f
LIBRARY
OF THE
Theological Seminary,
PRINCETON, N. J.
i ^"^fi-5-,A335 1000
Adam, Alexander, 1741-1809
^ Classical biography
3(iC
CLASSICAL BIOGRAPHT:
EXHIBITING ALPHABETICALLY
The proper NAMES,
WITH
A SHORT ACCOUNT
4
O F T H E
SEVERAL DEITIES, HEROES, AND OTHER PERSONS,
MENTIONED IN THE ANCIENT
CLASSIC AUTHORS;
AND
A MORE PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION
OF THE
MOST DISTINGUISHED CHARACTERS
AMONG THE ROMANS;
rHE WHOLE BEING INTERSPERSED WITH OCCASIONAL EXFldNATIONS
OF WORDS AND RHRASES.
DESIGNED CHIEFLY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ILLUSTRATION
OF THE
LATIN CLASSICS.
BY ALEXANDER ADAM, LL. D.
.RECTOR OF THE HIGH SCHOOL, EDIIvBURGH.
EDINBURGH:
. Printed for WILLIAM CREECH;
And T, CADELL, Jun. & W. DAVIES, /.a.vi)o.v.
J 8 o p.
CntctcQ in Stationers roa!!.
i^'
Tilnted hj Murr2'j '':^ Cochrr.nc^ Craig's Clofe, Edinburgh,
ADVEP. TISEMENT.
J. HE Compiler originally intended the fubftance of the follow-
ing Pages as zn Appendix to a Latin and English Dictionary,
which he has for feveral years been attempting. But having found
that the execution of the whole of his delign will require longer
time than at firfi: he imagined ; and perceiving his attention to be
fom.etimes diftracted by profecuting two different fubjeds toge-
ther, he refolved to lay afide the principal part of the Work till
he fliould finifli the Appplndix of Proper Names : and in
order to render it as inftruclive as poffible within moderate
bounds, he thought it would be of advantage to give a fuller
account of the principal Perfons mentioned in the Latin
Claflics. This he has endeavoured to do with all the accuracy in
his power ; and hopes that his performance will be ufeful, not
only to younger Students, but alfo to fuch as are more||dvan-
ced. The facls are all fupported by proper authorities ; aSldie
different accounts of different Authors concerning the fame md:,
when it is cf importance, are fairly uated. When any thing is
more fully treated of in his Roman Antiquities^ or in his Summary
of Geography and Hi/lory^ he has here made references to them,
by prefixing an A for the one and a G for the other. The diph-
thongs <2 and c are printed without contraction, ae and oe^ as
they are found in Ancient Manufcripts. The Compiler, be-
fore refuming his larger Work, prcpofes to publi/ii, by way of
Appendix to his Grammar, a Ihort Abridgement or Manual of
Latinity, for the ufc of Learners ; which is nearly ready for the
prefs.
EDINEVRGHy *}
'eft. 15. iSco.J
Sept.
I
INDEX
O F
CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES, &g
A BA
ABAS, -anthy a king of Argos ;
whence Ahanteus^ adj.; thus, Ah-
ante'i Argi, Argi once governed by Ab-
as, Ovid, Met. 15, 164.
Abantiades, -ae, Acrifius, the fon
of Abas, Ovid. Met. 4, 607. alfo put
for Perfeus, his great-gratidfon, Ovid.
Met. A,, 673, & 767. ; 5' >38-
Abas, a noble Trojan, and compa-
nion of Aeneas, Virg. Aen. i , 121.; 10,
427. — alfo a Grecian flaia by Aeneas,
ih. 3, 286.
Abaris, -/V, V. -\dts; ace. -/m, v. -m;
a man {lain by Perfeus, Ovid. Met. 5,
86. — 51 2. A Rutulian killed by Eu-
ryalus, Virg. Aen. 9, 344.-^3, A fa-
mous Scythian, Herodot. 4. 36. ; Strab.
Abarus, or Agharusj an Arabian
prince, who mifled and perfidioufly
deferted CraiTus in his expedition a-
gainft the Parthian s, Appian. de Parth.
p. 140. called Me%eres or Mazaras,
a Syrian deferter, by Florus, 3, 11.
and Ariamnes by Plutarch, in Crcjfo.
Abderus. the fervant of Diome-
des, a king of Thrace, who fed his
herfcs on human flelh ; flain by Her-
cules, Hygin. 30.
Abdolonimus, or Ahdalommus^ a
defcendant of the ancient kings of Si-
don, fo poor that he .was obliged to
work in a garden; when Alexander
the Great, on account of his probity,
raifed him to the throne j J^^ife 11,
10. ; Curt. 4, I, J9j W
A C C
AbgXrits, the name of certain
caflern princes, Capitolin. Ant. Pio.
c. 9. ; Spartiari, Sever. 18. ; ViSor d$
Caefar. c. 20.
\bissares, an Indian king, who
meanly furrendered to Alexander, in-
flead of bravely oppofing him, as Po-
rus did, Curt. 8, 13.
Absyrtus, -/, called alfo Aegtokux
or Aegialus, the fon of Aeites^ king of
Colchis, whom his fitter Medea, in
her flight with Jafon, tore in pieces^
and fcattered his members by the
way, that the gathering of themi
might retard Aeetes, her father, in his
piirfuit of her, Cic. Manil. 9. ; Nat*
D. 3, 26. ; Ovid, Trijl. 3, 9. ; Senec.
Med. 963.
AcADEMUs, or Ecademus an Athe«*
nian, the original proprietor of the
ground where the gymnajium, called
Academia, was built j whence its
name, Paujan. i. 9.
ACASTUS, a king of lolcos, de-
throned by Peleus. K/V/. Peleus.
AcASTus, a flave of Cicero's, Cic*
Fam. 14, 5. ; 16, 5. &c.
Acamas, -antis, one of tfie work«
men of Vulcan, Fal. Flacc. i, 583.
ACCA Laurentia, the nurfe of
Romulus, Serv. in Virg, Aen. I, 277.
called fimply Laurentia by Livy, i, 4,
There was an annual feftival in honour
of her, called Ace alia, -ium j or Lau^
REN tali A, -rum, Varr. L. 1^ ^, ^.
ACCiUS or /\TTius, a celebr^-
A ted
A C C [2
ted Roman tragic poet in the time of
Sclpio \fricanus the younger, FaL
Mix. 3, 7, II. ; ^I'maiL 10, i, 79 ;
an intimate friend of D. Ju.iius Bru-
tus, the Colleague of Scipio In the con-
fulate, C'tc. Brut. 22, & 2'S.; Arch, i [.
He alfo wrote annals, C'tc. Brut. 18.
— Ayamemnon Jccianus, Agamemnon,
as defcribed by Acclas, Cic Tufc. 3,
26. ic iani verfiis, the verfes of Ac-
cius, 7r. Fam 9, 16.
ACCIUS. V. Aclius, V Att'ius Naev'i-
vsi vel Navius, a famous ugur at
Rome In the time of Tarquinlus Prif-
eus, who is faid to have cut a whet-
ftone with the king's razor, Liv. i,
36. ; Cic. Div. I, 17. But this ftory
was ridiculed by many in the time of
Cicero, i5. 2, 38.
T. Accius Pifaurenjs, a native of
Pifaurum, a Roman eques, the accufer
of Clucmtius, Cic. Br. 78.
Accius Priscus, a noble painter
iin the time of Vefpafian, Pliji. 35, 10.
A ceo, -onis, a general of the Gauls,
Caef. B G. 6, a.
ACESTES, -aey a king of Sicily,
of Trojan extradlion, the trufty friend
of '\eneas, Firg. Aen. Sj'J ii- who gave
name to the city Acella or Segefta,
ih. 718.
AcETEs, the armour-bearer of E-
vander, I'irg. Aen. 11, 30.
AcHAEM£NEs, -act V. -/V, a king of
Perfia,the grandfather of Cyrus, //.?;Wo/.
7, II. uho feems to have given name
to the tii'oc or clan of the Ac ha em e-
N'DAE, ib. 3, 6^. from which the Per-
fian kings were dcfcended, , 125. ce-
lebrated for his wealth, Hon Od. 2,
12^ 1. whence Achaemenii campi^
the plains of Perfia, L.ucan. 8, 224.
Achaemenium cojlum, Perfian ointment.
Hot. Od. 3, I, 44. nariuTHj Id Epod,
13,8 So Achaemcnius odor, the fmell ot
Perfian perfumes, SiL 15. 23. The
,ufe of perfumes is faid to have ta-
ken its rile in Perfia, Plin- 13, I.
Achaemeniae fa^ittae, Perfian arrows,
Propert 2, 13, I. Achaemenio detrec-
tans pralia ritu, pretending to fly in
the manner of the Paitliiins or Perfi-
ans, Sii' 7, 647. Acbaemmtae urhest i. e.
1 A C I
Perficaey Ovid. Met. 4, 212. W/<?j, Id.
Art. Am. 226.
Achaemenides, one of the fallors
of UlylTes, left by his companions on
the coaft of Sicily, where Aeneas found
him, Firg. Aen. 3, 613. Sec.
Achates, ^ae, the companion and
faithful friend of Aeneas, Firg. Am.
I, I'jg. et alibi pd/fini.
AcHELOUS, the fon of Oceanus
and Tethys, the god of the river
Achelous in Epiie, who fought with
Hercules for Dejanlra, (G. 4 !•)
Apoll'jdor. 2, 5. Hygin. 31. He was
the fath-r of the Syrens by the Mufe
Melpomene, Apollod. I, 4. Hygin. 141.
whence they are called x*. chelo'ides^
Ovid. Met, 5, 552. and Acheloi ADEs,
ib. 14, 87. (Fid. G. Index,)
Achillas, -ae^ the general of Ptole-
my, king of Egypt, who was fent
with Septimius, a tribune, to kill
Pompey, Caef. B. C. 3, 104. Lucan. 8,
538. &c. He was himfelf foon -ifter-
wards put to death by Ganymedes, an
eunuch, the confidant of .'!ifwde, the
filler of Ptolemy. Hirt. B. Alex. 4.
Lucan. 18, 523.
ACHILLES, -is; vel ^chilleus,
( 3 fy^^' ) '^^^ ' ^^ ^^"^ ^^^ fecond declen-
fion, -eiy contracted -/ ;,the fon of Peleus
and the fea-goddefs 1. hetis ; the brav-
e •- of the Greeks ; called Armipotens,
Virg. Aen. 6. 839. Magnanimus, Ovid.
Met. 13, 298. 'Timor ilk Phrygumy dc'
cics et tutela Pelafgi numlnis^ Ib. 12, 612.
Cedere nejciusy Hor. Oi. I, 6., (>. Ter-
roris expcrs, Catull. 62, 338. Priam»
fatalisj Stat. Achil. i, 475. — In the
accdf. in (lead of Achillem^ Lucan
has Achillea, 10, 523. — Achilli-
UEs, -aey the fon of Achilles, I. e.
Pyrhus, Ovid. Ep. 8, 3. called Stirps
Achillea^ Virg. Aen. 3, 326. — Achillea
cufpis, the fpear of Achilles, Ovid. Met.
13 580. Achillei manes y the ghoft of
Achilles, ib. 448. — Achilleis, -/V//V,
f. the unfinifhed poem of Statins con-
cerning Achilles. (Fid. Or 449- y^
ACILIA, the mother of Lucan,
Fid. Atilla.
ACILII, -or urn y vel Acilia gens, a
plebeian clan at Rome divided ini'» lwo
families,
A C I I
families, the Glahriones and BalhU
from which fprang feveraririuftrious
men ; as, M. Acilius, a coiiful,
who defeated Antiochus at Thermo-
pylae, L'lv. 36, 19. He dedicated a
temple to Piety, and ere£led a gilded
ftatue to his father Glabrio, the firft
of the kind in Italy, A. U. 569. Liv.
4c, 34. Valerius Maximus fays this
was done by his fon, 2, 5. i. The
temple Hood in the herb-m.arket, (in
foro ol'ttorio), on the fpot where a wo-
man had dwelt, who fecretly nourifli-
cd her father, when imprifoned and
deprived of aliment, with her own
milk ; on which account he was
pardoned, Fcjlus in Pi etas. Pliny
fays this was done by a daughter to
her mother, 7, 36. So Val. Maxi-
mus, ;, 4, 7. According to Pliny,
the mother was not only pardoned,
but file -aid her daughter were ever
after fupported at the public expence,
ib. The fame author alfo fays that
the temple ftood on the fite of the pri-
fon, where afterwards was the theatre
of Marcellus, ib.
M. Acilius Glabrio, a Praetor
who prefided in the trial of Verres, Cic.
^ci. I. in Ver. 17. and whofe father
got a law paffed againft extortion, (de
repetundis pecmuis {) called Lex A ci-
lia, AJcon.ib. y Verr. I, 9.
Acilius, a law7er, who wrote
commentaries on the twelve tables,
Cic. Leg. 2, 23.
Acilius, an hiftorian, who wrote
his hiftory in Greek, Cic. Of.7,, 32.
which one Claudius tranflated into La-
tin, (annales Ancdianos ex Graeco in La-
iinum fermonem veriiij Liv. 25, 40. et
35, 14 Several others of the fame
name are mentioned, Liv. 2i, 25. 27.
4.; Tacit. Ann. 3, 41. 12, 64. 14, 18.;
Suet. J. 68. ; 67. 45. D. lo.
AC IS, {-is, v. '^dis ', ace. Acin,) a
Sicilian youth of uncommon beauty, the
fon of Faunus and the nymph Syniae-
thisf the daughter of the river Symae
thus, Ovid. Met. 13, 750. whence he
is called Simaethius heros, ib. 879. be-
loved by Galatea, the Nereid, ib. 752.
(t 86 r. crufhed with a ftone thrown at
^ T A C R
him by Polyphemus, who was enraged
at Galatea's preferring Acis to him.
Acis was turned into a river of the
fame name, ib. 873, 897.
Acme, -es, the miftrefs of Septimius,
Catull 45, I. &c.
AcoNTEUS, (3 fyll.) -eos, v. -ei, a
Latin chief, V>rg Acn. II, 6[2.— f 2.
A foldier of Perfeus, changed into a
ftone, by looking at the head of Me-
dufa, Ovid. Met. 5, 2" I.
ACONTIUS, a young man of the
ifland Cea, who having gone to De-
los, to fee the facred rites which were
performed there by a crowd of virgins
in the temple of '- 'iana, fell defperate-
ly in love with CYDIPPE ; but not
daring to aflc her in marriage on ac-
count of the meannefs of his birth,
threw down at her feet an apple, on
which were infcribed thefe words, Me
tibi nupturam^ (felix eat omen^) Aconti^
Juro. quam colimusy numina magna Deae»
Or according to others, Juro tibi facrae
per myjiicajacra Diana£, Me tibi venturam
comitemy fponfamque fuiuram. The vir-
9\xi havnig taken up the apple, inad-
vertently read the words, and thereby
apparently bound herfelf by a prom.ife ;
for by law, every thing uttered in that
temple was held to be ratified. When
her father, a little after, ignorant of
what had happened, betrothed her to
another man, (he was fuddenly feized
with a fever. Whereupon Acontius
fent her a letter, (exprefled by Ovid,
Ep. 20.) to perfuade her that tier
fever was caufed by Diana for not ha-
ving fulfilled the promife which (he had
made to him in the temple of that god-
defs. Cydippe therefore refolved ^ to
comply with the wifhes of Acontius,
even againft the incHnation of her fa-
ther. Her anfwer is the fubjed of
Ovid's 21 ft epillle.
ACRISIUS, a king of Argos,
the fon of Abas, ( Abantiades^ Ovid.
Met. 4, 606. ) the father of Danae,
who is hence called Acrijionhs^ -tdis,
Serv. in Virg. A en. 7, 41^'. ; but others
make Acrifwneis here an adjeftive, to
agree with co mis, i. e. with a colony
of Argives; as jicrijtoneae arces, the
A 2 towers
A C R [4
towers of Argos, OvU. Met. 5, 239.
AcRisiONiADES, -fl^, Perfeus, the
fon of Danae, ib. 69. —The father of
Laertes, and grandfather of UlyiTes, is
by fome called Acrifius, Ovid. Met.
13, 144. but Arcefius is his real name ;
whence UlyfTes is fometimes called
^Apv-aa-isL^yit; in Homer.
AC RON, a king of the Caeninen-
fes, whom Romulus flew in battle with
his own hand, and dedicated his fpoils,
(called fpol'ia optma) to Jupiter, under
the name of Feretrius, becaufe they
Tvere carried on a frame, (feretro)
Xiiy. I, 10. or Omine quod certo dux
ferit enfe ducem, Propert. 4, 10, 45,
ACT A EON, 'onii, the fon of Ari-
ftaeus and Autonbe, the daughter of
Cadmus, a famous hunter, who one
day being fatigued with the chace, re-
tiled into a fhady vale to refrefh him-
felf ; where was a fountain called Par-
thenius, in which the goddefs Diana
by chance was then bathing herfelf,
who to prevent him from telling it,
changed him into a ftag ; and foon af-
ter he v/as torn to pieces by his own
bounds. Hygin. 181.; Ovid. Met. 3,
138. kc. He is called y^utonocius he-
rost from his mother, ib, 197. and
Hyantiusj as being a Theban, ib. 147.
ACTOR, -oris, the father of Me-
Doetius, and grandfather of Patroclus,
\vho is hence called Adoridesy -ae, Ovid.
Met. 8, 308. Faft._ 2, 39.--Alfo an
Auruncan, Firg. Aen. 12, 94,
ADHEHBAL, ^alis, the fon of
Micipfa and grandfon of MafinifTa,
king of Nuraidia, flain by Jugurtha,
Salluji. Jug. 26.
Admetus, the fon of Pheres,
(Pheretiades, Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 19.)
king of Pherae in Theffaly, whofe
flocks Apollo kept for feveral years,
jlpollodor. I, 15.
ADONIS, -is, et -'tdis, the fon of
Cinyras king of Cyprus, by his daugh-
ter Myrrha j — the favourite of Venus,
on account of his uncommon beauty.
Through the wrath of Diana, he was
flain by the bite of a wild boar, which
he had wounded while huntmg. Ve-
pjs be>y4iled his death, and from com-
3 A E A
paffion changed him into a flower cal-
led ^nemony, Ovid. Met. 10, 298,
']\Q. adjin. Apollodorus makes Ado-
nis the fon of Thoas king of AfTyria
by his daughter Myrrha, 3, 13, 4.
Annual games were inftituted to his
mem.ory, named Adonia -ori/m, Ovid,
ib. 725. ; MarceUin. 22, 24. Adonis is
called from his father Juvenis CinyretuSy
Ovid. ib. 7 r 2. ; from his beauty, FormO'
Jus, Virg. E. I o, 1 8. Niveus, Propert.
2, 10, 53. The ancient Latins fome-
times called him Adoneus, Plaut*
Men. I, 2, 35.
ADRASTUS, a king of Argos,
the fon of Talaon, hence called Tala-
ONiDEs, Stat. Theb. 5, 18. and Ina'
chius, defcended from Inachus, ib. 2,
199. one of the feven leaders in the
famous war againft Thebes, and the
only one that furvived, j^pollodor. i , 9.
f/ 3, 7. on which account his image
is fuppofed to be reprefented as pale in
the infernal regions, Serv. in Virg. Aen,
6, 480. He was far advanced in life
when the war began, whence he is cal-
led Longaevusy Stat. Theb. 4, 74. Gf-
nus Adrajli, Diamedes, his grandfon,
Ovid. Fajl. 6, 433. Adrajleus Arion^
Arlon, the horfc of Adraftus, Stat,
Silv. T I, 52. (G. 430.)
Adrastea, the daughter of Jupi-
ter and Necefiity, the fame with Ne-
mefis, the punifher of guilt, MarceUin,
14, II.
Adrastus, a Phrygian exile, who
by accident killed Atys, the fon
of Croefus ; and though pardoned
by Croefus, ftabbed himfelf on the
prince's tomb, Herodot. i, 43, & 45.
(G. 601.)
Aelius ADRIANUS, f. HadrU
anus, the 5th Roman Emperor, the
fucceffbr of Trajan.
AEACUS, the fon of Jupiter by Ae-
glna ; the father of Telam^on and Pe-
leus. He was king of Oenopia,
which he named Aegina, after his
mother. On account of his jufticc he
was made a judge of the infernal re-
gions with Minos and Rhadamanthus.
The fon or any of the defcendants of A e-
acus is called Aeacides, -ae, ( G. 385.)
particularly
A E E [5
particularly his grandfon Achilles, Firg.
jien. I, 99. ; whence AeacicTinae minaey
haughty threats like thofe of Achilles,
Plaut. AJfin. 2, 3, l^> Aeacideia reg-
no, the kingdom of Aeacus, OviJ.
Met, 7, 472.
AEeTA, or Aeetes, -ae, a king
of Colcbis, the father of Medea ; who
is hence called Aeetias, -ad'tSy Ovid.
Met. 7, 9. Aeetis, WtSy Val. Flac.
6, 479. and Aeetia virgo, ib. 267.
Fines Aeeiaeii the territories of Aeetes,
i. e. Colchis, Catull. 63, 3.
AEGAEON, 'ontiy a giant, who
IS faid to have had 100 hands and
50 heads, Virg. Atn. 10, 565. called
Briareus by the gods, Homer, IL i,
403. A fter being vanquifhed by Ju-
piter, he was tied by Neptune wiih a
hundred chains to a rock in the ifland
3cyro8 ; and there being a report that
he was attempting to loofe his chains,
Thetis was fent to examine the mat-
ter. On this occafion having heard
the noife of diverfion and dancing in the
hall of Lycomedes, king of the ifland,
and thence concluding that the in-
habitants were effi-minate, fhe refolved
to conceal with him her fon Achilles,
Stat, Achili. I, 207.
AEGEUS, in two fyllables, -eos,
V. -e'u the fon of Neptune, Juvenal.
13, 81. a king of Atht-ns, the father of
Thefeus; hence calledry^^I^w, Ovid. Ep.
4, 59. — ^ 2. A name given to Neptune,
Virg. Aen. 3, 74. becaufe the poets
make his chief abode to be in the bot-
tom of the Aegean fea, near Aegae,
a town of Euboea, Homer. IL 13, 21.
A EG I ALE, the wife of Diomedes,
king of Aetolia, to whom ftie proved
falfe, and thus prevented his return to
his native country, after the deftruc-
tion of Troy, ^erv, in Virg. Aeiu 8,
9, & II, 269.
Aegialeus, (4 fyll.) the fon of
A draft us, the only one that was flain
of the feven, (Epigoni,) who went to
avenge the death of their parents in
the Theban war, Hygin. 71.
Aegialus, the fame with Abfyr-
tus, the brpther of Medea, Jujlin,
42, 3.
1 A E L
Aegimius, a man who is faid t©
have lived 200 years, PUn. 7, 48.
Aegina, the daughter of Asopus,
king of Boeotia, the mother of Aea-
cus by Jupiter, Hygin. 52.
AEGISTHUS, the fon ot Thyef-
tes, (Thyejiiades^) by his daughter
Pelopeia, who murdered his uncle A-
treus ; and having ftduced Clytaemnef-
tra, the wife of Agamemnon, by her
afiiftance alfo murdered that hero, af-
ter his return from the Trojan war.
Aegifthus was himfelf flain by Oreftes,
the fon of Agamemnon, to revenge
his father's death, Hygin. 117, & 244.
Pompey ufed to call Caefar by the
name of Aegifthus, Suet, Caef. 50.
Aegle, (i.e. fplendor, ) a beautiful
nymph, Virg. Ed. 6, 21.
AEGLES, a wreftler, born at Sa-
mos, who though formerly dumb, upon
feeing fraud committed at a facred
contcft, while the combatants drew
lots for their place, from indignation
and an exceflive defire to fpeak, is
faid to have broken the bonds of his
tongue ; fo that ever afterwards he
fpoke diftindly. Cell. 5, 9.; Vah Max,
I, 8, Ext. 4.
Aegoceros, -/, m. the fame with
Capricortius, one of the figns of the
Zodiac, Lucan. 9, 537.; accuf. ^^^0-
ceron. Id. 10, 213,
A EG ON, (i. c. caprarius,) the
name of a fliepherd, Virg. Eel, 3, 2. —
alfo put for the Egean fea, Stat, Theb,
Aegypta, a freedman of Cicero's,
Cic. Fam. 16, 15,
Aegyptus, the fon of Belus and
king of Egypt, whofe fifty fons mar-
ried the fifty daughters of his brother
Danaus, Hygin. 168. (G. 392.)
Claudus A ELI ANUS of Praenefte,
a Roman Sophift, in the time of A-
drian, who wrote, in Greek, fixteen
books concerning the hiftory of ani-
mals, and fourteen books containing
various hiftorical fads, (de Hi/ioria
Varia,) which are ft ill extant,
AELII, a plebeian gens or claq at
Rome, containing feveral families, the
Pa^ti^ TuberoneSf Catif 6cc,
Qi.
'A E L
I 6 ]
A E N
Q^ A ELIUS, to whom Lucllfus,
the firft writer of fatires, infcribed
his poems, Cic. Heren, 4, II. a Stoic
who wrote orations for others called
Oratinnes Aeltanae ; but never deh'vered
anyhimfelf. Cic. Brut. 46, & 56. the
praeceptor of M. Varro, and alfo re-
forted to by Cicero, ik He wrote
concerning the Roman antiquities, Cic.
yicad, I, 2. and the laws of the twelve
tables, Cic. de Leg. 2, 23.
Sex. AELIUS, called Catus, from
his fl<ill in the civil law, Cic. de Oral.
1, 45. on which he Avrote commen-
taries, ih. 56. and on the twelve tables,
€ic. Leg. 2, 23. He gave his advice
freely to all citizens, Cic. Or. 3, 33.
Phny mentions an Aelius Catus,
who, when Conful, refufed a prefent
of filver plate, fent to him by the am-
bafladors of the Aetohans, who had
feen him dining on earthen ware ; nor
had he ever any other, except two
filver cups, which his father-in-law
L. PauUus had given him for his brave-
ry in the war againft king Perftus,
PUn. 33, II. f. 50. Ennius calls him
a remarkably wile man, (Egregie cor-
daius homo Catus Melius Sextusy) Cic.
Tufc. I, 9.
L. Aelius Lamia, a great friend
of Cicero's, Cic. Pif. 27. et alihi pajj'm.
AELIUS Galiusy governor of E-
gypt under Auguilus, who conquered
part of Arabia, iHin, 6, 28 f, 32. in
which expedition he was attended by
the geographer Strabo, whom he treat-
ed as his friend and companion, Stral).
2. p. 118, & 17. p. 816. To him
Virgil infcribes his loth eclogue.
AcLLO, -onis, m. one of Actaeon's
dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 219.
AcLLO, 'liSy f. one of the Harpies,
Ovid. Met. 13, 710.
AEMILIA ge7i , a clan, in which
were the families of the Borbulacy Le-
pidij Mamerci and Mamerciniy PauUiy
and Scauri. There was alfo a tribe
called -EMILIA, Cic. At. 2
an Ae MI LI A VIA, Cic. Fam.
(G. 184.)
/\emilius Indus, a fchool of gla-
diators belonging to Aemilius Lepidus,
Horat, Art. Poet, 32.
I. and
o, 30.
L. AEMILIUS Paullus, a great
general, who conquered Perfeus. king
of Macedonia, Liv. 44, 41 ; Cic. ^^err,
I, 21. ; whence Regiaque ^emilid ve£ta
tropoea rate, the trophies or fpoils gain-
ed from that king carried to Ronne in
the fliip of Aemilius, to grace his tri-
umph, Propert. 3. 3, 8 One of the
fons of Aemilius Paullus was adopted
by the fon of the great Scipio Afri-
canus, the conqueror of Hannibal,
and hence he was called P. Cornelius
Scipio A EMI Li AN us. — Scc Scipio.
Aemon, Aemusy &c. ; Vid. Hae-
MON, &;c.
AENfEAS, an illuftrious Trojan
chief, the fon of Venus and AnchTfes ;
who, after the deilruftion of Troy,
being joined by numbers of thofe who
had efcaped from the Greeks, left his
native country, and, after various ad-
ventures, landed with his companions
at the mouth of the Tiber. Having
married Lavinia, the daughter of LatT-
nns, king of that part of Italy, he
built a city which, from the name of
his wife, he called Lavinium. His fon
Afcanius built Longa Alba ; and from
his poilerity, who reigned at Alba,
RomuluSj the founder of Rcme, was
defcended. Hence AeneAdae, the
Trojans, Vhg. An. I, 157. ^)r Ro-
mans, ib. 8, 648. (G. 187. &c.)
Aeneides, or Aemdes, -ae^ lulus
or Afcanius, the fon of Aeneas, ih. 9,
653. from whom Julius Caefar pre-
tended to be fprung ; w^hence he calls
;\eneas meus, i. c. mens auliory a quo
ego crtus Juniy Lucan. 9, 991.
xAenilis, -uUsy V. '\doSy f. the poem
of Virgil concerning the exploits of Ae-
neas, Ovid. Trijl. 2, 533. ; Stat. Theb,
12, 826. — Ae?ieia nutrix, Csijtia, f^irg.
Aen. 7, I. Aeneia armay the wars of
Aeneas, Ovid. mor. I, 15, 25. ;
pietas. Id. Eaft. 4, 799. ; virtvsy Met.
14, 381. ;/«/^, his death, Stat. Silv.
5' 3> 37* Aeneia carminay the poem
of Virgil concerning Aeneas, Lucan.
ad Pif. 218.
AENOBARBUS, v. Ahenoharbus^
the fjrname of a family of the gens
Domitia ; iirft given to L. Domitius,
who,
A E O [7
who, returning from the country, is
faid to have been met by two young
men of a more auguft appearance than
human, who commanded him to c^rrj
to th^ fenate and people, the news of
a viAory, not then known for certain
at Rome ; and as a proof of their be-
ing more than men, (injidem majcjla-
iis,J llroked his cheeks fo as to ren-
der the hair of his beard, from be-
ing black, ruddy and hke to brafs.
This maik of diilinAion dcfcended alfo
to his poilerity, who generally had a
ruiMy beard, Sm'i. Ner% I.
AEOLUS, a king of the Lipari
iflands, between Italy and Sicily, call-
ed from him InfiiJae A^oliae^ (G 275. )>
/Ivilled in prognollicating the weathtr,
a^^d ilierefore fuppofed to have the
winds and clouds in his power ; hence
ca)'ed the God of the winds, Serm, ad
V'trg, Aen, I, 56. the fon of Hippo-
tas ; hence called Hippofades, Ovid
Met. 14, 221. — Aeolides, -as, the
fon of Aeolus ; a name given to Mi-
senus, the trumpeter of Aeneas, be-
caufe the blowing of trumpets de-
pei'ds on wind, Vlrg, Acn 6, 164. —
A Eo LI DAK, plur the fons of Aeolus,
who marri. d their lifters, Ovid. Met*
9, 504. ; Horner^ O^yff* '^» ?• &c.
Aeolus, a king of ThefTaly, the
father of Sisyphus, who is hence called
A tOLiDEs, Hur, Od* 2, 10, 20.; which
name is alio applied by way of reproach
to Ulyffes, as being fuppofed the fon
of S ivphus, who was thought to have
had connection with Anticlea, the mo-
ther of Ulyflfcs, before her marriage
with Laertes, Serv. ad Virg. Acru 6,
529. 80 Aeoluies is put for Ptirixus,
the grand fon of Aeolus, Val. Flac.
I, 286. and Aeolidae^ for the fons of
Phrixus, ih 5, 462
Aeolis, 7^//V, Canace, the daugh-
ter of eolus, voc. Aeoli, Ovid. Ep.
II, 34-
Aepulo, -0/WJ-, a king of the Klri-
ans, who flew himfelf, that he might
not fall alive into the hands of the
Romans, Liv. 41, 11. Florus calls
him Apulo, and fays that he was ta-
ken in a Itate of intoxication, 2, 10.
3
A E S
AEPyTUS, one of the chief compa-
nions of Amp h ion in the Theban war,
Stat. Theh. 10, 400. entrufled with
the defence of one of the gates of
Thebes, Id. 11, 240.
A E rope, .f.r, the wife of Atreus,
feduced . by Thyeftes, the brother of
Atreus, Ovid. Trl/l. 2, 391. [G. 405.)
Aesacos, v. -usy the fon of Priam
by the nymph Alexirhoe, who having
become enamoured of the nymph Hef-
perie, upon feeing her in the woods,
whilft he purfued her flying from him,
occafioned her death ; for in her flight
(he was bit by a ferpent in the foot.
Aefacus, overwhelmed with grief, threw
himfelf from a rock into the fea, but
Tethys, out of compaflion, transform-
ed him into a cormorant, (mergus) ;
but he, provoked that he could not
die, never ceafes plunging himfelf into
the fea, Ovid. Met. 11, 762. &c. Apol-
lodorus fays that Aefacus was the fori
of Priam hj his firft wife Aiiiba ; that
he married Aflerdpe, the daughter of
the river Cebren ; and that while he
lamented her death, he was changed
into a bird, 3, 11, 5.
Aeschines, -is, an Athenian ora-
tor, the rival of Demofthenes, Cic. de
Orat. 3, 56. ; ^in^il. 10, i. — <[[ 2.
A Socratic philofopher, Cic. Inv. i,
31. — ^3. An Afiatic orator cotempo-
rary with Cicero, Cic. Brut. 95.
AESCHYLUS, the fon of Euph5.
rion, Herodot. 2, 156. an Athenian tra-
gic poet, (Tragaedias primum in lucem
Aejchylus protidit^ fuUimis et gravis, et
grandiioqiuis faepe ufque ad vitittm^ Sic.)
Quin6lil. 10, I, 6G. ; who firft erec-
ted a permanent Itage, and v/as the
inventor of the mafic, (persona^) the
long flowing robe, (palla v. fyrma,}
and the high heeled flioe or buflcin,
(cothurnus^) which ancient tragedians
wore, Hor. A. P. 278.. (A. 355.)
Hence Aefchyleo componere verba cothur'
no. to compofe verfes in a lofty tragic
ftyle, like that of Aefchylus, Prbpert.
2, 34, 41. But Vulpius reads here
. khilleo cothurno, i. e. in the flyle of
epic poetry, ib. Aefchylus was diftin-
guifhed for his bravery, as well as for
his
A E S [J
his genius. He was prefent in the
battles at Marathon, Salamis, and Ar-
temifium, Paufan, i, 14. For fome
time before his death he lived in Sicily,
whether in voluntary exile or not, is
uncertain. We read of his having
been once tried for impiety, and in
danger of being ftoned to death for
having introduced fomething irreligi-
ous in one of his plays, but he was ac-
quitted by the interpofition of his bro-
ther Amineas, Jdian. Far. H. 5, 19.
if ibi Perizon, Plutarch fays, that
Aefchylus retired to Sicily in dffguft
at being vanquifhed by S<>phocles, a
young man, in the contetl for the
prize of poetic merit, in Cimone, p. 483.
A wonderful account is given concern-
ing the death of Aefchylus. Being
forewarned that on a certain day he
fhould be killed by fomething falling
on him, he left the city where he lived,
and went to the open fields to avoid
danger. While fitting on the ground,
an eagle, miftaking his head, which
was bald, for a ftone, dafiied againft
it a tortoife he carried in his talons, in
order to break the flicll, that he might
get at the fiefh. Aefchylus was in-
Itantly killed by th^e ftroke. P/in. 10,
3. ; FaL Mux. 9, 12. exi. 2. Seven
of his tragedies are ftill extant.
Aeschylus, an orator, a native of
Cnidos, under whom Cicero ftudied
when a young man, Cic. Brut. 91.
AESCUL APIUS, the fon of Apol-
lo, (Phoeb'igena)^ and god of phyfic ©r
medicine, F'trg. Aen. 7, 773. called ^/i-
iauriusy from his being worfhipped at
Epidaurus in Argolis, under the fiiape
of a ferpent, Ovid. Met, 15, 725.;
Prop, 2, I, 63. Deus Ep'idauriusy
Propert. 2, t, 6[. Pergameus deus,
from the lionour paid to iiim at Per-
gamus, AlartiaL 9, 17. (G. 369.)
Aeserninus, the name of a gla-
diator, from Aefernia, Cic. Opt» Gen.
die. 6.', ^Fr. 3, 4.
AESON, -onis, ^^i"g of lolcos, the
father of Jafon, who is hence called
Aesonides, -ae, Ovid. Met. 7, 60.
jiesonius heros, ib. 7, 156. Aejomus
dux^ Id. Am. J, 15, 22. /fefcriia
I 1 AFR
domtts, the houfe of Acfon, Id, Ep»
12, 134. (G 439. .^c.)
AESOPUS, the famous author of
fables ; a native of Phrygia, originally
a flave, but made free on account of
his genius. — Fahulae /^efopiae, non /iefo-
pi., the fables compofed in the manner
of Aefop, but not written by him,
Phaedr. j, I, 11. So Aefopei logi,
Senec. Confol. ad Polyb. 17. It is
uncertain whether any of the fables
we now have were written by Aefop.
The life of Aesopus, afcribed to Maxi-
mus Planudes, is full of abfurdities,
and unworthy of credit.
Claudius Aesopus, a celebrated ac-
tor of tragedies, intimate with Cicero,
Cic. Div. I, 37. ; who ftudied under
him the art of delivery, Plutarch, in
Cic. Aefopus accumulated an im-
menfe fortune, and was very expenfivc
in his manner of living, PHn, 10, 51.
f. 72. et 35, 12. f. 46.
Aesopus, the ador*s fon, was no-
ted for his luxury, extravagance, and
profligacy, Cic, Att, li, 13, &. ij. ;
Hor Sat. 2, 3, 239. ; Plin, 9, 35,
f. 59. ; 10, 51, f. 72.
AETHON, one of the horfes of
the fun, Ovid. Met. 2. 153. — ^2.
The war horfe of Pallas, Virg. Aen. .
II, 89. SiC.
AETHRA, the daughter of Pit-
theus, and mother of Thefeus, Hygin,
79. who is hence called PitthFidos
Aethrae Filius, Ovid. Ep. 10, 131.
Nepos Aithracy Hippolitus, Ovid, in
Ibiuy S71'
Aethra, one of the maid-fervants
01* confidants of Helena, Ovid. Ep. 17,
150, & 267. Nygin. 92.
^. ETiON, a painter, Cic. Brut, 18.
L. '\franius, an excellent Romaa
comic poet, Cic. Br, 45- ; Fin, 1,3.;
Hor. Ep 2, I, 57.
L. Afranius, the fon of Aulas,
conlul a. 693. ; a luxurious, indo-
lent man, Cic. Att. i, ]8, 19. &c. af-
terwards one of the lieutenants of Pom-
pey in Spain, Cic, Fam. 16, 12. where
he was forced by Cacfar to furrender
himfelr and his army, Caef. B. C 1, 8.
He however again engaged in the ci-
vil
A F R C 9 ]
vH war againft Cacfar ; an^ bein^ ta-
ken piifoner after the battle of Zama
jn Africa, was put to death, Htrt, B.
jifr. 95. ; SueU Caef. 75. — Afraniana
aciesj the army of Afranins, Caes. B. C.
I, 8^. ; yifranianiffc. rni/ites, 'b. 43.
Atricanus, a firname given to P.
Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Han-
nibal, Liv. 30, 45. ; Nor. Od. 4, 8, 18. ;
Epod. 9, 25. and to his grandfon by-
adoption, who deftroyed Carthage, call-
•ed, by way of diiiin(3:ion, African us
Minor, C'tc. OJpc. 1,32.
Agamedes, -frf, and Trophonins,
two architefts, who having built a
temple to Apollo at Delphi, requefled
from that god the beft thing that
could be given to man ; and, the third
morning after, were both found dead
in their beds ; to fhew, as it was
thought, that the gods judged death to
be the beft thing for man, Cic. Tujc. I,
47-
AC5AMEMNQN, vel -0, ^ttus, the foQ
of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and com-
mander of the Greeks in the war againft
Troy. Regum rex, Cic. Fam. 9, 14.
Homer'icus et Accianusy as defcribed by
the poets Homer and Accius, Id. Tufc.
3, 26.' — Agameinnoriidcs^ -dae, Juv. 8.
315' — ' Agamemnonius Orejies^ O reile s
the fon -of -Agamemnon, f^i-g» 4m, 4,
i^'] l,^-' /^gamemnonta putlla, Iphigenla.
Sais daughter PropcH. A^., I, in.-—
j^gamemnonlae Mycenae^ the city of A-
gamemnon, V'lrg. Aen, 6, 838.; phalan-
ges^ the troops of, iL 489.; rex, his for-
tune or party, ih. 3, 54. ; Conjux ex
AgamemnonUs una puella trilusj your
choice of Agamemnon's three daugh-
ters to wife, Ovid, Ep. 3, 38.
AGATHOCLES, -ix, a tyrant of
Sicily, the fon of a potter, Jujl'in. I. 2U
& 23. ; Diedor, 19, 20. — Alfo an hif-
torian, Cic. Div. i, 24.
AGAVE, -ejf the daught^er of Cad-
mus and Hermione, married to Kchi-
on, a Theban, by whom fhe had a fon
called Pentheus, whom {lie, with her
fillers Autonoe and Ino, having met.
while celebrating the facred rites of
Bacchus, and being tranfported by the
iafpiration of Bacchus, or impelled
A G L
by the furies, tore in pieces, bec^ufe
he flighted the woriliip of that godj
Ovid. Met. 3, 5 I J, — ad Jin. ; If or. Sat»
2, 3. 303. ; Lucan. £, 574, ; 7, 7S0.
Agave having come to herfelf, fled
from Thebes to Theffaly, and having
performed funeral rites to her fjn,
built a city of the fame name with
her native city, hence called Tbehae
Echmnacy Lucan. 6, 356. ; Virg. in
Cu/ice, no. — Efurit iniaSam Paridi
n'iji vendii Agaven^ fc. Staihts., ftarves,
unlcfs he fells his play called Agave,
before he has recited or fhewed it to
any one (inta&am)i to the ador Paris,
the favourite of Domitian, Juven. 7, 78.
Agelastus, a lirnamc given to
CrafTus, the grandfather of that Craf-
fus who was cist off by the Parthians,
bccaufe he never laughed. Pirn. 7, 19.;
Ck. Fin. 5, 31.
AG EN OR, -ertV, a king of Phoeni-
cia, the fon of Neptune, and brother
of Belus ; the father of Cadmus, hence
called A'
tdes
On
jeaortaes, -ac^ uvid. Met. j,
7. who founded Thebes ; hence Ags.'
norea ifmene, i.e. 'Thebana^ Stat.Thcb.
8, 5^5". Agenoris urbs, i.e. Carthage,
built by the Phoenicians, f^'irg. Aen. i,
338. Agenorea terra^ the p>art of Africa
round Carthage, Sil. 17, 58. Agenoreae
arces, its towers, ib. i, 14.; porlacy ita
gates, 17, 197. /Igenoreus duBor^ Han-
nibal, ih. 17, 392. Purpura Agmoreis
fatunita micabjxt a/jenisf dyed in Tyrian
vciTt'ls, ib. 7.
AGEEiLAUi^ an illuftrioHS king of
Sparta, N(p. 17.
AG IS* 'idisf the name of fevcral
kings of Sparta ; one of whom was flain
by his citiztns for attempting to rertore
the laws of Lycurgus, and introduce
an equal divifion of land, Cic, OJf. 2, 23,
AGLAIA, one of the three Gra-
ces, (G. 364^)
AG LA US, a poor .Arcadian, pro-
nounced bv the oracle of Delphi tp
have been happ'er than king Gyges,
PUtt. 7, 46. ; Val. Max. 7, i 2.
AGLAUROS, -i, the daughter of
Cecrops, kir.g of Athens, turned into
a ftone by Mercury, Ovid. Met. 2, ^^S'
&c. €t 739. &c.
B Agq^
VLUi
AGO [10
AooRACRiTUs, a famous ftatuary,
^ native of Piros, the fcholar of Phi-
dias ; fee Pliny, 36, 5.
AGRICOLA, the celebrated Ro-
man governor of Britain, under che
emperors Vefpafian, Titus, and Domi-
tian ; the father-in-law of Tacitus the
hiftorian, who wrote his life. The fleet
Ot Agricola is faid to have firft afcer-
tained the infular form of Britain, by-
failing round it, Tack. Agr. 10.
AGJUPPA, the name of a noble
family at Rome.
Menemus Agrippa, a conful, who
fcrought back the people to Rome when
they made a feceffion to the Mons Sa-
cer, Liv. 2, 32.
M- Vipfan'ius Agrippa, the friend
of Auguftus, born of a mean family,
(ignobililoco), Tac. '\nn. i, 2. to whom
that emperor was indebted for his vic-
tories over Sextus Pompeius and An-
tony, Plin. 7. 8. He died a. u. 741,
equally lamented by Auguilus and by
the Roman people, Dio 54, 38. Dio
fays he was incomparably the firft man
pf his age for worth and talents, 54,
29. Though he difapproved of \ u-
guftus converting the government of
Kome into a monarchy, Dio, 52, 2. —
14. yet he ferved him through life
•with the greateft fidelitv^ D'lo, 54, 29.
He is celebrated by Virgil, Aen- 8, 632.
and Horace, Od. 1,6.; Sat. 2, 3, 185.;
JBp. I, 12 26. Thofe of this name
are faid to have been fo called from
their being born with the feet fore-
moft, (Vocabulo ah aegntudhie et pedibus
confsSoj Gell. 16, 16. ut aegre parti,
ib.)
Agrippina, the daughter of M.
Agrippa, and wife of Germanicus,
Tactt. Ann. I, 53. Their daughter A-
gripplna was the mother of Nero, ih. 4,
75-
AGRIUS, the fon of Parthaon
king of Aetolia, \yhp deprived his
brother Oeneus of the crown, and was
himfclf afterwards dethroned by Dio-
medes, the grandlon of Oeneus, Hygin.
175.; Ovid. Ep 9, 153.
Agr. I us, the father of Therfites,
Ovid, Pont, 3, 9, 9,
1 ^ Alt;
AcylEUS, vel ^gyeus, (3 fyll.) -eo^^
a name of Apollo, Hor. Od. 4, 6* 28.
Diiferent reafons of the name are gi-
ven ; the moft probable is, becaufc
ftatues were erefted to him by the
Greeks in the public ftreets, e' rajf
(cyoiaiq^ ScholiaJ}. iff Macroh. Sai. l, 9.
AGYLLEUS, (3 fyll), a native
of Cleone, (Cieona.'us), a famous wreil-
ler, Stat. T beh. 6, 837. called Hercu^
leus, a fon of Hercules, ik 10, 249.
Agyrtes, an infamous parricide,
Ovid. Md. 5, 148.
Agyrtes, a cornbatant in the The-
ban war, Stat. Theh. 9, 281.
Aha LA, a firname of the Servility
Liv. 4, i^. ; Cic. Phil. 2, II. ; Cic.
Mil. 3. ; Att. 2, 24,
C. Servilius Ah ALA, matter of horfe
to Cincinnatus, who fiew Mielius for
refufmg to appear before the dictator,
Liv. 4, 13, & 14. ; Cic. Cat. i, i.
Ahenobarbus, a firname of the
Domifii, Suet. Ner. i. & 2. Fid. \e-
NOBARBUS.
AJAX, the fon of Telamon, fTela-
mamades, Ovid. Met. 13, 231. TeU"
mone creatus, ib. 22. a - Jove tertins, ih.
28. \t\ Jovis prone pos, ib. 142. Tele-
monius heros, Virg. Cul. 314. )» by
Hefione, the daughter of Laomedon
king of .Troy, the braved of the Greeks
next to Achilles ; Hcros ah Achille fc-
cundus, Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 193. Acerru
mus, Virg. .A en. 2, 414 Forti/Jimusy
Cic. Tufc. 4, 23. Impatiens contnmeliae.
Id. Off. I, 31. et iracy Ovid. Met. 13,
194. called dull or foolifh (jhlidus) by
Ulylfes, ih. 327 having his fhield co-
vered with feven plies of a bull's hide,
(Clypei donyinus fepttmpUcis 4jax), ib. 2.
There was another AjAX, the
fon of Oileus, Ovid. Met. 12, 622.
king of Locris, hence called Narycius
heros, from Nai*y:i, a city of Locris,
ih. 14, 468. lefs palHonate than the
former Ajax, ( modcratior ) , ib. 13, 356.
but inferior in ftrength ; hence called
Ajax fecwidusy Stat. Achill. i, 500.
(See G. p. 450.)
Aius Loquensy the name of an un-
known god among the Romans, who
is faid to have foretold, by a voice in
ALA C I
tlie night-time, the approach of the
Gauls ; whence a tempie was erefted
to him under this name, C'lc. Div. 2,
32. et I, 45. called alfo Locufius, Liv.
5, 50. ; Gell 16, 17.
Alabandus, the founder of Ala-
banda, a city of Caria ; worfhipped
by the inhabitants as a god, Cic. N. D.
3> 19-
Alabarches, -asf a nickname given
to Pompey, on account of his having rai-
led certain taxes in Syria, Cic. Att. 2,17.
Alastor, one of the companions of
Sarpedon, ilain by Ulyffes, Qvid. Met,
ALBTA gtnsy a family at Rome,
from which the poet Tibullus was de-
fcended, who is fuppofed to be the
Albius addreffedby Horace, ^^5. 1,4.
Albi NOV ANUS, a Roman firname,
Hor. Ep. 1,8.
Celfus Albinovanus, the fecre^
tary of Tiberius Nero, and friend of
Horace, ^or. Ep. i, 8.
Pedo Albinovanus, a poet, and
friend of Ovid's, Ovid. Pont. 4, 10.
L. ALBINIUS, a Roman, who fly-
ing from the Gauls with his wife and
children in a waggon, made them alight
to accommodate the Veftal virgins ;
whom he carried with the iacred things
to Caere, Lvo. 5, 4.
Albinusj a hrname of the Pofl-
huraian family, which produced feveral
illuftrious men ; L'tv. et Cic.
T. A LBUTius, a nobie Roman, who
triumphed over Sardinia, Cic. Off.z^
14. and being afterwards banifhed, Id.
Br. 26. took up his refidenee at A-
thens, Id. Tufc. 5, 37.
ALCAKUS, a tamous lyric poet, a
native of Mitylene in Lell^os, Cic. N.
D. 1,27. n/-. 4-33- (See G. 343.)
Alcaeus, the Iwn of Perieus and
Androm.eda, the father of Amphitryon^
the fuppofed father of Hercules, Apol-
lodor. 2,4, 5. Paujan. 8, 14. Whence
Hercules is called /\ lcides, -a^, Virg.
Aen. 6, 8qi. 8, 203, &c. Hor. Od. i)
IZy 25.
Alcamenes, -is, a ftatuary, the
fcholar of Phidias, Plin, 36, 5. 34, 8.
Cic. N. D. li^Q,
I ] A L C
Alcakder, -drij a companidti oi
Sarpedon to the Trojan war, Ovidi
Met. 13, 258. — ^ 2. A Trojan, flain
by Tun. us, Virg. Aen. 9, 767.
Alcanor, -om, a Trojan who
dwelt on mount Ida, the father of Pan-
darus and Bitias, Virg. Aen. 9, 672.
— ^ 2. An Italian, jQain by Aeneas^
Virg. Aen. 10, 338.
Alcestis, -idisy V. -<", •<?/, th6
daughter of Pelias, and wife of Adme-
tus, king of Pherae in Theffaly, who
fubmitted to a voluntary death, to favc
her hufoand^s life ; but is laid to have
been reftored by Proferpine, or
brought back by Hercules, Apollodor»
I, 15. e{ 2, 5. ; Hygin. 51. ; Juiyenal. 6^
651. called «."0Njux Paoasaea, fronx
Pagafa, a city in Thellaly belonging to
her father, Ovid. Art. A. 3, 19.
Alcathous, a fon of Pelops, who
became king of Megara, and gave to it
the name of Alcathoc, Paufan. I, 4.J
Ovid. Art. Am, 2, 421. ; Met. 7, 443.
Alcathous, a Trojan flain by Cae-
dicus, a Liitin, Virg. Aen. 10, 747.
Alce, -cs, (i. e. robur,) one of Ac"!-
taeon's hounds, OwV. Met. 3, 217.
Alcibiades, -ij',an illuftrious Athe-
nian general, A^^/>. 7. Someof hiswritings
were extant in the time of Cicero, Cicn
Or. i, 22.
Algid A MAS, -antis^ a noted wreftler,
Stat. TheL. 12, 500.— Another, the fa-
ther of Cartheia or Cteiilla, Ovid. Met,.
7> 369-
Alcidamus, an ancient rhetorician^
who wrote an oration in praife of death,
Cic. Tufc. 1, 48.
Alcidi s, -fie, a name of Hercules,
from his grandfather Alcaeus, the fa-*
t her of A mphitryon, Serv. ad Virg. Aen*
6, 123.
Alcimachus, a renowned painter^
Plin. 35, ii.f. 40, 32.
Alcimede, -es, the wife of Aefon*
and mother of Jafon, Hygin, 3. and
14. ; Val. Flac. I, 317. Stat. Theb. 5,
235-
Alcimedon, 'Ontis, a famous carver,
Virg. Eel. 3, 37.
ALCINOL^S, the fon ofNaufuhous,
king of the Phaeacians.and of the ifland
£ 2 Corcyra,
A L C t s
Corcyra, who KofpitaWy eMcrtaincd
XJlyffes 'f remarkable for his attention
to the cukiTation of gardens ; hence
jilcinoi Syhaey apple trees, P^irg, G. 2,
87. 'i Alcinot fowa^ thefineft apples, Ovid.
Am. I, i-o, ^6, ; Pont. 4, 2, 10. ;
J^ife'ra Ak'tno: pomaria, the orchards of
Alcinou'^, which bear twice a-year,
Stat. Silv. T , 3, 81.} PBn^i^, 4. ; C antes
Alcinoi, the rocks of Corcyra, Ovid Met.
14, 565. Alcinoique In cute curanda plus
itequo Cfperata juventusj luxurious young
men who took up too much time in
adorning their perfonsj a» thofe who
lived in the court of Alcinaus are faid
to have done, Hor. Ep. i, 2, 29. Alci-
noi men/dy luxurious i Apois^usj a tedi-
ous incredible ftory,
Atcipp-e, -fo, a woman who is re-
ported to have brought forth an ele-
phanc; or, as Harduin reads the paf-
fage, a child with an ekphant^s head,
Plin. 7, 3. like what is mentioned,
Lh. 27, 1 1 . Fal. Max. 1, 6, 5.
Alcippe, a Gom>tr.y woma«, Virg,
Ec. 7, 14.
Alci&, a deity worfhipped by the
Naharvali., a nation of the Germans,
^ac. G. 43, — ^2. A name given to
Minerva by the Macedonians, Liv. 42,
Alcisthene, -es, a female painter,
Plin. 35, II f. 40, 43.
Alcithoe, -es, a Theb^n v?oman,
who ridiculed the facre-d rites of Bac-
chus, and therefore was rcetamorpho-
iied int(. a bat, Ovid-. Met< 4. pf.
ALCMAKON, 'cnis, the fon of
the augur Amphiaraus, {Amphiardldesj
"Off Ovid. Fall. 2,43.), who, according
to his father's order?, flew his mother
Eriphllb, Hygin. 73, ; Virg^ Aen. 6,
445.; Ovid. Met 9, 407, &c. J- called
from his brother, Amphihcbi Fratevj
Jd. Rem. Amor. 455. and from his
iwife, CalUrrh'ies vir, Id. in I bide,
^^Oi {vid. G. 43 2i) — Alcmaeoniae fu-
riae, the furies which tortured Ale-
maeon for his guilt, Propert. 3, 5, 41.
Alcmaeon, -o«/V, a native of Mef-
fenia, who being obliged to leave his
country upon the invafion of the He-
rqcHdae or defcendanw of iier<iule&,
2 1 ALE
fettled at Athens, (G. 409.). Hr3
pofterity called Akm<ieoTndae^ became
one of the noblcft families of that citVy
and contributed greatly to the efta-
bhlhment of its liberty, ib. 309.
ALCMAN, an ancient Greek lyric
poet, Paufan. I, 41. born at Sardis in
Lydia ; but brought to Sparta when
very young ; whence he is commonly
called a Lracedemonian, Aelian. Var,
H'lfi. 12, ^o.et ihi Perizon. Veil. 1, 18 f,
Siat. Silv. ^, 3, 150. Plutarch. dcexiL
ittit
ALe^fEHA or Alcumena, the
daughter of Eleflryon king of Myce-
nae or Argos. Apollodor. 2, 4. 6. Hygin,
29. hence called Argoi'is Alcmeue., Ovid.
Met. 9, 313. the wife of Amphitryon 5
the mother of Hercules by Jupiter,
Plaut. Amphltr. Ovid. Met. g^ 2S1. —
whence fhe is called Genitrix AJcidaCf
Sil. 8. - ATater Hercuka, Stat. Theb«
10, 106. — Nitrus Akmenae, Dejanira,
the wife of Hercules, Ovid. Met. 8,
542. Alcmena brought forth at the
fame birth Iphicles, f. -us, by Amphi*
trj-'on, Apollodor. ib. 8.
Alcon, -misf the name of a fhep-
herd ; Servius fays, of a famous Cretan
archer, Firg. E. ^y 11. — f 2. A na-
tive of Mylae (Myleus) m Sicily, a
dexterous carver, Ovii!. Met. 13, 683.
■ — ^ 3. A native of Saguntum, who
attempted to procure favourable con-
ditions of peace for his contrymen from
Annibal; but in vain, Liv. 21, 12.
Alcyone, Vid. Halcyon e.
Alea, a name of Minerva, from a
town of Arcadia, where fhe was wor»
fhipped, Stat. Sih. 4, 6, 51.; Tbeb, 4,
2b8.
Alebas, vel Alevas, -ae, a ty-
rant of LariiTa in ThefTaly, who- was
flain by his own life-guards, Ovid in
Ihin. 325.
A LECTO, -usy -0; one of the three
infernal furies, Virg. Aen. 7, 479.
Ale£liis alae Jiridentes anguibus, ib. 561. 5
ociilijlammcii 448. ; os rabiduniy 4^1.
Alemon, -onisy a virtuous man of
Argohs, Ovid. Met. 15, 19. the father
of Myfceios, who is hence called
AletnonideSf ib. z6*
ALE t I
A LEO, -onisf a fon of Atreus, Cic,
<« U. £)■ ?, 2 1.
Alethls, -/j, a Trojan, Firg. /len,
1, 125. 9, 246.
ALEXANDER, -di-i, firiiamcd
Magnus, the Great ; the fon of
Philip, and king of Macedonia ; who
overturned the empire of the Perfians,
{G. 470.) He ordained that no one
fliould make a pifture of him but Apel-
Ics, nor a brazen llatue of him but Ly-
fjppus, Cic. Fanu 5, 12. Plm. 7, 37 :
He however fufftred himfelf to be cele-
brated by Choerilus, a contemptible
poet ; for which Horace blames him,
Ep. 2, r, 232.
Alexander Pheraeus^ tyrant of
Plierae in Theffaly, Cic. hiv. 2, 49.
killed by his wife Thebe, Cic. ib. et
Off". 2, 7. ; Ovid, in I bin. 321.; Diodor,
50, 15. ; Val. Max. 9, 14.
A LEX ANDES Paris, the fon of
Priam and the lover of Helena, ^uBor
ad Her en. 4, 30. ; Varr. L, L. 6, 5.
Vid. Paris.
Alexicagus, (i. e. the driver a-
way of evil,) an epithet of Hercules,
as being the defender of men, Varr»
L. L. 6, 5.
Alexio, «y. -o/r, -onis, a phyfician,
intimate with Cicero, Att. 7, 2. 13, 25.
ei. 15, I, 2.
Alexis, -/j-, a favourite flave be-
longing- to Atticus, Cit. Ah. 5, 20.
7, 2. &c. — ^ 2. A youth celebrated
by Virgil, EcL 2, i. faid to have been
given to him iu a prefent by Maece*-
nas, MartiaL 8, 56, 12. et 5, 16, 12.
according to others, by Pollio, Serv.
ad Virg. E. 2, I. Dcnat, in vii. {^irg. c.
5, 20. to whom Juvenal is thought to
allude, 7, 69. — <|f 3. A noted Itatuary,
Plin. 34, 8.
Alexirrhoc, vid. Alyxgrhoe.
P. ALFENUS Varus, a learned
lawyer, the fcholar of Servius Sulpici-
U3, Cell 6, 5. The fcholiail on Ho-
race fays, that he was originally a fhoe-
maker, (Jutor,) according to Cruquius
and Bentley, a barber, (ton/or,) at Cre-
mona ; and that having given up- his
trade, he came to. Rome and turned
lawyer: whence Horace calls him ^'^-
Jer, fubtle, iiat, I, 3, 130. But others
3 1 ALP
fuppofe a different perfon to be here
meant.
Aloeus, (3. fyll.) a giant, the fon
of Titan and Terra, wh?)fe wife, Iphi-
media, produced by Neptune the giants
Otus and Ephialtes ; called from their
fuppofed father, AloTdae, Firg. Aen,
6, 582. et ibi Serv, Ltican. 6, 410.
Alphesiboea, v. Arsinoe, the
daughter of Phegeua, ( Phegis -^dts ;}
king of Pfophis, who married Al-cmae-
on, and received from him the fatal
necklace of hi« mother Eriphyle. Alc-
maeon having proved unfaithful to
Alphefiboea, was flain by her brothers.
But fhe, highly offended by what they
had done, is faid to have avenged the
deed by putting them to death, Property
I, 15, 15. ApoUodorus, who calls
Alphefiboea by the name of Arfinoe,
fays that the fons of Phegeus were kill-
ed by Amphoterus and Acarnan, the
fons of Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, 3, 7,
6. Hyginus fays that Alcmaeon waa
killed by Phegeus, f. 244.
Alphesiboeus, the name of a fhep-
herd, Virg, Ed. 8, 1.
ALPHIUS, or Alfius, the name
of an ufurer, Horat, Epod, 2, 67. fup-
pofed to be the fame mentioned by
Columella, i, 7, 2.
ALPHOEUS, or Alph?us, the god
of the river of that name in Eli&, a di-
vifion of Peloponnefus; who falling in
love with the nymph Arethufa, purfued
her till fhe was changed by Diana into
a fountam. Whereupon Alpheus, lay-
ing afide his human form, was changed
into his own waters, that he might mix
himfelf with her, (Vertitur in pro^ia's^
ut fe mlhi mijceat, undas. ) But Arethufa,
finking below ground, ran under the
fea all the v/ay from Elis to Sicily,
v/here (he burit forth and formed a
large fountain in the ifland Ortygia,
on which part of the city of Syracufe
flood, O'Did. Met. 5, 4v4. — 503. et
570. — 641. Hence the fountain Are-
thufa in Syracufe was fuppofed to com-
municate with the river Alpheus in
Elis, Virg. Eel. 10,. I. & 4. Aen. 3,
694. Hence alfo the nymph is called
AlphTiaS'i -udisi and the waters of the
fountain.
ALP C I
fountain, Eleae undae ; thus, Cum
caput Elds Alphe'ms extuUt undts, Ovid,
ib, 487.
ALPINUS, a poet who wrote In
a turgid or bombaft ftyle ; whence
Horace, ridiculing him, fays, Turg'idus
Jilpinus jugulat dutn Memnona^ while he
inurders Memnon in his poem, by the
wretched defcription he gives of Mem-
non's death, Sat. i, 10, 36. Dumque
dcfngitliiteum Rheni caputs and disfigures
the muddy fource of the Rhine, i. e. by
his defpicable manner of defcribing it
makes it appear muddy, and not clear
or limpid, as it really is, ih, 37.
Bentlcy fuppofes Alpinus to be the
fame with Furius Bibaculus, who is
mentioned, Hor. Sat. 2, 5, 41.
Alsus, the name of a fhepherd,
Virg. Acn._ 12, 304.^
Althea, or /llthaea^ the daughter
of Theftius, (Thciil'ias), the wife of
Oeneus king of Calydonia, and mother
of Meleager. .S"^^ G. ^.4:53.
ALYATTES, •ae, C .h, vel Aly-
atteusy -eiy a king of Lydia, the father
of Croefus, (G. 600.), whence Reg-
tium Alyatieiy the kingdom of Alyat-
teus, i. c. Lydia, (2i\. Alyattlci, i. e.
Croefijy Hor. Od. 3, 16, 41.
Alyxothoe, -fj, (al. Alexhhoe),
the daughter of the river Granlcus,
and mother of Aesacus by Priam,
Ovid. Met. II, 763. But Apollodo-
Tus makes Arifba the mother of Aesa-
cus, 3, iJ, 5_.
Amalthea, the name of the goat
which nuried Jupiter, and was convert-
ed into a liar, O'vid. Fafl. 5, 117.;
Hygin. AJlr. 2, 13. or of the nymph to
whom that goat belonged, Ladant. i,
21,38. — «|| 2. The name of a Sibyl,
T'ibuU. 2, 5, 67. — ^ 3. Alfo a name
given to the part of a villa, both by
Cicero and Atticus, Ck. yltt. 1, 13. cc
16. et 2, I.
A MAN us, the name of a warrior,
^/7. 17, 4^.6.
Amaryllis, -tdls, (voc. AmaryUlJy
the name of a country girl, Virg. EcL
I, 5, & 37. 2, 14. 'yOvid. Trijl. 2, 537.
■MASis, -/.., a iaraous king of ii-
gypt, Lucan, 9, 155. (G. 666.}
4 3 AMP
Am ATA, the wife of king Latinusj
andmother of Lavinia,/^/>^./^f«. 7,343^
Ambigatus, a king of the Celtae
or Gauls, Liv. 5, ^4.
Ambiorix, -'igis^ king of the Ehu'
rones ^ in Gaul, Caef. 5. G. 5, 24. who
cut off Q^ Tiberius Sabinus, the lieu-
tenant of Caefar, with a legion and five
cohorts, ib. et 36. Q^ Cicero, and the
legion which he commanded, had near-
ly fhared the fame fate, when they
were reheved by Caefar, ib. 37,-50.
Am HI VI us Turpie, a comic a6lor,
who had a principal part in mofl of the
plays of Terence.
AMILCAR, vel Hamilcar, -ariSf
a celebrated Carthaginian general, the
father of Hannibal, Liv, 21, I. ; Nep,
in Vit. Sil. 13, 731.
Amineas, -ac, an Athenian, the
brother of the poet Aefchylus, who
obtained the firft prize of bravery in
the battle of Salamis, Aelian. Var. HiJL
5, 19. with one Eumenes, Herodot. 8,
93.
AMMON, ytlHammcn, -onis, a name
of Jupiter, worfliipped by the Africans,
Firg, Aen. 4, 198. under the form of
a ram ; whence he is called Comiger,
Lucan. 3, 297. ; Sil. 14, 572. Tor/is
cornibus Hammoc, Luc. 9, 5 14* — /i'w-
monis cornuy a gem of a golden colour,
like a ram's horn, Plin. 27. 10.
A MP ELDS, the name of a yo'uth
beloved by Bacchus, O'u/W.F^. 3, 409.
AMPH1ARA.US, the fon of Oe-
cleus, (Ocdldesy Ovid. Met. 8, 317.)*
a famous augur at Argos, ( /irglvus
/'ugur^ Hor. Od. 3, 16, 12.), who,
knowing that he fhould perifh in the
Theban war if he went to it, hid him-
felf in a place known only to his wife
Eriphile. But flie, bribed by her bro-
ther Adraftus with a golden necklace,
difcovered him. Amphiaraus having
gone to the war, was fwallovved up by
an earthquake. Alcmaeon his fon»
(Amphiar aides, Ovid. Fail. 2 43. )> ac-
cording to his father's orders, llew his
m^jther. Amphiaraus was worfhipped
as a god after his death, Cic. Div. i,
4G. (G. 431. & 301.)
AMPHICTYON, ^msy the fon of
Peucalioii,
AMP [ i^
Deucalion, a kin^ of Atliens, who
'' procured the inftitution of a general
council of the ftates of (>reece, the
deputies of which were called from liim
Amphictyones, and met twice an-
nually, in fpring at Delphi, and in
autumn at Anthela, a village near the
ftraits of Thermopylae, Herodot. 7,
200. ^(G. 308. & 460.) ; Cic. Inv. 2,
23. ; Llv 3^, 5. ; Tac, A. 4, 14.
Amphilochus, a fon of -imphia-
raus, after his dtath worfhipped as a
god at Oropus in Attica, as well as
his father, L'li), 45, 27. ; Pl'in. 4, i.
Cicero mentions him as a king of the
Argives, and an Augur, Dhin. 1,40.
Amphimedon, a Libyan, flain by
Perfeus, 0-viJ. Met, 5, 75.
Amphion, -onisy the fon of Jupiter
and Antiope, or, according to others,
of Mercury ; from whom having re-
ceived a lyre, he played on it fo fweet-
ly, that, by the found, he is faid to
have moved the ftones to build the
walls of Thebes, Horat. /^. P. 394. ;
Od. 3, II, 2. ; Slat. Tbeb. 8, 233. ;
Senec. Oedip. v. 6 1 2. which is hence cal-
led Ampbionis arceSf Ovid. Met. 15,
427. His brother Ztthus having a
diflike to mufic, Amphion, to gratify
him, is faid to have difcontinued the
ufe of the lyre, Hor. Ep. i, i8, 42. ;
C'lc. D'tv. 2, 64. Amphion married
Niobe, who being flain with her chil-
dren, [v'uL Niobe), Amphion killed
himfeir, Ovid. Met. 6, 27T. He is cal-
led Mains jujlijfimus Findex, Ovid. -rt.
Am. 3, 323. becaufe he put to death
Dirce, the rival of his mother, Hygin.
7 . ( vld. Zethus). -— Jimphioma lyra ,
the lyre of Amphion Propert. 1,9,
1 0. ; canes yimphion'ii, i. e. Thehanty Se-
nec. Oedip. 178. — <^ 2. There was
another Amphion, one of the Argo-
nauts, Val. Flac. I, 367.
Amphitrite, -es, the daughter of
Oceanus and Doris, the wife of Nep-
tune, Col. 10, 201. put for the fea,
Ovid, Met, I, 13. ; FaJ}. 5, 731. par-
ticularly for the Euxine fea, Catull. 67,^
II.
Amphitryo, v. en, -onis, the huf-
band of Alcmena, the mother of Her-
1 AMY
cules, Ovid. Ep, 9, 44. who is henct
called 4mphttryoniadeSf ^ae, Virg. Aen.
8 2 [4.; Ovid. Met. 9, 140. et 15,
49. ; Lucan. 9, 644.
Amp HI STRATUS, a flatqary, Plin,
36, 5-
Amphttus and Telchius, the cha-
rioteers of Caftor and Pollux, Plin. 6, 5.
Amu LIU s, the fon of Proca, king
of Alba, who having fet afide his elder
brother Numitor, reigned in his Head,
Ltv, 1,3.; Ovid. Fajl, 3, 67.
Amu LI us, a painter, Plin. 35, 10,
AMycus, the foTi of Neptune, and
a king of Bithyiria or Bebi'ycia, Virg,
Aen. 5, 373. who ufed to challenge
Itrangers to combat with him at the
cejlus, and to flay thofe whom he con-
quered, Apollodor. I, 9, 20.; but he was
himfelf at lall vanquiihed and killed by
Pollux, (G. 411.) — \2. A ctntaur,-
the fon of Opliion, [ophwnides)^ Ovid*
Met. 12, 245. — f 3. One of the
companions of Aeneas, Virg, //en, i,
221. who was thought to have perill-
ed in a fhipwreck, ik but is fuppofcd
to have efcaped with others, ib, 511.
Two of this name were afterwards flain
by Turnus. Whether this was one of
them, is uncertain, ilf, 9, 772. et 12,
509. probably that mentioned in the
latter paffage as the brother of Diores,
and confequently the fon of Priam, ib.
J, 297. — A different Amycus from all
thefe is mentioned, ib. 10, 704.
Amyclas, -ae, the mailer of the
boat in which Caefar in difguife em-
barked from a plaCe near Oricum, in
order to haften the paffage of his troops
from Brundufium, F/or, 4, 2, 37. ; Lu"
can. 5, 520,-677.
Amymone, -es, a nymph violated
by Neptune, and changed into a foun-
tain, Hygin, 169. ; Stat, Theb, 6, 288.
Amyntas, -ae, the father of Philip
king of Macedonia, Nep, 21, 2.
Amyntas, a fliepherd^ in Virgil, ^fil
3, 28. & 73.
Amyntor, -om, the father of Phoe«
n"x, the praeceptor of Achilles, Ovid*
Met. 8, 307. {Dolopum redory ib. I2>
364.) whence Phoenix is called Amyn^
torides^ -ae, Ovid, iu Ibin. 259.
Ari.Vh
AMY t
Am YT HA ON, -on/V, the fon of Cre-
t}i€U6, and the father of Melampus,
who is hence called ^mythaonius^ Virg.
G. 3, f^^o. ; Tibull. 4, I, 120.
ANACHARSIS, -is, a Scythian
pKilofopher in the time of vSoIon, who
cxprefTed a great contempt of money,
Cic. Tufc. 5, ^2.
ANACREON, -ontis^ a lyrfc poet,
born In Tecs, a towpi of Ionia in Afia
Minor, hence called Te'tus Anacreon^
Hor. Epod. 14, 10. who wrote chiefly
on amorous and fportive fubjefts, and
that even when an old man; ^nd^ n'ifi
cum mulio Vemrem conjiindere vino, Prae-
eepit Lyrici Tela mufa Jems? Ovid.
Trill. 2, 263. which Horace thus
beautifully exprefTes by one word, Ncc^
Ji quid olim luiit Anacreov.^ Dehii'it aetas,
Od. 4. 9, 9. He is fald to have been
choaked by fwallowing the ftone of a
ilried grape, Plin. 7, 7.; 2^^]. Anacreontius .
Anadyomenf, -es^ a nam.e given to
a celebrated pidure of Venus by Apel-
les, in v;hich fhe was reprefented as
emerging from the fea, Plin, 35, 101.
36» '5-
Anaitis, '^dh, a goddefs worfriip-
ped by the Armenians, /•//«. 33, 4^ 24.
Anaxagoras, -ae^ a native of Cla-
zomene, {^Cla%omenius)^ a celebrated
philofopher, the preceptor of Pericles,
Cic, N. D. I, 10, & n. ; Acad. 4, 31.;
^^' 3» 33- ; ^^^^- II- ; ^"A I* 43-
(G. 12.)
ANAXARCHITS, of Abdera,
{^Ahder'tta)^ a follower of Democritus,
{^Uemocritt fcSator^ vel Democrii'icus^y
and a favourite of Alexander the
Great ; after whofe deceafe he fell Into
the hands of Nicocreon tyrant of Cy-
prus, who cruelly put him to death,
in. revenge of a fiiarp anfwer which
Anaxarchus had made to him at the
table of Alexander, Cic. l^ufc. 2, 22. ;
Val, Max. 3, 3. extr, 4.; Ovid, in Ihin,
571-
Anaxarete, -fj, a beautiful girl of
Salamis in Cyprus, who having by her
cruelty occalioned the death of her lo-
ver, was converted into a ftone, OvuL
Met. 14, 799.
Anaxilaus, a native of Mefsenc
f6 T A NC
in Peloponnefus, vtrho founded Mefsana
in Sicily, Jujiln.j^^ 2 ; Macrob Sat. ?, ». i.
ANAXIMANDER, v. -drus, -dri,
an Illufttlous phllofophe*-, born at Mi-
letus, who fald that al' things were
produced from the infinity of nature,
Cic. -4cad. 4, 37. ; that ^}\'Z gods were
born, and mortal, N D r, 10. and
foretold an earthquake which happened
at Lacedaemon, Id. Div. i , 5 o. ( G 11.)
Anaximenes, the fcholar of Ana-
xlmander, (G. n.), who taught that
all things were produced of air, Cic,
Acad. 2» 57. and that the air was God,
Cic. N.D. T, fo.
ANCAEUS, the fon of Neptune,
one of the A-rgonauts, who fucceeded
Tipliys as pilot, Hygin. i. et iS.
Ancaeus, the fon of Lycurgus,
Hyg'in. 173. an Arcadian, /lain by the
Calydonlan boar, Ovid. Met. 8, 315,
391, cL 40T. ; Hygin. 248.
Ancaeus, a rich man of the Ifland
Samos, who is fald to have made his
flaves work too hard in his vineyard ;
on which account, he was told by one
of them, that he fliould never drink
the produce of his vines. When vin-
tage came, Ancaeus, holding a cup in
his hand, before he drank of it, fent
for the flave, and told him that he was
a falfe prophet. The flave calmly fald.
Many things happen between the cup
and the lip ; or, as the Greek verfe is
rendered in Lntin, Multa cadunt inUr
calicem fupremaque labra. At that in-
ftant a meffage was fuddenly brought
him that a wild boar had broken Into
the vineyard. Upon this Ancaeus fet
down the cup, and haftened to drive
out the boar, but was killed in the at-
tempt ; whence the words of the flave
became proverbial. To this adage
Gellius compares the faying of Cato,
Alulfum inter ejl inter os et oj^aw^ 13, 17,
Ancarius, v. Anchanusy a trioune
of the commons, who oppoied the A-^
grarlan law of Caefar, Cic, Pif 38. ;
Fam. 13, 40.
Anchariana fnmiliay the (laves of
one Ancharius, ^indil, 4, i, 74. et
9, 2, 56.
Anchemolus, the fon of Rhoetus,
king
A N C C
king of the Marrubiatis or Marfi, Firg,
^en. lO, 389. et Hi Serv.
Anchialus, the flave of L. Egna-
tius, Ctc. Fam. 13, 45. — f 2. This
word is fuppofcd to denote the form
of an oath iifed by the Jews. But
others, more properly, take it for the
name of a boy, fpoken of, Martial. II,
95,8.
ANCHISES, -af, thefon of Capys,
by Themis, the daughter of Ilus king
of Troy, ApoUodor. 3,2. the father of
Aeneas by Venus, Virg, u^en. I, 617.
who is hence called Anclnfiadesy -ae, ib.
5, 407.; Tros AnchifiadcSi 6, 126. dux<,
348. — Ttimulus Ancbifaeus, the tomb of
Anchlfes, ib. 5, 761.
ANGUS Martins, the grandfon of
Numa by his daughter, the fourth king
of Rome, Virg. Aen. 6. 815.
Andocides, an Athenian orator,
contemporary with Socrates, Plutarch,
de vit. Or. 2.
Andraemon, -oTiisf the hufband of
Dryope, Ovid. Met. 9, 333. and father
of Thoas, who is hence called Andre-
mone natus, ib. 13. 357.
Andriscus, a pretended fon of
king Perfeus, Ltv. Epit. 48, 49. et 50,
et 52.
Androcles, a prince of the Aca-
manians, Ltv. 36. 16. ^2. A
commander of king Perfeus, Id. 44, 32.
Androclus, a Dacian flave, re-
cognifed in the Circus Maximus by a
lion, which he had formerly relieved
when wounded in the woods, Gell. 5,
14. ; Aelian.H'ifl. Animal. 7,48. to which
Seneca is fuppofed to allude, de Benef.
2, 19- ^
ANDROCyDES, -ae, an illuftriovis phy-
fician, who wrote a letter to Alexan-
der, warning him of the pernicious ef-
feds of drinking, Plin. 14, 5 f. 7.
ANDROGEOS, the fon of Minos
king of Crete, and Pafiphae, flain by
the Athenians and Megarenfians out
of envy for his having defeated them
all in the exercifes of the Palaeftra,
Serv. in P^irg. G. I, 404. ; in the ge-
nit. Sidrogeiy Virg. Aen. 2, 392. ; or
Androgeoy in imitation of the Attic
dialeili, (AvJ^pej^fw for t.vJ'cojEou"), 'th, 6, 20.
'—•In the ace. we find Androgeuna^ from
17 3 ANN
Androgeony Propcrt, 2, I, 62. AndroJ
geos is faid to have been reflored to
life again by Aefculapius, ih. — Andro-
geoneae poenas exfolvere caedis, to fuffer
punifliment for the murder of Andro-
geo3, CatuII. 62, (al. 63.), 77.
ANDROMACHE,-fJ-, the wifc of HcC-
tor, Virg. Aen. 3, 486.
Andromache, a tragedy written
by Ennius, Cic. Div. i, 13.
Andromede,-^, V. -da, the daugh-
ter of Cephens king of Ethiopia, by .
Cafliope, freed from a fea-monfter, to
which fhe was expofed, by Perfeus,
whom file afterwards married, Hygin,
64. — After her death flie was tranfla-
ted into a conftellation, Id. AJlron. 2,
II. ; Cic. N. D. 2, 43. ; Hor. Od, 3,
29, 17. ; Plin. 5, 31. ; Propert. i, 3,
4. 3, 21, 29.
Andronicus, of Puteoli, an inti-
mate of Cicero's, Ctc. Att. 5, 15.
Lucius Andronicus, the firft author
of comedy at Rome. Vid. Livius.
Anemo, -dnis, vel Almo, properly
a river near Rome, woriliipped as a
god, Cic. Nat. D. 3, 20.
Anetor, -oris, a native of Phocis,
(Phoceus), the (hepherd of Peleus,
Ovid. Met. II, 348.
ANICIUS, a conful, a. u. 593, in
whofe confulfiiip there was a remark-
able vintage ; whence Ahicianum vinum^
wine then produced ; Aniciana nota, a
caflc of that wine, Cic. Br. 83. — f 2. An-
other mentioned by Cicero, Fam'. 7,
16. 12, 21. whence Aniciana leStica^ a
fedan ufed by king Ptolemy while at
Rome, and prefented by him to Ani'
cius, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 10. Lapicidinae
Anicianae, ftone-quarries belonging to
one Anicius, in the territory of Tar-
quinii, near the Lacus Volftniejifis, Plin.
36, 2 2 f. 49. ; Piray a kind ef pears
cultivated by one Anicius, Col. 5, lO.
ANIUS, a fon of Apollo, and king
of Delos, Virg. Aen. 3, 80. et ibiServ.',
Ovid. Met. 13, 632, &c.
Anna Perenna, a goddefs wor-
fhipped by the Romans, fuppofed to
be the fifter of Dido. See Ovid. Fajl,
3, 523'— ^53' &c.; Sil. 8, 50,-202.5
Martial. 4, 64, 16.
C AN-
ANN C 18 ] ANN
ANNAEUS, the name oF a clan or vcmber, a. u. 534, Lh. 21, 35. ; Plin,
18. 31. In dsfcending from the Alps
gens at Rome, to which belonged Se-
neca, Liican. Florus, See,
ANNA LIS, a firn?.me given to the
tribune L. Villi us, who firft propo-
fed the law df^termining at what age
eacli office miprht be foug^ht and enjoy-
ed, Lh. 40, 43. which firname conti-
nued to his poflerlty, ^nnciiL 6, 3, 86.
ANNIB AL, vel HannlhaU -alis, the
fon of Hamilcar, and chief commander
of the Carthaginians again il the Ro-
mans in the fecond Punic war, Nep. l^
Z,/x>. 21, 4. iZi 12, &c. — Annibal,
when only nine years of age, is faid to
have been led by his father Hamilcar
to the altar, and there obliged to fwear
that he would always be an enemy to
the Romans, lAv. 21, i. ; S'll. i, 99.
According to Silius, he fwore by Mars
and Juno, ih, 118.; Martial fays, by.
Hercules, 9, 44, 9 Amilcar having
fallen in battle in Spain, where he had
commanded for nine years, was fuc-
ceeded by Afdrubal, his fon-in-law ;
who fent for Annibal, as Livy fays,
fcarcely yet come to the age of puber-
ty, (ny'ix dum piiherem) ; though it ap-
pears, from Livy's own account, that
he was at kaft twenty-three, L'lv. 21,
3. Annibal ferved three years under
Afdrubal ; and he being alTaffinated by
a Spaniard, Annibal was appointed
chief commander, ih. 3. tt 4. He be-
gan the war againft the Romans by
the fiege of Saguntum, which he took
by ftorm in the eighth month, ih. 15.
The moft of tlie inhabitants deftroyed
themfelves by fire, with their wives
and children, and their moft valuable
effects, or fought with defperate fury
till they fell, ih. 14. et 24, 42. et 28,
39. (V'td. Saguntum, G. Index.)
Annibal having left bis brother Afdru-
bal, and Hanno, to command in Spain,
led his army into Italy, over the Py-
renees, the Rhone, and the Alps, van-
quishing all the nations that oppofed
him. The lengtl* of this march, which
he finiflied in five months, is computed
by Polybius at 9000 Jiadla. above a
thoufand miles, 3, 39. Aiinlbal ciof-
fed the Alps about the middle of No-
he is faid to have made a pafiage for
his troops by foftening the rocks with
vinegar, after he had heated them by
burning a great pile of trees, (/^rden-
t'ta faxa infufo aceto putrefactunty Liv,
ib. 37. Didux'it fcopulos i et montem rupit
accto, Juvenal- 10, 153.) But Polybius
does not mention this incredible fad,
3, 54. et 56.
Annibal firft defeated the Romans
under Scipio the conful, near the river
TicTnus, Liv. 2 1 , 46. and foon after
near the Trebia, under the other con-
ful Sempronius, ii. 54. &c. Early
next fpring, in paffing a marrti formed
by the overflowing of the river Arnus,
through fatigue and want of fleep, he
loft one of his eyes, Liv. 22, 2. He
rode on an elephant, the only one that
remained, iL hesce, 0 qualis fades, et
quuli digna tahelldy Cum Gaetula ducem
portaret hellua lufcuml Juvenal. lO, 157.
He defeated the Romans a third time
near the Trafimene lake, under Flami-
niiis the cor/ul, who was killed, with
15,000 of his men, Lit}. 22, (> et 7.
The progrefs of Hannibal was for fome
time checked by the prudent conduft
of Fabius Maximus the didlator, Vid,
Fabius. But in the year of the city
537, Annibal defeated the Romans a
fourth time under the confuls Paulus
Aemilius and Terentius Varro, near
Cannae, a fmall village in Apuha, on
the river Auf idus, with the greateft
/laughter that they ever fuffered in one
battle, Li'v. 22, 50. According to
Polybius, 70,000 foot and above 5000
horfe were flain, 3, 117. Livy fays
40,000 foot and 2700 horfe, ib. 49. ;
but ill other places he makes them
50^000, ih. 59. and more, /. 25, 6.
About 13,000 were made prifoners.
The lofs of Annibal, in comparifon,
was inconfiderable, Polyb. ibid. Ma-
harbal, who commanded the cavalry
on iihe right wing, Liv. 22, 46. af-
ter the victory, urged Annitjal to
lead his troops direitly to Rome,
afiuring him, that on the fifth day he
fliould feaft in the Capitol. Annibal
was
ANN [
was dazzled with the propofal, but
faid it reqinVf-d time to deliberate on
it ; upon which Maharbal exclaimed.
** You know, Annibai, how ^^ con-
quer,, but ycu know not how to im-
prove your viftory." ( Vincere fcls. An-
nthaU inSorid uti ne/cis). That day's
debiy is thought to have faved Rome,
Liv- 22, 51 The troops of Annibai
were enervated by winterin^r at Capua,
which city revoked to him foon after
the battle of Cannaey Liv. 2^, 7. et 18.
Hence Marcellus, who repulfed Anni.
bal from Nola, and firft taught the
Rc^'Uans, as Livy obferves, that An-
nibai mis^ht be conquered, Liv. 23, 16.
faid that Capua had proved a Cannae
to Annibai, ( Capuam ^nnlbali C annas
fulffd)^ ib. 45. ; et Flor. 2, 6. From
this time the flrength of Annibai in
Italy declined, the Carthaginians ha-
ving neglected to fend him proper fup-
plies, Lii). 23, 24. et 28, 12. A. u.
542, in order to raife the fiege of Ca-
pua, he led his army to Rome, and
pitched his camp at the river Anio,
three mihs from the city, and advan-
ced with his cavalry to the Porta Colli-
na^ Liv. 26, ID.; Juvenal 6, 290. and
is faid to have even (hot a dart within it,
Flin. 34, 6 f . 15. He was repulfed by
a body of Roman cavalry. Propertius
makes the Lares or tutelary gods of
Rome to drive Hannibal from the Ro-
man city, 3, 3, II. Next day he croffed
the Auio. and drew up his forces in or-
der of battle ; nor did the Roman con-
fu^s decline the combat. But they were
prevented from engaging by a violent
llorra. The fame thing happened next
day ; and affoon as they returned to their
cam.ps, the weather became calm, and
wonderfully ferene. The Carthaginians
confidered ihis as ominous ; and An-
nibai is reported to have faid, that
fom'::times the will, fomecimes the for-
tune of taking the city Rome u'as de-
nied him, Liv. ib. 11. Some other
circumllauces difcouraged him. He
therefore withdrew his army, not only
from the city, but even to the remo-
teil corner of Italy, leaving Capua to
its fate, ib, 12. After this, however,
19 ] ANN
he was fucccfsful in feveral engagf-
ments. But his hopes vvere quite funk
by the deilru<ftion of his brother Af-
drubal, a. u. 546, who was coming to
his aiTiftance, Liv. 27,51. FiJ. N e ro.
Annibai, hov/ever, was more worthy
of admiration in adverfity than in pro-
fpcnty ; for though he carried on war
for fo many years in a foreign country jj,
with an army compofcd of foldiers
from many different nations, and often
in the greateil want, yet there never
happened a mutiny among them, IJv,
28,12. At laft being recalled to defend
his countr)% a u. J50, he left Italy
with the bittereft vexation, Liv. 30, 20.
fixteen years after he had invaded it, ib»
28. Soon after his arrival in Africa,
he fent to Scipio to aflc a conference,
in order to treat concerning pe^ce.
But not agreeing about the terms,
they came to a decifive engagement
near Zama ; where .Annibai, after do-
ing every thing that courage or fl<ill
could effeft, was complettly defeated.
He, with difficulty, tfcaped with a
few horfemen to Adtumetiim ; and
from thence, being fent for, returned
to Carthage, thirty- fix years after he
had left it when a boy. In the fenate-
houfe he declated that there was no
hopes of fafety but in peace, ib. 35.
The Carthaginians, therefore, were
obliged to fubmit to the terms prefcri-
bed by the victors, ib. 37.
\nnibal remained for ffcveral years
at Carthage, difcharsfing with fidelity
the moil important offices ot the Hate.
When praetor he abridged the exor-
bitant power of the judges, and check-
ed the embezzlement of the public re-
venues ; by which means he incurred
the enmity of many of the leading
men, who accufed him to the Romans
of ftriving to effect a renev^'al of holH-
lities, Liv. 33, 48. The Romans, who
fought only a pretext for indulging
their hatred againft Annibai, contrary
to the opinion of Scipio Africanus,
fent an embaffy to Cartilage to com-
plain of his conduct. Annibai, afraid
of being given up to the Romans, fled
to Antiochus king of Syria, whom he
C 2 inftigated
ANN
t 20 1
A N -t^
'n{lig;ated to make war on the Romans,
and attempted in vain to induce his
countrymen to join him, Liv. tb. 49. ;
Nep. 2 2, 7. etZ. After the defeat of
Antiochus, Annibal fled to Prufias
king of Bithynia, before whofe tent,
according to Juvenal, h-2 was obh'gcd
to wait as a client, till that prince
pleafed to wake, [Donee Btthyno I'lbeat
'vigllaretyranno)i]nvtn?i\ 10, 162. The
Romans" fent T. Quintlius Flaminius,
the conqueror of Philip, as an ambafla-
dor to Prufias, to aflc rhat he would give
up Annibal to them. Prufias not daring
to refufe, the fort in which Annibal re-
lided was immediately furronnded with
armed men. Annibal, always appre-
henfive of this fate, took poifon, which
he had long kept ready for fuch an
exigence, Lh. 39, 51. ; N'ep. 22, 12.
and expired, in the 70th year of his
age, Nep, lb. 13.
Some affert that Annibal always
kept poifon in the gem of his ring ;
hence Juvenal fays, alluding to the
three bufhels of gold rings taken ixprn
the fingers of thofe Roman Equites and
Patricians who were flain at Cannae,
which Hannibal is faid to have fent to
Carthage, Finem animaey quae res huma-
nas mifcuit oliniy Non gladii, non faxq
dahunti non tela^ fed tile Cannarum vin-
(kx, ac tant't Jarigu'inis ultor j4nnuluSj
10, 163. ; and adds farcaftically, /,
ckmens, et faevus cur re per /llpesy Ut pue-
ris placeasy et declamatio Jlas, ib. 1 66,
Young orators ufcd to exercife them-
felvcs in declaiming on different cir-
cumftances in the life of Hannibal;
as, whether he (liould have led his ar-
my to Rome after the battle of Can-
nae ; or whether he (hould have with-
drawn his troops from Rome on ac-
count of the ftorm ? Juvenal. 7, 161.
Annibal, though fo much engaged
in war, paid attention to learning, and
■wrote feveral books in the Greek lan-
guage, Nep. 2 2, 13.
As Annibal reduced the power of
Italy more than any one ever did af-
ter the Romans became a great nation,
(pojl magnitudinem nomlnis Romani Ital'iae
ppes maxume adtrheratj Salluit Jng. ^.),
fo that thofe who finally proved viAo-
rious were the neareft to deftruttion,
( ^deo — ut propius per'iculo fuer'int, qui
'vicerint^ Liv. 21, I. Propiufque fuere
periculo ^eis fuperare datum^ Sil- i,
13.), the Roman authors generally
fpeak of Annibal with great antipathy,
and reprefent his character in a more
unfavourable light than the hillory of
his life will jullify. 'JT'hus Livy, after
enumerating his good qualities, adds,
Has tantas v'lr'i virhttes ingentia v'ltia ae~
quabant^ inhumana crudel'ttas^ perjid'ia plus
quam Punkas nihil vert ^ nihil fanBi^ nuU
lus deum metus, nullum jusjurandum^ nulla
religio, Liv. 21,4.; hence he is called
Dirus ylnnibal, Hor. Od. 2, 12, 2. et
3, 6, 36. ; Dirus Afer^ ib. 4, 4, 42. ;
Perjidm Annibal ^ ib. 49. ; Abominatus
parentibust Id. Epod. 16,8.; CruentiiSy
Lucan. 4, 789. ; Superbus perjuro enfey
Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 77. ; Add. Martial. 4,
14, 2. — Hannibal is called Tyrius, be-
caufe the Carthaginians were fprung
from Tyre, Juvenal. 12, 107. j fo Poe-^
nus Annibal, Lucan, i, 3P5. and fim-
ply Poenusy ib. 31.
Annicerii phihjQphi, the followers
of Ariftippus, named from Annicerisy
'tdis, the fcholar of Hegefias, who was
the fcholar of Iriftippus ; called alfo
Cyrenatci, from Cyrene, the native city
of Ariliippub, Cic. Off 3, 33.
ANNIUS, the name of feveral per^
fons mentioned by Cicero, Verr. 1,41.
e/ 1, 5, 5, 29.; Balb. 20 ; Bnd. 20. &c.
T. Annius Milo. See Milo.
, ANSER, -tris^ a poet mentioned
by Ovid, remarkable for his obfcenity,
Trifl. 2, 435. probably the fame whom
Servius lays Virgil alludes to, Eel. 9,
•i^^. He was a favourite with Antony,
who gave him a farm in the Falernian
territory, which had belonged to Pom-
pey. He accompanied Antony to the
fiege of JN'Iutina ; whence Cicero fays
of him, Hique, qui nunc Mutinam op-
pugnant, D. Brut urn objident, de Falerno
Anferes depellentur, (probably fneering
at him as ^ goofe of a poet,) Cic, Phil,
13, 5. Propertius is likevvife thought
to allude to the fame perfon, 2, 25,, 84,
ANTAEUS, a Libyan giant, the
ANT
C 5«
Ion of Neptune and Terra, who as often
as he touclied the earth, when his h'mbs
were wearied, was refredied. Her-
culep, therefore, in contending with
him, could only Hay him by railing
him from the ground, and Iqueezing
him to his breaft. Lucan. 4, 593> &c. ;
Stat, Theh. 7, 891. ; SiL 3, 40.
Antalcides, a Spartan, who be-
ing fent into Alia, made a peace with
Artaxerxes, very diiadvantageous to
his country, Paufan. 9, I.
Ant EN OR, -om, a Trojan, faved by
the Greeks becaufe he had always
been the advifer of peace, L'iv. 1,1.
With a number of followers he reached
the top of the Hadriatic Gulf, and
there built Patavium, now Padua, tb.
et Virg. Ae7i. I, 242, & 247. ; O'vid.
Fajl. 4, 75. Antmoridae^ -arumy fons
of Antenor, Virg. Jen. 6, 484. Flac-
ce^ Antenorei fpes et ahimne larisf i. e. ot
Padua, Martial, i, 77.
A NT EROS, •Otis, a fon of Mars and
Venus, the god of mutual love, or
according to others, who made love
ceafe, Cic. N. D. 3, 23.
Ant EROS, a flave belonging to Atti-
cus, Cic. Att. 9, 14, f/ 1 1, 1.
Anthropographus, a name given
to one Dionyfius, a portrait-painter,
becaufe he painted nothing but men,
Plin. 35, 10 f. 37
ANTICLEA, 1;. -w, the daughter
of Autolycus, and mother of UlylTcs,
.Uygin.. 201.
Antigenes, -is, a fhepherd, Virg,
Ed, 5, 89.
An TIG EN IDES, -isy V. -idas, -ae, an
excellent muiician of Thebes, who,
when his fcholar Ifmenias played very
well before the people, but did not
pleafe them, called out to him, Mihi
cane et mufu, fing to me and the mufes,
t. e. pleafe the learned or good judges
and defpife the ignorant. Cic. Brut. 50.
Val. Max. 3, 7. ext. 2.
Antigone, -es, the daughter of
Laomedon and fitter of Priam, meta-
morphoftd into a ftork by Juno, for
having prefumed to contend with her
in beauty, Omd. Met. 6, 93. &c.
Antigone, the daughter of Oedi-
] ANT
pus, king of Thebes, who attended
her blind father, when expelled from
his country by Creon, Stat. Theh. 12,
350. Afterwards having buried her
brother Polynices, contrary to the ex-
prefs orders of Creon, (he was by hiin
fentenced to be buried alive ; which
fhc prevented by kiUing herfelf. Her
lover Haemon, the fon of Creon, killed
himfelf at her tomb, Propert. 2, 7, 83.
Hygin. 73. But different authors tell
this ftory differently. Antigones per-
fona, the mafic ufed in ading the part
of Antigone in a play, Juvenal. 8,229.
Antigonus, one of the generals of
Alexander the Great, who, after the
death of that prince, becoming too
powerful, was defeated and (lain by
the other fucceffors of Alexander.
The defcendants of Antigonus, how-
ever, obtained poffeflion of Macedonia,
which they retained, till Perftus, the
lail of them, was defeated and taken
prifoner by the Romans under Paulus
Aemilius.
An Ti LOCH us, the fon of Neflorby
Eurydice, flain m the Trojan war by
Mtmnon the fon of Aurora, Homer,
Odyfs. 4, I, — 188. ; Juvenal. 10, 252.;
Bor. Od. 2, 9, 13. Ovid fays, by
He6lor, Ep, I, 15.
Antimachus, a Greek poet, a na-
tive of Colophon; called Clarius
from ClaroSf an adjacent grove, where
was a temple of Apollo, Ovid. Trijl.
1,5, I. Having one day affembled
a number of people to hear him read a
long compoiition, when all of them be-
ing tired had left him, except Plato ;
" 1 will read on, fays he, notwithftand-
ing ; for Plato alone is to me as good
as a multitude," ( tlato enim mihi unus
injiar eji omnium^) Cic. Brut. 51. He
wrote in a tumid Ityle, Catid. 96, 10.
Antiochus, the name of feveral
kings of Syria ; one of whom, called
Antiochus Magnus, made war on
the Romans at the inlligation of An-
nibal, Liv. 33, 49. He was defeated
firil by AcUius Glabrio the conful, at
Thermopylae, Id. 36, 15. and iinaily
by L. Scipio, Liv. 37, 40. ; Cic de
Orat. Zf J 8. J Ferr^ i, 2it
Antiochus,
ANT C
Antiochus, a celebrated rhetori-
cian and philo'opher, Cic. Acad* i, 3.
whole leAures Cicero attended, Ck.
JBr. 19,
i) NT 10 PA, V. -pe, /J, the daughter
of Nycteus (Ny^eis, -tdis^ Propert. i,
4, 5. NyBeos Ant'iopr, Id. 3, 15, 12.)
the motntr of Zethiia and AmphTon
by Jupiter, Hyg'm, 7. who came to her,
as it is faid, in the foim of a fatyr,
Ovid 'Met. 6, no.
Very different accounts are gWcn of
Antiope, by Apollodorus, 3, 5, 5.
Hygi.ius, 7. and 8. and Paufanias, 2,
6. Homer makes her the daughter of
the river Asopus, Odyf, 11, 259. So
Apollonius of Rhodes, i, 735 ; who
alfo makes her the ci^ughter of Nye-'
teas, 4, 1090. After the death of
her father, whoever he was, Lycus, his
brother and fucceffor, is faid to have
kept Antiope confined; and his wife
Dirce, fufpecting that rtie was his con-
cubine, ufed her cruelly, Propert. 3, 15,
13, &c. But her wrongs were at laft
avenged by her fons ; who flew Lycus,
and tied Dirce by her hair to the mouth
of a fierce bull, fo that (lie perifhed by
a miferable death, Hygin. et Apollodor.
ibid. Propert. 3, 15, 37. Vid. Zethus.
A^fTI6pE, a queen of the Amazons,
Jufiuu 24.
Antiope, the name of a tragedy,
written by Pacuvius* Perf, l, 77.
Ant I PATER, -jfm, vel -/ri, of the 2d
decl. the name of feveral philofophers
mentioned by Cicero, Br. 1 6. de Orat.
2, 12.; Leg, I, 2.; Ttifc. 5, 37;
0^ 2, 14. ; Acad. 4, 5. — alfo a poet,
de Orat. 3, 50. ; Fat. 2.
Antipatfr, -/n, V. 'trisi a Mace-
donian general, the friend of Alexan-
der. 'Jiijiin, 9, 4. made governor of Ma-
cedonia by Alexander when he went
to the Pcrfian war, Id. 6, 7. ; Arrian.
I, p. 30. The Lacedemonians and
other ftates of Greece, encourage,d by
Alexander's abfence to revolt, were
completely 'Sefeated by Antipater ;
and Agis, the Spartan king, fiain. Id.
12, I. ; Curt. 6, I. The fervices of
A'itipater were rewarded with ingrati-
tude, through the jealoufy of Akxan-
22 1 ANT
der ; who, a little before his death, de-
prived him of h:s government, and
fummoned him to Babylon to give an
account of his conduci. Antioater,
apprfjhenfive of dang^er, as feveral of
his moit faithful friends had already-
been cut off. was fufpefted of having
poifoned Alexander, by means of his fons
Caffander and lolas, who were then at
court, Jufl'm. 12, 14. ; Qurt. 10, 10,
14. ; -rdd, Ovid, in I bin, 297. ; Plhi. 30,
16 f. 53 ; Tacit. A-in. 2, 73.; Arrian.'] y
p> 500. ; Vdl. Max. I, 7, 2. exl. f. ;
Dlodor. 17, 118. Bui it was gene-
rally believed thac Alexander died in
confequence of cxceffive drinking, Plu"
tare}], Alex. p. 707. ; Arrian. 7, p. 498.
After the death of Alexander, Antipa-
ter obtained the government of Mace-
donia and Greece, Curt. 10, 10, 19. ;
Jujlin. I3» 4. which he retained to his
death, (G. 472.) A letter from this
Antipater to his fon Caffander is highly
praifed by Cicero, OJf. 2, 14.
Antiphates, -aey a king of the
Latjlrigonesy who deftvoyed a number
of the companions of Ulyffes, Hor. Art.
P. 145. J SiL 8, 531. ; Ovid Met. 14,
234"
Antoninus, the name of feveral
Roman emperors: adj, Antonini-
ANUs, Entropy 8, 10.
ANTONIUS, the name of a Ro-
man gens.
C. Antonius, the colleacrue of Ci-
cero in the confuliliip, Cic. Fam, 5, 5.;
Flac, 38. ; Salluji. Cat. 24. He was
fefit with an army againit Catihne ;
with whom he was unwilling to fight
on account of their former intimacy :
He therefore gave the command to his
lieutenant, M. Petreius, Sail. Cat, 59.
who cut off Catiline and his army, ib,
60. Antonius, after his confulfnip,
obtained^the province of Macedonia,
which he governed for two years. Up-
on his return to Rome he was brought
to his trial byCo.elius, for extortion, and
for making war without his province,
(de repetundis et de viajejlate), Cic. Vat.
II. ; Cocl. 31. ; Liv. Epit. 103. and
being found guilty, was condemned to
perpetual exile, a. u. 694.
M.
AN T
[ *3 ]
ANT
M. ANTONIUS, an Hluftnous ora-
tor, Cic. Br, 36. ; 0^ 2, 14. conful
with A. Albinus, a. u. 6$^^ Cic, ad
^t'lr, pqft. Red, 5. who was put to
death in the maffacre after the return
of Marius from banllhment, and his
head fixed on the Rojlra^ in which he
had fteadily defended the repubhc when
conful, and preferved the heads of ma-
ny citizens ; as Cicero fays, lamenting,
as it were ominoufly, the mifery of that
fate which happened afterwards to him-
feif, from the grandfon of this very
Antonius, Or. 3, 3.
M. ANTONIUS, the fon of the ora-
tor, praetor a. 678. who, having through
the inlereil of Cotta, the confui, obtain-
ed the command of all the coafts of the
Mediterranean fea, with unlimited au-
thority, {^cum infinlto mperw)^ to gratify
his avarice pillaged Sicily and the pro-
vinces. But at lad making war on the
Cretans unjuftly, he was defeated, and
foon after died of grief, Cic. Verr, 2,
3. ; et ihi Afcon, Add. ih. 3, 91. ; ei
Liv. Epit. 97. hence, however, he got
the firnamc of Creticus, Flor. 3, 7.;
Plutarch, in Anton, pr,
M. ANTONIUS, the fon of Cre-
ticus, after the death of his father,
way educated under the care of his
mother Julia, of the family of the
Caefars, who married for her fecond
hufband Cornelius Lentulus, whom
Cicero, by order of the fenate, put to
death, as an accomphce in Catihne's
confpiracy. This is thought to have
been the firft ground of that violent
hatred which Antony ever after bore
to Cicero. He particularly complain-
ed that Cicero had refufed burial to
his ftcpfather, Cic. Phil. 2, 7. which
charge, Plutaich obferves, was ground
a great amount, Plutarch fays 250 ta-
lents ; Cicero fays fejlertium fexagies^
above 48,0001. Phil. 2, 18. Curio was
furety for the whole of this fum, which
Curio's father, at the interceffion of
Ciceio, paid, but discharged his fon
for the future from keeping company
with Antony, Cic. ib, Antony next
aifociated himfelf with Clodius ; but
being diffatisfied v/ith kis meafures, and
forefeeing the dangerous confequences
of them, he left Italy, and travelled
into Greece, where he fpent his time
m warlike exercifes, and in the ftudy of
eloquence. He fcrved his firft cam-
paign under Gabinius, the proconful
of Syria, who appointed him com-
mander of the horfe. In that ftatioii
he gave proofs of uncommon courage
and conduct. It was chiefly owing-
to Antony that Gabinius undertook
and eftedcd the reftoration of Ptolemy
to the throne of Egypt, Plutarch, iu
Anton, et Cic, Phil. 2, 19. Fid. Pto-
LEMAEUs AuLETEs. After this he
joined Caefar in Gaul, who made him
one of his lieutenants, Caef, B. G. 7,
81. Having remained there for fome
time, he came to Rome to fue for the
quaeuorfhip ; and being eleAed, he
immediately returned to Caefar, with-
out waiting for the ordinary appoint-
ment, (Jine fenaius confuho, Jine forte y
fine lege), Cic, PhiL 2, 20. ; Caef. B.
G. 8, 2, & 24, & 46. Caefar was fo
pleafed with the fervlces of Antony,
that he exerted his utmoft intereft to
get him created an augur, Caef, B, G,
8, 50. and fucceeded, in oppofition to
the party of Pompey, by means of
Curio, Cic. Phil. 2, 2.
In the end of the year 703, Antony
came to Rome, and was made tri-
lefs. Cicero afcribes the profligacy bune. Being devoted to Caefar, he
and wickednefs of Antony to his ha-
ving been educated in the houfe of
Lentulus, ih.
Antony in his youth was remark-
able for his comelinefs and ftrength.
He formed an intimacy with young
Curio, by whom he was fcduced into
drunkennefs, lewdnefs, and extrava-
gance. This led him to contrad debt to
oppofed all the decrees of the fenate
againlt him ; and vrhen the final de-
cree was paffed, ( Ut dent operant confides^
praetoresy tribiini pldis^, qui que pro con-
fuhhus funt ad urbcmf ncquid refpullica
detrimenti capiat)., on the 7th Jan. a. u.
704, Antony, apprchendi;ig danger,
fled from the city in difguiie, \»/ith
Curio and Q^Calllius, another tribune,
to
ANT C 24 1
to Caefar, who was then at Ravenna, thofe Luperc'i,
Caef. B. C I, 5.; Ck. Fam. 16, 11.
and thus afforded Caefar a pretext for
crofiing the Rubicon, the boundary of
his province, and making war on his
country ; whence Cicero fays, that
Antony was the caufe of war and de-
ftruftion to the Roman republic, as
Helen was to the Trojans, PhiL 2,
22. ; /Jti. 7' 9- . .
During the civil war, A^ntony, on
every occafion, diilinguiflied himfeif.
In the decifive battle of Pbarfalia he
ANT
inftituted in honour of
Caefar, D'lo 44, 6. after running up
and down naked, according to cuitom.,
with his companions, went up to Cae-
far, who was then fitting before the
Rojlrcit in the forum, on a golden chair,
dreil: in a purple robe, to fee the di-
verfionof running, and, producing a
crown, attempted to put it upon Cae-
far's head ; but Caefar, obferving the
great dilapprcbation of the people, re-
fufed it, Cic. Phil. 2, 34. et 3, 5. ^/ 5,
commanded the lefc wing, Caef. B. C.
3, 89. After the battle, Caefar being
created diftator, v/ent in puifuit of
Pompey, and fent Antony to command
in Italy, with the charader of m.afler of
horfe, Plutarch, in Anton, Cicero fays
that Antony was appointed to this of-
fice by the favour of his friends, with-
out the knowledge of Caefar, Phil. 2,
25. Here Antony behaved with the
greateft profligacy and extravagance,
ih. His chief favourites were Sergius
a comedian, and Cytheris an actrefs,
Cic. Phil, 2, 2^. Attended by her, he
made a progrefs through Italy, having
his chariot drawn by lions, Plin. 8,
16 f. 21.; Plutarch, in /Inton. ; Cic. Att,
10, 13. & 17.
Antony bought at a public auction
the houfe of Pompey, which he m.ade
the fcene of his revtUings, Cic, PhlL 2,
27. & 28. He liad expelled that the
purchafe-m.oney would never be aflvcd.
But Caefar, difpleafed with his con-
du6l, exadcd payment ; which provo-
ked Antony to fuch a degree, that he
is faid to have employed an aflaffm to
difpatch Caefar, ih. 29. The difap-
probation, however, which Caefar ex-
prefled of Antony's courfe of life, gave
fom.e check to his excelTive diflolute-
nefs. He parted with Cytheris, and
married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius,
llumrch. ibid. ; Cic. Phil. 2, 28. He
foon after regained the entire confi-
dence of Caefar, who, in his fifth and
lafl confulihip, a. 709, made Antony
his colleague, ib. 32. At the ftftivai of
the Lupercalia^ about the m.iddle of
February, /Antony, who was one of
14. et 13, 8, 15, & 19.; Dio, 44, I I.;
Suet. Caef. 79. in fuch a manner, how-
ever, that it was thought the matter
had been concerted betv^-een him and
Antony, ( ^od ab eo ita repuljum eratf
ut non offcnfus videretur). Veil. 2, 56.
This exprelTion of Caefar's defire to
affume the name, as he had already
ufurped the power of king, determi-
ned Brutus and Caflius, and the other
confpirators, to hallen the execution
of their plot. Tliey propofed to put
Antony to death at the fame time with
Caefar ; but to this Brutus would not
confent, thinking, as Plutarch fays,
that an aftion undertaken in defence
of juflice and the laws ought to be free
from tlie leail appearance of injuftice.
This lenity proved fatal to himielf and
his alTociates, as well as to the liberty
of his country. Hence Cicero often
reproaches the principal confpirator^
with having left their work unhnifhed.
Thus, writing to Trebonius, who en-
gaged Antony in cenverfation at the
door of the fenate-houfe, while the
other confpirators difpatched Caefar,
he fays, ^od a tCy 'viro cptbnoy Jeducia
ejiy titoque benejicio adhuc vivit haec pejlisy
(M. Antonius), inter dumy quod mini vix
Jui cjly tibijubirajcor, Fam. lO, 28. So,
ib, 12, 4. ; Ad. Brut, 2, & 7.; PhiL 2,
14, &c.
Antony having heard that Caefar
was killed, ilripped himfeif of his con-
fular robes, and fltd home in difguife,
ib. 35.; Dioy 44, 22. He lay conceal-
ed ail that day, till being allured that
the confpirators, who had taken pof-
fcffion of the capitol, meant no further
violence, he refumed courage, and ap-
pealed
ANT I
pcared next morning in public. In
the night-time he g:ot the papers and
account-books ©f Caefar from Calpnr-
nia, Caefar's wife, and caufed them to
be carried to his houfe, yfppian. B. C.
2, p. 507. He amufed the confpira-
tors with fuch confummate art, that
he prevented them from taking effec-
tual meafures for their defence ; while
he himfelf fecietly formed plans for
their deftruAion, and for making him-
felf mafter of the (late. Ke gained
over Lepidus, then mailer of horfe,
who commanded an army near the ci-
ty, to favour his views. On the third
day after Cael'ar^s death, he fummoned
a meeting of the fenate in the temple
of Tcllus, where, upon the motion of
Cicero, a general amnefty was decreed,
or an ad of oblivion for all that was
paft, Cic. Phil. I, I. The confpira-
tors were invited to come down from
the capitol, and Antony fent his fon
as an hoftage for thfir fecurity ;
Lepidus alfo fent his fon, the ne-
phew of Brutus by his fifter, who had
been married to Lepidus, but was then
dead, Cic. ad Brut, 17.; Veil. 2, 88.
Accordingly that night Brutus fupped
with Lepidus, and Caffius with Anto-
ny, which gave great joy to the citizens,
Cic. Phil. I, 13. et 2, 36. ; Veil 2, 58 ;
Dio., 44, 34 ; Liv. Epit. Il6. ; Phi-
tarch. in Brut. p. 992.
In the fame meeting of the fenate
Antony artfully procured a decree for
the allowance of a public funeral to
Caefar, and for the coniirmation of all
his afts. Antony himfelf undertook
the charge of the funeral. Having
■brought the body of Caefar into the
forum, he pronounced the cultomary
funeral oration in his praife; in which,
with great art, he endeavoured to in-
cite the multitude againil the confpi-
rators. Then expofing the bloody
robe, in which Caefar was ^-aim ^Plutarch.
(according to Appian, a waxen image
of his body, with the marks of all his
wounds, B. Civ. 2, p. 520. according
to Dio, his real body, 44. 35.), he
inflamed the multitude to fuch a de-
gree, that, making a pile of tables and
25], ANT
forms in the very forum, they inftantly
fet fire to it, (whence Cicero calls this
irregular funeral, infepulta Jepultura^ be-
caufe .the ufual rites were not perform-
ed, Phil. I, 2.) and every one taking
a brand, ran up and down in great fu-
ry to the confpirators houfes, with a
refolution to burn and deilroy them ;
but the confpirators, being ftrongly
guarded, repulfed them ; and only the
houfe of L. Bellienus was burnt, Cic.
Phil. 2, 36.; Plutarch, in Anton.\ Dio, 44,
50.; Cic. Phil. 2, 36. Meeting v/ith C*
Helvius Ciana, one of the tribunes, a
friend of Caefar's, whom they miftook
for Corn. Cinna, a praetor, who had ex-
tolled from the ro(f ra the ad of killing
Caefar, they tore him to pieces, and
carried up and down his head fixed on a
fpear, Dio., 44, 50. ; Val. Max. 9, 9, 2.;
Suet. Caef. W^. Thefe exceifes were
committed by a mercenary mob, chief-
ly by the freed men of Caefar and hi-
red flaves, Cic. Att. 14, 5. The con-
fpirators, alarmed by this tumult, left
the city. Some of them retired to
the provinces which had been affigned
to them.
But after the confpirators were gone,
Antony refumed his difguife, and pre-
tended the fame moderation as before.
He afcribed the late exceiics to the
violence of the mob, affeded to fpcak
v/ith the greateft refped of Brutus and
Caflius, and by feveral motions which
he made in the fenate, feemed to have,
nothing fo much at heart as the public
concord. Among other things, he
propofed, that the name and office of
didator fhould be abolifhed, which the
fenate inftantly agreed to, without the
formality of a vote, Cic, Phil, if i, die
13. He put to death Marius. the
ringleader of the mob, who pretended
to be the fun of C. Marius, and order-
ed his body to be dragged by a hook
through the ftreets, and thrown into
the Tiber, ib. 2. By thefe adions
Antony recovered his credit wiih the
republicans ; fo that Brutus, together
with Caffius and other friends, had a
ptrfonal confcence with him, vv'hich
gave mutual latisiailio), Cic./^'tt. 14,6.
D Anton?
ANT [2
Antony havincr fettled matters at
Rome in the beft manner he could,
made a progrefs through Italy, for the
fake of vifiting the quarters of the ve-
teran foldier?, and cnGrafring them to
Ills fervice, by all fjrts of bribes and
promifes. He left the government of
the city to Dolobella, whom Caefar,
upon his intended expedition to Par-
thia, had nominated to fiicceed him in
the confulfliip ; and though Antony
had protefttd againft that defignation,
yet after Caefar's death, when Dolo-
bella, taking advantage of the general
confufion, feized the enfigns of the of-
fice, Antony quietly received and ac-
knowledged him as his colleague, Cic:
PhlL 1,13.
In the abfence of Antony, Dolobel-
la, by his condu(^, gave the friends of
liberty the bed hopes of him, particu-
larly by demonfliing an altar which the
mob, at the inftiajation of the impoltor
Marius, had eredted in the forum, on
the fpot where Caefar's body was
burnt, with a pillar of NumJdian marble
twenty feet high, infcribcd, To the
Fath'fr of his Country ; where
they daily performed facrifices and di-
vine rites to Caefar, as a deity, Sud.
Caef. 85. Great multitudes liockcd
to \his place, chiefly of the meaner
fort, and were guilty of the groiTell
outrages. The ringleaders, being fei-
zed, were feverely punilhed ; fuch of
them as were free were throwm from
the Tarpeian rock, and the flaves cru-
cified. This aftion of Dolobella's Ci-
cero highly extols, Phil, i, 2. & 12. ;
yitt. 14, 15. & 16. ; Fam. 9, 14.
Antony having attached many of
the veteran foldiers to his intereit, re-
turned to Rome, and at lall: began to
lay afide the mafl^. He made ufe of
every method poffible, however violent
and unjuli, to encreafe bis power. He
now rtiewed for what purpofe he had
been fo eager to get Caefar's acts con-
firmed by the fenate ; for being tlie
mafttr both of Caefar's papers, {com-
mcnlariif chirographa, et liheiu, Cic. Phil.
I, I. & 7')> and of Faberius, Caeiar's'
fecretary, he inferted in them what
6 ]
ANT
things he thought proper, and made
them pafs for the afts of Caefar ; in
confequence of which he fold publicly
for money whatever immunities were
defired by countries, cities, princes,
or private men, on pretence that they
had been granted by Caefar, and en-
tered into his books, Cic. Fam. 12, i.;
j^it. 14, 9- ; P^''^^' 2' 36- ^ 37- 5> 4-
f/ 3, 5. et 12, 5. ; App'ian. B. C. 2, p.
507. ^/3, p.529.; /);•(?, 44, 53. ^J 45,
23. ; Fell. 2, 60. ; So that, as Cicero
obferves, all the adts, writings, fayings,
promifes, and thoughts of Caefar had
greater force after he was dead than
when alive, j^ft. 14, 10. Befides, he
feized the public treafure in the temple
of Ops, amounting to above five mil-
lions of our money, (frpties m'lhies fef-
terlhnn), Cic. Phil. 2, 37. With this
money he purchafed foldiers, and bri-
bed his colleague Dolobella to concur
with liim in his meafures, Cic. Att. 16,
15. He was alio fupported by his
two brothers, Caius, then one of the
praetors, and Lucius, one of the tri-
bunes ; fo that now he pofieffed abfo-
lute power at Rome, and had the fair-
ell profpetl: of becoming mailer of the
empire. But all thefe hopes were fru-
llrated by young Oftavins, whom Caefar
had appointed his heir. SeeOcTAvius.
Antonianae partes y the party of
Antony, Fell. 2, 74- AvAoniam latro-
cm'io libsrata r ef public a y Cic. Fam. 12, 14.
ANTON I A Major et Minor, two
daughters of M. Antonius the trium-
vir, by Odavia, the filler of Auguftus.
The eided was married to Domitius
Aenobarbus, whofe grandfon was Ne-
ro the emperor, Plutarch, in Anton, Jin,
et Suet. Ner. 4^ & 5. The yonnger
Antouia was married to Drufus the fon
of Livia, who had two fons, Germa-
nicus, tiie father of Caligula, and Clau-
dius, who fucceeded Cahgula in the
empire, Plutarch, ih. et Suet. Cal. 1. Cl.2,
Julius or Julus ANTONirS, the
fon of the triumvir by Fulvia, Z)io, 51,
15. praetor a. u. 741, ib. 54, 26. con-
ful a. 744, ib. 36 f. afterwards put to
death for his intimacy with Julia, the
daughter of Auguftus, Dio, ^^, 10. ;
Tacit.
A N U
7*^r//. Ain. 3, 18. et 4, 44
lus fays that he flew hlmfelf, 2, 100.
Horace infcribes to Julus Antonius the
fecond ode of the fourth book, where
he celebrates him as a poet, 1?. 26. &
33. Orid mentions him as the author
of licentious verfes, Pont, i, i, 23.
Anubis, -h, a god of the I'-gyp-
tians, painted with the head of a dog,
hence called Latiator, Virg. Aen. 8,
698. ; Latrans. Prop. 3, 9, 41.
ANyxus, an Athenian, one of the
accufers of Socrates, who is hence
called Ariyt'i reust Hor. Sat. 2, 4, 3.
AON, -onisf a fon of Neptune, Lu-
tat. ad Slat. Theb. i, 34. et Achil 1,19.
whence Aones, -um^ his pofterity in
the mountainous part of Boeotia, which
was called Aqnia ; Aonius, -a, -uniy
Boeotian orTheban; /IctiidcSf -urn, the
mufes. (G. 306.)
APELLA, the name of a noted
Jew at Rome, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 100.
- — ^2. Alfo of a flave, Cic. Fam. 7,
25,4, 10, 17,5. ; Ju. 12, 19.
APELLES, 'is, the moil illuilri-
ous painter of antiquity, a native of the
ifland Cos, ^iinclil. 12, 10, 6. His
mod celebrated pi£lure was that of
Venus rifing from the fea, (^Anadycme-
ti£ ;) of which Ovid fays, Ji Fenerem
nufquam pcju'iffet Apellesy Merfa fuh ae-
quorels ilia later et aquis. Art. Am. 3,
401. So Propertius, In Veneris tabula
J'umwam- (Jc. hudem) Jibi ponit Apelles,
3, 9, I J. At his death he left a pic-
ture of Venus imperfcdt, which no
body would undertake to linifh, Plin.
35, 10 f. 36. ; Cic. Fam. i, 9. Off'. 3,
2. He ufed only four colours, (vvhite,
yellovr, red, and black,) Piln. ib. He
was in great favour with Alexander the
Great, who prohibited, by an editSt,
any one to paint hirn but Apelles, Hor.
Ep. 2, I, 259 ; Cic.
tarn
Apelleae tabulae, thepi6Lurcs of Apel-
les, Propert. I, 2/2 2. Jlpelleo colore
Jignatus, Stat. Silv. 5, i, 5.
Aphareus, (in three lyllables, ) the
father of Lynceus ; who is hence call-
ed Apharcia proles y Ovid. Met. 8, 304.
Aphrodite, -es, a name of Venus,
rom her having been produced from
C 27 ] A P O
Patercu- the foam of the fea, Plin. ^6, 5.
whence Aphrodifia, -orum, a feftival i^
honour of Venus, Plant. Poen. i, i,
63. et I, 2, 45.
Aphydnus, a foldier of Aeneas,
Virg. Atn. 9, 702.
APICIUS, a noted epicure at
Rome, in the time of Augnllns and
Tiberius, who having fpent an im~
rnenfe fortune on luxurious living, ter-
minated his days by poifon, Senec. Ep,
95.; Heh. 10. Vit. B. II.; Plin. 4,
17. et 10, 48. ; 'Juvenal. 4, 23. ; Tacit,
Ann. 4, I. ; Dio. 57, 19. ; Martial. 3,
2 2. He was fo famous that Apicius
is put for an epicure, Juvenal. 11, 3. ;
Martial. 10, 73. — There leems to have
been another of the fame name before
the time of Cato the cenfor; whence
Uvae Apiciae, Cat. R. R. 24, I. ; Vi-
nam, ib. 6, 5. et. 7, 2. et 24, 2. ; Varr.
R. R. 125. — There is faid to have been
a third in the time of Trajan, Suidas in
Apion, 'Onis, a celebrated gram-
marian in the time of Tiberius, Plin.
praef.
AFlS^'idis, v. -isf accus. Apim, v. -in,
a name given to a calf or ox with par-
ticular marks, which the Egyptians
woriliippcd as a god, Ck. N. D. i, 29.
CoRNIGER, Ovid. Amor. 2, 13, 14. ;
Lucan. 9, 160. ; Plin. 8, 46 f. 71.
(See Geog. p. 391, and 605.)
APOLLO, -"inisy the fon of Jupiter
and Latona, the god of poetry, mufic,
medicine, and augury ; (See G. 365;.)
hence ApoUinea ars, medicine, Ovid.
Trjjl. 3, 3, 10. ; augury, id. in Ihin.
264. Bihlis Apollinei correpta cupidine fra*
tris, feizcd with a pailion for her brother
Caunus, the grandfon of Apollo, Ovid,
Mel. 9, 454. ; Proles /Ipollinea, Aef-
culapius, /■/;. 15,533. Ludi A^olUnareSy
games in honour cf Apollo, Liv, 25,
12. Circus Apollindris, ib. 3> 63. Gro-
novius reads, Apollinar% -dris, n, ApoU
linaris herba, Plin. 10, 26f. 14. ApoUi-
nis urbs, the capital of the ifland Dc-
los, Virg. Aen. 3, 79. ; agri, the country
of Lycia, ib. 12, 516.
Apollodorus, a celebrated gram-
marian and mythologift of Athens,
P 2 who
5. I-.—
A P O [28
vcho compofed feveral works ; of which
the only one renriaining is that called Bi-
BLiOTHECA, dividtd into three books ;
treating of the fabulous hillor)'- of the
Greeks. He flourifhed about 150
years before Chrift, and was highly ho-
noured by the Amply- Ely ones, Plin. 7, 37.
"^POLLODORUS, a Greek comic
poet ; from whom Terence is faid to
have borrowed his Phormio, Ter,
Phorm. infer. — ^ 2. A cruel tyrant,
mentioned by Seneca, Ben, 7, 19. ;
/r. 1,4.
APOLLONIUS, a rhetorician of
Alabanda, who taught for hire, but
would teach none but fuch as were dif-
pofed to learning, Cic. Or. i, 28. & 17.
Apolloph ANES, -/*/, a phyiician,
Celf. 5, 18. ; Plin. 22. 21 f. 29.
AFPIO, V. -o«, V. Apion^ -onisf a
name of Ptolemy, king of Cyrenaira ;
•who left the Roman people his heir,
Cic. RuH. 2, 19.
APPIUS, a praenomen, peculiar to
the Claudii or Gens Claudia ; derived
ffom Atta, a name among the Sa-
bines, Liv. 2, 16. and ufed alfo as an
adjective, like the nome' or name of
the gens: thus, Appia via, the way
i!rft paved by Appius Claudius, the
cenfor, leading to Capua, Liv. 9, 29.
called fiTiply Appia, yl'. via, Cic. Mil.
6. ; Hor. Sat. i, 5,6. ; Epod. 4, 14.
Appii Forum, a town on the Appian
way, about eighteen miles from Rome,
Cic. Alt. 2, lo- — Aqua Appia, the
firft water brought to Rome in an
aqueduft conftruded by the fame Ap-
pius Claudius, a. u. 442, Liv. 9, 29.
Hence Appiades Deae, certain god-
deffes, whofe images, as it is thought,
were erefted in the Forum, where that
water difcharged itlelf near the temple
of Venus, Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 452. ufed
thus
marmore
iemplo Appias exprcjfis a'ira puljat aquis,
where below the marble temple of Ve-
nus, the Appian aqu-^^duct, iffuing
through one of thefe iiiages, ftrikes the
1
A R A
alfo in the fing. .'^ppias, adis
Subdita qua Veneris facfo de
air with the waters forced out or flow-
ing from it, Ovid. Art. Am. I, 82.
|icnce put for Venus herfelf, frqm the
vicinity of her temple to the place
where that aqueduA iffued ; thus, Non
illas lites Appias ipfaprobat. Id. Remed.
Amor. 660. In allufion to thefe Ap-
piades deae, Cicero fays in a letter to
Appius, l)y way of pleafantry, ^am
(fc. Minervam,) non folum Pallada,fed
etiam Appiadanominaho^ Cic. Fam. 3, i.
Appiana mala, a kind of apples
which grew on trees engrafted by one
Appius, Plin. 15, 14. — Appietas,
^atis^ f. the nobihty of the Apii, Cic,
Fam, 3, 7.
APULEIA gens, a clan or family
at Rome ; Apuleia lex, a law pafled by
one called Apuleius, Cic. de Or. 2. 25.
APULI'-IUS Saturmnus, a famous
tribune of the commons in the time of
Marius; often mentioned by Ciceix).
APULEIUS, a native of Madaura
[Madaurenjisy) in Africa, an orator,
lawyer, and Platonic philofopher under
the Antonines ; who wrote bouks on
feveral fubjetts, which are ftill extant.
Pontiui Aquila, one of the con-
fpirators againd Caefar, Phil IT, 6.
AQUILA, a freed man of Maecenas,
whole affiitance he employed to diifufe
the knowledge of his invention of writ-
ing fh'^rt-hand. Die. 55, 7.
AQUILLIA gens, the name of a
family at Rome; fuppofed to be fo
calied from their dark colour, i^ab aqui'
lo colore. )
AQUILLIUS Gallus, a great ora»
tor, Cic. Br. 42. ; Caecin. 27. whence
Lex Aqjjillia, a law propofed by
him, dedolo malo, Cic. Off. 3, 14. N. D,
3, 30.
Manius AQUILLIUS, a governor
of Sicily in the war againit the fugi-
tive flaves, Cic. Verr. 3, 54. ; RuII,
2, 30. ; ;r. 62. ; Flac. 38, &c.
Aquinius, a bad poet, Cic. Tufc,
Sf 22. ; CatuL 14, 18.
ARABaRCHES, -ae, a chief of
the Arabians, or a tax-gatherer in E-
gjpt, Juvenal, i, 130. Whether this
be a proper or common name, com-
mentators are not agreed. It is fup-
pofed to be the fame with the name
given to Pompey by Cicerp, Att. 2, 17.
See Alabarches.
ARACHNE,
A R A t 29
ARACHNE, -isy a girl of Lydia,
remarkable toi her il<iil in fpinring
and weaviHg ; who having challenged
Minerva to a conteft, and being worll-
ed, hanged herfelf (laqueo J'lgavit gut-
turaj Ovid. Met. 6, 134. but Miner-
va, out of pity, turned her into a fpider,
which is called f^re^x"' by the Greeks,
and yJrama, by the Latins, ib*
ARaTUS, a brave man of Sicyon,
fSicyonius,) who freed his count: y i'rpm
tyranny, and eftabliihed the Achaean
Republic, Cic. Of. 2, 23.; Polyh, 2, 43.
.ARATUS, a Greek poet, who
compofed a book in verfe concerning
aftronomy, Cic, de Or. i, 16.; /had.
4, 20. which Cicero, when a very
yoling man, [admodum adolefcentulus,)
tranflated into Latin verfe, Cic. N. D.
2, 41. and calls Aratium carmen,
^^S' 2> 3' oi" Aratea, fc. carmina,
Div. 2, 5.
aRBACES, -is 'y vel i\RBACTUs,
•ihe firit king of Media, Jujiln. i, 3.
/ (See G. 598.)
Arbuscula, an adrefs, Cic. Att.
4, 15. who being hiifed by the popu-
lace, and applauded by the Eqrntes,
faid, " that fhe was fatisfied with the
approbation of the worthy," lior. Sat.
1, 10, 11' ^ ^
ARC AS, -adisy V. adoSf the fon of
Jupiter by Calitto, O-vid. Met. 2, 2c8,
Reconverted into the condeliation call-
ed Bootes, (G. p. 417.)
ARCE81LAS, -ae, the fcholar of
Poleraon, Cic. de Or. 3, 18. the found-
er of what was called the middle aca-
demy ; as Plato was of the old, and
Carneades of the new. He taught
the fallacy of the fenfes, ib. and that
nothing can be certainly known, not
even that which Socrates had referved
to himfelf, " that he knew nothing."
Cic. Acad, i, 12.^/4, 24.
ARCESIUS, the fon of Jupiter
and father of Laertes, Ovid. Met. 13,
144.
ARCHELAUS, the general of
Mithridates, Liv. Eptt. 76. defeated
by Sylla, Id. 82.
Archemorus, Vid- Ophel-
TE5.
1 ARC
ARCHIAS, -ae, a Greek poet,
the teacher and friend of Cicero ; who
having his title to the right of being a
Roman citizen called in queftion, w^as
defended by that orator, Cic. pro Arch,
He was called /iulus Licinius Arc hi as,
becaufe he had obtained the right of
citizenfhip by means of fome one of
the LucuUiy and alTumed, according to
cuilom, the name of their ^ctzj, Lici-
nius, retaining his former name as
firname. From whom he got the
praenomen \ulus, is uncertain
ARCHIAS, a noted maker of
couches ; whence Archiaci le£li, couches
made by Archias, Hor. Ep. 1,5, i.
Archigenes, -is, a celebrated phy-
fician in the time of Domitian, Juve-
nal. 6, 235. 13, 98. et 14, 252.
ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet,
contemporary with Romulus ; who
wrote in Iambic verfe, Cic. Tufc. i, I.;
^dndU. lo, I. Lycambes having be-
trothed to him his daughter Neohulet
broke his promife, and gave her to
another. On which account Archilo-
chus wrote fo bitter a fatire againU
them, that they both hanged thcm-
felves, Hor. Epod. 6, 13 ; /7r/. P. 79,
hence Archihchia in eum,(fc. Pompeium,)
ediffa Bibuli, acrimonious, bitter, fati-
ricil, Cic. Att. 2, 21. et 16, li.
ARCHIMeDES, ~is, an illuftrious
mathematician of Syracufc, who, by
his wonderful engines, enabled his
countrymen to make a long defence
againll the Romans, and obliged Mar-
cellus to turn the liege into a blockade.
When at lail the city was taken by
treachery, Archimedes was quite igno-
rant of what had happened ; and a fol-
dier having broken in to his apartment,
found him engaged in defcribing fomc
ligure on the floor. Being ordered by
the foldier to come immediately to
Marcellus, he anfwered coolly, that hc
could not, till he finifhed his problem.
Upon which the favage inftantly Hew
him, Liv, 25, 31.; Cic. Fin. ^^ 19.
Marcellus lamented his death, and or-
dered a tomb to be ered:ed to his me*
mory. Id, Verr. 4, 58. which, when
forgotten by his countrymen, and over-
grown
ARC [3
grown with weeds, was difcovered by
Cicero, when quaeflor in Sicily, Cic.
Tufc. ^,17,. Hence i^p;(^///->!i'f((5v ;rro/5x>i^.a,
for any thing difficult, C'tc. Att. 12, 4.
ARCHyTAS, -ae, a Pythagorean
philofopher of Tarentum, C'lc. de Or.
3, 34. cotemporary with Plato, C'lc.
Fin. 2, 14. et 5, 29. Tu/c. 5, 2 2. who
perifhedby'diipwreck, Hor.Od. i, 28. i.
Arescusa, the name of a woman,
faid to have been converted into a man,
and then called Arescon, Plin. 7, 4.
Arethusa, a nymph turned in-
to a fountain; feeALPHEUs. Hence
Arelhujaei lat'ices, the waters of Arethu-
fa, Claudtan. de Rapt. Projerp. 2, 60.
and Syracufe, where this fountain aqs,
is called Arethusides Syracufae, Ovid.
Fail. 4, 873. the inhabitants, Arethu-
Jia proles^ Sil. 14, 357.
ARGAi^THONlUS, a king of
the Tarteffii, a people in the fouth of
Spain, who reigned at Cadiz 80 years,
and lived 120, C'tc. Sen. 19. Anacre-
on fays, 150; Plin. 7,48. Sihus Ita-
licus fays, 3C0 ; 3, 396. hence Argan-
ihoniaci nepotes, his delcendants, ib.
ARGO, -liSy and Argo in the other
cafes,/, the name of the fliip in which
Jafon and his companions failed in quell
of the golden fleece, Cic. Tufc. 1, 20.
whence they were called,
ARGONAUTAE, y/or. Epod. 3,
9. Argonautica, -Gruniy fc. Jcripta^
writings concerning the Argonauts ;
as thoie of Valerius Flaccus, &c.
This fhip is fuppofed to have been fo
named either from Argus, the maker,
or from its velocity, {^ab ^p>^>', velox ;)
or from the mariners being Greeks, ( /Jr-
gi'vi,) Cic.Tufc. I, 20. It is called Faii-
^/"^^jbecaufe it is fiippofedto have utter-
ed oracles, Val. luac. 1,2.; Claud. Bell.
Gel. 16. It was fxually converted in-
to a conflellation, Cic. Qtc.x. 126, oic.
Man'd. I, 419. ; Hygin. Fab. 14. et
Poet. /{/Iron. 2, 37. ; Col. 1 1, 2, 24. it
66. — Martial plays on the word Argo-
nauts : Non nautas puto res, fed Argo-
nautaSf i. e. p'lgros nautas , (ab '^f/')?,
fser\) 3, 67.
ARGUS, a (liepherd, the fon of
Arii'tor, i^ArijlorldeSf -as,) to whom
o ] A R I
Juno committed the charge of 10,
when metamorphofed into a cow. Ar-
gus had an hundred eyes, two of which
took rcfl in their turn, while the others
kept watch, that lo might not be ilolen.
But Mercury, at the command of Ju-
piter, having lulled Argus afleep, flew
him : and Jupiter, having at lail miti-
gated Juno, reftored lo to her former
fhape, Ovid. Met. i, 625, — 747.
AF.GYNNUS, a youth beloved
by Agamemnon, who loll his lile as
he was fv.imming in the river Cephi-
fiis, 4thenae* 13, 8. ; Propert. 3, 7, 22.
From, him Venus was called Argyn-
Nis, -"idis.
ARIADNE, -es^ the daughter of
Minos, king of Crete, who falling in
love with Thefeus, when about to en-
ter the labyrinth, gave him a clue,
which directed him ; fo that having
flain the Minotaur, he made his efcapc,
and, according to promife, carried off
with him Ariadne ; but baiely deferted
her in the ifland Naxos. There fhe
was found by Bacchus, who married
her. He gave her a beautiful crown,
which, after her death, was converted
into a conilellation, called ARIAD-
NAEUM SIDUS, Oi>ul Fajl.s, 345.
et 3, 462. &c. ; Propert. 3, 15, 7. ;
Iiygin.Ajr.P.2,S'
Ariarathls, -/J-, king of Cappado-
cia, the ally of Antiochus againil the
Romans, Liv. 37, 31. ^/ 3S, 26. on
which account he was obliged to pay
200 talents of filver, ib. 37. He was
afterwards admitted into friendfliip by
the Romians, ib. 39. and ftnt his fon
to be educated at Rome, id. 42, 19.
Ariuaeus, a natural fon of Philip
king of Macedonia, jufiin. 9, 8. ap-
pointed by the army to fucceed Alex-
ander the Great, Id. 13, 2. & 3.
though not nominated by him at his
death. Id, 12, 15. flain by the order of
Olympias, Id. 14, 5.
Ariobarzanes, -is, a king of Cap-
padocia in alliance with the Roman
people, expelled by Mithridates Cic,
ManU. 2.
Arion, 'onisy accus. AuTCna; a fa-
mous
A R I [3
mous muCcian and poet of Methymnae,
(Met/jymnaem) in the ifland Lefbos,
F/in. 9, 8. (See G. 343.) hence yl-
rioma lyra, Propert. 2, 26, 18. A'rioni-
vm nomerif the fame of Arion, Ov'ul,
Fajl, 2, 93. — ^2. Alfo the name of the
horfe of Adrafhis, [eqiius Jidrajleus^^
Stat. Theb. 4, 43.
ARISTAENUS, a praetor of the
Achaeans, L'ii\ 32, 19, .See.
ARISTAEUS, the fon of Apollo
by Cy.hie^ the daughter of Peneiis,
kingr of Arcadia, or according to the
poets, of the river Peneus in ThefTaly,
V'trg. G. 4, ^11. etib. Serv. According
tojurtin, Ariilaeus was a king of Arca-
dia, who firft taught mankind the ufe
of bees and honey, the art of curd-
Hng milk, &c. yuftin. 13, 7. whence he
is called Arcad'ms mogijhr^ Virg. G. 4,
283. On accoiTrt of his inventions he
was worfliipped as a god; whence Vir-
gil invokes him, under the title of C?;/-
tor nemorumy inhabitant of the groves,
V'lrg. G. 1, f4. and reprefents him as
inhabiting Cea, lb, to which he retired
after the unfortunate death of his fon
Aftaeon, Ser'v. in Virg. ibid. Ariilaeus
is faid by Cicero to have been the in-
ventor of the olive, C/V. N. D. 3, 18.
or of oil, Id. Verr. jSfi 57 f. in which
lail paflage he is faid to have been the
fon of Bacchus, (ut Graeci ferunty Li-
bcriJiHusi) but thefe words arc thought
to have been interpolated by fome
tranfcriber, vid. Ermjii oillocuni : for in
the former pafTage Cicero makes him
the fon of Apoilc. Aristaeus,
having fallen in love with Eurydu?, the
wife of Orpheus, attem.pted to offer
violence to her. She in her flight was
bitten by a fnake ; which proved the
caufe of her death, Virg. G. 4, 457. ;
Ovid. Met. 10, 9. On this account
the nymphs, her companions, being en-
raged, dellroyed the bees of Ariilaeus,
Virg. ib. 534. Hereupon he invoked
the affiftance of his mother Gyrene,
who is reprefented as rehding at the
head of the river Peneus in Thelfaly,
( TriJIis ad extrsml facrum caput adjiitit
fimnisyVirg. G. 3 1 9. i. e. the fountain or
ieiircc, according to Sevviusj but accord-
t 1
A R I
ing to others, the mouth, which appears,
as they think, from what is faid ib,
359, and 362. and caput is put for the
mouth of a river, Lucan. 2, 52. ; Val-
Flacc. ^y 351. So Rhenus muhis capiti-
bus in Qceanwn injluity Caef. B. G. ^,
lO- But the reiidence of the nymphs
was commonly at the fprings or fources
of rivers; and caput in this very ftory
is put for the fountain of a river, 1;. 368.
Befidcs the ufual abode of Ariilaeus
was Tempe, at the mouth of the Pe-
neus, which he is faid to have left, ib,
317.)
Cyrene conduced her fon to the fea-
god Proteus, ib. 401. — 424. by whom
he was informed, that the caufe of his
difafter was the injury offered by him
to Eurydice, ib. 453. whofe ftory Pro-
teus recounts from i). 457. to 11. 527.
According to the direftions of Cyrene,
Ariilaeus facriiiced four bulls and as
many heifers to appeafe the nymphs ;
and having left their carcafes in a (hady
grove, on the ninth day after, he re-
turned and performed facrilices [infe-
rias wittebat) to the manes of Orpheus
and Eurydice ; whereupon he was a-
llonifhed to fee fvvarms of bees ifluing
from the putrid bowels of the vidlims,
ib. 536. — 559. a manner of repairing
the lofs of bees faid to have been prac-
tiied by the Eo;yptians, //'. 287.-^315,
Other authors alfo fpeak of bees be-
ing thu^ produced : thus Apes nafcun-
iur partim ex apibus , parlim ex bubulo cor-
pore putrefaSot Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 4,
So ibid. 2, ^, ^. Ovid. Fa ft. i, 374. —
380. Progenerari pojfe apes juvenco per-
empto Democritus et Mago, nsc minus
Virgiliusy prodiderunt ^ Columell. 9, 14,
6. And we read of Samfon's finding
a fwarm of bees and honey la the car-
cafe of a lion, judges, 14, 8. But fuch
fpontaneous generation is now juilly
exploded ; according to the aphorifm,
Omne animal ex ovo.
ARISTARCHUS, a noted gram-
marian of Alexandria, defcended from
Samothracia, who difcovered great a-
. ..... , ^
cutencfs m cnticiling the verfes of Ho-
mer J hence his name came to be put
as
A R I [3
a» a common noun for a critic ; thus,
Meanim orailonum tu Aiijlarchis fx, i. e.
the judge or critic, C'lc. At. i, 14.
So Ck. Fam, 9, 10. f/ 3, 1 1 ; Horat.
Art. P. 4j^o. ; Ovid. Pont. 3, 9, 23.
Aristides, -isy an illuftrious Athe-
nian, on account of his integrity firna-
med the Just. See his life in Corne-
lius Nepos^ and Plutarch.
ARISTIO, V. -cff, -onis^ an Athe-
nian fophift, who, uniting himfelf with
Archelaus, the general of Mithridates,
iifurped the government of his coun-
try ; hut being reduced by Sulla, was
forced to drink poifon, Liv. Ep. 81.
&82.
ARTSTIPPUS, a native of Cyrene
m Africa, the fcholar of Socrates, \vho,
by his doftrine and pradlicc, recom-
mended pleafure as the chief good of
man, Cic. Fin. 2, 6. ; the founder of
what was called the Cyrenaic fcCl of
philofophers, Cic. Or. 3, 17. From his
complaifance to the great, he was call-
ed by Diogenes, Regius Cams. The
mutual feoffs of thefe two philofophers
are finely defcribed by Horace, £/>. i,
17, 14. ; Sat. 2, 3, 100. See Vitrui}.
6 prooem. ; hence ARisTiPPfcUs, adj.
Cic. Fin. 2, 6.
ARISTO, -onis., a native of Chios,
{Chius), a Stoic philofopher, Cic. Acad.
4, 42. ; Fin, 2, II. & 13.
Aristo, -0,'iis, a tragedian, (aHor
tragicus)i Liv. 24, 24.
Aristo, v. -o«, a native of Tyre,
whom Annibal fent from Epheliis to
excite che Carthaginians to join Antio-
chus in war againil the Romans, but
in vain, Liv. 34, 61.
Aristobulus, king of the Jews,
made captive and ltd in triumph by
Pompey, Flor. 3,5.^?;^ ; Eutrop. 6, 16.;
Plutarch, in Pomp.
Aristobulus, king of Armenia
Minor, Tac. Ann. 13, 7
Aristogiton, an Athenian, who,
in conjun8;ion with his friend Harmo-
dius, freed his country from tlie ty-
ranny of the fons of Pililbatus, Cic,
Tujc. I, 49.
Aristomache, -esy the wife of
Dionyfius the tyrant, Cic. Tufc. 5, 20.
J ] A R R
Aristomachus, the chief of th<
popular party, f princeps pkbis ) , at Cro-
to, by whofc means that city was given
up to Hannibal, Liv. 24, 2. & 3.
Aristom ENEs, -/j, a famous gene-
ral of the Meffenians, {See G. p. 463. )
AristonIcus, the fuppofed fon of
Eumenes king of Pergamus. After
the death of Attains, who left the Ro-
man people his heir, he invaded that
kingdom ; but having fallen into the
pov»-cr of Perperna the Roman general,
he was ftrangled in prifon, Liv. Ep.
69. ; Cic. Phil. 11, 8. ; RuU. 2, 33.
Aristophanes, -w, a celebrated
comic poet of Athens, Hor. Sat. I, 4,
1. whence Aristophaneus, adj. Cic.
Orat. 56. ; ^ i^r. 3, i, 6.
ARiSTOR, -om, the father of
Argus, who is hence called AriflorXdes^
-ae^ Ovid. Met. i, 624.
ARES, the Greek name of Mars;
whence Arius, vel Areus. adj. thus,
Ariumy vel Areum judicium, the court of
judges, called Areopagus, Tac. An. 2?
55-
ARISTOTeLES, -is, a native of
Staglra, [Stagirltes^ -«^}, the fcholar of
Plato, and praeceptor of Alexander
the Great, the iounder of what was
called the Peripatetic fed of philo-
fophers. famous for h;s numerous wri-
tings, which for many ages were held
in the highell rcfpeCl ; greatly admired
by Cicero for his eloquence, Cic. deOr»
2, 36.; Brut. 31.; Orat i.; Acad. 4,
38. ]rie-i\cc Arijlolelius moSf when one
writes any thing in the form of a dia-
logue, Cic. Fam. I, 9. Arijlofelia, v,
'ic a pigment a, the ornaments of difcourfe
]-ecommcnded by Ariftotie, Cic, Att. 2,
\. \ de Or. 2, 39.
Aristoteles, the praefc£t of An-
tiochus at Chalcis, Liv. 36, 21.
ARMINIUS, a general of the Ger-
Hians againil the Romans, 'Tacit. Ann,
I. & 2I
ARRIA, the wife of Caecinna Pac-
tus, who was condemned to death by
the emperor Claudius, for having been
concerned in the revolt of Scribonia-
Suct. CI. 13. \rria having in
ain foiidtcd for his pardon, perfuaded
hin^i
nus
V
A R R [
bim to deftroy himfelf rather than fuf-
fer the ignominy of perifhing by the
executioner's hands ; and perceiving
that he was not much inclined to the
adl, in order to encourage him, fhe
plunged the dagger in her own breaft ;
then drawing it out, fhe prefented it
to her hufband, with thefe memorable
words, Paete, non dolet, Paetus,
it is not painful, Plin. Ep. 3, 16. which
Martial thus paraphrafes, St qua Jldes,
vulnusy quod feci non dolet, inquii ; Sed
quod tu fades, hoc mlhi. Pads, dolet, i ,
14.. Pliny relates feveral other inftan-
ces of her heroifm, lb.
ARRIA, her daughter, the wife
of Thrafea, wifhed to imitate the ex-
ample of her mother, when that vir-
tuous man was condemned by Nero,
but was diverted from it by her huf-
band, Tac. /^nn. 16, 34.
C. Arrius, the friend and neigh-
bour of Cicero, Cic, jfitt. 2, 14, 15.
&c.
Arsaces, -is, the founder of the
Parthian monarchy ,j7//??n. 4 1,5, whence
his fucceffors were called Arsacidae,
•arum^ Serv. ad Aen. 6, 760. ; Lucan.
1, 108. Arfacis de gente, Tacit. Ann.
12, 14. Regnum Arfacis, for Arfacida-
rum, the kingdom of Parthia, Tac. G.
37. Arsacia aula, the Parthian court,
Martial. 9, 36, 3.
ARSINOE, -es, the fiRer and wife
of Ptolemy king of Egypt, worfliipped
as a divinity after her death. Di no-
chares, an architect, had begun to
build for her a ctiaptl, arched with load-
ftone, in fuch a manner, that an iron
image of her might feem to hang in
the air. But this attempt was Itopt
by the dearh of both the architedil and
©f the king, Plin. 34, 14 f. 42. — Alfo
the name ot feveral other queens.
Artabanus, the fon oi Hyftafpes,
and brother of Darius king of Perfia,
who diJIuaded him from making war
on the Scythians, Herodot. 4, 83. as
he alfo diffuaded Xerxes from making
war on the Greeks, Id. 7, 10, 11, 46.
&c.
Artabanus, the fon of A.r tasy ras,
the chief favourite of Xerxes, whom
33 ] A R U
he afTaflinated, in hopes of fucceedi'ng
to the crown ; but was hirafclf put to
death by Artaxerxes, the fon and fuc-
cefTor of Xerxes, Ctef. Excerp. Hiji,.
Pcrf 29. ; Diodor. lly'jg.i Jujlin. 3,
I.
Artabanus, a king of Parthia,
Tacit. Ann. 2, 3. &c. expelled by his
fubjedls for his cruelty, ib. 6, 31. 5c
36. and recalled, ib. 43.
Artaxer^ies, -is, the name of fe-
veral kings of Perfia, Cic. Att. 10, 8. ;
G. 614. & 616.
Artemidorus, of Gnidus, ((?«/-
diiis), a profeffor of the Greek lan-
guage at Rome, who prefented to Cae-
far, as he went to the fenatc-houfe, a
paper containing an account of the
confpiracy formed againll him ; but
Caefar did not read it, Plutarch, in
Caefarls vita. — <|[ 2. A famous pugiliil.
Pan fan. Eliac. 2. ; Martial 6, 77, 3.
Artemis, -idis, f. a name of Di-
ana, Plin. 25, 7 f. 36. ; Macrob. 7, c*
ult.
ARTEMISIA, the wife of Mau-
solus king of Caria, who, after his
death, drank the allies of his burnt
body in her drink, and eredled a fplen-
did monument to liis memory, one of
the feven wonders of the world, Cic.
Tufc. 3, 31. w^hence any fplendid mo-
nument was called Mauf oleum. -»
There was another Artemifia, queea
of Caria or HalicarnafTus, who afliited
Xerxes in his war againft Greece, and
fought with fo great valour, that Xer-
xes faid, " His men fought like wo-
men, and his women like men," Hc'
rodot. 7, 99. et 8, 68. ; Jufan. 2, 12.
A RUNS, -7ttis, a Trojan chief, who
flew Camilla, and was himfelf flain by
the nymph Opis, the attendant of Di-
ana, Firg. Acn, 11,759,-868.
Aruns, thel' brother of Luciimo,
and father ot Egerius, Ltv. i, 34.
Aruns, the fon of Porsena, Liv,
2, 14.
ARUNS, a native of CluHum, who,
from refentment on account of his
wife's having been fcduced by Lucii-
mo, a powerful young man, whole:
guafdian he had been, is faid to liave
E carried
A R U C 34 1
carried wine into Gaul, in order to ufed
enrice that nation to invade Italy. He
is fald alfo to have conduded them
over the Alps, and to have advifed
them to attack Clulium, Liv. 5, 33.
F'id. He LI CO.
Aruns Tarquinius, the fon of
Tarqulnius Superbus, who attacked Bru-
tus with fuch fury in battle, that they
both fell by mutual wounds, Liv. 2,
6.
AscALAPHUs, the fon of Acheron
and the infernal nymph Orphne, who
having difcovered that Proferpine had
eaten fruit in the infernal regions, pre-
vented her return to earth ; on which
account Proferpine metamorphofed him
into an owl, Ovid. Met. 5, 539.
AscANius, called alfo Julus or Ilitsy
the fon of Aeneas and Creiifa, the
daughter of Priam, the companion of
his father's flight and dangers, Virg.
Aen. I, 646. and his fucceffor in ttie
government of Lavinium, L'ro. I, 3.
AscLEpiADEs, -/V, a celebrated pliy-
ficiaa, born at Prufa in Bithynia, who
lived to a gieat old age without a com-
plaint, and was at lalt killed by a fall
from a ftair, (fcalarum lapfujy Plin. 7,
37. He flourilhed in the time of
Pompey ; recommended chiefly ab-
ftinence and exercife : allowed the nfe
of wine in certain difeafes, &c. Plin.
26, 3 f. 7. He was originally a teach-
er of rhetoric, (orandimagijler)^ which
profcflion he changed for that of medi-
cine, as being more lucrative, lb. A-
puleius reckoned him the greated phy-
fician next to Hippocrates, Florid, c.
19. He wrote feveral books, fome of
which are mentioned by Celfus, 1,3.
et 2, 14. et ^. praef. Cicero fpeaks of
him as the friend of Ci alius the orator,
Cic. Or. I, 14.
AscLEPiADEs, a philofopher of E-
retria, (Eretrtcus), who having be-
come blind, bore it with great equa-
nimity, Cic. Tuic. 5, 39.
AsCLEPiADEs, a tragic poet, the
fcholar of Ifocrates, Plutarch, in vit.
Ifocrat. ; Plin, in clench. Audior. I. 7.
from whom, or from tome other poet
of the fame name, that kind of verfe
A S I
by Horace in his firft ode hag
been called Carmen Ajchpiadacum^ Af-
clepiadean verfe, Dlomed. 3, p. 408.
AscLEPioDORUS, a painter, admi-
red by Apelles for the fymmetry of his
pidures, Plin. 35, 10 f. 36. — «[ 2. A
fculptor, Li 34, 8f. 19.
AsCLETARiON, -dnis, an aftrologer,
put to death by Domitian, Suet. Dum.
ASCONIUS Pedianus, a gramma-
rian, born at Padua, fuppofed to have
been contemporary with Livy. 8jme
of his valuable commentaries on Cice-
ro are ftill extant. Fid. i^uniJil. 1,7,
24. et 5, 10, 9.
ASDRUBAL, vel Hafdruhal, -alts,
the name of feveral Carthaginian gene-
rals, particularly of a brother of Han-
nibal's, who was defeated and flain by
the coafuls Livy and Nero, near chc
river Mctaurus, Liv. 27, 48. & 49. ;
Hor. Od. 4, 4, 34.
A SIN A, a Roman firname, faid to
have been derived from a chief man
of the gens Cornelia^ who being once
required to give fureties, brought into
the forum an afs loaded with money
inflead of fureties, Macrob. Sat. i, 6.
propejin. Hence Hoi ace plays on this
firname, Ep. i, 13, 8. It feems that
the firname of the father of Vinnius, f.
Vinius, to whom this e-piftle is infcri-
bed, was As in a, Scoliajl. ad loc——*
From As IN A, or -«j, were derived al-
io, as it is thought, the firnames AfeU
la, or -US) and AfelUoy or -ius : thus,
Finnius Asella, the friend of Ho-
race, Ep. I, 13.
Claudius AsELLUS, a famous horfe-
man, to whofe firname his antagonift
Taurea is thought to allude in that
faying, Minime Jis cantheriura in fojfa^
Be nut an afs in a ditch, Liv. 23, 47.
{^Vid. Rom. Antiq. /. 549.)
AsELLio, or
a Latin hiftorian,
Cic, Leg. I, 2. called Sempronius A-
fellio, Gell. 4, 9.
ASINIUS, the gentile name of fe-
veral illuftrions Romans.
ASINIUS POLLIO, the friend
of Antony, Cic. Fani, 10, 31, 32. &
33. and afterwards in great favour with
Augullus ;
A s r C
Auguftus ; an eminent orator, ^I'lndtil.
pajfim, poet and hiftorian, Hor. Oct, 2,
1,9.; F'lrg. Ed. 3, 84. & d>6. 4, 10.
AsiNius Gallus, the fon of the
former. Tacit. Ann, ly 12^ el 6, 2^.
Both of them detracted from the
merits of Cicero, ^AiicfiL 12, i, 22.
The fon wrote a book, in which he
compared the works of his father with
thofe of Cicero, and endeavoured to
fSiew the fuperiority of the former,
Plln. Ep. 7, 4. The emperor Clau-
dius wrote a learned anfwer to this
book in defence of Cicero, Suet, CI.
41. ; Gell. 17, I.
Asopus, the god of the river Aso-
pus, which runs paft Thebes, the fa-
ther of Aegina, Stat. Theb. 7, 315.
who is hence called Aesop is, -uUsy
Ovid. Met. 6, 113. and grandfather of
Aeacus, the fon of Aegina ; who is
therefore called Afopiadesj -ae, ib. 7,
484.
ASPASIA, born at Miletus, a
woman of uncommon accomplifhments,
who taught eloquence at Athens. So-
crates ftudied under her, and Pericles
was fo captivated with her, that he
married her, Plutarch, in Pericle.
AsPAsiA, the wife of Xenophon,
Cic. Inv. I, 31. ; ^indiL 5, II, 28.
L. AsPRENAS, -fitis^ a proconful of
Africa, Tac. Ann. i, 53. Conjularis
jdfprenatum domus, the family of the
Afprenates^ fome one or more of which
had enjoyed the confulfhip, Plin. 30,
7 f. 20.
C. Nonius AspRENAS, a young
nobleman, lamed in the diverrton cal-
led Lufus Trojae, Suet. Aug. 43.
AssABiNus, a god of the Aethio-
pians, Plln. 12, ipf. 42.
AssARACUs, the fon of Tros., the
father of Capys, and grandfather of
Aeneas ; hence Domus AJfaracU the
Roman nation, Virg. jicn. 284. jif-
Jaraci Proles, the Julian family, Id. G.
3, 35. So Gens AJfarad, Id. Aen. 9,
643. Romulus Ajjarac'i quem Janguhiis
Ilia mater Educet, Virg. Aen. 6, 778.
Ajfaraci Lar^ for Lares, the houfehold
gods of Affaracus, carried into Italy
by Aeneas, ih. 9, 259. Et Csnus AJ-
3.-3 AST
farac't Mnejlheus^ a defcendant of, ib»
12, 127.
AsTARTE, -eSf a goddefs of the
Syrians, faid to be the fame with Ve-
nus, Ctc. N. D. 3, 23.
Aster I A, vel f , -es, the daughter
of Titan, Hygln. ^i. the fider of La-
tona, and mother of the Tyrian Her-
cules by Jupiter, Ck. Nat. D. 3, 16.
& 18. ; Ovid. Met. 6, 108. ; Serv. ad
^><?- 3' 73-
ASTRAEA, the daughter of A-
ftraeus the giant, and of Aurora ; or,
as others fay, of Jupiter and Themis ;
put for Juftice or the goddefs of juf-
tice, who, with feveral other deities,
lived on earth m ihe golden age. But
offended at the vices of men, they all
left the earth ; and Aftraea, the laft
of them, Ovid. Met. i, 150. She was
trandated into the fign, between Libra
and the Lion, under the name of Vir-
go or Erigoney Manil. 4, ^:^2. ', Senec.
0*fi:av!a, 422.
ASTRAEUS, one of the Titans,
who is faid to have begotten, on Au-
rora, the winds, Hefiod. Theog, 378.
whence they are called AsTRAti Fra-
TRES, the Allrean brothers, Ovid,
Met. 14, 545.^'
AsTUR, -uris, aTufcan, who joined
Aeneas in the war againft Turnus,
Virg. Am. 10, 180.
AsTYAGEs, -/J-, a king of Perfia,
the grandfather of Cyrus, Juftin. i, 4.
— Alfo a perfon whom Perieus is faid
to have turned into a ftonc with the
Gorgon's head, Ovid. Met. 5, 205.
ASTylNAX, -aclisy (q. Urbts prin-
cepi ) the Ton of He6tor and Andro-
mache; who, after the taking of Troy
by the Greeks, being concealed by his
mother, was difcovercd by Ulyffes,
and thrown headlong from a lofty
tower, Ovid. Met. 13, 415. accuf. Af-
tyanactdy Virg. Aen. 2, 457.; Add. 3,
489.
AsTYDAMiA, the daughter of Or-
menus, [Onnenis -idisy) whom Hercules
carried off after flaying her father, Ovid.
Ep. 9, 50.
Asrytus, one of the centaprs, an
augur, who diffuaded his brethren from
£ 2 lighting
AST [36
fighting with the LafithaCy Ovid. Met.
12, 307
ASyLAS, a Tufcan augur, who
joined Aeneas againft Turnus, Virg,
Jen. 10, 175.
ATAL\NTA, the daughter of
Jafius, Cjafis, id'is,) an Arcadian vir-
gin, devoted to hunting ; who was the
firll that wounded the wild boar of
Calydon ; and on that account was
belo.ed by Melea'^er, who flew the
boar, Ot)id. Met. 8, 317. From her
liative city Tegea, fhe is called Tegeaea,
fb. et. 380, from the fountain Nona-
cris, NonacrMj fc. virgo, ih. 426, and
from mount Maenalus, Maenaha^ Id.
Ep 4, 99, Manilius, fpeaking of
Meleager, has Atalante't labores, 5,
179. and Statius, jfamque Atalantae-_
m implerat nuntlus awes, had reached
the ears of Pavthenopoeus, the ftm of
Atalanta by Meleager, Theb. 4, 309,
AT A L AN r A, a daughter of
Schoeneus, king of the ifland Scyros ;
hence called Schoene'iay Ovid. Mtt. 10,
609. She agreed with her lovers to
contend with them in running, on this
condition, that fhe fhould marry the
man that vanquiHied her ; but fuch as
were vanquiflied, fhe fhould flay. Se-
veral fuffeVed this fate. At lafl Hfp-
pomenes conquered her, by throwing
down, in different parts of the courfe,
golden apples which he had received
from Venus ; and while fhe flopt to
gather them, he got before her, Ovid.
Met. 10,565, &c. ; Hyg'tn. 185. Pro-
pertius confounds her with the other
Atalanta, calling her JqfiSi and her
lover MiLANiON inflead of Hippomenest
3, I, 9-
C. ATEJUS Caplto, a tribune of
the commons, who tried to prevent
CrafTus from ii^oing on his expedition
againil the Parthians, by telling bad
omens, and even attempted to carry
him to prifon, Dlo, 59, 39. on which
account the cenfor Appius degraded
Atejus from the rank of a fenator, al-
leging as a caufc, that he had faililied
the omens, Cic. Div. i, 16.
£i.T ^AVi AS, -anthy the fon of Aeolus
1 A T H
and king of Boeotia or Thebes. He
firft married Nephelf., by v^'hom he
had Phrjxus and Helle. Having di-
vorced Nephele^ he next married Ino
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he
had two G)ns, Learchub and Melicerta
or Melicertes. Phrixus and Helle, to
avoid the machinations of their ftep-
mother, fled on a ram with a golden
fleece, which their mother Nephele ha-
ving got from M:;rcury gave them.
Soon after Athamas, through the wrath
of Juno, being "feized with madnefs,
killed his fon Learchus ; and Ino, to
fave herfelf, fled with her fon Mellcer-
tes, Apollodor. 1,9, i- & 2.; Hygin. i.
& 2. whence Ino is called Athaman^
Tis, -/<^«, Propert. i, 20, 19. Atha-^
mantid^s undaey the fea adjoining to
ThefTaly, into wfiich [no threw herfelf
with her fon in her arms, ib- — Arha-
mantidos Helles pecus^ the ram on which
Helle and her brother Phryxus croflTed
the Hellefpont, after\\'^ards converted
into a conffcellation, Ovid. Fajl. 4, 903.
So Athamani'idos aequora, Ovid, Ep. 1 8.
137. — Athatnant'iades, -ae, a fon of
Athamas, Ovid. Met. 13, 919. — ^tha-
tnanteus Jlnus, the bofom of Atham.is,
Ovid. Met. 4, 497. Men vel Meum
Aithamariticum, i. e. ab .nthamante inven-
tum, Phn. 20, 23 f. 94.
Athenaeus, a Greek grammarian,
born at Naucratis in Egvpt [Naucrati-
ta;) who flouriPaed under M. /Vnto-
nius and Coramodus. He publifhed
feveral works, of which that only re-
mains called De'ipnofophijiae^ or the So-
phifls at Supper ; containing many cu-
rious anecdotes of the ancients ; but ia
an imperfeft ilate.
Athenio, -oniSy a general of the
fugitive flaves in Sicily, Cic. Verr. 2,
54. ; Har. Refp. 12. whence Clodlus is
called b) that name, as being the leader
of flaves and low people at Rome, Cic,
/itt. 2, 12.
Athenodorus, of Tarfus, (Tar-
feTifis)y a phdofopher, the praeceptor of
Augudus, Dioy 52, 36. et ^6, 43. ; Ae^
lian, 12, 2S' ; Zofim. i, 6. j Cic. Fam»
h 7'
A T [^
t 37 ]
A T L
3,7. — Different peifons of this name mountain of that name, by Perfcu«
are mentioned, Cic. Atl. 16, 11. et 14.;
Sv€t. Claud. 4.
Athf.rius vel Aterius, a certain
lawyer in the time of Cicero ; whence
Tu ijlhlc te Athcr'tano jure ddcEtato^ ego
me hie Hiriiauc, Wiiile you at Naples
fip the meagre broth of Aterius, 1 at
Rcn)e regale n.yfclf with the favory
fot p of Hirtius, Cic. Fam. 9, 18.
ATI A, V. ylulu, the daughter of M.
Atius Balbus, by Julia, the filler of C.
Julivis Caefar, the wife of C. O^lavius,
and mother of Augullus, Suet, Aug. 4.;
Paterc. 2, 59. ; Dio^ 45, 1. Virgil, in
compliment to rVuguilus, derives the
origin of the Atian family from Atys,
the friend of lulus ; thus tracing the
defcent of that emperor, both by the
father's and miOther's fulc, from the
mod remote antiquity, {Parvus jJtys,
genus imde Jttii duxere Lattni^J Aen. 5,
568. And becaufe the father of Atia
was fprung from Aricia, [Ariclnusy) a
town near Alba, he is alfo fuppofed
to allude to that circumftance, {Vir-
biusy injignem quern tnater Aricia iniftty)
ib. 7, 763. et il/i, Serv. But others
-here fuppofe that a nymph called
Aricia is meant.
ATlLlA gefis, a plebeian noble fa-
mily at Rome, of which were M. .\ti-
lius Rirgulus, Liv. Ep. 15, &c. M. Ati-
lius Calatinus, ih. !"],$<. 19.; Cic. Fin.
2, 35.; whence Praedia Atilianaf Cic.
v^'//. 5, I.
ATILLA, (al. Jtilia v. Jcilia,)
the mother of the poet Lucan ; named
by her Ion among the conlpirators
againft Nero, Tuc. Ann. 15, 56. but
not punifned. She was iuffered to
live in lileut obfcurity, {d'ljfimulata., ib.
71 f.
ATINIA /<f,"c, a law propofed by
one Atiniii?, a tribune, that Helen
goods, how long foever poflciTed,
might be reclaimtrd, {de rebus furto
furreptis, non ufu capiendis,) Cic. Vcrr.
1,42^; Gell. 17, 7.
ATLAS, antis^ the fon of Japetus
or Japetioi), [yapelionuiesy -ae,) king
of Mauritania, aiid fuppofed by the
poets to have been changed into a
prefenting to his fight the head of the
Gorgon Meciijfa, Ovid. Met. 4, 627,
S:c. ; Lucan. 9, 6^y. which Perfeus
did becaufe xAtlas refufed him an hof-
pitable reception at his houfe, Ovid. Ih,
When conlidered as a perlon. Atlas is
reprefented as fupporting heaven on his
(houldcrs, Hygin. 150. according to
Vitruvius, becaufe he iirft obferved the
courfe of the fun and moon, 6, 10.
according to Cicero, from his fi<ill in
adionomy (cackjlium divina cognitio^)
Cic. Tufc. 5, 3. whence he is called
Caelifer Atlasy Virg. Aen. 6, 797.
When confidered as a m.ountain. Atlas
is faid to fupport heaven on his top,
(caelum qui verti.e fuhit,) Virgil, Aen.
4, 246. For Atlas, though converted
into a mountain, is defcribed by Virgli
as fciil retaining a human form, ib.
Atlas is faid to have exceeded ail mor-
tals in lize, Ovid. Met. 4, 631. hence
he is called Maximus Atlas, Virg. Aen,
I, 741. Atlas has in the vocative, At'
la, Ovid. Met 4, 643. To him the
gat den of the Hefpcrides belonged,
w hich contained the golden apples ;
and he is faid to have been prevented
from admitting Perfeus into his houfc
by a predidlion he had received from
an oracle, that a fon of Jupiter, which
Perftus pretended to be, Ihould carry-
off the golden apples from the tree,
Ovid. ib. — Atlas was the grandfather
of Mercury by his daughter Maia ;
hence Mercury is called Atlantia-
DEs, -ae, Ovid. Met. 8, 627. — Atlas
had ftvcn daughters by the nymph
Plddni'j who are faid to have been con-
verted into the conllellation called the
SEVEN STARS (Pltladcs;) named from
their father Atlantides, -urn, Virg,
G. I, 221. ; Vitruv. 6, 10. and Sor/j-
res Atlantiades, -urn, Sil. 16, 137.
— Homer makes Calypfo alfo a daughter
of .\tias, Od^fs. 7, 245. ; fo Bygin. i\
125. whence Tibyllus calls her liland,
Faecunda /^Itlantidos arva Cdlypfus^ 4,
1,77. Hyginus fays, that Atlas had
twelve daughters ; feven of whom were
changed into the Pleiades; and five into
the Byades, fab. 192. — Adj. Atlantia
regnay
A T R C
regna-, tTie kingdom or realms of Atlas,
S'tl. 15, 37. Atlanthis jinh^ {ox jirn-y
the country round Atlas, put for the
moft remote parts of the earth, Horat.
Od. I, 34, 1 I. Antlanticum aequor, the
Atlantic Ocean, lb. r, 31, 14. Mare
vel oeeanusy Cic. Somn. Scip. 6. • >-
lantiacujn profundum^ Aufon. Mofell.
144. Atlantaeum prope I'ltius ^ Lucr. 5,
36. — There were feveral pcrfons of the
name of Atlas.
Atrax, -achy a TheiTalian ; whence
Cencus, one of his defcendants, is fup-
pofed to be called Atracides, -ae^
Ovid. Met. 12, 209. and Hippodame,
Atracis, -/^/j. Id. %mor. 1,4, 8.
ATREUS, (of twofyllables,) -e'l,
vel -eosy the fon of Pelops and Hippo-
damia king of Mycenae; the father of
Agamemnon and Menelaus ; who are
hence called Atridae, -annn^ Virg.
A en. t, 462. et 2, 415. Atrides minor
et major, Ovid. Met. 12, 623. But
when Atrides is put by itfelf, it de-
notes Agamemnon, Hor, Od. 2, 4, 7. ;
Ovid. Met. 13, 655. ; Ep. i, 2, 12.
(See Geog. p. 402.)— Atreus has in
the accuf. Atrea^ Senec. Thy eft. 486.
Voc. Atreuy (in two fyllables,) lb.
513. — Adj. Atreus, i. e. Arglvus,
Stat. Theh. 8. 743.
Atropos, -z, f. oneof the three Fates,
Ts-hole office it was to cut the thread
of life, (ex « priv. et rpi-ruj verto, i. e.
inc\ordhdii)y Jgnara moveri Atropos,
Stat.Thcb. 3, 67. Ad/a r.tropos, prof-
perous fate, Id. Sih. 4, 8, 18. as Atra
denotes fad, difmal, Hor. Od. 2, 3, 16.
Atta, (Titus ^i'mciius)^ a Roman
dramatic poet, Horat. Ep. 2, 1, 79.
{^Sic diaus, quod propter vitium crwum
aut pcdiiviy plardii infijhns, potius altin-
gere terram quam amhulare videbatur),
Schohaft. ex Fcfto.
Attalus, the name of feveral
kings of Pergamus, the laft of whom,
having no children, left the Roman
people his heir, F/or. 3, 12. Hence
Attaltcae cGnditicr.^s, the promlfe of the
greateft riches, or the wealth of Atta-
lus, Horat. Od. I, i, 12. Attalli-
CA, 'Oruniy (\c. aulaca, \'q\ peripetafmata
auro ititexta), a kiad of embroidered
3? ] A T y
tapeftry or hangings, Cic Verr. 4, 12*
which Attalus is faid to have invented,
Plin. 8, 48. Vejlcs Attalicae^ Piopert.
3, 18, 19. P or lieu s aulaeis nohilis At-
talicis. Id. 2, 32, 12. At tali: us torus,
a couch adorned with fuch cloth, Id.
4. 5» 24.
Atthis, -^tdts, the daughter of Cra-
naHS, who gave her name to the coun-
try of Attica, Paufan. i, 2. ; Strah.
9, 397. whence Ait'oules, Athenian wo-
men, Stat. Theb. 12, 536. ; Martial,
II, 54, 4. And Atthis is put for a
nightingale, from Philomela, an 'Athe-
nian woman, metamorphofed into that
bird. Martial i, 54, 9- ; alfo for a
fwallow, from Progne, the fifter of
Philomela, who was changed into a
fwallow, /^. 5, 68, 2. — 51 2. \ girl
beloved by Sappho, Ovid. Ep, 15, 18.
Attjcus, (properly an adj. of or
belonging to Attica), a hrnajne given to
Titus Pomponius, the friend of Cicero,
from his fptaking the Greek likt an
Athenian, or like a native of Attica,
[Attice), Nep. ,'\ttlc. 4. whence the
daughter of Atticus is called Atti-
CULA, Cic. Att. 4, 5.
Attius. See Accius.
Atys, orATTYS, -yis', alfoATTis,
■^tdis ; or Attin, -Iriis, a Phrygian
young man, [Phryx puer), the favour-
ite of Cybeie, the mother of the gods,
who made him vow to her perpetual
chaiiity ; and for having violated his
prom.ife, punifhed him with infanity.
Upon which he mutilated himfelf, (fc
cajlravit ) , as all the priefts of that
goddefs did, in imitation of his ex-
ample, Ovid. Faji. 4, 27,3, — 245. He
{Cyheh'ius Attis) is faid to have been
changed into a pine tree, Ovid. Met.
10, 103. (Berecynthius Jtlin, Pcrf. i,
93-)
Atys, a Trojan youth, the favour-
ite of lulus, from whom Virgil makes
the Latin family of the Attii to be de-
rived, in compliment to Attia, the
mother ofAluguftus, Aen. 5, ^6S.
Atys Silvius, a king of Alba, Liv.
Atys, the fon of Croefus, killed
by accident. Fid, Adrastus.
AVER-
AVE
C 39 3
A IT T
AVERRUNCUS, a god, who a-
verted misfortunes, {^mala averrunca-
bat)y Varr. L. L. 6, 5.; Gell. 5,
12.
AuFEiA //(j-//^, a Roman aqueduft,
afterwards called Marti A, Plin, 31,
Cn. AuFiDius, a fenator of prae-
torian rank, who, though blind, ufed
to dehver his opinion in the fenale,
and wrote a Greek hiftory, Cic. Tufc,
5, 39. When very old, he adopted
Oreftes, Cic. Fin. 19. ; Dom. 13.
T. AuFiDius, an eminent lawyer,
Ck. Br. 48. who is thought to have
been praetor of Afia, CAc. Flac. 19.
and the competitor of Cicero for the
confulihip, Cic. Atl. 1, I.
M. AuFiDius Lnrcoy made an an-
nual income of Go.ooo ftfterces, by
fattening peacocks, Var. R. R. 3, 6. ;
-Plin. 10, 20 f. 23.
AUGA, V. -e, -esy the daughter of
Aleus, and the mother of Tclephus
by Hercules, Hygln. 99. & 100.
AUGEAS, V. Aasy -ae^ a king of
Elis, who is faid to have had a ftable
which held 3000 oxen, and had not
been cleaned for 39 years. Hercules
cleaned it in one day, by turning the
courfe of the river Alpheus or Peneus,
Hygln. 30. according to ApoUodorus,
by turning the courfe of both, 2, 5.
AUGUSTA, a name firll given to
Livia, the wife of Auguftus, Tacit.
Ann. I, 8. and after her to fome of
the wives and other female relations
of the fucceeding emperors, 'Tacit, /inn.
12, 26. et 15, 23.; Hijl. 2, 89.
AUGUSTUS, a liiname given to
Oc^avius or Oclavianus, the adopted
fon and fucceffor of Juhus Caefar, Suet.
Aug' 7. and after him to the fucceed-
jng emperors; hence .'-Vugustales
facerdotes, vel Sodaksi prieils appointed
to Auguftus after his death, Tacit.
[Fid,
w?«j, fc. currusy Id. Claud. 11.
OCTAVIUS.)
\viDiENus, a fordid fellow, firna-
med Can IS, Dog, from his manner of
living, Hor. Sat. 2, 2, ^^.
AULUS,- a praenomen common a-
mong the Romans, marked by the let-
ter A. as, A. Gellius ; thus, Auli Lex^
Is put for Lex Galiniay Cic. Att. 6, 2.-
AuLi FiLius, i. e. Afranius, Cic.
Att. I, 20.
AtJNUs, a Ligurlan, the father of
a warrior flain by Camilla, Virg. Aeru
II, 700.
Aurora, the goddefs of the morn-
ing, the daughter of Hyperion and
Thea, Apollochr. i, 2, 2. or Aethra^
Hygin. Praef. who fell in love with
Tithonus, the fon of Laomedon,^^^^^?//^-
dor. 3, 11,4.; Hygin. 2 70. whence fhe
is called by the poets the wife of Ti-
thonus, Ovid. Ep. 18, III. et 16. 199-;
Am. 2, 5, 15. ; Virg. Aen. 4, 447.
bt-autifully and variouHy defcribed, Id,
Aen./\.y6. 3, 389. & 521. 5,105. II,
129. ; Ovid. Met. 2, 112. i, 598. 2,
144. 4, 628. &c. put for the eaft, ib.
I, 61. and the morning. See JLatln
Didionary.
AuTOLycus, the fon of Mercury
and Chione, ingenious at every kind of
theft, who could turn whatever he
ftoJe into any colour he pleafed. But
he was at lail detected by Sisyphus ;
who, while employed in making the
detcttion, is faid to have feduced his
daughter Anticlea, who was afterwards
married to Laertes, and became the
mother of Ulyffes ; whence Ulyffes is
fuppofed to have derived his craftinefa
from his grandfather by the mother's
fide, ,'iutolycus, and from his alledged
father Sisyphus, Hygin. f. 200. & 201.;
Ovid Met. II, 312. &c. ; Col. I, 3, 7.
{Vtd. G. 451.)
A u T o M a T I a , a godde fs of fortune,
Ann, I, 15. et 54. et 2, 83. et 3, 6. ; worlhipped by Timolcon, Nep. 20, 4.
HiJl, 2,95. AvGV ST ALES ludi, games Automedon, -ontisy the charioteer
inftituted in honour of Augudus, '/"tiW/. of Achilles, /^/r^. yA-zz. 2, 477. ; Ovid,
Ann. I, 15. (?c 54. AuGusTANi equi- Tr'tft. 5, 6, 10. put for a charioteer,
tesy a body of cavalry, fo called by Cic. Rofc. 35. ; Add. ib. 7,
Nero, Tacit. Ann. 14, 15. Atjgus- Autonoe, -esy the daughter of
TjANi, Suet. Ner. 25, Angujlinusy v. Cadmus and HermisnCf the wife of A-
nltaeu%
. A U T
riftaeus, and mother of Adlaeon
IS hence called Autonoctus hero.iy Ovid.
Met. 3, 198. Alfo the name of a
play, ywjJcnaL 6, 72.
P. A u T R o N I u s Paetusy ele£led con-
ful with P. Sulla, a. u. 687, but con-
demned for bribery, Cic. Syll. 1. ; Sal-
lu!l. Cat. 18. ; Dio, 36, 27. 01 courfe
degraded from the rank of a fenator,
and declared incapable of enjoying any
public office. Id. 37, 25'. He after-
wards confpired with Catiline and o-
thers again 11 the ftate, Sallull. Cat. 17.
& 18. ; Suet. Cacf. 9. After the death
[ 40 1 B A L
who per {cum adbibit) cornua fum'it^ ib. I, 239.
or, as Diodorus fays, becaufe Bacchus
firll taught the yoking of oxen, lib. 5.
Bacchus is diftingLiiflied by various
epithets ; Corymbljhr^ becaufe he de-
lighted in ivy, and his votaries were
crowned with it* Ovid. Faji. i, 393.
Racemlfer^ Id. Met. 15, 413. Last!-
tla.". dator^ Virg. Aen. i, 734., &c. —
Adj. Ba'xbdus, V. -etusy et Bacchuus ;
tiius Bella Bncchea, the wars of Bac-
chus in India, Stat. Theb. 12, 791.
cf Catil
he efcaped to Greece,
where Cicero, when forced into exile,
was afraid of being attacked by him
and his afibciates, Cic. Att. 3, 2. & 7.
As an orator, Cicero fays his chief
accompliflimeat was a good voice, j5rw/.
68.
AXILLA, a iuname of the Servi-
Ki, which, by dropping the x, was
changed into Ala, ( Vejhr Axilla Ala
fadus eft fiJgd liter ae vajUorisJf Cic. Or.
45;. The mother of M. Brutus, to whom
Cicero infcribed his book called Or a*
TOR, was of the gens Servilia, and
therefore he fays P^ejler Axilla^ ib.
Q^ AXIUS, a fenator, intimate
with Cicero, Cell. 7, 3. w^ho had a
villa in the beautiful plains of Rok-a,
Cic. Att. 4, 15. f.' 3, 15.; Farr. R. R.
3, 2. He fcems like wife to have been
a.n ufurer, Cic. Ait. i, 12 Suetonius
mentions a letter of Cicero's to him,
Avhich is not now extant, Sitet. Caef.
BAnyLO, 'onis, the name of a bank-
er, Ter. Adel. 5, 7, 17.
Bacchius, the uaaie of a gladiator,
llor. Sat. I, 7, 20.
BACCHUS, the fon of Jupicer and
Semele, the god of wine, ( See G.
581.) Comttyr uvae, the planter of
the vine, Tihull. 2, 3, 67. ; O-vid. Met.
4, 14. hence put for wine, V^ii'g. G,
2, 143. ; Ovid. Rem. Am. 803. ; Firg.
G. 4, 102. ; Sen. Here. fur. 697. re-
|)refented with horns, Coma injignis,
Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 348. becaufe wine
makes people pctular.t and bold, Pliu-
Cornuay ib. 9, 435;. Bacchei ululatusy
Bacchean yellings, or the cries of the
prielleffes of Bacchus, Ovid. Md. 11,
17. Baccheia donay the gifts of Bac-
chus, i. e. the vine, Virg, G. 2, 454.
3Iuneray A u fon. Mo fell v. 153, Serta
Bacchicdy garlands of ivy, Ovid. Trifl.
I, 6, 2.
Bacchia, a daughter of Bacchus,
from whom the Bacchiadae were de-
fcended, a family which ruled Corinth
200 years, Sirab. 8, p. 378. whence
Corinth is called Ephyre Bacchl'isy -tdisy
Stat. Silv. 2, 2, 34. This family be-
ing expelled, failed to Sicily under
Archias, one of their number, and
built Syracufe, Ovid. Met. 5, 407. ;
Thucydid. 6.
B AGO AS, -aey a famous eunuch
at the Perfian court, (G 620.), fup-
pofed to be ufeJ as a common name
for a eunuch, ^tinuil. 5, 1 2, 21. which
is confirmed from Piiny, (/« horto Ba^
gouy ila enini vacant Spadones) j Piin. 13,
4 f. 9. Ovid makes the name Ba-
Gous, voc. Bagoe, Am. 2, 2, i.
BALATRO, 'Onii, an attendant
on Maecenas, Hor. Sat. 2, 8, 2 i < 5c 33.
B A LB US, a native of Cadiz, made
a Roman citizen by Pompey, at the
requeit of L. Cornelius Lcntvdus ;
vv'hence he allumed the name of L.
Cornelius Balbus, Cic. Balb. a great
favourite with Julias Caefar, Cic, Ait»
7, 3. by which meavis he afterwards
even became conful, a. u. 714, Plih.
7, 43 f 44.. He died fo rich, that h£
left each Roman citizen 25 d,'nariiy
Uio, 48, 52. ; Veil. 2, 51.
Corn BALBUS, nephew to the
former, by hiij fiiltr, called Mino*,
Cic,
B A L [41-
C'lc. Ait. 8, 9. to diftinguiHi him from
his uncle, who is called Major, Plhu
7, 43. quaeftor to Afinius Pollio in
Spain, Id. Fam. 10, 32. who triumph-
ed over the GaramanteSf and was the
firft foreigner that enjoyed that ho-
nour, I'l'm. 5, 5. ; Solin. c, 29. He
built and dedicated a theatre, a. u. 741,
which afterwards bore his name, Dioj
54, 25. et 66y 24. ; Suet. Aug. 29. ;
Plln. s>S'
Bale I duOf two Stoic philofophcrs,
Ck. deOr. 3, 21. ; Brut. 42.; Fam. 3,
4.; N.D.u^.
BALLIO, the comic name of a
procurer, Cic. ^ Rofc. 7. ; Phil. 2, 6.
from that of Plautus, Pfeud. i, 2, 59.
M. BAMBALIO, a nick-name gi-
ven to the father of Falvia. Fid. Fa-
DIUS.
Barbatus, the name of a Roman
family, Suet. CI. 2i.
BARCA, Barcas, or Barchas,
the firname of Amilcar, the father of
Hannibal, Nep. 21, i. hence Barci-
^A.famiHay the family of Hamilcar or
Hannibal, Liv. 23, 13. So Barcina
faaio, the party at Carthage which fa-
voured Hannibal, Liv. 2if 2. 8c g. et
30, 7 & 42. Maxijnus fecundum Bar-
cirios duxy next to thofe of the family
of Barca, i. e. next to Hannibal and
his brothers, Liv. 28, 12.
Bardus CaJJlus, a friend to Caefar
and Antony, Cic, Phil. 13, 2.
Bard Y LIS, a powerful illyrican rob-
ber, Cic. Of. Zy II.
Barinc, the name of a courtefan,
Ilor. Od. 2, 8, 2.
Barrus, a perfon vain of his beau-
ty, Hor. Sat. }, 6, 30.
Bars IN E, -es^ the wife of Alexan-
der, murdered by Caffander, with her
fon Hercules, piflin. 15, 2.
Basilius, a parti zan of Caefar's,
who afterwards confpired againll him,
Cic. Fam. 6, 15.
Basilus, an Iflrian commander, on
the fide of Caefar in the civil war, Flor.
4, 2. ; Lucan, 4, 416.
Basilus, an orator in poor circum-
ftances, and therefore dilregarded, Ju-
'yenah 7, 145.
3 BAT
Basilus, a Roman governor, who
plundered his province, Jiroenal.iOyliz.
Bass a REUS, voc. Bajsarcu^ {\x\ three
fyllables), a name of Bacchus, Hor. Od,
I, 18, II. hence Bajfaricae comae, the
hair of Bacchus, t'ropert. 3, 17, 30.
Bas saris, -"idis, a prieftefs of Bac-
chus, Prrf. I, 100.
Bassus, a poet, famolis for his com-
pofitions in Iambic verfe ; a friend of
Ovid's, Trijl. 4, 10, 47. ; mentioned
alfo by Propertius, 1,4, i. & 12.
Bassus ^w/J'JzW, an hiftorian, in the
time of Augudus and Tiberius, v/ho
wrote an account of the German war,
^linclil. 10, I, 103. and alfo of the
civil war, Senile. Rhetor. Sua/. 6. Pliny
the Elder began the hiftory of his own
time w-here BafTus left off, P/in. Praef,
et Plln. Ep. 3, 5. Neither of thefe
works remains.
Caefius Bassus, a poet, contempo-
rary with Quinftilian, 10, I, 96.
Several others of the name of BafTus
are mentioned by the claffics, Cic. Alt.
12, 5.
^i
iSil. 6, 3, 27. &c. ; Plin.
Ep. 4, 15. ^/ 4, 9. et 10, ^2.; MartiaL
pqfm.
Bathyllus, a young man of Sa-
mos, the favourite of Anacreon, Flor,
Epod. 14, 9. — <|[ 2. Alfo a pantomime,
yuvenah 6, 6'^. ; Tacit. Ann. i, 54.
BATTIS, -ulisy a native of Cos,
{Coa)y Ovid. Pont. 3, 1, 58. the mif-
trefs of the poet Philetas, Id. Tr. i,
5, 2.
BATTUS, a Lacedemonian, who,
with a colony from the ifland Thera,
founded the city Cyrene in Libya, //c-
rodot. ^t 145, — 164.; Paiifan. 10, 15.;
Sir ah. 17. p. 837. from whom the Cy-
renians i^Cyrenenfes) were called Bat-
TiADAE, -arum, Sil. 3, 253. and the
poet Callimachus, a native of Cyrenae,
who gave out that he was defcended
from Battusi Strab. ib. is called BAT-
TIaDES, -acy Ovid. Trill. 5, 5. 38.
et in Ibin. 53. ; Stat. Silv. 5, 3, 157.
Juitin fays that the founder of Cyrene
v/as called Aristalus, and got the
name of Battus, from a defetl in his
fpeech, Jufm. 13, 7.
Battus, the name of a fhepherd,
E ^Yhom,
B A U [42
wKom, for having violated his promife
of fecrecyj Mercury turned into a
touch-ftone, (Lndi-x), Ovid. Met. 2,
687, 707.
Baucis, tdos^ the name of a poor old
woman, who, with her hufbnnd Phile-
mop, entertained Jupiter and Mercury,
Ovid. Met. 8, 631. &c. hence put for
any poor v/oman, Perf. 4, 2 i .
BAVrUS, a contemptible poet in
the tin.e of Virgil, Virg, Ed. 5, 90.
Beeryx, ycis^ a king of that part
of Spain vv'hich lies among the Pyre-
uean mountains, Sil. 3, 423. ; but the
adje:live is fhort ; thus, rromen Bchry-
cia duxere a 'virglne colles^ the Pyrenean
mountains derived their name from
Pyrene, the daughter of Bcbryx, *S'/7.
3, 420.
BELLERoPF-iON, -onfis ; -vd
Bellerophontes, -ae, an ilUiilrious
Corinthian, diilinguiflied for his chaf-
tity, and for his ikill in horfemanfliip.
He difdaincd the advances of Steno-
boea, the vv ife of Proetus, king of Ar-
gos ; whence he is called Castus,
Hor. Od. 3, 7. 15. and mounted on
his horfe Pegafus flew the monfter
Chimaera, (See G. 393.) whence E-
ques ipfo meUor Bellerophonts, an incom-
parcible nder, Hor. Od. 3, 12, 7.
Bdlerophontei equi humor., the fountain
Piippocrene, formed by the ftroke of
the hoof of Pegafus. Propert. 3, 3, 2.
Bellienus, a partizan of Pom-
pey's, whofe houfe was burnt by the
mob after the funeral of Caefar, Cic.
Phil 8, 15.
BELLoN'^, the goddefs of war;
faid to be the fifter of Mars, LnBant.
ad Stat. Theb. ^, 155. But Ciaudian
makes her the daughter of that god,
Stilic. 2, 372. She is, reprtfented as
his conftant attendant, armed with a
bloody whip, Virg, A en. 8, 703.; Lu-
caUi 7. 569. and driving the horfes of
his chariot, Stat. Theh. 7, 72. IShe is
calicd Ha STAT A, Stat. Thcb. 2, 719.
becaufe before her temple at Rome
there was a pillar called Bellica,
over which a fpear ufed to be thrown,
when war was proclaimed, Fejlus et
Serv. ad Aeri. 9. 53. Bellona is dc-
fcribed, Sil, 5, 221. Ciaudian Ei:tv, 2,
] BEL
144. et de quart. Conf. Honor. 12.— A
temple was vowed to her by Appius
Claudius while engaged In, battle, Liv.
10, 19. In this temple, which Itood
without the walls of the city, the fe-
uate was often afiembled, Liv. 26 21.
28, 9, & 38. 3c, 22, & 40. 31,47.
33, 22, & 24. 39, 29. 42, 21. The
priefts of Bellona, (Bellonarii ; Turta
enthcata Bellonae, Martial 12, 57, i i.),
ufed to cut their arms and fhouldeVs
when performing her facred rites, Lu-
can. I, 566. TibuU. 1,5, 47.
Bellovesus, the commander of
the fir ft body of Gauk that crolTed the
Alps, in the tim.e of Tarquinius Prif-
cus ; and having defeated the Tufcans
near the river TicTnus, took pofrefiion
of that country, and built the city of
Milan. Liv. 5, 34
BELUS, the chief god of the Af-
fyilans, Plin. 37. 10. f. 55. fuppofed
to be the fame with Baal, often
mentioned in the Bible.
Belus, the Plercules of India, Cic,
N. D. 3, 16.
Belus, a king of Phoenicia, the
father of Dido, Virg, Aen. i, 621.
defcended from a remote progenitor
of the fame name, Virg, ib. 729. Lac-
tant. I, 21. From himi was fprung
Barcas, the founder of the family of
Hamilcar, and the companion of Di-
do's flight from Tyre ; hence called
Bdldes juvenis, Sil. i, "j'^.
Belus, a king of Egypt, the fa-
ther of Aegyplus and Danaus, who are
hence called Bclldae fratres, Stat.
Theb. 6, 291. (nom. Belides, -ae ;)
and the daughters of l/anaus, (Da-
vauUs,) are called from their grandfa-
ther, Belules, (nom. f. Belis^ -idis,)
thus, AJfuiue repetunt quas per dant, Be-
lides iindas, they are continually taking
up aga'u the waters which they lofe,
Ovid. Met. 4, 463. Vid. Danaus.
One of them is alfo cabled Beliasy -adis,
Senec Here. Get. 960. ^Palame-
des, one of the generals of the Greeks
in the Trojan war, is called the fon.of
this Belus, (Belides, -ae,) tjiough
according to Servius, the feventh in
dcfcent from him, yirg, Aen. 2, 81.
Berenice,
B E R. [
Berenice, -es^ the name of fcvc-
Tal queens of Egypt, particularly of
one, whofe liair ( Berenice o vertke cae-
faries), was converted into a conftella-
tion, Catiill. 64, 5. De Coma Berenices.
Berknice> a Jewiih princefs, of
whom the Emperor Titus was fo fond,
that he promifed to marry her, Suet.
Tit. 7. S!ie is called Iiuejla by Juve-
nal, Sat. 6, 157. becaufe fhe was faid
to have had commerce with her bro-
ther King Agrippa, jojeph. Ant. 20,
5. with whom, flie lived for fome time
after the death of her hufband, Herod.
ib. 4, & 5. while Feftiis was governor
of Judaea, zA*7j- 25, 13. Tacitus men-
tions the paffion of Titus for Queen
Berenice, Hijl. 2, 2. and chat flie even
pltafed Vefpafian by the magniiicence
of her prefents, ih. 81.
43
Berenice, (al. PI.
?Jf faid to
have been the only woman that was
the daughter, lifter, and mother of
vigors at the Olympic games, (Olym-
piomcarumjy Plin. 7, 41. and therefore
the only woman admitted to fee the
games, Val. Max, 8, 15. ext. 4, f.
Aelian. Var. H'lft. 10, I.
Be ROE, -es, the nurfe of Semele,
the m.other of Bacchus, Oiud. Met. 3,
278.
Beroe, the wife of Doryclus, Virg»
Aen. 5, 620.
Beroe, the daughter of Oceanus,
(Oceaiutisf -tdis,) and lifter of Clio,
Flrg. G. 4, 341.
Berosus, a famous aftrologer, to
w'hom, on account of his divine pre-
didlions, the Athenians ereded a fta-
tue at the public expence, with a gilt
tongue, in the gymnafium., Plin, 7, 37.
Add. Fitruv. 9, 7. He is thought to
be the fame with the hiltorian men-
tioned by Jt)fephus, who is faid to
have been a prielt of Belus at Baby-
lon in the time of -lexander; lih. i.
contra Aplon, and by Eufebius 10,
Praep. E-vavgel. p. 289. Edit. Rob.
StepL
L. Calpurnius BESTIA, a conful
in the Jugurthine war, SalluJ}. jfug.
27, &c. condemned by the Mauiillan
Jaw, Cic. Or. 25 70.5 Brut. 24.
} BIT
BIAS, -antisy a native of Prlene in
Ionia, one of the feven wife men of
Greece ; who, upon the taking of
that city by the enemy, having fled
without taking any of his effefts with
him, as others did, being aflved t^e
caufe, faid, omnia me a mecum por-
TO, I carry all my things with me,
Cic~ Paradox, i.
BiEULUS, a firname of the Cal-
purnii :
M. BiBDLus, the coljeague of Ju-
lius Caefarin the confulftiip, Cic. Har,
Refp. 2 2. Att. 2, 19. et alibi pajfim.
BION, -o/kV, a celebrated fophift
and poet, born in Scythia, near the
river Boryfthenes ; hence called Borys-
thenltesy Laert 4 46. contemporary
with Socrates ib. He came to A-
then-, where he diftinsjuilhed himfelf
by his genius and wit, ib. Cicero men-
tions one of his witty remarks, Tufc.
3 26. He imitated Archilochus and
Hipponax in his poems ; whence Bio-
net fernmneSf the fatires of Bion, or
fatirical compofitions like thofe of
Bion, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 60.
EIS^VLTIS, Adts, the daughter of
Bifaltis or Bifaltes, v/ho being viola-
ted by Neptune in the form of a ram,
brought forth the ram with a golden
fleece, which carried Phryxus, Ovid,
Met. 6, 117. Hyginus calls her, Theo-
phaney 188.
BiSTON, -onisi the fon of Mars and
Callirhoe, who built the city Biftonia
in Thrace ; whence the Thracians are
called Bifiones or Bijlonii ; Bjjlonii vi-
ri, Ovid. Met. 13, 430.
BiTiAS, a nobleman at the court
of I >ido, Virg. Aen. 1, 738.
BiTiAs, the fon of Alcanor, an
inhabitant of Mount Ida, the brother
of Pandarus, Virg Aen. 9, 672. uaiu
by Turnus> ib. 703. et i\^ 396.
BITON, -5ni/, the fon of the
prieftefs of Juko at Ar-o^, ( ,^lrgiae
.facer dot! s),, who one day at a fole rnn
facrifu e, when the mules were too
long of coming, together with his
brother Cleobis, drew the chariot of
their mother to the temple. Where-
upon flie having prayed the goddefs
J? 2 ta
B L A t 44
to beftow on her fons the greateft re-
ward that could be given to man by a
god, they were both found dead next
morning, Herodot. I, 3 1. C'tc. Tufc.
1, 47. PJufarch. de Corifolat.
Blaesus, a firname given to Arif-
taeus, or Battus, the founder of Cy-
rene in Africa, from his Hfpmg man-
ner of fpeaking, On}'uL In Ib'in. 541.
Jiijlin.. 13, 7, Herodot 4, JC. ^ 2.
J\lfo a firname of the family of the
Sempronn at* Rome, Stat, Sih. 2, i,
191. Tacit. H'Jl. I, 59. ^tod donas y
facts ipff Blafianitm, you make the gift
of Blaefus ; you call the feftival inlli-
tuted in honour of him Fejium Blaefia-
num. Martial 8, 38, 14.
BocCAR, -arts, a Mauritanian name,
put for any Mauritanian or African,
"Junicnal. 5> 90.
BoccHUs, a king of Mauritania,
who dehvered Jugurtha in chains to
Sulla, SalluL Jug. 113.
BoETHUs, a carver and ftatuary,
C'lc. Verr. 4, 14. Pl'in. 33, 55. et 34,
8. a Carthaginian, Paufan. 5, J 7.
BoETHUS, a Stoic philofopher, Cic,
Di-v. I, 8. et 2, 20. Laert. 7, 143,
&c.
BoGUDEs, -Is, a king of Maurita-
nia Tingitana, Cic. Fam 10, 32.
M. B0LANUS, a friend of Cicero's,
C'lc Fam. 13, 77.
BoLANUs or Bollaniis, a choleric or
irritable perfon, who kept thofe who
were apt to be impertinent at a dif-
tancc ; whence Horace fays of him,
0 te, B'jlane, cerebri felicemy O Bola-
nus, happy in having a brain or tem-
per eafily ruffled or irritated, Sat. i,
9, II. et ibi Scholiafi. But others fup-
pofe Boianus to have been a dull
phlegmatic man, who could bear pa-
tiently any impertinence or infipid dif-
courfe, Cruquius. The firil: Interpre-
tation, however, feems preferable ;
whence cerebrofus is put for iracundus,
pafhonate, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 21.
BoMiLCAR, -aris, a Carthaginian
general, cruciiied on fuipicion of trea-
fon, called Rex, from his being fuf-
pe(5i:ed of afpiring at fovcreignty, juf-
tin. 22, 7.
1 B R E
BomilCAR, a commander of the
Carthaginian fleet, Liv. 23, 41- 24,
36, &c.
BONA, vel Bona Dea, the name
of a goddefs among the Romans, wor-
fhipped only by women, Cic. Att. i,
12. et 2y 4. Harufp. Refp. 1 7. Dom.
40. 'Templum ejus virum introire non /i-
cebat, Macrob. Sat. I, 12. Sacra Bo-
nae maribus non adeunda deae, Tibul. I,
6. 2 2. It was thought that any man
that faw them would be deprived of
fight, ib. 24. Add. Ovid. Fnjl. 5, 148,
&c. Art. 3, 637, et 243, Juvenal. 6,
314, et 2, 86. Propert. 4, 9, 25.
Bootes, -ae, vel -/j, (i. e. bubu/cus,
the ox-dnver), a conftellation near the
Urfa Major^ Hygin. Aftron. 2, 2.
called alfo Ar6l6phylax, Cic. N". D.
2, 42. This name was given to Ar-
eas, the fon of Caliilo, when tranfla-
ted into a conftellation, [G. 417.)
called piger, from the flownefs of his
motion, Juvenal, 5, 23. ; Ovid. Fa/l.
3, 405.; tardus. Id. Md. 2, 1 72. So
Cur fcrus verfare boves, et plaujlra
Bootes, Propert. 3, 5, 35.
BOREAS, -ae, a king of Thrace,
who married Orithyla, the daughter
of Erechtheus, king of Athens, Hero-
dot- 7, 189. or according to Ovid car-
ried her off, Met. 6, 707. and had by
her twins, Calais and Zethes, v/ho re-
feniiiled their father in having wings,
Ovid, in Ibin. 713. Boreas was faid
to have power over the winds, and
was afterwards worfhipped by the A-
thenlans as the god of the north
vi'ind, Herodot. ib. As fuch Ovid de-
fcribts him, ib. 690, 5cc.
BosTAR, a' Carthaginian prophet,
Sil. 3, 647.
Branch us, a fon of Apollo, Stat.
Theb. 3, 479. called by the fame e-
pithet with his father Intonsus, /5.
8, 198. Apollo is alfo called Bran-
chides, Mel. I, 17. pr. and the
prieils of his temple in Ionia, Bran-
ch idae, Plin. '5, 29,/. 30, Amnuanm
Marcellin. 29, I.
Brennus, a general of the Gauls,
who took Rome, Liv. 5, 38, .^c.
(G. 230;) <j| 2. Another, who
attempted
B R I
C 4
Attempted to pluncjer the temple of
Apollo at Delphi, but was miracu-
j loufly prevented. Concerning the
I manner authors differ, jfujlin, 24, 6,
&c. ; Propert. 3, 13, 51.; P aujaiu
23. ; Vol. Max. I, !, 18.
Briareus, (3 fyll.) a huge giant,
the fon of Caehis and Terra, faid to
have an hundred hands, ( centumgemt'
nusj, Virg. Aen, 6, 287. called alfo
Aegaeon, ib. 10, 565. whence Bna-
rews,-at umt Claudian. de Rapt. Pro-
ferp. 3, 188.
Br'imo, -uSf f. a name of Hecate
or Proferpine, Propert, 2^ 2, 12. ; Stat.
Sih. 2, 3, 38.
Brisaeus, a name of Bacchus,
either from Brifa., a promontory of Lef-
bus, where he was worfhipped, or from
Brifa, a lum.p of preffed grapes ; — add-
ed as an epithet to the poet Accius,
Per/. I, 96. becaufe poets vi'ere fup-
pofed to be uudev the protection of
Bacchus. But fome here read Bri-
sk is, the name of a tragedy of Acci-
us.
Prise IS, -z'^/j, voc. Bnset^ a native
of Lyrneffus, a city of Troas, remark-
able for her -beauty ; who fell to the
lot of Achilles, in the diftribution of
the captives, when that city was taken
by the Greeks. See Geog. p. 446.
Britannicus, the fon of Claudius
by MefialTna ; fo called becaufe under
that emperor a part of Britain was fub-
^wtdiy jfuvenaL 6, 124; Tacit, ""nu. 11,
II. et 12, 2. deprived of the fuccefiion
to the empire by the art of A,gripplna,
the mother of Domitius Nero, Tac.
Ann, 12, 25, 41, 68, &:c. and at laft
poifoned by Nero, ib, 13, 16. ; Suet,
Ner. 33. ^
Britomartis, a nymph, the
daughter of Jupiter and Carme, a fa-
vourite of Diam, who being beloved
by Minos king of Crete, to avoid fall-
ing into his power, threw herfelf from a
rock into the fea, Virg. Cir.285, — 295.;
CaUimach. in Dian. i8y, &c. But others
fay, that (he was faved by fome fifliers,
v;ho hid her under their nets, (J<xTua,^
whence ilie was alfo called Dictyn-
5 ] B R XT
NA, Diodor. 5, 76. ; Anton. Liheralis
Metaph, c. 40.
Bromius, a name of Bacchus, (~«'»
Tw BpE^.ii , a fremendo,) from the noifc
of thunder at his birth, Ovid. Met. 4,
II.; Lucan. 5, 73. hence Bromius, -a
-urn ; hromli remi, the oars of the fliip
of Bacchus, Claudian. de Conjul, Stilic. 3,
365-
Brontes, -ae, one of the Cy dopes ^
who forged Jupiter's thunder-bolts,
^B/)9vtk) Virg, Aen, 8, 4^4.
Broteas, -ae, one of the Lapithac,
Ovid. Met. 12, 262. — «jj2. Alfo a noted
boxer, ih. 5, 107.
Brotheus, -W Broteas,- g'fon of
Vulcan, who being mocked for his de-
formity, threw himfelf into the fire, and
wa? confumed by the flames, Ovid, in
Jlin. V. 519. But fome think this
paffage has been interpolated.
BRUTUS, the firname given to
Lucius Junius, who expelled the Tar-
quins, from his apparent ftupidity, Ll'O^
I, 66. (G. 204.) Bruins erat Jlulti /apt-
ens imitator, ut ejjet "Tutus ab injidiis, dire
Superbe, iuis, Ovid. Fail. 2, 717. called
Ultor, becaufe he revenged the cruelty
of king Tarquin, and the rape of Lu-
cretia by his fon Sextus, Virg. Aen. 6,
819.; Ovid. ib. S;^J. He punifhed his
own fons with death for confpiring to
reltore the regal government, ib. 820. ;
Liv. 2, 5. it feems this aftion was
blamed by fome in the time of VirgiL
The poet therefore makes Anchifes add,
Uteunque ferent ea fada miner es ; Vincet
amor patriae, laudumque imnienfa cupido^
ib. 823. Propertius praifes this deed,
by joining xXitfecures or axes of Brutus
with the courage of Decius, 4, i, 45".
Brutus fell in battle, fighting with
Aruns Tarquinius, Liv>. 2, 6.
M. jfunius Brutus, a tribune, who
fupported the Oppian law concerning
the drefs of matrons, Liv. 34, i. He
was afterwards made praetor, Id. 35,
24. and conful. Id. 40, 59.
D. [al. A.) Junius Brutus, conful
with. Scipio Africanus Minor, a. 616,
Cic. Brut. 22. was put in prifon by the
tribune Curiatius; C;V. Legg. 3, 9. Ha-
ving
B R U [
"^'ing conquered the Gallaect in Spain,
he obtained a triumph, Ctc. Bivh. 1 7.
whence he <vot the lirname of Gal-
LAECUS. ^^//, 2, 5. He was a good
Greek fcholar, {Gracce doBuSy) Cic.
Brut. 28. and fo fond of poetry, that
he adorned the entrances to the temples
and monuments of his family by in-
fcribing on them the verfes of his friend
Attius, the poet, Gic. Arch. 11.
M. Junius BP.UTUS, the fon of
M. Brutus, lieutenant to the conful
L.epidu3 in Cifalpine Gaul, who was
put to death by order of Pompcy after
having furrcndered himfelf, Plutarch, in
Pomp, el Brut. App'tan^ B. C. 2, p. 497.
His mother Servilia was fifter to Cato
by the mother's lide, Cic. Tufc. 5, i.
of the family of Servilius Ahala, who
ilew Spurius Maelius. Brutus having
loll his father when very youngs was
educated with great care by his uncle
Cato. Being adopted by his uncle
Q^ Servilius Caepio, he is fometimes
called Qj^ Caepio Brutus, Apfian.
ibid. Cic. PhiL 10, il.; -itt. 2, 24. ; or
fimply, Q. Caepio, Cic. Fam. 7, 2 1. ,
Dio. 41, 63.
Brutus, not only in youth, but
through the whole of his life, applied
with the greateft attention to iludy.
He was thoroughly acquainted with
the doctrines of all the fedts, of the
Greek philofophers ; but he chitfiy
elleemed the old academy, or the Plato-
nifts, Plutarch, in Brut. Ke wrote books
on various fubjeds, Cic. Att. 12,5.^/13,
8.; Acad. I, 3.; Fin. 1.4. and Cicero
infcribes feverai of his books to him.,
Cic. Brut. I. Qrat. i. Tufc. i. &c.
The talents and virtues of Brutus pro-
cured him univerfal refpedt, ih. But
fome circumftances are mentioned by
Cicero concerning his connedi »n with
ufurers not much to his credit, Cic. Att.
5, 21. f/ 6, I. &c. In the civil war
between Pompey and Caefar, though he
hated Pompey, as the murderer of his
father, yet he joined his pat ty, thinking
it lefs dangerous to the liberty of his
country than that of Caefar, Plutarch.
Cic. /itt. 11,4. He was prefent in the
battle of Pharialia 5 but after the de-
46 ] B R U
feat of Pompey, he fubmitted to the
conqueror. Caefar had particularly
charged his officers to fpare Brutus,
out of tenderners to his mother Servi-
lia, of v/hom Caefar in his youth had
been paffionately fond ; and afterwards
continued his attachment, fo that fome
alleged Brutus v; as his fon, Plutarch in
Brut. Suet. Caef. 50. ; Appian, 2, 49S.
Whatever be in this, Caefar not only
forgave him, but inilantly received him
into favour. When about to make an
expedition into Africa againft Cato and
Scipio, he committed to Brutus the
government of Cifalpine Gaul, where
he conduced himfelf with the greateli
prudence and integrity.
Brutus> after his return to Rome, di-
vorced his wife Claudia, without any
ground of complaint, for the fake of mar-
rying Porcia, the daughter of Cato and
widow of Bibulus; for which he was
much cenfured, Cic. Att. 13, 9. et to.
A. U. 709, Caefar m.ade him city prae-
tor in preference to CaiTius. But the
favours of Caefar could not gain the
friend (liip of Brutus. He could not
bear the thoughts of owing; to a maf-
tcr ihofe preferments which he fhould
have received from a free people. He
therefore always behaved to Caefar
with diftance and referve. By the art
of Cafiiu;^, who was married to his fifter,
he v/as brought to join the confpiracy
agai nil Caefar, Plutarch. But Dio makes
Brutus the author of the plot, 44, [3.
and fays that he brought Caffius to
join in it, i^. 14, 'I'o this undertaking
Brums is faid to have been prompted
by various intimations from unknown
hands. Under the Itatue of Brutus
who expelled Tarquin w^ere written
theie words, 0 thai lue had a Brutus how.'
0 thai Brutus ivere alive I The tribunal
on which he fat as praetor was filled
each morning with fuch infcriptions as
thefe : ** You are afleep, Brutus ;"
** You are not a true Brutus," Plutarch,
in Brut. Dio. 44, i2. ; Appian. B. C.
2, p. 498. ; Suet. Caef. 80. He was
confirmed in his purpofe by the general
difcontent at Caefar's ufurpation ; and
thought that the only v.-ay of freeing
hia
B R U [ 47 1 B R U
by cutting off the the right wing, gained the vi£lory and
hh country, was
ufurper. Hence .-Sntony ulcd to de-
clare, that c-f all the confpirators, Hru-
tus alone aded from virtuous motives,
but that the reft were aftuated by pri-
vate malice and envy, Plutarch, in Br,
Caefar, when attacked by the confpira-
tors in the fenate-lioufe on the Ides of
March, a. u. 710, feeing Brutus rufliing
on him, is reported to have faid in
Greek, j^nd are you among them ; you, my
Jcnl Suet. Caef. 82. But Dio denies
the truth of this fatt, 44, 19. and Plu-
tarch takes no notice of it, hi Brut. Ap-
pian fays, that Caefar at iirft made a vio-
lent reiiftance, but that being ftruck by
Brutus, he covered his face with his robe,
and quietly fubmitted to his fate. Bell.
Civ, 2, p. 502. Suetonius fays, that
he never uttered a word, ib. The in-
activity of Brutus and his party, after
perpetrating the deed, ruined their
caufe. Fid. Octavius et Antonius.
Brutus and Caffms being forced to
leave Rome by the art of Antony,
after remaining for fome time in Italy,
pafled over into Greece. . They were
every where received v.'ith the greattft
honour, particularly at Athens; where
brazen ftatueswere ereftedtothem, nigh
to thofe of Harmodius and Ariitpglton,
whom the Athenians regarded as the
deliverers of their country from the ty-
ranny of the fons of Pififtratus, about
468 years before, Dio. 47, 20. Caffius
fet out for the province of Syria, which
he foon became mafter of. Brutus re-
mained at Athens, hearing and conver-
fing with the phiiofophers, as if he had
nothing elfe in view. He fecretly,
however, made preparations for war.
At length he began to ad openly, and
with fuch fuccelb, that in a fliort time
he colledled a great army, equipped a
numerous fleet, and got poffcllion of all
Greece and Macedonia, Plutarch, in
Brut. ; Dio. 47, 21, and 22. ; Fell. 2,
6^. ; Lin). Epit. 118
Brutus and Caffius having Joined
their forces, came to a decifive engage-
ment with Antony and 06lavius in the
plains of Philippi. In this battle Lru-
tus, who was oppofed to Odavius on
took the camp of Oclavius. But An-
tony was equally fuccefsful againft Caf-
fius on the left ; who having retreated
to fome rifing grounds adjoining, fent a
centurion to enquire what Brutus was
doing, for the duft intercepted his
view. The centurion fell in with a
body of cavalry which Brutus had fent
in quell of Caffius, and returned ilowly
with them as if there was no dnnger,
Caffius obferving thefe cavalry ap-
proach, and taking them for the e-
nemy, ordered Pandarus, his freedman,
to kill him. The centurion feeing the
fatal efFedls of his tardinefs, alfo flew
himfclf. Brutus lamenting the fate of
Caffius, called him the " lail of the
" Romans." Having now become fole
commander of both armies, he wiflied
to decline battle ; and if he had done
fo, Antony and Odtavius muft have
yielded, as they were in the utmoit
want of provifions. Befides • the fleet
of Brutus under Statius Murcus and
Acnobarbus had gained a great vidory
over the fleet of the Triuiiiixiriy under
Domitius. But fearing the defertion
of his men, whom Antony and Oftavi-
us ufed every art to feduce, he v^^as led
to rifk a fecond battle*; in which, after
an obftinate conflid, he was entirely
defeated. Hearing that a number of
his friends had joined the conquerors,
and being furrounded on all hands, ha-
ving taken each of his friends by the
hand, he addrefled them with a chear-
ful countenance, and exhorted them to
provide for their fafety. Then with-
drawing with two or three of his par-
ticular confidents, he fell on his fword
and expired. Some fay, that Strato,
his former fellow fl;udent, at his earnelt
entreaty, held the fword, with his face
turned away ; and that Brutus ruflied
upon it with fo much violence, that
entering at his breail, it paffisd quite
through his body. Antony honoured
Brutus with a fplendid funeral, and fent:
his afncs to his mother Serviha, Plu-
tarch. Suetonius fays that Oclavius
fent the head of Brutus to Rome to be
put below the ftatue of Caefar, uet,
Aug.
B R tJ
I 4
jfug-» 13. But according to Dio,- it
was thrown into the fea, in a tempell
(during the pafTagre froin Dyrrhachium,
47, 46. Dio alfo relates, that Brutus
before his death repeated in Greek
this faying of Hercules ; " O rirtue,
*' thou art an empty name : I have
** wcrfliipped thee as a goddefs, but
** thou art the flave of fortune," 47,
49. So Florus, Mor'iens (fc. I'rutus)
stfjlaiiity non in re^ fsd in verbo tanium ejfe
vtrt-utem^ 4, 7, II. to which Horace is
fuppofed to allude, Ep. i, 6, 32. et 7,
41. Plutarch relates on the authority
«f Vclumnius, who was then with Bru-
tus, that Brutus, the night before his
death, repeated two verfes ; the one of
which was from the Medea of Euripi-
des: " Punifh, great Jove^ the author
of thefe ills,*' (meaning Antony;) the
other he fays he had forgotten, P/«-
tarch. in Brut. Jin.
Brutus and Caffius are faid to have
fallen by the fwords with which they
flew Caefar, Dio, 48, l. So Suet, Caef^
89. Brutus was then about forty years
©Id, Liv. Epit. 124. according to Vel-
leius Paterculus, only thirty feven, /. 2.
€. 72.
Plutarch obferves, that Providence
determined Brutus to fight before he
heard of the fuccefs of his fleet, in or-
der to remove out of the way the only
man who was able to refiil him (Ofta-
vius) who was denrlaed to change the
government of Rome from a republic
into a monarchy, irt^ruto. tit might
have faid more juHly, that Providence
involved the Romans in a long and
bloody civil war, in fupport of the
rnoft profligate characters, and Anally
fubje6led them to the mod ignominious
fervitude, as a puRifliment for their
crimes, and for their cruelties to the
nations which they fubdued. Vid Hor.
Od, J, 1$, 33. et 2, I, 29. ; Epod, 7
nd Jin. 16, l. &c. ; Juvenal. 4, 37. et
6, 292- et 8, 98- &c.
A confiderable time before the bat-
tle of Philippi, a fpeclre is faid to have
appeared to Brutus one night, while
fitting alone in his apartment, which,
ypon Brutus aflung, <' Who art thoui"
% 1 B H U
anfwered, *' I am thy evil genius, Brii*
tus ; thou faalt fee me again at Philip-
pi/* " Then,'' fays Brutus, without
being difcompofcd, ** I will fee thee
there." The fame fpeftre Is faid to
have appeared to Brutus a fecond time,
on the night before the lall battle, jip-
pi an. Bell. Civ. 4. /. 668- ; Plutarch.
in Brut.
All the ancient writers agree In ex-
tolling the viitues of Brutus ; but they
generally condemn his confpirii^ a-
galnll Caefar, VclL 2, 72. ; Appian. 4,
666. &:c. Vid. praecipue Senec. de Be-
ne/. 2, 20. The friends of Caefar char-
ged Brutus and his affociates with bafe
in£:;ratitude for kilHng their benefador;
but Cicero and the republican party
applaud them, for having preferred th<"
liberty of their country to the obliga-
tlons of private friendiliip, Cic. Phil. 2,
3. & II.
D. Juwus BRUTUS, one of the
confpirators againll Caefar, of the fame
fanvUy with Marcus, but not very near-
ly related to him. He was adopted
by A. PoJjJiumius Jloinus, and therefore
is fomctimes called Decimus Brutus Al-
hinvs, Appian. B. C. 2, 497. He had
attended Caefar, and, though a young
man, was greatly trulled by him in his
Gallic wars, Caef. J5. G. 3, II, Sc 14.
7, 9, & 87. In the civil war Caefar
gave Brutus the command of his fleet
at the fiege of Marfeilles, Caef. B. C.
I, 36. where Brutus acled with great
courage and ability, ib. ^6, 57. &c. 2,
3, 6. Sec. He was In fo great favour
with Caefar, that, when about to de-
part t9 the Parthian war, he appointed
Brutus to the command of Cifalpine
Gaul and to the confulfliip of the fol-
lowing year, and even named him fe-
cond heir of his eilate in failure of the
firil ; fo that people were particularly
furprifed at his joining the confplva-
cy, Cic. Phil. 10, 7. When Caefar
hefitattd about going to the fenate-
houfe on the fatal ides of March, on
account of certain omens, as well as of
bad health, Decimus Brutus, by ridi- '
culing his apprehenfion of omens, and
by reprefentjng how improper it would
be
B R U t 49 ]
be to difappoir.t the fenators, who were gyptians to Diana
waiting his arrival, removed his fcruples,
and determined him to go, Suet. Caef.
Si. ; D'lOf 44, 1 8. Brutus was pof-
fefled of an immenfe fortune, and fup-
ported a band of gladiators, at his own
expence, for the diveiTion of the city.
By thefe gladiators the confpirators
were guarded, when, after killing Cae-
far, they took refuge in the capitol,
j^ppian. 2. p. 503.; Dh, 44, 21.; Phi-
iarch. in Caef. et Bnit. Brutus having
taken poffefficn of his province of Cif-
alpihe Gaul, fpent about 400,000 1. in
maintaining an army againil /Antony.
Being befiegCQ by Antony at Mutina,
he defended hinafelf with great bravery,
till he was relieved by the confuls Hir-
tius and Panfa, and Odavius. But
the confuls being (lain, and 0<^avius
having concluded an alliance with An-
tony and Lepidus, Decimus Brutus
being deferted by his foldiers, and at»
tempting to efcape into Macedonia to
his namefake Brutus, was taken by the
foldiers of x\atony, and put to death,
Veil 2, 64. ; Jppian. 3. />. 588. ; Val.
Max. g, 13, 3. ; Dio, ^6, 53.
Marcus and Decimus Bjutus were
Relieved to be lineally defcended from
L. Brutus, v/ho expelled Tarquin, by
his third fon ; whence he is faid to be
the author of their nobility, ( Princeps
nohilitaUs Brutorum)y Cic. Phil. 1,6.;
Tufc. 4, I. and Atticus, at the reqiiefl
«f M. 'Brutus, drew up a genealogy of
the Junian family from its firft origin,
Nep. An. 18. But as the family of the
firll Brutus was of Patrician rank, and
that of the confpirators againil Cacfar
plebeian, the latter were fuppoied by
jnany not to have been fprung from the
former, Plutarch, in Brut. pr. ; Dionyf.
^.. p. 292.; Die, ^^y 12.; Fid. Manut.
ad pr imam Ep. Cic. ad Brut.
Brutiana caf.ra, the camp of M.
fkutus. Fell. 2, 72. Brulianac Cii/fia-
fiaequc partes, the party of Brutus and
Callius, ib. 74. Confilla inire coepi Bru-
i'lna plane (vejiri enim haec funt propria
fanguinis) reipublicae liberandae, like thofe
pf Brutus, Cic. ad Brut. 15.
BuBASTis,, a name given by thre E-
B U T
Ovid. Met, 9, 6go>
whence the city Bubastus was nam.e^,
and the country around it, Bubasti-
TEs NoMOS. Here meetings were
annually held in honour of Diana, Hg^
rcdot. 2, 59, 137. & 156. and facred
rites performed in her temple, called
BuBASTiA, -oruniy Gratian. Cyneg. 42.
Bucephalus, the horfe of Alex-
ander the Great, fo named, either frorn
his ftern afpe6l, or from the figure of
a bull's head (.^mj- v.if<x\r,^ being bran^*
ed on his fhoulder, Plin. 8, 42 f. 64. 5
Solin. c. 45. He would admit no one
to fit on his back but Alexander ; and
when that king wifhed to mount him,
he is faid to have kneeled to receive
him, Ih. et Curt. 6, 5, 18. Vv'^hen this
horfe died, Alexander celebrated his
funeral obfequies, and built a city (cal-
led Bucephalus, v. -^z, V. -eia) round
his tomb, Ih. et Curt, 9, 3, 23. ; PUiu
6, 20. ; Gell. 5, 2. ; Arrian. 5, 3.
BuPALUs, a fculptor and ftatuary
of Chios, who expofed the deformity
of the poet Hipponax to ridicule by
an image he made of him ; on which
account the poet, being greatly incen-
fed, wrote fo bitter a fatire againil Bu-
palus, that he is faid to have hanged
himfelf. But Pliny fays this report is
falfe, Plin. 36, 5. Others fay that he
and his brother Anthermus were only
obliged to leave Ephefus* Hence,
however, Horace calls Hipponax, A'
cerhojlis Bupalo, Epod. 6, 14.
BuRRHUs, vel BurruSy i.e. Pyrrhus*
Burrum femper Br.nius, nunquam Pyrr-
hum dicebati Cic. Orat. 48. j Quin£liL
ij 4, 15-
BURRUS Afranius, praefed of the
praetorian guards, Tac. Ann. 12, 4^.
the governor of Nero, ih. 13, 2. by
whom his death was fuppofed to have
been hallened, ih. 14, 51.
Bus IRIS, -/V, vel -tdis, .a king of E-
gypt, who ufed to facrifice his gueils
to his gods ; whence he is called, illaw
dalusy infamous, Virg. G. 3, 5. and
his altars irnmites, cruel, Stat. Thcb, 12,
154. HkC was flain by Hercules, Apol-'
lodor. 2, II.; Ovid. Art. Am. I, 647.
BUTEQ^ -JmV, tjip ^wim^ of a fa-
G ttilr
BUT C 50
mily of the Pabii, Liv. 23, 21. 50, 26.
33. 24. &c. derived from a hawk (^k-
/fo) perching on the fhip of one of
them when commanding a fleet, which
was reckoned a lucky omen, Plin. 10,
8f. 9.
BUTES, -ae, the fon of Teleon,
one of the Argonauts, /^poUodor. i, 16.;
Hyg'tn. 14. the father of Eryx by Ve-
nus, Hyg'in. f. 260. ; ApoUodor, 1,9, 25.
— 51 2. A pugiliil of great bulk, de-
fcended from Amycus king of Bebry-
cia or Bithynia, flain by Dares in a
combat of the cejlus^ V'lrg. Aen. 5. 372.
1^-^ 3. A Trojan, (lain by Camilla, th.
\ 1 , 690.
BuzyGES, -w, (i.e. Bourn junclor')^
an Athenian, who is faid to have firll
ploughed with harneffed oxen, [bovem
€t aratrwn invenit)^ Plin. 7, ^6. j Varr.
R. R. 2, 5* 4. which invention is com-
fifjonly afcribed to Triptolemus, Bern),
ad Vlfg G. 1 , 19. et Plin. ib.
Byblis, •'tdls^ the daughter of Mi-
letus, {Mileiis^ -1dis)t by the nymph
dyane, who fell in love with her bro-
ther Caunus 5 but being rejedled by
him, and on that account wafted with
grief, was, by the compaffTion of the
gods, turned into a fountain, fS'ic lac-
rymls confumpta fuis Phoeh'i'ia Byblis Ver-
iitur in fontemjy Ovid. Met. 9, 449, —
665. She is called Phoebeia BykliSf be-
caufe Miletus was the fon of Apollo,
ih. 662. But fhe is alfo faid to have
ended her life by a halter, Ovid, Art,
Am. 1, 284.
C.
CABALLUS, the firname of a
Koman family, Martial, ly /^Zt 17. Nan
€s Scxtiiis tile (Cabailus), Jed caballns,
Yo-u are not equal to Sextius Cabailus
in wit, but a mere beaft or horfe, ib. 20.
CACUS, a moniler that emitted
frames from his mouth, the fon of Vul-
can, who refided in a cave on mount
Aventine, and infcfted the neighbour-
ing country by his thefts and robberies.
Having ftolen fome of the cattle of
-Hercules, he was (lain by that hero,
Liv. I, 7.; Virg.Aen,%^ 193, — 268.;
^y\d. Fajh It $S^' ^C.
1 C A E
CADMUS, the fon of A^enor,
{^Agenorides)^ who founded TheheS',
\See G. 426.), and i& faid to hnvc
brought the knowledge of letters from
Phoenicia into Greece ; hence Cadm
ptgdlae Jiliae^ letters, Aufon, Epift. 2 1.
jiliolae atrtcoloresy lb. 29.
Cadimeis, -^dis, f. a daughter of
Cadmus ; Cadmeus, v. -eius, -a, -umy
dtfcended from Cadmus. Errant fit-
rentes inipiae Cadjneides, i. e. Agave,
Ino, Aubonoe, the daughters of Cad-
mus, who tore Pentheus to pieces, Se-
nec. Here. fur. 759. Talibus ignaram
Juno Cadmeiiia diclis Formdratf i. e. Se-
mele, the daughter of Cadmus. Ovid,
Met. 3, 287. Cadnieis domus, for Cad"
mea, the houfe or family of Cadii U3,
ib. 4, 545. Matres Cadmeuksy the
Theban matrons, ib. 9, 304. Conli-
gerant te/li Cadmeida nubibus arcem, co-
vered with clouds, they had reached >
the citadel of Thebes, ib. 6, 217. cal-
led Cadm E A, Nep. Pel. l. Thebai
Cadmeae, Thebes built by Cadmus,
P roper t. i, 7, i. yuvctitus Cadmea^
the Theban youth, Stat. Theb, 8,
600. Cadmeum limetiy the threfhold
of the palace of Oedipus, or of his
fons, ib. 1, 123. Mater Cadmeay A-
gavc, the daughter of Cadmus, and
mother of Pentheus, Senec. Oedip. IC06.
So Cadmeia Ino, ib. 446. Cadmeius
Aeraon, tlie Theban Aemon, Stat. 'Theb.
8, 519. — But G^jis Cadm E A, the Car-
thaginian or Punic nation, as being of
the fame origin with Cadmus, from .
Phoenicia, SiL 1,6. So Cadmeajlirps^
ib. 106 manusi Id. 17, 58.2.
Cadmus, a noted executioner in the
tlmt of Horace ; hence Tradere Cadmo^
to fentence to death, Hor. Sat, i,,6, ^^»
CAECILLUS, thenameof a Ko-
man gens, containing feveral branches
or familiasf particularly the Metelli;
whence the family of the Metelli is cal-
led Cae cilia familiar Veil. 2, il.
C a EC 1 L I A Laciuca, a kind of
lettuce, fo called from the name of
Metellus, Coluw eh 10, 1H2. & 190. vel
Caeciliana, Id, II, 3, 26. ; et Plin,
9, 8. So Cerafa Caeciliana ^ Plin. 15,
CAE-
c A E r
CAECILIUS Statiusy an ancient
comic poet, contemporary with En-
nius, originally a flavc, Gell. 4, 20. and
an Infubrian Gaul by birth, Cic. Or, 2,
10. commended for the gravity of his
charatlers Hor. Ep. 2, i, 59. alfo for
his wit and hiunoHr, Paten, i, 17. but
not for the purity oi his ftyle, (malus
enim au^or Latinitatis e/i)^ Cic. Att. 7,
2. — CAECiLiANus/'^^^'r, the charader
of a father, as defciibed by Caecilius,
^InSil, II, I J 39. Vereor^ ne, Lucul-
i'ls quontam Graecum poema cotidld'ity nunc
ad i'aecilianam fabulam fpedety fc. ^"/rchi-
as, I am afraid, Archias, fince he has
finifhed his Greek poem for the Lucul-
11, will now (inftead of writmg con-
cerning my confulihip) fet about wri-
ting a poem concerning Caectliui Me-
tellus. (This poem Cicero calls Fahu-
la Caec'iliana^ in allufion to the plays
(fabidae) of the poet, Cic. ^tt. r, 16.)
Z. CAECILIUS, a tribune, a. u.
690, who propofed a bill to the people
{Caectlia rogatio) for mitigating the
punifhment enaded againil bribery by
former laws ; but it does not appear to
have been pafTed ijato a law, Cic. SylL
22. & 23.
Q. CAECILIUS, firnamed Niger,
a Sicilian, the quaellor of Verres, a-
gainft whom Cicero delivered an ora-
tion called DiviNATio, ^indilian. 7,
2, 2. II, I, 20.
^ CAECILIUS, ^ R Metellus
Pius Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey,
Cic. Fam. S, 8. See P. Scipio Nasica.
^ CAECILIUS, a name affumed
by Pomponius Atticus from his uncle
by the mother's fide, who adopted
him, Nep. Attic. 5. hence Cicero, when
he congratulates Atticus upon his fuc-
ceffion to the fortune of his uncle,
which was very confiderable, infcribes
his letter thus, Cicero S. D. (Jalutem
dicit) Q^Caecilio Q: F* ( ^intiji-
Uo) PoMPONiANO Attico The ad-
Opted affumed the name of the adopter,
and put his own gentile or family name
after, changing the termination into
the form of a poiTeffive ^djedive ; thus,
Pamponianus, for Pomponius, as it were,
belonging to the gens of the PomJ^omi,
?i ] C A E
Cic. Att. 3, 20. So Scipio 4emi/ianu/9
Caefar O^avianusy Cffr. — Caecilia, thfi
daughter of Atticus, Cic.Att. 6, 2, & 4.
r. CAECILIUS Eutychides, a freed
man of Atticus, Cic. /^tt. 4, 15.
A. CAECiNA, a native of Vola-
terrae, for whom Cicero made an ora-
tion, Caecin. i, &c. He was after-
wards banifhed, for having written a
book againft Caefar, Cic. Fam. 6, ^,
8, &9.
CAEtrtiLus, the fon of Vulcan, the
founder of Praenefte, Serv. ad Virg.
Aen. 7, 681. from whom, according
to Fefius, the family of the Caecilii at
Rome was defcended.
C A ECUS, a firname given to Appiu«
Claudius from the lofs of hig fight,
Li'i). 9, 27. ; Cic. Tufc. 5, 38.
CAEDICIUS a centurion chofea
as general by the Romans, who fled
to Veji when Rome was taken by the
Gauls, Liv. 5, 45. & 46.
Caedicius, a fevere judge in th«
time of Vitellius, JwvenaL 13. 197.
CAELIUS, the name of a young
man defended by Cicero, when accu-
fed of being acceffory to CatiHne's
confpiracy. See Coelius.
C AENIS, -/V, a woman of Thefialy,
changed by Neptune into a man, cal-
led Caen E us, (in two fyllables), 0-
liid. Met. 12, 179, — 210, et 469, &c.
according to Virgil, changed again
into her former figure, Aen. 6, 448.
CAEPARIUS, one of Catihne's
affociates, Cic. Cat. 3, 6.
CAEPIO, -onisy a firname of the
Serviiii : Vid. Servilius.
CAESAR, -aris, the name of a
branch or family of the Gens Julia^
or Julian clan at Rome ; the lirll of
which is faid to have been fo named
from his being cut out of his mother's
womb, (ex caefo mairis uteroj, Plin.
