or  fubmitting  to  the 
laws  and  commands  of  Augullus  on  his 
knees,  Ep.  i,  12,  27.  On  account  of 
this  Augullus,  upon  his  return,  entered 
the  city  on  horfeback  in  an  ovation  ; 
and  built  a  temple  to  Mars  Ultor, 
Dio,  54,  8.  ;  Suet.  Aug.  29.  in  the  new 
forum,  which  he  had  laid  out,  [in  Fore 
y^/v^////;?,)  Ovid.  Faft.  5,  551.  Auguf- 
A.  U.  730.  Aelius  Gallus,  gover-  tus  had  vowed  this  temple  before  the 
nor  of  Egypt,  marched  with  an  army  in-  battle  of  Philippi,  Ovid.  ib.  569.  but 
to  Arabia,  where  he   loll   a  number  of    did  not  perform  his  vow  till  Mars  had 


men,   by  the   heat,  anc^  by  the  attacks 
of  the  Arabs,  Dio,  5,  3,  29. 

A.  U.  731.  Augullus  was  fcized 
with  a  dangerous  diieafe,  fo  that  no 
hope  was  entertained  of  his  recovery  ; 
but  he  was  reflored  to  health  by  An- 
tonius  Mufa,   (Fid.  Musa),  Dio,  53, 

30- 

Next  year,  a.  u.  732,  Augullus  left 
Italy  to  vilit  the  ealltrn  provinces  of 
the  empire,   S'.cily,  Greece,  and  Syria, 

Dio,    54,  6,  5c  7.  ;   Juftin.   42.   3". 

Augullub  had  once  and   again  declared 
an  intention  ot  making:  war  on  the  Par- 


tvvice  avenged  [his  nltus)  the  Romans, 
jUrll  on  the  confpirators,  and  then  on 
the  Parthians.  Nee  fatis  eji  meruijfe  fe- 
me! cognomina  (fc.  Ultoris)  Marti^ 
ib.  579.  Rite  Deo  lemplumque  datum 
nomtnque  bis  ulto,  ib.  595.  Augullus 
had  like  wife  intended  an  expedition 
again II  the  Britons,  to  which  Horace 
alludes.  Serves  iturum  in  ullimos  Orbit 
Britannos,  Od.  I,  35,  29.  bat  they  alfo 
made  their  fubmiHions,  and  fent  am- 
balTauors  to  Augullus  with  prefents  at 
different  times,  a.  u.  727,  Dio.  53,  22. 
and  a.  u.  728,  ih.  25.  and  probably  in 

the 


OCT  [    28S 

the  fame  year  that  the  Parthian s  refto-  $L 
red  the  ftandards  taken  from  the  army 
of  Craffus,  a.  u.  734,  Straho^  4,  p.  200. 
Hence  Horace  fpeaks  of  the  Britons 
and  Parthians  as  fubdiied  and  added  to 
the  Roman  empire,  (Praefens  D'lvus 
habebifur  AuguJIusy  adjedis  Brltann'is  Im- 
perioy  gravibu/que  Per/is),  Od.  3,  5,  3. 
The  Parthians  (called  alfo  Perlians 
or  Medes)  and  Britons  are  joined,  as 
being  fuppofed  to  be  the  moll  diftant 
nations  on  the  eall  and  weft,  by  the 
fubjugation  of  whom  Auguftus  would 
have  become  the  emperor  of  the  world. 
Thus  both  are  reprefented  as  objefts  of 
particular hollility,  Horat.Od.  i,  21,15. 
Epod.  7,  7. 

But  the  Parthians  wtxt  in  a  fpecial 
manner  formidable  to  the  Romans  ; 
and  therefore  Horace  hints  in  various 
places  the  propriety  of  Auguftus  hum- 
bling their  pride  ;  Neu  finas  Medos  e- 
qintare  tnultosy  Tc  dnce^  Caefar,  Do  not 
fuffer  the  Parthians  with  impunity  to 
make  incurfions  with  their  cavalry,  (in 
which  their  chief  llrength  confifted.) 
•while  you  are  emperor,  O  Gaefir,  Od. 
I,  2,  51.  Add.  ih,  I,  12,  53,  &c. — 
Suetonius  obfcrves,  that  Anguftus  was 
not  folicitous  about  extending  the  li- 
mits of  the  empire  ;  and  therefore  that 
he  did  not  make  war  on  any  nation 
without  juft  and  neceffary  caufes,  jiug. 
21.  So  Dio,  ^^6)  33  f.  When,  there- 
fore, Armenia  was  evacuated  by  the 
Parthians,  he  gave  it  to  Tigranes,  the 
brother  of  Artabazes  or  Artaxias,  its 
former  king,  who  had  been  flain  by  his 
fubjedls,  Dioy  54,  9.  and  commifuoned 
Tiberius  to  put  him  in  poflelTion  of  that 
kingdom,  ib.  et  Tac,  Ann.  2,3.;  SiiH. 
Tib,  2.;  Paterc,  2,  94.  This  Horace 
reprefents  as  a  conquell,  ( Claudi  vir- 
tute  Neronis  Armenius  cecidity)  Ep.  [,  12, 
26.  At  the  fame  time  Auguilns  con- 
ferred governments  and  principalities 
on  feveral  others,  D'lOy  54,  9. 

Auguftus  paffed  the  winter  at  'Sa- 
mos  in  his  way  to  Syria,  Dioy  54,  7. 
and  alfo  in  his  return,  lb.  9.  Whilil 
he  remained  there,  numerous  embaffies 
came  to  him,  among  the  reft  the  In- 
dians and  Scythians  fent  to  aflc  peace, 


]  OCT 

et  Sucf.  Aug,  21.  ;  Oros.  4.  21. 
Hence,  yam  Scythae  refponfa  petunty  fu^ 
perbl  Nuper  et  Indl,  Hor.  Carm.  Saec.  55". 
This  Horace  converts  into  a  triumph, 
as  he  does  the  reftoration  of  the  Roman 
ftandards  by  the  Parthians,  Od.  I,  12, 

While  Augaftus  was  engaged  in  the 
eaft,  the  Dacians  or  Getae,  who,  under 
their  king  Cotlfo,  v.  -on,  frequently  in- 
fefted  the  Roman  territory,  were  re- 
preffed  by  Lentulus,  Flor.  4,  12,  x8. ; 
Suet.  Aug.  21*  ;   Hor.  Od.  3,  8,  1 8. 

Virgil  is  faid  to  have  met  Auguftus 
at  Athens,  in  his  way  from  the  eaft, 
and  to  have  accompanied  him  to  Italy. 
But  having  contracted  a  difeafe  at 
Megara,  which  was  encreafed  by  the 
voyage,  he  died  at  Brundufium  22d 
September,  (x.  Kal.  06lob.)  a.  u. 
735.     Donat.  In  vita  ejus. 

A.  U.  736,  Aviguftus  celebrated  the 
fecular  games,  the  fifth  time  fince  the 
expulfion  of  the  kings,  Z)/o,  54,  18.; 
Plin.  7,  48. ;  Cenfonn.  de  Nat.  D.  c.  17.; 
Zofim.  2,  4.  On  which  occafion,  Ho- 
race, at  the  defire  of  Auguftus,  com- 
pofed  the  Carmen  faecuiare,  to  be  fung 
by  a  chorus  of  boys  and  girls,  whom 
the  poet  addreffes,  0^/.  4,  6,  31,  &c. 

A.  U.  738,  Auguftus  having  left  the 
government  of  Italy  to  Statihus  Tau- 
rus, went  to  Gaul  to  fettle  the  affairs 
of  that  province,  Dioj  54,  19.  In  this 
year  there  were  commotions  in  different 
parts  of  the  empire  ;  in  Panonia  and 
Noricum,  in  Dalmatia  and  Spain,  In 
Thrace,    Claudius    Marcellus  fubdued 


the  Be//i ;  and  C.  Lucius,  having  van- 
quiftied  the  Sauromatae,  drove  them  be- 
yond the  Ifter.  But  the  chief  war  was 
again  ft  the  Germans,  the  Slcambrl, 
Ufipetae  v.  -es^  and  TenBeri;  whij  crofs- 
ed  the  Rhine  and  made  an  inroad  into 
Gaul.  Upon  hearing  however  that 
Auguftus  was  advancing  againft  them, 
they  retired  ;  and  having  given  hof- 
tages,  obtained  a  peace,  lb.  20. 

A.  U.  739,  the  Rhaetl  and  Vindelid 
\yere  fubdued  by  Drufus  and  Tiberius, 
lb.  22.;  Suet.  Aug.  21. ;  Tib.  9.  Where- 
fore Horace,  by  the  command  of  Au- 
guftus, wrote  a  poem  to  celebrate  their 

vi<^ones, 


OCT  [ 

viiflories,  particularly  thofe  of  Drufus  ; 
whence  it  is  infcnbed,DRUsi  Laudes, 
Hot'.  Od.  4,  4. 

During  all  this  time  Auguftus  was 
abfent  from  Rome  ;  on  which  occafion 
Horace  wrote  that  bea.itiful  ode,  4^  5. 
in  which  he  defcribes  the  eager  defire 
of  the  citizens  of  Rome  for  his  return, 
and  their  happinefs  under  his  govern- 
ment,   l^'uL  Dio,  54,  19. Auguftus 

having  fettled  the  affairs  of  Gaul,  Ger- 
many, and  Spain,  returned  to  Rome, 
a.  if.  741,  Dia,  54,  25.— It  had  been 
expeded,  that  Auguftus,  upon  his  re- 
turn, would  enter  the  city  in  triumph, 
particularly  for  the  vi6lory  of  Drufus 
over  the  S'lcamhri.  AVherefore,  at  the 
requeft  of  lulus  Antonius,  the  fon  of 
the  triumvir,  by  Julia,  the  daughter  of 
L.  Julius  Caefar,  himfelf  a  poet,  Ho- 
race wrote  the  fecond  ode  of  the  fourth 
book.  But  Auguftus  entered  the  city 
privately  in  the  night-time,  according 
to  his  cuftom,  that  he  might  not  occa- 
fion trouble  to  any  one,  Dioy  54,  25.  ; 
Suet,  53,  He,  however,  next  day  re- 
fpedlfully  addrefled  the  people  on  the 
'Palatine  hill  ;  and  then  went  up  to  the 
capitol,  where  he  took  the  laurel,  the 
emblem  of  vidory,  and  depofited  it  at 
the  knees  of  the  ftatue  of  Jupiter,  D'tOi 

Upon  the  return  of  Auguftus  to  the 
city,  a.  u. '741,  after  an  abfence  of 
three  years,  the  fenate  and  people  feem 
to  have  racked  their  invention  to  devife 
new  honours  for  him,  Dio,  54,  25.  in 
addition  to  thofe  formerly  conferred, 
particularly,  a.  724,   Dlo  51,    19.    and 


a.  730,  ?^.  53, 


28.    This  fohcitude  Ho- 


race  beautifully  defcribes,  OJ.  4,  14,  i. 
Then  he  celebrates  the  victories  of  Au- 
guftus obtained  by  Drufus,  ij,  9.  and 
by  Tiberius,  chiefly  by  the  latter,  -y.  14, 
• — 41.  as  he  had  already  extolled  the  vic- 
tories of  Drufus,  Od,  4.  4.  Then  he 
give§  a  fummary  of  the  other  principal 
conquefts  of  Auguftus,  v.  4-T-  ad  Jin. 

A.  U.  742,  the  Pannonians  were 
vanquifhed  by  Agrippa  ;  who  upon  his 
return  from  that  war  died  in  Campania, 
to  the  great  grief  of  Auguftus,  D'to^ 
54,  28.— -^Aftcr  the  death  of  Agrip- 


289    1  OCT 

pa,  the  Pannonians  rebelled,  and  wert 
fubdued  by  Tiberius,  ib.  33.  who  alfo 
reduced  the  Dalmatians,  ib.  Suet.  Tib. 
9.  ;  Flor.^j  12.  and  repulfed  the  Da* 
cians,  ib.  36.  [Fid.  Tiberius.) 
Drufus  conquered  the  Sicambri,  the 
Ufipetesi  the  Chatti,  and  other  German 
nations,  a.  u.  743,  «:c  744.  ib.  32,  33, 
&  36.      [Vid.  Drusus.) 

After  thefe  victories  it  was  decreed 
by  the  fenate,  that  the  temple  of  Janus 
fliould  be  (hut,  a.  744,  (/m/o  Antoni» 
et  Fabio  Max.  Cofs. )  ;  but  this  was 
prevented  by  an  irruption  of  the  Da- 
cians,  who  crofted  the  Danube  while 
it  was  frozen  ;  and  by  an  infurreClion 
of  the  Dalmatians,  who  had  been  pro- 
voked to  revolt  by  the  rigorous  exac»> 
tion  of  tribute.  But  thefe  commotions 
being  quelled  by  Drufus  and  Tiberius, 
Auguftus  who,  during  the  time  of  their 
expedition,  had  remained  for  the  moft 
part  at  Lyons  in  Gaul,  returned  with 
them  to  Rome  j  and  they  obtained  the 
honours  ufually  conferred  after  a  vic- 
tory, Diot  54  f.  Then,  it  is  probable, 
Auguftus  (hut  the  temple  of  Janus  for 
the  -third  time,  a.  u.  744.  ib.  et  Suet, 
Jug.  22.  ;  Orof.6i  22.  [Vid.  A.  566). 
On  this  occafion  Horace  is  fuppofed  to 
have  written  his  laft  ode,  4,  15. 

A,  U.  746,  Maecenas,  the  friend 
and  confident  of  Auguftus,  died,  Dioy 
^^}  7.  a  few  months,  as  it  i»  thought, 
before  his  friend  and  favourite  Horace. 
So  that  what  Horace  predifted,  Od.  2, 
17,  9,  Sec.  was  nearly  verified. 

The  events  of  the  reign  of  Auguftus, 
after  this  period,  except  a  few,  are  lefs 
interelHng,  and  therefore  not  often  al- 
luded to  by  the  clalTics. — A.  U.  763, 
Quinftilius  Varus,  governor  of  Ger- 
many, having  by  his  rapacity  and 
haughtinefs  irritated  the  inhabitants, 
was  cut  off"  by  them  with  three  legions 
and  their  auxiliaries.  By  which  difaf- 
ter  Auguftus  was  fo  afte<Slcd,  that  for 
feveral  months  he  neither  (liaved  his 
beard  nor  cut  his  hair;  and  fometimes 
fron\v,exce(rive  angui(h  knocked  his 
headfagainft  the  door,  crying  outj 
"  Varus,  reftore  my  legions,"  (Q^uinc- 

TILl  VaRE,    LEGIONES  REDDE,)    Suet. 

O  o  23.  J 


L        250 


OCT 

^3.  J  Dw,  ^6^  18,-24.;  Paterc.  2, 
117,  &c.  ;  Tac.  Ann,  i,  ^^.',  Flor. 
4,  12,  31.  ;  PUn.  7,  45. — With  refped 
to  the  domeftic  tranladions,  the  go- 
vernment, and  laws  of  Auguftus,  ffc 
Ceog.p.  243,  &c.  ;   R.  Antiq^/.  165, 

176,  et  alih'i pajfim. Augulliis  died 

on  the  19th  Auguft,  [x:v.  Kal.  Sep- 
temhr.)  a.  u.  767,  in  the  76th  year  of 
his  age,  the  fanneday  on  which  he  had 
entered  on  his  firft  confulate  ;  in  the 
fame  chamber  in  which  his  father  Oc- 
taviu3  had  died  ;  having  ruled  the  Ro- 
man empire  alone,  from  the  vidory  of 
Allium,  forty-four  years,  except  eleven 
days,  Dloi  ^6,  30.  ;  Suet.  Aug.  100. 
The  different  opinions  of  people  con- 
cerning Auguftus  after  his  death,  both 
for  and  againfl  him,  are  enumerated, 
^ac.  Ann.  1,9,  &  10.  He  left  an  advice 
among  his  papers  to  his  fucceffors,  not 
to  attempt  extending  the  empire  beyond 
its  prefent  limits  j  whether  through  fear 
or  envy,  as  Tacitus  obferves,  is  uncer- 
tain ;  {^incertum  an  metu,  fc.  ne  plura 
quaerendi  ftudio,  ante-parta  amitte- 
rent  ;  an  per  innyidiam^  no  quis  fuccelTo- 
rum  proferendo  fines  gloriam  aqgeret,) 
^ac.  Ann.  i ,  11  f. 

The  moft  illuftrious  women  of  the 
Odavian  family  were,  i.  QCTAVIA, 
the  fifter  of  AuguRus,  a  woman  of 
uncommon  virtue,  Plutarch.  Anton,  p. 
5)29.  ;  married  firfc  to  Marcellus,  and 
after  his  death  to  Antony,  DiOj  48,  31. 
•whom  (he  reconciled  to  her  brother,  ik. 
54.  But  Antony,  captivated  by  the 
artifices  of  Cleopatra,  flighted  and  di- 
vorced her,  Dioy  49,  33^^  50,  3,  Si. 
26.  After  the  death  of  Antony,  how- 
ever, (he  took  the  greateil  care  of  his 
children.  She  died  in  the  54th  year 
of  her  age.  Augullus,  who  had  ten- 
derly loved  her  while  alive,  paid  th^ 
liigheft  honours  to  her  mempry,  after 
her  death*,  Suet.  61.;  Dio^  54,  35. 
-—.  2.  OCTAVIA,  the  daughter  of 

*  In  the  lifetime  of  Qdavia,  Auguftus 
tuilt  a  portico,  which  he  called  from  her, 
I'orticus  Oct  A  VIAE,  Suet.  Aug.  29.  Feftus 
fays,  that  there  were  two  porticoes  galled 
O^viae porticus  ;  the  one  built  by  0»5lavia, 
the  fifter  of  Auguftus,  contiguous  to  the 
theatre  of  Marcelius^  the  ether  near  to   the 


]  O  E  A 

Claudius,  and  wife  of  Nero  ;  by  whom 
(he  was  put  to  death,  Tac.  Ann,  14, 
63.  ;   Suef^  Ner.  7,  35,  &  57.^ 

OcYROE,  -<?j,  a  prophetic  nymph, 
the  daughter  of  Chiron,  by  the  nymph 
Chariclo,  Ovid.  Met.  2,  635,  &c.  chan- 
ged into  a  mare,  lb.  663. 

OdItes,  -aCi  a  centaur,  (Iain  by 
Mopfus  at  the  wedding  of  Perithous, 
Ovid.  Met.    12,  458. 

Odyssea,  -acy  the  poem  of  Homer 
concerning  the  wanderings  of  UlyfTes, 
Ov'id.  Tiijl.  3,  375.  ;  C'lc,  Brut.  18. 
So  named  from  oJ'ycra&yc,  the  Greek 
name  of  UlyfTcn. 

Oeagrus,  v.  Oeager,  'griy  a  king 
of  Thrace,  the  father  of  Orpheus, 
Ply  gin.  14.  ;  Apollon.  Argonaut,  i,  25.  ; 
whence  Oeagri  CaViapefque  nurns,  i.  e. 
Eurydice,  the  wife  of  Orpheus,  Ovid. 
in  3in,  484.  Oeagri Jigura,  a  pleonafm 
for  Oeagrus  ;  or,  as  Vulpius  thinks, 
put  for  Apollo  in  the  form  of  Oeagrus, 
Propert.  2,  3,  35.  Servius  fays,  that 
Oeagrus  was  a  river  of  Thrace,  and 
one  of  the  chief  fources  of  the  Hebrus  ; 
whence  that  river  is  called  Oeagriv^ 
Hchrus,  yirg.  G.  4,  524.  Diodo- 
rus  Siculus  fays,  that  Oeagrus  was  a 
king  of  Thrace,  who  gave  his  name 
to  the  river  Hebrus. — Et  nondum  Oea^ 
grius  Haemosy   mount  Hacmus,  not  yet 

called 

theatre  of  Pompey,  hutlt  byCn.  05:aviu3,  who 
triumphed  over  Perfeus;  which  having  been 
burnt,  Auguftus  canfed  it  to  be  repaired.  Dio 
fay',  that  Caefar  built  from  the  Ipoils  of  tiie 
Dalmatians  puificoes  and  librnries,  which  he 
named  from  his  Hfler  Oct.avianae,  49.43. 
Pliny  menrions  a  fchool.  ( fi:h'jla.,  1.  e  a 
place  where  learned  men  ufcd  ro  niept  for  the 
fake  of  public  difputations  and  conferences,) 
in  fhe  porticoes  of  Oilavia,  35,  ^ly;  37.  ; 
which  porticoes  he  calls  opera  OctavJak,  ib, 
f.  4Q,  32.  et  I.  36.  c.  j/  4.  //,  3.  and  fpeaks  cf 
more  fchools  than  one,  [in  OBa-viae  fJ.ioUs,') 
ib.  n.  5,  Plutarch  fays  that  Ocfavia  dedi- 
cated a  library  in  honour  pf  her  fpn,  and 
Auguftus  a  theatre,  which  he  called  the 
Theatre  of  Marcellus,  in  Marie!,  f.  p.  316, 
To  this  Ovid  is  thought  to  allude,  Aut  ubi 
nftinsribus  natifua  muntra  mat;r  AddiJit^  exttrn^ 
marmore  dives  opus.  Art.  Am.  I,  70.  Withr 
in  the  porticoes  of  Oilavia  were  included 
feveral  public  buildings,  Fell.  I,  ll.  ;  PUn. 
3'^,  5.  ah  of  vyhich  were  deftroycd  by  fire  i^ 
ihc  time  of  Titui,  D/o,  66,  24. 


DEB  [ 

called  Oeagrfus,  not  yet  difgraced  by 
the  murder  of  Orpheus,  the  fon  of  Oea- 
grus,  Oi-id.  Met,  2,  219.  Oeagri't  nervij 
the  ftrings,  i.  e.  the  lyre  of  Orpheus, 
Sil.  5,  464.  conf.  ManiL  5,  322. 

Oebalus,  the  fon  of  Arguh'us,  and 
father  of  Tyndarus,  a   king  of  Laco- 

nia,  (G.411.) Oebalidae,  -anwi, 

Callor   and  Pollux,  the    grandfons   of 

Oebalus,  Ovid.  Faft.  5,   705. Oe- 

BALiDEs,  voc.  -Ci  Hyacinthus,  a  La- 
cedaemonian youth,  fuppofed  to  be  na- 
med trom  Ocbaha,  a  town  of  Laconia; 
or,  by  anticipation,  from  Oebalus,  who 
lived  after  him,  Oiud.  Md.  10,  196. 
But  I^ucian  makes  Hyacinthus  the  fon 
of  Oebalus  ;   (o  f>uer  Oehaluies^  Ovid,  in 

Ibin,   590. Purpura   Oebalisy  -ui/s, 

Laconfan  purple,  Slat.  Sih.  i,  2,  150. 
Oebali  Nymphay  in  voc.  i.  e.  Helena, 
Ovid.  Ep.  16,  126.  Oebaliifrati-fis,\.ii. 
Caftor  and  Pollux,  Stat.  Sih.  3,  2,  10. 
Oebaliimi  vuhius^  the  wound  or  blood  of 
Hyacinthus,  Ovid.  Mtt.  13,  396.  Lit- 
ius  Oebalium)  the  Lacouian  fhorc,  Stat. 
Achill.  I,  20.  Sub  Oebaliae  turribuSi  of 
Tarentum,  built  by  Phalantus,  a  Lace- 
daemonian, P^irg.  G.  4,  125.  ;  hence 
Otbalii  nepotes^  the  Taren tines,  Sil.  12, 
451.  Oebaliae  matreSf  Sabine  or  Ro- 
man matrons  ;  fo  named  from  fomc  La- 
cedaemonians who  fettled  there,  Ovid. 
Fajl.  3,  230.  Odalia  pellexj  i.e.  He- 
lena,  Ovid.  Rem.  Am.  358. 

Oebalus,  the  fon  of  Telon,  king 
of  the  ifland  Capreae,  by  the  nymph 
Sebethis,    Virg.  Aen.  7,  734. 

Oebares,  -u,  the  grooni  of  Darius, 
the  fon  Hyftafpes,  who  by  an  artful 
contrivance  procured  to  his  mailer  the 
crown  of  Perlia,  Herodot.  3,  85.;  Jujlin* 
I,  10. 

Oeclei's,  -/,  the  father  of  Amphl- 
araus,  Hygin.  128.;  who  is  hence  cal- 
led Oeclides,  Ovid.  Met.  8,  317.  j 
Art.  Am.  3,  13  ;  Stat.  '7h»b.  6,  445. 

OtCLUS,  a  centaur,  [quddnipedans, 
moving  on  four  feet  like  a  iioife, )  O'oid. 
Mct.i  2,  450. 

OEDiPUS,  -odis,  V.  '4pi,  tbefon 
of  Laius,  king  of  Thebes,  and  of  Jo- 
cafta  ;  who  ignorantly  killed  his  fa- 
ther, and  afterwards,  in  confeq^uence 
of  his  fuccefs  in  explaining  the  Sphinx'a 


iQi    ]  0  E  H 

riddle,  obtamed  his  own  mother  in 
marriage;  a  circumftance  which,  when 
difcovered,  caufed  the  deftru6lion  of 
both,  (G.  429.)  CicFizt.  13.  Davus 
fum^  non  Oedipusy  I  am  a  plain  fimple 
llavcj  not  an  Explainer  of  riddles, 
Ter.  And.  i,  2^  i^.  conf.    Plaut.  Poen. 

i»    3»    34- Oe^ipod'es,    -ae^  the 

fame  with  Oedipus,  Stat.  Theb.  i,  17. 
2,  436.  <f/^  7,  513,.  ^ti  legis  Oedipoden^ 
for  de  Oedipode  v.  de  Oedipoy  vrho  read 
the  fable  of  Oedipus,  Martial.  10,  4,  i. 
Impii  Oedipodae  nuptiales  faces ^  of  Oedi- 
pus, S.^nec.  Here.  fur.  f  6*  Hos  (fc. 
libros  de  arte  amandi)  tu  Oedipodas 
facito  Telegoncfque  vocesy  fc.  ut.  See  that 
you  call  thefe  books  parricides,  like 
Oedipus  and  Telegonus,  fince  they 
have  killed  me,  or  caufed  me  their  au-«. 
thor  or  parent  to  be  baniflied,  which 
to  me  is  equal  to  death,  or  worfe,  Ovid^ 

Trip}.  I,   I,   114. Oedipodes  is 

alfo  put  for  Eteocles,  the  fon  of  Oedi- 
pus, Stat.  Theb.  2,   465. OeDipo- 

DioNiDEs,  -ae,  Polynices,  the  othex* 
fon  of  Oedipus,  Stat.  Theb.  i,  313. 
So  /3.  6,  426* — Oedipodionius,  adj<t^ 
'iifratres,  i.  e.  Polynices  and  Eteocles,' 
the  fons  of  Oedipus,  Stat,  Theb.  io,> 
801.  Oedipodionias  Tkebae,  Thebes, 
where  Oedipus  reigned,  Ovid.  Met.  15, 
429.     So  Lucan,  8,  407* 

OENEUS,  (2  fyll.)  .;,  king  of 
Calydon,  the  father  of  Meleager,  De- 
janira,  &c.  by  Althaea,  and  of  Ty- 
deus  by  Pcriboea,   (G.  433,  &  434.) 

Ocnei  partu  edita^    i.   e.    Dejanira^ 

Cic.  Tujc.  2,  8 Oen IDE 3,-/7^,  Me- 
leager, the  fon  of  Oeneus,   Ovid.  Met, 

8>  ^iS'lJjiit.  Theb.  5,  405.- Hac-^ 

tenus  Oe/ildes,  the  grandfon  of  Oeneus, 
i.  c.  Diomedes,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  512. 
Et  generum  Ocnideny  Appuk  Dame,  tuum^ 
and  Diomedes,  thy  fon -in-law,  O  Ap- 
pulian  Daunus;  for  Diomedes  married 

his  daughter.    Id.    FaJ*  4,    76.-- i 

O  £  N  E  u  s  t-/'  H  i  u  s,  adj.  Oeneos  per  ag'osy 
through  the  country  of  Galydon,  thiL 
kingdoni  of  Oeneus,  (al.  aliler),  Ovid, 
Met.  8,  281.  OinFius  heros,  i.  e.  Ty- 
deus,  Stat    Theb.  5,  66 1. 

Oenom  A  us,  the  fon  of  Mars  by  the 

nymph  Allerope,  king  of  Pifa  in  Eli» 

Q  0  2  \h 


O  E  N  [2^2 

the  father  of  HippodamTa,  (  G.  404. ) 

^  2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  plays 

of  Accius,  Cic.  Fam.  9,16.;  Tufc.  3 ,  12. 

Oenone,  -es^  a  nymph  of  mount 
Ida,  the  daughter  of  the  river  Cebre- 
nus  in  Phrygia,  with  ivhom  Paris  co- 
habited before  he  was  acknowledged 
to  be  the  fon  of  Priam,  [G.  414.)  0- 
vid.  Ep.  5,  &c.  17,96.;  Remed.  A- 
fncr.  45  7. 

Of.notrus,  an  Arcadian,  the  fon 
of  Lycaon,  who  fettled  in  that  part 
of  Italy,  which  was  afterwards  called 
]Liicania,  Dionyf.  1,  ii.  [Vid.  Gcogr. 
Jndex.) 

Oetus,  v.  Otus,  a  giant.    Pld.Y,- 

yHIALTES. 

Offilius,  a  lawyer,  Cic.  Fam.   7, 

21.    Jtt,  13,  37. 51  2.    A  creditor 

of  Cicero's,   Cic.  Fam.  16,24. 

OcyGEs,  -ae^  a  king  of  Thebes,  in 
nvhofe  time  happened  the  firft  dclug-e, 
according  to  Varro  1100  years  before 
his  time,  R.  R.  ^^  prol.  not  the  great 
deluge,  as  Angultine  fays,  but  greater 
than  that  in  the  time  of  Deucalion,  de 
piv.  Dili  18,  8.  La(f^antius  or  Lu- 
tatius  on  Statius  fays,  that  Ogyges 
reigned   over    Thebes,  after    Cadmus, 

Stat.   Thtb.  7,  348. Hence  Ocy- 

ciAE  Thehae,  Thebes  once  governed 
t>y  Ogyges,  V'trg.  Aetna,  569.  ;  Btat. 
Theh.  2,  208.  Deus  Ogygius,  the  The- 
ban  god,  i.  e.  Bacchus,  Ovid.  Ep.  lo, 
48.;  Stat.  Theh.  5,  518.  So  Lyaeus 
OgygiuSf  Lucan.  i,  670.  Ogyg:ae  res, 
the  affairs  of  Thebes,  or  the  Theban 
State,  Stat.  Theh.  I,  £73. — —Ogygi- 
dae,  -arum^  the  Thebans,  Stat.  Theh. 
2,  586.  [Thehani  ah  Ogygio  tcrrigena, 
Lai^ant.  ibid.) 

6 1 L E u  s ,  (3  fyll.  P^al  Flac.  f ,  372. 
gen.  o'iIh^  v.  -^oj),  king  of  Locris,  or 
I^ocri  in  Greece,  the  father  of  Ajax, 
C'lc.  Tufc.  3,  29.  called  Ajax  O'llei,  fc. 
Jilius,  Ajax  the  fon  of  oileus,  Hygln. 
114.  Ob  fur'ias  Ajacis  ol/eiy  (3  fyll.) 
fc.  lilii,  Firg.  Aen.  I,  41.  or  olleos  A- 
jaxy  fc.  fihus,  Ovid.  Met.  (2,  622.  to 
diftinguifli  him  from    Ajax  the   fon  of 

Telamon,  (G.  451.) oilides,  -ae, 

the  fon  of  Oileus,  r.  f.  Ajax,  Propert. 
4,  J,  117.;  Sabiti.  ad  Ulyfs.  l©i.  j  a- 
pudOtid. 


1  0  P  H 

Olekius,  an  inhabitant  of  Lefbo3» 
F'al.  Flacc.  2,  163.  but  Olenii  cufptSy  the 
fpear  of  Tydeus,  the  Aetolian,  from  O- 
lenos,   a   city    of  Aetolia,  ih.  3,  105. 

(Vid.  G.  Index.) Olenides,  -ae, 

the  fon  of  Olenus,  v.  -ius,  ib.  20^. 

Olenos,  v.  -us,  a  fon  of  Vulcan, 
Avho  gave  name  to  Olenos,  a  town 
of  Aetolia,   Hygin.   AJlr.   P.   2,    13,  r/ 

ihi   Munker. ^  2.   The  huiband   of 

Lethaea,  who,  proud  of  her  beauty, 
had  the  prefumption  to  prefer  herfelf 
to  the  goddeiTes,  and  Olenos  taking 
part  witli  her  in  the  guilt,  tli^y  were 
both  changed  into  Ttone,  Ovid.  Aid. 
10,68. 

OlympiaSj  -adis,  the  mother  of 
Alexander,  Cic.  Div.  1,  2  7^.',  Jujlin. 
7,  6,  ^  10.  et  9,  7.  ;  Cell.  13,  4.  put 
to  death  by  Calfander,  Jiijtin.  14,  6. 

Olympiodorus,  the  mufic-mavter 
of  Epaminondas,  Ntp.  Epam.  2.  — — 
^  2.  A  phylician,  Pl'm.  i,  »2. 

Omphale,  -es,  a  queen  of  Lydia  ; 
hence  called  Lyd^a  pudla,  Ovid.  Fall. 
2,  356.  Maeonis,  -idis,  ib.  310,  Sc 
352.  whom  Hercules  ferved  for  three 
years,  (G.  401.).  Propertijs  makes 
Omphale  \o\\^,  3,  11,  17. 

Onesimus,  the  fon  of  Python,  a 
Macedonian  nobleman,  who  having  in 
vain  diffuadcd  Perfeus  from  underta- 
king war  againfl  the  Romans,  and  on 
that  account  being  fufpeAed  by  the 
king,  iied  to  the  Romans,  by  whom 
he  was  kindly  received,  and  liberally 
rewarded,   Liv.  44,  16. 

OsyTEs,  -ae,  the  fon  of  Echicn  and 
Peribia,  (fome  fay,  a  Theban,  Nometi 
EchioniumJ,  in  the  array  of  Aeneas, 
flain  by  Turnus,   Virg.  Aen.  12,  514. 

Opheltes,  -ae,  the  fon  of  Lycur- 
gus,  kingof  Nemea,  and  Eurydice,  his 
queen,  nurfed  by  Hypfipyle,  who  had 
become  their  flave,  [Vid.  Hypsi- 
pyLe.)  While  Hypfipyle  was  wan- 
dering in  a  grove  near  Nemea  with  the 
child  in  her  arms,  fhe  was  accofted  by 
Adrailus,  the  leader  of  the  Argives, 
who  had  reached  that  place  in  their 
way  to  Thebes,  and  were  greatly  dif- 
treffed  for  want  of  water,  all  the  ftrcams 
having  been  dried  up  by  the  in- 
fluence 


OPH  t    J9J 

fiucnce  of  Bacchus.  Adraftus,  m  the 
grcateft  diTirefs,  begged  of  Hypfipyle 
to  fhow  theni  fome  water.  She  having 
laid  down  the  child,  quickly  led  them 
to  the  fountain  Langia  ;  but  upon  her 
return  found  the  child  killed  by  a  fer- 
pcnt.  The  companions  of  Adrallus 
killed  the  ferpent,  and  buried  the  child- 
In  the  mean  time  Lycurgus  and  Eu- 
rydice,  being  informed  cf  what  had 
happened,  in  the  excefs  of  their  grief, 
wanted  to  facrifice  Hypfipyle  to  ap- 
peafc  the  manes  of  their  Ton  ;  but  were 
prevented  by  the  Argive  chiefs,  who 
gave  the  name  of  Archemorus  to  the 
boy,  as  being  the  firil  who  was  flain  in 
the  war,  and  called  the  fountain  after 
him.  They  performed  funeral  games 
to  his  honour,  which  were  ever  after- 
wards celebrated  at  liated  times,  and 
called  the  Nemean  Games,  j^PgIIo- 
ilor.  3,  6,  4. ;  Ladant,  ad  Stat.  Theh.  4, 
718.  They  were  in  the  time  of  Pin- 
dar celebrated  every  three  years,  Pin- 
dar. Nem.  6,  69.  hence  called  Trie- 
TERis,  Stat.  Thcb.  4,  722.;  but  after- 
wards every  five  years,  as  the  lUhmi- 
au,  PIk.  4,  5  f.  9. ;  Hygin.  74.  The 
vi6kirs  were  crowned  with  pariley  ;  be- 
caule,  as  it  is  faid,  Kypfipyle  laid  the 
child,  when  (lie  left  him,  on  a  heap  of 
parJuey.  Hygin.  'jj^. — The  different  cir- 
cumibnces  of  this  f^ory,  embeiliilied 
and  enlarged,  form  the  fubjeft  of  part 
of  the  fourth,  and  the  whole  of  the 
fifth  and  fixth  books  of  the  Thebaid  of 
Statius.   Add.  Stat.  Sih.  2f  i,  181. 

Opheltes,  the  father  of  Euryalus, 

yirg.  ^en.  9,  2Ci. ^  2.  The  chief 

ot  a  crew  of  Tufcan  pirates,  who  ha- 
ving carried  off  Bacchus  from  the  i- 
fland  of  Chios  while  overpowered  with 
wine  and  ileep,  with  an  intention  of 
offering  violence  to  him,  were  all  turn- 
ed into  dolphins,  to  the  number  of 
twelve  ;  CKcept  Acoetca,  the  pilot,  who 
difapproved  of  tlieir  conduct,  Hygin.  f. 
134.  ;  Gvld.  Met.  3,  605,-692. 

Op  HI  AS,  -adis,  the  daughter  of  O- 
phius,  i.  c.  CoMBE,  who  having  elca- 
ped  the  attempts  of  her  fons  to  kill  her, 
was  changed  into  a  bird,  Ovid.  Met.  7, 
3^3* 


1  opt 

OpHiOTi,  'onisy  the  father  of  Amy« 
cus,  who  is  hence  called  Ophionides, 
G-oid.  Met.  12,  345.     , 

O  P  H I  u  c  H  u  s,  ( i.  e.  ferperdem  vel  art" 
guem  tmens,  the  man  that  holds  the  fer- 
pent), the  Greek  name  of  a  confteMa- 
tion,  called  in  Latin,  Anguitenens, 
Cic.  N.  D.  2,  42.;  Manil.  1,  331.; 
Ovid.  Met.  8,  l«2. 

/..  OPIMIUS,  conful  a.  u.  633, 
who  crufhed  the  tribune  C.  Gracchus, 
Cic.  Cat.  I,  I.;  Or.  2,  25.  and  profe- 
cuted  the  victory  of  the  nobility  over 
the  plebeians  with  great  cruelty,  SaJ^ 
iufl.  Jug.  1 6,  &:  42.  Being  afterwards 
accufed  of  the  murder  of  Gracchus,  he 
was  acquitted  by  the  people,  Cic.  Brut. 
34.  Being,  a.  u.  641,  fent  at  the  head 
of  an  embaffy,   (princeps  legatioriis),  to 


divide  the  kingdom  of  Numidia  between 
Jugurtha  and  Adherbal,  and  being  bri- 
bed  by  Juguitha,  he  bafely  betrayed 
his  trull,  by  making  a  divition  favour- 
able to  Jugurtha,  Sallti/i.  Jug.  1 6.  For 
this  he  was  afterwards  brought  to  his 
trial,  by  the  Mamilian  law,  ib.  40.  and 
being  condemned,  Cic.  Brut.  33.;  Plane, 
28  f.  he  went  into  banifhment  ta 
Dyracchium,  where  he  died  in  want. 
Cicero,  from  partiality  to  the  party  of 
the  patricians,  infinuates,  that  this  fcn- 
tence  was  unjuft,  ib.\  and  notwithfland- 
ing  the  cruelty  and  corruption  of  Opi- 
mius,  extols  him  in  different  parts  of 
his  works,  as  a  moll  meritorious  citi- 
zen,  {^virum  praeclare  de  republica  msri^ 

tu7n)t  ib.   &   Sext.  67. There  wasi 

an  uncommon  vintage  the  year  in  which 
Opimius  was  conful  ;  whence  ViNUM 
Opimianum  was  ufed  proverbially 
for  the  ir.oft  excellent  wine,  Cic.  Br. 
83.  ;  Pdferc.  2,  7.  j  Martial,  9,  89, 
&:c. ;  Pdran.  c.  34.  Pliny  fays,  Opi- 
mian  wine  was  to  be  met  with. in  his 
time,  near  200  years  after,  Plin,  14, 
4f.  6,  &  14. 

Oris,  -is,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
Diana  ;  appointed  by  her  to  watch  o- 
ver  Camilla,  Firg.  Jen.  11,  532.  <?;  836. 
whofe  death  fhe  avenged  by  fhooting 
Aruns,  the  author  of  it,  ib.  85 S,  &c. 
— faid  to  be  a  Thracian  by  defcent, 
{Threi/a),  ib.  i.  e.  one  of  the  Hyper- 
borean 


O  P  P  Jt 

botean  nympTis  who  attended  Diana, 
Callimach.  IkL  292. ;  Jipollodor.  i,  4.»  4. 

Oppia,  a  Vcftal  virgin,  piniifhed  for 
inceil:,  Li'v.-i,  42. 

Oppianicus,  a  firname  of  Statius 
Albius,   Cic.  Cluent.  4,  &c. 

Sp.  Oppius  Cormcen,  one  of  the 
JDecem'viri^  I^iv.  3,  3^.  the  colleaf^^ue 
and  afiiilant  of  Appius  Claudius,  ib. 
41,  &  49.  on  which  account  being  ac- 
cufed  and  thrown  into  prifon,  he  laid 
violent  hands  on  hiinfelf,  ib.  ^^, 

M.  Oppius,  appointed  by  the  tri- 
bunes of  the  ioldiers  with  Sex.  Mari- 
itus  to  have  the  chief  command,  in  the 
ieceffion  of  the  people  from  the  De- 
cemnihi  to  mount  Aventlne,  Liv.  3,51. 

C.  Oppius,  a  tribune,  who,  in  the 
middle  of  the  fecond  Punic  war,  (  ^ 
Fabio  et  T.  Sempronio  Cofs,  a.  u.  541 ), 
got  a  law  paffed,  that  no  matron  ihould 
have  in  her  drefs  more  than  half  an 
ounce  of  gold,  nor  ihouid  wear  a  gar- 
ment of  different  colours,  nor  ufe  a 
carnage  in  any  city  or  town,  or  within 
a  mile  of  it,  unleis  on  occafion  of  pu- 
bhc  facrifices,  Liv.  34,  1.  The  repeal- 
ing of  this  law  occahoned  violent  dif- 
putes,  a.  u.  559,  Llv.  ib.   5c c. 

C.  OPPIUS,  the  friend  of  Caefar, 
Cic.  Alt.  5,  I.  ;  Stiet.  Caef.  52,  k  72. 
who  wrote  feveral  books,  among  the 
reil  a  life  of  Pompey,  Plutarch,  in  Pcmp. 
fuppofed  by  fome  to  have  been  the  au- 
thor of  the  Alexandrian,  African,  and 
iSpanidi  wars  of  Caefar,  Suet.  Cccf.  ^6. 

Oppir,  -crumj  bankers  or  ufurers 
from  Velia  ;  uicnigma  Oppiorum  ex  Vc- 
lia  jylane  nan  ink'iii^o,  what  you  write 
inyiterioufly  about  the  Oppii ;  or  per- 
haps their  dark  or  obfcure  exprefiions 
concerning  money-matters,  dc.  AtU  7, 
13.  Add.  Ibid.  8,  7.  Tu  Oppios  TcreU' 
tiae  dabisy  you  will  order  the  Cppll  to 
j:«ay  what  they  owe  me  to  Terentia,  ib, 
10,  4.  ^ 

OPSy  -y.  Opis,  Opisy  the  goddefs  of 
the  earth,  the  filler  and  wife  of  Saturn, 

(G.  355- )»  ^'^yS'^'  ^39-  ^^*^  ^'^'^'^  ^^"^^^ 
Cyb^le,  7ibu!L  {,4,  68.  Cicero  makes 
Go?  the  daughter  of  Ocean  us  and  Sa- 
ke ia,  Cic.  dc  Uniwrf.  \$.  Aedes  Opisy 
the  temple  of  Ops,  Cic.  Phil.  J,  17.— 
Op  ALIA,  'lunif  the  feiUval  day  confe- 


94    1  O  R  C 

crated  to  O^'^,  Fijius ;  Macrob.  Sat.  i^ 
10.;   Fnrr.  L.  L.  5,  3. 

C.  Sergius  Ok  AT  ky  (dl.  Aurafa,  Cico 
Or.  I,  39c),  an  Epicurean,  Cic.  Fin. 
2,  22.  who  had  a  controverfy  with  M. 
Marius  Gratidianus,  on  account  of  a 
bouie  which  he  bought  from  him,   Cic» 

Orbimus  pupUIus,  a  native  of  Be-- 
ncventum,  wlio  having  ferved  out  his 
time  as  a  foldier,  (funclus  milifidjy  firfl 
in  quality  of  a  corneteer,  and  then  on 
horfeback,  came  to  Rome  when  fifty 
years  of  age,  in  the  cim fulfil ip  of  Ci- 
cero, and  taught  grammar  with  greater 
fame  than  emolument.  For  when  very 
old,  in  fome  of  his  writings  he  com- 
plained of  his  poverty,  and  that  lie  was 
obliged  to  lodge  in  a  garret,  [habltare 
fub  tegulis)y  Suet,  de  Illuflr.  Gram.  c. 
9.  He  was  naturally  of  a  rigid  tem- 
per ;  whence  Horace,  who  was  his 
fchular,  complaining  of  his  feverity, 
calls  him  plagofus,  a  teacher  who  often 
ufed  the  rod,  Ilor.  Ep.  2,  i,  70.  He 
lived  near  to  the  age  of  a  hundred. 
After  his  death  the  people  of  Beneven- 
tum  ere(iled  a  marble  ilatue  tu  his  ho- 
nour. Suet.  ib. 

P.  Orbius,  a  lawyer,  Cic.  Brut.  48* 
praetor  in  Aha,   Cic.  Place.  3 1. 

O  R  E  o  N  A ,  (  orbit  atem  avert  ere  credit  a  ) , 
a  goddefs,  who  had  a  temple  at  Rome, 
Cic.  N.  D.  3,  1$. 

C.  Orchinil's,  the  colleag>ie  of  Ci- 
cero in  the  praetor ihip,  Cic.  Cluer.t.  34, 
0:53. 

ORCU3,  a  narae  of  Pluto,  Cic. 
Verr.  4,  50.  Stygius  OrcuSy  Virg.  A  en. 
4,  699.  Orcus  iwbts  ducit  pedes i  Orcus 
pulls  you  by  the  feet  to  the  infernal 
regions,  i.  e.  you  will  be  foon  put  to 
death,  Suet.  A'er.  39.  Oreo  allqucm 
maSare,  to  doom  to  death,  lA-v.  9,  40. 
Satelhs  Orciy  the  life-guard,  the  mini- 
iter  or  fervant  of  Orcus,  the  ferrym.an 
of  hell,  i.  e.  Charon,  Hor.  Od.  2,  18, 
34.  So  Orci  portltory  Virg.  Aen.  4, 
502.  Janitor  Orciy  i.e.  Cerberus,  ib. 
8,  296.  P^apax  OrcuSy  rapacious  Or- 
cus, who  carries  off  all  things,  Hor, 
30.  ViPiima  nil  miferantis  Orciy  of  Pin- 
to pitying  nobody,    1.  e.  mercilefs,  ib. 

2, 


if  5i 


ORE  r  2 

24.     FormuIah'diS   Orel  opesy  the 


power  of  formidable  Pluto,  Owd,  Met, 
14,  116.  Impudens  Orcum  moror,  I  have 
the  impudence  to  make  Pluto  wait  for 
me,    i.  e,  I   continue   to   live   when   I 

ought  to  die,  Hor,  Od.  3,  27,  50. 

Orcus  is  often  put  for  death,  or  the 
infernal  regions,  Nigroque  mvidet  Orcoy 
fc.  euniy  and  extricates  or  refcues  him 
from  gloomy  death,  /.  e.  renders  him 
immortal,  ib.  4,  2,  24.  M'ljfus  ad  luri- 
dum  Orcum  fulminey  to  gloomy  Tarta- 
rus, Ih.  3,4,  75.  Dimittere  aliquem  Or- 
roy  for  ad  Orcuniy  to  kill,  Virg.  Adti. 
2,  398.  Evocat  an'imas  orco,  i.  e.  ex 
infcrisy  ib.  4,  242.  Stygioque  caput  dam- 
naverat  Oreo,  and  had  devoted  her  life 
or  herfelf  to  infernal  Pluto,  i.  e.  to 
death,  ih,  4,  699.  Minos  fedet  arbiter 
Orciy  judge  of  Pluto,  or  of  the  infer- 
nal regions,  Propert.  3,  19,  27.  Ubi 
ratio  cum  Oreo  hahetnr,  where  an  ac- 
count is  kept  with  Orcus,-  i.e,  of  thofe 
who  lofe  their  lives  in  cultivating  an 
unhealthful  foil,  Varr.  R,  R.  i,  4,  3. 
So  Nam  uhl  fit  cum  Oreo  ratio  ponenduy 
ibiy  &c.  where  one  mutl  lay  his  account 
with  being  expofed  to  certain   danger, 

Cel,  I,  3>  2. Orcihi A^s A fponday  a 

bier  in  which  the  dead  were  carried  to 
be  buried,  [quod  murtut  ad  Orcum  eant)y 

Martial,  lo,  5,9. Orci\  i  Jerintores, 

thofe  who  got  admittance  into  the  fe- 
nate  after  the  death  of  Caefar  by  mo- 
ney or  favour,  in  confequence  of  the 
pretended  afts  or  writings  of  Caefar, 
which  were  fuppofed  to  have  been  for- 
ged by  Antony,  Suet.  Jlvg.  7,^,  fo  called 
in  aliufion  to  thofe  flaves  who  were 
freed  by  the  teilament  of  their  mailer. 
{Fid.  R.  A,  ^Q,) 

Oreades,  -umy  mountain  nymphs, 
Virg.  Acn.  1 ,  500. 

Oresitrophos,  -f,  m.  (i.  e.  In  mon- 
iihus  nutritus)y  one  of  Aftacon's  dogs, 
Ovid.  Met.  3,  233. 

Orestes,  -isy  the  fon  of  Agamem- 
non, (hence  called  Agamemnonius  Ore/- 
ies,  Virg.  Aen.  4,  471.  ;  Ovid,  in  I- 
bin,  529.),  and  tlie  great  grandfon  of 
Pelops,  (hence  called  Pelopeus  Orejiesy 
Lucan.  7,  778.),  who  Hew  his  mother 
Iplyteniu^gllra  for  having  murdered  his 


father ;  on  which  account  he  was  agi- 
tated by  the  Furies,  Virg.  A:n.  3,  33  r. 
and  became  diilraifted,  Ovid.  Pont.  2, 
g,  45.  His  friend  Pylades  always  at- 
tended him,  in  company  witji  whom 
he  went  to  the  Cherfonefus  Tauricd^ 
where  he  found  his  fifter  prteftefs  to 
Diana,  and  made  his  efcape  with  her  to 
Greece,  carrying  with  him  the  image 
of  Diana,  (G.  408.).  It  is  faid  that 
O relies  fivft  brought  this  image  to  the 
Grove  of  Aricia  in  Italy,  Hygin.  259. 
whence  Diana  worfliipped  there  is  cal- 
led Orejlea  Diana,  Ovid.  Met.  15,  489. 
Dea  Orefteay  Id.  Pont,  i,  2,  %o.  But 
as  tiie  cruelty  of  the  facred  rites  of  Di- 
ana difpleafcd  the  Romans,  thougH 
flaves  only  were  facrificed  to  her,  the 
image  [Diana)  was  tranfported  to  La- 
cedaemon,  where  the  cuilom  of  fcour- 
ging  boys  before  the  altar  of  Diana 
was  long  continued,  Hygin.  ih, — Oref- 
tes  is  laid  to  have  been  killed  by  the 
bite  of  a  fsrpent,  Ovid,  in  Ibiny  52^, 
Cicero  mentions  him  as  an  example  of 

true   friend fhip,  Fin.  i,  20. Scenit 

agitatus  OreJlesy  often  adted  on  the  ftagc 
in  a  Hate  of  infanity,  Virg.  Aen.  4, 
471. — ^eriptus  et  in  tergOy  et  non  Jinitut 
Ore/hsy  a  verbofe  or  prolix  tragedy  cal- 
led Orelles,  which  tilled  not  only  the 
inner  fide  of  the  parchment,  but  was 
alfo  written  on  the  back,  (a  thing  not 
common),  v»'ithout  being  finilhed,  ^w- 
venal.  I,  6. 

Cn.  Aurellus  Orestes,  adopted  by 
Cn.  Aufidius,  whence  he  was  called 
Cn.  Aufidius  Oreftes,  Cic.  Dom.  13, 
repulfed  in  his  application  for  the  of- 
fice of  tribune,  Cic,  Plane.  21.  but  gain- 
ed the  favour  of  the  people  by  givinj^ 
them  a  public  entertainment,  Cic.  0^ 
2,  17.  conful  with  P.  Lentulus  Sura, 
a.  683. 

L.  Aurellus  Orestes,  coufui  a.  627, 
Cic.  Brut.  28. 

Aurelia  Ore  still  a,  the  midrefs  of 
Catihne,  Sallujl.  Cat.  15.  j   Cic.  Fam.  8, 

7. 

Orion,  -onisy  v.  Orlonis,  the  fon  of 
Neptune  and  Euryale,  ihe  daughter  of 
Minos,  a  giant  of  immenfe  fize,  to 
whom   his  father   Neptune   gave   the 

power 


O  R  I  [    ^Q-^    1  ^  ^^ 

power  of  walking  on  the  ft^i  as  on  dry     tyrant  of  Samos,  Cic.  Fin.  5,  30.  ;  iZ?- 


land,  u^pollodor.  i,  4,  3.  ;  Hygin.  Poet. 
2,  34.  whence  Virgil  calls  him  Magnus 
^non,  ^\.  ^ett.  1  r,  763,  &c.  He  is 
(aid  by  fome  to  have  been  produced  in 
a  miraculous  manner,  Hyg'in.  1 95.;  Ovid. 
Fq/I.  5,  534.  Not  only  the  birth,  but 
alfo  the  hfe  and  death  of  Orion,  are 
varioufiy  represented  by  the  poets,  [G. 
576.).  After  death  he  was  ranked  a- 
jmong  the  conftellations,  O'utd  et  Hygin. 
tbld, ;  Lucan.  ^,  839. 

ORION,  -onis^  a  Theban,  whofe  two 
daughters,  Metiocha  and  Menippa,  in 
lime  of  a  peftflence,  devoted  themfolves 
to  death  for  their  country,  Onjid.  Met, 
f^f  692,  &€.;  j^nton.  Liberal.  Fab.  25. 

ORITHyl A,  the  daughter  of  Erech"- 
tlxeus  king  of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Bo- 
reas or  Aquilo  a  king  of  Tiiraee,  who 
is  put  by  the  poets  for  the  north  wind, 
and  therefore  is  faid  to  have  carried  off 
on  his  v/ings  Orithy^ia,  who  was  reluc- 
tant to  marry  him,  O-v'id.  Met.  6,  682. 
4fdfin.  ;  Clc.  Leg.  l,  r  from  the  banks 
cf  the  river  Ilyflus,  Staf,  Theh.  12,  630. 
Hence  (he  is  called  Gelidi  conjtix  Aetata 
(f.  tf.  Athenienfis)  tyrannic  O^id.  Met. 
§,711.  So  Aciias  Orithyia^  Virg.  G. 
4,  463.  et  ibi  Serv.  Cscropiaj  Val. 
Flacc.  I,  46^.  Pam>Ion!A,  from  her 
gi'andfather  PandTon,  Propert.  i,  20,  3  r. 
(G.  419.) — — «!  2.  A  queen  of  the  A- 
jnar.ons,    "J^jlin.  2,  4, 

Orodes,  'is,  king  of  Parthia,  Cic. 
^am.  15,  I.  Att:  ^^  8.  called  aifo  Ar- 
saces,  Id.  Fam.  8,  14.  whofe  general 
Surena  defeated  and  flew  Craflus  gene- 
j-al  of  the  Romans,  Dlo,  4c,  27. ;  Llv. 
Lplt.  106.;  Flar.  3,  I  r.  a.  u.  701.  Pa- 
4-ereulus  fays  that  this  was  done  by  O- 
rodes  in  perfon,  2,  46.-^ Orcdes,  en- 
feebled by  agej  and  overwhelmed  with 
grief  for  the  lofs  of  his  fon  Pacorus, 
\yid.  Pacorus),  refigned  his  crown 
to  his  next  cldeil  fon  Phraates,  by 
.vhom  be  w?is  ioon  after  flain,  a.  u. 
718,  Dio,  49,  23.  ;  Jufin.  42,  4,  &5. 

Orodvs,  -acy  V.  'is,  a  Trojan,  flain 
by    Mezentius,    Virg.   Am,   10,    732, 

!&C. 

Oroetes,  a  commander  [praetor)  of 
.Diirlus,  who  crucihed  Polycrates  the 


rodot.  3,  i2«. 

Oromedon,  'Ontis,  one  of  the  giants 
that  waged  war  againil  Jupiter,  Prop, 
3,  8,  48. 

Orontes,  -is,  (v.  Oronti,  contradled 
for  Orontei,  from  Oronteus,  Virg.  Aen. 

I,  220.)  a  Trojan,  the  faithful  com- 
panion of  Aeneas,  who  perifhed  in  a 
ilorm,  ib.  113. — The  commander  of 
the  Lycian  fleet,  ib.  6,  ^34. 

ORPHEUS,  (2  fyl.j  -el,  v.  -cos,  the 
fon  of  Apollo  and  of  the  mufe  Calliope, 
(G.  370.)  or  according  to  others,  of 
Oeager,  v.  Oeagrus,  ApoUodor.  i,  9, 
16.  ;  Serv.  ad  Virg.  G.  4,  524.  a  Thra- 
cian  poet,  concerning  the  power  of 
whofe  verfes  and  uiufic  wonderful  effefts 
are  told,  Horat.  Od.  i ,  12.  pr. ;  Ovid. 
Met.  10. pr.  et  ii,  42.  &c.  Arillotle 
affirmed,  that  there  never  exifted  fuch 
a  poet  as  Orpheus  ;  and  the  Pythago- 
reans afcribed  the  poem  of  Orpheus 
[Orphicum  carmen  J  to  one  Cercops,  Cic. 

Nat.  D.  I,  38. Orphea  vox,  the 

voice  of  Orpheus,  Ovid.  Met.  lO,  3. 
Orphei  tltulum  rapuere  theatri,  the  bac- 
chanals fnatched  up  the  wild  beads, 
which  were  Hftcning  to  Orpheus  as  in 
a  theatre,  and  were  the  glory  of  his 
theatre,  ib.  11,  22. 

Orphidius  Benignus,  the  lieutenant 
of  Otho,  ^Lac.  H.  2,  43,  &  45. 

Orses,  -ae,  a  Trojan  flain  by  Rapo 
a  Latin,  Virg.  Aen.  10,  748. 

Orsilochus,   a  Trojan,  Virg.  Aen. 

II,  636.   flain  by  Camilla,  ib.  690. 
OsACES,    -is,    a    Parthian    general, 

Cic.  Att.  5,  10.  who  commanded  the 
Parthian  army  nominally  under  Pacorus, 
the  fon  of  Orodes,  then  a  bov,  Dio,  40, 
28. 

Oscus,  the  freedman  of  Otho,  com- 
mander of  his  fleet,  Tac.  H.  r,  87. 

OsiNius,  king  of  Cluflum,  Virg. 
Aen.  10,  655, 

Osiris,  -is,  v  -Idis,  a  god  of  the 
Egyptians,  the  iiufband  of  Ifis,  [G. 
391.)  worfliipped  alfo  at  Rome,  Juve- 
nal. 6,  540.;  Tac.  FUJI.  4,  84.  Per 
fandumjuratus  Ojiriniy  fvvearing  by,  Hor. 
Fp.  I,  17,  60.  Os'tri  invento,  having 
found  a  calf  v/ith    particular   marks, 

which 


O    S    I  [2 

which  the  Egyptians  worHiipped  as 
Ofiris  or  Apis,  ywv.  8,  29.  So  Suum 
pubes  miratur  OJirim,  Tibull.  I,  8,  27. 
called  Memphltes  iosy  ib.  28.  (G.  605.) 

Osiris,  -/j-,  a  Rutiilian,  flain  by 
Thymbracus,  Fh-g.  jlen.  12,458. 

P,  OsTORius  Scapula^  governor  of 
Britain,  under  Claudius,  Tac,  Ann.  12, 
3 1,  an  excellent  commander,  Tac,  Agric, 
14.  who,  having  defeated  and  taken 
prifoner  Cara^lacus,  one  of  the  chief 
princes  of  Britain,  Tac,  Ann,  12,  35, 
&  36.  reduced  a  part  of  the  ifland  into 
the  form  of  a  province,  ih.  38.  Tri- 
umphal ornaments  v^^ere  decreed  to  Of- 
torius,  ib.  But  being  afterwards  great- 
ly haraffed  by  the  Britons,  and  worn 
out  with  cares,  he  died,  to  their  great 
joy,  /^  39. 

Otanes,  -/-f,  V.  -ae^  a  noble  Perfian, 
who  difcovered  the  impofture  of  the 
Magiy  and  thereby  caufed  their  de- 
flrudion,  (G.  607.) 

Otho,  a  firname  of  feveral  famlles. 

L.  Rojc'ius  OTHO,  tribune  a.  686, 
who  got  a  law  pafTed,  appointing,  that 
fourteen  rows  or  benches  (gradus) 
fliould  be  allotted  to  the  Equites,  next 
to  the  ^)rcheftra^  where  the  ienators  fat, 
in  the  theatre  and  amphitheatre,  Liv, 
Ep'it,  119.  hence  Sic  libitum  vano,  qui 
Tios  dijiirixiiy  Othoni,  Juvenal.  3,  159. 
Ejjlce  Jummam,  Bis  fcptem  ordiiiibus  quam 
lex  dignatnr  Othcnisj  make  up  the  fum, 
which  the  law  of  Otho  makes  requifite 
to  entitle  one  to  fit  in  the  fourteen  rows, 
i.  e.  400,000  feilerces,  the  ellate  of  an 
eques,  Id,  14,  324.  Othcne  contempto<, 
defpifmg  the  law  of  Otho,  Hot\  Epod, 
4,  15.  i^Vid.  Cicero,/'.  105.) 

M.  Salvius  OTHO,  emperor  of 
Rome,  (G.  246.)  was  extremely  pro- 
fligate and  prodigal  in  his  youth,  Suet, 
2.  ;  Tac.  H.  s  13*  ^^  2,  50.  After  his 
father's  death,  he  infmuated  himfelf  in- 
to the  acquaintance  of  Nero,  by  means 
of  an  old  lady  of  great  influence  at 
court,  whom  he  married.  Suet.  ib.  (to 
which  Juvenal  is  fuppofed  to  allude,  i, 
38.)  and  by  a  hmilai-ity  of  manners 
foon  became  a  chief  favourite  with  that 
,  prince.  Suet.  ^  Tac.  ibid.  He  feduced 
Poppo;^a    Sabina    from    her    hulband 


97    ]  O  T  H 

CrifpTnus,  and  married  her,  Tac.  Atuu 
13,  45.  But  Nero,  having  becomiC 
fond  of  Poppoea,  took  her  from  Otho  ;. 
and  being  jealous  of  a  rival,  fent  him 
as  legate  or  praefeft  to  Lufitania,  which 
Otho  governed  with  great  juftice  for 
ten  years.  Suet.  0th.  3.  ;  Tac.  Ann.  13, 
46.  He  was  among  the  full  that  join- 
ed Galba  in  his  revolt  againfl  Nero^ 
Suet.  ib.  4.;  Tac,  Hijl.  I,  21.  Wheit 
Galba  was  made  emperor,  Otho  ex- 
peded  to  be  adopted  by  him,  but  be, 
ing  difappointcd  in  this  hope  by  Gid- 
ba's  adoption  of  Pifo,  he  determined  to 
attempt  obtaining  the  empire  by  force; 
which  he  effedled'  with  wonderful  fuc- 
cefs.  Suet.  Qth,  5,-8. ;  Tac,  H,  1,21^ 
— 27,  But  he  did  not  long  enjoy  his 
good  fortune,  for,  being  defeated  by 
Valens  and  Caecina,  the  generals  of 
Viteliius,  near  Bedriacum,  and  unwill- 
ing to  riHi;  the  lives  of  fo  many  brave 
men  on  his  account,  he  flew  himfelf,  in 
the  37th  year  of  his  age,  Suet.  0th.  n. ; 
Tac,  H.  2,  58.  Tacitus  fays,  that  the 
fortitude  of  Otho  in  performing  this 
deed,  deferves  to  be  as  much  extolled 
as  his  ingratitude  and  cruelty  to  Galba 
merit  dctellation,  ib.  Such  refolution 
was  very  little  to  be  expefked  from 
Otho*s  mean  appearance,  notorious 
effeminacy,  and  finical  nicety  about 
drefs.  Suet,  0th,  12. 'f  Juvenal,  2>  99, 
104,  &c.  He  was,  however,  fo  m.uch 
beloved  by  his  foldiers,  that  feveral  of 
them  from  grief  are  faid  to  have  tlab- 
bed  themfelves  near  his  funeral  pile,  and 
in  other  places,  Suet.  ib. ;  Tac.  HiJl.  2, 
49.  Martial,  who  calls  him  Mollis  Otho, 
i.  c.  fffaeminatus,  reprefents  his  death  as 
equal,  if  not  fuperior,  to  that  of  Cato, 

6,    32. Ot  HON  I  AN  I,    fc.     Mtlites, 

the  fcldiers  of  Otho,  Tac,  H.  2,  34, 
35 •  &:c.     Gthcnianus  cxercitus,  ib    45. 

Othriades,  -ae,  a  Graecian, wound- 
ed in  the  thigh  by  the  boar  of  Calydon, 
Ovid     '•'  et,  8,  371. 

Othryades,  -is,  a  Spartan,  who, 
when  a  difpute  happened  between  the 
Spartans  and  Argives  about  the  tcrri- 
toiy  of  'I  yrea,  v.  Thyrea,  [de  agro  Ty- 
reatCf),  and  the  Amphidiyons  having 
determined,  that  the  matter  fhould  be 
P  p  decided 


O  T  H 


[   295   3 


o  V  r 


decided  by  a  feleft  number  of  men  on 
both  fides,  was  appointed  to  command 
the  Lacedaemonians,  and  Therfander 
the  Argives.  Two  of  the  Argives 
furvived  the  combat,  and  went  home 
to  tell  of  their  v!6lor3\  But  Othrya- 
des,  after  they  were  p^one,  though 
wounded,  fupporting  himfelf  on  half 
broken  fpears,  took  off  the  fhields  of 
the  enemies  that  were  flain  ;  and  ha- 
ving erefted  a  trophy  of  them,  infcrib- 
ed  on  it  with  his  own  blood.   To  Ju- 

PITEK,  THE  PROTECTOll   OF  TROPHIES. 

The  controverfy  being  renewed,  the 
Amphidyons  having  examined  the 
matter  on  the  fpot,  determined  in  fa- 
vour of  the  Lacedaemonians,  Plutarch. 
ParalUL  et  Fal.  Max,  3,  2,  ExL  4. — 
Herodotus  relates  the  llory  fomewhat 
differently.  He  takes  no  notice  of  the 
Amphiclyons,  and  fays  thj^t  there  were 
300  who  fought  on  each  fide,  out  of 
the  fight  of  both  armies,  who  were  re- 
moved at  a  diilance,  lell  they  flionid 
affifl  their  countrymen  if  worfted.  He 
adds,  that    Othr)\ldes,    after    erefting 


from  Rome,  (M'tU'ia  qui  novtes  dljlat  ah 
urbe  decern,)  Ovid.  Trift.  4,  10,  4.  A. 
U.  741,  the  year  in  which  Hirtius 
and  Panfa  the  confuls  were  flain,  (Cum 
cscidit  fato  conful uterque pari,')  ib.  6.;  of 
an  ancient  and  opulent  equeflrian  fa- 
mily, ib.  8.  When  very  young  he  was 
fent  to  Rome  by  his  father  to  be  in- 
llrufted  by  the  moft  eminent  mailers, 
{ad  infignes  ah  arte  viros,)  ib.  15.  He 
had  a  ftrong  natural  turn  for  poetry, 
which  his  lather  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  reilrain,  ib.  19,  &c.  When  he  at- 
tempted to  wrice  in  profe,  his  words 
fpontaneoufly  fell  into  verfe,  [Scrihere 
conahar  "verba  foluta  modls.  Spo?ite  fud 
carmen  numeros  veniebat  ad  aptoi  ;  Et  quod 
tevtaham  diccre,  verfus  erat,)  ib.  24. — 
V/hen  fifty  years  of  age,  he  was  banidi- 
ed  by  Augulhis  to  Tomi ;  for  what  of- 
fence is  not  known.  He  himfelf  only 
fays,  Errorem  jufjae,  non  feel  us  y  fjf<^  fugne^ 
ib.  90.  The  loofenefs  of  his  poetry 
was  made  the  pretext,  Ovid.  Triji.  2, 
7,  8,  5<  2  1 1,  &c.  But  the  true  rcafon 
is  fuppofed  to  have  been  Ovid's  having 


the  trophy,  flew  himfelf,  that  he  might     accidentally  witneffed  fomething  im^pro 


not  return  home  without  his  companions, 
I,  82. Ovid,  after  having  mention- 
ed the  advantages  of  the  Romans'  rc- 
ligiouHy  obferving  land  marks,  addref- 
fingthc  God  Terminus,  fays  beautiful- 
ly :  T ermine  fan5ie^ — Si  tu  Jignajfes  ohm 
V^hyreatida  terrain^  Corpora  non  leto  rntf- 
Ja  trecenta  forent  ;  ncc  foret  Othryades 
congejiis  ttctus  in  armts.  0  quantum  pa- 
triae Sanguinis  ilk  dedit  !  Fait.  2,  663. 

Othrys,  -yosy  a  Trojan,  the  father 
of  Panthus,  the  prieil  of  Apollo  j  who 
is  hence  called  Glhryades,  -ae,  the  fon  of 
Othrys,  Virg.  Aen.  2,  319. 

Otreus,  -eosy  the  fon  of  Ci'fTeus  and 
brother  of  Hecuba,  killed  by' Am.y^- 
cu»,  Val.  Flacc.  4,  163. 

Otos,  v.  -us^  -iy  the  fon  of  A15eu3, 
and  brother  of  Ephialtes,  a  p-iant,  l^irsr. 
CuL  233. 

Ovu,  the  wife  of  C.  Lcllius,  Cic. 
Att.  21,  &  24. 

PuBLius  OViDIUS  Naso,  O- 
vid>  a  celebrated  Roman  poet,  born 
^t  Sulmo,  {Sulmonenfis  ;)  as  he  him- 
felf informs    us,    ninety  miles  dillani 


per  or  indecent  in  the  conduct  of  Au- 
guftus,  ib.  97, — 108.  or  rather  his  ha- 
ving been  acccffory  or  privy  to  the  in- 
trigues of  Julia,  the  grand-daughter  of 
Augufbis,  who  v.-as  baniihed  the  fame 
year  with  Ovid,  Tac.  Ann.  4,  71.  ^/  3, 
24.  ;  Suei.  Aug.  6^.  Ovid  hovi^ever  al- 
ways afferts  his  innocence,  Tri/i.  2,9,  & 
10.  ;  Pont.  2,  9,  67, —  76.  ;  Tri/}.  4,  4,^ 
35, — 44,  &c.  and  vindicates  his  Art  of 
Love,  /3.  2 ,  2 1 1 ,  Slc.  239,  (Sec.  345, 
&c. — Ovid  when  fent  to  Tomi  was  not 
deprived  of  his  rights  and  fortunes  ; 
and  therefore  in  the  edi6l  of  Augullus, 
he  v^as  called  relegatus,  not  exul, 
Trifi.  2,  137.  et  5,  2,  ^6.  et  5,  1 1,  9, 
&c.  He  wrote  many  fuppliant  and 
flattering  addreffes.  to  Auguftus  and 
his  friends,  in  order  to  obtain  leave  to 
return,  or  to  change  the  place  of  his 
baniihment,  but  without  fuccefs.  The 
people  of  Tomi  treated  him  with  the 
greated  kindnefs  and  refpecl ;  which 
he  celebrates,  Molliter  a  vobis  meafors 
except  a  J  Tomitae,   &c.  Pont.  4,   14,   47, 


O  V  I 
&:c.     Ke   died  at  Tomi   in  th 
year  of  his  exile,  and  the  fifty-ninth  of 
his  age,  a.  u.  771,  on  the  firft  of  Ja- 
nuary, the  day  on  which  Livy  is   faid 

to  have  died. Moft  of  the  works  of 

Ovid  are  ilill  extant,  and  jnftly  ad- 
mired for  their  fweetnefs  and  eafinefs  of 
ftyle,  and  for  their  learning.  They 
abound  in  fine  moral  refle6lions,  but 
are  highly  reprehenfible  in  many  places, 
for  their  loofenefs  on  amorous  fub- 
jecls.  Ovid,  before  he  went  into  banifh- 
ment,  committed  his  Mdamorphofis*  to 
the  flames  as  an  unfinilhed  work  ;  but 
fome  copies  of  it  having  been  taken  be- 
fore, prevented  that  valuable  poem 
from  being  loil,  Ovid.  Tr'ijl.  r,  6,  15, 
5cc.  Ovid  compofed  fome  dramatical 
works,  but  none  of  thefe  remain. — 
<^in£lilian  greatly  extols  a  tragedy  of 
his,  called  Medea,  [Owdii  Medea 
■videlnr  mihl  ojlendere,  quantum  vir  ilk 
praejlare  potiterit,  Ji  ingeniofuo  temperare^ 
quam  indulgere,  maluiff'd,^  10,  I,  98. 
The  facility  with  which  Ovid  wrote 
his  verfes,  and  his  want  of  care  to  po- 
li(li  them,  rendered  his  compofitions 
too  luxuriant,  and  lefs  correcl  than 
thofe  of  Virgil  and  Horace.  Hence 
(^uinftilian  lays  of  him,  Lafcivire  in 
Metamorphfjfi  folet,  4,  2,  77.  Lafcivus 
qiildem  in  Heroicis  quoque  Ovidiusy  et  ni- 
miu/n  amaior  ingenii  Jui  ;  laudandus  ta~ 
men  in  partihus,    10,  i,  88,  &  93. 

Ovius,  a  perfon  who  brought  Ci- 
cero tidings  of  his  fon  from  Athens, 
(fed.  ahat.)   Cic.  Att.  16,  i. 


a    Ronjan  eques,  Cic. 
a    friend    of  Atticus, 


T.  Pacavius, 
Mil.  27. 

M.  Paccius, 
Cic.  Att.  4,  1 6. 

L.  Junius  PACCiACCtTS,  a  Spaniard, 
made  a  Roman  citizen  by  Caefar,  Cic. 
Fam.  6,  18.  ;  Hirt.  B.  Hifp.  1 6. 

Pacidianus,  a  gladiator,  Cic»  Tufc» 
4>  21. 

M.  pACiLius,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  38,  & 
40.— Pa  Ci  LI  AN  A  domus,  the   houfe  of 

*  In  Englilh  it  is  pronounced  Me tamorjholis. 


[    299    3  P  A  E 

eighth     Pacilius,  which  Cicero's  brother  wiih» 
ed  to  purchafe,  Cic.  Jtt.  i,  14  f. 

Paconius,  one  who  complained  of 
Q^Cicero,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  i,  1,6. 

AI.  Paconius,  the  lieutenant  of 
Silanus,  proconful  of  Afia,  condemned 
by  Tiberius,  Suet.  Tih.  61,  &  43. ;  Tac, 
Jinn.  3,  (id. 

PAC6RUS,  V.  -es,  -ae,  the  eldcft 
fon  of  Orodes,  king  of  Parthia,  Cic^ 
Att.  5,  18.  Fam.  15,  I.  married  to  the 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Armenia,  ih* 
15,  3.  ;  cut  off  with  his  army  by  Ven- 
tidius,  a.  u.  715,  Dio,  49,  20. ;  Paterc. 
2,  78.  ;  Juftin.^2,^  4,  6.  et  16,  17.  y 
Flor.  4,  9.     Pacori  manus.  the  army  of 

Pacorus,  lior.  Od.  3,  6,  9. <[[  2.  A 

king  of  Parthia,  in  the  time  of  Trajan, 
Plin.  Ep.  10,  16.— Pacorus  feems  to 
have  been  a  common  name  of  the  kings 
of  Parthia,  as  feveral  fo  called  are  men- 
tioned by  Tacitus,  Ann.  15,  2,  &c.  Hijl. 
5,9.;    G.  37. 

M.  PACUVIUS,  a  tragic  poet, 
born  at  Brundufium,  the  filler's  fon  of 
Ennius,  Gell.  i,  24.  the  friend  of  Lae- 
h'us,  Cic.  Amic.  7. ;  })raifed  by  Horace, 
Ep.  2,  I,  56.  and  QuinAilian,  10,  i, 
97. ;  but  faid  to'be  rough  and  inelegant, 
citra  nitorem,  ib.  Hence,  Attonitufque 
legis  ternii,  fugiferai,  Accius  et  quidquid 
Pacuviufque  vomunty  Martial.  11,  91,  j^. 

So  Per/.    I,  77. Pacuvianus  i/Z?, 

qui  in  Chryfe  phyf.cus  inducitur,  the  na- 
tural  phiiofopher,  who  is  introduced 
in  the  play  of  Pacuvius,  called  Chry- 
SEs,   Cic.  Div.  li  SI' 

PACUVIUS  Ca/avius,  a  nobleman 
of  Capua,  the  chief  author  of  the  revolt 
of  that  city  from  the  Romans  to  Han- 
nibal, ZiVy.  23,  2,  &  3.  When  the 
fon  of  PaciTvius  wifhed  to  flay  Hanni- 
bal at  a  feaft,  and  thus  free  his  coun-* 
try  from  the  Carthaginians,  he  was 
with  difficulty  prevented  by  his  father  . 
ib.  8,  9. 

Paean,  -atiis,  a  name  of  Apollo,  ^u- 
venal.  6,  171.  ;  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  2,  i.; 
Suet.  Ner.  39.  Signum  Paednis,  the 
ftatue  pf  Apollo,  Cic.  Vefr.  4,  57.,, 
Et  Pasana  voca,  invoke  the  god  Paean, 
or  ApoUo,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  72^^— *«.^  2. 
P  p  2  ^ 


P  A  E  [    ^co 

A  kind  of  hymn  in  praife  of  Apollo, 
Clc.  Or.  ! ,  59.  an  exclamation  or  fong  of 
vidory,  Virg.  Aen.  10,  738.  etihiServ.\ 
any  fong  or  hymn,  Virg.  Aen.  6,  657. 
Herculeum  paeana  canunty  a  hymn  in 
praife  of  Hercules,    Stat.  Theb,  4,  154. 

Paean,  -antisy  the  father  of  Phi- 
lodletes  ;  who  is  hence  called  Paean- 
TlADEs,  (Jvid.  Met.  13,  313.  Paeantius, 
Ovid.  Trill.  5,  I,  61.  et  5,  2,  13.  Pae- 
antius  Hercul'is  haeres.,  Id.  in  Ibin,  255. 
Paeantiuj  heros.  Id.  Rem.  A.  1 1 1 .  Pont. 
1,  3,  5.      Fief.  POEAN. 

PAEON,  -onis,  a  famous  phyfician, 
who  cured  Pluto,  when  grievoufly 
wounded  by  Hercules,  Homer.  II.  5. 
401.  ;  whence  Paeoniae  herhae,  me- 
dicinal herbs,  of  fovereign  virtue  or 
powerful  effeft,  Virg.  Aen.  7,  769. 
Paeonium  in  morem,  after  the  manner 
of  Paeon,  i,  e.  girt  in  the  mode  of  a 
phyfician,  ib.  12,  401.  Ope  Paeonia, 
by  the  aid  of  medicine,  O'Did.  Met.  15, 

535. Paeonia,   -acy   a  certain  me- 

dicinal  herb,  faid  to  have  been  difcover- 
ed  by  Paeon,  PUn.  25,  4. 

Paeonius,  a  rhetorician,  under 
whom  the  fon  and  nephew  of  Cicero 
■ICicerones)  ftudied,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  3,  3. 

PAETUS,  a  firname  of  the  Pa- 
piRii,  Cic.  Fam.  9,  16.  and  of  the 
AELif,  Cic.  Cluent.  26.  ;  one  of  whom 
prefented  Cicero  with  the  library  left 
by  his  brother,  Cic.  Alt.  2,  i. 

Paetus,  (al.  Petrus,)  a  Greek, 
prefented  with  the  freedom  of  Rome 
by  Caefar,  Cic.  Phil  13,  15. 

Caecinna  PAETUS.      Viil.  Arria. 

PALAEMON,  -o«;V,  the  fon  of 
Ino,  {Indus,  Virg.  Aen.  5,  823.)  and 
of  Athamas,  {Athcmantiades^  Ovid. 
Met.  13,  919*)  ;  called  alfo  Melicerta, 
V.  -tes,  and  by  the  Latins  Portumnus, 
Ovid.  Fqft.  6,  547. ;  turned  into  a  fea- 
god,  (G.  427.;  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  15.; 
Stat.  TheL'^y  421,  et  ibi  La^anf.)  in 
whofe  honour  the  Illhmian  games  were 
'inftituted,  Stat.  Theb.  6,  10,  &  557, 
et  ibi  La8ant.  Hence,  Palaemoniae  co- 
'ronae,  chaplets  of  pine  leaves,  v/ith 
which  the  viftors  at  the.  Ifthmian 
games  were  crowned,  Claadian,  de  Con- 
■fill  Tbcod.  289.}  Plin,  15,  ic.— — f  2. 


1  PAL 

The  name  of  a  fhepherd,   Virg.  EcK 

5»  ?^- 

Palaephatus,  an  ancient  Greek  au* 

thor,  who  wrote  a  book,  entitled,  De 

incredibilibus. Palaephatia    vox,    the 

writings  of  Palaephatus,  whether  of 
him  who  wrote  the  book  jull  mention- 
ed, or  not,  is  uncertain,   Virg.  Cir.  88. 

PALAMeDES,  .is,  the  fon  of 
Nanplius,  [Naupliades),  king  of  Eu- 
boea,  a  defcendant  of  Beliis,  [Belldcs), 
Virg.  Aen.  2,  82.  put  to  death  by  the 
Greeks,  through  the  craft  of  Ulyffes, 

(G.  453.) Palamedeae  'viresy  the 

itrength  of  Palamedes,  Manil.  (4,  206. 
PaleTiicdeum  inventum,  ingenious. 

Pales,  -is,  the  goddefs  of  ihepherds, 
Ovid.  Faji.  4,  721,  &  776.;    Virg.  G. 

3,  1,   &    294.;   Tibull.    I,    I,  14. 

PaLilia,  vel  Parilia,  -ium,  v.  .ioruni, 
the  feftival  in  honour  of  Pales,  Varr, 
R.  R.2,  I,  9.;  L.  L.  5,  3.  ;  Tihidl, 
2,  5,  87. ;  v/hich  was  celebrated  on  the 
2  ill  April,  the  day  on  which  Rome 
was  faid  to  have  been  founded,  {Pa- 
rilibus  natali  urlis,  Cic.  Div.  2,  74, 
Parilihus  Romam  condidit  Romulus,  VelL 
I,  8.  Fejlifque  Paldibus  urbis  Moenia 
conduntur,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  774.)  F.  4, 
806.  Flamma  Palilis,  the  iiame  of  Pa- 
les, made  at  her  facred  rites,  by  rub- 
bing one  ftone  on  another,  Ovid.  F.  4, 

798. Sidus  Palilicium  v.  Pariliciumy 

the  conflellation  Hyades  ;  fo  called, 
becaufe  it  nfed  to  fbine  bright  on  the 
night  of  the  feftival  of  Pales,  PUn.  18, 

26  f.  66. Some  make  Pales  a  god, 

Serv.  ad  Virg.  C  3,  I» ;  Arnob.  1.  l,  et 

Palfurius  Sura,  v.  Palphurius,  a  fa- 
mous orator  in  the  time  of  Domitian, 
Suet.  Dom.  13. ;  Juvenal  4,  53. ;  Mar- 
tial 6,  64,  13. 

Palici,  two  brothers,  the  fons  of 
Jupiter  by  the  nymph  Thalia  ;  or  ac- 
cording to  others,  of  Vulcan  by  Aet- 
na, the  daughter  of  Oceanus  ;  wor- 
fhipped  as  deities  by  the  Sicilians  near 
Catana  ;  fometimes  ufed  in  the  fing. 
Palicus,  Virg.  Aen.  Q,  585.  et  Mac- 
rob,  Sat.  5>  19'  Stagna  Palicorum,  the 
pools  of  the  Palici,  whence  they  were 

fuppofed 


PAL  t    301    ] 

fuppofed  to  have  emerged,  Ovid.  Md,  Homer. 
5,  406.  et  Macroh.  ibid*  Oknt'ia  (lagna 
Palic'i,  Id.  ex  P.  2,  10,  25.  The  tem- 
ple of  the  Palici  flood  near  thefe  ful- 
phureous  fpn'ngs,  where  folemn  oaths 
were  adminKtered,  and  falfe  fwearers 
were  drowned  in  the  lake,  S'll.  14,  220. 
(ti  Macroh.  ih. 

Palinurus,  the  fon  of  iafus,  i^ya- 
s7des),  the  pilot  of  Aeneas,  P^irg.  A. 
5,  12.  who  being  overpowered  by  the 
god  SoMNus,  or  fleep,  fell  from  the 
Itern,  and  was  drowned  near  the  pro- 
montory of  Italy,  afterv/ards  called  by 
liis  name,  Virg.  Am.  5,  833,  &c.  {^sx 
*axjv.  rurfusy  et  vpuv,  nujere,  i.  e.  bis  me- 
jensy  Martial.  3,  78.) 


Palladius,  a  writer  on  hufbandry, 
in  the  time  of  the  Anton ines  or  later, 
whofe  works  are  ftill  extant. 

PALLAS,  -adisi  (properly  called 
by  the  Latins  Minep.va),  the  goddefs 
of  wifdom  and  of  war,  of  fpinning  and 
weaving,  alfo  of  feveral  other  arts,  &c. 
[Mille  dea  ejl  operum,  Ovid.  Fail.  3, 
833.)  faid  to  have  fprung,  by  the  ftroke 
of  Vulcan,  from  the  brain  of  Jupiter, 
armed  with  her  lliield,  (G.  363.). 
{^De  capitis  fertur  Jine  mat  re  paterni  Ver- 
tice  cum  clypeo  projlluijfe  fuu,  Ovid.  F.  3, 
841.)  Hence,  Ovid,  fpcaking  of  his 
poems,  fays,  Palladis  exemploy  de  me  fi- 
ne mat  re  creata  Carmina  funt^  Trift.  3, 
14,  13. — Princeps  et  invent rix  belli,  Cic. 
N.  D.  3,  21.  Armifona,  v/arlike,  Firg. 
Aen,  3,  544.  turbata,  enraged,  ib.  8, 
435.;  innuptaj  unmarried,  the  virgin, 
ib,  2,  31.  IntaBae  Palladis  urbs,  the 
city  of  the  chafle  Pallas,  i.  e.  Athens, 
Hot.  Od.  I,  7,  5.  Pallas  iniquafuit,  fc. 
Teucris,  OvieL  Tr.  i,  2,  8.  Gorgonls 
anguife?'ae  peBus  operta  comis,  having  her 
breaft  or  bread-plate  covered  with  the 
hair  of  the  fnaky  Gorgon,  Propert.  2, 
2,  8.  So  Ovid,  Met.  4,  803.  Jam 
Pallas  aegida  parat,  her  aegis  or  golden 
breaft-plate,  in  the  middle  of  which  was 
the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medufa,  Hor, 
Od,  I,  15,  II.  Aegida  horriferam, — 
ipfamque  in  pe&ore  Divae  Gorgona,  de- 
fe&o  vertentem  lumina  collo^  Virg.  Aen. 
8,  435,  &c.  etibi  Serv.;  Martial  7,  i.j 


PAL 

II.  2,  447,  &c.   5,   738,  &c. 
JDefenditur  aegids  pe&us,  Ovid.  Met.   6, 

79. The  aegis  is   alfo  put   for  the 

ihield  of  Pallas  or  Jupiter,  Hor.  Od.  3, 
4,  57.  ;  Firg.  Aen.  8,  354.  Palladis 
arbor,  \.\\Q.  olive,  Ovid.  Met,  6,  335.; 
Art.  A.  2,  $iS.  So  Palladis  rami, 
Virg.  Aen.  7,  154.  hence  Pallade pin- 
gui  tingere  membra,  with  oil,  Ovid.  Ep.  19, 
44.  So  Infufd  Pallade,  i.  e.  oleo.  Id.  Tr. 
4,  5,  4.  Baccifera  Pallas,  the  olive  bear- 
ing berries,  i.e.  olives.  Id.  Amor.  2,  16, 
8.  — — —  Palladis  ales,  i.  e.  the  raven, 
[c'jrn.ms).  Id.  Fad.  2,  89.  Palladis 
ars,  the  art  of  making  wool  into  cloth. 
Id.  Pont.  3,  8,  9.  Alia  Palladis  arte, 
i.  e.  by  war,  not  by  fpinning  and  wea- 
ving,  Ovid.  Art.   i,  692. Pallas 

is  fometimes  put  for  an  image  of  her, 
which  was  kept  in  the  citadel  of  Troy; 
thus,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  99.  Hie  locus  eji 
Vejlae,  qui  P alladafervat  et  ignem.  Here 
is  the  temple  of  Veila,  which  contain* 
the  palladium  and  the  facred  fire,  ///. 
Tr.  3,  I,  29.      So  Pallada  Roma  tenet^ 

Id.  Faft.  6,  424. Palladu  honoresy 

the  honours  offered  by  Pallas  to  Paris, 
wifdom  and  valour,  Ovid.  Ep.  17,  133. 
Palladia  nurnine  tuta  fugit,  ( al.  fuit  fc. 
navisj,  by  the  power  of  Pallas,  Ovid. 
F.  I, -9,  12.  Palladia  miinera,  i.  e.  the 
flute  thrown  away  by  Pallas,  which 
Marfyas  found,  Lucan.  3,  405. ;  Ovid» 

Fajl,  6,  703.  ;  Apollodor.     ,  4,  2 

Palladii  latices,  oil.  Id.  M.  8,  275.  Et 
tu,  (al.  tua),  Palladiae  peiitur  cui  pal- 
ma  coronae,  who  art  a  candidate  for  an 
olive  crown,  the  prize  of  the  vigors 
at  the  Olympic  games,  Ovid.  Art.  A. 
I,  727.    arbor,  the  olive,  Sil.   i,    238. 

Difficile  s  primum  terrae Palladia  gau' 

de?it  fylvd  vivacis  olivae,  in  the  firft 
place,  unfertile  grounds  dehght  or  re- 
joice in  the  wood  of  the  long-lived  o- 
live,  facred  to  Pallas,  Virg.  G.z,  i8i.j 
Plin.  16,  44  f.  90.  Pcdladiae  arces^ 
i.  e.  Athens,  jvid.  Met.  7,  399,  &: 
723.;  but  Fid  or  Palladiae  ligneus  arcis 
equus,  the  wooden  horfe  which  van- 
quifhed  the  citadel  of  Troy,  confecra- 
ted  to  Pallas,  Propert.  3,  9,  42.  Pal- 
ladia rails ^  the  (hip  Argo,  made  by  the 

advice 


PAL  [302 

advice  of  Pallas,  Id.  in  Win,  268.     So     i 
j^u/^pisi  Val.Flac.  8,  292.;  opusy  Phaedr. 

4.  6. 
Palladium,  the  image  of  Pallas, 

'^•hlch  was  faid  to  have  fallen  from  hea- 
ven on  the  citadel  of  Troy,  Oviii.  F. 
6,421.  There  was  a  prediftiou  that 
Troy  would  (land  as  long  as  this  Image 
{hould  remain  in  the  temple  of  Miner- 
va ;  on  which  account  It  was  preferved 
with  religious  care.  But  It  was  ftokn 
away  by  UiyfTes  and  Diomedes,  [Fa- 
tale  ajrrejji  fucrato  avellers  templo  Palla- 
dium,) Virg.Acn.2,  169.;  Add.  S'll. 
^2,  41, — 50.  Hence  Palladli  fiiriay 
VIrg.  Aen.  9,  151.  to  which  Cicero 
alludes,  Mil  12.  Hanc pro  Pallad'w — 
efgiejn  Jiafuere,  fc.  Graeciy  have  ereft-^ 
ed' this  image  of  an  horfe  in  place  of 
the  Palladium,  ib.  2,  183.—- — There 
was  another  image  of  Pallas  in  the  ci- 
tadel of  Troy,  ib.  227.  and  perhaps  fe- 
veral.  Aeneas  is  fnppofed  to  have  car- 
ried one  of  thefe  along  with  him^  into 
Italy.  It  was  after vvards  rcllgioufly 
preferved,  together  with  the  Penates ^ 
in  the  temple  of  Vefta  at  Rome,  (  Vid. 
R.  Ant.  p.  316.)   Lucan.  9,  994.  ;  Liiu 

5,  2  2.     To  this  Cicero  alludes,  Phil. 
If,  10. 

PALLAS,  -antisy  an  Arcadian,  the 
great-grandfather  or  progenitor,  [proa- 
vus))  of  Evauder,  P^ir^.  Aen,  8,  5  i.  af- 
ter whom  Evandcr  called  the  town  or 
fortrefs,  which  he  built  on  one  of  the 
hills  on  which  Rome  afterwards  Rood, 
Pallantarum,     ih,    54.    [Fid.   Geogr. 


3  P  A  M 

i.e.  next  morning.  Id.  F.  4,  573. — cY 
Pallantis,  -7dis,  Sexto  Pallantldos  or" 


her  OS  y  Evan- 

id.  F.  5. 


Index.  ) Pa  l  l  a  n't  1  u  s 

dcr  defcended  from  Pallas, 

647- 

PALLAS,  -antis,  voc.  Palky  Ovid. 

Fail.  I,  521.  the  fon  of  Evander,  Virg. 
Aen.  8,  104.  ;  fent  by  his  father  with 
a  body  of  cavalry  to  alTift  Aeneas,  ib. 
514,  585,  &:c.  flain  by  Tunius,  ib.  10, 
487.  ^    • 

Pallas,  -antis,  a  giant,  faid  by  fome 
to  have  been  the  father  of  Aurora  ; 
whence  that  goddefs  is  called  PaLL .^N. 
TiAs,  -adis,  Ovid.  Met.  9,  420.  Prac 
via  luci  PaUantiusy  Aurora  who  goes 
before  the  light,  //;.  15,  191.  Pojiera 
cum  caclo  motis  Pallaniias  djlris  Fuljerit^ 


tuy  at  the  fixth  rifing  of  Aurora,  or 
the  dawn,  i.  e.  on  the  fixth  day,  Ovid. 
Met.  15,  700.  Pallantide  caefus  eddem 
Didiusy  on  the  fame  morning  or  day. 
Id.  F.  6,  567. 

Pallas,  -antisy  an  Athenian,  the 
father  of  Clytos  and  Butes,  the  com- 
panions of  king  Cephalus,  who  are 
hence  called  Pallante  creati,  Ovid.  Met. 
7,  500.   \dfaiiy  ib.  665. 

Pallas,  -aniisy  the  freed  man  of 
Claudius,  who,  by  means  of  his  extra- 
ordinary power,  acquired  immenfe  ri- 
dies,  Tac.  Ann.  Ii,  29.;  Suet.  CI.  28. 
which  at  laft  proved  his  ruin.  For  Ne- 
ro (whom  he  had  been  in ftru mental  va 
raifing  to  the  empire,  by  bringing  a- 
bout  the  marriage  of  Agrlppina,  the 
mother  of  Nero,  with  Claudius,  Tac. 
Ann.  12,  2.  and  by  perfuading  Clau- 
dius to  adopt  Nero,  and  to  prefer  him 


to  Britannicus  his  own  fon,  ib.  25. j 
firft  removed  him  from  his  public  offi- 
ces, ib.  13,  14.  and  at  laft  poifoned 
him,  becaufe  by  living  to  a  great  age 
he  prevented  that  emperor  from  ob- 
taining his  exorbitant  wealth,  [quod 
immenlam pecuniam  longd  fenecld  detineret^y 
lb.  14.  65  f. — Pallas  poiTeiTed  no  lefs 
than  three  mUlIons  of  fefterces,  (fejler- 
tii  ter  mlUies  p^jf^ij'orjy  computed  at  a- 
bout  L.  2,421,875  of  our  money,  Tac, 
Ann.  12,  53.  The  fervility  of  the  fe- 
nate,  in  decreeing  honours  to  this  mi- 
nion while  in  the  height  of  his  power, 
exceeds  belief,  ib.  et  Plin.  Ep.  7,  29.  ct 
8,6. 

Pallas,  -antisy  the  father  of  one 
of  the  five  T^Iinervas  mentioned  by  Ci- 
cero, fiain  by  his  daughter  for  a  juil 
reafon,   Cic.  iV".  Z>.  3,  23. 

Pallor,  -orisy  Palenefs,  a  divinity, 
to  which  Tullus  Hoftihus  vowed  a 
temple,  Lii).  1,27. 

P'a?vimenes,  -is,  an  eloquent  Greek 
rhetorician,  the  teacher  of  M.  Brutus, 
L  ic.  Brut.  97-  a  great  admirer  of  De- 
mofthenes,   Cic.  Or.  zg. 

Pampkilus,  a  fcholar  of  Plato's, 

Cic.  M  D.  2,   26. •  ^  2.  A  Greek 

rhetorician,  "Cif.  Or.  3,  21. ^3.  A 

painter. 


PAN 


t     303    ] 


PAN 


painter,  the  praeceptor  of  Apelles  and 

Paufias,  Pl'm,  35,    11  f.  40. Pam- 

pbilus  is  a  name  frequent  in  comedy, 
Ter. 

