Coal resources of Illinois

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ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

John C. Fry*, Chief

ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTE 53

COAL RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS

M. E. Hopkins and J. A. Simon

URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801

JANUARY 1974

*Vl

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

3 3051 00005 9042

COAL RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS*

M. E. Hopkins and Jack A. Simon

COAL RESERVES IN ILLINOIS

Illinois is blessed with abundant coal, the fuel that at present
represents the nation's best hope of becoming more self-sufficient in energy
production in the future. Coal -bearing Pennsylvanian rocks underlie about
65 percent of the state of Illinois (36,806 out of a total of 56,UOO square
miles), appearing in all or parts of 86 of the state's 102 counties (fig. l) .

Compared to the other states, Illinois is in an enviable position
in regard to coal reserves (table l). It has the largest reserves of bitu-
minous coal of any state and is surpassed in total reserves only by North
Dakota and Montana, which have large quantities of lower rank lignite and
subbituminous coals. Although large quantities of reserves in the western
states lie at shallow depths, a significant amount are coals that lie too
deep for strip mining but still would be difficult to mine by underground
methods .

Long-term and continuing studies of Illinois coal reserves by the
Illinois State Geological Survey have amassed a fund of data on Illinois coal
reserves that is extremely detailed and comprehensive. An- estimate of Illi-
nois coal reserves was published in 1952 and has been supplemented by more re-
cent material for various parts of the state. Coal reserves have been esti-
mated for 79 Illinois counties (Cady et al. , 1952; Clegg, 196l, 1972; Hopkins,
1968; Reinertsen, I96U; Searight and Smith, 1969 ; Smith, 1957, 1958, 196l, 1968
Smith and Berggren, 1963). In October 1973, h6 mines were operating in the
state — 21 underground and 25 strip mines. Preliminary figures show Illinois
produced about 61,31^,107 tons of coal in 1973.

*From a paper presented at the First Annual Illinois Energy Conference at the University of
Illinois at Chicago Circle, June 13-15, 1973.

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Extent of coal-bearing sequence '

Area where No. 6 Coal is IOOO ft
or more in depth

v Underground mine

• Strip mine

0 20 40 miles

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Fig. 1 - Operating coal mines as of October 1973. (Source: Illinois Department of
Mines and Minerals.)

- 5 -

The latest estimate of reserves of coal in the ground is 1^8,172, 5^0 ,000
tons (table 2). Included are coals more than 28 inches thick if they are more
than 150 feet deep, and more than 18 inches thick if they are less than 150
feet deep. Thinner coals are not included in the reserves. This estimate is
based on data developed in Cady's 1952 study and on additional information de-
rived from exploratory drilling conducted in recent years. It makes no deduc-
tion for coal mined since the later reports were published. The new informa-
tion has significantly increased the estimated reserves — more coal has been
added to the reserves than has been removed by coal mining since 1952, at which
time reserves were estimated (Cady, 1952) at more than 137 billion tons.

In Illinois, about lU percent of our total coal reserves is found in
seams lying less than 150 feet deep (table 2) , and much of that coal is econom-
ically strippable with present equipment. The remaining coal reserves that
have been mapped lie between 150 and 1500 feet deep, the deeper reserves occur-
ring in the deepest part of the Illinois Basin in Cumberland, Jasper, Richland,
Clay, and Wayne Counties (fig. l).

Changing technology and economic conditions determine how thick a
coal must be to be considered commercially minable at any given time, and these
factors vary in different parts of the state at any one time. For example, al-
though relatively little coal as thin as 18 inches has been mined in Illinois,
one major strip mine in the state is now mining coal that will average only
slightly more than 18 inches. Furthermore, although it is technologically pos-
sible, very little strip mining in the state has yet removed more than 100 feet
of overburden, but what thickness of overburden will ultimately be practical to
mine in Illinois has not yet been clearly defined. Although some coal no more
than 30 inches thick has been mined underground, such operations have generally
been very small. In years past, sizable underground operations have mined
coal 3 to h feet thick, but the coal mined in present large-scale operations
is generally thicker.