7, 9, or from his being born with hair,
(cum caefarieji Feilus. Other reafons
of this name are alTigned, Serv ad
Virg. Aen. I, 290, et iiy 743. This fa-
mily was rendered illuftrious chiefly by
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR, who
fubverted the liberties of his country,
and ellabliflied a monarchical form of
G 3
!;overn'
C A s: [5
gdvefrtftient at Rome, uftder tKe name
of Tmperator. After him the name
bf Caesar was Annexed to that of
IMPERATOR, Taciu Hlft. 2, 60, &
80. ef 3, 58, and the one often put for
the other, Id. pq/ftm. but in later times
tvas appropriated to the heir-apparent
6f the empire.
C. JULIUS CAESAR was the
fon of C. Gaefar and Aurelia, the
daughter of Cotta, born on the 12th
July, {IV id. ^^uinalL) Macrob. Sat.
i, 12. a- u. 653*; (ah 654.) in the
confulfhip of C. Marius, for the fixth
time, and L. Valerius Flaccus. In
the 16th year of his age he loft his
father, Suet. i. ^Yio died fuddenly at
Pifae, after being praetof, (praeturd
perfunclus ) ^ while he was putting on
his (hoes, Plln. 7, 53 f- 54. The
following yeir, ( fequent'ihus confuli-
hui) Caefar was eleiled prieft: of Ju-
piter, {flamen dialis). Having prirted
with CofTutia, a rich heirefs, who had
been bettothcd to him when a boy,
(praefexfato)y he fnarried Corneh'a the
daughter of Cinfia, by whom he foon
$fter had Jiilia. Caefar continued
faithful to Cornelia after the overthrow
of her father, nor could he be compel-
led by Sulla the dictator to divorce her.
He was thefefore deprived of his pricft-
hood, of his wife's fortune, and of
fome inheritances that had fallen to
iiim by the death of relations, (gSfUl-
Uti'is haereditatibus mukatus. ) Being rf c-
koned of the oppofite party, not on-
ly on account of his connexion with
Cinna, but becaufe his aunt Julia had
been m.arried to Marius, he was obli-
ged to abfcond ; and, though ill of a
quartan ague, to change his lurking
|)lace3 fevery night, and at one time to
redeem himfelf frotfi the foldiers of
Sulla, who were fearching thofe places
for the profcribed, with a fum of ma-
tiey, Suet. I. by giving their comman-
der, Cornelius Phagita, two talents,
Plutarch, in Caef.; Suet. 74. till by means
01 the Vcftal Virgins, and of his kinf-
inen and conneclions, he obtained a
grant of his life. Sulla having long
%v2th(lood the importunity of his bell
2 1 C A E
friends, and perfons of the highefl:
rank, in behalf of Caelcir, at laft be-
ing with diificulty prevailed on, is
faid to have cried out, whether, fays
Suetonius, by divine infpiration or by
human conjedure, {Jive divimtus, i. e.
per divinationem ; five al'tqua conjeBurdi
i. e. a caufarum fcientia), " That
they fhould have t,heir requeft, but
bade them take notice, that he for
whofe fafety they were fo felicitous,
would one day be the ruin of the arif-
tocratic party, which they together
with him had defended.'* Suet, ib.
And vvl^en they faid that it was be-
low Sulla to feek the hfe of a boy ;
he warned them to be upon their guard
again il that loofe-girt boy, {ut male
praecin^um puerum cmjcrent;) alluding to
Gaefar's manner of always wearing his
tunic loofely girded. Suet. 45. ; Dlo^
43, 43. " for in that boy, faid he, are
many Mariufes," Suet. i. Plutarch
differs from Suetonius in his account
of this matter, as in feveral other par-
ticulars.
Caefar ferved his firft campaign in
Afia under Thermus the Praetor, by
wiiom he was prefented with a civic
crown at the fiege of Mitylene, Suet.
2. Being fent by Thermus to fetch
a fleet from Bithynia, he remained for
fome time with Nicomedes, the king
of that country, in fuch familiarity,
as gave occalion to reports unfavour-
able to his character, Suet. 2, & 49.
After the death of Sulla Caefar re-
turnt-d to Rom^e. He firft diftinguiih-
ed himfelf by accufing Dolabella of
extortion, {vid. Doiabella), ac-
cording to the author ot the dialogue
concerning the caufes of corrupt elo-
quence, in the 21ft year of his age,
c. 34. But it appears to have been
in his 23d year, vid Cafaubon, et P'gh,
ad Suet. Caef. 4. Dolabella being ac-
quitted, Caelar, in order to avoid the
odium of this profecution, refolved to
retire to Rhodes, to iludy eloquence
under ApoUonius, the fon of Molon,
the moft celebrated mailer of rhetoric
at that time. fn his way thither,
near the iiland of Pharmacufa^ he fell
jntQ
C A E I 53
into the handb of pirates, who then
infefted thofe feas ; among whom, for
near forty days, he behaved rather as
their mailer than captive, often threa-
tening that he would crucify thtm :
which they taking in jell, iifed to
laugh at him. But he having ranfom-
€d- himfelf for 50 talents, made good
his threat, Suet. ib. et 74.
Plutarch makes Caefar repair to the
court of Nicomedes, to avoid the
cruelty of Sulla, and fays, that v^ fail-
ing from thence he was taken by the
pirates, who at firft demanded only
twenty tal-ents for his ranfom, and
that Caefar gave them forty ; after
this, that he lludied rhetoric for fome
time under ApoUonius at Rhodes ;
that upon his return to Rome he ac-
cufed Dolabella ; but takes no no-
tice of his leaving Rome, and retiring
to Rhodes, in confcquence of Dola-
bella'* acquittal.
Caefar difcovered fuch abilities in
the profecution of Dolabella, that ever
after he was ranked among the chief
orators. Suet. Caef. SS' y ^^^' J-^ig^^'
10. ; Brut, 72, & 75. ; Paterc. 2, 43.
71ie tiril honour Caefar obtained by
the fuffrages ot the people was the of-
fice of military tribune in the army.
Suet. 5. in oppofition to C. Popilius,
Plutarch. He keenly promoted the
law for reftoring the power of the tri-
bunes, which Sulla had diminiflied,
a» u. 683, and by a law which Ploti-
us, a tribune, propofed at his iniiiga-
tion, {rogat'ione Plot'ta), procured the
liberty of returning from banifhment
to his brother-in-law L. Cinna, and
to thofe who together with Cinna had
fided with the conful Lepidus, and af-
ter his death had fled to Sertorius,
Suet. ib.
Caefar when quaeftor loft his wife
Cornelia ; at which time alfo his aunt
Julia, the wife oi Marius, died. Cae-
far honoured both of them with a fune-
ral oration from the ^ollra, Suet. 6. At
the funeral of Julia he brought forth
the image of Marius, which no one
had ventured to do fmce the vidory of
Sulla, Plutarch^,
3 «: A E
It fell to Caefar's lot to ^o as
Qiiaeftor, a. u. 6-7, with the Praetor
Antiftius Veter, Lh et FcU. 2, 43. to
Farther Spain, Suet. 7. There, when
by order of the Praetor he was going
round the province to hold the affizfs
for the adminillraiion of juftice, and
had come to Cadiz, obferving an
image of Alexander the Great in the
temple of Hercules, he fetched a deep
figh, as if grieved at his own inad;i-
vity , becaufe he had performed no-
thing memorable at an age {l"^), at
which Alexander had conquered the
world, ib. Dio fays, that this happen-
ed while Caefar commanded after his
praetorfnip in Spain, ;?7, 52. So Plu-
tarch, who fays that Caefar, while
reading the hillory of Alexander at a
leifure hour, having fitten a long time
very thoughtful, at lall hurft into
tears ; and when his friends, being fur-
prifed, aflced the caufe of it, he gave
as a reafon what has juft now beea
mentioned.
x^t the expiration of his quaeftor-
(hip, Caefar m.arried Pompeia, the
daughter of Q^Pompcius, and grand-
daughter of Sulla, Plutarch.
Caefar, when aedilc, by ihe magnt-
ficence of his fliews, furpafled all hi«
predeceffors in that ofSce. He is faid
to have entertained the people with aa
exhibition of 320 pairs of gladiators,
Plutarch. But Suetonius informs us
that he was not allowed to exhibit the
whole of thofe he had purchafed, by a
decree of the fenate, limiting the num-
ber of gladiators which one might keep
at Rome, c. 10. Caefar afterwards
kept a great many gladiators at Capua,
Caef. li. C. I, 14. In the flicw which,
he exhibited the faine year for his fa-
ther's funeral, he made the whole fur-
nitui-e of the amphitheatre of folid fil-
ver, ( omni apparatu arenae argenteo tijus
ejl)^ which had never been feen before,
Plin. 33, 3. f. 16
Caefar, having thus gained the fa-
vour of the people, tried, by means
of a part of the tribunes, to get the
province of Egypt affigned to him by
a decree of the commons, (plebifcito ;)
bui
C A E r ?4 1
tut he was prevented by the oppofi- didates
tion of the nobility. On which ac-
count he endeavoured to w^eaken the
power of the ariftocratical party, [op-
timatium fa8tonts)i by every method in
his power, Suet. c. ii. He had the
boldnefs to replace in the Capitol the
ftatues and trophies of Marins, which
Sulla had ordered to be thrown down
and broken to pieces, ib. et Plutarch,
in Caef. In the year after his aedile-
(hip, bein^ appointed Judex quaejlio-
fiisy or fubftitute to the Praecor, whofe
office ft was to prefide in trials con-
cerning the Sicarliy L e. thofe accufed
of killing, or of carrying a dagger
{Jica) with intent to kill ; he treated
as Skaril all thofe who in Sulla's pro-
fcription had received money from the
treafury for bringing the heads oi Ro-
man citizens. Suet. ih. He fuborned
T. Labienus, one of the tribunes, to
accufe C. Rabirius of treafon, [perdu-
eHionis)^ for killing Saturninus thirty-
fix years before, *vid. Rabirius.— He
zealoufly promoted the Mantlian law, for
conferring the command of the Mithri-
datic war with extraordinary powers, on
Porapey, that it might afterwards ferve
as a precedent for himfelf, Dto, 36, 26.
■ — He was fufpeded of being concern-
ed in diiTf:rent confpiracies againil the
date, firft vvith CraiTus, Sylla, and
Autronius-, Suet. 9. and afterwards
vith Catiline, ib. 13.
Upon the death of Metellus Pius,
the Pontifex Maxtmus^ a. u. 690, Caefar
havinor laid afide all thoughts of the
C A E
37, 37. The tribune Labie-
nus had paved the way for Caefar's
fuccefs by the publication of a new
law, for transferring the right of elec-
tion from the college of priel'ts to the
people, D'lQy lb. On the day of the
election, as his mother conduced him%-
to the door, with tears in her eves.
he embraced her, and faid, Mothery
province of Egypt, fued for the office
of High Prieft with the nioft protufe
bnbery, Suet. 13. ; and though only
thirty-fix years of age, [adokfcentu-
lus), carried it againft two pgwerful
competitors, J^ Catuhs and C. Servi-
lius JfauricuSf greatly fuperior to him
in age and dignity ; one' of whom,
(Catulus), had been Cenfor, and then
was Prince of the Senate, the other
had been honoured with a triumph :
yet Caefar procured more votes in their
own tribes than they boili in all the
tribes, Suet. ib. Sallujl. Cat. 9. Dio
fays, that there were many other can-
to-day you Jloall fee your f on High Prieft y
or an exile : Plutarch. He was fo in-
volved in debt by his remarkable libe-
rality in private, and his fplendid fhows
in public, Salluft. Cat. 49. that if he
had not obtained fome high office, he
muft have gone into voluntary banifh-
ment.
A. U. 690, [ah 691.) Caefar was
ele^led Praetor. Before he entered on
his office, the confpiracy of Catiline
was detected, by the apprehenfion of
Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and o-
thers. When the queilion concerning
their punifhment was brought before
the fenate on the 5th December, [No-
nis Decembribus), and moil of the fena-
tors agreed in opinion with Silanus,
the conful eled, who fpoke firft, that
they fhonld be put to death, Caefar,
when it came to his turn to fpeak,
gave it as his opinion, that their e-
ftatcs fliould be confifcated, and their
perfons clofely confined in the ftrong
municipal towns of Italy. Caefar's
fpeech made a great impreffion on the
Houfe, and he would certainly have
carried his point, had not the fpeech,
firft of Cirero the conful, Cic. Cat. 4.
and after him of Cato, then tribune
eleft, determined the Senate to decree
capital punifliment againft the confpi-
rators, SalluJL Cat. ^2. \ Veil. 2, 35.;
Dio, 37, 36. Caefar was fo ftrongly
fufptfted of being concerned in the
confpiracy, that fome Roman Equitesy
whom Cicero had placed as a guard
round the temple of Concord, where
the fenate was afltmbled, threatened
to kill him with their jfwords, as he
came out of the fenate-houle, Sallujl.
ib. 49. But Curio is faid to have
fcreened him with his cloak, and Ci-
cero to have given a fi^nal to the E-
qu'ites
CAE [5?] CAE
quifes to fpare him, Plutarch. Caef, in his office, {in integrum refliluit^ IndaSk
p. 711. Suetonius fays, that this hap
pened to him while he fat in the fe-
nate, and that he was with diffi-
culty protc6>ed by a few of his
friends, c. 14. Caefar, difcouraged
by what had pafled, did not come to
the fenate for the reft of the year,
(/'. €. from the 5th December to the
I ft January, when he entered on his
office), ih,
Caefar, on the firft day of his prae-
torfliip, a. u, 691. called Catulus to
give an accoiint to the people about the
repairs of the Capitol, and publKhed a
bill for transferring the charge of hnifh-
ing it to another, (meaning Pompey,
Dioy 37, 44.) But being violently op*
pofed by the nobility, he dropt the
bill, [aBionem depojult^ i. e. rogatwmrn)y
Suet. 15. Dio mentions feveral other
circumftances concerning this affair,
lb. et 43, 14. Add. Tac. H'lji. 3, 72.
By the advice and fupport of Caefar,
Metellus Nepos, one of the tribunes,
promulgated a bill to the people, that
Pompey fhould be ordered to tranfport
his army from Afia to Italy, as if to
fettle the ftate, and quiet the diforders
occafioned by the confpiracy of Cati-
line and the temerity of Cicero, Plut.
Cic. p. 872. but in reality to make
Pompey matter of the government,
Plutarch. Cat. Min. p. 771. that by his
affillance they might accomplifh their
ambitious projeds, Dio. 37, 43. This
caufed great difturfcances in the city,
ih. At laft the fenate fufpended both
Caefar and Metellus from the execution
of their offices, {adm'imflrattone re'ipuhli-
caefubmo'vehant,) Caefar at firll refol-
ved to a6l in defiance of this decree,
but finding a llrong force prepared to
prevent him, he difmiffed his hftors,
laid afide his toga praetexta, and retired
as a private perfon U) his houfe. Tvi'o
days after, when the mob affembled in
a tumultuous manner, promifmg him
their affiftance to alTert his dignity, he
prudently checked them. The fenate
pleafed with this unexpeded modera-
tion, thanked him ; and having cancel-
led their former decree, reinftated him
priore decreto,) Suet. 16. Metellus fled
to Pompey, Dio. 37, 43.
After the defeat of Catiline in the
confuhhip of Silanua and Murena,
a. u. 69 1 , Caefar was again involved ia
danger by a new information brought
againil him as an accomplice in the
confpiracy, by L. Vettius, bef(f>re No-
vius Niger, the quaeftor, and by Q^Cu»
rins in the fenate. To repel this charge
Caefar implored the teftimony of Cice-
ro, Suet. 17. which, fays Appian, Ci-
cero durft not refufe to fo popular a
chara£ler, B. Civ. 2, p. 431. Caefar,
by his influence in the city, not only
freed himfelf from danger, but obtain-
ed at laft full revenge on his accufers.
Suet. 17. ; Cic. Fatin. il. 5 Att, 2, 24.;
Dio. 37,41-
Towards the end of the year an affair
happened in the family of Caefar, which
made a great noiie in the city, and was
produ6live of very important confe-
quences. Publius Clodius, a young
patrician, then quaeftor, having fallea
in love with Pompeia, Caefar's wife, in
order to procure an interview with her,
by means of amaid-fervant,gotadmiffion
to Caefar's houfe in the habit and dif-
guife of a mufic girl, while Pompeia,
as being the praetor's wife, and other
matrons were celebrating the facred
rites of the BonaDea, or Good God-
defs, from which every male creature
was excluded, and even their pictures
ufed to be veiled during the ceremony,
Juvenah 6, 339. But Clodius being
dete6led, was driven out ot doors ; and
foon after brought to a trial for his
crime. By means of bribery he was
acquitted. Vid. Clodius. Caefar
immediately divorced Pompeia ; but
being fummonsd as a witnefs in the
trial, he declared that he knew nothing
at all of the matter; though his mother
Aurelia and his fifter Julia, who were
examined before him, had given a faith-
ful relation of the whole fact ; and be-
ing interrogated why then he had di-
vorced his wife ; **' Becaufe, fays he, I
think that thofe who belong to mc
ought to be free from fufpicion, as well
as
C A E t
as from gtiilt.** Suet, 'ja.. Caefar did not
wifli to offend fo popular a man as Clo-
d)U3, Dlo, 37, 45. ; App'ian. 2, f. 435.
At the fame time Caefar was fufpeded
of carrying on an intrigue with Mucia,
^lewife of Pompey, SueL'^c.
At the expiration of his praetorfliip,
Caefar obtained by lot the province of
Lufitania or Farther Spain. His cre-
ditors now urged him for payment, and
threatened to arrell him. CraiTas un-
dertook to fatisfy the moil clamorous
of them, to the amount of 830 talents,
aiLout L. 1 60,000 oF our money, Plutarch.
Appian mentions a faying of Caefar's
at this time, ** That he wanted 250
millions of feflerces, to be worth no-
thing-,** [opus ejfs fihi his millies et quin-
ge&ties centm'is mlUibuSy ut nihU haheret^ )
i. e. he needed L. 2,01 8,229 to pay his
debts ! Appian. B. C. 2, ^^2.
As Caefar iti \m way to Spain paffed
% fmall village on the Alps, fome of his
coFmpanions aficed him in jeil, if there
were any contells for, power and pre-
ierment there ; upon wliich Caefar is
reported to have faid, " I would ra-
ther be firll man there than fecond man
in Rome,^' Plutarch, p. 712. Caefar
conquered feveral ftates in Lufitania,
which he made tributary to the Ro-
mans ; by which means he acquired
•great wealth to himfelf and enriched his
ioldiers. He was as much praifed for
liis llrifl adminiibatiofl of juilice as for
Ilia military exploits. Before tlie end
of the year, without waiting far a fuc-
ceiTor, he returned to Roaieto demand
a triumph and the confulihip. But as
both were incompatible, without an ex-
emption from the laws, which, from the
oppoiition of Cato, he could not ob-
tain, he dropt his pretenfions to a
triumph, and fucd for the coniulihip,,
Snd. 18. ; P hit arch, i.aef, p. 713- ;
Cat. Minor, p. 774. ; Dio, 37, 54.
Caefar's competitors were L. Luc-
ceitis, the hiilorian, Ck. Fam» 5, 10.
and M. ijibulus, who had been his col-
league in the aedilefiiip and praetorfliip.
<_aefar united himfelf with Lucceius, on
condition tiiatLucceius, wiio was inferior
to himieU iu iaterdlbut mote -rich, ftxould
5<5 1 C A E
furnifh money on their joint account
to bribe the centuries. The nobility
(optimatesy) appreheniive that Caefar
would attempt any thing with a col-
league fubfervient to his will, made a
contribution to enable Bibulus to bribe
as high as his competitors ; and thus
procured hiseleftion. Accordingly he
was made conful with Caefar, Suet. 1 9.
From the fa:ne jealoufy of Caefar,
the fenate decreed to the confula that
ihould be elected for that year, pro-
vinces of fmall importance, the care of
the woods and roads. Caefar, provoked
by this affront, tried by every means ia
his power to gain the friendlliip of
Pompey, and reconcile him to Craf-
fus ; in which he fucceeded. According-
ly thefe three entered into an agreement,
which they confirmed by a folemn oath,
not to allow any thing to be done in
the Hate without their joint concur-
rence, [ne quid ageretur in repnblica quod
dtfplkmjfet ulli e tribusy) Suet, 19.; Dio,
37, 57. This is that famous combina-
tion commonly called theFiRSxTRiurvi-
viPvATF, which in reality was nothing
elfe but a criminal confpiracy of
three meny to extort from their country
by violence, what they could not ob-
tain bylaw; and from the time when this
confederacy was made, in the coufulfliip
of Metellus and Afranius, all the Ro-
man writers date the origin of the civil
wars, {kx Mefello confide, a. u. 693,
Horat. Od. 2, I, I.), which terminated
in the fubverfion af the republic.
Hence Horace calls the Triumvirate,
Graves Principum amicitiaCf the fatal
friendfnips of the chiefs ; of Pompey
the molt powerful, CraiTus the moil
opulent, and Caefar the ablell and
moll popular man in Rome, Od. 2, I.
4. SoVelleiusPatercuius: ^^c(Caefare)
confide (it (hould be confnle defignatOy
conful ele6l, according to Suetonius,
ib.^ inter eum et Cn. Pompeium, et M.
Crnffum inita potentiae focktasy &c. 2, 44.
In the<^i//?i72<f of Livy it is, Eo conjulaius
candidatOy et captantc rempuhlkam invade-
rsy conjptratio inter tres prtncipts fa£ta ejiy
\yc. Liv. Epit. 1 03. Pompey's chief
motive for joining in this confederacy
was
I
C A E [
yyas to get his ads in Afia confirmed
by Caefar in his confulfhip. ( FhL PoM-
ptius.) Caefar Jjerceived, that by-
yielding to Pompey's glory, he fhould
?i4vance his own ; and CrafTus hoped
to gain, by the authority of Pompey
and the influence of Caefar, that pre-
eminence which he could not obtain
^lone. Fell. 2, 44. Add. Flor. 4, 2,
}l. But the chief advantage of the
coalition redounded to Caefar. It
proved, however, in the end as deflru'c-
tive to thofe who made it, as to their
country. ( ^ae^ fc. focietas, urbi orbique
terrarum, nee mlntis, d'lverfo quoque tem-
pore, \pfis^ CralTo primum, deinde Pom-
peio, denique Caefari, exitiabtlis fuit,)
Veil. 2, 44. The confederacy for fome
time was kept fecret. The firft who
4ifcovercd it wa« Cato, Plutarch.
Caefar now afTured of the fupport of
Pompey and CrafTus, endeavoured in
his confulfliip to gain the favour, firft of
the people, by promulgating an agra-
rian law, and next of the Equltes, by
remitting the third part of what they
had ftipulated to pay 'for the Afiatic
revenues, [Fid. A. p. 24. and 204.)
When Bibulus attempted by his inter-
pofition to prevent thefe laws from
being pafied, he was treated fo roughly
by the mob, that for the laft eight
isionths of the year, (not the whole year,
as Seneea fays, ad Marc. 14.) he fhut
himfelf up in his houfe, and only en-
deavoured to obftruft the proceedings
of Caefar by his edids, Suet. 20.
■Henceforth Caefar managed every thing
as he chofe ; whence fome witty per-
sons, when they figned any writing as
*vitnefles, did not add. as uuial, " In the
confulfliip of Caefar and Bibulus, but of
Juhus and Caefar '* {non Caefare et B'lhu-
lof Jed Julio et Caefare Cofs.J putting
the fame perfon down twice by his
name and firname. Suet. ib. ; Dio, 38,
%, The bitter edicts ( Archilcchia edic-
ta) of Bibulus, however, provoked
Caefar fo lar, that he attempted to ex-
cite the mxob to dorm his houfe and
di'ag him out by force ; and Vatinius,
the tribune, at Caefar's delire., adually
mude iin ^ii'^ult on it, jJioj^gU without
57 1 C A E
luc; efs, Cie. 4tt. 2- 21. ; Faf. g. C;»-
cero having, in a fpeech at the trial Gjf
Antonius. his former colleague, com*
plained too freely concerning the itate
of the times, Caefar being informed
of it, inftantly called an affembly of
the people, and by the ailiftance of
Pompey, who aded as augur, ratified
the adoption of Clodius, Cicero's ene-
my, into a plebeian family; that fo ''Jo-
dius might be made a tribune, and
thereby enabled to profecute Cicero
for putting Lentulus and the other ac-
complices of Catiline's confpiracy tp
death without a trial, Su£t. 20. ; Plw
tarch. CaeJ. p. 714. j Cic. Dom. 16.5
Sext. 7.
The violent proceedings of Caefar
rendered the triumvirate odious to all
ranks of men, and Pompey chiefly be-
came the objed of the pubhc hatred,
Cic. Att. 2, 13, 19, & 20. He nov/
began to be fenfible of his error in af-
fociating himfelf wath Caefar ; whicji
he frankly owned to Cicero, C'lc. Att^
2, 21, & 21. who urged him to the
only remedy, an immediate breach witk
Caefar ; but Caefar was more fuccefs-
ful, and entirely alienated Pompey
from Cicero, Cu. Phil. 2, 10.
Caefar, to ftrengthen his union with
Pompey, gave him in marriage his only
daugiiter Julia; who, by her amiable
difpofition and engaging manners, pre-
ferved a good underftanding betweea
her father and hufband while flie lived.
Suet. 21. ; Clc. Att. 2, 17. About the
fame time, to fecure the intereil of
Pifo, his fucciiior in the confulate,
Caefar married Calpurnia, Pifo' s daugh-
ter, Suet. 11^ Dioy 3H, 9.
In order to llrike a ten'or into thg
oppofite party, Caefar bribed Vcttius,
who had formerly accufed himfeif, to
declare, that he had been folicited by
fome of the nobility to afrafii.ate Pom*,
pey ; and being produced to the people:
ih the Rojirdi named feveral : but this
plot being treated with merited con-
tempt, Caefar was gbd to get rid of it^
by llran^'Hng or poiioning Vettius pr>
vatclv in priic:;. and giving out that i^
WAS fipae by the .cpnipii;3X»^, ^u^* AO- »
C A E [ ?8
(?/V. jIu. 2, 24. ; Vat. II.; ^^rx. 63. ;
App'^nn. 2, p. 244. Dio. who is rarely
favourable to Cicero, afTerts, very im-
probably, that Cicero and Lucullus
aciually did attempt to perpetrate this
cfime by means of Vettlus, 38, 9.
Gaefar being now near the clofe of
his conful^Tiip, employed his age.it, the
tribune- Vatinius, to procure from the
people, by an extraordinary law, the
province of Cifalpine Gaul and Illyri-
Cum, for five years- with three legions,
Suet. 21. \ Ctc. Dom. 9. ; Vat, 15. to
which the fenate foon after, difregard-
ing their former appointment, upon
Caefar's defire, added likewife Tranf-
alpine Gaul, and one legion more ; a-
fraid left, if they fhould refufe it, he
Ihould get that alfo from the people,
without their confent. Suet, ib ; Dhj
38, 8. while Cato in vain remonftrated,
that, by their decrees, ihey were pla-
cing the tyrant in a citadel, Plutarch.
in Cat Min. p. 775.
Though Caefar received at firfl only
four legions, Dlo, 38, 8. 5c 41. ; Plu-
tarch, lb. et Caef. />. 7 14.; Pomp. p. 644.;
App'ian. 2, 435. he afterwards encrea-
fed that number, at different times,
Suet. 24. ; (.aef. Bell Gall 2, 2. & 23.
to ten legions, th. 6, i, 31. & 32. At
the end of the Gallic war he had thir-
teen legions, befides the two which he
gave to Pompey, ib. 8, 54.
Caefar having laid down the conful-
fliip, remained for fome time with his
army before the city, D'to^ 38, 17. ;
Ck. Sext. 18. ; PoJ}. Red. in Sen at. 13.
Several of the fuccceding magidrates
wanted to profecute him for his illegal
proceedings during the former year,
and to annul his acls; but Caefar, by the
interpofition of the tribunes, whom he
had gained, prevented them ; and, to
fecure himfelf for the future, always
took care, by every method, to attach
to his intereil a majority of the annual
magiftrates, Suet. 23.
Caefar fet out for his province about
the end of March, a. u. 695, Caef. B.
G. 1,6. He firft conquered the Hel-
VETii, who had left their coutry in
quell of better fettlements; and forced
] C A E
them, after fuftaining prodigious lofs,
to return to tlieir own territories, tb.
21. He next defeated Ariovistus,
a king of the Germans, who had fet-
tled in Gaul, with great ilaughter, and
obliged him to crofs the Rhine, ib 53.
In the fecond year, a. u. 696, Cae-
far fubdued the Belgae, Id. 2, 11.
the SitefftoneSi c. 13. the Bellovaci. 4.
the Nervii, c. 28. the -^ttuat^ci ; of
whom' he fold 53,000 for (laves, be-
caufe, after making a furrender, they
again took up arms, c. 33. He alfo
reduced feveral other ftates, c. 34. In
the fame year, by mean:- of his lieute-
nant Sergius Galba, he vtinquifhcd the
Nan*uaiesy Veragri, and Srlilni, Id. 3,
1, — 6. For thefe fucceffes, a thankf-
giving (fuppUcatio) was decreed at
Rome in hon.>ur of Caefar, for fifteen
days, a greater number than had ever
before been granted to any one, Id. 2,
35 f-
Caefar thinking that all Gaul was
now fubdued, ib. et 3) 7- made a pro-
grefs into Illyricum., ib. and from thence
went to Luca in Italy, where Pompey
and Craffus met him, to concert mea-
fures for their mutual advantage. It
was agreed that Pompey and Craffus
fiiould be confuls for next year, and
that they fhould procure for Caefar the
prolongation of his command for five
years more, w'l^h. money to pay his
troops, Suet. Caef, 24. ; Appian. 2.
^ 437-
In the mean time a fudden war broke
ont in Gaul with the Vemti^ and otner
ftates bordering on the ocean, Caef. B.
G. 3, 7. who, being vanquifhed m a
naval battle, furrendered themfelves to
Caefiir. Bat he, provoked at the Ve-
ntti for having detained the Roman am-
baffadors, ordered all their fenators to •
be put to death, and the reft to be fold
as fb.ves, /^. 7, — 16. Meantime Q^Ti-
turius Sabinus, Caefar's lieutenant, by
an artful ftra:agem, defeated the Unellip
ib. 17, — 19. At the fame time P.
Craffus, in Aquitania, having vanqaifti-
ed the Satiates, forced tiiem to fubmit,
ib. 20, — 25. with feveral other ftates
©f the fame country, ik 27. In the
end
C A E
r 90 1
C A E
end of the fame fummer, Caefar attack,
ed the Monni and Menu;>ih which were
the oniy ftates in Gaul t'^at remained
in arms, but, by the woody nature of
their country, was prevented from com-
pleting the conquell of them, ib. 28. &
29.'^ but he effected it ntxt feafon, with
great flaughtcr, Id. 4, 37. & 38.
A. u. 698, when Pompey and Craf-
fus were confuls, the Ufipetcs and Tmch-
ther'i^ two German nations, bein^ ex-
pelled by the Suevi, paiTed the Rhine,
and feized the country of the Menapiif
ib. 4, I, — 4. the EburoneSf and Con-
drufi^ ib. 6. to the number of 430,000,
ib. 15 Caefar defeated them with
vaft flaughter, and without the lofs of
a man on his own fide, ih. Plutarch
fays that no lefs than 400,000 were
flain, in CaeJ. p. 718.
Caefar, that he might ilrike terror
into the Germans, in his turn, and for
feveral other reafons, which he men-
tions, particularly that he might affill
the Uhn againll the Sueviy refolved to
crofs the Rhine, Id. 4, 1 6. He more-
over was defirous of doing what no Ro-
man had ever done before him, Dio, 39,
48. Accordingly having made a wood-
en bridge with lurprifmg difpatch, in
ten days, he led over his army ; and
Jiaving ravaged the country of the Si-
famhri, who fled to their woods upon
his approach, led back his troops into
Gaul, after (laying beyond the Rhine
only eighteen days ; and broke down
the bridge, Caef. B. G. 4, 16, — 19.
Dio fays that Caefar llaid twenty days
in Germany, and that he left it, upon
hearing that the Suevi were affembling
to affiil the Sicambri, ib
From the fame fondnefs of accom-
pliiliing things never before attempted,
though but a fmall part of the furamer
remained, Caefar tranfported his army
iiito Britain on pretext that the Bri
tons had aflifted the Gauls in all their
wars againft him. The Britons oppo-
fed hiy landing with great bravery; but
being defeated, were forced to aik
peace, and to give hoftages, Id. 4, 20,
.—36. In this expedition Caefar loft a
number of !his (hips by a ftorm, tb» 28*
& 29.
Next year, a. u. 699, Caefat made
a fecond expedition into Britain, Af-
ter feveral contefts, in fome of which
Caefar fuftained confiderable lofs, Caf-
fibclaunus, the chief king of the ifland,
w^as obliged to fue for peace ; upon
which Caefar failed back with his army
to Gaul, lb. 5, 5, — 23. Upon his land-
ing he received letters informing him
of the death of his daughter Julia, P/u-
tarch.
Next winter, on account of the fear-
city of corn, Caefar diftributed his le-
gions among the feveral dates, th. 24*
On this account the Gauls, at the in-
ftigation of Ambiorix and Cativulcus,
the chiefs of the Ehurones., and of In-
dutiomarus king of the Trcviri, form-
ed a plan of attacking the Romans in
their winter-quarters. Ambiorix ha-
ving, by an artful fpeech, induced Ti-
turius and Cotta to quit their camp,
which w^as placed between the Maefe
and the Rhine, in the country of the
Ehurones., attacked them on their march,
and cut them off, with all their forces,
confiding of a whole legion and tive
cohorts. Cotta had at firft ftrongly
oppofed this meafure, but yielded co
the opinion of Titurius, ib. 26,-36.
Suetonius calls him Aurunculeius, aad
fays, that he and Titurius were killed
by an ambufcade in the territories
of the Germans, Caef. 25. Ambio-
rix being afterwards joined by the AtU'
aiici and Nervii, attacked the camp of
Q^ Cicero, the brother of the orator,
who defended himfelf with great brave-
ry ; but being reduced to the greateft
flraits, mull have foon furrendered, had
he not been relieved by Caefar ; who
having heard of his danger, came to his
afTillance with wonderful expedition,
defeated the Gauls, and, to prevent
their continual revolts, determined him-
felf to pafs the winter in Gaul, ib. 37,
— 51. Indutiomarus attacked the camp
of Labienus, which was placed on the
confines of the Treviri and Rnemi ; but
being flain in the attempt, the Gauls
H 2 feparated^
C A t I 69
fc|5aratcd, and tranquillity was in a
great meafure reftoied, iL 53- adf.n.
Caefar, to repair his lofTes, levied
three new legions. He next year, a.
700, reduced the Neri^ti, by a fudden
jnvafion, and forced the Carniltes and
Menapl't to furrender. The Trennrt
¥rere routed by the artful conduft of
X.abienus his lieutenant, tb. 6, i, — 7.
As the Germans had alTifled the Tre-
virif Caefar again croffed the Rhine ;
but underftanding from the Ubian
fcouts that the Suc'vi were retired to
their woods, and fearing the want of
provilions, he in a fhort time returned
into Gaul, Ih. c. 8, 9. & 28. Dio fays
that Caefar retreated from fear of the
Suevi, as before, 40, 32. He how-
ever left a part of his bridge ftanding,
having broken down only about 200 feet
of it on the German fide, and, to fecure
the reft, built at the extremity a ftrong
tower of four ftories, where he left a
garrifon of twelve cohorts, under the
command of C. Volcatius Tullus, CaeJ.
tt Dio, ibid.
Caefar, after his return from Ger-
many, ravaged the country of the E
hurones. In the mean time the Sicam-
hri having croffed the Rhine, attacked
a party of the Romans under Cicero,
and cut off two cohorts. They alfo
attacked his camp ; but being beat off
from it, they repafTed the Rhine with
their booty, Caef. 6,31. ad Jin.
A. n. 701, almoft all the ftates of
Gaul confpired to recover their liberty
imder the conduftof Vercingetorix,
prompted, as Caefar himfelf fays, by
hearing of the difturbances at Rome,
occaficned by the murder of '..lodius,
Ifp, y, I, — j;. After feveral defperate
confiidls, repulfmg the Romans at Ger-
govia, with the lofs of 700 men and 46
centurions, ib. ^i. [legione ftisd. Suet.
Caef. 25.), the Gauls were at laft en-
tirely defeated at Alefia, and that city,
together with Vercingetorix, and a
great number of captives, furrendered
to Caefar, ib. 8y. The fcnate at Rome
being informed of thefe fuccefl'es by
Caefar's letters, decreed a fupplication,
;. c, that prayers and facrihces fhould
1 C A E
be tnade in all the temples, and fefti-
vals celebrated for twenty days, ib. 90.
Notwithftarding the dreadful defeats
which the Gauls had fuftained, new
efforts were flill made next year, a. 702^
to fhake off the Roman yoke, by diffe-
rent ftates, by the Biturlges, Carn.fres',
Bellovaciy Treviri, PiBones, jirmoncii
Cadurci, Sec. but thefe were all fiiially
crulhed, fome of them with the utmdll
feverity, ib. 8, 1,-40. To prevent
thefe repeated revolts by an exemplary
puniihment, Caefar having taken Uxel-
lodumimj cut off the hands of all thofe
who had borne arms againft him, ib. A^.
Thus Caefar cotnpletely fubdued all
Gaul in lets than ten years. rSuetonius
fays in nine years, f. 25. but in anothet
place he fays in ten, r. 69. Dio makes
the time only eight years, 39, 33. et
44, 43. Caefar himfelf makes it nirie
years, B. C. 1, 7. but a little after com-
plains that he was recalled from his go-
vernment fix months before his decen-
nial period was completed, ib. c. 9. fo
that he is commonly faid to have been
ten years in conquering Gaul ; thus,
Bellantem geminis tenuit te Gallia lujlris,
Lucan. I, 283. Decimo jam vincitis an^
no, ib. 300. During that time he is
faid to have taken 800 towns, to have
fubdued 300 ftates, (Appian fays 400
llateb), and to have engaged at diffe-
rent times three millions of men, (Ap-
pian fays four milHons), one million of
whom he flew in battle, and made an-
other million prifoncrs, Plutarch, in Caef.
et Jppian. in Celt. p. 755. Piiny makes
him to have flain 1,192,000 men, 7,
39. Paterculus 400,000, 2, 47. •
Though Caefar always gives plaufible
pretexts for his wars, yet there is rea-
fon to think that they were not always
juftifiabie. Suetonius fays, that after
he had augmented and difciplined his
army to his mind, he declined no occa-
fion of war, even though unjuft and
dangerous, attacking confederate ftates
as well as thofe that were hoftile ; fo
that the fenate once decreed, that am-
bafladors fliould be fent to examine the
ftate of Gaul, and fome advifed that
Caefar fuould be given up to the ene-
C A E [6
my ; but all oppofition was quafhed by
his fplendid fiicceffes, 6"?/^/. CaeJ. 24.
Caefar reduced Gaul to the form of
<l province. To lecure its fubjeclion,
he built forts in different places, and
impofed an annual tribute of forty mil-
lions of fc ftcrces, [quadringenties) , Suet.
25.; Eutrop. 6, 14.; Dio, 40, 43.
While Caefar profecuted his con-
quefts with fo much vigour and fuc-
cefs in Gaul, he .paid the utraoft at-
tention to fupport and increafe his in-
fluence at Rome. He always took
care to oblige the annual magiftrates,
and to aflilt none of the candidates
with his intereil, but fueh as engaged
to defend him in his abfence ; and to
fecure their performance, he did not
hefitate to exad from fome of them an
oath, and even a formal bond or written
obligation, (fyngrapham exigen)^ Suet.
23. Every year, when he came to Cif-
alpine Gaul to hold afiizes or courts of
jultice, (ad conventus agendas), and to
regulate the affairs of the province, a
great many of the principal perfons in
Rome came to pay their refpetlis to
him. Plutarch informs us, that there
were once at Luca at the fame time
120 Hirers, and more than 2CO fena-
tois, in Caefare, -p. -"jiS. So Appian,
B. Civ. 2. p. 437.
When Pompey was created fole con-
ful, to quell the dilturbances which
took place after the death of Clodius,
a. u. 701, fome of the tribunes pro-
pofed making Caefar his colleague ;
but Caefar requeiled, that they would
rather get a law paffed, that when the
time of his command in Gaul was near
expiring, he fhould be permitted to
ttand candidate for the confulfliip in
his abfence, Sui^L 26. Dio fays, that
this difpenfation was granted to Caefar
by Pompey, Dio, 40, 5 1, & 56. The
law however appears to have been paff-
ed by the joint appHcation of the tri-
bunes, with the concurrence of Pom-
pey, Cic. Fam. 8. 3. ; Appian. 2, 442.
And Cicero acknowledges that he al-
fo had lent his aid in that bufmefs, by
engaging Coeiius, then one of the tri-
bunes, to 'prompte the law ; which Ci-
I 1 C A E
ccro did at the requcH of Caefar, wbotli
he had feen at Ravenna, and afterwards
of Pompey himfeif at Rome. Hencfi
Uh'i illae flint denfae dextrae ? Wlierc
is that right hand, which you joined
clofely to Caefar's, when you promifcd.
to fupport his intereft ? Caefar and his
friends will ail^, fays Cicero, if I aft
again ll him, Cia. Att, 7, i. But Ci-
cero aftervvatdfi afferted, very incoiifift.
ently, that he had advifed Pompey not
to grant Caefar this difpenfation, Cic,
Phd. 2, 10. — Caefar, having obtained
this fa^'our, raifed hi-^, views flill higher.
He lavlilied immenfe fums to gain the
favour of the people both in public and
in private. He was the fure fuccour
of criminals, of infolvent debtors, and
prodigal young men ; nor was he Icfs
iludious to gain the friendfliip of kings
and of the allied Hates. He main-
tained a large body of gladiators ia
different places, particularly at Capua.
He doubled the pay of his foldiers,
and by his liberality gained their af-
fections 10 a wonderful degree. Suet,
ib. 26, 27, & 28. Cic, Att. 7, 3. Fanu
8, 4, & 14.
Pompey, who had fo long contri-
buted to raife Caefar, (per decern anno*
aluity Cic. Att. 7, 5). at lail became
jealous of his power ; but, from a vaift
couiidence in his own ilrength, neglect-
ed to make proper preparations for hiss
defence : and by the violent meafures
which his party purfued, affoi'ded Cae-
iar a pretext for bringing matters to
extremity. For three years there was
each year one of the confuls of the
name of Marcellus, all of them inimi-
cal to Caefar.
A. U. 702, M. Marcellus made a
motion in the fenate, that a fucceffor
fhould be appointed to Caefar, and
fmce the war in Gaul was finifhed, that
he fnould be obliged to difband his ar-
my, and come in perfon to fue for the
confullhip; alleging that the law, which
granted him leave to declare himfeif a
candidate in his abfence, was not for-
m.ally pafTed. But this motion of Mar-
cellus was oppofed by his colleague
Serv. Sulpicius, and fome of the tri-
bunes
C A E t
feunes, who were in the interell of Ca'-
far, Suet. 28. It was difapproved of even
by Pompey himfelf, who pretended
not to wifh that Caefar fhould be de-
prived of his command before the time,
Dlo, 40, 59. and feems to have had no
notion that Caefar would think of re-
taining it longer, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. Ac-
cordingly, after many warm debates,
in which the fummer was chiefly fpent,
a decree of the fenate was carried on
the lail day of Septeiiber, " That the
next confuls, L. Paiilus and C. Mar-
cellus, (who was the coufm of Mar-
cus), ihould, on the ift of March there-
after, a. u. 703, move the fenate to
fettle the confular provinces, &c." But
to this decree four of the tribunes gave
their joint negative, Cic. ib. M. Mar-
celhis, not fatisfied with taking from
Caefar his provinces and the privilege
of being made conful in his abfence,
alfo moved the houfe, that the free-
dom of the city (hould be taken from
thole planters, whom Caefar, by the
Vatinian law, had fettled at Novum-
comum. Suet, 28. ; and having caught
a certain Comeniian magillrate, who
was acting the citizen, he ordered him
to be feized and publicly whipt ; as
an indignity to Caefar, Appian. 2, 243.
which a6: Cicero greatly condemns.
An. 5, II.
Caefar, alarmedby thefe proceedings,
took every precaution for his defence ;
he levied foldiers, colle6ted money, and
tried to conciliate the Gauls by the
mildneis of his adminiitration, D'lo-, 40,
60. ; Caef. B. G. 8, 49. To counttr-
ad the defigns of his enemies at Rome,
he attached to his intereil L. Paulus,
the conful, by no lefs a fum than 1590
talents, about L. 279,500; and Cu-
rio, one of the tribunes, by a ilili lar-
ger fum, Db, lb. Appian. 2, 243. ; Phi-
tar ch. Pomp. p. 650; Cdef. p. 722.
(The fum given to Curio is faid
to have been fexcenttes fejlertiumi i. e.
L. 484,373, Val. Max. 9, 1,6. ; Pa-
ierc. 2, 48.): But in moil editions of
Paterculus it is cent'ies H. S.
Under pretext of the Partiiian war,
the fenate, which was now, at lealt a
62 3 C A E
great majority of it, in the intereft of
Pompey, decreed, " that both 'aefar
and Pompey fliould each give a legion
to Bibiilus, the governor of Syria ;'*
and Pompey demanded from Caefar the
legion vv^hich he had lent him after
the deftrutlion of Titurius and Cotta.
Caefar, though he perceived that both
thefe legions would be given to Pom-
pey, as they adually were, yet readily
fent them, Caef. B. G. 8, 54. becaufe
it afforded him a plauiible reafon for
levying ftill greater forces in their room,
Dio, 40, 6^. At their departure he
gave each legionary foldier 250 drach'
maCi about L. 8, Plutarch.
Thefe foldiers, whether from igno-
rance or defign, fpread unfavourable
reports of Caefar, " that his army,
wearied of the war, would leadily de*
fert, as foon as they came into Italy ;"
which increafed the confidence and fe-
curity of Pompey, and of his parti*
fans, App'ian. 2, 446.
The confuls eleded for the cnfuing
year 704, were C. Cdaudius MarccUus,
(the brother of Marcus), and L. Cor»
nelius Lentulus, both of them attach-
ed to Pompey. Caefar now alFumed
the appearance of moderation, and pro*
pofed to refign the command of his ar*
my, provided others, meaning Pom-
pey, (hould do the fame ; knowing
from Curio, that Pompey would never
agree to fuch a propofal. He even
m.ade llill greater conceiTions, Suet. 29.;
Flor. 4, 2. ; Veil. 2, 49. Caefar wrote a
letter to this effed by Curio, who, af-
ter laying down his office of tribune
on the lOth December, had gone di-
reftly to Caefar, D'lo^ 40, (^6. and re-
turned with great difpatch to Rome
before the ift of January 704, Appian.
2, 247. Authors differ about fome
particulars in this letter, but they all
agree in the principal point of Caefar's
propofmg to refign his command, if
Pompey would do the fame, Appian,
ibid. J Dioy 41, I. ; Plutarch. Caef. 727.
The matter v.-as violei.tly debated in
the fenate for feveral days. At lail a
decree was made by a great majority,
^t the motion of Scipio, " That Cae-
C A E t «3
far (lioulcl difmifs his army by a certain
day, ^ r be declared an enemy ;" and
when M. Antony and Q^ Caflius, two
of t^be tribunes, oppofed theii negative,
tbe fenate proceeded to that decree,
^vhich was ufually made in cafes of ex-
tremity, " That the confuls, prae-
tors, tribunes, and all who were about
the city with proconfular power, ihould
take care that the repubhc received no
detriment," (ut curarent, ne quid refp.
detrimcnti caperet), Cic. Fam. i6, 1 1.
Upon which Antony and Caflius, to-
gether with Curio, fled, in difguife, his
(vehiculo mtr'itor'iOy teS'i fervil'i habituj,
to Caefar, who was then at Ravenna,
Caef, B. C. I, 5. with only one legion,
ib. 8. Plutarch fays, with about 5000
foot and 300 horfe, the ufual num-
ber of troops then in a legion, Plu-
tarch, in Caef. p.'JZ'J. Add. Dio, 41,3.;
j^pp'ian. 2, 248.; Lucan. ., 267, &c.
When Caefar was informed of what
had paffed, he immediately difpatched
his cohorts before, and to avoid fuf-
picion, fpent the day himfelf in public,
attended a fhow of gladiators, and
flipped as ufual with his friends. Af-
ter fun-fet he rofe from the table, and
fet out privately with a few attendants.
Having travelled all night, he in the
moming overtook his cohorts at the
rivci Rubicon, the boundary of his
province. Here he flopped a little,
mufmg on the greatnefs of his cnter-
prife, {reputans quantum moliretun) ;
then turning to thofe who were next
him, *' Still, fays he, we may go back,
but if we pafs this little bridge, every
thii^ muil be done by arms," f omnia
arwls agenda erunt)y Suet. 31 f. Upon
which he quickly croffed the river, fay-
ing. *' The die is call," {alea jacta
EST J, Suet. ib. Hic-) a'lty hie, pactniy te-
nter at aque jura relinquOi Te, Fortuna fe~
guory &c. l.ucan. i, 225.) His troops
readily followed him. He fpeedily
led them to Ariminum, and took pof-
feflion of the place without refiilance,
6uet. 31, & 32. Plutarch, in Caef.
727.; Jppian. 2, 249.; Lucan. 2,
231. ; Flor. 2, 19. Lucan represents
the Rubicon as fwelled by the winter
1 C A E
rains, and fays, that Caefar and his
troops waded it with difficulty, the
horfe entering fir ft, and oppofmg the
rapidity of the current till the foot
paffed, I, 217, &c. A prodigy is al-
fo faid to have appeared to Caefar
while he hefitatcd on the banks, which
encouraged him to pafs, Suet. 32. Lu-
can makes the image of Rome to ap-
pear to Caefar, and addrefs a fpeech
to him, I, 186.
Caefar takes no notice of his paf-
fing the Rubicon, but only mentions
,^al at Aril
B. C. T, 8.
Here he met with Curio, and the tri-
bunes. Having fummoned his troops
to an aflembly, he brought forth the
tribunes in the fame fervile habit in
which they had fled from Rome ; aed.
after Curio had given an affecting ac-
count of all that had happened, Cae-
far, with marks of the gieateft emo-
tion, (Jlens, ac vefie a peBore dfc'i/fdj^
implored the proteAion of his foldiers.
Suet. 33. ; Dio. 41, 4. ; Lucan. l,
272, &c. Caefar takes no notice of
this, but mentions his having made a
fpeech to his foldiers at Ravenna, in
which, after recounting the injuries he
had fuffered, he conjured them to de-
fend his reputation and dignity againft
the malice of his enemies, B. C. i, n.
From Ariminum Caefar fent orders to
his army in Gaul to follow him with the
utmoil expedition. But while he made
the moil vigorous preparations for war»
he profelTed the ftrongeft defire of an
accommodation. Accordingly various
overtures for peace were made on both
fides, but without effed, Caef. ib.', Cic,
Ait. 7, 14, & 15. ; f/ 8, 9. Fatn. 16,
1 2. Though Caefar had the belt dif-
ciplined army, yet his enemies were
greatly fuperior to him in refources,
particularly as they were m afters of the
fea, Cic. Att. 10, 8. whence Cicero
ufually fpeaks of Caefar's attempt as
a kind of madnefs, {^cum amentia qua-
dam raperetur).^ and did not imagine
he would venture on fo defperate an
enterprife, Cic. Fam. l6, 12. Pom-
p.y not havi.g an army fulTicient to
oppofe Caefar, till he fliould collect
hi9
C A E [ f 4
his forces from the different parts of
the empire, feems originally to have
formed the refolution of reh'nquifhing
Italy; but imprudently concealed that
deiign from his friends, Clc. ^4tt, 8,
12.
The news of Caefar's approach fill-
ed Rome and all Italy with the great-
eft conllernation. Many prodigies, as
ufual, were reported. The fame ca-
lamities were apprehended as happen-
ed under Marius and Sulla, Cacf. ih.
fy 14 ; Jppian. 2, 449. ; Dlo, 49, 5.;
JLucan^ I, 466, — ad Jin, et 2, I, — 234.;
Pompey iled from Rome to Capua,
Id. 2, 392. declaring-, that he iliould
confjder as enemies all thofe v.ho did
not follow him, {^qui Komae remanif-
fet}t, Caef. ib. c. 33. ^d re'ipublirae de-
fuiffent. Suet. 7^.) which he is faid to
bave done by the advice of Domitius,
Suet. Ner. 2.; whereas Caefa'- declared,
that he ihould eittem all thofe who re-
mained neuter, [medios
et iieutrius par-
tis]j as his friends, Suet. 75. Cic. Lig,
II. The coniuls, and moft of the .0-
th<?r magillratt's and fenators, followed
Poaipey, Cdc/l lb. 14.; 2)iof 41, 6.
^c 9.; Ci^. i^<7?w. 16, 12. Appian
fays that Pompey was urged by tfie
confulg to leave the city, ib. 450. They
dcpai-ted in fuch a huny, that they
ueglefiied to tdie with them the mo-
ney from the treafury, Ca^f. ib. ; Dioy
41,6-; Cic. Att. 6, 7. The o-nly per-
fon of note in Caefar's army that join-
ed Pompey, was Labienus, Dio, 41,
4. ; Cic. Att. 7, II, & 12. Caefar's
chief lieutemip^t, jaiid then command-
er of Cifalpine Gaul, Catf. B. G.
8, 52.
Caefar rcmuined for fonie time .Jtt
■J C A E
Domitius intended to make his e-
fcape ; but his troops prevented him,
and delivered him up to Caefar, who
difmifled him in fafety, and reftorecj
to him a great fum of money, ( fcfter^
tium ftxagies, fix milhons of fefterces),
Avhich Domitius had depofited in the
town. Caelar trea^ed with the fame
lenity Lentiilus, the conful, and ma-
ny other perfons of rank who fell into
his power. He joined the foldlers of
Domitius to his own, adminifiering to
them the ufual military oath ; and in-
ilantly m.arched from Corfinium to A-
pulia, Caef. B. C, I, 23.; Dio, 41,
II.; Liican. 2, 477. The news of
Caefar's clem.ency to Domitius and
the other captives, raifed the fpirits
of fuch as remained in the city, and
made many of thofe who had fied re»
turn to their habitations, Plutarch.
Pompey being informed of this dif-
after, retreated to Brundufium, where
Caefar endeavoured to block him up,
Caef. B. C. I, 24, &c. But Pompey
made his efcape, {^per obftfji claii/ira par-
tus, noBurnd fu;jd eimfit, Flor. 4, 2.)
on the 15th March, {Idib. Mart.)
with all the forces he could carry
with him, Cic. Att. 9, 14.; and failed
to Dyracchium, Dio,, 41, 14. Several
prodigies are faid to have been fecn by
him in his paifage, ib.
Thus Caefar, with very little blood-
shed, in fixty days, made himfeif m.af-
ter of «11 Italy, Plutarch. ; whence Ci-
6 ccJeritaiem incre-.
; and fpeaking of
cero juiliy exclaims,
dililem ! Att. 7, 2 2.
the rapidity of liis progrels, he lays.
Ilium luere imutianU ib. 7, 20.
Caefar, unable to puifue Pompey
for want of fhippiag, feat Valerius,
Ariminum till he was joined ;by his liis lieuteaant, to take poiTeffion of
Sardinia with one legion, and Curio
He quickly
15. and trien
troops, Id, B, C. 1
"Overran all PiGenirm,
Jaid fiege to Corfinium, the chief town
.of the Pehgoi ; where Domitius, who
iiad been ap]>ointed his fucceffor by
ttlie Xonate, had ftiut himfeU up with
ithirty cohorts, or three legions ; e%-
:pt-Pz\\ ■■: that Pompey would come to
iis affiftance. But Caefar forced tlie
ipiace to lun-jender m ifevaa d^irs.
to Sicily with three, Caef. ib. 29, — 31.
Catfar having diftributed his troops
among the •ncarell towns, fet out for
Rome. In liis progrels through Italy
.he v\-as met by crowds from the differ-
ent towns^ Cic, Ait. 8,. 1 6. Lucaa
fays the contrary, 3, 8c. Notwith-
ilanding the favourabie reports of his
cloneiity* his :srriii^.l ia CLenie occa-
f oned
C A E [
iioned confiderable terror, Dw^ 41,
1 6. ( Urbem Attonitam ttrrore fubit ; —
fuit haec menfura ttmorts, Velle put ant,
quodcunque potejly) Lucan. 3, 98, &c.
But Caefar foon difpelled it, At)pian,
2, 453. He aflembled fuch of the
fenators as were in the city, ai d made
a long fpeech to them, juftifying \m
conduv5t, CaeC. B. C. i, ^2. Dio fays,
that the fenate , was affembled by An-
tony and Caflius, the -tribunes; who
had a few months before been expelled
from it, 41, 15. by Lentulus, the
conful, Plutarch. Anton, p. 918. Lucan
fays, that the fenate met in the temple
65 i C A E
fake of a Gallic war, whence it was
called Aerarium Sanctum, Fhr,
4, 2. ; but Caefar fald that he had re-
moved that fcruple by conquerinir the
Gauls, Appian. 2, 453. H<" is faid to
have taken out 2j,ooo bars of gold,
{lateres aurei), 35,000 bars of filver,
and 40,000,000 federces in coined mo-
ney, {in numerato, H. S. 'C'A-. i. €.
qnadrlngentin), Plin. 33, 3 f. 17.
Caefar does not* mention his break-
ing open the treafury, but only that
Metellus had been inftigated by his
adverfaries to oppofe his meafures ; and
that therefore he left the city witliout
of Apollo, without being legally fum- effeAing what he intended, and march-
moned, {nullo cogendi jure fenatus), 3
103. There were no curule magif
trates prefent, [omnia Caefar erat,) ib.
108. Caefar regulated every thing as
he thought propt^r. He reftored the
children of thofe profcribed by Sulla
to their former rights, Z)/'(?, 41, 18.;
Suet, ^i.; Fell. 2, 43. He made a
propofal that ambafladors fhould be
fent to Pompey concerning peace ;
but no one chofe to undertake that
office, whether from a fear of Pom-
pey, whom they had deferted, Caef.
ib. 34. or from a fufpicion that Caefar
was not fincerely defirous of peace,
Plutarch, p. 735. Dio fays, that cer-
tain perfons were chofen, but did not
go, 41, 16.
Caefar next went to take pofTeffion
©f the treafure, which, by a ftrange
overiight, Pompey had left. When
he came to the temple of Saturn
wliere the public treafure was kept,
Metellus, one of the tribunes, attemp-
ted to hinder him from entering ; but
Caefar having threatened to kill him,
he was forced to defift. The confuls
had carried off the keys, and therefore
the gates were broken open, Dio, 41,
17.; Lucan. 7^, 114, 169.; [quia tar-
dius aper'iehant trihuni, i. e. Metellus,
ed into Gaul, Caef. ib. 33. f. He had
propofed to make a fpeech to the
people before his departure ; but per-
ceiving that they were offended at his
feizing the public treafure, he did not
venture on it, and went away much
difcompofed, [vehementer animit pertur-
bato profedus), Cic. Att. 10, 4.
Caefar having left the command of
Italy to Antony, advanced again ft A*
franius, Petreius, and Varro, the lieu-
tenants of Pompey in Spain. He faid,
" that he was going againft an army
without a general, and then would re-
turn againft a f«;eneral without an af-
my," Suet. 34. Every town by the way
opened its gates to him except Maf-
feilles, which he immediately attack-
ed ; but perceiving that it could not
be foon reduced, after having ftaid
for fome time before it, he fet cut for
Spain ; leaving the charge of conduc-
ting the fiege by land to Trebonius,
his lieutenant ; and the command of a
fleet, which he had quickly built, to
D. Brutus, Caef B. C. i, 36.
Caelar encountered great difficulties
in his expedition againft Petreius and
Afranius, and his army was expofed
to the utmoft danger near Ilerda, by
the overflowing of the river Sicoris ;
jujjit effringi, fc. Caefar), Flur* 4, 2, but he e^itricated himfelf by wonder-
21. ful ability and good fortune ; obliged
Petreius and Afranius to retreat to-
wards Celtiberia, and having overta-
ken them on their march, by fuperior
This treafure had long remained un-
touched, Liv. 27, 10. and execrations
were denounced againft any one who
fhould meddle with it, unlefs for the generalfliip,
at laft
X
forced them to
furrender
C A E
[ 66
{urrender with their whole army, con-
fifting of five legions, befides auxilia^
ries, (Livy fays, feven legions, Ep'it,
no.), on his own terms, " that they
fhould difband their forces, and quit
Spain." Caef. B. C. l, 7,'].— ad Jin,
Soon after, Varro, who commanded
two legions, being deferted by his
men, was forced to fubmit, ih. 2, 20.
Caefar, leaving Q^Caffius to command
in Spain with four legions, returned
to Marfeilles ; which, after a long and
brave refiftance, was at lail obliged to
furrender, ib. 22. ; Fell. 2, 50. ; Dlo,
41, 19, & 25,
Caefar, though greatly provoked at
the people of Marfeilles, ( Maffd'icnfihus
irat'ifjtmus), yet on account of the anti-
quity and renown of the place, treat-
ed them with gentlenefs, Caef. ih.
C'lc. Phil. 8, 6. Dio fays, that he
took from them every thing except li-
berty, 41, 25. ; which they valued a-
bove all things, i^quam potiorem omnibus
habebant)^ Flor. 4, 2, 27.
Caefar, having left two legions as a
garrifon at Marfeilles, fet out for
Kome, CaeJ. B. C. 2, 22 / In his
■way thither fome of his foldiers muti-
nied at Placentia, particularly the
ninth legion ; but he fo moved them
by a fpeech, particularly by calling
them in the end of it Citizens, in-
ilead of Fellow-Soldiers, [Difcedite
cafris ; Tradite pojlra viris ignavi frgna
QyiRiTES, Lucan. 5, 357-) that with
tears they entreated his forgivenefs,
which with difficulty they obtained.
He however fekcted 120 of the ring-
leaders, and having made them call
lots, he caufed every tenth man to be
beheaded, (decimabat) ; but it was
found that one of thefe twelve had
been abfent in the time of the mutiny.
Caefar therefore ordered the centurion
who had accufed him to be put to death
in his ftead, Jppian. 2, p. 457. Dio
fays, that the reft of the foldiers -^^'erc
all difbanded ; but afterwards, having
given proofs of their penitence, they
were reftored, 41, 35, f. So Sueto-
pius, Ciisf. 69, who fays, that it was
t-he ioldiers pf the tent^h legion whom
3 C A E
Caefar reclaimed from a mutiny at
Rome during the African war, by
calKng them Qui rites inftead of Mi-
LiTES, ib. 70.
Caefar, before he left Marfeilles,
was informed, that he had been made
didator in his abfence, by Lepidus, the
praetor, at Rome, B. C. 2, 21. Dio
fays, that Lepidus advifed the people
to create Caefar dictator, 41, 36.; but
Dio afterwards fays, that Caefar was
chofen dictator by Lepidus hinifelf,
43, J. Appian fays, that the people
in a great' fright elected him dictator ^
of themfelves, without either a decree ,■
of the fenate, or the fuperintendance ■
of a magiftrate, B. C. 2, 457. Lucan
fays, that Caefar afluraed the office of
di£tator at the requeft of the people,
5, 382. Plutarch fays, that he was
created by the fenate, in Caef. p. 725.
It is certain that he was created in
an uiiufual manner.
Caefar, as didator, prefided at the
Comitia for the election of magistrates.
He himfelf, and P. Servilius Ifauri-
cus were made confuls for the next •
year, a, u. 705, (al. 706). Having
made feveral regulations for the go-
vernment of the ftate, ( Fid. R. A. Le-
ges JuLiAt), he refigned the dicta-
torfhip in eleven days, Caef. B. C. 3, I,
& 2. Plutarch, et rlppian. ibid, and fet
out to join his army at Brundufium,
where he had ordered twelve legions
and all the cavalry to affemble ; but he
fcarcely found ihips fufficient to tranf-
port 2c,QOO legionary foldiers, and
600 horfe, Caef ib. With thefe he
fet fail on the 4th of January, and
next day landed at Pharsalus, a fmall
place near Qricum ; which town he
got poffeflion of the fame day, ib. c. 8.
and foon after alfo of Apollonia, ih^
(.12,
Caefar having landed his troops, fent,
the fleet back the fame night to Brun-j
dufiuni, to bring over the reft of his
legions and cavahy, ib, c. 8. But as
they were long of coming, Caefar dif-
guiling himfeif, fet out in a fifl^ing-
boat to bring them more fpeedily ; but
a t^mpeft having arifen, the pilot re^
Med
C A E [
fufed to proceed farther. Upon which
Caefar difcovered himfelf, faying,
** Be not afraid, you carry Caefar,"
Z)/o, 41, 46.; Plutarch. Caef, 726.;
Apophthegm, p. 2q6. \ Suet.^S.; Appian.
Civ. h. 2, 463, 522, &C. (Q^UID TI-
MES ? Caesarem vehis, Flor. a^, 2.)
But after many fruitlefs efforts he was
at laft forced to fail back. His foldiers
expreficd the utmoft joy at his return,
ih. Caefar takes no notice of this
bold adventure ; but that he wrote
fharply to Antony and Calenus, his
lieutenants at Brundufium, to lofe no
time in endeavouring to join him.
They quickly fet fail, and next day
landed in Epire, to the great joy of
Caefar, having narrowly efcaped the
enemy's fleet, Caef. ih. 25, & 26.
Caefar foon after forced Pompey,
with an army much more numerous
than his own, to fliut himfelf up in
Dyrrachium ; and furrounded him with
works of an amazing extent, CaeJ. ib.
c. 43. — 47. Here many fharp conflidls
took place, generally to the advantage
of Caefar. At laft Pompey made a
general fally, and broke through Cae-
far*s lines, after making a great jQaugh-
ter of his troops, ih. c. 52, — 72.
Caefar led his army from thence to
Theffaly, whither Pompey had the
imprudence to follow him, and was
completely defeated in the plains of
Pharfalia. Vid. Pom pejus.
The army of Pompey was much
more numerous than that of Caefar.
The army of Pompey was above 45,000
men, and that of Caefar 22,000, Caef.
-^. C. 3, 88, &: 89. Appian fays, that
Caefar had only 22,000 foot and 1000
horfe, but that Pompey had more than
double, and of thefe 7000 were caval-
ry. The nurrber of Italians on both
fides are faid to have amounted to
70,000, at lead to 60,000. Some
made them 400,000, Appian. B. C. 2.
^. 47 I. So Flo r us, T recent a amplius mil'
lia hinc vel iliinCf praster auxilia regum et
Sociorunii 4, 2. Caefar had auxiliaries
both of horfe and foot from the different
ftates of Gaul, and light-armed foldiers
from feverai parts of Greece, Appian,
67 1 C A E
ih.p.^^2,; Lucan.if ^g6, — 465. The
auxiliaries of Pompty were coUecfted
from the various nations of the eaft,
which are enumerated at great length,
Appian. ib. ; Caef. .5. C. 3, 3, 4, & 5. j
Lucan. 3, 169, — 295. The affemblage
of fo many nations, as Lucan obferves>
enabled Caefar to fubdue the world at
once, [Acciperet felix ne non femel omnia
Caefar., Vinccndum pariter Pharfalia
praejlitit orbem)^ ib. 296. The troops
from the conquered countries are faid
to have fought with particular alacrity
and vigour, that they might reduce the
Romans to the fame fervitude to which
the Romans had reduced them, Dioy
41, 59/ As thefe foreign foldiers
contributed \o eftablifh tyranny, fo
they afterwards ferved to perpetuate it.
Suet, et Tacit, pajjtm, Pompey did not
allow his men to run to the charge
with a fhout, as ufual, but ordered
them to receive the attack of Caefar
without changing their ground, which
Caefar difapproves of, Caef. B. C. 3,
92.
Pompey depended chiefly on his ca-
valry ; but Caefar fruftrated this hope
by one of thofe contrivances which
marked the fuperiority of his genius-
Knowing that Pompey's horfemen
were in a great meafure compofed of
young men of rank, who were fond of
their looks, Caefar felefhcd fix cohorts
of his bravefl foldiers, Caef. B. C. 3,
89, 5c 93. confilling of 3000 men, Ap-
pian. ib. to oppofe them. Thefe he
direded to aim their fpears at the ene-
my's faces, ib. and during the fight
rode up and down, calling out, Fa-
CIEM FERI, MILES, FIcr. 4, 2, 47.
which had the delired effect. Pom-
pey's cavalry, flruck with the dteadful
wounds they received in their faces,
took to flight, and drew the foot after
them, Appian. ib. ; Plutarch. Caef 657.
Caefar takes no notice of this flrata-
gem, though he afcribes his vidory
chiefly to thefe fix cohorts, ih. 94.
Lucan makes Caefav's order to aim at
the faces of the cavalry a general order
to the whole army, 7, 322. In the
purfuit Caefar charged his foldiers to
I z fpar<'.
C A E
I 68 1
C A E
fpare citizens, Flor,ib. 50. [C1*j}s, qui
fugfrit^ ejlo., Lucan. 7, 3 1 9.), and to
daughter the auxiliaries, Appian.p, 4'~8.
Thofe fenators and Equites whom he
had formerly taken and difmiffed, he
ordered to be put to death, except
filch as were preferved by his friends,
each of whom he permitted to fave the
life of one of the adverfe party, Dioj
41, 62 ; Suet. 7 J. Caefar, viewing
thofe who were flain on the field of
battle, is reported to have faid, " They
would have it fo, {^hoc vo/uerunt) ; I
Caius Caefar, after having performed
fo great exploits, (hould have been con-
demned, had I not aflced afliftance from
my army," Suet. 30.
After the viftory Caeiar immediate-
ly attacked Pompey's camp, and took
it. Here he found tables covered,
plate difplayed, and other preparations
for a feaft; fo that Pompey^s men feem-
ed to have been confident of fuccefs,
and not to have in the lead apprehend-
ed an adverfe ilTue of the batile, Caef,
ib. 96. The infatuation of Pompey is
furprifing, in not having taken proper
precautions againft a defeat ; and his
flight to Egypt ftill more fo, when he
had fo great refources ftill left in diffe-
rent parts of the empire, by which he
might have retrieved his aiTairs. Caefar
burnt all the letters he found in the cof-
fers of Pompey without reading them;
for which he is juflly praifed, Dio<, 41,
6^. ; Senec, Ir. 2, 24. ; PJ'm. 7, 25.
Caefar next day forced a great num-
ber of men to furrender, who had ta-
ken refuge in a neighbouring moun-
tain, ih. 98. The fmallnefs of Caefar's
lofs in this battle is aftoniOiing, only
30 centurions and 200 legionary fol-
diers, ih. Some made the nu.iber of
men 1200, App'tan. lb. 479. Of Pom-
pey's army 15,000 were flain, and
24,000 taken prifoners, ib, 99. Ap-
pian fays, that on Pompey's fide there
fell 25,000 Italians, lo fenators, among
ivhom was Domitius, the fuccelfpr
elect of Caefar, and 40 Equites ; but
ados, that Afinius PoUio, one of Cae-
far's generals, makes Pompey's flain
amount only to 6000. The number
of auxiliaries that fell was fo great that
they could not be reckoned, App'tan,
ib. 479.
Caefar, immediately after his vi6lory,
fet out in purfuit of Pompey, to prevent
him from renewing the war, Caef.ib, 102.
While crofling the Hellefpont in a t.*r-
ry-boat, he fell in with one of P im-
pey's fleets, confifting of ten galleys,
(Appian fays 70, ib.^'^'i,.)^ under the
command of L. Caffius ; but was fo far
from flying, that going up clofe to
Caflius, he exhorted him to furrender,
and upon his compliance, took him in-
to the boat to him, (fupplicem ad fe rC'
cepit)y Suet. 63. Appian fays, that
Caflius, ftruck with Caefar's wonderful
fuccefs, and thinking that he was co-
ming againll him, ftretched out his
hands to aflc forgivenefs, and furren-
dered his fleet, ib. So Dio, 42, 6.
Caefar reached Egypt foon after the
murder of Pompey, with a very fmall
force, only twelve Rhodian gallies and
a few from Afia, having on board no
more than 3200 foot and 800 horfe ;
but, trufliing to the fame of his ex-
ploits, he thought that in any place
he fliould be fafe, CaeJ. ib. c. 106. Up-
on his arrival at Alexandria, perceiving
a tumult on fliore, occafioned by the
news of the death of Po. ipey, (an e-
vent yet unknown to Caefar, Lucan. 9,
1015. ; Caef. B. C. 3, 106.), he did
not land immediately, [dubiis vent,.s fe
credere regmsy Ab/linuit tellure ratesy Lu-
can. 9, 1009.), but waited till Ptolemy
returned from Pelufmm, and fent to
him the head of Pompey with his ring,
Dioy 42, 7. Caeiar, fliocked at the
fight, ihed tears ; and, cxprefiing the
utmoft difpkafure againft the murder-
ers, ordered it to be iumptuoufly bu- .
ried, ib. 8. ; Plutarch. p. 662. ; Appian,
2,481.; Fal. Max. 5,1. Dio obferves,
that this grief of Caefat was all pre-
tended, ib. So Lucan, i^lacrymas non
fponte cadentes Effudity gemitufque expref-
fit pect'jre laeto), 9,. 1038, Sec. Thus
Ptolemy was difappointed in his hopes,
«'of gaining the friendfliip of Caefar by
his deteilable preient, (foedus amicitiae
cum Ca^are fanciendi, muito Pompeii ca*
C A E C 69 ] C A E
i. c. mediante, conjungente Ulud far's afTuming the right of determining
ptte,
foedus)* Flor. 4, 2. and Pothlnus the
eunuch, the governor of the young
king, and regent of the kingdom, (««-
trilius puerty et procurator regniy Caef.
B.C. 3, 112.), who had adviled the
deed, and brought the prefent, inftead
of receiving his expected rew^ard, was
treated with deferved contempt and
abhorrence, Plutarch. 730. ; Lucan. 9,
1064, &c.
Caefar now landed at Alexandria,
with hi J lidlors walking before him, as
being conful ; which the Egyptians
thinking derogatory to the authority
of their king, raifed fuch diilurbance,
that Caefar, to avoid being infulted,
made his way to the palace as fad as
he could, Dio, 42, 7. ; Lucan. 10, 9,
&c. Caefar takes no notice of the
head of Pompey being fent to him ;
but only fays, that at Alexandria he
heard of his death, B. C. 3, 106. — The
tumults amoug the Egyptians ftill con-
tinued, and fevtrral of Cacfar's fol-
ditrs were flain in different parts of the
city, ib. on which account he fent
for other legions from Afia, ib. 107.
and in the mean time, to conceal his
apprehenfion of danger till more forces
(hould arrive, he amufed himlelf in,vi-
fiting different parts of the city, and
in hearing the philofophevs, Apptan. 2,
483.; Lucan. 10, 14, 194, &c. Ac-
cording to Dio, Caefar, thinking that
nothing hoflile now remained after the
deftrudtion of Pompey, fpent his time
in collecting money and fettling the
■ diff'-rcnces between Ptolemy and his
fitter Cleopatra, D'lo^ 42, 9. l^Vid.
Ptolema^us.) Ptolemy Auletes,
the prefent king's father, owed Caefar
no lefs than l'] ^^00,000 drachmae^ (Jep-
imgentiesy H. S.'). Caefar had former-
ly remitted to his children all above ten
millions, [quadr'ingeni'ies H. S.), which
he then dem.anded to maintain his ar-
- my. Pothinus, the eunuch, remon-
ftrated againft the payment of fo great
a fum ; and the methods he took to
raife it were calculated to excite ge-
neral difcontent, Plutarch, ib. But
what gave particular oifeiice was Cae-
the difference between Ptolemy and
Cleopatra concerning the pofTefTion of
the crown, Caef. ib. 8. This diffatif-
fadion was encreafed by Caefar*s par-
tiality to Cleopatra, who, to get ac-
cefs to Caefar without being difcover-
ed, landed one evening from a fmall
boat near the palace, and having cau-
fed herfelf to be wrapped up m a co-
verlet at her full length, was carried
on the back of one of her attendants
to Caefar's apartment. Caefar was
pleafed with the ingenuity of the con-
trivance, and Cleopatra, by her beauty
and addrefs, foon gained his afFedions,
( l^ultus ade/?Jfrecibus), Lucan. 10, 1 05.;
13io, 42, 35. {^Aderat pudlae forma)^
Flor. 4, 2. Next morning young Pto-
lemy, when he unexpededly faw his
filter with Caefar, was tranfported with
rage ; and running out to the people,
cried that he was betrayed, and tear-
ing the crown from his head, call it
on the ground. This having caufed a
great tumult, Caefar's foldiers fecured
the king's perfon ; upon which the E-
gyptians v/ere fo much provoked, that
they would have inilantly ftormed the
palace, as the Romans, who lived on
a fiievidly footing with them, were not
pi-epared for defence, had not Caefar,
being greatly alarmed, come forth to
them, and Handing in a lafe place, pro-
mifed that he would do whatever they
wilhed. Then having called an alTem-
bly, and brought forth Ptolemy and
Cleopatra, he read over their father's
teilament, which ordained, that they
fliould marry each other, according to
the cuftom of the country, and reign
jointly under the proteclion of the Ro-
man people. For which reafon, Caefar
added, it belonged to him, as being
conful, (Dio fays didator), of the Ro-
man people, to take upon hirnfelf the
guardianlhip of the children, and exe-
cute the father's will ; tht;reforc that
he gave to the elder Pcolemy and Cleo-
patra the kingdom of Egypt ; to the
younger Ptolemy and lirs filler Arfi-
noe he granted the ifiaiid of Cypi^us,
which then was polTefied by the Ro-
C A E
[ 70 ]
C A E
rnang. Thus the tumult was allayed
for the prefent, D/o, 42, 35. and a feaft
was kept for the joy of this reconcilia-
tion, Plutarch, ib. p. 731. [Excepere
epulae iantarum (raud'ia rermn), Lucan.
10, 108. of which Lucan gives a long
delcription, ib, ad v. 3^2.
In the mean time, Pothinus, appre-
hending the lofs of his power, and
perhaps of his life, fent privately to A-
chillas to bring the army from Pelu-
ilum to Alexandria, Z/w, 42, 36. Cae-
far, unable to contend in battle with
fo great forces, fortified himfelf m a
part of the palace, (Paribus claufae fe
protcgit nulae—nec toia vacalat Regia com'
preffo : minimd colhgp.rut arma parte do-
miiSf Lucan. 10, 440). and lent two
Egyptians, Diorcorides and Serapion,
as ambaffadors to Achillas, in the name
of Ptolemy, to detire him to refrain
from holHlities. But Achillas ordered
them to be feized and put to death, [Sed
neque jus mundi 'ualuit, neque foeder a fane-
ta Gentibus, Lucan, ib. 47 1 • ) One
was killed on the fpot, and the other,
having received a dangerous wound,
was carried off for dead by his attend-
ants, Caef. B. C. 3, 109. ; Dioy 42,
37. Lucan fpeaks only of one am-
bafFador, ib,
Caefar having difcovcred a corre-
fpondence betwixt Pothinus and A-
cbillaG, ordered Pothinus to be put to
death, Cocf.ih. 1 1 2 f . Achillas quick-
ly made himfclf mailer of Alexandria,
and endeavoured to break into the pa-
lace by force ; but was repulfed. He
rextiittempted to feize the fhips in the
harbour ; but Caefar,^ to prevent them
from fallijig into the power of the ene-
my, fet fire not only to thefe vefTels,
butalfo to ail that were in the arfenals,
Caef. ib. III. By this conflagration,
a part of the famous Alexandrian li-
brary was confumed conlUting of
40C,oco volumes, Se:.'ec, Tra.'iqud/, yJru
9. ; Gell. 6, 17.; Or OS. 6, 15. Marcel-
linus fays 700,000 volumes, 22, 17.
The war being thus begun, called
the Alexandrian war, {Bellum Alex-
ANDRiNUM,) Catfar fent for rtinfcrce-
meiUs from all cj^uarters, and ufcd every
art to defend himfelf againft the attacks
of the enemy, Hirt, B. Alex. i. nor
were the Alexandrians lefs attentive
on their part, ib. 2. Many fierce com-
bats were fought both by land and fea
with doubtful fuccefs ; nor was Caefar
ever in greater danger. At one time
in defending the bridge which led to
the ifland Pharos, which he had taken
pofTefTion of, Hirt. ib, 19. ; Lucan. 10,
509. being forced by a fudden fally
of the enemy into a fmall flciff, (in
fcapham. Suet. 64. Hirtius fays-, into his
own galley, iri fuum navigiumferccepit, ib.
2 1.) and many hurrying on board along
with him, perceiving that the f]-:ifF mufl
fmk, (as it aftually did), he jumped into
the fea, and faved himfelf by fwiinming
for 200 paces to the nearcft fhip, raifing
his left hand, that fome papers which
he held in it might not be wetted, and
drawing after him his military robe in
his teeth, that the enemy might not
become mafler of his fpoils, Suet. Caef.
64. Plirtius takes no notice of the
two lad circumflances, f. 21. Appian
fays that the enemy got pofTeffion of
his cloak, B. C. 2, p, 484. So Dio^
42, 40. and Florus, 4, 2, 59. Plutarch
fpeaks of Caefar's faving his papers,
but fays nothing of his cloak, /;. 731.
80 Or of as y 6, I J. Julius Celfus agrees
v\'ith Suetonius, p, 218. Lucan, who
alludes to this facl in the end <c-i his
poem, ic, 534. fuppofes Caefar to have
been prompted to attempt his efcapc
in the manner he did, by reflecting on
the wonderful braveiy of Scaeva, ih,
544. one of his own centurions at Dy-
racchium, Id, 6, 138, — 263.
Arihioe, the filler of Ptolemy, made
her efcape from the palace by the con-
trivance of Ganymedes an eunuch, her
governor, and joined Achillas. But a
difference having arii'en between them,
Arfmoe caufed Achillas to be put to
death, and gave the com.mand of the
army to Ganymedes, Caef. B. C. 3,
112.; Hirt. B. A. 4. ; Z//0, 42, 39, &
40. ; Lucan. 10, 520, 2cc. This tiap-
pened foon after the com.mencement of
hoflilities. Dio fays, that Caefar, a-
fraid left Pothinus fliould alfo carry off
Ptolemy
C A E [7]
Ptolemy by artifice, ordered him to be
put to death, ib. 39. But other au-
thors relate that Pothinus was put to
death before, and for a different rea-
fon, Caef. B.C. 3, 112 f. Plutarch
fays that Caefar ordered Pothinus to
be killed at a feaft ; and that Achillas
efcaptrd to the army, and raifed a dan-
gerous war againft Caefar, p. 731.
Lucan mentions the death of Achillas
immediately after that of Pothinus, as
a fecond vidlim to the manes of Pom-
pey, ( Altera^ MagnCf tuis jam vld'ima
m'ltt'itur umhris ) , 10,524.
The war was conduced with no lefs
vigour by Ganymedes than it had been
by Achillas. The Alexandrians, pre-
tending to be tired of the war, fent
ambaff.dors to Caefar to treat about
peace, and to beg the releafe of their
king. But having obtained their re-
queil, they profecuted the war with
unabated fiercenefs. Caefar having
obtained fupplies, and being joined by
Mithndfites of Pcrgamus, with a great
body of forces, routed the Egyptians,
took their camp, and thus put an end
to the war. Ptolemy was drowned in
his flight over the Nile, H'trt. ih. 23, —
32.; Bio, 42, 42, & 43. Nine months
were fpent in this conteft, ylppian. B.
C, 2. /. 4S4. wriich was thought to
have been undertaken chiefly on ac-
coimt of Cleopatra. For this reafon
Cicero fays, that Caefiir, confcious of
his imprudence, was afaamed to write
about it, ^if. ii, 15. and in fad he
did not fo much as fend a letter to
Rome concerning his affairs from De-
cember to June.
Caefar gave the kingdom of Egypt
to Cleopatra j but, to fave appearan-
ces, he joined with her in the govern-
ment her younger brother Ptolemy,
then a boy, and ordered that fhe fhould
marry him, accordiug to the cuflom of
the Egyptians, Dioj ib, 44. He re-
moved Arfmoe out of the kingdom,
Hlri. ib. 33. and aftervi'ards caufed her
to be led among the captives in his
triumph, D'lo, 43, 19. ; Flcr, 4, 2, 88.
Caefar made a progrefs through E-
gypt with Cleopatra, along the Nile,
]
C A E
in a large pleafure boat, [eadeni nave
thalainego). Suet. 52. attended by 400
fhips, Appian. ib. He would have ad-
vanced as far Aethiopia, but his army
refufed to follow him, Suet, ih. He
was fo attached to Cleopatra, that flie
would have detained him ;ftill long-
er in Egypt, or have accompanied
him to Rome, if he had not been o-
bHged to march againft Pharnaces^
the fon of Mithridates ; who having
heard of the dangerous fituation of Cac-
far's affairs in Egypt, and thinking this
a favourable opportunity for regaining
his father's dominions, had defeated
Domitius, one of Caefar s lieutenants,
feized on Armenia Minor and Cappa-
docia, and made himfelf mailer of all
Pontus, Hirt. 34, — 42. But Caefar,
having come up with him, crufhed him
fo fpeedily, that giving an account of
his victory to a friend at Rome, he
made ufe of only three words, Veni,
ViDi, Vici, I came, I faw, I con-
quered, Appian. ib. p. 485. ; Z}/V, ih,
48.; Plutarch, p. 111. Thefe words
he afterwards ordered to be infcribed
on a frame, which was carried before
him in his Pontic triumph. Suet. 37.
and ufed frequently to fpeak of the
good fortune of Pompey, who had
gained fuch renown by vanqulfhing fo
feeble an enemy, ib. 35. Appian re-
lates, that Caefar, feeing the enemy-
fly fo foon, faid, *' O happy Pompey,
who hadft to light with fuch men,
and obtained the firname of Magnus
the Great, for vanquifhing them,"
ib. But thi.s firname was given to
Pom.pey by Sulla, Vid. Pompeius.
Caefar gave the kingdom of Bofpho-
rus, on the lake Mocotis, v.'hich Phar-
naces had pofTelTed, to Mithridates,
to whofe fervices in Egypt he had
been fo much indebted, Hirt. ib. 78.
Caefar, having left the fettlement of
affairs in Afia to Domitius, the gover-
nor of it, and having exafted large
fums of money in the countries through
which he pafTed, fet fail for Italy,
Z)w, 42, 49. where great difturbances
had been excited by the mifconduft of
Antony, and of his other agents, ih,
27,--
C A E [
27>— 34> ^ 50. ; Appian, ihid. \ Plu-
tarch, p. 732.
Caefar reached Italy in the month
of September, a. u. 706, much fooner
than he w^s i^xpefted. Upon his ar-
rival at Rome he eafily quieted the
commotions of the city ; but found
g^reater difficulty in quelling a mutmy
of his foldiers. Thofe of his favourite
legion, the tenth, [decimani)y knowing
that Caefar, on account of the renew-
al of the war in Africa, needed their
aflillance, and therefore thinking that
they Hiould cafily obtain whatever they
delired, infolently demanded their dis-
charge, and rewards for their fervice.
Caefar, contrary to the opinion of all,
without hefitation faid, " That he dif-
charged them ;'* and, to their aftonifh-
ment, added, " That, after having
triumphed with the reft, he would
grant them all that he had promifed:**
concluding with calling them Qui ri-
tes, Romans, inftead of Milites,
foldiers. This fo mortified them, that
they all earneflly entreated to be con-
tinued in the fervice ; to which re-
queft Caefar, with apparent reludance,
at laft confented App'tan, ib. p. 485,
&c D/o, 42,52,Scc.; Plutarch. p. 732.
Suetonius fays, that they followed
Cafar into Africa, though he refufed
their fervice ; and that notwithflanding
he puniflied the moft feditious of them
with the lofs of a third in their fhare of
the plunder, and of the land defigned
for them, c. 70. Caefar was blamed
for not punifhmg them more feverely ;
becaufc in their tumult they had kill-
ed Gofconius and Gal ha, men of prae-
torian rank, Plutarch, ib. and Sallufl,
the hiftorian, then praetor, whom Cae-
i^far fent to them with a melfage, nar-
rowly faved his life by flight, Dio, et
Jlpp'ian. ibid.
About the middle of December,
Caefar fet out for Africa ; where Cato
a i Scipio had renewed the war, called
the African war, (Bellum Africa-
NUM ;) and, by the aflillance of j[uba,
king of Mauritania, had collected a
great army, Hirt. B. A. i. Here
Caefar's ufual good fortune attended
73 ] C A E
him. He defeated Scipio and Juba,
near Thapfus, with preat flaug];tcr;
upon hearing which Cato, who com-
manded at Utica, flew himfelf, that he
might not fall into the hand- of Caefar,
Z>/9, 43, I, — 14 ; H\rt ib. 8«. Ca<-faf
is faid to have exprefft*d regret at th^
death of Cato, becaufe he had envied
him the glory of faving his life, Dioy 43,
12. Caefar pardoned many of 'is ene-
mies who furrendered to him, Hirt. ib,
89 but feveral he cauf:^d to be put to
death, Dioj ib, et c. 13. He reduced
the kingdom of Juba into the form of a
province, arvd app >inted Sallufl to go-
vern it, Appian, ib. The fenate at
Rome having heard of Caefar^s fuccefs,
decreed to him extraordinary honours,
fome of them almoil divine, Dto, 43,
14. He fet fail from Utica on the
13th of June, [Idibus Jun.) a. 707;
and on the third day after landed at
Caghari in Sardinia, (Caralcs in Sardi'
mam pervenitf) which ifland Cicero plea-
fantly calls one of Caefar's farms {^prae-
dium ;) intimating, that he now was
as much mafter [dominus) of all the
countries of the republic, as a proprie-
tor of an eflate, Fam. 9, 7. Here he
flaid till near the end of the month,
Hirt. 98. and being detained by bad
weather, did not arrive at Rome till
near the end of July, Hirt. 98.
Caefar, upon his return, celebrated
four triumphs, with an interval of a few
days between each : the firft over Gaul,
the fecond over Alexandria, the third
over Pontus, and the fourth over Africa,
(or, as i)io expreffes it, over the Gauls,
Egypt, Pharnaces, and Juba, 43, 16.)
each of them wiih different apparatus
and furniture, (diverjo apparatu et iri"
Jiriimento,) Suet. 37. Appian adds,
that though there could not properly
be a triumph over Roman citizens, yet
that reprefentations of the various de-
feats, and effigies of all the vanquiflied
leaders, except Pompey, were carried
along, B. C. 2, 491. Plutarch men-
tions only three triumphs, p. 733*
After the Gallic triumph Vereingeto-
rix and others were put 10 death, DiOf
After
I
C A E [73
After thefe triumphs Caefar gave
large donations to his foldlers, and
largefTes to the citizens. He enter-
tained the people with feads and fpec-
tacles. At one of thefe feails there
were no fewer than 22,000 tables. He
exhibited a fhew of gladiators and a
nVLVzl fight in honour of his daughter
Julia, Plutarch, ib. D'w^ 43, 22. After
this he made a review of the people ;
when the number of the citizens is
faid to have been diminiihed one half by
the deilru6lion occafioned by the civil
war, j^ppian. ibid. So that inflead of
520,000, there were only 150,000, Plu-
tarch, ib. But this is to be undci flood
bnly as a review of the poorer fort of
the common people, who ufed to receive
:il hionthly gratuity of corn from the
J)ublic ; the number of whom Caefar
to one half. Suet. 41, Dio,
He enafted feveral ufeful
iaws for the government of the (late.
He correfted the irregularities in the
Homan Calendar, and adjufted the
tomputation of time to the courfe of
^he fun ; which is ftill called the Ju-
lian or Solar Year, [Vid. R. A. p.
I ^29.) ; Z)io, 43, 26. In the mean
I time Cleopatra came to Rome with her
s brother or nominal hufband ; to whom
\ Caefar affigned an apartment m his own
i houfe, Dio, 43, 27. and fufFcired her to
j tall a ion flie had Caesario, after his
I ^wn name, Suet. 52.
In the end of the year, Caefar fet out
lor Spain, againft the fons of Pompey
and Labienus ; whom he defeated near
: Munda, after one of the molt obllinate
; battles he ever fought. His foldiers
I \yere fo preffed that they were forced
[ to fly ; and it was with the greateft
reduced
43, 21.
difficulty that he rallied them. He is
reported to have faid, *' That he had
often before fought for viftory, but
then for the hrft time for life," Appian.
p. C. 2, 493. ; Plutarch, p. 734. He
IS faid to have been reduced to fuch
'defpair, that he once had thoughts of
killing himfclf, Suet. 36. ; Flor. 4, 2,
82. The vidlory, however, at latt was
fo complete, that it put an end to the
war. About 30,000 of the enemy
w.^re (lain, Plutarch, ib.
j C A E
Caefar returned to Rome about the
end of September, Suet. 76. ; Dio, 43,
46. or the beginning of Oclober,
a. 708. ; Fell. 2, 56. He celebrated
his fifth and laft triumph with greater
magnificence than had ever been feen,
Appian. ib. p. 498. It was profeifedly a
triumph over Spain, but in reality over
the fons of Pompey, over the nobleft
famihes of the repubhc, and over the
liberties of his country. The people
confidered it in this light ; and inftcad
of admiring and applauding it, as Caefar
expeftfcd, were fallen and filent. They
efteemed it a difmal procefiion, [acerba
pompa,) and exprelTed the fame difcon-
tent, as they had done before at the
Circenfian games, when Caefar's ftatue
was carried along with the image of
viaory, Cic. Att. 13, 44, — Caefar
granted a triumph alfo to Fabius and
Pedius, his lieutenants ; which occa-
fioned great ridicule ; becaufe they,
infiiead of ivory, ufed wooden images,
Dto^ 43, 42. whence Chrifippus faid
wittily, " That the images of Fabius
were the cafes of Caefar's towns,**
(thecal ejje oppidorum Caefaris^) QuinC-
til 6, 3, 61.
The honours which the fenate now-
conferred on Caefar exceeded all
bounds. They decreed to him a con-
tinual confullhip, (Dio fays, for ten
years, 43, 45.), the didatorihip for life,
the fuperintendence of the public tt.q-
rals, the praenomen of Imperator,
the firname of Father of his Country,
a fi.atue among the kings, an elevated
feat in the theatre, a golden feat in the
fenate -houfe and on the tribunal in the
forum ; nay even temples, altars, and
prieits, ias to a divinity. All thefe and
other empty honours of the fame kiiicL
Caefar accepted, Suet. 76. ; Dioy 44,
4. & 5. though it might have been ex-»
peeled his mind would have difdained
them. The fenate beftowed on him
the management of the public treafury,
and the comn-and of all the forces of
the empire ; alfo the nomination of all
the magiftrates, Dloy 43, 45. which
he afterwards fhared with the people,
i^cemitia cum populo patiiius */?,) refcr-
f
C A E
C 74 ]
C A E
-v?hg to himfelf the choice of the con-
suls, Suet. 41.
Caefar, after his vi(5lory In the civil
war, ufed great clemency to his adver-
faries. But this, by many, was afcri-
bed to policy, not to humanity ; whence
Cicero calls it an injidious clemency,
Cic. Jtt. 8, 16.
Caefar's adivity was not diminifhed
by his wonderful fiiccefs. He made
various laws for the better reg-ulation
oF the ftate, {Fid. R. A. Leges Ju-
LiAF. ) He adminiftered juib'ce with
grea? labour and ftrictnefs, Suet. 43.
He fettled about 8c,ooo Roman citi-
zens in colonies beyond feas. Id. 42.
Among other places which he afiigned
to them, were Carthage and Corinth ;
which cities he ordered to be rebuilt,
D'tOy 43, 50. He every day formed
many important plans for adorning and
improving the city, as alfo for fecuring
and enlarging the empire, Suet. 44.
Not fatisfied with his numerous con-
quefts, he meditated an expedition a-
gainil the Geiae and Parthians. But
thtrfe mighty projects were prevented
by his death, ih. His engrofiing all the
powers of the ftate, and ruling with
abfoliitc authority, created general dif-
guft ; and his defire of afiuming the
name of King encreafed the popular
odium. What gave particular offence,
v-as his receiving, one day, the fenate,
which waited on" him in a body, with
very honourable decrees in his favour,
without deigning to rife, Suet. 78.; Plu-
tarch, p. 736. At the fame time,
though Caefar behaved thus haughtily,
yet trufting to his acls of clemency,
and perhaps prompted by a defire of
furpafling Sulla, he difmilted his body-
guards, and appeared in public attend-
ed only by his li(fi;ors ; which facilita-
ted any attempt on his life. A con-
fpiracy was therefore formed againft
}:im by more than fixty fenators, the
chief of whom were Brutus and Caffius.
H( was ftabbed in the fenate- houfe on
the Ides of March, a. u. 709, (<?/. 710,)
with three and twenty wounds. Suet. 82.
and fell at the foot of Pompey's ftatue,
Plutarch, p. 73.9. J Ck. Div* 2,9. in
the 56th year of his age, Suet^9>9,. aftei"
he had enjoyed the quiet poffeTion of
the empire only for five months. Veil.
2, ^6. which verified the prediffcion of
Cicero, (id regnum vix seme^tre
ESSE POSSE,) Cic. St, 10, 8. He was
to have fct out on his Parthian expedi-
tion four days after, App'ian. B. C 2,
497. And Cicero, who at firft fo hig;hly
extolled the a£lion of the confpirators,
after he found that, by fparing Antony
and by their mifconduA afterwards,
the Romans had only changed ma*i:rs
for the worfe, feems to think th;. t the
confpirators were too precipitate, and
that they ouj^ht to have waited rhe
events of the Parthian war;, from which
he imagined that Caefar would not
have returned, (i/Z? ent?n nunquam rever-
t'l/fet: but fome underlland this paffage
differently,) C'tt. Att. 15, 4. Nay Ci-
cero appears even to regret his death,
(Si haec manent^ ut v'ukmur, if the pre-
fent (late of public affairs continue j
me Idus Martiae non deleclant: ^wnianif
interfccto domino, liberi notifumuf, tion fuit
dominus ilk [[c.CzQ^m') f'/gicndusy ib. ^V/^-
lato enim tyranno, tyrannida (i. e. domi-
nationem Antonii) manere video, ih. 14.
14. A^a quidem ilia res, (fc. caedes
Caefaris), animo virili, canfdio puerili:
quis enim non videt, regni haredem relic-
turn? fc. Antonium; ib. 21.)
The opinions of men in that age
were greatly divided, as they have been
ever fince, whether Caefar was flain
juftly or not, [cum ahis pejjlmum, alii^ piiU
cherrimum facinm videretur, Tacit. Ann.
1,8.) In general the favourers of a
popular government, as Cicero, Lucan,
&c. applaud the aftion, while the fup-
porters of monarchy, as Virgil and Ho-
race, Seneca, Dio Caffius, Si.c con-
demn it. But the fentiments of writers
are commonly influenced on this fub-
je6l by the nature of the government
under which they live. Suetonius,
however, after enumerating the good
qualities and aftions of Caefar, declares
that his bad adions, in a political light,
preponderate, and that therefore he
was thought to have abufed his power,
and to have been ilain juftly, [Praegra-
vans
C A E [
i\7nf tamen caetera faEla diBaque ejus, itt
et ahuiijs fJowJnatloney et jure caefus ex'tjli-
metur, c. 76.
The death of Caefar was followed
by the moit dreadful fcenes of war and
maflacre ; fo that in this refjKift at leaft,
it was a great misfortune to the Ro-
mans. See Antonius and OcTAvius.
Juvenal juftly afcribes the fate of all
the firft 'Triumviri to their inordinate
ambition ; ^id Crajfos, qukl Pompeios
evertit, et ilium (fc. Caefarem), Jld
fua qui domttos deduxit flagra ^uiri-
tes ? Summus nempe locus nulla non arte
quaefitus. The poet expreffes the
meannefs of the fervitude to which Cae-
far reduced the Romans, by his bring-
ing them to bear his laHi, [ad fua Jia-
gra) ; a punifhment which, under the
republic, it was unlawful to inflid: on
a Roman citizen, 10, 107.
Julius Caefar is perhaps on the
whole the moft diftinguiflied chara'tler
in hiflory. He ppfTefTed very uncom-
mon abilities, and was formed to ex-
cel in peace, as well as in war. Ci-
cero ranks him ^mong the greateft
orators, Br. 75. ; Suet, Caef, ^^, His
orations were admired for two qua-
lities, not always found together,
ftrength and elegance, [vis — et mirafer-
monis, cujus pruprie jludiofus fuit, eiegan-
iia), Quindil. 10, I, 114. Quindilian
fays, *' that he fpoke with the fame
fpirit with which he fought, (eodem
animo dixiffe, quo bellavlt), and if he
had devoted himfelf to the bar, (ft fo-
ro tantum vacdjfet), would have been
the only man capable of rivalling Cice-
ro," ib.
Caefar wrote memoirs or commenta-
ries of his wars in Gaul, in feven books,
and of his civil war with Pompey, in
three books; which are ftill extant.
The eighth book, concerning the Gal-
lic war, was written by Hirtius. The
author of the memoirs of Caeiar^s wars
in Egypt, Africa, and Spain, is un-
certain. Some afcribe them to Hir-
tius, and others to Oppius, Suet. Caef.
^6.' Cicero beftovvs the higheil praife
Caefar
on Caelar's commentaries, Br. 75
But Pollio Almius thcu^ht that they So Seneca, P7:oe/u 4,
K 2
7^ ] ^. ^ ^ .
were compofed with too lif^^e care,
and without lufficient regard to truth.
Suet. ib. Caefar alfo left two books
on the Analogy of language, ib. or the
Art of Grammar, ^jin^il. i, 7, 34, [de
ratione Latine loquendi), Cic. Br. 72 in-
fcribed to Cicero, Gell 19,8. He is
faid to have written thisbook duringthe
Gallic war, in his paflageover the Alps.
He wrote his anfvver to Cicero's eulo'
giuin on Cato about the time of the
battle of Munda ; and while travelling
from Rome to Farther Spain in his
laft expedition, he compofed a poem,
which he called Iter, the Journey.
There were fooie of Caefar's juvenile
poems extant in the time of Suetoni-
us ; alfo feveral of his letters to the
fenate, to Cicero, and to his familiar
friends ; and a coUedlion of Apoph-
thegms, or memorable fayings of emi-
nent men, (dicta colleSlanea), Suet ib.
which we learn from Cicero he conti-
nued to improve in the height of his
power, Cic. Fam. 9, 16. But Au-
guftus is faid to have forbidden thefe
books to be publiflied. Suet. ib. Such
was the power of Caefar's mind, that
while reading or writing, lie ufed to
didate and hear at the fame time. He
is faid to have didated letters on the
moft important affairs to four fecreta-
ries at once ; or if otherwife quite dif-
engaged, [Ji nihil aliud ageret), to fe-
ven, Plin. 7, 25. Happy had it been
for Caefar himfelf, as well as for man-
kind., if he had employed his wonder-
ful talents to promote the good of his
country, and not to enflave it, (Fe-
lix — ft patriae hojles tantum , non et pa-
triam incijfet. I. Celf. in Vita Caef.
p. 246. But the defire of becoming
Sovereign of Rome, and of the world,
( Rex populi Romani dominufque omnium
gaitium ejfe), made him difregard every
other confideration, Cic. Offic. 3, 21.
He ufed often to repeat two verles of
Euripides, which he himfelf thus
tianflated, Nam ft violancium eft jusy
regnaridi gratia Fiolandum eji, aliis rebus
pietatcm colas, Cic. O: . 3, 21. ; Suet,
Caef. 3c. Euripid. P oeiiifT. n. 527.
2 20. Hence
Lucan
e A E C 7'5 3
X.ucail calls Gaefar's ufurpation y«j- Ji^i- i, i;
7c.
C A L
So Caefcirei PenaUs, Id.
turn fceleri, I, 2. Thus, among the
feoffs which his foldiers, according to
cuilom, threw out againft him in his
triumphs, this was one : Si rede fades,
pkdere ; Jin male, regnab'is, " If you
do right," I. e. if you rellore to the
people "their liberty, ** you fhall be
punifhed," (for what you have done
contrary to law): *' But if you do
wrong," L e. if you do not reilore li-
berty, " you fhall be a king," D'to,
43, 20. So Juvenal, Hie crucem preti-
um fcderis tul'ity hic diademay 13, 105.
Caefar after his death was ranked a-
mong the gods, and worfhipped as a
divinity, Suet. 58.
Caefar is faid to have been tall, of
a fair complexion, and very healthful,^
except that in the latter part of his
life he was liable to the falHng fick-
pefs, with which he was twice feized
in the time of aftion, Suet. 45. ; D'to,
44, 38.; Plutarch* in Caef. 715. <3c
733.
GAE^AR is often put for the em-
peror, thus, V'fvaria Caefans, the em-
peror's fifh ponds or ftews, Juvenal.
4, 51. So Caefaris ad men/as. Id. 5,
4. Calcemus Caesaris hojlem, i. e. Seja-
rum. Id. 10, 86. Caefaris uxor, i. e.
Meffalina, ib. 330. Caefaris Armentum,
\. e. elephanti. Id. 14, ic6. Tumu-
lus Caefarum, Tac. Ann. 3, 9. C.
SUETONII TrANQUILLI XII GaESA-
RES, the hves ot the twelve firft em-
perors by Suetonius ; the ufual in-
fcription to that work. Prope Caefa-
ris hortos, near Gaefar's gardens, Hrjr,
Sat. I, 9, 18. ; which he left to the
Roman people, Suet. 83. adj.
CaESAB-EUS etGAESARIANUS.
Caesareae doTuus feries, the fuccef-
fors of Gaefar, Lucan, 4, 823. Gae-
sAriani, fc. miiites, the foldiers of Gae-
far, Hirt.B. Afr, 13, &c. whom Lu-
can calls Coefaris pules, 3, 526. Caefa-
rianae necis confdi^ privy to the death
• of Gaefar, Syei. Ner^ 4 Sanguis Cae-
fareus, the bipod of Julius Gaefar,
"Ovidf Met. I, 20c. Caefarta domus,
the ho^fe of Augullus Gaefar, Id, Trift,
Met. 15, 864. Caefar iand celeritate utiy
to be as expeditious as Gaefar, Cic. Att,
16, 10. Caefarianum civile helium, the
civil war between Gaefar and Pompey,
Nep. 25, 7.
Gaeyx. See Geyx.
Gajeta, the nurfe of Aeneas,
Firg, A en. 7, I.
Caiuc, a frequent praenomen of
men among the Romans j and Gaia
of women.
C'aius is marked by G. and Gaia by
the fame letter inverted 3. ^tinflil.
I, 7, 28. Gaia was a name af-
fumed by every new-married woman.
When on the marriage-night fhe ar-
rived at the door of her hu(band, be-
ing afked by him what was her name,
fhe anfwered, uBi tu Gaius, et
EGO Gaia, i. e. ivhere you are majler
of the family, I am mijlrefs ; as it is
faid, from Tanaquil, the wife of Tar-
quinius Prifcus ; who was alfo called
Gaia Gaecilia, Plin. 8, 48 f. 74,
et Fejlus. et ^un3il. Ibid. adj. Gaja-
N u s ; Caiana nex, the murder of Gaius
Galigula, Suet. Tit. i. Emptum (fc,
librum) plus minus affe Caiano Donas^
for one of Gaius Gaiigula's afies, /'. e,
at the loweft price, Stat. Sih. 4, 9, 22.
The as it> faid to have been dimiuiilied
in weight by G. Galigula.
Gal a IS, the fon of Boreas and O-
rithyia, and brother of Zethes, both
reprefented by the potts as furnifhed
with wings. See Zethes.
Gala MIS, -idis, m. a ilatuary, who
was unrivalled in h's art of reprefent-
ing horfes, i^equis femper fine aemulo ex-^
pre/JIs,) Plin. 34, 8 f. 19, ii. ; Pro-
pert. 3, 9, 10. ; Ovid. Pont. 4, i, 33.;
Quinctil. 12, 10, 7
Gal AN us, a celebrated Indian phi-
lofopher, who falling fick, caufed a
funeral pile to be raifed, on which he
was burnt at his own defire in pre-
fcnce of Alexander and his army, Cic,
Ttfc. 2, 21. He is faid to have pre-
dicted the death of that prince, which
happened foon after. Id. Div. i,
CALGHAS,
E- 77 1 C A L
fon of lophon, where he had a temple, StraJ^'
14, p. 442. J OvicL Met, I, 515. —
— Callimachu$ is efteemed by
Quin6lilfan the chief ckgfac poet or
writer of love poems : Cujus (fc.elegi-
aej pr'mceps haheLur CaHitnachus^ 10,
I, 58. But Horace feems to prefer
Miinviermus, Ep. 2, 2, loi.— — Pro-
pertius made Callimachus his mcrdel;
whence lie calls him Celt the Roman
Callimachus, Pmp^ri, 4, i, 64. Ho-
G H A
CALCHAS, -ant'isy the
I'hellor, the foothfayer of the Greeks
in the Trojan war, Cic. Or. 22 ;
Div. I, 33.; Vlrg. Am. 2, 123.;
^/7. 13, 38.
CALDIUS, a firname gwt'^x to
Tiberius by the foldiers from his fond-
pefs of hot drinks, [cal'tdae potion^s ;)
fnftead of Claudius, Suet. Tib. 42.
C ALDUS, a fir name gu^w to rafli
hot headed men, Cic. Inv. 2,9.
CaligulA: the fourth Emperor of race is fuppofed to allude to Proper
Rome, remarkable for his cruelty ; tius in thefe words : Difcedo .-licacus
fo called from his being educated in
the camp, and wearing the Ihoes or
fliort boots [caltgas] of the common
foldiers, Suei. CaL 9.
^ Fujius Calenu^, a tribime of
the commons, who got a law palled,
called Lex Fufia, by which he pro-
cured the acquittal of Clodius, when
tried for violating the facred rites of
the good goddefs {Bona Drx) ; Cic.
/Itt. I, 14, & 16. an adviler of peace
with Antony, Cic. Phil. 8, 3.
M. Calidius, a remarkable orator,
Cic. Br. 79. ^in3lL 70, i.
Call I CRATES, -/j, an Athenian
who impofed on Dion, and having
caufed him to be put to death, feized
on the fuprem.e power at Syracufe,
Nep. 10, 8. & 9. ^ 2. A Lacedae-
monian artiil, who made ants and o-
ther little animals of ivory, fo fmall,
that their parts could not be difcerned
by any other perfons but himfelf, Plin.
7, 21.; alfo chariots with their dri-
vers, fo minute, that a tly could co-
ver them with its wings, Jd. 56, 5. ;
et A ell an. i, 17.
Callicratipas, -ae, a^general of
the Lacedemonians, CicOff. 1,24, & 30.
Callimachus, a celebrated Greek
poet, born at Cyrene in Africa, Cic.
Tufc. I, 34, & 39. ; the fon or defcend-
ant of Battus ; hence called Battia-
DEs, -aci Ovid. Ain. I, 14, 53. ; Tr, 2,
367. ; /?/ 5, 5, 33. ; in Ibin.sZ'\ called
alfo Clarius poeta^ i. e. infplred by A-
pollo, Ovid. Tr. 1,5, I. who is de-
nominated Clarius, Virg. Aen.
pimflo illius: lUe mco quis ? ^is niji
Callimachus P I come off, or am made
an Alcaeus by bis fuff.age ; and he
a Callimachus hy mine, Hor. Ep. 2, 2,
99-
Callimachus is commonly joined
by the poets with Philetas ; thus, Ovid.
Art. Am. 3, 330.; Rem. 760. ; Tr. i,
5, I. ; Prepert. 3, i, i. So Seri;a Phi-
leteisy &c. {Vid. Philetas); Et Cy*
renams tirna mhiifiret aquas, and let mv
urn furnifh me with the waters of Cy-
rene, /. e. let me drink of the fame
fountain, and thus imbibe the fame poe-
tic enthufiafm with Calhmachu§, Prop^
4» 6, 3. ^
Calliope, -es, the chief of the nipe
Mufes, who prefided over eloquence
and heroic poetry, called alfo Cal-
liope a, Ovid. Fqfl. 5, 80. the mo-
ther of Orpheus, Virg. Ec. 4, 57,
Callipho, -cinis, a philofopher, whd
made the chief happinefs of man to con-
fill in pleafure and virtue, Cic. Fin, 2,
6, & II. ; Acad. 4, 42. ; Fin. 5, 25.
Calli PEDES, -//, a name put pro-
verbially for one who promifes a great
deal, but does nothing, Cic. Ati. 13,
12.; Suet. Tiber. 38. The caufe of
this appellation is uncertain.
Callirhce, -es, the daughter of
the river Achelous, (Achtloia, Ovid.
Met. 9, 413.), and wife of Alcmaeon,
who obtained from Jupiter that her
infant fons by Alcmaeon Ihould be-
come men before their time, in order
to avenge the dtath of their father^
Ovid. ib. 414.
360.; from Claras, a grgve near Co- Callisthenes, -/x,, a native of O-
iyuthu--,
C A L [7??
lynthus, [Olynth'ius), the fcholar of A-
rlllotle, and companion of Alexander ;
by whom he was put to death, becaufe
he refufed to pay him divine honours,
Cic. Raber. Pofth. 9. ; Tufc, 3, lo.
He wrote the hiftory of his own coun-
try, Cic» de Or. 2, 14. and of the Tro-
jan war, Id. D'tv. i, ^^4. ^/ 2, 25.
Callisto, -z/x, the daughter of Ly-
caon king of Arcadia, converted by
Jupiter into the conftellatioa Urfa
iJf^or, the Greater Bear. (G. 417.)
CallisTrItus, the name of feve-
ral Athenians.
CALPURNIA gens, the name of
a clan at Rome, containing the families
of the Phones, Be/liae, Bibuli, and Cae-
fennini, Cic. Pif. 23. ; Att. 10, 8, &c.
CALPURNIA, the daughter of
L. Caluurnius Pifo, and the fourth
wife of Julius Caefar, faid to have been
"warned by a dream of her husband's
death, Suet. Caef. 81.
Calvena, a friend of Caefar's, C'lc,
Jtt. 14, 5.
Calvisius, a governor of Africa,
Cic. Phil. 3, 10. the name of feveral
eminent men, from one of whom is
derived Actio Calvisiana, an aftion
granted to a patron againll his freed
man, for recovering what the freed
man had defrauded him of, Digejl.
Licinius Calvus, a fatirical poet,
whofe works are loft, Cic. Fam. 7, 24.
mentioned by Horace, Sat. i, 10, 19.
C. Licinius Calvus, an orator, Cic.
Fum. 15, 21. ; Fin. 1,2.; Brut. 8 I.
— — ^ 2. A name given to M. Craf-
fus, Cic. Att. I, 16.
Calypso, -iisy (rarely Calypsonisy
QuinAil. i, 5, 63. in the other cafes
Calypso) i a nymph, the daughter of
Oceanus and Tethys, or according to
others, the daughter of Atlas, ( Atlan-
tis j Adis)y who poiTeiTed the ifland O-
gygia, the fituation of which is uncer-
tain. When Ulyfies was fhipwrecked
on her coaft, Calypfo gave him a hof-
pitable reception, retained him in her
ifland for fix or feven y^ars, and pro-
miftd him immortality, if he would
remain for ever with her, which he
refufed, Hoimr, Odyjf. 7, 6c 15. j Ovid.
] CAN
Pont. 4, 10, 13. ; Amor. 2, 17, 15. ;
Art. 2, (25.; Cic. Off. I, 13.
CAMBysES -is, the fon of Cyius
the Great, king of Perfia. (G 6. 3.)
Camilla, the queen of the Volfci,
who affifted Turnus againft Aeneas,
famous for her fwiftnefs and courage,
flain by Aruns, Virg. Aen. 7, 803. et
CAMILLUS, the name of a branch
or family of the Geus Furia.
M. Furius CAMILLUS, an lUuf-
trious Roman general, who cook Veji,
after it had been bcfieged for ten
years, and defeated the Gauls, who,
under Brtnnus, had taken and facked
RoT.e. He was celebrated as a fecond
Romulus, and founder of his country.
Extulit haec (fc. Italia) Decios, Marios,
ma^nofque Camillos, for Magnum Camil'
/urn. Virg. G. 2, 169. Reducefque Ca-
viillosy fo called, becaufe he returned
from banifhment to free his country,
Lucan. 7, 358. (G. 218, &c.)
CAMOENAE, WCamenae, (q.
Canenae, a canendo), the Mufes. Fid*
MusA.
Campaspe, -es, a favourite concu-
bine of Alexander's, whom Apell»s
being ordered to paint naked, fell def-
perately in love with her. Upon which
Alexander gave her to him in a pre-
fent. She was fo beautiful, that A-
pelles is faid to have painted from her
his Venus rifing from the fea, Plin. 35,
10.
Can ACE, -es, the daughter of Oe-
olus, [Oeolis, -tdis ; voc- Oeoli), who
had a child by her brother Macareus.
Her father having got notice of it, or-
dered the child to be expofed to wild
beafts, and fent a fword to his daugh-
ter, with which (he might kill herfelf.
She complied with the command, but
firft, according to Ovid, wrote a mo-
ving epiftle to Macareus, who had fled
to the temple of Delphi for proteAion,
Ovid. Ep. II.; Amor. 2, 18, 23.; Trift.
2, 384. ; in Jhin. 359, & 564. ; Hygin.
Fab. 238. Macaieus is alfo faid to
have killed himfelf, ib. 242. But Ho-
mer makes Oeolus give his daughters
in marriage to his fens, Odyff. 10, 7.
Can ACE,
CAN [79
Camace, f. Canache, one of Ac-
taeoa's dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 217. ; Hy-
gin. t8i.
Can ACHUS, a ftatuary, Cic. Br. 18.;
Plin. 34, 8.
Candace, -es, a queen of Aethiopia,
in the time of Auguftus, Plin. 6, 2i>.
Can ENS, -entisy a beautiful nymph,
remarkable for her fl<:ill in mufic,
whence her name, the daughter of Ja-
nus and Venilla, Ovid. Met. 14, 333.
.whence Hie is called jfanigenay ib. 381.
the wife of Picus king of theLaurentes;
who having been turned by Circe into
a bird, called Picus, Canens lamented
his lofs fo much, that (lie pined away,
and by degrees vanifhed into the thin
air, i. e. ihe was changed into a voice,
Ovid. Met. 14, 432.
Canephorae, virgins at Athens,
who, in the facred rites of Venus, car-
ried canifters on their heads, Cic. Verr.
CANIDIUS, the name of feveral
Ron\ans.
C. CANINIUS Rehilm, one of
Caefar's lieutenants In Gaul, Caef. B.
G. 7, 83, & 90. 8, 26. alfo in the ci-
vil wars. Id. B. C. i, 24, 26. ; Hirt.
B. Hifp. 35. whom Caefar made con-
ful, a. u. 708, at his own requeft,
&e laft day of the year only for a few
hours, (Vid. Q^Fabius Maximus),
whence Cicero fays of him farcaftical-
ly, Caninio confide, neinintm prandiffey
that no one dined in lu's confulfhip ;
becaufe he was nominated at the
7tb hour, or one o'clock afternoon,
\hord vli. renun-iatus ej}), and the
ufual time of taking the prandium was
atnndday, Cic. Ep.'], 30.; Ma rob.
Sat. 2, 3. ; Add. Dio, 43, 46. ; Plin.
7, 53. ; Tacit Hiji. 3,37.; Suet. Caef.
76. ; Plutarch, in Caef. p. 735.
Can 1 us, a learned Roman knight,
cheated by Pytheas, a banker of Si-
cily, Cic. Off. 3, 14. — ^ 2. A faccrtious
poet, born at Cadiz, Martial. l, 62,29,
Canuleius, a tr'bune of the com-
mons at Rome, who procured a law
to be made, that the Plebc-Ians might
intermarry with the Patricians, Liv. 4,
3, &c.
] C A E
P. Canutius, an eloquent orator,
Cic. Brut, 56. ; T. Canutius, a tri-
bune, Cic. Fam. 12, 3, & 23.; PhiL
'3>9-
Cap HO, a veteran foldier, Cic. Phil.
10, 10, & II, 9. A centurion of An-
tony's, ib. 8, 3.
Cap no, -onisf a firname of the Gens
Jteja.
C. Cap I TO, a partiian of Caefar's,
Cic. Fam. 8, 8. et 13. 29.
Fontejus Cap I TO, a man highly ac-
compllfhed, (ad wignem fadus homo).,
an intimate friend of Antony's, Hor*
Sat. I, J, 32.
Capaneus, -i, (in three fyllables) j
a noble Arglve, the hufband ofEvadne,
one of the feven famous generals in
the war again ft Thebes, Ovid. Trijl,
4,3, 63.; Plin. 35, II. remarkable
for his impiety, Stat. Theb- 9 545'. et
3, 602. ; and therefore killed by Ju-
piter with a thunderbolt, Hygin. 68»
& 70. ; Ovid. Met. 9, 404. Adj.
Capaneus, v. -eius ; thus, Capanea
pe£tora, Stat. Theb. 12, 764. ; CcLpaneia
conjux, ib. 545.
Capetus, the fixth king of Alba,
after Aeneas, Ltv. i, 3. ; Ovid. Met,
14,613.
C \ PYS, -yts, v. -yos ; ace. Capyniy v.
•yn ; the fon of Affaracus and father
of Anchifes, Firg. Aen. 6, 768.; OvicL
Fajl. 4, 34.— Aifo a companion of
Aeneas, who is faid to have given
name to Capua in Italy, ih. 10. 145.
Carcalla, a Roman emperor,
remarkable for his cruelty.
Car BO, a lirname of the Gens Pa"
piria, Cic. Fam. g, 2 1. adj. Carbonianus,
C. CARBO, an orator, faid to be
the only one of that name that was a
good citizen, ib.~'-^\ 2. Cn. Carbo, the
friend of Marlus, thrice Conful, Cic,
de Or at. 3, 3. flain by Pompey, Id,
Fam. 9, 21.
Carmenta, v. Carmentis, an Ar-
cadian prophetef?, the mother of E-
vander, Liv. i. 7. Virg. Aen. 8, 336.
from whom the Porta Carmentatis at
Rome is faid to have been named, ib.
Carneades, -/j, a native of lyrene
( Cyrenaeus }f
CAR [
(Cyfenaius)y tlie founder of wKat is
called the Third or New Academy,
Ctc. Chrot, 1 , 1 1 . the fchokr of Dio-
j^enes, the Stoic, Cic, Acad. 4, 30. ;
b»it afterwards drfPered widely from
that fe(^. He maintained that nothing
can be certainly perceived by the fcnfes,
*l5. 4, 9. He was remarkable for his
eloquence ; and was fent to Rome
^ith Dio^'enes as an atiibaiiador, Ck.
Oral. 2, 3. Acad, 4, 45.
S'punus C A R V I L 1 u s , the fi rfl Roman
who divorced his wife, a. u. 521, VaL
Mcr*. 2, I.
Carus, a Roman emperor, EittroJ>,
(CAkTHlLO, 'Cms^ the conmiander
of Annibal's cavalry, 22, 15-
CASCA, (a firnaihe of the Ser^'t-
Ui) ; one of the confpiratovs ag?.in{l
Caiefar, Ck. PUL 2,11. wlio gave him
the Firfl. wonnd, Plutarch. Caefp. 739.;
App'iiiny B. C- 2^ p. §01.
CA SSANDER, -/h-}, the fon of An-
ti^ater, governor of Macedonia under
Arid^clis, who pnt to death Olympias,
the mother of Alexander the Grtat,
'Jufih. 14, 6. and others of that king's
neareft relation?, 'uL 15, 2.
CASSANDRA, the daughter of
Priam, king of Troy, to whom Apol-
lo granted the gift di prophecy, upon
her proriiifmg to gratify his paffion ;
tut afterwards, upon her refufal, he
oidained that her prophecies, though
tiTte, fiiould never be believed, V'lrg,
Jen. 2, 246, Wighi. 93. Hence fhe is
called Ani'tjiita Phochi^ Ovid. Met. 13,
410,
CassiDPE, -es, wCqffwpta ; and in
later writers CnJJtopela^ the wife of Ce-
3>heuskingof Aethiopia, and mother oF
Andromeda ; converted into a coniiel-
iation, and reprefer.ted in a fitting pof-
tme, Cciumdl. 71, 2,78.; Cic. N. D. 2.
4'S' ; ihs'"^'' Poet. AJiron. 2, 10.; Q'o'd.
Mei.^y 737-
CASSIUS, the name of a Roman
gins; adj. Cassius, atid oftcntr Cas-
siANUS. Cafjla famdla, the family of
the Callii, Liv. 2,41. Hort'i Cajficmi,
the gardens of one CaiHus, 6ic.Att.i2f
21.
So ] CAS
Sp. CASSIUS nfceirmus, conful
a. u. 261, who obtained a triumph for
taking Pometia, Liv. 2, 17. the firil
who was made matter of horfe, ib. 18.
made conful a fecond time, a. 261, ih.
33. a third time, a. 26B, when he firft
promulgated an agrarian law, for divi-
ding the lands taken from the enemy
among the citizens and Lritins, which
Vvas violently oppofed by the patricians,
particularly by thofe who poffefled the
public lands ; and therefore the law-
did not pafs. On this acqount Caffius,
after he refigned his office, was con-
demned and put to death, on fufpicion
of his having formed a plot to make
him felf king, ih. 41.
L. CASSIUS Longinusy a tribune
a. 616, f. 617, who got a law paiTcd,
[Lex Cajfia Tahellaria^y in the conful-
fliip of Lepidas and Mancinus, that in
all public trials, except for treafon, the
people in the comitiay and the yudices
felePa in the praetor's court, Ihould give
their votes by ballot, and not viva voce
as formerly, Cic. Br. 2, 27. ; Sext. 48. ;
Leg. 3, 16. Caffias, when praetor,
vv^as noted for his rigid ftridlnefs ;
whence Cassiani judices, as ftrict or
as upright as Caflius, Cic. Pofc. Am.
30. ; Fcrr. 3, 60, & 62. Ille (Julia-
nus) judlcihus Ca[fils trijjior, Marcelllu.
i. 22. On account of his exceflive fe-
rerity, his tribunal was called Scopulus
reoruiuj the rock of criminals, Val.
Max. 3, 7, 9. When he preiided in
a trial for murder iDr the like, he char-
ged the judices or jnrytnen to enquire,
Cui BON® FUERiT ? To whom was it
of advantage, or whofe interell was it ?
He ufed this fiying fo frequently, that
it was called Cassianum dictum, the
faying of Caiiius, Cic. Mil. I2. et ihi
Afcon. ; Phil. 2, I4.— ^Peduceus a tri-
bune having complained of a fentence
of Q^Meteilus, the Pontifex Maximus,
and of the college oi Pentificesy concern-
ing fome Veftai virgins, accufed of iu-
cell, as partial, Caiiius being appoint-
ed by the people to try the fame vir-
gins anew, condemned feveral of them
to death j Alccn. (hid, Liv. Eplt. 6^.
X. CASSIUS,
C A. 9 [ 8i
L. CASSIUS, praetor a.u. 644. So
much refpetled for his integrity, that
being fent by the people to bring Ju-
gurtha to Rome on a public promife
of fafety, {tnterpofita Jide publka^) when
Caflius pledged his own promife, Ju-
gurtha valued it no lefs than the pub-
lic faith, Salluji. Jug. 33. Some fup-
pofe this Caflius to have been the fame
with the former, but he rather feems
to have been a different perfon ; — pro-
bably the fame who was conful with
Marius, a. 647, and who was defeated
and flain, and his army made to pafs
unde.r the yoke, by the Tigunni, a can-
ton or divifion (pagus) of the Helvetii,
Caef. ^. G. 17, & 14. ; Liv. Epit.Ss-',
Orojl 16, 17.; — Cassianum Bel/unif
the war in which Caffius was flain,
Caef. B.G.iy 12.
C. Cass SI us Varus y a favourer of
.the Manilian law, Cic. Manil. 23. con-
ful with M. Terentius Varro LucuUus
a. u. 680, the firft year that Verres
was praetor of Sicily, Cic. Vert; 1,23.
tf/3,41.
C. Cassius Lonpnusy the quaeftor
of Craffus, in his expedition againft the
Parthians ; after whofe death he col-
leeled the remains of the Roman army,
|! checked the pi ogrefs of the enemy, re-
! pulfed them from the city Antioch, and
\ preferved the province of Syria, Cic.Fam.
! 2, 10. ct 5, 20. et 8, 10. ; Phil. 1 1, 14. ;
. Veil. 2, 46.; Dio, 40, 28.; Or of, 6, 13.
' Cafiius was tribune of the commons at
' the beginning of the civil war. Pom-
pey having fled from the city, fent Caf-
fius to the confuls at Capua, to defire
1 they would return to Rome, and carry
off the money which they bad left in
; the public treafury. But it was too
late, Cic. An. 7, 21. Caflius command-
i ed a large fleet under Pompey, confift-
ing of Syrians, Phoenicians, and Cili-
cians; with which he deilroyed a num-
ber of Caefai's fliips at Mefsana in Sic:
ly, and would have taken that town,
had not the news of Caefar's vidory at
Fharlalia, arriving juft at the time, pre-
vented it, Caef. B. C. 3, 1 01. Alter
tljjs Cafiius joined Cato in Greece, r^nd
puflcd Qver with him to Cyrene ia
] CAS
Africa J but having there heard of the
death of Pompey, he left Cato and went
over to Caefar, Dio, 42, 13I Caefar's
pardon had previoufly been fecured for*
Cafflus by Brutus, to whofe After Caf-
fius was married, Plutarch, in Brut.i
Cic. Fam. 12, 2. Nay, fo far did Cae-
far drop his refentment againfl Caffius,
that he even made him one of his lieu-
tenants, [Caffiumfihi legavit ) Cic. Fam.
6, 6, 20. Caffius, however, afterwards
became one of the chief confpirators
againft Caefar; (See Brutus, and G.
242, & 328.) Some afcribe this to his
being offended becaufe Caefar had re-
fuied liim the confuldiip, Veil. 2, 561
others, becaufe Caefar gave Brutus the
more honourable praetorfliip in prefer-
ence to him, Plutarch, in Brut.; Appiam
p. 498. But CafTius had aUvays dif-
covered a high fpirit and a ftrong love
of liberty. When a boy, he is ia'd to
have given Sulla's fon, Fauftus, a box
on the ear, for boailiug among his
fchoolfellows of his father's greatnefe
and abfolute power, (profcriptionem pa*
ternam laudantem colapho percujjtt^ ) VaL
Max. 3» X, 3. and when Pompey called
the boys before him to give an account
of their quarrel, Cafiius declared in his
piefence, " that if Faullus fhould dare
to repeat the words, he would repeat
the blow," Plutarch, in Brut.
Caflius in his later years deferted the
fed of the Stoics, and became a con-
vert to Epicurus, Cic. Fam, 15, 16.
He, however, alv/ays lived as a Stoic ;
was moderate in pleafures, temperate
in diet, and a water drinker through
life, [totd vita aquam bibiti) Senec. Ep«
83. Hence Caefar, when admoniihcd
to beware of Antony and Dolabclia,
ufed to fay, " That it was not the fat
and fleck men that he feared, but the
pale and the lenn :" meaning Callius
and Brutus, Plutarch. CaeJ.p.']^'). Ci-
cero fpeaks of Callius as having kirmer-
ly dehgned to difpatch Caefar in Cilicia
at the mouth of the river Cydnus, o/r.
Phil. 2, II. But when thia happened
is uncertain, (See Brutus, and G. 242.
& 32 S.}
Z., Cassiusj, the brother <a the
L iormer^
HH
CAS [8
fbVmer, Cic. Plan:, 24. made tribune
after the death of Cacfar, C'lc. Phil. 3,
9. He prefided at the celebration of
the games exhibited by Brutus and
C. C i '' us. the praetors, after the death
of Caefar, when they themfelves could
rfot be prefent in fafety on account of
the defigns of Antony, CicFam. 12,
2. ; y^tt. 14, 2.
L. Cassius Lon^hms, a fenator, an
accomplice in Catiline's cunfpiracy,
SalluJ. Cat. 17. ; Sull. 13. ; Cat. 3, 4.
who demanded the charge of fetting
the city on fire, ih. 6. but made his
cfcape before the confpiracy was dif-
tioverecl, Sallujl. Cot. 44,
L. Cassius, the commander of one
cf Pompey's fleets, who might have
taken Caefar prifoner after the battle of
Pharfalia, while crofTmg the Hellef-
pont ; but was fo ftruck with the fame
oi Caefar's fuccefs. that he voluntarily
furrendered to him. Suet. Caef. 63. V'ld.
Caesar. Appian fays this was done
by C. Cassius, B. C. 2, 497. in which
feverril modern hiilorians have followed
him ; and Cicero is fuppofed by fome to
allude to the fame fact, Phil. 2,11. But
Cains was at that time with his fieet on
tht coafl of Sicily, Caef. B. C. 39, loi.;
Dio, 42, 13. and did not furrender him-
felf to Caefar, till after the death of
Pompey, Dio, 42, 13. It is uncertain
whether this was the other Caffius, (a/-
ler CaJJius)^ mentioned among the con-
fpirators againft Caefar, Suet. Caef. 82.
fend fuppofed to be the brother of
Caius, who is faid to have given Caefar
the firfl: wound in the breaft a little be-
low the throat, ih. Appian fays that
Cafca was the firft that wounded Cac-
far in the breail ; that another llabbed
him in the fide, and that Caifius wound
ed him in the face, B. C.p. ^oc. & 502.
L, Cassius Lon^iuusj a lieutenant
of Caefar's in the civil war, Caef. B. C.
3, 34. & 36.
^ Cassius Longlnusy chofen by
Pompey to be his quaeftor, without
calling lots for it, a. 700, Ck, Att.
6, 6. ; but in the civil war he joined
Caefar. He was tribune when ..he de
cree of the fenate againft Caefar was
2 ] CAS
made, and gave his negative to
with Antony, Caef. B. C. i, 2. And
when iheir negative was difregarded,
he fled with Antony and '~'urio to Cae-
far, ib. 5.; Cic. Fam. 16, II.; Dioy
41, 1. ; Appian. B. C. 2, 448. After
the defeat of Afranius and Petreius,
Cafliu3 was fent with two legions to
Corduba, Caef. B. C. 2, 19.; and af-
ter the furrender of Varro, Caefar
gave him the command of the fouth
part (jf Spain, with four legions, Caef
B. C. 2, 21. ; Z?/o, 41, 24. ; 4ppian. ib.
454. ; which country CalTius haraffed
fo cruel ;y by his exactions, that the
Spaniards attempted to kill him, Hirt,
BpU. Alex. 48, — 53, &c. Being obli-
ged, on account of his mifcondudl, to
leave the province, he was drowned in
the mouth of the Iberus, ib. 64. ;
Dio, 42, 16.
The com.m.otions excited by Caflius
facilitated the attempts of the fons of
Pompey and of Ltbienus to become
mailers of Spain, Dio^ 43, 29.; and
hence gave occanon to Caefar'slaft war
in that country, Hiit. ib. ei B. Hfp.
CASSIUS Panncnfts, probably fo
called from his being a native of Par-
ma. He was left by Brutus and C.
Cafiius, when they marched againft
Antony and Octavius, with a fleet and
army to collect money. After their
death, he, with young Cicero, the
fon of the orator, joined Statius Mur-
cus, Appian, B. C. 5, p. 672. The
fcholiaft on Horace fays, that he reti-
red to Athens, where he was killed by
the order of Auguftus. He wrote tra-
gedies and other poems, which were
much ellccmed, Hot\ Ep. i, 4, 3. He
is fuppofed by fome to have been the
fame with Caihus the Tufcan, [Etruf
cits)y who wrote fo much, that hi?
papers and books ferved to compofe
his funeral pile, Hor. Sat. i, 10, 6 1.
But others, and with more juftnefs,
fuppofe him to have been a different
perlon.
CASTOR, -oris, the fon of Jupi
ttr by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus;
tue t^, ;n-'>rother o' Pollux ; who . fteir
their death were both ranked amongj
the
I
CAT [ R
tlhe ftars, and worfliipped as deities by
inariners, (G. 411.) Ad Caftorls fc.
aedem, at the temple of Caftor, Cic.
^lint. 4.; Add., /■'^f/v. I, 49, &c. —
adj. Castoreus.
CASTOR, the grandfon of King
Dejotarus, who accufed his grandfa-
ther to Caefar of having plotted his
death, Cic. Dej. \.
L. Sergius Catilina, who formed
a confpiracy to overturn the govern-
ment of Rome, which was detected by
Cicero, when conful, SalluJI. Cat, [See
Cicero). — putfor any feditiousperfon,
Juvenal. 14, 41.; adj. Catilinarus.
Catillus, f. Cat'ilusy the leader of
the Tiburtines, one of the confederates
of Turnus, V'lrg, Aen. 7, 672. Hence
Mcenia Cauliy the walls of Tibur, Hor.
Od. I, 18, 2. ; the fame with Moema
Tihurtla, fo named from Tiburtus, the
eldeft brother of Catilus, Virg. ih. 670.
P. CATiiiNus Plot'inusy a freedman,
who was fo fond of his patron, that
being left his fole heir, he threw him-
felf on his funeral pile, Plin. 7, 36.
Cativulcus, a king of the Ehui-o-
ties, who poifoned himfelf, that he
might not fall into the hands of Cae-
far, Caef. B. G. 6, 30.
M. Porcwsy firnamed C ATO, on ac-
count of his wifdom, {q. catus) ; Cic.
Sen. 2.; Plutarch, in vita ejus, pr. His
original firname was Pr IS cus, ib. He
was born at Tufculum , ( Tufculanus ) , Cic.
Plane. S. of reputable parents, but not
noble, Plutarch, ib. a. u. 520. the year
before Q^Fabius Maximus was conful
for the firil time, Cic. Sen. 4. ; Fal.
Max. 3, 4. He refided in the country
of the Sabines, where he had a farm,
{hneredium), left him by his father,
Nep. 23, 1.; near which was a fmall
farm-houfe, which had belonged to Cu-
rius Dentatus, whofe character Cato
greatly admired, and ftrove to imitate,
Plutarch, et Cic, Sen. 16.
Cato, when very young, ferved un-
der Fabius Maximus at the taking of
Tarentum, ib. (Cicero makes him
then quaeftor, Sen, 4. but the reading
of this paflage is fuppofed to be incor-
red, Vid, Gruter in Cic.) He was a
^ 1 CAT
military tribune in Sicily ; an^ after
that gained great praife for his bravery
in the battle of Metaurus, near Sena
(Gallia), againft Hafdrubal, Nep. 2^, i.
Cato is faid to have been induced
by Valerius Flaccus, a nobleman whd
lived in his -neighbourhood, to come to
Rome and fue for preferments, Plw
tarch. Being made qureftor, it fell to
his lot to ferve under the great Scipio
in Sicily, by whom he was appointed,
with Laclius, to command the left
wing of the fleet in the paflage to
Africa, Liv. 29, 25. Plutarch fays,
that Cato, difpleafed with Scipio's pro-
fufion of the public money, and with
his indulgence to his troops, returned
to Rome ; and by his complaints
againft Scipio in the fenate, with the
affiftance of Fabius, caufed ambaffa*
dors to be fent to Sicily to examine
the ftate of Scipio's army. But Livy
gives a different account of this matter,
29, 22. _
Cato being created praetor, obtain-
ed the province of Sardinia, Liv. 32,
7, ^ 8, ; where he a6led with great
integrity and difintereftednefs, [fanctus
et innocens), but was thought too fevere
in -checking ufury, ib, 27. a. u. 559.;
he was made conful with his old friend
Valerius Flaccus, a. 559, Liv. 33, 42.
The province of Spain fell to his lot,
ih. 43.; where he performed io great
exploits as to met it a triumph, Id,
34, 8, — 46. Before he left Rome he
delivered a memorable fpeech againfl
the abrogation of the Appian law,
which limited the expences and drefs
of women, ib. 2, — 5. In the war
againft Antiochus he ferved under Ma-
nius Acilivir., the conful, as lieutenant,
[crjnfularis legatus), Liv. 36. 17.; Cice-
ro fays, as military tribune. Sen. 10. ;
and contributed greatly to the victory
gained over Antiochus at Thermopy-
lae, ih. 18. He *VMS fent by the con-
ful to carry the news of the vidory to
Rome, ib. 21. Cicero fays, that Ca-
to v.-ent to the war againft Antiochus
with L. Scipio, by n^'ftake, as it is
thought ; or the worcs [cum Scipio"
ne) are fuppofed to have been interpo-
L 2 Uttd
CAT [8
lated by fome tranfcriber, Cic, Mun
14-
Cato was a great admirer of Fabius
Maximus, Cic. Sen. 4.; and Inimical to
Sclpio Afrlcanus, He fupported the
charge brought againft him of having
taken money from Antiochus, to pro-
cure for that king favourable terms of
peace, Lh. 38, 54.; and after the
death of Afrlcanus, promoted a fimilar
accufatlon againll his brother L. Scl-
pio, who was condemned, Liv. 38, 54.
^^, ^6, & 60. Cicero reprefents Cato
as extolling Scipio Afrlcanus highly.
Sen. 6, 9, & 23. But the dialogue re-
quired this change of chara6ler.
A. u. 570, Cato was created cenfor
with Valerius Flaccus, who had been
his colleague In the confulate. He ex-
ercifed this office with fo great flrlftnefs,
Liv. 39, 42 , & 44. that he was ever after-
wards called Cato Censor, or Cen-
sor i us, Plin. 7, 30.; ^'mclUian. I,
7, 23.^/ alibi pqlfim. Durus CatOf rigid,
fevere, Juvenal. 11, 90. Hence Cato
is put for a cenfor, or cenforious per-
fon ; thus, non pojfum libertum ferre Ca-
tonemy I cannot bear a freedman to be
a cenfurer of my condud. Martial.
11,40, 15. Trijle fuperciUmii durique
fever a Catonis Frons, Id. il, 2, I.;
Cum trcmerent — durum Catonem, Juve-
nal. 1 1 , 9c, The Pvoman people, even
in Cato's lifetime, erected a ftatue to
bim on account of his meritorious con-
duct in his cenforfliip, Plutarch.
Cato, by his rigid feverity againft
luxury and vice, incurred great enml-
t 3 CAT
his dantem jura Catonem), A. 8, 670.
Some afcrlbe this to Cato Uticeii/is. So
^is tey Magne CatOy taciturn — relin-
quat ?"ih. 6, 841.
Horace, inveighing againft the luxu-
ry of his time, contrafta It with the
fimple manners of the age of Cato,
whom he calls intonfus, becaufe bar-
bers were then little uied, Od. 2, 15,
II.
Cato, though remarkable for tem-
perance, was fond of convivial meet-
ings, where he fometimes remained
all night, and drahk freely, Cic. Sen.
14. Hence narratur et Prifci Catonis
faepe mero incaluijfe virtus^ Hor. Od. 2,
21, II. Hence alfo Martial calls this
Vitium Catonis, 2, 89, 2.
Cato was one of the moft diftin-
guifhed characters of ancient Rome
as an orator, a lawyer, a general, a
ftatefman, and a fcholar, Lrj. 39, 40.;
Plin. 7, 27. ; Cic. Brut. 17.; Nep.2 7^,
3. ; ^inSilian. 12, 11, 23. Through -
moft part of his life he exprefled a
great diflike to the learning of the
Greeks, Plin. 7, 30. ; afraid, as he
fald, left It {hould corrupt the Roman
youth, and lead them to prefer the
glory of fpeaking to that of acting well,
Plutarch. ; but when old, having chan-»
ged his mind, he applied to the ftudy
of Greek with wonderful avidity, C/V,
y^cad. 8, 2. ; Sen. I, 8, & 11. He
wrote books on various fubje£ls. His
principal work was on hiftory and an-,
tiqultles, which he called Origin ts,
in feven books, . ic. Brut. 1 7. ; Sen. 1 f.
ty, efpecially among the nobility, who Nepos calls them Historiae, and
never failed to arraign him whenever mentions the fubjeft of each book.
hf v-ave the leaft ground for It. He In the fecond and third books he tra-
ced the origin of eveiy city In Italy ;
whence he gave the name of Origi-
NEs to all the feven books. He did
not begin to write them till he was
an old man, Nep. 23, 3.; Cic Sen.
II.; though LIvy, by a licence or
anachronlfm, which he fometimes ufes
in his fpeeches, makes the tribune Va-»
lerius quote them while Cato was con-
ful, and only thirty-nine years old, an
early age for a new man ; but the /.<?-
^es Anni^kf were not then ftridly ob-*
i^rvcd,
is laid to have pleaded his own caufe
forty -four times, [quater et quadragies);
but was always acquitted, Plin 7, 27
f. 28> ; and came off from every trial
witi) increafed reputation, Liv. 39, 40.
The republic was then governed, as
Nepos obierves, not by power, but
by j uftice, ( non potentidj fed jure ) , 2 3 , 2 .
^uch was the reputation of Cato
for inflexible jufticc, that Virgil repre-
fents him as prefcribing laws to the
pipus fliades belqw^ {fecrelof^ue pios ;
CAT
[ S5 1
CAT
ferved, and preferments were open to
merit, L'lv. 34, 5.
Of the various compofitions of Ga-
te, mentioned, Cic. Or, 2, $2. ; OJl jy
29.; Brut. 15, 16, 17. ; ^ilnBil 3, i,
19. et 3, 6, 97. ; Gell. 7, 10. ; Pl'in,
14, 4. et 29, I. ; MacroL Sat. 3, 5. ;
Plutarch, in Cat. Maj. the only one
now extant is his book on hufbandry,
{^de re ruft'icay vel de rebus rujlkisy
Cic. Sen. 15.)
Cato is faid to have enriched the
Latin language with feveral new
words, Horat. Art. p. 5 6. Vocahula re-
rum Prijcis memorata Catonibusy in the
dat. for a Prifco Catsne, the names of
things or nouns ufed by Old Cato, Id.
Ep. 2, 2, 117. Salluft is accufed of
having ftolen [furatus) or borrowed
many of Cato's expreilions, ^iinSil.
8, 3, 29.; Suet. Jug. 85.
The Carthaginians and Mafinifra be-
ing at war with each other, Cato was
fent on an embafly, to enquire into
the caufe of their quarrel. When he
came to Carthage, he found it not in
the low condition he expedled, but
opulent, and flourifliing. Inftead,
therefore, of endeavouring to fettle
differences between the contending
Hates, upon his return to Rome, he
told his countrymen, that they would
never be fecure, unlefs they deftroyed
fo dangerous a rival ; and* after this,
on whatever fubje6l he fpoke in the
fenate, he always concluded with ad-
vifmg the deitrudion of Carthage,
Carthago est delenda, Flor. 2,
15. Et hoc amplius censed, Car-
THAGINEM ESSE DELENDAM, Plu-
tarch. Scipio Nafica judged more
wifely, that Carthage fhould be pre-
fervcd, ib. as the event fhowed, (G.
6'jS).Jppian. Punic, n. 38. ; Feli. 2, 1.;
Plin. 33, II f. 53. ; Flor. 2, 15. et
3, 12. Juftice feems to have been lit-
tle regarded either by the one or the
other. The authority of Cato prevail-
ed, as Cicero obferves, even after his
death, [eiiam mortui). Off. I, 23. But
Plutarch affirms, that Cato lived till
after the beginning of the Third Pu-
nic war, Cicerp favs, that Cato was
eighty-five years old when he died ;
and that he retained his vigour to the
laft, fo as to accufe Serv. .Galba that
very year before the people. Brut. 2a
So Pliny, Atque hicy Cao DCV anno
urbis nojlrae obiity LXXXV fuoy 29, i
f. 8. But Livy fays, that Cato plead-
ed his own caufe in his 86th year, and
accufed Galba in his 90th year, 39,
40. — So Valerius Maximus, 8, 7, i.
If, however, Cato died in the year PH-
ny mentions, he was only 85.
Cato had a fon called alfo Marcus,
a youth of great hopes, whom Cato
himfelf taught the rudiments of learn-
ing, Plutarch. He ferved as a foldier
under Pompilius ; and when that ge-
neral thought proper to difband the
legion in which young Cato ferved,
Cato wifhed to remain in the army,
but would not fight agalnft the ene-
my till he had taken the military oath
anew. Cicero fays, that there was a
letter extant in his time from old Cato
to his fon, giving him this advice,
0^ I, II. Cato's fon married the
daughter of Paulus Aemllius, under
whom he fought with uncommon bra-
very in the battle agalnft Perfeus,
Plutarch. He died when praetor, to
the great grief of his father, lb. et Cic,
Fam.^y 6. ; Sen. 23.
Cato married a fecond time the
daughter of his client Salonius, and
had by her, after he was eighty, (o<5c-
ge/imo exaBo)y a fon whom he called
M. Cato Salonianus, or Salonius, from
his mother's father, Plin. 7, 13.; Gell.
13, 18. ; Plutarch, in Cat. Maj. This
Salonius had a fon, called Marcus, who
was the father of Cato Utlccnfis, Plu-
tarch, et Cic. Off.^y c 6 — Cato, the Cen-
for, is alfo called Major, to diftinguKli
him from his great grandfon, who is
called Cato Minor. Hence Cicero
calls his treatife on old age, in which
Cato the Cenfor is introduced as the
principal fpeaker, Cato Major, Ciu
Off. I, 42. ; Amic. I.
M. Porcius CATO, .the great-
grandfon (pronepos) of Cato the Cen-
ior, loft his parents when ver)' young,
and was brought up with his half-bro-
ther
CAT [8(5
ther Caepio, and three half-fiHers, in
the houfe of Livlus Drufus, his mo-
ther's brother. From his very infancy
he difcovcred a refolute, firm, and in-
flexible temper. He was flow in learn
ing, but what he once conceived, he
faithfully retained, and conquered eve-
ry difficulty by perfeverance. As he
fpurned flattery, fo he fcorned threat-
ening;s. Popoedius Silo, an It:ilian
nobleman who had come to Rome to
folicit for the allies the rights of citi-
zens, and lodged at the houfe of Dru-
fus, having become familiar with the
boys, afl^ed them one day to intercede
with their uncle, that he would be-
friend their caufe. Caepio gave a
fmile of confent ; but Cato, by his fi-
lence and looks, intimated his refufal.
Upon which Silo, fnatching him up,
carried him to the window, and
threatened to throw him over, if he
would not confertt, holding his body
out of the window, and fhaking him
feveral times. But Cato remained all
the time unmoved and unconcerned,
Plutarch. Cicero is fuppofed to allude
to this ftory in the expreffion, De
Quadnmo Catone^ Fam. i6, 2 2.
Sulla, the dictator, ufed frequently
to invite Cato and his brother to his
"houfe, and to talk familiarly to them.,
which he did to very few, Cato was
then about fourteen years old. One
da)', obferving the heads of feveral
great men brought in, he a&ed Sarpe-
do, his governor, " Why does no bo-
dy kill this man V " Becaufe," fays
he, " they fear him more than they
hate him." " Why then," replied
Cato, *' do you not give m.e a fword,
that I may flab him, and free my
country from this flavery ?" Sarpedo
feeing his countenance full of anger
and tury, was greatly terrified, and
from that time, watched him ilridly,
left he fnould attempt fomething def-
perate, Ih.
Cato early became acquainted with
Antipater, the Stoic philofopher ; and
finding the principles he taught acjree-
able to his natural temper, cordially
-mbraced them, ^nd adhered to them
1 CAT
fo {Icadily, that he has ahvays been
juftly eftecmed one of the chief orna-
ments of that fed, (pERFECTUb StOI-
cus, C'lc. praef. Paradox.) The man-
ners of the Romans being at that time
very corrupt, Cato thought it requi-
fite, in many things, to go contrary to
the ordinary way of the v.'orld. See-
ing, therefore, that a rich purple was
rioft in fafhion, he always wore black.
He often ufed to go out after dinner,
(which was a flight meal, and ufed to
be taken about mid-day), without ei-
ther flioes or tunic ; not that he
fought reputation from fuch pecuHa-
rities, but wifhed to accuftom hlmfelf
to be aivhamed of nothing but what
was really fllameful, and to defpife
all other things which were difefteem-
ed by the world, Phtnrch. To this
negligence of drefs Horace alludes,
Ep. I, 19, 12. Having fucccedcd ta
an eftate worth igo talents, he turned
it all into ready money, v/hich he kept
by him, that he might have it in his
power to fervc fuch of his friends as
needed it. Plutarch, w.
Cato married Attiiia, the daughter
of Soranus, whom, on account of her
mifconduct, he was obliged to divorce.
He after that married Marcia, the
daughter of Philippus, a lady of exem-
plary virtue, Plutarch. Hence Martial
puts ' C atoms uxot for mutter cciPj/fima,
II, 16, I.
Cato ferved feveral campaigns with
great reputation. The firft office he
obtained from the people was that of
military tribune ; in which capacity he
ferved under Rubrius, praetor of Ma-
cedonia. He took with him fifteen
flaves, two freedmen, and four of his
friends. Thefe rode on horfeback,
but Cato always went on foot, to
which hardinefs he had inured himfelf
from his youth ; yet kept up with the
reft, and converfed with them by turns
on the way. After his arrival in the
army he rendered the legion which he
commanded a model for difcipline ;
being, at the fame time, equally re-
fpected and beloved by the foldiers.
h\ his apparel, his diet, and manner of
marchfng,
CAT
[ 87 1
CAT
marching^, he was more like a common
fol'^'er chan an officer; but in virtue,
couvr^p^e, and wifdom, he exceeded
molt commanders.
Cato always difcovered the ftrongeft
.afftction for his brother. Whilfl he
was with the army in Macedonia, be-
ing informed that Caepio had been ta-
ken ill at Aenus in Tlirace, though
it was the middle of winter, he in-
ftantly fet fail in a fmall boat from
Thelfaionlca, and with the utmoft ha-
zard reached Aenus juft after Caepio
expired. Cato, forgetting his Stoical
principles, lamented the lofs of his
brother with exprefiions of the deep-
ell grief, and celebrated his funeral
with the greateft n>agniticence, /3.
Cato, having left the army, made a
progrefs through Afia, to obferve the
cuftoms of that country. Being little
known, and traveUing with a fmall re-
tinue, he often met with a poor recep-
tion. But when he reached the camp
of Pompey, who was then carrying on
war againlt Mithridates, that general,
knowing his confequence, received him
with marks of thehigheli refpeft. Af-
ter this, the cities through v/hich he
paffed drove to outdo each other in
expreffions of honour, and in the mag-
nihctnce of their entertainments. King
Dejoiarus offered him the richeft pre-
fents, but Cato accepted none of thera,
iL
Cato, after his return to Rome, be-
ing made quaeilor, difcharged the du-
ties of that office with the utmoft fi-
delity. His integrity was fo confpicu-
ous, that it became proverbial among
the peo! 'e, if any thing unlikely or in-
credible were afferted, to fay, *' They
would not beheve it though Cato
himfelf fhould affirm it." In vacation
time, as he was going to his country-
feat in Lucania, with his books and
philofophers, he happened to meet a
great many horfes and attendants,
which he was informed belonged to
Metcllus Nepos, the brother-in-law of
Pomipey, who was going to Rome to
offer himfelf a candidate for the tri-
Hunefhip. Cato, apprehending his dan-
gerous defigns, immediately returned
to the city, and fued for the fame of-
fice, that he might oppofe them. They
were both chofen. Cato, havinn- ob-
ferved that the eleftion of confuls was
commonly determined by bribery, de-
clared, <' that he, would accufe whom-
foever he fnould find giving money."
Yet he excepted Silanus, who was
married to his fifter Strviha ; but ac-
cuied Murena, who was not more
guilty than the other. Cato was join-
ed in the accufation by Sulpicius, one
of the difappointed candidates. Cice-
ro, then couful, defended Murena, and
in his pleading, expofed the paradox-
es of the Stoic pliilofophers with fo
much humour, that he raifed great
laughter among the judges. Where-
upon Cato faid to thofe Handing by,
*' What a pleafant conful we have I*'
Plutarch, in Cat. Mm. Murena was
acquitted, and inftead of refenting the
condud of Cato, always treated him
with the greateft confidence, ib. >
Cato, while tribune eledt, i. e, be-
fore he entered on his office, by his
memorable fpecch in the fenate, de-
termined the fate of Lentulus, Cethe-
gus, and the other accomphces of Ca-
tiline, who were apprehended, (See
Cicero). Plutarch relates, that this
alone, of all Cato's fpeeches, was pre-
ferved, by means of certain perfons,
whom Cicero had taught to take down
what was faid by certain abbreviation; i
and that this ferved as the firft founda-
tion of the arc of writing fhort hand,
in Cat. Mill.
Metellus the tribune, with the con-
currence of Caefar, pr poicd a law for
recalling hum.e Pompey with his armv,
under pretext i^i preferving the city
from the danger of Catiline's confpi-
racy ; but their real defign was to deli-
ver the republic into the hands of Pom-
pey, and to give him abfolute power,
I'his, however, was prevented by the
firnmefs of Cato, whom Metellus, on
the day for paffing the law, attacked
in the forum with an armed force ;
but Cato perfifted in his oppofition,
with no fmall danger, C'lc. Sc'xf. 28. till
at
CAT
L 88 1
C A T
at laft lie was extncated by the inter-
vention of Murena the conful. Metel-
lus thus being fruftrated, fled to Pom-
pey. (See Caesar )
Next year, a. u. 692, Pompey re-
turned from Afia, in the height of his
When moft of the nobih'ty made a
contribution (pecunias contulerunt) to
enable Bibulus, in his fuit for the con-
fulfliip, to bribe as high as his compe-
titors Lucejus and Caefar, Cato is
fa id to have approved of it, {ne C atone
glory. Perceiving that he could not qu'idem abnuente earn largitlonem e repub-
accompllili his defigns without the con- Hcajleri)y Suet. Caef. 19.
currence of Cato, he fent his friend
Minutius to propofe to Cato an inti-
mate alliance with him, by marrying
the eldeil of Cato's two nieces himfelf,
fome fay his daughters, and his fon
the youngeft. But Cato, without he-
Ctation, immediately anfwered, " Go
tell Pompey that Cato is not to be
Caefar having got his law pafled for
the diviiion of the lands of Campania
among the poorer citizens, annexed a
claufe to it, " That all the fenators
fhould fwear to defend it.'* This Cato
long refufed to do, and his admirer
Favonius ; but moved by the entrea-
ties of his family, and the perfuafion
gained by female influence, though o- of his friends, among the reft of Cice-
thervvife I very much value his kind-
nefs. While he afts honourably and
juftly, he fhall find in me a friendfhip
more firm than any alliance; but I will
not give hoftages to Pompey's glory
againft my country's fafety." This
anfwer, as may be imagined, was very
difagreeable to the vvomen,'and however
ro, he at laft complied, Plutarch, et
Cic. Sext, 28. Cato, however, ftill
continued to oppofe the laws of Cae»
far, on which account Caefar one day
ordered him to be carried to prifon ;
but when many of the fenators follow-
ed Cato, Caefar, fearing left fuch vio-
lence fliould raife odium, defired one
praife-worthy in Cato, proved in the end of the tribunes to interpofe, and libe-
very unfortunate to his country; for rate Cato, Z)/o, 38, 3.; Suet, Caef. 20. ',
Pompey foon after formed the fatal Cell. 4, 10.
connexion with Caefar and CrafTus, A. \J. 695, Clodius, when tribune,
which gave caufe to all the civil wars having effected the banlfhment of Ci-
which followed, and linally to the de- cero, procured a law to be paifed.
ftruclion of the republic. All this Ca-
to might have prevented, by yielding
a little. Hence Cicero blames him
for acting as if he had lived in the re-
public of Plato, not in the dregs of
Romulus, {^tanquam in -^oxiruu Platonis,
non tanquam in fatce Ronnih^^ Att. 2, i.
The remaining part of Cato's life was
employed in unavailing efforts to op-
pole the unjuil dci'gns of the Triumvi-
rate. The Romans, funk in luxury,
and blinded by corruption, with a veiy
few exceptions, lent a deaf ear to all
his remonftrances, Dio, 37, 57. Cato
vainly endeavoured co pveferve the an-
cient forms of the conilitution, while
the fpirit of it was gone.
In the difpute between Lncullus and
Pompey, Cato took part v^itli Lucul-
lus, both from a fenfe of jufticc and
regard to affinity, Lucullus being mar-
ried to Cato's filter, Plutarch.'
" That the kingdom of Cyprus fhould
be taken from Ptolemy, and reduced
into the form of a province." Cato
was appointed to execute this law, in
order to remove him aifo out of the
way, that he might not thwart the
unjuit proceedings of Clodius, nor the
views of the Triumviri^ by whom Clo-
dius was fuppovted, Cic. Dom. 8, 20,
& 25. ; Sext. 18, & 28. ; D/>, 38, 30.
et y^, 2 2.\ /^f//. 2,45. Cato, though
he difapproved of the proceedings
of Clodius, yet accepted this office,
which viras impofed on him by what
Cicero calls rogaiio feeler at'ijjimay a moft
wicked law, Sext. 29. and dilcharged
it with his ufuai fidelity. Upon his
return to Rome he was received by
the people and fenate with every mark
of relped, Plutarch. \ Flor. ■?, 9. The
fe.iate decreed him an extraordinary
praetorlhip, or that he might ftand
candidate
CAT [89
candidate for that office before the le-
gal time, and the right of viewing the
fptftacles in a toga praetextay or in a robe
bordered with purple. But Cato would
]
CAT
fed the law concerning the provinces
of the confuls, Cato, oppofing it with
his ufual firmnefs, was ordered to be
earned to prifon ; but when the peo-
accept none of theie honours, Plutarch, pie followed him, liilening to him as
ih,\ D'lo, 39, 23.; VaJ. Max. ^t i> H*
Cato brought from Cyprus no lefs a
fum than ycoo talents of fjlver, ib. et
Lucan. 3, 164.
Pompey and Craffus having agreed
he fpoke by the way, Trebonius, being
alarmed, commanded him to he relea-
fed. When the law was propofed con-
cerning the continuation of Caefar's
command, Cato did not addrefs him-
with Caefar to fue for a fecond conful- felf to the people, but to Pompey, fore-
fliip, to continue to him his command warning him of what awaited himfelf
for other five years, and to ftize for for his prefent conduft. But Pompev
themfelves the riched provinces of the Hill \vent on, never imagining that
empire,theonlycompetitor that appear- Caefar would change, and always con-
ed againft them was Domitius Aheno- fiding in his own power and good for-
barbus, who was married to Marcia,
Cato's filler. But on the day of the
election, Domitius and Cato, in their
way to the Campus Martius, were at-
tacked by the party of Pompey and
Craffus, one of their attendants killed
©n the fpot, feveral wounded, and the
rell obhged to fly. After this Pompey
and Craffus were declared confuls, Dioy
39, 31. Cato, flill determined to op-
pofe their meafures, offered himfelf a
candidate for the praetorfhip ; but Pom-
pey, by violence, artifice, and bribes,
prevented his election ; and Vatinius, a
man of a worthlefs charaClier, was cho-
fen praetor, inftead of Cato, a. u. 698.
Upon which Cato, Handing up in the
in
tune, Plutarch, in Cat. Mm.
Cato was eledled praetor next year.
In this office lie was not more remark-
able for his integrity than for his fin-
gular drefs. In funimer he ufed to fit
on the tribunal without a tunic, dreffed
only in his toga, with drawers below,
{campejln fub toga fc. praetexta c'lntius)^
in imitaiion of the brazen flatues of
Romulus in the capitol, and of Camil-
lus in the roftra, Afcon. 'in Cu. pro Scan-
ro, fin. ; Val. Max. 3, 6, 7. alfo with-
out fhoes ; both which Plutarch blames,
in Cat. p. 780.
The people then w^ere fo corrupted
by the gifts of thofe who fued for of-
fices, that many made a conflant trade
alTembly of the people, for'?told, as if of felhng their votes. To check this
t>y infpiration, all the calamities that
afterwards befel the fiate, and exhort-
ed the people to beware of Pompey
and Craffus, who had been J^uilty
■of fuch crimes, and had formed fuch
dtfigns, that they had reafon to be a-
•fraid of Cato for their praeior. .When
tie had ended his fpeech, he was fol-
lowed to his houfe by a greater num-
ber of people than all the praetors to-
gether, Plutarch, ih. [Si vere ae/limare
non Catoni tunc praetura, fed
'volu
fraeturae Cato ncgatus ejl, Val. Max.
5, 6.). Cato was fupported in his ap-
plication for the praetorfiiip by Cice-
ro ; who foon after, through the in-
fluence of Pompty, was reconciled to
Vatinius, Cic. P'am. i, 9, 50.
When Trebonius the tribune propo-
corruption, Cato perfuaded the fcnate
to make an order, that thofe who were
clefted Into any office fhould be obli-
ged to declare upon oath how they
obtained their eledion. This fo of-
fended the populace, that they made
an attack one day on Cato as he was
coming into the forum. But Cato
having got into the rollra, by his firm
2nd Iteady alpe6t, inllantly awed them
into filenci.% Plutarch, hterally verif . ng
the defcription of Vivgil, jlen. i, i '^^.
The propofed regulation, however, i\.id
fuch an effect, that the candidates tor
the tribunelhip that year, agreed, tiiat
each fiiould depofit in Cato's r.anda
125,000 drachmae, about L. 4000, to
be forfeited by any of them whom Ca-
to (hov.id judge guilty of bribery, Cic.
M ' Aiu
CAT
jfit.^, 15.; ^Fr.2, 15
fed to take the money, and only re-
quired eacli of them to find fecurity.
On the day of elcAion, Cato having
watchfully obferved all that pafTed, dif-
covered one who had broken the agree-
ment, and immediately ordered him to
pay his money to the reft ; but they,
greatly admiring the juftice of Cato,
remitted the penalty, thinking the dil-
honour a fufficient punifament, Plu-
tarch. On this occafion Cicero is faid
to have cried out, *' O happy Cato,
from whom no body dares to aflc a dif-
honeil thing !" {Otefelicem, M. Porc'ty
a quo rem impt'olmn pttcre nemo audet !)y
Plin. PrS-f. Cicero declares, " That
if the tle<£lions fnould go on freely or
without bribery, [gralulln), as was ex-
pef^ed, that Cato alone would efl-ed
more than all the laws and courts of
juftice," (plus unus Cato fuer'it, qiiam
cmnes leges y omncfque jud'ices, ib.). Such
public confidence, however, procured
[ 90 ] CAT
Cato refu- power of Pompey and Caefar, if they
agreed, would opprefs the republic, or
If they differed, involve it In civil wars,
that he might more effeftually avert
both evils, flood candidate for the con-
fulftiip againft next year, 702. But
Cato's competitors, Serv. Sulplcius and
M. Marcelius, being more acceptable
to the people, were preferred. Cato
could not Hoop to the arts of folicita-
tion, and had offended the populace
by his efforts to check bribery. Not
being in the leafl dejected at this re-
pulfe, he the fame day played at ball
IP. the Campus Martins^ and after din-
ner went to the forum, as ufual, with-
out his flioes or his tunic, and there
walked about vi^ith his acquaintances,
ih.
"When fom.e of Caefar's friends pro-
pofed In the fenate, that a thankf-
givlng fhould be decreed for his vic-
tories over the Germans, Cato decla-
red, *' That Caefar ought to be dell-
Cato as much envy as reputation. Pom- vered Into the hands of thofe whom he
pey. In particular, conlidered the in- had fo unjuftly attacked.'^ Caefar,
creafe of Cato's credit as a diminution upon hearing this, wrote a reproachful
letter againft Cato, which was openly
read In the fenate. Whereupon Cato
laid open the whole defigns of Caefar
from the beginning, and told the fe-
nate, " That It was not the Britons
and Gauls, but Caefar himfelf they had
to fear," ih.
When news was brought that Caefar
had croffed the Rubicon, and was ad-
vancing with his army tov/ards Rome^
all men, even Pompey himfelf, acknow-
ledged, " that Cato alone had forefeen
and clearly foretold the Intentions of
Caefar." Cato faid, " That if the
fenate had followed his advice, they
would not nov/ be reduced to the ne-
ceflity of fearing one man, nor of de-
pending on one man for fafety " He
however advifed them to entrufl the
fupreme command to Pompey ; for,
faid he, *' thofe who are the authors
of great evils can beft remove them.'*
Cato therefore concurred In all the fc-
Vere decrees againfl Caefar, Caef. B. C*
I, 3, 4, & 32. Whereas, had the con-
llitution of the republic prevailed, both
Caefar
of his o^n power, and therefore con-
tinually fet up men to rail againft him.
Among thefe was Clodius, who now
accufed Cato of having embezzled
part of the treafure brought from Cy-
prus. But Cato eaiily refuted this
charge, by fhewing, " That, without
taking any thing to himfelf, he had
brought more treafure from Cyprus a-
lone, than Pompey, after fo many wars
and triumphs," Plutarch.
On account of the tumults which
happened after the death of Clodius,
BibiiluG, .who vvas a relation of Cato'3,
moved the fenate to create Pompey
fole conful, a. 701, which Cato, con-
trary to the expectation of sjl, agreed
to, declaring, that any government was
better than anarchy or confufion, Plu-
tarch. Cato was one of the judges ap-
pointed to try Milo, and gave his vote
'vlvd voce for his acquittal, (palam lata
ahfohit fententid), Veil. 2, 47. Milo,
liowever, being odious to Pompey, was
condemned, id?.
Cato perceiving that the overgrown
CAT r 9
Caefar and Ponipey ouglit to have
been deprived of their command, or
rather fliould never liave obtained it.
The Romans, by fnbmlttinc^ to the
ufurped authority, fnft of Marius and
Sulla, and afterwards of Pompey and
Caefar, fnewed that they were prepa-
red for fcrvitude. The fenate, and Ca-
. to among the reft, by fwearing to fup-
port fuch laws as thofe of Caefar and
Clodius, not to mention others, gave
up their legal means of refiftance. If
Cato, and the few that joined him, had
imitated the conduct of the virtuous
MetcUus Numidicus, they would have
aded more confiftently, and probably
more for the good of their country.
What Dio Caihus obferves took place
after the battle of Philippi, in reality
was the cafe long before. The conteil
was not for freedom, but; what malter
the Romans fliould fervc, D'lOy 47, 39.
The army being then raoilly compofed
of mercenaries, always fided with that
party which they thought would pay
them beft, [Nulla JiJes p'tctafque luris,
qtii cajlra fequuntur, Vcnalejque manus :
ibi FAS) ubi maxima merges, Lucan. 1 o,
407.). Liberty cannot exift in any
ration where the great body of the
people are corrupted. Caefar knew
that in fuch a ftate the moft virtuous
patriots are of little avail, (twmina va-
na Catones), Lucan. i, 313. Cato
joined Pompey, becaufe, by doing fo,
he thought that there was the beft
chance for reftoring liberty ; but liberty
\vas in equal danger from both Caefar
and Pompey. Cato was fenfible of
this, and followed Pompey only as the
defender of the fenate. Thus Lucan,
Ille (fc. Cato) ubi pendebant cafusy du-
hiumqne manehat, ^em mundi domimim
faccrcnt civilia bdla, Oder at d Magnum,
quamvis comes i/Jct in anna, jdufpiciis rap'
tus patriae, dutfuque fenatus, 9, 1 9.
Cato had feveral years bfrfore volun-
tarily given up his wife Marcia to
Hortenfius, with the confcnt of her
father Philippus ; and after the death
of Horcenfms, who left her his eilate,
Cato again formally married her, that
ihe might take care of his family ; but
1 ] CAT
did not cohabit with her, Plutarch*
Lucan makes Marcia come of herfelf,
and requeft this of Cato, 2, 326, &c.
( Da tantum nomen inane Connubii ; Li"
ceat tumido Jcripjijfe, Catonis Mar-
cia, ib. 342.^. After this Cato is faid
never to have cut his hair nor ftiaved
his beard, through grief for the cala-
mities of his country, Plutarch, et Lu-
can. ib. 375. The great purpofe of
Cato's life was to ferve his country,
and promote the good of mankind,
( Patriae impcndere vitam ; Nee Jtbi, fed
toil geni turn fe credere mundo), ib. 382.
Cato had the government of Sicily
afiigncd to him, which he might have
defended, Cic. Att 10, 16. but hear-
ing that Pompey had abandoned Italy,
he was unwilling to engage the ifiand
in a war, and therefore failed from
thence and joined Pompey at Dyrra-
chium, Plutarch. He always gave his
advice to prolong the war, in hopes
that matters might be amicably fettled.
In a council of war he got a refolution
paffed, that no city that was fubjeft to
the republic fhould be facked, and no
Roman killed, unlefs in the heat of
battle. Pompey at firft defigned to
give Cato the command of his fleet,
w^hich confifted of 500 fhips of w^ar ;
but refle6ling that as Cato's only aim
was to free his country from ufurpa-
tion, if Caefar were conquered, Cato,
with fo great a force, would oblige
Pumpey to lay dow^n his arms, and be
fubjeft to the laws: Pompey therefore
changed his mind, and made Bibulus
admiral. Cato's zeal, however, for the
public good continued unabated ; and
he contributed greatly to the fucceff-
ful fally at Dyrrachium, which made
Caefar defift from his blockade of Pom*
pey and his army. Whilft others re-
joiced at this fuccefs, Cato alone be-
wailed the fate of his country, and
curfed that deftrudive ambition which
made fo m.aiiy brave Romans murder
one another, ib.
When Pompey followed Caefar into
Thelfaly, he left Cato to comirrand at
Dyrrachium with only fifteen cohorts.
After the overthrow at Pharfalia, Cato,
M 2
fuppofing
'"""' CAT C 92 ] CAT
fappofing that Pompey had fled to E- 9, 890. — 940. Plutarch
gypt or Libya, haflened after him with
all the troops he could colleft. When
they reached the coaft of Africa they
met with Sextus, Pompey's younger
fon, who told them of his father's
death in Egypt. (According to Lu-
can, Cneius, the elder fon of Pompey,
accompanied Cato to Africa, 9, 120.
whe^'eas Appian fays that he failed to
Spain with Labienus, B. C. 2, p. 482.)
All the troops declared, that after
Pompey, they would follow no other
leader but Cato. He therefore took
upon himfelf the command, and march-
ed toward the city of Cyrenae, which
openedits gates tohim, though not long
before it had refufed admiilion to La-
bienus, Plutarch, Lucan fays that Ca-
to forced his entrance into Cyrenae by
taking the city, but did not ufe any
feverity to the inhabitans for having ex-
cluded him, {^Exclufus nulla fe vimlicat
hd; Poenaqiie cle viElis fola ejl, vic'^e,
Caionif ib. 298. Here being inform-
ed that Scipio, Pompey's fathe»-in-law,
h?.G retired to King Juba, and that Va-
rus, the governor of Africa, under Pom-
pey, had jomed them with his forces,
Cato led his army, with incredible la-
bour and difficulty, {^ingenti cum cli^cul-
iate il'merum locorumque (al. aquarumqii^)
inop'ui^ Veil. 2, 54.) through a fandy de-
fert, infeiled with ferpents. Cato all
the time went on foot, at the head of
his men, and never made ufe of any
horfe or carriage, ( Movjlrat tolerare la-
lores, Nonjuhcty) Lucan. 9, 588.) Ever
after the battle ot Pharfalia, he ufed to
fit at table ; adding this to his other
marks of mourning, that he never re-
clined, but to fleep, Plutarch. Lucan
gives a long defcription of the various
ferpents produced in the deferts of Li-
bya, 9, 619. — 890. As a defence
againft this evil, Cato carried along
wi^h him fome of tliofe people called
PsYLLi, who curtd the bite of ferpents,
by fucking out the poifon with their
mouths, and had certain charms, by
y/hich they llupilied and laid afleep the
ferpents thernfelvesj Plutarch, et Lucan.
fays that
Cato was feven days in pafling this de-
fert,/>. 787. Strabo fays thirty days, ult.
libr. Lucan fays two months, {^Bis po-
ftt'is Phoebe (i. e. I^un2i)jlammisf bis luce
receptd, Vidit arenivagum furgens fug'iens'
que Catonerriy) 9, 940.
Cato having wintered in Libya,
drew out his army, which amounted to
about 10,000 men. He found the
d Varus in a bad flate,
affairs of Scipio an
by reafon of a mifunderftaoding be-
tu'een them ; which led them to make
undue fubmiffions to Juba, who treated
them with great arrogance. Cato pro-
duced a reconciliation between Scipio
and Varus, and obliged Juba to behave
towards them with proper refpeft. All
the army defired Cato to be their
leader ; but Cato yielded the chief
command to Scipio, as being fuperior
to him in dignity ; Scipio having been
conful, and he only praetor, [honorat'iori
parere maluk, Veil. 2, 54.) Appian. 2,
482 Befides, it was thought aufpici-
ous to have a Scipio to command in
Africa, and the very name gave courage
to many of the foldiers, Plutarch, ib. et
I)io, 42, 57. [fafale Africae nomcn Scipio-
nurn via'ebatur, Flcr. 2, 15.)
Scipio, having aiTumed the command,
to gratify Juba, was inclined to put
the inhabitants of Utica to death, and
to raze the city, for its attachment to
Caefar ; but was prevented by Cato,
who took upon himfelf the government
of the place, ib, He chofe 300 Ro-
man citizens, who trafficked at Utica,
for a council ; and deliberated with
them on things of comm.on concern,
Plutarch, liht. Bell. AJr. 88. Cato
advifed Scipio, as he had Pompey, not
to hazard a battle, but to prolong the
war. Scipio, however, rejetled his
counfcl ; and when Cato propofed to
make a diveriion in Italy by tranfport-
ing thither the troops which he had
brought into Africa, Scipio derided
the projeft. Cato now repented hig
having refigned the command to Sci-
pio ; and told his friends, thai he pla-
ced but (lender hopes in generals wb<
hac
CAT C 93
had To much prefumption and fo little
condud. Cato's apprehenlions were
fooner verified than he expefted, Sci-
plo and Juba being completely defea-
ted by Caefar at Thapfus, with the
lofs of their camps. Cato wifhed to de-
fend Utica, and had made every prepa-
ration requifite for fupporting a long
fiege. But finding the townfmen and
many of his foldiers unwilhng to con-
cur with him in that refolution, he de-
termined to put an end to his days, that
he miffht not fall into the hands of
Caefar. He, however, was at great
pains to conceal his intention from his
friends. He provided fhips and what
was necefTary for fuch as wifhed to de-
part by fea ; he afforded money and
other things requinte to thole who in-
tended to efcape by land. He advifed
t!ie people of Utica to fend fpeedily
and make their peace with Caefar. In
the evening he bathed, as ufual, and
then went to fupper with a large com-
pany, at which he fat, as he had al-
ways done fince the battle of Pharfalia.
All his friends, and the magillrates of
Utica fupped with him. After fupper
the converfation was carried on with
much wit and learning : Several philo-
fophical queflions were propofed and
difcuHed : among the reft that maxim
of the Stoics, " That the wife or
good man alone is free, and that all
wicked men are flaves." On this fub-
ject Cato fpoke with fo great vehe-
mence, that every one prefent faipeCted
liis defign. This cccafioned -a pro-
found filence, and the whole company
were much dejcfted. Cato perceiving
it, changed the fubjeft of dircourfe.
After the entertainment was over,
Cato walked with his friends, as he ufed
to do after fupper, gave the neceffary
orders to the captains of the guard, and
retiring to his chamber, embraced his
fon, and each of his friends, with more
than ufual affection. Then laying him-
felf down, he began to read rlato's
Phaedoii or Dialogue concerning the
immortality of the foul. Having read
hair the book, upon looking up, he
perceived that his fwcrd was not hang-
3 CAT
ing at the head of his bed in its ufu^Ll
place ; for his fon had taken it away
while he was at fupper. Hereupo"
Cato ordered it to be brought ;
and when this, after various delays,
was done, " Now," fays he, " I am
mailer of myfelf.'* Then he took up
his book again, and, as it is reported,
read it twice over. After this he flept
fo found, that his breathing was heard
by thofe who were in waiting without.
About midnight he called for two of his
freedmen, and fent one of them named
Butas, to enquire if his friends were all
embarked. Butas returned in a (hort
time, and brought word, " That they
all were gone." Upon which Cato
laid himfeif down, as if to flcep out the
reft of the night, and ordered Butas
to (liutthe door. But after Butas went
out, he took his fvvord, and ftabbed
himfeif under the breaft. The wound
not being inftantly mortal, with his
ftruggling he fell from his bed, and by
the noife alarmed hv friends, v/ho rufti-
ing into the room, found him welter-
ing in his blood, with part of his bowels
fallen out, but ftill alive, and his eyes
fixed upon them. They were all ftruck
with horror. As the entrails were un-
injured, the phyfician tried to put them
in again, and to few up the wound.
But Cato, coming to himfeif, thruft
away the phyfician, plucked out his
own bowels, and tearing open the
wound, immediately expired, Plutarch*
Appian fays, that Cato's phyficians
adfually did put in his entrails and few
up the wound ; that Cato pretended to
be forry for what he had done, thank-
ed his friends for having faved him,
adding, that he needed quiet, and then
laid himfeif down, as if to ileep. But
when his friends were gone oui, beincr
determined not to fubmit to a tyrant,
(Ne cu'i Ciitonsm nut oc ciders hcerety aut
fervan; cont'ingeret,) he pulled off the
bandages, tore up the fewing, and for-
ced open thp wound with his nails and
fingers like a wild beaft ; and thus ex-
pired, 2, 490. So Z>/o, 43, IT.; H'trt.
B, j4fr. 88. {^Moribundas manus in ipfo
vulmrc rdlquitt) Flo r. 4, 2, 71. {^nitdas
in
CAT [94
in 'vulnus mamis eg'tt^ et generofum ilium
contemptoremque omnis potentiae fpir'itum
non emlCtt^ fed ejecif,) Senec. Ep. 24.
This refolute fiercenefs and ftern in-
flexibility of mind is beautifully expref-
fed by Horace In one word, JEt ciwMa
f err arum fubaBa, praeter at roc em ani-
mum Cafonhj Od. 2, 1,23. So Manilius,
Invicfum devlctd morte Catonem, 4, 87.
Hence Horace celebrates the death of
Cato, as a noble deed, ( Caton'is noh'de h-
thum,) Od. I, 12, 35. So Cicero,
Cato praedare^ fc. per'iil^ Fam. 9, 1 8.
who fays, " that Cato died in fuch a
difpofition of mind that he was happy
in having found a caufe for quitting
life, C'lc. Tujc. I, 30. This Cicero
thinks was a juil caufe ; but others
have thoujyht the contrary, and for
the very reafon which Cicero men-
tions : " that we ought not to leave
this life without the order of the Deity,
who has placed us in it," (Vetat en'im
do)r,ina7is His in nobis, injvJJ'u h'lnc nosfuo
demigrare,) Tufc. i, 30.
The people of Utica inftantly flock-
ed round the houfe, calling Cato their
benefactor, and their" fa viour, the only
free and unconquered man. Though
they knew that Caefar was approaching,
yet they performed Cato's funeral ob-
f.'quies with the greateli magnificence,
and buried him by the fea-fide ; v/here,
fays Plutarch, now flands his fhatue,
holding a fwofd, ib. Hence Cato has
ever fince been called Cato Uticen-
sis, Dioy 43, II. Cato died in the
forty- ninth year of his age, Lh. Epit.
1 14. Plutarch fays that he was forty-
eight years old, p. 794. Appian
makes him about fifty, ib.
Caefar, having heard of the fate of
Cato, is reported to have faid, *' Cato,
I envy thee thy death, fince thou hafl
envied me the prefervation of thy life."
Plutarch, ib. According to Dio, Cae-
far faid that he was angry with Cato
for having envied him the glory of fa-
ving his hfe, 43, 1 2. So appian. p. 490.
Caefar pardoned Cato's fon, who after-
wards fell ligliting bravely in the battle
pi Philippi, Plutarch, ib.,
1 CAT
Cicero, after the death of Cato
wrote a book in his praife, which he
called, Cato, [Laus \t\ Laudatlo Qh-
TON is), Dioy 43, 13. ; Tacit. Ann. 4,
34. ; Appian. p. 490. Caefar wrote
an anfwer to it, called Anticato,
Dio, ib. ; Gelh 4, 16. divided into two
parts or books. Suet. Caef 56 whence
Juvenal calls it Duo Caesaris An-
TicATONiLs, 6, 338.
M. Fabias Gallus alfo wrote a book
in praife of Cato, Cic, Fjm. 7, 24. ;
as likewife Brutus, ind. Ciclro. In
the time of Vefpafian, Maternus, a
poet, wrote a tragedy called Cato.
See Maternus.
Cato was the moil celebrated cha-
rafter of his time for virtue and pa-
triotifm, Cic. Mur. 29, >^' 30. ; DiOf
43, II. ; Hirt. B. Afr. 88. ; Appian.
490 So Plutarch, who calls him Ca-
to, tlie philofopher, in Cat. Major fin.
Dio reprefents Cato as the only up-
right fupporter of the liberty of his
country, 37, 57. Cicero, in the book
v.^hich he wrote in praile of Cato, is
laid to have extolled him to the lilies,
[Catonem coeJo aequavit,) Tacit. Ann.
4, 34. The topics on which Cice-
ro chiefly infilled, fcetn to have been
the gravity and conilancy of Cato ;
his having forefeen the things which
happened, his efforts to prevent them,
and his parting with Hfe that he might
not fee them, Cic. Att. 12, 4. We
may judge in what eftimation Cato.
was held among his contemporaries by
what Salluft fays of him, in the con-
traft which he makes of the clipj-afters
of Cato and Caefar ; At Caloni Jludium
mcdcjliae, decoris, fed maximc fcverltatis
erat. Non divitiis cum divite, nequefac-
tione cum faSiofo ; fed cum Jlrenuo vir-
lute, cum mode/io pudore, cum innocente
aliftinentid certahat ; esse, quam vide-
Ri BONUS malebat. CatiUn, 54. M.
Cato, — homo 'virtuti Jtmillpnus, et per
omnia ingenio diis quam hominilus pro-
pior, qui nunquam rccte fecit, ut facere
indereiur, fed quia aliter facere non po-
terat, 6cc. Veil. 2, 35. Lucan fpcaks
Hill more hyperbohcally in preferring
the
CAT [ 9? 1 CAT
the judgment of Cato, concerning the Favonius, who fat next to him
cm'viI war, even to that of the Gods >
J'^'iSrix caufa di'is placuit^ fed vida Ca-
ionii I, 128. Martial calls Cato con-
' fummatuSf i. e. perftclus Stotcus, a per-
fed: charader, according to the tenets
of the Stoics, who confidered fuicide
in certain cafes as a virtue ; but this a6l
Martial juftly difapproves, Nolo vlnmi^
' fac'di redlmti qui fangu'ine famam : Hunc
voloy laudari qui Jine morte potejl^ Give
. me the man who deferves renown for
bearing misfortunes lleadiiy, without
killing himfelf to get rid of them, i,
9. Martial, however, in anotlier
place, calls killing one's felf with the
fvvord a Roman death, [rnors Romana^
i. e. multorum P^omanorum commu-
nis, Lucretiae, &c. ), in oppofition
to taking poifon, or ftarving one's felf;
and by an artful piece of fiattcry to
Domitian, prefers the death of Feltus,
(a friend of that Emperor's, who, to
get quit of a loathfome difeafe, ftab*
bed himfelf), to that of Cato, who
£itvf himfelf either from fear or hatred
of Caefar, {^Ham mortem, (fc. Fefti),
j'atii magni praeferre Catoms Fama po-
tejl : hujus (fc. Feili), Caefar^ (i.e.
Domicianus), amicus e rat ; (At Cato-
ni Caefar inirnicus erat), i, 79, 9.
Martial allows Cato, while alive, to
have been fuperior evev,i to Caefar,
(5"// CatOf dum vivitf fane W Caefare
major) y 6, 32, 5. ; and as the higiitil
coiD.pliment he could pay to Nerva, on
the lenity of his government, he favs,
that . -ato, if he were to rife from the
infernal regions, would be a fupport-
er of Nerva Caefar, ( Ipfe qiioqm hi:er-
fiis revo'catus Ditis ah umhris., Si CatOy
reddaiilry Caefarianus erity i. e. wuuld
rather live under fo good an emperor,
than under a repubhcan government,
II, 6, 13.'; and would even be an imi-
tator of Nerva, ib. 12, 6, 8.
The Romans had fo great a venera-
tion for the virtue of Cato, that once,
while he was in the theatre, the peo-
ple were afliamed to aflc certain inde-
cent exhibitions, which uftid to be
made at the feftival of Flora. Cato
having learned this from his friend
. left
the theatre ; and upon his departure,
the people raifed a loud fhout of ap-
plaufe, Val Max, 2, 10, 8. ; Senec,
Ep. 97. Whence Martial fays. Cur
in t heat rum y Cato fevercy 'oenifli? An
ideo taritum venerasy ut exires ? denoting,
that, as he knew the cuitom, he fliould
either not have come, or have remain-
ed, 2, 3. ^'on intrst Coto t heat rum nof-
Irnm ; autfi inlravtrit, fpcclety ib. Praef.
Praifmg the morals of Latinus, a cele-
brated mimic under Domitian, he
makes him fay, " that he never did
any thing, which he (hould have been
alhamed of, even in the pi'efence of
Cato, [qui fpeciotorem poiui fecijfe Cato-
nem)y 9, 29, 3. — So Juvenal, lalhing the
hypocritical philofophers of his time,
makes Laronia, an immodeil woman,
fay ironically to one of them, Felicia
tempora ! quae te morihus opponunt : ha-
beat jam Roma pudorem % Tertius e
coELO CECiDiT Cato, Happy times!
which have you for a cenfor : let
Rome now be afaamed (to do any-
thing bafe before you) ; A third Cato is
dropped from the clouds ! 2, 40.
Cato, like his great-gr-andfather, was
fond of focial entertainments, w^hich
fomecimes he ufed to prolong through
a great part of the night. Juhus Cae-
far reproached him upon that head,
but in fuch a manner that he exalted
the character of Cato while he endea-
voured to expofe it. For, as Phny
infor-ras us, Caefar writes, (probably
ia his invedive againft Cato in Antica-
tone)y " That while Cato was going
home from one of thofe meetings a
httle intoxicated, with his head cover-
ed, that he might not be known, fome
perfons whom he met having uncovei"-
ed his head, Llufned when they difco-
vered who he was. You would have
thought that Cato had deteded them,
not they Cato." Could the dignity of
Cato, fays Piiny, be placed in a itrong-
er light, than by reprefenting him thus
venerable, even in la's cups ? FUn. Ep,
3, 12. Hence Mar-tial fays, " That
during the mierrim.ent of a feafl, even
the rigid Caio would read his verfes.
Turn
CAT [ 96 3 CAT
(Turn me vel rigidl legant Catones), 10, and of the hi'gheft rank.
19, 21.
Quinftllian, fpeaking of both Catos,
{^de uti'oque Catoue^y f^'js, ^orutn alter
appeUatus ejl Sapif.sS) alter n'lfi creditur
fui/fcy "v'lx fclo, cut rsliquerit hujus nomliils
locum, 12 f 7, 4.
Catonianus, adj. of or belonging
to Cato; tluis, Catoniana linjua, the
tongue of an hypocritical profligate,
who pretended to imitate Cato in the
ilriclnefs of his morals, Martial. 9, 28,
14. — Catonini, 'orum, the favourers
of Cato ; thus, Vereor ne in Catonium,
{{. e. in Orcum vel inferos, a ^.x^, in-
fra), Catoninosy (fc. piaecipitet vel agat
Caefar), C'u\ Fam. 7, 25.
C. CATO, the grandfon of Cato,
the cenfor, and of Paulus Aemilius ;
the fon of the filler of P. Scipio Afri-
canus, the younger, a tolerable ora-
tor, Cic, Br, 28. who was confiil,
a. 640 ; and afterwards being con.
demned for extortion, Cic. Verr. 4,
10. by the Mamilian law, Cic. Br. 34.
lived in exile at Tarraco, Ci:. Balb. J i.
C. CATO, of the fame family with
Cato Uiicerfis ; faid to be a young man
void of prudence, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 2, 5.
which he ihewed by his condud^, ib.
Being created tribune, a. 697. he
keenly oppofcd tlie reftoration of King
Cic. Fam. I, 2, Sic. and
a law for recalling Lentuius
fclpintlier from his government of Ciii-
cia, /i'. 4, & 5. At the inRigation of
Pompey and Craflus, Dio, 39, 27. et
28. he attempted to hinder the eltc-
tioa of magiitrates, becaufe he was
not ptrmitted by the confuls to hold
any aQlmblies of the people for pro-
mulgating his pernicious laws, (it. ^
Fr.2y 6. ; Liv. Epii. 105. He was
next year brought to a trial, but was
acquitted, Cic. Att. 4, 15, et 16. —
Familia Catoniana, the fiaves of C.
Cato, i. e. gladiatois and bejliarii, v^hom
he had purchaled, bat was obliged to
fell, becaufe he could not fapport them,
Cic. ^Fr.2y 6.
Faierius CAl^O, a grammarfan, the
Ptolemy,
propofed
friend of Catull
waidUtuded by
Cat nil. 56,
who
;lars.
He was e-
fteemed an excellent teacher, particu-
larly for fuch as had a turn for poetry,
Suet. Gram. 2y et ii.
C. (al. Q. j Valerius CATULLUS,
a celebrated poet, born at Verona, a. u.
667, of a refpeilable family. His fa-
ther Valerius was the friend of Ju-
lius Caefar, who ufed to lodge at his
houfe, Suet. Caef. 73. Catullus, though
not opulent, appears to have polfelTed
a moderate fortune. He fpeaks of
Sirmio, a beautiful peninfula in the
lake Benacus, as his property, 31,
12. He went with Memmius, the Prae-
tor to Bithynia ; but derived very little
advantage from that expedition, c. 10,
8, &c. In his way thither, when he
reached Troas, he loft his brother,
whom he often laments with great ten-
dcrnefs, c. 64,5, &c. 67, 18, 90, &c.
99, I, &;c.. Upon his return he confe-
crated his (hip to Caftor and Pollux,
4, 26. Catullus ufually refided at Rome,
67, 34- and occafionally at Verona, ib,
27. His genius procured him the
friendihip of many perfons of the firil
dillindlion ; fuch as Manlius Torqua-
tus, whofe favours he gratefully ac-
knowledges, c. 67, "y. 41, 66, &c. and
upon whofe marriage he wrote a beau-
tiful cpithalamium, c. 60. ; Cicero,
f. 49. ; Calvus, an orator and poet, 53,
3. et 94, 2. ; Cornelius Nepo?, to whom
lie dedicated his book, i, z. et lOO, 3.;
Cornihcius, 38, I. ; Afmius Pollio,
tiien a young- man of great wit and
humour, 12, 6, 5c c. ; Alphenus Varus,
30. and feveral others.
Catullus wrote bitter Invedlives a-
gainil thofe whofe condud he difap-
proved ot, in Iambic and Piialaeciaa
verfe of eleven fyilables, (verfus He/i'
dccafyllahi) ; againft Mamurra, Gellius,
Vaiiuius, VettiuG, Cominius, &c. ; nor
did he fpare even Caefar, whom he
lalhes fevcrely under the name of Ro-
mulus, for his profligacy and other
crimtSj c. 29, 5,&c. ; Fiin. 36, 6. But
upon making his acknowledgment.
Caefar ^eneroudy pardoned him, and
vifited his father (at Verona, when he
to pafd that v»ay) in the
happened
fam^
CAT [
fame friendly manner as formerly, (hof^
pitioquc patris ejus^ Jicut confueveratj uti
ptrfeveravit ) , Suet. Caef. 73.
Many of the poems of Catullus are
written on amorous fuhje£ls, and fome
of them difgnft a modeil reader by
their indelicacy : bwt this was owing
to the grofs tafte of the times, when
in coinpofitions of this fort obfcenity
was not merely tolerated, but even
applauded. Hence Catullus fays, " that
the morals of a poet ought not to be
cftimated from the nature of his ver-
fcs ;" Nam cajliim ejfe decet plum poet am
Ipfum, ijerjiculos nihil neccjje ejl : ^u^
turn denique hahtnt falem ac leporem. Si
Jmt mollicxdi, ac parum pudiri, 16, 5.
Hence Ovid juitilies himfelf by the ex-
ample of Catullus, Triji. 2, 427. ; fo
Maitial, I, pracf. and the younger
Pliny obferv!.ii, Scimus — hnjus opufculi
(epigrammatis nempe verfibus Hende-
cafyilabls fcripti) illam eJfe ver'ijjiniam
kgem, Ep. 4, 14. — The favourite mif-
trefs of Catullus was called Clodia,
whom he celebrates under the name of
Lesbia, £-.5, I. ^/ 7, 2, &c. J Mea
puellat 2, I. 3, 3, &c. ; which name he
is fuppofed to have given her in ho-
nour of Sappho, a native of the iHand
Lefbos, (Lejhia).
Catullus was a perfeft mailer of
the Greek language, and traaflated
from it two of his moil beautiful poems
the 5^1 ft from Sappho, and the 65th
fi om Callimachus ; for which reaion
he is fuppofed to be called doctus,
learned, Ovid. Amor* 3, 9, 62. ; Mar-
tial. 8, 73, 8. tfi 14, ic. ; Tihull.
3, 6. — Martial fays, that Catullus re-
lieved as much honour on Verona as
Virgil did on Mantua, ih. 195. et 10,
103, 5. Thus Ovid, Mantua Firgilio
gaudety Verona Catidlo, Amor. 3, \^,
7. Catullus is commonly joined with
Calvus, becaufe their ^oems were fi-
milar, Herat. Sat. i, 10, 19. ; Ovid.
Am. 3, 9, 62.; Plin. Ep. I. 16.; f/4,27.
The elder Pliny mentions Catullus
as his countryman, (conterraneus) Praef.
and quotes him in different places with
great approbation, 28, 2. et 36, 6. &
2 1. f/ 37, 6/21. i^i'Ci the lati paffage
97 ] CAT
the beft editions have Q^ Catullus) -5
fo the younger Pliny, Ep. i, 16, &C'
Qjjinftilian alfo quotes Catullus feve-
rai times, i, 5, 8 f/ 2Q. 6, 3, 18. 9,
3,16, &c. ; but does not give him fo
high a characler as fome others, and
what he fays of him is fomewhat ob-
fcure. He allows him genius, (ctijus ^c.
iambi acerhitas in Catullo, &c.) 10, I,
96. but afcribes to him infanity, 11,
1, 38. In this laft paflfage he does
not narpe him, but fimply calls him
aliqnis poetariim. Martial often men-
tions Catullus with the greateft refpeft,
2, 71, 3. 5, 5, 6, &c. and reckoned it
an honour to be ranked next to him,
(uno minor Catu/Iojf lO, 78, 1 6. — The
poem of Catullus moft celebrated by
the ancients is that on the death of
Lefbia's fparrow, c. 3. thus Juvenal,
6, 7. So Martial, who calls this poem
Passer, i, 8,3. f/ 7, 13, 3. 11, 7,
i6.Catullus is ranked by Quinftilian a-
mong the Iambic poets, 10, i, 96. and
there is extant one poem of his [c. 25.)
ia Iambic verfe, confiiling of fe-
ven feet, and a caefura^ (verfus tam-
hicus tetrameter cataleclus) ; fo that the
boaft of Horace, when he fays, Parios
ego primus lambos OJlend't LatiOy mull
be reftrided to his firll introducing
at Rome the Iambic verfe of Archi,-.
lochtts, a nati\e of the iHand Pares,
Ep. I, 19,23.
Catullus is faid to have died in tha
prime of life, when only about thirtTt
years of age, Eufeb. Chronic. ; but if he
was born in the 667th year of Ronie,-
as the fame autlior favs^, he mult have
been at leaft forry years old: for he
mentions tl\e confullhip of Vatinius,
f. 52. which was in the year 707.—
Some fuppofe that Catullus lived to a
great age, fo as to be familiar with.
Virgil ; from thefe words of Martial;
Sic for/an tener aufus eft Catullus Magno
mittere pajjsrem Maroni : But Martial
here means, " That perhaps Catullus
would have ventured to fend his poem
on the death of Leibia's fparrow to
Virgil," (If they had been contempora-
ry, as he (Martial) prefumes to fend
liis pof'iris I© Siilus Ital:es.i3 : thus e-
N qualUas
CAT [ 98 1
quailing Silius to Virgil, and Kimfelf nunciation.
to Catullus), 4., 14, 13,
Catulliana bafiay as many kiffes
as Catullus af]<ed from Lefbia, Mar-
tial, 1 1, 7, 14. f/6, 34, 7. CatuU. c. 5.
CATULUS, a llrname of the Lu-
tatii or LuBatii.
a Lutatius CATULUS, conful a.
652 ; who defeated the Carthaginian
-^fltct at the iflands called Aegates,
near Lilybaeum, and put an end to
the iirft Punic war, Liv. Ep'it, 19.
(G. 237).
Q^Lutaths CATULUS, the col-
league of Marius in his fourth conful-
(liip, a. 652. a man of diilinguiflied
merit, Cic. Arch. 3. yet twice difap-
pointed of the confulfhip, Cic. Plane.
5. Mur. 17. He fhared with Marius
the glory of defeating the Clmbri, Cic.
Tufc 5, 19. and, with the afTiftance
of Sulla, his lieutenant-general, was
thought to have contributed moll to
the celebrated viftory over that people,
Plutarch, in SulL p. 460. Catuhis, with
part of the fpoils taken from the Cim-
bri, (de manuhiis CimbricisJ, built a
portico on the area where the houfe
of M, Fulviuis Flaccus, who was llain
with C. Gracchus, had ftood, Cic.Bom.
;^8. ; Val Max. 6, 3, i. which is hence
-called MoNUMENTUM Catuli, Cic.
Verr. 4, 57. He alfo placed two lla-
tnes in the temple of Fortune, Plin.
34, 8. In the political conteft be-
twixt Marius and Sulla, Catulus fup-
ported Sulla On which account Ma-
rius having returned from banifliment,
doomed Catulus to death ; and when
the friends of Catulus interceded for
Ills life, he anUvcrcd In apaiuon, " Let
him die," (Mohiatur) ; which he re-
CAT
He left behind him feve-
ral orations ; alfo memoirs of his con-
fulfhip and of his exploits, written in
the manner of Xenophon, Cic. Brut.
35. He like wife amufed himfelf in
writing amorous verfcs, Plin. Ep. 5,
3. ; Gell 19, 9. He was intimate with
the poet A. Furlus, Cic. Hid. and a
great admirer of Rofclua, the play-
aftor, Cic. N.D- 1,-28.
^ Lvtatins CATULUS, the fon
of the former, in his youth was mifled
peated feveral times, Cic. Tvfc 5, 19.
Catulus put an end to his days, by
fhuttiiig hia-ifelf up in a room newly
plaftered, with a lire in it, a. u. 666y
Cic. 6y. 3, 3. ; Plutarch, in Mar. ; Ap-
pian. B. C. p. 395.; y^elL 2, 22.;
Flor. 3, 2. Cicero thought fo highly of
this Catulus, that he calls him a fe-
cund Laelius, Tufc. 5, 19. He was
remaikable for the ^pvirity of his lan-
guage, and the fweetnefs of hi:; pro-
by luxury and the love of pleafure, but
in after life became one of the moll
dillingulfhed characters of his time,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 5. He was conful
the year in which Sulla died, a. 675,
and, with the aflillance of Pompey,
fuccefsfully refilled the attempts of his
colleague Lepldus to refcind the laws
of Sulla, Cic. Cat. 3, ic. ; Plutarch,
in Pomp. — Vid. Lepidus. — Catulus
and Pompey, after their vlftory, be-
haved with great moderation, [vi^ores
pace contenti Juerxini^, Flor. 3, 23. In
the year 683, Catulus was named Prince
of the Senate by the cenfors L. Gellius
and Cn. Lentulus, Z);*o, 36, 13.; Afcon.
in Cic. in Tog. Candid, and next -year
dedicated the temple of Jupiter, which
had been burnt down in the time of
Sulla, a. 670, Liij. Epnt. 98. j Cic.
Verr. 4, 31. Suetom'us menti,ons a
wonderful dream which Catulus, on
this occafion, is faid to have had con-
cerning the future fuccefs of Auguftus,
then a boy, Aug. 94. So Dio, 45, 2.
But Auguflus was not born till live or
fix years after this, in the confulate of
Cicero, ^iJ. OcTAVius. A decree of
the lenate was made, after Caefar de-
feated Scipio and Juba in Africa, that
the name of Catulus Ihould be erai'ed
from the Capitol, and the name of Cae-
far ihould be infcribed iix its place, Dioy
43, 14. Bat this decree feems never
to have been executed. For we learn
from Tacitus, that the name of Luta-
tiiis Catuhis remained on the Capitol
till it was again burnt down, in the
time of Vitellius, Hijl. 3, 72. ; P/«-
tarch. Poplic. p. 104. Hence, Sic laU'
dant Catidi vilia templa' fenesy old me A
prefer
CAT [99
prefer the mean temple of Catnlus to
the magnificent temple then lately built
by Domitian, iVIartiaL 5, 10. The
common reading here is, yuUa temphy
which commentators interpret variouf-
ly. — Tacitus fays, that Sulla's not h-
vin^ to dedicate this temple was the
only thing- wanting to complete his
happinefs, ih. Phny makes Sulla ac-
knowledge this himfelf, 7, 43. Catu-
lus keenly oppofed both the Gabinian
and Manihan laws in favour of Pom-
.pey, Dioy 36, 13, 3c c; C'lc. Maml. 17,
& 20. Catulus was made cenfor with
Crafius, a. 688. but not agreeing to-
gether, they foon refigned that office,
Pint arch. ^ in CraJ.
A meeting of the fenatc being af-
fembled on account of Caefar's having
replaced the trophies of Marius in the
Capitol, Catulus faidjthatCaefar now at-
tacked the conftitution of the republic,
not by mines, but by open battery, Plu-
tarch, in Caef. Some time after, Catu-
his was defeated by Caefar in his fuit
for the office of Pontifex Maximus,
Salhtfl. Cat. 49. After the fuppreffion
of Catiline's confpiracy, Catulus, in a
very full meeting of the fenate, be-
ftowed on Cicero the honourable title
of Father of his Country, {Me
^ Catulus, pr'inceps hujus ordlnh, et auc-
tor puhlici confiiiiy frequent'ijjimo fenatu
parentem patriae nominav'itji Cic. Pii. 3.
Thofe who fat as judges or jurymen on
the trial of Clodius having dtfned from
the fenate a guard to prote6t them
from the infolence of the mob, Catulus
happening to m-eet one of them after
the acquittal of Clodius, which had
been obtained by the moft Ihamelcfs
bribery, aflced him, " What the jucii-
ces meant by defiring a guard ? Were
they afraid of being robbed of the mo-
ney which Clodius had given them ?"
Cic. Att. I, 16.; Senec. jE/. 97. Catu-
his died foon after, in an advanced age.
He, through life, was a zealous fup-
porter of the ariftocratic party. Cicer-
ro always fpeaks in the higheit terms
of the character of Catulus, Manil. 17,
& 20. ; Fam. 9, 15. et alibi pajjim, e-
<jualling him to Pompey, Off. i, ,22»
] C E L
Catuliana Minerva, an image of
Minerva made by Kupranor, and pla»
ced by Catulus below the temple of
Jupiter in the Capitol, when he dedi-
cated it, Plin. 34, 8 f . 19 n. i6.
Ce CROPS, -opis, commonly reckon-
ed the firft king of Athens, (G. 418.),
whence Cecrcp^c/ae, -arunty the Athe-
nians ; Cecropisy -ulisy f. an Athenian
woman ; Cecropiusy -a, -urn, Athenian, ih,
Celeno, -usy f. one of the Har-
pies, called Z)yr^, Virg. Aen. 3, 211.
infelix vates, the prophctefs of unhappy
events, ib. 245. ^2. Alfo one of
the Pleiades, Ovid. Fajl. ^y 173.
Celeus, 'it king of Eleufis, who
hofpitably entertained Ceres, the god-
defs of corn ; in return for which Hie
taught his fon Triptolemus the art of
huibandry, (G. 360.)
Celmis, -is, voc. Cehnty v. -rnusyi,
one of the IJaei Dadyliy who attended
on Jupiter when a child. He was con-
verted into an adamant, Ovid. Met. 4,
2S1.
Celotes, 'is, a painter of Teios,
^lindiL 2, 13, 13.
Aurelius Cornelius C E L S U S, an
author, who flouriflied in the time
of Tiberius. He wrote on different
fubjc^ls, rhetoric, hufUandry, the mi-
litary art, and medicine, ^indilian.
12, IF, 24. His book on medicine
is flill extant, and juftly held in
the highefl elleem. QuinftiHan rec-
kons him a man only of moderate ge-
nius, ih. but allows him not to have
been void of elegance, {nonfine cultuaa
nitore), lO, I, 124. Celfus was not a
phyfician by profeflion, but ftudied
medicine as a branch of ufeful know-
ledge, and derived the materials of his
book from other authors, chiefly from
Hippocrates ; whence he is fometimes
called the Latin Hippocrates, and, from
the beauty of his ftyle, the medical Ci-
cero,
Celsus Alhinovanusy a companion
of Tiberius Claudius Nero, in his ex-
pedition to the eaft, Hor. Ep. i, 8, I.
whom tlorace accufes of plagiarifm, ih,
Julius Celsus, the author of com-
N 2 mentaries
C E N
r 100 ]
CAR
mentaries concerning the life of Caefar,
who is fuppofed to have lived in the 6th
century.
-CtNSORiNUS, a learned gramma-
rian, the author of a valuable little
book, de Die Nat all, now extant, which
he publifhed a. u. 991, as we learn from
himfelf, c. 17, & 21.
Ce PARI us, one of the affociates of
Catiline, G'tc. Cat. 3, 6.
Cephalus, the hufband of Procris,
beloved by Aurora, Oind. Met. 7, (iGl.\
^rt.^m,7,,6%']. (Sec G,^. 421.)
CefKEU:
'ei -ei ;
voc. -eu, abl. -eo), a king of Aethiopia,
the father of Andromedji, OwV/. Md.
4, 670. adjirt. et 5. /«//.; adj. Ceph^-
lus. Cephe'ia arim, the territories of
Cepheus, ib. 4, ^9. (See G. p- ^c)^-)
— Cepheni proceresy the nobles of Ce-
pheus, Ovid. Met, 4, 763. but this
verfe is thought to be fpurious. Gen,
plur. Csphenum, for Cephenorumf Id. 5,
1, & 97. in Ibin. ^$6. more properly
however Cephenum, from Cephe-
NES, the ancient name of the Aethio-
pians, as of the'Perfians, Herodot. 7, 61.
Cephissus, vel Ceph'ifos, -/', the god
of the river of that name, and father
of Narciffus by the nymph Liriope,
OvlJ. Met. 3, 343. whence NarcilTris is
called Cephisius, /^. 351.
Ceraunus, a firname of Ptolemy,
the fecoTid king of Egypt, J^flin. 24,
i^. 1^ 2. A name which Clearchus,
tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, gave to
liis fon, in contempt of Jupiter's thun-
der, (v.rfauvo?), JcL 1 6, 5.
Cerberus, a dog that was fuppo-
fed to guard the entrance of the infer-
ual regions, [Janitor 'Orci), Virg. Aen.
8, 296. reprefented as having three
heads, (tncrps)y Virg. Aen. 6, 417.
Horace gives him an hundred heads,
calling hhn Bclliia ceniiceps, the hun-
dred-headed monfter, Od. 2, 13, 34.;
adj. Cerbereus; Os Cerbertum, Ovid.
Met. 4, 501,
Cercyon, 'crMy f. the fon of Vul-
can, Nygm. 38, & 158. a noted rob-
ber, that infciled the country round
Eieulis, v.wd ufed to kill thofe whom
he vanquifned in wreltling, Paufan. i.
39. flain by Thefeus, Ovid. Met. 7, 439.;
adj. Cercyon e us, Id. in /bin. 412.
CERELLIA, V. Caerelliay a lady
fond of books and philofcphy, Cic. Att.
13, 21. and on that account familiar
with Cicero, Cic. Fam. 13, 72. ; Att.
15, I. 12, 51. et 14, 19.; ^inHil 6,
3, 1 12. whence C^lcnus imputes to him
(very improbably) an improper intima-
cy with her, tho' fhc was feventy years of
age, much olderthan himfelf, Dio,i^6, 1 8,
CERES, ^eris, f. the goddefs of
corn, often put for corn, (See G.
360.) ; adj. Cerealis, -e. Turn Ce-
rerem corruptam unJis Cereallaque arma
exped'mnty they bring out corn fpoiled
by the waves, and inttruments for
grinding, Virg. Aen. I, 181. Larga
Ceres y great plenty of corn, Lucan. 3,
347, Munera Cerealiay bread, Ovid.
Met. IT, 121.
Ceth ileus, the firname of a very
ancient family of the Cornelii.
M. CETHEGUS, called Suadae
Medulldy the marrovv^ of perfuafion,
Cic. Sen. 14. the lirft who was efteem-
ed eloquent at Rome. He flourirtied
in the time of the Second Punic war,
Cic. Brut. 15.
C. Cethegus, the alTociate of Ca-
tiline, Juvenal. 2, 27, et 2, 287.
Ceto, 'USy the daughter of Pontus
and Terra, the wife of Phorcys, and
mother of the Gorgons, Lucan, 9, 645.
Cryx, -yds, the fon of Lucifer,
Ovid. Met. II, 272. and hufband of
Alcyone, (See G. 444.)
CPIABRIAS, -acy an Athenian
general wlio defeated the Lacedae-
monians, in a naval battle, Nep. 12. —
Chahriae eajlra, a place in Egypt near
PcJuuum, Plin. 5, 12 f. 14.
CHAERi^A, the name of a young man
in Terence's play called the Eunnchns.
Chalciope, -('J, the vcifc of Phry-
•XU3, and filler of Medea, Val, Flac,
6, 479. ; Ovid. Ep. 17, 232.
Chariclitus, the commander ot
the Rhodian fleet, Liv. 37, 23.
Charilaus, a principal citizen of
Palaepolis, who gave up that city to
Publilius Philo, the Roman command-
er, Liv, 8, 25,
C H x\ [ 101
Charites, -«OT, the three graces,
Aglaia, Thah'a, and Euphrofyne, 5"^-
nec. Benef. 1,4.; Hejiod. Thecg. v. 909.
CHARON, -otitis, the ferryman of
the infernal regions, {porittor infero-
rum); who tranfported in his boat the
fouls of the dead over the river Styx
and Acheron, Virg. Am. 6, 298. ; adj.
Charoneae fcrohcs, openings \\\ the
earth, {^fpiracula)y which emit a dead-
ly vapour, as the grotto del Cano near
Naples, Plin. 2, 93 f. 95.
Charondas, -aey a native of Ca-
tana, the famous leglflator of Thurll,
(See G.p. 171.)
Charopus, a chief man of Epire,
friendly to the Romans, L'lv. 32, 6,
& II, w^ho fent his fon to be educa-
ted at Rome, L'lv. 43, 5.
Chersiphron, • om/x, the chief ar-
chiteft of the temple of Diana at E-
phefus, Plin, 36, 14 f. 21.
CHILO, -on'is, a philofopher of La-
cedaemon ; one of the Seven Wife
Men of Greece, who is faid to have
died of joy, upon hearing that his
fon had been vidorious at the Olym-
pic games. Three of Chilo^s maxims
were Infcribed in golden letters in the
temple of Delphi, i. Know thyfelf.
2. Dcfire nothing too much, 3. Mi-
fery is the companion of debt and
ilrife, Pl'in, 7, 32.
CHIMAERA, the name of a poe-
tical moniler, which breathed forth
flames, refembling in the fore part a
lion, in the middle a goat, and in the
hinder part a fL^rpent, Lucr. 5, 902. ;
Qv'id. Met. 9, 646.
Chione, -es^ the name of a woman,
derived from fnow, Martial. 3, 34. —
^ 2. A daughter of Aquilo, and the
mother of Eumolpus, by Neptune,
Hyg'in. 157. ; wlio is hence called
Chtomdes, -ae, O-vid, Pont. 3, 3, 41.
^ 3. Alfo a nymph beloved by
Mercury and Apollo at the fame.
time, Ovid. Met. 11,300, &c. ^
4. The daughter of Daedalion, and
mother of Autolycus by Mercury, and
of Philammon by Apollo : flain by Di-
ana for her prefumption, in preferring
herfelf to that goddcfs, Ovid. Met. Ii,
30I;— 327,
I ^ C'HR
CwiRON, -on'isy the mod celebrated
of the Centaurs, the fon of Satura
and Philyra ; hence called PhdyrUes,
-ae, Virg. G. 3, ^S"^- ; Petron. 2, i,
60. ; remarkable for his /Iciil in herbs ;
whence Chironion, •/, n. an herb
called from his name, Plln. 25, 4 f .
13.; and Clnroniat -ae, f. a kind of
vine. Id. 25, 4 f. 16. From his be-
ing half man and half horfe, he is call-
ed Geminusy Ovid. Met. 2,631.; and
Senufer, ib. 634. Being converted in-
to a conilellation, he was called Sa-
gittarius, (G. 439.)
Chloe, -fj, the name of a girl in
Horace, Od. 3, 9, 9.
Chloris, the daughter of AmphT-
on, and wife of Neleus, by whom fhe
had Nellor, and other fons, Hygin* 10.
^ 2. Alfo the Goddcfs of flow-
ers, called likewife Flora, Ovid. Fafl,
CvoROEBUs, one who voluntarily
devoted himfelf to death, to freeThebes
from a peftilence, Stat. Theb. 2, 221,^/
6, 286.
Choerilus, a poet noted for his
unpoliflied and ridiculous verfes ; yet a
favourite of Alexander the Great, Ho'
rat. 2, I, 232.
Chremes, -etisy v. Chremis, the
name of an old man in Tei-ence.
Chrestus, one who iniligated the
Jews to make diflurbances at Rome in
the time of Claudius, which occafion-
ed their c.^puliion from that city, Suet.
CL 25.
Christus, (I. c. nndiusy) a name
of our Saviour, Plin. Ep. 10, 97.
ChrijVianusy a follower or difciple of
Chrift ; a name flrll given at Antioch
to thofe who profelFed to be Chrii-
tians, A3s 11, 26. ymong the hea-
thens, denoting criminality rather than
refpea, Plin. tb.
Chryseis, Adisy the daughter of
Chryfes, the prieft of Apollo ; the
miftrcfs of Agamemnon, (G. 406.)
Chrysippus, a Stoic philofopher,
born at Soli in Cih'cia, ( Solcnfis Ci-
lixj'y Cic. Orat. i, 12. called by Zeno
the Epicurean, tlirough contempt,
Ch£Sippus, Id, Nah l3, i, 34.
112.
a freedman
f 102 ]
c r c
ff 2. Alfo a freedman of Cicero's,
who on account of his bad behaviour
•was again reduced to fervitudc, Cic.
Att. JtZy et II, 2.
Chrysis, 'tdis, a courtefan in Te-
rence.
Chrysogonus, a favourite freed-
man of Sulla's, Cic. Ver. i, ^6.\ Rojc.
yfm.pajim.\ P/in.^^y 1 8. ^ 2. A
noted finger, JuvenaL 6, 74.
C. CiCEREjus, originally the fecre-
tary of Scipio Africanus, L'm. 41, 26.
but afterwards, being made praetor,
ih. 33, triumphed over the Corficans,
Id. 42, 7, & 21.
Cicero, -o«/V, the firname of a
branch (familia) of the G^wj- Tullia^
faid to have been derived from the
founder of the family being remark-
able for cultivating vetches, P/i«. 18,
3. ; or from an excrefcence on the
tip of his nofe, refembling a vetch, {ci-
/tct), Plutarch. Cic. p. 861. to which
Calen\is alludes, D'lo^ 46, 18. en-
nobled by M. Tullius Ciceroj the moft
eloquent of the Romans; adj. Cic e-
RONIANUS.
M.TuUlus CICERO was born at Ar-
pTnum, a. u. 647. ( ^ Sertnlio Caep'ione
€t C.Atll'io Serrano Cnfs.) Gell. 15, 28.
on the third of January, (///. Noru
Jan.) Cic. Att. 7, 5, et 13, 42.; in the
iame year with Pompey, and the year
after the firfi confuldiip of Marius,
whom Cicero calls his countrj'man,
(munlapem fuutn), as being alfo a native
of Arpinum, Pojl Redit, nd ^ir. 8.
Cicero was defcended from an an-
cient family of equeftrian rank, C'tc.
Leg. 2, I, & 2. none of which had
ever obtained any curule magiflracy ;
whence Cicero often calls himftlf a
ne'W man, {nrrous homo). So Salluft,
Cat. 23. Cicero, as being the firft-
born of the family, received the prae-
nomen of his father and grandfather,
Marcus. His mother's name was
Helvia, of a noble family, Plutarch.
in Cic. ; who had a filler married to
Aculeo, a Roman knight, diitinguifhed
for his knowledge in the civil law, Cic.
Or. 2.
It is reir.aikable that Cice-
ro no where fpeaks of his mother.
But his brother Qiiintus has left a ilo-
ry of her, which fhows her attention
as a good houfewife : " that flie ufed
to feal her wine cafks, the empty as
well as the full- that when any of
them were found empty and unfeal-
ed, file might know that they had been
emptied by Health, " Cic. Fam. 16, 26.
a kind of theft then ufual in great fa-
milies, Hor.Ep.z, 2, 133.
Cicero's grandfather was living at
the time of his birth, and appears to
have been a man of confiderable abili-
ties and influence in his country, Cic.
Leg. 2, I, et 3, 16. His father was
a wife and learned man, but being of
an infirm conllitution, fptnt his hfe in
the ftudy of letters, Cic. Leg. 2, i. ;
and devoted his chief attention to the
education of his fons, Cic, Or. 2, i,
Cicero and his brother Quintus were
brought up with their coufins the
fons of Aculeo, according to the di-
reftions of the celebrated orator Craf-
fus, and by thofe very mailers whom
Cralfus himfelf was in ufe to employ,
Cic. Or. 2, I. They We're firft taught
the Greek language, a method then
univerfally obferved, Suet. Rhet. 2. ;
and which Quincftilian, even in his
time, recommends, (y^ Graeco fermone
ptierum incipere mcdo ; quia Latinus vel
nobis nolentibus fe praebctj 1, i, 12.)
The Latins, before the time of Ci-
cero, were fo rude and ignorant, that
CralTus, when cenfor, prohibited them
from teaching rhetoric, Ctc. Or. 3, 24.
The firil noted Laiin, teacher of that
art at Rome was Plotius, in the latter
times of CralTus, ^incUh 2, 4. f. Senec.
Contr. 2. prooem. He was much re-
forted to, and young Cicero expreffed
a great defire of becoming his fcholar;
but was controuled by the authority
of very learned men, who preferred
the Greek teachers Suet. Rhet. 2. Ci-
cero is faid to have made fo rapid pro-
grefs in learning, that fiom the ac-
counts of him which his fchool fellows
carried home, their parents were often
induced to vifit the fchool, for the
fake of feeing a youth of fo furprifing
talents, Plutarch. Among Cicero's
other
CIO
t 103 1
C I c
otlier teachers was the poet Archias,
from whofe inftrudlions he acknow-
ledges with gratitude that he had de-
rived the greateft advantage, Cic,
Jrch. I, & 7.
Cicero, having iinlflied his puerile
ftudies, and having affumed the drefs
of a man, {toga im-ili fitmptd), was in-
troduced by his father to Scaevola,
the augur, the principal lawyer, as
well as llatefman, of that age, that he
might derive knowledge from his ex-
perience and converfation ; and after
his death applied himfelf to Scaevola,
the High-prieft, a man equally diftin-
gullhed for his probity and ficill in the
liw, Cic. j^mic. I. He, at the fame
time, attended the pleadings of the
orators in the courts of juftlce, and
the public fpeeches of the magiftrates
to the people. He alfo applied
with great diligence to his private ixu-
dles at home, after the manner which
he beautifully defcrlbes in the perfon
of Craffus, Or. i, 34. In the Italic
war he ferved a campaign under Pom-
peius Strabo, the conful, Phil. 12, 11.
and under Sulla, Plutarch, in Cic. ei
Cic. Div. I, 33. et 2, 30. But percei-
ving the republic running into fac-
tions, he left the army, and returned
to his iludies ; which, during the con-
vulfions that followed, he ardently
profecuted with the afliftance of the
ableil mafters, {Hoc tempore omni, noc-
tes et dies, in omnium doclrinarum medita-
tione verfabatur)y Br. 90. He iludied
phllofophy under Philo, the chief of
the Academy at Athens ; and rhetoric
under Molo of Rhodes, a diftinguifh-
ed orator and teacher, both of whom
were then at Rome, ib. 89. He had
in the houfe with him Diodotus, the
Stoic, as his preceptor in various parts
of learning, but particularly in logic ;
yet with all this attention to philofo-
phlcal ftudies he never fuffered a day
to pafs without fome exercife in ora-
tory ; chiefly that of declaiming, in
company with his fellow iludents, often-
cr in Greek than in Latin, ib. 9. Nor
did he negled his poetical Iludies :
'For he now wrote a poem in praife
of Manus. Leg. 1,1.; and tranflatcd
into Latin verfe Aratus on the ap-
pearances of the heavens, Nat, Z). 2,
41. He alfo tranflated a book of
Xenophon's, called Oeconomicus,
Off. 2, 24. At this time too he is
tliought to have written his two books
De Inventione, Cic. Or. i, 2. {quos
fc. libi OS adolejcenti fibi elapfos ipfe dice-
ret) y QninaiL 3, I, 20.
Thus accomplilhed, Cicero appear-
ed as a pleader at the bar. At the
age of twenty-fix he defended the
caufe of P. QuiNTius, Gell. 15, 28.;
but this was not the firft in which
he was engaged, Cic. ^int. \. Next
year he undertook the defence of S.
Roscius of Ameria, {Amerinm) ; ac-
cufed of parricide, which he fays v/as
the firft public or criminal caufe in
which he was concerned, Br. 90. Ci-
cero gained fo great honour, by pro-
curing the acquittal of Rofclus, in op-
pofition to the influence of Sulla, that
he was henceforth looked on as an ad-
vocate of the firft clafs, and equal to
the moft important caufes, ik* et Off.
2, 14.
After being employed for two yeans
in pleading caufes, on account of bad
health,, (Plutarch fays from an appre-.
henfion of Sulla's refentment), Cicero
travelled into Greece and Afia, Cif-
Br. 9 1 . He ftaid fix months at A-
thens vv'ith Antiochus, the principal
phllofopher of the old academy ; and
exercifcd himfelf in oratory with De-
metrius of Syria, an eminent rhetori-
cian. After this he traverfed the
whole of Afia, converfing with the
moft diftingulfhed orators of the coun-
try, and repeating with them his rhe-
torical exercifes. At Rhodes he again
placed himlc-lf under i\pollonius Mo-
lo, [fe Jlpallcnio Moloni Rhodi forman-
dum ac velut recoquendicm dedlty Quinc-
til. 12, 6, 7.) whom he had formerly
attended at Rome, Cic. Br. 91. (Plu-
tarch fays, by mlllake, under Apollo-
nlus, the fon of Molo, in vita Cic);
who after hearing Cicero declaim be-
fore him, is reported to have deplored
the fortune of Greece, becaufe Cicero
was
c r c c I
was about to transfer the glory of
eloquence from the Greeks to Rome, ib.
Cicero returned to his native coun-
try, after an abfence of two yf?rs,
greatly improved in bodily ftrength,
and in his manner of fptaking, Cic.
JBr.giyf.
The two mod diftinguiihed Roman
orators at that time were Cotta and
Hortenfius, wliom Cicero was ambi-
tious of rivalling, particularly the lat-
ter, ib, 92. Among the chid caufes
which he pleaded the year after his
return, was that of Q^Roscius, the
famous comedian, z3.
Cicero, next year, a. u. 678, when
thirty-one years old, obtained the quef-
torfhip, while Cotta was confiil, and
Hortenfius aedik', Cif. Br. 9:.; Pif. l.
It fell to the Ir.t of Cicero to act as
^uaeftor In the weftern part of Sicily,
under Sex Peducaeu?, the praetor,
Cic. Br. 92. ; Jfcan. in Cic. Here he
behaved with fo much integrity and
prudence, that his condu6t was highly
approved, Plutarch. Upon his return
to Italy, he expected that every body
would be full c.i his praifes, and was
extremely mortified to iind, that an
acquaintance he met with at Puteoli,
did not even know that he had been
abfent from Rome, Cic. Plane, 26. et
Plutarch, in Cic.
Five years after, being qnaeftor, Ci-
cero was ' unaniuiouf]y elect':;d aedilc,
Ci^. Br. 92. ; Pif. \. in his 37th year;
in which year Hodenfius was conful.
Cicero, after his ekdlion, and before
he entered on his office, undertook, at
the requeil of the Sicilians, the pro-
iecution of Verres, Cic. Caedl. i,
&c. Ferr. ^1 14. (See Verres.) Ci-
cero, while aedile, is fuppuftd to have
defended Fontejvs and Caecina.
Two years after his edHelhip,- Cice-
ro was created praetor, Cic. Manil. i.
The comhia had betn put off -by
violent diflenfions between the fenate
and people, concerning fome popular
laws, propofed by C. Cornelius, a
tribune, Jljcon. in Cic. pro Cornel. Two
different alfcmbiiesg coavened for {^.e
04 ] CIC
choice of praetors, had been difTolvcd
on account of fome informality ; and
it was only in the third comitia that
the eleftion was legally effedled. Tiiis,
however, fei-r'ed to (how the great af-
fection of the people to Cicero. For
he was declared every time the firll
praetor by the fuffragcs of all the cen-
turies, {jcr praetor primus centuriis cunc
tis renunciatus e/l)^ Cic. Manil. I. It
fell to Cicero's lot to prcfide in trials
for extortion and rapine, {de pecuniis
repettindis ) .t Cic. Cornel, i. ; Rabir.
Poft. 4. In the capacity of a judge
he adied with great juilice and inte-
grity. Plutarch.
Cicero, while praetor, delivered his
firft fpeech to the people from the
Rrjlraj in defence of the Manilian
Law, Manil. i. for conferring ou
Pompey the command of the Mithri-
datic war, and of all the Roman ar-
mies Ih Afia, Paterc, 2, 33. (Sec
PoMPEius.) This oration is ftill
extant, and commendable rather for its
eloquence, than jull reafoning. It was
alleged, that Cicero delivered it to
gain the favour of Pompey, and of the
popular party which fupported Pom-
pey, Dio, 36, 2. though he himfelf
Iblemnly declares the contrary, Manih
24. Whatever be in this, it is cer-
tain, that the beftowing on Pompey
fach extraordinary power proved in
the end fatal to the republic, as well
as to Cicero himfelf. Cicero, du-
ring his praetor iliip, alio defended the
caufe of Cluentius. A\. the expirat'on
of his o^lce he would not accept of
any foreign province, Cic. Mnrm. 20*
but choie rathe: to remain at Rome,
ih order to canvafs for the confulfhip,
the great object of his ambition, during
the two years which it was neccffary
fhould intervene between the praetor-
fiiip and that office. In this interval
his correfpondence with Atticus
commenced, Cic. Att. I, I. Nepos
fays, it continued from hit confuhhip
to the end 'of his life, in Vita Attici,
if). But feveral letters .of the uril
book to Attic;u.s were written before
Li*
C I c C
Ms confulflr'p. None of his letters
called Ad Familiares, written be-
fore that time, are now extant.
Cicero was made conful in his forty-
third year, the age required by law for
that office, C'lc. Phil. 5, 1 7. He was
the firft neiu man, i. e. not a noble man,
who had obtained that dignity for forty
years, comput'og from the firft conful-
flilp of Marius, Ck. RuH. 1,2. He
was oppofed by fix noble competitors.
Among ihefe was Catiline, fupported
by the intereft of Crallus and Caefar,
and many others of the nobility, Afcon.
ad Ck. in Tog. cand. Catiline had
fome time before been brought to a
trial for extortion [repetumJarum) in
Africa, which province he had obtain-
ed after hi's praetorfhip, ib. et Salluji.
Cat. 18. He aflced Cicero to under-
take his defence, who, in order to ob-
lige Catihne, at firft had thoughts of
doing it, Cic, Alt. i, 2. but afterwards
changed his mind, Afcon. ib. Such
was the diffimulation of Catiline, that
Cicero acknowledges that he himfelf
was once almoll deceived by him, fo as
to take him for a good citizen, Cic.
Gael. 6. Catiline, however, had long
entertained traitorous defigns agalnft
the government, Salhj}. Cat. 5. and
by various arts had engaged many to
concur with him in his views, ib. 14.
He had brought his plot to fuch ma-
turity, that in the beginning of June,
while he flood candidate for the conful-
fliip, he called a meeting of his accom-
plices ; among whom were feveral of
fenatorian and equeftrian rank, befides
many perfons of note from the colonies
and municipal towns, ih. 17. Surmlfes
of this confplracy having been fprcad
abroad, caufed a general alarm, and
determined all ranks of men to confer
the coniullhip on Cicero, ib. 18-. The
people not content with giving their
lilent votes, declared their inclinations
with a loud voice, Cic. Rull. 2,2.;
Pif. I. Cicero's colleague was C. An-
tonlus, who had formerly been the in-
timate friend of Caiillne ; but Cicero
detatched him from that party by
10; ] CIC
giving up to him the province he wifli
ed, SalluJl. 26. ; Ck. Pif. 2. Sext. 5.
Cael. 31. The provinces appointed for
the confuls this year were Macedonf-i
and Cifalpinc Gaul. The former ^qW
to the lot of Cicero, but he yielded it
to his colleague, who defired it, as beinsr
the richeft; and foon after Cicero refigned
his own province of Gaul in an afiembly
of the people, contrary to their inclina«
tion, {^reclamante populo^) Cic. Pif. 3.
m favour of Q^Metellus, Plutarch, f,
866. ; Dio^ 37, 33. Thus Antonius
was brought to concur with Cicero iji
all his meafures for the good of the
ilatc, ib.
Cicero had great dIfRculties to ftrug-
gle with in difcharging his duty as
conful, Cic. Rull. I, 8. Sep. et 2, ^.
and difplayed wonderful abilities in
furmounting them. P. Servillus Rul-
Lus, one of the new tribunes, had pra-
pofed an agrarian law, promifing the
higheft advantages to the plebeians; but
fuch was the power of Cicero's elo-
quence, that he prevented it from bein^
paffed, Cic. Rull. i. et 2. et 3. Pif. 2. or
as Pliny, in a beautiful apoflrophc to Ci-
cero, ftrongly exprefTes it, Te dicente,
legem agrariam, hoc ejl, aliment a fua abdi--
caveruut (I. e. rejecerunt) trihusj 7, 30
L. Roscius Otho, a tribune, had
got a lav/ pafTed three years before,
while Cicero was praetor, affigning to
the Equites dldind feats in the theatre,
next behind the patricians, and before
the plebeians. The people were highly
offended on this account ; and there-
fore, when Otho one day happened to
come Into the theatre, he was received
by the populace with an unlverfal hlfs,
while the Equites honoured him with*
loud applaufe and clapping-. Beth fides
redoubled their clamour with great vie*
ience, and from reproaches were prc-
ceeding to blows. Cicero, being inform-
ed of the tumult, came immediately to
the theatre ; and funimoning the people
into the temple of Bellona, fo moved
them by an oration, which is now loft,
that, alhamed of their copdu<^» they
O r«turnc(E
C I C [ io6
feturned to the theatre, and changed
their hiffes ngainfl Ocho into applaufes,
Plin. ib. ; Cic. Att. 2, I. ; Plutarch, in
C'tc.p. 867. To this Virgil is fiippofed
to allude, P^irg. Aen. 1, 152. but more
probably to Cato, {q. i\). Much about
the fame time, there hapoened a third
inftance, not lefs remarkable, of Cicero's
great power of perfuafron. Sulla had,
by an exprefs law, excluded the chil-
dren of tliofe whom he had profcribed,
from the fenate, and from all public
honours, Veil. 2, 28. The perfons in-
jured by this tyrannical aft, who were
numerous and of the firll families, were
now ufmg their utmoll efforts to get the
law reverfed. But Cicero, though con-
vinced of the equity of their requeft,
yet from the condition of the times,
judging It unfeafonable, prevailed on
them to defift from their application,
C'lc, P'lf. 2. (Te oraiite, prvfcr'iptorum li-
ber as honores pctere pudu'it^^ Plin. ibid.
The next important affair that en-
gaged the attention of Cicero, was the
defence of C. Rabirius, (7. T.)."But
what chiefly ennobled the confullhip of
Cicero, was the fuppreffion of the con-
fpiracyof CATILINE ; who having
been fruftrated in his application for
the confuKhip the former year, fet every
engine at work to forward the confpi-
racy, {in d'les plura agitare, 3cc.), ih. 24.
But notwithltandinc^^ thefe preparations,
he declared himfelF a candidate for
r.ext year, Sallnjh Cat. 1,26. and ur-
ged his pretenfions by fuch open bri-
bery,- that Cicero pnblifiied a new law
agaiufl; that crime, with the additional
puniihi'nent of a ten years exile ; prohi-
biting likewife all Tnews of gladiators,
within two years from the- time of f'ling
for any magiilracy ; unlefs they were
ordered by '.he will of a perfon decea-
fed, and on a certain day therem fpeci-
i\tA^ C\c. Murcn. z-'y ; Vatin. l^. Ca-
tiline thinking that this law was aimed
a^a^nd him, as it actually was, formed
.a delign to kill Cicero on the day of
the eicclion, with fome other chiefs of
the faiate, Z)/o, 37, 29. Cicero fays,
that Catiline wifhed to kill his compe-
titors, Cic. Cal, I, 5. But Cicero ha-
] CIC
ving got notice of his intention, by
means of Fulvia, a noble woman, the
miilrefs of Q^Curius, one of the con-
fpirators, prevented the attempt, by
procuring a number of his friends to at-
tend him to the Campus Mariius, and
by wearing a bright coat of mail under
his toga, which he took care to difplay
to the afTembly, that fo all good citi-
zens, perceiving their conful in danger,
might concur to aluft and proteft him,
Cic. Muren. 26. Thus Catiline being
repulfed a fecond time from the conful-
fhip, and difappointed in his hopes of
affafiinating Cicero, (Sallud: fays, both
the confuls. Cat. 27.) determined to
make war, and to try all extremities, ib.
et Diot 37, 30. Appian fays, that Ca-
tiline, after being at iirfl rejected, dropt
all thoughts of again concerning him-
felf with the management of the re-
public, B. C. 2, p. 42 S. But the con-
trary appears fiom Cicero himfclf, ib„
The defitins of Catiline being nov7
publicly known, excited fo great ap-
prehenfion, that the fenate paflcd the
folemn de<Tee, " That the confuls
fhould take care that the republic
might fuffer no harm," Sallujl. Cat. 29.;
Cic. Cat. 1,2.; Dioy 37, 31. ; Plutarch,
in Cic. Catiline, however, urged on
liis purpofe. He fent Manllus, a bold
and experienced centurion, who had
fignalifed himfclf in the wars of Sulla,
to Fefulae in ILtruria, to lake the com-
mand of a body of men whom he had
previoufiy prepared to take up arms ;
and other perfons to diilerent places.