PAN,  PaniSi  V.  -CJ-,  ace.  Pana,  the 
fon  of  Mercury  and  Penelope,  Hygin. 
224.  the  god  of  fhepherds,  worfliipped 
in  a  fpeclal  manner  by  the  Arcadians. 
Deus  Arcad'tac^  Virg.  Eel.  10,  26.  pe- 
corisj  Ovid.  Fart.  2,  271.  CuJIos  ovii/m, 
Virg.  G.  I,  17.  called  Inuus  by  the 
Latins,  Liv.  I,  5.  reprefented  with 
two  fmall  horns  on  his  head,  and  the 
feet  of  a  goat,  Herodot.  2,  46.  hence 
called  conitpi'Sf  Sii.  13,  338.  of  a  very 
amorous  difpofitlon,  (G.  380.).  Se- 
veral deities  of  this  name  are  mention- 
ed ;  thus,  P'lnu  praecinSit  cornua  Panes y 
Ovid.  Met.  14,  638.  Biformes  Panes, 
Columel.  10,  427.  Caprlpedes  Panes, 
Propert.  3,  15,  54.  (al.  3,  17,  34.) 
Mcntatiaque  numtna  Panes,  Ovid.  £p. 
4,  171.  Panes,  et  hi  Venercm  Safyrorum 
p}-onajiiventus.  Id.  Fart,  i,  397.  When 
the  gods  were  terrified  at  the  enormous 
(ize  of  the  giant  Typhon,  (G.  437.), 
Pan  advifed  them  to  conceal  thcmfclves 
from  him  under  the  form  of  wild  beads; 
on  which  account  he  was  ranked  among 
the  conilellations  ;  and  becaufe  on  that 
occafion  he  changed  himfelf  into  a  goat, 
he  was  called  by  the  Greeks  Aegoc'erus, 
and  by  the  Latins  Capricornus,  Hy- 

gin.  196. Panicus  terror,  a  panic, 

a  fudden  fright  or  caufelefs  alarm, 
which  Pan  was  fuppofed  to  be  the  au- 
thor of,  Val.  Place.  3,  46.  ;  Ck.  Fam. 
16,  23. 

Pan  I  SCI,  (q.  Panes  par'vi),  wood- 
land divinities,  Ck.N.JD,  3,  17.  fmg. 
Panifcus,  Cic.  Div.  2,  21.  ;  Plin.  -2^^, 
II. 

PANAETIUS,  a  floic  philofopher 
of  Rhodes,  the  praeceptor  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  Younger,  Ck.  Or.  i,  11. 
Cff.  I,  26.  bywdiom  he  was  greatly  re- 
fpedled,  Ck.  Att.  9,  1 2.  the  praeceptor 
alfo  of  feveral  others,  Ck.  Br.  26,  & 
30.  Or.  I,  II.  He  ridiculed  the  pie- 
diflions  of  augurs  and  aftrologers,  Ck. 
Div.  I,  3,  &  7.  ^-Z  2,  42.  He  wrote  very 
accurately  concerning  the  duties  of 
man,  Cic.  CJf.  1,2,  et  ^,  2.  and  Cicero 


acknowledges  that  he  borrowed  much 
from  him  in  his  book  of  Offices,  (P^z- 
naetius,  quern  muhiim  in  his  lihris  Jecutus 
fiim.  Off.  2,  17.  ^temqiie  nos,  correc- 
tione  quadam  adhib'itdy  polijjimum  fecuti 
fumus,  ib.  3,  2.).  He  wrote  feveral  o- 
ther  books  ;  as,  concerning  the  bear- 
ing of  pain,  Cic.  Fin.  4,  9.  providence, 
Cic.  Att.  13,  8.  the  duties  of  magiftrates^ 
Cic.  Leg.  3,  6,  &:c. 

Pandarus,  a  Trojan,  the  fon  of 
Lycaon,  who,  at  the  inftigation  of 
Pallas,  broke  off  a  propofed  agreement 
between  the  Trojans  and  Greeks,  to 
decide  their  quarrel  by  fmgle  combat 
between  Menclaus  and  Paris,  by  throw- 
ing a  dart  among  the  Greeks,  and 
wounding  Menelaus,  Homer.  //.  4,  88, 
&c.;  Virg.  Aen.  5,  496.  Fie  v/as  flain 
by  Diomedes,  ih.  5,  290. 

Pan  DION,  -onis,  a  king  of  Attica, 
(G.  418.),  whofe  daughter  Procne 
married  Tereus  king  of  Thrace,  Ovid. 
Met.  6,  426,  &c.  Pandione  nata,  Phi- 
lomela, the  other  daughter,  violated  by 
Tereus,  ib.  520.  Procne,  ib.  634.  Gf- 
nitae  Pandlone,  the  daughters  of  Pan- 
dion,  Procne  and  Philomela,  ih.  665. 
metamorphofed  into  birds,  Philomela 
into  a  nightingale,  and  Procne  into  a 
fwallow,  il.  668.  Thus,  cum  bene  ftt 
claujae  caved  Pandione  natae,  (i.e.  lufci- 
niae),  Nititur  in  Jihas  ilia  redire  fuas. 
Id.  Pont.  I,  3,  39.  Ales  Pandionis,  a 
fwallow,  Lucan.  ad  Pif.  2^^.  Pandioii 
died  of  grief  for  the  misfortunes  of  his 

daughters,  ib.  675. Pandioniae 

Athenae,  Athens,  once  governed  by 
Pandion,  Oi^id.  Met.  15,  430.  Mons 
Pandionius,  the  citadel  of  Athens,  Stat. 
"Theb.  2,  720.  called  Pandioniae  arcesy 
Claudian.  de  Rapt.  Proferp.  2,  19, 

PANDoRA,  a  woman  made  cf 
clay  by  Vulcan,  animated  by  Minerva, 
and  adorned  by  the  other  gods  with 
their  proper  gifts ;  whence  her  name, 
(q.  omne  donum,  vel  ab  omnibus  donatOf 
Vid.  G.  435.),  Hygin.  142. 

Pandrosos,  -/,  a  daughter  of  Ce- 
crops  king  of  Athens,  Ovid.  Met.  2, 
559.  voc.  Pandrofo,  vel  -e,  ib.  738. 

Panomphaeus,  -/,  an  epithet  of 
Jupiter,  {^ex  jca;  omnis,  et  o^^,  vox  :  quod 

omnium 


PAN  [     so 

cfxn'ium  voces  audiat,  vel  cmn'ium  'vocihus 
coIatur)y  Ovid.  Met.  ii,  198. 

Pamope,  -esy  a  fea-nymph,  one  of 
the  Nereids,  O'vid.  ad Lh.  435.  vel  Pa- 
no?  E  a,    Virg.  Jen.  5,  240,  &  825.  G. 

'c.  Vwius  PANSA,  conful  with 
Hirtlus,  In  the  year  after  the  death  of 
Caefar,  Ctc.  Phil.  5,  19.  He  died  of 
the  wounds  which  he  received  In  the 
battle  of  Mutina,  Cic.  Fam.  10,  33. 
conf.  Id.  ad  Brut.  6.  PkiL  11,9. 

Pantaleon,  -oni'iSy  a  chief  of  Ae- 
tolla,  Liv.  42,  15. 

Pant  HE  A,  the  wife  of  Abradates 
V.  Abradatas,  king  of  Sufa,  who  be- 
ing taken  prifoner  by  Cyrus,  and  be- 
ing treated  by  him  with  great  refpeft, 
brought  over  her  hufband  to  his  inte- 
rcft.  She  killed  herfelf  on  the  body  of 
her  hufba-nd,  who  had  fallen  in  battle, 
XenopLCyrGp."!. 

Panthous,  the  father  of  iinpnor- 
bus;  who  is  hence  called  Pant  ho  ides, 
Ovid.  Met.  15,  161.  and  becaufe  Pytha- 
goras, in  proof  of  his  doarine  concern- 
tlic  tranfinigration  of  fouls,  pretended 
that  his  foul  had  animated  the  body  of 
Euphorbus,  i3.  therefore,  Pythagoras 
is  alfo  called  Panteoides,  Hor.  Od.  i, 
28,  10.  FzW.  Euphorbus  f/ Pytha- 
goras. 

PanthUs,  -f,  (contrafted  for  Pan- 
thoos,)  the  fon  of  Oireus  or  Othrys, 
{Otnades  v.  Othryades ;)  the  pricft  of 
Apollo,  whofe  temple  was  in  the  cita- 
del  of  Troy,  {arcls  Phoellque  facerdcs,) 
Virg.  Jen.  2,  319.  voc.  Panthu,  ib. 
322. 

PAPIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens;  whence  Lex  Papia  Poppaea, 
propofcd  by  the  confiils  M.  Paplus  and 
Q.  Poppaeiis,  at  the  defire  of  Auguf- 
tus,  a,  u.  762,  Z)ic,  56,  3,  &  4.  {Vid. 
A.  212.) 

C.  Papius,  a  tribune,  who  got  a 
law  made,  that  foreigners  fliould  be 
obliged  to  lea^e  the   city,  a.  u.  688.  ; 

£>io,   37,  p-    33- •  ^'"^'    '^'''=^'>-  5-  ^^^\' 
2  3.  JtU  4,  14.  which  Cicero  very  much 
difapproves,  Of.  3,  11. 
-    Papiniaxus,    a    celebrated  lawyer, 
in  great  favour  with  the  emperor  Se- 


4    ]  PAR 

verus ;  who  at  his  death  recommended 
to  him  the  care  of  his  fons  Caracalla 
and  Geta.  When  Caracalla  had  mur- 
dered his  brother,  he  commanded  Pa- 
pinian  to  palliate  the  deed  in  the  fe- 
nate  ;  but  he  declined  it  by  faying, 
that  it  was  eafier  to  commit  parricide 
than  to  excufe  It  :  on  which  account 
he  was  beheaded,  Spartlan.  Sever.  21. 
From  Paplnlan,  ftudents  of  law  were 
called  Pai'inianistae,  jujliman.  In  E- 
pljlola  Pandcclls  praefixd. 

PAPIRIUS,  the  name  of  an  Illuf- 
trious  Roman  ^f/?^.  The  Papirii  an- 
ciently were  called  Papisii,  Cic.  Fam. 
9,  21.  The  Paplrllw&rt  diftinguilhed 
by  various  firnames  ;  as,  Carho,  Craf- 
fuSy  Curfor^  Alafoy  AlugiUdnusj  Sec. 

L.  PAPIRIUS  Mugllldnus,  the 
firll  cenfor,  Lh.  4,  8.  with  L.  Sem- 
pronius  Atratlnus,  a.  u.  312.  Cic.  Fam. 
9,  21. 

L.  PAPIRIUS  Curfory  who  as  con- 
ful and  dictator  repeatedly  triumphed 
over  the  Samnites,  Liv.  8,  29,  5cc.  9, 
14,  &c.  His  rigid  difclphnc,  efpeclal- 
ly  in  prorecuting  his  m.aftcr  of  horfe 
for  fighting,  although  with  fuccefs, 
contrary  to  orders,  Llv.  8,  3dj| — 35. 
gave  occafion  to  the  exprefiion,  Papi- 

EIANA    SACVITIA,   Llv.    I O,   3. 

L.  Papituus  Craffus,  di£lator  a. 
615,  and  then  confal  with  Duillus,  a. 
617,   Ctc.  Fam.  9,  21. 

L.  Papirius  Fregellanusy  the  moH 
eloquent  man   of  his  time,   Ck.  Brut» 

46. 

M.  Pahrius,  a  Roman  equesy  mur- 
dered by  P.  Clodius  on  the  Fla  Jppluy  . 
Cic.  Mil.  7.  Dom.  19. 

L.  Papihius  P actus y  the  friend  of 
Cicero,  Cic.  Jtt.  i,  20.  ;  an  epicurean, 
a  man  of  learning  and  wit,  Cic.  Fam.  9. 

Paralus,  an  Athenian,  who  firll 
conftruded  a  triremis,  Cic.  Verr.  4, 
60.  ;    Plin.  7,56. 

PARCAE,  -arnmy  the  three  Fates, 
Clotho,  Lachefis,  and  Atropos,  (hence 
Tot  rejlant  de  menje  diesy  quot  nomina 
Parcisy  i.  e.  three,  Ovid.  Faji.  6,  795.) 
faid  to  be  the  daughters  of  Erebus  and 
Nox,  Cic.  N.  Z).  3,  17  f.  or  of  Jupiter 
and  Themis,  Hcfwd,  ;  fuppofed  by  the 
♦  poets 


PAR                    C    30j:    3  PAR 

poets  to  determiiic  the  life  of  man  by  cut   it,     {Clotho  colum   tenet.,    Lachejh 

ipinning,  and  to  predict  what  was  to  mty  Atropos Jilum  frangit^)    Laftant.  i, 

happen  to  him:  (-lotho  held  the  diltafF,  1 1.     But  their  offices  are  not  always 

Lachefis  fpan  the  thread,  and  Atropos  diflinguifhed  *, 

*  Catullus  who  gives  a  particular  defcxij)-  clofe,  ib.  148.     V'ik  operi  cunBag  duxtra  pro- 

tion  of  the  Parcae,   makes  each  of  them  both  peranteforores  lu^chnt ;   laJJ'anl  rumpente:Jlaminfi 

'■"'""           '       "           *  Parcas,  AU  the  three  filters  are  fcarcely  fuf- 


to  hold  the  diftafF  and  at  the  fame  time  to 
fpin,  60,  304, — 320.  Then  he  makes  them 
conclude  every  part  of  thtir  prtciitflions  con 
cerninj;  Achilles  with  this  line,  Curriie  duceri' 
tes  ful/temxncty  cuiriti  /i</t,  Ren,  run,  ye  fpin- 
dles,  drawing  oat  the  wcof,  iL  327,  ^c. 
Thus  Virjnl,  Tal'w faecla^Juis  d'txerur.t,  currite, 
flips  Caicadi'S  fiabili  fatorvm  numine  Farcae. 
The  Fartac  agreeing  with  the  fixt  determi- 
nation or  order  of  the  Fates,  faid  to  their 
fpindlcs,  Run  on,  y^  ages,  in  this  manner, 
i.  e.  continue  without  jntermilli':n,  and  with- 
out  end,  in  x\\t  prefcrt  happy  ilate,  Ed.  4, 
46  When  t!-e  Defkinies  intended  a  long  or 
happy  life  to  any  man,  they  were  fuppofed 
to  Ipin  a  white  thread ;  it  the  contrary,  a 
black  thread  ;  thus,  Pofiquavt  Parcae  meliora 
ienigna  Pen/a  mantt  ducunt  hilares,  et  JIaminis 
all/:,  Lanipcae,  Since  the  Purcae  fpin  threads 
of  a  white  colour,  1,  e.  promife  long  life  and 
profperity,  'Juvenal.  12,  64.  iJum  Lacheft 
fuperej},  quod  torgueat^  while  Lachefis  l;as  fome 
thread  to  fpin,  ;.  <?.  while  I  have  the  prolpe«5l 
of  living  a  long  time,  Id.  3,  27.  So,  Dum 
Jorarum  Fila  triu^i  patiuntur  atra,  while  the 
Llack  threads  of  three  fifter?,  /.  e.  the  Parcae^ 
allow,  Ho^.  Od.  a,  5,  15,  Si  mihi  lumfcae 
ducufit  non  pulla  furores  jiamina,  threads  that 
are  not  black,  /.  e.  which  do  not  threaten 
death,  Mart'wl.  6,  58,  7.  Ultima  I'ohentcs 
crabat  pen/a  farcris  Vt  itahercnt  parva  jlamina. 
mora,  i.  e.  he  entreated  the  fifiers  (the  Def- 
tinies)  to  fpare  him  a  little  longer,  Id.  4,  73, 
3.  Sed  grave  tardas  ExpeSiare  cohs.  Morie- 
ris  famine  notidum  Alripio,  But  it  is  irkfome 
(for  your  fon)  to  v.  ait  the  flow  dillafTs  of  the 
Fates.  You  fliall  die,  your  thread  not  yet 
being  broken,  /.  e.  your  fon  will  tut  you  ofi" 
by  poifon,  to  enjoy  your  eilate,  Id.  14,  248. 
At  ruea  Cktho  Et  Lachefis  gaudent,  fi.  Sec.  my 
defcinies  rejoice,  i.  e.  1  am  pkafed,  or  fatisfied, 
Jd.  9,  135.  Lan'fcas  nulli  ires  exorare  puellas 
Contigit,  i^bfervant  quern  Jiatuere  diem,  No  one 
has  been  able  to  prevail  on  the  Fates  to  delay 
the  day  of  his  death.  Martial.  4,  54,  5.  So 
Immites  fcis  nulla  revolvers  Parcas  Stamifiqy 
Stat.  Theb.  7-  Hunc  cecir,erC  diem  Pai  cae  fa- 
talia  nentes  Stamina,  non  ulli  (i^Jjoluenaa  dee,  Ti- 
buU.  I,  7  f.  8,  I.  Efis  io  Suftri,  nsc  itiexora- 
iile  Clothe  Volvit  cpvs.  There  are  gods,  nor  i.s 
fate  inexorable,  S'at.  Silv.  1,4,  I.  Irf.,;ffi 
Lachefis  cunabula  dexira  attig't,  touched  the 
cradle  of  the  boy  with  unlucky  hand,  /.  e. 
(determined  thai  his  days  ftiould  be  fhorr,  ib^ 
1,  1,  120.  Si'b'tas  iti'.mica  levavit  Parca  ma- 
pus,  railed  htr  hands  to  break  the  thread  of 
life,  ib.  137'  Parcts  frcgiles  vrgeritibus  annes 
urging   on  his  frail  years  or  tender  age  to  a 


ficicnt  for  the  work;  fo  many  are  to  fall,  and 
co.ifequentiy  there  will  be  fo  many  threads 
to  be  broken,  as  to  tire  the  Parcae,  Lucan. 
3,  18  So  Repeuta  fla  fararis  fradurat-,  (al, 
tra6iurae,)  about  to  break  (or  fpin)  again  the 
threads  cf  thofc  who  (hould  be  reftored  to 
life.  Id.  6,  703.  Trifia  Parcarum  famina^ 
ib.  777.  Ilanc  iucem  celeri  ttirbinc  Parca  neat  I 
Let  Fate  quickly  bring  on  this  day!  Ovid,  ad 
Jjiv.  164.  Et  fahat  vacua  jam  tibi  Parca  cola, 
ftood  with  an  empty  diftafF,  had  no  more  wool 
to  fpin,  i.  e.  the  thread  of  life  was  fpent,  U. 
Amcr,  2,  6,  46.  Extremaque  Laufo  Parcae f  la 
legunt,  the  Deftinies  gather  or  wind  up  on 
the  fpindle  the  laft  threads  of  the  life  of  Lau- 
fus,  Virg.  Aen.  IO,  815.  Patca  meliore,  with 
better  fortune,  with  more  lucky  aufpiceSjO-y/V, 
Ep,  II,  105.  Parca  non  meniax.  Fate  that 
does  not  deceive,  Hor.  Od,  2,  16,  39.  Fcfr 
que  veracss  cecinijfe  Parcae,  X^c,  true  in  having 
predicted,  or  who  have  truly  foretold  what 
has  been  once  determined  (by  Jupiter),  and 
what  the  fixt  courfe  of  things  obfcrves ;  add 
profperous  fates  or  events  to  thofe  that  are 
already  paft,  Id.  Carmen.  Saec.  25.  Parcae 
iniquae,  the  adverfe  fates,  Hor,  Od.  2,  6,  9. 
Propinquat  Parcarum  dies,  the  fatal  day  ap- 
proaches, yirg.  Aen.  12,  15O.  An  dominae 
fa  to  quicquid  cecinere  for  ores  Omne  fub  arbitrio 
dfunt  effe  Deum  ?  Ovid.  Trift.  5,3,  17.  5«V 
I'cct  banc  legem  nentes  fat  alia  Parcae  bis  genito 
bis  cednere  tibi,  the  Fates,  which  fpin  the 
fatal  threads,  twice  foretold  to  you,  Bacchus, 
who  waft  tv/ice  born,  (once  of  Sememe, 
and  a  fecond  time  from  the  thigh  of  Jupiter, 
Fid.  G.  382.)  this  condition  of  life,  (that  thou 
fliouldfl  traverfe  diftant  countries,)  ib.  — — 
The  Fates  were  fuppofed  to  prediA  or  pro- 
liounce  at  every  one's  birth  the  fortune  of 
their  future  lives  :  Thus,  Ovid  relating  the 
birth  of  Meleagtr,  Stipes  erat,  &.C.  Met.  2, 
451,  &c. ;  Hygin.  171,  ^  174.  Nubih 
nafcenti  mihi  Parca  fuit,  my  fate  was  clouded 
or  gloomy  at  my  birth,  Ovid.  Trif  5,  3,  I4> 
Parcaque  ad  extremum,  qua  rtfca  coep'it  eat,  let 
my  fate  go  on  to  the  end  in  the  fame  way  it 
has  begun,  Id.  Pont.  3,  7,  20.  Sic  Parcarum 
foedere  cautum  ef,  fp  it  is  provided  or  ordered 
by  the  law  of  the  DefHnies,  Ovid,  Met.  J^ 
532.  So  Sic  placiium  Parcis,  it  is  fo  deter- 
mined by  the  Fates,  Hor.  Od.  2,  1 7,  16.  Sic 
volvere  Parcas,  fc.  fua  fla,  that  "the  Fates 
thus  fpin  their  threads,  /.  £.  thus  ordain,  l^irg^ 
Aen.  1,22.  ParCae  nioeriia  dant  Teucris,  ib.  5. 
789.  tcnipora  debita  cfimplerqnt^  ib.  9,  I07« 
Immitcs  babui  Parcas^  I  have  had  a  cruel  fate, 
Pro/frf.  4,  IZ,  13- 

d  q  PARIS5 


?  A  R  [306 

PARTS,  -Uis,  the  fon  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba  ;  called  alfo  Alexander  ; 
cxpofed  when  an  infant  on  Mount  Ida, 
becaufe  Heciiba,  when  pregnant  of 
him,  had  dreamed  that  (he  had  brought 
forth  a  torch  ;  and  the  foothfayers  be- 
ing confulted  had  declared,  that  he 
would  caufe  the  de{lru6lion  of  his  coun- 
try. He  was  educated  among  iliep- 
herds,  and  was  himfelfa  fhepherd. 
Being  appointed  by  Jupiter  to  deter- 
mine the  contcll:  about  beauty,  or  the 
golden  apple,  between  Juno,  Minerva, 
iand  Venus,  he  determined  in  favour  of 
Venus ;  which  excited  the  wrath  of 
the  other  two  goddeiTes  again  ft  himfelf 
and  his  nation.  By  the  affillance  of 
Venus  he  carried  off  Helena,  which 
occafioned  the  war  of  Troy,  [G,  414.) 
Catull.  67,  87,  &  loi. 

PARIS,  '^disj  a  noted  player,  the 
freed  man  of  Domitia,  the  au:it  of  Ne- 
ro, fuborned  as  an  accufer  of  Agrip- 
pTna,  that  empgror*s  mother,  Tac.Jnn, 
13,  19,  &:  2  1.  Nero  is  faid  to  have 
put  him  to  death  as  a  dangerous  rival, 
{qvajl gravem  adverfariu?n) y  Suet.  Ner. 
54.  according  to  Dio,  becaufe  he  widi- 
cd  to  learn   dancing    from    Paris,  but 

could  not,  Bioy  63,    iR. ^^   2.  A 

famous  player  of  pantomime,  a  native  of 
Egypt,  killed  by  IDomitian,  becaufe 
X)cmitia,  the  emprefs,  was  too  fond  of 
h\m^  Suet,  Dcm.  10.;  Bloy  67.;  Stho- 
fiajl,  in  jwvenaL  6,  87.  His  merit  as  a:i 
ador  ig  highly  extolled  by  Martial,  n, 

Paris,  a  name  given  to  Mummiu?^, 
becaufe  he  fcduced  the  wives  of  Lucul- 
ius  and  Pompey,  Cic.  Oral.  49.  j  A^  D. 
3,  38.;  ^/^  J,  18. 

Parmenides,  -/>,  a  fceptical  philo- 
fopher,  who  maintained  thf  uncertain- 
ly of  human  knowledge,  Cic.  yic,  4, 
23.  He  taught  that  all  things  were 
produced  from  tire,  ib.  37.  and  enter- 
tained ftran;^e  notions  conccrninp-  the 
nature   of  the  deity,   Cic.  N.  D.  i,  11. 

PAR^JENIO,  'Onisy  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal generals  of  Alexander,  put  to 
^catii  by  him  on  a  fufpicipn  oi  treafon, 
^ujiin.  1 2.,  6. ;   Curt.  8',  8^ 

Parrhasius,   a" noble  painter,  Cic. 


1  PAS 

Tiifc.  1,2.;  Suet.  Tib.  44.  a  native  of 
Ephefus,  the  competitor  of  Zeuxis, 
Plin.  35,  10.  ;  A  then.  12,  21.  ;  Paufan. 
1,43.  et  6,  25. 

Parthaon,  -onis^  the  father  of  Oe- 
neus,  king  of  Aetolia,  whence  Oeneus 
is  called  Parthaone  natusy  Ovid.  Met. 
9,  12.  Partkaonis  arvay  the  country 
of  Aetolia,  Stat.  Thek  z,  ']z6.  Par- 
THA0i<riA  domusy  the  family  of  Partha- 
on,  or  of  Oeneus,  his  fon,  Ovid.  Met.  8, 
541.  ;  Stat.  Theb.  i,  670. 

Parthcniae,  v.  -//,  a  name  given 
to  the  children  born  by  the  wives  of 
thofe  Lacedaemonians  who  were  fo  lon^ 
abfent  in  the  MefTenian  war,  (G'.''463.) 
Jujin.  3,  4,  f/  20,  I,  15. 

PARTiir.xius,  a  friend  of  Martial; 
whence  P arthenian,a  togCy  a  toga  which 
Parthenius  gave  va  a  prefent  to  Martial, 

8,  28.  et  9,  50  f. 
pARTHE!sroPAi:us,  a  renowned  war- 
rior, {inclitxis  armis),  Virg.  A.  6,  480. 
the  fon  of  Menalippa  and  Mars,  or  Me- 
lanion,  a  king  qf  Arcadia,  vidio  went, 
when  very  young,  to  the  Theban  war, 
Serv.ib.  according  to  Hyginus,  the  fon 
of  Meleager  by  Atalanta,  f.  70,  &  99. 
tStatius  makes  him  the  fon  of  Atalanta, 
but  does  not  mention  his  father,  Theb* 
4,  246,  &c.  He  is  reprefented  as  un- 
cominonly  beautiful,  ib.  25  r,  —  260. 
Hence  Martial  fays  of  him,  Nonjaculo 
non  enjs  fully  latfiifve  fugittay  Cajfide  dura 
liber  Parlhenopaeus  eraty  his  beauty  pre- 
ftrved  him  from  being  wounded,  Mart. 

9,  57,  8.  F'rom  his  beautiful  appear- 
ance lie  is  fuppofed  to  have  derived  hia 
nam.e,   (q.  virginei  vulliis  juvenis.) 

Pakthenove,  -esy  (i.  e.  virginspm 
•vocem  habens  ;  a  -rap^ivog,  virgOy  et  o-sp' 
I'ox  :)  one  of  the  Sirens,  the  daughter 
of  the  river  Achelous,  {^Achelo^iasy  -adisy 
Sil.  12,  34.)  Hygin.  141.  who  gave 
name  to  the  city  r^vaples,  by  her  having 
been  buried  there,  Plin.  3,5.  ;  Sil.  12, 
33.  Hence  Parlhenopeui  moeniay  the 
walls  of  Naples,   Ovid.  Met.  14,  10 1. 

Pary SATIS,  'Htisy  the  wife  of  Da<!« 
rius  Ochus,  infamous  for  her  cruelty, 
(G.  616.) 

pAsiPHAE,  -esy  the  daughter  of  Sol 
by  the  nymph  Perseis^  JipoUodor.  i,  9,, 


t*  A  S^ 


K ;  DV.  A^.  A3,  18.  the  wiTe  of  Mi*- 
nos,  rendered  infamous  by  her  pafijon 
for  a  bull,  and  producing  by  him  the 
monfter  called  the  Minotaur,  [G. 
374.) Pasiphaeia,  k. Jiliaf  Phae- 
dra, the  daughter  of  Pafiphae,  OwW. 
Met.  15,  500. 

Pasithea,  the  name  given  by  fome 
to  Euphrosyne,  one  of  the  three  Gra- 
ces, (blanJarum  prima  fororum)^  Stat. 
Theb.  2,  286.  ;  Catull/6i  f.  62,  43.— 
whom  Homer  makes  the  wife  of  Som- 
i^us,  IL  14«  267. 

C.  (al.  P.al:  M,)  Felkius'PATEJiCV- 
Lus,  an  elegant  Roman  hiftori;in,  part  of 
whofe  works  are  ilill  extant.  He  great- 
ly flattered  Tiberius,  in  whofe  army  he 
ierved  as  a  military  tribune  and  lieute- 
nant. He  was  alfo  a  flatterer  of  Seja- 
nus,  2,  127,  &c.  and  fome  think  that 
he  was  cut  off  by  Tiberius  after  the 
fall  of  Sejanus,  on  account  of  his  ad- 
herence to  that  favourite,  /^/V.  Dod- 
'well.  Annal.  Veil.  Jin, 

Patiscus,  a  Cihcian,  whofe  afliftance 
Cicero  ufed  when  proconful  in  Cilicia, 
C'lc.  Fam.  2,  II.  He  commanded  the 
republican  fleet  in  Afia  after  the  death 
of  Caefar,  ih.  8,  9,  et  12,  15. 

Patro,  -oniSy  an  epicurean,  very  in- 
timate with  Cicero,   Ck.Fam,  13,  i. 

Patroclcs,  -is,  commander  of  the 
fleet  of  Seltucus  and  Antiochus,  who 
is  faid  to  have  difcovered  many  coun- 
tries, Plin.  6,  1 7. 

PATROCLUS,  thefon  of  Menoe- 
tius,  ( Menoetiades),  who  having  gone 
out  to  battle  in  the  armour  of  Achilles, 
was  (lain   by  HeCtor,   (G.  447.) 

•T  2   PATROCLlANAEyt//i*'^,  clcfct-llools, 

fuppofed  to  be  fo  named  from  the  ma- 
ker Patroclus,  v.  .ius.  Martial.  12,  78, 

^-  . 

Patron,  -c?/z*r,  a  companion  of  Ae- 
neas,   P'^irg.  Aen.  5,  298. 

Pattlcius,  a  name  given  to  Janus, 
becaufe  the  gates  of  his  temple  were 
always  open  (patelant)  in  time  of 
war,  Omid.  Fajl.  l,  129.  ;  Conf.    MaC' 

rob.  Sat.  I,  9. ^  2.  The  name  of  a 

creditor  of  Cicero's ;  whence  Patidcia- 
num  nometiy  the  money  due  to  Patulci- 
us.     (Some  make  it  the  debt  of  Patul* 


t    3C7    1 


V  ED 


cius,    ivhic'h  Atticus  paid  Cicero  fot 
Patulcius,)    Cic.  Alt.  14,  18. 

Pompe'ia  Paullina,  the  wife  of  Se- 
neca, Tacit,  Ann.  15,  60.  who  deter- 
mined to  die  with  her  hufband,  ib.  63* 
but  was  prevented  by  the  order  of  Ne- 
ro, ib.  64. 

PAULLUS,  v.  Paulas y  a  firname 
of  the  Aemilii. 

L.  Aemlius  PAULUS,  conful  with 
M.  Livius,  a.  534,  f.  5.  who  triumphed 
over  the  lilyrian?,  Liv.  Ep'it.  20.  When 
fecond  time  conful  with  Varro,  he  was 
ilain  in  the  battle  of  Cannae,  Liv.  22, 
49.  ;  Cic.  Div.  2,  33.  ;  Or.  2,  87.  He 
might  have  made  his  efcape,  bkut  would 
not  furvive  his  defeat,  ib.  whence  Ho- 
race fays  of  him,  Animaeque  magna: 
Prodiyum  Pauhimy  fuperante  Poeno,  (i. 
e.  Annibale),  Grains  irjigni  referam  Ca" 
mena^  I  will  celebrate  in  a  lofty  flrain 
Paulus,  laviili  of  his  great  foul,  Od.  I, 
12,  38. 

L.  Aemlius  PAULUS,  the  fon  of 
the  former,  Liv.  23,  30.  ;  who  in  his 
fecond  confulflrip,  conquered  Perfeus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  Liv.  44,  &  45. ; 
Cic.  Mur.  14.  Verr.  i,  21.  OJj.  2,  22, 
whence  he  got  the   firname  of  Mace* 

DONicus. From  him   L.  Pifo,  the 

father-in-law  of  Caefar,  and  proconful 
of  Macedonia,  is  called  Paulus,  by  way 
of  derilion,   Cic.  Pif.  17. 

PAUbANIAS,  -ae, 
daemon,  who  defeated  the  Perfian  ar- 
my under  Mardonius  ;  but  afterwards, 
being  detected  of  having  confpired  a- 
gainil  his  country,  he  was  put  to  death, 

Nep.  in  vita  ejus,  (G.  466.) ^l[[  2.  A 

Macedonian  young  man,  who  flew  Phi- 
lip, jiilTi^'  9>  6,  &c.— ; — 5[  3.  A  na- 
tive of  Caefarea  in  Cappadocia,  the 
fcholar  of  Herodcs  Atticus,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Adrian  and  the  Anto- 
nines,  and  wrote  a  valuable  defcriptioa 
of  Greece  in  ten  books,  flill  extant. 

pAUsiAs',  -ae,  a  famous  painter  01 
Sicyon,  Plin.  35,  11  1.  40.;  hence 
>'  avjiaca  tabella,  a  pi£lure  done  by  Pau- 
fias,  Hor.  Sat,  2,  7,  95. 

Pedanius  Secundus,  praefeft  of  the 

city,  murdered  by  one  of  his  flaves  from 

refentment  at  fon  e  injury.     On  which 

Q^q  2  account 


king  of  Lace- 


P  E  D  t    -c 

Bccoitnt  all  the  fTaves  in  tlie  family,  to 
the  number  of  400,  were  condemned 
by  the  fenate  to  death,  according  to 
ancient  cuftom,  (vctere  en  more)^  be- 
caiife  they  had  not  protected  their 
nlaftcr,  and  were  executed.  The  peo- 
ple rofe  to  fave  them,  but  were  pre- 
vented by  the  guards  of  Nero,  Tac, 
Ann.  14,  42, — 46. 

Pi^DiAs,  the  name  of  a  Roman  ^fwj-. 

pEDiANus,  a  Roman  firname. 

Afcfjn'ius  Pn  DIAKU3,  ^'I'ln.  7,  48.  who 
Vfrote  commentaries  on  Cicero,  fome 
valuable  remains  of  which  are  Hill  ex- 
tant. 

^  PEDIUS,  appointed  by  Cae- 
far's  will  his  co-heir,  together  with  Oc- 
tavius,  Suet.  Caef.  83.  ;  Ner.  3.  after- 
wards the  colleague  of  06tavius  in  his 
firft  confulate,  Dioy  46,  46.  the  author 
of  the  Zpx  pEDiA,  againft  the  confpi- 
rators  who  afTaffinated  Caefar,  Dlo.  ib. 
• mentioned  by  Cicero  as  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Caefar,  Atf.  9,  14.  and  can- 
didate for  the  aedileiliip  with  Planciiis, 

Cic.  Plane.  7. f  2.   A  grand  Ton  of 

this  Pedius  is  mentioned,  who  was  a 
painter,  and  dumb,  Plin.  35,  4. 

Pedius  Blaefus,  expelled  from  the 
fenate  under  Nero,  for  having  plunder- 
ed the  temple  of  Aefculapius,  Tac. 
Ann.  14,  18.  and  rcftored  by  Otho, 
Sd.  Hift.  I,  77.  ^ 

C.  Pe1)0  AIL'movanus,  a  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Ovid,  who  wrote  con- 
cerning the  exploits  of  Thefeus,  O'viJ. 
Pont.  4,  10,  7  I. ;  Martial  $,  ^,6.  call- 
ed dcdus^  learned,  th.  2,  77,  5.  to  whom 
is  afcribed  the  elegy  to  Livia  on  the 
death  of  Drufus  ;  commonly  fubjoined 

to  the   \<''orks   of  Ovid. ^  2.  The 

name  of  a  lawyer  in  the  time  of  Quinc- 
tilian,  who,  from  a  defire  of  appear- 
ing rich,  involved  his  affairs,  (Stc  i  edo 
cmturhat^  fc.  rattones  pecimiarum,  i.  e. 
becomes  bankrupt),  jfuv.  7,  129. 

C.  Peducaeus,  the  lieutenant  of 
Panfa,  who  perilhed  in  the  battle  of 
Mutina,   C':c.  Fam.  10,  53. 

Sext.  PEDUCAEUS,  praetor  of  Sicily, 
Cic.  Vevr.  2,  56.  a  man  of  great  pro- 
bity, an  inftance  of  which  is  recorded, 
Cic,  Fin.  2 y  18, 


8    j  PEL 

PEGaSUS,  the  name  of  the  wing-- 
ed  horfe  of  Bellerophon,  {G.  394.) 
Hence  0  hominein  fortunatum,  qui  ejuf- 
modi  nuntios  feu  potius  Pegafos  habeatf 
Cic.  Qjiiint.  25  f.  Gradus  Pecasets, 
very  quick,  Scnec.  Trocid.  385.  So 
Volatu  i  eg  seo  f?rri,  Catull.  55,  24. 
(Vid.  Geogr.  Index,  Pecae.) 

PegasU;,  a  Trojan  flain  by  Camilla, 

Virg.  A.  II,  670. ^  2.   A  lav.'yer, 

and  praefeft  of  the  city,  Jwvcnal.  4, 
77.  ;  whence  Senatvfconfidtum  Fegjf.a' 
tium,  de  jideicQmiJJ'. 

Pelasgus,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  and 
Niobe,  king  of  Arcadia ;  wlio,  by  hiy 
numerous  wives,  had  50  fons,  whole 
names  are  recounted,  Apollodor.  3,  8, 
I.  He  is  faid  to  have  firft  civilifed  the 
rude  inhabitants,  and  from  him  the 
country  was  called  PflAsgia,  ''auf^n, 
8,  I.  or  Pelasgis,  -Mis  ;  FUn.  4,  6  f. 
10.;  whence  r\KLA3Ci,  the  Greeks, 
(Vid.  G.  Index.) 

PELEUS,  (in  two  fyll.)  -eoiy  v.  -eiy 
the  fon  of  Aea' us,  the  hulband  of  the 
fea-goddefs  Thetis,  and  the  father  of 
Achilles  ;  who   is    hence  called  Peli- 

DES,    (G.   444.) PcLiAs   (-iadis) 

hajla,  the  fpear  of  Achilles,  Ovid.  Ep, 
3,  126.     But  this  word  comes  rather 

from    Pelion,    Vid.  Geogr,  Index ^ 

\'i-LEix  fa'^iii  the  deeds  of  Achilles, 
Sd.  13,  803.  Peleus  hved  to  a  great 
age  ;  v.'lience  Pekos  attasy  is  put  for  a 
long  period  of  years,  Mjri'ial.  2,  64,  3, 

IE  LIAS,  ae,  the  fon  of  Neptune  by 
the  nymph  Tyro,  who  ufurped  the 
kingdom  lolcos,  and  fent  his  nephew 
Jafon  in  quell  of  the  golden  fleece.  He 
perilhed  mife^-ably  by  the  art  of  Me- 
dea, Cic.  Or.  3,  5.  (G.  439,  &  443.) 

Pelopea,  v.  '  elopiay  the  daughter 
of  Thyeftes,  and  mother  of  Aegif- 
thus,  by  Thyeftes,  Hygin.  88-  (G, 
405.)  * 

PELOPS 


*  Hence,  Si  JJUa  furrit  ,-  fit  quod  Pelopea 
Thycflae,  Oviil.  in  I  bin,  361.  Prarfeaos  Pe- 
lopea facity  the  dedicating  ff  a  tragedy  on  the 
ftory  of  Pelopea  to  Paris,  the  fi-.vourite  ot 
the  emperor,  makes  one  a  praeftdl  in  the 
army,  Juvenal.  7,  9Z.     Paris  is  faid  to  have 

been 


g' 


tl 


p  E  L  r  309  1 

PELOPS,  '6pls,  the  fon  of  Tanta-  &c.  Hor 
lus  ;  (Tantalldes)  whence  Tantalus  is 
called  Peloph pater,  Ovid  in  Ibin,  i8r.; 
Hor.  Epod.  17,  6^.  genltor.  Id.  Od.  i, 
28,  7.  Pelops  came  with  his  father 
frona  Phrygia  into  Greece,  and  obtained 
in  marriage  Hippodamia,  by  conquer- 
ing her  father  Oonomaus  in  a  horfe 
race.  He  thus  became  mafter  of  the 
kingdom  of  Pifa  and  Eh's.  He  had 
by  Hippodamia,  Atreus  and  Thyeftes, 
Pittheu3  and  Troezen.  Plis  defcend- 
ants  became  fo  powerful  in  the  fouth 
part  of  Greece,  that  the  whole  country, 
formerly  called  Jpia  and  Pelafgia.,  isjot 
the  name  of  Peloponnesus,  (i.e.  Pclo- 
pishfula,)  Piin.4,4.  Pelops'injignls humero 
ebumOfVirg.  G.  3,  7.  (  FicLTA^i talus.) 
Equi  Pthpis'illi  Ni-piu?iiij  winged  horfcs, 
which  Pclcps  received  in  a  prefent  from 
Neptune,  and  which  are  faid  to  have 
carried  his  chariot  on  the  furface  of  the 
waves,  Ck,  Tufc.  2,  27  f. ;  Pan/an,  5, 
17.  Sorer  PeloplSi  Niobe,  Ovia\m  Ibin, 
587.  Saeva  dojr.us  Peloph,  the  cruel 
family  of  Pelops,  Atreus,  Aegillthus, 


P  E  K' 

Od.  I,  6,8. Pelopidae, 

-arum,  the  defcendants  of  Pelops  ;  put 
for  bad  citizens  and  enemies  of  the  re- 
public, the  fupporters  of  Antony,  C/r. 

,4tt.  15,  II.   Fam.  7.   28,   &    30 < 

PELOPEIA  «r^'/z,  the  country  of  Phry- 


^am    me    Pclopem    Piitheus 


been  fo  c^cvJicA  with  this  verfe,  that  he  ac- 
tually procured  the  baniihment  of  Juvenal. 
Sd'oliap,.  iUd.  The  Scholiaft  fays  that  this 
happened  under  N'ero ;  but  the  old  anony. 
inous  writer  ot  the  life  of  Juvenal  fays,  that 
Juvenal,  when  80  years  of  age,  was  fent  in- 
to Egypt  to  command  a  cohort,  (ad  praefec- 
iuram  incxtrema  parte  tendentis  Aegypti ) ,  where 
he  foou  after  died.  But  both  thcfe  accounts 
are  difcredi*ed  by  the  beil  commentators; 
who  maiiuain,  that  Juvenal  lived  after  €nc 
death  of  Dcmitian  ;  trom  'Jwjenal.  4,  15c, 
&c,  and  to  the  time  of  Tryjan,  and  even  (.f 
Adrian;  from  'jwj.  6,  406,  5cc.  and  parti- 
cularly from  Id.  13,  17.  ^Aufet  haec,  qui 
jam  pCjR  ter^a  rcliquit  Sexa^inta  annos,  Fontejo 
confide  natus^  Does  a  man  wonder  at  thele 
things,  who  has  left  60  years  behind  him, 
and  was  bora  in  the  coi.fulfhip  of  Fontejus  \ 
i.  e.  a.  u.  2ir,  the  6t;hyear  of  Nero.  So  that 
Juvenal  was  60  years  of  age  in  th^-  3d 
year  ot  Adrian,  when  he  v^rote  this  fatire. 
Martial,  after  he  rc.ired  (o  Biiblli'^,  which 
Was  rndcr  Trajan,  writes  to  Juvenal   as   a 

man  yet  in  full  vigour,  iz,  18. -Pie  gives 

him  the  title  of  eloquent,  (JacunJus),  which 
prov's  that  he  followed  the  profeiliun  of  a 
pleader  at  the  bar,  7,  90,  l.  and  never  fpeaks 
of  him  as  a  poet  :  whence  it  is  fuppof'cd  that 
he  did  not  begin  to  write  fatires  tlil  far  ad- 
vanced in  life. 


Mi/Il  in  arva,  fuo  quondam  regnata  paren- 
tis once  governed  by  his  father,  f.  e. 
Pelops,  Ovid.  rViet.  8,  622.  But  P<?/o- 
peia  regno,  the  realms  of  Pelops,  i,  c. 
Peloponncfus,  Stat.  Theh.  i,  117*  P^« 
lopea  phalanx,  a  band  of  Argives,  ih.  2, 
471.  Pehpeius  Atreus,  the  fon  of  Pe- 
lops, O'VuL  Ep.  8,  27.  Virgo  Pelopeia, 
Iphigenia,  the  great-grand-daughter  of 
Pelops,  Id.  Tr.  4,  4,  67.  Ne  non  Pelo* 
p'e'ia  crcdar,  left  I  be  thought  not  to 
be  defcended  from  Pelops,  i.  e.  his 
granddraighter,  Ovid.  Ep.  8,  81.  allud- 
ing to  what  w*as  faid,  ibid.  66.  -— . 
pELofEiDcs  IVjycenae,  the  capital  of 
Pelops,  governed  or  enlarged  by  him. 
Id.  Met.  14,  414.  Fajl.  3,  83.  Turn  he- 
vd  Creten,  dextrd  Pelopeidas  undas  De- 
ferity  the  Pelopeian  waters,  i.  e.  that 
part  of  the  Myrtoan  fea  which  borders 
on  Pcloponnefus,  Id.  F.  4,  285.——, 
Pehpea  damus,  the  family  of  Pelops, 
Propcrt.  3,  19,  20.  moenia,  the  city  of 
Pelops,  i.  e.  Mycenae,   Virg.  Aen.  2, 

193- 

PELOPiDAS,  -ae,  the  deliverer  of 
Thebes,  his  native  city,  from  the  ty- 
ranny of  the  Lacedaemonians,  Nep, 
et  Plutarch,  in  vita  ejus,  (G.  p.  469.) 

PcNELOPA,  the  wife  of  Mercury, 
and  mother  of  Pan,  N.  D.  3,  22. 

PENEL6PE,  ^es,  vel  -a,  -ae,  the 
daughter  of  lea-  ius  and  wife  of  UlyfTes, 
to  whom  file  continuedfairhful,  during  an 
abfcnce  of  twenty  years,  though  folicited 
by  many  fuitors,  always  putting  them 
off  with  a  promifc,  that  fhe  would  chufs 
fome  of  them  for  a  hufband,  when  fhe 
hniflied  a  web,- which  ihe  faid  flie  was 
weaving,  but  ahv-ys  undid  in  the  night 
what  fhe  wrought  in  the  day ;  whence 
Penelopae  telam  retexere,  to  undo  what  is 
done,  to  labour  in  vain,  Cic.  Acad.  4^ 
29.  put  for  a  chafte  woman,  Penelope 
'venit,  abit  Helena,  Mai'thl.   i>  6^. 

Penelopoea 


PEN  [3 

VziizLOVoT.h  Jides,  great  conjugal  fide- 
lity,  Onyle}.  Tr.  5,  14,  36. 

PENeUS,  the  god  of  the  river  cf 
that  name;  whence  Senex  Peneus^  Ovid. 

Met.    2,    243. Peneia   Daphnsj 

Daphne  the  daughter  of  Pen  ens,  lu. 
Hill  I,  452.  called  Nympba  Peneay  ih. 
504.  vel  PenltSy  4au^  ib.  472. 

M.  Pennus,  a  tribune  a.  628,  the 
opponent  of  C.  Gracchws,  Cic,  Brut. 
28.  He  got  a  law  pafied  obliging  all 
foreigners  to  leave  the  city  ;  for  which 
he  is  blamed  by  Cicero,  Off.  3,  11. 

PENTHESILeA,  the  daughter 
of  Mars,  and  qiicjen  oftlie  Amazons, 
who  brought  affi (lance  to  Priam  againfl; 
the  Greeks,  and  was  flain  by  Achilles, 
Dlodor.  I,  12.  ;  Juftln.  2,  4.  ;  Ifygiru 
112.;  OvlJ.  Ep.  21,  118.;  ylrt.  3,  2. 
But  Propertlus  fays,  that  after  the  re- 
moval of  her  helmet  difplayed  her  face, 
lier  beauty  captivated  that  hero,  3,  11. 
1^.  Servius  in  one  place  fays  that 
Achilles  fell  in  love  v\rith  her  after  (he 
was  dead,  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Aen.  I,  490. 
and  in  another  place,  that  fhe  had  a  fon 
by  him,  (having  no  doubt  become  his 
captive),  ih.  II.  661.  which  ferves  to 
explain  Propertius. 

PENTHEUS,  (in  twofyll.)  -fw,  v. 
-«,  the  fon  of  EchTon,  i^Ech'iorudes., 
Ovid.  Met.  3,  701.)  and  x-lgave,  who 
having  contemned  the  facred  rites  of 
Bacchus,  was,  by  the  power  of  that 
god,  deprived  of  his  reafou;  (hence  call- 
ed demensy  Virg.  4,  469.  et  ibi  Serv. ) 
and  having  thrown  himfelf  in  the  way 
of  Agave  and  li^r  companions,  while 
celebrating  the  facred  rites  of  Bacchus, 
was  by  them  torn  in  pieces,  Oii'uL  Met. 


3»  7CI,  l< 


-RitLi   P E  N T H  E  o    lani- 


ant  corpordy  in  the  manner  of  Pentheus, 
Claudian.  in  prim.  conf.  Stilic.  2,  213. 

PERDICCAS,  -aey  vel  Perdicca, 
the  name  of  feveral  kings  of  Macedonia. 
^  2.  A  favourite  general  of  Alex- 
ander, to  whom  that  king,  when  dying, 
left  his  ring,  Curt.  10,  5,  4.  <?/  6,  4. ; 
Nep.  18,  2.  After  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander, Perdiccas  aiming  at  too  great 
power,  was  (lain,  Jvjlm.  13,  8  f. ;  Nep» 

PERICLES,  -is,  the  fon  of  Xan- 


10    1  PER 

tippus,  an  illuftrious  Athenian,  \vho 
by  his  fagacity  and  eloquence  maintain- 
ed the  chief  authority  in  that  ftate  for 
many  years  ;  till  he  was  cut  oiT  by  the 
plague,  (G.  466.)  Pericles  was  the 
fcholar  of  Anaxagoras,  and  the  firlt 
who  joined  learning  and  ilcill  in  philo- 
fophy  to  the  eloquence  of  the  bar,  Cic. 
Brut.  11.  whereby,  in  the  opinion  of 
Plato,  he  got  the  better  of  all  other 
orators,  Cic.  Or.  4.  lie  was  blamed 
for  expending  too  much  money  on  pu- 
blic edifices  and  fhews,  Cic.  Off.  2,  17. 

Perdix,  'icisy  an  Athenian,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  favv,  flain  by  Daedalus, 
his  brother  or  uncle,  out  of  envy,  (G. 
421.) 

Feriander,  -driy  a  tyrant  of  Co- 
rinth ;  one  of  the  feven  wife  men  of 
Greece,  Plutarch. 

Periboea,  the  fecond  wife  of  Oe- 
neus,  and  mother  of  Tydeus,  ( G.  434. ) 

I'EKinoKNirs,  a  name  given  to  one  of 
the  priells  of  Cybele,  Juvenah  2,  16. 

PERlCLyMLiNus,  one  of  the  twelve 
fons  of  Neleus,  [bis  fex  Nelidacy)  the 
brother  of  Neilor  ;  to  whom  Neptune, 
the  founder  of  his  family,  gave  the 
power  of  transforming  himfelf  into  any 
iliape.  When  Hercules  made  war  on 
his  father,  he  changed  himfelf  into  an 
eagle,  and  annoyed  Hercules  by  wound- 
ing him  with  his  wings  and  talons  in 
the  face.  Hercules  therefore  (liot  him 
with  his  arrows,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  556, 
&c. 

PERILLU3,  an  Athenian  artift 
who  made  a  brazen  inilrument  of  tor- 
ture in  the  form  of  a  bull,  for  Phalaris, 
the  tyrant  of  Agrigentum  ;  who  order- 
ed the  firft  expitriment  of  it  to  be  made 
on  Periilus  himfelf,  (G.  265.).  Aes 
Perilleum,  the  brazen  bull  made  by 
Periilus,  Ovid,  in  Ihin.  439. 

pERiMEDE,  -esy  a  nottd  forcerefs, 
Theocrit.  Eidyll.  2. — Hence  Perime- 
VES.  gra;nina  coSa  manu,  herbs  boiled  by 
the  hand  of  a  forcerefs,  Propert.  2,  4,  8= 

PerimelEj-^j-,  the  daughter  of  Hip- 
podamas,  a  nymph,  converted  by  Nep* 
tune  into  an  ifland  of  the  fame  name, 
Ovid.  Met.  8,  391,  &c. 

PtnipATZTici,  a  name  given  to  the 
fcIluwcT^ 


PER  [    <^i 

followers  of  Ariftotle,  becaufe  tliev  dif- 
puted  while  walking,  {quia  d'ljputahant 
inamhulantes^^ipiyrccTM^rig,^  m  theXjyceum 
or  gymnaruim,  where  Ariftole  taught, 
Cic.  Acad,  r,  4. 

PERP£NNA,  V.  PE^pcR^^^,  a  Ro- 
man general,  who  bafely  affafiinated 
Sertoriiis,  and  was  himfelf  foon  after 
defeated  and  taken  prifoner  by  Metel- 
lus.  By  Metellus  he  was  dehvered  up 
to  Pompey,  who  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death,  Plutarch,  in  Sertor.;  Paterc, 

2>  30- 

Perse  IS,  -ulis,  the  daughter  of  Oce- 
anus  and  Tethys,  and  the  mother  of 
Circe,  Pafiphae,  and  Aeetes,  by  Sol, 
(^-  373-)  hence  Perse  ides  herbacy 
magic  herbs,  Ovid.  Rem.  Am.  263. 

Persephone,  -es^  the  Greek  name  of 
Proferpine,  Ovid.  Fajh  4,  591.  put  for 
Mors  or  death,  Ovid.  Ep.  2  i ,  46.  '77- 
hid.  3,  5,  5.     . 

PbRSEUs,  {2  fyll.)  '<?/,  V.  -ecsy  the  fon 
of  Jupiter  by  Danae,  who  flew  the  Gor- 
gon Mediifa,  ({?.  395.)  freed  Andro- 
meda from  a  fea-moniler,  and  then  mar- 
ried her,  ih.  396.  After  his  death  Per- 
feus  was  changed  into  a  confteliation, 
Hill  called  by  his  name,  ib.  397.;  Cic. 
N.  D.  2,  43.  Plantaria  Perfeos,  the 
winged  feet  of  Perfeus,  Val.  Flac.  r, 
68.  whence  he  is  called  penntpes^  -edis^ 
by  Catullus,  ^^^  25. — ^  adj.  Perseus, 
thus,  SeBaqiie  Persia  Phorcidos  ora  manu^ 
the  head  of  Medufa  cut  off  by  the  hand 
of  Perfeus,  Prop.  3,  22,  8. 

Perscs,  -/VjV.  Perseus,  -/,  the  fon  of 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  conquered 
and  led  in  triumph  by  Paulus  Aemilius, 

Liv.  44,  &  45'.  ;   Cic.  Tufc.  5,  40. 

Perse  is,  •'idisf  a  poem  concerning  Per- 
feus, Ovid.  Pont.  4,  16,  25. 

C.  PiRsius,  a  learned  orator,  who 
flourlfhed  in  the  time  of  the  Gracohi, 
Cic.  Or.  2,  6.  Brut.  26.  Fin.  1,3. 

y^.  PERSIUS  Flaccus,  a  fatiric  poet, 
born  at  Volatcrrae,  in  the  twentieth 
year  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  He 
itudied  under  Corniitus  the  ftoic  philo- 
fopher,  whom  he  greatly  refpeifted,  and 
at  his  death,  which  happened  under 
Nero,  In  the  twenty-eighth  year  of  his 
jtge,  he  left  Cornutus  his  library  and 


1    1  PET 

a  large  fum  of  money.  The  philof©- 
pher  accepted  the  library,  but  reftored 
the  money  to  the  lawful  heirs.  The 
ftyle  of  Perfeus  is  obfcure,  but  his 
writings  abound  with  excellent  mora! 
reflections.  He  is  highly  praifed  by 
Qu_in6lilian,  10,  r,  94.  and  Martial,  4, 
29,  7.  Plis  writings  now  are  divided' 
into  fix  fatires  ;  but  Quin6tilian  and 
Martial  fpeak  only  of  one  book,  ib.  and 
in  ancient  manufcn'pts  the  whole  is 
found  written  without  any  di{lin(5tion. 

Pescennius,  one  to  whom  Cicero  was 
obliged  in  his  exile,  Cic.  Fam.  14,4. 

^  PcTiLii,  two  tribunes  who  ap- 
pointed a  day  for  the  trial  of  Scipio 
Africanus,  on  a  charge  of  having  taken 
money  from  king  Antiochus,  Liv.  38, 
50.  After  the  death  of  Africanus,  the 
fame  charge  was  brought  by  the  Pe- 
tiliiy  (rogatione  Petilliand,)  againft  his 
brother  L.  Scipio  and  fome  others,  who 
were  condemned,  Liv.  ibid.  54,  &  ^^, 

L.  Petilius,  a  fcribe,  in  whofe  farm 
the  books  of  king  Numa  are  faid  to 
have  been  found.  Thefe  books  were 
publicly  burnt,  becaufe  they  were  faid 
to   contain    things  inimical  to  religion, 

Liv.    40,    29. Petiliana    regna^ 

fuppofed  to  be  the  houfe  and  farm  of 
this  Petilius,  below  the  Janlculum, 
Martial.  12,  57,  19. 

Petilius  v.  Petillius,  one  who  is 
faid  to  have  had  the  charge  of  the  ca- 
pitol,  and  to  have  ilolen  from  the  head 
of  Jupiter's  image  a  golden  crowrn, 
whence  he  was  called  Capitoli.mus, 
Hor.  Sat.  1 ,  4,  94.  et  ibi  Scholiajl,  He 
was  tried  for  this  crime,  but  acquitted 
by  the  favour  of  Augultus,  ih.  i,  10, 
26. 

]^.  Petilius,  a  Roman  knight,  a 
trader  at  Syracufe,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  29. 

^  Pltilius,  one  of  the  judges  in 
the  caufe  of  Milo,  Cic.  Mil.  16. 

Petlssius,  a  native  of  Urbinum, 
(Urbinas,  -atis,)  who  having  fquander- 
ed  his  fortune,  attached  himfelf  to  An- 
tony, Cic.  Phil.  3,  )i.  et  13,  2. 

PiLTOsiRis,  -isy  an  Egyptian  aflro- 
loger,  Plin.  7,  49. ;  Juvenal.  6,  580.   ■ 

M.  Petrcius,  the  lieutenant  of  the 
conful  Antony,  who  defeated  Catiline, 

Ct€, 


Cic.  Sext.  5:.  ;  Salluji.  Cat.  59.  tKe  lieu- 
tenant of  Pompey  in  Spain,  Ck.  Fam. 
1 6,  12' ^tt.  8,  2.  defeated  by  Caefar, 
Veil  2,  50.  and  obliged  to  furrendcr 
with  Afranius,  Caef.  B.  C.  I,  84,  &c. 
They  were  both  difmifTed  with  impu- 
mity.  But  they  afterwards  joined  Pom- 
pey, and  after  his  death  renewed  the 
war  in  Africa.  After  the  defeat  at 
"Thapfus,  Petreius  and  Juba,  giving  up 
themfelves  for  loll,  refolved  to  difpatch 
<sach  other,  as  if  in  hngle  combat.  Pe- 
treius being  the  itronger,  eaiily  killed 
Juba,  and  then  attempting  to  flab  him- 
felf  without  eiTe6l,  he  was,  at  his  own 
requefl,  difpatchcd  by  a  ilave,  Hir.  B. 
Afr.  c.  94. 

Fetra,  the  name  of  tv/o  Roiaian 
knights,  put  to  death  under  Clandius 

ior  a  dream,  Tac.  Ann.  1 1,  4 From 

Tome  ©ne  of  this  family  a  fquadron  of 
iaorfe  was  called  ala  Petrina,  Id.  Hilt. 

4»49- 

6".   PETRONIUS,  a  favourite  of 

Nero's,  ar.d  the  diredor  of  his  plea- 
sures, allowed  to  be  the  arbiter  of  taite 
and  elegance,  i^cleganiw.e  arbiter').  Ha- 
ving, through  the  jealoufy  and  art  of 
Tig  e:]  in  us,  loft  the  favour  of  Nero,  he 
put  an  end  to  his  days  with  the  utmoft 
tranquillity,  by  opening  his  veins  at  in- 
tervals and  then  clofing  them  again, 
thus  grcidually  weakening  himfelf,  till 
he  expired  without  a  ftruggle.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  Nero's  debauch- 
erics  under  the  fiftitious  names  of  pro- 
fligate men  and  v/omen,  and  fent  it  to 
him  fealed,  Tac.  Ann,  16,  18,  &  19. 
This  is  thought  by  many  to  have  been 
the  work,  of  which  conliderable  f''ag- 
ments  are  fiill  extant,  calkd  Tiii  Pe- 
tronii  Arh'itri  Satyricon  ;  but  ethers,  more 
juftly,  afcribe  that  bc.ok  to  a  diiferent 
author,  who  lived  at  a  later  period  than 
the  a.ge  of  Nero  ;  concerning  the  par- 
ticular time,  however,  they  are  not  a- 
gre^d.  Vld.  Burman.  praef.  ad  Petron, 
Are, 

PETRUS,  Clc.  Phil.  13,  15.  Vid, 
Partus. 

Phaecomes,  -^f,  a  centaur,  flain  by 
Neil:or,    O^nd.   Mat.  12,  431. 

Phaedimus,  one  of  the  leven  fons 


2    1  P  H  A 

of  AmphTon  and  Niobe,  flain  by  A" 
polio,   Ovid.  Met,  6,  239,   &c. 

PHAEDON,  ^dnis,  a  fcholar  of  So- 
crates, to  whom  Plato  infcribed  his 
book  on  the  immortality  of  the  foul, 
Gell.2,  18. 

Phaedra,  the  daughter  of  Minos 
by  Pafiphae,  and  wife  of  Thefeus,  in- 
famous by  her  criminal  pafTion  for  her 
ftepfon  Hippolitus,  (G.  424.),  whence 
Amor  turpis  Phaedraey  Ovid.  Rem.  A. 
64. 

Ph\edrus,  a  favourite  fcl\olar  of 
Plato's,  Laert.  3,  29.  alter  whom  that 
philofopher  called  one  of  his  dia- 
logues Phaedrus,  C'tc.  Or,  i,  7.  Div. 
I,  3,  &.  7. ^  2.  An  Epicurean  phi- 
lofopher, refpetled  by  Cicero  and  Atti^ 
cus,  Cic,  Fam.  13,  i.  Add.  Au,  13,  37. 

«fj  3.  A  fieed   man    of  Tiberius, 

who  expreffed  the  fables  of  Aefop  in 
Iambic  verfe  with  beautiful  fimplicity, 
a  work  which  is  ilill  extant. 

Phaeneas,  -ae^  a  chief  of  the  Aeto- 
bans,  Liv.  32,  32.  33,  3.  36,  28.  et 
38,8. 

PHaeTHON,  'Otitis,  the  fon  of 
Sol  by  Clymene  ;  who  having  got  the 
management  of  his  father's  chariot  for 
one  day,  and  being  unable  to  manage 
the  horfes,  fet  the  world  on  fire  ;  on 
which  account  Jupiter  tumbled  him 
headlong  with  a  thunderbolt  into   the 

river    Po,     {G.    374.). Phaethon 

(i.  e.  lucens)  is  fometimes  put  for  the 
fun,    Virg.  Aen.  5,    105.     and    for*  the 

planet  Jupiter,  Cic.  N.  D,  2,  2C 

Ph  lETHONTfADBs,  -Z//77,  the  fiftcrs  of 
Phaethon,  P'irg,  Ed.  6,  62. — ■— Phae- 
thon Tis   amnis,  the  Po,  Si/.  7,  149. 

So  Siagna,  Id.  17,497. Phaethon- 

Tiii  ignesy  the  conflagration  caufed  by 
Pliaethon,   Ovid,  Met,  4,  247. 

•  Phaethon,  the  name  of  a  Have,  Cic^ 
Att.  3,  8.  ^.  Fr.  I,  4. 

Phaethusa,  one  of  the  fifters  of 
Phaethon,  who  were  turned  into  po- 
plar   trees,    Ovid.    Met.    2,    346. 

<([  2.  A  daughter  of  Sol  by  the  nymph 
Ncaera,  who,  with  her  fifter  Lampetia, 
kept  the  cattle  of  their  father  in  Sicily, 
Homer,  Od.  1 2,  132. 

Phago,  -onis,  a  voracious  glutton, 

v.'h-3 


PH  A  [3 

who  IS  faid  to  have  devoured  a  whole 
boar,  a  wedder,  and  pig,  in  one  day, 
with  a  propoitional  qiianrlty  of  bread 
and  wine,  Vopifc,  in  Aurel.jin.  ;  Varr^ 
apud  Non.  1 ,  237. 

Ph  '.  L A  K  c u  s ,  V.  Phakucus,  a  poet, 
the  inventor  of  that  kind  ot  verft  call- 
ed Phalaecium  CARMENi  Tcreot.  Mau- 
rus,  c.  71. 

Phalantus,  v.  •fbus^  the  leader  of 
the  Partheniaey  or  thofe  Lacedaemo- 
nians who  feized  on  Tarentum,  [G. 
166.).  Hence  Regnata  petam  Laconl 
rura  Pkalanto^  I  will  go  to  the  country 
once  governed  by  the  Lacedaemonian, 
Phalantus,  /.  e.  Tarentum,  Her.  OJ.  2, 
6,  1 1.  Phalanteum  TarentniVf  Sil.  il, 
1 6.  /^gnd  GiiUjl  mollior  Phalant'mi^  foft- 
cr  than  a  lamb  fed  on  the  banks  of  Ga- 
lefus,  a  river  near  Tarentum,  Mart'iaU 

Phalaris,  'Id'is^  the  tyrant  of  A- 
grlgentum,  infamous  for  his  cruelty, 
(G.  265.),  Cic.OJ.^,6.  r.rr.  4,  33. 
Hence  pHALAiiisMus,  -i,  tyranny, 
Cic.  Att.  7,  II  f.  12. 

Phanias,  v.  'ta^  -aSf  a  name  ufed 
by  comic  writers,   Ter.  And.  5,  4,  26, 

&c. ^  2.  A  freed  man  of  Appius, 

Cic.  Fam.  2,  13. 

Phanium,  the  name  of  a  woman, 
T'er.  Phor.  I,  4,  24,  &c. 

Phaon,  'Otiis^  a  beautiful  youth  of 
Lefbos,  the  favourite  of  the  poetefs 
Sappho,  O'v'id.  Ep.  15,  II,  &c. ;  Plin. 
22,  8  f.  9.  whom  he  fcorned,  ib.  to 
which  Martial  alludes,    10,  ^^y  17* 

Pharnaces,  is,  tlie  fon  of  Mithri- 
dates  king  of  Pontus,  who,  by  plot- 
ting againll  his  father,  forced  him  to 
put  an  end  to  his  days,  Liv.  Ep'it.  f02. 
Pharnaces  received  from  Pompey  the 
kingdom  of  Bofporus  as  the  reward  of 
his  perfidy,  App'ian.  M'lthr,  n.  250.  Du- 
ring the  civil  war  between  Caefar  and 
Pompey,  Pharnaces  had  invaded  the 
Roman  territory,  hoping  to  regain  the 
whole  of  his  father's  kingdom,  Dio,  42* 
p.  134.  on  which  account  Caefar,  ha- 
ving fettled  the  affairs  of  EgypL  and 
Syria,  marched  againil  Pharnaces,  and 
crulhed  him  fo  fpeediiy,  ciiat,  giving 
an  account  of  his  victory  to  a  friend  at 


I?    ]  t*  It  E        . 

Rome,  he  made  ufe  of  only  ttirefi 
words,  Veni,  vidi,  Vici,  {Vid.  Cae- 
s  >R,  p.  71.).  Florus  fays,  that  Caefar 
ufed  to  boaft  that  he  conquered  the 
enemy  before  he  faw  him,  {^ante  iHEturti 
hoftem  ejfty  quam  infum),  4^  2. 

Phegeus,  -eosy  king  of  Pfophis  \n 
Arcadia,  the  father  of  Arfinoe  or  AU 
phefiboea,  who  is  hence  called  Phe- 
G 1  s ,  - 1 1>  I  s ,  Ovid.  Rem.  v^-  45  5'      (  Vid^ 

G.  432.). Phegeius  enfis,   the 

fvvord  of  Phegcits,  Ovid.  Mei.  9.  412. 
with  which  he  fiew  Alcmaeon,  Hygiuo 
245.  5  or  of  the  two  fons  of  Phegeus^ 
Zemenos  and  Axion,  Apollodor.  3,  7,  5. 

Phegeus,  ace.   Ph'egeay  a  Trojan^ 

flain  by  Turnus,  Virg.  Aen.  9,  765. ^ 

^  2.  The  name  of  a  (lave,  ih.  5,  263. 

Phemius,  the  mufician  of  the  fuit» 
ors  of  Penelope,  celebrated  by  Homerj 
^^:i[f'  i>  325,  ^''■^c.  17,  263.  He  was, 
at  the  interceflion  of  Telemachus,  fa- 
ved  by  Ulyffes,  when  he  flew  the  fuit- 
ors,  ih.  22,  331,  &c.  put  for  any  flcil- 
ful  mufician,  Ovidi  Am.  5,  7,  61.  Phe- 
mio   quaeritur  K^pac,    Cic.  Att.   5,   20  f. 

50  xfpccf  Phimio  mandcitum  ejl^  I  have  gi- 
ven orders  to  find  a  mufical  indrument 
for  Phemius,  fome  mufical  flave,  as  it 
is  thought,  of  Atticus,-  Cic.  Att.  6,  I  m. 

PheMonoe,  -esy  the  daughter  of 
Apollo,  the  name  of  the  firlu  prieftefs 
©f  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  who 
utteied  her  oracles  in  hexameter  verfe, 
Paufan.  10,  5,  Sc  6.  put  for  any  pro- 
phetefs,  Stat.  Si/v.  2,  2,  38.;  Lucan.^i 
126. 

Pkeres,  dis,  the  father  of  Adme- 
tus  king  ot  Pherae,  Apollodor.  1,9,  16^ 
whence  Admetus  is  called  pHERliTiA-- 
DES,  -AE,  Gvld.  Met.  8,  310.   Art.  A, 

3'  19- 

PherecIdes?  -is,  a  Syrian,  theprae- 
ceptor  of  Pythagoras,  who  flourillied 
in  the  time  of  Serv.  Tuliius,  the  6th 
king  of  Rome,  and  is  faid  to  have  been 
the  firft  who  maintained  the  immortali- 
ty of  the  foul,  Cic.  Tufc.  r,  16.  Ha- 
ving drunk  water  from  a  well,  he  fore-* 
told  an  earthquake,  Cic.  Div.  i,  ^o, 
whence  P  h r. u  e  c 1 1^ E  u  m  illudy  that  pre- 
di6Hon   of  Pherecldes,  ib.   2,  13.—— 

51  z.  An  hiliorian,  faid  to  have  been 

Kr  t  joiort 


PHI  [31 

more  ancient  than  Herodotus,  Ck,  Or. 

2,  12. 

Phidias,  -as,  an  illuftrions  Athe- 
nian painter  and  ftatuary  in  the  time 
of  Periclts,  (G.  289.),  CU:  Or.  2,  17. 
Tufc.  I,  15.  (>.  71,  &c, ;   Plin.  35',  8.* 

Phereclus,  an  avtift,  who  is  faid 
to  have  buih  the  (hip  in  which  Paris 
failed  to  Sparta  to  carry  off  Helena  ; 
whence  that  (hip  is  called  Phereclea  pup- 
pis,  Ovid.  Ep.  16,  21. 

Phi  ALE,  -cs,  one  of  tiic  companions 
of  Diana,  Ovid  Met.  3,  172. 

pHiDYLt,  -es,  (i.e.  parco-i  thrifty, 
from  ^rtj:^,  parco),  the  houfekeeper  of 
Horace's  villa,  or  the  wife  of  his  ftew- 
^rd,  commended  for  her  piety,  Hor.  Od. 

Philadelphi's,  a  name  given  to 
Ptolemy  fecond  king  of  Egypt,  from 
hie  affe&ion  to  Arfmoe  his  filler.  PliL 
Ptolemaeus. 

Phil  A  EN  I,  two  Carthaginian  bro- 
thers, who  allov/ed  themfelves  to  be 

*  Sirrvlacrh  Phidiae  nihil  in  illo  genere  per- 
pBius,   Cic.  Or.  2.      PhIDIACUM  lAvd-at  elur, 

his  (tatues  were  fo  exquifitely  fuiiihed,  that 
they  fccmed  to  be  alive,  'Jwutnal.  8,  IC3. 
JBeilica  thidiaca  Rat  dea  fucia  manu.  the  ftafae 
of  Minerva  made  by  Pkidias,  Ovid.  Punt.  4, 
1,3a.  (G.  289.).— The  moft  celebrated  fta- 
tue  of  Phidias  was  that  of  Jupiter  in  his 
temple  at  Olympia,  which  no  other  ari- 
jft  ever  equalled,  {qvc-m  fc.  Jovem  O'ym- 
pium  nemo  aetnnlatur^  Plin.  34,  8  f.  I9,)  This 
/iatue  is  particularly  dtfcribed  by  Paisfanias, 
5,  II.  Such  was  its  beauty,  that  it  is  laid  to 
have  addtd  romething;  to  tlie  received  religirn 
cjf  thofe  times;  fo  inxicb  did  the  msjcfty  of 
the  work  equal  the  conception--  enrertatJit-d  of 
the  god  i  (  Oijus  puLhritudD  a'^'j^cijfe  aliqiiid  etiam 
receptae  reilgicni  I'ide^ur,  adec  majejias  operis  deum 
aequavit)y  Quin61il.  1%,  ic,  8.  Hence  Pro- 
pert  iu  9  fayS;  Phtd'iacvs  f.gno  fe  "yupiter  ornut 
eburno,  (i.e.  frrriafuf  eburno  figno   Phidiae), 

3,  9,  rj.  Ph'tdiacofi  digna  J'bi'i  dare  tt>??pla  pa' 
ra-i^it^  f'al.  parabit  ;  f.  voliierit).  Has  petat  a 
910/Iro  P':fa  tonante  manus^  (fc.  Rabirii),  If  Fifa 
■wiflies  to  build  a  fuit^h'e  temple  for  the  fta- 
tue  of  Jupiter  done  by  Phidia?,  let  it  afk  the 
aid  of  the  arcnitcft  Rabirius  from  our  Thun- 
derer, (/.  F,  Drmitian),  Martial.  7,  55,  3. 
B'Jt  Phidias,  though  unrivalled  in  works  of 
ivory.,  {in  chore  Unge  citra  aemulum^y  is  faid  to 
have  been  more  dexterous  in  mailing  fliatues 
of  gods  than  of  men,  {dlis,  quam  hominVans^  'f- 

f.ciendis   melior   artifex   traditvr^^   Quintftil.  12, 
10,  9.     Phidias  conceived  the  idea  of  the  ila- 
tue  of  Jupiter  from  Homer,  //.  I,  528. ;  Mac^ 
.TQk.Sui.^t  13. 


4    3  PHI 

buried  alive  for  their  country,  Sallujl. 
Jug.  19,  &  70. ;  Fal.  Max.  5,  6.  extr. 
4.  ;  ^/7.  15,  704. 

Philammon,  'onis,  the  fon  of  A- 
pollo  and  Chione,  famous  for  his  fl'cill 
in  vocal  and  inftrumental  mufic,  Ovid. 
Met.  II,  317.      ■ 

Phililmon,  -onls,  a  comic  poet,  of- 
ten preferred  to  Menander  by  the  par- 
tiality of  his  contemporaries,  (pravis 
Jul  temporii  judiciis ) ,  by  the  confent  of 
all  defervedly  eftecmed  fecond  to  him, 

^unclil  10,  I,  72. ^  2.  A  country 

man,  the  hufband  of  Baucis,  who  en- 
tertained Jupiter  and  Mercury,  Ovid. 
Met.  8,631,  Sec. 

PHILeTAS,  ~ae,  a  native  of  the 
ifiand  Cos,  [Cous),  a  grammarian  and 
poet,  the  praeceptor  of  Ptolemy  Phi- 
ladelphus,  Suidas.  Among  the  Greek 
elegiac  poets  he  is  ranked  next  to  Cal- 
limachus,  ^inSfil.  10 f  I,  ^S.  Hence 
they  are  commonly  joined  together  ; 
thus,  Sit  tihi  CaUimachif  Jit  Coi  nota  poe- 
tae,  (i.  c.  Philetae),  Sit  quoque  vinofi 
Tela  muja  finis,  (i.  e.  Anacreontis), 
Ovid.  Art.  y^.  3,  330.  So  ^2"/  cum  CaU 
limacho  tu  quoque,  C'oe,  noces,  art  hurtful 
by  the  wantonnefs  of  thy  love-poems. 
Id.  Rem.  760.  Coo  Battis  amatajuo  ejl^ 
i.  e.  Philetae,    for    a    Phileta,    Id.  Tr. 

I,    5,    2. Orn    Phileted..  nojlra  ri- 

^avit  aqua,  the  Mufe  Calliope  bedew- 
ed my  lips  with  water,  from  the 
fountain  of  which  Philetas  formerly 
drank,  /.  e.  infpired  me  with  a  genius 
for  the  fame  kind  of  poetry  w^ith  that 
of  Philetas,  Prop.  3,3,52.  Serta  Phi- 
ieteis  certent  Romana  corymbis,  let  the 
Roman  garlands  contend  with  the 
w^reaths  of  Philetas,  /.  e.  let  Propertius 
the  Roman  poet  be  compared  with 
Philetas,  ih.  4,  6,  3. 

Philippides,  v.  Phidipptdes,  -is,  a 
celebrated  runner,  Nep.  i,  4.  who  in 
twenty-three  hours  is  faid  to  have  gone 
1500  fladia,  or  187X  miles,  from  A- 
theiis  to  Lacedaemon,  Solin,  c.  6.  et 
Suidas. 

PHILIPPUS,  the  fon  of  Amyntas 
king  of  Macedonia,  and  father  of  A- 
lexander  the  Great,  [G.  469.).  He 
ufed  to  fay,  that  any  fort  or  city  might 

be 


PHI  i    i 

be  taken  which  had  a  gate  large  enough 
to  admit  a  loaded  afs,  Cic,  /liL  i,  i6 
whence  Horace  fays,  Dlff^id'tt  url'ium 
pcrtas  vir  MaceJcy  i.  e.  Philippus,  (cal- 
led FiRy  to  diiHnguilh  him  from  his  fon 
Alexander,  who  was  called  PUF.s.y  or 
jVFENis),  Od.  3,  \6,  16.  Terra  reg- 
nata  Phil'tppOy  the  country  once  govern- 
ed  by    Philip,  /.  c.  Macedonia,   Ov'uL 

Pont. /^y  15,  15. Nummi  aurei  V Hi- 

LiPPEi  centumy  an  hundred  gold  coins, 
with  the  image  of  Philip  imprefied  on 
them,  Liv.  37,  59.   Conf.  Plaut.  Jfin. 

1,  3,  !.  et  Poen.  i,  r,  38.  Ph'ilippi 
(contr.  for  Pbilippei^  aurei,  fc.  nummi, 
Pldut.  Baah.  2,  2,  52.  called  limply 
PhU'tppeiy  or  contrai^ed  Fk'd'tppiy  (fc. 
nummi  aurei) y  Hor.  Ep.  2,  i,  234.  So 
Centum  ik/iaria  Philippeay  fc.  numifmatUy 
Plaut.  Rud.  5,  2,  27.  Aarum  Philip- 
phtmy  Philippean  gold,  /.  e.  puie,  fo- 
lid,  as  fine  as  that  which  thefe  coins 
were  made  of,  Plaut.  Cure.  3,  70.  Bncch. 

2,  2,   42.      So   Argcntum   Philippuumy 

Plaut.  True.  5,  I,  60.- Philippi- 

CAE,  -arumy  fc.  orationesy  the  orations 
of  Demoilheneaagainft  Philip;  whence 
Cicero  called  his  orations  againfl  An- 
tony Philippics,  {^Phiiippicae)y  Cic.  Att. 
2,  21.  Ridenda  poemata  maloy  i^am 
te  confpicuae  divina  P hitippica  f.imacy  Vol- 
veris  a  prima  quae  proximOy  O  divine  or 
admirable  PhihVpic,  of  ilhjllrions  repu- 
tation, which  art  turned  over  next  af- 
ter the  firft,  i.  e.  the  fecond  Philippic 
of  Cicero,  Juvenal,  ip,  125. 

PHILIPPUS,  the  fbn  of  Deme- 
trius, JuJUn.  28,  3.  called  the  ion  of 
Antigonus,  Cic.  Off.  2,  14.  i.  e.  the 
llepfon,  becaufe  Antigonus  Dofon,  who 
aited  as  regent  during  the  minority  of 
Philip,  married  Philip's  moiher,  yujlin. 
/'/^.••Philip  made  a  league  againlt  the 
Romans  with  Hannibal,  Liv.  23,  33, 
&c.  and  afterwards  with  Antiochus 
king  of  Syria,  Liv. -^ly  14.  But  be- 
ing vanquiflied  by  T.  Qu^inftius  Flami- 
nius,  Liv.  33,  7, — 10.  he  fued  for 
peace,  ib.  i  i,  3c  12.  which  was  grant 
ed  him,  ib.  13,  &  25.  on  which  account 
he  afterv/ards  joined  the  Romans  againil 
Antiochus,  Li'i^'  S^}  4. 


15     ]  PHI 

PHILIPPUS  was  a  firname  of  the 
March  at  Rome. 

Z.  Mnrcius  Philippus,  conful  with 
Sex.  Julius  Caefar,  a.  663,  Cic.  Rabir. 
7.  Or.  1,7.  f/  3,  I.  the  bell  orator  of 
his  time,  next  to  L.  Craffus  and  M. 
Antonius,  Cir.  Br.^'j.  Or.  2,  61.  0^, 
I,  30.  He  ufed  to  boail  that  he  had 
obtained  the  higheil  preferments  with- 
out any  bribe,  (a  thing  uncommon  at 
that  time!)    Cic.  Of  2,  17. 

L'  Philippus,  L.  F.  conful  with 
Cn.  Lentulus  MarceUinus,  a.  698,  Cic. 
Fam.  I,  9.  Ear.  Refp.  6.  the  ilepfa- 
ther  of  Odavius,  Cic.  Phil.  3,  ic— — -> 
Sevej!*al  others  of  this  name  are  men- 
tioned in  Livy  and  Cicero. 

Philistl'S,  a  learned  and  accurate 
hillorian,  born  at  Syracufe,  an  imita- 
tor of  Thucydides ;  a  cotemporary 
and  intimate  of  Cicero,  Cic  Div.  i, 
20,  &  23.   Or.  2,  13,  &  23.  Br.  17,  5c 


8t5. 

PHILO,  -dnisy  a  diftinguirtied  aca- 
demician, Cic.  Or.  3,  28.  the  fcholar 
of  Ciitomachus,  Cic.  Acad.  4,  6.  Be- 
ing obliged  to  fly  from  Athens  by  the 
Mithridatic  war,  he  came  to  Rome> 
Cic.  Br.  89.  where  he  fometimes  taught 
philofophy,  fometimes  rhetoric,  Cic, 
Tufc.  2,3.  and  had  Cicero  for  his  fcho- 
lar, Cic.  Br.  89.  who  thought  hii^^hly 
of  his  merit,  Cic.  Fam.  13,  i.  Philo 
was  the  mafter  of  Antiochus,  who  how- 
ever wrote  againfl  him,  Cic.  Acad,  i, 
4.  et  4,  4. 

Philo,  an  archite£l,  who  built  an 
arfenal  (armatnentarium)  for  the  Athe- 
nians,  Cic.  Or.  1,  14. ^  2.  A  freed 

man   of  Caelius,   Cic.  Fam.  8,   8. » 

^  3.  A  freed  man  of  Pompey,  Cic.  Alt, 
16,  3. 

PHILOCTeTES,  vel  7^, -^^,  the 
fon  of  Paean,  [PaeantJades  ve\  Pacan^ 
tius.  Fid-  Paean),  king  of  Meliboea 
in  Theflaly,  (dux  Meliboeusy  Virg.  Aen. 
3,  402.),  the  cotppanion  of  Hercules, 
to  whom  that  hero,  at  his  death,  left 
his  arrows,  which  had  been  tinged 
with  the  blood  of  the  Hydra,  (  Vid.  G, 
402.  et  452.).  Philoftetes  was  wound- 
ed in  the  foot  by  the  accidental  fail  of 
li  r  2  one 


PHI  [    31 

pne  of  thefe  arrows,  or  by  the  bite  of 
a  ferpent ;  which  wound  caufed  incre- 
dible pain  to  him,  ib.  whence  J  hllo£le- 
taeus  tile  claniQi-y  tlie  doleful  crying  of 
Philodletcs,  reprefented  on  the  ftage, 
Cic.  Tufc.  2,  23. 

Philodamus,  a  chief  man  of  Lamp- 
facus,  whofe  daughter  Verres  attempt- 
ed to  violate  ;  and  being  prevented,  af- 
terwards caufed  the  father  and  fon  to 
be  put  to  death,   Cic.  Verr.  i,  i^-,  &c. 

Philodemus,  an  epicurean  philo- 
fopher,  •  ic.  Fin.  2,  35.  fuppofed  to  be 
the  perfon   mentioned,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  2, 

121, 

Philodorus,  a  native  of  Traljes  in 
Lydia,   {Trallianus),  Ofc.  Flacc.  22. 

Philogenes,  'isj  a  flave  or  freed 
fnan  of  Atticus,  Cic.  Alt.  5,  1 3.  &  6,  4. 

Philogonus,  a  Have  of  Q^  Cice- 
ro's, Cic.  ^  Fr.  ly  3. 

Philolaus,  a  Pythagorean  philo- 
fopher,  born  at  Croton,  [CroiQntata)y 
the  fcholar  of  Archytas,  who  firll 
taught  publicly  the  diurnal  motion  of 
the  earth  round  its  axis,  (  G.  14.)>  Cic. 
Or.  3,  34. 

Philomela,  the  daughter  of  Pan- 
dion  king  of  Athens,  and  fider  of 
Progne,  turned  into  a  nightingale,  [Q. 

419  ) 

Pnii-OMELys,  the  name  of  a  man. 

Martial.  4,  5. 

Philopator,  -oris,  the  firname  of 
a  king  of  £gypt,  given  him  by  way  of 
irony,  becaufe,  having  flain  both  father 
and  mother,  he  ufurped  the  crown, 
jfujlin.  29,  I.  But  Plutarch  and  Po- 
iybius  fay  that  his  father  died  a  natural 
^eath. 

Pfiilotimus,  a  freed  man  of  Cice- 
|-o-s,  Cic.Att.  2,.  4.  et  6,  ic. 

Philotis,  Idis,  a  female  llave,  who, 
by  an  artful  contrivance,  is  laid  to  have 
gained  ^  yiftory  to  the  Romans  over 
the  JUatins,  foon  after  Camilhis  had  ex- 
pelled the  Gauls  from  ^..ome  ;  in  com- 
piempration  of  which  an  annual  feflival 
*va8  ever  afterwards  I>ept  pn  the  7th 
J\i\j  [Non.  JuIX,  hence  called  ^onac 
CapratinaS)  from  a  wild  fig. tree,  (ca- 
riflcus),  whence  fhe  gave  a  fignal  to 
|ie  Romaus;  PlutarcL  in  Romuio,  f,  et 


6    1  PHI 

in  Camillo.  The  fame  llory  is  related 
by  Macrobius,   Sat.  i,  si. 

Philoxenus,  a  poet  of  Syracufe, 
who  was  imr;rifoi;t:d  in  the  LatUumiae 
for  having  ccnhired  fome  of  the  verfes 
of  Dionylius  the  tyrant.  After  being 
liberated,  when  other  verfes  of  the  ty- 
rant were  read  to  him,  inflead  of  gi- 
ving his  opinion  concerning  them,  he 
defired  tq  be  carried  back  again  to  pri- 
fon,  Cic,  Jit.  4,  6.  ;  Plutarch,  cle  Vir- 
tut.  Alex.  Ma^ni  ;    Diodor. 

PHILOPOEMEN,  -enis,  an  excel- 
lent general  ot  the  Acheans,  called,  on 
account  of  his  Angular  virtue,  the  lail 
of  the  Greeks,  [G.  475.)>  -^^"y*  ZS* 
25,  &c.  39,  49,  &c. 

Philo  stratus,  a  Greek  author  in 
the  time  of  Severus,  whofe  v/orks  are 
ftill  extant. 

Philus,  the  firname  of  L.  Fulvius, 
Cic.Att.  4,  16.  Amic.  4,  7,  &  19. 

Philj'ra,  v.  Cy  -esy  the  daughter 
of  Oceanus,  and  mother  of  the  centaur 
Chiron,  who  is  hence  called  Philyrtdes, 
-ae,  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  I,  11.  Philyreius 
her  OS,  Id.  Met.  2,  678.  Pelion  umhro- 
fumy  Phuyreta  tecta,  fliady  Pelion,  the 
abode  of  Chiron  the  fon  of  Philyra,  iL 

'piiiNEUS,  (2fyl].),.«,  v.-eosy  a 
king  of  Thrace,  or,  according  to  o- 
thers,  of  Arcadia,  infcfted  by  the  Har- 
pies, (  Vid.  G.  441.)  ;  which  are  hence 
called  Avcs  '  hineae,  Senec,  Thyeft.  1 54. 
Jijunla  Fhenei)  the  hunger  or  famine  of 
i?heneu3,  caufed  by  the  Harpies,  Pro- 
pert.  3,  5,  4r. pRiiiEiA  domuS)  the 

houfe  of  Phincus,    F^irg.  Aen.  3,  212. 

Pminlus,  the  brother  of  Cepheus 
king  of  Aethiopia,  who  was  to  have 
ma-Tied  Andromeda  the  daughter  of 
Cepheus,  and  heirefs  of  his  kingdom, 
before  (he  was  expofed  to  the  fea-mon- 
ller  from  which  Perfcus  freed  her  ;  and 
as  a  rev/ard  obtained  her  in  marriage. 
Phineus,  enraged  at  his  difappointment, 
attacked  Perfeus  in  the  middle  of  the 
nuptial  feail,  Ovid.  Met,  5 ,  8.  but  had 
caufe  to  repent  of  his  ralhnefs,  all  his 
friends  being  either  ilain  by  the  fvvord 
or  turned  into  Ifone,  by  being  fhcwn 
the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medufa,  ( Poe- 


PHI  [31 

nilet  injujli  nunc  denlque  phtnea  helliy  ib. 
210.).  Phineus  himfelf  at  lad  was  al- 
fo  turned  into  ilone,  //'.  231,  &c.  (G. 
396.).  He  however  firit  flew  leveral 
ot  bis  opponents,  [Phincd  cecidere  matiUy 
they  fell  by  the  hand  of  Phineus,  ih. 
109.) 

Phineus,  voc.  Phi?ieu,  {2  fyl).),  an 
Athenian,  remaikable  for  his  juliice, 
Ovii/.  Met.  7,  399. 

Phintias,  v.  Phintkias, -/7^,  (al. 
Pythias),  a  Pythagorean,  the  friend 
of  Damon,  Cic.  Ojf.  ^y  ro.  Fh/.  Da- 
mon. 

Phlegon,  -on'uj  one  of  the  horfes 
of  the  fun,  OvU,  Met.  2,  5^4. 

Phlegyas,  -as,  the  fon  of  Mars, 
and  king  of  the  Lapithae  in    Thelialy. 

(r/^.  G.438.) 

Phocion,  'Ofiisf  an  Athenian  gene- 
ral, illuitrious  for  his  integrity,  who 
at  an  advanced  age  was  put  to  death 
by  tlie  popular  party,  Nep.  19,  4, 

Phocus,  the  fon  of  Aeacus  and 
Pfamathe,  [yleacldes,  Ovid.  Met.  7, 
477,  S:  494.),  fiain  by  his  brothers  Te- 
lamon  and  Peleus,   (G.  385,  &  444.)  • 

PHOEBUS,  a  name  of  Apollo, 
and  of  Sol,  or  the  fun,  (G.  367.)  ; 
fometimes  joined  |  as,  Phoebus  ApQllo, 
Virg.Aen.  2,  251  "*. 

*  CLorus  PLoehi,  the  choir  of  Pho'^bus,  /.  e. 
the  Muits  ;  thus,  U:q./e  i)iro  Photbi  chorus 
adfurrexerit  ornnis^  and  how  all  the  Mufes 
role  up  to  fhow  refpcil  to  Gailus  f!.e  poet, 
Virg.  Ed.  6,  66.  C-:rf^rs  tUcbl,  D.-aiia,  the 
flfier  of  Apollo,  Ovid.  Pont.  3,  1,JS,%-  Cortina 
I'hceLiy  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  l^ir^.  Atn.  6, 
347.  J'ax,  i.  e.  the  fun,  Cic.  Liu.  i,  11.  in- 
trr/'tgs,  i.  e.  the  pronhtt  or  augur  Helcnu^, 
Firg.  4eri.  3,  474.  Ipje  (fc  a.iiguflus)  fcJens 
nii'ec  caridentis  iimine  Phvtbi,  in  trie  Incw- white 
entrance  of  the  (liiijing  Apollo,  /.  e  in  the 
porch  of  the  temple  of  Apollc,  which  he 
built  on  the  Palatine  mourir,  of  Paiiaa 
li:arbk',  Virg.  Aen.  7,  720.  Repcriar  medico  e 
artis  Pljocbui.,  Ovid,  Rem.  Am.  76.  Phuchi 
facerdo%y  the  prieflels  of  Phoebus,  i.e.  the  Si- 
byl, Firg.  Aen.  6,  319.  Soror,  i.e.  Diana, 
il,  I,  333.  Ai'gur  PbotLus,  the  augur,  or  god 
of  augury,  Hor.  Carm.  Saec.  62.  taiidicus., 
Lucan,  5,  70.  Medlen;  fugat  c:f,ra,  the  fun  re- 
turning chafes  away  the  (lars,  Hor.  (Jd.  3,  21, 
2.4.  Littora  iitroque  jncentia  Fboeho.,  fc, /</,-•,  un- 
der both  funs,  the  f\^\n^  and  letting  luri,  the 
^aft  an4  weft;  Ovid.  M^t.  J,  }y4-    -^'l^^chf 


7    ]  P  H  O 

Phoebas,  -adis,  f.  a  prophetic  vir« 
gin,  the  priellefs  of  Apollo  at  Delphi, 
Lucan.  5,  128,  6.C.;  Sd.  15,282.  /}fy- 
cenaeo  >  hochas  amata  duct,  the  prophe- 
tic Caffandra,  infpired  by  Phoebus,  be- 
loved by  Agamemnon,  Ovid.  Tr.  2, 
400.   Junior.  2,  8,  12. 

I  HOEBE,  -esi  a  name  of  Diana  or 
Luna,  the  filter  of  Apollo  ;  as,  Innup- 
ta  Phoebe^  the  unmarried  Diana,  Ovid. 
Mtt.  I,  476.  jaculatrix,  Id.Ep.  20,  229, 
nemoraliSy  delighting  in  the  woods,  Stat, 

domefllcui,  the  domefLic  of  Auguftus,  fo  called 
becauft  Augullus  built  a  temple  for  him  oa 
the  Palatine  mount,  where  AujrTuftus  h?d  his 
houfe,  Ovid.  d\dd.  TJ,  865.  Fhoebi  porucus 
aurea,  the  portico  adjoining  to  the  tcaiple  of 
Apollo  built  by  Auguftus  on  the  Palatne  hill, 
Propert.  a,  3 1,  I.  Aciim  Phoebus^  Apoll© 
worfhipped  at  Ailium,  by  whofe  affiiiancc 
Auguftus  conquered  Antony  in  a  fea-tight 
near  that  plac^.  Id.  4,  6,  67.  Hence  he  is 
called  Naval-.s  Ph'.ebus.,  Ul.  4,  I,  3  Furabcr 
Phoebif  fc  fpecicm,  I  will  fecretly  affume  the 
appearance  of,  Id.  ^,  2,  31.  Phoebi  irortus, 
the  port  of  Adium,  /a',  4,  6,  I5.  Pheebi  cuf- 
iodis  A£iia  littura.^  of  Photbus,  the  guardian 
of  the  Roman  em.pire,  Id.  2,  34,  61.  Phoebi 
'vada,  warm  waters  or  baths,  called  Aquae  yf- 

poUihuresy  near  Caere,  Martial.  6,  42,  7. 

Arte  Phoebita  pellere  morbos,  by  rhe  medical 
art,  Ovid.  Fuji.  3,  827.  Chehs  Phoebeay  thi 
lyre  vi  Apollo,  Lucan.  ad  Pif.  159,  phoebeae 
lampadis  injlur,  like  the  lamp  of  Phoebus,  /,<?.. 
the  fun,  Virg.  Atn.  3,  637.  Ccnverti  ad  P'ooc 
hdos  ortusy  t(>  the  rifiDg  ot  the  fun,  or  the  eaft, 
Lucan.  9,  667.  Flwebci  idius,  (al.  igues),  the 
rays  of  the  iun,  Ovid.  JVIet.  5,  389.  Fboebea 
palatia,  the  vemple  of  Apollo  on  the  Palatine 
mount,  lb.  3,  103,  Add.  Propeit.  4,  I,  1$. 
Photbeui  viurus,  the  wall  of  Troy,  buiit  by  A- 
pollo  and  Nep  une,  Lucan.  9,  965.  (G.  372.), 
Fboebea  ferta^  a  garland  of  laurtl,  lacred  to 
Apollo,  ib.  5,  170  ;  Virg.  Eel.  7,  62.  Tem- 
pora  Fboebea  -vlrgine  ntxa  tulity  i.  e.  had  his 
ten^ples  bound  with  a  crown  of  laurel,  into 
which  tr  e  Du^ihne,  a  virgin  beloved  bv  A- 
pollo,  was  changed,  Ovid.  Font.  2,  2,^2.  Met, 
I,  550,  &;c.      Phoebeae  fortes  y  the  oracle  of  A- 

pollo,   Ovid.  Met.  3,  130. Jwvems  Ph:ebeXuiy 

the  Phebcan  youth,  i.e.  Aelculapius,  the  fon 
of  Apollo,  Ovid.  Met.  15,642.  hence  called 
Phoebigena,  -fld-,  m  Virg.  Atn.  7,  773.  Fhoe- 
LTms  angvis,  i.  e.  Aefculapius  worfhipped  at 
Epidauru9  in  the  fhape  of  a  fcrpeat,  and 
b  ought  from  thence  to  Rome,  ib.  15,  742. 
Ph'^^sbciui  alesy  i.  e.  the  raven,  [corvus),  facrcd 
to  ApoHo,  becaufe  it  gave  omens  by  its  croak- 
ir:g,  Ovid.  Met.  3,  545. 

SUv. 


P  H  O  C     31 

Sih,  T,  3,  76.  Aurea  Phoebe,  Ovid.  Met. 