An important aspect of Illinois coal reserves data compiled by the
Illinois Geological Survey is the detail in which they are given. Thicknesses
recorded for each county are now making it possible to estimate current reserves
of given minimum thicknesses above the l8-inch and 28-inch minima we mentioned
previously. On a statewide basis, for example, if 5*+ inches were the minimum
thickness specified, total in-ground reserves would be reduced by 50 percent,
because only 50 percent of all Illinois coal reserves are estimated to be 5^
inches or more thick.

For many years various agencies estimating reserves have assumed that
50 percent of the coal is lost or rendered unminable in underground mining. Al-
though individual mines now generally exceed 50 percent recovery, the estimate
is still valid when counties or larger areas are considered, for in Illinois
only oil pool areas heavily drilled for oil and gas have been excluded from
reserves estimates. Many surface features (cities, towns, superhighways, and
similar areas) will also render coal unavailable for underground mining. There
are, of course, several other factors that must be considered in determining
minability of coal, including mining conditions and a variety of economic factors.

Technology designed to increase recoverability, with due regard to
minimizing environmental damage, should be encouraged. The coal left in the
ground in mined areas constitutes a loss of an important source of energy.

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3 -P .H Jh CD

.C o a; rfl n

o o si -p a)

CO CO CO CO H

EctJfn.CC: -P rH r-t *d

fn O fn W >i -HrHrHO

aiajctjnjctj xi^h-ho

- 8 -

In evaluating coal reserves of any area, how the reserves are de-
fined is of major importance. In Illinois , for example, if a minimum thick-
ness of 5*+ inches for all types of mining (about 50 percent of total reserves
mapped to date) and the figure of 50 percent recovery were accepted, only
about 25 percent of the nearly 1^8 billion tons of coal would be estimated as
recoverable.

Whatever assumptions may be made for estimating recoverable coal
reserves, Illinois compares very favorably with all other states having bi-
tuminous coal reserves because of its generally thicker, more continuous,
and relatively flat-lying seams .

Ac knowl edgme nt s

Much of the statistical data used in the preparation of this report
was gathered from the Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals Annual
Coal Reports and from the Minerals Yearbooks of the U.S. Bureau of Mines. A
more detailed report covering much of the same subject material was submitted
in February 1970 by Jack A. Simon as testimony before the Illinois Commerce
Commission. The present report brings the data of this earlier report up to
date and discusses the relation of coal in Illinois to current problems, par-
ticularly those related to the current energy shortage.

COAL QUALITY

Rank

Illinois coals are all of high-volatile bituminous rank. The rank
for each coal increases from northwest to southeast , ranging from high-volatile
C (the lowest rank of bituminous coal) in northwestern Illinois, through high-
volatile B in the central and southern parts of the state, to high-volatile A
in extreme southeastern Illinois (Cady, 1935; Bamberger, 1971). Natural mois-
ture contents range from about 20 percent in the northwest to about 5 percent
in the southeast. Heating value (on an as-received basis) of Illinois coal
ranges from about 10,500 to more than 13,000 Btu per pound, with the older
coals of any area generally having higher heating values than younger coals.
No systematic variation in ash content has been discerned. Most coals that
are being or have been mined are reported to contain between 5 and 15 percent
ash (as-received basis), with an average of about 11 percent.

Sulfur Content

The sulfur content of coal has recently assumed great importance as
regulations concerning air quality have limited the use of high-sulfur coals.
Sulfur occurs in coal in three forms: organic sulfur, which occurs in the or-
ganic compounds in the coal; pyritic sulfur, which is found as iron sulfides
(FeS2) that may be finely disseminated in the coal in microscopic grains, or

- 9 -

found in nodules, in lenses, in bands, and perhaps on cleat (fracture) faces;
and sulfate sulfur, which normally occurs in relatively minor amounts in fresh
coal.