He called a meeting of the chiefs of the
confpiracy in the middle of the night,
to tiie houfe of M. Porcius Laeca,
where the molt defperate meafures were
refolved on : that a general inlurrec-
tion fnould be raifed through Italy un-
der different leaders ; that Catihnc
ihculd put himfelf at the head of the
troops in Etruria : that Rome Ihould
be fired In feveral places at once, and
that all the nobility, who oppofed them,
fnould be maffacred. But the vigi-
lance of Cicero being the chief ob-
flacle to all thefe projeAs, Catiline was
very defirous to fee him taken off be-
fore
i
C I C C 1
kirt he left Rome. Accordingly two
of the company, C. Corneh'us, an eguesy
and L. Vargunteius, a fenator, under-
took to go to Cicero's houfe, early that
morning, as if to faliite him, and toftab
him unprepared in his bed. But Ci-
_cero being informed by Fiilvia of what
was intended, ordered them to be re-
fufed admittance at the gate, Sallujl,
ih. 28. Cicero fays it was two Equites
that attempted this crime. Cat. i, 4.
and names one of them C. Corneh'us, Syll.
6. Plutarch calls them Marcius and
Cethegus, in Ck. p. 868. Appian calls
them P. Lentulus and Cethegus, B. C,
2. p. 429. Dio fays only two perfons,
37,32.
Two days after the nodurnal meet-
ing of the confpirators, Cicero, on the
6th November, or, as others think, on
the 8th, afiembled the fenate, for the
fake of fecurity, in the temple of Jupi-
ter Stator in the Capitol, where it was
not ufually held, unlefs in times of
alarm. There had been feveral debates
before this on the fubje^: of Catiline's
■eonfpiracy ; and a decree had pafied, to
offer a pubhc reward to the firft dil-
coverer of the plot. Yet Catiline, by
a. profound diffimulation, and conftant
profeffions of his innocence, ftill decei-
ved many of all ranks ; reprefenting
the whole as a f.ttion of his enemy Ci-
cero, and offering to give fecurity for
his behaviour, and to deliver himfeif to
the cuflody of any one whom the fe-
nate would name ; of M. Lepidus, of
Q^Metellus, and even of Cicero himfeif.
But none of them would take charge of
him, Cic, Cat. 1, 8. (Dio fays that
Metellus did receive him, 37, 32. ) Ca-
tihne. Hill difguifiiig his intentions, had
the confidence to come to this very
meeting of the fenate in the Capitol ;
which fo (liocked the whole aiitmbly,
that none even of his friends and con-
nexions fainted him, and the confular
fenators left empty that part of the
benches where he fat, Ck. Cat. i, 7.
Cicero was lo moved by his prefence,
(either with fear or anger, as Sallutl
fays, c. 31.) that inilcad of proceeding
to any bufniefs, he broke out into a
07 1 C I c
fevere iavedlive againft Catiiine, (Ora-
tionem hahu'it luculentam atrjrte ut'ilcm rei'
publkae ; guam po/leafcnptam edidit^) ib.
This fpeech is ilill extant, and exhibits
a ftriking proof of Cicero's wonderful
powers of eloquence. Catihne was fo
afreded by it, that m xt night he fet
out with a fmall retime, (Plutarch fays,
with 300 armed men, //; Ck.) to the
camp of Manlius. His friends gave
out, that, to avoid the violence of Cice-
ro, he was gone to Marfeilles into vo-
luntary exile, Ck. Cat. 2, 6. Cicero
next day called the people together
into the forum, and gave them a true
account of the matter, Ck. Cat. 2. Im-
mediately after, he afiembled the fenate.
CatiUne hav'. g alfumed the fafcts and
other badges of command, in a few
days arrived at the camp of Manlius.
Upon this news the fenate declared
both Catiline and Manhus public ene-
mies, with offers of pardon to fuch of
their followers as returned to their duty
by a certain day. But none accepted
the offer, Sai/ii/l. ib. 36. The fenate
alio decreed that the confuls (hould levy
troops ; that Antonius fhould haften
to purfue Catiline with an army, and
that Cicero fliould guard the city, ih.
Some time after the departure of
Catihne, Cicero defended Mure n a,
the conful eled, who was accufed of
bribery by his competitor Sulpicius,
lupported by Cato and Pofthumius.
The oration is flill extant, though in
fome paits imperfedi.
In the mean time, the chiefs of the
eonfpiracy in the city, Lentulus, Cethe-
gus, Statilius, Gabiniusy and Caeparius,
v^'iihing to induce the Allohroges, a na*
tion of Gaul, to take part in the- war,
by means of one Umbienus, apphed to
their ambaflacois, who had come to
Rome to complain of the avarice of
their magiftrates, ih. 40. et Plutarch, in
Cic. The Allohroges at firft eagerly
liflened to the propofal, but afterwards
changing their mind, difcovered what
they knew of the eonfpiracy to L. Fa-
bius Sanga, the patron of their nation,
who immediately gave intelligence of it
to Cicero, By his contrivance the con-
O 2 fplrator
C T C [ io8
fpiratftrs Xftft apprehended, and the
plot completely deteded, Salhi/7. ih. 41,
— 48. On which account the fenate,
among other things, decreed a public
thankfgiving to the gods In Cicero's
name ; an honour which had never be-
fore been conferred on any one in the
P)ga, I. e. in the r^>be of peace, without
affurning the drefs of a foldier and go-
ing to war, Cic. Cni. 3, 6. The con-
fpirators were ordered to be kept In
what was called free cudody {in liheris
tuflodl'ts hahebantur,) i. e. in the hoafts
of illultrlous citizens, who were bound
to fecure them, ib. 47. After the dif-
jniffion of the fenate Cicero weut direct-
ly to the Roflraj and gave the people
a particular account of- what had been
done, Cic. Cat. 7^.
Cicero appointed certain fenators to
take notes of the evidence againfl the
confpirators ; and after an account of
the whole proceedings was made out,
rdered
cop
fes of It to be tranfcribed,
and to be difperfed every where
through Italy and the provinces, Ctc.
Syll. 14, & 15. All this pafled on the
3d of December ; and on the following
night, according to annual curiom,( Vid.
R.A. p. 333.) the myftic rites of the
Good Goddess, or Bona Dea., were
performed at the houfe of Cicero by
his wife Terentia v.'ith the Velial vir-
gins and the principal matrons of
Rome. Cicero of courfe being exclud-
ed from his own lodging, was forced to
retire to the houfe of a friend. While
he was dellba-ating there with a few
confidents about the punlfliment of the
confpirators, his wife came In all haile
to Inform him of a prodigy, which had
juft happened ; for the facrihce to the
Bffna Dea being pvtr, and the fire on
the altar feeraingly extindl, a bright
jlame ifrued fuddenly from the afhes j
whereupon the Yeftal virgins fent Te-
rentia to her hufband, to encourage
him to execute what he intended for the
good of his country ; ^iV^cc the goddefs
by this fign alnired him that he Ihould
cfFe6l his defigns, not only with fafety,
but alfo with glory, Plutarch, in Cic.
p. 870,^ 874.; Z)ic, 37, 35.
1 CIC
Next day the fenate decreed rewards
to the ambaffadors of the AUohroget,
and to T. Volturcius, one of the con-
fpirators, who, tempted by the pro-
mlfe of a pardon, had turned Informer,
Sallufl. c, 50. ; Cic. Cat. 4, 3. In the
mean time the accomplices of the con-
fpiracy made every effort to refcue their
afTocIates. Cicero, therefore, on the
day following, the 5th December, {Non,
Deecmb.)y affembled the fenate, and put
the queftion, ** What was to be done
with the confpirators who were in
cuftody ?'■ Sllanns, the conful elett,
being firft afked his opinion, according
to cullonri, decreed, that they fliould
be put to death. Tib. Nero thought
that the deliberation concerning their
punii'hment fliould be deferred till the
public guards were increafed and a
greater number of troops raifed, (de ea
re, praefidiis addiiis, refL-ruudum cenfuit,)
Salluft. ib. or according to Appian,
that the 7 (liould be kept In cuftody,
till Catiline fhould be crufhed, and the
whole truth thoroughly known, B. C,
2. p. 430. The opinion of Caefar dif-
fered but little from that of Nero, ib.
but being enforced by an artful fpeech,
made a great ImpreiTion on the houfe,
Appian ih. 431. ; Sallujl. ih. 51. to re-
move which Cicero delivered v^'hat Is
called his fourth oration agalnll Cati-
line ; wherein, while he feemed to (hew
a perfect neutrality, he artfully inhnu-
ated a preference to the opinion of Si-
lanus, Biic Silanus himfelf, moved by
the fpeech of Caefar, began to mitigate
the feverity of his opinion, Sud. Caef,
14. and declared that he would go In-
to the opinion of Nero, Salhiji. 50. Ca-
to, one of the new tribunes, rofe after
Cicero, and fpoke fo forcibly againft
the confpirators, that he entirely re-
moved the effect of Caefar's fpeech,
and determined the fenate to agree to
his opinion, ** That capital punilhment
fhould be Infiidled on the confpirators
after the manner of their anceflors.''
SalluJ}. ^^. The decree of the fenate
was drawn up In Cato's words, [Senati
decretumJityJlciU ille cenfuerat,') ib. Ci-
cero, without lofs of time, put the fen-
tence
C I C [109
tence in execution, and caufed the con-
fpirators to be ftrangled in prifon, iL
^^, As he returned from thence
through the foruiD, he faw a number
of their accomplices {landing together
in companies, ignorant of what had
been done, expelling the night, as if
the criminal's were ilill alive, and there
were a poflibility of tlicir being refcued.
But Cicero called out to them in a
loud voice, VixERUNT, ** They have
lived, or they are no more," an expref-
fion which the Romans, to avoid inauf»
picious words, made ufe of to fignify,
*' They are dead." Upon which they
all difperfed, Plutarch, in Clc. et Appian,
p. 431. Cicero was conduced home
by the whole body of the fenate and
Equites ; the ftreets being all illumina-
ted, and the women and children at the
windows, and on the tops of houfes, to
fee him pafs along through the accla-
mations of the multitude, proclaiming
him their preferver and deliverer, Plu-
tarch, in Cic. p. 871.
Thefe are the famous Nones of
December, which Cicero fo often men-
tions in his writings, Fam, 1,9.; Att.
I, 18.; Flacc. 40,; Sext.6o.\ Plu-
tarch, in Cic p. 872. and eileemed the
moft illuftrious day of his life ; but
which afterv^'ards proved to him the"
fource of the grcateit misfortunes, iL
The chief men of the ftate fpoke of
the meritorious conduti of Cicero, in
terms of the higheli refpedl ; particu-
larly CraiTus and Pompey, Cic. Alt.
I, 13. ; Of. I, 22. ; Se^Mt. 61. L. Gel-
lius, who had been confiil and cenfor,
faid in a fpeech to the fenate, ** that
the republic owed Cicero a civic crown,
for having faved them all from ruin,"
Cic. Pi/. 3. ; Cell. 5, 6. And Catulus,
the prince of the fenate, called him^ in
a full houfc. the Fatlier of his coun-
try, (Pater Patriae), Cic.Pif.^.',
as Cato like wife did in a fpeech to the
people from the Roftra, Plutarch, ib.
et Appian. p. 43 1, Whence Pliny, in
honour of Cicero's memory, cries out,
** Hail thou, who waft firil faluted the
parent of thy country," (Sahe pri-
mus omnium parens patriae appellate J ^ 7,
3 CIC
30. This title ufed to be conferred ou
the emperors by the Romans when en-
flaved ; but it was firft given to Cice-
ro by Rome, while free : whence Ju-
venal fays, Roma patrem patriae Cicero*
nem libera dixit, 8, 244.r All the towns
of Italy followed the example of the
metropolis in decreeing extraordinary-
honours to Cicero. The people of Ca-
pua in particular chofe him for their
patron, and ereded a gilt pillar to him,
Cic, Pif. 1 1. — Salluft, who allows Ci-
cero the charadler of an excellent con-
ful, takes no notice of any of thefc
honours, from perfonal enmity, as it is
fuppofed, and to pleafe Auguftus, in
whofe time Salluft publiHied his hiftory.
The honours jufiily paid to Cicero
cxafperated his enemies ftill more a-
gainft him. The chiefs of the popu-
lar party therefore embraced every op-
portunity to mortify him. On the laft
day of his office, when he appeaned
in the Rojlray to make a fpeech to the
people, as was commonly done, be-
fore he took the ufual oath, " That
he had dilcharged his duty with fideli-
ty ;" the tribune Metellus would not
fuffer him to fpeak, or to do any thing
more than barely to take the oath ;
declaiing, " that he, who had put ci-
tizens to death unheard, ought not to
be permitted to fpeak for himfelf»"
Whereupon Cicero, who was never af
a lofs, inftead of pronouncing the <k-
dinary form of the oath, fwore aloud, .
" that he had faved the republic and
the city from ruin ;" which the wh<5le
people prefent wich a general fhout
fwore to be true, and conducted him
from the Forum to his houfe v/ith lall
poffible demonftrations of refpecl : fo
that, as he himfelf expreiles it, ncme
but thofe w^ho attended him, feemied
to be Roman citizens, (ut nemo, iiiji
qui mecum ejjety civium efje in numero n}i-
JereturJ, Pif. 3. Fam. 5, 2. j ,
In the confulfliip of Cicero Luqlil-
lus triumphed over Mithridates, wh ich
honour he had been prevented frsm
obtaining for three years, by the Je-
traftion of his enemies, (inimicorum pa-
lumnidj, Cic. Agad. 2, i. of Mtrn-
r.lius
C I C [I
mius the tribune and others, at the in-
ftigation of his rival Pompey, Plutarch,
in LucuIL But Cicero, by his autho-
rity, efTe^^ed it. Hence ke fays, that
he had ahnoil introduced the trium-
phal chariot of Lucullns into the city,
ib. However, to gratify Pompey, af-
ter the conclufion of the Mithridatic
^^ar, ib. a public thankfgiving Vv\ts de-
creed in hit* name, on the motion of Ci-
cero, for ten days, Cic. Acad. 4, i. which
was twice as long as had ever been
decreed before to any General, C'lc.
Conf. Prov, 1 1 4
Cicero got two laws paiTed this
year, called from him Leges Tul-
LiAE, the one againll bribery in elec-
tions, (p. 106). the other to abridge
the time of a privilege, called a Free
Legation, (legatio libera). Leg. 3, 8.;
(R. A. 220.)
One of the moft important objects
■which Cicero laboured to accomplifli
in his confulfliip, was to unite the po-
pulace with the leading men, and the
eijueft ■.in^ord':^r with the fenate, Pif. 3.
The conjundlion of the two latter he
efecled, Cic. Cat. 4, 10. ; fo that Pli-
ny even fays it was Cicero that iirft e-
flablifhed the Equites as a third order
ii the ftate, 33, 2. From this union
Cicero juftly hoped the greateil: bene-
fit would arife to the republic, Cic. ib.
' But it was foon after broken, by the
f;;nate refufmg a petition of the Equi-
tis to be relcafed from a difadvantage-
ous leafe of the Afiatic revenues, Cic.
Alt. I, 17. & I S. f/ 2, I. which Caelar
afterwards granted them, Dio, 38, 7. ;
hiet. CaeJ 20. (Vid. R. A. p. 24.).
Ill the beginning of the next year,
a. u. 691, Catiline was cut off with his
srmy by M. Petreius, the lieutenant of
C. Antonius, Salhijl. Cat. 61.; Liv. Ep.
103. ; Dio, 37, 39. — In this fame year
Cicero defended ?. Sylla, who had
formerly been condemned with Autro-
iiius for bribery, Salluji. Cat. 18. and
■^-•dS then accufed of having tv/ice con-
^ired with Catiline againfl: his coun-
try, Cic. SuU. He was acquitted,
vid. Sulla. — About this time Cice-
7i) bought the hcuie of M. Craifus, on
10 ] C T C
the Palatine hill, partly with borrowed
money, for H. S xxxv. i. e. tricies quin-
quies, about L. 24,218, Cic. Ep. Fam,
5, 6.; Att. I, 13.; Plin. 13, 15. et 7,
38. In the trial of P.Clodius, then quae-
ftor, for the violation of the facred rites
of the Bona Dea, Cicero appeared
as a witnefs againfl him, Cic. Att. i,
\6. vidiich was the fource of the bitter
hatred Clodius ever after bore to Cicero.
A. U. 692, Cicero is fuppoftd to
have made that elegant oration, ftill
extant, in defence of his old praecep-
tor, the poet Archias.
A. U. 693, [al. 694). in the con-
fuhhip of ^ietellus and Afranius, Ci-
cero compofed in Greek a commiCnta-
ry or memoirs of the tranfa<flions of his
confuKhip, Att. I, 19. et 2^ i. He
alfo publifhed a collection of the prin-
cipal fpeeches, which he made when
conful, under the title of Consular
Oratio^js, in number twelve, the fub-
je6t of each of which he mentions, Att.
2, I. Four of them are now entirely
loll:, and fome of the reil have not
come down to us entire. He publifh-
ed likewife at this time in Latin verfe
a tranllation of the Prognostics of
'Aratus, /^. Clodius now began to
difclofe the plan which he had form-
ed for ruining Cicero, and that was
to get himfelf chofen a tribune. But
as no patrician could by law obtain
that office, he propofed to get himfelf
adopted by a plebeian ; which could
not be done without the order of the
people. In this however he was op-
pofed, for the preient year, by his bro-
ther-in-law, the conful- Metcilus, Cic,
Att. 2, 1.; Cael. 24. Biit the combi-
nation between Cacfar, Pompey, and
Craffus, commonly called tlie First
Triumvirate, being formed towards
the end of this year ; and Cicero, next
year, in his defence of Antony, (who
had been his colleague in the confulate,
and was accufed by Caelius of the
mal-adminiilration of his province of
Macedonia), having uttered fome com-
plaints concerning the Hate of the re-
public, Dio, 38, 10. Caefar, vv'ho was
then coniul, being informed of what
Cicero
1
C T C C I
Cicero had faid, inftantly called an af-
fembly of the people, and being afliil-
ed by Pompey, as augur, to make the
a£l legal and aufpicious, got the adop-
tion of Clodius ratified by the people
through all the forms, within three
hours from the time of Cicero'? fpeak-
ing, dc. Dom. l6. ; Suet. Caef. 2c. ;
and thus the bow, as Cicero calls it,
which had been kept bent againli him
and the republic, was at lall difchar-
ged, Sext. 7. Cicero, among other
caufes which he pleaded this year, de-
fended L. Valerius Flaccus, who
had been praetor in Cicero's conftd-
fhip, and had aflifted him in appre-
hending the confpirators with the am-
bafuidors of the Allobroges, C'lc, Cat.
3, 2. h 6. He was now accufed by
P. Laelius of rapine and oppreffion in
his province of Afia. The ipeech is
fhill extant, but fomewhat mutilated.
Flaccus was acquitted.
Caefar and Pompey knowing that
Cicero dlfapproved of their ufurpation,
and fearing left he might oppofe their
meafures, determined to fupport Clo-
dius in his defigns againli him, Cic.
Ait. 2, 18, 19, (SiC. et 9, 2.; ^int. Fr,
1, 2.; latere. 2, 45. Caefar wifhed
to bring Cicero to concur with him in
his plans, and therefore offered to miike
him one of the twenty comm.iffiuners
appointed to di (tribute the lands cf
Campania among the planters fent from
R(nne to occupy them ; but Cicero
refuied it, Cic. Att. 2, 18. & 19. which
is faid to have offtnded Caeiar, C'lc.
Prov. Cotif. 17.; fo that, as Caefar
could not gain him, he refolved to
humble him, ih. 9, 2. ; Veil. 2, 45.
But Pompey gave Cicero the ftrongcil
affurances ol his protection ; declaring
that he would fooner be killed hiu.felf
than fuffer Cicero to be hurt, Cic. Att.
2, 20. Pompey however foon fnowed
that all thefe prom.ifes were falfe, and
Clodius, as he himfelf declared, was
in reality as much luppcrted by Pom-
pey and Craffus as by Caefar, Cic.
Har. Refp. 22. Clodius, being cre-
ated tribune, and having procured
the concurrence of Pif» and Gabi-
ir 1 C T C
nius, the confuls of the following year*
a. a 695", by granting them the pro-
vinces they wiihed» promulgated feve-
ral popular laws to gain the people.
Then he propofed a fpecial law, " That
whoever had put to death a Roman
citizen uncondemned, fliould be pro-
hibited from fire and water," /WA 2,
45. Cicero, though not named, was
plainly pointed at by this law. He
therefore changed his habit, and affu^
med the drefs of a criminal j which he
was afterwards Cenfible he ought not
then to have done, Cic. Att.^'^, 15.
For Clodius, at the head of his mer-
cenaries, contrived to meet and in-
fult Cicero at every turn, Plutarch, in
Cic. The equeilrian order, to tlic
number of 20,000, and the fenate,
changed their habit on Cicero's ac-
count, Cic. pojl red. in Sen. 5. ad ^ir,
3.; Plane. 35.; Sext. Ii, &c. ; Fam.
II, 16. But the confuls, by an edidt,
ordered the fenate to refume their or-
dinary drefs, Cic. Fain. 11, 14. Cae-
far, who w^as then before the city with
his army, about to fet out for his pro-
vince of Gaul, offered to make Cicero
one of his lieutenants ; but this, by
the advice of Pompey, he declined,
Dio, 38, 15. CraiTus, though fecret-
ly inimical to Cicero, ik yet, at the
j)erfuarion of his fon, wdio was a great
admirer of Cicero's, (Ac. ^ Fr. 2, 9.
did not openly oppofe him, Cic. Sext,
17. & 19. But Pompey, who had gi-
ven Cicero the ftrongell affurances of
fupport, dtferted him, Cic. Pif. 31,
and even refufed liis fupplication when
he threw himfelf at Pompey's feet, al-
leging tiiat he could do nothing againfl
the will of Caelar, Cic. Att. 10, 4. Plu-
tarch fays, that Pompey, when Cicero
came to entreat his nililtance, went out
at the back door, and would oot fee
him, in Cic.
Several of Cicero's friends, and in
particular Lucullus, advifed him to de-
fend himfelf by force ; but Cato, and
above all I-Iortenfius, urged him Lo fa ve
the effufion of bloud, by retiring till
th^. ftorm fliould blow over : which
concuiring with the advice of Atticr.?,
C I C [I
as well as with the fears and entreaties
of all his own family, made him refolvc
to leave the city> and go into volunta-
ry exile, Ck, Atu i o, 4. A little be-
fore his departure he took a fmall lla-
tue of Minerva, vi^hich had been long
woHhipped in his family, as a kind of
tutelar deity ; and carrying it to tlie
Capitol, placed it in the ternple of Ju-
piter, C'lc. Leg. 2, 17, wirh this infcrip-
tion, To Minerva, the Guardian
OF Rome, Plutarch., p. 876.; D'lo,, ^8,
17. ; Cic. Fam. 12, IS- Dom. 57. Jtt.
7, 3. Leg. 2, 15. . , . ^
Cicero left the city privately m the
night time, about the end of March,
accompanied by a number olhis friends,
Plutarch, After his departure Clodius
frot a law pafTed, which prohibited him
from coming within 46S miles of
Rome, under pain of death to himfelf,
and to any perfon who entertained
him, Cic, Att. 3, 4. ; L)'iOy 38, 17.;
Plut, Cic. p, 876. This law, as being
informal, Cicero calls Privilegium,
Dom. 10, 17, 42, &c. Cicero's hou-
fes, both in the city and in the coun-
try, were burnt, and his furniture
plundered, Cic, Dom. 24. Red. in
Senat, 7. His wife and children were
treated with great cruelty, Cic. Scxf.
24. Dom. 23. Fam. 14, 2. To
make the lofs of bis houfe in Rome
irretrievable, Clodius confecrated the
area on which it Hood, and built on it
a temple to the Goddefs Liberty, Cic.
Dom. 40, & 51. Cicero, notwith-
ftanding the law again ft him, was e-
very where received with the greateil
refpedt, Cic. Dcni. 20, 40. & 41. ex-
cept in a very few inftances. He at
firil pvopofed going to Sicily, and on
the 8th of y\pril, had got as far as
Vibo, in his way thither, Cic- Att, 3,
4. but was forbidden by C. Virgiiius,
the governor of it, though an old
friend, and intimate acquaintance,
Plane. 40. ; Philarch. in Cic. He
therefore direfted his courfe towards
Greece. He ftaid thirteen days in the
villa of M. Lenius Flaccus at Brundu-
fiuin, Cia Plane, 45.; Fam, 14, 4.
12 -] CIC
On the laft day of April he embark-
ed for Dyrracchium, Cic. Ait. 3, 7.
where he (laid but a fhort time, being
apprehenfive of danger from the ac-
complices of Catiline's confpiracy, ma-
nv of whom had fied to that country
after the death of their leader. Cice-
ro therefore went to ThefTalonTca in
Macedonia, whither he was conduil-
ed by Plan ci us, the quaeftor oi'
Appuicius, the governor of that pro-
vince, with whom he remained almoll
the whole time of his exile, Plane. 41.;
Pofl red. in Sen. 14. Cicero did not
bear his baniiliment with fortitude?, but
fliowed marks of deje£tion, and uttered
exprefPions of grief unworthy of his for-
mer charader, Dio, 38, t8.; Cic. Att,
3, 7, &c. He was reilored with great
honour nest year, after an abfence of
fixteen months, by a decree of the fe-
nate, and by a law paffed at the Co-
mitia Centitriata, on the 4th day of Au-
guft, in the confulfhip of Lentulus and
Metellus, chiefly through the influence
of Pompey, who then needed the af-
fiftance of Cicero to oppofe the de-
fi<ins of Clodius a^ainil himfelf, Cic. Att,
4, I. Fam, I, 9. Pojl red. ad. ^ur. 7.
in Senat. il. ATd. 20. Pif. 15. ; Z>io,
38, 30, et 39, 8. The number of
p.-cple that met Cicero on the way to
congratulate him on his return was fo
great, that Plutarch fays, the faying
of Cicero concerning it was lefs than
the truth, " that all Italy brought
him back on its (hoalders," < ic. po/l
red. in Sen, 15. ; Pif. 22. ; Scxt. 63.
Cicero, on the day after his return,
the 5th Septen^bcr, {^Non. Septemb.)
thanked the fenatc, Cic. Ait, 4, i,
and next day, the people, in two ora-
tions, which are itill extant. As he
was overjoyed on being reftored to
his country, fo he was in^.modcrate in
his exprellio^s of gratitude, Poured,
in Sen. 4, &c. ad ^Ar, 7.
There happened at that time to be
a great dearth of corn, which occa-
fioned a tumult in the city. To re-
medy this calamity, Cicero propofed
in the Icuate, that the charge of pro-
vifions
etc [I
vifions fiiould be conferred on Pom-
pey for five years, with extraordinary
powers, through the whole empire.
To this the fenate agreed, and a law
was foon after enacled by the people
for that purpofe. Such then was the
influence of Pompey's name, that his
credit immediately reduced the price of
provifions, Cic. Att. 4, i. Dom, 4,
&:c. ad ^lir, 8. in Senat. 14. ; Dio,
39, 9. Pompey was allowed to chufe
fifteen lieutenants, and named Cicero
the firft, Cic. Jtt. 4, i. Cicero ac-
cepted the employment, but foon af-
ter refigned it to his brother, il. 2.
Cicero was reftored to his former
dignity, but never received a full com-
penfation for the ruin of his houfes
and eftates, although it had been de-
creed, Cic, Att. 4, 2. The reafon was,
as he himfelf expreffes it, ** Thofe who
had dipt his wings had no mind to
let them grow again," ih. Nor indeed
did Cicero after this behave with the
fame independence he had done before.
*' If he rofe from his fall," as a modern
critic (^MongauU) expreffes it, ** he al-
ways appeared, however, to be fome-
vvhat ftunncd by the blow." There was
fome difficulty about the area of his
houfe on the Palatine mount, which Clo-
dius had confecrated. But the Pontift-
CCS, to whom the affair was referred by
the fenate, decreed, " That if he who
performed the office of cdnfecration
had not been fpecially appointed to it
by the people, then the area in quef-
tion might, without any fcruple of re-
ligion, be reftored to Cicero." The fe-
wate, therefore, decreed, that Cicero's
houfe fhould be reftored to him, il\
The pleading of Cicero before the
Pontijices on the occaiion, is ftill ex-
tant j and he himlelf was particularly
pleafed with the compofuion of it,
ih,
Clodius ftill continued his a6ls of
violence againft Cicero to fuch a de-
gree, that it feems ft range that any
government fhould have permitted
them to pafs with impunity, Cic, Att.
4; 3. Clodius, however, not only e-
'3 1 CIC
fcaped punifliment, but was even creat"
ed aedilc next year, a. 697. The tri*
umvirs found him ufeful in promoting
their meafures, and therefore fupport-
ed him ; and the fenate were pleafed
to fee him fometimes even attack the
triumvirs themfelvcs, Cic. Refp. Har.
24. The moft fuccefsful opponent of
Clodius was Milo, the friend of Cice-
ro, who repelled force with force,
Cic. Off. 2, 17. and of courfe their
contefts excited the grcateft commo-
tions in the ftate, ( ic. Att. /\j 'i,. ^.
Fr. 2
» 0-
They fucceflively brought
each other to a trial for a6ls of vio-
lence, but without efPeft, ib.
In the beginning of the year 697,
Cicero es^erted all his influence to get
the commiffion for reftoring Ptolemy
to the throne of Egypt, confirmed to
Lentulus, the conful of la ft year, Cic.
Fam. I, I, &c. ^int. F. 2, 2. ; but
without effedt, Vid. Ptolemaeus.
rin March, Cicero undertook the
defence, and procured the acquittal of
Sextius, who, in his tribunefliip the
former year, had been very aAive in
promoting the reftoration of Cicero,
and was now accufed of public vio-
lence, by M. TuUius Albinovanus, at
the inftigation of Clodius, Cic. ^ Fr.
2, 5, & 4. Sext. 13. Vatinius,
the creature of Caefar, having appear-
ed as a witnefs againft Sextius, Cice-
ro, inftead of interrogating him in the
ordinary way, took occafion to ex-
pofe the profligacy of the whole life
of Vatinius, and particularly the crimes
of his trlbunelliip, by a ferics of quef-
tions ; whence Cicero calls his oration
againft Vatinius, which is ftill extant,
Interrogatio, Fam. i, 9. So Con*
cludam jam interrogationem mearriy Cic.
Vat. 16.
About this time many prodigies
were faid to have happened ; concern-
ing which the Harufpices^ or foothfay-
eis, being confulted, alTigned various
reafons for the divine wrath ; among"
the reft, that facred places were held
as profane ; which Clodius applied to
Cicero's houfe. On this account Ci-
P cero
C I C [11
Cero next day made an oration in the
fenate, now infcribed, De Haruspi-
cuM RESPONsis, 111 which hc fhows,
that all the parts of the anfvver of the
Harufpices were applicable to the crimes
of Clodius, Dioy 39, 20. ; Cic. Har.
Help.
About the middle of fummer the le-
nate began to deliberate as ufual,
about the provinces to be affigned to
the next confuls. On this occafion
Cicero dthvered that oration, infcri-
bed De PRoyiNCiis Consularibus ; in
which he advifed, that Pifo (hould be
recalled from Macedonia, and Gabi-
nius from Syria j becaufe they had be-
haved ill in their government. But
■when moft of the fenators who had
fpoken before him had decreed that
one of the Gauls fliould be taken from
Caefar, and given to one of the con-
fuls, Cicero oppofed it ; and with
great eloquence urged the propriety of
prolonging Caefar*s command, as like-
wife of granting him what he requeil-
cd,' money to pay his troops, and per-
milTion to employ ten lieutenants, Cic.
de Prov. Corif. 10, &c. Balb. 27. ;
though all this was contrary to his
private opinion, Cic. Fam. I, 7. Att.
2, 17. Thus Cicero, by a mean com
pllance, contributed to confirm that
power, which in the end proved fatal
to hinnfelf, as well as to the liberty of
his countiy* The excufe he makes for
this conducl is, ** That he v,'as forced
by the envy and malevolence o.f the
ariftocratic party, [optimatium)^ at laft
to pay regard to his fafety, without
forgetting his dignity, Cic. Fam. i, 7,
17. Plane, %(^.
About this time Cicero defended
Li. Cornelius Balb us, whofe right to
be a Roman citizen was called in quef-
tion ; and M. GoELius, who was ac-
cufed of being concerned in the afTaf-
fination of Dio, the chief of an em-
bafly from Alexandria, and of an at-
tempt to poifon Clodia, the fifter of
Clodius. Cicero was fuccefsful in both
pleadings. The orations arc flill ex-
t.anto
4 ] CIC
A.U. 698, in the confuifhip of Pom-
pey and Craffus, Pifo, having returned
from his province of Macedonia, which
he had grievoufly oppreffed, yet truft-
ifig to the influence of Caefar, his fa-
ther-in-law, attacked, in the fenate,
Cicero, in confequence of whofe opi-
nion he had been recalled. Cicero, in
reply, delivered that fevere inveftive,
(/n Pi SON em), which is ftill extant,
though fomev/hat mutilated. Vid. Cic
in Pif. This year Cicero finifhed his
three books concerning the accomplifli-
ments of an orator, (De Orjtqre), Cic.
Jtt. 4, 13, & 16. Div. 2, I.
i\. U. 699, Cicero fupported Craf-
fus in his abfence agaiuil an attempt
which was made in the fenate to recal
him from his province, or at leafb to
prevent him from executing his known
intention of making war againft the
Parthians, Cic. Fam. 1,9. et 5, 8. in
which war Craffus foon after periflied.
About this time Cicero entered into
a more familiar correfpondence with
Caefar, by means of his brother Qui nc-
Tus, who had been made one of Cae-
far's lieutenants, and of Trebatius
the lawyer, whom Cicero had recom-
mended to Caefar, Cic. J^ Fr. 2, 15.
et 3, I. Fam. 7, 5, 6, &c.
Caefar and Pompey had fo complete-
ly engrolTed the power of the ftate, that
Cicero found it neceffary to do many
things which in his heart he difappro-
vcd, Cic. Fam. I, 9. (f/ 7, i. At the
requcft of Caefar and Pompey, hc
fppke in defence of feveral criminals,
who had formerly been his greateil e-
nemies. Thus, during the prefent year,
he defended Gabinius and Vatinius,
who had aflifted Clodius in effecting
his banifhm.ent, and againft whom he
had uttered the bittereft inveftives in
his fpeeches, Cic.Rahir. Pqfl. 8, & 12.
Fam. I, 9. et 5, 9, &c. ; VaL Max. 4,
2,4.; ^inBilian. 11, 1,75. though
in the cafe of Gabinius hc had de-
clared, *' that he muil incilr eternal in-
famy if he defended him, ad ^ Fr. 3,
4. and that P'ompey fhould never pre-
vail on him to be reconciled to Gabi-
niu6*
C I C [ i
nius, if he retained the Icaft fpark of
liberty," [nee, fi ullam partem lihertatis
eneboy prqficiet), ib. i. The only ex-
cufe he could make for his eondu6l
was, " That his quarrels were mortal^
his friendfhips immortalj" Cic. Rabir.
Pojl, I 2. Valerius Maximus, however,
praifes Cicero's defence of Vatinius
and Gabinius as an ad of great huma-
nity, 4, 2,4. Cicero was conllrained to
accommodate his conduct to the ne-
cellity of the times, as he laments to
his brother, ^ Fr. 3, 5. fo that, as
he expreffes it, his votes in the fenate
were luch as pleafed others rather than
himfelf, ib, 2,15. Bribery and corrup-
tion were now carried to an incredible
height, Ck, Att. 4, 15, & 18. Of
thefe vices Cicero always fpeaks with
the utmoft dcteftation, and often fore-
tells that they would prove the dcllruc-
tion of the republic. Lie. Div. 2, 2.
Fam. 2, 5. ^Fr. 3, i, 2, 3, 4, «Scc. jltL
4, 16. et alibi pajfim.
This fame year, from a principle of
gratitude, Cicero defended Cn. Plan-
cius, who had entertained him in his
exile; and being now chofen aedile, was
accufed of bribery and corruption by
a diiappoinced competitor, M. Late-
renlis. The oration is Itill extant. Plan-
cius was acquitted.
Cicero was now fo much engaged
in pleading caufes, that there fcarcely
paffed a day without his fpeaking for
fome one, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 16. et 3, 3.
But the only other otation now extant
of thofe he delivered this year is that
for C. Rabirius Posthumus, whofe
trial was conncCled with that of Gabi-
nius.
A. U. 700, Cicero was chofen an
augur, in the room of young Crafl'us,
who had perifhed with his father in
the expedition againil the Farthians,
Cic. Phi/. 2, 2.
A. 701, Cicero defended MILO,
in his trial for the murder of Clodius.
The Forum was furrounded with arm-
ed men, to prevent diilurbance, a thing
unufual on fuch occafions, Cic, Mil. i.
Cicero, when he rofe to fpeak, being
15 ] CIC
received with a loud clamour from the
favourers of Clodius, is faid not to have
fpoken with his ufual firmnefs, [nort
ea, quafoUtuserat, conjlaniid dixit), A-i-
con. in Cic. Milo was condemned,
and went into exile to Marfeilles. The
fpeech for Milo now extant was after-
wards writs en by Cicero ; and Milo,
when he read it, is reported to have
faid, " That if Cicero had fpoken fo,
he (Milo) fhould not then have been eat-
ing mullets, (a kind of lifh he was fond
of), at Marfeilles, Dio^ 40,54 — Ci-
cero (liewed fo much joy at the death
of Clodius, irfiat Milo was faid to have
killed him at Cicero's Iniligation, (w^-
nu Milonis caedem ejft faBam, confiUo ver^
maj^ris alicujus), Cic. Mil. 18. Cicero
feems to have had fome anticipation of
what happened, Cic. Att. 4, 3. though
he fays that Milo did the deed before
any one fufpe6ted that he vt'ould do it,
Cic. Phil. 2, 9. Cicero thought the
death of Clodius an event of fuch im-
portance, that he dates a letter thus,
Pqfl Lsudricam pvgnam die feptingente/imo
fexagefimo quinto. Cicero calls the ren-
counter in which Clodius was killed by
Milo Leu^rica pugna, becaufe, as it is
thought, Milo, by killing Clodius, re-
ftored liberty and fecurity to the Ro-
man republic, as Epaminondas, by the
battle' of Leudtra, freed Greece from
the dominion of the Lacedaemonians,
Cic. Att, 6, I f.
Soon after the trial of Milo, Cicero
accufed Plancus Bursa, for the adls
of violence he committed after the
death of Clodius, and got him con-
demned and banifhed, though he wa3
defended by Ponipey, Cic, Fam. 7, 2.
This v/as the only caufej excepting
that of Verres, in which Cicero a6i:ed
the part of an accufer, Dio fays, that
Cicero accufed Plancus with not more
ability than he defended Milo, 40, '^$.
About this time Cicero is thought
to have written his treatife on laws,
{^De Leoibvs), Cic. Leg. 2, 17 It
is luppofed to have been divided into
nx books, as another work which he
had compofed fome tlm,£ before con-
P 3 csrning
C I C [ 1
ceniing government, (De Retublica).
Nothing of the latter remains but fome
fcattered fragments ; of the former
Only three books, and thefe in fome
places imperfeft.
A. U. 702, in confeqiience of a law
inacle by Pompey, that no conful or
praetor fliould hold any province till
five years after the expiration of their
magillracies ; and in the mean time,
that the fenators of confular and prae-
torian rank, who had never held any
foreign command, fhould divide the
vacant provinces among themfelves by
lot, D'io, 40, ^6. v/hich had formerly
been ordered by a decree of the fenate,
rh. 30, & 46. Cicero was obliged, a-
gainft his will, to undertake the go-
T^rnment of the province of Cilicia,
in Vvdiich he fucceeded Appius Clan-
diu?, who had been conful a. 699. To
Cilicia were annexed Pilidia, Pamphi-
lia, and three diflri<Sts [d'loecefes) of A-
fra, together with the ifland of Cyprus.
Here, by the wifdom and integrity of
his adminiftration, Cicero merited the
liigheft praife, Clc. Att, 6, 2. ; Plu-
tarch, in Ck. and for his military ex-
ploit?, though not very confiderable,
was faluted Imperator by his army,
Cic. yitt. 5, 10. He was well fuppon-
€d by his four lieutenants, his brother
Quindus, who had left Caefar to ac-
company him, Pontinius, who had tri-
umphed over the Allohroge:^ M. An-
neius, and M. Tullius ; chiefly by Pon-
TiNius. A thankfgiving to the gods
(Jupplicaho) war, decreed by the fenate
at Rome for Cicero's fuccefs, to v/hich
decred Cato gave his diffent, though
Cicero liad written him a long cpillte
to procure hi" concurrence, Ck. Fcaa.
15,4. Cato, however, wrote Cicero
a letter of apology, the only letter of
Cato now extant, in which he highly
praifes Cicero's nprighl adminiftration
of his province, ih. 5. On thi^ occa-
iion Caefar wrote Cicero a congratula-
tory letter, Ck. Alt. 7, i.
AVhilc Cicero was in Cilicia, he Lad
a regular account fent him by Cae-
Liu^ of whTit pa (Ted 'A the city, Ck
16 1 CIC
F(tfn. 8, I, U<z. A profecu^on being
raifed againft Appius Claudius by Do-
lobella, who had lately married Tullia,
Cicero's daughter, CiCero neverthelefs
profeffed the warmefl attachment to
Appius, C'lc. Fam. 3, 10. in which he
could not be fmcere; for he mentions fe-
veral inf^ances of opprefTion and cruelty
committed by Appius, which fhew that
he was far from being unjuflly arraigned
by Dolobella, Ck. Att. 5, 1 6, & 1 7. 6,
I, & 2. But to Appius himfelf Cicero
writes in very different terms, Ck.Fam.
3, II, & 12. Appius had too power-
ful connedtions for Cicero to break
with him. One of the daughters of
Appius was married to a fon of Pom-
pey's, and another to M. Brutus. By
the influence of Pompey Appius was
not only acquitted, but foon after made
cenforwith Pifo, the father-in-law of
Caefar, Ck. Fam. 8, 6, & 11. ; Dio,
4c, €3. (/^/V/. Appius.) At this time
nothing fo bafe or fo viilanous could be
perpetrated, that by interell was not
fare of efcaping punifliment, {et her-
cuk conftpta omnia faeda et inhonefla funt^,
Cic. Fam. 8, 6.
Cicero, impatient to return to Rome,
left his province at the expiration of a
year, to thecare of hisquaeftor, C. Cae-
lius, and fet out for Italy, Ck. Ep. Fam..
2, 15. Att. 6,§, 8<. 6. He ftaid a few daya
at Rhodes for the fake of his fon and
nephew, (puerorurn causa,) who were
then profecuting their rtudies, Ck. Att.
6, 7. Here he heard of the death of
Hortenfiu?, AV. i. From Rhodes he
failed to Ephtfus, and thence to Athens,
Ck. Fam. 14, 5. On his anival at
Brundufium he found all things tend-
ing to a civil warj which he ufed every
method in his power to prevent, Ck.
An. 7, 3, 4. Sec. As he had preten-
fion3 to a triumph, he was attended
by hia liciors, v/ith their fafces, accord-
ing to cuitonv wreathed with laurel, ib.
I, £c 2. He reached Rome on the 4th
January, a. 704. Great multitudes came
out to meet hirn with ail poiTible de-
mon ft rations of honour, {ut nihil poffet
f.cri orn.ithus^y Cic, Fam, 16, 11. H«
f'.U,
C I C [ II
fell, as he himfelf fays, into the very
flame of civil difcord. ^he decifive
decree had juft been pafled arming the
confuls with abfolute power againft
Caefar, ik In this confiifed ftate of
affairs, the fenate demanded in a very
full houfe, that a triumph Ihould be de-
creed to Cicero ; but Lentulus, the
conful, defired that it might be deferred
till the piefent comniotions were fet-
tled ; giving his word, that he would
then be the mover of it liimfeif, tb.
But Cacfar's fudden march towardtv
Rome, put an end to all further
thouglits of it ; and ftruck the fenate
with fuch a panic, that, as if Caefar
had already been at the gates, they re-
folved prefently to quit the city, and
retreat towards the fouthern parts of
Italy. All the principal fenators had
particular diilricts alhgned to their care.
Cicero had Capua, with the infpectlion
of the fea-coaft from Formiae, Cic. Alt.
7, II. Fam. 1 6, 12. But finding his
new province wholly unprovided againft
an enemy, and that it was impolTible to
hold Capua, without a llrong garrifon,
he refigned his charge, and chofe not
tG aft at all^ C'lc. An. 8, ii, & I2.
Cicero was long in fufpenfe, what
courfe to take, whether to reniain
neuter, as Caefar and his friends llrong-
ly exhorted him, Cic. Alt. 9, 6, 8, 9,
II, &c. or to join Pompey. Caefar
wrote Cicero feveral letters, and had an
interview with him at Formiae, in his
return from Brundufium, after Pom-
pey's flight to Greece. Caefar labour-
ed to prevail on Cicero to return to
Rome, and take his feat in the fenate.
But Cicero with great fpirit refifed to
do it, C'tc, An, 9, 18. Cicero ib'ii re-
tained his liftors and other marks of
command, though he found them very
inconvenient, CAc. Fam. 2, 16, Ait. 10,
10. At lail, on the i ith June, (III Id.
Jun.) Cicero fet fail with his brother,
his fon, and nephew, Fam. 14, 7. Ck.
Att. 9, I, & 6. and joined Pompey
"at Dyrrachium, Ih. But he foon re-
pented of what he had done, when he
law how ill matters were condudled in
■7 ] etc
Pompey's camp, Cic. Fam. 7, 3. and
efpecially when he found his coming
blamed by Cato, who thought that he
might have been more ufeful to his
country by remaining neuter, Plutarch,
in Cic. Cicero perceiving that he was
neither employed nor truiled by Pom-
pey, refumed his ufual way of raillery,
tb^ An. 11,4. for which Antony after-
wards blamed him, Cic. Phil. 2, 16.
Cicero was not prefent at the battle
of Pharfalia, having ilaid behind at
Dyrrachium on account of bad health,
Plutarch, p. 880. but his fon command-
ed one of the wings of horfe, and be-
haved with great bravery, Cic. Off". 2,
13. Lucan reprefents Cicero not only
as 'prefent in the battle, but as the chief
advifer of it, in name of the whole
army, (cvn^lorum voces — pertulit,) 7,62,
Sec. Cato, who commanded at Dyr-
rachium with fifteen cohorts, when
Labienus brought them the news of
Pompey's defeat, offered the chief com-
mand to Cicero, as being of confular
rank, and therefore his fuperior in dig-
nity, but Cicero declined it. Upon
which young Pompey was fo enraged,
that he drew his fword, and would have
killed Cicero, if Cato had not inter-
pofed and prevented it, Plutarch.- ih.
This fa6l is not mentioned by Cicero ;
but he is thought to refer to it. Mar--
cell. 5. A few days after, thofe who
were at Dyrrachium difperfed to dif-
ferent places, Cic.Divin. J, 32. Cice-
ro determined to throw himfelf on the
mercy of the conqueror, and therefore
pafFed over to Brundufium, about the
end of Od:obfcr, a. 705. Cic. Fam. 7, 3,
et 14, 12. where he remained till Cac-
far's return from Egypt, Plutarch. He
foon repented of his coming to Brun-
dufium fo haflily, when the reft of his
party had cither remained in Achaia,
or pafied over into Africa, which was
ftiil in the power of the Pompeians, Cic.
Att. II, 6, 7, 9, &c. Cicero's brother
Quint us with liis fon followed Caefar
into Afia, to obtain their pardon from
him in peifon; and, to jullify them-
felves, tiircw all the blame on Cicero ;
which
c r c [ I
which gave him great pain, lb. 8, &
lo. But his behaviour to them vv^as
quite the reverfe of theirs to him, ib,
12. Cicero fufFered many mortifica-
tions, [tnultas graves o^enfionfs,) while
he remained at Brundufium, ib. He
was entirely in the power of Antony,
who governed all things In Italy with
abfolute authority. He had befides
feveral grievances of a domefh'c kind,
particularly from the uncomfortable
flate of his daughter Tullla, whom
I^olabella foon after divorced, ib. 3.
He was alfo in fome diftrefs for want of
money, having lent moil of what he had
to Pompey, ib. 2, 3, 13, Sec. His health
likcwife began to be afFecled by the air
of the place,//'. 22. At lail he was
relieved by a very obliging letter from
Caefar, who confirmed to him the full
enjoyment of his former ftate and digni-
ty, and defired him to refume hkfqfces
and title of Imperatoi-, as bt^fore, Cic.
Fam. 14, 23. Llgar. 3. Caefar hlm-
felf foon after arrived in September,
and treated Cicero at meeting with par-
ticular marks of refpcft, Plutarch.
Cicero being now excluded from all
concern in the management of public
affairs, became reconciled to his old
friends, as he fays, his books, {^reciilt cum
tcteribvs atfiicis, id fji, cum iilrls fuis in
gratiam,) Fam. 9, i. from which he de-
rived, not only amufement, as formv.'rly,
but alfo fupport, ib. 2. et 6, 1 3. He at
this time wrote his dlalofrue on famous
o
orators called Bk^utus, but it was
not publilhcd till the year foil
Cic. Brut. I. He is
compofed much about the fame tiuie
Lis Par.titiones Oratoriae, or the
art of ordering and dillributing the
parts of an oration.
Cicero now divorced his wife Te-
rentla, with whom he had lived above
thirty years, being difpleafed with her
bad teniperand want of oeconomy, Cic.
Ep. Fam. 4, 14. ; Plutarch, in Cic.
p. 881. He married a young woman
called Pu.BLiLiA, to whom he had been
guardian, on account of her beauty, as
T^rentla alleged ; but, as his favourite
-freed man Tire laid, for the lake of her
thought to have
8 ] CIC
fortune. This ftep, however, expofed
Cicero to much cenfure, Z)/o, 46, 18.
nor was he happy in his new connec-
tion , Plutarch, ib.
Caefar wiihed that Cicero w^ould
take a part in the government under
his ufurpatlon, but In vain, Cic. Fam.
9, 15, &c. Cicero, how^cver, lived in
habits of great intimacy wuth the chiefs
of Caefar's party, ib. 6, 7, 16, &c. —
After the death of Cato Cicero wrote
a book In his praile, which he called
Cato, Cic. Att. 12, 4 & 15. et 13,
46. jF^m. 7, 24. Div. 2f I. (GeUius
calls it Laus Catonis, 13, 19.; and
fo alfo Cicero himfelf, Laus vel lauda-
iio Catonis, Att. ibid.) This Caefar
was fo far from taking amifs, that he
wrote an anfwer to it, called AntiCx\-
TO, in which he accuied the whole hfc
and conduft of Cato as in a pubhc tri-
al before judges, at the fame time be-
llowing great pralfes on Cicero, Ta^
cit. Ann. 4, 34. ; Dio, 43, 13. ; Ap-
pian. B. C. 2, 490.; Plutarch. Cic. p.
8S0. ; et in Caef. p. 708, & 733- ; m
Cat, Minor, p. 764. ; Gell. 4, 16. It
was divided into two books ; hence
the fcholiaft on Juvenal fays, that Cae-
far wrote two books on this fubjeft,
Sat. 6, 338. So Suetonius, {Antica^
tones tolidtm^ I. e. duos icreUquit), ^6,
Caefar did not finifh his Anticato till
afttr the conclufion of the Spanifli
war. In the mean time HIrtius com-
pofed a book on the fame fubject in
the form of a letter to Cicero, filled
with objections to Cato's character,
but with high compliments to Cicero
himfelf, which Cicero confidered as a
fpecimcn of what Caefar's work was
to be, and caufcd it to be pubhdied,
Cic. Att. 12, 40, & 41. Brutus alfo
wrote a book in praife of Cato, who
was his uncle and father-in-bw, ( Vid,
Brutus), Cic. Fam. 7, 24. Att. 13,
46. to wiiich Auguilus afterwards
wrote an anfwer. Suet. 85. Cicero
fays, that Brutus had fallen Into fome
millakes in his account of Cato ; par-
ticularly in fpeaking of the debate in
the fenate concerning the puniiaineni;
of the confpiratQrs, Att. 12, 21. Mid-
dle ton
C I C [I
dleton thinks, that Salluft took his ac-
count of this matter from Brutus, and
chofe to copy even his miilakes, rather
than do juitice to Cicero, (See Middle-
tori's Life of Cicero, vol. 2. p» 346.)
It may be remarked, that Salluft gives
Cicero the fame character of an excel-
lent confnl, (optimus conful). Cat. 43.
with v,'hich Cicero exprefles himfelf to
be difTatisficd from Brutus, {^^lis enim
jejunius dixit inimicus ? Did ever an ene-
my fpeak of me in colder terms ?) iL
It feems this book of Brutus was not
remarkable for elegance of compoix-
tion ; whence Caefar faid, " That by
reading Cicero's Cato he became more
copious, but after reading the Cato of
Brutus, he thought himfelf even elo-
quent,'* Cic. Jit. 13, 46.
After this, Cicero, at the requeft
of Brutus, compofed his book called
Orator, containing a delineation of
what he thought the befl: manner of
fpeaking, or of a perfect orator, Cic.
Or. I. This he calls his fifth book con-
cerning oratory ; the three firll were
Dr Oratore, and the fourth Bru-
tus, Cic. Div. 2, I. Cicero fays,
that he had difplaycd in that book
whatever llciil he pofTeiTed in the art,
"and was willing to reft his reputation
as an orator on the merit of it, Cic.
Ep.6y 19.
About this time M. Matcellus ha-
, ving been mentioned by Pifo in the
fenate, and his brother Caius having
thrown himfelf at Caefar's«feet, all
the fenators rofe up, and advancing
forward to Caefar in a fuppiicating
manner, obtained from him the par-
don of Marccilus. This ad of Caciar's
broke Cicero's refolution ofobferving
a perpetual filence in pubhc. Accord-
ingly, v/lien all the fenators, who had
been ail<:ed their opinions before him,
had returned thanks to Caefar, ex-
cept Volcatius, iq. 1).) Cicero made
his acknowledgments, i^gratias egit),
in that admirable fpeech, entitled.
Pro Marcello ; of which he gives
an account to Sulpicius, Fam. 4, 4.
!~— Soon after this Cicero difplayed
19 ] C T C
the power of his eloquence In defence
of LiGARlUS, [q. V.)
Next year, a. 708, while Caefar was
engaged in the war againil the fons of
Pompey and Labienus in Spain, Ci-
cero loft his beloved daughter Tul-
LiA, who died in childbed, in the
houfe of her hufoand, Plutarch, in Cic.
[apud quern {c. P. Lentulum Yiol^hnW^mj
ilia ex partu decejfity Afcon. in Cic. Pif.)
who was then in Spain with Caefar,
Cic. Phil. 2, 30. Cicero wrote to him
an account of Tullia's death, in fuch
terms, as fliow, that the divorce which
had taken place between Dolabella
and TuUia was with mutual confent,
Fam. 9, II. ; and Cicero after this, in
writing to Dolabella, ufes the ilrong-
eft exprefiions of friendihip, Fam, 9,
12, 13, 14, &c. Dolabella was
too great a favourite of Caefar's, for
Cicero to quawel with him. By
reading the letters of Cicero to Do-
labella, one would imagine him to
have been a perfon of great virtue,
Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 13, 5cc. Ncverthe-
lefs, Cicero afterwards reprefents him
as a moniter of lewdnefs and inhuma-
nity, PhiL II, 4. Cicero's warmth
of temper often made him exprefs him-
felf too ftrongly, both with refpecl to
his friends' and enemies ; and fome-
times in fpeakmg of the fame perfons,
to ufe very different terms, as he was
differently affedted towards them.
Cicero was greatly afHIded for the
lofsofhis daughter, Cic. Att. 12, i ^,
&c. Piutarch relates, that the philo-
fophers came from all parts to com-
fort him. But this is no where men-
tioned by Cicero himfelf. Confolato-
ry letters were indeed written to him
by different perfons ; by Atticus, ib.
Brutus, iL 13. Lucceius, Cic. Fam.
5, 13, & 14. Sulpicius ib. 4, 5 & 6. ;
and by Caefar himfelf, dated at Se-
ville, the laft day of April, Cic. Att.
13, 20. But, as Cicero himfelf fays,
he derived his chief comfort from his
books, Cic. Alt. 12, 14, & 15. He
wrote a book to confole himfelf, which
he called Con?olatio, ib. 14, & 28.
Dlv.
C I C [I
Dlv. 2f 1. Tufc. 4, 29= Tlie trcatife
commonly annexed to Cicero'5 works,
entitled Consolatio, is thought to
be fpurious. Cicero alfo dciigned to
build a temple to Tullia, as a kind oi
deity, Cic. Ait. 12, ^6,41,43, &c. ;
but never efteftcd his defign. -He
iiow divorced his young wife Publi-
LiA, bccaufe, as it is faid, flic feemed
to rejoice at the death of Tullia, Plu-
tarch, in Cic. p. 882, ; Dio, 46, 18.
Cicero at this time wrote a book
called KoRTENsius, in praife of phi-
lofophy, Cic. Div. 2, I. Tiyfc. 2, 2. ;
which is now lofl. — He then alfo com-
pofed his Academicae Quaestio-
NES, in four books, containnig an ac-
count and defence of the philofophy
of the academy ; the fecl which he
himfelf preferred, Cic. Div. 2, i. He
had formerly written two books on the
fame fubje£l;, infcribed the one to
Catulus, and the other to Lucul-
i,us ; but he now divided the work
into four books, which he addrefTed
to Varro, Att. 13, 12. whom he calls
his fodalis, Att. 13, 13. Here he took
on himfelf the part of Philo, who de-
fends the principles of the academy ;
be alTigns to Varro the part of Ak-
TiocHUS, [partes Antiochinas)y who
oppofes and confutes them ;"and intro-
duces Atticus as the moderator of the
dffpute, C'ic. Acad, i, pr. Fam. 9, 8.
He was fo partial to this work, that he
fays, " There was nothing on the fub-
iedequaltoit, eyenamong theGreeks,'*
"Att. 13, 13, 16, c^ 19. All thefe four
books are loll, except part of the firil ;
whilll the fecond book of the two
which he pubhihed hril remains entire
under its original title of I^ucul-
Lus. It is commonly infcribed, Acad,
^aefiionum liber quartus ; but impro-
perly ; for it appears to have been a
feparate book, and written after that
which was addrefTed to Catulus, Cic.
Acad. 4, 3.
Cicero next publi:lied one of the no-
bleft of his works, called Ds Finibus,
(:T:pj T£?.a>v); <« Concerning the chief
good aiKl ill of man ;" written in ths
20 } CIC
manner of Arlilotle, Cic. Att. 13, 19.
Fin. I, 4. The work confifts of five
books. In the two firft, the Epicu-
rean doftrine is defended by Torqua-
tus, and confuted by Cicero, in a con-
ference fuppofed to be held in his Cu'
man Villa ; in the prefence of Triarius,
a young nobleman, who came with
Torquatus to vifit Cicero. The two
next books explain the do6lrine of the
Stoics, which is fupportcd by Cato,
and oppofcd by Cicero, in a friendly
debate, upon their meeting accidental-
ly in the library of Lucullus. The
flhh book contains the opinions of the
Old Academy, or of the Peripatetics,
explained by Pifo, in a third dialogue,
fuppofed to be held at Athens, in the
prtfcnce of Cicero, his brother Quln-
tus, his coufm Lucius, and Atticus.
This work is infcribed to Bi utus, Fin.
r, I. in return for a book which Bru-
tus a little before had fent to Cicero,
♦* concerning virtue," ih. 3.
Not long after, Cicero publiflied an-
other work of equal importanc«, call-
ed his Tupculan Disputations or
Questions ; alfo infcribed to Bru-
tus, and confining of five books. The
firll teaches us to contemn death, and
to confider it as a blclfing rather than
an evil ; the fecond, to bear pain and
aitiicLion with fortitude ; the third, to
appeafe our grief and uneafinefies un-
der the accidents of life ; the fourth,
to moderate all our other pafiions ; and
the fifth ^emonflrates the fufficiency of
virtue alone to m.ake a man happy. Ci-
cero is fuppofed to have fpent five
days at his Tufculan villa, in difcuifing
with his friends the feveral queilions
juft mentioned. After declaiming in
the morning, they ufed after mid-day
to retire into a gallery, called the Aca-
demy., which Cicero had built for phi-
lofophical conferences. Here he defi-
red any one of the company to pro-
pofe fome queftion, which he wirtied
to be difcufled ; and then Cicero dif-
puted Oil it either fitting or walking,
Cic. Tujc. 1,4. ^/ 2, 3. ^^ 3, 3. Each
of thcfc difputstions was called Scho-
LA,
C I C [I
tA, t!>. d Pif. 25, d IJ. ; Fin. 2, i.;
Tufc. 3, 34.
Much about this time Cicero alio
wrote a funeral encomium (laudatw)
on PoRCiA, the fifter of Cato and wife
of Domitius Ahenobarbus ; which fub-
jeft Varro andLollius likevvife attempt-
ed, Cic. An. 13,48, & 37. But all
the three are now loft.
While Caefar remained ia Spain,
Cicero was urged by Atticus, among
his other works, to write fomcthing
to Caefar. He therefore drew up a
letter to him, which he communicated
to Hirtius and Balbus ; but as they
thought fome things in it rather too
freely exprefled, it was never fent C'lc,
Att. 12, 51. et 13, 27, et 2%. Cicero,
it feems, in this letter advifed Caefar
to reilore the republic, and to drop
his intention of going to the Parthian
war, ih. 31, Caefar however having
now publifhed his anfwer to Cicero's
Cato, which he had written before,
Cicero, pleafed with the compliments
which Caefar had paid him, [Bene en'im
exijiimo de illis librisy fc Caefaris, Cic.
Att. 13, 51.) fent a letter of thanks to
Caefar, for the great civility with
which he had treated him, ib 50. Ci-
cero was pleafed with the iffue of the
war in Spain. He widied rather, to
ufe the words of Cailius in a letter to
Cicero, to keep his old and clement
mafter, than try a new and cruel one ;
which was the opinion he had of young
; Pompey, /ift. 12, 37.; Fam. 15, ig.
Some time after Caefar's r: turn from
Spain, a. 708, Cicero delivered his
oration in defence of king Dfjota-
; Rus, (q. v.). On the third day of the
I Saturnaha, Caefar paid a viiit to Cice-
\ to at his country -feat on the Formian
coalt near Cajeta. Catfar had lodged
the night before at the houfe of Philip,
the next neighbour of Cicero, who was
married to Attia, Caefar's niece, and
mother of Octavius, afterwards called
Auguftus. Cicero gives a pleafant de-
; fcription of this entertainment, Alt. 13,
52- .
Cicero w^as not concerned in the con-
fpiracy againft; Caefar j but was pre-
2T ] CIC
fent at his death, Cic Att. 14, 14. J
and Brutus, after Caefar was flain*
holding up his bloody dagger, called
on Cicero by name, to congratulate
with him on the recovery of their li-
berty, Cic. Phil. 2, 12. AH the con-
fpiratovs, prefently running out into the
Forum with their daggers in their
hands, and proclaiming liberty to the
city, every now and then caflcd aloud
on Cicero, Dio 44, 20. Whence An-
tony afterwards accufed Tlicero of ha-
ving been privy to the confpiracy, and
the chief advifcr of it, Phil. 2, 11.;
Fam. 12, 2, & 3.
Cicero followed the confpirators to
the capitol, and urged them to adopt
vigorous meafures ; but Brutus and
Caffius, deceived by Antony, prefer-
red pacific plans, and thus ruined both
themfelves and their caufe, Cic. Att.
14, 10. ; Phil. 2, 35. When the con-
fpirators, by the art of Antony, were
obliged to leave the city, Cicero foon
after left it alfo, Cic. ad Brut. 15. great-
ly mortified to fee things take a wrong
turn by the indolence of his friends.
He ufed often to fay, " That the Ides
of March had produced nothing that
pkafed him but the aft of the day ;
which had been executed indeed with
manly fpirit, but fupported with chiid-
ifli counfels,'* Cic. Att, 14, 6, £'^21. et
15, 4. *' That tyranny lived, when
the tyrant was killed," /3. 14, 9, {^Vid.
Caesar, p. 74.)
Cicero, while he ftaid in the coun-
try, wrote his treatife on the nature ot
the gods, in three books, (De Napu-
RA Deorum), addreffed to Brutus,
Cic. hat.D. 1, 6.; alfo on Divina-
tion, in two books, Cic, Div. 1,4.;
on old age, in one book, called Cato
Major, addreffed to Atiicus, Cic. Sen,
I,; on Friendship, alfo addreffed to
Atticus, Cic. Amic, i, and on Fate ;
which is fuppoftd to have been the
fubje6t of a conyerfation with Hirtius,
in his inlla near PuteoU.
Cicero was now alfo compofmg a
hiflory of his own times, or rather of
his own conduft, which he calls his
Anecdote («v£)c^otovj ; or anecdotes.
C I C [I
in tlie fatirical manner of Theopompus,
( Theopomp'ino genere, aut ct'iam afperiore
multo)y CIc. Att. 2, 6. et 14, 17. At-
ticus wifhed him to continue this work
down through Caefar's government ;
but this he referved for a diftinft hifto-
ry, in which he defigned to vindicate
the juftice of kilhng a tyrant, lb. cl \ 5,
3. ; Fam, 12, 16. Dio fays, that Ci-
cero delivered this book fealed to his
fon, (T^-raih.) with ilrift orders not
to read or publifh it till after his deatli,
39, 10. ; but he never after this faw his
fon. Some commentators therefore ap-
ply the cxpreffion of Dio, (ra -rxtli,
piiero), to Tiro, the favourite (lave,
and afterwards freedman of Cicero.
Cicero probably left the work unfinifli-
cd, thougli fume copies of it afterwards
got abroad, from v;hich his commen,
tator Afconius has quoted feveral par-
ticulars, in Tog. candid. Boethius alfo
quotes it, De Mufica^ i, i.
As Antony, by means of Caefar's
veteran foldierp, podcffcd all povver at
Rome, Cicero now refolved to make a
voyage to Greece, and fpend feme
months with his fon, who was then
ftudying at Athens under the philofo-
pher Ariilippus. On this account he
wrote to the confuls Antony and Do-
labella, to procure for him the privi-
lege of a free legation [legatlo libera) y
Att. 15, 8. Dolabella immediately
named him one of his own lieutenants ;
which pleafed Cicero better, ib. 11.
While Cicero ftaid in the coun-
try preparing for his voyage, he began
his book of ofTices, [l)c nficus,) for
the ufe and inilrudtion of his fon, Att.
15, 13, et 14. He alfo wrote a treatife
on Glory, ib. 27. which is faid to have
been extant after the invention of priiit-
ing ; but fomchow was loft. See Middle-
ion's life cf Cicero J vol. 3, p. 64.
Cicero thinking that he would fail
more fafcly in company with Brutus
and Cafiius, v/ho v^ere then prcpaiing
to pafs over into Greece, frequently
gave hints of his wifhes to Brutus.
But finding his propofal received more
coldly than he expected, he fet fail
ulone in the month of July, with three
22 1 CIC
fmall galleys, Att. 16, 4, 5. with a re-
folution of returning to Rome before
the end of the year, that he might be
prefent in the fenate on the i il of Ja-
nuary, when Hirtius and Panfa were
to enter on their confulfnip, ib. 6. et
pili I, 2. V/hilft Cicero failed
along the coaft from Velia, he wrote
his treatife on topics, (Topica), or
the art cf finding arguments on any
queftion ; addreffed to Trebatius, to
Vv'hom he fent it from Rhegium, Clc,
Fam. 7, 19. ; Top. I. In reading
his books on the academic philofophy,
he difcovered that the preface to the
third book was the fame with what he
had prefixed to his book on Glory. It
was his cullom, it feems, to prepare at
leifure a number of different prooems,
which, by a little alteration, might be
adapted to any fubjeft, [Habeo volu-
men prsoeniiorum. ex eofellgere /oleoj i5'c.)
So that by miftake he had ufed thia
preface twice without remembering it.
He therefore compofed a new one for
his book on Glory, and fent it to At-
ticus, Clc. Att. i6y6-
Cicero arrived at Syracufe on the
iftof Auguft; whence he failed next
day, and -vivas driven back by crofs
winds to Leucopetra, Clc. Phil. 1,6.;
yJtt. 16, 7. Here he met with fome
people lately from Rome, who brought
him news of an unexpedled turn of af-
fairs there tov>'ards a general pacifica-
tion. Upon which he dropped all
thoughts of purfuing his voyage, and
immediately fet out on his return to
Rome, lb. At Velia, he had a confe-
rence with Brutus, the laft they ever
had, Clc. Att. 16, 7,; Fam. 12, 25.;
ad Brut. 1 5 ; Phil, i , 4. Cicero, up-
on his arrival at Rom.e on the laft day
of Auguft, was met by great numbers
of the citizens who came out to con-
gratulate him on his return, Plutarch*
He did not however find things in the
favourable ftate which he expefted.
The fenate met next morning, to which
he was particularly fummoned by An.-
tony, but cxcufed h.imfelf by a civil
meftage, as being indifpofed by the fa-
tigue of his journey : at which Anto-
C I C [I
ny was fo offended, that he threaten-
ed to order his houfe to be pulled
down, if he did not come immediate-
ly ; till by the interpolition of the af-
fembly, he was diffuaded from ufing
any violence, Cic. Phil, i, 5. The fe-
nate met again next day, when Anto-
ny being abfent, tb. 5, 7. Cicero deli-
vered the firft of thofe orations, which,
in imitation of Demollhenes, he after-
wards called Philippics. Antony
was greatly enraged at this fpeech, and
fummoned another meeting of the fe-
nate, where he again required Cicero's
attendance. But Cicero, though de-
firous to go, [ciip'iens venire j) was pre-
vented by his fiiends, who were appre-
henfive of fome defign againft his life,
Cic. Phil. 5, 7.; Fam. 12, 2 J. Their
apprehenfions were confirmed by An-
tony's fpeaking with fuch fury, that,
as Cicero fays, alluding to what An-
tony had done a little before in public,
he feemed rather to fpew than to fpeak,
Cic» Fam. 12, 2. Cicero, feeing that
a breach w^ith Antony was now inevi-
table, for the fake of fecurity remo-
ved from Rome to fome of his villas
near Naples, where he compofed the
Second Philippic, by way of reply
to Antony ; which was not delivered
in the fenate, but afterwards publifli-
ed. It is a bitter invedlive againll the
whole life of Antony, and was fup-
pofed to have been the chief caufe of
the death of Cicero. It was fo great-
ly admired, that Juvenal calls it a di-
vine compofition. After mentioning
a verfe of Cicero's on his confulfhip,
0 fortunatam natam^ me confule. Remain!
which was much ridiculed, he adds,
ylntonii gladlos potuit centemnere^ Ji Jic
omnia dixijfet. Ridenda poemata malo^
quam te^ conjpicuae divina P h i l i p p i c a
famacy Volveris a prima qiiae prox'nraf
i. e. fecunda, 10, 122, Sec. After
this Cicero finiflied his book of Offi-
ces, or the duties of man, for the ufe
of his fon, Cic, y///. 16, ii. He now
alfo, as it is thought, compofed his
Stoical Pa R A D o X E s , or an illu llrat ion
of the particular doftrines of that (cti,
addrefled to Brutus.
23 ] CIC
Antony left Rome about the end
of September, to meet four legions,
which were coming from Macedonia
to Brundufium, and by money to en-
gage them in his fervice ; but three of
them rejeded his offers, and would
not follow him. Upon which he in-
vited their centurions to his lodging,
and ordered fuch of them as he fuppo-
fed inimical to be maffacred, to the
number of 300, Cic. Fam. 12, 23. ;
Phil. 3, 2, SiC. et 5, 8. ; Z)/o, 45, 13.
He returned to Rome in great rage,
and publiflied feveral threatening e-
dids ; but hearing that two of the le-
gions from Brundufium, the fourth,
and that called Legio Martia, had de-
clared for Oftavius, he fuddenly af-
fembled the fenate, made feveral haf-
ty decrees, and then left Rome to
feize on Cifalpine Gaul, which was
then poffeffed by D. Brutus as his pro-
vince, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, &.C. 5, 2, &c. ;
Fell. 2, 61.
About this time Cicero, at the car-
neft requeft of Oppius, formed an u-
nion with 06lavius, on condition that
Oftavius fnould befriend Brutus and
his accomplices, Cic. Att. 16, 15. Ci-
cero, however, often expreffed his
fufpicions that Oclavius could not be
fincere in fupporting the confpirators,
Cic. Ait. 16, 8, 9, II, 14, &c. Pie
therefore was careful to arm him on-
ly with a power fulhcient to crufli An-
tony, yet fo checked and limited, that
he Ihould not be able to opprefs the
repubhc, ih. But in this he was out-
witted by Odavius, Appian. B. C. p.
568.
Cicero having heard of the retreat
of Anto'iy, returned to Rome, where
he arrived on the 9th December. The
new tribunes, (one of whom was Caf-
ca, who gave the firll blow to Cae-
far), in the ab fence of the luperior
magiftrates, called a meeting of the
fenate on the 19th, {^xii'i. Kal. Jan.)
Cicero had refolved not to go to the
fenate till the tirlt ot January ; yet
happening on that day to receive the
edid of D. Brutus, which prohibited
Antony from entering his provinces,
0^2 he
[ 124 1
and this foldiers
C I c
he went to the fenate early-
being obferved by the other fenators,
prefently drew together a full houfe,
Ck. Ep. Fam. il, 6. Here Cicero de-
livered his Third Philippic, in
which he gave it as his opinion, among
other things, ** that what Oftavius
(called alfo Caefar Oftavianus) had
done as a private perfon, ihould be
conlinried by public authority ; that
the legions which had deferted from
Antony and joined Ottavius, fliould
be rewarded ; and that D. Brutus by
his fervices had deferved well of the
republic," PJAL 3, 15. A decree of
the fenate was made agreeably to Ci-
cero's opinion. Cicero pailed from
the fenate-houfe directly to the forum,
and informed the people from the rof-
ira of what the fenate had done, in his
Fourth Philippic. Thefe two
fpeeches were fo well received, that
Cicero afterv^'ards declared publicly,
that he fhould have been falisfied, if
this had been the lall day of his life,
when the people with one voice ex-
claimed, *' that he had a fecond time
faved the republic," Phil. 6, i. In
the mean time Antony had laid fiege
to Mutina, where D. Brutus, unable
to oppofe Antony in the field, had
fhut himfelf up.
On the ill of January a. 710, {////--
iioet Panfa Co^),Q^Fulius Calen us.
■who was firft aflced
nis opmion, a;
be-
ing the father;-in-law of Panfa, adviled,
'* that ambaffadors fnould be fent to
Antony, to order him to dcfiil from
the fiege of Mutina, and fubmit to
the authority of the fenate." Pilb and
feveral others were of the fame mind.
But Cicero warmly oppofed this mo-
tion in his Fifth Philippic, by the
ilrongeft arguments, ib. I, — 12. and
gave it as his opinion, *' That no fur-
ther mention Ihould be made of an
embaffy, that war fhould be inftantly
entered upon, that a vacation from all
civil bufinefs [jujiitium), fliould be
appointed, that the militai7 drefs
fhould be alTumed, inftead of the togaj
{fagajumi oj^ortere), and that levies of
C I c
fhould be made in the city,
and through Italy, without admitting
any exemption or excufe, ( fuhlatls va-
Ciitionibus) ; that the whole republic
fliould be committed to the confuls,
to take care that it received no detri-
ment," &c. iL Cicero next propofed,
that particular honours fliould be de-
creed to D. Brutus, to Lepidus, and
Oclavius, whom he calls C. Caefar, iL
13, &c. With refpecl to the honours,
though thofe prop©fed to Oclavius
v/ere very extraordinary, the fenate
readily agreed with Cicero. But the
houfe was much divided about the
main queilion of fending a deputation
to Antony. Some of the principal fe-
nators were for it. The confuls them-
ftlvcs fecretly favoured it, and therefore
arLfully avoided putting it to the vote;
as it appe?red the majority would have
confirmed the opinion of Cicero. But
after the debate had continued for
three days, Salvius, a tribune, by his
interpofition, prevented a decree of
the fenate from being made, Cic. Phi/,
6, I, et 14, 7. Appiatup. 559. At lall
the friends of Antony, a lew days af-
ter prevailed that an embaffy Ihould
be fent. Three fenators of confular
rank were prefently nominated, S.
Sulpicius, L. Pifo, and L. Philippus»
The unufual length of thefe debates
having greatly excited the curiolity of
the people, Cicero was loudly called
upon to give them an account of what
had been done. Being, therefore,
produced in the rof.ra by Apuleius, the
tribune, he recounted to an affembly
of the people the proceedings of the
fenate in his Sixth Philippic, in
which he difapproved of the embafly,
and predided the refult of it, Phil,
6, I, &c. In the mean time, the
friends of Antony, at the head of
whom was Calenus, endeavoured to
mitigate the public refentmeut againfl
Antony by various arts. Cicero, there-
fore, in a meeting of the fenate, call-
ed about ordinary matters, took occa-
fion to roufe the affembly, and to point
out to them the mifchievous vievi^s of
thofc
C ! C [ 12
t^ofe wKo advifed an accommodation
with Antony, in his Seventh Phi-
lippic.
Sulpicius died on his embafTy. PI-
fo and Phih'p returned about the be-
ginning of February, without fuccefs,
as Cicero had predi<Sied ; bringing un-
fufFerable demands from Antony, who
did not difccntluue the ficge of Muti-
ra for a moment, but battered it fu-
rioufly with his engines, even in pre-
fence of the ambafTadors, Cic. Phil 8,
7, «?cc. Stili, however, the partizans
of Antony ftrove to foften the decree
of the fenate again ft him, and partly
fucceeded in oppofition to Cicero,
PrjiL 8, I, & 10, ct 12, 7. Fam. 12, 4.
Cicero next day, in his Eighth Phi-
lippic, ftrongly expoftulates with
the fenate for their imprudent lenity ;
and concluded with prcpofing, " That
impunity (hould be granted to fuch as
deferted Antony before the Ides of
March, but if any one (hould go over
to Antony except L. Varius Cotyla,
his ambaffador, that the fenate would
confider him as an enemy to his coun-
try, PhiL 8, 1 1. The fenate being
aflembled by Panfa to confider what
marks of refpeft fhould be decreed to
the memory of Sulpicius, Cicero pro-
pofed, in his Ninth Philippic,
*' that a magnificent funeral (hould be
made for him at the public expence,
and a ftatue of brafs erefted to him
in the roflra, with other honours ;"
to all which the fenate agreed, PhiL
Brutus having fent public letters to
the confuls, concerning his fuccefTcs
in Macedonia, (See Brutus), Pan-
fa called a meeting of the fenate, and
having fpoken largely in praife of Bru-
tus, moved that public honours and
thanks (hould be decreed to him. Then,
according to his ufual cuftom, he iirft
aflced Calenus his opinion, who ha-
ving deti acted from the merits ot Bru-
tus, was (harply attacked by,CIcero,
in liis Tenth Philippic. The (e-
iiate, according lo the opinion of Ci-
cero, coatirmtd what Brutus had done,
and ordered him to proteft Macedonia
and Greece with the army which he
had raifed, in conjunction with Ql
HoRTENsius, the proconful, by whom
he had been greatly affifted, P/jIL 10,
1 1. The news being brought to Rome,
that Dolabclla had furprifed and cru-
elly killed TreboniuS) the governor
of Alia at Smyrna, Dolabella was
judged an enemy by the fenate at the
motion even of Calenus, with whom
Cicero concurred, in his Eleventh
Philippic. But there was a differ-
ence of opinion about the appoint-
ment of a general againft Dolabella ;
fome propofing Scrvlllus, and others
the two confuls. Cicero, however,
gave his opinion for Caffius, Phi/. 11,
12. and afterwards fupported it in a
fpeech to the people, in oppofition
to the authority of Panfa, and the
wifhes even of CalTius's neareft rela-
tions, Cic. Fam. 12, 7.
D. Brutus being reduced to great
ftraits at Mutina, and the friends of
Antony having given aiTurances that
he was difpofed to peace, Cicero, an-
xious to preferve Brutus, had agreed
to go on an embafly to Antony with
Servilius, and three others of ccnfu-
lar dignity. But having learned that
there was no change of mind in Anto-
ny, and that he was as much fet on
the deftruclion of Brutus, and on pro-
fecuting the war, as ever, Cicero re-
tracted his opinion, and gave many
convincing reafbns for it in the fenate,
in his Twelfth Philippic, c. i, 2,
&:c. Soon after, Panfa fet out with
the forces which he had newly raifed,
to join iHirtius and Octavius againft
Antony. In the mean tinie Lepldu^
who commanded a great army in Gaui,
and had lately made peace with Scx-
tus, the fon of Pompey, wrote a pu-
blic letter to the fenate, to exhort
them to rneafures of peace with An-
toiiy, witnout taking any notice of
t)\e honours which the Senate had de-
creed to him. Cicero, in ttis Thir-
teenth Philippic, fpeaks in praife
of peace, but infiils, that there could
be
etc t I
\je no peace with Antony, P/j/Z.ij,
1, 2, & 3. He however airented
to a vote propofed by Servilius, to
thank Lepidus for his defire to reftore
peace among his countrymen, P//i/.
13, 21. and wrote Lepidus a letter to
that efFeft» Fam. 10, 27. Cicero, at
the fame time, read over in the fenate,
a letter, which Antony had written
to Hirtius and Oclavius, with a view
to detach them from the intereft of
the fenate. But they, inftead of an-
fwering the letter, fent it £0 Cicero,
to make what ufe of it he thoug-ht
proper. Cicero read it to the fenate,
paragraph by paragraph, with perti-
nent remarks on each, Phi!. 13, 10, —
21.
The news of Antonyms defeat at
Mutina reached Rome on the 20th
April, where it raifed an incredible
joy. The people prefently aflembled
at Cicero's houfe, carried him in a
kind of triumph to the capitol, and
from thence home, Cic. Phil. 14, 5.
ad Brut. 5. Cicero received a parti-
cular account of this battle from Gal-
ba, one of the confpirators, who bore
a principal command in it, Fam. 10,
30. There came alfo public difpatch-
es from the confuls and Caefar ; which
Comiitus, the city praetor, next day
laid before the fenate. Servilius gave
It as his opinion, *' That the citizens
(liould lay afide the faguniy and refurae
the togdj and that a public thankfgi-
ving Ihould be decreed in honour of
the confuls and Oclavius." Cicero,
in his FouRTSENTH and lad Philii-
pic, gave it as his opinion, " that the
fdgum (hould not be laid aiide till they
were fure that the fiege of Mutina was
raifed, and Brutus freed from danger,"
Phil. 14, I. ; but agreed with Servili-
us, in decreeing a tliankfgiving for fif-
ty days ; as alfo rewards to the offi-
cers and foldiers who had diftinguifh-
ed themfelves in battle, and that the
fame rewards fliould be given to the
relations of thofe who had fallen, as
to themfelves, if alive, ib. 14. Soon
after, Hirtius and' Odavius attacked
26 1 Clc
Antony's entrenchments before Muti-
na, and being aided by a fally of Bru-
tus from the town, forced the camp
of Antony, who fled precipitately
with all his cavalry towards the Alps.
Hirtius was killed in the a6lion ; and
Panfa, the day follovi^ing, died at Bo-
logna, of the wounds he hud received
in the former battle, Cic. Ep. ad Brut..
4. Fam. 10,33. ^^ *^» *3' ^ppi^in. 3,
p. 372. Thus Oclavius became maf-
ter of the three armies. Whereupon,
inflead of improving his victory, he
determined to form an union with An-
tony and Lepidus, againft the party
of the fenate, and the confpirators,
for whom he had hitherto fought,
(See OcTA\-ius.)
Cicero was foon aware of the dan-
gerous turn which the death of the
two con f 'lis was likely to give to pu-
blic affairs, Fam. 12, 25 f/ 11, 9, 5c
13. He therefore implored Brutus
to bring his legions into Italy, as the
only thing which could fave the re-
public, ad Brut. 10. He attempted
alfo to fecure every other refource in
his power, by writing to Lepidus,
Plancus, and Pollio, to preferve their
attachment to the republic ; and they,
for fome time, ftruck with the defeat
of Antony, gave Cicero the ilrongeft
affuranccs of their fidelity, Cic. Fam,
10, 11, 12, 15,-33, & 34._ He even
had fome hopes of prevailing on Oc-
tavius to continue ftedfaft to the fe-
nate, ad Brut. 3. Nor did Oclavius
at ^i\-^ difcover his real intentions till
he got every thing he wifhed decreed
to his army, and himfelf made conful,
with (y^Pcdius, in the room of Hirtius
and Panla, Suet. Aug. 26. ; Dio^ 46,
45. Plutarch fays, that Cicero, old
as he was, fuffercd himfelf to be du-
ped by fo young a man as Oftavius,
(who was not yet twenty), by the of-
fer of the confulfhip to himfelf ; and
that Cicero, on this account, brought
over the fenate to favour the views of
Odavius. Brutus, in a letter to Ci-
cero, fays, that he had heard that Ci-
cero adlually was made conful, ad
Brul.
C I G [12
Brut,/^. But Cicero, writing to Bru-
tus, gives a very different account of
the matter from that of Plutarch, ib.
lo. The firft thing 06lavius did,
after being made conful, was to feize
all the public money, and divide it a-
inong his foldiers ; complaining of fe-
veral affronts, which he alleged had
been put upon him by the fenate ;
particularly of their calling him a boy,
DiOf 46, 41.; Sitet. ylug. 12. For
on account of his youth, he was com-
monly dillinguiflied by the name of
*' The young man, or the egy,'*
Appian. p. 537, 545, 554, & 557.;
D'w, 46, 30. ; C'lc. Ph'iL 13, II. He
alio complained of Cicero's having u-
fcd an ambiguous exprefTion concern-
ing him, Lmidandum adolefcentem^ or-
iiandumy tollendum; which lafl word
fignifies either, " that he ought to be
advanced to honour, or cut off."
Octavius added, " that he would take
care not to put it in any man's power
to cut him off," C'lC. Fam. 11, 20.;
P't'Il. 2, 62.; Suet. Avg. 12. Odavi-
us now was Independent of the fenate,
and had no further ufe for Cicero.
He therefore was glad to lay hold of
any pretext to break with them.
Oclavius, \ntony, and Lepidus,
having concluded an alliance, agreed
on a profcription of their enemies.
06lavius is faid at firft to have oppo-
fed this meafure, Suet. Aug. 27. and
to have'ftruggled for two days to pre-
ferve Cicero ; but at laft gave him up
to pleafe Antony, Plutarch, in C'lc. ;
Veil. 2, 66. Cicero being informed
of the profcription, attempted to make
liis efcape, and might have fucceeded,
if he had ufed fufficient difpatch ; but
being overtaken by a party of foldiers,
under the command of Popilius Lae-
iias, a centurion, whom Cicero had
formerly defended in a trial for parri-
cide, (whence Seneca calls him the cli-
ent of Cicero, Tranquil, an. 15.), he
fubmltted to his fate with great forti-
tude. Popilius cut off his head, and
risjht hand, which had written the
P.Mippi'jp, and carried them to Anto-
7 1 C I C
ny, who then liappened to be fitting"
in the forum. Antony greatly rejoi-
ced at the death of Cicero, liberally
rewarded the centurion, and ordered
the head and hand to be fixed on the
roftra, Appian. B. C. p. 600. & 60 1.
Plutarch relates feveral circUmftan-
CCS concerning the death of Cicero dif-
ferently. He fays, that the foldiers
were commanded by Herennius, a
centurion, and Popilius, a tribune ;
that Herennius cut off Cicero's head
by Antony's command, and his hands
alfo, with which his Philippics had
been written ; and that Antony, when
thefe members were brought to him,
faid, " Now, let there be an end of
our profcriptions," in Cic. p. 885. ;
btit in another place, Plutarch fays,
that Antony ordered only the head
and right hand to be cut off, in Anton,
p. 894. So the epitomifer of Livy,
who calls Popilius a legionary foldier,
and writes thus : Ciceronls — caput quo-
que cum dextrd manu in rojlris pofitum
ejl, Epit. 120. So alfo Valerius Maxi-
"^"s, 5, 3, 4. But in a fragment of
Livy, prefervcd by the elder Seneca,
the head of Cicero is faid to have been
fixed on the roftra, between his two
hands, Senec. Suafor. 6. Cremuti-
us Cord us however, as quoted by
the fame author, mentions only the
right hand, ib. So Juvenal, alluding
to this fad, Ingenio manus efl et cer-
vix caefa^ 10, 120. Fulvia, the wife
of Antony, is faid to have infulted
the head of Cicero in a Shocking man-
ner, pulling out the tongue, and pier-
cing it with a hair bodkin, Dio, 4;/,
8. Cicero was killed in his villa
near Cajeta, on the 7th December,
in the 64th year of his age. His
death is faid to have been foreboded
in a remarkable manner by crows,
Appian. et Plutarch, ib. Val Max, I,
4. 5-
The ancient authors feem to labour
for exprellions to deplore the fate of
Cicero, and moft of them to deteft
the cruelty of Antony ; thus, Abjlu-
lit una dies aevi decus, ictague luSlu Con-
ticuit
C I C [
ticutt Lat'tae trljlis facundla linguae, —
PuMica vox faev'ts (?\ civis) aefdrnum
ohmutvk arm'ts. Corn. Sever, apud Se-
ll ec. Suafor 6. Chit as lacrhnas ten ere
lion potuitf Qt/um rec'ifum Ciceronts caput
in ilTis Juh rqfirts videretur, Flor. 4, 6.
Caeteronim htelus fr'ivatos tudus excita-
Tfi'unt, ilia una comrnunem, Cordus a-
pnd Senec. ib. Velleius Paterculus,
after narrating the murder of Cicero,
addreffes a pathetic apoftrophe to An-
tony ; Nihil tamen egijliy M. Anionic
mercedem caelejlijjimi oris, et clarijjimi
SJciJfi numerando, (fc. Popih'o Laena-
ti,) &c. Plvit, vi-vetque per omnium
faeculorum memoriam : Omnijque pojleritas
iUius in te fcripta mirahitur, tuum in eum
faBum execrabitur, citiiifque tn munda
genus homimim, quarn hnjus nomen cadets
2, 66. Livy fays of Cicero, /^/r mag-
nuSf aeeff memorahiTts fuit., et in cujiis
hi^ides fequendas Cicerone laudatore opus
Jmrit. apud Senec. ibid. Add. Plin»
10, 30, f. 3i. Valeiius above all juft-
ly execrates the ingratitude of Popili-
its> 5, 54. Cicero perhaps defended
Popilius, though he knew him to be
guilty. If fo, the return he met with
is remarkable. I: is more worthy of no-
tice, that Cicero, fpeaking of Antony's
grandfather, whofe fate was very fimi-
lar to his own, fays to Antony,
(though abfent), Acerbi/fimum ejus diem
fupremum malim, quam L. Cinnae donii-
nafum, a quo die crudelijfiiue ejl interjec-
tuSf Phil. I, 14.
Cicero, as to his perfon, was tall
and (lender, with a long and fmall
Beck, {^procerum et t::nue cclliim), Cic.
Br. 91. but his appearance was grace-
fol, ^decora fades), Senec. Suaior. 6
He was naturally of a v/eak conlti-
tHtion, but fticngtheiied it io much
by care and temperance, that he en-
jo)^ed health and vigour to the laft,
«5. When attacked by any flight in-
c!ifpafition, his ufual remedy was ab-
fiinencc, Cic. Fam. 7, 26.
Cicero had a great number of fine
Jioufes in different parts of Italy, fome
reckon up eighteen, all built or pur-
chafed by himfclf, except the family
12^ ] CIC
- feat at Arpinum. Thefe, on account
of their elegant flrufture and pleafant
fituation, he calls the eyes or the beauties
of Italy, {oChL'LO^ Italiae), Cic. Att.
16, 3, &: 6. His favourite villas were
thofe of Tufculuai, Antium, Aflura,
Formiae, Cumae, Puteoli, and Pom-
peii, all of them large enough for the
reception, not only of his own family,
but of his friends and guefls. Befides
thefe, he had feveral fmall inns [diver-
Jiola) or re'ting places, in palTmg from
one villa to another, Cic, Att. 14, 8.
Cicero's revenues muft have been very
confiderable to enable him to build and
fupport fo many great houfes. As his
paternal fortune was but fmall, the
fources from vi^hich he derived his funds
were, the emoluments of his public of-
fices, the prcfents of his clients, and
the legacies left him by his friends ;
which laft, he himfelf informs us, a-
mounted to near 200,000 1. (amplius
H. S, ducenties ) , Phil. 2, 16. The furni-
ture of Cicero's houfes was fultable
to their elegance. There was a cedar
table of his remaining in Pliny's time,
faid to have been the firft of the kind
in Rome, and to have coil about L. 80
(H. S. X.), Plin. 13, 15, & 16. By»
thefe expences Cicero was often invol-
ved in pecuniary difficulties, Vid. Ep,
ad Alt, pajfim.
Cicero's moral charadler, though
cenfured by his enemies, ^indiU 12,
I, 14. was on the whole irreproach-
able. His ruling paflion was the love
of glory, Cic. Att. 1, 15. <?/ 2, 17. Fam,
9, 14. Arch. II. Mil. 35. He was
blamed for his vanity, and for boafling
too frequently of the actions which he
performed in his confulihip, Dio, 38,
12. Bat, as Quinftilian obferves, he
feldom did this without reafon ; either
to repel calumny, or to vindicate his
conduA when attacked, 11, i, 17. So
he himfelf fays, Dam, 35, & 36. Har,
Rejp. 8. He was alfo accufed of timi-'
dity, which charge he allows to be jufl,
Fam. 6, 14. Att. 13, 37. but, by way
of explanation, adds, that he was not
timid in encountering dangers, but in
forefeeing
C I C [I
forefeein^ tKem ; which, as Quindlh'an
juftly obfcrvcs, he confirmed by many
parts of his condu6l, and chiefly by his
death, 12,1, 17. But Quinttih'an carries
his eulogiiim too far, when he reprcfents
Cicero as a perfect patriot, (Nee Mar-
co "TttUio defuiffe video in uUa parte civis
optimi twlutilatemjf ib. 16. Unfortu-
nately there are too many iiillanccs on
record of his mean compliance to thofe
in power, which ou^ht to be afcribed
chiefly to his timidity. Hence the
fharp repartee of Laberius, the writer
of farces, {^mimographus)^ to Cicero ;
who one day obferving Laberius feek-
ing for a feat in the theatre, faid to
him while pafling by, " I (hould give
you a feat, if I were not ftraitened for
room,'' [n'lfi augujl^ federem). ^^ It is
a wonder you are ftraitened foi* room,
fays Laberius, when you ufe to fit on
two ftools," [miruyn ft augujle fedes y qui
J'oles duabus fellis federe) , alluding to Ci-
cero's profclTions of friendfhip both to.
Pompey and Caefar, while he was fin-
cerely attached to neither, Senec. Con-
trov. 3, 18.; Macroh. Sat. 2, 3. — Cice-
ro was apt to be too much elated in
profperity, and dejeifted in adverfity,
Senec. Sua/. 6. ; BruL ad C'lc. 4.
But Cicero is chiefly to be admired,
not merely as a ftatefman, but as an
orator, a man of genius, and a fcholar,
in all which, taken together, he has
perhaps never been equdlled. His in-
dufl:ry in fl:udy amidft fo many ])ublic
and private engagements is aftonirtiing.
Catullus, his contemporary, in thank-
ing him for fome favour, addrefles him
thus, Dijertiffime Komuli nepofum, ^lot
funty quotque fuerey ^otque pojl a His erunt
in annisy Slc. 47. ; and Julius Caefar
faid, that Cicero had acquired a laurel
fuperior to that of all triumphs, in as
much as it was more glorious to have
extended the fame of Roman genius,
than to have enlarged the limits of the
empire, {quant 0 plus ejl ingenii Romani
ierminos in tanium promovlffcy quam impe-
.rii)y Plin. 7, 30. During the domi-
.nion of the Triumviri and of Auguilus,
it was fafliionable among the flatterers
29 1 C I c
of power to difparage the merit of Ci-
cero, {adulatores praefentis potentiae .non
rcjponfurum invaferunt)y Quindil. i?,-
10, 13. The Oily writer of that pe-
riod who fpeaks of Cicero with refpec^,
is Livy. Virgil and Horace do not fo
much as mention his name. Virgil h
fuppofed to have him in view when he
yields the fuperiority of eloquence to
the Greeks, [Orabunt canfas melius y fc.
alii, nempe Graecl), Aen. 6, 849. But
fucceeding authors do Cicero ample
juftice. Quinftilian compares him with
Demoftheues, and feems, on the whole,
to ^\^t Cicero the preference, lo, i,
105, ^c. He calls him Optimus auBor
ac magifler eloquentiae, 5^, 11, 17. Lati-
nae eloquentiae princepSy 6,3,1. Caele/lis
in dicetido vir, ic, 2, 18. In omnibus e-
nnnentiJTimuSy 12,10, 12. Nam mihi vi-
detur M. Tullius effnxtJTe vim Denujlhe-
nisy copiam Plaionisy jucunditatem Ifocra-
tisy 10, I, 108. ^are non immerito ah
hominibus aetatisfuae regnare in judiciis
didus ejl ; apud pqjleros vero id confecutiis,"
ut jam non hominis nomeny fed eloquentiae
habeatur. Hunc igiturjpedtemusy hoc pro-
pofitum nobis Jit exemphm ; illefe profecijfe
fciaty cui Cicero valde placebity ib. 112,
Lucan calls him, Romani maximus au8or
eloquiiy 7, 62. There were, however,
many who cenfured Cicero's diction,
as loofe and languid, tumid and exu-
berant, ^indil. Oy 4, 1. 12, I, 22.^/
12, 10, 12.; Dial, de Orat. 1.8, & 22.
Hence Ciceromastix, -Igisy the • -^ le
of a book written by one Lar^ii s La-
cinius, againft the fl:yle of Cicero, Gell.
None of Cicero's hifl:orical compofi-
tions remain, nor of his poems, but de-
tached paffages in different parts of his
works, which are far from being defti-
tute of merit. Hence Plutarch ranks
him among the moft eminent of the
Roman poets, in Cic. But as he was
greatly inferior to the poets of the fuc-
ceeding age, and did not polifli his
poem.s with fufHcient care, a fev? bad
lines being picked out and turned into
ridicule, ferved to difcredit all the refl: ;
whence Qui n (Lilian fays, In carminibus
R utimim
die
[ MO ]
C I C
vtmam peperclffety quae non defierunt car-
fere malignly ll, i, 24. Thus Martial,
fpeaking of a bad poet, Carmina quod
fcrihis, Mufis et Apelline nullo (i. e. invi-
to)— hoc (fc. vitium) C'tceronls hahes, 2,
89,3.
But of all Cicero's works his philo-
fophical writings are the moft ufeful ;
in which, though he explains and fup-
came mader of the ftate, gave orders
to his friends to report to him the wit-
ty fayings which happened to drop
from Cicero in their company, that he
might infert them among his Apo-
thegms, lb. 9, 1 6. But the moft com-
plete coUef^ion of Cicero's fayings was
publiflied after his death by Tiro, his
freedman, or by fome other perfon, in
ports the opinions of all the different three books ; who, it feems, fhewed
fe6ls, yet he in private approved the
dodlrine of the Academics, who af-
firmed nothing for certain, but fatisfied
themfelves with embracing, after a care-
ful inveftigation, what appeared moft
probable, C'lc. Acad. 4, 3, & 4. T^fi- i>
9. Orat.fn. The pradice of the Aca-
demics of difputing for and againft
every opinion, (de omnibus rebus In con-
trarias partes dtfferend'i, ) was particular-
ly ufeful to an orator, in teaching him
to fpeak readily on all fubjeds, Cic.
'Tufc. 2, 3. Cicero therefore called it
the ** Parent of elegance and copiouf-
■nefs," and often declared, " that he
owed whatever eloquence he had, not
fo much to the fchools of rhetoricians,
as to the walks of the Academy,"
(^Ego aiitem fateor, me oratorem^Ji modo
more folicitude to compile all that oc-
curred, than judgment to make a pro-
per feleftipn, ^ilndil. 6, 3, 5. None
of thefe books are now extant.
M. TuHlus Cicero, ikf. F. the fon of
the orator by Terentia 5 born in the
year before his father was conful, a. 689.
(L, Caefare et C. F'tgulo Cofs.) Cic,
Attr 1,2. commanded a wing of Pom-
pey's horfe in the battle of Pharfalia,
where he was greatly applauded for his
courage, Cic, Off. 2, 13. He wifhed
to attend Caefar in his expedition to
Spain, but his father would not agree
to that propofal, Cic. Att. 12, 7. and
fent him to Athens, with proper at-
tendants, to ftudy philofophy under
Cratippus, ib. 32, 52, & 53, Off, i, i.
Here he remained till after the death
Jim^ aut et'iam quicunqiie fim, non e^ Rhe- of Caefar, when he joined Brutus, who
toriimofficms., fed ex Academiae fpati'is ex
thffey Cic. Orat. 3. Non tantumfe debere
Jchol'is rhetorum-, quantum Academ'tae fpa-
ttis, frequenter ipfe tefiatus eJU Quin Ail. 1 2 ,
2, 23. Ex ph'dofophis plurimum fe traxffe
eloqueni'iae,ld. lO, T, 81. D'lcend't facuU
iatsm ex inlimis fapimt:aefontibusJiuere,i2,
2, 6.) From the fcepticifm of the Aca-
demic philofophy Cipero perhaps partly
derived that want of decifion which was
difcoverablc in feveral parts of his con-
dud.
Cicero was as diitinguilhed for his
wit as for his eloquence. Several fpu-
rious colleftiqns of his fayings were
handed about in his own lifetime, Cic.
Fam. 7, 32. et 9. 16. till his friend Tre-
bonius, after he had been conful,
thought it worth while to publilh a ge-
nuine edition of them, in a volume
which he addreffed to Cicero himfelf,
lb» 15, 2i> Caefir alfo, after he h%-
made hi-.n one of his lieutenants, and
wrote his father a very flattering account
of his abilities and conduct, ad Brut.z,^,
which ^vas confirmed by Lentulus, Cic,
Fam. 12, 14. and Trebonius, ib. 16. and
by the fon's own letters to his father,
Cic. Att, 14, 7, 15, 16, & 17. but none
of thefe now remain. Young Cicero,
with the troops which he commanded
in Macedonia, completely defeated C.
Antonius, and took him prifoner, Plu-
tarch, in Brut, et Cic. ad Brut. 2, 7.
After the battle of Phihppi and the
death of Brutus, he made his efcape to
Sex. Pompeius ; and after Pompey's
treaty with the triumvirate, returned
to Rome, Appian.p. 619, .672, & 713.
Cicero now, having nothing to do,
funk into a life of indolence and plea-
fure, and the intemperate love of wine,
Flin. 14, 22. He afterwards, however,
was made augur, Appian.p. 619= and
confiJj
C I C f I
conful, {Vid. OcTAVius,) and at laft
proconful of Afia, or, as Appian fays,
of Syria, ib. after which we read no-
thing more concerning him. He is
faid to have had nothing of his father's
genius, but his wit and pohtenefs, («r-
bankatefn,) Senec. Suafor. 6. There
are ftill extant two letters of his to Ti-
ro, when he was about nineteen years
old, the former of which gives us a
very favourabl<l; fpecimen both of his
difpofitions and abilities, C/V. Fam. i6,
21, &. 25.
. J^ Tul/ius Cicero, the brother of
the orator ; after his praetorfliip, a.
692. fucceeded Flaccus as governor
ofAfia, Cic. Flac. 14. Fam. 1,28.;
where he continued for three years,
but did not gain great reputation by
his conduft. In the third year of his
government, he received from his bro-
ther an admirable letter of advice, Cic,
^. Fr. 1,1. He afterwards diftin-
guiflied himfeif as one of Caefar's lieu-
tenants in Gaul, Fid. Caesar, /. 59.
He left Caefar to accompany his bro-
ther to Cilicia, as one of his lieute-
nants, Cic. Fam. 15, 4. In the civil
war he joined Pompey, contrary to
his brother's advice, Cic. yf//. 9, r,
& 6. But after the battle of Pharfa-
lia, he and his fon, in order to make
their peace with Caefar, bafely threw
all the blame on Cicero, Cic, uitt, 11,
8, 9, &c. who on the contrary aded
with great generofity to them, ik.
They were both with Cicero at his
Tufculan villa, when they received the
accounts of their being profcribed by
the Triumvirate. They might have
eicaped, had they inftantly fled ; but
Qu^intus and his fon returned to
Pwome, to furnirti them.felves with mo-
ney and other neceffaries. Plere they
were overtaken by Antony's emiffaries.
The fon was found out firft ; who,
defirous to preferve his father, nobly
refufed to difcover the place of his
concealment. But the foldiers inftant-
ly putting him to the rack, the father,
to refcue his fon from torture, burft
from his hiding place, aijd vQlyatarily
31 ] C I N
furrendered himfeif, making no other
requeft to his executioners, than to be
difpatched firft. The fon urged the
fame petition ; fo that the afl'aflins,
to fatisfy both, taking them apart,
killed them according to agreement at
the fame time, Dio, 47, 10.; Appian.
p. 601. ; Plutarch, in Cic, Jin.
CiCERONES pueri^ young Marcus
and Quintus, the fons of Cicero and
of his brother, whom Cicero carried
with him to Cilicia, Cic. Fam. 2, 17.
CicERRus, a buffoon defcribed by
Horace, Sat. i, 5, 51.
CicuTA, an ufurcr, Hor, Sat. 2, 3,
175-
CiLNiUM genus i an opulent family
or clan in Etruria, Liv. 10, 3.
CiMON, 'onis, the fon of Miltiades,
an illuftrious Athenian general, who
defeated the Perlians in feveral en-
gagements, (G. 466.), no lefs diftin-
guifned for his liberality than valour,
Nep. 5,4. ; Cic. Of, 2, 18.
M. CINCIUS Alimentoy a tribune
of the commons at Rome, who got a
lav/ paffed, a. u. 549, called Lex Cin-
ciA, prohibiting any one to receive
from a client money or prefents of
any kind, Cic, Sen, 4. j ■ Tacit, Ann.
11,5-
CiNCiNNATUs, a firname of the
Gens ^intia vel ^lin^ia ; vid. Quin-
TI£S.
Cine AS, -ae, the minifter and fa-
vourite general of Pyrrhus, (G. 231.)
CINNA, a firname of feveral Ro-
man gentes or clans, particularly of the
^ens Cornelia.
L. Cornelius C INNA, firft dift inguifh-
ed himfeif as a lieutenant-general in the
Social or Italic war, after his praetor-
ftiip, Cic. 2' out. 15. He was conful with
Cn. Odavius, a. u. 664, the year after
Sulla and Q^Pompeius were confule.
Sulla, knowing Cinna to be inimical
to him, before he fet out to the war
againil Mithridates, obliged him to
fwear that he would do nothing a-
gainft his intereft in his abfence. But
no fooner was Sulla gone, than Cin-
na openly avov/ed his enmity to Sulla.
Ri ' He
C 1 N [I
He propofed a law, «< That the Ita-
lians, who had lately been made citi-
zens, fhould be diftributed through all
the thirty-five tribes,'* inftead of vo-
ting in eight feparatc tribes by them-
felves, Veil. 2, 20. ; being bribed, as
was fuppofed, with 300 talents, y//-
p'tan, B. C. I, p. 389. This vi'as violently
oppofcd by Oftaviiis and the Patrici-
ans, who expelled Cinna from the ci-
t}'-, after a bloody conteft, to which
Cicero alludes, Sext. 36. deprived him
of his olflce, and eletled Merula con-
ful in his room. But Cinna, being
joined by Sertorios and Carbo, raifed
forces in different parts of Italy ; and
having recalled Marias and the other
exiles, advanced againft the city with
a great army in four divifions. Several
bloody contefts took place before the
walls, lb. el Liv. Epit, 79. At lad
0(?l:avius and the fenate were forced
to fubmitj and receive Cinna into the
city. Marias flopped at the gates,
on pretext, that being an exile, he
could not enter the city, till the de-
cree of his banifhment was reverfed.
Cinna inftantly fummoned an aflembly
for this purpofe ; but Marius waiting
only till three or four tribes gave their
votes, entered the city, as if taken by
ftorm, Plutarch, in Mar. f>. ^'^i. Cin-
r.a and Marius .made a horrible mafTa-
cre of their enemies, 'vid. Marius.
Liv. Epit. 80.; Fell. 2, 22.; Cic.
Phil. Ij 14.; Tufc. 5, 19.; Flor. 3,
21, 13.; Appian. p. 391, 5cc. Cinna,
without any formality of election, (««/
lis comitiis hahitis)^ declared himfelf and
Marius confuls for the next year. Ma-
rius having died in the firll irx)nth,
Cinna nominated in l-is ftead Valerius
Flaccus/ wh(>m he fent into Afia with
two legions, to fuperfede Sulla in the
command of the war againil: Mithri-
dates. But Flaccus being killed by
!Fimbria, [q. 1;.) his quaeilor, Cinna
chofe Carbo as his colleague in the con-
fulate for the tw^o next years, Liv.
Epit. 83. Cinna, when conful for the
fourth time, gave his daughter Gwrne-
lia in marriage to Julius Caefar, Suet*
32 ] C I N
Caef. I. During the dominion of
Cinna m Italy, moft of the nobility
fled to Sulla ; v^'ho having now com-
pletely vanquifhed Mithridates, and ha-
ving forced the two legions under Fim-
bria to join him, was preparing to re-
turn with his victorious army into I-
taly, ap,ainfl: his enemies. Cinna and
Carbo made the moft vngorous efforts
to oppofe him, Liv. Epit. 83. But.
before the arrival of Sulla, Cinna was
cut off in a mutiny of his foldiers at
Ancona ; {^vir dtgnior, qui arbitrio vie-
tornm moreretur, qvam iracumUd fnilitum,
de quo vere diet poiefiy aufwn eum, quae
nemo auderet bonus, perfecijfe quae a nuU
lo nift a fori'ilfiino perjici prx/fent). Veil.
2, 24. Thus Lucan, Sylla potensy Ma-
riiijque ferox, et Cinna cruentus, 4, 822.
Ad Cinnas ATariofque venis, you come
to be ranked with Cinna and Maiius,
ib. 2, 546. Cinna nimin potens, Cic.
Phil. 2, 42. Hence Cinnae faevitiaf
Cic. N. D. 3, 32. CiNNANUM /^»|-
pus, Cic. Red. in Senat. 4. Cinnani
ttmporis iniquitas, ib. 3 1. Cum per tri"
ennium^ Cinnanae Marianaeque partes
Italiam olfiderent, the party of Cinna
and Mariua, Veil. 2, 24.
CINNA, an excellent poet, Virg,
Aen, 9, 35. who took nine years to
write a poem, called Smyrna, CatulL
89. (ai. 92.) to which Horace is fup-
pofed to allude in his advice to au-
thors, to keep their works by them
for nine years, {^nonumque prematur in
annum), Art. P. 388. et ibi Scholiajl.
Cinna is faid to have been rather ob-
fcure. Martial. 10, 21, 4^; and in
fome places alfo obfcene, Ovid. Tri/l. 2,
435. None of bis works now remain*
Some take him to have been the fame
with C. Helvius Cinna, a tribune, who
was torn in pieces by the mob,
through millake, at the funeral of
Caefar, Suet. Caef. 85. ; Val. Max. 9,
9, 2. ; Appian. B. C. 2, 521. ; becaufe
Plutarch calls him a poet, in Brut, p,
993. et in Caef. 740. But they fecm
to have been different perfons.
CiNNAMus, a barber at Rome,
made an eques by the favour of his
miflrefsj
C I N [I
miftrefs ; but having dlHipated his for-
tune, became bankrupt, and an exile,
Martial. J, 6$.
CiNyRAs, -aft a kln;sr of Cyprus,
who bu.'lt a temple to Venus at Pa-
phos, where was an oracle, the hrft
pried of which was Thamyris, a Ci-
lician ; but his pofterity religncd that
office, and one of the royal family
was always elefted. Hence Cinyra-
DEs, -aej a fon or defcendant of Ci-
nyias, Tac. Hifl. 2, 3.
CIPIUS, W Capius, a complai-
fant hufhand, who would affeft to nod
while his wife indulged her amours.
But a flave coming into the room
while he was in one of thefe obliging
flumbers, and attempting to carry off
a flaggon that ftood on the table, Sir-
rah, fays he, Non omnibus dormio,
I do not fleep to all, Fejlus in Non.
tt Cic, Fain. 7, 24.
Cipus, a Roman, on whofe fore-
head two horns are faid to have grown,
which an Harufpex declared was an
emblem of fovereignty, and that if he
entered the city, he fhould become
king of it ; on which account he ne-
ver went within the walls, Ovid. Met.
Circe, -esy the daughter of Sol, or
Titan, (Tttanis, 'ulisj voc. Tifantf
Ovid. Met. 14, 14.) a famous forccrefs.
{G.375-).
CiRis, -iS) f. a name given to Scylla,
the daughter of Nifus, when changed
into a bird, Ovid. Met. 8, 150.
Cispius, a tribune, who coming to
afiill his colleague Fabricius, on the
day on which the law about recalling
Cicero from banifhment was to be pro-
pofed, was attacked by Clodius, and
driven from the forum with great
(laughter, Cic. Sext. 35. poji red. in
Sen, 8. Cicero afterwards defended
him in a trial v/ith much earneftnefs,
{^cum multis hichniis)^ but without fuc-
cefs, Cic. Plane. 3 1 .
CissEUs, (in two fyllables), -eos., a
king of Thrace ; the father of Hecii-
ba, who is hence called Cifseii, -tdis,
33 ] C L A
the daughter of ' Ciffeus, Firg. jlen,
7, 320. et 10, •^05.
Claranus, an illuftrlous gram-
marian, Senec. Ep. 66. \ Martial. 10,
21.
CLAUDIA, 'oel Clodia gens, an
ancient and noble clan at Rome, di-
vided into feveral branches or families,
fome of which were of patrician rank,
as the Nerones, Pulchri, 8cc. others ple-
beian, as the Marcel LI, Suet. Tib. i.;
Cic. Or. I, 38. ; Afcon. in Cic. pro
Scaur. The Gens Claudia originated
from one Atia Clausus, a chief of
the Sabines ; who being obliged to
leave his countiy by a domeftic {^^\^
tion, came to Rome from Regillum,
with a great body of his clients, Liv.
2, 16. (Servius fays 5000, in Virg^
Aen. 7. 706. ) about five years a « tx the
cxpulfion of the kings. They were
admitted into the freedom of the ftate,
and lands affigned to them beyond the
Anio. Their number being after-
wards encreafed by new acceflions from
the fame country, they were called
The old Claudian Tribe, Atta Clau-
fus got the name of Appius Clau-
dius, and being chofen into the fe-
nate, became one of the chief men in
the ftate, Liv. ib. Virgil afcribes the
orisjin of both the Claudian tribe and
Gens to Claufus, a Sabine chief, who
came to the affiftance of Turnus againfl
Aeneas, ( Claudia nunc a qua diff'anditur
et tribiis et gens)y Aen. 7, 708- Sueto-
nius fays, that the patrician branch of
the gens Claudia carne originally from
Regilliy (v. -us, V. -um)^ a city of the
Sabines ; but is uncertain about the
time of its removal to Rome, whether
in the time of Romulus, by the advice
of Titus Tatius, or of Atta Claudius,
the chief of the clan, about fix years
after the expulfion oF the kings, Tib. i:
Dionyfius agrees with Livy as to the
time when the Claudil came to Rome,
( Valeric quartum et Lucrctio iterum Cojf.
a. u. 250), and makes their number
amount to 5000 men that could bear
arms, 1. 5, p. 308. So Plutarch, in
Poplicola,
C L A
Poplicola, p. 1 08.
branch of this clan, ( Patricia g^ns Clai
dia)i from which the Emperor Tibe-
rius was defcended, is faid to have ob-
tained twenty-eight confulfliips, five
diftatorlhips, feven cenforfhips, feven
triumphs, and two ovations. Suet. ib.
This family is faid to have rejected by
joint confent, the firname of Lucius,
becaufe two diftinguiified by that fir-
name had been condemned for capital
crimes, ib. But this muft be under-
itood only of the patrician branch.
[ lU 1 C L A
The patrician bunes Volero and Laetorius, to pre-*
vent the paffing of a law, that the,
plebeian magillrates ihould be created
at the Comiiia Tributa \ but without
fuccefs, ib. et 57. Being fent againft.
the Volfci with an army, he treated
his fold fers with great feverity, ib. 58. ;
on v.'hich account they Ihowed the
utmoft ftubbornnefs, and even fuifered
them.felves to be defeated by the ene-
my, ib. 59. Appius punilhed them
with extreme rigour, ib. Next year
two of the tribunes raifed a criminal
For we find a L. Claudius mcntiontd, profecution againft him before the peo-
Cic. Hay. R.6.', and Liv. 41, 21. —
Tlie gens Claudia was always remark-
able for fiipporting the privileges of
the patricians, (^maje/Iatis pairtim pro-
puj^nafrix), Liv. 6, 4r. and inimical to
pie, (diem ei cJixere.) Appius once
pleaded his caufe, not in the tone of a
criminal, but with the haughtinefs of
an accufer, [accufatorio fpiritu)^ and
fo llruck the tribunes and people by
the rivets of the plebeians, [iuiviica pie- his firmnefs, that they voluntarily ad-
bi)i Id. 9, 34. with the fingle excep- journed his trial to another day. Ap-
tion of P. Claudius or Clodius, the
enemy of Cicero, Suet. Tib. 2. whence
Tacitus fays of Tiberius, that he pof-
fcffed the pride always inherent in
the Claudian family, [vetere atque infi-
td Claudiae ftnniiiae fuperbid), Ann. i,
4. adj. Claudius et Claudia-
Nus ; thus, Claudiae manu St X\ith?^Vids,
i. e. the flrength or fotce of the Clau-
dian family, put for the Claudii, al-
luding to the fteplons of Augulius,
Jior. Od. 4, 4, 73. vid. Nero. Clan-
diana cajlra, tlie camp of Claudius,
Liv. 23, 31, 39, & 48, firft fortified
by Claudius Marcellus, ib. 17.; and
kept up for feveral years ; whence it
retained his name, JAv. 25, 22.
Appius CLAUD1U8 being rr.ade
conful, a. 259, fhevvtd himfelf a keen
fupporter of the power of the fenate,
and inimical to the plebeians, Liv. 2,
21, — 28. He advifed the patricians
to baffle the power of the tribunes
by procuring one or n^.ore of their
number to interpofe their negative a-
gainft: the rell, ib. 44.
Ap. Claudius, the fon of the for-
mer, conful a. 282, was as holiile to
the plebeians as his father, and (liil
moFe hated by them, Liv. 2, 56.
He had a vicknt conteit with the tri-
puis, however, died of a difeafe before
the day of adjournment [prodida dies)
arrived, ib. 61.
C. CLAUDIUS, the fon of Ap-
pius, conful a. 294. was as fteady as
his father in fupporting the caufe of
the nobility, but m.ore moderate, Liv.
3, 15, & 35. Having loft his col-
league P. Valerius, who was killed in
quelling an infurrection of the ilaves un-
der Kerdoniu.i, ib. 18. he got L. Quin-
tius CJncinnaius chofen in his Head,
ib. 19. Ke ilood candidate for the
Dccemvirate, the fecond year after
the iniiitution of that office, but was
uflappointed by the intrigues of his
litplRVV [fratris fdii) Appius, ib. 35.
Afterwards, hovvevcr, when A])pius
was impeached, he interelled himfclf
warmly in his favour, though without
fuccefs, ib. 58. When the tribunes
urged the palTiiig of a law, that " one
of the confuls iliould be chofen from
the plebeians," Caius gave his opi-
nion, " that the confuls Ihould ufe
force of arms againft them, [confules
annahat in tribunes)', but this was pre-
vented by the expedient of creating,
inftead of conffds, military tribunes
with confular power, Liv. 4, 6. -
Appius CLAUDIUS, the chief of
the
C L A C ]
the decemvirs, (called Regillanus,
Suet, Tib, 2. from Regillum, the an-
cient country of the Claudii, Liv. 3,
58.) He was conful elect:, a. 301,
(al. 303,) when the ckceminri were firft
created, Liv. 3, 33. After it was de-
termined that decemvirs, inftead of
confnis, fliould be created for a fecond
year, fevcral of the chief men in the
ilate declared themfelves candidates.
Appius Claudius took uncommon pains
to ingratiate himfelf with the people.
Though the youngeil of his colleagues,
he was appointed to preiide at the elec-
tions, that he might not return him-
felf; which no one had ever done, ex-
cept the tribunes of the commons, a.Tid
that by a very hurtful precedent. But
Appius having, by his addrefs, fet
afide the moil refpeftable candidates,
among the reil his own uncle, got per-
fons of a very inferior charafter, [ne-
quaquam Jplendore vliae pa res) f to be
chofcn, and himfelf among the firll, ib.
35. Appius having procured the con-
currence of his new colleagues, hence-
forth did every thing according to his
own pkafure, ib. 36. But his crimi-
nal paffion for Virginia foon put a pe-
riod to his power and his life. Being
divelled of his office, and thrown in-
to prifon, he killed himfelf, ib. 57, &
58. (G. 215, & 216.)
Appius Claudius Crajfusy the fon
of the decemvir, one of the military
tribunes with confular authority, a.33 i,
I,iv. 4, 35. and praefe6l of the city,
ib. 36. He (liewed the fame hatred
again il the tribunes and plebeians that
his anceftors had done, ib. 36.
/Ippius CLAUDIUS, the decem-
vir's grandfon, and the youngeil fena-
tor, a. 339, advifed the fenate to fol-
low the counfel of his anceftor, the
iiril Appius Claudius, to balHe the
power of the tribunes by the protelts
of their colleagues, //it'. 4, 48. When
military tribune, a. 352, Liv. 5, i. he
made a noble fpeech, to perfuade the
people not to difcontinue the fiege of
Veji in winter, ib. 3, — 7. with fuccefs,
ib. When Veji was about to be taker;.
3? 3 C L A
he gave it as his opinion in the fenate,
" That the money arillng from the
plunder of that city fliould be reduced
into the public treafury;" but this ad-
vice was not followed, ib. 20. Appius
keenly oppofed the law for eleding
one of the confuls from among the ple-
beians, Liv. 6, 40. but without effed,
ib, 42. He was made dictator, a. 393,
Liv. 7, 6. and conful with Camillus,
a. 405, ib, 24. in which olKce he died,
ib. 25.
yip. CLAUDIUS, cenfor with C.
Plautias, a. 442, who paved the road
named from him p^'ia Appia, Gic. Mil.
7. and firil brought an aquaeduft into
the city, hence called y^qua Claudia^
Liv. 9, 29. His colleague having- re-
iigned his office on account of the fcan-
dal and odium incurred from their im-
proper choice of fcnators, ib, et 39.
Appius, from an inflexibility of temper
long inherent in his family, retained
the cenforfliip alone. Appius is faid
firil to have difgraced the fenate, by
chuling into it the fons of freed men,
{lihertinorum Jiliis le&is), Liv, 9, 46.
(Vid. R. A. p. 6.) The tribunes at-
tempted to force Appius to lay down
the cenforfliip, ib. 33. but without ef-
fe6l, ib. 34. -— He was made conful
a. 446^ ib. 42, interrex, a. 453, to pre-
iide at tiie eledion of confuls, Liv, 10,
1 1, when he would not admit plebeian
candidates, CicBr. 14. Being made
conful a fecond time, a. 456, Liv. 10,
15. he was feiit againll the Tufcans
and Samnites. At iiril he was unfuc-
cefsful, ib. 1 8. but afterwards gained
a iignal viclory, by the affiilance of
his colleague Volumnius, ib. 19. The
year after, being made praetor, ib, 22.
he fought a fecond battle againft the
Samnites with equal fuccefs, in the ter-
ritory of Stella, [in agro, v. ca7npo SkL
hai)f where alfo he was affifted by Vo-
lumnius, now proconful, z^. f/31. Ap-
pius in his old age loil his fight; whence
he is often called Appius Caecus, the
Blind. His blindncfa was confidered as
a puiuninicnl from heaven, for his ha.
C L A C 1
ving, when cenfor, advffed the Pinarian
family to delegate their performance of
the facred rites of Hercules to public
flaves,Zi'u.9,39. (7?. ^.3 14.) In confe-
quence of this misfortune, he withdrew
himfelf from all concern in public af-
fairs ; till hearing that a majority of
the fenators, gained by the eloquence
and prefents of Cineas, were inclined
to make peace with Pyrrhus, he came
into the fenate, and fpoke with iuch
energy, that a decree was inftantly pafT-
cd, according to his opinion, " That
the Romans would never make peace
with Pyrrhus while he remained in Ita-
ly," (G. 232.), Liv. Epit, 13. ; Sen.
6. ; Flor. I, x8. Cicero fays, that this
happened only feven years after his fe-
cond confulfhip. Sen. 6. But Cicero
fpeaks ef Appius having borne public
ofHces after being deprived of his fight,
Clc. Tt/fc. 5, 38. and that he poffelTed
fuch vigour of mind, that neither old
age nor blindncfs prevented him from
attending both to private and public
bufinefs, tb. et Sen. ir. Appius Clau-
dius appears to have been a man of
great abilities, but more dillinguifhed
for the arts of peace than of war, Liv.
9, 42. (?/ 10, 22. ; Cic. Br. 14. ; Cael.
■ 14.
Jp. Claudius, the brother of Ap.
Claudius Caecus, GeU. ,17,21.; Viclor.
de lUvJlr. vir. c. 7,1. couful a. 489, in
which year the firil Punic war began,
Zii?. 3 1 , T . ; Plin . 33,3.; Sfjlin. i , Ap-
pius was firnamcd Caudex, becaufe
be firft perfuaded the Romans to fit
out a fleet, [Romanh primus perfuafit
navem conjcendere ; Caudex oh hoc Ipfum
oppellatuc^qu'ia plurlum fabularum contextus
caudex apud antiquos appcilahatur)^ Se-
nec. de Brev. vit. 13. The Romans
at that time Vv'ere ignorant of ihip-build-
ing. They had noLning but open boats,
made of rough planks, {^ex tahul'is craf-
Jlor'ibusy Feilus), called Naves caudka-
r'tae. and in their firfc expedition to Si-
cily borrowed fliips from the people of
Tarentuin, Locri, Elea, and Naples,
Polyb. I, 20. Appius having, by a
bcld ftratagem, tranfportcd his troops
36 ] C L A
to Sicily, though the Carthaginians
were mailers at fea, firft defeated Hie«
ro, the tyrant of Syracufe, and then
forced the Carthaginians to raife the
fiege of Mefsana, Polyb. i, 11, & 12.
Suetonius favs, that Appius expelled
them from Sicily, Tib. 2. which was
not the cafe. Aurelius Vi6lor expref-
fes it more properly, Carfhaginienfes
Mejfand expvht, r. 37. Hiero was ob-
liged to fue for peace, which was grant-
ed to him, Polyb. 1,16. Claudius was
the firft Roman that triumphed over a
tranfmarine people, Sil. 6, 660.; Eutrop,
2, 18.
P. CLAUDIUS Pulcher, the fon
or grandfon of Ap. Caecus, Cic. Div,
1, 16. ; Gel/. 10, 6. conful a. u. ^o^.
Being fent againll the Carthaginians,
before he engaged in battle, he ordered
the omens to be confulted by the feed-
ing of chickens. When he was told
that they would not eat, " Then, fays
he, let them drink," and immediately
ordered them to be thrown into the
fea. Having thus engaged contrary
to the aufpiccs, his fleet was defeated
by the Carthaginians with great flaugh-
ter, Cic. N. D. 2, 3. ; Dlv. 1, 16. et
2, 8. ; Liv. Epit. 19.; Po^yb. i, 51.;
Flor. 2, 2, 29. After this, being re-
called by the fenate, and ordered to
name a diftator, he in derifion named
M. Claudius Glicia, or Glycias, his
fecretary or viator^ certainly a man
of m.ean rank, Liv. Epit. \g. ; Suet.
Tib. 2 Polybiusfays, that, after his re-
turn, he was tried, and a heavy fine
impofed on him, i, 52.
App. CLAUDIUS Pulcher, con-
ful a. 542, who laid fiege to Capua,
Liv. 25, 3. and being wounded, Id.
26, 6. died after the furrender of that
city, ib. 16.
C. CLAUDIUS Pnlcher, the fon
of the former, when conful, a. 577,
Liv, 41, 8. triumphed over the Iftri-
ans and Ligurians, ib. 13. Being
created cenfor with Tib. Sempronius
Gracchus, a. 585, Liv. 43, 14. on ac-
count of the vigorous difcharge of his
duty, he was brought to a trial before
the
C L A E I
lae people by Rutllius, a tribune, and
with difficulty efcaped being condemn-
ed, tb. 1 6.
^pp, CLAUDIUS Pulchery con-
ful a. 609, {al. 611,) was firft de-
feated by the Sahijfiy a Gallic nation,
inhabiting the Alps ; but afterwards
conquered them. On this account, up-
on his return to Rome, he triumphed
by his own authority, contrary to the
will of the fenate and' people ; which
. he is faid to have effected by means of
In's daughter, (or filler. Suet. Tib. 2.),
a Veftal virgin, C'ic. Coel. 14. who ha-
ving mounted the triumphal chariot,
attended him to the capitol, and thus,
by the refped paid to her facred cha-
radcr, prevented any of the tribunes
from Interpofmg and hindering the tri-
umph, ib. el Val. Max. 5, 4, 6. ; DiOf
34. 79. ; Orof. 5, 4.
yipp. CLAUDIUS Pulder, y^pp.
F. C. N. conful withDomltlus, a. 700 ;
the predeceflbr of Cicero in the go-
vernmentofCiiicia,wW. Cicero, p. 1 16.
accufed by Dolabella of improper con-
duct in his province ; but acquitted by
the influence of Pompey and Horten-
fms, Cic. Fanu 8, 6. et 3, 12. and af-
terwards made cenfor, ib. 12. ei 14.
which office he exercifed with great
ftriftnefs, though liimfelfby no means
oF an irreproachable charadler ; degra-
ding many of the fenators and Equites
for their immoral conduct, ib. among
.the reft Salluft the hillorian : and thus,
; without intending it, he ftrengthened
the party of Caefar, Dio-, 40, d^. He
perifhed in the civil war. One of his
: daughters was married to Cn^ius, the
fbn of Pompey, CAc. Fam. 3,4.; and
I another to M, Brutus, Cic. Br. 77. He
was a learned orator, drilled in the Civil
law, and in the law of augurs, ib. On
the fubjeft of augury he wrote a book,
{librum auguraUfn,) which he dedicated
to Cicero, Cic. Fam. '^i^yct 11. Appius
is faid to have been the only augur who
I maintained the truth of divination ;
I for which he was ridiculed by his col-
1 leagues, Cic. Div. i. 47. f/ 58. ; Tufc.
37 1 C L A
CLAUDIUS ^mdrigarius, an hif-
torian contemporary with Sulla, Velf,
2, 9. fuppofcd to have been the fame
wlio is faid to have tranflated the an-
nals of AciHus, Liv. 25, 39 ; and is
quoted by Livy in other places, 8, 19.
9,- 5. 33, ic. f/3^, 14.
riberius CLAUDIUS Drvfus, the
fon of Drufus and Antonia ; the 5th
emperor of Rome, Suet. CL i. in his
youth affllAed with various diftempers,
which were fuppofed to have rendered
him dull, ib. 2. and therefore defpifed
by hls^ relations, ib. 4, 5, &c. He
however applied with uncommon at-
tention to the liberal fciences, and
made confiderable proficiency in them,
ib. 3. Tac. Ann. 6, 46. Having ob-
tained the empire by a wonderful acci'
dent. Suet. CL 10. he at ilrft behaved
fo as to render himfelf very popular,
ib. 12. but afterwards became the mere
tool of bis wives and freedmen, who
in his name committed a6ls of the moft
fiiocking rapacity and cruelty, c. 29.
He was at lafl polfoned by his wife
Agripplna,.as was generally believed,
with a mulhroom, of which kind of
food he was very fond, ib 44. Tac*
Ann. 12, 67. Hence Boktum, quakm
Claudius edit, edas. Martial, i, 20, 4*
So Juvenal, 5, 146. et 6, 420.
CL AUDI ALE^^w/k/ww, a certaia
number o^JIamJnes or priefts, inftltuted
in honour of Claudius, as a divinity,
after his death, Tac. Ann, 13, 2.
Many other illuftrlous men of the
Gens Claudia are mentioned in the Claf-
fics : See Nero and Marcellus. Se-
veral women of this family alfo are ce-
lebrated ; particularly^
CLAUDIA, the daughter of Ap-
pius Caecus, who being incommoded
by the crowd of people in the ftreets,
fo that her carriage, while returning
from the games, could with difficulry
proceed, Is faid to have uttered loudly
a wIlli, " That her brother Pulcher
were alive again, to lofe another fleet,
that there might be a lefs- throng at
Rome.*' On which account (he was
brought to a trial and fined, Suet. TiB.
S 2.V
C L A C I
2. ; Val. Max. 8, i, de DamnatiSy 4. ;
Cell. 10, 6.
CLAUDIA, the grand- daughter
of Appius Caecus, i^Jlppii Caen, proge-
nieSf) Cic. Coel. 14. called Qu in ta,
as it is thought, becaufe fhe was the
fifth daugliter of. her family, ik et Liv.
29, 14. Being appointed with other
matrons of the firil rank, {^inter matro-
nas pr'imores civiiruis,) to receive the
image of Cybele, (poet. Cybelie v. Cy-
bebe^) the mother of the Gods, brought
from Pcfsinus in Phrygia, [Caelico-
lum Phrygid gcnhr'trem fede petita7n, vSil.
17, 4.) when the fhip, which carried
the image, ftuck on a fliallow place in
the Tiber, and, as it is faid, could not
be moved by any force, Claudia ha-
ving prayed to the goddefs, *' that fhe
would follow her, if her virtue were un-
tainted," [fifibipudicitiacoujlaret)., eafi-
ly drew oif the (liip with her girdk or
with a rope ; and thus retrieved her
charafter for chaflity, v/liich before
had been fufpedted, on; account of the
levity of her drefs and behaviour, Suet,
''Tib. 2. ; Appmn, BsU. Haumbal, p. 345. ;
Plin, 7, 35. ; Cic. Cod. 14. ; Har. 13. ;
Di9nyf.2,%. This ftory is told at
great length by Ovid, Fq/l, 4, 30 5,
^. — 344, who alludes to it, Pont, i,
2, 144.; alfo by Silius Italicus, 17,
2 — 45. ; and by Herodian, wlio
makes Claudia a Vellal virgin, i, i r,
f. 35.; as Statius does, SHv. i, 2, 146.
But (lie is generally faid to have been
a matron. A flatue was erecled to
Claudia in the veflibule of the temple
of Cybele, which, when that temple
was twice burnt down, flood untouch*
ed by the flames, Fal, Max. 1,8, 1 1.
CLAUDIANUS, an excellent La-
tin" poet, in the time of Theodofius
and Honorius, whofe works are Hill
extant.
Cleantkes, -is,y.-ae, a Stoic philo-
' fophcr, Cic. Jcad. 2, 13. the mailer
©f Chryuppus, 'Id. Fat:']. —Clean-
THEA turba, the fedl of the Stoics,
Claudian. Cpnf. Mall. 88.
Clearchus, a general cf the La-
cedaemonians, who comprehended mi-
38 3 C L O
litary difcipline in the following ma-
xim, which he often inculcated on his
army, " That a commander ought to
be more feared by his foldiers than the
enemy," Val. Max. 2, 7. ext. 2.
ClEOBIS, Vid. BiTGN.
Cleobulus, one of the feven wife
men of Greece, (G. 464.)
' Clkombrotus, a general of the
Lacedaemonians, who engaged raflily
with Epaminondas at Leuctra, and was
defeated, Cic. OJf. i, 24. (G. 469.)
■ 5[ 2. A native of Ambracia, {^Am-
hraciota,^ who threw liimfelf into the
fea, after having read the Phaedo of
Plato, Cic. Titfc. I, 34.; Ovid, in Ibin.
493-
Cleomenes, 'is, the name of feve-
ral kings of Sparta, [G. 474, &c,)
CLEONyMus, a general of the La-
cedaemonians, who invaded Italy, Liv.
10, 2.
CLEOPATRA, a queen of Egypt,
who captivated Julius Caefar by her
charms, and ruined Antony. Vid. Cae-
sar et OcTAvius. — Cleopatra was a
name common to feveral queens of
Egypt, Liv. 21, 4. 37, 3. 45, 13. &c.
CLIO, -us one of the nine Mufes,
who are hence called C'"?^J"y^'"0/'^J"j Qvid.
Art. A.m., I, 27.
Clisthenls, -isy the chief of he
family of Alcmaeon, wlio having ob-
tained the afiiilance of the Lacedae-
monians by ineans of the Pythia or
priellefs. of Delphi, forced Hippias to
abdicate the tyranny at Athens, and to
leave the city, Herodot. 5, 62, — 66.
CLITUS, ^an intimate friend of
Alexan^'er the Great, whom that king
flew in a fit of drunkenntfs. Curt. 8,
12, 18.
. CLODIA gens, the fame with Gtns
Claudia, Cic. Dom. 44.
CLODIUS, a Latin hiilorian, Cic.
'Leg. 1,2. Liv. 29, 12.
P. CLODIUS, a patrician of noble
birth, the brother of App. Claudius
Pulcher, poffelied of uncoinmon abili-
ties, but extremely profligate ; dif^e- |J
garding all laws, both human and d.i- ^
vine, to fnch a degree, that he was ac-
culed
C L O [I
tufed of Inceft with his own fifters, Veil
2, 45. Cic. Har. R. 20. Sext. 7, 17, &
54. Pif. 12. Dom. 34. Plutarch, in
IaiciiU. p. 515, & 517. Lucullus was
married to one of them. Clodius ha-
ving gone into, Aiia to ferve in the army
•of Lucullus, but not obtaining the
rank to which he thought himfelf en-
titled, fomented a rriutiny in the army
of Lucullus, which, joined to other cir-
cumrtances, occaiioned that illuftrious
commander to be recalled from Aha,
and x\\t charge of the Mithridatic war.
to be transferred on Pompey, Plutarch
ib. Dioy 35, 14. Clodius being obliged,
on this account, to leave the artny of
Lucullus, retired to Marcius Rex, the
governor of Cilicia, who was married
to another of Clodius's lifters, and was
inimical to Lucullus, Z)/o, 35, 17.
Marcius gave Clodius the charge of na-
val afl""ftirs, ib. Clodius having fallen
into the hands of the pirates, fent to
Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, requeiling
money to pay his ranfom ; Ptolemy
fent him two talents, a fum fo fmall,
that the pirates fcorned to accept it,
and let Clodius go without ranfom,
Strnb. 14./). 684. ; Jlppian. p. j^d^-i. as it
is faid, for fear of Pompey, Dio^ ib.
Clodius then repaired to Antioch in
, Syria, where, attempting to excite
fome fedition, he was near being killed,
ih. He fled from thence to Rome,
where he ufed every art to ingratiate
himfelf with tjie people, who were now
fo corrupt, that the irreligion and im-
morality of Clodius feem to have been
no obftruftion to his obtaining the iiril
place in their favour. Hence he is call-
ed Illapoptiii A p u L E I A, ( i. e. alter Apuk-
ia Saturnhms, feditiofus tribiimis ; et Apu-
LEiA, propter libidinum infatniam)) Cic.
Att. 4, I r. Being eleAed quaeftor,
before he entered on his office, he con-
trived to get admiffion into Caefar's
' houfe during the celebration of the fa-
cred rites of the Bona Dea, in order
to procure an interview with Pompeia,
Caefar's wife. But being deteded, he
quickly made his efcape, Cic. Att. 1,12.
FiJe Catsar, p. ^^. Ileucc Clodius
39 1 C L O
is put for any adulterer ; thus, Clodius
accufet maechosy Juvenal 2, 27.; Sed
nunc ad quos non Clodius aras^ Before
what altars is there not now a Clodius ?
Id. 6, 344. It was a vulgar opinion,
that whatever man fhould pry into thefe
myfteries, would be inllantly ftruck
blind. Cicero fays that it was impof-
hble before to knov/ the truth of this,
becaufe no man but Clodius had ventu-
red on the experiment, Cic. Har. R. 18.
He obferves, that in his cafe, the blind-
nefs of the eyes was converted to that of
the mind, Cic. Dom. 40. The fenators
who hated Clodius wiihed to improve
this opportunity to banifh him from the
ilate ; but Caefar, who was chiefly in-
terefted, knowing the popularity of
Clodius, did not in the leafl. refent the
affront ofi'ered him, Dio^ 37> 45? & 46*
Various confultations of the fenate were
held concerning the manner in which,
he fliould be tried, Cic. Att. i, 14.
At laft it was determined, that he
fliould be tried by the praetor and a
fcledl number of judges, ib. 16. By
means of the molt fcandalous bribery
Clodius was acquitted, ib. (Ilia furia
muUehrium rehgionum, qui non pluris fecerat
Bonam Deam, quam tresforores-^ impuni'
tatera — ejl ^orifeciitus., Cic. Fam. i, 9, 34.)
Clodius henceforth always harboured'
the bittereil enmity to the fenate, and
chiefly to Cicero, who had appeared ia
court as an evidence againfl: him, Cic.ib,
Plutarch, in Cic. Val. Max. 8, 5, 5.
That he might execute his purpofes of
revenge, with the alTiftance of Caefar,
then conful, he caufed himfelf to be
adopted by C. Herennius a plebeian,
though younger than himfelf, Cic. Dom,
13. Att. 2, 7, & 12. and was elefted
tribune. Clodius having fecured the
concurrence of the confuls Pifo and
Gabinius, and of a majority of his col-
leagues, hrlb paifed feveral laws calcula-
ted to gain the favour of the people ;
next by artifice and violence, he forced
Cicero into baniihment, ( J'^id, Cicero,
p. 112.) and then, in order to punlfli
Ptolemyking of Cyprus, forfendinghim
io imall a fum Ibr his ranfom when taken
S 3 by
C L O
140 ]
C L 0
by the pirates, he appointed Cato to re-
duce Cyprus into the form of a Roman
province, Strab, 14, p. 684. {FicL Ca-
To,/>.88.)
Clodius, elated with this fuccef?, car-
ried-his prefumption fo far as to infult
Pompey, Cic, Dom. 25, and even, as
was faid, to attempt his h'fe, Clc. Sext,
32. Pif. 12. On which account Pom-
pey, to mortify Clodlus, determined to
reltore Cicero, Cic. Att. 3, 8, & ]8.
This Clodius endeavoured to prevent
by the utmoft violence, and in the
llruggle occafioned great (laughter of
the citizens, C'tc. pojl reel ad ^/ir. 5.
in Sennl. 3, &c. Sext. 35. Dto, 39, 7,
& 8. The chief opponent of Clodius
was Milo, who refilled him in his own
way, by force of arms, and at the fame
time brought him to a trial for public
violence and breach of the laws, D'lo,
39, 7, & 8.; Cic. Mil. 13, & 1/5.. Clo-
dius, however, not only efcaped punKh-
ment, but Vv'as even created curule
aedile without oppofition, a. 697, Dio,
39, 1 8, &. 19.; Cic. Sext. 44. ; Har. Refp.
1I,&I3. Milo was now in his turn
brought to a trial for the fame crime
by Clodius, but after feveral warm dif-
putes and bloody contefts, the matter v;as
dropt, Cic. ^ Fr, 2,3. Sey.t, 44. ; Dioy
39, 18, &c. The hofiihty, hov/ever, be-
twixt Clodius and Milo continued, till
at lail it terminated fatally, while Clo-
dius Vv'as candidate for the office of
praetor and Milo for the confulflup.
They met accidentally near Bovillae,
on the Appian road, not far from
Rome, about three o'clcck in the after-
noon. Clodius was coming from A-
ricla, on horfeback, with three com-
panions and about thirty flaves, well
armed. Milo was going to Lanuvium
in a chariot with his wife and one
friend, but with a much greater reti-
nue, and among them fome gladiators.
A fray took place betv.'ixt the flaves on
both fides, in which Clodius interfering,
was wounded, and carried to a neigh-
bouring inn. Milo being Informed of
what had happened, refolvcd not to
leave the matter unfiniflied. He there-
fore ordered the inn to be flormed, and
Clodius to be dragged out and killed,
Appian. ^ B. C. 2, 439. ; Dio, 40, 39.;
Ajcon. in Cic. Argum. Mil. Cicero fays
that this was done without the know-
ledge of Milo, Mil. 10. Several of the
flaves of Clodius being ilain, and the •
reft having fled for fafety, his body was
left on the road, till one S. Tedius, a
fcnator, happening to come by, took it
up into his carriage, and brought it to
Rome, A/con. ib. Clodiani vd
Clodianae operae, the mercenaries of
Clodius, Cic. Fat. ij. ^ Fr, 2, 3.
So Clodiana manus, Cic. Sex. 37. Clodi"
anum imperiumy Cic. Dom. 10.
P. Clodius, the fon of the former
by Fulvia, and the ftep-fon of Antony,
who married Fulvia, Cic. Ait. 14, 13.
Sex. Clodius, a kinfman of P. Clo-
dius, who, the day after Clodius was
killed, carried his body naked, fo as
all the wounds might be feen, into the
forum, and placed it m the roftra ;
whence the mob, inflamed by a fpeecli
from, one of the tribunes, and headed
by Sex. Clodius, conveyed it into the fe-
nate-houfe,and there tearing up the ben-
ches, tables, and every thing combuft-
ible, erected a funeral pile on the fpot,
and, together with the body, burnt
the houfe itfelf, with a public hall ad-
joining, called Porcia Bafdica. They
then attempted to ftorm the houfe of
Milo, and of Lepidus, at that time In-
ter rex , but were repulfed in both at-
tacks with lofs, A/con. in Cic. Arg. Mil.
On account of thefc exceffes S. Clo-
dius was banifhed, ib. but was after-
wards reftored by Antony, Cic.Att. 14,
13-
CLODTA, the fifter of P. Clodius,
and wife of Metellus, as wicked and
profligate as her brother, Oic. Coel. 13,
14, 20, & 32. Cicero alleges that fhc
poifoncd her hufband, ib. 24. ^ 2.
Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, was
divorced for improper condudl, Plu'
tarch in Lucullo. — Concerning the other
fifter of Clodius, who was married tp
Marcius, there is nothing particular
mentioned,
Clodius
C L U C 1
Clodius Licinius, a Roman hifto-
rlan, Lh. 29, 22.
CLOELIA, one of the hoftages
given to king Porsena, who having
deceived her keepers, fwam over the
Tiber amidft the darts of the enemy,
and efcaped to Rome, Llv. 2, 13.;
Flrg.Jen. 8,'65l. ; Juvenal. 8, 265.
CLOELII, one of the chief fami-
lies of the Albans, chofen into the
number of fenators at Rome, Llv. i,
30-
Cloelius TuUuSi a Roman ambaf-
fador, killed by the order of Toluna-
nius king of the Vejentes, on which
account a ftatue was ere^led to him in
the rollra, Llv. 4, 17.
T. Cloelius Slculusj one of the fir ft
tribunes with confular power, Liv. 4,
CLOTHO, -us, one of the three
Fates, {G. 589 ) ^y 2. A daughter
of Nereus, a goddefs of the fea, Flrg.
Aen. 9, loi. But here the beft edi-
tions read Doto, as in Vol. Flac. i,
134-
CLUENTIUS, the name of a Ro-
man gens, faid to have been derived
frtAn a Trojan, Cloanthus, Virg. Aen,
5» '23.
A. Cluentius Av'itus, a native of
Larluum, (^Lannas, -atls), ace u fed by
his mother Safiia of having poifoned
his father-in-law OppianTcus ; defended
by Cicero in an oration ftill extant.
Clusius, a name given to Janus,
when the gates of his temple v/ere (hut,
{claufae), Ovid. Fall, i, 130.
Cluvia, a Campanian courtefan,
rewarded by the Romans for her kind-
nefs to their captives, Liv. 26, 33, &
34-
Clymene, -fj, the daughter of O-
ceanus and Thetys, the mother of Pha-
ethon, Ovid. Met. 1,765.; adj. Clyme-
NEUS, V. -elus 'y proles Clymen'ia, i. e.
Phaethon, ib. 2, 19. Clymhindes altae,
the filters of Phaethon, metamorphofed
into tall poplars, AuBor ad Liv. i n. ;
hence Clymenaea germinay i. e. amber,
fuppofed to be formed by the tears
fhed by the fillers of Phaethon, StaU
Sllv. I, 2, 12^.
41 1 COL
Clymenos, a name of Pluto, OW^/.
Faft. 6, 757. ; but moft editors read
Pluto, fome Lachefis.
Clymenus, a king of Arcadia,
Hygitu 206. who is faid to have given
name to an herb, Plin, 25, 7 f. 33.
Clytia, v. -f , -es, a nymph beloved
by Sol, (G. 373,)
CLYT AEMNESTRA,the daugh-
ter of Tyndarus by Leda, the wife of
Agamemnon, and mother of Oreftes.
She caufed Agamemnon to be killed
by her paramour Aegillhus, and was
htrfelf flain by Oreftes, (G. 407.)
Clytius, a young man, beloved by
Cydon, Virg. Aen. 10,325.
CocALUS, a king of Sicily, to whom
Daedalus fled from Crete, Ovid. Met.
8, 261.; (G. 421.). CocaUdcs, -um^
the daughters of Cocalus, BiU 14,
42.
COCCEIUS, one who owed Cicero
money, Cic.Att. I2, 13, & 18. proba-
bly the fame who was afterwards the
quaeftor and lieutenant of Antony, and
the author of peace between him and
Auguftus, Appian. B. C. 5, 1122. mea-
tionedby Horace, Sal.iy^, 2^. thought
to have been the great-grandfather of
the emperor Cocceius Nerva.
COCLES, -ttls, m. afirname given
to P. Horatius, who alone fuftained
the attack of Porsena^s army on the
Sublician bridge, (G. 208.) ; Cic. OJl
I, 18. Paradox. I. Leg. 2,4.; Liv. 2,
10. ; Plln. 36, 15. from the lofs of one
of his eyes, (Coclifes diBl, qui nafcereri'
tar altera lumine orli), Plin. Hi 37.
CODRUS, the laft king of Attica,
who devoted liis life to fave his coun-
try, Clc. Fin. 5, 22. Tufc. 1,48. N.D,
3, 19. (G. 425.). — The name of a man
noted for his poverty, Juvenal. 3, 208.
— Of a bad poet. Id. i, 2. — And of a
good one, Firg. Eel. 7, 30.
COELIUS, an ancient Roman hif-
torian, Liv. 21, 38. 22, 31. 23, 6.
&c.
G COELIUS Caldus, Cicero's quae-
ftor in Cilicia, to whom he entrufted the
charge of the province when he left it,
GiV. Atf. 6j Kf k 6. Fam. 2, 15,
C O E [142
MCOELIUS Rufiis, a young noble- v.
man, who accui'ed C.Antouius, who had
beenCicero^s colleague inthe confulfliip,
of mifcondiift in his province of Mace-
donia, and got him condemned, C/V.Co^-/.
31. He alfo accufcd L. Atratinus of
bribeiy, on which account Cotlius was
accufed by the fon of Atratinus of pu-
blic violence, and of an attempt to poi-
fon Clodia, in which caufe he v,'as de-
3 COR
ib. et Varr. L. L.5, 3. firfl
9-5
Ovid
fended by Cicero, C'lc. CoeJ. i. and ac-
quitted. Coelius poflefied confiderable
talents as an orator, Ck. Br. 79.
Tarquin'ws COLLATINUS, the
hiiftand of Lucretia, Liv. 1,57. crea-
ted conful with Brutus, ib. 60. but ob-
liged to abdicate that oiHce, and go
into banifhment, on account of his be-
ing of the family of Tarquinius, Liv.
2, 2.
COLUMELLA, (L. Jun. Mode
ratus)i a native of Gades, the author
of an excellent book on hufbandiy and
gardening, ftill extant.
Combe, -f.r, the daughter of Ophi-
us, {Ophias, -aJis). Ovid. Met. 7, 382.
Co METES, -ae, m. the father of A-
fterion, who was one of the Argonauts,
P. CoMiNius, a Roman egues^ who
accufed C. Cornelius, in oppofition to
Cicero, who defended him, Cic. Cornel.
1.
CoMMODUS, the fon of M. Antoni-
nus, a Roman emperor. [G. 246.)
Com us, the god of nofturnal revels;
whence comijfori -ariy to revel.
Concordia, the goddefs of concord,
Liv. 9, 46. J Cic.Dom.si. ; OivW. Fr^l.
i> 639.
CoNNUS, a mufician, the maftcr of
Socrates, Cic. Fam. ^9 22.
Con ON, -onis, a general of tlie A-
thenians, Nep. ^ 2. An illuilrious
allronomer, Firg. Eel. 3, 40. ; C^iuU.
de Coma Berenices, ep. 6^.
Con SID! us, governor of Africa the
year before the commencement of the
civil war, Cic. Ligar. I .
CONSUS, the god of counfel, Fef-
tus. et Serv. in Firg. Jen. 8, 636. whofe
fcllival v.aa called Consu.^lia, -iunii
lorum
inllituted by Romulus, Liv.
FaJL 3. 119.
C. CopoNius, a prudent and learn-
ed man, Cic. Fam, i, 31. praetor in
the confulfhip of C. Marcellus and Len-
tulus, Cic. An. 8, 12.
Coras, -ae, a leader of the troops
of Tibur, who came to the affiftance
of Turnus^ Virg.Aen. 7,672. the bro-
ther of Catillus, ih. et 11,465, & 604.
Co RAX, -acis, a Sicilian, who firft
wrote on rhetoric, Cic. Or, i, 20. ^/ 3,
21. Brut. 12.
CoRBULO, -onisf a Roman general
in the tim.e of Nero, Tacit. Anna/. 13,
8, &c.
CoRFiDius, vel CwfJius, a Roman
eques, who is mentioned among the
friends of Ligarius, as having appear-
ed in court to fupport him, (aclvocatus),
Cic. Ligar. ii. by miftake, as it ihould
feem ; becaufe Cicero difcovered, after
the fpeech for Ligarius was publiilied,
that Curfidius was dead before that
time, and therefore defiied the name
to be erafed, Aft. 13, 44. But too
many copies had got abroad for that
to be done. This is fuppofed to be
the perfon who is faid to have come to
life again after his funeral had been or-
dered, and to have buried the under-
taker of his funeral, i^locatorcrn funeris)^
Plin. 7, 52.
CORINNA, a native of Tanagra
in Boeotia, the moft beautiful woman
of her time ; fo excellent a poetefs, that
file is faid to have got the better of
Pindar himfelf, in a contell of fkil) at
Thebes ; on which account the people
of Tanagra erefted a llatue to her in
the moil confpicuous part of the city,
and placed her pidure in their gymna-
fium., Puu/an. 9, 2 2. Aelian fays, that
Corinna gained the viclory over Pindar
feven times, 13, 25. But both thefe
authors afcrlbe the decifion to the un-
flcilfulnefs of the judges, ib. Perhaps
it was owing m.ore to their partiahty.
Corinna feems to have been older than
Pindar ; and therefore Plutarch fpeaks
of her giving advice to Pindar when a
young
COR
[
young man, on Ins inattention to mu-
fic and the life of fable, and afterwards
ridiculing liim for his having introduced
in the beginning of a poem too much
fable, de Glor. AthenicnJ. p. 347. Co-
rinna thought I'afic a divine invention.
She faid that Apollo had been taught
to play on the flute by Minerva, Plu-
tarch, de Mufica, p. 1136. The poems
of Corinna are celebrated by Proper-
j tius, 2, 3, 21. and by Statius, S'lh. 5,
I 3i JS^. <([ 2. The name which O-
I vid gave to his millrefs, Am, 2, 6, 48,
j &c. Art. Am. 3, 538. T'r'ijl, 4, 10, 60.;
Mart'ud. 5, 10, 10. €t 12, 44, 6.
CORIOLaNUS, a cdebtated- ge-
neral of the Romans, fo called from
his bravery at the taking of Corioli,
JJv. 2, 33. (G. 212.)
CORNELIA ^tw, a great clan at
Rome, containing many noble families;
as, the Scip'iGnes, Lentidi^ Syllae, &c.
CORNkLIA, the daughter of Sci-
pio Africanus, Clc. Inv. i, 49. the mo-
ther of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus,
remarkable for the purity of her lan-
guage, Cic. Brut. 58. who educated
her fons with the greateft care, ib.
"'!^CORNIFICIUS, the competi-
tor of Cicero for the confulfhip, Cic,
' Ait. I, I.
COROEBUS, an Athenian, Avho
firlt invented the art of pottery, (Jigl'i-
vqs fc. artes invemt)^ Plin. 7, ^6.
«T 2» The fon of Mygdon, {Mygdont-
d:s)y the lover of Cailandra, Virg. Aen.
■,34i._
CoRONAE, a name given to two
■ yoiing men, who are faid to have
fprung from the afhes of two virgins,
Ovid. Met. 13, 698. Vld. Orion.
CoRONis, -/^^/j-, a nymph of LarifTa,
{Lar'ifaea), in TheiTaly, the mother of
Aefculapius by Apollo, Ovid. Met. 2,
543. whence Aefculapius is called her
Ion, (^CoronideSf -ae), Ovid. Fall. 6,
. 746.
■Ti. CGRUNCANIUS, the firft
plebeian Pontifex Matdmusy Cic. N. D.
3, 2. and the iirll who gave his advice
freely as a lawyer to any citizen that
applied to him, Ck. Or. 3, 33.
43 1 COS
C. CORNUTUS, a tribune, an U
mitator of Cato, hence called Pfeudo-
Cato, Cic. Att. I, 14. praetor in the
confulfhip of P. Lentulus Spinther,
pic. Red. in Sen at. 9.
M. CoRNUTus, praetor in the con-
fulfhip of Hirtius and Panfa, Cic. Fanu
10, 12. Phil. 14, 14.
CORNUTUS, a Stoic philofophcr,
the praeceptor of Perfius, to whom
that poet dedicated his fifth fatire.
Per/. 5,23, &c. He is faid to have been
confulted by Nero concerning an hif-
torical compofition which that emperor
propofed to undertake, and to have
been banifhed, becaufe he mentioned
his objections too freely againft it, Dio,
62, 29.
CORVUS, a firname given to M.
Valerius, from a raven perching on his
helmet while engaged in fingle combat
with a Gaul, Liv. 7, 26. v,rhence his
poflerlty were called Corvini.
CoRVBAs, -antisj the fon of Jafon
or Jafus and Cybele, from whom the
priefts of Cybele were called Cory-
ban tes, -tiumj Horat. i, 16, 8. adj.
Corybantius ; Corybantia aera^ the bra-
zen cymbals ufed by the priefts of Cy-
bele \\\ performing her facred rites,
Virg. A en. 3, i J I.
CoRyciDEs, -«w, a name of the
Mufes, who were fo called from Cory-
cus, a ridge, or rather a cave, of Mount
ParnafTus, near Delphi, Ovid. Met* i,
320. ^
CoRyooN, -onisy the name of a fliep-
herd frequently mentioned by Theocri-
tus and Virgil, Virg. EcL 2, & 7.
CoRYNKTEs, v. -asy -ae, the fon of
Vulcan, Hygin. 158. [Fulcani proles) y
a robber, that infefted the territory of
Epidaurus, (lain by Thefeus, Ovid. Met.
7»437-
CoRyTHus, an ancient king of E-
truria, who founded Cortona; whence
that town is called Corythusy v. -umy by
the poets, Firg.Aen.gy 10.; Si/, ^yj 21.
A. Cornelius COSSUS, a Roman
general, who was the fecond that gain-
ed t\\tfpolia ophnay by flaying \\\ battle
Lar Tolumnius king of the Vejentes,
a. u. 318, Liv, 4, 20, 5c 32.
COSSUTII,
COS C I
CossuTii, or Cojfetii, an equeilrian
family at Rome, from which Cofiutia,
Caefar's firft wife was defcended, Suet.
Caef. I, whence Tahernae Cojfut'ianaey
fnops or taverns belonging to one Cof-
futius, Cic, Ep. 1 6, 27. perhaps to him
who is mentioned Ctc. Verr. 3, 27, &
Cot is ON, -owV, v. -ontis, a king of
the Getae, Suet, Aug, d^, or of the
Dacians, Horat. Od. 3, 8, 18. ; for the
Getae were called Daci by the Romans,
P/in.^, 12 f. 25. ; DiOf 51, 22.
COTTA, a firname of the Gens Au-
relia.
Lucius COTTA, the colleague of
Torquatus in the confulfhip, a. 688,
Ck. Cat, ^,S, RuIL2, 1 7. He thought
that there was no need of propofing a
law forCicero^s reflioration, becaufe the
law for his banifliment was not legally
pafTed, Cic. Fam, 12, 2. et 2, 21. Att.
12, 23.
CoTTios, a king of a country lying
among the Alps, Suet, Tib, 37. ; Ner.
18. whence that part of thofe moun-
tains was called Alpes Cotliacy or Cottia-
tiacf Tacit. Hilt i, 61.; Ammian. 15,
10.
CoTYS, -yts, or -yosy a king of
Thrace, who fided with Pompey in
the cKil wars, Cacf. B. C, 3, 4.
The Cotys mentioned by Tacitus, who
was murdered by his uncle in the time
of Tiberius, feems to have been a diffe-
rent perfon, Annai 2, 64, &c. To him
Ovid appears to have written one of
his epiftlcs from Pontus, 2, 9.
COTYTTO, -zix, the goddefs of
lewdnefs, Jwvenoh 2, 92. whence the
nodturnai facred rites performed to her
by her prieils [Baptae) were called Co-
vtyttia facray Horat. Epod. 17, <^6,
CRAN FOR, -mis, a celebrated phi-
iofopher, born at Soliy a town of Cili-
cia, a fcholar of Plato, Cic. Acad, i,
10. {yetus Academcus^y ''^, j\y /f^ji^. He
wrote a book on grief, called Conso-
LATio, Cic. Tufc. I, 48. which Cicero
calls lihellus aureolusy and fays, after Pa-
iiaetius, that every word of it fliould be
got by heart, {ad verlum cdifcendiis)^
44 ] C R A
Acad. 4, 44. Horace places him in
the fame rank with Chryfippus, Ep. i,
2, 4-'
Crassipes, -edisy a firname of the
gens Furiay Liv. 38, 42. One of this
family married Tullia,'the daughter of
Cicero, Cic, Alt. 4, 5.; ^ Fr. 2, 5,
6. but foon after divorced her.
CRASSUS, a firname of the Li-
ciNii, adj. Crassianus.
P, Licinlus CRASSUS, one of the
molt diilinguifhed citizens of his time
for ever)" accomplifhment, Li-v. 30, i.
called Dives, on account of his
wealth, ih. et 27, 21. This is the firlt
of the Crassi diftinguilhed by that
firname. Pliny alludes to fome other
one ; but what perfon he means is
uncertain, 33, 10 f. 47. Craffus
obtained the office of Pontifex Maxi-
viusy before he had been aedile, in op-
pofition to two competitors, who had
each of them been twice conful and
cenfor, Lro. 25, 5. He was appoint-
ed mailer of horfe by Q^Fulvius, the
dictator, a. 542. ; Liv, 27, 5. Soon
after he was chofen cenfor before he
had been either praetor or conful, ih.
6, et 2\, But his colleague Veturi-
us having died before they performed
any public function of their office,
Craffus alfo abdicated the cenforfliip,
ih. 6. according to cullom, Lin). 5, 31.
He was made conful with Scipio, the
conqueror of Annibal, a. u. 547. ;
Lii!. 28, 38. {^cum fuperiore Africanoy
Cic. Br. 19.) ; and the province of
Bruttii affigned to him, Liv. ib. But
he and his army being feized with a
grievous diftemper,. were forced to
remain inactive, Liv. 29, 10. Next
year, being continued in his com-
mand, ib. 13. ; and having joined his
forces with Sempronius the conful, he
defeated Annibal near Croton, ib. 36.
He died, a. 571. After his death a
diflribution of flefh was made to the
people, (vifceratio data), a fliow of
1 20 gladiators exhibited, and funeral
games celebrated for three days, Liv.
39> 46-
P, Licinius CRASSUS, a praetor,
who
C R A
C 145 1
C R A
who cxcufed himfelf from going into
Ill's province of Hither Spain, on ac-
count of a folemn facrifice, Z,iz>. 41,
15. Being eleftcd conful, he was fcnt
into Macedonia againih Perfeus, by
whom he was defeated, /Ji;. 42, 28,
32, 58, & 59. ; but in a fecond bat-
tle proved victorious, ilf. 66. He be-
liavcd with great rapacity, and cruelty
in Greece, Liv. 43, 4.
Z. Llrmius CRASSUS, the chief
orator of his time, Cic. Brut. 38, &c.
The only one to be compared with
him was Antonius, iL 47. ; Paierc. 2,
9. ; whence Cicero introduces thefe
two as the principal fpeakcrs m his
book (le Oratore. CrafTus was colleague
with Scaevola in all the public offices,
{^omnibus in magijlratibus^ except thofe
of tribune and cenfor, ih. 43 When
a very young man, {^Adolejcentulasy
Cic. Or. I, 10. Annos natus unmn et
vigintif al. undevig'mtit ib. 3, 20. nonO'
dcc'imo aetatis anno. Dial, de Orat. c.
34.) he accufed C. Carbo, the year
after he was conful, a. 634, of various
capital crimes, Cic. Or. 2, 40, & 43.;
0^. 2, 13. with fo great eloquence, that
Carbo, fearing the iffue of the trial,
put an end to his own life by poifon,
Cic. Brut. 27.; Fam. 9, 21. Valerius
Maximus fays, that he was baniflied,
3, 7, 6. During the trial a flave of
Carbo's brought to Craflus a box,
containing fevcral papers which would
have ferved to convidl Carbo ; but
Cvaffus deteiting fuch villany, ordered
the flave to be carried back iir chains
to his mafter, Id^ 6, 5, 6. Next
year Cialfus was appointed one of
three commifiioners to fettle a colony at
Narbonne in Gaul, Cic. Br. 43. ; by a
law he had recommended in a popular o-
ration, which he publilhedj Cic. Cluent.
51. Or. 2, 'C^^. But he afterwards pu-
bhfhed another oration in fupport of
the ariftociatic party ; which contra-
riety of opinion having been caft up
to him in a trial by Brutus, drew from
CrafTus a fhirp reply, which Cicero
extols, th. So Quinftilian, 6, 3, 43,
^ 44. CrafTus delivered this oration
when thirty.four y-^ears old, a. tl. 647,
the year in which Cicero was born,
Cic. Br. 43. CrafTus difcharged the
olHce of aedile with Q^Mucius Scae-
vola very magniricently, Cic. Ojf. i,
16. When conful with the fame
Mucins, a. u. 659, he palTed a law,
(called from them Lex Licinia Mucia
de civihus rcgundis)^ *' that no one fliould
pafs for a citizen that was not fo,'* Cic,
Off. 3, II.; Ball. 21.; which was one
principal caufe of the Itahc or Marfic
war, that took place three years af-
ter, Afcon. ui Cic, pro Cornel. Craf-
fu3, after his confulrtiip, obtained the
province of Gaul, which he ruled with
great juftice, and freed from robbers,
whom he was at great pains to detetl
and deftroy. On this account, upon
his return, he aflced a triumph, which
the fenate was difpofed to grant him ;
but his former colleague, Scaevola,
thinking that he had not deferved that
honour, prevented it, Cic. Inv. 2, 37.;
Pif 26, et ibi Afcon. The fon of Car-
bo v^rent with CrafTus to his province,
to be a fpy on his condud, whom
CrafTus was fo far from excluding from
his prefence, that he afiigned him a
place on the tribunal, and never de-
termined any thing without having
him for one of his counfel, Val. Max.
3, 7, 6. CrafTus, however, vv'hen he
law himfelf fo v/atched, is reported to
have faid, " that he never repented
any thing fo much as his accufation
of Carbo,'' Cic. Verr. 3., t. Craf-
fus being made cenfor with Cn. Domi«
tins Ahenobarbus, ordered fome La-
tins, who profefTed to teach rhetoric,
to fhut up their fchool, [cludere ludiim,
\. e. JchoUim hnpudentiacy as it was then
called), on account of their ignorance, .
Dial, de Orat. c. 35. ; Cic. Or, 3, 24. ;
Suet. Clar. Rhet. i.; Gell. 15, u, ;
(Vid. CiCKRO, p. 102.)., CrafTus did
not agree with Domitius, whom he
raUied with great humour for his au-
llerity and dullnefs, Cic. Or. 2, ^6.',
Br. 44. ; Suet. Ner. 2. while Domitius
blamed him for his luxury, PHn. I'J, 1.
ft 33, Ji. et 34, 3. et 36, 3. J FaL
T Max.
C R A
Max. gf I, 4. ; Macrob. 2, ll. .
linn. H'rjl. Animal. 8, 4. CrafTus ha-
ving engaged in a violent altercation
with PhiHppus, the conful, in the fe-
nate, was fucldenly feized with a pain
in his fide, of which he died in feven
days after, a. u, 661, happy, as Ci-
cero thinks, in being thus prevented
from feeing fo many dreadful calami-
ties as foon after befel the ftate, C'lc.
Or, 3, I, & 2.; VaL Max. 6, 2, 2.
P. L'tc'inhis CRASSUS, Mucianm
Dives, the adopted fon of P. Craf-
fus Dives, who fought againft Anni-
bal, the natm-al fon of Mucins, and
brother of P. Scaevola, an orator of
fome repute, Cic. Br. 26.; Or. l, 37.;
Pontifex Ma:i:imus, and colleague oi
L. Valerius Flaccus in the conful-
ihip, a. 622, Cic. Phil. 11, 8. He
perifhed in the war againft Ariftoni-
cus, Veil. 2, 4. ; Liv. Epit. 39.
M, Crassus, fuppofcd to be the
-foil of the former, praetor a. 648, Cic.
Or. I J 36. called «>'£x«<rTc,-, becaufe he
was faid to have laughed but once in
his life, Cic. Fin. 5, 30. Pliny fays
never, {^Ferunt Crajfimiy avum Crafft in
Parihis intere/npti
19.
nunnuam n 11 e
P. Crassus, the fon of the former,
lieutenant to L. Caeiar in the Italic
war, Cic- Font. 15. ; Appian. p. 446.;
conful with Cn. Lentulus, a. 657.;
in which year liuiian facrifices are faid
to have b^^en urft ptohibitcd by a de-
cree of the fenate, hi Plin. 10, 2, et
30, I f. 3.; {Plutarrh. ^me/l. Rom.
83.) and cenfor with L. Julius Cae-
far, a. 664, Cic. Arch. 5. He flew
himfelf to avoid the cruelty of Marins,
Cic. Or. 3, 3. Plutarch lays, that he
and his brother were ilain by Cinna
•and Marius, in Crajjo. Florus fays,
that CrafTus and his Ion v/erc flain in the
fight of each other, {Crqjji, pater ct
Jilius, fc. trucidantur, m Kiutuo alter al-
Urius afpe^Uy 3, 21.) according to Lu-
can, by Fimbria, {^truncos laceravit Fim-
bria Craffos), 2, 124.
M, Licinius CKAS^US Dives, Tri-
■jmx'irj the Cgn of the fgrmer, v/ho ha-
[ 146 1 C R A
Ae- ving cfcaped from the cruelty of Ma-
rius and Cinna, fled with three friends
and ten ilaves into Spain, where he
had been fome years before with his
father, when governor of that pro-
vince. Here he lay concealed in a
cave for eight months ; till hearing of
the death of Cinna, he left his con-
cealment, raifed 2500 men, atid ha-
ving procured !tippiiig> pafTed over
with them into Africa and joined, Me-
tellus Pius. But differing with him,
he went over to Sulla, with whom he
returned into Italy ; and having raifed
a conl-lderable number of forces, was of
great fervice to Sulla in the civil war.
But finding himfelf lefs refpetlcd by
Sulla than Pompey, a much younger-
man, he was greatly piqued at the pre-
ference ; which laid the foundation of
a violent jealoufy between Craffus and
Pompey for a long time after, Plu-
tarch, in Crajf. ; Sallujl. Cat. 17. In the
dreadful battle, and the laft which Sul-
la fought, at the Porta Collina, under
the walls of the city, Craffus com-
manded the right wing, and was vic-
torious, when the left wing was obli-
ged to give way, Plutarch, ih. ; Appian.,
p, 407. Craffus, by purchafing the e-
flates of the profcribed, which Cicero
calls the harvell of that time, ( Sullani
temporis mejfem, Paradox. 6, 2.) and by
other unjuftifiable methods, accumula-
ted an immenfe fortune, amounting
in lands to Sejlertium his millies, i. c.
L. 1,614,583 : 6 : 8, befides money,
flaves, and honfehold-furniture, Plin.
33, 10 f. 47. which may be ellimated
at as much more. Plutarch fays, that,
after confccrating the tenth of all he
had to Hercules, feafcing the people
at 10,000 tables, and giving to every
citizen corn fufKcient to ferve him fof
three months, his eftate amounted to
7 1 00 talents. Craffus ufed to fay>
" That no one ought to be called rich,'
who could not with his income main-
.) 7.
tam an army,
tarch. in Crnjfo _
ny, a legion,
27. ; Plutarch.
ih. I. OJf. I, 8.; Ph-
or, according to Pli-
ih. (^Ts^TorzSov, Dio, 40,
in CraJf. 544). Th©
numbev
C R A C
number of his flavcs is faid to have
been equal to that of an army. Thefe
he employed in fuch a manner, as not
only to fupport themfelves, but alfo to
enrich their mafter. He had above
500 mafons and architefts conftantly
employed in building or repairing the
houfes of the city, the greatelt pait
of which had become his property,
Plutarch, ik CraiTus however was very
hofpilable to ftrangers, and often lent
money to his friends without intereft ;
but was pundual in exafting payment,
id. As he was inferior to his rival
Pompey in military exploits, he ap-
plied himfelf to eloquence, Cir. Br. 66.
and tried by every art to gain the fa-
vour of the people ; in which he was
very fuccefsful, Plutarch. Being crea-
ted praetor, he was appointed to con-
duit the war 'againll the fugitive
flaves under Spartacus, C'lc. Ver.
5, 2. whom he crufhed with great
llaughter, Flor. 3, 20. ; and on
that account obtained the honour of
an ovation, in which, by a decree of
the fenate, he was permitted to wear
a laurel crown, the proper ornament
of a triumph, inltead of a myrtle
crown, whi«^h ufed to be worn in an
ovation, GelL ^t 6.; Plln. 15, 29. ;
Cic. Pif. 2j.
Cralfus in this war decimated 500 of
his foldicrs for cowardice ; a kind of
punifhment which had long been difcon-
tinued, Plutarch, in Crajj. p. 548, on
which account Craffus was called rigid
and fevere, Dio^ 48, 42. Having be-
come reconciled to Pompey, he was
made conful with him, a. 684. But
their agreement was of Ihort continu-
ance. In the exercife of their office
they difTered almoft in every thing.
They were made friends again jull be-
fore the expiration o^f their office, at
the requeit of the people. The moft
important thing that took place in
their confulihip was the rciloration of
the power of the tribunes, Plutarch. \
Sallujl. Cat. 38. Craffus was eleded
ccnfor with Catvilus ; but they too
happening to difagrce, refigned their
147 ] C R A
office without doing any thing, (Vid.
Catulus), Craffus is faid to have
been engaged with Caefar, Pifo, and
others, m a dreadful confpiracy againft
the (late, which was fortunately pre-
vented, Suet. Caef. 9. ; Sallujl. Cat. 18, &
19. He was fufpeAed of being con-
cerned in Catiline's confpiracy ; and
one Tarquinius, an informer, named
him as an accomplice. But the power
of Craffus quafhed all enquiry about
the matter. Craffus afcribed this af-
front to the contrivance of Cicero,
which increafed their former enmity.
They were however afterwards recon-
ciled, C'lc. Fam. I, 9, 57. et 5, 8. ; SaU
lujl. Cat. 48.— Ponlpey and Craffus
were foon again at variance, but were
at lail firmly united, by the art of Cae-
far, in the famous triumvirate, (Vid..
Caesar, p. <^6.)
Craffus, in his fecond confulfliip,
{^Vid. Caesar, p. 58. ; and Cato,
/>. 89.) having obtained the province
of Syria for five years, was fo impa-
tient to take poffcffion of it, that he
left Rome two months before his con-
fullliip was expired. He openly de-
clared his intention of making war a-
gainft the Parthians, though they had
given the Romans no provocation, nor
was Craffus commiffioned to attack
them, jDi(5, 40, 12.; Appian. Parthlc,
135. ; Plutarch, in Cra[j\ p. 553. But
Craffus had conceived the moil extra-
vagant expeftations from this expedi-
tion, and both Caefar and Pompey
encouraged him to profecute it, P/a-
tarch. His dehgn however was gene-
fally difapproved. The tribunes there-
fore attempted to hinder his departure,
by denouncing to him, while facri-
hcing as ufual in the Capitol, that the
omens were unfavourable : and when
Craffus diiregarded this, Atejus, one
of the tribunes, (Fiorus calls him Me-
tellus, 3, II.) attempted to carry him
to prifon ; but being prevented by his
colleagues, he went to the gate of the
city, and having dreffed up a little al-
tar, with certain ceremonies, devoted
Craffus, as he paffed, to dedrudion, (ho-
T 2 pllhus
C R A C 14S ]
filihus clinsDsroriTy) Flor. 3. 11.; P/w- Lucan,
^tarch, in Crnjfoy p. 553. ; D'lOi 39, 39. ;
App'ian, in Parth. p. 135. ; Cic. Dlv.
1, 16.
Velleius afcribes this aft to all the
tribunes, {^Craffuniy proficifcentem in Sy-
rianif dlris omnibus tribuni plebis frujlra
retinere conatiy) 2, 46. So Lucan,
Crajfumque in bellafecutae Saeva tribuni-
tiae voverunt praelia dirae, 3, 126. Craf-
fus was in fo great halte to fct out,
that he embarked at Brundufium in
the middle of winter, and loll a num-
ber of his fhips in the pafiTage.
While Craffus was putting his troops
on board at Brundufumi, one happen-
ed to be crying figs from Caunus in
Caria to fell, (Caunea? fc. ficus da-
mitabat ;) which was thought a bad
omen, as if the word Caimeas were a
contraction for Cave ne sas, Cic,
Div, 2, 40.
Craffus, after his arrival in Syria,
was more attentive to the exaction of
money than to military affairs. He is
faid to have plundered the temple of
Jerufalem of a large fum, Jojeph, Antlq,
14, 12. et Bell. Jud. I, 6. In his ex-
pedition againft the Parthian*? he afted
with great imprudence. Several bad
omens are faid to have happened while
he croffed the Euphrates, Dto, 40, i 8.;
Plutarch, in Crajfo, p. 554. and at other
times, Vol. Man. I, 6, 11. Some of
his friends advifed him not to advance
into the enemy's country. But he
flighted their advice?, and, deceived by
the art of one Agbarus, an Arabian,
(Phitarch calls him Ariamnes, ih.p.^^^.
jlorus calls him Mazarcs, 3, ii.), he'
led his army to a diilance from the ri-
ver into a vaft; plain without trees or
%\'ater, where he was furrounded, by
the Parthians under Surcna, (v. -as.)
the chief general of king Orodes, and
the greatell part of his army cut to
pieces. Craffus with a fmall number
efcaped to Carrae, a town of Mefopo-
tamia ; where being decoyed by Surc-
na into a conference, as if to treat about
peace, he was killed, his head cut off,
and fent, together with his right hand,
4:o Orodes, Dio, 40, 20,-28. Hence
C R A
mijcrando funere Craffus Af-
fyrias Latio maculavit Janguine Carras,
I, 104. It is faid that the Parthians,
by way of derifion, poured melted
gold into his mouth, Dio, 40, 27. ( Ut
cujus animus arferat auri cupiditatef ejus
etiain rnortiium et exj'angue corpus auro ure-
retur, Flor. 3, 11.) Plutarch and Ap-
pian take no notice of this circum-
ilance, though they mention a fimilar
thing done to Aquilius by Mithridates,
Plutarch, p. 564, et Appian. in Mithrida-
tic. p. 184. But Plutarch mentions
a different kind of infult offered to the
head of Craifus by Surena and Orodes,
p. 564, &c. So Appian, in Parthicis,
p. 154, 155. — After the deftruclion of
Craffus moll of his foldicrs efcaped
through the mountains ; fome were
taken by the Parthians, Dio, 40, 27.
and conformed to the cultoms of the
country; which Horace fpeaksofwith
great difapprobation, Milefne Crajfi^ &c.
Od. 3, 5, 5. Caffuis, the quaellor of
Craffus, having colleded fuch as fur-
vived, efcaped to Antioch, Veil. 2, 46.
{^Vid. Cassius.) — The overthrow of
Craffus, (Jirages CraJJiana, Val. Max. 3,
4, 5.) was one of the greateft difaffcrs
that ever befel the Romans. Concern-
ing the number of men that were loff,
authors differ. They are commonly
reckoned at 20,000 flain and JO,oco
taken. Appian. Parth. 154. Juftin
fays that the whole army of Craffus
was deffroyed, 42, 4. So nearly Flo-
rus, 3, 1 1, and Pliny, 2, 56.
The death of Craffus was calami-
tous to the republic, not merely from
the lofs of fo great an army, but chief-
ly becaufe it removed the only bond of
union which, after the death of Juiia,
remained between Pompey and Caefar,
or rather the only check to their am-
bition, {^Solafuturi CraJJus erat belli me-
dius moray — faeva arnta ducum dirimens. )
The intervention of Craffus was the on-
ly thing which kept Pompey and Cae-
far from quarrelling, as he would na-
turally join the weaker, Lucan, i, lOO,
& 104. [Exlnde, quoniam mktuo metu te-
nebantur^'—Jiatim aemulatio erupit, Flor. 4,
2.) Hence Lucan jullly fays, that
the
C R A
t 149 1
C R IS
tlie dellruftlon of Craffus by the Par-
thians, [Pofthia damnai i. c. clades a
Parthis illata^) gave caufe to the civil
war, ih. 106. Cicero, while he (hews
how happy it is for men that they are
ignorant of what is to befal them, de-
fcribes in a {t\v words tlie miferable
fate which juftly befel not only Craf-
fus, but alfo Pompey and Caefar, in
confequcnce of their criminal ambi-
tion, and to which Cicero himfelf not
a little contributed by fupportlng their
unjull meafures, contrary to the con-
vitllon of his own mind, C'lc, Div. 2,
9. {Ful CiCEKOj p. 114.)
Plutarch obferves, " that divine juf-
tice failed not to punifli both Orodes
for his cruelty and Surena for his per-
fidy ; for Surena was not long after
put to death by Orodes, who envied
his glory ; and Orodes at lall was mur-
dered by his ion Phraates," in Cra/s.
Jin. — The poets contemporary with
Auguftus take particular notice of the
defeat of Craffus, while they celebrate
the greatnefs of Augullus, who by the
terror of j^is arms recovered the liand-
ards which Craffus had loft ; thus Ovid,
Fa/I. 5, 583. et 6, 465. ; Jrt. Jin, I,
179. ; Propert. 2, 10, I'^.et 4, 6, 83.
P. CRASSUS, the Yon of the trl-
umvir, a young man of an amiable cha-
ra£ler, of a quick genius, and highly
cultivated by learning ; but perverted
by ambition and an immoderate paffion
for military glory, Cic. Brut. 81. Fam.
5, 8. et 13, 16. He gained much
honour by his bravery and conduct as
one of Caefar's lieutenants in Gaul,
Caef. B. G. I, 52. et 2, 34. et 3, 7, 11,
ao, — 28. When his father and Pom-
pey fued for the confulihip a fecond
time, young CrafTus came to Rome to
vote for them with a number of fol-
diers, Dlo, 39, 31, whom Caefar had
promiied to lend for that purpofe, Plu-
tarch. In C rajs. p. 551. in Pomp, p, 646.
Next year he joined his father in Syria
with a thoufand chofen horfe from
Gaul, given him by Caefar, Appian.
Parth. 136. and in the fatal battle
againll the Parthians, commanded the
left wing. Having, in the beginning
of the fight, advanced too far in pur-
fuit of a body of the enemy, who pre-
tended to fly, he was furrounded, and
fcorning to fave his life, which he might
have done, by deferting his men, he
was, at his own defne, killed by his
armour-bearer, being difabled by a
wound to do it himfelf. The Parthi-
ans returned to the combat in triumph
with his head fixed on a fpear. The
father bore the fight with uncommon
fortitude, but it greatly deprefled the
courage of the army, Plutarch, in Crajs.
559. ; Apptan. ih. 147.
CPvATe RUS, a general much truft-
ed by Alexander the Great ; after
whofe death he was llaln in a battle a-
gainit Eumenes, Nep.Eum. 4. — ^ 2. An
eminent phyficlan in the time of Cice-
ro, Cic. Att. 12, 13, & 14. fuppofed
to have been the fame mentioned by
Plorace, ^^2/. 2, 3, 161. and by Per-
fius, 3, 65.
CRATES, -his, a native of Mallos,
[Mallotesj -ae,) who being fent as an
ambaffador to the fenate from Attains,
king of Pergamus, firft introduced the
ftudy of grammar at Rome, between
the fecond and third Punic war. Suet.
Gram. 2. — ^\ 2. An academician phl-
lofopher, Cic. Acad, i, 9.
CRATiNUS, a celebrated ancient
comic writer at Athens, Hor. Sat. i,
4. I. rather too fond of drinking. Id.
Ep. I, 20, I. uncommonly fatlrical, and
therefore termed Audax, daring, becaufe
he foared nobody, Perf. I, 123.
CRATIPPUS, a philofopher, born
at Mitylenae, an intimate acquaintance
of Cicero's, Cic. Div. 1, 3. whofe lec-
tures on philofophy Cicero's fon attend-
ed at Athens, Cic. Off. i^ i,
Crenis, -'idis, the name of a nymph,
Ovid. Met. 12, 313.
CREON, -ntis, a king of Thebes,
the father of Jocafta the wife Oedipus,
(Apoilodorus fays, her brother, 3, 5,
7.) who, after Polynlces and Eteocles,
the fons of Oedipus, were flain, refum-
ed the government, (G. 430.) He
gave his daughter Megara in mar-
riage to Hercules, {^G. p.\oo.)
Creon, the fon of SIfyphus king of
Corifith,
CHS I I
Corintti, [G. Ai6.) whofe daughter,
Creufa, Jafon married, after divorcing
Medea, {G.p. 443.)
Cresphontes, a king of Mefienia,
Cic. Her. 2, 24. from whofe ftory Euri-
pides wrote a tragedy called Cres-
PHQNTEs, Cic. Tufc. 1, 48.
Cretheus, -eos, v. -e'l^ the Ton of
Aeolus, and father of Aefon, by Tyro,
the daughter of Salmoneus, Apollodor.
1, 7. whence Jafon, the fon of Aefon,
is called Crethulesy -ae., Val. Flacc. 6,
609.; Crethcm proles ^ Id. 8, 112.; and
Helle, the daughter of Aefon, Firgo
Crefheia, Id. 2, 61 2.
Creusa, the daughter of Priam,
and wife of Aeneas, P'"irg.Aen. 2, 651.
who, while flie followed her hufhand,
in his flight from the burning of Troy,
by fome unfortunate accident was lol't,
tb. 737, Sec. ^ 2. The daughter or
Creon king of Corinth, whom Jafon
married, after having divorced Medea,
(G.443.)
Crispinus, a Stoic philofopher,
Hor.Sat. 2, 7, 45.
CRISPUS, a firname of the SalhflU.
In the works of Salluil, the cognomen
Crifpus is put before the nojnen Salluf-
tius, which is not ufually the cafe. So
Horace, addveinng the grandnephew
and adopted fon of the hiftorian, has
Crifpe Salltiftiy Od.'2, 2, 3. But in. the
infcription to this ode the names are in
their regular order, jlfl C. Sallnjlium
Cnfpum.
CRITIAS, -acy one of the thirty
tyrants fct over Athens by the Spar-
tans, who caufcd Theramcnes to be
put to death, Gic. Tufc. 1, 40. noted
for his eloquence, Cic. Or. 3, 34. vSome
of the writings of Critias were ext&ut
ill the time ot Cicero, ih. 2, 22.
CRiTO, -cnisy the Icholar and in-
timate friend of Socrates, Cic. Div. i ,
25. who attended his praecptor in his
lail moments, Cic. Tufc. i, 43.
CRlTOBuLUS, a ikilful phyil-
ci-'^n, who extradted an arrow from the
eye of Philip king of Macedonia, when
wounded by After, (G. 325.), with-
out disfiguring his face, P/in. 7, 37.
Ke attended Alexander into India, and
5c ] C R O
extra6lcd a dart from his body when
dangeroufly wounded, Curf.gy 5, 25.
CRITOL^US, a general of the
Achaeans, who, by his imprudence,
involved his country in a war with the
Roman?, which occafioned the deftruc-
tion of Corinth ; and hence he is faid
to have overturned that city, Cic.Tufc.
N. D. 3, 38. 5f 2. An Ariltotelic
philofopher, Cic. Fin. 5, 5. who came
to Rome on an embafly from Athens,
Cic. Or. I, II.
Crocale, -esy the daughter of the
river Ifmenus, Oind. Md. 3, 169.
Crocus, a beautiful youth, who,
having fallen in love with Smilax, was,
together with her, turned into fmall
iiovv'ers of the fame name, Ovid. Met.
4, 283.
CROESUS, king of Lydia, con-
quered by Cyrus, (G. 601 ), put for a
rich man, Ovid. Triji. 3, 7, 42. and fo
in the plur» Croefiy rich m,en. Mar-
tial. 1 1 . 6.
Crutopus, the fon of Agenor, a
king of Argos, Panfin. 2, 16. the
father of Pfamathe, and grandfather
of Linus, who is hence called Crq-
TOPiADEs, -acy Ovid, in Ibin. 482.
Pfamfithe having fe ere tly brought forth
a fon by Apollo, gave him to be
brought up by the keeper of the kingj's
flock ; but the child being carelelsly
left by him in the woods, was devour-
ed by dogs. Pfamathe, deploring the
lofs of her child, whom flie called Li-
nus, in the tranfports of her grief,
difclofed the whole truth ; on which
account her merciiefs father ordered
her to be put to death* Apollo, in
revenge, fent a monller into the coun-
try of Argos, which tore the children
from the bofoms of their mothers, and
devoured them. The moniler at lall
was flain by Choroebus. Apollo next
brought a peftilence on the country,
which deilroyed a number of people ;
till Choroebus having gone to the tem-
ple of Delphi, and voluntarily offered
himfelf as a vi6lim, by this a6l pacihed
Apollo, and procured a refpite from
the plague, Stat. Theh. i, 557. ad fin.
Paufanjas telk the itorv femewhat djtFe-
c T E Cm
rently, i, 43. It (hould feem that Cro-
topus himfelf periflied by the plague ;
for he is Tdid to have been driven to
Tartarus by Apollo, Ov'id. in Ibhu 575.
Ctesias, -«.", a native of Cnidus,
the phyfician of Artaxerxes Mnemon,
Plutarch, m Artax. p. 1012, &c. who
wrote the hiftory of Perfia, in twenty-
three books, JJ'wdor. 2, 2, & 23,; Plitu
2, 106.
Ctesibius, a native of Alexandria
in Ejrypt, the inventor of the pump
and other hydraulic machines, Plin. 7,
37. ; V'/tni-v. 9, 9. whence the pump
is called MacJ/wa Ctefib'ica, Id. 10, 12.
Ctesilochus, anoted painter, Pl'in.
Ctesiphon, 'OntiSy an Athenian,
who propofed in an aiTembly of the
people, that Demollhenes fhould be
prefented with a golden crown for his
public fervices, particularly for his ha-
ving rebuilt the walls of Athens at his
own expence ; which was oppofed by
Aefchines, the rival of Demollhenes,
who brought a formal accufation a-
gainft Ctefjphon. Demofthcnes under-
took his defence, or more properly his
own, in that admirable oration, (^ff«
c-rapayou^ de cofoiia), whicli is ftill extant.
Ctefiphon was acquitted, and Aefchi-
nes baniflicd for his falfe accufation,
Cic. Or. 3, 56.
CupiDo, -uilst Cupid, the god of
love; plar. CupiDiNES, Cupids. — Cu-
pidlnea ttla^ the darts of Cupid, Ovid.
Tnjl.^, 10,65. (G. 364.) •
CURIO, a firname of one of the fa-
milies of the Gens Scribonia. There
were three orators of this family in fuc-
cefiion, which Pliny mentions as an in-
ilance of fmgular felicity, ( Una familia
Cur'iom.m in qua tres continud ferie oratorts
€sj}iterunt)y 7, 41 f. 42. 1. C, CU-
RIO, the grandfather, Cic. Br. 32.
2. C. Scrihonius CURIO, the fon, conful
a. 677, Cic. Br. 16, & 60. Fam. I, 4.
Next year having obtained the pro-
vince of Macedonia, he made war on
the Dardiinii a neighbouring nation,
whom in three years he fubdued, and
extended his conauefts tg the Danube.
I 1 CUR
Upon his return to Rome he was hof
noured with a triumph, Liv. Epit. 92,
95, & 97. ; Flor. 3, 4. ; Eutrop. 6, 2. ;
Cic, PiJ\ 19, & 24. As an orator, Ci-
cero commends him for the fplendour
and copioufnefs of his diftion, Br. 59.
but he was remarkable for a weak me-
mory, and for the violent agitation of
his body from one fide to another while
fpeaking ; fo that one Junius ridiculed
him, by aflcing, who it was that fpokc
from a boat, {^ds loqueretur e lintre ?
ib. 60, & 61.), or in a boat, [^is in
lint re loqueretur? Qjainftil. Ii, 3, 129.)
On this account Sicinius, a tribune,
one day faid to Octavius, the colleague
of Curio in the confulate, who, while
Curio was delivering a tedious harangue,
fat filently by him, wrapt round with
bandages, and bcfmeared with oint-
ments, to eafc the pain of the gout,
*' You are greatly obliged to your col-
league, Oftavius, for if he had not toff-
ed himfelf from fide to fide in his ufual
way, the flies would have this day de-
voured you,*' Cic. et ^inclil. ib. Hence
Curio got the firname of Buruuleius,
from a play-aftor of that name who
had a funiiar impropriety of gefture,
Plin. 7, 12 f. 10. ; Fal. Max. 9, 14, 5.
3. C. CURIO, the ion of the for-
mer, a young man of great natural abi-
lities, but not fufficiently cultivated by
iludy, [a magijlris parum injtitutus, natu-
ram hahuit admirahikm ad cricendum),
Cic. Br. 81. He was early recomciend-
ed by his father to the attention of Ci-
cero, who endeavoured to infpire him
with the defire of true glory, ib. ; but
Curio, feduced by the love of plea-
fure, became exceedingly profligate and
extravagant, whence, on account of his
effeminacy, Cicero calls him fliola Cu-
rionisy Cic. Att. I, 14. Curio formed
a detellable conne6lion with Antony,
from which he was withdrawn by the
interpofition of Cicero, Cic. Phil. 2, iS.
who, knowing the fliining talents of
Curio, ilill llrovc to engage him to fup-
port the interefts of the republic. The
fix firfl letters of Cicero's fecond book
of FamiU:\r Epiftks are addreffed to
Curio,
CUR [
Curio, while he was (as is fuppofed,
quaeflorto Caius Claudius) in Afia, Cic.
Fam. 2, 6. DuriHg this period Curio
loft his father, ih. z. in honour of whom
he propofed exhibiting a fplcndid ihew
of gladiators, from which Cicero tried
to difluade him, but in vain, ib. 3. On
this exhibition (funebri patr'is munere)
Curio expended an immenfe fum, and
exceeded all that had gone before him
in the ingenuity of his contrivances to
amufe the people, Pl'in, 36, 15 f. 24.
By fuch profufion he contracted fo
much debt, that, as Pliny expreffes it,
he had no eftate left, but in the hope
of a civil war, {ut nihil in cenju habuerity
practer d'tfcorA'mm principum)^ 36, 15.
and was at laft reduced to the neceffity
of felling himfelf to Caefar. The debt
of Curio is faid to have amounted to
no kfs a fum than fexcentles fejhrttum,,
near 500,000 L Val. Maat. 9, 1,6. and
this fum he is fuppofed to have received
from Qiefar, who attached him to his
jnterelt by paying all his debts, D'tOy
40, 60. VelL Paterculus makes the
fum only cenhes BS. 2, 48. But it is
thought that here we fhould read fex-
centusy becaufe Appian fays that Cae-
far induced Curio to co-operate with
him for more than 1500 talents, the
fum which he gave to Paulus the conful,
B. C, 2. p. 443. So Plutarch in Cae-
fare, p, 722. ei Pomp. p. 650. Sueto-
nius does not mention the fum, but
iimply fays, Aemilium Paulum (confu.-
Icm) Caiumqua Curionem violerui/fmium
ir'ihunoytim ingeiiti mercccle defenjores para-
int, Caef. 29. ^Vid. Caesar, p. 62.).
Virgil is thought to allude to Curio,
Vendid'it hic auro patriam, <Sjc. Aen. 6,
62 f. ; and Lucan, after obferving that
all thofe who had opprefled the liberty
of their country effected their purpofe
by money, [emcre omnes), adds, Hic
(Curio) vcndidit url^m, 4, 824.
Curio had been a keen fupporter of
the power of the fenate and of Pom-
pey, [H':c primo pro Pompeii partih us ^ id
ej}, ut tunc habebatur, pro republican Veil.
ib.)r by whofe influence he was made
tribune, a. 703, DiQj 40? 59. On this
152 ] CUR
occafion Cicero wrote him from Cilicia,
an admirable letter of advice, in which,
however, he infmuates fome apprehen-
fion of his unfteadinefs. Fain. 2, 7. The
caufe of Curio's oppoiition to Caefar is
faid to have been the contempt with
which Caefar treated him, and the op-
pofition made by Cacfar's friends to his
eleftion, Cic. Fam. 8, 4. Curio, after
he had fold himfelf to Caefar, acled
with exquifite art. He did not imme-
diately diicover his having changed
fides, but appeared ftiil to go along
with his former friends, that thus he
might become more thoroughly acquain-
ted with their fecret views, Dio, 40, 61.
He feemed for fome time to be wholly
inaftive, [Curioni iribunafut conglaciot
ve\frigei)y Cic Fam. 8, 6. Som.etimes
he pretended to be equally again fl Pom-
pey and Caefar, {^moxfimulationey contra
Pompeium et Caefar em). Veil. 2, 48. At
lait, however, he threw off the mafic,
and, that he might have a pretext for
breaking with the fenate, made feveral
extravagant demands, which he knew
would not be granted, Z)/<?, 40, 61. ;
Appian. p. 443, Then he joined the
popular party, and openly avowed his
attachment to Caefar, [trans fugit adpo^
pulumy et pro Caefar e loqui coepit), Cic.
Fam. 8, 6. which change did not fur-
prife Cicero, {^is hoc putarei prcuter
me ? nam, ita vivamy putavi), ib. 2, 13.
Curio fupported the caufe of Caefar in
the fenate with great addrefs during his
tribunefliip, and, after laying down his
olnce, went directly to Caefar, Dioy 40,
66 f. fpeedily returned with a letter.
Id. ^ly I. and after the final decree
was paffed, fled with Coehu? and the
tribunes Antony and Caflius, ib. 3.
(Audax 'venali comitatur Curio lingua,
Lucan. i, 269.), to Caefar, whom he
inftigaced to war, Appian. p. 447. ; Lu-
can. I, 273, — 293. Hence Curio is faid
to have been the perfon that firfl kin-
dled the civil war, and even prevented
an accomm.odation, when Pompey and
Caefar were inclined to it, [Bello civili
— -fubjecitfacem ; — et coakjcentis conditions
pads difiujit ac rupit), Veil. 2, 48. (Mo-,
rnentumqus
CUR
C ts^ 1
C Y M
meniumque fult mr/tafus Curio rerum, GaU
lorum captus fpoliis et Caefarts aiiroy Lu-
can. 4, 819.)
Curio was fent by Caefar with an ar-
my to Sicily, Lucan. 3» 59 which he
got pofl'efiion of without a batrle, Caef.
Bell, C. I, 30, & 31. Cato having left
it upon hearing of Curio's arrival, ib.
{S^eC.ATO, 91.), D'lOy 41, 41. Curio
paflfcd over from Sicily toAfrica, where
he deft'ated Varus, who commanded in
that country for Pompey, and laid fiege
to Utica, I)iof ib. ; Cocf B, C. 2, 34,
&c.; Lucan. ^, C83, 661. & 713. But
Juba king of Mauritania, whom Curio,
while tribune, had tried to deprive of
his kingdom, Caef. B.C. 2, 25. {Lege
tribunitid f«liO depdlere avorum Curio ten-
tdratf Lylnamqite auferre tyranno, Lu-
can, 4, 694.), having fpeedily come to
the afiillance of Varus, artfully decei-
ved Curio, who feeing himfelf furround-
ed, and fcorning to flee, though he
might have efcaped, fell fighting brave-
ly, {Caef. ib. 36, — 430> ^n^idlt heaps
of his men, {ceciilitque in Jlrage fiwrumy
Jmpiger adletbum, et foitis inrtvte coadd.
^id nunc rojlra tihi profunt turhata^ Jo-
rumquCy Unde trihunilid plebeius figrilfer
arce Arvia dahas popuiis P quid prod/la
jura fenatus, Et gcner at que foe er hello con-
cur r ere jujfi P Lybicas en nobUe corpus
Pafcit aveSf nullo confeSus Curio lujto,
Lucan. 4, 797, — 809. et 5, 39.
CUR I US, the name of a Roman
gens ; the moft illullrious of which was
M. CuRius DtntatuS) who conquered
the Samnites, and forced Fyrrhus to
leave Italy. He was a man as remark-
able for his contempt of ricl es and
frugality, as for his bravery in war, {G.
p. 230, & 231.). He is faid to have
had his hair undrefied, becaufe in his
time there were no barhtrs in Rome,
Horat. 1 , 12, 41. ^i Curios fimulant
Bacchanalia iji'vunt, pretend to live as
foberly as Curius, Juvenal. 2, 3. who
uied to dine on pot herbs, which he
drelTed himftlf. Id. 11.78.— Adj. Cu-
RiAKUs, ^tinclih 7i 6, 9. ; Cic. Or. l^
39*
Mettius Curt I us, a Sabine chief,
Liv. 1,12. who is faid to have given
name to the Curtian lake in Rome, tb,
13-
M CuRTius, a brave young man,
who threw himfelf into a great opening
in the forum, produced by an earth-
quake, or fome other caufe, in order,
as he fuppofed, to appeafe the divine
wrath, Liv. 7, 6. The Curtian lake
is fuppofed to have been named rather
from this Curtius, ib.
CvANE, -esy a nymph of Sicily,
who attempting to hinder Pluto in
carrying off Proferpine, was by him
changed into a fountain, Ovid. MeL
5» 409-
Cyanee, v. -ea, the daughter of
the river Maeander, the mother of
Byblis and Caunos, by Miletus, the
fon of Apollo, Ovid. 9,451.
Cybele, Cybelle, v. Cybebe,
'es, the mother of the gods, {G. 355.)
Hence Cybeleius Attis, the fon of Cy-
bele, Ovid. Met. TO, 104.
Cycnus, or Cygnus, the fon of
Neptune, invulnerable by a dart ;
cruflicd to death by Achilles, and me-
tamorphofed into a fwan, Ovid. Met*
12, 72, — 145. H 2. A Boeotian
youth, the fon of Apollo and Hyric,
beloved by Phyllius ; who having refu-
fed to give him a bull, which at the
defire of Cycnus he had tamed, Cyc-
nus, in a fit of paflion, threw himfelf
from a lofty rock on mount Teumefui
in Boeotia, and was turned into a
fwan ; whence a beautiful vale near
that place was called Cycneta Temper
plur. Ovid. Met. 7, 371, &c. (vid. G-
CvDiAs, -ae, a fl<:ilful painter, PUn^
35» i'-
Cydippe, -fj-, a virgin beloved by
Aconlius ; vid. Acontius.
Cyllarus, a beautiful centaur,
Ovid. Met. 12, 393. flain in the battle
of the centaurs wiih the Lapithae, ib»
420. ^ 2. The horle of Pollux,
Virg. G. 3^ 89.
Cymqdoce, 'CSy or CymodGc^a, a
C Y M [ T54 I DAE
fca-nympli, the daughter of Nereus xes, was ftoned to death, CzV. 0^ 3, Tt»
and Doris, Vir^. Jen, 10, 225.; Stat. CYR.US, the founder of the Per-
Sih. 2, 2, 20. fian empire, (G' 600.) -R'^dditum Cyri
Cymotkoc, -fj, another daughter folio Phranten, 8cc. Phraate< reftored to
of Nereus, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i, the throne of Cyrus, t e. of Parthia,
the Parlhians being tnafters of Perfia in
the time of Horace, Horat. Od. 2, 2,
17. vid. OCTAVIUS.
Cyrus minor, Cyrus the younger,
who attempting to expel his brother
Aftaxerxes from the throne by the
148.
Cynafgirus, an Athenian, the fon
of Euphorion, and brother to the poet
Aefchylus ; who, after the defeat of
the Pcrfians at Marathon, took hold
of one of th.eir (hips with his hand,
and it being cut oiF, fell, Herodot. 6, afhftance of Graecian mercenaries, was
114. Juftin relates, that, after both flain in battle through his own rafh-
his hands were cut off, he ftized the nefs, in the moment of vi6lory, (G.
{hip with his teeth, 2, 9, (G. 3C0.) 468.) C'lC, Div, i, 23, & 25.
Cyrus, an architcv^, Ck. Alt, 2, 3.;.
Md, 17. hence Cyrea, fc. op^ra, the
works of Cyrus, Cic, AtL 4, 10.
Cytheris, -Ws, an aftrefs, the fa-
vourite miftrefs of Antony, Ck. Phil.
CynTci, a feit of piiilofophers, re-
markable for the rulb'city and indelica-
cy of their manners, (G. 295 )
Cynosura, the conriellation called
Urfa Minor, the leiTer bear, Ovid. Fafi.
3, 107 ; Sil 3, 6(Ss.
Cynthius, a name given to Apol-
lo, from Cynthos, a mountain in De-
los, \vhe:e he was born, Virg. Am.
6, 3. Cyntkia, a name given to
Diana, or Luna, the moon, Ovid. Fajl.
2, 24, & 25. ; Fam. 9, 26 ; Att. 10,
10, &■ i6. ; properly called Volumnia,
as being the freed-woman of Volumni-
us Eutrapelus, Ck. Phil. 2, 24.
Servius on Virgil makes Cytheris the
fame with Lycoris, beloved by Gallus ;
2, 91 51 ^' '^^'^^ name which Pro- but feveral circumilances mentioned by
pertius gave his miflrefs, I, l. et alibi Virgil ccicerning Lycoris, /:i:/. 10, 2,
^qfflm. Martial 14, 187.
Cyparissus, a bc-iutlful youth, be-
loved by Apollo ; who having acci-
dentally killed a ftag he was fond of,
and being inconfolable in his griei,
.was turned into a cyprefs-tree, which
tvab ahvays ufed at funerals, Ovid. Met.
*IG,, 1065 — 142*
** 'Cyf.selus, a tvrant of Cori-ith,
&c appear to be inconnftent with the
account given concerning Cytheris in
hiftory.
. D.
Daedalion, -cr/j-, the fon of Lu-
cifer, and brother of Ceyx, Ovid. Met.
I r, 295. who was fo aifefted with the
death of his daughter Chicne, flain by
Diana, that he threv," himfelf from the
■^thoie government Demaratus, the fa- top of Parnaffus ; but Apollo pitying
ther of Tarquinius Prifcus, the fifth
king of Rome, being unwilling to
bear, retired to Tarquinii in Tufcany,
Cic. tiifc. 5, 37.
Cyrehe, -es, the daaghcer of the
river Peneus, and mother of Ariitaeus
by Apollo, (G. 371.)
him, made him a bird, called a fal/jn
cr liawk, [accipller), ib. 345.
DAEDALUS, a native of Athens,
a famous architeft, the conitrudor of
the labyrinth in Crete,- where being
fnut up with his fon Icarus, he con-
trived'to make his efcape by m.eans of
Cyrenaici, the followers of the waxen wing? ; but Icarus foaring too
philofopher Ariilippus, a native or
Cyrene in Africa, Cic. Tufc. 3, 12. ;
Acad. 4, 7, & 46.
CyrsIlus, an A.thenian, who ha-
ving'advi fed h?s .countryrTien' to'' re-
'rnain in the city, -^nd fubmit to Xcr-
high, had his wings melted by the heat
of the fun, and fell into the fea, call-
ed from him the Icarean fea, [G,
42 1 .") 'Hence, Et mare perniffum pucrot
(i. e. Icaro)^ fahrumque, (f e. Daeda-
lum) 1-olantsnii Juvenal, I, 54. P-'O-
ponimui
DAM [ 155
ponhnus Uluc Ire fai'igaias uhl Daedalus
exuit alas, i. e« Cumas, Id. 3, 25. ;
Virg. Aen. 6, 14. ; Hor, Od, 1,3, 44.;
lUe ceratis ope Daedaled mt'itur penniSy in-
treo daturas ncmina ponto, Ibars on
waxen wings by the aflidance or art
of Daedalus, about to fall like Icarus,
and give name to the azure fea, /'. e.
be will fail in his attempt to equal
Pindar, lb, 4, 2, 2, Daedaleo ocior I-
carOi fwifter than Icarus, the Ton of
Daedalus, /. e. not retarded like him
in my flight, lb. 2, 20, 13. Daedale-
vm iter rexii, direfted liis road through
the windings of the labyrinth made by
Daedalus, Propert. 2, 14, 8. DaeDA-
LA teclaj the cells of the bees, curionf-
iy made, Firg, G. 4, 179. So Dae-
dala tellus, L,ucr. i, 7, & 229. carmi-
fia. Id. 2, 504. ; J^gna (/. e. ftatuas)
polire, Id. 5, 1450. ; J'^erborum Daedn-
la lingua^ which curioufly forms the
founds of words, Id. 4, ^<^^. ; Vtd.
C'lc. A^. Z). 2, 59. Natura Dae dala re-
rum, the curious former or framer of
things, Lucr. 5, 235.; Daedala Circe,
ingenious, Virg. /Jen. 7, 282.
Damalis, -is, the name of a drunk-
en woman, Hor. ^il. i, 36, 13.
DAMASiPPUS, a lirnameofthe
Lictnli.
Dam AS IP PUS, a nobleman fond of
ftatues, Cic. Fam. 7, 23. ; whence
Pfciidodamajippus, an admirer of itatues
like Damatippus, ib. — Suppofed to be
the fame with the Damaiippus m.en-
tioned by Horace, Sat, 2, 3, 64.
^ 2. One who having fpent his for-
tune, hired himfclf as a player, Jwce-
nal 8, 185.
/.. Jtmius Brutus DAMASIPPUS,
city praetor in the third confulfhip
of Carbo, and the younger M'arius ;
who having affembled the fenate, by
the order of Marius, cruelly put to
death a number of the chief fenators,
under pretext of their being the fa-
vourers of Sulla ; among the reft Scae-
vola, the High Prieft, Fell. 2, 26. ;
Cic. Fam, 9, 21. ; Appian. B, C. i. p,
403, & 404. ; Liv. Epit. 86. Dama-
iippus was afterwards llain bv the or-
Ja- of Sulla, Sallujh Cat. 51.'
1 DAN
DAMOCLES, As, a flatterer of
Dionyfius, who ufed often to extol the
happinefs of that prince. Upon which
Dionyfitis al'ked if he would make
trial of it. When he readily afiented,
the tyrant ordered him to be placed
on a golden couch, and the moll deli-
cious dilhes to be fet before him, with
every thing elfe that could regale hi$
fenfes. But in the midil of the en?
tertainment he caufed a fwovd to be
let down from the ceiling, fufpended
by a horfe-hair over his head ; which
fo terrified liamocks, that he was un-
able to tafte any of the delicacies, and
begged that he might be allowed to
depart. Thus Dionyfius Avowed, that
no one can be happy over whom fomc
terror always hangs, Ci^. Tufc. 5,21.
To this ftory Horace alludes,
DiJlriElus erjis cut fuper hvpia Cervice pew
dct, &c. Od. 3, I, 17. '
DAMO, V. -on, and Phintias, or
Pythias, Pythagoreans, who gave a
rare example of friendfhip at Syracufe
\\\ the time of Dionyfius. One of them
being condemned to die by the tyrant,
afked a few days refpite to fettle his
affairs, and the other became furety
for his return, fo that he muft have
died if he failed. But he came on the
day appointed. Dionyfius admiring
fuch fidelity, not only pardoned him,
but requefted to be admitted as a
third 'perfon in their friendfhip, Cic,
Off. 3, 10. ; Val, Max, 4, 7, ext. i.
Damon, a mufician, Cic. Or. 3, 33.
Damophilus, a ftatuary and pain-
ter, PUn. t^, 12.
DanaJ:, -es, the daughter of Acri-
fiU3, king of the Argives, and the mo-
ther of Pcrfeus by Jupiter, (G. 395.)
who is hence called D A n a E i u s heros^
Ovid. Met. 5, I.
D:->.NAUS, a king of Argos, the
fon of Belus, and brother of Aegyp-
tus, whofe fifty daughters, (Danauks,
-umj, ilew their huibands on the mar-
riage night, except Hypermneftra,
who preferved her huiband Lynceus.
For this crime the Danaids were fup-
pofed to be condemned to pour water
for ever into a tub full of holes, {G,
U 2 392.)
DAP [156
19 2.) From Danaus the Greeks were
called Dan A I.
Daphne, -es, the daughter of the
river Peneus, beloved by Apollo,
changed into a laurel, Ovid. Met, J,
Daphnis, -is, V. -ullsi a beautiful
toy, the fon of Mercury, Atl'ian, 10,
x8. 5[ 2. The name of a fhepherd,
V'trg, Aen. 2, 5, & 8.
Dardanus, the fon of Ele£lra and
Jupiter, the founder of the Trojan na-
tion, (G. 187 ) Iliacae primus pater
urhis et auSor^ Virg. Aen. 8, 34. put
for any Trojan, (q. Dardanius)^ Crw
delis JDardanus, i. e. Aeneas, Virg,
Aen. 4, 661. — Dardanipes, -dae^ a
fon or defcendant of Dardanus, Virg'.
Aen. 10, 545. plur. Dardanidae,
^arunii the Trojans, ii. 3 > 94- 5 > 45.
— -Dardanis, -7diSf a Trojan woman,
Matres Dardamdesy the Trojan ma-
trons, O'vid. Met, 13, 412. — Darda-
Nius, adj. Trojan; l^irg. 'en. 5, 711.
— Dardania, 'Of., fc. wbs^ Troy, ib,
jr, 324. or fc. regiOi Troas, the coun-
try of Troy.
Dares, i^//x, an hiftorian that wrote
the hiftory of the Trojan war, Ijidor,
*" ^ 2. The name of a noted boxer or
combatant at thec^eftus, Firg.A.^y 375.
DARIUS, the name of three kings
cf Perfia, namely, the fon oi Hy/iafpiSy
J^othusy ard Codomatinus, (G. 6c8, —
614; 616; 620.)-^ Daricus, -/,
m. <i daric, a coin marked with the
image of Darius, An/on. Ep. 5y 21.
DATis,rij", the general of Daiius,
whom Miltiades defeated at the battle
of Marathon, Nep. 1,4.
DAUNUS, the fon of Pilumnus
and Danae, who reigned in the north
of Apulia ; whence that country was
cralled Daunia, (G- p. 158,) The
father of Turnus, Firg. Aen. 10, 616,
«? 12, 90. ; whence Daunius herosj i. e,
Turnus ih. \2, 723. Daunia dea, i. e,
Juturna, thefiller of Turnus, iZ". 12, 785*
Davus, the name of a flave, which
often O'curs in Terence : faid to have
] DEI
DECIUS, the nam.c of a Roman
gens; ennobled by the three Dfcii,
who devoted themfelves for their coun-
try, Cic Tufc. I, 37. JLivy mentions
only two, the father, 8, 9, & 10. ; and
the fon, TO, 28, & 29, Vid. Firgif,
A. 6, 825. ; Jwvenalt 8, 254, & 258,
14, 239.
De J AN IRA, the mofl illuftrions of
the wives of Hexxules, (G. 401,) the
daughter-in-law of Alcmena, the mo-
ther of Hercules, hence called AlcmC'
naenurusy Ovid. Met. 8, 542.
D E i D A M I A, or Deiam'ia, the daugh-
ter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, and
the m.other of Pyrrhus by Achilles,
(G.446.)
Dejoces, -isf the firfl king of the
Medes, (G. 599.)
Deione, -esf the mother of Mile-
tus by Apollo ; whence Miletus is
called Dewmdesy -acy the fon of Deio-
ne, Oind. Met. 9, 442.
Dejotarus, the king of Galatia,
who fided with Pompey in the civil
war ; but after the battle of Pharfalia,
having fubmitted to Caeiar, was left in
the pofTeflion of his kingdom. He
was afterwards accufed by his fon De-
jotarus and one Phihppus, of having
plotted the death of Cacfar ; but be-
ing defended by the eloquence of Ci-
cero, he was acquitted, Cic. Dejot. i,
&c. _ ^ _
Deiopeia, lu-peay v.-play one of
the nymphs of Juno, whom ihe pro-
mifed in marriage to Aeolus, Virg.
Aen. 1.
72.
■^2. A water-nymph
been derived from Dahacy v. Daacy a
people of Scythia, Donat. in Terent,
Andro Frinc,
that frequented the lake Afia in Ly-
dia ; hence called AJia Deiopeay Virg,
G. 4»343-^
Deiphobus, the fon of Priam and
Hecuba, who, after the death of Pa-
ris, married Helena, by whom he v/as
bttrayed to the Greeks, Firg. Aen. 6,
494» ^^'
Deiphobe, -^^, the daughter of
Glaucus, the prieftefs of the temple of
Apollo at Cuniae, Virg. Aen. 6, 35. ;
hence called the Cumean Sibyl ( Cu-
maea Sibylla,) ib. 98. who attended Ae-
neas to the infernal regions, ib. 262,
Pemades,
D E M [ I
Demades, -/'j, an Athenian orator,
contemporary with Dcmoftheries, Cic.
Brut. 9. Or. 26. orio-inally a failor ;
whence Quindtilian lays of him. Ex
rem'ige orator fatl us y 2, 17, 12.
Demaratus, a king oF Lacedae-
mon, who being bani(hcd from his
country, fled to Pcrlia, and lived in
exile at the court of Xerxes. Percei-
ving that Xeixes meditated war againft
Greece, he gave the Lacedemonians
notice of his defign, Jujiin, 2, 10. &
13. <|[ 2. The father of Tarqui-
nius Prifcus, who, on account of the
tyranny of Cypfelus, retired from Co-
rinth to i'arquinii in Etruria, Cic,
Tufc, 5, 37.; Liv. I, 34.
Dlmea, the name of an old man
in Terence, Adelph. I, 2, i, &c.
DEMETRIUS, the fon of Antl-
gonus, called Poliorcetes ( ic. Off.
2, 7. {O.p. 341. & 471.) — Demetri-
us Phalereus, the fcholar of Thco-
phraRus, Ch, Fin. 5, 9- ; Br. 9. and
governor of Athens under CalTander,
(G. 472.)
DEMETRIUS, the fon of Philip,
king of Macedonia, given by his fa-
ther as a hollage to the Romans, Liv.
33, 30. and led in triumph by T.
Quintius Flaminius, LI, 34, 52. He
was afterwards reilored to his father.
Id. 36. ; and being fent by him on an
embaiTy to Rome, was treated with
great refpeift by the fenate. Id. 39, 47.
■which foon after became a ground of
odium againll him, ib. 48. For being
invidioufly accufed by his brother Per-
feus of deiigns againit his life, and of
undue attachment to the Romans, he
was put to death by the order of his
father, Liv, 40, 5, — 24, who having
difcovered the guilt of Perfeus, and the
innocence of Demetrius, was lo racked
with remorfe, that it put a pi.rzod to
his life, ib. 54, $$. & S'^'
Democ HARES, -«, an A.thenian ora-
tor, the filter's fon of Demofthenes,
called Parrhefmjlesy on account of his
loo great freedom of fpeech, Cic Or,
2, 23. ; Br. 83. Being fent among
others on an embaffy to Philip, when
that Prince allied what he could do
57 1 DEM
moft agreeable to the Athenians ; ** Ta
hang yourfelf," replied Democharei,
** Tell your countrymen,'* fays Phi-
lip to the other ambafladors, ** that
thofe are more haughty, who fay fuch
things, than thofe who hear them with
impunity," Sencc. ds Ir. 3, 23.
D £ M 0 c R A T £ s, -/V, a phy fician, PUn,
2a, 7-
DEMOCRiTUS, of Abdera, {AU
der'ilesy -acj the parent of experimental
philofophy, called the Laughing philo-
fop})er^ (G. 16.) btcaufe he laughed
at the follies of m.ankind ; whence Ju-
venal fays of him, Perpetuo riju pulmo-
Item agitare folebat, 10, 34. From ade-
fne of learning he gave up his patri-
mony, Cu:. 1 ufc. 5, 39. and traverfed
the moft remote countries in qued of
knowledge, Cic. Fin. ^, 29. He is faid
to have deprived himifelf of fight, that
his mind might not be withdjawn from
the contemplation of truth by external
objects, ib. ei Gtll. lo, 17. But Cice-
ro doubts the truth of this, ih. and Plu-
tarch exprefbly denies it, De Curiof,
Cicero thinks him one of the greateil
men, fvir magm/s in primis, J N. D. I,
43. — Fience Democritici, the fol-
lowers of Democritus, Cic. Or. I, 10.
Dernotriiea fc. d'icld, v. dogmata ^ the fay-
ing> or opinions of Democritus, Cic,
Di-v. 2, 13.
Demodocus, a mufician at the
court of Alcinbus, Homer, Odyfs. 8, 44.
— ^ 2. A Trojan chief, Vtrg. ^. 10.
Demoleus, •;, a Greek flain by
Aeneas at Troy, Virg. /len. 5, 260.
Demoleon, -oniis^ a centaur, killed
by The feus, Ovid. Met. 12, 356.
Demophoon, -ntisy the fon of The-
fcui, and Phaedra, one of the leaders
of the Greeks in the Trojan war,
(G.425.)
DEMOSTHeNES, -w, an Athc-
nian. the prince of the Greek ora-
tors, ^indiL 10, I, 76. et iz, 2, 22.
(longepi7'fcL{'iffimiis Graecorum^ Id. 10, 2,
24.) faid to have been the fon of a
blackfraith, i^^tem pater ardentis maffae
fuligine Itppus A carbone^ l^c. ad rhetor et
mjfitj Juvenal, xo, 130. But Plutarch
fays
DEN
C 15S 1
T) r D
fays that the father of Demofthenes
was a man of birth and probity, and
died when his fon was only feven years
of age, m Demollh, Demofthenes firfl
applied to philofophy under Plato,
whom he greatly admired, Cic. Or. 4. ;
^uinciil. 12, 2, 22, ei 12, 10, 24. He
afterwards ftudied eloquence under I-
faeus and other mailers. He at firft
could not pronounce the letter R, but
by attention and induftry, got fo much
the better of this and other defefts,
that no one fpoke more diltindlly, Cic.
Div» 2, 46. Or. 1, 61. and acquired an
excellence in his art thalhasfcarcely ever
been equalkd; {^DemojJhenis commemoraio
nomine y maximae eloqnmtiae conjummaiio au-
dicntis onimo oboritiir,\ A. Max. 8, '],ext.
1.) But his eloquence at lall proved
fatal to him ; for Antipater, iiaving
vanquifhed the Athenians, demanded
that their orators fliould be given up to
him. Upon which Demofthenes fled,
and to prevent his falling into the
hands of his enemies, put an end to his
life by poifon, in the ifland of Caiauria,
Strnb. 8, 374.; Plutarch, in Den.oJIh.
Dentatus, a fn-name given to M.
Curius, becauie he is faid to have been
born with teeth, Phn. 7, \6f. 15.
Deois, -idisy i. e. Proierpine the
daughter of Ceres, who is called Dcot
by the Greeks, Ovid. Met. 6, 114.
D ERG ETC, 'USi or Dercilisy -isf voc.
Derccti, Ovid. Met. 4, 45. (or Ceto,
-us J Plin. 5, 13.) the name of a Syrian
gcddcis called by the Syrians Atar-
GATis, rlin. 5, 23.; Strab. 16,/. 748.
or Aihara, W Mhara^ ih. 785. iuppo-
fcd to be the fame with Afitaroih^ men-
lioned in the facred fcriptures, — in the
upper part refem.bling a woman, and in
the lower a fifii, Ovid. ib. et Lucian. de
Dea Syria; hence csilkd prodigiofa, Piin.
ib.
DEUCaLION, -oiiis, thefon of Pro-
nietneus, and hufoand of Pynha, king
of TheJaly ; in whofc time happened
the deluge, {G. 436.) — Deucalio-
KLUS adj. Dtucalioneas tjfugit inolrtiLus
undas, efcaped Deucalion's iiood, Ovid.
Met. 7,356. So DeucaliGii^l imhres, ex-
ceffive fhowers, fuch as fell before Deu-
calion's flood, Lucan. 1, 653.
DiAGON'DAS, -ae, a Theban, who
aboiiflied all nodlurnal facred rites, Cic.
Leg. 2, ly
DiAGQRAS, -ae^ a native of Melos,
(Melius,) a fcholar of Dejuocritus,
called Atheos, v. -us, the Atheift, be-
caufe he denied the exiilence of the
gods, Cic N. D. I, i,5i 23. e/3, 37. —
^2. A combatant, famous for his
victories at the Olympic games [Olym-
pionices nobdis,) who had three fons
(Cicero fays two, 'Tuft. 1,46) that
gained the prize of viciory in different
contefts on the fame day. When they,
embracing their father, placed their
crowns on his head, and the people
with congratulations threw flowers up-
on him, the old man, tranfported with
joy, expired amidft the kifles of his fons,
Cell. 3, 15.
DIANA, tlie goddcfs of hunting,
(G. 377.) v\hence dogs are called Tur-
la D I Am A, Ovid. FaJ}. 5, 141. Diani"
um, fc. iemplum, the temple of Diana,
Liv. I, 48.
DiCAEARCHUs, a Peripatctick phi.-
lofcpher, the fcholar of Ariitotle,
whofc writings Cicero much admired,
Cic. yitt. 2, 2, and particularly com-
mends his maps, {^tabilas gecgraphicas,)
ib. 6, 2. — ^ 2. A chief of the Aeto-
lians, Liv. 35, 12. 36, 28. et 38, 10.
DiCTYNNA, a name of Diana, Ovid.
Met. 2, 441.; Stat. Thcb. 9, 632.
DICTYS, -yiii -yi, -ym v. -yn^ (fvC. a
fiflier that educated Peifcus, Slat, Silv.
2, 95. — <{| 2. One of the centaurs,
Ovid. Met. 12, 334. — ^ 3. DrcTYS
of Crete, Cretcvjisy to whom is aicribed
a hiftory of the Tiojan war.
DiDAS, -ae, a Macedonian, the go-
vernor of Paeonia under Piiilip, em-
ployed by Perfcus to effe6l the deihuc-
tion of his brother Demetrius, Liv. 40,
23, & 24. and afterwards as one of his
prmcipai generals, Liv. ±2, 5I> & ^"^^
DiDius, the name of a Roman ^f/zx.
P. DiDius, the lieutenant of L.
Caefar in the Italic war, Cic. Font. 15.
Jit. I?,, 32. ; Fell. 2, 16.
T. DiDius,
D T N
[ '59 1
T. DiDius, conful with Q^Caecili-
us Metellus, who paffed a law called
Lex Caectlia Did'ia-, about the manner of
propofing and paffin;jr laws, Ck. Att.
2, 9. ; Phil. 5,3. Didius, being made
governor of Macedonia, obtained a tri-
umph over the Scordifci, Ck. Plane. 25.;
P//. 25.
DIDO, 'US V. -onlsy the daughter of
Belus, and fifter of Pygmalion, king of
Tyre and Sidon, and of Phoenicia ;
whtnce fhe is called Phoen'i/fa Dido,
Virg. Aen. i, 670. and Sidonla., ib. 446.
Sichaeus, the hufband of Dido, being
flain by Pygmalion, on account of his
riches, fhe fled into Africa, and there
founded the city Carthage on a fpot of
ground which (he purchafed, [urbem ex-
iguam preiio pofuky Virg. Aen. 4, 211.)
about 300 years after the deftvuflion of
Troy ; (G./'. 189, 3^678.) Ellfa was
her proper name ; (lie v/as called Dido
from her mafculine courage ; which
word in the Phoenician language figni-
feed the fame as Virago in Latin, Sew.
ad Virg. Aen. 4, 36.
DiDYMAON, -onis, 2. Hotcd maker of
arms, Virg. Asn. 5, 359.
DiESPiTER, (i. e.^/f/vel. lucis/^/^r,)
a name given to Jupiter, Hor. Od. i,
34,5. et7, 2, 29.
Sex. DiGiTiUE, a marine, ^focitis na-
'valis vel cla//kus,) who, iifter the taking
of New Carthage in Spain, claimed the
prize of valour [deciis virli/iij,) in oppo-
lition to Q^ Trebellius, a centurion.
When their comrades warmly efpouled
the caufe of each, Scipio, the command-
er in chief, to prevent the difagrteable
confequences of a difpute between the
army and navy^ conferred a mural cvown
on them both, as having fcaled the wall
or entered the town together, [quod
pariter mjirum nfcendijfent vel in tirhem
trar^fctndilfcnt,) Liv. 26, 48.
DiNDYiJENE or Diiidyms, -es, a name
of Cybele, the mother of the Gods,
from Dind}'mus a mountain of Phrygia,
where fhe was worfliippcd, (G.p. SSS-)
Ding W Dinon, -dnis, a Greek hi-
ll orian, who wrote an account of Vcr-
i^a, Cic. D:v. I, 2'^.Nep. 9, 5. — > —
D \ O
prince of the
5[ 2. A prince of the Rhodi
ZiV. 44, 23^
Din GO RATES, 'is, praetor of the
Meffenians, Liv. 39, 49.
DiNGMENES, -is, one of the guards
of Hieronymus, who confpired againil
him. Liv. 24, 7. and afterwards was
made praetor of Syracufe, ib. 23.
DiocLEs, a chief of the Aetollans,
7.^^.35, 34.
DiO, vel DION, -o«/V, a Syracufan
who freed his country from the tyran-
ny of Dionylius, {G. 274.) Nep. in viia
ejus.
DIO, an academic philofopher, Cic
Ac-ad. 4, 4. who having come to Rome
as an ambafiador from the people of
Alexandria to accufe Ptolemy Auletes,
was murdered by the contrivance of
that king, Cic. Coel. 10. ; Strabo, 17,
p. 1 147. — Several others of tiul^ name
are mentioned by Cicero, Leg. 3, ^,
Fam. 9, 26. Veir. i, 10. Place, 30*
Verr. 2, 7.
DIO Caffms vel Dion, a native of
Nice in Bithynia, of noble defcent, who
flouriihed under Severus and his fons,
and was raifed to the higheft dignities
of the ilate. He wrote in Greek the
Roman hiftory in eighty books, from
the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, to the
eighth year of Alexander Severus, m
which year Dio Caifius was conful for
the fecond time, a. u. 982. ; A. D. 229,
The hrfl thirty-four books are loir.
Part of the thirty- fifth and the eighteen
following books, from the thirty-
fixth to the fifty-fourth, remain entire.
The four next are very imperfeft.
There Is an abridgement of Dio from
the thirty-fifth to the eightieth book,
compiled by Xiphilin [Joannes Xi-
pbilinus,) a native of Trebifond, [Trape-
zunlius,) brother to the Patriarch of
Conilantinople in the cleventii century.
The liiilory of Dio is very valuable, as
it contains an account of many impor-
tant facts which are to be found no
where elfe.
DiocHARES, a favourite.' freedman
of Gaefar's, Cie. /-(it. 1 1 , 6. Illas Diochn-
rinae, fc. literae, the letter from Dio-
chares, ib. 13, 45.
DIOCLETIANUS,
D T O t
DIOCL ETIANUS, a Roman em-
peror, called Diocles till he afTnmed
the empire, Eutrop. 9, 19. from Dio-
dea, a city of Dalmatia, Plin. 3,23.
After a vigorous reign of twenty-two
years, he reil^ned the empire, and h'ved
in retirement till his death, Awel, Vic-
tor^ Eplt. 39- ; Eutrcp. 9, 22.
DIODoRUS, a Greek hiftorian,
who fiourifhed under Auguitus, called vSi-
CULUS, from Sicily, his native country.
His works are ftill extant. — % 2. A
peripatetic philofophcr, Cic. Tufc.^ 5, 3.
^3. A praefcct of AmphipoKs,
Ur^. 44, 44.
DiODOTUS, a Stoic philofo])her, the
mafler of Cicero in logic, {in d'tahSicis^')
Cic. Br. 90. Fam. 13, 16.
Diogenes, -w, a Cynic philofopher,
in the time of Alexander the Great,
(G. 295.)
Diogenes, called Laertius, {La-
.ert'ienftsj v. Laertes^ ) from his birth-place
Laerte^ v. -£?, a town of Cilicia, who li-
ved under Severus, and wrote the lives
of the Greek philofophers ; which
work is ftill extaat.
DIOMeDES, -h, the fon of Ty-
deus (Tydidesy -ae,) king of Aetolia,
hence called Aetclius htrosy Ovid. Met.
14, 461. one of the Graecian chiefs in
the war againfl: Troy. His wife ^sgi-
ale having proved unfaithful to him in
his abfence, he did not return to his
native country, but v^rent into Italy,
and hiving married the daughter of
Daunus, king of that part of Apuha,
afterwards called from him Daini'ia,
fliared the fovereignty with Daunns, and
built feveral cities, (G. 186, &45S.)
Some of his compaiiions are faid to
have been changed into birds, Ovid.
Met. 14, 484, &c. called the birds of
Diomedes, ( -'ves Dirnnedis vel D'lomc
deae.) Plin. 10, 44 f. 61. Hence Dio-
medes fays, Et focd (fc. mei) admlfjls
(i. e. celeribus) petierurt atlhera pennis,
Vircr. Aen. 11, 272. Diamedis urhsy ib.
8,9. i.e. Arpi feu Argyrlpa, ib. 11,
246. Dlomedis campus y a plain near
Cannae, Llv. 25, 12. Dismadeae inJnJae.,
fpaall iilauds oa the CQall of Apulia,
160 ] D I O
near mount Gafganns, frequented by
thefe birds, Plin. 3, 26 f. 30.
Diomedes, a king of Thrace, who
fed his hovfes on human flefh. He was
flain by Hercules, (G. p. 339.)
DiONE, -esy the mother of Venus,
put for Venus hevfelf, (G. 363.)
whence Caefar is called Dionaeusy as
being defcended from Venus and An-
chifes, l>^it'g. E. 9, 47. ; Columhae. Di-
onaeae, pigeons facred to Venus, Stat,
S'dv. 3, 5, 80. So Dionaeae avesy Id,
Theb! 7,261.
Dionysus, a name of Bacchus, (G.
382.) vv'hence Dionysia, -arum, the
feafts of Bacchus, Ter, Heaui, i, i,
no.
DiONYSius, the name of two ty-
rants of Syracufe, father and fon, (G.
274.)
DIONYSIUS, a native of Hali-
carnaflus, the capital of Caria ; hence
called Halicarnasseus, or H alt car-
nnj'trfisy who came to Rome after Au-
guftus put an end to the civil wars, in
the middle of the 187th Olympiad, a-
bout thirty years before the birth of
Chrift. After having ftaid at Rome
for twenty-two years, he wrote an ac-
count of the origin, culloms, and
tranfa6tions of the Romans till the be-
ginning of the firll Punic war, m
twenty books,, of which only the firll
eleven remain, ending with t!'.e 3 [2th
year of the city ; and fpme fragments.
Dionyfius alio compofed feveral books
concerning rhetoric, fome of wliich are
ftill extant.
D 1 6 N Y s I u s of Heraclea, ( Heradeo*
tesy -ae)y firil a Sloic, Cic. ykad. 4,
22. but afterwards an JXpicurean, Cic.
Fin. I, ?i. «| 2. A native of Jvlag-
nefia, [Moznesy -eilsy) a rhetorician,
intimate with Cicero, Cic. Br. 91. »
^ 3. A fiave of Cicero's, his reader,
[anngnGj}es)y Cic. Fai'n. 5, 10. and li-
brarian, ib. 13. 77. But having fto-
len many of his ma'icr^s books, he
fled for fear of puaiihment, th. He
feems to have returned, and to have
been taken into favour ; for Cicero
coiTiplains Qi his having d<:fertcd him
in
D I O [
in the beginning of the civil war, Jlit.
9, 12. 51 4- ^ ^^^^ o^ freedman
of Attfcus, whom Cicero employed In
arranging his library, C'tc. Att. 4, 7,
11,15. Fam> \2, 24.. — There were
many others of ihis name. Fabric.
BihI. Graec. torn. 2, p. 794., &0.
DiONysus, a name of Bacchus,
(G. 382.) whence Dionysia, -lirum,
the feads of Bacchus, Ter. Heant. i,
I, 1 10. There were many of this
name, [multos Dlonyfos hahemus, Cic.