2,  724*- 

PHOEBE,  Leudpp'ts,  -Uis,  the 
daughter  of  Leucippns.  (  Vid.  Leucip- 
pus.) 

Phoenix,  -Ids,  the  fon  of  Agenor, 
who  gave  name  to  Phoenicia,  (G.384.) 
ylpoIhdot\  3,  I,  I.  Hyginus  fays  that 
Phoenix  fettled  in  Africa;  and  that 
from  bim  the  Carthaginians  were  call- 
ed PoENi,/^/^.  178. 

Phoenix,  'ic'ts,  the  fon  of  Amy n tor, 
{crefus  Jlmyntcrc)  Ovid.  Met.  8,  507. 
the  companion  and  inftruftor  of  Achil- 
les, Cic.  Or.  3,  15.  ;  Hcmer.  II  i,  443. 
called  Homericus   Phoenix,   Q^inctil.  2, 

3,  12.  greatly  refpected  by  Achilles, 
(reveretidus  Jchllli,)  Stat.  Silv.  3,  2, 
96.  (G.  446.)  <.      r       1 

Pholoe,  -es,   the  name  01  a  temaie 

Cretan  flave,   V'irg.  Jen.  5,  285. 

•[  2.  A  girl  noted  for  her  beauty  in  the 
time  of  Horace,  Od.  3,  15,  7.  reprc- 
fcnted  as  haughty,  (afpera,)  Od.  i,  33> 
6,  and  dildainkil,  (figax,  i.  e.  fugicns 
viros,)  ib.  2,  5,    17.     So  TibuUus,  1, 

8,69,  &  77. 

PHOLUS,  a  centaur,  {G.  439.) 
who  entertained  Hercules,  {Hofpes  et 
AU'idae  ma^i,)  Lucan  6,  391,  when 
he  went  to  attack  the  centaurs,  Sery. 
in  Firg.  Jen.  8,  294.  Pholus  was  flain 
in  the  conteft  which  took  place  be- 
tween the  Centaurs  and  l.apithac  at 
the  marriage  of  Pirithous  ;  which  is 
faid  to  have  been  caufed  by  Bacchus, 
i.  e.  by  wine,  V'lrg.  G.  2,  456. ;  Hor. 
Od,  I,  18,  8.  Ovid  lays,  that  Pholus 
was  not  killed,  but  made  his  efcape, 
Met.  12,  306. 

Phonolenides,  -ae,  the  fon  of 
Phonolenus,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  433.  But 
this  name  is  varioufly  written. 

*  Vento  femper  rubei  aurea  Fbiebcy  the  golden 
Phoebe,  i  e.  the  rr  oon  always  reddens  with 
wind,  i.  e.  appears  red  before  wind,  Virg.  G. 
I,  431.  Airnague  curru  Kcdivago  Phi^be  medi- 
um puljalat  Olympumy  was  in  the  middle  of  her 
courfe,  Id.  A.  10,  lib.  Ttrtia  Fbocbe,^  the 
third  nfing  of  ths  moon,  th.  third  night, 
Ovid.  Fuji.  6,  2^0-  Sexto,  rtfurgebant  crientis 
arnua  FUebcs.  tl.e  fixth  horns  of   the   rifiu? 


8    3  P  H  O 

PHORBAS,  -antls,  a  Trojan  ;  by 
affuming  whofe  form,  the  god  Somnus 
deceived  Palinvirus,  the  pilot  of  Aeneas, 
when   he  tumbled    him  into   the  fea, 

Ftrg.  Jen.  5,  842. ^  2.    A  native 

of  Syene,in  Egypt,  [Syenites,  -ae,)  the 
fon    of   Methion  ;     llain    by    Perfeus, 

Ovid.  Met.  5,  74,  &  78. ^  3.   An 

impious  ThefTalian  i^profanus,)  who, 
with  a  band  of  Phlegyae  rendered  the 
temple  of  Apollo  inacceffible,  ib.  11, 
414. 

Phorcus,  a  fca-god,  the  fon  of 
Neptune  and  the  nymph  Thefea,  Serv, 
in  Virg.  Jen.  5,  824.  Phorct  chorus,  i.  e. 
the  fea-nymphs  and  fea-animals,  ib.  240. 
exerdtus,  ib.  824. ^  2.  An  excel- 
lent fciilptor  and  painter,  Plin.  36,  5. 

Phorcys,  -ynis,  the  father  of  the 
Gorgon  Mediila  ;  who  is  hence  called 
Phorcynts,  Idis,  Ovid.  Met.  5,  23c.  and 
Phorcys,    -ydis,   Propert.    3,    22,    8. 

Geminae  Jorores    Phorcydes,    ace. 

-ydas,  the  two  fifters  of  the  Gorgon, 
{^Pephredo  and  Ervo,)  who  are  faid  to 
have  had  but  one  eye,  which  they  ufed 
by  turns,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  773. 

PHORMIO,  -dms,  a  Peripatetic 
philofopher,  at  Ephefns  ;  whom  Han- 
nibal, while  an  exile  there,  having  one 
day  heard  deliver  a  lecture  on  the 
art  of  war  and  the  duty  of  a  commiand- 
er,  laughed  at  his  folly,  Cic.  Or.  2,  18. 
Whence  thofe  were  called  Phor mi- 
ones,  who  pretended   to   teach  what 

they  did  not  undcrftand. -^  2.  The 

name  of  one  of  the  plays  of  Terence, 
from  a  principal  chara6ler  in  it;  whence 
Cicero  ridiculing  a  witncfs  of  the  fam»e 
firname,  fays  of  him,  N'ec  minus  niger, 
nee  minus  confidcns,  quam  die  Terentianus 
ejl  Phormio,   Caecin.  ic. 

P H  6 RO N  E  u  s  (3  fy  11. )  -ei,  vel  -eos,  the 
fon  of  InachuskiugofArgos,  (G.  391.) 
or  according  to  others,  the  father  of 
Inachus  ;  whence  Inachus  is  called 
Phoronides,  -ae,  the  fon  of  Phoroneus, 
Stnec.  Thyeji.  f.  I.  and  lo,  the  daughter 
of  Inachus,  PhorSnis,  -)dis,  Ovid.  Met. 


668. 


•Mattes  Phor  one  ae,  the  Ar- 


xnoon  were  again   appearing, 


e.  the  fixth 


incu:h  was  begun.  Id.  Met.  8,  II.  Kecfit  ti- 
ki lucida  Pbcil:,  let  net  thc  moon  fhiae  oa 
thef ,  Id.  m  llln,  IC9. 


^\vz  matrons,   ^tat.  Theb,  12,  465.  an- 
tra.  Id.  SIL  3,  2,  lOi. 

Phosphoru:,  the  fame  with  Luc^t- 


■     P  H  0  [    319    ]  PHY 

fer,  the  morning  ftar  or  the  planet  Ve-    the  terror  of  his  arms,  a.  u 
Martial.Sf 


nus,  Cic.  N.  D.  2,  20.;   Martial.  iSf  21 

PhOTINUS.      Fid.   POTHINUS. 

PHRaaTES,  -aej  V.  -is,  a  king  of 
Parthia,  to  whom  Orodes,  his  father, 
refigned  the  crown.     Phraates,  for  his 
fecurity,  put  to  death  all  his  brothers, 
to   the  number   of  thirty  ;  and    when 
Orodes  expreffcd   his  difTatisfaclion  at 
this,  he  ordered  him  alfo  to  be  killed, 
Dio,  49,  23.     Juftin  fays  that  Phraates 
put    his    fathe»   to    death    before    his 
brothers,  42,  4.     He  alfo   flew  many 
of  the  chief  nobility.     At  laft  his  fub- 
jefts,  provoked  by  his  cruelty,  expelled 
him  from  the  kingdom,  and  made  Ti- 
ridates  or  Teridates  king.     But  Phra- 
ates, afTiftedby  the  Scythians,  retrained 
the  kingdom.     Upon  which  Tiridates 
fled  to  Auguftus    carrying  with  him 
the  youngeft  fon  of  Phraates,  whom  he 
delivered  to   Auguftus,   Jvjlin.  42,  5. 
Notwithftanding  this   good  fortune  of 
Phraates,  Horace  fays  beautifully,  that 
virtue,   diflfering   in  opinion  from   the 
vulgar,   excluded   from  the   number  of 
the   happy,    fo     detellable    a    tyrant ; 
though  relfored  to  the  throne  of  Cy- 
rus, i.  e.  of  Parthia,  which  had  formed 
part  of  the  Perfian  empire,  over  which 
Cyrus    reigned,   {^Reddltwn    Cyri  folio 
Phraatem  Dijfickm  plehi,  numero  heatonim 
eximit    Firtus),  Od.   2,  2,    17.      Some 
fuppofe   that   Phraates   was   twice  ex- 
pelled  from  his   kingdom,   a.  u.  724, 
and  a.  730  ;  that  he  firft  regained  the 
crown  by  his  own  influence,  Dio,  51, 
18.  and  next  by  the  aid  of  the  Scythi- 
ans, y///?iw.  42,  5.     To  the  firft  rello- 
ration  Horace  is  fuppofed  here  to  re- 
fer.    Whatever  be   in   this,    Phraates 
fent  ambaffadors  to  Rome,  a.  u.  731, 
to  requeft  of  Auguftus  that  he   would 
fend  back  his  fon  and  give  up  Tiridates. 
Auguftus   did  not  give  up  Tiridates, 
but  fent  back  his  fon,  on  condition  that 
Phraates  fliould   reftore   the   ftrmdards 
and  captives  taken  from  the  Romans, 
upon  the  defeat  of  CrafTus  and  of  An- 
tony, Dio,   53,    33.       This    Phraates 
promifed,   but    did    not    perform,    till 
Auguftus  having   made   an  expedition 
into  the  eaft,  obliged  him  to  do  it  by 


54,  8.  This  event,  as  being  highly 
honourable  to  Auguftus,  is  celebrated 
both  by  the  poets  and  hiftorians,  Horat, 
Od.  4,  15,  6.  Ep.  I,  12,  27.  et  18,  ^d.; 
O'vid.Tr.  2,  227.  ;  Strah.  G,  p.  288.  et. 
id,  p.  748.;  Suet.  Aug.  2  1.  Tih.  9.; 
Veil.  2,91.  ;  Jujlin.^i.  f.j  Liv.Eplt, 
139.;  Eutrop."!,  «r.  ;  Flor.  4,  12,83. 
Strabo  fays  that  Phraates  alfo  fent  to 
Auguftus  four  of  his  fons  with  two  of 
their  wives  and  children,  as  hoftages, 
16,  p.  748.  Add.  Tac.  Ann.  2,  I.  ;  Suef. 
Aug.  21  ;  Jujlin,  42,  5. Phra- 
ates was  the  name  of  feveral  Parthian 
kings. 

Phryne,  -es,  a  famous  courtezan  at 
Athens,  who  being  defended  by  Hy- 
pertdes  in  a  trial  /or  her  life,  was  ac- 
quitted chiefly  by  the  effect  which  an 
artful  difplay  of  her  beauty  is  faid  to 
have  had  on  the  judges,  ^ivMil.  2,  IC, 
9.  Praxiteles  made  a  ftatue  of  Phrv'ne; 
in  which  he  expreiTed  his  own  paiTion, 
and  the  joy  of  his  raiftrefs  on  receiving 
her  hire,  PJln.  34,  8.  ^infiil.  2,  1 5,  9.; 
Athcnae.   lib.  14. 

PHRYXUS,  the  fon  of  Athamas, 
king  of  Thebes  by  Nephele;  who  with 
his  filler  Helle  fled  from  the  cruelty  of 
their  ftep-mother  Ino,  on  a  '-am  with 
a  fleece  of  gold,  which  carried  them 
through  the  air.  Helle  becoming  gid- 
dy through  fear,  fell  into  that  ftrait, 
which  was  afterwards  called  from  her 
Hclks'pontus,  the  fea  of  Helle.  Phry- 
xus  continued  his  courfe  to  Colchis, 
which  was  then  governed  by  his  rela- 
tion Aeetes  ;  and  according  to  the  di- 
rections which  he  had  received  from  his 
mother  Nephele,  facniiced  the  ram  to 
Mars,  and  fufpended  his  golden  fleece 
in  the  temple  of  that  god,  (G.  440). 
Hence  the  ram  is  called  Aries  Phryx- 
E'JS,  Stnec.  Med.  v.  471.  Aurea  PhryX' 
ea  avis,  Ovid.  Ep.  6,  104.  and  its  fleece, 
Phryxeavelkray  Ovid.  Met.  7,  7.  Afare 
Phryxeum,  the  Hellefpont,  into  which 
the  fifter  of  Phryxus  fell,  Senec.  Hen. 
QB.  V.  776.  called  alfo  Pbryxi  femita, 
Stat.  Achill.  r,  409.  Phryxus  mar- 
ried Chalc'ope,  the  daughter  of  Aeetes, 
by  v.-hom  he  had  four  foas,  ApoUodof, 


PHY  C 

1,9,  T.  But  Aeetes,  afterwards  afraid 
left  Pbryxus  fhould  feize  the  crown, 
put  him  to  death,  Hyg'in,  3,  &  22.;  P''aL 
Flacc.  I,  43.  (G.  440») 

pHYLACus,  the  fon  of  Deion,  king 
of    Phocis,    by    Diomede,    ApoUodor, 

1,  9,  4.  who  founded  the  city  Phy- 
lace  in  TheiTaly,  Eujlath*  ad  Homer.  II. 

2,  695.  the  father  of  Iphidus,  th. 
705. ;  Apollodor.  3,9,  8.  ;  Hyg'm.  f. 
103.  and  grandfather  of  Protefilaus,  to. 
who  is  hence  called  Phyllacides, 
-aey  Ovid.  Art.  A.  2,  356.  Amor.  2, 
6,  41.  J  Phylaades  heros^  Propert.  i, 
19,  7.  and  hi^  wife  Laodamla,  Conjux 
Phylaceia,  Ovid.  Tiift.  5,  14,  39. 

Phyllis,  -'idis^  the  daughter  of  Ly- 
curgus,  king  of  Thrace,  and  herfelf 
a  queen  of  that  country  ;  who  fell  in 
love  with  Demophoon,  the  fon  of  The- 
feus,  in  his  return  from  the  Trojan  war. 
Demophoon  having  left  her  with  a 
promife  to  return,  and  failing  to  per- 
form his  promife,  fhe  put  an  end  to  her 
days,  (G.  425.)  Servius  fuppofes  that 
Virgil  alludes  to  this  liory,  (5"/  quos 
aid  Phyll'ulis  ignes,  fc.  hahesy  if  you  will 
fmg  the  flames  or  loves  of  Phyliis  j,  i:. 
5,  10.  But  others  think,  that  Pliyilis 
here  is  only  a  pailoral  name  ;  as,  lb.  ^, 
76.  et  7,  63.  et  10,  41.  So  Ovid  feems 
to  take  Phyllis  for  a  fhepherdefs  or  a 
country-girl,  by  joining  her  with  A- 
maryllis  ;  thus,  Pkyllidis  h'lc  idem  tenc- 
rofque  Amaryllidis  ignes  BucoUds  juvenis 
luferat  ante  mod'is^  fc.  Virgilius,  Tri^'?.  2, 

537. «|  2.   The  nurfe  of  Domician, 

who  buried  him  after  he  was  murdered, 
in  a  farm  of  her's  near  the  city,  [in 
fuhurbano  fuo),  on  the  Latin  way,  Do- 
mit.   17. 

Phyllodoce,  -cs,  a  river  nymph, 
V'lrg.  G.  4,  336. 

Phyllius,  a  Boeotian,  fond  of  the 
boy  Cycnus,  whom  he  tried  every  me- 
thod to  pleafe,  but  in  vain.  At  lad  a 
refufal  caiifed  the  ruin  of  his  favourite, 
(FJrV/.  Cycnus.) 

PICTOR,  "orh,  a  firname  given 
to  C.  Fabius,  one  of  the  Fabian  fa- 
mily, from  his  flcill  in  painting,  Cic. 
Tufc.  1,2.  He  painted  the  temple  of 
fafcty,   (Sal us),   Plln.    -^s^    7-     The 


320    3  PIE 

firname  of  Piftor  defcended  to  his  pof- 
terity,   (  P^id.  F a b  i  u  s. ) 

^  Fabius  PICTOR,  -oris,  a  very 
ancient  writer  of  Roman  annals,  Cic, 
Or.  2,  12.;  Lhu  I,  44.  2,40.  8, 
30.    10,  37.   22,  7,  &c. 

PICUS,  the  fon  of  Saturn,  and  the 
father  of  Faun  us,  Vtrg.  Aen.  7,  48. 
king  of  the  Laurences,  ( Laurenth  Pi- 
cijf  ib.  1 70.  remarkable  for  his  flrill  in 
augury  and  horfemanihip.  Virgil  de- 
fcribes  ficus  in  the  garb  of  a  Roman 
augur,  by  anticipation,  with  the  lituus 
or  augur's  ilaff  of  Romulus,  who  was 
ilcilled  in  augury,  girt  with  a  fmall  tra- 
bea^  or  fliort  narrow  tunic,  carrying  a 
round  (hield  in  his  left  hand,  Virg.  Aen. 
7,  187.  The  goddefs  Circe  having  fal- 
len in  love  with  Picus,  [capta  cupidtne 
conjujixy  i.  e.  amjris,  defiring  to  become 
his  wife  or  miilrefs,  as,  E.  8,  18,  Sc 
66.  fo  maritus,  for  amator.  Id.  Aen. 
4,  536.)  and  being  reje^led,  is  faid  to 
have  ftruck  him  with  her  wand,  and  to 
have  transformed  him  with  her  drugs 
into  a  woodpecker,  [verfumque  veneniS 
fecit  avemy  i.  e.  picum),  Firg.  Aen.  7, 
190.  This  transformation  of  Picus 
Ovid,  i\\  his  ufual  manner,  decorates 
with  a  number  of  circumftances,  as  al- 
fo  that  of  his  companions  and  wife  Ca- 
ne ns,  Met.  14,  320, — 435.  There  was 
a  magnificent  palace  and  temple  built 
by  Picus  in  the  citadel  of  Laurentum, 
in  which  the  ancient  kings  of  Latium 
ufed  to  be  crowned,  i^Hic  fceptra  ac 
cipere,  et  prtmos  ittolhre  fafces  Reglhus 
cnai  erat)f  ib.  1 70.  and  where  {Tali 
intus  templo-i  for  in  hoc  tcmpio)  Latinus 
received  the  ambaffadors  of  Aeneas, 
//'.  192.  Servius  and  other  com.menta- 
tors  imsginc,  that  Virgil,  in  defcribing 
this  palace,  alluded  to  the  palace  of 
Augultus  on  the  Palatine  Mount,  adv. 
175,  &c.  But  it  feems  more  proper 
to  underftand  the  wordd  fmiply,  with- 
out any  fuch  allufion. 

PIeRUS,  v.  -ins,  the  father  of  the 
Nine  Mufes  by  Antiopa;  whence  the 
Mufes  were  called  by  the  poets,  Pie- 
rides  et  PiERiAE,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  21. 
But  Ovid  fays,  that  Picrus,  v.  -oj,  a 
Macedonian,   i^Pellaeis   in   arvis)^  was 

th« 


P  I  L  [ 

t*he  father  of  nine  girls  by  Fvlppe,  a 
Paeonian  or  Macedonian  woman,  (  Pae- 
onisf  'Xdis)j  which  nine  fifters  had  the 
prefumption  to  challenge  the  Nine  Mu- 
les to  a  conteft  in  mufic,  and  being 
vanquiOied,  were  turned  into  magpies, 
{in picas).  Met.  5,  302.  ad  fin.  But 
the  Mufes  are  generally  thought  to 
have  been  named  Pierides,  -«m,  iing. 
Pierisj  voc.  Fieri ,  from  PiErus,  a 
mountain  inTiieffaly,  on  the  confines 
of  Macedonia,    (Vid.  G.  323.) 

PiLiA,  the  wife  of  Atticu;?,  Cic.  Att. 
4,  4,  &c. 

M.  PiLius,  a  connection  of  Atti- 
cus,  Cic.  Att.  13,  31.  J  Fam.  8,  8.  So 
Q^PiLius,  Cic.  Att.  j^,  17. 

PiLUMNus,  one  of  the  progenitors 
of  Turnus,  fometimes  called  his  parent, 
Virg.  Aen.  9,  3.  fometimes  his  grand- 
father, ih.  10,  76.  and  great-great- 
grandfather, i^quartus  pater  vel  aha- 
vus),  lb.  619.  He  feems  to  have  been 
a  deity  of  that  country,  for  by  hiiti 
Turnus  is  faid  to  have  derived  his  ori- 
gin from  the  gods,  iL  6 18.  Ke  was 
like  wife  called  Picumnus,  Scrv.  ad 
Virg.  A.  9,  4.  et  10,  76. 
'  Pimple  IDES,   -um^    the   Mufes,  fo 

j       called    from    Pimpia,    a    mountain    of 
Boeotia  or  Thrace,   {^Vid.  G,  Ikdex.) 

PiNARiij  an  ancient  family  of  L.a- 
tium,  Liv.  I,  7.  Domus  Pin  aria, 
Virg.  Aen.  8,  270.  Pinarii  Nattae  no- 
liks,  Cic.  Div.  2,  21. 

T.  PiNARius,  a  friend  of  Cicero\'5, 
Cie.  Fujn.  12,  24.  yltt.  6,  1.  el  8,  15. 

PINDaRUS,  a  Theban,  an  illuf- 
trious  Lyric  poet,  remarkable  for  the 
fublimity  of  his  fentiments  and  expref- 
fion,  (lyricorum  priticeps),  Quinclii.  10, 

1,  61.  whom  Horace  judged  to  be  in- 
imitable, ih.  et  Hor.  Od. /{y  2,  I-,  &c. 
Cicero  joins  Pindar  with  tlie  Greek 
poets  of  the  fiift  rank.  Homer,  Ar- 
chilochus,  and  Sophocles,  Or.  i .   Fin, 

2,  3,  4-  He  flourilhed  about  the  time 
of  Xerxes's  invafiou  of  Greece,  His 
poems  were  written  to  celebrate  the 
vigors  at  the  Olympic,  lilhmian,  Py- 
thian, and  Nemean  games;  and  ac- 
cordingly are  divided  into  four  parte, 
entitled,    Olympla,    IJikmiai  -Pythiay  CX, 


3JI     j  PIS 

Neniea. Pindarici      modi,     the 

ftrains  of  Pindar,  Martial.  8,  18,6.-^ 
Lyrae  Pindaricat  Jidicen^  a  lyric  poet, 
O'-oid.  Pont.  4,  17,  40.  P/e^ris  Pinda^ 
ricis  contendere^  Stat.  Silv.  .,3,  loi. 
Pindarici  fontis  qui  non  expalluU  haujlus^ 
who  did  not  fear  to  drink  of  the  Pin- 
daric fountain,  /.  e.  to  attempt  lyric 
poems  like  thofe  of  Pi  idar,  Hor.  Ep, 
I,  3,  10.  ^alis  Pindarico  fpirilus  ore 
tonaty  with  the  fublimity  of  Pindar, 
Prop.  3,  17,  40.  So  Id  2,  t,  40.  In 
like  manner  Horace,  Lnmenfufque  ruit 
profundo  Pindarus  ore,  Pindar  flows  or 
moves  with  vaft  fublimity  and  copiouf- 
ncfs  of  exprefiion,  Od.  4,  2,  7. 

T.  PiNNius,  one  who  made  Cicero 
his  fecond  heir,   Cic.  Fam.  13,  61. 

PiRiTHOus,  the  fon  of  IxTon,  king 
of  the  Lapithae  ;  who,  having  concei- 
ved a  pailion  for  Proferpine,  went  dowft 
to  the  infernal  regions  with  his  friend 
Thefeus,  in  order  to  carry  her  off,  (^i 
dominant  Ditis  (/.<?.  Proferpinam)  tha- 
lamo  deducere  adorti),  Virg.  Aen.  6, 
397.  But  being  feized,  they  vvere 
thrown  into  chains  by  Phito.  Thefeus 
was  afterwards  Hberated  by  Hercules, 
but  Pirithous  is  faid  to  have  been  bound 
faller:  hence,  Amatorem  (fc.  Profer- 
pinae)  trecentae  Pirithoum  cohilent  cate- 
nae, Hor.  Od.  3,  4,  79.  Nee  Leihaea 
•valet  Thefeus  ahrumpere  caro  Vincula  Pi- 
rithoo,  lb.  4,  7,  27.  This  fable  is  va- 
rioufly    related    by    mythologills,   (G. 

423.) ;  Hygin,  79. At  the  marriage 

of  Pirithous  with  Hippodame,  v.  -mia, 
happened  the  bloody  conflid  between 
the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae,  Oind.  Met, 
12,  210.,  &c. The  friendfliip  be- 
tween Thefeus  and  Pirithous  is  cele- 
brated, and  their  fidelity  to  each  other, 
( Aegidae  i.  e.  Thcfei  Pirithoique  fi- 
des), Ovid.  Pont.  2,  6,  26.  Met.  8. 
302.  rrij}.  I,  4,  18.  Pont.  2,  3,  43.  ; 
Martial.  7,  23.  4.    {Vid.  G.  423,  438, 

&439-) 

PisANDER,  'dri,  an  Athenian  prae- 
tor, Nep.  7,  5.- ^  2.  A  general  of 

the   Lacedaemonians,    Id.   9,    2. 

<{|  3.  One  of   the  fuitors  of  Penelope, 
Ep.  I J  91. ;    Homer,  Cdyfs.  22, 


Ovid 
245. 


91.  ;    Homer,  Cdyfs,  22, 
8  f  PISIvS^ 


PIS  t    322 

PISISTRaTUS,  an  Athenian  of 
noble  birth,  of  great  eloquence,  brave- 
ry, and  addrefs ;  who  artfully  ufarp- 
ed  the  government  of  his  country,  in 
fpite  of  the  oppofition  of  his  kinfman 
Solon,  and  retained  it  for  thirty-three 
years,  till  his  death,  (G.  465.)  yuf- 
tin,  2,8.;    Cic.    Sm.  20.  BruL 


put  for  any  ufurper    or  tyrant ;  as  for 

Caefar,  Cic.  Att.  8,  16. Pififtratus 

firft  arranged  the  books  of  Homer,  as 
we  now  have  them,  C'tc,  Or.  3,  33,  He 
was  contemporary  with  S.ervius  Tul- 
lius,  the  6th  king  of  Rome,  GeU.  17, 
21. — — PisiSTRATlD  \e;,  -arum,  the 
fons  of  Pifiilratus,  Hippias  and  Hip- 
parchus.  who  fucceeded  him,  (G.  465.) 

PISO,  a  fjrname  of  the^^fjj  Calpur- 
ma  ;  faid  to  have  been  derived  from 
fome  one  of  the  family  who  cultivated 
peafe  ;  or  invented  the  peftle  of  a  mor- 
tar, Plin.  18,  3.  J  Lucan.  ad  P'tf.  15.; 
faid  to  have  been  defcended  from  Nu- 
ma  Pompiliws,   Fe/lin. 

C.  Calpurnius  PISO,  conful  with  M. 
Glabrio,  a.  686.  qnd  proconful  of 
Gaul,  Cic,  Att.  I,  I.  when  he  feems  to 
have  q'lelled 


fome   infurre<51iQn 


th( 


AUobroges,  whence  Cicero  humojouf- 
ly  calls  him  their  fubduer,  [pacificator 
jiUchrogum)y  lb.  13.  He  is  mentioned 
as  a  fedate  or  cahn  and  copious  fpeak- 
er,  ( Jlatarius  et  fennonis  plenus  orator ^ 
Cic.  Brut.  69.) 

C.  Pi  so,  a  young  nobleman  of  great 
abihties  and  worth  ;  the  fpn-in-law  of 
Cicero,  to  whom,  during  his  banifli- 
ment,  he  did  all  the  good  offices  in  his 
power,  Cic.  Fam.  14,  i.  pojl  reJ.  in 
Sen.  15.  ad  ^lir.  3.  j  PiJ.  i.  Brut. 
78.  He  died  before  Cicero's  return, 
Cic.  Sexi.  3  I.  Cicero  fpeaks  of  him  as 
one  of  the  moil  virtuous  and  apcom- 
plifhed  young  men  of  that  age,  Br.  78. 

L.  PISO  Caefoninus,  conful  with  A. 
Gabiniusj,  a.  695,  or  6.  v,'ho  conciirred 
with  Clodins  ia  banifhing  Cicero,  Cic. 
Sexf.  PiJ,  &c.  the  father-in-l^w  of  Cae- 
far, Cic.  Fam.  4,  4.  after  whofe  death 
he  oppofed  Antony  with  great  fpirit, 
Cic.  Phil.  I,  4.  But  being  fent  as  one 
of  three  ambalTadors  to  Antony  while 
l>efieging  Mutlna,  he  aded  dilhonou^. 


1  PIT 

ably,  {Jlagitiose  fecit),  Cie.  Phil  8,  9. 
et  10,  5.   Fam.  12,  4. 

PisoNES,  -«m,  two  young  noblemen 
to  whom  Horace  addreffed  his  Art  of 
Poetry,  Horat.  Art.  P.  6,  Sc  2^^.  call- 
ed Pompilius  fanguisf  the  offspring  of 
Pompilius,  becaufe  the  Calpurnii  were 
fuppofed  to  have  been  defcended  from 
Calpus,  the  fon  of  Numa  Pompihus, 
ib.  292,  etibi  Scholiajl. 

Cn.  PiSQ,  made  governor  of  Syria 
by  Tiberius,  Tac.  Ann.  2,  43.  and  fup- 
pofed to  have  been  employed  by  hira 
to  cut  off"  Germanicus  by  poifon,  ik. 
6.  ;  Suet.  Tib.  52.  Upon  his  return  to 
Rome,  he  was  accufed,  Tac.  Ann.  3, 
10.  Perceiving  the  people  to  be  greats 
I7  enraged  againfl:  him,  ib.  14.  and  not 
being  fupported  by  Tiberius,  he  killed 
hirnlelf,  ib.  15. 

Pi  so  Frugi  Licinianus,  adopted  by 
Galba  as  his  fucceflbr  to  the  empire, 
Tac.  H//I.  I,  14,  &  15.  ar^d  on  that  ac- 
count flain  by  the  orders  of  Qtho,  ib, 
43.  in  the  33d  year  of  his  age.  His 
virtues  deferved  a  better  fate,  ib.  48.  ; 
Suet.  Galb.  17. — —Many  other  confi- 
derable  mon  of  the  name  of  Pifo  are 
mentioned  in  the  claffics. 

Pis  TOR,  -orist  the  baker,  a  name 
given  to  Jupiter,  for  a  reafon  men- 
tioned,  Ovid.  Fqjl.d.^  i^o^    vc 

Pitarati?,  archon  of  Athens 
when  Epicurus  died,   Cic.  Fat.  g» 

PiTHODEMUs,  a  noted  wrefller, 
Plin.  34,  8. 

PiTHOLEON*  -ntisi  a  poet  of  Rhodes, 
who  injudicioufly  mix'^^d  Greek  and 
Latin  in  his  poems,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  10, 
22. 

Pitta cus  of  Mitylenae,  o.ne  of 
the  feven  wife  men  of  Greece  ;  Hinc 
tin  Lycurgi,  hinc  Pittacly  hinc  Soloncs  ; 
as  we  fay,  'Hir  Bagons,  Miltons,  New- 
tons,  Addifons,  &c.  Cic.  Qr.  3,  is<i 
Leg.  2,  -6.  (G.  464.) 

PiTTHEus,  king  of  Troezen?,  th? 
grandfather  of  Thefeus  by  the  mo- 
ther's fide;  who  is  hence  called  Pitthei- 
dos  Acthrae  Jiliusy  the  fon  of  Aethra, 
the   daughter  of  Pittheus,   (nom.  Pit-. 

theis,)    Ovid.    Ep.     IC,     1 3 1.' PiT- 

THEIA    regna,    the    kingdom   of  Pit- 

thiaj, 


Pit  t    3 

tbcus,  1.  e.  Troezine,  where  Pittheus 
reigned,  ib.  4,  107.  {G.  421.) 

PiTUANius,  a  very  learned  man, 
intimate  with  Atticus,  CicJtt.  4,  15. 

PlaciD'l;ianus,  a  noted  gladiator, 
Hor.  Sat.  2,  7,  97.  {Fid,  Facidia- 
NUS.  ) 

M.  pLAETDi^ius,  the  accufcr  of  M. 
Fontejiis,  Clc.  Font.  5.  curule  aedile  with 
C.  Flaminius,  Clc.  Cluent.  45.  praetor 
with  Cicero,  ib.  ^'^. — Incerdio  Plaetorl- 
ano  Seius  amhujlus  eji,  is  iinged  by  the 
conflagration  raifed  againll  Plaetorius, 
i.  e.  alleited  by  his  condemnation,  as 
being  involved  in  his  guilt,  Clc.  Att. 
5,  20. 

J'LAGiosippus,  a  name  fuppofed  to 
be  put  for  L.  Philippus,  the  orator, 
A.  ad  Herenn.  4,  3 1  • 

C  j^^£/W  Plaguleius,  one  of  the 
partifans  of  Clcdius,  Clc.  Alt.  ic,  8, 
Dom.  3"?. 

PLANCUS,  V.  PtANcrjs,  a  fir- 
name  of  the  Munattiy  from  one  of  that 
fam.ily  having  the  foles  of  his  feet  un- 
commonly plain,  [Plana  appellantuvy 
qui Jupra  mcdum pedihus plant funt,)  Fef- 
tus  ;   et  Plin.  11,  45  f.  105. 

(7«.  Plancius,  of  an  equeftrian  fa- 
mily in  the  diftrid  of  Atinum,  quaef- 
tor  in  Macedonia  under  L.  Appuleius 
the  praetor.  When  Cicero  was  ba- 
niihed  from  Rome,  Plancius  met  him 
at  Dyrrachium,  and  conveyed  him 
privately  to  his  head-quarters  at  Thef- 
faionica,  (  Thejjalonicam  in  ^aejlorium 
perduxit,)  Cic.  poft.  red.  in  ben.  14. 
Plane.  41.  Plancius  in  his  tribune- 
fiiip  did  not  difcover  the  fame  at- 
tachment to  Cicero,  Cic.  Plane.  32. 
Afterwards,  however,  when  Plancius, 
being  chofen  aedile,  was  acculed  by  a 
difappointed  competitor,  M.  Laieren- 
fis,  of  bribery  and  corruption,  Cicero 
undertook  his  defence,  and  procured 
his  acquittal.  In  the  civil  war  he 
joined  Pompey ;  and  after  the  defeat 
of  his  party  in  the  battle  of  Pharfalia, 
feems  to  have  retired  to  Corcyra,  where 
he  lived  in  exile.  Cicero  gave  him 
hopes  of  a  return  ;  but  whether  or  not 
that  event  took  place  we  are  no^  told, 
Gic.  Fiinu  4,  14,  &  15. 


23    ]  P  L  A 

X.  Munat'tus  PLANCUS,  gover- 
nor of  Tranfalpine  Gaul,  after  the  death 
of  Caefar  ;  appointed  to  bear  the  con- 
fulfhip  with  D.  Brutus,  the  year  after 
Hirtius  and  Pan  fa,  Cic.  Phil  3,  15. 
Fcm.  10,  I.  ordered  by  the  fenate,  in 
conjunftion  with  Lepidus,  to  found 
the  city  Lyons,  at  the  conHux  of  the 
Rliofne  with  the  Arar,  Dioy  46,  50. 
After  the  battle  of  Mutina  and  the 
death  of  the  confuls,  Plancus  join- 
ed himfelf  with  Lepidus  and  Antony  ; 
and  thus  contributed  to  the  deftruc- 
tion  of  the  republican  party,  Dioy  46^ 
5^3.  though  he  had  given  Cicero  re- 
peated affurances  of  his  attachment  to 
the  liberty  of  his  country,   Cic.  Fam. 

10,  4,  8,  &c.  He  was  conful  with 
Lepidus,  a.  u.  712,  Dioy  47,  16. 
— Plancus  adhered  to  Antony,  ac- 
cording to  Paterculus,  with  great  fer- 
vility,  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  between  Antony  and  Auguftus, 
when  he  deferted  to  Auguftus,  2,  83. 
He  never  gained  the  confidence  of  that 
emperor  ;  and  therefore  he  is  fuppofed 
to  have  thought  of  going  into  volun- 
tary exile  to  Rhodes  or  Mytilene,  e- 
fteemed  agreeable  places  of  abode  by 
the  Romans,  Cic.  Fam.  4,  7.  et  7,  3  f. 
when  Horace  advifed  him  to  banifh 
his  anxiety,  and  remain  in  his  own  de- 
lightful villa  near  Tibur,  Od.  I,  7. 
Confule  Plancoy  \.  e.  a.  u.  71 1  or  712, 
when  Horace  was  in  the  heat  of  youth, 
[calidus  jwventd,)  aged  24,  ib.  3,  i4f. 

T.  Plancus  Burfa,  the  brother  of 
the  former  ;  who  burnt  the  fenate- 
houfe  after  the  death  of  Clodius,  being 
then  tribune,    a.  u.  701,  Cic.  Phil.  13, 

1 1.  On  which  account  being  accufed 
by  Cicero,  he  was  banilhed  ;  and 
therefore  he  was  ever  after  very  inimi- 
cal to  Cicero,  Cic.  Phil.  6,  4.  Fam. 
7,  2.  He  was  reftored  to  his  country 
by  Caefar,  ib.  et  Phil.  12,  18.  After 
the  death  of  Caefar,  he  iided  with  An- 
tony, Cic.  Phil.  II,  6.  He  is  men- 
tioned as  extremely  illiterate,  Cic.  Fam, 
9,  10. 

M.    PLANCUS  Heres,  a  Roman 

calf's  J  a  partifan  of  Pompey  ;  for  whofc 

6  f  2  pardon 


P  L  A  I    SH    1  t"  I'  t 

pai'don  Cicero  intreats  Dolobclla  to  In-     Sarsina   [Sat'smas,   -dtis) 


tercede  with  Caefar,  Fa?n.  9,  13. 

PLATO,    'onls,    an   iilullrious  A- 
thenian   philofopher  ;  fo   named   from 
the   broadnefs    of  his   fiiovilders ;    the 
fcholar  of  Socrates  ;  efteemed  the  mad 
learned  and  eloquent    of  the    ancient 
philofophers,  ( Pkilofophorum  prnecipims. 
Jive  acumlne  dijferendu  five  ehquendi  fa- 
cultate  divind  quadnm  et Homeric d,Quinc- 
tih  ip,  I,  Bi.      V^ir  unus  tnt'ms  Gracciae 
facile    do3iJfimus^   Cic.    Rabir.   Poft.  9. 
^afi  dens  qu'idam phtlnfophorum^  Cic,  N. 
D.  2,  [2.      Princeps  omnium  longe,  qin- 
cunque  fcripferunty   aut   locuti  Jnnty   Cic. 
Or.    19.     yovemjlquidcmy  aiurd  phdcfo- 
phiy  fi  Graece   loquatur,  fic  loquif     Cic. 
Brut.  31.     Dodus  Plato,  Hor.  Sat.  2, 
.4,  3.)     It  Is  fald  that  a  clufter  of  bees 
fettled  on  his  h'ps  when   a  child,  Cic. 
Div.  I,  36.     He  travelled  over  Egypt 
gnd  Magna  Graecia  in  queil   of  know- 
ledge,  Cic.  Fin.  5,  29.  T'ufc.  4,   19,  £c 
25.     After  his  return   to    Athens  he 
taught   in   a  gymriafium  near  that  city, 
called  the    Acadcmia  ;    whence    his 
followers  were  named  Academici,  [G. 
294.)     We  have  a  compendium  of  his 
philofophy,     Cic,    yicad.    3,    5.      He 
thought  that   the   earth  moved  round 
its    axis,     («i/j/7    moveri    tiifi  terram  ;) 
which   opinion    he   expreffed,    though 
fomewhat  obfcurely,  In  a  book  called 
Timaeus,  {terram  verti  circa  axerti, )  ib. 
4,  39.     Cicero  had  fuch   a  veneration 
for  Plato,  that  he  fays  he  would  rather 
err   with   him,  than  think  juflly  with 
others,   Tufc.   I,  17.      Numero  Platonis 
elfcuriusy    a  proverbial  exprefiion   con- 
cerning any  thing  difficult  to  be  under- 
ftood  ;  from  Plato's  adopting  the  num- 
bers of  Pythagoras,   Cic.  Ait.  7,  13. — 
Philofpphi     Platonici,     Gell.    15,    2. 
Suhltmitas  Platonic  a,  Plin,  Ep.  1,  10. 
-    Plator,     one    of    the   generals  of 
Philip,   king  of  Macedonia,  Urj.  28, 
6.- — — <{|  2.  A  native  of  Dyrrachium, 
put  to   death  by  PIfo,  Cic.   Pif.    34. 
Jlliir.  Refp.  16. 

j4.  Plautius,  praetor  of  BIthynia 
and  Pontus,   Cic.  Fam.  13,  29. 
•    M,  Accius  PLAUTUS,  a  native  of 


in  Umbriaj- 
faid  to  have  been  named  Plotns  or  Plau' 
tus  from  his  fplay  or,  broad  feet,  (a  pe- 
dum planitic,)  Fejlus.  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man comic  poet  ;  of  whofe  plays 
twenty  are  extant,  though  not  all 
entire.  He  died  in  the  confulft'^ip  of 
P.  Claudius  Pulcher  and  L.  Portias 
Licinius,  a.  u.  ^6g.  or  5  70,  while  Cato 
the  elder  was  cenfor,   Cic.  Br.  i  c. > 


LATJTINTUS  j>i?,Vr  m 


Tri 


:he   fa- 


ther defcribcd  by  Plautus  in  his  play 
called  Tiiiy.uMMus,   Cic.   ad.  Brut.  2, 

Plau  TIM    numeri    et    jalesf    the 

verfes  and  wit  of  Plautus,  Hor.  Art. 
P.  270,  Add.  Ep.  2,  I,  58,  &  170. 
praifed  by  Cicero,  Off.  i,  29. 

PLAUTUS,  one  of  the  judges 
who  were  bribed  to  acquit  Clodius, 
fuppofed  to  be  a  hditious  name,  Cic, 
Ait.  I,  16. 

Pleiades,  -?/tc,  vel  Pleiades ,  the 
feven  ilars,  fo  called  from  their  number 
{TTKiioyii;^ plures',)  fmg.  Pleiasy  v.  Plicsp 
V.  PleTas,  one  of  the  feven  fVars  ;— fup- 
pofed to  have  been  the  daughters  of 
Atlas;  hence  called  Atlantcae,  Ovid. 
Faft.  3,  105.  and  Ada%>t%de3,  Virg,  G. 
I,  221.  (G.  379.  ) — Lucida  Pleios^  the 
bright  or  beautiful  Pleias,  i.  e.  Mala, 
Ovid.  Met,  I,  670.  Plias  for  Pliades^ 
Id.Ep.  18,  188.  NoDita  tmnftellis  nume- 
ros  et  nomina  fecit,  Pleiddas,  &c.  Virg. 
G.  I,  138.  Tdygetefimiil OS  terris  ojlendii 
honejhm  Plias,  v.  Pleias,  as  foon  as  the 
Pleiad  Taygcte  has  (hewn  her  beau- 
teous face  to  the  earth,  ib.  4,  232. 

Pleiome,  -es,  the  daughter  of  O- 
ceanus  and  wife  of  Atlas,   (G.  378.) 

Pleu RATES,  -isy  a  Macedonian, 
Cic.  Pif.  34. 

Pleuratug,  a  king  of  the  lilyrians, 
Liv.  26,  24,  c^c. 

C.  PLINIUS  Secundum,  born  at  Ve- 
rona a.  u.  776,  pofi.  Chr.  Nat.  23.  who 
petiihed  by  the  firft  eruption  of  Vefu- 
vius,  in  the  56th  year  of  his  age,  Plin. 
Ep.6,  16.  Of  his  numerous  writings, 
ib.  3,  5.  there  is  only  extant  his  Natu- 
ral Hiilory,  in  thirty-feven  books  ;  a 
work  which  has  always  been  juftly 
held  iu  the  bighefl:  eftimation,  Gell.  5» 

10- 


?  L  I  [    3J5 

&    16.  Hieronym.  in   Ifai. 


J 


28. Cerafa 

cherries  lb  cal- 


15,  54.  /*«  E%echieL  (^ 
i^LiNiANA,  a  kind  of 
led,  Plin.  15,  25  f.  30. 

C.  PL  INI  US  Caecilius  Secmidusy  the 
nephew  of  the  former ;  called  the 
T^ounger  Pliny y  and  his  uncle  the  ElJer 
Pliny  ;  born  at  Comum,  P/in.  Ep.  4, 
13.  near  the  lake  Lariusy  which  there- 
fore he  calls  his  own,  {fuusy)  ib.  2,  8. 
et  6,  24.  His  father  was  called  Cae- 
cilius ConienfiSy  and  his  mother  PUnia^ 
the  filler  of  the  natural  hiilorian  ;  who, 
having  loft  her  huihand,  lived  with  her 
brother,  ib.  6,  16,  &  20.  ;  by  whom 
her  fon  was  adopted,  ib.  5,  8.  and 
therefore  affumed  his  name.  Pliny,  ha- 
ying early  loft  his  father,  was  educated 
under  the  care  of  his  mother  and  uncle, 
and  of  Verginius  Rufus,  ih.  2,  1,8. 
He  was  very  ftudious  from  a  boy,  fo 
that  in  the  14th  year  of  his  age  he 
wrote  a  Greek  tragedy,  ib.  7,  4.  He 
lludied  eloquence  under  Quindlilian, 
ib.  2,  145  9-  He  hved  in  great  friend- 
fliip  with  Tacitus,  who  was  a  little 
older  than  Pliny,  ib.  7,  10,  &  20.  et  9, 
23.  He  was  highly  etteemcd  by  the 
emperor  Trajan  ;  and  employed  his  in- 
tereft  with  him  more  for  the  advantage 
of  others  than  his  own,  ib.  10,  4,  6, 
&  105,  <&c.  The  works  of  Phny  now 
extant  are,  his  Epiftles  in  ten  books, 
and  a  Panegyric  on  Trajan. 

Plisthenes,  'isy  the  fon  of  Pelops, 
and  father  of  Agamemnon  and  Menc- 
laus ;  whence  Pliflhenius  torusy  the 
couch  of  Agamemnon,  0-vid.  Rem.  Am. 

778.     (  Vid.  G.  405. ) ^  2 .  A  fon 

of  Thyeftes,  ferved  up  to  his  father 
by  Atreus  at  an  entertainment,  Senec. 
thyejl.  724.   (G.  ibid.) 

pLoTius,    the   name    of  a    Roman 

^ens. Plotiana   bonay    the    elfedls 

of  one  Plotius,   Cic.  Fam.  13,  8. 

A.  PLOTIUS  Sihanus,  a  candi- 
date for  the  aedilelliip  with  Cn.  Plan- 
cius,  Cic.  Plane.  7.  ;  praetor  in  the 
confulfiiip  of  Marcellus  and  Sulpi- 
cius,  Cic.  Att.  5",  15. — fuppofed  to 
have  been  the  fame  with  A.  Plautius, 
praetor  of  Bithynia,  Cic.  Fam.  13,  29. 

L.  Plotius,  a  poet,  a  favourite  0/ 
C.  Marius,  Cic,  Arch.  9. 


POL 

V.  'OUy  'onist  the  foil  of 


PLUTO, 
Saturn  and  Ops,  the  brother  of  Jupi* 
tcr,  and  king   of  the  infernal  regions, 

(G.  388.) Piuton  pcltery  Virg.  Aen, 

7,  327.  Domus  exiiis  Plutonia,  the 
poor,  empty  houfe  or  abode  of  Pluto, 
i.  e.  the  infernal  regions,  Hor.  Od.  i, 
4,  25.  So,  Perque  Ditis  domos  imcuas, 
Virg.  Aen.  6,  269.  called  empty y  be- 
caufe  pofleffed  by  the  fhades,  airy  un- 
bodied phantoms,  fluttering  about  un- 
der an  hollow  imaginary  form,  [ienues 
Jine  cor  pore  vitas — valitare  cava  Jub  ima- 
gine formae,)  ib.   292. Plutoma, 

■  orum,    certain  places  in  Afia  emitting 
a  noxious  vapour,  Cic.  Div.  i,  36. 

Plutus,  the  god  of  riches,  accord- 
ing to   the  Greeks. 

PoDiLiKius,  the  fon  of  Aefculapius, 
a  Ikilful  phyfician,  Ovid.  Art.  2,    735. 

Tr'i/l.    5,  6,    II. 5[  2.   An  Italian, 

who    took  part    with  Aeneas  againft 
Turn  us,   Virg.  Aen.  12,  304. 

Podarces,   'isy   the   fiift   name    of 
Priam,   ( G.  400.) 


POLeMO,  v.  -ony 


the  fon  of 


Philoftratus,  an  Athenian  philofopher  ; 
the  fcholar  of  Xenocrates,  Cic.  Or.  3, 
i3.  and  his  fucceflbr  in  the  academy  ; 
who  placed  the  chief  happinefs  of  man 
in  living  agreeably  to  nature,  Cic,  Fin, 
4,  6.  et  5,  31.  Polemo  in  his  youth 
had  been  addicted  to  diffipation  and 
pleafure.  Returning  one  morning  after 
fun-rife  from  a  nodurnal  entertainment, 
and  feeing  the  gate  of  Xenocrates 
open,  he  went  in,  overpowered  with 
wine,  as  he  was,  befmeared  with  per- 
fumes, and  having  his  head  crowned 
with  a  garland,  the  ufualgarb  of  fuck 
as  had  been  feafting.  He  fat  dov/n  witl| 
an  air  of  deriiion,  which  raifed  the  in- 
dignation of  all  prefent.  But  Xeno- 
crates, without  being  moved,  dropt 
the  fubjevit  he  was  then  treating,  an4 
began  to  diicourfe  on  modefty  and  tem- 
perance. The  attention  of  Polemo 
was  engaged  :  He  foftiy  pulled  the 
crown  from  his  head  ;  and,  in  ftiort, 
from  being  a  diffolute  debauchee,  be- 
came a  great  philofopher,  FaL  Max, 
6,  9^  ext.  I.  ;  Hor,  Sat,  2,  3,  254. 

P0LiT£.9, 


POL  [3 

PolItes,  one  of  the  fons  of  Pnam, 
flain  by  Pyrrhus,  after  the  taking  of 
Troy.    Firg.jlen,  2,  526. 

6".  ^«i^x  POLT.IO,  a  dlftingullh- 
ed  orator,  hillorian,  and  poet  ;  ap- 
pohited  by  Caefar  governor  of  Spain, 
Cic.  Fam.  10,  30.  After  the  death  of 
Caefar  he  wrote  feveral  letters  to  Ci- 
cero, which  are  fi.iil  extant,  exprcffive 
of  his  zeal  for  liberty,  ih.  31,  32,  & 
33.  He  however  afterwards  joined 
Antony,  and  did  him  important 
fei-vice.  In  the  war  of  Peruha,  he 
commanded  feven  legions,  Pater c,  2, 
76.  By  the  mediation  of  Polho  and 
Maecenas,  a  war  was  prevented  be- 
tween Auguftus  and  Antony,  and  a 
peace  concluded  at  Brundufium,  a.  u. 
714,  D'lOy  47,  28.;  Jpp'tan.  B.  C.  />. 
1126.  Pollio  was  this  year  conful 
with  Domitlus  Calvinus,  Z)io,  48,  15. 
Next  year  Pollio  fubdued  the  Farthlniy 
a  nation  of  Illyriciun  or  Dalmatia, 
Dioy  48,  41/.  ;  Flor.  4,  7.  ;  ylpplan, 
de  B,  C.  p.  1 135.  and  triumphed  over 
them,  Hor.OiLzy  i,  15.  After  this 
Pollio  hved  in  repofe,  and  devoted 
himfelf  to  ftudy.  U'hough  by  his  union 
with  Antony  he  had  contributed  great- 
ly to  cruCh  the  hberty  of  his  country, 
yet  he  feems  to  have  retained  the  high 
Ipirit  (/iToWj/vi)  of  freedom,  which  he 
is  faid  to  have  tranfmitted  to  his  fon, 
Tiic.  Jnn,  I,  12.  After  Antony  be- 
came enflaved  by  his  paiBon  for  Cleo- 
patra, Pollio  did  not  concern  himfelf 
ia  his  affairs  ;  but  being  requelled  by 
Augudus  to  accompany  him  to  the 
war  of  Aftium,  he  dtchned  it,  Paterc. 
2,  86.  He  notwithltanding  continued 
to  enjoy  the  friendlhip  of  Auguftus. 
He  wrote  the  hiftory  of  the  civil  wars, 
in  feventeen  books,  Suidas,  beginning 
from  the  confullhip  of  Meteiius  and 
Afranius,  a.  u.  694,  v/hen  the  firil  tri- 
umvirate was  formed  between  Caeiar, 
Fompey,  and  Craffiis,  Hor.  Od.  2,  i, 
2.  ;  Vdi  2,  44. ;  Flor,  4,  2.  Nothing 
of  this  work  remains  but  a  few  frag- 
ments. It  is  quoted  by  ancient  authors, 
with  fuch  exprtlfions  of  approbation  as 
muft  make  us  regret  the  luis  ut  it,  Tric. 
Jr^,  4,  3.|. ;  Suet.  Caef.  30,  55,  ^  56. ; 


2(5    'j  !>  0  L 

Val.  Mam.  8,  13.  ;  Sext.  4.;  Serier* 
Suafor.  6.  While  Pollio  was  engaged 
in  this  undertaking,  Horace  wrote  to 
him  the  fird  ode  of  the  fecond  book, 
in  which  he  defcribes ,  the  difficnlty 
and  merit  of  the  work.  As  an  orator 
Pollio  is  frequently  praifed  by  Quinc- 
tilian ;  who,  however,  fays  that  in 
point  of  elegance  Pollio  was  fo  infe- 
rior to  Cicero,  that  he  might  fcim  to 
have  lived  an  age  before  him.  10,  i, 
113.  x\s  a  tragic  poet  Pollio  is  extol- 
led by  Horace  :  Pollio  return  Facia 
(i.  e.  caedes  et  fcelcra)  canit  pede  ter 
percuffo,)  i.  e.  writes  tragedies  in  tri- 
meter Iambic  verfe,  coniifting  of  fix 
feet.  Sat.  i,  10,  42.  Hence.  Mox^ 
jihi  public  as  Res  ordituiris,  grande  munus 
Cccroplo  repetes  cothurno,  when  you  have 
iiniflied  your  hiftory  of  public  aftairs, 
i.e.  of  the  civil  wars,  you  will  refume 
your  grand  employment  of  writing  tra- 
gedies in  an  Athenian  bulkin,  i.  e. 
with  the  majelly  or  elevated  ftyle  of 
Sophocles,  Hor.  Od.  2,  i,  10.  So, 
Sola  Sophocleo  tua  cannula  d'lgna  cothur- 
no,  Virg.  E.  8,  10.  Pollio  et  tpfefacit 
no'va  carminay  compofes  new  poems,  or 
poems  of  uncommon  merit,  ih.  3,86, 
Virgil  is  faid  to  have  retained  his  lands 
by  the  favour  of  Pollio,  when  the  ter- 
ritory of  Mantua  was  divided  among 
the  veteran  foldiers,  Donat.  in  vita  Fir- 
gil.  36.  Ser-o.  ad  Eel.  2,  i.  But  that 
is  alfo  afcribed  to  Varus,  Serv.  ad  Ecu 
6,  6.  et  9,  29.  Whatever  be  in  this, 
Pollio  certainly  was  a  great  patron  of 
Virgil.  By  the  advice  of  Polho  he  is 
faid  to  have  compofed  his  eclogues, 
Donat.  in  Fit.  10.  To  him  he  infcribed 
his  fourth  eclogue.  Pollio  was  the 
firil  who  erecled  a  public  library  at 
Rome,  and  the  only  image  of  a  living 
perfon  placed  in  it  was  that  of  Varro  ; 
which  mark  of  refpeit,  Pliny  obferves, 
as  being  conferred  by  fo  diitinguifhed 
an  orator  and  citizen,  (^principe  oratore 
et  cive,)  was  no  lefs  honourable  than 
the  naval  crown,  which  he  recti ved 
from  Pompey  the  Great,  for  his  valour 
in  the  war  againil  the  pirates,  7,  30. 
Add.  Id.  35,  2. — Polho  is  always  rank- 
ed among  the  moil  illuitrious  men  ol 

his 


POL  C    3 

his  time,  Fell.  2,  36. ;  Plin.  Ep.  5,  -^j 
5.;  Dial  de  Orat.  17,  21,  &  25.  He 
is  laid  to  have  hved  to  a  great  age, 
VaJ.  AT^x.  8.  13.  ^.v/.  4. 

POLLUX,  -z7^/j,  the  fon  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Leda,  the  brother  of  Caftor, 
both  fuppofed  to  have  been  changed 
into  a  conllcllation  called  '  ■^i:mini,  the 
Twins,  worlhipped  by  mariners,   [G. 

4"t-)  ^      , 

Jul /lis  POLLUX,  a  Greek  gram- 
marian, who  wrote  a  dictionary  called 
Onomasticon,  dill  extant. 

POLYAENUS,  a  great  geometri- 
cian, intimate  with  Epicunis,  Cic.  Fin. 
I,  5.  with  whom  he  agreed  in  think- 
ing, that  the  whole  of  geometry  was 
faife,  or  not  founded  in  demonftration, 

Cic.  Acad.  4,  33. ^  2.  A  native  of 

Macedonia,  who  wrote  a  book  in  Greek 
on  warlike  Itratagems,  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  the  emperors  Antoninus  and 
Verus.  This  work  is  ilill  extant. 
■  POLYBIUS,  an  illullrious  hido- 
rian,  ftatefman,  and  warrior,  the  fon 
of  Lycortas,  general  of  the  Achaean 
league,  born  at  Megalopolis,  a  city  of 
Arcadia,  about  200  years  before  Chrifl, 
the  friend  of  Philopoemen,  under  whom 
he  learned  the  art  of  war.  Polybius 
was  employed  by  his  country  in  feveral 
important  negotiations.  After  the  re- 
duction of  Macedonia  by  Paulus  Ae- 
milius,  the  Roman  commifiioners  in 
Greece,  under  pretext  that  the  Achae- 
ans  had  favoured  Perfeus,  caufed  above 
a  thoufand  of  the  moil  confiderable  ci- 
tizens to  be  feized  and  conveyed  to 
Rome.  Among  thefe  was  Polybius. 
"When  the  Achaeans  arrived  at  Rome, 
the  fenate,  without  hearing  their  caufe, 
banifhed  them  to  different  towns  in  I- 
taly,  where  tl^ey  were  kept  in  prifon. 
Polybius,  by  the  favour  of  Q^Fabius 
and  of  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger, 
both  fons  of  Paulus  Aemiiius,  whofe 
friendlhip  he  had  gained  by  his  m.crit, 
was  excepted  from  this  number.  Po- 
lybius lived  in  the  greateil  intimacy 
with  Scipio  till  the  death  of  that  great 
man.  He  was  with  him  both  at  the 
fieges  of  Carthage  and  Numantia;  and 
Scipio  is  faJd  to  have  fucceeded  in  eve- 


27    ]  POL 

ry  thing  in  which  he  followed  the  ad- 
vice of  Polybius,  and  to  have  failed 
when  he  neglefted  it,  Paufan.  8,  30. 
The  Achaeans,  after  many  fruitless  ap- 
plications to  the  fenate,  at  laft,  at  the 
end  of  feventcen  years,  obtained  the 
return  of  their  exiles,  when  their  num- 
ber was  reduced  to  300.  Polybius,  who, 
by  his  influence  with  Gate  the  Cenfor, 
contributed  greatly  to  the  releafe  of  his 
countrymen,  feems  not  to  have  ufed 
this  permiffion  of  reviiiti'.ig  his  native 
city  ;  or  if  he  did,  liis  Hay  muft  have 
been  ftiort  ;  for  he  was  with  Scipio 
three  years  after  at  the  fiege  of  Car- 
thage, [G.  679.).  After  the  death  of 
Scipio,  Polybius  returned  to  Megalo- 
polis, where  he  lived  for  fix  years,  and 
died  at  the  age  of  eightv-two  of  a 
wound  he  received  by  a  tall  from  his 
horfe.  His  countrymen  erected  ftatues 
in  different  places  to  his  memory,  which 
were  (landing  in  the  time  of  Paufanias, 
/.  8.  c.  9,  44,  &  48.  On  one  of  thefe 
was  an  infcription.  Intimating,  "  That 
Greece  would  not  have  gone  wrong 
from  the  beginning  if  it  had  followed 
the  advice  of  Polybius,  and  that  he  a- 
lone  had  brought  her  reHef  in  dillrefs,^' 

Id.  8,  37. Polybius  wrote   feveral 

books  }  the  Life  of  Philopoemen,  an 
Account  of  the  Numantine  war,  Cic. 
Fam.  ^,  12.  and  his  Unlverfal  H'lfiory, 
containing  an  account  of  the  tranfac- 
tions  of  all  the  nations  then  known  for 
fifty-three  years  ;  that  is,  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  fecond  Punic  war  to  the 
redu6lion  of  Macedonia  into  a  Roman 
province.  It  confided  of  forty  books,  of 
which  the  five  firft  only  remain  entire. 
There  are  however  large  fragments  of 
the  other  books. Polybius  has  al- 
ways been  held  in  the  highefl  eilima- 
tion  as  an  hidorian.  Livy,  who  fre- 
quently quotes  and  copies  from  Poly- 
bius, perhaps  from  jealoufy,  bellows 
on  him  only  the  negative  praife  of  be- 
ing no  defpicable  author,  [haudgiiaquam 
fpernendus  auBor)^  7,0^  45.  Cicero  fpeaks 
of  him  in  higher  terms,  [tonus  auBor 
imprimis),  Cic.  Off.  3,  32.  Add.  Id. 
Att.  13,30- 

J*OLyaus,  V.  -iusj  a  king  of  Cormth, 

who 


POL 


f    3 


who  IS  faid  to  have  broug!it  up  Oedi- 
ptis  as  his  own  fon,   Siat.  Theb.  i,  64.; 

Ssnec.  Oedip.  v.  12.  (  Fid.  G.  429.) 

^2.  One  of  the  fuitors  of  Penelope, 
Ovid.  Ep.  1,  91. 

PoLYCHARMus,  a  practor  of  the 
Athenians,  Cic.  Att,  5,  f  f. 

PoLYCLETUs,  an  excellent  ftatuary, 
CiV.  Or,  2,  I  6  f.  BruL  86.  /^Vr.  4,  3. 
jTtf^^-.  I,  2.  Hence — ^tod ab  arte  My- 
rSrfisf  Aut  Polycleteo  jujfum  efl  quod  iv'- 
mere  cado,  by  the  graving-  inltruaient  of 
Polydetus,  Stat.  Sih.  2,  2,  67.  So 
^od  Poly clet els  infum  ejl  fpirare  caminis, 
fb.  4,  6,  78. 

PoLYCRATES,  -/V,  a  tyrant  of  Sa- 
mos,  uncommonly  fortunate  in  life  ;  fo 
that  he  is  faid  never  to  have  met  with 
any  crofs  accident.  To  occafion  to 
himfelf  fome  vexation,  he  threw  a  ring 
of  great  value  into  the  fea,  but  he  foon 
aftet  found  it  In  the  entrails  of  a  fiih 
•vfrliich  was  fent  him.  This  fuppofed 
happy  rnan  at  lad  met  vtrich  a  miferable 
exit,  being  decoyed  to  vifit  Orontes, 
the  Perfian  governor  of  Magnefia  on 
the  Maeandcr,  who  put  him  to  death, 
Hero  dot.  3,  39,  &c. ;   Cic.  Fin.  5,30. 

PoLYDAMAS,  -antis,  a  Thracian  ath- 
leta  of  extraordinary  (Irength,  of  which 
feveral  wonderful  inllances  are  record- 
ed, Paufan.  6,  5. ^2.  The  fon  of 

Fanthous,  i^Paiithoidcs),  the  companion 
of  He£lor,  Homer.  II.  18,  249.  ;  Ovid. 
Met.  12,  547.  put  for  any  nobleman, 

Perf,  I,  4. PoLYDAMANTEA  arma^ 

the  arms  of  Polydamas,  Sil.  12,  212. 

PoLYDECTES,  V.  -as,  -at^  ku^'g  of 
Serlphus,  at  whofe  court  Perfeus  was 
educated,  (<?.395.)j  Ovid.  Afet.  ^y  242. 

PoLYEtORUS,  the  youngell  fon  of 
Priam  and  Heciiba,  Cic.  Or.  3,  58, 
whom  his  father,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  WZ.V,  fent  to  Polymncftur  king  of 
Thrace  with  a  large  fum  of  gold  to  be 
educated  there  till  the  fate  of  Troy 
fnould  be  determined.  Polymneftor 
having  heard  of  the  death  of'  Priam, 
feized  on  the  money,  and  affafiinated 
Polydorus.  According  to  Ovid,  the 
dead  body  of  Polydorus  vvas  thrown 
into  the  fea,  and  was  found  by  Hecu- 
ba on  the  fhore,  Met.  13,  536.  Ac- 
cording to  Virgil,  he  was  buried,  and 


28    ]  POL 

a  grove  of  myrtles  grew  on  his  tomb, 
from  one  of  which,  while  Aeneas  at- 
tempted to  pull  it,  drops  of  blood  are 
faid  to  have  dillilled,  Aen.  3,  27,   &c. 

'PolydokIxj s  fariguis,  the  blood  of 

Polydorus,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  629 Se- 
veral others  of  this  name  are  mentioned 
in  the  claffics. 

PoLYGNOTus,  an  ancient  painter  at 
Athens,  born  in  the  ifland  Thafus, 
{rbafius),  Cic.  Br.  18.;  Plin.  7,  s^, 
^S^  6f.  25.  et  9f.  ^^.  ;  QuindiL  12, 
ID,   3,  &    10. 

PoLYKiSTOR,  -oris,  a  name  given 
to  Corn.  Alexander,  a  grammarian,  011 
account  of  his  great  knowledge  in  an- 
tiquity.  Suet,  de  III.  Gramnt.  20. 

Polyhymnia,  vel  Polymniaj  one  of 
the  Mufes,  Hor.  0^/.  1,  i,  33.  ;  Ovid, 
FaJ.  5,  9,  5:  53. 

PoLYiDUs,  a  Corinthian  augur,  Cic, 
Div.  I,  40.—^  2.  An  excellent  en- 
ginecr,    Vitruv.  pratf.  7. 

PoLYMNESTOR,  -oris,  3.  king  of 
Thrace,  whofe  eyes  Hecuba  tore  out 
with  her  nails,  in  revenge  for  the  death 
of  her  fon  Polydorus,  Ovid.  Met.  13, 
561,  &c. 

PoLYNiCEs,  -is,  the  fon  of  Oedipus 
king  of  Thebes,  who  having  agreed 
with  his  brother  Eteocles  to  reign  one 
year  each  alternately,  and  being  exclu- 
ded by  his  brother  from  that  right,  fied 
to  ildraflus,  king  of  Argos,  and  mar- 
ried his  daughter  Argia.  By  the  af- 
fillance  of  Adraftiis  he  attempted  to 
recover  his  right  by  force,  which  gave 
occafion  to  the  Theban  war,  (G.  430.) 

FOLYPHeMUS,  the  fon  of  Nep- 
tune, a  Sicilian  Cyclops  of  monllrous 
fize,  who  fed  on  human  flefli,  (G.  454.), 
Cic.  Tufc.  5,  39.  ;  Virg.  A  en.  3,  618, 
&c.  He  took  delight  in  feeding  his 
fheep;    hence  called  pajlor  Polyphemusy 

ib.  657. ^  2.  One  of  the  Lapithae, 

Homer.  II.  i,  264. 

FoLYXEN'A,  one  of  the  daughters 
of  king  Priam,  facrlficed  by  Pyrrhus 
on  the  tomb  of  Achilles,  (G.  448.)  ; 
hence  Caedes  Polyxenia,  the  blood 
of  Polyxena,  CatulL  63,—  368. 

Folyxo,  -us,  an  Amazon,  who 
prompted  the  women  of  Lemnos  to 

flay 


P  ou 

fiay  their  hu  (bands,  Stat,  Thek 
reprefented  as  a  prophetefs  beloved  by- 
Apollo,   FaL  Place.  2,  316. 

POMPEIA  gensy  a  plebeian  clan  at 
Rome,  of  which  Vellcius  Patcrculus 
fays  there  were  two  or  three  branches, 
(familiae),  but  does  not  inform  us  what 
they  were,  2,  21. 

Cn,  POMPEIUS,  (firnamed  Stra- 
BO,  from  his  fquint  eyes,  and  his  refem- 
blance  to  his  cook,  \Vho  was  called 
Monogenes  Strabo,  Plin.  7,  12»;  Val. 
Max.  9,  14,  2.),  conful  with  L.  Por- 
tius  Cato,  a,  u.  664,  f»  5.  one  of  the 
Roman  generals  in  the  Social  war,  Cic* 
Font.  15.  Bdlh.  12.  who  gained  a  tri- 
umph over  the  people  of  Afculum  in 
Picenum,  [yffcu/ani  Ptcer.tes)^  Afcon. 
in  Cic.  Pif.  24.  in  which  triumph  P. 
V'entidius,  who  afterwards  triumphed 
over  the  Parthians,  being  then  a  boy, 
was  led  among  the  captives,  Plin.  7, 
43  f.  44. ;  Fill.  2,  6$.y  Gell.  2,4.  In 
the  army  of  Pompey  Cicero  ferved  as 
a  foldier,  [tiro  f nit),  Cic.  Phil.  12,  11. 
Strabo,  though  poflefled  of  great  mili- 
tary talents,  was  hated  on  account  of 
his  covetoufnefa.  After  his  death,  which 
was  occafioned  by  a  thunderbolt,  the 
people  treated  his  corpfe  with  great 
indignity,     Plutarch,   in   Pomp.  pr'mc»  j 

FeIL2,2U 

Cn.  POMPEIUS  Magnus,  the  fort 
of  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  bora  a.  u.  647* 
When  he  was  a  very  young  man,  and 
ferved  in  the  camp  of  his  father,  who 
had  been  appointed  general  againft  Cin- 
na,  he,  with  great  addrcfs  and  forti- 
tude, favcd  his  father's  life,  when  one 
L.  Terentius,  the  tent-companion  of 
young  Pompey,  being  bribed  by  Cinna, 
had  confpired  with  fome  othets  to  af- 
faffmate  him.  Upon  Sylla's  return  to 
Italy  from  the  Mithrldatic  war,  Pom- 
pey, then  only  about  twenty- three 
years  old,  joined  him  with  three  legions, 
U'hich  he  had  raifed  by  his  own  private 
influence  among  his  father's  veterans 
and  others.  Pompey,  by  his  fuccefsful 
.  condu6^,  contributed  greatly  to  the 
victory  of  the  patrician  or  ariftocfatiq 
party.  Sylla  having  reduced  all  Italy 
^nder  his  dominion,  lent  Fompey  wilL 


t    329    ]  POM 

5,  90.  an  army  into  Sicily  againft  PerpenhJl 
and  Carbo  the  conful.  Pompey  forced 
Perpenna  to  fly  from  the  ifland  *  and 
having  taken  Carbo  prifoner,  put  him 
to  death,  and  fent  his  head  to  Sylla, 
though  he  had  formerly  owed  him  ob« 
ligations,  Fal.  Max.  5,  3. ;  Ctc.  Fam» 
9,  2  I.  From  thence  Pompey  was  fent 
againft:  Domitius,  the  commander  of 
the  Marian  or  popular  party  in  Africa, 
who  in  the  firfl  engagement  was  defeat- 
ed and  flain.  Pompey  fo  much  extend- 
ed the  limits  of  the  koman  em.pire  in 
Africa,  that  upon  his  return  to  Rome 
Sulla  went  out  to  meet  him  at  the  head 
of  the  nobility,  and  faluted  him  by  the 
title  of  Pompeius  Magnus ,  or  Pompey 
the  Great,  by  which  name  he  has  fince 
been  dllllnguiihed.  Lucan  ufually  calls 
him  by  the  fimple  name  of  Magnus, 
Sulla,  with  fume  relu6lance,  permitted 
Pompey,  though  only  an  equesy  and 
not  yet  a  fenator,  to  enter  the  city  in 
triumph  ;  an  honour  which  had  never 
before  been  granted  to  any  but  to  con- 
fuls  or  praetors,  Cic.  ManiLzi.;  P/in. 
7,  26.  After  the  death  ot  Sulla,  Pom- 
pey joined  Catijlus  the  conful  in  crufh* 
ing  Lepidus  the  colleague  of  Catulus, 
though  formerly  the  friend  of  Pompey, 
and  promoted  to  the  confulate  by  his 
interefl,  becaufe  Lepidus  wifhed  to  re- 
verfe  the  adls  of  Sulla,  and  recal  the 
exiled  Marians.  Brutus,  the  lieutenant 
of  Lepidus,  having  voluntarily  furren- 
dered  to  Pompey  at  Mutina,  on  condi- 
tion of  having  his  life  fpared,  was,  npt- 
withftanding,  by  the  orders  of  Pom- 
pey, put  to  death.  After  this  Pom- 
pey was  fent  into  Spain  againft  Serto- 
rius,  which  war  he  finiihtd  with  his 
ufual  fuccefs.  Sertorius  being  bafely 
murdered  by  Perpenna  at  a  fcaft,  moft 
of  the  Spaniards  fubmitted  to  Pompey* 
Soon  after  Perpenna  being  taken,  in 
order  to  fave  his  hfe,  produced  a  num- 
ber of  letters,  feveral  of  which,  he  faid, 
were  from  the  greaieft  men  ia  Rome, 
inviting  Sertorius  into  Italy.  Thefe 
Pompey,  with  great  prudence  and  mag- 
nanimity, publicly  burnt,  without  read- 
ing one  of  them  j  and  ordered  Perpeji- 
jiA  tg  be  f|ut  to  death,  left  he  fliould 
T  t  dif«ov«r 


T  O  M 


C    33=>    ] 


POM 


dlfcover  the  names  of  thofe  by  wliom 
the  letters  were  written,  Plutarch. 

Pompey,  in  his  return  to  Italy  with 
tiis  vidorious  army,  fell  in  with  a  body 
of  thofe  fugitive  flaves,  who,  after 
the  deilrudiion  of  Spartacus,  had  e- 
fcaped  from  Craflus,  and  entirely  cut 
them  off,  Plutarch,  in  int.  Pomp. ;  Cic. 
ManiL  II,  Sext.  ^i.  For  his  vidory 
in  Spain  Pompey  obtained  a  fecond 
triumph,  while  he  was  ilill  only  a  pri- 
vate citizen,  and  of  the  equeftrian  rank ; 
but  the  next  day  he  entered  on  the  con- 
iulfliip,  to  which  he  had  been  elefttd 
in  his  abfence,  though  not  yet  full  thir- 
ty-fix years  old.  But  the  fcnate,  by  a 
decree,  difpenfed  both  with  his  age  and 
abfence,  Cic.  Manil.  2  t .  (  Fid.  J.  i^^.). 
His  colleague  was  M.  Craffus,  a.  u. 
684.  Pompey,  while  conful,  reflored 
the  power  of  the  tribunes,  which  Sulla 
had  abridged.  In  return  for  this  fa- 
vour, Gabinius,  one  of  the  tribunes, 
got  a  law  paffed,  invefling  Pompey 
with  extraordinary  powers  to  carry  on 
war  againil  the  pirates,  who  then  in- 
felled  the  Mediterranean  fea,  and  even 
infulted  the  ports  of  Italy.  This  war 
Pompey  finished  with  wonderful  dif- 
patch,  Cic. Manil.  \2.  While  Pompey 
was  extinguifhing  the  remains  of  the 
piratic  war  in  Ciiicia,  he  was  appoint- 
ed, by  a  law  propofed  by  Mauilius  a 
tribune,  with  (lill  more  ample  powers 
to  carry  on  the  war  againft  Mithri- 
. dates.  Veil.  2,  33.  Pompey  tinilhed 
this  war  with  great  glory,  having  add- 
ed to  the  empire  three  powerful  king- 
doms. Pontus,  Syria,  Bithynia,  lea- 
ving all  the  other  kings  and  nations  of 
the  call  tributary  to  the  republic,  as 
far  as  the  Tigris,  Plutarch.  ;  et  Cic. 
Prov.  Conf.  12.  He  returned  to  Italy 
a.  u.  692.  Apprehenfions  were  enter- 
tained at  Rome  that  he  would  lead  his 
viAorious  army  to  the  city,  and  feize 
the  government,  which  it  was  thought 
he  might  have  done.  But  he  difband- 
ed  his  troops  at  Brundufiura,  and  with 
a  private  retinue  purfued  his  journey 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  received  with 
the  greateft  joy.  Plis  triumph  laded 
for  two  days,  and  was  the  moli  fplen- 


did  that  had  ever  been  feen  la  Rome-^ 
Fell.  2,  40. ;  Plin.  7,  26.  Plutarch  ob- 
ferves,  that  it  would  have  been  happy 
for  Pompey  to  have  died  at  this  time, 
in  the  height  of  his  fame  and  fortunes, 
and  might  have  added,  for  his  country 
too.  Next  year  the  fenate  having  re- 
fufcd  to  ratify  the  afta  of  Pompey  in 
Afia,  many  of  which  had  been  very 
abfolute,  he  formed  a  combination  with 
Caefar  and  Craffus,  to  permit  nothing 
of  importance  to  be  done  in  the  ftate 
without  their  approbation,  which  is 
commonly  called  the  Fit^  Triumvirate, 
and  in  the  end  proved  fatal  to  the  repub- 
lic, and  to  Pom.pey  himfelf,  as  alfo  to  his 
two  alTociates,  (  Tu  cauju  malorum  Facia 
tribus  dominis  co?nmunis  Roma^  Lucan.  I , 
84.  Nulla  Jides  rc^gni  fociis,  omnifque  po- 
tcjlas  Impaticns  conf  art  is  erit,  ib.  93.) 
(  Pld.  G.241.).  To  confirm  this  alHance, 
Pompey  married  Julia  the  daughter  o£ 
Caefar,  who,  from  lier  amiable  quali- 
ties, acquired  great  influence  over  her 
hufband.  Cicero  and  others  ilrongly 
diffuaded  Pompey  from  this  connection, 
but  their  remonftrances  were  difregard- 
ed.  Pompey  henceforth  promoted  the 
ambitious  views  of  Caefar,  in  violation 
of  all  law  and  juftice.  He  and  Craffus 
however  were  not  inattentive  to  their 
own  intereft.  A.  U.  698,  they  feized 
on  the  confulfhip,  though  they  had  not 
declared  themfelves  candidates  within 
the  legal  time.  They  caufed  a  law  to 
be  paifed  by  Trebonius,  one  of  th-j 
tribunes,  granting  to  Pompey  as  a  pro- 
vince Spain  and  part  of  Africa,  for  the 
fpace  of  live  years  ;  to  CrafTus,  Syria  ; 
and  to  Caefar,  the  continuation  of  his 
command  in  Gaul  for  five  years  more, 
Plutarch.  Pompey  managed  his  pro- 
vince by  his  lieutenants,  remaining  him- 
felf at  Rome  ;  which  was  alfo  contrary 
to  law.  Befides,  he  enjoyed  an  exten- 
five  com  million,  which  had  been,  con- 
ferred on  him,  a.  u.  696,  by  a  decree 
of  the  fenale,  at  the  motion  of  Cicero, 
after  his  return  from  exile,  Cic,  Dom. 
4»  5>  7»  &c.  and  confirmed  by  a  la\v, 
whereby  the  whole  adminillrution  of 
the  corn  and  provifions  of  the  republic 
was  granted  to  Pompey  for  five  years, 

with 


POM 


C    3$t    ] 


POM 


with  a  power  of  chufing  fifteen  lieute- 
nants to  affiil  him,  Cic.j4u.  4,  i.;  Diot 
39,  9.  J  Liv.  Epil.  104.;  Plutarch.  Pomp. 
645.  This  law  was  made  on  account 
of  diflurhances  in  the  city  occafioned 
by  a  famine,  D'lo,  ibid,  and  it  was  al- 
leged by  Pompey's  enemies  that  the 
famine  had  been  artificially  created  for 
the  fake  of  getting  the  law  pafTcd,  Zw- 
catt.  I,  318. 

Pompey,  in  his  fecond  confulate,  de- 
dicated a  fplendid  temple  to  Venus  Vic- 
trix  or  the  Conquerefsy  and  adjoining  to 
it  a  theatre,  both  which  he  had  built 
at  his  private  expence.  On  this  occa- 
fion  he  exhibited  the  moft  magnificent 
fhews  that  had  ever  been  fcen  in  Rome, 
Cic.  Of.  2,  iG,  Fam.  7,  I.  ;  Plin.  8,  7. ; 

DiOy     39.    />.       107. 

Next  ye^r  Julia,  the  great  bond  of 
union  between  Caefar  and  Pompey, 
died  in  childbed,  and  her  infant  fon 
foon  after  her,  to  the  great  grief  of 
her  father  and  hufhand,  and  alfo  of  the 
whole  Roman  people,  Pater c,  2,  47. 
{^jful'ta — tu  Jala  fur entem  Inde  virum  pofe- 
r-ciSf  atqxie  h'lnc  retinere  par  entem  ^  Lucan. 
1 ,  115.  Morte  tua  dlfciiffajides,  hellumque 
tnovere perm'ijfurn  ejl  ducibus,  ib.  119.)  *. 

A.  U.  700,  accounts  were  received 
at  Rome  of  the  death  of  Craifus  and 
his  fon  Publius,  with  the  total  defeat 
of  his  army  by  the  Parthiaos.  By  this 
event  the  only  curb  left  to  the  power 
of  Pompey,  and  the  ambition  of  Cae- 
far was  removed  j  {  Craffus  erat  belli  me- 
dlus  tnoruy  Lucan.  i,  i  oo.  faeva  artna 
dticiim  dtrimensy  104. ) 

Violent  tumults  having  arifen  in  the 
city  on  account  of  the  murder  of  Clo- 
dius  by   Milo,    Pompey  was  elected 

•  Val.  Maxinnis  fays  that  Julia's  death  vvas 
occafioned  by  a  tright,  upon  feeing  her  huf. 
band's  robe  brought  home  all  bioody  from 
the  Campus  Mart) us,  4,  6,  4-  where  a  tumult 
had  happened,  in  which  fome  were  killed  fo 
near  Pompey  that  he  was  covered  with  biood, 
and  forced  to  change  his  clothes.  But  accor- 
ding^ to  Plutarch,  this  fright  only  caufed  a 
mifcarriage.  JuHa  afterwards  became  preg- 
nant, brought  forth  a  daughter,  and  unfor- 
tunately died  alter  her  delivery;  nor  did  the 
child  long  furvive  her,  in  Pomp.  f.  647,  pa- 
tcrculus  fays  it  was  a  foil,  ib.  But  Dio  agrees 
with  Plutarch,  39,  64.  So  Seneca,  ad  Vielv. 
*p  34.  aud  Suetonius,  Caef.  26. ;  Lu.an.  5.  474. 


fole  conful  to  quell  them.  He  had  ex* 
pecfled  to  be  created  diftator,  and  thus 
to  be  fpontaneoufly  invelled  with  the 
chief  power  of  the  Hate  ;  but  the  ex- 
pedient of  making  him  fole  conful  was 
preferred,  Cic.  Att.  4,  15.  ^  Fr.  3,  8, 
&  9.  Milo  was  banifhcd.  Pompey  alTu- 
med  Scipio  as  his  colleague  in  the  con- 
fulate for  the  laft  five  months,  and  mar- 
ried his  daughter  Cornelia,  who  had 
formerly  been  the  wife  of  young  Craf- 
fus.  After  the  death  of  Crafl'us  and 
Julia  the  jealoufies  between  Pompey 
and  Caefar  came  to  an  open  rupture, 
which  terminated  in  a  civil  war.  Va- 
rious caufes  were  afligned  for  this 
war ;  but  the  chief  reafon  was,  that 
Pompey  could  not  bear  an  equal,  nor 
Caefar  a  fuperior,  (A^^^-  quenquam  jam 
ferre  potejly  Caefarve  prioreniy  Pompelufue 
/<2r^/H,  Lucan.  ! ,  125.)  Pompey  truft- 
ed  to  the  fame  of  his  former  exploits, 
(priori  credere  for tutmej  ib.  135,)  and 
therefore  was  remifs  in  making  prepa- 
rations. Being  feized  with  a  dange- 
rous illnefs,  all  the  towns  of  Italy  of- 
fered public  prayers  for  his  fafety,  an 
honour  which  had  never  before  beea 
paid  to  any  one.  Veil.  2,  48. ;  JuvenaL 
10,283.;  Cic.  Tufc.  I,  55.  Thefe 
proofs  of  popularity,  joined  to  other 
circumftances,  ferved  to  lull  Pompey 
into  fccurlty.  Cicero  and  his  moft 
prudent  friends  advifed  him  to  peace, 
but  he  would  liften  to  no  accommoda- 
tion; while  Caefar,  who  propofed  terms, 
only  meant  to  impofe  on  his  adverfa^ 
ries  ;  and  the  Roman  people,  by  tame- 
ly fubm-itting  to  the  ufurped  authority 
and  violent  adls  of  the  Triumvirate, 
had  loil  the  power  of  alferting  their 
liberty,  and  of  reducing,  as  they  ought, 
both  Pompey  and  Caefar  to  a  private 
ftation.  AH  that  was  left  to  them,  as 
Cicero  often  obfcrves,  was  to  fubmit 
to  the  conqueror.  As  Pompey  was 
negligent  in  making  preparations  for 
war,  fo  in  conducing  it  he  did  nothing 
worthy  of  his  former  reputation.  Pom- 
pey declared,  **  That  he  would  con- 
lider  all  as  enemies  who  did  not  join 
him  ;"  but  Caefar,  «<  that  he  fhould 
reckon  ail  thofe  as  his  friends  who  re- 
T  t  ?  mained 


POM  t    33 

wained  neuter,"  Caef,  B.  C,  i,  33.; 
Cic.  ^tt.  II,  6.  Pompey^s  confidence 
in  his  fuperior  refources  proved  his 
ruin.  His  farmer  prudence,  as  well  as 
his  good  fortune,  feemed  to  have  for. 
Taken  him.  When  the  friends  of  Pom- 
pey  reminded  him  of  the  power  of 
Caefar,  and  that  \i  he  fhould  think  of 
leading  his  army  againfl  the  city,  there 
was  not  a  fufficient  force  to  oppofe 
him,  Pompey  fmiled,  and  with  great 
indifference  bade  thpm  not  be  con- 
cerned about  that,  "  For,  faid  he,  if 
1  (lamp  on  th?  ground  in  any  part  of 
Italy,  there  will  rife  up  forces  enow 
in  an  inftant,  both  horfe  and  foot/' 
Plutarch.  Upon  hearing,  however, 
that  Caefar  had  pafTed  the  Rubicon, 
Pompey  fled  from  Rome,  the  confuls, 
the  inferior  magiilrates,  and  moft  of 
the  fenate  followiwg  him.  Cicero  and 
thofe  who  were  truly  attached  to  the 
ancient  conftitution  of  their  country, 
though  they  faw  the  danger  of  the  con- 
teft,  and  that  which  foever  fide  got  the 
better,  the  war  mud  end  in  tyranny, 
(Pace  ^pus  ejl,  ex  vldor'ta  cum  mult  a  ma- 
ia,  turn  certe  tyrannus  extjiety  Cic.  Att, 
7»  5.  Dominaiio  ah  vtroqxit^  i,  c.  Pom- 
peio  ct  Caefare,  quaeftta  ejl ;  non  ici  ac- 
tum, beata  et  honejfa  civ'ttas  ut  ejfet ;  vter- 
que  regnare  vulty  lb.  8,  11.)  ;  yet  they 
thought  it  fafer  to  join  Pompey  than 
Caefar,  Cic.  Jtt.  7,  7,  8,  &c.  Thus 
Cato,  Publicafignay  ducemaue  Pompeimn 
fequimur ;  ideo  me  mtl'ile  vincat,  Nejihl 
Je  v'tcijfeputety  Lucan.  2,  319,  &c.  Add. 
Id,  9,  19,  &c, 

Pompey,  unable  to  make  head  a- 
gainft  Caefar  in  Italy,  retired  to  Bruit- 
dufium,  where,  being  befieged  by  Cae- 
far, he  efcaped  from  thence  to  Greece, 
(G.  164.)  If  Pompey  had  failed  to 
Spain,  his  own  province,  he  would 
have  aded  more  wifely.  But  lie  left 
it  to  be  defended  by  his  lieutenants 
Afraniiis  and  Petreius,  whom  Caefar 
next  year  conquered,  and  added  their 
forces  to  his  own.  Pompey  in  the 
mean  time  had  collefted  a  great  army 
from  the  eail,  (adi>erfis  inJlruHus  JSois, 
farniftied  with  eaftern  forces  to  oppofe 
Caefar,  Firg.  Jen.  6,  832.)  and  fixed 
his  U^ad-{^yarters  at  Dyracchiym,  ( G, 


1   1  V  ou 

330.)  Here  Caefar,  unable  to  brin^ 
Pompey  to  an  engagement,  attempted, 
though  with  a  fmaller  number  of  men, 
to  block  him  up,  by  raifing  works  of 
immenfe  extent,  but  was  prevented 
with  great  lofs.  If  Pompey  on  this 
occafion  had  improved  his  advantage, 
he  might  have  totally  defeated  Caefar, 
as  Caefar  himfelf  declared  ;  {A3um  de 
Twhis  fuerat,  ft  hojVis  Jci'v'ljfet  vidorid  Ufi, 
Plutarch.  N'on  injlante  Pompeio^  negainty 
fc.  Caefar,  <!j/m  vincerefcirey  Suet.  Caef. 
36.)  or  if  he  had  continued  to  aft  on  the 
defenfive,  and  kept  near  his  fleet,  he 
muft  have  finally  proved  vidorious. 
But  being  prevailed  on  by  the  impor- 
tunity of  his  officers,  contrary  to  his 
own  opinion,  to  riilv  a  general  engage- 
ment, he  was  completely  defeated  by 
Caefar  on  the  plains  of  Pharfalia,  and 
his  camp  taken.  Pompey,  by  a  (Irange 
fatality,  had  made  no  provifion  for  this 
difai^er.  He  might  ilill  have  retrieved 
his  affairs,  by  collecting  the  remains  of 
his  forces,  and  transferring  the  war  to 
Italy  or  fome  other  place,  which  he 
might  have  eafily  done,  being  mailer 
at  fea.  But  he  was  ftruck  with  fuch 
conflernation,  as  difabled  him  to.  con-* 
cert  proper  meafures  for  extricating 
himfelf  from  his  difficulties.  He  firit 
failed  to  Lefbos,  to  take  in  his  wife 
Cornelia,  whom  he  had  left  at  Mity- 
lenae  with  his  fon  Sextus.  From  thence 
he  direfted  his  courfe  to  Egypt,  to  fo- 
licit  the  a0iilance  of  Ptolemy,  whofe 
father  Auletes,  Pompey,  by  means  of 
Gabinius,  had  reftored  to  his  throne, 
( depuljo  Jceptra  parent i  Reddidtraty  Lu- 
can. 9,  1028.)  Ptolemy  was  a  minor, 
(puptUusy  Senec.  cp.  4.  piier.  Lucan.  8, 
448.)  and  happened  then  to  be  enga- 
ged in  war  with  his  filler  Cleopatra, 
having  his  army  encamped  on  mount 
Casius  near  Pelufium,  Caef.  B.  C  3, 
103.  ;  Lucan.  8,  464.  about  the  au- 
tumnal equinox,  ib.  467.  The  chief 
minifters  of  Ptolemy  were  Photinus, 
(al.  Pothinus)  an  eunuch  ;  Theodotus 
of  Chios,  his  praeceptor  ;  and  Achil- 
las, an  Egyptain,  commander  of  the 
troops.  They  having  called  a  council 
of  the  chief  men  about  court,  by  th^ 

advice 


POM  I  m 

advice  of  Theodotus,  Plutarch,  or  of 
Photinus,  Lucan.  8,  483, — 536.  de- 
termined to  invite  Pompey  on  (hore 
and  put  him  to  death.  The  execu- 
tion of  this  plan  was  committed  to 
Achillas.  He  t-aking  along  with  him 
Septimius,  a  Roman,  who  had  former- 
ly been  a  centurion  in  the  army  of 
Pompey,  Caef,  ib.  104.  with  fome  other 
officers,  went  out  in  a  fmall  boat  to 
the  galley  of  Pompey,  and  requelled 
that  he  would  truft  himfelf  with  them, 
becaufe  the  fhallow  water  would  not 
permit  his  own  fhip  to  c^ome  nearer  to 
the  land.  Pompey  went  into  the  boat 
with  two  centurions  and  his  freed  man 
Philip,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  feve- 
ral  of  his  friends.  When  they  drew 
near  to  the  (hore,  while  Pompey  was 
taking  Philip  by  the  hand  in  order  to 
jraife  himfelf  with  more  eafe,  Septimi- 
us came  behind  him,  and  run  him 
through  with  his  fword.  Upon  which 
Achillas  and  the  reft  alfo  drew  their 
fwords.  Pompey  perceiving  his  death 
inevitable,  covered  his  face  with  his 
robe,  («/  "cidlt  commintis  enfesy  invohii 
'vultus,  Lucan.  8,  613.)  and  without 
uttering  a  word  fubmitted  to  his  fate, 
in  the  59th  year  of  his  age,  the  day 
after  his  birth-day,  Plutarch.  ;  on  the 
day  on  which  he  had  triumphed  over 
Milhridates  and  the  pirates,  Dioy  42,  5. 
Cornelia  with  her  company  in  the  gal- 
ley, feeing  what  paffed,  fhrieked  aloud. 
The  mariners  quickly  weighing  an- 
clior,  fet  fail,  and  the  wind  favouring 
them,  efcapcd  the  purfuit  of  the  Egyp- 
tian galleys,  ib'ul. 

In  the  mean  time  the  murderers  of 
Pompey  having  cut  off  his  head,  em- 
balmed it,  the  better  to  preferve  its 
features,  defiguing  it  for  a  prefent  to 
Caefar  *. 

•  Septimius  is  faid  to  have  cut  ofFthe  head, 
Lucan.  8,  668.  hence  PillaeuJ<^ui  puer  gladioU- 
li  collu  rciid'it,  Mugne,  iuo,  Ptolemy  cut  ofFthy 
head,  O  Pompey,  by  thy  own  fwcrd,  i.  e. 
by  the  fword  of  Septimius,  who  had  been 
thy  centurion,  i3.  Ooy.  On  this  account  he 
is  called  the  client  cf  Pompey  ;  thus,  Pompeius 
et  Cicero  clieniibus  fuis  fraebers  ccrviceniy  fc. 
Coguntur,  Pompeius  Septimio,  qui  olim  or- 
dines  fub  eo  duxerat ;  Cicero  Popilio,  quem 


3  POM 

The  body  of  Pompey  was  tnrow^ 
over  board,  and  left  naked  on  the 
fliore,  expofed  to  the  view  of  all  whft 
defired  to  fee  it.  His  freed  man  Phi- 
lip, however,  ftill  kept  near  it,  and 
when  the  crowd  was  difperfcd,  bathed 
it  in  the  fea,  and,  having  nothing  elfc, 
wrapt  it  up  in  one  of  his  own  gannentl. 
Looking  round  for  materials  to  bi^a 
it,  he  at  laft  found  the  wrecks  of  t 
fifliing-boat,  of  which  he  compofed  a 
pile.  In  this  he  was  ajTilled  by  an  old 
Roman  foldier  who  had  fervcd  tiiidiif 
Pompey  in  his  youth.  The  body  b«- 
ing  confumed  they  gathered  the  re- 
mains and  burled  them  tmder  a  fmatt 
pile  of  earth,  which  they  fcraped  to* 
gether  with  their  hands,  over  whicTi 
fome  perfon  wrote  this  infcription. 
He  who  merited  a  temple,  cast 
SCARCELY  Find  a  grave,  Applan»15.C, 
2,  281.  Thealhesof  Pompey  were  after- 
wards conveyed  to  Rome  and  depolltei: 
by  Cornelia,  in  a  vault  of  his  Alban  v3- 
la,  Phtarch.  in  Pomp.  Jin,  JLucan  fays^ 
that  the  funeral  rites  of  Pompey  were 
performed  by  one  Cordus,  formeft|r 
quaeftor  to  Pompey,  8,  715.  who  pla- 
ced a  ftone  over  the  tomb,  with  thi* 
infcription,  Hic  situs  est  Magotjs, 
i3.  793.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  E- 
gyptians  raifed  a  monument  to  him  oa 
the  place,  and  adorned  it  with  figures 
of  brafs ;  which  being  defaced  by  time, 
and  almoft  buried  in  fand  and  rubbifh, 
was  reflored  by  the  emperor  Hadrian, 
App\an.  B*  Civ,  2,  481  f. ;  Spart'mn.  in 
Hadrian,  c.  14. 

The  principal  authors  of  the  death  of 
Pompey  foon  after  met  with  thejuft 
punifliment  of  their  perfidious  cruelty.. 
Achillas  and  Photinus  were  put  to 
death  by  Caefar.  Ptolemy,  being  over« 
thrown  in  battle  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile,  dlfappeared,  and  was  never  after- 
wards heard  of.  Theodotus,  having 
efcaped  from  Egypt,  lived  a  vagabond 
in  poverty  and  contempt,  till  Brutus 
finding  him  in  his  province  of  Afia, 
put  him  to  death  with,  cxquifite  tor- 
ture, Plutarch,  in  Pomp,  f,  Appian 
fays,  that  Theodotus  was  cruciiied  bf 
Caflius,  B.  Civ.  2.j>.  284. 

PQinpej" 


POM 


C    334    1 


POM 


Pompey  in  his  youth  was  remarkable 
for  his  engaging  appearance.  There 
was  a  dignity  in  his  afped  mingled 
with  gentlenefs,  which  commanded  re- 
lpe£^,  Plutarch,  in  lif.  P.pr.;  Fell,  2, 
2g. ;  Pliru  7,  1 2. ;  Ck,  Brut.  6S.  This 
gracefulnefs  his  countenance  is  faid  to 
have  retained  after  death,  (Permanfife 
dfcm  facrae  veneralile  fortnae, )  Lucan. 
8,  664. 