Total sulfur in Illinois coals has been reported to vary between 0.5
and 6.0 percent (dry basis), with occasional samples having a higher sulfur
content. The average total sulfur content of ^73 face-channel samples from
Illinois mines reported by Gluskoter and Simon (1968) was 3. 57 percent. They
also reported an average of 1% times as much pyritic sulfur as organic sulfur
in the same coals. Face-channel samples, excluding mineral bands over three-
eighths of an inch thick, are believed to approximate the coal seam after mod-
erate preparation.

Coals in certain well defined areas of Illinois have a significantly
lower sulfur content than coals in the rest of the state, a condition than can
be related geologically to variations in the roof strata immediately overlying
the coal. Most of the relatively high-sulfur coals (those with 3 to 5 percent
sulfur on a dry basis) are overlain by either black shale, limestone, or fos-
siliferous shale, all of which have at least one thing in common — they contain
animal fossils that indicate they were deposited in marine waters. Conversely,
every important known occurrence of Illinois coal that has a significantly low
sulfur level is overlain by nonmarine gray shale in which plant fossils predom-
inate. The gray shale separates the coal from the overlying marine unit, usu-
ally black shale or limestone. A fairly sharp change in sulfur content nor-
mally occurs between areas with marine roof and those with nonmarine roof. When
the gray shale exceeds 20 feet thick, the total sulfur content of the coal is
normally less than 2.5 percent and commonly averages about 1.5 percent. The

nonmarine shale is usually associated
with a river-laid sandstone unit that
replaces the coal in a long, sinuous
band, or "sandstone channel."

Areas of low-sulfur coal have been
mapped (Gluskoter and Simon, 1968; Hop-
kins, 1968) and are shown in figure 2.
Total reserves (i.e., total in ground)
in these areas for the Herrin (No. 6)
Coal and the Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal
Members amount to U.8 billion tons, or
3.2 percent of the total reserves of
the state (table 3). About 65 percent
of the coal in the so-called "Quality
Circle" low-sulfur area, principally
parts of Williamson, Franklin, and Jef-
ferson Counties, has been mined out,
and the remainder is under development
by five large underground mines. Most
of the production goes to the metallur-
gical coke market. Other areas of low-
sulfur Herrin Coal are the "Troy Area,"
lying principally in Madison and St.
Clair Counties, and the "Hornsby Area"
in east-central Macoupin County. In

Sulfur content

Harrisburg (No 5)
Cool Member-
estimoted I to 3%,
ov 2.0%

Cool missing or split

POPE* T HARDIN *\

(

1 SvVv

-.S MASSAC \

Pig. 2 - Low- sulfur coal areas in Illinois
that have been mapped.

- 10 -

TABLE 3— ILLINOIS LOW-SULFUR RESERVES IN GROUND

Coal

County

Millions of tons

Herrin (No. 6)

Clinton

23

(< 2.5# S,

Franklin

3 07

av. 1.5#,

Jackson

37

dry basis )

Jefferson

580

Macoupin

396

Madison

21+5

Perry

35

St. Clair

381

Williamson

59

Total

2,063

Harrisburg

Edwards

5^

(No. 5)

Franklin

2i+3

(< 2.5# S,

Hamilton

563

av. a. 2$,

Saline

627

dry basis )

Wabash

262

Wayne

89

White

626

Williamson

27^

Total

2,738

Total Illinois

low-sulfur reserves 4,801*

* 3.23 percent of total coal reserves of Illinois.

these three areas slightly more than 2 billion tons of coal in the ground con-
tains an estimated average of 1.5 percent total sulfur. The Troy and Hornsby
areas are not being mined at present , although the Troy area has been mined in
the past .