N. D. 3, 23.)
DiOPHAMES, -/V, a native of Mi-
tylcnae, art eloquent Greek orator,
the praeccptor of the Gracchi, Cic.
Brut. 27.
DioscorTdes, -isy a native of A.-
nazarba, ( Ana%arhsttSy 4 fyll. ) in Ci-
licia ; a phyfician in the time of Nero,
whofc works are dill extant. ^ 2.
An eminent engraver in the time of
Auoruftus, Plin. 37, I. ; Suet. Aug. 50.
— There were many others of this
name, vid. Fabricii Biblioth. Graec. vol,
Dioscuri, -orum^ \. e. Jovis liheri,
a name given to Caflor and Pollux,
Cic. /V. 2). 3, 21. {vid. G. 411.)
Dioxippus, a noted wreftler, Plin,
^^^, II.- ^ 2. A Trojan ilain by
Turnus, Virg. Aen. 9, 574.
DiPMiLUS, an architect, flow in
peVforming his work ; whence Diphilo
tardiorj uncommonly flow, Cic. i^. Fr,
3» i» ••
DiPsAS, -adisy a drunken old wo-
man, Ovid. Am. I, 8, 2.
DiRAE, ,the furies, Tifiphone, A-
lefto and Megaera, Virg. ^f«. 4, 473.
8, 701. et 12, 845.
DIRCE, esy the wife of Lycu?,
king ol: Tliebes ; who jealous of An-
tiope, treated her with great cruelty.
' On which account Zethus and Am-
phion, the fons of Antiope, when
they grew up, having flain Lyctis,
tied Dirce by the hair to the tail of a
fierce bull, (Propei^tius fays, to the
tnouth or neck, Vinxerunt Dircen fub
frucis era bovisy 3, 15, 38.) and thus
file periilied by a miferable death, Ovid,
161 1 tiOh
in /bin. 537.; Plaut. Ps, I, 2, 65. J
La&ant, In Stat Thsb. 4, 570. (vid*
Antiope.) Dirce is faid to have
been changed into a fountain near
Thebes, which was called after her
name, Stat. Th^b. 3, 205. {Ex cujus
cor pore fons in Cithxerone na'us e/i, qui
Dircaeus ejl appellatus. Hygin. fab. 7.)
ApoUodorus fays, that Zethus and
AmphTon threw her body into a foun-
tain, called fiom her Dirce, 3, 5, 5.
— Hence Dircaeus Amphiotty i. e. The-
baniis, Virg. Eel. 2, 24. So Dircaein
cnhorsy Luc an. 4, 590. Difcaeus cyg-^
nusi the Dircaean fwan, i. e, Pindar,
Hor. Od. 4, 2, 25.
Dis, djtis, the god of riches, Pla-
to, fqui dives fc. e/f)j Cic. N. D. 2^
26 {^ia mini me dives Jit) ^ Quinilil,
I, 6, 34. Domina ditisy Proferpinc,
the wife of Phito, Virg. Aen. 6, 397.
Atri janua Ditis, the entrance to tha
infernal regions, iby 127.
DiscoRDiA, the goddefs of difcord'^
Virg. Aen. 8, 702. j Hor. Sal, I, 4>
60.
DiTHYRAMBUS, a name of Bac-
chus ; whence a poem in honour of
Bacchus, filled with bold and fubiime
expreflions, was called by that name,
Hor. Od. 4, 2, 10. So alio a kind of
poetic meafure, Cic. Or. 3," 48. — -
DiTKYRAMBrci, ic. poetac, poets who
wrote Dithyrambics, Cic. Opt. gen. die*
I.
DiviTiAcus, a chief of the Aedui^
Caef. B. G. I, 3. friendly to the Ro-
mans, and on that account in great
favour with Caefar, ib, 19, &c. on6
of the Druids, Cic. Div. 1,41. The
Aedui being hard prtfTed by Ariovif-*
tus, before Caefar comm.mded irx
Gaul, Divitiacus went to Rome to
afk afiiftance, Caef. 6, 11. when he.
feems to have formed a friendlbip witht
Cicero, Cic. ib.
DOLABELLA, the firname of a
branch of the gens Cornelia.
Cn. DoLABELLA, COuful with M.
Tullius Deciila, a. 672. ; Appian. B. C.
I, 412. after which he obtained the
prcvin,ce of Macedonia, and was ho-
X Qoured
D O L
[ 1^2 ]
D O L
noured with a triumpK over the Thra-
cians, Cic. Pif. 19. He was accufed
by Caefar, then a young man, of ex-
tortion, Suef. Caef. 4. He was de-
fended by Cotta and Hortenfiiis, and
acquitted, Cic. Br. 92. ^B'lones Dola-
hellae, the fpe^ches of Dolabella airainft
Caefar, wiien accufed by hinm, which
he feems to have publiflied. Suet, Caef,
49.
On. Dolabella, city praetor, a.
672 ; before whom the caufe of Quin-
tius was tried, Cic. ^I'ln. 8. He af-
terwards was orovernor of Cilicia, where
Verres was his quaeftor; who appear-
ed a^ainll bin, when he was brought
to liis trial for extortion by Scaurus,
and condemned, Cic. i, 15, &c. 32,
P. Corneous Lentnliis DOLABEL-
LA, the third hufband of Tullia, the
daughtei of Cicero, Cic. Ftim. 2, 15,
ei 8, 13, ^ 16.; ^//. 6, 6, ei 7, 3.;
ivho accufed Appius, Cicero's prede-
ceiTor in the government of Cih'cia,
of crimes againlt the ^late, and bribe-
ry, (maj'jlatis et amhitus)^ without Ci-
cero's knowledge, aad without fuc-
cefs, Cic. Fam. 3, 10, ri, & 12.
Dolabella was a keen partifan and
great favourite of Caefar's. He wiis
prefent at all his battles during the ci-
vil war, Cic. Phil. 2, 30. Tnou-rh a
very your g m'-m, he co;nmanded a fleet
in tlie Adriatic fea, where he was de-
feated by the generals of Fompey. a.
u. 705. Siu-t. Aug. 36.; Fh>r. 4, 2, 31
Dl . - - -^
lalia
ving- caufed hinifelf to be adopted by
a plebeian, that he might be eleded
tribune, a. u. 707. be propofed a
law concerning the abolition of debts,
{de novis tabuiis)^ which occafioned
.j^reat ditlurbances in the city, Dio,
42, 29, 30, &c. ; Cic. Ail. II, 12, 13,
.14, 5c 23. ; Lii}. Epit. 113. but thefe
were fuppreffed by tlie unexpected ar-
rival of Caefar, after the overthrowof
Pharnaccs, Z)/o, 42, 33.; Appian, B.
C. Z^ p. 485. ; Hiri. tic Bell. .ihx. c.
ult. Dolabella was apprehenfivc of
^ 1 , 40. After the battle of Phar-
he returned to Rome, and ha-
Caefar's difpleafure, Din, ih. 32. but
Caefar, mindful of his fervices, made
no enquiry about his condutl, and af-
terwards railed him to the highefl pre-
ferment, ik 33. A. U. 708, a divorce
took place between Dolabella and
Tullia, probably with mutual confent ;
for it made no appareit interruption
in the friendfhip between him and Ci-
cero, Cic. Alt. 11,23. Fam. 14. 13.;
He owed s^eat obligations to Cicero,
who had defended him in two capital
trials, Cic. Fam. 3, 10, '4. et 6, II.
and Cicero was unwilling to break with
D glabella, on account of his influ-
ence with Caefar, Cic. Fam. 14, 13.
Tullia foon after died in childbed at
her hufband's houfe, Plutarch, in Cic,
leaving a fon by Dolabella, called
Lentulus, which name the father feems-
to have acquired by adoption, ^tt 12,
28, & 50. It is uncertain whether
this Lentulus was born by TuUia at
her lad delivery, or at a former one
mentioned, ib. 10, 18.
Caefar had promifed to make Dola-
bella coaful with Antony, a. u. 710,
though greatly below the confular age,
being only twenty five years old, Zip-
pian. B. C. 2. p. 509. but was prevented
by the art of Antony, Plutarch. 'In-
t^n. p. 921.; who, jealous of Dolabel-
la, as a rival in Caefar's favour, had
prejudiced Caefar againfl him, fo that
Caefar took the confulate to himfelf.
On which account Dolabella, on the
firfl of Jan. a. 7»o, inveighed bitterly
againft Antony in the lenace-houfe,
\a prefence of Caefar ; who, to paci-
fy him, faid, that before he fet out
to the Parthian war, he would order
that Dolabella fliould fucceed him in
the confulihip, Cic. Phil. 2, 32,; Dio,
43, 51. Accordingly after the death
of Caefar, Dolabella immediately fei-
zed the ensigns of the confular office.
Veil. 2, 28. ; and was acknowledged
by Antony, as his colleague, Dio, 44,
53. ; Cic. Phil. 1,13. He at firil
went up to the confpirators in the Ca-
pitol, and by his w .rcjs and adions
gave them the greated reafon to hope
that
D O L C i^^ 3 DOM
that he would concur with them in lb, 12. &c. In the mean time Cafliu:}
re'lonng the liberty of their country, having made himfelf marter of Syria,
D'lOt 44, 22.; /Ippian. 2, p, 505. He and having defeat,;d Dolabella, fhut
confirmed thefe hopes by his condu6l him up in Laodlcea, where he killed
in the abfence of Antony, particular- himfelf, to prevent his falling into the
ly by cutting off the impoftor Marius hands of CaiHus, Cic. Fam. 12, 13, &
and his affociates, and by dcmolilhing 15. ; '^ppian 4, 625.; Dlo, 47, 30.;
a pillar, which they had raifed in ho
nour of Caefar in the forum, on the
fpot where his body was burnt, Suet,
Caef. 85.; Dlo, 44, 51.; for which
Cicero extoh Dolabella with the great-
eft praifes, Ck. Phil, i, 2, & 12,
L'lv. Ep'u, 121.
DoLON, -omsy a Trojan, fent to fpy
the camp of the Greeks; flain by Dio-
medes and Ulyifes, Serv. ad V'lrg. Aen,
12,347.; Ovid, Met, 13,98.
iiOMITIUS, the name of an illuf-
^/Z. 14, 15, &: 16. iv7m. 9, 14. But trious^^/zjat Rime, diftin ruifhed by va-
being overwhelmed with debt, Dola- rious firnames, as A'imharhus^ Calvhmst
bella was foon corrupted by the bribes ^fi^'y Labeoy Mnrfus, &c. ' -a-lj. Do-
of Antony; fo that, as Cicero expref-
fes it, he not only deferted, but over-
turned the republic, Cic. Att, 16, 15.
Before the expiration of his confullhip
he fet out for Syria, which province
had been alfigned to him by the con-
trivance of Antony ; though it had
form.erly been deftined to Caffius by
Caefar, App'ian. 3, 527, & ^i'^. Ha-
ving arrived before Smyrna, where Tre-
bonius then refided, without any ap-
pearance of hoilility, he defired only a
free paffage through that country to
M in AN us. The two chief branches
ffam'd'taejy were the Cahini and Ahs^
nobarhi. The latter ufed no other />r^f-
nomen but Cneius and Lucius, Suet,
Ncr. I.
Cn. DoMiTius, a conful, a. 422,
Llv. 8, 17.
Cn. Do Minus Ahenobarbus, aedile
of the commons, Lin). 33, 42. prae-
tor, 34, 42. When conful, a. 11. 562,
he was fent againll the Boji, ib. 22. who
furrendered to him, ib. 40. and was
fucceeded in that province by P. Corne-
his province. Trebonius refufed toad- lius Scipio NFasTca, Llv. ^i), 37. C
mit him into the town, but confented 2. A Pontlfexy chofen when very young,
to fupply him with refrefiiments with- [oppldo ndoJefcens)^ Ll-v. 42, 28. fent
out the gates ; where Dolabella made as amba.Tador into Macedonia, to in-
great profeffions of amity and friend-
ihip to Trebonius, and fet out as with
an intention to proceed on his journey.
But returning fuddenly in the night-
time, he took the city without oppo-
fition, and feizcd Trebonius in his bed,
before he knew any thing of his dan-
ger, Dlo, 47, 29. Dolabella treated
him with the utmoft cruelty ; kept him
two days under torture to extort a dif-
covery of all the money in his cufto-
dy ; then ordered his head to be cut
off, and carried about on a fpear, and
his body to be dragged about the
llreets, and thrown into the fea, Cic.
Phil. II, 2, & 3. When the news of
this reached Rome, Dolabella was un-
animoufly declared a public enemy by
fpecl the army of L. Aemilius Paulus,
Id. 44, 18. and afterwards as one of
the ten commiffijners who were ap-
pointed to aliill that general in fettling
the affairs of Macedonia, after the o-
verthrovv of Perfeus, /^/. 45, 17. —
^ 3. A conful with C. Fannius, a.
631, Ck. Br 26. who conquered the
yli'vernl and Allobroges, Cic. Font,
I z. ; Liv. Eplt. 61. ; Orof. 5, 13. This
Suetonius by miltake afcribes to his
fou, Ner. 2. and Eutropius to Sex,
Domitius Calvinus, 4, 16. Domitius
made a mad through the country, call-
ed from him Via DoMiriA, Cic. Font,
4. He eredled a trophy of his victo-
ry, a thing formerly not ufed by the
Romans, and adorned it with the fpoils
the fenatej and his ellate conhfcated, of the enemy, Flor. 3, 2. He made a
X 2 progrefs
BOM C i<?4 1 DOM
progrefs through his province, mount- cient eloquenGC to fupport his dignity
ed on an elephant, with a, nun^ber of
his foldiers following him in a kind of
triumphal proceflion, [quaft inter Jolen-
fiia tr'iumph'i)^ Snet. Ner, 2.
Cn. DOMITIUS Jhenobarhus, the
fon of the former, and grandfather to
the great grandfather of the emperor
JvTero, iota-vus ejus.) When tribune,
he got a law paffed for transferring the
elediion of priefts from their own col-
leges to the people, Suet. Ner, 2, a. u,
649. ; Afcon. in Cic, Cornel, p, 142, or
a. 650. ; Veil. 2, 12. ; Cic. Rull. 2, 7.
He accufed D (al. M.) Junius Sila-
rus, a man of confular dignity, be-
caufe, when governor of Gaul, he had
injured Egritomarus, a friend of bis
father's, Cic. Caecil. 20. ; Verr. 2, 47-
Soon after his acquittal he accufed M,
6cauru8, then prince of the fenate, of
certain offences againll religion, and
was near getting him condemned, 4f-
con. in Cic. pro Scaur, p 171. Domi-
tius was Incenfed at Scaurus, for having
prevented him from being chofen au-
gur in his father's room, ih, ; which
Suetonius fays, was the caufe of his
paffmg t^ie law concerning the eleftion
of priefts, Ner. 2. During the trial
of Scaurus, one of the (laves of Scau-
rus came to Domitius, offering to fur-
iiilh him with grounds of accifation
flgainft his mailer ; but Domitius,
fcorning to take advantage of ibis in-
formation, ordered the flave to be foi-
led and carried back to Scaurus, Cic.
Dejot, ll.\ Fa!. Max, 6, 5,5. Do-
iritius was afterwards made coniul,
cenfor, and Pontifex Maximus, Cic. ib.
He was cenfor with CralTus the ora-
tor, with whom he had many fharp al-
tercations, Cic, Or, 2rj 56. Br. 44. ;
JTm. 17, I.; Fdl. Max. 9, i, 4, — r—
In one of thefe CrafTus faid to him,
** there was no wonder that he had a
beard of bvafs, ( vid. Ahenobarbus),
who had a face of iron, and a heart of
lead," Suet, Ner. 2. [vid. Crassus.)
Cicero fpeaks of Domitius as a man of
great gravity and authority. Or. 2, 56.
Ylipugh not ao orator, he had fuff^-
as a magiftrate, Cic. Br. 45.
/.. DOMITIUS Ahenobarbus,
the
fon of the former, curule aedile a.
691. ; when he exhibited in the circus
ICO Numidian bears, and as many Ae-
thiopians to contend with them., (ve-
natores, Plin. 8, 36 f. 34, i. e. qui cO"
m'lmu urfos f.gebanty Juvenal. 4, 99.)
When praetor, a. u. 695, the year af-
ter Caefar was conful, he made h mo-
tion in the ftnate about annulling Cae-
far's a6ls ; but the fenate not chufmg
to undertake the bufinefs, it was dropt.
Suet. Caef. 23. (vid. Caesar, p. 58.)
Domitius is faid, in his practorfliip,
to have prevented a pernicious law
from being paffed, " That freedmen
(libertini) fhould vote promifcuoufly in
all the tribes ;*' to which Cicero al-
ludes, Mil. 8. / et ibi Afcon. He was
the only one who appeared as competi-
tor with Pompey and Crallus, when
they fued for the confullhip a fecond
time ; but was obliged by violence to
dehlf, fvid.CATO 89.) Suetonius fays,
that Caefar obliged Pompey and Craf-
fus to feek a fecond confullhip, in or-
der to difappoint Domitius, who threats
ened, that vvhen conful he would do.
what he could noc effeCl when praetor,
and would take his armies from Caefar,
Suet. Caef. 24. Domitius, however,
next year, a. 699, obtained the conful-
fhip with App. Claudius, Dio, 39, 60.
but did notliing of importance in that
olhce. Both he and his colleague dif-
graced themfelves by an infamous bar-
gain with tw^o of thofe who were can-
didates to fucceed them in the conful-
fliip, Cic. Att. 4, 18. In conieqnence
of the violent ferment v^hich this oc-
cafioned, there was in the beginning of
next year an interregnum foi lix months,
the tribunes, by their interpohtion, al-
ways hindering the comitia, Cic. ^
Fr. 3,5. Att. 4, 16. Fam.'j, II.;
Diot 4Q, 45,
Domitius was appointed by the fuf-
frages of the peopie to prclide at the
trial of Milo, (fujfraglo popuJl quaefitor
creates ej}., Afcoii. jn Cic. Mil. praef. p»
190.)
D a M^
r 1^5 1
D O M
'190.) according to the hw pafTed by
Pompey ; whence be is faid to have
been appointed by Pompey, fhuic quae-
JlionipraeejJ'e), Cic. MIL 8.
When Pompey and Caefar came to
an open breach, Doinitius was appoint-
ed to rucceed Caefar in the province
of Tranfalpine Gaul, Cic, Fam. i6>
12. ; Sud. 34. ; jlppian. p. 448. Do-
initius, unable to oppofe Caefar in the
field, inflead of retreating and joining-
jPompey, as he ought to have done,
imprudently threw himfclf into Coifi-
pium, with a confiderable force, and
ibme of the principal fenators, expect-
ing to be relieved by Pompey; bur he
was oblii'^ed to furrender himfelf to
Caefar, who treated him with }.^reat
clemency, (wcL Caesar, 64.) Ap-
plan p. 45 J Domitius fearing the re-
fentment of Caefar, had ordered his
phyficlan, who was alfo his flave, to
give him a dofe of poifon. But hear-
ing of Caefar's lenity, he lamented his
having taken it. Whereupon the flave
told hixn, that he had given him only a
foporlterous potion. Domitius, over-
joyed at this, immediately rofe and
went to Caefar, Plutarch, in Caef, p.
724. ; Stnec. de Benef. 3, 24. Sueto-
nius fays, " that from the fear of death
he took a vomit to enable him to throw
up the poifon, and manumitted his
flave, for having given him a very gen-
tle dofe," A>?'. 2. Phny fays, " that
having drunk the poifon, he did every
thing he could to fave his life," 7, 53.
But Lucan, probably to flatter Nero,
reprefeuts Domitius as always adlng
with the greated fortitude, 2, 478. —
526. Domitius remained for a fhort
time in his vlila near Cofa, [in Co/a-
no)i Cic. An. 9, 6, & 9. till having col-
lected and manned feven fhlps, he fail-
ed to Marfeilles, Caef. B. i, 34. took
upon himfelf the command of that ci-
ty, ih. 36. ; DiOi 41, 21. which he de-
fended with great vigour agalnll Cae-
far's heutenants, ih. et 2, 3, &c. But
the Maliilians being forced to furren-
der, Domitius made his efcape with a
number of his friends to Pompey, ih.
22. being privately let go by tbe ^o-
ple of Marfeilles in the night time»
Dio, 41, 25.
In the battle of Pharfalin, Domitiua
commanded the left wing of Pompey'a
army, Appian. p. 475. According Xo,
Lucan, the right wing, 7, 220. Afn
tcr the defeat, Domirius, in his flight
from the camp to the mountains, be*
coming faint through fatigue, was o»
vertaken and killed by forne horfemert.
Domitius is the only Pompelan whofj*
death Caefar mentions, B. C. 3, 99^
Cicero fays that he was killed by An-
tony, Phil, 2,29 Lucan fuppofes Oo^
micius to have fallen in the held of bat*
tie, and, as ufu.il, highly extols his cou-
rage. Mors tamcn eminuii. clarorum in
Jlrage virorum Pugnacis Do?n2/i, &c. 7,
579. He rtprefents him as happy in
dying before his country v^as enilaved,
[falvd LihertaU perit^ ib. 603.) and
Avithout needing a fecond pardon from
Caefar, alluding to the firll at Coifi-
nium, {Labitur ac vaiid gauckt carutlfe
JecunddJi ib. 604. Lucan deviates full
farther from the truth of hii':o!y, ia
making Caefar to upbraid Domitius,
while weltering m his blood, (Jam
Magni, {i.e. Pompeii), dcfcris arma^
Succejfor Doinltiy ib. 607.) and Domiti-
us to return a bold anfvver, //-. Gio,
Cicero feems to have had but a poor
opinion of the underflandlng of Domi-
tius ; for writing to Auicus, he fays>
Nemo Jluhior eji quam L. Domitius, 8, r.
In an.jther place, however, he exprcf-
fes himfelf quite differently, Fortes illi
luri et Japientes Doniitiiy et Leiituliy 5cc*
Fam. 6, 21. So Fat. 10. Ipeaklng of
Domitius as an orator-, he fays, *' that,
though unacquainted with the rules of
art, yet he fpoke his native language
with purity, and had much freedom of
addrefs," Br. 77. Suetonius fay?,
" th.at Domitius was inconilant and
cruel." When Pompey confulted v/ilh
his friends, how thofe who remuiaed
neuter ought to be treated, DomlLius
alone gave it as his opinion, "that they
fhould be reckoned as enemies," Sud»
Ner. ?. add. Cic Att. Ii, 6.
Cn.
r O M I i66 1 DOM
Cn. DOMITIUS, the Ton of the preferments of the ftate, iL In the Pe-
former by Marcia, the fifter of Cato
Uticenfis, was prefent with his father
in the battle of Ph-irfaHa, but feems
to have taken no further concern in the
war, Cic, Fam. 6, 22. He was one of
the confpirators againil Caefar, Cic.
Phil. 2, II. and on that account pro-
fcnbed by Anguftus, Apfnan. p. 703,
& 707. though innocent, according to
Suetonius, who extols him as inco upa-
rably the mofl: virtuous man of his fa-
mily, (gentis)t Ncr. 3. But that he
was concerned in tfie confpiracy againfl
Caefar, the authority of Cicero is ex-
rufian war, fviJ. Octavius), he fi-
ded with Lucius, the brother of Anto-
ny, againit Auguflus, for which Au-
eufliis, from thf particular fitnation of
his affairs, was induced to pardon him,
Dioi 48, 29 Domitius wasconful, a.
721, with C. So'nus, Dio, 50, 2. a.
721, the year hi which the iiua^ breach
t(^k place between Antony and Cae-
far, iL 6. Both the conluls left Rome
and joined Antony, ib. 2, Sc 20. with
the coiifent of Augaflus, SurL ^ug. 17,
But Domitius, beinjr difofu'ted with
Cleopatra ( n-%nquam reginam nifi nomine
prefs, and to be preferred to that of falutavit, i. e Cleopatram non reginam
Suetonius, ib. or of Cocceius, Appian. vocavit, Veil. 2, 84 ) and
*. 707. Domitius was the only one of
thofe condemned by the Pedian law,
84 ) and confidering
Antonyms affairs as defperate, deferted
to AuQ-r.dus, and foon after was cut
(ivV. Octavius). that wjs afterwards off by a dikafe, Dio^ 50, 13. Plutarch
reftored to his country, Sutt. ib. He
had left Rome before the triumvirate
was formed, or the profcription took
place, and join-d Brutus in Macedonia;
where he had the addrefs to bring over
to the fide of Brutus and Cafhus a bo-
dy of cavalry, which Pifo was leading
into Syria to join Dolabella, Cic. Phil.
10, 6. Domitius was fent by Bnuus
and Cafiius with a fleet of 50 fail, and a
confiderable body of land forces, to join
Murcus, and intercept the fupplies of
Caefar and Antony, Appian. p. 639.
It appears rhat Domitius was piefent
at the battle of Philippi ; whence Dio
fay, he was the only one of the
confpirators that made his efcape,
48, 7. Having coUedled a number of
fays, of a fevrr, occalioned by remorfe
for his perfidy, in Anton, p. 495. An-
tony alleged that Domitius had left
him from a delire to fee a favourite
miflref^. Suet. Ner. 3.
L. Domitius, the fon of Cneius
jull mentioned, diflinguiflied himftlf in
the German war under Tiberius, 'Tacit.
Ann. I, 6'2^. et 4, 44. but in his general
character was arrogant, prodigal, and
cruel, Suet. Ner. 4. whom however his
cotem.pcrary Velleius Patercuius, from
delp'cable fiattery, calls a man of the
moll en'inent virtue, (eminentjjjtmae ac
wMhJjmae Jimplicitatis ) i 2, 72. He mar-
ried Antonia, the elder daughter of
Antony and 06lavia, the filler of Au-
sriiftus. Suet. Ner. ^. ei Cal. I. Tacitus
(hips, and being joined by many of the fays, the younger Antonia, Ann. 4, 44,
foldiers of Brutus, he, in conjundion
with Murcus, kept pofTefilon of the
Ionian lea for a c >nfidcrable time, and
greatly^ annoyed the enemy, ih. et Pa-
ten. 2, 72, & 76. ; Appian. 679. He af-
terwards, at the iiiitigation ofAfinius
PoUio, joined Antony at a very criti-
cal time, a. 713, Apptan.p. 700, & 703.;
DiOi ^8, 16. I'Aid thereby laid Antony
under' great obligations to him, (et in-
gentis meriii loco tradiciit, fc, clafTem),
Suet. Ner. 3. Being thus reftored to
iiis country, he obtained the higheft
f/ 12, 64. Dio fays by miftake, that
Antonia was betrothed to Cneius
Domitius, the father, 48, 54.
C«. Domitius, their fon, is faid to
have been deteflable in every part of
his life. Suetonius mentions the moft
fiiocking inftances of his perfidy, pro-
fligacy, and cruelty, Ner. 5. He how-
ever is called by Paterculns clariffimus
juvenisi 2, 72. and was conful a. u. 785,
A.C. 32, Tac.Ann. 6, i. He married
AgrippTra, the daughter of Germani-
cub, and by her was the father of the
emperor
DOM t t67 3 D R U
emperor NERO, .^w^/. *i5. whofc origi- firfl rank, Dio, 48,42.
nal name was L. Domitius Ahenobar-
bus. Tac, -Tin. i [, it. F/V/. Nero.
Cn, DOMITIUS Cah'inus, lieiite-
nant under Flaccus in Aiia, Cic. Flacc,
13. tribune in the confulfnip of Blba-
lus and Caefar, C'lc. Sext. 5^. made
conful with Mefj^ala, after an interreg-
num of fix months, a. 700, Dlo, 40,
17. & 45. wounded in attempting to
quell a tumult raifed by Milo and his
competitors for the confuKbip next
year, ib. 46. — In the civil war Domi-
tius joined Caefar, who fent him with
two legions and 500 cavalry into jMa-
cedonia, Cnef. B. C. 3, 34. where he
was oppofed to Scipio, the father-in-
law of Pompey, ih. 36, 37, ^c. Ac-
cording to Dio, he was driven from
Macedonia by Fauflus the fon of Sulla,
one of Pompey's lieutenants, 41, 51.
but Caefar does not mention this cir-
cumftance. Domitius fought two bat-
tles with Scipio ; in the firft he was
defeated, but in the fecond was vi6lo-
rious, ih. Cmf. ^. C. 3, 37, & 38. Some
time after Caefar having left Dyrac-
chiwm, came into Theffaly and joined
Domitius, Caef. ib. 78, — 80. In the
battle of Pharialia Domitius command-
ed the centre of Caefar's army, ib. 89.
After this be wa^^ made governor of
Afia, whence he fent affiilance to Cae-
far in Egypt, H'irt. B. Alex. 9. Do-
mitius being attacked by Pharnaces,
the fon of Mithrldates, with fuperior
forces, was defeated with coni derable
lofs, though aifillied by Dejotarus and
Ariobarzanes, ih. 34, — 41.; D'lO., 42,
46. ; Slid. Caef, 36. But Pharnaces
bei'.ig Ipeedily crufhed by Caefar, Do-
mitius was ftill continued in his former
command, Dio, 42, 52. He foon after,
however, attended Caefar in his CKpe-
diiion to Africa, Hirl. B. Afr. 86, &
93. He was conful a fecond time un-
der the triumvirate, a. u. 715, Z)/©,48,
15. The next year he obtained the
province of Spain, where he decimated
two centuries of his army for having
iled from battle. Pie, for the fame
crime, iniiidcd capital punii'bment aUb
•n feme centurions, oiic of them of the
Veil 2, 78.
He then marched agalnft the Ceretanit
v.'hom he completely defeated, and on
that account was honoured with a tri-
umph, Dio, ib.
DoMiTiANUS, the fon of Vefpafian,
a Roman emperor, [G. 246.)
DoRCEus, (2 fyll. ), -eosj ace. -ea,
one of Aifi:aeon*s dogs, Ovid. Met. 3,
210. ^ 2. One fkilled in mufic,
Val. Flacc. 3, 159.
Doris, -tdis, a nymph, the daugh-
ter of Oceanus and Teihys, and wife
of Nereus, who was the mother of a
great number of nymphs. — Sometimes
put for the feg, Virg.Ecl. 10, ^.
^ 2. A native of Locri, (^Locrerifis)y
the wife of Dionyfius, the tyrant of
Syracufe, Cic. Tufi. 5, 20.
DoROTHEus, a remarkable painter
in the tim.e of Nero, Plin. 35, 10.
DORSO, -onisf a firname of the
Gens Fahia ; thus, C. Fabius DoRSO,
Div. 5, 46.
DoRus, the fon of Neptune, who
reigned over a part of Greece, and
gave name to the Dori or Dorien-
SES ; whence Doricusy -^, -uniy Gre-
cian, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. 2,27.
DoRycLus, the brother of Phineus
king of Thrace, Virg. Aen. 5, 620.
DoRyLAs, -ae, faid to have been
rich in land, Ovid. Met. 5, 129. •
^ 2. The name of a centaur, ih.
Do SON, a firname given to Anti-
gonus a king of Macedonia, becaufe
he promifed fairly, but did not per-
form ; for he alvrays faid to thofc that
requeiled any thing, Ac^o-i;, I will give
it, Plutarch, in Coriolano.
DKACO, -onis, the moll ancient
lawgiver of the Athenians, Cic. Or, i,
44. whofe laws puniihed all crimes e-
qually with death ; whence they were
faid to have been written with blood,
Gell. II, 18. (G./.464.)
Drances, -isy a counfeilor of king
Latinus, inmiicalto Turnus, Virg. Aen.
11,3^5-
Dkuidae, -arumy vel Druides,
'Um, the prieils of the ancient Gauls
and Britons, (G. 492, Sc 5^0-)
DRU-
D R U 1
DRUSUS, a firname of the Gens
JLima. This firname was firft; alTumed
hj crtie of the Lhii, who had (lain a
gcfteral of the enemy called Dranfus in
clofe combat, [com'inus)y Suet. Tib. 7,.
—-'His great-gvandfon, (abnepos'j^ M.
D) ufus, was colleague to C. Gracchus
m the tribunefhip, ( Plutarch, in Gracch.
j*, 838.), and for his great fervices in
the caufe of the nobility againll Grac-
chus, {^oh exiriuam ad'uerfus Gracchos 0-
feram. Suet. Tib. 3. ^iod C. Gfac:hum
itertim triL pi. fregity Cic. Brut. 28.),
was called the Patros of the fenate,
Sttet. Tib. 3.
M. DR.USUS, the fon of the for-
mer, ( M. fil')y a man of great elo-
quence and intef^ity, {^eloquertli/Jimus et
JantTrJitnus), tribune of the comm.ons,
a. u. 662, who, wifhino^ to reconcile
the inlerefts of the nobility with thofe
of the plebeians, had the misfortune to
pleafe neither party. He was flain by
fome aiTaffin at his own houfe, upon
bis return from the forums while fur-
i*ounded with a great num.ber of his
friends. No enquiry was made con^
ccrniuc^ the ^zcd, Paterc. 2, 13, & 14. ;
Ck. Mil. 7. The afraifm is faid to
have been Q^VariiTS, who afttrwards
perifhed miferably, N. D. 3, 33. But
author? differ about the manner of the
death of Drufu^-. ( Fid. R. A. p. 2c8.)
Liv'ius DllUSUS, D'lo, 48, 44. ;
Pafsrc.z, 71. or Drufzis Claudlanns, ib.
75. th.e father of Li via Drufiila, the
wife of Auguilus, {^Pld. Livia), was
crngaged on the fide of Brutus in the
battle o^ Philippi, and after their de-
feat llcw hirnfc'lf, ib.
M
er:>i
'd Dt
Claudhts DP.U-
SUS, the fon of Tib. Claudius Nero
and Li'vii, born three months after Li-
via married Angnfcus, a young man of
^n|^lar merit, who, before the age
required l;>y l:nv, was raifed to the high-
#!!: honours of the ilate. He command-
ed with great fuccefs againil the RLa^ti
and P^enddicly Hur. Od. 4, 4. and aifo
againit the Germans. He is faid to
bave been the firfi Roman general that
faded on the northern oc^an. To cca-
6^ 1 D R IJ
vey lu's troops thither, he cut a great
canal, [novi et immtnfi opsris. Suet. CI.
I.), from the Rhine to the Sala or If-
lel between Ifelfort and Djefbourg, for
about eight miles, called Fossa i3RU-
s I AN A, or in the plural. Fossae Dru-
siAN AE, Suef. CI. (.; Tac. Ann. 2,8. He
died of a difeafe in Germany, a. u. 745,
Suet. ib. ; Dloy 55, 2. according to the
epitomifer of Livy, in confequence of
a fra^iure of his leg, occafioned by a
fall from his horfe, Liv. Ep. 140. His
body was conveyed to R'»me, Tiberius
his brother g.^ing before it on foot all
the way. Suet. 'Tib. 7. Several prodi- ]
gies are faid to have preceded the death
of Drufus, [Dioy ^^, I. Pedo Albino-
lyanus v. Ovid, in mortem Drufiy ad Li'
via>??i V. 401. &c. ) ; and a barbarian
woman of extraordinary fize, fuppofed
to be the genius of Germany, is faid
to have appeared to him, forbidding
him to proceed farther, Dioy ib. ; Suet.
CI. t. Drufus died when conful, Dio, ib.;
Ovid, ad Liv. 293. et 177, 199, & 4J7.
The aifcdtion which Tiberius exprelfed
for hi? brother is extolkd by hillorians
and poets. When he heard of hh bro-
ther's fickncfs, he travelled 200 miles ^
in one day and night, Plin. 7, 20. and j
arn'ved jud before Drufus breathed his '
lail, Suet. CI. 2. ; Senec. ad Polyb. 34. ;
Ovid, ad LJv. 89. ; Tacit. 3, 5. The
army wifhed to retain the corpfe, that
they might pay it military honours, but
Tiberius carried it off, ( Ahjhdit invitis
corpus venerabile f rater) y Ovid. ad. Liv.
171.; Senec. ib. The funeral was ce-*
lebrated with the greateil magnificence.
His elogium was pronounced in the fo-
rum both by Tiberius and Auguftus,
Dioy 55, 2. In the fpeech which Au-
gullas delivered to the people in his
praife, he prayed to the gods that they
would make his Caefars (i. e. Caius
and Lucius his grandfons) like to
Drufus, and that they would grant
himfclf an equ:;lly honourable exit^
whenever it fhould happen. Suet. ib.
The fer.ate confctred the firnamc of
GP:RMANICUS on Drufusandhis
•poilQvilj. Paterculus fays he poffefTecl
as
DRY [
as many and as great virtues as human
nature admits or induftry can acquire,
2, 97. He always declared that he
would reftore the ancient ilate of the
republic, if ever he could, Suet. ib. He
is faid to have even conferred with his
brother about forcing Auguftus to re-
ilore liberty. Suet. Til. 50. add. Tac.
Jnn. r,'33. et 2, 82. Drufus left by
Antonia, the younger daughter of An-
tony by Oclavia the filler of Auguftus,
three children, Germanicus, who af-
terwards became fo illuftrious, and
whole fon, Caligula, fucceeded Tibe-
rius in the empire ; Livilla ; and Clau-
dius, who fiicceeded Caligula, Sud. CL
1 . It happened unfortunately for
Rome, that thofe of the family of Au-
guftus who were fit for government,
and might have made the Romans hap-
py, were all cut off", and only thofe
furvived who became deteftable for
their wickednefs and cruelty. What
Virgil fays of Marcellus the fon of Oc-
tavia, may be applied to others of her
defcendants, — Nimium 'vobh Romana
frcpago Vifa pot ens, Superi, propria haec
Ji dona fuijfent ! A en. 6, 87 i.
Dryades, -um, nym.phs or goddef-
fes of the woods, Virg. G. i, 11. et
3, 40. ; OviJ. Ep. 4, 49. ; Claudian. de
Rapt. Prof. 271, &'38l.
Dry AS, -antis, (voc. Drya, Ovid.
Met. 12, 294.), the fon of Orion, flain
in the Theban war by Diana with an
invifible weapon, Stat. Theh. 9, 842, &
875. Dry as was the father of Lycur-
gus, king of Thrace, who is hence cal-
led Dry ANT IDES, Oiiid. in Ibin, 347.
Dryope, -es, a daughter of Eury-
tus, the fifter of lole by the father's
fide, but by a different mother, Ovid.
Met. 9, 327. violated by Apollo, ib.
332. afterwards married to Andraemon,
/^. 333. and turned into a lote tree, as
lule, who was then prefent, relates the
ftory to \\zx mother-in-law Alcmena,
*^' 325'— 394-
C. DUILLIUS, or Diiellius, the
fivft Roman geneial that gained a naval
triumph over the Carthaginians, (G.
237.) ; Cic.Sen. 13.
169 ] E G E
DuRis, a Greek hiftorian, born in
Samps, Cic. Att. 6, i.
Dymas, -antisy the father of Hecu-
ba, Ovid. Met. II, 761. who is hence
called Dymantis, -tdis, ib. 13, 620. —
f^id. Hecuba.
Dymas, a Trojan warrior, F^irg.
Jen. 2, 394.
E.
EcHECRATEs, -is, a Pythagorean
philofopher of Locri, [Locrenjis), con-
temporary with Plato, Cic. Fin. 5? 29-
EcHiON, -onis, one of the five w^ho
furvived of thofe produced from the
dragon's teeth, which Cadmus fowed
in the ground, and who aflifted Cad-
mus in building Thebes ; whence Echl'
omae Thebae, Thebes built by EchTon,
Hor. Od. 4, 4, 64. Pkbs Echionia, the
Theban people, Stat.Theb. \\ 169. Ar^
ces Echioniae, the citadel of Thebes,
Ovid. Trijl. 5, 5, 53. No men Echioni-
urn, a Theban name, Virg.Aen. 12, 515.
— EcHiONiDES, -ae, Pentheus, the fon
of EchTon, Serv. ad Virg. ib- 'et Ovid,
Met. 3,51 3. ^ 2. One of thofe who
affembled to hunt the wild boar of Ca-
lydon, Ovid. Met. 8, ^^ 11. — Ecbwneus
lacertus, the arm of Echion, ib. 345.
ECHO, -uSf a loquacious nymph,
whofe ftory is recorded, Ovid. Alet. 3,
357,-507.
Eetion, -onis, the father of An-
dromache, the wife of Heftor; whence
Eetion EAE Thebae, Thebes, a city
of Myfia, lubjea to Eetion, Ovid. Met.
12,' no.
Egeria, a nymph, with whom Nu-
ma, the fecond king of Rome, pretend-
ed to have nocturnal meetings, and gave
out, that by her advice he inftituted
facred rites, and appointed pricfts, Li-v.
I, 19. — called his wife, [corijux), \\y. %
Ovid. Met. 15, 547, &c. and his mif-
trefs, [arnica), Juvenal. 6, II.
Egerius, the grandfon of Demara-
tus, and fon of Aruns, fo called from,
his poverty, [abinopia), Liv. i, 34.
Egesinus, an academic philofo-
Y pber,
E GN
[ 170 1
E N N
Eg
NATULEIUS,
v-'ithdrew the Mar/ian legion
tony to Ociavius Caefar,
pher, the fcholar of Evander, Cicc A-
cad. 4, 6.
EGNATIUS, the name of a Ro-
man ^ens.
Cn. Egnatius, a fcnator, Cic. CIu-
ent. 48. Others of this name are
mentioned, Cic. Att. 6, i. et 7, 18. et
13, 4. Fam. 1^3, 34.
a qiiaeftor, who
from An-
Clc. Phil. 3,
3.
Elatus, vel Elateus^ one of the
Laptthac^ the father of Caenis, vvho is
hence called Elaiela prohs, Ovid. Met.
3 2, 189. and when changed into a man,
Caeneus Elatetus^ ib. 497. — fuppoled to
have been afterwards changed into a
bird, ib. 53^1.
Electra, the daughter of Atlas,
(Atlantis, 'tdis, Ovid. Fad. 4, 31.)* ^'^^
mother of D:'.rdanus by Jupiter, Firg.
Aen. 8, 135. whence Eleciria tellus, the
ifland Samos, Val. Place. 2, 431.
^ 2. The fifter of Oreiles, Ovid. Trift.
2, 395. ; Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 140. and wife
of Pylades, {G. 408.)
ELECT RYON, -mm, the fon of
Perfeus and Andromeda, king of My-
cenae or Argos, the father of Alcmene,
Apollodor. 2, 4,6.
Elegeia, the goddefs of elegiac
jpoets, Oind. Am.'T^, i, 7.
El]£lei^s, (3 fyll.), --foj, a name of
Bacchus, O-vid. Md. 4, 15. whence E-
7.ELEIS, idis, a female worfhipper of
Bacchus, a Bacchanal, Ovid. Ep. 4, 47.
Elicilts, a name given to Jupiter,
from the fuperftitious anxiety of the
Romans to dra^o) or obtain from the
gods prodigies or omens of fucurity,
i^ad elictenda prodigia ex divinis mentilus),
Eiv. I. 20. Eliciunt coelo te, [Jupiter, O-
vid. Faft. 3, 327.
El ICO. Vid. Helico.
Elisa, the proper name of Dido,
Virg. Aen. df, 335. \\\\tViQQ. Elisei patrcs,
the Carthaginian fenators, Sil. 6, 346.
Elpenor, -oris, one of the compa-
nions of UlyiTes, changed into a hog
by -Circe, yuvenal. 1^,
14, 252, SiC. Havin;
23.; Ovid. Met.
recovered his
former (hape, he Is faid to have been
afterwards killed by a fall from the top
of a hoafe, Ovid. Trijl. 3,4, 19.; Mar"
tial. II, 82.
Elym- s. Vid. HELYMrs.
EMPEDoCLES, is, an illuftrious
philofopher and poet of Agrlgentum,
Lucr. I, 717, — 735 ; Cic. Or at. 1, 50.
(G. 14.). Adj. EMPEDOCLiius ; Salluf-
tii Empedoclea^ fc. poemata, poems con-
cerning the philofophy of Empedocles,
or written in the manner of Empedo-
cles, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 11. N:c tarn ve-
geta mens ant in corde, cercbrove, ant in
Empi'docleo fanguine demerfa jaceat. Nor
can the foul, pofieirmg fuch vigour and
activity, be plunged or lie funk in the
heart or brain, (as fome think), nor
In the blood, as Empedocles thought,
Cic. Tufc. I, 17, k 9.
Enceladus, a giant, the fon of T'^r-
ra, ftruck with a thunderbolt byjupiter,
and buried under mount Aetna, from
which volcano he was fnppofed by the
poets to breathe forth flames, and, by
turning himfclf, to fliake Sicily with
earthquakes, F'lrg. Aen. 3, 578.
Endymion, -onis, the favourite of
Luna or Diana, (G. 378.'), put for a
beautiful young rhan, Juvenal. 10, 318.
En CON AS IS, -is, f. (q. m genibus),
a name given to the confteilation Her-
cules, becaufe reprefented as on his
knees, ( Engona/in vocitant, genibus quia
nixaferatur), Cic. N. D. 2, 42.
^ ENNIUS, an ancient poet, born
at Rudiae in Calabria, (hence called /£z/-
diiis homo, Cic. Arch. lO.), a.u.513, Cic.
Br. 18. Tufi:. 1,1. who wrote the Ro-
inan annals in hexameter verfc. In eigh-
teen books, and an epic poem, Infcri-
bed to Scipio Africanus the Elder, in
both of which he celebrated the ex-
ploits of that great commander, Hor.
Od. 4, 8, 17. whence Ennius is faid to
have been fo great a favourite with Sci-
pio, that ht is fuppofcd to have order-
ed a (latue of Ennius to be erecled on
his tomb, {in fepulchro Scipioniim putatur
is, fc. Ennius, effe conjlifutus e marmore),
Cic. Arch. 9. So Livy, 38, 56. ; O-
vid, Art. Am. 3, 409. j Valerius Maxl-
mus.
E N N [17
miis, 8, 14, I. ; Soliniis, c, 7. Ennius
alfo compofed tragedies, comedies, fa-
tires, epigrams, 6!.c. of all which no-
thing now remains but fome fcattcied
fragments. Ennius pretended that the
image of Homer had appeared to him
in his fleep, and explained to him the
nature of things, Lucr. i, 125. or, ac-
cording to others, he dreamed, that Ho-
mer having appeared to him, declared
that his foul was tranfmigrated into the
body of Ennius ; whence Cor jubet hoc
£mn, pojlquam deJlertuH ejfe Maeonides,
after he gave over dreaming that he
was Homer, Perf. 6, 10. To this Per-
feus alfo alludes, Prol. v. 2. Ci-
cero obferves, that Ennius, when he
awoke, did not fay that he had feen
Homer, but thought that he had feen
him, or thought himfelf Homer, Acad.
4, 27. The words of Ennius himfelf
are, V'ljus Homerits adejfe poeta, ib. 16.
Thefe imaginations ot Ennius Horace
calls Soniiila Pythagnrea, Ep. 2, 52.
Ennius is faid to have borrowed feveral
things from Naevius, who was older
than Ennius, but an inferior poet, C'tc.
Br, 19. Ennius died in poverty, at
the age of 70, Cic. Sen. 7. or 72,
as it Ihould feem, from the confuls un-
der whom he is faid to have died, ib. —
Lucretius allows Ennius to have been
the tiril Roman poet of real merit, Z-z/^r.
I, 118. Ennius is often quoted with
great praife by Cicero, Or. i> 45. "Tufc.
1,15. et al'ihi pajfim. Virgil tranfcribed
many verfes trom Ennius, Macrob. Sat.
6, I. Horace, by a metonymy, calls
the poems ot Ennius Calabrae Piertdes,
the Calabrian Mufes, Qd. 4, 8, 20. He
fays, that Lucilius ufed to ridicule fome
of the verfes of Ennius, as being inac-
curately compofed. Sat. I, 10, 54. En-
nius is faid to have been too fond of
wine. He ufed never to fet about de-
fcribing battles without having firft
drunk freely, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 7. Ho-
race however allows, that Ennius en-
riched his native language, by the in-
troduction of new words, Jlrt. P. ^6.
Ovid fays that Ennius had great ge-
nius, but wanted art, (^Ennius ingenio
7nai<imus, arts rudis), Tnil. 2; 424. A-
I ] E P H
mor. I, 15, 19. So Statius calls the
mufe of Ennius rudisy Silv. i. proba-
bly alluding both of them to Riuitae,
the place of his nativity. Quin6tiliari
efteems Ennius venerable on account
of his antiquity, [Ennluni, Jicut facros
'vctujiate lucoif adoremus, l^c. 10, I, 88.)
— Adj. En N I AN us.
Ennosigaeus, (i. e. terram qua-
ilens), a name of Neptune, ^«^»d'/2J/. 10,
182. ; Ge/I. 2, 28.
ENyo, -uSf a name of Bellona, the
goddefs of war. Si/. 10, 203. hence A''^-
va/is Enyoy a naval battle, Martial.
Spe£l. 24. Cum dubitaret belli civilis E-
nyo, when the fortune of the civil war
between Otho and Vitellius was doubt-
ful, Id. 6, 32, i.
Eos, Edisy the goddefs of the morn-
ing, Ovid. Fajl. 3, 877. put for the
morning, /3. 4, 389. Ep.^, 57.
Eous, -/, one of the horfes of the
fun, Ovid. Met. 2, 153. alfo the morn-
ing ftar, Virg. G. I, 288. adj. eailern,
Ovid. Fajl. 3, 466. &c.
EPAiMINONDAS, -ae, the cele-
brated general of theThtbans, [ciwi quo
Thebanoriim gloria et nata eft et ex/intla,
Juftin. 6, 8.), mortally wounded in the
battle of Man tinea, but furvived till he
heard that his men had defeated the
Lacedaemonians, Cic. Fam. ^^ 12. (G.
469.)
Er APHRODiTus, the freed man of
Nero, Tac. 15, 55. who aflilled that em-
peror in killing himfelf, on which ac-
count he was afterwards put to death by
Domitian, Suet. Dom. 14.; Plin. Pan. 53.
Epaphus, the fon of Jupiter and
lo, Ovid. Met. I, 74S.
Epeus, the fiamer of the Trojan
horfe, Firg. j^en. 2, 264.
Ephialtes, 'isy a giant, the fon of
Neptune, who grew nine inches eveiy
month. He was flain by the arrows
of Apollo and Diana, Serv. ad Virg. G.
1, 2S2.
Ephorus, an hiftorian, born at Cu-
mae, the fcholar of Ifocrates, Cic. Or.
2, 13, & 23. Mnit. 56. Orat. 51, & 57.
EpKyREj 'CSy et-<2, -/7^^a fea-nymph,
the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys,
Firg. G. 4, 343.
y 2 ^?l^
E P I [ 1
Epicharis, a freed woman, who
was concerned in a ronfpiracy again ft
Nero, 1 ac. Ann. 15, 51. but could not
be forced by any tortures to difcover
her accomplices, and chofe rather to
put an end to her life than confefs, ib.
SI-
EPICHARMUS, a Sicilian poet
and philofopher in the time of Cicero,
whom Piautus is faid to have imitated,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1,57. His works abounded
with excellent maxims, which Cicero
mentions, [praecepta Epicharmi), Q^Fr.
3, 1,7. He ufed to fay, that the
principal requifite in a philofopher was
not to believe raflily, Cic. Att. i, 19.
Ep'tcharmium illitd tenetpy Neriws atqiie
art us fap'ientiac non temere credere, Cic.
de Petit. Conful. c. 10.
Epicrates, -isy a chief man among
the Athenians, Cic. Fam.if), 2 J. The
name denotes a fupreme ruler, and is
applied to Pompey, Cic. Att. 2, 3.
Epictetus, a ftoic philofopher in
the time of Nero, Gell. 2, 18. 17, 19.
19, I. He was born at Hierapolis, a
town in Phrygia. Being brought to
Rome as a flave, he was purchafed hy
Epaphroditus, the ireed man of Nero.
He is faid to have lived to the time of
the emperor M. Antoninus, (^Suidas),
who mentions him with great praife, i,
7. et 4, 4. f/ 7, 19. f/ 1 1, 34, 36, &
37. Gellius calls him Sioicorun vel
viGXtmus, I, 2. mnximus philofophorum,
17, 19. Lucian, who is feldom favour-
able to philofophers, calls Epi6letus an
(idmirahlc old man^ and informs us, tl»it
his memory was fo refpected, that his
lamp fold for 3000 drachmae^ (^fo;
ttTTxiSi Tov). Epictetus ufed to exprefs
the fum of his philpfophy in two words,
•jtv£ vov Kcti 'ayfixo^, i. e. fuftine et aljline,
bear and forbear, ih. He Wt^s banifhed
from Rome, with all the other philofo-
phers, by Domitian, GelL 19, r. St
Auguftine calls him NobiJlfJlmus Sioicus,
de civ. Dei, 9, 5. -Arrian publifhed
the dilTertations of Epictetus after his
death, under the name of Encheiri-
D!ON Epicteti, Geil. g, 2. which are
ilill extant, and juilly held in the high-
eft eftimationc
72 ] ERA
Epicurus, born at Gargettus, a
village of Attica, whence he is called
Senior Gargettius, Stat. Silv. i, 3, 94.
He was the fcholar of Xenocrates and
Plato, and afterwards became the foun-
der of that feft of philofophers v/ho
held pleafure to be the fupreme good,
Cic. Fin. 1,7, &c. Epicureus,
a difciple or follower of Epicurus, ib.
Epicureorum fcribtay ib. I, 2.
Epigoni, (i. e. pofteri), the fons
of the feven chiefs in the iirft Theban
war, (G. 432.) by which name a tra-
gedy of Euripides on this fubjedl was
called, Cic. Of. i, 31. ; Tufc. 2, 25.
The offspring of the foldiers of Alex-
ander the Great by Perfian women
got the fame name, Jujlin. 12, 4.
EpiMENiDiiS, -is, a Cretan poet,
contemporary with Solon ; faid to have
flept in a cave fifty-feven years, Piin.
7, 52. and to have foretold future e-
vents by a kind of infpiration, Cic. Div.
I, 18.
Epimetheus, {4 fyll.), -eos, v. -ei,
the fon of Japetus, and father of Pyr-
rha ; who is hence called Epimethis^
idisy Ovid. Met. i, 390. (G. 435.)
EpiPHANES, -/'/, (i. e. illujlris), a
fnname of A.ntiochus king of Syria.
^ 2. An Afiatic prince in the ar-
my of Otho, the fon of Antiochus,
king of Commagene ; called rex, af-
ter the manner of the Greeks, who
gave the name of ^aTOAv;, not only to
kings, but alfo to their fons, Tac.
EpyTUS, a king of AJba, O'vid. Fajl.
4» 44-
Epytides, -ae, v. .?>, the governor
and companion of Afcanius, Virg. Aen.
5' 547;
Erato, -ui, one of the nine Mufes,
invoked by fuch as wrote on amorous
fubjeds, Oi)/t/. Art. Am. 2, 16. put for
Miifa, any mufe, or for Calliope, the
chief of the Mufes, Virg. Aen. 7, 37.
ERATOSTHiiNEs, -is, a native of
Cyrene, the fcholar of Ariflo of Chi-
os, and of Callimachus the poet, illuf-
trious as a philofopher and poet ; but
ciiiefiy as a geographer and allronomer,
Cic:
ERE [ 173
2, 6. He flourifhed under
C'lc. Jtf
Ptolemy Euergetcs, and had the charge
of the library of Alexandria, (G. 18.)
Erebus, the Ton of Chaos and
Daiknefs, (Caligo), Hygin. Pracf,
the hufband of Nox, Cic.N. jD. 3, 17.
— put for the infernal regions, Virg.
6, 247.
Erechtheus, -W, v. -eos^ a king
of Athens, (G. 419.) whence Erech-
THis, Adis^ the daughter of Erech-
theus, t. e. Procrls, O-oid. Mct.'^^ 726.
ErechthIdae, 'Ciriim, the Atheni-
ans, lb. 430. Arces Erechlheae, the ci-
tadel of '\thens, ih. 8, 547.
Erich T HO, -us^ a rheiTalian wo-
man, noted for her flcill in forceries,
Liican. 6, 508. ; Ovid, Ep. Sapph.
139-
Erichthonius, the fon of Vulcan,
a king of Athens, (G. 418.) whence
Popidus Erichthonius, the Athenians,
Propert. 2, 6, 4. Ele is faid to have
invented chariots, Virg, G, 3, 113.
and the ufe of filver, Piin, 7, ^6. He
was converted into the conftellation
wiurlga, the waggoner, Hygin, Poet. 2,
Erigone, -es.) the daughter of I-
carius, a naiive of Attica, (hence call-
ed Maralhonia Virgo, Stat. Silv. 5, 3,
74.) who, hearing that her father had
been flain by fome fhepherds, whom he
had taught the ufe of wine, was fo
overcome with grief, that flie is faid
to have hung herfelf ; but through the
commiferation of the gods, was chan-
ged into a conftcliation called Virgo,
Hygin. f. 1 30. ErigoruTiJ! canis^ i. e. Mae-
ra, the dog of Icarius, who is faid
to have led Erigone to the place where
the dead body of her father lay, u^poi-
lodor. ^y 13,7.; and f>;eing his mif-
trefs dead, pined avv'ay, and was chan-
ged into the conftellation called Ca-r
nicida, the LciTer Dog Star, Hygin,
Poet, 2, 4. ; O'vid. Fafi, 5, 723.
Er ICON us, a noted painter, Plin,
Erinna, v. -NE, -es, a poetefs, the
contemporary, and as Is thought, the
friend of Sappho ; mentioned, Pro-
pert, 2, 3, 2 2. J Plin, 34, 8.
] E R Y
Erinnys, -yis, a name common to
any one of the three Furies, a fury,
Ovid. Met, I, 241. f/ If, 14. ; having'
her. head and arms furrounded with
fnakes, lb. 4, 490. Patriae communis E-
rlnnys, i. e. Elelena, Virg, Jen. 2, 573.
Dedeciis Jegypti, Latio fa rails Erinnys,
i. e. Cleopatra, Liican. 10, 59.
EriphJ-lk, -^j, V. Eriphyla, the fif-
ter of Adraftus, king of Argos, and
wife of Amphiaiatis the augur, who,
bribed with a golden necklace by Po-
lynTces, Apollodor. 3, 6, 2. or oy A^
draftus, Hygin. 73. difcovered the place
where her hulband lay concealed to a-
void going to the war againfl Thebes,
in which he knew that he muil perifh.
Amphiaraus, before he fet out, char-
ged his ion Alcmaecn to avenge his
death ; which Alcmaeon did by flaying
his mother, Serv, ad Virg, Aen, 6,
445.; Clc. Verr.\\, 18.; Inv, 1,50-
(G. 431.) -Qccurrent multae tlbi ~—
Erlphylae, you will meet with many
EriphykiG, I. e. many as wicked as E-
riphylc, Juv, 6, 654.
Eris, -tdlsy the goddefs of flrife or
difcord, Hygin. 92.
Erisichthon, -onis, a ThefTalian,
the fon of Triopa, who having impi-
oufly cut down an oak facred to Ceres,
was by that goddefs feized with fo vo-
racious hunger, that after having fpent
his whole patrimony, he at laft devour-
ed his own members, Ovid. Met, 8,
^^gy—adfn,
Ero, -lis. vid. Hero.
Eros, -otis, a comedian, the fcho-
lar of Rofcius, Clc. ^ Rofc, 11. .
5j 2. The name of a flave, Clc, Att,
10, 15.
Erythras, -acy a king of Arabia,
from whom the Arabian fea, the A-
rabian and Perfian gulfs, were called
Mare Erythraeuniy and by the Latins
Rubrtwi mare. Curt. 8, 9, 14. ; Plin,
6, 23. ; whence Lapllll Erythraely pearls
from any of thefe feas, Stat, Sllv. 4,
6, 18. So Tibullus, 3, 3, 17.
ERYX, -yds, a king of Sicily, the
fon of Venus and Butes, or accord-
ing to others, oi Venus and Neptune ;
who ufed to challenge all ftrangers to
contend
E T E [I
contend with him in boxing, and flew
thofe he vanquidied. At laft he htrn-
felf was flain by Hercules, and gave
name to the mountain in Sicily where
he was buried, S:irv. ad Virg. Aen. 5,
24, & 759. adj. Erydnus.
Eteocles, -is, fon of Oedipus,
(Oed^podes, -as), and king of Thebes,
(G.430.)
Claudius ETRUSCUS, a Roman,
taifed by Vefpalian from a mean rank
to the equeftrian order, for his fcrvices
in the JewiPn war, Stat. Slh. 3, 3, 140,
&c. who being banifhed by Domi-
tian, was attended by his fon in his
exile. Hence, when he was reftored
from banifhment, the fon is faid to have
been grateful to Domitian, both for be-
ing allowed to accompany his father,
and to return with him, ( Muneris hoc u-
trumque tii'i tejlatur Etnifcusy Fje quod et
comiti contlgit et reduci), Martial. 6, 83,
7. The grief of the fon on the death
of his father is celebrated by Statius
in a poem, infcribed Lacrymae E-
TRUSCi, Silv. 3, 3. (^Cuin lugeret ve-
rts lacrhnis fcnem patrem^ i. e. non fal-
fi3 lacrimis, ut praeficae, lb. Pracf.)
and by Martial, 7. 39. A bath
built by this Etrufcus is highly extol-
led by Statius, (Balneum Etp.us-
ci), Slh. 1,5. and by Martial, [De
Etrufci thermis)^ 6, 42.
EvADNEj-fj-, the daughter of Iphis,
(Iphiasy -adlSi Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 21.)
and the v/ife of Capaneus, whom
fhe was fo fond of, that flie threw her-
felf on his funeral pile, and perifhed in
the flames, Propert. i, 15, 22. (G.
43'-)
EvAGON, a native of Cyprus, of
that kind of people called Ophiogenes,
who were not hurt by ferpenis, PUn.
28, 3.
EvAGORAS, -aey a king of Cyprus,
(G. 618.)
Evan, -antis, a name of Bacchus,
Ovid, Ma. 4, 15. hence Evans, adj.
plur. Evantes, raging or exulting like
Bacchanals, Virg. Jen. 6^ 517.; Pro-
pert. 2, 3, 18. j S'd. 1 5 101. i and Evoey
74 1 EUC
Evohe, or Euoe, the exclamation ufed
by Bacchanals, Hor. Od. 2, 19, 5. ;
Plant. Men. 5, 2, 82.
EVANDER, v. -dnis, -drl, the
fon of Mercury and Carmenta, or
Carmentis, ViBor. de orig. P.oni. c. 5.
the grandfon of Pallas king of \rca-
dia, who being forced to fly from his
native country by a fedition, pafled
over into Italy, accompanied by his
mother and a number of Arcadians;
whence he is called Rex Areas, Virg.
Aen. 8, [02. ; Arcadius ducior, Sil. 6,
631. He built a few cottages on the
top of one of the hills on which Rome
afterwards flood, and gave to the place
the name of Pallanteum, from one of
his progenitors, Virg. Aen. 8, 51. or
from his native town in Arcadia ;
whence the mountain was called Pala-
tium, or mons Palatinus, Liv. 1,5.;
Ovid. Faft. I, 470, &c. Evander
is faid to have firjl introduced the
knowledge of letters into that country,
which Vv'-onderful difcovery {inlracu-
lu7n) made him much refpefted by the
rude inhabitants, and he was ftill more
revered for the fuppofed divinity or
prophetic powers of his mother, Liv,
I, 7. Evander alfo introduced the
worfliip of Pan, Faunus, and other
rural deities, Liv. F, 5. ; Ovid. Fajl. 2,
279. et 4, 65. et 5, 90, — Hahehis Evan-
drum, you will And me a frugal hofl:
or landlord, who will entertain you
with as fimple fare as Evander did Her-
cules and Aeneas, jfuvenal. 11, 61.
[G. 186.) Adj. EvANDRius ; thus
Re'gna Evandria, the country which
Evander ruled, i. e, the territory of
Rome, Sd. 7, 18. Evandrlus enjis, the
fword of Evander, Virg. Aai. 10, 394.
Mons Evandrius, the Palatine hill,
Claudian Conf. Honor. 6, 1 1 .
Evander, a noted carver, Acron,
ad Horat. Sat. i, 3, 91. ^ 2. A
fculptor, Plin. 36, 5.
Eu GLIDES, 'is, a native of Mega^
ra, {3'Iegareiis), a fcholar of Socrates,
(G. 302.) from whom a feft of anci-
ent phiiofophers wer: called Mi:gari-
E U D [I
ct, Cic. Acad. 4, 42. ; Or. 3, 1 7.
«j 2. A geometrician of Alexandria,
Cic. Or. 3, 33. ; Gell 6, lO.
EuDEMUs, a philofopber of Cy-
prus, intimate with Ariilotle, Cic,
Div, I, 25.
EuDOXUs, a fcholar of Plato's, a
celebrated ailronomer, Cic. Div. 2, 42.
(G. ,6.)
EuHEMiiRUS, v. Evemerusy an an-
cient hillorian of Sicily, who wrote
a book concerning the gods ; which
was tranflated by Enriius, Cic. N. D.
1,42.
Eve NOR, -oris, a painter, the fa-
ther and inilru'ilor of Parrhafius, Plin.
EuERGETES, -ts, [i.e. Benefuf^'),
a title given to three of the Ptole-
.mies, kings of Egypt, on account of
their fervices to the Greek Hates, Curt.
7, 3, I.; Jujiin. 12,5.
Evius, a name of Bacchus, Hor.
Od. 2, 11, 17. ; whence Evias, -adhy
a female vvorlhipper of Bacchus, a Bac-
chanal, Ih. 3, 25, 9.
EuMAEus, the fwine-herd or fnep-
hevd of UlyfTes, (G. 457.)
EuMELUs, the fon of Admetus,
king of ThelTaly, by his wife Aicef-
tis ; and father of Parthenope, the
founder of Naples ; who is hence call-
ed EuMELis, -Xdis^ the daughter of
Eumelus, Stat. Sih.. 4, 8, 49. ^
2. A Trojan, Virg. ylen. 5, 664.
EuMENEs, '/j, a native of Cardia,
one of the principal ofiicers of Alexan-
der the Great, and the only faithful
adherent to the family of that prince
after his death, Nep. in Fit. (G-471.)
5[ 2. The name of feveral kings
of Pergamus, Liv.
EuMfiNis, -idisf any one of the Fu-
ries, a fury, SU. 2, 559.; Lucan. I,
57I.plur. EUMENIDES.
EuMOLPUS, the hriL chief prieft of
Ceres at Eleufis ; whofe defcendants,
called EuMOLPiDAE, -<3rtt?w, continued
to enjoy that office for many ages,
(G. 420.)
EuNEUs, V. -osy -if the fon of Ja-
fon and Hypfipjde, Hygin, 15, & 273.
vhc twin-brother of 'i'hoas ; whence
7? 1 EUR
they are called jfasomdae juvenes, Stat.
Theb. 6, 340. Thoas was named
from his maternal grandfather, and Eu-
NEOs, (ex £w. bene, et vfa), navigo)^
was fo called, that his name might be
a good omen of a profperous voyage to
the Argonauts, (amine didus Argoo),
lb. 343.
EuNUS, a Syrian by birth, who ha-
ving roufed his fellow-flaves in Sicily
to attempt to regain their liberty, foon
collected an army of 60,000 men, with
which he defeated feveral Roman ge-
nerals fent againft him, but was at lalt
cruflied by Perperna, Flor. 3, 19.
EuPHORBus, the fon of Panth5us,
(^Pantho'ides, -ae), who was the firil
that wounded Patroclus, Homer. II. 16,
809. and was afterwards killed by Mene^-
laus, //-. 17,43. Pythagoras pretended
that his foul had animated the body of
Euphorbus, Ovid. Met. 15, 161. and
therefore, obferving the fliield of Eu-
phorbus in a temple, he palled it down,
as having been once his own, Hor. Od.
I, 28, II.
EuPHORiON, -onisf a tragic poet,
born at Chalcis, ( Chalcidenfis ) , Cic.
Div. 2, 64. ; Tujc 3, 19.
EuPHRANOR, -oris, an excellent lla-
tuary, Plin. 34, 8. and painter, Id. 35,
II.; jfuvenal. 3, 217.
EupoLis, -idis, y. -is ; a.ccu(. -Udem.
v. -/«, an ancient comic poet of A-
thens, Hor. Sat. i, 4, i. f/ 2, 3, 12.
Per/. I, 124.
Euripides, -is, a celebrated A-
theuian tragic poet, born at Sala-
rais on the day that Xerxes was de-
feated by the Greeks ; the fcholar
and friend of Socrates. Nineteen of
his tragedii;S remain. Cicero fpeaks
of him with the liighed pvaife, Fum.
16, 18. So Quinitiiian, 10, i, 67,
&c. While he was at the court of
Archelaus, king of Macedonia, with
whom he lived on terms of familiarity,
returning one night from fupper with
that prince, he was torn by dogs, fet
on him by fome invidious perfon, and
died of his wounds, GelL 15, 20. —
Eus.iviDF.uM carmen, a poem of Euri-
pides, Cic. Tup-.
59*
EUROPA,
EUR
EuROPA, V. -PE, -es, the
of Agenor, carried off by Jupiter in
the {liape of a bull, (G. 384.) the mo-
ther of Minos ; who is hence called
Ditx Eziropaeus, Ovid. Met. S, 23.
Eur Y ALUS, the friend of Nifus,
Flrg. ^m. 9, 295, &c. ^ 2. A
play-actor, yuvena/. 6, 81.
EuRYBATEs, -<7tf, a Dative of Ithaca,
whom Agamemnon fent with Talthy-
bius to bring Briseis from the tent of
Achilles, Oind. Ep. 3, 9.
EuRYBi APES, ./.!■, a Lacedaemonian,
the commander in chief of the Graecian
fleet againft Xerxes, (G. 334.)
EuRYDAMAs, ■aiitis^ (i. c. latc-domi-
ioTy) a firuame of Hercules, OvlcL in
Jbln. 331. ; SiL 2, 186.
EuRYDiCE, -es, the wife of Orpheus,
to recover whom, when deadj he is faid
to have gone down to the infernal re-
gions, Virg. G. 4, 486, &c. (G. 371.)
€[[ 2. liie wife of Amyntas, king
of Macedonia, and mother of Philip ;
who attempted to deilroy her hufband,
that (he might marry her fon-in-law,
Jifin. 7, 4.
EuRYLOCHUs, one of the compa-
nions of UlyiTcs, who alone did not
laifc the potions of Circe, and there-
fore was not transformed into the (liape
or a fwinc, like the reft, Ovid. Mtt. 14,
EuRVM ACHUS, one cf the fuitors of
Penelope, Ovid, Ep, i, 92.
E u R Y M E D o N , - outis^ (i.e. late impe-
raris,) a fon of Faunus engaojed in the
Thtban war, Staf, Thd, ii, 32.
EuRVMUs, the father of Telemus,
th'.^ augur, who is hence called Eury-
tnules, -aer Ovid. Met. 13, 77 [.
EuRYNOME, -es. the wife of Orcha-
mus, king of the Acliaemenians . in
Arabia, and^ mother of Leucothce,
Ovid. Md. 4, 210, &c. ^ 2. The
daughter of Do;^>'clus, and wife of
Codrus, 7'aL FItjcc. 2, 156. ^3.
I'he daughter of Oceanus and Tethys,
jlpoUodcr. I, 2,. 2. the iriother of the
Graces by Jupiter, Id. 1,3, i.
EuRYONE, -es. the daughter of A-
myntas xiing of Macedoni;t, who f.ived
U 176 ]^
daur^hter her father
E U T
from being cut off by the
fnares of her mother, Juflin. 7, 4.
EuRypvLvs, the fon of Euaemon,
from Orm.enium, a city of Theffaly,
who accompanied Agamemnon to the
Trojan war with forty fliips. Homer. II,
2, 737. called Ferox^ Ovid. Met. 13.
357. — <f| 2. A fl^ilful Graecian au-
gur, Virg. Aen. 2, 1 14.
Ev^RYSTHENEs, -«, thc twin-brother
of Procles, who were both joint kings
of Lacedaemon, Cic. Div. 2, 43.
EURYSTHEU8, (three fy II.) -^Z,
V. -?osj the fon of Sthenelus, and
grand fon of Perfeus king of Argos,
who was de (lined by the fates to com-
if^and Hercules, Homer. II. 19, 98, &c.
Odyfs. ir, 619. though greatly inferior
to him in merit ; whence he is called
deterior hems, fc. Herculis, Catull. 66,
114. At the inftigatioH of Juno, he
impofed on Hercules his twelve la-
bours, (G. 398.) Hence he is called
drrrus, Virg, G. 3, 4. and cruentus, Se-
nec. Here. 061. 1973- Cicero men-
tions a tragedy of Euripides, in which
Hercules is reprefented as having (lain
the fons of Euryilheus, Acad. 4, 28.
EuRyTus, king of Oechalia, (lain
by Hercules, becaufe he refufcd to give
to Hercuks his daughter lole, (called
Eirrytisy -ulis, Ovid. Met. 9, 395.) ac-
cording to promife, [G. 402.)
EvKy^Tus, a fkilful artift, vi^ho made
a fuit of armour for Pallas, the fon of
Evandtr, Virg. Aen. 10,499. H 2'
One of the Argonauts, Oiid. Met. 8,
(J 1 1., fT ^^^ ^ fon of Lycaon, tlse
brother of Pandarus, Virg. Aen. 5,
495,-
Euterpe, -es. one of the nine Mufes,
Hor.Od. r, i,33-(G. 368.)
E l: T H Y' c R A T K s , -isy a renowned paint-
er, the fon of Lyfippus, Plin. 34, 8.
€| 2. A ftatuary, Id. 4. 8.
EuTHYMEDHs, -i/, a painter, PIm.
EiTRAPELi's, a name given to Vo-
lumnius, the friend of Antony, Cic,
Fid. 13, 2. fiom his great politenef?,
wit, and turn for raillery, Cic. Fam.
3-:
33-
fuppG(:d to be the fame
who
E U T [
vviio is mentioned by Horace, Ep, i,
18,31.
E'jTROPius, a Lati'n hiHomn, who
lived in the time of Julian, whom he
attended in his unfortunate expedition
againfl: the Parthians, Eiitrop. 10, 16.
He addrcffed his hillory toVaiens, Praef.
EuTycHE, -cs^ a woman of Traiks
in Lydia, [Tralliana^) who had thirty
children, twenty of whom attended
her funeral, Plin, 7, 3.
E'jTYCHiDEs, -isi a freedman of Afc-
ticus, Ctc. Jn. 4, 15. ^ 2. A ila-
tuary, Pl'uu 34, 8.
Ex AG ON, one of that kind of people
called Pfyll'h wlio having come to
Rome as an ambaffador, and a report
having fpread, that no fcrpent would
bite him, he was, for the fake of an ex-
ptriment, thrown, by the order of the
confuls, into a caflc full of ferpcnts,
where, to the ailonilhment of all, he
remained quite unhurt, Plitu 28, 3.
FABIUS, the name of an illuftri-
ous patrician gens. (Fabia Gens,
Ovht Poitt. 4, 6, 9. ) one of the nobleil
m Rome, {JJkra Fablos gradus cogno-
■lis nuUus ejl. Id. Fall. I, 605.) —
v..vided into feveral/cxwi/z'^z^"; the Fibu-
lani, j'lmbiifi'i^ Maxlmiy P'ldlores, Doi'soneSf
Laheores, Gurgites^ and Buteoncs. The
Fabii are faid to have been cieicended
from Fabius, the fon of Hercules,
Piularch. in Fab. Max. p. 174. by Vin-
duna, the dauThter of Evai.der, [Ar-
eas, 1. e. Arcadia puella, — ngla v'lrgo,)
Sii. 6, 633. Hence the family of the
Fab'ii is called Herculea gens, Ovid.
F. 2, 237. — '$iO Fabius Tirynthia proles,
the offspring of Hercules, Sll. 2, 3.
Nat us in Harculeo Fabius bare, in the
houfe of Hercules, JwvenaL 8, 14.
But others derive the name fi'om fome
one of the family who paid particular
attention to the cultivation of beans,
(fabae,) Plin. 18, I. Fabium no-
men, the name or family of the Fabii,
Liv. 2, 42. The Fabian gens by it.
felf alone, a. u. 275, undertook to car-
ry on war againit the rej-nl^-s, which
177 1 FA B
they did for fome time with fuccefs.
At laft, being brought into an ambuf-
cade, they were all cut off to the num-
ber of 306, Liv. 2, 48, — 51. Ovid
makes only 300, faji. 2, 196, & 2C'3. ;
Poni. I, 2, 3. So 8iiius Italicus, 2, 4,
ei 6, 637. This difafler happened 011
the ibth July, (xv. Kal. Sextil.) a. u.
277, near the river Cremera ; whence
that day, wliich was ever after held as
an unlucky day, was called Dies Cre-
MERENsis, and in future tiiTkes more
frequently Allien sis, becaufe the de-
feat of the Rom.ans by the Gauls under
Brenuus, at Alha, happened on the
fame day, Liv 6, i. j Tac. Hi]}. 2, 91.
It ?b faM that there was only one boy
of the Fabian family left, from whom
the illulh-ious men of that nam.e, who
afterwards appeared, were defcended,
Liv. 2, 50 f. ; Ovid. Fajl. 2, 239.
Fabia trihus, a tribe called from the
name of the Fabii, Pirn-. Ep. i, 6, 52.
^ FABIUS, the only one who
furvived the deflru6lion of his family at
Cremera, was three times conful, Liv.
3, I, 2, V £2. and one of the decem-
virs, ib, 36. after which he was banifn-
ed, lb. 58.
j^ FABIUS Rullus vel RuUianus,
five times conful, Liv. 8, 38. et 10, 22,
didator, Li. 9, 22. and cenfor, ib. 46.
He gained feveral vidlories over the
Samnites, Tufcans, and Umbrians,
Liv. 8, 30, 9, 23, & 41. et 10,. 14.
He obtaiufd his hnl vidlory over the
Samnites wlu-n mailer of horfe to Pa-
pirius Curiov, the dictator; in whofe
able nee Fabius fought that fucccfsful
bat lie contrary to orders ; for which
papirius WGuld have punilhed him with
deaih, but v.^as prevented,. Liv. 8, 29,
— 23. FabiUS, when cenior, includ-
ed all the poorer citizens in the four
city-tribes, whereas formerly they ufed
to vote in all the tribes promifcuoully ;
on which account he got the firname of
Maximus, Liv. 9, 46.
^ Fabius Maximus Gurges, the fon
of Ruiius or Rullianus, conful a. 461,
Liv. 10, 47. Being fent againft the
Samnites, he was defeated with great
Z iofs,
FAB
lofs, fo that the fenat
priving him of his command, but the
father deprecated that indignity, promi-
iing to ferve as his fon's lieutenant. By
his advice and aiTiilance the fon gained
a com^)lete vidory, took Pontius the
Samnite general, and having led him in
triumph, ungeneroufly ordered him to
be beiieaded, Liv. Epit. ii.
^FABIUS Maximus, called Ver-
rucofus, from a wart on his upper lip,
the grandfon of Rullus, Llv. 30, 26.
Plutarch makes him the great- grandfon,
in vit. Fah, Max. He alfo was five
times conful. In his firft confulfliip,
a. 521, he triumphed over the Liguri-
ans, Plutarch, in Vita ejus. After the
taking of Saguntum by Annib?.!, he
was fent at the head of an embafTy to
Carthage, to demand whether what
Annibal had done, was by pubhc au-
thority or not. An ambiguous anfwer
being returned by one of the principal
Carthriginian fenators, Fabius, having
formed his toga into a hollow, (Jinu ex
togn fadto^) faid, " Here we bring you
peace and war ; take which of the two
you pleafe." The Carthaginians upon
this, calling out fiercely, ** That he
might give which he chofc,'' Fabius,
liaving as it were poured out what was
in the hollow of his robe, (finu ej'ufo,)
faid, " That he gave them war,''
f^iv. 21,18. So Si!. 2,384..; Flor. 2, 6.
After the dreadful defeat at the Tra-
fu-nene lake, Fabius being created dic-
tator or prodidator, was fent againft
Annibal, whofe impetuolity he checked
by declining battle, [cundtandoi'i.e. prae-
lium detretlando, Liv. 22, 12.), on
which account he got the firname of
Cunctator; whence Virgil fays, ^10
fejjiim (fc. me,) rapitisy Fabli. Tu Max-
IMUS illeesy Unus qui nobis cun^ando re-
Jlituis rem, A. 6, .S46. Tne Lift verfe
Virgil borrowed from Ennius, {^n ce-
cinit njiBrkes moras Fabil, i. e. Fabium
Cundlacorem, P-ropert. 3, 3, 9.), to
which Ovid alfo alludes, Fajl. 2, 242.
At one time Fabius had io hemmed
in Annibil, that he could not have
C 17S ]
thought ofde- for which that
FAB
great general was re-
markable. Fid. Liv. 2 2. 16, & 17.;
Nep. 2 2. 5. ; Plutarch, in Fabio. Fabius
having been recalled to Rome to per-
form fome facred rites, Minucius, his
mafter of horfe, in his abfence gained
fome advantage over Annibal. For.
this reafon the people difapproving the
dictator's dilatory conduct, by an un-
precedented aft, made Minucius equal
in command with him. Fabius fhewed
no refentment at this indignity ; but
when Minucius, by his rafhnefs, had
brought himfelf and his army into the
greateft danger, Fabius haftened to
their relief and refcued them. Mi-
nucius having gratefully acknowledged
his deliverance, again chearfuUy fub-
raitted himfelf to the command of Fa-
bius ; who, at the expiration of fix
months, refigned the didatorihip, i3.i6,
1 — 31. After the overthrow at Can-
nae, every thing was regulated by the
advice of Fabius, ib. 55. Next year,
upon the death of one of the confuls,
Fabius was fubftituted in his room,
Liv. 23, 31. and re-elected the follow-
ing year with Marcellus, Liv. 24, 9.
Fabius was fucceeded in the confulate
by his fon of the fame name, who was
created conful in his abfence, ib. 43.
under whom Fabius ferved as lieu-
tenant, ib. — When Annibal led his
army to Rome, Fabius gave his opi-
nion againft raifing the ficge of Capua,
Liv. 26, 8. Fabius, in his fifth con-
fuliliip, a. 545, was chofen prince of
the fenate, Liv. 27,13. and retook Ta-
rentum, ib. 18.; Cic. Br. 18. Or. 2, 67,
■^ Fabius ftrongly oppofed Sci-
pio's plan of transferring the war into
Africa, Liv. 28, 40. but his oppofition
being thought to proceed not merely
from caution, but partly from envy,
was in vain, i^. 45, When the -news of
Scipio's fplendid viftories in Africa were
brought to Rome, Fabius ftill perfifted
in his opinion. He did not five to fee
Scipio's final fnccefs. Fie died at
an advanced age, Liv. 30, 26. about
" ' Plu-
the time that Annibal left Italy,
Reaped without one of thofe ftratagcnis tfirch, iL Fgibius was called the Shield
an4
FAB [I
and Marcellus the Sword of the Ro-
man people, Flar, 2, 6. — Fabiani mi
/lies J the foldiers of Fabius ; put for
brave well-difcipHned troops, Ncp, 11,
2.
C. FABIUS, who firft got the fir-
name of Pictor, from his flcill in
paintins^, a. u. 45c, P/in. 39,4.
^ FABIUS Finor, C.F.CN. an an-
cient hiftorian, (hijloricus, ann al'i urn f crip-
tor, Cic. Or. 2, 12. Div. i, 26.), who
lived in the time of the fecqnd Punic
war, Liv. 22, 7. add. i, 44. 2, 40. 8,
30. 10, 37. After the battle of Can-
iiae, he was fent to Delphi to confult
the oracle how the divine wrath might
be appeafrc], lAv. 22, 57. f^ 23, 11.
Numerius Fabius Pictor, fuppofed
to be the fon of the former, who wrote
the annals of Rome in Greek, Cic. Div»
1, 21.
J^ Fabius Jemilianus, the grand-
fon of Paulus AemiHus, F^eli. 2, 10.
and brother to Scipio Africanus, the
younger, Plin. 33, 11. who conquered
the Allobroges, Plin. ib. et 7, 50. from
whofe fpoils he built an arch, called
jFornix: Fabian us, Cic. Or. 2, 66.;
Act. I. in Verr. 7. et ibi Afcon.
^ Fabius Maximus, made conful
by Caefar only for the three lad
months of the year, {^Vid. Treboni-
us,) He died on the lail day of his
office, Dio, 43 , 46. Vid. C a n i n i u s.
Fabius Lupercus, one of the piiells
of Pan, Pi'opert. j^y I, z6. who were
divided into two claffes, called Fabiani
and ^tindiliani from their firlt chiefs,
[a pratpo/itis fuis,) Ydlus. The Fabii
were the friends of Remus, and the
^unclilii, of Romulus, Ovid. Fajl. 2,
375, .vc.
Fabi •, a veflal virgin, the fiftcr of
Terentia the wife of Cicero ; who was
accufed of incell with Catihne, but ac-
quitted, Afcon. in Cic. in Toga Candi-
da.
FABRICIUS,vel/^fl^nVm, the name
of a plebeian ^f«j. Pens F'abricius,
a bridge which joined the city to an
ifland in the Tiber, built by fome one
of this family, Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 36.
79 ] F A U
C. FABRICIUS Liifcinusy a cele-
brated Roman general againil Pyrrhus>
remarkable for his integrity and con-
tempt of riches, {G. 232, &c.) Cic. Off,
I, 4, & 15. et 3, 15, k 22. Br. T4.
Tufc. 3, 23.; Liv. Epil. 13, & 14.;
P hilar ch. in Pyrrh. \ Vail. Max. 4,3.;
Aurel Fi^. Fir. III. 35. «[ 2. A
praetor, a. 559, Liv. 33» 42» & 43-
one of the lieutenants of Scipio Afiati-
cas, Id. 37, 4.
^Fabricius, a tribune, who pro-
pofed the law for reftoring Cicero
from banifliment, Cic. Sext. ^^. ; Red.
in Sen. 8.
^Fadius, a freed man, {^lihertifius
homo,) the father of Fulvia, the wife of
Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 2. called Bam-
balio, ib. 36. on account of his ftutter-
ing or hefitating manner of fpeaking,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6.
T. Fad I us, quaeftor when Cicero
was conful, Cic. Red. in Sen. 8. tribune
in the confulfhip of Lentulus Spinther,
Cic. Att. 3, 23. afterwards banifhed
by what was thought an unjuft fen-
tence, Cic. Fam. 5, i8»
C Falcidius, a tribune, and the
year after a lieutenant, Cic. Manil. 19.
C. FANNIUS, the fon-in law of
Laelius, who wrote annals, Cic. Br. 21.
and a hiftory, not inelegant, ib. 26, Sc
87. Tujc. 4, 17. Leg. I, 4. of which
M. Brutus made an abridgment, Epi'
tome Fanniana vel Farinianorum, Cic.
Att. 12, 5. 5f 2. A tribune, Cic.
Sext. 53. one of the Pontifices, Id. Har,
R. 8. He was appointed by the fe-
nate to command in Sicily, at the be-
ginning of the civil war, Cic. Att. 7,
15. After the death of Ca far, he
was fent to Cneius, the fon of Pompey,
to advife him to go to Mutina and re-
Heve D. Brutus, Cic. Phil. 13, 6.
Fannius, a contemptible poet m
the time of Horace, vain of hia own
compofitions, Hor. Sat. i, 4, 2 I-
M. Faucius, a Roman eques, one of
the magillrates of ArpTnum, [decuri9
Arpinatium,) Cic. Fam. 13, 11.
FAUMUS, a rural deity, who wag
fuppofed to foretel future events, Cic»
F A V [ i3o ] F I M
N'. D, 3, 6. There were many of be made to Feronia, Z/ij. 22, t
thcfe rural divinities, Agrejlum niimina,
Faunl, Virg. G. 1 , 10. Rujl'ica numina^
Faun'i, Ovid, i, 193. ; Cic. N. D. 2,
2. Div. I, 4c;, '^ 50. — Littora Faun'iy
the fliore of the Traiimene lake, 6"//. 5,
627. (G. 380, & 381.) ^'f 2. A he led his army from Rome, L
kin^ of Latium, the fon of ^icus and
The
temple of Feronia was enriched with
numerous gifts from the neighbouring
people, hiiu 26, 11. whence (he is
called fi'/wj-, Sih 13, 84. It was plun-
dered of all its riches by Annibal^ when
grajidfon of Saturn, the father of La-
tiniis, V'lrg. Aen, 7, 48. whence Fau-
NiGENAE, -aruin, the Latins or Ititli-
ans defcended from Faiinus, SiL 8, 357.
Favonius, a great imitator of C;jto,
fo- that he was called his ape, [Slmia
Catonls,) Val. Max. 2, 10. cruelly put
to- death by Auguftus, after the battle
of Philippi, Suet. Jug. 13.
Faustulus, chief (liepherd to king
Proca?, who preferved and brought up
Romulus and Remus, Llv. 1, 4, & 5.
Fx-iUSTUS, a praenomen gl-^iw by
SiiHa to a Ton born to him after he was
made diftator, on account of his won-
derful fuccefs, Plutarch, in SulJ. c. 67.
Cicero often calls him by this name,
Sail 19. Chieut. 34. Fat. 14. Ait. 4, 10.
et^,\, FAUST A, the daughter
of Sulla, the twin-filter of Faullus, Plu-
tarch, ih. the wife of Miio, Cic. Att. 5,
8.
FERETRIUS, a name^ given to
Jupiter by Romulus, from his bringing
{quodferehat)t\\>i fpoils of xAcron, king
of the ^'aeninenfes, whom he had
flain in fmgle combat, to the temple of
that God, fufpended on a frame, (fire-
tio,) Liv. i, 10. or fromyr,-i;r ; Omi;ie
quod certo dux ferit cnfe ducemy Fropert.
4, TI, 46.
Ffronia, a nymph of Campania,
•the mother of Henlus, Plrg. Aen. 8,
564. a goddefs worfbipped at Anxur,
ib. 7, 8qc. where a fbuutain -.vas confe-
crated to her. If or. Sat. i, 5, 24. faid
td be the. goddefs oi freedmen, bccaufe
flaVes, v,dien made free> fiiaved thtir
head, and received a- cap from their
mafter in her temple, Sirv.- ad. Firg.
■Aen. 8", 564. whence we -read of the
freedwoir.en [liheriinae) befng ordered
td contribute money according to their
abilitiv^s, out of -which a preknt might ■
FID I US, or Dius, v. Deus Fid i us,
a name of Hercules, as being the god
of faith or truth, (deus Jidei)^ per Deuni
Fidiuniy by Hercules, the god of truth,
or of honour. Plant. Afin. I, I, 48.
Mediiis FidiuSf i. e. Me deus Jidei, Ic.
juvet, May Hercules, the god of ho-
nour or of truth, aiTiit me. The fame
with Afeljercley i. e. Me Hercules^ fc,
juvetj a common and. folemn oath a-
mong the Romans, S<dJuJl. Cat. 36. ;
Liv. 2 2, 59. ; Piin. Ep. 4, 3 f, & 10,
47.
C. FiDicuLANius Fakula, a fena-
tor, Cic. Caecin. 10. ; Cludnt. 37.
M. FiDusTius^ a fenator, who was
lirft profcribed by Syila, but had the
good fortune to efcape; Fie was thir-
ty-three years after profcribed by An-
tony, and put to death, Piin. 7, 43. ;
Dio,\'], /. 333.
C. Marcius FIGULUS, created
conful with P. Scipio NasTca, a. 592. ;
but on account of fome informahly in
their eleftion, they were both obhged
to abdicate their office, Cic, N. D* 2,
4. Div. 2, 35. Figulus was after-
wards conful with Lentalus, a. 598.
Cic. Br. 2C. «j[ 2. Conful with L,
Caefar, a. 689, Cic. Att. i, 2. whofc
very fumptuous, Cic.
fcpulchre was
Leg. 2, 25.
P. Nigidius FIGULUS, a Roman
fenator, remarkable for his knowledge
in aitrology, Lucan. I, 639. vid. Ni-
C. Flavlus FIMF>RIA, conful with
Marius, a. 649. Cic. Rabir. 7. OJf. 3.
19. Having >fterwards gone into A-
fia asheutenant'^to L. Valerius Flaccus,
the coftflilj who was fent by Cinna to
carry on; the war againil Mithridates
in place of Sulla, Fimbria, on account
of ftime offence, flew Fiaccus, defeat-
ed the forces of Mithridates in feveral
engagements,
FLA [I
engageiftents, and at- one time was near
taking that king himfelf. But Sulla
having pi^irtd over into Aiia, and made
peace with Michridates, Fimbria being
defttted by his troops, put an end to
hi^ days by the aiSllance of a Have,
Lhu Epit.iz, & 83.
FLA ecus, a finiame of the Fulvli
and Vahriiy faid to have been given
t lie m from their broad and loofe ears,
{ex jlaccis auribus), Plin. ii, 37 ^. ^0*
ijick FuLvius et Valerius.
C. FLAMINIUS, vel Flamini-
Nus, twice conful, a, u. 530, & 536.
Inhis fecond confulatehe perifiied in the
unfortunate battle at the Tlirafymene
lake again (l Hannibal, which he fought
in contempt of the auf pices, Cic. A^af.
D. 2, 3. Div. I, 35, et 2, 33. ; Liv.
22, 4, — 6., Flor. 2, 7. Wlien cenfor
he paved the fla F/aniinia, and laid
out the Circus FlajnimaSy Fellus. Liv.
Epit. 2C. et 23 23. Flaminiana of-
teniay the omens flighted by Flamini-
ua, Ck. Div, 2, 3.1,
T. ^lintius FLAMININUS, v.
FlaminiuSf a conful who conquered
Philip king of Macedonia n\ the battle
at Cynocephalae, Cic. Mur. 14. ; Liv.
33, 7, &c.
Z. Shiintius Flamininus, the bro-
thvr of the former, under whom he
commanded the fleet, Liv. 32, 16. He
was afterwards conful, LI. 35, lo. He
was expelled from the feiKite by Cato,
when cenfor, on account of his crimi-
nal conduft, Liv, 39, 42. ; Cic. Sen,
12. He however ftill continued to en-
joy the honour of prieilhcod, Liv. 43,
II.
C. FLAVIUS, the fon of a freed-
man, the fcribe or fecretary of Ap-
pius ClaAidius, who ftole or copied the
bot^k of Appius, in which the forms
of procefs in courts of law, ( act 10-
NEs), and the legal days for adm.inif-
tering juiliiee, were
iged ; and
pivbliihed them to the people, froi
whom all theie things were then con-
cealed by the patricians; whence the
book of Flavins was called jus Civi-
Li> Flavian UM, Ci;,Or, l,4{. Mur,
81 1 FLA
II. Att, 6, I. Gell.Gyg.i ^//>^ 3^
I f. 6. ; Fal. Max. 2, 5, 2; In re-
turn for this fervice. Flavins was made
curule aedile by the people, Liv, 9,
46.
M. Flavius, a tribune, who pro-
pofed a bill to the people, (Fiavia. ro-
gatio), about puniihing the people of
Tufculum, Liv. 8, 37. At the fune-
ral of his mother he made a diftribu-
tion of raw flefh [vifceratio) to the
people, ih, 22.
L. Flavius, a tribune in the conful-
fhip of Metellus and Afranius, who pro-
pofed an Agrarian law, but could not
get it pafled, Cic. Jtt. i, 18, & 19.;
Bioi 37, 52 — He was elected praetor
in the confulfliip of Caefar and Bibuluf?,
Cic. ^ Fr. I, 2, 2. ; an adherent of Cae-
iar's in the|civil war, Cic. Att. 10, i.
Titus FLAVIUS Vefpajmnns, the
tenth Roman empiiior, defcended of
mean parents; whence that part of
the gens Fiavia., from which he was
deicended, is faid to have been ob*
fcure, and without any images of an-
ceftors, /. e. nonfe of Vefpafian's an-
ceilors had enjoyed any curule ofiice,
Suet. Vefp. I. FLAyi».Ni, the adhe-
rents or favourers of Vefpafian, Fac,
Hijl. 3, 7, & 23. So Flavianae partes^
the party of Vefpafian, ih. i, & 13.
Flavicrnus exercitusy the army of Vefpa-
fian, ib. 63. Fl/vvius u/timus, i. e.
the emperor Domitian, the laft of the
Flavii, JnivenaJ. 4, 37. called calvus
Neroy the bald Nero, io, 38. on ac-
count of his cruelty and baldnefs.
Suet. Dom. 10, & 18. He degenera-
ted fo much from Vefpafian his father,
and Titus his brother, that Martial,
who had often grofsly flattered .Domi-
tian, is faid to have written the fol-
lowing dtilich on him after his death,
in the form of an adclrefs to the Fla-
vian family, Fiavia gcns\ quantum fiFi
tertius akJluHt heres, (i, e. Douiitianus.)
Pene fuit tanti, non hahuijfe duos, (i. c.
Vefpafianum et Titum), SchoUajl. in
'Juvenal. Void. -Fl\vi\ templa, the
temple of Jupiter in the- Capitol, re-
built by Domitian, 3,Ia-iitiiL 9, 4, 12.
et
FLO r I
et t5. 35, 2. and a temple which Do-
mitian built in honour of the Flavian
family, Suet. Dom. 1 7. Collegium
Flavialium, a body of priefts ap-
pointed by Domitian to take care of
the temple, and to perform facred rites
to the deified Flavii., ib. 4.
FLORA, the goddefs of flowers.
Tloralis Jlamen, the priell of Flora,
F^arr. L. L. 6, 3. Floral e fejlum.,
the fedival of Flora, O'oid. Fajl. 5, 195.
— but oftencr Floralia, -turn, feili-
Tal days kept in honour of Flora,
which began on the 28th of April, ( iv.
KaL Maii)y and continued to the end
of the month, Plin. 18, 29. Florali-
ciae ferae^ hares, goats, and other ani-
mals exhibited by the aediies at the
feilival of Flora, Martial. 8, 67, 4.
FONTEJA gens, a plebeian, fami-
ly, into which Clodius, the enemy of
Cicei'o, was adoptt^ by P. Font ejus,
a man younger than himfelf, Clc. Dom.
13, 19, & 44. Foktejanum no-
men Clodlo adoptato Indltum, Cic. Refp.
Arufp. 57. — M. FoNTEjus, gover-
nor of Gaul for three years after his
praetorfliip, Clc. Att. 4, 15. in de-
fence of whom Cicero delivered an o-
ration, Font, i, 5<c. Fonteja, his
lifter, a veftal virgin, Clc. Font. 17.
Fontejus Capita, a friend of An-
tony's, Hot'. Sat. I, 5, 32.
7*. FoNTEjus Capita, a praetor,
Liv. 40, 59. ; governor of Spain, Id.
41, 2, & 19.
FoNTiNALiS, a god who prefided
over fountains, Plaut. Stlch. 5,4, 17.
FoNTiNALiA, -lum, a feitival celebra-
ted in honour of fountains, when chap-
lets of flowers were thrown into them,
Varr. L. L. $, ^.
FoRN>x, -iiclsy a goddefs, whofe
fedival (FoRN \c ' LI A, -lum), was not
Hated, {Jlata), but appointed [Indicia)
by the Curio Maxlmus, Ovid. Fail. 2,
527, &c. Fefcus.
Fort UNA, the goddefs fortune, wor-
fhipped in various places ; at Rome,
Lin]. 2, 40. 10, 46. 24, 47, &c. at
Praenelle, Lin). 23, 19. ; Clc. Dm. 2,
41. Leg. 2, II.; at Antium, Hor.
%t -] F U L
Od. I, 35, I. and, as Pliny fays, by the
whole world, 2, 7. — Nos te, nos fact'
mus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus, Ju-
venal. 2, 366. Fortune was reprefent-
ed as blind, Plln. lb. et 13, 5. ; Clc.
Amlc. 15. One of her chief appenda-
ges was a wheel, Clc. Pis. 10. ; TlbulL
I, 6, 32.
Fronto, -dnis, a learned man, who
taught the emperor M. Antoninus phi-
lolo])hy.
Mettns, V. Meftlns FUFFETIUS,
dictator of the Albans, who having ac-
ted perfidioully to TuUus Hoitilius,
was by his order tied to two carriages,
and his body torn to pieces, Llv. i,
28. ; Flrg. Aen. 8, 642.
FuFiDius, an orator, Clc. Brut. zg.
FuFius, the name of a Roman ^^«j-,
often confounded with Fujius by the
editors of Cicero.
FuLViA, the v/ife, firft of Clodius,
the enemy of Cicero ; next of Curio,
and then of Antony, Flor. 4, 5. ; Pa-
2, 74. adj. FuLviANUs, Plin. 26,
terc.
8.
FULVIUS, the name of a gens,
which originally came from Tufculum,
Clc. Plane. 8.
L. FuLvius, conful a. 432, Ufv.
8, 38, the lirll of that name who ob-
tained any office at Rome. The Tuf-
culans had rebelled againft; the Ro-
mans, lb. 14, & 37. and Fulvius, who
was conful of Tufculum, having come
over to the Romans, was inveiled with
the fame honour at Rome ; and is faid
to have been the only perfon who the
fame year in which he had been an
enemy, triumphed at Rome over thofe
whofe conful he had been, Plin. 7, 43
f. 44. But this feems inconfillent with
Livy's account. He w^as afterwards
matter of hoi-fe under Q^ Aemilius,
Ll'D. g, 21.
^ FULVIUS Flaccus, feveral times
conful and once dictator in the fecond
Punic war, Llv. 27, 6. He took Capua^
and put to death eighty of the princi-
pal fenators, contrary to the opinion of
App. Claudius, who had a joint com-
mand with him in conduding the fiege,
»ud
F U L [ T
and without reading the decree of the
fenate; which a meffenger had juft
brought him from Rome, to ftop the
punlfhment, Liv. 26, 15, & 16. Ci-
cero fays, that Capua was taken when
Fulvius and Fabius Maximus were con-
fuls, Rull. 2, 33. But according to
Livy, Fulvius was then proconful, ib.
When Annlbal led his army to Rome,
Fulvius followed with part of the troops
that bcfiegtd Capua, leaving the reil
with Claudius, iiv, 26, 8.; ^/7. 12,
571. Fulvius was fome time af-
ter made diclator, to hold the comitia ;
in which, notwithllanding oppolition
from the tribunes, he himi'elf and Fa-
bius weie made confuls, Liv. 27, 6.
Fulvius was cenfor with A. Poilhumi-
us, Cic. Verr. 1,41.
M. FULViUS Nohllhr, a conful
who triumphed over the Aetolians, Liv.
37, i>^o. ft 39, 5. He built a temple
to the Mules and Hercules from the
fpoils, Cic. Arch. \ i. and brought from
Ambracia a piclure of the Mufes by
Zeuxis, to adorn it, Plin. 35, 10. He
carried Ennius along with him to Ae-
tolia, Cic. lb. et Tufc. 1,2. He was
cenfor with M. Lepidus, a. 574. ; Liv.
40, 45, 5. c. ; Cic. Prov. Com. 9.
^ FULVIUS Flaccusy a great fa-
vourite with the people ; fo that after
being elefted curule aedile, upon the
death of a praetor, he would have been
chofen praetor in his room, though it
was unprecedented, had not L. Porci-
us, the conful, and the fenate, pievent-
ed it, Liv. 39, 39. by forbidding any
ele6iion to be made. Two years after,
a. 572, being regularly elected, ib. ^6.
he got the province of Hither Spain,
/^/. 40, I. where he conquered the Ccl-
tiberians, and ravaged their country,
ib. 30, — 33. Upon his return to Rome,
he was cholen one of the Poniifices, ib.
42. and foon after made conful, while
he ftaid without the city previous to
his triumph ; and on the day after his
election entered the city in triumph, ib.
43. When cenfor, he took the mar-
ble tiles or flags from the temple of La-
S3 ] FUR
cinian Juno, to cover a temple which
he was building to Equeftrian Fortune
at Rome^ in confequence of a vow he
had made in the Cantabrian war ; but
thisbeino' univerfally difapproved of, he
was obliged to reftore them, Xm 42,
3. (G. 179.) Next year, being over-
whelmed with grief on account of the
death of a fon, he ftrangled himfelf. It
was thought that Juno had deprived
him ot his judgnient for having unroof-
ed her temple, ib. 28.
M. FULVIUS FLACCUS, con-
ful a. 6. 9, being fent to the afiiftance
of the people of Marfeilles, he is faid
to have been the firil that fubdued the
Ligures beyond the Alps, Liv. Epif.
60. Having afterwards joined C-. Grac-
chus, he was on that account flain by
Opimius, the conful, with liis fon, Ap^
pian. B. C. I. p. ^6q ( occifus eji cwn li-
beris), Cic. Cat. I, 2. his houfe levelled
with the ground, and the area declared
to be the property of the public, [ejus
domus ever fa et publiccita ejT)^ CiC, Dom.
48. Fl^ccian \ arl:a, the area on
which the houfe of Flaccus itood, Val,
Max. 6, 3, I.
C. FuNDANius, a friend of Cicero's,
Cic. ^ Fr. 1,2, 3. the father-in law
of Varro, Varr. R R. 1,2.
C. FuNDANius, a comic poet in the
time of Auguftus, whom Horace prai-
fes for his agreeable defcription of art-
ful courtefans and cunning flaves, Sat^
I, 10, 42. et 2, 8, 19.
M. Fun DAN I us, a tribune who pro-
pofed the abbrogating of the Oppian
law, Liv. 34, I.
FURIAE, -arum^ the three Furies,
AJe^o, Tyiphone, and Mcgaera^ fuppo-
fed to be the avengers of wickednefe
and crimes, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. — Adj.
Flrialis; iiwiSf furialia membra, the
members or torm of a fury, P^irg. Aen.
FuRiNA, the goddefs of thieves;
anciently worlhipped ; and her fellival,
or facred rites, called F. RiN'tiA,
Varr. L. L. ^, 3. but altogether dilu-
fed in later tiaiesj iL et Cic. N, D. 3,
18.
FUR
C I
1 8. A grove however continued to be
called after her name, Luc is Fi ri-
N^E, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. Ad Furinae, fc.
templum, C'tc. 9\ Fr. 3, i, 2.
FURIUS, the name of an illuftrf
iQMi^ gens^ or clan, at Rome ; ancient-
ly the fame with Fusius, Lii). 3* 4. ;
^uind'tL 1,4, 13. T'ht: fam'mae J or
fubdiviiions of it, were diftinguiilied by
various firnames, as Aculco, Liv. ^^i,
^^. Bibaciilus, Id. 22, 49. Camillus, 5,
I. Crafsipes, 34, 53. Lufcus, 39, 7.
Pacihis, 4, 12, &c. PhiJiis, 22, 35.
Purpureo, 31, 29. As many of this
gcTis happened to be employed as ge-
nerals againfl the Gauls, it was faid,
** That the Gallic wars were, by fome
fatality, dellined to the Fur'ian family, '^
Liv. 3?, 48.
M. FURIUS Camillus, feven times
military tribune with confular authori-
ty, Liv. 6, 18, & 22. ; five times dic-
tator, ib. 42. He took Veji, and tri-
umphed over it, Lro. 5, 21, & 23.;
whence he is called the conqueror of
the Tufcan nation, i^Furlus pophli fupe-
rator Etrufc'ry Ovid. Fail, i, 641.) He
conquered the Falifci, and by his gene-
rous conduct induced them to furrender
to him their capital Falerii,/;^. 27. which
Ovid, (vvhofe wife was from that coun-
ti-y), when he vifited it, thus defcribes,
Moenia contjglmiis 'utda, CarAlhytibi,Ara.
3, 13, 2. r— Camillus being unjullly
accnfed by L. Apulejus, a tribune,
went into voluntaiy banifhm.ent to Ar-
dea, lb. 32. He was foon recalled to
deliver his country fiom the Gauls,
Viho had taken and facked F^ome. Ca-
millus defeated them with great ilaugh-
ter, and entered the city in triumph,
ih. 49. Hence Virgil celebrates him as
bringing back the Roman ilandards
which he had recovered from the Gauis,
(referentem Jigna Camllium), Aen. 6,
826. So Propertius, 3, n, 67. Ca-
millus next conquered the Volfci, and
triumphed over them, Lin). 2, 2, & 4.
When dittator for the fifth time, he
gained a fecond viftory over the Gauls,
and obtained a fourth triumph, lb. 42.
He was cut off by the plague in the
84 1 F U S
80th year of his age, having merited,
by his uncommon fervices, to be eftecra-
ed another Romwlus, and a fecond
founder of the city, Ltv. 7, -i . ( G. 2 1 8.
— 222.) All the Roman writers con-
cur in ^xtoUing the. virtue of Camillus,
Clc. Doin. 32. Tujc. r, 37. ; Vtrg.
G. 2, 169.; Propert. 3, 9, 31. ; Ho-
rat.O'l 1, 12, 42.; Ep. I, 1,64.;
Juvenal. 2, 154. et 16, 1 5. ; Lucan,
I, 160. 2, 544. 6, 786. ; SIJ. 7, 598. ;
Martial, i, 25. 3, 9, 28, [lu'vuius pro
llbertate Camillus J ^ 11, 6, 7. (vid. Ca-
millus.)
Sp. FuRius Camillus, M. F. firfl
praetor, Llv, 7, i.
L. FuRius Ci3rm7/«j, didlator and
conful, a. 406, Lit). 7, 24. He alfo
gained a viftory over the Gauls, ib.
26. and vowed a temple to Juno, af-
tenvards called Moneta, Llv. 26, 28.
(vld. Moneta.) Ovid con ounds this
Furius with the great Camillus, F. I,
641.
L. FuRius McduUinus, feven times
military tribune, Llv. 4. 25, & 35. 5,
32. tiolce confuU Id. 4, 51, 5; 54. But
fome of thefe offices are fuppofed to
have been held by different perfons of
the fame name.
FcRius, a friend of Catulius, IT,
I. in indigent circumllances, 23, i, &
24.^
FUR.IUS, firnamed 3ibacul-;s, as
it is fuppcfed, from liis fondnefs for
drinking ; a poec, contemporary with
Julius Caefar and Catullus, who wrote
bitter faiires in Iambic verfe, ^nlncllL
10, I, 96. f Tac. Ann. 4, 34. Horace
is fuppofed to have ridiculed the falfc
fuhlirne of his ftyle, Sat. 2, 5, 41. et ibi
JchQliaJl. ^incill. 8, 6, 17. Furius was
blamed for framing new words, Gelh
18, II. Virgil however is faid to have
borrowed feveral verfes from him. Ma-
crob. Sat. 6, i. Furiana poemata,
the poems of Furius, Cell. 18, 11.
C. FuRNius, a friend of Cicero's,
Ctc. Fam, 10, li ; the lieutenant of
Plancus, lb. 6, & 8.
FUSCUS Arylluii a grammari-'
an, a poet, and orator j a man of wit
and
r U S C r
and of great intcgnty, muclV beloved
by Horace, Hor, Sat. i, 9, 61.; Od.
I, 22, /\i. Ep. r, ro, I.
Sp. Fi'Sius vel Furius, the Pafer
patratus, or herald' appointed to take
the piibh'c oath in making a treaty with
the Albans, Liv. 1, 24.
Z,. F'Sius vel FuF^us, an orator,
C'lc, Br, J\X), k 69. ; Or. 2, 22. et 3, 13.;
Of. 2y 14. Btit the beil commentators
on thele paffages read Furius, or Fu-
Fius. So C. ^ M Fusil, Cic. F/ac.
20. {Fid. Pearce ad Cic. Or. 2, 22. et
Ernejli th'id. et Flcuc. 20. Ctc Fam. 9,
2 1. J Fejiusin R. ; Macroh. Sat. 3, 2.)
^. GABINIUS, a nobleman of
Rome, who, when tribune, got a lav/
to be paffed, {Lex Gal^inia), appoint-
ing Pompey commander againft the pi-
ratesgr who atth^t time infeiled the feas,
67V. Aland. 17. When conlul, he af-
fifted Clodiiis. in effecling the banilh-
irient of Cicero ; as a compenfation for
which, he obtained the province of Sy-
ria, Cic. Dem. 9. ; Sext. 25. After his re-
turn from thence to Rome he was tried
for his criminal condud:, and banilhed,
Dlo, 39j 55> — 63. He v/as afterwards
recalled by Caefar, and aCitd as one of
his heutenants in the civil war, Z)/o,
42, II.; App'ian. in JHyY. 762.; H'lrt.
B. ilex. 43. At lait being befiegcd
by Odtaviiis at Salonae, he died of a
diicafe, lb.
P. Gabinius Capito, praetor a.
664, Cic. Arch. 5. accufed of extortion
in Achaia^ Cic. Caedl. 20.
Galanthis, -ulis, the handmaid
{Oniid. Met. 9, 306, & 324.) of Alc-
mena ; who iiaving effected the delive-
ry of her miftrefs, by deceiving Ili-
thyla, was by that goddel's turned into
a weafel, [raujlela,) ib. 321, &c.
Galatea, a fea-nympb, the daugh-
'terof Nereus and Doris, beloved by
the Cyclops Polyphemus ; to avoid
whom ihc plunged into the fea, Ovid.
Met. I , 742,-897.^ -f 2. The
irjftrefsof Corydon, Virg. E. 7, 37,
85 31 GAL
Gala, a king of Niimidia, Liv,
24, 48. the father of MaffiniiTa, ih, 49.
et 29, 29. in alliance with the Cartha-
ginians, /<^. 24, 49.
Galea, the name of a branch ( fa-
mi li a) of the Gens Sulpiciay vvhence
the emperor Galba was defcended,
Suet. Galb. 3;
Sergio Sy v. Seri'ius Sulpicius GALBA,
the molt eloquent orator of his time,
*SV^/. Galb. 3.; Cic. Br. 21. ; Oa i,
53. the firil of his family who dif-
tinguifned himfclf 'in the (late. Suet, ib.
After his praetorfliip, he obtained the
province of Spain, a U. 601, ib. Cic.
Or. I, 53; where, by the bafeft perfi-
dy, he cut off 7000 of the Lufitani-
ans, Fal. Max. 9,6, 2. ; Appian. Hifpan.
288.* Suetonius fays 30,000, Galb. 3.;
which gave rife to the war againft Vi-
riatus, ii$. When hfe returned to Rome,
he was? accui'ed of this Crime by Scri-
bonius Libo and M. Cato ; but de-
fended hirrifelf with fo great elo-
quence, that he was acquitted, Cic. Or.^
1,53. Fyltir. 28 ;' Liv. E pit. ^i).) Tacit.
Ann. 3, 66'. . He w^as afterwards conful'
with L. Aurelius Cotta, a. 610. ;
whence he is ranked among the ConfU"
lares, Cic. Rabir. 7.
C. Galea, the fon of Servius Gal-
ba, the orator, who v/as condemned by
the Mamilian (ah Manillan) hw. He
is faid to have been the firft perfon
of the college of priefts" that was con-
demned by a piiblic fcntence, Cic. Or,
I, ^6.; Br 26, & 34.
Sergius Galba, the fon of C. and
grandlon of Sertr. the lieutenant of
Catfar in Gaul, X'^^J ^. (?. 3, i. & 4, 3,
Sec. and afterwards One of the confpi-
rators agaiiifl him, Suet. Galb. 3. ; Pa^
terc. 2, 56. ; Cic. PhU. 13, 1 6. ; Fam,
ic, 30. et II, 18. He was the great-
grandfather of the emper-or Galba, Suet,
ib.
Sulpicius Ga l b a, the emperor's grand-
father, never rofe higher than the prae-
torfliip. He devoted his chief atten-
tion to literary purluits, and publifhed
a hiflory, containing a great variety of
interelling information, Suet'. Galb. 3.
A a but
GAL [
but on what fubje(£^ we are not told.
Voflius thinks, that Sulpicius, the hif
torian, nientioncd by Nepos, 22, 13.
Avas the fame with Galba ; but this
fcems improbable, as Galba appears to
have been younger than Nepos.
j4 Galea, f. Gabba, a witty buf-
foon at the court of Auguilus or Ti-
berius, y^/Tf/jd!/. 5, 4. f/ Scholia/}, i Mar-
tial. I, 42, 16. et 10, loi.
Galeo, -onisy one who left Cicero
his heir, Cic, Att. 11, 11.
Galli, the priefts of Cybele, Ovid.
F. 4, 361, named from Gallus, a river
of Phrygia, ib. 364.
Galli, v. GaUii duoy two of the
name of Gallus or GaUius, Cic, Fam.
8, 4.
Gallonius, a public crier (prae-
co) noted for his luxury, Cic. Fin.
^ind. 3c. and on that account cenfu-
red by Lucllius, Cic. Fin. 2,8.; Hor.
Sat. 2, 2,47,
, . Gallus, a fenator, Cic. Ver. 3,
Gallus, a Roman noted for his
knowledge of aftronomy, ((?./>. 22.)
Corn. GALLUS, a poet in great
favour with Auguftus, Suet. Aug. 66.
to whom Virgil infcribes his laft ec-
logue, Virg.E. 10. etih. Serv. ^inc-
til. ly S, S. et lOy I, 93. ; Propert. 2,
25, 91. In the war againll Antony he
took Paraetonium,and preferved it with
great courage and condud, Dio, 51,
9. He was the firil Roman governor
of Egypt, Dio, S^^ ^V But behaving
\mdutifully towards Auguftus, and a-
buhng his truft, he was fentenced to
be banifhed, and l>is goods confifcated ;
which fo affeded him, that he laid
violent hands on himfelf, DiOf 53, 23.
Auguilus however lamented his death,
Suet. 66.
Jelius GALLUS, governor of E-
gypt, alter the former, who is laid to
Lave been the firll and only Rom,an
that made war on the Arabians, Dio,
53, 29. : Fiin. 6, 28, ; Add. Strak 16.
^.'780, 17. //. 816, 5c 819.; JofepL
B. Jud 15, .2.
Gakymepes, vV, the fon of Tros^,
186 3 GAL
. king of Troy, whom, on account of
his beauty, Jupiter caufed to be car-
ried to heaven by an eagle, and made
him his cup-bearer in place of Hebe,
Cic. Tufc. I, 26.; Hor. Od. ^f 2, i.
-^called FlavuSf yellow haired, beau-
tiful, Nor. Od. 4, 4, 4. Phrygius, of
Phrygian extraction, Ovid. Met. 10,
195. faid to have been carried off,
while hunting on Mount Ida, Virg,
Aen. 5, 252. Propertius makes Ju-
piter himielf in the form of an eagle,
[yupiter avis)y to carry off Gauymedes
from Troy, 2, 30, 30. Adj. Gany-
mede u s, -eae comae ^ beautiful hair like
that of Ganymedes, Martial. 9, 17.
Gar G I LI us, a vain man, who paffed
through the Roman forum in the morn-
ing with his flaves and inftruments for
hunting, and returned in the evening
carrying a boar, which he had bought,
that he might appear to have caught
it himfelf, Hor. Ep. i, 6, 58.
L. Gavius Firmanus, a trader in
Cilicia, whom Cicero made one of his
praefcds, Cic. Att. 6, i. but he proved
ungrateful, ib. 3.
Geganius, the name of a patrician
gensy chofen from among the chief men
of Alba, (Geganii ex Albanis principibus
in patres letti,) Liv. i, 50.
M. Geganius Macerlnusy a conful,
Liv. 3, 65, &c. who triumphed over
the Volfci, 4, 10.
Gellius, a common name amon
the Romans, CicetLiv.paJfn
L. Gellius, an orator, Cic Br. 27,
& 47.: H 2. A conful a. 681. and
cenfor with Cn. Lentulus, Cic. Balb. 8,
'\ 14. who beftowed on Cicero the
highell praifes for having cruflied the
confpiracy of Catiline, Cic. ad ^ir,
poji nd. 7. Pif. 3.
J. (i. e. Aulus,) GELLIUS, an
ingenious and learned mifcellaneous
writer, [vir ekgantijjimi e/oquii, ac multae
et facundae faentiacy Auguilin de Civ,
Dei, 9, 4.) in the time of Adnan and
the Anionines, who compoied a valu-
able v/ork called Noctes Atticae,
in twenty books, which is ftiU extant. ^
Some call him Agellius,
C",
g
G E G [ 1
Cn, et Sext. Gellii, Latin hiftori-
ans, but of little repute, C'tc. Div, i,
26. Leg. I, 2.
Gelo vtl Gc'/on, 'Onisy a tyrant of
Syracufe, (G. 274.) <|| 2. A fon
of Hlero's, who revolted to the Car-
thac^lnians, Liv. 23, 30. et 24, 5.
Geminius Metjus, a Tufculan (lain
by T. Matilius IniingIecombat,Zy7=u.8,7.
GeNIUS, voc. Gent, the guardian
deity of each individual, Cenforin. de die
Natali, c. 2, & 3. Apulei. de Genio^ vel
Daevione Soc rails ; fuppofed to be born
and to die with every one, Horat. Ep.
2, 2, 187. worfhipped by facrifices,
L'tv. 2 1 , 62. ; Tibul. 4, 5, 9 .; Per/. 2, 3.
invoked in oaths, Senec. Ep. 12. and
intreaties, Hor. Ep. i, 7, 94. Thus it
was common to fvvear by the genius of
the emperor, Tertidl. Apol. c. 27^ & 32.
The guardian deities of women
were called Ju nones, Senec. Ep. 1 10. ;
Plin, 2, 7. TibuUus mentions both,
Magne Genif cape thura lihcnSy 4, 5, 9.
Nat alls yutio fandos cape t hurls acervosy
4, 6, I. Hence Juvenal fpeaking of
the effeminacy of Otho, reprefents his
flave as fwearing by the Juno of his
mafter, inftead of fwearing by his ge-
nius, {^Et per jfunonem domint jurantc ml'
nljlroy) 2, 98. In this manner fome
explain the following paffage of Virgil ;
Cm non rlfere parentes, nee dens, ( i. e.
genius,) hunc menfd, dea, (i. e. yuno na-
talls ) nee dlgnata ciiblH ejl ; but others
more fimply explain it thus, " Neither
l;ias a god admitted to his table, nor a
goddefs to her bed, the boy on whom
his parents have not fmiled at his birth,'*
Vlrg. E. 4, 63. i. e. fuch a child has
never enjoytd the happinefs promifed
to tlie fon of Pollio, lb. 15. Places
alfo and cities had each their genius,
Flrg.Jen. 5, 95. ; Llv. 2i, 62.
T, Genucius, a tribune, killed at
Ms own houfe, as was believed, by the
influence of the patricians, Llv. 2, 54^
C. Genucius, one of the iirft ple-
beian augurs, Llv. 10, 9.
GEHMaNiCUS, the fon of Dru-
fus and Antonia, who, when vefy
young, was entrufled by Auguftus
with the command of the army ©n the
87 ] GET
Rhine, confifting of eight legions, Tac»
An. I, 3, & 7. His uncommon merit
made him univerfally belovi.'d. Upon
hearing of the death of Auguftus, his
foldiers mutinied, and wifhed to make
him emperor, Ih. 33» & 35. But he
obftinately refufed the offer, and ha-
ving, with great danger, quelled the
fedition, led his army againit the Ger-
mans, whom he defeated in feveral en-
gagements,/5. 51. 5cc. Being recall-
ed by Tiberius, ih. 2, 26. he was
honoured with a triumph, lb. 41. and
foon after was fent with an army to the
eaft, under pretext of fettling fome
commotions in that part of the em-
pire, but in reality to remove him out
of the way ; his tranfcendent virtue
having rendered him odious to the jea-
lous emperor, lb. 43. He died at An-
tioch, in the thirty-fourth year of his
age, having been poifoned, as was fuf-
pe6led, by Pifo and his wife Plancina,
at the indigation of Tiberius and his
mother Livia, Suet. Cal. i, & 2.; Tat.
lb. 69. The death of Germanicus
caufed incredible grief, not only at
Rome, but among foreign nations, Suet,
lb. 5, & 6. ; Tac. lb. 2, 82, &c. He
left nine children by his wife Agrip-
pTna, the daughter of Julia, and grand-
daughter of Auguftus, Suet. Cal, 7.
Geryon, -onls,v. GeryOnes, -ae, a
king of Spain, feigned by the poets
to have had three bodies, becaufe he
ruled over three iflands, Ivica, Majorca,
and Minorca, Serv. ad Vlrg. A. 7, 661.
hence called Ter amplus, Hor. Od. 2,
14, 7. 'Tergemlnl vis Ceryondl, for Ge-
ryonae, Lucr. 5,28. Tergcm'mus Geryon^
Vitg. Aen. 8, 202. Forma trlccrporls
umbrae, ib. 6, 289. Prodiglum trlpLx^
Ovid. Ep. 9, 91. ilain by Hercules, lb,
(G. 399.) — adj. Geryon Eus ct Ge-
ryon a c e u s ; Gerycnaceum genus, like a
moniler, Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 18.
Geta, a Roman nobleman, expelled
from the fenate, and yet himfelf after-
wards made cenfor, Cic. Cluent. 42.; Val,
Max,2,^, 9. — ^ 2. The name of a Have
in Terence, Aael. et Phor. ^ 3. A
Roman emperor, the fon of Severus,
/Iain by bis brother Caracalla, (G. 247.)
Aa s Ct^BRiOj
G L A [ iS3
Glabr 10, -onisf a firname of the j4d-
//■/, Cic. Brut. 68.
M. Glabrio, praetor and inquifitor
in the caufe of Verres, Cic. Ad, I. in
Verr- 2.
Gi/AuciA, a firnaine d'i xSit Ser'villiy
Cic. Or. %, 41. e^ 2, 61,
C. GlauCia, a praetor, flain by the
confuls Marius and Valerius, Cic^ Rabir.
7. Cat. ;^, 6.
GLAUC.US, t^e fon of Hfppolo-
chus, who came to the afiiilance of the
Trojans, Homer. II. .6, 236. — ^ — f 2. A
;fifherman of Ajithedon in Euboea,
converted into a fea god, . O'vid. Met.
13, 90 J, Sec, ibence cailec] Enhoicus tu-
midarum cultor aquannn^ Id. 14, 4,— —
11^ 3. The fon of Sisyphus, the king of
Pqtniae near Thehes in Boeotia, who
was devoured .by the mares that drew
his carriage, which are faid to have
-been rendered furious by Venus, y^'irg.
C. Zy 267.
Glycera, v. 'Cy 3. girl beloved by
Horace, Od. i, jg, 5. >/ 30, 3.
Glycerium, -i, f. the miilrefs of
Paipphtlus, Ter. And. I, 5, 9.
GLYCON, -Znis, a man of uncom-
mon ftrencTth, Hor, Ep. i, 1, 30.
GoRDiANus, a Roman emperor,
{G.247-)
GoRDius, made king of Phrygia,
from being a peafant. — He confecrated
his cart in the temple of Jupit,er at
Gordium, the yoke of which was fo
artfully bound, that no one could un-
tie the knot. Alexander the Great,
being told that there was a prediction,
that whoever untied this knot (lioiild
k become mailer of Afia, after having
attempted it in vain, cut the knot
afunder with his f'.vord ; and pretend-
ed that thus he had fidnlled the pro-
phecy, Ji-jTm. II, 7. ; Curt, 3, i. i6. ;
jirnan. 2, />. 87.
GORGE, -es, one of the fillers of
Meleagcr, Ovid. Met. 8, 942.
GORGE, -csj one of the daughters
of Oeneus and Althaea, the wife of
Andraemon, ApoUodor. i, 8, i. who
. with Dejanira retained their form when
their fillers were changed into birds by
] G O R
Diana after the death of their brother
Meleager, Ovid. Met. ^^ 542.; Hygin.
174. as it is faid, by the interceffion of
Bacchus, who obtained that favour
from Diana, Anton. Liberal, Metaph.
c. 2
GORGIAS, -ae, a celebrated fo-
phift and orator of Leontini in Sicily,
(^Leontinus,) Cic. In v. 1, 5. Or. i, 22.
et 3, 32. Being fent by his country-
men to folicit afliftance from the Athe-
nians againfl: the Syracufans, he indu-
ced them to undertake their fatal expe-
dition to JSicily, Diodor. 12, 53, & 83.
Gorgias w'as the firft that undertook
to fpeak in public extempore., on any fuh-
je6l that was prcpofed to him, Cic. Fin.
2, I. Or. I, 22. He was fo famous^
-that a golden (latue was ered;ed to him
at Ddphi by the whole of Greece, Cic,
Or. 3, 32. Pie was the mafter of So-
crates, and of many other phiiofophers
and orators. He lived to the age of
J 07, Cic. Sen. 5. From him Plato gave
the name of Gorgias to his dialogue
again ft the fophifts, Cic^ Or. i, 11.
GQRGO, V. Gorgon^ 'Onis, plur.
GoRGONEs, three fa;bulous fillers, the
daughters of Phorcus, a king of Afri-
ca, called S4hejio,JLuryaley and Medufa,
having fnakes iuftead of hair, and turn-
ing into ilone every one that looked at
tl>em ; all of them immortal, except
Medufa, whofe head Perfeus cut off,
(G. 395.) Ovid fays that there were
only two fitters, and that Med u fa's
head alone was fuiTounded with fer-
pents. Met. 4, 774, & 791. Hence
GoRGO, V. -on, onis, the gopgon in the
fmg. put for Medufa, Cic Fer. 4, 56.
or for her head, which Perfeus, after
havingliniftied his exploits, prefented to
Minerva, who placed it in her (hield,
Firg. A en. 2, 616. ; Ovid. Met. 4 /.
whence Minerva is called Gorgopho-
RA, Pfeud. Cic. anteqnam tret
c. 10. — Gorgon I A, ae, f. coral, (quia
in duriiiem lapidis mutatur,) Plin. 37, 10.
Gorgon EUs crinis, the hair 0
Medufa, Ovid. Met. 4, 801. Gorgcneae
domusy the habitation of the Gorgons, .
ih, ri'^'
GORGONIUS,
G O R C I
CoRGONius, a perfon mentioned
hy 'Horace as ihaving an offenfive fmcll,
^Sat. T, .2, 27.
GilACCHUS, the firname of a
-branch f/nmiliaj of the Gens Sempro-
nja. adj. Gracchanus ; Gracchanum
jllud, that faying of Gracchus, ^tinclil.
II, 7,, 115.
Tib. Sempromus GRACCHUS, maf-
ier of horfe to M. Junius, who was
made di<ftator by the authority of the
fenate, a. 538, after the defeat at Can-
jiae, Liv. 22, 57. Next year Grac-
chus was elefted conful, Id. 23, 24.
-though at the time he was curule aedile
and mailer of horfe, lb. 30. His col-
league-was JFabiu5 Maximu; Marcelhis
had been chofen con.ful, but the augurs
declared his election invahd, becaufe it
•happened to thunder while he perform-
ed the folcmnities u-fuiil on entering
-upon his office, (quod ineuntl confidalum
4onui(j'';Jt ) . The fenators alleged tliat
the gods were difpleafed, becaufe then,
for the tirft time, two plebeians had
been made confuls, ih. 31. The army
which fell to the lot of Gracchus, was
compofed chiefly of the flaves who vo-
luntarily enlifted after- the overt,hrow
at Cannae, (hence called Volones,
Z/'-y. 2, 57.) and 2 5,000 allies, /./=u. 23,
^2. Th(=fe undifciplined troops Grac-
chus trained with fo great difpatch and
prudence, that with them he perform-
ed the molt important fervices to the
flate. He took the camp of the Cam-
pani by an unexpected attack in the
night-time, ih. 35. and foon after for-
ced Aniiibal to raife the fiege of Cu-
mae, d). 37. The following year, be-
ing continued in his command. Id. 24,
10. he defeated an arm.y of Carthagi-
nians and Italians under Hanno, in a
pitched battle near Bcnevtntym, with
great (laughter. The volunteer flaves "
(^volcjnes) fought v,'it"h fuch courage,
that next day Gracclius, by the au-
thority of the fenate, granted them
their liberty, iL 15, .Sc 16. The year
after, Gracchus being made conful a
fecond time in liis abfence, ib. 43.
fought many fl<:irn-.i(hes and reduced
feveral places in Luc?Ri:a, but perfonn-
?9 1 G R A
ed no aftion of great importance, Liv.
25, I. Next year he was ftdl conti-
nued in his command, ib. 3. Being led
■into an.ambufcade by the treachery of
his hoft, he fell fighting bravely, ib. 1 6.;
Nep. 22, 5. There were different; ac-
counts concerning the manner of his
death, Liv. 1 7. which is faid to have been
foreboded to him by a prodigv, lb. 16.
Td^. Sempronlus G-RACCHUS, P.
F. (i. e. Pubnifdlus.Cicp'w. I, 18.,)
•when a young man, waa<' diftinguifhed
for his activity above all the youth qf
-bis time ; on which account, m the war
againft Antiochus, he was fent by L.
Scipio on an important embafly to
Philip, king of Macedooia, and execu-
ted that commifiion to tlxe great fatis-
faclion of his commander, Liv. 37, 7.
When tribune, he defended Scipio A-
fricanus, though formerly inimical to
him, from the accuf^'on of the Fefdlly
his colleagues in the tribunefliip, lb. 38,
& 52. On account of this generous
condu£l he was thanked in the fenat£
by the chief men of the ftate, lb. 53,
and Scipio, as a mark of his approba-
tion, gave him his younger daughter
Cornelia, for the elder 1. ad been form-
erly married to P. Cornelius Scipio Na-
-sica, ib. But this fail is related dif-
ferently by different authors, Liv. 38,
57. ; Fal. Max. 4, 2, 3. ; G.dl. 2, 8.
After the death of Africarius,Gracchup,
with equal firmnefs, fupported the caule
of L. Scipio, Z/=t;.38,6o.; ' Ic. Prov.Conf.
8. Gracchus, v/hen praetor, obtained
the province of Hither Spain, Liv. 40,
35. Next year, being continued in his
command, he took the city Munda,
defeated the Celtiberians, 48, &c. and
having reduced them to a furrender,
returned to the city in triumph, Liv»
41, 7. Gracchus being made conful,
a. 577, t3. 8. v;as fent againff the Sar-
dinians, whom he fubducd, and tri-
umphed over them, Liv. 41, i 7, &c.— r-
A. U. 585, he was eleded cenfor with
C. Claudius Pulcher, Liv. 43, 14. In
this ofHce Gracchus and his colleague
acled with great unanimity, and with
fo much llriclnefs, that they engaged
ill a diipute with a tribune of the com*
mons,
G R A [I
mons, who fummoned them both to a
trial before the people. Claudius
would have been banifhed had not
Gracchus prevented it by declaring,
that if his colleague were condemned,
he would go into voluntary exile along
with him, ib. 1 6. Gracchus in his
cenforiliip built a hall for holding
courts of juftice, afterwards called Ba-
silica Sempronia, Z/'i). 44, 16. He
ordained that all freed men (hould be
included in one of the four city-tribes,
namely the Efquiline, Id. 45, 15. Ci-
cero fays, in the four city-tribes in ge-
neral, ( Itbertinoa in urbanas trihus tranf-
tullii) and highly commends the regu-
lation. Or. I, 9. So Aurel. Victor.
ae Fir. Illnji. 55. — Gracchus next year
was fent on an embaffy into Afia to
examine how the different powers, par-
ticularly Antiochus and Eumenes,
flood affeftcd tpvards the republic,
Polyb. Legal. 105. Upon his return
he was made conful a fecond time ; Ci-
cero fays, on account of his meritorious
behaviour when cenfor, Inv. i, 30.
Gracchus prefided at the eledion of
the next confuls, when Sclpio Nasica
and Figulus were chofen ; after which
he wtnt' to Sardinia, which had been
allotted to him as his province. There
recolleding that he had not properly
taken the omens at the ele<!^ion oi con-
fuls, he wrote of it to the augurs ; and
they having communicated his letter
to the fenate, a decree was immediate-
ly pafied, " That the confuls, (who
had not only entered on their office,
but had gone to their provinces,)
fnould refign their office ;" which they
accordingly did, and new confuls v.ere
fubftituted in their place, dc.N. D. 2,
4. Di-o- 1,17. ^ i'V. 2, 2. ; Fal. Max.
Ij I. 2.*— Two fnakes of different lexes
having been found in the houfe of
Gracchus, he is faid to have cor.iulted
the Harufplcesy who declared, tliat if he
let go the male ferpent, his wife muft
die in a fliort time ; but if the female,
himfeif. Gracchus, who extremely
loved his v^'ife, and behdes thought it
fitter that he, an old man, fiiould die,
90 1 G R A
than Cornelia in the prime of life, kill-
ed the male ferpent, and let the female
efcape. In a few days after he died,
Cic. Div. I, 18. f/2, 29.; Fal. Max.
4, 6, I. leaving behind him twelve chil-
dren by Cornelia, all of whom died be-
low the age of puberty, except, a
daughter, who was married to Sciplo
Africanus the younger, and two-fons,
Tiberius and Caius, Plutarch, in Tib*
Graccho pr. Cicero extols Gracchus as
a man of confummate wifdom, and en-
dued with every virtue, Proi). Conful. 8.
Br. 20. N. Z?. 2, 4, &c. To him Vir-
gil is thought to allude, ^lis Gracchi
genus? fc. taciturn relinquatj A. 6, 842.
Tib. GllACCHUS, T. F. P. N.
was nine years older than his brother
Caius. They were educated with the
utmoft care by their mother Cornelia,
a woman of uncommon virtue and ac-
comphfhments ; who procured for them
the ableft mailers from Greece, (exqui-
Jitos a Graecia magifiros); and among
thefe Diophanes of Mitylene, the
moil eloquent man of his time, Cic.
Br. 27. Tiberius was of a mild and
compofed temper, but Caius v.^as ardent
and paffionate. There was a fimilar dif-
ference in their manner of fpeaking ;
but they were equally remarkable for
valour, juftice, integrity, temperance,
and fobriety. Tiberius, when but a
young man, was held in fuch eftima-
ticn, that he was admitted into the
college of augurs ; and Appius Clau-
dius, who was then prince of the fenate,
and excelled all his contemporaries in
wifdom, offered him his daughter in
matriage : Vv'hich propofai Tiberius with
much fatisfaftion embraced. When
Appius went home and told his wife,
that he had betrothed his daughter ;
(lie faid in furpriie, " Why fo fudden-
ly ! What means this haile ? Unlefs
you have betrothed her to Tiberius
Gracchus.'* Plutarch. Tiberius, while
he ferved in Africa under his brother-
in-law Scipio Africanus the younger,
excelled all the young men of the army
in regularity of behaviour, as well as
courage. At the taking of Carthage
he
G R A C 191 ]
he was the firft that mounted the wall, glned,
Plutarch. After his return to Rome,
being made quaellor, it fell to his lot
to attend Mancinus, the conful, to the
Numantine war. Mancinus was a man
of virtue, but unfortunate. Being de-
feated and furrounded by the Numan-
tines, he was obliged to beg a truce ;
but the Nuinantines refuled to nego-
tiate with any one but Tiberius Grac-
chus; who concluded with them a treaty
on equitable terms, and thus faved from
deftruAion 20,000 Roman citizens, be-
fides flaves and futlers, who attended the
army, [praeter calones et lixas ) . But the
fenate and people at Rome very unjuiUy
annulled this treaty, and ordered Man-
cinus, with his own concurrence, [Lh.
Ep'it. ^6.', Cic. 0^.' 3, 30.) for having
made it, to be delivered naked and
bound to the Numantines. Gracchus,
however, the chief author of the trea-
ty, was exempted from this puniili-
ment, and for his fake the other offi-
cers, who had fworn to the treaty,
Plutarch. Gracch. p. 827. Tiberius go-
ing through Tufcany, in his way to
Numantia, had obferved the country ve-
ry much depopulated, there being hai d-
ly any hufbandmen or fliepherds in the
fields, except (laves or barbarians, which
was occalioned by the nobility having
in a great meafure engrofled the pro-
perty of land, [vid. R. A, p. 543.) and
deprived the poorer citizens ot their
poffeffions, Plutarch, ih. ; Salltiji. Jug.
41.; App'ian. B. C. i, p. 353, &c..;
Lucan. I, 167. Tiberius, therefore, be-
ing created tribune of the people, a.
620, refolved to correil: this abufe by
enforcing the Licinian law, <' that no
one fhould pofTcfs above 500 acres of
land," [A. 207, & 216.). The fame
thing had been attempted by C. Lae-
lius in his tribunelhip ; but he perceiv-
ing the oppofition which fuch a mea-
fure would meet with from the rich,
prudently defifled ; whence he got the
firname of sapiens, the wife, Plutarch,
'ih,
Tiberius profecuted his defign with
great eagernefo, as it was generally ima-
G R A
at the inftigation of his prae-
ceptor Diophanes, the orator, and Blo-
fius, a philofopher. Some faid that he
was pi-ompted to it by his mother Cor-
nelia often calling up to him, " that
the Romans fliU called her the mother-
in-law of Scipio, and not the mother
of the Gracchi," Plutarch. Ih. He was
hkevvife incited by bills affixed to por-
ticoes, to the corners of llrcets and
monuments, imploring him to reftore
the public lands to the indigent citi-
zens, ib. Cicero fays, that Gracchus
was moved by refentment againllthe fe-
nate for having difappi-oved of the trea-
ty which he had made with the people of
Numantia, Har. Refp. 20. So Pater-
culus, 2, 2. Tiberius, in drawing up
his law, was direded by the advice of
the wifeft men in the ftate. Among
whom were Craffus the high pricft. Mu-
cins Scaevola then conful, and his fa-
th^^r-in-law Appius Claudius, Plutarch,
ib, ; Clc. Acad, 4, 5. Plutarch fays,
that never was a law propofed more
mild and gentle againft fucli iniquity
and oppreffion, ih. The nobility, how-
ever, and the pofieiTors of the public
lands, being greatly alarmed, ufed eve-
ry means to oppofe it. For this pur-
pofe they procured the affiftance of M.
06tavius, one of the tribunes, and for-
merly the friend of Tiberius, Cic, Br,
25. ; who was intereiled in refilling the
law, as he hirafelf poffefTed a confider-
able portion of the public lands. Ti-
berius, though not rich, offered to in'"
demnify him for his lofs, if he would
defiil from his oppofition ; but in vain.
Whereupon, by order of the people,
Oiitavius was depofed from his office,
Clc. N.D, I, 38. and then the law be-
ing pafled concerning the public lands,
Tiberius himfelf, his brother, and fa-
ther-in-law, were^ appointed commif-
fioners to divide them. Tiberius was
now in the height of his power, whence
he is faid to have a6ted for a few-
months with fovereign authority, {reg-
ndjje paucos menfes), Cic. Amic. 12. la
the mean time, news being brought
of Pergamus had
left
thiit Attalus king
G R A f
left tlie Roman people his heir, Grac-
chus promulgated a law, " That the
ready nioney ariiin^ from that inheri-
tance fhoiild be diftributed among fuch'
poot* citizens as were to be Iharers iiV
the public laiid«, to enable them to
purchafc riiilic utenfils, and other
things, requifite for cultivating the
jrroh'nd.'- By this propofal Tiberius'
cxafperated the fenate li'ill more than
eVer. His friend?, therefore, appre-
h'cfnllve of danger, advlfed him to aflc
that he might be (Continued in the tri-
bunediip for another year. In the
n\ean time he propofed feveral popular
laws, to fecure the attachment of the
people^ while the patricians exerted all
their power to oppofe him. As it was
towaids the end of fummer, many of
the friends of Tiberius were eng^aged
in the country, fo that he was obliged'
to depend on the plebeians" of the city.
The day before the comltia were held
for voting abont the laws he had pro-
pofed, Plntatch. ih. p. 832. (Appian
fays for the deftion of liew tribunes,
th. p. 358. So Lh. Ep'it. 58.), Tibe-
rius having expreiTcd his fear of being
attacked in his houfe by his enemies, a
riiihlber of people kept watch before
bis gate during the night, Plutarch.
Next morning feveral unlucky omeiis
are faid to have appeared to' him.
When, howt^ver, he heard that the
people Were affembled in the Capitol,-,
he inilantly went thither, arid was re-
ceived wnth Joud acclamatiolis. But
fodn after he was' informed by Fulvius
Flaccns a fenator, that the rich men'
in the fenate, feeing they could not
pre\^-il on the conful to join with them
in their defign, had refolved to aiTalfi-
nate him themfelves, and for that pur-
pofe had' armed a number of their
clients arid' flavesi- Tiberius having
cofnmiitiicatcd this intelligence to
thofe around him,' they immediately
tucked up their g'Owns,- and feized
whatever inflruments of defence they
could hnd. Upon which, thofe who
ftood at a diftarxe being furpfifed, and
demanding the cauf^ of the tariiilt,
f92' T G R A
Tiberias, knowing that they couM
not hear his words, raifed his hand to
his head, thereby intimating that his
life was in danger. His adverfaries ob-
fefving thisjprefently ran to the ienate-
houfe,' and told " that Tiberius aiked
from the people a diadem.'* All the
feilators were thrown into great jiertur-
batiOn. Scipio Nafica,- th.e high-prleft
arid coufui-german to Tiberius, de-
manded that Miicius Scaevo^a, the con-
ful, would defend the government and
deftroy the tyrant : When the coni'ul
repHed gently, " that he would not
beg'Iii to life violence, nor put any
citizen to death uncondemned ;" Sci-
pio ftarting up, faid, " Thofe who
wifh to fupport the laws, aiidprefcrve
throwing the ilcirt of his' toga over his
head, (or,' as Paterculus fays, wrap-
ping it round his left arm, circumdatd
Ictevo brdchio fdgae lacinid, 2, 3.), he
haftened to the Capitol, accompanied
by a number of the patricians and their
dependents, armed with clubs, knock-
ing down all that came in their way ;
fo that the people were foon difperfed,
and many of them killed. Tiberius in
his flight was Hopped by one who took
hold of his clothes ; but having left
his toga, and efc?.ping in his tunic,
he happened toUumbie over fome of
thofe v;^ho had fallen before him,
Whilit he endeavoured to recover him-
felf, he was (truck on the head with
the foot of a ftool by P. Saiureius, one
of his colleagues in the tribunelhip. He
was diipatched by a fecond blow from
L,. Rutus, who boafted of what he had
done, as an honourable deed. Plutarchy
p, 833. Some fay that Tiberius was
killed without moving from the place
wiiere he Hood, A. ad Herenn. 4, ^^,
Florus fays, that the maffacrc began in
the forumi and that Tiberius fled from
thence to the Capitol, 3, 14, Appian,
who differs from Plutarch in feveral
particulars, fays,^ that Tiberius vras
flain in the tumult, wi«-h many of his
friends, near the gate of the te:nple,
before the ftatues of the kings, p.
300.
The
G R A C
The number of thofe that fell was
above 300. They were all killed with
clubs or flones, without any military
weapon, and their carcafes thrown in-
to the Tiber. Cains was not permit-
ted to bury the body of his brother,
though he earneftly requeued it.
This was the hrft civil blood llied iu
Rome, which afterwards flowed in
fuch abundance, VelL 2, 3. (y^. 140.)
Tiberius Gracchus is faid to have
been flain by Scipio NasTca, becaufe
he was the chief author of his d^ ath.
Cic, Cat. I, I. This deed C'cero
hii^hly extols, ib. Phih 8, 4. ei alibi
pQJftm. and declares that Africanus did
not more proBt the republic by de-
ftroying Numantia, than Nasica by
killing Tib. Gracchus, Off* i. 22. So
Fall. Max. 5, 3. 2. To the fame pur-
pofe Velleius Paterculus, 2, 3. who,
however, beftows an Tiberius the fol-
lowing juft eulogium ; Tribunns pi. crea-
titSj 'vir alioqui 'vitd tnnocenttjfimus, in-
genlo Jlorentiffimvs, propofuo fan^iffimuSi
tantis dcniqiie adornatus 'viriutibus, quan-
tas perfe6la et naturd ei indujlrid mortalis
conditio redpit, ib. 2. Plutarch, p. 834.
and Appian, p. 360. blame the con-
du6l of the fenate. The opinion of
Appian feems to be juft, " that Ti-
berius was actuated by the bed inten-
tions, but profecuted his dehgn too
violently," ib. Many of the friends of
Tiberius were afterwards put to death
or banifhed, which fliewed that the
nobility were animated more by refent-
ment than regard for the public well-
fare, Plutarch, ib. ; Val. Max. 6, 3.
Vid. Scipio Nasica.
C. GRACCHUS, for feverr.1 years
after his brother's death, lived in re-
tirement, applying himfelf with great
attention to the ftudy of eloquence,
in which he excelled all his con-
temporaries, Cic. Br. 33.; ^inQil. I,
10, 27. Being made quaellor, a. 627,
he attended the conful Oreftcs to
Sardinia, where he gave a noble fpe-
cimen of every virtue. While he Hood
candidate for the quaeilorfliip, his
brother is faid to have appeared to
Vim in a dream, and forewarned him
193 1 G R A
that he rtiould perlfh by the fame deatli
with himfelf, Cic. Div. i, 26. ; Fal.
Max. I, 7, 6. After his return from
Sardinia, being eledled tribune, he got
feveral laws enafted, to raife the autb.o-
rity of the people and lefTen thatof ibe
fenate. Gracchus took from the fe-
nators the right of ailing ^s judges or
juiTmen, becaufe they had abufed it,
and confened it on the equites. Plu-
tarch fays, by miftake, that he divided
this right between the fenators and
equites ; but this was not done till after
the time of Gracchus. Though Grac-
chus abridged the power of the fenate,
becaufe he thought it exorbitant, yet
he did not wilb to annihilate it. On
the contrary, he confirmed to the fenate
feveral important privileges, which by
the law of Gracchus {^Lex Setnpronia)
it continued to enjoy till the time of
the Emperors, Cic. Dom. 9. ; Pronj,
Conf. 2, & 7. ; Vat. 15. ; Sallujl, Jug,
27. ; and when the fenate in their de-
liberations weie difpofed to liflen to
his advice, he nevti gave any that was
not fuitable to their dignity, Plutarch. p*
837. The fenators however in general
were greatly diffatisfied, and many of
them entertained the bittereft refent-
ment againft Gracchus for diminirtiing
their authority. The people at large
were highly pleafed with the regula-
tions of Gracchus, and therefore with
great unanimity re-ele£led him tribune
for a fccond year, without his alking It.
The fenate, in order to oppofe the
proceedings of Gracchuf?, engaged on
their fide M. Lis'ius Drufus, (q. v.)
one of the tribunes, who acl^d with
great art. He propofed laws ftill more
for the advantage of the people than
thofe of Gracchus, declaring that he
did fo with the concurrence of the
fenate. Gracchus had propofed to
plant only two colonies, which were
to confift of fome of the moll eieferving
citizens ; but Drufus propofed twelve
colonies, and thefe to confiil of the
meaneft of the people. Gracchus or-
dered that a fmall rent fliould be paid
for the lands which were to be divided;
B b but
G R A
[ 194 ]
G R A
but Driifus exempted his planters from
paying any thing. Cicero, however,
from his ufual partiality to the fenate,
fays, that Drufus healed the wounds
■which Gracchus had infliAed on the re-
public, Fin. 4, 24. — Drufus indeed ap
peared more difinterelled than Grac-
chus ; for he never allowed himfelf to
be appointed a commiflioner for ex-
ecuting any of his own laws, as Grac-
chus had done. Nay, he even caufed
Gracchus to be nominated one of three
commifTioners {triumvir^ Salluft. Jug.
42.) for fettling a colony at Carthage,
with Fulvius Flaccus, the friend of
Gracchus, who had been conful, a.
628. This however was no favour,
but the contrary. For while Grac-
chus was abfent from Rome on that
bufinefs, his enemies were plotting his
deftrudlion. After his return Opimius,
the conful, propofed annulling all the
laws of Gracchus, which caufed great
commotions in the city. One of the
Mors of Opimius having been killed
in the tumult, the fenate armed Opi-
mius with abfolute power, by the fo-
lemn decree, l/t v'ulereff ne quid refpuhti'
(a detrirnent'i caperet. Gracchus, who
was extremely concerned for the death
pf the liftor, wiihed to accommodate
matters, and fent the youngefl: fon of
Flaccus to propofe terms. But Opi-
mius would hften to no conditions. A
proclamation was publifhed, offering a
pardon to fuch of the adherents of
Gracchus as dcferted him ; which offer
many of them accepted. Caius was
obliged to fly for his life. Finding
himfelf every where furrounded, he
ordered Epicrates, (a), Euphorus,)
his flave and only attendant, to kill
him. Epicrates obeyed, and imme-
diately after difpatched himfelf. Fui-
"vius Flaccus, who had attempted to
make refinance, was aifo killed with
his elded fon j and the youngeft, a
beautiful youth about eighteen years
old, who had been kept in cuftody,
\vas like wife put to death without
mercy, as it is faid, by Opimius him-
felf. Veil 2, 6, & 7. The head of Grac-
chus w^as brought to Opimius by one
Septimuleius, (the friend of Opimius,
Plutarch, p. 842. according to Pliny,
the intimate of Gracchus, 33, 3 f. 14,
So Val. Ma?!. 9, 4, 3.) who received
as a reward its weight in gold. To
make it weigh the m.ore, he is faid to
have taken out the brains and filled
the fcull with lead. Caius periflied
about ten years after his brother.
Opimius pi-ofecuted his vitlory with
great cruelty : About 3000 of the
friends of Gracchus were flain, and
all their bodies thrown into the Tiber.
Plutarch, in Gracch. p. 842. ; Appian,
/..366. ; Liv. Epit. 60, & 61.; Veil.
2, 6.; Flor. 3, 15.; Victor de Vir,
Illujlr. 6^, Vid. Opimius.
Cicero, in an oration which he ad-
drelfed to the people when conful, be-
(lov^s the higheft praifes on the Grac-
chi y and acknowledges, that many of
their laws which remained in force af-
ter their death, were very beneficial t§-
the ftate, {^non Jum autem is confuly qui,
lit pkrique ncfas ejje arhitror, Gracchos
laudare ; quorum corifiUis, fapientid, legi-
busy mult as ejfe "video reipuhlicae partes con-
Jlitutas.) Rull. 2, 5, & 29. He allows
Caius to have furpaffed all his contem-
poraries in virtue and eloquence, pro
C. Rahir. 5. ; Br. 33. ; that he was
prompted to oppofe the fenate by a de-
fire to revenge his brother's death, Har,
Refp. 20. ; and that he was killed on-
ly on account of ccnaln fujpicicns of fe-
ditious pradices, Cat. 1,2. But Ci-
cero, in other parts of his works, fpeaks
very differently, Rull. i, 7. Cat. i, 12.
f/ 4, 2. P^at. 9.' Phil. 8, 4. 0^ 2, 2 I. &c.
Caius Gracchus, when he fpoke in
public, was apt to becom.e too vehe-
ment ; for which rcafon he had an in-
genious flave, called Licinius, w^ho
llood behind him with a pitch-pipe,
which he founded when his mailer be-
gan to overftrain his voice ; whereupon
Gracchus checked the violence of his
attion, and tone of voice, Plutarch, p.
825. Cicero fay<5, that this flave, wMtk
an ivor}' flute, [el'urnedjijiuld), ufed to
modulate the tone of bs mailer's voice,
>vhcther
G R A
C 195 ]
HAM
whether he fpoke too high or too low,
Or. 3, 60. So Quinftilian, i, 10, 27.
and Val. Maximus, 8, 10, i.
The people, though at firft deject-
ed by the deftrudion of the Gracchi,
yet afterwards erefted ilatues to them,
and worfhipped them as deities. — Cor-
nelia bore the death of her fons with
great magnanimity, Plutarch, p. 843.
When her friends condoled with her
on her lofs, ihe faid, " that Ihe fliould
always think herfelf happy in having
brought forth fuch fons," [confolantl-
bus miferanique dkentibus, Nunquam
tnquit, NGN FELICEM ME DICAM, Q^IAE
GRACCHqis PEi'ERi), Sencc. Confol. ad
Marc. c. 16. {^Jos qui bonos viros Tie-
gaveritf magnos falebiiurf Senec. ib.)
The people alfo afterwards ere6led a
flatue to her, with this infcription,
Cornelia, the mother of the
Gracchi, Plutarch. />• 836. Horace
puts Gracchus for an accomplifhed o-
rator, Ep. 2, 2, 89. Juvenal, for any
noble man, or one of the family of the
Gracchi, 2, 117, & 143. et 8, 210.
and Cornelia mater Gracchorum,
for a lady of the higheft rank, 6, 166.
— ^is tukrit Gracchos de feditione que^
rentis P i. e. very feditious men, Id. 2, 4.
GKACCUAtii judices, judges, who,
to revenge the death of C. Gracchus,
condemned Opimius, Cic. Br. 34. ( l^id.
Opimius.)
Gratiae, the three Graces, ^glaia,
Thalia, and Euphrosyne ; called alfo
Charites, (f. v.)
Grvllus, the fon of Xenoplion,
who killed Epaminondas at the battle
of Mantinea, and was himfelf foon after
Hain, Paufan. 8, 11, &c.
Gyas, -acy a companion of Aeneas,
one of the competitors for pre-emi-
nence in the conteft of quick-faihng,
Firg. Aen. 5, 117, &c.
Gyges, -is, a king of Lydia, who
Is faid to have had a ring, which,
when he put it on, rendered him invi-
fible^ (G. 6co.) From him a celebra-
ted lake in that country was named
Gygaeum Jlagnum, Phn. 5, 29 f. 30.
Gygcus lacus, Propert. 3, 9, 18.
Gyges, Gycsy or Gyas^ the name of a
giant, Hor. Od. 2, 17, 14. f/ 3, 4, 69*
Gylippus, a general of the Lace-
demonians, who gained a celebrated
victory over Nicias and Demollhenes,
the Athenian generals, before Syracufe,
(G. 467.) Jufun. 4, 4. ; Tibull 4, i,
199.
H.
C. Pabius Hadrianus, a praetor of
Africa, burnt by the people of Utica*
for having confpired with flaves to de-
llroy their chief men^ Cic. Verr. 1,27.
et 5, 26.
Haemon, -onis, the fon of Creon
king of Thebes, who v/as fo fond of
Antigone, that he flew himfelf on her
tomb, Propsrt. 2, 7, 83. ; O^Sid. in Ibin,
Haemon IDES, (al. jlcmonides), an
Italian prieft of Apollo and Diana, flaia
by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 10, 537.
Hales us, a Graecian or Argive,
who fettled in Italy near Mount Mafli-
cus, defcended from the family of Aga-
memnon, whence he is called Agameni"
«o«m,Virg. Aen. 7,72 3,b.ut not his fon,
for the father of Halefus was a foothfay-
er, ib. 10, 41 7. Halefus was flain by Pal-
las, ib. 425. — ^Ovid m.akes Halefus the
fon or grandfon of Atreus, [Atrldes),
and fays that he gave name to the coun-
try o( Falcrii, [terra Falifca), F. 4, 730
which city he built on a high fituation,
( Moenia felici condidit aha manu). Amor.
3, 13, 34. So Solinus, c. 8. ; Servius,
ad Firg. Aen. 7, 795. Silius Italicus
fays, that Halefus or Alefus from Ar-
gos, (ArgoUcus), built Alfium in £tru-
ria,^8, 475.
PIalirrhotius, the fon of Neptune
and Euryte, killed by Mars for ha^nng-
violated his daughter Alcippe ; on which
account Mars was brought to his trial
before the other gods, in a place which
afterwards formed a part of the city A-
thens, and hence was called Areopa-
gus, (Apnof 7tyyo<;"^^ the Hill or Village
of Mars, Paufan. 1,21, 3c 28. Mara
was acquitted, Apollodor. 3, 13, 2.
HAMADRYADbS, '■um, f. [^ex 'aux^
Jimul, et S{>v^^ querciis^ dat. plur. Hama-
dryafwy Piopeit. t, 20, 32.), the
E b 2 uymphi
HAM [ 19^ 1 H E C
nymphs or protecting deities of oaks the daughter of Venus by Mars, and
and other trees, fuppofed to be produ-
ced and to perifh with them ; for the
ancients believed that every tree had
its guardian divinity, in the fame man-
ner with men and women, Serv. ad
Virg. Eel. 10, 62. ; Ovid. Md. I, 690.
14, 624. et 8, 77 T. Fajl. 2, 155.
The Hamadryades are fometimes con-
founded with the Dry ADES, Ovid. Met.
8, 777. ; Propert. i, 20, 22. and with
the Naiades, Ovid. Met. i, 691.
HAMILCAR, -aris, a Carthagi-
nian general, the father of Hannibal.
yid. Amilcar.
Ham MOV. Vld. Ammok.
HANNIBAL, -alisy the famous ge-
neral of the Carthaginians in the fecond
Punic war. V'ld. Annibal.
HANNO, -dnis, a frequent name a-
mong the Carthaginians ; the moll il-
lullrious was he who gave his voice a-
gainft attacking the Romans in the fe-
cond Punic war, Llv. 21, & 30.
HARMODIUS, an Athenian, who,
to revenge an affront oifered to his fif-
ter by Hipparchus, the fon of Pififtra-
tus, and tyrant of Athens, in conjunc*
lion with his friend Ariftoglton, form-
ed a confpiracy for the deltrudion of
Hipparchus and bis brother Hippias.
Hipparchus was affaffinated, and Har-
modius cut to pieces by the tyrant's
guards. Arillogiton being feized, was
put to the rack ; but inftead of naming
his accomplices, he accufed the mod
faithful partifans of Hippias, who or-
dered them to be inftantly executed.
Hereupon if^ritlogiton, exulting in ha-
\ung extinguiflitd the chief fupporters
of tyranny, declared to Hippias what
he had done, and fubmitted to his fate
with the greated intrepidity. After
this Hippias became more tyrannical
than before, vsrhich in about three years
after occafioned his expullion, Herodot.
5, ^^. et 6, 123. ; Thucydid. 6, 59. ;
Senec. Ir. 2, 25. ; Jnftin. 2, 9. The
greatell honours were paid to the me-
mory of Hat modi us and Arillogiton,
ClcTufc. I, 49.; Pl'in. 34, 8.; Gdl. 9, 2.
Harmon I A, -acj v. Hcrmioncy -es^
the wife of Cadmus, (G. 426.)
HARPALycE, -w, a queen of the
Amazons, Virg. Aen. 1,317.
Harpagus, a riiepherd, who pre-
ferved Cyrus, (G. 600.)
Harpocrates, •/>, the god of {i"
lence, fuppofed to be the fon of Ifis
and Serapis. His Image was ufed by
the Egyptians in their facred rites, re-
prefented with his finger preffed on his
fhut mouth, intimating, that filence
fhould be obferved in religbus worrtiip.
Hence he is thus defcribed, ^lique (fc.
Harpocrates) ^r<f;«i; vocem, digitoque ft-
le?tfia fuaddy Ovid. Met. 9, 69 1. [Digita
qui Jignificat S'T, Varr. L. L. 4, 10.}
Facere aliqnem Harpocraleniy to make one
fiktit, Catnll. 73, 4.
Harpviae, -aruniy harpies, vora-
cious moiiilers, half women half birds,
Serv, ad Virg. Am. 3, 2 1 6.
HiLbe, -esy the daughter of Jupiter
and Juno, Apollodor. 1,3.; Paufan. I,
19. according to others the daughter
of Juno alone, conceived without the
participation of Jupiter, by eating im-
moderately of lettuce at a feaft ; whence
fhe is Q^MtA jfunonia Hebe, Ovid. Met.
9,400. andgoddefsof youth; called
Juventas, -atis, by the Latins, Cic,
Tvfc. r, 26. ; Liv. 36, 36. or Juven-
ta, Ovid. Pont. I, 10, 12. on account
of her beauty appointed by Jupiter to
be his cupbearer, Paufan. 2, 13. But
having fallen in an indecent polture
at a teaft, flie was deprived of that of-
fice, and Ganymedes placed in her
room. When Hercules was exalted to
heaven, Juno became reconciled to him,
and gave him Hebe in marriage. Pro-
pert. I, 13, 23. whence flie is called
HercuUs uxor, Ovid. Fail. 6, 6$. ; Ju-
3'43-
Hebe
faid to have
poiTeiTed the power of reftoring to
youth whomfoever fhe picafed, Uvid,
Met. 9, 400.
He c ale, -et, a poor woman, that
entertained Thefeus- when going t©
fight againft the bull of Marathon,
Plutarch, et . >pul. Met. I . put for any-
old woman, Ovid^ Remed. Am. 747.
Hs.
H E C t 197 1 H E L
Hecataeus, of Miletus, an hifto- He^ oris Andromache, ib. 319
rian who lived in the time of Darius
the fon of Hyftafpi?, Herodot. 2, 143.
- ' -^ 2. A fculptor, I^/in. 33, 12. et
34,8.
Hecate, -^j, the daughter of Per-
fes king of Taurtca ; hence called Fer-
scisf -hiisy Ovid. Met. 7, 174. and of
Afteria, Ck. N. D. 3, 18.; Apollodor.
I, 2, 4. According to Diodorus Sicu-
lus, flie was the inventrefs of poifonous
' di^ugs and incantations, tlie wife of
Aeetes, and mother of Medea and Cir-
ce, D'iodo7\ 4, 45. Plecate is com-
monly put for an infernal goddefs, faid
to have had three bodies; hence termed
Tergemmci^ Virg. A. 4, 511. Diva tri-
formisy Ovid. Met. 7, 177. and triceps j
ib. 194. — called /y?;n^2 in heaven, Diana
on earth, and Proferphia or Hecate in
the infernal regions, Serv. in Virg. iL
on which account (he was reprefented
with three heads, Ovid, Fajl. i, 141.
Her infernal form is called Hecates pars
vhimay Lucan. 6, 700. Fades Erebiy
pallenti tahida formdy very different from
her appearance in heaven, [ad Deos alio
procedere vuhufolet)y ib. 736. She was
fuppofed to prefide over forccries or
incantations, Ovid, et Virgil ib. and
was invoked with bowlings in the night-
time, Virg. Aetu 4, 609. Her power
was great, both in heaven and in the in-
fernal regions, z^. 6, 247. — Adj. Heca-
te lus; thus, Hccateia carminay power-
ful charms, fuch as were invented by
Hecate, Ovid. Met. 14, 44. HtCA-
TJiis herla, -Idisy vel -Idos, a poifonous
herb, fuch as were ufed by Hecate, ib.
6, 139-^
He c A TO, -onisy a Rhodian, the fcko-
}ar of Panaetius, who wrote concerning
the duties of man, Cic.'Ojf.'i^y 15.
HECTOR, 'Orisy the fon of Priam
and Hecuba, the braveft of the Tro-
jans, flain by Achilles, (G. 447.), A-
demplus Hector Tradidit fejjis kviora tolli
Pergama Grdiisy the death of Hector
made 1 roy more eafy to be taken by
the Greeks, Hor.Od. 2, 4, 10. ; Senec.
Troad. 1 24. — adj. Hectoreus : — ea
conjux, Andromache, the wife of Hec-
tor, P^irg. Aen. 3, 488, the fame with
He3oreh
opibus, by the power or affiftance of
HeClor, Hor. Od. 3, 3, 28.
Hecuba, the daughter of Ciifeus
king of Thrace, (Ci/sas, -idis, Virg,
Aen. 7, 320.), or according to others,
of Dymas, a Phrygian prince. Homer.
II. 16, 71^.; Serv. ad Virg. Aen, 7,
320. (Dym^ntis, -idis, Ovid. Met.
i3» SlS')y Apollodor. 3, 11,9.; Hygin.
91. and wife of Priamus king of Troy,
(C. 414.). Overwhelmed with grief
on account of her fufferings, and utter-
ing dreadful imprecations againft the
Greeks, fhe is faid to have been at laft
changed into a bitch, Cic. Tufc. 3, 26.;
Hygin. Ill, & 243.; Ovid. Met. 13,
404, — 569.; Juv.nal. 10, 271. whence
her tomb was called Cynossema, i. e.
Canis tumulus y Plin. 4, I I.
Hedymeles, -isy a mufician, fo na-
med from the fwectnefs of his melodv,
Juvenal. 6. 383.
Hegesias, -aey a philofopher born
at Cyrene, [Cyrenauus), who ufed in
his leflures to defcribe fo pathetically
the miferies of life, that he is faid to
have made feveral of his hearers put an
end to their days ; on which account
he was prohibited by Ptolemy Phila-
delphus to difcourfe any more public-
ly on that fubjedl, Cic. Tufc. i, 34.—-,
•[ 2. An Athenian orator, Cic. Brut.
83. yjltt. 12, 6.
HELeNA, the daughter of Tyn-
darus [Tyudarisy -tdis) king of Spar-
ta, or of Jupiter and Eeda, the wife
of Menelaus, carried off by Paris the
fon of Priam, which gave occafion to
the Trojan war, and all its memorable
confequences, ( G. 413, Sec). Fratres
Helenae, i. e. Caitor and Pollux, Hor.
Od I, 3, 2.
Hf.lenor, -orisy the natural fon of
the king of Lydia by Eicymnia a Have,
fent to Troy to the afliftance of Priam,
{vetttis armisy in forbidden arms, as it
is faid, becaufe among the Pwomans
flaves w^ere not permitted to ferve in
the army) ; a companion of Aeneas in
his voyage to Italy, where, having fal-
len with one of the turrets on the ram-
part of the camp while in flames, and
being
H E L C 198 ] HER
belao- furrounded by the enemy, he who being drowned in the
rufhed on the thickeft of their ranks,
and was flain, Virg, Aen. 9, 543,
&c.
Helenus, the fon of Pnam, ( Pr/-
Gmides,-ae, Virg. Aen. 3, 295. )> ^'-'^^•
ed in augury, {vates), ib. 712.; Cic.
Div. I, 40. who, after variojs adven-
tures, at lall became the hufoand of
Andromache, the widow of his brolhtr
HetE^or, and alio king oi Chaonia in
Epire, Vh-g. Aen. 3, 325. S:c. At Bii-
throtum, his capital city, he entertain-
ed Aeneas, and gave him directions at
his departure concerning his voyage,
ih 381, &c.
Heliades, -um, (1. e. Soils fiiae),
the daughters of Sol and i hmene^ who
lamented tlie fate of their brother
Phaethon, till they were changed into
alder or poplar trees, U'uld. Met. 2,
■540, &c. Hence Nemus Ileliadum, a
grove of the Hd'uidesj i. e. pc-plar trees,
ib. 10, 91. which are faid to have firil
grown on the banks of the Po, Lucan.
2, 410, and were fuppofed to diftil
amber, Owd. Amor. 3, 12, 38. whence
Heliadnm cmfuie, cups of amber, Juve-
nal 5, 3^-
HfcLico, vcl Erico, -onis, a citizen
of Helvetia, who having llaid fome
time at Rome in order to learn or ex-
erclfe the art of a fmith or carpenter,
(fahrilem ob artem), when he returned
to his native country, carried with him
dry figs and grapes, and choice famples of
oil and wine, [ok'ique ac i)in! praewlfa),
which is fuppofed to have firll induced
the Gauls to invade Italy, PIln.i2y i f.
2. So L ivy. Earn gent em tradiiu}\fan:a
dukcdimfrugum niaximeque vini, nova turn
voluptate, captam, Alpes travxijje, 5, 33.
Kellice, -^j, a name given to Cai-
lifto, or the conileliation Urfa Major.,
Cic. Acad. 4, 20. (G. 417.)
Heliogabalus, a Roman empe-
ror, remarkable for his effeminacy and
cruelty, (G. 247.)
Hellanicus, an ancient Greek
hiflorian, Cic. Or. 2, 12.
HELLE, -fs, the daughter of A-
thamas king of Thebes, and Nt p h e l e,
flrait be-
tween the Aegean fea and the Propon-
tis, gave name to it ; fo that it was
thenceforth called Helles pontusy the fea
cf Helle, (G. 349.)
HtLviDius, the name of a Roman
gens.
HEPHAESTI.ON, -dnls, the fa-
vourite general of Alexander tiie Great,
Curt. 3, 12, 16. et 10, 4, II.
Hera GLIDES, -ij-, a very learned
philofopher, born at Heraclea in Pon-
tus, a fchoiar of Plato's, Cic. Tufc. 5,
3. D'l'V. I J 23. who entertained Ihange
notions concerning the deity, Cic.N.D.
I, 13. He wrote concerning govern-
ment, {de republica), Cic. Leg. 3, 6,
Cicero fpeaks fevcral times of writing
lomething iimilar to the work of Hera-
elides, Ck. Att. 15, 4, & 13, & 29. f/
16, 2. Many others of this name
are mentioned in ancient writers.
Heraclitus, a celebrated natural
philofopher of Ephefus, ( Pbyficus),
Cic. Tufc. 5, 36. He thought "that all
things were produced from fire, Ck.
Acad. 4, 37. He was remarkable for
his cbfcurity, Ck. Fin. 2," 5. Div. 2,
64. which he fometimes ufed on pur-
pofe, Cic. N. D. I, 26. and therefore
was varioully interpreted, ib^ 3, 14. —
called the "Weeping Philosopher.,
becaufe he often wept at the vices and
confequent miferies of xnan|cind, juvd-
nul. 10, 3c.
Hercaeus, an epithet of Jupiter,
fo named from his akar being placed in
the iniplwo'rum or open court, in the
middle of the hcufe, called by the
Greeks fVy-o^' ; thus, Cui nihil Hercei pro-
fuit ara Jo^nsy i. e. Priam, who v/as
{lain by Pyirhus before the altar of Ju-
piter in the impluvium, Ovid, in Jhin.
286. (Aidilus in mediis, nudcque fub
aetheris axe ; vel in penetralibusjt where
the Penates, were worfliipped, Virg.
Aen. 2, 512, &c. ; Juvenal. 10, 268.
Herceae aracj the altar of Jupiter
Hcrceus, before which Priam was IJain,
Lucan. 9, 979. Around this altar tliere
feem to have been feveral images of the
godsj probably tbofe cf the Penates,
Virg.
K E R [ 1
Plrg.iL 517. which Ovid calls Patrio-
rnm figna Deorum^ Met. 13, 412.
The ancient Greeks placed the temple
of Jupiter Hercaeus in the j4ula^ or A-
TRiUM, At hen. 4, p. 189. Fid. Eu-
rip.Troad. 48 2, &c. ; Paiifan. 2, 24.
4, 17, ^/ 10, 2^.
HERCuLES, 'is, (vel Hercukus,
•ei^ contrafted Herculi ; thus, Hirtulei
lahos tjl, iox Herculis, Catull. ^^, 13.)
the moll famous hero of antiquity, the
fon of Jupiter and Alcmena, the wife
of Amphitryo, (G. 398. i^077?.y/. 286.)
who is c'AWtd fiilfiparnis Amphitryoniades ^
becaufe Hercules was fuppofed to be
the fon of Amphitryon, when in rea-
li^ he was the fon of Jupiter, Catull.
6^112. Adj. Herculeus : thus,
Herculci lahoresy the labours of Hercu-
les ; Herculea clava, the club of Her-
cules ; Heracleapocula, l^^ge, Cic. Verr.
4, 18. but the bed editions have 77^*?-
riclea : Heraclidae, the de-
fcendants of Hercules, Patifan. 2, 18.
[G. 403, & 410.) — — Hercule, v.
Hcrde, adv. by Hercules, a form of
fwearing, or a ftrong aiTeveration : So
Mehercide, or Mthercules^ fcjuvetj may
Hercules afiift me ! by Hercules, up-
on my honour, Cic. Or. 47.; Plane.
26.
Herennius, the name a Roman
gens : A tribune of the commons
who propof!:;d the law about permit-
ting Clodius to be adopted by a ple-
beian, Cic. yltt. T, 18.
HerIlus, a king of Praenelle, flain
by Evander, Virg. Aen. 8, 583.
Hlrillus, a philofopher of Chal-
cedon, the fcholar of Zeno, who pla-
ced the chief good [Jummum bonum)^ in
learning and knov>'ledge, Cic Acad. 4,
42- ^
Herm ACHUS ofMitylene, the friend
of Epicurus, Cic. Acad. 4, 30. ; Fin.
30. whom that philofopher left his heir,
Laert. 10, 2 1.
HiLRMAGORAs, -«<?, a celebrated
rhetorician, Cic. Br. 76.; Inv, i, 6
& 51.
HERMAPHRODiTuSjthefon of Mcr-
cnry and Venus, united into one body
with the nymph Saimacis j whence a-
99 1 HER
nimals participating of both fexes were
called Hermaphrodites <, [G. 363.)
HERMES, the Greek name of
Mercury, which Virgil traufiates, In-
terpres divum, Aen. 4, 356. Her-
MAE trunci^ ihapelefs polls with a mar-
ble head of Mercury on them, jfuve-
nal. 8, 53.
Herm p. s 'Trifmcgijlus, (i.e. ter maxt"
tnus)f a celebrated Egyptian philofo-
phfr.
FIfrmiom", -eSf the daughter of Me-
nelausby ?Ielena ; hence called Ledaea,
from Leda, the mother of Helena,
Firg. Aen. 3, 328. betrothed to Oref-
tes the fon of Agamemnon, but carri-
ed off by Pyvrhus, the fon of Achilles ;
on which account Oreftes killed Pyrr-
hus, and recovered her, tb. et Ovid.
Ep. 8, 1. ^ 2. The fame with.
Harm ONI A, the wife of Cadmus, (<^.
Hermodorus, a native of Ephefus,
baniflied from thence through envy, on
account of his fuperior virtue, as A-
riltides was from Athens, Cic. Tufc,
5, 36. After which he came to Rome,
and explained the laws of the Greeks
to the Decemviri, who compiled the
laws of the twelve tables, Plin. 34, 5.
Hermotimus, a prophet of Clazo-
mene, whofe foul is faid to have left
his body, and afcer wandering up and
down to a great diftance, and revealing
wonderful things to people, ufed to
return to it again. In the abfence of
the foul, the body v/as apparently dead.
His enemies having difcovered this, bu-
ried it, Plin. 7, 5. Lucian fays that
this was done by his wife.
HERO, "od Erg, -us ; v. H':rom,
'OJiis, a beautiful young woman of Sef-
tos, beloved by Leander of Abydos,
who ufed to fwim over in the night to
vifit her, and return before day-light ;
till at lail he periihed in the waves,
(G. 349.) hence Heroae «y. Eroa^,
turres, the tower from which Hero held
a torch to give light to her lover as he
fwam, Lucan. gj g^^. (G. 349.)
Herodes, 'is, the fon of Antipater
of Idumaea, who was made king of the
Jews, by the favour of Antony, and re-
tained
HER
r 200 ]
H I E
tained that power by his mean fubmif-
fion and flattery to Auguftus, jofephus.
Herodis palmcta pinguia, Herod's fertile
groves of palm-trees, which produced a
great revenue, Horat. Ep. 2, 2, 184.
^ 2. An Athenian writer in the
time of Cicero, Lie. /Itt. 2, 2.
HsRODiANTTs, a Greek hillorian of
Alexandria, who wrofe the lives of
Commodus and his fucceiTors to the
younger Gratian. This work is ftill
extant.
HER0D6TUS, a native oF Hali-
carnafTus, the mofi; ancient Greek hif-
torian extant ; wliom Cicero calls, Hif-
iorlae parens f the facher of hiltory, C'lc,
Leg, I, I. He was the firil of the
Greeks who adorned hitiory, Cic. Or.
2, 12. but did not ftudy harmony in
his periods, Cic. Or. ^^. Add. D'lv.
Herophile, -esy a prieftefs of A-
pollo, T'lhull. 2, 5, 67.
Herophilus, a celebrated phyfi-
cian, who reRored Phalaris to health,
Plhi. T I, 37, &c.
HePvOStratus, a man who fet fire
to the temple of Diana at Ephefus,
that he might obtain a more extenfive
fame after death, Sol'in. c. 53.
Hers"-', -esy a daughter of Cccrops,
king of Atliens, beloved by Mercury,
Ovid. Met. 2, 725.
Hersilia, the wife of Romulus,
Ulu. I, II. called Ora, after (lie was
made a goddefs, as Romulus was call-
ed QuiRiNus, after his deification,
Q'vid. Met. 14. fin.
Herthum vel Hcrtha^ i. e. the
earth, WOT (hipped .by tlie ancient Ger-
mans as a goddefs, Tacit. G. 40.
HESI6DUS, an ancient Greek
poet, born at Afcra in Boeotia; whence
he is called Afcraeus Senex^ Virg. E. 6,
70. Adj. Hesiodius. IHudHefiodi-
uniy fc. didumy that faying of Hefiod's,
CAc. Brut. 4. Hejiodi theogoniay the ge-
neration of the gods, a book written
by Hefiod, Cic.N. D. i, 14. Brut, 4.
flill extant,
Hesione, -fj, the daughter of Lao-
medon, king of Troy, and fifter of
Friam ; v/hora Hercules fretd from a
fea-monRer, to which fiie was expo*
fed ; and having taken Troy, gave her
in marriage to Telamon, Ovid. Met,
II, 2r7. [G. 339.)
HESPERIE, -esy a nymph, the
daughter of the river Cebren, (Ce-
BRENis, ■'idis)y Ovid. Met. 11, 769.
Fid. Aesacus.
Hesperus, the brother of Atlas,
who is faid to have gone up to the
top of mount Atlas to obferve the ftars,
and never afterwards to have been feen;
on which account the evening Rar was
called by his name, Diodor. Hes«
PER IDES, -uiriy nymphs, the daughters
of Hefperus, who had a garden in the
extremity of Africa, in which \^^e
golden apples, guarded by a dra^n
that never llept. Hercules flew the
dragon, and brought fome of the gol-
den apples to EuriRheus, (G. 399.)
Hests, a god of the Gauls, fuppo-
fed to have been the fame with Mars,
Lucan. I, 440.
Hi AREAS, W Iapbas, -ae^ a king of'
Lybia, who wiflied to marry Dido,
(G. 678.) Fir-. Jen. 4, 36. but Dido
preferred Aeneas to him ; whence Ae-
neas is called zelotypo juvenis praelatus
Hiarlncy the young man preferred to
the jealous larbas, jfuvenal. 5, 45. —
— ^ 2. A king of Africa, conquered
and (lain by Pompey, Liv. Epit. 89. j
Eutroj). 5, 6.
HiCETAS. Fid. NiCETAS.
Hi EM p SAL, -alisy the fon of Micip*
fa, king of Numidia, murdered by Ju-
gurtha, Sallufi. Jug. 12 5[ 2. A
king of Mauritania, Cic. Riill. i, 4. ;
Fatin. 5.
HIERO, -onisy a king of Syracufc,
a faithful ally of the Romans, Liv. 24,
4, &C. (G. 274.) PIlERONICA leXf
a law made by Hiero, concerning corn,
Cic. Ferr. 2, 13, & 60.
HiEROCLES, -ij, the father of king
Hiero, defcended from Gelon, jfujlin.
23, 4. ^ 2. A philofopher of Alex-
andria, who Rourifhed about the mid-
dle of the fifth century, and wrote a
commentary on the golden verfes of
Pythagoras ; — Rill exant. Fid, Fabric,
BibliQth, G. /. 2. a 12, 7,
H-
H I E
[ 20I ]
H I R
HiERONyMus, the grandfon and
fuccefTor of Hiero, flain on account of
his cruelty, Liv. 2 Ay 4» «S:c. ; Sil. 14,
87. — 5[ 2. A peripatetic philofopher,
a native of Rhodes, Ck. Or. 57. who
maintained, that the abfencc of pain
was the chief good, C'lc. ^^cad. 4. 42.
HIPPARCHUS, the fon of Pifif-
tratiis, and tyrant of Athens ; fond of
learning and learned men. Pie invited
to his court the poets Anacreon and
Simonides, and treated them with the
greateft liberality. According to Pla-
to, he was the lirft who arranged the
poems of Homer ; which honour Cice-
ro afcribes to his father Pififtratus, Cic.
^^* 3> S3' Hipparchus was alTaffinat-
ed by a confpiracy , Pld. H a r m 0 d i u s.
— '■ — <f[ 2. A celebrated philofopher of
Alexandria, the moil i]<:ilful alh-onomer
in ancient times, ( G. ly)
HIPPIAS, -iae, the fon of Pififtra-
^S) and tyrant of Athens, v/ho beine^
Txpelled from thence, repaired to the
court of Darius, and fell in the battle
of Marathon. Cicero calls him Nefa-
Rius, becaufe he made war on his na-
tive country, y^lL 9, i i. ^ 2. A
celebrated fophiit of Elis [Eleus), in
the time of Socrates, Cic. Or, 3, 32.
who ufed to boaft that there was no-
thing in any art of which he was igno-
rant. His cloak, his fhoes, his ring,
Slc. were all of Us own making, ib. ^
JBrat.S, .^85.
HIPPOCRATES, the fon of
HeraclTdes, born in the iiland Cos,
[Cous), b. C. 460, the moil illuflrious
phyfician ^of antiquity, Celf. pracf. ; C'lc.
N. D, 3, 38. He came to Athens in
the time ot" a plague, where he exerted
his great abihties at the hazard of his
life. Artaxerxes king of Perfia, at
the fame time, ufcd every motive to
prevail on him to come to his court,
but in vain. The Athenians, penetra-
ted with gratitude, decreed to him the
higheft honours, (G. 467.). His a-
phorifms are flill extant. — Adj. Hip-
POCRATICUS.
HippoDAME, -fj-, V. -amlat the
daughter of Oenomuus king of Pifa,
who became the, wife of Pelops, [G.
404.). f 2« The daughter of A-
draftus king of Argos, and wife of Pe-
rithous, at whofe marriage the conttlt
between the Centaurs and Lapithae
took place, (G. 439 )
HippoLy-TE, -esf queen of the A-
mazons, and wife of Phefeus, (G.423.)
<[T 2. The wife of Acallo, who
fell in love with Peleus, (G. 444.)
HiPPOLyrus, the fon of Thefeus
and Hippolyte, (G. 424.)
HippoMEDON, ■ontis, one of the
feven leaders in the war againft Thebes,
( G. 43 1 . ), Stat. Iheh. 5, 664. et 6, 654.
HippoMENEs, -IS, the fon of Ma-
cafeus, who, by means of three golden
apples, vanquifhed Atalanta in run-
ning, and thus procured her confent to
marry him, (G. 433.)
HrppoNAX, attis^ a fa-nous poet of
Ephefus, who, by the fliarpnefs of his
fatirical raillery, is faid to have impel-
led perfons to hang themfclves, Pl'in,,
36, 5. whence Praeconhim Hippona£leu?n,
a fatirical poem, Cic. Fam. 7, 24. /*<?-
des Hipponatleiy the feet ufed in Iambic
vtrle, in which fuch poems were writ-
ten, Cic. Or. ^6.
HippoTOs, X'. -us, the father of Ae-
olus, who is hence called Hippotades, -acy
(G. 276.). HippoTADEs, -ae, is
ufed as a proper name, and not a pa-
tronymic, Siat. Theb. 8, 699.
yl. HIRTIUS, the friend and com-
panion of Julius Caefar, who wrote the
eighth book of the Commentaries con-
cerning Caefar's wars in Gaul, and al-
fo, as it is thought, the hiftory of the
Alexandrian, African, and Spanifli
wars ; but fome afcnbed thefe works
to Appius, Suet. Caef. ^d. Accord-ng
to the appointment of Caefar, Cic.Att.
14, 6; Hirtius becauic conful with.
Panfa, the year after Caefar's death.
Being fent againll Antony, together
with his colleague and Caefar Ofta-
vius. Suet. Aug. 10.; Cic. Phil. 7, 4.
after the defeat of Antony, he was
killed in attacking his camp, Cic. Fam,
10, 30. et 33. J Suet. Aug. II. (F/i/.
CicCRO, /. 126.)
C c HO.
H O M [ 202 1 H Y D
HOMeRUS, the firfl and moft ex- him to Maecenas, S/rL i, 6, 55. who
celleni of the Greek poets, who flou-^ introduced him to Aiiguftus. Horace
rilhed 160 years before the founding of foon became a great favourite with both.
Rome. He is thought to have been Maecenas gave him a beautiful farm in
born near Smyrna, (G. 587.). — Adj. the country of the Sabines, wherein
HoMERicus, jfuv. 13, 113. Ho- fummer he ufually rtfided, (G. 162.)
MERONIDES, -oe, an imitator of Ho- Horace died in the 97th year of his
itier, P/aut. True. 2, 6, 4. Home- age, a few months after Maecenas. —
ROMASTix, -Igis, (i. e. Homerijlag^
Idtor), a firname given to one Zoilus,
who wrote bitterly againft Homer ; put
for any fnarhng critic, Pl'in. praef. 11.
HopLEUS, ^2fyll.), e'ts v. -eos i
V. -ea^
Adj. Hon ATI AN us.
HORTENSIUS, a celebrated ora-
tor, contemporary with Cicero, Cic.
Br. 64. v^'hence Cicero calls one of his
books by that name, Cic. D'lv. 1,1,
zee. -eumf v. -ea^ an Argive, flain by Horten si an a f/o.jWi^w/'w, the eloquence
Aepytus, Stat. Theb. 10, 400. of Hortenhus, Fal. Max. 8, 8, .
HoRAE,-rtr«fw, the^^'oz/rj', thedaugh- «T 2. A poet, Ovid. Tri/i. 2, \/\.l
ters of Jupiter and Themis, Hcjiod.
'Theog. 901. the attendants of Phoebus,
Ovid. Met. 2, 26. who yoked the horfes
of his chariot, ib.iii%. the keepers of
the gates of heaven, Ovid. Fajl. i, 125.
■ The Seafons, Hor. Od. i, 12, 16.
Tullus H03TIL1US, the third
king of Rome, (G. 196.). ^ 2. A
lawyer, by whom certain forms of law
were compofed, called Hostilianae
aclioneSf Cic. Or. 1,57.
HYACINTHUS, a boy beloved
the twelve divifions of the day, Martial, by Apollo, (G. 372, & 41 1.) — Hya
ciNTHiA, 'Orum-, a feail in honour of
Hyacinthus, Ovid. Met. lO, 209.
HYAS, -acy V. -antis, the fon of At-
las and Pleione or Aethra^ the daughter
of Occanus, flain by a lion or boar
4, B.
HORaTIUS, the name of a Ro-
man gensy ennobled by the Horatii^ who
fought with the Ciiriatii, Li v. i, 25.
and by Horatius Codes, who defended
the Sublician bridge againft the army Avhile hunting. — His twelve fillers la-
pf Porsena, Liv. Zt 10. By one of mented his death fo much, that they
this gens the father of the poet Horace pined away with grief. Jupiter, from
having been freed from flavcry, aiTumed, compafiion, changed them into ftars.
according to cuftom, the name of his Five of them were placed in the head
patron. or face of Taurus, and called Hyades,
QuiNTUS PIORATIUS Flaccus, -wm, from their brother, Ovid. Fajl. 5,
the prince of Latin lyric poets, was 182. or becaufe when they rife they
born at Venufia in December a. u. 689, were fuppofed to occafion rain, (ab iuvi
Hor. Ep. I, 20, 27. Od. 3, 2 1. His plue}-e)y Hygin. f, 192. ; Plin. 2, 29.
father carried him to Rome when a ^/ 18, 26 f. 66. hence termed pluviae,
boy, and educated him with great care, rainy, Virg. Aen. 3,516, and irijlcs.
Sat. I, 6, 76. At the age of twenty Hor. Od. 1,3, 14. Seven of them
or twenty-one he went to Athens to were placed in the neck of Taurus, and
fludy philofophy, Ep. 2, 2,43. He called Pleiades, Hygin ib. et Poet. 2,
was led from thence to the civil war 21. Hyas, -antis, a king of Boe-
by Brutus, who made him a military otia ; whence Hyantius juvenis, Actae-
tribune. Sat. i, 6, 47. In the battle on, the Boeotian or Theban youth,
of Philippi, Horace faved himfelf by Ovid. Met. ^y 147. Hyantea Aganippey
flight, Od. 2, 7. After his return to ib. 5, 312. Hyanteus lolausy the The-
Rome, finding his father dead and ban lolaus, Ovid. Met. %y 310.
his fortune ruined, he applied himfelf Hydra, a dreadful ferpent with nine
to writing verfes. Pp. 2, 2, 52. The heads, the daughter of Typhon and E-
poets Virgil and Varius recommended chidna, flain by Hercules at the foun-
taiu
H Y G
[ 203 ]
H Y R
taiti or lake of Lerna, H^gth. praef. et
f. 151. — called in Latin Excetra, be-
caufe when one head was cut off, three
grew lip in its place, Serv.in Vtrg.Aeu.
6,287. Hercules dipt his arrows in
the gall of this moniler, which made
them fatal to every one they ilruck,
Jlygln. 30. and at laft proved his own
deflru6tion, ih. 34. (G*. 402.)
Hygie/i, Hygea, W ia, thegod-
defs of health, the daughter of Aefcu-
lapius, Pl'in. ^^^ Ti f. 36, 31.; Martial
Ji, 6r.
HygInus, a freed man of Auguf-
tus, who had the charge of the Pala-
tine library, GelL l, 7, &. 10.; Suet. III.
Gram. 20. The books on mythology
and aftronomy, which bear the name
of Hy:
are fuppofed to be of a
later date.
Hylaf.us, a centaur, who fought
with the Lnptthaey (G. 439.) — adj.
Hylaeus ramus, (i. e. clava), the club
of Kylaeus, Prop. 1,1,13. his bow or
arrov/, OvuL Art. 2, 191. ^ 2. The
name of Adaeon's dog, O'uid. Met. 3,
213.
HYLAS, vel -a, -ae, a beautiful
youth, the fon of Theodamas, and fa-
vourite of Hercules, whom he accom-
panied in the Argonautic expedition.
Being fent to get water, while drawing
his pitcher from a river or fountain, he
fell in, and was drowned. The poets
feign, that the nymphs, enamoured of
his beauty, carried him off; fo that
Hercules and his companions could not
find him, Apollodor. i, 9, 19. Annual
facred rites ate faid to have been indi-
tuted to his honour, in which he was
often invoked by name, (Hyla, Hy-
la), as he had been by Hercules and
the Argonauts when he was loft, Serii.
ad Vlrg. Eel. 6, 44.
Hyllus, the foh of Hercules by
Dejanira, (G. 403. & 405.)
Hy LONG ME, -es, a female centaur,
who, upon the death of her hufband
Cyllaru.s, flew herfelf, O'vid. Met. 12,
405, &c.
Hymen, -cms, vel H y m e n A e u s , the
god of marriage, Donat. ad Ter. And.
5? 7> 7- ; O'md. Met, ij 480. a ^, 761.
— Hymenaeus is fometimes put fof the
nuptial fong, Virg. Aen. 7, 398. and
in the plur. for the nuptials, Virg. Aeh.
I, 6$$. 4, 99. & 6, 613. G. 3, 60.
Hyperides, -is, vel ae, an Athe-
nian orator contemporary with Demoft-
henes, greatly commended by Cicero,
Or. I, 13. et 3, 7. et 26, & 3 1.; and
by Quindihan, 10, i, 77.
HypERioN, -onls, faid to be the
father ot Sol, Ck.N.D. 3, 21. ufually
put for the fun, (<?• 373.) ; whence
currus Hyper'ionius, the chariot of the
fun^ Fal. Flac. 2, 34. So Hyperwnia
lux, Sil. 15, 214.
HypErmnestra, the daughter of
Danaus, and wife of Linus or Lynceus,
whom fhe faved, when her fifters, by
the order of their father, flew their huf-
bands, (G. 392.)
Hypsaea, a woman of the Plauttan
family, who is fuppofed to have had
bad eyes, or to have been fo blinded
by a paflionate fondnefs for a man of a
difagreeable appearance, that fhe was
infenfible of his bad looks, Hor. Sat,
I, 2,91.
Hypsaeus, the brother of Aeacus,
Stat. Theb. 7,
310.
5[ 2. A candi-
date for the confulfliip with Milo, C'lc.
Att.^, 8.
HYPSipyLE, -es, 3, queen of Lem-
nos, who preferved her father Thoas,
when all the other men in the ifland were
flain hy the women, (G. 441.). They
having found that Hypilp)']e had faved
her father, wanted to kill her ; but flie
fled : and being taken by pirates, was
carried to Nemea, and fold to Lycur-
gus the king of that place as a flave,
Apollodor. 3, 6, 4. ; Ladant. ad Stat.
Theb. 5, 29. Kyginus fays, that (he
was carried to Tliebes, and fold to king
Lycus, / 15, & 74. Tellus Hipfipylia^
i. e. Lemnos, Ovid. Fall. 3, 82.
HyRiE, -es, the mother of Cycnus,
who having heard of the fall of her fon,
and not knowing that he was faved bv
being changed into a fwan, difl'olved
away {dtlicuit) with weeping, and form-
ed a lake called after her own name,
Ovid. Mit 7, 379.
C c 2 Hyr-
H Y R
Hyrtacus, a Trojan,
of Nifus, who is hence called Hyrtaci-
des, -ae, Virg. Aen. 9, 177.
Hystaspes, -;>, the father of Darius
king of Periia, (G. 608.) Jnjlin. 1,10.
I
lACCHUs, the fame with Bacchus;
iput for wine, Virg. E. 6, 15.
lALysus, V. Ialyssus, the fon of
Hercules, Clc. Verr. 4, 60. — f 2. The
grandfon of Sol, C'tc, N. D, 3, 21. —
adj. I A Ly SI LIS, OviJ. Met. 7, 365.
JaNUS, the moft ancient king of
Italy, {G. 1S5, & 357.) worfhippedas
a god after his death ; reprefented
vith two faces, [bifrons^ ^ "g* Aen.
J 2, 198. f/ 7, 180.) or with two heads,
{biceps, Ovid. Fall, i, 6$.) His tem-
ple was open in time of war, and flint
in time of peace. Jx\NUS is put
for any thoroughfare or pafTage from
cue place to another, {^tranfnio pervia,)
Cic. N. D. 2, 27. probably from its
having an arch and an image of Janus
over it, with one of the faces looking
one way at the entrance, and the other
looking another way at the outlet or
egrefs. Such were thofe mentioned,
IJv. 41, 32.; SucL Domit. 13. Pom-
peii J}atuam marynoreo Jano fuppofuit, he
placed the ftatue under a marble arch,
which ferved as a thoroughfare. Suet,
u4ug. 31. Janus is alfo the name of
a ilreet or alley, in which bankers tranf-
aftcd bufmefs, Cic. Of. 2, 25. ; Phil 6,
5. ; Hor. Ep. T, 1, 54- Sat. 2, 3, 18.
and where books ufed to be fold, Hor.
Ep. I, 20, I.
Iantke, Vid. Iphis.
lAPiiTUs, the fon of Caelus and
Terra, and the father of Prometlieus,
■who is hence calkd Satus Japeto, Ovid.
Met. I, 82. Japcti genus ^ Hor. Od. i,
^j 27. Alfo the father of Atlas,
hence called lapeilomdes, Ovid. Met.
Ja PET IDES, -ne, a mufician, killed
at the nuptial feail of Perfeus and An-
dromeda, G'vid. Met. 5, III.
lAPis, -)dis, the fon of Jafus [las'i-
des,-ae,) a phyfician, w^ho, by the af-
[ 2C4 ] I B Y
the father fiftance of Venus, cured the wound of
Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 12, 391, & 420.
i A p Y X , -ygisy a fon of Daedalus, who
having fettled in the fouth eaft corner
of Italy, gave the name of Japygia to
that part of the country, (G. 158.)
which is hence called Japygis arva,
Ovid. Met. iStS^' II 2. A north-
weft wind, blowing from Japygia, and
favourable to fuch as failed from Brun.
difium to Greece, Nor. Od. i, 3, 4.
lARBAS, (three fyll.) a king of
Gaetulia or Mauritania, who wiflied to
marry Dido, Virg. Aen. 4, 36, 2x6, &
326. — Plence larb'tta, v. -as, a Moor,
fuppofed to be put for Cordus, a rhe-
torician, a native of MauritJtiia ; whom
a defire of imitating the wit of Ti-
ma2;enes is faid to have made to burft
with envy, {Rupit larbitam Timagenis
tiemula lingua.) Some think larbitashere
a proper name, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 15.
lAsius, (four fyll.) the brother of
Dardanus, Virg. Aen. 3, 168. and grand-
father of Adraftus, who is hence called
Dux lasmesy -ae, Stat. Theb. 6, 914.
5[ 2. I ASUS V. lafnis, the father
of Paiinurus, hence called iastdes, -ae,
Virg. Aen. 5, 843. ^ 3. Another,
called alfo Schoeneus, the father of
Atalanta, hence called 11 sis, -tdis,
Propert. i, i, 10.
lASON, (three fyll.) -onis, the fon of
Aef;>ii, [AefomdeSi -ae,) king of lolcos,
and" of Alcimede ; th:^ leader, of the
Argonauts in the expedition to Colchis
in queft of the golden fleece, (G, 439.)
Hence lasonia puppis, the fhip Argo,
in which they failed, Avien. Arat.
Phaen. 'j^6.et 808. Jajonia rapina, Ja-
fon's can-ying off the golden fleece,
Stat. Achil. J, 6^.
Jasonidae j?/w/7^j-, the two fons of
Jalon and Hypfipyle, Thoas and Eu-
neus, Stat. Theb. 6, 340.
IBIS, -^disy ace. I bin, abl. Ihtde, a
fici'tious name which Ovid gave to a
perfon on whom he wrote a fatirical
poe.:i called Ibis ; ftill extant.
iBycus, a poet of Rhenium, noted
for his am.orous verfes, Cic. Tufc. 4, 33.
whofe murderers were wonderfully dif-
coveied, (G. i75«)
ICA«
I C A [ 205 ] I L U
IcADTUS, a robber, who perifhed by difregarding his father's advice, foared
too high, fo that the fan having melt-
ed his wings, he fell, down into that
part of the iEgean Sea afterwards call-
ed the Icarian Sea, and was drowned,
a ftone which fell from a cave on his
legs, C'lc. Fat. 3.
iCARIUS vel icar-us, an Athenian,
who hofpitably entertained Bacchus ;
whence he is called CunSis Baccho jucun-
dior hofpes, Tibull. 4, 1,9. On this ac-
count Bacchus firll taught him the art
of making wine, and defired him to
propagate it through the world. Ica-
rius gave a quantity of wine to fome
fhepherds, who having drunk of it
greedily, became intoxicated ; and ima-
gining that Icarius had given them a
poifonous drug, killed }iim with theiV
clubs. Next day, being fenfible- of
what they had done, they buried him.
Erigone, his daughter, having difcover-
ed where he lay by the hovvling of his
dog Maera, hung herfelf, Apollodor. 3,
13, 7. Some fay that the body was left
unburied, Hyg'tn, 130.; Poet. 2, 4.
Maera, affefted by the lofs of his mafter
and miftrefs, pined away. Jupiter, in
compaffion, changed the three into flars.
Icarius was called Bodies or ArBtlrus ;
Erigone, Virgo ; Maera, Can'icula or
the Leffer Dog liar, ib. — Hence Lca-
Rii bo'ves, the liars of Urfa Major,
which Icarius or Bootes was fuppofed
to drive, Propert. 2, 33, 24. But the
poets commonly make Bootes the fame
with Areas the fon of Hellice, [q. v.)
— Icarium ajlrum, Stat. Theb. 4,
•777, the fame with Icarius cams, \.t.
canicula, the leffer dog-ilar, Ovid, in
Nuce, 118.
icARi-'S, vel Icarus, the father of
Penelope ; whence (he is called Ica-
Ris, -^idis, Ovid, in Ibin, 391 ; or Ica-
RiOTis, -idis, voc. Icarioii, Propert. 3,
13, 10. — Adj. Icariotis tela, abl. Icari-
otide, Penelope's web, O-vld. Pont. 3,1,
1 1 2. Icarius is faid to have urged Pe-
nelope to marry one of her fuitovs in
the abfence of Ulyfles, Oind. Et). 1,81.
The father of Penelope is by fome
confounded with the father of Erigone;
but iir.properly.
Icarus, the fon of Daedalus, vi'ho
flying with his father from the laby-
rinth In Crete, on waxen wings, and,
( G. 42 !•) Ic AR I > fiuStus, the waves
of the Icarian Sea, Hor. Od. 1, I, I J.
So Icariae aquae, Ovid. Trift. 5, 2, 28.
IcELOS, one of the fons of Somnusy
who' imitated the appearance of wild
beafts, birds, and ferpents, as Morpheus
did that of men, Ovid. Met. \ 1, 638.
Idmon, -onis, (i. e. Jciens,) the fon of
Apollo and Afteria, a foothfayer among
the Argonauts, Fa/. Flac. i, 228.
Idomeneus, (four fyll. gen. -eif
Virg. Aen. 11, 264. ace. -ea, ib.3,122.)
a king of Crete, one of the Graeciaii
leaders in the war againft Troy, who
being expelled by his fubjefls, failed
into Italy with a number of compani-
ons, and fettled in Calabria, near the
Japygian or Sallentine promontory,
Firg. Aen. 3, 121, & 400. (G. 459.)
Idya,WIdyj\, the wife of Aee-
tes, and mother of Medea, Cic. N. D.
3, 19. Ovid calls her Ipsea, Ep. 17,
232.
Ignigena, a name of Bacchus, as
having been brought into the world
by the force of lire or lightning, Ovid.
Met. 4. 12.
Ilia, the mother of Romulus and
RemAis, (G. 192.)
Ilione, -fj", the eldeft daughter of
Priamus king of Troy, Firg. Aen. I,
653-
I L I o N E u s , (four fyll. g e n. -eos et -et,
accuf. -ea, Virg. A. i, 611.) a Trojan,
one of the chief companions of Aeneas ;
always diftinguifhed in Virgil by his elo-
quence, as his father Phovbas is in Ho-
mer, Scrv. ad Firg. Aen. i, 525, &c.
iLYTHyi ', the goddefs who pretld-
ed over women in phikl birth, Ovid,
Met. 9, 2 ''3. faid to be the fame with
rylana, Hor. Car. Saec. 14. called alfo
Ij. cin , Ovid. ib. 294.; Hor. ib. 15.
To gratify Juno fhe is faid to have re-
tarded the birth of Hercules, Ovid.ib,
284.; Apollodor.^, ^, S.
ilyUS, the fon of Tros; and fourth
kins:
1MB
[ 206 ]
J O C
king of Troy, from whom that city-
was called Ilium, (G. ^Sy.) whence
Ilia tellus^ the country of Troy, Firg.
Aen. II, 24 J. I LI A CI murif the wails
of Troy, Ih. i, 48'^. Iliades, -urn,
the Trojan women, ih. 480. Iliades,
-fl<?, Ganymedes, the grandfon of Ilus,
/ O'otd. Met. 10, 160. 5f 2. The ori-
ginal name of lulus or Afcanius, the
fon of Ae-neas, V'lrg. Aen. i, 268.
Imbrasus, the name of a man,
V'lrg. Aen. 12, 343. Imbrasides,
-ae, the fon of Imbrafus, ib. 10, 123.
ace. plur. Imbrojldas, ib. 12, 343.
InaCHIa, the name of a girl beloved
by Horace, Hor. Epod. 1 1, 8. ct 12. 14.
iNaCHUS, the x%a king of the Ar-
gives, (G. 39I.) hence called pnfcusy
Hor. Od, 2, 3, 21. In AC HIS, -id'is,
lo or Ifis, the daughter of Inachus,
Ovid. Met. 1 , 6 1 f . called I n a c h i \
Juvenca, Virg". G. 3, 153. becaufe
changed by Jupiter into an heifer,
Ovid. ib. In a c h I de s, -ae, Epapluis,
the fon of lo and grandfon of Inachus,
Ovid. Met. I, 7<J3. in the plur. put for
Argivi, the Argivcs, Stat. Theb. 3, 365.
Jnachules ripae, the banks of the river
Inachus, Ovid. Met. i, 64c. to which
river Inachus gave name, and after his
death was fuppofed to prefide over it
as a divinity, Ovid. ib. 511. On the
Ihleld of Turnus was reprefented the
figure of, lo converted into a heifer,
and her father Inachus pouring his
river from an embofled urn, Virg. Aen.
7. 789. According to Virgil, Turnus
v»a3 defcended from Inachu;, j'hn. 7,
371. Inachii Argi^ Argosthe ca-
pitol of Inachus, Virg. Am. 7, 286.
Jnachiae urbes, the cities of Inachus,
i. e. of the Argives or Greeks, Virg.
Afn. II, 286. So Stat. Theb. I, 324.
Jnachiae rates, Graeoian fliips, Ovid. Ep.
13, 134. Jnachium Uttus, the (liore of
ArgOiis, Id. Fii!:. 5, (y^^.
INO, -7/J, the daughter of Cadm'is,
and wife of i\thamas, king of Thebes,
who flying from her frantic hufband
with her fon Meiicerta, threw herfelf
from a high rock into the fca. By the
power of Neptune, (lie aud her lou
were both changed into fea-deities, the
mother called Leucothoe, or by the Ro-
mans Matuta^ and the fon Palasmon or
PortumnuSi (G. 427.) ; hence Indus
Meiicerta, the fon of Ino, Virg. G,
I, 437.; Palacmon, Id. A. 5, 823.
Inoi Jinus, the bofom of Ino, Ovid.
Met. 4, 497. Inoi doli, the artifices of
Ino to dellroy her ftep-chiidren, Ovid.
Art. A. 3, 176. Inoum Lechaeum, the
promontory of Lechaeum, the port of
Corinth, whence Ino threw herfelf,
Stat. Silv. 2, 2, 35. ; and hence Indus
I/Ihmas, the illhmus of Corinth, ib. 4,
3, 60. Indus Learchus, the fon of
Ino, Val. Flac, i, 280.
INUUS, a name given to Pan by
the Latins, Liv. l, 5. ; Serv. ad Virg.
Aen. 6, J'JS-
10, -us, (in all other cafes /o,) the
daughter of Inachus, {^Inachis -idis,)
king of Argos, beloved by Jupiter,
and by him converted into a beautiful
heifer, to conceal her from Juno ; who
fufpecling the fraud, aflced the animal
in a prefent from Jupiter ; and having
obtained her requeft, commxitted her
to . the charge of a fnepherd, cal-
led Argus. But he being flam by
Mercury, [Vid. Argus,) lo, after
many wanderings, at laft reached
Egypt, where Cue was reflored to her
former ihape, married Osiris, the king
of that country ; and after her death
was worfiiipped as a goddefs by the
Egyptians, under the name of Ifis,
Ovid. Met. I, 588, — 747. Ep. 14, 85,
&c. ; ScTv. ad Virg. Aen. 7, 789.
Propertius feems to intimate that fhe
retained the form of a cov^, after fne
was deified, 2, 28, 17. (ah 2, 2i, 19.)
or rather becaufe liis was worihipped
in the form of a cow ; whence flie is
reprefented vvith horns like thofe of
the'moon, Ovid. Met. 9, 687, et 782.
Jo BATES, -is, v. -ae, a king of Ly-
cia, the father of Sthenoboea, the wife
of Pmetus, who fent Bellerophon a-
gainit the Chimaera, (G. 393.) Apol-r
lodor. 2, 3. ; Hygin. 57.
JOCASTA, the daughter of Creon,
and wife of Laius, kir>g of Thebes ;
after
Ignorantly mar
own ion by Laius
1 0 L [
after wbofe death fae
ried Oedipus, her
and had by him Eteocles and Poly-
nlces. Having difcovered the truth,
flie hanged herfelf in defpair, (G.
429,)
iOLAS, -ae, the name of a fliepherd
in Virgil, E. 2, 57, et 3, 79. f 2.
A Trojan flain by Catillus of Tibur,
Virg. ken, II, 640.
ioLAUS, the fon of IpliJclus, Apol-
loder. 2, 3, II. a Thtban ; hence cal-
led HyanteuSf (i. e. Thebajius^) Ovid.
Met. 8, 310, who afljftcd Hercules in
deftroying the hydra, Jlpollodor. 2,4, 2.
faid to I'.ave been reilored to youth
in his old age by Hebe, O'v'uL Met. 9,
399, &c. ^2. The fon of Iphiclus
and Diomedea ; called ufually Pro-
tefilaus, Hygin. 103.
ioLE, -esi the daughter of Eurytus,
king of Oechalia, [F'uL EuRyr us,)
beloved by Hercules ; after whofc
death (he married Hyllus, the fon of
that hero, Ovid. Met. 9, 279. (G.
401.)
iON, 'On'iSt the fon of Xuthus,
an Athenian ; from whom firil the
country on the north of the Corin-
thian gulf, and afterwards part of Afia
Minor, w^as called Ionia, (G. 409.)
«][ 2. An inhabitant of Pifa, a fol-
dier in the Theban war, Stat. Thcb. 8,
ioPAs, -ae, a mufician at tne court
of Dido, who had been inftrucled by
Atlas ; defcribed, as having long hair,
(crinlluSf) according Lo the cullom of
harpers, probably in imitation of A-
polio, P^irg. ylen. i, 740, et Ihi Serv.
ioPE, (al. /&/?,) -esj a nymph, Pro-
pci-t. 2, 28, 51.
Joseph us, the celebrated Jevviili
liiftorian, who being made prifoner by
Nicanor, one of the officers of Vefpa-
fian, the governor of Judaea, and be-
ing ordered by that commander to be
put in chains, preditled, that he fhould
loon be releafcd by the fame Vefpafian,
when made emperor, Suet. Vefp. 5. ;
Jofe.pl3. de Bell. JiuL 3, 14, (al.'2 7.)
Jo VI?, ufcd aucieutly in the nom.
2C7
- for
1 I P H
Jupiter, Far. L. L. ']i 7^^,f.zn^
alfo by later writers, Petron. 47, & 58.;
^J'c?"- 53' 54» 63, 75, &c.
Iphianassa, one of the daughters
of Proetus, and wife of Melampus,
(G. 393. vld. Proetus et Melam-
pus.) ^ 2. A name given to Iphi-
genla, (genit. Iphianajsa'h for -ae),
Lucr. I, 86.
IPHiCLES, -IS, or Iphiclus, -/,
a Theban, the fon of Amphitryon and
Alcm.ena, born at the fame birth with
Hercules, Apollodor. i, 8, 2. et 2, 7,
3. When Hercules killed the two
fnakes fent by Juno to deftroy him ,in
his cradle, Iphiclus is faid to have dif-
covered ilrong marks of fear, Id. 2,
4, 8. Serv. ad Vhg. Jen. 8, 288.
<|y 2. A king of Phylace, a city of
Theflaly, (G. 322.) the father of Pro-
tefilaus, Apollodor. 3, 9, 8. ; Hygin. 103,
et 173.; Ovid. Ep. 13, 25. ^ 3.
One of the Argonauts, the fon of
Theflius, JpollodGr. i, 9, 16.
IPHICRaTES, -is, an Athenian
general, diilinguifhed for his fliill in the
military art, and for the improvements
he made in the armour of the foot-fol-
diers, Nep. 11, i.
IPHIGENIA, the daughter of Aga-
memnon, oifered up as a facrifice to ap-
peafe the wrath of Diana, and to pro-
cure favourable winds for the Graeciaii
fleet, then weather-bound at Aulis,
Virg. A en. 2, 116.; Propert. 3,5,53. ;
Cic. Tufc. I, 48. But others fay, that,
while (he was juft about to be facriil-
ced, (lie was refcued by Diana, who
fubtlituted an hart in her ftead, hence.
Nee fperet tragicae fiirtiva piacula cerva,
he cannot hope that his dauglijter will
be fecretly carried off as Iphigenia was,
and a hart fubftituted as an expiation
to Diana, in her llead. The hart is
called tragicay becaufe this incident was
often exhibited in acling the tragedy
of Iphigenia on the ilage, Juveyial. 12,
120. Diana is faid to have conveyed
her in a cloud to Taur^icay w^here '^c
became the prieilefs of the altar of that
goddefs, (G. 406.)
Iphimedia, the mother of the gi-
ants,
I P H
r 208 ]
I S I
ants, Otus and Ephialtes. [Vld, Alo-
EUS.)
Iphinoe, -es, the eldeft of the
daughters of Proetiis, JpoUodor. 2, 2,
2. C| 2. One of the women of Lem-
nos, that flew their -hufoands, and en-
tertained Jafon and his companions,
Val Flacc. 2, 162, & ^27.
Iphis, -id'is^ (ace. Iph'm, Ovid. Met.
14, 753. abl. Iph'ide, ib. 9, 667.) a young
man of Salamis in Cyprus, of mean ex-
traction, who having fallen defperately
in love with Anaxaretc, a girl of noble
birth, and on that account being trea-
ted by her with coldnefs and contempt,
hanged hirrfelf. Anaxarete, looking
out to his funeral, as it pafled along,
was turned into a (lone, Ovid. Met. T4,
698, — 760. <}[ 2. A Cretan girl,
whom her mother Telecufa brought up
as a boy, to deceive her hufhand Lig-
diis, who being in narrow circumllan-
CC3, according to the cruel cuftom of
the ancients, had ordered the child, if
a daughter, to be killed. Iphis being
betrothed by her father as a hufband
to I ANT He, was, by the power of His,
on the day of her nuptials, changed in-
to a male, Ovid. Met. 9, 665, &c. ad
Jiji.^-^- ^ 3. A fon of Mercury's, one
of the Argonauts, Val Flacc. 1,441.
^ 4. An Argive, flain by Atha-
mas in the Theban war, Stat. Theb. 8,
445. ^ 5. The fon of AleCior,
who fliowed PolynTces a method of in-
ducing Amphiaraus to accompany him
to the war againft Thebes, ApoUodor.
3, 6, 2. ^ 6. The father of Evad-
ne, the wife of Capdneus ; whence fhe
is called IPHIAS, -ad'is, Ovid. Art.
Am. 3, 22.; Pont. 3, I, III.; Trill.
5, 14, 38. (G. 431.)
IPHiTl'S, the fon of Eurytus,
king of Oechalia, and brother of lole,
(G. 401.)- <[} 2. A Trojan, enfee-
bled by age, {gravior ann'is), the com-
panion of Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 2, 435.
■ ^ 3. A king of EHs, who retto-
red the Ohmpic games, which had
iird been inftituled by Hercules, (G.
282.;
Ip£EA, the mother of Medea, Ovid.
is/. 17,232.
IRIS, Irtdisi (ace. Irim, v. Ir'w ;
voc. /W), the goddefs of the rainbow,
the daughter of Thaumas, {jThauman.'
tiaSf -adis), Stat. Silv. 3,3, 8.; the mef-
fenger of Juno, (nuncia jfunonis), Ovid.
Met. I. 270, et II, 585, et 14, 830. ;
hence called Iris jfunonia, ib, 14, 85.
beautifully defcribed, Virg. Aen. 4,
700. ; fuppofed to draw water from the
earth to the clouds, (G. 6^.')
IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, of a
large lize, but ugly and feeble ; fup-
ported by the fuitors of Penelope on
account of his drolleiy ; flain by Ulyf-
fes. {Vid. G. 457.)
IsAEUs, a celebrated Athenian ora-
tor, ^dnuil. 12, 10, 2 2.; the mailer
of Demofthenes ; prailed by Juvenal,
3, 74. Several of his orations are ilill
extant. There was a Roman orator of
the famft name, who is extolled by Pli-
ny the younger, Ep. 2, 3. ; to whom
fome think Juvenal alludes, ib.
ISIS, Isidis^ Ifidi^ IJim, v. -///, JJiy
Ifulcy a goddefs of the Egyptians, fup-
pofed by the poets to be the fame with
lo, the daughter of Inachus ; hence
called In AC HIS, Ovid. Met. 9, 686.;
and the river Inachus, Aveclae (fc. in
Aegyptum) pater Ifidis^ Lucan. 6,
363. Her image was covered with fine
linen ; whence flie is called Linigera
juvenca, Ovid. Art. Am. 1,77. Linige-
ra Ifis; Id. Amor. 2, 2, 25. ; Pont, i,
I, 51. ; and tliofe who worfhipped her
were dreifed in a llneu robe, Suet. 0th.
1 2. ; whence her priefts are called Turba
linigera, Ovid. I, 747. ; Add, Lucmu
10,175. Grex limgery Juvenal. 6, 532.
and when about to celebrate her facred
rites, clofcly iliaved their heads ; whence
they are called Grex calvus, ib. Lint-
geri cahii Martial. 12, 29, 19. Ifis
carried in her right hand zfijirum, by
a ftroke of which flie was luppofed to
infiift difeafes, Juvenal. 13, 93. Her
priells alfo carried a fiilrum, Perf. 5,
186. ; Ovid. Met. 9, 776. whence they
are called Sift rata turba. Martial. 12,
29. The worfhip of Ifis, and other
Egyptian deities, was admitted at
Rome towardj the end of the republic,
which
t S U I
which Lucan mentions with indigna-
tion, 8, 831. Tacitus fays, that a
part of the S^fevi in Germany facri-
ficed to Ifis, cie Mor, Germ. 9.
Isi Acus, -/, 3 pricft of Ifis, Stie\ Dom.
1.; Fal.Max.'], 3,8. Ifiac'i foc'iy
the altars of Ifis, Qvid. Pont, i, I, 52.
Ifaci conjedores, priclls of Ifis, who
preiended to be fortune-tellers, Cic.
Div. ex {innio poeia, i, 58.
IsMENE, -fSf a daughter of Oedi-
pus, betrothed to Athys or Atys, a
youth of Cyrra, who was flain by Ty-
dcus before the nuptials ; called y^ge-^
norea Ifmene, i. e. Thehamiy becaufe
Thebes was founded by Cadmus, the
fon of Agenor, Stat. Theh. 8, <^z,^. Sec.
Ism EN us, a fon of Apollo and
Melia, one of the Nereides^ who gave
name to the river Ismenus in Boeotia,
near Thebes, Paufan. 9, 10.
ISOCRaTES, 'is, an Athenian o-
rator, called by Cicero the father of
eloquence, Or. 2, 3. contemporary with
Plato, Clc. Or. 6. His houfe was, as
it were, the rhetorical fchool of ail
Greece, Ck. Brut. 8. He rarely fpoke
in public himfelf, but compofed ora-
tions for others, ih. 12.; ^nn&ll. 3,
T, 14. He is faid to have written
his famous oration, or book called
PanathenaicuSf in the 94th year of his
age, and to have lived five years af-
ter, Cic. Sen. 5, & 7.; ^inail. ib.
About thirty-one of his orations are
flill extant.
209 ] i\3 c
IToNUS, vd Ithmus, tlie firft king
of ThelTaly, who is faid to have invent-
ed the art of melting metals, and of
coining money, Lucan. 6, 402.
ITYS, -yns.y (ace. -yn), the fon of
Tereus, a king of Thrace, (Tercides
puer)y Ovid, in Ibide ; killed by his mo-
ther Prognc, and ferved up as a feafi:
to his father, to revenge the injury done
by him to Philomela, the filler of Prog-
ne. Itys was changed into a pheafant,
{G. 419.) He is called by CatuUua
IryLus, 64, 14.
JUBA, a king of Mauritania, who
joined the party of Pompey in the civil
war, and defeated Curio, (^."z^. ) But
at laft being vanquifhed by Caefar, in
the battle of Thapfus, {^vid. Caes-\r,
p, 72.) and being deferted by his fub-
je6ls, he flew himfelf by the afliftance oi"
a (lave, Hirt. B. Afr. 94. — — Juba, his
Script ores, qui funt
ah IJocrate, the followers of Ifocrates,
^linSlil. ^, 2, 31. i. e. Ifocratem fecuti.
Id. 9, 4, 35. Adj. IsOCRATEUS.
Thus, Placet omma did Ifocrateo more,
"in the manner of Ifocrates, Cic. Or. 61.
JJocratea ratio oratoria, the oratorial rules
of Ifocrates, or his art of rhetoric, Cic.
Fam. I, 9, 6'.
iTz\LUS, a king of Sicily, who
fettled in that part of Italy where Tur-'
iius afterwards reigned ; and gave his
name to the country, which it ilill re-
tains, Scrv. ad Virg. Aen, I, 530. ;
Dionyf. I, 12.
Ithyphallus, a name of Priapus,
Col !o, 32,
fon, was led in triumph by Caefar, but
afterwards recovered his father's king-
dom by the favour of Auguftus, and
married Cleopatra, the daughter of An-
tony, Dio, 51, 15. He was greatly dif-
tinguifhed for his learning : he wrote SL
hiilory of Rome in Greek, and feveral
other works, which were much efteem-
ed, Plin. 6, 27, &C. — = — -Julae tellus^
Mauritania, Hnr* Od. i, 2 3, 15*
JUGURTPIA, a king of Numi-
dia, the grandfon of Mafmiffa, re-
markable for his cunning and cou-
rage, conquered by Marius^ (y. "u, ) by
whom, being led in triumph, he is faid
to have been killed in prifon, Sallujh
Jug- I f^. ; Plutarch, in Mario. Hence
Marias is faid, Frangere colla ^Tttgurthae^
Lucan. 9, 6wC. and when to fave him-
felf from Sulla, he was obliged to fly
to Africa ; Nuda triumphati jacitit per
VFgna Jugurthae, ib. 2. 9Q. File (fc.
Marius) Jugurthmo clarus Cimhroque
triumphoy famous for his triumph over
Jugurtha and the Cimbri, O'Sid. Pont.
4, 3, 45. BcUum Jugurthiniim, the war
againft Jugurtha, Hor, Epod. 9, 23.
'Jugurthinae conjurationis invidia^ the o-
dium of being concerned as a party to
fupport Jugurtha, or of being bribed
by him, Cic. Brut. ^t,. ^aejlio conju-»
D d ratiQrils
I U L [2
railonh jfugufthinaey the inquifition into
the conduA of thofe who were thus
concerned or corrupted, Cic. N. D. 3,
30. ; Salluj}. yt'g. 40. yugurthinae con'
ditor hjftor'mey the hiftonan of the Ju-
gurthine war, i. e. SaUuft, ^nn5lil. 8,
3, 29.
iULUS, called Afcanius, the fon of
Aeneas, according to Virgil, by Crtu-
fa ; but Livy fays it is unceriain whe-
ther by Creufa or Latinia. The ac-
count of Dlonyfius is different from
both, [ind, G. 191.)
JULIA gensf the Julian clan, which
claimed lulus as the author of its name,
Lh. 1, 3. Julius Caefar, in particular,
wiflied it to be believed, that the branch
of it to which he belonged, [famtlia
Caefarum), was defcended from lulus,
(fl P^'enere lulii, [c. funt ; ciijus gerd'is fa-
milia ejl nrjlra)^ Suet. 6. ; Dio, 41, 34.
tt 43, 22. Julius a magno dmijfum
nomen lulo, Virg. Acn. i, 288. After
the deftrudlion of Alba, the JuHi are
iirft mentioned among the chiefs of the
Albans, chofen by Tullus into the pa-
trician order at Rome, {^in pat res lecft)y
liiv, I, 30. Or'igo yullae gentisy Tac.
Ann. 4, 9. Julius men/is, the
month formerly called ^'mli/is, named
Julius y from Juhus Caefar, (A. 327.)
JuLiAE hgeSi laws paffed by Ju-
lius Caefar and Augulhis, (A. 203.)
^\ji.\\jn fiJuSy the Julian ftar, i. e. a
comet which appeaved after the death
of Caefar, Hor. Od. 1,12, 47. and was
fuppofed to be the foul of Caefar, after
he was received into heaven, Sud. Caef.
88. On which account the mark of a
ftar was affixed to the head of the lla-
tue which Auguilus dedicated to Caefar
an the Forum, Plin, 2, 25. Domus
Julia^ the Julian family, Ovul. Faft. 4,
40. Julius partus, a harbour made
by Auguftus near Baiae, by letting in
the fea to the Lucrine lake, and the
lake Avernus, Suet. Jug. 16. ; whence
Virgil calls the water thus let in Jidia
jinda, G.2, 163. yuliatempla, the tem-
ple of Venus, built by Julius Caefar,
Qvld. Pont 4, 5, 21. lulhis, in 4
fyll. Tempus yule'is eras ejl naiaie Kalen-
d'iSf to-morrow will be the calends, or
!0 1 JUL
firil day of July, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 797.
Surgit luleo ju'venis cognomine digrtus, i. e.
Germanicus, Ovid. Pont. 2, 5, 49. Geri'
its luleae nomina fanSa fero, I bear the
facred name of Auguftus, I venerate his
divinity, ib. i, i, 46. Et tot Juleae no-
bili'atis avos, fc. 'videt, fees fo many an-
ceilors defcended from the noble race
of lulus, Id, Fajl. 5, 564. Ut fcilicet
olim magnus Juleos Caefar haheret avos^
ib. 4, 124. Jctia Julaeae pelagus monU'
menta carinae, gf the fhips of Auguftus,
Propert. 4, 6, 17. Cujus luleae ca~
piti nafcantur Glivae, on whofe head the
Julian olives grow, i. e. who is to be
crowned with olive by Caefar, i. e. by
Domitian, Martial 9, 36, 9. — Poffef-
five adj. Julian us ; JuUani, fc. militeSf
the foldiers of Caefar, Suet. Caef. 75.
Vedigalia JuUana, the taxes impofed
by. Julius Caefar, Cic. Phil. 13, 15.
JULIA, the daughter of Juhus
Caefar, by Cornelia, the daughter of
Cinna, Suet. Caef. i. married firft to
Servilius Caepio, whom her father o-
bliged her to divorce that (he might
marry Pomper, ib. 2 1 . The unfortu-
nate death of this amiable woman,
broke the connexion between her fa-
ther and hufband, ib. 26. et Paterc. 2,
47. ; and their difagreement foon after
gave rife to the civil wars, which ter-
minated in the extinftion of the liber-
ties of Rome ; hence Lucan, Tufola
furentem Inde 'virum poteras, atque hinc
rctirere parentem ; Morte tua difcuf-
fa Jldes, bellumque mover e Permiffum eji
ducihus, I, 125. i^Vid. Pompeius.)
^ 2. The only daughter of Au-
guftus, Infamous for her lewdnefs, Tac.
Ann. I, s?>' (G. 244.)
JuLiANUs, {Titius vel Tertlus), a
lieutenant of Otho's, prefented with
confular ornaments for his bravery,
Tac. Hi/l* I, 79. He afterwards join-
ed the party of Vefpafian, ib. 2, 85.
et 4, 39, 2c 40.
Salvius Ju LI ANUS, a lawyer, who,
by the order of the emperor Adrian,
collected and arranged all the edlAs of
the praetors, and formed them into
one, called Edictum Perpetuum,
Eutrcp, 8, sj.
Didius
JUL [211
Dldius Julian us, the grandfon or
great-grand foil oFthe former, a wealthy-
lawyer, who, after the mnrderof Com-
modus, bribed the praetorian cohorts
to make him e:nperor ; but he was
(lain In a fliort rime after, by order of
Sevenis his fucceiTor. Spartianus fays
that JuHan was emperor only two
months and five days, r. 9. Dio fays,
fixty-fix days, 73, 17. Eutropius
fays, feven months, 8, 17. So Victor,
Ep'tt. c. 19. who by miftake afcribes
the arrangeinent of the praetorian e-
Aidis to this JuUan, Je Caef. 19.
Jul I AN us, the fon of Conftantius,
the brother of Conftantine the Great,
who fucceeded liis coufin-german Con-
ftantius, the fon of Conftantine, in the
empire, a. u. 11 13. A. D. 361. — cal-
led the Apojlate, from his relinquifhing
Chriftianity, and reiloring the Pagan
worfliip. He perilhed in an expedi-
tion againft the Perfians, in which Eu-
tropius fays he was prefent, 10, 16.
(G. 249.)
JUNIA gem^ a patrician clan;
whence was defcended L. Junius Bru-
tus, who expelled Tarquin ; but the
Bruti who flouriflied towards the end
of the republic, were of plebeian ex-
traction, V'ld. Brutus. — Several of
the name of Junius are mentioned in
Cicero, Ver. i, 6, Jt &i. 50. N. D, 2,
3. Leg. 3, 20, &c.
JUNIA, the daughter of D. Ju-
nius Silanus, the ni^ce of Cato, the
half-fifter of Brutus, (FzV/. Servilia,)
and the wife of Calfius, who lived
fixty-four years after the battle of Phi-
lippi in great opulence, and died under
Tiberius, Tac. Ajin. 3, 76.
JUNO, -onis, the fifter and wife of
Jupiter, (Jut germana marliiy) Ovid.
Fail. 4, 17. called Saturn i a from her
father ; Reglna or Regia, as being
queen of the gods ; Pronuba, as be-
ing the goddefs of marriage ; Lu-
CINA, as prefiding over births, Slc.
(G. 359. ji. 275.) — put for a wife,
Rlaut. Caf. 2, 3, 14. Men/is Ju-
NONius, the month of June, facred
to Juno, Ovid, FaL 6, 61. called
] J tr p
alfo jfunonale fempuT, ib. 63. ; j4vU
Junonia, the peacock, Ovid. Art. Am»
I, 627.; Junonia templa. Id. Trift. 2,
291. yunontcolae Falifcij worfliip-
pers of Juno, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 49. .
jfunonigenaj -ae^ m. Vulcan the fon of
Juno alone, without the participation
of Jupiter, Ovid. Met. 4, 173. (G.
365.)
JuPiTER, Jovis, the chief god
of the Greeks and Romans, (G 358,
&c. A. 275.) yet fometimes rcprefent-
ed by the poets as committing the
groffeft crimes, (G. 384, 391, 395,
&c.) Hence, A deo fenuerunt Jupiter et
Mars ? (fc. ut ftupra in montibus et
filvis perpttrare non poffmt,) jfuvenaL
6, 59. In gentral, however, he is de-
fcribed, as he ought to be, the friend
of virtue, and enemy of vice ; whence,
Sivivere cum Jove tendis, if you wifh to
pleale Jupiter by the integrity of your
life, Perf. 5, 139. — Jupiter was fup-
pofed to throw the thunderbolts and
lightning [ignis Jovis-, Virg. A. I,
42.) with his right hand, [rubente dex-
trdi Hor, Od. {, 2, 2. et 3, 3, 6.)
whence they are called his weapons,
[tela jfovis,) Lucan. 7, 197. ; and
Jupiter himfelf is called Ton an s, the
Thunderer, Ovid. Met. i, 170.2,466,
kc. Martial. 7, 59. 8, 39, &c
Pythagoras fuppofed the deity to be the
loul of the univerfe, Cic. N. D. i, 11.
So nearly the Stoics, {ipfum mundum^
dtum ejfcy et ejus animi fiijionem univer-
fani,) ib. 15. Hence, Jupiter ej}^ quod-
cunque vides, quocunque moverisy Lucan.
9, 580. So Virgil, Jbvis omnia plena^
E. 3, 60,
Jupiter Is often put for the air or
ficy, (Chryfippus difputat^ aether a ejfe
eum quern homines Jovem appellant^) Cic.
N. D. I, 15. Hence, Sub Jove fri*
gidof under the cold air, Hor. Od. i,
1, 25. ^ofubdioi Ib. 2, 3,23. Ju->
piter humidus (al. uvidus) aujlris^ the
air moift with the fouth winds, Virg.
G. I, 418. So Madidus Jupiter , a
moift atmofphere. Martial. 7. 35.
Phirimus et laeto defcendet Jupiter imbri,
Y'ug. E. 7, 60. Et jam maturis mC"
D d 2 tmndus
J UP [21
iuendus yup'ifer uvis, and Jupiter, or
the air, is to be feared, even when the
grapes are ripe, Id. G. 2, 419. Fre-
meret faeva qtium grandine vernus yupiter,
the air in fpring, Juvenal. 5, 79. Malus
yup'iter^ bad or inclement air, Hor. Qd,
1,22, 19. Terra non ind'tga Jovis, a coun-
try that does not need rain, i. e. Egypt,
Luc an. 8, 447. So Id. g, 436. — Jovis
ales, the bird of Jupiter, i. e. the
eagle, Virg. Aen. i, 594. called alfo
his armour bearer, i^. 5, 255. Jupiter
avisf i. e. Jupiter transformed into aa
eagle, P roper t. 2, 30, 30. Siygius
Jupiter, i. e. Pluto, /^/V^. ^f/z. 4, 638.
Nigri Jovis regiia, the infernal re^^ions,
Senec. Her, Oet, 13. {Fid. G. 359.)
Justin us, the epitomifer of the
hiftory of Trogus Pompeius, who is
thought to have lived under the An-
tonincs j but this is not certain. Juf-
tin's abridgment is ftill extant, in
forty-four books, entitled, HiJIoria-
rum Philipplcarurn et totius mundi Origi-
num et terrae Jit us ex "Trogo Pompelo ex-
cerptarurriy Libri XLIV. It feems that
Trogus called his work the Philippic
Hiilory, becaufe it treated chiefly con-
cerning the Macedonian empire found-
ed by Philip, or concerning Philip and
his fuccefTors.
JuTURNA, a Latin nymph, the fifter
of Turnus, violated by Jupiter, F'irg.
Jen. 12, 139, .^c.
Decimus Junius JUVENILIS, an
exceilent poet, born at Aquinum,
Juv. 3, 319. contemporary with Mar-
tial, who infcribed to him three of his
epigrams, 7, 23, & 90. et 12, 18.
Juvenal was at firft bred to the lludy
of eloquence, and he is thought not to
have applied to poetry .till late in life.
Sixteen of his fatires are Hill extant,
which many prefer to thofe of Horace ;
but they are written in a very different
flyle. It is faid that Juvenal, having
offended Paris, a pantomime player,
in great favour vvith I)omitian, was
banilhed at an advanced age to Egypt,
where he died. Suet, feu P rob. in vita ejus,
Qthers fuppofe that he returned after
the death of l^pnaitian, and wrote his
I 1 LAB
fifteenth fatire, on the religions dif-
ferences and fupcrftitions of Egypt ;
Fid. Pelopea.
JUVENTA, -ae, the l^me with
Hebe, the. goddefs of youth, Ovid. Potif,
1, 10, II. but oftener of the third de-
clenfion, Juventas, -atis, Hor. Od.
I, 30, 7.; Cic. Tuf. I, 26. Brut. 18,
Att. I, 18. ;. Liv. 5, 54. 21, 62. f/36,
^6.', Plin. 29, 4 f. 14.
JuvENTius, the fu-ll plebeian that
was made curule edile, Cic. Plane,
24.
IX ION, 'Cnis, the fon of Phlegyas,
a king of Thcflaly, the father of the
Centaurs ; who having been admitted
by Jupiter to an entertainment of the
gods, attempted to violate Juno. On
this account he was ftruck with thun-
der to Tartarus, and by the order of
Jupiter tied with twifted fnakes, Serv,
ad Firg, G. 3, 38. to a wheel which
continually turns round, (G. 438.);
hence, Atque Ixionii vento rota conjiiiit
orhis, the whirling of Ixion's wheel
ilopt with its wind, or with the wind
that moved it, (al. cantu, at the fmg-
ing of Orpheus,) Firg.G. 4, 484.
IxIoNiDES, -ae, Perithous, the fon of
Ixlon, Propert. 2, I. 38.; Ovid^ Met^
8, S^^'
Labdacus, the father of Laius,
and grandfather of Oedipus, king of
Thebes, Apollochr. 3, ^, l*', whence
Polynices, the fon of Oedipus, is cal-
led from his great-grandfather, Lab-
DACiDEs, -AE, Stat, Thch, 6, 451.