The  death  of  Pompey  is  often 
mentioned  by  ancient  authors,  as  a 
ilriking  inftance  of  the  inftability  of 
human  greatnefs,  juvenal.  10,  2^^.  ; 
Cic,  Tufc.  I,  35.  Fam,  6,  15.  Div,  2, 
9.;  Flor,  4,  2„  52.;  VaL  Max.  5,  i, 
10.  ;  Pattrc.  2,54.;  -Dio,  42,  5.  ;  Jp- 
ftan.B.  C.  2,  281.  Tres  ubi  (fc.  in 
Aegypto,)  Pompeio  detraxit  arena  tri- 
vmpkosy  Pompey  being  flain,  and  his 
licadlefs  body  left  naked  on  the  Ihore 
of  Egypt,  tarnifhed  the  glory  of  his 
three  triiimphs ;  which  the  fand  or 
ftore  itfelf  is  poetically  faid  to  have 
taken  from  him,  ProperL  3)  1 1,  35- 

There  is  reafon  to  believe  that  if 
Pompey  had  gained  the  viftory,  he 
and  his  partlfans  would  have  exercifed 
jt  with  more  cruelty  than  Caefar  did. 
We  learn  this  from  feveral  paiTages  of 
Cicero^  who  fays  that  Pompey  openly 
<!eclared  his  intention  of  imitating  Sul- 
la, {SylJani  regn'i fimil'ttudinem  concvphity 
Cic.  Att.  9,  7.  ^am  crehro  illud^ 
•*  Sulla  potuitj  ego  non  potero  V*  iL 
10.)  Cic.  MarcelL  6.  and  even  denoun- 
ced a  profcription,  (Luccriae  muliisjer- 
monihus  denuntiata  fji^  Cic.  Att.  8,  i  I, 
Nefcio  quas  ejus  Lucerias  \.  e.  piofcrip- 
tiones  Luceriae  dtnuntiatas  horrent,  ib. 
16.)  Marcell.  6. ;  whence  Cicero  frames 
new  words  to  exprefs  this  defire,  (^Sul- 
laturire  et  prof  crip  turire  animura  Pompeii^ 
Cic.  Att.  9,  I2.*et  10,  5.;  But  Pom- 
pey  never  attempted  to  make  h:mfelf 
leader  of  his  country,  as  Caefar  did  ; 
when  perhaps  he  might  have  done  it. 
He  always  returned  contented  after 
his  vidories  to  a  private  rank,  (Jemper 
ah  armis  Civikm  repetijfe  togam,)  Lucan. 
8,  8'.3.  Tacitus  however  obferves, 
that  Pompey  was  not  better  than  Ma- 


rius  and  Sulla,  but  only  more  artful  i*^ 
difguifing  his  luft  of  power,  [occultiorf 
non  meiior).   Hi  ft.  2,  38. 

Pompey  is  called  by  Cicero  in  his 
letters  to  Atticus  by  various  names  ; 
Ep  I  CRATES,  from  his  domineering 
fpirit,  2,  3.  MegabocchuSf  from  his 
conquefts  in  Africa,  ib.  7.  .  Hierofoly- 
mariiis,  from  his  having  taken  Jerufa- 
lem,  ib,  9.  Sampficeramust  from  his  ha- 
ving conquered  a  petty  prince  in  Syria 

of  that  name,  ib,  14,  16,  &c. Do- 

mus  Pomp  EI  A,  the   houfe  of  Pompey, 

Ovid.   Pont, /^y  5,    II.  POMPEIA  PoRTI- 

cus,  the  portico  of  Pompey,  built  near 
his  theatre,  fupported  on  an  hundred 
pillars  ;  hence  called  Hecatorjlylon-,  fur- 
rounded  with  a  double  row  of  plane- 
trees,  &c.  Propert.  2,  32,  1 1,  called 
Umbra  Pompeia,  Id.  4,  9,  49.  ;  Gvid. 
Art.  1,67.  f/  3,  387.  Pompeii  dona. 
Martial.  2,  14,  ic. ;  and  fimply  Pom* 
peiuSi  Id.  II,  I,  II.;  Add.  Vitruv.  5, 
9.;  Plin.  35,  9,  10,  &  II. — PoM- 
PEiAN!  triurnphi,  the  triumphs  of  Pom- 
pey, Lucan.  3,  i66,fignay  Id.  i,  323. — 
PoMPEiANAK/)j(/Y^x,  the  party  of  Pom- 
pey, Hirt.  B.  Hifp.  35,  &  37. — Pom- 
PEiANi,  orum,  the  favourers  of  Pom-- 
pey, thofe  of  his  party,  Fell.  2,  15. 
—  PoMPEioPOLis,  i.  e.  Soli  V.  Soloe, 
a  city  of  Cilicia,  given  by  Pompey  to 
the  pirates  to  dwell  in,    Mel.  i,  13. 

Cn.  POMPEIUS,  the  eldeft  fon  of 
Pompey  the  Great,  called  fimply  Mag- 
nus, Lucan.  9,  121,  &  145.  who  after 
the  defeat  of  Scipio  in  Africa,  renew- 
ed the  war  in  Spain.  Pie  was  flain  ia 
his  flight  from  the  battle  of  Munda, 
Hirt.  B.  Hifp.  39.  ;   Pat  ere.  2,  55. 

Sext.  POMPEIUS,  the  younger 
fon  of  Pompey  the  Great  ;  who  after 
the  defeat  and  death  of  his  brother  at 
the  battle  of  Munda,  fupported  him- 
felf  for  fome  time  in  Spain,  by  wan- 
dering about  with  a  few  robbers,  j4p. 
pian,  4,  p,  637.  Being  joined  by  a 
number  of  afTociatcs,  he  had  collefted 
a  confiderable  force  even  in  the  life- 
time of  Caefar,  Flor,  4,  8.  After  the 
death  of  Caefar,  Sextus  was  recalled 
by   the  fenate,  and  invelled  with  the 

fame 


POM  I  m 

Tame  authority  by  fea,  which  his  fattier  Ii 
had  pofTeflVd.  Being  ranked  by  the 
triumviri,  Antony,  Lepidus,  and  Au- 
guftus,  amon):^  the  affalfins  of  Cacfar, 
he  fcized  on  Sicily  ;  whither  a  great 
number  of  thofe  who  had  been  pro- 
fc-ribed  and  of  others  flocked  to  him. 
In  fnort,  he  became  fo  powerful  as  to 
be  able  to  wage  war  with  Auguftus 
and  Antony  fo  fuccefsfully,  that  they 
were  obliged  to  conclude  a  peace  on 
terms  very  advantageous  to  Sextu's. 
By  one  of  the  articles,  leave  of  return- 
ing to  Rome  was  granted  to  all  the 
profcribed  and  to  others  who  from 
different  caufes  had  fled  to  Pompey. 
On  this  occafion  Auguftus  and  Antony 
fuppcd  with  Sextas  on  board  his  fliip. 
During  the  entertainment,  Mena  or 
Menadorus,  one  of  his  captains,  pro- 
pofed  to  Sextus,  that  he  fhouid  cut 
his  cable  and  make  himfeli  mailer  of 
the  Roman  empire,  by  difpatching  his 
guefts.  Pompey  fpurned  at  the 
thoughts  of  fuch  perfidy  ;  but  hinted, 
that  he  fhouid  not  have  been  much  of- 
fended if  Mena  had  done  the  deed 
without  his  knowledge,  Plutarch,  in 
Anton.  Sextus  had  it  in  his  power  at 
feveral  times  to  have  vanquilhed  his 
adverfaries,  but  negleftcd  his  oppor- 
tunities. He  was  fo  elated  with  his 
fucceffes,  and  fo  confident  of  his  naval 
ftrength,  that  he  called  himfelf  the  ion 
of  Neptune,  jipplatu  ^,  p.  729.;  Plin, 
9,  16.  ;  Z)ic,  48,  19,  &.  31.  Neptu- 
Nius  Dux,  Iior,EpO(Lg,  7.  Horace 
alfo  calls  him  Servis  amicus  perjidis^  be- 
caufe  m.any  of  his  adherents  were  fugi- 
tive flaves,  ib.  10.  And  Lucan  fay?, 
that  he  was  unworthy  of  being  defccnd- 
ed  from  Pompey  the  Great,  becaufe 
having  exercifed  piracy  in  the  Sicilian 
feas,  he  had  tarniihed  the  glory  of  his 
father's  triumph  over  the  pirates,  6, 
420.  At  lail  Sextus  being  entirely 
defeated  by  Auguilus  in  a  fea-iight 
near  Sicily,  chiefly  by  the  abihties  of 
Marcus  Agrippa,  fled  to  Antony  ;  and 
attempting  to  raife  diilurbances,  was 
llain  by  Titius,  one  of  Antony's  ge- 
nerals, (who  had  formerly  deferted 
from  Pompey  to  Antony,)  at  Mjletus 


3  P  Q  M 

in  Caria,  Fell.  2,  79.  ;  Strab.  3,  ^. 
141.;  i^/«7r.  4,  8.  (Dio  fays  at  Me- 
daion  in  Phi7gia,  by  miftake,  as  it  is 
fuppofed,  49,  1 8.)  in  the  40th  year  of 
his  age,  Appian.  5,^.  7^3. 

Thus  Pompey  and  his  two  fons  had , 
their  graves  in  the  three  different  divi- 
fioHS  of  the  globe,  over  which  the  father 
had  triumphed  ;  ( Pompeios  jwuenes  JJia, 
atque  EuropUyfed  ipfum  Terra  tegit  Lihyes^ 
fi  tamen  ulla  tegit,  ^lid  mirum  toto  ft 
fpargitur  orbe  ?  jacere  Uno  non  poterat 
tarda  ruina  loco  ;  What  wonder  is  there, 
if  the  ruin  of  thi»  family  is  difperfed 
over  the  whole  world  ?  i,  e,  through 
the  three  parts  of  the  then  known 
world  ;  it  was  {<y  great  that  it  could 
not  be  confined  to  one  part,  Martial^ 
5,  75.  Eur  op  am  miferi,  Lihyamque^ 
Afiatnque  timete  :  Difirihuit  tiimulos  vef- 
tris  fortuna  triumphis.  0  mifiranda  do* 
tnus,  toto  nihil  orhe  vidchis  Tutius  Ematia, 
i.  e.  than  ThefTaly,  where  the  battle 
of  Pharfalia  was  fought.  Pompey  and 
his  two  fons  efcaped  from  thence,  to 
perifh  in  the  three  different  parts  of 
the  earth,  Lucan.  6,  817.  Et  qaafi 
non  pojfet  tot  tellus  ferre  fepulcJyra,  Divtfit 
cineresj  Petron.  Sat.  c.  120.) 

POMPILIUS,  the  name  of  a  Pa- 
trician gsns  at  Rome,  originally  de- 
fcended  from  the  Sabines,  whence  was 
Numa  Pompilius,  the  fecond  king  of 
Rome,   [G.  195.)  '^ietum  regnum 

Pomp^di  for  Pompilii,    Hor.  Od.  I,  IZ^ 

Pompilius  fanguls^    i.  e.  the  Pifoa 


fprung  from  Numa,  Hor,  Art, p.  292. 

PoMPiLii,  -orum,  friends  of  Cati- 
line,  Cic.  Pet,  Conf,  3. 

Pom  PON  I  us,  the  name  of  an  ancient 
Roman  ^fRj-,  of  which  there  were  fe- 
vcral  branches  (familiae.) 

M,  Pom  PON  I  us,  a  tribune,  who 
having  iummoned  L.  Manhus  to  his 
trial  bt-fore  the  people,  Liv.  7,  4.  was 
obliged  by  the  fon  of  Manlius  to  fweir 
that  he  would  droo  his  accufation, 
ib,  5. 

r,  P0MP0N1U3  Aiticus,  the 
friend  of  Cicero  ;  adopted  by  the  tef- 
tament  of  his  uncle  on  the  mother's 
fide  Q.  Caecilius  j  and  on  that  account 

caUed 


POM  [ 

caiTed  ^Caecillusy  ^F.  (i.  e/Q^intf 
Filfus)  Pomponlanus  Atticus,  Cic.  Att. 
3,  20.  Nep»  mvita  ylfiicty  c,  5.  Cicero 
ii  writing  to  Atticus,  Immediately 
after  the  death  of  his  uncle,  addreifes 
him  by  this  name  ;  and  joins  the  be- 
ginning of  his  letter  with  the  inicrip- 
tion,  ^od  quidem  it  a  ejfcy  Sec.  i.  e. 
that  you  have  been  adopted  by  your 
yucle,  and  have  changed  your  name, 
&€.  i6. 

Pom  PON  lA,  the   fjfter   of  Atticus, 
married    to    Q.    Cicero,    the    orator's 


brother,    Cir.  JiL  1,5. 


.f  2. 


The 


mother  of  Scipio  Africanus,  as  was 
fuppofed,  by  Jupiter  transformed  into 
afnake,  Sii  13,  61^, 
.  Po^pOKius  Sxcundm,  a  tragic  poet, 
of  confular  rank  ;  the  friend  of  the 
•?Ider  Pliny,  wbofc  h'fe  he  wrote,  Plin. 

Ep'  3»  5- ;    ^yinail.  10,   i,  98. 

PoMPONiAKA//r^,  pears  fo  called,  be- 
caufe  probably  firil  engrafted  by  one 
Poniponius,   Plin.  15,  15. 

C.  POMTINUS,  (Pontinusy  V. 
•-itts)^  praetor  when  Cicero  was  coiifu], 
Cic.  Cat.  3,  2. ;  Flacc.  40.  After  his 
praetorfnip  he  obtained  the  province  of 
Cifalpine  Gaul,  in  which  he  conquer- 
ed the  Allohrogcsy  and  triumphed  over 
them,  Cic.  Prcv.  Conf.  13.  j^iL  4,  16.; 
^  Fry  3,  4.  ;  Dioy  .^7,  p.  50,  51.  et 
49,/.  120.  He  was  the  lieutenant  of 
Cicero  in  Cilicia^  Cic.  Fam.  2,  15.  3, 
g.  et  19,4.  j4tt.6y  ^. 

PoNTiDius,  a  native  of  Arpinum, 
an  orator,   Cic.  Or.  2,  67.;  J5r.  70. 

C.  PONTIUS,  general  of  the  Sam- 
nites,  who  made  the  Rotr.ans  pafs  uii- 
der  the  yoke  at  the  Furcae  Caudinae 
in  Samnium,  Cic.  Off.ty  2;.  (G.  227,) 
But  being  afterwards  conquered,  he 
was  led  in  triumph  by  Q^Fabius  Maxi- 
Wus  Gurges,  and  put  to  death,  Fid» 
Fa  15 1  us. 

L,  PONTIUS  Agiu/a,  the  lieute- 
nant of  Brutus,  fiaia  at  Mutina,  Cic. 
J'^jm.  iCy  33. 

T.  Pontius,  a  centurion  of  un- 
common ftrength,    Cic.    Scru  10.    Fin, 

Pontius  Pildtus^  governor  of  Ju- 
daea, in  the  time  of  Tiberius,  by  whofe 
orders  cur  Saviour  v/as  crucified,  (/«/- 


r,6  1  ?  o  it 

plicio  affediis  eraty  as  Tacitus  exprcffc^ 
it,  jinn.  15,  44.) 

Po  p  1 L 1 A  ^^;?x,  a  plebeian  family  at 
Rome,  Cic,  Leg-  2,  22. 

Pop  I  LI  A,  the  mother  of  Q.  Catu- 
1ns,  the  firft  woman  at  whofe  funeral 
a  public  oration  was  delivered  in  her 
praife  by  her  fon,   Cic.  Or.  2,  2. 

M.  PoriLius,  conful  a.  394,  priefl 
of  Carmenta,  /  Flamen  Carmmtalisjy 
who  being  informed,  while  facriticing 
to  that  goddefs,  that  a  frdition  of  the 
people  had  taken  place,  went  out  into 
the  affembly,  clothed  '^vith  his  facer- 
dotal  robe,  (laena)^  as  he  wa«,  ai^d  by 
a  fpeech  calmed  the  cona  motion  ; 
whence  he  was  called  Laenas,  -ati\y 
which  name  he  tranfmittcd  to  his  pof- 
terity,   Cic.  Br,  14.  ;  Li'v,  'Jy  12. 

C.  PopiLius  Laenasy  twice  conful 
3,583,  595. — Being  fent  as  an  am- 
baifador  to  Antiochus  king  of  Syria, 
to  defire  in  the  name  of  the  fenate,  that 
he  would  defill  from  hoililities  againil 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt;  when  Antio- 
chus hefitatcd  about  wliat  anfwer  he 
fliould  return,  Popilius  drew  a  circle 
with  his  rod  round  him,  ana  demanded 
that  he  would  return  a  decided  anfwtr 
before  he  left  that  circle;  whereupon 
the  king  faid,  that  he  would  do  what 
the  fenate  required,  Cic.  Phil.  8,  8. ; 
Liv.  45,  12.;   Fat  Max.  6,  4,  3. 

C.  Popilius  Laenau  a  military  tri- 
bune, who  (lew  Cicero,  though  he  had 
formerly  httn  defended  and  preserved 
by  Cicero,  when  accufed  of  a  capital 
crime,  Fal.  Max.  5,  3,  4.  Plutarch 
calls  him  Hsrennius. 

PoPLicOLA,  V,  Puhllcola,  m.  a  name 
given  to  M.  Valerius,  who  afiilled  Bru- 
tus in  expelling  the  kings,  on  account 
of  the  popular  laws  v/hich  he  propo- 
fed,  (a  ^ofnthm  colendo),  Liv.  2,  8. 

POPPAEA,  the  iecond  wife  of  Ne- 
ro,  Suet.  Ner,  3c. Poppaeana,  fc. 

vngucnfay  Poppean  ointments,  compo- 
fed  of  afs-milk,  invented  by  Poppaea* 
to  improve  her  beauty,  Juvenal.  6j  46  u 
She  is  faid  to  have  carried  along  wiih 
her,  wherever  fhe  went,  ^oo  ihe  ailes, 
to  yield  milk  for  making  a  bath-ifof 
her  td  bathe  in,  Flm.  11,  41. 

PORCIA* 


P  O  R  [    3?7    3 

PORCIA  gens,  a  plebeian  gens  at     Carmenta, 
Rome,  originally  from  Tufculum,  Plu- 
tarch, in  Caton.  Cenfor,   fr. ;  T'ac.   Ann. 
II,  24.  ;    Vid,  Cato. 

PORCIA,  the  fifter  of  M.  Cato 
Uticenjts,  the  wife  of  Domitlus  Aheno- 
barbus,  C'tc,  Att.  15,  1 1. ;  in  praife  of 
whom  Cicero  compofed  a  funeral  ora- 
tion, (hiudatio)y  Cic.  Att.  13,  37,  & 
48. 

PORCIA,  the  daughter  of  Cato, 
and  wife  of  Bibulus  ;  whom,  after  the 
death  of  Bibulus,  Brutus  married,  ha- 
ving, for  that  purpofe,  divorced  his 
former  wife  Claudia,  though  of  an  un- 
tainted charafter :  on  which  account 
he  was  much  blamed,  Cic,  Att,  13,  9, 
&  10.  Porcia  having  heard  of  the  death 
of  Brutus,  determined  not  to  furvlve 
him  ;  and  bemg  refufed  the  ufe  of  a 
fword,  or  any  other  weapon,  is  faid  to 
have  fuffocated  herfelf  by  fwallowing 
burning  coals,  Val.  Max.  4,  6,  5.  ; 
Dio^  47,  46. ;  Appian.  B.  C,  4,  p.  669. 
or  hot  embers,  {^Ardentes  avido  bikit  ore 
favi/Ias),  Martial.  1,43,5.  Plutarch 
mentions  this  faft,  but  feems  not  to 
believe  the  truth  of  it,  in  vita  Bruii,  f. 
It  is  thought  that  Porcia  died  before 
the  battle  of  PhilippI  of  a  lingering  ill- 
nefs,  Cic.  ad  Brut,  9,  &  17.;  Plutarch, 
ibid. 

Porcia  bafiUca,  a  court  for  the  ad- 
mlnlllration  of  juilice,  built  by  Cato 
when  cenfor,  Liv,  39,  44. 

M.  PoRCius  Laeca,  a  tribune,  a. 
^^d,  Liv.  32,  7. fj  2,  An  accom- 
plice in  Catiline's  confplracy,  Salhift. 
Cat.  27.  called  M.  Lecca  by  Cicero, 
Cat,  I,  4. 

L.  PoRCius  Licinus,  v.  -iusy  conful 
with  P.  Claudius,  Liv.  39,  32. ;  Cic, 
Br,  15. 

L.  PoRCius  Nasica,  an  orator,  Cic, 
Or,  2,  64. 

PoRPHYRiON,  'onisy  a  giant  of  a 
tremendous  fize,  or  menacing  ftature, 
Nor,  Od,  3,  4,  54. f '2.  A  chario- 
teer of  the  FaBio  PrasmUy  or  Green 
faction,  i.  e.  who  wore  green  livery, 
JVlartial.  13,  78. f  3.  The  name  of 


a  little  bird,  ib,  ^  Plin.  10,  46  f.  63. 
PoRRiMA,  a  filler  or  companion  of 


PCS 

the    mother  of  Evander, 
Ovid,  Faji.  I,  633. ;  Gdl.  16,  16. 

PORSeNA,  v.  Porfenna,  the  king 
of  Chifium  in  Tufcany,  who  received 
the  Tarquins  when  expelled  from 
Rome,  and  led  an  army  againft  Rome 
In  order  to  rtftore  them,  [G,  208.) 
Martial,  i,  22,  6.  et  14,98.5  Virg, 
Aen.  8,  646. ;  Hor.  Epod.  16,  4.  ;  Cic* 
Sext.  21.  ;  Liv,  2,  9. 

PoRTUMNUs,  V.  PortanusyZ  fea-god, 
who  prefided  over  harbours,  (portubus 
praeejl),   Virg.    Acn.   5,    241.;     et  ibi 

Serv.;  Cic  N.  D.  2,  26. Portum- 

NALiA,  -iunit  V.  -ioruniy  a  feftival  In  ho- 
nour of  Vortumnus,  Varr.  L,  L,  5,  3. 
PORUS,  an  Indian  king,  conquer- 
ed by  Alexander,  .  urt.  8  f.  (G,  634.) 
Po  81  DON  I  us,  a  Stoic  phllofopher, 
a  native  of  Apamea,  {^Apamenus),  who 
lived  at  Rhodes,  Cic,  Att,  2,  i.  the 
fcholar  of  Panaetius,  Cic.  Off,  3,  2. 
the  Inilruftor  and  friend  of  CIcero> 
Cic,  N,  D,  I,  3.  Ait,  2,  I.  vlfitcd  by 
Pompey  In  his  return  from  Syria,  and 
though  very  ill  of  the  gout,  yet  enter- 
tained that  general  with  a  lefture  on 
philofophy,   Cic.  Tufc.  2,  25. 

POSTHUMIUS,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens. 

A,  PosTHUMius,  dI£lator  agalnft 
the  Latins,  Liv.  2,  i  9,  Sc  20. 

A.  PosTHUMius  TubertuSi  a  dila- 
tor, who  conquered  the  Aequi  and  /^o/- 
fci  in  a  great  battle,  Liv.  4,  26, — 29. 
f:iid  by  fome  to  have  put  to  death  his 
own  fon,  for  fighting  contrary  to  or- 
ders ;  but  falfely  In  the  opinion  of  L.I- 
vy  ;  becaufe  if  that  had  been  true,  we 
ftiould  ufe  imperia  Pojlhumiana  prover- 
bially, rather  than  Manliana  imperia^ 
for  cruel  commands,  ib.  29. 

IV!.  PosTHUMius  Regillenfisy  a  mlli- 
tr.ry  tribune  with  confular  authority, 
a.  u.  341.  the  general  of  the  Romans 
againft  the  Aequi,  who,  by  unjuft  fevc- 
rity,  provoked  his  foldiers  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree, that  they  ftoned  him   to  death, 

Liv.  4,  49,  &  50. ^uacflio  Pojlhu- 

mianae  caedis,  an   enquiry    concerning 
the  murder  of  Pofthumius,  ib,  5  "> . 


SpuTi  Po  ST  H  UNIT'S  AlbinuSf  conful, 
a.  u.  644,  lent  againft  Juguitha,   ^al- 
Uu  lujl. 


P  o  s 


[     !5S8     1 


PRO 


hjl,  Ju^'  36.  with  very  bad  fuccefs,  ib. 

Many  others  of  the  name  of  Poft- 

humius  are  mentioned  by  Cicero  and 
Li  ivy. 

PosTHUMUs  V.  Poftumusy  an  opu- 
lent, fuperilitious,  and  parhmonious 
friend  of  Horace,  Hor,  Od.  2,14. 

Rahirius  Posthumus,  a  Roman 
eques,  concerned  with  Gabinius  in  re- 
ftoring  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt;  in 
(defence  of  whom,  Cicero  delivered  an 
oration,  which  is  (lill  extant. 

P0STVERT4,  a  filler  or  companion 
of  Carmenta,  Ovid.  F.  1,  633.  (aid  to 
be  one  of  the  names  of  Carmenta  v. 
-rtis,  thought  to  have  power  over  preg- 
nant women,   Ge//.   16,  16. 

PoTHiNus,  an  Egyptian  eunuch, 
minifter  to  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt, 
one  of  the  chief  authors  of  the  death 
of  Po  m pey ,   Fid,  Po  m  p  e  1  u  s . 

PoTiTii,  V.  'iciif  -orum,  an  ancient 
family  of  Latrum,  to  whom  Hercules 
entruiled  the  charge  of  his  facred  rites, 
Ijiv,  I,  7.  The  r'etitii  having  entruft- 
cd  the  management  of  that  charge  to 
public  Haves,  became  extindl  in  the 
courfe  of  a  year,  though  they  confift- 
eft  of  12  familiae,  Liv.  9,  29,  fmg.  Po- 
titiu8,  Firg,  Aen.  8,  269.  j  'laut.  Bacch, 
i»    2,    15- 

P,  PoTiTiUE,  a  fenator,   Cic.  Fern 

pRAXiTELF.s,  -ir,  a  famous  fculptor 
and  ftatuary,  pjin.  7,  38.  34,  8.  et  ^6, 

5 KAxiTCLiA  capta,  heads  hne- 

!y  expreffed,  as  thofe  of  Praxiteles,  Cic, 
i)iv.  2,  21. 

Pre  CI  ANUS,  a  lawyer,  a  favourite 
of  Caefar,  and  a  friend  of  Cicero,  Cic. 
fam.  7,  8. 

/>.  pRETius,  a  Rom^n  equesj  who 
traded  at  Panormus,  Cic.  Ferr.  5,  62. 

Priamus,  the  fon  of  Laomedon, 
( Laomedontiadcs,  Virg.  Aen.  8,  158.) 
king  of  Troy,  (G.  400.)  faid  to  have 
had  50  fong,  17  of  whom  were  born 
gf  his  lav/ful  vyife,  [ex  jujla  uxcre  nati.) 
After  th€  deilrudlion  of  Troy,  and  the 
lofs  of  his  children,  Priam  was  flain  by 
Pyrrhus,  the  fon  of  Achilles,  before 
|he  altar  of  Jupiter,  or  -cf  his  J^matesf 


Cic.  Tufc.  1,35.;    Firg.   Aen.  2,  554, 

&c.  Juvenal.  10,268.;   (G.  187.) . 

onjux  Priameia,  the  wife  of  Priam, 
/.  f.  Heciiba,  Ovid  Met.  13,404.- — 
Sceptra  Priameiay  the  fceptre  of  Priam, 
Firg.   Aen.    7,  252.  Pri  amides, 

-acy  Deiphohus^  the  fon  of  Pnam,  ib.  6, 
,94.  —  Priameis,  tdisi  the  daugh- 
ter of  Priam,  i.  e.  CafTandra,  Ovid.  Amor. 

i>  9'  37- 

Priapus,  the  god  of  gardens,  (0- 
vid.  Faji.  I,  415.;   (G.  363.) 

Proca,  f.  -asy  a  king  of  Alba,  the 
father  of  Amulius  and  Numitor,  the 
grandfather  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 
Liv.  I,  3.;  Firg.  Aen.  6,  767.;  Ovid. 
Met.  14,  622.   Fajl.  4,  52.  et  6,  143. 

Procili  s,  an  hiitorian,  elleemed 
by  Atticus,  Cic.  Att.  2,  2.;  Plin.  8,  2. 

Procles,  -//,  the  twin-brother  of 
Euiyfthenes,  king  of  Lacedaemon, 
Cic.  Div.  2,  43. 

PROCNE,  V.  ■  GNr,  -es,  the  daughter 
of  Fandlon  king  of  Athens,  married  to 
Tereus  king  of  Thrace,  and  by  him 
the  mother  of  Itys,  (Fid,  Itys;  et  G. 
418.)  whom  fliC  killed  and  ferved  up 
to  his  father,  on  account  of  the  injury 
done  by  him  to  her  fiiler  Philomela  :  — • 
converted  into  a  fwallow,  [Altera  fc, 
Procne  teaafubit^  &c.)  Ovid.  Met.  6, 
669.  Hence  Procne  is  put  for  a 
fwallow,  Firg'  G.  4,  15.  called  alfo 
Pand'ionis  ales^  Lucan.  ad  Pifon.  255, 
and  Cecropiae  domus  /leternum  opprobrium^ 
Horat.  Od,  4,  1  2,  6. 

pROCOPius,  a  Greek  hiftorian,  born 
at  Caeiarea  in  Paltftiue,  fecretary  to 
Juftinian  ;  who  wrote  an  account  of 
Btlifarius,  &c.  His  work  is  Hill  extant, 

Procris,  -?x,  v.  '"tdisi  ace.  Procrimy 
Vc  'iny  the  daughter  of  Iphis,  or  of 
Erechtheus,  king  of  Athens,  [Erech- 
this,  -tdisj,  and  wife  of  Cephalus,  (G. 
420.)  Firg.  Aen.  6,  445.  ;  ei  ibi  Serv.; 
Ovid,  Met,  7,  694 

Procrustes,  -ac,  a  noted  robber  of 
A'tica,  who  ufed  to  adjufl  the  bodies 
of  travellers  to  an  iron  bed,  in  which 
he  placed  them  ;  cutting  oft  part  of 
the  member  or  thofe  who  were  long- 
erj    and   diftending    thofe   who    were 

ihprter  | 


PRO  C 

fliorter  ; — flain  by  Thefeus,  Plutarch, 
in  Tbefeo  ;  D'todor.  4,  5.  ;  Ovid,  Met, 
7,  438.  Ep.  2,  69.  ^ 

pROCULA,  an  immodeft  woman; 
ufed  as   a  common   name,  jfuvenaL  2, 

68. ^  2.  .  The  wife  of  Codrus,  of 

fmall  ftature,  thus,  Ledus  erat  Codro 
Proculd  minora  fhorter  than  his  fliort- 
legged  wife  Procula,  Id,  3,  203. 

PROCULeiUS,  a  Roman  equesm 
great  favour  with  Auguftus,  JwvenaL 
7,  94.;  Pl'in.  7,  45.;  Uio,  51,  i_l. 
brother  to  Terentia,  the  wife  of  Maece- 
nas ;  remarkable  for  his  affeflion  to  his 
two  brothers  Scipi6  or  Caepio  and  Mu- 
raena,  with  whom  he  divided  his  pa- 
trimony ;  and  afterwards,  when  they 
were  deprived  of  their  efFefts  in  the 
civil  war,  he  again  (hared  his  fortune 
with   them,  Hor.  Od,   2,    2,    J.;   et  ibi 

SchoilaJ.  The   fon  of  Proculeius 

feems  to  have  failed  in  filial  afFeftion  to 
his  father,  ^iiiBlUatu  9,  3,  68. 

Proculus,  anciently  ufed  as  a.prae- 
nomerif  Liv.  i,  16.  2,  41.  et  4,  12.  in 
after  times  as  a  cognomen j  Tacit.  Hift. 
1,  24,  &  25.  Jnn,  3,  18.  II,  35.  15, 
50.  &  51,  13,  30. 

PROCuLUS  yulius,  a  patrician, 
defcended  from  Afcanius  or  lulus, 
Dlonyf,  2,  />.  93.  et  Plutareh,  in  Romu' 
lo  ;  who,  when  Romulus  had  difap- 
peared,  and  was  fuppofed  to  have  been 
torn  in  pieces  by  the  fenators,  allayed 
the  commotion  of  the  people,  by  de- 
claring, that  Romulus  having  come 
down  from  heaven,  had  appeared  to 
him  ;  and  having  charged  him  to  tell 
the  Romans  to  cultivate  the  art  of 
war,  and  to  worfhip  him  under  the 
name  of  Q^iirinus,  had  again  afcended 
into  heaven,  Hid,  et  Liv.  i,  16.;  Cic. 
Leg,  I,  I. 

PRocyoN,  'OW/J-,  the  leffer  dog-ftar, 
Bor,  Od,  3,  29,  18.  which  rifes  before 
SiriuSf  the  dog-ttar,  Columell,  u,  12. 
hence  called  by  the  Latins  Anteca- 
Nib,  Cic    N.  D,  2,44. 

PRODiCUS,  a  philofopher,  born 
in  the  iiland  Cea,  [Ceus,  al.  CouSi  i.  e. 
in  Cos  ;  al.  Chius,  i.  e.  in  Chios,)  Cic, 
N.D,  I,  42. ;  Laert.  9,  50.  who  wrote 
foncernin^  the  nature  of  things,  Cic, 


339  1         .'^.^^ 

Or.  ;,  32.  and  is  faid  to  have  been  th^ 
author  of  the  fable  of  Hercules  being 
accofted  in  a  folitary  place  by  Virtue 
and  Pleafure,  and  giving  the  prefer- 
ence to  Virtue,  [G.  398.)  whence  Ci- 
cero calls  this  fable  Hercules  Prodicius^ 
the  Hercules  of  Prodicus,  OJf.  i,  32. 

P.ioETUs,  a  king  of  Argos,  whofe 
daughters  (Proet^ides)  having  prefu- 
med  to  prefer  themfelves  to  Juno  in 
point  of  beauty,  were  by  her  infe£led 
with  fuch  infanity,  that  they  imagined 
themfelves  to  be  cows,  (G.  393.) 

PROMETHEUS,  (3  fyll.)  -«, 
Virg.  E.  6,  42.  vel  -eosy  Stat.  Theb. 
11,468.  the  ion  of  Japetus  and  Cly- 
mene,  who  is  faid  to  have  made  a  man 
of  clay,  and  to  have  animated  him  with 
fire  which  he  ftole  from  the  chariot  of 
the  fun,  by  applying  to  it  the  end 
of  a  rod,  (ferula J^  hence  called  calUdut, 
Hor.  Od.  2,  18,  '^^.  and  hum.oroufly 
put  for  a  fkilful  potter,  jfwvenal.  4, 
133.  On  account  of  his  impiety  he 
was  chained  by  Mercury  to  a  rock  on 
the  top  of  mount  Caucafus,  where  an 
eagle  or  vulture  continually  preyed  on 
his  hver,  (G.  435.)  Martial,  Sped.  7,  i, 

Firg.  ^.  6,  42.   et  Hi  Serv, Henee 

Promethea  ^w^i7,  the  ridges  of  Cau- 
cafus, to  which  Prometheus  was  fixed, 
Propert.  i,  12,  10.  So  Prometheae 
rupesy  Martial,  9,  46,  3.  Promethet 
fcopuliy  Senec.  Here.  fur.  13.  et  1267. 
FiSa  Prometheo  diceris  ejfe  lut§y  i.  e. 
you  are  fo  old  and  ugly.  Id.  10,  39,  4. 
Speaking  of  the  ferula^  Martial  fays, 
Clara  Prometheo  munere  lignafiimus,  14, 

80. Promethidcs,  -ae^  the  Ion   of 

Prometheus,  i.  e.  Deucalion,  Ovid.  Met, 

Pr.^-paetides, -«m,  women  of  Ama- 
thus  in  Cyprus,  who  having  dared  to 
deny  the  divinity  of  Venus,  were  by 
her  turned  into  iloncs,  Ovid.  Me/.  io« 
221,  &  242. 

Sex.  Jure/ius  PROPERTIUS,  a 
celebrated  eiegiae  poet  of  the  Auguf- 
tan  age,  whofe  works  are  ftill  extant 
in  four  books. 

}  ROSERPiNA,   the  daughter  of 

Ceres  by  Jupiter,    and  wife  of  Pluto, 

{G,  360,  &  388.) — Rfgna  Profirpinae^ 

V  u  2  "       the 


PRO 


[    340    1 


P  T  O 


the  infernal  regions,  Hor,   Od.  2,  13, 

20.  Ep,  17,  2.  Nullum  Saeva  caput 
Proferpina  fugit,  i.  e.  fpares  no  one,  Hor* 
Od,  I,  28,  20.^-Proferpina,  in  order 
to  free  the  foul  from  the  body,  was 
fuppofed  to  cut  a  hair  from  the  head 
of  evei-y  perfon  about  to  die,  Virg. 
y/m.  4,  694.;  Stat.  Silv.  2,  i,  147.; 
Vihull.  3,  5,  5.  This  notion  was  pro- 
bably derived  from  an  ancient  cultom 
of  cutting  fome  hairs  from  the  heads  of 
dying  perfons,  and  confecrating  thern 
to  Proferpiiie  and  the  infernal  gods  ; 
as  hairs  ufed  to  be  pulled  from  between 
the  horns  of  a  victim  about  to  be  fa- 
crificed,  (  Vid.  A.  323.) 

PjtOTAGOHAS,  -ocj  a  philofoplicr, 
bon  at  Abdern,  banilhed  from  Athens, 
and  his  books  publicly  burnt,  becaufe 
he  had,  in  the  beginning  of  a  book,  ex- 
prelfed  a  doubt  concerning  the  exiil- 
ence  of  the  gods,  Cic.  N.  D.  1,  i,  &c 
23.  He  alfo  wrote  books  on  other 
fub]e£ls,  Cic.  Or.  3,  32.  Brut.  12. 

Pr(,t."silaus,  the  fon  of  Iphiclus, 
from  Phylace^  a  city  of  Theflaly,  the 
lirft  of  the  Greeks  that  landed  on  the 
coaft  of  Troy  ; — llain  by  Hetlor,  (  G. 

459-) 

PROTEUS,  (2.  fyll.)-«,  V.  -COS,  ace. 
-m,  the  fon  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  a 
fea-god,  who  could  change  himfclf  in- 
to any  fliape,  (G.  386.)  to  which 
Horace  alludes.  Sat.  2,  3,  71.  Ep.  i, 
i»  90.  ^ 

Protogenzs,  -isy  a  painter,  a  native 
of  Caunus,  Cic.  Br.  \  8.  Jtt.  2,21.;  FUn. 
35.  10. — put  for  any  learned,  ingenious, 

or  artful  Greek,  Jtmcnal.  3,  120. 

^  2.    A    reader   to    M.    Marius,    Cic. 
Fam.  7,  T. 

PRUSIAS,  -ae,  king  of  Bithynia, 
to  whom  Annlbal  litd,  after  the  defeat 
of  Antiochus,  and  by  wliom  he  was 
betrayed  to  the  Romans,  Liv.  39,  46, 
&  51.;  JVep.  23,  12.  Prufias  after  the 
defeat  of  Perfeus,  wliofe  filler  he  had 
married,  came  to  Rome  with  his  fon 
Nicomcdes  ;  and  to  recommend  him- 
felf  to  the  favour  of  the  fenate  and 
people,  behaved  with  the  meaneil  fer- 
,viHty,  Zi-u.  45,  44.  Afterwards,  ha- 
ving attempted  to  take  away  the  life 


of  Nicomedes,  that  he  might  be  able 
to  provide  for  his  younger  children  by 
the  ftepmother  of  Nicomedes,  he  ^as 
firft  dethroned  by  his  fon,  and  then 
put  to  death,  Liv.  Epit*  ^o.;  Jujlin.  34, 

4- 

PsAMMiTicHus,    a  kiag  of  Egypt, 

(G.665.) 

PsEUDt  ,  a  name  given  to  one  who 
pretends   to  be  what  he  is  not,   (from 

v|.ty<5~<i),   jcjUo  '.)    thus, PsfiUDO-'^Hl- 

uppus,  i.e.  Andrifcus,  a  perfon  of  low 
rank,  who  affumed  the  name  of  Pliilip, 
and  pretending  to  be  the  fon  of  Per- 
feus, had  the  influence  to  excite  a  war 
in  Macedonia,  which  he  fupported  with 
confiderable  ability,  till  he  was  van- 
quiihed  by  Metellus,  hence  called  Ma- 
CKDONicus,  Liv.  Epit.  48,  49,  &  50.; 
Flor.  2,  14.;  Cic.  Rull.  2,  33.;  VaL 
Max.  7,  5,  4.  ;    Tac.  Ann.  12,  62. 

Pseudo-Peiiscus,  (called  alfo  alter 
Pfeudo-Phllippus,  Liv.  Epit,  53.)  ano- 
ther pretender  to  the  kingdom  of  Mace- 
donia, who  was  cut  off  by  L.  Tremel- 
lius,  Eutrop.  4,15. 

Pseudg-Mariu^,  i.  c.  the  impoftor 
Marius,  one  C.  Amatius,  a  plebeian  of 
low  extraction,  who  pretending  to  be 
the  fon  of  C.  Marius,  and  giving  out 
that  he  wifhed  to  revenge  the  murder 
of  Caefar  his  kinfinan,  raifed  great 
diflurbances  at  the  funeral  of  Caeiar 
and  after  it  ;  till  Antony  ordered  ^im 
to  be  feized  and  llrangled,  and  his 
body  to  be  dragged  through  the  llreets, 
Cic.  Phil.  1,2.;  Liv.  Epit.  i  f  6. ;  VaL 
Max.  9,  15,  2.;  Jppian.  B.  Civ.  3,/. 
527,  529,  549.  [Vid.  Antonius,  25.) 
— So  in  later  times,  PstuDO-AcRiP- 
PA,  Tac.  Ann.  2,  39. ;     Pseudo-Dru- 

SUS,   ih.    5,      10.;       PsEUD.J- NEKO,    Id. 

Piyi.  2,  8. Thus   Cicero   calls  Cor- 

nutus,  Pscudo-Cato,  i.  e.  an  imitator 
of  Cato,  Cic.jitt.  1,14.  Aliquem  Pseu- 
do-Da]masippum  reperiernusy  fome  one 
fond  of  buying  flatues  like  Damafip- 
pus,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  23,  15.  Vid.  Hor. 
Sat.  2,  3,  64. 

PTOLEMAEUS  I.  the  fon  of 
Lagus,  a  Macedonian  of  mean  rank, 
according  to  fome  writers,  the  natural 
fon  of  Philip,  Paufan.  i,  6,  one  of  the 

chief 


P  T  O  [34 

chief  generals  of  Alexander.  After 
the  death  of  that  conqueror,  he  ob- 
tained the  government  of  Egypt  and 
the  adjoining  countries;  which,  by  his 
abilities,  he  made  a  great  kingdom, 
and  tranfmitted  it  to  his  dciccndants, 
who  continued  to  enjoy  it  for  many 
generations,  till  it  was  reduced  into  a 
Roman  province  by  Auguitus.  His 
fuccefTors  were  all  called  from  him  by 
the  name  of  Ptolcmv,  and  were  di- 
Ib'nguifhed  by  different  epithets.  He 
himlelf  was  diftinguifhed  by  the  name 
of  Lacus  or  SoTER,  i.  e.  Servator,  the 
Saviour,  an  appellation  given  him  by 
the  Rhodians  for  the  alliftance  which 
he  afforded  them  agaiuil  Demetrius. 
He  died  in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his 
age,  and  thirty-ninth  of  his  reign,  com- 
puting from  the  death  of  Alexander,  B. 
C.  283.  leaving  to  his  fon  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  whom  for  two  years  be- 
fore his  death  he  had  aflbciated  with 
himfelf  in  the  government,  befides  E- 
gypt,  Phoenicia,  Coelefyria,  part  of 
Arabia,  Libya,  Aethiopia,  the  ifland  of 
Cyprus,  Pamphylia,  Cih'cia,  Lycia, 
Caria,  and  the  ifles  called  the  Cycla- 
des.  Hence  Tacitus  thus  juftly  de- 
fcribeshim:  Ptolemaeus,  qui  Mace do- 
nutn  primus  Aegypti  opes  firmwvit.  Hi  ft. 
4,  83.  but  adds  an  account  of  a  ftrange 
inftance  of  his  fuperftilior.,  ibid. 

n.  PTOLEMAEUS  PHI- 
LADELPHUb,  lb  named  by  the 
figure  called  AnUphrajisy  becaufe  he 
caufed  two  of  his  broihers  to  be  put 
to  death  upon  a  charge  of  their  having 
formed  defigns  againft  his  life,  Faujan. 
I,  7,  He  finifhed  the  plans  of  im- 
provement which  his  father  had  be- 
gun ;  the  founding  of  the  celebrated 
library  at  Alexandria,  and  the  building 
of  the  famous  watch-tower  in  the  ifle 
of  Pharos,  whence  it  is  called  Ptokmae- 
ia  Pharosy  Propert.  2,  i,  30.  In  order 
to  open  a  communication  with  the 
countries  of  the  ealt,  he  built  on  the 
Red  Sea,  tirft  Berenice  and  then  Myos- 
Hormos;  whither  the  commodities  of 
the  eaft  were  conveyed  in  fliips,  and 
tranfpi?rted  from  thence  on  camels  to 
Copies  on  the  Nile,  {Fid,  G.  66$.) 


I    ]  P  T  O 

The  excellent  regulations  of  the  two 
firft  Ptolemies  rendered  Alexandria 
the  chief  commercial  city  in  the  world, 
which  it  continued  to  be  till  it  was 
taken  by  the  Saracens,  a.  642.  (  Fid.  G. 
23,  127,  &  627.) — Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus was  a  great  favourer  of  learning 
and  learned  men.  Among  thofe  who 
fhared  of  his  bounty,  the  moft  diftin- 
gullhed  were  Euclid,  Theocr'ttus,  Calli- 
macbus,  and  Lycophron.  Ptolemy  was 
the  moft  opulent  prince  of  his  time. 
He  is  faid  to  have  made  an  alliance  with 
the  Romans,  Liv.  Eptt.  14.  He  died 
in  the  fixty-third  year  of  his  age,  and 
thirty-eighth  of  his  reign,  B.  C.  247, 
and  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon, 

HI.  PTOLEMAEUS  Everge- 
TES,  fo  called  on  account  of  his  bene- 
ficence ;  who  to  revenge  the  injurious 
treatment  and  murder  of  his  fifter  Be- 
renice, queen  of  Syria,  led  an  army 
into  that  country,  and  extended  his 
conquefts  to  the  Tigris.  Being  fud- 
denly  recalled  to  quell  a  fedition  at 
home,  he  brought  back  with  him  iin- 
menfe  fpoils,  Jujlin.  27,  i.  On  occa- 
fion  of  his  abfence,  his  Queen  Berenice 
had  vowed  to  confecrate  her  hair  if  he 
returned  in  fafety,  which  fhe  perform- 
ed. Fid.  Berenice  -  Ptolemy  Ever- 
gctes  interefted  himfelf  in  the  affairs  of 
Greece.  He  affifted  Aratus  in  efta- 
bhfhing  the  Achaean  league.  But 
when  Aratus,  from  a  jealoufy  of  Cleo- 
menes  king  of  Sparta,  called  in  the 
Macedonians  to  his  alliftance,  Ptolemy 
aided  Cleomenes.  But  not  having  af- 
forded him  fulncient  fupport,  Cleome- 
nes was  defeated  and  fled  into  Egypt. 
Ptolemy  died  in  the  twenty -fifth  year 
of  his  reign.  He  was  the  laft  of  that 
race  who  was  diftinguiflied  for  his  vir- 
tues, Almoft  all  iiis  fucceffors  were 
infamous  for  their  profligacy  and 
crimes.  Tacitus,  inftead  of  diftinguifh- 
ing  him  by  his  ufual  firname,  calls  him, 
I  tolemaeus,  quern  tertia  aeias  iulil.  Hill, 
4,  84.  qui  ex  Macedonihus  tertius  regnavit, 
Ann.  6,  2^.  Evergetes  was  fucceeded 
by  his  ion, 

IV.    PTOLEMAEUS  Philopa- 
TOK,  fo  called  by  an   antiphrafls,  ac- 

cordine: 


P  T  O 


C    342    1 


P  T  0 


cording  to  Juflin,  29,  I.  becaufe  he 
murdered  his  father  and  mother  ;  but 
Polybius  and  Pkitarch  fay  that  his  fa- 
ther died  a  natural  death. — Ptolemy 
Philopator,  having  engaged  in  war  with 
Antiochus  king  of  Syria,  defeated  him 
in  a  great  battle  at  Raphia,  not  far 
from  Gaza,  by  the  conduit  of  Nico- 
laus,  an  Aetoli:in,  much  about  the  fame 
time  that  Hannibal  defeated  the  Ro- 
mans at  the  Thrafymene  lake,  P&Iyb. 
5,  82.  After  this  fuccefs  Ptolemy 
gave  himfelf  up  to  debauchery  ;  and 
having  murdered  his  queen  Arfinoe, 
called  Eurydice  by  Juftin,  30,  i.  and 
Cleopatra  by  Livy,  27,  4.  he  was  en- 
tirely governed  by  a  courtezan  called 
Agathoclea  and  her  brother  Agatho- 
cles,  Jttftin'  3^,  2.  He  died  worn 
out  with  intemperance  in  the  thirty- 
feventh  year  of  his  age,  and  feven- 
teenth  of  his  reign,  and  was  fucceeded 
by  his  fon,  then  five  vears  old, 

V.  PTOLEMAEUS  Epiphanes. 
— Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  and  Philip 
of  Macedon  combined  to  deprive  this 
prince  of  his  dominions,  but  were  pre- 
vented by  the  Romans,  who,  at  the  re- 
queft  of  the  Egyptians,  undertook  the 
guardianfhip  of  the  young  king,  and 
for  that  purpafe  fent  M.  Lepidus  in- 
to Egypt,  (qui  tutor  to  nomine  regnum  pu- 
fiUi  adminijlrety  Juftin.  30,  3.  ad pueri 
tutelam  gercndam,  Val  Max.  6,  6,  I. 
JVIarcum  Lepidum  PtuJanaei  lileris  iutorem 
In  Aegyptum  rnifcrunt),  I'ac.  Ann.  2, 
67.  Ptolemy  at  firft  governed  well, 
being  diretled  by  the  wife  counfels  of 
Ariliomenes,  an  Acarnanian,  whom  Le- 
pidus had  appointed  his  guardian  ;  but 
afterwards  feduced  by  flatterers,  he  put 
Aridomenes  to  death,  gave  himfelt  up 
to  the  indulgence  of  criminal  pleafure, 
and  by  his  cruelty  excited  his  fuhjetTts 
to  rebel.  They  were  cruilied  by  the 
abilities  of  Polycrates.  At  iaft  Ptole- 
my was  poifoned  by  his  courtiers  after 
having  reigned  twenty-four  years, 

VI.  PTOLEMAEUS  Philome- 
TOR,  his  fon,  who  was  but  fix  years  of 
age,  fucceedcd,  and  Cleopatra  his  mo- 
ther  was  declared  regent.  After  her 
death  he  engaged  ia  war  v/ith   Antio- 


chus Epiphanes,  king  of  Syria,  his  mo- 
ther's brother,  in  order  to  recover  Pa- 
leftine  and  Coelefyria,  but  was  defeated 
and  taken  prifoner  :  upon  which  the 
Alexandrians  made  his  brother  Ptole- 
my Phyfcon  king.  Antiochus  led  an 
army  into  Egypt,  under  the  pretence 
of  reftoring  Philometor  to  the  throne, 
but  in  reality  to  make  himfelf  mafter 
of  the  country.  The  two  brothers 
upon  this  united  together,  and  agreed 
to  reign  jointly  ;  which  forced  Antio- 
chus to  difcover  his  real  intentions.  Pie 
had  over-run  moll  of  Egypt,  and  was 
juil  about  to  befiege  Alexandria,  when 
an  embaiTy  from  Rome  [Fid.  Popili- 
us)  prevented  it,   Juflin.  34,  2,  8c  3.; 

Li'iu  44,  19.  et  45,  1 1,  &  12. Some 

years  after,  a  difference  having  arifen 
between  the  two  brothers,  Phyl'con  ex- 
pelled his  brother,  who  went  to  Rome 
to  implore  the  protedion  of  the  fcnate. 
Two  ambafiadors  were  fent  to  reilore 
him.  They  divided  the  Egyptian  do- 
minions between  the  two  brothers, 
Li%\  Epit.  46.;  Val  Max.  5,  i,  i.  ; 
Polyh.  Legat.  1  1 3.  But  they  did  not 
live  in  concord.  At  lad  the  death  of 
Philometor  left  Phyfcon  in  polfeflion 
of  the  whole,  Juflin.  38,  8. 

Vn.  PTOLEMAEUS  Physcon, 
(i.  e.  tun-bellieuj)  fo  called  from  the 
prominence  of  his  belly,  affumed  to 
himfelf  the  name  of  Evergetes  IL 
i.e.  Benefador^  which  the  Alexandrians 
changed  into  that  of  Cacoergetes, 
i.  e.  am  'who  delights  in  doing  evil ;  a  fir- 
name  which  he  juilly  deferved  by  his 
intemperance,  perfidy,  and  horrid  cruel- 
ty. He  died  univerfaliy  detefted,  l<. 
C.  117. 

Vni.  PTOLEMAEUS,  his  fon 
fuccecded,  called  LATHyRus  from  the 
mark  of  a  kind  of  pea  on  his  nofe  or 
face.  He  being  expelled  by  his  mo- 
ther CUopatra,  retired  to  Cyprus. 
Cleopatra  alfociated  with  herfelf  iu  the 
government  her  younger  fon  Ptolemy 
Alexander;  whom,  when  fhe  attempt- 
ed fome  time  after  to  cut  off  by  fnares, 
(he  was  prevented  by  him  and  put  to 
death.  On  account  of  this  parricide 
Alexander  was  expelled  and  Lathyrus 

reilored. 


P  T  O  C    343 

reftored.     Alexander,  endeavouring  to     the 
regain  the  crown,   periihed   in    the  at- 
tempt, ytjjlin.  39,  4.      A  rebellion  was 
raifcd  againft   Lathy riis  in  Upper   E- 
gypt.       The    rebels    being    defeated, 
ihut  thcmfelves  up  in   Thebes,   where 
they  fuilaiued  a  iiege  for  three  years. 
That   city,    when   taken,   was   treated 
with  fuch  rigour,  that  from  being  one 
of  the  richeil  in  Egypt,  it  was  reduced 
almoll  to  nothinjT,  Paiifan.      Lathyrus 
died  foon  after,  B,  (,'.81.  Plis  daughter 
Berenice,    and    only  legitimate   child, 
fucceeded,  called  alfo  Cleopatra,  which 
was  the  common  name  of  the  daughters 
of  that  houfe,  as    I'toleniy  was  of  the 
fons.     But  Sulla,  at  that  time  diftator 
of  Rome,   fent  Alexander,  the  fon   of 
that  Alexander  who  murdered  his  mo- 
ther, to  take  pofTtlfion  of  the  kingdom, 
as  being  th^e   neareil  heir-male,  App'ian. 
B,  Civ.  p.  414.     To  accommodate  the 
difference,  he  married  Cleopatra;  but  a 
few  days  after  the  marriage,  caufed  her 
to  be  put  to  death. 

IX.PTOLEMAEUS  Alexander 
reigned  fifteen  years.  At  lait  the 
Egyptians,  diffatished  with  his  govern- 
meiit,  expelled  him,  and  appointed 
Ptolemaeus  Auletes,  the  ballard  fon 
of  Lathyrus,  to  fuccecd.  Alexander 
retired  to  Tyre,  where  fome  time  after 
he  died,  having  inllituted,  as  was  faid, 
the  Roman  people  his  heir,  Cic.  RulL  i. 


h'- 


Caefar,   when   aedile,  wifiied 


be  appointed  by  the  people  of  Rome 
to  relcore  Alexander,  but  was  prevent- 
ed by  the  faction  of  the  nobility.  Suet. 
Caef.  II.  The  Romans  did  not  af- 
fert  their  right  to  the  dominions  of 
Alexander  in  confcquence  of  this  tef- 
tament,  though  they  fcnt  ambafTadors 
to  Tyre,  who  earned  off  the  moiicy 
which  the  king  had  depofited  there, 
Cic.  Rull.  Zi  16,  But  Clodius  after- 
wards made  ufe  of  that  pretext  to 
feize  on  the  ifiand  Cyprus,  though  for 
a  different  caufe,  Plutarch  in  Cat. ;  Cic. 
Dom,  7.;  Sext.  25.  i^Vid.  Clodius.) 
X.  PTOLEMAEUS  affumed  to 
himielf  the  name  of  Dionysus,  (i.e. 
Bacchus  or  Liber)  j  but  he  is  common- 
ly called  AuLET^s,  i.  e.  the  player  on 


3  P  T  o 

Jlute,  from  his  fondnefs  for  that 
kind  of  muiic.  Strah.  i7,/>.  796.  Stra- 
bo  calls  him  tlie  lail  of  the  Ptolemies  ; 
of  whom  he  obferves,  that  the  three 
firft  were  the  beft,  and  that  all  the 
rell  were  corrupted  by  luxury ;  but 
that  the  fouith,  the  feventh,  and  the 
lalt  were  the  worft,  ibid.  Cicero  fays 
that  Atiletcs  liad  neither  the  birth  nor 
fpirit  of  a  king,  ( nsque  gsmre  neque  am- 
nio re^io  ejfc)y  RuU.  2,  16.  Auletes, 
that  he  might  ellabiifli  his  right  to  the 
crown,  which  was  reckoned  doubtful, 
wifhed  to  procure  from  the  Roman 
fenate  the  title  of  Friend  and  Ally, 
which  he  obtained  through  the  intcreft 
of  Pompey  and  Caefar,  whofe  friend- 
fliip  he  purchafed  in  the  confulfhip  of 
Caefar,  by  a  bribe  of  6000  talents. 
Suet.  Caef.  54. ;  Dioy  39,  12.  Unable  to 
raife  this  fum  without  violent  exadlions, 
and  having  by  his  improper  conduct  in 
other  refpe<5i:s  raifed  public  difcontents, 
which  he  could  not  allay,  he  fecretly 
left  his  kingdom  and  repaired  to  Rome, 
where  he  gave  out  that  he  had  been 
expelled  by  his  fubjecls,  and  requefled 
to  be  reftored  by  force,  Dioy  ib.  In 
his  way  to  Rome  he  met  with  M.  Cato 
at  Rhodes,  who  advifcd  him  to  re- 
turn and  be  reconciled  to  his  fubje6ls  ; 
telling  him  how  difficult  it  would  be 
for  him  to  gain  the  leading  men  at 
Rome,  whofe  avarice  Egypt  turned 
into  filver  could  fcarcely  fatisfy,  Plu' 
tarch.  in  Cat,  Ptolemy,  however,  by 
the  intereft  of  Pompey,  obtained  a 
decree  of  the  fenate,  that  he  fhould  be 
reftored  by  Lentulus  Spinther,  the 
conful,  to  whom  the  province  of  Cili- 
cia  was  afligned,  Diot  ib.  j  et  Cic.  Fam, 

i,  7- 

In  the  mean  time,  the  people  of 
Alexandria,  not  knowing  that  their 
king  had  gone  to  Italy,  or  fuppofing 
that  he  was  dead,  had  made  his  eldelt 
daughter  Berenice  queen.  She  mar- 
ried Seleucus,  defcendcd  from  the 
kings  of  Syria ;  but  becoming  difTa- 
tisfied  with  him,  fhe  put  him  to  death, 
and  married  Archelaus,  Did,   39,  59. 

The  Alexandrians    being   informed 

how  the  matter  flood,  fcnt  an  hundred 

ambafTadorSi 


P  T  O 


[ 


ambafTadors  to  Rome,  (Strabo  fays, 
more  than  an  hundred,  17,  p.  796.) 
to  juftify  their  conduct.  But  Ptolemy 
having  hired  afTaflins,  caufed  moft  of 
the  ambafTadors  to  be  difpatched  on 
their  journey  ;  others  he  killed  in  the 
city  by  the  fword  or  by  poifon  ;  and 
the  reft  he  prevailed  on,  cither  by  ter- 
ror or  bribery,  not  to  bring  the  fub- 
jed  of  their  miifion  before  the  magi- 
ilrates,  nor  to  make  any  mention  of 
their  companions  who  had  been  mur- 
dered.  The  affair,  however,  being 
much  talked  of  in  the  city,  the  fenate, 
upon  the  motion  of  Favonius,  ordered 
Dig  or  Dmi,  an  Academician  philo- 
fopher,  the  chief  of  the  embafTy,  who 
had  hitherto  efcaped,  to  be  brought  be- 
fore them,  that,  they  might  learn  from 
him  a  true  ftate  of  the  matter.  But 
fuch  was  the  influence  of  the  klng*s 
money,  which  he  borrowed  from  all 
hands,  that  neither  did  Dio  come  into 
the  fenate,  nor  was  any  mention  made 
of  the  murder  of  the  ambafTadors  while 
Ptolemy  remained  in  the  city.  Nay, 
though  he  alfo  caufed  Dio  to  be  poifon- 
ed,  yet  no  cognifancc  was  taken  of  it. 
Pompey  flill  continued  to  entertain 
the  king  at  his  houfe,  and  fupported 
him  with  all  his  power.  Soon  after 
the  king  left  Rome  and  went  to  Ephe- 
fus,  and  there  remained  in  the  temple 
of  Diana,  till  he  fhould  hear  the  iffue 
of  his  affairs  at  Rome.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  next  year,  A.  U.  697,  in  the 
confulfliip  of  Cn.  Lentulus  MarcellTnus 
and  Marcius  PJiilippus,  the  flatuc  of 
Jupiter  on  the  Alban  mountain  having 
been  llruck  with  lightning,  the  Sybyl- 
line  books  were,  according  to  cuflom, 
ordered  by  the  fenate  to  be  infpedled. 
On  which  occafion  certain  verfes  were 
found,  or  faid  to  have  been  found,  fore- 
warning the  Romnn  people  not  to  re- 
ftore  an  exiled  king  of  Egypt  with  an 
army,  Dio^  39,  15.;  C'lc.  Fam,  i,  7. ; 
Lucan.  8,  824.  This  oracle  was  fup- 
pofed  to  have  been  fabricated  by  the 
enemies  of  Lentulus  and  Pompey,  and 
is  therefore  called  by  Cicero,  calumnla 
religionis,  Fam.  i,  i.  2.ndji3a  religio,  ib* 
4.     It  had^  however,  fuch  influence  on 


344    1  P  ^  O 

the  fuperftitious   multitude,    that  the 
people,  by  the  advice  of  C.  Cato,  a  tri- 
bune, repealed  all  that  had  been  ena(5t- 
cd  concerning  this  bufmefs,    Dlo^  39, 
15.     The  matter  being  debated  in  the 
fenate,  it  was  refolved,  "  That  it  feem- 
ed  dangerous  to  the  repubhc,  that  the 
king   fhould  be    reftored  by  a  multi- 
tude," Cic,   ^  Fr.  2,    2.     After  this 
various  opinions  were  delivered  ;  fome 
propofed  that  the   king   fhould  be  re- 
llored  by  Lentulus  without  an  army  ; 
others  moved  that  that  charge  fliould 
be  granted  to    '^ompey,  Cic.  Fam.  I,  I. 
who,  though  he  openly  favoured  Len- 
tulus,   yet   was    fufped:ed  of  defiring 
the  commiflion  to  himfelf,  C'lc.  J^  Fr» 
2,  2.  Fam.   I,  2.    The  king  himfelf  by 
letters,    and  his  creditors,   were   very 
carnefl  that  Pompey  fhould  be  appoint- 
ed, lyic.  Fcnn.  1,  I,  &  6.    But  the  chief 
men  in  the  fenate,  fearing  to  encreafe 
the  overgrown  power  of  Pompey,  pre- 
vented it,  Dio,  39,  16.     At  lafl  more 
interefting    matters    having    occurred, 
the  fenate  dropt  the  fubjed  of  Egypt 
altogether,   and   the  king  was  left   to 
fliift   for   himfelf.       Cicero    hinted    to 
Lentulus,  that  if  he  had  fufHcient  force 
to  reftore   Ptolemy,  the  oracle  might 
be  evaded,  Cic.  Fam.  i,  7.     But  Len- 
tulus,  frightened  by  the   difficulty  of 
the  attempt,  laid  afide  all  thoughts  of 
it.     Whereupon  Ptolemy,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  Pompey  then  conful  for  the  fe- 
cond   time,    applied  to    Gabinius,  the 
governor  of  Syria  ;  who,  being  influ- 
enced by  the  letter  of  his  patron   Pom- 
pey, and  tempted  by  the  greatnefs  of 
the  fum  which  the  king  promifed  him, 
no  lefs  than  ten  thoufand   talents,  in 
contempt  of  the  oracle,  and   in  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  of  his  country,  Cic* 
Pif.  2 1 .  undertook  the  bufmefs ;  and  by 
the  afTiilance  of  M  Antonius,  Cic.  PhiL 
2,  19.  afterwards  triumvir,   then  com- 
mander of  a  body  of  horfe,  fucccfsful- 
ly  effeded  it,  Plutarch  in  Anton.     Ga- 
binius having  made  himfelf  mailer  of  all 
Egypt,  delivered  it  to   Ptolemy,   and 
left  with  him  a  confiderable  number  of 
Roman  troops,    both  horfe  and  foot, 
for  the  guard  of  his  perfon,  who,  in  a 

few 


P  t  o  t   t 

few  years  contra6led  tlie  manners  and 
ciiftoms  of  the  country,  Caef.  B.  C.  3, 
103,  &  iiOi  Among  thtfe  was  Sep- 
timius,  wlio  afterwards  murdered  Pom- 
pcy,  Dloy  42,  3,  &  38.  Ptolemy  put 
to  deatli  his  daughter  Eerenlce,  and  all 
the  riched  men  who  had  oppofed  him; 
that  by  the  confifcation  of  their  efFe^fts 
he  might  make  up  the  fum  which  be 
bad  engaged  to  pay  Gabiiiius  and  bis 
army.  Archelaus,  the  liufband  of  Be- 
renice, fell  in  battle,  Liv.  Ep,  105.  ', 
Diot  39,  ^^,  Sec.  Ptolemy  Auletes  died 
about  four  years  after  his  re-eftablifi-i- 
ment,  B.  C.  51.  leaving  two  fons  and 
two  daughters.  He  appointed  by  his 
will,  that  his  eldeil  fon  Ptolemy  and 
biseldeft  daughter  Cleopatra  fhould 
marry,  according  to  the  cuilom  of  that 
houfe,  and  reign  jointly.  Thus  Cleopa- 
tra fays  to  Caefar,  ^i  (fc.  pater) 
jura  mihl  cowrnunia,  Et  thalami  cum  fra- 
tre  dealt,  Lucan.  10,  93.  As  they 
v/ere  both  very  yoiing,  Cleopatra,  who 
was  the  oldell,  being  only  feventeen 
years  of  age,  they  were  placed  under 
tlie  tuition  of  the  Roman  people,  Caef, 
B.  C,  3,  108.  and  Pompey  is  faid  to 
have  been  appointed  by  the'fenate  to 
be  the  young  king's  guardian^  Eutrop, 

6,    21. PtoleMais,    -^d'lS,    the 

daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  L  e.  Cle- 
ooiUra,  Liican.  10,  69. 
^  XL  PTOLEMAEUS,  the  fon  of 
Auletes,  called  Novus  DionyfuSi  during 
his  minority,  was  under  the  direction 
of  Pothinus  an  eunuch,  and  Achillas 
the  commarider  of  hi>  forces,  who,  no 
doubt  to  engiofs  the  whole  pov/er  to 
themfelves,  deprived  Cleopatra,  in  the 
king's  name,  of  her  fhare  in  the  fovc- 
reigiity.  She  having  raifed  troops  in 
Syria  and  Palaeiline,  came  to  afl'ert  her 
rights  ;  and  Ptolemy  was  encamped 
with  his  army  between  mount  Cafuis 
and  Pelufmm,  not  far  from  the  camp 
of  Cleopatra,  wiien  Pompey,  after  his 
defeat  at  Pharlalia,  approached  the 
coall  of  Egypt,  Caef.  B.  G.  3,  103.  ; 
i)/(9,  42,  3.  \V'id.  PoMPEius).  Pto- 
lemy being  defeated  by  Caefar,  was 
drowned  in  crofimg  the  Nile,  Dio^,  42, 
4  3.    Caefar  gave  the  kingdom  to  Cko- 


4j    i  P  T  0 

patra,  and  ordered  her  to  mafry  hi^t 
younger  brother,  then,  only  eleven  years 
of  age,  (according  to  a  cultom  obfer- 
ved  not  only  by  the  Ptolemies,  but  al- 
fo  by  other  royal  families,  liheris fociat'is 
in  malnmonlum  regnumquej  Tac.  Ann. 
2,  3.),  and  that  they  Ihould  enjoy  the 
fovcrcignty  in  common,  D'lo,  42,  44.  | 
Hirt.  Bcli  Alex.  33.  But  when  he 
grew  up  fhe  cut  him  ofFby  poifon,  and 
thus  remained  fole  queen  of  Ey^ypt^ 
Joftph.  Ani.  15,  4.  After  the  death  of 
Cleopatra  Egypt  was  reduced  into  a 
Roman  province.      {^VuL  OcTAVius.) 

PTOLEMAEUS  Apion,  the  na- 
tural fon  of  Ptolemy  Phyfcon,  who 
was  made  king  of  Cyrenaica  by  his  fa- 
ther, and  at  his  death  left  the  Roman 
people  his  heir^  "Juji'in.  39,  5*  The 
Romans  granted  libeity  to  the  different 
Hates  of  that  country,  \h, ;  but  on  ac- 
count of  the  convulfions  raifed  by  the 
leading  men  contending  for  powcr^ 
they  afterwards  reduced  it  into  the 
form  of  a  province,  :b.\  L'lv.  Ep'iL  70.; 
Plutarch,  in  Lucidl.  p.  492.;  Eutrop.  6, 1 1  a 

PTOLEMAEUS  Crraunus,  {le. 
thunder),  the  fon  of  Ptolemy  Soter^ 
who  obtained  pofiefTion  of  the  kingdom 
of  Macedonia  ;  and,  to  enlarge  his  do- 
minions, flew,  by  the  moft  fiiocking 
perfidy  and  cruelty,  in  the  bofom.  of 
their  mother,  the  fons  of  his  fifter  Ar- 
finoe,  by  Lyfimachus  king  of  Thrace^ 
yujlln.  24,  I,  2,  3v  3.  But  his  criinea 
did  not  long  remain  unpuniflied  \  for 
the  Gauls  having  defeated  him  in  bat- 
tle, and  taken  him  prifoner,  cut  ofT 
his  liead,  and  fixed  it  on  a  lance,  ih*  5-i 

PTOLEMAEUS  Alexander,  the 
younger  fon  of  Ptoltmy  Lathyrus,  and 
brother  of  Auletes  king  of  Cyprus,  was 
deprived  of  his  kingdom  moll  urjullly 
by  the  Romans,  Cic.  Dom,  8,  k  20^ 
Sexf.  26,  '■.  c.  according  to  a  law  paffed 
by  P.  Clodius  the  tribune^  Which  Ci- 
cero calls  Rogat'io  Lypria  fceleji'ijfima^ 
Sext.  28i  The  eaute  of  this  law  is  faid 
to  have  been,  that  when  Clodius  hap" 
pened  once  to  be  taken  by  the  pirates^ 
and  applied  to  Ptolemy  for  money  to 
pay  his  ranfom,  Ptolemy,  who  was  3 
X  X  grea*5c 


P  T  O  [34,6 

great  mifer,  fent  him  only  two  talents, 


Plutarch,  in  Cat.  Min. ;  Strah.  4.  p.  684. 
Cato  Ut'icenfis  was  appointed  to  put 
this  law  in  execution,  which  removed 
him  out  of  the  way,  and  fo  prevented 
him  from  oppofing  the  deftruftive  mca- 
fures  of  Clodius  and  Caefar,  Cic.  Dom. 
25.;   Plutarch,  in  Caef.  p. ']\%.\   Pat  ere. 

2,  45.  Ptolemy  poifoned  himfelf  be- 
fore the  arrival  of  Cato,  and  thus  left 
his  immenfe  wealth  to"be  carried  away 
to  Rome,   Plutarch,  in  Catone  ;  hucan. 

3,  164.  Some  fay  that  Ptolemy  in- 
tended to  have  put  all  his  money  on 
board  a  (Iiip  with  holes,  and  when  he 
got  out  to  fea  to  fink  himfelf  with  it  ; 
but  that  he  had  not  courage  to  execute 
this  purpole,  Val.  Max.  9,  4.  ext.  i.  ; 
App'inn.  Civ.  B.  2.  /J.  44 1 . 

PTOLEMAEUS,  a  celebrated  a- 
llronomer  and  geographer,  who  flou- 
riflied  at  Alexandria  under  Adrian  and 
the  Antonines,  (G.  22.}.  His  v.'oiks 
are  ilill  extant. 

PuBLicius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gensy  feveral  of  which  are  mentioned 
by  Cicero,  Div.  i,  50.  Cat.  2,  2.  Or. 
2,  67.  Balb.  II.    ^/int.  6.  Cluent.  15. 

PuBLiLiA,  the  wife  of  Cicero,  after 
he  divorced  Terentia,  Cic.  Alt.  12,  32. 

PuBLiLius,  the  father  or  brotlier 

of  Piibhlia,  ih.  7. 

PuBLiLiA,  the  name  of  a  tribe,  Lin). 

1>  15- 

^    PuELiLius    Phlloy  conful   a.  u. 

416.  who  conquersd  the  Latins,  Liv. 
«,  12. 

PUBLIUS,  a  frequent  praenomen 
among  the  Romans  :  thus,  ^lincliy 
cxU  PuhTii  (gaudent  pramomins  molles  au- 
riculae), &c.  Hor.  Sat,  2,  5,  32.  ufed 
"by  way  of  familiarity  or  blaud-iihmeut 
for  the  whole  name  *. 


So,  ^i 


ih'/    Iwhereijf  fuum  Piillluviy 


(fc.  Clodium,  cum  quo  in  gratiam  odio  Cae- 
faris  redierant,  quod  Ciceroiien-  p-J!igt:bat), 
darent  m'lhi  ipfz  nlium  PuhUufr^  (fc.  Vatinium, 
ipfis  exofuin,  cuj»i  quo  e^ro  in  gratiam  redi- 
rem)-  &("-.  dc.  Fam.  I,  9.  ri,  ^'^.  So  Subon' 
iumeliote  traHatur  nofter  PuBHUs,  i.  e,  Clotliu?, 
Cic,  Att.  i>  7.  TeRTIA  aderit^  modo  ne  PuB- 
a,iu3  rcgattisftty  Tertia  will  be  our  gueft,  pro- 
vided Puhl'us  be  not  invited,  (v/ho  this  Pub- 
htts  is  we  know  r.oi),  Qk.  Fam,  16,  3?. 


]  P  Y  L 

PuBLius  mimorum  poet  a,  fc.  Syruf, 
Publius  Syrus,  a  native  of  Syria,  a 
mimic  poet,  highly  efteemed  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Caefar  and  Auguflus, 
Plin.  8,  51  f.  77.  He  was  contempo- 
rary with  Laberius,  both  of  vi'hom  a6t- 
ed  their  compofitions  at  the  games  ex- 
hibited by  Caefar  on  occafion  of  his  tri- 
umph. Cicero  fays  that  he  heard  them 
both  with  great  indifference,  Cic,  Fam. 
12,  18. — Ex  prior e  (fc.  epiftola)  thea- 
trum  Publiumque  cogtwvi,  I  learned  what 
applaufe  Dolobella  received  when  he 
entered  the  theatre,  and  the  apt  words 
fpoken  extempore  by  Publius  Syrus, 
or  introduced  into  the  part  he  was  then 
afting,  fuitably  to  the  occafion,  Cic. 
Att.  14,  2.  Add.  Macrob.  2,  7.;  Gell, 
17,  14.  There  are  fome  fragments  of 
the  compofitions  of  Publius  Syrus 
itill  extant. 

PuLCHELLus,  3  name  given  to  Clo- 
dius, Cic  Alt,  2,  T. 

PuLCHER,  a  firname  of  C.  Appius, 
Liv.  33,  44,   &c. 

P.  Pupius,  one  of  the  firll  plebeian 
quae  dors,  Liv.  4,  54. 

L.  Pupius,  an  aedile,  Liv.  39,  39. 
and  praetor,  ib,  45'. 

Pup  PI  us,  v.  Pupius,  a  tragic  poet, 
whofe  plays  are  faid  to  have  been  fo 
pathetic  as  to  draw  tears  from  the  au- 
dience ;  hence  lacrimofa  poemata  Puppi 
for  PnppYi,  Hor.  Ep.  I ,  I ,  (>6,  et  ib. 
ScholialL 

PYGMALION,  -mis,  the  fon  of 
Belus  and  king  of  Tyre,  the  brother  of 
Dido,  whofe  hiifband  Sichaeus  he  flew 
in  order  to  feize  his  riches.  But  Dido, 
having  fecretly  fled  from  Tyre  with  a 
great  fum  of  money,  difappointed  him, 
yirg.  Aen.  I,  343,  &c. ^  2.  A  na- 
tive of  Cyprus,  who  made  a  beautiful 
ivory  image  of  a  woman,  which  being 
animated  by  the  power  of  Venus,  be- 
came his  wife,  and  bore  to  him  a  fon 
called  Paphos,  who  gave  name  to  one 
of  the  chief  cities  of  the  ifland,  Ovid. 
Met.  10.  243, — 298. 

pYLADiiS,  -is,  the  fon  of  Strophius 
by  Aftyochea  the  fifter  of  Agamem- 
non, the  faithful  friend  of  Ore'lej,  [G. 
407.).     Plence  Fyladea  amicitia,  for 

true 


P  Y  R. 


C    347 

true   friendfliip,  Cic.  Fin.  2f  26,     Add.     i, 
Cvid.  Pont.  2,  6,  25.  et  3,  2.;     '^'ariial. 
6,  II.;    5'/a/.  <S'i/'y.  2,  6,  54. ;    Jwvenal. 
16,  26. 

Pyracmon,  -o»/V,  one  of  the  Cy- 
clops or  workmen  of  Vulcan,  Virg.  Am, 
8,  424.^ 

Pyramus,  a  young  man  of  Baby- 
lon, whofe  paifionate  love  for  Thlfbe, 
and  her  affedlon  for  him,  proved  fatal 
to  both,  Omd.  Mtt.  4,  55,  &c. 

Pyrene,  -est  the  daughter  of  Be- 
bryx,  or  of  the  king  of  the  Bdrycesy 
fing.  BebryXf  who  dwelt  among  the 
mountains  which  feparate  France  from 
Spain  ;  whence  fhe  is  called  Bkbricia 
VIRGO,  ^/7.  3,  420.  Being  violated  by 
Hercules,  flie  fled  from  her  father's 
houfe,  and  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
wild  beads  in  thofc  mountains,  which 
from  her  were  afterwards  called  Mon- 
T£s  Pykenaei,  ik  441. 

Pyrgo,  -us,  the  nurfe  of  Priam's 
children,   Vir^.  Aen.  5,  645. 

Pyrgoteles,  -w,  an  excellent  gra- 
ver -of  precious  ftones  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  Plin.  37,  i. 

pYROis,  -entis^  m.  one  of  the  horfes 

of  Phoebus,  0-vid.  Met.  2,  153. ^  2. 

The  planet  Mars,  Col  10,  290, 

Pyrrha,  the  wife  of  Deucalion, 
(G.  435.),  OvuLEp.  15,  167,  &c. 

PvRRHo,  -gnis,  a  pliilofopher,  who 
doubted  concerning  every  thing,  whofe 
followers  were  called  Pyrrhonei,  fcep- 
tics,  C'lc.Or.  3,  17.  He  maintained, 
that  virtue  is  the  only  thing  to  be  defi- 
red,  Clc.  Fin.  4j  16. 

Pyrrhus,  the  fon  of  Achilles,  {^A- 
chlllides) ',  called  alfo  Neoptolemus,  [G. 

446.). f[  2.  A  king  of  Epire,  who 

carried   on  war  with  the  Romans,   (G. 
230.  &c.) 

PYTHAGoRAS,  -ae,  an  iUuftrious 
ancient  philofopher,  [F^iJ,  G.  12,  &c 


3  Q^UI 

28,  10.  Faha  Pyih agorae  cognata, 
the  bean  related  to  '.')'th.igoras,  Hor. 
Sat.  2,  6t  63.  becaufe  he  forbade  the 
eating  of  beans,  SiiwJlaJi.  lb. ;  Clc.  Div, 
1,  30. — Soninia  Pythagorean  the  dreams 
of  Pythag'jras,  Hrr.  Ep.  2,  1,  52.  .  "j- 
thrgorica  pblIofol)huiy  PHn.  13,  13.  -Py- 
THAGORE!,  ^orun,  the  Followers  of  Py- 
thagoras, Cic.  Tufc.  I,  16,  et  4,  2,  et 
5,  39.       '.  D.  I,  5.    Sen.  II.      So   Py- 

THAGORTCI,    ClC    Div.    I,  30. 

Pythias,  acy  the  friend  of  Damon, 
Cic.  Of.  3,  10.;  FaL  Max.  ^,  7,  i. 
Vid.  Damon. —  -^2.  A  famous  an- 
cient navigator,   (G.  17.) 

Pythis,  -zj,  an  excellent  fculptor 
and  p:i.inter,  PHn.  35,  9.  et  j^6,  5. 

Pythiv'S,  a  name  of  Apollo,  (G, 
36^.),  whence  Pythia,  -ae^  the  pricll- 
efs  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi, 
(G.   306.    ?<  367.),   Cic.  Div.  19,  36. 

Pythia,    orumj  games  in  honour 

of  Apollo,   (G.  309.  &  367.) 

Python,  -onis,  the  name  of  a  fer- 
pent  flain  by  Apo41o,  (G.  366.),  Ovid, 
Met.  I,  43B.  ;   Lucan.  5,  134. 

Pythodorus,  a  native  of  Tralles, 

[TraUianus),   Cic.  Flacc.  22. ^2, 

An  excellent  carver,  Plin.  36,  5. 


T.  T.^nvnidius  Quadratus,  a  gover- 
nor of  S\ria,   Tac,  Ann,  12,  4<r,  '■:<  54. 

M.  Fabius  QUINCTILIaNUS,  an 
excellent  teacliei  of  rhetoric  and  plead- 
er of  caufes  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Ve- 


fpafiau  and  his 


been  born  at  Calagurris 


fuppofed  to  have 


m  Spam, 


lad 


brought  to  Rome  •  when   very  young. 


where  he  certainly  was  educated,  as  wc 
learn  from  himfelf,  6,  3,  57.  <?/  ro,  i, 
24,  &  102.  et  12,  II,  3.  et  5,  7,  7.  ; 
plin.  Ep.  2,  14,  10,     When  advanced 


Renati  Pyihagorae  arcana,  born  a-     in  life,  he  was  appointed  praeceptor  to 


gam,  or  animating  a  new  body,  Hor. 
Epod.  15,  21.  becaufe  he  taught,  that 
the  fouls  of  men,  after  death,  pafied  into 
other  bodies ;  and  faid  that  his  own  foul 
had  animated  the  body  of  Euphorbus 
the  fon  of  panthou?,  [PantlmJcs,  q.v.), 
in  the  lime  of  the  Trojan  war,  Hor.  Od, 


the  grandfons  of  the  fifter  of  Doimtian, 
^linclil.  4,  prooem.  2.  He  wrote  twelve 
books  concerning  the  inilitution  of  an 
orator,  dedicated  to  Marcellus  Vidlo- 
rius,  ib.  i.  pr.  et  4.  pr.  Among  the 
fcholars  of  Quindtilian  was  Pliny  the 
Younger,  Ep.  2,  14,  10.  f/  6,  6,  3. 
X  A  2  Q^uiadtiliaii 


(IV  I  [     348    ]  R  A  B 

Quin<^ilian  is  extolled  by  Martial  as  a    r^ft  Demetrius  the  fon  of  king  Philip, 


teacher  and  advocate,  2,  90,  i.  and  by 
Juvenal,   7,  186,  &c. 

Sex.  QuiNCTiLius,  a  conful  a.  u. 
who  died  of  tlie  plague,  Liv.  3,  32. 

Crj.  QuiNCTjLiiiS,  created  di61:ator 
?\.  423,  to  drive  a  nail  in  the  temple  of 
Jupller,  Liv.  8,  18. 

F.  Q^uiNCTiLius  Varus  J  a  praetor 
in  the  fecond  Punic  war,  Liv.  29,  38. 
who  defeated  Mago  in  the  country  of 
the  Infiibres,  Liv.  <o,  18. 

X.QuiNCTius,  a  turbulent  tribune, 
who  endeavoured  to  get  the  afts  of 
Sulla  revcrfed,  Cip.  luent.  29.  ;  Plu- 
tarch, in  Lucullo. 

QUINTIUS,vel  ^linalus,  the  name 
of  a  Roman  clan.,  [^intia  gens)-,  Liv. 
3,  12.  I'he  ^iintii  were  originally 
from  Alba,  Liv.  i,  30. 

L.  QUINTIITS  Cincinnatiis,  called 
to  be  didator  from   the   plough,  Liv. 

3,  26.    (G.  214.)  ;    Cic,  Sen.  16. 

Qv^i^T y  A  prata,  the  Qviintian  meadows, 
a  name  given  to  the  four  acres  of  land 
on  which  Cincinnatus  lived  when  he 
^vas  called  to  be  dictator,  L'v.  3,  26. 

Caejo  QUINTIUS,  the  fon  of  Cin- 
cinnatus, banilhed  for  refilling  the  tri- 
bunes, Liv.  3,  II,  12,  &  13,  He  was 
the  firft  whowas  obliged  to  give  fure- 
ties  to  the  public  for  his  appearance  on 
the  day  of  trial.  As  he  did  not  appear, 
the  money  was  exadxed  from  his  father 
with  fuch  rigour,  that  he  was  oHiged 
to  fell  his  efffcds,  and  live  retired  in 
the  country,  ih.  13. 

T.  QuiNTius  Barhjttis  Capitollnus, 
fix  times  conful,  Liv.  2,  56.-4,  13. 

P.  QuiMTius,  a  plebeian,  defended 
by  Cicero  in  an  adion  of  bankrpptcy. 
The  oration  for  Quintius  ia  the  firit  of 
Cicero's  orations  extant. 

r.  QIUNTIUS  Flanumus,  m.ade 
conful  after  being  quaellor  without  go- 
ing through  the  interm.ediate  olhces, 
Liv.  32,  7.  He  overcame  Philip  king 
of  Macedonia  at  Cynocephalae,  Liv. 
33,  7,  &;c.  He  proclaimed  liberty  to 
the  ftates  of  prt;ece  at   the  Illhmian 


imes, 


ib,  32,—  34,    His  triumph  laft- 


ed  for  three  days,  Id.  34,  52.     Many 
SiPble  captives  and  hoilages,  among  the 


and  Armenes  the  fon  of  Nabis,  were 
led  before  his  chariot,  ib.  The  embaffy 
of  Flaminius  to  Prufias  proved  fatal  to 
Hannibal,    39,  51. 

Q_iRiNi.'S,  a  name  of  Romailus, 
Liiu  I,  20.  et  5,  52.  et  8,  9,  et  28,  1 1.; 
Cic.  Offl  3,  10.  ;  Virg.  Aen.  i,  296.  ei 
\hi  Serv.  ;  OviiL  Fajl.  2,  475.  Visions 
arma  ^/irinij  the  arms  of  the  victorious 
Romulus,  put  for  Auguftus,  /.  e.  Au- 
guflus  in  arms,  or  armed,  Virg.  G.  3, 
2  7 .  Tertiaqtte  arma  patri  fufpendet  anna 
^uirinpj  and  fhall  hang  up  or  dedicate 
the  third  fpofia  op'ima  to  father  Romu- 
lus,  Li.  Aen.  6,    860.   ct  ibi   Serv. 

Q^iRiNi  a£'</?j,  the  temple  of  Romu- 
lus, Liv.  ^f  21.  et  10,  46.  el  28,  II. 
QuiRiNALis^^w^«,  the  prieft  of  Ro- 
mulus, inflituted  by  Numa,  Liv.  1,2c. 
Col/is  .^-;uirinr.  Ovid  Fait.  4,  375.  o- 
therwife  called  Co/l/s  ^irinalis,  the 
Quirinal  hill,  one  of  the  feven  hills  of 
Rome,  Liv.  r,  44.  yugum  ^irinaki 
Ovid.  Faft.  6,  2f8. — Liliius  ^uirinaJis, 
the  augur's  Itaff  of  Romuhis,  or  like 
to  that  which  Pvomulus  ufed,  Vlrg. 
Aen.  7,  187.  So  Trabea  ^irinalis,  ib. 
10,  612. Ql'IHINALIA,   -/ttw,    fefti- 

vals  in  honour  of  Romulus,   Cic.  ^  Fr. 

2,    3,    S:   13.  ;    Ovid.  Fail.  2,  513. 

The  Romans  are  faid  to  have  been  cal- 
led ''^uiRiTEs  from  Quirinus,  or  from 
CureSf  a  city  of  the  Sabines,  Serv.  ad 
Virg.  7,  710,;  Liv.  I,  13, 


R 


Rabirius,  a  Roman  who  wrote 
concerning  philofophy,  but  inaccu- 
rately,   Cic,  Acad.    I,    1.- ^   2.  A 

poet  ;  Mag7i:que  Rabirius  oris,  i.  e.  mag' 
n'floquusy  fubllme,  Ovid.  Pont.  4,  10,5. 
Add.  Scnec,  Benef,  6,  3.  ;  ^linLiiL  1O3 
1,90. 

6'.  RABIRIUS,  an  old  fenator, 
accufcd  of  treafon  by  T.  Labienus,  a 
tribune,  at  the  infllgation  of  Julius  Cae- 
far,  for  having  killed  L.  Saturnlnus,  a 
tribune,  about  thirty  years  before, 
Dioi  37,  26,  Cicero  fays,  forty  years, 
in  PiJ.  2.  by  miflake,  as  Afconius  on 
this  pafTa^e  obferves,     Suetonius  fays, 


R  A  B 


C     H9    ] 


REG 


fome  years  before,  (aliquot  ante  annosy) 
Caef.  II.  Rriblriiis  was  defended  by 
'Hortenfius  ruul  Cicero,  then  conful, 
whofe  oration  is  (llil  extant,  but  imper- 
■feft.  The  affair  had  Hrfl  been  brought 
before  the  praetor,  who  appointed  two 
men,  [rfuuniviri,)  to  judge  in  the  caufe, 
C.  Taefar  and  J.  Caefar.  By  them 
Rabiiius  was  condem!»ed  to  death  ;  but 
he  appealed  from  their  fentence  to  the 
people  in  the  omiiia  Cetituriata.  There 
he  would  have  been  condemned  alfo, 
had  notMctellus,the  augur  and  praetor 
for  that  ye'dv,  diffolved  the  afiembly  by 
pulling  down  the  banner  {^vexillumy) 
which,  when  an  affcmbly  of  the  Ro- 
man people  by  centuries  met,  was  al- 
vvays  difplayed  fiom  the  Janiculum, 
Dioy  37,  27,  Sc  18.  Suetonius  obferves, 
that  nothing  fo  much  contributed  to 
his  acquittal  as  the  cruelty  of  Cat  Car's 
fentence,  5'wf^  Caef.  12.  In  this  caufc 
not  merely  the  life  of  Rabirius,  but 
alfo  the  power  of  the  fenate,  was  at- 
tacked,  C'lc.  Rah'ir.  2.  J   D'io<,  37,  26. 


C.   RABIRIUS   P< 


Ro 


man  eriucs^  the  fon  of  C.  Curius,  the 
chief  of  the  equellrian  order,  one  of  the 
principal  farmers  of  the  public  reve- 
nues, [puhiicanusy)  Cic.  Rabir.  2,  cal- 
led C.  Rabirius  Poflhiimus,  from  adop- 
tion, ih.  17.  He  had  lent  great  fums 
to  Ptolem.y  Auletes,  while  that  king 
was  at  Rome  ;  to  recover  which,  after 
the  reftoration  of  Ptolem.y,  he  went  to 
Egypt,  and  became  the  receiver  of  the 
king's  taxes,  (dwccctes  regiusy)  ib.  8, 
&  10.  But  differing  with  the  k'ng, 
he  was  ill  treated  by  him,  imprif<>ned, 
and  threatened  with  death  ;  fo  that  he 
was  glad  at  laft  to  make  his  efcape  with 
the  lofs  of  all,  ih,  et  14.;  and  it  was 
wholly  owing  to  the  generofty  ot 
Caefar,  that  he  was  enabled  to  main- 
tain his  equeftrian  rank,  ih,  15,  After 
the  condemnation  of  Gabinius,  how- 
cyer,  for  extortion,  (de  repetundis,^ 
when  his  eftate  was  not  fiifficient  to 
make  up  the  damages  in  which  he  was 
condem ned,  ( quanta Jumnia  Uilumfui/fec^ ) 
ib.  13-),  Rabirius,  who  was  charged 
with  having  received   pavt  of  the  mo- 


ney  given  by  Ptolemy  to  Gabinius, 
was  profecuted  to  make  up  the  de- 
ficiency, [acciifatus  de  rifiduh  (c. pecu- 
niis,)  ib.  4.  So  that  this  caufe  was 
an  appendicle  to  that  of  Gabiniua,  iL 
Rabirius  was  defended  by  Cicero,  and 
acquitted. 

L.  R\Bius,  a  partifan  of  Marius, 
who  fled  to  Mithridates  ;  and  being 
fent  by  him  with  L.  Magius  to  Ser- 
torius,  betrayed  Mithridates  and  re- 
turned to  the  Romans,  Cic.  Ferr.  I, 
34,  dt  Ibi  Afcon, 

R  A  B  o  c  E  N  T  u  s ,  a  chicf  of  the  BeJJiy 
beheaded  by  Pifo,   Cic.  Pif.  34. 

L.  Rabonius,  one  who  undertook 
to  keep  the  temple  of  Callor  at  Rome 
in  proper  reparation.  Cic.  Verr.  I,  50, 
&c. 

L.  Racilius,  a  tribune  (de  tri- 
iunis)  in  the  confulfliip  of  Marcellinus 
and  Philippus,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  2,  I.  fex 
magiflratibusy)  Cic.  Fam.  1,  7,  4.  the 
fame  probably  who  is  mentioned,  Cic, 
Verr.  2,  12, 

Raxut.  f.  RaTvIus,  fome  contemp- 
tible perfon,  a  freed  man  or  Have  of 
Brutus,  Cic.  Atl.  12,  21. 

T.  (  aninnis  Rkbilus,  a  lieutenant 
of  Caefar's  in  Gaul,  Cic.  Att.  13,  37. 
m^de  conful  at  the  fcventh  hour  of 
the  laft  day  of  the  year  before  Cae- 
far's death  ;  fo  that  he  continued  in 
oince  only  for  part  of  a  day,  Vid. 
Cic.  Fam.  7,  30. 

Regillts,  (afirname  oi  the  Acmilii ;  J 
the  fon  of  Lcpidus,  conful  with  Q. 
Catulus,  a.  675,   Cic.  Att.  12,  24. 

Reginus,  a  Roman,  entrufted  with 
the  command  of  the  Tufcan  fea  (mare 
infcrum)  by  Pompey,  by  whofe  alTift- 
ance  Cicero  thought  he  could  efcape 
from  Italy  ;  but  was  prevented  by  the 
vigilance  of  Antonv,  Cic.  Att.  10,  12, 
M,  Atllius  REGuLUS,  a  cele- 
brated  Roman  general  in  the  firft  Pu- 
nic war  ;  who  having  gained  great  ad- 
vantages over  the  Carthaginians  in  A- 
frica,  was  at  laft  defeated  and  taken 
prifoner  by  Xantippu?,  a  Lacedaemo- 
nian, w^ho  commanded  the  Carthagi- 
i}ian   army.     Regulus,    being  fent  to 

Rome 


REG 


[    350    ] 


R  H  O 


Rome  to  propofe  an  exchnnge  of  pri- 
foners,  fpoke  againft  it  in  rhe  fenate  ; 
and  having  returned  to  Carthage,  ac- 
cording to  his  promlfe,  was  put  to 
death  with  the  greatefl  tortures,  (G. 
237.)  Liv.  Efif,  18.;  tc'lf.'!.  13. 
et  3,  26.  Fin.  2  20.  ;  P'lf.  19.  ;  Phil. 
11,4.;  Horat.  Od.  3,  5,  41.  ;  Sil.  6, 
539.;  GelL  6,  4.;  Fal  Max.  1,  I, 
14.  This  great  man  pofTrficd  no  more 
than  feven  acres  of  ground,  iL  4,  4,  6. 

L.  Livincius  KEGVLV^t  an  intimate 
friend  cf  Cicero's,   CI:.  Fam.  13,  60. 

Remulli.s,  a  Tihurtian,  or  native 
of  Tibur,    (Tihrs,)    Virg.    Acn.    9, 

360,    &    633 5[  2.    One   of  the 

kings  of  Alba,  the  fon  of  Tiberlnus  ; 
killed  by  a  thunderbolt  for  his  impiety, 
Ovid.  Met.  14,  616,  &c.  faid  to  be 
the  grandfon  of  Tiberinus,    Ovid.  FaJ}. 

4»  49- 

REMUS,  the  fon  of  Ilia  and  Mars, 
flain  by  his  brother  Romulus,  Liv.  i, 
6.  or  l)y  one  Celer,  who  had  the  charge 
of  building  the  walls,  Dionyf.  i.  87. 
O'uid.FhJi.  4,  837.^/5,  469.  (G.  192.) 
The  brothers  are  faid  to  have  had  a 
difpute  v/hether  they  fnoiild  call  the 
city  which  they  had  founded  Roma, 
from  Romulus;  or  RcMORi,  from 
Remus,  Cic.  Div.exEnnio,  i,  48. —  - 
The  annivcrfary  of  the  murder  of  Re- 
mus was  kept  as  a  holiday,  called  Re- 
MURiA,  'Orum  ;  and  in  proccfs  of  time 
the  Brft  letter  being  foftencd,  [J [pern 
mutata  eft  in  lenem  tempore  longo  Litter  a.) 
LtMURiA;  when  folemn  rites  were 
performed  to  the  (hades  of  their  an- 
cellors,  \_qua  (fc.  luce  v.  die,)  pcfnis 
(i.  c,ki)\\his)  jjj/iiiferunfur  avis,"]  Ovid 

Faft.    5,    479,   <S:c. Reml'Iunus 

oger,  a  field  poflcffed  by  Remus,  FeJIus 
in  voce. 

REX,  Regis,  a  firname  of  the  Mar- 
cii,  Sud.  Caef.  6.      Fid.  Marcius.  ^ 

Rhadamanthtjs,  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  Europa,  king  of  Lycia  ;  on  ac- 
count of  his  juftice  fuppofed  to  have 
been  made  after  death  one  of  the 
judges  of  tl;e  infernal  regions,  Virg. 
Jen.  6,  S66.  et  Hi  Serv.  (G.  384.) 
Conf.  Ovid.  Met.  g,  436.  faid  to  have 
been  the  firft  lawgiver,  Flin,  7,  j6. 