Less is known about the average sulfur content of the low-sulfur
Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal, but it is thought that the belt extending from Mt.Car-
mel in Wabash County to Harrisburg in Saline County contains about 2.7 billion
tons of coal with an average sulfur content of about 2.0 percent; some of the
coal contains as little as 1.0 percent sulfur. This low-sulfur coal area has
been mined only in Saline County, where it has been extensively worked. A new
mine has just begun production in this low-sulfur coal in Wabash County.

Low-sulfur coals occur in other less well known areas in Illinois,
but their extent is either relatively small or not enough data are available
to permit their delineation. However, no additional large occurrences of min-
able low-sulfur coals are likely to be found, particularly in the better known
minable seams , because the relatively abundant subsurface data reveal no ex-
tensive areas of coal under nonmarine gray shale, the geologic indicator of
low-sulfur coal.

The 1970 production of coal in Illinois is shown in table U, accord-
ing to sulfur content. Nearly 27 percent of the coal contained less than 2.5
percent sulfur, whereas more than 73 percent of the coal exceeded 2.5 percent
sulfur.

- 11 -

IMPORTANCE OF COAL TO ILLINOIS

Coal is by far the largest mineral resource in Illinois and it has
the highest annual mineral production value. With the present energy short-
age facing this country, judicious use of this important commodity, with due
regard for environmental quality, is vital.

Coal production (fig. 3) in Illinois in 1972, from 59 mines in 22
counties, totaled 65,521,394 tons and was about equally divided between sur-
face and strip mines. This was the largest production since 1948, following
which year production declined to a low point in 1954. Since 196l , the trend
of the state's coal production has been generally upward, although some fluc-
tuation has occurred in recent years.

The 1972 coal production had a value of more than 402 million dol-
lars (at $6.14 per ton) and constituted almost 50 percent of all Illinois min-
eral production (fig. 4) . Petroleum, the second most valuable mineral resource
in Illinois, had a value of more than 121 million dollars in 1972 (figured at
$3.1+7 per barrel), or 14.9 percent of the state's total mineral production value,

The value of a basic raw material to the economy is only partially
expressed by its actual value. Basic raw materials generate or support other
industries that convert the raw material to consumable products. Also involved
are the various industries that provide materials and services to the basic in-
dustry and to the people employed. Coal, for instance, is by far the most im-
portant single commodity carried by our railroads, both in tonnage and in reve-
nue.

PRODUCTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT

Illinois mines, among the most productive in the world, are large
and highly mechanized. Illinois mines (both strip and underground) have

TABLE 4— ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION BY SULFUR RANGE
AND CUMULATIVE TOTALS AT EACH RANGE*

Sulfur

Cumulative

content

Cumulative

Total tons

% of

if)

Tons

tons

(*)

total tons

1.0 - 1.49

8,823,114

8,823,114

13.8

13.8

1.5 - 1.99

3,997,656

12,820,770

6.3

20. 1

2.0 - 2.4-9

4,162,803

16,983,573

6.5

26.6

2.5 - 2.99

14,508,072

31,491,645

22.8

49.4

3.0 - 3.^9

17,610,333

49,101,978

27.6

77-0

3.5 - 3.99

8,751,686

57,853,664

13.7

90.7

4. 0 and over

5,936,555

63,790,219

9-3

100.0

*Source: Midwest Coal Producers Institute ( I97O)

- 12 -

100

75

ILLINOIS

—i — i — i 1 — i — i 1 — i — i 1 — i — i 1 — i — i 1 — i — r-

1948 1952 1956 I960 1964 1968 1972

Percentage of production by stripping

Underground and strip production from Illinois coal mines

Pig. 3 - Illinois maintains a good balance between strip and underground mining. In
the nation as a whole, strip mining has steadily increased.