Labdacius dux, lb, 3, 418. Labda-
CIDAE, 'dru?n, m. the Thebans, ///.
10, 36.
Labeo, 'onis, a firname of the
Antijlii, /^fconii, Cethegi, &c. feid to>
have been given to fome one from his,
large lips, Plin. 1 1 , 37 f. 60.
M. Aniijlius LABEO, a celebrated
lawyer in the time of Augullus and
Tiberius, remarkable for his indepen^
dent fpirit, {incorruptd libertate,) Tac.
Ann. 3 J 75. which he always expreiTed-
without
LAB C 21
without regarding eitiier tlie fmiles or
frowns of the emperor, Suet, /lug- 54. ;
JD'tOf 54, 15. ; fomt'times^ however, as
his more obfequious rival Accius Capito
alleged, without prudence, (Sed agi-
tahatt inqult, hoynlnem libertas qumdam
tilmia aiq^ie Tecots,) Gell. 13, 12. ;
whence Horace ridicules him for his
infanity, [Laheone inJan'iDr inter Sanos
habeatur,) Sat. i, 3,82. et ibi Scoliaft.
Bentley thinks that Horace does not
here allude 10 Antiilius Labeo, but to
cue Labienus, mentioned by Seneca,
Contr. ^ pr. and that therefore we Ihould
lead Lab'ieno, Poffihly a different per-
fon of the name of Labeo is meant. 7-
Labeo feems to have retained the re-
publican principles of his father, who
fought at the battle of Philippi under
Brutus, and after their defeat, having
refolved not to furvive the lofs of pub-
lic liberty, ordered himfelf to be dif-
patched by one of his domcilics, whom
he enfranchifed, that he might not
fall by the hands of a flave, App'ian. 4,
p. 669. — Labeo never rofe higher than
the office of praetor, whereas Capito
was promoted to the confuifhip, Tac.ih,
Wc are told by Pomponius, that the
confulfliip for part of the year was of-
fered to Labeo, and rejected, Dige/I.
I, 2, 47. — Labeo is often mentioned
in the Digeil as an oracle of law. He
15 faid to have left behind him no Icfs
than 500 volumes on that fubjeft,
many of which were extant in the
time of JuHinian, ib,
Laberius, a Roman eques^ a com-
pofer of mimic performances or farces,
(miimts \t\ mlmographusy) dc. Fam. 7,
II. et 12, 18.; H^r, Sai, I, 10, 6.
At the games exhibited by Caefar, he
adled one ol his own plays, {mmium
Juvm egiii) Suet.Caef. 39.
T, \Attius. LABIeNUS, a tribune
ii] the time of Cicero's confulate, who
accufed C. Rabirius of trealon before
the people, for having many years be-
fore killed Saturninus, C'lc. RaLlr.
Perd. 1. — afterwards one of Caefar's
h'eutenants in Gaul, Caef. B. G. i,
21, &c. In the beginning of the civil
3 1 LAD
war he left Gaefar and joined Pompey»
Cic. An. 7, II, & 12.; on which ac-
count he was little refpeded, Ck. Att.
S, 2.. Hence, Fort is in annis Caefare.is
Labienus erat ; nunc transfuga 'vilis,-
Lucan. 5, 345. He efeaped from the
battle of Pharfalia, Cic. Fam. i, 32,
and was flain in the battle of Munda,
Hirt. Bell. Hifp. 31. -Labieniani
GciUiy Gauls ferving under Labienus,
Hirt. B. AJr. 29.
Labi'llus, a rich man at Rome,
whom Martial exeufes himfelf from at-
tending on as a client, 11, 25. and
complains that he wifned to be elteem-
ed liberal by giving contemptible pre-
fents. He therefore calls him, Opti^
mus malorum, the moil munificerit of
miiers, 12, 36, 7. ; but compared with
generous patrons, Ultinms bonorum^ the
meanell or leaft munificent of the truly-
liberal, ib, V. 10.
LABycAS, -ae^ a beautiful youth.
Martial. 7, 86, 9.
Laches, -his,, a praetor of the A-
thenlans, Cic. Div, i, 54.
Lachesi-s, -isf one of the three
Parcae or fates, [G. 389.) who was
fuppofed to fpin the thread of human
life; whence, Dum fuperejl Lachcfi quod
torqueaty whiKt Lacheiis has fome thread
to fpin, i. e. whilil I have the appear-
ance of living for fome time, 'Ju'v. 3,
27.
L ACT AD a E,. thofe of the fame Curiae
(curialds) with Cimon at Athens, Cic,
Of. 2, iB f.
LAcyDES, "isi a phlloiopher of the
middle academy, the fcholar of Arce-
Silas, Cic. Acad, 4, 6.
Ladas, -aCi a rcrsarkable runner at
the Olympic games, A. ad Heren. 4, 3.;
the fwifteil of. his age, Paufan. 2, 19.
3,21.^/10, 23. ; yldd. Catuil. 55, 25, j
but faid to have been poor, Ju-venaL
13, 97. Habeas licet alteram pedem
Ladae, Inept e^ f^^ifira crure Hgneo curres^
Suppole you liav? one foot, as fwift
as that of Ladafi, and the other of
wood, you will attempt to run in vain,
(fo you will as little get the character
o.f a poet by intermixing my verfes
with
LAD
with your own.) Martial. lO,
r
100, 5.
^id Ji per grac'iles vlas petauri Inv'ttum
jtibeas Subire Ladam ? What if you
fhould order Ladas agalnft his will td
mount the machine called Petaurusy
and become a rope-dancer ? (he would
fcorn fuch an exercife. So poets of
genius difdain to write verfes on trifling
fubjefts.) Martial. 2, 86, 7.
Lades-, -ae, the fon of Imbrafus
{^Lnhrasnhs,) a Lycian, one of the
companions of Aeneas ; flain by Tur-
nus, Virg,u4en. 12, 343. ^
Ladon, -onls, a Trojan flain by
Halefus, Virg. Jen. 10, 413. f 2.
A failor on the Tiber, Martial. 10, 85.
' 11 3' ^"^ of Actaeon's dogs, (al.
Lagon,) Ovid. Met. 3, 216.
M. Porcius LaeC'., an accomplice
in the confpiracy of Catihne, Sallujl,
17. in whofe houfe the confpirators
met, ih. 26. In Cicero, he is called
M. Lecca, Cic. Cat. I, 4.
Laelaps, -apis, (i. e. Tempejlas,^
the name of the dog of Cephalus, Ovid.
Met, 7, 772. which his wife Procris
gave him in a prefent, having hetfelf
got him from Diana, ih. 753- ; fofwift
that no beail could efcape him, Hygin.
f. 389 ^ 2. One of the dogs of
A^laeon, ih. f. 181.
LAELltTS, the name of a Roman
gens.
C. Laelius, the commander of the
Roman fleet in the fecond Punic war,
under Scipio, Liiu 26, 42. prefenced
with a golden crown and thirty oxen
for his bravery, ih. He was the chief
affiftant of ijcipio in all his exploits,
Un^. 27, 7. 29, 1,-15: H^ ^'^3
made conful with L. Scipio, the bro-
ther of Africanus, a. u, 563, Id. 36,
45.; Cic. Phil. II, 7. f 2. Ihc
Con of the former ; called Sapiens, on
account of his wifdom, Cic. Off. 2, II.
ct 3, 4, &c. ; the companion and friend
of Scipio Africanus, the younger ;
concerning whom Cicero fays many
things in his book on friendfliip, [De
Jmicitia,) which he infcribes with the
name of Laelius. — Horace celebrates
the gentlenefs and good fenfe of Lae-
lius, Sat. 2, I, 72%
214 1 LAI
Laenas, -atis, a firname of the ^^»j
Popilia ; firll given to M. Popilius, be-
caufe, when conful, being informed of
an infurrcdlion of the people againfl the
patricians, while engaged in a folema
facrifice, he rufhed out to the affembly,
clothed as he was with his facerdotal
robe, (laend), and quafhed the fedition,
Cic. Brut. 14.
Laenius. Vid. Lenius.
Laertes, -ae,, the fon of Acrifius,
or Arcefius, Ovid. Met. 1 3, 144. and fa-
ther of Uiyfles, (G. 453.) vvho is hence
called Laertiades, Ovid. Met. 13,
48.; Ltican. ad Pif. 6i. Laertius
herds, Ovid. Met. 13, r24. ; and Itha-
ca, his kingdom, Lae^tia rkgna,
Acn. 3, 273.
Laetus, a friend of Cicero's, who
had a houfe at Naples, Cic /Jtt. 4, 9.
Laevin'.'s, a firname of the Vak'
rii, Hor. Sat. I, 6, 2.
P. Valerius \ a :viNus, a conful who
fought againfl; Pyrrhus, and was de-
feated by him, {G. 231.)
M, Valerius 1 AEViN- s, a general
who performed many fignal exploits in
the fecond Punic war, Liv. 23, 24,
30, he. 24, 40, ^'c. He was created
conful in his abfence, Liv 26, 22. ;
and drove the Carthaginians out of all
Sicily, ih. 36. ; Ck. Verr. 3, 54.
Laevus CifpixiSy a lieutenant of Plan-
cus, Cic. Fam. 10, 18, & 20.
Lag us, the father of Ptolemy, the
general of Alexander, and the hrfl; of
the Macedonian kings in Egypt; hence
Cleopatra, in addrefling Caefar, lays,
Pharii proles clarjjjtma Lagi) — Complec-
tor regina pedes, L a queen, defcended
from Ptolemy the illuftrious fon of La-
gus, fall down at your feet, or fuppli-
cate your affiftance, Lucan. 10, 86.
So Regia Lagi) the royal feat of the
kings of Egypt, i. e. Alexandria, ih,
527. Lagea Proles y i. e. Arfmoe,
the younger filler of Cleopatra, ih. 522.
Ultima Lageae jlirpis proles ^ the laft of
the Ptolemies, Id. 8, 692. Lagea do'
musi the royal family of Egypt, put
for the Egyptians, Id. 10, 414. Do'
nata ejl regia Lagi, the kingdom, or
throne of Egypt, Id. $j 62* So Reg^
num
LAI in
num Lagtf Id. lo, 4. /^rva Lagi, the
country of Egypt, LI 8, 443. So Ru-
ra Lagi, ib. 8o2» Lageajuventusy the
Egyptians, Id. 10, 394. Lageus Ni-
lusf the Nile, the river of Efrypt, LI.
I, 684, So Amnis Lageus ^ Sil. i, 196.
Flumina LagU Id. 17, 596.
Lagus, one of the warriors of Tur-
nus, flain by Pallas, Virg. 10, 381,
&c.
Lais, -'idist a famous courtezan of
Corinth, Gelh i, 8. Multis Lais ama-
ta virisi Ovid. Am. 1,5, 12. ; admi-
red even by the philofopher Ariftippus,
Cic. Fam. 9, 26.
Lai"S, a king of Thebes, the fon
of Labdacus, and father of Oedipus,
(G. 429.)
Lalage, -esy the name of a girl ce-
lebrated by Horace, Od. i, 22, 23.
5f ^' ^ ^'^^y reproached for her
cruelty. Martial. 2, 66.
Lamachus, a general of the Athe-
nians in Sicily, flain before Syracufe,
Jujlm, 4, 4.
LAMIA, a firname of the Aelii,
faid to be derived from Lamus, an an-
cient king of the Laejlr'igones^ Hor. Od.
3, 17, I . ; vrho is fuppofed to have been
the fame with that mentioned by Ho-
mer, OdyJ". 10,81. Several illullrious
men of the family of the Lamiae are
mentioned, Cie, poji red. in Sen. 5.
Sext. 13, Fam. 12, 29, et II, 16, &
17. ; Hor. Od. i, 26, 8. Ep. I, 14, 6.;
Tac. Ann. 6, 27. Juvenal ufes La-
miae not only for thofe of that family,
but alfo for the chief nobility of Rome,
6, 385. Hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede ma-
denti. This, (viz. his becoming an ob-
jeft of terror to people of the mcaneft
rank), proved fatal to Domitian, reek-
ing with the blood oT the Lamiae, and
of the noble ft men in Rome, Juvenal. 4,
154.; Suet. Dom. I, & 10. — —Adj.
HoRTi Lamiani, the gardens of the
Lainiae, Cic. Att. 12,21. ^ 2. A
woman of Segefta \.\\ Sicdy, Cic. Verr.
4, 2f\
Lampedo, 'o. Lampido, a Lace-
deraoTiiai! lady, who is fa id to have been
the only woman in any age that was a
5 1 LAO
king's daughter, a king's wife, and a
king's mother, Plin. 7, 41. She was
the daughter of Leotychidas, the wife
of Archidamus, and the mother of A-
gis, all of them kings of Sparta, Plato
in Alcihiade,
Lampetie, -fj, one of the fifters of
Phaethon, turned into a poplar tree,
Ovid. Met. 2, 349.
Lamus, a king of the Laejlrigones,
{Fid.L,AMiA.) 51 2. A fon of
Hercules by Omphale, queen of Ly-
dia ; whence he is called Lydus LamuSf
Ovid. Ep. 9, 54.
LaoCoON, -ontisy a Trojan, the
prieft of Neptune, who ftrongly advi-
fed his countrymen not to admit the
wooden image of a horfe, made by the
Greeks, into the city, and even fhot a
dart into its fide, Virg. Aen. 2, 41, &c.
In a Ihort time after, while he was fa-
crificing on the fiiore, two huge fnakes
having fwum from Tenedos, made
ftraight towards him, and firft devour-
ed the bodies of his two fons, (little
boys, who probably aflifted him in the
facrifice) ; then, while^he attempted to
afliU them, the ferpents folding round
his middle, difpatched him likewife.
The Trojans confidering this as a juft
punifhment on Lacc5on for his impie-
ty, in having violated the facred image,
carried the horfe filled with armed men
into the city, and placed it in the cita-
del. The armed men next night being
let out by Sinon, opened the gates, ad-
mitted their companions, and took the
town, Ib. 201, &c.
Laodamia, the wife of Protesila-
us, to whom the accounts of the death
of her hufband proved fatal, (G. 460.)
hence, Aut comes extinclo Laodamia viro,
Ovid.Tr. I, 5, 20. (G. 460.) ^ 2.
A daughter of Beilerophon, the mo-
ther of Sarpedon by Jupiier, according
to Homer ; but others make Europa
the mother of Sarpedon, Apoliodor. 3,
I, I.
LAOi>icE,or Laodoce, -es, one of the
daughters of Priam, Hygin. f. 90. •
5[ 2. A nymph beloved by Neptune,
Ovid.Fp, 19, lis-
Lao-
LAP [21
Laodamas, -antisi a fon of Alcf-
nous, who challenged UJyfles to con-
tend with him in boxing, Homer. Od.
8, 130, &c.
IjAOmldon, -OW//J-, a king of Troy,
(G. 187,372,399.) the father of Pn-
am ; who is hence called, Ljomeijoj^'
TTABE~?j Jwoenal. 6, 325. ace. Laome-
dontiaden Pr'uimumy Virg. A en. R, i ^8,
& 162. L^OMEDONTiADAE, the Tro-
jans, defcendants of Laoniedon, by way
of reproach, tb. 3, '248. — LAOMznoN-
rws HERoSy Aeness, ii>. iS. Laome-
elontiapuhes, the Trojan yoiitli, tb. 7,10^.
Laomtdordeae luhnus perjuria '7'rojae, we
have atoned for the perjury of Troy,
buitt or pofieffed by Laomedon, (Avho
defrauded Neptune and Apollo of the
h*re which he promifed them, for af-
iifling him to build t!ie walls of Trov),
Firg. G. I, 502. (Fid G. 372.) Paf.
tor LaomedonfeuSf i. e. Parif, Sid 7,
437. Urbs Laomedonteay Rome, Id.
L.APPA, 'v'uL R.USRENUS.
Lak., Lars, V. Lartesy -isy a name
common to the kings of Etriiria, which
fecms to h'ive denoted their rank or
dignity, Liv. 2, 9. ef 4, 17. ; Cic.
Phil. 9, 9.
Lara, a nymph of the^Tyber, {nviv-
fha Tlberlnis, -7dfSj vel Naisy -idis),
fuppofed to be the daughter of the ri-
ver Almo, deprived of her tongue by
Jupiter, for having told of his amoors
to Juno. The mother of the La-
res by Mercury, O'vid. F'ljl. 2, 599,
&c. called alfo Larunda, Varr. L. L.
4, ro. ; Laclant. i, 20, 35. Her ori-
ginal name was Lala, from her loqua-
city, (>^>fy, hqv.or), Ovid. ib.
Largus, or Largius, a firname of
the Scrihorniy Cic. Or. 2, 59. ; Fam. 6,
8 -«[ 2. A Latin poet, who wrote
a poem on the arrival ot Antenor in
Italy, Galiica qu\ Phry^iwn duxit in ar-
va feneniy who led the Trojan old man,
i. e. Antenor, into the country, of G:iul,
i. e. dcfcribcd his voyage from Phry-
gia, and his fettlement in that part of
Cifalpine Gaul where Pataviurn or Pa-
dua was built, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16, 17.
6 J L A T
LarTdfs, -m, or Larldiis, ?. Volf-
cian or Rutulianf the fon of Daucu?,
and twin-brother of Thymber, to whom
h^- was very like. [Daucia Larlde
Thymherque, JinnlUma pfbles.)' He
had his rigiit hand cut off by Pallas,
yirg. uicn. \o>, 390, &c.
Larina, an Italian virgin that at-
tended Camilla to the war againft Ae-
neas, Virg. Aen. 11,655.
Lartidius, a name of reproach, u-
fed by Cicero to denote a fraudulent
agent ; fignifying, according to fome,
as cunning as Ulyffes, the fon of Laer-
tes ; according to others, the name is
taken from fome noted knave or thief,
Cic. Att. 7, 1.
M. LATERENSIS, a friend of
Cicero's, who would not fland candi-
date for the oiSce of tribune of the
commons, that he might not be obli-
ged to fwear to fupport the Agrarian
law of Caefar, [ne juraret in Caefarii
legem Agrariam)y Cic. Att. 2, 18. Be-
ing repulfed in his application for the
aedileiliip, he accufed his fuccefsful
competitor Plancius of bribery, Cic.
Plane, f . Pie was praetor in the con-
fuliTiip of Marcellus and Paulus, Cic,
P'anu 8, 8. Pie was afterwards the lieu-
tenant of Lepidus, and laid violent
hands on hirnfelf, when Lepidus dtfert-
ed the republican party, and joined
Antony, Cic. Fam. ic, 2i, & 23. Ci-
cero extols bis honour and attachment
to his country,, ib. et Vat. 1 1.
Ijateranus, a noble Roman, put
to death by the command of Nero. He
fubmiited to his fate with wonderful
fortitude, Tac.Ann. 15,49, & 60. His
houfe, ( Lateranae aedes), was fuddenly
befet by a cohort of armed men, and
b.e was fo quickly difpatched, that he
was not permitted to embrace his chil-
dren, ib. ei jfuvenal. 10, 17.; Arrian.
I, r. A magnificent houfe in Rome
ilill retains the nam.e of this family.
Lat?nus, the fon of Faun us and
Marica, a Laurentlan nym.ph ; king of
Latium, when Aeneas arrived in that
country, Virg. A.n, 7, 45, &c. ; Liv.
i n.
19
luKTHsVi
L A T [2
Latinus Syhiins, one of the kings
of Alba, by whom ftveral colonies were
planted, called the ancient Latins,
(Prifc'i LatiniJ, Liv. I, 3.
Latinus, a lieutenant of Calvifius,
the governor of Africa, C'tc. Fam. 12,
Latinius LatiariSj a man of prae-
torian rank, who, to gratify Sejanus,
by the bafeft treachery, procured the
de(lru£lion of Sabinns, the friend of
German icus, Tac. Ann, 4, 68, &c.
After the fall of Sejanus, he met with
the juft punilhment of his guilt, ih. 6,
4-
Latinius PancluSf the pro-praetor
of Moefm, Tac. Ann. 2, 66.
LAT6NA, the mother of A^pollo
and Diana by Jupiter, (G. 365.) ;
whence they are called Latonae duplex
genus, Virg. Aen. J2, ig8. Duo Lato-
nigenae^ Ovid. Met. 6, 160. Apollo is
called Latoides, -ae, .9/^/. Theh. i,
^(i'^. Latous, Omd. Met. 6, 384.
voc. Latocy Herat. Od. I, 31, 18. Piier
Latonae^ ib. 4, 6, 37. Latonae fJ'ius,
Tibuil. 3,4, 72. Latenia proles, Ovid.
Met. 8, 15. Trift. 5, I, 57. Latonia
vel Latomjlirbs, Id. Triil. 3,2, 3. —
Diana is called Latonia, Virg. Acn. 9,
405. ; Ovid. Met. i, 696. et 8, 394. ;
Stat. Theb. 9, 679. Latdia, Ovid.
Met. 8, 541. Latoisy -uiis, v. -ulos. Id.
Ep. 21, 153. — Latoulos arae, the al-
tars of Diana, O-v'id. Met. 8, 278. Ca-
laureae Lato'idos arva, the fields of Ca-
laurea, an ifland facred to Latoi.ia, 0-
iiid. Met. 7, 384. Latdae arae, the al-
tars of Latona, Id. 6, 274. — Delos
Latonia, the ifland Delos, in which
Latona brought forth Apollo and Dia-
na, Virg. G. 3, 6. ; On)] a. in Ihtde, 479.
L-VEiiNA, the goddefs of thieves
and fraudulent perfons, Hor.Ep. 1,16,
60. ; Plant. Aul. 2. 3, 31.
Lavinia, the daughter of king La-
tinus aitd Amata, and the wife of Ae-
neas, (G. 190.)
Laurenti , the wife of Fauftulus,
and nurfe of Romulus and Remus,
'. jLf-u. 1 , 4. Fid. Ace A.
Lausus, the fon of Mezentius, llain
17 1 L E K
by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 10, 8t4,-^-*-*«
f 2. The fon of Numitor, and brother
of Ilia, (lain by his uncle Amulius, 0-
'vid. Fajl. 4, ^^,
Leander, W Leandrus, -driy a
native of Abydos, (Ahydenus), famous
for his love for Hero of Sellos, whom
he ufed to fwim over the Hellefpont
in the night-time to vifit, and to re-
turn before morning, till in a ftormy
night he was drowned, (G. 349.);
hence Hellespontus Leandrius,
i.e. in quo Leander periit, Sil. 8, 622.
Le arc HUB, the fon of Athamas and
Ino, whom his father, being fcized with
a fudden madnefs, killed, (G. 427.);
hance Learcheae umbrae, the fhade Or
ghoft of Learchus, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 491.
Lecca. Vid. Laeca.
LEDA, the wife of Tyndarus, the
fon of Oebalus, king of Lacedaemon,
who is faid in fable to have laid two
eggs, from the one of which were pro-
duced Pollux and Helena by Jupiter,
who had come to Leda in the form of a
fv/an ; and from the other Cailor and
Clytaemneftra, by Tyndarus, (G. 41 1.);
whence Bii Ledaei, Cailor and Pollux,
Ovid. Fajl. 1,706. So Fratres Ledaei,
Id ad Liv. 283. etS'il. 15,23. Ledaea
Helena, the daughter of Leda, Virg.
Acn. 7, 364 alfo Ledaea Hennione, the
daughter of Helena, and grand-daugh-
ter of Leda, ih. 3, 328.
Lelex, -'egisy a native of Naryx,
{^Narycius), one of thofc who afTembled
to deftroy the wild boar of Calydon,
Ovid. Mtt. 8, 312 ^-5[ 2. An inha-
bitant of Troezen, [Troezenius heros),
the companion of Thereus, Ovid. Met.
8, 566. a man of experience a.d good.
fenfe, ib. 617. 5[ 3. An E^^yptian
that fettk^d at Meg^xra, from wi'om the
Lcleges are fuppolcd to have derived
their name, Pau/an.^, i. (See Geogr.
Index.)
LtNArus, a name of Bacchus, (a
A>'v-'f, torcular, a vine-prefs), Ovid. Met.
4, 14. whence Lena .Us honor, wine,
Vir^. Aen. 4, 301. So Leuaei latices.
Id. G. 3, 510. «1 2. A king of Pon-
E e tJJs,
L E N [2
tus, TvVio Is faid to have been left naked
on the ifland of Leuce, ( Achillea humo)^
Ovid, in Ibide, 331. ^V'td. G.448.)
G. b' AT. Len n W L a - n 1 1, two bro-
thers, who entertained Cicero at Brun-
dufium, notvvithilanding the threats of
Clodius, Cic.Fam. 13, 63. Ait. ^, 20,
& 21. Plane. 41. Sext. 63. One of
thefe (Marcus) is thought to be the
perfon who is faid firft to have invented
an aviary at Brundurmm, I' arr. R. R.
3, 5, 8. Pliny calls him M. Laenius
Strabo, [al. Laelius), 10, 50 f. 72.
L'-NTiDi'. s, one of the agents of
Clodius, Cic. Dom. 33. Sext. 37.
L:.NTO Caefcnius, one of itv&n em-
ployed by Antony to command in part
of Etruria ; hence Cicero fpeaks of his
feptemviral authority, PhiL 12,9.
LENTuLUS, the hrname of a
noble family of the Gens Cornelia^ deri-
ved from fome one who excelled in rai-
fing that kind of pulfe called icntiles,
Plh, iS, 3. Lentulitas, -Jt/V, f.
a word ufed jocularly by Cicero to de-
note the nobility of the Leniuli, Fam.
L. Cornelius Lentulus, conful,
a. 427, Llv. 8, 22. appointed to com-
mand againft the Samniteb, ib. 23. As
he could not leave the army, and bis col-
league alfo was abfent from Roine, he
named a didlator in the camp to hold the
comltia for eleftmg new magiilrates, ib,
"When the Roman army v/as furrow nd-
ed by the Samnites at Caudium, Len-
tulus, who then ferved as a lieutenant,
was fent on an embaffy to Pontius, the
general of the Samnites, and upon his
return advifed the confuls to accept the
terms prefcribed, Liv, 9, 4.
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, a military
tribune, who, in his flight from the
battle of Cannae, obfcrving the conful
Paulus Aemihus fitting on a Hone co-
vered with blood, in confequence of
his wounds, offered him his horfe,
which that great man refufed, char-
n-ing Lentulus to baften his elcape, and
tell the fenacors to make proper prepa-
rations for the defence of the city be-
fore the approach of the enemy, Liij.
4
18 ]. L E N
22, 49. Lentulus was quaeftor to T»
Gracchus, and after his death com-
manded the army, Liv. 25, 17, & 19.
— In the confulihip of Lentulus, a. 5 53,
peace was concluded with the Cartha-
ginians, Liv. 30, 44. Lentulus was
defirous of having the province of A-
frica •, and the fear of being fupplanted
by a fuccelTor made Scipio grant the
Carthaginians more favourable terms,
ib. The province of Hither Spain was
given to Lentulus, Id. 31, 50. where,
by his exploits, he obtained the ho-
nour of an ovation, Id. 3^, 27.
L. Cornelius LENTULUS, a Ro-
man $^eneral, to whom, in conjunction
with L. Manlius, Scipio entrufted the
command of the army when he left
Spain, Liv. 28, 38. Here Lentulus
behaved fo well, tb. 29, 2, & 3. that he
was .created curule aedile, in his ab-
fence, with Cn. Lentulus, ib. 1 1. and
continued in his command, ib. 13. Up-
on his return to Rome he aflced a tri-
umph, which was refufed him, becaufe
he had never been conful, having com-
m.andcd with only the title of proconful.
He was, however, permitted to enter
the city m an ovation, 31, 20. He
was made confjl, a. ^^^, ib. 49. but
performed nothing memorable in that
office, ib. 32, 7, 8, & 9.
P. Cornelius LENTULUS, prince
of the fenate, who received a danger-
ous wound while he affifted Opimius
the conful in attacking C. Gracchus
and Fulvius Flaccus on the Aventine
hill, Cic. PhiL 8, 4. Cat. 4, 6. He af-
terwards became fo odious that he was
obliged to leave the city. He retired
on what was called libera legatio to Si-
cily, where he died, Val. Max. 5, 3, 2,
^ 2. The grandfon of the for-
mer, Cic. ib. ; Dio, 46, 20. firnamed
Su:;a, ( Fid. Plutarch, in Cic, p. 868.),
conful a. 682, afterwards expelled from
the fenate, (as it is thought by the
cenfors Cn. Lentulus and L. Gellius},
on account of his diffolute morals ; — -
made praetor a. 690, that thas he
might regain his fenatorian dignity,
^iOj 37, 3 O.J Plutarch, ib. ( Vid. A. 7.)
Having
L E N [2
Having engaged in the confplracy of
Catiline, and being detcfted by the e-
vidence of T. Volturcius and the Allo-
broges, he was put to death, with fe-
veral of his alFociates, [Vid. CictRO,
/. 107, &c.)
P. LENTULUS Splnther, curule
aedile in tlie conlulfliip of Cictro, who
exceeded all that had been before him
in the magnificence of his games, Cic.
Off. 2, 16. When conful, a. d^jd^ he
ftrenuouily promoted the rclloration of
Cicero, for which Cicero often expref-
fes his gratitude in the llrongell terms;
thus, P, Leniuliis confuU parens^ deus
falulls nqjlraey vitae^ fortunae, ^c, Cic.
poft red. ad Quir. 5. in Sen. 4. &c.
i3o Fam. I, I, ^vC, LentuUis, after his
confuhhip, obtained the province of
Cilicia, and wiflied to be commiffioned
to reltore king Ptolemy, but was dif-
appointed, (ivV/. Ciccro, />. 113.) He
periflied in the civil war, Cic, Fam. 6,
21. — He left a fon of the fame name,
who, after the death of Caefar, per-
formed fome exploits in Afia, which
he himfeif enumerates in two letters
iliil extant, Cic. Fam. 12, 14, & 15.
Leo, -onis, the name of feveral em-
perors of Conftantinople, (C. 478.)
Le DC HA RES, -isf a notcd engraver,
Plin. 34, 8.
Lc:ON, -onisy the chief man of Phlius,
{^Phliafiorum princeps)^ to whom Pytha-
goras explained the reafon of his affu-
ming the name of philofopher, Cic.
fujc. 5, 3.- % 2. A native of Mega-
ra, [Mcgarenjis), Cic. Verr. 5, 6.
Leonatus, one of the generals of
Alexander, Nep. 18, 2.
LEONiDAS, -ae, a king of Spar-
ta, who, with a fmall body of men at
Thermopylae, bravely oppofed the
■whole Perfian army under Xerxes; and
at lall being furrounded through the
treachery of a ThefTalian, he and his
men nobly devoted their lives for their
country, ( G. 3 1 1 , & 465.) ^ 2. A
native of Lilybaeum, Cic. Verr. 5, 5.
Leon IDES, -ae, a chijf man at A-
thens, who wrote to Cicero a favour-
able account concerning his fon, Cic,
19 1 LEU
Fam. 15, 21. Att. 15, 16, 3c 18. 16,
16.
Leontium, an Epicurean courte-
zan, who wrote a book againfl: Theo-
phraftus, Cic. N. D. I, 33.
L^.ONTius, a famous engraver, Plin*
34,8.
Leotychides, -/V, a king of La-
cedaemon, who commanded the Lace-
demonian flea at the battle of Mycale,
in which the Perfian fleet was deftroy-
ed, (G. 466.)
Lepidus, a firname of the Aemillu
M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, the trium-
vir with Antony and Auguftus, (G.
242.), Cic. Phil. 5, 14, & 15. Fam. 10,
20. ei 12, 10. He mariied one of the
fifl:ers of Brutus, and Caflius another ;
whence Cicero, writing to Cafiius, calls
Lepidus his relation, (inus neceffarius) y
Fam. 12, 2. [affnisy ib. 8.). After
the death of Caefar, the fon of Lepi-
dus married one of Antony's daugh-
ters, with which connection Lepidus
was much pleafed, [ajinitate ro'vd deleC'
tatur), ib. et Dio, 44, 33. [Fid. An-
TONIUS ei OCTAVIUS.)
Lh PI LI us, the courier [tahellarius)
of L. Metellus in Sicily, Cic* Verr,
2, 26.
^ LcpTA, the commander of the
artificers or captain of artillery (preie-
feSus fahrttm) to Cicero m Cilicia, Cic.
Fam. 3, 7. 1[[ 2. The fon of the
former, Cic. ib. 6, 1 8,
Leptines, -is, an Athenian, a-
galnll whom Demofthenes delivered an
oration, Cic. Or. 3 f. ^ 2. The per-
fon who affafTmated Cn. Octavius,
when fent as ambaffador to Antiochus,
Cic. Phil. 9, 7.
Lepus, -oris, the hare, the name of
a conffellation, Cic.N.D. 2,44.; Cohi-
mel. 11,2.
Leucaepis, -uiis, ace. Leucajpim,
one of Aeneas's companions, loll in a
florm, Firg Aen. 6, 334.
LEUCIPPUS, the mailer of Demo-
critus, and auth*.
the doArine of
Ke thought
atoms, Cic. N. D. i, 24
that all things were produced from a
pknum and a vacuum^ Cic. Acjad. 4, 37.
E e 2 LEiJ^irrus,
LEU [220
Leucipphs, the fon of Perieres and
Gor^oplione the daughter of Perfeus,
the brother of Tyndarus, JpoIIodor. i,
9, 5. one of the Argonauts, Gv'id. Met.
8, 306. the father of Phoebe and Elaira,
who are hence called Leucippides,
Ov'id. Ep. 16, 327. fing. Leucippis Phoe-
be, Propert. i, 2, 15. They were be-
trothed to two brothers, Lynceus and
Idas, and carried oflP by Caftor and
Pollux on the day of their marriage,
Uygin.f. 80. 5 Omd, Fajl. 5, 699, &c.
(G.412.)
Leitcon, faid to be the brother of
one Spartacus, a king of Pontus, whofe
wife he feduced, and then flew the king,
hoping thus to poffefs the crown ; but
the king's wife killed him in revenge,
Ovid, in Ihin. 309.' ^ 2. One of
A^^aeon*s dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 218.
Lelconoe, -es^ 3. woman whom
Horace dilTuades from confulting aftro-
logers, Od. I, i r. ^| 2. A nymph
who recounts the amours of Sol, Ovid.
M^t.4., 168.
LtucoTHEA vel Leucothoe, -fj,
the name given to Ino by the Greeks
after ihe was converted into a fea-god-
defs, Cic. N. D. 3, 15. Tufc. I, 12 f. ;
Ovid. Met. 4, 542.
Leucqthoe, -es, a virgin beloved
\>y So J, Ovid. Met. 4, 196, [G. 373.)
LIBER, -eriy a name of Bacchus,
{G. 382.), becaufe, as commentators
fay, wine frees (iiberat) the mind from
cares, yocofi mun^ra Liberi, the gifts of
merry or joyous Bacchus, i. e, wine,
Hor. Od.'^y l^t 26. Modici tranfdire
iniinera Liheri, to exceed a moderate
ufe of the gifts of Bacchus, i. t. to
drink to exccfs, /i^. i, 18, 7. :.lne Cere-
re et Libera frig^tt Venusy without bread
and wine love grows cold, Ttr. Eun, 4,
Libera, a name given to Ariadne
by Bacchus when he married her,
Ovid. Fajl. 3, 512.-- Cicero fpeaks of
Liber and Libera^ the children of Ceres,
whom the Romans worfnipped W'ith
great veneration, Cic. N. D. 2, 24,
Here Lieer denotes Triptolemus, the
fp^Ypyrite 0^ Ceres 5 and LiberAj Prc^
] LIB
ferpine, her daughter ; both of whom
were worfhipped under thefe names at
Enna in Sicily; whence the Romans
feem to have derived the worfhip of
Ceres and of her children, Cic. Verr.
4, 49, & 53. Hence we find the temple
of Ceres joined with that of Liber and
Libera, Liv. 3, 55. ^^ 41, 28. Three
brazen ftatues erected to them out of
the money arifing from tines, [ex argento
nndtaiitiOy) Liv. 33, 25.
Lib ERA LI A, -iumy et -iorum, a fefti-
val in honour of Bacchus, celebrated on
the 1 6th of March, (xvi. KaL Jpril.)
on which day young men ufed to af-
fume the Toga virilis, Cic. Att. 6, i.
LiBERTAs, -a/is, Liberty, worfliip-
ped as a gcddefs at Rome, Liv. 24, 16.;
Cic. Dam. 35.; Ovid. Trifl. 3, i, 72.
LIBITiNA, the goddefs of fune-
rals ; hence Libitinam vitare, Hor. Od.
3, 3, 7. Evadere Libitinam, to efcape
death, jfuvenal. 12, 122. Miraturque
nihil, niji quod Libitina facravit, admires
no work, unlefs the author has been
longfince dead, Hor. Ep. 2, 1,49. — In
the temple of Libitina the things re-
quifite- for funerals were fold, Plutarch^
^uaeji. Rom. 23. A certain coin alfo
was paid for every one that was buried,
according to the inftitution of Servius
Tullius, Dionys, 4, 15. and an account .
(ratio) kept of thofe who died ; thus,
jiutu'innufque gravis, Lihitinae qiiaejlns a-
cerbae, iickly autumn, the gain of cruel
Libitina, Hor. Sat. 2, 6, 19. i. e. of
thofe who took care of funerals, [qui
funera exercehant, Val. Max. 5, 2, 10.)
and attended in the temple of Libitina,
hence called Libitinarii, Senec. Bcncf.
6, 38. ^o Phaedrus fpeaking of a mi-
fer fays, J^/i circumcidis omnern impen-
fam funeris Libitina (i.e. Libitinarii)
ne quid de tuo (i. e. de tua re) faciat lu-
crum, lib. 4, fab. 19, 21. Pejlilentia uniiis
autumni, qua triginta funerum millia in ra-
tionem Libitinae venerunt, 30,000 people
died, as appeared by the account-books
of the temple of Libitina, Suet. Ner.
39. Pejlilentia in urh taniafuit, ut Libi-
tina tunc vixfiifficeret, that the temple of
Libitina coiiid fcarcely fupply what
L I R C ill
was neceflary to bury the dead, Llv. 40.
19. (for in the temple of Libitina all
things reqiiilite for funerals were fold,
Plutarch, ^latj}. Rom, 23.) Eoritm (fc.
fervorum)j/?/-rt^'-^j- per omnes inas infepul-
torum erat : Ne I'lherorum quukm funsri-
biis LihiUnaJiiJfic'iehaty the temple of Li-
bitina could not afford a fuffieient
number of perfons to bury the free ci-
tizens, Lin). 41, 21. Libitina is
fomctimes put for a coffin or funeral
pile ; thus Una duos tit Libitina feiat,
tiiat one funeral couch or cofiin may
carry both, Martial. 8, 43, 4. Dinn
levis arfurajlriiitur Libitina papiro, while
the funeral pile is ratfed with paplrus,
ready to be burnt, Martial. 10, 97, [.
LiBO, 'onis^ a lirname of the Scri-
honii. — Futeal Libonis, vel Scribonianum,
a place in the forum, near which the
praetor fat, ( Vid. R. Ant. p. 247.)
L. LiBO, a writer of annals, Cic,
Att. 13, 31, & 32.
Lie HAS, -ae, the fervant of Hercu-
les, who brought to him from Dejani-
ra the empoifoned robe, which proved
fatal to that hero. Hercules in his
rage threw Lichas into the fea. Li-
chas is faid to have been converted in-
to a rock of the fame name in the Eu-
bean fea, Ovid. Met. 9, 155, — 229.;
Hygin.fi.', {G. 402.)
LICINIUS, the name of a nume-
rous gefis or clan am.ong the Romans,
comprehending many branches or fa-
miliae ; as, the Crojfi, LticuUi, Murenae^
Nervae, Stolones, Sec. — Hence Atria
Licinia, courts or hall? built by L. Uv-
cinius CralTiis, when aediie, for holding
auftions or the like, Cic. ^dnt. 3. ;
I/icinia oliva, a kind of olive cultivated
by one Licinius, Col. 12, 49, & 52.
called alfo oka Liciniana, Cato, R. R. 6.
So Donius Liciniana, the houfe of Lici-
nius, Cic. i^ Fr, 2, 3. — Horace in-
fcribes the tenth ode of the ftcond book
to Licinius Varro Murena, the brother
of Tcrentia, the wife of Maecenas.
£go pcjf.deo plus Licinis, I am richer
than the Licini, i. e. than Licinius
Craffu?, called Dives on account of hij
riches, juvetml. i, 109. So Praedives
Llchus, for any rieh man, Id, 14. 306,
3 L 1 G
C. LICINIUS Cahus Stolo, a ple-
beian, married to the younger daughter
of M. Fabius Ambuilus, a patrician,
Liv. 6, 34. Moved by the chagrin of
his' wife at finding herfelf married to a
man who could not enjoy the fame
honours with her filler's hiifband, he
got himfelf elected tribune ; and, in
conjundion with L. Sextius, propofed
laws againft the power of the nobility,
and lor the advantage of the commons;
particularly, " That no one Pnould
polfefs more than 500 acres of land,
and that one of the confuls fiiou'd be
a plebeian.'* Thefe laws being vio-
lently oppofed by the patricians, Lici-
nius and Sextius got themfelves to be
fucceffively re-elecled tribunes for five
years, and during all that time hinder-
ed patrician magiftrates from being
created, ib. 35. till at laft, after vio-
lent ftruggles, they got their laws paff-
ed, a. u. 388, Ib. 42. Sextius was the
firll plebeian created conful, Liv. 7, I.
and in the year following Licinius was
the next, ib. A few years after, Lici-
nius being profecuted by M. Popilius
Laenas, a tribune, by his own law, was
fined in 10,000 ajfes, becaufe, with his
fon, he pofleiTcd a thouiand acres of
land, and by emancipating his fon, had
eluded the law, (fvaudem legi fccijfet,)
ib. 16.
Macer Licinius, an ancient Roman
hiftorian, Liv. 4, 23.
LiGARius, the name of a Roman
family.
LIGARII fratrcs, three brothers ;
one of whom, called ^lintus, Tided with
Pompey, the other tV\'o with Caefar,
The two brothers had nearly prevailed
in procuring the pardon of Quintus,
but were prevented by one Tubero,
who inltigated Caefar againll him.
Cicero made an oration in his defence,
with fuch effeA, that he is faid, by
Plutarch, to have made Caefar, who
fat as judge, tremble, and to have ex-
torted from him a pardon againft his
will. Ligarius was afterwards one of
the confpirators againll Caefar. Plu'
tarch. in Caejarc, Cic, pro Lig. t, II,
^ 12. — -*-LiGAHiANA, fc. oratio, the
oration
L I G [2
©ration for Ligarius, Cic, Atl. 13, 12,
19, 20, & 44.
LiGUR, V. L'tgus, 'urh, a firname
of the Jeliit Cic. Cluent, 26. «[2. x\r).
Italian warrior, {lain by Camilla, Virg.
^eru II, 715.; but Ligns here is ra-
ther a patrial noun.
LiGURius, an intimate friend of
Caefar's, Cic, Fam. 16, 18. Jtt. ii, 9.
^ Fr. 3, 7.
LiNDUs, tbe founder of Lindas, a
city of Rhodes, Cic. N. D. 3, 21.
LINUS, V. Linasy an ancient poet,
the fon of Apollo, yirg. Aetu 4, 57.
by the nymph Urania, Hygiriy f. 161.
He is reprefentcd by Virgil as a fhep-
herd, though not really f o ; (Linus
di'vino carmine pajlor^^ ib. 6, 67. killed
by Hercules in a lit of paffion, with
* a harp, which Linus taugnt that
hero to play upon, Apollodor. 2, 3, 9.
Hercules is faid to have been provoked
at Linus, for ridiculing his awkward-
jiefs in holding the harp, Pauj'an. 9,
29. ApoUodorus fays, that Linus, as
being his teacher, ftruck Hercules, ib,
Apollo gieatly lamented the death of
Linus, Ipfe meum Jlevi, dixit ApoJloy
Linony Martial. 9, 88, 4- — Tacitus
mentions Linus {^Linum Tkehanvn.) a-
inong the inventors of letters, Ann, 1 1,
14-
LiRiOPE, -es, a nymph, the daugh-
ter of Oceanus and Tethyp, the mo-
ther of NarcilTus, by the river CephiiTus,
Ovid, Met. 3, 342, &c.
LIViUS, the name of a Roman
^ens or familia. Suet. Tib. 3.
M, LIVIUS Salinator, a Roman
conful, who dc'feated Ilaldrubal, Liv,
27, 46, — 49. Hvi got the tirname of
Salinator, from his having impoled
an unpopular tax on ialt, while cenfor,
Liv. 29, 3-7.
M. LIVIUS Andrcnlcus, the freed-
man of Saiinator, and the praecept jr of
his fons, who was the tiril dramatic poet
at Rome, {Via, R. A. p. 352.) He ■
exhibited his hrfl. play (Jahuiam dedit)
about 5 1 o years aker the foundation oi
Rome, Cic, Tujc, i, i. or 514 years,
'.(primus fahulam docuit, Caio Clodio,
Ca(ci Jilioi et M, Tudctano, confulil'us,
It -] LTV
anno Ipfo antequam natus ejl Ennius ; pojl
Romam condl'am autem quarto dectmo et
quingentejimoy Cic. Brut. 18. Sen. 14.)
LiviANAE fcdulae, the plays of
Li vius, Cic. Br. 18. Liviant modiy
Cic. Leg. 2, 15. Carmina Livij for
Liviiy the poems of Livius, Hor. Ep,
2, I, 69.
Titus LIVIUS, boni at Padua [Pa-
tavinus) a. u. 695, Eufeb. Chrnn. who
wrote tlie Ronian hillory from the
foundation of the city to the year 744>
in 140 or 142 books; of which only
thirty-five remain ; the ten hril, and
from the beginning of the twenty-firll
to the end of the forty-fifth. In the
oldelt editions of Livy there are only
twenty-nine books, and thefe not en-
tire. The red were difcovered after
the invention of printing, at different
times, ( Vid. Fabric. Bibuoth. Lat.vol, I,
p. 181.) Some of them, however, are
Itill imperfect. The lofs of the works
of no ancient author is more regretted
than that of the writings of Livy.
Q^intilian calls Livy, Vir inirae fa-
cundiacy 8, i, 3. in concionibus, jupra
qudm enarrari poteji, eloquens, 10, I,
101. and compares him to Herodotus,
ib. He feys, that Livy, by his agree-
able copioufncfs, {laciea ubertas^^ had
equalled the admirable conciienefs of
Salluft, ib. 32, & 10 1. AfiniustPoilio,
however, thought that there was in
Livy's flyle a certain provincial impro-
priety, which, from his birth-place,
Pollio called Patavinitas, Id. i, 5,
^6. et 8, I, 3. Though Livy was
treated with marks of great refpeft by
AuguPtUs, yet he extolled Pompcy fo
highly, that Auguihis ufed to call him
a Fompeian ; he alfo beftowed deferved
praiies on Brutus and Cafliiis, the ene-
mies of Auguftus ; which however did
not interrupt their frienddiip, Ta:. Ann.
3, 34. X^ivy is luppofed to have
been appointed by Augullus tutor to
Claudius Caefar, afterwards emperor ;
becaufc Suetonius fays that Claudius,
when ^ young man, attempted to write
hiftory by the exhortation of Livy,
CI. 41. Livy died at Padua, a, u.
771, in the fourth year of Tiberius,
L I V [2
Eufeh. He left a fon, to whom he
wrote a letter on the fubjed of rhe-
toric ; in which he advifcd him to read
chiefly Dtmollhenes and Cicero ; next,
fuch authors as mofl reCembled Demoil-
henes and Cicero, ^uindil. 2, 5, 10. et
10, I, 39. This letter is fuppofed to
be alhided to, Id. 8, 2, 18. Such
was the fame of Livy during his h'fe-
time, that an inhabitant of Cadiz (Grt-
d'ltanus) is faid to. have travelled to
Rome on purpofe to fee him ; and as
foon as he had fatisfied his curiofity he
returned home again, Plin. Ep. 2, 3, 8.
Livy has been acculed of fuperilitious
credulity, and, not without reafon, of
partiality to his countrymen.
M. LIVIUS Drufus, a tribune a.
662, whopublifhed feverallaws, (Leg^s
LiviAE, R. A. 208.) Vid. Drusus.
LIVIA Dnifllay the daughter of
Livius Drufus, who being profcribed
after the battle of Philippi, as one of
the friends of Brutus, flew himfclf.
Dm. 48, 44. p. 383. Paterculus calls
him Drufus Claudianus, 2, 94. Livia
was fir ft married to Tiberius Claudius
Nero, by whom {[\t had Drufus, and
Tiberius, afterwards emperor. Auguf-
tus having fallen in love with her,
forced Nero to refign her to him ; and
divorced his own wife Scribonia, in
order to marry Livia, w^horn he brought
home to his houfe, while big with
child. Within three monchs after, (lie
bore Drufus, Dio,ib, ; Suet. CI. i. Li-
via had no children to Auguftus, but
by her influence over that emperor,
prevailed on him to appoint her fon
Tiberius his fuccelTor, in preference
to his own grandchildren, Tac. jinn.
1, 3. et 5, I.; Suet. j^ug. 62, 63.
Tib. I, — 22. Livia is faid to have
mitigated the cruelty of Auguilus to
his enemies, by her advice, which Dio
details at great length, ^1^, 14, — 22,
She was fvifpedied of having
haftened the death of Auguftus by
poifon, ih. 22. ^r/ 56, 30. ; Tac. Jinn,
I, 5.; Plin. 7, 45. for the fake of her
fon Tiberius, who proved ungrateful
to her. By the will of Auguilus,
23 3 L O L
Livia was adopted into the Julian fa-
mily, with the title of Augusta,
Tac. Ann. 1,8.; Suet. Aug. 102. ; Add.
Plin. 15, 30. by which name after
this flie was called, Tac. Ann. i, 13.
14, 33, &c. ; Suet. Cat. 10, 15, &c.
or Julia Augijla^ Tac. Ann. 3, 64.
et 5, I. L)ivine honours were de-
creed to her by her grandfon, the em-
peror Claudius, Suet. Claud. 1 1. which
Ovid by way of flattery had predicted.
Sic Augujia novum yuUa (al. Livia) nu-
men erit, Faft. i, 536. The fenate
propofed this after her death, but Ti-
berius hindered it, Tac. Ann. 5, 2.
Suetonius feems to fay, that the name
oi Augujia was refufed by Livia, Matrt
cognomen Augujlae (fc. decernendum
curavit Claudius) ab avia recufatum.
Suet. CI. I f. But this by the bed
commentators is referred to his grand-
mother Antonia ; for Suetonius him-
felf mentions the order of Auguftus in
his will, that Livia fliould bear the
name of Augusta, Suet. Aug. 102.
L,iv I AE portu'uSf Suet. Aug. 29,
or as an adj. Z.ivia porticus, Ovid. Faft.
6, 639. a portico which Auguftus
built on the ground where the houfe
of Vedius Poilio, which he deftroyed,
had ftood, and called after the name of
Livia, Dio, 54, p. 537. Livia-
NUM aes, a kind of copper or brafs,
found in Gaul, named from Livia, Plin.
34» 2.
Locust A, a woman j[]<illed in poi-
foning, and a great favourite with Nero,
Tac, Ann. 12, 66. et 13, 15,; Juve-
nal. I, 71.
LOLLIUS, the name of a Roman
family ; ftveral .perfons of which are
often mentioned by Cicero, Att. 2, 2.
et 12, 21. ; Ferr. 3, 25. ; and by other
clafiic author...
AL LOLLIUS, conful with Lepi-
dus, a. u. 733, when Horace was for-
ty-four years of age, as he himfelf in-
forms us, jEp. I, 20, 26. Lollius was
firft made conful alone, ti;e other place
being rcferved for Auguilus, who was
ebfent ; but he not chufing to accept
it, Lepidus was elected, Dio, 54, 6.
To
L O L
224 1
LUC
To LoUius Horace infcnbes Od. 4,
9. Ep. I, 2, & 18. Lollius, when
praefed of Gaul, being fuddenly at-
tacked by a body of Germans, lod part
of his army, Dlo, 54, 20. This Taci-
tus calls Loll'iana dades^ Ann. 1, 10.
So Suetonius ; who fays it wa? attend-
ed with more infamy than lofs, {^ma-
joris infawlae quam detrir.^sntt) ^ ^^Z' ^3*
About twenty years after this, Lol-
lius being appointed a kind of director
(qunfi moderator) to Caius, the grand-
fon of Auguftus, while governor of
Syria, fhowed himfelf very unworthy
of the praifes beilov/ed on him by Ho-
race. For by the information of the
Parthian king, he was found to have
entertained traitorous defigns againft
his country. He died a few days af-
ter, whether by a natural or voluntary
death is uncertain, a. u. 753, Patera,
102. Pliny fays, he took poifon, 9,
35 f. 54. This happened feveral years
after the death of Horace ; and we
reed not be furprifed at Horace being
deceived with refpecft to the charadler
of Lollius, when he impofed even up-
on Auguilus. He was, as Pdercu-
lus inforniS us, Homo in omnia ptcitn'tas
quam rcSe faciendi cupidior, inter fom-
mam ifitiorum difftmuiationem, intiujijji-
mus. Pa i: ere. 2, 97.
LoLLiA PauHlna, the daughter of
M. LoJhus, TacAnn, 12, I. the fon of
M. Lollius lall mentioned, Pl'in. 9, 35:
f^ 37. remarkable for her beauty ; tnar-
ried firll to C. Mtmmius Regiikis, Tac.
Ann. 12, 22. and forcibly taken from
him by Caligula, who foon after di-
vorced lier, Suet, Cal. 25. After the
death of Meffriina, fhe was propcfed as
wife to the emperor Claudius, Tac. Ann.
12, 1. ; Suet. CI. 26. which excited the
hatred of AgrippTna, whom Claudius
married. This proved the caule of
the death of Lollia, Tac. Ann. 12, 22.
Pliny gives a curious defcription of
the fplencor of LoUia's drefs, y, 55 f.
LoNGiMANUS, -/, a firnam.c given
• to Arcaxerxes, king of Perfia, from
the uncommon length of his hands, (G.
6.5.)
LoNCiKrrs, a firname of the CafTif,
Cic. Plane. 24. ^ 2. A friend of An-
tonius the orator, very ll'cilled in jurif-
prudence, hiftory, and antiquities, Cic,
Or. I, 60. «j| 3. The fecretary of
Zenubia queen of Palmyra, author of
an excellent treatife on the fublime ;
put to death by the emperor Aurelian,
when he took Palmyra, (G. 248.)
Cajjius LoNGiNus, the hufband of
the grand -daughter of Tiberius, {pro-
gener), Tac. Ann. 6, 45.
Tr. I oNGus, the colleague of P.
Scipio Africanus, in his fecond confu-
late, a. u. 559, when the feats of the
fcnators at the fpeftacles were firil fe-
parated from thofe of the people, Cic.
Corn. I.
LoTis, '^disi a nymph, who, flying
from the violent attempts of Priapus, is
faid to have been changed into a tree
called lotus, Ovid. Met. 9, 347. ■
Lu A, a goddefs, fuppofed to be the
fame with Rhea or Ops, Liv. 8, l. et
45» 33-
M. Annaeus LUCANUS, the fon
of Annaeus Meila, Tac. Ann. 16, 17.
a celebrated poet, author of the Phar-
SALiA, a poem, which contains an ac-
count of the civil wars between Caefar
and Pompey. Lucan, having entered
into a confpiracy againlt Nero, Tac.
Ann. 15, 49. was put to death, ib. 7c.
His veins were cut, and he died with
undaimted courage, repeating fome ver-
fes of the Pharialia, Lucan. 9, 806. ;
Tac. ib. But vvhen he was fird appre-
hended, and threatened with being put
to the rack, tempted by a prom.ife of
pardon, he had the weaknefs to name
his own mother Attilla among the con-
fpirators. Tac. Ann. 15,56. Tacitus
expcfes this timidity of I^ucan, and
others of the fame rank, by coRtrad-
ii-g it with the noble conflancy of E-
picharis, a freed woman, whom no
tortures could force to betray her ac-
complices, ib. 57. Lucan was born at
Cordiiba in Spain, which was a'fo the
bii th place of the two Senecas ; whence
Martial fays, Duofque Senecas, urJcum-
que Lucanuvi Facutida loquitur Corduba,
LUC t 22^ 1 LUC
and therefore thinks that venal. I, 20. the firft author of fatire.
1, 62, 7- ? .
the river Baetis, which runs pall Cor-
duba, fhould be mixed with the foun-
tain C^ftalia, or be ranked with it a-
mong the flreams facred to the Mufes,
Id. 7, 21, 4. Martial kept the birth-
day of Lncan, wham he efteemed the
next Latin epic poet to Virgil, ib. 22,
2. and declares, that Nero was to be
more execrated for the death of no one
{^nuUdque hi'v'ifior umbra) than for that
of Lucan, il. 20, 3.
LUCCEIUS, the name of a Ro-
man gens.
L. LUCCEIUS, the intimate friend
of Pompey, Cic. Alt. i)j i. Fam. 13,
41, & 42.; Caef. B. Ckf. 3, 18. who
wrote the hiftory of the Marfic war,
and of the civil war between Marius
and Sylla. Cicero fo much admired
the abilities of Lucceiiis as an hiilorl-
an, that he requefted of him to write
the hiftory of his confulfiiip, Cic* Fam.
5, 12. Lucccius joined Pompey in the
civil war, Caef. B. C. 3, iS. but was
pardoned by Caefar. Nothing of Luc-
ceius remains, but a coniolatory letter
which he fent to Cicero upon the death
of his daughter Julia, Cic. Fam. 5, 14.
— Several others of this name are men-
tioned by Cicero, Fam. 12, 25, & 30.
PWr. 5, 64. Flacc. 33. Jtt. 5, 21.
LUC I ANUS, a Greek author of
great wit and learning, born of poor
parents at Samofata, a city of Syria, In
the time of Trajan. He was lirft bred
to be a llatuary under his uncle ; then
he applied to the ftudy of rhetoric, and
after that of philofophy. At laft he
was appointed procurator of Egypt,
{Fid. A. 166.) by Marcus Aurelius,
the emperor. He died of the gout at
the age of ninety. — The enemies of
Lucian fabricated a ftory, that he was
torn in pieces by dogs. — The writings
of Lucian are ftill extant.
Lucifer, -erl, m. the name of the
morning liar, or of the planet Venus
when it appears in the morning, P'^irg*
Aen. 2, 801. 8, 5S9. G. 3, 60.
C'.Ll'CiLlUS, apoetb6rn at Au-
Tunca, a city of Latium ; whence he
is called Magnus Auruncac alumnus ^ Ju*
, I, 69. SecuH
I. 114. Add. Ju'
Cic. Fam. 1 2 ,
at Rome, {in fat'ira primus magnam law
dem adeptus eft), Qiiinftil. 10, I, 93.—^
Cum eji Lucilius aufus Primus in hum 0-
ptAs componere morem, Hor. Sat. 2, i,
62. or as Pliny expreffes it, qui primus
condtditjlili nafum, Praef. who fliarply
reproved the vicious morals of the time,
{Sale multo urbem defricvit), Hor. Sat.
1 , 10, 3« Primores populi arripuit popu-
lumque trlhutimf Ib. 2
Lucilius urbem, Perf.
venal, i, 165. ; Cic. Fam. I2, 16 i Ho-
race praifes Lucilius for his wit, but
blames him for his hally and inaccurate
compoiition. Sat. 1,4, 6, <Scc. et i, 10,
1. unjuftly in the opinion of QuInCtl-
lian, 10, T, 94. Lucilius ejfe laboras,
you attempt to write fatn-es, Martial.
12, 96, 7. Lucilius was contempora-
ry with Sclpio Afticanus the younger,
andLaelius, with both of whom he lived
on tlie moft intimate footing, ib.z, 1,73.
He ufed to fay, that he wrote neither
for the very learned, nor for the very
unlearned, Cic. Or. 2, 6. Cicero, in the
charafter of Craffus, reprefents Lucili-
us as a man of learning, and of great
politenefs, {dodus et perurbanus) ; and
mentions a frequent obfervation of his
with approbation, ** that no one ought
to be accounted an orator who is not
accompliflied in all the liberal arts,'*
{qui nonjit omnibus iis artibus, quae Junt
lilero dignae, perpolitus), Cic. Or. i, 16,
Nothing of the works of Lucilius re-
mains but fcattered fragments. Lu-
CILIANO cbaraBere libelli, books writ-
ten in the manner of Lucilius, Farr.
R. R. 3, 2, 17. Sine vallof v. nyalo (al.
fine/ale v.Jiilo) Luciliano^ without uiing
a fatirical ftik-, or fpeaking fatu'ically,
Cic. Att. 16, I r .
L. Lucilius Balbus, the praecep-
tor of Serv. Sulpicius, Cic. Brut. 42.
Lucilius Bajfus, commander of the
Roman fleet under Vitellius, Tac. Hijl.
2, 100, who betrayed it to Vefpaiian,
ib. 1 01. ^ 2. A contemptible poet,
Cic. Att. 12, 3.
Sext. Lucilius, a military tribune
in the army of Bibulus, Cic, Att. 5,
F f Lu-
LUC [ 226
LuciLius, the commander of Do-
labella's fleet in Afia after the death
of Caefar, Ck. Fcnn. 12, 13. Appian
calls him L. FiguUis, on which account
Manutius tliinks LuciHus is here put for
the praenomen Lucius ; but Viclorius
imagines, that Figulus was the cogno-
77i£n of jLucilius.
>.LuciNA, a name of Juno, when in-
voked by women in child-birtli. Tu
Ltuc'ma dolmi'ihiis Jimo ■ dida puerperis,
Catu]]. 32, 13. thus yitno Ljicina^ fer
operrit Ter. And. 3, i» 15. [funo Luc'i-
na, tuamjidem^ fc. imploro, Plaut. Aul.
4, 7, II. fo named, either from her
bringing they<7(ft'uj' to hght, [inlucem),
or from a grove, [a luco), on the Ef-
quihne hill at Ronie, facred to Juno,
Plin. 16, 44 f. 85. ; Ov'd. Fafl. 2, 449,
Zl 451. Aetas Lucinam palU the pro-
per age for bearing young, Virg. G. 3,
60. yil/era turn primes lAicinne experta
labores, i. e. having brought forth her
iirft child, '/^. 4, 340. The name of
Lucina is alfo given to Diana, Hor.
Carm. Saec. 15. So Tu modo nafcenti
puero — Cajlafa've Lucina: tuus (fc. Ira-
ter) jam regnat Apollo, Virg. Aen. 4,
10. — Cum Luna a lucendo nom'maiajil ;
eadcm ejl enirn Lucina, C'lc. N. D. 2,
27.
Lucius, ^^ praenomen o^ t\\^ Romans,
{Lucii, qui orient e luce 'vel prima luce naf-
cuntur, Feftus ; et Varr. L. L. 5, 2, et
8 , 38 . — L u c I p o R , - oris : Alitcr opud
antiquos, finguU Marcipores, Lucipon's-
iie dominorum gentilesy omnem 'viUwn in
promifcuo habehant, the ancients had
jiot fo great, a number of Haves ; each
had one, who. was called after his own
name ; thus, the boy or fervant of Mar-
cus or Lucius, as if of the fame gens,
and they ate promifcuoufly at tiie fem.e
board with their mafter, Plin. 33, if.
6.
LUCRETIUS, the name cf a Ro-
man gens.
LUCRETI A , the daughter of Spn-
rius Lucretius Triciplnnus, and the v»-ife
of Tarqu''nius C'»llatini-s, who having
been bafely violated by Sex. Tarquini-
us, the fon of king Tarquinius Super-
l^us, flcv*' heifelf ; which occafioned the
] LUC
abolition of regal government at Rome,
Cic. Fin. 2, 20. Leg. 2, 4. ; Liv. I,
57, .S:c. (G. /». 205.) Bruto lihertatem
debemus, Lucretiae Brutumy Seh^. ad
Marciam, c. 16. EJfe indeharis, fateor,
Lucretia nobis, as chafle as Lucretia,
Martial. I, 91, 5.; Add. Ii, 10^, 21.
r. LUCRE i lUS Cams, a Roman
poet, born at Rome a. u. 659 ; who
having ftudied at Athens, imbibed the
do£lrines of Epicurus, which he has
explained and endeavoured to eftabhfli,
in an elegant poem of fix books, en-
titled De Rtruni nafura, and dedicated
to his friend Memmius, Lucr. i, 26,
&c. Of the poems of Lucretius Ovid
fays, Carmina [ublimis tunc funt peritura
Lucreti, Exitio ierris cum dabit una dies.
Amor. I, 15, 23. Cicero commends
them, but not in fuch high terms, Lu-
cr elii poemata, ut Jcribis, it a funt ; non
•niultis luminibus ingenii, multae tamen ar-
tis, ad. Q^Er. 2, t r. Quinctilian joins
Lucretius with Macer, who wrote a
poem concerning herbs, which is nowr
1 ")ft : Macer et Lucretius legendi quidem
(fc. oratori) ; fed non ut phrafin, id e/l,
corpus eloquentiae faciant : elegantes quif-
que in fua materia, fed alter (fc. Macer)
humilis, alter (Lucretius) difficilis, 10,
i, 87. ; Add. Ld. I, 4, 4. r/ 3, I, 4.
et 8, 6, 45. et 12, I I, 27. Lucretius
died in the 43d year of his age, on the
fame day, as it is faid, on which Vir-
gil was born. Eufebius relates, that he
put an end to his days in a fit of deli-
rium, occafioned by a love-potion, gi-
ven him by his wife or miftrefs, Lucilla.
But with regard to the time or manner
of his death, we are uncertain.
LucTATius, (al. Lutatius), the
name of a Reman gens ; the moft re-
markable branch or fam.iiy of which was
that of the CatuU, (q. v.)
LUCULLUS, a hrname of the Li-
cinn.
L. Licinivs LUCULLUS, a cele-
brated Roman general, who carried on
war for feveral years againft Mithri-
dates, remarkable for his wealth and
magnificence, Plutarch, in vita ejus. ;
Cic. Leg. 3, 13. Ojf. 1, ^c). He wrote
feme hiilorical books in Greek, Cic,
Att.
LUC [2
Att. r, 19. concerning tlie Marfic- war,
Plutarch. Cicero has kft a fine eulo-
ginm on this great man, in the lil
chapter of the. 4th bonk of his Acade-
inical Qiiellions, which Is commonly en-
titled Lu c u L L u s. — L u c u L L E u M maj''
trior, a kind of marble, fo called hecaufe
LiUCLillus was very much delighted with
it, Fljn. 36, 6 f. 8. Fil/a LucuUi, the
villa of Lucullus near Mifenum, which
afterwards became the property of the
emperors, where Tiberius died, Tac,
Arm. 6, 50. Horti LucuUi, Tac. Ann.
II, I. \<:\ Liiciilliani, adj. the gardens
of Lnculhis, wiiere Mcfi'alina was kill-
ed by NarcilTiis, the freed ii"; an of Clau-
dius, Tac, Ann. 1 1, 32, & 37.
LiUCUMO, -dnisf the name of Tar-
qui'.iius Prifcus, the fifth king of ilom.e,
befoie he came to that city, Llv. i, 34.
(G. i99')v JLucamo, in the Tufcan
language, denoted a king, prince, or
chief, 8erv. ad V'lrg, Aen, 2, 278. et 8,
^5? ^ 475' ^^ i<^j 202.
LUNA, the moon, the daughter of
Hyperion and Thia, Apollodor. i, 2, 2.
or Aethra, Hygin. Prasf. fuppoied by
fome to be the fame with Diana, {^vid.
G. 377.)« There was a temple of Lu-
na at Rome, on mount Avcatine, L'lv.
40, 2.
Li/PERCi, the priefts of Pan, Qc.
PhiL 2, 34. whence Lupercalia,
'tuniy the fellival of Pan, celebrated in
February, i^. 33. [A, l-i,^,)
Lu FERGUS, a mifer, to whom Mar-
tial infcribes an epigram, 11, 118.
Lupus, a firname of the Rut'dil.
P. Rutil'ius Lupus, conful a. u. (SG'i^,
feverely laflied in the fatires of Luci-
lius, C'lc. N. D. I, 23. ; Hor. Sal. 2,
1,68.
P. Lupus, a tribune, C'lc. Fam. i,
I. afterwards praetor, LL Att, 8, 12.
ct 9, I.
Lupus, the author of a poem con-
cerning the return of M.uelaus and
Helen to Sparta after the Trojan war,
(^Auclor Tantalidae reducls "Tyndaridof-
que), O^id. Pont. 4, 16,26.
LuRCO, a lirname of the AuMii.
M. LuRCO, a tribune, and an inti-
mate friend of Cicero's, C'lc, Flac. 4.
37 1 L Y C
Alt. 1,16. This is fuppofed to be the
M. Aufidius Lurco who is faid to have
firft invented the method of feeding
peacocks, by which he made a great
fortune, Varr. R. R. 3, 6, i. ; Pl'in,
10, 2C.
Lyaeus, a name of Bacchus, (of
a fimilar import in Greek to Lrber in
Latin), Firg. Acn. 4, 58. Tecln Ly-
acif the temple of Bacchus, Martial,
l> 7'> 9> — P^^t for wine ; thuo, Tern-
pora lida Lyaeo, Hor. Od. i, 7, 2 2.
So yocojo Lyaro arcanum retegerCf ib. 3,
21, 14. Didci Lyaiv curain folvere^
Id. Epod^9, 38. Inhal'iUs uva Lyaeoy
grapes unht for making wine. Martial,
r 1 , 22. Torraco Campano tan turn ccjjii-
ra Lyaco, which will yield only to the
Cauipanian wine, i. e. which produces
as good wine as any part in Italy, ex-
cept Campania, Id. ii.y 118. Annofus
Fyatusy old wine, Tihull. 3,2, I. Lar-
gi Jlumina Lyat
wine, Stat. S'lh.
great abundance of
, 6, 95. And by a
bold trope, Puh.fcens f.yaeus^ the vine
grape growing ripe, ih, 2, 2, i&o. —
Latex Lyaeus, adj. wine, Firg. Aen. I,
686.
Lyc.^bas, -ac, a Tufcan, one of
the mariners who carried off Bacchus
from Chia, and lefufing to land him
in Naxos, "according to promife, were,
by that god, changed into dolphins,
Ov:d. V/>/. 3, 624. &c. f 2. An
A-fiyrian, flain by Pcrfeus, (al. Lyca-
bus), ib. 5, 60. ^ 3. One of the
Ijaplthac, who fled from the battle
which was fought at the marriage of
Piritiious, ik 12, 302.
Lycambl s, -is, V. -ae, a Tbeban,
who promifed his daughter .Neobiile ia
ma;;nage to the poet Archilochus, but,
violating his engagement, gave her to
another of greater wealth wiio aflced
her. Whereupon Archilochus wrote fa
bitter a fatire againlt them, that thro'
defpair both the father and daughter
are faid to have hanged themfelvis, A-
ri/lotel. Rhet.Ub. 3. ; hence, ^alis Ly-
cambae fpretm irjido gener, \. e. .'\rchl-
lochus, Horat. Epod, 6, 13. Parios
ego primus ianibos OJlenui Latio, numcros
aiiimojque Je cuius ArcFihchl^ nan res et
F f 2 agentia
L Y C
agetiiia verha Lycamhen, not the matter
and expreffionR that forced Lycambes
to hang himielf, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 23.
Nee focerum quaerit^ quern verfibvs oblinat
atrisi Nee jpcnfae laqueum fanwfo earmius
peflitf ib. 30. — Tinffa Lycamheo f anguine
tela, \. e. bitter invcdives, fuch as ihofe
of Archilochus againft Lycambes, 0-
vU. in Ibky 53. ^uid prcdtfli cuptant
fum qutdam nojlra iiidtri, S'lqua Lycam-
leo f anguine tela madenty What does it
avail, if any anonymous poets defire
their fatirical verfes to pafs for mine,
(when no one will believe it, who
knows I never write verfes of that
kind). Martial. 7, 11,5.
Lycaon, -onisy the fon of Pelafgiis
and the nymph Melibaea or Cyllene, a
king of Arcadia, /^poUodor. 3, 8, i.
turned into a wolf by Jupiter, becaufe
Lycaon, to try the divinity of Jupiter,
when his gueft, had fet before him the
flefli of a human body, Ovid. Aid. i,
165. &-C. (G. 417.) hence Menfae Ly-
caoniae faeda m'lnijieria, the fl-iocking
feaft of Lycaon's table, ib. Notus feri-
tate Lycaony ib. 1 98. Lycaon is,
ridtsj voc. Lycaoni, Calillo the daugh-
ter of Lycaon, Ovid. Fojl. 2, 173. chan-
ged by Juno into a bear ; and aUer-
'^vardg by Jupiter converted into the
conilellation called the Bf ar, Lyca-
on i a Arctos, Qyld.FcJ}. 3, 793, near
the north .pole ; hence j^xis Lycaoniusy
the north pole, Ovid. Trijl, 3, 2, 2.
Lycaon, a fldlful Cretan artift,
Virg. Jen. 9, 304,.
Lycvs, -acy an Italian, cut out of
his mother when dead, (lain by Aeneas,
yirg.Jen. 10, 315.
Lych\s. f^/V. Lichas,
Lycidas, -ae, the name of a cen-
taur, Qvid. Met, 12, 310. <[[ 2. A
flieplierd, Virg. Eel. 7, 67 ^ 3. A
beautiful boy, Hor. Od. i, 4, 19.
Lycisca, the name of a bitch, (de-
noting either begotten by a wolf, or
like a wolf), Ovid. Met, 3, 220, ; Virg.
Eel. 3, 18.
Lyciscus, the name of a youth,
Hor. Ep.nd. 1 !, 36.
Lyco, -onisy a Peripatetic philofo-
pher, the fucceffoy cf Strato, Cic TuJ'c.
l 228 ] L Y C
32. called alfo Glyco, on account of
3^
the fv^^eetnefs of his difcourfe, Diogen*
Laert. $y6$.
Lycomedes, -zV, king of the ifland
Scyros, to whom Thetis committed
her fon Achilles to be concealed under
a female drefs among that king's daugh-
ters, that he might not go to the war
againft Troy, (G. 446.). Cicero fays,
that Neoptolemus, the fon of Achilles,
would never have taken Troy, if he
had liftened to Lycomedes, with whom
he was educated, who, wMth many tears,
wifhed to hinder his departure, (thus
confounding part of tlie ftory of A-
ehlUes with that of Pyrrhus his fon),
Amic. 20.
Lycophron, -onisy a poet born
at Chalcis in Euboea, [Chalcldcnfis)y
who flouriflied in the time of Ptolemy
Philadelphus. He wrote feveral tra-
gedies, whence he is called colhumatusy
Ovid, in Ibin, 533. He wrote alfo an
obfcure poem called Alexandra or Caf-
fandrdy ftill extant ; whence he is cal-
led atery vel tcnecrofus ; thus, Tenelraf-
que Lycophronis atriy Stat. Silv. 5, 3,
157. He is faid to have been killed
by a poifoned arrow fhot at him by an
adverfary, Ovid. ib.
Lycoris, 'idis, the miflrefs of C.
Cornelius Gallus, the friend of Virgil,
Virg. Eel. 10, often celebrated by Gal-
lus in his verfes, which are now loft,
Ovid. Am. I, 15,30. Art. Am. 3, 537.
'TriJ}. 2, 44^. whence Martial lays,
Ingenium Galii pulehra Lyeoris erat, i. e,
infpired Gallus, 8, 73. 5. She is faid
by Servius to have been the fame with
Cytheris, the freed woman of Volum-
nius, and therefore alfo called Volum-
nla, the niiftrefs of Antony. But this
feems very doubtful. f 2. A beauti-
ful woman, often celebrated by Martial.
LYCUllGUS, the famous lawgiver
of Lacedaemon, (G. 461.). f[ 2. A
king of Thrace, Virg. Aen. 3» 14. the
fon of Dryasj Apollodor, /i^y ^y i. flain
by Bacchus for violating his facred
rites, Ovid. Met. 4, 20. ; Hor. Cd. 2,
19, 16. Apollodorus fays, that Ly-
curgus, being feized with madnefs by
the wrach of Baccbu£| flew his fon
Dry as.
L Y C [22
Dry'as, then cut off his own limbs with
a fcythe, and at lalt was torn to pieces
by his own horfes, ib, fl 3. A king
of Nemaea, Stal. Theb. 5, 39. ; Apollo^
dor. 3, 6, 4. ^ 4.. An Athenian o-
rator in the titr.e of Aelchines, remark-
able for his probity and Itrictnefs ; a
vehement profecutor of the wicked and
profligate, i^accufatur vehemens), i/tc. ad
Brut. 9, & 34. Being entruiied with
the police of the city, he freed it from
thieves and robbers, Plutarch, in vita
ejus. Hence Najmetipfi Lycurgei a
princip'io fuyfemus, would have been as
rigid and inflexible as Lycurgus againft
Clodius and his alTociates, Cic. Att. i,
Lycus, a Trojan, a companion of
Aeneas, drowned in a ftorm, Virg. Aen.
1, 222. ^2. Another, who, ha-
ving efcaped with Helenor from a tur-
ret, which, being in flames, fell from
the rampart, was ilain by Turnus, Ib,
9, 556. &c. Vid. Helenor.
Lycus, a king of Thebes, (Iain by
Zethus and AmphTon, the fons of An-
tiope, on account of his unjull treat-
ment of their mother, Apallodor. 3> 3,
5. But Hyginiis fays, that Mercury
ordered them not to kill Lycus, and
commanded l^ycus to refign the king-
dom to Amphion, Fab. %f. Vid. An-
TIOPE.
Lyde, -esj the wife or miflrefs of
the poet Caliimachus, Ovid. Tr'iJL 1,
5' I-
Lydia, Horace's miftrefs, whom he
often celebrates, Od. 1,8. 3, 9. <Scc.
Lydts, the fon of Atys, from whom
the country of Lydia was named, which
formerly was called ^loEOUi \, licrodot.
7, 74. ; Serv. ad Virg. Aen, 8, 479.
Lynccus, one of the hfty fons of
Aegyptus, the only one laved by his
wife Hypermnellra, {G. 392.).
% 2. The fon of Aphareus king of Mef-
fenia, of fuch quickncfs of fight that
he was fuppofed to fee under ground,
Hygin. 14. hence, ^is ejl tarn Lyncevs^
ib quick-fighted, Cic. Fam, 9, 2. Non
pojjis Gculo quantum contendere Lynceus,
(in two fyllables), you cannot fee as
far as Lynceus, Hor, Ep, i, i, 28, Nti
9 1 L Y S •
corporis optima Lynceis Conlemplere oculisf
with Lyncean eyes, i. e. as quick-fight-
ed as thofe of Lynceus, Id. Snt. i, 2,
90. Add. Flin. 2, 17. ; Fa/. Flacc. i,
462. ; Senec. Tvled. 228. — Lynceus was
Ilain by Caftor, (G. 412.). — Accord-
ing to Ovid, Caftor was (lain by him ;
hence PeBora trnjedus Lyncso Cajlor ah
enfcy Fafl. 5, 709.
LyncIdes, -ae, a patronymic noun,
the fon of Lynceus ; or rather a pro-
per name, Ovid. Met. 4, 768. 5, 99, &;
185.
Lyncus, a king of Scythia, who
hofpitably entertained Triptolemus,
fent by Ceres through the world to
teach men the ufe of corn, and wifliing
to take the glory of the invention to
himfelf, attempted to kill his guell
while afleep ; but Ceres changed him
in the very acl into a lynx, {^conantem
lyncafecit)^ Ovid. Met. 5, 650, — 660.;
Serv. in Virg. i, 323.
Lyra, the name of a conftellation,
Col,
^ 79-
Ovid.
a celebrated gene-
Varr.R.R, 2, 5.;
Fajl. 2, 75.
Lysandfr, 'dr
ral of the Lacedaemonians, who having
defeated the Athenians at Aegos Pota-
mos, took Athens, and fet over it
thirty men called Tyrants, from the
cruel ufe they made of their power,
Nep. 6, I. ^/ 8, I. (G. 467.)
LYJSIAS, -ae, an Athenian orator,
Cic. Brut. 16. the firft who maintained
that there is an art in fpeaking, {^ejfe
art em dicendi), ib. 12. He left a great
many orations, ib. 16. of which only
a few remain. He wrote an oration
for Socrates to ufe at his trial, which
that philofopher praifed, but declined
ufmg it, Cic. Or. i, 54.
Lysidicus, a partiian of Antony's,
whom Cicero, playing on his name,
calls the deilroyer of all law and juf-
tlce, [qui jura omnia di/pJvit^i Phil.
II, 6.
Lysimachus, one of Alexander's
generals, and afterwards king ot Thrace,
(<^-473-) J#«- '7»2.
Lysippe, -es, one of the daughtei^
of Proetus, ApoIIodor, 2, 2, 2.
Lysipyus, d, cekbrated fculptor,
' born
L Y S [2
born at Si'cyon, (Siyonius)^ the only-
one whom Alexander the Great would
allow to make a ilatue of him, Cic,
Fam. 5, 12. Add. ///. Brut. 86. Or.
3, 7. ; H^ren. 4, 6. ; Horat. Ep. 2, I,
239, &c. ; Piin. 34, 7, 3c 8.; Stat. Sih.
I, I, 86. Gloria cjl Lysippo animofa ef-
Jingtre fignay to make ftatuts to the life,
Fropert. 3, 7, 9. After the battle of
Granicus, Altxander prevailed on Ly-
fippus to make Ilatues of thofe horfe-
men who had fallen, and to place A-
lexauder's ftatue among them, Paterc,
I, II. Thefe ilaraes Metelliis, having
fubdued Macedonia, brought to Rome,
il. et Piin. 34, 8 f . 19.
Lysi
Pythagorean philofo-
pher, born at Tarentum, the mailer of
Epaminondas, Cic. Gr. 3, 34. Of. 1,
44. Nep. 15. 2.
Lysistratus, the brother of Ly-
fippus, who firlt made ftatues of gyp-
fiim and potters earth, Piin. 354 12.
Lyso, -dnis, a native of l^atrae in
Achaia, {Patrenfs), the hofl of Cice-
ro, whom he fpeaks of as a very Wor-
thy man, Cic. Fam. 13, 19. ^ 2. A
native of Li^ybaeum, {Lilybaetanus)y
Cic. Fam, 13, 34.
M.
Mac A RE us, -eij (voc. Alacareu, in
three fyll. ) the fon of Aeolus, who fe-
duced his own lUter Canace, Ovid.
Trifi. 2, 384. Ep. II. in Ihin. 359, &
564. Amor. 2, 18, 23. V/hen detect-
ed, he fled to the temple of Apollo,
which was a fancluary. But, hearing
of the fate of his hfter, ( VicL C/ n a c £ ) ,
he fiew liimfelf, Hygin. 242 ^ 2. Kcrl-
tius MlcAREus, (in three fyh-) a na-
tive of Ithaca, from Ner^itus, a moun-
tain in that ifl?nd, one of the compa-
nions of Ulyffes, found by the Tro-
jan: on their arrival in Italy,, at the
promontory rfterwards called Cajeta,
and being recognifed by Achejiienides,
whom Aeac.-.s had brought with him
from the country of the Cyclops, they
mutually recounted to each other their
adventures, Ovid. Met. 14, 159, — 441.
"^ ^ 3. A priefc of Bacchus, At^Iian,
Var^IiijL 13, 2.
30 ] MAC
MACER, -crii a firname of the Z/-
cinii.
C. Lkinius Macer, an orator, Cic,
Brut. 67. condemned for extortion,
while Cicero was praetor, Cic. Att. i,
4. Various accounts are given of the
manner of his death. Plutarch fays,
that when he heard that he was con-
demned, he took to his bed and died
immediately, in Fit. Cic. Valerius
Maximus fays, that Macer was hirnfelf
in court during the trial, and perceiving
the caufe about to be determined a-
gainft him, he preverited fentence be-
ing pronounced, by Hopping his breath
with a handkerchief, and thus putting
an end to his days ; whereby his eO.ate
was faved to his fon- Licinius Calvus,
who afterwards became, an oracor of
diilinguiihed merit, Fal. Max. 9, 12, 7.
Bui Cicero fays exprcisly, that Macer
was actually condemned, Cic. Att. \ , 4,
This Licinius Macer is thought
to have been the Roman hiltorian
fpoken of by Cicero, Leg. i, 2. and
often mentioned by Livy, 4, 7, lo, «Sc
23. 7, 9. et 10, 9, &c.
Aemylius Macer, a poet bora at V^^
rami [Fcronefj/is), in the time ofAu-
guihis, who v.'rote a poem concerning
birds, ferpcnts, and the virtues of herbs;
which Ovid fays he often, when old,
ufed to read to him., when a young
man, {^Saepe fuas valuer es legii mihi gran-
dior aevoy ^aeqii^ necet fcrpens, quae
junket hcrha, Macer y Ovid. Triit. 4, 10,
43. Ke alfo wrote concerning the
I'rojan war aitcr the death of Heclor,
as a iupplemint to the IHad of Homer,
as Ovid lays in an epiftle to Macer, ( Fu
cauls aeterno quicquid rtjiahat Homero,
Ne careant Junvnd Froica hclla nianu,)
Ovid. Pont. 2, 10, 13. whence he is
called Fliacus Macer, ib. 4, 16, 6.
- Macerinvs. Fid. Geganius.
M chanidas, -«^, a tyrant of La-
cedaemon, Fiv. 27, 30. et 28, 5. who
had refolved to attack the Eleans,
v.-hlle preparing to celsbrate the Olym-
pic games, but was prevented. by the
terror of Philip king of Macedonia,
Flv' 28, 7,
, MACHaON,
i
MAC [23
MACHaON, -onisy the fon of Aef-
culapius, a phyfician in the Trojan
war, {G. 370.) put for any phyfician ;
tlius F'lrma (Tc. corpora) valent per fe
nvUumquc Machaoiia quaenint^ need no
phyfician, O'v'id. Pont. 3, 4, 7 hence'
Machaoniae artesy the arts of me-
dicine, f^. i, 3, 5. So Ilk MachaoTiid
'V1X ape fanus^ Id. Rem. Amor. 546-
Saeva Machaomo coierunt vulnera fucco,,
Stat. Siiv. 1,4, 114. — Virgil mentions
Machaon as the firft, or among the fore-
mofl, who came out of the Trojan horfe,
(primufqtie Machaon) y Virg. A en. 2,
263.
Macro, -onisi a perfon efleemed by
Atticus, Ck. Att. 4, 12.
MACRO, praefed of the praeto-
rian guards under Tiberius, T^r. Ann. 6,
15, & 23. whence he acquired great
power, th. 45. which he employed with
fuccefs to defbroy thofe he hated, ih,
29. He was the chief inftrument
whom Tiberius employed to crufii Se-
janus, il. 48. Tp^ards the clofe of the
emperor's life, he tried to gain the fa-
vour of Caligula by the bafell means,
ih. 45. Tiberius perceiving it, faid to
him reproachfully, that he turned from
the fetting to the rifmg fun, {Occiden-
tem ah eo defer'i, Onsnfem fpe^lari^) ib.
46. Tiberius in his lafl illnefs having
fallen into a fwoon, thofe prefent
thought that he had expired. Where-
upon Caligula began to a6l as empe-
ror. , But Tiberius having recovered
from his faint, they were all (buck
with terror. Macro, however, relie-
ved them by ordering theoldemperor to
be fmothered by thross ing on him a heap
of bed-clothes, ih, 50. Suetonius men-
tions different accoiints concerning that
emperor's death, Tih, 73. Macro foon
after met with the juft puniihment of
bis crimes, being (lain by the order of
Caligula, Suet. Cal. 26.
Macro B I 'J s, an author in the time
of Theodolius, who compofed a leai ned
work called Saturnalia^ in feven books ;
and alfo a coinmentary on the Sojnn/um
Scipionis of Cicero, in two books; which
works are both extant.
Macula, one who offered Cicero
T ] m a e
the ufe of his villa in the Agcr Falernust
Cic. Fam. 6, 19. fuppofed to be the
fame who is called Pompeius Macula,
Macroh. Sat. 2, 2.
MAECeNx^S, .Ms, a Roman E-
ques (of the gens Cilnia ; hence he is
called Cilnius Maecenas equejiris ordinisy
Tac. Ann. 6, 11.) faid to have been
defcended from the ancient kings of
Etruria, whence he is called Tyrrhena
regum progenies^ Hor. Od. 3, 2(^. and
Tufcus eques, Marcial. 8, 56, 9. So
Silius Italicus fays the name of Maece-
nas v>'as anciently refpeftable in Etru-
ria, and dignihed with the fceptre,
(Maecenas, cut Maeonid (i. e. Etruria)
venerahile terra, Et fceptris o/im celebra"
turn fiomen Elrufcis, Sil. 10, 40. He was
the favourite of Augullus, and a great
patron of learned men. To Maecenas
Virgil infcribed his Georgics ; and Ho-
race his firft ode, his firil fatire, and
firfl c piitle. Hence, Sint Maecenatcs,
non deerunt, Flacce, Mar ones, O F!ac-
cus, let therc be patrons like Maecenas,
and there will not be wanting good
poets like Maro, i. e. Virgil, Martial.
8, 56, 5. Turris Maeccnatiana, the
tower of Maecenas, Suet. Ner. 58. —
Cicero mentions a Roman knight call-
ed C. Maecenas, Cluent. ^6,
Sp. MAECIUS Tarpa, (ah Mcclus,
vel Met/us), a great critic of theatrical
compofitions ; confulted by Pompey
concerning the fplendiJ fpe6lacles he ex-
hibited in his fecond coniulihip, which,
however, Cicero feems not to have
been much pleafed with : Nohis autem
erant ea perpetienda, qunefcdicet Sp. Mae-
cius prohcro'ijjit, Cic. Fam. 7, i. -He
is fuppuied to have been the fame with
that Maecius- who was one, and per-
haps the chief, of ii%'e perfons, whom
Augulfus appointed to jud^-^e of the
merit of poetical comporilifins in the
temple of Apollo, to diitt-ibute prizes
to the m.oil deferving, and to deter-
mine vvhat plays were to be reprefent-
ed on the ihi;p;e : Hence Horace fays,
Haec (fc. carmina) ego ludo, ^ai nee in
Aede fonent ccrtantia, judice Tarpa, I
amufe rnyfjlf in >A'ritiag thefc iatires,
which will not be recited in the temple
of
MAE [2
of Apollo to contend for the piize, be-
fore Tarpaprefiding as judge, Hor. Sat.
1, lO, 38. el ib'i Scboltaft. The writers
of plays feem to have fubmltted their
works to the infpeftion of Maecius,
before they read them to the five judges
ill the temple of Apollo ; hence, Si
quid tarncn olim Scripferisf in Met'i't defcen-
dat jud'ic'is auresy Et patriSy et nojlrasy
K'mumque prematur in annum. If, how-
ever, you fliall hereafter write any
thing, firll read it to the judge Metius,
(or to Metius, who is a good judge,)
to your father, and to me, i. e. fubmit
it to our examination ; and then keep
it by you for nine years, before you
pubhdi it, Id. Jrt. 386.
Maelius. Vid. Melius.
Maenades, 'um, women fuppofed
to be infpired by Bacchus, Bacchanals,
Catull. 64, 23. fuTg. Marnas, Scnec.
Med. V. 382.
Maenalus, a fon of Lycaon, Jpol-
lodor. 3, 8, I. from whom Maenalus,
(plur. -^1,) a mountain in Arcadia is
faid to have been named.
MAENIUS, the name of a Roman
gens.
C. MAENIUS, a conful, who con-
quered the ^r/Viwi, Lai/inii, :ir)d Veliterni,
joined with tlie Antiales Volfci, Liv. 8,
13. Part of the (Iiips of the Antiates
were brought to Rome ; and with their
beaks the place in the forum, from
which fpeeches ufed to be made to the
people, (fuggijlt^ni vel t h m p l u m , IJi).
2, ^G. et 3, 17.; Cic. Vat. 10.) v/as
adorned, hence called Rostra, Liv.
8. 14. A column was ered^ed to Mae-
r.ius for his victories, a. u. 416, Plin.
34, 5 f. I. This feems to have been
the column called Column v Maenia,
r.igh vvhich thieves and worthlefs flaves
iifed to be punifhed, Cic. Caecil. 16.
et ibi Afcon. Cluen-. 1 3. by the Trinrnvhi
Capitales ; hence Cicero, fpeaking of
one. Afniius, Vvho being fulpetted of
murder was brought before Q^ Manir
h'us, who was then Triumvir, adds :
Jlle ManiUus ex petulanti atque improho
fcurra in d/fcordlis civltatis ad cam colam-
nam, ad quam faepe muJtorum coninciis
^erdudus crat, timfd/'ragi's populi jW-rvcrie-
32 ] MAG
rat. i. e. he had been chofen a Triumvir
by the people to judge of caufes near
that pillar, to which he had been often
brought as a criminal, Cic. Cluent. 13.
This column feems alfo to be the fame
which Maenius, (probably one of the
defcendants of C. Maenius, the conful),
v/hen he fold his houfe, (called Atrium
Maeniuin,) to the cenfors Flaccus and
Cato, that on the ground where it
ftood they might build a court of juf-
tice (hajdica), referved to himfelf the
right of one column, on which he
might build a projeftion ; whence he
and his pofterity might view the fhews
of gladiators, which were then exhi-
bited in the forum, Afcon, ibid. Hence
the balconies or open galleries erefted
on the farther or femicircular end of
the circus were called Maeniaka, Suet.
Cal 18.
C. Maenius was made dictator for
holding trials concerning confpirators,
( quaejTwnum de conjuratis exercendarum
caufdy) Liv. 9, 26.
C. Maenius, a praetor, appointed
to hold inquifitions concerning forceries
and poifonings, i^de veneficiis), Liv. 40,
L. Maenius, a tribune, who pro-
pcfed a bill to the people about re-
ducing the intereil of money to one
per cent, {^de unciario fcenore,^ Liv. 7,
16.
P*'L Maenius, the author of an agra-
rian l?.w, Liv. 4, 53.
Maeonides, -ae, a name given to
Homer, from his being born in Lydia,
anciently called Maeonia, MartiaL 5,
10.
Ma ERA, a woman, metamorphofed
into a dog, Ovid. Met. 7, 362.
^ 2. A prieftefs of Venus, Stat. 7heh.
7, 477. ^ 3 The dog of Icarius,
who. by his cries, fliev^ed to Erigone
the place whei"e the dead body of her
father lay unburied, Hygin. 130. Vid.
Erigone.
Maevius, a contemptible poet, con-
temporary with Horace and Virgil,
Hor. Ep. TO, 2. ; Virg. E. 3, 90.
MAGI, magicians, a name given to
Wife and learned men among the Per-
fians
MAG [2
fians, Ck. Div. i, 23. who ufed to af-
feirtble In a temple for the take of me-
ditation and conferring together, fL 41.
Their bodies, when dead, are faid not
to have^been buried, unlefs they were
firil: torn by dogs, I J, Tufc, i, 45.
Magius, the name of a Roman ^^«x.
P. Magius (h'llo^ v. Ciloy an inti-
mate friend of M. Marcellus, whom,
however, he murdered at Athens ; and
after perpetrating the deed, flew him-
felf, Ctc. Fam. 4, 12. in a fit of infanity,
as it was fi?ppofed, for the real caufe was
not certainly known, C'lc. Att. 13, 10.
L. Magius, an adherent of Marius,
after whofe death he fled to Mithri-
dates. He was fent by that king to
conclude an alliance with Sertorius In
Spain. Having afterwards proved
treacherous to^Mithridates, he returned
to the Romans, and dvveit at Myndus,
Cic. Verr. \ , 34. et ihi Afcon,
Dec, Magius, a noble Campanian,
remarkable for his firm attachment to
the Romans in the fccond Punic war,
L'lv. 23, 7, & 10. The Magii of Capua
are m.entloned by Cicero, among others,
as a family remarkable for their pomp
and magnificence, Cic.RulL 2,'S^^,Flf. 1 1.
Magnes, -etisy the name of a fhep-
herd on mount Ida, who is faid to have
firft difcove^ed the magnet ftone, (call-
ed from him inagncs), by the nails of
his flioes and tiie point of his flaft'
fticking in it, PUn, 36, \6. But Lu-
cretius fays the magnet Is fo named
from its being found in the country of
the Magnates, ling. Magues ; i.e. in IViag-
nefia, a part of Theilaly, L^tcr. 6, 908.
«j| 2. A firnatiie of Demetrius, the
contemporary of Cicero, and friend of
^ Attlcws, Cl\ Att. 4, II. ^/ 8, 11.—
alfo of iJcmetrlus, the rhetorician, and
co^npanion of Cicero when a iludent
in Afia, Cic. Brut. 9 i .
Magni s Claudius^ the brother of VI-
fo, who was adopted by Galba, Fac.H.
) , 48. put to death by Claudius, ih.
Magnus, the Great, a firname given
to Pompey ; thus, Mngni amhuhttOf the
walk or portico built by Pompey, Catull.
$$i 6' So Senjit et Ipje metum Magnus y
i. e. Pompeius, Lucan* 2; 598, S^ic* This
33 1 MAL
name is alfo applied to Cneius, the
eldeft fon of Pompey. ih. 9, 12 i , & 145.
Fid. POMPEIU s.
MAGO, a frequent name among
the Carthaginians. A brother of
Hannibal's, who commanded the cen-
tre of the Carthaginian army at the
battle of Cannae, Liv. 22.46. and after
the vi6^ory, was fent by his brother
to give an account of his exploits to
the fenate, ih. zi,^ i2. At laCt, being
conquered in battle by the Romans,
he died of his wounds, ib. 30, 1 8
^ 2. An author, v/ho wrote twenty-
eight books on hufbaadry, Cic. Or, i,
58. which, after the taking of Car-
thage, the Romans ordered to be tranf-
lated Into Latin, Farr, R, R, i, i.;
Plin. 18, 3.
Maharbal, -alis, the fon of Himil-
co, a Carthaginian ; entrulled by Han-
nibal with the command of the army
which befieged Saguntum, Liv, 21,
12. After the vidory at Cannae, he
advlfed Hannibal to march diredly to
Rome, Liv. 22, 51. et 23, 18. Fid,
Annibal, p. 18.
Mil A, the daughter of Atlas, and
mother of Mercury by Jupiter, (G.
378.) who is hence called Almae fdivs
Maine, Hon Od. i, 2, 43. Natiis Maid,
Id. Sat. 2, 6. 5. Genitus Maid, Virg,
Aen. I, 297. Mala with her fix fillers
were changed into fo many ftars, call-
ed Pleiades, [G. 379.), whence one
of them is called Mala, Virg. G, l,
225. and Phias is put for Mala, Ovid,
Met. I, 670.- Some derive the name
of the month May (menjts Mains) from
Maia, Mac rob. Sat. i, 12.
' Malleolus, a firnam.e of the P«-
hlicii,
Cn. Malleolus, the quaefior of
Dolabella in Afia, Cic. Verr. i, 15.
Plis fon was pillaged by his guardian
Verres, ih. 36.
Malleolus, one who m.urdered his
mother, and on that account was few-
ed into a fack, and thrown Into the
fea, A. ad Herenn. i, 13. This hap-
pened a. u. 653, and he is faid to have
been the firil perfon punlflied In this
manner, Orof, 5, 16. ; Liv. Epit. 68.
G g Mallius,
M A L [ 234 ]
Mallius Glauciay a freed man, the beian that was
client of T. Rofcius Magnus, Cic. Rofc.
S.7.
fir-
M A N
created Curio Maximum,
Mamercinus or Mamercus, a
name of the Aemilti,
Lucius AemiVius Mamercinus, twice
conful, Lin}. 8, I, & 20. and twice dic-
tator, Liv. 8, '6. ^/ 9, 21.
Mam E ROUS, a very rich man, who
having omitted to feek the aedilefhip,
becaufe that office occafioned great ex-
pence, was on that account re|e6ted,
when he appHed for the confulfliip,
Cic. Off. 2, 17. 5[ 2. A conful,
the colleague of D. Brutus, Cio. Br.
47.
Mamertes, -iV, (al. Vimtifrmus), a
Corinthian, who is faid to have killed
his brother's children, that he mi^ht
fucceed to the crown ; but the brother
being informed of the deed, put him to
death in the moft cruel manner, by mu-
tilating his members, Ovid, in Jbin,
549-
Oaav. Mam I LI us, didator of Tuf-
culum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2. and chief of
the Latin nation ; who is faid to have
been defcended from the goddefs Circe,
Lii). I, 49. He fell in battle at the
lake Regillus, while fighting again ft the
Romans under Pofthumiusthe dictator,
in order to reilore his father-in-law Tar-
quinius Superbus to his kingdom, Liv.
2, 20.
L. Mamilius, diftator of Tufcu-
lum, v/lio brought afiiftance to the Ro-
mans, when the Capitol was fuddenly
feized by Heidonius with a body of
flavcs, Lii) 3, 18. and on account of
his fervices was prefented with the free-
dom of thp city, ih. 29.
C. Mamilius Limetanus^ a tribune,
who propoied a bill to the people a-
bout the puniihment of thofe who had
taken bi'Jbes from Jugurtha, Sallujl. Jug.
40. called MaiTiilia rogatioy ib. et Cic.
:3rut. 33.
Mamilius Mancimu, a tribune, who
propofed a bill to the people about
trant^ferring the command of the v/ar a-
gainit Jugurtha from Metellus to Ma-
j-ius, Salluji. Jvg. 73.
C. MA>jii;iys Vitulus^ th? iirH pie-
Liv. 27, 8.
Manius Mamilius, {ah Manilius),
a lawyer and conful a. u. 603, who
Gompofed forms to be ufed immaking
bargains, called Leges 'uenalium venden-
dorurri) Cic. Or. I, 58. W Actiones,
Varr^ R, R. 2, 3, 11. An example of
which we have, ib. 2, 3, 5.— .-Mamilius
and Manilius are often put the one for
the other.
MAMURRA, a Roman eques, born
at Formiae, praefecius fabrum to Cae-
far ; a rich luxurious man, Cic. Att. 7,
7. ^/ 13, 52. who firft covered all the
walls of his houte on the Caelian mount
at Rome with cruits of marble, Plin,
36, 6 f. 7, There is a bitter epigram
in Catullus, Infcribed, In Mamurram
et Caefaretny $$. and a ftill more bitter
one againft Mamurra himfelf, 27,
Urbs Mamurraruniy i. e, Formiae, whence
the family of the Mamurrae came, Hor.
Sat. I, 5, 37, — — ^ 2. Mamurius
vel MamUriusy a worker in brafs in the
time of Numa, who, at the defire of
that king, made eleven round fliields,
(ancilia)y exactly like thnt anclle which
was fuppofed to have fallen from hea-
ven, that it might not be ilolen ; and
when Numa aflced, what reward he de-
fired for his labour, he anfvvcred, ** to
have his name handed down to pofteri-
ty as the maker of the fhields ; and
that the Salii fhould repeat it in- the end
of their fongs," which was granted,
(Inde facer dotes operi promijja 'vctujh
Praemia perfohunt, Mamuriumque va-
cant), Ovid. Fail. 260, — 383, &c. ;
Propert. 4, 2, 61,
C. H^jIHIhs MANCINUS, conful
with Lepidus, a. 617. Cic. Brut, 27.
who being furrounded with his arm.y
by the people of Numantia, was ob^ged
to beg a truce, and conclude a treaty
with them, ( Vid.T. Gkacckits), which
being difapproved of at Rome, he was,
with bis ovvn confent, given up to the
Numantines, but they would not receive
him, Cic. Or. i, 40. ; Off. 3, 30. It
was made a queftion at Rome, when
he returned, whether he fhould be con-
fidered as a citizen or not. Cicero w^s
■ ■ of
MAN E 2
of opinion that he ought, Cic. Caecin.
34. Or. I, 4.
Mandane, -es, the mother of Cy-
rus the great, (G. 600.)
Mandonius, the brother of Indlbi-
lis, prince of the Illcrgetes in Spain,
Li'v. 22, 21. whofe wife and daughters
having fallen into the power of Scipio,
and being honourably treated by him,
I All. 26, 49. Indibills and Mandoni-
us deferted from the Carthaginians to
the Romans, Li<v. 27, 19. But Sci-
pio having fallen into a dangerous dlf-
eafe, they revolted, Zi-u. 28, 24. Be-
ing conquered in a great battle, they
were treated with lenity, ih. 33, & 34.
They again rebelled, but with no bet-
ter fuccefs, L'lv. 29, 2. Indibilis'fell
in battle, and Mandonius being given
up to the Romans by his countrymen
to fave themfelves, was put to death,
ik 3.
Mania, v. Mana, the mother of the
Lares, Varr. L. L. 8, 38.
Man I LI us, the name of a plebeian
gens at Rome.
C. Manilius, a tribune, the author
of the Manilian law, {lex Manilla),
which conferred on Pompey the charge
of profecuting the war againft Mithri-
dates, C'lc. Manil. 24.
M. Manilius, a lawyer, Cic. Or.
I, 48. who ufed to offer his advice free-
ly to all the citizens who chofe to ai]<;
it, {facer e omnibus ci-vibus confilii fui co'
f)iam), Cic. Or. 3, 33. Conful with L.
Cenforinus, a. u. 604. Cic. Brut. 27.
^cad. 4j 32.
Manilius vel Manlius, the author
of a poem on aftronomy, dill extant ;
which is thought to have been publifh-
ed towards the latter end of the reign
of Auguftus, from his mentioning the
defeat of Varus, and other circumftan-
ces. But Manilius is not mentioned by
any author of that period, and there-
fore fome fuppcfe him to have lived as
late as the time of Theodofius.
Manius, a Roman praendmeny (quod
mane quis initio natus Jit, ut Lucius qui
luce), Varr. L. L. 8, 38, written M',
to diilinguifh it from M. for Marcus.
Manius Marcius, an aedile of the
3$ 1 MA>;r
commons, who firft gave corn to the
people at an as the bufhel, Plin. 1 8, 3*
MANLIUS, the name of a patri-
cian gens.
A. MANLIUS, conful, Li^. 2, 544
a violent oppofer of the Agrarian law,
and therefore, after the expiratimi of
his office, he with his colleague L. Fu-
rius were fummoned to a trial before
the people by Genucius, a tribune. But
on the day of the trial, the tribune was
found dead at his houfe, ih. This Man-
hus was oiie of the ambaffadors fent to
Athens, to examine the laws of Solon,
and the inlHtutions of the other ftates
of Greece, Zk*. 3, 3 1. f. and after his
return made one of the decemnnri, ib.
33*
M. MANLIUS, who defended the
Capitol, (G. 221), and hence got the
firname of Capitolinus, Liv. ^, 31,
& 47. ; Plin. 7, 28. But being after-
wards fufpedled of aiming at fovereign-
ty, he was condemned and thrown from
the Tarpelan rock, Liv. 6, 20. By a
decree of the Manlian family, it was
decreed, that no one fhould be called
Marcus Manhus, ib.et Cic. Phil, i, 13.
His houfe was overturned^ and the
ground where it Hood covered with two
groves, Cic. Dom. 38.
L. Manlius, a diftator, called Im-
PERiosus, on account of his haughty
imperious temper, and rigorous feveri-
ty, in holding a levy of foldiers, Liv.
7, 3, & 4. Being on this account
brought to a trial before the peof)]e, he
was extricated by the generous interpo-
fition of hts fon, ib. 5. j Cic. Off". 3, 31.
(G. 223.)
r. MANLIUS, L. F. on account
of his dutiful behaviour to his father,
was made a military tribune by the peo-
ple, Liv. 7,5. Having killed a Gaul
in fingle combat in fight of both ar-
mies, he fpoiled him of nothing elfe
but a golden chain, {uno torque Jpolia-
vit), which, ail bloody as it was, he
threw round his own neck ; and hence
got the firname of TORQLTaTUS,
which he tranlmitted to hib pofterity,
ib, 10. He was three times conful, and
twice didator. In his third confulate,
C g 2 tein^
MAN [ 236 ] MAR
being fent as general againft the La- ter the battle of Cannae, Marcellus,
tins, he ordered his own fon, for ha- then praetor, was fent to receive the
ving fought with the enemy contrary to remains of the army from Varro, the
orders, though viftorious, to be behead- conful, L'lv. 22, 57. Having thrown
ed, Llv. 8, 7. hence Manliana impe- himfelf into Nola, by a fuccefsful fally
ri^, »ManHan commands, for commands
unrimfonably fevere, ih. et 4, 29. thus
Vide ne iflajint Manhana veJlrOf aut ma-
jora etlarriy Ji hnperes quod facere non pof-
Jimt See that thofe requilitions be not
as unreafonable as thofe of Manhus,
your anceftor, or m.ore fo, &c. Ck. Fin.
2, 32. Manliaxum, ic. praedlum, a
from that city, he firil (howed the Ro.
mans that Hannibal could be conquer-
ed, Liv. 23, 14, & 16. He was made
conful the third time in his abfence,
Li-v. 2\, 9. ; and the province of Sici-
ly decreed to him, ii. 21. He took
Syracufe after a fiege of near three
years, Liv. 25, 23, &c. drove the Car-
villa of Cicero's, probably fo called, be- thaginians from the idand, ik 27, &
caufe it had anciently belonged to one
Manlius, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, i, i.
7*. Manlius Torquatus, a defcend-
ant of the former, in whofe confulfhip
the temple of Janus was Ihjt afier the
end of the fecond Punic war, Liv. i,
19.
C. Manlius, one of Catiline's affoci-
ates, who commanded the army of the
confplrators, till Catiline joined it, Cic.
28. and fettled the affairs of that coun-
try with great integrity and prudence,
ib. 41. In his fourth confulfhip, he
fought feveral battles againil Hannibal
In Italy with various fuccefs, Liv. 27,
2, 12, &c. In his lifth confulfhip, be-
ing led into an ambufcade, he was cut
off by Hannibal, ih. 26, & 27.
Marcellea, -orurrti a feftival, obfer-
ved annually by the Sicilians in honour
.Cat. 3, 6.; Sail. Cat. 27, 32, &c. and of Marcellus, which Verres abohfhed,
commanded the right wing in the bat
tie againil Petreius, where he fell, ih.
59, & 60.
Mann us, the nam.e of a llave who
gave Information, that a dangerous hie,
which broke out at Rome, had been
raifed by fome Campanlan young men,
and fubftltuted one in honour of him-
felf, called Verrea, Cic. Verr. 2, 2i.
m. MARCELLUS, the fon of the
former, was with his father when he
fell by the artiiice of Hannibal ; and
though w^ounded, made his efcape,
Liv. 27, 27. He dedicated the temple
whofe parents had been beheaded by Q^ of Virtue, a. u. 550, the 1 7th year af-
Fulvius Flaccus, Liv. 26, 27.
Manto, -usy the daughter of Tlre-
fias, the Theban prophet, who, after
her father's death, came into Italy, and
had by the river Tiber {JTufcus amnis)
Ocnus, who founded Mautua, and call-
ed It after his mother, Virg. Aen. 10,
198.
MARCELLUS, the firname of a
moft illuftrious plebeian family of the
gens Claudia.
M. Claudius MAPvCELLUS, five
times conful. In his firil confuKliip he
defeated the Galli lasuhresy and having
killed their king Viridoraams {yi\. Bri-
tonarus) with his own hand, gained
the fpo/ia opima the fecond after Ro-
mu'us, a. u. 530. Liv. Epit. 20. Hence
^fpice ui iiifignis Jpoliis Marcellus opimis
ingrcditui-f ^Q, Virg. Aen. Gj ^^6. Af-
ter it had been vowed by his father in
his iirfl confulfliip at Claftidium in
Gaul, Liv. 29, 1 1. He was afterwards
tribune of the commons, ih, 20. curulc
edile, Id. 31, 50. praetor, LI. 32, 7. in
which office he got Sicily for his pro-
vince, Id. 32, 8, & 27. When conful,
33, 24. he triumphed over the Insuhres
and ComcnfeSi ib. 37. When cenfor,
37, 58. he performed the ordinary fa-
crifice at the conclution of the cenfus,
(iujlrumcondidit), Id. 38, 36. and died
a pontifex, Id. 41, 13.
M. Claudius Marcellus, probably
the fon of the former, praetor, Liv,
43, II. conful, 45,44. three times,
Liv. Epit. 47*, Sc 48. Being fent on an
embaffy to MafinilTa, he perifhed by
/fnlpwreck, Liv. Epit. 50. ; Cic. Pif,
19. which he is reported to have fore-
told
MAR t 237 1 MAR
told many years before would be his hopes, [tngenuarum artium, laetufque a-
fate, Ck. Div. 2, 5. Fat, 14.
Three of the family of the M.vr-
CELLi were confuls for three years
fuccefiively before the civil war broke
out between Caefar and Pompey, all
of them attached to the intered of
Pompey, and inimical to Caefar ; al-
though one of them was married to
Odavia, the grand-niece of Caefar,
Dioy 40, 59. J Suet. Jul. 27.
M. Claudius Marcel Lus was con-
ful with Serv. Sulpicius, a. u. 703, Dio,
40, 58. C. Claudius MAKCEhhv Si the
coufin-german of Marcus, was conful
next year with L. Aemilius Paulus, ib.
59.; Suet.Caef. 29.; and C. Claudius Mar -
CELLus, the brother of .Marcus, was
conful the year following, a. u. 705,
with L. Cornelius Lentulus, when the
war began, Dioj 41,1.
M MARCELLUS, after the bat-
tle of Pharfalia, retired to Mitylenae,
where he fpent his time in literary pur-
fuits, without concerning himfelf any
farther in the war. He remained there till
upon the requell: of his brother Caius,
and the entreaty of the whole fenate,
Caelar granted him permilfion to return
to Rome. On this occafion, Cicero,
who happened to be prefent, made that
noble fpeech, infcribed pro Marcello,
which is ftill extant. In his way to
Rome, Marcellus was afTafiiaated at A-
thcns by Magius Chiio, (^q. «u.) Sul-
picius, formerly his colleague in the
confulate, and then the Roman gover-
nor of Greece under Caefar, wrote an
intereiling account of this event to Ci-
cero, Cic. Fam. 4, 1 2. ( Fid. Magiu s.)
M. MARCELLUS, the fon of C.
Claudius Marcellus conful a. u. 703,
and of 06lavia the grand-niece of
Julius Caefar and lifter to Auguftus,
Sutt. CaeJ. 27. firft betrothed to Pom-
peia, the daughter of Sextus Pompeius,
Dio, 48, 38. ; Appian. de Bell. Civ. I. 5.
p. 714. married to Julia, the daughter
of Auguilus, when very young, {^tan-
tutn quod pueritmm egrejfusy having juli;
palted the age ol boyhood, i. e. being
only feventeen years old, Suet. Aug. 6'^. ;
^^^1 5S> 27.), a young man of great
nhni et ingenify fortunaeque in quam aleba*
tur, capax,) Paterc. 2, 93. S.o Virgil,
Nee puer I lined qiitfquam de gente Latinos
In iantum fpe toilet avos, i. e. tantam
de fe fpem faciet, Aen. 6, 876. def-
tined, as it was believed, by Auguftus
to be his fucceftbr in the empire,
•^'*''» 53» 3*^- {Succeffloni praepara-
ius fuae,) Sencc. ad. Polyb. c. 34. [in
proximo fihi fajligio collocatusy) Tac
Hill. I, 15. But being feized with a
diftemper, he was cut off by the Inju-
dicious application of the cold bath,
prefcribed by Antonius Mufa ; who
not long before had cured Auguftaa
from a dangerous difeafe by the farac
means, i^io, 53, 3c. ; Suet. Aug. 59,;
Plin. 25, 7 f. 38. Pie died at Baiae,,
Propert. 3, 16, 7, ; Serv. in Firg. 6, 86 1.
to the great grief of the Roman people,
with whom he was a great favourite,
( M arcellumjlagrantibus plebis Jludiis intra
juventain ereptuniy) Tac. Ann. 2, 41 f.
Livia was fufpcdled of having had a
hand in his death, becai^fe he was pre-
ferred to her fons, Z)io, 53, 33. He
was buried in the Campus Martius, m
the Maufoleum of Auguftus, who paid
the greateft honours to his memory,
ib. 30. That emperor built a theatre,
and called it after his name, ( Theatrum
Marcelli,) Tac. Ann. 3, 64. ; Suet,
Aug. 29, & 43. Dio, ib. et 54, 26. the
fcene of which was renewed by Vef-
palian, (fcena tbeatri MarceUiajiiy) Suet.
Vefp. 19. — But the name of Marcellus
has been more effectually immortalifed
by the beautiful eulogium of Virgil
than by all thofe honours, P'irg. Aen^ 6,
860,-887.
In the life of Virgil, commonly
afcribed to Donatus, (but as many
think fallely,) Auguftus is faid to have
requefted ol: Virgd to fend him part of
the Aeneis, which the poet long ex-
cufed himfelf from doing. At laft he
read to Auguftus the fecond, fourth,
and fixth books. He is fuppofed to
have fmiftied the fixth book Icon after
the death of Marcellus. "When in read-
ing it, he had pronounced thefe words,
Heu^ mijerande puer I Ji qua Jata afpera
rumpasy
MAR
TumpaSf Tu Marcellus eris .
tavia, who was fitting by, is reported
to have fainted away. When (he came
to herfelfj^ fiie ordered ten feficrt'ia (a-
bove L. 80 of our money) to be given
to the poet for each verfe ; about
IL,.2o8o for the whole twenty-fix verfes.
— But this fact is mentioned by no
other author.
Sanadon, and Jani who follows him,
afcribe to the fon of Oclavia the ftanz^
in Horace, Od. i, 12, 45. Crefcit oc-
ciiho^ &c. the fame of the young Mar-
cellus encreafes like a tree with imper-
ceptibk growth ; the Julian ftar, i. e. the
ornament ot the Julian family, (as the
Tiber li are called Sit las jiroenihy Ovid.
Triih 2, 1 67. and Fabius, Fahiaefdiis
gentis, Ovid. Pont. 2, 5, 49.) fhiries,
or is diftinguiftied amofig all the other
families of Rome, as the moon among
the leffer flats. — But moil commenta-
tors, more agreeably to the context,
apply the firll part of the ftanza to the
great Marcellus, the antagonifl of Han-
nibal ; and the latter part to Julius
Caefir, who is fiid to excel ail the
other heroes before mentioned, as much
la glory as the moon does the ilars in
fplendor, Hor. Od. i, 12, 43:.
Marcia, the wife of Regulus, w-ho
to revenge the dcatfi of her hulhr.nd,
got from the public feveral Carthaoji-
nian prifoners, whom fhe put to death
with the mod exquifite tortures ; to
fuch a degree that the fenate were obli-
ged to interpofe and Hop her cruelty,
Dlodor. I. 24. Gellius fays, that thefe
captives were given up to the children
oi Regulus, who put them to death
with the fame cruelty that was ufed
againft their father, GelL 6, 4.
Nunia MARCIUS, the fon of Mar-
clus, a patrican, made Pontifex Maxl-
mus by Numa, Z.iv. r, 20.
ylnciis MARCIUS, the grandfon
of Numa Pompilius, by his daughter,
the fourth king of Romie, Liv. i, q2.
(G.198.)
C. MARCIUS, firnamed Coiiio-
LANU.s, from his bravery in taking the
city Corioli, L'tv. 2, 33. Being ba-
nifhed by the rancour of the tribunes
and the hatred of the plebeians, hs
[ 23S 1 MAR
Oc- went to the country of the Votfa,
whence he led an army againfb his
copintry ; and having defeated the Ro-
mans in every engagement, reduced
the city to the greatefl diftrefs. After
feveral fruitlefs embafhes, he was at
lall prevailed on, by the interpofition of
his mother Veturia, to withdraw his
troops, (G. 212.)
6\ MARCIUS Rurdus, the firil
plebeian dictator, who having conquer-
ed the Tufcans, firfl: triumphed by the
order of the people without the autho-
rity of the fenate, Liv. 7, 17. He was
alio the nrft plebeian cenfor, ih. 22. and
four times conful, ib. 38, & 39.
L. MARCIUS, a Roman eqiies, and
a centurion of the ftrft rank, {prlmipili
cenUirlo, ) who, after the two Scipios were
cut off by the Carthaginians in Spain,
by his courage and conduft faved the
Roman army. Being chofen command-
er by the foldiers, he took two camps of
the enemy, Llv. 25, 39. and preferved
the Roman conquefts in quiet, till
P. Scipio, afterwards called Africanus,
was fent with proconfular authority in-
to Spain, ib. et 26, 19. Marcius, in
writing concerning his exploits to the
fenate, had affum.ed flie title of Pro-
praetor, which gave offence to many,
who, though they efteemed his at-
chievements as highly meritorious, yet
thought it a dangerous precedent that
commanders fliould be chofen by the
army, Liv. 26, 2. Scipio, how^ever,
always treated Marcius with the great-
etl refped, Liv. 26, 20. made him one
of his lieutenants, and employed him
in the moft impcrtant affairs, Liv. z"^,
14, 19, 22, &c. Before the arrival of
Scipio, Marcius had concluded a treaty
with the people of Cadiz, (^Gaditani,)
Liv. 32, 2. which, though not confirm-
ed by the Roman people or fenate, was
ever after held valid, Cic. Ball. 15, &
16. and from him vv'as called Foedus
Marcianum, ib. 17.
March Reges, a family of the
Gens Marcia, who pretended to be
fprung from king Ancus Marcius, and
therefore retained the firname Rex,
Stist. CasJ. 6. The fam« Mardi Reges
arc
MAR r 239 ]
are fuppofed to be alluded to, j4. ad clus Galba
Herenn. 3, 2 1.
MARCIUS, a famous diviner, {jva-
tes illujlriiy) who is laid to have foretold
the defeat of the Romans at the battle
of Cannae ; whence the phiin where
the battle was fought is faid to be
Damnatufque cleum quondam per carm'tna
campus, Sil. 7, 483. The fulhlment
of this predidion being known after
the event, procured belief to another
prediction of Marcius, concerning the
expulfion of the Carthaginians from
Italy. In order to effecJi: this, the Ro-
mans were directed to appoint folemn
games in honour of Apollo, which
were accordingly inftituted, Liv. 25,
12. Thefe predictions [carmina Mar,-
ciana) are fuppofed to be alluded to
by Silius Italicus, ib. — Cicero mentions
tv/o brothers of this name, defcended
of a noble family, who were diviners,
{^divinantes,) Cic. Div. i, 40. but
fpeaks only of one afterwards, (^vates^)
ib. 50. evidently the fame with that
mentioned by Livy.
^ MARCIUS Rex, the colleague
of Metellus in the confulihip, a. u. 686,
C'lc. P'lf, 4.; Dioj 35, 4. who after his
confullliip got the province of Cilicia,
where he did not properly affill Liicul-
lus in the war againft Miihridates,
D'Wi ib. 15, & 17. probably infiigated
by P. Clodius, to whofe filler Marcius
was married, ib* Marcius was foon
after obliged by the Manilian law to
leave his provincp before the legal time,
D'w, 36, 26. and to give up his army
to Pompey, ib. 31. Upon his return
to Italy he claimed a triumph ; but
was hindered from obtaining that ho-
nour i^impeditus tie triumphanij) by the
detraction probably of the partifans of
Lucullus. (Salluil fays, ccdumnid pau-
corum quibus omnia hone.fla atque inhonejla
'vcndere mos erat. Cat. 30.) In the
mean time the confpiracy of Catiline
broke out, and Marcius was fent to
Faefulae, to oppofe the attempts of
Manlius and the other confpirators in
Etruria, Salluft. ib.
^ MARCIUS Rex, a praetor a.u.
1^19, in the confulihip of Scry. Sulpi-
M A R
and L. Aurelius Cotta,
who being ordered by the fenate to re-
pair the old aquedufts, built alio anew
one, and called it by his own name,
AQUA MARCIA, Plin. 36, 15 f.
24. which Pliny calls the moil famous
aquedu6l in the world. It took it3
rife in the mountains of the Peligni, a-
bove fixty miles from Rome. From
the territory of Tibur it was carried
to Rome on arches for nine miles. Pli-
ny fays it was begun by king Ancus
Marcius, 31, 3 f. 24. Plutarch fays it
was built by two brothers, Publius and
Quintus March, in vita Corlolani, priuc.
Thcylqua L'larcia was afterwards repair-
ed by Ajgrippa, Plin. ib.; et Dio, 49, 42.
The u^qua Mania is faid to have been
the bell for drinking of all the waters
in Rome, on account of its coldnefs
and falubrity, Plin. ib.f. 23, & 24, &
25. as the jlqua Virgo \va3 for fwim-
ming, ( ^antum Virgo taciu, tantum
praejiat Marcia haujiu), Piin. ib. f. 23^.
whence Statins, in his poem on the
Bath of Etrufcus, reprefents thefe two
waters as particularly agreeable to the
nymphs, and defcribes their magniii-
cence, ( ^as, fc. Nymphas, except ura
natatus (i. e. homines ad natandum cla-
ritate aquae invitans) Virgo, Marfafqns
nives etjrigora ducens Marcia, praecelfis
quarum vaga molibus unda Crefcit, et in-
numero pendens tranjmlttitur arcu), Silv.
i> 5> 25.
Marcus, a frequent praenomen z-
moug the Romans, the origin of which
is uncertain. Marcipor, -oris, i. e.
/^larci puer, the boy or Have of Marcus,
Plin. 33, I.; ^inciil. i, 4, 46. (/7J,
LuciPOR.)
Marica, a Laurentine nymph, the
mother of king Latinus, Virg. Aen. 7,
47. worfhipped as a goddels by the
people of Minturnae ; whence Marlcae
littora, the fliores of Minturnae, Hor*
Od. 3, 17, 7. Umbrojae regna fVlaricae,
the wood round the temple of Marica,
on the fide of the river Liris, below
Minturnae, Lucan. 2, 424. Siha Ma^
ricac, Mtirtial. 13, 83.
Mario, onis,
Cic, Fam, 16^ \o
a Have of Cicero's,
MA-
MAR
C 240 1
MAR
MARIUS, the name of a plebeian
family at Rome, rendered illuftrious by
C. MARIUS, born at ArpTrtinn, ( Ar-
phias), a town of the Volfci, Sallu/f.
Jug. 63. of fa mean a family *, that
in his youth he is faid to have wrought
for hire as a ploughman, (pofcere mer-
cedes al'ieno la/Jus aratro) ; then he be-
came a common foldier, (^Nodofam poji
haec frangehai vcrtice viiemj Si lentus pi-
grd muniret cajlra dolabrd, he had the
knotty vine {i. e. the inftrument of
punifhment ufcd by a centurion) bro-
ken on his head, if he worked lazily
with his axe in fortifying the camp),
Juvenal. 8, 245, &c. He ferved un-
der P. Scipio Africanus the younger
at Numantia, Cic. BalL 20. who pro-
mottd him for his courage, Plutarch, in
vita Marii. When he came to Rome
to fue for the office of military tribune,
which was conferred by the people, tho'
moil wcr« unacquainted with his appear-
ance, yet being eafily known (facile no-
tus) by his character, he was unanimouf-
ly chofen by all the tribes. Sail, jug.
63. He obtained the of&ce of tribune
of the ccmxmons by the intereft of Me-
telius, whofe family had long been pa-
trons to Marius and his anceftors,
Plutarch. In this office he propofed
a law about regulating the manner of
voting at the eietlion of magiilrates,
in order to prevent bribery, which,
notwithdanding the oppofuion of Cot-
ta and I'orquatus, he got palTed, a. u.
634, ih. €t Cic. Leg. 3, 17. In his ap-
phcation to be made aedile, he was
twice repulfed, [duahus aedilitatis accep-
tis repujfis), Cic. Plane. 21. in one day,
being tiril refufed the office of aedilis
curiilis, and then that of aedilis non cu-
ridis, Plutarch. After his praetorfnip
he got the province of Spain, which
he is faid to have freed from robbers,
ib. Cicero fays he paffed feven years
after his praetorfhip unnoticed, (jacc'
bat), Cic. Off. 3, 20. In the, war a-
gainft Jugurtha, being appointed by
• Paterculus fays, natus equejlri hco, 2, I4.
but here fome read agrejl'i loco ; becaufe the
fame author, in another place, makes Marius
of an ignoble origin, {ignotag sri^init)^ 3, 128,
as all others do.
Metellus one of his lieutenants, he aft-
ed with great courage and conduct;
but prompted by ambition, he proved
ungrateful to his benefad^or. By cri-
minating Metellus, he obtained the
confiilfhip, and, by the favour of the
people, got the province of Numidia,
which the fenate had decreed to Metel-
lus, to be transferred on himfelf, ib. et
Sallujl. Jug. 64, G^j 82, &c. Having
hnifhed the war fuccefsfully, he was
fent againfl tlie Cimbri and Teutoves,
whom he defeated in two different en-
gagements with vaft flaughter. The
Romans were fo afraid of this enemy,
that, contrary to law, the confullh.ip
was continued to Marius for five years.
In the fifth year Catiikis was liis col-
league, who contributed more to the
victory over the Teutones than Marius.
Marius, however, carried off the chief
glory ; whence Nohilis ornatur lauro col'
Icga (fc Catulus) ficunddt Juvenal. 8,
253. Marius having returned to Rome,
obtained, by bribery, the confulihip a
fixth time. Being oppofed in his mea-
fiires by Metellus, he procured his ba-
nifhment by means of Saturninus a tri-
bune and Glaucia a praetor, whom,
after having ferved his purpofe with
them, he foon after caufed to be cut
off, Plutarch. ; Cic, Cat. 1,2. & 3, 6.
This perfidious conduct made Marius
juiciy unpopular. To avoid the public
odium, he took a journey to Afia,
where he endeavoured to excite the
kings of the country, particularly Mi-
thridates, to war againft the Romans,
that he might again be employed as
general, Plutarch. In the Mar fie or I-
talian war he was eclipfed by his rival
Sulla ; who being created coni'ul, was
appointed by the fenate to carry on
the war againft Mithridates. Ma-
rias envying Sulla this command, by
means of the tribune Sulpicius, pre-
vailed on the people to transfer it
on himfelf. Upon this Sulla, who was
then befieging Nola, marched with
his army to Rome, put to death Sul-
picius, with feveral of his partizans,
and forced Marius to fly for his life,
Mariusj after efcaping many dangers,
was
MAR r
was at lafl: obliged to plunge into a
muddy part of the lake of Minturnae
to conceal himfelf. But being dragged
from thence, he was put in prifon, and
a Cimbrian or Gaul fent by the magi-
flrates of Minturnae to kill him. Ma-
rius feeing the Gaul approach, with a
fierce look called out, " Fellow, dare
you kill Caius Marius ?" [Homo, tune
audes occidere Caium Mai
Appian.
B. C. I. p. 652. The Gaul, ftruck
with terror at the fparkling of Marius's
eyes, and the tremendous found of his
voice, or pretending to be fo, dropt
his fword, and ran out, crying, *' that
he could not kill Marius *." The Min-
turnenfes now, touched with compaf-
fion, gave Marius a fliip, in which he
efcaped to Africa, and lay concealed
for fome time amidll the ruins of Car-
thage ; a ilriking inflance of the un-
certainty of foriune ! Being forced
to fly from thence by Sextius or Sex-
tilius the Roman governor, he retired
to the ifland of Cercina, adjacent to
the Syrtis Minor. At latl hearing that
his party, with Cinna the conful at
their head, had regained the alcendan-
cy, Marius returned to Italy, and join-
ed them. He entered Rome in a ho-
ftile manner, {vul. Cinna, /. 132.),
and with the moft horrible cruelty put
all his enemies to tiie fword, without
regard to age, dignity, or former fer-
vices. Among the rell fell the conful
Cn. Oclavius, the two brothers L..
Caefar and C. Caefar, P. Craflus, and
M. Antonius the orator, ( Fid, Anto-
Nius, p. 23.) ; alfo Q^Catulus, for-
merly Marius's colleague in the conful-
fliip, [vid.p.gS.). Marius had given
orders to the foldiers that attended him
to kill every one to whom he did not
ilretch out his hand to kifs when they
faluted him ; hence Lucan fays, Spes
una falutis, Oscula pollutae Jixjjfc tre-
mentia dextrae, 2, 113. Manus and
Cinna caufed themfelves to be declared
confuls. But Marius did not long en-
joy his iU-gotten power. He died on
* Cicero takes no notice of this laft cir-
CUmftance, Plar.c. 10. ad ^uir. ptji red. 8. Fif.
19. whence fome think it was afterwards fa-
bricated, to make the relation mere alTc^aiig.
2+1 ] MAR
the 17th of January, in the 70th year
of his age, and in his 7th confulate,
an honour, [i.e. being feven times con-
ful), which no Roman before him had
ever attained. By military talents a-
lone he raifed himfelf, without learn-
ing, which he pretended to defpife,
and without integrity or patriotifm ;
for all his a6tions were diredtcd, not
to promote the public good, but only
to the advancement of his own private
intereft: and glory. That a man fo
crafty, cruel, covetous, and perfidious,
fhould have been fo fuccefsful, is urged
by Cotta the academic as one argument
among others againft the exiftence of
a providence, Cic.N.D. 3, 32. Many
authors, however, forgetting his vices,
on account of his illuftrious warlike ex-
ploits, rank him among the moll vir-
tuous citizens. Thus Virgil, Extulit
haec (fc. Italia) Deciosy Marios, mag'
nofque Camillosy {by 3. Jynecdoche for Z)<r-
cium, ^c), Virg. G. 2, 1 69. So Ci-
cero, Muren. 8. addrelTing the Romans,
calls Marius, Pater patriae', parens 'vsjlrae
libertatis atque hujtifce reipuhlicae, C. Ra-
bir. I o. Vir optimus et fap'ientijfimus, ib.
II. Citjlos hujus urhis. Cat. 3, lO. Cu"
Jlos civitatis atque imperii, Cic. ad Quir.
pod red. 4. J^i his Italiam obfidione et
metu fervltutis liheravit, by defeating firit
the Citnbri and then the Teutones, Cic,
Cat.. 4, 10.
Juvenal, in fpeaking of the difad-
vautages of long life, has the jiiftefl:
remarks on the lile of Marius: ExiUumf
et career, A'linturnarumque prJudcs, Et
inenJicatus victd Carthagine pants, Hinc
(fc. ex longa vita) caujas habuere, ^icl
dlo civc tuliffet Natura iti I err is, quid Ro-
ma heatius unquam. Si circumducio capti-
vorum agrnine, et omni Bdlorum pompd,
unimam exhaldjftt ophnam. Cum de T'eu-
tonico vellet dejcendere curru, 10, 276.
So Ovid, Ilk Jugurthino clarus Gimhro-
que triumpho, ^0 viclrix totia cnnfuU
Romafuit, In coeno latuit Marius, can-
naque palujiri ; Pertulit et tanto multapu-
denda viro, Pont. 4, 3, 45.
The frequent allufions of the poets
to the difterent circumflances in the
life of Marius, makes it necelTary to be
H h ac-
MAR
acquainted with them.
nal 8, 245, — 253. ; Lucan. 2, 69, —
138. ; Propert, 2, I, 24. et 3, ^, 16,
Statuas inter et arma Man^ (for Vani),
Id. 3. 1 1, V. 9, 46. the trophies ereded
in hon ur of Marlus, which were de-
molifhed by •'^ulla, and reftored by Ju-
lius Caefar, Suet. Caef. 1 1 . Olim 'vera
jideSi Sylla Marioqus recepth^ Tihertat'is 0-
bit : Pompeio relus ademiOy Nunc et Jida
perit, The true poffeflion of h"berty
was loft after Marius and vSylla were
permitted, the one after the other, to
enter the city in a hoftile manner, but
iliU fome colour of it remained : now
fince the death of Pompey, even the
femblance of liberty is gone, Id. 9, 204.
yus licet in jugulos nojlros fibi fecerit enfe
Sylla pot ens y VJariufque ferox, et Cinna
cruentm ; Caefareaeque domus feries, cui
ianta potejlas Concejfa efl : emere omnest
hie (fc. Curio) vendidit urbem, i. e.
though all thefe procured tyrannical
power by the fword, they purchafed
k by bribing fuch venal men as Curio,
Id. £>.,jin. ExuUbus Mariis helhrum
maxima merces Roma recepta fuit, the
chief object whicl* Marius and his af-
fociatef? fought by war, was a return
to their native country, Lucan. 2, 227.
— Ad Cinnas Mariolque vents ^ you imi-
tate, or you come to be ranked with
Marius and Cinna, ih. 546. Truces
Marii, the cruel Marius with his fon
and brother. Id. 6, 794.
Ma p. I A lex, a law propofed by Ma-
rius, Cic. Leg. 4, 17. — Miles Maria-
Nus, a foMier of Marius, ^>iri3il. 3,
ji^ x^. — MAP.iANAE/^r/fj, the party
of Marius, Paterc. 2, 24. ; Liv. Epit.
84. — Sertorius, qui Marianarum partium
fuerat, of the Marian party, Eiitrop.
'6, £. — Mariana rabies^ the rage of Ma-
rius, Flor. 4, 2, 2. Mariana tempejiasy
the ftorm of Marius, i3. 3, 12, i!-~
yiKKiA-^iXinfcutum Cimbricumy the Ihitld
of Marius, on which was painted a
Cimbrian of hideous fuape, the fign of
forne ihop, (a). Manlianum), Cic. Or.
2, 66. 5 .^linalL 6, 3, 38. y Plin. 35,
4 f. 8. Aut quihus in campis iVariano
praella figno 5/^«/, . battles are fou-rht
'under the banner or command of Ma-
v.'Mq, ivho apDronnated the eagle p.s the
[ 242 ] MAR
Thus, Jwue- ftandard of the Roman legion, Propert.
3, 3, 43. ^iid ergo ait Marianus tri-
bunus pishis, qtii nos Sullanos in invidiam
rapit? what fays this tribune, who wifli-
es to appear popular, and expofes me
to odium as a favourer of the nobility,
Cic. RuU. 3, 2. — MuLi Mariani, a
kind of forks on which Marius appoint-
ed that the foldiers fhould carry their
baggage, Fejlus in Aerumnula; et Plu-
tarch, in Mario. Colonia Mariana, a co-
lony planted in Corfica by Marius,
Plin. 3, 6 f . 12.
Marius, a poem written by Cicero
concerning the exploits of Marius, Cic.
Leg* 1,1. Div. I, ^"/.-—Mariana quer-
cus, the oak of Marius, a tree fo called,
in the territory of Arpinum, mention-"
ed in that poem, Cic. Leg. 1, i,
C. Marius, the fon of the great
Marius, whether natural or adopted is'
uncertain, the companion of his fatheP
in his banifhment and return, made con-
ful with Carbo when only twenty-fix
years of age, a. u. 672, Paterc. 2, 26.
Being defeated by Sulla, he fliut him-
felf up in Praenefte, and, attempting
to make his efcape from thence, v/as
(lain, ib. 27. or, as others fay, killed
himfelf, Appian.B. C.i.p.6Si. When
reduced to extremity, and defpairing
of relief, he wrote to Damafippus, then
praetor of the city, to call a meeting
of the fenato>"s, as if on bufmefs of im-
portance, and put the principal of them
to the fword. In this mafTacre many
of the nobles periihed ; among the relt
Scaevola the high-prieft was flain be-
fore the altar of Veila, Paterc, 2, 26. j
Cic. N. D. 3, 32.
M. Marius Gratidianus, a prae-
tor, the brother or uncle of Marius,
vi^hom Catiline having fcourged with
rods through the city, put to death
with the greateft torture, Cic. de Pe-
tit. Conf. c. $.; Plutarch, in Syll. Val.
Maximus fays he was dragged to the
tomb of Catulus, (ad fepulchrum Luta-
tiae gentis), and there, by the orders of
Sylla, cruelly butchered, 9, 2, i. ha-
vlncr his members mangled one bv one,
Lucan. 2, 175, — 192.
Several others of the name of Marius
tire
MAR [2
are mentioned by Cicero and Livy,
Cic. Fam. 7, I, kc. Alt. 12, 49. Brut.
45. Fam. 12, 15. Sex. Rofc. 32. ^Fr.
3, 1,4, &c. in other places alio beiides
Rome, Liv. 23, 7. & 35. 22, 42. j Cic.
Verr. 5, 16.
MARO, -om, a firname of the P^-
pirlan patrician family, C'tc. Fam. 11,
21. — the firname of the poet Virgil ;
whence his poems are called Alt'tjoni
Maronis carnnna, Juvenal. II, 178.
Grande cothurnati Maronis opus, lofty,
fublime, 'Martial, 5, ^,8. Sic Mjro nee
Calabri tentavit carmina Flacci, Virgil
did not attempt fuch pocn*is as Horace
wrote. Martial. 8, 18, 5. Silius haec
tnagni cekbrat monumenta Maronis, Silius
Italicus refpeded the tomb of Virgil as
a temple, Id. 11,49. Sacra' cothurnati
non atligit ante Maronis, Implevit magni
quam Ciceronis opus, Silius did not ap-
ply himfelf to poetry till he had com-
pletely iliudied Cicero, i. e. he was an
advocate before he was a poet, Id. 7,
62, 5. ^lam hrevis immenfum cepit mem-
brana Maronem ! Ipfms vultus prima ta-
heila gerit, what a fmall book of parch-
ment holds the poems of Virgil ! the
image of the poet is marked on the
firft page, Id. 14, 186. Ma rones
is put for good poets like Virgil, Id.
8, ^6, 5. Maroneum templum, the
tomb of Virgil, which Statists vifited
with the fame religious veneration as
a temple, SiliJ. 4, 4, 54. So Silius I-
talicus. Martial. I \, j\<^. Virgilii (fc.
imaginem v. llatuam) ante omnes (venc-
rabatur), cujiis nataiem religiofius quam
fuum, cclebrabat ; NeapoH maxitne, ubi
monumentum ejus adire, ut templum, fole-
hat, Plin. Ep. 4, 7, 8. Haec prima ju-
venis canes fub aevo. Ante annos Liilicis
Maroniani, younger than Virgil was
when he wrote his poem called Culex,
Stat. Sih. 2, 7, 73.
MARS, the god of war, Martis, vel
Maa^ors, -rtis, the fon of Jupiter and
Juno, or, according to Ovid, of Juno
only, Fajl. 5, 231. called Pater Gradi-
vus, P^'irg. Aen. 3, 35. ; Liv. i, 20. et 2,
45. from the military pace {agradiendo,)
and when peaceable, Q^'irinus, Senv.
ill Firg. Acn. I, 296. (G. 362.) — %/j-
43 1 MAR
Martem tunica fe&um adamantma Drgne
fcripferit ? Who can properly cele-
brate Mars, covered with his adaman-
tine coat of mail, Hor. Od. i, 6, 3.
According to Martial, the coat of
m.ail of Mars was made of the hides of
animals ; hence, Et Martis Getico ter-
gorejida magis, (fc. lorica,) more trufty
or ftronger than the coat of mail of
Mars made by the Getae, (by whom he
was worihipped,) 7, 1,2. Dant alios
Furiae torvofpeclacula Marti, the Furies
make fome fpe(^\acles to ilern or cruel
Mars, who delights in flaughter, i. e*
make them fall in battle, ib. i, 28, 17.
Protinus et graves iras, et invifum nepbtem
— Marti redonnbo, 1 will give up to
pleafe Mars, or for his fake, my heavy
refcntment, and my hated grandfon
(Romulus,) i. e. I will lay afide my
refentment and hatred againll hmi, ib.
3, 3, 30. Hac (fc. arte vtl virtute,
nempe juftitia et conftantia ) ^urinus
Martis equis Acheronta fugit, Romulus
efcaped the infernal regions, i. e. reach-
ed heaven, in the chariot of Mars, i. e^
by warlike coinage, ib. 15. or as Ovid
exprefles it, Rex patrlis ajlra petehat e-
quis, afcended to heaven in his faiher's
chariot, Fcyl. 2, 496. Mars ipjs eod
acie fortijfimum quemque pignorari folet, to
take to himfelf as his own, i. e.
the braveft ulually fail, Cic. Phil, i/^.^
12. Sin nnjlrum annuerint notis viBoria
Martem, if victory (hall (how that Mars
is favourable to us, i. e. if we fhail gain
the victory, Virg. Aen. r2, 187.
Mars is often put tor war, or the for-
tune of war, ibr battle, &c. thus, Frujtra
cruento Marte carebimiis. In vain (hall we
be free from bloody war, Hor. Od. 2,
14, 13. Marti apta co'pora^ for war,
Ovid. Ep. i^, 2^1. So, M arte exlinciif
Id. Pont. 3, 6, 55, Sub adverfo larte,
m adverfe or unfuci efstul battle, Jd.
Fajl. 1,60. So InfraSi •idverfo \iarte,,
broken or reduced by unfuccefsful war^
Virg. Aen, 12, I. Nee apertt copia
Aiartis ullafuit, there was not any op-
portunity or poffibihty of open iight.
Id. Met. 13, 208. Civili Marfe per-
emplos, by civil war, by fighting with
one another, Id. Ep, 6, 35. Collato
H h 2 Dlartf^
MAR
JVtarte, in clofe fight, Id.
379. Caeco in Marte, in the doubtful
or uncertain battle, Lucan. 7,111. So
A'larte caeco rejijlunt, or rather in the
nofturnal conflift, fought in the dark,
Virg. Aen, 2, 335. Caeco contendere
Marte, in a blind or dark encounter or
attack, to fight under the cover of a
teftudo formed by their fhields, ih. 9,
518. DcteElo Marte, in open war,
lAican. 10, 346. Dextr't frons Mart'is,
the right wing of the army, Lucan. 7,
Dtd'ius medlls Mars err at in ar-
Mars hovers between the two
armies, uncertain to which fide to give
the vidory, Firg. G. 2, 283. ^?W
duhius Mars eji, &:c. is doubtful, i. c.
the event of battles is uncertain, Ovid.
Am. 2, 9, 47. So Mars dub'ws eji,
lb. I, 9, 29. Durofuh Marte f in the
hard confiid, Firg. Aen. 12, 410.;
but Nunc hifanus amor dur'i me Mart'is in
armis detinet, raging love detains me
in the arms of cruel Mars, Virg. E.
220.
mis.
10, 44. .
Faemineo Marte, in fighting with
a woman, by the hand of a woman,
Ovid. Met. 12, 610. Marte feroci, in
fierce war, ib. 13, 11. Mars ferus et
damnijit modus ilk tui, and let that cruel
■war (which proved fatal to Troy,) be
the end of your calamities, i. e. may
you never be engaged in anotlier war.
Id. Ep. 7, 160.; but Utquefero Marti
p-imam dedit ordlne Jortem, gave the
name of the firft month (March) to
cruel Mars, Id. Fajl. 4, 25. Finiiimo
civdus premor undique Marte, furrouiided
with hoftile neighbours, Ovid- Tr'tJ}. 5,
2, 69. Finito Marte, the' war being
ended. Id. Met. 14, 246. Falere
Marte for enji, to be a powerful pleader
at the bar, Id. Pont. 4, 6, 29. Hec-
ioreo folum conairrsrc Marti, to engage
in fingle combat with Kedor, Id.
Met. 13, 275. Mart em indomitum cer-
nimus, the battle unallayed, as fierce as
ever, Firg. Aen. 2, 440. Infani Mar-
tis amor, a defire for furious war, Firg.
Aen. 7, 550. Inopino Marte, by an
unexpecled attack, Ovid. Pont, i, 8,
15. Totumque injirvdo Marte videres
Fervere Leucaten, you could difcern
Leucates all in a ferment, i. e. the
C 244 1 M A R ^
Met. 3 2, whole entrance of the Ambracian gulf
covered with the fleets of Auguftus
and Antony, drawn up in order of bat-
tle, Firg. Aen. 8, 676. In Marte
medio, in the midll of war, Ovid. Am. 2,
18, 36. Aut cedent Marti Doric a cajlra
meo, the Graecian army will yield to,
or will be defeated by my troops, Ovid.
Ep. 16, 369. Arva Marte populata
nojiro, by our army, Hor. Od. 3, 5,
24. Marte noJlro, by my own ftrength,
without affiftance, Cic. Off. 3, 7. Prae-
fertim cum vos ve/lro Marte his rebus om-
nibus abundetis, of yourfelves, you have
enow of your own, without any of his,
Cic. Ferr. 3, 4. Rex Juo Marte res
fuas recuperavit, recovered his efFedls,
the countries that formerly belonged to
him, by his own ftrength or bravery,
Cic. Phd. 2, 37. Ferecundiae erat (fc.
peditibus,) equitcmfuo alienoque Marte pug-
nare, th^it the cavalry fiiould fight on
horfeback and on foot, Liv. 3, 62.
Novum Martem tentare, a new or un-
ufual war, Sil. 15, 360. Parentali peri-
turae Marte rebellant, they renew the
war, about to perllh by fighting at the
tomb of their parent Memnon, to ap-
peafe his manes, as gladiators who
fought at the tombs of the dead, Ovid.
Mel. 13, 619. (G. 449.)
Propria Marte. by your own warfarejor
experience. Id. Pont.^, 7> H* Ufi Marte
fecundo, having fought fuccefsfully, Lu-
can. 4, 388. Martemque Jecundum Jam
niji de genero fatis debcre recufat, Cacfar
refufes to be indebted to the fates for
a vidory unlefs over Pompey, his
former fon-in-law, Id.JS, 4. Songuinei
munera Martis fufcipcre, to become a
foldier, Id. Rem. Am. 153. Sub-
duSlo Pi'Jarte ruis, the enemy being
withdrawn, or having retreated, there
being no body to fight witii, you lall.
6, 250. Falido Marte, with
great force, Ovid. Fnjl. 2, 208.
Acqiio, vario, v. Ancipite, incerto Marte
pugnalum eji, with equal, various,
doubiful fuccefs ; Atque ea per campos
aequo dum l\iarte geruntur, with equal
lofs on both fides, (hitherto, for after-
wards the cafe was altered,) Firg. Aen.
7, 540. Dlmicare prope aequo Alartf,
almoft
MAR Chj] mar
almofl on equal terms, with equal ad- fuo Utiglofa vacent, let courts of juilice
vantages, Caef. B. G, 7, 19. Vario
Marte pugnatum eruditus eft fermo, is
a learned expreffion or a trope, ^:indiL
8, 6, 24. Mars communis^ the com-
mon chance or fortune of war, Cic.
Mel. 2 1. Very. 5, 50. Phil. 10, 10.
Cum omnis belli Mars comnnmis, et cum
femper incerti eixitus praeliorum furit, Cic.
JSp. 6, 4. Martis opus, fighting. Vug.
Am. 8, 516.
Martem accendere cantu, to roufe the
fight, to excite the foldiers, to battle,
by the found of his trumpet, Vlrg.Aen.
6, 165. Aeneas acutt Martem^ (liai-pens
his martial ardour, roufes his warlike
courage for battle, ih. 12, 108. Mar-
tem cientesi roufmg the martial fpirit of
the foldiers, ib. 9, 766. Martemque fa-
t'lgant, loudly demand war, \b. 9, 582.
Jnvadunt Martem^ rufii on the combat,
begin the battle, ib. 12, 712. Cum
prima moverd in praelia Marfetn, roufe
Mars to battle, i. e. when they enter
his temple, where the ancilia or facred
fhields were fufpended, and claili upon
be free trom their war, i. e. from litiga-
tion or law-fuits, Id. FaJ. 4, 188.
Martem cecinit Enn'ius, fung of battles.
Id. Trijl. 2, 423. Martem coluere,'^r?iC-
tiied or ftudied war. Id. Fajl. 3, 79.
^/i Martem terra, Neptunum effvgit in
und'tSi Conjugis Atrides vidima dira fuit^
wlio efcaped the dangers of battle by-
land, and llonns by fea, Qnnd. Art. Am.
1, 333. Martem fpirare diceres, that he
breathes nothing but war, that he has
the fpirit of Mars, Cic. Att. 15, 15.
S pedes, dum laxent aequora Martem, at-
tend or wait till the water in which the
naumcchia or fea fight was exhibited,
being let out, fliall leave room for in-
troducing gladiators in the fame place.
Martial. Sped. 24, 5. Vid. Suet. Tit. 7.
them with thefe words. Mars evigila,
Mars awake, ib. 7, 603. et ibi Serv.
Nunc fine Marte capi, without war,
without fighting, Ovid. Met. 3, 540.
So Nonfine Marte tamen, ib. 14, 450. ;
AA^.Amor. 2, 14, 3. Cum Marte quid fit
poetae, what has a poet to do with Mars
or war ? Ovid. Fajl. 3, 3,9. Necfunt tilt
Marte fecundi, fecond or inferior to you
in v/ar. Id. Met. 13, 360. Et Marte
Poenos proteret altera, will defeat the
Carthaginians in a fecond engagement,
or in another war, Hor. Od. 3, 5, 34.
Vindelici didicere nuper ^id iViarte ptf-
feSi what you could do in war, have iclt
your power in war, ib. 4, 14, 9. Suo
Marte cadunt fratres, by their own
war, by fighting with one another,
Ovid. Met. 3, 122. Diruta Marie tuo
LyrneJJla moenia vidi, by your attack.
Id. Ep. 45. Si quaerit "Julus, Unde
fuo partus Marte triumphus eat, feeks an
opportunity of gaining a triumph by
bis own bravery, ib. 7, 154. Marie
fuo c apt am Chryseida vi6lor amah at, made
captive by his own army, or by himfelf
in war, id. Rem, 469, Et Fora Marts
et Dio, 66, 25, et ibi Reimarum.
Bella velint, Martemque ferum, and fierce
battle, Id. 6, 2 J, 7. Damnavit multo Jha-
turum fanguine Martem, a war or battle
that would coll much bloodflied, Id.
6, 32, J. Hermes gloria Marlis wiiver-
fi, the glory of all combatants or gla-
diators, Ikilled in all kinds of arms, the
moil excellent gladiator in the world.
Id. 5, 25, T4. Defperabantur promijji
praelia Martis, the contefts of wild
bealls, which had been promifed, were
defpaired of, Id. Sp. 22, 3.' Ei Mars
iratus ejl, he has been unfortunate in
v/ar, Plaut. 3, 3, 32. An tibt Mavors
in lingua femper eritP Shall your courage
always lie in your tongue ? Firg. Aen.
II, 389. In manibus Mars ipfe, the
battle is in your power, you arejufl
about to engage, ib. 10, 280. Si patrii
quid Martis habes, any of your native or
paternal courage, ib. 1 1, 374. Cautius
ut faevo velles te credere Marti, to trufl
yourfelf more cautioufly to the fierce
pombat, ib. 153.
MARTLS Stella, the planet Mars,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2. Habet v.ntus, incer-
taque fulmina Mavors^ rules tlie winds
and thunders, Lucan. io. 206. The
planet Mars was fuppofed to portend
v/ar, ib. 1 , 660, ic 663. AJlrum Martis^
put for Mars, Juvenal. 10, 3 12. — Curia
Martis, the Areopagus, at Athens,
JuvenaL
MAR [2
ywvenal 9, loi. [G. 291.) — I\flartis
frammy the fpcar of Mars, Jwvenal. 13,
79. Hafiam y>artis Praenejle Juafponte
promotarriy that the fhield of Mars at
Praeneile moved forward of its own
accord, Liv. 24, 10. — Mart'u imago^
Virg. A en. 8, 557. Exornanfque deos
ac nudum pedore Martem Armis, Scaeva,
tuts, they adorn the temples of the
gods, and the naked image of Mars,
with your arms, Lucan. 6. 256. — Mar-
tis urhsy Rome, Martial. 8, 65, 12. So
Cppidum March J Id. ic, 30, 2. Mavor-
tis urhsy Virg. Aen. 6, 872. ; Ovid.
Met. 8, ^.— Marth Kafendae, the firft
of March, Martial. 9,9, 92, 15. diBae
a PrlartCy Id. ic, 29, 3. Martiae Kalen-
dae. Id. 9, 53, 3. which he thus ad-
drelTes, Marts alximne dies, becaufe he
was born on that day, 12, 60, i. — Mar-
tis Ultorts aedesj a temple built by Au-
guflus to Mars for having revenged the
death of JuHus Caefar, Snet. 29. ; Mar-
tial. 7, 5c, 4. very magnihcent, Q-vld.
FaJ}. s,SS^'
MAR riUS (adj.) angu'is, facred to
Mars, warh!ke, iierce, Ovid. Met. 3, 32.
So Martia piciis avis. Id. FalL 3, 37.
JMartia cum durum Jlcrnit arena ffJiim,
when the ground or the forum is cover-
ed with fand for exhibiting fhews of
gladiators, Ovid. Trij'L 2, 282. ; Mar-
tia bsllay fierce wars, Id. Fafi. 3, 232. ;
Nor at. Art. p. 402. Campus Martins , a
field or plain along the Tiber, which
had belonged to king Tarquin, and
after his expuliion was confecrattd to
Mars, Liv. 2, i, 44. f/ 2, 5. where
afTembhes of the people were held, Liv.
6, 2C. and the youth perfonned their
exercifes, Horat. Od. ^, ^j 39- Certa-
mine Martio, in battle, Hor. Od. 4, 14, 1 7.
Martius ille aeris rauci canory the warlike
found of hoarfe brafs, i. e. the parti-
cular buz or noife which bees make be-
fore they faliy forth from their hives,
Virg. G. 4, 71. Martius Hannibal, war-
like, Sil. 15, 407. Martia Icgio, the
name of a legion, fo called from Mars,
(nomen a Marfe rjl,) Cic. Phi). 14, 12.
which deferted Antony and joined
Augullus, Cic. ib. 3,3. Martiui lupus,
46 ] MAR
facred to Mars, cruel, Virg. Aen. 9*
^66. Martius miles, for milites, brave,
valiant, Ovid. Met. 14, 798. Conf.
Martial II, 8, 5. Martia proles, Ro-
mulus and Remus, the offspring of
Mars, Ovid.Fafl. 3, 59. Martia Roma,
warlike or built by Romulus, the fon
of Mars, Id. Trifl. 3, 7, 52. Pont, i,
8, 24. et 4, 9, 6$. Liv. 246. Mavor-
tius Romulus, warlike, or the fon of
M^YS, Virg. Jen. 6, 778. So Martia
Penthcfilea, warlike, or the daughter of
Mars, ih, 11, 662. Mavortia moenia,
the walls of Rome, ib. i, 276. Terra,
a country facred to Mars, warlike, i. e.
Thrace, ib. 3, 13. Tela inter Martia, the
weapons of war. Id. E. 9, 12. Vulne-
ra, martial or brave, honourable, Virg,
Aen. 7, 182. Martius menjis,
March, (wf;7/?j nomine Martis,)Ov\di.Yz^.
5, 88. anciently the firft month of the
year, ib. 75. Martiae Kalendae, the
hrft day of March, the birth-day of
Martial, 10, 24, i. kept as a feftival
by married people, Hor. Od. 3, 8, i.
particularly by matrons, Ovid. Foji. 3,
170, &;c. obferved by Horace, becaufe
on that day he had nearly been killed
by the fall of a tree, Hor. ib. 7. Idus
IVjartiae, the 15th, the day on which
JuHus Gaefar was killed, Cic. Phil. 2,
36. J Cvid. Faft. 3, 697. and on which
m.agiftrates anciently entered on their
ornce, Liv. 22, i. 26, i, & 26. 27, 7.
.V' 5-' 38, 35- 39> 45- 40» 35- ^^42,
22.
M. RTicoLA, -ae, m. a worfhipper
of Mars, Ovid. Trijl. 5, 3, 22. Pont. 4,
14, 14.
Map.tigena [-ae, m.) Quirinus,
Romulus the Ion of Mars, Ovid. Fafi.
1, 199. Martigenae, plur. Romulus
and Remus, Id. Amor. 3, 4, 39. Mar-
tigeha bellua, the Inake killed by Cad-
mus, Plaut. Amph. 4. Suppof. 2, 13.
Martia LIS Jlarnen, the prieft of
Mars, Cic. Phil. 11, 8. Martiales
minijlri publici Martis, Id. Ciuent. 15.
lylariiaks lupi, facred to Mars, raven-
ous, Hor. Od I, 7, 9.
MARSYAS, V. Marfya, -ae, a Phry-
gian mufician, who challenged Apollo
to
I
MAR [247
to a contcft of /l-cill in mufic, and be-
ing worfted by him, was flayed alive
for his prefuraption, Ovid. Met. 8, 6,
383, &c. [G. 372.) There was a
ftatue of Marfya in the Roman forum
near the place where the praetor's tri
bunal ftood, to deter unjull litigants,
Hor. Sat. I, 6, 120.
M. Valerius MARTIALIS, a cele-
brated poet, a writer of epigrams, who
flouriihed under X)omitian and Trajan,
whofe works are ftill extant.
Marullus Epidius, a tribune of the
commons, deprived of his office by
Caefar, for having puniflied one of the
people who had put a laurel crown on
Caefar's ftatue. Suet. Caef. 79. ; C'tc.
Phil. 13, 15. In doing which, Pater-
culus obferves, he had ufed unfeafoni-
ably too great liberty towards Caefar^
2,68.
MASINISSA, a king of Numldia,
firft an enemy and afterwards a faithful
friend to the Romans, as long as he
lived, Liv. 27, &c. ; SaUuJI. Jug. 5.
He retained uncommon vigrour at the
age of 90, Cic. Sen. 10.
Maso, -onis, the name of feveral per-
fons mentioned by Cicero, N. D. 3,
20. Balh. 23. Fam. 9, 2i, &c.
Mastanesosus, v. -es, -ae, a king
of part of Mauritania, as it is thought,
Cic. Vat. 5.
MATERNUS, a poet and fopbift,
in the time of Vefpalian, who compo-
fed<i tragedy, called C a to, which is
faid to have offended the ruling powers,
(offendijfe poieniium animos,) Dial, de
Orat. 2, & 3. Hence he was afterwards
put to death by Domitian for having
written againft tyrants, Z)/o, 67, 12.
P. Matin lus, a trader, who had a
difpnte with the people of Salamis
about a fum of money which he lent
them, Cic. Att. 5, 21.
C. MATIUS, a very learned and
accompHflied Roman, Cic. Fam. j, 15.
the friend of Caefar, as well as of Ci-
cero, iL 6, 12. et II, 27. an advifer
of peace, Cic. jitt. 9, 11. He v/rote
a beautiful letter to Cicero, j unifying
his attachment to Caefar, and regretting
his death, Cic. Fam, 11, 28.; Add.
] M A U
Sitet. Chef. 52. ; Tac. Ann. 12, 60. He
was employed by Auguilus as one of
the managers [procuratores) of the
games which Auguftus celebrated in
honour of Caefar, Cic. AiU 15, 2. He
lived long a ter in great friendfliip
with Auguilus, but appears never to
have accepted any public office. He
feems to have fpent the remainder of
his days in an elegant and pleafureable
retreat. Pliny, who calls him the friend
of Auguftus, afcribes to him the inven-
tion of cutting trees and groves into re-
gular forms, {^nemora tonfdia), 12, 2 f.
6. alfo of inoculating and propagating
certain foreign fruits, Plin. 15, 14 f.
15. He publlihed three books about
the manner of letting out a table, and
furnilhing fplendid entertainments, («/--
hanas menfas-t et lauta convivia inflruere.^
The firft of thefe books he called the
cook, i^cocus^ ; the fecond, the fifhmon-
ger, [cetarius) ; and the third, the oil-
man, { fa/gam ari us) f Columel. 12, 44.
It appears that Matius hkewife made a
verfe-tranfiatioh of Homer's Iliad; from
-Gellius, 6, 6. who calls him a very
learned man ; but gives feveral inftances
of his being fond of ufing new and un-
common words, 15, 25. which however
feem to have been ingenioufly contri-
ved, Id. 20, 9.
Mato, v. Mathoy -onisf a Roman
firname, Cic. Or. 48. of the gens Pompo-
nia, Fam. 9, 25. and of the gens Nae-
via, Liv. 39, 32.
Marti Nius, the name of feveral ob-
fcure perfons, Cic. Fam, 2, 15. Verr,
3, 24. Cluent. 45. Balb. 2j.
Matuta, the Latin name of Ino,
when changed into a fea-goddefs, Cic.
Tvfc. I, 12. called Parens Matutay Mo-
ther Matuta, Ovid.Faft. 6, 479. et 545.
Maier Matuta, Liv. 5,21. 25,7. 28,
II. (?/ 41, 28. ; Thehana dca, Ovid. Faft.
6, 476. Matralia, -ium, the facred
rites or fcftival of Matuta, ib. 475.
MAUSoLUS, a king of Caria, in.
Afia Minor, after whofe death his wife,
Artemifia, erefted a fplendid monument
in honour of him, which was reckoned
one of the feven wonders of the world,
GcIL 10, 18. ; Cic, Tufc. 3, 31. ; call-
ed
MAX [2
cd Maufoleum fepulchruniy Propert, 3,
2, 21. dcfcrlbed, Plin. 26, 5 f. 4. 9.
whence all magnificent fepulchres were
called Mausolea ; thus, Maufoleum
Caefaruniy the fepulchre of the CacCars,
Suet. Jug. 10 1. Ner.^6, Fcjp.2l.',
Add. Fior. 4, 1 1 . f.
MAXiMUS, aiirname firft given to
Q. Fabius, the cenfor, who, in order
to prevent the election of magiftrates
from being in the power of the lov/efl
people, tiirew all of that defcripcioa
(omnemforeHfem turhari) into four tribes,
and called them city tribes, [urbanas)y
Xiiv. 9, 46. No family in Rome dif-
tinguiflied itfelf more by its merits than
that of the Falli ; Nee gradus ejl ultra
Fabios cognominh ullusy Ilia domus trier i-
tis Maxima diEta fuhy Ovid. Fa ft. i,
605. Virgil chiefly celebrates Fabius,
who, when oppofed to Hannibal, by
declining battle, faved the Roman Hate,
(Tk Maximus illees, &c.) A- 6, 846.
So Ovid, Fafl. 2, 241. See Fabius.
Medea, the daughter of Aeetes,
(Aeetlasy -adis), king o( Colchis, by
his wife Idyia, Cic. N. D. 3, 19, a fa-
mous forcerefs, who afiifted iafon to
carry off the golden fleece. In return
for which, he married her, (G. 442.)
Barharae Mideas venenay the drugs Uicd
by Medea, Horat. Epod. 5, 61.
MedEIDEs herhaey (fing. Medeis),mB.-
gic herbs, Ovid. JrL Am. 2, 10 1.
Me DON, -ontlsy the fon of Codrus,
the firfl: archon of Athens, whofe fuc-
ceffors, being chofcn of the fame fami-
ly for 2CO years, were called Medon-
TIDAE, Paufan. 4, 5. (G. 426.)
Medus, the fon of Medea, who is
faid to have given name to the country
of Media, [G. ^A^-Y 11 2. The name
of one of the tragedies of Facuvius, Clc.
OJ. 1,31-
Medusa, the daughter of Phorcus,
(Phorcis, -yis. Prop. 3, 22, 8. or
Phorcynisy -ulisy Lucan. 9, 629.) the
chief of the three Gorgons, a female
monPccr, with ferpents on her head in-
ilead of hair, which turned every one
into ftor.e that looked at her. She was
jQain by Perfeus, (G. 395.) and from
her blood fprur.g the winged horfe Pe*
48 ] MEL
gafus ; hence called Equus Pegafaeust
Ovid. Faft. 5, 8. ■ --Medusarum os,
the face of Mcdufa, with which Per-
feus turned people into ftone, Ovid,
Met. 5, 249. Chelydri Medufaely the
hair on the head of Medufa, Sil. 7.
MEGABysus, one of the Periian no-
bles that expelled the Magiy (G. 607.)
^ 2. A general of Artaxerxes, (G.
61^.) We learvi from Strabo, /. 14,
p. 950. that the priefts of Diana at E-
phefus, whoni it behoved to be eunuchs,
were called Megabyzi. Hence Me-
gabyzus is thought to be put for an eu-
nuch, or one of thofe priefts, and not
ufed as a proper name, ^incilL 5, 12,
21. ; Pl'tn. 35, 10.
Megaera, one of the three infernal
furies, Virg. Aeii. 12, 846.; Lucan. i,
577. f/6, 730.
Megalc, (^f/.iy;i\yi f^rrrp, magna ma"
ter)y the Greek epithet of Cybele, the
mother of the goJs : whence the fefti-
val kept in honour of her was called
MEGALESIA, 'orunif Liv. 29, 14.
34,54. el 36, 36. ; Juvenal. 6, 69. vel
ludi MEGALF.siAy Ovid. Fajl. 4, 357. ;
^inBiL I, 65. or Meg;. LENS I A, -iumy
V. Megalenfes ludi; Ip/ts MegalenJihuSy
on the feilival-day of Cybele, (the 4th
or 5th of April), when games were ex-
hibited in the Circus, {^ludi Circenjh)y
Cic. Fam. 2. r I. de Har. Rsfp. 12.
Hence M:galefiacae fpedacula mappae^
the fpedlacles of the ivjegalenan or Cir-
cenfian games, the fignal for beginning
which was given by dropping a napkin
or towel, [miltendo mappam)y Juvenal.
I r , « 93. which cuftom took its rife
from Nero, Suet. 2 2.
Meg A R A, the lirll wife of Hercules,
flain by him in a fit of madnefs, Senec,
Here. fur. 1015, &c. (G. 400.)
Meg A RE us, (3 fyll. ) the fon of On-
cheilius, and grandfon of Neptune; the
father of Hippomanes, Ovid. I\^ht. 10,
605. who is hence called Megaretus he-
ros, ib. 659.
Mela, a companion of Antony's,
Cic. Phil. 13, 2.
Potnponius MELA, a celebrated geo-
grapher, born at Tingentera vel Tingi
Cetraria, a town of Spain, McL 2, 6,
MEL E 249 ] MEL
S5. who wrote an excellent book, in- by that name, 0-vld. Met. 8, 534. fup-
fcribed De fiiu orl'is^ whicli is ftill ex-
tant. He flourinied between the time
of i\uga(lus and Vcfpalian.
MELAMPUS, -odh, the fon of
Amythaon, [Amylhaone cretus, Stat.
Thcb. 3, 453. Amythaonius, Virg,
G. 3, 550.) a famous foothfayer and
phyfician at Arjros, who cured the
daughters of Proetus, [Proei'idss)y by
prefcribing hellebore, Apollodor. \ , 9,
11. et 2, 2, 2.; V'trg. Ed. 6,48.;
wlience a fpecies of h^'llebore was call-
ed Melampodmii v. -ir/m, Plin. 25, 5 f.
2(. Cicero makes Melampus the fon
of Atreus, A^. i). 3, 2 £. and fpeaks of
his predidions, Leg. 2, 13. ^ 2.
The name of a dog from his black feet,
OvUL Met. 3, 206.
MtLAKEus, (3fyll.) the name of
a dog, from his black colour, Gvid.
IS let. 3, 22:!.
Melanippe, Via. Menalippe.
Melantheus, -eos, ace. -ea, a per-
fon guilty of murder, who, while con-
cealing himfelf, was difcovered by his
mother, ignorant of what had happen-
ed, Ov'id. in Ihhij 61^.
MELANTHIU3, a Rhodian, a
fcholar of Carncades, Cic. Acad. 4, 6.
— ^ 2. A noted painter, Pl'in. 35, 7.
f 3. The goat-herd of Ulyffes,
Homer. OdyJ]". 21, 175. who readily af-
foided to the fuitors of Penelope what
part of his flock they defired, and join-
ed with them in devouring his mailer's
fubftance, ib. 20, 175. ; Oiiid. Ep. I,
95. On which account he was put to
death by Tclemachus with the greateft
torture, Elomer. Od. 22, 473, &c.
MELEaGER, v. Meleagrus,
'grly the fon of Oeneus, [Oaudes), who,
having (lain the wild b.^ar of Calydon,
gave the i]<iu and head to Atn'anta,
who had fivfl wounded him. The un-
cles of Melcager, attempting to rob
Atalanta of her preient, were flain by
Meleager. Whereupon Althaea 'nis mo-
ther, in a paflion, threw a log of wood,
on which the life of her fon depended,
into the fire ; and as foon as it was con-
fumed, Meleager expired, [G. 434.)
His fillers, [Meleagndes^y lamenting his
death, were changed into birds, culled
pofed to be Guinea-hens, Pli/i. 10, 26
f. 38. ^ 2. A Greek poet, a na-
tive of Gadara in Syria, who flourifiied
150 years before the Chrillian aera.
He was the firft coUeftor of the Greek
epigrams, entitled Aiithologla.
MELEsiGiiNEs, -w, a name given to
Plom.er, from Meles^ a river of Ionia,
near which he was born, (G. 587.)
Melete, -eSf one of the four Mu-
fes, faid to have been produced by the
fecond of the three Jupiters, mention-
ed by Cicero, N. D. 3, 21.
Me L I BO E us, the name of a fhepherd,
Virg. E. I, 6. but Mcl'ihoeus dux^ i. e.
Philoftetes, from his birth-place Meli-
boea, Firg. Aen. 3, 401.
Melicerta, Melicertes, -acy \\
-us, the fon of Athamas and I no. Vid»
Ino.
Melissus, the firft king of Crete,
the father of Am.althea and Meliffa,
who fed Jupiter, when a child, with
milk and honey, (G. 356.) Meliffa is
faid to have been changed by Jupiter
into a bee. Col. 9, 2.
MELISSUS, a philofcpherofSamos,
the fcholar of ParmenidfS, Laert. 9, 24*
who believed in the infinity and eterni-
ty of the univerfe, {hoc, quod 'ejfct infi-
nitum et immutali/e, femper fuijfe etforej^
Cic. Acad. 4, 37.
Sp. Melius, a wealthy Roman citi-
zen, fufpefted of aiming at foveveignty,
becaufe, in the time of a great dearth,
lie diilribu^ed corn among the people at
a lov^' price. On this fufpicion, being
fummontd to appear before Cincinna-
tus, the dictator, and rcfufing to obey,
he was (lain by Q^Servilius Ahala, maf-
ter of horfe to the dictator, Liv. 4, \ 3,
— 16.; Cic. Cat. I, I. Dam. 38. Sen,
16.; Amic. 8, & II. -Maeliani,
the parLiinns of Maelius, Liv. 4, 14,
Frumentum Maelianum, the corn which
had been purchai'ed by Maeh'us, ih.
Annaeus MELLA, i;. Mela, the
brovher of Seneca the philofopher, and
fatlier of the poet Eucan, who was put
to death by Nero, Tac. Ann. 16, 17.
MELPOMilNE, -es, one of the nine
Mufes, Hor. Od. i, 24, 3. (G. '>^CZ.)
1 i MEMMIUS,
MEM [2
' MEMMIUS, the name of an illuf-
tnou3 plebeian gens at Rome, faid to
have been derived from the Trojan
Mneilheus, Vtrg. Aen, 5, 116. Hence
the Memmti w^ere among thofe called
Trojugenae, by Juvenal, i, 100.
C. MEMMIUS, a tribune of the
commons, who boldly accufcd the cor-
ruption of the nobility in the war again ft
Jugurtha, Salluft. 'Jug. 27. and roufcd
the people to punirti the guilty, ih. 30,
& 31. Cicero fpeaking of this Mem-
tnius,join5 him with his brother Lucius:
C. et h. Memmii fuerunt oratores medio*
cres, accufatores acres atqus acerhu Ita-
que hi jwiicium capitis niulios vocaverunty
pro reis nonfaepe dixerunty Brut. ^6. We
learn from Cicero tliat C. Memmius
brought Beftia to his trial, but whether
for his conduct in the Jugurthlne vi'-ar
or not, is uncertain, Cic. Or, 2, 70.
Memmlus, when candidate for the con-
fulPnip in oppofition to Glaucia, was
affaflinated by ruffians whom Glaucia
and Saturninus employed to attack him
with bludgeons, in the comitlum, in
pfefence of the people, Appian, B. C.
I, p. 369.; Cic. Cat. 4, 2.
C. MEMMIUS, L.F. an acute and
agreeable fpeaker, but too carelefs in
his compofition, highly accomplidied in
Greek literature, but indifferent about
the Latin, Cic. Brut. 70. Q^aeftor to
Pompeyin thewarapjainilSertorius, Cic,
Balh. 2. He had an intrigue with the
wives of Lucullus and Pompey, the for-
mer of whom Cicero, in telling the fact,
calls Menelaus, and the latter Agamem-
non, Cic. Ate. I, 18. Memmlus having
divulged a fliameful paction, which he
and Cn. Domitius, when candidates for
the-confulfhip, had made with the confuls
Appius and Ahenobarbus, Cic, Att. 4,
16, & 18. (Vid. Domitius.) and be-
ing condemned of bribery, lived in
exile at Athens, Cic. Fam. 13, 1. Cu-
rio propofed getting him recalled, Cic.
Att. 6, I. but whether he effeded it, is
uncertain. To this Memmius, firnamed
Gemellus, Lucretius is thought to
have infcribed his poem De Re rum
KATURA, 1,43, 412, & IO5I; 2, 142,
&c. Lucretius fometimes calls him by
a patronymic name, Memmiades, v.
50 3 MEN
-DA, dat. -net l, 25. voc. Memmtadaf
ib. 45 . M E M M I A N A praedia, the
farms or ellate of Memmlus, Cic. Att.
5. I
MEMNON, -onis, the fon of Tltho-
nus and Aurora, the general of the Ae-
thiopians who came to the affiflance of
Priam, flain by Achilles, (G. 449.)
Color Memnoniiis y black, the colour of
the Aethiopians, OtvW. ^x Pfi'/z^ 3, 3,96.
Alemnonia regna, the nations of the eaft,
Lucan. 3, 284. Mem NOV IDES, -wriy
(ling. Memnonis), certain birds, fuppo-
fed to have been produced from the afh-
es of Memnon, Ovid Met. 13, 618.
Mem NGN, a native of Rhodes, the
principal general of Darius Codoman-
nUvS, who alone fuggefted to that mo-
narch the proper means of Hopping the
progrefs of Alexandc*, (G. 620.)
MEN A, v. Mcnasy -acy a frecdman
of Pompcy the Gieat, Paterc. 2, 73.
after v^'hofe death he followed the for-
tunes of his fon Sex. Pompey, who gave
him the command of part of his fleet,
ih. He deferted from Pompey to Au-
guftus ; and from Auguflus again to
Pompey. He a fecond time left Pom-
pey, and joined Auguilus, bringing o-
ver with him a part of Pompey's fleet.
Caefar bountifully rev./arded him, and
made him a military tribune. He was
the only frced-m.an whom Auguftus ad-
mittedtohis table, Suet. Aug. 74. — When
Augullus and Antony, after having
made an agreement with Sex. Pompey,
paid Pompey a viiit in his fhip, Mena
propofed to Pompey to aflafiinate them
both, and thus fecure the recovery of
his father's fortune ; but Pompey no-
bly rejected the propofal, Plutarch, in
Antonio. Appian, in relating this fact,
calls him Men odor us, Bdl. Civ. ^y p.
714. — Horace feems to have had a great
antipathy to this rnan, Epod. 4. if it be
the fame Mena againft whom he writes
his bitter invectives. Some think It
muft be a different perfon, becaufe, a-
mong the other charges againit his cha-
racter, the moft reprehenhble part of
his conduct is not mentioned.
Menalcas, -acy the name of a fhep-
hcrd, Virg, Ed, 2, 15. et 3, 13. 9, 16.
et 10, 20. Menalippe,
MEN
C 251 ]
MEN
Menalippe, v. Melanippe, -est the
daughter of Defmontes, or Aeolus,
who, being violated by Neptune, bore
two fons, (as Dionyfius of Halicarnaf-
fus fays, in the ox-Hall of her father,
(/e Jrte Rhetor. /• 57. to which Varro
alludes, R. R. 2, 5, 5.) Defmontes,
enraged at the difcovery, (hut up Me-
nalippe in prifon, after having deprived
her of fight, and ordered the infants to
be expofed. A cow is faid to have come
and given them fuck ; in which Hate
the fhepherds found them. In the mean
time Metapontus, king of Icaria, being
anxious to have children, Theano, his
queen, applied to the Ihepherdsto pro-
cure for her a fuppofititious child.
Whereupon they fent her the infants
they had found. Thus theft infants be-
came the reputed fons of Metapontus,
under the name of Boeotus and Aeolus.
After this Theano had two fons of her
own ; and when they grew up, having
difcovered to them that their fuppofed
brothers were fuppofititious, fhe advifed
them to take an opportunity of cutting
them off. But the fons of Neptune,
when attacked, by the affiitance of their
father, flew their aggrefibrs. Theano,
ftruck at the fight of their bodies, which
were carried back to the palace, flew
herfelf. Boeotus and Aeolus fled to
the fliepherds by whom they had been
faved. There Neptune revealed to them
the fecret of their birth, and that their
mother was in cuftody. On this ac-
count they flew Defmontes, and libera-
ted their mother, to whom Neptune re*
ftored her fight. Accompanied by her
they returned to Metapontus, and in-
formed him 'of the perfidy of Theano.
Whereupon Metapontus married Mena-
lippe, and adopted them as his fons,
Hyntu f. 186. This ilory feived as a
lubjedl for a tragedy of Euripides, DtO"
nyf. luid. Accius likewife wrote a tra-
gedy called Menalippa, Cic. Of. i,
31. Perfona Menalippes, the mafic
ufed in a6ling the part of Menalippe,
Juvenal. 8. 229. — There was another
Menalippa, the daughter of the cen-
taur Chiron, who is {aid to have been
changed into a mare, Hygin. Poet. 2,
18.
Menalippus, v. Melamppus, the
fon of Aflacus, {AflacideSi ae), who
mortally wounded Tydeus in the belly
with a javelin. But Tydeus exerting
all hie llrength, threw a dart, which
killed Melanippus. Tydeus was carri-
ed off the field, and perceiving his cafe
defperate, requefted that fome of his
friends would go and bring to him the
head of Menalippus, ( Caputs 6 caput, 6
m'thi fi qiiis adportety Menalippe, tuum ;
Nam voheris arvis, Fido eqii'uiem, nee
me virtus fiiprema fefellit), Stat. Theb.
8, 740. Capaneus was the firft that
found the dead body, and brought it
to Tydeus ; who ordered the head to
be cut off, and in revenge for his wound,
divided it in two, and tore out the
brains with his teeth. In the mean time
Pallas was bringing a remedy which fhe
had received from Jupiter, to cure Ty-
deus, and render him immortal. But
feeing this barbarity, flie with-held it,
and left him with indignation, Stat. Ih.
8, 719, &c. ad Jin. ApoUodorus fays,
it was Amphiaraus that brought the
head of Menalippus to Tydeus, from
hatred to him, becaufe he had been the
author of the Theban war. Soon af-
ter this, Amphiaraus was fwallowed up
by an earthquake, Appollodor. 3, 6, 8.
Paufanias alfo fays, that Menalippus
was (Iain by Amphiaraus, 9, 18.
MENANDER, v. Menandrus, -dr'iy
an Athenian comic writer, of uncom-
mon merit, {^nohilis comoediis), contem-
porary with Demetrius Phalereus,
Phaedr. 5. fab. 1. greatly admired by
the ancients, .^y/«(Si/. 10, T, 69. ; Hor,
Sat. 2, 3, II.; Propert. 3, 21, 28.;
Ovid. 1 rijl. 2, 369. ; Stat, Silv. 2, I,
J 14.; for nothing now remains of his
works but a few fragments. His fla-
tue was erected in the theatre at Athens,
Paiifan. i, 21. Adj. Mlnandre-
us, Propert. 2, 5, 3.
Menecles, a celebrated Anatic rhe-
torician, a native of ALibiUida, {Ala*
banderifis, v. -dens), under wiiom L. Craf-
fus, the orator, and Cicero, in his
I i Z youth.
MEN [
you til, {ludied, Cic» Or. 2, 23. Bnit.
95. Orat. 69.
Menecrates, -ij-, one of the gene-
rals of Perfeus, Lig). 44, 24.
Menedemus, an Athenian orator,
in the time of L. Craffus, Cic. Or. 1,18.
^ 2. A philofopher of Eretiia,
fEretricus), who placed tlie chief good
in the perception of truth, Cic. jlcad.
4, 42. from whom a fett of philofophers
were called Eretrici, ib. % 3. Al-
fo the name of an old nian in Terence,
Hemit. I, I.
Mr.NVLAUs, the fon of Atreu?, {^A-
tndes), and brother of Agamemnon, the
king of Sparta, and hufband of Hele-
na, (G. 4 '3.) — Menelai portiis, a mari-
time town between Cyrene and Egypt,
Nep, Agefil. 8 . M E N E L A E u s thnla-
vins-, the bed-chamber of Menelaus, Pro-
pert. 2, 15, 13. Menelcnus rnonsyTi moun-
tain near Lacedaemon, Liv. 34, 28.
<j[ 2. A Greek rhetorician, a na-
tive of Marathos, a town of Phoenicia,
( Marathenus), whofe aififtance C. Grac-
chus was thought to have ufcd in com-
pcfing his orations, Cic. Brut. 26.
MENENIA^^?zx, a patrician family
at Rome,
MENENIUS Agrlppa, conful a. u.
251, Liv. 2, 16, Being fent as an
i:mbaiTador to treat with the plebeians j
who had made a feceiTion to the Mons
Socer, he prevailed on them to return,
i/i). 2, 32. He died fo poor, that he
did not leave enough to defray the ex-
pences of his funeral, ib. 33./.
Menephrot, -onisy an inceftuous
Arcadian, Ovid. Met. 7, 3 87. ; Hygin.
Menes, 'is. the firft king of Egypt,
who built Memphis, Herodot. 2, 99. (G.
664.)
Menestratus, a fl^ilful flatuary,
Plin. 36, 5.
Menestkeus. Fid. Mnestheus.
Mekippus, a native of Stratonicea
{^Stratonicetjis) a town of Caria in A-
fia Minor ; the moH eloquent rhetorici-
an of that country in his time, the prae-
(peptor of Cicero, Cic, Brut. 91.
Mi-'NiPPus, a philofopher w^io wrote
ggveeably on philofophical fubje6lS| mi^v-
252 ] MEN
ing humour with erudition, Cic. Acad.
1,2. whom Varro imitated in his fa-
tires, which from him he called Sati-
rae Menifpeae, Macroh. Sat. i, 11.;
GelL 13, 30.
Memscus, one of the principal ci-
tizens [vir primarius) of Entella, a
town in Sicily, who was fent to Rome
to give evidence againft Verres, Cic.
Verr. 3, 87.
Mfnius, the fon of Lycaon, killed
by the fame thunderbolt by which his
father's houfe was fet on fire, Ovid, in
Ihin, 472.
Menoeceus, (in 3 fyll. -ecs, -ei,
-ea, -eu, -co), the fon of Creon, king of
Thebe«, who having heard that Tire-
fias had foretold that Thebes would be
fafe, if the lafi: or youngeft of the race of
the ferpent fliould periih, and perceiving
that he himfelf was meant, mounted a
confpicuous part of the city, and, in
fight of his countrymen, and of the e-
nemy, after having uttered a folemn
prayer, ftabbed himfelf with his fword,
and then after fprinlding the battlements
and walls with his blood, threw himfelf
"down among the middle of the troops
X)fthe enemy, Stat. Theb. 10, 6ic, —
790. and thus facrificed himfelf for his
country, {^largifus ejl patriae Jiium J angui'
nem)y Cic. Tufc. i, 48. Apollodorus
tells the {lory fomewhat differently, 3,
6, 7. SoHyginus, 242. adj. Me-
noeceus ; thus, Menoeceo luhrica fan -
guine ttirris, flippery or wet with the
blood of Menoeceus, Stat. Theb. 10, 846.
M1.NOETES, -ae^ one of the compa-
nions of Aeneas, the pilot of the fnip
called Centaurus, Virg. Aen. 5, 161.
Menoetius, the fon of Ador, and
father of Patrcclus ; whence Patroclus
is called Menoetiades, Ovid. Ep. 3,
23-
Menocritus, a Greek, the freed-
man of Lentulus Splnther, Cic. Fam.
1,9.
Men on, the name of a book writ-
ten by Plato, Cic. Tufc. I, 24.
Menophilus, a flave of Atticus,
employed by Cicero in arranging his
library, C/V. Att. 4, 7. ^ 2. A Jew
j-idicukdby Martial, 7, 81.
MENTOR,
MEN
[
MENTOR, -pm, a celebrate^ fciilp-
tor and engraver, Plin. 33, 12 f. ^^.
Rarae fine Meniore mctifaei there is
fcarcely a table without cups or bowls
embofled by Mentor, jfuvenaL 8, 104.
Pccula Mtntoris manuy fummo artlficioy
fada, Q'c. Veir. 4, 1 8. Pocula Jvlcn-
tored nobil'ttata mann, Martfal. 9, 60, 1 6 .
Add. IcL 3, 41. Mentorei hihoresy the
woiUsof Mentor, Id. 4, 39, 5. join-
ed with thofe of Myro, [Myi'onis aries),
ib. 2. Lejh'ia Mentor eo 'o'lna lAhas cpere,
drink Lefbian wine from a cup embofled
by Mentor, Propert. I, 14, 2. ^ 2.
A fon of Hercules, Apollndov. 2, 7, 8.
alfo of Euryftheus, /:/. 2, 8, t. ^j 3.
The companion of Ulyffes, to whom
that king, at his departure from Ithaca
to the Trojan war, committed the charge
of his family, Homer. OdyfJ. 2, 225.
^ 4. A Pvhodian, the general of a bo-
dy of Greeks in the fervice of Nefta-
nebus, king of Egypt, whom he bafe-
ly betrayed, and joined the Periians,
(G.619.)
Mera, Vid. Ma ERA.
MERCURIUS, the fon of Jupiter
and Maia, the daughter of Atlas ;
whence he is called Atlantiades,
[Fid. Atlas), the meffenger of Ju-
piter and of the other gods ; the god
of eloquence, &c. (Vid. G. 379.)
Mercuriales viri, men cf genius
and learning, Ilor. Od. 2, 17, 29.
Mercuriales, -iz/w, the members of
a collo^^e of priefts or perfons who
took care of the temple of Mercury,
Cic. J^ Fr. 2,5. which was early dedi-
cated at Rome, Lku 2, 21, & 27.-
I
^j 2. The planet Mercury, the neareft
of all the planets to the fun, Cic. I\\D,
2, 20. ;' P/in. 2, 8. called Cekr Cyltenius,
(i. c. Mercury, born on mount Cyllene),
from the quicknefs of its motion, Lu-
can. I, 662. faid to be the ruler of the
waters of rivers, and hence to influence
the inundation cf the Nile, Lucariy 10,
209, ficc.
Mericus, a Spaniard, who betray-
ed the ifiand of b'yracufe to the Ro-
mans, Liv. 25, 30. and therefore, in the
triumph of Marceljus, \\z wore a crown
3 ] M E S
of gold, and was prefented vvitli tlie
freedom of the city, Zm 36, 2T.
Mf-:Ri6N£S, -ae^ the charioteer ^f
Id5meneus king of Crete, and from
the fame country, Onyid. Met. 13, 359,
among the biavell of the Greeks,
hence faid to be equal to Mars in
courage, Homer. II 2, 651. defcri-
beu aR black with Trojan duft, [utpote
auilga), Hor. Od. i, 6, 15. Add. iZ//^.
15,26.^
Merope, -esj the feventh of the
daughters of Atlas, who married Sify-
phus. She was fuppofed to be the
lea 11 bright of the Pleiades, bocaufe the
only one of her family that married a
mortal, all the reft having raa,rried
deities, O'vid. Fajl. 4, 175.
Merops, 'Opis, the hufband of Cly-
mene and the fuppofed father of Pha-
ethon, O'-oid. Tnjl. 3, 4, 30. Met. i.
763. ^ 2. A Trojan Hain by Tur-
nus, Firg. Aen. 9, 702.
Merula, a firnamc of the Corneliu
L. Cornelius MERULA, the priell
of Jupiter, (jlamen dialis), who, upon
the expulfion of Cinna, was made con-
ful in his place. Pater c. 2, 20. ; Jppian*
B. Civ. I, p. 390. But when Cinna
and Marius became mailers of the city,
Merula having reugned the confulfliip
fled to the temple of Jupiter, and ha-
ving invoked curfes on the head of
Cinna and on his party, put an end to
his days by cutting his veins before the
altar, fo that the blood flowed on the
altar, Paterc. ib, 22.; Appian, th', p. 395.
L. Mescinius Rufus, the quaeftor
of Cicefo, Cic. Fam. 5, 19, & 20. 13,
26, & 28. 16, 4, & 8. Alt. 6, 3.
MESSaLA, a firname given to Va-
lerius Corvinus, from his having con-
quered Mefsana in Sicily, the letter N
being gradually changed into L, Senec.
de Brev. Fit. c. 13. Vvho firft brought a
clock to Rome from Catana, a. u. 490.
Plin. 7, 60. f. ult. whence the flouriiii-
ing family of the Messalae, which
gave bir^ih to feveral eloquent orators,
Cic. Brut. 70. ad Brut. 15. ; Hor at. ArL
p. 371. Tihidl. 1,3.
J\l Valerius MESSaLA Corvinus,
M E S [2
a noble Roman, highly extolled by Ci-
cero when a young man, Ep. ad Br. 15.
who being profcribed by Antony, made
his efcape to Brutus and Caffius. Af-
ter their death he furrendered the fleet
v/hich he commanded, upon conditions,
Afp'tan. B. C. ^f p. 'j^6. Paterculus fays
that he was preferved by the interpo.
fition of Auguilus, 2, 71. Mefsala
afterwards faved the life of Auguttus,
when he had him in his power, ib. In
the year 723, in which the battle of
Adium was fought, Mefsala was made
conful with Aug nil as in place of An-
tony, who had been depofed, Dio, 50,
10. and thus, by a wonderful turn of
fortune, poiTelTed the poft of him by
whom he had been doomed to death,
i&, 47, 1 1 .• ; Jppian. B. C^ySiu He
afterwards obtained a triumph for ha-
ving fuppreffed a rtbellion of the Aqtd-
taniy ib. hence, Gcniis Aquitanae celeher
I\^lefsala trimnphis, Tibull. 2, i, 31. It
was upon the motion of Mefsala in the
fenate that Auguilus was called Fa-
THtR OF HIS COUNTRY, which title he
accepted with tears of joy, though be-
fore, when it was offered him by the
people, he had declined it. Suet. Aug.
58. Mefsala is mentioned by Horace
as a perfon of the highefl nobility, Sat.
I, 6, 42. and as one of his friends, ib.
10, 85. Horace having invited him
to fupper, ingenioufly addrefies an ode
to the calk of wine which he intended
to open on the occafion, Od. 3, 21.
He reprefents Mefsala as particularly
ditlinguifhed by his eloquence and ikill
in jurifprudence. Art. />. 37 r. Add. Sat.
I, 10, 29. Q^inclilian fpeaks in the
higheft tcrm%,of the eloquence of Mef-
sr.la, and feems to place him next to
Cicero ; At Mefsala niltdus et candidus,
et quodara modo prae fe ferens in dicendo
nohllltatem fuaniy 10, i, 113. Multum
in vita dignitatis , multum ad pojhros gloriae
tradiditj Id. 12, II, 28. The cuiiiac-
teriific of his manner and flyk was dig-
nity. Id. 12, 10, II. Add. Id. I, 7, 23,
& 34. 4, I, 8. 9, 4, 38. et 10, 5, 2.
In fome refpeCis he is faid to have been
even fuperior to Cicero, ( Cicerone mitior
Curvinus ct dulcior^ €t in verba nia^is ela*
54 ] MET
boratus,) Dial, de Oral. c. 18. He is
feveral times mentidned by Tacitus as
a diftinguiftied orator, A7in. 11, 6, &
7. 13, 34. But Mefsala is extolled
mod of all by TibuUus, whofe patron
he was, i, i, 53. 2, 1, 31. 4, i, i, &c.
Mefsala was the firft praefe6l of the
city, but retained that office only for a
few days, Tac. Ann. 6, 11. Dio there-
fore takes no notice of him, but men-
tions Agrippa as the firft praefe6l, C4,
6.
MESSALiNA, the daughter of
Barbatus Mefsala, and wife of the em-
peror Claudius, infamous for her lewd-
nefs, which at laft brought her to an
untimely end, Tac. Ann. if, 2, — 58. ;
Suet. CI. 26. ; Jwoenal. 6, 118. et 10,
335-
Messapus, an Etrufcan chief who
joir.r-d Turnus, remarkable for his fl<:ill
in horfemanfhip, hence called dotjutor
equorum, the tamer of horfes ; faid to
have been the offspring of Neptune,
according to Servius, becaufe he came
into Italy by fea, Virg. Acn. 7. 691.
one of the chief leaders of the Itahans,
ih. 8, 6.
Metabus, the king of Privernum,
and father of Camilla, Virg. Aen. II,
540.
Met AN IRA, the wife of Celeus, and
mother of Triptolemus, Ovid. Fajl. 4,
539-
METELLI, a confiderable family
o{ \Aitgens Caecilia.
X. Caecilius METELLUS, twice
conful, a.u.503, and 507. mafter of horfe,
and dictator, Fontifex Maximus^ 5cc. In
rei'c u^ng the Palladium, or image of Pal-
las, from the temple of Vefta while in
fiaines, {^Servavit trepidant flagranti ex
aede Minervamt Juvenal. 3, 139.) he
loft his fight, on which account tiie Ro-
man people granted him the privilege
of being carried to the fenate-houfe,
when he chofe to go thither, in a cha-
riot, an honour which had never been
granted to any one btfore, llin. 7, 43
f. 45. add. Ovid. FaJ}. 6, 437, &c. ;
Fal. Max. I, 5.; u-'-^'?'-. Ccntrov. 4, 2.
This Metellus is faid firft (primus) to
have brought elephants into the city in
his
MET I 2SS 1 MET
his triumpli in the firll Punic war, P//«. tl rown from the Tarpeian rock by
ill. Bat Pliny fays otherwife, 8, 6.
that this v/as firft done in the war
againft Pyrrhus, (namely by Curius
©entatus) ; and that Metelliis brought
thegreateft number {ph/rhnos)y ib. et 8,
3. And therefore the reading in the
former pafiage is thought to be wrong.
^ Caecilius METELLUS, the
grandfon of the former, Plin, 7, 44.
praetor, a. u. 605, v/ho conquered
Andrifcus, called alfo Pjeudo-Ph'dippus^
(i. e. falfe Philip,) C'lc, Rull 2, 33.
who, pretending to be the fon of Per-
feus, had feized on Macedonia. Me-
tellus, on account of his fuccefs, got
the firname of Macedonicus, Flor. 2,
14. ; L'li:. Epit.^^, & 50. ; Eutrop. 4,
13. This Metellus is mentioned by
Pliny as an inftmce of fingular felicity.
For bcfides his great honours, and the
C. Attinius Labeo, a tribune, becaufe
Metellus, when cenfor, had expelled
Labeo from the fenate; and he was with
difficulty faved by the interpofition of
another tribune, Plin. 7, 44. His
goods, however, were confecrated to
fome deity, C'lc. Dom. 47. There was
a mifunderflanding betwixt this Metel-
lus and Scipio Africanus the younger,
but without bitternefs, (ifnmicitiae fim
acerbhate^) Cic. Off. i, 25. ; Plin. ib.
L. Metellus Cahus, the brother
of Macedonicus, conful a. u. 61 1, His
evidence againft Q^Pompeius was not
regarded, Cic. Font. 7.
^ METELLUS, the fon of Cal-
vus, conful with M. Silanus, a. u. 645,
Cic. Brut, ^s-'y Salhtft. Jug. 43: called
NuMiDicus, on account of his vidories
over Jugurtha, Plutarch, in Mario, a man
firname of Macedonicus, he was carried of great integrity and merit, (nuUi fe*
to the funeral pile by four fons, i. i^ cundus Jcculi fui), Paterc. 2, 11. the
Metellus, ^\\x\-A.vc\zdi Balear'icus, from only fenator who would not fwear to
his having fubdued the iflands called fupport the laws of the tribune Apu-
Bakares, who had been conful, cenfor, ^ ^ '
and had obtained a triumph ; 2. M. Me
TELLUs, who had been conful, and
honoured with a triumph ; 3. Z. Me-
tj:llu£, firnamed Dalmaticus, from
his victory over the Dalmatians, who
had been conful, (and according to Val.
Maximus, 8, 5, i. alfo cenfor), called
DiADEMATUS Or DiADUMENUS, bc-
caufe he ufed to bind his head with
fillets or rollers in order to cover fome
excrefcence or ulcer, (P/iw. 7, 44.^/
34, 8). But Metellus Dalmaticus and
leius Saturninus, and therefore obliged
to go into banifhment, Plutarch, in Ma^
rio; Paterc. 2, 15.; Cic. Cluent. i^.
Dom. i\, Sext. 16. but he was foon
after reftored with great honour, Pa-
terc. et Plutarch, ibid. ; Cic. ad ^ir.
pojl red. 3. in Senat. 15, &c. by a law
propofed by Q. Cahdius, Cic. Plane. 28.
After his return, however, Cicero ob-
ferves, that his mind was rather dejeft-
ed, (frado animo fuijfe), Cic. Fam. i, 9.
Such was the opinion of his ftrid ho-
nour, that at a trial for extortion, to
Diadematus are thought by fome to be which he was brought by his enemies,
different perions, (Vid. Ernejit Index when his account-books (tabulae) were
Flijloricus Ciceron.) ; 4- C. Metellis
CaprariuSy who had. been praetor, aad
was conful the year after his father's
death, Plin. 7, 44. Befides thefe, Me-
handed about the court, as ufual, for in-
fpe(ition, there was none of the judges
that did not turn away his eyes, lell he
ould feem to doubt the truth of the
tellus Macedonicus left two daughters, diuerent articles by looking at them
married both to men of confular dig- --• " "
nity, Plutarch. deFortitud. Roman. p. 3 1 8.
In ihort, the number of thoie who fa-
luted him by the appellation of father
or grandfather (patris) amounted to
twenty.feven, Plin. 7, 13 f. 11. But
in the height of his profperity this
Metellus was once jult about to be
Cic. Balb. 5. Att. I, 16. So fcrupu-
loufly obiervant of truth he was, that
he would not aid L. Lucullus, his
filler's hufband, by his teftimony, Cic,
Verr. 4, 66. This great man was a
favourer of learning and learned men,
Cic. Arch. 3. Or. 3, 18 Cicero
often Ipcaks of Metejlus Numidicus, be-
caufe
MET [2
eaufe he tliought his fortune in feve-
ral refpe£ls fimikr to his own ; but
their conduft was very different.
^^ METELLUS', the fou of Nu-
mlduiis, called Pius, on accoiict of bis
dutiful and affectionate behaviour to hi-3
father in his exile, Ck, Or. 2, ^o. ^air.
pnji reel. 3. In Senat. 15. He alvvayci
ihewed himfelf grateful to Calidius for
having efrtAed his father's reiloration,
Cic. Plane. 28, 5c 29. He was wound-
ed by C. Cethegus, the affociate of
Catiline, Cic. Syll. 25. He was among
the hrPc that joined Sylla upon his re-
tnrn to Italy, Plutarch, in Syll. and af-
terwards carried on war againft Serto-
rius, Cic. Balh. 2, cv: 17. ; Plutarch, in
Sartor.
i^ Metellus, conful with Horten-
fuis, a. u. 674, Cic. Act. I. in V^rr.c).
called Creticus, from the conquell of
the ifland Crete, tic. Flacc. 13. Flor. ^y
7. Paterc»2, 34. After his return from
thence, being prevented from obtaining
the honour of a triumph by the detrac-
tion of his enemies, he was fent into
Pi'cenum againft the accomplices of
Catiline's confpiracy, Sallujl. Cut. 30.
^ Metellus Celer, an orator, Cic.
Brut. §9.
^ Metellus Cekr, the eldeft fon
of the former, praetor when Cicero
was conful, Cic. Cat. r, 8. f/ 2, 3. Sul,
23. after which he obtained the pro-
vince of Gaul, which Cicero had de-
clined, Cic. Fa/n. 5. I. conful with L.
Afranius, Cic. Pif. 4. Alt. i, 17. He
married Clodia, the fiftcr of P. Clodius,
Cicero's enemy, Cic. Coel. r4. by whom
he was thought to have been poifoncd,
ib. 2A[.
J^ METELLUS Nspos, the young-
er brother of the former, tribune of the
people the year after Cicero was con-
ful, who prevented Cicero from making
a fpeech to the people on the laft day
of his office, and only permitted him
to take the ufual oath, " that he had
done his duty faithfully," Dio, 37, 38.
But he afterwards laid afide his enmity
againft Cicero, and, when conful v/ith
Leutulus Spinther, concuired with his
coiieague in promoting Cicero's return
5.5 ] MET
from exile, Cic. in Sen. p. red. 7. .
Oratlp Metellina, an oration which
Cicero wrote againft Metellus Nepos
when tribune, Cic. Att. i, lo. ; ^linc-
t'il. 3, g, 50. — Cacfar was praetor when
Metellus was made tribune, and fup-
ported him in all his meafures, which
were fo violent, that the fenate decreed
that they fhould both be fufpended
from their oiHce. Buk Caefar, upon
m.aking his fubmiflion, was reponed.
Suet. Caef. 16. Metellus made his e-
fc^pe to Pompey, who was married to
his fiftcr, (^vid. Caesar, p. SS')' ^'
niong the orations of Caefar, there was
one infcribed, pro Metelloj Suet. Caef.
/.. Metellus, a tribune, who at-
tempted to hinder Caefar from taking
out of the treafury the money which
was kept in the temple of Saturn, and
was referved for the hift exigencies of
the ftate ; but in vain : for Caefar or-
dered the tribune to be removed, and
the door to be opened *by force, Cic.
Alt. 10, 4. ; Plutarch. Caef. p. 725. ;
Flor. 4, 2. ; Appian. B. Civ. 2. />. 453. ;
TJiof 41, 17. Pliny mentions the fum, t
33, 3. Lucan defcribes at great length I
all trie circumftances of this adiion, 3,
102, — 169. But Caefar himfelf no-
tices it very flighcly, B. C. i, 33.
The Metelli v/ere long one of the
chief families in Rome, Liican. 7, 583.
Several of them obtained firnames from
the countries which they fubdued. Two
brothers of that name triumphed in one
day, Paterc. 2, 8. and iw the fpace of
about twelve years, according to Pa-
terculns, there were more than twelve
Metelli either confuls, or cenfors, or
honoured with a triumph, 2, 1 1. Hence
Lucan - reprcfents Pompey deploring
the WTCtched madnefs of Caefar, \w
wifliing to be ranked rather with the
Cinnae and Marii^ the oppreflors of
their country, than with the Camilli
and Metelli, {magnijque Meiellis), the
prefervers of their country, 2, 544.
But under the emperors hardly any of
this family are mentioned. Tacit, et Sue-
ton. Ut apparent, quemadmodum urlium
ir!:pcriQrumquei it a gentium (for familia-
rum^
M E T
rum^ ^luiic jlorere fortunam-, nunc fcnef-
cere, nunc Interire, Paterc. ibid.
M» Metilius, a tribune of the ple-
beians, IJv. 5,11.
METON, -onis, an Athenian allro'-
iiomer, the author of the kinar cycle
or golden number, as it is called, (C
15.). He firil difcovered that the
nvoon returns to the fame point in the
I'odiac from which Ihe fet out with the
fun in nineteen years ; whence this
Ipace of time was called Annus Me-
TONis, Aufon. Ep'ijl. 2, 12. But the
inoderns, more exad, have found, that
there is a difference of i hour 27 mi-
nutes 32 feconds. ^ 2. A debtor of
Cicero's, Cic. Att. 12,51. who being
tardy in payment, and being allowed a
year's credit, Cicero, playing upon the
name, fays, ^uando ijis Meton'is annus
veniet? when will the day of payment
for Meton at the end of his year [annua
{lies) arrive? where he feems to cxprefs
an apprehenfion left it fliould be as long
as the year or cycle of Meton, L e. nine-
teen years, iL 3.
Metra, a favourite of king Ario-
barzanes, Cic. Fam. 15? 4.
Me TR ODOR us, a philofopher of
Scepfis, [Sce^ius)y remarkable for his
memory, PUn. 7, 24. ; Cic. Orat. 2,
88. Tufc. I, 24. the fcholar of Carnea-
des, Cic. Or. I, II. equally /l^illed in
painting as in philofophy, and there-
fore fcnt by the Athenians to L. Pau-
lus, who conquered Perfeus, at the re-
queft of Paulus, as the fitteft perfon to
inftruA his children, and to adorn his
triumph with pictures, PUn. 35, 1 1.
Metrodorus of Chios, [Chius), a
fceptical philofopher, who denied the
teftimony of the fenfes, and the cer-
tainty of all knowledge, {Nego, inqult,
Jcire nos Jciamufne aliquid, an nihil Jcia-
musy l^c), Cic. Acad. 4, 23.
Metrodorus of Athens, an Epi-
curean philofopher, contemporary with
Epicurus, Cic. Fin. 2, 3. Tufc. 2, 3.
Mettius Fiiffdiusy didator of the
Albans. Vid. Fuefetius.
Mettius Curtius. Vid. Curtius.
M. Mettius, fent as an ambafiador
by Caefar to Arioviftus, Laef. E.G. 1,
r 257 1 MIL
47. and found fafe after Caefar's battle
with Arioviftus, ih. 54.
Metuscilius, an adherent of Pom-
pey, {Pompeianus)y Cic. Att. 8, 12.
Mfvius. Fid. Maevius. '
MEZENTIUS, the king of Caere,
[urbis Agyltinae), a defpifer of the gods,
the firft in the catalogue of the Italian
princes who joined Turnus againft Ae-
neas, Virg. Aen. 7, 648. expelled by
his fubjefts on account of his horrid
cruelty, ih. 8, 478, — 493. He was
{lain by Aeneas, ih. 10, 907.-— But Li-
vy and Dionyfius of HalicarnaiTus tell
the ftory differently, {^Vid. G. 190.)
Mezetulus, a Numidian, who
contended with Mafiniffa for the em-
pire of Numidia ; and being defeated,
fied into the territory of Carthage, Liv.
29, 29, & 30.
MiciPSA, the fon of MafinifTa king
of Numidia, Sallujl. Jug. 5, S:c.
Miction, ik Mictio, a chief man
at Chalcis [Chakidenjis] in Euboea, a
faithful friend of the Romans, Li'v. 35,
38, & 46.
MIDAS, -acy a king of Phrygia,
who having hofpitably entertained Si-
lenus, brought him back to Bacchus ;
on which account he obtained, at his
requeil, from Bacchus, that every thing;»
he touched (liould be changed into gold.
But he fotiin repented of this gift, and
therefore it was withdrawn, Ovid. Met.
90,-145. {G. 383.). The ears of
this king are faid to have been chan-
ged by Apollo into thofe of an afs, be-
caufe Midas preferred the playing of
Pan on the pipe to the muCc of A-
pollo on the lyre or harp, Ovid. Mei,
II, 153, &c.
MiLANiON, 'onisy the lover of Ata-
lanta, Propert. i, i, 9. fuppofed to be
the fame with Hippomenes or Melea-
ger, Cvid. Art.2y 188. ((?. 433.)
MILeTUS, the fon_of Phoebus by
D clone or Dcjoncy (^DFiorndes), who,
perceiving that Minos fufpedted him of
aiming at the crown, fled from Crete,
and built a city in Ionia, called Miletus
after his name. By the nymph Cyanee,
the daughter of the river I^leander, he
was the father of Byblis and Caunns,
MIL [258
OviJ* ^et. 9, 442, &c. — This {lory is
told differently by Apollodorus, 3, i,
2. and by Antoninus Liberalis, Meta-
ntorph. c. 30.
MILO, 'onisy a famous atbleta of
Croron, {^Crotoniata, v. -ates)) of un-
common ftrength, (G. i8u.) 5[ 2.
The commander of Tarentum under
Pyrrhus, (G. 234.)
T. Anii'ius MILO, the friend of Ci-
cero, and the opponent of P. Clodius.
While Milo was candidate for the con-
fulfhip, and Clodius for the praetor-
ihip, they happened to meet on the
Appian way, whence a fcuffle took
place, in which Clodius was killed by
the flaves of Milo, and by his order.
Milo at his trial was defended by Ci-
cero, but being condemned, went to
Marfeilles into banifhment, C'tc. Mil.
€c iht Afcon. ; Paterc, 2, 47. He after-
wards engaged in the civil war againft
Caefar, and was killed, ib, 68. Ju-
dicium MiLONiANUM, the trial of Milo,
^kaU. 2, 20, 8.~-^MlL0NIANA Ci'
ceronis oratio, the fpeech of Cicero in
defence of Milo, which is not the fame
with what he delivered, but was after-
wards improved. When Milo read the
copy of it fent to him by Cicero, he
is reported to have written Cicero,
^< that it had happened luckily ; for if
Cicero had pronounced that fpeech at
his trial, he (hould not then be eating
fuch large mullet tiflies at Marfeilles,"
i e, that he (hould not have been ba-
nifhed. The letter of Milo did not
imply that he was pleafed with his fi-
tuatlon, but was meant as a reflection
agalnft Cicero for not having defended
him properly, DtOy 40, 54.
MILTUDES, -isy a celebrated
Athenian general, who, with iD,ooo
Greeks, defeated the Perfian army of
Darius under Datis and Artaphernes,
confiftlng of above i CO, 000 men, at
Marathon, (G. 347, & 465.)
MiMALLONES, "J. Ml MALLON IDBS,
'Uniy women who performed the facred
rites of Bacchus, bacchanals, Stat, Theb.
4, 660. ; Ovid. Art. i, 54. thought to
be fo called from Mimas, a mountain
pf Ionia, Vid, G. Inde:^,
] M I N
Mimas, -antisf a giant, of great
ftrength, [validus), Hor, Od. 3, 4, 53.
buried under the ifland Prochyte, {Ap-
paret Prochyte Jaevum fortita Mimanla)^
SiU 12, 147.
MiMNERMus, a native of Colophon
or Smyrna, contemporary with Solon,
who wrote love-poems In elegiac verfe ;
hence Propertlus fays of him, Plus in
amore valet Mimrierini verfus Homero, i ,
9, II. and Horace, Si Mivmermus tifi
cenfety fine amore jocifque Nil ejl jucun-
dum ; nnifas in amyrcjoci/que, Ep. 1,6,
6^, He alfo wrote on other fubje^ts
in elegiac verfe ; as concerning the
battle of the Smyrneans againft Gyges
and the Lydians, Paufan. 9, 29. He
is faid to have been the inventor of
that kind of verfe, Athcnae^ I. 13.
M. MiNDius, the brother of Mef-
cenius Rufus, a trader, {^negotiator) ,
Cic. Fam. 5, 20. et 13, 26.
Minerva, the daughter of Jupiter,
the goddefs of wifdom, of war, and of
arms, of fpinning and weaving, &c.^
{^Vid. G. 361. and A. 275.)
MiNOS, ois, the fon of Jupiter by
Europa, the king and lawgiver of
Crete ; who, after his death, was con-
ilituted judge of the infernal regions
with Rhadamanthus and Aeacus, ( G.
384. & 340.), Cic. Tufi. I, 5_, & 4K
et 2, 14. Off. I, 28. -r Ml NO I A reg~
na, the realms of Minos or kingdom of
Crete, Firg. Aen. 6, 14.. Mlnd.ae arenae^
the fliores of Crete, Ovid, in Ibin, 5 ^ i-
'Taurus Mifious, the Minotaur, Stat. A-
chill, I, 192, [G. 421.). Mi NO IS,
-^dist a daughter of Minos, put for A-
riadne, Ovid. Met. 8, 174. — Minoum,
a town of Crete, built by Minos, Plin,
4, 12 f. 20.
MiNOTAURUS, a monfter produced
by Pafiphae, the wife of Minos, ha-
ving partly the fliape of a man and of
a bull, ( Spnibovemque virutTii femiviruni'
que bovemj, Ovid. Art. Am. 2, 24.
(G. 421.), put joGofely by Cicero for
Calvifius and Taurus, two opponents
of Cornlficius, to whom he v/rites ; or,
as Cortius thinks, for Antony, Cic.
Fam. 12, 25.
Mi«V<^iA, a Veftal virgin, buried
»li'*'e
M t K [2
aKve for having violated her vow of
virginity, Liv. 8, 15.
MINUCIA (al. Minutia) gens, a
family at Rome, P'err. 1, 45;. from
which was that Minucius who paved the
way called after his name, which led
to Brundiifium, by a diiferent track
from the Appian way, Hor, Ep. r, 18,
20. MiNuciA porticusy a portico
built by Minucius, who triumphed o-
ver the Scordlfci, P^e/I. 2, 8.
L. Minucius, a conful, who being
defeated and furrounded by the Jequi-,
was liberated by L. Quindius Cincin-
natus the diftator, Liv. 3, 26, — 29.
L, MiNUCios, fuperintcndant of pro-
vifions, (prdefeHus anuonaej, who in-
formed the fenatc cf the defigns of Sp*
Maelius; and after he was flain by Ser-
vilius Ahala, divided the corn purcha-
fed by Maelius among the people at an
as the bufliei, Liv, 4, 12, — 16.
Minucius Magius^ fent by Pompey
to Caefar to treat about peace, Cic.
Atu 9, I %.
M, MINUCIUS Rufus^ mailer of
horfe under Fabius Maximus the dic-
tator, Lh). 22, 8. who having obtain-
ed an inconsiderable advantage over the
enemy in the dicflator's ab fence, and
complaining to the people of his dila-
tory conduct, got himfelf made equal
in command with Fabius, and divided
the army with him, ib. 27. Having
raflily engaged with Hannibal, he was
in danger of being cut off with his ar-
my, when he was faved by Fabius.
Whereupon he acknowledged his mif-
take, and again placed himfelf under
the command of his preferver, ib. 29,
& 30. He was flain in the battle of
Cannae, ib. 49.
^ MINUCIUS Rufns, a conful,
who being refufed a triumph for his
exploits in Gaul, exhibited the form of
a triumph on the Alban mount, Liv..
II, 22, & 23.
^ Minucius Thermusy a praetor,
■who obtained a triumph for his exploits
in Spain, Liv. 34, 10. When conful he
was fent againft the Ligurians, and con-
tinued in that command after his conful-
(hip was expired, ib. 35, 20. But upon
^9 1 M I t
his return he was refiifed a trium^tl>
ib. 37, 46. He was (Iain in a battle
againft the Thracians, Id. 38, 41, &c.
MINYAS -ai, vel nmyeus, -«, the
fon of Orchomenos, a Theban^ whofe
daughters, (Minyeides, v. /Hinyeia^
desj fingi Minyeis, v. Minyetas, Ovid. 4»
I, & 32. Minyaa prolesy ib. 389.), for
defpifing the facred rites of Bacchus,
were turned into bats, (vefpertiliones .•
No8e volant, Jeroque trahunt a vefpere
norneri), ib. 4X5. — Antoninus Literalia
mentions three daughters of Minyas,
(Minyadc's), Leucippa, Alcippa, and
Alcathoe, a 10. Ovid does not ex-
pfefs their number, but feems to make
them more than three, Met. 4, 32,
168, &c. He names only two of them,
Alcithoe, Aid. 4, i, 274. and Leu*
conoe, ib. 168. Thefe authors differ
as much in the manner of telling the
(lory as in the names.
MisAGENEs, -is, one of the fons of
Mafiniffa, fent to alTift the Romans,
Liv. 42, 29, & 62. ef 45, 14.
MisENus, the trumpeter of Ae-
neas, called the fon of Aeolus, (jieoli"
des), according to SerVius, becaufe
found IS produced from wind j as fol-
diers are called the fons of Mars, Virg..
Actii 6, 1 64. et ibi Serv. He is faid to
have been drowned by Triton, from
jealoufy of his (IdW, near the promon-
tory of Campania, which afterwards
was named from him, ib. 174.
MITHRIDaTES, -is, king of Pon-
tus, who carried on vt^ar for many-
years againft the Romans ; but being
vanquiflied in different wars, firft by-
Sulla, next by Lucullus, and then by
Pompey ; finally, being deferted by his
allies, and betrayed by his own fon
Pharnaces, he attempted to put an end
to hh life by poifon. But finding that
ineffectual, on account of his being io
much accuftomed to take antidotes a*
gainft poifon, [Perfecit poto Mithridatcf
faepe veneno. Toxica ne pojfent faeva nocerc
fibi, Martial, 5) 77.) he with difficul-
ty prevailed on a Gaul to difpatch him.
Hence, Laffi Pontica regis Praelia bar-
banco vix confurmnata veiicno,' Lucan.
I7 33^- i Add. 2, 580, &c, Male ten -
K k 2 ttitum
M I T
[ 260 3
MOM
ialum veneno fplr'ttum ferro expulit, Flor.
3, 5. (G. 240.) MiTHRlDATICUM
bellum, the war againll Mithi idates, Plin.
2, 105.; Marital. 6, 19? 5. ; put for the
tUree wars carried on br'that king againfl:
the Romans; iiril, under Sulla; I'econd,
under Murena ; and third, under Lu-
cullus and Pompey, jlppian, Mithr.
Bell. ; Flor. J, 5. Hence, Pontict ter
inSi imdicamma regis, the antidotes a-
gainft poifon, faid to have been invent-
ed by Mithridates, Juvenal. 6 ult.
^uod Mithridaies coriipofuh, ib. 14, 252.
■One of thefe ftill retains his name, ber
ing caiicd Mithridaticum, Plin. 25,
2 f . 3.; Celf. 5, 23. ; pio, 27, 35.;
Gell. 17, 16. Pompey is faid to have
-found among the papers of Mithi ida-
tes directions for compounding it, Plin.
■23, 8 f. 77. MiTHRiDATiuM an-
tidctum, Scribon. 194. Mithri-
Datia, -ae ; v. -w«, -i, an herb dif-
covered by Mithridates, Plin. 25, 6 f .
,j2y, -Mithridates is faid to have un-
derflood twenty two languages, the
number of the nations fubje6t to him,
^intld, II, 2, 50.; Plin. 7, 24. et
25, 2.
Mna<^,!str ATus, a refpeftable farmer
of the public lands in the ager Lecnti-
nus of Sicily, Cic. Verr. 3, 46.
Mnemosy^nf., -fj-, the mother of the
nine mufes, Cic. N. D. 3, 21. (G.
368.)
Mnesarchus, a Scoic, the fcht;lar
of Panaetius, who thought that no one
could be an orator, without being a
wife man, i. e. a philolopher, Cic. Or.
I, II, & 17. ; Fin. 2. Acad. 4, 22.
Mnesilochus, a chief of the Acar-
nanians, who attempted to bring over
his country to join with' Antiochus in
a war againll the Romans, Liv. ^6j
II, & 12.
Mnestheus, (2 fyll.) -fw, ace. -ea,
\o. -eu, abl. -eo-, a Trojan, one of the
companions, of Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 4,
288. et 5, 117, & 493. Sometimes
for the fake of quantity Menlstheus,
ih. 10, 129. 5[ 2* A king of
Athens, [G. 424.)
Modi u J-:, a Pvoman ^jr/irf , Cic. Verr.
n-4^-
Mo E R A G £ N E s , -/j, a native of Afia,
(A/ianus,) who had a difpute with At-
ticus about a flave, Cic. Alt. 5, \^. et
6, I.
MocRiE, -zt//j, a king of Egypt,
who dug an immenfe lake, to receive
the vv'aters of the Nile, (G. 666.) call-
ed from him, Moeridis lacusy Plin. 5,
9.^ «| 2. The name of a fliepherd
in Virgil, Eel. 8, 96. accuf. Moerim, ib.
98. voc. Moej-i, ib. 9. i.
uipollonius MOLO, -onisy a teacher
of rhetoric at Rhodes, whofe le^lures
•Cicero attended, both there and at
Rome, Cic. Or. i, 17. & 28. Br. 90.
Att. Zy I, &c. Molo was fent to Rome
during the diclatorfliip of SiiUa, to
fulicit the payment of what was due to
his country for their fervices in the
Mithridatic war, [legatus adfenatum de
Rhadiorttm praemiis vensraty) Cic. Br.
90. and is faid to have been the firll
foreigner that wa§ allowed to fpeak to
the fenate without an interpreter, Vah
III ax. 2, 2, 3.
MoLORCHus, a fhepherd who en-
tertained Hercules, v^hen he came to
Oay the Ntniaean lion, Serv. ad Virg.
G. 3, 19. Apollodorus calls him a
day-labourer at Cleonae, 2, 4, i>
whence he is called Ckonaeiis Molor-
chus, Stat. Theb. 4, 1 60. pauper, Stat.
Silv. 3, I, 29. parens y ib. 4, 6, 51.
phcidusy Martial. 9, 44, 1 3. AutfaBi
modo divitis Mohrchiy fc. Penates v.el
dcmusy the houfe of Molorchus, lately
made rich, Martial. 4, 64, 30. i. e. ha-
ving a chapel enriched with valuable prc-
fents built to him, by Domitian, near
the temple of Hercules, Id. 9, 65, &
]OA. Molorchea iecfuy the houle or
Mc'lorchus, TihU. 4, 1, 1 3.
Mom us, the fon of A^ox and Somnus,
Hefiod. Theog. 214. the god of rail-
lery, who did nothing hii»felf but
cenfured or reproved the laihngs of
the other gods ; hence, Laborasy ut
etiam Llgurino {j.q fj.'^ Jatisjacianiy you are
anxious that I Ihould fatisfy the cen-
forions or fatirical Ligurinus, \. e. give
no room for cenfure to thofe who are
moil apt to find fault, C'lc. Alt. 5, 20.
What
M O N C
What perfon is here meant by Llgu-
rlnus is uncertain.
MoNAESEs, -is, a renowned general
of the Parthians ;who, when Phraates
after having murdered his father Orodes
feized the crown, fled to Antony. But
Antony, not placing confidence in him,
fent him back with propofals of peace,
Jppian. dt' Bell Parih. -p. 157.; Bio,
49, 24.; Plutarch, in Antonio-, p. 9.^2.
Monatfes afterwards feems to have de-
feated the Romans, Hot: Od, 3,6, 9.
MoNETA, a name given to Juno,
Ovid. Fajl. 6, 103. ; Cic, N. D. 3, 18.
(^ monendoi) becaiife after an earth-
quake, a voice is faid to have been uttered
from her temple, warning {monens) the
Romans to make expiation by facrificing
a pregnant fow, [ut fue plena procuratio
fieret,) Cic. Div. i, 45. f/ 2, 32.
MoNETA is put for the image or fuper-
fcription flampt on money ; becaufe
money ufed to be coined in the temple
of Moneta ; Et centum dominos (i. e.
aureos nummos) novae monetae, fc. do-
ndjii, newly coined, Martial. 4, 28, 5,
50, Binos quater a nova moneta. Id. 12,
SSi ^' Be moneta Caefaris decern f.avos,
(al. Flavios,) ten gold pieces with the
image of Domitian ilampt on them, ii,
66, 8. ya?n tempus ejl quae dam ex nof-
trd moneta ( ut ita dicavi ) proferri, from
my own mint, i. e. of m»y own inven-
tion, not borrowed from other authors,
Senec. Benef. 3, 351.— ^v^^/ Philotimum
fcripji de viatico, Jive a Moneta, ( fc. ut
pecuniam Jihi pararet in •viaticum y) &c.
to get money for my travelling charges,
either from the mint, (by giving bul-
lion in exchange,) &.c. Cic. Att. 8, 7 f.
Nee qui (fc. poeta) Communi feri at car-
men triviale moneta, who does not im-
prefs a trivial poem with the common
Itamp, i. e. who does not com.pofc
mean verfes in a vulgar llyle, 'Juvenal.
7, '^^. Moneta is put alfo for mo-
ney ; thus, y/i/i;tz moneta, yellow money,
i, e. gold. Martial. 14, 12. Nigra
moneta, i. e. lead or brafs money, mixed
with lead, Id. i, ico, 13, & 1 5.
F^i£taque concedit prijca moneta novae, old
money yields to new, i. c. brafs is in-
ferior to geld, Qvid.-FaJ,. I, 22 2.
261 I
M O S
—-Hence, Mo n e t a l e s TriurUviri,
three men who had the charge of the
mint, Dio, 54, 26. called alfo Mone-
TARii, Eutrop. 9, 14. ' — The temple
of Juno Moneta is faid to have been
voAved by Camillus, Ovid. Faji. i, 642.
*■/ 6, 184. It was built on the fpot
where the houfe of Manlius Capitolinus
had flood, ib. 185.
MoNODUs, a fon of Prufias, king
of Bithynia, who inftead of teeth in
the upper part of the mouth, iiad an
entire bone, Plin. 7, i6 f. 15. Val.
Maximus fays, that he was of the fame
name with his father, t, 8, ext. 12.;
and, according to Fellus, he was called
McvoJ^uf, from liis having one bone in
place of teeth ; which Pyrrhus, king
of Epire, alfo had, FeJlus. In both,
however, the appearance of diilin<5l
teeth was marked by a kind of lines,
ih. et Plutarch, in Pyrrho, p. 384. Juu
Pollux. 2. 4.
Mopsus, an augur of the Arglves,
Cic. N. D.2. l- Div, I, 40. 5[ 2.
The fon of Amphycus, {^Amphycldes,)
a foothfayer of the Lapithae, who flew
the centaur Odites, Ovid. Met. 12,
40. ^2- The name of a rtiepherd^
Firg.E.S,26.
MopsoPUs,an Athenian, (G. 41 8.)
from whom Athens was called Mop-
SOFIA urls, Ovid. Ep. 8, 72. Mop-
sopius juvenis, Tri-ptolQinus, an Athe-
nian young man, born at Eleufis, a
borough of Attica, Ovid. Met. 5, 661,
MORPHEUS, (zfyll.) .^w, ace.
-ea, the fon of the god Somnus, who
could counterfeit any fhape ; whence
his name, Ovid. Met. i » , 635.
Moschus, a Greek poet, in the
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whofe
eclogues are iiiii extant. ^ 2. A
rhetorician of Pergamus, as it is faid,
accufed of forcery, and defended by
Torquatus, Hor. Ep. i , 5, 9.
MOSES, -is, V. -ae, the lawgiver
of the Jews ; ( Tradidit arcano quodcuM-
que 'volumine Mofes,) Juvenal. 14, 102.-
Tacitus gives a long account of Mofes'
and the inftitutions of the Jews, Hi^,
j;, 2 — 9. Pliny mentions Mofes aj;"
the. inventor of a certain fpecies of
m^ic,
M O S [ i52 ] M tf M
{EJl €l alia magtces faclio a cius, after his praetorHiip, obtained the
province of Afia, which he ruled with
fnsi^ic, ^is/r €1 ana magtces jactto a
M'ofe ; ) and fuppofes him to have
flouriflied many thoufand years after
Zoroafter, Plin. 30, i f. 2. juliin alfo
afcribes the knowledge of magic to
Mofes» which, with much other learn-
ing, he fays he inherited from his father
J'ofeph ; and gives a ft range account
of the caufe and manner of his depar-
ture from Egypt, 36, 2.
MUCIA, the filler of Metellus
Celer, the wife of Cn. Pompeius, C'lc.
j^am. 5, 2. whom Pompey divorced,
Cic. /^tt. r, 12. from a fufpicion of her
having had an intrigue with Julius
Caefar, while he was abfent \\\ the Mi-
thridatic War, Plutarch. Fsmp. p. 64 1,
Suet. Caef. 50.
C. MUCIUS, a brave young noble-
man, who, when Rome was bcfiOged
by Porfcna, having got admiflion into
the Tufcan camp, attempted to kill
that king. From the lofs of his right
hand he got the firname of Sgaevola.
IJv. 2, 17. [G. 209.) — MuciA prata,
the Mucian meadows, lands given to
Mucius, as a reward fof his bravery, ib.
P. MUCIUS Scmv'Aay conful with
I*. CalpurhiOs, a. u. 620, remarkable
for his knowledge of jurifprudence ;
•v.»ho, as Pomponius fays, firil founded
the civil law, Pompon, de Orig. jfur.
and firft introduced that fcience into
the family of the Much. Several il-
luftrious Itiwyers of this name are men-
tioned by Cicero.
^ Mucius, conful a. u. 636, the
fon-in law of Laelius, to whom, when
an old man, Cicero was brought by his
father, and ever afterwards conftantly
attended him while Mucius lived, [nun-
qnam ab ejus latere clifcejfit)^ Cic. Amic.
i. This Mucius was greatly advanced
in years, and infirm in the Marfic war ;
yet notwithftanding his age, every day,
as foon as it was light, he was ready to
give counfel to fuch as afeed it, [ab its
canveniri poterat), and was the firft in
the fenate-houfe, Cic. Phil. 8, 10.
^ MUCIUS, P. F. (i. e. Pullii
£Isus)j to whom Cicero acknowledges
hiinfelf much indebted for his know-
led j^e in the civil law, Cic, Br. 89. Mu-
great juftice, Cic. Verr. 2, 10. only how-
ever for nine months, Cic. Att. 5,17. He
was fo beloved by the people of the
province, that they inftituted a feftival
day in honour of him, called Mucia,
-or urn, Cic. Verr. 2, 21. ; and his name
came to be ufed for a juil praetor or
governor of a province, Cic. Caecil. i 7,
He hov^'ever incurred the enmity of the
farmers of the revenue, becaufe he had
checked their extortion, Cic. Plane. 13.
Fdm. 1 , 9. When conful with L. Craf-
fus, a. u. ()^'?^., he got pafled the law
called Mucia Liciniay concerning the
rights of citi'/enfhip, [de civitate), Cic.
Or. 2, 64. Off. 3,11. which is faid to
have given caufe to the Italic war, ib.
[Fid. CrassuS,/*. 145.) This Scae-
vola was Pontifex Maximus, and is great-
ly e:Ltolled for his moderation and vir-
tue, Cic, Off. 2, 16. et 3, 15. Tempe-
raniiae prudentiaeque fpecimen, Cic. N. D.
3, 32. Divini humanique juris auSor ce-
lebcrrimfis, Paterc. 2> 26. Omnium mo-
ikratijfwmsy Cic. Off. 2, 16. Jurifperi-
torum eloquentiffimus, et eloquentium juris
perlt'fflmus, Cic. Or. I, 3. He was
wounded by C. Fimbria at the funeral
of Marius, Cic. S. Rofc. 1 2. and was
maffacred before the image of Vefta, in
the temple of that goddefs, by the
praetor Damafippus, as a favourer of
Sulla, Paterc. 2, 26.
M u L c i B E R , -beris, v. -3nV, ( rar. -be^
ri), a name of Vulcan, [a mulcendo ;
quod ignis omnia mulceat, i.e. molliat, vin"
cat, ac domet, Fcftus): Cic. Tufc. 2, 4.;
Ovid. Art. Am. 2, 562. Met. 2,5. e\
L. MUMMIUS, conful, a. 607,
who deitroyed Corinth, and conquer-
ed Achaia ; whence he got the firname
of AcHAlCUS, Cic. Verr. I, 2I. He
brought from Corinth to Rome an in-
credible num.ber of vafes, ftatues, and
piAures, made by the beft mafters, Plin*
34, 7. and fo ignorant was he ot their
real value, that he ordered thofe who
undertook to tranfport them to be told,
that if they deilroyed any of them, they
mull make new ones in their place,
Paterc.
MUM
[.. 263 ]
M U S
Paterc. 1,13. Upon his return to Ita-
ly he entered the city in a fplendid tri-
umph, Ftrg. Aen. 6, 836. and though
be brought great riches into, the public
treafury, he did not in the leaft enrich
himfell:, Cic. Of. 2, 22. He was cen-
for witli Scipio Africanus the young-
er, a. u. 611, Clc. Brul. 22.
Sp. MuMMius, the brother of the
former, and his lieutenant in the war
againll Corinth, Cic. Att. 13, 5, 5c 7.
Both brothers are ranked by Cicero a-
niong ancient orators. Spurius was
attached to the doctrine of the Stoics,
Ck, Br. 25. It was faid of him, " that
he was a man for any time," i e. always
plcafant and poh'te, ( P. Muimnlum ciA-
•vis tenipori homimm ^)> Cic. Or. 2, 67.
L. MUMMIUS ^adralus, tribune
of the people with Clodius, who made
a reference to' the fenatc about the fafe-
ty of Cicero, Cic Sext, i r. He con-
fecrated the effefts of Clodius to Ceres,
as Clodius had confecrated thofe of Ci-
cero, Cic. Doin. 48, But this friend
of Cicerp is commonly called NINNI-
US.
'T. MuNATius, an affoclate of Cati-
line, Cic. Cat. 2, 2, His full name was
T. Munatius Plancus Burfa, Cic. Fam.
7, 2, et 9, 10. et 10, 12. He was tri-
bune in the third confulate of Pompey,
and a great opponent of Cicero and Mi-
lo. After he laid down his office he
was accufed by Cicero of violence, and
condemned, Cic. Fmtu 7, 2. ; DiOi 40,
55. He v/as brother to Plancus the
orator, Afcon. in Cic. MiL argument.
L, Statins MURCUS, a proconful
in Afia, after the death of Caefar, who
refigned his command to Cailius, Cic,
Fam. 12, I r. by the appointment ot
the fenate, Cic. Phil, ii, 12. Caffius
gave him the command of the fleet,
JDioy 47, 28. p, 343. After the defeat
of Brutus and Caffius, he joined Sex.
Pompey, who, upon a falfc accufation,
bafely put him to death, Paterc. 2,
77.; £>/<?, 48, 19.
L. Licinius MURENA, praetor, a,
u. 667. one of the lieutenants of 8uHa
in the war againil Mithridates, whom
cuUa left to cqmrat'^nd the Romnq a,r-
V[\y in Afia, with the authority of pro-
praetor, when, after having made peace
with that king, Sulla returned to Italy
againft the party of Marius, Plutarch.
in Sylla. Murena finding a pretext for
renewing the war, invaded and plunder-
ed the territories of Mithridates ; but
that king having colled^ed his forces,
forced Murena to retreat into Phrygia.
Sulla, difpleafed with the condud of
Murena, recalled him, Appian. BelL
Mithr. /). 215. It appears, however,
that Murena obtained a triumph, C/r.
M anil. 7^.% Muren.']. He is fuppofed
to have been flain in fome civil com-
motion after his return from Afia, Cic^
Brut. 90.
L. MURENA, the fon of the for-
mer, lieutenant of L. LucuUus in the
war againft Mithridates, Cic. Mur. 9.
Being created conful with D. Silanus,
he was accufed of bribery by Serv.
Sulpicius, his competitor, and by Ca-
to. He was defended by Cicero, then
conful, and acquitted, Cic. Mur, i,
&c. Dio,^-], 30, & 39.
MURRaNUS, a Latin, defcended
from the ancient kings of Xjatiumj
flain by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 12,529.