Rhamnes,  -etisy  an  Italian  prince 
and  augur,  a  friend  of  Tarnus,  flain 
by  NifuSj    Virg.  Aen.  9,  325,  \c. 

Rhamnes,  "u.  Ramnes,^/  Rammen- 
SEs,  -ium^  3  name  given  to  the  firit 
century  of  Equites  from  Romulus,  Zi-y. 
I,  13.;  Varr.  L.  Z.  4.  9.  Celfi  PJoam- 
nesy  the  exalted,  haughty  or  fallidious 
knights,  Hor.  Art.  p.  342,  Ramnes 
viris    Propert.  4,  i,  31. 

RHEA,  the  daugliter  of  Caelus 
and  Terra,  the  wife  of  Saturn,  Ovid, 
Fall.  4,  20 1,  called  alfo  0?s  and  Cyhele, 

RM£A  Silvia^  called  alio  Ilia,  the 
mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  (G. 
192.)  Flor,  1,  I. 

Rhea,  a  prit-Ilefs,  the  mother  of 
Aventinus,  by  Hercules,  Virg.  Am.  7, 
659. 

Rhecus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who 
having  comt  to  the  affiftance  of  Troy, 
when  the  gates  were  ftmt  in  the  even- 
ing, encamped  on  the  fiiore  ;  and  be- 
ing betrayed  by  Dolon,  a  Trojan  fpy, 
was  flain  by  UlyfTes  and  Dion^edes, 
and  his  horfes  carried  off,  on  which 
depended  the  fate  of  Troy,  (G.  452.) 
Sithonli tentoria  RJ.nfiy  Ovid.  Art.  A.  2, 
137.  Rhefi  niveae  citaeque  bigae,  CatulU 
56,  26. 

Rhetenor,  -or//,  one  of  the  com.- 
panions  of  Diomedcs,  changed  into  a 
bird  by  Venus,  Ovid.  M^i.  14,  504. 

Rhintom,  'Onis,  a  com.ic  poet  of 
Tarenlum,  Cic.  Alt.  I,  20.  ;  Var.  R, 
R.  3,  3,  9. 

Rhodo,  -oiiis,  a  friend  of  Q.  Ther- 
mus>  Cic.  Fam.  2.  18. 

Rhodo  PIS,  -//'//V,  vel  Rhodope,  -es, 
a  T'lracian  ccurtefan,  of  uncommon 
beauty  ;  originally  the  fellow- flave  of 
Aefop  ;  with  whom  Choraxes,  vel  -us, 
the  brother  of  the  poetpfs  Sappho,  fell 
defperately  in  love,  and  wafted  on  her 
all  his  fubftance  ;  which  foiced  him  to 
turn  pirate  in  order  to  repair  his  for- 
tune, Ovid.  Ep.  15,  dy  Being  car- 
ried to  Egypc,  flie  is  faid  to  have  made 
fo  great  a  fortune,  that  fhe  built  with 
it  the  lafl  and  molt  beautiful  of  the 
pyramids,  Plin.  36,  12  f.  17  f.  But 
Herodotus,  who   relates  fevtral  parti- 

cul^iri 


R  H  O  [3; 

Gulars  concerning  Rhodopis,  denies  the 
truth  of  this  ftory,  2,  134,  &  135. 
Rhodopis  is  laid  to  have  become  queen 
of  Egypt  in  a  very  furprifnig  manner, 
Strak'  )'],  p.  808.  Jill. in.  Var,  H'ljl, 
13,  33.;  Add.  Phiat'ch.  de  Pythla,  et 
Athenae.  13,  7.  To  reconcile  thefe 
different  accounts,  two  women  of  the 
fame  name  are  fuppofcd  to  have  ex- 
ifled.      Vid.  Perhon.  ad  Ad'ian. 

Rhoebus,  the  name  of  the  horfe  of 
Mezentius,  Plrg.  Aen.  10,  861. 

Rhoecus,  f.  Rhoetus,  the  name  of 
a  giant,  Hor.  Od.  3,   4,   SS*  ^^  ^t  ^9» 

23. ^  2.  A  native  of  Samos,  faid 

to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the 
plaftic  art,  Plin.  35,  12  f.  43. 

Rhoetus,  king  of  the  Marrubians 
in  Italy,  and  father  of  Anchemolus, 
Firg.  Aen.   10,  3S9. 

Rhoetus,  v.  Ivkoecus,  a  centaur, 
Virg.  G.  2,  456.  ;  Lucan.  6,  390. 

Rhotus,  one  of  the  architefts  of  the 
labyrinth  of  Lemnos,  Plln.  36,  1 3  f.  19. 

RiPHEus,  f-  Rhipheus,-/,  v.  -eost 
a  Trojan  remarkable  for  juftice,    Virg. 

Aen.    2,   416. «[    2.  A  centaur, 

Ovid.  Met.  12,  352. 

RoBiGus,  v.  RuPicus,  agod  wor- 
fhipped  to  keep  blafting  and  mildew 
from  corn,  Varr.  L.  L.  5,  3. 

ROMULUS,     the    fnil    king    of 

Rome,   (G.  192.) ■■  Enfe   Romuleo 

cadlt  AmuUusy  by  the  fword  of  Romu- 
lus, Ovid.  Fnjl.  3,  67.  Urhs  Roinuleay 
i.e.  Rome,  Id..  Met.  15,  625.  Muri 
Romulei,  the  walls  of  Rome,  Sil.  7, 
485.  So,  Colics  Romulei  J  the  hills  of 
Rome,  Ovid.  Met.  14,  845.  RomuleO' 
que  rccsns  horrebat  regi'Z  culnw,  the  palace 
or  cottage  in  which  Romulus  had  lived 
was  rough,  being  newly  covered  vv'ith 
Roman  ilraw  ;  (it  ufed  to  be  repaired 
from  time  to  time,)  Virg.  Aen.  8,654. 

" Gens  RoMULA    for   Romnkay    the 

Roman  nation,  Hor.  Carm.  Saec,  60. 
Romulei  tellusy  the  land  of  Romulus, 
the  country  round  Rome,    Vir^,  Aen. 

6,  876. Rom ULIDAE, -i7rwm,   the 

Romans,  Per/.  1,31.;  Lucr.  4,  687. 

ROSCIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman 


gens. 


L'  Roscius,  an  ambafTador  of  the 


1     1  R  O  S 

Romans,  flain  by    Lar  Tolumnius  at 
Fidenae,   Cic.  Phil.  9,  2. 

.^  ROSCIUS,  a  celebrated  Roman 
comedian,  fo  remarkable  for  his  (kill 
in  ailing,  that  whoever  excelled  in 
any  art,  was  called  a  Rofcius  in  his 
way,  Cic.  Or.  i,  28.  He  was  no  lefs 
refpe£ti.  d  for  his  worth  as  a  man,  than 
admired  for  his  Hngular  merit  as  an 
aftorj  fo  that  Cicero  f;!y8  of  him, 
that  he  was  fuch  an  artift,  as  to  feem 
the  only  one  fit  to  come  upon  the 
ftage;  yet  fuch  a  man  as  to  feem  the 
only  one  undt  to  come  upon  it  at  all, 
Cic.  ^iin^.  25.  that  for  his  virtue  he 
defcrved  a  place  in  the  fenate,  Cic.  ^ 
Rofc.  6.  His  daily  pay  for  adling 
is  faid  to  have  been  1000  denarii, 
i.e.  L.  32  :  5  :  10  of  our  money.  Ma- 
croh.  Sat.  2,  10.  Some  make  his  yearly 
income  much  greater.  Pliny  computes 
it  at  B.  S.  D.  (L.  40,362  :  I  :  8,) 
7,  39.;  and  Cicero,  at  H.  ^.  fexagies, 
(L.  48,434,  10  s.)  ^Rofi.S.  After 
Rofcius  had  made  an  ample  fortune,  he 
gave  his  fervices  to  the  pviblic  for  many 
years  without  any  pay,  Cic.  ib.  Hence 
we  need  not  wonder  that  he  was  fo 
much  beloved,  and  his  death  fo  much 
regretted,  Cic.  Arch.  8.  Cicero  al- 
ways fpeaks  of  him  with  the  greatell 
a'Xti&dow,  Div.  1,36.  Wlienhewasa 
child  in  his  cradle,  his  nurfe,  having  a- 
waked  in  the  night-time,  is  faid  to  have 
found  him  fleeping,  and  a  ferpent  fold- 
ed round  him,  which  the  foothfayers 
declared  was  an  omen  of  his  future 
renown,  ib.  et  2,  3  i.  He  had  natural- 
ly a  great  fquiat,  {^perverfifftmis  oculis 
Jiiit  ;)  which  however  in  hira  was  reck- 
oned no  deformity,  but  the  contraiy, 
Cic.  iV.  D.  I,  28.— He  had  a  law-fuic 
with  one  Fannius  about  a  {lave,  in 
which  Fwofcius  was  defended  by  Cicero. 
The  oration  is  ilill  extant,  and  en- 
titled. Pro  ^  Rafcio  omoedo.  He 
is  called  dodhis  Rofcius.,  Hor.  Ep.  2,  i, 
88. — RosciANA  iiniiatlo  fcnis,  Cic.  Or. 

2,  59-  1 

■S'^.v.  ROSCIUS,  a  native  of  Ame- 
ria,  [Amerimis,)  whofe  father,  Sexc. 
Rofcius,  having  been  murdered,  as  was 
fuppofcd,    !)y    his   private    enemy   T. 

Rofcius, 


R  O  S  t    ^ 

Rofcms,  and  his  cftate,  worth  about 
L.  60,000,  having  been  fold  to  Chry- 
fogonus,  the  freed  man  and  favourite 
of  Sulla,  for  a  trifling  fum  ;  he,  to  fe- 
cure  his  poflefTion  of  it,  employed  one 
C.  Erucius  to  accufe  youn^  Rofcius 
of  the  murder  of  his  father.  Rofcius 
was  defended  by  Cicero,  then  only 
twenty-feven  years  of  age,  and  acquit- 
ted. The  old  advocates  had  refufed 
to  defend  him,  fearing  the  power  of 
the  profecutor,  and  the  refentment  of 
Sulla,  Cic.  Rofc,  Am.  6,  10,  11,  S:c. 
Brut.  90  f.  OJf.  2,  14. 

Tit.  Rosen,  -orwriy  two  citizens  of 
Ameria,  {muniapss  jlmcrin'ii)  firnamcd 
Capita  and  Maj^nus,  by  whofe  means 
the  father,  S.  Rofcius,  was  killed  and 
the  fou  accnfed,  Oc.  Rofc  yl.  6. 

L.  RoGCius  GtkoyTi  tribune,  a.  686, 
in  the  confulfiiip  of  C.  Calpumins  Pifo 
and  Manius  Acilius  Glabrio  ;  who  got 
a  law  paffed,  appointing  that  fourteen 
rows  [gradus)  next  to  tiie  Orchellra  in 
the  theatre,  where  the  fenators  fat, 
fhould  be  fet  apart  for  the  E-jvUcs, 
Hor.  Epod.  4,  15.  Ep.  T,  I,  6z.  \ 
Juvenal.  3,  159.  and  that  no  one  fliould 
fit  in  any  of  thefe  rows  who  was  not 
an  eques,  and  wlio  had  not  the  fortune 
of  an  eques,  {^n'lfi  qui  eqiies  et  equejiri 
cenfu  ejtt,)  Cic.  Phil.  2,  18.  This 
law  was  called  Lex  Rcfda  theatralisy 
Hor.  Ep.  I,  1,  62.  ;  and  is  faid  to 
have  rejhred  dignity  to  tlie  equeilrian 
order,  Cic.  Mur.  19.  Fdl.  2,  32.  So 
that  fome  fimilar  regulation  feems  to 
have  been  made  formerly,  which  had 
fallen  into  difufe.      Fid.  Otho. 

RoxANA,  V.  -ey  -es,  the  daughter  of 
Oxyartes,  v.  Oxartes,  fatrap  or  king 
of  BaCirlana,  with  whom  Alexander 
the  Great  fell  In  love  at  a  feail,  and 
married  her,  ylnian.  4,  p.  284.  et  7, 
447.;  Diodor.  18,  3.;  Strab.  li,  p. 
356.;  Curt.  8,  4,  23,  &c.  10,  3,  II. 
After  the  death  of  Alexander,  flie 
bore  a  fon,  who  -vas  acknowledged  as 
king,  in  conjunction  with  Aridaeus, 
the  brother  of  Alexander,  Jie/lin.  13, 
4.  J  Curt*  lo,  6,  &  7.  But  Roxane 
and  her  fon  were  afterwards  put  to 
death  by  CafTandcr,  Jufin.  1^,2. 


S2     ]  RUT 

Rub  REN  us  Lappa,  a  tragic  poet  in 
the  time  of  Juvenal,  who,  had  he  not 
been  deprefTed  by  poverty,  would  not 
have  been  inferior  to  the  ancient  tra- 
gedians, i^non  minor  antiquo  cothurno,  i.  e. 
antiquis  tragicis  poeiis,  Aefchylo,  Sophode, 
&c. )  but  while  employed  in  writing 
the  tragedy  of  Atreus,  he  was  obliged 
to  pawn  his  phctters  and  cloak,  i.  e. 
his  furniture  and  cloaths,  for  food ; 
( Cnjui  et  al-oeolos  et  laenam  pignorat  A- 
treus.)  Some  fuppofe  Atreus  to  be 
the  name  of  an  ufurer,  who  took  the 
furniture  and  cloaths  of  Rubrcnus  as 
a  pledge  for  the  money  lent  him,  Ju^ 
'Venal.  7^  73. 

RuiiRius,  a  wicked  agent  employ- 
ed by  Verrcs,  Cic.  Verr.  I,   25,  &  26. 

RuFus,  a  Rom.an  furname,  fome- 
times  turned  into  RuFio,  -onis,  Cic. 
Att.  5,  2. 

RuFFi.vus,  a  conful  in  the  war  3- 
gainfl  Pvrrhus  ;  one  of  the  progenitor^ 
of  Sulla,  (G.  235.) 

P.  Servilius  RuLLUS,  a  tribune  in 
the  confulate  ok  Cicero,  who  propofed 
an  agrarian  law,  offering  many  advan- 
tages to  the  people  ;  which  Cicero  by 
his  eloquence  prevented  from  being 
paffed.  Cicero''3  three  orations  on  this 
fubject  are  ilill  extant,  but  the  firft 
and  lad  Imperfcdl. 

P.  RUPiLIUS,  the  colleague  of 
P.  Poppllius  Laenas  in  the  conlulate, 
a.  621  ;  who  exerclfed  a  fevere  inqul- 
fition  againft  the  partiisans  of  the  Grac- 
chi, Pat  ere.  2,  17.  ;  Cic.  Verr.  4,  50. 
Aniic.  II.  He  put  an  end  to  the  lirit 
Servile  war  in  Sicily,  Flor.o^,  19.  ;  Liv. 
Epit.  59.  ;  Orof.  5,  9.  and  by  the  ad- 
vice of  ten  ambaffadors  eftabliihed  a 
number  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  iiland^  called  Lex  Ru- 
riLiA  or  L,EGEs  K  upiliaejC/V.  Caecil.  y 
et  ibi  A/con.  Ferr*  2,  13,  &  50.  ^/  3,  40.         j 

M.   Pinariin    Ruse  a,  a  tribune,    a.         !• 
622  ;  who  propofed  a  law  to  regulate 
the  age  of  fulng  for   offices,    {lex  an- 
nalisi)  Cic.  Or.  2,  65. 

P.  RuTiLius  KuFus,  conful  a, 
649.  Pie  was  hated  by  the  equites,  be- 
caufe  when  quaeilor  in  Afia,  a.  632, 
with    Mucius     Scacvoh,     the   augur, 

who 


RUT                   [  353    1                   SAL 

who   then   governed   tliat  province  as     fia,   Tac.  Ann.  i,  80.  where  he  obtain - 

praetor,  A/con.  In.  Clc,  Caecil.  17.   and  ed  triumphal   ornr.iments,   (tr'iumphi  hi- 

afterwards,  a.  u,  654,  when  h'eutenant  ftgnla)y  ib.  4,  46.     He  afterwards  com- 

of  Q^Mucius  Scaevola,  (called  by  way  manded  in  Macedonia  and  Achaia,  ib. 

of  diilin-ilion   Poni'ifex,  Cic.  Amic.  i.)  5,  10.  wheie  died,  i^.  6,  39. 

he    had   fuccefsfully    checked   the    in-  y^/^wj"  Sabinus,  a  chief  of  the  Z///- 

jiiries   exercifed  by  the  farmers  of  the  goncs  in  Gaul,  who  pretended  to  b<^  the 

revenues  on  the  inhabitants  of  the  pro-  grandfon  of  Julius  Caefar,   Tac.  Hifi, 

vince,  Lh\  Ep'i.L\   Clc.  Bulb,  13.     On  4>  55-  Attempting  to  free  his  country- 

this  account,  after   his  return  he    was  men  from  the  donn'nion  of  the  Romans, 

brought    to   a  trial,  and  molt  unjullly  he  was  defeated  in  battle.    After  wliich 


Condemned,  Ck.  F01U,  13.  Or.  i,  53. 
Brut.  29.  ;  Pater  c.  2,  13.  the  J  uciices  at 
that  time  being  chofen  from  the  equef- 
trlan  order,  Applan.  B.C.  ly  p.  $-jz. 
He  afterwards  lived  in   exile  at  Mity- 


he  concealed  himfeif  in  a  cave  for  up- 
wards of  nine  years,  by  the  afiiflance  of 
his  wife  Epponina,  ib.  67.  (Plutdrch 
calls  her  Enipona),  and  two  freed  men. 
At  lall  being   difcovered,  he  was  put 


lenae  in  Lefbos,  where  he  avoided  the  to  death,  together  with  his  wife,  by  the 
cruelty  of  Mithridates  to  the  Romans,  orders  of  Vefpalian.  Nothing  more 
(into^atos,)  by  changing  his  drefs,  dT/c.  cruel  than  this  execution,  as  Plutarch 
Rabir.  Pojl.  10.  Rutilius  is  highly  obferves,  h'dppcned  under  that  Empe- 
praifed  by  Cicero  for  his  virtue,  ib.  ei  ror  ;  and  as  a  puni:hment  from  Hea- 
Pif.  '3^().  et  alibi  pajjim.  He  was  a  learn-  ven,  his  whole  family  was  foon  after 
ed  man  for  the  time  in  which  he  lived,  extinguiflied.  Plutarch,  in  Erotic 0  feu  A- 
He  had  ftudied   under  Panaetius,   and     matoriofii. 

imbibed  the  principles   of  the    Stoics,  C.    Licinius   Sacerdos,  praetor    of 

Cic.  Brut.  30.  Offi  3,  2.  He  acquired  Sicily  before  Verrcs,  Cic.  Verr,  f,  10. 
the  knowledge  of  civil  law  from  Scae-  and  lieutenant  of  O.Metellus  in  Crete, 
vola,  Clc.   OJf.   2,  13.     He  is  called  by     Cic.  Plane.  11. 

Sadala,  a  king  of  Thrace,  Cic. 
Verr.  i.  24. 

Safinius,  a  native  of  Atella,  Clc, 
Cluent.  25. 

Sal  A  CI  \,  a  name  of  Amphitrite, 
the  wife  of  Neptune,  Cic.  de  Uni'verf. 
35.  ;   GelL  13,22.;  Ftflus. 

Sal  A  CO,  v.  -otiy  -onls,  a  name  givGn 
to  any  arrogant  or  proud  perfon,  tho' 
poor ;  hence  I/Ilns  Sahi^onis  inigultas, 
the  injuilice  or  unreafonablencfs  of  that 
arrogi  nt  fongfttr,  fc.  Tigellius,  Cic. 
P'am.  7,  24. 

^  Salassus,  the  brother  of  P. 
Curtms,   Clc.  Fam.  6,  18. 

Saleius  BaJfiiSi  a  poet  of  great  ge- 
nius and  worth  in  the  time  of  Vefpa- 
fian,  ^iindil.  10,  i,  »o.  j  Dial,  de  Ori-t. 
5,  &  10.  but  in  poor  circumftances, 
'Juvenal.  7,  80. 

SALIX,  'oriwi,  the  priefts  of  Mars, 

Vitelhus,  ib.  2,  63.  ilain  in  the  Itruggle     i^a  faltu  nonilna  ducunt,  Ovid.  Fait.  3, 

between   the   parties  of  Vitellius  and     387.  Vid.  y/.  311.)      Hence  Saliare 

Vefpafian,  ib.  3,  74.  Numae   carmen^  a  poem  compofed   by 

Sabinus /^'w'/'jf/.'j',  governor  of  Moe-    Numa,  for  the  ufe  of  the  Sahi,  Tac, 

Y  y  Ann, 


Ovid  magnanlmuSi   Pont,  r,  3,  63.- 
Several  others  of  the  name  of  Rutilius 
are  mentioned  by  Ciceio  and  Livy. 

s. 

Sabazius,  a  name  given  to  [upi- 
tcr,  Fal.  Max.  i,  3,  2.  and  to  Bac- 
chus,  Cic.   Lrg.   2,    15. Sabazia, 

■  or  urn,  facrcd  rites  in  honour  of  Bac- 
chus,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  23. 

Sabellius,  a  conful,  Clc.  Brut.  34. 

Sabidius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family,  Cic. petit.  Conful  2.  ;   Mariial.  i , 

Sarina  Poppaea.     Vid.  Poppoea. 

Sabinius,  a  native  of  Keate,  an 
agent  of  Clodius,   Cic,  Sext.  37. 

S  A  B I N  u  s  Flavlus,  the  brother  of  Vef- 
pafian, praefecl  oi  the  city  under  Nero 
and  Otho,  Tac.HlJl.  1,46.  alfo  under 
/' 


SAL 


I    354    ] 


SAL 


Jnn.  2,  83.;  Hor,  Ep.  2,  i,  86.  ;  et 
Fejl.  Curfus  Saliaris,  the  motionof  the 
Sa/ii,  in  their  iolemn  procefTion  through 
the  cfty,  Senec.  Ep.  15.  So  Neu  mo- 
rem  in  Salium  (  for  Saliorum ) ,  Jit  requies 
pedum,  Hor.  Od.  i,  36,  12.  Salhres 
coenae,  dapes  vel epulae,  fumptiious,  Hor. 
,  Od.  1,  37,  2.  Epulari  Sdiarem  in  mo- 
dum,  to  feaft  fumptuoufly,  Cic.  Jit.  5, 
9-  _ 

Salinator, -om,  (i.e.  a  dealer  in 
fait),  a  name  given  to  M.  Livius,  be- 
caufe,  when  cenfor,  he  impofed  a  tax 
on  fait,  Liv.  29,  37.;  Cic.  Sen.  3,  & 
4.  Cr.  2,  67.   Br.  18. 

•ALONius,  a  client  of  Cato  the  cen- 
for, whofe  daughter  Cato  married,  and 
had  a  fon  by  her,  when  above  80, 
Plin.  7,  14.    Fid.  Cato,  p.  85. 

C.  SALLUSTIUS  Crifpus,  the 
Roman  hiftorian,  born  at  Amiternum, 
a  town  of  the  Sabines,  a.  u.  668,  call- 
ed by  Tacitusj  Rerum  Romanarumjloren- 
iijfmus  audor,  Ann.  3,  30.  Of  his  works 
there  only  remains  entire  the  hiftory  of 
the  Jugurthine  war,  and  of  the  confpi- 
racy  of  Catiline,  {de  hello  Jugurthi- 
no  et  Catilinario,  Quinclil,  3,  8,  9.)  It 
appears,  however,  that  he  wrote  a  com- 
plete hiftory  of  Rome,  which  was  ge- 
nerally preferred  by  the  ancients  to 
that  of  Livy,  {Hie,  fc.  Salluftius,  hijh- 
riae  major  ejl  aiidor,  fc.  quam  Livius,  Id. 
2,5,19.)  whence  Martial  fays,  that 
Sallull,  in  the  opinion  of  the  learned 
of  his  time,  was  efteemed  the  lirft  or 
moil  excellent  Roman  hiftorian,  (P/v- 
tniis    Remand    Crifpus  in   hi/loria),    14, 


fy  to  be  underftood  by  boys  than  Sal- 
lull,  {ad  quern  inteUigendum  jam  profedu 
Gpus  fit),  2,  5,  19.  Salluft  is  faid  to 
have  revifed  with  care  what  he  wrote 
with  faciHty  ;  and  indeed  the  labour 
he  bellowed  is  manifeft  from  his  works. 
Id.  10,  3,  8.  Quindillan  mentions  an 
oration  of  Sallull's  againft  Cicero,  4, 
I,  68.  et  9,  3,  89.  But  the  declama- 
tion or  inventive  of  Salluft  againfl,  Ci- 
cero, which  is  commonly  fubjoined  to 
the  fragments  of  Sallull's  works,  with 
Cicero's  anfwer,  are  thouglit  to  have 
been  compofcd  by  fome  rhetorician  in 

later  times. No  author  ever  defcri- 

bed  more  admirably  the  beauty  of  vir- 
tue, and  the  turpitude  of  vice,  than 
Salluft.  It  is,  however,  to  be  regret- 
ted, that  he  did  not  ad  as  he  wrote. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  fenate  by  the 
cenfor  Appius,  Dio,  4c,  63.  a.  u.  704, 
for  having  been  engaged  in  an  intrigue 
with  Faufta,  the  daughter  of  Sulla, 
and  wife  of  Milo,  {a  quo  deprehenfus^ 
•virgis  caef'us  ej}),  Gell.  17,  18.;  Serv. 
in  Virg.  Aen.  6,  61 2.  ;  Acron  in  Hor. 
Sat.  I,  2,  41.  ;  Pfeud.  Cic.  in  Salluft. 
5,  &  6.  He  was  afterwards  made  prae- 
tor by  Caefar,  a.  u.  707,  that  he  might 
recover  his  fenatorian  dignity,  Dio,  42, 
53.  and  in  that  capacity  was  near  be- 
ing flain  in  a  mutiny  of  Caefar's  vete* 
ran  foldiers,  before  he  went  to  Africa, 
ib,  et  Appian.  B.  Civ.  2,  /.  485.  In 
this  expedition  Salluft  had  an  impor- 
tant command,  Hirl.  B,  Afr.  8.  which 
he  executed  with  fidelity  and  fuccefs, 
ih.  })\.  Caefar,  after  having  vanquifn- 
191.  ^  l..m-,  however,  in  the  judgment  ed  Scipio  and  Juba,  gave  the  govern- 
ofQuinailian,  has  equalled  the  incom-     ment  of  Africa  to  Salluft,    {ihi  Crifpo 


parable  brevity  of  Salluft  by  other  good 
equalities,  {immorlalem  illam  SaUuJliive- 
locitatem  divetjis  mrtutibus  conf&ciuus  ejl. 
Id.  10,  I,  102.)  So  that  their  merit, 
though  of  a  different  kind,  was  equal, 
(Nam  mihi  egregie  dixiffe  liidetur  Strvili- 
us  \'onianus.  pares  ess  magis,  quamft- 
miles,  ib.)  Quin£tilian  coutrafts  Sal- 
luft with  Thucydides,  and  Livy  with 
Herodotus,  {iVtc  oppmere  Thucydili 
Sallufiium  verear  ;  ns(:  indignetur  /ibi  He- 
rodotus aequari  T  Livium),  ib.  joi. 
The  fame  author  thinks  Livy  mpre  ea- 


Scilhijilo  proconj'ule  cum  imperio  relido, 
Hirt.  B.- Afr.  97.)  who,  by  pillaging 
the  province,  accumulated  an  immenfe 
fortune,  Dio,  43,  9.  which  he  left  to 
his  grand-nephew  by  his  fifter,  whom 
he  adopted  as  his  fon,  Tac.  Ann.  3,  30. 
C.  SALLUSTIUS  Crifpus,  the 
grand-nephew  of  the  hiftorian,  the  next 
to  Maecenas  in  the  favour  of  Auguf- 
tus  ;  and  after  the  death  of  Maecenas, 
vi'hom  he  ftrove  to  imitate,  the  chief 
confident  of  Auguftus  and  Tiberiug, 
Tac*  Ann.  3>  30,  ;  Add.  iv,  1,6.  et  2y 

40, 


SAL 


C    355     ] 


S  A  R 


40.  To  him  Horace  infcrlbed  the  2d 
ode  of  the  2d  book,  in  which  the  poet 
defcribes  him  as  an  enemy  to  the  hoard- 
ing up  of  money,  and  vahiing  it  only 
from  its  life,  [NuUus  argento  color  ej},  a- 
•vans  ylbdilo  terris  inimice  lamnae^  (for 
laminae^ y  Cr'ijpe  Sallvfti,  n'tji  tewperato 
Splencleat  vfu.  Silver  has  no  coloin*,  i.  e. 
no  beauty  or  vahie,  when  it  is  conceal- 
ed in  the  covetous  earth,  /'.  e.  while  it 
is  hoarded  up  by  mifers  ;  O  Crifpus 
Sallullius,  an  enemy  to  plates  of  filver 
or  gold,  i.e.  who  defpifeft  mere  money, 
unkfs  it  fhine  by  moderate  ufe,  i.  e, 
unlefs  it  acquire  value  from  being  ufed, 

ib.  I,  &c.) Sallustiani  horti,  the 

gardens  of  Salluil,  which  afterwards 
became  ihe  property  of  the  Emperors, 

Tac.  Ann,  13,  47.; //"//?.  3,82. Sal- 

LUSTiANUM  mdallum,  a  copper  mine 
in  Savoy,  named,  as  Pliny  fays,  from 
Sallufl,  the  friend  of  Auguftus,  (pro- 
bably becaufe  it  belonged  to  him),  34, 

2. 

Cn,  Sallustius,  a  friend  of  Cice- 
ro's, C'tc.Fam,  14,  4,  &  II.  Att.  II, 
1 1,  &  20.  Dm,  I,  28.  ;  Add.  Att.  i, 
3,  &  II. 

P.  Sallustius,  the  brother  or  re- 
lation of  Cn.  Sallullius,  6\V,  Att.  11, 
I  r. 

Salmacis,  -JV/zV,  a  nymph,  who  fell 
in    love    with    Hermaphroditus,     [G. 

363-)      _ 

Salmoneus,  (3  fyll.)  -f/,  V.  -foj,  the 

fon  of  Aeolus,  a  king  of  Ehs,  who  u- 
fed  to  imitate  the  thunder  of  Jupiter 
by  riding  in  a  chariot  over  a  brazen- 
bridge,  and  darting  torches  or  fire- 
brands among  the  people  like  lightning, 

(G.\\6.) Salmonis,   -'idts^  the 

daughter  of  Salmoneus,  Val.  Fiacc.  5, 
479. ;  Owd,  Amor.  3,  6,  43. 

Sext.  Saltius,  a  duumvir,  or  one 
of  the  two  chief  magiftrates  of  Capua, 
Cic,  Rull  2,  34. 

Salvius,  a  freedman  of  Atticus, 
Cic.  Fam.  9,  7.  &  II. — Alfo  of  Hor- 
tenfuis,  the  orator's  fon,  iL  10,  j8. 

S-vLUS,  -uiis.  Safety,  a  goduefs, 
whofe  temple  was  near  the  houfe  of 
Atticus  on  the  Quirlnal  hill,  Qic.  Att. 


4»  I' 


P!l 


35^4' 


\ 


Semiarius,  an  exile,  who  killed  C» 
Trcbonius  by  the  command  of  Dolo^^ 
bella,   Cic.  Phil.  n,2. 

Samsicer^  ML'S,  a  name  given  to 
Pompey,6'/V.  Att.  2,  •4,  16,  17,  &  23. 
— Properly  the  chief  of  the  Emeseni, 
Strab.  16,  p.  1092. 

Sancus,  a  god  worfhipped  by  the 
Sabines,  as  the  author  of  their  race, 
SiL  8,  421.;  Dicnyf.  2,  p.  113.  called 
alfo  Fidius  and  Semo,  Ovid.  Fajl.  6, 
213. 

Sando,  'Onisy  the  father  of  Athe- 
nodorus,  the  Stoic,  Cic.  Fam.  3,  7. 

Sandrocottus,  an  Indian,  who, 
after  the  death  of  Alexander,  freed  his 
country  from  the  dominion  of  Macedo- 
nia, and  made  himfcif  king,  Jujlin.  15, 

4- 

^  Fabius  Sang  A,  a  fenator,  Cic. 
Pif.  31.  the  patron  of  the  Allobroges, 
who  difcovered  to  him  the  confpira- 
cy  of  Catiline,  Salhjl.  Cat.  41. 

Sannio,  -oiiisi  the  name  of  a  pro- 
curer,   Ter.   Adel.   2,  2,    13,   &c. 

<|[  2.  A  flave,  A.  ad  Hcrenn.  4,  50. 

Sapala,  a  herald,  the  friend  of  Ca- 
tiline,  Cic. petit.  Conf>i. 

SAPPHO,  'lis,  a  famous  po^tefs, 
born  in  the  ifland  Lefbos,  [G.  343^) 
hence  called  Lfjbia  Sappho,  Ovid*  Trill. 

2,  365. — -SAPPHica pitella  Mufa  doc^ 

tior,  more  learned  than  the  Sapphic 
Mufe,  i.  e.  than  Sappho,  who,  cn  ac- 
count of  the  beauty  of  her  verfes,  was 
called  *  the  tenth  Mufe,*  Catul  35, 
16.^ 

S..RDANAPALUS,  the  laft  king  of  the 
AfTyiians,  infamous  for  his  eiFeminacy 
and  luxury,  Jujlin.  i,  3.  (G.  598.); 
Cic.  Fin.    2,  3^^.  Tufc.   5,   35.  ;  jfuvc 

nal.  10,  362. Sardanapalicum  in  mo* 

rem,   Sidon.  Epitl.  2,  13. 

Sarmentus,  a  noted  buffoon  at  the 
court  of  Augullus,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  5,  52, 
8cc.  who  tamely  bore  the  feoffs  that 
were  thrown  out  againil  him,  juvcnal. 
5,  3. ;  et  ibi  Scholiaft.  Plutarch  fays, 
that  he  was  of  fervile  condition,  and 
a  great  favourite  with  Auguftus,  irk 
Antonio^  p.  945.  Horace  gives  an  hu- 
morous account  ot  a  difpute  between 
him  and  cue  Meflius  Cicerrus?  ib. 

Y  y  «  Sa?.- 


S  A  R  t    356    1  SAT 

SARPVDoy,  -onis,  the  fon  of  Japi-     24.  and  painted  with  a  fcythe  or  pru- 

nlng-hook  in  his   hand,    Firg.  Aen.  7, 
179.    whence    he   is   called  Falcifer 


ter,  Ck.  Dk\  2,  10.;  Virg.  Aen,  10, 
471.  by  Eiiropa,  Hygin.  178.  accord- 
ing to  Homer,  by  LaodamTa,-the  daugh- 
ter of  Bellerophon,  king  of  Lycia,  Ho- 
mer. //.  2,  876.;  Ovid.  Met.  I  ^,  256.  flain 
by  Patroclus,  [G.  385.)  Homer.  II  16, 
482. 

Sascrna,     a    friend    of    Antoriv's, 

C'lc.  Phil.  13,13.     Ait.  \^,": S  A  - 

SERNAE,  pater  et  fJius,  two  writers  on 
huftandry,  Varr.  R.  R.  i,  2,22.; 
Cdnmel.  1,    I,  4.;   Plin.  17,  23. 

Sassia,  the  mother  of  Chientius, 
Clc.  Cliteni.  5. 

Satrius,  the  heutrnant  of  Trebo- 
n;iir>,   Cic.  ad  Brut.  6. 


M. 

Satimus, 

the 

fifle 

r's 

fon 

and 

heir  of 

M. 

Minus 

:iu3 

B:isi' 

[us, 

Cic 

•  ^^I' 

3.  is. 

L.  Jpulclm  SATURNINUS,  a  tri- 
bune, who  propofed  feveral  popular 
Jaws,  which  raifed  great  tumults  i;i  the 
city.  At  laft  he  was  flain  by  order  of 
Marius,  then  conful  for  the  fixth  time?, 
by  whom  he  had  at  ih-fl  been  encou- 
raged and  alhlled,  Plutarch,  in  f\]ario%\ 
Cic.  Cat.  1,2.;  Ralir.  Perd.  3,  6,  &c.; 
Vhil.  8,  5.;  BnJ.  62.  J  Appian.  B.Civ. 
I,  p.  367,   &c. 

Ctj.  SATuRJ^IrtT';,  contemporary  with 
Cicero,  whofe  father  was  tlie  f.rfl  na- 
tive of  A  tin  urn  that  obtained  a  cu- 
rule  .office  at  Rome,  Cic.  Plane.  8.  high- 
ly praifed  by  Cicero,  ih.  iff  12.  accu- 
fed  by  Cn.  Domitius,  Cic.  Fam.  8,  14. 
the  heir  of  Q^Fuiius,  ib.  12,6. 

SATURN  US,  the  moft  ancient 
king  of  Crete  ;  whence  he  was  expel- 
led by  his  fon  Junlter  ;  and  having 
wandered  over  many  countries,  came 
at  lait  into  Italy,  where  he  was  kindly 
received  by  Janus,  then  king  of  the 
•country,  who  gave  lilm  a  (hare  of  h's 
kingdom.  Saturn  civillfed  the  rude  in- 
liabitants,  by  teaching  them  agricul- 
ture, and  prefcribing  to  them  laws. 
The  happintfs  produced  by  thefe  im- 
provements made  the  time  of  his  reign 
be  called  the  golden  age,  (G.  357.) 
■whence  he  is  called  Aureus  ::aturnusy 
Virg.  G.  2,  538.  Saturn  was  worfliip- 
ped  as  the  god  of  time,  C/V.  N.  D.  2, 


D»usy  the  fcythe  bearing  god,  O'oid. 
Fajl.  1,234.     Dens  curvus  Saturnif  the 

fcythe  of  Saturn,  Firg.  G.  2,  406. 

Stella  Suiurnii  the  planet  Saturn,  Cic. 
N.  D.  2,  20,  &  46.  Siella  quam  Satur- 
niam  nowinanfy  id.  Somn.  fc.  4.  faid  to 
be  cold,  ffrigidaf  Virg.  G.  l,  336. 
Saturtii  fidas  gelidae  ac  rigentis  cjfe  ria- 
turacy  Plin.  2,  8  f.  6.)  beca.ufe  at  a  great 
diilance  froni  the  fun  : — called  impiuSf 
cruel,  noxious,  Hor.  Od.  2,  17,  22.; 
gravis^  dangerous,  baleful  ;  becaufe  it 
was  thought  ur.lucky  to  be  born  when 
that  planet  was  in  a  particular  part  of 
the  heavens,  Per/.  5,  50.  thus.  Bare 
Lamen  igriorat,  quid  fi  Jus  trijle  minetur  Sa- 
iurni,  fhe  is  ignorant  of  adrology,  or 
does  not  know  what  the  baleful  pla- 
net of  Saturn  threatens,  jfwvenal.  6, 
571.  Ft  grave  Saturnijidus  in  omne  ca- 
puty  Propert.  4,  i,  84.  The  planets 
of  Mars  and  Saturn  were  thought  e- 
qnally  u:: favourable,  (  (era,,  nee  quid- 
quam  placidum  Jpondenlia,  Martis^  falci^ 
fcrique  Jcnis^   i.   e.   Saturni),   Ovid,    in 

Ibln.  2,  217. Saturni  dies,   the  day 

of  Saturn,  i.e.  Saturday,  Tihull.  i,  3, 
17.  or  the  Sabbath  of  the  Jews,  Ovid. 
Art.  Am.  1,416.  for  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans did   not   divide    their   time  into 

weeks,   {A.  331.) From  Saturn  I- 

taly  was  called  Saturnia,  fc.  terra, 
and  the  part  in  which  he  fettled  Lati- 

um,   (G.  140,  S:  357.) So  Ari^a 

SaiurrJa,  the  lands  of  Saturn^  /.  e.  I- 
taly,  Firg.  Aen,  1,  569.  tellus,  Id.  G. 
2,  173.  regna.  Id.  Feci.  4,  6. — Conjux 
Saiunna,  i.  e.  Ops  or  Rhea,  Sil.  10, 
3  38.  yuno  Saturnia,  the  daughter  of 
Saturn,    Firg.  Ain.  3,  380.   or  fmiply, 

Satuknia,    ib.    I,   23. Satur.ni- 

vs  pater,  Jupiter  the   fon   of  Saturn, 

Firg.  Aen.  4,  372 . S  A T  u  R  N I A ,  fc. 

arx,  was  anciently  the  name  of  the 
Capitcline  hill   of  Rome,   Firg.   Aen. 

8,358. Versus   Saturnius,  a 

particular  kind  of  verfe,    Fejius. 

Saturnalia,  -iwn,  et  -ioritm,  the 
feftlval  of  Saturn,  firft  for  one  day,  and 
afterwards  for  three  days.     The  firfl 

day 


SAT 


day  was  on  the  17th  of  December, 
[V'ld.  A.  337.).  Ipfis  Saturnaiibus,  on 
the  very  fcalls  of  Saturn,  Hor.  Sat.  2, 
3,  5.  SattirnaliLtis  mane,  Cic.  Att.  5, 
20.  CaecJem  Saturnallhus  fieri  placuit, 
Cic.  Cat.  3,  4.  Secund'is  Safunia/ibus, 
on  the  fecond  day  of  the  Saturnalia, 
Gk,/ltt.i7,i  ^2.  Tertlis  SalurnaUhiis, 
on  the  third  day,  ik~ — Nhces  Satur- 
NALiTiAE,  Y.  -ic'iaey  nntp  which  ufed  to 
be  fert  as  a  prefent  durinfr  the  fcftival 
days  of  Saturn,  Marflnl.  70^  90,  2. 
and  for  which  they  iifed,  during  that 
feftival,  to  play  at  dice,  Id.  31,  5,  8. 
SaturnaUfium  trihutum,  i.  e.  an  epigram 
which  Martial  ufed  to  fend  every  year 
at  the  Saturnalia  to  his  friend  Macer, 
Id.  ic,  17,  I.  Fer/iu  Salunialiciij  i.  c. 
licentious,  il;.  11,  *  6,  11.  Saturna/ichnn 
latum y' t\\G  clay  of  wh^h  tlie  fmail  ima- 
ges were  made,  vvhich  ufed  to  be  fent 
as  prefents  oi|  the  Saturnalia,  ih.  14, 
182. 

Saturius,  the  advocate  of  Chaerea, 
in  his  action  againft  Rofcius,  Cic.  ^ 
Rojc.  I. 


L     357    3 


S  C  A 


nation,  Plhu  19,4.  19.  the  fame  with 
what  Virgil   calls    ofcilla,  G.   2,  389. 

Add.  Mania/,  ^j  68,   9. Satyri- 

DES,  'tim,  certain  iflands  faid  to  have 
been  inhabited  by  fatyrs  or  wild  men 
with  tails  little  lefs  than  tliofe  of  hor- 

fes,   Paufan.  1,    23. Satyr  ion,  -i, 

n.  an  htrb,  which  was  fuppofed  to  ili- 
mulate  to  venery,  Plin.  26,  10.  ;  Pe- 
iron,  c.  8,  &  20,  &  2  1. Satyria- 
sis, -/j,  f.  et  Satyri ASMus,  -/,  a  ve- 
hement defire  for  venery,  Cael.  AureL 
3,  18.  Add.  Thsod.  Prijclnn.  2,  1 1. 
SATyRUS,  a  noted   archited,   Plin. 

36,  9. ^I  2.    A   (lave   of  At'ticus, 

Cic.  Att.  12,  22. 

C.  Saufeius,  a  partiGin  of  Satur- 
nlnus,   Cic.  Rahir.  Ptrd.  7. 

L.  Saufsius,  a  friend  of  Atticus, 
an  Epicurean,  Cic.  Att.  i,  T^.et  4,  6.  a 
laborious  Undent,  ih.  2,  8.  Add.  Id. 
14,  18.  et  15,  4.  et  16,  3.  Ncp.  25,  12. 
Saurus,  a  ilatuary,  Plin.  36,  5. 
Sax  A,  a  native  of  Celtiberia,  made 
a  citizen,  and  even  a  tribune  of  the 
people  by  Caefar,  Cic.  Phil.  11,5.  a 
SATyRI,  'Orumt  Satyrs,  a  kind  of  partifan  of  Antony's,  ih.  10,  lO.  8,  3. 
rural  dernii^ods,  liaving  the  horns,  ears,  -  -  '  *-- 
and  feet  of  goats,  the  rell  human,  re- 
markable for  their  nimblenefs,  cunning, 
loquacitY,  and  amorous  difpolitions, 
{G.  380.),  Cic.  N.  D.  3,    17.;    Plin. 


13,   12.  &C. 


SdAEVA,  a  centurion  in  the  army  of 
Caefar,  who   behaved   with   furprifing 
courage  in  defending  a  fort  at  Dyrac- 
chium,  Caef.  B.  C.  3,  53.  ;    Flor.  4,  2, 
7,  2.  et  8,  54.     Capripedcs  Sa/yriy  Hor.    40.  which  Lucan  amplities  beyond  be- 
Od.  2,  19,  3.   Agrejles,  Id.  Art.  P.  22  i.    lief,  6,  146, — 263.      He  is  called  Caf- 
leViSy  Ovid.  Art.  Am.  i,  542.  fahantes,  Jttis  Scaeva  by  Suetonius,  Caef.  68.   M. 

Caef  us  Scaeva  by  Val.  Maximus,  3,  2, 
23.  Appian  mentions  Scaeva,  but  a- 
fcribes  the  chief  merit  to  Minutius,  B, 

C.  2,  465.-^ ^  2.  A  (lave  of  Q^Cro- 

to,  who  killed  Suturnlnus,  and  on  that 
account  obtain erd  his  freedom,  C.  Ru' 
bir.  Perd.  1 1 . 


Virg.  Eel.  5,  73.  dicaces,  Ovid.  Fall,  i, 
225.  Ijafcivus  Satyrvs,  Sil.  3,  103. 
Protervi  Satyri,  Hor.  Art.  P.  233. — 
Satyrus,  qui  apud  Tarerdinos  in  aedc  Vef- 
tac  ejU  the  image  of  a  Satyr,  Cic.  Verr. 
4,  60. 

Satyriscus,  a  young  or  little  fa- 
tyr,  Cic.  Div.  i,  20. -- — Satyri c a 
fahula,  a  play  in  which  Satyrs  were  in- 
troduced as  a6lors,  Scholia/I.  in  Hor. 
Art.  P.  220.  hence  Satyrica  fcena,  a 
fatyric  fcene,  different  from  the  tragic 
and  comic,  adorned  with  trees,  caves, 
mountains,  &'C.  Fitnru.  5,  8.  Sccna- 
rum  fronfes  traglco  more  aut  comico,  feu 
fatyrico  difgnare,  Id.  7,  5.  Satyricajig- 
na,  (al.  Saturnia),  ilatues  or  im?.ges  of 
fatyra,  or  of  Priapus,  to  preveiV.  faffl- 


Scaevola,  a  firname  of  the  Mucii, 
rid.  Mvcivs. 

ScAMANDF.rt,  V".  -drus,  -dri,  the  fon 
of  Heftor  and  Andromache,  Homer.  Ih 

2!,  223. ^  2.  A  freed  man,   Cic, 

Clucnt.  16. 

P.  ScANDiLirf>,  a  Roman  eques  at 
Syracufe,  0.\  Verr.  3,  58. 

ScANTiA,  (t*/.  aliter,)  a  w^oman  men- 
tioned,  Cic.  Mil.  27. 

Sca:^tiu?>  auerfon  fond  of  garden- 
ing » 


SC  A  [3 

ing  ;  whence  Scantlana  poma,  a  fpecies 
of  apples  named  from  him,  Plin.  15, 
14.;  CatOi  7,  2. 

Scaftius,  a  trader  and  agent  in  ne-* 
gotiating  money-matters,  [ri^gotiulor), 
■who  had  a  difpute  with  the  people  of 
Salamis  in  Cyprus  concerninp^  a  fum  of 
money  lent  to  them  by  Bmtus  at  an 
extravagant  intereil,  which  <^ave  Cice- 
ro, when  governor  of  Cihcia,  a  great 
deal  of  trouble  to  fettle  it,  C'lc.  Ait.  5. 
1th.  6,  i»  2,  &c.  Appi'is,  the  prede- 
cefTor  of  Cicero  in  the  government  of 
that  province,  who  was  the  {'athei-in- 
law  of  Brutus,  had  made  Scaptius  a 
praefecl,  and  had  given  him  fome  troops 
of  horfe,  with  which  he  miferably  haraf- 
fed  the  Salaminians,  and  at  one  time, 
in  order  to  extort  payment,  (hut  up 
their  whole  fenate  in  the  council-room, 
till  five  of  them  were  Itarved  to  death. 
Cicero  correcled  thefe  abufes,  but,  to 
gratify  Brutus,  did  all  he  could  to  pro- 
cure payment,  ib. 

M.  ScAPTius,  the  brother  of  the 
former,  whom  Cicero  made  a  praefed, 
Cic.Att,  6,  I. 

P.  JScArrius,  a  plebeian,  who,  by 
Ills  teftimony,  prevailed  on  the  Romans 
to  adjudge  to  thcmfclves  a  held,  to  de- 
termine the  property  of  which  th^^y 
had  been  chofcn  as  arbiters  by  the  peo- 
ple  of   Ardea  and  Aricia,  L'lv.  3,  71, 

&72. 

P,    Scapula,    a    lirname    of    the 

Quintii,  Plhu  7,  53. ^  2.  An  ufu- 

rer,  Qc.  ^inl.  4. <?[  '^.  The  anchor 

of  the  war  which  Labienus  and  the  fons 
of  Pompey  carried  on  again  It  Caefar  in 
Spain,  Qc.  Fam.  9,  13.;  Hut.  B.  Hifp. 
33.  ;  Dio,  43.  p.  228. 

ScATiNius,  f.  ScantlnhiSy  tlie  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  originally  from  the 
town  Aricia,  C':c.  Phil.  3,  6.  By  a  tri- 
bune of  this  name  was  palled  the  Ssa- 
t'lnran  law  againil  illicit  amours,  Cic. 
Fam.  8,  13.  ;  'Juvenal.  2,  44.  ;  Fal. 
JMax.  6,  It  7.  ;   Suei.  Dam.  8. 

ScAunus  a  firaame  of  the  Aem'ilu 
Jind  Aureliij  faid  to  have  been  derived 
from  fome  one  of  them  \v\\o  did  not 
irand  rightly  on  his  ancles,  (prav'isful- 


5-8     ]  S  C  A 

tus   male  talis),  Hor.  Sat.  i,  3,  48.  et 
ibi  Acron.  ;   Phn.  11,  45  f.  105. 

M.  Aemilius  SCAURUS,  a  noble- 
man of  great  abilities,  who,  by  his 
fplendid  talents,  reftored  the  glory  of 
his  family,  almoft  extind,  Cic.  Mur. 
"if.  Or.  2,  64.  He  was  made  conful 
a.  u.  638,  and  in  the  fame  year  chofan 
Prince  of  the  Senate,  by  the  cenfors 
L.  Metellus  and  Cn.  Domitiu3.  The 
fpecious  virtues  of  Scaurus,  however, 
were  tarniflied  by  bafe  avarice  and  o- 
ther  vices.  When  Jugurtha,  in  order 
to  make  himfelf  fole  mafter  of  Numi- 
dia,  had  murdered  Hiempfal  and  eX' 
pelled  Adherbal,  §caurus  (Irongly  ur- 
ged the  fenate  to  avenge  that  crime, 
Sallujl.  Jug.  15.  But  the  money  and 
intereil  of  Jugurtha  prevailed,  ib.  16. 
Adherbal  being  again  defeated  by  Ju- 
gurtha, and  beiieged  in  Cirta,  Scaurus 
was  fent  on  an  embaffy  to  caufe  Jugur- 
tlia  to  raife  the  fiegc  ;  but  in  vain,  ib. 

25.  Adherbal  was  foon  after  forced 
to  furrender,  on  condition  tiiat  his  life 
Oiould  be  Ipared  ;  but  notwithftanding 
Jugurtha  cruelly  put  him  to  death,  ib. 

26.  On  this  account  the  Romans  de- 
clared war  againll  Jugurtha,  and  fent 
an  army  into  Numidia  under  the  com- 
mand of  Calpurnius  Bellia  the  conful, 
who  appointed  Scaurus  one  of  his  lieu- 
tenants, 28.  Scaurus,  who  had  hither- 
to rejected  the  offers  of  Jugurtha  when 
m.oil  of  his  faction  were  corrupted,  waa 
row,  together  with  the  conful,  gained 
by  the  greatnefs  of  the  bribe  ;  in  con- 
fequence  of  which  a  (hameful  agree- 
ment was  made  with  Jugurtha,  ib.  29. 
But  inch  was  the  influence  of  Scaurus, 
that  v/lien  three  commilfioners  v/ere  ap- 
pointed to  enquire  into  that  matter,  he 
procured  himfelf  to  be  created  one  of 
the  number,  ib.  40.  and  condemned  a- 
moug  the  rell  even  his  aiTociate  Beilia, 
Cic.  Br.  34.  Scaurus  was  fome  years 
after  made  cenfor,  and  alfo  obtained  a 
fecond  confullhip,  in  his  application 
for  which  he  was  oppofed  by  P.  Ruti- 
lius,  when  they  both  accufed  each  o- 
ther  of  bribery,  Cic.  Br.  29,  &  30.  Or. 
2,69.-- — Cicero,  in  different   places, 

highly 


S  C  A  [ 

highly  extols  the  virtues  of  Scaurus  ; 
thus,  ^Ec quern  hom'inem  vidimus ,  ec quern 
vere  Cutnmemorare  poff'umus  bar  em  conjilioy 
gravitate,  conjlanlia^  ceteris  iHrtutihus,  ho- 
noris, ingtnii,  rerum  geftarum  ornamen- 
tis,  M.  Aemilio  Scaur o  j'wIJe  P  cujus  nutu 
prope   t  err  arum  or  bis  regehatur.    Font.  7. 


Add.  Off.  I,  22,  &  30.  He  praifes 
him  paiticularly  for  the  firmnefs  with 
which  he  fupported  the  caufe  of  the 
fenate  againll  all  the  feditious  or  po- 
pular   magiltrates,   from    Graechus  to 

Q^Varius,    Cic.  Sext.  47. Scaurus 

was  acculed  by  Varius  of  having  been 
inftrumental  in  railing  the  Italic  war, 
(Valerius  Maximus  fays  improperly  of 
having  been  bribed  by  Mithridates  to 
betray  the  Itate,  3,  7,  8.)  ;  but  he  fi- 
lenced  this  charge  with  great  prefence 
of  mind,  ^tinciih  5,  12,  10.  et  5,  13, 
^^, — Scaurus  wrote  three  books  con- 
cerning his  own  life,  which  Cicero 
praifes  for  their  ufefulnefs,  and  com- 
pares to  Xenophon's  life  of  Cyrus, 
Brut.  29.  Add.  Plln.  33,  I.  ;   Tac.  Fit. 

ylgr.  I.;   Val.  Max.  4,  4,  11. Scau- 

rus  made  the  Via  Aemllia  to  Pifa,  and 
dug  a  navigable  canal  from  Parma  to 
Placentia,   (G.  184.) 

M.  Aemilius  SCAURUS,  the  fon  of 
the  former,  the  ilepfon  of  the  dictator 
Sulla,  PUn.  36,  15.  who  married  Me- 
tella  the  widow  of  Scaurus,  Plutarch. 
in  Syll.  Pliny  calls  her  Prafcriptiunum 
fecirix,  becaufe  fne  enriched  herfelf  by 
purchaiing  the  effeds  of  the  profcribcd, 
ih.  Scaurus  was  one  of  the  lieutenants 
of  Pompey  in  the  Mithridatic  war,  and 
appointed  to  command  in  Judaea  by 
Pompey  when  he  went  to  Rom.c,  jfo-^ 
feph.  B.  J.  1,7.  Pompey  having  di- 
vorced his  wife  Mucia,  Scaurus  mar- 
ried her,  Afcon.  in  Cic.  pro  Scaur.  Ee 
ing  made  aedile,  a.  694,  he  lavifhed  an 
incredible  fum  oi  money  in  exhibiting 
Ihews  to  the  people,  Lie.  Off.  2,  16. 
Sext.  5,  4. ;  PUn.  36,  14,  15,  &c.  34,  7. 
et  35,  II,  fo  that  notwithllanding  the 
imnienfe  fortune  he  received  from  his 
father  and  mother,  he  plunged  himfelf 
in  debt,  PUn.  36,  15.  He  afterwards 
hovvever  obtained  the  praetorJhip,  and 
fa  that  office  prefidcd  at  the  trial  of  P, 


359    }  SCI 

;  Sextius,  Cic.  Sext.  47,  &  54.  After  the 
expiration  of  his  office  he  got  the  pro- 
vince of  Sardinia,  upon  his  return  from 
which  he  was  accufed  of  extortion  ; 
and  though  his  unjult  exadions  had 
been  notorious  he  was  defended  by 
Cicero,  and  acquitted,  Cic.  Alt.  4,  1  6. 
^  Fr.  3,  I.;  Afcon.  in  Scaur.  \  Val. 
Max.  7,  I.  Only  a  few  fragments  of 
Cicero's  oration  in  defence  of  Scaurus 
remain.  Scaurus  was  rejected  m  his 
fuit  for  the  confullhip,  and  condemned 
for  bribery,  Cic.  Off.  i,  39.  When  the 
common  people  interceded  importu- 
nately to  preferve  Scaurus,  Pompey, 
then  fole  conful,  quelled  their  noife, 
by  fending  in  his  foldiers  among  the 
crowd,  who  flew  feveral  of  the  moft 
tumultuous.  Scaurus  was  baniffied  by 
the  unanimous  fentence  of  his  judges, 
Appian.  B.  C.  2.  p.  442, 

The  ScAUHi,  both  father  and  fon, 
are  celebrated  among  the  moft  illuilri- 
ous  Rom.ans  by  Horace,  v/ho  joins  them 
with  men  of  a  very  different  character, 
Regulum  et  Scauros,  Sec.  Od,  i,  12,  37. 
Nonrie  igiturjure,  ac  ?neritd,  vitia  tdtima 
Jidos  Contemnunt  Scauros,  et  cafligata  re^ 
mordent  ?  Do  not  therefore  the  meanefl 
vices,  /.  e.  the  moft  vitious,  juftly  de- 
fpife  the  hypocritical  Scauri,  and,  when 
cenfured,  recrimuiate  f  Juvenal.  2,  o^^. 
alluding  to  that  trait  in  the  character 
of  the  elder  Scaurus  in  Salluft,  Vitia 
fua  callide  occuUans,  Jug.  16. —Juve- 
nal ufes  Scauri  for  noblemen  of  the 
higheft  rank,  6,  603.  and  for  rigid 
cenfors,    11,  91. 

M.  Aurelius  Scaurus.     Vid.  Aure- 

LIUS. 

ScHOENEus,  (2  fyll),  a  king  of 
Arcadia,  the  father  of  Atalanta,  who 
is  hence.called  Schoeneis,  -'^idis,  Ovid. 
Am.  I,  7,  13.  Ep.  i6,  263.  Virgo 
SchoenEIA,  Id.  Tr'ifl,  2,  399 
10,  61 1,  &;  660. 

SciNi?.  VtcL  Sjnis:, 
SCH-TO,  -onisy  2i  firname 
gens  Cornelia,  laid  to  have  been  deri- 
ved from  one  Cornelius,  who  condu di- 
ed his  father  when  blind,  and  fervtd 
him  in  place  of  a  ftaff,  (fcipioji  Ma- 
crob.  I^at.  2)  6. 

P. 


Met, 


of  th( 


SCI  C   360   ] 

p.  Cornelius  SCIPIO,  made   mailer     chus, 
of  horfe  {fuaglfter  equitum)   by  the  dic- 
tator Camillas,  L'lv.  5,  19.  military  tri- 
bune with  confular  power,  ib.  24.  and 
Interrexj  ib.  32.  intefrex  a  fecond  time, 

M  6,  I. «{[  2.  A  d.'itator,  Liv.  9, 

44. 

P.  Cornelius  SCIPIO,  conful  when 
Annibal  came  into  Italy,  a.  535,  Liv, 
21,6,  &c.  defeated  by  Annibal  at  the 
river  TicTiius,  ib.  46.  afterwards  cut  off 
by  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  Liv. 
25,  34.  ;  Cic.  qf.i,iS.  Plane.  25.  Balb. 
15.  with  his  brother, 

Cn.  Cornelius  SCIPIO  Ca^vus,  who 
had  been  conful  with  Marcellus,  a.  532. 
He  was  fent  with  a  fleet  and  army  into 
Spain  againft  Afdrubal,  Liv.  21,  32. 
where  at  firll  he  was  very  fuccefsful, 
ib.  60,  &  6i.  et  22,  19,  &  21.  till  the 
feventh  year,  when  he  was  cut  off  by 
the  enemy  twenty -eight  days  after  his 
brother,  Liv.  25,  37.  to  the  great  grief 
of  his  countrymen,  ib. 

P.  Corneiius  SCIPIO  Jfricanus  Ma- 
jor, the  fon  of  P.  Scipio  who  was  kill- 
ed   in    Spam. Scipio,  when    very 

young,  faved  his  father's  life  in  the 
battle  at  the  river  TicTnus,  Liv.  21, 
46.  He  ferved  as  a  military  tribune 
in  the  battle  of  Cannae,  Liv.  22,  ^^. 
Being  fent  with  proconfular  authority 
into  Spain,  when  only  twenty-four  years 


of  age,  Zm  26,  18.  he  drove  the  Car- 
thaginians from  that  country,  Liv.  28, 
16.  In  the  fourteenth  year  of  the  Pu- 
nic war^  he  was  made  conful,  a.-u.  549, 
and  the  province  of  Africa  decrce4,to 
him,  ib.  38.  He  put  an  end  to  t^ie 
war  by  the  defeat  of  Annibal  in  the 
battle  of  Zama,  a.  u.  552,  Liv,  30, 
32,-35.  He  was  the  firlt  that  ob- 
tained a  firname  (  African  us  j  from 
the  country  which  he  conquered  j  and 
afterwards,  from  his  example,  many 
who  did  not  fo  v/ell  deferve  it  received 
the  fame  honour,  Liv.  30.  /  ;  Martial. 
2,  2.  In  the  war  againft  Antiochus 
he  went  as  lieutenant  to  his  brother 
Lucius,  Liv.  37,  I.}  Lie.  Phil.  11,  j. 
After  his  return  from  thence,  being 
accufed  by  two  tribunes  called  Pltilii, 
of  having  taken  money  from  Antio- 


S  C  I 

he  difdained  to  anfwer  their 
charge,  and  retired  to  Liternum^,  where 
he  died  and  was  buried,  having 'order- 
ed that  his  body  flioidd  not  be  carried 
back  to  his  ungrateful  country,  Liv. 
38,  53. i — Scipio  was  created  cenfor, 
Z/v.  32,7.  macle  conful  a  fecond  time, 
34,  42.  and  thrice  chofen  chief  of  the 
fenate,  Liv,  ib.  44..  et  3S,  28.  He 
thought  it  below  the.  dignity  of  the 
Roman  people  to  profecute  Hannibal 
with  unrelenting  hatred,   Liv.  33,  47. 


Being  fent  on  an  embaiTy  into  A(ia>  he 
is  faid  to  have  had  an  interview  v/^th 
Annibal,   35,  14. 

L.  SCIPf  O,  'the  brother  of  Africa- 
nus,  who  triumphed  over  Antiochus, 
Liv.  37,  59.  and  hence  was  called  A- 
siATicus,  ib.  58.  ;  Cie.  Muren.  14. 
He  was  afterwardo  found  guilty  of  ha- 
ving embezzled  the  public  money,  (pe- 
culatiis),  and  ordered  to  be  ltd  to  pri- 
fon,  Liv.  38,  55,  &  58.  but  was  libe- 
rated by  Tiberius  Gracchus,  then  a 
tribune,  ib.  60.  ;  Cie.  Prov.  Conf.  8.  ; 
Plin.  33,  II.  lu  the  ceiiforfhip  ofCa- 
to  and  Fiaccus,  Scipio,  being  of  the 
cqueflrian  order,  was  deprived  of  his 
horfe,  Liv.  39,  44. 

P.  Cornelius  SCIPIO  Nas'ica,  the 
fon  of  Cneius  who  was  killed  In  Spain. 
When  a  very  young  man,  and  before 
he  had  been  quactior,  he  was  judged 
by  the  fenate  to  be  the  moil  virtuous 
man  in  Rome,,  and  therefore  appolnteji 
to  receive  the  Jmage  of  Cybele,  the 
mother  of  the  gods,  which  was  brought 
to  Rome  from  Pef?inus,  a  town  in 
Phrygia,  Cic.  Har.  Rrfp.  13. ;  Liv.  29, 
14.  et  35,  10.  He  obtained  the  con- 
fulfliip,  a.  562,  Liv..  2) -J 9  24.  Scipio 
was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  gave  his 
counfel  freely  to  all  that  alked  it,  Cic, 
Or-  3,  33. ;  Plln>  7'.  34-  He  conquer- 
ed the  Lufitani,  Liv.  35,  i.  and  Boil, 
Liv.  a 6,  38, — 40. 

P. ^Cornelius  SCIPIO  Naslca,  the 
fon  of  the  former,  called  Corculum, 
on  account  of  his  wifdom,  twice  con- 
ful, a.  591,  with  C.  Figiilus,  and  a.  598, 
with  C.  Marcellus,  and  cenfor  a.  594, 
Cic.  Brut.  20,  &  58.  He  was  obliged 
\Q  reiign  his  hrit  confullhip  by  a  decree 

of 


SCI  [ 

of  tKc  fenate,  together  with  his  col- 
league, on  account  of  a  certain  infor- 
mality in  their  ticftion,  Cic,  N.  D.  2, 
4.  Dk\  2,  35.  He  dif]-ered  with  Cato 
in  opinion  concerning  the  dcllrudlion 
of  Carthage,  and  ftiorigly  urged  in  the 
fenate  the  injuftice  and  imprudence  of 
that  mtafure,  [G.  678.),  Plutarch,  in 
Cat,  Maj.  The  event  (liewed  that  Sci- 
pio  was  the  wifer  man. 

P.  Cornelius  SCI  PI  O  Nasi  en,  the 
fon  of  the  former,  conful  with  D.  Bni- 
tus,  a.  615,  Cic.  Br.  22.  was  put  in 
prifon  by  the  tribune  Curiatius  by  an 
extraordinary  ilretch  of  power,  for  ha- 
ving oppofed  the  decree  of  the  tri- 
bunes, Cic,  Leg.  3,  9.  On  this  occa> 
fion  tlie  iirname  of  Serapion  was  gi- 
ven liim  by  Cuiiatius  in  derifion,  from 
his  refemblance  to  a  dealer  in  fwine  of 
that  name,  Liv.  Epit.  55.  ( propter  fimi- 
litud'tnem  fuarii  negotiatoris ^  Phn.  21,  3  f . 
7.  or  to  his  flave,  fuarii  negotiatoris  vile 
tnancipium^  Piin.  7,  12.  or  to  the  flave 
of  a  prieft  that  flew  the  victims,  Val. 
Max.  9,  14,  3.;  ^uinniHan.  6,  3,  57.), 
and  he  continued  ever  after  to  be  dif- 
tinguifhed  by  it,  Cic.  Alt.  6,  r.  He 
was  afterwards  made  Pontifex  Maximus\ 
and  though  in  a  private  ftation,  /.  e. 
not  inveftcd  with  any  magiftracy,  flew 
Tiberius  Gracchus,  Cic,  Cat.  i,  i. 
which  action  was  appnn^ed  of  by  the 
fenate,  on  the  motion  of  the  conful 
Mucins,  who  himfelf  had  refufcd  having 
any  hand  in  it,  Cic,  Dom.  34.  Plane.  36. 
and  is  highly  extolled  by  Cicero,  Cic. 
C)ff.  I,  22.  but  was  juftly  blamed  by 
tlie  friends  of  Gracchus,  Cic.  Amic.  \  2. 
Vid.  ^undilian,  5,  13,  25.  Scipio  per- 
ceiving that  on  account  of  his  conduft 
..he  was  the  objecl  of  public  odium,  left 
the  city,  and  went  into  A.lia,  with  the 
privilege  of  what  was  called  Libera  /?- 
gatioy  where  he  died  at  Pergamus,  tic. 
Place.  31. ;    I  al  Max.  5,  3. 

P.  Cornelius  SCIPIO,  the  fon  of 
Africanus,  was  of  a  very  weakly  con- 
flitution,  but  his  mind  was  highly  cul- 
tivated by  learning,  Cic.  Sen.  9,  &  11. 
The  only  public  ofrice  we  read  of  his 
;  having  obtained  was  that  of  augur, 
Li'u.  40,  42.     He  adopted  the  fon  of 


3^1     3  S  C  I 

Paulus    Acmilius,    the    conqueror   cf 
Perfeus,  who  was  therefore  called, 

P.  Cornelius  SCIPIO  Atmilianui.  He 
added  the  praife  of  eloquence  to  mili- 
tary glory,  Cic.  Of.  i.  32.  Brut.  2  1, 
He  was  fo  fond  of  Xeni)phon\s  Cyro- 
paetlia,  tliat  he  always  carried  it  about 
v/ith  him,  Cic.  ^Fr.  i,  j,  S.  Hc 
deflroyed  Carthage,  whence  he  got  the 
firname  of  Africanus  Minor,  (G. 
679.)  and  Nurr-antia,  Cic.  Manil.  20. 
yNhtwcti  Everfcr  Carthaginis  et  \uman- 
tiae,  bv  an  antoiiomafia,  ufed  to  be  put 
for  his  name,  ^in^il.  8,  6,  30,  &  43. 
After  his  return  from  the  Numantine 
war,  being  afkcd  by  Carbo,  a  tribune, 
in  an  alfembly  cf  the  people,  what  was 
his  opinion  concerning  the  (laughter  of 
Tiberius  Gracchus,  htr  anfwered,  that 
he  thought  that  Gracchus  had  been 
flain  juftly,  if  he  had  intenrled  to  make 
himlelf  mafter  of  the  republic,  fjure 
cacfum  "oieh-i,  ft  occupandat  reipulUcae 
animum  hahuijfet;)  by  which  anfwcr  hc 
incurred  the  hatred  of  the  plebeians, 
who  figniiied  their  difapprobation  by  ^ 
violent  outcry,  Patcrc.  2,  4.;  F lutarch. 
in  Graccho  ;  Cic.  Alil.  3.  Or.  2,  25.  ; 
Ful.  Max.  5,  2,  3.  About  two  years 
after  he  keenly  oppofed  the  execution 
of  the  agrarian  law  palFcd  by  C.  Grac- 
chus. Having  one  day  fpoken  warm- 
ly agalnft  it  in  the  fenate,  he  was  con- 
ducted home  by  the  fenators,  and  a 
crowd  of  the  Italian  allies,  Cic.  Amic  3. 
Next  morning  he  was  found  dead  in 
his  bed,  Cic.  MIL  7.  in  the  56th  year 
of  his  age,  a.  u.  624  j  as  fomc  fay, 
with  matks  of  violence,  Pattrc.  2,  4. 
according  to  others,  with  none,  Appian. 
B.  C.  i.p.^fyu  It  is  uncertain  who  was 
the  author  of  his  death.  Various  perfons 
were  fafpecfted,  and  among  the  reft  his 
wife  Sempronia,  the  fifter  of  the  Grac- 
chi, ilf.  et  Cic.  Or.  2,  40.  ^  Fr.  2,  3. 
Fr.m.  9,  21.;  Fi^L  Max.  4,  i.  No 
enquiry  was  made  concerning  it, 
i!;.  A  little  before  mention  had  been 
made  of  creating  him  dictator ;  but 
this  was  prevented  by  certain  prodi- 
gies and  the  appointment  of  holy  davs 
for  their  expiation,  Cic.  N.D.  2,  5.  p. 
^"'  3?  5-  7  ii^mn.  Scip.  2.  The  death  of 
2,  z  Scipio 


SCI  [36 

Scipio  was  lamented  by  tlie  nobility 
as  the  grealeft  misfortune  ;  and  even 
the  plebeiaas,.  whom  his  oppofition  to 
the  popular  laws  of  Gracchus  had  dif- 
pleafed,  celebrated  his  funeral  with  the 

flrongeft    marks    of   affeflion,  ib. 

There  was  the  moft  intimate  friend- 
fhip  between  Scipio  and  Laelius,  Cic. 
jim'ic.  I,  &c.  as  there  had  been  be- 
twixt the  firll  Scipio  Africanus  and 
the  father  of  Laelius,  Llv.  26,  42.  et 
27,  7,  &c.  ;  Paterc.  2,  127.  The 
younger  Scipio  and  Laelius,  when  they 
retired  from  public  bufinefs,  ufcd  to 
amufe  the:nfelves  by  joining  even  in 
puerile  divciTions,  Cic.  Or,  2,  6.  in 
company  with  the  poet  Luciliuf-,  who 
was  a  tavourite  with  them,  Hor,  Sat. 
2,  ,  65,  &c.  as  Eiinius  had  been  of 
the  great  Scipio  Africanus,  Ctc.  Arch. 
9.  ;  Hor.  Od.^,  8,  20.  Thus  Horace, 
who  calls  Africanus  Scipiadesy  -ae ; 
^u'ln  ubt  fe  a  'vulgo  et  Jcend  in  fecre- 
ta  remorant  Virtus  Scipi'idae  et  mitis 
{apientia  L^-^cli ;  Nugcvi  cum  illo  et  dif- 
cin&i  ludere^  dome  Decoqueretur  oliis.  Joli- 
ti,  Sat.  2,  I,  71.  Scipio  and  Laeiais 
wei  e  efteemed  as  perfedl  models  of  an 
elegant  fimplicity  of  expreiTion  i^velut 
jittici  Rom.inorura)^  Quuidtii.  12,  LO, 
39.  Hence  the  wriciag^  of  Terence 
were  afcribed  to  Alricanus,  Id.  10,  i, 
99. 

P  SCIPIO  \afica,  the  great-grand- 
fon  of  Scipio  Serapion,  Cic.  dtt.  6,  i. 
one  of  the  advocates  of  Verres,  Cic. 
Verr.  4,  36.  Being  adopted  by  C^Me- 
tellus  Pius,  he  was  calhd  J^  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  Scipio;  Dio,  40,  51. 
Cic.  Fam.  8,  8,  12.  or  fhordy,  Q^Me- 
telluy  Scipio,  one  of  the  h'ontificesy  Cic. 
Har.  Refp.  6.  He  was  competitor 
for  the  confuUhip  with  Milo,  A/con, 
in  Cic  Mil.  Argument,  and  being  ac 
cufcd  of  bribery,  was  faved  by  the 
interccffion  of  Pompey,  who  had  a 
little  before  married  his  daughter  Cor- 
nelia ;  and  foon  after  caufed  him  to  be 
declared  his  colleague  in  the  couiulihip 
for  the  lalt  five  months  of  the  year,  a. 
u.  700,  Dio,  40,  5  I ,  .X  5  ^.  Appiun.  B. 
C,  2,  p.  44  2.  It  wa,s  according  to  the 
opinion  of  Scipio,  that  the  decree  of 


2    ]  SCO 

the  fenate  was  made,  "  That  Caefar 
fhould  difmifs  his  army  by  a  certain 
day,  or  be  declared  an  enemy  ;"  agaiult 
which  the  tribunes  M.  Antony  and  Q^ 
Caffius  having,  without  effeii,  inter- 
pofed  their  negative,  fled  with  Curio 
to  Caefar,  and  gave  him  a  pretext  for 
turning  his  arms  againft  his  country, 
Caef.  B.  C.  I,  2,  \c. ;  Dio,  4I,  3,  xc. 
In  the  battle  of  Pharfalia  Scipio  com- 
manded in  the  centre,  with  the  legions 
which  he  had  brought  from  Syria,  of 
which  he  had  been  governor,  {medium 
aciem  cum  legionibus  Syriacis  tencbat,^ 
Caef.  B.  C.  ?,  88.  ;  Lucan.  7.  221. 
After  the  death  of  Pompey,  Scipio 
renewed  the  war  in  Africa.  Being 
defeated  by  Caefar  near  Thapfu>s,  he 
attempted  to  efcape  into  Spain,  but 
being  overtaken  by  fome  of  Caefar's 
fhips,  he  flew  himfelf,  Hirt.  B.  Afr.  96.; 
Appian.  2,  p.  49 1.  ;  (G,  6'jg.)'^ 

SciP.ON,  -onis,  a  noted  robber  on  the 
coaft  ot  Megnris,  flain  by  Thefeus ; 
whofe  bones,  being  tofled  up  and  down, 
are  faid  to  have  been  turned  into  rocks, 
called  Scopuli  Scironis  vel  Saxa  Sciro- 
1^1  A,  the  rocks  of  Sciron,  ^vid.  Met.  7, 
443.  Ep.  2,  67.;  Propert.  3,  14,  12. 
(G.3C2.) 

SCO  PAS,  -aci  an  eminent  ftatuary 
and  fculptor,  born  in  the  ifland  Paros, 

Paufan. 

*  Of  all  the  Scipios  (Sci/>iones,)  the  poetg 
n.cn  !on  chi.-fly  the  two  conquerors  ol  Afri- 
ca, (rf«o  Afr;cani),  and  call  them  by  a  pa- 
tronyiiiic  namt,  6ciPiX.DAE,  -arum,  fons  of 
Scipio  ;  thus,  ^n% — geminoSy  duo  fultn'tna  belli,, 
"icipiadas,  cladem  L  byan,  fc.  indiitos  retinquat  ? 
Vivr.  Aen.  6,  844  Hiec  {ic.  [ralia)  txtul.t,-- 
Sc  p'laias  duro:  beilo  Id.  G.  2,  I70,  Sclpiadae 
duces  tapHi.  Id.  in  Cuiice,  v.  369.  Su  in  the 
fldgular  ;  ScipiadiS,  bsui  futmeny  C-.irthaginis 
h'ltror^  OJJa  dedit  terrae^  pro'inde  ac  famul*  ir>ji-. 
mus  tJJ'ety  i.  e,  the  elder  Atricauus  died,  as 
well  as  the  meaneft  flave,  Lucret  7.  1047. 
Fortis  .<cipiadesy  v.  -day  in  accuf.  -am,  Hor. 
Sat.  a,  I,  17. —  Silius  calls  the  tv.-o  Scipios 
who  perlfhed  in  Spam,  fulmina  gentis  Scipii- 
daCy  7,  106.  Horace  calls  Scipio  and  the 
Romans  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Thapfus, 
Vidtorum  nepotes  \  and  alcrihes  their  deUruc- 
tion  to  the  wrath  ot  Heavrn,  that  their  death 
might  atone  for  the  {laughter  committed  in 
that  country  by  their  ancefiofi,  Od,  a,  i, 
2i,  &c. 


SCO  C    36.^    1  S  E  B 

Pan-fan.  I,  43.  et  6,  25.  ;   Win.  ^6^  5.;     his  daughter  JuHa,    Scribbnia  her  tnoi 

C/r.  Z^i-y*  I,  13.  ;   Hor.  Od.  4,  8,  6 ther  attended  her,  Paterc.  2,  100. 

5[2.  A  wealthy  Theffah'anj  who  having  L.  SCRIBONIUS  Libo,  a  tribune 
refufed  to  pay  the  poet  Sirnonidts  half  who  accufcd  Serv.  Galba  of  niifcon- 
of  the  price,  which   he  had  promifed     duft  while  governor  of  Spain,  Cic.  Or. 


for  a  poem  Simonides  wrote  on  him, 
defired  him  to  feek  the  reft,  if  he  plea- 
fed,  Irom  Carter  and  Pollux,  whofe 
praifes  the  poet  had  introduced  for  the 
fake  of  ornament.  Soon  after  Simoni- 
des was  called  out  to  fpcak  with  two 
young  men  who  deflred  to  fee  him.  But 
when  he  went  to  the  door,  he  found 
no  one  there.  In  the  mean  time  the 
apartment  in  which  they  were  feailing 
fell,  and  ciufhed  Scopas  with  his  guefts 
in  fuch  a  manner,  that  their  bodies 
could  not  be  diftingaifhed,  fo  that 
when  their  fiiends  wifticd  to  bury  them, 
they  were  obliged  to  apply  to  Simoni- 
des, to  point  out  where  each  fat  ;  and 

from  this  recollection  he  is  faid  to  have  ber  father's  head,  while  he  was  afleep, 
invented  what  was  called  The  art  of  a  hair  of  a  purple  colour,  ipurpureux 
MEMORY,  or  local  memory,  C'lc.  Or.  2,     captUus,)  Virg.  G.   i,  405.)   on   which 

86. ^  3.     A    commander  of  the     his  fate  depended,    (G.  375.)  ;  Ovid. 

Aetolians,  Z/'y.  26,  24.  Met.  '6  pr. ^  2.    The  daughter  of 

^COKW\JS,\d-os,etScorpWi-oms,  Phorcus,  turned  by  Circe  into  a  fea- 
the  name  of  one  of  the  figns  of  the  monfter,  fuppofed  to  refide  in  a  cave 
zodiac,  Col.  11,  2.;  Plin.i'],  24.  called  near  the  promontory  ScylJaeum,  on 
Formidolofus,  becaufe  it  was  thought  un-  the  fouth-wcft  coaft  of  Italy,  (  Vkl.  G, 
hicky  to  be  born   when  that  con ilella-     i74>  &    375-)        Monjlra  Scyllaea, 


1,53.^/2,65. 

ScROFA,  a  firname  given  to  the 
Trentellii,  Ck.  Alt.  5,  4.  <?/  6,  i.  for  a 
caufe  mentioned,  Varr.  R.  R.  2,4.66 
Macroh.  Sat.  i,  6.  One  of  the  name  of 
^CRoFA  wrote  books  on  hufbandryj 
Pl'm.  T7,  27. 

SCYLAX,  -ac'iSf  2L  chiif  man  of 
Halicarnalfus,  the  intimate  acquaint- 
ance of  Panaetius,  an  eminent  aftrolo- 
ger,  Cic.  Div.  2,  42 f  2.  A  cele- 
brated navigator,  (G.  610,  ^  634.) 

ScYLLA,  the  daughter  of  Nifuskin^ 
of  Megara,  who,  falh'ng  in  love  with 
Minos  king  of  Crete,  while  he  be- 
fieged  her  father's  capital,  cut  off  from 


tion  was  in  a  particular  part  of  the  fl<y, 
Bor.  Od.  2,  17,  17.  Brachm  contrahit 
nrdens  Scorpius^  Virg.  G.  I,  ^^.  Lonca- 
n)at  brachui,  Ovid.  Met.  2,  195.  In 
ancient  times  the  Scorpion  occupied 
two-twelfth  parts  of  the  zodiac,  extend- 
ing its  claws  {hrachia  vtl  chelae)  over 
the  fpace  which  was  afterwards  called 
Libra,  ib.  hence  called  Major,  Lucan. 
6,  ^94.  Virgil  therefore  alTigns  to 
Aucuftus  the  place  of  Libra  between 
Vir)>^o  and  Scorpios,  (^Erigonen,  i.  e. 
Vir^inem,  (.helajque  Sequentes,  i.  e. 
Scorplum,)  G.  i,  33. 

ScRiBONius,  the  name  oi  a  Roman 
gens  or  family,  {^Fumilia  Scribcniorum,) 
Tac.  Ann.  2,  27. 

SCRIBONL  ,the  wifeof  Auguf- 
tus,  whom  he  divc-rced,  in  order  to 
rnaiiy  Livla  Dtufilla,  Suet.  Aug.  61, 
&  69.;  Tac.  Ann.  2,  27.  Fid.  Oc- 
TAvius*      When    Auguftu-j    baniihcd 


the  moniler  Scylla,  or  the  monftrous 
dogs  with  which  fhe  was  furrouiided, 
Stat.  Sil.  5,3,  2-oO.  Scyllaea  rabies,  the 
rage  of  thefe  dogs,  Firg.  Acn.  i,  200. 
Scyllaeae  undae,  the  fouth  part  of  the 
Tufcan  fea,  near  therefidence  of  Scyl- 
la, Lucan,  2,  433. 

ScYLLiAS,  -ae,  V.  Sryllis,  ace.  -/;;,  a 
native  oil  Scior.e,.  famous  for  his  art  of* 
diving,  Herodot.  8,8.;  Paufan.  ro,  19. 
who  is  faid  to  have  cut  the  anchors  6f 

the  ftiips  of  Xerxe^,    Plin.  35,  ri. 

^  2.  A  nottd  marble- cutter  of  Crete, 
(fculptor,)  Plin.  36,  4, 

ScYR-N,  -onis,  an  Epicurean,  C.-'r. 
Acad.  4,  33. 

ScYTHuN,  a  m.an,  who  is  f;-  d  by 
the  poets  to  have  had  the  pcv.er  of 
turni-  g  hinilelt  u.to  a  woman,  and 
again  mtoa  man  at  pieafure,  O'Vui.  -iV/, 
4,  280 

Seeo£Us,  an  intimate  friend  of  Ca- 
Z  z  2  tulus, 


S  E  D 


[    3^4    3 


SEN 


tulus,  Ce,  Alt,  ,  14,  A:  15.  thought 
to  have  I  een  the  fame  with  Statins  Se- 
bofus,  mem.oiied  by  Pliny,  9,  15. 

SzDULiU.:,  a  leader  of  Haves  and  in- 
cHgent  citizens,  employed  by  Clodius, 
Cic,  Dom.  30. 

Segilius,  a  worthlcfs  man,  who 
endeavoured  to  prejudifc  Octavianus 
ligainil  Cicero,  Cic.  Fam.  1 1,  20,  &  21. 

Alius  SEJaNUS,  a  native  of  Fof- 
Jinlly  a  town  of  Tufcany,  hence  called 
Tuscus,  Jwv.  10,  74.  praefed  of  the 
praetorian  cohorts,  the  favourite  of 
Tiberius  ;  inveded  with  the  higheft 
power,  but  at  lafl:  put  to  death  for 
confpiring  to  make  himfelf  emperor, 
and  his  body  dragged  with  a  hook 
through  the  lfr«ets,  [G.  244.)  Toe.  4, 
1.  et  alibi paffim  ;  Su^t.  Tib.  48,  6r,  & 
62.  Sejanus  ducitur  unco  Spt^andusy 
Juvenal  10,  (i(y.  Paterculus  gives  a 
flattering  eulogium  of  6ejanuc,  while 
in  the  height  of  his  power,  2,  127.  &c. 
very  diflcrent  from  the  charader  o-iven 
of  him  by  thofe  who  wrote  after  his 
fall. 

Sejus,  a  freed  man  or  agent  of  Atti- 


cus,  Cic.  Ait. 


5'  13- 


Cn.  Seju:,  a  fenator,  Cic,  Cluent.  38. 

M,  Sejus,  L.  F.  one  who  in  the 
time  of  a  dearth  fold  corn  to  the 
people  at  an  AS  the  bulhel,  Cic.  Of.  2, 
17.  when  acdile,  a,  680,  Plm.  15,  i. 
Being  condemned  in  a  trial,  he  was  fo 
reduced  in  his  fortune,  that  he  could 
not  fupport  the  dignity  of  an  eques,  yet 
prevailed  againlf  M.  i  iib,  a  nobleman 
of  the  firll  rank,  when  competitors  for 
ED  office,  Cic.  Plane.  5, 

^  SEjUi  PojihumKSy  a  Roman /-^.v/x, 
whofe  houfe  Ciodrus  wifhed  to  pur- 
char's  from  him  againft  his  will,  and 
iipon  his  perlifting  to  re^ufe,  caufed 
him  to  be  cut  oil  by  poifon,  Cic.  Dom. 
44-  ;  Har.  Rejp.  14. 

S-LENr,  'cs,  the  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Egypt,  and  wife  of  Antiochus 
king  of  Syria,  the  mother  of  Antiochus 
Afiaticus  and  .  eleucus  CybiofaCtes, 
Cir.  Verr.  d,  27.  ;  Jojeph,  Ant.  13,  29. 

SELEUCUS,  one  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  v\ho,  in  the 
diltribution   of  the   provinces  of  that 


and   mother   of 
I,    12.  N.D.  2, 


conqueror,  obtained  the  kingdom  of 
Syria,  which  he  tranfmitted  to  his  de- 
fcendants,  called  from  him  Scleici- 
DAE,  Jufiin.  13,  4.  et  15,  4,  &c.  (G. 
472,  &  473.) 

Seleucl'S,  the  name  of  a  flave,    Cic. 

Fam.  6,  18. ^  2.  An  excellent  mu- 

fician,  JuvenaL  10    21  i. IJ[  3.    An 

aflrologer,  {mathematicus')y  greaily  re- 
fpeaed  by  Vefpafian,  Tac.  H'Ji.  2,  78. 

^.  Selici  s,  an  ufurer,  Cic.  Alt.  i. 
12-    the  friend  of  Lentulus   Spint'ier, 

Cic.  Fam.    I,   5. FUJa   Seliciak/, 

the  villa  of  ScHcius,  i^.  9,  16. Seli- 
ci a,  his  daughter,  as  ic  is  thought, 
Cic.  Ait.  15,  12. 

Scuus,  a   bad  orator,   Cic.  Fam.  7, 

Cef  /^,  Selii,  learned  men,  intimate 
with  Lu  :ullus,  Cic.  Acad.  4,  4. 

Semele, -^-j-,  the  daughter  of  Cad- 
mus king  of  Thebe 
Bacchus,  Cic.  Tufc. 
24,  who  is  hence  called  Thehanae  Stme* 
les  pucfy  Hor.  Od.  i,  19,  2.  proles  ScmC' 
ksy  ribul.  3,  4,  45.  proles  SemelEIA, 
Ovid.  Met.  5,  529.  1  hyoneus  Seme  lews, 
Hor.  Od.  I,  17,  23. 

SEMIRaMIS,  -ulisy  the  wife  of 
Ninus  king  of  Babylon,  who  built  Ni- 
nive,  and  at  his  death  left  his  govern- 
ment to  Semirjmis,  who  greaily  ex- 
tended the  empire,  (G.  598.)  She  is 
faid  to  have  founded  Babylon,  becaufe 
fi^e  greatly  enlarged  it,  Propert.  3,  1 1, 
21.  Cicero  calls  Gablnius  by  the  name 
ot  Semiramis,  to  mark  his  effeminacy 
and  crueltv,  Pron).  'onf.  4. 

SEMPRONIUS,  'the  name  of  a 
Roman  gensy  which  confifted  of  many 
branches  or  families,  Cic.  et  Liv, pajfim  ; 
the  moft  iliurtrious  of  which  was  that  of 
the  Gracchi  ;  whence  Semprmniae 
LEGES,  the  laws  pafl'ed  by  Tiberius  or 
Caius  Gracchus,  Cic.  Phil  I,  7.  Roga- 
tiones   ..EMPKONiAE,   Tac.  Amu  J 2,  6o« 

Vid.  Plutarch,   in    Graccbis. ocJi- 

PRotiiA^u M  feiiaiusconjulrwn,  a  decreeof 
the  fcnate  made  in  favour  of  Stmpro- 
nius,  Cic.  Fam.  12,  29,  7.  Add. i^.  22,. 
8.  et  25,  8,  &  13. 

JL.  Annaeus  Seneca,  a  native  of 
Corduba  in    Spain,   who   removed    to 

Rome 


SEN                    [    ^Ss     3  S  E  R 

Rome  in*  the   time  of  Auguftus,  with  but  his  ftyleis  dlfapprovedof  by  Qulnc- 

his    wife    Elbia  or    Ht\lvia,    and   three  tilian,  who  obfervcs,  that  the  efteem  in 

fons,  M.  Jt4nnaeus  NovtHns,  (afterwards  which    Seneca's    writings    were    held, 

adopted  by  Junius  Gallic,    and  hence  corrupted  the  public  tafte  with  refpe6t 

called    Junius    Annneus^    v.    Annaeam/s  to  compofition  ;  becaufe  his  admirers, 

Gallio);  L\  Ani:aeus  Seneca;  and  L.  An-  inftead  of  imitating  his  beauties,  copied 

«^(f«j  /i3.Vfl,  the  father  of  Lucan.   Mar-     his  faults,    lo,  i,  (25,  &c. Of  the 

tial  is  fuppoled  to  call  thefc  three  fons,  tragedies  which  bear  the  name  of  Se- 

Do^'i   Stvecae  ter  numeranda  domusj  4,  ncca  the  Medea   is  the  only  one  men- 

40,  2.      Seneca  the  father  is  commonly  tioned  by  Qjnindilian   as  having  been 

called  Rh. TOR,  from  a  colledion  which  written   by   Seneca,  9,  2,8.     Martial 

he   made  of  the  declamations  of  dif-  mentions  the  two  Senccas  and  Lucaii 

ferent  rhetoricians,   quoted  by  Quinc-  as  the  glory  of  Cordiaba,  i,  62,  7.  and 

tiiian,  8,  3,  31.^/  9,  2,  42,  &  98.   ftill  praifes    the  b'berality    of  Seneca   the 

extant.      But  he  is  chiefly  diftiuguilhed  philoiopUer,  12,   36,   8.       So  Juvenal. 

by  his  fon,  5,  108. 

L,   /innacus   SENECA,    called    the  h£N';:cio,   -ojiisf  a   Roman  firname, 

philofopiier.     He  was  a  child  when  his  Plin.  Ep.  3,  11.;    Tac,  Agr,  2. 


father  removed  to  Rome.  Hence  he 
mentions  his  having  been  then  carried 
in  his  aunt's  arms,  ad  I/eiv.  i6.  He 
was  taught  rhetoric  by  his  father,  and 


C.  Sentius,   a  praetor  of  Macedo- 
nia, a.  671,   Cic.  Verr.   3,  93.;    P'ts, 

34- 

C.  Septimiu?,  a  praetor,  Clc, p.  Red. 


philofophy  by  the  ableit  mailers.     Af-  9.  and  augur,  C'lc.  An,  12,  13,  &  14. 
ter  having  borne   the  qnaeftorfliip   he         L.  Septimius,  a  Roman  in  the  fer- 

v/as  banidied  to  the  ifland  of  Corfica  vice  of  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt,  who 

by  the  emperor  Claudius,  on  fufpicion  flew  Pompey.    Vid.  Pompeiu.^. 
of  having  been  privy  to  the  amours  of         Septimius,  a  friend  of  Horace,  Od^ 


Julia,  the  daughter  of  Germanicus, 
Schol'iajl  in  JuvenaL  Three  years  after, 
he  was  recalled  by  AgrlppTna,  whom 
Claudius  had  married  upon  the  death 
of  Mcfi'alTna,  and  appointed  praeceptor 
to  her  ion  Domitias  Nero,  alter wiirds 
emperor,  Tac.  Ann.  12,  8.  Under 
Nero  Seneca  acquired  immenfe  weakh, 
and  therefore  is  called  pratdives,  Juve- 
nal. 10,  16.  Vid.  Tac.  14,  52,  -^  53. 
but  at  length  he  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  that  tyrant,  and  all  his  goods 
conHfcated  ;  the  pretext  for  which 
was,  that  he  had  been  concerned  in  the 
conlpiracy  of  Pifo,  Tac.  Ann.  15,  60, 
&c.  Ot  this  there  was  no  proof ;  but 
in  fuch  eitimation  was  Seneca  held, 
that  fome  of  the  confpirators  were  faid 
to  have  propofed  making  Seneca  em- 
peror, ib.  60.  to  which  Juvenal  alludes, 

8,211. Seneca  excelled   in   almoll 

every  kind  of  compolition,  both  in 
prole  and'verfe,  whence  he  is  called  by 
'j^Yiwy  Princeps  eruditionisy  14,4.  Moll 
of  his  works  are  iliii  extant,  and  a- 
bound  in  excellent  moral  refiedions  j 


2,  6.  Ep.  I,  9.  and  a  favourite  of  Au- 
gullus,  Sttet.  Horat.  8. 

^  Septitius,  a  Roman  eques,  Cic. 
Verr.  3,  4. 

.ScpT;:i.tLEju?,  a  native  of  Anagnia, 
who  flew  C.  Gracchus,  Cic.  Or.  2,  67. 

Seiiapio,  v.  -on,  -onis,  a  native  of 
Antioch,  a   writer  on  geography,   Cic. 

Ait.  2,  4,  5c  6. ^  2.  A  firname  of 

Scipio  Nafica.    Vid.  Scipio. 

Sera  pis,  -idisy  a  god  of  the  Egyp- 
tians, Cic.  Div.  2,  59.  N.  D.  3,  19. 
(G.669.)  ;   TacIIifi.  4,84. 

C.  Seuenu^,  (al.  Scrdnusy  v.  Serra- 
nusy)  cunful  with  Caepio,  a.  646  ; 
chofen  in  preference  to  Q.  Catulue, 
Cic.  Plane.  5. 

Sercstus,  a  brave  Trojan  chief, 
whom  Aeneas  left,  together  with 
Mnellheus,  to  command  in  his  abfence, 
when  he  went  to  aik  aifiltance  from 
Evander,    Virg.  Aen.  9,  171. 

ScRGius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gensy  faid  to  be  derived  from  Sergeilus, 
one  of  the  com.panions  of  Aeneas, 
Virg.Acn.  5,  121. 

C.  Sejigius, 


S  E  R  [     366    ]  SIC 

C.  S^RGius,  a  military  tribune  with     ried  for  a  fecond  hufband  D.  Junius  Si- 
confular  authority,  Liv.  6,  5,  &c. 


Cn.  SiRCius,  a  praetor,  Liv 
tf/32 


Z,.  Seiicius    CatUina, 


3'»  4- 
FV^  Cati- 


LINA. 

/,.  SergiU5  Fldenasy  a  conful.  i^/'u. 

4,  17. ^   2.    A   military-  tribune, 

L'lv.  5.  16. 

/If.  S::rcius  ^'/Vyj-,  the  lieutenant  of 
Aemilius  the  conrul,  Liv-  44,  40. 


lanus,  (Fid.  Cato,  p  87.)  and  by 
him  was  the  mother  of  Junia,  the 
wife  of  Caffius.  Serviiia  was  fond  of 
Julius  Cnsfar,  and  was  beloved  by  him, 
Suet.  Caef.  50.;  Plutarch.  Cat.  p.  770.  ; 
Brut.  p.  986. 

Se.'^vius,   a  '^ov[\2cci praenomen. 

Servius  TuUltis,  the  6th  king  of 
Rome  ;  fo  named  becaufe  he  was  faid 
to    have   been   born  of  a  female  Have, 


Si:  RR  AN  us,  V.  SeranitSy  a  firname  of     {^ferva,   G.  200.)   Liv.  i,  3  ;.  ec  4,  3. 
X!tit  AttUU,  firft  given  to  ^AttiUns  Cm-  SESOS  FRIS,  the  moft  celebrated 

cinnatui,  the  dictator,  [a  fcrenda)  ;  be-  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Egypt,  {G. 
caufe  the  ambaffadors  fent  by  the  fe-  664.) 
nate  to  inform  him  of  his  havina  been 
appointed  diftator,  found  him  fowing 
in  his  farm,  Ck.  Rnfc.  Am.  i,  18. 
Hence  Et  te  fulro,  Serranf^  Jerentem^ 
Virg.Aen.  6,  844. 

Sext.  SekRanl'j  Ga'Dianus^  a  tribune, 
inimical  to  Cicero,  C'lc,  Att.  4,  2.  Sexi. 
ll.Har,Refp.iS. 

Serranus  Domefl'icuny  one   who  de- 


P.  Sevtius  Capttol'nus^  conful,  Liv. 
3,  32.   and  decemvir,  ib.  33. 

Severus,  a  Roman  cognomen  or  fir- 
name  of  the  Caecinae,  CaJJii,  Cejlii-,  Clau- 
diiy   &c.  Tacit. 

^  Sextiltus,  a  friend  q\  Milo, 
Cic.  ^  i^V.  2,  I. 

S  EXT  I A  Tabula,  the  office  of  Sex- 
tius,    a    banker,    as    is    fuppofed  ;  —a 


tvered   a  funeral   oraticm  on    his   fon,     place  in  the  forum  where  audions  ufed 

compofcd  by    Cicero,    [laudavit  pater     to    be    held,-  Cic.   ^uinB.   6,    &c. . 

Jcripio  meoy  i.  e.  oratione,  a  me  fcripta, 
quam  pater  de  fcripto  recitavit,)  Cic. 
.^.Fr.  c..,8. 


^  SERTORIUS,  an  illuOrious 
Roman  general,  of  the  party  of  Ivlarius, 
•whom  however  he  relinquilhed 


Sextina  vel  Sejl'iana  dida,  the  fay- 
ings  orjeits  of  one  Scxtius,  which  had 
not  much  art,   Cic.  F im.  7,  32. 

Sexti'js,  a  Rom^an  name. 

P.  SEXTIUS,  quaeftor  to  C.  An- 
tonius,  the  conful,  whom  he  uryed  to 


count  of  bis  cruelty.  Being  profcribed  attack  Catiline,  Ctc.  Sext.  5.  a  tribune 
by  Sulla,  he  fled  to  Spain  ;  where  he  in  the  confuhhip  of  Lentulus  Spinther, 
induced  the   inhabitants   to   join    him,    who  ftrenuouily  promoted  the  bill  for 


{^^ique  feros  rnovit  Sertorius  exul  Iheros, 
XiUcan.  2,  549-)  and  having  carried  on 
a  long  war,  with  wonderful  ability  aud 
fuccefs,  was  at  lad  killed  by  the 
treachery  of  Perperna,  one  of  his 
chief  ollicers,  Lrc.  Epit.  91,  —  96.; 
Plutarch,  in  Seriorio. 

Servilius,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gfhsy  originally  from  Albi,  Liv.  I., 
30.  confiding  of  a  number  of  different 
branches  or  familiae  ;  the  AhSlae,  Cr.e- 
pior\eSy    Cafcus,    Gemini.,    Glauciae,  Pq/I- 

hiimi,  Ruili,  &:c, Servili,-. ni  /joriif 

gardens  in  Rome,  nan)ed  from  one 
Servihus,   Tac.  Ann.  !«:,  5^.  H.  3,  3S. 

SEKVILIA,  tbe^fider  of  CaLo 
Uticenhs,  and  the  mother  of  M.  Bru- 
tus, (  Via.  Bruto-s,  p.  46,)     She  mar- 


the  redoration  of  Cicero,  and  with  a 
body  of  armed  men  oppofed  the  violent 
attempts  of  Clodius  to  prevent  it.     A 


^i 


flain 


the 


number  ct  people  were 
conted.  On  which  account  Scxtius 
was  afterwards  accufed  of  violence. 
He  was  defended  by  Hortenfius  and 
Cicero,  and  acquitted,  Cic.  ^.  Fr.  2, 
4.  1'he  oration  ot  Cicero  for  Sextius 
is  dill  exiant. 

Sexti'S,  a  ^om^.u  praenomen. 
Sic  A,  a  fiiend  of  Cicero's,  in  whofe 
farm   he    daid,    when  he  left    Rome, 
going  into  exile,   Cic.  Att.  3,  2. 

SicHAEis,  the  huiband  of  Dido, 
murdered  by  her  brother  Pygmalion, 
on  account  of  his  riches,  Virg.  Aen.  1, 
347.;  Patsrc.  r,  6.;  J'-iJlin*  18,  4. 


S  I  c 


C     3^7     1 


S  I  M 


C.  Sicivius,  a  Roman,  at  whofe 
inftigatioii  the  plebeians  made  a  fe- 
ceffion  to  the  mans  facer,  Liv.  2,  58. 
and  after  their  return,  ht  was  arnoiig 
the  firft  tribunes  of  the  commons  that 
were  created,,  ih.  33.  et  3,  54. 

Decimus  'Junius  SILANUS,  con- 
ful  with  Miiiena.  While  conlul  elefl, 
being  iirfl  aflctd  his  opinion,  accord- 
ing to  cullom,  concerning  the  piinifli- 
ment  which  ought  to  be  infllcttd  on 
Lentulus  and  the  other  accomplices  In 
the  conipiracy  of  Catihne,  who  had 
been  apprehended,  he  decreed  that  they 
fliould  be  put  to  death,  Sallvjl.  Cat. 
50.  ;   C'tc  Cat.  4,  4. 

SiLENUS,  a  demi  god,  the  nnvfe, 
praeceptor,  and  companion  of  Bac- 
chus,  Cic.  Tufc.  1,  48.  {G.  383.) 

Si  L  EN  us,  a  G'cek  hillorian,  Cic. 
Viv.  ]y  24.;  Liv.  26,49. 

Si  LI  us  and  Silus,  a  Rom.an  fir- 
name. 

F.  Si  LI  us,  propraetor  of  Bithynia 
and  rontus,  a.  u.  702,  Cic.  Fam.  7, 
21.  9,  16.  et  13,  62,  :v  63. 

C.  81  LIU  s,  the  favourite  of  the  em- 
prefa  Mellah"na,  whom  fhe  formally 
married  ;  which  proved  the  deftruc- 
tion  of  both,  'Tac.  Ann.  11,  5 — 35.; 
"Juvenal.  10,  330,  &c.  j  liiuct.  CI.  26, 
&36. 

C.  SILIUS  Italicus,  conful  in  the 


admirer,  that  he  celebrated  Virgil's 
birthday  with  more  folemnlty  than 
his  own  ;  efpecially  at  Naples,  where 
he  iifed  to  approach  his  tomb  with  as 
much  reverence  as  if  it  had  been  a 
temple,  Flin.  Ep»  3,  7.  One  of  thefc 
villas  had  belonged  to  Cicero,  Martial. 
II,  49,  2.  fuppuled  to  be  that  called 
AcADEMiA,  Pirn.  31,  2  f.  3.  Silius 
employed  much  of  his  time  in  writing 
verfes  ;  which,  accordiiig  to  Pliny, 
difcover  more  indutlry  tlian  genius,  ib. 
Being  afFiided  with  an  incurable  im- 
pofthume,  [infanabilis  clavus^)  he  ilar- 
ved  himfelf  to  death  under  'rrajan,  in 
the  76th  year  of  liis  age,  ib.  His 
poem  concerning  the  fecond  Punic 
war.  In  feventeen  books,  is  flill  ex- 
tant ;  fo  many  parts  of  which  are  mere 
imitations  ot  Virgil,  that  h.'  is  called 
by  fume  the  ape  of  Virgil.  Silius  is 
highly  extolled  by  Martial  in  feveral 
of  hjs  epigrams  ;  thus,  S'/Vi  .  ajialidum 
decus  Jororum,  the  ornament  of  the 
mufcs,  4,  14,  I,  &c.  He  is  called 
perpeluus,  immortal  ;  or,  according  to 
others,  conilant  or  fteady  in  his  con- 
dud,  6,  64,  10.  f/  7,  62,  I.  Silius, 
Jlujonio  nonfemel  ore  potens,  diftingulfh- 
ed  both  as  an  orator  and  a  poet,  9,  88, 
2.  and  therefore  the  fittelt  perfon  to 
poflels  the  villa  of  Cicero,  and  the 
tomb  of  Virgil,  {Haeredcm,  dominumque, 
n  which  Nero  was  killed,   [ajferto   Jut  tumulique,  larilque,   Non  alium  mallei. 


qui  (i";.  2Lm\\i?,)  facer  orbe  fuit,  facred 
on  account  of  the  world  being-  then 
freed  from  a  tyrant.  Martial.  7,  62, 
10.)  Sihus  was  fufpeded  of  having 
voluntarily  joined  in  iome  01  the  ac- 
cufations  that  were  carried  ol  under 
that  prince  ;  but  made  ule  of  his  in- 
terepL  under  the  reign  of  Vltellius  with 
diicretion  and  humanity.  He  gained 
great  honour  from  his  upright  adml- 
iiiilration  of  Afia,  as  proconlul  under 
Vefpafian.  In  the  decline  of  life  he 
retired  from  Rome  to  Campania  j 
where  he  had  feveial  villas,  each  of 
which  he  furnifhed  with  a  large  col- 
ledllon  of  books,  ilatues,  and  pictures, 
which  he  not  only  pollcfTcd  but  even 
adored  ;  particularly  thofe  of  Virgil, 
of  whom,  he  was  was  fo  paluonate  aa 


nsc  Maro,  nee  CicerOf)  11,  49,  3. 
Add.  ib.  5 1. ;  where  commentators,  to 
explain  the  meaning,  have  changed  the 
reading  varioufly.  Sdius  lived  to  fee 
his  eldeft  ion  made  conful,  Flin,  ib.  et 
Mariial.  8,  66,  He  loft  his  younger 
fon  beiore  he  cairie  to  the  confular  at^e, 
Flin.  lb. ;    Martial.  9,  88. 

Si  LAN  ION,  a  ftatuary,  who  became 
iilultrious  Vv'iihimt  being  taught,  [nudo 
dodorc  nobilis,)   Piin.  34,  8  f,  19. 

SiLVANUs,  a  rural  oivinity,  god  of 
the  woods  and  lields,   (G.  380.) 

Flotius  biLVANUS,  a  tribune,  a.  664, 
the  author  of  the  Flautian  or  Flotian 
law,  about  the  manner  of  granting  the 
freedom  of  the  city,   Cic.  Arch.  4. 

SIMON  1  DEo,  -is,  a  Greek  philofo- 
pher  and  poet,  bcrn  in  tlie  ifland  Ceos, 

Fhacdr. 


SIN  [368 

Thaedr.  4,  21,  &  24.  (G^.  337.)  SI 
morn'des  excelled  chiefly  in  writing 
ckgies  ;  whence  Maejlius  lacrymis  Si- 
MOMLEiSt  Catull.  38,  8. 

Si  SON,  'on'/jy  an  artful  Greek,  who 
by  a  feigned  (lory  induced  the  Trojana 
to  bring  within  their  city  the  wooden 
horfe  reared  by  the  Greeks,  Plrg.  Aen» 
2,  59,  &:c.  (G.  187.) 

SINIS,  vel  ScintSf  -is,  a  robber  in 
Attica,  wiio  ufed  to  bend  two  trees 
towards  one  another,  and,  after  ha- 
ving tied  the  legs  of  a  man  to  each, 
then  let  them  go  afiinder,  and  thus 
tore  the  mifcfable  pv.'rlun  to  pieces 
in  a  fhocking  manner,  Ovid.  Afel,  7, 
440.;  Pro/eriy  3,  2  2,  37.  Sinis  was 
flain  by  Thefeus,  OrzW.  iL 

Siren  tF,  -utnj  fabulous  females,  re- 
ading in  fmail  rocky  iflands  on  the 
foutn-wcfl  coad  of  Italy,  f'iirefium  la- 
His  J  Piopert,  3,  12,  34.)  who,  by  their 
enchanting  nmfic,  were  fuppol'ed  to 
decoy  mariners  on  fhore,  where  they 
were  deilroyed  by  fhipwreck,  (Cr»  155, 

&  456.) 

^iriiD  ,  the  dog-ftar,  which  rifcs 
after  the  fummer  l«.;iicice,  and  was  fup- 
pofed  to  occafion  the  great  heat  of 
that  time  of  the  year,  V'lrg.  Aen,  3, 
141.  ;  Lucan.  lO,  211. 

L,  orneltus  SISiiNNA,  a  Roman 
hiftorian,  contemporary  with  Marius 
aiiti  by  ha,   who    wrote   an  account   of 


the  civil  war  between  them,  Pater c,  2, 
9.;  SalliijL  Jitg,  i)^.  laid  by  C'cero  to 
furpais  all  preceding  writers  of  hiltory, 
but  itill  to  want  feveral  qualifications 
requifite  to  iorni  an  accomphflied  hif- 
tonan,  ,ic,  Br.  64,  &  74.;  Leg.  i, 
2.  He  is  laid  to  have  tranflated  the 
poems  of  Ariitidcs  of  Miletus,  Cvtd. 
Tr'ijl.  2,  443.  which  contained  iome 
indelicate  cleicriptions,  ih.  413. 

Sisyc.MBis,  the  mother  of  Darius, 
taken  prih^ner  at  the  battle  of  IfTus 
by  Alexander  ;  who  treated  her  with 
fo  tnuct)  geiierofity,  that  upon  hearing 
of  his  death  fhe  put  an  end  to  her  days 
by  abitainnig  iiom  food,  Curt.  10,  5, 
19,-26. 

SISyPHUS,  the  firft  king  of  Co- 
rinth, noted  for  his  cunning  and   rob^ 


]  SIT 

beries  ;  for  which  he  was  doomed 
in  the  infernal  regions  to  roll  a 
huge  ftoue  up  a  mountain,  w4iich, 
when  it  reached  the  top,  ab'.ay.  rolled 

back  again  to  the  foot,  (G.  416.) 

SisYPHii  /<3^(7r^>r,  Propttt.  2,  17,  7. 
Stfyphi'j  faxa    labore  geram^    Id.   2,  20, 

32. Sifyphus  was  f  id  to  have  had 

connexion  with  Anticlea,  the  mother 
of  UlyjTes,  before  her  marriage  with 
Laertes  ;  whence  UlyfTes  was  fuppofed 
to  be  fprung  from  Sifyphus,  (Stfyphio 
cretus  f anguine y)  Ovid.  Met.  .3,  32. 
and  is  culled  by  way  of  reproach  his 
fon,   (    i.pYHiDEs,)   Id.    Art.  Am,   3, 

P,  SITTIUS,  a  native  of  Nuceria  ; 
hence  called  Nucernius,  mentioned  by 
Catiline  among  his  afTociates,  <aUuJl.  at, 
21.  the  fame  that  is  called  P.  Cincius, 
C'tc.  -yll.  20.  whofe  fr.ther  greatly  afiilled 
the  Romans  in  the  Italic  war,  ib.  et 
Flor.  3,  18,  I!.  Sittius  left  Rome  be- 
fore the  confpiracy  of  Catiline  broke 
out  ;  and  having  raifed  a  body  of 
troops  at  his  own  expence,  from  Italy 
and  Spain,  pafTcd  over  to  Africa, 
where  the  princes  were  at  war  among 
themfelves.  Sittius  fometimes  afllfted 
the  one,  fometimes  the  other,  and  al- 
ways with  fuccefs  ;  whence  his  men, 
called  from  him  ittian(,  became 
very  expert  foldiers,  Appian.  B.  C.  4, 
620.  He  alfo  equipped  a  fleet  ;  and 
was  of  gieat  fervice  to  Caefar  in  his 
war  againlt  Scipio  and  Juba.  After 
their  defeat  Sittius  was  rewarded  by 
Caefar  with  lands  in  Maui^tania  ;  part 
of  thofe  which  had  belonged  to  Ma- 
naffes,  the  friend  of  Juba,  ib. p.  621.; 
Hlrt,  B.  Afr.  95,  S:  96,  ;  Dioy  43,/, 
214.  After  the  death  of  Caefar,  Sit- 
tius was  iniidiouily  flain  by  Arabio, 
the  fon  of  ManafTes,  Appian.  ibid, 
whence  Cicero  fays,  Arabioni  de  Sittio 
nihil  irafcor,  I  am  not  difpleaftd  with 
Arabio   for   having   flain    Sittius,  Alt, 

51TTIUS,  a  perfon  who  owed  Caelius 
money  in  Cihcia  ;  hence,  Syngrapham 
Sittianam  tibt  commendo,  I  requell  you 
will  endeavour  to  procure  payment  cf 

th? 


S  M  E  C    ;69    ] 

the  money  due  on  the  bond  of  Sittlus, 
Ck.  F(m.  8,  2,  8.   So  8,  4,  13. 

SMERDIS,  vcl  Ihrgisy  the  bro- 
ther of  Cairbyfesj  king-  of  Perfia  ; 
whom  that  monarch  ordered  to  be  put 
to  death  in  confequence  of  having 
dreamed  that  he  faw  Smerdis  on  the 
throne.  But  the  dream  was  verified 
by  one  of  the  Magi,  who  pretending 
to  be  the  real  Smerdis,  ufurped  the 
government,  and  held  it  fur  fomc 
months,  till  he  Vv'as  flain  by  a  confpiracy 
of  feven  Perfian  noblemen,  (G.  605.) 
Jujt'in.  1,9.* 

S  MIL  AX,  -acts,  a  virgin,  who  fell 
in  love  with  a  youth  called  Crocus; 
and  being  flighted  by  him,  pined  away, 
and  was  turned  into  a  ilirub  named 
after  her,  PUn.  16,  35  f.  63. ;  OmcL 
Met.\,  283, 

Smintheus,  (2  fyll.)  a  name  of 
Apollo,  Ovid.  Met,  12,  585.  {G.  367.) 

SOCRATES,  -w,  an  Athenian,  the 
fou  of  Sophronifcns,  a  ftatuary  or 
ilone-cutter,  and  of  Panarete,  a  mid- 
wife ;  the  moft  renowned  of  the  an- 
cient philofophers,  (G.  467.)  called 
the  parent  of  philofophy,  C'lc.  Fin.  2, 
I.  which  he  is  faid  to  liave  firil  called 
down  from  heaven,  tic,  Tufc.  5,  3. 
He  ufed  to  fay,  that  the  fliorteft  way 
to  glory  was  to  be  what  one  wiflied  to 
be  thought,  Cic.Off.2,  12.  He  pof- 
feffed  fuch  equanimity  of  m.ind,  that 
he  is  faid  to  have  always  preferved  the 
fame  countenance  ;  neither  niore  chear- 
^■:1  nor  more  diilurbed  at  one  time  than 
,t  another,  Cic.  Off.  i,  26.;  Plin,  7, 
19.  From  the  fcholars  of  Socrates 
various-  fefts  of  philofophers  were 
formed,  Cic.  Or,  3,  17.  whence  he  is 
called   Fons  philofophorum,  Quinc^til.  i, 

.    ]C,  13. SocRATici,  the  followers 

of  Socrates,  Cic.  Div.  i,  3.  Off.  i,  37. ; 
^:in£f,  10,  I,  35,  &  83.  Socraticae 
chariae,  the  writmgs  of  the  Socratic 
philofophers,  Fior.  Art.  P.  31c.  who 
are  called  Dornus  Socraticdy  Id.  Od.  i, 
29,  1 4-.  So  Socraiici  libri,  the  books 
of  Plato,  Xenophon,  &c.  Propert.  2, 
34,  27.  Socrates  himfeif  havipig  left 
Eo  writings,  ( ^lum  ipfe  lUeram  Socrates 
nullam  rcltquffct,  Cic.  Or.  3,  16.)     So^ 


SOP 


cratici  fernwnes'y  the  difcourfes,  dialo- 
gues, or  leflons  of  Socrates,  ib.  18. 
So  Socraticus  fcrmo,  ib.  17.  Socraticae 
difputationcsy  ib.  34.  Sorratiris  madet 
fermonll'us,  is  embued  or  feafoned  with, 
i.  e.  inftrufted  in  the  Socratic  philofo- 
phy, ib,  3,  21,  9.  Inter  Socraticosy  a- 
midil  the  prcfeflors  of  philofophy,  jfu- 
vtfud.  2,  10^  Socraticum  opus.,  i.  e.  the 
Phaedon  of  Plato,  the  fcholar  of  So- 
crates, on  the  immortality  of  the  foul, 
Ovid,  in  Ihin,  496.  which  Cleoinbrotus, 
an  academic  philofopher,  having  read, 
is  faid  to  have  thrpwn  himfclf  into  the 
fea, /Z-.  f/  Cic,  Tufc.  1,  34.  Id  fuit  Socra- 
ticum ?naxime,  moft  like  Socrates,  Cic. 
Or.  3,  18.  Socraiici  el  Platonici  ffe  vo- 
lumusy  Cic.  Off.  1,1. 

Socrates,  a  painter,  PUn,  ■^^y  11. 
Vid.  OcNUS. 

Sol,  the  fun  ;  fometimes  confound- 
ed with  Apollo  ;  Fid.  Phoebus,  [G, 
373.}  worfliipped  at  Rome  near  the 
temple  of  Romulus,   ^miflil,  i,  7,  12. 

SoLiNus,  the  author  of  a  book  cal- 
led Poly/jffor,  confiiting  almoft  entire- 
ly of  excerpts  from  Pliny  ;  whence  he 
is  called  that  author's  ape. 

Solon,  -onis,  the  lawgiver  of  A- 
thens,  born  at  Salamis  ;  one  of  the 
feven  wife  men  of  Greece,   (G.  464. ) 

SoMNUS,  the  god  of  llecp,  Firg. 
Jen.  ^y  838,   &c.  6,  893. 

SOPaTER,  'trisy  a  praetor  of  Sy- 

racule,  Liv.  24,   23,   5c    2^, ^  2. 

A  general  of  Philip,  king  of  Mace- 
donia, fent  into  Africa,  with  4000 
foldiers,  to  affift  the  Carthaginians, 
Liv.  30,  26.  Being  taken  by  the  Ro- 
mans, his  releafe  was  aflied  by  the  am- 
bafladors    of  Phihp,    but    refufed,  ib. 

42. «|  3.  A   general  of  Perfeus, 

Liv.    42,    62. ^[   4.  A  native   of 

Halycia  in  Sicily.  Cic.  Ver.  2,  28. 

qi  5.  Another  of  Tyndaris,  7/^.  4,  39. 

SOPHOCLES,  -isy  an  Athenian 
tragic  poet,  contemporary  with  Peri- 
cles, Cic.  Off,  1,40.  called  divinus poda 
by  Cicero,  Div,  1,25.  who  appears 
to  have  reckoned  him  the  firft  or  moft 
excellent  tragic  poet,  Or,  i.  But 
Quin6tilian,  though  he  leaves  the  quef- 
tion  concerning  the  comparative  merit 
3  A  of 


SOP  [37 

ol  Sophocles  and  Euripides  undetermi- 
ned, yet  feems  to  give  the  preference 
to  Euripides,    10,    I,  67,  Sec. So- 
phocles was  born  about  495  years  be- 
fore Chrift,  thirty  years  after  Aefchy-- 
ius,  and  fifteen  before  Euripides.      He 
was   only    twenty    years  old    when  he 
produced  his  iirfl  tragedy,  and  gained 
the  prize  of  tragic  merit  aver  his  maf- 
ter  Aefchylus.   Of  the  numerous  trage- 
dies which  Sophocles  wrote,  only  feven 
remain.  He  is  faid  to  have  lived  to  near 
the   age  of  an   hundred,   and  to  have 
died  of  joy   lor   having   been   declared 
vittor   in   the    conteft"  for  poetic  fl^ill, 
J^a/,  Max^Sj  J.cxt.  12.      So  Pliny,    7, 
53.       But    Lucian    fays    that    he  was 
choakcd  with  a  grape-ftone,  at  the  age 
of  ninety-five,  de  Macroblis,/.     A  lit- 
tle before  his  death  ^  ophocles  was  ac- 
cufed    by  his  fon  lophon  of  ialanity, 
that  he   might  be   excluded  from  the 
management  of  his  cilate,  and  a  curator 
appomted    for  taat   purpofe.       Upon 
this  Sophocles  read   in    court  his   tra- 
gedy   called    Oedipus   Coloneus,    which 
he  had  juft  hnifned  ;  and  afl<ed,  if  that 
appeared  to  be   the  produftion  of  one 
deprived  of  his  reaion  ?     The  judges, 
filled  with    admiration  of  his   genniS; 
inftantly  acquitted   him,  and   declared 
his  fon  infane  for  having  accufed  him, 
ih,     Cicero  fays  that  this  trial   was  in- 
ftituted  by  the  fons  of  Sophocles,  be- 
caufe    on    account    of  his    application 
to  ftudy  he  feemed  to  ncgled   his  pri- 
vate  fortune,  Sen.    7.     Sophocles  dif- 
tinguilhcd  himfelf  by   his  attention  to 
ilate-afFairs,  as  well  as  by  his  dramatic 
compofitions.       He    wao   at   one  time 
Jtrchon,  or  one  of  the  chitf  magillrates 
of  Athens,  in  conjunftion  with  Peri- 
cles, Cic,  Of.    I,  40.     Cicero    always 
mentions  Sophocles  among  the  Greek 
poets  of  the  firil  rank,   Or.  i.  ^tW.  i. 
<jj  &c. — : — jin  p'Xngis    aliquid   Sofho- 
CLEu/.i  P     Do  you  compofe  any  thing 
in  the    ftylc    oi    Sophocles  ?  Cic.  Fam. 
16,  18.    ^ola  SopiK'deoiuT.  carmina  digna 
cothurnoy  are  worthy  of  the  buHcin   of 
Sophocles,  which  is   faid  to  have  been 
invented  by  him,  i.  e.  arc  as  fubhme  as 
the  poems  of  oophocles,  Virg.Ecl.  8^  10. 


o     1  SOS 

Nulla  Sophocleo  ven'iet jaBura  cothurno, 
in  the  dat.  i.  e.  the  fame  of  the  tragedies 
of  Sophocles  (hall  never  be  diminiflTicd, 
Ovid  Am.  I,  15,  19.  An  in  Sophodeis 
horridus  cothurnisy  fc.  efi  ?  i.  e.  Does  he 
write  tragedies  ?  Martial.  3,  20,  7, 
Varro  Sophocleo  non  injiciande  cothurnoy 
not  to  be  hindered  from  wearing  the 
Sophoclean  bulkin,  or  from  writing 
tragedies,  i.  e.  who  cauft  write  them 
well,  /^A  5,  31,  I. 

Sophocles,  a  learned  and  eloquent 
man  of  Agrigentum,  Cic.  Ver.  3,  88. 

SOPHONISCA,  the  daughter  of 
Afdrubal  and  wife  of  Syphax,  king  of 
Numidia ;  a  woman  of  uncommon 
fpirit  and  beamy.  Her  father  being 
defeated  by  Scipio,  and  her  huiband 
made  prlftnier,  flie  fell  into  the  power 
of  MafinifTa  ;  who,  moved  by  her  en- 
treaties, and  captivated  by  her  en- 
gaging appearance,  in  order  to  prevent 
her  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
Romans,  a  favour  which  fhe  earneftly 
requeiled  of  him,  married  her.  But 
finding  what  he  had  done  difapproved 
of  by  Gcipio,  .and  having  no  other  me- 
thod of  performing  lui  promife,  he  fcnt 
her  a  cup  of  polfon,  which  fhe  with 
the  gieateit  fortitude  and  compoiure 
drank,  Zm  30,  12, — 15. 

SoPOLis,  a  painter  in  the  time  of  Ci- 
cero, Cic.  An.  4,  16.  called  alfo  Sopy- 
lus,   Plin.  35,  II. 

SosiA,  the  name  of  a  flave,  Ter.  And. 
I,  1,  1. 

SosiGENES,  -/V,  a  learned  Egyp- 
tian aftronomer,  by  whofe  affidance  Ju- 
lius Caefar  reformed  the  Roman  calen- 
dar, Plin.  18,  25.  ;  (Vid.  A.  p.J,2().) 
Sosii,  eminent  bookfeilers  in  the 
time  of  Horace,  Hor.  Ep.  I,  20,  I. 
Art.  P.  345. 

SosiLus,  a  Lacedaemonian,  the 
companion  and  indrudor  of  Hannibal 
in  the  Greek  language,  who  wrote  the 
liiftory  of  his  wars,  Nep.  22,  13. 

C.  Sosius,  qaaeilor  to  M.  Lepi- 
dus,  and  afterwards  praetor,  Cic.  Att. 

8^  6. SosiANU?,  a  name  given   to 

Apollo,  Plin.  13,  5.  ct  36,  4  f.  4,  8.  as 
is  fuppofed,  becaufe  his  liatue  was 
bicught  to  Rome  by  C<.  Sofi'JS. 


SOS  [3^ 

^  80s  I  us,  a  Roman  eques,  from  Pi- 
cenum,  who  burnt  the  regiitcr-office 
at  Rome,  Ck.  iV^  Z>.  3,  30. 

So s  p  I T A,  a  name  of  Juno,  C/V.  Mtir. 
41.  N.  D.  I,  29.  Div,  I,  2.  ;  Ovid, 
Fajl  2,  56. 

SosTRATA,  the  name  of  a  woman, 
Ter,  Heat.  4,  r,  34,   &c. 

SosTRATUs,  a   Sicih'an,   Ck.  Verr. 

3»  23. 

Sosus,  the  name  of  a  book,  written 
by  the  philofopher  Antiochus,  again  It 
Philo,   Cu.  Acad.  4,  4. 

SoTADEs,  -w,  a  native  of  Maronea, 
,in  Crete  [Creteiifs  Maromtay  Suidas), 
the  author  of  an  obfcene  poem,  called 
Phlyax  or  CiNAEDus,  lb.  Martial.  2, 
86,  2.  Hence  vcrfcs  of  that  kind 
were  called  Satadei  vel  Sotadui,  (c.  ver- 
fus^  which  had  this  peculiarity,  that  the 
words  might  alfo  be  read  backwards, 
ih.  Add.  ^ihcl'il.  r,  8,  6.  et  9,  4,  6, 
&  9c.;  Pl'm.  Ep.  ^,  ^.  Vid.  Scall^er, 
Poet.  2,  30. 

SoTERicus  Marches,  a  freed  man, 
i^Uhertinus  homo),  Cic.  B alb.  25. 

SoTiRA,  a  noted  midwife,  Pl'm.  2%, 

1- 

SPARTaCUS,  a  famous  gladiator, 
by  birth  a  Thracian,  who  having  bro- 
ken forth  from  a  fchool  of  gladiators 
at  Capua,  with  about  70  of  his  com- 
panions, and  having  colletled  a  great 
number  of  flavcs,  carried  on  war  a^ 
galnll:  the  Romans  for  a  cpnfiderable 
time  in  Italy,  with  various  fuccefs.  At 
lall  he  was  cut  off  by  L.  Cralfus,  when 
praetor,  with  about  6o,oco  of  his  fol- 
lowers, L'lv.  Ep'it.  95,  &  96.  ;  Plutarch, 
in  Crajfa.  He  is  called  Spartacus'vagans, 
becaufe  he  wandered  overdifferent  parts 
of  Italy,  Hor.  Od.  3,  14,  19.  acer.  Id. 
Epod.  16,  5.  Cicero  puts  Spartacus 
for  the  moll  bitter  enemy,  Phil.  4,  6. 
and  Lucan  makes  Pompey  fay  ot  Cae- 
■far,  Ut fundi  caufa  cadcreit  qua  Sparta- 
ius  hojlis,   2,  554. 

Sphaerus,  a  Stole  philofopher, 
Ck.  Tufc.  4,  24. 

Speusippus,  the  filler's  fon  of  Pla- 
to, left  by  him,  as  it  were,  the  heir  of 
the  Academic  philofophy,  Cic.  Acad. 
1,  4.     He   difiered  very  little  in  his 


t     ]  S  T  A 

opinions    from    Ariftotle,  Ck.    Or.   ii 
18. 

SPHINX,  ■7igis,  a  poetic  female 
monfler,  which  infefted  the  territory 
of  Thebes,  (G.  429).  Ladant.  in  Stat: 
Thfh.  I,  66.  et  2,  505.  ;  Senec.  Phenjjf, 
116.  et  Oedip.  92,  &c. 

SpiNTO,  Znis,  a  Roman  deity,  pro- 
perly a  river,  Cic.  A^.  Z>.  3,  20. 

S?  INT  HER,  i>.  Spinier,  .eris,  a  fir- 
name  of  the  Lentuli,  Cic. 

Spongia,  a  fiftitiaus  name  of  one 
of  the  judges  v/ho  acquitted  Clodius, 
Cic.  Alt.  1,16. 

Sporu5,  a  bafe  favourite  of  Nero^ 
Suet.  N.  2^. 

SPURINNA,  an  harttfpex,  who  af- 
ter infpedting  the  entrails  of  a  vid:im, 
wh'ch  Cael\u-  offered  a  Httle  before  his 
death,  Cic.  Dlv.  i,  52.  warned  him  ta 
beware  of  the  ides  of  March  ;  and  oa 
that  day,  as  Caefar  was  going  to  the 
fenate-houfe,  happening  to  meet  Spu- 
rinna,  he  'faid  to  him  by  way  of  ridi- 
cule, that  the  ides  were  come  without 
any  hurt ;  <  Yes,  faid  Spurinna,  but 
they  are  not  pall  j'  and  in  a  few  mi- 
nutes after  Caefar  was  killed  in  the  fe- 
nate-houfe by  the  confpirators.  Suet. 
Caef.  81. ;  Dio,  44,  18. ;  Apfian.  B.  C. 
2.  p.  522,5c  525. 

S 1-  u  R 1  u  s ,  a  Roman  praeiwmtn, 

C.  STALENUS,a  fenator,  Cic.  Cltient. 
7,  &  24.  condemned  for  having  been 
concerned  in  bribing  a  jury>  ib.  et  Br. 

Staph yLus,  the  fon  of  Sithenus, 
who  is  faid  to  have  firil  taught  the  me- 
thod of  mixing   v/ine  with  water,  Plim 

L.  Statilu'S,  a  Roman  eques,  an 
accomplice  in  the  confprracy  of  Cati* 
line,  Cic.  Cat.  3,  3,  &  6.  ;  Sallujl.  Cat, 
17.  who  was  fei'/ed  with  the  ambaffa- 
dors  of  the  Allobroges,  ib.  44,  46^  47^ 
and  put  to  death,  ib.  ^^. 

Statilius  Taurus,  one  of  the  chief 
friends  of  Augullus,  Paterc.  2,  127. 
the  fame  probably  who  is  mentioned, 
Cic.  Att.  12,  13, --C  14.  He  carried  on 
feveral  wars  with  iuccefs,  Vid.  Dio.  et 
Appian. 

StatIra,  the  daughter  of  Darius, 
3  A  3  riiarried 


S  T  A 


[    37»    1 


S  T  E 


married  by  Alexander,  Jujlin.  ii,  lo. 
and  cifter  his  death,  cruelly  murdered 
by  Roxana,    Plutarch,  in  j^fkxandro,  f. 

Statius,  anciently  a  name  peculiar 
to  flaves,  but  afterwards  a  firname  of 
citizens,   Gell.  4,  20. 

CneciUtis  STATIUS,  an  old  comic 
poet,  called  Statius,  as  having  been 
originally  a  flave,  GcU.  ib.  called  fim- 
ply  Statius  by  Cicero,  Or.  2,  64. 

P.  Papinhis  STATIUS,  a  poet, 
born  at  Naples,  highly  refped-ted  by  the 
emperor  Domitian.  He  wrote  mifcel- 
laneour.  poemi'  called  Silvae,  in  five 
books  ;  the  Thebais,  -Id'is^  a  kind  of 
epic  poem,  in  twelve  books  ;  and  the 
Achilleis,  an  unfiniihed  poem  in  two 
books  :  all  of  which  are  {lill  extant. 
Statius  was  contemporary  with  Mar- 
tial and  Juvenal.  Martial  never  men- 
tions him,  from  what  caufe  is  uncer- 
tain. Juvenal  fpeaks  of  the  eagerncfs 
with  which  the  people  auembled  to 
bear  l^tatius  recite  his  Thebaid  ;  but 
adds,  that  notwithflanding  this  mark 
of  public  jipprobation,  he  muft  have 
ftarved  if  he  had  not  fold  a  new  play, 
■which  he  had  written  on  the  fubjedt  of 
Aga'vei  to  Paris,  the  favourite  of  Do- 
mitian,  7,  82. 

L.  STATIUS  Muvcus,  a  Roman, 
who,  after  his  praetorfliip,  command- 
ed an  army  in  Afia,  which,  according 
to  the  order  of  the  fenate,  ifcer  the 
death  of  Cat  far,  Cic.  Ph'iL  1  [,  12.  he 
refigned  to  Caflkis,  Veil,  2,  69.  Be- 
ing afterwards  made  commander  of  the 
fleet  by  Caffius,  he,  on  the  fame  day 
<:n  wlu'ch  the    battle    of  Philippi   was 


fought,  defeated,    m    a    nav 


al    battle, 


"Domitius  Calvinus,  who  was  bringing 
large  reinforcements^to  Antony  and 
Caefar,  Apinan,  B.  C.  656.  And  if 
Brutus  had  not  been  forced  by  his 
foldiers  to  fight  a  fecoud  time,  after 
the  death  of  CafTiiis,  he  might  have 
conquered  Antony  and  Caefar  by  fa- 
mine, ih.  660.  After  the  death  of 
Brutus,  Statius  Murcus,  with  all  his 
forces,  joined  Sext.  Pompey,  Veil.  2, 
72.  who  having  by  this  afiiftance  obli- 
ged Caefar  and  Antony  to  conclude  a 
peace  with  him  on  honourable  terms, 


mod  ungratefully,  upon  a  groundlefs 
accufation,  put  Statius  Murcui  to 
death,  ih.  77.  ;  Appian.  ih.  5,  />.  712.  ; 
Dioy  48,  :9.  and  by  the  lofs  of  this 
brave  man  accelerated  his  own  deilruc- 
tion,  ih. 

Stator,  -onV,  a  name  given  to  Ju- 
piter, bccaufe  he  flopped  (Jljlehat)  the 
flight  of  the  Romans  in  a  ba'-tlc  with 
the  oabines,  Liv.  i,  12.  et  10,  36.  ; 
Flor.  I,  I,  13. 

Statorius,  fent  as  an  ambafTador 
to  Syphax  by  the  Scipios,  Liv.  24, 
48.^/30,  28. 

Aruntius  Stella,  a  poet  of  noble 
birth  and  opulent  fortune,  celebrated 
by  his  contemporaries  Statius  and  Mar- 
tial, (5".  "y. )  None  of  his  works  re- 
main. 

STENTOR,  -c/vV,  one  of  the  Gre- 
cian chiefs  in  the  war  againft  Troy, 
the  found  of  whofe  voice  was  fo  un- 
commonly loud,  that  it  was  equal  to 
the  joint  found  of  fifty  others,  Homer. 
II.  5,  784.  Hence,  Tu  mifer  exclaiuciSy 
ut   Stentora    vincere  pojps,  Juvenal.  13, 

112. SrcKTOREA  voXi  vcry  loud, 

Armb. 

Stkphanio,  a  writer  or  ador  of 
pantomimes,  [mimus)^  who  lived  to  a 
great  age,  Plin.  7,  41. 

L.  Stertimus,  a  proconful  in 
Spain,  Liv.  5  i,  50.  whence  he  brought 
great  fpoils  to  Rome,   33,  27. 

St^rtinius,  a  Stoic  philofopher, 
Hor.  Sat.  2,  3,  33,  oL  296.   Ep.  1,12, 

20. 

Sterope,  -es,  one  of  the  Pleiades^ 
at  whofe  rifing  the  fea  was  fuppofed 
to  become  tempctluous,  Ovid.  Trijl.  i, 
ic,  14. 

Step.opes,  -a,  one  of  the  Cyclops, 
Virg.  Aen.  8,  425. 

Stesichorus,  an  illullrious  lyric 
poet,  born  at  Himera,  above  500  years 
before  Chrill,  where  there  was  a  beau- 
tiful flatue  of  him,  Cic.  Vcrr.  2,  35. 
Stefichorus  was  highly  efteemed  by 
the  ancients,  ^fuit  totd  Graecid  fummo 
propter  ingenium  honore  el  nomine),  ib. 
Quinftilian  fays,  that  he  excelled  in 
fupporting  the  dignity  of  his  characters, 
next  to  Homer,  10,  i,  62.  Henc« 
Slefichorique 


S  T  H  [    373    1 

Stefichonqne  graves  camenae,  Hor.  Od.  named  from 
4,  9,  8.  He  wrote  an  invedllve  againfl 
Helena,  on  which  account  her  brothers 
Cailor  and  Pollux  arc  faid  to  have  de- 
prived him  of  fight  ;  but  Steiiciiorus 
having  atoned  for  his  fault  by  writing 
a  recantation,  (pal'modia),  and  a  poein 
in  her  praife,  his  fight  was  rcftored, 
Hor.  Epod.  17,  42.  &c.  et  ih'i  Scbol'iaJ}. 
All  hib  works,  which  Suidaa  fays  were 
comprehended  in  16  books,  are  now 
loft,  except  a  few  fragments. 

Stkenelus,  the  fon  of  Perfeus 
and  Andromeda,  kingofArgos,   {G. 

397),  one  of  the  Graecian  chiefs  in  the 

I'rojan  w'ar,    Virg.  2,  261.;     Hor.  Od. 

I,   13-,  4.  et  4,  9,  20.- — ^-Si  HiiN^fiLii- 

lus  hoJliSf  i.  e.   Euryfthcus,  the  ion  of 

Stheuelus,    the    enemy    of    Hercules, 

Ovhi.  Ep.  9,  25.     (G.    398.)      Proks 

Sthlneleia    CycnuSf   Ovid.   Met.  2, 

367- 

Sthenius,  a  native  of  Thermae  in 
Sicily,  (Thetmitanus),  grofdly  injured 
by  V'enes,  Cic.  Verr.  2,  34, — 48.  ct 
5,  42. 

Sthenoboea,  the  w^ife  of  Proetus, 
kingofArgos,  who  fell  in  love  with 
Belieroplion,  Jnv,  10,  137.  ;   Hur.  Od. 

3>  7-   (<^-393'), 

Stilbo,  v.  Stilpo,   -onus,  a  philo- 

fopher,  born  atMegara,  naturally  prone 
to  drunkennefs  and  iewdnefs,  but  he 
overcame  thefe  propenfities  by  reafon, 
Cic.  Fat.  5.  Jcad.  4.  24.  the  praecep- 
tor  of  Zeno,  the  founder  of  the  Stoics, 
Laert.  2,  1 13,  &c.  Having  efcaped 
from  the  flames  of  his  native  city, 
when  taken  by  the  enemy»  he  was  al'k- 
cd  by  Demetrius  PoliorcGles,  if  he  had 
loft  any  thing  :  **  No,  fays  he,  for  I 
carry  all  my  effects  with  me,"  [Omnia 
mea  mecum porto ) ,  Senec.  Ep.  9.  ;  Lacrt.. 
ib. 

Stilico,  v.  StilIcho,  -dnist  the 
general  and  father-in-law  of  the  empe- 
ror Hoaorius ;  greatly  celebrated  by 
Claudian  : Vir^o  Stiliconia,  the 


S  U  E 

a  portico  at  Athens, 
{crox),  where  Zeno,  their  founder, 
taught,  (G.  291.)  LiheUi  Sioici,  books 
written  by  the  Stoics,  Hor.  llpod.  8,  1 5. 
Stolca  dogmata,  the  maxims  of  the  Sto- 
ics,   Juvenal.    13,     121. Sxoice, 

adv.  in  the  manner  of  the  Stoics,  Cic. 
Pardigm.  i,  1,  Sec.  Miiraen.  35.-— 
StoicIda':,  -arum,  the  fons  of  the 
Stoics,  i.  c.  the  Stoics,  (a  kind  of  pa- 
tronymic noun),   Juvenal,  2,  65. 

Sext.  Stola,  one  of  the  judges  iu 
the  caufe  of  Flaccus,  Cic.  Place.  2C. 

Stolo,  -onis,  a ,  Roman  firname, 
Varr.  R.  R.  lyZ.;  Plln.  17,  i,  /?/  27, 
I  ". 

Strabo,  -onisi  a  firname,  original- 
ly impofed  on  fome  perfon  from  liis 
having  dillorted  eyes,  PUn.  Ii.  37. 

STRABO,  an  illuftrious  Greek 
geographer,  born  at  Amafia  in  Pon- 
tus,  v/ho  ilourKhed  under  Auguilus  and 
Tiberius.  His  excellent  work  on  geo- 
graphy, in  17  books,  is  (till  extant. 

Strato,  -cnisy  a  native  of  Lampsfi- 
cus,  ihe  fcholar  of  Theophr alius,  Cic. 
Acad,  I,  9.  who  denied  divine  provi- 
dence, Cic.  Ih.^t  38.   A^.  D.  I,  13. 

Stratocles,  -w,  a  Greek  orator, 
who  is  faid  to  have  fabricated  the  fto- 
ry  of  Themiftocles  having  poifoned 
hlmfclf  by  drinking  bull's  blood,  Cic. 
Br.  Ii. 

Stratonici;,  -esy  the  name  of  feve- 
ral  Afiatic  queens. 

Stratonicus,  anative  of  Alaban- 
da,   famous  for  his  witty  anfvvers,  Cic. 

K.  D.  3,  19. ;    Athenae.  8,  8. ^f  2. 

A  rich  Macedonian,  to  whom  Piau- 
tus  is  fuppofcd  to  allude,  Rud.  4,  2, 
27. 

Stratorius,  quaeflor  or  lieutenant 
to  Coruificins  in  Al'ilca,   Cic.  P'dm.  12, 


daughter  of  Stilico,  Claudis'ti  de  Nupt. 
Hon.  177. 

Stiphelus,  one  of  the  centaurs, 
Ovid.  Met.  12,  ^5 9. 

STOICI,  a  fed  of  philofophers,  fo 


'SuAD.A,  the  goddcfs  of  eloquence 
and  perfuafion,  Lie.  Brut.  15.  called  al- 
fo  Su^iDELii,  Hor.  Ep.  I,  6,  38. 

Suetonius  Paulimuy  governor  of 
Britain,  who  conqu^ired  Boadiceii,  Tac. 
Ann.  14,  29,  &c. 

C.  SUETONIUS  Tranqiulltis,  the 
fon  of  Suetonius  Lenis,  an  equcsy  and 
legionary  tribune,   Suet.   0th.  lO.      He 

lived 


SUF  [    3 

lived  in  the  time  of  Trajan  and  Adrian, 
and  was  private  fecretary  to  the  latter. 
He  was  very  intimate  with  the  young- 
er PHny,  Plin,  Ep.  i,  24.  who  procu- 
red for  him  from  Trajan  the  Jus  tr'iiim 
Uherorumy  ib.  10,  95,  &  96.  Ph'ny,  in 
his  letter  to  the  emperor,  calls  Sueto- 
nius a  man  of  great  probity  and  learn- 
ing, as  well  as  of  noble  birth,  {probif- 
Jimum,  honejltjfimum^  erud'it'iffimum  vin/m)^ 
ib.  95.  The  only  works  of  Suetonius 
now  remaining  are  his  hves  of  the 
Twelve  Caefars,  and  of  a  few  gram- 
marians and  poets: 

SuFFENus,  a  bad  poet,  but  a  great 
admirer  of  his  own  works  ;  hence  Ni- 
mirwn  idem  omncs  fall'iniur :  neque  ejl 
quifquam,  ^urm  non  in  aliqiia  re  videre 
Sujftiium  Poffis.  Suus  cuique  attrihuUis 
eft  error,  Sed  non  'videmus  manticae  quid 
in  tergo  ej},  Catulh  2,  18. 

Numerius  Suffucius,  a  native  of 
Praenefte,  who  in  confequence  of  a 
dream  is  faid  to  have  difcovered  the 
Series  Praeneftinae,   Cic.  Div.  2,  41. 

SULLA,  feu  Sylla,  a  fim^ime  of 
the  gens  Cornelia. 

P.  Cornelius  Sulla,  praefor  a.  u. 
538,  Liv.  25,  2.  who  lirll:  celebrated 
the  Lndi  jlppolUnaresy  games  \Vi  ho- 
nour of  Apollo,  i^.  12.  He  fcems  to 
have  remained  \\\  the  city  during  the 
time  of  his  office,  ib.  15,  19,  22. 

L.  Cornelius  SULLA,  of  a  patrici- 
an ^^«j-,  (gentis  patricide i  \.  i,  Cornchaejy 
from  a  family  aimoH:  funk  to  obfcmicy, 
(familid prope  jam  exiinctd),  by  the  in- 
activity of  his  ancertors,  iallijlijug.  59. 
there  having  bcren  no  one  of  ar»y  reputa- 
tion in  it  lince  Cornelius  Ruitlr.us,  con- 
lal  in  the  war  againfl  Pyrrhus  ;  from 
whom  Sulla  was  fixth  in  deicent,  Pa- 
tera, 17.  J  Plutarch,  in  Syll.  pr.  (G. 
234  f.  5.)  Sulla  was  born  to  a  very 
Imail  fortune,  and  fpent  his  youth  in 
profligate  dilTipation.  He  had  how- 
ever Gainfully  cultivated  his  mind  by 
Latin  and  Greek  literature.  His  for- 
tune was  greatly  increafed  by  a  weal- 
thy courtezan,  called  Nicopolis,  v.'ho 
left  him  her  heir.  Being  made  quaef- 
tor,  it  fell  to  his  lot  to  attend  Marius, 
the  conful,  to   the  war  ac/ainil  Jnour- 


74    1  S  U  L 

tha  in  Numidia,  where,  by  his  talents 
and  addrefs,  he  In  a  fhort  time  became 
a  great  favourite  with  Marius  and  the 
army,  Salhiji.  Jug.  96.  Sulla  (hared 
with  Marius  the  glory  of  finifhing 
the  war,  by  prevaih'ng  on  Bocchus''...^ 
to  deliver  up  Jugurtha  to  him,  ib.  % 
113.  and  that  device  he  caufcd  to  be 
engraved  on  a  ring,  which  he  after- 
wards always  ufed  in  fealing  his  letters. 
This  offended  Marius;  who  however 
judging  Sulla  to  be  too  inconfiderable 
a  perfon  to  merit  his  envy,  ftill  con- 
tinued to  employ  him  as  one  of  his 
lieutenants  in  his  fecond  confulihip, 
and  in  his  third  made  him  a  military 
tribune.  Li  thefe  polls  Sulla  perform- 
ed feveral  fignal  fervices,  which  fo 
muchraifed  the  jealoufy  of  Marius,  that 
he  no  longer  afforded  Sulla  opportu- 
nities of  difplaying  his  abilities.  Up- 
on this  Sulla  applied  himfelf  to  Catu- 
lu3,  the  colleague  of  Marius  in  the 
confulihip,  a  man  of  great  worth,  but 
deficient  in  vigour  and  adlivity  ;  who 
therefore,  in  affairs  of  difficulty,  em- 
ployed Sulla,  whofe  power  and  re- 
putation by  this  means  greatly  increa- 
fed, which  exafperated  Marius  ftill  the 
more  againft  him.  Hence  arofe  that 
enmity  betwixt  Marius  and  Sulla, 
which  afterwards  produced  fuch  cala- 
mities to  the  Hate,  and  at  laft  termi- 
nated in  the  extin6lion  of  Roman  h- 
btrty. 

Sulla,  at  the  expiration  of  his  prae- 
torfhip,  a.  u.  660,  was  fcnt  into  Afia, 
under  pretence  of  reitoring  Ariobar- 
zanes,  king  of  Cappadocia,  to  his 
throne,  but  in  reality  to  check  the 
growing  power  of  Mithridates.  During 
Lio  itay  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates, 
Orobazus,  a  Parthian,  came  to  him  in 
quahty  of  ambaffador  from  king  Arsa- 
ces,  to  form  a  friendfhip  and  alliance 
with  the  Roman  people,  the  firft  ap- 
plicaiion  that  had  ever  been  made  by 
the  Parthians  on  that  fubjecl.  One  of 
the  ambailador's  retinue, from  obferving 
the  countenance  of  Sulla,  is  faid  to 
have  foretold  that  he  fhould  become 
the  greateft  of  men,  Plutarch. 

After  the  retuni  of  Suiia  from  Afia, 

the 


S  U  L  [3- 

the  Italic  or  Social  war  broke  out  in 
Italy  ;  in  which  Sulla  greatly  dillin- 
guifhed  himfelf.  He  was  made  conful, 
a.  u.  665,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his 
age,  and  the  management  of  the  war 
againd  Mithrid.ites  decreed  to  him  by 
the  fenate.  But  Marius  envying  him 
tha  command,  by  rac.ins  of  the  tribune 
P.  -.ulpicius,  got  it  transferred  on  him- 
felf by  an  order  of  the  people.  Two 
tribunes  were  difpatched  to  Nola,  to 
take  the  charge  of  Sulla's  army,  and 
refign  it  to  Marius.  The  folditrs,  up- 
on hearing  what  was  intended,  were 
fo  much  exafperated,  th^ft  they  ftoned 
the  tribunes  to  death  ;  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree had  Sulla  ingratiated  himfelf  with 
his  troops.  Marius  in  revenge  put  the 
friends  of  Sulla  in  the  city  to  the 
fword,  and  plundered  their  houfes.  Up- 
on this  Sulla  m.arched  to  Rome  with 
his  army,  and  having  vanquiihed  all 
oppofition,  obliged  Marius  to  fly  from 
the  city.  Sentence  of  death  was  paf- 
fed  on  him,  together  with  Sulpicius, 
and  fome  others.  Sulpicius  being  be- 
trayed by  a  ilave,  was  executed.  Sulla, 
according  to  promile,  granted  to  the 
ilave  his  freedom  for  what  he  had  done, 
but  immediately  ordered  him  to  be 
thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock  for 
betraying  his  mailier.  A  price  was  fet 
on  the  head  of  Marius,  but  lie  made 
his  cfcape.  V'uL  Marius.  Sulla,  ha- 
ving fettled  matters  in  the  city  the  bcfl 
way  he  could,  fct  out  againll  Mithri- 
dates,  who  had  poffefTed  himfelf  of  A- 
fia  Minor,  and  of  great  part  of  Mace- 
donia and  Greece.  Sulla  hrll  laid  fiege 
to  Athens,  which  was  commanded  by 
Arillion,  a  native  of  the  place,  one  of 
the  generals  6f  Mithridates,  who  treat 
ed  the  inhabitants  with  great  cruelty. 
The  city  was  taken  by  aii'ault,  and  gi- 
ven up  to  be  plundered.  'Great  num- 
bers were  flain.  At  lalt  Sulla  was  pre- 
vailed on  to  put  a  (lop  to  the  maifa- 
cre.  On  which  making  honourable 
mention  of  the  ancient  Athenians,  he 
faidj  "  that  he  forgave  the  living  for 
the  h  ke  of  the  dead.''  Some  time  af- 
ter Sulla  defeated  the  army  of  Mithri- 
dates under    Arehelaus  ^nC\   Taxiles, 


5    ]  S  U  L 

confiding  of  above  100,000  men,  near 
Cheronaca  in  Boeotia,  with  fuch  llaaigh- 
ter,  that  not  above  10,000  are  faid  to 
have  efcaped.  Not  long  after  he  de- 
feated another  army  dill  more  nume- 
rous, near  Orchcmcnos.  Sulla  next 
tranfported  his  forces  into  Alia,  wliere 
he  permitted  them  to  live  on  tlie  inha- 
bitants at  free  quarters,  Plutarch,  which 
contributed  greatly  to  flacken  military 
difclpilne,  SalJuJl.  Cat.  11.  In  the 
mean  time,  being  informed  that  the 
party  of  his  adverfaries  had  regained 
the  afcendency  at  Rome  under  Cinna, 
and  had  flain  a  number  of  his  friends, 
(  VuL  Ma-uus),  he  concluded  a  peace 
with  Mithridates  on  honourable  terms, 
and  returned  to  Italy,  after  an  abfence 
of  three  years,  with  an  army  of  about 
60,000  men,  a.  u.  670.  The  forces  of 
his  opponents  were  far  more  numerous. 
Paterculus,  who  highly  extols  the  perfe- 
verance  of  Sulla,  in  fird  humbling  the 
public  enemy  before  he  turned  his  arms 
again  d  his  domedic  foes,  fays,  "  that 
he  had  only  30,000  againd  200,000,'* 
2,  24.  But  Sulla,  with  wonderful 
conducl  and  good  fortune,  vanquiihed 
them  alk  The  affiltance  of  Pompey 
contributed  greatly  to  his  fuccefs,  (  VuL 
PoMPEius),  whence  Pompey  is  call- 
ed Sullajws  dux^  Liucan.  7,  367.  and 
Sulla  is  called  his  mader.  Id.  i,  326. 
or  teacher,  ib.  335, 

Sulla,  upon  his  fird  arrival,  behaved 
with  lenity  and  moderation  ;  but  ha- 
ving completely  fubdued  his  enemies, 
he  gratified  his  revenge  with  imexam- 
pled  cruelty. 

Sulla  was  the  fird  who  publifhed  a 
lid  [tabula]  of  peifons  whom  he  doom- 
ed to  dedru6tion,  confifcating  their 
effecls,  and  promifing  a  price  for  their 
heads;  which  was  called  a  Proscrip- 
tion, and  was  afterwards  imitated  by 
the  fecond  triumvirate,  Antony,  X>e- 
pidus,  ar.d  Odaviu?;  or  Augudus,  who 
are  hence  called  his  fcholars  :  thus, 
^uu  caelum  ttrr'is  non  m'lfceaty  Cffr.  In 
tabulam  Bullae  Ji  d'lcant  dijcipuli  ires,  it 
the  three  fcholars  of  Sulla  Ihould  fpeak 
againd  his  profcription-table,  Juvenal^ 
2,  25,  <Sc  28.     Hence  Sulla   is  called 

cruenfusf 


S  U  L  C    3' 

erumttis^  bloody,  Martial  1 1,  6,  9-  trux, 
Id.  0,  44,  10.  and  Noh'iihim  fae'v'tjfmus, 

TacrHilh    2,  38.    {yv\,    G.    240.    ::L    A. 

198.)  The  various  exsrr.pks  of  cruelty 
which  the  inftruments  ofliis  vengeance 
exercifed,  are  pathetically  deicribed  by 
Lucan,  2,  139, — 222.  He  ordered 
levcral  thoufand  Samnites  and  others 
who  had  furrendered  on  a  promife  of 
pardon,  to  be  butchered  in  the  Villa 
PuU'ica,  Livy,  Ep'iU  88.  and  Fiorus,  3, 
21.  fay,  8000  ;  Plutarch,  6cco  ;  Sene- 
ca, 7000,  de  Clem.  I,  i  ?. ;  Val.  Maxi- 
mus  fays,  four  legions,  9.  2,  i.  {Jlimi 
jios  Hefperiac,  Lain  jam  foil  jnwr.tus  Con- 
cidil,  ct  miferae  macidavit  ovUiii  Romae^ 
Lucan.  2,  196.)  Sulla  had  ailcmbled 
the  fenate  in  the  temple  of  }3eilo;ia, 
and  was  juil  beginning  to  make  a 
fpeech,  when  the  maffacre  commen- 
ced.  The  fenators  were  ftruck  with 
horror  upon  hearing  the  dying  groans  , 
of  fo  many  wretched  men.  But  Siilli, 
with  great  indifference,  bid  them  mind 
their  prefent  bufmefs,  and  not  concern 
themfelves  about:  what  was  doin;;  with- 
out doora ;  that  the  noifc  which  they 
heard  was  occafioned  by  a  few  ofiend- 
crs  v/hom  he  had  ordered  to  be  punifii- 
ed,  Plutarch.  {Hoc  agamus,  Pat  res  ('.cm- 
fcr'ipti.,  fcdit'iofi  paucul'i  meojujfu  occ'iduntur ^ 
Senec.  de  Clem,  i,  12.)  He  then  con- 
tinued his  difcourfe  with  the  fame  com- 
pofure  of  countenance  with  which  he 
had  begun  it,  UmL 

After  the  death  of  young  Marius, 
Sulla  affumed  the  name  of  Felix  or 
Faustus,  i.  e.  fortunate  or  lucky. 
Hence  H'ljne.,  Salvs  rerum,  Felix  his 
Sulla  vqcari— meruit  ?  Did  Sulla  by 
th.d:'  ">TaiTacres  deferve  to  be  called  the 
8aviour  of  the  ilate,  and  Fortunate-? 
Lucan,  2,  22  1.  And  when  his  wife 
Me.cila  brought  fn-th  twins,  a  boy 
^nd  gul,  he  called  vl;e  boy  Faustus, 
and  the  girl,  Faust  a.  Sulla  wrote 
memoirs  or  commentaries  concerning 
his  own  life,  which  are  often  mention- 
ed by  Plutarch ;  and  called  by  Cicero, 
Hijhriacjus,  Div.  i,  33. 

Sulla  caufcd  himfelf  to  be  made  per- 
petu;'!  didVdtor  ;  and  ena£ted  a  number 
of  laws  concerning  the    regulation  of 


6    ]  S  IT  L 

the  Hate,  (Fid.  J.  198.)  After  he 
had  ruled  with  abiolute  authority  for 
near  three  years,  hcy  to  the  ailoniili- 
ment  of  all,  refigned  his  power,  and  re- 
tiring to  his  villa  near  Curnae  (in  Cu- 
manufN,)  notwithlfanding  his  numerous 
murders,  lived  unmoleited  till  his  death, 
which  was  occalioned  by  the  morbus 
p.'dicularis,  a.  u  675,  in  the  6ift  year  of 
his  age.  His  funeral  was  celebrated 
with  great  magnificence,  though  Le- 
pidus  the  conful  and  others  wilhcd  to 
hinder  it.  His  body  was  burnt  in 
the  Campus  Martius-,  where  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory.  He 
was'the  firlt  of  the'^-^wx  Cornelia  whofe 

o 

body  was  burnt,  Plin,  7,  54.  vvhi^h  was 
done  at  his  own  defire,  left  his  remains 
fhould  afterwards  be  dug  up  and  dilfi- 
pated,  as  he  did  thofe  of  Marius,  Cic, 
Leg.  2,22.;    Val,  Pvlax.  9,2,  i. 

Sulla  fcems  never  to  have  thought 
of  entirely  fubverting  the  conftitution 
of  his  country,  or  of  perpetuating  his 
power  in  his  own  family.  His  great 
objecl  leems  to  have  been  to  revenge 
himfelf  on  his  enemies,  and  to  cruHi 
the  popular  party  ;  {Nee  plus  victoria 
Sullae  Praejlltiti  invlfas  penitus  auam  loU 
lere  partes i  TiUcan.  2,  229.  Non  domina' 
t'lonis  causa  Syllum  arma  funifjje^  argumen- 
tum  ejl  diBatura  depofita,  Quinctii.  5, 
10,72.)  When  he  difmilfed  his  iic- 
tors  in  the  forum,  and  went  home  as  a 
private  perfon,  no  one  offered  him  the 
leait  infult,  except  one  yoiuig  man, 
who  followed  him  home,  throwing  out 
again  (I  him  all  the  way  abufive  lan- 
guage ;  in  anfvver  to  which  Sulla  is  re- 
ported to  have  only  faid,  "  This  young 
man  will  prevent  any  one  hereafter 
from  fpontaneoully  religning  fo  great 
power,''  Appian.  B.  C.  r,  415.  which 
was  verified  in  Juhus  Caefar,  ii>.  who 
ufed  to  fay,  *'  That  it  difcovered  great 
ignorance  in  Sylia  to  lay  dov^^n  the  dic- 
tator Ihip  ;  (Syllam  littcras  nefciv'iJJ'e^  qui 
d'lclaturam  depofuifftt ) y  Suet.  Caef.  77. 
Sylla  brought  from  Athens  the  library 
of  Apellicon,  in  which  were  the  works 
of  Ariflotle  and  Theophraftus,  Strah. 
1 3.  /i.  609  ;  Plutarch,  in  Sylla  ;  Laert, 
in  Theophrajio;    Athzn,  3.  p,  214 — 

iSULLANi 


S  U  L 


SuLLANi  milkesj  the  foldiers  of  Sulla, 
Sallujl.  Cat,  \6.  ^uUanuin  ferrumy  the 
f word  of  Sulla,  Lucan.  i,  350.  Sullanae 
cadavera  pacts,  the  carcafes  of  thofe 
whom  Sulla  flew  after  his  vidory,  or 
when  he  had  obtained  peace,  Id.  2, 
171.  ^o  Sudan  a  cadaver  a,  i.  e.  eorum 
qui  caefi  funt  a  Suda,  ib.  220.  ji&aque 
laur'iferae  damnat  Sidlana  juventae,  i.  e. 
Pompeius  condemns  the  actions  of  his 
triujnphant  youth  under  Sulla,  Id.  8, 
25".  Sudani  manes f  life,  the  manes  of 
Sulla  appearing  to  rife  from  his  tomb 
in  the  middle  of  the  Campus  Martius, 
uttered  difmal  preditllons,  Id.  i,  581. 
Nos  Sudanas  in  invidiam  ra^^it,  he  ex- 
pofes  me  to  odium  as  a  favourer  of 
the  party  of  the  nobility,  like  Sulla, 
CiC.  Rud.  3,  2.  SuUano  more  exemploque 
vincef,  Pompey,  if  he  conquer,  will 
imitate  Sulla,  Cic.  y^tt.  10,  7.  Hie  dies 
Sudanusy  the  day  on  which  Sulla  for- 
ced Marius  to  leave  the  city,  iL  8. 

SuLLATURiT  animus  ejus,  the  mind  of 
Pompey  defires  to  imitate  Sulla,  ib.  8. ; 
^in8d.  8,  3,  32.  et  8,  6,  32. 

Faujlus  Cornelius  SULLA,  the  fon 
of  the  diclator,  who  exhibited  a  fliew 
of  gladiators  in  honour  of  his  father, 
feveral  years  after  his  death,  a.  u.  692  ; 
on  whicb>  occafion  he  gave  a  magnifi- 
cent entertainment  to  the  people,  Cic. 
Vatin.  13.;  Plin.  19,  1.  He  fided  with 
Pompey  in  the  civil  war  ;  and  after  the 
battle  of  Pharfalia  joined  Cato  in  A- 
frica.  After  the  battle  of  Thapfus 
be  was  put  to  death,  Liv.  Epit.  £  14. 

P.  SULLA,  a  kinfman  of  L.  Sul- 
la, the  didtator,  chofen  conful  with  P. 
Autronius,  but  before  he  entered  on 
his  office,  was  condemned  for  bribery, 
Sadujl.  Cat.  18.  He  was  afterwards 
accufcd  of  having  been  concerned  in 
the  confpiracy  of  Catiline  ;  but  being 
defended  by  Horteniius  and  Cicero,  he 
was  acquitted.  He  lided  with  Caeiar 
in  the  civil  war,  and  commanded  his 
right  wing  in  the  battle  of  Pharfalia, 
Caef.  B.  C.  3,  89.  After  his  return 
to  Rome,  bting  made  city  quaeilor,  he 
fuperintended  the  public  fale  of  the 
goods  of  thofe  whofe  effeds  Caeiar 
had  confifcated  j    as   he    had  ihivty-fix 


[   377  3 


S  U  L 


years  before  been  employed  as  a  clerk 
(fcriba)  i\\  felling  the  forfeited  eftates 
of  thofe  profcribed  by  Sulla,  Cic.  Off, 
2,  8.  Hence  Cicero,  in  fpeaking  con- 
temptuoufly  of  his  death,  whether 
caufed  by  robbers  or  by  indigeftion, 
fays,  "  That  there  was  caufe  to  ap- 
prehend left  the  public  fales  or  audions 
of  Caefar  fhould  not  go  on  fo  briflcly» 
after  the  lofs  of  fo  notable  an  audion- 
eer,"(  wrifor,  ne  hajla  Caefaris  refrixerit,) 
Cic.  Fam.  9,  10.  et  15,  17. 

Serv.  SULLA,  the  brother  of  Pub- 
lius,  a  fenator,  and  an  aflbciate  in  the 
confpiracy  of  Catiline,  Cic.Sud.  2, 

C.  SULPICIUS  Gadusy  a  noble 
Roman  flcilled  in  Greek  literature,  and 
eloquent,  Cic.  Off.  i,  53.  Brut.  20. 
fond  of  ailiology,  and  an  adept  in  it, 
Cic.  Off.  I,  6.  Sen.  16.  made  praetor, 
3.581,  Liv.  Epit.  II,  6c  15.  After- 
wards, when  a  military  tribune  in  the 
army  of  Paulus  AemiHus,  he  foretold 
an  eclipfe  of  the  moon,  the  night  be- 
fore the  battle  was  fought  in  which 
Perfeus  king  of  Macedonia  was  de- 
feated, Liv.  44,  37.  (  Fid.  G,  22.)  He 
was  made  conful  with  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus,  a.  687,  Liv.  45,  44. 

P,  SULPICIUS  Rufus,  tribune 
a.  665,  Cic.  Har.  Refp.  19.  pofTeffed  of 
great  powers  as  an  orator,  ih.  He  gain- 
ed popularity  by  oppoling  C.  Julius 
Caeiar,  who  defu-ed  to  be  made  conful 
contray  to  the  laws,  ib.  20.  et  Brut.  63. 
that  is,  before  he  had  been  praetor,  Plu- 
tarch in  Sulla.  His  attempt  to  trans- 
fer the  command  of  the  Mithridatic 
war  from  Sulla,  brought  deftrudion 
on  himicii*,  and  finally  on  his  country, 
p^id.  Sulla  &  Marius. 

Serv.  SuLPicius,  conful,  Liv.  ^,  10. 
one  of  the  ambaiTadors  lent  to  Athens 
to  examine  the  laws  of  that  republic, 
Liv.  3,  31.  After  his  return  he  was 
chofen  one  of  the  Dece?nvtri,  ib.  33. 

Serv.  SULPICIUS  Rufus,  ^  F- 
the  fon  of  an  eques,  Cic.  Mur.  7.  call- 
ed Lemonia,  from  the  name  of  his  tribe, 
Cic.  Phil  9,  7.  remarkable  for  his 
knowledge  of  the  civil  law,  Cic.  l\\ur.  7. 
He  was  the  competitor  of  Murena  for 
the  confuliliip,  and  being  difappointed, 
3  B  acculc'i 


S  U  M 


C    378    ] 


T  A  C 


^tciriifed  him  of  bribery  ;  but  without 
fiiccefs,  Ck.  Mur.i,  Flacr.  13.  He  was 
afterwards  conful  with  M.  Marcellus, 
a.  u.  702,  Cic.  Farn,  8,  6.  He  was 
appointed  proconful  of  Achaia  by  Ju- 
lius Caefar,  iK  4,  3,  &  4.  whence  he 
wrote  a  beautiful  confolatory  letter  to 
Cicero  upon  the  death  of  his  daughter 
Tullia,  ih.  5.  He  in  the  fame  year, 
•a.  708,  fent  Cicero  an  account  of  the 
jimrder  of  his  colleag-ue  in  the  confu- 
late,  M.  Marcellus,  'ih.  12.  Sulpicius 
being  fent  on  an  embaffy  to  Antony, 
-then   befieging    Mutina,   died    on    the 

way,    Ctc.    Phil.  9,    i. A   llatue 

•was  erevSted  to  him  in  the  Rojfra,  and 
other  honovirs  decreed  by  the  fenate  to 
his  memory  ;  according  to  the  opinion 
of  Cicero,  lb.  7. 

Sum  MAN  us,  a  deity,  whofe  imao-e 
was  placed  on  \\nt  faji'igium  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  Cic.  Div.  \ , 
10.  Ovid  profell'es  himfelf  ignorant 
w^hat  this  deity  is,  FajL  6,  731.  Pliny 
fays  that  nocturnal  lightnings  were 
attributed  to  him,  2,  52.  So  Sanrl. 
Aiigiijlin.  4)  23. 

SuKA,  the  name  of  a  freed  m.an,  Cic. 

Fam.^^  IC. <|[7..  A  lirname  given  to 

Lentulus,  one  of  the  chief  accomplices 
in  Catiline's  confpiracy  ;  becaufe  when 
quaeftor  under  Sulla,  having  fquander- 
ed  a  large  fum  of  the  public  money, 
and  being  required  by  Sulla  to  give  an 
account  of  it,  Lentulus  with  great  in- 
difference told  him,  '*  That  he  had  no 
account  to  give  ;  but  that  he  prefent- 
cd  to  him  the  calf  of  his  leg/'  (fura)i 
as  boys  uftd  to  do  when  they  milled 
their  llroke  in"  playing  at  tennis,  Plu- 
tarch in  Cic.f\S6g, 

SuREN^A,  a  general  of  the  Partliians, 
Tdc.  Ann.  6,  42. 

SVLLA  ei  SVLLANUS.      VliL    Suf.LA. 

SvLLus,  a  P)'thagoi-ean,  C'lc.  N.  D. 
I,  34. —  <f[  2.  A  general  of  the  Cre- 
tans, Liv.  42,  51. 

kSYLVAXU-..      FiiL  SiT.VAWU'-. 

Rhea  SvLVTA,  a  name  of  Ilia,  the 
mother  of  Komulus,  Liv.  i,  3.  [G. 
192.) 

Sylvivs,  a  fon  of  Afcanuis,  the  fe- 
cond  king  of  Alba,  Liv.  1,  3. 


Faft.  6,  769.  ;  Propert.  5,  i  r,  ^9.  king 
of  Numidia,  firft  the  ally  of  the  Romans, 
Ltv.  24,  28.  27,  4.  28,  17,  &  18.  but 
having  married  Sophonifba,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Afdrubal,  he  renounced  the 
friendfliip  of  the  Romans,  and  joined 
the  Carthaginians,  Liv,  29,  23.  Be- 
ing vanqu idled  by  Scipio  and  Mafinif- 
fa,  he  was  taken  prifonei^,  Liv.  30,  5, 
&  1  I.  and  carried  to  Italy  by  Laelius, 
0).  17.  where  he  died  at  Tibur,  iL  4^. 

SYRUS,  the  name  of  a  flave  in  Te- 
rence. So  Cic.  An.  12,  22.  A  number 
of  Haves  were  brought  to  Rome   from 


Syria  ; 
2,  (J^, 


whence  Syri  venalf.s,   Cic.  Or 


svriiAx 


,    -aciSy 


■d 


■ iiClSi 


Cvld. 


Tacfarinas,  atisy  a 
who  had  ferved  in  the  army  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  afterwards  carried  on  war 
again il  them  with  great  auimofity, 
Tacit,  Ann,  2,  52.  At  laft  being  de- 
feated by  Dolobella,  he  ruflied  on  the 
weapons  of  his  enemies,  and  was  flain, 
ib.  4,  23. 

L.  Cornelius  TACiTUS,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  hiiliorian  ;  born  towards  the 
latter  end  of  the  reign  of  Claudius,  or 
in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Nero  ; 
not  of  the  Patrician  gens  Cornelia^  but 
of  one  lefs  illullrious.  Ta^tus  owed 
his  firll;  preferment  to  Vefpafian  ;  his 
digm'ty  was  encreafed  by  Titus,  and 
farther  promoted  by  Domitian,  Tac. 
Hi/},  1,  I.  Under  Nerva,  he  was  raifed 
to  the  confulfhip,  PUn.  2,  i.  and  is 
thought  to  have  been  the  firft  of  his 
family  who  enjoyed  that  honour.  Ta- 
citus lived  in  the  moit  intimate  friend- 
fliip  with  the  younger  Pliny.  PUn,  Ep, 
1,6,  &  2c;  4,  13,  &  15:  6,  9,  16,  &  2C: 
7,  20,  &  33  :  8,  7  :  9,  10,  14,  &  25. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  Agrlcola, 
the  conqueror  of  Britain  ;  whofe  life  he 
has  written,  Tac.  Agr,  9.  Tacitus  em- 
ployed the  time  of  his  manhood  in  the 
bulinefs  of  the  Forum,  and  in  difcharg- 
ing  the  duties  of  the  different  oflices 
which  he  enjoyed.  It  was  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  life  that  he  applied  himfelf 
to  the  compofition  of  hillcry,  in  the 
time  of  Trajan,  when,  as  he  expreffes 
it,  ont  might   think  what   he  pleafed, 

and. 


TAG  [    379    1 

and  Gxprefs    what  he  thought,   (rara     quinius 


iemponim  fdicitaie^  ithi  fcnhre  quae  velis, 
ef  quae  fcntias  dicere  licet.)  Hi(l.  i,  i.  Of 
his  hiftory,  which  was  pubh'flied  firlt, 
only  the  firft  four  books  remain,  and 
part  of  the  fifth  :  of  the  annals,  part 
of  the  fifth  book,  containing  three 
years  of  Tiberius  ;  the  feventh,  eighth, 
ninth,  and  tenth  books,  together  with 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh,  contain- 
ing the  whole  four  years  of  Caligula, 
and  the  fix  firfl:  of  Claudius,  have  pe- 
rifhed  ;  alfo  a  part  of  the  fixteenth 
book,  containing  the  two  lafl  years  of 
Nero.  The  time  of  the  death  of  Ta- 
citus, as  well  as  of  his  birth,  is  uncer- 
tain. The  emperor  Tacitus  ordered 
the  works  i)f  this  hiilorian,  whom  he 
claimed  as  his  progenitor,  to  be  placed 
in  all  the  public  libraries,  and  ten  co- 
pies of  them  to  be  tranfcribed  every 
year,  Voplfc.  hi  vit.  Tac, 

P.  I'adiu?,  a  trader  at  Athens, 
Cic.  Verr.  i,  39.  afterwards  one  of 
Verres's  lieutenants  in  Sicily,  ih.  5,  25. 
.^.  T.^Dius,  a  relation  of  Verres,  and 
a  witnefs  againft  him,  Ck.  Verr,  1,  49. 
Tagcs,  -/V,  a  young  man  who  is 
faid  to  have  fprung  from  a  field  near 
Tarquinn  while  it  was  plougln'ng,  and 
to  have  firll  inltruftcd  the  Tufcans  in 
the  arc  of  augury,  Cic.  Div.  2,  23.  ; 
Ovid,  Met.  15,558. 

Tagus,  a  Rutulian  flain  by  Nifus, 
Firg,  Aen.  9,  418. 

Talassio.    Vid,  Thalassio. 
Talaus,  the   father    of   EriphTle  ; 
whence  Amphiaraus,  her  hufband,   is 
called  Talai  generi  Ovid,  in  Ibin,  356. 

Talxa,  a  name,  probably  fiftitious, 
of  one  of  the  judges  in  the  trial  of 
Clodius  for  having  violated  the  rites  of 
the  Bona  Dea,  Cic.  Alt.  i,  6. 

Talna,  v.  Thalna^  a  philologilt,  who 
an<;ed  Cornificia,  the  daughter  of  Q^ 
Cornificius,  in  marriage,  but  was  re- 
jected by  her  female  relations  on  ac- 
count of  the  fmallnefs  of  his  fortune, 
Cic.  Att.  13,  29. 


Talno! 


Rutulian  flain 


by  Aeneas,  Virg.  Aen.  12,  513. 

Tanai?^,  ace.  -;w,  another    Rutulian 
ilain  by  Aeneas,  ih. 
TANaQIUL,  -r//^,  the  wife  of  Tar- 


TAN 

ifcus,  flvilled  \w  auguiy ; 
who  determined  lier  hufband  to  re- 
move from  Tarquinii  to  Rome,  Liv,  i> 
34.6"//.  13,  818.  (G.  199.) — Tariaqn'd 
tua,  your  wife,  Juvenal.  6,  566.  ;  Ju- 
fon.  EpiJ}.  2^,  %\. 

Tantalus,  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  king  of  Phrygfa,  the  father  of  Pe- 
lops ;  faid  to  have  been  the  only  pcrfon 
admitted  to  the  tables  of  the  gods,  0-vid. 
Met.  6,  172. ;  hence  called  Peloplf  gem- 
tnry  Convlva  deorumy  Horat.  Od.  I, 
28,  7.  Having  abufed  this  honour  by 
divulging  the  fecrets  of  the  gods, 
(whence  he  is  called  infidusy  Hor. 
Epod.  18,  \7^.  fallaxy  Stat.  Theb.  i, 
247.  prcditory  Ovid.  Am.  3,  12,  30. 
vulgatory  ib.  3,  7,  51.  and  garrulus, 
Ovid.  Art.  A.  2,  606.  Add.  Met.  6, 
213.)  he  was  puniflied  in  the  infernal 
regions  with  perpetual  thirfl,  which  he 
could  not  quench,  though  he  flood  up 
to  the  chin  in  water,  Cic.  Tufc.  i,  5, 
the  flream  always  flying  from  his  lips 
when  he   tried  to   catch   it,  Hor.  Sat. 

1,  I,  68.  He  was  alfo  tortured  with 
conftant  hunger,  though  the  moll  de- 
licious fruits  were  hanging  on  a  tree 
within  his  reach  ;  but  when  he  at- 
tempted to  feize  them,  a  blafl  of  wind 
drove  them  from  him,  Ovid.  Met.  4, 
45^'     ^aerit  aquas  in  aquisy   et  poma 

fugacia  capiat    Tantalus y   Id.  Amor.  2, 

2,  43.  But  this  puiiiihment  is  com- 
monly afcribed  to  a  different  caufe. 
Tantalus  having  invited  the  gods  to  an 
entertainment,  in  order  to  try  their  di- 
vinity, killed  his  fon  Pelops,  and  caufed 
him  to  be  drefled  and  fet  before  them. 
They  all  abllained  from  the  horrid 
food,  except  Ceres,  who  ate  one  of  his 
fhoulders.  Jupiter  rellored  the  boy  to 
life,  and  Ceres  gave  him  an  ivoiy 
fhouider  in  place  of  that  which  fhe  had 
eaten,  Serv.  in  Virg.  G.  3,  7.  ;  Ovid. 
Met.  6,  410*. 

Tanusius 

*  T/vntalides,  -ae^  Pelnps,  the  fon  of 
Tantalus,  (Wid.  Ep.  17,54.  TantaliJes  ebur* 
fnii,  i.  e.  Pelops  having  an  ivory  fhouldtr, 
OviJ,  Triji.  2,  385.  Fratres  Tantalidae,  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus,  the  grandfons  of 
Tantalus,  IJ.  Fajh  2,  627,  Tantalides  omnes 
ipfufuqai  regcbat  Jc/jitUw,  i.  e.  Agamemnon, 


TAN  t    J? 

Tanusius  Geminus,  a  Roman  hifto 
rian,  Suet.  Caef.  9.  Seneca  mentions 
his  annals,  Ep,  93. 

Tar  AS  -antls,  the  fon  of  Neptune  ; 
the  founder  of  Tarentum,  Paufan.  10, 
IC.(G.  166.) 

Tarcho,  -o«/V,  v.  'Oniis,  a  Tufcan 
chief,  Virg.  Aen.  8,  603.  the  ally  of 
^eneas,  tb.  11,  727,  &c. 

Tarcondimotl's,  a  petty  prince  of 
Cihcia,  whom  Cicero,  found  faithful  to 
the  Romans,  Ck.  Fam.  15,  i. 

Sp.  Melius  TARPA,  one  of  the  five 
judges  appointed  by  Auguftus  to  de- 
termine the  merit  of  poetical  compofi- 
tions,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  10,  38.  ;  ^'irL  P. 
387.  et  ill  Scholiafl. 

TARPEIA,''(3  fyU.)  the  daughter 
of  Sp.  Tarpeius  who  is  faid  to  have 
betrayed  the  Capitol,  which  her  father 
commanded,  to  the  Sabines  in  the  time 
of  Romulus,  JL'tv.  I,  II.  From  her 
the  Capitoline  hill  was  fuppofcd  to  have 
been  called  Mons  Tarpeius y  Varr.  I  .  L. 
4,  7.  and  a  fteep  rock  on  the  fide  of  it, 
from  whicii  criminals  ufed  tobe thrown, 
Rupes  Tarpela-i  ib.  et  Lucan.  i,  196. 

TARQUiNIUS,  the  name  of  the 
fifth  and  of  the  feventh  king  of  Rome, 
( Tarqvimi  reges^'wg,  Aen.  6,  8 1 7.)  de- 
rived from Tarquinii^ alown  of  Tufcany, 
■whence  the  liril  Tarquin  removed  to 
Romt,  (  Fid.  G.  199,  207.)  The  name 
of  Tarquin  became  fo  odious  on  account 
of  the  tyranny  of  the  lall  king,  Oind. 
Fojl.  2,  687, — 853.  that  L.  Tarquinius 
Collatlnus,  one  of  the  two  firft  confuls, 
gnd  all  of  that  family,  (  Tarquiniagens)) 
^vcre  baniflied,  Ziv.  2,  2. 

Ovid.  JSp.  o,  45.  So  Met.  12,  626,  Refphe 
Tantaliaer  ;  eadcm  Dea  vtla  ienehut,  regard 
Agamcmno  .  i.  e.  remember  whut  happcntd 
to  him,  for  i  ilendtng  Diana  :  fhe  cletain.-d 
hi^  fhipsat  Aulis,  Oi/iV  /"(z/;,  5,  307.  (0,406) 
Non  egc  Tertal'de  7najor-,  than  A^amen;no!), 
Id.  Am-  2,  S,  13.  Tantulides  tufts,  may  you 
be  cu-t  in  pieces,  and  ferved  up,  as  Pelops 
va?s     Oi>id.    in    Jiin,  436.      ^fanioiidss    rtdux, 

i,  e.  M  iielaus,   Ovid.   Pont.   4,  16,26. 

Tani  ALis.  -iJis^  tlic  oaugh'Cr  of  Tantalus, 
i.  e.  Niobe,  Ovid.  Met.  6,  2 jr.  T'ar.taiides 
ptatres,  matrons  defcended  from  Tancalu^-, 
O'vrd.  Et>  3»  ^*  -^^^  ''g'i  Tuntalidae  Tantalis 
uxor  I'ro,  I  (Hermione)  defcendcd  from  Tan- 
falus,  fliajl  be  the  wife  of  (Orcftes)  a  dc 
(pendajit  of  Tantalus,  iii.  i2,z. 


o    3  T  A  U 

jL.  Tarquinius,  a  witnefs  who  gave 
information  concerning  the  confpira- 
cy  of  Catiline  ;  and  accufed  Craffus, 
Sallujl,  Cat.  48.  Some  read  here  Tar- 
quitius  ;  becaufe  the  name  of  Tarqui- 
nius was  prohibited  after  the  cxpuliioa 
of  the  kings. 

L.  Tarqjjitius,  of  patrician  extrac- 
tion, mailer  of  horfe,  Li'v.  3,  27. 

Tarquitius,  one  who  wrote  con- 
cerning the  Tofcan  art  of  augury, 
Plin.  in  Catol.  Aiictor.  1.  2.  fuppofed  by 
fome  to  be  the  fame  with  the  perfou 
mentioned  by  Cicero,  Alt.  6,  8. 

Tarquitus,  a  Rutulian,  the  fon  of 
Faunus  and  Dryope,  (lain  by  Aeneas, 
Virg.  Aen.  10,  551,  &:c. 

//.  Tarutius  Firmanw,  an  inti- 
mate acquaintance  of  Cicero's,  ikilled 
in  divination,  particularly  in  the  Chal- 
dean calculations, ( Chaldaicis  rationilus,) 
Cic.  Div.  2,  47. 

Titus  Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabines, 
who  made  war  on  the  Romans,  for  ha- 
ving carried  off"  the  Sabine  women 
from  the  Circenfian  games,  Liv.  i,  9, 
&  II.;  Virg.  Aen.  8,  635,  &c.  The 
hoflile  armies  of  both  nations  being 
prevented  from  engaging  by  the  inter- 
pofition  of  the  women,  a  peace  was 
concluded,  and  Tatius  afTociated  with 
Romulus  in  the  regal  power,  [regnum 
Lonfociant,  they  agree  to  reign  jointly), 
Liv.  ',13.  Some  years  after,  Tatiu3 
was  fiain  in  an  infurreclion  at  Lavini- 
um,  ib.  14,  From  him  one  of  the  firlt 
three  tribes  and  of  the  three  centuries  of 
Eqiiiies  were  called  Tatienses,  ib.  i, 
13,  &  36.  10,  6,  (G.  194.) 

Jubellius  TAUREA,  an  illuflrious 
warrior  of  Capua,  who  joined  in  the 
revolt  from  the  Romans  to  Annibal, 
Liv.  23,  8,  &  46.  While  he  ferved  in 
the  Roman  army,  he  v/as  efteemed  the 
braved  horfeman  in  it,  except  Claudius 
Afellus,  with  whom  he  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  fingle  combat,  but  by  a  ftra- 
tagem  deferted  the  field,  ib.  47.  Af- 
ter Capua  was  taken  by  the  Romans 
he  ftabbed  himfelf,  Liv.  26,  15. 

1'auriscus,  a  player,  who,  asTheo- 
phraftus   fays,    ufcd   to   call    an    aclor 
backward  or  foohili,  {^a,vcrjus,  fc.  a  ra- 
tions 


T  A  U  r    38 

i'ione  et  con/illo),  \vho,  while  reciting, 
iifed  to  have  his  eyes  fixed  on  feme- 
thing,  Cic.  Or.  3,  59. 

Taukus,  a  young  Cretan  nobleman, 
with  whom  Pafiphae,  the  queen  of  Mi- 
nos, had  an  intrigue,  which  is  fuppo- 
fed  to  have  given  rife  to  the  (lory  of 
her  falling  In  love  with  a  bull,   (iauruSi 

G-  374;) 

•    Slaliliiis  Tavrvs.    ^-^/V/.  St  ATI  LI  us. 

TAycETE,  -esf  ont  oi  the  Pit i a des, 
Virg.  G.  4,  232. 

Taxiles,  -isf  a  general  of  Mithrl- 
dates,   Plutarch,  in  Sylla. 

Tecmessa,  the  mlftrefs  of  Ajax, 
Hor.  Ods  2,4,  6.  the  daughter  of  Teu- 
thras,  a  prince  of  Phrygia,  whom  A- 
jax  flew,  and  became  enamoured  of  his 
captive  daughter,  D'lSlys  Crstenjis.  She 
is  reprefented  as  fad  or  melancholy,  0- 
i)id.  Art.  Am.  3,  5  I  7,  &  523. 

TeLaMON,  v.  -0,  -dnis^  the  fon 
of  Aeacus,  and  father  of  Ajax,  ( G. 
385,  &  450.),  who  is  hence  called  Te- 
lamone  creatus,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  624. 
ThlAmoni Ades,    -aCi    lb.    13,    231. 

TtLAMONIUS,    ib.   194,   266,   321,   &C. 

Telchius,  one  of  the  charioteers 
of  Caftor  and  Pollux,   Plin.  6,  5. 

Teleboas,  -ae.,  a  centaur,  flala  by 
Neilor,  Ovid.  Met.  12,  441. 

Tele^onus,  the  fon  of  UlyiTcs 
and  Circe,  who,  through  millaks,  flew 
his  father,  Ovid.  Fq/I.  1,  i,  i86.  He 
founded  the  city  Tufculum,  which, 
from  Its  lofty  iituatlon,  and  from  hlin, 
is  called  Telegoni  juga parricldaty  Hor. 
Od.  3,  29,  8.  (G.  186,  &  458.) 

TELEMaCHUS,  the  ion  of  U- 
lyiTes  and  Penelope,  (proles  pntietit is  U- 
lyjfeiy  Hor.  Ep.  1,7,  40.  PcndopenSy 
Catull.  59,  229.;   G.457.) 

Telemus,  the  fon  or  Eurymus, 
(£ury?mdes)y  flcilled  In  augury,  who 
foretold  to  Polyphemus  what  he  was  to 
fuffer  from  Ulylfes,  Ovid.  Met.  13,  77c. 

Telephus,  the  fon  of  Hercules 
and  Auge,  king  of  Myfia,  who  oppo» 
fmg  the  paffage  of  the  Greeks  through 
his  country,  v/as  wouncled  by  Achilks. 
But  a  peace  being  made,  Achilles  af- 
terwards cured  him,  by  fcraping  fome 
rud  from  his  fpear  on  the  wound,  or 
\iy  means  cf  an  herb;  called  from  that 


f     1  T  E  R 

circumflance  Telephion,  (G.  447.).  In 
return  for  this  Telephus  granted  the 
Greeks  a  paffage  through  his  country, 
and  pointed  out  their  way,  Cic.  Place, 
29. 

Pontius  Tele  SINUS,  a  general  of 
the  Samnites  in  the  Marian  party,  who 
led  his  army  to  the  Colline  gate  of 
Rome,  where  he  maintained  a  long  and 
doubtful  combat  with  Sulla.  At  lafl 
he  was  defeated  and  (lain.  Moil  of 
his  followers  were  cut  to  piece?.  This 
vlilory  decided  the  fate  of  the  war. 
Sulla  therefore  ever  after  celebrated 
the  annlverfary  of  It  with  games  In  the 
Circus,   Pat  ere.  2,  27. 

TELLUS,  -uris.,  the  goddefs  of  the 
earth,  Cic.  N.  D.  3»  20.  and  wife  of 
Coelus  or  Heaven,  Apollodor.  I.  Ad 
Te/luris,  (c.  aedem,  Cic.  ^  Fr.  3,  i, 
4. — often  put  for  the  earth,  Serv.  ad 
Firg.  A  en.  I,   175. 

T  E  L  X 1  o  p  E ,  V.  Thelxitipe,  on e  of  the 
firfl:  four  Mufes,  different  from  the 
nine,   Cic»  TV.  Z).  3,  21. 

Tenes,  'is,  the  founder  of  Tene- 
dos,  and  worfhipped  by  the  Inhabitants 
as  a  deity,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  15.  Ferr,  I, 
19. 

(7.  Te  REN  TILL  A  Arjdy  3  trlbunc,  a. 
u.  292,  who  propofed  a  law,  called  af- 
ter his  own  name  Lex  TEREKTiLLAf 
"  That  five  men  fhould  be  created  for 
drawing  up  regulations  to  limit  the 
confular  autliorliy,'*  [legihus  de  imperio 
conjulari  fcribendis)y  EIv.  3,  9.  which 
the  Patricians  oppofed  with  the  utmofl 
violence,  ih.  1 1,    &c. 

TERENTIUS,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens,  conlifting  of  various  branches 
ov  famdiae. 

l\  TERENTIUS  Afer,  a  celebra- 
ted conn'c  poet,  who,  when  a  boy,  was 
brought  to  Rome  from  Africa  as  a 
ilave,  whence  he  was  called  Afer,  the 
African.  He  got  the  name  of  P.  Te- 
rentlus,  from  his  mafter  P.  Teren- 
Tius  Lucanusy  who,  op  account  of 
the  excellent  genius  of  Terence,  can- 
fed  him  to  be  educated  with  great  care, 
and  then  manumitted  him.  Terence 
lived  In  great  intimacy  with  Scipio  A- 
f^icanui  and  Ladius,  who  were  thought 

tQ 


T  E  R  [     382    ] 

to  have  afTifted  him  in  writing  his  plays,  695, 
Cic.Jtt.'],  3.;  ^in5ltl.  10,  1,  99.; 
Suet,  in  'Vila  Terenf.  Nor  dicl  Terence 
himfelf  deny  the  fa6l,  Tcr.  ^del.  prol. 
I  J.  Hence  Cicero  makes  Laelius  fay, 
'TerenUano  njerbo  (fc.  obfequium)  luhen- 
ter  ut'imur,  Amic.  24.  For  Cicero 
thought  that  the  word  ohftquium  was 
firft  ufed  by  Terence,  ^inci'il.  8,  3, 
,35. — — TERENTiANUSj^^/^r,  Quinftil. 
IT,  I,  3.  ue,  Simo,  in  the  Adelphi, 
mild  and  gentle,  [len'is  et  clemens),  Cic. 
Coel.  16.  SoTerentianus  Phorm'io, 
as  defcribed  by  Terence,  Cic.  Caecin. 
10.  ;  ^I'lnclil.  6,  3,  56.  Terentianus 
Timoroumenos,  id  eft,  ipfe  fe  piinicnSi  the 
felf-tormentor  of  Terence,  Cic.  Tufc. 
3,  27.   Add.  Hor'at.  Sat.  i,  2,  20. 

TEPvENTIA,  the  wife  qf  Cicero, 
to  whom  the  letters  of  the  14th  book 
of  his  familiar  epiftles  are  dire6led. 
During  the  banifhment  of  her  hufband, 
fhe  bore  the  injuries  of  Clodius  with 
great  fortitude,  Cic.  Favi.  14,  2.  Dotn. 
23.  Sext.  24.  and  offered  her  eftatcs  to 
fale  to  fupply  the  neceflities  of  her  fa- 
mily, ib.  But  Cicero,  after  living  with 
htr  for  more  than  thirty  years,  difplea- 
fed  with  her  temper  and  condudi,  di- 
vorced her.  [T'^'id.  Cicero,  p.  118.). 
Terentia  is  faid  to  have  lived  to  the 
age  of  103  years,  Plin.  "j, /^S.  ;  Veil. 
Max.S,  13,  6.* 

Terentia,  vel  Teren'illay  the  wife  of 
Maecenas,  beloved  by  Auguftus,  JDio, 
54,  1 9.  ;  Suei.  Jug.  66,  &  69. 

ikf.TERCNTius  Farro.    Fid.VARRO. 

P.  Tekentius  Bi/po,  a  Roman  e- 
ques,   Cic.  Jit.  4,  7.  &  11,  40. 


T  E  S 

with  whom  Atticus  confulted  a- 
bout  annulling  the  law  concerning  Ci- 
cero's banidiment,  by  getting  the  fenate 
to  decree  that  it  was  a  privilegium,  and 
therefore  of  no  force  by  the  law  of  the 
15.  He  was 
ar. 


twelve  tables,   Cic.  Att. 


^  Terentius   Culeo.,  a  tribune,  a. 

*  According  to  St  Jcrom,  ihe  took  for  her 
fecond  hufl>and  Salluft  the  hiftorian,  Cicero's 
enemy,  and  Mefbala  for  her  third,  Hiercn. 
Optra,  tow.  4.  fijr.  1.  p.  T90.  Die  CafiTius 
mentions  ber  bein^^  married  to  Vibius  Rufus, 
who  was  coni'ul  under  Tibcriis?,  and  valued 
hinnfelf  on  the  pofTcflion  of  two  things,  Ci- 
cero's wife,  and  Caefar's  thair  in  which  he 
was  killed.  D/o,  57,  15..  />.  612.  (<?<7/5C5-  tV/- 
yrvcj^^  fella  curulis  aurata,  Dio,  54,  6.  ftdes 
auredy  Suet.  Caef.  76.  in  whicii,  by  a  decree 
of  the  fcna.te,  Caelar  fat  in  the  fcnate-houfe, 
and  on  the  tribunal  in  the  forum,  ib.  ;  Cic. 
Phil.  2,34.  Ii'i-^>.  1,5^.;  P/i/;.  II,  37-;  Val. 
M.K.  I,  6, 13:}  • 


alfo   one   of  the    Ponflfices,  Cic.   H 
Refp.  7. 