Servius on this paffage fays, that Mur-
ranus was an ancient king of the La-
tines, from whom his fucceflbrs were
called MuRRAxi,
MUSAE, the Mufes, virgin-god-
defles, who were fuppofed to prelide
over the liberal arts, faid to be the
daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne;
nine in number. Calliope, Clio, Erato,
Thalia, l\'klpomc"ne, Terpjichore, Ew
terpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania, [G,
368.) They are called Heliconmdes,
Parnajsldes, Aomdes, Pier^idcs, Pegas^'
des, Aganippldes, Thefpiades, Lehethri"
des, Cajialides, Sec. from places confe-
crated to them. Mufae, pratjtntia
numina vatum, O Mufes, the propi-
tious deities of poets, Ovid. -let. i^,
622. ^i Mufai amat impares, the
odd-numbered Mufes, whofe nuniber
is unequal, i. e. nine, Hor. Qd. 3, 19,
13. Sice I ides Mufae, Sicilian Mufes,
i. e. Mufes who prefide over paftoral
poetry, in which Theocritus, a Sici^
lian.
M U S [2
lian, excelled, Virg, E, 4, l. Dulcet
Mufae, 1(1. G. 2, 475. Primus ego in
patriam me cum Aonlo red'iens dedw
cam vert'ice Mufas^ I returning into my
native country will bring with me the
Mufes from the Aonian or Boeotian
mountain, /. e. from Helicon, /. e. I
fliall be the firfl Manti-:an poet, Id,
G, 3 , II. Miijarum deluhra colere,
to reverence the temples of the Mu-
fes, I. e. to refpedi learning and the
liberal arts, C'lu Arch. 11. A Mufa-
rum hcnore ahhorrere, to be averie from
polite learning, or the ftudies of huma-
nity, ib. So averfus a Mujis, averfe
from poetry, ib. 9. Cum Miifis, id eji
cum hvmanitate et cum doclrlna commerci-
um habere s Cic. Tufc. 5, 23. In pro-
verb lum Grnecorum celehratum 5/?, Indoc-
tos a Mufis et Gratns aheffe^ it has be-
come a proverb among the Greeks,
that the illiterate have no commerce
•with the Mufes and Graces, ^rndil.
I, 10, 21. Forenjes caujas agrejiior'thus
miifis reliqtin'unti fc. ph'ilofophly they left
the pleading of caufes in the forum to
the ruilic Mufes, i. e. to rough, unpo-
liihed men, not cultivated by polite
learning and the li1)eral arts, C'lc. Or.
3. So Ah oral ion } bus disjungo me fere^
referoquc ad manfueiiorcs mufas, I with-
draw myfelf from the contentions of
the bar, and apply myfelf to the gent-
ler mufes, i. e. to the ftudy of philofo-
phy and the liberal fciences, Cic. Fam.
I, 9, 67. Tu iViuJis tiojlris para nt
operas reddas^ prepare to reltore your
fervices or aiTiftance to my Mufes, /.
e. to me in my ftudies, Cic. Fam. 16,
10. Cum omnibus (al. folis) Mujis ra-
iionem habere cogito, to have commerce
with none but the Mufes, i. e. to ap-
ply to ail kinds of polite learning, or
to mind nothing elfe but literary pur-
fuits, Cic. An. 2, 5. Cum MuJis nos
delcclabimusy 1 will amufe myfelf with
fludy, ib, 4. Mufarum dona^ i. e. ver-
fes or poetry, Hor. Ep. 2, i, 243.
Saeerdosy pvieil of the Mufes, ;. e. a
poet, Hor. Od. 3, 1,3.; P^irg. G. 2,
476.; Ovid. Am. 3, 8, 23. ; Propert. 3,
1 , 3. ; T'lbuU. 2 , 5 , I . Mtifis amicus, a
fri-^nd to the Mufes, i. e. fond of poe-r
64 3 M u s
"try, and having a genius for it, Hor.
Od. I, 26, I. So Vtrg. Aen. 9, 774,
Necjludio c'ltharae, nee Mufae dcditns ul"'
liy nor acquainted with any kind of
mufic, Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 105. Dignum
laude virum Mufa vciat mori, Mufa cae-
lo beati i. e. poetry renders a truly great
man immortal, it bkffes him with hea-'
ven, i. e. it makes him be ranked amon_g;
the gods, Hor. Od. 4, 8, 2B. MuJis ac-
cspta domusy acceptable or agreeable to-
the Mufes, /. e. the houfe of a poet,
Ovid. Tr. 2, 121. Sacra Mufarum co-
le, i. e. cultivate the ftudy of poetry,
Ovid. Pont. 4, 2, 49. Mufa nee in plau-
fus ambiticfa mea £/?, I am not fond of
the applaufes of the theatre, Id. Trl/i.
5, 7, 28. Ille ego jud'iciis unica Mufa
(i. e. folus poeticae artis perttus) tuls, I
am the only good poet, the only perfon
flcillcd in poetry, in your judgment, Id.
Pont. 4, 3, 16. Paflorum mufam, — di-
cemusy we (hall relate the fong or poem,
Virg. E. 8, I. Agrejlew tenui mediln-
bor arundine mufam, I will warble or
play a rural fong or tune with a flen-
der rccd, Firg. E. 6yS. So Sihejlrem
tenul mufam meditaris avend, you play a
filvan or palloral fong or poem with a
fmall oaten pipe, ib. i, 2. Craffiore,
ut vocanty mufdy in a plainer manner, by
a more familiar example, ^inctlL i,
10, 28. Genialis Mufa, i. e. poetry
miniliring to pleafure, love-poems, 0-
vid. Amor. 3, 15, 19. Hofpitay the
mufc in a foreign country, i, e. Ovid
in exile, Ovid. Triji. 4, i, 88. So in-
felixy Id. Pont. 1,5, 69. Mufa jocofa
mihi, my poems are full of mirth or
pleafantry. Id. Tr. 2, 354. et 3, 2, 6.
Mufaque Turanr.i tragicis innixa cothur-
nisy the mufe of Turannius is fupport-
ed on tragic buikins, i. e. he writes tra-
gedies in a lofty ftyle : Et tua cum foe-
CO mufay Mel'ijfey levis, your mufe, as well
as your flipper, is light, i.e. you write
comedies in an eafy ftyle, Ovid. Pont.
4, 16, 29. Claro mea nomine mufay my
poems were in great repute, ib. 45.
So In nojira mufdy in my poems, Id.
Tr. 2, 313. Et nova jud'uio fuhdita mu-
fa tuo ejly my new poems, /,'/. Pont. 2,
4, 14. Nee 'ncva praeteritam mufa re-
Ui<it
M U S t 26^ ] M Y R
Mufe un- alfo ere£lcd to him by public contribu-
tion, [aere coI/alo)y nigh to the image
of Aei'culapius, SueL 59.
MUSAEUS, a Greek poet, more
iexU opus, nor does a new-
weave the- former work, i. e. nor do I
here contradift what I faid in my books
De arte amandi, Id. Rem, 12. Mu-
fa pedeflns^ humble poetry, verfe little
differing from profe, except in being
meafurtd by feet, Hor. Sat. 2, i, 37.
Imhellis lyrde potens Mufa, the Mufe
that prefides over the peaceful lyre. Id.
Od r, 6, 10. procaxt forv/ard, petu-
lant, lb. 2, I, J'], pervicax, prefunip-
tuous, lb. 3, 3, 70, ''Vhifa lyraejolcrs,
{kilful in playing on the lyre, the lyric
Mufe, Hor. Art. P. 407. Mufa prater-
va mea eji, my poems are petulant or
wanton, Ovid. R.em. 362. Agr'icolae Mu-
fa fcn'iss the poems of Hefiod, Id.
Pont. 4, 14, 12. Sed Mufa ilia rujlica
et pajhralis fc. Theocriti, his rural and
pafloral Mufe or poems, ^inBil. lo,
I, 55. Teta Mufa, the poems of A-
iiacreon, born in Teos, Ovid. Rem. A^n.
762. Nee venit ad duros Mufa vocata
Getas, the Mufe does not come at my
requeil to infpire me in the rough coun-
try of the Getac, Id. Pont. 1,5, 12.
07nnefuit Mufae carmen inerme meae, all
my poems were free from fatire or in-
ventive. Id. in Ihin, 2. Cura opera-
ta Mufts, attention paid to poetry, Id,
Art. 3, 411. Cur modo damnatas repcto
mea crimina Mufas ? Why do 1 refurae
my poem=? lately condemned, which
furnifhed ground of accufation againft
me ? Id. Tr, 2,3. So Et quod eram
Mufas vt crimina nqjlra per of us, Id. Tr.
I, 6, 21. Ad Mufas revert!, to the
writing of verfes, or poems, ib. 3, 7,
9. Alu/is comitatus, accompanied by the
Mufes, Id, Amor. 2, 279. So Mifa-
rum comes, Virg. Aen. 9, 775.
ancient than Homer, Firg. Aen. 6, 667.
There is a poem extant concerning the
loves of Hero and Leander, which is
afcribed to Mufaeus ; but its author li-
ved much later.
Muse A, fuppofed to be a freed-man
of Atticus, Cic. Att.6. I.
Mu STELA, one of the affaflins em-
ployed by Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 4,
&4r. 5, 6. et 13, 2. Att. 12, 5, a
44.
C, MusTius, a Roman ^j-M^j, Cic.
Verr. 1,51.
My CON, -dnis, the name of a fliep-
hcrd, Firg. E. 3, 10. et '], 30.
Mygdon, -onis, the father of Co*
roebus, who is thence called Mygdo-
NIDES, Firg. Aen. 2, ^<{2.
Myrmecides, -ae, v. -is, a native of
Miletus, ( lilefius), remarkable for ma-
king minute images of marble or ivo-
ry, for inftance a carriage, fo fmall,
that it was covered by the wings of a
iiy, together with its driver, Aelian.
Far. Hifl. I, 17. ; Plin. 36, 5, f. to
vidiich Cicero alludes, ( Ut etiam inter
deos, Myrmecides aliquis, minutorum opuf-
culoriim fabricator, fuiffe liideatur^, A-
cad. 4, 38.
Myro, v. Myron, onis, an excellent
ftatuary, Cic. Or. 0^, '],', Herenn. 4, 6.
a native of Eleutherae, Plin. 34, 7 f. 19.
of whofe works feveral are mentioned ;
an heifer, Cic.Ferr. 4, 60.; an Apollo,
ib, 43.; a Htrcules, i, &c. ; particular-
ly a cow, fo hke the life, that it is ce-
lebrated by the poets, Plin. ib. Ut
Antonius MUSA, the phyfician of fimilis verae vacca ^iyronis opus, Ovid.
Auguftus, whom he recovered from a Pont. 4, i, 34.
dangerous difeafe, by prtfcribing the
cold bath, Hor. Ep. i, 15, 3. f/ ibi
Scholtaf}, and by the ufe of lettuce, PIm.
19, 8, On which account he v^-as re-
warded with a large fum of money ;
with the right of wearing a gold ring ;
and with an exemption from taxes both
to himfeU, and thofe of his profeffion,
not only for the prefent, but alfo for
the future, Die, 53, 30. A ftatue was
Myrrh A, the daughter of Cinyras,
and mother of Adonis ; on account of
an inceftuous pafiion, turned into a
myrrh-tree, Ovid. Met. 298, &c. Ap-
pollodorus gives a different account of
this matter, 3, 13, 4.
Myrtilus, the charioteer of Ocno-
maus, [G. 404.) Cic. N. D, 3, 38.
«[[ 2. 'rhe name of a Have, Cic. Att,
15, 13. et 1^, II.
M Y S [ 266
Mys, Myosy a celebrated carver or n
emboffer, (caelator), in filver, Martiah
8,51.; Plin. 33, 12 f. SS-
N.
Naedalsa, a Numidian nobleman
who confpired with Bomilcar againll
Jugurtha ; and bein^ detefted, was put
to death, Salluft. Jug. 70, — 73.
Nabis, tvrant of [-.acedaemon, Liv.
3 N A I
rz'u, quamtUf (i. c. Ennius), polite, ib.
Naevius having, after the manner of
the Greeks, lampooned fome of the
nobility in his writings, particularly
MetelliTS, was thrown into prilon ; to
which Plautus allftdes, Nam os colum-
natum poetae effe inaudivi harharo, Qunl
hint cufiodes femper tot'is horis accuhant,
I have heard that the mouth of the
Latin poet was fupported by his hand,
as by a col'inm, that being his ufnal
29, 12. who hril formed an alliance pofture, (while be ftudied), &c. Nae-
vius is here called harharuny as not be-
ing a Greek, Plant. Mil 2, 2, ^G.
with the Romans and Achaeans, Id.
32, 39. and afterwards carried on war
againft them, LU 33, 44, et 34, 28, &
29. He was fl-iin by Alexander, the
chief of the Aetolians, Id. 35, 39.
While in prifon he wrote two plays,
called Hariolus and Leo?ij by which he
made reparation for his former faults,
Nabolus, the fon of Hippafus, fo that he was liberated by the tribunes
iHlppasldes), the charioteer of Lams, of the commons, Gell. 3, 3. He feems,
^tat. Theb. 7, 355.
Naevia gem, a Roman family.
Naevius, the moil ancient Roman
dramatic poet, next to Livius Andro-
nicus. He is faid to have ferved in
the firft Punic war, and to have writ-
ten a poem concerning it, Gell. 27, 21.
He died in the confuHhip of Cctbegus
and Tuditanus, a. u. 549, the year in
■which P. Cornehus Scipio pafTcd over
into Africa, as Cicero fays, 140 years
before he v^'as conful, C'tc. Br. 15.
What Horace fays of Naevius, is dif-
ferently undsrftood by commentators,
Naevius in 7nanibus non ejl, ct mentihus
haeret Paem recens f Is not Naevius ge-
nerally read, and repeated by heart,
as if nearly a modern ? But mofl take
away the point of interrogation, and
turn et into^/; thus, Natvius is not
now generally read, but is remember- engaged in other eaafes before, Cic.
cd or repeated (by the admirers of the ^hjint. i, vS.:c.
ancients), as if his writings had been Naias, -adis, et N'ais, -1dis, plur.
but lately publifhed, Hor. Ep- 2, f, Namdex, v, Naides, the nymphs of
r5. Ennius pretended to defpife the rivers or fountains: Fontana Numi-
■'" '■ ^' W.7 xV^r^//?.'', the Naiades, deities or god-
deffes of the fprings, Chvid. Met. 14,
328. N aides aequoreae, of the fea, ib.
however, afterwards to have incurred
the difpleafure of the nobles. For we
are told, that being baniHied from
Rome, he died at Utica, m the 104th
Olympiad, Hieronym. in Chronic. Eufeh.
Naeviani viodi, the meafure of the
verfes of Naevius, Cic. Leg. 2, i ^.
Naevianus Heel or, the name of a play
written by Naevius, Cic. Tufc. 4, 31,
Fam. 5, 12. — Naeviana pira, a kind of
pears cultivated by cne Naevius, Col-,
5, 10, 18. et 12, 10, 4.
Sex. Naevius, a public crier, [prne-
ro), in great favour with the party of
Sulla, to which he had revolted from
that of M irius. He had a controverfy
with P. Q^intiiis, in whofe defence
Cicero dehvered that oration, which
is the firft of his orations now extant.
For it appears that Cicero had been
Naevius ; but notwithftanding, as Ci-
cero obfervcs, he either borrowed or
Hole from him, {^A Naevlo vel fumfyTt
SSI' Naiadas, (al. Naidas,) undarum
domiias, Stat. Silv. i, 5, 6. — put for
Oreades., the nymphs of the mountains,
''helium Punicum, quafi Myronis opus, de- or rather for the nymphs of fprings,
ieBat, ib. Luculente quidem fcripferunt, which rife in thefe mountains, Virg. E.
(fc. alifj fi^mpQ Naevius), etiamji mU 10, ic,
-rrndta^ fifateris ; W, / negas,^ furripuif-
ii), Cic. Brut. 19. Sit Ennius fane, ut
ejl eerie, perfedior ; tamen illius ( Naevii )
^^qndida Nais, a fair Nai^^d, ib.
23
NAP [2
2,6. Nams una f lilt y Ovid. Met. i,
691. Hefperiae Na'ulcs, the Italian
Kaids or water nymphs, Ovid. Met. 2,
325. voc. Naif Propcrt. 2, 23, 96. (al.
2, 32, 40.) Naica Jo«<7, the gifts
of the Naides, Prop. 2, 32, 40. but
the beft editions read otherwife.
Napaeae, -aru??!, nymphs of the
woods or groves, Firg. G. 4, 335. J
Stat. Thcb. 4, 255.
Nape, -es, the name of a dog, Ovid.
Met. 3, 214.
Narcissus, the fon of the river
Cephlfus, and the nymph Liriope, of
rcmarkibJe beauty, who flighted many
nymphs that courted him ; but he is
faid at kit to have pined away in gaz-
in'jf at his own fhadow, with which he
vv^as charmed, one day when he lay
down to take a diink from a clear
fountain, and was turned into a fio\tcr,
which ilill retains his name, Ovid. Met.
3, 341,-510; Stat. Sily. 3, 4, 41.
Theb. 7, 540. Paufanias fays that
Narciffus perifhed by looking at his
own image in the water from its re-
femblance to a favourite fifter he had
loft. There was a fountain in the terri-
tory of Thefpia called Narciffus, where
this is faid to have happened, Paufan.
9, 31, <[[ 2. Narciffus, a favourite
freedman of the emperor Claudius, Suet.
CI. 28. ; Tacit. Ann. 13, [. ; "JuvenaL
14, 328. ; Dioy 60, 34. Add. Tac. Ann.
II.' 33'^^ 3^-^^ ^2, 53.
P. Sdpio NASiCA, judged by the
fenate to be the beft man in Rome,
and therefore chofen to receive into
his houfe the image of Cybele, when
brought to the city, Liv. 29, 11, &:
14. ; Plin. 7, 34. ; Val Max. 8, 15,3.;
Ovid, Fajl. 4, 347. ; Cic. Harufp. r. 13.
Hence he is called Hofpcs numinis Idaeiy
the hoft of the deity worfliipped on
mount Ida, i. e. of Cybele, 'Juvenal. 3,
137-
Nasidius, Nasidianus, €t Nafidi-
enus, Roman names, Cic. Att. 11, 17. ;
Lucan. 9, 790.; Herat. 2, 8, I.; iSlar-
tial. 7, 53.
Naso, -0///X, a Roman firname, firft
given to fome perfon from the large-
67 3 N E L
nefs of his nofe. — The firname of the
poet Ovid, Pont. 4, 9, 2.
Cn. Otacilius Naso, a Roman eques,
Cic. Fam. 13, 31. L. OBavius Na«
so, ^ Fr. I, 2, 3. ^ Naso, a
praetor, Cic. Cluent. 53. Flacc. 21.
Natta, a Roman firname ; Statua
Nattae, Cic. Div. 2, 20.
//. Natta, Cic. Mur. 35. one of
the Pont'ificesy Cic. Att. 4, 8.
Natta, (al. Naeca^) the name of a
fordid mifer, Hor. Sat. i, 6, 124. ; Ju*
venal. S. 95.; Per/, ^y 31.
Navius, Fid. Accius.
N AUG KATES, -aey v. -is, a native of
Erythrae, an hiftorian ; the fcholar of
liocrates, Cic. Or. 2, 23. f/ 3, 44.
Nauplius, the father of Palamedes,
(Gi 453.) who is hence called Nauplia*
desy -acy Ovid. Met. 13, 310.
NausicAa, v. -aey -esy the daughter
of Alcinous, Martial* 12, 31, 9. (G.
456.)
Nausiphanes, -isy a fcholar of De-
mocritus, (Democriteusy) the mafter of
Epicurus, but not treated by him with
proper refpeft, Cic. N.D.iy 26, 5c 33^
Nautes, the aged friend of Aeneas>
diftinguifhed for his wifdom, who ad-
vifed Aeneas to leave with Aceftes in
Sicily fuch of his companions as were
old and inftrm, Firg. Aen. 5, 704.
Neaera, a girl beloved by Tibullus,
TiluU. "J^y I, 6. whom Scaliger fuppofcs
to have been the fame with her whom
Horace calls Glycera, «i;. -e, Od. i, 33,
1. <j[ 2. A woman, whom Horace
upbraids for deceiving him, Epod. 15,
1 1, ff ^, The miftrefs of a Ihepherd
in Virgil, EcL 3, 3. %^ 4. The wife
of Sol, and mother of Phaethufa and
Lampetie, who kept the ftieep and
oxen of Sol in Sicily, Homer. Odyfs» 12,
133. &c.
Nf.prophonus, (i. e. occifor hlnnulo'
rmny) the nam.e of a dog, Ovid. Met.
0'
21 1.
Nectanebus, v. 'isy -isf a king of
Egypt, Nep. 12, 2. el 17, 8. ; Plin. 36,
9-
Neleus, 'ly Ovid. Met. 2, 690. (G.
401.) king of Pylos ; which is hence
Lis called
N E M [ 2
called Nelea Pylos, ib. 6, 418. Neptu-
ttus Nele'i fanguuiis aud.ory the foundtrof
the family of Neleus, ih. 12, 558. the
father of Neftor, who is hence called
Nelehsy ib. 577. or Nelldes ; plur. Bis
fex Nciidae fumusy confpecia juvcntus,
we were twice fix fons of Neleus, a
refpeftable or fightly company of young
men, ib. 553. Neleus had twelve fons,
who were- all flain with himfelf by Her-
cules except Kellor, AprAhdor. 2, 9, 9.
Nos Pylony cntlqui Neleia Nejloris arva^
Mlfimus, we fent meficngers to Pylcs,
the Neleian country of old Neilor, Id,
Ep. I, 63.
NrMEsis, -hy a goddefs, the avenger
of infolence and pride, Stat. Theh. 8,
520, woifhipped at Rhamnus ; hence
called RhaM^tusia, Ovid, I'r'ij}. 5, 7,
8. ^ 2. A miftrefs of Tibullus, 2,
3, 55.; Martial Z, 73,7.
Neopule, -fj, the daughter of Ly-
cambes, (q. v.) ^ 2. A miilrefs of
Horace, Od. 3, I2, 6.
Neoclcs, -fV, V. Neoclu?, the fa-
ther of ThemiRocles, Nep, 2,1. who is
hence called Neoclides ; thus, Arma
Neodides qui Perjca contudlt armay i. e.
who vanquiilied Xerxes at the battle of
Salamis, G'vid, Pont. I, 3, 69.
^ 2. The father of Pamphilus, the
fcholar of Piato, ( Platonis auditor, v.
P /atonicus)Cic. N. D. i, 26.
Nedptolemus, (i. e.novus miles), a
name given to Pyrrhus, the fon of A-
chilles, beeaufc he went to the war of
Troy when a boy, Serv. in Firg. Aen.
2, 263, & 499. ; Ovid. Ep. 8, 82, &
115. Met. 13, 455. Add. Clc. Or. 2, 37.
Tufc. 2, I. Amtc. 20. But in the la it
palThge Cicero is fuppofed to have put
Neoptolemus for Achilles. The words,
however, do not altogether apply to
Achilles ; and may to Pyrrhus.
Nephele, (i. e. Nebula,) the wife
of Athamas and mother of Phryxus,
(G. 440.) hence Helley is called Ne-
pksleisy -uiii, the daughter of Nephcle,
Q'vid. Met. II, 195. and Nepheleiasy
-adis; thus, ^ici peiago nomen Nephsleias
abJluUt Hells, took from the fea its
former name, and gave it her Gwn,HEL-
!,r:s-PONTus, the fca of Helie, Lucan,
63 1 N E I?
9, 956. — Pccus Nephelaeuniy the ra^^
which earned Phryxus and Hfllc, Vah
Flac. I, $6. ^^ 2. i'he name of a
nymph, Ovi.', Ma. ^, 1 7 1.
Neptunus, (a ly^A^Do, paullum pri'
mis Uteris inimutctis , Cic. N. D. 2 26.
a NUBE, idejl, opcrtlnu ; quod ut caduni
rmhes, ita mare terras obmihat^ Varr.
L. L. 4, ID.) the fon of Saturn and
Ops, the brother of Jupiter and Pluto,
the god of the fea, (6. 386, 358, &
372. Terra ipja dta eji ; mare tilarn,
quern Neptunum ejfe dicehas, Cic- N. D.
3, 20.) the government of which is faid
to have been given to him by lot, Virg.
Aen. I, 141. whence it is called Sors
fecunda, Lucan 4., 110. cind regnum Jh'
cundum ; thus, P^egnoque accejfu terra fe-
cundo, the land was added to the fea,
Id.^. 622. — Neptune is called Eque/Irisy
Liv. 1,9. becaufe he is faid to have
made the fiiR horfe to fpring from the
earth by a ftroke of his trident, Ovid.
Met, 6, 75.; Firg. G. I, 12. (G.388.)
— frequently put for the fea ; thuf, /;«-
mergere aliquem Neptuno, to plunge one
in the fea, Virg, G. 4, 29. In Car-
pathio Nsptuni gurgite, in the Carpathian
gulf of Neptune, i. e. in tlie Carpathian
fea, ib. 387. Nipiuni corpus acerhums
the bitter body of Neptunus, i. e. the
fait fea, Lucr. 2, 271. Uterqtie NeptU'
nusyi.t. Neptune, who rules over the
frefh water or lakes, and over the fea,
Catull. 31, 3. ^d 'Mart em terra, NeptU'
num effugit in undis, Conjugis Atrides vic-
tlmadiia fuit, Agamemnon, who efca-
ped the dangers of war by land, and of
florm.s by fea, was murdered by his
wife Clicaemneflra and her gallant Ae-
giilhuB, Ovid. Art. i, 333. Neptuni
ventofa pcteniia, the violence of the
winds which rage on the fea, Ido
Amor. 2, 16, 27. Neptuni A ar^
va, the fields of Neptune, i. e. the
fea, Firg. Aen. 8, 695. cufpis, the tri-
dent of Neptune, Zz/c^/;. 7, 147. Conf.
Id. ^, III. Neptunlus dux, i. e. Sex
Pompeius, a naval commander, i/ior. ^,
9, 7. Neptunius heros, i. e. Thefeus the
grandfon of Neptune, Ovid. Met. 9, i.
Ep. 4, 109. et 17, 21. lacunae, the
depths of the fea, A. ad. Herenn. 4»
10,
] N E R
7. ; Hygin. Praef. Nerelilefque Deae.,
Nere^tdumque pater, Ovid. Amor. 2, 11^
K E R C 2<S9
to. the fame with y^^rt^r lacunae, Lucr. 2
3, 1044. moenia, the walls of Troy, faid
lo have been built by Neptune and A- 36. Fukhra I\'er€is, \
polio, Ovid. Ep, I, 151.; ProperU 3, 9,
41. (6> 372, & 386.) So Neptunlci
Ptrgama, Ovid. Faft. I, 525. Troja,
Virg. Aen. 2, 625. ^/ 3, 3. proles Mef-
sapusy ib. 9, 523. et 10, 353. /?/ 12, 128.
Hippomenes, the deicendant of Neptune,
Ov/V/. Mi-/. 10, 639. So Cygnus, ib.
12, 72. Neptunicola, (-^^5) Te-
}on, who was king of Capraeae, ( J^'irg.
Aeiu 7, 734, &c. hence called Telon'ts
he beautiful Ne-
InfuJa, Sil. 8, 542.) and therefore
dwelt in the fea, SIL 14,444. [Tep-
TUNiNi:, -esy i. e. Thetis, a fea-god-
defs, CatulL 62, {al 63,) 28. ■'Nef-
TUNALiA, 'ium, the facred rites of Nep-
tune, Aufon. Fer. 17, 19.
NEREUS, -e'l, V. -eos, ace. -ea, voc.
-^zi, abl. -eoy a fea-god, the fon cf Nep-
tune by Canace, Apollodor. i, 7, 4. or
as others fay, of Pontus and Terra, Id.
I, 2, 6. In the opinion of thofe who
think that all things were produced
from water, Nereus is fuppofed to have
been the moll ancient of the gods ;
whence he is called grandaevus, Virg.
G. 4, 392. Nereus poiTelTed the gift
of prophecy, Horat. Od. ;, 15, 5. and
alfo tlic power of transforming hlmfclf
into any Ihape, ApoUcdor. 2, 5, n.
(G. 387.) NtRKUs is often put for
the fea ; thus, D'lfcludere Nerea ponto,
to feparate the waters from the land,
by confining them in their proper cavi-
ty (ponto), Virg. Eel. 6, 35. Totum
Nereus drcumjonat (al. circumtonat) or-
hcm, the fea, Ovid. Met, 1 , 187. Hie pri-
mum rubiiitcivilif anguine Nereus, I. e. mare,
Lucan. 2, 713. Suhitaeque ruinamjenjit a-
quae Nereus, and the fea felt the force
or ruihing in of the water fuddenly let
out from the river Peneus, when a paf-
fage was opened for It to the fea by Her-
cules, (See G. 319.*) Id. (j, 349. — Ne-
reus had by his wife Doris fifty daugh-
ters, called Nereides, v. NerTides,
fea-nymphs or goddeiTes, -urn ; fmg.
Nereis, or Nereis, tdis, v. -ulos ; voc.
Nerei, Their names are recounted by
Homer, //. 18, 39, &c. ; Apollo dor. i,
rtid, ;. e. Thetis, Ovid. Met. 11, 259.
called aequorea Nereis, Id. Amor. 2,
17, 17. Nereis orba, the childlefs Ne-
reid, /. e. Pfamathe, the mother of
Glaucus by Aciucus ; faid to be child-
lefs, becaufe her fon Glaucus was kill-
ed by Peleus, his brother by a different
mother, Ovid. Met. 11, 380, 398, &
267.; Apollodor. 3, 11,6. Nereis, x.t.
Galatea, Ovid. Met. 13? 749. EJl alt-
quid, non ejfe fatum Nerade, fed qui Ne-
reaque, et natas, et ^oium temper et aequor,
it is fomething not to be defcendcd of
a Nereid, {i.e. of Thetis), but of him
(/. e. Neptune) who rules over Nereus,
&:c. ib. 12,93. — NiiRElDfis, Ovid. Met.
I, 302. 5, J7. 13,899. 14, 264. Ep.
5, 57. ; Ncreidum chorus, Virg. Aen.
5, 240. mater, i. e. Doris, ib. 3, 74. —
N?reia Doto, the daughter of Nereus,
ih. 9, 102. Nerna turba, the Nereids,
Sil. 7, 416. Praefcia venturi genitrix'
Nireta leti, Thetis, the mother of A-
chiiles, the daughter of Nereus, Ovid,
Met. 13, 162. jfuvenis Nereius,
Phocus, the grandibn of Nereus by his
daughter Pfamathe and Aeacus, OviJ,
Met. 7, 685. Nerine, -es, i. e. Ga-
latea, the daughter of Nereus, Virg.
Eel. 7, 37. ^
Nerio, -lenis^ \\ Nericne, -es, w Ne-
ria, the wife of Mars, Plaut. True. 2,
6, 34.; Cell. 13, 21.
NERO, -onis, a firname of the ^i;«r
Claudia. It is faid to have been deri-
ved from the Sabines, whence the clau-
dii were defcendtd ; among whom any-
one diitingulihed for bravery {^qui erat
egregid ac pr acjlanti fortitudine ) was call-
ed Nero, GtlL 13, 21. Inter cognomi-
na, et Neronis^ ajfumfu (ic. gem Clau--
dia), quojignificalur imgud Sabind FORTH
ac siRENuus, Suet. Tib. i.
C. Claudius NERO, an illuilrlous
Roman general in the fccond Punic
war. When praetor he commanded an
army againll Capua, Liv. 2^, 2, & 22,
After the furrendcr of that city tie was
fent into Spain, where Aldrubal over-
reached him, Id. 26, in. He after-
wards
N E R [ 270 ]
tvards fervcd with honour as lieutenant Tided
under Marcellus againft Hannibal, Lh\
27, t6. Being created conful with M.
Livius, a. u. 543, ib. 36. it fell to his
lot to command the army againft An-
nibal But having got intelligence by
intercepted letters concerning the arri-
val of Afdrubal in Italy, he fecrctly
left his army under the coromand of
his lieutenant, and having marched al-
moft the whole length of Italy with a
lelecl body of men, he joined his col-
league M. Livius, cut off Afdrubal
with his army at the river Mctaurus in
Umbria, and returned to his camp In
Apulia before Annibal perceived that
he had left it. He caufed the head of
Afdrubal, which he had brought with
him and carefully preferved, to be
throv/n before the outpofts of the ene-
my, Zw. 43. ad Jin. By order of the
fenate he again left his army, and en-
tered the city in triumph with his col-
league, Id, 28, 9. He was afterwards
joined in the cenforfhip with M. Livius,
in which office they by no means aCted
with the fame unanimity as in their
confulfhip, Liv. 29, 37.
From this Nero was defcended T'th.
Claudius NERO, the hufband of Li-
via btfore Auguftus, and the father of
the two Neros, Drufus and Tiberius,
whofe praifes Horace celebrates, Od.
4, 4, & 14. artfully joining them with
the praifes of their great progenitor ;
^id deheasy 0 Roma, Ncronibusy iejlis
Metaurum jlumen^ et Afdrubal Devicltiif
^Sc. ib. 4, 4, 37. — Cicei'o Ipeaks in the
highell terms of Tiberius Nero, the
hufband of Livia, Fatn. 13, 64. Pa-
terculus calls him Magni vir animi, dcc-
iijfmiqne ingmii^ 2, 75. Tiberius had
ailced Tullia, the daughter of Cicero,
before he married Livia ; and Cicero
was inclined to prefer him to Dolobel-
la, whom Tullia married ; but Cicero
was abfent from Rome at the time,
and the mefiengers whom he fent to
Tullia and her mother {^ad mulieres)
concerning this matter did not arrive
till the cfpoufals with Dolobella were
over, Cic. jtt. 6, 6. In the war be-
tween Pompey and Caefar, Tiberius
^ E R
with Caefar ; and being com*
mander of the fleet in the Alexandrian
war, contributed very much to the vic-
tory. Wherefore he was made one of
the Pontifices in room of P. Scipio, the
father-in-law of Pompey, and employ-
ed to fettle colonies at Narbonne and
Aries in Gaul. But after the death
of Caefar, when the majority of the
fenate voted for an amneily, i^abolitio'
nemfacli)y he gave his opinion about
decreeing rewards to thofe who had
llain the tyrant, [de prmmiis tyrannici'
darum), as the phrafe then was, Suet,
Tib. 4. He was praetor a. u. 712 ;
and a difcord having arifen betwixt the
Trimnvtriy he fided with Antony, and
followed his brother L. Antonius the
conful to Perufia. When that town
farrendered to Auguflus, Tiberius made
his efcape, and fled firll to Sex. Pom-
peius, then to Antony, Suet. Tib. 4.
His wife Livia, with her fon Tiberius,
then fcarcely two years old, attended
him in his flight, in which they were
expofed to the greateft hardfhips and
dangers, Suet. Tib. 6. ; Dio, 48, 15. ;
Paterc. 2, 75. Dio and Paterculus here
julUy remark the wonderful and unex-
pected changes of fortune, that this
Livia fhould afterwards be married to
Augultus, whom fhe now fied from,
and that the child whom fhe carried in
her bofom fhould, by her influence,
fucceed Auguflus in the empire, ib.
A reconciliation having fcon after ta-
ken place between Augultus and An-
tony, and peace being made by them
with Sex. Pompeius, Tiberius returned
to Rome, Paterc. 2, 77. and reiigned
to Augultus, at his requeft, his wife
Livia Drufilia, then big v/ith child.
Tiberius foon after died, leaving An-
guftus guardian to his two fons Tibe-
rius and Drufus, the name given to
the child whom Livia bore three months
after Augultus married her, (praegnan-
tern abduxd. Suet. Aug. 62. Tib. 4. el
CI. I. Jibdu3a Neroni uxor, Tac. Ann.
1,10. Cupidine formae auftrt; adeo pro-
perus, uty Tie fpatto qutdim. ad eiiitendiim
data, penatibus Juts gravidam induxerity
ib. s> I-")- — yiatcr Neronum, the mother
of
i
N E R [2
of the Neros, Tiberius and Drufus,
?. e. T.ivia, Oi)id. ad L'lv. I. Major
Neronum, the elder of the Neros, /. e.
Tiberius, Hon Od. 4, 14, 14. Jam
pars mlh'i rapta Nsronum^ the halt of
the Neros is taken from me, i. e* Dru-
fus is dead, Omd. ad Liv. 145. So
Jam t'lbi dlm'td'ium nominis hujus. ahcjl ( fc.
Neronum), ib. 2. Unum, qui die at jam
fibiy Mater^ habes, ib. 4. Vidimus atto-,
jiitum fraiernd morte [i. e. Drufi) Nero-
nem, i. e. Tiberiitm^ ib. 85. Nee cum
victorem referetur adejfe Neroncrn, Dicere
jam potero. Major, an alter adejl r* i. e.
whether is it Tiberius or Drufus ? Li-
via is fuppofed to fay ; for both had
gained vi6lories over the Rhaeii and
Germans, ib. 149. { Vid. Tiberius
et Drusus.)
NERO, emperor of Rome, the fan
of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrip-
pTna the daughter of Germanicus, ad-
opted by Claudius, and appointed his
fucceffor by the art of his mother, Suet.
Ner. 5, & 7. ; Tac. jinn. 1 1, f I. et 13,
69. He was fo infamous for his cru-
elty, (G. 245.), that his name is put
for a tyrant ; Cum caho ferviret Roma
'Neron't^ was fubjecl to the bald Nero,
r. e. to the tyrant Domitian, Juvenal.
4, 38.; Suet. Dom. i8- Nullo cogente
Nerouey (/. e. tyranno), Juvenal. 8,
193. Securum praejlare Neronem, to
protecft the perfon of the emperor, ib.
170. Plenus Nerone propinquo, full or
proud of his near relation to Nero, ib,
72. — Falfus Ntro, one who pretended
to be Nero, Tac. HiJ. 1, 2. et 2, 8.;
Suet. Ner. 57. — Menfis Neroneus, the
month of April, called by the name of
Nero, Tac.Jnn. 16, 12. ^id Nerone
pejus ? ^iid thermis melius Neronianis ?
Martial. 7, 33, 4. Add. 2, 48, 8. et
^, 25, 4. 12, 85. Neroniana maffa, a
coin with the image of Nero imprefled
on it, ib. 12, 57, 8. Ncroniamimy
fc. dittutn, the faying of one Nero, Cic.
Or. 2, 61.
Nerva, a firname of the Licinii, Cic.
Brut. 34.
C. Licinius Nekva, a praetor, Liv,
45, 45. Add. Farr. R. R. 2, 4.
Cocceius NERVA, the lUh Roman
71 ] N E S
emperor, the faccefTor of Domlt'an,.
Suet. Dom. I. of a very different cha-
ra<Ster from that of Domitian, Martial,
II, 6. et I2y 6. ^lide Nrvas, k. li-
cet vincas, though you furpafs Nerva iti
the mildnefs of your dlfpofition. Id. 5,
29, 4. He had a genius for poetry,
but did not indulge it. Id. 8, 70. et 9,
27. Finding himfelf unfit to fupport
the charge of the empire on account
of his age, he adopted Trajan, who is
hence called Nerva Trajan us. Id.
11,5, & 6.; Plin. Panegyr. Tacitus
gives a noble eulogium of thefe princes,
that under them one might think as he
pleafed, and fpeak what he thought,
[Rard temporum felicitate, iibi /entire^
quae veils, et quae fentias, dicere licet) ^
Tac. Hilt. I, I. Add. Jgric. 7,.^Fn^
rum Nervae, a public place begun by
Domitian and finifhed by Nerva, ib. 5.
Nesaee, -es, a fea nymph or Ne-
reid, Firg. G. 4, 338. ^en. 5, 826.
NESSUS, a centaur, [biformisy O-
vld. Met. 9, 121. femivir. Id. Ep. 9,
141.), ferryman of the river Even us,
flain by the arrows of Hercules for ha-
ving attempted to offer violence to De-
janira the wife of Hercules, after car-
rying her over the river Evenus, (G^.
402.), Ovid. Met. 9, loi, &c. — Tabe
Nefsed ilUta palla, the robe ftained with
the gore or blood of Neffus, which he
gave to Dejanlra, and by which Her-
cules periflied, Senec. Here. Oet. v. 'J16.
So Fenenum Nejfaeum, the poifonous
blood of Neffus, Ovid. Ep. 9, 163.
Nefseus fanguis. Id. Met. 9, 153. Nef"
scae matius, ib. 12, 454.
NESTOR, -oris, the fon of Neleus
by his wife Chloris, king of Pylos, ( G.
401.) hence called Pylius Nejior, Hor.
Od. I, 15, 22. educated at Gerenos
V. -enia, a town of Meffenia, ApoUodnr.
2, 9, 9. whence he is called Ghrenius,
Homer. II. ii, 654. ; the only one of
the twelve fons of Neleus that efcaped
the fword of tJercules, ib. 691, be-
caufe he was not then at Pylos, [in Ilio
erat, Hygin. f. 10.) but the reading
here is thought to be wTong, (al. in
Pilo non erat ; ) Apollodorus fays, that
at th^t tim? he was at Gerenia, ib. — -
He
N E S [2
He was remarkable for his wifdom
and eloquence, Homer. pajlrn.; Cic. Tuf.
5, 3. Brut. 10.; Ovik. Met. 13, 64.
Hence, Aeacides dextra, pedore Nejior
erat, as brave as Achilles, and as wife
as Neflor, Ovid. Art. 2, 736. Habere
altquem in con film caplundis Nejlorcm^ a
Neilor or wife counfellor, Cic. Fam.
9, 14. E,x ejus lingua incJle dulcior
Jluehat oratio. Homer. 11. i, 249.; Cic.
Sen. 10. Gratia Nejlorei inellis^ Lu-
can. ad Pif. 64, — Agamemnon en-
tertained fuch an opinion of his wif-
dom, that he declared that if he had
ten fuch counfellors,- he fliould foon
become mafter of Troy, Homer. 11. 2.
372. ; Cic. Sen. 10. Neftor is Aiid
to have lived three ages, {^ter aevo
funFiusy i. e. 300 years according to
the poets,) Hor. Od. 2, 9, 13. and was
\n his third age in the war of Troy,
Homer. II. T, 250. {Vixi Annos bis cen-
tamy nunc iertia vraitur aetasy) Ovid. Met.
12, 188.; Cic. Sen. ic. ; hence he
is called Senex* Hor. ib. antiquusy Ovid,
Ep. • , 63. Rex Pyliusy Ji quidauam
iredis Homer Oy exemplum 'vitae fuit a cor-
nice feciindaey}\\'i cna\.. 10, 246. Nejloris
aetas, for a -ery long fpace of time,
Martial, 2, 64, 3. So, Nejloris anniy
^^i 5> 59> 5' Add. Id. 6, 70, ; 2. 8,
64, 14. II, 57, 13. Nejlore feniory
Id, 7, 95, 7. NeJloreafeneBa, Id. 11,
30, I. et 13, 117. ; Stat. Silv. i, 3 f.
Vhjat Nejlora toturuy let him live as
long as Neilor, Juvenal 12, 178.
Nejloris herniay the rupture of Neilor,
L e. an old man enfeebled by that dif-
eafe. Id. 6, 325. But va the opi-
nion of the ancients the age of man
was thirty years, that is, taking \\\ the
whole human race, the time that each
lives one with another, does not ex-
ceed that time ; fo that the age of
Keftor was ninety years, Scholiaji. in
Homer, II. 1, 250. et in Hor at. Od. 2,
9, ^3. Vid. Rader. in Martial. 8, 2.
Nestor I us, (al. Vejloriusy) an in-
timate acquaintance of Cicero's, Cic.
Fam. 6, 1 1 .
NiCANDER, 'driy of Colophon, [Co-
lophoniusy) a Greek poet, who wrote
on hnfbandry, {de rebus ruf.icis fcripjit,)
72 ] N r c
Cic. Or. I, 16. .<[[ 2. A praetor of
the Aetohans, Lin). 3S, i. hoilile to the
Romans, Id. 35, 12. et 36, 29. et 38,
4, &c ^ 3- An arch-pirate, Id. 37.
II.
NiCANOR, -orisy one of the nobles of
Philip, Liv. 33, 8. — 51 2. A fiave
of Htticus, Cic. Att. 5, 3.
NiCAsio, -onisy a fenator of Enna,
Cic. Ver. 4, 51.
NiCEAKCHUs, a painter, Plin. ^^^
II.
Nice, -esy the wife of Cleomenes of
Syracufe, a favourite of Vcrres, Cic.
Ferr. 5, 30.
NICI43, -ae, one of the generals
of tlie Athenians againft Syracufe, a
man of great piety and virtue, who
after bringing the Syracufans nearly to
the point of furrendering, was at lafl
defeated, made captive, and put to
death, (G. 467.) ^ 2. A gram-
marian, whom Cicero had with him in
Cilicia, Cic. Fam. g, 10, & 11. Au. 7,
3. et 12, 26. He was fent for by Do-
lobelia, and by the advice of Cicero
went to him, Cic. Att. 13, 28, & 52.
NicETAs, -acy (al. Hicetasy) a Py-
thagorean philofopher of Syracufe,
who taught that the fun and flars re-
mained at reft, and that the earth only
moved round its axis, Cic, Acad, a^y 39,
Nice, -onisy (i.e. vidory) the name
of an afs, which is faid to have prog-
nofttcated to Auguftus his vidlory at
A6lium, Suet. Aug. 96.
NicocLES, -isy tyrant of Sicyon, cut
off by Aratus, Cic. OJf. 2y 23.
NicOLAUS, (i. e. victor populiy) a
Peripatetic philofopher of Damafcus,
(Damafcenusy) an intimate acquaintance
of Augullus, to whom he ufed often
to fend a prefent of large dates, or
fruit of the palm-tree of the largeft fize,
Athenae. l^yp. 652. As the emperor
was fond of that kind of fruit, he cal-
led them from the philofopher, Ni co-
la i,i^. which name they afterwards
retained, Plin. 13, 4 f. 9.
NicoMEDES, 'isy the name of fe-
veral kings of Bithynia, in aUiance with
Rome, Jujlin. 34, 4. et 38, 5. ; Cic.
Ferr, 1,^4.; Liv. 38, 16. et 45, 44.
the
NIC [2
tlie lafl: of whom left the Roman peo-
ple his heir, Applan. de Bell. Mithr.
NicocREON, -ontls, a king of Cy-
prus, Cic, Tufc. 2, 2 2.
NicoMACHus, the fon of Ariftotle,
who wrote an accurate book concern-
ing morals, Cic. Fin. 5, 5. *f[ 2.
A painter, Cic. Brut. 18. ; Plin. 35, to.
NicosTRATA, the mother of Evan-
der, the fame with Carmenta.
NicosTRATus, the flave of Op-
pianicus, Cic. Cliient. 62.
P. NIGIDIUS Figulus, a candidate
for the office of praetor in the confulihip
of Cicero, Cic. SulL 14. Having been
engaged in the civil war againft Caefar,
)ie was exiled from Rome, Cic. Fam. 4,
13. Cicero declared that he had been
very much affifted by his advice in
fuppreffing the confpiracy of Catiline,
Plutarch. An sENr resp. sit gerenda, f.
He was a veiy great philofopher, and
the moll learned of the Romans next
to Varro. He wrote on many fubjefts ;
on grammar, Gcll. 5, 2. et alibi pa^m ;
on animals, augury, &c. ib. He was
particularly fliilled in aftrology ; whence
he is extolled by Lucan, i, 639, &c.
On the day that Auguftus was born,
the fenate happened to be deliberatinga-
bout the confpiracy of Catiline, and Oc-
tavius, the father of Auguftus, having,
on account of his wife's delivery, been
late of coming into the houfe, Nigidius
being informed of the caufe of his
delay, and hkewife of the hour when
the child was born, declared, " that
there was a mafter born for the world,"
Suet. Aug. 94. This flory is told fome-
what differently by Dio ; Vid. C. Oc-
TAVIUS.
L. NiNNius ^ladraiuSi Vid. MuM-
MIUS.
NiNUS, the fon of Belus, the firft
king of the Affyrians, Lucan. 3, 215.
the founder of Nineveh, [G. 59B.)
Ninyas, -acy the fon of Ninus and
Semiramis, and the facceffor of the
latter in the empire, ib,
NIoBE, -es, the daughter of Tan-
talus, and wife of Amphion king of
Thebes ; who, proud of her numerous
children, ufed to prefer herfelf to La-
73 3 N I S
tona, who had only two, Apollo and
Diana ; on which account Apollo
and Diana, to gratify their mother,
flew all the children of Niobe ; Apollo,
the fons, and Diana, the daughters.
Niobe, overwhelmed with grief, is faid
to have been changed into a ftone,
Cic. Tufi. 3, 26. {G. 428.) She Is
called Sipyleia mater, becaufe when
converted into a ftone, fhe Is fuppofed
to have been fnatched by a whirlwind
to Mount Sipylus in her native coun-
try, ^tat. Sih. 5, I, 33. Proles Nio'
baea, the offspring of Niobe, Hor. OcL
4> 6, I.
NiPHAEus, an Italian chief, turn*
bled from his chariot by the affrighted
horfes, and killed, Virg. Aen. 10, 570.
Nip HE, -es, one of the attendants
of Diana, Ovid. Met. 3, 171.
NiPTRA, -orum, (i. e. lavacra,) a
play of Pacuvius and Sophocles, C/V.
Tufc. 2, 21.
NiREUS, (In 2 fyL) -ei, v. -eos,^cc,
-ea, the fon of Charopus and Aglaia,.
king of Syme, the moft beautiful off
the Graecian chiefs In the Trojan war
except Achilles, but unwarlike. Homer.
II. 2, 67 1. as remarkable for beauty as
Therfites was for deformity, Homer, ib.
et 216.; Ovid. Pont, j^i 13, 16. Nirea
non fades, nen 'vis exemit Achillem, did
not fave or rcfcue from death. Property
3, 18, 27. ^alis aut Nireus fuit, aut
aquosa Rapt us ab Ida, (i. e<. Ganyme-
des,) Hor. Od. 3, 20, 15. Formdquc'vin-'
cas Nirea, Hor. Epod, 15, 22.
NisA, the name of a woman, Virg,
Aen. 8, 26.
Nisus, the father of one of thofe
called Bacchus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23
^ 2. The fon of Hyrtacus [HyrtacldeSf
-ae,) a brave Trojan, ihe friend of
Euryalus, Virg. Aen. 5, 319, 334, 6cc.
flain by the Latins, ib. 9, 176, ^c.
Nisus, the Ton of Pandion, a king
of Megara, who had a red lock of hair,
(coma purpurea, Tibuli. i, 4, 57. pur-
pura, Ovid. Met. S 80. purpureus crinisf
ib. 93.) on which his fate depended.
His daughter Scylla, knowing tin's, and
falling in love with Minos, who then
befieged her father's capital, cut off the
M m &tal
NIX [274
fatal lock ; whereupon Nifiis expired,
and Minos became mafter of Megara,
Apollodor. 3, 14, 8. (G. 375.). Nifus
was turned into a bird or kind of hawk,
called Halyacetos, Ov'td. Met. 8, 146.
or Nifus, V'lrg. G, l, 404. Niseis,
^Hciisy the daughter of Nifus, (Vid.
ScYLLA.) Niseus V. Nisetus, adj.
Nix us, {[c. genu Hercules,) a name
piven to the conllellation Hercules, i. e.
t/je Man on his knee, called by the^
Greeks Engonasis, Hygin. Poet, AJlr,
2,6.; Cic, Arat. 373, & 400. Ovid
exprefTes the name fully ; ^i ( fc.
locus) medius nixique genu ejl, anguem-
que ienentis, the place of Ariadne's
crown is in the middle, between the
man reRing on his knee, and the man
holding the ferpent, (i. e. Serpentarius,
called by the Greeks, Ophiuchus,) Met.
8, 182.
^ Fuhlus NOBILIOR, a noble
Roman, a favourer of learning, who,
when he was one of three conimilfioners
(triumvir) for fettling a colony, gave
Ennius the freedom of the city, Cic.
Brut. 20.
NocTiFER, 'cri, a name given to
the evening ftar, CatulL 63, 7.
NocTiLUCA, a name of Diana or
of the moon, Hor. Od. 4, 6, 38.
Nodi N us, a deity worfnipped by the
Romans, Cic. N. D. 3, 20. according
to Varro, becaufe he prefided os^er the
knots of the ftalks of corn, [geniculis
nodifque culmorum praepofuus,) Auguftin.
de Civ. Dei, 4, 8.
C. Corfidius NoNi^.NUS, adopted
from the getis Nonia into the gens Con-
Jidia ; to whom the fenate affigned the
province of Gallia Ciier'ior, when they
decreed that it (liould be taken from
Caefar, Cic. Fam. \6,i2.
M. Nonius, pro-praetor of Crete
and Cy.reiiae, when Cicero was pro-
conful in Cilicia, Cic. Att. 6, i.
\^ Junius NoPvBANUS, a tribune,
who profecuted Q^ Servih'us Caepio,
after he had been defeated by the Cim-
bri ; and on that account being himfelf
afterwards accufed by P. Sulpicius Ru-
fus, a- tribune, was defended by M.
^ntonius the orator, Cic, Or. 2, 2i,
25, 47, 6c 48, When couful with L,
] N U M
Sclpio, he was vanquiihed by Sulla, a.
u. 670, Paterc. 2, 25.
C, Nor BAN us, praetor of Sicily,
Cic. Verr. 3, 49. which he governed
in peace, ib. 5, 4.
No VI A, the wife of Oppianicus, Cic,
Cluent. 9.
Novi'js, a freed man, raifed to be
a tribune, or to fome confiderable office,
that entitled him to punifh citizens, by
ordering them to be thrown from the
Tarpeian rock, Hor. Sat 1,6, 40.
Noviorum minor, the , younger of two
brothers, called Novii, remarkable for
his hauffhtv look, thought to have been
a judge or a rich banker; whom Horace
fuppofes the ftatuc of Marfyas, (eredl-
ed in that part of the forum which
ufurers frequented, and where, courts
of judicature were held), to behold
with difguil or indignation, ib. 121.
The old Scholiaft on this paffage fays
that the younger of the IVo.mi was an
ufurer.
Novius, a hunter after inheritances,
[captator wheredipeta), Juvenal. 12, in.
NucuLA, a friend of Antony, Cic,
Phil. 6, 5. 8,9. II, 6. et 12, 8.
NUMA Pompilius, the fecond king
of Rome ; renowned for his juftice and
piety ; and therefore invited to the
throne from Cures, a city of the Sa-
bines, (G. 195.) Hence, Dejlinat imperio
clarum praenuncia veri Fama Numam,
Ovid. Met. 15, 4. Extindum Latiae-'
que nurus, populufque, Patrefque,, De-.
Jievere Numam, ib. 486. Regc Numd,
in the reign of Numa, ib. Numa was
called Sacriflcus, froni his having in-
ftituted facred rites, Lucan, 9, 478.
^icfiujque Numam jufflfe, complaining
that Numa had inftituted thefe holi-
days and ceremonies, Id. 7, 396. ^us
Sympuimim ridere Numae aufus erat ?
to laugh at the earthen or wood,en cup;
ufed by Numa in facrifice, juvenah 6,
342. Juvenciim more Numae caedit
Jovis ante alt aria. Id. 8, 155. Hie ubi
nocfurnae Numa coiijlituebat amicae, ap-
pointed a meeting, or ufed to meet
with (the goddefs Egena,) his mif-
trefs, in the night-time, (by whofe ad-
vice he pretended that he made all his
inllitutions,)
N U M [
inftitutJons,) Id. 3, 12. ; Ovid. Jmor,
2, 17, 18. called alfo his wife, Id, F.
3, 267, & 276. Procedat vel Numa.
let a witnefs appear of as ^reat veracity
27J ] NYC
potum Munere regna cap'tty) Ovid. Met.
J4' 773-
NuMiTOR, a profligate man, pe-
nurious to his friends, but profufe in
as Numa, Juv. 3, 138. -Noma was ca^- every thing that tended to gratify his
led ttitonfusj becaule the Romans did
not clip nor (have their beards in his
time, Ovid Fajl. 6, 264. jujlus, Ovid.
Amor. 2, 17, 8. ^los (fc. mores)
Numa maternos non neget ejfe fuosy you,
Cotta, have fuch morals, or poflefs
fuch qualities, as Numa, from whom
you are defcended by the mother's
lide, vvould not deny to be his own,
i. e. you are juft and religious, as Nu-
ma was, and have not degenerated
from your maternal anceftor, Ovid. Pont.
3, 2, 106. Et cum fab till P rife us titer-
que Numdy and both poets called by
the name of Prifcus, who wrote the
life of Numa, in a fubtile, humble, or
fimple ftyle, ih. 16, 10.
Numa, a valiant Latin in the army
ofTi
Virg. A en. lO, 562.
51 2. Another flaia by Nifus or Eury-
alus, ib. 9, 454.
Numa Marciusi the fir ft Pontifex
Maximus, created by king Numa, Liv.
li 20.
NuMANUS Remiilus, a Rutulian, the
firft man whom Afcanius flew in battle,
Firg. Aen. 9, 592.
NuMERius, a praenomen frequently
ufed by feveral families. Nu m e r i u s
Fabius Pi£tor, a Roman hiftorian,. who
wrote his annals in Greek, Cic. Div.
I, 2i.
Ti. NuMicius, a tribune of the
people, Cic. Off. $, ^o.
N. Misius, a commander of the La-
tins, Liv. 8, 1 1.
NuMiTOR, -oris, the fon of Procas,
king of the Albans, and elder brother
of Amulius, by whom he was unjullly
deprived of the crown ; hence he is
called diri \umitor germanus Atiwlif
Ovid. Faft, 4, 53. ; and Amulius,/m-
ter Numitorisi ib. 809. Numitor
was the grandfather of Romulus and
Remus, by his daughter Rhea Sylvia,
(G. 192.) In his old age he recover-
ed the^ kingdom by the favour of his
grandfons, ( NumtorfM fenex amtjfa nc'
own paflions, jfuvenal. 7, 74.
Ni' Ml TOR I A, a native of Fregellae,
the wife of the father of M. Antony,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6.
P. NuMiTORius, the un le of Vir-
-ginia by the mother's fide, Liv. 3,
45, 5c 54.
^ Nu MI TORI us Pullusi a chief
man of Fregellae, who, when fummon-
ed to plead his caufe before Opimius,
the praetor, faved himfelf by difcover-
ing a coi]fpiracy which his country-
men had formed againft the Romans,
Cic. Inv. 2, 34. Fin. 5, 2 2.
NYMPHAE, Nymphs, a general
name given to certain female divinities,
that were fuppofed to prefide over par-
ticular departments of nature ; as the
Nymphs of the mountains, Oreades ;
of the woods, D^ades, Hamadryades,
and Napaeae ; of rivers . and fountains.
Naiades v. hi aides ; and of the fea,
Nereuies. Nynipharum aedes, the
temple of the nymphs, in which were
kept the records of the cenfors, {ta-
lulae cenjoriae,) Cic. Mil. 27. In
the fingular,'NYMPHA, and fometimes
Nymphe, Ovid. Met. i, 744. et 14,
762. F. ^, 123. et 6, 107.
Nyctelius, a name given to Bac-
chus, becaufe his facred rites were cele-
brated in the night-time, Ovid. Met,
4, 15. Ny£leUus pater, Ovid. Art.
Am. I, 567. — Latex Ny Melius, wine,
Senec. Oedlp. 492.
Nycteus, (2 fy 11. ) -COS , v. -«, the
fon of Chthonius, and father of An-
tiope, who being diftrelTed on account
of the misfortunes of his daughter, flew
himfeif, Apollodor. 3, 5, 5. His ftory
is varioufly told, Hygin. f, *], &c 8.
Fid. Antiope et Lycus. Nyc-
teis, '^isy i. e. Antiope, the daugh-
ter of Nydteus, Propert. I, 4, 5. J Ovid.
/yy. 6, iri.
Nyctimene, -es, the daughter of
Nyfteus, king of Lefbos, who havhig
polluted the bed of her father, was
M m 2 . changed
N Y M [2
changed into an owl, OvlJ, Met. 2,
590, &c.
Nymphius, a chief man at Palae-
polis, who gave up that city to the
Romans, Liv. 8, 25, h 26.
Nympho, -onis, a native of Centuri-
pa, Cic. Ferr, 3, 21. ^2. A na-
tive of Colophon, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 2, 2.
Nymphodori s, a native of Agri-
gentum, Cic. Verr. 4, 22. ^ 2.
^ native of Centiiripa, ih. 3, 23. ^
NYSA, the nurfe of Bacchus, who
gave name to a city on the borders of
Syria and Arabia, where (he was bu-
ried, Pl'tn. 5, 18.; whence Bacchus
was called Nyseus, (2. fyll.) ')vid.
Met. 4, 13. and Nysaeus, Stat. Thch.
4, 383. But moll derive thefe names
from Nyfa, a mountain in India, where
Bacchus was brought up. ^ 2 A
perfon killed by Bacchus, Ctc. N. D.
3» 23.
Nysius, (al, D'lonyftus,) a firname
of Bacchus, Cic. Place. 25.
Serv. OcELLA, an acquaintance of
Cicero's, who was detefted in an in-
trigue, Cic. Fam. 2, 15.^/8, 7. He
fided with Pompey in the civil war, Id.
Att. 10, 13, & 17,
Ochus, a king of Perfia, (6^.619.)
OcNUs, the fon of the prophetefs
Manto, and of the Tiber, ( Tujci am-
Ills,) who furroundcd the city Mantua
with walls, and gave it that name from
his mother, Firg. Aen. 10, 198, the
fame with Bianor, Virg. Ed. 9, 6. et
thi Serv.
OCNUS, (i. e. pigsr,) 2l perfon
Vjjiom the painters reprefented as fit-
ting in the infernal regions, and twiil-
ing a rope of broom [spartum) orrufhes,
while a female afs Hood by and de-
voured the rope as fad as he twilled it.
This Ocnus is faid to have been an in-
duftrious man ; but had an expcnlive
wife, who confumed and lavifhed away
what he gained. Hence the proverb,
Ocnus funem torquef, vel Contorquet piger
fitniculuvii for a perfon who patiently
continues his labour to no purpofc.
7<5 1 OCT
Paufan. 10, 29. There was a pifture
on this fubjea by Polygnotus, in the
temple of Delphi, ib. Pliny mentions
a fimilar pidure, done by Socrates the
painter, 35, n f. 40. To this Pro-
pertius alludes, Dignior obliquo funem
quitorqueat Ocno, Aeternufque tuam pafcat^
ajfelky famem, more worthy or more
deferving to turn the rope than Ocnus,
(called ohliquusy from the pofition of
his body while twifting,) 4, 3, 21.
OcEANUs, the god of the ocean,
the fon of Caelus and Terra, Hefiod.
Theog. ; called Senex^ aged, Omd. Met*
2, 510. Fafi. ^i 16. becaufe the mofl
ancient of the gods, and even their
^2LV&n\.f Homer, II. 14, 201. ; the huf-
band of Tethys, Ovid. ib. et Faji. 5,
81. ; both of whom were held in great
veneration by the other gods, and
often vifited by them, Horner, et Ovid,
ibid. OcEANiTiDES, -«w, (fing.
Oceanltisy) the daughters of Oceanus,
Firg. G. 4, 341. vel Ocean IDES, (fing.
Oceanis, of whom Apollodorus fays
there were 3000, i, 2, 2. So Hefiod,
Theog.
OCRISIA vel Ocrejia, the wife
of Servius Tullius, a chief man of Cor-
niciilum, who was killed when that
tov/n was taken by Tarquinius Prifcus.
Ocrifia, then big with child, was car-
ried to Rome as a captive, and given
toTanaquIl, Tarquin's wife, with whom
flie became a great favourite. She
bore a fon in the palace, who was
named after his father, and became the
fixth king of Rome, Liv. i. 39. ;
Dicnyf. 4, I. Ovid makes Vulcan the
father of Servius Tulhus, FaJi, 6, 627.
Gens OCTAVIA, a very ancient
Roman family ; originally from Veli-
trae ; admitted into the fenate by Tar-
quinius Prifcus, and foon after ranked
among the patricians by Servius Tul-
lius , but in procefs of time it returned
to the plebeians ; and after a long inter-
val, it was again raifed to the patrician
dignity by Juhus Caefar. The firll
of the family promoted to any office of
Hate by the people, was Caius Ru.
fus, who obtained the quacftorfhip,
Suet, Aug. I, £c 2. (fuppofed by fome
"to
OCT [2
to be C. OAavius Rufus, the quaeftor
mentioned by Salluft, Jug, 104.; but
this OAavius was quaellor a. u. 647.
and Cneius, probably the fon of Rufus,
mentioned by Suetonius, was praetor
a. 545> in the fourteenth year of the fe-
cond Punic war, Liv. 28, 38.) C.
Rufus had two fons, Cne;ius and Cai-
us ; from whom two faraihcs fprung,
different in their circum (lances. Cneius
and all his defcendants fucceffively en-
joyed the higheft offices of the ftate.
Caius and his pofterity, whether by
fortune or inclination, remained in the
equcftrian order till the father of Au-
guftus ennobled his family, Suet. ib.
Cn. OCTAVIUS, when aedile, be-
ing created praetor, a. u. 545. got the
province of Sardinia, Liv. 28, 38. near
which he took eighty tranfports of the
Carthaginians, ib, 46. on which account
his command was prolonged. Id. 29, 13.
et 30, I. After the Punic war was
finifhed, 0(5lavius was employed in
: honourable commiffions, as an anibaf-
fador, Liv. 31, 11 f. as a triumvir for
fettling colonies, Id. 34, 45.
Cn. OCTAVIUS, probably the fon
I of the former, praetor a. u. 582, Liv.
44, 17. admiral of the Roman fleet in
1 the war againd Perfeus, Liv, 45, 5.
; who obliged that king to furrender to
him on the illand of Samothracia, ib.
^. Ke conveyed the money and plun-
der taken from Perfeus to Rome, ib.
33, On account of his merits he was
honoured with a naval triumph, ib. 42.
He was conful with L, (al. T.) Manii-
us Torquatus, a. u. 588, Cic. Fin. i, q.
He was the lirll of his family who ob-
tained that office ; which honour Cice-
ro fays he owed partly to a fine houfe
he had built on the Palatine mount ;
{^quac fc. domus, cum vidgo viferetury fiif-
fragata domino^ novo hominif ad confulatum
putabatur^) Cic. Off. i, 39. Being fent
on an embaffy to Afia, he was affaffina-
ted at Laodlcea by t-ne Lepthtes ; on
which account a ilatue was erefted to
him in the roflra, at Rome, Cic. Phil, c^,
2.; P/;V;.34, 6.
Cn. OCTAVIUS, the fon of the
former, was conful with T. Apnius, a.
77 3 OCT
u. 625. Cn. OcTATitJS, his fofi^'
was repulfed in his application for the
aedilefhip, Cic. Plane. 2 1, He obtain-
ed the confulfliip with Cinna, a. 667,
Cic. Har. Refp. 25. in which office he
difplayed a talent for eloquence which
before he was not thought to pofTefs,
Cic. Brut. 47. Differing with his col-
league, he expelled him from the city,
Cic. Cat. 3, 10. But Cinna being join-
ed by Marius, returned with an army,
ordered Octavius to be flain, and his
head, after being cut off, Cic. Tufc,
5, [9. to be fixed on the roflra; a
fpecies of cruelty firfl exemplified on
him, Appian. B. Civ. /• 393. but after-
wards imitated on others, Cic. Pr. 3,
3.; Flor. 3, 21. OCTAVIANUM ^f/-
/t/w, the war between Odlavius and
Cinna, Cic. Div. i, 2. Nat. D, 2, 5,
&c. ( Vid. Ci N N A, /». 1 32. )
L. OCTAVIUS, conful with C.
Aurelius Cotta, a. u. 678, Cic. Verr, I,
^o. Adio OcTAviANA, a form of
proceeding in courts of law, inflituted
by 0£lavius when praetor, Ib. 3, 6^^,
C. OCTAVIUS, the father of Au-
guflus, was defcended from an ancient
and opulent equeflrian family, in which
he was the firft that was a fenator, SueL
Aug. 2. a man of great abilities and
worth, Paterc. 2, 59. After his prae-
torfnip, he obtained the province of
Macedonia ; and in his way thither,
dellroyed the fugitive remains of the
army of Spartacus and Catiline, who
had got poifeffion of the territory of
Thurii ; the fenate having given him
an extraordinary commiffion to execute
that buiinefs. In the government of
his province he condudled himfelf with
no lefs juftice than bravery ; fo that Ci-
cero recommended his exam.ple to the
imitation of his brother, the pro-prae-
tor or pro-conful of Afia, Suet, Aug. 3. ;
Cic. J^ Fr. I, I, 7. whofe neighbour
[vicinus) Oftavius is called, though a
fea intervened betwixt them, lb, i, 2, 2.
Add. Alt. 2, I f. Having conquered
the Beffi and Thracians in a great bat-
tle, Oftavius was honoured with the
title of ImperatoRj.S'z/^/, ib.; Paterc. 2,
59. Returning from Macedonia to fue
for
OCT t
for the confulflilp, he died fuddenly by
the way, leaving two daughters and
one fon, only four years old, ib. et Suet,
8.
Cams OCTAVIUS, afterwards fir-
named AuGUS ' us, was the fon of the
former C. Odavius, by his wife Atia,
the daughter of M. Atius Balbns and
Julia, the fifter of C. Julius Caefar.
He was born in the confulfhip of Ci-
cero and Antonius, a. u. 690, {al. 691.)
September 23. (ix. KaL OBob.) Suet.
Aug. 5. Paterculus fays, that the birth
ofAuguftus was an acceflion of glory to
the confulfhip of Cicero, 2, 36. But
Paterculus wrote under Tiberius. — It
happened on the day in which Auguf-
tus was born, that the fenate aiTembled
to deliberate concerning the confpiracy
of Catiline; and that Oclavius, on ac-
count of the birth of his fon, was late
of coming into the fenate-houfe. Ni-
gidius Figiilus, a man remarkable for
his knowledge of aftrology, being in-
formed by him of the caufe of his de-
lay, is reported to have exclaimed,
** You have produced a mailer for us."
At which Oclavius being alarmed, is
faid to have had thoughts of klUing
the child, but was prevented by Figu-
lus, D'iOy 45, I . Various other pvog-
noflications of the future greatnefs of
Auguftus are recorded, ib, 2. et Suet,
yiug. 94, The enemies of Anguitus often
upbraided him with the meannefs of
his birth, Suet, Aug, 2, & 4. which ob-
jeclion Cicero repels with great force,
C'lc, Phil. 3, 6. Augultus was nurfed
in a villa belonging to his family, (in
avifo juburbano,) near Velitrae. The
nurfcry [^locus nutrimenlorurn) was a
fmall apartment, like a pantry, (permo-
dicus, celiac penuariae irijiar^) and was
long after held in religious veneration,
Suet. 6.
Oftavius, after the death of his fa-
ther, was brought up -under the care
of his mother Atia, and of her lecond
hufband, L. Marcius Philippus, Z>/o,
16- I. who loved him as his own fon,
Paterc. 2, 59. After Odtavius grew
up, he lived with Juhus Caefar, his
grand-uncle, {major avunculus j ib. or
27S ] OCT
fimply avunculus^ Suet. Aug. 8, &c. ;)
who, delighted with his genius and dif-
pofitions, took the greattrft care of his
education, ranked him among the pa-
tricians ; and as he had no lawful chil-
dren of his own, deftined him to be his
heir, D20, 45i 2. Paterc, ib. To con-
firm him the more in this refolutlon, A-
tia gave out, that fhe had conceived her
fon by Apollo, D'Wi 45, 2. ; Suet. Aug,
94. Hence Apoilo was efteemed the tu-
telar god of the Caefars, and Auguftus
wifhed to be reckoned the fon of Apollo,
nay even to be thought Apollo himfelf.
Thus in the famous fupper of the gods,
faid to have been reprefented at his
houfe, he was dreffed in the garb of
Apollo, Suet, Aug. 70. And there are
feveral coins extant in which Auguftus
is reprefented in the habit of Apollo,
fitting with a lyre in his hand, with
this infcription, Caesar Divi F.
There was a ftatue ercded in honour
of Auguftus with tlie enfigns of Apol-
lo ; hence Virgil is fuppofed to mean
Auguftus in that phrafe, Tuusja?n reg^
nat Apollo., Eel. 4, 10. et ibi Serv,
Hence alfo Aeneas, under whofe cha-
radler Virgil is thought to have de-
fcribed Auguftus, is compared to Apol-
lo, Firg. Aen. 4, 144. And that god
is reprefented as particularly intertftcd
in the fortune of Afcanius, ib. 9, 638.
&.C. and by the terror of his bow, the
troops of Antony at the battle of Ac-
tium are faid to have been put to
flight, ib. 8, 704. Thus Horace firft
invokes Apollo to revenge the death of
Caefar, OJ, i, 2, 30.-— Octavius, when
only twelve years of age, pronounced a
funeral oration in praile of his grandmo-
ther Julia, from the ro/?r<3, (pro condone ,)
Suet. Aug. 8. In his fixtcenth year he
put on the manly gown, [togam virilem
fumfit,) a year fooner than uiual, ib. He
attended Caefar in his African triumph,
and was honoured by him with feveral
mihtary prefents, though he had not,
on account of his youth, been concerned
in the war, {^expers belli propter aetaiem,)
ib. When Caefar let out for Spain
againft the fons of Pompey, Auguitus,
though fcarcely then recovered from
OCT [2
a dangerous difeaf?, followed him ; and
haftening throuajh roads infefted by the
enemy, with a very few attendants,
even after being fhipwrecked, overtook
him. This, added to his engaging man-
ners, fo llrongly won upon his uncle,
that ever after he travelled in the fame
carriage, and lodged with him in the
fame inn. After the reduftion of Spain,
when Caefar meditated an expedition
againft the Dacians and Parthians, he
fent Oftavius before to Apollonia to
profecute his ftudies, intending to take
him along with him, when he fliould
pafs that way with the army, Pater c,
i^ Suet. ib.
Odavius had not been fix months at
Apollonia, when he heard of his un-
cle's death, Appian, Bell Ch. 3j/>. 531.
Upon which he immediately fet fail for
Italy. At Brundufmm he was inform-
ed that Caefar had left him the heir of
his eftate and name, Paterc. 2, 59. He
came from thence to Naples, where fe-
veral of his friends met him and con-
duced him to the villa of Philip his
ftep-father, near Cumae. It was con-
tiguous to the villa of Cicero, to whom
the friends of Octavius, Balbus, Hir-
tius, and Panfa, who happened then to
be with Cicero, introduced him, Ctc,
Att. 14, 10, & I?. {^V'ld. Cicero,^.
123.) The mother and ftep-fiither of
young Oftavius diffuadcd him from
claiming the poffefiion of his uncle's
eflate, as an attempt too dangerous in
the prefent ftate of affairs for a mere
boy, fcarcely yet above eiglitcen years
of age, and advifed him for fome time
at leaft to abftain from ufmg the name.
But the young man with great fpirit
declared, " that it would be (hameful
for him to appear to think himfelf un-
worthy of a name of which his uncle
had thought him worthy," Paterc. ib.
He was therefore henceforth called
C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, D'lOj
46, 47. or fimply Octavianus, Cic.
Fam. 10, 33. Att. 15, \z.et 16, 8, n,
14. and fometimes Octavius, Ctc,
Fam. 16, 24. But his ilep-father did
not at lirlt call him by that name, nor
<lfd Cicero, whom Odavius treated with
79 1 OCT
the greateft refpeft, (perhonortfice et a-
mice,) Cic. Att. 14, 12. profeffing that
he would be entirely directed by his
advice, [m'thi totus deditusy as Cicero
himfelf fays), /3. 10. When Odavius
came to Rome he was produced to the
people by a tribune, and made a fpeecli
to them from the rojlray compofed with,
great art, in which he promifed to pay
them what Caefar had ordered in his
will, Suet. Caef. 83. ; D'lo, 44, 35.
This he did out of his private fortune
and by the aiTiftance of his friends ;
which gained him great favour among
the populace, Dio, $^. 6.; App'ian. B.
Civ. 3. p. 541. He next exhibited
games in honour of the vidory of
Caefar, or to the Vidory of Caefar as
a goddefs, [/udos Caefaris vicloriae fe-
cit, Cic. Fam. II, 28.) thofe to whom
that office had fallen not daring to ce-
lebrate them, [Ludos vidoriae Caefaris
non audentibus facercy quibtis obtigerat id
munusy ipfe edidit,) Suet. Aug. 10 *.
* Pliny faysj that Auguftus exhibited
thefe games in honour of Venus Gene-
TUix, (quo! fac'iebat Veneri Genetrici^ to
mother Venus, a, 25. So Seneca, Nat.
^/(lef. 7, 17.) and that a number of perfons
{toUrgium) had been inftituted by Caefar for
the fake of exhib-ting them, Plin. ib. et Juli-
us Obfequens, c. ia8. which the words of Sue-
to.'uus feem to denote, [quibus obtigerat id tru-
yiui,) ib Among whom (j« quibus, vel i/i
coi/cgie ab eo i. e. a Caefare inftituto,) Odavi-
us adled as chief or prefident, becaufe the
games were celebrated at his expencc, Plin»
ib. Appian fays exprefsly, that thefe games
were inftituted by Caefar to Venus Genetrixt
when he dedicated a temple to her together
with the new forum, which he had made,
Appmn. B. C. 3,/., 544. (The name of Ge-
NiTPvix was given to Venus becaufe Julius
Caefar wifiied it to be believed that he was
delcendfd from her, D/o, 41, 34.. et 43, ViJ.
JULIA Gens; and the temple was built to
her in confj-qiience of a vow, which Caefar had
made before the battle of Pharfalia, Appian,
B. C. 2, p. 470, & 492.) Suetonius fays,
Ludis quos primes corjecraios ei (i. e ab €0, fc.
Caefare,) hae'-cs edtbat^ at the games, which,
having been firft conlecrated by Caefar, his
heir AuguOus exhibited. Suet. Cacf. 88. Dio
fays, that thefe games were inftituted on ac-
cou'.it of tlie finifliing of the temple of Venus,
and that certa'n perfons had undertaken, wliile
Citfar was alive, to celebrate them; bu' had
ne^leiled to do fo, ib. 45,
During
OCT
L 2S0 ]
OCT
During the celebration of thefe
games, a comet, [Jiella crlnita, Suet.
Caef. SS./rdiis crtnitum, Plin. 2, 25.)
appeared for feven days together;
which was believed by the credulous
vulgar to be the foul of Caefar, admit-
ted into heaven, zb, * This fiar is
called by Virgil Dwnast Caefaris ajlrum,
E. 9, 47. ( Vicl. DiONE ), and by Ho-
race, jul'mm fulus, Od. i, 12, 47.
(Vid. Julia gens.) Its appearance
was thought to forebode fuccefs to Au'
guftus, Dio, 45, 7. On which account
he placed the figure of a ftar on the
bead of a brazen ftatue, which he eredl-
cd to Caefar, Suet. Caef. 88. in the fo-
rum, Plin. 2,25. ( Dio fays, in the tem-
ple of Venus, ib. and Servius, in the Ca-
pitol, ad Virg. E. 9, 47.) The itar of
Caefar is alfo faid to i)e difplaycd from
the top of the head of Augullus, (pa-
tr'wmque aperitur lierlice jidus)^ Virg.
Aen. 8, 68it-
In thefe fnews 0>5lavius brought out
the golden chair, and crown fct with
gems, which, among other honours,
the I'enate had decreed to Caefar
while alive, Dlo^ 44, 6. et 45, 6. but
they were ordered by the tribunes
to be removed ; upon which the eqiiiies
gave a (liout of applaufe, C'lc, Att. 15,
3. Dio fays, that Odavius was pre-
* Ovid makes this cumet to appear while
Venus flew to heave-n with the foul of Cae-
far, which flie fnatci.ed from hi? dead body,
and not fufTering it to he dilTolved into air,
placed it amontr the cele0.ial ftars. V/hile
Ihc carried it, llie ptrceivt d ic to catch fire,
and let it go out of her i>cfom. A^ it flew to
heaven, it drew a hair of fianie after ic,
which formed the anpt-arance of a comet,
Ovid. Met. 15, 840, &c.
+ To this comet Virgil is thought to al-
lude, when, in menrioning the prodigies
which appeared after the death of Caefar, he
fays. Nee diri Uties arfen cometac, Virg. G.
I, 488. But as he fpcaks of m.ore comets
than one, and adds the epithet diri^ fome
think he means certain fiery meteors, which
were feen about that time, called by Ovid
feces. Met. 15, 787. Cicero fpeaks of feve-
ral comets having appeared in the contell be-
tween Odavius and Clnna, foreboding the
great calamuies which fc.igwed, GV. N. D,
a,i.
vented from bringing them into the
theatre for fear of Antony, 45, 6.
The conduct of 0£lavius in exhibit-
ing the games gave offence to Cicero
and the republican party, Clc, Att, 15,
2'. but was very acceptable to the ve-
teran foldiers, and to the other friends
of Caefar, Dh), 45, 7.
In order to gain the populace more
effcdually, he declared himfelf a candi-
date for the office of tribune, though
a patrician, and not yet a fenator. But
being thwarted by Antony, from
whom he chiefly expected fupport, he
joined the republican party, (ad opti'
mates fe CDntuUt)^ Suet. Aug. 10. He
in particular paid great court to Cice-
ro, Plutarch, in Cicerone^ p. 884. by
whofe influence he was appointed to
command the troops which he had levi-
ed, with the authority of praetor, (pro-
praetore), Cic. Phil. 5, 17.; Plu-
tarch. Anton. 923. ; App'ian. Sip' SSJ'f
Suet. ibid, and commifTioned with Hir-
tius and Panfa to carry afiiftance to D.
Brutus, who had been befieged for
more than three months in Mutma by
Antony, Suet. ib. whence this war was
called Bellum Mutinense, the war
of Mutina, Suet. Aug: 9. Antony was
completely defeated ; but made his ef-
cape over che Alps, with the remains
of his army, to Lepidus, who command-
ed in Gaul. Hirtius having fallen- in
battle, and Panfa foon after dying of
his wounds, Oclavius, who was fuf-
pefted of having caufed, by his contri-
vance, the death of both of them, be-
came fole maflcr of the viftorious ar-
mies, Suet. Aug. 12.; Tac. Ann. i, 10.
D. Brutus being abandoned by his
troops, v/as put to death by the orders
of Antony.
Vv'"hen Oftavius underftood that An-
tony, after his defeat, had been recei-
ved by Lepidus, and that the other
generals and armies had declared for
the fenate, he, without hefitation, de-
ferted the republican party, [caufam op-
timafium defer uit)) and formed an alli-
ance with Antony and Lepidus : al-
leging, by way of excufe for changing
fides, that the fenste had not conferred
proper
OCT [ 281 ]
proper rewards on his veterans for their and Lepidu
ferrices ; that feveral of the fenators
had ufed difrefpe(ftfulexpreIIionsaga{n{l
himfelf; that feme of them called him
a boy ; that others faid, the young man
was to be praiied, adorned, and cut
off, {^iolIaidum)y a word of ambiguous
meaning, tollere lignifying either to
raife to preferments, or to take away
life), Suet. Aug. 12. This laft expref-
fion was particularly afcribed to Cice-
ro, Pat ere. 2, 62. j Cic. Favi. 11, 20.
{^Vid, Cicero, p. izj.)
Oilavius foon after advanced to the
city with his legions ; and though on-
ly twenty years of age, demanded the
confulfhip for the remainder of the year.
Accordingly he was made conful with
his kinfman Q^Pedius, Suet. Aug. 26.;
App'ian. 5. 6". 3, />. 578. ; DiOy 46, 46.
a.u. 711. in the monthof ^^.v/i//.r, which
was afterwards called Augujiusy from his
own iirname, becaufe in that month he
had firft been made conful, and had
gained his moft important vidlories,
Suet. "^i. This year however continu-
ed to be denominated to the end of it
by the names of Hirtius and Panfa,
though dead.
Odavius having thus becom.e mailer
of the city, was formally admitted in-
to the family of Caefar, and changed
his name. For though he aflumed the
name of C. Julius Caefar Oftavianus
immediately after his uncle's death,
yet he did not aKvays continue to ufe
it. Henceforth he was generally call-
ed CAESAR, Dio, 46, 47. But in
after ages he has been generally called
AUGUSTUS, a name given him long
ufterthis period, to diilinguiih him from
his uncle,
Auguftus now Openly avowed his re-
folution of avenging his uncle's death,
which ferved as a pretext for his late
condu6l, and for the wars that follow-
ed, Sui't. Aug. 10. He therefore cau-
fed a law to be pafled, ordering all who
had any concern in the death of Cae-
far to be brought to their trial, thus
giving the femblance of juftice to his
meafures, Dlo, 46, 48. Soon after he
fct out with his army to meet Antony
O C f
that they might confer
together concerning the divifion of the
provinces. Africa, Sardinia, and Si-
cily were given to Auguftus, Spain and
Gallia Narhoncnfis were given to Le-
pidus, and the reft of Gaul to Anto-
ny. The provinces of the eaft were in
the power of Brutus and Caflius. It
was agreed that Antony and Odlavius
fiiould profecute the war againft them,
and that Lepidus fhould be left to
guard the city. Thcfe conditions were
ratified by a marriage between 0(?ta-
vius and Clodia or Claudia, the daugh-
ter of Antony's wife Fuivia by her firft
hufband P. Clodius, D'lOy 46, 55, &
56. But this match never took place.
Suet. Aug. 62.
The place of conference was a fmall
ifland in the river Rhenus, about two
miles from Bononia, Z)/o, ih. ; Flor. 4,
6.; Plutarch, in Cic. p. 884. Appiau
fays they met near Mutina, in a fmall
ifiand of the river Labinius, B. C. 4.
/. 589. by miftake, as it is thought,
Fid. Clwccr. Ital. Antiq. i. c» 27. ;
Cellar. Orb. Ant. vol. i. p. 67 T. &c. ;
Reinef. Infcript. Clafs 2. infcn 67./'. 285.
They aflumed the title of Triumvirs
for fettling the ftate of the republic,
(TriUMFIRI RF.IPUBLICAE CONSTITUEN*
dae), and their union was called the
fecond Triumvirate. The laft thing de-
termined on was a profcription of their
enemies, which 0(5lavius is faid to have
long oppofed, but afterwards to have
carried it on with more cruelty than ei-
ther of his colleagues. Suetonius, after
mentioning this circumftance, recounts
feveral inftances, in which he was guil-
ty of the moft favage and brutal Ijar-
h^r\\.jyAug. 27. But Dio fpeaksof him
in a quite different manner, 47, 7. and
afcribes the atrocities of the profcrip-
tion chiefly to Antony^ ih. 8. The
lift of thofe profcribed is faid to have
amounted to three hundred fenators
and two thoufand knights, confifting
of fuch as were moft attached to the
ancient conftitution of their country,
and therefore defirous of reftoring it,
AppiamB. C. 3. p. 592. Such of thefe
as were found were put to death with-
N n out
OCT [28
out mercy, ib. But many of them
made their efcape o Brutus and Caf-
fius; or to Sex. Pumpeius, the fon of
Pompey the Great, who, amidft the
convulllons which followed Caefar's
death, had got polftfTio- of Sicily, and
was n^afler of a great fleet, D'w, 47, 12.
but difgraced himfelf by eniployinp^ it
in piracy, Paterc. 2, 73.; Lvcan. 6, 418.
After the profcription was over, a
great number were deprived of their
effefts, which was called a fecond kind
of profcription, Dlo<, 47, 16, & 17.
On the firrt of January, a. u. 712, the
triumvirs bound themfelves and others
by an oath to defend and preferve in-
violate all the adls of Julius Caefar ;
whence it bccam.e a cuftom afterwards
on that day to fwear Lo the acts of the
fucceeding emperors, lb. 18. At the
fame time they decreed divine honours
to Julius Caefar, and built a chapel to
him in the forum, as to a deified hero,
ib, 18, & 19. ; after which time Oda-
vianus was called Divifiliusy the fon of
a divinity, firg. Aen. 6, 793.
Soon after this, having left Lepidus
to govern the city and Italy, Oclavius
and Antonv fet cut againll Brutus and
Cafiius. This war was called Bellvm
PfjiLipPExsEf from Philippi, a town
on the confines of Thrace and Mace-
donia, near which two great battles
were fought. In the firll Oftavius
\va? defeated by Brutus, and Cafiius by
Antony. Oclavius, being indifpofed,
was carried in a litter, and narrowly
cfcaptd being killed. Caliius, through
the millake of a meflengcr, thinking
that all was loll, put an end to liis
days, by the afTiilancc of a freed man.
A few day3 after, Brutus being forcul
by his army to engage, contrary to
his own opinion, was defeated, and
term.inatecl his cays in the fame man
Tier with Cafiius, a. u. 712, (Wt/. Bru-
tus, p. 48.). The conquerors made
a cruel ufe of their victory, putting to
death almoft every perion of rank that
fell into their power, Suet. Aug, 13.
This was the lall great ilruggle the
Romans m.ade for liberty : the iubie-
qucnt battles were only to determine
2 ] OCT
what mafler they fliould ferve, Dioi 47,
39. (G. 328.). Antony remained to
fettle affairs in the eaft, Oftavius re-
turned with his troops to Italy to car-
ry on the war againft Sex. Pompey,
and to diftribute among the veterans
the lands in Italy which had been pro-
mifed to them, Dioy 48, 2. ; Suet. Aug.
13. In order to accommodate thefe
veterans, an incredible number were
deprived of their pon'eflions, chiefly
thofe who were fufpefted of having fa-
voured the republican pai-ty. Hence
the poets of that time complain bitter-
ly of their lolfes : thus, Tibullus, i, t,
19, — 23. ^/ 4, I, 183, — 190.; Proper-
tiusj 4, I, 129. Among the reft Vir-
gil on this occafion is fuppofed to have
loil his paternal farm. For though the
people of Mantua had done nothing a-
gainil the Triumviri^ yet being in the
neighbourhood of Cremona, which had
iided with Brutus and Cafiius, many
of them were deprived of part of their
farms, as the lands of Cremona did not
fatisfy the veterans. Martial. 8, 56, 7.;
Serv. ad Virg. Eel. 9, 28. [Mantua
vac miferae nimlum vicina CremonaeJ) But
Virgil having gone to Rome to petition
redrefs, recovered his lands by the fa-
vour of 06lavianus, and defcribes his
happinefs and gratitude in the firft ec-
logue under the chara6ler of Tityrus,
reprefenting at the fame time the dif-
trefs of thofe who had been difpoffefTed,
under the cliarader of Meliboeus. Vir-
gil calls Oftavianus a god, on account
of his kindnefs to him, and as being
the fon of Julius Caefar, who had re-
ceived divine honours, £el. i, 6. and
a young man, ib. 43. ( elecreverat enim
Senatus, ne quis eum puervm dkerei),
Serv. ib. In the ninth eclogue, the in-
folence of the new poffefTor of Virg'Ts
farm is defcribed by Moeris his over-
feer, who fpeaks of his mailer Vii'gii
under the name of Menalcas, Eel. 9,
10, 16. :c. ; ^unSiil. 8, 6, 47.
This divifion of the lands among the
veterans gave occafion to a bloody
quarrel betw^een Octavianus and Fulvia
the wife oi Ann^ny, aided by L. An-
tonius the triumvir's brother. After
fevera]
OCT [283
feveral fruitkfs attempts to fettle their via
differences, both parties at laft had re-
courfe to arms. Upon this Odavius
divorced Clodia the daughter of Ful-
via, vi^ho he fwore was dill a virgin,
Dio, 48, 5. ; Suet. 62. After various
contefts and changes of fortune, 06la-
vius at laft, by the affiftance of the ve-
terans, prevailed. L. Antoniiis was
obliged to fliut himfelf up in Perufia,
where, after a long iiege, he was for-
ced to furrender by famine, a. u. 713.
This was called the war of Perufia,
(Bellvm PERusiNUMt Suef. j4ug. i^.J,
and the famine (fames Perufina) became
proverbial, Lucan. i, 41. and is joined
with that of Saguntum, Aufon. Ep'ijl.
22, 1}. 42, L. Antonius himfelf was
difmiiTed with impunity, but moft of
the fenators and equites who had joined
him were pat to death. No fewer than
400 are faid to have been facrificed as
viftims before the altar of Julius Caefar
on the Ides of March, the anniverfary
of his allaflination, Dlo, 48, 14. Sue-
tonius fays 300, Aug. 15. Thefe are
the Peruiinian ^altars ( Periifmae arae)
to which Seneca alludes, De Clem, j,
II. where he fays beautifully, Fuertt
(fc. Auguftus) modcratus et ckmcns ;
tiempe poji fnare Aciiacum Rotr.ano cruore
infeBumy nempe pnjl fraiias in Sic'tUa claf-
fes^ et fuaSi et alitnas : nempe pojl Peru-
Jinas aras et profcriptiones. Ego Tero cle-
mentiam non voco lajfam crudelitaterrii ib.
Add. Appian. B. C 5. p. 689. I'C. ;
Liv. Eph. 126.; Pater c. 2, 74. ; Flor.
4, 5. ; Eutrop. 7, 2, &c.
While thefe things were doing in I-
taly, Antony paffed his time iw luxu-
rious indolence with Cleopatra in E-
gypt ; but when he heard that his wife
and brother had been obhged to fly
from Italy, he roufed from his inadi-
vity ; and having concluded a peace
with Sex. Pompey, paiTed over from
Greece to Brundufium. Great appre-
henlions of a war between Oilavius and
Antony were entertained, but by the
intervention of friends peace was refto-
red ; and Fuivia in the mean time ha-
ving died at Sicyon, the peace was
confn-med, by Antony marrying 06;a-
] OCT
the fifter of 06l2vius, who had a
little before lofl her former hufband
Marcellus, and was then with child of
Marcellus, whom Auguftus afterwards
propofed making his fucceffor in the
empire, Dioy 48, 27, c<s: 28. ; Palerc,
2, 76. ; Plutarch, in Anton, p. 929. ;
Appian. p. jog. Upon the conclufioii
of this peace, and the birth of this
child, Virgil is fuppofed to have writ-
ten his fourth eclogue, addreffed to
Pol LID, who was then conful, a. u.
714.
Oclavius and Antony made a new
partition of the provinces. Sardinia
\and Dalma^ia, Spain and Gaul, were
affigned to Oftavius ; all the countries
eail of the Ionian fea were given to
Antony ; Africa was left to Lepidus,
Dh, ih.
Odavius next prepared, with the ut-
moft diligence, to profecute the war a-
gainil Sex. Pom.peius, Dio, 48, 16. This
war was called the Sicilian war, ( '^rllum
Siculum); Suet. 16. in which 06lavius
experienced various turns of fortune.
He twice fufTered {liipwreck,aad wasof-
ten expofed to the greateft hazard. At
one time he was obliged to make peace
with Pompey on difadvantageous terms,
whereby all the profcribed were permit-
ted to return to Rome, except the con-
fpirators againd Caefar, a. u 715 Dio,
48, i6.\ Veil. 2, 77.; Appiauy B. C,
I'P' 7^3-
But this peace did not laft ^3ng.
The war was next year refumt^d with
redoubled vigour. It was at laft how-
ever fuccefsfully terminated by A grip-
pa, to whom Auguftus entruftcd die
charge of naval affairs. According to
his advice Auguftus formed a harbour
near Baiae, by letting in the fea to the
Lacus Lucrinus and Avernus, for con-
taining and exercifing his (hips, called
Port us Julius, Suet. Aug. 16. This
magnificent work is defcribed by Dio,
48, 50. and by Virgil, G. 2, 261, c.
( G. 1 5 1.) It is fuppofed to be alluded
to, Horat. Art, P. 63 and the labour
of conftruding it, Virg. Aen. 9, 7 to.
Pompey was completely defeated by
Auguftus and Agrippa near the pro-
N n a moutory
OCT
t 2S4 3
OCT
montory of Mylae, on the nortli of Si-
cily, and obliged to provide for his
fafety by flight, Z)/o, 49, 9, & 1 1 . •
In this war Antony fent auxiliaries to
Oftavius, and Lepidus came to his af-
fiftance with a great army, Dioy 49> 5»
& 8. ; App'ian, B. C. 5, p. 727.
After the defeat of Pompey, a dif-
pute having taken place between Oc-
tavius and Lepidus, concerning the pof-
feffion of Sicily, OAavius had the ad-
drefs to corrupt the army of Lepidus,
and to prevail on them to defert their
general. Whereupon he ilrlpped Le-
pidus of his command, and having for-
ced him to beg his life as a fupphant
on his knees, [genibus advohifusj Paterc.
2, 80.), banifhed him for life to Cir^
ceji, where he was ever after guarded as
^ prifoner, D'to, 49, 12.; Suet, /lug.
16.
Sex. Pompeius, after his defeat, fled
into Afia to Antony ; but there at-
tempting to raife difturbances, he was
put to death by Titius, one of Anto-
ny's generals, at Miletus, in the 40th
year of his age, a. u. 718,; j^ppian.
B. C. 5 f.
After this, a. u. 719, Odavius made
war on the lapydes, a people of lUyri-
cum, D'Wi 49, 35. in which war he
was fevercly wounded, ib. ; App'tan. de
Bell. Illyr. p. 763, & 764.; i^/or. 4,
12, 7. Next he made war on the Pa-
nonians, without any jull caufe, and
forced them to fue for peace, D'lOy 49,
36, ^ 37. They afterwards rebelled,
in conjunftion with the Dalmatians,
and were fubdued, a. u. 720. In this
war Oftavius was wounded a fecond
time, /)/£>, 49, 38. So Suetonius, Dal-
matico belh etiam vulnsra accep'tt, &c.
Aug. 20. ; App'ian. ibid.] Flor. ^, 12, 7.
The friendfliip between Qdavius and
Antony, which had always been infln-
cere, vind interrupted by feverai mifun-
fderftandings, at lail terminated in an
open breach, a. u. 722, Antony, at
the inlligation of Cleopatra, caufed an
immediate declaration of hoftilities, by
divorcing Odavia, the filler of Augul-
tus, who on account o
f her virtue was
yniyerfally refpcded, and had done eve-
ry thing that prudence could di£laLe
to prevent the quarrel. The prepara-
tions on both fides were fuitable to the
prize for which they were contending.
Octavius was fupported by the forces
of the weif, and Antony by thofe of
the eaft, [Hinc movet Euphrates^ illinc
Germania bellum, Virg. G. I, 509.
Hinc Augujlus agens Italos in praelia
Caefar, Sec. Hinc ope barbaricd va-
riifjue Antonlus armis, Vidor ah Auro-
rae populis, et liitore rubra A:'gyptum, vi-
refque orientis, et ultima fecum Bacira ve-
hit. Id. A. 8, 678, &c.') The empire of
Rome was decided by a naval battle,
fought near Aclium, on the coaft of E-
pire, at the mouth of the Ambracian
gulf, on the 2d day of September, (/A^.
Non. Septemb.), a. u. 723. Cleopatra ioon
fled, and drew Antony after her, (P/7-
ma dux fugae regina : mox fecutus Anto-
nius)j Flor. 4, 11,8. His fleet how-
ever continued the combat for a confi-
derable time with great obfl:inacy, Pa-
terc. z, 85.; Dio, 50, 33, &c. The
ftiips of Antony were of a large fize,
( Turrihus atque tubulatis allevatact caJleU
lorum et urbium fpecie, Flor. 4, 11,5.)-
whence they are compared to floating
iflands or mountains, [Pelago credas in-
nare revulfas Cycladas, aut montet con-
currere montibus aids: Tan fa mole virt
turritis puppibus injlantj Virg. A. 8,
691.) Lofty turrets were erefted on
the decks, whence the manners threvr
darts from engines. The fliips of Oc-
tavius were of a fmaller fize, and were
greatly fuperior to the fliips of Anto-
ny in agility. They were made in the
form of Liburnian gallies, [Liburnae
naves :) whence Horace, addrefling
Maecenas, before he fet out to this
war with Auguflius, fays ; Ibis Libur-
nis (fc. navibus), inter aha naviunu
(fc. Antpnii), Amice ^ propugnacuhy
You will go, my friend, in Liburnian
gallies, amidll the lofty bulwarks of
Antony's fliips, Epod, i, i. Vid. Dio^
50, 33. The engagement lafted till
the evening, {in Jerum dimicatione pro-
tra3d)y Suet. 17. and the vidory was
determined by the contrivance of fire-
ballsj with vyhich Caefar's men were
fupj?lied
OCT [ 2^5
fupplied from the land, and thus burnt
many of the encmy^s (liips, Dio^ 50, 35.
Thofe that remained fubmitted to Oc-
tavlus. Antony's land army foon af-
ter followed their example, Dio, 51, r.
—Thus Otlavius became fole maf-
ter of ti\e Roman empire, in the 3 2d
year of his age, a. u. 723. The be-
ginning of the reign of Auguflus is
ufually computed from the battle of
Adkim, Diot 51, I.
Antony having efcaped to Alexan-
dria with Cleopatra, endeavoured to
drown his cares in wine and fealllng.
Both of them fent repeated embaffies to
Odavius with propofals of peace and
rich prcfents. Oclavius accepted the
prefcnttf, but returned no anfwer to the
propofals of peace. He only gave pri-
vate affurances to Cleopatra, that flie
fliould be left in poifeflion of her king-
dom, If file cut off Antony, Dio, 51,
6. 06lavius having fettled the affairs
of Greece and Afia, when about to fet
out for Egypt, was recalled into Italy
by reports of a mutiny among his fol-
dlers. Upon his arrival ai Brundufi-
urn, the whole fenate, the equlksy and
many of the plebeians, either In perfon
or by embafly, went from Rome to
m.eet him. Having pacified the ioldiers,
he, after ftaying only thirty days, re-
turned to his winter quarters in Alia,
Dio, 51, 4, & 5.; Suit. 17.
Next year he advanced into Egypt
againft Antony, who made the great-
eit efforts to defend himfelf ; but in
vain. At laft, finding himfelf betrayed
by Cleopatra, and alarmed by a falfe re-
port of her death, he ordered Eros, his
freed-man, to flay him. Eros, inilead
of complying, killed himfelf. Anto-
ny, ilruck with this proof of attach-
ment, and defiring to imitate the deed,
wounded himfelf. Then learning that
Cleopatra was fllU alive, he caufed him-
felf to be carried to her apartment, and
expired In her arms. Oitavlus, defirous
of preferving Cleopatra to adorn his
triumph, in an interview with her, en-
deavoured to footh her m.Ind with fpe-
clous promifcs. He committed the
charge of her tp C« Procukiusj and
] OCT
his freed-man Epaphroditus, with in-
flru£lions to treat her with the greateft
refped, but to watch her narrowly,
that file might not ufe violence againft
herfclf. She' perceiving their defign,
and difdalnlng to be led in triumph,
contrived to fend her keepers out of the
way ; and in the mean time put an end
to her days, as was generally believed,
by the bite of an afp, Hor. Od, 1, 37,
26. ; Paierc. 2, 87.; SueU Aug. 17. ;
which had been artfully conveyed to
her In a bafket of figs, Plutarch, in
Anton, or of flowers, Dio, 51,14. But
Dio fays, the manner of her death is
uncertain, ih. OAavius, being great-
ly vexed at her death, is faid to have
tried to reftore her to life by employing
the Pfylli. (certain perfons not affedl-
ed by ferpents), to fuck out the pol-
fon ; but without effed, Dio, et Suet.
ihicL He gave orders that Antony and
Cleopatra fhould be buried In the fame
tomb, ib. He caufed Antyllus or An-
tonillus, the elder fon of Antony by
Fulvla, to whom he had formerly be-
trothed his daughter Juha, and Cacfa-
rio, the fon of Cleopatra by Julius Cae-
far, to be put to death, ibid. The o-
ther children of Antony and Cleopatra
he prefervcd, and caufed to be careful-
ly educated. The daughters he after-
wards difpofed of in marriage fuitably
to their rank, Dio, 51, 15.; Suet.
Aug. 1 7 f. Of the adherents of An-
tony, he puniflied fome, and others he
forgave, Dio, 51, 16. The day on
which Alexandria fubmitted to 0*5ta-
vlus, [quo die Alcxandrea Jupplex Et njU"
cuam patefecit aulam, Hor, Od. 4, 1 4,
34.) is fuppofed to have been the 29th
of Auguil, a. u, 724.; and was ever
after held as a feilival, Dio, 51, 19.
It happened, by the remarkable in-
terpofition of divine Providence, as
Plutarch and Dio obferve, that the let-
ter of Oitavius, giving an account of
the death of Antony, was read to the
people by Cicero, the fon of Cicero
the orator, then conful, Z?/^, 51,19. ;
Plutarch, p. 886. Appian fays, that
06lavius, to remove the imputation of
having betrayed Ciccro; made his fon
an
OCT
[ 286 ]
OCT
an augur, and not long after conful,
and then governor of Syria ; and that
Caefar's letter concerning the defeat of
Antony at Aftium, was read by Cice-
ro, when conful, from the roftra, where
his father's head had been fixed up by
Antony, BdL Civ. ^, p. 619. {V'ld,
Cicero, ^. 130.)
06lavius, to perpetuate the memory
of his victory at Adium, built a city on
the place where he had pitched his
camp, called Nicopolisy (i. e. the city of
victory), enlarged the ancient temple
of Apollo, and inftituted quinquennial
games, called Actii ludi, Z)//?, 51,
1. ; Suet. Aug. 17. ( Fid. G. 314.)
Similar games were celebrated at
Rome, Dio, Sl> 19, et 53, i. ; Suet.
Jlug. 1 8, & 59. ; TiL6.
Oclavius renewed the reprefentation
of an equellrian combat by young men
of noble birth, which had been exhibi-
ted by Julius Caefar, Dio, 43, 23. called
Lusus Trojae, Suet. Caef. 19.; Dio^ 51,
2. afterwards frequently exhibited. Suet.
Aug.^^.; TIL 6.; Cal. 18.; 67. 21.;
Ner. 7. This parade {decurjus) is beau-
tifully defcribed by Virgil, j4en. 5, 545,
— 604. The mort extraordinary ho-
nours were conferred on Caefar by the
fenate, Dioy 51, 20.; amorg the reft: it
was ordained, that vows and hbations
fhould be made for his fafety, D'to, 51,
19 f. to which Ovid alludes, Fcijl. 2,
637. So Horat. Od. 4, 5, 33. et 4, 15,
Oclavius, upon his return to Rome,
triumphed for three days ; the firft
day for his victories over the Dalma-
tians and adjoining nations ; the fe
cond day for the vidory at Actium ;
and the third for the redudlion of E-
gypt, Dio, 51, 21.; Llv. Epit. 133.
( Curuks triumphos tres egit, Dalmat'icum,
jidiacum, Alexandrinumy Suet. Aug. 22.
At Caefar tr'iplk'i iwoeMus Romana trium
pho Moeniay &c. Virg. Aen. 8, 714.)
So much gold and filver was brought
into the treafury, that the rate of in-
terefl was diminiihed, and the price of
landencreafed, Bio, ib.; Suet.^i. — The
gates ot the temple of Janus were or-
dered, by a decree of the fenate, to be
fhut, as if all wars had been Hniflied,
Z)/o, 51, 20.; Suet 22. The temple
of Janus had only been twice fhut fince
the foundation of the city, Liv. i, 19.;
Paterc. 2, 38. To this Virgil is thought
to allude, y^(?«. 1,295, 300.
A. U. 725. The Baftarnae and Da-
cian?, who had crofTed the Danube- and
taken pofTeiTion of Maelia or Myfia,
were conquered by M. CrafTus, the
grandfon of M. Licinius CrafTus Di-
ves, Did, 51, zA, Si 24. alfo the Myfi
or Maell and Getae, &c. iL 25, 26, &
27.
A. U. 726. Oclavlus built a temple
to Apollo, on the Palatine hill, to
which he joined a library, Dio^ 53, i. ;
Suet. Aug. zg. At the dedication of
which Horace wrote the 31ft ode of
the firft book; whence Apollo Is called
Palatinus, Her. Ep. 1, 3, 17. This
temple is mentioned by Propertius, 4,
6, II. — Oftavius was born and dwelt
on the Palatine hill {in PalatioJ Suet,
5, & 72. whence the name cf palace [pa-
latimn) was given to the houfes of the
emperor, wherever they were, Dio^ ^7^,
16.
A. U. 727. Oftavius propofed in
the fenate to relign the government.
But the fenators conjured him to retain
it. On this occafion it was decreed,
that he fhould henceforth be called
AUGUSTUS. He himfelf is faid to
have defired the nan)e of Romulus ;
whence Virgil Is fuppofed to call him
by the nam.e of Quirinus, G. 3, 27.
but he laid ahde that thought, leil he
fliould be fuipeded of aiming at regal
power, Dio. 53, 16. ; Suet. 7.; Ovid.
Faji. I, 587. et 607.; Paterc. 2, 91.
By the name of Auguftus, therefore,
he has fince been diliinguifhed, {Av-
GusTus Caefar^ Divi genus, I, e. the
adopted fon of Julius, who had been
deified, Virg. 6, 793. et 8, 678.)
Though Augullus durfl not hurt the
prejudices of the Rom.ans by afi'uming
the badges and title of king, yet ur.der
the fie me of Prince or Emperor,
f Princeps v, Imperator,) he poiief-
OCT
C 287 ]
OCT
fed all tlie power of an abfolute fove-
rtign, DiOj 53, 11, & 17, {Vid. Roman
Ant. p. 170, &:c.)
The night after OAaviiis got the
name of Aiiguftus, the Tiber over-
flowed its banks, D'w^ 53, 20. on which
occafion Horace is fuppofed to have
v/ritten the 2d ode of the firfl book. —
But others, with more probability, refer
it to the year 731, in the end of which
and in the beginning of the following
year, there was not only a great inun-
dation of the Tiber, but the Pantheon
and other houfes were ftruck with
lightning, D'lo, ^l, 31. ct 54, i.
A. U. 729. Augullus marched a-
gainft the AJlures and Cantabrians in
Spain, and with great difficulty fub-
dued them, Z)/<?, 53, 25. ; Flor, 4, 12,
54.; Suet. 20, & 21. Hence Canta-
her non ante domah'ills^ Hor. Od. 4, 14, 4 f .
Indoclits juga f rre nq/lra, ib. 2, 6, 2.
Sera doniitus faghtd, ib. 3, 8, 22. After
the war was finished Augullus fettled
in that country fuch of his foldiers as
had ferved out their time, [emeriti), and
permitted them to build a town, which
was called Augusta Emerita, now
Merida, Dlo, 53, 26, After this
war Augullus fliut the temple of Janus
a fecond time, Dio^ 53, 26 f. 'i he
Cantabrians again rebelled with great
ferocity, Dio, 53, 29, 54, 5. but were
finally fubdued or dtlhoyed by Agrip-
pa, a. u. 735, Dlo, 54, II. Lantaher A-
grippae, &c. Hor. Ep. i, t2, 26.
thians ; but that nation being diftraft-
ed by internal convulfions, [Medus iti"
jejlusfihi luBuofis D'lffidet armis,) Horat.
Od. 3, 9. occafioned by the contefts
between Phraates and Teridatcs con-
cerning the poffeifion of the crown,
Augullus, while he ilaid in Syria, at
laft without lighting, obtained what he
defired by the mere terror of liis arms.
For Phraates having prevailed over his
competitor, rellored to Augullus the
llandards taken from the Romans
when Craflus was ilain, together vAth
all the captives, Dio, 54, 8. Add Id.
51, 18, & 20. 53, 33. 54, 6. He
alfo gave up Armenia, and fent feve-
ral of his children as hoftages lor the fe-
curity of the peace. Suet. Aug. 2 f . ; Ta^
c'lt. Annal. 2, 1. ; Strah. 16, p. 748.
Augullus efteemed this highly honour-
able, that he, without a war, had re-
covered, what former commanders had
loft. Hence it is extolled by the poets;
thus, S'lgna nojlro rcft'itu'it Jovi, Derepta
Parthorum fuperbis Pojl'ihus, Hon Od.
4, 15, 6. 80 Id. Ep. I, 18, 56. ; On^'id.
Tr'ifl. 2, 227. Horace reprefents Phra-
ates as receiving or fubmitting to the
laws and commands of Augullus on his
knees, Ep. i, 12, 27. On account of
this Augullus, upon his return, entered
the city on horfeback in an ovation ;
and built a temple to Mars Ultor,
Dio, 54, 8. ; Suet. Aug. 29. in the new
forum, which he had laid out, [in Fore
y^/v^////;?,) Ovid. Faft. 5, 551. Auguf-
A. U. 730. Aelius Gallus, gover- tus had vowed this temple before the
nor of Egypt, marched with an army in- battle of Philippi, Ovid. ib. 569. but
to Arabia, where he loll a number of did not perform his vow till Mars had
men, by the heat, anc^ by the attacks
of the Arabs, Dio, 5, 3, 29.
A. U. 731. Augullus was fcized
with a dangerous diieafe, fo that no
hope was entertained of his recovery ;
but he was reflored to health by An-
tonius Mufa, (Fid. Musa), Dio, 53,
30-
Next year, a. u. 732, Augullus left
Italy to vilit the ealltrn provinces of
the empire, S'.cily, Greece, and Syria,
Dio, 54, 6, 5c 7. ; Juftin. 42. 3".
Augullub had once and again declared
an intention ot making: war on the Par-
tvvice avenged [his nltus) the Romans,
jUrll on the confpirators, and then on
the Parthians. Nee fatis eji meruijfe fe-
me! cognomina (fc. Ultoris) Marti^
ib. 579. Rite Deo lemplumque datum
nomtnque bis ulto, ib. 595. Augullus
had like wife intended an expedition
again II the Britons, to which Horace
alludes. Serves iturum in ullimos Orbit
Britannos, Od. I, 35, 29. bat they alfo
made their fubmiHions, and fent am-
balTauors to Augullus with prefents at
different times, a. u. 727, Dio. 53, 22.
and a. u. 728, ih. 25. and probably in
the
OCT [ 28S
the fame year that the Parthian s refto- $L
red the ftandards taken from the army
of Craffus, a. u. 734, Straho^ 4, p. 200.
Hence Horace fpeaks of the Britons
and Parthians as fubdiied and added to
the Roman empire, (Praefens D'lvus
habebifur AuguJIusy adjedis Brltann'is Im-
perioy gravibu/que Per/is), Od. 3, 5, 3.
The Parthians (called alfo Perlians
or Medes) and Britons are joined, as
being fuppofed to be the moll diftant
nations on the eall and weft, by the
fubjugation of whom Auguftus would
have become the emperor of the world.
Thus both are reprefented as objefts of
particular hollility, Horat.Od. i, 21,15.
Epod. 7, 7.
But the Parthians wtxt in a fpecial
manner formidable to the Romans ;
and therefore Horace hints in various
places the propriety of Auguftus hum-
bling their pride ; Neu finas Medos e-
qintare tnultosy Tc dnce^ Caefar, Do not
fuffer the Parthians with impunity to
make incurfions with their cavalry, (in
which their chief llrength confifted.)
•while you are emperor, O Gaefir, Od.
I, 2, 51. Add. ih, I, 12, 53, &c. —
Suetonius obfcrves, that Anguftus was
not folicitous about extending the li-
mits of the empire ; and therefore that
he did not make war on any nation
without juft and neceffary caufes, jiug.
21. So Dio, ^^6) 33 f. When, there-
fore, Armenia was evacuated by the
Parthians, he gave it to Tigranes, the
brother of Artabazes or Artaxias, its
former king, who had been flain by his
fubjedls, Dioy 54, 9. and commifuoned
Tiberius to put him in poflelTion of that
kingdom, ib. et Tac, Ann. 2,3.; SiiH.
Tib, 2.; Paterc, 2, 94. This Horace
reprefents as a conquell, ( Claudi vir-
tute Neronis Armenius cecidity) Ep. [, 12,
26. At the fame time Auguilns con-
ferred governments and principalities
on feveral others, D'lOy 54, 9.
Auguftus paffed the winter at 'Sa-
mos in his way to Syria, Dioy 54, 7.
and alfo in his return, lb. 9. Whilil
he remained there, numerous embaffies
came to him, among the reft the In-
dians and Scythians fent to aflc peace,
] OCT
et Sucf. Aug, 21. ; Oros. 4. 21.
Hence, yam Scythae refponfa petunty fu^
perbl Nuper et Indl, Hor. Carm. Saec. 55".
This Horace converts into a triumph,
as he does the reftoration of the Roman
ftandards by the Parthians, Od. I, 12,
While Augaftus was engaged in the
eaft, the Dacians or Getae, who, under
their king Cotlfo, v. -on, frequently in-
fefted the Roman territory, were re-
preffed by Lentulus, Flor. 4, 12, x8. ;
Suet. Aug. 21* ; Hor. Od. 3, 8, 1 8.
Virgil is faid to have met Auguftus
at Athens, in his way from the eaft,
and to have accompanied him to Italy.
But having contracted a difeafe at
Megara, which was encreafed by the
voyage, he died at Brundufium 22d
September, (x. Kal. 06lob.) a. u.
735. Donat. In vita ejus.
A. U. 736, Aviguftus celebrated the
fecular games, the fifth time fince the
expulfion of the kings, Z)/o, 54, 18.;
Plin. 7, 48. ; Cenfonn. de Nat. D. c. 17.;
Zofim. 2, 4. On which occafion, Ho-
race, at the defire of Auguftus, com-
pofed the Carmen faecuiare, to be fung
by a chorus of boys and girls, whom
the poet addreffes, 0^/. 4, 6, 31, &c.
A. U. 738, Auguftus having left the
government of Italy to Statihus Tau-
rus, went to Gaul to fettle the affairs
of that province, Dioj 54, 19. In this
year there were commotions in different
parts of the empire ; in Panonia and
Noricum, in Dalmatia and Spain, In
Thrace, Claudius Marcellus fubdued
the Be//i ; and C. Lucius, having van-
quiftied the Sauromatae, drove them be-
yond the Ifter. But the chief war was
again ft the Germans, the Slcambrl,
Ufipetae v. -es^ and TenBeri; whij crofs-
ed the Rhine and made an inroad into
Gaul. Upon hearing however that
Auguftus was advancing againft them,
they retired ; and having given hof-
tages, obtained a peace, lb. 20.
A. U. 739, the Rhaetl and Vindelid
\yere fubdued by Drufus and Tiberius,
lb. 22.; Suet. Aug. 21. ; Tib. 9. Where-
fore Horace, by the command of Au-
guftus, wrote a poem to celebrate their
vi<^ones,
OCT [
viiflories, particularly thofe of Drufus ;
whence it is infcnbed,DRUsi Laudes,
Hot'. Od. 4, 4.
During all this time Auguftus was
abfent from Rome ; on which occafion
Horace wrote that bea.itiful ode, 4^ 5.
in which he defcribes the eager defire
of the citizens of Rome for his return,
and their happinefs under his govern-
ment, l^'uL Dio, 54, 19. Auguftus
having fettled the affairs of Gaul, Ger-
many, and Spain, returned to Rome,
a. if. 741, Dia, 54, 25.— It had been
expeded, that Auguftus, upon his re-
turn, would enter the city in triumph,
particularly for the vi6lory of Drufus
over the S'lcamhri. AVherefore, at the
requeft of lulus Antonius, the fon of
the triumvir, by Julia, the daughter of
L. Julius Caefar, himfelf a poet, Ho-
race wrote the fecond ode of the fourth
book. But Auguftus entered the city
privately in the night-time, according
to his cuftom, that he might not occa-
fion trouble to any one, Dioy 54, 25. ;
Suet, 53, He, however, next day re-
fpedlfully addrefled the people on the
'Palatine hill ; and then went up to the
capitol, where he took the laurel, the
emblem of vidory, and depofited it at
the knees of the ftatue of Jupiter, D'tOi
Upon the return of Auguftus to the
city, a. u. '741, after an abfence of
three years, the fenate and people feem
to have racked their invention to devife
new honours for him, Dio, 54, 25. in
addition to thofe formerly conferred,
particularly, a. 724, Dlo 51, 19. and
a. 730, ?^. 53,
28. This fohcitude Ho-
race beautifully defcribes, OJ. 4, 14, i.
Then he celebrates the victories of Au-
guftus obtained by Drufus, ij, 9. and
by Tiberius, chiefly by the latter, -y. 14,
• — 41. as he had already extolled the vic-
tories of Drufus, Od, 4. 4. Then he
give§ a fummary of the other principal
conquefts of Auguftus, v. 4-T- ad Jin.
A. U. 742, the Pannonians were
vanquifhed by Agrippa ; who upon his
return from that war died in Campania,
to the great grief of Auguftus, D'to^
54, 28.— -^Aftcr the death of Agrip-
289 1 OCT
pa, the Pannonians rebelled, and wert
fubdued by Tiberius, ib. 33. who alfo
reduced the Dalmatians, ib. Suet. Tib.
9. ; Flor.^j 12. and repulfed the Da*
cians, ib. 36. [Fid. Tiberius.)
Drufus conquered the Sicambri, the
Ufipetesi the Chatti, and other German
nations, a. u. 743, «:c 744. ib. 32, 33,
& 36. [Vid. Drusus.)
After thefe victories it was decreed
by the fenate, that the temple of Janus
fliould be (hut, a. 744, (/m/o Antoni»
et Fabio Max. Cofs. ) ; but this was
prevented by an irruption of the Da-
cians, who crofted the Danube while
it was frozen ; and by an infurreClion
of the Dalmatians, who had been pro-
voked to revolt by the rigorous exac»>
tion of tribute. But thefe commotions
being quelled by Drufus and Tiberius,
Auguftus who, during the time of their
expedition, had remained for the moft
part at Lyons in Gaul, returned with
them to Rome j and they obtained the
honours ufually conferred after a vic-
tory, Diot 54 f. Then, it is probable,
Auguftus (hut the temple of Janus for
the -third time, a. u. 744. ib. et Suet,
Jug. 22. ; Orof.6i 22. [Vid. A. 566).
On this occafion Horace is fuppofed to
have written his laft ode, 4, 15.
A, U. 746, Maecenas, the friend
and confident of Auguftus, died, Dioy
^^} 7. a few months, as it i» thought,
before his friend and favourite Horace.
So that what Horace predifted, Od. 2,
17, 9, Sec. was nearly verified.
The events of the reign of Auguftus,
after this period, except a few, are lefs
interelHng, and therefore not often al-
luded to by the clalTics. — A. U. 763,
Quinftilius Varus, governor of Ger-
many, having by his rapacity and
haughtinefs irritated the inhabitants,
was cut off" by them with three legions
and their auxiliaries. By which difaf-
ter Auguftus was fo afte<Slcd, that for
feveral months he neither (liaved his
beard nor cut his hair; and fometimes
fron\v,exce(rive angui(h knocked his
headfagainft the door, crying outj
" Varus, reftore my legions," (Q^uinc-
TILl VaRE, LEGIONES REDDE,) Suet.
O o 23. J
L 250
OCT
^3. J Dw, ^6^ 18,-24.; Paterc. 2,
117, &c. ; Tac. Ann, i, ^^.', Flor.
4, 12, 31. ; PUn. 7, 45. — With refped
to the domeftic tranladions, the go-
vernment, and laws of Auguftus, ffc
Ceog.p. 243, &c. ; R. Antiq^/. 165,
176, et alih'i pajfim. Augulliis died
on the 19th Auguft, [x:v. Kal. Sep-
temhr.) a. u. 767, in the 76th year of
his age, the fanneday on which he had
entered on his firft confulate ; in the
fame chamber in which his father Oc-
taviu3 had died ; having ruled the Ro-
man empire alone, from the vidory of
Allium, forty-four years, except eleven
days, Dloi ^6, 30. ; Suet. Aug. 100.
The different opinions of people con-
cerning Auguftus after his death, both
for and againfl him, are enumerated,
^ac. Ann. 1,9, & 10. He left an advice
among his papers to his fucceffors, not
to attempt extending the empire beyond
its prefent limits j whether through fear
or envy, as Tacitus obferves, is uncer-
tain ; {^incertum an metu, fc. ne plura
quaerendi ftudio, ante-parta amitte-
rent ; an per innyidiam^ no quis fuccelTo-
rum proferendo fines gloriam aqgeret,)
^ac. Ann. i , 11 f.
The moft illuftrious women of the
Odavian family were, i. QCTAVIA,
the fifter of AuguRus, a woman of
uncommon virtue, Plutarch. Anton, p.
5)29. ; married firfc to Marcellus, and
after his death to Antony, DiOj 48, 31.
•whom (he reconciled to her brother, ik.
54. But Antony, captivated by the
artifices of Cleopatra, flighted and di-
vorced her, Dioy 49, 33^^ 50, 3, Si.
26. After the death of Antony, how-
ever, (he took the greateil care of his
children. She died in the 54th year
of her age. Augullus, who had ten-
derly loved her while alive, paid th^
liigheft honours to her mempry, after
her death*, Suet. 61.; Dio^ 54, 35.
-—. 2. OCTAVIA, the daughter of
* In the lifetime of Qdavia, Auguftus
tuilt a portico, which he called from her,
I'orticus Oct A VIAE, Suet. Aug. 29. Feftus
fays, that there were two porticoes galled
O^viae porticus ; the one built by 0»5lavia,
the fifter of Auguftus, contiguous to the
theatre of Marcelius^ the ether near to the
] O E A
Claudius, and wife of Nero ; by whom
(he was put to death, Tac. Ann, 14,
63. ; Suef^ Ner. 7, 35, & 57.^
OcYROE, -<?j, a prophetic nymph,
the daughter of Chiron, by the nymph
Chariclo, Ovid. Met. 2, 635, &c. chan-
ged into a mare, lb. 663.
OdItes, -aCi a centaur, (Iain by
Mopfus at the wedding of Perithous,
Ovid. Met. 12, 458.
Odyssea, -acy the poem of Homer
concerning the wanderings of UlyfTes,
Ov'id. Tiijl. 3, 375. ; C'lc, Brut. 18.
So named from oJ'ycra&yc, the Greek
name of UlyfTcn.
Oeagrus, v. Oeager, 'griy a king
of Thrace, the father of Orpheus,
Ply gin. 14. ; Apollon. Argonaut, i, 25. ;
whence Oeagri CaViapefque nurns, i. e.
Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, Ovid.
in 3in, 484. Oeagri Jigura, a pleonafm
for Oeagrus ; or, as Vulpius thinks,
put for Apollo in the form of Oeagrus,
Propert. 2, 3, 35. Servius fays, that
Oeagrus was a river of Thrace, and
one of the chief fources of the Hebrus ;
whence that river is called Oeagriv^
Hchrus, yirg. G. 4, 524. Diodo-
rus Siculus fays, that Oeagrus was a
king of Thrace, who gave his name
to the river Hebrus. — Et nondum Oea^
grius Haemosy mount Hacmus, not yet
called
theatre of Pompey, hutlt byCn. 05:aviu3, who
triumphed over Perfeus; which having been
burnt, Auguftus canfed it to be repaired. Dio
fay', that Caefar built from the Ipoils of tiie
Dalmatians puificoes and librnries, which he
named from his Hfler Oct.avianae, 49.43.
Pliny menrions a fchool. ( fi:h'jla., 1. e a
place where learned men ufcd ro niept for the
fake of public difputations and conferences,)
in fhe porticoes of Oilavia, 35, ^ly; 37. ;
which porticoes he calls opera OctavJak, ib,
f. 4Q, 32. et I. 36. c. j/ 4. //, 3. and fpeaks cf
more fchools than one, [in OBa-viae fJ.ioUs,')
ib. n. 5, Plutarch fays that Ocfavia dedi-
cated a library in honour pf her fpn, and
Auguftus a theatre, which he called the
Theatre of Marcellus, in Marie!, f. p. 316,
To this Ovid is thought to allude, Aut ubi
nftinsribus natifua muntra mat;r AddiJit^ exttrn^
marmore dives opus. Art. Am. I, 70. Withr
in the porticoes of Oilavia were included
feveral public buildings, Fell. I, ll. ; PUn.
3'^, 5. ah of vyhich were deftroycd by fire i^
ihc time of Titui, D/o, 66, 24.
DEB [
called Oeagrfus, not yet difgraced by
the murder of Orpheus, the fon of Oea-
grus, Oi-id. Met, 2, 219. Oeagri't nervij
the ftrings, i. e. the lyre of Orpheus,
Sil. 5, 464. conf. ManiL 5, 322.
Oebalus, the fon of Arguh'us, and
father of Tyndarus, a king of Laco-
nia, (G.411.) Oebalidae, -anwi,
Callor and Pollux, the grandfons of
Oebalus, Ovid. Faft. 5, 705. Oe-
BALiDEs, voc. -Ci Hyacinthus, a La-
cedaemonian youth, fuppofed to be na-
med trom Ocbaha, a town of Laconia;
or, by anticipation, from Oebalus, who
lived after him, Oiud. Md. 10, 196.
But I^ucian makes Hyacinthus the fon
of Oebalus ; (o f>uer Oehaluies^ Ovid, in
Ibin, 590. Purpura Oebalisy -ui/s,
Laconfan purple, Slat. Sih. i, 2, 150.
Oebali Nymphay in voc. i. e. Helena,
Ovid. Ep. 16, 126. Oebaliifrati-fis,\.ii.
Caftor and Pollux, Stat. Sih. 3, 2, 10.
Oebaliimi vuhius^ the wound or blood of
Hyacinthus, Ovid. Mtt. 13, 396. Lit-
ius Oebalium) the Lacouian fhorc, Stat.
Achill. I, 20. Sub Oebaliae turribuSi of
Tarentum, built by Phalantus, a Lace-
daemonian, P^irg. G. 4, 125. ; hence
Otbalii nepotes^ the Taren tines, Sil. 12,
451. Oebaliae matreSf Sabine or Ro-
man matrons ; fo named from fomc La-
cedaemonians who fettled there, Ovid.
Fajl. 3, 230. Odalia pellexj i.e. He-
lena, Ovid. Rem. Am. 358.
Oebalus, the fon of Telon, king
of the ifland Capreae, by the nymph
Sebethis, Virg. Aen. 7, 734.
Oebares, -u, the grooni of Darius,
the fon Hyftafpes, who by an artful
contrivance procured to his mailer the
crown of Perlia, Herodot. 3, 85.; Jujlin*
I, 10.
Oeclei's, -/, the father of Amphl-
araus, Hygin. 128.; who is hence cal-
led Oeclides, Ovid. Met. 8, 317. j
Art. Am. 3, 13 ; Stat. '7h»b. 6, 445.
OtCLUS, a centaur, [quddnipedans,
moving on four feet like a iioife, ) O'oid.
Mct.i 2, 450.
OEDiPUS, -odis, V. '4pi, tbefon
of Laius, king of Thebes, and of Jo-
cafta ; who ignorantly killed his fa-
ther, and afterwards, in confeq^uence
of his fuccefs in explaining the Sphinx'a
iQi ] 0 E H
riddle, obtamed his own mother in
marriage; a circumftance which, when
difcovered, caufed the deftru6lion of
both, (G. 429.) CicFizt. 13. Davus
fum^ non Oedipusy I am a plain fimple
llavcj not an Explainer of riddles,
Ter. And. i, 2^ i^. conf. Plaut. Poen.
i» 3» 34- Oe^ipod'es, -ae^ the
fame with Oedipus, Stat. Theb. i, 17.
2, 436. <f/^ 7, 513,. ^ti legis Oedipoden^
for de Oedipode v. de Oedipoy vrho read
the fable of Oedipus, Martial. 10, 4, i.
Impii Oedipodae nuptiales faces ^ of Oedi-
pus, S.^nec. Here. fur. f 6* Hos (fc.
libros de arte amandi) tu Oedipodas
facito Telegoncfque vocesy fc. ut. See that
you call thefe books parricides, like
Oedipus and Telegonus, fince they
have killed me, or caufed me their au-«.
thor or parent to be baniflied, which
to me is equal to death, or worfe, Ovid^
Trip}. I, I, 114. Oedipodes is
alfo put for Eteocles, the fon of Oedi-
pus, Stat. Theb. 2, 465. OeDipo-
DioNiDEs, -ae, Polynices, the othex*
fon of Oedipus, Stat. Theb. i, 313.
So /3. 6, 426* — Oedipodionius, adj<t^
'iifratres, i. e. Polynices and Eteocles,'
the fons of Oedipus, Stat, Theb. io,>
801. Oedipodionias Tkebae, Thebes,
where Oedipus reigned, Ovid. Met. 15,
429. So Lucan, 8, 407*
OENEUS, (2 fyll.) .;, king of
Calydon, the father of Meleager, De-
janira, &c. by Althaea, and of Ty-
deus by Pcriboea, (G. 433, & 434.)
Ocnei partu edita^ i. e. Dejanira^
Cic. Tujc. 2, 8 Oen IDE 3,-/7^, Me-
leager, the fon of Oeneus, Ovid. Met,
8> ^iS'lJjiit. Theb. 5, 405.- Hac-^
tenus Oe/ildes, the grandfon of Oeneus,
i. c. Diomedes, Ovid. Met. 14, 512.
Et generum Ocnideny Appuk Dame, tuum^
and Diomedes, thy fon -in-law, O Ap-
pulian Daunus; for Diomedes married
his daughter. Id. FaJ* 4, 76.-- i
O £ N E u s t-/' H i u s, adj. Oeneos per ag'osy
through the country of Galydon, thiL
kingdoni of Oeneus, (al. aliler), Ovid,
Met. 8, 281. OinFius heros, i. e. Ty-
deus, Stat Theb. 5, 66 1.
Oenom A us, the fon of Mars by the
nymph Allerope, king of Pifa in Eli»
Q 0 2 \h
O E N [2^2
the father of HippodamTa, ( G. 404. )
^ 2. The name of one of the plays
of Accius, Cic. Fam. 9,16.; Tufc. 3 , 12.
Oenone, -es^ a nymph of mount
Ida, the daughter of the river Cebre-
nus in Phrygia, with ivhom Paris co-
habited before he was acknowledged
to be the fon of Priam, [G. 414.) 0-
vid. Ep. 5, &c. 17,96.; Remed. A-
fncr. 45 7.
Of.notrus, an Arcadian, the fon
of Lycaon, who fettled in that part
of Italy, which was afterwards called
]Liicania, Dionyf. 1, ii. [Vid. Gcogr.
Jndex.)
Oetus, v. Otus, a giant. Pld.Y,-
yHIALTES.
Offilius, a lawyer, Cic. Fam. 7,
21. Jtt, 13, 37. 51 2. A creditor
of Cicero's, Cic. Fam. 16,24.
OcyGEs, -ae^ a king of Thebes, in
nvhofe time happened the firft dclug-e,
according to Varro 1100 years before
his time, R. R. ^^ prol. not the great
deluge, as Angultine fays, but greater
than that in the time of Deucalion, de
piv. Dili 18, 8. La(f^antius or Lu-
tatius on Statius fays, that Ogyges
reigned over Thebes, after Cadmus,
Stat. Thtb. 7, 348. Hence Ocy-
ciAE Thehae, Thebes once governed
t>y Ogyges, V'trg. Aetna, 569. ; Btat.
Theh. 2, 208. Deus Ogygius, the The-
ban god, i. e. Bacchus, Ovid. Ep. lo,
48.; Stat. Theh. 5, 518. So Lyaeus
OgygiuSf Lucan. i, 670. Ogyg:ae res,
the affairs of Thebes, or the Theban
State, Stat. Theh. I, £73. — —Ogygi-
dae, -arum^ the Thebans, Stat. Theh.
2, 586. [Thehani ah Ogygio tcrrigena,
Lai^ant. ibid.)
6 1 L E u s , (3 fyll. P^al Flac. f , 372.
gen. o'iIh^ v. -^oj), king of Locris, or
I^ocri in Greece, the father of Ajax,
C'lc. Tufc. 3, 29. called Ajax O'llei, fc.
Jilius, Ajax the fon of oileus, Hygln.
114. Ob fur'ias Ajacis ol/eiy (3 fyll.)
fc. lilii, Firg. Aen. I, 41. or olleos A-
jaxy fc. fihus, Ovid. Met. (2, 622. to
diftinguifli him from Ajax the fon of
Telamon, (G. 451.) oilides, -ae,
the fon of Oileus, r. f. Ajax, Propert.
4, J, 117.; Sabiti. ad Ulyfs. l©i. j a-
pudOtid.
1 0 P H
Olekius, an inhabitant of Lefbo3»
F'al. Flacc. 2, 163. but Olenii cufptSy the
fpear of Tydeus, the Aetolian, from O-
lenos, a city of Aetolia, ih. 3, 105.
(Vid. G. Index.) Olenides, -ae,
the fon of Olenus, v. -ius, ib. 20^.
Olenos, v. -us, a fon of Vulcan,
Avho gave name to Olenos, a town
of Aetolia, Hygin. AJlr. P. 2, 13, r/
ihi Munker. ^ 2. The huiband of
Lethaea, who, proud of her beauty,
had the prefumption to prefer herfelf
to the goddeiTes, and Olenos taking
part witli her in the guilt, tli^y were
both changed into Ttone, Ovid. Aid.
10,68.
OlympiaSj -adis, the mother of
Alexander, Cic. Div. 1, 2 7^.', Jujlin.
7, 6, ^ 10. et 9, 7. ; Cell. 13, 4. put
to death by Calfander, Jiijtin. 14, 6.
Olympiodorus, the mufic-mavter
of Epaminondas, Ntp. Epam. 2. — —
^ 2. A phylician, Pl'm. i, »2.
Omphale, -es, a queen of Lydia ;
hence called Lyd^a pudla, Ovid. Fall.
2, 356. Maeonis, -idis, ib. 310, Sc
352. whom Hercules ferved for three
years, (G. 401.). Propertijs makes
Omphale \o\\^, 3, 11, 17.
Onesimus, the fon of Python, a
Macedonian nobleman, who having in
vain diffuadcd Perfeus from underta-
king war againfl the Romans, and on
that account being fufpeAed by the
king, iied to the Romans, by whom
he was kindly received, and liberally
rewarded, Liv. 44, 16.
OsyTEs, -ae, the fon of Echicn and
Peribia, (fome fay, a Theban, Nometi
EchioniumJ, in the array of Aeneas,
flain by Turnus, Virg. Aen. 12, 514.
Opheltes, -ae, the fon of Lycur-
gus, kingof Nemea, and Eurydice, his
queen, nurfed by Hypfipyle, who had
become their flave, [Vid. Hypsi-
pyLe.) While Hypfipyle was wan-
dering in a grove near Nemea with the
child in her arms, fhe was accofted by
Adrailus, the leader of the Argives,
who had reached that place in their
way to Thebes, and were greatly dif-
treffed for want of water, all the ftrcams
having been dried up by the in-
fluence
OPH t J9J
fiucnce of Bacchus. Adraftus, m the
grcateft diTirefs, begged of Hypfipyle
to fhow theni fome water. She having
laid down the child, quickly led them
to the fountain Langia ; but upon her
return found the child killed by a fer-
pcnt. The companions of Adrallus
killed the ferpent, and buried the child-
In the mean time Lycurgus and Eu-
rydice, being informed cf what had
happened, in the excefs of their grief,
wanted to facrifice Hypfipyle to ap-
peafc the manes of their Ton ; but were
prevented by the Argive chiefs, who
gave the name of Archemorus to the
boy, as being the firil who was flain in
the war, and called the fountain after
him. They performed funeral games
to his honour, which were ever after-
wards celebrated at liated times, and
called the Nemean Games, j^PgIIo-
ilor. 3, 6, 4. ; Ladant, ad Stat. Theh. 4,
718. They were in the time of Pin-
dar celebrated every three years, Pin-
dar. Nem. 6, 69. hence called Trie-
TERis, Stat. Thcb. 4, 722.; but after-
wards every five years, as the lUhmi-
au, PIk. 4, 5 f. 9. ; Hygin. 74. The
vi6kirs were crowned with pariley ; be-
caule, as it is faid, Kypfipyle laid the
child, when (lie left him, on a heap of
parJuey. Hygin. 'jj^. — The different cir-
cumibnces of this f^ory, embeiliilied
and enlarged, form the fubjeft of part
of the fourth, and the whole of the
fifth and fixth books of the Thebaid of
Statius. Add. Stat. Sih. 2f i, 181.
Opheltes, the father of Euryalus,
yirg. ^en. 9, 2Ci. ^ 2. The chief
ot a crew of Tufcan pirates, who ha-
ving carried off Bacchus from the i-
fland of Chios while overpowered with
wine and ileep, with an intention of
offering violence to him, were all turn-
ed into dolphins, to the number of
twelve ; CKcept Acoetca, the pilot, who
difapproved of tlieir conduct, Hygin. f.
134. ; Gvld. Met. 3, 605,-692.
Op HI AS, -adis, the daughter of O-
phius, i. c. CoMBE, who having elca-
ped the attempts of her fons to kill her,
was changed into a bird, Ovid. Met. 7,
3^3*
1 opt
OpHiOTi, 'onisy the father of Amy«
cus, who is hence called Ophionides,
G-oid. Met. 12, 345. ,
O P H I u c H u s, ( i. e. ferperdem vel art"
guem tmens, the man that holds the fer-
pent), the Greek name of a confteMa-
tion, called in Latin, Anguitenens,
Cic. N. D. 2, 42.; Manil. 1, 331.;
Ovid. Met. 8, l«2.
/.. OPIMIUS, conful a. u. 633,
who crufhed the tribune C. Gracchus,
Cic. Cat. I, I.; Or. 2, 25. and profe-
cuted the victory of the nobility over
the plebeians with great cruelty, SaJ^
iufl. Jug. 1 6, &: 42. Being afterwards
accufed of the murder of Gracchus, he
was acquitted by the people, Cic. Brut.
34. Being, a. u. 641, fent at the head
of an embaffy, (princeps legatioriis), to
divide the kingdom of Numidia between
Jugurtha and Adherbal, and being bri-
bed by Juguitha, he bafely betrayed
his trull, by making a divition favour-
able to Jugurtha, Sallti/i. Jug. 1 6. For
this he was afterwards brought to his
trial, by the Mamilian law, ib. 40. and
being condemned, Cic. Brut. 33.; Plane,
28 f. he went into banifhment ta
Dyracchium, where he died in want.
Cicero, from partiality to the party of
the patricians, infinuates, that this fcn-
tence was unjuft, ib.\ and notwithfland-
ing the cruelty and corruption of Opi-
mius, extols him in different parts of
his works, as a moll meritorious citi-
zen, {^virum praeclare de republica msri^
tu7n)t ib. & Sext. 67. There wasi
an uncommon vintage the year in which
Opimius was conful ; whence ViNUM
Opimianum was ufed proverbially
for the ir.oft excellent wine, Cic. Br.
83. ; Pdferc. 2, 7. j Martial, 9, 89,
&:c. ; Pdran. c. 34. Pliny fays, Opi-
mian wine was to be met with. in his
time, near 200 years after, Plin, 14,
4f. 6, & 14.
Oris, -is, one of the attendants of
Diana ; appointed by her to watch o-
ver Camilla, Firg. Jen. 11, 532. <?; 836.
whofe death fhe avenged by fhooting
Aruns, the author of it, ib. 85 S, &c.
— faid to be a Thracian by defcent,
{Threi/a), ib. i. e. one of the Hyper-
borean
O P P Jt
botean nympTis who attended Diana,
Callimach. IkL 292. ; Jipollodor. i, 4.» 4.
Oppia, a Vcftal virgin, piniifhed for
inceil:, Li'v.-i, 42.
Oppianicus, a firname of Statius
Albius, Cic. Cluent. 4, &c.
Sp. Oppius Cormcen, one of the
JDecem'viri^ I^iv. 3, 3^. the colleaf^^ue
and afiiilant of Appius Claudius, ib.
41, & 49. on which account being ac-
cufed and thrown into prifon, he laid
violent hands on hiinfelf, ib. ^^,
M. Oppius, appointed by the tri-
bunes of the ioldiers with Sex. Mari-
itus to have the chief command, in the
ieceffion of the people from the De-
cemnihi to mount Aventlne, Liv. 3,51.
C. Oppius, a tribune, who, in the
middle of the fecond Punic war, ( ^
Fabio et T. Sempronio Cofs, a. u. 541 ),
got a law paffed, that no matron ihould
have in her drefs more than half an
ounce of gold, nor ihouid wear a gar-
ment of different colours, nor ufe a
carnage in any city or town, or within
a mile of it, unleis on occafion of pu-
bhc facrifices, Liv. 34, 1. The repeal-
ing of this law occahoned violent dif-
putes, a. u. 559, Llv. ib. 5c c.
C. OPPIUS, the friend of Caefar,
Cic. Alt. 5, I. ; Stiet. Caef. 52, k 72.
who wrote feveral books, among the
reil a life of Pompey, Plutarch, in Pcmp.
fuppofed by fome to have been the au-
thor of the Alexandrian, African, and
iSpanidi wars of Caefar, Suet. Cccf. ^6.
Oppir, -crumj bankers or ufurers
from Velia ; uicnigma Oppiorum ex Vc-
lia jylane nan ink'iii^o, what you write
inyiterioufly about the Oppii ; or per-
haps their dark or obfcure exprefiions
concerning money-matters, dc. AtU 7,
13. Add. Ibid. 8, 7. Tu Oppios TcreU'
tiae dabisy you will order the Cppll to
j:«ay what they owe me to Terentia, ib,
10, 4. ^
OPSy -y. Opis, Opisy the goddefs of
the earth, the filler and wife of Saturn,
(G. 355- )» ^'^yS'^' ^39- ^^*^ ^'^'^'^ ^^"^^^
Cyb^le, 7ibu!L {,4, 68. Cicero makes
Go? the daughter of Ocean us and Sa-
ke ia, Cic. dc Uniwrf. \$. Aedes Opisy
the temple of Ops, Cic. Phil. J, 17.—
Op ALIA, 'lunif the feiUval day confe-
94 1 O R C
crated to O^'^, Fijius ; Macrob. Sat. i^
10.; Fnrr. L. L. 5, 3.
C. Sergius Ok AT ky (dl. Aurafa, Cico
Or. I, 39c), an Epicurean, Cic. Fin.
2, 22. who had a controverfy with M.
Marius Gratidianus, on account of a
bouie which he bought from him, Cic»
Orbimus pupUIus, a native of Be--
ncventum, wlio having ferved out his
time as a foldier, (funclus milifidjy firfl
in quality of a corneteer, and then on
horfeback, came to Rome when fifty
years of age, in the cim fulfil ip of Ci-
cero, and taught grammar with greater
fame than emolument. For when very
old, in fome of his writings he com-
plained of his poverty, and that lie was
obliged to lodge in a garret, [habltare
fub tegulis)y Suet, de Illuflr. Gram. c.
9. He was naturally of a rigid tem-
per ; whence Horace, who was his
fchular, complaining of his feverity,
calls him plagofus, a teacher who often
ufed the rod, Ilor. Ep. 2, i, 70. He
lived near to the age of a hundred.
After his death the people of Beneven-
tum ere(iled a marble ilatue tu his ho-
nour. Suet. ib.
P. Orbius, a lawyer, Cic. Brut. 48*
praetor in Aha, Cic. Place. 3 1.
O R E o N A , ( orbit atem avert ere credit a ) ,
a goddefs, who had a temple at Rome,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1$.
C. Orchinil's, the colleag>ie of Ci-
cero in the praetor ihip, Cic. Cluer.t. 34,
0:53.
ORCU3, a narae of Pluto, Cic.
Verr. 4, 50. Stygius OrcuSy Virg. A en.
4, 699. Orcus iwbts ducit pedes i Orcus
pulls you by the feet to the infernal
regions, i. e. you will be foon put to
death, Suet. A'er. 39. Oreo allqucm
maSare, to doom to death, lA-v. 9, 40.
Satelhs Orciy the life-guard, the mini-
iter or fervant of Orcus, the ferrym.an
of hell, i. e. Charon, Hor. Od. 2, 18,
34. So Orci portltory Virg. Aen. 4,
502. Janitor Orciy i.e. Cerberus, ib.
8, 296. P^apax OrcuSy rapacious Or-
cus, who carries off all things, Hor,
30. ViPiima nil miferantis Orciy of Pin-
to pitying nobody, 1. e. mercilefs, ib.
2,
if 5i
ORE r 2
24. FormuIah'diS Orel opesy the
power of formidable Pluto, Owd, Met,
14, 116. Impudens Orcum moror, I have
the impudence to make Pluto wait for
me, i. e, I continue to live when I
ought to die, Hor, Od. 3, 27, 50.
Orcus is often put for death, or the
infernal regions, Nigroque mvidet Orcoy
fc. euniy and extricates or refcues him
from gloomy death, /. e. renders him
immortal, ib. 4, 2, 24. M'ljfus ad luri-
dum Orcum fulminey to gloomy Tarta-
rus, Ih. 3,4, 75. Dimittere aliquem Or-
roy for ad Orcuniy to kill, Virg. Adti.
2, 398. Evocat an'imas orco, i. e. ex
infcrisy ib. 4, 242. Stygioque caput dam-
naverat Oreo, and had devoted her life
or herfelf to infernal Pluto, i. e. to
death, ih, 4, 699. Minos fedet arbiter
Orciy judge of Pluto, or of the infer-
nal regions, Propert. 3, 19, 27. Ubi
ratio cum Oreo hahetnr, where an ac-
count is kept with Orcus,- i.e, of thofe
who lofe their lives in cultivating an
unhealthful foil, Varr. R, R. i, 4, 3.
So Nam uhl fit cum Oreo ratio ponenduy
ibiy &c. where one mutl lay his account
with being expofed to certain danger,
Cel, I, 3> 2. Orcihi A^s A fponday a
bier in which the dead were carried to
be buried, [quod murtut ad Orcum eant)y
Martial, lo, 5,9. Orci\ i Jerintores,
thofe who got admittance into the fe-
nate after the death of Caefar by mo-
ney or favour, in confequence of the
pretended afts or writings of Caefar,
which were fuppofed to have been for-
ged by Antony, Suet. Jlvg. 7,^, fo called
in aliufion to thofe flaves who were
freed by the teilament of their mailer.
{Fid. R. A, ^Q,)
Oreades, -umy mountain nymphs,
Virg. Acn. 1 , 500.
Oresitrophos, -f, m. (i. e. In mon-
iihus nutritus)y one of Aftacon's dogs,
Ovid. Met. 3, 233.
Orestes, -isy the fon of Agamem-
non, (hence called Agamemnonius Ore/-
ies, Virg. Aen. 4, 471. ; Ovid, in I-
bin, 529.), and tlie great grandfon of
Pelops, (hence called Pelopeus Orejiesy
Lucan. 7, 778.), who Hew his mother
Iplyteniu^gllra for having murdered his
father ; on which account he was agi-
tated by the Furies, Virg. A:n. 3, 33 r.
and became diilraifted, Ovid. Pont. 2,
g, 45. His friend Pylades always at-
tended him, in company witji whom
he went to the Cherfonefus Tauricd^
where he found his fifter prteftefs to
Diana, and made his efcape with her to
Greece, carrying with him the image
of Diana, (G. 408.). It is faid that
O relies fivft brought this image to the
Grove of Aricia in Italy, Hygin. 259.
whence Diana worfliipped there is cal-
led Orejlea Diana, Ovid. Met. 15, 489.
Dea Orefteay Id. Pont, i, 2, %o. But
as tiie cruelty of the facred rites of Di-
ana difpleafcd the Romans, thougH
flaves only were facrificed to her, the
image [Diana) was tranfported to La-
cedaemon, where the cuilom of fcour-
ging boys before the altar of Diana
was long continued, Hygin. ih, — Oref-
tes is laid to have been killed by the
bite of a fsrpent, Ovid, in Ibiny 52^,
Cicero mentions him as an example of
true friend fhip, Fin. i, 20. Scenit
agitatus OreJlesy often adted on the ftagc
in a Hate of infanity, Virg. Aen. 4,
471. — ^eriptus et in tergOy et non Jinitut
Ore/hsy a verbofe or prolix tragedy cal-
led Orelles, which tilled not only the
inner fide of the parchment, but was
alfo written on the back, (a thing not
common), v»'ithout being finilhed, ^w-
venal. I, 6.
Cn. Aurellus Orestes, adopted by
Cn. Aufidius, whence he was called
Cn. Aufidius Oreftes, Cic. Dom. 13,
repulfed in his application for the of-
fice of tribune, Cic, Plane. 21. but gain-
ed the favour of the people by givinj^
them a public entertainment, Cic. 0^
2, 17. conful with P. Lentulus Sura,
a. 683.
L. Aurellus Orestes, coufui a. 627,
Cic. Brut. 28.
Aurelia Ore still a, the midrefs of
Catihne, Sallujl. Cat. 15. j Cic. Fam. 8,
7.
Orion, -onisy v. Orlonis, the fon of
Neptune and Euryale, ihe daughter of
Minos, a giant of immenfe fize, to
whom his father Neptune gave the
power
O R I [ ^Q-^ 1 ^ ^^
power of walking on the ft^i as on dry tyrant of Samos, Cic. Fin. 5, 30. ; iZ?-
land, u^pollodor. i, 4, 3. ; Hygin. Poet.
2, 34. whence Virgil calls him Magnus
^non, ^\. ^ett. 1 r, 763, &c. He is
(aid by fome to have been produced in
a miraculous manner, Hyg'in. 1 95.; Ovid.
Fq/I. 5, 534. Not only the birth, but
alfo the hfe and death of Orion, are
varioufiy represented by the poets, [G.
576.). After death he was ranked a-
jmong the conftellations, O'utd et Hygin.
tbld, ; Lucan. ^, 839.
ORION, -onis^ a Theban, whofe two
daughters, Metiocha and Menippa, in
lime of a peftflence, devoted themfolves
to death for their country, Onjid. Met,
f^f 692, &€.; j^nton. Liberal. Fab. 25.
ORITHyl A, the daughter of Erech"-
tlxeus king of Athens, and wife of Bo-
reas or Aquilo a king of Tiiraee, who
is put by the poets for the north wind,
and therefore is faid to have carried off
on his v/ings Orithy^ia, who was reluc-
tant to marry him, O-v'id. Met. 6, 682.
4fdfin. ; Clc. Leg. l, r from the banks
cf the river Ilyflus, Staf, Theh. 12, 630.
Hence (he is called Gelidi conjtix Aetata
(f. tf. Athenienfis) tyrannic O^id. Met.
§,711. So Aciias Orithyia^ Virg. G.
4, 463. et ibi Serv. Cscropiaj Val.
Flacc. I, 46^. Pam>Ion!A, from her
gi'andfather PandTon, Propert. i, 20, 3 r.
(G. 419.) — — «! 2. A queen of the A-
jnar.ons, "J^jlin. 2, 4,
Orodes, 'is, king of Parthia, Cic.
^am. 15, I. Att: ^^ 8. called aifo Ar-
saces, Id. Fam. 8, 14. whofe general
Surena defeated and flew Craflus gene-
j-al of the Romans, Dlo, 4c, 27. ; Llv.
Lplt. 106.; Flar. 3, I r. a. u. 701. Pa-
4-ereulus fays that this was done by O-
rodes in perfon, 2, 46.-^ Orcdes, en-
feebled by agej and overwhelmed with
grief for the lofs of his fon Pacorus,
\yid. Pacorus), refigned his crown
to his next cldeil fon Phraates, by
.vhom be w?is ioon after flain, a. u.
718, Dio, 49, 23. ; Jufin. 42, 4, &5.
Orodvs, -acy V. 'is, a Trojan, flain
by Mezentius, Virg. Am, 10, 732,
!&C.
Oroetes, a commander [praetor) of
.Diirlus, who crucihed Polycrates the
rodot. 3, i2«.
Oromedon, 'Ontis, one of the giants
that waged war againil Jupiter, Prop,
3, 8, 48.
Orontes, -is, (v. Oronti, contradled
for Orontei, from Oronteus, Virg. Aen.
I, 220.) a Trojan, the faithful com-
panion of Aeneas, who perifhed in a
ilorm, ib. 113. — The commander of
the Lycian fleet, ib. 6, ^34.
ORPHEUS, (2 fyl.j -el, v. -cos, the
fon of Apollo and of the mufe Calliope,
(G. 370.) or according to others, of
Oeager, v. Oeagrus, ApoUodor. i, 9,
16. ; Serv. ad Virg. G. 4, 524. a Thra-
cian poet, concerning the power of
whofe verfes and uiufic wonderful effefts
are told, Horat. Od. i , 12. pr. ; Ovid.
Met. 10. pr. et ii, 42. &c. Arillotle
affirmed, that there never exifted fuch
a poet as Orpheus ; and the Pythago-
reans afcribed the poem of Orpheus
[Orphicum carmen J to one Cercops, Cic.
Nat. D. I, 38. Orphea vox, the
voice of Orpheus, Ovid. Met. lO, 3.
Orphei tltulum rapuere theatri, the bac-
chanals fnatched up the wild beads,
which were Hftcning to Orpheus as in
a theatre, and were the glory of his
theatre, ib. 11, 22.
Orphidius Benignus, the lieutenant
of Otho, ^Lac. H. 2, 43, & 45.
Orses, -ae, a Trojan flain by Rapo
a Latin, Virg. Aen. 10, 748.
Orsilochus, a Trojan, Virg. Aen.
II, 636. flain by Camilla, ib. 690.
OsACES, -is, a Parthian general,
Cic. Att. 5, 10. who commanded the
Parthian army nominally under Pacorus,
the fon of Orodes, then a bov, Dio, 40,
28.
Oscus, the freedman of Otho, com-
mander of his fleet, Tac. H. r, 87.
OsiNius, king of Cluflum, Virg.
Aen. 10, 655,
Osiris, -is, v -Idis, a god of the
Egyptians, the iiufband of Ifis, [G.
391.) worfliipped alfo at Rome, Juve-
nal. 6, 540.; Tac. FUJI. 4, 84. Per
fandumjuratus Ojiriniy fvvearing by, Hor.
Fp. I, 17, 60. Os'tri invento, having
found a calf v/ith particular marks,
which
O S I [2
which the Egyptians worHiipped as
Ofiris or Apis, ywv. 8, 29. So Suum
pubes miratur OJirim, Tibull. I, 8, 27.
called Memphltes iosy ib. 28. (G. 605.)
Osiris, -/j-, a Rutiilian, flain by
Thymbracus, Fh-g. jlen. 12,458.
P, OsTORius Scapula^ governor of
Britain, under Claudius, Tac, Ann. 12,
3 1, an excellent commander, Tac, Agric,
14. who, having defeated and taken
prifoner Cara^lacus, one of the chief
princes of Britain, Tac, Ann, 12, 35,
& 36. reduced a part of the ifland into
the form of a province, ih. 38. Tri-
umphal ornaments v^^ere decreed to Of-
torius, ib. But being afterwards great-
ly haraffed by the Britons, and worn
out with cares, he died, to their great
joy, /^ 39.
Otanes, -/-f, V. -ae^ a noble Perfian,
who difcovered the impofture of the
Magiy and thereby caufed their de-
flrudion, (G. 607.)
Otho, a firname of feveral famlles.
L. Rojc'ius OTHO, tribune a. 686,
who got a law pafTed, appointing, that
fourteen rows or benches (gradus)
fliould be allotted to the Equites, next
to the ^)rcheftra^ where the ienators fat,
in the theatre and amphitheatre, Liv,
Ep'it, 119. hence Sic libitum vano, qui
Tios dijiirixiiy Othoni, Juvenal. 3, 159.
Ejjlce Jummam, Bis fcptem ordiiiibus quam
lex dignatnr Othcnisj make up the fum,
which the law of Otho makes requifite
to entitle one to fit in the fourteen rows,
i. e. 400,000 feilerces, the ellate of an
eques, Id, 14, 324. Othcne contempto<,
defpifmg the law of Otho, Hot\ Epod,
4, 15. i^Vid. Cicero,/'. 105.)
M. Salvius OTHO, emperor of
Rome, (G. 246.) was extremely pro-
fligate and prodigal in his youth, Suet,
2. ; Tac. H. s 13* ^^ 2, 50. After his
father's death, he infmuated himfelf in-
to the acquaintance of Nero, by means
of an old lady of great influence at
court, whom he married. Suet. ib. (to
which Juvenal is fuppofed to allude, i,
38.) and by a hmilai-ity of manners
foon became a chief favourite with that
, prince. Suet. ^ Tac. ibid. He feduced
Poppo;^a Sabina from her hulband
97 ] O T H
CrifpTnus, and married her, Tac. Atuu
13, 45. But Nero, having becomiC
fond of Poppoea, took her from Otho ;.
and being jealous of a rival, fent him
as legate or praefeft to Lufitania, which
Otho governed with great juftice for
ten years. Suet. 0th. 3. ; Tac. Ann. 13,
46. He was among the full that join-
ed Galba in his revolt againfl Nero^
Suet. ib. 4.; Tac, Hijl. I, 21. Wheit
Galba was made emperor, Otho ex-
peded to be adopted by him, but be,
ing difappointcd in this hope by Gid-
ba's adoption of Pifo, he determined to
attempt obtaining the empire by force;
which he effedled' with wonderful fuc-
cefs. Suet. Qth, 5,-8. ; Tac, H, 1,21^
— 27, But he did not long enjoy his
good fortune, for, being defeated by
Valens and Caecina, the generals of
Viteliius, near Bedriacum, and unwill-
ing to riHi; the lives of fo many brave
men on his account, he flew himfelf, in
the 37th year of his age, Suet. 0th. n. ;
Tac, H. 2, 58. Tacitus fays, that the
fortitude of Otho in performing this
deed, deferves to be as much extolled
as his ingratitude and cruelty to Galba
merit dctellation, ib. Such refolution
was very little to be expefked from
Otho*s mean appearance, notorious
effeminacy, and finical nicety about
drefs. Suet, 0th, 12. 'f Juvenal, 2> 99,
104, &c. He was, however, fo m.uch
beloved by his foldiers, that feveral of
them from grief are faid to have tlab-
bed themfelves near his funeral pile, and
in other places, Suet. ib. ; Tac. HiJl. 2,
49. Martial, who calls him Mollis Otho,
i. c. fffaeminatus, reprefents his death as
equal, if not fuperior, to that of Cato,
6, 32. Ot HON I AN I, fc. Mtlites,
the fcldiers of Otho, Tac, H. 2, 34,
35 • &:c. Gthcnianus cxercitus, ib 45.
Othriades, -ae, a Graecian, wound-
ed in the thigh by the boar of Calydon,
Ovid '•' et, 8, 371.
Othryades, -is, a Spartan, who,
when a difpute happened between the
Spartans and Argives about the tcrri-
toiy of 'I yrea, v. Thyrea, [de agro Ty-
reatCf), and the Amphidiyons having
determined, that the matter fhould be
P p decided
O T H
[ 295 3
o V r
decided by a feleft number of men on
both fides, was appointed to command
the Lacedaemonians, and Therfander
the Argives. Two of the Argives
furvived the combat, and went home
to tell of their v!6lor3\ But Othrya-
des, after they were p^one, though
wounded, fupporting himfelf on half
broken fpears, took off the fhields of
the enemies that were flain ; and ha-
ving erefted a trophy of them, infcrib-
ed on it with his own blood. To Ju-
PITEK, THE PROTECTOll OF TROPHIES.
The controverfy being renewed, the
Amphidyons having examined the
matter on the fpot, determined in fa-
vour of the Lacedaemonians, Plutarch.
ParalUL et Fal. Max, 3, 2, ExL 4. —
Herodotus relates the llory fomewhat
differently. He takes no notice of the
Amphiclyons, and fays thj^t there were
300 who fought on each fide, out of
the fight of both armies, who were re-
moved at a diilance, lell they flionid
affifl their countrymen if worfted. He
adds, that Othr)\ldes, after erefting
from Rome, (M'tU'ia qui novtes dljlat ah
urbe decern,) Ovid. Trift. 4, 10, 4. A.
U. 741, the year in which Hirtius
and Panfa the confuls were flain, (Cum
cscidit fato conful uterque pari,') ib. 6.; of
an ancient and opulent equeflrian fa-
mily, ib. 8. When very young he was
fent to Rome by his father to be in-
llrufted by the moft eminent mailers,
{ad infignes ah arte viros,) ib. 15. He
had a ftrong natural turn for poetry,
which his lather in vain endeavoured
to reilrain, ib. 19, &c. When he at-
tempted to wrice in profe, his words
fpontaneoufly fell into verfe, [Scrihere
conahar "verba foluta modls. Spo?ite fud
carmen numeros veniebat ad aptoi ; Et quod
tevtaham diccre, verfus erat,) ib. 24. —
V/hen fifty years of age, he was banidi-
ed by Augulhis to Tomi ; for what of-
fence is not known. He himfelf only
fays, Errorem jufjae, non feel us y fjf<^ fugne^
ib. 90. The loofenefs of his poetry
was made the pretext, Ovid. Triji. 2,
7, 8, 5< 2 1 1, &c. But the true rcafon
is fuppofed to have been Ovid's having
the trophy, flew himfelf, that he might accidentally witneffed fomething im^pro
not return home without his companions,
I, 82. Ovid, after having mention-
ed the advantages of the Romans' rc-
ligiouHy obferving land marks, addref-
fingthc God Terminus, fays beautiful-
ly : T ermine fan5ie^ — Si tu Jignajfes ohm
V^hyreatida terrain^ Corpora non leto rntf-
Ja trecenta forent ; ncc foret Othryades
congejiis ttctus in armts. 0 quantum pa-
triae Sanguinis ilk dedit ! Fait. 2, 663.
Othrys, -yosy a Trojan, the father
of Panthus, the prieil of Apollo j who
is hence called Glhryades, -ae, the fon of
Othrys, Virg. Aen. 2, 319.
Otreus, -eosy the fon of Ci'fTeus and
brother of Hecuba, killed by' Am.y^-
cu», Val. Flacc. 4, 163.
Otos, v. -us^ -iy the fon of A15eu3,
and brother of Ephialtes, a p-iant, l^irsr.
CuL 233.
Ovu, the wife of C. Lcllius, Cic.
Att. 21, & 24.
PuBLius OViDIUS Naso, O-
vid> a celebrated Roman poet, born
^t Sulmo, {Sulmonenfis ;) as he him-
felf informs us, ninety miles dillani
per or indecent in the conduct of Au-
guftus, ib. 97, — 108. or rather his ha-
ving been acccffory or privy to the in-
trigues of Julia, the grand-daughter of
Augufbis, who v.-as baniihed the fame
year with Ovid, Tac. Ann. 4, 71. ^/ 3,
24. ; Suei. Aug. 6^. Ovid hovi^ever al-
ways afferts his innocence, Tri/i. 2,9, &
10. ; Pont. 2, 9, 67, — 76. ; Tri/}. 4, 4,^
35, — 44, &c. and vindicates his Art of
Love, /3. 2 , 2 1 1 , Slc. 239, (Sec. 345,
&c. — Ovid when fent to Tomi was not
deprived of his rights and fortunes ;
and therefore in the edi6l of Augullus,
he v^as called relegatus, not exul,
Trifi. 2, 137. et 5, 2, ^6. et 5, 1 1, 9,
&c. He wrote many fuppliant and
flattering addreffes. to Auguftus and
his friends, in order to obtain leave to
return, or to change the place of his
baniihment, but without fuccefs. The
people of Tomi treated him with the
greated kindnefs and refpecl ; which
he celebrates, Molliter a vobis meafors
except a J Tomitae, &c. Pont. 4, 14, 47,
O V I
&:c. Ke died at Tomi in th
year of his exile, and the fifty-ninth of
his age, a. u. 771, on the firft of Ja-
nuary, the day on which Livy is faid
to have died. Moft of the works of
Ovid are ilill extant, and jnftly ad-
mired for their fweetnefs and eafinefs of
ftyle, and for their learning. They
abound in fine moral refle6lions, but
are highly reprehenfible in many places,
for their loofenefs on amorous fub-
jecls. Ovid, before he went into banifh-
ment, committed his Mdamorphofis* to
the flames as an unfinilhed work ; but
fome copies of it having been taken be-
fore, prevented that valuable poem
from being loil, Ovid. Tr'ijl. r, 6, 15,
5cc. Ovid compofed fome dramatical
works, but none of thefe remain. —
<^in£lilian greatly extols a tragedy of
his, called Medea, [Owdii Medea
■videlnr mihl ojlendere, quantum vir ilk
praejlare potiterit, Ji ingeniofuo temperare^
quam indulgere, maluiff'd,^ 10, I, 98.
The facility with which Ovid wrote
his verfes, and his want of care to po-
li(li them, rendered his compofitions
too luxuriant, and lefs correcl than
thofe of Virgil and Horace. Hence
(^uinftilian lays of him, Lafcivire in
Metamorphfjfi folet, 4, 2, 77. Lafcivus
qiildem in Heroicis quoque Ovidiusy et ni-
miu/n amaior ingenii Jui ; laudandus ta~
men in partihus, 10, i, 88, & 93.
Ovius, a perfon who brought Ci-
cero tidings of his fon from Athens,
(fed. ahat.) Cic. Att. 16, i.
a Ronjan eques, Cic.
a friend of Atticus,
T. Pacavius,
Mil. 27.
M. Paccius,
Cic. Att. 4, 1 6.
L. Junius PACCiACCtTS, a Spaniard,
made a Roman citizen by Caefar, Cic.
Fam. 6, 18. ; Hirt. B. Hifp. 1 6.
Pacidianus, a gladiator, Cic» Tufc»
4> 21.
M. pACiLius, Cic. Verr. 2, 38, &
40.— Pa Ci LI AN A domus, the houfe of
* In Englilh it is pronounced Me tamorjholis.
[ 299 3 P A E
eighth Pacilius, which Cicero's brother wiih»
ed to purchafe, Cic. Jtt. i, 14 f.
Paconius, one who complained of
Q^Cicero, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 1,6.
AI. Paconius, the lieutenant of
Silanus, proconful of Afia, condemned
by Tiberius, Suet. Tih. 61, & 43. ; Tac,
Jinn. 3, (id.
PAC6RUS, V. -es, -ae, the eldcft
fon of Orodes, king of Parthia, Cic^
Att. 5, 18. Fam. 15, I. married to the
daughter of the king of Armenia, ih*
15, 3. ; cut off with his army by Ven-
tidius, a. u. 715, Dio, 49, 20. ; Paterc.
2, 78. ; Juftin.^2,^ 4, 6. et 16, 17. y
Flor. 4, 9. Pacori manus. the army of
Pacorus, lior. Od. 3, 6, 9. <[[ 2. A
king of Parthia, in the time of Trajan,
Plin. Ep. 10, 16.— Pacorus feems to
have been a common name of the kings
of Parthia, as feveral fo called are men-
tioned by Tacitus, Ann. 15, 2, &c. Hijl.
5,9.; G. 37.
M. PACUVIUS, a tragic poet,
born at Brundufium, the filler's fon of
Ennius, Gell. i, 24. the friend of Lae-
h'us, Cic. Amic. 7. ; })raifed by Horace,
Ep. 2, I, 56. and QuinAilian, 10, i,
97. ; but faid to'be rough and inelegant,
citra nitorem, ib. Hence, Attonitufque
legis ternii, fugiferai, Accius et quidquid
Pacuviufque vomunty Martial. 11, 91, j^.
So Per/. I, 77. Pacuvianus i/Z?,
qui in Chryfe phyf.cus inducitur, the na-
tural phiiofopher, who is introduced
in the play of Pacuvius, called Chry-
SEs, Cic. Div. li SI'
PACUVIUS Ca/avius, a nobleman
of Capua, the chief author of the revolt
of that city from the Romans to Han-
nibal, ZiVy. 23, 2, & 3. When the
fon of PaciTvius wifhed to flay Hanni-
bal at a feaft, and thus free his coun-*
try from the Carthaginians, he was
with difficulty prevented by his father .
ib. 8, 9.
Paean, -atiis, a name of Apollo, ^u-
venal. 6, 171. ; Ovid. Art. Am. 2, i.;
Suet. Ner. 39. Signum Paednis, the
ftatue pf Apollo, Cic. Vefr. 4, 57.,,
Et Pasana voca, invoke the god Paean,
or ApoUo, Ovid. Met. 14, 72^^— *«.^ 2.
P p 2 ^
P A E [ ^co
A kind of hymn in praife of Apollo,
Clc. Or. ! , 59. an exclamation or fong of
vidory, Virg. Aen. 10, 738. etihiServ.\
any fong or hymn, Virg. Aen. 6, 657.
Herculeum paeana canunty a hymn in
praife of Hercules, Stat. Theb, 4, 154.
Paean, -antisy the father of Phi-
lodletes ; who is hence called Paean-
TlADEs, (Jvid. Met. 13, 313. Paeantius,
Ovid. Trill. 5, I, 61. et 5, 2, 13. Pae-
antius Hercul'is haeres., Id. in Ibin, 255.
Paeantiuj heros. Id. Rem. A. 1 1 1 . Pont.
1, 3, 5. Fief. POEAN.
PAEON, -onis, a famous phyfician,
who cured Pluto, when grievoufly
wounded by Hercules, Homer. II. 5.
401. ; whence Paeoniae herhae, me-
dicinal herbs, of fovereign virtue or
powerful effeft, Virg. Aen. 7, 769.
Paeonium in morem, after the manner
of Paeon, i, e. girt in the mode of a
phyfician, ib. 12, 401. Ope Paeonia,
by the aid of medicine, O'Did. Met. 15,
535. Paeonia, -acy a certain me-
dicinal herb, faid to have been difcover-
ed by Paeon, PUn. 25, 4.
Paeonius, a rhetorician, under
whom the fon and nephew of Cicero
■ICicerones) ftudied, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, 3.
PAETUS, a firname of the Pa-
piRii, Cic. Fam. 9, 16. and of the
AELif, Cic. Cluent. 26. ; one of whom
prefented Cicero with the library left
by his brother, Cic. Alt. 2, i.
Paetus, (al. Petrus,) a Greek,
prefented with the freedom of Rome
by Caefar, Cic. Phil 13, 15.
Caecinna PAETUS. Viil. Arria.
PALAEMON, -o«;V, the fon of
Ino, {Indus, Virg. Aen. 5, 823.) and
of Athamas, {Athcmantiades^ Ovid.
Met. 13, 919*) ; called alfo Melicerta,
V. -tes, and by the Latins Portumnus,
Ovid. Fqft. 6, 547. ; turned into a fea-
god, (G. 427.; Cic. N. D. 3, 15.;
Stat. TheL'^y 421, et ibi La^anf.) in
whofe honour the Illhmian games were
'inftituted, Stat. Theb. 6, 10, & 557,
et ibi La8ant. Hence, Palaemoniae co-
'ronae, chaplets of pine leaves, v/ith
which the viftors at the. Ifthmian
games were crowned, Claadian, de Con-
■fill Tbcod. 289.} Plin, 15, ic.— — f 2.
1 PAL
The name of a fhepherd, Virg. EcK
5» ?^-
Palaephatus, an ancient Greek au*
thor, who wrote a book, entitled, De
incredibilibus. Palaephatia vox, the
writings of Palaephatus, whether of
him who wrote the book jull mention-
ed, or not, is uncertain, Virg. Cir. 88.
PALAMeDES, .is, the fon of
Nanplius, [Naupliades), king of Eu-
boea, a defcendant of Beliis, [Belldcs),
Virg. Aen. 2, 82. put to death by the
Greeks, through the craft of Ulyffes,
(G. 453.) Palamedeae 'viresy the
itrength of Palamedes, Manil. (4, 206.
PaleTiicdeum inventum, ingenious.
Pales, -is, the goddefs of ihepherds,
Ovid. Faji. 4, 721, & 776.; Virg. G.
3, 1, & 294.; Tibull. I, I, 14.
PaLilia, vel Parilia, -ium, v. .ioruni,
the feftival in honour of Pales, Varr,
R. R.2, I, 9.; L. L. 5, 3. ; Tihidl,
2, 5, 87. ; v/hich was celebrated on the
2 ill April, the day on which Rome
was faid to have been founded, {Pa-
rilibus natali urlis, Cic. Div. 2, 74,
Parilihus Romam condidit Romulus, VelL
I, 8. Fejlifque Paldibus urbis Moenia
conduntur, Ovid. Met. 14, 774.) F. 4,
806. Flamma Palilis, the iiame of Pa-
les, made at her facred rites, by rub-
bing one ftone on another, Ovid. F. 4,
798. Sidus Palilicium v. Pariliciumy
the conflellation Hyades ; fo called,
becaufe it nfed to fbine bright on the
night of the feftival of Pales, PUn. 18,
26 f. 66. Some make Pales a god,
Serv. ad Virg. C 3, I» ; Arnob. 1. l, et
Palfurius Sura, v. Palphurius, a fa-
mous orator in the time of Domitian,
Suet. Dom. 13. ; Juvenal 4, 53. ; Mar-
tial 6, 64, 13.
Palici, two brothers, the fons of
Jupiter by the nymph Thalia ; or ac-
cording to others, of Vulcan by Aet-
na, the daughter of Oceanus ; wor-
fhipped as deities by the Sicilians near
Catana ; fometimes ufed in the fing.
Palicus, Virg. Aen. Q, 585. et Mac-
rob, Sat. 5> 19' Stagna Palicorum, the
pools of the Palici, whence they were
fuppofed
PAL t 301 ]
fuppofed to have emerged, Ovid. Md, Homer.
5, 406. et Macroh. ibid* Oknt'ia (lagna
Palic'i, Id. ex P. 2, 10, 25. The tem-
ple of the Palici flood near thefe ful-
phureous fpn'ngs, where folemn oaths
were adminKtered, and falfe fwearers
were drowned in the lake, S'll. 14, 220.
(ti Macroh. ih.
Palinurus, the fon of iafus, i^ya-
s7des), the pilot of Aeneas, P^irg. A.
5, 12. who being overpowered by the
god SoMNus, or fleep, fell from the
Itern, and was drowned near the pro-
montory of Italy, afterv/ards called by
liis name, Virg. Am. 5, 833, &c. {^sx
*axjv. rurfusy et vpuv, nujere, i. e. bis me-
jensy Martial. 3, 78.)
Palladius, a writer on hufbandry,
in the time of the Anton ines or later,
whofe works are ftill extant.
PALLAS, -adisi (properly called
by the Latins Minep.va), the goddefs
of wifdom and of war, of fpinning and
weaving, alfo of feveral other arts, &c.
[Mille dea ejl operum, Ovid. Fail. 3,
833.) faid to have fprung, by the ftroke
of Vulcan, from the brain of Jupiter,
armed with her lliield, (G. 363.).
{^De capitis fertur Jine mat re paterni Ver-
tice cum clypeo projlluijfe fuu, Ovid. F. 3,
841.) Hence, Ovid, fpcaking of his
poems, fays, Palladis exemploy de me fi-
ne mat re creata Carmina funt^ Trift. 3,
14, 13. — Princeps et invent rix belli, Cic.
N. D. 3, 21. Armifona, v/arlike, Firg.
Aen, 3, 544. turbata, enraged, ib. 8,
435.; innuptaj unmarried, the virgin,
ib, 2, 31. IntaBae Palladis urbs, the
city of the chafle Pallas, i. e. Athens,
Hot. Od. I, 7, 5. Pallas iniquafuit, fc.
Teucris, OvieL Tr. i, 2, 8. Gorgonls
anguife?'ae peBus operta comis, having her
breaft or bread-plate covered with the
hair of the fnaky Gorgon, Propert. 2,
2, 8. So Ovid, Met. 4, 803. Jam
Pallas aegida parat, her aegis or golden
breaft-plate, in the middle of which was
the head of the Gorgon Medufa, Hor,
Od, I, 15, II. Aegida horriferam, —
ipfamque in pe&ore Divae Gorgona, de-
fe&o vertentem lumina collo^ Virg. Aen.
8, 435, &c. etibi Serv.; Martial 7, i.j
PAL
II. 2, 447, &c. 5, 738, &c.
JDefenditur aegids pe&us, Ovid. Met. 6,
79. The aegis is alfo put for the
ihield of Pallas or Jupiter, Hor. Od. 3,
4, 57. ; Firg. Aen. 8, 354. Palladis
arbor, \.\\Q. olive, Ovid. Met, 6, 335.;
Art. A. 2, $iS. So Palladis rami,
Virg. Aen. 7, 154. hence Pallade pin-
gui tingere membra, with oil, Ovid. Ep. 19,
44. So Infufd Pallade, i. e. oleo. Id. Tr.
4, 5, 4. Baccifera Pallas, the olive bear-
ing berries, i.e. olives. Id. Amor. 2, 16,
8. — — — Palladis ales, i. e. the raven,
[c'jrn.ms). Id. Fad. 2, 89. Palladis
ars, the art of making wool into cloth.
Id. Pont. 3, 8, 9. Alia Palladis arte,
i. e. by war, not by fpinning and wea-
ving, Ovid. Art. i, 692. Pallas
is fometimes put for an image of her,
which was kept in the citadel of Troy;
thus, Ovid. Met. 13, 99. Hie locus eji
Vejlae, qui P alladafervat et ignem. Here
is the temple of Veila, which contain*
the palladium and the facred fire, ///.
Tr. 3, I, 29. So Pallada Roma tenet^
Id. Faft. 6, 424. Palladu honoresy
the honours offered by Pallas to Paris,
wifdom and valour, Ovid. Ep. 17, 133.
Palladia nurnine tuta fugit, ( al. fuit fc.
navisj, by the power of Pallas, Ovid.
F. I, -9, 12. Palladia miinera, i. e. the
flute thrown away by Pallas, which
Marfyas found, Lucan. 3, 405. ; Ovid»
Fajl, 6, 703. ; Apollodor. , 4, 2
Palladii latices, oil. Id. M. 8, 275. Et
tu, (al. tua), Palladiae peiitur cui pal-
ma coronae, who art a candidate for an
olive crown, the prize of the vigors
at the Olympic games, Ovid. Art. A.
I, 727. arbor, the olive, Sil. i, 238.
Difficile s primum terrae Palladia gau'
de?it fylvd vivacis olivae, in the firft
place, unfertile grounds dehght or re-
joice in the wood of the long-lived o-
live, facred to Pallas, Virg. G.z, i8i.j
Plin. 16, 44 f. 90. Pcdladiae arces^
i. e. Athens, jvid. Met. 7, 399, &:
723.; but Fid or Palladiae ligneus arcis
equus, the wooden horfe which van-
quifhed the citadel of Troy, confecra-
ted to Pallas, Propert. 3, 9, 42. Pal-
ladia rails ^ the (hip Argo, made by the
advice
PAL [302
advice of Pallas, Id. in Win, 268. So i
j^u/^pisi Val.Flac. 8, 292.; opusy Phaedr.
4. 6.
Palladium, the image of Pallas,
'^•hlch was faid to have fallen from hea-
ven on the citadel of Troy, Oviii. F.
6,421. There was a prediftiou that
Troy would (land as long as this Image
{hould remain in the temple of Miner-
va ; on which account It was preferved
with religious care. But It was ftokn
away by UiyfTes and Diomedes, [Fa-
tale ajrrejji fucrato avellers templo Palla-
dium,) Virg.Acn.2, 169.; Add. S'll.
^2, 41, — 50. Hence Palladli fiiriay
VIrg. Aen. 9, 151. to which Cicero
alludes, Mil 12. Hanc pro Pallad'w —
efgiejn Jiafuere, fc. Graeciy have ereft-^
ed' this image of an horfe in place of
the Palladium, ib. 2, 183.—- — There
was another image of Pallas in the ci-
tadel of Troy, ib. 227. and perhaps fe-
veral. Aeneas is fnppofed to have car-
ried one of thefe along with him^ into
Italy. It was after vvards rcllgioufly
preferved, together with the Penates ^
in the temple of Vefta at Rome, ( Vid.
R. Ant. p. 316.) Lucan. 9, 994. ; Liiu
5, 2 2. To this Cicero alludes, Phil.
If, 10.
PALLAS, -antisy an Arcadian, the
great-grandfather or progenitor, [proa-
vus)) of Evauder, P^ir^. Aen, 8, 5 i. af-
ter whom Evandcr called the town or
fortrefs, which he built on one of the
hills on which Rome afterwards Rood,
Pallantarum, ih, 54. [Fid. Geogr.
3 P A M
i.e. next morning. Id. F. 4, 573. — cY
Pallantis, -7dis, Sexto Pallantldos or"
her OS y Evan-
id. F. 5.
Index. ) Pa l l a n't 1 u s
dcr defcended from Pallas,
647-
PALLAS, -antis, voc. Palky Ovid.
Fail. I, 521. the fon of Evander, Virg.
Aen. 8, 104. ; fent by his father with
a body of cavalry to alTift Aeneas, ib.
514, 585, &:c. flain by Tunius, ib. 10,
487. ^ •
Pallas, -antis, a giant, faid by fome
to have been the father of Aurora ;
whence that goddefs is called PaLL .^N.
TiAs, -adis, Ovid. Met. 9, 420. Prac
via luci PaUantiusy Aurora who goes
before the light, //;. 15, 191. Pojiera
cum caclo motis Pallaniias djlris Fuljerit^
tuy at the fixth rifing of Aurora, or
the dawn, i. e. on the fixth day, Ovid.
Met. 15, 700. Pallantide caefus eddem
Didiusy on the fame morning or day.
Id. F. 6, 567.
Pallas, -antisy an Athenian, the
father of Clytos and Butes, the com-
panions of king Cephalus, who are
hence called Pallante creati, Ovid. Met.
7, 500. \dfaiiy ib. 665.
Pallas, -aniisy the freed man of
Claudius, who, by means of his extra-
ordinary power, acquired immenfe ri-
dies, Tac. Ann. Ii, 29.; Suet. CI. 28.
which at laft proved his ruin. For Ne-
ro (whom he had been in ftru mental va
raifing to the empire, by bringing a-
bout the marriage of Agrlppina, the
mother of Nero, with Claudius, Tac.
Ann. 12, 2. and by perfuading Clau-
dius to adopt Nero, and to prefer him
to Britannicus his own fon, ib. 25. j
firft removed him from his public offi-
ces, ib. 13, 14. and at laft poifoned
him, becaufe by living to a great age
he prevented that emperor from ob-
taining his exorbitant wealth, [quod
immenlam pecuniam longd fenecld detineret^y
lb. 14. 65 f. — Pallas poiTeiTed no lefs
than three mUlIons of fefterces, (fejler-
tii ter mlUies p^jf^ij'orjy computed at a-
bout L. 2,421,875 of our money, Tac,
Ann. 12, 53. The fervility of the fe-
nate, in decreeing honours to this mi-
nion while in the height of his power,
exceeds belief, ib. et Plin. Ep. 7, 29. ct
8,6.
Pallas, -antisy the father of one
of the five T^Iinervas mentioned by Ci-
cero, fiain by his daughter for a juil
reafon, Cic. iV". Z>. 3, 23.
Pallor, -orisy Palenefs, a divinity,
to which Tullus Hoftihus vowed a
temple, Lii). 1,27.
P'a?vimenes, -is, an eloquent Greek
rhetorician, the teacher of M. Brutus,
L ic. Brut. 97- a great admirer of De-
mofthenes, Cic. Or. zg.
Pampkilus, a fcholar of Plato's,
Cic. M D. 2, 26. • ^ 2. A Greek
rhetorician, "Cif. Or. 3, 21. ^3. A
painter.
PAN
t 303 ]
PAN
painter, the praeceptor of Apelles and
Paufias, Pl'm, 35, 11 f. 40. Pam-
pbilus is a name frequent in comedy,
Ter.
PAN, PaniSi V. -CJ-, ace. Pana, the
fon of Mercury and Penelope, Hygin.
224. the god of fhepherds, worfliipped
in a fpeclal manner by the Arcadians.
Deus Arcad'tac^ Virg. Eel. 10, 26. pe-
corisj Ovid. Fart. 2, 271. CuJIos ovii/m,
Virg. G. I, 17. called Inuus by the
Latins, Liv. I, 5. reprefented with
two fmall horns on his head, and the
feet of a goat, Herodot. 2, 46. hence
called conitpi'Sf Sii. 13, 338. of a very
amorous difpofitlon, (G. 380.). Se-
veral deities of this name are mention-
ed ; thus, P'lnu praecinSit cornua Panes y
Ovid. Met. 14, 638. Biformes Panes,
Columel. 10, 427. Caprlpedes Panes,
Propert. 3, 15, 54. (al. 3, 17, 34.)
Mcntatiaque numtna Panes, Ovid. £p.
4, 171. Panes, et hi Venercm Safyrorum
p}-onajiiventus. Id. Fart, i, 397. When
the gods were terrified at the enormous
(ize of the giant Typhon, (G. 437.),
Pan advifed them to conceal thcmfclves
from him under the form of wild beads;
on which account he was ranked among
the conilellations ; and becaufe on that
occafion he changed himfelf into a goat,
he was called by the Greeks Aegoc'erus,
and by the Latins Capricornus, Hy-
gin. 196. Panicus terror, a panic,
a fudden fright or caufelefs alarm,
which Pan was fuppofed to be the au-
thor of, Val. Place. 3, 46. ; Ck. Fam.
16, 23.
Pan I SCI, (q. Panes par'vi), wood-
land divinities, Ck.N.JD, 3, 17. fmg.
Panifcus, Cic. Div. 2, 21. ; Plin. -2^^,
II.
PANAETIUS, a floic philofopher
of Rhodes, the praeceptor of Scipio
Africanus the Younger, Ck. Or. i, 11.
Cff. I, 26. bywdiom he was greatly re-
fpedled, Ck. Att. 9, 1 2. the praeceptor
alfo of feveral others, Ck. Br. 26, &
30. Or. I, II. He ridiculed the pie-
diflions of augurs and aftrologers, Ck.
Div. I, 3, & 7. ^-Z 2, 42. He wrote very
accurately concerning the duties of
man, Cic. CJf. 1,2, et ^, 2. and Cicero
acknowledges that he borrowed much
from him in his book of Offices, (P^z-
naetius, quern muhiim in his lihris Jecutus
fiim. Off. 2, 17. ^temqiie nos, correc-
tione quadam adhib'itdy polijjimum fecuti
fumus, ib. 3, 2.). He wrote feveral o-
ther books ; as, concerning the bear-
ing of pain, Cic. Fin. 4, 9. providence,
Cic. Att. 13, 8. the duties of magiftrates^
Cic. Leg. 3, 6, &:c.
Pandarus, a Trojan, the fon of
Lycaon, who, at the inftigation of
Pallas, broke off a propofed agreement
between the Trojans and Greeks, to
decide their quarrel by fmgle combat
between Menclaus and Paris, by throw-
ing a dart among the Greeks, and
wounding Menelaus, Homer. //. 4, 88,
&c.; Virg. Aen. 5, 496. Fie v/as flain
by Diomedes, ih. 5, 290.
Pan DION, -onis, a king of Attica,
(G. 418.), whofe daughter Procne
married Tereus king of Thrace, Ovid.
Met. 6, 426, &c. Pandione nata, Phi-
lomela, the other daughter, violated by
Tereus, ib. 520. Procne, ib. 634. Gf-
nitae Pandlone, the daughters of Pan-
dion, Procne and Philomela, ih. 665.
metamorphofed into birds, Philomela
into a nightingale, and Procne into a
fwallow, il. 668. Thus, cum bene ftt
claujae caved Pandione natae, (i.e. lufci-
niae), Nititur in Jihas ilia redire fuas.
Id. Pont. I, 3, 39. Ales Pandionis, a
fwallow, Lucan. ad Pif. 2^^. Pandioii
died of grief for the misfortunes of his
daughters, ib. 675. Pandioniae
Athenae, Athens, once governed by
Pandion, Oi^id. Met. 15, 430. Mons
Pandionius, the citadel of Athens, Stat.
"Theb. 2, 720. called Pandioniae arcesy
Claudian. de Rapt. Proferp. 2, 19,
PANDoRA, a woman made cf
clay by Vulcan, animated by Minerva,
and adorned by the other gods with
their proper gifts ; whence her name,
(q. omne donum, vel ab omnibus donatOf
Vid. G. 435.), Hygin. 142.
Pandrosos, -/, a daughter of Ce-
crops king of Athens, Ovid. Met. 2,
559. voc. Pandrofo, vel -e, ib. 738.
Panomphaeus, -/, an epithet of
Jupiter, {^ex jca; omnis, et o^^, vox : quod
omnium
PAN [ so
cfxn'ium voces audiat, vel cmn'ium 'vocihus
coIatur)y Ovid. Met. ii, 198.
Pamope, -esy a fea-nymph, one of
the Nereids, O'vid. ad Lh. 435. vel Pa-
no? E a, Virg. Jen. 5, 240, & 825. G.
'c. Vwius PANSA, conful with
Hirtlus, In the year after the death of
Caefar, Ctc. Phil. 5, 19. He died of
the wounds which he received In the
battle of Mutina, Cic. Fam. 10, 33.
conf. Id. ad Brut. 6. PkiL 11,9.
Pantaleon, -oni'iSy a chief of Ae-
tolla, Liv. 42, 15.
Pant HE A, the wife of Abradates
V. Abradatas, king of Sufa, who be-
ing taken prifoner by Cyrus, and be-
ing treated by him with great refpeft,
brought over her hufband to his inte-
rcft. She killed herfelf on the body of
her hufba-nd, who had fallen in battle,
XenopLCyrGp."!.
Panthous, the father of iinpnor-
bus; who is hence called Pant ho ides,
Ovid. Met. 15, 161. and becaufe Pytha-
goras, in proof of his doarine concern-
tlic tranfinigration of fouls, pretended
that his foul had animated the body of
Euphorbus, i3. therefore, Pythagoras
is alfo called Panteoides, Hor. Od. i,
28, 10. FzW. Euphorbus f/ Pytha-
goras.
PanthUs, -f, (contrafted for Pan-
thoos,) the fon of Oireus or Othrys,
{Otnades v. Othryades ;) the pricft of
Apollo, whofe temple was in the cita-
del of Troy, {arcls Phoellque facerdcs,)
Virg. Jen. 2, 319. voc. Panthu, ib.
322.
PAPIUS, the name of a Roman
gens; whence Lex Papia Poppaea,
propofcd by the confiils M. Paplus and
Q. Poppaeiis, at the defire of Auguf-
tus, a, u. 762, Z)ic, 56, 3, & 4. {Vid.
A. 212.)
C. Papius, a tribune, who got a
law made, that foreigners fliould be
obliged to lea^e the city, a. u. 688. ;
£>io, 37, p- 33- • ^'"^' '^'''=^'>- 5- ^^^\'
2 3. JtU 4, 14. which Cicero very much
difapproves, Of. 3, 11.
- Papiniaxus, a celebrated lawyer,
in great favour with the emperor Se-
4 ] PAR
verus ; who at his death recommended
to him the care of his fons Caracalla
and Geta. When Caracalla had mur-
dered his brother, he commanded Pa-
pinian to palliate the deed in the fe-
nate ; but he declined it by faying,
that it was eafier to commit parricide
than to excufe It : on which account
he was beheaded, Spartlan. Sever. 21.
From Paplnlan, ftudents of law were
called Pai'inianistae, jujliman. In E-
pljlola Pandcclls praefixd.
PAPIRIUS, the name of an Illuf-
trious Roman ^f/?^. The Papirii an-
ciently were called Papisii, Cic. Fam.
9, 21. The Paplrllw&rt diftinguilhed
by various firnames ; as, Carho, Craf-
fuSy Curfor^ Alafoy AlugiUdnusj Sec.
L. PAPIRIUS Mugllldnus, the
firll cenfor, Lh. 4, 8. with L. Sem-
pronius Atratlnus, a. u. 312. Cic. Fam.
9, 21.
L. PAPIRIUS Curfory who as con-
ful and dictator repeatedly triumphed
over the Samnites, Liv. 8, 29, 5cc. 9,
14, &c. His rigid difclphnc, efpeclal-
ly in prorecuting his m.aftcr of horfe
for fighting, although with fuccefs,
contrary to orders, Llv. 8, 3dj| — 35.
gave occafion to the exprefiion, Papi-
EIANA SACVITIA, Llv. I O, 3.
L. Papituus Craffus, di£lator a.
615, and then confal with Duillus, a.
617, Ctc. Fam. 9, 21.
L. Papirius Fregellanusy the moH
eloquent man of his time, Ck. Brut»
46.
M. Pahrius, a Roman equesy mur-
dered by P. Clodius on the Fla Jppluy .
Cic. Mil. 7. Dom. 19.
L. Papihius P actus y the friend of
Cicero, Cic. Jtt. i, 20. ; an epicurean,
a man of learning and wit, Cic. Fam. 9.
Paralus, an Athenian, who firll
conftruded a triremis, Cic. Verr. 4,
60. ; Plin. 7,56.
PARCAE, -arnmy the three Fates,
Clotho, Lachefis, and Atropos, (hence
Tot rejlant de menje diesy quot nomina
Parcisy i. e. three, Ovid. Faji. 6, 795.)
faid to be the daughters of Erebus and
Nox, Cic. N. Z). 3, 17 f. or of Jupiter
and Themis, Hcfwd, ; fuppofed by the
♦ poets
PAR C 30j: 3 PAR
poets to determiiic the life of man by cut it, {Clotho colum tenet., Lachejh
ipinning, and to predict what was to mty Atropos Jilum frangit^) Laftant. i,
happen to him: (-lotho held the diltafF, 1 1. But their offices are not always
Lachefis fpan the thread, and Atropos diflinguifhed *,
* Catullus who gives a particular defcxij)- clofe, ib. 148. V'ik operi cunBag duxtra pro-
tion of the Parcae, makes each of them both peranteforores lu^chnt ; laJJ'anl rumpente:Jlaminfi
'■"'"" ' " * Parcas, AU the three filters are fcarcely fuf-
to hold the diftafF and at the fame time to
fpin, 60, 304, — 320. Then he makes them
conclude every part of thtir prtciitflions con
cerninj; Achilles with this line, Curriie duceri'
tes ful/temxncty cuiriti /i</t, Ren, run, ye fpin-
dles, drawing oat the wcof, iL 327, ^c.
Thus Virjnl, Tal'w faecla^Juis d'txerur.t, currite,
flips Caicadi'S fiabili fatorvm numine Farcae.
The Fartac agreeing with the fixt determi-
nation or order of the Fates, faid to their
fpindlcs, Run on, y^ ages, in this manner,
i. e. continue without jntermilli':n, and with-
out end, in x\\t prefcrt happy ilate, Ed. 4,
46 When t!-e Defkinies intended a long or
happy life to any man, they were fuppofed
to Ipin a white thread ; it the contrary, a
black thread ; thus, Pofiquavt Parcae meliora
ienigna Pen/a mantt ducunt hilares, et JIaminis
all/:, Lanipcae, Since the Purcae fpin threads
of a white colour, 1, e. promife long life and
profperity, 'Juvenal. 12, 64. iJum Lacheft
fuperej}, quod torgueat^ while Lachefis l;as fome
thread to fpin, ;. <?. while I have the prolpe«5l
of living a long time, Id. 3, 27. So, Dum
Jorarum Fila triu^i patiuntur atra, while the
Llack threads of three fifter?, /. e. the Parcae^
allow, Ho^. Od. a, 5, 15, Si mihi lumfcae
ducufit non pulla furores jiamina, threads that
are not black, /. e. which do not threaten
death, Mart'wl. 6, 58, 7. Ultima I'ohentcs
crabat pen/a farcris Vt itahercnt parva jlamina.
mora, i. e. he entreated the fifiers (the Def-
tinies) to fpare him a little longer, Id. 4, 73,
3. Sed grave tardas ExpeSiare cohs. Morie-
ris famine notidum Alripio, But it is irkfome
(for your fon) to v. ait the flow dillafTs of the
Fates. You fliall die, your thread not yet
being broken, /. e. your fon will tut you ofi"
by poifon, to enjoy your eilate, Id. 14, 248.
At ruea Cktho Et Lachefis gaudent, fi. Sec. my
defcinies rejoice, i. e. 1 am pkafed, or fatisfied,
Jd. 9, 135. Lan'fcas nulli ires exorare puellas
Contigit, i^bfervant quern Jiatuere diem, No one
has been able to prevail on the Fates to delay
the day of his death. Martial. 4, 54, 5. So
Immites fcis nulla revolvers Parcas Stamifiqy
Stat. Theb. 7- Hunc cecir,erC diem Pai cae fa-
talia nentes Stamina, non ulli (i^Jjoluenaa dee, Ti-
buU. I, 7 f. 8, I. Efis io Suftri, nsc itiexora-
iile Clothe Volvit cpvs. There are gods, nor i.s
fate inexorable, S'at. Silv. 1,4, I. Irf.,;ffi
Lachefis cunabula dexira attig't, touched the
cradle of the boy with unlucky hand, /. e.
(determined thai his days ftiould be fhorr, ib^
1, 1, 120. Si'b'tas iti'.mica levavit Parca ma-
pus, railed htr hands to break the thread of
life, ib. 137' Parcts frcgiles vrgeritibus annes
urging on his frail years or tender age to a
ficicnt for the work; fo many are to fall, and
co.ifequentiy there will be fo many threads
to be broken, as to tire the Parcae, Lucan.
3, 18 So Repeuta fla fararis fradurat-, (al,
tra6iurae,) about to break (or fpin) again the
threads cf thofc who (hould be reftored to
life. Id. 6, 703. Trifia Parcarum famina^
ib. 777. Ilanc iucem celeri ttirbinc Parca neat I
Let Fate quickly bring on this day! Ovid, ad
Jjiv. 164. Et fahat vacua jam tibi Parca cola,
ftood with an empty diftafF, had no more wool
to fpin, i. e. the thread of life was fpent, U.
Amcr, 2, 6, 46. Extremaque Laufo Parcae f la
legunt, the Deftinies gather or wind up on
the fpindle the laft threads of the life of Lau-
fus, Virg. Aen. IO, 815. Patca meliore, with
better fortune, with more lucky aufpiceSjO-y/V,
Ep, II, 105. Parca non meniax. Fate that
does not deceive, Hor. Od, 2, 16, 39. Fcfr
que veracss cecinijfe Parcae, X^c, true in having
predicted, or who have truly foretold what
has been once determined (by Jupiter), and
what the fixt courfe of things obfcrves ; add
profperous fates or events to thofe that are
already paft, Id. Carmen. Saec. 25. Parcae
iniquae, the adverfe fates, Hor, Od. 2, 6, 9.
Propinquat Parcarum dies, the fatal day ap-
proaches, yirg. Aen. 12, 15O. An dominae
fa to quicquid cecinere for ores Omne fub arbitrio
dfunt effe Deum ? Ovid. Trift. 5,3, 17. 5«V
I'cct banc legem nentes fat alia Parcae bis genito
bis cednere tibi, the Fates, which fpin the
fatal threads, twice foretold to you, Bacchus,
who waft tv/ice born, (once of Sememe,
and a fecond time from the thigh of Jupiter,
Fid. G. 382.) this condition of life, (that thou
fliouldfl traverfe diftant countries,) ib. — —
The Fates were fuppofed to prediA or pro-
liounce at every one's birth the fortune of
their future lives : Thus, Ovid relating the
birth of Meleagtr, Stipes erat, &.C. Met. 2,
451, &c. ; Hygin. 171, ^ 174. Nubih
nafcenti mihi Parca fuit, my fate was clouded
or gloomy at my birth, Ovid. Trif 5, 3, I4>
Parcaque ad extremum, qua rtfca coep'it eat, let
my fate go on to the end in the fame way it
has begun, Id. Pont. 3, 7, 20. Sic Parcarum
foedere cautum ef, fp it is provided or ordered
by the law of the DefHnies, Ovid, Met. J^
532. So Sic placiium Parcis, it is fo deter-
mined by the Fates, Hor. Od. 2, 1 7, 16. Sic
volvere Parcas, fc. fua fla, that "the Fates
thus fpin their threads, /. £. thus ordain, l^irg^
Aen. 1,22. ParCae nioeriia dant Teucris, ib. 5.
789. tcnipora debita cfimplerqnt^ ib. 9, I07«
Immitcs babui Parcas^ I have had a cruel fate,
Pro/frf. 4, IZ, 13-
d q PARIS5
? A R [306
PARTS, -Uis, the fon of Priam
and Hecuba ; called alfo Alexander ;
cxpofed when an infant on Mount Ida,
becaufe Heciiba, when pregnant of
him, had dreamed that (he had brought
forth a torch ; and the foothfayers be-
ing confulted had declared, that he
would caufe the de{lru6lion of his coun-
try. He was educated among iliep-
herds, and was himfelfa fhepherd.
Being appointed by Jupiter to deter-
mine the contcll: about beauty, or the
golden apple, between Juno, Minerva,
iand Venus, he determined in favour of
Venus ; which excited the wrath of
the other two goddeiTes again ft himfelf
and his nation. By the affillance of
Venus he carried off Helena, which
occafioned the war of Troy, [G, 414.)
Catull. 67, 87, & loi.
PARIS, '^disj a noted player, the
freed man of Domitia, the au:it of Ne-
ro, fuborned as an accufer of Agrip-
pTna, that empgror*s mother, Tac.Jnn,
13, 19, &: 2 1. Nero is faid to have
put him to death as a dangerous rival,
{qvajl gravem adverfariu?n) y Suet. Ner.
54. according to Dio, becaufe he widi-
cd to learn dancing from Paris, but
could not, Bioy 63, iR. ^^ 2. A
famous player of pantomime, a native of
Egypt, killed by IDomitian, becaufe
X)cmitia, the emprefs, was too fond of
h\m^ Suet, Dcm. 10.; Bloy 67.; Stho-
fiajl, in jwvenaL 6, 87. His merit as a:i
ador ig highly extolled by Martial, n,
Paris, a name given to Mummiu?^,
becaufe he fcduced the wives of Lucul-
ius and Pompey, Cic. Oral. 49. j A^ D.
3, 38.; ^/^ J, 18.
Parmenides, -/>, a fceptical philo-
fopher, who maintained thf uncertain-
ly of human knowledge, Cic. yic, 4,
23. He taught that all things were
produced from tire, ib. 37. and enter-
tained ftran;^e notions conccrninp- the
nature of the deity, Cic. N. D. i, 11.
PAR^JENIO, 'Onisy one of the prin-
cipal generals of Alexander, put to
^catii by him on a fufpicipn oi treafon,
^ujiin. 1 2., 6. ; Curt. 8', 8^
Parrhasius, a" noble painter, Cic.
1 PAS
Tiifc. 1,2.; Suet. Tib. 44. a native of
Ephefus, the competitor of Zeuxis,
Plin. 35, 10. ; A then. 12, 21. ; Paufan.
1,43. et 6, 25.
Parthaon, -onis^ the father of Oe-
neus, king of Aetolia, whence Oeneus
is called Parthaone natusy Ovid. Met.
9, 12. Partkaonis arvay the country
of Aetolia, Stat. Thek z, ']z6. Par-
THA0i<riA domusy the family of Partha-
on, or of Oeneus, his fon, Ovid. Met. 8,
541. ; Stat. Theb. i, 670.
Parthcniae, v. -//, a name given
to the children born by the wives of
thofe Lacedaemonians who were fo lon^
abfent in the MefTenian war, (G'.''463.)
Jujin. 3, 4, f/ 20, I, 15.
PARTiir.xius, a friend of Martial;
whence P arthenian,a togCy a toga which
Parthenius gave va a prefent to Martial,
8, 28. et 9, 50 f.
pARTHE!sroPAi:us, a renowned war-
rior, {inclitxis armis), Virg. A. 6, 480.
the fon of Menalippa and Mars, or Me-
lanion, a king qf Arcadia, vidio went,
when very young, to the Theban war,
Serv.ib. according to Hyginus, the fon
of Meleager by Atalanta, f. 70, & 99.
tStatius makes him the fon of Atalanta,
but does not mention his father, Theb*
4, 246, &c. He is reprefented as un-
cominonly beautiful, ib. 25 r, — 260.
Hence Martial fays of him, Nonjaculo
non enjs fully latfiifve fugittay Cajfide dura
liber Parlhenopaeus eraty his beauty pre-
ftrved him from being wounded, Mart.
9, 57, 8. F'rom his beautiful appear-
ance lie is fuppofed to have derived hia
nam.e, (q. virginei vulliis juvenis.)
Pakthenove, -esy (i. e. virginspm
•vocem habens ; a -rap^ivog, virgOy et o-sp'
I'ox :) one of the Sirens, the daughter
of the river Achelous, {^Achelo^iasy -adisy
Sil. 12, 34.) Hygin. 141. who gave
name to the city r^vaples, by her having
been buried there, Plin. 3,5. ; Sil. 12,
33. Hence Parlhenopeui moeniay the
walls of Naples, Ovid. Met. 14, 10 1.
Pary SATIS, 'Htisy the wife of Da<!«
rius Ochus, infamous for her cruelty,
(G. 616.)
pAsiPHAE, -esy the daughter of Sol
by the nymph Perseis^ JipoUodor. i, 9,,
t* A S^
K ; DV. A^. A3, 18. the wiTe of Mi*-
nos, rendered infamous by her pafijon
for a bull, and producing by him the
monfter called the Minotaur, [G.
374.) Pasiphaeia, k. Jiliaf Phae-
dra, the daughter of Pafiphae, OwW.
Met. 15, 500.
Pasithea, the name given by fome
to Euphrosyne, one of the three Gra-
ces, (blanJarum prima fororum)^ Stat.
Theb. 2, 286. ; Catull/6i f. 62, 43.—
whom Homer makes the wife of Som-
i^us, IL 14« 267.
C. (al. P.al: M,) Felkius'PATEJiCV-
Lus, an elegant Roman hiftori;in, part of
whofe works are ilill extant. He great-
ly flattered Tiberius, in whofe army he
ierved as a military tribune and lieute-
nant. He was alfo a flatterer of Seja-
nus, 2, 127, &c. and fome think that
he was cut off by Tiberius after the
fall of Sejanus, on account of his ad-
herence to that favourite, /^/V. Dod-
'well. Annal. Veil. Jin,
Patiscus, a Cihcian, whofe afliftance
Cicero ufed when proconful in Cilicia,
C'lc. Fam. 2, II. He commanded the
republican fleet in Afia after the death
of Caefar, ih. 8, 9, et 12, 15.
Patro, -oniSy an epicurean, very in-
timate with Cicero, Ck.Fam, 13, i.
Patroclcs, -is, commander of the
fleet of Seltucus and Antiochus, who
is faid to have difcovered many coun-
tries, Plin. 6, 1 7.
PATROCLUS, thefon of Menoe-
tius, ( Menoetiades), who having gone
out to battle in the armour of Achilles,
was (lain by HeCtor, (G. 447.)
•T 2 PATROCLlANAEyt//i*'^, clcfct-llools,
fuppofed to be fo named from the ma-
ker Patroclus, v. .ius. Martial. 12, 78,
^- .
Patron, -c?/z*r, a companion of Ae-
neas, P'^irg. Aen. 5, 298.
Pattlcius, a name given to Janus,
becaufe the gates of his temple were
always open (patelant) in time of
war, Omid. Fajl. l, 129. ; Conf. MaC'
rob. Sat. I, 9. ^ 2. The name of a
creditor of Cicero's ; whence Patidcia-
num nometiy the money due to Patulci-
us. (Some make it the debt of Patul*
t 3C7 1
V ED
cius, ivhic'h Atticus paid Cicero fot
Patulcius,) Cic. Alt. 14, 18.
Pompe'ia Paullina, the wife of Se-
neca, Tacit, Ann. 15, 60. who deter-
mined to die with her hufband, ib. 63*
but was prevented by the order of Ne-
ro, ib. 64.
PAULLUS, v. Paulas y a firname
of the Aemilii.
L. Aemlius PAULUS, conful with
M. Livius, a. 534, f. 5. who triumphed
over the lilyrian?, Liv. Ep'it. 20. When
fecond time conful with Varro, he was
ilain in the battle of Cannae, Liv. 22,
49. ; Cic. Div. 2, 33. ; Or. 2, 87. He
might have made his efcape, bkut would
not furvive his defeat, ib. whence Ho-
race fays of him, Animaeque magna:
Prodiyum Pauhimy fuperante Poeno, (i.
e. Annibale), Grains irjigni referam Ca"
mena^ I will celebrate in a lofty flrain
Paulus, laviili of his great foul, Od. I,
12, 38.
L. Aemlius PAULUS, the fon of
the former, Liv. 23, 30. ; who in his
fecond confulflrip, conquered Perfeus,
king of Macedonia, Liv. 44, & 45. ;
Cic. Mur. 14. Verr. i, 21. OJj. 2, 22,
whence he got the firname of Mace*
DONicus. From him L. Pifo, the
father-in-law of Caefar, and proconful
of Macedonia, is called Paulus, by way
of derilion, Cic. Pif. 17.
PAUbANIAS, -ae,
daemon, who defeated the Perfian ar-
my under Mardonius ; but afterwards,
being detected of having confpired a-
gainil his country, he was put to death,
Nep. in vita ejus, (G. 466.) ^l[[ 2. A
Macedonian young man, who flew Phi-
lip, jiilTi^' 9> 6, &c.— ; — 5[ 3. A na-
tive of Caefarea in Cappadocia, the
fcholar of Herodcs Atticus, who lived
in the time of Adrian and the Anto-
nines, and wrote a valuable defcriptioa
of Greece in ten books, flill extant.
pAUsiAs', -ae, a famous painter 01
Sicyon, Plin. 35, 11 1. 40.; hence
>' avjiaca tabella, a pi£lure done by Pau-
fias, Hor. Sat, 2, 7, 95.
Pedanius Secundus, praefeft of the
city, murdered by one of his flaves from
refentment at fon e injury. On which
Q^q 2 account
king of Lace-
P E D t -c
Bccoitnt all the fTaves in tlie family, to
the number of 400, were condemned
by the fenate to death, according to
ancient cuftom, (vctere en more)^ be-
caiife they had not protected their
nlaftcr, and were executed. The peo-
ple rofe to fave them, but were pre-
vented by the guards of Nero, Tac,
Ann. 14, 42, — 46.
Pi^DiAs, the name of a Roman ^fwj-.
pEDiANus, a Roman firname.
Afcfjn'ius Pn DIAKU3, ^'I'ln. 7, 48. who
Vfrote commentaries on Cicero, fome
valuable remains of which are Hill ex-
tant.
^ PEDIUS, appointed by Cae-
far's will his co-heir, together with Oc-
tavius, Suet. Caef. 83. ; Ner. 3. after-
wards the colleague of 06tavius in his
firft confulate, Dioy 46, 46. the author
of the Zpx pEDiA, againft the confpi-
rators who afTaffinated Caefar, Dlo. ib.
• mentioned by Cicero as the lieu-
tenant of Caefar, Atf. 9, 14. and can-
didate for the aedileiliip with Planciiis,
Cic. Plane. 7. f 2. A grand Ton of
this Pedius is mentioned, who was a
painter, and dumb, Plin. 35, 4.
Pedius Blaefus, expelled from the
fenate under Nero, for having plunder-
ed the temple of Aefculapius, Tac.
Ann. 14, 18. and rcftored by Otho,
Sd. Hift. I, 77. ^
C. Pe1)0 AIL'movanus, a poet, con-
temporary with Ovid, who wrote con-
cerning the exploits of Thefeus, O'viJ.
Pont. 4, 10, 7 I. ; Martial $, ^,6. call-
ed dcdus^ learned, th. 2, 77, 5. to whom
is afcribed the elegy to Livia on the
death of Drufus ; commonly fubjoined
to the \<''orks of Ovid. ^ 2. The
name of a lawyer in the time of Quinc-
tilian, who, from a defire of appear-
ing rich, involved his affairs, (Stc i edo
cmturhat^ fc. rattones pecimiarum, i. e.
becomes bankrupt), jfuv. 7, 129.
C. Peducaeus, the lieutenant of
Panfa, who perilhed in the battle of
Mutina, C':c. Fam. 10, 53.
Sext. PEDUCAEUS, praetor of Sicily,
Cic. Vevr. 2, 56. a man of great pro-
bity, an inftance of which is recorded,
Cic, Fin. 2 y 18,
8 j PEL
PEGaSUS, the name of the wing--
ed horfe of Bellerophon, {G. 394.)
Hence 0 hominein fortunatum, qui ejuf-
modi nuntios feu potius Pegafos habeatf
Cic. Qjiiint. 25 f. Gradus Pecasets,
very quick, Scnec. Trocid. 385. So
Volatu i eg seo f?rri, Catull. 55, 24.
(Vid. Geogr. Index, Pecae.)
PegasU;, a Trojan flain by Camilla,
Virg. A. II, 670. ^ 2. A lav.'yer,
and praefeft of the city, Jwvcnal. 4,
77. ; whence Senatvfconfidtum Fegjf.a'
tium, de jideicQmiJJ'.
Pelasgus, the fon of Jupiter and
Niobe, king of Arcadia ; wlio, by hiy
numerous wives, had 50 fons, whole
names are recounted, Apollodor. 3, 8,
I. He is faid to have firft civilifed the
rude inhabitants, and from him the
country was called PflAsgia, ''auf^n,
8, I. or Pelasgis, -Mis ; FUn. 4, 6 f.
10.; whence r\KLA3Ci, the Greeks,
(Vid. G. Index.)
PELEUS, (in two fyll.) -eoiy v. -eiy
the fon of Aea' us, the hulband of the
fea-goddefs Thetis, and the father of
Achilles ; who is hence called Peli-
DES, (G. 444.) PcLiAs (-iadis)
hajla, the fpear of Achilles, Ovid. Ep,
3, 126. But this word comes rather
from Pelion, Vid. Geogr, Index ^
\'i-LEix fa'^iii the deeds of Achilles,
Sd. 13, 803. Peleus hved to a great
age ; v.'lience Pekos attasy is put for a
long period of years, Mjri'ial. 2, 64, 3,
IE LIAS, ae, the fon of Neptune by
the nymph Tyro, who ufurped the
kingdom lolcos, and fent his nephew
Jafon in quell of the golden fleece. He
perilhed mife^-ably by the art of Me-
dea, Cic. Or. 3, 5. (G. 439, & 443.)
Pelopea, v. ' elopiay the daughter
of Thyeftes, and mother of Aegif-
thus, by Thyeftes, Hygin. 88- (G,
405.) *
PELOPS
* Hence, Si JJUa furrit ,- fit quod Pelopea
Thycflae, Oviil. in I bin, 361. Prarfeaos Pe-
lopea facity the dedicating ff a tragedy on the
ftory of Pelopea to Paris, the fi-.vourite ot
the emperor, makes one a praeftdl in the
army, Juvenal. 7, 9Z. Paris is faid to have
been
g'
tl
p E L r 309 1
PELOPS, '6pls, the fon of Tanta- &c. Hor
lus ; (Tantalldes) whence Tantalus is
called Peloph pater, Ovid in Ibin, i8r.;
Hor. Epod. 17, 6^. genltor. Id. Od. i,
28, 7. Pelops came with his father
frona Phrygia into Greece, and obtained
in marriage Hippodamia, by conquer-
ing her father Oonomaus in a horfe
race. He thus became mafter of the
kingdom of Pifa and Eh's. He had
by Hippodamia, Atreus and Thyeftes,
Pittheu3 and Troezen. Plis defcend-
ants became fo powerful in the fouth
part of Greece, that the whole country,
formerly called Jpia and Pelafgia., isjot
the name of Peloponnesus, (i.e. Pclo-
pishfula,) Piin.4,4. Pelops'injignls humero
ebumOfVirg. G. 3, 7. ( FicLTA^i talus.)
Equi Pthpis'illi Ni-piu?iiij winged horfcs,
which Pclcps received in a prefent from
Neptune, and which are faid to have
carried his chariot on the furface of the
waves, Ck, Tufc. 2, 27 f. ; Pan/an, 5,
17. Sorer PeloplSi Niobe, Ovia\m Ibin,
587. Saeva dojr.us Peloph, the cruel
family of Pelops, Atreus, Aegillthus,
P E K'
Od. I, 6,8. Pelopidae,
-arum, the defcendants of Pelops ; put
for bad citizens and enemies of the re-
public, the fupporters of Antony, C/r.
,4tt. 15, II. Fam. 7. 28, & 30 <
PELOPEIA «r^'/z, the country of Phry-
^am me Pclopem Piitheus
been fo c^cvJicA with this verfe, that he ac-
tually procured the baniihment of Juvenal.
Sd'oliap,. iUd. The Scholiaft fays that this
happened under N'ero ; but the old anony.
inous writer ot the life of Juvenal fays, that
Juvenal, when 80 years of age, was fent in-
to Egypt to command a cohort, (ad praefec-
iuram incxtrema parte tendentis Aegypti ) , where
he foou after died. But both thcfe accounts
are difcredi*ed by the beil commentators;
who maiiuain, that Juvenal lived after €nc
death of Dcmitian ; trom 'Jwjenal. 4, 15c,
&c, and to the time of Tryjan, and even (.f
Adrian; from 'jwj. 6, 406, 5cc. and parti-
cularly from Id. 13, 17. ^Aufet haec, qui
jam pCjR ter^a rcliquit Sexa^inta annos, Fontejo
confide natus^ Does a man wonder at thele
things, who has left 60 years behind him,
and was bora in the coi.fulfhip of Fontejus \
i. e. a. u. 2ir, the 6t;hyear of Nero. So that
Juvenal was 60 years of age in th^- 3d
year ot Adrian, when he v^rote this fatire.
Martial, after he rc.ired (o Biiblli'^, which
Was rndcr Trajan, writes to Juvenal as a
man yet in full vigour, iz, 18. -Pie gives
him the title of eloquent, (JacunJus), which
prov's that he followed the profeiliun of a
pleader at the bar, 7, 90, l. and never fpeaks
of him as a poet : whence it is fuppof'cd that
he did not begin to write fatires tlil far ad-
vanced in life.
Mi/Il in arva, fuo quondam regnata paren-
tis once governed by his father, f. e.
Pelops, Ovid. rViet. 8, 622. But P<?/o-
peia regno, the realms of Pelops, i, c.
Peloponncfus, Stat. Theh. i, 117* P^«
lopea phalanx, a band of Argives, ih. 2,
471. Pehpeius Atreus, the fon of Pe-
lops, O'VuL Ep. 8, 27. Virgo Pelopeia,
Iphigenia, the great-grand-daughter of
Pelops, Id. Tr. 4, 4, 67. Ne non Pelo*
p'e'ia crcdar, left I be thought not to
be defcended from Pelops, i. e. his
granddraighter, Ovid. Ep. 8, 81. allud-
ing to what w*as faid, ibid. 66. -— .
pELofEiDcs IVjycenae, the capital of
Pelops, governed or enlarged by him.
Id. Met. 14, 414. Fajl. 3, 83. Turn he-
vd Creten, dextrd Pelopeidas undas De-
ferity the Pelopeian waters, i. e. that
part of the Myrtoan fea which borders
on Pcloponnefus, Id. F. 4, 285.——,
Pehpea damus, the family of Pelops,
Propcrt. 3, 19, 20. moenia, the city of
Pelops, i. e. Mycenae, Virg. Aen. 2,
193-
PELOPiDAS, -ae, the deliverer of
Thebes, his native city, from the ty-
ranny of the Lacedaemonians, Nep,
et Plutarch, in vita ejus, (G. p. 469.)
PcNELOPA, the wife of Mercury,
and mother of Pan, N. D. 3, 22.
PENEL6PE, ^es, vel -a, -ae, the
daughter of lea- ius and wife of UlyfTes,
to whom file continuedfairhful, during an
abfcnce of twenty years, though folicited
by many fuitors, always putting them
off with a promifc, that fhe would chufs
fome of them for a hufband, when fhe
hniflied a web,- which ihe faid flie was
weaving, but ahv-ys undid in the night
what fhe wrought in the day ; whence
Penelopae telam retexere, to undo what is
done, to labour in vain, Cic. Acad. 4^
29. put for a chafte woman, Penelope
'venit, abit Helena, Mai'thl. i> 6^.
Penelopoea
PEN [3
VziizLOVoT.h Jides, great conjugal fide-
lity, Onyle}. Tr. 5, 14, 36.
PENeUS, the god of the river cf
that name; whence Senex Peneus^ Ovid.
Met. 2, 243. Peneia Daphnsj
Daphne the daughter of Pen ens, lu.
Hill I, 452. called Nympba Peneay ih.
504. vel PenltSy 4au^ ib. 472.
M. Pennus, a tribune a. 628, the
opponent of C. Gracchws, Cic, Brut.
28. He got a law pafied obliging all
foreigners to leave the city ; for which
he is blamed by Cicero, Off. 3, 11.
PENTHESILeA, the daughter
of Mars, and qiicjen oftlie Amazons,
who brought affi (lance to Priam againfl;
the Greeks, and was flain by Achilles,
Dlodor. I, 12. ; Juftln. 2, 4. ; Ifygiru
112.; OvlJ. Ep. 21, 118.; ylrt. 3, 2.
But Propertlus fays, that after the re-
moval of her helmet difplayed her face,
lier beauty captivated that hero, 3, 11.
1^. Servius in one place fays that
Achilles fell in love v\rith her after (he
was dead, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. I, 490.
and in another place, that fhe had a fon
by him, (having no doubt become his
captive), ih. II. 661. which ferves to
explain Propertius.
PENTHEUS, (in twofyll.) -fw, v.
-«, the fon of EchTon, i^Ech'iorudes.,
Ovid. Met. 3, 701.) and x-lgave, who
having contemned the facred rites of
Bacchus, was, by the power of that
god, deprived of his reafou; (hence call-
ed demensy Virg. 4, 469. et ibi Serv. )
and having thrown himfelf in the way
of Agave and li^r companions, while
celebrating the facred rites of Bacchus,
was by them torn in pieces, Oii'uL Met.
3» 7CI, l<
-RitLi P E N T H E o lani-
ant corpordy in the manner of Pentheus,
Claudian. in prim. conf. Stilic. 2, 213.
PERDICCAS, -aey vel Perdicca,
the name of feveral kings of Macedonia.
^ 2. A favourite general of Alex-
ander, to whom that king, when dying,
left his ring, Curt. 10, 5, 4. <?/ 6, 4. ;
Nep. 18, 2. After the death of Alex-
ander, Perdiccas aiming at too great
power, was (lain, Jvjlm. 13, 8 f. ; Nep»
PERICLES, -is, the fon of Xan-
10 1 PER
tippus, an illuftrious Athenian, \vho
by his fagacity and eloquence maintain-
ed the chief authority in that ftate for
many years ; till he was cut oiT by the
plague, (G. 466.) Pericles was the
fcholar of Anaxagoras, and the firlt
who joined learning and ilcill in philo-
fophy to the eloquence of the bar, Cic.
Brut. 11. whereby, in the opinion of
Plato, he got the better of all other
orators, Cic. Or. 4. lie was blamed
for expending too much money on pu-
blic edifices and fhews, Cic. Off. 2, 17.
Perdix, 'icisy an Athenian, the in-
ventor of the favv, flain by Daedalus,
his brother or uncle, out of envy, (G.
421.)
Feriander, -driy a tyrant of Co-
rinth ; one of the feven wife men of
Greece, Plutarch.
Periboea, the fecond wife of Oe-
neus, and mother of Tydeus, ( G. 434. )
I'EKinoKNirs, a name given to one of
the priells of Cybele, Juvenah 2, 16.
PERlCLyMLiNus, one of the twelve
fons of Neleus, [bis fex Nelidacy) the
brother of Neilor ; to whom Neptune,
the founder of his family, gave the
power of transforming himfelf into any
iliape. When Hercules made war on
his father, he changed himfelf into an
eagle, and annoyed Hercules by wound-
ing him with his wings and talons in
the face. Hercules therefore (liot him
with his arrows, Ovid. Met. 12, 556,
&c.
PERILLU3, an Athenian artift
who made a brazen inilrument of tor-
ture in the form of a bull, for Phalaris,
the tyrant of Agrigentum ; who order-
ed the firft expitriment of it to be made
on Periilus himfelf, (G. 265.). Aes
Perilleum, the brazen bull made by
Periilus, Ovid, in Ihin. 439.
pERiMEDE, -esy a nottd forcerefs,
Theocrit. Eidyll. 2. — Hence Perime-
VES. gra;nina coSa manu, herbs boiled by
the hand of a forcerefs, Propert. 2, 4, 8=
PerimelEj-^j-, the daughter of Hip-
podamas, a nymph, converted by Nep*
tune into an ifland of the fame name,
Ovid. Met. 8, 391, &c.
PtnipATZTici, a name given to the
fcIluwcT^
PER [ <^i
followers of Ariftotle, becaufe tliev dif-
puted while walking, {quia d'ljputahant
inamhulantes^^ipiyrccTM^rig,^ m theXjyceum
or gymnaruim, where Ariftole taught,
Cic. Acad, r, 4.
PERP£NNA, V. PE^pcR^^^, a Ro-
man general, who bafely affafiinated
Sertoriiis, and was himfelf foon after
defeated and taken prifoner by Metel-
lus. By Metellus he was dehvered up
to Pompey, who ordered him to be
put to death, Plutarch, in Sertor.; Paterc,
2> 30-
Perse IS, -ulis, the daughter of Oce-
anus and Tethys, and the mother of
Circe, Pafiphae, and Aeetes, by Sol,
(^- 373-) hence Perse ides herbacy
magic herbs, Ovid. Rem. Am. 263.
Persephone, -es^ the Greek name of
Proferpine, Ovid. Fajh 4, 591. put for
Mors or death, Ovid. Ep. 2 i , 46. '77-
hid. 3, 5, 5. .
PbRSEUs, {2 fyll.) '<?/, V. -ecsy the fon
of Jupiter by Danae, who flew the Gor-
gon Mediifa, ({?. 395.) freed Andro-
meda from a fea-moniler, and then mar-
ried her, ih. 396. After his death Per-
feus was changed into a confteliation,
Hill called by his name, ib. 397.; Cic.
N. D. 2, 43. Plantaria Perfeos, the
winged feet of Perfeus, Val. Flac. r,
68. whence he is called penntpes^ -edis^
by Catullus, ^^^ 25. — ^ adj. Perseus,
thus, SeBaqiie Persia Phorcidos ora manu^
the head of Medufa cut off by the hand
of Perfeus, Prop. 3, 22, 8.
Perscs, -/VjV. Perseus, -/, the fon of
Philip, king of Macedonia, conquered
and led in triumph by Paulus Aemilius,
Liv. 44, & 45'. ; Cic. Tufc. 5, 40.
Perse is, •'idisf a poem concerning Per-
feus, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16, 25.
C. PiRsius, a learned orator, who
flourlfhed in the time of the Gracohi,
Cic. Or. 2, 6. Brut. 26. Fin. 1,3.
y^. PERSIUS Flaccus, a fatiric poet,
born at Volatcrrae, in the twentieth
year of the reign of Tiberius. He
itudied under Corniitus the ftoic philo-
fopher, whom he greatly refpeifted, and
at his death, which happened under
Nero, In the twenty-eighth year of his
jtge, he left Cornutus his library and
1 1 PET
a large fum of money. The philof©-
pher accepted the library, but reftored
the money to the lawful heirs. The
ftyle of Perfeus is obfcure, but his
writings abound with excellent mora!
reflections. He is highly praifed by
Qu_in6lilian, 10, r, 94. and Martial, 4,
29, 7. Plis writings now are divided'
into fix fatires ; but Quin6tilian and
Martial fpeak only of one book, ib. and
in ancient manufcn'pts the whole is
found written without any di{lin(5tion.
Pescennius, one to whom Cicero was
obliged in his exile, Cic. Fam. 14,4.
^ PcTiLii, two tribunes who ap-
pointed a day for the trial of Scipio
Africanus, on a charge of having taken
money from king Antiochus, Liv. 38,
50. After the death of Africanus, the
fame charge was brought by the Pe-
tiliiy (rogatione Petilliand,) againft his
brother L. Scipio and fome others, who
were condemned, Liv. ibid. 54, & ^^,
L. Petilius, a fcribe, in whofe farm
the books of king Numa are faid to
have been found. Thefe books were
publicly burnt, becaufe they were faid
to contain things inimical to religion,
Liv. 40, 29. Petiliana regna^
fuppofed to be the houfe and farm of
this Petilius, below the Janlculum,
Martial. 12, 57, 19.
Petilius v. Petillius, one who is
faid to have had the charge of the ca-
pitol, and to have ilolen from the head
of Jupiter's image a golden crowrn,
whence he was called Capitoli.mus,
Hor. Sat. 1 , 4, 94. et ibi Scholiajl, He
was tried for this crime, but acquitted
by the favour of Augultus, ih. i, 10,
26.
]^. Petilius, a Roman knight, a
trader at Syracufe, Cic. Verr. 2, 29.
^ Pltilius, one of the judges in
the caufe of Milo, Cic. Mil. 16.
Petlssius, a native of Urbinum,
(Urbinas, -atis,) who having fquander-
ed his fortune, attached himfelf to An-
tony, Cic. Phil. 3, )i. et 13, 2.
PiLTOsiRis, -isy an Egyptian aflro-
loger, Plin. 7, 49. ; Juvenal. 6, 580. ■
M. Petrcius, the lieutenant of the
conful Antony, who defeated Catiline,
Ct€,
Cic. Sext. 5:. ; Salluji. Cat. 59. tKe lieu-
tenant of Pompey in Spain, Ck. Fam.
1 6, 12' ^tt. 8, 2. defeated by Caefar,
Veil 2, 50. and obliged to furrendcr
with Afranius, Caef. B. C. I, 84, &c.
They were both difmifTed with impu-
mity. But they afterwards joined Pom-
pey, and after his death renewed the
war in Africa. After the defeat at
"Thapfus, Petreius and Juba, giving up
themfelves for loll, refolved to difpatch
<sach other, as if in hngle combat. Pe-
treius being the itronger, eaiily killed
Juba, and then attempting to flab him-
felf without eiTe6l, he was, at his own
requefl, difpatchcd by a ilave, Hir. B.
Afr. c. 94.
Fetra, the name of tv/o Roiaian
knights, put to death under Clandius
ior a dream, Tac. Ann. 1 1, 4 From
Tome ©ne of this family a fquadron of
iaorfe was called ala Petrina, Id. Hilt.
4»49-
6". PETRONIUS, a favourite of
Nero's, ar.d the diredor of his plea-
sures, allowed to be the arbiter of taite
and elegance, i^cleganiw.e arbiter'). Ha-
ving, through the jealoufy and art of
Tig e:] in us, loft the favour of Nero, he
put an end to his days with the utmoft
tranquillity, by opening his veins at in-
tervals and then clofing them again,
thus grcidually weakening himfelf, till
he expired without a ftruggle. He
wrote an account of Nero's debauch-
erics under the fiftitious names of pro-
fligate men and v/omen, and fent it to
him fealed, Tac. Ann, 16, 18, & 19.
This is thought by many to have been
the work, of which conliderable f''ag-
ments are fiill extant, calkd Tiii Pe-
tronii Arh'itri Satyricon ; but ethers, more
juftly, afcribe that bc.ok to a diiferent
author, who lived at a later period than
the a.ge of Nero ; concerning the par-
ticular time, however, they are not a-
gre^d. Vld. Burman. praef. ad Petron,
Are,
PETRUS, Clc. Phil. 13, 15. Vid,
Partus.
Phaecomes, -^f, a centaur, flain by
Neil:or, O^nd. Mat. 12, 431.
Phaedimus, one of the leven fons
2 1 P H A
of AmphTon and Niobe, flain by A"
polio, Ovid. Met, 6, 239, &c.
PHAEDON, ^dnis, a fcholar of So-
crates, to whom Plato infcribed his
book on the immortality of the foul,
Gell.2, 18.
Phaedra, the daughter of Minos
by Pafiphae, and wife of Thefeus, in-
famous by her criminal pafTion for her
ftepfon Hippolitus, (G. 424.), whence
Amor turpis Phaedraey Ovid. Rem. A.
64.
Ph\edrus, a favourite fcl\olar of
Plato's, Laert. 3, 29. alter whom that
philofopher called one of his dia-
logues Phaedrus, C'tc. Or, i, 7. Div.
I, 3, &. 7. ^ 2. An Epicurean phi-
lofopher, refpetled by Cicero and Atti^
cus, Cic, Fam. 13, i. Add. Au, 13, 37.
«fj 3. A fieed man of Tiberius,
who expreffed the fables of Aefop in
Iambic verfe with beautiful fimplicity,
a work which is ilill extant.
Phaeneas, -ae^ a chief of the Aeto-
bans, Liv. 32, 32. 33, 3. 36, 28. et
38,8.
PHaeTHON, 'Otitis, the fon of
Sol by Clymene ; who having got the
management of his father's chariot for
one day, and being unable to manage
the horfes, fet the world on fire ; on
which account Jupiter tumbled him
headlong with a thunderbolt into the
river Po, {G. 374.). Phaethon
(i. e. lucens) is fometimes put for the
fun, Virg. Aen. 5, 105. and for* the
planet Jupiter, Cic. N. D, 2, 2C
Ph lETHONTfADBs, -Z//77, the fiftcrs of
Phaethon, P'irg, Ed. 6, 62. — ■— Phae-
thon Tis amnis, the Po, Si/. 7, 149.
So Siagna, Id. 17,497. Phaethon-
Tiii ignesy the conflagration caufed by
Pliaethon, Ovid, Met, 4, 247.
• Phaethon, the name of a Have, Cic^
Att. 3, 8. ^. Fr. I, 4.
Phaethusa, one of the fifters of
Phaethon, who were turned into po-
plar trees, Ovid. Met. 2, 346.
<([ 2. A daughter of Sol by the nymph
Ncaera, who, with her fifter Lampetia,
kept the cattle of their father in Sicily,
Homer, Od. 1 2, 132.
Phago, -onis, a voracious glutton,
v.'h-3
PH A [3
who IS faid to have devoured a whole
boar, a wedder, and pig, in one day,
with a propoitional qiianrlty of bread
and wine, Vopifc, in Aurel.jin. ; Varr^
apud Non. 1 , 237.
Ph '. L A K c u s , V. Phakucus, a poet,
the inventor of that kind ot verft call-
ed Phalaecium CARMENi Tcreot. Mau-
rus, c. 71.
Phalantus, v. •fbus^ the leader of
the Partheniaey or thofe Lacedaemo-
nians who feized on Tarentum, [G.
166.). Hence Regnata petam Laconl
rura Pkalanto^ I will go to the country
once governed by the Lacedaemonian,
Phalantus, /. e. Tarentum, Her. OJ. 2,
6, 1 1. Phalanteum TarentniVf Sil. il,
1 6. /^gnd GiiUjl mollior Phalant'mi^ foft-
cr than a lamb fed on the banks of Ga-
lefus, a river near Tarentum, Mart'iaU
Phalaris, 'Id'is^ the tyrant of A-
grlgentum, infamous for his cruelty,
(G. 265.), Cic.OJ.^,6. r.rr. 4, 33.
Hence pHALAiiisMus, -i, tyranny,
Cic. Att. 7, II f. 12.
Phanias, v. 'ta^ -aSf a name ufed
by comic writers, Ter. And. 5, 4, 26,
&c. ^ 2. A freed man of Appius,
Cic. Fam. 2, 13.