^  Terentius  CuUeoy  a  fcnator,  a 
captive  with  the  Carthaginians,  who 
being  liberated  by  Scipio  Africaniis, 
Lro.  30,  43.  followed  his  chariot  in  the 
triumphal  procellion  with  a  cap  on  his 
head,  as  if  he  had  been  freed  from  fla- 
very,  ib.  45. 

Tereus,  (2  fyll.),  -eiy  w -eos ',  ace. 
-ea'y  \oc.-eu\  abl.  -eo^  a  king  of  Thrace, 

{Fid.  G.  418.). Tereides,  -at, 

tlie  fon  of  Tereus,  i.e.  Itys,  Ovid,  in 
Ibin^  436. 

Terminus,  the  god  who  prefided 
over  the  -boundaries  of  fields,  Liv.  i, 
IC.  et  5,  54.;   Ovid.F.-Jl.  2,  50,  5c  641. 

TerminALIa,  -i«;w,  zt -oruniy  the 

fcafts  in  honour  of  the  god  Terminus, 
a  day  dedicated  to  that  purpofe,  Cic. 
Ph'd.  12,  10.  Att.  6,  I.;  Hor.  Epod.  2, 
59.  ;    Farr.  L.  L.  5,  3. 

M.  Terpolius,  a  tribune,  Cic.  Corn., 
2. 

TEiiPsiCHORE,  'CSj  one  of  the  nine 
Mufcs,  Juv.  7,  35-    ^ 

i'err.a,  the  goddefs  of  the  earth, 
the  fame  with  Tellus,  Cic.N.D.  3,  20. 
Liu.  6'^.  Leg.  2,  18.  Varro  makes  her 
the  fame  with  Ceres,  R.  i?.  3,  i,  5. 
Add.  Serv.  in  Firg.  G.  I,  168.  f/ 4, 
64,  &c.  Herthumy  v.  Aerthuniy  id  ejl, 
Terram  matrem,  colunt,  Tac.  G.  40. 

Tektia,  the  daughter  of  L.  Aemi- 
lius  Paulus,   Cic.  Din),  i ,  46.  called  alfo 

Aemilia,  ib.  2,  40. ^  2.  The  fifter 

of  Brutus,  Suet.  Caef.  30.;  Cic.  ad  Brut. 
Germ.  5,  6.  and  wife  of  Caflius  ;  called 
alfo  Tertulla,  a  diminutive  for  Ter- 
tia,  Cic.  Att.  lAri  20,  &  23.  et  15,  11. 
Fid.  JuxiA,  which  was  her  proper 
name. 

Testa,  a  name  given  to  the  lawyer 
Trebatius,  Cic.Fam.'j,  22. 

Testius  PcnariuSf  an  orator,  who 
ufed  to  writhe  his  chin  [mentum  intorque- 
re)  while  pleading,  Cic,  Or.  Zy  66. 

1'ethvs, 


T  E  T  [    383    ]  T  H  A 

Tethys,  -yoSi  V.  -j'/V,  the  chief  of  Cyprus,  where  he  built  a  city  of  the 
the  fea-goddefTes,  the  filler  and  wife  of  fume  name  with  his  native  city  In  the 
^     ^  '    "    -  ~~.       ~  'Hand  Salamis,    [G.  451.).      Dido,    in 


Virgil,  fays,  that  Teucer,  when  ex- 
pelled from  his  native  country,  came 
to  Sidon,  and  hints  that  he  was  in- 
d':;bted  to  her  father  Belus,  who  had 
conquered  Cyprus,  for  his  fcttlement 
in  tliat  ifland,  l^irg.  Jen.  1,619.  There 
were  fcveral  ancient  tragedies  on  the 
ftory  of  Teucer  :  thus,  Teucer  Pacuvii, 
Cic.  Or.  I,  58.  from  which  the  follow- 
ing faying  of  Teucer  is  quoted,  Patriu 
ejiy  uhkimqite  ejl  bene.  Wherever  I   am 


Oczawu^i  Jpellodor.  1,1.;    Virg.  Georg 

1,  31. ;  Ovid.  Met.  2,  509.  et  9,  498.— 
put  for  the  fea,  IVlartiaL  SpecL  3,  6. 
Acqmra  Tethyos,  Lucan.  3,  233.'  Re- 
ctproca  TetJjysy  tlie  eb])ing  and  flowing 
fea,  Sil.  3,  60.     Vagay  Lucan.  6,  62. 

Teuca,  f.  Teutana,  a  queen  of  the 
Illyrians,  who  ordered  P.  Junius  and 
Titus  Coruncanius,  the  Roman  ambaf- 
fadors,  to  be  (lain,   PUn.  34,  6. ;  Flor. 

2,  5*.  ;   lAv.  Ep'it,  20. 
TEUCE  R,  V.  Teucriis,  -rr'h  a  Cretan, 

who  landed  with  a  colony  on  the  coail  happy,  there  is  my  country,  Cic.  Tu/c. 
of  Phrygia,  near  theRhoetean  promon-  5,  37. — Teucrion,  -;',  n.  an  herb,  tlie 
tory,  and  ruled  over  tliat  country  be-  medicinal  qualities  of  which  are  faid  to 
fore  Troy  exifted,  Firg.  Jetu  3,  ic8.  have  been  difcovered  by  Teucer,  Plin, 
He    is   faid  to   have    introduced  from     25,  5. 

Crete  th6  worfhip  of  Cybele,  which  T\:.vtur.\9,, -antis,  v.  TeuihranteSf -ae, 
the  Romans,  many  ages  after,  brouglit  a  king  oi  Myfia  ;  vi-hence  the  country 
from  Phrygia   to  Rome,  iL  111.     A-    of  Myfia  is  called  Tsuthrania,   P/in. 

5,  30  f.  33.  where  the  river  CaTcus  ri- 
les, hence  called  Teuthranteus  Cal- 

cus,  Ovid.  Met.  2,  243. Stephanas 

and  Euilathius  make  Teuthras  the  foa 
of  Pandfon  king  of  Athens,  and  father 
of  Thefpius  ;  whence  the  fifty  daugh- 
ters of  Thefpius  are  called  Teuthrantia 
turha^  Ovid.  Ep,  9,  51.  but  others  de- 
rive that  epithet  from  a  town  of  Atti- 


pollodorus  makes  Teucer  the  fon  of  the 
river  Scamander  and  the  nymph  Idaea, 
and  confequently  a  native  of  that  place, 
3,  1 1,  I.  From  Teucer  the  inhabitants 
of  the  country  were  called  TtucKi,  ih. 
which  name  was  afterwards  applied  to 
the  Trojans,  Virg.Acr..  2,  252,  &  571, 
&c.  hide  recur dat'i  Teiicros  a  f anguine 
Teucri  Ducere  principium^  Ovid.  Met. 
13,705.    Hence  alfo  Tlucjria,  Troy,    ca,   (G.  403.) 


ih.  2,  26.  Teucri  campi,  the  Trojan 
plains.  Si  at.  A  chill.  I,  86.  Teucri  a  ni, 
Trojan  anceftors,  Ovid.  Fajl.  4,  4c. 
Teucras  carinas  mergere.  Id.  Met.  14, 
72.  Teucris,  -tdisy  a  daughter  of 
Teucer.  Capti-vas  Teucridas  inter,  a- 
mong  the  captive  Trojan  women,  Ovid. 
Sabin.  1,81.  Teucris  illd'knlum  fane  ne- 
gothim,  that  Trojan  woman  is  truly  a 
ilow  thing,  i.e.  a  flow  payer,  hieaning 
Antony  his  colleague,  as  it  is  luppolcd, 
who  was  flow  in  paying  his  debts, 
(But  the  reafon  of  the  name  is  uncer- 
tain); Cic.  Ait.  1,12. 

TEUCER,  the  fon  of  Telamon  and 


TEUTATi:^,  -ae,  a  deity  of  the  Gauls, 
to  whom  human  victims  were  facriticed, 
Lucan.  I,  445. 

Thais,  -a/w,  a  famous  Athenian 
courtezan,  often  celebrated  by  Menan- 
der  ;  whence  Ihe  is  called  Menandrea 
Thais,  Propert.  2,  6,3.  Thais  pretio- 
fa  Mcnandri,  coilly,  becaufe  ilie  exact- 
ed a  great  fum  of  money  from  thofe 
whom  ihe  allowed  to  vifit  her.  Id.  4, 
5,  43.  She  became  the  miilrefs  of 
Ptolemy,  one  of  tlie  generals  of  Alex- 
ander, and  afterwards  king  of  Egypt, 
whom  flie  attended  in  the  expedition 
to  Afia.     At   an  entertainment  which 


Plefi5ne  ;  who,  upon  his  return  from  Alexander  gave  his  oiHcers  at  Perfepo- 

the  Trojan  war,  not   being   permitted  lis,  before  he    fet   out  againll  Darius, 

by  his  father   to  land   in    Salamis,  be-  Thais,  who  was  prefent,  and  had  drunk 

caufe  he  had  not  brought  his  brother  plentifully,  as  well   as  the  reft  of  the 

Ajax    with   him,    or    for    fome    other  company,    propofcd    to    the    king    to 

caufe,  failed   whh   his   companions  to  burn  the  royal  pulaee  at  Perfepolis,  in 

revenge 


T  H  A 

revenge  for  Xerxes  burning  the 
Athens.     The  propofal   was  approved 
of,  and  inftantly  executed,   Plutarch,  in 
j^lexandrOi  p.   687.;    Curt,   5,   7,   3.; 
Dlodor.  I7»  72. 

Thalassio,  -y.  Talalssio,  -o«:j,  -ius, 
*oel  -us,  the  god  of  marrlag-e  among  the 
Romans,  the  fame  with  Hymen  or  //y- 
menaeus  among  the  Greeks,  M.irtial.  [, 
36,  6.  et  12,  42.;  Catutl.  6o,  13+. 
This  word  ufed  frequently  to  be  uled 
in  nuptial  fongs,  the  reafon  of  which 
we  learn  from  Livy,    i,  9. 

THaLES,  -et'is,  et  Thalc'Sy  -is,  ace. 
►fw,  a  native  of  Miletus,  one  of  the 
feven  wife  men  of  Greece,  the  father 


of  ancient  philofophy,  ( 


&  ;88.) 


TtiALESTRis,  =1;. Th.vlestria.,  a  qaecH 
of  the  Amazons,  who,  ftruck  with  the 
fame  of  Alexander,  came  to  vifit  him 
with  300  female  attendants.  Curt.  6, 
5,  25,  &c.  Jiidin  calls  her  alfo  Mini- 
thoea  or  Minithya,   2,  4.  et  12,  3. 

Thalia,  one  of  the  Mufes,  Hor.  Od. 
3,  6,  25. 

Thali\Rchus,  a  ficlltious  name,  de- 
noting the  mailer  of  a  fcaft,  Hor.  Od. 

TnAMyRxs,  -as,  vel  -/j-,  -/j,  a  tamoiis 
Thracian  poet,  (Geticus  vates,  Stat. 
Theb.  4,  182.),  and  inufician,  who  ha- 
-Aung  ventured  to  cbailcnje  the  Miifcs 
to  a  contefl  of  ficill,  and  being  van- 
quilhed,  was  by  them  deprived  of  his 
fight  and  of  his  power  of  mafic,  il;.  ; 
Prop.  2,  18,  19.  ;  Ovid.  Jrt.  3,  399. 
in  ib'ni.  274.  near  Dorion,  a  town  of 
Theflaly,  Homer.  II.  2,  595.;  Lucan.  6, 
352.      But    Statins   places   Dorion  in 

Mefll-nia,   TheL  4,  182. ^  2.   A 

Cihcian  augur,  who  introduced  the 
knowledge  and  art  of  divination  (fr'ien- 
riam  artemqne  harujyicum  iniu/it)  into 
Cyprus,  Tac.  Hijl.  2,  3. 

Thaumas,  -antisj  the  fon  of  Pontns 
and  Terra,  and  the  father  of  Iris,  y/- 
pollodor.  I,  2,  6.  whence  Iris  is  called 
T  H  A u  M  AN  r  1  AS ,  -  adh_ 
Thaumas,  Vlrg.  Aen.  9,  5. 
tias  Irisy  Ovid.  Met. 4,  479.  orTk.-.u- 
MantiSj  -uitSf  y. -idos ;  thus,  Advocct^ 
an  pehigo  foil  tarn  ThaumantiJa  pafc't^  i.e. 
Ills,  or  the  rainbow,  that  xii-A  to  be 


t    384    ]  THE 

city  fed  or  to  draw  water  from  the  fea,  Stat. 
Achill.  I,  222.  (as  the  ancients  fuppo- 
fed,  G.d^.^.  Thaumantidos  ed'Ua  pera- 
gercy  to  perform  the  orders  of  Iris,  0- 
ind.  Met.  II,  647. — alfo  Virgo  ThaU' 
mantca,  ib.  14,  845. 
.  The  A  NO,  -us,  a  Trojan  woman,  the 
mother  of  Mimas,   Firg.  Aen.  10,  704. 

TiiEP.E,  -esy  the  wife  of  Alexander 
tyrant  of  Pherae,  who,  difgufted  at  his 
cruelty,  and  lamenting  the  death  of 
Pelopldas,  whofc  virtues  (he  admired, 
by  the  afTiilance  of  her  three  brothers, 
put  the  tyrant  to  death,  Plutarch,  in 
Pelopida;  Cic.  Inv.  2,  49.  Conon  gives 
a  more  probable  reafon  for  this  aftion, 
that  Thebe  had  difcovered  that  Alex- 
ander had  determined  to  difpatch  her 
and    her   brothers,     Conon.   Narr.   50. 

C  2.  A  nymph,  faid  to  have  had 

five  daughters  by  the  river  Asopus,  0- 
vid.  Jm9r.  3,  6,  33.  called  Martian  i.  e. 
warhke  ;  or,  as  fome  think,  becaufe 
i\\z  had  a  daughter  called  Evadne  by 
Mars,  whom  Ovid  calls  the  daughter 
of  Asopus,   [Asdpisy  -id:s)i  ib.  41. 

T  H  E  L  A  i  R A ,  (  al.  Helair  1 ,  v.  Hilai- 
ra')y  the  daughter  of  Leucippus,  and 
filter  of  Phoebe,   Prop,  i,  2,  16. 

Thclis,  ace.  Thdimt  v.  -in,  the  fame 
with  Thetis,   Farr.  R.  R    3,  9,  19. 

Themis,  -7^,  v.  -vlisy  ace.  -//«,  v.  -iny 
voc.  -i,  the  daughter  of  Coelus  and 
Terra,  Apollodor.  I,  1,2.  a  prophetic 
goddefs,  (fatidica)y  Ovid.  Met.  i,  321. 


the  daughter  of 
Thauman- 


Vv'hofe  temple  was  on  mount  Parnallus, 
hence  called  Parnajfvjy  ib.  4,  643. — • 
Deucalion  and  his  wife  Pyrrha  confult- 
ed  tiie  oracle  of  Tiiemis  how  they 
might  repair  the  lofs  of  the  human 
race,  ib.  I,  379. ^  2.  The  daugh- 
ter of  I^us,  the  wife  of  Capys,  and 
mother  of  Ancbifes,  Apollodor.  3,  11,  2. 
Themjson,  -omy  a  celebrated  phy- 
fician,  the  fcholar  of  Afclepiddes,  and 
tile  founder  of  the  fed  called  Method- 


's, Sense.  Ep.^$-y   Cc 


If 


Pin 


29,  I  f.  5. — ufed   by  Juvenal  for  fome 
medical  quack  ia  his  time,   10,  221. 

TiiLMiiTA,  a  woman  born  at  Lamp- 
sacus,  a  celebrated  difciple  of  Epicu- 
rus, Laeri.  IC,  5.;  Cic,  Fin.  2,  21. 
whence  Therr.i/idfjpientiori  Cic.  Pif.  26. 

THE- 


THE  C    .^85    3  THE 

THEMrST6CLES.-/V,  thefonof    of  Thrace   threatened 
•Neocles,    [Nsocl'idcsy  -ae,   Ovid.  Pont. 
•l>  3>  69.),  an  lUuilrious  Athenian  ge- 


neral, by  whofe  conduit  the  Greeks 
defeated  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  at  Salamis; 
but  he  was  afterwards  banlflied  through 
the  jealoufy  and  envy  of  his  citizens, 
(G.  334,  &  465.) '-^Cvjus  (fc.  Pom- 
peii) omne  r«)/y///?/;7/ TkEMistoclEu^t  <?//, 
whofe  whole  plan  is  like  that  of  The- 
miilocles,  to  place  his  chief  dependence 
on  his  power  by  fca,  Cic,  Att.  10,  8. 
So  ExiHum  ThemijIncJcum,  ib. 

THEOCRiTUS,  the  prince  of  pa- 
floral  poets,  a  native  of  Syracufe,  who 
flourirtied  m  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Phi- 
ladelphus.  C^uincl:illan  fays  of  him, 
Admirahilis  in  Juo  genere  Theocritus^  I  o, 
1,  ^^.  Thirty  of  his  Eiihjllia  and  fome 
epigrams  are  ilill  extant.  Virgil,  in 
feveral  of  his  eclogues,  has  imitated 
and  even  copied  Theocritus. 

Thcodhctes,  -w,  born  in  Cilicia,  a 
fcholar  of  Ariilotle's,  in  the  opinion  of 
his  mafter  an  elegant  writer,  iic.  Or. 
51,  &  57.  ;  Laert.  5,  24.  to  v/hom  A- 
riflotlc  is  faid  to  have  given  in  a  prefent 
his   books  on  oratory,    VaL  Max.    8, 

14,  2.  Hence  Qu^incxilian  obferves, 
that  it  was  uncertain  whether  the  book 
on  rhetoric,  which  bore  the  name  of 
Theodecles,   was  his  or  Ariilotle's,   2, 

15,  10.  et  3,  I,  15.  He  had  an  un- 
common memory,  Cic^  Tiifu  I,  24.  fo 
that  he  is  faid  to  have  been  able  to  re- 
peat any  number  of  verfes  upon  once 
hearing  them  read,  ^inciil  11,  2,  51  f. 

Theodamas,  'Cihlisy  the  father  of 
Hylas,  the  favourite  boy  of  Hercules, 
Apollodcr,  I,  9,  19.  ;   Hygi»-  271. 

Theodorus,  of  By/antium,  {By- 
•zantius),  a  fophiit  at  Athens  in  tlic 
time  of  Socrates,  who  ufed  to  writs 
orations  for  others,  Cic.  Br.  12.  hence 
called  by  Socrates  xoycSaiSaX'^ci  a  fpeech- 
Wright  orframer,  Cic.  Or.  I2.j   ^lin^HL 

3»  i»  I-     _ 

Theodorus,  of  Cyrcne,    {Cyrenrn- 

€ust  vel  -na£us)y  a  philofopher,  who 
denied  the  cxiltence  of  the  gods,  Cic. 
N.D.  I,  I.  and  therefore  was  banifhed 
from  Athens  and  Cyrene,  Laert.  2, 
86,  101,  ^<c.    When  i.yfim:lchus  king 


him  with  the 
crofs,  on  account  of  the  freedom  of  his 
fpeech,  "  Keep  thefe  menaces  for  your 
courtiers,"  fays  the  philofopher,  «  it 
is  all  one  to  Theodorus  whether  he  rot 
on  the  ground  or  in  the  air,"  ( Theo- 
dori  quidem  nihil  inttr eft y  humine,  an  Jul" 
lime  piitref cat) y  Cic.  Tufc.  i,  43. 

Theodorus,  of  Gadara,  [Gada^ 
reus),  Q^ilndil.  2,  15,  21.  who  wilhed 
rather  to  be  called  a  Rhodian,  Id.  3> 
1,(7.  He  taught  rhetoric  with  great 
reputation  at  Rhodes,  where  Tiberius 
Caefar,  when  he  retired  to  that  ifland, 
lludioudy  attended  him,  iL  His  fcho- 
lars  were  called  Theoj^okKi,  iL  18. 

Theodosius,  a  Chian,  fent  as  an 
ambaffador  to  the  Roman  fenate,  af- 
faffmated  by  the  influence  of  Clodius» 

Cic.  Refp.  Ear.  16. ^  2.  The  name 

of  two  Roman  emperors,  (C  249.) 
Theodofianus  codexy  a  book  publifned  by 
the  authority  of  Theodofius  the  young-> 
cr,  a.  C.  43'8.  J  containing  the  confti- 
tutions  of  the  emperors  from  Conflan- 
tine  to  his  own  time,   i^A,  223.) 

Theodotus,  a  rhetorician,  prae- 
ccptor  to  Ptolemy,  who  advifed  the 
kiUing  of  Pompey,  and  was  therefore 
flain  by  Brutus,   ^'/id.  Pompeius,  p» 

333;) 

Theognis,  a  poet  of  Megara. 

Theomnastus,  a  Syracufan,  onr 
of  the  agents  of  Verres,  Cic.  Verr.  2, 
21.  called  by  the  Syracufans,  ThtV- 
ladus,  ih.  4,  (i(i. 

Theon,  -onis^  a  bitter  fiandcrer 
or  backbiter  ;  whence  Dente  Th^unmo 
circiimrodij  to  be  bitten  by  the  tooth  of 
malice  or  calumny,  to  be  falfely  afper- 
fed,  Hor.Ep.  I,  18,  82. ;  dihi  iSJjoUaft.'y 
ylujon.  Ep»  4,  102. 

I'keoi'H  ANEs,  -is,  an  hiftonan  of 
Mitylcnae,  the  capital  of  Leibos,  in 
great  favour  with  Pompey,  whole  aCta 
he  recorded,  Cic  Arch.  10. ;  Ait.  2,5. 
f/  5,  1-;   Tac.  Ann.6y  iS. 

TheophIlus,    the     freed  man    of 

MarccUus,  Cic.  Fam.  9,  10. H  2. 

One  condemned  of  forgery  (fdlfij  ai 
Athens,    Tac.  Ann.  2,  55. 

THEOPHRASTUi),anativeofE- 

leius  in  Leibos,  the  fou  of  a  fuller,  the 

3  C  ichwlar 


THE  [3 

ftholar  and  fuccefTor  of  Arlftotle,  (G. 
295.)  originally  named  Tyrtamus,  call- 
ed firft  Euphrallus,  and  then  Theo- 
PHRASTUS,  from  his  admirable  elo- 
quence, {^di-v'tnitate  loquendi  nomen  Inve- 
fiif),  Cic.  Or.  19.  ;  QTuindlil.  10,  i,  83. 
After  fpending  moll  part  of  his  life 
at  Athens,  he  was  difcovered  to  be  a 
il ranger  by  an  old  woman,  at  whom 
he  afived  the  price  of  fomething,  Cic. 
Brut.  46.  ;  ^i'lnclil.  8,  I,  2.  He  v/rote 
an  incredible  number  of  books,  I.acyt. 
5,  42,  feveral  of  which  afe  flill  extant. 
To  Theophraftus  we  are  indebted  for 
prefcrving  the  works  of  Ariilotlc.  He 
lived  to  the  age  of  eighty-five,  ib.  40. 
■  and  yet  fo  ditTatisfied  was  he  with  his 
acquifitions  in  knowledge,  that  at  his 
death  he  is  faid  to  have  accufcd  nature 
for  having  given  fo  long  a  life  to  ilags 
and  crows,  to  whom  it  was  of  no  ufe, 
and  fo  fhort  a  life  to  men,  to  whom  it 
was  of  the  grcatell  importance,  Cic. 
Tufc.  3,  28. 

Theopompus,  a  Greek  orator  and 
liiflorian,  born  in  Chios,  the  fcholar  of 
Ifocratcs,  Cic.  Or.  2,  13.  and  fellovv- 
iludent  of  Ephorus,  who  being  of  a 
flow  capacity,  Ifocrates  iifed  to  fay, 
that  he  applied  a  fpur  to  Ephorus, 
and  a  bridle  to  Theopompus,  who  was 
of  a  very  quick  genius,  Cic.  Brut.  $6.; 
■^inail.  2,  8.  II.  f^  10,  I,  74.  Theo- 
pompus began  his  hiftory  where  Thu- 
cydides  left  oft,  Diodor.  14.  p.  305.  Hie 
wrote  in  a  lofty  and  elevated  flyle,  Cic. 
Brut.  1 7.  refembling  that  of  an  orator, 
which  profcffion  he  had  long  exercifed 
before  he  undertook,  at  the  folicitation 
of   fome   friends,    the  compofition   of 

liiilory,    ^inctil.  10,  l,   74. Placet 

cmnia  did  Ificrateo  Theopowpeoque  morey 
fvery  thing  fhould  be  exprelTed  va  the 
manner  of  Ifocrates  and  Theopompus, 
i.  e.  m  meafured  periods,  Cic.  Or.  61. 
But  Theopompin-)  genere^  in  a  bitter  or 
fatirical  ihde,  Cic.  Jtt.  2,  6.  For  Theo- 
•pompus  is  faid  to  have  been  very  abu- 
iive  or  cenforious,  (malcdicenilffimus) , 
4n  his  writings,  Nep.  in  Alcihiad.  ii. 
He  is  alfo  faid  to  have  been  fabulous, 
Cic.  Leg.  I,  I.  None  of  his  works  are 
•liow  extant,   ^ilnilil.  lo,  i. 


74- 


^6    ]  THE 

Theopompus  of  Cnidus,  (Cnidi' 
us),  an  intimate  acquaintance  of  Cae- 
far's,  Cic.  Ait.  13,  7.  ■* 

THEoxiiNA,  a  noble  Theflalian  la- 
dy, who  put  an  end  to  her  own  life, 
and  that  of  her  hufband  and  children, 
to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  hands 
of  Philip  king  of  Macedonia,  Lliu  40, 

4- 

Theoxenus,  a  general  of  the  A- 
chaeans,  Liv.  33,  18. 

Theramenes,  -/j,  a  citizen  of  A- 
thens,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ap- 
pointed by  Lyfander;  who  difappro- 
ving  of  the  cruelty  of  his  colleagues, 
was  by  them  thrown  into  prifon,  and 
condemned  to  drink  hemlock.  He 
drank  the  poifon  with  alacrity,  [utji- 
tiens  ohduxit)  and  with  a  fmile,  faid, 
**  I  drink  this  to  the  handfome  Cri- 
tias,"  [Proplno  hoc  pulchro  Ctiriae)y 
who  had  been  the  moft  violent  (to.eter- 

rimus)   againft   him. It  was  cuflo- 

mary  among  the  Greeks  to  name  the 
perfon  to  whom  they  were  to  hand  the 
cup.  Thus  Theramenes  with  plealant- 
ry  foretold  the  death  of  Critias,  which 
foon  after  happened,  Cic,  Tufc.  1 ,  40. 
— Theramenes  is  praifed  by  Cicero  as 
an  orator,  Or.  2,  22.  and  a  ftatefman, 
ib.  3,  16.  But  none  of  his  writings 
were  extant  in  the  time  of  Cicero,  who 
therefore  fays,  De  Theramene  audivi- 
mus,  Or.  2,  22. 

Thericles,  -is,  a  famous  Corinthi- 
an potter  in  the  time  of  the  poet  A- 
rittophancs,  Lucian.  Lexlph.  c.  7.  At/jc- 
Tide.  9.  p.  470.  whence  Theuiclea 
fc.   Tafdj    vafes    made    by    Thericles, 

Cic.    Verr.  4,    18. f    2.  A   noted 

fculptor,   Plin.  16,  40. 

Thermus,  a  Roman  firname. 

yL  Minucius  Thermus,  twice  de- 
fended by  Cicero,  and  acquitted,  Cic. 
Place.  39. 

^  Th5.r.mus,  praetor  of  Afia,  a. 
701.  Cic.  Fcim.  2,  17.  the  friend  of  Ci- 
cero, two  of  whofe  letters  to  Thcrmus 
are  Hill  extant,  Cic.  Fam,  2,  18.  et  13, 
53.;   Co7if.  5,  13,  21,  &c. 

Therodamas,  -anfisy  v.  Therome- 
DON,  -outis,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who  u- 
fed  to  keep  lions,  and  feed  them  with 

human 


THE 


C    3S7    1 


THE 


human  blood,  to  render  them  more 
fierce,  Ovid.  Pont.  1,  2,  121.  whence 
Therodamar.te'i  Icones.  Id.  in  Ibin,  383. 

The  RON,  -cJ?//x,  V.  'Cnt'iSi  a  chief  of 
the  I-atins,  the  largell  in  Hze  among 
them,  [v'lrum,  for  virorum,  tnaxmus), 
flain   by  Aeneas,   nrg.   J,    10,  312. 

f[    2.    One    of   Adaeon's  dogs, 

Oind.  Met.  3,  211. 

THERSANDER,  -dn,  v.  -^r^/^, 
V.  Thejjfandriis.,  the  fon  Polynlces  and 
Argia,  ^7^/.  Theh.  3,  677,  &  683. ;  i/j- 
^i«.  71.  J  /ipollodor.  3,  7,  2.  one  of  the 
feven  leaders,  called  Epigoiii,  who  took 
Thebes,  and  placed  l^hei  fander  on  the 
Theban  throne,  (G.432.)  He  is  fiippo- 
fed  afterwards  to  have  gone  to  the  Tro- 
jan war,  and  to  have  been  one  of  thofe 
(liut  up  in  the  waodtn  horfe,  S.rv.  ad 
Firg.  A.  2,  261.  et  Lilt  at.  ad  Stat.  TheL 
3,  683.  Di6lys  Cretenfis  fays  he  was 
fiain  in  a  battle  with  Telephus,  2,  2. 
Hemer  docs  not  mention  him. 

Therses,  a  Theban,  [IJnmi'ws)^  the 
friend  (bofpes)  of  Anius,  Gvid.  Met. 
13,  682. 

Thersilochus,  the  fon  of  Ante- 
nor,  (Antenortdes),  (lain  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  Virg.  Aen.  6,  483.  et  12,  363. 
Tkersites,  ~ae,  a  Graeclan,  remark- 
able for  his  deformity,  impudence,  and 
fcumlity,  who  ufed  to  inveigh  againft 
all  the  leading  men,  particularly  againll 
Agamemnon  and  UlyfTcs,  Homer.  11. 
2,  212,  5cc.  ;  Otnd.  Pent.  4,  13,  15. 
Am.  2,  6,  41.  UlyfTcs  llruck  him  for  his 
jibufive  language,  Oind.  Met.  13,  233. 
and  Achilles  flew  him  with  a  ftroke  of 
his  fift,  becaufe  he  laughed  at  him  for 
mourning  the   death  of  Patroclus,  ih. 

Thersites  is  put  for  any  ugly  and 

cowardly  perfon,  Oind.  Rem.  Am.  482.  j 
Juvenal.  8,  269.  et  il,  31. 

THilSEUS,  (2  fyll.y  H,  V.  -eos,  the 
fon  of  Aegeus  (Aegldes)  and  Aeihra, 
called  by  the  poets  the  fon  of  Nep- 
tune, Cic.  N.  D.  3,  18.  king  of  A- 
thens,  one  of  the  moll  renowned  lie- 
roes  of  antiquity,   (Vid.  G.  421,  &:c.) 

Thesides,  -flf,  the  fon  of  The- 

feus,  I.  e.  Hippolitus,  Ovid.  Ep.  4,  6$. 
plur.  Thesldae,  the  Athenians,  p^irg. 
C,  2,383 -Tniis^us,  adj.  of  or 


belonging  to  Thefeiis,  thus,  Theo>a  ca- 
rlna^  the  (hip  of  Thefeus,  Propert.  i, 
3,. I.  Thesea  JideSi  fincere  aifcdion, 
true  friendfhip,  fuch  as  that  of  The- 
feus to  Pirithous,  Ovid.  Trij}.  i,  3,  66. 
Thesed  laude^  by  the  virtue  or  praife- 
worthy  conduct  of  Thefeus,  Id.  Met.  8, 
263. 

Thesalus,  a  native  of  Lampsacus, 
wliom  Verres  accufed  of  having  exci- 
ted the  people  of  that  city  againll  him, 
Cic.  Verr.  I,  33. 

^  Thkudas,  -aCt  a  freed  man  of  Tre- 
bianus,   Cic.  Fam.  6^  10. 

THESPIS,  -^disy  a  native  of  Ica- 
ria  in  Attica,  the  firll  inventor  of  tra- 
gedy, in  the  time  of  Solon,  Plut  irch. 
in  Solonc,  Hor.  Ep.  276.  (Vid.  Rom. 
A.  355-) 

Th  ESP  I  us,  V.  Theflius^  the  fon  of 
Erechtheus,  king  of  Thefpiae,  a  town 
of  Boeotia,  who  had  50  daughters,  all 
of  whom  bore  fon s  to  Hercules,  [G. 
403.)  whence  Thefpiadum  nepotes,  the 
poftcrity  c    Hercules  by  one  of  thefe, 


Sil. 


19- 


Th  EST  I  us,  the  father  of  Althaea, 
who  is  hence  called  Thestias,  -adis, 
Ovid.  Met.  8,  452.  Trift.  I,  6,  18.  al- 
fo  the  father  of  Toxcus  and  Plexippus, 
hence  called  TLjiiadae)  -arum,  (G. 
433.)  Ovid.  Met.  8,  304,  &  434.  Eef^ 
pice  Thejliadeny  remember  the  fate  of 
Meleager,  th^  grandfon  of  Theilius  by 
Althaea,  Id.  Faji.  5,  305. 

Thestor,  -oris,  the  father  of  Cal- 
chas,  the  augur;  who  is  hence  called 
Thestorides,  -aci  Ovid.  Met.  12, 
19.  ;    Stat.  Achill.  1,  497. 

THLSTyLis,  -;>,  a  country  woman, 
Firg.  E.  2,  II. 

THETIS,  -Idisj  t.  -ulos,  a  fca-god- 
defs,  the  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Do- 
ris, and  grand-daughter  of  Oceanus  or 
Neptune,  and  Tcthys ;  hence  called 
Neptvmne,  -es,  CatuU.  63,  28,  SiC.  the 
wife  of  Peleus  and  mother  of  Achilles, 
(Vid.  G.  445.)  Marina  Thetis,  the 
fca-goddefs  Thetis,  Hor.  Od.  i,  8,  14. 

So  aequorea,  Ovid.  Met.  11,  226. 

Thetis  is  fometimes  put  for  the  fea  ; 
thus,  Tentare  Th^tim  v.  -in  ratilus,  to 
fail,  Firg.  £.4,  32.     Plana  Tktisy  the 


C    2 


caloi 


T  H  I 


[    s^s    3 


T  H  U 


calm  fea,  Stat.  Theh,  5,  709.  Eryth- 
raei  Thetidos  lapiU'iy  pearls  from  the 
Arabian  or  Red  Sea,  Stat.  Silv.  4,  6, 
X8. 

Thisbd,  -esy  2l  Babylonian  girl,  be- 
loved by  Pyramus,  Ovid.  Met.  4,  55, 
&c. 

Thoas.,  -ant'is,  a  king  of  Taurua,  a 
country  on  the    Pains  Maedtis^    Ovid. 

Pont.  3,  2,59. Z)zW/7Thoant£a, 

Diana,  vvorfhipped  in  Taurica  by  fa- 
crificing  to  her  human  vidlims,  Fal. 
F/acr.S,  208.  (Vid.  G.  408.) 

Thoas,  the  father  of  Hypfipyle, 
preferved  by  -her,    JpoIIodor.  i,  9,  17. 

(G.  441.) ^  2.  A  praetor  of  the 

Aetolians,  Liv.  35,  12,  &c. 
TnoiviyRis.    Fid.  Tomyius. 
L.   Thorius   Balbus,    a  native  of 
Lanuvium,    a   great  voluptuaiy,    Cic. 
Fin.  2,  20,  &  22. 

5j^.  Thorius,  a  popular  orator,  Ctc. 
Brut.  31.  When  tribune  a.  646,  he  got 
alawpaffed,  {Lex  Tkoria)y  exempting 
the  poffeffors  of  the  p\iblic"  lands  in  I- 
taly  from  paying  tribute,  [agnun  ve&i- 
galilevavit),  ib.  ^6.  which  proved  moft 
pernicious  to  the  Hate,  ylppian.B.  C,  i, 
267.  This  law  alfo  contained  fome 
regulations  concerning  the  public  paf- 
tures,   Cic.  Or.  2,  70. 

TiioTH,  the  name  of  Mercury  a- 
inpng  the  Egyptiiins,  and  of  the  firfl 
month  of  their  year,  Cit.  iV.  D.  3,  22. 
Thrasea,  a  noble  Rom.an  of  great 
virtue,  put  to  death  by  Nero,  T.nc.Jtm. 
16,  21. 

Thrasius,  (al.  T'hnf.us,)  a  footh- 
faver  of  Cyprus,  who  having  advifed 
JBusiris  to  facrifice  foreigners  to  appeafe 
Jupiter,  in  order  to  procure  rain,  was 
himfelf  made  the  firft  victim,  Qvld.  Art. 
Am.  I,  649. 

Thraso,  -onisy  aboafting  captain  in 

Terence,  Eun.  3,  1,   6cc. «[  2.  A 

flatuary,  Plin.  34,^  8.-—^  3.  A  na- 
tive of  Tynd^ris  in  Sicily,  Cic.  Fen: 
4,  22. 


THRASYBuLUS,    a    celebrated 
Athenian  general,    who    delivered  his 
country  from 
thirty   tyrants, 


monians  had  appointed  to  rule  A- 
thens,  Nep.  8,  i.  Having  recovered 
peace,  he  caufed  a  law  to  be  made, 
called  an  amnejly,  or  act  of  oblivi- 
on, that  every  thing  that  was  pad 
fhould  be  forgotten,  ih.  3.  Being  af- 
terwards fent  with  a  fleet  into  Afia 
Minor,  and  having  landed  near  Afpen- 
dus  in  Pamphilia,  he  was  flain  by  an 
unexpected  attack  from  the  people 
of  that  town,  whom  his  foldiers  had 
plundered  without  his  knowledge,  Xc- 
nnph.  Htllen.  4,  17.  Nepos  fays,  in 
Cilicia,  ih.  4. 

Thrasyllu.*;,  a  Theffalian,  flain  by 
Eurydamas,  to  revenge  which  Simo  v. 
'0«,  the  brother  of  Thrafyllus,  flew 
Eurydamas,  and  dragged  his  body 
round  his  brother's  tomb,  Ovid.  Ih.  3, 
334.;   SchoUaJl.inHomer.il.    22,398. 

Thrasymachus,  of  Chalcedon,  a 
celebrated  fophiil,  Cic.  Or.  3,  16,  & 
32.  faid  to  have  been  the  firft  who 
treated  of  the  harmonious  arrangement 
of  words  in  fentences,    Cic.  Or.  12. 

THUCYDiDES,  As,  an  excellent 
Greek  hiflorian,  the  ion  of  Olorus, 
defcended  by  the  father's  fide  from  a 
king  of  Thrace,  and  by  the  mother's 
fide  from  Miltiades,  born  at  Athens 
about  475  years  before  the  Chriilian 
aera.  When  Herodotus  read  his  hii- 
tory  publicly  at  the  Olympic  games, 
Thucydides,  then  a  boy,  is  faid  to  have 
been  fo  aiFetted  with  the  honours  con- 
ferred on  Herodotus,  that  he  (lied 
tears,  which  attracted  the  notice  of 
Plerodotus,  Suidas  in  voce  Thucydi- 
des. Being  fent  to  the  relief  of  Am- 
phipoliii,  and  having  failed  in  the  at- 
tempt, he  was  banilhed  by  the  fadiion 
of  Cleon,  Thuryd.  4,  p,  32  I.  During 
his  exile  he  lived  for  the  moft  part  in 
Thrace,  on  an  ellate  belonging  to  his 
wife,  where  he  is  faid  to  have  written 
the  hillory  of  the  war  between  the  peo- 
ple of  Peloponncfus  and  the  Atheni- 
ans, commonly  called  the  Peloponnefian 
war,  in  eight  books,  (G.  346.)  His 
work  contains  an  account  only  of  the 


the     opprcfiion    of  the    full  twenty-one  years  of  that  war.  The 
whom    the    La^edae-    hiftory  of  the  other  fix  years  was  writ- 
ten 


THY  t    38 

ten  by  Xenophon  and  Theopompus. 
Cicero  fptaking  of  Tluicydides,  fays, 
Et  Athcmeujis  erat  etfummo  Joconatus^fiini- 
mufqite  vh'f  Br.  II.  T hucy elides  omnes  ci'i- 
cendiarttjic'iOy  med fententid^  facile  v'lcit :  qui 
tta  creher  ejl  rcrunifrequentiuy  ut  verborum 
prope  numerum  failttU'iLinim  iiumero  confe' 
quatur^  Sec.  Or.  2,  13.  He  defcribes 
wars  and  battles  as  if  he  were  foundinof 

o 

a  chafge  on  a  tnimpet,  (^de  bellids  rebus 
canit  etiam  quodammodo  bellicum^y  Cic. 
Or.  12.  Demodhenes  fo  much  admi- 
red Thucydides,  that,  \\\  order  tho- 
roughly to  acquire  the  energy  of  his 
language,  he  is  faid  to  have  tranfcri- 
bed  his  hiftory  eight  times  with  his 
own  hand,  Luc'ian.  adverfus  tndoB.  Thu- 
cydides poffelfes  in  an  eminent  degree 
the  lirft  quality  of  an  hiftorian,  impar- 
tiality. The  diilingnifliing  properties 
of  his  llyle  are  concifenefs  and  force  ; 
but,  as  Cicero  obferves,  his  brevity  of- 
ten renders  him  obfcurc,  particularly 
in  his  fpeeches,  on  which  account  he 
is  not  a  proper  model  for  public  fpeak- 
ers  to  follow,  C'lc.  Or.  9,  There  were 
feveral  orators  at  Rome  in  the  time  of 
Cicero,  who  profeifed  to  be  imitators 
of  Thucydides,  {qui  fe  Thucydidlos pro- 
Jitercntur)^  but  had  nothing  of  his  e- 
nergy  either  in  fentiment  or  llylt. 
When  they  have  uttered,  fays  Cice- 
ro ridiculing  them,  a  few  mutiL^rcd 
and  broken  peri(xls,  which  they  might 
have  done  vvichout  any  inader  to  imi- 
tate, they  think  themfelves  genuine 
Thucydidefes,  (germanos  fe  pulant  ejfe 
Thucydldas)^   Cic.  Or.  9.. 

THYESTES,  -Is,  et  -ac,  the  fon 
of  Pelops  by  Hippodamia,  the  grand- 
fon  of  Tantalus,  and  great-grandfon 
of  Jupiter,  Cic.  Tifc.  ^,  1 2,  .5c  18.  He 
is  faid  to  have  had  chddren  by  Acto- 
pa,  the  wife  of  his  brother  Atreus, 
king  of  Mycenae;  in  revenge  for  which 
Atreiis  ordered  thefe  children  to  be 
{lain  and  ferved  up  to  tlicir  father  Thy- 
eil-cs  at  an  entertainment.  From  which 
dreadful  fpedacle  the  fun  is  faid  to 
have  turned   away  his  face    or  chariot, 

(G.  405.) Theyestes  fibula,    a 

play  of  Ennius  concerning  this  horrid 
itory,  Ck*  Br,  20.— Hence,   Uiqus 


y    1  THY 

(  al.  Atque)  T  H  y  est  K  A E  redeant  fi  ifn^ 
para  [A.fercula]  menfae.  Soils  ad  E'6as 
currus  agetur  aquas,  Ovid.  Pont.  6,  4, 
47.  So,  ^mlemy  fuglcfitf  per  art  us  Sole, 
'Thyejlcae  noclem  diixere  Mycenae,  as  M^'- 
cenae,  difgraccd  by  the  fupper  of  Thy- 
elles,   was  darkened  when  the  fun  fled 

to  the  call:,   Lucan.  i,  543. Thy- 

ESTi":  AE  precss,  the  execrations  of  Thy- 
eltes  agaiidl;  Atreus  for  his  wickednefs, 
contained  in  the  plays  compofed  on 
that  fubjed,   Hor.  Epnd.  5,  86.  ;    Cic, 

Plf.    19. Thyestiades,   -ae,  i.  c, 

Aegifthus,  the  fon  of  Thyelles,  Ovid, 
Art.  Am.  2,  407. 

TwyiA,  the  dauglitcr  ()f  the  river 
Cephifus,  Herodot.  7,  1I8.  fuppofed 
to  have  been  the  firft  that  was  initiated 
into  the  myfteries  of  Bacchus,  whence 
Thvias  f.  Thvas,  -aiUs,  v.  -ados,  a 
bacchanal,  i/or.  0.'/.  3,  15:,  10.;  Flrg, 
Aen.  4,  301.  ace.  plur.  Thyadas,  Hor, 
Od.  2,  19,  9.  but  others  derive  thi$ 
word  from  ^vuv^  to  ruih  with  impetu- 
oRty.  . 

Thymhlf,  .-es,  a  noted  adrefs  or 
dancer  in  the  time  of  Domitian,  the 
wife  or  miilrefs  of  the  mimic  Latlnus, 
both  of  them  greatly  admired  by  that 
emperor,  Martial,  i,  5,  5.  Sheisfuppor 
fed  to  have  been  named  from  ^&i/uf\>j 
an  elevated  part  on  the  Greek  llagc 
where  the  attors  flood,  Pollux;  whenc« 
a  particular  kind  of  players  were  call- 
ed T H  Y M E L 1  CI ,  Vltniv.  5,  8. — A  tre^ 
pi  do  "Thymele  fibmijja  Latino,  Thyme- 
le  is  fent  by  her  hufband  Latinus,  a- 
fraid  of  being  accufed,  (to  the  inform- 
er, in  order  to  conciliate  his  favour), 
Jwoenal.  I,  36.  Ruflca  Thymele  dlfclt, 
i.  e.  the  country  girl  learns  in  the 
theatre  to  be  as  immodell  as  Thymele, 
!d  6,  66. 

Thymoetes,  a  Trojan,  who  firil 
advifed  that  the  wooden  horfe  con- 
Ihuded  by  the  Greeks  fhould  be 
brought  within  the  walls  of  Troy,  as 
Servius  fays,  to  revenge  the  death  o( 
a  child  who  had  been  killed  by  Priam's 
order,  in  confeqnence  of  an  anfvvcr  of 
the  foothfayers,   I^lrg.  Aen.  2,  32. 

Thyone,  -ts,  the  m.other  of  Bac- 
chus^ thfcfame  with  Semele  :  whence 

'T/.n'oneui 


TIB  I      ': 

Thyoneus  (3  fyll.)  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
Hor.Od.  I,  17,  23.  ;  et  ibi  SchoUaJ}.  or 
Thyonianus,  CatulL  27,  7  *. 

TiBERiNus  Sylviusy  the  tenth  king 
of  Alba,  Liv.  1,3. 

Tiberius,  a  Roman  praenomen,  [Ti- 
herii  coeperunt  vodtnri,  qui  ad  fluvhtm 
Tilenm  tiafcehantur,  Euit.  fub  Val. 
Max.) 

TIBERIUS  ^ero  Caefar,  the  fuc- 
ceffor  of  Auguftus  in  the  empire  of 
Rome,  Suet.  Tib.  3  ;  Tac,  Jnn.' 6,  51. 
He  is  commonly  diilinguiflied  by  the 
name  of  Tiberius,  Tac.  et  Suet,  pajjm, 

Vid.  Nero.' Tibereia  auhy  the 

court  of  Tiberius,    Stat.  Sih.  3,  3,  66. 

Pira  Tiber!  ANA,  akindt^f  pears, 

of  which  Tiberius  was  fond,   P/in.  15, 

15- 

Julus  Albius  TIBULLUS,  an  ex- 
cellent elegiac  poet  in  the  time  of  Au- 
guftus,  efteemed  by,  Quinclilian  the 
moil  correft  and  elegant  in  his  way, 
(Cujus  (fc.  elegiac)  mihi  terfus  atque 
elegans  maxime  indetur  mtdor  TibuIIus)y 
10,  I,  93.  the  friend  of  Horace,  who 
infcribes  to  him,  Od.  i,  3^.  and  £p, 
I,  4.  often  celebrated  by  Ovid,  thus. 
Donee  erunt  igtteSf  arcufque  Ciipidlnis  ar- 
may  Difcsntur  numeric  cuke  Tibulle,  tuiy 
Am.  I,  15,  27.  So  ih.  3,  9,  39,  &  66. ; 
Art,  Jm.  3,  334.  ;  Rem.  763.;  Tr.  2, 
447,. 463.  et  4,  10,  51.  (?/  5,  I,  18. 

TIBURTUS,  f.  Tihunmsy  f.  Tihursy 
'tis,  the  founder  of  Tibur,  Plin.  16, 
44.  ;  Hor.  Od.  I,  7,  13.  alTifted  by  his 
two  brothers  Coras  and  Catiilus,  Serv. 
ad  Virg.  7,  670.  Hence  Horace  calls 
the  walls  of  Tibur,  tnoenia  Catili,  Od, 
I,  18,  2. 

M.  TiGELLius  Ilermogenex,  a  Sar- 
dinian freed  man,  very  ikilful  in  mufic, 
a  favourite  with  Julius  Caefar,  Cic. 
Fam.  7,  24.  Jtt.  13,  49,  &  51.  and  af- 

*  Some  fiippofe  Thydne  t<»  have  been  the 
nurfe  of  Bacchus  Vld.  Scbdiaft.  ad.  Fmdar, 
Pytb. -^^  I'/b.  But  others  derive  Thyoneas, 
as  •weii  as  Thyas,  from  S-uf.-v;  and  this  de- 
rivatioij  feems  to  be  con^irmed  by  Horace 
joining  Thyoneus  with  Sumeleius  :  which  he 
hardly  v. oiild  have  done,  if  he  had  taken 
Thyone  to  be  the  fame  with  Semele,  ib.  Ci- 
cero mentions  feveral  of  the  name  of  Bac- 
chus; one  of  them,  the  foa  cf  Nifus  and 
Thyone,  Nat.  D,  3,  23.  (T/a.  G.'382.) 


90    ]  TIL 

terwards  with  Auguilus,  Hor.  Sat.  i, 

2,  5.  liberal  to  muficians,  mimics,  and 
other  people  of  that  defcription,  who 
therefore  were  forry  at  his  death,  ib.  3. 
Horace  defcribes  him  as  of  a  very  in- 
confiftent  chara6lerj(  A^'/Z/wi/  unquam 
Sic  impar filiy  ib.  18.) 

Sofonius  TiGELLiiMus,  praefecl  of 
the  praetorian  cohorts,  Tac.  Ann.  14, 
5  I.  who  gained  the  favour  of  Nero  by 
the  bafe^  means,  ib.  57.  et  15,  50. 
and  at  lad  deferred  him.  Upon  the  ac- 
ceffion  of  Galba  he  was  forced  to  put 
an  end  to  his  days,  having  fpent  his 
old  age  in  the  fame  profligate  manner 
as  he  had  fpent  his  youth,  Tac.  Hifc, 
I,  72. 

TIGRaNES,  -is,  king  of  Arme- 
nia,  the  fon-in-law  of  Mithridates,  Cic. 
Manil.  2.  vanquilhcd  by  Euculhis  with 
prodigious  lofs,  Plutarch,  in  Lucullo. 
After  the  death  of  Mithridates  he  came 
into  the  Roman  camp,  and  threw  him- 
felf  at  the  feet  of  Pompey,  who  relto- 
r?d  him  to  his  throne.  Id.  in  Pomp. 
Bio,  36,  l^.'y  Cic.Sext.  27.  but  not  till 
after  receiving  from  him  an  immenfe 
fum  of  money,  Veil.  2,  37,  no  lefs  than 
6000  talents  to  himfelf,  10,000  drach- 
mae to  each  tribune,  1000  to  each  cen- 
turion, and  50  to  each  foldier,  Appian. 
in  Mithrid.  p.  243.  Hence  Pompey 
calls  him  Tigrunes  nieuSy  Lucan.  2,  637. 

Tigranes,  the  fon  of  the  former, 
who  having  rebelled  againft  his  father, 
firft  invited  Pompey  into  Armenia  ; 
but  diffatisfi^d  with  the  favourable, 
terms  granted  by  Pompey  to.  his  fa- 
ther, he  endeavoured  to  excite  the 
Parthians  againft  the  Romans.  On 
which  account  he  was  carried  by  Pom- 
pey to  Rome,  and  led  in  triumph, 
Plutarch,  ibid.  He  afterwards  made  his 
efcape  from  prifon  by  the  afliftance  of 
Clodius,  Dioy  38,  30.  p.  78.;   Cic.Att. 

3,  8.  Appian  by  miilake  fays  l>e  was 
put  to  death,  ih.  253. 

Z.  Til  LI  us  Cimber,  (ahTullius  Cim- 
ber),  one  of  the  principal  affafiins  [de 
percujfuribus  v.  inter fecloribus )  of  Caefar, 
though  formerly  he  had  been  a  keen 
fupporter  (propugnator)  of  his  party, 
Ctc,  Phd.  2,  1 1, J  Suet.CaeJ.%2.  Af- 
ter 


TIM  C    39 

ter  the  death  of  Caefar,  he  equipped 
a  fleet  in  BIthynia,  which  province  he 
had  received  from  Caefar  when  alive, 
Qic.  Fam.  12 J  13.  He  gave  the  charge 
of  this  fleet  to  Turulius  the  quaellor, 
and  went  himfelf  with  his  troops  to 
Syria,  to  aflift  CalTius,  iL  et  D'lo,  47, 

TIMAEUS,  a  Greek  hiftorian, 
born  at  Tauromenium  in  Sicily,  [Tau- 
romenttesj,  who  flouriilied  in  tlie  time 
of  Agathocles,  tyrant  of  Syracufe. 
Cicero  calls  him  the  moft  learned  and 
eloquent  of  the  Greek  hiftorians,  Cic. 
Of.  2,  14  ;  but  Plutarch  fpeaks  of 
him  In  very  difi^erent  terms,  in  Nicia 
pt\  Ke  wrote  many  books,  none  of 
which  are  now  extant,  particularly  a 
continued  hiflory  (perpetua  h'ljhria) 
of  Sicily,  Suhlas  ;  and  a  detaclied  ac- 
count of  the  wars  of  Pyrrhus,  Cic. 
Fam.  5,  12.  Diodorus  praifes  him  for 
his  knowledge  and  accuracy,  but  blames 
him  for  his  unfeafonable  and  bitter  re- 
marks on  charatlerp,  whence  he  was 
called  Epitimaeus,  i.  e.  the  reprover,  5, 
I.  et  13,  90.  [maledicentUjimus,  Nep.  7, 
1 1.)  Polybius  blames  him  not  only 
for  his  fatirical  afperity,  but  alfo  for 
want  of  veracity,  12,  3,  &  6.  Timae- 
ns  was  banifhed  from  Sicily  by  Ai^a- 
thocles,  and  wrote  his  hiftory  at  A- 
thens,  Plutarch,  tk  Exiiio.  He  is  faid 
to  have  lived  to  the  age  of  96,  Lucimi. 
de  Maa-obiis. 

TiMAEUS,  a  Pythagorean  philofo- 
pher  of  Locris,  {^Locrenfis))  contem- 
porary with  Plato,   Cic.  Fin.  5,  29. 

TiMAGENES,  -is,  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, brouglit  as  a  captive  to  Rome 
by  Gablnius,  purchaftd  as  a  flave  by 
lauihis,  the  fon  of  Sulla,  who  on  ac- 
count of  his  uncommon  genius  manu- 
mitted him,  SuiJas.  He  was  particu- 
larly remarkable  for  his  wit  and  raille- 
ry, [Scnec.  Controverf.  34. ;  Hor.  Ep.  I, 
39,  15.)  by  which  means  he  lull  the 
favour  of  Auguftus,  and  was  debarred 
from  coming  to  the  palace.  Whereup- 
on he  burnt  the  hiilory  which  he  had 
compofed  concerning  the  ads  ot  Cae- 
far. He  afterwards  lived  in  the  fami- 
m/  of  Afmius  Pollio  to  a  good  eld  age, 


I    1  TIM 

and  was  univerfally  refpedled,  (iota  civi' 
tale  dikSus  eft),  Senec.  de  Ira,  3,  23. 

TiMAGORAS,  -acy  an  Athenian, 
put  to  death,  by  his  countrymen,  be- 
caufe  when  fent  on  an  embalfy  to  the 
king  of  Perha,  he  had,  according  to 
the  Giidom  of  the  country,  proftrated 
himfelf  on  being  admitted  to  an  au- 
dience of  that  monarch,  Fal.  Mcix.  6, 
3,  ext.  2.  {G.  62  r.)  But  Plutarch 
fays,  that  he  was  punifhed  capitally 
for  having  received  bribes  from  the 
Perfian  king,  in  Pe/opida,  p.  294. ;  et  in 
ylriaxerxe,  p.  l  o  2  2 . 

TiMAGORAS,  an  Epicurean  philofo- 
pher,   Cic.  Ac:  4,  25. 

TIMANTHES,  vel  TmANrEs, 
'isf  an  excellent  painter,  a  native  of 
Cythnus,  [Cythnius,)  Quiudil.  2,  13, 
13.  or  of  Sicyon,  Eufiath.  ad.  II. 
24,  163.  contemporary  with  Zeuxis, 
Cic.  Brut.  18.  His  moll  celebrated 
work  was  the  pidure  of  Iphigenia, 
about  to  be  facrihced  to  Diana;  in 
which  having  exhaniled  all  his  art  in 
reprefenting  the  grief  of  the  other  fpec- 
tators,  and  not  being  able  properly 
to  exprefs  the  feelings  of  Agamemnon, 
he  veiled  his  face,  Plin.  35,  10.;  Cic. 
Cr.  22.  ;  Fal.  Max.  8,  11,  ext.  6.  In 
this  pidure  he  is  faid  to  have  excelled 
Celotes  of  Teios,  ^inSil.  2,  13,  13. 
He  alfo  vanquiflied  Parrhafms,  in 
painting  the  contcft  betvv'een  Ajax  and 
UiyfTes  for  the  arms  of  Achilles,  Plin. 
35,  10.  ;  Aelian.  9,  i  i. 

Ti  MARCH  IDE  s,  -/V,  a  freed  man 
and  an  occenfus  of  Verres  in  Sicily,  no- 
torious for  his  crimes,  Cic.  Fsrr.  2,  28, 
&c. 

TiMOCHAREs,  -/.r,  the  phvfician  or 
friend  of  king  Pyrrhus,  who  propofed 
to  Fabricius,  for  a  fuitable  reward,  to 
cut  off  that  prince  by  poifon,  Cell.  3, 
8.  (G.233.) 

TiMocLFA,  a  noble  lady,  who  pu- 
niflied  one  of  the  foldicrs  of  Alexander 
for  offering  violence  to  her  by  tum- 
bhng  him  into  a  draw-well,  Plutarch, 
in  Atex. 

TiMOCLiLS,  -?x,  a  dancer,  the  com- 
panion of  L.  Pifo  in   lylacedonia,  Cic. 

TiMO. 


TIM 

TiMOCRATEG,  bvotlier  to  Metro- 
dorus,  the  friend  of  Epicurus  ;  whom 
that  philofophcr  abufed  in  his  writings, 
becaufe  he  had  differed  with  him  in  o- 
pinion,  Cic.  N.  D,  I,  33,  &  4c.  He 
was,  however,  appointed  by  Epicnrns 
one  of  his  heirs,  Ck.  Fin.  2,  31.;  Laert, 
10,  16,  &c. 

TIMOLEON,  -cnth,  an  inuflrioiis 
g-entral  of  Corinth,  who  had  fuch  a 
detellation  of  tyranny,  that  he  caiifed 
his  own  brother  Timophanes,  to  be 
put  to  death,  becaiife  he  had  ufurped 
the  government  of  his  country,  Nep. 
20,  I.  Being  fent  to  the  affillance  of 
the  Syracufans,  he  expelled  the  tyrant 
Dionyfius,  drove  the  Carthaginians 
from  Sicily,  after  having  defeated  them 
in  a  great  battle  near  the  river  Crini- 
fus,  ii  2.  [G.  267.)  He  lived  during 
the  reft  (^f  his  life  in  a  private  Ration 
at  Syracufe,  where  iie  was  juitly 
treated  with  the  higheil  refpe^l,  ib.  3, 
&  4.  After  his  death  he  was  buried 
at  the  public  expence  in  a  gymnafnim^ 
called  from  him,  Timokontiitm^  ih.  5. 
Plutarch  fays  that  he  was  buried  in 
the  forum,  ///  inta  ejus.  He  had  a 
firm  belief  in  divine  providence,  [Ni- 
hil emm  rerum  humanarum  fine  dcorum  nu- 
wine  agi  pntabai,)  Nep.  ib.  4.  When  a 
petulant  perfon  one  day  inveighed  a- 
gainft  him  in  the  public  aU'enibly,  he 
thanked  the  gods,  that  they  had  re- 
ilored  fuch  liberty  to  the  Syracufans, 
that  any  one  might  exprefs  his  fen- 
timents  concerning  whom  lie  pleafcd 
with  impunity,  //;.  5. 

TiMo.M  ACfius,  a  noted  painter  of 
Byzantium  in  the  time  of  Julius  Cacfar, 
Pl'm.  35,  If. 

TIMON,  -un'is,  an  Athenian  in  the 
time  of  the  Pclopomiefian  v.ar ;  \\  h« 
from  his  averfion  to  lociety,  and  the 
dillike  he  exprciTed  againlt  his  own 
fpecles,  was  called  the  MiJ'anthrope^ 
or  Man-hater,   Cic.Tufc.  ^y  11.;  yimic, 

23. TiMONEA  cot  nay  a  iolitary  fup- 

per,    (al.    mociicay)    Seuec.  Ep.  1  l>. 

Ti M o N I u M ,  V.  Timoneum,  a  houfe  which 
Antony  cauied  to  be  built  on  the  fea 
near  the  illand  Phavos,  after  his  dtfeat 


392    ]  T  I  K 

•  at  Aftium  ;  where  he  propofed  to  live 
retired  like  Timon,  Plutarch,  in  Anton, 
p,  94S. 

TIMOTHEUS,  the  fon  of  Conort, 
an  ilhiftrious  Athenian  general  ;  dif- 
tinguiOied  not  only  by  his  military  ex- 
ploits, Nep.  13,  I,  &c.  but  alfo  by  his 
learning,  C'lc.  Off.  i,  33.  He  fupped 
one    day    with    Plato,  and  was  highly 


delighted  with  the  hmphcity  of  his 
fare.  Having  met  the  philofopher 
next  day,  he  faid,  "  Your  fuppcrs  are 
agreeable,  not  only  for  the  time,  but 
alfo  on  the  day   after,'*   C'lc.    Tufc.  5, 

TimOtheus,  a  poet  and  mufician 
of  Miletus,  who  made  feveral  improve- 
ments in  ancient  mufic.  He  ufed 
eleven  firings  to  his  lyre,  inftead  of  fc- 
\-en,  the  oidinary  number  ;  and  there- 
fore the  Lacedaemonians  are  faid  to 
have  ordered  the  additional  firings  to 
be  taken  off,  Qc.  Lcgg.  2,  15  f.  Pau- 
fanias  fays,  they  fufpended  his  lyre  in 
a  place  called  Shia,  3,  12.  Athenaeus 
mentions  this  circumftance  differently, 
14,  9.  Timotheus  is  reported  to  have 
demanded  twice  as  much  for  teaching 
thofe  who  had  been  in{lru6ted  by  ano- 
ther, as  he  did  from  thofe  who  liad 
never  been  taught  at  ,all,  ^inci. 
2,  3,  3.  Timotheus  flourifhed  in  tlie 
time  of  Philip  and  Alexander. 

Timotheus,  an  excellent  fculptor  ; 
one  of  thofe  who  carved  the  Mauio- 
Icum,  Pih^  34>  8. 

T.  Tin  CAS,  V.  Tinea,  a  native  of 
Piacentia,  a  man  ot  great  wit  and  hu- 
mour, i^dicax  et  facet  us  y)  Cic.  Br.  46. 
The  fame  probably  who  is  mentioned, 
(^imia'il,  r,  5,  12, 


of 


PIPHYS,  -yls  f.  -xos,  the  piiot 
the  Ihip  Argo,  Virg.  E.  4,  34.  ^ud 
t'lbi  cnmpatr'idy  7ia^cita  Tlphy,  med?  What 
had  you  to  do  \s'ith  my  country  ?  i.  e. 
Why  did  you  come  to  Lemnos  ?  Ov'ul. 
Pp.  6,  48. 

THIESL4lS,  -aey  a  famous  The- 
ban  augur,  [G.  455-)  pi't  lor  any 
blind  perfon,  Juvenal.  [3,  349. 

TIRLDaTES,  'is,  a  Parthian  no- 
bleman,   raifjd  to   the    throne,   when 

Phraiites, 


T  I  R 


C 


Phraates  was  expelled  for  his  cruelty  ; 
but  Phraates  being-  afterwards  reftored 
by  tlie  afliftance  of  the  Scythians,  Tf- 
ridates  fled  to  Auguftus,  and  carried 
with  him  the  youngcll  fon  of  Phraates, 

i)io,    51,  18.;   Jjijiin.    42,   5. ^ild 

'T'lr'tdatem  ierreat^  unice  Securusy  per- 
fectly regardlefs  of  what  terriiics  Tiri- 
dates,  or  what  he  is  afraid  of,  Hor.  Od. 
J.,  26,  5.  lell  Auguftus  (hould  give 
him  up  to  Phraates,  who  demanded 
him  ;  but  Auguftus  did  not  comply 
with  the  requeft,  Dio^  ik  et  53,  33. 

TIRO,  -Qtiisi  firft  the  flave,  and 
afterwards  the  favourite  freed  man  of 
Cicero,   Cic,  Fam.  16,    i,  <3cc.   An.   7, 

5.  ;  hence  called  M.  TuU'ius  Tiro  j 
a  man  of  an  elegant  genius,  whom 
Cicero  educated  with  the  greateft  care, 
and  afterwards  employed  as  the  allift- 
ant  of  his  ftudies,  Gell.  7,  3.  et  13,  9. 
How  much  Cicero  valued  Tiro,  we 
inay  judge  from  the  affectionate  ex- 
preflions  which  he  ufes  in  his  letters  to 
him,  Fam.  16,  i,  2,  &:c. ;  Add.  Plin. 
Ep.  7,4. —  Tiro  is  laid  to  have  written 
three  books,  containing  the  jells  and 
witty  fayings  of  Cicero  ;  but  thefc  were 
afcribed  alfo  to  Quintus,  Cicero's  bro- 
ther, or  to  fome  other  perfon,  ^in^lL 

6,  3,  5.  Tiro  aifo  contracted  the  com- 
mentaries or  rriemoirs  which  Cicero  left 
concerning  himftlf,  Id.  10,  7,  31.  Ti- 
ro compoied  fevcrai  learned  works  of 
his  own,  GfU.  13,  9 — To  Tiro  we  are 
indebted  for  the  epiftles  of  Cicero  to 
his  friends  ;  coinmonly  called  Epis- 
TOLAE  AB  Familiares,  but  in  the  moft: 
ancient  manufcripts  Epistolae  ad  di- 
rERSos.  Tiro  is  faid  to  have  firft  in- 
vented the  art  of  writing  fliort-hand, 
and  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of  an 
hundred,  Hieroriym.  in  Cbrenic.  Eufeh. 

TisiAS,  -aCi  a  Sicilian,  the  moft 
ancient  writer  on  the  art  of  rhetoric, 
^inSil.  2,  17,  7.  et  $,  J,  8. 

TiSAMENEs,  -is,  the  fon  of  Orcftes, 
king  of  Mycenae,  Ovid,  in  loin,  348.  j 
Frontin.  i,  2.  [Pld.  G.  408.) 

T I  s  I  p  H  6  N  E ,  -es,  ( i.  e.  uitria  caedis, ) 
one  of  the  three  Furies  *. 

*  Impexfl  ftros  pro  cnnibus  angufs.  hating 
fierce  fnakes  inty/ined  for  hair,  TihuU.  1,3, 


93    1  Tit* 

TissAPHERNEs,  -is,  Ti  Perfiau  fa- 
trap,  Ncp.  9,  3.  et  17,  2.  ;  Jupn.  5, 
1.   (Fid  G.  61'].) 

TiTAN,  -anlsf  vcl  TiTANUS,  -/> 
the  fon  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  the  elder 
brother  of  Saturn,  (G.  355.) Ti- 
to nes  vel  Titaniy  the  fons  of  Titan, 
(the  Titans,)  who  made  war  on  Sa- 
turn for  taking  the  kingdom  from  their 
father,   [G.  356,  &  438.)  f 

TITH6NUS,  vel  -ox,  the  fon  of 
Laomcdon,  with  whom  Aurora  fell  in 
love  on  account  of  his  btauty,  and  car- 
ried him  off  through  the  air  into  Aeth- 
iopia,  fo  that  he  became  her  hufband  ; 
whence  (he  is  called  Tiihoni  conjux, 
Ovid.  Ep.  18,  I  IT.  Am.  2.  5,45.; 
TiTHONiA  conjux,  Virg.  Acn,  8,  384.; 
Ovid.  Faft,  3,  403.  and  fimply  Titho- 
nia.  Fa/.  Flac.  i,  311.  or  Tithonisy 
'^dis,  Stat.  Silv.  5,  i,  34. — When  the 
dawn  rifes,  Aurora  is  faid  to  leave  the 
couch  of  Tithonus,  Fivg.  G.  i,  447  i. 
— Aurora  procured  from  Jupiter  immor- 
tality for  Tith5nus;  but  having  forgotten 
■  to  allv  perpetual  youth,  he  became  fo 
weak,  through  extreme  old  age,  that 
he  prayed  for  death,  and  was  changed 
into  a  cicada,  (G.  377.)  Hence  Mi- 
nuit  Tithonum  longafenedus,  lefTened  his 
llrengch,  or  weakened  him,  Hor.  Od.  2, 
17,  3.      Tithonujque  rcmotus  in  auras,  fc. 

occidit^ 

69.  So  Crinita  hyJris^  Claudian.  de  Rapt. 
Proferp.  I,  40.  Serpentibui  undique  compta^ 
Virg.  Cul.  217.  pallida.  Id.  G.  3,  SS^-  Pat- 
la  fuccirlia  crutnta — ultrix  acclnfiit  Jiagetloy 
quatit  Jotites,  Id.  A.  6,  ^^^,  Sc  SlO.  Sufvi, 
Hor.  Sat.  I,  8,  ^^.--Eradere  vitae  Ttmporo, 
ft  pojpsy  Tiftphonaea  tuae,  to  erafe  from  the 
record  of  your  life,  if  you  can,  the  time  in 
which  you  e>:ercifed  envy  and  malice  agaulfl 
me,  like  a  fury,   Ovid.  Tr.  4,  9,  6. 

f  BiUa  TiTANfA,  Titanian  wars,  i.  e. 
fiuitiels,  luch  as  the  Titans  washed  apaini't 
the  gods,4<S';/.  12,  725.  litaniaci  drdcyieiy  pr.>- 
dufcd  from  the  blood  of  the  Titans;  or  whicli 
Medea  received  from  Titan  or  the  fun,  to- 
gether with  her  charict,  Ovid.  Md.  7,  39.;,!. 

I  Proxitna  profpicnt  Tithono  nupta  rtUc'o 
Arcadiae  facrum  ponilficale  deae^  i.  c.  on  tha 
next  day  fhall  be  the  fcftivai  of  Carmenia, 
Ovid.  Faf,  I,  461.  'Jam,  Fhr^Xy  a  nup.a 
qucrerii^  STiibone,  rr/inf.,;,  O  Trcjan  Tiiho- 
nis,  you  complain  that  rou  arc  left  by  vour 
wli:"-,  i.  e.  it  is  n;ornine,  H.  6,  4-1. 

3  D 


TIT  I   m 

accid'tt,  and  TItbonus  is  dead,  though 
formerly  removed  by  Aurora  into  the 
air,  i.  e.  carried  thiough  the  air  into 
Aethiopia,  iL  r,  28,  8.  -  — ■  Tithoniafe- 
neBus^   Stat.  Silv.  4,  3,  151. 

TiTHRAusTES,  -/>,  Captain  of  the 
king  of  Perfia's  guards  ;  who  by  the 
king's  order  put  TifTaphernes  to  death, 
and  fucceeded  him   in, his  government, 

(G.670 

TiTiNtA,  the  wife  of  Cotta,  Cic. 
Br,  60. 

Cn.  TiTiNiU!^,  a  Roman  eques,  Cic. 
Cluent.  ^G, 

^'i'n  iNius,  the  brother-german  of 
C.  Fannius,  i.  e.  by  the  fame  mother, 
Cic.  Verr,  i,  49.  He  fecms  to  have 
been  intimate  with  Cicero,  w}io  made 
L.  TulHus  one  of  his  lieutenants  at 
the  recommendation  of  Tjtiniu?,  Cic. 
An.  5,21.  Add.  ih.  2,  4.  f/  7,  1 8. et  9,  6. 

TiTiNii,  perfons  put  to  death  by 
Catiline  during  the  ufurpatiun  of  Jiulla, 
Cic.  Pet.  ConJ'.c.  2. 

TiTius,  one  of  the  ringleaders  of 
Clodius*s  mobs,  Cic.  Dom.  29.  ;  Har, 
refp.  27. ;  Sext,  52. 

C,  TiTius,  an  orator  and  writer  of 
tragedies,   Cic.  Br.  45. 

C.  TiTius  Rufusy  city  praetor  in 
the  confulfliip  of  Paulus  and  Marccllus, 
Cic.  Fam.  13,  57.  lieutenant  of  Dolo- 
bella  in  Ana,  ih.  12,  15. 

P.  TniU',  a  tribune,  a.  71c,  Cic. 
Fam.  10,  12. 

5^:c.  TiTius,  a  feditious  tribune,  a. 
654,  Cic.  Or.  2,  Ti.  by  whom  feveral 
jaws  were  paffed,  called  Le;^es  Titiae, 
Cic.  Leg.  2,  6,  &  12.  He  was  an 
acute  fpeaker,  but  fo  efFeminrUe  in  his 
gefture,  that  a  certain  dance  was  from 
him  called  Tit i us,  Cic.  Br.  62  f. ; 
^inSIil.  II,  3,  128. 

TiTius  Sepiniius,  a  writer  of  lyric 
poems  and  tragedies,  Hor.  Ep.  i,  3,  9. 
fuppofed  to  be  the  fame  mentioned,  Od. 
2,  6,  I.  et  Ep.  1,9. 

TiTURius,  one  who  exaded  tribute 
at  Toiofa,   r/ic.  Font.  5. 

^'f.  TiTur.Nius  Rvfus,  the  only  one 
temaining  of  the  Titurnlan  i^ily ^  <-^^- 


3  TON 

Titus,  a  Roman  praenomen.  It  is 
ufed  as  the  notnstt,  or  name  of  the  Ro- 
man emperor,  to  diftingulfh  him  from 
Vefpafian,  his  father.      Fid.  Vespasia- 

TITyRUS,  the  name  of  a  fneplierd 
in  Virgil,  borrowed  from  Theocritus, 
jE.  I,  I,  &  39.  Under  the  name  of 
Tityrus  the  poet  is  fuppofed  to  exprefs 
his  gratitude  to  Auguftus  for  reftoring 
his  lands.  Fid.  Oct.^  vius,  {it  Mar- 
tial.  8,  $6,  8.)  But  others  think  that 
under  this  charai^er  he  reprefents 
the  people  of  Mantua,  aud  the  people 
of  Cremona  under  that  of  Meliboeus, 
£.1,4.  et  9,  28.  Tityrus  tlfewhere 
denotes  merely  a  fliepherd,  iB.  5,  12. 
€t  9,  23.  a  defpicable  muficlan  or  poet, 

ih.  8,  55. Tityre,  te  cecitii^   I  fung  of 

thee,   Id.  G.  4,  566 Fiiyrus  ipfij  is 

put  for  Virgil  himfelf,  Properi.  2,  34..  72. 

TITYUS,  V.  oj,  the  fun  of  Terra, 
{Terrae  omntparentis  alumnus,)  Virg. 
Aen.  6,  595.  a  giant,  whole  body  is 
faid  to  have  covered  nine  acres,  ib.  He 
attempted  to  offer  violence  to  Latona, 
(whence  he  is  called  tticontinens,  Hor, 
Od.  3,4,  78.  and  raptor.,  ib.  4,  6,  2.) 
On  thih  account  he  was  flain  by  Apol- 
lo ;  and  in  the  infernal  regions  a  vulture 
perpetually  preyed  on  his  liver,  (G. 
437.)    Tthull  1,3,  75. 

Ti.tPOLE.Mu; ,  a  fon  of  Kerculesr 
and  Ailyoche,  the  daughter  of  Phy- 
las,  yJpoilodor.  2,  7,  8  f.  who  fettled 
in  Rhodes,  Id.  2,  8,  2.  Add.  Ovid, 
Met.  12,  537. 

Tlepclemus,  a  painter  in  the  re- 
tinue of  Verres,  Cic.  Verr.  3,28.  born 
at  Cibyra,  (Cihyrdta,)  ib.  4,  13,  &  21- 

i^ar  ToLUMNius,  king  of  the  Ve- 
jente^^,  killed  by  Corn.  Coffus  in  fingle 
combat,  Liv.  ^,  17,  &  19. ;  Propetr.  4, 
10,  37. 

ToLus,  V.  Olus,  the  perfon  whofe 
head  is  faid  to  have  been  found  in  dig- 
ging for  the  foundation  of  the  Capi- 
tol ;  whence  it  had  its  name,  [q.  Caput 
Toll,  v.  Oli,  A.  564.)   Dionyf.  4,  59. 

TcNG  LLUS,  V.  -iTius,  an  aflbcate 
and  favourite  of  Catiline's,  Cic,  at. 
2,  2, 

TomJ-ri?, 


TOM 

ToMyRis,  -is,   ace. 
Scythia,  who  vanquiflied  and  flev/  Cy 
rus,  (6*,  602.) 

ToRANius,  a  partifan  of  Pompey's, 
and  on  that  account  an  exile  ;  who 
entertahied  the  fame  fentiments  con- 
cerning the  civil  war  with  Cicero,  Cic. 
Fam.  6,  20,  &  21.  He  was  after- 
wards killed  in  the  profcription  of 
Antony  and  Augudus,  being  betrayed 
by- his  own  fon,  who  had  joined  the 
triumviri,  Val.  Max.  9,  11,  5. 

ToR(iyATUs,  a  firnatne  of  the  Man- 
B  ;  firft  given  to  T.  Manh'us,  froni  the 
chain  (iorquis)  which  he  took  from 
the  neck  of  a  Gaul,  whom  he  had  (lain 
in  fingle  combat,  Liv.  7,  10.  :  Cic. 
Ttifc.  4,  22.  Fin.  I,  7.  Of.  3,  31.  (G. 
225.  j  calhd  faevus  fecuri,  Virg.  Aen.  6, 
825.  becaufe  he  ordered  his  fon  to  be 
beheaded,  for  having  fought  with  the 
enemy  again ll  orders,  Liv.  th. 

Trabea,  a  comic  poet.  Cell.  15,  24.; 
Cic.  Fiji.  2,  4.  Tufc.  4,  31. —  Nihil  tibi 
opus  eji  illud  a  Trahea,  you  have  no 
reed  to  quote  that  verfe  from  Trabea, 
Cic.  Fafh.  9,  21. 

Tkachallus,  viil  Trachalus,  an  ora- 
tor, contemporary  with  Quindtilian, 
10,  I,  119. 

TRAJINUS,  an  excellent  Roman 
emperor,  (G.  246.)  Plin.  Pan.  et  Ep. 
I.   10.;  Tac.  H'lji.  1,1.  Agric.  ^,  &  44. 

Tran;;^illus,  a  Roman  firname  ; 
as  of  Suetonius. 

C.  TREBATIUS  refta,  a  learned 
lawyer,  intimate  with  Cicero,  who  re- 
commended him  to  Caefar  while  in 
Gaul,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  5.  and  wrote  to  him 
many  humorous  letters,  Cic.  7,  6, — 23. 
Ke  alfo  infcribed  to  him  his  Topics, 
Cic.  Top.  I.  Fam.  7,  1 9.  He  enjoyed 
the  confidence  of  Caefar  after  his  vic- 
tories, Suet.  Caef.  78.  He  was  alfo  a 
favourite  with  Auguftus. — Horace  in- 
troduces Trcbatlus  as  advihng  him  to 
give  over  writing  fatires,  Sat.  2,  1,4, 
&78. 

Z.  Trekf.llius,  firft  an  opponent, 
and  aftervvards  a  friend  of  Antony's, 
Cic.  Phil.  6,  ^.  et  13,  12,  &c. 

Tr>:hcllius  Maximus,  a  governor 
^i  Bntain,   hated  by  his  army   for  his 


[    39^    1  T  R  t: 

a  queen  of  fordid  avarice.  Being  deferted  by  hfs 
troops,  through  the  influence  of  one 
Caelius,  he  fled  to  Vitellins,  Tac.  Hiji. 
i,  60.  but  met  with  no  favour  from 
him,  Bolanus  being  fent  to  fnpply  his 
place,  ib.  2,  65.  Tacitus  differs  from 
himfelf  a  little  \\\  his  account  of  this 
matter,  Agric.  16. 

TRr:p.ius,  one  whom  Juvenal  ftrong- 
ly  difliiades  from  continuing  to  fubmit 
to  the  contempt  and  negledl  with 
which  poor  clients  were  treated  by 
their  rich  patrons,  5>  19,  &  135,  &c. 

6;TRE130NIUS,  a  tribune  a.  698, 
who  got  a  law  paffed,  afligning  to  the 
confuls  provinces  for  five  years,  to 
Pompey,  the  two  Spains  and  Africa  ; 
and  to  Craffus,  Syria  ;  alfo  to  Caefar, 
Gaul  for  other  five  years,  Dio,  39,  33, 
&c.  Suet.  Caef.  24.  This  law  ferved  to 
precipitate  the  ruin  of  the  republic, 
and  in  the  end  proved  deftrutlivc  to 
the  propofer  of  it.  Trebonius  wa« 
made  one  of  Catfar's  lieutenants,  Caef 
5.  G.  5,  17,  &  24.  He  adled  in  that 
capacity  with  M.  Antonius  at  the 
fiege  of  Alefia,  i3.  7,  81.  He  was 
entrufted  with  the  charge  of  con- 
ducing tlie  fiege  of  Marfeilles  while 
Caefar  was  abfent  in  Spain,  Id  B.  C» 

2,  I,  &  15. A.  U.    706,  he   was 

made  city  praetor,  in  which  office  he 
behaved  with  great  prudence  and  hu- 
manity, according  to  the  teftimony  of 
Catfar,  B.  C.  3,  20,  &  21.  and  oppo- 
fed  the  turbulent  attempts  of  Coelius, 
ib.  et  Dio,  A^z,  22.  Fell.  2,  68.  The 
year  after,  he  obtained  the  government 
of  Spain  v/ith  proconfular  authority, 
Dio,  42,  29.  Hirt.  B.  Alex.  64.  whence 
he  was  in  a  fliort  time  expelled  by  Sca- 
pula and  Aponius,  the  generals  of  the 

republican  party,  ITio,  ibid, In  the 

year  of  the  city  708,  when  Caefar  firfl 
introduced  the  cuftom  of  creating  con- 
fuls for  only  a  part  of  the  year,  and  to 
fet  the  example,  he  himfelf  with  his  col- 
league Lepidus  had  refigned  the  con- 
fullhip,  Trebonius  and  Q.  Fabius  were 
fubilituted  in  their  room,  Dio,  43,  46. 
for  the  three  laft  months  of  the  year, 
Suet.  Caef.  76.  to  the  great  difpleafure 
of  the  people ;  which  they  fignitied  when 
3  B  2  thp 


T  R  E  C     596    ]  TUB 

the  new  confuls  firft  appeared  in  the    There  were  fevcral  fea-gods  called  Tri 


theatre,  ib.  .80.  Though  Trebonius 
had  been  raifed  to  the  higheft  prefer- 
ments by  Caefar,  yet  he  joined  the  con- 
fpirators  againft  him,  animated,  as  it  is 
fuppofed,  purely  by  a  hatred  of  tyran- 
ny, Ck.  Phil.  2,  II,  &  14.  ^'^  If,  4. 
f/  13,  10.  Veil.  2,  56.  On  the  fatal 
day  [Idihts  Martiis)  he  engaged  An- 
tony in  converfation  at  the  door  while 
the  other  confpirators  were  difpatching 
•Caefar,  and  thus  faved  his  life,  Cic.PhiL 
2,  14.  <r/  13,  10.  Ep»  2,  28.;  jyw,  44, 
19.  After  the  death  of  Caefar,  the 
province  of  Afia  was  alTigned  to  Tre- 
bonius by  the  fenate,  where  he  was 
treacheroufly  (lain  at  Smyrna  by  Dolo- 
bella,  Cio,  Phil,  u,  2,  &c.  12,  \o,  et 
13,  10.  Veil  2,  69.;  D'w,  47,  29.; 
Appian.  B.  Civ.  3,  p>  SA^*  '^c. 

^;;.TREMELLIU£.S'^/-<9/i/.   ^/V.ScROFA. 

C.  Valerius  7'riarius,  the  friend  of 
Cicero,  whom  he  appointed  guardian 
to  his  children,  C/V.  Fin.  i,  5.  ^n.  12, 
28. 

TRICIPITiNUS,  afirname  of  the 

LuCRETII. 

Sp.  Lucretius  Tricipitinus,  the  fa- 
ther of  Lucretia,  Llv.  1,  ^^^  &  59.  et 
2,  8.  ;  Cic.  Leg,  2»  4. 

lu.  Lucretius  Tkicipitin-us,  a  con- 
fu],  who  triumphed  over  the  Volfci  and 
jicqui,  Liv.  3,  8,  &  ic. 

Triopas,   v.  -c,  the  father  of  Eri- 


fichth 


'ho   thence  is  called  T{ 


PEius,  O^j'id.  Met.  8,  75  J.  and  his 
daughter  Triopeis,  -Xdis,  ib.  872, 

Triptolemus,  the  fon  of  Celeus, 
king  of  Eleufis,  whom  Ceres  taught 
the  arc  of  hulbandry,  and  fent  him 
through  the  world  to  communicate  the 
knowltdge  of  it  to  others,  (G.  360,) 
•  He  was  ranked  among  the  iniernal 
judges,  Cic.TuJc.  i,  41. 

Tkismegistus,  (i,  e.  ter  maximus),  a 
name  of  Mercury  among  the  Egypti- 
ans, Lactant.  i,  6,  oc  7. 

Tritannus,  a  centurion,  remark- 
able for  his  {Irength,  Cic.  Fifi.  i,  3»; 
Plin.  7,  20. 

Triton,  v.  .<?,  'onis,  a  fea-god  ;  the 
attendant  and  trumpeter  of  Neptune, 
(G.386.)    Cic.  N.  D^  I.  28,  et  2,  25. 


tons,  ( Triton Rs,)  Firg.  Aen.  5,  824. 

Tri  TON  I  A,  f.  Tritoriis,  Adis^  a  name 
of  Minerva,  (G.  361.) 

Trivia,  a  name  of  Diana,  becaufe 
/he  prefided  over  places  where  three 
ways  met.  (G.  377.),  and  an  image  of 
her  was  placed  there  with  three  faces, 
one  looking  towards  each  way,    Ovid. 

Faji.    1 ,    141. T  R I V I A  E  lacus,  the 

lake  of  Diana  near  Aricia,  Virg.  Aen. 
7,516.  Trivtae  lucus,  a  grove  facred 
to  Diana  near  Cumae,  ib.  6,  i  3. 

Trogus  Pompeius,  a  Latin  hiilo- 
rlan  in  the  time  of  Auguflus,  who 
\vrote  a  general  hi  (lory  of  the  world, 
abridged  by  Juflin.  The  original 
work  is  loft,  and  the  abridgment  only 
remains,  Jufiin.  Praef. 

Troilus,  a  fon  of  Priam,  (lain  by 
Achilles,  Virg.  Aen.  l,  475.  ;   Hor.Od, 

2>^9.  15-  ^. 

Tros,  -o/j,  a  king  of  Troy,  who  gave 
name  to  that  city,  Virg.  G.  3,  36. 
whence  Trosy  Trois,  a  Trojan,  Id.  Aen. 
I?  577-     Troes,  Trojans,  (G.  187.) 

Trophonius,  the  fon  of  Valens  and 
Phoronis,  called  alfp  Mercuriusy  Cic.  N. 
D,  3,  22.  worfhipped  with  particular 
ceremonies,  Li.  Div.  i,  34.  (G.  305.) 

Trophonius,  an  architect, who  with 
his  brother  xVgamedes  built  the  temple 
of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  Pan/an.  10,  5. 
and  having  implored  that  god  to  grant 
them  in  return  what  was  beft  for  them, 
they  were  both,  three  days  after,  found 
dead,  Cic.  T'ufc.  i,  47. 


Tru 


cULENTUs,  the  churl,  the  name 


of  one  of  the  plays  of  Plautus,  Cic.  Sen. 
14. 

Trypho,  'Onist  the  name  of  a  Have, 
Cic.  Att.  3,  8.  Fam.  13,  6f. 

TuBERo,  -Q///X,  a  firname  of  the 
Aeiii. 

^  Aelius  TuBERQ,  a  very  brave 
man,  though  poor,  to  whom,  on  ac- 
count of  his  merit,  Pauius  Aemilius 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriage,  VaL 
Ma:':.  4,  4,  9.  ;   Plin.  33,  il  f.  50. 

^  TUBERO,  the  fon  of  the  form- 
er, whence  he  w^as  the  nephew  of  Af- 
ricanus  the  younger,  [Africani  fororis 
f.lius,)  Cic.  Mun  36.  a  iioic  hi  princi- 
ple 


TUB 


[     397     0 


T  U  i. 


pie  and  prailice  ;  vvlii'ch  he  fliewed, 
as  Cicero  thought,  InjudiciQufly  at  the 
funeral  grimes  celebrated  by  liis  coufin, 


Q^M 


aMiuuis,  1 


in  honour  oi  Africanu8, 


and  on  that  account,  wiien  he  ftood 
candidate  for  tht  prattorfi.ip,  lod  his 
ekdion,  ih.  Htnce  IJta  fiaa  (fc.  Stoi- 
corunv)  lulcroties^  d  Favojim,  ve/^ri 
quoqiie  reipuhi'tcae  iv.gr  at  a  nom'muf  geMu'il. 
Tac.  Ann-  i6,  22.  Tubero  was  a  man 
of  great  integrity  and  wcrtli,  Clc.  Br. 

31- 

P.TuBERO,thebrolherof  the  former, 
who  pronounced  a  funeral  oration  on 
his  uncle  by  tlie  mother's  hde,  Scipio 
Africanus,  written  by  Laehus,  Gc.Or. 
2,  84. 

^.  TuBERO,  an  ancient  Latin  hi- 
ftorian,  Ll^v.  4,  23.  ;  DhnyJ,  if. 

L.  TuBERO,  the  companion  and 
friend  of  Cicero,  C'lc,  Leg.  7.  who  wrote 
a  hiilory,  Cic.  J^  Fr.  I,  i,  3.  and 
therefore  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the 
fame  with  the  hillorian  lall  mentioned. 
He  was  lieutenant  to  Q^  Cicero,  Cic. 
ih.  d  Plane.  Al.  He  joined  Pompcy  Br.  15. 
in  tlie  civil  war,  Cic.  Ltg.  8.  but  was  Tuditanus,  an  Infane  nobleman, 
reltored  by  Caefar,  with  his  fon  Q^  the  grandfather  of  Fulvia,  the  wife  of 
Tub  ERG,  who  accufed  Ligarlus,  Clc.  Antony,  Cic.  Phil.  3,  6.  jic.  4,  27.; 
Lig.  I.  Val.Max.  7,8,  I. 

A^  Pojihumius  Tubertus,   a  dlda 


him  one. of  his  heirs,  and  to  have  com- 
mitted to  him,  together  with  Vaiius, 
the  charge  of  correfting  the  Aencis, 
Dutiat.  in  Vita  Plrgil.  c.  1  5. 

A7.  TUCCIUS,  curule  aedile,  JJv. 
35,  4'.  and  pi  actor,  ///.  7,6,  45.  who 
commanded  in  BriiUii  and  Apulia,  fJ. 
37,50.  cf  385  36.  He  was  made  trium'vir 
for  tranrplacting  a  colony,  IJ.  39,  22. 

«j  2.  The  accufer  of  C.  Sempro- 

nius  Rufus,  by  whom  he  himfclf  was 
alfo  accufed,  Cic.  Fam.  8,  8. 

TuDiTANUS,  a  firname  of  the  Setri' 
proni'i  ;  firit  given  to  one  of  that  gens^ 
becaufe  he  had  a  head  like  a  mallet, 
[quod caput  tuditiyi  mallcofimik  hahuerit, ) 
Fcilus. 

M.    TuDITANUS,      COnful,     2.     5 1 3, 

f.  5  J 4,  the  year  in  which  Livius  Ar- 
dronlcus  exhibited  the  fir!l  play  at^ 
Rome,  and  the  year  before  Ennius  was 
born,  Cic.  Br.  18.  Tujc.  i,  ?. 

P.  TuDiTANus,  the  colleague  of 
Cethegus  in  tlie  confulate,  a.  ^49,  and 
afterwards  alfo  in  the  cenforihip,  Cic, 


tor,  who  gamed  a  lignal  vidory  over 
the  Aequi  and  Volfci,  Liv.  4,  26,  29. 
P.  Tubertus,  the  colleague  In  the 
confulate,  firit  of  Valerius  Poplicola, 
and  then  of  Meneiu'us,  who  obtained 
the  light  of  being  buried  within  the 
city,  which  his  poilerlty  retained,  Cic.    daughters  of  S 


Ti'LLA,  a  companion  of  Camilla, 
Virg.  Atn.  1  \^(>^(i, 

irviiis  TULLIUS,    the  fixth  king 

of  Rome,  (G.  20c.) Tullianum, 

a  place  in  the  prifon,  Sallujl.  Cat.  ^^. 
built  by  Servius  Tullius,  Varr.L.  L.^, 

%1.  et  Fejlus. TuLLiAE,   the  two 

ervius  Tullius  ;   married 


Lfg.  2,  23 

C.  lioJliUus  TuBULUS,  praetor,  Liv. 
27,  6.  of  the  cliy,  ib.  7.  He  after- 
wards was  fent  agalnlb  Annlbal,  and  at- 
tacked him  with  fucccfs,  ih.  42. 

Z.  TuBULUS,  a  praetor  a.  u.  6ir. 
who  took  money  openly  for  giving 
judgment  in  caufes;  on  which  account 
he  iied  from  his  trial,  and  went  into 
voluntary  baniihment,  Cic.  Fin.  2,  16. 
et  4,  28.  et  5,  22.  N.  D.  3,  ^o. 

Pkiiiis  I'uccA,  a  poet,  the  fiicnd  of 
Virgil  and  Horace,  Hor.  Sat.  i,  5,  40. 
et  JO?  84,     Virgil  is  falfl   to  h?'-^  ^''^"''■ 


left 


to  the  two  Taiquinii,  (G.  202.) 

J\L  Tullius  Ciuroj the  orator.  FirV. 

CiCERO. TuLLiA,  the  daughter  of 

Cicero,  Cic.  Fam.   2,  15.  ct  6f  18.  Att, 

10,  18,  (Sec.  dim.  TuLLiOLA,  Cic.  Aft. 

^'3'&c. 
L.  Tullius,  a  relation  of  Cicero's  ; 

one  of  his  lieutenants  in  Cillcia,  Cic.Att. 

5,  21.  mentioned  ih.  4.  et  Vcrr.  4,  11. 
L.  Tullius    I\Jonianus,    one    who 

went  with  Cicero's  fon  to  Athens,  Cic. 

Alt.    12,   52. TULLIANUM  caput i    H 

debt  due  by  Tullius,  ih.  15,  2.6.  called 
TulUanumftmis^  becraife,  as  it  ii  thought, 

the 


T  U  L  C    ^98 

the  intereft  was  half  an  as  (Jemis)  for 
100  ajfes  per  month;  or,  as  wc  fay, 
6j)er  cent,  per  annum,  ib.  29. 

1^  u  L  L I  u  s  Cimber.  Vtcl.  T  i  l  L  i  u  s . 

IW  (i.  e.  Manias)  Tullius,  con- 
ful  with  Sulpicius  in  the  tenth  year 
after  the  expuliion  of  the  kings,  Cic. 
Br.  \6. ;  Lh\  2,  19. 

Tullius,  the  chief  [magi/Ier)  of  a 
fociety  of  farmers  of  the  pubKc  reve- 
nues, Clc.  Fen\'^,  71. 

TuLLus  Hojiilius,  the  third  king  of 
Rome,  {G.  196.)  Virg.  Jen.  6,  815. 

Jttius  TuLLUs,  a  chief  of  the  Volfci, 
the  hoft  of  Coriolanus,  Liv.  2,  55,  &c. 

TuLLUs  Clwvius,  one  of  the  Roman 
ambaffadcrs,  put  to  death  by  Lars  To- 
lumnius,.6'/V.  Phil.  9,  3.  called  TuUus 
Claelius  by  Pliny,  34,  6. 

L.  Vokahus  TuLLus,  cotiful  with 
i.epidus,  a.  688,   Ck.  Cat.  1,  6.  Att. 

8,  IS'— — ^^  2. The  patron  and  friend 
of  Propertius,  i,  i,  9,  &.c. 

TuLLUs  Hojl'iltus.  a  tribune-eledt  of 
the  commons,  a  partifan  of  Antony's, 
C'lc.  Phil.  13,  C2. 

Turbo,  -o«?V,  the  name  cf  a  gladi- 
ator, Hor,  Sat.  2,  3,  301. 

TuRDUs,  the  lirname  of  a  plebeian 
branch  of  the   Gens  Papiria,  Cic.  Fam. 

9,  21,   7. C,   Pap'irius   Tukdus,  a 

tribune,  Liv.  41,  6. 

Z/.  TuRius,  (a).  Thorius,)  an  orator 
of  fmall  genius,  but  of  great  indullry, 
Cic.  Br.  67. 

^  TuRiu-:,  a  trader  (^negotiator)  iii 
Africa,  Cic.  Fanu  12,  26.  Haersditas 
TuR.iANA>   the   fortune  or  eilate   left 

by  Turius,  ih. Eros  ( -oiis )  Tv  R i u  s, 

the  freed  man  of  Q^Turius,  ih. 

TURNUS,  the  fon  of  Daunus  and 
\-\r.r.  ^f  .u^  Rutuh',  Fir^.  Aen. 


Venilia,  king  of  the 


.eneas, 


lb.  12, 


7,  577,   &c.  (lain   by 
928.  (G.  19c,) 

TuRPiLiUSj  an  old  epic  poet,  Non. 
4,422. 

L.  Amhi%nns  Turpio,  mentioned  as 
one  of  the  principal  adtors  in  the  title 
of  all  the  plays  of  Terence,  except  the 
Adclphi  and  Hecyra. 

TuRPio,-o«7'.r,  a  contemptible  perfon 
at  Rome,  who  had  been  a  Ihoemaker  or 
,.  cobltr,  (futoriuSi)  Cic.  Att.  6,  i. 


3  T  Y  N 

D.  TuRRANNius,  V.  -anitis,  a  man 
poffefTed  of  ufeful  learning,  who  lived 
iometimes  with  Cicero,  and  fometimes 
with  Cicero's  brother,  Cic.  Att.  i,  6. 
f/  6,  9.  £"/  7,  I.  He  is  thought  to  be 
the  fame  mentioned  by  Pliny,  3,  i. 

A/"  TuRRANNius,  a  perfon  of  great 
intea^rity,  who  would  not  accept  of  a 
province  from  Antony,  Cic.  ■  'hil.  3,10. 

L.  (URSELius,  one  whofe  efFefts 
Antony    ieized  bv  a   forged  will,  Cic. 

Phil.2,\6. 

u  RUT,  I  us,  quaeftorto  Tilh'us  Cim- 
ber in  Bithynia,  and  commander  of  his 
fleet,  Cic.  Fam.  12,  13. 

TuscENius,  an  obicure  perfon,  who 
complained  of  Q^Cicero,  Cic.  1^.  Fr.  i, 
I,  6.  et  2,  2. 

7"UT0R>  -oris,  the  name  of  an  old 
comedy,  or  of  the  writer  and  adior  of 
it,  \ery  ridiculous,  [inimus  vetusy  op* 
pido  ridicidusy)  Cic.  Or.  2,  64. 

Tychius,  a  fliilfui  artiil,  v/ho  made 
the  fi-iJeld  of  Ajax,  Ovid.  Fajl.  3,  823. 

TYDEUS,  (2  fyll.)  -ei,  V.  -eos,  the 
fon  of  Oeneus,  king  cf  Cal)-don  and 
Peribaea ;  one  of  the  fcven  leaders 
againil  Thebes,  where  he  was  flain, 
(G.  434-)  ^^^  father  of  Diomedes  ; 
v-lio  is  hence  called  Tydides,  -ae,  [G, 

45S.) 

Tymoetes.   Fid.  Thymoetes. 

TYND  A  K\JS,\.Tyriddreus,  -i,  aking 
of  Lcicednemon,  tlie  huiband  of  Leda, 
and  lather  of  Cailor  and  Pollux,  of 
Helena  and  Ciytaemneftra,  (G.  411-) 
whence  TyndarIdes,  -acy  the  fon  of 
''lyndarus,  i.  e.  Caltor,  Fal.  Flac.  6, 
612.  TYNDAiaDAE,  -aruniy  the  fons 
of  Tyndarus,  i.  e.  Caftor  and  Pollux, 
Cic.  N.  D.  2,  2.et  3,5.;  0%nd.  Trijl.  r, 
10,  45.  2emini, 
Id.F.5, 


.,  Id.  M.  8,  30  T.  fratres, 
700.  Clariim  Tyndar^daeJidiiSy 
the  bright  ftar  of  Caltor  and  Pollux, 
PFjr,  Od.  4,  8,  31.  et  \,  12,  27.  Hence 
Optatos  quaerere  'Tyndaridas,  to  defire 
tiiat  this  ftar,   wifhed   for  by  mariners, 

might  appear,  Propert.  i,  17,  18. 

Tyndaris,  -/^/'j,  the  daughter  of  Tyn- 
darus, i.  e.  Helena,  Virg.  Aen.  2,  6c i.; 
Ovid.  Ep.  5,  gi.  Am.  2,  12,  18.;  Pro- 
pert.  2,  32,  3[.  f/  3,  8,  30 — We  hard- 
ly find  Tyndaris  rut  for  Civ  tern  nae- 

'       ftra, 


T  Y  P 


ftra,  but  her  hufband  Agamemnon  is 
called  Tyndarei  gener^  the  fon-In-law  of 
Tyndarcus,    0-vid,  in  Ibin,    356.  Add. 

Cic,   Fat.    15. adj.   Tyndareus 

puer,  i.  e.  Caftor  or  Pollux,  Fal.  Flac. 
I,  167. 

.  Typhoeus,  (3  fyll  with  eu  a  diph- 
thong, gen.   -deiy  v.  -oeosy  Ovid.   Fait. 

4,  491.  dat.  Typhoeoy  in  3  fyll.  the  eo 
founded  in  one  fyll.  Firg.  Aen.  9,  716. 
accuf.    Typhoeay  in  4  fyll.  Ovid.    Md. 

5,  348.  Faft.  I,  573.  or  in  3  fyll.  as 
TyphoeOy  Vn-g,  G.  ),  279.  ;  Ovid.  Met. 
3,  305.)  a  giant  of  enormous  fize, 
Virg.  j^cn.  85  298.  faid  to  have  an  hun- 
dred hands,  Gvid,  Met.  3,  ;^03.  buried 
under  the  iOand  Inarime,  Virg.  Am.  9, 
716.;  Lvcan.  5,  lOT.  Ovid  fays,  un- 
der Sicily,  Met.  5,  346,  5:c — - — adj. 
TypkoeuS,  vel  'otm  ;  thus,  Tela  Ty- 
phoea.  the  darts  uled  by  Jupiter  againfl 
Typhoeus,  i.  e.  thunderbolts,  Firg. 
Ae-n.  I,  t6^.  Typhoia  rervix,  the  neck 
of  Typhoeus,  Claudian.  de  Rapt,  Prof. 

3 »   I S  3. T  Y  p  H  o  I  s    (  'Idos, )    Aetna f 

placed  upon  Typh5eus,  Ovid,  Ep.  5, 
i  1. 

Typhon.  -ontsy  an  enormous  giant, 
(G.  437.)  thv  ught  by  fome  to  be  the 
fame  with  Typhoeus,  Ovid.  Faji.  2, 46 1 . 


C     399     ] 


VAC 


YRANNIO,    V. 


•oniSy  a  fjramma- 


lian  and  geographer,  Cic.  Ait.  2,  6.  et 
12,  2,  3c c.  who  taught  in  Cicero's  fa- 
mily, Cic.  ^  Fr.  2,  4.  He  v/as  alfo 
employed  to  arrange  the  books  of  Ci- 
ceio's  library,  Qc.  Atl.  j\.y  4,  ic  8.— 
Suidas  mentiocs  two  of  this  name. 

Tyro.    P^ie/.TiLio. 

Tyro,  -//j,  the  daughter  of  Salm.o- 
v.eus\{Sal}rioriiSf  -zdis,)  and  Alcidlce  ; 
who  fell  in  love  with  EnTpcus,  the  god 
of  a  river  of  Elis,  and  ufcd  often  to 
walk  on  his  banks.  Neptune  there- 
fore having  afTumed  the  form  of  Eni- 
peu3,  had  by  her  two  fons,  Pelias  and 
l^eleus,  the  father  of  Neilcn-,  Homer. 
Cdyfs.  II,  234,  &c.;  Apcllodor.  i,  9, 
8.;  Ovid.  Ep.  19,  132.  It  appears 
that  Enipeus  and  Tyro  were  mutually 
fond  of  each  other,  Ovid.  Am.  3,  6,  43. 
Propertius  aicribes  to  Enipeus  in  Thei- 
^aly,  3s   19,   13.   et   I,   13,   21.^  what 


others   attribute    to    Enipeus  in   EIjs, 
6Vrrt/A8,/^.  356f. 

Tyrrhus,  the    chief  fhepherd    of 
king  Latinus,  Virg.  Aen.  7,  485,  508, 

532. Tyrrhidae  pueriy   the  fons 

of  Tyrrhus,  ih.  484. 

Tyrtaeus,  an  Athenian  poet,  by 
whofe  poems  the  Lacedaemonians  were 
fo  animated,  that,  after  fallainingmany 
defeats,  they  at  laft  conquered  the  Mcf- 
fenians,  (G.  463.)  Some  of  his  vcrfcs 
are  Hill  extant,  which  merit  tiie  cha- 
rafter  given  of  them  by  Horace,  Tv 
taeufque  mares 
Ferjibiis  exaeuity 
tilian  ranks  him 
11,2 


animos    in    Martia   bella 

Art.  P.  402.     Quinc- 

ncxt  to  Homer,  12, 


Tyrus,  v.  -Oy  the  mother  of  the  Sy- 
rian VtuxiSy  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  23. 


M.  Fifrttvius  VACCUS,  general  of 
the  F\ndani  znd  Privernates  againftthe 
Romans  ;  who  had  a  houfe  at  Rome 
on  the  Palatine  mount,  which  being 
pulled  down,  and  the  area  adjudged  to 
the  public,  was  called  Vacci  prata, 
Liv.  8,  19.  ;   Cic.  Dora.  38. 

Vacerra,  a  lawyer  in  the  time  of 
Cicero,  Cic.  Fam.  7,  8. 

Vac  UN  A,  the  goddefs  of  vacation 
or  relpite  from  labour,  to  whom  the 
hufoandmen,  after  tlie  conclufion  of 
harveft,  offered  facriliccs,  Ovid.  Fajl.  6, 
307.  S!ic  had  a  temple  and  a  facred 
grove  around  it  at  Reatc,  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Sablnes,  PUtu  3,  12  f.  17, 
There  feem  to  have  been  on  Horace's 
farm  the  remains  of  an  old  temple  of 
Vacuna,  behind  which  he  dictated  to 
his  amanuenfis  one  of  his  epiftles,  Ep. 

I,    10,  49. Vaccjnales  fociy  the 

hearth  in  the  temple  of  Vacuna,  Ovid. 
Fajl.  6,  308. 

Valens,  -rdisy  the  father  of  one 
called  Mercury,  Cic.  N.  D.  3,  22. 

A.  Valentius,  an  interpreter  of 
Verres  in  ijicily,  Cic-  Ferr.  3,  37. 

VALERIUS,  the  name  of  digensy 
one  of  the   noblell  and  raoft  ancient  in 

Rome, 


V  A  L  [    400    ]  V  A  L 

Rome,  divided  into  a  nuniber  of  dif-  rinn,  in  the  time  of  Marias 
fcrent  branches  ovfamlliae;  as,  the  Flac- 
ciy  Laroinl)  Mejfala?,  Max'tmi^  &c.  The 
Valerii  were  anciently  called  Vahfn  ; 
as  the  FurVi  were  Fuft'ii^  3cc.  Q^uin6tiL 
I,  4,  13.  To  th.it  ge/rs  F'ak ria  iht  Ro- 
mans vrere  indebl-ed  for  the  liril:  eila- 
bliCiment  of  their  liberty,  IJv.  2,8.; 
Dlonyf.  5,  19.   arid    aftervvards   for   its 


ort, 


.IV.  3,  ss- 


ilfo 
V1:L 


!0,  9.     But 

firll  fllaViifh-' 


fupp 

one  of  the  fame 
cd  tyranny  by  h 
us  Flaccts. 

/>.VALER[lTS,"the  fon  of  Vole- 
fus,  who  was  prefent  at  the  death  of 
Lucretia,  having-  accompanied  her  ,fii- 
ther  to  Collatia  when  J^ucrttia  fent 
for  him,  Lhu  j,  58.  After  the  ex- 
pulfion  of  Tarquin  and  the  vcdontary 
exile  of  Collatinus,  Valerius  was  crea- 
ted conful  with  Brutus,  L'lv.  2,  2. 
Brutus  being  i\x\\\  in  the  fame  ytar, 
^Valerius  remained  fole  C'.mfnl.  He 
was  continued  in  that  oiTire  alfo  for 
the  two  next  year's,  with'  difFcre'.it  col- 
leagues. He  defeased  Tarqiiin,  aiid 
by  bis  able  conduct  defended  Rome 
sgainft  the  attempts  bf  Porseiia.  He 
caufcd  fcveral  laVvs  t6l5e''made  for  fe- 
Ciiring  the  rights  of  tliejlcopk ;  whence 
he  got  the  fnname  (>f 'Popltcola^  or 
Publico  LA,  L'ro.  i,  8.  '  After  an  in- 
termilTion  of  two  years  he  was  made 
conful  for  the  fourth  time,  a.  \\.  25c. 
and  triumphed  over  the  Sabine?,  ih,  16. 
This  great  man  {^crmrJum  covfenfu  pr'in- 
cepT  hAl'i pactfqiie  orttlii^)  died  the  year 
after  io  poor,  that  he  did  not  leave 
•what  \yas*  fufficient  to  defray  the  ex- 
pences  of  his  funeral, 
at  the  pwbh'c  cxpeacc, 
and  riot  to  Brutus^  Horace  afcribes  the 
expulfion  of  Tarquin,  Sat.  1,6,  1  2. 

M.   V  A  L  ?.  R I  U  S .     Vld.  C  O  R  Y  U  S . 

Z.  VALERIUS  Fhccus,  being 
made  Interrex,  a.  67  i,  palled  a  law,  call- 
ed from  him  L:x  Fiihria,  ratifying  all 
the  acts  of  Sulla,  Clc.  RuU.  3,  2.  ;  Jp- 
plan.  B.  C.i.p'  6S6.  and  conferring  on 
him  didatorial  power;  whereby,  as 
Cicero  juftly  obfcrves,  all  laws  were 
extinguifaed,  il\ 

<^;V  A  L  ET.  I  u  s  JrUiaSf  a  R.  o  n  a  n  h  i  il  0  - 


He  xvas  buried 
ib.    To  Valerias, 


and  Sulla, 
FelL  2,  9.  often  quoted  by  Livy,  3. 
5,  &L.  faid  to  have  greatly  exaggera- 
ted  ia£ts,  {^nullitm  ment'iendl  modum  tenet, 
L,iv.  26,  49.  immodire  omnium  rerum 
riufn.'rum  auget^  33,  10.  et  36,  19,  & 
38.)  None  of  his  works  are  now  ex- 
tant. 

VALERIUS  Maxlmus,  an  hiftori- 
cal  author  who  wrote  an  account  of 
memorable  culboms,  aclions,  and  fay- 
ings,  in  ntne  books,  [exemplonim  memo- 
rjoilium  Uhri  novem  :)  which  he  infcri- 
bed  to  tl\e  emperor  Tiberius.  But  the 
books  we  now  have  under  that  title  be- 
ing inferior  in  elegance  and  purity  of 
ftyle  to  other  compofitions  of  that  age, 
are  thought  to  be  only  an  epitome  of 
the  original  works,  compiled,  about 
3bo  years  after,  by  one  Paris  or  Nepo> 
tianus.  Fid.  FoJ[.  de  H'ljlor.  Lat,  p,  122. 
et  Fa^-  Max.  m  ufiun  DelpFinu 

C.  VALERIUS  Flaccus,  a  Raman 
poet  cbntempoiary  with  Martial,  who 
infcribed  to  him  feveral  of  his  epigrams. 
In  one  of  thefe  Martial  advifes  him  to 
drop  the  iludy  of  poetry,  and  betake 
himfelf  to  the  bar,  as  being  more  lucia- 
tive^  I,  77.  Martial  add refies  him  as 
a  native,  or  at  kail  an  inhabitant  of 
Padua,    I,   62,    3.   et    i,    77,  2.     But 


()th( 


:e  him   a  native  of    Sctia, 


(^Si'tinus.)  Place  us  viu'ote  a  poem  on 
the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts,  called 
/frgonautlcaf  -on,  hi  eight  books,  which 
he  dedicated  to  Vefpafian  ;  but  death 
prevented  him  from  tinifhing  it-  He 
died  young  at  Padua.  Qu_in!R;rl!<an, 
fpeaking  of  him,  fays,  Mvhtitn  in  Valerio 
Fheco  nuper  amifimus,  10,  T,  90. 

Valeria  tnbuhy  the  ofhce  of  Vale- 
rius, a  place  in  the  forum  where  the 
tribunes  ufed  to'iit,  fuppofed  to  have 
been  fo  na;:iGd  from  one  Valerius  a 
banker,  who  kept  there  his  account- 
books,   ttahidae)y    Cic.    Vat.  9.    Fam. 

14.'  ^• 

C.   Valgius   mpp'iJHUs,  a   friend   of 

Cicero's,  fo  cal/ed  from  Valgius  who 
adopted  him.  His  own  name  was  C. 
Hippius,  from  that  of  his  natural  fa- 
ther, which  name  Cicero  alfo  give-s  him 
in.  the  fame  epiflle,  Fam.  13,  76. 

C.  Valgius, 


V  A  L  C    40T     1 

C  Valguts,  a  learned  botanift,  who     himfelf,  Cic.  B 
fent   an  unliniriied   work  to  Aiiguftus 
concerning  the  nk  of  herbs,   Plin.  25, 


C.  Valgixis,  a  teacher  of  rhetoric, 
the  fcholar  of  Apollodorus,  ^tindii  3, 
I,  18.  et  3,  5,  17.   et  5,  10,  4. 

Valctus,  the  fon-in-hiw  of  Sulla, 
who  feiztd  on  many  eftates  in  the  time 
of  Sulla,  Ck.  RuU.  3,  1. 

Valcius,  a  poet  of  confiderable  me- 
rit in  the  time  of  Auguftus,  Hor.  SaL 
I,  10,  S^,;  T'lhull.  4,  1,  179.  the  friend 
of  Horace,  who  wrote  a  beautiful  ode, 
to  confole  him  on  the  lofs  of  his  fon 
Myites,  Qd.  2,  9. 

L.  V^\RF.Nrs,  accufed  of  murder, 
anrd  defended  by  Cicero.  But  the  ora- 
tion is  loft,  and  therefore  the  allulions 
of  Qj-niidilian  to  it  are  fome  of  them 
not  caiily  explained,  4,2,73.  7,  i,  9, 
&c. 

Vargula,  a  witty  man,  (Jicax), 
mentioned,   i  ic.  Qr»  2,  60. 

L,  (al.  r.)  Vargunteius,  a  fenator, 
an  alTociate  of  Catiline,  who  undertook 
to  murder  Cicero  in  his  bed,  Sail.  Cat. 
28  ;  OV.  SulL  2.  Cicero  calls  him  an 
equesj  Cat.  i ,  4. 

P.  Varinus,  a  governor  of  Afia, 
Cic.  Flacc.  19. 

M>  Vahsidi us,  a  Roman  equcs,  Cic. 
Fam.  10,  7,  &  12. 

L.  Varius  CotyJas,  v. -a,  one  of  the 
chief  friends  of  Antony,  Cic.  Phil.  13, 
1  2.  whom  he  fent  as  ambaifador  to  the 
fenate,  il>.  8,  10,  5c  11. 

^VARIUS,  a  native  of  Sucro, 
[Sucromrifis),  in  Spain,  called  Hybrula 
vel  Ihridtty  (i.  e.  of  a  mixt  breed),  on 
account  of  the  uncertainty  of  his  being 
a  citizen,  (propter  ohjcurum  jus  civita- 
tis),  Val.  Max.  3,  7,  8.  ti  8,  6,  4.  of 
a  difagreeable  appearance,  (^homo  vaftus 
et  fGeclus)^  Cic.  Or.  J,  25.  but  elteemed 
a  good  oiator,  ib.  et  Br.  49,  S:  62. 
When  tribune,  a.  u.  662,  he  got  a  law 
pafTed,  [lex  Varia)^  that  enquiry  fhould 
be  made  concerning  thofe  by  whofe 
means  the  Italian  war  had  been  raifed, 
Val.  Max.  ibuL  ;  Lie.  Mil.  36.  Br.  S^, 
&  88.  by  which  law  many  great  men 
w?re   coodemned,  and   at  lait   Varius 


V  A  R 

89.  who  periflied  mi* 
ferably,  and  thus  luffered  the  juil  pu- 
nidimcnt  of  liis  crimes,  in  having  cau- 
fed  the  death  of  Drufus  and  Mctellus, 
Cic.  N.  Z).  3,  3;^. 

Z.  VARIUS,  a  poet  greatly  elleem- 
ed  by  Auguftus,  Bur.  Ep.  2,  i,  247. 
the  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  Hor^ 
Sat.  1,  5,  40,  .<x'  93.  I,  6,  ^S\^  ^'  i'.9» 
22.  called  by  Horace  Maeonii  earminis 
aleSi  the  bird  or  fwan  of  Maeonian  verfc, 
;'.  e.  the  fuccefsful  imitator  of  Homer, 
or  a  fublime  epic  poet,  Od.  1,6,  t. 
Varius  was  unrivalled  as  an  epic  poet 
at  Rome,  [Forte  epos  acer^  Ut  nemo^  Va- 
rius diicit),  before  the  i\eneis  of  Vir» 
gil  was  publilhed,  Hor.  Sat.  1,  10,  43. 
After  that  he  was  ranked  next  to  Vir- 
gil, Id.  Art.  P.  55.  Varius  alfo  wrote 
tragedies  ;  and  Quiniftilian  fays,  the 
Thyeftes  of  Varius  might  be  compared 
to  any  tnigedy  of  the  Greeks,  10,  i, 
98.  Add.  Dial,  de  Oral.  c.  12.  One 
Gracchus  feems  to  have  written  a  play 
on  the  fame  fubjeft  ;  hence,  Cum  Va- 
rius Gracchujque  darent  Jera  diHa  tyran- 
nic when  they  infcrted  in  their  trage- 
dies the  cruel  reproaches  of  Thyeftes 
againft  Atreus,  i>vid.  Pont.  4,  16,  31. 
Virgil  had  fuch  an  efteem'  for  Va- 
rius, that  he  left  him  one  of  his  heirs, 
with  the  charge  of  correding  and  pub- 
lilhing  the  Aeneis,  Donat.  in  vit.  Virg. 
c.  15.  None  of  the  works  of  Varius 
remain  but  a  few  fragments. 

VARRO,  -dim,    a   firname   of  the 
Tcrentii. 

t.  Tcr^niius  VARRO,  defcended  of 
a  mean  family,  the  fon  of  a  butcher, 
as  was  faid,  Liv>  22,  25. ;  Val.  Max, 
3,  4,  4.  who  raifed  himfelf  to  prefer- 
ment by  his  eloquence  and  popular 
arts,  ib.  26.  ;  Cic.  Br.  ig.  Wlien  con- 
ful  with  Paulus  Aemilius,  a.  537,  he 
occafioned  by  his  rathnefs  the  dreadtul 
defeat  at  Cannae,  y>k'.^22,  45,  ^\c. 
After  the  battle  he  fled  to  Canufmm 
with  about  fifty  horfemen,  /^.  49.  Such 
however  was  the  magnanimity  of  the 
Romnns,  that  when  he  returned  to  the 
city  he  was  met  bv  great  numbers  of 
all  ranks,  and  thanks  given  him,  be- 
came he  iiad  not  defpaired  of  the  re- 
3  E  public, 


V  A  R  [    402    ]  V  A  R 

P^Wjc,  ih.  61  f.     After  the   expiration     Cicero   reproaches  him,  and  draws   a 


of  his  ofiice,  the  diilrid  of  Picenum 
was  affigned  to  him,  Liv.  23,  ^2.  ef 
27,  35.  and  his  command  continued 
during  all  the  years  of  the  war,  Liv. 
35,  6.  He  was  afterwards  alfo  em- 
ployed in  feveral  honourable  commif- 
fions,   Liv.  30,  26.  et  31,  11,  &  49. 

M.  Terenths  VARRO,  the  moft 
learned  of  the  Romans,  [Romanorum 
erudit'ifslmiis,  Quinftil.  ic,  1,95.),  born 
at  Rome  a.  638,  one  of  the  lieutenants 
of  Pompey  in  the  war  againil  the  pi- 
rates, when  he  is  faid  to  have  propo- 
fed  the  imprafticable  fcherne  formerly 
conceived  by  Pyrihus,  of  making  a 
bridge  of  boats  over  the  Adriatic  fea 
where  it  is  narroweii,  PHn.  3,  1 1  f.  16. 
In  this  war  Varro  obtained  a  naval 
crown  for  his  merit,  Plin.  7,  30.  Pie 
afterwards  commanded  Farther  Spain 
as  the  Heutenant  of  Pompey,  with  two 
legicins,  Dioy  41,  23.;  Cic.  Fam.  9,  13.; 
Caef.  B.  C.  I,  ^S.  of  courfe  he  fupport- 
ed  the  intereft  of  Pompey  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war,  Caef.B.  C.  2,^17, 
&  r8.  But  after  the  defeat  of  Pe- 
treius  and  Afranius  he  made  his  peace 
with  Caefar,  ih.  20,  ^21.;  Z)w,  41, 
23.  and  returned  to  his  fludies.  Du- 
ring this  period  a  particular  intimacy 
fubfifted  between  him  and  Cicero.  Var- 
ro fnfcribed  his  book  concerning  the 
Latin  tongue  to  Cicero,  and  Cicero 
liis  academical  queftions  to  Varro,  Clc. 
^'Ic.  I,  I.  ^n,  13,  16,  &  18.  Caefar 
entrufted  to  Varro  the  charge  of  pur- 
chafmg  and  arranging  books,  both 
Greek'  and  Latin,  for  public  libraries, 
which  he  intended  to  eftablifh  ;  but 
this  defign  was  fruftrated  by  the  dic- 
tator's death,  Suet.  Casf.  44.  Some 
fuppofe  that  Varro  was  employed  about 
this  time  as  quaeftor  to  M.  Brutus,  the 
governor  of  Cifalpine  Gaul,  from  a  re- 
commendatory letter  of  Cicero's  to 
Brutus,  Fam.  13,  10.  But  this  ap- 
pears to  have  been  written  in  favour  of 
lome  other  perfon  of  the  fame  name. 
Notwithftanding  the  indulgence  of 
C?-efar  to'  Varro,  Antony  unjuftly  fei. 
2:ed  his  villa  in  the  territory  of  Casl- 
P14^-j    (fundus   Cqjfmas),    with    which 


beautiful  contrail  between  the  charac- 
ter of  Varro  ( Jandijfimi  atqiie  integerrimi 
virij  and  that  of  Antony,  [bomtnis  tur- 
pijfvni),  Cic.  PhiL  2,  40,  &  41.  Varro 
was  in  the  liil  of  thofe  profcribed  by 
the  triumviri,  but  was  faved  by  the 
friendlhip  of  Fufms  Calenus,  Appian. 
B.  C.  4,  616,  &c.  There  was  another 
Varro  of  the  fame  name,  who,  to  pre- 
vent his  fufi'ering  by  millake,  pafted  up 
a  paper  to  inform  the  public  how  the 
matter  ftood,  Dio,  47,  11.  Paterculus 
fpeaks  of  one  Varro,  who,  when  about 
to  die  by  the  command  of  Antony, 
prefaged  with  great  freedom  the  fate 
of  Antony  himfelf,  2,  71.  Varro, 
though  he  faved  his  life,  however  loil  a 
number  of  his  books,  and  fome  valuable 
manufcripts,  Gell.  3>  10.  He  lived  to 
above  ninety  years  of  age,  univerfally 
refpedled,  His  image,  while  alive,  was 
placed  in  the  firft  public  library  at 
Rome,  that  of  Ahnius  PoUio,  and  the 
image  of  no  other  living  perfon  befides, 
Plin.  7,  30.  He  wrote  an  incredible 
number  of  books,  and  continued  his 
fiudies  to  the  clofe  of  life,  Val.  Max. 
8,  7,  3.  He  was  eighty-four  when 
profcribed,  and  then  he  had  v/ritten 
no  fewer  than  490  books.  Cell.  3,  lo^^ 
He  wrote  his  book  on  hufbandiy  in 
his  eightieth  year,  Varr.  de  Re  RuJHcai 
I,  I.  Pliny  fays  in  his  eighty-hril  year, 
18,  T^f.  and  mentions  his  having  pub-^ 
liflied  fome  work  when  eighty-eight, 
(al.  83),  29,  4/  18/.  There  is  a 
noble  eulogium  on  Varro  and  his  works 
in  Cicero,  Acad,  i,  3.  and  in  Phny,  35, 
2f.  Of  the  nuinerous  works  of  Varro 
there  only  remain  his  three  books  de 
Re  Rvjlka  ;  the  4th,  5th,  and  6th 
hooks  de  Latina  i}7!gua 'f  the  7th,  8th, 
and  9th  books  de  Analogia^  fome  of 
which  aie  very  imperfedt.  Of  the  rell 
there  is  nothing  extant  but  Icattered 
fragments. 

P.  Tcrentius  VARRO,  a  native  of 
Atax  or  Attax,  a  village  in  Gallia  Nar- 
bonncnfix,  (hence  called  Varro  AtacI- 
Nus,  Hor.  Sat.  T,  10,  46.;  ^inclil. 
10,  I,  87.)  who  wrote  a  poem  on  the 
eipedidun 


V  A  R 


C    403    1 


VAT 


expedition  of  Jafon,  which  is  celebrated 
Ly  Ovid,  Am.  [,15,21.  Art.  Am.  3,355. 
He  borrowed  great  part  of  the  mate- 
rials from  ApoIIo7iius  Rhodius,  whence 
t^incliliau  commends  him  chiefly  as 
an'  interpreter,  [interpres  opens  alien'i, 
Hon  fpeniendus))  lO,  I,  87.  Quindli- 
iian  quotes  him,  1,5,  18.  and  mentions 
a  quotation  of  Cicero's,  as  it  is  thought, 
from  the  fame. poet,  8,  6,  73.  Varro 
attempted  alfo  other  fubjedts,  as  love- 
poems,  (thus,  Haec  quoque  perfulo  In- 
dehat  "Josone  Varro,  having  finifhed  his 
poem  called  Jason  or  Argonauticay  -on, 
Propert.  2,  34,  85.  So  Ovid,  Trijl. 
2,439.),  and  fatires,  but  without  fuc- 
cels,  (expcrto  frujtra  Varrotie  AtacinoJ, 
Hor.  Sat.  J,  10,  46. 

Varus,  a   firname    of  the  Attii  or 

P.  Ati'ius  Varus,  praetor  of  Africa 
at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  Ck. 
Leg.  2.    called   P.  Attius,  Cic.  Alt.  7, 

13- 

^  Atius  Varus,  a   general   under 

Caefar,   Caef.  B.  G.  8,  28.  B.  C.  3,  37. 

L.  Varus,  an  epicurean,  a  friend  of 
Caefar's,   ^ilndlL  6,  3,  78. 

^intfUius  Varus,  vel  Varus  ^linc- 
fHiusy  a  general  under  Brutus  in  the 
battle  of  Philippi,  who,  after  the  de- 
feat, caufed  himfeif  to  be  killed  by  his 
freed  man,    Ve/Li^'ji. 

P.  ^linail'ws  VARUS,  the  fon  of 
the  former,  conful  with  Tiberius,  a.  u. 
741,  Dio,  54,  25.  />.  539.  afterwards 
governor  of  Syria,  where  he  enriched 
himfclf  by  the  plunder  of  his  province. 
Fell.  2,  1 1 8.  He  was  next  made  go- 
vernor of  Germany,  where,  behaving 
with  haughtinefs  and  cruelty,  he  was 
cut  off  with  his  army,  by  the  contri 
vance  of  two  German  generals,  Armi- 
iiius  and  Seghnerus.  Vaius  feeing  no 
polFibihty  of  efcape,  ilabbed  himfeif, 
{Daci phis  ad  morkndum,  quam  ad  pug- 
nandiim  anhnl  fitii),  VelL  2,  119.;  Dio, 
66,  18,  &c.;  Flor.4,  12,  30^  &c.;  Tac. 
Ann.  1,61.;  Suet.  Aug.22.— VariA" 
NA  clades,  the  dellrudtion  of  Varus, 
Suet.  Aug.  23.;  Cal.  5.;  Plm.  7,  45. 
Uvae  Varianae,  Plin.  14,  2.  fo  called 
from  one  Varus,  who  cuUivated  virss ; 


as  the  pcrfon  mentioned  by  Horace^ 
Od.  I,  18,  I. 

VARUS,  an  able  and  juft  critic^ 
Hor.  Art.  P.  438.  The  old  Scholiail 
on  this  paffage  calls  him  Qu^indtilius 
Varus  of  Cremona,  a  poet ;  to  whom, 
it  is  ffippofed, Horace  infcribes  the  i8th 
ode  of  the  firft  book,  and  on  whofs 
death  he  wrote  the  24th  ode  of  the 
fame  book.     But  this  is  not  certain. 

VARUS,  the  friend  and  patron  of 
Virgil,  Virgi  Eel,  6,  7,  &  10,  &c.  et  g, 
35.  Who  this  Varus  was  is  uncertain. 
He  is  thought  to  have  been  the  fam^i 
with  him  who  is  mentioned  by  Horace^ 
The  Varus  of  Virgil  appears  to  have 
been  a  diilinguidied  warrior.  Eel.  6,  7. 

P.  Vaiiexu?,  a  countryman  ta 
whom  Caftor  and  Pollux  are  faid  to 
have  told  the  vidory  of  Paulus  Aemi- 
lius  over  Perfes,  before  it  could  pofii-' 
bly  be  known  at  Rome,  Cic.  N.  D.  2, 
2.  et  3,  5. 

P.  Vatinius,  a  tribune  a.  u.  694^ 
the  chief  inftrument  of  CsCefar  in  car- 
rying on  his  violent  rneafures,  Cic.  Vat. 
I,  &c.  who  got  a  law  palled,  [lex  Va- 
tinia)f  granting  to  Caefar  the  command 
of  Hither  and  Farther  Gaul,  together 
with  lUyricum.,  for  live  years,  ib.  12. 
By  the  intereit  of  Caefar  Vatinius  ob- 
tained the  practorftiip  in  preference  to 
Cato,  Vdh  Max.  7,  5.;  Plutarch,  in 
Caton.  Hence  Senecft  fays.  Nihil  mihi 
tecum  fort  una  ;  non  facio  mei  tihi  copiam. 
Scio  apud  te  Catones  repelli,  Vut'fnios Jieri^ 
Ep.  1 18.  After  his  praetorfhip,  Vati- 
nius was  accufed  of  bribery  by  Calvus  j 
and  though  he  had  always  been  a  vio- 
lent enemy  to  Cicero,  yet  that  orator, 
after  his  return  from  banifhmeat,  was 
prevailed  on  by  Pompey  and  Caeiar  to 
undertake  his  defence,  Cic.  Fam.  i,  9. 
(  Vid.  Cicero,  /.  1 14.).  Vatinius  was 
one  of  the  lieutenants  of  Caefar  in 
Gaul,  Cuf.  B.  G.  S,  46.  He  diltin^ 
guillied  himfclf  greatly  by  his  conducl 
and  braver-v  on  the  fide  of  CacCar  in 
the  civil  war,  Birt.  A  Alex.  44,  45, 
Sec.     A.  U.  706,  according  to  the  new 

was 


regulations   of 


Caefar,     Vatinius 
maae  conful  with  Calcnus  for  the  lat- 
ter part   of   the    year,  Diof  42_,   55/ 


.?£ 


Hei\ce, 


VAT  [    404    ]  V  E  N 

Hence,  Per  confuJatum  pejerat  V.tinluSi     called     Monetalis,    becaufe,     as    it 
alfo  made  au- 


Catull.  52,  3.  He  wa 
giir  in  place  of  Appius,  Cic,  Fam.  5, 
10.  At  the  death  of  Caefar,  he  was 
governor  of  Illyriciim  ;  and  upon  the 
arrival  of  Brutus  in  that  country,  he 
refigned  to  him  his  province  and  the 
command  of  his  army,  for  v^hich  he  is 
praifcd  by  Cicero,  Phil.  10,  6.  But 
this  he  appears  to  have  done  by  con- 
i^raint,  i}/o,  47,  21.;  L'lv.  Ep'it,  118. 
The  feven  legions  which  he  command- 
ed are  faid  to  have  voluntarily  fubmit- 
ted  to  Brutus,  from  a  contempt  and 
deteilation  of  Vatinius,  on  account  of 
both  the  hafenefs  of  his  difpofition  and 
the  deformity  of  his  perfon,  [in  quo  He 
formitas  corporis  aim  turpiiudlne  ceriahat 
ingenii),  Veil.  2,  69.  Dio  fays,  that 
his  foldiers  defpifed  him  on  account  of 
his  difeafe,  ib.  (u  e.  Jlri/ma,  a  fuelling 
in  the  neck,  which  the  French  call 
goulre),  occafioned,  as  Plutarch  ob- 
ferves,  by  a  fcrophulous  humour,  in 
'vifu  Cic.  Hence  Cicero,  fpciiking  of 
the  intention  of  making  him  an  augur, 
fays,  Deniqnc  ethim  Vatinii  Jinmam  fa- 
cer not'n  S^'icL^pa:^  (i.  e.  purpura  his  tintln., 
vejle  augur  alt)  vejliant,  Cic.  Att.  2,  9. 
and  feeing  him  one  day  pleading,  called 

him  "  a  tumid  orator,"    Plutarch. 

Vatiniana  crirfiina,  the  accufations 
brought  by  Calvus  againil:  Vatinius, 
Caiull.  ^^y  2.  Munere  tjlo  Od'ijfan  te 
odio  Vatiniano,  on  account  of  that 
prefent  I  fliould  h?ve  hated  you  bit- 
terly, with  as  great  hatred  as  Vatini- 
us bears  to  you,  (Calvus),  for  accu- 
fm-T  him,    SatuIL  14,  2. 

Vatikiu-,  a  buffoon  at  the  court 
of  Nero,  and  afterwards  a  dangerous 
informer,  originally  a  llioemaker  of 
Beneventum,  diilorted  in  his  perfon, 
and  remarkable  for  his  low  wit,  (fiur- 
rd'rhus  facetiis),  Tac.  Ann.  15,  34.; 
Hift.  I)  37-  Fi'om  him  a  kind  of 
glafs  cups  were  called,  Vatinii  calicesy 
Martial.  14,  96.  or  Vatini  fc.  pocula, 
Id.  10,  3,  4.  with  four  handks,  [na- 
forum  quatucr)^  refembling,  as  it  is 
faid,  the  nofe  of  Vatinius,  Schol'uifl.  ad 
Juvenal,  ibid. -y   Martial.  14,96. 

Vectenus,    a  friend   of   Cicero's, 


thought,  he  was  a  banker  or  money- 
broker,  Cic.  Att.  io,  5,  &  II.  12,  3. 
et  '?,  13. 

VccTius,  a  fenator,   Cic.  F'acc.  '^^. 

P.  VnDius,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Pompey's,  a  man  of  a  worthlefs  cha- 
racter,   Cic.  Att.  5,  I. 

VEGif.Tivrs,  the  author  of  a  work  on 
the  military  art,  in  hve  books.  He 
lived  in  the  time  of  Valentinian. 

P.  Vf.kilius,  one  who  rcfufed  to 
accept  a  province  from  Antony,  Cic, 
PhU.  3,  10. 

VEj::NTn,  appointed  governor  of 
Syria  by  Bibulus,  at  his  departure, 
Cic.  Ait.  7,  3. 

V."j6vis,  V.  Vejupitcu,  /*.  e.  bad 
Jupiter,  GelL  5,  12.  [A.  289.)  or 
young  Jupiter,  without  a  beaid  and 
thunderbolt,  Ovid.Faf.  3,  430,  436,  'kc. 

C.  V.:lleius,  a  tribune,  a.  667,, 
much  attached  to  the  philofophy  of 
Epicurus,  Cic.  Or.  3,  21.  N.  D.  1,6. 

VELLEIUS  Paterculusy  a  Roman 
hiilorian  who  flourifhtid  in  the  time  of 
Tiberius,  of  whom  he  gives  a  flatter- 
ing eulogium,  2,  12  1,  &c.  His  grand- 
father, C.  Vtllejus,  {%nr  nuUi  fecim- 
dus)y  ilabbed  himfelf,  becaufe,  on  ac- 
count of  his  age  and  infirmities,  he 
could  not  attend  Tib.  Nero,  the  fa- 
ther of  the  Emperor,  in  h' 
Naples,    Fell,  ly  '^6.    Vid.  Nero, 

Venjlia,  a  nymph  or  goddefs,  the 
fifler  of  Amata,  and  mother  of  Turnus, 
Virg.  A.  \Oyn6. 

Ven^n^iniu--,  a  Latin  hiilorian,  of 
whom  we  know  little  elfe  bat  the  name, 
Cic.  iMg.  1,2.   Att.  12,  3. 

VENTIDIUS  Bajfusy  a  native  of 
Afcuium  in  Picenum,  who,  when  a 
child,  'A-as  carried  in  triumph  in  his 
mother's  hofom  by  Pompcius  Strabo 
in  the  Italic  war,  and  afterwards,  by 
a  wondeiful  turn  of  fortune,  obtained 
the  higheft  preferments,  and  was  the 
fivil  wlio  triumphed  over  the  Parthians, 
Vail.  Max.  6,  9,  9.;  Gell.  15,  4.  He 
firlt  fupported  himfelf  by  furniftiing 
mules  to  the  magiftrates,  and  bringing 
corn  to  the  camp,  whence  he  is  call- 
ed MuLio,   a  muleteer  or  mule-driver, 

Cic. 


Right  from 


k 


V  E  N 


f    405    ] 


V  E  R 


Cic.  Ep-  10,  18,  8.  and  SuFFmANr.u?, 
(i.  t .    q:>ra  jar  feu  farinam  in  cajira  mnlis 
achexi:)i  Fliu.    7,    43    f.    44..     While 
thus  employed,  he  attra^'ted  the  atten- 
tion   of   Caefar,  who    promoted   him, 
Gell.  ib.\    Dio,  43,  51.      He  was  prae- 
tor  in  the   year   after  Caefar*s   dt  ath, 
while  Hirtius  and   Panfa  were  coi/fuls, 
a.  711.     After   the    battle  of   Mutina 
he  joined  Antony  with  three  le_t;ions, 
and  thus  faved  him   from   deflruc^tion, 
Cic.  Fatn.  10,  33.   i?/    IT,  13.      Hirtius 
and  Panfa  being    cut    off   at    Mutina, 
OAavius.  Caefar  and  Pedius  were  fub- 
ftiruted  in  their   ftead.     Pedius  having 
died,  and  Oftavius  having  refigned  his 
office^   Ventidius  and  fome  other  per- 
fon  were  created  confuls  in  tlieir  room, 
Doy  47,  15.  So  that  he  was  both  con- 
ful  and  praetor  in  the  fame  year,    VaL 
Max.  6,  9,  9.      Hence,    Vidit   hie   an- 
niis  VeniuUum^  per  quern  urhem  inter  cap- 
tivos  Picentium   in  triumpho  dutfus  erat  ; 
in    ea    confuJarem    praetextam  jungentmi 
Praetorid,   (fc.  cumy  ai.  -iae).     On  this 
Qccafion  the  following  verfes  were  pall- 
ed up  in  different  parts  of  the  llreets  ; 
Concurrite     omnes    augiires,     harufpices : 
Portcntum  inufuatum  corijlatum  eji  recens^ 
Nam  mulos  quijYicahat  cnnful  fa8us  ej}^ 
Gell.  ib.     Juve.ial,  fpeaking  of  Servius 
Tullius    and    V-ntidius,    fays,    'Seri'is 
(fc.  Tullio)    regna  dahmt,  captivis  (fc. 
Ventidio)    faiu    iriumphisy     7,      201. 
The  exploits  of  Ventidius  againll  the 
Parthians  are   related  at  great  length 
by  Dio,  48,  39,     42.  et  49,  19,-22. 
So  Plutarch,  in  vita  y^ntonii. 

V'.NuLF.iL's,  one   of  the   retinue  of 
Verrcs,   Cic.  Verr.  3,  42. 

ViNULUs,  the  ambaffador  of  Tur- 
nus,   Virg   J.S,  9. 

VENUS,  -h'is,  the  goddefs  of  love 
and  beauty,  (G,  363.)  put  for  the 
indulgence  of  love,  Ovid,  ik/<?/.  6,  439, 
Sec.  for  coraelinefs,  grace,  ^or  beauty, 
Plin.  35,  10  f.  36,  n.  10.  for  a  miftref-, 
Firg.^K  3,  68.  J  Ovid.  Met.  9,  141 
Hor.  Sat.  1,2, 
eft  throw  of 
rac),  Hor.Od 

. Steda  Feneris,   the  planet  Venus, 

called  Lucifer,  the  morning  ilar,  when 


it  appears  in  the  morning,  and  Vefpe- 
rus  or   Hefperus,  in  the  evening,   Cic, 

N.  D.  2,  20. Venus  Coa,  a  pifture 

of  Venus  bv  Apelles  of  Cos,  Cic.  Div. 

1 ,  I  3. Vi: N  E R 1 A  fdcerdosy  a  prieft- 

efs  of  Venus,  Plant.  Rud.  2,  2,  23. 
Fencriiy  fc.  fervi,  ilaves  employed  ia 
the  temple  of  Venus,  Cic.  Caecil.  17, 
Cluent.  15.  Venereus,  v.  Venerius^  fc. 
jatiusj  the  higheft  throw  of  the  tali, 
Cic^  Div.  f,  13.  <?/  2,  21,  &  59. 

Vf.rcinget6r.ix,  'tgis,  king  of  the 
Arvcniiy    who    induced    moll    of   the 
ftates   of   Gaul  to   form   an   union  to 
fliake  off  the    Roman   yoke,  Caef.  B. 
G.  7,  4.    but   after    a    brave   ftruggle, 
was   at   laft   completely  defeated,  and 
obliged  to  furrender  hitnfelf  to  Caefar 
at  Alefia,  //;.  89.  ;  Flor.  3,  10  f.      He 
was    afterwards    led     in    triumph    by 
Caefar,  who   cruelly  caufed  him  to  be 
put  to  death,  Dioy  40,  41.  et  43,  [9. 
Verres,  a  hrname  of  the  Cornelii. 
C.  Lornelius  VERRES,   city  praetor 
a.  679  ;  after  this  he  was  governor  of 
Sicily   for   three  years,  during  which 
time  he  opprefTed  the  Sicihans  fo  cruel- 
ly, that  they  brought  a  pubUc  accufa- 
tion   againit   him.      Cicero,  who   had 
formerly  been   quaeftor   in  that  ifland, 
was  employed  to  conduct  the  profecu- 
tion  ;  and   his  orations  againft  Verres, 
{orationes  VerrInak,)   which  are   ilill 
extant,  ihew  to  what  a  miferable  ilatc 
tiie  Roman   provinces   were   reduced  j 
and  how  difhcult  it  was  to  bring  theiF 
oppreiloio  to  juilice.     Verres  went  into 
voluntary    exile.      fie   was   afterwards 
re-rtorcd  ;  and  at  lafl  was  profcribed  by 
Antony,    becaufe   he   had   rtfufed   to 
give  up  to    him  fome  Corinthian  vales 
which    Antony    deflred,  Plin.    34,   2. 
happy  in  this,  however,  as  Lattantius 
fays,  that  before  his  death  he  had  heard 
of  the  fate  of  Cicero,    his   accufer,   2, 
4  f. Lex  Vekrea,  a  law  or  regula- 


Verres    in    Sicily,   Cic. 
Verrla,  -Qrum,  a 


119.  alfo  for  the  high- 
the  dice,  [tali  vel  felfa- 
7,  7,  2?.  ;  Suet.  jius.  7- 


tion  made  by 
Verr.  3,  49-  - 
feilival  which  Veres  inflituted  in  Sicily, 
to  commemorate  his  ferviccs,  Cic. 
Ven\  2,  25,  &c.  Negahant,  fc.  Siculi, 
tnirandum  eJJ'sy  jus  tarn  nequam  ejje  Fsrri- 
r.ur:?,   hterally,    that    the    broth   made 

with 


V  E  R                       C    4o<5    ]  VIC 

With    tlie    fiefh    of    a    boar-pig    was  Vefta,  Liv.  j,  20.  ;  C/V.  Cat.  4,   i,  &- 

fo    bad,    i.e.  that  the   adminiitration  6.     Incejla  Vefialis   [ic.  \\rgo)  viva  de- 

ofjuilice    by  Verres  was  io   bad;   al-  foditur,  Liv.  8,    15.    €122,57.;  Plin. 

lading    to  the  proper  fignification  of  " 
the  word  verres^  3.  boar-pig,   Cic,  Verr. 
I,    46.        So    Sacerdolem   exf^crnhantur. 


Ep.  4,  II.  ^ra  VeJialiSy  Lucan.  i, 
544.  Foci  Vcji'desy  ib.  544.  Fejla 
Vtjialiay  -iunif  Ovid.  Fail.  6,  395. 

C,  ViiSTORius.  a  banker  of  Puteoli, 
Cic.  Fam,  8,  8.  Alt.  4,  6,et  6,  2. 
'  L,  VfcTTius,  a  Roman  equcs.,  Dio, 
37,  41.  or  a  plebeian,  App\an.  B.  C.  2, 
434. ;  who  gave  information  againit 
Julius  Caefi^r,  as  having  beet  an  ac- 
comphce  in  the  confpiracy  of  Catiline, 
Suet.  Caef.  17.  He  was  aftersvards 
bribed  by  Caefar,  when  conful,  faifely 
to  accufc  certain  perfons  of  having  fo- 
hcited  iiim  to  affafhnate  Pompey  ;  but 
faihng  to  make  good  his  cliarge,  he 
was  tln-ow-n  into  prifon,  v^diere  Caefar 
caufed  him  to  be  ilrangled  or  poifoned, 
Sud.  Caef'  20. ;  Cic.  Fam,  2,  24.  ; 
Vat.  10,  &  II.;  Appian.  ib.  ;  Dio^  38. 
9*    (/-^zJ.  Caesar, />.  57.) 

P.  Vl-ttius,  a  general  of  the  Marjl 
in  the  Itahc  war,  Cic,  Fhil.  12,  11.—— 
^  2.  A  quaeftor  to  Verres,   Cic.  Verr^ 

5»  44- 

Veturia,     the    mother  of    Corio- 

num,  liher^  fpeclare  viderisy  you  feem  to     lanus,  Liv.  2,  40. «ff  2.  The  name  of 

look  to  Vertumnus,  i.  e.  to  widi  to  be     a  century.  Id.  26,  22 


qui  Verrem  iam  nequom  reiiqwjdy  i.  e. 
the  Sicihans  curfed  Sacerdos,  the 
former  governor  of  Sicily,  for  having 
left  fo  bad  a  fucceifor  as  Verres,  ib. 

j9^  Verres,  a  relation  of  C.  Verres, 
Cic,  I .  Aa.  in  Verr.  8. 

Vhrrius,  a  friend  of  Paetus  and 
Cicero,  Cic,  Fam.  9,  20,  &  26.  aifo  of 
L,entulus  Spinthcr,  ib.  12,  14. 

C.  VERRi'Tiui;,  a  feigned  name, 
aiTumed  by  Venes,  for  the  faice  of  con- 
cealment,  Cic.  Verr,  2,  76,  tc  77. 

Vertumnus,  an  anci^^jt  Tufcan 
deity,  adopted  by  the  Romans  ;  who 
prelided  over  the  change  of  feafons, 
and  over  meichandire  ;— fuppoled  to 
turn  himfelf  laio  any  form.  Thus  in 
Propertius,  fpeaking  of  himfelf,  he 
fays,  Opportuna  mea  ejl  cunciis  natttra 
figurisy  4,  2,  21.  ylt  niihi  quod  for  mas 
unus  veriebar  in  ornnesy  No  me  a  ab  even- 
tu  patria   lingua  dedit,  ib.  47.    Vertum- 


publiihed  ;  becaufe  there  were  book- 
fellcrs  itands  or  fnops  at  the  temple  of 
Vercumuus  in  the  Tafcan  llrcet,  Hor. 
Ep.  I,  20,  I.  in  the  plur.  Vertunmisy 
quotquot  funty  iiatus  iuiquis,  all  the  Ver- 
tumniy  or  Vertumnus  in  all  his  Ihapes, 
being  inimical  to  him  at  his  birth,  i.  e. 
a  whimfical  or  unreafonably  unconllant 

man.  Id.  Sat.  2,  7,  14. Vertum- 

N ALL'S  -iurny  the  fellival  of  Vertum- 
nus, celebrated  in  October,  Varr.  Lat. 
Livg^  5,3. 

T,  Flavins  V  e  s  p  A  s  i  A  n  u  s ,  the  tenth 
emperor  of  Rome  ;  fprung  from  a 
intan  family  in  the  country  of  tlic  Sa- 
bincs  J  funamed  from  his  rnoihei  Vcf- 
pafia,  Suet.  Vefp.  i,  .\c. 

Vesper,  -'eri  ;  Vefpemsy  v.  Hefpirusy 
the  evening  liar,  Virg.  G.  i,  251.; 
Hor,  3,  19,  26. 

Vesta,  the    goddefs    cf  fire,    [G. 

359.)  A.  276. Vt stales    virgmesy 

the  Veilal  virgins,    the  piielUiies  01 


L.  Veturius  PZ'/77,  a  conful  in 
the  fecond  Punic  war,  a.  547,  Cic.  Br, 

14   ;  Liv,  28,  ic. Several  of  this 

name  are  mentioned  by  .Livy. 

{.\  V  E  T  u  s  I  u  s,  a  CO n  i ul,  Liv.  2,19. 
— T.  Vetusius,  a  conful,  Liv.  2,  28. 

C.  ViBiENus,  a  tenator,  fo  wound- 
ed by  the  hired  mob  of  C.odius,  thaL 
he  died,   Cic.  Mil.  14. 

/,.  V 1 B I  u  s ,  an  eques,  Cic.  Verr.  2,74, 

Vjbius  Viriusy  a  chief  man  at  Ca- 
pua, who  advifcd  the  revolt  to  Hanni- 
bal from  the  Romans,  Liv.  23,  6. 
When  the  Romans  were  on  the  point 
of  making  tliemfelves  malters  of  Ca- 
pua, he  piit  an  end  to  his  days  by  poi- 
fon,   Liv,  2  6>  13,  &  14. 

L.  ViBULLi'js  Rufus,  a  f(iend  of 
Pumpey,  Cic,  Fam.  I,  9.  Att,^y  24.  et 
8,  I.;   Caf.B.  C.  1,  15. 

VicEPOTA,  the. goddefs  of  victory, 
Zir.  2,  7-  ;   Cic,  Leg.  2,  l\. 


V  I  N 

Z.  ViciNius,  V.  Vin'ictus 
in  the  confulfliip  of  Marcellus  and  Sul- 
picius,   Cic.  Fam.  8,  8. 

I^lanellus  ViCtorius,  a  noble  Ro- 
man, to  whom  Q^iin<l'^jlian  dedicated 
his  fyftem  of  rhetoric,   ^wicTiL  pr.  Sec. 

M,  ViGELLiuP,  a  fcholar  of  Panae- 
tiiis,    Cic.  Or.  3.  2  1. 

L.  ViLLius,  a  tribune,  who  got  a 
law  pafTed,  fixing  the  years  in  which 
the  different  offices  of  the  ilate  fnonld 
be  borne,  whence  he  was  called  An- 
na lis;  which  name  defcended  to  his 
pof-lerity,  Li'u.  40,  44.  ;  Cic.  Rull.  2, 
2.  But  there  feems  to  have  been  cer- 
tain regulations  concerning  this  mat- 
ter before,  Lh\  25,  2. 

yul'ius  ViNDEX,  -/c/V,  governor  of 
Gaul,  who  revolted  againll  Nero,  but 
was  cruflicd  in  the  attempt,  "Tac.  Hi/]. 
1,  51.  <?/  4,  .57.  ;  Suet.  Ner.  41.  ;  Galb. 
II.;   Plutarch,  in  Galha. 

ViNDicius,  a  flave  who  difcovercd 
the  confpiracy  formed  by  the  fons  of 
Brutus  and  others  to  rcilore  Tarquin, 
LitK  2,  5. 

L.  VI^MCIUs,  a  young  man,  'Suet. 
Aug.  46,  intimate  with  Auguilus,  ih.  71. 

7".  ViNius,  the  profligate  favourite 
of  Galba,  ydeterrimns  morialium j ,  who 
by  his  crimes  battened  the  deilruclion 
of  his  mailer,  and  of  hiuafelf,  Tac. 
E'lfl.  I,  6,  42,  &  48. 

ViPSANi  u  s.  Vid.  Ac  n  iPPA. ViP- 

SANiA,  the  daughter  of  Agrippa,  and 
wife   of  Tiberius,    Tac.  Ann.  i,  12.  et 

3'  '9- 

ViKBiL's,  the  name  given  to   Hip- 

polytus,   when  reftored  to  life  by  Aei- 
culapius,   (  G.  424.) 

6".  ViRGiLius,  the  relation  cf  Cu- 
rio, Cic.  Fanu  2,  9.  the  colleague  of  Q^ 
Cicero  in  the  praetorfhip,  and  gover- 
nor oi  Sicily  in  the  year  in  which  M. 
Cicero  was  baniflicd.  Terrified  by  the 
threats  of  Clodius,  he  would  not  ad- 
mit Cicero  into  his  province,  though 
formerly  his  friend,  Cic.  Plane.  40. 
Virgilius  was  greatly  eileemed  for  his 
upright  government,  Cic.  ^.  Fr,  i,  2, 
2. ;  Add.  Alt.  12,  51.  f/  13,  26. 

M.  ViiiciLius,  a  tribune  a.  G66  ; 
whoj  in   or^er  to  prevent   Sulla  from 


[    407    1  V  I  R 

a  tribune,  going  to  the  MIthridatIc  war,  named 
a  day  for  his  trial  ;  but  Sulla  llightei 
it,    Cic.  Br.  48.  Plutarch,  in  Sulla. 

P.  V  I  R  G  I  L  I  U  S  Maro,  called 
the  prince,  i,  e.  the  moil  excellent  of 
the  Latin  poets,  born  at  Andes,  a 
village  near  Mantua,  (whence  Man* 
tua  Virgilio  g.ivdd,  Ovid.  Am.  3?  i^f 
7.),  a.  6S4,  on  15th  Oclober,  [Id. 
Octohr.)^  in  the  firll  confullhip  of 
Pompey  and  Crafius.  His  mother's 
name  is  fald  to  have  been  Maia.  Con- 
cerning the  rank  and  condition  of  his 
father,  and  even  his  very  name,  we  arc 
uncertain.  We  know  but  few  of  the 
occurrences  of  Virgil's  life.  It  appears 
from  his  v/orks,  that  he  received  an 
excellent  education.  He  compofed 
when  young,  (audaxjuventdf  G.  4,  565.) 
his  bucolics  or  pailorals,  and  celebrates 
the  pniifes  of  thofe  great  men  by  whom 
he  appears  to  have  been  patronifed  ; 
Oclavius,  whom  he  calls  a  god,  E.  1,6. 
ct  5,  64.  as  being  the  adopted  fon  of 
Julius  Caefar,  whom  the  Triumviri  had 
deified,  a.  712,  Dio,  47,  iH,  &  I9. 
Pollio,  £.  3,  84-  5:  88.  4,  i2i  &a 
Varus,  E.  9,  26,  &  35.  and  Gallus, 
E.  10,  2,  cvc.  There  is  no  mention  cf 
Maecenas  in  the  padorals,  whence  it 
is  fuppofed  tliat  Virgil  was  not  intro- 
duced to  him  till  after  he  had  finiflied 
them.  It  dots  not  appear  that  Mae- 
cenas during  that  period  poffelfed  the 
high  degree  of  favour  with  Auguilus, 
wliich  he  afterwards  enjoyed.  The 
firll  mention  we  find  made  of  him  is  ia 
a.  u.  71  8,  when  he  was  entrulled  with 
the  care  of  the  city  and  Italy,  m  the  ab- 
fence  of  Auguftus,  Bio^  49,  16. ;  yell. 
2,  88.  ;   Tac.  Ann.  6,  il. 

Martial,  hovVever,  fays,  that  Virgil 
having  loll  his  l^ands  near  Mantua,  (  nd» 
OcTAvius,  p.  282.),  was  abundantly 
fupplied  and  enriched  by  the  bounty  of 
Maecenas,  8,  51,  7.  At  the  defire  of 
Maecenas  Virgil  undertook  the  com- 
pofition  of  -the  Georgics,  in  order  to 
promote  the  iludy  of  agriculture  ;  and 
to  Maecenas  he  dedicated  each  of  the 
four  books,  G.  i,  2.  ct  2,  41.  et  3, 
^i.  et  4,  2.  On  this  work  he  is  faid 
to  huve  employed  fevcn  years,  refiding 
■  ■  chiefly 


R  r  408  1 

With  regard  to  the     30.  ; 


V  I 

dticfly  at  Naples. 

fpace  of  time  we  are  uncertain.  He 
himfelf  informs  us,  that  the  place  of 
l*is  refidence  when  he  finiflied  the  Geor- 
gics,  was  Naples,   G.  4,  56 ^ 

The  defign  of  the  Aenei?  is  thought 
to  have  been  to  reconcile  the  Romans 
to  a  monarchical  p^overnment,  and  in 
particular  to  malce  them  chearfully  fub- 
roit  to  the  Julian  family,  (J.  e.  to  Au- 
g^uftus),  as  being  declined  by  the  fates 
to  poitefs  the  empire.  Whatever  be  in 
this,  we  learn  the  time  at  which  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  work  were  compo- 
fed  from  the  various  allufions  wh^ch 
the  poet  makes  to  the  exploits  of  Au- 
guftus,  ^/V.  OcTAVius.  Virgil  is  faid 
to  have  taken  twelve  years  to  comT^ofe 
the  Aeneis.  After  having  broiioht  it 
to  a  concliifion,  he  propofed  to  travel 
into  Greece  and  Afia,  and  to  remain 
there  for  three  years,  in  order  to  polifli 
his  work.  But  meeting  with  Au- 
^jftus  at  Athens  returning  from  the 
caft  to  Rome,  {Dio,  54,  10.)  he  de- 
termined to  come  back  with  him.  Go- 
ing to  vifit  Megara,  a  neighbouring 
town,  he  was  fuddenly  feized  with  a 
dangerous  illnefs,  (languorcm  nacius  ej}.)y 
which  was  encreafed  by  his  voyage. 
He  died  at  Erundufiuni,  (fom>e  fay,  at 
Tarentum),  22d  September,  ( XKal. 
Odohr.)  a.  735.  when  he  had  nearly 
completed  his  fifty-fecond  year.  Hi^ 
bones  were  canied  to  Naples,  and  bu- 
«'ied  \x\  a  monument  eretled  at  a  fmall 
diilance  from  the  city,  with  the  fol 
lowing  infcription,  which  he  is  faid  to 
have  didated  on  his  deathbed ;  Man- 
tua me  genuit,  Calahri  rapuere,  tenet  nunc 
Parthenope  ;  ctc'ini  p,,ifnia^  rura,  duces, 
Donat.  in  vita  Virgil,  c.  14,  54.  An- 
other epitaph  is  faid  to  have  been  lately 
difcovcred,  S'ljiitey  viatores^  qnaefo^ piuca 
leg'Je.  Hie  Maro  fitus  eft.  Mabillon.  Itiner. 
itiil  p.  •  2.  Nciih.'rr  ofthem  is  thought 
to  be  genuine.  '1  he  tomb  of  Virgil 
is  ftill  fhown  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Naple.%  (G.  153.)  In'his  laft  will  he 
ordered  his  Aeneis  to  be  burnt,  be- 
caufe  it  was  not  finilhed  to  his  mind  ; 
but  this  was  not  permitted,  according 
to  the  orders  of  Auguilus,    Pl'm.  7, 


V  r  R 

JO.  :   Macroh.   Sat. 


GelL  17,  JO.  ;  iviacroo.  :iat.  i, 
24.  Varius  and  Tucca,  the  friends  of 
Virgil,  are  faid  to  have  been  employed 
to  corred  the  Aeneis,  but  were  forbid- 
den to  make  any  additions  to  it : 
wnience,  it  is  fuppofed,  there  are  fo 
many  im.perfeft  verles  in  thac  work. 
The  celebrity  of  the  paftorals  and 
georgics  of  Virgil  raifed  the  higheft 
expedlations  of  the  Aeneis.  Thus 
Propertius,  Cedite  Roman'i  frnptores,  cc- 
d'lte  Grar  ;  ^  efc  0  quid  ma]u\  nafc'itur 
Iliadej  Propert.  2,  34,  6,.  With  what 
admiration  it  was  received  wljen  pu- 
blifhed,  we  ^earn  from  contemporary 
authors.  Thus  Ovid,  Tityrus,  et  fe- 
getes,  Aenemque  arma  hgentur,  Roma 
triumphail  dvm  caput  orh'is  erk.  Amor. 
I,  15:,  2,-.;  Add.  Id.  ^\rt.  3,  ^37. 
Trift.  2,^:33.;  I^em.  39^.  Ovid  was 
only  25  years  old  when  Virgil  died  ; 
and  therefore  he  fays,  Vtrg'-l  um  'v'ldi 
tnntunii  Tr  4,  10,  51.  (^in6l;]ian 
places  Virgil  next  to  Homer,  and 
makes  him  neaHy  equal  to  him,  pro- 
p'iOr  tamen  primoy  qnam  tertiary  for  what 
he  wanted  in  genius,  he  fupplied  by 
care.  Homer  has  more  ftriking  pafla- 
ges,  Virgi]  is  more  uniform,  [quantum 
emlnentioribus  inncimur^fortajfe  adquafitate 
penf.imus)^  lo,  i,  '66.  The  dillinguifh- 
ing  charaCteriRic  of  Virgil  is  judg- 
ment, [acerrhni  judicii  P.  f^irgi/ius,) 
Id.  8,  3,  24.  He  is  faid  to  have 
w'ritten  very  few  verfes  in  a  day,  Id, 
10,  3,  8.  Donatus,  or  whoever  was 
the  author  of  the  life  of  Virgil  afcribed 
to  Donatus,  fays,  that  he  ufed  to  make 
a  nmnber  of  verfes  in  the  morning,  and 
by  polifliing  reduce  them  to  a  very 
few  through  the  day,  c  9,  33.  The 
works  of  Virgil  foon  after  their  publi- 
cation were  generally  read  and  inter- 
preted in  the  fchools  of  grammarians. 
Suet.  III.  Gram.  c.  16.  Thus  Q^uindli- 
lian  advifes,  in  the  teaching  of  boys,  to 
begin  with  Homer  and  Virgil,  i,  8, 
5.  He  gives  the  fame  advice  to  ftu- . 
dents  of  rhetoric,  to,  i,  85.  Colu- 
mella fpeaks  of  Virgil  with  the  higheil 
psaife,  \  pr.  'i^o.  et  i,  i,  12.  ^/  10,  5. 
and  calls  him  a  heavenly  poet,  ffidere" 
vs,)  ib.  434.      So  Vegctius,    [Mantu- 

anus 


V  1  R  •  [    / 

CKus  poeia  d'lvino  ere,)  r  pr.  8.  Silius 
Irallcus  ufed  to  approach  the  tomb  of 
Virgil  with  the  fame  reh'gious  awe  as 
a  temple,  and  kept  his  birth-day  more 
folerHnly  than  his  own,  Plln.  Ep.  3,  7, 
8.;  Martial,  I  r,  49,  &  51.  Statins 
f.ntertained  the  fame  veneration  for 
him,  Silv.  4,  4,  51. 

Virgil  died  in  opulent  circumilanccs. 
'  le  owed  his  affiuence  chiefly  to  the 
liberality  of  Maecenas,  Marl'utl.  8,  ^6. 
He  had  a  houfe  at  Rome  on  the  Ef- 
qailine  hill  nigh  the  gardens  of  Mae- 
cenas ;  but  he  refiJed  for  the  mod 
part  in  his  Campanian  villa,  PJeudo- 
Donat.  in  vit.  Virg.  c.  6,  24.  near  No- 
la,  Gell.  7,  20.  Hence  Juvenal  ob- 
ferves,  that  had  Virgil  been  poor,  he 
could  not  have  compofed  fo  noble  a 
work  as  the  Aeneid,  i^Nam  fi  Virgilio 
puer,  et  tokrahik  defit  (for  deejfet')  Hn/pl- 
tiumy  caderent  omnes  a  crimbus  hydrae^ 
Surda  nihil  gemeret  grave  buccina,  had 
he  wanted  a  fervant,  and  a  comfort- 
able lodging,  he  could  not  have  given 
fuch  a  defcription  of  AleAo  ;  the 
Inakes  would  have  fallen  from  her  hair, 
and  her  dumb  trumpet  would  have  ut- 
tered no  dreadful  found,  7,  69,  &c. 
alluding  to  the  reprefentation  given  of 
her,  Firg.  Aen.  7,445.6'^  511,  &c.) 
Vid.  Maro. 

VIRGINIA,  the  daughter  of  L. 
Virginius,  a  centurion,  whom  licr  fti- 
ther  flew  in  the  middle  of  the/or//w,  to 
prevent  her  falling  into  the  power  of 
Appius,  the  decemvir,  (G.  215*)  Liv. 
3,  44, — 49.  ;    Cic.  Fin.  2,  20. 

Virginia,  the  daughter  of  Aulus 
ViRGiNius,  a  patrician^  married  to 
Volumnius,  a  plebeian  conful,  and 
therefore  excluded  by  the  patrician 
matrons  from  their  facred  rites  to  Pa- 
trician Challity,  { Pndlcitia  Patricia;  )  on 
which  account  ibe  dedicated  a  temple 
to  Plebeian  Challity,  Liv.  10,  23. 

Flainus  ViRCiNius,  an  orator  in  the 
time  of  Quindilian,  who  wrote  on 
rhetoric,  ^lintiil.  3,  i,  2\.  et  3,  6,  44. 
^^  II,  3,  126. 

ViRiATus,  a  native  of  Lufitania, 
originally  a  {hepherd,  who  having  for- 
tunatt^ly    efcaped   the  bafe  mafH^cre  of 


09     1  VIS 

Galba,  (Fid.  Galba),  and  having 
collefted  an  army  of  his  countrymen, 
carried  on  war  againft  the  Romans 
with  great  fuccefs  for  eight  years,  Ap- 
pian.  Hif^an.  p.  297.  ;  according  to 
Juftin,  for  ten  years,  44,  2.  fourteen 
years,  Liv.  F.pit.  54.;  Plor.  2,  17.  Ew 
trop.  4,  16.  twenty  years,  Paterc.  2, 
90.  Fabius,  the  proconful,  made  peace 
with  him  on  equitable  terms,  Liv.  Epit, 
54.  which  the  Roman  people  ratified, 
Appian.  Hifp.p.  290.  But  it  was  food 
after  violated  by  Caepio,  the  brother 
and  fuccelTor  of  Fabius,  who  obtained 
the  confent  of  the  fenate  to  refumc 
lioililities,  ib.  p.  294.  Viriatus  was 
murdered  by  fome  of  his  domeflics, 
whom  Caepio  bribed  to  perpetrate  that 
deed,  Appian.  ib,  296.  ;  Li  air  op,  4,  16. 
Viriatus  is  higlily  extolled,  not  only 
for  his  military  talents,  but  alfo  for  his 
moderation  and  abllinence,  Appian.  ib. 
297.  His  equal  dillributiori  of  booty 
is  praifed  by  Cicero,  OJ",  2,  11. 
ViRiATiNtJM    btlluwy  the   war  againft 

Viriatus,  Suet,  Galb.  3. Silius  Ita- 

licus  mentions  a  Spanifh  general  called 
Viriatus,  in  the  fecond  Punic  war, 
3,  354.  who  was  llain  by  Pauliis  Aemi- 
lius,  ib.  10,  233.  and  adds  concerning 
him  what  was  truly  applicable  fo  the 
Lufitanian  general ;  Nomen  Rcmanis 
fadvm  r^iox  nohile  damnis,  3)  336. 

ViRiDOM  ARus,  n  king  of  the  Gauls, 
flain  by  Marcellus  in  fingle  combat, 
Plutarch,  in  Marcel,  p.  301. 

ViRRO,  -onisi  a  fictitious  name  of  a 
rich  luxurious  Roman,  who  treated 
with  negleft  poor  clients  whom  he  ad- 
mitted to  his  table,  and  paid  attention 
only  to  his  rich  gUelts ;  thus,  Firrd 
fdd  et  reJiquis  Firronibiis  ilia  jubebit  Po* 
ma  dari,  Juven?.l.  5,  49,  &c. 

Vise  EL  LIN  us,  a  firname  given  toi 
8p.  Caflius,  who  was  thrown  from  the 
Turpeian  rock  for  aiming  at  fovcrc!gn- 
ty,  C'ic.Amic,  i  i. 

Vis  EJUS,  appointed  tribune  of  the 
people  by  Antony;  originally  the 
keeper  of  a  bath  (halneator)  at  Pifau- 
rum,   Cic.  Plnl.  13,  12. 

C.  VisELLius  Varro,  a  coufin  of 
Cicero's,  Cic.  Brut.  76.  Att.  3,  23. 

^  F  X.Visi- 


VIS  L    4 

L.  VisiDius,  a  Roman  eques^  who 
guarded  Cicero  when  conful,  and  was 
afterwards  a  keen  opponenc  of  Antony, 
Cic.  Ph'iL  7,  9. 

-^.  ViTELLius,  the  ninth  Roman 
emperor,  Sud.  Fit.  i,  &c.  ;   Tacit.  HiJ}. 

I,  57.— ViTELLiAKi  miiiteSi  the  fol- 

diers  of  Vitellius,  iL  85. ;  F/in.  34,  7  f. 
17.   So  Partes  Fiteilianae,  Tac.  Hi  ft.  I, 

iT/.  VITRUVIUS  Po/Iio,  a  learn- 
ed and  Hcilful  architeft,  who  compofed 
an  excellent  work  on  architefture  in 
ten  books,  which  he  dedicated  to  Au- 
giiilus.     It  is  dill  extant. 

Domitius  Ulpianus,  a  celebrated 
lawyer,  born  at  Tyre,  praetorian  prae- 
feft  under  Alexander  Severus ;  feve- 
ral  of  wliofe  works  are  ftill  extant. 

ULYSSES,  V.  U/yxeSf  'is,  et  Ulys- 
SF.Us,  V.  Ulyxeus,  gen.  UlyJJa^  v, 
Ulyxei,  (in  3  or  4  fyll.)  or  contracted 
Ulyxi^  voc.  Ulyxe,  v.  Ulyjfes ;  the  fon 
of  Laertes,  [Lasrtiades,)  and  Anticlea, 
king  of  Ithaca  ;  the  wifeil  of  the 
Greeks  in  the  Trojan  war,  (G.  451.) 

P.  Umbrenus,  a  freed  man,  an  af- 
fociate  of  Catiline,  Cic.  Cat.  3,6.; 
Salhift.  Cat.  4c. 

Umbro,  'onis,  a  brave  Italian,  Firg. 
Aen.  7 J  752.  from  the  mountains  of 
the  Marfj,  ih.  ic,  544. 

Umidius,  v.  Umnndius,  a  rich  mifer, 
Hor.  Sat.  I,  I,  95.  , 

j9.  VocoNius  Saxa,  a  tribune,  a. 
584,  the  propofer  of  a  law,  [lex  Vocd- 
nja,)  prohibiting  citizens  to  leave  their 
eftates  to  wom.cn,   Cic.  Far.  i,  42,    & 

43.   jBa/L  8.    Fi?i.   2,    I'J.  Sen.    5* 

VocoNiA  pira,  a  kind  of  pears  fo 
ramed   from   one    Voconius,   P/in.  15, 

15. The  Foconii   are   faid    to  have 

been  defcended  from  Aricia,  Cic.  Phil. 

DilLus  YocijLAf  a  Roman  general 
under  Velpafian  againft  the  Gauls, 
Tac.  Jli/}.  2,  24.  whom  he  defeated,  ib. 
34.  but  was  at  laft  over-reached  and  fiain 
by  them,  ib.  ^6,  &  59. 

C.  VoLCATius,  unjuftly  treated  by 
Dolobella,  Cic.  Corn.  i.  fragm.  He 
died  fuddenly,  Plin.  7,  53, 


10    ]  VOL 

L.  VoLCATius  TulluSf  repulfed  >A 
fuing  for  the  aedilefhip,  Cic.  Plane. 
21.  but  was  afterwards  conful  with 
Lepidus,  a.  687.  He  refufed  to  ad- 
mat  Catiline,  as  being  accufed  of  ex- 
tortion, to  Hand  candidate  for  the  con- 
fulftiip,  Cic.  Tog.  C^ml  fr.  ;  Sallufl. 
Cat.  18.  He  appears  to  have  been  the 
only  fenator  that  refufed  to  thank 
Caefar  for  rcftoring  Marcellus  ;  de- 
claring that  he  would  not  have  done 
it,  had  he  been  in  the  place  of  Mar- 
cellus liimfelf;  (becaufe  perhaps  he 
fcorned  to  thank  the  ufurper  for  what 
he  ought   not   to  have  had   power  to 

beftovv),  Cic.  Fam.  4,  4. Ernefti 

afcribes  this  to  the  fon  of  Volcatius  ; 
but  improperly  ;  for  the  Volcatius  men- 
tioned by  Cicero  mufl  have  been  aa 
older  conful  than  himfclf,  becaufe 
he  was  afl<ed  his  opinion  before  Cice- 
ro, Cic.  Fam.  4.  4. 

L.  Volcatius  Tullus,  L.  F.  city 
praetor,  a.  707,  Cic.  Fam.  13,  14. 
conful,  a.  720,  Dioy  5l>  43. 

Volcatius,  one  of  the  retinue  of 
Verres,  Cic.  Fcrr.  2,  Ip,  23,  5ic. 

Vol  ERG  Publilius,  a  plebeian,  who 
having  refufed  to  enlift  as  a  common 
foldier,  because  he  had  been  a  centuri- 
on, was  about  to  be  fcourged  by  the 
liftors  of  the  conful,  when  he  was  re- 
fcued  by  the  interpofition  of  the  people, 
Liv.  2,  ^^,  who  next  year,  a.  282, 
created  him  a  tribune  j  in  which  office 
he  got  a  law  palled,  [Lex  Publilia), 
that  the  plebeian  magiilrates  fhould  be 
created  at  the  Comitia  Tributa,  ib.  56, 

Volesus,  a  Sabine,  who  came  to 
Rome  with  Titus  Tatius,  Ovid.  Pont^ 
3,  2,  1C5."  ■  ■— <[  2.  A  proconful  of 
Afia  under  Auguftus,  Senec.  Ir.  i,  5. 

VoLOGEsus,  a  king  of  Parthia, 
Tac.  Ann.  12,  14.  who  waged  war 
againft  the  Romans  under  Nero,  ih. 
50,  &c. 

L.  VoLUMSiUs,  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance of  Cicero's,  Cic.  Fam,  7, 
32.  ;    Farr.  R.  R.  2,  4,  12. 

VolUmnius  FlaccuSf  fent  a?  an 
ambaflador   to   the  fenate  by  Brutus 

when 


VOL  [4 

when   befieged  at  Mutina,   Cic.  Fam. 
II,  12,  &  18. 

P.  VoLUMNius,  a  fenator,  one  of 
the  judges  in  the  caufe  of  Cluentius, 
Cic.  CI  70. 

P.  VoLUMNius,  called  Eiitrapelus^ 
from  his  wit,  Ctc.  Fam.  7,  32,  &  33.  a 
friend  to  Antony,  6/V.  Phil.  13,  2.  Vld. 
Horat.  Ep  I,  18,42. 

VoLUMNiA,  the  freed-womanof  Vo- 
lumnius  Eutrapeliis,  the  miftrefs  of 
Antony,  Cic.  Phil.  2,  24.  called  alfo 
Cytheris,  ib.  22. 

VoLUsiANUS,vel  Volufiusy  the  harvf- 
pex  ofVerres,  i-ic.  Vcrr.  3.  21,  &  1 1. 

VoLUx,  -ucis^  the  fon  of  Bocchus, 
king  of  Mauritania,  Sallujl.  Jug.  105, 

Cti.  W^  VoLUsiUs,  one  of  the  re- 
tinue of  Cicero  in  Cih'cia,  Cic»  Att,  5, 
i  I.  Fam.  5*^10. 

M.  VoLusius,  a  quaellor  in  Afia, 
Ctc.  Fam.  16,  12.  afteru'ards,  when 
|)lebeian  aedile,  (aedilis  plebis),  being 
profcribed  by  Antony,  he  faved  himfeif 
by  afiuming  the  habit  of  a  priefl  of 
Ifis,  Val  Max.  7,  3,  8. 

VoLUsius,  a  poet,  contemporary 
with  Catullus,  who,  in  imitation  of 
Ennius,  wrote  the  annals  of  the  Ro- 
mans in  verfe  ;  a  contemptible  work.  In 
the  opinion  of  Catullus,  36,  et  93,  7. 

Vopiscus,  a  Roman  name,  faid  to 
have  been  firft  given  to  one  of  two 
twins  that  was  born  fafe,  the  other 
having  been  formerly  loll  by  abortion, 
(q.Opifcus,)  PHa.  7,  10. 

Julius  Caefar  VOPISCUS,  called 
alter  Caefar^  becaufe  he  received  the 
ireedom  of  the  city  from  Caefar  ;  a 
great  partifan  of  Antony's,  Cic.  Phil. 
II,  5.  He  is  thought  to  be  the  fame 
that  is  mentioned,  Farr.  R.  R.  i,  7.; 
P/m.  I7,4f. 

Urania,  v,  ./?,  -es,  one  of  the  Mufes, 
Ovid.  Fajl.  5,  55.  whom  Catullus  makes 
the  mother  of  Hymenaeus  or  Hymen, 
the  god  of  marriage,  60,  2. 

Uranus,  vel  Cadus^  the  father  of 
Saturn,  (G.  355.) 

VULCaNUS,  the  god  of  fire  and 
of  the  works  of  the  forge,  (G.  365.) 
the  fon  of  Jupiter  aiid  Juno,  or  of  Jung 


II     ]  X  A  N 

alone,  Hefiod.  Theog.  397.  hence  called 
Junonigcruiy  Ovid.  Met.  4,  173.  Be- 
ing thrown  by  Jupiter  from  heaven  on 
account  of  fome  offence,  he  fell  on  the 
illand  of  Lemnus  ;  whence  he  is  called 
Pater  LemniuSy  Virg.  Aen.  8,  454'  or 
Lemniusy  Stat.  Silv.  4,  6,  49.  and  waa 
rendered  lame  by  the  fall  ;  whence  he 
is  called  tardives  deus  ;  thus,  Dare  Jcrip- 
ta  tardipedi  deo^  to  commit  to  the  flames, 
CatuU.  36,  7.  Vulcan  was  the  bui- 
band  of  Venus ;  hence  ^las  componis, 
dona  Fencris  marito,  give  to  the  hufband 
of  Venus  the  verfes  which  you  com-r 
pofe,  i.  e.  commit  them  to  the  flames, 
Juvenal.  7,  25.— Vulcan  us  is  often 
put  for  fire  ;  thus,  Furit  imm'i^s  VuU 
canus  immij[Jis  habetiisy  the  fire  rages 
with  loofe  reins,  or  with  ung'ivernablc 
fury,  Virg.  Aen.  5,  562.  Sparger e  VuU 
canmn  tetlis,  i.  e.  ignem,  ib.  7,  77.  So 
Fulcano  fuperarile,  ih.  2 y  312.  Vulcano 
decoquit  humoremy  Id.  G.  i,  294.  Ful- 
canum  naribus  ejjiant,  breathe  fire  from 
their  noflrils,  Ov'id.  Met.  7,  104.  The 
workmen    of  Vulcan   were  called  Cy- 

cl5pes,   q.   "y. Vulcania    armay 

arms  made  by  Vulcan,  Virg.  AenSy  535. 
impenetrable,  Cic.  Tufc.  2,  14.  Horri- 
da  acics  Volcania.,  the  horrid  army  of 
Vulcan,  i.  e.  the  dreadful  conflagra- 
tion, Virg.  Aen.  10,  40.8.  So  Pejiis 
Vulcania-,  Sil  14,  424.  et  17,  509,  & 
599.  Vulcania  muneray  the  prefent  of 
Vulcan,  or  the  chariot  made  by  him, 

Ovid.  Met.    2,   106. -Vulcan  A  LI  a, 

'iumy  the  fealls  of  Vulcan,  ColumcL  1 1, 
3.  ;   Plin.  Fp.  5,  3,  8. 

VuLTEjus,  one  of  the  retinue  of 
L.  Metellus  in  Sicily,  Cic,  Verr.  3,  66, 

VuLTEjus  Menay  a  common  crier, 
who  alTilled  at  audlions  or  the  hke  ; 
probably  the  freed  man  of  one  V'ulte- 
jus,  Hor.  Ep. n^iy  SSy^^S- 

T,  VulturCius,  vel  VoUurciusy 
a  native  of  Croton,  an  accomplice  in 
Catiline's  confpiracy,  Cic.  Cat,  3,  2.  ; 
Sullujl.  Cat.  44,  &c. 

X. 

Xantippe,  -esy  the  wife  of  Socrates^ 

remarkable  for  her  bad  tem.per  and  for 

3  F  2  fcolding 


X  A  N  [41 

fcolding  her  hufband,  GelL  1,  17.  But 
Cicero  takes  no  notice  of  this  part  of 
her  chara6ler,  Tufc.  3,  15. 

XANTlPPUS,  a  Lacedaemonian 
general,  who  being  fent  to  the  ailift- 
ance  of  the  Carthaginians,  defeated 
Reguhis,  and  took  him  prifoncr,  C'lc. 
Off.  3,  26.  The  Carthaginians,  envy- 
ing his  gbry,  Avhea  they  fent  him 
back  to  his  country,  are  faid  to  have 
caufed  him  to  be  drowned,  App'iatu 
L'tbyc.  c.  6.  ;  .S7/.  6,  680.—^  2.  An  A- 
thenian  wlio  defeated  the  Perfian  fleet 
at  Mycalc  ;  the  father  of  Pericles,  ( G. 
466.) 

Xantho,  -?Af,  one  of  the  fea-nymphs, 
Virg.  G,  4,  356. 

Xeno,  'onrs,  an  Epicurean,  eflecmed 
by.Atticus  and   Cicero,    Cic.   Jff.   5, 

10.  et  13,  27. Others  of  this  name 

are  mentioned  by  Cicero,  Jit.  5,  i  ^. 
Verr.  3,  22. 

Xenocles,  •/.<•,  a  rhetorician  of  A- 
dramyttium,  (Adramyt£nus)y  wlio  was 
conftantly  with  Cicero  while  in  Aiia, 
Cic.  Br.  91. 

Xenocrates,  -is,  of  Chalcedon, 
(Ckalcedonius)j  the  fcholar  of  Plato, 
and  his  fucceffor  in  the  academy,   (G. 

294-) 

Xfnomenes,  -?V,  the  holl  of  Cice- 
ro  at  Thy  re  urn,   Cic.  Fam.  16,  5. 

Xenophanes,  'is,  of  Colophon, 
{Colof:h(mius)y  the  founder  of  what  was 
called  the  Eleatic  kt\  of  philofophers, 
(G.  I5.)»  ^^'^"  maintained  the  uncer- 
tainty of  human  knowledge,  ib.  23. 
but  taught  the  unity  and  infinity  of 
the  Divme  Being,  Cic,  Acad.  4,  37.  N. 

X>.  I,  II. 

Xenophilus,  a  mufician  of  Ch ai- 
ds, a  Pythagorean,  who  lived  above 
joo  years  in  the  greateft  happinefs, 
VaL  Ma:c.  8,  i  3,  3.  j   PUn.  7,  50. 

XE^6Pi-iON,  'Otitis,  the  fon  of 
Gryllue,  an  Athenian  ;  the  fcholar  of 
Socrates  ;  as  much  didinguifhcd  for 
iris  mihtary  iliiil  as  for  his  learning, 
(G.  468.)  Scipio  Africanus,  the 
younger,  was  to  fond  of  the  Cyropae- 
d'la  of  Xenophon,  that  he  always  car- 
ried it  about  with  him.,  Cic.  Tufc.  2, 
Zt.  ^fr.ly  i,^.    His  ftyk  has  fuch 


2     ]  ZEN 

unaflFefted  fimplicity  and  beauty,  that 
the  Mufes  are  faid,  as  it  were,  to 
have  fpokea  by  his  voice,  Cic.  Or. 
9,  &  19.  ;  ^inail.  10,  i,  33,  &  82. 
Xenophontius  v.  -eus  Hercu- 
les, Hercules  defcribed  by  Xenophon, 
Cic.  Fam.  5,  12.  (G.  39B.)  Xeno- 
phonteium  ^.  -eum  genus  fcrmonis,  a  ilyle 
fuch  as  Xenophon  ufed,   Cic.  Br.  35;. 

Xerxes,  -is,  the  fon  of  Darius, 
king  of  I^erfia,  who  invaded  Greece 
with  a  vaft  army  and  fleet.  He  made 
a  bridge  of  boats  over  the  Hellefpont 
to  tranfport  his  forces,  (G.  349.) 
Hence,  Xerxis  et  i/nperio  hina  cotjfc  vada, 
Propert.  2,  l,  22.  HJlcfpontum  junxit, 
et  tuaria  amhula-vif,  fc.  per,  Cic.  Fin.  2, 
34.  So  Lucan»  2,  674.  He  dug  a 
navigable  canal  through  mount  Athos, 
(G.  327.)  ;  whence  Athos  is  faid  to 
have  been  failed  over,  [veli/icatus  Athos  \ 
cum  Jlratum  clajfrbus  ifdera,  (fc.  quibus 
Athos  veliiicatus,)  Suppofuumque  rotis 
foUdum  mare,)  Juvenal.  10,  1 75.  Ri- 
vers are  faid  to  have  been  drunk  up  by 
his  troops,  ib.  i  77,— The  bridge  be- 
ing broken  down  by  a  tempett,  he  or- 
dered the  fea  to  be  Uflied  and  chainedj 
?Z'.  180. ;  Herodot,  7,  34,  &  35.  But 
his  fleet  having  been  defeated  at  Sala- 
mis,  by  the  conduct  of  Tliemiilocles, 
he  made  his  cfcape  in  a  fiihing-boat, 
y^'Jiin.  2,  (3.  ;  juvenal.  10,  185.  (G. 
465.}  His  land  army  was  defeated  at 
Plataea  by  the  Greeks  under  the  com- 
mand of  Paufanias  and  AriiHdes,  (G. 
466.)  When  one  day  he  had  review- 
ed his  army,  he  is  faid  to  have  wept 
with  the  thouglu,  thr.t  fo  many  thou- 
fand  lives  would  in  fo  fliort  a  time  be 
extindt,  Plin.  Ep.  3,  7,.  13.;  Herodot, 
7,  45.  ;    VaL  Max.  9,    13.  ext.  i. 


ZALEUCUS,  the  lawgiver  of 
Locri  in  Iu^'j  Cic.  Leg.  1,  22.  ct  2, 
6.  Att.6.  I.  (G.  176.) 

ZENO,  -dnii,  a  native  of  Cittium, 
(Cittieus  ;)  the  fcholar  of  Polemo,  Cic 
Acad.  I,  9,  10,  &c.  the  founder  of  the 
Stoics,  who  placed  the  chief  happinefs 

of 


ZEN  [41 

of  man  in  virtue  alone,  Cic.  Mur,  29. 
ylcad.  4,  42,  &  43,  S.c. 

ZENO,  of  Elea,  (FJcates  ;)  the 
founder  of  that  feci  of  philofophers, 
called  from  his  birth-place  Eleatici  ; 
who  paid  the  chief  attention  to  the 
art  gf  reafoniug  or  logic,  [diakdiuei) 
of  which  Zeno  is  faid  to  have  been  the 
inventor,  Cic.  Mead.  4,  42,  Zeno, 
having  entered  into  a  confpiracy  to 
free  his  country  from  the  tyranny 
of  Nearchus,  and  being  dete6led,  was 
put  to  the  rack,  to  make  him  difcover 
his  aifociates  ;  but  no  tortures  could 
draw  from  him  a  confeffion ;  andhechofe 
rather  to  die  than  betray  his  accom- 
plices, Ck.  Tufc.  2,  22.  A^  /).  3,  33. 
Tlie  Itory  is  varioufly  related  by  au- 
thors, who  differ  about  the  manner  of 
his  death,  and  the  name  of  the  tyrant  ; 
but  agree  that  2ieno's  fellow-citizens, 
animaiied  by  his  fortitude,  rofe  againft 
the  tyrant  and  floned  him  to  death, 
Laert.  9,  25.;  Fal.  Max.  3,  3,  ext.  2, 
fc  3.  S  aulas  in  Xenons. 

ZENO,  an  Epicurean  philofopher 
at  Athens;  the  chief  of  his  feft,  (^- 
picnreoriim  coryphaeus  'vel  princeps, )  Cic. 
N.  D.  I,  21.  whole  ledures  both  Ci- 
cero and  Atticus  attended,  Cic.  Fin. 
I,  5.  Tufc.  3,  17.  He  ufed  to  call  So- 
crates, the   Attic  buffoon,  Cic.  N.  D. 

J'  34-       ^ 

Zenodotus,  a  grammarian,   prae- 

ceptor  to  the  children  of  Ptolemy  So- 
ter,  and  keeper  of  the  library  of"  Alex- 
andria, Siiidas  ;  Suet.  Gram.  1 1  f. 

Zethes  vel  Zetes,  v.  -wj-,  the  fon 
of  Boreas,  the  north  wind,  and  Ori- 
th5-ra,  the  twin-brother  of  Calais; 
(hence  called  duo  fratres  Aquihnia pro- 
ks,  Propert.  I,  20,  25.  Sail  Bared, 
Senec.  Med.  231.);  who  both  had 
wings  like  their  father,  Ovid.  Met.  6, 
713,  &c.  They  went  with  Jafon  to 
Colchis,  in  quell  of  the  golden  fleece, 
as  Ovid  fays,  in  the  firfl  ihip  that  ever 
failed  on  the  fea,  which  had  not  before 
been  difturbed,  ib.  {G.  420.)  When 
they  came  to  Thrace,  they  drove  the 
harpies  from  the  houfe  of  Phineus,  a 
king  of  that  country,  whom  they  had 
infefled  by  carrying  off  the  fo'>d  from 


3    ]  Z  O  I 

his  table,  {G.  442.) Zethes  and  Ca- 

lais  were  (lain  by  Hercules,  Senec.  Med. 
934.  ;  HyguuFah.  14.  Various  caufes 
of  their  death  are  affigned,  VicL  Schij- 
liajl.  in  Apollon.  i,  211,  &  ^300. 

Zethus,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  and 
Antiope  ;  the  twin-brother  of  Am- 
phlon,  Ovid.  Met.  6,  no.  ;  Hygin.  76, 
&  155.;  who  both  having  been  ex-. 
poftd,  wheii  infants,  were  educated  by 
a  fhepherd  ;  and  when  tiiey  grew  up 
alfo  became  Oiepherds.  But  A  mphlon, 
having  got  the  prefent  of  a  harp  from 
Mercury,  paid  his  chief  attention  to 
mufic.  Their  mother  having  efcaptd 
from  her  confinement,  (/7^.  An  no- 
pe,) is  faid  to  have  fled  to  the  moun- 
tains, where  fhe  applied  to  her  fons 
for  protedion  ;  but  Zethus,  thinking 
her  a  fugitive,  would  not  admit  her  ; 
contrary  to  the  wifli  of  Amphlon,  who 
was  of  a  gentler  difpofition  :  hence. 
Ft  durur.i  Zethumy  et  lacrimis  Amphiona 
molkm  Fxperta  eji  Jiahulis  mater  aha8a 
fuisj  Propert.  3,  15,29.  They  being 
informed  by  the  fnepherd  who  file  was, 
flew  Lycus,  and  tied  Dirce  to  the 
mouth  of  a  fierce  bull,  ib.  38.  Senec. 
Thtb.v.  loy  8i  126.;  Oed.  610.  {Fid, 
Dirge.)  Zethus  and  Amphlon  ha* 
ving  thus  become  ma(ters  of  Thebes, 
made  an  addition  to  the  city,  and  fur- 
rounded  it  with  walls,  Paufan.  9,  4. 
They  are  faid  firfl:  to  have  built 
Thebes,  Homer.  Ody/f.  ir,  262.  Fid, 
Amphion. 

ZsTHus,  a  freed  man,  Cic.  Fam.  9, 

15- 

Zephyrus,  the  god  of  the  wed 
wind,  the  fon  of  Aftraeus  and  Aurora, 
Hygin.  praef.  the  father  of  Chloris  or 
Flora,  the  goddefs  of  flowers  ;  who 
is  hence  called  ZErHVRJTis,  -)dis, 
Catull.  64,  57. 

ZEUXLS,  -/J-,  V.  -ulis  ;  ace.  -in  ;  of 
Heraclea,  [Heraclcotes,)  a  famou«; 
painter,  the  cotemporary  and  rival  of 
Parrhafius,  Cic.  Inv.  2,  i.  ;  Flin.  '3^^^ 
9,  &  10. 

Zeuxis,  -JV//V,  ace.  -im  ;  a  perfon 
fufpedled  of  parricide  in  the  province 
of  Q^Cicero,  Cic.  ^Fr.  i,  2,  2. 

ZoiLUS,  an  ill-natured  critic,  born 

at 


Z  O  P  [    4 

at  Amplilpolis;  who  wrote  againft  Ho- 
rner, Plato,  and  others,  AeTian.  Var. 
H'ljl.  II,  lO.  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  Vitruv.  'jipvaef.  Some 
fay  that  he  was  crucified  ;  others,  that 
he  was  ftoned  to  death  ;  and  others, 
that  he  was  burnt  alive,  ib.  From  his 
cenfuring  Homer  he  was  called  Ho- 
me romastii,  Homer's  fcourge,  Sul- 
das»  From  him  any  cenforious  critic 
was  called  ZoiLus  ;  thus,  ^uifquis  es, 
cxlUo,  Zoile,  nomen  babes i  Ovid.  Rem. 
Am.  366. 

ZopyRus,  one  of  the  feven  Perfiaa 
noblemen  who  deilroyed  the  magi.    He 


14   ]  z  o  s 

afterwards  recovered  Babylon  to  Da- 
rius, when  it  had   revolted,   (G.  609.) 

^  2.    A    noted    phyfiognomift, 

C'lc.  Tufc.  4,  37.  Fat.  5. 

ZoROASTREs,  -/J,  vcl  -ae^  a  king  of 
Baftrla,  who  is  faid  to  have  been  the 
firft  inventor  of  magic,  Plin.  30,  i. 
Add.  /^.y,  16.;  Jufm.  I,  I.  (G.623.) 

ZosiMUs,  a  freedman  of  the  young- 
er Pliny,   Plin.  Ep.  5,  19. ^  2.    A 

Greek  hiftorian  in  the  fifth  century, 
whofe  work  is  flill  extant. 

Zosippus,  a  nobleman  of  Tynda- 
ris  in  Sicily,  Cic.  Verr.  4,  42. 


FINIS, 


Printed  by  Murray  15*  Cocl-gnr^ 
Craig^  Clofe^  Edinburgh,       J_ 


ERRATA. 


13.  col  2.  line  7.  for  AloTdae  rW  Aloidae. 
27.  ly?  col.  lajl  line,  fer  rom  read  from. 
41.  col.  1.  line  19.  /or  Falvia  rfj</  Fulvia. 

—  16.  from  the  foot,  for  Jpftan  read  0/^/W 

—  3.  for  enebo  read  tenebo, 

—  19,  &  22.  for  aiigujle  read  angufle, 

14.  ybr  DiOPHAMES  rftf^  DiOPHANES. 

—  32.  (s/>«*  name  infert  oL 

—  30.  for  Carneades  read  Carneades. 

—  37.  for  Arsaces  read  Arsaces. 

—  38. /or  Phikeia  rffl^PHiNEiA. 

—  34.  for  triumphis  read  triumphos. 


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