Phanium, the name of a woman,
T'er. Phor. I, 4, 24, &c.
Phaon, 'Otiis^ a beautiful youth of
Lefbos, the favourite of the poetefs
Sappho, O'v'id. Ep. 15, II, &c. ; Plin.
22, 8 f. 9. whom he fcorned, ib. to
which Martial alludes, 10, ^^y 17*
Pharnaces, is, tlie fon of Mithri-
dates king of Pontus, who, by plot-
ting againll his father, forced him to
put an end to his days, Liv. Ep'it. f02.
Pharnaces received from Pompey the
kingdom of Bofporus as the reward of
his perfidy, App'ian. M'lthr, n. 250. Du-
ring the civil war between Caefar and
Pompey, Pharnaces had invaded the
Roman territory, hoping to regain the
whole of his father's kingdom, Dio, 42*
p. 134. on which account Caefar, ha-
ving fettled the affairs of EgypL and
Syria, marched againil Pharnaces, and
crulhed him fo fpeediiy, ciiat, giving
an account of his victory to a friend at
I? ] t* It E .
Rome, he made ufe of only ttirefi
words, Veni, vidi, Vici, {Vid. Cae-
s >R, p. 71.). Florus fays, that Caefar
ufed to boaft that he conquered the
enemy before he faw him, {^ante iHEturti
hoftem ejfty quam infum), 4^ 2.
Phegeus, -eosy king of Pfophis \n
Arcadia, the father of Arfinoe or AU
phefiboea, who is hence called Phe-
G 1 s , - 1 1> I s , Ovid. Rem. v^- 45 5' ( Vid^
G. 432.). Phegeius enfis, the
fvvord of Phegcits, Ovid. Mei. 9. 412.
with which he fiew Alcmaeon, Hygiuo
245. 5 or of the two fons of Phegeus^
Zemenos and Axion, Apollodor. 3, 7, 5.
Phegeus, ace. Ph'egeay a Trojan^
flain by Turnus, Virg. Aen. 9, 765. ^
^ 2. The name of a (lave, ih. 5, 263.
Phemius, the mufician of the fuit»
ors of Penelope, celebrated by Homerj
^^:i[f' i> 325, ^''■^c. 17, 263. He was,
at the interceflion of Telemachus, fa-
ved by Ulyffes, when he flew the fuit-
ors, ih. 22, 331, &c. put for any flcil-
ful mufician, Ovidi Am. 5, 7, 61. Phe-
mio quaeritur K^pac, Cic. Att. 5, 20 f.
50 xfpccf Phimio mandcitum ejl^ I have gi-
ven orders to find a mufical indrument
for Phemius, fome mufical flave, as it
is thought, of Atticus,- Cic. Att. 6, I m.
PheMonoe, -esy the daughter of
Apollo, the name of the firlu prieftefs
©f the temple of Apollo at Delphi, who
utteied her oracles in hexameter verfe,
Paufan. 10, 5, Sc 6. put for any pro-
phetefs, Stat. Si/v. 2, 2, 38.; Lucan.^i
126.
Pkeres, dis, the father of Adme-
tus king ot Pherae, Apollodor. 1,9, 16^
whence Admetus is called pHERliTiA--
DES, -AE, Gvld. Met. 8, 310. Art. A,
3' 19-
PherecIdes? -is, a Syrian, theprae-
ceptor of Pythagoras, who flourillied
in the time of Serv. Tuliius, the 6th
king of Rome, and is faid to have been
the firft who maintained the immortali-
ty of the foul, Cic. Tufc. r, 16. Ha-
ving drunk water from a well, he fore-*
told an earthquake, Cic. Div. i, ^o,
whence P h r. u e c 1 1^ E u m illudy that pre-
di6Hon of Pherecldes, ib. 2, 13.——
51 z. An hiliorian, faid to have been
Kr t joiort
PHI [31
more ancient than Herodotus, Ck, Or.
2, 12.
Phidias, -as, an illuftrions Athe-
nian painter and ftatuary in the time
of Periclts, (G. 289.), CU: Or. 2, 17.
Tufc. I, 15. (>. 71, &c, ; Plin. 35', 8.*
Phereclus, an avtift, who is faid
to have buih the (hip in which Paris
failed to Sparta to carry off Helena ;
whence that (hip is called Phereclea pup-
pis, Ovid. Ep. 16, 21.
Phi ALE, -cs, one of tiic companions
of Diana, Ovid Met. 3, 172.
pHiDYLt, -es, (i.e. parco-i thrifty,
from ^rtj:^, parco), the houfekeeper of
Horace's villa, or the wife of his ftew-
^rd, commended for her piety, Hor. Od.
Philadelphi's, a name given to
Ptolemy fecond king of Egypt, from
hie affe&ion to Arfmoe his filler. PliL
Ptolemaeus.
Phil A EN I, two Carthaginian bro-
thers, who allov/ed themfelves to be
* Sirrvlacrh Phidiae nihil in illo genere per-
pBius, Cic. Or. 2. PhIDIACUM lAvd-at elur,
his (tatues were fo exquifitely fuiiihed, that
they fccmed to be alive, 'Jwutnal. 8, IC3.
JBeilica thidiaca Rat dea fucia manu. the ftafae
of Minerva made by Pkidias, Ovid. Punt. 4,
1,3a. (G. 289.).— The moft celebrated fta-
tue of Phidias was that of Jupiter in his
temple at Olympia, which no other ari-
jft ever equalled, {qvc-m fc. Jovem O'ym-
pium nemo aetnnlatur^ Plin. 34, 8 f. I9,) This
/iatue is particularly dtfcribed by Paisfanias,
5, II. Such was its beauty, that it is laid to
have addtd romething; to tlie received religirn
cjf thofe times; fo inxicb did the msjcfty of
the work equal the conception-- enrertatJit-d of
the god i ( Oijus puLhritudD a'^'j^cijfe aliqiiid etiam
receptae reilgicni I'ide^ur, adec majejias operis deum
aequavit)y Quin61il. 1%, ic, 8. Hence Pro-
pert iu 9 fayS; Phtd'iacvs f.gno fe "yupiter ornut
eburno, (i.e. frrriafuf eburno figno Phidiae),
3, 9, rj. Ph'tdiacofi digna J'bi'i dare tt>??pla pa'
ra-i^it^ f'al. parabit ; f. voliierit). Has petat a
910/Iro P':fa tonante manus^ (fc. Rabirii), If Fifa
■wiflies to build a fuit^h'e temple for the fta-
tue of Jupiter done by Phidia?, let it afk the
aid of the arcnitcft Rabirius from our Thun-
derer, (/. F, Drmitian), Martial. 7, 55, 3.
B'Jt Phidias, though unrivalled in works of
ivory., {in chore Unge citra aemulum^y is faid to
have been more dexterous in mailing fliatues
of gods than of men, {dlis, quam hominVans^ 'f-
f.ciendis melior artifex traditvr^^ Quintftil. 12,
10, 9. Phidias conceived the idea of the ila-
tue of Jupiter from Homer, //. I, 528. ; Mac^
.TQk.Sui.^t 13.
4 3 PHI
buried alive for their country, Sallujl.
Jug. 19, & 70. ; Fal. Max. 5, 6. extr.
4. ; ^/7. 15, 704.
Philammon, 'onis, the fon of A-
pollo and Chione, famous for his fl'cill
in vocal and inftrumental mufic, Ovid.
Met. II, 317. ■
Phililmon, -onls, a comic poet, of-
ten preferred to Menander by the par-
tiality of his contemporaries, (pravis
Jul temporii judiciis ) , by the confent of
all defervedly eftecmed fecond to him,
^unclil 10, I, 72. ^ 2. A country
man, the hufband of Baucis, who en-
tertained Jupiter and Mercury, Ovid.
Met. 8,631, Sec.
PHILeTAS, ~ae, a native of the
ifiand Cos, [Cous), a grammarian and
poet, the praeceptor of Ptolemy Phi-
ladelphus, Suidas. Among the Greek
elegiac poets he is ranked next to Cal-
limachus, ^inSfil. 10 f I, ^S. Hence
they are commonly joined together ;
thus, Sit tihi CaUimachif Jit Coi nota poe-
tae, (i. c. Philetae), Sit quoque vinofi
Tela muja finis, (i. e. Anacreontis),
Ovid. Art. y^. 3, 330. So ^2"/ cum CaU
limacho tu quoque, C'oe, noces, art hurtful
by the wantonnefs of thy love-poems.
Id. Rem. 760. Coo Battis amatajuo ejl^
i. e. Philetae, for a Phileta, Id. Tr.
I, 5, 2. Orn Phileted.. nojlra ri-
^avit aqua, the Mufe Calliope bedew-
ed my lips with water, from the
fountain of which Philetas formerly
drank, /. e. infpired me with a genius
for the fame kind of poetry w^ith that
of Philetas, Prop. 3,3,52. Serta Phi-
ieteis certent Romana corymbis, let the
Roman garlands contend with the
w^reaths of Philetas, /. e. let Propertius
the Roman poet be compared with
Philetas, ih. 4, 6, 3.
Philippides, v. Phidipptdes, -is, a
celebrated runner, Nep. i, 4. who in
twenty-three hours is faid to have gone
1500 fladia, or 187X miles, from A-
theiis to Lacedaemon, Solin, c. 6. et
Suidas.
PHILIPPUS, the fon of Amyntas
king of Macedonia, and father of A-
lexander the Great, [G. 469.). He
ufed to fay, that any fort or city might
be
PHI i i
be taken which had a gate large enough
to admit a loaded afs, Cic, /liL i, i6
whence Horace fays, Dlff^id'tt url'ium
pcrtas vir MaceJcy i. e. Philippus, (cal-
led FiRy to diiHnguilh him from his fon
Alexander, who was called PUF.s.y or
jVFENis), Od. 3, \6, 16. Terra reg-
nata Phil'tppOy the country once govern-
ed by Philip, /. c. Macedonia, Ov'uL
Pont. /^y 15, 15. Nummi aurei V Hi-
LiPPEi centumy an hundred gold coins,
with the image of Philip imprefied on
them, Liv. 37, 59. Conf. Plaut. Jfin.
1, 3, !. et Poen. i, r, 38. Ph'ilippi
(contr. for Pbilippei^ aurei, fc. nummi,
Pldut. Baah. 2, 2, 52. called limply
PhU'tppeiy or contrai^ed Fk'd'tppiy (fc.
nummi aurei) y Hor. Ep. 2, i, 234. So
Centum ik/iaria Philippeay fc. numifmatUy
Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 27. Aarum Philip-
phtmy Philippean gold, /. e. puie, fo-
lid, as fine as that which thefe coins
were made of, Plaut. Cure. 3, 70. Bncch.
2, 2, 42. So Argcntum Philippuumy
Plaut. True. 5, I, 60.- Philippi-
CAE, -arumy fc. orationesy the orations
of Demoilheneaagainft Philip; whence
Cicero called his orations againfl An-
tony Philippics, {^Phiiippicae)y Cic. Att.
2, 21. Ridenda poemata maloy i^am
te confpicuae divina P hitippica f.imacy Vol-
veris a prima quae proximOy O divine or
admirable PhihVpic, of ilhjllrions repu-
tation, which art turned over next af-
ter the firft, i. e. the fecond Philippic
of Cicero, Juvenal, ip, 125.
PHILIPPUS, the fbn of Deme-
trius, JuJUn. 28, 3. called the ion of
Antigonus, Cic. Off. 2, 14. i. e. the
llepfon, becaufe Antigonus Dofon, who
aited as regent during the minority of
Philip, married Philip's moiher, yujlin.
/'/^.••Philip made a league againlt the
Romans with Hannibal, Liv. 23, 33,
&c. and afterwards with Antiochus
king of Syria, Liv. -^ly 14. But be-
ing vanquiflied by T. Qu^inftius Flami-
nius, Liv. 33, 7, — 10. he fued for
peace, ib. i i, 3c 12. which was grant
ed him, ib. 13, & 25. on which account
he afterv/ards joined the Romans againil
Antiochus, Li'i^' S^} 4.
15 ] PHI
PHILIPPUS was a firname of the
March at Rome.
Z. Mnrcius Philippus, conful with
Sex. Julius Caefar, a. 663, Cic. Rabir.
7. Or. 1,7. f/ 3, I. the bell orator of
his time, next to L. Craffus and M.
Antonius, Cir. Br.^'j. Or. 2, 61. 0^,
I, 30. He ufed to boail that he had
obtained the higheil preferments with-
out any bribe, (a thing uncommon at
that time!) Cic. Of 2, 17.
L' Philippus, L. F. conful with
Cn. Lentulus MarceUinus, a. 698, Cic.
Fam. I, 9. Ear. Refp. 6. the ilepfa-
ther of Odavius, Cic. Phil. 3, ic— — ->
Sevej!*al others of this name are men-
tioned in Livy and Cicero.
Philistl'S, a learned and accurate
hillorian, born at Syracufe, an imita-
tor of Thucydides ; a cotemporary
and intimate of Cicero, Cic Div. i,
20, & 23. Or. 2, 13, & 23. Br. 17, 5c
8t5.
PHILO, -dnisy a diftinguirtied aca-
demician, Cic. Or. 3, 28. the fcholar
of Ciitomachus, Cic. Acad. 4, 6. Be-
ing obliged to fly from Athens by the
Mithridatic war, he came to Rome>
Cic. Br. 89. where he fometimes taught
philofophy, fometimes rhetoric, Cic,
Tufc. 2,3. and had Cicero for his fcho-
lar, Cic. Br. 89. who thought hii^^hly
of his merit, Cic. Fam. 13, i. Philo
was the mafter of Antiochus, who how-
ever wrote againfl him, Cic. Acad, i,
4. et 4, 4.
Philo, an archite£l, who built an
arfenal (armatnentarium) for the Athe-
nians, Cic. Or. 1, 14. ^ 2. A freed
man of Caelius, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. »
^ 3. A freed man of Pompey, Cic. Alt,
16, 3.
PHILOCTeTES, vel 7^, -^^, the
fon of Paean, [PaeantJades ve\ Pacan^
tius. Fid- Paean), king of Meliboea
in Theflaly, (dux Meliboeusy Virg. Aen.
3, 402.), the cotppanion of Hercules,
to whom that hero, at his death, left
his arrows, which had been tinged
with the blood of the Hydra, ( Vid. G,
402. et 452.). Philoftetes was wound-
ed in the foot by the accidental fail of
li r 2 one
PHI [ 31
pne of thefe arrows, or by the bite of
a ferpent ; which wound caufed incre-
dible pain to him, ib. whence J hllo£le-
taeus tile claniQi-y tlie doleful crying of
Philodletcs, reprefented on the ftage,
Cic. Tufc. 2, 23.
Philodamus, a chief man of Lamp-
facus, whofe daughter Verres attempt-
ed to violate ; and being prevented, af-
terwards caufed the father and fon to
be put to death, Cic. Verr. i, i^-, &c.
Philodemus, an epicurean philo-
fopher, • ic. Fin. 2, 35. fuppofed to be
the perfon mentioned, Hor. Sat. i, 2,
121,
Philodorus, a native of Traljes in
Lydia, {Trallianus), Ofc. Flacc. 22.
Philogenes, 'isj a flave or freed
fnan of Atticus, Cic. Alt. 5, 1 3. & 6, 4.
Philogonus, a Have of Q^ Cice-
ro's, Cic. ^ Fr. ly 3.
Philolaus, a Pythagorean philo-
fopher, born at Croton, [CroiQntata)y
the fcholar of Archytas, who firll
taught publicly the diurnal motion of
the earth round its axis, ( G. 14.)> Cic.
Or. 3, 34.
Philomela, the daughter of Pan-
dion king of Athens, and fider of
Progne, turned into a nightingale, [Q.
419 )
Pnii-OMELys, the name of a man.
Martial. 4, 5.
Philopator, -oris, the firname of
a king of £gypt, given him by way of
irony, becaufe, having flain both father
and mother, he ufurped the crown,
jfujlin. 29, I. But Plutarch and Po-
iybius fay that his father died a natural
^eath.
Pfiilotimus, a freed man of Cice-
|-o-s, Cic.Att. 2,. 4. et 6, ic.
Philotis, Idis, a female llave, who,
by an artful contrivance, is laid to have
gained ^ yiftory to the Romans over
the JUatins, foon after Camilhis had ex-
pelled the Gauls from ^..ome ; in com-
piempration of which an annual feflival
*va8 ever afterwards I>ept pn the 7th
J\i\j [Non. JuIX, hence called ^onac
CapratinaS) from a wild fig. tree, (ca-
riflcus), whence fhe gave a fignal to
|ie Romaus; PlutarcL in Romuio, f, et
6 1 PHI
in Camillo. The fame llory is related
by Macrobius, Sat. i, si.
Philoxenus, a poet of Syracufe,
who was imr;rifoi;t:d in the LatUumiae
for having ccnhired fome of the verfes
of Dionylius the tyrant. After being
liberated, when other verfes of the ty-
rant were read to him, inflead of gi-
ving his opinion concerning them, he
defired tq be carried back again to pri-
fon, Cic, Jit. 4, 6. ; Plutarch, cle Vir-
tut. Alex. Ma^ni ; Diodor.
PHILOPOEMEN, -enis, an excel-
lent general ot the Acheans, called, on
account of his Angular virtue, the lail
of the Greeks, [G. 475.)> -^^"y* ZS*
25, &c. 39, 49, &c.
Philo stratus, a Greek author in
the time of Severus, whofe v/orks are
ftill extant.
Philus, the firname of L. Fulvius,
Cic.Att. 4, 16. Amic. 4, 7, & 19.
Philj'ra, v. Cy -esy the daughter
of Oceanus, and mother of the centaur
Chiron, who is hence called Philyrtdes,
-ae, Ovid. Art. Am. I, 11. Philyreius
her OS, Id. Met. 2, 678. Pelion umhro-
fumy Phuyreta tecta, fliady Pelion, the
abode of Chiron the fon of Philyra, iL
'piiiNEUS, (2fyl].),.«, v.-eosy a
king of Thrace, or, according to o-
thers, of Arcadia, infcfted by the Har-
pies, ( Vid. G. 441.) ; which are hence
called Avcs ' hineae, Senec, Thyeft. 1 54.
Jijunla Fhenei) the hunger or famine of
i?heneu3, caufed by the Harpies, Pro-
pert. 3, 5, 4r. pRiiiEiA domuS) the
houfe of Phincus, F^irg. Aen. 3, 212.
Pminlus, the brother of Cepheus
king of Aethiopia, who was to have
ma-Tied Andromeda the daughter of
Cepheus, and heirefs of his kingdom,
before (he was expofed to the fea-mon-
ller from which Perfcus freed her ; and
as a rev/ard obtained her in marriage.
Phineus, enraged at his difappointment,
attacked Perfeus in the middle of the
nuptial feail, Ovid. Met, 5 , 8. but had
caufe to repent of his ralhnefs, all his
friends being either ilain by the fvvord
or turned into Ifone, by being fhcwn
the head of the Gorgon Medufa, ( Poe-
PHI [31
nilet injujli nunc denlque phtnea helliy ib.
210.). Phineus himfelf at lad was al-
fo turned into ilone, //'. 231, &c. (G.
396.). He however firit flew leveral
ot bis opponents, [Phincd cecidere matiUy
they fell by the hand of Phineus, ih.
109.)
Phineus, voc. Phi?ieu, {2 fyl).), an
Athenian, remaikable for his juliice,
Ovii/. Met. 7, 399.
Phintias, v. Phintkias, -/7^, (al.
Pythias), a Pythagorean, the friend
of Damon, Cic. Ojf. ^y ro. Fh/. Da-
mon.
Phlegon, -on'uj one of the horfes
of the fun, OvU, Met. 2, 5^4.
Phlegyas, -as, the fon of Mars,
and king of the Lapithae in Thelialy.
(r/^. G.438.)
Phocion, 'Ofiisf an Athenian gene-
ral, illuitrious for his integrity, who
at an advanced age was put to death
by tlie popular party, Nep. 19, 4,
Phocus, the fon of Aeacus and
Pfamathe, [yleacldes, Ovid. Met. 7,
477, S: 494.), fiain by his brothers Te-
lamon and Peleus, (G. 385, & 444.) •
PHOEBUS, a name of Apollo,
and of Sol, or the fun, (G. 367.) ;
fometimes joined | as, Phoebus ApQllo,
Virg.Aen. 2, 251 "*.
* CLorus PLoehi, the choir of Pho'^bus, /. e.
the Muits ; thus, U:q./e i)iro Photbi chorus
adfurrexerit ornnis^ and how all the Mufes
role up to fhow refpcil to Gailus f!.e poet,
Virg. Ed. 6, 66. C-:rf^rs tUcbl, D.-aiia, the
flfier of Apollo, Ovid. Pont. 3, 1,JS,%- Cortina
I'hceLiy the oracle of Apollo, l^ir^. Atn. 6,
347. J'ax, i. e. the fun, Cic. Liu. i, 11. in-
trr/'tgs, i. e. the pronhtt or augur Helcnu^,
Firg. 4eri. 3, 474. Ipje (fc a.iiguflus) fcJens
nii'ec caridentis iimine Phvtbi, in trie Incw- white
entrance of the (liiijing Apollo, /. e in the
porch of the temple of Apollc, which he
built on the Palatine mourir, of Paiiaa
li:arbk', Virg. Aen. 7, 720. Repcriar medico e
artis Pljocbui., Ovid, Rem. Am. 76. Phuchi
facerdo%y the prieflels of Phoebus, i.e. the Si-
byl, Firg. Aen. 6, 319. Soror, i.e. Diana,
il, I, 333. Ai'gur PbotLus, the augur, or god
of augury, Hor. Carm. Saec. 62. taiidicus.,
Lucan, 5, 70. Medlen; fugat c:f,ra, the fun re-
turning chafes away the (lars, Hor. (Jd. 3, 21,
2.4. Littora iitroque jncentia Fboeho., fc, /</,-•, un-
der both funs, the f\^\n^ and letting luri, the
^aft an4 weft; Ovid. M^t. J, }y4- -^'l^^chf
7 ] P H O
Phoebas, -adis, f. a prophetic vir«
gin, the priellefs of Apollo at Delphi,
Lucan. 5, 128, 6.C.; Sd. 15,282. /}fy-
cenaeo > hochas amata duct, the prophe-
tic Caffandra, infpired by Phoebus, be-
loved by Agamemnon, Ovid. Tr. 2,
400. Junior. 2, 8, 12.
I HOEBE, -esi a name of Diana or
Luna, the filter of Apollo ; as, Innup-
ta Phoebe^ the unmarried Diana, Ovid.
Mtt. I, 476. jaculatrix, Id.Ep. 20, 229,
nemoraliSy delighting in the woods, Stat,
domefllcui, the domefLic of Auguftus, fo called
becauft Augullus built a temple for him oa
the Palatine mount, where AujrTuftus h?d his
houfe, Ovid. d\dd. TJ, 865. Fhoebi porucus
aurea, the portico adjoining to the tcaiple of
Apollo built by Auguftus on the Palatne hill,
Propert. a, 3 1, I. Aciim Phoebus^ Apoll©
worfhipped at Ailium, by whofe affiiiancc
Auguftus conquered Antony in a fea-tight
near that plac^. Id. 4, 6, 67. Hence he is
called Naval-.s Ph'.ebus., Ul. 4, I, 3 Furabcr
Phoebif fc fpecicm, I will fecretly affume the
appearance of, Id. ^, 2, 31. Phoebi irortus,
the port of Adium, /a', 4, 6, I5. Pheebi cuf-
iodis A£iia littura.^ of Photbus, the guardian
of the Roman em.pire, Id. 2, 34, 61. Phoebi
'vada, warm waters or baths, called Aquae yf-
poUihuresy near Caere, Martial. 6, 42, 7.
Arte Phoebita pellere morbos, by rhe medical
art, Ovid. Fuji. 3, 827. Chehs Phoebeay thi
lyre vi Apollo, Lucan. ad Pif. 159, phoebeae
lampadis injlur, like the lamp of Phoebus, /,<?..
the fun, Virg. Atn. 3, 637. Ccnverti ad P'ooc
hdos ortusy t(> the rifiDg ot the fun, or the eaft,
Lucan. 9, 667. Flwebci idius, (al. igues), the
rays of the iun, Ovid. JVIet. 5, 389. Fboebea
palatia, the vemple of Apollo on the Palatine
mount, lb. 3, 103, Add. Propeit. 4, I, 1$.
Photbeui viurus, the wall of Troy, buiit by A-
pollo and Nep une, Lucan. 9, 965. (G. 372.),
Fboebea ferta^ a garland of laurtl, lacred to
Apollo, ib. 5, 170 ; Virg. Eel. 7, 62. Tem-
pora Fboebea -vlrgine ntxa tulity i. e. had his
ten^ples bound with a crown of laurel, into
which tr e Du^ihne, a virgin beloved bv A-
pollo, was changed, Ovid. Font. 2, 2,^2. Met,
I, 550, &;c. Phoebeae fortes y the oracle of A-
pollo, Ovid. Met. 3, 130. Jwvems Ph:ebeXuiy
the Phebcan youth, i.e. Aelculapius, the fon
of Apollo, Ovid. Met. 15,642. hence called
Phoebigena, -fld-, m Virg. Atn. 7, 773. Fhoe-
LTms angvis, i. e. Aefculapius worfhipped at
Epidauru9 in the fhape of a fcrpeat, and
b ought from thence to Rome, ib. 15, 742.
Ph'^^sbciui alesy i. e. the raven, [corvus), facrcd
to ApoHo, becaufe it gave omens by its croak-
ir:g, Ovid. Met. 3, 545.
SUv.
P H O C 31
Sih, T, 3, 76. Aurea Phoebe, Ovid. Met.
2, 724*-
PHOEBE, Leudpp'ts, -Uis, the
daughter of Leucippns. ( Vid. Leucip-
pus.)
Phoenix, -Ids, the fon of Agenor,
who gave name to Phoenicia, (G.384.)
ylpoIhdot\ 3, I, I. Hyginus fays that
Phoenix fettled in Africa; and that
from bim the Carthaginians were call-
ed PoENi,/^/^. 178.
Phoenix, 'ic'ts, the fon of Amy n tor,
{crefus Jlmyntcrc) Ovid. Met. 8, 507.
the companion and inftruftor of Achil-
les, Cic. Or. 3, 15. ; Hcmer. II i, 443.
called Homericus Phoenix, Q^inctil. 2,
3, 12. greatly refpected by Achilles,
(reveretidus Jchllli,) Stat. Silv. 3, 2,
96. (G. 446.) <. r 1
Pholoe, -es, the name 01 a temaie
Cretan flave, V'irg. Jen. 5, 285.
•[ 2. A girl noted for her beauty in the
time of Horace, Od. 3, 15, 7. reprc-
fcnted as haughty, (afpera,) Od. i, 33>
6, and dildainkil, (figax, i. e. fugicns
viros,) ib. 2, 5, 17. So TibuUus, 1,
8,69, & 77.
PHOLUS, a centaur, {G. 439.)
who entertained Hercules, {Hofpes et
AU'idae ma^i,) Lucan 6, 391, when
he went to attack the centaurs, Sery.
in Firg. Jen. 8, 294. Pholus was flain
in the conteft which took place be-
tween the Centaurs and l.apithac at
the marriage of Pirithous ; which is
faid to have been caufed by Bacchus,
i. e. by wine, V'lrg. G. 2, 456. ; Hor.
Od, I, 18, 8. Ovid lays, that Pholus
was not killed, but made his efcape,
Met. 12, 306.
Phonolenides, -ae, the fon of
Phonolenus, Ovid. Met. 12, 433. But
this name is varioufly written.
* Vento femper rubei aurea Fbiebcy the golden
Phoebe, i e. the rr oon always reddens with
wind, i. e. appears red before wind, Virg. G.
I, 431. Airnague curru Kcdivago Phi^be medi-
um puljalat Olympumy was in the middle of her
courfe, Id. A. 10, lib. Ttrtia Fbocbe,^ the
third nfing of ths moon, th. third night,
Ovid. Fuji. 6, 2^0- Sexto, rtfurgebant crientis
arnua FUebcs. tl.e fixth horns of the rifiu?
8 3 P H O
PHORBAS, -antls, a Trojan ; by
affuming whofe form, the god Somnus
deceived Palinvirus, the pilot of Aeneas,
when he tumbled him into the fea,
Ftrg. Jen. 5, 842. ^ 2. A native
of Syene,in Egypt, [Syenites, -ae,) the
fon of Methion ; llain by Perfeus,
Ovid. Met. 5, 74, & 78. ^ 3. An
impious ThefTalian i^profanus,) who,
with a band of Phlegyae rendered the
temple of Apollo inacceffible, ib. 11,
414.
Phorcus, a fca-god, the fon of
Neptune and the nymph Thefea, Serv,
in Virg. Jen. 5, 824. Phorct chorus, i. e.
the fea-nymphs and fea-animals, ib. 240.
exerdtus, ib. 824. ^ 2. An excel-
lent fciilptor and painter, Plin. 36, 5.
Phorcys, -ynis, the father of the
Gorgon Mediila ; who is hence called
Phorcynts, Idis, Ovid. Met. 5, 23c. and
Phorcys, -ydis, Propert. 3, 22, 8.
Geminae Jorores Phorcydes, ace.
-ydas, the two fifters of the Gorgon,
{^Pephredo and Ervo,) who are faid to
have had but one eye, which they ufed
by turns, Ovid. Met. 4, 773.
PHORMIO, -dms, a Peripatetic
philofopher, at Ephefns ; whom Han-
nibal, while an exile there, having one
day heard deliver a lecture on the
art of war and the duty of a commiand-
er, laughed at his folly, Cic. Or. 2, 18.
Whence thofe were called Phor mi-
ones, who pretended to teach what
they did not undcrftand. -^ 2. The
name of one of the plays of Terence,
from a principal chara6ler in it; whence
Cicero ridiculing a witncfs of the fam»e
firname, fays of him, N'ec minus niger,
nee minus confidcns, quam die Terentianus
ejl Phormio, Caecin. ic.
P H 6 RO N E u s (3 fy 11. ) -ei, vel -eos, the
fon of InachuskiugofArgos, (G. 391.)
or according to others, the father of
Inachus ; whence Inachus is called
Phoronides, -ae, the fon of Phoroneus,
Stnec. Thyeji. f. I. and lo, the daughter
of Inachus, PhorSnis, -)dis, Ovid. Met.
668.
•Mattes Phor one ae, the Ar-
xnoon were again appearing,
e. the fixth
incu:h was begun. Id. Met. 8, II. Kecfit ti-
ki lucida Pbcil:, let net thc moon fhiae oa
thef , Id. m llln, IC9.
^\vz matrons, ^tat. Theb, 12, 465. an-
tra. Id. SIL 3, 2, lOi.
Phosphoru:, the fame with Luc^t-
■ P H 0 [ 319 ] PHY
fer, the morning ftar or the planet Ve- the terror of his arms, a. u
Martial.Sf
nus, Cic. N. D. 2, 20.; Martial. iSf 21
PhOTINUS. Fid. POTHINUS.
PHRaaTES, -aej V. -is, a king of
Parthia, to whom Orodes, his father,
refigned the crown. Phraates, for his
fecurity, put to death all his brothers,
to the number of thirty ; and when
Orodes expreffcd his difTatisfaclion at
this, he ordered him alfo to be killed,
Dio, 49, 23. Juftin fays that Phraates
put his fathe» to death before his
brothers, 42, 4. He alfo flew many
of the chief nobility. At laft his fub-
jefts, provoked by his cruelty, expelled
him from the kingdom, and made Ti-
ridates or Teridates king. But Phra-
ates, afTiftedby the Scythians, retrained
the kingdom. Upon which Tiridates
fled to Auguftus carrying with him
the youngeft fon of Phraates, whom he
delivered to Auguftus, Jvjlin. 42, 5.
Notwithftanding this good fortune of
Phraates, Horace fays beautifully, that
virtue, diflfering in opinion from the
vulgar, excluded from the number of
the happy, fo detellable a tyrant ;
though relfored to the throne of Cy-
rus, i. e. of Parthia, which had formed
part of the Perfian empire, over which
Cyrus reigned, {^Reddltwn Cyri folio
Phraatem Dijfickm plehi, numero heatonim
eximit Firtus), Od. 2, 2, 17. Some
fuppofe that Phraates was twice ex-
pelled from his kingdom, a. u. 724,
and a. 730 ; that he firft regained the
crown by his own influence, Dio, 51,
18. and next by the aid of the Scythi-
ans, y///?iw. 42, 5. To the firft rello-
ration Horace is fuppofed here to re-
fer. Whatever be in this, Phraates
fent ambaffadors to Rome, a. u. 731,
to requeft of Auguftus that he would
fend back his fon and give up Tiridates.
Auguftus did not give up Tiridates,
but fent back his fon, on condition that
Phraates fliould reftore the ftrmdards
and captives taken from the Romans,
upon the defeat of CrafTus and of An-
tony, Dio, 53, 33. This Phraates
promifed, but did not perform, till
Auguftus having made an expedition
into the eaft, obliged him to do it by
54, 8. This event, as being highly
honourable to Auguftus, is celebrated
both by the poets and hiftorians, Horat,
Od. 4, 15, 6. Ep. I, 12, 27. et 18, ^d.;
O'vid.Tr. 2, 227. ; Strah. G, p. 288. et.
id, p. 748.; Suet. Aug. 2 1. Tih. 9.;
Veil. 2,91. ; Jujlin.^i. f.j Liv.Eplt,
139.; Eutrop."!, «r. ; Flor. 4, 12,83.
Strabo fays that Phraates alfo fent to
Auguftus four of his fons with two of
their wives and children, as hoftages,
16, p. 748. Add. Tac. Ann. 2, I. ; Suef.
Aug. 21 ; Jujlin, 42, 5. Phra-
ates was the name of feveral Parthian
kings.
Phryne, -es, a famous courtezan at
Athens, who being defended by Hy-
pertdes in a trial /or her life, was ac-
quitted chiefly by the effect which an
artful difplay of her beauty is faid to
have had on the judges, ^ivMil. 2, IC,
9. Praxiteles made a ftatue of Phrv'ne;
in which he expreiTed his own paiTion,
and the joy of his raiftrefs on receiving
her hire, PJln. 34, 8. ^infiil. 2, 1 5, 9.;
Athcnae. lib. 14.
PHRYXUS, the fon of Athamas,
king of Thebes by Nephele; who with
his filler Helle fled from the cruelty of
their ftep-mother Ino, on a '-am with
a fleece of gold, which carried them
through the air. Helle becoming gid-
dy through fear, fell into that ftrait,
which was afterwards called from her
Hclks'pontus, the fea of Helle. Phry-
xus continued his courfe to Colchis,
which was then governed by his rela-
tion Aeetes ; and according to the di-
rections which he had received from his
mother Nephele, facniiced the ram to
Mars, and fufpended his golden fleece
in the temple of that god, (G. 440).
Hence the ram is called Aries Phryx-
E'JS, Stnec. Med. v. 471. Aurea PhryX'
ea avis, Ovid. Ep. 6, 104. and its fleece,
Phryxeavelkray Ovid. Met. 7, 7. Afare
Phryxeum, the Hellefpont, into which
the fifter of Phryxus fell, Senec. Hen.
QB. V. 776. called alfo Pbryxi femita,
Stat. Achill. r, 409. Phryxus mar-
ried Chalc'ope, the daughter of Aeetes,
by v.-hom he had four foas, ApoUodof,
PHY C
1,9, T. But Aeetes, afterwards afraid
left Pbryxus fhould feize the crown,
put him to death, Hyg'in, 3, & 22.; P''aL
Flacc. I, 43. (G. 440»)
pHYLACus, the fon of Deion, king
of Phocis, by Diomede, ApoUodor,
1, 9, 4. who founded the city Phy-
lace in TheiTaly, Eujlath* ad Homer. II.
2, 695. the father of Iphidus, th.
705. ; Apollodor. 3,9, 8. ; Hyg'm. f.
103. and grandfather of Protefilaus, to.
who is hence called Phyllacides,
-aey Ovid. Art. A. 2, 356. Amor. 2,
6, 41. J Phylaades heros^ Propert. i,
19, 7. and hi^ wife Laodamla, Conjux
Phylaceia, Ovid. Tiift. 5, 14, 39.
Phyllis, -'idis^ the daughter of Ly-
curgus, king of Thrace, and herfelf
a queen of that country ; who fell in
love with Demophoon, the fon of The-
feus, in his return from the Trojan war.
Demophoon having left her with a
promife to return, and failing to per-
form his promife, fhe put an end to her
days, (G. 425.) Servius fuppofes that
Virgil alludes to this liory, (5"/ quos
aid Phyll'ulis ignes, fc. hahesy if you will
fmg the flames or loves of Phyliis j, i:.
5, 10. But others think, that Pliyilis
here is only a pailoral name ; as, lb. ^,
76. et 7, 63. et 10, 41. So Ovid feems
to take Phyllis for a fhepherdefs or a
country-girl, by joining her with A-
maryllis ; thus, Pkyllidis h'lc idem tenc-
rofque Amaryllidis ignes BucoUds juvenis
luferat ante mod'is^ fc. Virgilius, Tri^'?. 2,
537. «| 2. The nurfe of Domician,
who buried him after he was murdered,
in a farm of her's near the city, [in
fuhurbano fuo), on the Latin way, Do-
mit. 17.
Phyllodoce, -cs, a river nymph,
V'lrg. G. 4, 336.
Phyllius, a Boeotian, fond of the
boy Cycnus, whom he tried every me-
thod to pleafe, but in vain. At lad a
refufal caiifed the ruin of his favourite,
(FJrV/. Cycnus.)
PICTOR, "orh, a firname given
to C. Fabius, one of the Fabian fa-
mily, from his flcill in painting, Cic.
Tufc. 1,2. He painted the temple of
fafcty, (Sal us), Plln. -^s^ 7- The
320 3 PIE
firname of Piftor defcended to his pof-
terity, ( P^id. F a b i u s. )
^ Fabius PICTOR, -oris, a very
ancient writer of Roman annals, Cic,
Or. 2, 12.; Lhu I, 44. 2,40. 8,
30. 10, 37. 22, 7, &c.
PICUS, the fon of Saturn, and the
father of Faun us, Vtrg. Aen. 7, 48.
king of the Laurences, ( Laurenth Pi-
cijf ib. 1 70. remarkable for his flrill in
augury and horfemanihip. Virgil de-
fcribes ficus in the garb of a Roman
augur, by anticipation, with the lituus
or augur's ilaff of Romulus, who was
ilcilled in augury, girt with a fmall tra-
bea^ or fliort narrow tunic, carrying a
round (hield in his left hand, Virg. Aen.
7, 187. The goddefs Circe having fal-
len in love with Picus, [capta cupidtne
conjujixy i. e. amjris, defiring to become
his wife or miilrefs, as, E. 8, 18, Sc
66. fo maritus, for amator. Id. Aen.
4, 536.) and being reje^led, is faid to
have ftruck him with her wand, and to
have transformed him with her drugs
into a woodpecker, [verfumque veneniS
fecit avemy i. e. picum), Firg. Aen. 7,
190. This transformation of Picus
Ovid, i\\ his ufual manner, decorates
with a number of circumftances, as al-
fo that of his companions and wife Ca-
ne ns, Met. 14, 320, — 435. There was
a magnificent palace and temple built
by Picus in the citadel of Laurentum,
in which the ancient kings of Latium
ufed to be crowned, i^Hic fceptra ac
cipere, et prtmos ittolhre fafces Reglhus
cnai erat)f ib. 1 70. and where {Tali
intus templo-i for in hoc tcmpio) Latinus
received the ambaffadors of Aeneas,
//'. 192. Servius and other com.menta-
tors imsginc, that Virgil, in defcribing
this palace, alluded to the palace of
Augultus on the Palatine Mount, adv.
175, &c. But it feems more proper
to underftand the wordd fmiply, with-
out any fuch allufion.
PIeRUS, v. -ins, the father of the
Nine Mufes by Antiopa; whence the
Mufes were called by the poets, Pie-
rides et PiERiAE, Cic. N. D. 3, 21.
But Ovid fays, that Picrus, v. -oj, a
Macedonian, i^Pellaeis in arvis)^ was
th«
P I L [
t*he father of nine girls by Fvlppe, a
Paeonian or Macedonian woman, ( Pae-
onisf 'Xdis)j which nine fifters had the
prefumption to challenge the Nine Mu-
les to a conteft in mufic, and being
vanquiOied, were turned into magpies,
{in picas). Met. 5, 302. ad fin. But
the Mufes are generally thought to
have been named Pierides, -«m, iing.
Pierisj voc. Fieri , from PiErus, a
mountain inTiieffaly, on the confines
of Macedonia, (Vid. G. 323.)
PiLiA, the wife of Atticu;?, Cic. Att.
4, 4, &c.
M. PiLius, a connection of Atti-
cus, Cic. Att. 13, 31. J Fam. 8, 8. So
Q^PiLius, Cic. Att. j^, 17.
PiLUMNus, one of the progenitors
of Turnus, fometimes called his parent,
Virg. Aen. 9, 3. fometimes his grand-
father, ih. 10, 76. and great-great-
grandfather, i^quartus pater vel aha-
vus), lb. 619. He feems to have been
a deity of that country, for by hiiti
Turnus is faid to have derived his ori-
gin from the gods, iL 6 18. Ke was
like wife called Picumnus, Scrv. ad
Virg. A. 9, 4. et 10, 76.
' Pimple IDES, -um^ the Mufes, fo
j called from Pimpia, a mountain of
Boeotia or Thrace, {^Vid. G, Ikdex.)
PiNARiij an ancient family of L.a-
tium, Liv. I, 7. Domus Pin aria,
Virg. Aen. 8, 270. Pinarii Nattae no-
liks, Cic. Div. 2, 21.
T. PiNARius, a friend of Cicero\'5,
Cie. Fujn. 12, 24. yltt. 6, 1. el 8, 15.
PINDaRUS, a Theban, an illuf-
trious Lyric poet, remarkable for the
fublimity of his fentiments and expref-
fion, (lyricorum priticeps), Quinclii. 10,
1, 61. whom Horace judged to be in-
imitable, ih. et Hor. Od. /{y 2, I-, &c.
Cicero joins Pindar with tlie Greek
poets of the fiift rank. Homer, Ar-
chilochus, and Sophocles, Or. i . Fin,
2, 3, 4- He flourilhed about the time
of Xerxes's invafiou of Greece, His
poems were written to celebrate the
vigors at the Olympic, lilhmian, Py-
thian, and Nemean games; and ac-
cordingly are divided into four parte,
entitled, Olympla, IJikmiai -Pythiay CX,
3JI j PIS
Neniea. Pindarici modi, the
ftrains of Pindar, Martial. 8, 18,6.-^
Lyrae Pindaricat Jidicen^ a lyric poet,
O'-oid. Pont. 4, 17, 40. P/e^ris Pinda^
ricis contendere^ Stat. Silv. .,3, loi.
Pindarici fontis qui non expalluU haujlus^
who did not fear to drink of the Pin-
daric fountain, /. e. to attempt lyric
poems like thofe of Pi idar, Hor. Ep,
I, 3, 10. ^alis Pindarico fpirilus ore
tonaty with the fublimity of Pindar,
Prop. 3, 17, 40. So Id 2, t, 40. In
like manner Horace, Lnmenfufque ruit
profundo Pindarus ore, Pindar flows or
moves with vaft fublimity and copiouf-
ncfs of exprefiion, Od. 4, 2, 7.
T. PiNNius, one who made Cicero
his fecond heir, Cic. Fam. 13, 61.
PiRiTHOus, the fon of IxTon, king
of the Lapithae ; who, having concei-
ved a pailion for Proferpine, went dowft
to the infernal regions with his friend
Thefeus, in order to carry her off, (^i
dominant Ditis (/.<?. Proferpinam) tha-
lamo deducere adorti), Virg. Aen. 6,
397. But being feized, they vvere
thrown into chains by Phito. Thefeus
was afterwards Hberated by Hercules,
but Pirithous is faid to have been bound
faller: hence, Amatorem (fc. Profer-
pinae) trecentae Pirithoum cohilent cate-
nae, Hor. Od. 3, 4, 79. Nee Leihaea
•valet Thefeus ahrumpere caro Vincula Pi-
rithoo, lb. 4, 7, 27. This fable is va-
rioufly related by mythologills, (G.
423.) ; Hygin, 79. At the marriage
of Pirithous with Hippodame, v. -mia,
happened the bloody conflid between
the Centaurs and Lapithae, Oind. Met,
12, 210., &c. The friendfliip be-
tween Thefeus and Pirithous is cele-
brated, and their fidelity to each other,
( Aegidae i. e. Thcfei Pirithoique fi-
des), Ovid. Pont. 2, 6, 26. Met. 8.
302. rrij}. I, 4, 18. Pont. 2, 3, 43. ;
Martial. 7, 23. 4. {Vid. G. 423, 438,
&439-)
PisANDER, 'dri, an Athenian prae-
tor, Nep. 7, 5.- ^ 2. A general of
the Lacedaemonians, Id. 9, 2.
<{| 3. One of the fuitors of Penelope,
Ep. I J 91. ; Homer, Cdyfs. 22,
Ovid
245.
91. ; Homer, Cdyfs, 22,
8 f PISIvS^
PIS t 322
PISISTRaTUS, an Athenian of
noble birth, of great eloquence, brave-
ry, and addrefs ; who artfully ufarp-
ed the government of his country, in
fpite of the oppofition of his kinfman
Solon, and retained it for thirty-three
years, till his death, (G. 465.) yuf-
tin, 2,8.; Cic. Sm. 20. BruL
put for any ufurper or tyrant ; as for
Caefar, Cic. Att. 8, 16. Pififtratus
firft arranged the books of Homer, as
we now have them, C'tc, Or. 3, 33, He
was contemporary with S.ervius Tul-
lius, the 6th king of Rome, GeU. 17,
21. — — PisiSTRATlD \e;, -arum, the
fons of Pifiilratus, Hippias and Hip-
parchus. who fucceeded him, (G. 465.)
PISO, a fjrname of the^^fjj Calpur-
ma ; faid to have been derived from
fome one of the family who cultivated
peafe ; or invented the peftle of a mor-
tar, Plin. 18, 3. J Lucan. ad P'tf. 15.;
faid to have been defcended from Nu-
ma Pompiliws, Fe/lin.
C. Calpurnius PISO, conful with M.
Glabrio, a. 686. qnd proconful of
Gaul, Cic, Att. I, I. when he feems to
have q'lelled
fome infurre<51iQn
th(
AUobroges, whence Cicero humojouf-
ly calls him their fubduer, [pacificator
jiUchrogum)y lb. 13. He is mentioned
as a fedate or cahn and copious fpeak-
er, ( Jlatarius et fennonis plenus orator ^
Cic. Brut. 69.)
C. Pi so, a young nobleman of great
abihties and worth ; the fpn-in-law of
Cicero, to whom, during his banifli-
ment, he did all the good offices in his
power, Cic. Fam. 14, i. pojl reJ. in
Sen. 15. ad ^lir. 3. j PiJ. i. Brut.
78. He died before Cicero's return,
Cic. Sexi. 3 I. Cicero fpeaks of him as
one of the moil virtuous and apcom-
plifhed young men of that age, Br. 78.
L. PISO Caefoninus, conful with A.
Gabiniusj, a. 695, or 6. v,'ho conciirred
with Clodins ia banifhing Cicero, Cic.
Sexf. PiJ, &c. the father-in-l^w of Cae-
far, Cic. Fam. 4, 4. after whofe death
he oppofed Antony with great fpirit,
Cic. Phil. I, 4. But being fent as one
of three ambalTadors to Antony while
l>efieging Mutlna, he aded dilhonou^.
1 PIT
ably, {Jlagitiose fecit), Cie. Phil 8, 9.
et 10, 5. Fam. 12, 4.
PisoNES, -«m, two young noblemen
to whom Horace addreffed his Art of
Poetry, Horat. Art. P. 6, Sc 2^^. call-
ed Pompilius fanguisf the offspring of
Pompilius, becaufe the Calpurnii were
fuppofed to have been defcended from
Calpus, the fon of Numa Pompihus,
ib. 292, etibi Scholiajl.
Cn. PiSQ, made governor of Syria
by Tiberius, Tac. Ann. 2, 43. and fup-
pofed to have been employed by hira
to cut off" Germanicus by poifon, ik.
6. ; Suet. Tib. 52. Upon his return to
Rome, he was accufed, Tac. Ann. 3,
10. Perceiving the people to be greats
I7 enraged againfl: him, ib. 14. and not
being fupported by Tiberius, he killed
hirnlelf, ib. 15.
Pi so Frugi Licinianus, adopted by
Galba as his fucceflbr to the empire,
Tac. H//I. I, 14, & 15. ar^d on that ac-
count flain by the orders of Qtho, ib,
43. in the 33d year of his age. His
virtues deferved a better fate, ib. 48. ;
Suet. Galb. 17. — —Many other confi-
derable mon of the name of Pifo are
mentioned in the claffics.
Pis TOR, -orist the baker, a name
given to Jupiter, for a reafon men-
tioned, Ovid. Fqjl.d.^ i^o^ vc
Pitarati?, archon of Athens
when Epicurus died, Cic. Fat. g»
PiTHODEMUs, a noted wrefller,
Plin. 34, 8.
PiTHOLEON* -ntisi a poet of Rhodes,
who injudicioufly mix'^^d Greek and
Latin in his poems, Hor. Sat. i, 10,
22.
Pitta cus of Mitylenae, o.ne of
the feven wife men of Greece ; Hinc
tin Lycurgi, hinc Pittacly hinc Soloncs ;
as we fay, 'Hir Bagons, Miltons, New-
tons, Addifons, &c. Cic. Qr. 3, is<i
Leg. 2, -6. (G. 464.)
PiTTHEus, king of Troezen?, th?
grandfather of Thefeus by the mo-
ther's fide; who is hence called Pitthei-
dos Acthrae Jiliusy the fon of Aethra,
the daughter of Pittheus, (nom. Pit-.
theis,) Ovid. Ep. IC, 1 3 1.' PiT-
THEIA regna, the kingdom of Pit-
thiaj,
Pit t 3
tbcus, 1. e. Troezine, where Pittheus
reigned, ib. 4, 107. {G. 421.)
PiTUANius, a very learned man,
intimate with Atticus, CicJtt. 4, 15.
PlaciD'l;ianus, a noted gladiator,
Hor. Sat. 2, 7, 97. {Fid, Facidia-
NUS. )
M. pLAETDi^ius, the accufcr of M.
Fontejiis, Clc. Font. 5. curule aedile with
C. Flaminius, Clc. Cluent. 45. praetor
with Cicero, ib. ^'^. — Incerdio Plaetorl-
ano Seius amhujlus eji, is iinged by the
conflagration raifed againll Plaetorius,
i. e. alleited by his condemnation, as
being involved in his guilt, Clc. Att.
5, 20.
J'LAGiosippus, a name fuppofed to
be put for L. Philippus, the orator,
A. ad Herenn. 4, 3 1 •
C j^^£/W Plaguleius, one of the
partifans of Clcdius, Clc. Alt. ic, 8,
Dom. 3"?.
PLANCUS, V. PtANcrjs, a fir-
name of the Munattiy from one of that
fam.ily having the foles of his feet un-
commonly plain, [Plana appellantuvy
qui Jupra mcdum pedihus plant funt,) Fef-
tus ; et Plin. 11, 45 f. 105.
(7«. Plancius, of an equeftrian fa-
mily in the diftrid of Atinum, quaef-
tor in Macedonia under L. Appuleius
the praetor. When Cicero was ba-
niihed from Rome, Plancius met him
at Dyrrachium, and conveyed him
privately to his head-quarters at Thef-
faionica, ( Thejjalonicam in ^aejlorium
perduxit,) Cic. poft. red. in ben. 14.
Plane. 41. Plancius in his tribune-
fiiip did not difcover the fame at-
tachment to Cicero, Cic. Plane. 32.
Afterwards, however, when Plancius,
being chofen aedile, was acculed by a
difappointed competitor, M. Laieren-
fis, of bribery and corruption, Cicero
undertook his defence, and procured
his acquittal. In the civil war he
joined Pompey ; and after the defeat
of his party in the battle of Pharfalia,
feems to have retired to Corcyra, where
he lived in exile. Cicero gave him
hopes of a return ; but whether or not
that event took place we are no^ told,
Gic. Fiinu 4, 14, & 15.
23 ] P L A
X. Munat'tus PLANCUS, gover-
nor of Tranfalpine Gaul, after the death
of Caefar ; appointed to bear the con-
fulfhip with D. Brutus, the year after
Hirtius and Pan fa, Cic. Phil 3, 15.
Fcm. 10, I. ordered by the fenate, in
conjunftion with Lepidus, to found
the city Lyons, at the conHux of the
Rliofne with the Arar, Dioy 46, 50.
After the battle of Mutina and the
death of the confuls, Plancus join-
ed himfelf with Lepidus and Antony ;
and thus contributed to the deftruc-
tion of the republican party, Dioy 46^
5^3. though he had given Cicero re-
peated affurances of his attachment to
the liberty of his country, Cic. Fam.
10, 4, 8, &c. He was conful with
Lepidus, a. u. 712, Dioy 47, 16.
— Plancus adhered to Antony, ac-
cording to Paterculus, with great fer-
vility, till the beginning of the civil
war between Antony and Auguftus,
when he deferted to Auguftus, 2, 83.
He never gained the confidence of that
emperor ; and therefore he is fuppofed
to have thought of going into volun-
tary exile to Rhodes or Mytilene, e-
fteemed agreeable places of abode by
the Romans, Cic. Fam. 4, 7. et 7, 3 f.
when Horace advifed him to banifh
his anxiety, and remain in his own de-
lightful villa near Tibur, Od. I, 7.
Confule Plancoy \. e. a. u. 71 1 or 712,
when Horace was in the heat of youth,
[calidus jwventd,) aged 24, ib. 3, i4f.
T. Plancus Burfa, the brother of
the former ; who burnt the fenate-
houfe after the death of Clodius, being
then tribune, a. u. 701, Cic. Phil. 13,
1 1. On which account being accufed
by Cicero, he was banilhed ; and
therefore he was ever after very inimi-
cal to Cicero, Cic. Phil. 6, 4. Fam.
7, 2. He was reftored to his country
by Caefar, ib. et Phil. 12, 18. After
the death of Caefar, he iided with An-
tony, Cic. Phil. II, 6. He is men-
tioned as extremely illiterate, Cic. Fam,
9, 10.
M. PLANCUS Heres, a Roman
calf's J a partifan of Pompey ; for whofc
6 f 2 pardon
P L A I SH 1 t" I' t
pai'don Cicero intreats Dolobclla to In- Sarsina [Sat'smas, -dtis)
tercede with Caefar, Fa?n. 9, 13.
PLATO, 'onls, an iilullrious A-
thenian philofopher ; fo named from
the broadnefs of his fiiovilders ; the
fcholar of Socrates ; efteemed the mad
learned and eloquent of the ancient
philofophers, ( Pkilofophorum prnecipims.
Jive acumlne dijferendu five ehquendi fa-
cultate divind quadnm et Homeric d,Quinc-
tih ip, I, Bi. V^ir unus tnt'ms Gracciae
facile do3iJfimus^ Cic. Rabir. Poft. 9.
^afi dens qu'idam phtlnfophorum^ Cic, N.
D. 2, [2. Princeps omnium longe, qin-
cunque fcripferunty aut locuti Jnnty Cic.
Or. 19. yovemjlquidcmy aiurd phdcfo-
phiy fi Graece loquatur, fic loquif Cic.
Brut. 31. Dodus Plato, Hor. Sat. 2,
.4, 3.) It Is fald that a clufter of bees
fettled on his h'ps when a child, Cic.
Div. I, 36. He travelled over Egypt
gnd Magna Graecia in queil of know-
ledge, Cic. Fin. 5, 29. T'ufc. 4, 19, £c
25. After his return to Athens he
taught in a gymriafium near that city,
called the Acadcmia ; whence his
followers were named Academici, [G.
294.) We have a compendium of his
philofophy, Cic, yicad. 3, 5. He
thought that the earth moved round
its axis, («i/j/7 moveri tiifi terram ;)
which opinion he expreffed, though
fomewhat obfcurely, In a book called
Timaeus, {terram verti circa axerti, ) ib.
4, 39. Cicero had fuch a veneration
for Plato, that he fays he would rather
err with him, than think juflly with
others, Tufc. I, 17. Numero Platonis
elfcuriusy a proverbial exprefiion con-
cerning any thing difficult to be under-
ftood ; from Plato's adopting the num-
bers of Pythagoras, Cic. Ait. 7, 13. —
Philofpphi Platonici, Gell. 15, 2.
Suhltmitas Platonic a, Plin, Ep. 1, 10.
- Plator, one of the generals of
Philip, king of Macedonia, Urj. 28,
6.- — — <{| 2. A native of Dyrrachium,
put to death by PIfo, Cic. Pif. 34.
Jlliir. Refp. 16.
j4. Plautius, praetor of BIthynia
and Pontus, Cic. Fam. 13, 29.
• M, Accius PLAUTUS, a native of
in Umbriaj-
faid to have been named Plotns or Plau'
tus from his fplay or, broad feet, (a pe-
dum planitic,) Fejlus. a celebrated Ro-
man comic poet ; of whofe plays
twenty are extant, though not all
entire. He died in the confulft'^ip of
P. Claudius Pulcher and L. Portias
Licinius, a. u. ^6g. or 5 70, while Cato
the elder was cenfor, Cic. Br. i c. >
LATJTINTUS j>i?,Vr m
Tri
:he fa-
ther defcribcd by Plautus in his play
called Tiiiy.uMMus, Cic. ad. Brut. 2,
Plau TIM numeri et jalesf the
verfes and wit of Plautus, Hor. Art.
P. 270, Add. Ep. 2, I, 58, & 170.
praifed by Cicero, Off. i, 29.
PLAUTUS, one of the judges
who were bribed to acquit Clodius,
fuppofed to be a hditious name, Cic,
Ait. I, 16.
Pleiades, -?/tc, vel Pleiades , the
feven ilars, fo called from their number
{TTKiioyii;^ plures',) fmg. Pleiasy v. Plicsp
V. PleTas, one of the feven fVars ;— fup-
pofed to have been the daughters of
Atlas; hence called Atlantcae, Ovid.
Faft. 3, 105. and Ada%>t%de3, Virg, G.
I, 221. (G. 379. ) — Lucida Pleios^ the
bright or beautiful Pleias, i. e. Mala,
Ovid. Met, I, 670. Plias for Pliades^
Id.Ep. 18, 188. NoDita tmnftellis nume-
ros et nomina fecit, Pleiddas, &c. Virg.
G. I, 138. Tdygetefimiil OS terris ojlendii
honejhm Plias, v. Pleias, as foon as the
Pleiad Taygcte has (hewn her beau-
teous face to the earth, ib. 4, 232.
Pleiome, -es, the daughter of O-
ceanus and wife of Atlas, (G. 378.)
Pleu RATES, -isy a Macedonian,
Cic. Pif. 34.
Pleuratug, a king of the lilyrians,
Liv. 26, 24, c^c.
C. PLINIUS Secundum, born at Ve-
rona a. u. 776, pofi. Chr. Nat. 23. who
petiihed by the firft eruption of Vefu-
vius, in the 56th year of his age, Plin.
Ep.6, 16. Of his numerous writings,
ib. 3, 5. there is only extant his Natu-
ral Hiilory, in thirty-feven books ; a
work which has always been juftly
held iu the bighefl: eftimation, Gell. 5»
10-
? L I [ 3J5
& 16. Hieronym. in Ifai.
J
28. Cerafa
cherries lb cal-
15, 54. /*« E%echieL (^
i^LiNiANA, a kind of
led, Plin. 15, 25 f. 30.
C. PL INI US Caecilius Secmidusy the
nephew of the former ; called the
T^ounger Pliny y and his uncle the ElJer
Pliny ; born at Comum, P/in. Ep. 4,
13. near the lake Lariusy which there-
fore he calls his own, {fuusy) ib. 2, 8.
et 6, 24. His father was called Cae-
cilius ConienfiSy and his mother PUnia^
the filler of the natural hiilorian ; who,
having loft her huihand, lived with her
brother, ib. 6, 16, & 20. ; by whom
her fon was adopted, ib. 5, 8. and
therefore affumed his name. Pliny, ha-
ying early loft his father, was educated
under the care of his mother and uncle,
and of Verginius Rufus, ih. 2, 1,8.
He was very ftudious from a boy, fo
that in the 14th year of his age he
wrote a Greek tragedy, ib. 7, 4. He
lludied eloquence under Quindlilian,
ib. 2, 145 9- He hved in great friend-
fliip with Tacitus, who was a little
older than Pliny, ib. 7, 10, & 20. et 9,
23. He was highly etteemcd by the
emperor Trajan ; and employed his in-
tereft with him more for the advantage
of others than his own, ib. 10, 4, 6,
& 105, <&c. The works of Phny now
extant are, his Epiftles in ten books,
and a Panegyric on Trajan.
Plisthenes, 'isy the fon of Pelops,
and father of Agamemnon and Menc-
laus ; whence Pliflhenius torusy the
couch of Agamemnon, 0-vid. Rem. Am.
778. ( Vid. G. 405. ) ^ 2 . A fon
of Thyeftes, ferved up to his father
by Atreus at an entertainment, Senec.
thyejl. 724. (G. ibid.)
pLoTius, the name of a Roman
^ens. Plotiana bonay the elfedls
of one Plotius, Cic. Fam. 13, 8.
A. PLOTIUS Sihanus, a candi-
date for the aedilelliip with Cn. Plan-
cius, Cic. Plane. 7. ; praetor in the
confulfiiip of Marcellus and Sulpi-
cius, Cic. Att. 5", 15. — fuppofed to
have been the fame with A. Plautius,
praetor of Bithynia, Cic. Fam. 13, 29.
L. Plotius, a poet, a favourite 0/
C. Marius, Cic, Arch. 9.
POL
V. 'OUy 'onist the foil of
PLUTO,
Saturn and Ops, the brother of Jupi*
tcr, and king of the infernal regions,
(G. 388.) Piuton pcltery Virg. Aen,
7, 327. Domus exiiis Plutonia, the
poor, empty houfe or abode of Pluto,
i. e. the infernal regions, Hor. Od. i,
4, 25. So, Perque Ditis domos imcuas,
Virg. Aen. 6, 269. called empty y be-
caufe pofleffed by the fhades, airy un-
bodied phantoms, fluttering about un-
der an hollow imaginary form, [ienues
Jine cor pore vitas — valitare cava Jub ima-
gine formae,) ib. 292. Plutoma,
■ orum, certain places in Afia emitting
a noxious vapour, Cic. Div. i, 36.
Plutus, the god of riches, accord-
ing to the Greeks.
PoDiLiKius, the fon of Aefculapius,
a Ikilful phyfician, Ovid. Art. 2, 735.
Tr'i/l. 5, 6, II. 5[ 2. An Italian,
who took part with Aeneas againft
Turn us, Virg. Aen. 12, 304.
Podarces, 'isy the fiift name of
Priam, ( G. 400.)
POLeMO, v. -ony
the fon of
Philoftratus, an Athenian philofopher ;
the fcholar of Xenocrates, Cic. Or. 3,
i3. and his fucceflbr in the academy ;
who placed the chief happinefs of man
in living agreeably to nature, Cic, Fin,
4, 6. et 5, 31. Polemo in his youth
had been addicted to diffipation and
pleafure. Returning one morning after
fun-rife from a nodurnal entertainment,
and feeing the gate of Xenocrates
open, he went in, overpowered with
wine, as he was, befmeared with per-
fumes, and having his head crowned
with a garland, the ufualgarb of fuck
as had been feafting. He fat dov/n witl|
an air of deriiion, which raifed the in-
dignation of all prefent. But Xeno-
crates, without being moved, dropt
the fubjevit he was then treating, an4
began to diicourfe on modefty and tem-
perance. The attention of Polemo
was engaged : He foftiy pulled the
crown from his head ; and, in ftiort,
from being a diffolute debauchee, be-
came a great philofopher, FaL Max,
6, 9^ ext. I. ; Hor, Sat, 2, 3, 254.
P0LiT£.9,
POL [3
PolItes, one of the fons of Pnam,
flain by Pyrrhus, after the taking of
Troy. Firg.jlen, 2, 526.
6". ^«i^x POLT.IO, a dlftingullh-
ed orator, hillorian, and poet ; ap-
pohited by Caefar governor of Spain,
Cic. Fam. 10, 30. After the death of
Caefar he wrote feveral letters to Ci-
cero, which are fi.iil extant, exprcffive
of his zeal for liberty, ih. 31, 32, &
33. He however afterwards joined
Antony, and did him important
fei-vice. In the war of Peruha, he
commanded feven legions, Pater c, 2,
76. By the mediation of Polho and
Maecenas, a war was prevented be-
tween Auguftus and Antony, and a
peace concluded at Brundufium, a. u.
714, D'lOy 47, 28.; Jpp'tan. B. C. />.
1126. Pollio was this year conful
with Domitlus Calvinus, Z)io, 48, 15.
Next year Pollio fubdued the Farthlniy
a nation of Illyriciun or Dalmatia,
Dioy 48, 41/. ; Flor. 4, 7. ; ylpplan,
de B, C. p. 1 135. and triumphed over
them, Hor.OiLzy i, 15. After this
Pollio hved in repofe, and devoted
himfelf to ftudy. U'hough by his union
with Antony he had contributed great-
ly to cruCh the hberty of his country,
yet he feems to have retained the high
Ipirit (/iToWj/vi) of freedom, which he
is faid to have tranfmitted to his fon,
Tiic. Jnn, I, 12. After Antony be-
came enflaved by his paiBon for Cleo-
patra, Pollio did not concern himfelf
ia his affairs ; but being requelled by
Augudus to accompany him to the
war of Aftium, he dtchned it, Paterc.
2, 86. He notwithltanding continued
to enjoy the friendlhip of Auguftus.
He wrote the hiftory of the civil wars,
in feventeen books, Suidas, beginning
from the confullhip of Meteiius and
Afranius, a. u. 694, v/hen the firil tri-
umvirate was formed between Caeiar,
Fompey, and Craffiis, Hor. Od. 2, i,
2. ; Vdi 2, 44. ; Flor, 4, 2. Nothing
of this work remains but a few frag-
ments. It is quoted by ancient authors,
with fuch exprtlfions of approbation as
muft make us regret the luis ut it, Tric.
Jr^, 4, 3.|. ; Suet. Caef. 30, 55, ^ 56. ;
2(5 'j !> 0 L
Val. Mam. 8, 13. ; Sext. 4.; Serier*
Suafor. 6. While Pollio was engaged
in this undertaking, Horace wrote to
him the fird ode of the fecond book,
in which he defcribes , the difficnlty
and merit of the work. As an orator
Pollio is frequently praifed by Quinc-
tilian ; who, however, fays that in
point of elegance Pollio was fo infe-
rior to Cicero, that he might fcim to
have lived an age before him. 10, i,
113. x\s a tragic poet Pollio is extol-
led by Horace : Pollio return Facia
(i. e. caedes et fcelcra) canit pede ter
percuffo,) i. e. writes tragedies in tri-
meter Iambic verfe, coniifting of fix
feet. Sat. i, 10, 42. Hence. Mox^
jihi public as Res ordituiris, grande munus
Cccroplo repetes cothurno, when you have
iiniflied your hiftory of public aftairs,
i.e. of the civil wars, you will refume
your grand employment of writing tra-
gedies in an Athenian bulkin, i. e.
with the majelly or elevated ftyle of
Sophocles, Hor. Od. 2, i, 10. So,
Sola Sophocleo tua cannula d'lgna cothur-
no, Virg. E. 8, 10. Pollio et tpfefacit
no'va carminay compofes new poems, or
poems of uncommon merit, ih. 3,86,
Virgil is faid to have retained his lands
by the favour of Pollio, when the ter-
ritory of Mantua was divided among
the veteran foldiers, Donat. in vita Fir-
gil. 36. Ser-o. ad Eel. 2, i. But that
is alfo afcribed to Varus, Serv. ad Ecu
6, 6. et 9, 29. Whatever be in this,
Pollio certainly was a great patron of
Virgil. By the advice of Polho he is
faid to have compofed his eclogues,
Donat. in Fit. 10. To him he infcribed
his fourth eclogue. Pollio was the
firil who erecled a public library at
Rome, and the only image of a living
perfon placed in it was that of Varro ;
which mark of refpeit, Pliny obferves,
as being conferred by fo diitinguifhed
an orator and citizen, (^principe oratore
et cive,) was no lefs honourable than
the naval crown, which he recti ved
from Pompey the Great, for his valour
in the war againil the pirates, 7, 30.
Add. Id. 35, 2. — Polho is always rank-
ed among the moil illuitrious men ol
his
POL C 3
his time, Fell. 2, 36. ; Plin. Ep. 5, -^j
5.; Dial de Orat. 17, 21, & 25. He
is laid to have hved to a great age,
VaJ. AT^x. 8. 13. ^.v/. 4.
POLLUX, -z7^/j, the fon of Jupi-
ter and Leda, the brother of Caftor,
both fuppofed to have been changed
into a conllcllation called ' ■^i:mini, the
Twins, worlhipped by mariners, [G.
4"t-) ^ ,
Jul /lis POLLUX, a Greek gram-
marian, who wrote a dictionary called
Onomasticon, dill extant.
POLYAENUS, a great geometri-
cian, intimate with Epicunis, Cic. Fin.
I, 5. with whom he agreed in think-
ing, that the whole of geometry was
faife, or not founded in demonftration,
Cic. Acad. 4, 33. ^ 2. A native of
Macedonia, who wrote a book in Greek
on warlike Itratagems, which he dedi-
cated to the emperors Antoninus and
Verus. This work is ilill extant.
■ POLYBIUS, an illullrious hido-
rian, ftatefman, and warrior, the fon
of Lycortas, general of the Achaean
league, born at Megalopolis, a city of
Arcadia, about 200 years before Chrifl,
the friend of Philopoemen, under whom
he learned the art of war. Polybius
was employed by his country in feveral
important negotiations. After the re-
duction of Macedonia by Paulus Ae-
milius, the Roman commifiioners in
Greece, under pretext that the Achae-
ans had favoured Perfeus, caufed above
a thoufand of the moil confiderable ci-
tizens to be feized and conveyed to
Rome. Among thefe was Polybius.
"When the Achaeans arrived at Rome,
the fenate, without hearing their caufe,
banifhed them to different towns in I-
taly, where tl^ey were kept in prifon.
Polybius, by the favour of Q^Fabius
and of Scipio Africanus the younger,
both fons of Paulus Aemiiius, whofe
friendlhip he had gained by his m.crit,
was excepted from this number. Po-
lybius lived in the greateil intimacy
with Scipio till the death of that great
man. He was with him both at the
fieges of Carthage and Numantia; and
Scipio is faJd to have fucceeded in eve-
27 ] POL
ry thing in which he followed the ad-
vice of Polybius, and to have failed
when he neglefted it, Paufan. 8, 30.
The Achaeans, after many fruitless ap-
plications to the fenate, at laft, at the
end of feventcen years, obtained the
return of their exiles, when their num-
ber was reduced to 300. Polybius, who,
by his influence with Gate the Cenfor,
contributed greatly to the releafe of his
countrymen, feems not to have ufed
this permiffion of reviiiti'.ig his native
city ; or if he did, liis Hay muft have
been ftiort ; for he was with Scipio
three years after at the fiege of Car-
thage, [G. 679.). After the death of
Scipio, Polybius returned to Megalo-
polis, where he lived for fix years, and
died at the age of eightv-two of a
wound he received by a tall from his
horfe. His countrymen erected ftatues
in different places to his memory, which
were (landing in the time of Paufanias,
/. 8. c. 9, 44, & 48. On one of thefe
was an infcription. Intimating, " That
Greece would not have gone wrong
from the beginning if it had followed
the advice of Polybius, and that he a-
lone had brought her reHef in dillrefs,^'
Id. 8, 37. Polybius wrote feveral
books } the Life of Philopoemen, an
Account of the Numantine war, Cic.
Fam. ^, 12. and his Unlverfal H'lfiory,
containing an account of the tranfac-
tions of all the nations then known for
fifty-three years ; that is, from the be-
ginning of the fecond Punic war to the
redu6lion of Macedonia into a Roman
province. It confided of forty books, of
which the five firft only remain entire.
There are however large fragments of
the other books. Polybius has al-
ways been held in the highefl eilima-
tion as an hidorian. Livy, who fre-
quently quotes and copies from Poly-
bius, perhaps from jealoufy, bellows
on him only the negative praife of be-
ing no defpicable author, [haudgiiaquam
fpernendus auBor)^ 7,0^ 45. Cicero fpeaks
of him in higher terms, [tonus auBor
imprimis), Cic. Off. 3, 32. Add. Id.
Att. 13,30-
J*OLyaus, V. -iusj a king of Cormth,
who
POL
f 3
who IS faid to have broug!it up Oedi-
ptis as his own fon, Siat. Theb. i, 64.;
Ssnec. Oedip. v. 12. ( Fid. G. 429.)
^2. One of the fuitors of Penelope,
Ovid. Ep. 1, 91.
PoLYCHARMus, a practor of the
Athenians, Cic. Att, 5, f f.
PoLYCLETUs, an excellent ftatuary,
CiV. Or, 2, I 6 f. BruL 86. /^Vr. 4, 3.
jTtf^^-. I, 2. Hence — ^tod ab arte My-
rSrfisf Aut Polycleteo jujfum efl quod iv'-
mere cado, by the graving- inltruaient of
Polydetus, Stat. Sih. 2, 2, 67. So
^od Poly clet els infum ejl fpirare caminis,
fb. 4, 6, 78.
PoLYCRATES, -/V, a tyrant of Sa-
mos, uncommonly fortunate in life ; fo
that he is faid never to have met with
any crofs accident. To occafion to
himfelf fome vexation, he threw a ring
of great value into the fea, but he foon
aftet found it In the entrails of a fiih
•vfrliich was fent him. This fuppofed
happy rnan at lad met vtrich a miferable
exit, being decoyed to vifit Orontes,
the Perfian governor of Magnefia on
the Maeandcr, who put him to death,
Hero dot. 3, 39, &c. ; Cic. Fin. 5,30.
PoLYDAMAS, -antis, a Thracian ath-
leta of extraordinary (Irength, of which
feveral wonderful inllances are record-
ed, Paufan. 6, 5. ^2. The fon of
Fanthous, i^Paiithoidcs), the companion
of He£lor, Homer. II. 18, 249. ; Ovid.
Met. 12, 547. put for any nobleman,
Perf, I, 4. PoLYDAMANTEA arma^
the arms of Polydamas, Sil. 12, 212.
PoLYDECTES, V. -as, -at^ ku^'g of
Serlphus, at whofe court Perfeus was
educated, (<?.395.)j Ovid. Afet. ^y 242.
PoLYEtORUS, the youngell fon of
Priam and Heciiba, Cic. Or. 3, 58,
whom his father, at the beginning of
the WZ.V, fent to Polymncftur king of
Thrace with a large fum of gold to be
educated there till the fate of Troy
fnould be determined. Polymneftor
having heard of the death of' Priam,
feized on the money, and affafiinated
Polydorus. According to Ovid, the
dead body of Polydorus vvas thrown
into the fea, and was found by Hecu-
ba on the fhore, Met. 13, 536. Ac-
cording to Virgil, he was buried, and
28 ] POL
a grove of myrtles grew on his tomb,
from one of which, while Aeneas at-
tempted to pull it, drops of blood are
faid to have dillilled, Aen. 3, 27, &c.
'PolydokIxj s fariguis, the blood of
Polydorus, Ovid. Met. 13, 629 Se-
veral others of this name are mentioned
in the claffics.
PoLYGNOTus, an ancient painter at
Athens, born in the ifland Thafus,
{rbafius), Cic. Br. 18.; Plin. 7, s^,
^S^ 6f. 25. et 9f. ^^. ; QuindiL 12,
ID, 3, & 10.
PoLYKiSTOR, -oris, a name given
to Corn. Alexander, a grammarian, 011
account of his great knowledge in an-
tiquity. Suet, de III. Gramnt. 20.
Polyhymnia, vel Polymniaj one of
the Mufes, Hor. 0^/. 1, i, 33. ; Ovid,
FaJ. 5, 9, 5: 53.
PoLYiDUs, a Corinthian augur, Cic,
Div. I, 40.—^ 2. An excellent en-
ginecr, Vitruv. pratf. 7.
PoLYMNESTOR, -oris, 3. king of
Thrace, whofe eyes Hecuba tore out
with her nails, in revenge for the death
of her fon Polydorus, Ovid. Met. 13,
561, &c.
PoLYNiCEs, -is, the fon of Oedipus
king of Thebes, who having agreed
with his brother Eteocles to reign one
year each alternately, and being exclu-
ded by his brother from that right, fied
to ildraflus, king of Argos, and mar-
ried his daughter Argia. By the af-
fillance of Adraftiis he attempted to
recover his right by force, which gave
occafion to the Theban war, (G. 430.)
FOLYPHeMUS, the fon of Nep-
tune, a Sicilian Cyclops of monllrous
fize, who fed on human flefli, (G. 454.),
Cic. Tufc. 5, 39. ; Virg. A en. 3, 618,
&c. He took delight in feeding his
fheep; hence called pajlor Polyphemusy
ib. 657. ^ 2. One of the Lapithae,
Homer. II. i, 264.
FoLYXEN'A, one of the daughters
of king Priam, facrlficed by Pyrrhus
on the tomb of Achilles, (G. 448.) ;
hence Caedes Polyxenia, the blood
of Polyxena, CatulL 63,— 368.
Folyxo, -us, an Amazon, who
prompted the women of Lemnos to
flay
P ou
fiay their hu (bands, Stat, Thek
reprefented as a prophetefs beloved by-
Apollo, FaL Place. 2, 316.
POMPEIA gensy a plebeian clan at
Rome, of which Vellcius Patcrculus
fays there were two or three branches,
(familiae), but does not inform us what
they were, 2, 21.
Cn, POMPEIUS, (firnamed Stra-
BO, from his fquint eyes, and his refem-
blance to his cook, \Vho was called
Monogenes Strabo, Plin. 7, 12»; Val.
Max. 9, 14, 2.), conful with L. Por-
tius Cato, a, u. 664, f» 5. one of the
Roman generals in the Social war, Cic*
Font. 15. Bdlh. 12. who gained a tri-
umph over the people of Afculum in
Picenum, [yffcu/ani Ptcer.tes)^ Afcon.
in Cic. Pif. 24. in which triumph P.
V'entidius, who afterwards triumphed
over the Parthians, being then a boy,
was led among the captives, Plin. 7,
43 f. 44. ; Fill. 2, 6$.y Gell. 2,4. In
the army of Pompey Cicero ferved as
a foldier, [tiro f nit), Cic. Phil. 12, 11.
Strabo, though poflefled of great mili-
tary talents, was hated on account of
his covetoufnefa. After his death, which
was occafioned by a thunderbolt, the
people treated his corpfe with great
indignity, Plutarch, in Pomp. pr'mc» j
FeIL2,2U
Cn. POMPEIUS Magnus, the fort
of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, bora a. u. 647*
When he was a very young man, and
ferved in the camp of his father, who
had been appointed general againft Cin-
na, he, with great addrcfs and forti-
tude, favcd his father's life, when one
L. Terentius, the tent-companion of
young Pompey, being bribed by Cinna,
had confpired with fome othets to af-
faffmate him. Upon Sylla's return to
Italy from the Mithrldatic war, Pom-
pey, then only about twenty- three
years old, joined him with three legions,
U'hich he had raifed by his own private
influence among his father's veterans
and others. Pompey, by his fuccefsful
. condu6^, contributed greatly to the
victory of the patrician or ariftocfatiq
party. Sylla having reduced all Italy
^nder his dominion, lent Fompey wilL
t 329 ] POM
5, 90. an army into Sicily againft PerpenhJl
and Carbo the conful. Pompey forced
Perpenna to fly from the ifland * and
having taken Carbo prifoner, put him
to death, and fent his head to Sylla,
though he had formerly owed him ob«
ligations, Fal. Max. 5, 3. ; Ctc. Fam»
9, 2 I. From thence Pompey was fent
againft: Domitius, the commander of
the Marian or popular party in Africa,
who in the firfl engagement was defeat-
ed and flain. Pompey fo much extend-
ed the limits of the koman em.pire in
Africa, that upon his return to Rome
Sulla went out to meet him at the head
of the nobility, and faluted him by the
title of Pompeius Magnus , or Pompey
the Great, by which name he has fince
been dllllnguiihed. Lucan ufually calls
him by the fimple name of Magnus,
Sulla, with fume relu6lance, permitted
Pompey, though only an equesy and
not yet a fenator, to enter the city in
triumph ; an honour which had never
before been granted to any but to con-
fuls or praetors, Cic. ManiLzi.; P/in.
7, 26. After the death ot Sulla, Pom-
pey joined Catijlus the conful in crufh*
ing Lepidus the colleague of Catulus,
though formerly the friend of Pompey,
and promoted to the confulate by his
interefl, becaufe Lepidus wifhed to re-
verfe the adls of Sulla, and recal the
exiled Marians. Brutus, the lieutenant
of Lepidus, having voluntarily furren-
dered to Pompey at Mutina, on condi-
tion of having his life fpared, was, npt-
withftanding, by the orders of Pom-
pey, put to death. After this Pom-
pey was fent into Spain againft Serto-
rius, which war he finiihtd with his
ufual fuccefs. Sertorius being bafely
murdered by Perpenna at a fcaft, moft
of the Spaniards fubmitted to Pompey*
Soon after Perpenna being taken, in
order to fave his hfe, produced a num-
ber of letters, feveral of which, he faid,
were from the greaieft men ia Rome,
inviting Sertorius into Italy. Thefe
Pompey, with great prudence and mag-
nanimity, publicly burnt, without read-
ing one of them j and ordered Perpeji-
jiA tg be f|ut to death, left he fliould
T t dif«ov«r
T O M
C 33=> ]
POM
dlfcover the names of thofe by wliom
the letters were written, Plutarch.
Pompey, in his return to Italy with
tiis vidorious army, fell in with a body
of thofe fugitive flaves, who, after
the deilrudiion of Spartacus, had e-
fcaped from Craflus, and entirely cut
them off, Plutarch, in int. Pomp. ; Cic.
ManiL II, Sext. ^i. For his vidory
in Spain Pompey obtained a fecond
triumph, while he was ilill only a pri-
vate citizen, and of the equeftrian rank ;
but the next day he entered on the con-
iulfliip, to which he had been elefttd
in his abfence, though not yet full thir-
ty-fix years old. But the fcnate, by a
decree, difpenfed both with his age and
abfence, Cic. Manil. 2 t . ( Fid. J. i^^.).
His colleague was M. Craffus, a. u.
684. Pompey, while conful, reflored
the power of the tribunes, which Sulla
had abridged. In return for this fa-
vour, Gabinius, one of the tribunes,
got a law paffed, invefling Pompey
with extraordinary powers to carry on
war againil the pirates, who then in-
felled the Mediterranean fea, and even
infulted the ports of Italy. This war
Pompey finished with wonderful dif-
patch, Cic. Manil. \2. While Pompey
was extinguifhing the remains of the
piratic war in Ciiicia, he was appoint-
ed, by a law propofed by Mauilius a
tribune, with (lill more ample powers
to carry on the war againft Mithri-
. dates. Veil. 2, 33. Pompey tinilhed
this war with great glory, having add-
ed to the empire three powerful king-
doms. Pontus, Syria, Bithynia, lea-
ving all the other kings and nations of
the call tributary to the republic, as
far as the Tigris, Plutarch. ; et Cic.
Prov. Conf. 12. He returned to Italy
a. u. 692. Apprehenfions were enter-
tained at Rome that he would lead his
viAorious army to the city, and feize
the government, which it was thought
he might have done. But he difband-
ed his troops at Brundufiura, and with
a private retinue purfued his journey
to Rome, where he was received with
the greateft joy. Plis triumph laded
for two days, and was the moli fplen-
did that had ever been feen la Rome-^
Fell. 2, 40. ; Plin. 7, 26. Plutarch ob-
ferves, that it would have been happy
for Pompey to have died at this time,
in the height of his fame and fortunes,
and might have added, for his country
too. Next year the fenate having re-
fufcd to ratify the afta of Pompey in
Afia, many of which had been very
abfolute, he formed a combination with
Caefar and Craffus, to permit nothing
of importance to be done in the ftate
without their approbation, which is
commonly called the Fit^ Triumvirate,
and in the end proved fatal to the repub-
lic, and to Pom.pey himfelf, as alfo to his
two alTociates, ( Tu cauju malorum Facia
tribus dominis co?nmunis Roma^ Lucan. I ,
84. Nulla Jides rc^gni fociis, omnifque po-
tcjlas Impaticns conf art is erit, ib. 93.)
( Pld. G.241.). To confirm this alHance,
Pompey married Julia the daughter o£
Caefar, who, from lier amiable quali-
ties, acquired great influence over her
hufband. Cicero and others ilrongly
diffuaded Pompey from this connection,
but their remonftrances were difregard-
ed. Pompey henceforth promoted the
ambitious views of Caefar, in violation
of all law and juftice. He and Craffus
however were not inattentive to their
own intereft. A. U. 698, they feized
on the confulfhip, though they had not
declared themfelves candidates within
the legal time. They caufed a law to
be paifed by Trebonius, one of th-j
tribunes, granting to Pompey as a pro-
vince Spain and part of Africa, for the
fpace of live years ; to CrafTus, Syria ;
and to Caefar, the continuation of his
command in Gaul for five years more,
Plutarch. Pompey managed his pro-
vince by his lieutenants, remaining him-
felf at Rome ; which was alfo contrary
to law. Befides, he enjoyed an exten-
five com million, which had been, con-
ferred on him, a. u. 696, by a decree
of the fenale, at the motion of Cicero,
after his return from exile, Cic, Dom.
4» 5> 7» &c. and confirmed by a la\v,
whereby the whole adminillrution of
the corn and provifions of the republic
was granted to Pompey for five years,
with
POM
C 3$t ]
POM
with a power of chufing fifteen lieute-
nants to affiil him, Cic.j4u. 4, i.; Diot
39, 9. J Liv. Epil. 104.; Plutarch. Pomp.
645. This law was made on account
of diflurhances in the city occafioned
by a famine, D'lo, ibid, and it was al-
leged by Pompey's enemies that the
famine had been artificially created for
the fake of getting the law pafTcd, Zw-
catt. I, 318.
Pompey, in his fecond confulate, de-
dicated a fplendid temple to Venus Vic-
trix or the Conquerefsy and adjoining to
it a theatre, both which he had built
at his private expence. On this occa-
fion he exhibited the moft magnificent
fhews that had ever been fcen in Rome,
Cic. Of. 2, iG, Fam. 7, I. ; Plin. 8, 7. ;
DiOy 39. />. 107.
Next ye^r Julia, the great bond of
union between Caefar and Pompey,
died in childbed, and her infant fon
foon after her, to the great grief of
her father and hufhand, and alfo of the
whole Roman people, Pater c, 2, 47.
{^jful'ta — tu Jala fur entem Inde virum pofe-
r-ciSf atqxie h'lnc retinere par entem ^ Lucan.
1 , 115. Morte tua dlfciiffajides, hellumque
tnovere perm'ijfurn ejl ducibus, ib. 119.) *.
A. U. 700, accounts were received
at Rome of the death of Craifus and
his fon Publius, with the total defeat
of his army by the Parthiaos. By this
event the only curb left to the power
of Pompey, and the ambition of Cae-
far was removed j { Craffus erat belli me-
dlus tnoruy Lucan. i, i oo. faeva artna
dticiim dtrimensy 104. )
Violent tumults having arifen in the
city on account of the murder of Clo-
dius by Milo, Pompey was elected
• Val. Maxinnis fays that Julia's death vvas
occafioned by a tright, upon feeing her huf.
band's robe brought home all bioody from
the Campus Mart) us, 4, 6, 4- where a tumult
had happened, in which fome were killed fo
near Pompey that he was covered with biood,
and forced to change his clothes. But accor-
ding^ to Plutarch, this fright only caufed a
mifcarriage. JuHa afterwards became preg-
nant, brought forth a daughter, and unfor-
tunately died alter her delivery; nor did the
child long furvive her, in Pomp. f. 647, pa-
tcrculus fays it was a foil, ib. But Dio agrees
with Plutarch, 39, 64. So Seneca, ad Vielv.
*p 34. aud Suetonius, Caef. 26. ; Lu.an. 5. 474.
fole conful to quell them. He had ex*
pecfled to be created diftator, and thus
to be fpontaneoufly invelled with the
chief power of the Hate ; but the ex-
pedient of making him fole conful was
preferred, Cic. Att. 4, 15. ^ Fr. 3, 8,
& 9. Milo was banifhcd. Pompey alTu-
med Scipio as his colleague in the con-
fulate for the laft five months, and mar-
ried his daughter Cornelia, who had
formerly been the wife of young Craf-
fus. After the death of Crafl'us and
Julia the jealoufies between Pompey
and Caefar came to an open rupture,
which terminated in a civil war. Va-
rious caufes were afligned for this
war ; but the chief reafon was, that
Pompey could not bear an equal, nor
Caefar a fuperior, (A^^^- quenquam jam
ferre potejly Caefarve prioreniy Pompelufue
/<2r^/H, Lucan. ! , 125.) Pompey truft-
ed to the fame of his former exploits,
(priori credere for tutmej ib. 135,) and
therefore was remifs in making prepa-
rations. Being feized with a dange-
rous illnefs, all the towns of Italy of-
fered public prayers for his fafety, an
honour which had never before beea
paid to any one. Veil. 2, 48. ; JuvenaL
10,283.; Cic. Tufc. I, 55. Thefe
proofs of popularity, joined to other
circumftances, ferved to lull Pompey
into fccurlty. Cicero and his moft
prudent friends advifed him to peace,
but he would liften to no accommoda-
tion; while Caefar, who propofed terms,
only meant to impofe on his adverfa^
ries ; and the Roman people, by tame-
ly fubm-itting to the ufurped authority
and violent adls of the Triumvirate,
had loil the power of alferting their
liberty, and of reducing, as they ought,
both Pompey and Caefar to a private
ftation. AH that was left to them, as
Cicero often obfcrves, was to fubmit
to the conqueror. As Pompey was
negligent in making preparations for
war, fo in conducing it he did nothing
worthy of his former reputation. Pom-
pey declared, ** That he would con-
lider all as enemies who did not join
him ;" but Caefar, «< that he fhould
reckon ail thofe as his friends who re-
T t ? mained
POM t 33
wained neuter," Caef, B. C, i, 33.;
Cic. ^tt. II, 6. Pompey^s confidence
in his fuperior refources proved his
ruin. His farmer prudence, as well as
his good fortune, feemed to have for.
Taken him. When the friends of Pom-
pey reminded him of the power of
Caefar, and that \i he fhould think of
leading his army againfl the city, there
was not a fufficient force to oppofe
him, Pompey fmiled, and with great
indifference bade thpm not be con-
cerned about that, " For, faid he, if
1 (lamp on th? ground in any part of
Italy, there will rife up forces enow
in an inftant, both horfe and foot/'
Plutarch. Upon hearing, however,
that Caefar had pafTed the Rubicon,
Pompey fled from Rome, the confuls,
the inferior magiilrates, and moft of
the fenate followiwg him. Cicero and
thofe who were truly attached to the
ancient conftitution of their country,
though they faw the danger of the con-
teft, and that which foever fide got the
better, the war mud end in tyranny,
(Pace ^pus ejl, ex vldor'ta cum mult a ma-
ia, turn certe tyrannus extjiety Cic. Att,
7» 5. Dominaiio ah vtroqxit^ i, c. Pom-
peio ct Caefare, quaeftta ejl ; non ici ac-
tum, beata et honejfa civ'ttas ut ejfet ; vter-
que regnare vulty lb. 8, 11.) ; yet they
thought it fafer to join Pompey than
Caefar, Cic. Jtt. 7, 7, 8, &c. Thus
Cato, Publicafignay ducemaue Pompeimn
fequimur ; ideo me mtl'ile vincat, Nejihl
Je v'tcijfeputety Lucan. 2, 319, &c. Add.
Id, 9, 19, &c,
Pompey, unable to make head a-
gainft Caefar in Italy, retired to Bruit-
dufium, where, being befieged by Cae-
far, he efcaped from thence to Greece,
(G. 164.) If Pompey had failed to
Spain, his own province, he would
have aded more wifely. But lie left
it to be defended by his lieutenants
Afraniiis and Petreius, whom Caefar
next year conquered, and added their
forces to his own. Pompey in the
mean time had collefted a great army
from the eail, (adi>erfis inJlruHus JSois,
farniftied with eaftern forces to oppofe
Caefar, Firg. Jen. 6, 832.) and fixed
his U^ad-{^yarters at Dyracchiym, ( G,
1 1 V ou
330.) Here Caefar, unable to brin^
Pompey to an engagement, attempted,
though with a fmaller number of men,
to block him up, by raifing works of
immenfe extent, but was prevented
with great lofs. If Pompey on this
occafion had improved his advantage,
he might have totally defeated Caefar,
as Caefar himfelf declared ; {A3um de
Twhis fuerat, ft hojVis Jci'v'ljfet vidorid Ufi,
Plutarch. N'on injlante Pompeio^ negainty
fc. Caefar, <!j/m vincerefcirey Suet. Caef.
36.) or if he had continued to aft on the
defenfive, and kept near his fleet, he
muft have finally proved vidorious.
But being prevailed on by the impor-
tunity of his officers, contrary to his
own opinion, to riilv a general engage-
ment, he was completely defeated by
Caefar on the plains of Pharfalia, and
his camp taken. Pompey, by a (Irange
fatality, had made no provifion for this
difai^er. He might ilill have retrieved
his affairs, by collecting the remains of
his forces, and transferring the war to
Italy or fome other place, which he
might have eafily done, being mailer
at fea. But he was ftruck with fuch
conflernation, as difabled him to. con-*
cert proper meafures for extricating
himfelf from his difficulties. He firit
failed to Lefbos, to take in his wife
Cornelia, whom he had left at Mity-
lenae with his fon Sextus. From thence
he direfted his courfe to Egypt, to fo-
licit the a0iilance of Ptolemy, whofe
father Auletes, Pompey, by means of
Gabinius, had reftored to his throne,
( depuljo Jceptra parent i Reddidtraty Lu-
can. 9, 1028.) Ptolemy was a minor,
(puptUusy Senec. cp. 4. piier. Lucan. 8,
448.) and happened then to be enga-
ged in war with his filler Cleopatra,
having his army encamped on mount
Casius near Pelufium, Caef. B. C 3,
103. ; Lucan. 8, 464. about the au-
tumnal equinox, ib. 467. The chief
minifters of Ptolemy were Photinus,
(al. Pothinus) an eunuch ; Theodotus
of Chios, his praeceptor ; and Achil-
las, an Egyptain, commander of the
troops. They having called a council
of the chief men about court, by th^
advice
POM I m
advice of Theodotus, Plutarch, or of
Photinus, Lucan. 8, 483, — 536. de-
termined to invite Pompey on (hore
and put him to death. The execu-
tion of this plan was committed to
Achillas. He t-aking along with him
Septimius, a Roman, who had former-
ly been a centurion in the army of
Pompey, Caef, ib. 104. with fome other
officers, went out in a fmall boat to
the galley of Pompey, and requelled
that he would truft himfelf with them,
becaufe the fhallow water would not
permit his own fhip to c^ome nearer to
the land. Pompey went into the boat
with two centurions and his freed man
Philip, contrary to the advice of feve-
ral of his friends. When they drew
near to the (hore, while Pompey was
taking Philip by the hand in order to
jraife himfelf with more eafe, Septimi-
us came behind him, and run him
through with his fword. Upon which
Achillas and the reft alfo drew their
fwords. Pompey perceiving his death
inevitable, covered his face with his
robe, («/ "cidlt commintis enfesy invohii
'vultus, Lucan. 8, 613.) and without
uttering a word fubmitted to his fate,
in the 59th year of his age, the day
after his birth-day, Plutarch. ; on the
day on which he had triumphed over
Milhridates and the pirates, Dioy 42, 5.
Cornelia with her company in the gal-
ley, feeing what paffed, fhrieked aloud.
The mariners quickly weighing an-
clior, fet fail, and the wind favouring
them, efcapcd the purfuit of the Egyp-
tian galleys, ib'ul.
In the mean time the murderers of
Pompey having cut off his head, em-
balmed it, the better to preferve its
features, defiguing it for a prefent to
Caefar *.
• Septimius is faid to have cut ofFthe head,
Lucan. 8, 668. hence PillaeuJ<^ui puer gladioU-
li collu rciid'it, Mugne, iuo, Ptolemy cut ofFthy
head, O Pompey, by thy own fwcrd, i. e.
by the fword of Septimius, who had been
thy centurion, i3. Ooy. On this account he
is called the client cf Pompey ; thus, Pompeius
et Cicero clieniibus fuis fraebers ccrviceniy fc.
Coguntur, Pompeius Septimio, qui olim or-
dines fub eo duxerat ; Cicero Popilio, quem
3 POM
The body of Pompey was tnrow^
over board, and left naked on the
fliore, expofed to the view of all whft
defired to fee it. His freed man Phi-
lip, however, ftill kept near it, and
when the crowd was difperfcd, bathed
it in the fea, and, having nothing elfc,
wrapt it up in one of his own gannentl.
Looking round for materials to bi^a
it, he at laft found the wrecks of t
fifliing-boat, of which he compofed a
pile. In this he was ajTilled by an old
Roman foldier who had fervcd tiiidiif
Pompey in his youth. The body b«-
ing confumed they gathered the re-
mains and burled them tmder a fmatt
pile of earth, which they fcraped to*
gether with their hands, over whicTi
fome perfon wrote this infcription.
He who merited a temple, cast
SCARCELY Find a grave, Applan»15.C,
2, 281. Thealhesof Pompey were after-
wards conveyed to Rome and depolltei:
by Cornelia, in a vault of his Alban v3-
la, Phtarch. in Pomp. Jin, JLucan fays^
that the funeral rites of Pompey were
performed by one Cordus, formeft|r
quaeftor to Pompey, 8, 715. who pla-
ced a ftone over the tomb, with thi*
infcription, Hic situs est Magotjs,
i3. 793. Be this as it may, the E-
gyptians raifed a monument to him oa
the place, and adorned it with figures
of brafs ; which being defaced by time,
and almoft buried in fand and rubbifh,
was reflored by the emperor Hadrian,
App\an. B* Civ, 2, 481 f. ; Spart'mn. in
Hadrian, c. 14.
The principal authors of the death of
Pompey foon after met with thejuft
punifliment of their perfidious cruelty..
Achillas and Photinus were put to
death by Caefar. Ptolemy, being over«
thrown in battle on the banks of the
Nile, dlfappeared, and was never after-
wards heard of. Theodotus, having
efcaped from Egypt, lived a vagabond
in poverty and contempt, till Brutus
finding him in his province of Afia,
put him to death with, cxquifite tor-
ture, Plutarch, in Pomp, f, Appian
fays, that Theodotus was cruciiied bf
Caflius, B. Civ. 2.j>. 284.
PQinpej"
POM
C 334 1
POM
Pompey in his youth was remarkable
for his engaging appearance. There
was a dignity in his afped mingled
with gentlenefs, which commanded re-
lpe£^, Plutarch, in lif. P.pr.; Fell, 2,
2g. ; Pliru 7, 1 2. ; Ck, Brut. 6S. This
gracefulnefs his countenance is faid to
have retained after death, (Permanfife
dfcm facrae veneralile fortnae, ) Lucan.
8, 664.
The death of Pompey is often
mentioned by ancient authors, as a
ilriking inftance of the inftability of
human greatnefs, juvenal. 10, 2^^. ;
Cic, Tufc. I, 35. Fam, 6, 15. Div, 2,
9.; Flor, 4, 2„ 52.; VaL Max. 5, i,
10. ; Pattrc. 2,54.; -Dio, 42, 5. ; Jp-
ftan.B. C. 2, 281. Tres ubi (fc. in
Aegypto,) Pompeio detraxit arena tri-
vmpkosy Pompey being flain, and his
licadlefs body left naked on the Ihore
of Egypt, tarnifhed the glory of his
three triiimphs ; which the fand or
ftore itfelf is poetically faid to have
taken from him, ProperL 3) 1 1, 35-
There is reafon to believe that if
Pompey had gained the viftory, he
and his partlfans would have exercifed
jt with more cruelty than Caefar did.
We learn this from feveral paiTages of
Cicero^ who fays that Pompey openly
<!eclared his intention of imitating Sul-
la, {SylJani regn'i fimil'ttudinem concvphity
Cic. Att. 9, 7. ^am crehro illud^
•* Sulla potuitj ego non potero V* iL
10.) Cic. MarcelL 6. and even denoun-
ced a profcription, (Luccriae muliisjer-
monihus denuntiata fji^ Cic. Att. 8, i I,
Nefcio quas ejus Lucerias \. e. piofcrip-
tiones Luceriae dtnuntiatas horrent, ib.
16.) Marcell. 6. ; whence Cicero frames
new words to exprefs this defire, (^Sul-
laturire et prof crip turire animura Pompeii^
Cic. Att. 9, I2.*et 10, 5.; But Pom-
pey never attempted to make h:mfelf
leader of his country, as Caefar did ;
when perhaps he might have done it.
He always returned contented after
his vidories to a private rank, (Jemper
ah armis Civikm repetijfe togam,) Lucan.
8, 8'.3. Tacitus however obferves,
that Pompey was not better than Ma-
rius and Sulla, but only more artful i*^
difguifing his luft of power, [occultiorf
non meiior). Hi ft. 2, 38.
Pompey is called by Cicero in his
letters to Atticus by various names ;
Ep I CRATES, from his domineering
fpirit, 2, 3. MegabocchuSf from his
conquefts in Africa, ib. 7. . Hierofoly-
mariiis, from his having taken Jerufa-
lem, ib, 9. Sampficeramust from his ha-
ving conquered a petty prince in Syria
of that name, ib, 14, 16, &c. Do-
mus Pomp EI A, the houfe of Pompey,
Ovid. Pont, /^y 5, II. POMPEIA PoRTI-
cus, the portico of Pompey, built near
his theatre, fupported on an hundred
pillars ; hence called Hecatorjlylon-, fur-
rounded with a double row of plane-
trees, &c. Propert. 2, 32, 1 1, called
Umbra Pompeia, Id. 4, 9, 49. ; Gvid.
Art. 1,67. f/ 3, 387. Pompeii dona.
Martial. 2, 14, ic. ; and fimply Pom*
peiuSi Id. II, I, II.; Add. Vitruv. 5,
9.; Plin. 35, 9, 10, & II. — PoM-
PEiAN! triurnphi, the triumphs of Pom-
pey, Lucan. 3, i66,fignay Id. i, 323. —
PoMPEiANAK/)j(/Y^x, the party of Pom-
pey, Hirt. B. Hifp. 35, & 37. — Pom-
PEiANi, orum, the favourers of Pom--
pey, thofe of his party, Fell. 2, 15.
— PoMPEioPOLis, i. e. Soli V. Soloe,
a city of Cilicia, given by Pompey to
the pirates to dwell in, Mel. i, 13.
Cn. POMPEIUS, the eldeft fon of
Pompey the Great, called fimply Mag-
nus, Lucan. 9, 121, & 145. who after
the defeat of Scipio in Africa, renew-
ed the war in Spain. Pie was flain ia
his flight from the battle of Munda,
Hirt. B. Hifp. 39. ; Pat ere. 2, 55.
Sext. POMPEIUS, the younger
fon of Pompey the Great ; who after
the defeat and death of his brother at
the battle of Munda, fupported him-
felf for fome time in Spain, by wan-
dering about with a few robbers, j4p.
pian, 4, p, 637. Being joined by a
number of afTociatcs, he had collefted
a confiderable force even in the life-
time of Caefar, Flor, 4, 8. After the
death of Caefar, Sextus was recalled
by the fenate, and invelled with the
fame
POM I m
Tame authority by fea, which his fattier Ii
had pofTeflVd. Being ranked by the
triumviri, Antony, Lepidus, and Au-
guftus, amon):^ the affalfins of Cacfar,
he fcized on Sicily ; whither a great
number of thofe who had been pro-
fc-ribed and of others flocked to him.
In fnort, he became fo powerful as to
be able to wage war with Auguftus
and Antony fo fuccefsfully, that they
were obliged to conclude a peace on
terms very advantageous to Sextu's.
By one of the articles, leave of return-
ing to Rome was granted to all the
profcribed and to others who from
different caufes had fled to Pompey.
On this occafion Auguftus and Antony
fuppcd with Sextas on board his fliip.
During the entertainment, Mena or
Menadorus, one of his captains, pro-
pofed to Sextus, that he fhouid cut
his cable and make himfeli mailer of
the Roman empire, by difpatching his
guefts. Pompey fpurned at the
thoughts of fuch perfidy ; but hinted,
that he fhouid not have been much of-
fended if Mena had done the deed
without his knowledge, Plutarch, in
Anton. Sextus had it in his power at
feveral times to have vanquilhed his
adverfaries, but negleftcd his oppor-
tunities. He was fo elated with his
fucceffes, and fo confident of his naval
ftrength, that he called himfelf the ion
of Neptune, jipplatu ^, p. 729.; Plin,
9, 16. ; Z)ic, 48, 19, &. 31. Neptu-
Nius Dux, Iior,EpO(Lg, 7. Horace
alfo calls him Servis amicus perjidis^ be-
caufe m.any of his adherents were fugi-
tive flaves, ib. 10. And Lucan fay?,
that he was unworthy of being defccnd-
ed from Pompey the Great, becaufe
having exercifed piracy in the Sicilian
feas, he had tarniihed the glory of his
father's triumph over the pirates, 6,
420. At lail Sextus being entirely
defeated by Auguilus in a fea-iight
near Sicily, chiefly by the abihties of
Marcus Agrippa, fled to Antony ; and
attempting to raife diilurbances, was
llain by Titius, one of Antony's ge-
nerals, (who had formerly deferted
from Pompey to Antony,) at Mjletus
3 P Q M
in Caria, Fell. 2, 79. ; Strab. 3, ^.
141.; i^/«7r. 4, 8. (Dio fays at Me-
daion in Phi7gia, by miftake, as it is
fuppofed, 49, 1 8.) in the 40th year of
his age, Appian. 5,^. 7^3.
Thus Pompey and his two fons had ,
their graves in the three different divi-
fioHS of the globe, over which the father
had triumphed ; ( Pompeios jwuenes JJia,
atque EuropUyfed ipfum Terra tegit Lihyes^
fi tamen ulla tegit, ^lid mirum toto ft
fpargitur orbe ? jacere Uno non poterat
tarda ruina loco ; What wonder is there,
if the ruin of thi» family is difperfed
over the whole world ? i, e, through
the three parts of the then known
world ; it was {<y great that it could
not be confined to one part, Martial^
5, 75. Eur op am miferi, Lihyamque^
Afiatnque timete : Difirihuit tiimulos vef-
tris fortuna triumphis. 0 mifiranda do*
tnus, toto nihil orhe vidchis Tutius Ematia,
i. e. than ThefTaly, where the battle
of Pharfalia was fought. Pompey and
his two fons efcaped from thence, to
perifh in the three different parts of
the earth, Lucan. 6, 817. Et qaafi
non pojfet tot tellus ferre fepulcJyra, Divtfit
cineresj Petron. Sat. c. 120.)
POMPILIUS, the name of a Pa-
trician gsns at Rome, originally de-
fcended from the Sabines, whence was
Numa Pompilius, the fecond king of
Rome, [G. 195.) '^ietum regnum
Pomp^di for Pompilii, Hor. Od. I, IZ^
Pompilius fanguls^ i. e. the Pifoa
fprung from Numa, Hor, Art, p. 292.
PoMPiLii, -orum, friends of Cati-
line, Cic. Pet, Conf, 3.
Pom PON I us, the name of an ancient
Roman ^fRj-, of which there were fe-
vcral branches (familiae.)
M, Pom PON I us, a tribune, who
having iummoned L. Manhus to his
trial bt-fore the people, Liv. 7, 4. was
obliged by the fon of Manlius to fweir
that he would droo his accufation,
ib, 5.
r, P0MP0N1U3 Aiticus, the
friend of Cicero ; adopted by the tef-
tament of his uncle on the mother's
fide Q. Caecilius j and on that account
caUed
POM [
caiTed ^Caecillusy ^F. (i. e/Q^intf
Filfus) Pomponlanus Atticus, Cic. Att.
3, 20. Nep» mvita ylfiicty c, 5. Cicero
ii writing to Atticus, Immediately
after the death of his uncle, addreifes
him by this name ; and joins the be-
ginning of his letter with the inicrip-
tion, ^od quidem it a ejfcy Sec. i. e.
that you have been adopted by your
yucle, and have changed your name,
&€. i6.
Pom PON lA, the fjfter of Atticus,
married to Q. Cicero, the orator's
brother, Cir. JiL 1,5.
.f 2.
The
mother of Scipio Africanus, as was
fuppofed, by Jupiter transformed into
afnake, Sii 13, 61^,
. Po^pOKius Sxcundm, a tragic poet,
of confular rank ; the friend of the
•?Ider Pliny, wbofc h'fe he wrote, Plin.
Ep' 3» 5- ; ^yinail. 10, i, 98.
PoMPONiAKA//r^, pears fo called, be-
caufe probably firil engrafted by one
Poniponius, Plin. 15, 15.
C. POMTINUS, (Pontinusy V.
•-itts)^ praetor when Cicero was coiifu],
Cic. Cat. 3, 2. ; Flacc. 40. After his
praetorfnip he obtained the province of
Cifalpine Gaul, in which he conquer-
ed the Allohrogcsy and triumphed over
them, Cic. Prcv. Conf. 13. j^iL 4, 16.;
^ Fry 3, 4. ; Dioy .^7, p. 50, 51. et
49,/. 120. He was the lieutenant of
Cicero in Cilicia^ Cic. Fam. 2, 15. 3,
g. et 19,4. j4tt.6y ^.
PoNTiDius, a native of Arpinum,
an orator, Cic. Or. 2, 67.; J5r. 70.
C. PONTIUS, general of the Sam-
nites, who made the Rotr.ans pafs uii-
der the yoke at the Furcae Caudinae
in Samnium, Cic. Off.ty 2;. (G. 227,)
But being afterwards conquered, he
was led in triumph by Q^Fabius Maxi-
Wus Gurges, and put to death, Fid»
Fa 15 1 us.
L, PONTIUS Agiu/a, the lieute-
nant of Brutus, fiaia at Mutina, Cic.
J'^jm. iCy 33.
T. Pontius, a centurion of un-
common ftrength, Cic. Scru 10. Fin,
Pontius Pildtus^ governor of Ju-
daea, in the time of Tiberius, by whofe
orders cur Saviour v/as crucified, (/«/-
r,6 1 ? o it
plicio affediis eraty as Tacitus exprcffc^
it, jinn. 15, 44.)
Po p 1 L 1 A ^^;?x, a plebeian family at
Rome, Cic, Leg- 2, 22.
Pop I LI A, the mother of Q. Catu-
1ns, the firft woman at whofe funeral
a public oration was delivered in her
praife by her fon, Cic. Or. 2, 2.
M. PoriLius, conful a. 394, priefl
of Carmenta, / Flamen Carmmtalisjy
who being informed, while facriticing
to that goddefs, that a frdition of the
people had taken place, went out into
the affembly, clothed '^vith his facer-
dotal robe, (laena)^ as he wa«, ai^d by
a fpeech calmed the cona motion ;
whence he was called Laenas, -ati\y
which name he tranfmittcd to his pof-
terity, Cic. Br, 14. ; Li'v, 'Jy 12.
C. PopiLius Laenasy twice conful
3,583, 595. — Being fent as an am-
baifador to Antiochus king of Syria,
to defire in the name of the fenate, that
he would defill from hoililities againil
Ptolemy, king of Egypt; when Antio-
chus hefitatcd about wliat anfwer he
fliould return, Popilius drew a circle
with his rod round him, ana demanded
that he would return a decided anfwtr
before he left that circle; whereupon
the king faid, that he would do what
the fenate required, Cic. Phil. 8, 8. ;
Liv. 45, 12.; Fat Max. 6, 4, 3.
C. Popilius Laenau a military tri-
bune, who (lew Cicero, though he had
formerly httn defended and preserved
by Cicero, when accufed of a capital
crime, Fal. Max. 5, 3, 4. Plutarch
calls him Hsrennius.
PoPLicOLA, V, Puhllcola, m. a name
given to M. Valerius, who afiilled Bru-
tus in expelling the kings, on account
of the popular laws v/hich he propo-
fed, (a ^ofnthm colendo), Liv. 2, 8.
POPPAEA, the iecond wife of Ne-
ro, Suet. Ner, 3c. Poppaeana, fc.
vngucnfay Poppean ointments, compo-
fed of afs-milk, invented by Poppaea*
to improve her beauty, Juvenal. 6j 46 u
She is faid to have carried along wiih
her, wherever fhe went, ^oo ihe ailes,
to yield milk for making a bath-ifof
her td bathe in, Flm. 11, 41.
PORCIA*
P O R [ 3?7 3
PORCIA gens, a plebeian gens at Carmenta,
Rome, originally from Tufculum, Plu-
tarch, in Caton. Cenfor, fr. ; T'ac. Ann.
II, 24. ; Vid, Cato.
PORCIA, the fifter of M. Cato
Uticenjts, the wife of Domitlus Aheno-
barbus, C'tc, Att. 15, 1 1. ; in praife of
whom Cicero compofed a funeral ora-
tion, (hiudatio)y Cic. Att. 13, 37, &
48.
PORCIA, the daughter of Cato,
and wife of Bibulus ; whom, after the
death of Bibulus, Brutus married, ha-
ving, for that purpofe, divorced his
former wife Claudia, though of an un-
tainted charafter : on which account
he was much blamed, Cic, Att, 13, 9,
& 10. Porcia having heard of the death
of Brutus, determined not to furvlve
him ; and bemg refufed the ufe of a
fword, or any other weapon, is faid to
have fuffocated herfelf by fwallowing
burning coals, Val. Max. 4, 6, 5. ;
Dio^ 47, 46. ; Appian. B. C, 4, p. 669.
or hot embers, {^Ardentes avido bikit ore
favi/Ias), Martial. 1,43,5. Plutarch
mentions this faft, but feems not to
believe the truth of it, in vita Bruii, f.
It is thought that Porcia died before
the battle of PhilippI of a lingering ill-
nefs, Cic. ad Brut, 9, & 17.; Plutarch,
ibid.
Porcia bafiUca, a court for the ad-
mlnlllration of juilice, built by Cato
when cenfor, Liv, 39, 44.
M. PoRCius Laeca, a tribune, a.
^^d, Liv. 32, 7. fj 2, An accom-
plice in Catiline's confplracy, Salhift.
Cat. 27. called M. Lecca by Cicero,
Cat, I, 4.
L. PoRCius Licinus, v. -iusy conful
with P. Claudius, Liv. 39, 32. ; Cic,
Br, 15.
L. PoRCius Nasica, an orator, Cic,
Or, 2, 64.
PoRPHYRiON, 'onisy a giant of a
tremendous fize, or menacing ftature,
Nor, Od, 3, 4, 54. f '2. A chario-
teer of the FaBio PrasmUy or Green
faction, i. e. who wore green livery,
JVlartial. 13, 78. f 3. The name of
a little bird, ib, ^ Plin. 10, 46 f. 63.
PoRRiMA, a filler or companion of
PCS
the mother of Evander,
Ovid, Faji. I, 633. ; Gdl. 16, 16.
PORSeNA, v. Porfenna, the king
of Chifium in Tufcany, who received
the Tarquins when expelled from
Rome, and led an army againft Rome
In order to rtftore them, [G, 208.)
Martial, i, 22, 6. et 14,98.5 Virg,
Aen. 8, 646. ; Hor. Epod. 16, 4. ; Cic*
Sext. 21. ; Liv, 2, 9.
PoRTUMNUs, V. PortanusyZ fea-god,
who prefided over harbours, (portubus
praeejl), Virg. Acn. 5, 241.; et ibi
Serv.; Cic N. D. 2, 26. Portum-
NALiA, -iunit V. -ioruniy a feftival In ho-
nour of Vortumnus, Varr. L, L, 5, 3.
PORUS, an Indian king, conquer-
ed by Alexander, . urt. 8 f. (G, 634.)
Po 81 DON I us, a Stoic phllofopher,
a native of Apamea, {^Apamenus), who
lived at Rhodes, Cic, Att, 2, i. the
fcholar of Panaetius, Cic. Off, 3, 2.
the Inilruftor and friend of CIcero>
Cic, N, D, I, 3. Ait, 2, I. vlfitcd by
Pompey In his return from Syria, and
though very ill of the gout, yet enter-
tained that general with a lefture on
philofophy, Cic. Tufc. 2, 25.
POSTHUMIUS, the name of a
Roman gens.
A, PosTHUMius, dI£lator agalnft
the Latins, Liv. 2, i 9, Sc 20.
A. PosTHUMius TubertuSi a dila-
tor, who conquered the Aequi and /^o/-
fci in a great battle, Liv. 4, 26, — 29.
f:iid by fome to have put to death his
own fon, for fighting contrary to or-
ders ; but falfely In the opinion of L.I-
vy ; becaufe if that had been true, we
ftiould ufe imperia Pojlhumiana prover-
bially, rather than Manliana imperia^
for cruel commands, ib. 29.
IV!. PosTHUMius Regillenfisy a mlli-
tr.ry tribune with confular authority,
a. u. 341. the general of the Romans
againft the Aequi, who, by unjuft fevc-
rity, provoked his foldiers to fuch a de-
gree, that they ftoned him to death,
Liv. 4, 49, & 50. ^uacflio Pojlhu-
mianae caedis, an enquiry concerning
the murder of Pofthumius, ib, 5 "> .
SpuTi Po ST H UNIT'S AlbinuSf conful,
a. u. 644, lent againft Juguitha, ^al-
Uu lujl.
P o s
[ !5S8 1
PRO
hjl, Ju^' 36. with very bad fuccefs, ib.
Many others of the name of Poft-
humius are mentioned by Cicero and
Li ivy.
PosTHUMUs V. Poftumusy an opu-
lent, fuperilitious, and parhmonious
friend of Horace, Hor, Od. 2,14.
Rahirius Posthumus, a Roman
eques, concerned with Gabinius in re-
ftoring Ptolemy king of Egypt; in
(defence of whom, Cicero delivered an
oration, which is (lill extant.
P0STVERT4, a filler or companion
of Carmenta, Ovid. F. 1, 633. (aid to
be one of the names of Carmenta v.
-rtis, thought to have power over preg-
nant women, Ge//. 16, 16.
PoTHiNus, an Egyptian eunuch,
minifter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt,
one of the chief authors of the death
of Po m pey , Fid, Po m p e 1 u s .
PoTiTii, V. 'iciif -orum, an ancient
family of Latrum, to whom Hercules
entruiled the charge of his facred rites,
Ijiv, I, 7. The r'etitii having entruft-
cd the management of that charge to
public Haves, became extindl in the
courfe of a year, though they confift-
eft of 12 familiae, Liv. 9, 29, fmg. Po-
titiu8, Firg, Aen. 8, 269. j 'laut. Bacch,
i» 2, 15-
P, PoTiTiUE, a fenator, Cic. Fern
pRAXiTELF.s, -ir, a famous fculptor
and ftatuary, pjin. 7, 38. 34, 8. et ^6,
5 KAxiTCLiA capta, heads hne-
!y expreffed, as thofe of Praxiteles, Cic,
i)iv. 2, 21.
Pre CI ANUS, a lawyer, a favourite
of Caefar, and a friend of Cicero, Cic.
fam. 7, 8.
/>. pRETius, a Rom^n equesj who
traded at Panormus, Cic. Ferr. 5, 62.
Priamus, the fon of Laomedon,
( Laomedontiadcs, Virg. Aen. 8, 158.)
king of Troy, (G. 400.) faid to have
had 50 fong, 17 of whom were born
gf his lav/ful vyife, [ex jujla uxcre nati.)
After th€ deilrudlion of Troy, and the
lofs of his children, Priam was flain by
Pyrrhus, the fon of Achilles, before
|he altar of Jupiter, or -cf his J^matesf
Cic. Tufc. 1,35.; Firg. Aen. 2, 554,
&c. Juvenal. 10,268.; (G. 187.) .
onjux Priameia, the wife of Priam,
/. f. Heciiba, Ovid Met. 13,404.- —
Sceptra Priameiay the fceptre of Priam,
Firg. Aen. 7, 252. Pri amides,
-acy Deiphohus^ the fon of Pnam, ib. 6,
,94. — Priameis, tdisi the daugh-
ter of Priam, i. e. CafTandra, Ovid. Amor.
i> 9' 37-
Priapus, the god of gardens, (0-
vid. Faji. I, 415.; (G. 363.)
Proca, f. -asy a king of Alba, the
father of Amulius and Numitor, the
grandfather of Romulus and Remus,
Liv. I, 3.; Firg. Aen. 6, 767.; Ovid.
Met. 14, 622. Fajl. 4, 52. et 6, 143.
Procili s, an hiitorian, elleemed
by Atticus, Cic. Att. 2, 2.; Plin. 8, 2.
Procles, -//, the twin-brother of
Euiyfthenes, king of Lacedaemon,
Cic. Div. 2, 43.
PROCNE, V. ■ GNr, -es, the daughter
of Fandlon king of Athens, married to
Tereus king of Thrace, and by him
the mother of Itys, (Fid, Itys; et G.
418.) whom fliC killed and ferved up
to his father, on account of the injury
done by him to her fiiler Philomela : — •
converted into a fwallow, [Altera fc,
Procne teaafubit^ &c.) Ovid. Met. 6,
669. Hence Procne is put for a
fwallow, Firg' G. 4, 15. called alfo
Pand'ionis ales^ Lucan. ad Pifon. 255,
and Cecropiae domus /leternum opprobrium^
Horat. Od, 4, 1 2, 6.
pROCOPius, a Greek hiftorian, born
at Caeiarea in Paltftiue, fecretary to
Juftinian ; who wrote an account of
Btlifarius, &c. His work is Hill extant,
Procris, -?x, v. '"tdisi ace. Procrimy
Vc 'iny the daughter of Iphis, or of
Erechtheus, king of Athens, [Erech-
this, -tdisj, and wife of Cephalus, (G.
420.) Firg. Aen. 6, 445. ; ei ibi Serv.;
Ovid, Met, 7, 694
Procrustes, -ac, a noted robber of
A'tica, who ufed to adjufl the bodies
of travellers to an iron bed, in which
he placed them ; cutting oft part of
the member or thofe who were long-
erj and diftending thofe who were
ihprter |
PRO C
fliorter ; — flain by Thefeus, Plutarch,
in Tbefeo ; D'todor. 4, 5. ; Ovid, Met,
7, 438. Ep. 2, 69. ^
pROCULA, an immodeft woman;
ufed as a common name, jfuvenaL 2,
68. ^ 2. . The wife of Codrus, of
fmall ftature, thus, Ledus erat Codro
Proculd minora fhorter than his fliort-
legged wife Procula, Id, 3, 203.
PROCULeiUS, a Roman equesm
great favour with Auguftus, JwvenaL
7, 94.; Pl'in. 7, 45.; Uio, 51, i_l.
brother to Terentia, the wife of Maece-
nas ; remarkable for his affeflion to his
two brothers Scipi6 or Caepio and Mu-
raena, with whom he divided his pa-
trimony ; and afterwards, when they
were deprived of their efFefts in the
civil war, he again (hared his fortune
with them, Hor. Od, 2, 2, J.; et ibi
SchoilaJ. The fon of Proculeius
feems to have failed in filial afFeftion to
his father, ^iiiBlUatu 9, 3, 68.
Proculus, anciently ufed as a.prae-
nomerif Liv. i, 16. 2, 41. et 4, 12. in
after times as a cognomen j Tacit. Hift.
1, 24, & 25. Jnn, 3, 18. II, 35. 15,
50. & 51, 13, 30.
PROCuLUS yulius, a patrician,
defcended from Afcanius or lulus,
Dlonyf, 2, />. 93. et Plutareh, in Romu'
lo ; who, when Romulus had difap-
peared, and was fuppofed to have been
torn in pieces by the fenators, allayed
the commotion of the people, by de-
claring, that Romulus having come
down from heaven, had appeared to
him ; and having charged him to tell
the Romans to cultivate the art of
war, and to worfhip him under the
name of Q^iirinus, had again afcended
into heaven, Hid, et Liv. i, 16.; Cic.
Leg, I, I.
PRocyoN, 'OW/J-, the leffer dog-ftar,
Bor, Od, 3, 29, 18. which rifes before
SiriuSf the dog-ttar, Columell, u, 12.
hence called by the Latins Anteca-
Nib, Cic N. D, 2,44.
PRODiCUS, a philofopher, born
in the iiland Cea, [Ceus, al. CouSi i. e.
in Cos ; al. Chius, i. e. in Chios,) Cic,
N.D, I, 42. ; Laert. 9, 50. who wrote
foncernin^ the nature of things, Cic,
339 1 .'^.^^
Or. ;, 32. and is faid to have been th^
author of the fable of Hercules being
accofted in a folitary place by Virtue
and Pleafure, and giving the prefer-
ence to Virtue, [G. 398.) whence Ci-
cero calls this fable Hercules Prodicius^
the Hercules of Prodicus, OJf. i, 32.
P.ioETUs, a king of Argos, whofe
daughters (Proet^ides) having prefu-
med to prefer themfelves to Juno in
point of beauty, were by her infe£led
with fuch infanity, that they imagined
themfelves to be cows, (G. 393.)
PROMETHEUS, (3 fyll.) -«,
Virg. E. 6, 42. vel -eosy Stat. Theb.
11,468. the ion of Japetus and Cly-
mene, who is faid to have made a man
of clay, and to have animated him with
fire which he ftole from the chariot of
the fun, by applying to it the end
of a rod, (ferula J^ hence called calUdut,
Hor. Od. 2, 18, '^^. and hum.oroufly
put for a fkilful potter, jfwvenal. 4,
133. On account of his impiety he
was chained by Mercury to a rock on
the top of mount Caucafus, where an
eagle or vulture continually preyed on
his hver, (G. 435.) Martial, Sped. 7, i,
Firg. ^. 6, 42. et Hi Serv, Henee
Promethea ^w^i7, the ridges of Cau-
cafus, to which Prometheus was fixed,
Propert. i, 12, 10. So Prometheae
rupesy Martial, 9, 46, 3. Promethet
fcopuliy Senec. Here. fur. 13. et 1267.
FiSa Prometheo diceris ejfe lut§y i. e.
you are fo old and ugly. Id. 10, 39, 4.
Speaking of the ferula^ Martial fays,
Clara Prometheo munere lignafiimus, 14,
80. Promethidcs, -ae^ the Ion of
Prometheus, i. e. Deucalion, Ovid. Met,
Pr.^-paetides, -«m, women of Ama-
thus in Cyprus, who having dared to
deny the divinity of Venus, were by
her turned into iloncs, Ovid. Me/. io«
221, & 242.
Sex. Jure/ius PROPERTIUS, a
celebrated eiegiae poet of the Auguf-
tan age, whofe works are ftill extant
in four books.
} ROSERPiNA, the daughter of
Ceres by Jupiter, and wife of Pluto,
{G, 360, & 388.) — Rfgna Profirpinae^
V u 2 " the
PRO
[ 340 1
P T O
the infernal regions, Hor, Od. 2, 13,
20. Ep, 17, 2. Nullum Saeva caput
Proferpina fugit, i. e. fpares no one, Hor*
Od, I, 28, 20.^-Proferpina, in order
to free the foul from the body, was
fuppofed to cut a hair from the head
of evei-y perfon about to die, Virg.
y/m. 4, 694.; Stat. Silv. 2, i, 147.;
Vihull. 3, 5, 5. This notion was pro-
bably derived from an ancient cultom
of cutting fome hairs from the heads of
dying perfons, and confecrating thern
to Proferpiiie and the infernal gods ;
as hairs ufed to be pulled from between
the horns of a victim about to be fa-
crificed, ( Vid. A. 323.)
PjtOTAGOHAS, -ocj a philofoplicr,
bon at Abdern, banilhed from Athens,
and his books publicly burnt, becaufe
he had, in the beginning of a book, ex-
prelfed a doubt concerning the exiil-
ence of the gods, Cic. N. D. 1, i, &c
23. He alfo wrote books on other
fub]e£ls, Cic. Or. 3, 32. Brut. 12.
Pr(,t."silaus, the fon of Iphiclus,
from Phylace^ a city of Theflaly, the
lirft of the Greeks that landed on the
coaft of Troy ; — llain by Hetlor, ( G.
459-)
PROTEUS, (2. fyll.)-«, V. -COS, ace.
-m, the fon of Oceanus and Tethys, a
fea-god, who could change himfclf in-
to any fliape, (G. 386.) to which
Horace alludes. Sat. 2, 3, 71. Ep. i,
i» 90. ^
Protogenzs, -isy a painter, a native
of Caunus, Cic. Br. \ 8. Jtt. 2,21.; FUn.
35. 10. — put for any learned, ingenious,
or artful Greek, Jtmcnal. 3, 120.
^ 2. A reader to M. Marius, Cic.
Fam. 7, T.
PRUSIAS, -ae, king of Bithynia,
to whom Annlbal litd, after the defeat
of Antiochus, and by wliom he was
betrayed to the Romans, Liv. 39, 46,
& 51.; JVep. 23, 12. Prufias after the
defeat of Perfeus, wliofe filler he had
married, came to Rome with his fon
Nicomcdes ; and to recommend him-
felf to the favour of the fenate and
people, behaved with the meaneil fer-
,viHty, Zi-u. 45, 44. Afterwards, ha-
ving attempted to take away the life
of Nicomedes, that he might be able
to provide for his younger children by
the ftepmother of Nicomedes, he ^as
firft dethroned by his fon, and then
put to death, Liv. Epit* ^o.; Jujlin. 34,
4-
PsAMMiTicHus, a kiag of Egypt,
(G.665.)
PsEUDt , a name given to one who
pretends to be what he is not, (from
v|.ty<5~<i), jcjUo '.) thus, PsfiUDO-'^Hl-
uppus, i.e. Andrifcus, a perfon of low
rank, who affumed the name of Pliilip,
and pretending to be the fon of Per-
feus, had the influence to excite a war
in Macedonia, which he fupported with
confiderable ability, till he was van-
quiihed by Metellus, hence called Ma-
CKDONicus, Liv. Epit. 48, 49, & 50.;
Flor. 2, 14.; Cic. Rull. 2, 33.; VaL
Max. 7, 5, 4. ; Tac. Ann. 12, 62.
Pseudo-Peiiscus, (called alfo alter
Pfeudo-Phllippus, Liv. Epit, 53.) ano-
ther pretender to the kingdom of Mace-
donia, who was cut off by L. Tremel-
lius, Eutrop. 4,15.
Pseudg-Mariu^, i. c. the impoftor
Marius, one C. Amatius, a plebeian of
low extraction, who pretending to be
the fon of C. Marius, and giving out
that he wifhed to revenge the murder
of Caefar his kinfinan, raifed great
diflurbances at the funeral of Caeiar
and after it ; till Antony ordered ^im
to be feized and llrangled, and his
body to be dragged through the llreets,
Cic. Phil. 1,2.; Liv. Epit. i f 6. ; VaL
Max. 9, 15, 2.; Jppian. B. Civ. 3,/.
527, 529, 549. [Vid. Antonius, 25.)
— So in later times, PstuDO-AcRiP-
PA, Tac. Ann. 2, 39. ; Pseudo-Dru-
SUS, ih. 5, 10.; PsEUD.J- NEKO, Id.
Piyi. 2, 8. Thus Cicero calls Cor-
nutus, Pscudo-Cato, i. e. an imitator
of Cato, Cic.jitt. 1,14. Aliquem Pseu-
do-Da]masippum reperiernusy fome one
fond of buying flatues like Damafip-
pus, Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 15. Vid. Hor.
Sat. 2, 3, 64.
PTOLEMAEUS I. the fon of
Lagus, a Macedonian of mean rank,
according to fome writers, the natural
fon of Philip, Paufan. i, 6, one of the
chief
P T O [34
chief generals of Alexander. After
the death of that conqueror, he ob-
tained the government of Egypt and
the adjoining countries; which, by his
abilities, he made a great kingdom,
and tranfmitted it to his dciccndants,
who continued to enjoy it for many
generations, till it was reduced into a
Roman province by Auguitus. His
fuccefTors were all called from him by
the name of Ptolcmv, and were di-
Ib'nguifhed by different epithets. He
himlelf was diftinguifhed by the name
of Lacus or SoTER, i. e. Servator, the
Saviour, an appellation given him by
the Rhodians for the alliftance which
he afforded them agaiuil Demetrius.
He died in the eighty-fourth year of his
age, and thirty-ninth of his reign, com-
puting from the death of Alexander, B.
C. 283. leaving to his fon Ptolemy
Philadelphus, whom for two years be-
fore his death he had aflbciated with
himfelf in the government, befides E-
gypt, Phoenicia, Coelefyria, part of
Arabia, Libya, Aethiopia, the ifland of
Cyprus, Pamphylia, Cih'cia, Lycia,
Caria, and the ifles called the Cycla-
des. Hence Tacitus thus juftly de-
fcribeshim: Ptolemaeus, qui Mace do-
nutn primus Aegypti opes firmwvit. Hi ft.
4, 83. but adds an account of a ftrange
inftance of his fuperftilior., ibid.
n. PTOLEMAEUS PHI-
LADELPHUb, lb named by the
figure called AnUphrajisy becaufe he
caufed two of his broihers to be put
to death upon a charge of their having
formed defigns againft his life, Faujan.
I, 7, He finifhed the plans of im-
provement which his father had be-
gun ; the founding of the celebrated
library at Alexandria, and the building
of the famous watch-tower in the ifle
of Pharos, whence it is called Ptokmae-
ia Pharosy Propert. 2, i, 30. In order
to open a communication with the
countries of the ealt, he built on the
Red Sea, tirft Berenice and then Myos-
Hormos; whither the commodities of
the eaft were conveyed in fliips, and
tranfpi?rted from thence on camels to
Copies on the Nile, {Fid, G. 66$.)
I ] P T O
The excellent regulations of the two
firft Ptolemies rendered Alexandria
the chief commercial city in the world,
which it continued to be till it was
taken by the Saracens, a. 642. ( Fid. G.
23, 127, & 627.) — Ptolemy Philadel-
phus was a great favourer of learning
and learned men. Among thofe who
fhared of his bounty, the moft diftin-
gullhed were Euclid, Theocr'ttus, Calli-
macbus, and Lycophron. Ptolemy was
the moft opulent prince of his time.
He is faid to have made an alliance with
the Romans, Liv. Eptt. 14. He died
in the fixty-third year of his age, and
thirty-eighth of his reign, B. C. 247,
and was fucceeded by his fon,
HI. PTOLEMAEUS Everge-
TES, fo called on account of his bene-
ficence ; who to revenge the injurious
treatment and murder of his fifter Be-
renice, queen of Syria, led an army
into that country, and extended his
conquefts to the Tigris. Being fud-
denly recalled to quell a fedition at
home, he brought back with him iin-
menfe fpoils, Jujlin. 27, i. On occa-
fion of his abfence, his Queen Berenice
had vowed to confecrate her hair if he
returned in fafety, which fhe perform-
ed. Fid. Berenice - Ptolemy Ever-
gctes interefted himfelf in the affairs of
Greece. He affifted Aratus in efta-
bhfhing the Achaean league. But
when Aratus, from a jealoufy of Cleo-
menes king of Sparta, called in the
Macedonians to his alliftance, Ptolemy
aided Cleomenes. But not having af-
forded him fulncient fupport, Cleome-
nes was defeated and fled into Egypt.
Ptolemy died in the twenty -fifth year
of his reign. He was the laft of that
race who was diftinguiflied for his vir-
tues, Almoft all iiis fucceffors were
infamous for their profligacy and
crimes. Tacitus, inftead of diftinguifh-
ing him by his ufual firname, calls him,
I tolemaeus, quern tertia aeias iulil. Hill,
4, 84. qui ex Macedonihus tertius regnavit,
Ann. 6, 2^. Evergetes was fucceeded
by his ion,
IV. PTOLEMAEUS Philopa-
TOK, fo called by an antiphrafls, ac-
cordine:
P T O
C 342 1
P T 0
cording to Juflin, 29, I. becaufe he
murdered his father and mother ; but
Polybius and Pkitarch fay that his fa-
ther died a natural death. — Ptolemy
Philopator, having engaged in war with
Antiochus king of Syria, defeated him
in a great battle at Raphia, not far
from Gaza, by the conduit of Nico-
laus, an Aetoli:in, much about the fame
time that Hannibal defeated the Ro-
mans at the Thrafymene lake, P&Iyb.
5, 82. After this fuccefs Ptolemy
gave himfelf up to debauchery ; and
having murdered his queen Arfinoe,
called Eurydice by Juftin, 30, i. and
Cleopatra by Livy, 27, 4. he was en-
tirely governed by a courtezan called
Agathoclea and her brother Agatho-
cles, Jttftin' 3^, 2. He died worn
out with intemperance in the thirty-
feventh year of his age, and feven-
teenth of his reign, and was fucceeded
by his fon, then five vears old,
V. PTOLEMAEUS Epiphanes.
— Antiochus, king of Syria, and Philip
of Macedon combined to deprive this
prince of his dominions, but were pre-
vented by the Romans, who, at the re-
queft of the Egyptians, undertook the
guardianfhip of the young king, and
for that purpafe fent M. Lepidus in-
to Egypt, (qui tutor to nomine regnum pu-
fiUi adminijlrety Juftin. 30, 3. ad pueri
tutelam gercndam, Val Max. 6, 6, I.
JVIarcum Lepidum PtuJanaei lileris iutorem
In Aegyptum rnifcrunt), I'ac. Ann. 2,
67. Ptolemy at firft governed well,
being diretled by the wife counfels of
Ariliomenes, an Acarnanian, whom Le-
pidus had appointed his guardian ; but
afterwards feduced by flatterers, he put
Aridomenes to death, gave himfelt up
to the indulgence of criminal pleafure,
and by his cruelty excited his fuhjetTts
to rebel. They were cruilied by the
abilities of Polycrates. At iaft Ptole-
my was poifoned by his courtiers after
having reigned twenty-four years,
VI. PTOLEMAEUS Philome-
TOR, his fon, who was but fix years of
age, fucceedcd, and Cleopatra his mo-
ther was declared regent. After her
death he engaged ia war v/ith Antio-
chus Epiphanes, king of Syria, his mo-
ther's brother, in order to recover Pa-
leftine and Coelefyria, but was defeated
and taken prifoner : upon which the
Alexandrians made his brother Ptole-
my Phyfcon king. Antiochus led an
army into Egypt, under the pretence
of reftoring Philometor to the throne,
but in reality to make himfelf mafter
of the country. The two brothers
upon this united together, and agreed
to reign jointly ; which forced Antio-
chus to difcover his real intentions. Pie
had over-run moll of Egypt, and was
juil about to befiege Alexandria, when
an embaiTy from Rome [Fid. Popili-
us) prevented it, Juflin. 34, 2, 8c 3.;
Li'iu 44, 19. et 45, 1 1, & 12. Some
years after, a difference having arifen
between the two brothers, Phyl'con ex-
pelled his brother, who went to Rome
to implore the protedion of the fcnate.
Two ambafiadors were fent to reilore
him. They divided the Egyptian do-
minions between the two brothers,
Li%\ Epit. 46.; Val Max. 5, i, i. ;
Polyh. Legat. 1 1 3. But they did not
live in concord. At lad the death of
Philometor left Phyfcon in polfeflion
of the whole, Juflin. 38, 8.
Vn. PTOLEMAEUS Physcon,
(i. e. tun-bellieuj) fo called from the
prominence of his belly, affumed to
himfelf the name of Evergetes IL
i.e. Benefador^ which the Alexandrians
changed into that of Cacoergetes,
i. e. am 'who delights in doing evil ; a fir-
name which he juilly deferved by his
intemperance, perfidy, and horrid cruel-
ty. He died univerfaliy detefted, l<.
C. 117.
Vni. PTOLEMAEUS, his fon
fuccecded, called LATHyRus from the
mark of a kind of pea on his nofe or
face. He being expelled by his mo-
ther CUopatra, retired to Cyprus.
Cleopatra alfociated with herfelf iu the
government her younger fon Ptolemy
Alexander; whom, when fhe attempt-
ed fome time after to cut off by fnares,
(he was prevented by him and put to
death. On account of this parricide
Alexander was expelled and Lathyrus
reilored.
P T O C 343
reftored. Alexander, endeavouring to the
regain the crown, periihed in the at-
tempt, ytjjlin. 39, 4. A rebellion was
raifcd againft Lathy riis in Upper E-
gypt. The rebels being defeated,
ihut thcmfelves up in Thebes, where
they fuilaiued a iiege for three years.
That city, when taken, was treated
with fuch rigour, that from being one
of the richeil in Egypt, it was reduced
almoll to nothinjT, Paiifan. Lathyrus
died foon after, B, (,'.81. Plis daughter
Berenice, and only legitimate child,
fucceeded, called alfo Cleopatra, which
was the common name of the daughters
of that houfe, as I'toleniy was of the
fons. But Sulla, at that time diftator
of Rome, fent Alexander, the fon of
that Alexander who murdered his mo-
ther, to take pofTtlfion of the kingdom,
as being th^e neareil heir-male, App'ian.
B, Civ. p. 414. To accommodate the
difference, he married Cleopatra; but a
few days after the marriage, caufed her
to be put to death.
IX.PTOLEMAEUS Alexander
reigned fifteen years. At lait the
Egyptians, diffatished with his govern-
meiit, expelled him, and appointed
Ptolemaeus Auletes, the ballard fon
of Lathyrus, to fuccecd. Alexander
retired to Tyre, where fome time after
he died, having inllituted, as was faid,
the Roman people his heir, Cic. RulL i.
h'-
Caefar, when aedile, wifiied
be appointed by the people of Rome
to relcore Alexander, but was prevent-
ed by the faction of the nobility. Suet.
Caef. II. The Romans did not af-
fert their right to the dominions of
Alexander in confcquence of this tef-
tament, though they fcnt ambafTadors
to Tyre, who earned off the moiicy
which the king had depofited there,
Cic. Rull. Zi 16, But Clodius after-
wards made ufe of that pretext to
feize on the ifiand Cyprus, though for
a different caufe, Plutarch in Cat. ; Cic.
Dom, 7.; Sext. 25. i^Vid. Clodius.)
X. PTOLEMAEUS affumed to
himielf the name of Dionysus, (i.e.
Bacchus or Liber) j but he is common-
ly called AuLET^s, i. e. the player on
3 P T o
Jlute, from his fondnefs for that
kind of muiic. Strah. i7,/>. 796. Stra-
bo calls him tlie lail of the Ptolemies ;
of whom he obferves, that the three
firft were the beft, and that all the
rell were corrupted by luxury ; but
that the fouith, the feventh, and the
lalt were the worft, ibid. Cicero fays
that Atiletcs liad neither the birth nor
fpirit of a king, ( nsque gsmre neque am-
nio re^io ejfc)y RuU. 2, 16. Auletes,
that he might ellabiifli his right to the
crown, which was reckoned doubtful,
wifhed to procure from the Roman
fenate the title of Friend and Ally,
which he obtained through the intcreft
of Pompey and Caefar, whofe friend-
fliip he purchafed in the confulfhip of
Caefar, by a bribe of 6000 talents.
Suet. Caef. 54. ; Dioy 39, 12. Unable to
raife this fum without violent exadlions,
and having by his improper conduct in
other refpe<5i:s raifed public difcontents,
which he could not allay, he fecretly
left his kingdom and repaired to Rome,
where he gave out that he had been
expelled by his fubjecls, and requefled
to be reftored by force, Dioy ib. In
his way to Rome he met with M. Cato
at Rhodes, who advifcd him to re-
turn and be reconciled to his fubje6ls ;
telling him how difficult it would be
for him to gain the leading men at
Rome, whofe avarice Egypt turned
into filver could fcarcely fatisfy, Plu'
tarch. in Cat, Ptolemy, however, by
the intereft of Pompey, obtained a
decree of the fenate, that he fhould be
reftored by Lentulus Spinther, the
conful, to whom the province of Cili-
cia was afligned, Diot ib. j et Cic. Fam,
i, 7-
In the mean time, the people of
Alexandria, not knowing that their
king had gone to Italy, or fuppofing
that he was dead, had made his eldelt
daughter Berenice queen. She mar-
ried Seleucus, defcendcd from the
kings of Syria ; but becoming difTa-
tisfied with him, fhe put him to death,
and married Archelaus, Did, 39, 59.
The Alexandrians being informed
how the matter flood, fcnt an hundred
ambafTadorSi
P T O
[
ambafTadors to Rome, (Strabo fays,
more than an hundred, 17, p. 796.)
to juftify their conduct. But Ptolemy
having hired afTaflins, caufed moft of
the ambafTadors to be difpatched on
their journey ; others he killed in the
city by the fword or by poifon ; and
the reft he prevailed on, cither by ter-
ror or bribery, not to bring the fub-
jed of their miifion before the magi-
ilrates, nor to make any mention of
their companions who had been mur-
dered. The affair, however, being
much talked of in the city, the fenate,
upon the motion of Favonius, ordered
Dig or Dmi, an Academician philo-
fopher, the chief of the embafTy, who
had hitherto efcaped, to be brought be-
fore them, that, they might learn from
him a true ftate of the matter. But
fuch was the influence of the klng*s
money, which he borrowed from all
hands, that neither did Dio come into
the fenate, nor was any mention made
of the murder of the ambafTadors while
Ptolemy remained in the city. Nay,
though he alfo caufed Dio to be poifon-
ed, yet no cognifancc was taken of it.
Pompey flill continued to entertain
the king at his houfe, and fupported
him with all his power. Soon after
the king left Rome and went to Ephe-
fus, and there remained in the temple
of Diana, till he fhould hear the iffue
of his affairs at Rome. In the begin-
ning of next year, A. U. 697, in the
confulfliip of Cn. Lentulus MarcellTnus
and Marcius PJiilippus, the flatuc of
Jupiter on the Alban mountain having
been llruck with lightning, the Sybyl-
line books were, according to cuflom,
ordered by the fenate to be infpedled.
On which occafion certain verfes were
found, or faid to have been found, fore-
warning the Romnn people not to re-
ftore an exiled king of Egypt with an
army, Dio^ 39, 15.; C'lc. Fam, i, 7. ;
Lucan. 8, 824. This oracle was fup-
pofed to have been fabricated by the
enemies of Lentulus and Pompey, and
is therefore called by Cicero, calumnla
religionis, Fam. i, i. 2.ndji3a religio, ib*
4. It had^ however, fuch influence on
344 1 P ^ O
the fuperftitious multitude, that the
people, by the advice of C. Cato, a tri-
bune, repealed all that had been ena(5t-
cd concerning this bufmefs, Dlo^ 39,
15. The matter being debated in the
fenate, it was refolved, " That it feem-
ed dangerous to the repubhc, that the
king fhould be reftored by a multi-
tude," Cic, ^ Fr. 2, 2. After this
various opinions were delivered ; fome
propofed that the king fhould be re-
llored by Lentulus without an army ;
others moved that that charge fliould
be granted to '^ompey, Cic. Fam. I, I.
who, though he openly favoured Len-
tulus, yet was fufped:ed of defiring
the commiflion to himfelf, C'lc. J^ Fr»
2, 2. Fam. I, 2. The king himfelf by
letters, and his creditors, were very
carnefl that Pompey fhould be appoint-
ed, lyic. Fcnn. 1, I, & 6. But the chief
men in the fenate, fearing to encreafe
the overgrown power of Pompey, pre-
vented it, Dio, 39, 16. At lafl more
interefting matters having occurred,
the fenate dropt the fubjed of Egypt
altogether, and the king was left to
fliift for himfelf. Cicero hinted to
Lentulus, that if he had fufHcient force
to reftore Ptolemy, the oracle might
be evaded, Cic. Fam. i, 7. But Len-
tulus, frightened by the difficulty of
the attempt, laid afide all thoughts of
it. Whereupon Ptolemy, by the ad-
vice of Pompey then conful for the fe-
cond time, applied to Gabinius, the
governor of Syria ; who, being influ-
enced by the letter of his patron Pom-
pey, and tempted by the greatnefs of
the fum which the king promifed him,
no lefs than ten thoufand talents, in
contempt of the oracle, and in viola-
tion of the laws of his country, Cic*
Pif. 2 1 . undertook the bufmefs ; and by
the afTiilance of M Antonius, Cic. PhiL
2, 19. afterwards triumvir, then com-
mander of a body of horfe, fucccfsful-
ly effeded it, Plutarch in Anton. Ga-
binius having made himfelf mailer of all
Egypt, delivered it to Ptolemy, and
left with him a confiderable number of
Roman troops, both horfe and foot,
for the guard of his perfon, who, in a
few
P t o t t
few years contra6led tlie manners and
ciiftoms of the country, Caef. B. C. 3,
103, & iiOi Among thtfe was Sep-
timius, wlio afterwards murdered Pom-
pcy, Dloy 42, 3, & 38. Ptolemy put
to deatli his daughter Eerenlce, and all
the riched men who had oppofed him;
that by the confifcation of their efFe^fts
he might make up the fum which be
bad engaged to pay Gabiiiius and bis
army. Archelaus, the liufband of Be-
renice, fell in battle, Liv. Ep, 105. ',
Diot 39, ^^, Sec. Ptolemy Auletes died
about four years after his re-eftablifi-i-
ment, B. C. 51. leaving two fons and
two daughters. He appointed by his
will, that his eldeil fon Ptolemy and
biseldeft daughter Cleopatra fhould
marry, according to the cuilom of that
houfe, and reign jointly. Thus Cleopa-
tra fays to Caefar, ^i (fc. pater)
jura mihl cowrnunia, Et thalami cum fra-
tre dealt, Lucan. 10, 93. As they
v/ere both very yoiing, Cleopatra, who
was the oldell, being only feventeen
years of age, they were placed under
tlie tuition of the Roman people, Caef,
B. C, 3, 108. and Pompey is faid to
have been appointed by the'fenate to
be the young king's guardian^ Eutrop,
6, 21. PtoleMais, -^d'lS, the
daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, L e. Cle-
ooiUra, Liican. 10, 69.
^ XL PTOLEMAEUS, the fon of
Auletes, called Novus DionyfuSi during
his minority, was under the direction
of Pothinus an eunuch, and Achillas
the commarider of hi> forces, who, no
doubt to engiofs the whole pov/er to
themfelves, deprived Cleopatra, in the
king's name, of her fhare in the fovc-
reigiity. She having raifed troops in
Syria and Palaeiline, came to afl'ert her
rights ; and Ptolemy was encamped
with his army between mount Cafuis
and Pelufmm, not far from the camp
of Cleopatra, wiien Pompey, after his
defeat at Pharlalia, approached the
coall of Egypt, Caef. B. G. 3, 103. ;
i)/(9, 42, 3. \V'id. PoMPEius). Pto-
lemy being defeated by Caefar, was
drowned in crofimg the Nile, Dio^, 42,
4 3. Caefar gave the kingdom to Cko-
4j i P T 0
patra, and ordered her to mafry hi^t
younger brother, then, only eleven years
of age, (according to a cultom obfer-
ved not only by the Ptolemies, but al-
fo by other royal families, liheris fociat'is
in malnmonlum regnumquej Tac. Ann.
2, 3.), and that they Ihould enjoy the
fovcrcignty in common, D'lo, 42, 44. |
Hirt. Bcli Alex. 33. But when he
grew up fhe cut him ofFby poifon, and
thus remained fole queen of Ey^ypt^
Joftph. Ani. 15, 4. After the death of
Cleopatra Egypt was reduced into a
Roman province. {^VuL OcTAVius.)
PTOLEMAEUS Apion, the na-
tural fon of Ptolemy Phyfcon, who
was made king of Cyrenaica by his fa-
ther, and at his death left the Roman
people his heir^ "Juji'in. 39, 5* The
Romans granted libeity to the different
Hates of that country, \h, ; but on ac-
count of the convulfions raifed by the
leading men contending for powcr^
they afterwards reduced it into the
form of a province, :b.\ L'lv. Ep'iL 70.;
Plutarch, in Lucidl. p. 492.; Eutrop. 6, 1 1 a
PTOLEMAEUS Crraunus, {le.
thunder), the fon of Ptolemy Soter^
who obtained pofiefTion of the kingdom
of Macedonia ; and, to enlarge his do-
minions, flew, by the moft fiiocking
perfidy and cruelty, in the bofom. of
their mother, the fons of his fifter Ar-
finoe, by Lyfimachus king of Thrace^
yujlln. 24, I, 2, 3v 3. But his criinea
did not long remain unpuniflied \ for
the Gauls having defeated him in bat-
tle, and taken him prifoner, cut ofT
his liead, and fixed it on a lance, ih* 5-i
PTOLEMAEUS Alexander, the
younger fon of Ptoltmy Lathyrus, and
brother of Auletes king of Cyprus, was
deprived of his kingdom moll urjullly
by the Romans, Cic. Dom, 8, k 20^
Sexf. 26, '■. c. according to a law paffed
by P. Clodius the tribune^ Which Ci-
cero calls Rogat'io Lypria fceleji'ijfima^
Sext. 28i The eaute of this law is faid
to have been, that when Clodius hap"
pened once to be taken by the pirates^
and applied to Ptolemy for money to
pay his ranfom, Ptolemy, who was 3
X X grea*5c
P T O [34,6
great mifer, fent him only two talents,
Plutarch, in Cat. Min. ; Strah. 4. p. 684.
Cato Ut'icenfis was appointed to put
this law in execution, which removed
him out of the way, and fo prevented
him from oppofing the deftruftive mca-
fures of Clodius and Caefar, Cic. Dom.
25.; Plutarch, in Caef. p. ']\%.\ Pat ere.
2, 45. Ptolemy poifoned himfelf be-
fore the arrival of Cato, and thus left
his immenfe wealth to"be carried away
to Rome, Plutarch, in Catone ; hucan.
3, 164. Some fay that Ptolemy in-
tended to have put all his money on
board a (Iiip with holes, and when he
got out to fea to fink himfelf with it ;
but that he had not courage to execute
this purpole, Val. Max. 9, 4. ext. i. ;
App'inn. Civ. B. 2. /J. 44 1 .
PTOLEMAEUS, a celebrated a-
llronomer and geographer, who flou-
riflied at Alexandria under Adrian and
the Antonines, (G. 22.}. His v.'oiks
are ilill extant.
PuBLicius, the name of a Roman
gensy feveral of which are mentioned
by Cicero, Div. i, 50. Cat. 2, 2. Or.
2, 67. Balb. II. ^/int. 6. Cluent. 15.
PuBLiLiA, the wife of Cicero, after
he divorced Terentia, Cic. Alt. 12, 32.
PuBLiLius, the father or brotlier
of Piibhlia, ih. 7.
PuBLiLiA, the name of a tribe, Lin).
1> 15-
^ PuELiLius Phlloy conful a. u.
416. who conquersd the Latins, Liv.
«, 12.
PUBLIUS, a frequent praenomen
among the Romans : thus, ^lincliy
cxU PuhTii (gaudent pramomins molles au-
riculae), &c. Hor. Sat, 2, 5, 32. ufed
"by way of familiarity or blaud-iihmeut
for the whole name *.
So, ^i
ih'/ Iwhereijf fuum Piillluviy
(fc. Clodium, cum quo in gratiam odio Cae-
faris redierant, quod Ciceroiien- p-J!igt:bat),
darent m'lhi ipfz nlium PuhUufr^ (fc. Vatinium,
ipfis exofuin, cuj»i quo e^ro in gratiam redi-
rem)- &("-. dc. Fam. I, 9. ri, ^'^. So Subon'
iumeliote traHatur nofter PuBHUs, i. e, Clotliu?,
Cic, Att. i> 7. TeRTIA aderit^ modo ne PuB-
a,iu3 rcgattisftty Tertia will be our gueft, pro-
vided Puhl'us be not invited, (v/ho this Pub-
htts is we know r.oi), Qk. Fam, 16, 3?.
] P Y L
PuBLius mimorum poet a, fc. Syruf,
Publius Syrus, a native of Syria, a
mimic poet, highly efteemed in the
time of Julius Caefar and Auguflus,
Plin. 8, 51 f. 77. He was contempo-
rary with Laberius, both of vi'hom a6t-
ed their compofitions at the games ex-
hibited by Caefar on occafion of his tri-
umph. Cicero fays that he heard them
both with great indifference, Cic, Fam.
12, 18. — Ex prior e (fc. epiftola) thea-
trum Publiumque cogtwvi, I learned what
applaufe Dolobella received when he
entered the theatre, and the apt words
fpoken extempore by Publius Syrus,
or introduced into the part he was then
afting, fuitably to the occafion, Cic.
Att. 14, 2. Add. Macrob. 2, 7.; Gell,
17, 14. There are fome fragments of
the compofitions of Publius Syrus
itill extant.
PuLCHELLus, 3 name given to Clo-
dius, Cic Alt, 2, T.
PuLCHER, a firname of C. Appius,
Liv. 33, 44, &c.
P. Pupius, one of the firll plebeian
quae dors, Liv. 4, 54.
L. Pupius, an aedile, Liv. 39, 39.
and praetor, ib, 45'.
Pup PI us, v. Pupius, a tragic poet,
whofe plays are faid to have been fo
pathetic as to draw tears from the au-
dience ; hence lacrimofa poemata Puppi
for PnppYi, Hor. Ep. I , I , (>6, et ib.
ScholialL
PYGMALION, -mis, the fon of
Belus and king of Tyre, the brother of
Dido, whofe hiifband Sichaeus he flew
in order to feize his riches. But Dido,
having fecretly fled from Tyre with a
great fum of money, difappointed him,
yirg. Aen. I, 343, &c. ^ 2. A na-
tive of Cyprus, who made a beautiful
ivory image of a woman, which being
animated by the power of Venus, be-
came his wife, and bore to him a fon
called Paphos, who gave name to one
of the chief cities of the ifland, Ovid.
Met. 10. 243, — 298.
pYLADiiS, -is, the fon of Strophius
by Aftyochea the fifter of Agamem-
non, the faithful friend of Ore'lej, [G.
407.). Plence Fyladea amicitia, for
true
P Y R.
C 347
true friendfliip, Cic. Fin. 2f 26, Add. i,
Cvid. Pont. 2, 6, 25. et 3, 2.; '^'ariial.
6, II.; 5'/a/. <S'i/'y. 2, 6, 54. ; Jwvenal.
16, 26.
Pyracmon, -o»/V, one of the Cy-
clops or workmen of Vulcan, Virg. Am,
8, 424.^
Pyramus, a young man of Baby-
lon, whofe paifionate love for Thlfbe,
and her affedlon for him, proved fatal
to both, Omd. Mtt. 4, 55, &c.
Pyrene, -est the daughter of Be-
bryx, or of the king of the Bdrycesy
fing. BebryXf who dwelt among the
mountains which feparate France from
Spain ; whence fhe is called Bkbricia
VIRGO, ^/7. 3, 420. Being violated by
Hercules, flie fled from her father's
houfe, and was torn to pieces by the
wild beads in thofc mountains, which
from her were afterwards called Mon-
T£s Pykenaei, ik 441.
Pyrgo, -us, the nurfe of Priam's
children, Vir^. Aen. 5, 645.
Pyrgoteles, -w, an excellent gra-
ver -of precious ftones in the time of
Alexander the Great, Plin. 37, i.
pYROis, -entis^ m. one of the horfes
of Phoebus, 0-vid. Met. 2, 153. ^ 2.
The planet Mars, Col 10, 290,
Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion,
(G. 435.), OvuLEp. 15, 167, &c.
PvRRHo, -gnis, a pliilofopher, who
doubted concerning every thing, whofe
followers were called Pyrrhonei, fcep-
tics, C'lc.Or. 3, 17. He maintained,
that virtue is the only thing to be defi-
red, Clc. Fin. 4j 16.
Pyrrhus, the fon of Achilles, {^A-
chlllides) ', called alfo Neoptolemus, [G.
446.). f[ 2. A king of Epire, who
carried on war with the Romans, (G.
230. &c.)
PYTHAGoRAS, -ae, an iUuftrious
ancient philofopher, [F^iJ, G. 12, &c
3 Q^UI
28, 10. Faha Pyih agorae cognata,
the bean related to '.')'th.igoras, Hor.
Sat. 2, 6t 63. becaufe he forbade the
eating of beans, SiiwJlaJi. lb. ; Clc. Div,
1, 30. — Soninia Pythagorean the dreams
of Pythag'jras, Hrr. Ep. 2, 1, 52. . "j-
thrgorica pblIofol)huiy PHn. 13, 13. -Py-
THAGORE!, ^orun, the Followers of Py-
thagoras, Cic. Tufc. I, 16, et 4, 2, et
5, 39. '. D. I, 5. Sen. II. So Py-
THAGORTCI, ClC Div. I, 30.
Pythias, acy the friend of Damon,
Cic. Of. 3, 10.; FaL Max. ^, 7, i.
Vid. Damon. — -^2. A famous an-
cient navigator, (G. 17.)
Pythis, -zj, an excellent fculptor
and p:i.inter, PHn. 35, 9. et j^6, 5.
Pythiv'S, a name of Apollo, (G,
36^.), whence Pythia, -ae^ the pricll-
efs of the temple of Apollo at Delphi,
(G. 306. ?< 367.), Cic. Div. 19, 36.
Pythia, orumj games in honour
of Apollo, (G. 309. & 367.)
Python, -onis, the name of a fer-
pent flain by Apo41o, (G. 366.), Ovid,
Met. I, 43B. ; Lucan. 5, 134.
Pythodorus, a native of Tralles,
[TraUianus), Cic. Flacc. 22. ^2,
An excellent carver, Plin. 36, 5.
T. T.^nvnidius Quadratus, a gover-
nor of S\ria, Tac, Ann, 12, 4<r, '■:< 54.
M. Fabius QUINCTILIaNUS, an
excellent teacliei of rhetoric and plead-
er of caufes at Rome in the time of Ve-
fpafiau and his
been born at Calagurris
fuppofed to have
m Spam,
lad
brought to Rome • when very young.
where he certainly was educated, as wc
learn from himfelf, 6, 3, 57. <?/ ro, i,
24, & 102. et 12, II, 3. et 5, 7, 7. ;
plin. Ep. 2, 14, 10, When advanced
Renati Pyihagorae arcana, born a- in life, he was appointed praeceptor to
gam, or animating a new body, Hor.
Epod. 15, 21. becaufe he taught, that
the fouls of men, after death, pafied into
other bodies ; and faid that his own foul
had animated the body of Euphorbus
the fon of panthou?, [PantlmJcs, q.v.),
in the lime of the Trojan war, Hor. Od,
the grandfons of the fifter of Doimtian,
^linclil. 4, prooem. 2. He wrote twelve
books concerning the inilitution of an
orator, dedicated to Marcellus Vidlo-
rius, ib. i. pr. et 4. pr. Among the
fcholars of Quindtilian was Pliny the
Younger, Ep. 2, 14, 10. f/ 6, 6, 3.
X A 2 Q^uiadtiliaii
(IV I [ 348 ] R A B
Quin<^ilian is extolled by Martial as a r^ft Demetrius the fon of king Philip,
teacher and advocate, 2, 90, i. and by
Juvenal, 7, 186, &c.
Sex. QuiNCTiLius, a conful a. u.
who died of tlie plague, Liv. 3, 32.
Crj. QuiNCTjLiiiS, created di61:ator
?\. 423, to drive a nail in the temple of
Jupller, Liv. 8, 18.
F. Q^uiNCTiLius Varus J a praetor
in the fecond Punic war, Liv. 29, 38.
who defeated Mago in the country of
the Infiibres, Liv. <o, 18.
X.QuiNCTius, a turbulent tribune,
who endeavoured to get the afts of
Sulla revcrfed, Cip. luent. 29. ; Plu-
tarch, in Lucullo.
QUINTIUS,vel ^linalus, the name
of a Roman clan., [^intia gens)-, Liv.
3, 12. I'he ^iintii were originally
from Alba, Liv. i, 30.
L. QUINTIITS Cincinnatiis, called
to be didator from the plough, Liv.
3, 26. (G. 214.) ; Cic, Sen. 16.
Qv^i^T y A prata, the Qviintian meadows,
a name given to the four acres of land
on which Cincinnatus lived when he
^vas called to be dictator, L'v. 3, 26.
Caejo QUINTIUS, the fon of Cin-
cinnatus, banilhed for refilling the tri-
bunes, Liv. 3, II, 12, & 13, He was
the firft whowas obliged to give fure-
ties to the public for his appearance on
the day of trial. As he did not appear,
the money was exadxed from his father
with fuch rigour, that he was oHiged
to fell his efffcds, and live retired in
the country, ih. 13.
T. QuiNTius Barhjttis Capitollnus,
fix times conful, Liv. 2, 56.-4, 13.
P. QuiMTius, a plebeian, defended
by Cicero in an adion of bankrpptcy.
The oration for Quintius ia the firit of
Cicero's orations extant.
r. QIUNTIUS Flanumus, m.ade
conful after being quaellor without go-
ing through the interm.ediate olhces,
Liv. 32, 7. He overcame Philip king
of Macedonia at Cynocephalae, Liv.
33, 7, &;c. He proclaimed liberty to
the ftates of prt;ece at the Illhmian
imes,
ib, 32,— 34, His triumph laft-
ed for three days, Id. 34, 52. Many
SiPble captives and hoilages, among the
and Armenes the fon of Nabis, were
led before his chariot, ib. The embaffy
of Flaminius to Prufias proved fatal to
Hannibal, 39, 51.
Q_iRiNi.'S, a name of Romailus,
Liiu I, 20. et 5, 52. et 8, 9, et 28, 1 1.;
Cic. Offl 3, 10. ; Virg. Aen. i, 296. ei
\hi Serv. ; OviiL Fajl. 2, 475. Visions
arma ^/irinij the arms of the victorious
Romulus, put for Auguftus, /. e. Au-
guflus in arms, or armed, Virg. G. 3,
2 7 . Tertiaqtte arma patri fufpendet anna
^uirinpj and fhall hang up or dedicate
the third fpofia op'ima to father Romu-
lus, Li. Aen. 6, 860. ct ibi Serv.
Q^iRiNi a£'</?j, the temple of Romu-
lus, Liv. ^f 21. et 10, 46. el 28, II.
QuiRiNALis^^w^«, the prieft of Ro-
mulus, inflituted by Numa, Liv. 1,2c.
Col/is .^-;uirinr. Ovid Fait. 4, 375. o-
therwife called Co/l/s ^irinalis, the
Quirinal hill, one of the feven hills of
Rome, Liv. r, 44. yugum ^irinaki
Ovid. Faft. 6, 2f8. — Liliius ^uirinaJis,
the augur's Itaff of Romuhis, or like
to that which Pvomulus ufed, Vlrg.
Aen. 7, 187. So Trabea ^irinalis, ib.
10, 612. Ql'IHINALIA, -/ttw, fefti-
vals in honour of Romulus, Cic. ^ Fr.
2, 3, S: 13. ; Ovid. Fail. 2, 513.
The Romans are faid to have been cal-
led ''^uiRiTEs from Quirinus, or from
CureSf a city of the Sabines, Serv. ad
Virg. 7, 710,; Liv. I, 13,
R
Rabirius, a Roman who wrote
concerning philofophy, but inaccu-
rately, Cic, Acad. I, 1.- ^ 2. A
poet ; Mag7i:que Rabirius oris, i. e. mag'
n'floquusy fubllme, Ovid. Pont. 4, 10,5.
Add. Scnec, Benef, 6, 3. ; ^linLiiL 1O3
1,90.
6'. RABIRIUS, an old fenator,
accufcd of treafon by T. Labienus, a
tribune, at the infllgation of Julius Cae-
far, for having killed L. Saturnlnus, a
tribune, about thirty years before,
Dioi 37, 26, Cicero fays, forty years,
in PiJ. 2. by miflake, as Afconius on
this pafTa^e obferves, Suetonius fays,
R A B
C H9 ]
REG
fome years before, (aliquot ante annosy)
Caef. II. Rriblriiis was defended by
'Hortenfius ruul Cicero, then conful,
whofe oration is (llil extant, but imper-
■feft. The affair had Hrfl been brought
before the praetor, who appointed two
men, [rfuuniviri,) to judge in the caufe,
C. Taefar and J. Caefar. By them
Rabiiius was condem!»ed to death ; but
he appealed from their fentence to the
people in the omiiia Cetituriata. There
he would have been condemned alfo,
had notMctellus,the augur and praetor
for that ye'dv, diffolved the afiembly by
pulling down the banner {^vexillumy)
which, when an affcmbly of the Ro-
man people by centuries met, was al-
vvays difplayed fiom the Janiculum,
Dioy 37, 27, Sc 18. Suetonius obferves,
that nothing fo much contributed to
his acquittal as the cruelty of Cat Car's
fentence, 5'wf^ Caef. 12. In this caufc
not merely the life of Rabirius, but
alfo the power of the fenate, was at-
tacked, C'lc. Rah'ir. 2. J D'io<, 37, 26.
C. RABIRIUS P<
Ro
man eriucs^ the fon of C. Curius, the
chief of the equellrian order, one of the
principal farmers of the public reve-
nues, [puhiicanusy) Cic. Rabir. 2, cal-
led C. Rabirius Poflhiimus, from adop-
tion, ih. 17. He had lent great fums
to Ptolem.y Auletes, while that king
was at Rome ; to recover which, after
the reftoration of Ptolem.y, he went to
Egypt, and became the receiver of the
king's taxes, (dwccctes regiusy) ib. 8,
& 10. But differing with the k'ng,
he was ill treated by him, imprif<>ned,
and threatened with death ; fo that he
was glad at laft to make his efcape with
the lofs of all, ih, et 14.; and it was
wholly owing to the generofty ot
Caefar, that he was enabled to main-
tain his equeftrian rank, ih, 15, After
the condemnation of Gabinius, how-
cyer, for extortion, (de repetundis,^
when his eftate was not fiifficient to
make up the damages in which he was
condem ned, ( quanta Jumnia Uilumfui/fec^ )
ib. 13-), Rabirius, who was charged
with having received pavt of the mo-
ney given by Ptolemy to Gabinius,
was profecuted to make up the de-
ficiency, [acciifatus de rifiduh (c. pecu-
niis,) ib. 4. So that this caufe was
an appendicle to that of Gabiniua, iL
Rabirius was defended by Cicero, and
acquitted.
L. R\Bius, a partifan of Marius,
who fled to Mithridates ; and being
fent by him with L. Magius to Ser-
torius, betrayed Mithridates and re-
turned to the Romans, Cic. Ferr. I,
34, dt Ibi Afcon,
R A B o c E N T u s , a chicf of the BeJJiy
beheaded by Pifo, Cic. Pif. 34.
L. Rabonius, one who undertook
to keep the temple of Callor at Rome
in proper reparation. Cic. Verr. I, 50,
&c.
L. Racilius, a tribune (de tri-
iunis) in the confulfliip of Marcellinus
and Philippus, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, I. fex
magiflratibusy) Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 4. the
fame probably who is mentioned, Cic,
Verr. 2, 12,
Raxut. f. RaTvIus, fome contemp-
tible perfon, a freed man or Have of
Brutus, Cic. Atl. 12, 21.
T. ( aninnis Rkbilus, a lieutenant
of Caefar's in Gaul, Cic. Att. 13, 37.
m^de conful at the fcventh hour of
the laft day of the year before Cae-
far's death ; fo that he continued in
oince only for part of a day, Vid.
Cic. Fam. 7, 30.
Regillts, (afirname oi the Acmilii ; J
the fon of Lcpidus, conful with Q.
Catulus, a. 675, Cic. Att. 12, 24.
Reginus, a Roman, entrufted with
the command of the Tufcan fea (mare
infcrum) by Pompey, by whofe alTift-
ance Cicero thought he could efcape
from Italy ; but was prevented by the
vigilance of Antonv, Cic. Att. 10, 12,
M, Atllius REGuLUS, a cele-
brated Roman general in the firft Pu-
nic war ; who having gained great ad-
vantages over the Carthaginians in A-
frica, was at laft defeated and taken
prifoner by Xantippu?, a Lacedaemo-
nian, w^ho commanded the Carthagi-
i}ian army. Regulus, being fent to
Rome
REG
[ 350 ]
R H O
Rome to propofe an exchnnge of pri-
foners, fpoke againft it in rhe fenate ;
and having returned to Carthage, ac-
cording to his promlfe, was put to
death with the greatefl tortures, (G.
237.) Liv. Efif, 18.; tc'lf.'!. 13.
et 3, 26. Fin. 2 20. ; P'lf. 19. ; Phil.
11,4.; Horat. Od. 3, 5, 41. ; Sil. 6,
539.; GelL 6, 4.; Fal Max. 1, I,
14. This great man pofTrficd no more
than feven acres of ground, iL 4, 4, 6.
L. Livincius KEGVLV^t an intimate
friend cf Cicero's, CI:. Fam. 13, 60.
Remulli.s, a Tihurtian, or native
of Tibur, (Tihrs,) Virg. Acn. 9,
360, & 633 5[ 2. One of the
kings of Alba, the fon of Tiberlnus ;
killed by a thunderbolt for his impiety,
Ovid. Met. 14, 616, &c. faid to be
the grandfon of Tiberinus, Ovid. FaJ}.
4» 49-
REMUS, the fon of Ilia and Mars,
flain by his brother Romulus, Liv. i,
6. or l)y one Celer, who had the charge
of building the walls, Dionyf. i. 87.
O'uid.FhJi. 4, 837.^/5, 469. (G. 192.)
The brothers are faid to have had a
difpute v/hether they fnoiild call the
city which they had founded Roma,
from Romulus; or RcMORi, from
Remus, Cic. Div.exEnnio, i, 48. — -
The annivcrfary of the murder of Re-
mus was kept as a holiday, called Re-
MURiA, 'Orum ; and in proccfs of time
the Brft letter being foftencd, [J [pern
mutata eft in lenem tempore longo Litter a.)
LtMURiA; when folemn rites were
performed to the (hades of their an-
cellors, \_qua (fc. luce v. die,) pcfnis
(i. c,ki)\\his) jjj/iiiferunfur avis,"] Ovid
Faft. 5, 479, <S:c. Reml'Iunus
oger, a field poflcffed by Remus, FeJIus
in voce.
REX, Regis, a firname of the Mar-
cii, Sud. Caef. 6. Fid. Marcius. ^
Rhadamanthtjs, the fon of Jupiter
and Europa, king of Lycia ; on ac-
count of his juftice fuppofed to have
been made after death one of the
judges of tl;e infernal regions, Virg.
Jen. 6, S66. et Hi Serv. (G. 384.)
Conf. Ovid. Met. g, 436. faid to have
been the firft lawgiver, Flin, 7, j6.
Rhamnes, -etisy an Italian prince
and augur, a friend of Tarnus, flain
by NifuSj Virg. Aen. 9, 325, \c.
Rhamnes, "u. Ramnes,^/ Rammen-
SEs, -ium^ 3 name given to the firit
century of Equites from Romulus, Zi-y.
I, 13.; Varr. L. Z. 4. 9. Celfi PJoam-
nesy the exalted, haughty or fallidious
knights, Hor. Art. p. 342, Ramnes
viris Propert. 4, i, 31.
RHEA, the daugliter of Caelus
and Terra, the wife of Saturn, Ovid,
Fall. 4, 20 1, called alfo 0?s and Cyhele,
RM£A Silvia^ called alio Ilia, the
mother of Romulus and Remus, (G.
192.) Flor, 1, I.
Rhea, a prit-Ilefs, the mother of
Aventinus, by Hercules, Virg. Am. 7,
659.
Rhecus, a king of Thrace, who
having comt to the affiftance of Troy,
when the gates were ftmt in the even-
ing, encamped on the fiiore ; and be-
ing betrayed by Dolon, a Trojan fpy,
was flain by UlyfTes and Dion^edes,
and his horfes carried off, on which
depended the fate of Troy, (G. 452.)
Sithonli tentoria RJ.nfiy Ovid. Art. A. 2,
137. Rhefi niveae citaeque bigae, CatulU
56, 26.
Rhetenor, -or//, one of the com.-
panions of Diomedcs, changed into a
bird by Venus, Ovid. M^i. 14, 504.
Rhintom, 'Onis, a com.ic poet of
Tarenlum, Cic. Alt. I, 20. ; Var. R,
R. 3, 3, 9.
Rhodo, -oiiis, a friend of Q. Ther-
mus> Cic. Fam. 2. 18.
Rhodo PIS, -//'//V, vel Rhodope, -es,
a T'lracian ccurtefan, of uncommon
beauty ; originally the fellow- flave of
Aefop ; with whom Choraxes, vel -us,
the brother of the poetpfs Sappho, fell
defperately in love, and wafted on her
all his fubftance ; which foiced him to
turn pirate in order to repair his for-
tune, Ovid. Ep. 15, dy Being car-
ried to Egypc, flie is faid to have made
fo great a fortune, that fhe built with
it the lafl and molt beautiful of the
pyramids, Plin. 36, 12 f. 17 f. But
Herodotus, who relates fevtral parti-
cul^iri
R H O [3;
Gulars concerning Rhodopis, denies the
truth of this ftory, 2, 134, & 135.
Rhodopis is laid to have become queen
of Egypt in a very furprifnig manner,
Strak' )'], p. 808. Jill. in. Var, H'ljl,
13, 33.; Add. Phiat'ch. de Pythla, et
Athenae. 13, 7. To reconcile thefe
different accounts, two women of the
fame name are fuppofcd to have ex-
ifled. Vid. Perhon. ad Ad'ian.
Rhoebus, the name of the horfe of
Mezentius, Plrg. Aen. 10, 861.
Rhoecus, f. Rhoetus, the name of
a giant, Hor. Od. 3, 4, SS* ^^ ^t ^9»
23. ^ 2. A native of Samos, faid
to have been the inventor of the
plaftic art, Plin. 35, 12 f. 43.
Rhoetus, king of the Marrubians
in Italy, and father of Anchemolus,
Firg. Aen. 10, 3S9.
Rhoetus, v. Ivkoecus, a centaur,
Virg. G. 2, 456. ; Lucan. 6, 390.
Rhotus, one of the architefts of the
labyrinth of Lemnos, Plln. 36, 1 3 f. 19.
RiPHEus, f- Rhipheus,-/, v. -eost
a Trojan remarkable for juftice, Virg.
Aen. 2, 416. «[ 2. A centaur,
Ovid. Met. 12, 352.
RoBiGus, v. RuPicus, agod wor-
fhipped to keep blafting and mildew
from corn, Varr. L. L. 5, 3.
ROMULUS, the fnil king of
Rome, (G. 192.) ■■ Enfe Romuleo
cadlt AmuUusy by the fword of Romu-
lus, Ovid. Fnjl. 3, 67. Urhs Roinuleay
i.e. Rome, Id.. Met. 15, 625. Muri
Romulei, the walls of Rome, Sil. 7,
485. So, Colics Romulei J the hills of
Rome, Ovid. Met. 14, 845. RomuleO'
que rccsns horrebat regi'Z culnw, the palace
or cottage in which Romulus had lived
was rough, being newly covered vv'ith
Roman ilraw ; (it ufed to be repaired
from time to time,) Virg. Aen. 8,654.
" Gens RoMULA for Romnkay the
Roman nation, Hor. Carm. Saec, 60.
Romulei tellusy the land of Romulus,
the country round Rome, Vir^, Aen.
6, 876. Rom ULIDAE, -i7rwm, the
Romans, Per/. 1,31.; Lucr. 4, 687.
ROSCIUS, the name of a Roman
gens.
L' Roscius, an ambafTador of the
1 1 R O S
Romans, flain by Lar Tolumnius at
Fidenae, Cic. Phil. 9, 2.
.^ ROSCIUS, a celebrated Roman
comedian, fo remarkable for his (kill
in ailing, that whoever excelled in
any art, was called a Rofcius in his
way, Cic. Or. i, 28. He was no lefs
refpe£ti. d for his worth as a man, than
admired for his Hngular merit as an
aftorj fo that Cicero f;!y8 of him,
that he was fuch an artift, as to feem
the only one fit to come upon the
ftage; yet fuch a man as to feem the
only one undt to come upon it at all,
Cic. ^iin^. 25. that for his virtue he
defcrved a place in the fenate, Cic. ^
Rofc. 6. His daily pay for adling
is faid to have been 1000 denarii,
i.e. L. 32 : 5 : 10 of our money. Ma-
croh. Sat. 2, 10. Some make his yearly
income much greater. Pliny computes
it at B. S. D. (L. 40,362 : I : 8,)
7, 39.; and Cicero, at H. ^. fexagies,
(L. 48,434, 10 s.) ^Rofi.S. After
Rofcius had made an ample fortune, he
gave his fervices to the pviblic for many
years without any pay, Cic. ib. Hence
we need not wonder that he was fo
much beloved, and his death fo much
regretted, Cic. Arch. 8. Cicero al-
ways fpeaks of him with the greatell
a'Xti&dow, Div. 1,36. Wlienhewasa
child in his cradle, his nurfe, having a-
waked in the night-time, is faid to have
found him fleeping, and a ferpent fold-
ed round him, which the foothfayers
declared was an omen of his future
renown, ib. et 2, 3 i. He had natural-
ly a great fquiat, {^perverfifftmis oculis
Jiiit ;) which however in hira was reck-
oned no deformity, but the contraiy,
Cic. iV. D. I, 28.— He had a law-fuic
with one Fannius about a {lave, in
which Fwofcius was defended by Cicero.
The oration is ilill extant, and en-
titled. Pro ^ Rafcio omoedo. He
is called dodhis Rofcius., Hor. Ep. 2, i,
88. — RosciANA iiniiatlo fcnis, Cic. Or.
2, 59- 1
■S'^.v. ROSCIUS, a native of Ame-
ria, [Amerimis,) whofe father, Sexc.
Rofcius, having been murdered, as was
fuppofcd, !)y his private enemy T.
Rofcius,
R O S t ^
Rofcms, and his cftate, worth about
L. 60,000, having been fold to Chry-
fogonus, the freed man and favourite
of Sulla, for a trifling fum ; he, to fe-
cure his poflefTion of it, employed one
C. Erucius to accufe youn^ Rofcius
of the murder of his father. Rofcius
was defended by Cicero, then only
twenty-feven years of age, and acquit-
ted. The old advocates had refufed
to defend him, fearing the power of
the profecutor, and the refentment of
Sulla, Cic. Rofc, Am. 6, 10, 11, S:c.
Brut. 90 f. OJf. 2, 14.
Tit. Rosen, -orwriy two citizens of
Ameria, {muniapss jlmcrin'ii) firnamcd
Capita and Maj^nus, by whofe means
the father, S. Rofcius, was killed and
the fou accnfed, Oc. Rofc yl. 6.
L. RoGCius GtkoyTi tribune, a. 686,
in the confulfiiip of C. Calpumins Pifo
and Manius Acilius Glabrio ; who got
a law paffed, appointing that fourteen
rows [gradus) next to tiie Orchellra in
the theatre, where the fenators fat,
fhould be fet apart for the E-jvUcs,
Hor. Epod. 4, 15. Ep. T, I, 6z. \
Juvenal. 3, 159. and that no one fliould
fit in any of thefe rows who was not
an eques, and wlio had not the fortune
of an eques, {^n'lfi qui eqiies et equejiri
cenfu ejtt,) Cic. Phil. 2, 18. This
law was called Lex Rcfda theatralisy
Hor. Ep. I, 1, 62. ; and is faid to
have rejhred dignity to tlie equeilrian
order, Cic. Mur. 19. Fdl. 2, 32. So
that fome fimilar regulation feems to
have been made formerly, which had
fallen into difufe. Fid. Otho.
RoxANA, V. -ey -es, the daughter of
Oxyartes, v. Oxartes, fatrap or king
of BaCirlana, with whom Alexander
the Great fell In love at a feail, and
married her, ylnian. 4, p. 284. et 7,
447.; Diodor. 18, 3.; Strab. li, p.
356.; Curt. 8, 4, 23, &c. 10, 3, II.
After the death of Alexander, flie
bore a fon, who -vas acknowledged as
king, in conjunction with Aridaeus,
the brother of Alexander, Jie/lin. 13,
4. J Curt* lo, 6, & 7. But Roxane
and her fon were afterwards put to
death by CafTandcr, Jufin. 1^,2.
S2 ] RUT
Rub REN us Lappa, a tragic poet in
the time of Juvenal, who, had he not
been deprefTed by poverty, would not
have been inferior to the ancient tra-
gedians, i^non minor antiquo cothurno, i. e.
antiquis tragicis poeiis, Aefchylo, Sophode,
&c. ) but while employed in writing
the tragedy of Atreus, he was obliged
to pawn his phctters and cloak, i. e.
his furniture and cloaths, for food ;
( Cnjui et al-oeolos et laenam pignorat A-
treus.) Some fuppofe Atreus to be
the name of an ufurer, who took the
furniture and cloaths of Rubrcnus as
a pledge for the money lent him, Ju^
'Venal. 7^ 73.
RuiiRius, a wicked agent employ-
ed by Verrcs, Cic. Verr. I, 25, & 26.
RuFus, a Rom.an furname, fome-
times turned into RuFio, -onis, Cic.
Att. 5, 2.
RuFFi.vus, a conful in the war 3-
gainfl Pvrrhus ; one of the progenitor^
of Sulla, (G. 235.)
P. Servilius RuLLUS, a tribune in
the confulate ok Cicero, who propofed
an agrarian law, offering many advan-
tages to the people ; which Cicero by
his eloquence prevented from being
paffed. Cicero''3 three orations on this
fubject are ilill extant, but the firft
and lad Imperfcdl.
P. RUPiLIUS, the colleague of
P. Poppllius Laenas in the conlulate,
a. 621 ; who exerclfed a fevere inqul-
fition againft the partiisans of the Grac-
chi, Pat ere. 2, 17. ; Cic. Verr. 4, 50.
Aniic. II. He put an end to the lirit
Servile war in Sicily, Flor.o^, 19. ; Liv.
Epit. 59. ; Orof. 5, 9. and by the ad-
vice of ten ambaffadors eftabliihed a
number of regulations for the govern-
ment of the iiland^ called Lex Ru-
riLiA or L,EGEs K upiliaejC/V. Caecil. y
et ibi A/con. Ferr* 2, 13, & 50. ^/ 3, 40. j
M. Pinariin Ruse a, a tribune, a. !•
622 ; who propofed a law to regulate
the age of fulng for offices, {lex an-
nalisi) Cic. Or. 2, 65.
P. RuTiLius KuFus, conful a,
649. Pie was hated by the equites, be-
caufe when quaeilor in Afia, a. 632,
with Mucius Scacvoh, the augur,
who
RUT [ 353 1 SAL
who then governed tliat province as fia, Tac. Ann. i, 80. where he obtain -
praetor, A/con. In. Clc, Caecil. 17. and ed triumphal ornr.iments, (tr'iumphi hi-
afterwards, a. u, 654, when h'eutenant ftgnla)y ib. 4, 46. He afterwards com-
of Q^Mucius Scaevola, (called by way manded in Macedonia and Achaia, ib.
of diilin-ilion Poni'ifex, Cic. Amic. i.) 5, 10. wheie died, i^. 6, 39.
he had fuccefsfully checked the in- y^/^wj" Sabinus, a chief of the Z///-
jiiries exercifed by the farmers of the goncs in Gaul, who pretended to b<^ the
revenues on the inhabitants of the pro- grandfon of Julius Caefar, Tac. Hifi,
vince, Lh\ Ep'i.L\ Clc. Bulb, 13. On 4> 55- Attempting to free his country-
this account, after his return he was men from the donn'nion of the Romans,
brought to a trial, and molt unjullly he was defeated in battle. After wliich
Condemned, Ck. F01U, 13. Or. i, 53.
Brut. 29. ; Pater c. 2, 13. the J uciices at
that time being chofen from the equef-
trlan order, Applan. B.C. ly p. $-jz.
He afterwards lived in exile at Mity-
he concealed himfeif in a cave for up-
wards of nine years, by the afiiflance of
his wife Epponina, ib. 67. (Plutdrch
calls her Enipona), and two freed men.
At lall being difcovered, he was put
lenae in Lefbos, where he avoided the to death, together with his wife, by the
cruelty of Mithridates to the Romans, orders of Vefpalian. Nothing more
(into^atos,) by changing his drefs, dT/c. cruel than this execution, as Plutarch
Rabir. Pojl. 10. Rutilius is highly obferves, h'dppcned under that Empe-
praifed by Cicero for his virtue, ib. ei ror ; and as a puni:hment from Hea-
Pif. '3^(). et alibi pajjim. He was a learn- ven, his whole family was foon after
ed man for the time in which he lived, extinguiflied. Plutarch, in Erotic 0 feu A-
He had ftudied under Panaetius, and matoriofii.
imbibed the principles of the Stoics, C. Licinius Sacerdos, praetor of
Cic. Brut. 30. Offi 3, 2. He acquired Sicily before Verrcs, Cic. Verr, f, 10.
the knowledge of civil law from Scae- and lieutenant of O.Metellus in Crete,
vola, Clc. OJf. 2, 13. He is called by Cic. Plane. 11.
Sadala, a king of Thrace, Cic.
Verr. i. 24.
Safinius, a native of Atella, Clc,
Cluent. 25.
Sal A CI \, a name of Amphitrite,
the wife of Neptune, Cic. de Uni'verf.
35. ; GelL 13,22.; Ftflus.
Sal A CO, v. -otiy -onls, a name givGn
to any arrogant or proud perfon, tho'
poor ; hence I/Ilns Sahi^onis inigultas,
the injuilice or unreafonablencfs of that
arrogi nt fongfttr, fc. Tigellius, Cic.
P'am. 7, 24.
^ Salassus, the brother of P.
Curtms, Clc. Fam. 6, 18.
Saleius BaJfiiSi a poet of great ge-
nius and worth in the time of Vefpa-
fian, ^iindil. 10, i, »o. j Dial, de Ori-t.
5, & 10. but in poor circumftances,
'Juvenal. 7, 80.
SALIX, 'oriwi, the priefts of Mars,
Vitelhus, ib. 2, 63. ilain in the Itruggle i^a faltu nonilna ducunt, Ovid. Fait. 3,
between the parties of Vitellius and 387. Vid. y/. 311.) Hence Saliare
Vefpafian, ib. 3, 74. Numae carmen^ a poem compofed by
Sabinus /^'w'/'jf/.'j', governor of Moe- Numa, for the ufe of the Sahi, Tac,
Y y Ann,
Ovid magnanlmuSi Pont, r, 3, 63.-
Several others of the name of Rutilius
are mentioned by Ciceio and Livy.
s.
Sabazius, a name given to [upi-
tcr, Fal. Max. i, 3, 2. and to Bac-
chus, Cic. Lrg. 2, 15. Sabazia,
■ or urn, facrcd rites in honour of Bac-
chus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23.
Sabellius, a conful, Clc. Brut. 34.
Sabidius, the name of a Roman
family, Cic. petit. Conful 2. ; Mariial. i ,
Sarina Poppaea. Vid. Poppoea.
Sabinius, a native of Keate, an
agent of Clodius, Cic, Sext. 37.
S A B I N u s Flavlus, the brother of Vef-
pafian, praefecl oi the city under Nero
and Otho, Tac.HlJl. 1,46. alfo under
/'
SAL
I 354 ]
SAL
Jnn. 2, 83.; Hor, Ep. 2, i, 86. ; et
Fejl. Curfus Saliaris, the motionof the
Sa/ii, in their iolemn procefTion through
the cfty, Senec. Ep. 15. So Neu mo-
rem in Salium ( for Saliorum ) , Jit requies
pedum, Hor. Od. i, 36, 12. Salhres
coenae, dapes vel epulae, fumptiious, Hor.
, Od. 1, 37, 2. Epulari Sdiarem in mo-
dum, to feaft fumptuoufly, Cic. Jit. 5,
9- _
Salinator, -om, (i.e. a dealer in
fait), a name given to M. Livius, be-
caufe, when cenfor, he impofed a tax
on fait, Liv. 29, 37.; Cic. Sen. 3, &
4. Cr. 2, 67. Br. 18.
•ALONius, a client of Cato the cen-
for, whofe daughter Cato married, and
had a fon by her, when above 80,
Plin. 7, 14. Fid. Cato, p. 85.
C. SALLUSTIUS Crifpus, the
Roman hiftorian, born at Amiternum,
a town of the Sabines, a. u. 668, call-
ed by Tacitusj Rerum Romanarumjloren-
iijfmus audor, Ann. 3, 30. Of his works
there only remains entire the hiftory of
the Jugurthine war, and of the confpi-
racy of Catiline, {de hello Jugurthi-
no et Catilinario, Quinclil, 3, 8, 9.) It
appears, however, that he wrote a com-
plete hiftory of Rome, which was ge-
nerally preferred by the ancients to
that of Livy, {Hie, fc. Salluftius, hijh-
riae major ejl aiidor, fc. quam Livius, Id.
2,5,19.) whence Martial fays, that
Sallull, in the opinion of the learned
of his time, was efteemed the lirft or
moil excellent Roman hiftorian, (P/v-
tniis Remand Crifpus in hi/loria), 14,
fy to be underftood by boys than Sal-
lull, {ad quern inteUigendum jam profedu
Gpus fit), 2, 5, 19. Salluft is faid to
have revifed with care what he wrote
with faciHty ; and indeed the labour
he bellowed is manifeft from his works.
Id. 10, 3, 8. Quindillan mentions an
oration of Sallull's againft Cicero, 4,
I, 68. et 9, 3, 89. But the declama-
tion or inventive of Salluft againfl, Ci-
cero, which is commonly fubjoined to
the fragments of Sallull's works, with
Cicero's anfwer, are thouglit to have
been compofcd by fome rhetorician in
later times. No author ever defcri-
bed more admirably the beauty of vir-
tue, and the turpitude of vice, than
Salluft. It is, however, to be regret-
ted, that he did not ad as he wrote.
He was expelled from the fenate by the
cenfor Appius, Dio, 4c, 63. a. u. 704,
for having been engaged in an intrigue
with Faufta, the daughter of Sulla,
and wife of Milo, {a quo deprehenfus^
•virgis caef'us ej}), Gell. 17, 18.; Serv.
in Virg. Aen. 6, 61 2. ; Acron in Hor.
Sat. I, 2, 41. ; Pfeud. Cic. in Salluft.
5, & 6. He was afterwards made prae-
tor by Caefar, a. u. 707, that he might
recover his fenatorian dignity, Dio, 42,
53. and in that capacity was near be-
ing flain in a mutiny of Caefar's vete*
ran foldiers, before he went to Africa,
ib, et Appian. B. Civ. 2, /. 485. In
this expedition Salluft had an impor-
tant command, Hirl. B, Afr. 8. which
he executed with fidelity and fuccefs,
ih. })\. Caefar, after having vanquifn-
191. ^ l..m-, however, in the judgment ed Scipio and Juba, gave the govern-
ofQuinailian, has equalled the incom- ment of Africa to Salluft, {ihi Crifpo
parable brevity of Salluft by other good
equalities, {immorlalem illam SaUuJliive-
locitatem divetjis mrtutibus conf&ciuus ejl.
Id. 10, I, 102.) So that their merit,
though of a different kind, was equal,
(Nam mihi egregie dixiffe liidetur Strvili-
us \'onianus. pares ess magis, quamft-
miles, ib.) Quin£tilian coutrafts Sal-
luft with Thucydides, and Livy with
Herodotus, {iVtc oppmere Thucydili
Sallufiium verear ; ns(: indignetur /ibi He-
rodotus aequari T Livium), ib. joi.
The fame author thinks Livy mpre ea-
Scilhijilo proconj'ule cum imperio relido,
Hirt. B.- Afr. 97.) who, by pillaging
the province, accumulated an immenfe
fortune, Dio, 43, 9. which he left to
his grand-nephew by his fifter, whom
he adopted as his fon, Tac. Ann. 3, 30.
C. SALLUSTIUS Crifpus, the
grand-nephew of the hiftorian, the next
to Maecenas in the favour of Auguf-
tus ; and after the death of Maecenas,
vi'hom he ftrove to imitate, the chief
confident of Auguftus and Tiberiug,
Tac* Ann. 3> 30, ; Add. iv, 1,6. et 2y
40,
SAL
C 355 ]
S A R
40. To him Horace infcrlbed the 2d
ode of the 2d book, in which the poet
defcribes him as an enemy to the hoard-
ing up of money, and vahiing it only
from its life, [NuUus argento color ej}, a-
•vans ylbdilo terris inimice lamnae^ (for
laminae^ y Cr'ijpe Sallvfti, n'tji tewperato
Splencleat vfu. Silver has no coloin*, i. e.
no beauty or vahie, when it is conceal-
ed in the covetous earth, /'. e. while it
is hoarded up by mifers ; O Crifpus
Sallullius, an enemy to plates of filver
or gold, i.e. who defpifeft mere money,
unkfs it fhine by moderate ufe, i. e,
unlefs it acquire value from being ufed,
ib. I, &c.) Sallustiani horti, the
gardens of Salluil, which afterwards
became ihe property of the Emperors,
Tac. Ann, 13, 47.; //"//?. 3,82. Sal-
LUSTiANUM mdallum, a copper mine
in Savoy, named, as Pliny fays, from
Sallufl, the friend of Auguftus, (pro-
bably becaufe it belonged to him), 34,
2.
Cn, Sallustius, a friend of Cice-
ro's, C'tc.Fam, 14, 4, & II. Att. II,
1 1, & 20. Dm, I, 28. ; Add. Att. i,
3, & II.
P. Sallustius, the brother or re-
lation of Cn. Sallullius, 6\V, Att. 11,
I r.
Salmacis, -JV/zV, a nymph, who fell
in love with Hermaphroditus, [G.
363-) _
Salmoneus, (3 fyll.) -f/, V. -foj, the
fon of Aeolus, a king of Ehs, who u-
fed to imitate the thunder of Jupiter
by riding in a chariot over a brazen-
bridge, and darting torches or fire-
brands among the people like lightning,
(G.\\6.) Salmonis, -'idts^ the
daughter of Salmoneus, Val. Fiacc. 5,
479. ; Owd, Amor. 3, 6, 43.
Sext. Saltius, a duumvir, or one
of the two chief magiftrates of Capua,
Cic, Rull 2, 34.
Salvius, a freedman of Atticus,
Cic. Fam. 9, 7. & II. — Alfo of Hor-
tenfuis, the orator's fon, iL 10, j8.
S-vLUS, -uiis. Safety, a goduefs,
whofe temple was near the houfe of
Atticus on the Quirlnal hill, Qic. Att.
4» I'
P!l
35^4'
\
Semiarius, an exile, who killed C»
Trcbonius by the command of Dolo^^
bella, Cic. Phil. n,2.
Samsicer^ ML'S, a name given to
Pompey,6'/V. Att. 2, •4, 16, 17, & 23.
— Properly the chief of the Emeseni,
Strab. 16, p. 1092.
Sancus, a god worfhipped by the
Sabines, as the author of their race,
SiL 8, 421.; Dicnyf. 2, p. 113. called
alfo Fidius and Semo, Ovid. Fajl. 6,
213.
Sando, 'Onisy the father of Athe-
nodorus, the Stoic, Cic. Fam. 3, 7.
Sandrocottus, an Indian, who,
after the death of Alexander, freed his
country from the dominion of Macedo-
nia, and made himfcif king, Jujlin. 15,
4-
^ Fabius Sang A, a fenator, Cic.
Pif. 31. the patron of the Allobroges,
who difcovered to him the confpira-
cy of Catiline, Salhjl. Cat. 41.
Sannio, -oiiisi the name of a pro-
curer, Ter. Adel. 2, 2, 13, &c.
<|[ 2. A flave, A. ad Hcrenn. 4, 50.
Sapala, a herald, the friend of Ca-
tiline, Cic. petit. Conf>i.
SAPPHO, 'lis, a famous po^tefs,
born in the ifland Lefbos, [G. 343^)
hence called Lfjbia Sappho, Ovid* Trill.
2, 365. — -SAPPHica pitella Mufa doc^
tior, more learned than the Sapphic
Mufe, i. e. than Sappho, who, cn ac-
count of the beauty of her verfes, was
called * the tenth Mufe,* Catul 35,
16.^
S..RDANAPALUS, the laft king of the
AfTyiians, infamous for his eiFeminacy
and luxury, Jujlin. i, 3. (G. 598.);
Cic. Fin. 2, 3^^. Tufc. 5, 35. ; jfuvc
nal. 10, 362. Sardanapalicum in mo*
rem, Sidon. Epitl. 2, 13.
Sarmentus, a noted buffoon at the
court of Augullus, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 52,
8cc. who tamely bore the feoffs that
were thrown out againil him, juvcnal.
5, 3. ; et ibi Scholiaft. Plutarch fays,
that he was of fervile condition, and
a great favourite with Auguftus, irk
Antonio^ p. 945. Horace gives an hu-
morous account ot a difpute between
him and cue Meflius Cicerrus? ib.
Y y « Sa?.-
S A R t 356 1 SAT
SARPVDoy, -onis, the fon of Japi- 24. and painted with a fcythe or pru-
nlng-hook in his hand, Firg. Aen. 7,
179. whence he is called Falcifer
ter, Ck. Dk\ 2, 10.; Virg. Aen, 10,
471. by Eiiropa, Hygin. 178. accord-
ing to Homer, by LaodamTa,-the daugh-
ter of Bellerophon, king of Lycia, Ho-
mer. //. 2, 876.; Ovid. Met. I ^, 256. flain
by Patroclus, [G. 385.) Homer. II 16,
482.
Sascrna, a friend of Antoriv's,
C'lc. Phil. 13,13. Ait. \^,": S A -
SERNAE, pater et fJius, two writers on
huftandry, Varr. R. R. i, 2,22.;
Cdnmel. 1, I, 4.; Plin. 17, 23.
Sassia, the mother of Chientius,
Clc. Cliteni. 5.
Satrius, the heutrnant of Trebo-
n;iir>, Cic. ad Brut. 6.
M.
Satimus,
the
fifle
r's
fon
and
heir of
M.
Minus
:iu3
B:isi'
[us,
Cic
• ^^I'
3. is.
L. Jpulclm SATURNINUS, a tri-
bune, who propofed feveral popular
Jaws, which raifed great tumults i;i the
city. At laft he was flain by order of
Marius, then conful for the fixth time?,
by whom he had at ih-fl been encou-
raged and alhlled, Plutarch, in f\]ario%\
Cic. Cat. 1,2.; Ralir. Perd. 3, 6, &c.;
Vhil. 8, 5.; BnJ. 62. J Appian. B.Civ.
I, p. 367, &c.
Ctj. SATuRJ^IrtT';, contemporary with
Cicero, whofe father was tlie f.rfl na-
tive of A tin urn that obtained a cu-
rule .office at Rome, Cic. Plane. 8. high-
ly praifed by Cicero, ih. iff 12. accu-
fed by Cn. Domitius, Cic. Fam. 8, 14.
the heir of Q^Fuiius, ib. 12,6.
SATURN US, the moft ancient
king of Crete ; whence he was expel-
led by his fon Junlter ; and having
wandered over many countries, came
at lait into Italy, where he was kindly
received by Janus, then king of the
•country, who gave lilm a (hare of h's
kingdom. Saturn civillfed the rude in-
liabitants, by teaching them agricul-
ture, and prefcribing to them laws.
The happintfs produced by thefe im-
provements made the time of his reign
be called the golden age, (G. 357.)
■whence he is called Aureus ::aturnusy
Virg. G. 2, 538. Saturn was worfliip-
ped as the god of time, C/V. N. D. 2,
D»usy the fcythe bearing god, O'oid.
Fajl. 1,234. Dens curvus Saturnif the
fcythe of Saturn, Firg. G. 2, 406.
Stella Suiurnii the planet Saturn, Cic.
N. D. 2, 20, & 46. Siella quam Satur-
niam nowinanfy id. Somn. fc. 4. faid to
be cold, ffrigidaf Virg. G. l, 336.
Saturtii fidas gelidae ac rigentis cjfe ria-
turacy Plin. 2, 8 f. 6.) beca.ufe at a great
diilance froni the fun : — called impiuSf
cruel, noxious, Hor. Od. 2, 17, 22.;
gravis^ dangerous, baleful ; becaufe it
was thought ur.lucky to be born when
that planet was in a particular part of
the heavens, Per/. 5, 50. thus. Bare
Lamen igriorat, quid fi Jus trijle minetur Sa-
iurni, fhe is ignorant of adrology, or
does not know what the baleful pla-
net of Saturn threatens, jfwvenal. 6,
571. Ft grave Saturnijidus in omne ca-
puty Propert. 4, i, 84. The planets
of Mars and Saturn were thought e-
qnally u:: favourable, ( (era,, nee quid-
quam placidum Jpondenlia, Martis^ falci^
fcrique Jcnis^ i. e. Saturni), Ovid, in
Ibln. 2, 217. Saturni dies, the day
of Saturn, i.e. Saturday, Tihull. i, 3,
17. or the Sabbath of the Jews, Ovid.
Art. Am. 1,416. for the ancient Ro-
mans did not divide their time into
weeks, {A. 331.) From Saturn I-
taly was called Saturnia, fc. terra,
and the part in which he fettled Lati-
um, (G. 140, S: 357.) So Ari^a
SaiurrJa, the lands of Saturn^ /. e. I-
taly, Firg. Aen, 1, 569. tellus, Id. G.
2, 173. regna. Id. Feci. 4, 6. — Conjux
Saiunna, i. e. Ops or Rhea, Sil. 10,
3 38. yuno Saturnia, the daughter of
Saturn, Firg. Ain. 3, 380. or fmiply,
Satuknia, ib. I, 23. Satur.ni-
vs pater, Jupiter the fon of Saturn,
Firg. Aen. 4, 372 . S A T u R N I A , fc.
arx, was anciently the name of the
Capitcline hill of Rome, Firg. Aen.
8,358. Versus Saturnius, a
particular kind of verfe, Fejius.
Saturnalia, -iwn, et -ioritm, the
feftlval of Saturn, firft for one day, and
afterwards for three days. The firfl
day
SAT
day was on the 17th of December,
[V'ld. A. 337.). Ipfis Saturnaiibus, on
the very fcalls of Saturn, Hor. Sat. 2,
3, 5. SattirnaliLtis mane, Cic. Att. 5,
20. CaecJem Saturnallhus fieri placuit,
Cic. Cat. 3, 4. Secund'is Safunia/ibus,
on the fecond day of the Saturnalia,
Gk,/ltt.i7,i ^2. Tertlis SalurnaUhiis,
on the third day, ik~ — Nhces Satur-
NALiTiAE, Y. -ic'iaey nntp which ufed to
be fert as a prefent durinfr the fcftival
days of Saturn, Marflnl. 70^ 90, 2.
and for which they iifed, during that
feftival, to play at dice, Id. 31, 5, 8.
SaturnaUfium trihutum, i. e. an epigram
which Martial ufed to fend every year
at the Saturnalia to his friend Macer,
Id. ic, 17, I. Fer/iu Salunialiciij i. c.
licentious, il;. 11, * 6, 11. Saturna/ichnn
latum y' t\\G clay of wh^h tlie fmail ima-
ges were made, vvhich ufed to be fent
as prefents oi| the Saturnalia, ih. 14,
182.
Saturius, the advocate of Chaerea,
in his action againft Rofcius, Cic. ^
Rojc. I.
L 357 3
S C A
nation, Plhu 19,4. 19. the fame with
what Virgil calls ofcilla, G. 2, 389.
Add. Mania/, ^j 68, 9. Satyri-
DES, 'tim, certain iflands faid to have
been inhabited by fatyrs or wild men
with tails little lefs than tliofe of hor-
fes, Paufan. 1, 23. Satyr ion, -i,
n. an htrb, which was fuppofed to ili-
mulate to venery, Plin. 26, 10. ; Pe-
iron, c. 8, & 20, & 2 1. Satyria-
sis, -/j, f. et Satyri ASMus, -/, a ve-
hement defire for venery, Cael. AureL
3, 18. Add. Thsod. Prijclnn. 2, 1 1.
SATyRUS, a noted archited, Plin.
36, 9. ^I 2. A (lave of At'ticus,
Cic. Att. 12, 22.
C. Saufeius, a partiGin of Satur-
nlnus, Cic. Rahir. Ptrd. 7.
L. Saufsius, a friend of Atticus,
an Epicurean, Cic. Att. i, T^.et 4, 6. a
laborious Undent, ih. 2, 8. Add. Id.
14, 18. et 15, 4. et 16, 3. Ncp. 25, 12.
Saurus, a ilatuary, Plin. 36, 5.
Sax A, a native of Celtiberia, made
a citizen, and even a tribune of the
people by Caefar, Cic. Phil. 11,5. a
SATyRI, 'Orumt Satyrs, a kind of partifan of Antony's, ih. 10, lO. 8, 3.
rural dernii^ods, liaving the horns, ears, - - ' *--
and feet of goats, the rell human, re-
markable for their nimblenefs, cunning,
loquacitY, and amorous difpolitions,
{G. 380.), Cic. N. D. 3, 17.; Plin.
13, 12. &C.
SdAEVA, a centurion in the army of
Caefar, who behaved with furprifing
courage in defending a fort at Dyrac-
chium, Caef. B. C. 3, 53. ; Flor. 4, 2,
7, 2. et 8, 54. Capripedcs Sa/yriy Hor. 40. which Lucan amplities beyond be-
Od. 2, 19, 3. Agrejles, Id. Art. P. 22 i. lief, 6, 146, — 263. He is called Caf-
leViSy Ovid. Art. Am. i, 542. fahantes, Jttis Scaeva by Suetonius, Caef. 68. M.
Caef us Scaeva by Val. Maximus, 3, 2,
23. Appian mentions Scaeva, but a-
fcribes the chief merit to Minutius, B,
C. 2, 465.-^ ^ 2. A (lave of Q^Cro-
to, who killed Suturnlnus, and on that
account obtain erd his freedom, C. Ru'
bir. Perd. 1 1 .
Virg. Eel. 5, 73. dicaces, Ovid. Fall, i,
225. Ijafcivus Satyrvs, Sil. 3, 103.
Protervi Satyri, Hor. Art. P. 233. —
Satyrus, qui apud Tarerdinos in aedc Vef-
tac ejU the image of a Satyr, Cic. Verr.
4, 60.
Satyriscus, a young or little fa-
tyr, Cic. Div. i, 20. -- — Satyri c a
fahula, a play in which Satyrs were in-
troduced as a6lors, Scholia/I. in Hor.
Art. P. 220. hence Satyrica fcena, a
fatyric fcene, different from the tragic
and comic, adorned with trees, caves,
mountains, &'C. Fitnru. 5, 8. Sccna-
rum fronfes traglco more aut comico, feu
fatyrico difgnare, Id. 7, 5. Satyricajig-
na, (al. Saturnia), ilatues or im?.ges of
fatyra, or of Priapus, to preveiV. faffl-
Scaevola, a firname of the Mucii,
rid. Mvcivs.
ScAMANDF.rt, V". -drus, -dri, the fon
of Heftor and Andromache, Homer. Ih
2!, 223. ^ 2. A freed man, Cic,
Clucnt. 16.
P. ScANDiLirf>, a Roman eques at
Syracufe, 0.\ Verr. 3, 58.
ScANTiA, (t*/. aliter,) a w^oman men-
tioned, Cic. Mil. 27.
Sca:^tiu?> auerfon fond of garden-
ing »
SC A [3
ing ; whence Scantlana poma, a fpecies
of apples named from him, Plin. 15,
14.; CatOi 7, 2.
Scaftius, a trader and agent in ne-*
gotiating money-matters, [ri^gotiulor),
■who had a difpute with the people of
Salamis in Cyprus concerninp^ a fum of
money lent to them by Bmtus at an
extravagant intereil, which <^ave Cice-
ro, when governor of Cihcia, a great
deal of trouble to fettle it, C'lc. Ait. 5.
1th. 6, i» 2, &c. Appi'is, the prede-
cefTor of Cicero in the government of
that province, who was the {'athei-in-
law of Brutus, had made Scaptius a
praefecl, and had given him fome troops
of horfe, with which he miferably haraf-
fed the Salaminians, and at one time,
in order to extort payment, (hut up
their whole fenate in the council-room,
till five of them were Itarved to death.
Cicero correcled thefe abufes, but, to
gratify Brutus, did all he could to pro-
cure payment, ib.
M. ScAPTius, the brother of the
former, whom Cicero made a praefed,
Cic.Att, 6, I.
P. JScArrius, a plebeian, who, by
Ills teftimony, prevailed on the Romans
to adjudge to thcmfclves a held, to de-
termine the property of which th^^y
had been chofcn as arbiters by the peo-
ple of Ardea and Aricia, L'lv. 3, 71,
&72.
P, Scapula, a lirname of the
Quintii, Plhu 7, 53. ^ 2. An ufu-
rer, Qc. ^inl. 4. <?[ '^. The anchor
of the war which Labienus and the fons
of Pompey carried on again It Caefar in
Spain, Qc. Fam. 9, 13.; Hut. B. Hifp.
33. ; Dio, 43. p. 228.
ScATiNius, f. ScantlnhiSy tlie name
of a Roman gens, originally from the
town Aricia, C':c. Phil. 3, 6. By a tri-
bune of this name was palled the Ssa-
t'lnran law againil illicit amours, Cic.
Fam. 8, 13. ; 'Juvenal. 2, 44. ; Fal.
JMax. 6, It 7. ; Suei. Dam. 8.
ScAunus a firaame of the Aem'ilu
Jind Aureliij faid to have been derived
from fome one of them \v\\o did not
irand rightly on his ancles, (prav'isful-
5-8 ] S C A
tus male talis), Hor. Sat. i, 3, 48. et
ibi Acron. ; Phn. 11, 45 f. 105.
M. Aemilius SCAURUS, a noble-
man of great abilities, who, by his
fplendid talents, reftored the glory of
his family, almoft extind, Cic. Mur.
"if. Or. 2, 64. He was made conful
a. u. 638, and in the fame year chofan
Prince of the Senate, by the cenfors
L. Metellus and Cn. Domitiu3. The
fpecious virtues of Scaurus, however,
were tarniflied by bafe avarice and o-
ther vices. When Jugurtha, in order
to make himfelf fole mafter of Numi-
dia, had murdered Hiempfal and eX'
pelled Adherbal, §caurus (Irongly ur-
ged the fenate to avenge that crime,
Sallujl. Jug. 15. But the money and
intereil of Jugurtha prevailed, ib. 16.
Adherbal being again defeated by Ju-
gurtha, and beiieged in Cirta, Scaurus
was fent on an embaffy to caufe Jugur-
tlia to raife the fiegc ; but in vain, ib.
25. Adherbal was foon after forced
to furrender, on condition tiiat his life
Oiould be Ipared ; but notwithftanding
Jugurtha cruelly put him to death, ib.
26. On this account the Romans de-
clared war againll Jugurtha, and fent
an army into Numidia under the com-
mand of Calpurnius Bellia the conful,
who appointed Scaurus one of his lieu-
tenants, 28. Scaurus, who had hither-
to rejected the offers of Jugurtha when
m.oil of his faction were corrupted, waa
row, together with the conful, gained
by the greatnefs of the bribe ; in con-
fequence of which a (hameful agree-
ment was made with Jugurtha, ib. 29.
But inch was the influence of Scaurus,
that v/lien three commilfioners v/ere ap-
pointed to enquire into that matter, he
procured himfelf to be created one of
the number, ib. 40. and condemned a-
moug the rell even his aiTociate Beilia,
Cic. Br. 34. Scaurus was fome years
after made cenfor, and alfo obtained a
fecond confullhip, in his application
for which he was oppofed by P. Ruti-
lius, when they both accufed each o-
ther of bribery, Cic. Br. 29, & 30. Or.
2,69.-- — Cicero, in different places,
highly
S C A [
highly extols the virtues of Scaurus ;
thus, ^Ec quern hom'inem vidimus , ec quern
vere Cutnmemorare poff'umus bar em conjilioy
gravitate, conjlanlia^ ceteris iHrtutihus, ho-
noris, ingtnii, rerum geftarum ornamen-
tis, M. Aemilio Scaur o j'wIJe P cujus nutu
prope t err arum or bis regehatur. Font. 7.
Add. Off. I, 22, & 30. He praifes
him paiticularly for the firmnefs with
which he fupported the caufe of the
fenate againll all the feditious or po-
pular magiltrates, from Graechus to
Q^Varius, Cic. Sext. 47. Scaurus
was acculed by Varius of having been
inftrumental in railing the Italic war,
(Valerius Maximus fays improperly of
having been bribed by Mithridates to
betray the Itate, 3, 7, 8.) ; but he fi-
lenced this charge with great prefence
of mind, ^tinciih 5, 12, 10. et 5, 13,
^^, — Scaurus wrote three books con-
cerning his own life, which Cicero
praifes for their ufefulnefs, and com-
pares to Xenophon's life of Cyrus,
Brut. 29. Add. Plln. 33, I. ; Tac. Fit.
ylgr. I.; Val. Max. 4, 4, 11. Scau-
rus made the Via Aemllia to Pifa, and
dug a navigable canal from Parma to
Placentia, (G. 184.)
M. Aemilius SCAURUS, the fon of
the former, the ilepfon of the dictator
Sulla, PUn. 36, 15. who married Me-
tella the widow of Scaurus, Plutarch.
in Syll. Pliny calls her Prafcriptiunum
fecirix, becaufe fne enriched herfelf by
purchaiing the effeds of the profcribcd,
ih. Scaurus was one of the lieutenants
of Pompey in the Mithridatic war, and
appointed to command in Judaea by
Pompey when he went to Rom.c, jfo-^
feph. B. J. 1,7. Pompey having di-
vorced his wife Mucia, Scaurus mar-
ried her, Afcon. in Cic. pro Scaur. Ee
ing made aedile, a. 694, he lavifhed an
incredible fum oi money in exhibiting
Ihews to the people, Lie. Off. 2, 16.
Sext. 5, 4. ; PUn. 36, 14, 15, &c. 34, 7.
et 35, II, fo that notwithllanding the
imnienfe fortune he received from his
father and mother, he plunged himfelf
in debt, PUn. 36, 15. He afterwards
hovvever obtained the praetorJhip, and
fa that office prefidcd at the trial of P,
359 } SCI
; Sextius, Cic. Sext. 47, & 54. After the
expiration of his office he got the pro-
vince of Sardinia, upon his return from
which he was accufed of extortion ;
and though his unjult exadions had
been notorious he was defended by
Cicero, and acquitted, Cic. Alt. 4, 1 6.
^ Fr. 3, I.; Afcon. in Scaur. \ Val.
Max. 7, I. Only a few fragments of
Cicero's oration in defence of Scaurus
remain. Scaurus was rejected m his
fuit for the confullhip, and condemned
for bribery, Cic. Off. i, 39. When the
common people interceded importu-
nately to preferve Scaurus, Pompey,
then fole conful, quelled their noife,
by fending in his foldiers among the
crowd, who flew feveral of the moft
tumultuous. Scaurus was baniffied by
the unanimous fentence of his judges,
Appian. B. C. 2. p. 442,
The ScAUHi, both father and fon,
are celebrated among the moft illuilri-
ous Rom.ans by Horace, v/ho joins them
with men of a very different character,
Regulum et Scauros, Sec. Od, i, 12, 37.
Nonrie igiturjure, ac ?neritd, vitia tdtima
Jidos Contemnunt Scauros, et cafligata re^
mordent ? Do not therefore the meanefl
vices, /. e. the moft vitious, juftly de-
fpife the hypocritical Scauri, and, when
cenfured, recrimuiate f Juvenal. 2, o^^.
alluding to that trait in the character
of the elder Scaurus in Salluft, Vitia
fua callide occuUans, Jug. 16. —Juve-
nal ufes Scauri for noblemen of the
higheft rank, 6, 603. and for rigid
cenfors, 11, 91.
M. Aurelius Scaurus. Vid. Aure-
LIUS.
ScHOENEus, (2 fyll), a king of
Arcadia, the father of Atalanta, who
is hence.called Schoeneis, -'^idis, Ovid.
Am. I, 7, 13. Ep. i6, 263. Virgo
SchoenEIA, Id. Tr'ifl, 2, 399
10, 61 1, &; 660.
SciNi?. VtcL Sjnis:,
SCH-TO, -onisy 2i firname
gens Cornelia, laid to have been deri-
ved from one Cornelius, who condu di-
ed his father when blind, and fervtd
him in place of a ftaff, (fcipioji Ma-
crob. I^at. 2) 6.
P.
Met,
of th(
SCI C 360 ]
p. Cornelius SCIPIO, made mailer chus,
of horfe {fuaglfter equitum) by the dic-
tator Camillas, L'lv. 5, 19. military tri-
bune with confular power, ib. 24. and
Interrexj ib. 32. intefrex a fecond time,
M 6, I. «{[ 2. A d.'itator, Liv. 9,
44.
P. Cornelius SCIPIO, conful when
Annibal came into Italy, a. 535, Liv,
21,6, &c. defeated by Annibal at the
river TicTiius, ib. 46. afterwards cut off
by the Carthaginians in Spain, Liv.
25, 34. ; Cic. qf.i,iS. Plane. 25. Balb.
15. with his brother,
Cn. Cornelius SCIPIO Ca^vus, who
had been conful with Marcellus, a. 532.
He was fent with a fleet and army into
Spain againft Afdrubal, Liv. 21, 32.
where at firll he was very fuccefsful,
ib. 60, & 6i. et 22, 19, & 21. till the
feventh year, when he was cut off by
the enemy twenty -eight days after his
brother, Liv. 25, 37. to the great grief
of his countrymen, ib.
P. Corneiius SCIPIO Jfricanus Ma-
jor, the fon of P. Scipio who was kill-
ed in Spam. Scipio, when very
young, faved his father's life in the
battle at the river TicTnus, Liv. 21,
46. He ferved as a military tribune
in the battle of Cannae, Liv. 22, ^^.
Being fent with proconfular authority
into Spain, when only twenty-four years
of age, Zm 26, 18. he drove the Car-
thaginians from that country, Liv. 28,
16. In the fourteenth year of the Pu-
nic war^ he was made conful, a.-u. 549,
and the province of Africa decrce4,to
him, ib. 38. He put an end to t^ie
war by the defeat of Annibal in the
battle of Zama, a. u. 552, Liv, 30,
32,-35. He was the firlt that ob-
tained a firname ( African us j from
the country which he conquered j and
afterwards, from his example, many
who did not fo v/ell deferve it received
the fame honour, Liv. 30. / ; Martial.
2, 2. In the war againft Antiochus
he went as lieutenant to his brother
Lucius, Liv. 37, I.} Lie. Phil. 11, j.
After his return from thence, being
accufed by two tribunes called Pltilii,
of having taken money from Antio-
S C I
he difdained to anfwer their
charge, and retired to Liternum^, where
he died and was buried, having 'order-
ed that his body flioidd not be carried
back to his ungrateful country, Liv.
38, 53. i — Scipio was created cenfor,
Z/v. 32,7. macle conful a fecond time,
34, 42. and thrice chofen chief of the
fenate, Liv, ib. 44.. et 3S, 28. He
thought it below the. dignity of the
Roman people to profecute Hannibal
with unrelenting hatred, Liv. 33, 47.
Being fent on an embaiTy into A(ia> he
is faid to have had an interview v/^th
Annibal, 35, 14.
L. SCIPf O, 'the brother of Africa-
nus, who triumphed over Antiochus,
Liv. 37, 59. and hence was called A-
siATicus, ib. 58. ; Cie. Muren. 14.
He was afterwardo found guilty of ha-
ving embezzled the public money, (pe-
culatiis), and ordered to be ltd to pri-
fon, Liv. 38, 55, & 58. but was libe-
rated by Tiberius Gracchus, then a
tribune, ib. 60. ; Cie. Prov. Conf. 8. ;
Plin. 33, II. lu the ceiiforfhip ofCa-
to and Fiaccus, Scipio, being of the
cqueflrian order, was deprived of his
horfe, Liv. 39, 44.
P. Cornelius SCIPIO Nas'ica, the
fon of Cneius who was killed In Spain.
When a very young man, and before
he had been quactior, he was judged
by the fenate to be the moil virtuous
man in Rome,, and therefore appolnteji
to receive the Jmage of Cybele, the
mother of the gods, which was brought
to Rome from Pef?inus, a town in
Phrygia, Cic. Har. Rrfp. 13. ; Liv. 29,
14. et 35, 10. He obtained the con-
fulfliip, a. 562, Liv.. 2) -J 9 24. Scipio
was an eminent lawyer, and gave his
counfel freely to all that alked it, Cic,
Or- 3, 33. ; Plln> 7'. 34- He conquer-
ed the Lufitani, Liv. 35, i. and Boil,
Liv. a 6, 38, — 40.
P. ^Cornelius SCIPIO Naslca, the
fon of the former, called Corculum,
on account of his wifdom, twice con-
ful, a. 591, with C. Figiilus, and a. 598,
with C. Marcellus, and cenfor a. 594,
Cic. Brut. 20, & 58. He was obliged
\Q reiign his hrit confullhip by a decree
of
SCI [
of tKc fenate, together with his col-
league, on account of a certain infor-
mality in their ticftion, Cic, N. D. 2,
4. Dk\ 2, 35. He dif]-ered with Cato
in opinion concerning the dcllrudlion
of Carthage, and ftiorigly urged in the
fenate the injuftice and imprudence of
that mtafure, [G. 678.), Plutarch, in
Cat, Maj. The event (liewed that Sci-
pio was the wifer man.
P. Cornelius SCI PI O Nasi en, the
fon of the former, conful with D. Bni-
tus, a. 615, Cic. Br. 22. was put in
prifon by the tribune Curiatius by an
extraordinary ilretch of power, for ha-
ving oppofed the decree of the tri-
bunes, Cic, Leg. 3, 9. On this occa>
fion tlie iirname of Serapion was gi-
ven liim by Cuiiatius in derifion, from
his refemblance to a dealer in fwine of
that name, Liv. Epit. 55. ( propter fimi-
litud'tnem fuarii negotiatoris ^ Phn. 21, 3 f .
7. or to his flave, fuarii negotiatoris vile
tnancipium^ Piin. 7, 12. or to the flave
of a prieft that flew the victims, Val.
Max. 9, 14, 3.; ^uinniHan. 6, 3, 57.),
and he continued ever after to be dif-
tinguifhed by it, Cic. Alt. 6, r. He
was afterwards made Pontifex Maximus\
and though in a private ftation, /. e.
not inveftcd with any magiftracy, flew
Tiberius Gracchus, Cic, Cat. i, i.
which action was appnn^ed of by the
fenate, on the motion of the conful
Mucins, who himfelf had refufcd having
any hand in it, Cic, Dom. 34. Plane. 36.
and is highly extolled by Cicero, Cic.
C)ff. I, 22. but was juftly blamed by
tlie friends of Gracchus, Cic. Amic. \ 2.
Vid. ^undilian, 5, 13, 25. Scipio per-
ceiving that on account of his conduft
..he was the objecl of public odium, left
the city, and went into A.lia, with the
privilege of what was called Libera /?-
gatioy where he died at Pergamus, tic.
Place. 31. ; I al Max. 5, 3.
P. Cornelius SCIPIO, the fon of
Africanus, was of a very weakly con-
flitution, but his mind was highly cul-
tivated by learning, Cic. Sen. 9, & 11.
The only public ofrice we read of his
; having obtained was that of augur,
Li'u. 40, 42. He adopted the fon of
3^1 3 S C I
Paulus Acmilius, the conqueror cf
Perfeus, who was therefore called,
P. Cornelius SCIPIO Atmilianui. He
added the praife of eloquence to mili-
tary glory, Cic. Of. i. 32. Brut. 2 1,
He was fo fond of Xeni)phon\s Cyro-
paetlia, tliat he always carried it about
v/ith him, Cic. ^Fr. i, j, S. Hc
deflroyed Carthage, whence he got the
firname of Africanus Minor, (G.
679.) and Nurr-antia, Cic. Manil. 20.
yNhtwcti Everfcr Carthaginis et \uman-
tiae, bv an antoiiomafia, ufed to be put
for his name, ^in^il. 8, 6, 30, & 43.
After his return from the Numantine
war, being afkcd by Carbo, a tribune,
in an alfembly cf the people, what was
his opinion concerning the (laughter of
Tiberius Gracchus, htr anfwered, that
he thought that Gracchus had been
flain juftly, if he had intenrled to make
himlelf mafter of the republic, fjure
cacfum "oieh-i, ft occupandat reipulUcae
animum hahuijfet;) by which anfwcr hc
incurred the hatred of the plebeians,
who figniiied their difapprobation by ^
violent outcry, Patcrc. 2, 4.; F lutarch.
in Graccho ; Cic. Alil. 3. Or. 2, 25. ;
Ful. Max. 5, 2, 3. About two years
after he keenly oppofed the execution
of the agrarian law palFcd by C. Grac-
chus. Having one day fpoken warm-
ly agalnft it in the fenate, he was con-
ducted home by the fenators, and a
crowd of the Italian allies, Cic. Amic 3.
Next morning he was found dead in
his bed, Cic. MIL 7. in the 56th year
of his age, a. u. 624 j as fomc fay,
with matks of violence, Pattrc. 2, 4.
according to others, with none, Appian.
B. C. i.p.^fyu It is uncertain who was
the author of his death. Various perfons
were fafpecfted, and among the reft his
wife Sempronia, the fifter of the Grac-
chi, ilf. et Cic. Or. 2, 40. ^ Fr. 2, 3.
Fr.m. 9, 21.; Fi^L Max. 4, i. No
enquiry was made concerning it,
i!;. A little before mention had been
made of creating him dictator ; but
this was prevented by certain prodi-
gies and the appointment of holy davs
for their expiation, Cic. N.D. 2, 5. p.
^"' 3? 5- 7 ii^mn. Scip. 2. The death of
2, z Scipio
SCI [36
Scipio was lamented by tlie nobility
as the grealeft misfortune ; and even
the plebeiaas,. whom his oppofition to
the popular laws of Gracchus had dif-
pleafed, celebrated his funeral with the
flrongeft marks of affeflion, ib.
There was the moft intimate friend-
fhip between Scipio and Laelius, Cic.
jim'ic. I, &c. as there had been be-
twixt the firll Scipio Africanus and
the father of Laelius, Llv. 26, 42. et
27, 7, &c. ; Paterc. 2, 127. The
younger Scipio and Laelius, when they
retired from public bufinefs, ufcd to
amufe the:nfelves by joining even in
puerile divciTions, Cic. Or, 2, 6. in
company with the poet Luciliuf-, who
was a tavourite with them, Hor, Sat.
2, , 65, &c. as Eiinius had been of
the great Scipio Africanus, Ctc. Arch.
9. ; Hor. Od.^, 8, 20. Thus Horace,
who calls Africanus Scipiadesy -ae ;
^u'ln ubt fe a 'vulgo et Jcend in fecre-
ta remorant Virtus Scipi'idae et mitis
{apientia L^-^cli ; Nugcvi cum illo et dif-
cin&i ludere^ dome Decoqueretur oliis. Joli-
ti, Sat. 2, I, 71. Scipio and Laeiais
wei e efteemed as perfedl models of an
elegant fimplicity of expreiTion i^velut
jittici Rom.inorura)^ Quuidtii. 12, LO,
39. Hence the wriciag^ of Terence
were afcribed to Alricanus, Id. 10, i,
99.
P SCIPIO \afica, the great-grand-
fon of Scipio Serapion, Cic. dtt. 6, i.
one of the advocates of Verres, Cic.
Verr. 4, 36. Being adopted by C^Me-
tellus Pius, he was calhd J^ Caecilius
Metellus Pius Scipio; Dio, 40, 51.
Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 12. or fhordy, Q^Me-
telluy Scipio, one of the h'ontificesy Cic.
Har. Refp. 6. He was competitor
for the confuUhip with Milo, A/con,
in Cic Mil. Argument, and being ac
cufcd of bribery, was faved by the
interccffion of Pompey, who had a
little before married his daughter Cor-
nelia ; and foon after caufed him to be
declared his colleague in the couiulihip
for the lalt five months of the year, a.
u. 700, Dio, 40, 5 I , .X 5 ^. Appiun. B.
C, 2, p. 44 2. It wa,s according to the
opinion of Scipio, that the decree of
2 ] SCO
the fenate was made, " That Caefar
fhould difmifs his army by a certain
day, or be declared an enemy ;" agaiult
which the tribunes M. Antony and Q^
Caffius having, without effeii, inter-
pofed their negative, fled with Curio
to Caefar, and gave him a pretext for
turning his arms againft his country,
Caef. B. C. I, 2, \c. ; Dio, 4I, 3, xc.
In the battle of Pharfalia Scipio com-
manded in the centre, with the legions
which he had brought from Syria, of
which he had been governor, {medium
aciem cum legionibus Syriacis tencbat,^
Caef. B. C. ?, 88. ; Lucan. 7. 221.
After the death of Pompey, Scipio
renewed the war in Africa. Being
defeated by Caefar near Thapfu>s, he
attempted to efcape into Spain, but
being overtaken by fome of Caefar's
fhips, he flew himfelf, Hirt. B. Afr. 96.;
Appian. 2, p. 49 1. ; (G, 6'jg.)'^
SciP.ON, -onis, a noted robber on the
coaft ot Megnris, flain by Thefeus ;
whofe bones, being tofled up and down,
are faid to have been turned into rocks,
called Scopuli Scironis vel Saxa Sciro-
1^1 A, the rocks of Sciron, ^vid. Met. 7,
443. Ep. 2, 67.; Propert. 3, 14, 12.
(G.3C2.)
SCO PAS, -aci an eminent ftatuary
and fculptor, born in the ifland Paros,
Paufan.
* Of all the Scipios (Sci/>iones,) the poetg
n.cn !on chi.-fly the two conquerors ol Afri-
ca, (rf«o Afr;cani), and call them by a pa-
tronyiiiic namt, 6ciPiX.DAE, -arum, fons of
Scipio ; thus, ^n% — geminoSy duo fultn'tna belli,,
"icipiadas, cladem L byan, fc. indiitos retinquat ?
Vivr. Aen. 6, 844 Hiec {ic. [ralia) txtul.t,--
Sc p'laias duro: beilo Id. G. 2, I70, Sclpiadae
duces tapHi. Id. in Cuiice, v. 369. Su in the
fldgular ; ScipiadiS, bsui futmeny C-.irthaginis
h'ltror^ OJJa dedit terrae^ pro'inde ac famul* ir>ji-.
mus tJJ'ety i. e, the elder Atricauus died, as
well as the meaneft flave, Lucret 7. 1047.
Fortis .<cipiadesy v. -day in accuf. -am, Hor.
Sat. a, I, 17. — Silius calls the tv.-o Scipios
who perlfhed in Spam, fulmina gentis Scipii-
daCy 7, 106. Horace calls Scipio and the
Romans who fell in the battle of Thapfus,
Vidtorum nepotes \ and alcrihes their deUruc-
tion to the wrath ot Heavrn, that their death
might atone for the {laughter committed in
that country by their ancefiofi, Od, a, i,
2i, &c.
SCO C 36.^ 1 S E B
Pan-fan. I, 43. et 6, 25. ; Win. ^6^ 5.; his daughter JuHa, Scribbnia her tnoi
C/r. Z^i-y* I, 13. ; Hor. Od. 4, 8, 6 ther attended her, Paterc. 2, 100.
5[2. A wealthy Theffah'anj who having L. SCRIBONIUS Libo, a tribune
refufed to pay the poet Sirnonidts half who accufcd Serv. Galba of niifcon-
of the price, which he had promifed duft while governor of Spain, Cic. Or.
for a poem Simonides wrote on him,
defired him to feek the reft, if he plea-
fed, Irom Carter and Pollux, whofe
praifes the poet had introduced for the
fake of ornament. Soon after Simoni-
des was called out to fpcak with two
young men who deflred to fee him. But
when he went to the door, he found
no one there. In the mean time the
apartment in which they were feailing
fell, and ciufhed Scopas with his guefts
in fuch a manner, that their bodies
could not be diftingaifhed, fo that
when their fiiends wifticd to bury them,
they were obliged to apply to Simoni-
des, to point out where each fat ; and
from this recollection he is faid to have ber father's head, while he was afleep,
invented what was called The art of a hair of a purple colour, ipurpureux
MEMORY, or local memory, C'lc. Or. 2, captUus,) Virg. G. i, 405.) on which
86. ^ 3. A commander of the his fate depended, (G. 375.) ; Ovid.
Aetolians, Z/'y. 26, 24. Met. '6 pr. ^ 2. The daughter of
^COKW\JS,\d-os,etScorpWi-oms, Phorcus, turned by Circe into a fea-
the name of one of the figns of the monfter, fuppofed to refide in a cave
zodiac, Col. 11, 2.; Plin.i'], 24. called near the promontory ScylJaeum, on
Formidolofus, becaufe it was thought un- the fouth-wcft coaft of Italy, ( Vkl. G,
hicky to be born when that con ilella- i74> & 375-) Monjlra Scyllaea,
1,53.^/2,65.
ScROFA, a firname given to the
Trentellii, Ck. Alt. 5, 4. <?/ 6, i. for a
caufe mentioned, Varr. R. R. 2,4.66
Macroh. Sat. i, 6. One of the name of
^CRoFA wrote books on hufbandryj
Pl'm. T7, 27.
SCYLAX, -ac'iSf 2L chiif man of
Halicarnalfus, the intimate acquaint-
ance of Panaetius, an eminent aftrolo-
ger, Cic. Div. 2, 42 f 2. A cele-
brated navigator, (G. 610, ^ 634.)
ScYLLA, the daughter of Nifuskin^
of Megara, who, falh'ng in love with
Minos king of Crete, while he be-
fieged her father's capital, cut off from
tion was in a particular part of the fl<y,
Bor. Od. 2, 17, 17. Brachm contrahit
nrdens Scorpius^ Virg. G. I, ^^. Lonca-
n)at brachui, Ovid. Met. 2, 195. In
ancient times the Scorpion occupied
two-twelfth parts of the zodiac, extend-
ing its claws {hrachia vtl chelae) over
the fpace which was afterwards called
Libra, ib. hence called Major, Lucan.
6, ^94. Virgil therefore alTigns to
Aucuftus the place of Libra between
Vir)>^o and Scorpios, (^Erigonen, i. e.
Vir^inem, (.helajque Sequentes, i. e.
Scorplum,) G. i, 33.
ScRiBONius, the name oi a Roman
gens or family, {^Fumilia Scribcniorum,)
Tac. Ann. 2, 27.
SCRIBONL ,the wifeof Auguf-
tus, whom he divc-rced, in order to
rnaiiy Livla Dtufilla, Suet. Aug. 61,
& 69.; Tac. Ann. 2, 27. Fid. Oc-
TAvius* When Auguftu-j baniihcd
the moniler Scylla, or the monftrous
dogs with which fhe was furrouiided,
Stat. Sil. 5,3, 2-oO. Scyllaea rabies, the
rage of thefe dogs, Firg. Acn. i, 200.
Scyllaeae undae, the fouth part of the
Tufcan fea, near therefidence of Scyl-
la, Lucan, 2, 433.
ScYLLiAS, -ae, V. Sryllis, ace. -/;;, a
native oil Scior.e,. famous for his art of*
diving, Herodot. 8,8.; Paufan. ro, 19.
who is faid to have cut the anchors 6f
the ftiips of Xerxe^, Plin. 35, ri.
^ 2. A nottd marble- cutter of Crete,
(fculptor,) Plin. 36, 4,
ScYR-N, -onis, an Epicurean, C.-'r.
Acad. 4, 33.
ScYTHuN, a m.an, who is f;- d by
the poets to have had the pcv.er of
turni- g hinilelt u.to a woman, and
again mtoa man at pieafure, O'Vui. -iV/,
4, 280
Seeo£Us, an intimate friend of Ca-
Z z 2 tulus,
S E D
[ 3^4 3
SEN
tulus, Ce, Alt, , 14, A: 15. thought
to have I een the fame with Statins Se-
bofus, mem.oiied by Pliny, 9, 15.
SzDULiU.:, a leader of Haves and in-
cHgent citizens, employed by Clodius,
Cic, Dom. 30.
Segilius, a worthlcfs man, who
endeavoured to prejudifc Octavianus
ligainil Cicero, Cic. Fam. 1 1, 20, & 21.
Alius SEJaNUS, a native of Fof-
Jinlly a town of Tufcany, hence called
Tuscus, Jwv. 10, 74. praefed of the
praetorian cohorts, the favourite of
Tiberius ; inveded with the higheft
power, but at lafl: put to death for
confpiring to make himfelf emperor,
and his body dragged with a hook
through the lfr«ets, [G. 244.) Toe. 4,
1. et alibi paffim ; Su^t. Tib. 48, 6r, &
62. Sejanus ducitur unco Spt^andusy
Juvenal 10, (i(y. Paterculus gives a
flattering eulogium of 6ejanuc, while
in the height of his power, 2, 127. &c.
very diflcrent from the charader o-iven
of him by thofe who wrote after his
fall.
Sejus, a freed man or agent of Atti-
cus, Cic. Ait.
5' 13-
Cn. Seju:, a fenator, Cic, Cluent. 38.
M, Sejus, L. F. one who in the
time of a dearth fold corn to the
people at an AS the bulhel, Cic. Of. 2,
17. when acdile, a, 680, Plm. 15, i.
Being condemned in a trial, he was fo
reduced in his fortune, that he could
not fupport the dignity of an eques, yet
prevailed againlf M. i iib, a nobleman
of the firll rank, when competitors for
ED office, Cic. Plane. 5,
^ SEjUi PojihumKSy a Roman /-^.v/x,
whofe houfe Ciodrus wifhed to pur-
char's from him againft his will, and
iipon his perlifting to re^ufe, caufed
him to be cut oil by poifon, Cic. Dom.
44- ; Har. Rejp. 14.
S-LENr, 'cs, the daughter of the
king of Egypt, and wife of Antiochus
king of Syria, the mother of Antiochus
Afiaticus and . eleucus CybiofaCtes,
Cir. Verr. d, 27. ; Jojeph, Ant. 13, 29.
SELEUCUS, one of the generals
of Alexander the Great, v\ho, in the
diltribution of the provinces of that
and mother of
I, 12. N.D. 2,
conqueror, obtained the kingdom of
Syria, which he tranfmitted to his de-
fcendants, called from him Scleici-
DAE, Jufiin. 13, 4. et 15, 4, &c. (G.
472, & 473.)
Seleucl'S, the name of a flave, Cic.
Fam. 6, 18. ^ 2. An excellent mu-
fician, JuvenaL 10 21 i. IJ[ 3. An
aflrologer, {mathematicus')y greaily re-
fpeaed by Vefpafian, Tac. H'Ji. 2, 78.
^. Selici s, an ufurer, Cic. Alt. i.
12- the friend of Lentulus Spint'ier,
Cic. Fam. I, 5. FUJa Seliciak/,
the villa of ScHcius, i^. 9, 16. Seli-
ci a, his daughter, as ic is thought,
Cic. Ait. 15, 12.
Scuus, a bad orator, Cic. Fam. 7,
Cef /^, Selii, learned men, intimate
with Lu :ullus, Cic. Acad. 4, 4.
Semele, -^-j-, the daughter of Cad-
mus king of Thebe
Bacchus, Cic. Tufc.
24, who is hence called Thehanae Stme*
les pucfy Hor. Od. i, 19, 2. proles ScmC'
ksy ribul. 3, 4, 45. proles SemelEIA,
Ovid. Met. 5, 529. 1 hyoneus Seme lews,
Hor. Od. I, 17, 23.
SEMIRaMIS, -ulisy the wife of
Ninus king of Babylon, who built Ni-
nive, and at his death left his govern-
ment to Semirjmis, who greaily ex-
tended the empire, (G. 598.) She is
faid to have founded Babylon, becaufe
fi^e greatly enlarged it, Propert. 3, 1 1,
21. Cicero calls Gablnius by the name
ot Semiramis, to mark his effeminacy
and crueltv, Pron). 'onf. 4.
SEMPRONIUS, 'the name of a
Roman gensy which confifted of many
branches or families, Cic. et Liv, pajfim ;
the moft iliurtrious of which was that of
the Gracchi ; whence Semprmniae
LEGES, the laws pafl'ed by Tiberius or
Caius Gracchus, Cic. Phil I, 7. Roga-
tiones ..EMPKONiAE, Tac. Amu J 2, 6o«
Vid. Plutarch, in Graccbis. ocJi-
PRotiiA^u M feiiaiusconjulrwn, a decreeof
the fcnate made in favour of Stmpro-
nius, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 7. Add. i^. 22,.
8. et 25, 8, & 13.
JL. Annaeus Seneca, a native of
Corduba in Spain, who removed to
Rome
SEN [ ^Ss 3 S E R
Rome in* the time of Auguftus, with but his ftyleis dlfapprovedof by Qulnc-
his wife Elbia or Ht\lvia, and three tilian, who obfervcs, that the efteem in
fons, M. Jt4nnaeus NovtHns, (afterwards which Seneca's writings were held,
adopted by Junius Gallic, and hence corrupted the public tafte with refpe6t
called Junius Annneus^ v. Annaeam/s to compofition ; becaufe his admirers,
Gallio); L\ Ani:aeus Seneca; and L. An- inftead of imitating his beauties, copied
«^(f«j /i3.Vfl, the father of Lucan. Mar- his faults, lo, i, (25, &c. Of the
tial is fuppoled to call thefc three fons, tragedies which bear the name of Se-
Do^'i Stvecae ter numeranda domusj 4, ncca the Medea is the only one men-
40, 2. Seneca the father is commonly tioned by Qjnindilian as having been
called Rh. TOR, from a colledion which written by Seneca, 9, 2,8. Martial
he made of the declamations of dif- mentions the two Senccas and Lucaii
ferent rhetoricians, quoted by Quinc- as the glory of Cordiaba, i, 62, 7. and
tiiian, 8, 3, 31.^/ 9, 2, 42, & 98. ftill praifes the b'berality of Seneca the
extant. But he is chiefly diftiuguilhed philoiopUer, 12, 36, 8. So Juvenal.
by his fon, 5, 108.
L, /innacus SENECA, called the h£N';:cio, -ojiisf a Roman firname,
philofopiier. He was a child when his Plin. Ep. 3, 11.; Tac, Agr, 2.
father removed to Rome. Hence he
mentions his having been then carried
in his aunt's arms, ad I/eiv. i6. He
was taught rhetoric by his father, and
C. Sentius, a praetor of Macedo-
nia, a. 671, Cic. Verr. 3, 93.; P'ts,
34-
C. Septimiu?, a praetor, Clc, p. Red.
philofophy by the ableit mailers. Af- 9. and augur, C'lc. An, 12, 13, & 14.
ter having borne the qnaeftorfliip he L. Septimius, a Roman in the fer-
v/as banidied to the ifland of Corfica vice of Ptolemy king of Egypt, who
by the emperor Claudius, on fufpicion flew Pompey. Vid. Pompeiu.^.
of having been privy to the amours of Septimius, a friend of Horace, Od^
Julia, the daughter of Germanicus,
Schol'iajl in JuvenaL Three years after,
he was recalled by AgrlppTna, whom
Claudius had married upon the death
of Mcfi'alTna, and appointed praeceptor
to her ion Domitias Nero, alter wiirds
emperor, Tac. Ann. 12, 8. Under
Nero Seneca acquired immenfe weakh,
and therefore is called pratdives, Juve-
nal. 10, 16. Vid. Tac. 14, 52, -^ 53.
but at length he was put to death by
order of that tyrant, and all his goods
conHfcated ; the pretext for which
was, that he had been concerned in the
conlpiracy of Pifo, Tac. Ann. 15, 60,
&c. Ot this there was no proof ; but
in fuch eitimation was Seneca held,
that fome of the confpirators were faid
to have propofed making Seneca em-
peror, ib. 60. to which Juvenal alludes,
8,211. Seneca excelled in almoll
every kind of compolition, both in
prole and'verfe, whence he is called by
'j^Yiwy Princeps eruditionisy 14,4. Moll
of his works are iliii extant, and a-
bound in excellent moral refiedions j
2, 6. Ep. I, 9. and a favourite of Au-
gullus, Sttet. Horat. 8.
^ Septitius, a Roman eques, Cic.
Verr. 3, 4.
.ScpT;:i.tLEju?, a native of Anagnia,
who flew C. Gracchus, Cic. Or. 2, 67.
Seiiapio, v. -on, -onis, a native of
Antioch, a writer on geography, Cic.
Ait. 2, 4, 5c 6. ^ 2. A firname of
Scipio Nafica. Vid. Scipio.
Sera pis, -idisy a god of the Egyp-
tians, Cic. Div. 2, 59. N. D. 3, 19.
(G.669.) ; TacIIifi. 4,84.
C. Seuenu^, (al. Scrdnusy v. Serra-
nusy) cunful with Caepio, a. 646 ;
chofen in preference to Q. Catulue,
Cic. Plane. 5.
Sercstus, a brave Trojan chief,
whom Aeneas left, together with
Mnellheus, to command in his abfence,
when he went to aik aifiltance from
Evander, Virg. Aen. 9, 171.
ScRGius, the name of a Roman
gensy faid to be derived from Sergeilus,
one of the com.panions of Aeneas,
Virg.Acn. 5, 121.
C. Sejigius,
S E R [ 366 ] SIC
C. S^RGius, a military tribune with ried for a fecond hufband D. Junius Si-
confular authority, Liv. 6, 5, &c.
Cn. SiRCius, a praetor, Liv
tf/32
Z,. Seiicius CatUina,
3'» 4-
FV^ Cati-
LINA.
/,. SergiU5 Fldenasy a conful. i^/'u.
4, 17. ^ 2. A military- tribune,
L'lv. 5. 16.
/If. S::rcius ^'/Vyj-, the lieutenant of
Aemilius the conrul, Liv- 44, 40.
lanus, (Fid. Cato, p 87.) and by
him was the mother of Junia, the
wife of Caffius. Serviiia was fond of
Julius Cnsfar, and was beloved by him,
Suet. Caef. 50.; Plutarch. Cat. p. 770. ;
Brut. p. 986.
Se.'^vius, a '^ov[\2cci praenomen.
Servius TuUltis, the 6th king of
Rome ; fo named becaufe he was faid
to have been born of a female Have,
Si: RR AN us, V. SeranitSy a firname of {^ferva, G. 200.) Liv. i, 3 ;. ec 4, 3.
X!tit AttUU, firft given to ^AttiUns Cm- SESOS FRIS, the moft celebrated
cinnatui, the dictator, [a fcrenda) ; be- of the ancient kings of Egypt, {G.
caufe the ambaffadors fent by the fe- 664.)
nate to inform him of his havina been
appointed diftator, found him fowing
in his farm, Ck. Rnfc. Am. i, 18.
Hence Et te fulro, Serranf^ Jerentem^
Virg.Aen. 6, 844.
Sext. SekRanl'j Ga'Dianus^ a tribune,
inimical to Cicero, C'lc, Att. 4, 2. Sexi.
ll.Har,Refp.iS.
Serranus Domefl'icuny one who de-
P. Sevtius Capttol'nus^ conful, Liv.
3, 32. and decemvir, ib. 33.
Severus, a Roman cognomen or fir-
name of the Caecinae, CaJJii, Cejlii-, Clau-
diiy &c. Tacit.
^ Sextiltus, a friend q\ Milo,
Cic. ^ i^V. 2, I.
S EXT I A Tabula, the office of Sex-
tius, a banker, as is fuppofed ; —a
tvered a funeral oraticm on his fon, place in the forum where audions ufed
compofcd by Cicero, [laudavit pater to be held,- Cic. ^uinB. 6, &c. .
Jcripio meoy i. e. oratione, a me fcripta,
quam pater de fcripto recitavit,) Cic.
.^.Fr. c..,8.
^ SERTORIUS, an illuOrious
Roman general, of the party of Ivlarius,
•whom however he relinquilhed
Sextina vel Sejl'iana dida, the fay-
ings orjeits of one Scxtius, which had
not much art, Cic. F im. 7, 32.
Sexti'js, a Rom^an name.
P. SEXTIUS, quaeftor to C. An-
tonius, the conful, whom he uryed to
count of bis cruelty. Being profcribed attack Catiline, Ctc. Sext. 5. a tribune
by Sulla, he fled to Spain ; where he in the confuhhip of Lentulus Spinther,
induced the inhabitants to join him, who ftrenuouily promoted the bill for
{^^ique feros rnovit Sertorius exul Iheros,
XiUcan. 2, 549-) and having carried on
a long war, with wonderful ability aud
fuccefs, was at lad killed by the
treachery of Perperna, one of his
chief ollicers, Lrc. Epit. 91, — 96.;
Plutarch, in Seriorio.
Servilius, the name of a Roman
gfhsy originally from Albi, Liv. I.,
30. confiding of a number of different
branches or familiae ; the AhSlae, Cr.e-
pior\eSy Cafcus, Gemini., Glauciae, Pq/I-
hiimi, Ruili, &:c, Servili,-. ni /joriif
gardens in Rome, nan)ed from one
Servihus, Tac. Ann. !«:, 5^. H. 3, 3S.
SEKVILIA, tbe^fider of CaLo
Uticenhs, and the mother of M. Bru-
tus, ( Via. Bruto-s, p. 46,) She mar-
the redoration of Cicero, and with a
body of armed men oppofed the violent
attempts of Clodius to prevent it. A
^i
flain
the
number ct people were
conted. On which account Scxtius
was afterwards accufed of violence.
He was defended by Hortenfius and
Cicero, and acquitted, Cic. ^. Fr. 2,
4. 1'he oration ot Cicero for Sextius
is dill exiant.
Sexti'S, a ^om^.u praenomen.
Sic A, a fiiend of Cicero's, in whofe
farm he daid, when he left Rome,
going into exile, Cic. Att. 3, 2.
SicHAEis, the huiband of Dido,
murdered by her brother Pygmalion,
on account of his riches, Virg. Aen. 1,
347.; Patsrc. r, 6.; J'-iJlin* 18, 4.
S I c
C 3^7 1
S I M
C. Sicivius, a Roman, at whofe
inftigatioii the plebeians made a fe-
ceffion to the mans facer, Liv. 2, 58.
and after their return, ht was arnoiig
the firft tribunes of the commons that
were created,, ih. 33. et 3, 54.
Decimus 'Junius SILANUS, con-
ful with Miiiena. While conlul elefl,
being iirfl aflctd his opinion, accord-
ing to cullom, concerning the piinifli-
ment which ought to be infllcttd on
Lentulus and the other accomplices In
the conipiracy of Catihne, who had
been apprehended, he decreed that they
fliould be put to death, Sallvjl. Cat.
50. ; C'tc Cat. 4, 4.
SiLENUS, a demi god, the nnvfe,
praeceptor, and companion of Bac-
chus, Cic. Tufc. 1, 48. {G. 383.)
Si L EN us, a G'cek hillorian, Cic.
Viv. ]y 24.; Liv. 26,49.
Si LI us and Silus, a Rom.an fir-
name.
F. Si LI us, propraetor of Bithynia
and rontus, a. u. 702, Cic. Fam. 7,
21. 9, 16. et 13, 62, :v 63.
C. 81 LIU s, the favourite of the em-
prefa Mellah"na, whom fhe formally
married ; which proved the deftruc-
tion of both, 'Tac. Ann. 11, 5 — 35.;
"Juvenal. 10, 330, &c. j liiuct. CI. 26,
&36.
C. SILIUS Italicus, conful in the
admirer, that he celebrated Virgil's
birthday with more folemnlty than
his own ; efpecially at Naples, where
he iifed to approach his tomb with as
much reverence as if it had been a
temple, Flin. Ep» 3, 7. One of thefc
villas had belonged to Cicero, Martial.
II, 49, 2. fuppuled to be that called
AcADEMiA, Pirn. 31, 2 f. 3. Silius
employed much of his time in writing
verfes ; which, accordiiig to Pliny,
difcover more indutlry tlian genius, ib.
Being afFiided with an incurable im-
pofthume, [infanabilis clavus^) he ilar-
ved himfelf to death under 'rrajan, in
the 76th year of liis age, ib. His
poem concerning the fecond Punic
war. In feventeen books, is flill ex-
tant ; fo many parts of which are mere
imitations ot Virgil, that h.' is called
by fume the ape of Virgil. Silius is
highly extolled by Martial in feveral
of hjs epigrams ; thus, S'/Vi . ajialidum
decus Jororum, the ornament of the
mufcs, 4, 14, I, &c. He is called
perpeluus, immortal ; or, according to
others, conilant or fteady in his con-
dud, 6, 64, 10. f/ 7, 62, I. Silius,
Jlujonio nonfemel ore potens, diftingulfh-
ed both as an orator and a poet, 9, 88,
2. and therefore the fittelt perfon to
poflels the villa of Cicero, and the
tomb of Virgil, {Haeredcm, dominumque,
n which Nero was killed, [ajferto Jut tumulique, larilque, Non alium mallei.
qui (i";. 2Lm\\i?,) facer orbe fuit, facred
on account of the world being- then
freed from a tyrant. Martial. 7, 62,
10.) Sihus was fufpeded of having
voluntarily joined in iome 01 the ac-
cufations that were carried ol under
that prince ; but made ule of his in-
terepL under the reign of Vltellius with
diicretion and humanity. He gained
great honour from his upright adml-
iiiilration of Afia, as proconlul under
Vefpafian. In the decline of life he
retired from Rome to Campania j
where he had feveial villas, each of
which he furnifhed with a large col-
ledllon of books, ilatues, and pictures,
which he not only pollcfTcd but even
adored ; particularly thofe of Virgil,
of whom, he was was fo paluonate aa
nsc Maro, nee CicerOf) 11, 49, 3.
Add. ib. 5 1. ; where commentators, to
explain the meaning, have changed the
reading varioufly. Sdius lived to fee
his eldeft ion made conful, Flin, ib. et
Mariial. 8, 66, He loft his younger
fon beiore he cairie to the confular at^e,
Flin. lb. ; Martial. 9, 88.
Si LAN ION, a ftatuary, who became
iilultrious Vv'iihimt being taught, [nudo
dodorc nobilis,) Piin. 34, 8 f, 19.
SiLVANUs, a rural oivinity, god of
the woods and lields, (G. 380.)
Flotius biLVANUS, a tribune, a. 664,
the author of the Flautian or Flotian
law, about the manner of granting the
freedom of the city, Cic. Arch. 4.
SIMON 1 DEo, -is, a Greek philofo-
pher and poet, bcrn in tlie ifland Ceos,
Fhacdr.
SIN [368
Thaedr. 4, 21, & 24. (G^. 337.) SI
morn'des excelled chiefly in writing
ckgies ; whence Maejlius lacrymis Si-
MOMLEiSt Catull. 38, 8.
Si SON, 'on'/jy an artful Greek, who
by a feigned (lory induced the Trojana
to bring within their city the wooden
horfe reared by the Greeks, Plrg. Aen»
2, 59, &:c. (G. 187.)
SINIS, vel ScintSf -is, a robber in
Attica, wiio ufed to bend two trees
towards one another, and, after ha-
ving tied the legs of a man to each,
then let them go afiinder, and thus
tore the mifcfable pv.'rlun to pieces
in a fhocking manner, Ovid. Afel, 7,
440.; Pro/eriy 3, 2 2, 37. Sinis was
flain by Thefeus, OrzW. iL
Siren tF, -utnj fabulous females, re-
ading in fmail rocky iflands on the
foutn-wcfl coad of Italy, f'iirefium la-
His J Piopert, 3, 12, 34.) who, by their
enchanting nmfic, were fuppol'ed to
decoy mariners on fhore, where they
were deilroyed by fhipwreck, (Cr» 155,
& 456.)
^iriiD , the dog-ftar, which rifcs
after the fummer l«.;iicice, and was fup-
pofed to occafion the great heat of
that time of the year, V'lrg. Aen, 3,
141. ; Lucan. lO, 211.
L, orneltus SISiiNNA, a Roman
hiftorian, contemporary with Marius
aiiti by ha, who wrote an account of
the civil war between them, Pater c, 2,
9.; SalliijL Jitg, i)^. laid by C'cero to
furpais all preceding writers of hiltory,
but itill to want feveral qualifications
requifite to iorni an accomphflied hif-
tonan, ,ic, Br. 64, & 74.; Leg. i,
2. He is laid to have tranflated the
poems of Ariitidcs of Miletus, Cvtd.
Tr'ijl. 2, 443. which contained iome
indelicate cleicriptions, ih. 413.
Sisyc.MBis, the mother of Darius,
taken prih^ner at the battle of IfTus
by Alexander ; who treated her with
fo tnuct) geiierofity, that upon hearing
of his death fhe put an end to her days
by abitainnig iiom food, Curt. 10, 5,
19,-26.
SISyPHUS, the firft king of Co-
rinth, noted for his cunning and rob^
] SIT
beries ; for which he was doomed
in the infernal regions to roll a
huge ftoue up a mountain, w4iich,
when it reached the top, ab'.ay. rolled
back again to the foot, (G. 416.)
SisYPHii /<3^(7r^>r, Propttt. 2, 17, 7.
Stfyphi'j faxa labore geram^ Id. 2, 20,
32. Sifyphus was f id to have had
connexion with Anticlea, the mother
of UlyjTes, before her marriage with
Laertes ; whence UlyfTes was fuppofed
to be fprung from Sifyphus, (Stfyphio
cretus f anguine y) Ovid. Met. .3, 32.
and is culled by way of reproach his
fon, ( i.pYHiDEs,) Id. Art. Am, 3,
P, SITTIUS, a native of Nuceria ;
hence called Nucernius, mentioned by
Catiline among his afTociates, <aUuJl. at,
21. the fame that is called P. Cincius,
C'tc. -yll. 20. whofe fr.ther greatly afiilled
the Romans in the Italic war, ib. et
Flor. 3, 18, I!. Sittius left Rome be-
fore the confpiracy of Catiline broke
out ; and having raifed a body of
troops at his own expence, from Italy
and Spain, pafTcd over to Africa,
where the princes were at war among
themfelves. Sittius fometimes afllfted
the one, fometimes the other, and al-
ways with fuccefs ; whence his men,
called from him ittian(, became
very expert foldiers, Appian. B. C. 4,
620. He alfo equipped a fleet ; and
was of gieat fervice to Caefar in his
war againlt Scipio and Juba. After
their defeat Sittius was rewarded by
Caefar with lands in Maui^tania ; part
of thofe which had belonged to Ma-
naffes, the friend of Juba, ib. p. 621.;
Hlrt, B. Afr. 95, S: 96, ; Dioy 43,/,
214. After the death of Caefar, Sit-
tius was iniidiouily flain by Arabio,
the fon of ManafTes, Appian. ibid,
whence Cicero fays, Arabioni de Sittio
nihil irafcor, I am not difpleaftd with
Arabio for having flain Sittius, Alt,
51TTIUS, a perfon who owed Caelius
money in Cihcia ; hence, Syngrapham
Sittianam tibt commendo, I requell you
will endeavour to procure payment cf
th?
S M E C ;69 ]
the money due on the bond of Sittlus,
Ck. F(m. 8, 2, 8. So 8, 4, 13.
SMERDIS, vcl Ihrgisy the bro-
ther of Cairbyfesj king- of Perfia ;
whom that monarch ordered to be put
to death in confequence of having
dreamed that he faw Smerdis on the
throne. But the dream was verified
by one of the Magi, who pretending
to be the real Smerdis, ufurped the
government, and held it fur fomc
months, till he Vv'as flain by a confpiracy
of feven Perfian noblemen, (G. 605.)
Jujt'in. 1,9.*
S MIL AX, -acts, a virgin, who fell
in love with a youth called Crocus;
and being flighted by him, pined away,
and was turned into a ilirub named
after her, PUn. 16, 35 f. 63. ; OmcL
Met.\, 283,
Smintheus, (2 fyll.) a name of
Apollo, Ovid. Met, 12, 585. {G. 367.)
SOCRATES, -w, an Athenian, the
fou of Sophronifcns, a ftatuary or
ilone-cutter, and of Panarete, a mid-
wife ; the moft renowned of the an-
cient philofophers, (G. 467.) called
the parent of philofophy, C'lc. Fin. 2,
I. which he is faid to liave firil called
down from heaven, tic, Tufc. 5, 3.
He ufed to fay, that the fliorteft way
to glory was to be what one wiflied to
be thought, Cic.Off.2, 12. He pof-
feffed fuch equanimity of m.ind, that
he is faid to have always preferved the
fame countenance ; neither niore chear-
^■:1 nor more diilurbed at one time than
,t another, Cic. Off. i, 26.; Plin, 7,
19. From the fcholars of Socrates
various- fefts of philofophers were
formed, Cic. Or, 3, 17. whence he is
called Fons philofophorum, Quinc^til. i,
. ]C, 13. SocRATici, the followers
of Socrates, Cic. Div. i, 3. Off. i, 37. ;
^:in£f, 10, I, 35, & 83. Socraticae
chariae, the writmgs of the Socratic
philofophers, Fior. Art. P. 31c. who
are called Dornus Socraticdy Id. Od. i,
29, 1 4-. So Socraiici libri, the books
of Plato, Xenophon, &c. Propert. 2,
34, 27. Socrates himfeif havipig left
Eo writings, ( ^lum ipfe lUeram Socrates
nullam rcltquffct, Cic. Or. 3, 16.) So^
SOP
cratici fernwnes'y the difcourfes, dialo-
gues, or leflons of Socrates, ib. 18.
So Socraticus fcrmo, ib. 17. Socraticae
difputationcsy ib. 34. Sorratiris madet
fermonll'us, is embued or feafoned with,
i. e. inftrufted in the Socratic philofo-
phy, ib, 3, 21, 9. Inter Socraticosy a-
midil the prcfeflors of philofophy, jfu-
vtfud. 2, 10^ Socraticum opus., i. e. the
Phaedon of Plato, the fcholar of So-
crates, on the immortality of the foul,
Ovid, in Ihin, 496. which Cleoinbrotus,
an academic philofopher, having read,
is faid to have thrpwn himfclf into the
fea, /Z-. f/ Cic, Tufc. 1, 34. Id fuit Socra-
ticum ?naxime, moft like Socrates, Cic.
Or. 3, 18. Socraiici el Platonici ffe vo-
lumusy Cic. Off. 1,1.
Socrates, a painter, PUn, ■^^y 11.
Vid. OcNUS.
Sol, the fun ; fometimes confound-
ed with Apollo ; Fid. Phoebus, [G,
373.} worfliipped at Rome near the
temple of Romulus, ^miflil, i, 7, 12.
SoLiNus, the author of a book cal-
led Poly/jffor, confiiting almoft entire-
ly of excerpts from Pliny ; whence he
is called that author's ape.
Solon, -onis, the lawgiver of A-
thens, born at Salamis ; one of the
feven wife men of Greece, (G. 464. )
SoMNUS, the god of llecp, Firg.
Jen. ^y 838, &c. 6, 893.
SOPaTER, 'trisy a praetor of Sy-
racule, Liv. 24, 23, 5c 2^, ^ 2.
A general of Philip, king of Mace-
donia, fent into Africa, with 4000
foldiers, to affift the Carthaginians,
Liv. 30, 26. Being taken by the Ro-
mans, his releafe was aflied by the am-
bafladors of Phihp, but refufed, ib.
42. «| 3. A general of Perfeus,
Liv. 42, 62. ^[ 4. A native of
Halycia in Sicily. Cic. Ver. 2, 28.
qi 5. Another of Tyndaris, 7/^. 4, 39.
SOPHOCLES, -isy an Athenian
tragic poet, contemporary with Peri-
cles, Cic. Off, 1,40. called divinus poda
by Cicero, Div, 1,25. who appears
to have reckoned him the firft or moft
excellent tragic poet, Or, i. But
Quin6tilian, though he leaves the quef-
tion concerning the comparative merit
3 A of
SOP [37
ol Sophocles and Euripides undetermi-
ned, yet feems to give the preference
to Euripides, 10, I, 67, Sec. So-
phocles was born about 495 years be-
fore Chrift, thirty years after Aefchy--
ius, and fifteen before Euripides. He
was only twenty years old when he
produced his iirfl tragedy, and gained
the prize of tragic merit aver his maf-
ter Aefchylus. Of the numerous trage-
dies which Sophocles wrote, only feven
remain. He is faid to have lived to near
the age of an hundred, and to have
died of joy lor having been declared
vittor in the conteft" for poetic fl^ill,
J^a/, Max^Sj J.cxt. 12. So Pliny, 7,
53. But Lucian fays that he was
choakcd with a grape-ftone, at the age
of ninety-five, de Macroblis,/. A lit-
tle before his death ^ ophocles was ac-
cufed by his fon lophon of ialanity,
that he might be excluded from the
management of his cilate, and a curator
appomted for taat purpofe. Upon
this Sophocles read in court his tra-
gedy called Oedipus Coloneus, which
he had juft hnifned ; and afl<ed, if that
appeared to be the produftion of one
deprived of his reaion ? The judges,
filled with admiration of his genniS;
inftantly acquitted him, and declared
his fon infane for having accufed him,
ih, Cicero fays that this trial was in-
ftituted by the fons of Sophocles, be-
caufe on account of his application
to ftudy he feemed to ncgled his pri-
vate fortune, Sen. 7. Sophocles dif-
tinguilhcd himfelf by his attention to
ilate-afFairs, as well as by his dramatic
compofitions. He wao at one time
Jtrchon, or one of the chitf magillrates
of Athens, in conjunftion with Peri-
cles, Cic, Of. I, 40. Cicero always
mentions Sophocles among the Greek
poets of the firil rank, Or. i. ^tW. i.
<jj &c. — : — jin p'Xngis aliquid Sofho-
CLEu/.i P Do you compofe any thing
in the ftylc oi Sophocles ? Cic. Fam.
16, 18. ^ola SopiK'deoiuT. carmina digna
cothurnoy are worthy of the buHcin of
Sophocles, which is faid to have been
invented by him, i. e. arc as fubhme as
the poems of oophocles, Virg.Ecl. 8^ 10.
o 1 SOS
Nulla Sophocleo ven'iet jaBura cothurno,
in the dat. i. e. the fame of the tragedies
of Sophocles (hall never be diminiflTicd,
Ovid Am. I, 15, 19. An in Sophodeis
horridus cothurnisy fc. efi ? i. e. Does he
write tragedies ? Martial. 3, 20, 7,
Varro Sophocleo non injiciande cothurnoy
not to be hindered from wearing the
Sophoclean bulkin, or from writing
tragedies, i. e. who cauft write them
well, /^A 5, 31, I.
Sophocles, a learned and eloquent
man of Agrigentum, Cic. Ver. 3, 88.
SOPHONISCA, the daughter of
Afdrubal and wife of Syphax, king of
Numidia ; a woman of uncommon
fpirit and beamy. Her father being
defeated by Scipio, and her huiband
made prlftnier, flie fell into the power
of MafinifTa ; who, moved by her en-
treaties, and captivated by her en-
gaging appearance, in order to prevent
her from falling into the hands of the
Romans, a favour which fhe earneftly
requeiled of him, married her. But
finding what he had done difapproved
of by Gcipio, .and having no other me-
thod of performing lui promife, he fcnt
her a cup of polfon, which fhe with
the gieateit fortitude and compoiure
drank, Zm 30, 12, — 15.
SoPOLis, a painter in the time of Ci-
cero, Cic. An. 4, 16. called alfo Sopy-
lus, Plin. 35, II.
SosiA, the name of a flave, Ter. And.
I, 1, 1.
SosiGENES, -/V, a learned Egyp-
tian aftronomer, by whofe affidance Ju-
lius Caefar reformed the Roman calen-
dar, Plin. 18, 25. ; (Vid. A. p.J,2().)
Sosii, eminent bookfeilers in the
time of Horace, Hor. Ep. I, 20, I.
Art. P. 345.
SosiLus, a Lacedaemonian, the
companion and indrudor of Hannibal
in the Greek language, who wrote the
liiftory of his wars, Nep. 22, 13.
C. Sosius, qaaeilor to M. Lepi-
dus, and afterwards praetor, Cic. Att.
8^ 6. SosiANU?, a name given to
Apollo, Plin. 13, 5. ct 36, 4 f. 4, 8. as
is fuppofed, becaufe his liatue was
bicught to Rome by C<. Sofi'JS.
SOS [3^
^ 80s I us, a Roman eques, from Pi-
cenum, who burnt the regiitcr-office
at Rome, Ck. iV^ Z>. 3, 30.
So s p I T A, a name of Juno, C/V. Mtir.
41. N. D. I, 29. Div, I, 2. ; Ovid,
Fajl 2, 56.
SosTRATA, the name of a woman,
Ter, Heat. 4, r, 34, &c.
SosTRATUs, a Sicih'an, Ck. Verr.
3» 23.
Sosus, the name of a book, written
by the philofopher Antiochus, again It
Philo, Cu. Acad. 4, 4.
SoTADEs, -w, a native of Maronea,
,in Crete [Creteiifs Maromtay Suidas),
the author of an obfcene poem, called
Phlyax or CiNAEDus, lb. Martial. 2,
86, 2. Hence vcrfcs of that kind
were called Satadei vel Sotadui, (c. ver-
fus^ which had this peculiarity, that the
words might alfo be read backwards,
ih. Add. ^ihcl'il. r, 8, 6. et 9, 4, 6,
& 9c.; Pl'm. Ep. ^, ^. Vid. Scall^er,
Poet. 2, 30.
SoTERicus Marches, a freed man,
i^Uhertinus homo), Cic. B alb. 25.
SoTiRA, a noted midwife, Pl'm. 2%,
1-
SPARTaCUS, a famous gladiator,
by birth a Thracian, who having bro-
ken forth from a fchool of gladiators
at Capua, with about 70 of his com-
panions, and having colletled a great
number of flavcs, carried on war a^
galnll: the Romans for a cpnfiderable
time in Italy, with various fuccefs. At
lall he was cut off by L. Cralfus, when
praetor, with about 6o,oco of his fol-
lowers, L'lv. Ep'it. 95, & 96. ; Plutarch,
in Crajfa. He is called Spartacus'vagans,
becaufe he wandered overdifferent parts
of Italy, Hor. Od. 3, 14, 19. acer. Id.
Epod. 16, 5. Cicero puts Spartacus
for the moll bitter enemy, Phil. 4, 6.
and Lucan makes Pompey fay ot Cae-
■far, Ut fundi caufa cadcreit qua Sparta-
ius hojlis, 2, 554.
Sphaerus, a Stole philofopher,
Ck. Tufc. 4, 24.
Speusippus, the filler's fon of Pla-
to, left by him, as it were, the heir of
the Academic philofophy, Cic. Acad.
1, 4. He difiered very little in his
t ] S T A
opinions from Ariftotle, Ck. Or. ii
18.
SPHINX, ■7igis, a poetic female
monfler, which infefted the territory
of Thebes, (G. 429). Ladant. in Stat:
Thfh. I, 66. et 2, 505. ; Senec. Phenjjf,
116. et Oedip. 92, &c.
SpiNTO, Znis, a Roman deity, pro-
perly a river, Cic. A^. Z>. 3, 20.
S? INT HER, i>. Spinier, .eris, a fir-
name of the Lentuli, Cic.
Spongia, a fiftitiaus name of one
of the judges v/ho acquitted Clodius,
Cic. Alt. 1,16.
Sporu5, a bafe favourite of Nero^
Suet. N. 2^.
SPURINNA, an harttfpex, who af-
ter infpedting the entrails of a vid:im,
wh'ch Cael\u- offered a Httle before his
death, Cic. Dlv. i, 52. warned him ta
beware of the ides of March ; and oa
that day, as Caefar was going to the
fenate-houfe, happening to meet Spu-
rinna, he 'faid to him by way of ridi-
cule, that the ides were come without
any hurt ; < Yes, faid Spurinna, but
they are not pall j' and in a few mi-
nutes after Caefar was killed in the fe-
nate-houfe by the confpirators. Suet.
Caef. 81. ; Dio, 44, 18. ; Apfian. B. C.
2. p. 522,5c 525.
S 1- u R 1 u s , a Roman praeiwmtn,
C. STALENUS,a fenator, Cic. Cltient.
7, & 24. condemned for having been
concerned in bribing a jury> ib. et Br.
Staph yLus, the fon of Sithenus,
who is faid to have firil taught the me-
thod of mixing v/ine with water, Plim
L. Statilu'S, a Roman eques, an
accomplice in the confprracy of Cati*
line, Cic. Cat. 3, 3, & 6. ; Sallujl. Cat,
17. who was fei'/ed with the ambaffa-
dors of the Allobroges, ib. 44, 46^ 47^
and put to death, ib. ^^.
Statilius Taurus, one of the chief
friends of Augullus, Paterc. 2, 127.
the fame probably who is mentioned,
Cic. Att. 12, 13, --C 14. He carried on
feveral wars with iuccefs, Vid. Dio. et
Appian.
StatIra, the daughter of Darius,
3 A 3 riiarried
S T A
[ 37» 1
S T E
married by Alexander, Jujlin. ii, lo.
and cifter his death, cruelly murdered
by Roxana, Plutarch, in j^fkxandro, f.
Statius, anciently a name peculiar
to flaves, but afterwards a firname of
citizens, Gell. 4, 20.
CneciUtis STATIUS, an old comic
poet, called Statius, as having been
originally a flave, GcU. ib. called fim-
ply Statius by Cicero, Or. 2, 64.
P. Papinhis STATIUS, a poet,
born at Naples, highly refped-ted by the
emperor Domitian. He wrote mifcel-
laneour. poemi' called Silvae, in five
books ; the Thebais, -Id'is^ a kind of
epic poem, in twelve books ; and the
Achilleis, an unfiniihed poem in two
books : all of which are {lill extant.
Statius was contemporary with Mar-
tial and Juvenal. Martial never men-
tions him, from what caufe is uncer-
tain. Juvenal fpeaks of the eagerncfs
with which the people auembled to
bear l^tatius recite his Thebaid ; but
adds, that notwithflanding this mark
of public jipprobation, he muft have
ftarved if he had not fold a new play,
■which he had written on the fubjedt of
Aga'vei to Paris, the favourite of Do-
mitian, 7, 82.
L. STATIUS Muvcus, a Roman,
who, after his praetorfliip, command-
ed an army in Afia, which, according
to the order of the fenate, ifcer the
death of Cat far, Cic. Ph'iL 1 [, 12. he
refigned to Caflkis, Veil, 2, 69. Be-
ing afterwards made commander of the
fleet by Caffius, he, on the fame day
<:n wlu'ch the battle of Philippi was
fought, defeated, m a nav
al battle,
"Domitius Calvinus, who was bringing
large reinforcements^to Antony and
Caefar, Apinan, B. C. 656. And if
Brutus had not been forced by his
foldiers to fight a fecoud time, after
the death of CafTiiis, he might have
conquered Antony and Caefar by fa-
mine, ih. 660. After the death of
Brutus, Statius Murcus, with all his
forces, joined Sext. Pompey, Veil. 2,
72. who having by this afiiftance obli-
ged Caefar and Antony to conclude a
peace with him on honourable terms,
mod ungratefully, upon a groundlefs
accufation, put Statius Murcui to
death, ih. 77. ; Appian. ih. 5, />. 712. ;
Dioy 48, :9. and by the lofs of this
brave man accelerated his own deilruc-
tion, ih.
Stator, -onV, a name given to Ju-
piter, bccaufe he flopped (Jljlehat) the
flight of the Romans in a ba'-tlc with
the oabines, Liv. i, 12. et 10, 36. ;
Flor. I, I, 13.
Statorius, fent as an ambafTador
to Syphax by the Scipios, Liv. 24,
48.^/30, 28.
Aruntius Stella, a poet of noble
birth and opulent fortune, celebrated
by his contemporaries Statius and Mar-
tial, (5". "y. ) None of his works re-
main.
STENTOR, -c/vV, one of the Gre-
cian chiefs in the war againft Troy,
the found of whofe voice was fo un-
commonly loud, that it was equal to
the joint found of fifty others, Homer.
II. 5, 784. Hence, Tu mifer exclaiuciSy
ut Stentora vincere pojps, Juvenal. 13,
112. SrcKTOREA voXi vcry loud,
Armb.
Stkphanio, a writer or ador of
pantomimes, [mimus)^ who lived to a
great age, Plin. 7, 41.
L. Stertimus, a proconful in
Spain, Liv. 5 i, 50. whence he brought
great fpoils to Rome, 33, 27.
St^rtinius, a Stoic philofopher,
Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 33, oL 296. Ep. 1,12,
20.
Sterope, -es, one of the Pleiades^
at whofe rifing the fea was fuppofed
to become tempctluous, Ovid. Trijl. i,
ic, 14.
Step.opes, -a, one of the Cyclops,
Virg. Aen. 8, 425.
Stesichorus, an illullrious lyric
poet, born at Himera, above 500 years
before Chrill, where there was a beau-
tiful flatue of him, Cic. Vcrr. 2, 35.
Stefichorus was highly efteemed by
the ancients, ^fuit totd Graecid fummo
propter ingenium honore el nomine), ib.
Quinftilian fays, that he excelled in
fupporting the dignity of his characters,
next to Homer, 10, i, 62. Henc«
Slefichorique
S T H [ 373 1
Stefichonqne graves camenae, Hor. Od. named from
4, 9, 8. He wrote an invedllve againfl
Helena, on which account her brothers
Cailor and Pollux arc faid to have de-
prived him of fight ; but Steiiciiorus
having atoned for his fault by writing
a recantation, (pal'modia), and a poein
in her praife, his fight was rcftored,
Hor. Epod. 17, 42. &c. et ih'i Scbol'iaJ}.
All hib works, which Suidaa fays were
comprehended in 16 books, are now
loft, except a few fragments.
Stkenelus, the fon of Perfeus
and Andromeda, kingofArgos, {G.
397), one of the Graecian chiefs in the
I'rojan w'ar, Virg. 2, 261.; Hor. Od.
I, 13-, 4. et 4, 9, 20.- — ^-Si HiiN^fiLii-
lus hoJliSf i. e. Euryfthcus, the ion of
Stheuelus, the enemy of Hercules,
Ovhi. Ep. 9, 25. (G. 398.) Proks
Sthlneleia CycnuSf Ovid. Met. 2,
367-
Sthenius, a native of Thermae in
Sicily, (Thetmitanus), grofdly injured
by V'enes, Cic. Verr. 2, 34, — 48. ct
5, 42.
Sthenoboea, the w^ife of Proetus,
kingofArgos, who fell in love with
Belieroplion, Jnv, 10, 137. ; Hur. Od.
3> 7- (<^-393'),
Stilbo, v. Stilpo, -onus, a philo-
fopher, born atMegara, naturally prone
to drunkennefs and iewdnefs, but he
overcame thefe propenfities by reafon,
Cic. Fat. 5. Jcad. 4. 24. the praecep-
tor of Zeno, the founder of the Stoics,
Laert. 2, 1 13, &c. Having efcaped
from the flames of his native city,
when taken by the enemy» he was al'k-
cd by Demetrius PoliorcGles, if he had
loft any thing : ** No, fays he, for I
carry all my effects with me," [Omnia
mea mecum porto ) , Senec. Ep. 9. ; Lacrt..
ib.
Stilico, v. StilIcho, -dnist the
general and father-in-law of the empe-
ror Hoaorius ; greatly celebrated by
Claudian : Vir^o Stiliconia, the
S U E
a portico at Athens,
{crox), where Zeno, their founder,
taught, (G. 291.) LiheUi Sioici, books
written by the Stoics, Hor. llpod. 8, 1 5.
Stolca dogmata, the maxims of the Sto-
ics, Juvenal. 13, 121. Sxoice,
adv. in the manner of the Stoics, Cic.
Pardigm. i, 1, Sec. Miiraen. 35.-—
StoicIda':, -arum, the fons of the
Stoics, i. c. the Stoics, (a kind of pa-
tronymic noun), Juvenal, 2, 65.
Sext. Stola, one of the judges iu
the caufe of Flaccus, Cic. Place. 2C.
Stolo, -onis, a , Roman firname,
Varr. R. R. lyZ.; Plln. 17, i, /?/ 27,
I ".
Strabo, -onisi a firname, original-
ly impofed on fome perfon from liis
having dillorted eyes, PUn. Ii. 37.
STRABO, an illuftrious Greek
geographer, born at Amafia in Pon-
tus, v/ho ilourKhed under Auguilus and
Tiberius. His excellent work on geo-
graphy, in 17 books, is (till extant.
Strato, -cnisy a native of Lampsfi-
cus, ihe fcholar of Theophr alius, Cic.
Acad, I, 9. who denied divine provi-
dence, Cic. Ih.^t 38. A^. D. I, 13.
Stratocles, -w, a Greek orator,
who is faid to have fabricated the fto-
ry of Themiftocles having poifoned
hlmfclf by drinking bull's blood, Cic.
Br. Ii.
Stratonici;, -esy the name of feve-
ral Afiatic queens.
Stratonicus, anative of Alaban-
da, famous for his witty anfvvers, Cic.
K. D. 3, 19. ; Athenae. 8, 8. ^f 2.
A rich Macedonian, to whom Piau-
tus is fuppofcd to allude, Rud. 4, 2,
27.
Stratorius, quaeflor or lieutenant
to Coruificins in Al'ilca, Cic. P'dm. 12,
daughter of Stilico, Claudis'ti de Nupt.
Hon. 177.
Stiphelus, one of the centaurs,
Ovid. Met. 12, ^5 9.
STOICI, a fed of philofophers, fo
'SuAD.A, the goddcfs of eloquence
and perfuafion, Lie. Brut. 15. called al-
fo Su^iDELii, Hor. Ep. I, 6, 38.
Suetonius Paulimuy governor of
Britain, who conqu^ired Boadiceii, Tac.
Ann. 14, 29, &c.
C. SUETONIUS Tranqiulltis, the
fon of Suetonius Lenis, an equcsy and
legionary tribune, Suet. 0th. lO. He
lived
SUF [ 3
lived in the time of Trajan and Adrian,
and was private fecretary to the latter.
He was very intimate with the young-
er PHny, Plin, Ep. i, 24. who procu-
red for him from Trajan the Jus tr'iiim
Uherorumy ib. 10, 95, & 96. Ph'ny, in
his letter to the emperor, calls Sueto-
nius a man of great probity and learn-
ing, as well as of noble birth, {probif-
Jimum, honejltjfimum^ erud'it'iffimum vin/m)^
ib. 95. The only works of Suetonius
now remaining are his hves of the
Twelve Caefars, and of a few gram-
marians and poets:
SuFFENus, a bad poet, but a great
admirer of his own works ; hence Ni-
mirwn idem omncs fall'iniur : neque ejl
quifquam, ^urm non in aliqiia re videre
Sujftiium Poffis. Suus cuique attrihuUis
eft error, Sed non 'videmus manticae quid
in tergo ej}, Catulh 2, 18.
Numerius Suffucius, a native of
Praenefte, who in confequence of a
dream is faid to have difcovered the
Series Praeneftinae, Cic. Div. 2, 41.
SULLA, feu Sylla, a fim^ime of
the gens Cornelia.
P. Cornelius Sulla, praefor a. u.
538, Liv. 25, 2. who lirll: celebrated
the Lndi jlppolUnaresy games \Vi ho-
nour of Apollo, i^. 12. He fcems to
have remained \\\ the city during the
time of his office, ib. 15, 19, 22.
L. Cornelius SULLA, of a patrici-
an ^^«j-, (gentis patricide i \. i, Cornchaejy
from a family aimoH: funk to obfcmicy,
(familid prope jam exiinctd), by the in-
activity of his ancertors, iallijlijug. 59.
there having bcren no one of ar»y reputa-
tion in it lince Cornelius Ruitlr.us, con-
lal in the war againfl Pyrrhus ; from
whom Sulla was fixth in deicent, Pa-
tera, 17. J Plutarch, in Syll. pr. (G.
234 f. 5.) Sulla was born to a very
Imail fortune, and fpent his youth in
profligate dilTipation. He had how-
ever Gainfully cultivated his mind by
Latin and Greek literature. His for-
tune was greatly increafed by a weal-
thy courtezan, called Nicopolis, v.'ho
left him her heir. Being made quaef-
tor, it fell to his lot to attend Marius,
the conful, to the war ac/ainil Jnour-
74 1 S U L
tha in Numidia, where, by his talents
and addrefs, he In a fhort time became
a great favourite with Marius and the
army, Salhiji. Jug. 96. Sulla (hared
with Marius the glory of finifhing
the war, by prevaih'ng on Bocchus''...^
to deliver up Jugurtha to him, ib. %
113. and that device he caufcd to be
engraved on a ring, which he after-
wards always ufed in fealing his letters.
This offended Marius; who however
judging Sulla to be too inconfiderable
a perfon to merit his envy, ftill con-
tinued to employ him as one of his
lieutenants in his fecond confulihip,
and in his third made him a military
tribune. Li thefe polls Sulla perform-
ed feveral fignal fervices, which fo
muchraifed the jealoufy of Marius, that
he no longer afforded Sulla opportu-
nities of difplaying his abilities. Up-
on this Sulla applied himfelf to Catu-
lu3, the colleague of Marius in the
confulihip, a man of great worth, but
deficient in vigour and adlivity ; who
therefore, in affairs of difficulty, em-
ployed Sulla, whofe power and re-
putation by this means greatly increa-
fed, which exafperated Marius ftill the
more againft him. Hence arofe that
enmity betwixt Marius and Sulla,
which afterwards produced fuch cala-
mities to the Hate, and at laft termi-
nated in the extin6lion of Roman h-
btrty.
Sulla, at the expiration of his prae-
torfhip, a. u. 660, was fcnt into Afia,
under pretence of reitoring Ariobar-
zanes, king of Cappadocia, to his
throne, but in reality to check the
growing power of Mithridates. During
Lio itay on the banks of the Euphrates,
Orobazus, a Parthian, came to him in
quahty of ambaffador from king Arsa-
ces, to form a friendfhip and alliance
with the Roman people, the firft ap-
plicaiion that had ever been made by
the Parthians on that fubjecl. One of
the ambailador's retinue, from obferving
the countenance of Sulla, is faid to
have foretold that he fhould become
the greateft of men, Plutarch.
After the retuni of Suiia from Afia,
the
S U L [3-
the Italic or Social war broke out in
Italy ; in which Sulla greatly dillin-
guifhed himfelf. He was made conful,
a. u. 665, in the fiftieth year of his
age, and the management of the war
againd Mithrid.ites decreed to him by
the fenate. But Marius envying him
tha command, by rac.ins of the tribune
P. -.ulpicius, got it transferred on him-
felf by an order of the people. Two
tribunes were difpatched to Nola, to
take the charge of Sulla's army, and
refign it to Marius. The folditrs, up-
on hearing what was intended, were
fo much exafperated, th^ft they ftoned
the tribunes to death ; to fuch a de-
gree had Sulla ingratiated himfelf with
his troops. Marius in revenge put the
friends of Sulla in the city to the
fword, and plundered their houfes. Up-
on this Sulla m.arched to Rome with
his army, and having vanquiihed all
oppofition, obliged Marius to fly from
the city. Sentence of death was paf-
fed on him, together with Sulpicius,
and fome others. Sulpicius being be-
trayed by a ilave, was executed. Sulla,
according to promile, granted to the
ilave his freedom for what he had done,
but immediately ordered him to be
thrown from the Tarpeian rock for
betraying his mailier. A price was fet
on the head of Marius, but lie made
his cfcape. V'uL Marius. Sulla, ha-
ving fettled matters in the city the bcfl
way he could, fct out againll Mithri-
dates, who had poffefTed himfelf of A-
fia Minor, and of great part of Mace-
donia and Greece. Sulla hrll laid fiege
to Athens, which was commanded by
Arillion, a native of the place, one of
the generals 6f Mithridates, who treat
ed the inhabitants with great cruelty.
The city was taken by aii'ault, and gi-
ven up to be plundered. 'Great num-
bers were flain. At lalt Sulla was pre-
vailed on to put a (lop to the maifa-
cre. On which making honourable
mention of the ancient Athenians, he
faidj " that he forgave the living for
the h ke of the dead.'' Some time af-
ter Sulla defeated the army of Mithri-
dates under Arehelaus ^nC\ Taxiles,
5 ] S U L
confiding of above 100,000 men, near
Cheronaca in Boeotia, with fuch llaaigh-
ter, that not above 10,000 are faid to
have efcaped. Not long after he de-
feated another army dill more nume-
rous, near Orchcmcnos. Sulla next
tranfported his forces into Alia, wliere
he permitted them to live on tlie inha-
bitants at free quarters, Plutarch, which
contributed greatly to flacken military
difclpilne, SalJuJl. Cat. 11. In the
mean time, being informed that the
party of his adverfaries had regained
the afcendency at Rome under Cinna,
and had flain a number of his friends,
( VuL Ma-uus), he concluded a peace
with Mithridates on honourable terms,
and returned to Italy, after an abfence
of three years, with an army of about
60,000 men, a. u. 670. The forces of
his opponents were far more numerous.
Paterculus, who highly extols the perfe-
verance of Sulla, in fird humbling the
public enemy before he turned his arms
again d his domedic foes, fays, " that
he had only 30,000 againd 200,000,'*
2, 24. But Sulla, with wonderful
conducl and good fortune, vanquiihed
them alk The affiltance of Pompey
contributed greatly to his fuccefs, ( VuL
PoMPEius), whence Pompey is call-
ed Sullajws dux^ Liucan. 7, 367. and
Sulla is called his mader. Id. i, 326.
or teacher, ib. 335,
Sulla, upon his fird arrival, behaved
with lenity and moderation ; but ha-
ving completely fubdued his enemies,
he gratified his revenge with imexam-
pled cruelty.
Sulla was the fird who publifhed a
lid [tabula] of peifons whom he doom-
ed to dedru6tion, confifcating their
effecls, and promifing a price for their
heads; which was called a Proscrip-
tion, and was afterwards imitated by
the fecond triumvirate, Antony, X>e-
pidus, ar.d Odaviu?; or Augudus, who
are hence called his fcholars : thus,
^uu caelum ttrr'is non m'lfceaty Cffr. In
tabulam Bullae Ji d'lcant dijcipuli ires, it
the three fcholars of Sulla Ihould fpeak
againd his profcription-table, Juvenal^
2, 25, <Sc 28. Hence Sulla is called
cruenfusf
S U L C 3'
erumttis^ bloody, Martial 1 1, 6, 9- trux,
Id. 0, 44, 10. and Noh'iihim fae'v'tjfmus,
TacrHilh 2, 38. {yv\, G. 240. ::L A.
198.) The various exsrr.pks of cruelty
which the inftruments ofliis vengeance
exercifed, are pathetically deicribed by
Lucan, 2, 139, — 222. He ordered
levcral thoufand Samnites and others
who had furrendered on a promife of
pardon, to be butchered in the Villa
PuU'ica, Livy, Ep'iU 88. and Fiorus, 3,
21. fay, 8000 ; Plutarch, 6cco ; Sene-
ca, 7000, de Clem. I, i ?. ; Val. Maxi-
mus fays, four legions, 9. 2, i. {Jlimi
jios Hefperiac, Lain jam foil jnwr.tus Con-
cidil, ct miferae macidavit ovUiii Romae^
Lucan. 2, 196.) Sulla had ailcmbled
the fenate in the temple of }3eilo;ia,
and was juil beginning to make a
fpeech, when the maffacre commen-
ced. The fenators were ftruck with
horror upon hearing the dying groans ,
of fo many wretched men. But Siilli,
with great indifference, bid them mind
their prefent bufmefs, and not concern
themfelves about: what was doin;; with-
out doora ; that the noifc which they
heard was occafioned by a few ofiend-
crs v/hom he had ordered to be punifii-
ed, Plutarch. {Hoc agamus, Pat res ('.cm-
fcr'ipti., fcdit'iofi paucul'i meojujfu occ'iduntur ^
Senec. de Clem, i, 12.) He then con-
tinued his difcourfe with the fame com-
pofure of countenance with which he
had begun it, UmL
After the death of young Marius,
Sulla affumed the name of Felix or
Faustus, i. e. fortunate or lucky.
Hence H'ljne., Salvs rerum, Felix his
Sulla vqcari— meruit ? Did Sulla by
th.d:' ">TaiTacres deferve to be called the
8aviour of the ilate, and Fortunate-?
Lucan, 2, 22 1. And when his wife
Me.cila brought fn-th twins, a boy
^nd gul, he called vl;e boy Faustus,
and the girl, Faust a. Sulla wrote
memoirs or commentaries concerning
his own life, which are often mention-
ed by Plutarch ; and called by Cicero,
Hijhriacjus, Div. i, 33.
Sulla caufcd himfelf to be made per-
petu;'! didVdtor ; and ena£ted a number
of laws concerning the regulation of
6 ] S IT L
the Hate, (Fid. J. 198.) After he
had ruled with abiolute authority for
near three years, hcy to the ailoniili-
ment of all, refigned his power, and re-
tiring to his villa near Curnae (in Cu-
manufN,) notwithlfanding his numerous
murders, lived unmoleited till his death,
which was occalioned by the morbus
p.'dicularis, a. u 675, in the 6ift year of
his age. His funeral was celebrated
with great magnificence, though Le-
pidus the conful and others wilhcd to
hinder it. His body was burnt in
the Campus Martius-, where a monu-
ment was erected to his memory. He
was'the firlt of the'^-^wx Cornelia whofe
o
body was burnt, Plin, 7, 54. vvhi^h was
done at his own defire, left his remains
fhould afterwards be dug up and dilfi-
pated, as he did thofe of Marius, Cic,
Leg. 2,22.; Val, Pvlax. 9,2, i.
Sulla fcems never to have thought
of entirely fubverting the conftitution
of his country, or of perpetuating his
power in his own family. His great
objecl leems to have been to revenge
himfelf on his enemies, and to cruHi
the popular party ; {Nee plus victoria
Sullae Praejlltiti invlfas penitus auam loU
lere partes i TiUcan. 2, 229. Non domina'
t'lonis causa Syllum arma funifjje^ argumen-
tum ejl diBatura depofita, Quinctii. 5,
10,72.) When he difmilfed his iic-
tors in the forum, and went home as a
private perfon, no one offered him the
leait infult, except one yoiuig man,
who followed him home, throwing out
again (I him all the way abufive lan-
guage ; in anfvver to which Sulla is re-
ported to have only faid, " This young
man will prevent any one hereafter
from fpontaneoully religning fo great
power,'' Appian. B. C. r, 415. which
was verified in Juhus Caefar, ii>. who
ufed to fay, *' That it difcovered great
ignorance in Sylia to lay dov^^n the dic-
tator Ihip ; (Syllam littcras nefciv'iJJ'e^ qui
d'lclaturam depofuifftt ) y Suet. Caef. 77.
Sylla brought from Athens the library
of Apellicon, in which were the works
of Ariflotle and Theophraftus, Strah.
1 3. /i. 609 ; Plutarch, in Sylla ; Laert,
in Theophrajio; Athzn, 3. p, 214 —
iSULLANi
S U L
SuLLANi milkesj the foldiers of Sulla,
Sallujl. Cat, \6. ^uUanuin ferrumy the
f word of Sulla, Lucan. i, 350. Sullanae
cadavera pacts, the carcafes of thofe
whom Sulla flew after his vidory, or
when he had obtained peace, Id. 2,
171. ^o Sudan a cadaver a, i. e. eorum
qui caefi funt a Suda, ib. 220. ji&aque
laur'iferae damnat Sidlana juventae, i. e.
Pompeius condemns the actions of his
triujnphant youth under Sulla, Id. 8,
25". Sudani manes f life, the manes of
Sulla appearing to rife from his tomb
in the middle of the Campus Martius,
uttered difmal preditllons, Id. i, 581.
Nos Sudanas in invidiam ra^^it, he ex-
pofes me to odium as a favourer of
the party of the nobility, like Sulla,
CiC. Rud. 3, 2. SuUano more exemploque
vincef, Pompey, if he conquer, will
imitate Sulla, Cic. y^tt. 10, 7. Hie dies
Sudanusy the day on which Sulla for-
ced Marius to leave the city, iL 8.
SuLLATURiT animus ejus, the mind of
Pompey defires to imitate Sulla, ib. 8. ;
^in8d. 8, 3, 32. et 8, 6, 32.
Faujlus Cornelius SULLA, the fon
of the diclator, who exhibited a fliew
of gladiators in honour of his father,
feveral years after his death, a. u. 692 ;
on whicb> occafion he gave a magnifi-
cent entertainment to the people, Cic.
Vatin. 13.; Plin. 19, 1. He fided with
Pompey in the civil war ; and after the
battle of Pharfalia joined Cato in A-
frica. After the battle of Thapfus
be was put to death, Liv. Epit. £ 14.
P. SULLA, a kinfman of L. Sul-
la, the didtator, chofen conful with P.
Autronius, but before he entered on
his office, was condemned for bribery,
Sadujl. Cat. 18. He was afterwards
accufcd of having been concerned in
the confpiracy of Catiline ; but being
defended by Horteniius and Cicero, he
was acquitted. He lided with Caeiar
in the civil war, and commanded his
right wing in the battle of Pharfalia,
Caef. B. C. 3, 89. After his return
to Rome, bting made city quaeilor, he
fuperintended the public fale of the
goods of thofe whofe effeds Caeiar
had confifcated j as he had ihivty-fix
[ 377 3
S U L
years before been employed as a clerk
(fcriba) i\\ felling the forfeited eftates
of thofe profcribed by Sulla, Cic. Off,
2, 8. Hence Cicero, in fpeaking con-
temptuoufly of his death, whether
caufed by robbers or by indigeftion,
fays, " That there was caufe to ap-
prehend left the public fales or audions
of Caefar fhould not go on fo briflcly»
after the lofs of fo notable an audion-
eer,"( wrifor, ne hajla Caefaris refrixerit,)
Cic. Fam. 9, 10. et 15, 17.
Serv. SULLA, the brother of Pub-
lius, a fenator, and an aflbciate in the
confpiracy of Catiline, Cic.Sud. 2,
C. SULPICIUS Gadusy a noble
Roman flcilled in Greek literature, and
eloquent, Cic. Off. i, 53. Brut. 20.
fond of ailiology, and an adept in it,
Cic. Off. I, 6. Sen. 16. made praetor,
3.581, Liv. Epit. II, 6c 15. After-
wards, when a military tribune in the
army of Paulus AemiHus, he foretold
an eclipfe of the moon, the night be-
fore the battle was fought in which
Perfeus king of Macedonia was de-
feated, Liv. 44, 37. ( Fid. G, 22.) He
was made conful with M. Claudius
Marcellus, a. 687, Liv. 45, 44.
P, SULPICIUS Rufus, tribune
a. 665, Cic. Har. Refp. 19. pofTeffed of
great powers as an orator, ih. He gain-
ed popularity by oppoling C. Julius
Caeiar, who defu-ed to be made conful
contray to the laws, ib. 20. et Brut. 63.
that is, before he had been praetor, Plu-
tarch in Sulla. His attempt to trans-
fer the command of the Mithridatic
war from Sulla, brought deftrudion
on himicii*, and finally on his country,
p^id. Sulla & Marius.
Serv. SuLPicius, conful, Liv. ^, 10.
one of the ambaiTadors lent to Athens
to examine the laws of that republic,
Liv. 3, 31. After his return he was
chofen one of the Dece?nvtri, ib. 33.
Serv. SULPICIUS Rufus, ^ F-
the fon of an eques, Cic. Mur. 7. call-
ed Lemonia, from the name of his tribe,
Cic. Phil 9, 7. remarkable for his
knowledge of the civil law, Cic. l\\ur. 7.
He was the competitor of Murena for
the confuliliip, and being difappointed,
3 B acculc'i
S U M
C 378 ]
T A C
^tciriifed him of bribery ; but without
fiiccefs, Ck. Mur.i, Flacr. 13. He was
afterwards conful with M. Marcellus,
a. u. 702, Cic. Farn, 8, 6. He was
appointed proconful of Achaia by Ju-
lius Caefar, iK 4, 3, & 4. whence he
wrote a beautiful confolatory letter to
Cicero upon the death of his daughter
Tullia, ih. 5. He in the fame year,
•a. 708, fent Cicero an account of the
jimrder of his colleag-ue in the confu-
late, M. Marcellus, 'ih. 12. Sulpicius
being fent on an embaffy to Antony,
-then befieging Mutina, died on the
way, Ctc. Phil. 9, i. A llatue
•was erevSted to him in the Rojfra, and
other honovirs decreed by the fenate to
his memory ; according to the opinion
of Cicero, lb. 7.
Sum MAN us, a deity, whofe imao-e
was placed on \\nt faji'igium of the tem-
ple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Cic. Div. \ ,
10. Ovid profell'es himfelf ignorant
w^hat this deity is, FajL 6, 731. Pliny
fays that nocturnal lightnings were
attributed to him, 2, 52. So Sanrl.
Aiigiijlin. 4) 23.
SuKA, the name of a freed m.an, Cic.
Fam.^^ IC. <|[7.. A lirname given to
Lentulus, one of the chief accomplices
in Catiline's confpiracy ; becaufe when
quaeftor under Sulla, having fquander-
ed a large fum of the public money,
and being required by Sulla to give an
account of it, Lentulus with great in-
difference told him, '* That he had no
account to give ; but that he prefent-
cd to him the calf of his leg/' (fura)i
as boys uftd to do when they milled
their llroke in" playing at tennis, Plu-
tarch in Cic.f\S6g,
SuREN^A, a general of the Partliians,
Tdc. Ann. 6, 42.
SVLLA ei SVLLANUS. VliL Suf.LA.
SvLLus, a P)'thagoi-ean, C'lc. N. D.
I, 34. — <f[ 2. A general of the Cre-
tans, Liv. 42, 51.
kSYLVAXU-.. FiiL SiT.VAWU'-.
Rhea SvLVTA, a name of Ilia, the
mother of Komulus, Liv. i, 3. [G.
192.)
Sylvivs, a fon of Afcanuis, the fe-
cond king of Alba, Liv. 1, 3.
Faft. 6, 769. ; Propert. 5, i r, ^9. king
of Numidia, firft the ally of the Romans,
Ltv. 24, 28. 27, 4. 28, 17, & 18. but
having married Sophonifba, the daugh-
ter of Afdrubal, he renounced the
friendfliip of the Romans, and joined
the Carthaginians, Liv, 29, 23. Be-
ing vanqu idled by Scipio and Mafinif-
fa, he was taken prifonei^, Liv. 30, 5,
& 1 I. and carried to Italy by Laelius,
0). 17. where he died at Tibur, iL 4^.
SYRUS, the name of a flave in Te-
rence. So Cic. An. 12, 22. A number
of Haves were brought to Rome from
Syria ;
2, (J^,
whence Syri venalf.s, Cic. Or
svriiAx
, -aciSy
■d
■ iiClSi
Cvld.
Tacfarinas, atisy a
who had ferved in the army of the Ro-
mans, and afterwards carried on war
again il them with great auimofity,
Tacit, Ann, 2, 52. At laft being de-
feated by Dolobella, he ruflied on the
weapons of his enemies, and was flain,
ib. 4, 23.
L. Cornelius TACiTUS, a celebra-
ted Roman hiiliorian ; born towards the
latter end of the reign of Claudius, or
in the beginning of the reign of Nero ;
not of the Patrician gens Cornelia^ but
of one lefs illullrious. Ta^tus owed
his firll; preferment to Vefpafian ; his
digm'ty was encreafed by Titus, and
farther promoted by Domitian, Tac.
Hi/}, 1, I. Under Nerva, he was raifed
to the confulfhip, PUn. 2, i. and is
thought to have been the firft of his
family who enjoyed that honour. Ta-
citus lived in the moit intimate friend-
fliip with the younger Pliny. PUn, Ep,
1,6, & 2c; 4, 13, & 15: 6, 9, 16, & 2C:
7, 20, & 33 : 8, 7 : 9, 10, 14, & 25.
He married the daughter of Agrlcola,
the conqueror of Britain ; whofe life he
has written, Tac. Agr, 9. Tacitus em-
ployed the time of his manhood in the
bulinefs of the Forum, and in difcharg-
ing the duties of the different oflices
which he enjoyed. It was in the lat-
ter part of life that he applied himfelf
to the compofition of hillcry, in the
time of Trajan, when, as he expreffes
it, ont might think what he pleafed,
and.
TAG [ 379 1
and Gxprefs what he thought, (rara quinius
iemponim fdicitaie^ ithi fcnhre quae velis,
ef quae fcntias dicere licet.) Hi(l. i, i. Of
his hiftory, which was pubh'flied firlt,
only the firft four books remain, and
part of the fifth : of the annals, part
of the fifth book, containing three
years of Tiberius ; the feventh, eighth,
ninth, and tenth books, together with
the beginning of the eleventh, contain-
ing the whole four years of Caligula,
and the fix firfl: of Claudius, have pe-
rifhed ; alfo a part of the fixteenth
book, containing the two lafl years of
Nero. The time of the death of Ta-
citus, as well as of his birth, is uncer-
tain. The emperor Tacitus ordered
the works i)f this hiilorian, whom he
claimed as his progenitor, to be placed
in all the public libraries, and ten co-
pies of them to be tranfcribed every
year, Voplfc. hi vit. Tac,
P. I'adiu?, a trader at Athens,
Cic. Verr. i, 39. afterwards one of
Verres's lieutenants in Sicily, ih. 5, 25.
.^. T.^Dius, a relation of Verres, and
a witnefs againft him, Ck. Verr, 1, 49.
Tagcs, -/V, a young man who is
faid to have fprung from a field near
Tarquinn while it was plougln'ng, and
to have firll inltruftcd the Tufcans in
the arc of augury, Cic. Div. 2, 23. ;
Ovid, Met. 15,558.
Tagus, a Rutulian flain by Nifus,
Firg, Aen. 9, 418.
Talassio. Vid, Thalassio.
Talaus, the father of EriphTle ;
whence Amphiaraus, her hufband, is
called Talai generi Ovid, in Ibin, 356.
Talxa, a name, probably fiftitious,
of one of the judges in the trial of
Clodius for having violated the rites of
the Bona Dea, Cic. Alt. i, 6.
Talna, v. Thalna^ a philologilt, who
an<;ed Cornificia, the daughter of Q^
Cornificius, in marriage, but was re-
jected by her female relations on ac-
count of the fmallnefs of his fortune,
Cic. Att. 13, 29.
Talno!
Rutulian flain
by Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 12, 513.
Tanai?^, ace. -;w, another Rutulian
ilain by Aeneas, ih.
TANaQIUL, -r//^, the wife of Tar-
TAN
ifcus, flvilled \w auguiy ;
who determined lier hufband to re-
move from Tarquinii to Rome, Liv, i>
34.6"//. 13, 818. (G. 199.) — Tariaqn'd
tua, your wife, Juvenal. 6, 566. ; Ju-
fon. EpiJ}. 2^, %\.
Tantalus, the fon of Jupiter
and king of Phrygfa, the father of Pe-
lops ; faid to have been the only pcrfon
admitted to the tables of the gods, 0-vid.
Met. 6, 172. ; hence called Peloplf gem-
tnry Convlva deorumy Horat. Od. I,
28, 7. Having abufed this honour by
divulging the fecrets of the gods,
(whence he is called infidusy Hor.
Epod. 18, \7^. fallaxy Stat. Theb. i,
247. prcditory Ovid. Am. 3, 12, 30.
vulgatory ib. 3, 7, 51. and garrulus,
Ovid. Art. A. 2, 606. Add. Met. 6,
213.) he was puniflied in the infernal
regions with perpetual thirfl, which he
could not quench, though he flood up
to the chin in water, Cic. Tufc. i, 5,
the flream always flying from his lips
when he tried to catch it, Hor. Sat.
1, I, 68. He was alfo tortured with
conftant hunger, though the moll de-
licious fruits were hanging on a tree
within his reach ; but when he at-
tempted to feize them, a blafl of wind
drove them from him, Ovid. Met. 4,
45^' ^aerit aquas in aquisy et poma
fugacia capiat Tantalus y Id. Amor. 2,
2, 43. But this puiiiihment is com-
monly afcribed to a different caufe.
Tantalus having invited the gods to an
entertainment, in order to try their di-
vinity, killed his fon Pelops, and caufed
him to be drefled and fet before them.
They all abllained from the horrid
food, except Ceres, who ate one of his
fhoulders. Jupiter rellored the boy to
life, and Ceres gave him an ivoiy
fhouider in place of that which fhe had
eaten, Serv. in Virg. G. 3, 7. ; Ovid.
Met. 6, 410*.
Tanusius
* T/vntalides, -ae^ Pelnps, the fon of
Tantalus, (Wid. Ep. 17,54. TantaliJes ebur*
fnii, i. e. Pelops having an ivory fhouldtr,
OviJ, Triji. 2, 385. Fratres Tantalidae, Aga-
memnon and Menelaus, the grandfons of
Tantalus, IJ. Fajh 2, 627, Tantalides omnes
ipfufuqai regcbat Jc/jitUw, i. e. Agamemnon,
TAN t J?
Tanusius Geminus, a Roman hifto
rian, Suet. Caef. 9. Seneca mentions
his annals, Ep, 93.
Tar AS -antls, the fon of Neptune ;
the founder of Tarentum, Paufan. 10,
IC.(G. 166.)
Tarcho, -o«/V, v. 'Oniis, a Tufcan
chief, Virg. Aen. 8, 603. the ally of
^eneas, tb. 11, 727, &c.
Tarcondimotl's, a petty prince of
Cihcia, whom Cicero, found faithful to
the Romans, Ck. Fam. 15, i.
Sp. Melius TARPA, one of the five
judges appointed by Auguftus to de-
termine the merit of poetical compofi-
tions, Hor. Sat. i, 10, 38. ; ^'irL P.
387. et ill Scholiafl.
TARPEIA,''(3 fyU.) the daughter
of Sp. Tarpeius who is faid to have
betrayed the Capitol, which her father
commanded, to the Sabines in the time
of Romulus, JL'tv. I, II. From her
the Capitoline hill was fuppofcd to have
been called Mons Tarpeius y Varr. I . L.
4, 7. and a fteep rock on the fide of it,
from whicii criminals ufed tobe thrown,
Rupes Tarpela-i ib. et Lucan. i, 196.
TARQUiNIUS, the name of the
fifth and of the feventh king of Rome,
( Tarqvimi reges^'wg, Aen. 6, 8 1 7.) de-
rived from Tarquinii^ alown of Tufcany,
■whence the liril Tarquin removed to
Romt, ( Fid. G. 199, 207.) The name
of Tarquin became fo odious on account
of the tyranny of the lall king, Oind.
Fojl. 2, 687, — 853. that L. Tarquinius
Collatlnus, one of the two firft confuls,
gnd all of that family, ( Tarquiniagens))
^vcre baniflied, Ziv. 2, 2.
Ovid. JSp. o, 45. So Met. 12, 626, Refphe
Tantaliaer ; eadcm Dea vtla ienehut, regard
Agamcmno . i. e. remember whut happcntd
to him, for i ilendtng Diana : fhe cletain.-d
hi^ fhipsat Aulis, Oi/iV /"(z/;, 5, 307. (0,406)
Non egc Tertal'de 7najor-, than A^amen;no!),
Id. Am- 2, S, 13. Tantulides tufts, may you
be cu-t in pieces, and ferved up, as Pelops
va?s Oi>id. in Jiin, 436. ^fanioiidss rtdux,
i, e. M iielaus, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16,26.
Tani ALis. -iJis^ tlic oaugh'Cr of Tantalus,
i. e. Niobe, Ovid. Met. 6, 2 jr. T'ar.taiides
ptatres, matrons defcended from Tancalu^-,
O'vrd. Et> 3» ^* -^^^ ''g'i Tuntalidae Tantalis
uxor I'ro, I (Hermione) defcendcd from Tan-
falus, fliajl be the wife of (Orcftes) a dc
(pendajit of Tantalus, iii. i2,z.
o 3 T A U
jL. Tarquinius, a witnefs who gave
information concerning the confpira-
cy of Catiline ; and accufed Craffus,
Sallujl, Cat. 48. Some read here Tar-
quitius ; becaufe the name of Tarqui-
nius was prohibited after the cxpuliioa
of the kings.
L. Tarqjjitius, of patrician extrac-
tion, mailer of horfe, Li'v. 3, 27.
Tarquitius, one who wrote con-
cerning the Tofcan art of augury,
Plin. in Catol. Aiictor. 1. 2. fuppofed by
fome to be the fame with the perfou
mentioned by Cicero, Alt. 6, 8.
Tarquitus, a Rutulian, the fon of
Faunus and Dryope, (lain by Aeneas,
Virg. Aen. 10, 551, &:c.
//. Tarutius Firmanw, an inti-
mate acquaintance of Cicero's, ikilled
in divination, particularly in the Chal-
dean calculations, ( Chaldaicis rationilus,)
Cic. Div. 2, 47.
Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines,
who made war on the Romans, for ha-
ving carried off" the Sabine women
from the Circenfian games, Liv. i, 9,
& II.; Virg. Aen. 8, 635, &c. The
hoflile armies of both nations being
prevented from engaging by the inter-
pofition of the women, a peace was
concluded, and Tatius afTociated with
Romulus in the regal power, [regnum
Lonfociant, they agree to reign jointly),
Liv. ',13. Some years after, Tatiu3
was fiain in an infurreclion at Lavini-
um, ib. 14, From him one of the firlt
three tribes and of the three centuries of
Eqiiiies were called Tatienses, ib. i,
13, & 36. 10, 6, (G. 194.)
Jubellius TAUREA, an illuflrious
warrior of Capua, who joined in the
revolt from the Romans to Annibal,
Liv. 23, 8, & 46. While he ferved in
the Roman army, he v/as efteemed the
braved horfeman in it, except Claudius
Afellus, with whom he afterwards en-
gaged in fingle combat, but by a ftra-
tagem deferted the field, ib. 47. Af-
ter Capua was taken by the Romans
he ftabbed himfelf, Liv. 26, 15.
1'auriscus, a player, who, asTheo-
phraftus fays, ufcd to call an aclor
backward or foohili, {^a,vcrjus, fc. a ra-
tions
T A U r 38
i'ione et con/illo), \vho, while reciting,
iifed to have his eyes fixed on feme-
thing, Cic. Or. 3, 59.
Taukus, a young Cretan nobleman,
with whom Pafiphae, the queen of Mi-
nos, had an intrigue, which is fuppo-
fed to have given rife to the (lory of
her falling In love with a bull, (iauruSi
G- 374;)
• Slaliliiis Tavrvs. ^-^/V/. St ATI LI us.
TAycETE, -esf ont oi the Pit i a des,
Virg. G. 4, 232.
Taxiles, -isf a general of Mithrl-
dates, Plutarch, in Sylla.
Tecmessa, the mlftrefs of Ajax,
Hor. Ods 2,4, 6. the daughter of Teu-
thras, a prince of Phrygia, whom A-
jax flew, and became enamoured of his
captive daughter, D'lSlys Crstenjis. She
is reprefented as fad or melancholy, 0-
i)id. Art. Am. 3, 5 I 7, & 523.
TeLaMON, v. -0, -dnis^ the fon
of Aeacus, and father of Ajax, ( G.
385, & 450.), who is hence called Te-
lamone creatus, Ovid. Met. 12, 624.
ThlAmoni Ades, -aCi lb. 13, 231.
TtLAMONIUS, ib. 194, 266, 321, &C.
Telchius, one of the charioteers
of Caftor and Pollux, Plin. 6, 5.
Teleboas, -ae., a centaur, flala by
Neilor, Ovid. Met. 12, 441.
Tele^onus, the fon of UlyiTcs
and Circe, who, through millaks, flew
his father, Ovid. Fq/I. 1, i, i86. He
founded the city Tufculum, which,
from Its lofty iituatlon, and from hlin,
is called Telegoni juga parricldaty Hor.
Od. 3, 29, 8. (G. 186, & 458.)
TELEMaCHUS, the ion of U-
lyiTes and Penelope, (proles pntietit is U-
lyjfeiy Hor. Ep. 1,7, 40. PcndopenSy
Catull. 59, 229.; G.457.)
Telemus, the fon or Eurymus,
(£ury?mdes)y flcilled In augury, who
foretold to Polyphemus what he was to
fuffer from Ulylfes, Ovid. Met. 13, 77c.
Telephus, the fon of Hercules
and Auge, king of Myfia, who oppo»
fmg the paffage of the Greeks through
his country, v/as wouncled by Achilks.
But a peace being made, Achilles af-
terwards cured him, by fcraping fome
rud from his fpear on the wound, or
\iy means cf an herb; called from that
f 1 T E R
circumflance Telephion, (G. 447.). In
return for this Telephus granted the
Greeks a paffage through his country,
and pointed out their way, Cic. Place,
29.
Pontius Tele SINUS, a general of
the Samnites in the Marian party, who
led his army to the Colline gate of
Rome, where he maintained a long and
doubtful combat with Sulla. At lafl
he was defeated and (lain. Moil of
his followers were cut to piece?. This
vlilory decided the fate of the war.
Sulla therefore ever after celebrated
the annlverfary of It with games In the
Circus, Pat ere. 2, 27.
TELLUS, -uris., the goddefs of the
earth, Cic. N. D. 3» 20. and wife of
Coelus or Heaven, Apollodor. I. Ad
Te/luris, (c. aedem, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, i,
4. — often put for the earth, Serv. ad
Firg. A en. I, 175.
T E L X 1 o p E , V. Thelxitipe, on e of the
firfl: four Mufes, different from the
nine, Cic» TV. Z). 3, 21.
Tenes, 'is, the founder of Tene-
dos, and worfhipped by the Inhabitants
as a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 15. Ferr, I,
19.
(7. Te REN TILL A Arjdy 3 trlbunc, a.
u. 292, who propofed a law, called af-
ter his own name Lex TEREKTiLLAf
" That five men fhould be created for
drawing up regulations to limit the
confular autliorliy,'* [legihus de imperio
conjulari fcribendis)y EIv. 3, 9. which
the Patricians oppofed with the utmofl
violence, ih. 1 1, &c.
TERENTIUS, the name of a Ro-
man gens, conlifting of various branches
ov famdiae.
l\ TERENTIUS Afer, a celebra-
ted conn'c poet, who, when a boy, was
brought to Rome from Africa as a
ilave, whence he was called Afer, the
African. He got the name of P. Te-
rentlus, from his mafter P. Teren-
Tius Lucanusy who, op account of
the excellent genius of Terence, can-
fed him to be educated with great care,
and then manumitted him. Terence
lived In great intimacy with Scipio A-
f^icanui and Ladius, who were thought
tQ
T E R [ 382 ]
to have afTifted him in writing his plays, 695,
Cic.Jtt.'], 3.; ^in5ltl. 10, 1, 99.;
Suet, in 'Vila Terenf. Nor dicl Terence
himfelf deny the fa6l, Tcr. ^del. prol.
I J. Hence Cicero makes Laelius fay,
'TerenUano njerbo (fc. obfequium) luhen-
ter ut'imur, Amic. 24. For Cicero
thought that the word ohftquium was
firft ufed by Terence, ^inci'il. 8, 3,
,35. — — TERENTiANUSj^^/^r, Quinftil.
IT, I, 3. ue, Simo, in the Adelphi,
mild and gentle, [len'is et clemens), Cic.
Coel. 16. SoTerentianus Phorm'io,
as defcribed by Terence, Cic. Caecin.
10. ; ^I'lnclil. 6, 3, 56. Terentianus
Timoroumenos, id eft, ipfe fe piinicnSi the
felf-tormentor of Terence, Cic. Tufc.
3, 27. Add. Hor'at. Sat. i, 2, 20.
TEPvENTIA, the wife qf Cicero,
to whom the letters of the 14th book
of his familiar epiftles are dire6led.
During the banifhment of her hufband,
fhe bore the injuries of Clodius with
great fortitude, Cic. Favi. 14, 2. Dotn.
23. Sext. 24. and offered her eftatcs to
fale to fupply the neceflities of her fa-
mily, ib. But Cicero, after living with
htr for more than thirty years, difplea-
fed with her temper and condudi, di-
vorced her. [T'^'id. Cicero, p. 118.).
Terentia is faid to have lived to the
age of 103 years, Plin. "j, /^S. ; Veil.
Max.S, 13, 6.*
Terentia, vel Teren'illay the wife of
Maecenas, beloved by Auguftus, JDio,
54, 1 9. ; Suei. Jug. 66, & 69.
ikf.TERCNTius Farro. Fid.VARRO.
P. Tekentius Bi/po, a Roman e-
ques, Cic. Jit. 4, 7. & 11, 40.
T E S
with whom Atticus confulted a-
bout annulling the law concerning Ci-
cero's banidiment, by getting the fenate
to decree that it was a privilegium, and
therefore of no force by the law of the
15. He was
ar.
twelve tables, Cic. Att.
^ Terentius Culeo., a tribune, a.
* According to St Jcrom, ihe took for her
fecond hufl>and Salluft the hiftorian, Cicero's
enemy, and Mefbala for her third, Hiercn.
Optra, tow. 4. fijr. 1. p. T90. Die CafiTius
mentions ber bein^^ married to Vibius Rufus,
who was coni'ul under Tibcriis?, and valued
hinnfelf on the pofTcflion of two things, Ci-
cero's wife, and Caefar's thair in which he
was killed. D/o, 57, 15.. />. 612. (<?<7/5C5- tV/-
yrvcj^^ fella curulis aurata, Dio, 54, 6. ftdes
auredy Suet. Caef. 76. in whicii, by a decree
of the fcna.te, Caelar fat in the fcnate-houfe,
and on the tribunal in the forum, ib. ; Cic.
Phil. 2,34. Ii'i-^>. 1,5^.; P/i/;. II, 37-; Val.
M.K. I, 6, 13:} •
alfo one of the Ponflfices, Cic. H
Refp. 7.
^ Terentius CuUeoy a fcnator, a
captive with the Carthaginians, who
being liberated by Scipio Africaniis,
Lro. 30, 43. followed his chariot in the
triumphal procellion with a cap on his
head, as if he had been freed from fla-
very, ib. 45.
Tereus, (2 fyll.), -eiy w -eos ', ace.
-ea'y \oc.-eu\ abl. -eo^ a king of Thrace,
{Fid. G. 418.). Tereides, -at,
tlie fon of Tereus, i.e. Itys, Ovid, in
Ibin^ 436.
Terminus, the god who prefided
over the -boundaries of fields, Liv. i,
IC. et 5, 54.; Ovid.F.-Jl. 2, 50, 5c 641.
TerminALIa, -i«;w, zt -oruniy the
fcafts in honour of the god Terminus,
a day dedicated to that purpofe, Cic.
Ph'd. 12, 10. Att. 6, I.; Hor. Epod. 2,
59. ; Farr. L. L. 5, 3.
M. Terpolius, a tribune, Cic. Corn.,
2.
TEiiPsiCHORE, 'CSj one of the nine
Mufcs, Juv. 7, 35- ^
i'err.a, the goddefs of the earth,
the fame with Tellus, Cic.N.D. 3, 20.
Liu. 6'^. Leg. 2, 18. Varro makes her
the fame with Ceres, R. i?. 3, i, 5.
Add. Serv. in Firg. G. I, 168. f/ 4,
64, &c. Herthumy v. Aerthuniy id ejl,
Terram matrem, colunt, Tac. G. 40.
Tektia, the daughter of L. Aemi-
lius Paulus, Cic. Din), i , 46. called alfo
Aemilia, ib. 2, 40. ^ 2. The fifter
of Brutus, Suet. Caef. 30.; Cic. ad Brut.
Germ. 5, 6. and wife of Caflius ; called
alfo Tertulla, a diminutive for Ter-
tia, Cic. Att. lAri 20, & 23. et 15, 11.
Fid. JuxiA, which was her proper
name.
Testa, a name given to the lawyer
Trebatius, Cic.Fam.'j, 22.
Testius PcnariuSf an orator, who
ufed to writhe his chin [mentum intorque-
re) while pleading, Cic, Or. Zy 66.
1'ethvs,
T E T [ 383 ] T H A
Tethys, -yoSi V. -j'/V, the chief of Cyprus, where he built a city of the
the fea-goddefTes, the filler and wife of fume name with his native city In the
^ ^ ' " - ~~. ~ 'Hand Salamis, [G. 451.). Dido, in
Virgil, fays, that Teucer, when ex-
pelled from his native country, came
to Sidon, and hints that he was in-
d':;bted to her father Belus, who had
conquered Cyprus, for his fcttlement
in tliat ifland, l^irg. Jen. 1,619. There
were fcveral ancient tragedies on the
ftory of Teucer : thus, Teucer Pacuvii,
Cic. Or. I, 58. from which the follow-
ing faying of Teucer is quoted, Patriu
ejiy uhkimqite ejl bene. Wherever I am
Oczawu^i Jpellodor. 1,1.; Virg. Georg
1, 31. ; Ovid. Met. 2, 509. et 9, 498.—
put for the fea, IVlartiaL SpecL 3, 6.
Acqmra Tethyos, Lucan. 3, 233.' Re-
ctproca TetJjysy tlie eb])ing and flowing
fea, Sil. 3, 60. Vagay Lucan. 6, 62.
Teuca, f. Teutana, a queen of the
Illyrians, who ordered P. Junius and
Titus Coruncanius, the Roman ambaf-
fadors, to be (lain, PUn. 34, 6. ; Flor.
2, 5*. ; lAv. Ep'it, 20.
TEUCE R, V. Teucriis, -rr'h a Cretan,
who landed with a colony on the coail happy, there is my country, Cic. Tu/c.
of Phrygia, near theRhoetean promon- 5, 37. — Teucrion, -;', n. an herb, tlie
tory, and ruled over tliat country be- medicinal qualities of which are faid to
fore Troy exifted, Firg. Jetu 3, ic8. have been difcovered by Teucer, Plin,
He is faid to have introduced from 25, 5.
Crete th6 worfhip of Cybele, which T\:.vtur.\9,, -antis, v. TeuihranteSf -ae,
the Romans, many ages after, brouglit a king oi Myfia ; vi-hence the country
from Phrygia to Rome, iL 111. A- of Myfia is called Tsuthrania, P/in.
5, 30 f. 33. where the river CaTcus ri-
les, hence called Teuthranteus Cal-
cus, Ovid. Met. 2, 243. Stephanas
and Euilathius make Teuthras the foa
of Pandfon king of Athens, and father
of Thefpius ; whence the fifty daugh-
ters of Thefpius are called Teuthrantia
turha^ Ovid. Ep, 9, 51. but others de-
rive that epithet from a town of Atti-
pollodorus makes Teucer the fon of the
river Scamander and the nymph Idaea,
and confequently a native of that place,
3, 1 1, I. From Teucer the inhabitants
of the country were called TtucKi, ih.
which name was afterwards applied to
the Trojans, Virg.Acr.. 2, 252, & 571,
&c. hide recur dat'i Teiicros a f anguine
Teucri Ducere principium^ Ovid. Met.
13,705. Hence alfo Tlucjria, Troy, ca, (G. 403.)
ih. 2, 26. Teucri campi, the Trojan
plains. Si at. A chill. I, 86. Teucri a ni,
Trojan anceftors, Ovid. Fajl. 4, 4c.
Teucras carinas mergere. Id. Met. 14,
72. Teucris, -tdisy a daughter of
Teucer. Capti-vas Teucridas inter, a-
mong the captive Trojan women, Ovid.
Sabin. 1,81. Teucris illd'knlum fane ne-
gothim, that Trojan woman is truly a
ilow thing, i.e. a flow payer, hieaning
Antony his colleague, as it is luppolcd,
who was flow in paying his debts,
(But the reafon of the name is uncer-
tain); Cic. Ait. 1,12.
TEUCER, the fon of Telamon and
TEUTATi:^, -ae, a deity of the Gauls,
to whom human victims were facriticed,
Lucan. I, 445.
Thais, -a/w, a famous Athenian
courtezan, often celebrated by Menan-
der ; whence Ihe is called Menandrea
Thais, Propert. 2, 6,3. Thais pretio-
fa Mcnandri, coilly, becaufe ilie exact-
ed a great fum of money from thofe
whom ihe allowed to vifit her. Id. 4,
5, 43. She became the miilrefs of
Ptolemy, one of tlie generals of Alex-
ander, and afterwards king of Egypt,
whom flie attended in the expedition
to Afia. At an entertainment which
Plefi5ne ; who, upon his return from Alexander gave his oiHcers at Perfepo-
the Trojan war, not being permitted lis, before he fet out againll Darius,
by his father to land in Salamis, be- Thais, who was prefent, and had drunk
caufe he had not brought his brother plentifully, as well as the reft of the
Ajax with him, or for fome other company, propofcd to the king to
caufe, failed whh his companions to burn the royal pulaee at Perfepolis, in
revenge
T H A
revenge for Xerxes burning the
Athens. The propofal was approved
of, and inftantly executed, Plutarch, in
j^lexandrOi p. 687.; Curt, 5, 7, 3.;
Dlodor. I7» 72.
Thalassio, -y. Talalssio, -o«:j, -ius,
*oel -us, the god of marrlag-e among the
Romans, the fame with Hymen or //y-
menaeus among the Greeks, M.irtial. [,
36, 6. et 12, 42.; Catutl. 6o, 13+.
This word ufed frequently to be uled
in nuptial fongs, the reafon of which
we learn from Livy, i, 9.
THaLES, -et'is, et Thalc'Sy -is, ace.
►fw, a native of Miletus, one of the
feven wife men of Greece, the father
of ancient philofophy, (
& ;88.)
TtiALESTRis, =1;. Th.vlestria., a qaecH
of the Amazons, who, ftruck with the
fame of Alexander, came to vifit him
with 300 female attendants. Curt. 6,
5, 25, &c. Jiidin calls her alfo Mini-
thoea or Minithya, 2, 4. et 12, 3.
Thalia, one of the Mufes, Hor. Od.
3, 6, 25.
Thali\Rchus, a ficlltious name, de-
noting the mailer of a fcaft, Hor. Od.
TnAMyRxs, -as, vel -/j-, -/j, a tamoiis
Thracian poet, (Geticus vates, Stat.
Theb. 4, 182.), and inufician, who ha-
-Aung ventured to cbailcnje the Miifcs
to a contefl of ficill, and being van-
quilhed, was by them deprived of his
fight and of his power of mafic, il;. ;
Prop. 2, 18, 19. ; Ovid. Jrt. 3, 399.
in ib'ni. 274. near Dorion, a town of
Theflaly, Homer. II. 2, 595.; Lucan. 6,
352. But Statins places Dorion in
Mefll-nia, TheL 4, 182. ^ 2. A
Cihcian augur, who introduced the
knowledge and art of divination (fr'ien-
riam artemqne harujyicum iniu/it) into
Cyprus, Tac. Hijl. 2, 3.
Thaumas, -antisj the fon of Pontns
and Terra, and the father of Iris, y/-
pollodor. I, 2, 6. whence Iris is called
T H A u M AN r 1 AS , - adh_
Thaumas, Vlrg. Aen. 9, 5.
tias Irisy Ovid. Met. 4, 479. orTk.-.u-
MantiSj -uitSf y. -idos ; thus, Advocct^
an pehigo foil tarn ThaumantiJa pafc't^ i.e.
Ills, or the rainbow, that xii-A to be
t 384 ] THE
city fed or to draw water from the fea, Stat.
Achill. I, 222. (as the ancients fuppo-
fed, G.d^.^. Thaumantidos ed'Ua pera-
gercy to perform the orders of Iris, 0-
ind. Met. II, 647. — alfo Virgo ThaU'
mantca, ib. 14, 845.
. The A NO, -us, a Trojan woman, the
mother of Mimas, Firg. Aen. 10, 704.
TiiEP.E, -esy the wife of Alexander
tyrant of Pherae, who, difgufted at his
cruelty, and lamenting the death of
Pelopldas, whofc virtues (he admired,
by the afTiilance of her three brothers,
put the tyrant to death, Plutarch, in
Pelopida; Cic. Inv. 2, 49. Conon gives
a more probable reafon for this aftion,
that Thebe had difcovered that Alex-
ander had determined to difpatch her
and her brothers, Conon. Narr. 50.
C 2. A nymph, faid to have had
five daughters by the river Asopus, 0-
vid. Jm9r. 3, 6, 33. called Martian i. e.
warhke ; or, as fome think, becaufe
i\\z had a daughter called Evadne by
Mars, whom Ovid calls the daughter
of Asopus, [Asdpisy -id:s)i ib. 41.
T H E L A i R A , ( al. Helair 1 , v. Hilai-
ra')y the daughter of Leucippus, and
filter of Phoebe, Prop, i, 2, 16.
Thclis, ace. Thdimt v. -in, the fame
with Thetis, Farr. R. R 3, 9, 19.
Themis, -7^, v. -vlisy ace. -//«, v. -iny
voc. -i, the daughter of Coelus and
Terra, Apollodor. I, 1,2. a prophetic
goddefs, (fatidica)y Ovid. Met. i, 321.
the daughter of
Thauman-
Vv'hofe temple was on mount Parnallus,
hence called Parnajfvjy ib. 4, 643. — •
Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha confult-
ed tiie oracle of Tiiemis how they
might repair the lofs of the human
race, ib. I, 379. ^ 2. The daugh-
ter of I^us, the wife of Capys, and
mother of Ancbifes, Apollodor. 3, 11, 2.
Themjson, -omy a celebrated phy-
fician, the fcholar of Afclepiddes, and
tile founder of the fed called Method-
's, Sense. Ep.^$-y Cc
If
Pin
29, I f. 5. — ufed by Juvenal for fome
medical quack ia his time, 10, 221.
TiiLMiiTA, a woman born at Lamp-
sacus, a celebrated difciple of Epicu-
rus, Laeri. IC, 5.; Cic, Fin. 2, 21.
whence Therr.i/idfjpientiori Cic. Pif. 26.
THE-
THE C .^85 3 THE
THEMrST6CLES.-/V, thefonof of Thrace threatened
•Neocles, [Nsocl'idcsy -ae, Ovid. Pont.
•l> 3> 69.), an lUuilrious Athenian ge-
neral, by whofe conduit the Greeks
defeated the fleet of Xerxes at Salamis;
but he was afterwards banlflied through
the jealoufy and envy of his citizens,
(G. 334, & 465.) '-^Cvjus (fc. Pom-
peii) omne r«)/y///?/;7/ TkEMistoclEu^t <?//,
whofe whole plan is like that of The-
miilocles, to place his chief dependence
on his power by fca, Cic, Att. 10, 8.
So ExiHum ThemijIncJcum, ib.
THEOCRiTUS, the prince of pa-
floral poets, a native of Syracufe, who
flourirtied m the time of Ptolemy Phi-
ladelphus. C^uincl:illan fays of him,
Admirahilis in Juo genere Theocritus^ I o,
1, ^^. Thirty of his Eiihjllia and fome
epigrams are ilill extant. Virgil, in
feveral of his eclogues, has imitated
and even copied Theocritus.
Thcodhctes, -w, born in Cilicia, a
fcholar of Ariilotle's, in the opinion of
his mafter an elegant writer, iic. Or.
51, & 57. ; Laert. 5, 24. to v/hom A-
riflotlc is faid to have given in a prefent
his books on oratory, VaL Max. 8,
14, 2. Hence Qu^incxilian obferves,
that it was uncertain whether the book
on rhetoric, which bore the name of
Theodecles, was his or Ariilotle's, 2,
15, 10. et 3, I, 15. He had an un-
common memory, Cic^ Tiifu I, 24. fo
that he is faid to have been able to re-
peat any number of verfes upon once
hearing them read, ^inciil 11, 2, 51 f.
Theodamas, 'Cihlisy the father of
Hylas, the favourite boy of Hercules,
Apollodcr, I, 9, 19. ; Hygi»- 271.
Theodorus, of By/antium, {By-
•zantius), a fophiit at Athens in tlic
time of Socrates, who ufed to writs
orations for others, Cic. Br. 12. hence
called by Socrates xoycSaiSaX'^ci a fpeech-
Wright orframer, Cic. Or. I2.j ^lin^HL
3» i» I- _
Theodorus, of Cyrcne, {Cyrenrn-
€ust vel -na£us)y a philofopher, who
denied the cxiltence of the gods, Cic.
N.D. I, I. and therefore was banifhed
from Athens and Cyrene, Laert. 2,
86, 101, ^<c. When i.yfim:lchus king
him with the
crofs, on account of the freedom of his
fpeech, " Keep thefe menaces for your
courtiers," fays the philofopher, « it
is all one to Theodorus whether he rot
on the ground or in the air," ( Theo-
dori quidem nihil inttr eft y humine, an Jul"
lime piitref cat) y Cic. Tufc. i, 43.
Theodorus, of Gadara, [Gada^
reus), Q^ilndil. 2, 15, 21. who wilhed
rather to be called a Rhodian, Id. 3>
1,(7. He taught rhetoric with great
reputation at Rhodes, where Tiberius
Caefar, when he retired to that ifland,
lludioudy attended him, iL His fcho-
lars were called Theoj^okKi, iL 18.
Theodosius, a Chian, fent as an
ambaffador to the Roman fenate, af-
faffmated by the influence of Clodius»
Cic. Refp. Ear. 16. ^ 2. The name
of two Roman emperors, (C 249.)
Theodofianus codexy a book publifned by
the authority of Theodofius the young->
cr, a. C. 43'8. J containing the confti-
tutions of the emperors from Conflan-
tine to his own time, i^A, 223.)
Theodotus, a rhetorician, prae-
ccptor to Ptolemy, who advifed the
kiUing of Pompey, and was therefore
flain by Brutus, ^'/id. Pompeius, p»
333;)
Theognis, a poet of Megara.
Theomnastus, a Syracufan, onr
of the agents of Verres, Cic. Verr. 2,
21. called by the Syracufans, ThtV-
ladus, ih. 4, (i(i.
Theon, -onis^ a bitter fiandcrer
or backbiter ; whence Dente Th^unmo
circiimrodij to be bitten by the tooth of
malice or calumny, to be falfely afper-
fed, Hor.Ep. I, 18, 82. ; dihi iSJjoUaft.'y
ylujon. Ep» 4, 102.
I'keoi'H ANEs, -is, an hiftonan of
Mitylcnae, the capital of Leibos, in
great favour with Pompey, whole aCta
he recorded, Cic Arch. 10. ; Ait. 2,5.
f/ 5, 1-; Tac. Ann.6y iS.
TheophIlus, the freed man of
MarccUus, Cic. Fam. 9, 10. H 2.
One condemned of forgery (fdlfij ai
Athens, Tac. Ann. 2, 55.
THEOPHRASTUi),anativeofE-
leius in Leibos, the fou of a fuller, the
3 C ichwlar
THE [3
ftholar and fuccefTor of Arlftotle, (G.
295.) originally named Tyrtamus, call-
ed firft Euphrallus, and then Theo-
PHRASTUS, from his admirable elo-
quence, {^di-v'tnitate loquendi nomen Inve-
fiif), Cic. Or. 19. ; QTuindlil. 10, i, 83.
After fpending moll part of his life
at Athens, he was difcovered to be a
il ranger by an old woman, at whom
he afived the price of fomething, Cic.
Brut. 46. ; ^i'lnclil. 8, I, 2. He v/rote
an incredible number of books, I.acyt.
5, 42, feveral of which afe flill extant.
To Theophraftus we are indebted for
prefcrving the works of Ariilotlc. He
lived to the age of eighty-five, ib. 40.
■ and yet fo ditTatisfied was he with his
acquifitions in knowledge, that at his
death he is faid to have accufcd nature
for having given fo long a life to ilags
and crows, to whom it was of no ufe,
and fo fhort a life to men, to whom it
was of the grcatell importance, Cic.
Tufc. 3, 28.
Theopompus, a Greek orator and
liiflorian, born in Chios, the fcholar of
Ifocratcs, Cic. Or. 2, 13. and fellovv-
iludent of Ephorus, who being of a
flow capacity, Ifocrates iifed to fay,
that he applied a fpur to Ephorus,
and a bridle to Theopompus, who was
of a very quick genius, Cic. Brut. $6.;
■^inail. 2, 8. II. f^ 10, I, 74. Theo-
pompus began his hiftory where Thu-
cydides left oft, Diodor. 14. p. 305. Hie
wrote in a lofty and elevated flyle, Cic.
Brut. 1 7. refembling that of an orator,
which profcffion he had long exercifed
before he undertook, at the folicitation
of fome friends, the compofition of
liiilory, ^inctil. 10, l, 74. Placet
cmnia did Ificrateo Theopowpeoque morey
fvery thing fhould be exprelTed va the
manner of Ifocrates and Theopompus,
i. e. m meafured periods, Cic. Or. 61.
But Theopompin-) genere^ in a bitter or
fatirical ihde, Cic. Jtt. 2, 6. For Theo-
•pompus is faid to have been very abu-
iive or cenforious, (malcdicenilffimus) ,
4n his writings, Nep. in Alcihiad. ii.
He is alfo faid to have been fabulous,
Cic. Leg. I, I. None of his works are
•liow extant, ^ilnilil. lo, i.
74-
^6 ] THE
Theopompus of Cnidus, (Cnidi'
us), an intimate acquaintance of Cae-
far's, Cic. Ait. 13, 7. ■*
THEoxiiNA, a noble Theflalian la-
dy, who put an end to her own life,
and that of her hufband and children,
to prevent their falling into the hands
of Philip king of Macedonia, Lliu 40,
4-
Theoxenus, a general of the A-
chaeans, Liv. 33, 18.
Theramenes, -/j, a citizen of A-
thens, one of the thirty tyrants ap-
pointed by Lyfander; who difappro-
ving of the cruelty of his colleagues,
was by them thrown into prifon, and
condemned to drink hemlock. He
drank the poifon with alacrity, [utji-
tiens ohduxit) and with a fmile, faid,
** I drink this to the handfome Cri-
tias," [Proplno hoc pulchro Ctiriae)y
who had been the moft violent (to.eter-
rimus) againft him. It was cuflo-
mary among the Greeks to name the
perfon to whom they were to hand the
cup. Thus Theramenes with plealant-
ry foretold the death of Critias, which
foon after happened, Cic, Tufc. 1 , 40.
— Theramenes is praifed by Cicero as
an orator, Or. 2, 22. and a ftatefman,
ib. 3, 16. But none of his writings
were extant in the time of Cicero, who
therefore fays, De Theramene audivi-
mus, Or. 2, 22.
Thericles, -is, a famous Corinthi-
an potter in the time of the poet A-
rittophancs, Lucian. Lexlph. c. 7. At/jc-
Tide. 9. p. 470. whence Theuiclea
fc. Tafdj vafes made by Thericles,
Cic. Verr. 4, 18. f 2. A noted
fculptor, Plin. 16, 40.
Thermus, a Roman firname.
yL Minucius Thermus, twice de-
fended by Cicero, and acquitted, Cic.
Place. 39.
^ Th5.r.mus, praetor of Afia, a.
701. Cic. Fcim. 2, 17. the friend of Ci-
cero, two of whofe letters to Thcrmus
are Hill extant, Cic. Fam, 2, 18. et 13,
53.; Co7if. 5, 13, 21, &c.
Therodamas, -anfisy v. Therome-
DON, -outis, a king of Scythia, who u-
fed to keep lions, and feed them with
human
THE
C 3S7 1
THE
human blood, to render them more
fierce, Ovid. Pont. 1, 2, 121. whence
Therodamar.te'i Icones. Id. in Ibin, 383.
The RON, -cJ?//x, V. 'Cnt'iSi a chief of
the I-atins, the largell in Hze among
them, [v'lrum, for virorum, tnaxmus),
flain by Aeneas, nrg. J, 10, 312.
f[ 2. One of Adaeon's dogs,
Oind. Met. 3, 211.
THERSANDER, -dn, v. -^r^/^,
V. Thejjfandriis., the fon Polynlces and
Argia, ^7^/. Theh. 3, 677, & 683. ; i/j-
^i«. 71. J /ipollodor. 3, 7, 2. one of the
feven leaders, called Epigoiii, who took
Thebes, and placed l^hei fander on the
Theban throne, (G.432.) He is fiippo-
fed afterwards to have gone to the Tro-
jan war, and to have been one of thofe
(liut up in the waodtn horfe, S.rv. ad
Firg. A. 2, 261. et Lilt at. ad Stat. TheL
3, 683. Di6lys Cretenfis fays he was
fiain in a battle with Telephus, 2, 2.
Hemer docs not mention him.
Therses, a Theban, [IJnmi'ws)^ the
friend (bofpes) of Anius, Gvid. Met.
13, 682.
Thersilochus, the fon of Ante-
nor, (Antenortdes), (lain in the Tro-
jan war, Virg. Aen. 6, 483. et 12, 363.
Tkersites, ~ae, a Graeclan, remark-
able for his deformity, impudence, and
fcumlity, who ufed to inveigh againft
all the leading men, particularly againll
Agamemnon and UlyfTcs, Homer. 11.
2, 212, 5cc. ; Otnd. Pent. 4, 13, 15.
Am. 2, 6, 41. UlyfTcs llruck him for his
jibufive language, Oind. Met. 13, 233.
and Achilles flew him with a ftroke of
his fift, becaufe he laughed at him for
mourning the death of Patroclus, ih.
Thersites is put for any ugly and
cowardly perfon, Oind. Rem. Am. 482. j
Juvenal. 8, 269. et il, 31.
THilSEUS, (2 fyll.y H, V. -eos, the
fon of Aegeus (Aegldes) and Aeihra,
called by the poets the fon of Nep-
tune, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. king of A-
thens, one of the moll renowned lie-
roes of antiquity, (Vid. G. 421, &:c.)
Thesides, -flf, the fon of The-
feus, I. e. Hippolitus, Ovid. Ep. 4, 6$.
plur. Thesldae, the Athenians, p^irg.
C, 2,383 -Tniis^us, adj. of or
belonging to Thefeiis, thus, Theo>a ca-
rlna^ the (hip of Thefeus, Propert. i,
3,. I. Thesea JideSi fincere aifcdion,
true friendfhip, fuch as that of The-
feus to Pirithous, Ovid. Trij}. i, 3, 66.
Thesed laude^ by the virtue or praife-
worthy conduct of Thefeus, Id. Met. 8,
263.
Thesalus, a native of Lampsacus,
wliom Verres accufed of having exci-
ted the people of that city againll him,
Cic. Verr. I, 33.
^ Thkudas, -aCt a freed man of Tre-
bianus, Cic. Fam. 6^ 10.
THESPIS, -^disy a native of Ica-
ria in Attica, the firll inventor of tra-
gedy, in the time of Solon, Plut irch.
in Solonc, Hor. Ep. 276. (Vid. Rom.
A. 355-)
Th ESP I us, V. Theflius^ the fon of
Erechtheus, king of Thefpiae, a town
of Boeotia, who had 50 daughters, all
of whom bore fon s to Hercules, [G.
403.) whence Thefpiadum nepotes, the
poftcrity c Hercules by one of thefe,
Sil.
19-
Th EST I us, the father of Althaea,
who is hence called Thestias, -adis,
Ovid. Met. 8, 452. Trift. I, 6, 18. al-
fo the father of Toxcus and Plexippus,
hence called TLjiiadae) -arum, (G.
433.) Ovid. Met. 8, 304, & 434. Eef^
pice Thejliadeny remember the fate of
Meleager, th^ grandfon of Theilius by
Althaea, Id. Faji. 5, 305.
Thestor, -oris, the father of Cal-
chas, the augur; who is hence called
Thestorides, -aci Ovid. Met. 12,
19. ; Stat. Achill. 1, 497.
THLSTyLis, -;>, a country woman,
Firg. E. 2, II.
THETIS, -Idisj t. -ulos, a fca-god-
defs, the daughter of Nereus and Do-
ris, and grand-daughter of Oceanus or
Neptune, and Tcthys ; hence called
Neptvmne, -es, CatuU. 63, 28, SiC. the
wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles,
(Vid. G. 445.) Marina Thetis, the
fca-goddefs Thetis, Hor. Od. i, 8, 14.
So aequorea, Ovid. Met. 11, 226.
Thetis is fometimes put for the fea ;
thus, Tentare Th^tim v. -in ratilus, to
fail, Firg. £.4, 32. Plana Tktisy the
C 2
caloi
T H I
[ s^s 3
T H U
calm fea, Stat. Theh, 5, 709. Eryth-
raei Thetidos lapiU'iy pearls from the
Arabian or Red Sea, Stat. Silv. 4, 6,
X8.
Thisbd, -esy 2l Babylonian girl, be-
loved by Pyramus, Ovid. Met. 4, 55,
&c.
Thoas., -ant'is, a king of Taurua, a
country on the Pains Maedtis^ Ovid.
Pont. 3, 2,59. Z)zW/7Thoant£a,
Diana, vvorfhipped in Taurica by fa-
crificing to her human vidlims, Fal.
F/acr.S, 208. (Vid. G. 408.)
Thoas, the father of Hypfipyle,
preferved by -her, JpoIIodor. i, 9, 17.
(G. 441.) ^ 2. A praetor of the
Aetolians, Liv. 35, 12, &c.
TnoiviyRis. Fid. Tomyius.
L. Thorius Balbus, a native of
Lanuvium, a great voluptuaiy, Cic.
Fin. 2, 20, & 22.
5j^. Thorius, a popular orator, Ctc.
Brut. 31. When tribune a. 646, he got
alawpaffed, {Lex Tkoria)y exempting
the poffeffors of the p\iblic" lands in I-
taly from paying tribute, [agnun ve&i-
galilevavit), ib. ^6. which proved moft
pernicious to the Hate, ylppian.B. C, i,
267. This law alfo contained fome
regulations concerning the public paf-
tures, Cic. Or. 2, 70.
TiioTH, the name of Mercury a-
inpng the Egyptiiins, and of the firfl
month of their year, Cit. iV. D. 3, 22.
Thrasea, a noble Rom.an of great
virtue, put to death by Nero, T.nc.Jtm.
16, 21.
Thrasius, (al. T'hnf.us,) a footh-
faver of Cyprus, who having advifed
JBusiris to facrifice foreigners to appeafe
Jupiter, in order to procure rain, was
himfelf made the firft victim, Qvld. Art.
Am. I, 649.
Thraso, -onisy aboafting captain in
Terence, Eun. 3, 1, 6cc. «[ 2. A
flatuary, Plin. 34,^ 8.-—^ 3. A na-
tive of Tynd^ris in Sicily, Cic. Fen:
4, 22.
THRASYBuLUS, a celebrated
Athenian general, who delivered his
country from
thirty tyrants,
monians had appointed to rule A-
thens, Nep. 8, i. Having recovered
peace, he caufed a law to be made,
called an amnejly, or act of oblivi-
on, that every thing that was pad
fhould be forgotten, ih. 3. Being af-
terwards fent with a fleet into Afia
Minor, and having landed near Afpen-
dus in Pamphilia, he was flain by an
unexpected attack from the people
of that town, whom his foldiers had
plundered without his knowledge, Xc-
nnph. Htllen. 4, 17. Nepos fays, in
Cilicia, ih. 4.
Thrasyllu.*;, a Theffalian, flain by
Eurydamas, to revenge which Simo v.
'0«, the brother of Thrafyllus, flew
Eurydamas, and dragged his body
round his brother's tomb, Ovid. Ih. 3,
334.; SchoUaJl.inHomer.il. 22,398.
Thrasymachus, of Chalcedon, a
celebrated fophiil, Cic. Or. 3, 16, &
32. faid to have been the firft who
treated of the harmonious arrangement
of words in fentences, Cic. Or. 12.
THUCYDiDES, As, an excellent
Greek hiflorian, the ion of Olorus,
defcended by the father's fide from a
king of Thrace, and by the mother's
fide from Miltiades, born at Athens
about 475 years before the Chriilian
aera. When Herodotus read his hii-
tory publicly at the Olympic games,
Thucydides, then a boy, is faid to have
been fo aiFetted with the honours con-
ferred on Herodotus, that he (lied
tears, which attracted the notice of
Plerodotus, Suidas in voce Thucydi-
des. Being fent to the relief of Am-
phipoliii, and having failed in the at-
tempt, he was banilhed by the fadiion
of Cleon, Thuryd. 4, p, 32 I. During
his exile he lived for the moft part in
Thrace, on an ellate belonging to his
wife, where he is faid to have written
the hillory of the war between the peo-
ple of Peloponncfus and the Atheni-
ans, commonly called the Peloponnefian
war, in eight books, (G. 346.) His
work contains an account only of the
the opprcfiion of the full twenty-one years of that war. The
whom the La^edae- hiftory of the other fix years was writ-
ten
THY t 38
ten by Xenophon and Theopompus.
Cicero fptaking of Tluicydides, fays,
Et Athcmeujis erat etfummo Joconatus^fiini-
mufqite vh'f Br. II. T hucy elides omnes ci'i-
cendiarttjic'iOy med fententid^ facile v'lcit : qui
tta creher ejl rcrunifrequentiuy ut verborum
prope numerum failttU'iLinim iiumero confe'
quatur^ Sec. Or. 2, 13. He defcribes
wars and battles as if he were foundinof
o
a chafge on a tnimpet, (^de bellids rebus
canit etiam quodammodo bellicum^y Cic.
Or. 12. Demodhenes fo much admi-
red Thucydides, that, \\\ order tho-
roughly to acquire the energy of his
language, he is faid to have tranfcri-
bed his hiftory eight times with his
own hand, Luc'ian. adverfus tndoB. Thu-
cydides poffelfes in an eminent degree
the lirft quality of an hiftorian, impar-
tiality. The diilingnifliing properties
of his llyle are concifenefs and force ;
but, as Cicero obferves, his brevity of-
ten renders him obfcurc, particularly
in his fpeeches, on which account he
is not a proper model for public fpeak-
ers to follow, C'lc. Or. 9, There were
feveral orators at Rome in the time of
Cicero, who profeifed to be imitators
of Thucydides, {qui fe Thucydidlos pro-
Jitercntur)^ but had nothing of his e-
nergy either in fentiment or llylt.
When they have uttered, fays Cice-
ro ridiculing them, a few mutiL^rcd
and broken peri(xls, which they might
have done vvichout any inader to imi-
tate, they think themfelves genuine
Thucydidefes, (germanos fe pulant ejfe
Thucydldas)^ Cic. Or. 9..
THYESTES, -Is, et -ac, the fon
of Pelops by Hippodamia, the grand-
fon of Tantalus, and great-grandfon
of Jupiter, Cic. Tifc. ^, 1 2, .5c 18. He
is faid to have had chddren by Acto-
pa, the wife of his brother Atreus,
king of Mycenae; in revenge for which
Atreiis ordered thefe children to be
{lain and ferved up to tlicir father Thy-
eil-cs at an entertainment. From which
dreadful fpedacle the fun is faid to
have turned away his face or chariot,
(G. 405.) Theyestes fibula, a
play of Ennius concerning this horrid
itory, Ck* Br, 20.— Hence, Uiqus
y 1 THY
( al. Atque) T H y est K A E redeant fi ifn^
para [A.fercula] menfae. Soils ad E'6as
currus agetur aquas, Ovid. Pont. 6, 4,
47. So, ^mlemy fuglcfitf per art us Sole,
'Thyejlcae noclem diixere Mycenae, as M^'-
cenae, difgraccd by the fupper of Thy-
elles, was darkened when the fun fled
to the call:, Lucan. i, 543. Thy-
ESTi": AE precss, the execrations of Thy-
eltes agaiidl; Atreus for his wickednefs,
contained in the plays compofed on
that fubjed, Hor. Epnd. 5, 86. ; Cic,
Plf. 19. Thyestiades, -ae, i. c,
Aegifthus, the fon of Thyelles, Ovid,
Art. Am. 2, 407.
TwyiA, the dauglitcr ()f the river
Cephifus, Herodot. 7, 1I8. fuppofed
to have been the firft that was initiated
into the myfteries of Bacchus, whence
Thvias f. Thvas, -aiUs, v. -ados, a
bacchanal, i/or. 0.'/. 3, 15:, 10.; Flrg,
Aen. 4, 301. ace. plur. Thyadas, Hor,
Od. 2, 19, 9. but others derive thi$
word from ^vuv^ to ruih with impetu-
oRty. .
Thymhlf, .-es, a noted adrefs or
dancer in the time of Domitian, the
wife or miilrefs of the mimic Latlnus,
both of them greatly admired by that
emperor, Martial, i, 5, 5. Sheisfuppor
fed to have been named from ^&i/uf\>j
an elevated part on the Greek llagc
where the attors flood, Pollux; whenc«
a particular kind of players were call-
ed T H Y M E L 1 CI , Vltniv. 5, 8. — A tre^
pi do "Thymele fibmijja Latino, Thyme-
le is fent by her hufband Latinus, a-
fraid of being accufed, (to the inform-
er, in order to conciliate his favour),
Jwoenal. I, 36. Ruflca Thymele dlfclt,
i. e. the country girl learns in the
theatre to be as immodell as Thymele,
!d 6, 66.
Thymoetes, a Trojan, who firil
advifed that the wooden horfe con-
Ihuded by the Greeks fhould be
brought within the walls of Troy, as
Servius fays, to revenge the death o(
a child who had been killed by Priam's
order, in confeqnence of an anfvvcr of
the foothfayers, I^lrg. Aen. 2, 32.
Thyone, -ts, the m.other of Bac-
chus^ thfcfame with Semele : whence
'T/.n'oneui
TIB I ':
Thyoneus (3 fyll.) a name of Bacchus,
Hor.Od. I, 17, 23. ; et ibi SchoUaJ}. or
Thyonianus, CatulL 27, 7 *.
TiBERiNus Sylviusy the tenth king
of Alba, Liv. 1,3.
Tiberius, a Roman praenomen, [Ti-
herii coeperunt vodtnri, qui ad fluvhtm
Tilenm tiafcehantur, Euit. fub Val.
Max.)
TIBERIUS ^ero Caefar, the fuc-
ceffor of Auguftus in the empire of
Rome, Suet. Tib. 3 ; Tac, Jnn.' 6, 51.
He is commonly diilinguiflied by the
name of Tiberius, Tac. et Suet, pajjm,
Vid. Nero.' Tibereia auhy the
court of Tiberius, Stat. Sih. 3, 3, 66.
Pira Tiber! ANA, akindt^f pears,
of which Tiberius was fond, P/in. 15,
15-
Julus Albius TIBULLUS, an ex-
cellent elegiac poet in the time of Au-
guftus, efteemed by, Quinclilian the
moil correft and elegant in his way,
(Cujus (fc. elegiac) mihi terfus atque
elegans maxime indetur mtdor TibuIIus)y
10, I, 93. the friend of Horace, who
infcribes to him, Od. i, 3^. and £p,
I, 4. often celebrated by Ovid, thus.
Donee erunt igtteSf arcufque Ciipidlnis ar-
may Difcsntur numeric cuke Tibulle, tuiy
Am. I, 15, 27. So ih. 3, 9, 39, & 66. ;
Art, Jm. 3, 334. ; Rem. 763.; Tr. 2,
447,. 463. et 4, 10, 51. (?/ 5, I, 18.
TIBURTUS, f. Tihunmsy f. Tihursy
'tis, the founder of Tibur, Plin. 16,
44. ; Hor. Od. I, 7, 13. alTifted by his
two brothers Coras and Catiilus, Serv.
ad Virg. 7, 670. Hence Horace calls
the walls of Tibur, tnoenia Catili, Od,
I, 18, 2.
M. TiGELLius Ilermogenex, a Sar-
dinian freed man, very ikilful in mufic,
a favourite with Julius Caefar, Cic.
Fam. 7, 24. Jtt. 13, 49, & 51. and af-
* Some fiippofe Thydne t<» have been the
nurfe of Bacchus Vld. Scbdiaft. ad. Fmdar,
Pytb. -^^ I'/b. But others derive Thyoneas,
as •weii as Thyas, from S-uf.-v; and this de-
rivatioij feems to be con^irmed by Horace
joining Thyoneus with Sumeleius : which he
hardly v. oiild have done, if he had taken
Thyone to be the fame with Semele, ib. Ci-
cero mentions feveral of the name of Bac-
chus; one of them, the foa cf Nifus and
Thyone, Nat. D, 3, 23. (T/a. G.'382.)
90 ] TIL
terwards with Auguilus, Hor. Sat. i,
2, 5. liberal to muficians, mimics, and
other people of that defcription, who
therefore were forry at his death, ib. 3.
Horace defcribes him as of a very in-
confiftent chara6lerj( A^'/Z/wi/ unquam
Sic impar filiy ib. 18.)
Sofonius TiGELLiiMus, praefecl of
the praetorian cohorts, Tac. Ann. 14,
5 I. who gained the favour of Nero by
the bafe^ means, ib. 57. et 15, 50.
and at lad deferred him. Upon the ac-
ceffion of Galba he was forced to put
an end to his days, having fpent his
old age in the fame profligate manner
as he had fpent his youth, Tac. Hifc,
I, 72.
TIGRaNES, -is, king of Arme-
nia, the fon-in-law of Mithridates, Cic.
Manil. 2. vanquilhcd by Euculhis with
prodigious lofs, Plutarch, in Lucullo.
After the death of Mithridates he came
into the Roman camp, and threw him-
felf at the feet of Pompey, who relto-
r?d him to his throne. Id. in Pomp.
Bio, 36, l^.'y Cic.Sext. 27. but not till
after receiving from him an immenfe
fum of money, Veil. 2, 37, no lefs than
6000 talents to himfelf, 10,000 drach-
mae to each tribune, 1000 to each cen-
turion, and 50 to each foldier, Appian.
in Mithrid. p. 243. Hence Pompey
calls him Tigrunes nieuSy Lucan. 2, 637.
Tigranes, the fon of the former,
who having rebelled againft his father,
firft invited Pompey into Armenia ;
but diffatisfi^d with the favourable,
terms granted by Pompey to. his fa-
ther, he endeavoured to excite the
Parthians againft the Romans. On
which account he was carried by Pom-
pey to Rome, and led in triumph,
Plutarch, ibid. He afterwards made his
efcape from prifon by the afliftance of
Clodius, Dioy 38, 30. p. 78.; Cic.Att.
3, 8. Appian by miilake fays l>e was
put to death, ih. 253.
Z. Til LI us Cimber, (ahTullius Cim-
ber), one of the principal affafiins [de
percujfuribus v. inter fecloribus ) of Caefar,
though formerly he had been a keen
fupporter (propugnator) of his party,
Ctc, Phd. 2, 1 1, J Suet.CaeJ.%2. Af-
ter
TIM C 39
ter the death of Caefar, he equipped
a fleet in BIthynia, which province he
had received from Caefar when alive,
Qic. Fam. 12 J 13. He gave the charge
of this fleet to Turulius the quaellor,
and went himfelf with his troops to
Syria, to aflift CalTius, iL et D'lo, 47,
TIMAEUS, a Greek hiftorian,
born at Tauromenium in Sicily, [Tau-
romenttesj, who flouriilied in tlie time
of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracufe.
Cicero calls him the moft learned and
eloquent of the Greek hiftorians, Cic.
Of. 2, 14 ; but Plutarch fpeaks of
him In very difi^erent terms, in Nicia
pt\ Ke wrote many books, none of
which are now extant, particularly a
continued hiflory (perpetua h'ljhria)
of Sicily, Suhlas ; and a detaclied ac-
count of the wars of Pyrrhus, Cic.
Fam. 5, 12. Diodorus praifes him for
his knowledge and accuracy, but blames
him for his unfeafonable and bitter re-
marks on charatlerp, whence he was
called Epitimaeus, i. e. the reprover, 5,
I. et 13, 90. [maledicentUjimus, Nep. 7,
1 1.) Polybius blames him not only
for his fatirical afperity, but alfo for
want of veracity, 12, 3, & 6. Timae-
ns was banifhed from Sicily by Ai^a-
thocles, and wrote his hiftory at A-
thens, Plutarch, tk Exiiio. He is faid
to have lived to the age of 96, Lucimi.
de Maa-obiis.
TiMAEUS, a Pythagorean philofo-
pher of Locris, {^Locrenfis)) contem-
porary with Plato, Cic. Fin. 5, 29.
TiMAGENES, -is, a native of Alex-
andria, brouglit as a captive to Rome
by Gablnius, purchaftd as a flave by
lauihis, the fon of Sulla, who on ac-
count of his uncommon genius manu-
mitted him, SuiJas. He was particu-
larly remarkable for his wit and raille-
ry, [Scnec. Controverf. 34. ; Hor. Ep. I,
39, 15.) by which means he lull the
favour of Auguftus, and was debarred
from coming to the palace. Whereup-
on he burnt the hiilory which he had
compofed concerning the ads ot Cae-
far. He afterwards lived in the fami-
m/ of Afmius Pollio to a good eld age,
I 1 TIM
and was univerfally refpedled, (iota civi'
tale dikSus eft), Senec. de Ira, 3, 23.
TiMAGORAS, -acy an Athenian,
put to death, by his countrymen, be-
caufe when fent on an embalfy to the
king of Perha, he had, according to
the Giidom of the country, proftrated
himfelf on being admitted to an au-
dience of that monarch, Fal. Mcix. 6,
3, ext. 2. {G. 62 r.) But Plutarch
fays, that he was punifhed capitally
for having received bribes from the
Perfian king, in Pe/opida, p. 294. ; et in
ylriaxerxe, p. l o 2 2 .
TiMAGORAS, an Epicurean philofo-
pher, Cic. Ac: 4, 25.
TIMANTHES, vel TmANrEs,
'isf an excellent painter, a native of
Cythnus, [Cythnius,) Quiudil. 2, 13,
13. or of Sicyon, Eufiath. ad. II.
24, 163. contemporary with Zeuxis,
Cic. Brut. 18. His moll celebrated
work was the pidure of Iphigenia,
about to be facrihced to Diana; in
which having exhaniled all his art in
reprefenting the grief of the other fpec-
tators, and not being able properly
to exprefs the feelings of Agamemnon,
he veiled his face, Plin. 35, 10.; Cic.
Cr. 22. ; Fal. Max. 8, 11, ext. 6. In
this pidure he is faid to have excelled
Celotes of Teios, ^inSil. 2, 13, 13.
He alfo vanquiflied Parrhafms, in
painting the contcft betvv'een Ajax and
UiyfTes for the arms of Achilles, Plin.
35, 10. ; Aelian. 9, i i.
Ti MARCH IDE s, -/V, a freed man
and an occenfus of Verres in Sicily, no-
torious for his crimes, Cic. Fsrr. 2, 28,
&c.
TiMOCHAREs, -/.r, the phvfician or
friend of king Pyrrhus, who propofed
to Fabricius, for a fuitable reward, to
cut off that prince by poifon, Cell. 3,
8. (G.233.)
TiMocLFA, a noble lady, who pu-
niflied one of the foldicrs of Alexander
for offering violence to her by tum-
bhng him into a draw-well, Plutarch,
in Atex.
TiMOCLiLS, -?x, a dancer, the com-
panion of L. Pifo in lylacedonia, Cic.
TiMO.
TIM
TiMOCRATEG, bvotlier to Metro-
dorus, the friend of Epicurus ; whom
that philofophcr abufed in his writings,
becaufe he had differed with him in o-
pinion, Cic. N. D, I, 33, & 4c. He
was, however, appointed by Epicnrns
one of his heirs, Ck. Fin. 2, 31.; Laert,
10, 16, &c.
TIMOLEON, -cnth, an inuflrioiis
g-entral of Corinth, who had fuch a
detellation of tyranny, that he caiifed
his own brother Timophanes, to be
put to death, becaiife he had ufurped
the government of his country, Nep.
20, I. Being fent to the affillance of
the Syracufans, he expelled the tyrant
Dionyfius, drove the Carthaginians
from Sicily, after having defeated them
in a great battle near the river Crini-
fus, ii 2. [G. 267.) He lived during
the reft (^f his life in a private Ration
at Syracufe, where iie was juitly
treated with the higheil refpe^l, ib. 3,
& 4. After his death he was buried
at the public expence in a gymnafnim^
called from him, Timokontiitm^ ih. 5.
Plutarch fays that he was buried in
the forum, /// inta ejus. He had a
firm belief in divine providence, [Ni-
hil emm rerum humanarum fine dcorum nu-
wine agi pntabai,) Nep. ib. 4. When a
petulant perfon one day inveighed a-
gainft him in the public aU'enibly, he
thanked the gods, that they had re-
ilored fuch liberty to the Syracufans,
that any one might exprefs his fen-
timents concerning whom lie pleafcd
with impunity, //;. 5.
TiMo.M ACfius, a noted painter of
Byzantium in the time of Julius Cacfar,
Pl'm. 35, If.
TIMON, -un'is, an Athenian in the
time of the Pclopomiefian v.ar ; \\ h«
from his averfion to lociety, and the
dillike he exprciTed againlt his own
fpecles, was called the MiJ'anthrope^
or Man-hater, Cic.Tufc. ^y 11.; yimic,
23. TiMONEA cot nay a iolitary fup-
per, (al. mociicay) Seuec. Ep. 1 l>.
Ti M o N I u M , V. Timoneum, a houfe which
Antony cauied to be built on the fea
near the illand Phavos, after his dtfeat
392 ] T I K
• at Aftium ; where he propofed to live
retired like Timon, Plutarch, in Anton,
p, 94S.
TIMOTHEUS, the fon of Conort,
an ilhiftrious Athenian general ; dif-
tinguiOied not only by his military ex-
ploits, Nep. 13, I, &c. but alfo by his
learning, C'lc. Off. i, 33. He fupped
one day with Plato, and was highly
delighted with the hmphcity of his
fare. Having met the philofopher
next day, he faid, " Your fuppcrs are
agreeable, not only for the time, but
alfo on the day after,'* C'lc. Tufc. 5,
TimOtheus, a poet and mufician
of Miletus, who made feveral improve-
ments in ancient mufic. He ufed
eleven firings to his lyre, inftead of fc-
\-en, the oidinary number ; and there-
fore the Lacedaemonians are faid to
have ordered the additional firings to
be taken off, Qc. Lcgg. 2, 15 f. Pau-
fanias fays, they fufpended his lyre in
a place called Shia, 3, 12. Athenaeus
mentions this circumftance differently,
14, 9. Timotheus is reported to have
demanded twice as much for teaching
thofe who had been in{lru6ted by ano-
ther, as he did from thofe who liad
never been taught at ,all, ^inci.
2, 3, 3. Timotheus flourifhed in tlie
time of Philip and Alexander.
Timotheus, an excellent fculptor ;
one of thofe who carved the Mauio-
Icum, Pih^ 34> 8.
T. Tin CAS, V. Tinea, a native of
Piacentia, a man ot great wit and hu-
mour, i^dicax et facet us y) Cic. Br. 46.
The fame probably who is mentioned,
(^imia'il, r, 5, 12,
of
PIPHYS, -yls f. -xos, the piiot
the Ihip Argo, Virg. E. 4, 34. ^ud
t'lbi cnmpatr'idy 7ia^cita Tlphy, med? What
had you to do \s'ith my country ? i. e.
Why did you come to Lemnos ? Ov'ul.
Pp. 6, 48.
THIESL4lS, -aey a famous The-
ban augur, [G. 455-) pi't lor any
blind perfon, Juvenal. [3, 349.
TIRLDaTES, 'is, a Parthian no-
bleman, raifjd to the throne, when
Phraiites,
T I R
C
Phraates was expelled for his cruelty ;
but Phraates being- afterwards reftored
by tlie afliftance of the Scythians, Tf-
ridates fled to Auguftus, and carried
with him the youngcll fon of Phraates,
i)io, 51, 18.; Jjijiin. 42, 5. ^ild
'T'lr'tdatem ierreat^ unice Securusy per-
fectly regardlefs of what terriiics Tiri-
dates, or what he is afraid of, Hor. Od.
J., 26, 5. lell Auguftus (hould give
him up to Phraates, who demanded
him ; but Auguftus did not comply
with the requeft, Dio^ ik et 53, 33.
TIRO, -Qtiisi firft the flave, and
afterwards the favourite freed man of
Cicero, Cic, Fam. 16, i, <3cc. An. 7,
5. ; hence called M. TuU'ius Tiro j
a man of an elegant genius, whom
Cicero educated with the greateft care,
and afterwards employed as the allift-
ant of his ftudies, Gell. 7, 3. et 13, 9.
How much Cicero valued Tiro, we
inay judge from the affectionate ex-
preflions which he ufes in his letters to
him, Fam. 16, i, 2, &:c. ; Add. Plin.
Ep. 7,4. — Tiro is laid to have written
three books, containing the jells and
witty fayings of Cicero ; but thefc were
afcribed alfo to Quintus, Cicero's bro-
ther, or to fome other perfon, ^in^lL
6, 3, 5. Tiro aifo contracted the com-
mentaries or rriemoirs which Cicero left
concerning himftlf, Id. 10, 7, 31. Ti-
ro compoied fevcrai learned works of
his own, GfU. 13, 9 — To Tiro we are
indebted for the epiftles of Cicero to
his friends ; coinmonly called Epis-
TOLAE AB Familiares, but in the moft:
ancient manufcripts Epistolae ad di-
rERSos. Tiro is faid to have firft in-
vented the art of writing fliort-hand,
and to have lived to the age of an
hundred, Hieroriym. in Cbrenic. Eufeh.
TisiAS, -aCi a Sicilian, the moft
ancient writer on the art of rhetoric,
^inSil. 2, 17, 7. et $, J, 8.
TiSAMENEs, -is, the fon of Orcftes,
king of Mycenae, Ovid, in loin, 348. j
Frontin. i, 2. [Pld. G. 408.)
T I s I p H 6 N E , -es, ( i. e. uitria caedis, )
one of the three Furies *.
* Impexfl ftros pro cnnibus angufs. hating
fierce fnakes inty/ined for hair, TihuU. 1,3,
93 1 Tit*
TissAPHERNEs, -is, Ti Perfiau fa-
trap, Ncp. 9, 3. et 17, 2. ; Jupn. 5,
1. (Fid G. 61'].)
TiTAN, -anlsf vcl TiTANUS, -/>
the fon of Coelus and Terra, the elder
brother of Saturn, (G. 355.) Ti-
to nes vel Titaniy the fons of Titan,
(the Titans,) who made war on Sa-
turn for taking the kingdom from their
father, [G. 356, & 438.) f
TITH6NUS, vel -ox, the fon of
Laomcdon, with whom Aurora fell in
love on account of his btauty, and car-
ried him off through the air into Aeth-
iopia, fo that he became her hufband ;
whence (he is called Tiihoni conjux,
Ovid. Ep. 18, I IT. Am. 2. 5,45.;
TiTHONiA conjux, Virg. Acn, 8, 384.;
Ovid. Faft, 3, 403. and fimply Titho-
nia. Fa/. Flac. i, 311. or Tithonisy
'^dis, Stat. Silv. 5, i, 34. — When the
dawn rifes, Aurora is faid to leave the
couch of Tithonus, Fivg. G. i, 447 i.
— Aurora procured from Jupiter immor-
tality for Tith5nus; but having forgotten
■ to allv perpetual youth, he became fo
weak, through extreme old age, that
he prayed for death, and was changed
into a cicada, (G. 377.) Hence Mi-
nuit Tithonum longafenedus, lefTened his
llrengch, or weakened him, Hor. Od. 2,
17, 3. Tithonujque rcmotus in auras, fc.
occidit^
69. So Crinita hyJris^ Claudian. de Rapt.
Proferp. I, 40. Serpentibui undique compta^
Virg. Cul. 217. pallida. Id. G. 3, SS^- Pat-
la fuccirlia crutnta — ultrix acclnfiit Jiagetloy
quatit Jotites, Id. A. 6, ^^^, Sc SlO. Sufvi,
Hor. Sat. I, 8, ^^.--Eradere vitae Ttmporo,
ft pojpsy Tiftphonaea tuae, to erafe from the
record of your life, if you can, the time in
which you e>:ercifed envy and malice agaulfl
me, like a fury, Ovid. Tr. 4, 9, 6.
f BiUa TiTANfA, Titanian wars, i. e.
fiuitiels, luch as the Titans washed apaini't
the gods,4<S';/. 12, 725. litaniaci drdcyieiy pr.>-
dufcd from the blood of the Titans; or whicli
Medea received from Titan or the fun, to-
gether with her charict, Ovid. Md. 7, 39.;,!.
I Proxitna profpicnt Tithono nupta rtUc'o
Arcadiae facrum ponilficale deae^ i. c. on tha
next day fhall be the fcftivai of Carmenia,
Ovid. Faf, I, 461. 'Jam, Fhr^Xy a nup.a
qucrerii^ STiibone, rr/inf.,;, O Trcjan Tiiho-
nis, you complain that rou arc left by vour
wli:"-, i. e. it is n;ornine, H. 6, 4-1.
3 D
TIT I m
accid'tt, and TItbonus is dead, though
formerly removed by Aurora into the
air, i. e. carried thiough the air into
Aethiopia, iL r, 28, 8. - — ■ Tithoniafe-
neBus^ Stat. Silv. 4, 3, 151.
TiTHRAusTES, -/>, Captain of the
king of Perfia's guards ; who by the
king's order put TifTaphernes to death,
and fucceeded him in, his government,
(G.670
TiTiNtA, the wife of Cotta, Cic.
Br, 60.
Cn. TiTiNiU!^, a Roman eques, Cic.
Cluent. ^G,
^'i'n iNius, the brother-german of
C. Fannius, i. e. by the fame mother,
Cic. Verr, i, 49. He fecms to have
been intimate with Cicero, w}io made
L. TulHus one of his lieutenants at
the recommendation of Tjtiniu?, Cic.
An. 5,21. Add. ih. 2, 4. f/ 7, 1 8. et 9, 6.
TiTiNii, perfons put to death by
Catiline during the ufurpatiun of Jiulla,
Cic. Pet. ConJ'.c. 2.
TiTius, one of the ringleaders of
Clodius*s mobs, Cic. Dom. 29. ; Har,
refp. 27. ; Sext, 52.
C, TiTius, an orator and writer of
tragedies, Cic. Br. 45.
C. TiTius Rufusy city praetor in
the confulfliip of Paulus and Marccllus,
Cic. Fam. 13, 57. lieutenant of Dolo-
bella in Ana, ih. 12, 15.
P. TniU', a tribune, a. 71c, Cic.
Fam. 10, 12.
5^:c. TiTius, a feditious tribune, a.
654, Cic. Or. 2, Ti. by whom feveral
jaws were paffed, called Le;^es Titiae,
Cic. Leg. 2, 6, & 12. He was an
acute fpeaker, but fo efFeminrUe in his
gefture, that a certain dance was from
him called Tit i us, Cic. Br. 62 f. ;
^inSIil. II, 3, 128.
TiTius Sepiniius, a writer of lyric
poems and tragedies, Hor. Ep. i, 3, 9.
fuppofed to be the fame mentioned, Od.
2, 6, I. et Ep. 1,9.
TiTURius, one who exaded tribute
at Toiofa, r/ic. Font. 5.
^'f. TiTur.Nius Rvfus, the only one
temaining of the Titurnlan i^ily ^ <-^^-
3 TON
Titus, a Roman praenomen. It is
ufed as the notnstt, or name of the Ro-
man emperor, to diftingulfh him from
Vefpafian, his father. Fid. Vespasia-
TITyRUS, the name of a fneplierd
in Virgil, borrowed from Theocritus,
jE. I, I, & 39. Under the name of
Tityrus the poet is fuppofed to exprefs
his gratitude to Auguftus for reftoring
his lands. Fid. Oct.^ vius, {it Mar-
tial. 8, $6, 8.) But others think that
under this charai^er he reprefents
the people of Mantua, aud the people
of Cremona under that of Meliboeus,
£.1,4. et 9, 28. Tityrus tlfewhere
denotes merely a fliepherd, iB. 5, 12.
€t 9, 23. a defpicable muficlan or poet,
ih. 8, 55. Tityre, te cecitii^ I fung of
thee, Id. G. 4, 566 Fiiyrus ipfij is
put for Virgil himfelf, Properi. 2, 34.. 72.
TITYUS, V. oj, the fun of Terra,
{Terrae omntparentis alumnus,) Virg.
Aen. 6, 595. a giant, whole body is
faid to have covered nine acres, ib. He
attempted to offer violence to Latona,
(whence he is called tticontinens, Hor,
Od. 3,4, 78. and raptor., ib. 4, 6, 2.)
On thih account he was flain by Apol-
lo ; and in the infernal regions a vulture
perpetually preyed on his liver, (G.
437.) Tthull 1,3, 75.
Ti.tPOLE.Mu; , a fon of Kerculesr
and Ailyoche, the daughter of Phy-
las, yJpoilodor. 2, 7, 8 f. who fettled
in Rhodes, Id. 2, 8, 2. Add. Ovid,
Met. 12, 537.
Tlepclemus, a painter in the re-
tinue of Verres, Cic. Verr. 3,28. born
at Cibyra, (Cihyrdta,) ib. 4, 13, & 21-
i^ar ToLUMNius, king of the Ve-
jente^^, killed by Corn. Coffus in fingle
combat, Liv. ^, 17, & 19. ; Propetr. 4,
10, 37.
ToLus, V. Olus, the perfon whofe
head is faid to have been found in dig-
ging for the foundation of the Capi-
tol ; whence it had its name, [q. Caput
Toll, v. Oli, A. 564.) Dionyf. 4, 59.
TcNG LLUS, V. -iTius, an aflbcate
and favourite of Catiline's, Cic, at.
2, 2,
TomJ-ri?,
TOM
ToMyRis, -is, ace.
Scythia, who vanquiflied and flev/ Cy
rus, (6*, 602.)
ToRANius, a partifan of Pompey's,
and on that account an exile ; who
entertahied the fame fentiments con-
cerning the civil war with Cicero, Cic.
Fam. 6, 20, & 21. He was after-
wards killed in the profcription of
Antony and Augudus, being betrayed
by- his own fon, who had joined the
triumviri, Val. Max. 9, 11, 5.
ToR(iyATUs, a firnatne of the Man-
B ; firft given to T. Manh'us, froni the
chain (iorquis) which he took from
the neck of a Gaul, whom he had (lain
in fingle combat, Liv. 7, 10. : Cic.
Ttifc. 4, 22. Fin. I, 7. Of. 3, 31. (G.
225. j calhd faevus fecuri, Virg. Aen. 6,
825. becaufe he ordered his fon to be
beheaded, for having fought with the
enemy again ll orders, Liv. th.
Trabea, a comic poet. Cell. 15, 24.;
Cic. Fiji. 2, 4. Tufc. 4, 31. — Nihil tibi
opus eji illud a Trahea, you have no
reed to quote that verfe from Trabea,
Cic. Fafh. 9, 21.
Tkachallus, viil Trachalus, an ora-
tor, contemporary with Quindtilian,
10, I, 119.
TRAJINUS, an excellent Roman
emperor, (G. 246.) Plin. Pan. et Ep.
I. 10.; Tac. H'lji. 1,1. Agric. ^, & 44.
Tran;;^illus, a Roman firname ;
as of Suetonius.
C. TREBATIUS refta, a learned
lawyer, intimate with Cicero, who re-
commended him to Caefar while in
Gaul, Cic. Fam. 7, 5. and wrote to him
many humorous letters, Cic. 7, 6, — 23.
Ke alfo infcribed to him his Topics,
Cic. Top. I. Fam. 7, 1 9. He enjoyed
the confidence of Caefar after his vic-
tories, Suet. Caef. 78. He was alfo a
favourite with Auguftus. — Horace in-
troduces Trcbatlus as advihng him to
give over writing fatires, Sat. 2, 1,4,
&78.
Z. Trekf.llius, firft an opponent,
and aftervvards a friend of Antony's,
Cic. Phil. 6, ^. et 13, 12, &c.
Tr>:hcllius Maximus, a governor
^i Bntain, hated by his army for his
[ 39^ 1 T R t:
a queen of fordid avarice. Being deferted by hfs
troops, through the influence of one
Caelius, he fled to Vitellins, Tac. Hiji.
i, 60. but met with no favour from
him, Bolanus being fent to fnpply his
place, ib. 2, 65. Tacitus differs from
himfelf a little \\\ his account of this
matter, Agric. 16.
TRr:p.ius, one whom Juvenal ftrong-
ly difliiades from continuing to fubmit
to the contempt and negledl with
which poor clients were treated by
their rich patrons, 5> 19, & 135, &c.
6;TRE130NIUS, a tribune a. 698,
who got a law paffed, afligning to the
confuls provinces for five years, to
Pompey, the two Spains and Africa ;
and to Craffus, Syria ; alfo to Caefar,
Gaul for other five years, Dio, 39, 33,
&c. Suet. Caef. 24. This law ferved to
precipitate the ruin of the republic,
and in the end proved deftrutlivc to
the propofer of it. Trebonius wa«
made one of Catfar's lieutenants, Caef
5. G. 5, 17, & 24. He adled in that
capacity with M. Antonius at the
fiege of Alefia, i3. 7, 81. He was
entrufted with the charge of con-
ducing tlie fiege of Marfeilles while
Caefar was abfent in Spain, Id B. C»
2, I, & 15. A. U. 706, he was
made city praetor, in which office he
behaved with great prudence and hu-
manity, according to the teftimony of
Catfar, B. C. 3, 20, & 21. and oppo-
fed the turbulent attempts of Coelius,
ib. et Dio, A^z, 22. Fell. 2, 68. The
year after, he obtained the government
of Spain v/ith proconfular authority,
Dio, 42, 29. Hirt. B. Alex. 64. whence
he was in a fliort time expelled by Sca-
pula and Aponius, the generals of the
republican party, ITio, ibid, In the
year of the city 708, when Caefar firfl
introduced the cuftom of creating con-
fuls for only a part of the year, and to
fet the example, he himfelf with his col-
league Lepidus had refigned the con-
fullhip, Trebonius and Q. Fabius were
fubilituted in their room, Dio, 43, 46.
for the three laft months of the year,
Suet. Caef. 76. to the great difpleafure
of the people ; which they fignitied when
3 B 2 thp
T R E C 596 ] TUB
the new confuls firft appeared in the There were fevcral fea-gods called Tri
theatre, ib. .80. Though Trebonius
had been raifed to the higheft prefer-
ments by Caefar, yet he joined the con-
fpirators againft him, animated, as it is
fuppofed, purely by a hatred of tyran-
ny, Ck. Phil. 2, II, & 14. ^'^ If, 4.
f/ 13, 10. Veil. 2, 56. On the fatal
day [Idihts Martiis) he engaged An-
tony in converfation at the door while
the other confpirators were difpatching
•Caefar, and thus faved his life, Cic.PhiL
2, 14. <r/ 13, 10. Ep» 2, 28.; jyw, 44,
19. After the death of Caefar, the
province of Afia was alTigned to Tre-
bonius by the fenate, where he was
treacheroufly (lain at Smyrna by Dolo-
bella, Cio, Phil, u, 2, &c. 12, \o, et
13, 10. Veil 2, 69.; D'w, 47, 29.;
Appian. B. Civ. 3, p> SA^* '^c.
^;;.TREMELLIU£.S'^/-<9/i/. ^/V.ScROFA.
C. Valerius 7'riarius, the friend of
Cicero, whom he appointed guardian
to his children, C/V. Fin. i, 5. ^n. 12,
28.
TRICIPITiNUS, afirname of the
LuCRETII.
Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, the fa-
ther of Lucretia, Llv. 1, ^^^ & 59. et
2, 8. ; Cic. Leg, 2» 4.
lu. Lucretius Tkicipitin-us, a con-
fu], who triumphed over the Volfci and
jicqui, Liv. 3, 8, & ic.
Triopas, v. -c, the father of Eri-
fichth
'ho thence is called T{
PEius, O^j'id. Met. 8, 75 J. and his
daughter Triopeis, -Xdis, ib. 872,
Triptolemus, the fon of Celeus,
king of Eleufis, whom Ceres taught
the arc of hulbandry, and fent him
through the world to communicate the
knowltdge of it to others, (G. 360,)
• He was ranked among the iniernal
judges, Cic.TuJc. i, 41.
Tkismegistus, (i, e. ter maximus), a
name of Mercury among the Egypti-
ans, Lactant. i, 6, oc 7.
Tritannus, a centurion, remark-
able for his {Irength, Cic. Fifi. i, 3»;
Plin. 7, 20.
Triton, v. .<?, 'onis, a fea-god ; the
attendant and trumpeter of Neptune,
(G.386.) Cic. N. D^ I. 28, et 2, 25.
tons, ( Triton Rs,) Firg. Aen. 5, 824.
Tri TON I A, f. Tritoriis, Adis^ a name
of Minerva, (G. 361.)
Trivia, a name of Diana, becaufe
/he prefided over places where three
ways met. (G. 377.), and an image of
her was placed there with three faces,
one looking towards each way, Ovid.
Faji. 1 , 141. T R I V I A E lacus, the
lake of Diana near Aricia, Virg. Aen.
7,516. Trivtae lucus, a grove facred
to Diana near Cumae, ib. 6, i 3.
Trogus Pompeius, a Latin hiilo-
rlan in the time of Auguflus, who
\vrote a general hi (lory of the world,
abridged by Juflin. The original
work is loft, and the abridgment only
remains, Jufiin. Praef.
Troilus, a fon of Priam, (lain by
Achilles, Virg. Aen. l, 475. ; Hor.Od,
2>^9. 15- ^.
Tros, -o/j, a king of Troy, who gave
name to that city, Virg. G. 3, 36.
whence Trosy Trois, a Trojan, Id. Aen.
I? 577- Troes, Trojans, (G. 187.)
Trophonius, the fon of Valens and
Phoronis, called alfp Mercuriusy Cic. N.
D, 3, 22. worfhipped with particular
ceremonies, Li. Div. i, 34. (G. 305.)
Trophonius, an architect, who with
his brother xVgamedes built the temple
of Apollo at Delphi, Pan/an. 10, 5.
and having implored that god to grant
them in return what was beft for them,
they were both, three days after, found
dead, Cic. T'ufc. i, 47.
Tru
cULENTUs, the churl, the name
of one of the plays of Plautus, Cic. Sen.
14.
Trypho, 'Onist the name of a Have,
Cic. Att. 3, 8. Fam. 13, 6f.
TuBERo, -Q///X, a firname of the
Aeiii.
^ Aelius TuBERQ, a very brave
man, though poor, to whom, on ac-
count of his merit, Pauius Aemilius
gave his daughter in marriage, VaL
Ma:':. 4, 4, 9. ; Plin. 33, il f. 50.
^ TUBERO, the fon of the form-
er, whence he w^as the nephew of Af-
ricanus the younger, [Africani fororis
f.lius,) Cic. Mun 36. a iioic hi princi-
ple
TUB
[ 397 0
T U i.
pie and prailice ; vvlii'ch he fliewed,
as Cicero thought, InjudiciQufly at the
funeral grimes celebrated by liis coufin,
Q^M
aMiuuis, 1
in honour oi Africanu8,
and on that account, wiien he ftood
candidate for tht prattorfi.ip, lod his
ekdion, ih. Htnce IJta fiaa (fc. Stoi-
corunv) lulcroties^ d Favojim, ve/^ri
quoqiie reipuhi'tcae iv.gr at a nom'muf geMu'il.
Tac. Ann- i6, 22. Tubero was a man
of great integrity and wcrtli, Clc. Br.
31-
P.TuBERO,thebrolherof the former,
who pronounced a funeral oration on
his uncle by tlie mother's hde, Scipio
Africanus, written by Laehus, Gc.Or.
2, 84.
^. TuBERO, an ancient Latin hi-
ftorian, Ll^v. 4, 23. ; DhnyJ, if.
L. TuBERO, the companion and
friend of Cicero, C'lc, Leg. 7. who wrote
a hiilory, Cic. J^ Fr. I, i, 3. and
therefore is fuppofed to have been the
fame with the hillorian lall mentioned.
He was lieutenant to Q^ Cicero, Cic.
ih. d Plane. Al. He joined Pompcy Br. 15.
in tlie civil war, Cic. Ltg. 8. but was Tuditanus, an Infane nobleman,
reltored by Caefar, with his fon Q^ the grandfather of Fulvia, the wife of
Tub ERG, who accufed Ligarlus, Clc. Antony, Cic. Phil. 3, 6. jic. 4, 27.;
Lig. I. Val.Max. 7,8, I.
A^ Pojihumius Tubertus, a dlda
him one. of his heirs, and to have com-
mitted to him, together with Vaiius,
the charge of correfting the Aencis,
Dutiat. in Vita Plrgil. c. 1 5.
A7. TUCCIUS, curule aedile, JJv.
35, 4'. and pi actor, ///. 7,6, 45. who
commanded in BriiUii and Apulia, fJ.
37,50. cf 385 36. He was made trium'vir
for tranrplacting a colony, IJ. 39, 22.
«j 2. The accufer of C. Sempro-
nius Rufus, by whom he himfclf was
alfo accufed, Cic. Fam. 8, 8.
TuDiTANUS, a firname of the Setri'
proni'i ; firit given to one of that gens^
becaufe he had a head like a mallet,
[quod caput tuditiyi mallcofimik hahuerit, )
Fcilus.
M. TuDITANUS, COnful, 2. 5 1 3,
f. 5 J 4, the year in which Livius Ar-
dronlcus exhibited the fir!l play at^
Rome, and the year before Ennius was
born, Cic. Br. 18. Tujc. i, ?.
P. TuDiTANus, the colleague of
Cethegus in tlie confulate, a. ^49, and
afterwards alfo in the cenforihip, Cic,
tor, who gamed a lignal vidory over
the Aequi and Volfci, Liv. 4, 26, 29.
P. Tubertus, the colleague In the
confulate, firit of Valerius Poplicola,
and then of Meneiu'us, who obtained
the light of being buried within the
city, which his poilerlty retained, Cic. daughters of S
Ti'LLA, a companion of Camilla,
Virg. Atn. 1 \^(>^(i,
irviiis TULLIUS, the fixth king
of Rome, (G. 20c.) Tullianum,
a place in the prifon, Sallujl. Cat. ^^.
built by Servius Tullius, Varr.L. L.^,
%1. et Fejlus. TuLLiAE, the two
ervius Tullius ; married
Lfg. 2, 23
C. lioJliUus TuBULUS, praetor, Liv.
27, 6. of the cliy, ib. 7. He after-
wards was fent agalnlb Annlbal, and at-
tacked him with fucccfs, ih. 42.
Z. TuBULUS, a praetor a. u. 6ir.
who took money openly for giving
judgment in caufes; on which account
he iied from his trial, and went into
voluntary baniihment, Cic. Fin. 2, 16.
et 4, 28. et 5, 22. N. D. 3, ^o.
Pkiiiis I'uccA, a poet, the fiicnd of
Virgil and Horace, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 40.
et JO? 84, Virgil is falfl to h?'-^ ^''^"''■
left
to the two Taiquinii, (G. 202.)
J\L Tullius Ciuroj the orator. FirV.
CiCERO. TuLLiA, the daughter of
Cicero, Cic. Fam. 2, 15. ct 6f 18. Att,
10, 18, (Sec. dim. TuLLiOLA, Cic. Aft.
^'3'&c.
L. Tullius, a relation of Cicero's ;
one of his lieutenants in Cillcia, Cic.Att.
5, 21. mentioned ih. 4. et Vcrr. 4, 11.
L. Tullius I\Jonianus, one who
went with Cicero's fon to Athens, Cic.
Alt. 12, 52. TULLIANUM caput i H
debt due by Tullius, ih. 15, 2.6. called
TulUanumftmis^ becraife, as it ii thought,
the
T U L C ^98
the intereft was half an as (Jemis) for
100 ajfes per month; or, as wc fay,
6j)er cent, per annum, ib. 29.
1^ u L L I u s Cimber. Vtcl. T i l L i u s .
IW (i. e. Manias) Tullius, con-
ful with Sulpicius in the tenth year
after the expuliion of the kings, Cic.
Br. \6. ; Lh\ 2, 19.
Tullius, the chief [magi/Ier) of a
fociety of farmers of the pubKc reve-
nues, Clc. Fen\'^, 71.
TuLLus Hojiilius, the third king of
Rome, {G. 196.) Virg. Jen. 6, 815.
Jttius TuLLUs, a chief of the Volfci,
the hoft of Coriolanus, Liv. 2, 55, &c.
TuLLUs Clwvius, one of the Roman
ambaffadcrs, put to death by Lars To-
lumnius,.6'/V. Phil. 9, 3. called TuUus
Claelius by Pliny, 34, 6.
L. Vokahus TuLLus, cotiful with
i.epidus, a. 688, Ck. Cat. 1, 6. Att.
8, IS'— — ^^ 2. The patron and friend
of Propertius, i, i, 9, &.c.
TuLLUs Hojl'iltus. a tribune-eledt of
the commons, a partifan of Antony's,
C'lc. Phil. 13, C2.
Turbo, -o«?V, the name cf a gladi-
ator, Hor, Sat. 2, 3, 301.
TuRDUs, the lirname of a plebeian
branch of the Gens Papiria, Cic. Fam.
9, 21, 7. C, Pap'irius Tukdus, a
tribune, Liv. 41, 6.
Z/. TuRius, (a). Thorius,) an orator
of fmall genius, but of great indullry,
Cic. Br. 67.
^ TuRiu-:, a trader (^negotiator) iii
Africa, Cic. Fanu 12, 26. Haersditas
TuR.iANA> the fortune or eilate left
by Turius, ih. Eros ( -oiis ) Tv R i u s,
the freed man of Q^Turius, ih.
TURNUS, the fon of Daunus and
\-\r.r. ^f .u^ Rutuh', Fir^. Aen.
Venilia, king of the
.eneas,
lb. 12,
7, 577, &c. (lain by
928. (G. 19c,)
TuRPiLiUSj an old epic poet, Non.
4,422.
L. Amhi%nns Turpio, mentioned as
one of the principal adtors in the title
of all the plays of Terence, except the
Adclphi and Hecyra.
TuRPio,-o«7'.r, a contemptible perfon
at Rome, who had been a Ihoemaker or
,. cobltr, (futoriuSi) Cic. Att. 6, i.
3 T Y N
D. TuRRANNius, V. -anitis, a man
poffefTed of ufeful learning, who lived
iometimes with Cicero, and fometimes
with Cicero's brother, Cic. Att. i, 6.
f/ 6, 9. £"/ 7, I. He is thought to be
the fame mentioned by Pliny, 3, i.
A/" TuRRANNius, a perfon of great
intea^rity, who would not accept of a
province from Antony, Cic. ■ 'hil. 3,10.
L. (URSELius, one whofe efFefts
Antony ieized bv a forged will, Cic.
Phil.2,\6.
u RUT, I us, quaeftorto Tilh'us Cim-
ber in Bithynia, and commander of his
fleet, Cic. Fam. 12, 13.
TuscENius, an obicure perfon, who
complained of Q^Cicero, Cic. 1^. Fr. i,
I, 6. et 2, 2.
7"UT0R> -oris, the name of an old
comedy, or of the writer and adior of
it, \ery ridiculous, [inimus vetusy op*
pido ridicidusy) Cic. Or. 2, 64.
Tychius, a fliilfui artiil, v/ho made
the fi-iJeld of Ajax, Ovid. Fajl. 3, 823.
TYDEUS, (2 fyll.) -ei, V. -eos, the
fon of Oeneus, king cf Cal)-don and
Peribaea ; one of the fcven leaders
againil Thebes, where he was flain,
(G. 434-) ^^^ father of Diomedes ;
v-lio is hence called Tydides, -ae, [G,
45S.)
Tymoetes. Fid. Thymoetes.
TYND A K\JS,\.Tyriddreus, -i, aking
of Lcicednemon, tlie huiband of Leda,
and lather of Cailor and Pollux, of
Helena and Ciytaemneftra, (G. 411-)
whence TyndarIdes, -acy the fon of
''lyndarus, i. e. Caltor, Fal. Flac. 6,
612. TYNDAiaDAE, -aruniy the fons
of Tyndarus, i. e. Caftor and Pollux,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2.et 3,5.; 0%nd. Trijl. r,
10, 45. 2emini,
Id.F.5,
., Id. M. 8, 30 T. fratres,
700. Clariim Tyndar^daeJidiiSy
the bright ftar of Caltor and Pollux,
PFjr, Od. 4, 8, 31. et \, 12, 27. Hence
Optatos quaerere 'Tyndaridas, to defire
tiiat this ftar, wifhed for by mariners,
might appear, Propert. i, 17, 18.
Tyndaris, -/^/'j, the daughter of Tyn-
darus, i. e. Helena, Virg. Aen. 2, 6c i.;
Ovid. Ep. 5, gi. Am. 2, 12, 18.; Pro-
pert. 2, 32, 3[. f/ 3, 8, 30 — We hard-
ly find Tyndaris rut for Civ tern nae-
' ftra,
T Y P
ftra, but her hufband Agamemnon is
called Tyndarei gener^ the fon-In-law of
Tyndarcus, 0-vid, in Ibin, 356. Add.
Cic, Fat. 15. adj. Tyndareus
puer, i. e. Caftor or Pollux, Fal. Flac.
I, 167.
. Typhoeus, (3 fyll with eu a diph-
thong, gen. -deiy v. -oeosy Ovid. Fait.
4, 491. dat. Typhoeoy in 3 fyll. the eo
founded in one fyll. Firg. Aen. 9, 716.
accuf. Typhoeay in 4 fyll. Ovid. Md.
5, 348. Faft. I, 573. or in 3 fyll. as
TyphoeOy Vn-g, G. ), 279. ; Ovid. Met.
3, 305.) a giant of enormous fize,
Virg. j^cn. 85 298. faid to have an hun-
dred hands, Gvid, Met. 3, ;^03. buried
under the iOand Inarime, Virg. Am. 9,
716.; Lvcan. 5, lOT. Ovid fays, un-
der Sicily, Met. 5, 346, 5:c — - — adj.
TypkoeuS, vel 'otm ; thus, Tela Ty-
phoea. the darts uled by Jupiter againfl
Typhoeus, i. e. thunderbolts, Firg.
Ae-n. I, t6^. Typhoia rervix, the neck
of Typhoeus, Claudian. de Rapt, Prof.
3 » I S 3. T Y p H o I s ( 'Idos, ) Aetna f
placed upon Typh5eus, Ovid, Ep. 5,
i 1.
Typhon. -ontsy an enormous giant,
(G. 437.) thv ught by fome to be the
fame with Typhoeus, Ovid. Faji. 2, 46 1 .
C 399 ]
VAC
YRANNIO, V.
•oniSy a fjramma-
lian and geographer, Cic. Ait. 2, 6. et
12, 2, 3c c. who taught in Cicero's fa-
mily, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 4. He v/as alfo
employed to arrange the books of Ci-
ceio's library, Qc. Atl. j\.y 4, ic 8.—
Suidas mentiocs two of this name.
Tyro. P^ie/.TiLio.
Tyro, -//j, the daughter of Salm.o-
v.eus\{Sal}rioriiSf -zdis,) and Alcidlce ;
who fell in love with EnTpcus, the god
of a river of Elis, and ufcd often to
walk on his banks. Neptune there-
fore having afTumed the form of Eni-
peu3, had by her two fons, Pelias and
l^eleus, the father of Neilcn-, Homer.
Cdyfs. II, 234, &c.; Apcllodor. i, 9,
8.; Ovid. Ep. 19, 132. It appears
that Enipeus and Tyro were mutually
fond of each other, Ovid. Am. 3, 6, 43.
Propertius aicribes to Enipeus in Thei-
^aly, 3s 19, 13. et I, 13, 21.^ what
others attribute to Enipeus in EIjs,
6Vrrt/A8,/^. 356f.
Tyrrhus, the chief fhepherd of
king Latinus, Virg. Aen. 7, 485, 508,
532. Tyrrhidae pueriy the fons
of Tyrrhus, ih. 484.
Tyrtaeus, an Athenian poet, by
whofe poems the Lacedaemonians were
fo animated, that, after fallainingmany
defeats, they at laft conquered the Mcf-
fenians, (G. 463.) Some of his vcrfcs
are Hill extant, which merit tiie cha-
rafter given of them by Horace, Tv
taeufque mares
Ferjibiis exaeuity
tilian ranks him
11,2
animos in Martia bella
Art. P. 402. Quinc-
ncxt to Homer, 12,
Tyrus, v. -Oy the mother of the Sy-
rian VtuxiSy Cic. N. D. 3, 23.
M. Fifrttvius VACCUS, general of
the F\ndani znd Privernates againftthe
Romans ; who had a houfe at Rome
on the Palatine mount, which being
pulled down, and the area adjudged to
the public, was called Vacci prata,
Liv. 8, 19. ; Cic. Dora. 38.
Vacerra, a lawyer in the time of
Cicero, Cic. Fam. 7, 8.
Vac UN A, the goddefs of vacation
or relpite from labour, to whom the
hufoandmen, after tlie conclufion of
harveft, offered facriliccs, Ovid. Fajl. 6,
307. S!ic had a temple and a facred
grove around it at Reatc, in the coun-
try of the Sablnes, PUtu 3, 12 f. 17,
There feem to have been on Horace's
farm the remains of an old temple of
Vacuna, behind which he dictated to
his amanuenfis one of his epiftles, Ep.
I, 10, 49. Vaccjnales fociy the
hearth in the temple of Vacuna, Ovid.
Fajl. 6, 308.
Valens, -rdisy the father of one
called Mercury, Cic. N. D. 3, 22.
A. Valentius, an interpreter of
Verres in ijicily, Cic- Ferr. 3, 37.
VALERIUS, the name of digensy
one of the noblell and raoft ancient in
Rome,
V A L [ 400 ] V A L
Rome, divided into a nuniber of dif- rinn, in the time of Marias
fcrent branches ovfamlliae; as, the Flac-
ciy Laroinl) Mejfala?, Max'tmi^ &c. The
Valerii were anciently called Vahfn ;
as the FurVi were Fuft'ii^ 3cc. Q^uin6tiL
I, 4, 13. To th.it ge/rs F'ak ria iht Ro-
mans vrere indebl-ed for the liril: eila-
bliCiment of their liberty, IJv. 2,8.;
Dlonyf. 5, 19. arid aftervvards for its
ort,
.IV. 3, ss-
ilfo
V1:L
!0, 9. But
firll fllaViifh-'
fupp
one of the fame
cd tyranny by h
us Flaccts.
/>.VALER[lTS,"the fon of Vole-
fus, who was prefent at the death of
Lucretia, having- accompanied her ,fii-
ther to Collatia when J^ucrttia fent
for him, Lhu j, 58. After the ex-
pulfion of Tarquin and the vcdontary
exile of Collatinus, Valerius was crea-
ted conful with Brutus, L'lv. 2, 2.
Brutus being i\x\\\ in the fame ytar,
^Valerius remained fole C'.mfnl. He
was continued in that oiTire alfo for
the two next year's, with' difFcre'.it col-
leagues. He defeased Tarqiiin, aiid
by bis able conduct defended Rome
sgainft the attempts bf Porseiia. He
caufcd fcveral laVvs t6l5e''made for fe-
Ciiring the rights of tliejlcopk ; whence
he got the fnname (>f 'Popltcola^ or
Publico LA, L'ro. i, 8. ' After an in-
termilTion of two years he was made
conful for the fourth time, a. \\. 25c.
and triumphed over the Sabine?, ih, 16.
This great man {^crmrJum covfenfu pr'in-
cepT hAl'i pactfqiie orttlii^) died the year
after io poor, that he did not leave
•what \yas* fufficient to defray the ex-
pences of his funeral,
at the pwbh'c cxpeacc,
and riot to Brutus^ Horace afcribes the
expulfion of Tarquin, Sat. 1,6, 1 2.
M. V A L ?. R I U S . Vld. C O R Y U S .
Z. VALERIUS Fhccus, being
made Interrex, a. 67 i, palled a law, call-
ed from him L:x Fiihria, ratifying all
the acts of Sulla, Clc. RuU. 3, 2. ; Jp-
plan. B. C.i.p' 6S6. and conferring on
him didatorial power; whereby, as
Cicero juftly obfcrves, all laws were
extinguifaed, il\
<^;V A L ET. I u s JrUiaSf a R. o n a n h i il 0 -
He xvas buried
ib. To Valerias,
and Sulla,
FelL 2, 9. often quoted by Livy, 3.
5, &L. faid to have greatly exaggera-
ted ia£ts, {^nullitm ment'iendl modum tenet,
L,iv. 26, 49. immodire omnium rerum
riufn.'rum auget^ 33, 10. et 36, 19, &
38.) None of his works are now ex-
tant.
VALERIUS Maxlmus, an hiftori-
cal author who wrote an account of
memorable culboms, aclions, and fay-
ings, in ntne books, [exemplonim memo-
rjoilium Uhri novem :) which he infcri-
bed to tl\e emperor Tiberius. But the
books we now have under that title be-
ing inferior in elegance and purity of
ftyle to other compofitions of that age,
are thought to be only an epitome of
the original works, compiled, about
3bo years after, by one Paris or Nepo>
tianus. Fid. FoJ[. de H'ljlor. Lat, p, 122.
et Fa^- Max. m ufiun DelpFinu
C. VALERIUS Flaccus, a Raman
poet cbntempoiary with Martial, who
infcribed to him feveral of his epigrams.
In one of thefe Martial advifes him to
drop the iludy of poetry, and betake
himfelf to the bar, as being more lucia-
tive^ I, 77. Martial add refies him as
a native, or at kail an inhabitant of
Padua, I, 62, 3. et i, 77, 2. But
()th(
:e him a native of Sctia,
(^Si'tinus.) Place us viu'ote a poem on
the expedition of the Argonauts, called
/frgonautlcaf -on, hi eight books, which
he dedicated to Vefpafian ; but death
prevented him from tinifhing it- He
died young at Padua. Qu_in!R;rl!<an,
fpeaking of him, fays, Mvhtitn in Valerio
Fheco nuper amifimus, 10, T, 90.
Valeria tnbuhy the ofhce of Vale-
rius, a place in the forum where the
tribunes ufed to'iit, fuppofed to have
been fo na;:iGd from one Valerius a
banker, who kept there his account-
books, ttahidae)y Cic. Vat. 9. Fam.
14.' ^•
C. Valgius mpp'iJHUs, a friend of
Cicero's, fo cal/ed from Valgius who
adopted him. His own name was C.
Hippius, from that of his natural fa-
ther, which name Cicero alfo give-s him
in. the fame epiflle, Fam. 13, 76.
C. Valgius,
V A L C 40T 1
C Valguts, a learned botanift, who himfelf, Cic. B
fent an unliniriied work to Aiiguftus
concerning the nk of herbs, Plin. 25,
C. Valgixis, a teacher of rhetoric,
the fcholar of Apollodorus, ^tindii 3,
I, 18. et 3, 5, 17. et 5, 10, 4.
Valctus, the fon-in-hiw of Sulla,
who feiztd on many eftates in the time
of Sulla, Ck. RuU. 3, 1.
Valcius, a poet of confiderable me-
rit in the time of Auguftus, Hor. SaL
I, 10, S^,; T'lhull. 4, 1, 179. the friend
of Horace, who wrote a beautiful ode,
to confole him on the lofs of his fon
Myites, Qd. 2, 9.
L. V^\RF.Nrs, accufed of murder,
anrd defended by Cicero. But the ora-
tion is loft, and therefore the allulions
of Qj-niidilian to it are fome of them
not caiily explained, 4,2,73. 7, i, 9,
&c.
Vargula, a witty man, (Jicax),
mentioned, i ic. Qr» 2, 60.
L, (al. r.) Vargunteius, a fenator,
an alTociate of Catiline, who undertook
to murder Cicero in his bed, Sail. Cat.
28 ; OV. SulL 2. Cicero calls him an
equesj Cat. i , 4.
P. Varinus, a governor of Afia,
Cic. Flacc. 19.
M> Vahsidi us, a Roman equcs, Cic.
Fam. 10, 7, & 12.
L. Varius CotyJas, v. -a, one of the
chief friends of Antony, Cic. Phil. 13,
1 2. whom he fent as ambaifador to the
fenate, il>. 8, 10, 5c 11.
^VARIUS, a native of Sucro,
[Sucromrifis), in Spain, called Hybrula
vel Ihridtty (i. e. of a mixt breed), on
account of the uncertainty of his being
a citizen, (propter ohjcurum jus civita-
tis), Val. Max. 3, 7, 8. ti 8, 6, 4. of
a difagreeable appearance, (^homo vaftus
et fGeclus)^ Cic. Or. J, 25. but elteemed
a good oiator, ib. et Br. 49, S: 62.
When tribune, a. u. 662, he got a law
pafTed, [lex Varia)^ that enquiry fhould
be made concerning thofe by whofe
means the Italian war had been raifed,
Val. Max. ibuL ; Lie. Mil. 36. Br. S^,
& 88. by which law many great men
w?re coodemned, and at lait Varius
V A R
89. who periflied mi*
ferably, and thus luffered the juil pu-
nidimcnt of liis crimes, in having cau-
fed the death of Drufus and Mctellus,
Cic. N. Z). 3, 3;^.
Z. VARIUS, a poet greatly elleem-
ed by Auguftus, Bur. Ep. 2, i, 247.
the friend of Virgil and Horace, Hor^
Sat. 1, 5, 40, .<x' 93. I, 6, ^S\^ ^' i'.9»
22. called by Horace Maeonii earminis
aleSi the bird or fwan of Maeonian verfc,
;'. e. the fuccefsful imitator of Homer,
or a fublime epic poet, Od. 1,6, t.
Varius was unrivalled as an epic poet
at Rome, [Forte epos acer^ Ut nemo^ Va-
rius diicit), before the i\eneis of Vir»
gil was publilhed, Hor. Sat. 1, 10, 43.
After that he was ranked next to Vir-
gil, Id. Art. P. 55. Varius alfo wrote
tragedies ; and Quiniftilian fays, the
Thyeftes of Varius might be compared
to any tnigedy of the Greeks, 10, i,
98. Add. Dial, de Oral. c. 12. One
Gracchus feems to have written a play
on the fame fubjeft ; hence, Cum Va-
rius Gracchujque darent Jera diHa tyran-
nic when they infcrted in their trage-
dies the cruel reproaches of Thyeftes
againft Atreus, i>vid. Pont. 4, 16, 31.
Virgil had fuch an efteem' for Va-
rius, that he left him one of his heirs,
with the charge of correding and pub-
lilhing the Aeneis, Donat. in vit. Virg.
c. 15. None of the works of Varius
remain but a few fragments.
VARRO, -dim, a firname of the
Tcrentii.
t. Tcr^niius VARRO, defcended of
a mean family, the fon of a butcher,
as was faid, Liv> 22, 25. ; Val. Max,
3, 4, 4. who raifed himfelf to prefer-
ment by his eloquence and popular
arts, ib. 26. ; Cic. Br. ig. Wlien con-
ful with Paulus Aemilius, a. 537, he
occafioned by his rathnefs the dreadtul
defeat at Cannae, y>k'.^22, 45, ^\c.
After the battle he fled to Canufmm
with about fifty horfemen, /^. 49. Such
however was the magnanimity of the
Romnns, that when he returned to the
city he was met bv great numbers of
all ranks, and thanks given him, be-
came he iiad not defpaired of the re-
3 E public,
V A R [ 402 ] V A R
P^Wjc, ih. 61 f. After the expiration Cicero reproaches him, and draws a
of his ofiice, the diilrid of Picenum
was affigned to him, Liv. 23, ^2. ef
27, 35. and his command continued
during all the years of the war, Liv.
35, 6. He was afterwards alfo em-
ployed in feveral honourable commif-
fions, Liv. 30, 26. et 31, 11, & 49.
M. Terenths VARRO, the moft
learned of the Romans, [Romanorum
erudit'ifslmiis, Quinftil. ic, 1,95.), born
at Rome a. 638, one of the lieutenants
of Pompey in the war againil the pi-
rates, when he is faid to have propo-
fed the imprafticable fcherne formerly
conceived by Pyrihus, of making a
bridge of boats over the Adriatic fea
where it is narroweii, PHn. 3, 1 1 f. 16.
In this war Varro obtained a naval
crown for his merit, Plin. 7, 30. Pie
afterwards commanded Farther Spain
as the Heutenant of Pompey, with two
legicins, Dioy 41, 23.; Cic. Fam. 9, 13.;
Caef. B. C. I, ^S. of courfe he fupport-
ed the intereft of Pompey in the begin-
ning of the civil war, Caef.B. C. 2,^17,
& r8. But after the defeat of Pe-
treius and Afranius he made his peace
with Caefar, ih. 20, ^21.; Z)w, 41,
23. and returned to his fludies. Du-
ring this period a particular intimacy
fubfifted between him and Cicero. Var-
ro fnfcribed his book concerning the
Latin tongue to Cicero, and Cicero
liis academical queftions to Varro, Clc.
^'Ic. I, I. ^n, 13, 16, & 18. Caefar
entrufted to Varro the charge of pur-
chafmg and arranging books, both
Greek' and Latin, for public libraries,
which he intended to eftablifh ; but
this defign was fruftrated by the dic-
tator's death, Suet. Casf. 44. Some
fuppofe that Varro was employed about
this time as quaeftor to M. Brutus, the
governor of Cifalpine Gaul, from a re-
commendatory letter of Cicero's to
Brutus, Fam. 13, 10. But this ap-
pears to have been written in favour of
lome other perfon of the fame name.
Notwithftanding the indulgence of
C?-efar to' Varro, Antony unjuftly fei.
2:ed his villa in the territory of Casl-
P14^-j (fundus Cqjfmas), with which
beautiful contrail between the charac-
ter of Varro ( Jandijfimi atqiie integerrimi
virij and that of Antony, [bomtnis tur-
pijfvni), Cic. PhiL 2, 40, & 41. Varro
was in the liil of thofe profcribed by
the triumviri, but was faved by the
friendlhip of Fufms Calenus, Appian.
B. C. 4, 616, &c. There was another
Varro of the fame name, who, to pre-
vent his fufi'ering by millake, pafted up
a paper to inform the public how the
matter ftood, Dio, 47, 11. Paterculus
fpeaks of one Varro, who, when about
to die by the command of Antony,
prefaged with great freedom the fate
of Antony himfelf, 2, 71. Varro,
though he faved his life, however loil a
number of his books, and fome valuable
manufcripts, Gell. 3> 10. He lived to
above ninety years of age, univerfally
refpedled, His image, while alive, was
placed in the firft public library at
Rome, that of Ahnius PoUio, and the
image of no other living perfon befides,
Plin. 7, 30. He wrote an incredible
number of books, and continued his
fiudies to the clofe of life, Val. Max.
8, 7, 3. He was eighty-four when
profcribed, and then he had v/ritten
no fewer than 490 books. Cell. 3, lo^^
He wrote his book on hufbandiy in
his eightieth year, Varr. de Re RuJHcai
I, I. Pliny fays in his eighty-hril year,
18, T^f. and mentions his having pub-^
liflied fome work when eighty-eight,
(al. 83), 29, 4/ 18/. There is a
noble eulogium on Varro and his works
in Cicero, Acad, i, 3. and in Phny, 35,
2f. Of the nuinerous works of Varro
there only remain his three books de
Re Rvjlka ; the 4th, 5th, and 6th
hooks de Latina i}7!gua 'f the 7th, 8th,
and 9th books de Analogia^ fome of
which aie very imperfedt. Of the rell
there is nothing extant but Icattered
fragments.
P. Tcrentius VARRO, a native of
Atax or Attax, a village in Gallia Nar-
bonncnfix, (hence called Varro AtacI-
Nus, Hor. Sat. T, 10, 46.; ^inclil.
10, I, 87.) who wrote a poem on the
eipedidun
V A R
C 403 1
VAT
expedition of Jafon, which is celebrated
Ly Ovid, Am. [,15,21. Art. Am. 3,355.
He borrowed great part of the mate-
rials from ApoIIo7iius Rhodius, whence
t^incliliau commends him chiefly as
an' interpreter, [interpres opens alien'i,
Hon fpeniendus)) lO, I, 87. Quindli-
iian quotes him, 1,5, 18. and mentions
a quotation of Cicero's, as it is thought,
from the fame. poet, 8, 6, 73. Varro
attempted alfo other fubjedts, as love-
poems, (thus, Haec quoque perfulo In-
dehat "Josone Varro, having finifhed his
poem called Jason or Argonauticay -on,
Propert. 2, 34, 85. So Ovid, Trijl.
2,439.), and fatires, but without fuc-
cels, (expcrto frujtra Varrotie AtacinoJ,
Hor. Sat. J, 10, 46.
Varus, a firname of the Attii or
P. Ati'ius Varus, praetor of Africa
at the beginning of the civil war, Ck.
Leg. 2. called P. Attius, Cic. Alt. 7,
13-
^ Atius Varus, a general under
Caefar, Caef. B. G. 8, 28. B. C. 3, 37.
L. Varus, an epicurean, a friend of
Caefar's, ^ilndlL 6, 3, 78.
^intfUius Varus, vel Varus ^linc-
fHiusy a general under Brutus in the
battle of Philippi, who, after the de-
feat, caufed himfeif to be killed by his
freed man, Ve/Li^'ji.
P. ^linail'ws VARUS, the fon of
the former, conful with Tiberius, a. u.
741, Dio, 54, 25. />. 539. afterwards
governor of Syria, where he enriched
himfclf by the plunder of his province.
Fell. 2, 1 1 8. He was next made go-
vernor of Germany, where, behaving
with haughtinefs and cruelty, he was
cut off with his army, by the contri
vance of two German generals, Armi-
iiius and Seghnerus. Vaius feeing no
polFibihty of efcape, ilabbed himfeif,
{Daci phis ad morkndum, quam ad pug-
nandiim anhnl fitii), VelL 2, 119.; Dio,
66, 18, &c.; Flor.4, 12, 30^ &c.; Tac.
Ann. 1,61.; Suet. Aug.22.— VariA"
NA clades, the dellrudtion of Varus,
Suet. Aug. 23.; Cal. 5.; Plm. 7, 45.
Uvae Varianae, Plin. 14, 2. fo called
from one Varus, who cuUivated virss ;
as the pcrfon mentioned by Horace^
Od. I, 18, I.
VARUS, an able and juft critic^
Hor. Art. P. 438. The old Scholiail
on this paffage calls him Qu^indtilius
Varus of Cremona, a poet ; to whom,
it is ffippofed, Horace infcribes the i8th
ode of the firft book, and on whofs
death he wrote the 24th ode of the
fame book. But this is not certain.
VARUS, the friend and patron of
Virgil, Virgi Eel, 6, 7, & 10, &c. et g,
35. Who this Varus was is uncertain.
He is thought to have been the fam^i
with him who is mentioned by Horace^
The Varus of Virgil appears to have
been a diilinguidied warrior. Eel. 6, 7.
P. Vaiiexu?, a countryman ta
whom Caftor and Pollux are faid to
have told the vidory of Paulus Aemi-
lius over Perfes, before it could pofii-'
bly be known at Rome, Cic. N. D. 2,
2. et 3, 5.
P. Vatinius, a tribune a. u. 694^
the chief inftrument of CsCefar in car-
rying on his violent rneafures, Cic. Vat.
I, &c. who got a law palled, [lex Va-
tinia)f granting to Caefar the command
of Hither and Farther Gaul, together
with lUyricum., for live years, ib. 12.
By the intereit of Caefar Vatinius ob-
tained the practorftiip in preference to
Cato, Vdh Max. 7, 5.; Plutarch, in
Caton. Hence Senecft fays. Nihil mihi
tecum fort una ; non facio mei tihi copiam.
Scio apud te Catones repelli, Vut'fnios Jieri^
Ep. 1 18. After his praetorfhip, Vati-
nius was accufed of bribery by Calvus j
and though he had always been a vio-
lent enemy to Cicero, yet that orator,
after his return from banifhmeat, was
prevailed on by Pompey and Caeiar to
undertake his defence, Cic. Fam. i, 9.
( Vid. Cicero, /. 1 14.). Vatinius was
one of the lieutenants of Caefar in
Gaul, Cuf. B. G. S, 46. He diltin^
guillied himfclf greatly by his conducl
and braver-v on the fide of CacCar in
the civil war, Birt. A Alex. 44, 45,
Sec. A. U. 706, according to the new
was
regulations of
Caefar, Vatinius
maae conful with Calcnus for the lat-
ter part of the year, Diof 42_, 55/
.?£
Hei\ce,
VAT [ 404 ] V E N
Hence, Per confuJatum pejerat V.tinluSi called Monetalis, becaufe, as it
alfo made au-
Catull. 52, 3. He wa
giir in place of Appius, Cic, Fam. 5,
10. At the death of Caefar, he was
governor of Illyriciim ; and upon the
arrival of Brutus in that country, he
refigned to him his province and the
command of his army, for v^hich he is
praifcd by Cicero, Phil. 10, 6. But
this he appears to have done by con-
i^raint, i}/o, 47, 21.; L'lv. Ep'it, 118.
The feven legions which he command-
ed are faid to have voluntarily fubmit-
ted to Brutus, from a contempt and
deteilation of Vatinius, on account of
both the hafenefs of his difpofition and
the deformity of his perfon, [in quo He
formitas corporis aim turpiiudlne ceriahat
ingenii), Veil. 2, 69. Dio fays, that
his foldiers defpifed him on account of
his difeafe, ib. (u e. Jlri/ma, a fuelling
in the neck, which the French call
goulre), occafioned, as Plutarch ob-
ferves, by a fcrophulous humour, in
'vifu Cic. Hence Cicero, fpciiking of
the intention of making him an augur,
fays, Deniqnc ethim Vatinii Jinmam fa-
cer not'n S^'icL^pa:^ (i. e. purpura his tintln.,
vejle augur alt) vejliant, Cic. Att. 2, 9.
and feeing him one day pleading, called
him " a tumid orator," Plutarch.
Vatiniana crirfiina, the accufations
brought by Calvus againil: Vatinius,
Caiull. ^^y 2. Munere tjlo Od'ijfan te
odio Vatiniano, on account of that
prefent I fliould h?ve hated you bit-
terly, with as great hatred as Vatini-
us bears to you, (Calvus), for accu-
fm-T him, SatuIL 14, 2.
Vatikiu-, a buffoon at the court
of Nero, and afterwards a dangerous
informer, originally a llioemaker of
Beneventum, diilorted in his perfon,
and remarkable for his low wit, (fiur-
rd'rhus facetiis), Tac. Ann. 15, 34.;
Hift. I) 37- Fi'om him a kind of
glafs cups were called, Vatinii calicesy
Martial. 14, 96. or Vatini fc. pocula,
Id. 10, 3, 4. with four handks, [na-
forum quatucr)^ refembling, as it is
faid, the nofe of Vatinius, Schol'uifl. ad
Juvenal, ibid. -y Martial. 14,96.
Vectenus, a friend of Cicero's,
thought, he was a banker or money-
broker, Cic. Att. io, 5, & II. 12, 3.
et '?, 13.
VccTius, a fenator, Cic. F'acc. '^^.
P. VnDius, an intimate friend of
Pompey's, a man of a worthlefs cha-
racter, Cic. Att. 5, I.
VEGif.Tivrs, the author of a work on
the military art, in hve books. He
lived in the time of Valentinian.
P. Vf.kilius, one who rcfufed to
accept a province from Antony, Cic,
PhU. 3, 10.
VEj::NTn, appointed governor of
Syria by Bibulus, at his departure,
Cic. Ait. 7, 3.
V."j6vis, V. Vejupitcu, /*. e. bad
Jupiter, GelL 5, 12. [A. 289.) or
young Jupiter, without a beaid and
thunderbolt, Ovid.Faf. 3, 430, 436, 'kc.
C. V.:lleius, a tribune, a. 667,,
much attached to the philofophy of
Epicurus, Cic. Or. 3, 21. N. D. 1,6.
VELLEIUS Paterculusy a Roman
hiilorian who flourifhtid in the time of
Tiberius, of whom he gives a flatter-
ing eulogium, 2, 12 1, &c. His grand-
father, C. Vtllejus, {%nr nuUi fecim-
dus)y ilabbed himfelf, becaufe, on ac-
count of his age and infirmities, he
could not attend Tib. Nero, the fa-
ther of the Emperor, in h'
Naples, Fell, ly '^6. Vid. Nero,
Venjlia, a nymph or goddefs, the
fifler of Amata, and mother of Turnus,
Virg. A. \Oyn6.
Ven^n^iniu--, a Latin hiilorian, of
whom we know little elfe bat the name,
Cic. iMg. 1,2. Att. 12, 3.
VENTIDIUS Bajfusy a native of
Afcuium in Picenum, who, when a
child, 'A-as carried in triumph in his
mother's hofom by Pompcius Strabo
in the Italic war, and afterwards, by
a wondeiful turn of fortune, obtained
the higheft preferments, and was the
fivil wlio triumphed over the Parthians,
Vail. Max. 6, 9, 9.; Gell. 15, 4. He
firlt fupported himfelf by furniftiing
mules to the magiftrates, and bringing
corn to the camp, whence he is call-
ed MuLio, a muleteer or mule-driver,
Cic.
Right from
k
V E N
f 405 ]
V E R
Cic. Ep- 10, 18, 8. and SuFFmANr.u?,
(i. t . q:>ra jar feu farinam in cajira mnlis
achexi:)i Fliu. 7, 43 f. 44.. While
thus employed, he attra^'ted the atten-
tion of Caefar, who promoted him,
Gell. ib.\ Dio, 43, 51. He was prae-
tor in the year after Caefar*s dt ath,
while Hirtius and Panfa were coi/fuls,
a. 711. After the battle of Mutina
he joined Antony with three le_t;ions,
and thus faved him from deflruc^tion,
Cic. Fatn. 10, 33. i?/ IT, 13. Hirtius
and Panfa being cut off at Mutina,
OAavius. Caefar and Pedius were fub-
ftiruted in their ftead. Pedius having
died, and Oftavius having refigned his
office^ Ventidius and fome other per-
fon were created confuls in tlieir room,
Doy 47, 15. So that he was both con-
ful and praetor in the fame year, VaL
Max. 6, 9, 9. Hence, Vidit hie an-
niis VeniuUum^ per quern urhem inter cap-
tivos Picentium in triumpho dutfus erat ;
in ea confuJarem praetextam jungentmi
Praetorid, (fc. cumy ai. -iae). On this
Qccafion the following verfes were pall-
ed up in different parts of the llreets ;
Concurrite omnes augiires, harufpices :
Portcntum inufuatum corijlatum eji recens^
Nam mulos quijYicahat cnnful fa8us ej}^
Gell. ib. Juve.ial, fpeaking of Servius
Tullius and V-ntidius, fays, 'Seri'is
(fc. Tullio) regna dahmt, captivis (fc.
Ventidio) faiu iriumphisy 7, 201.
The exploits of Ventidius againll the
Parthians are related at great length
by Dio, 48, 39, 42. et 49, 19,-22.
So Plutarch, in vita y^ntonii.
V'.NuLF.iL's, one of the retinue of
Verrcs, Cic. Verr. 3, 42.
ViNULUs, the ambaffador of Tur-
nus, Virg J.S, 9.
VENUS, -h'is, the goddefs of love
and beauty, (G, 363.) put for the
indulgence of love, Ovid, ik/<?/. 6, 439,
Sec. for coraelinefs, grace, ^or beauty,
Plin. 35, 10 f. 36, n. 10. for a miftref-,
Firg.^K 3, 68. J Ovid. Met. 9, 141
Hor. Sat. 1,2,
eft throw of
rac), Hor.Od
. Steda Feneris, the planet Venus,
called Lucifer, the morning ilar, when
it appears in the morning, and Vefpe-
rus or Hefperus, in the evening, Cic,
N. D. 2, 20. Venus Coa, a pifture
of Venus bv Apelles of Cos, Cic. Div.
1 , I 3. Vi: N E R 1 A fdcerdosy a prieft-
efs of Venus, Plant. Rud. 2, 2, 23.
Fencriiy fc. fervi, ilaves employed ia
the temple of Venus, Cic. Caecil. 17,
Cluent. 15. Venereus, v. Venerius^ fc.
jatiusj the higheft throw of the tali,
Cic^ Div. f, 13. <?/ 2, 21, & 59.
Vf.rcinget6r.ix, 'tgis, king of the
Arvcniiy who induced moll of the
ftates of Gaul to form an union to
fliake off the Roman yoke, Caef. B.
G. 7, 4. but after a brave ftruggle,
was at laft completely defeated, and
obliged to furrender hitnfelf to Caefar
at Alefia, //;. 89. ; Flor. 3, 10 f. He
was afterwards led in triumph by
Caefar, who cruelly caufed him to be
put to death, Dioy 40, 41. et 43, [9.
Verres, a hrname of the Cornelii.
C. Lornelius VERRES, city praetor
a. 679 ; after this he was governor of
Sicily for three years, during which
time he opprefTed the Sicihans fo cruel-
ly, that they brought a pubUc accufa-
tion againit him. Cicero, who had
formerly been quaeftor in that ifland,
was employed to conduct the profecu-
tion ; and his orations againft Verres,
{orationes VerrInak,) which are ilill
extant, ihew to what a miferable ilatc
tiie Roman provinces were reduced j
and how difhcult it was to bring theiF
oppreiloio to juilice. Verres went into
voluntary exile. fie was afterwards
re-rtorcd ; and at lafl was profcribed by
Antony, becaufe he had rtfufed to
give up to him fome Corinthian vales
which Antony deflred, Plin. 34, 2.
happy in this, however, as Lattantius
fays, that before his death he had heard
of the fate of Cicero, his accufer, 2,
4 f. Lex Vekrea, a law or regula-
Verres in Sicily, Cic.
Verrla, -Qrum, a
119. alfo for the high-
the dice, [tali vel felfa-
7, 7, 2?. ; Suet. jius. 7-
tion made by
Verr. 3, 49- -
feilival which Veres inflituted in Sicily,
to commemorate his ferviccs, Cic.
Ven\ 2, 25, &c. Negahant, fc. Siculi,
tnirandum eJJ'sy jus tarn nequam ejje Fsrri-
r.ur:?, hterally, that the broth made
with
V E R C 4o<5 ] VIC
With tlie fiefh of a boar-pig was Vefta, Liv. j, 20. ; C/V. Cat. 4, i, &-
fo bad, i.e. that the adminiitration 6. Incejla Vefialis [ic. \\rgo) viva de-
ofjuilice by Verres was io bad; al- foditur, Liv. 8, 15. €122,57.; Plin.
lading to the proper fignification of "
the word verres^ 3. boar-pig, Cic, Verr.
I, 46. So Sacerdolem exf^crnhantur.
Ep. 4, II. ^ra VeJialiSy Lucan. i,
544. Foci Vcji'desy ib. 544. Fejla
Vtjialiay -iunif Ovid. Fail. 6, 395.
C, ViiSTORius. a banker of Puteoli,
Cic. Fam, 8, 8. Alt. 4, 6,et 6, 2.
' L, VfcTTius, a Roman equcs., Dio,
37, 41. or a plebeian, App\an. B. C. 2,
434. ; who gave information againit
Julius Caefi^r, as having beet an ac-
comphce in the confpiracy of Catiline,
Suet. Caef. 17. He was aftersvards
bribed by Caefar, when conful, faifely
to accufc certain perfons of having fo-
hcited iiim to affafhnate Pompey ; but
faihng to make good his cliarge, he
was tln-ow-n into prifon, v^diere Caefar
caufed him to be ilrangled or poifoned,
Sud. Caef' 20. ; Cic. Fam, 2, 24. ;
Vat. 10, & II.; Appian. ib. ; Dio^ 38.
9* (/-^zJ. Caesar, />. 57.)
P. Vl-ttius, a general of the Marjl
in the Itahc war, Cic, Fhil. 12, 11.——
^ 2. A quaeftor to Verres, Cic. Verr^
5» 44-
Veturia, the mother of Corio-
num, liher^ fpeclare viderisy you feem to lanus, Liv. 2, 40. «ff 2. The name of
look to Vertumnus, i. e. to widi to be a century. Id. 26, 22
qui Verrem iam nequom reiiqwjdy i. e.
the Sicihans curfed Sacerdos, the
former governor of Sicily, for having
left fo bad a fucceifor as Verres, ib.
j9^ Verres, a relation of C. Verres,
Cic, I . Aa. in Verr. 8.
Vhrrius, a friend of Paetus and
Cicero, Cic, Fam. 9, 20, & 26. aifo of
L,entulus Spinthcr, ib. 12, 14.
C. VERRi'Tiui;, a feigned name,
aiTumed by Venes, for the faice of con-
cealment, Cic. Verr, 2, 76, tc 77.
Vertumnus, an anci^^jt Tufcan
deity, adopted by the Romans ; who
prelided over the change of feafons,
and over meichandire ;— fuppoled to
turn himfelf laio any form. Thus in
Propertius, fpeaking of himfelf, he
fays, Opportuna mea ejl cunciis natttra
figurisy 4, 2, 21. ylt niihi quod for mas
unus veriebar in ornnesy No me a ab even-
tu patria lingua dedit, ib. 47. Vertum-
publiihed ; becaufe there were book-
fellcrs itands or fnops at the temple of
Vercumuus in the Tafcan llrcet, Hor.
Ep. I, 20, I. in the plur. Vertunmisy
quotquot funty iiatus iuiquis, all the Ver-
tumniy or Vertumnus in all his Ihapes,
being inimical to him at his birth, i. e.
a whimfical or unreafonably unconllant
man. Id. Sat. 2, 7, 14. Vertum-
N ALL'S -iurny the fellival of Vertum-
nus, celebrated in October, Varr. Lat.
Livg^ 5,3.
T, Flavins V e s p A s i A n u s , the tenth
emperor of Rome ; fprung from a
intan family in the country of tlic Sa-
bincs J funamed from his rnoihei Vcf-
pafia, Suet. Vefp. i, .\c.
Vesper, -'eri ; Vefpemsy v. Hefpirusy
the evening liar, Virg. G. i, 251.;
Hor, 3, 19, 26.
Vesta, the goddefs cf fire, [G.
359.) A. 276. Vt stales virgmesy
the Veilal virgins, the piielUiies 01
L. Veturius PZ'/77, a conful in
the fecond Punic war, a. 547, Cic. Br,
14 ; Liv, 28, ic. Several of this
name are mentioned by .Livy.
{.\ V E T u s I u s, a CO n i ul, Liv. 2,19.
— T. Vetusius, a conful, Liv. 2, 28.
C. ViBiENus, a tenator, fo wound-
ed by the hired mob of C.odius, thaL
he died, Cic. Mil. 14.
/,. V 1 B I u s , an eques, Cic. Verr. 2,74,
Vjbius Viriusy a chief man at Ca-
pua, who advifcd the revolt to Hanni-
bal from the Romans, Liv. 23, 6.
When the Romans were on the point
of making tliemfelves malters of Ca-
pua, he piit an end to his days by poi-
fon, Liv, 2 6> 13, & 14.
L. ViBULLi'js Rufus, a f(iend of
Pumpey, Cic, Fam. I, 9. Att,^y 24. et
8, I.; Caf.B. C. 1, 15.
VicEPOTA, the. goddefs of victory,
Zir. 2, 7- ; Cic, Leg. 2, l\.
V I N
Z. ViciNius, V. Vin'ictus
in the confulfliip of Marcellus and Sul-
picius, Cic. Fam. 8, 8.
I^lanellus ViCtorius, a noble Ro-
man, to whom Q^iin<l'^jlian dedicated
his fyftem of rhetoric, ^wicTiL pr. Sec.
M, ViGELLiuP, a fcholar of Panae-
tiiis, Cic. Or. 3. 2 1.
L. ViLLius, a tribune, who got a
law pafTed, fixing the years in which
the different offices of the ilate fnonld
be borne, whence he was called An-
na lis; which name defcended to his
pof-lerity, Li'u. 40, 44. ; Cic. Rull. 2,
2. But there feems to have been cer-
tain regulations concerning this mat-
ter before, Lh\ 25, 2.
yul'ius ViNDEX, -/c/V, governor of
Gaul, who revolted againll Nero, but
was cruflicd in the attempt, "Tac. Hi/].
1, 51. <?/ 4, .57. ; Suet. Ner. 41. ; Galb.
II.; Plutarch, in Galha.
ViNDicius, a flave who difcovercd
the confpiracy formed by the fons of
Brutus and others to rcilore Tarquin,
LitK 2, 5.
L. VI^MCIUs, a young man, 'Suet.
Aug. 46, intimate with Auguilus, ih. 71.
7". ViNius, the profligate favourite
of Galba, ydeterrimns morialium j , who
by his crimes battened the deilruclion
of his mailer, and of hiuafelf, Tac.
E'lfl. I, 6, 42, & 48.
ViPSANi u s. Vid. Ac n iPPA. ViP-
SANiA, the daughter of Agrippa, and
wife of Tiberius, Tac. Ann. i, 12. et
3' '9-
ViKBiL's, the name given to Hip-
polytus, when reftored to life by Aei-
culapius, ( G. 424.)
6". ViRGiLius, the relation cf Cu-
rio, Cic. Fanu 2, 9. the colleague of Q^
Cicero in the praetorfhip, and gover-
nor oi Sicily in the year in which M.
Cicero was baniflicd. Terrified by the
threats of Clodius, he would not ad-
mit Cicero into his province, though
formerly his friend, Cic. Plane. 40.
Virgilius was greatly eileemed for his
upright government, Cic. ^. Fr, i, 2,
2. ; Add. Alt. 12, 51. f/ 13, 26.
M. ViiiciLius, a tribune a. G66 ;
whoj in or^er to prevent Sulla from
[ 407 1 V I R
a tribune, going to the MIthridatIc war, named
a day for his trial ; but Sulla llightei
it, Cic. Br. 48. Plutarch, in Sulla.
P. V I R G I L I U S Maro, called
the prince, i, e. the moil excellent of
the Latin poets, born at Andes, a
village near Mantua, (whence Man*
tua Virgilio g.ivdd, Ovid. Am. 3? i^f
7.), a. 6S4, on 15th Oclober, [Id.
Octohr.)^ in the firll confullhip of
Pompey and Crafius. His mother's
name is fald to have been Maia. Con-
cerning the rank and condition of his
father, and even his very name, we arc
uncertain. We know but few of the
occurrences of Virgil's life. It appears
from his v/orks, that he received an
excellent education. He compofed
when young, (audaxjuventdf G. 4, 565.)
his bucolics or pailorals, and celebrates
the pniifes of thofe great men by whom
he appears to have been patronifed ;
Oclavius, whom he calls a god, E. 1,6.
ct 5, 64. as being the adopted fon of
Julius Caefar, whom the Triumviri had
deified, a. 712, Dio, 47, iH, & I9.
Pollio, £. 3, 84- 5: 88. 4, i2i &a
Varus, E. 9, 26, & 35. and Gallus,
E. 10, 2, cvc. There is no mention cf
Maecenas in the padorals, whence it
is fuppofed tliat Virgil was not intro-
duced to him till after he had finiflied
them. It dots not appear that Mae-
cenas during that period poffelfed the
high degree of favour with Auguilus,
wliich he afterwards enjoyed. The
firll mention we find made of him is ia
a. u. 71 8, when he was entrulled with
the care of the city and Italy, m the ab-
fence of Auguftus, Bio^ 49, 16. ; yell.
2, 88. ; Tac. Ann. 6, il.
Martial, hovVever, fays, that Virgil
having loll his l^ands near Mantua, ( nd»
OcTAvius, p. 282.), was abundantly
fupplied and enriched by the bounty of
Maecenas, 8, 51, 7. At the defire of
Maecenas Virgil undertook the com-
pofition of -the Georgics, in order to
promote the iludy of agriculture ; and
to Maecenas he dedicated each of the
four books, G. i, 2. ct 2, 41. et 3,
^i. et 4, 2. On this work he is faid
to huve employed fevcn years, refiding
■ ■ chiefly
R r 408 1
With regard to the 30. ;
V I
dticfly at Naples.
fpace of time we are uncertain. He
himfelf informs us, that the place of
l*is refidence when he finiflied the Geor-
gics, was Naples, G. 4, 56 ^
The defign of the Aenei? is thought
to have been to reconcile the Romans
to a monarchical p^overnment, and in
particular to malce them chearfully fub-
roit to the Julian family, (J. e. to Au-
g^uftus), as being declined by the fates
to poitefs the empire. Whatever be in
this, we learn the time at which dif-
ferent parts of the work were compo-
fed from the various allufions wh^ch
the poet makes to the exploits of Au-
guftus, ^/V. OcTAVius. Virgil is faid
to have taken twelve years to comT^ofe
the Aeneis. After having broiioht it
to a concliifion, he propofed to travel
into Greece and Afia, and to remain
there for three years, in order to polifli
his work. But meeting with Au-
^jftus at Athens returning from the
caft to Rome, {Dio, 54, 10.) he de-
termined to come back with him. Go-
ing to vifit Megara, a neighbouring
town, he was fuddenly feized with a
dangerous illnefs, (languorcm nacius ej}.)y
which was encreafed by his voyage.
He died at Erundufiuni, (fom>e fay, at
Tarentum), 22d September, ( XKal.
Odohr.) a. 735. when he had nearly
completed his fifty-fecond year. Hi^
bones were canied to Naples, and bu-
«'ied \x\ a monument eretled at a fmall
diilance from the city, with the fol
lowing infcription, which he is faid to
have didated on his deathbed ; Man-
tua me genuit, Calahri rapuere, tenet nunc
Parthenope ; ctc'ini p,,ifnia^ rura, duces,
Donat. in vita Virgil, c. 14, 54. An-
other epitaph is faid to have been lately
difcovcred, S'ljiitey viatores^ qnaefo^ piuca
leg'Je. Hie Maro fitus eft. Mabillon. Itiner.
itiil p. • 2. Nciih.'rr ofthem is thought
to be genuine. '1 he tomb of Virgil
is ftill fhown in the neighbourhood of
Naple.% (G. 153.) In'his laft will he
ordered his Aeneis to be burnt, be-
caufe it was not finilhed to his mind ;
but this was not permitted, according
to the orders of Auguilus, Pl'm. 7,
V r R
JO. : Macroh. Sat.
GelL 17, JO. ; iviacroo. :iat. i,
24. Varius and Tucca, the friends of
Virgil, are faid to have been employed
to corred the Aeneis, but were forbid-
den to make any additions to it :
wnience, it is fuppofed, there are fo
many im.perfeft verles in thac work.
The celebrity of the paftorals and
georgics of Virgil raifed the higheft
expedlations of the Aeneis. Thus
Propertius, Cedite Roman'i frnptores, cc-
d'lte Grar ; ^ efc 0 quid ma]u\ nafc'itur
Iliadej Propert. 2, 34, 6,. With what
admiration it was received wljen pu-
blifhed, we ^earn from contemporary
authors. Thus Ovid, Tityrus, et fe-
getes, Aenemque arma hgentur, Roma
triumphail dvm caput orh'is erk. Amor.
I, 15:, 2,-.; Add. Id. ^\rt. 3, ^37.
Trift. 2,^:33.; I^em. 39^. Ovid was
only 25 years old when Virgil died ;
and therefore he fays, Vtrg'-l um 'v'ldi
tnntunii Tr 4, 10, 51. (^in6l;]ian
places Virgil next to Homer, and
makes him neaHy equal to him, pro-
p'iOr tamen primoy qnam tertiary for what
he wanted in genius, he fupplied by
care. Homer has more ftriking pafla-
ges, Virgi] is more uniform, [quantum
emlnentioribus inncimur^fortajfe adquafitate
penf.imus)^ lo, i, '66. The dillinguifh-
ing charaCteriRic of Virgil is judg-
ment, [acerrhni judicii P. f^irgi/ius,)
Id. 8, 3, 24. He is faid to have
w'ritten very few verfes in a day, Id,
10, 3, 8. Donatus, or whoever was
the author of the life of Virgil afcribed
to Donatus, fays, that he ufed to make
a nmnber of verfes in the morning, and
by polifliing reduce them to a very
few through the day, c 9, 33. The
works of Virgil foon after their publi-
cation were generally read and inter-
preted in the fchools of grammarians.
Suet. III. Gram. c. 16. Thus Q^uindli-
lian advifes, in the teaching of boys, to
begin with Homer and Virgil, i, 8,
5. He gives the fame advice to ftu- .
dents of rhetoric, to, i, 85. Colu-
mella fpeaks of Virgil with the higheil
psaife, \ pr. 'i^o. et i, i, 12. ^/ 10, 5.
and calls him a heavenly poet, ffidere"
vs,) ib. 434. So Vegctius, [Mantu-
anus
V 1 R • [ /
CKus poeia d'lvino ere,) r pr. 8. Silius
Irallcus ufed to approach the tomb of
Virgil with the fame reh'gious awe as
a temple, and kept his birth-day more
folerHnly than his own, Plln. Ep. 3, 7,
8.; Martial, I r, 49, & 51. Statins
f.ntertained the fame veneration for
him, Silv. 4, 4, 51.
Virgil died in opulent circumilanccs.
' le owed his affiuence chiefly to the
liberality of Maecenas, Marl'utl. 8, ^6.
He had a houfe at Rome on the Ef-
qailine hill nigh the gardens of Mae-
cenas ; but he refiJed for the mod
part in his Campanian villa, PJeudo-
Donat. in vit. Virg. c. 6, 24. near No-
la, Gell. 7, 20. Hence Juvenal ob-
ferves, that had Virgil been poor, he
could not have compofed fo noble a
work as the Aeneid, i^Nam fi Virgilio
puer, et tokrahik defit (for deejfet') Hn/pl-
tiumy caderent omnes a crimbus hydrae^
Surda nihil gemeret grave buccina, had
he wanted a fervant, and a comfort-
able lodging, he could not have given
fuch a defcription of AleAo ; the
Inakes would have fallen from her hair,
and her dumb trumpet would have ut-
tered no dreadful found, 7, 69, &c.
alluding to the reprefentation given of
her, Firg. Aen. 7,445.6'^ 511, &c.)
Vid. Maro.
VIRGINIA, the daughter of L.
Virginius, a centurion, whom licr fti-
ther flew in the middle of the/or//w, to
prevent her falling into the power of
Appius, the decemvir, (G. 215*) Liv.
3, 44, — 49. ; Cic. Fin. 2, 20.
Virginia, the daughter of Aulus
ViRGiNius, a patrician^ married to
Volumnius, a plebeian conful, and
therefore excluded by the patrician
matrons from their facred rites to Pa-
trician Challity, { Pndlcitia Patricia; ) on
which account ibe dedicated a temple
to Plebeian Challity, Liv. 10, 23.
Flainus ViRCiNius, an orator in the
time of Quindilian, who wrote on
rhetoric, ^lintiil. 3, i, 2\. et 3, 6, 44.
^^ II, 3, 126.
ViRiATus, a native of Lufitania,
originally a {hepherd, who having for-
tunatt^ly efcaped the bafe mafH^cre of
09 1 VIS
Galba, (Fid. Galba), and having
collefted an army of his countrymen,
carried on war againft the Romans
with great fuccefs for eight years, Ap-
pian. Hif^an. p. 297. ; according to
Juftin, for ten years, 44, 2. fourteen
years, Liv. F.pit. 54.; Plor. 2, 17. Ew
trop. 4, 16. twenty years, Paterc. 2,
90. Fabius, the proconful, made peace
with him on equitable terms, Liv. Epit,
54. which the Roman people ratified,
Appian. Hifp.p. 290. But it was food
after violated by Caepio, the brother
and fuccelTor of Fabius, who obtained
the confent of the fenate to refumc
lioililities, ib. p. 294. Viriatus was
murdered by fome of his domeflics,
whom Caepio bribed to perpetrate that
deed, Appian. ib, 296. ; Li air op, 4, 16.
Viriatus is higlily extolled, not only
for his military talents, but alfo for his
moderation and abllinence, Appian. ib.
297. His equal dillributiori of booty
is praifed by Cicero, OJ", 2, 11.
ViRiATiNtJM btlluwy the war againft
Viriatus, Suet, Galb. 3. Silius Ita-
licus mentions a Spanifh general called
Viriatus, in the fecond Punic war,
3, 354. who was llain by Pauliis Aemi-
lius, ib. 10, 233. and adds concerning
him what was truly applicable fo the
Lufitanian general ; Nomen Rcmanis
fadvm r^iox nohile damnis, 3) 336.
ViRiDOM ARus, n king of the Gauls,
flain by Marcellus in fingle combat,
Plutarch, in Marcel, p. 301.
ViRRO, -onisi a fictitious name of a
rich luxurious Roman, who treated
with negleft poor clients whom he ad-
mitted to his table, and paid attention
only to his rich gUelts ; thus, Firrd
fdd et reJiquis Firronibiis ilia jubebit Po*
ma dari, Juven?.l. 5, 49, &c.
Vise EL LIN us, a firname given toi
8p. Caflius, who was thrown from the
Turpeian rock for aiming at fovcrc!gn-
ty, C'ic.Amic, i i.
Vis EJUS, appointed tribune of the
people by Antony; originally the
keeper of a bath (halneator) at Pifau-
rum, Cic. Plnl. 13, 12.
C. VisELLius Varro, a coufin of
Cicero's, Cic. Brut. 76. Att. 3, 23.
^ F X.Visi-
VIS L 4
L. VisiDius, a Roman eques^ who
guarded Cicero when conful, and was
afterwards a keen opponenc of Antony,
Cic. Ph'iL 7, 9.
-^. ViTELLius, the ninth Roman
emperor, Sud. Fit. i, &c. ; Tacit. HiJ}.
I, 57.— ViTELLiAKi miiiteSi the fol-
diers of Vitellius, iL 85. ; F/in. 34, 7 f.
17. So Partes Fiteilianae, Tac. Hi ft. I,
iT/. VITRUVIUS Po/Iio, a learn-
ed and Hcilful architeft, who compofed
an excellent work on architefture in
ten books, which he dedicated to Au-
giiilus. It is dill extant.
Domitius Ulpianus, a celebrated
lawyer, born at Tyre, praetorian prae-
feft under Alexander Severus ; feve-
ral of wliofe works are ftill extant.
ULYSSES, V. U/yxeSf 'is, et Ulys-
SF.Us, V. Ulyxeus, gen. UlyJJa^ v,
Ulyxei, (in 3 or 4 fyll.) or contracted
Ulyxi^ voc. Ulyxe, v. Ulyjfes ; the fon
of Laertes, [Lasrtiades,) and Anticlea,
king of Ithaca ; the wifeil of the
Greeks in the Trojan war, (G. 451.)
P. Umbrenus, a freed man, an af-
fociate of Catiline, Cic. Cat. 3,6.;
Salhift. Cat. 4c.
Umbro, 'onis, a brave Italian, Firg.
Aen. 7 J 752. from the mountains of
the Marfj, ih. ic, 544.
Umidius, v. Umnndius, a rich mifer,
Hor. Sat. I, I, 95. ,
j9. VocoNius Saxa, a tribune, a.
584, the propofer of a law, [lex Vocd-
nja,) prohibiting citizens to leave their
eftates to wom.cn, Cic. Far. i, 42, &
43. jBa/L 8. Fi?i. 2, I'J. Sen. 5*
VocoNiA pira, a kind of pears fo
ramed from one Voconius, P/in. 15,
15. The Foconii are faid to have
been defcended from Aricia, Cic. Phil.
DilLus YocijLAf a Roman general
under Velpafian againft the Gauls,
Tac. Jli/}. 2, 24. whom he defeated, ib.
34. but was at laft over-reached and fiain
by them, ib. ^6, & 59.
C. VoLCATius, unjuftly treated by
Dolobella, Cic. Corn. i. fragm. He
died fuddenly, Plin. 7, 53,
10 ] VOL
L. VoLCATius TulluSf repulfed >A
fuing for the aedilefhip, Cic. Plane.
21. but was afterwards conful with
Lepidus, a. 687. He refufed to ad-
mat Catiline, as being accufed of ex-
tortion, to Hand candidate for the con-
fulftiip, Cic. Tog. C^ml fr. ; Sallufl.
Cat. 18. He appears to have been the
only fenator that refufed to thank
Caefar for rcftoring Marcellus ; de-
claring that he would not have done
it, had he been in the place of Mar-
cellus liimfelf; (becaufe perhaps he
fcorned to thank the ufurper for what
he ought not to have had power to
beftovv), Cic. Fam. 4, 4. Ernefti
afcribes this to the fon of Volcatius ;
but improperly ; for the Volcatius men-
tioned by Cicero mufl have been aa
older conful than himfclf, becaufe
he was afl<ed his opinion before Cice-
ro, Cic. Fam. 4. 4.
L. Volcatius Tullus, L. F. city
praetor, a. 707, Cic. Fam. 13, 14.
conful, a. 720, Dioy 5l> 43.
Volcatius, one of the retinue of
Verres, Cic. Fcrr. 2, Ip, 23, 5ic.
Vol ERG Publilius, a plebeian, who
having refufed to enlift as a common
foldier, because he had been a centuri-
on, was about to be fcourged by the
liftors of the conful, when he was re-
fcued by the interpofition of the people,
Liv. 2, ^^, who next year, a. 282,
created him a tribune j in which office
he got a law palled, [Lex Publilia),
that the plebeian magiilrates fhould be
created at the Comitia Tributa, ib. 56,
Volesus, a Sabine, who came to
Rome with Titus Tatius, Ovid. Pont^
3, 2, 1C5." ■ ■— <[ 2. A proconful of
Afia under Auguftus, Senec. Ir. i, 5.
VoLOGEsus, a king of Parthia,
Tac. Ann. 12, 14. who waged war
againft the Romans under Nero, ih.
50, &c.
L. VoLUMSiUs, an intimate ac-
quaintance of Cicero's, Cic. Fam, 7,
32. ; Farr. R. R. 2, 4, 12.
VolUmnius FlaccuSf fent a? an
ambaflador to the fenate by Brutus
when
VOL [4
when befieged at Mutina, Cic. Fam.
II, 12, & 18.
P. VoLUMNius, a fenator, one of
the judges in the caufe of Cluentius,
Cic. CI 70.
P. VoLUMNius, called Eiitrapelus^
from his wit, Ctc. Fam. 7, 32, & 33. a
friend to Antony, 6/V. Phil. 13, 2. Vld.
Horat. Ep I, 18,42.
VoLUMNiA, the freed-womanof Vo-
lumnius Eutrapeliis, the miftrefs of
Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 24. called alfo
Cytheris, ib. 22.
VoLUsiANUS,vel Volufiusy the harvf-
pex ofVerres, i-ic. Vcrr. 3. 21, & 1 1.
VoLUx, -ucis^ the fon of Bocchus,
king of Mauritania, Sallujl. Jug. 105,
Cti. W^ VoLUsiUs, one of the re-
tinue of Cicero in Cih'cia, Cic» Att, 5,
i I. Fam. 5*^10.
M. VoLusius, a quaellor in Afia,
Ctc. Fam. 16, 12. afteru'ards, when
|)lebeian aedile, (aedilis plebis), being
profcribed by Antony, he faved himfeif
by afiuming the habit of a priefl of
Ifis, Val Max. 7, 3, 8.
VoLUsius, a poet, contemporary
with Catullus, who, in imitation of
Ennius, wrote the annals of the Ro-
mans in verfe ; a contemptible work. In
the opinion of Catullus, 36, et 93, 7.
Vopiscus, a Roman name, faid to
have been firft given to one of two
twins that was born fafe, the other
having been formerly loll by abortion,
(q.Opifcus,) PHa. 7, 10.
Julius Caefar VOPISCUS, called
alter Caefar^ becaufe he received the
ireedom of the city from Caefar ; a
great partifan of Antony's, Cic. Phil.
II, 5. He is thought to be the fame
that is mentioned, Farr. R. R. i, 7.;
P/m. I7,4f.
Urania, v, ./?, -es, one of the Mufes,
Ovid. Fajl. 5, 55. whom Catullus makes
the mother of Hymenaeus or Hymen,
the god of marriage, 60, 2.
Uranus, vel Cadus^ the father of
Saturn, (G. 355.)
VULCaNUS, the god of fire and
of the works of the forge, (G. 365.)
the fon of Jupiter aiid Juno, or of Jung
II ] X A N
alone, Hefiod. Theog. 397. hence called
Junonigcruiy Ovid. Met. 4, 173. Be-
ing thrown by Jupiter from heaven on
account of fome offence, he fell on the
illand of Lemnus ; whence he is called
Pater LemniuSy Virg. Aen. 8, 454' or
Lemniusy Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 49. and waa
rendered lame by the fall ; whence he
is called tardives deus ; thus, Dare Jcrip-
ta tardipedi deo^ to commit to the flames,
CatuU. 36, 7. Vulcan was the bui-
band of Venus ; hence ^las componis,
dona Fencris marito, give to the hufband
of Venus the verfes which you com-r
pofe, i. e. commit them to the flames,
Juvenal. 7, 25.— Vulcan us is often
put for fire ; thus, Furit imm'i^s VuU
canus immij[Jis habetiisy the fire rages
with loofe reins, or with ung'ivernablc
fury, Virg. Aen. 5, 562. Sparger e VuU
canmn tetlis, i. e. ignem, ib. 7, 77. So
Fulcano fuperarile, ih. 2 y 312. Vulcano
decoquit humoremy Id. G. i, 294. Ful-
canum naribus ejjiant, breathe fire from
their noflrils, Ov'id. Met. 7, 104. The
workmen of Vulcan were called Cy-
cl5pes, q. "y. Vulcania armay
arms made by Vulcan, Virg. AenSy 535.
impenetrable, Cic. Tufc. 2, 14. Horri-
da acics Volcania., the horrid army of
Vulcan, i. e. the dreadful conflagra-
tion, Virg. Aen. 10, 40.8. So Pejiis
Vulcania-, Sil 14, 424. et 17, 509, &
599. Vulcania muneray the prefent of
Vulcan, or the chariot made by him,
Ovid. Met. 2, 106. -Vulcan A LI a,
'iumy the fealls of Vulcan, ColumcL 1 1,
3. ; Plin. Fp. 5, 3, 8.
VuLTEjus, one of the retinue of
L. Metellus in Sicily, Cic, Verr. 3, 66,
VuLTEjus Menay a common crier,
who alTilled at audlions or the hke ;
probably the freed man of one V'ulte-
jus, Hor. Ep. n^iy SSy^^S-
T, VulturCius, vel VoUurciusy
a native of Croton, an accomplice in
Catiline's confpiracy, Cic. Cat, 3, 2. ;
Sullujl. Cat. 44, &c.
X.
Xantippe, -esy the wife of Socrates^
remarkable for her bad tem.per and for
3 F 2 fcolding
X A N [41
fcolding her hufband, GelL 1, 17. But
Cicero takes no notice of this part of
her chara6ler, Tufc. 3, 15.
XANTlPPUS, a Lacedaemonian
general, who being fent to the ailift-
ance of the Carthaginians, defeated
Reguhis, and took him prifoncr, C'lc.
Off. 3, 26. The Carthaginians, envy-
ing his gbry, Avhea they fent him
back to his country, are faid to have
caufed him to be drowned, App'iatu
L'tbyc. c. 6. ; .S7/. 6, 680.—^ 2. An A-
thenian wlio defeated the Perfian fleet
at Mycalc ; the father of Pericles, ( G.
466.)
Xantho, -?Af, one of the fea-nymphs,
Virg. G, 4, 356.
Xeno, 'onrs, an Epicurean, eflecmed
by.Atticus and Cicero, Cic. Jff. 5,
10. et 13, 27. Others of this name
are mentioned by Cicero, Jit. 5, i ^.
Verr. 3, 22.
Xenocles, •/.<•, a rhetorician of A-
dramyttium, (Adramyt£nus)y wlio was
conftantly with Cicero while in Aiia,
Cic. Br. 91.
Xenocrates, -is, of Chalcedon,
(Ckalcedonius)j the fcholar of Plato,
and his fucceffor in the academy, (G.
294-)
Xfnomenes, -?V, the holl of Cice-
ro at Thy re urn, Cic. Fam. 16, 5.
Xenophanes, 'is, of Colophon,
{Colof:h(mius)y the founder of what was
called the Eleatic kt\ of philofophers,
(G. I5.)» ^^'^" maintained the uncer-
tainty of human knowledge, ib. 23.
but taught the unity and infinity of
the Divme Being, Cic, Acad. 4, 37. N.
X>. I, II.
Xenophilus, a mufician of Ch ai-
ds, a Pythagorean, who lived above
joo years in the greateft happinefs,
VaL Ma:c. 8, i 3, 3. j PUn. 7, 50.
XE^6Pi-iON, 'Otitis, the fon of
Gryllue, an Athenian ; the fcholar of
Socrates ; as much didinguifhcd for
iris mihtary iliiil as for his learning,
(G. 468.) Scipio Africanus, the
younger, was to fond of the Cyropae-
d'la of Xenophon, that he always car-
ried it about with him., Cic. Tufc. 2,
Zt. ^fr.ly i,^. His ftyk has fuch
2 ] ZEN
unaflFefted fimplicity and beauty, that
the Mufes are faid, as it were, to
have fpokea by his voice, Cic. Or.
9, & 19. ; ^inail. 10, i, 33, & 82.
Xenophontius v. -eus Hercu-
les, Hercules defcribed by Xenophon,
Cic. Fam. 5, 12. (G. 39B.) Xeno-
phonteium ^. -eum genus fcrmonis, a ilyle
fuch as Xenophon ufed, Cic. Br. 35;.
Xerxes, -is, the fon of Darius,
king of I^erfia, who invaded Greece
with a vaft army and fleet. He made
a bridge of boats over the Hellefpont
to tranfport his forces, (G. 349.)
Hence, Xerxis et i/nperio hina cotjfc vada,
Propert. 2, l, 22. HJlcfpontum junxit,
et tuaria amhula-vif, fc. per, Cic. Fin. 2,
34. So Lucan» 2, 674. He dug a
navigable canal through mount Athos,
(G. 327.) ; whence Athos is faid to
have been failed over, [veli/icatus Athos \
cum Jlratum clajfrbus ifdera, (fc. quibus
Athos veliiicatus,) Suppofuumque rotis
foUdum mare,) Juvenal. 10, 1 75. Ri-
vers are faid to have been drunk up by
his troops, ib. i 77,— The bridge be-
ing broken down by a tempett, he or-
dered the fea to be Uflied and chainedj
?Z'. 180. ; Herodot, 7, 34, & 35. But
his fleet having been defeated at Sala-
mis, by the conduct of Tliemiilocles,
he made his cfcape in a fiihing-boat,
y^'Jiin. 2, (3. ; juvenal. 10, 185. (G.
465.} His land army was defeated at
Plataea by the Greeks under the com-
mand of Paufanias and AriiHdes, (G.
466.) When one day he had review-
ed his army, he is faid to have wept
with the thouglu, thr.t fo many thou-
fand lives would in fo fliort a time be
extindt, Plin. Ep. 3, 7,. 13.; Herodot,
7, 45. ; VaL Max. 9, 13. ext. i.
ZALEUCUS, the lawgiver of
Locri in Iu^'j Cic. Leg. 1, 22. ct 2,
6. Att.6. I. (G. 176.)
ZENO, -dnii, a native of Cittium,
(Cittieus ;) the fcholar of Polemo, Cic
Acad. I, 9, 10, &c. the founder of the
Stoics, who placed the chief happinefs
of
ZEN [41
of man in virtue alone, Cic. Mur, 29.
ylcad. 4, 42, & 43, S.c.
ZENO, of Elea, (FJcates ;) the
founder of that feci of philofophers,
called from his birth-place Eleatici ;
who paid the chief attention to the
art gf reafoniug or logic, [diakdiuei)
of which Zeno is faid to have been the
inventor, Cic. Mead. 4, 42, Zeno,
having entered into a confpiracy to
free his country from the tyranny
of Nearchus, and being dete6led, was
put to the rack, to make him difcover
his aifociates ; but no tortures could
draw from him a confeffion ; andhechofe
rather to die than betray his accom-
plices, Ck. Tufc. 2, 22. A^ /). 3, 33.
Tlie Itory is varioufly related by au-
thors, who differ about the manner of
his death, and the name of the tyrant ;
but agree that 2ieno's fellow-citizens,
animaiied by his fortitude, rofe againft
the tyrant and floned him to death,
Laert. 9, 25.; Fal. Max. 3, 3, ext. 2,
fc 3. S aulas in Xenons.
ZENO, an Epicurean philofopher
at Athens; the chief of his feft, (^-
picnreoriim coryphaeus 'vel princeps, ) Cic.
N. D. I, 21. whole ledures both Ci-
cero and Atticus attended, Cic. Fin.
I, 5. Tufc. 3, 17. He ufed to call So-
crates, the Attic buffoon, Cic. N. D.
J' 34- ^
Zenodotus, a grammarian, prae-
ceptor to the children of Ptolemy So-
ter, and keeper of the library of" Alex-
andria, Siiidas ; Suet. Gram. 1 1 f.
Zethes vel Zetes, v. -wj-, the fon
of Boreas, the north wind, and Ori-
th5-ra, the twin-brother of Calais;
(hence called duo fratres Aquihnia pro-
ks, Propert. I, 20, 25. Sail Bared,
Senec. Med. 231.); who both had
wings like their father, Ovid. Met. 6,
713, &c. They went with Jafon to
Colchis, in quell of the golden fleece,
as Ovid fays, in the firfl ihip that ever
failed on the fea, which had not before
been difturbed, ib. {G. 420.) When
they came to Thrace, they drove the
harpies from the houfe of Phineus, a
king of that country, whom they had
infefled by carrying off the fo'>d from
3 ] Z O I
his table, {G. 442.) Zethes and Ca-
lais were (lain by Hercules, Senec. Med.
934. ; HyguuFah. 14. Various caufes
of their death are affigned, VicL Schij-
liajl. in Apollon. i, 211, & ^300.
Zethus, the fon of Jupiter and
Antiope ; the twin-brother of Am-
phlon, Ovid. Met. 6, no. ; Hygin. 76,
& 155.; who both having been ex-.
poftd, wheii infants, were educated by
a fhepherd ; and when tiiey grew up
alfo became Oiepherds. But A mphlon,
having got the prefent of a harp from
Mercury, paid his chief attention to
mufic. Their mother having efcaptd
from her confinement, (/7^. An no-
pe,) is faid to have fled to the moun-
tains, where fhe applied to her fons
for protedion ; but Zethus, thinking
her a fugitive, would not admit her ;
contrary to the wifli of Amphlon, who
was of a gentler difpofition : hence.
Ft durur.i Zethumy et lacrimis Amphiona
molkm Fxperta eji Jiahulis mater aha8a
fuisj Propert. 3, 15,29. They being
informed by the fnepherd who file was,
flew Lycus, and tied Dirce to the
mouth of a fierce bull, ib. 38. Senec.
Thtb.v. loy 8i 126.; Oed. 610. {Fid,
Dirge.) Zethus and Amphlon ha*
ving thus become ma(ters of Thebes,
made an addition to the city, and fur-
rounded it with walls, Paufan. 9, 4.
They are faid firfl: to have built
Thebes, Homer. Ody/f. ir, 262. Fid,
Amphion.
ZsTHus, a freed man, Cic. Fam. 9,
15-
Zephyrus, the god of the wed
wind, the fon of Aftraeus and Aurora,
Hygin. praef. the father of Chloris or
Flora, the goddefs of flowers ; who
is hence called ZErHVRJTis, -)dis,
Catull. 64, 57.
ZEUXLS, -/J-, V. -ulis ; ace. -in ; of
Heraclea, [Heraclcotes,) a famou«;
painter, the cotemporary and rival of
Parrhafius, Cic. Inv. 2, i. ; Flin. '3^^^
9, & 10.
Zeuxis, -JV//V, ace. -im ; a perfon
fufpedled of parricide in the province
of Q^Cicero, Cic. ^Fr. i, 2, 2.
ZoiLUS, an ill-natured critic, born
at
Z O P [ 4
at Amplilpolis; who wrote againft Ho-
rner, Plato, and others, AeTian. Var.
H'ljl. II, lO. in the time of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, Vitruv. 'jipvaef. Some
fay that he was crucified ; others, that
he was ftoned to death ; and others,
that he was burnt alive, ib. From his
cenfuring Homer he was called Ho-
me romastii, Homer's fcourge, Sul-
das» From him any cenforious critic
was called ZoiLus ; thus, ^uifquis es,
cxlUo, Zoile, nomen babes i Ovid. Rem.
Am. 366.
ZopyRus, one of the feven Perfiaa
noblemen who deilroyed the magi. He
14 ] z o s
afterwards recovered Babylon to Da-
rius, when it had revolted, (G. 609.)
^ 2. A noted phyfiognomift,
C'lc. Tufc. 4, 37. Fat. 5.
ZoROASTREs, -/J, vcl -ae^ a king of
Baftrla, who is faid to have been the
firft inventor of magic, Plin. 30, i.
Add. /^.y, 16.; Jufm. I, I. (G.623.)
ZosiMUs, a freedman of the young-
er Pliny, Plin. Ep. 5, 19. ^ 2. A
Greek hiftorian in the fifth century,
whofe work is flill extant.
Zosippus, a nobleman of Tynda-
ris in Sicily, Cic. Verr. 4, 42.
FINIS,
Printed by Murray 15* Cocl-gnr^
Craig^ Clofe^ Edinburgh, J_
ERRATA.
13. col 2. line 7. for AloTdae rW Aloidae.
27. ly? col. lajl line, fer rom read from.
41. col. 1. line 19. /or Falvia rfj</ Fulvia.
— 16. from the foot, for Jpftan read 0/^/W
— 3. for enebo read tenebo,
— 19, & 22. for aiigujle read angufle,
14. ybr DiOPHAMES rftf^ DiOPHANES.
— 32. (s/>«* name infert oL
— 30. for Carneades read Carneades.
— 37. for Arsaces read Arsaces.
— 38. /or Phikeia rffl^PHiNEiA.
— 34. for triumphis read triumphos.
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