- 13 -

900

800-

1948 1952 1956 I960 1964 1968

Value of mineral production in Illinois

100

c
a>
o

i_

9>

0_

50-

25-

1948

972

NON-FUEL MINERALS

PETROLEUM AND
PRODUCTS

1952

1956

COAL

I960

1964

1968

1972

Percentage of mineral value accounted for by
various commodity groups in Illinois

Fig. 4- - Coal is the most important mineral commodity produced in Illinois. (Source:
U. S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbooks.)

- Ik -

35

c
2 30

/^

o
t=> 25

yS

a>
pi

STRIP MINES /

20

c
o

E

:

■~^^^ ^

Yield per

ALL MINES ^^~^\^^^ X.

5

■■ — • r

UNDERGROUND MINES

■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

1948 1952 1956 I960 1964 1968

Trends in labor productivity in United States coal mines

1972

UNDERGROUND MINES

_l ■ ' L.

1948 1952 1956 I960 1964 1968

Trends in labor productivity in Illinois coal mines

1972

Fig. 5 - Illinois has consistently led the United States as a whole in productivity
per man in both strip and underground mining. (Source: U.S. Bureau of
Mines Minerals Yearbooks.)

- 15 -

consistently been ahead of the national average in productivity per man (fig.
5). Only during 1971 and 1972 has the national average for strip mine labor
productivity exceeded that in Illinois. The decline is probably related to
such factors as the enactment in 1967 of a new reclamation law and to the in-
creasing depth of overburden in Illinois mines. Illinois strip mine produc-
tivity per man-day declined in 1968 but rose again in 1971.

The over-all reduction in productivity per man in Illinois and through-
out the country has two causes, both of which arose at about the same time.
First, the increasing awareness of the need for protection of the environment
diverted manpower from mining to activities such as strip mine reclamation,
acid-water treatment or containment facilities, and the prevention of contin-
ued exposure of refuse material to the environment, adversely affecting pro-
ductivity. Second, the Health and Safety Act of 1969 affected production in
underground mines. A steady increase in productivity for many years had cul-
minated in the highest productivity reported for the country as a whole, 15.6l
tons per man per day in 1969. The rate dropped nationally to 12.03 in 1971
and is expected to be below 12 for 1972. In Illinois, productivity of under-
ground mines has dropped from almost 23 tons per man-day in 1969 to slightly
less than 19 in 1971, although Illinois underground mines still have the high-
est productivity per man-day of all the coal-producing states. Strip mine
productivity has more or less leveled off for the nation as a whole, but -has
dropped considerably for Illinois.

Illinois mines are large producers, averaging over 1.1 million tons
per mine for the year 1972 (fig. 6). The average mine size (measured in out-
put) has increased rapidly in Illinois, especially since 1958, and the number
of mines has consequently declined markedly from 350 mines in 1950 to the pres-
ent kQ. The national average has increased only slightly. In 1971 there were
some 5,1^9 coal mines in the country — only 6U of them in Illinois. These 6k
mines, constituting only 1.2 percent of the total number of mines in the United
States, accounted for 10.6 percent of the total production, attesting to the
efficiency of this industry in Illinois.

In 1972 the total number of men directly employed in the coal mining
industry in Illinois was 11,237. Of these, 7,870 were employed by underground
mines and 3,367 by strip mines. Mining activities employ men in 22 counties;
distribution of the 11,237 employees by county is shown in figure 7. Three con-
centrations of mining occur — in western Illinois where operation is principally
by surface methods, in west-central Illinois where three very large underground
mines are located, and in southern and southwestern Illinois, the largest area,
where both underground and strip mining methods are employed.

USES OF ILLINOIS COAL

Most projections for the future use of energy in the United States
point to a substantial increase in the need for coal, for the generation of
electrical power now and conversion to gas or liquid fuels later. Table 5 is
one such projection (Dupree and West, 1972), and many of the others are simi-
lar (Risser, i960). This projection forecasts a need for almost one billion

- 16 -

350

100-

1948

UNITED STATES

1 '1952' '

1 I9561 '

I960 1964

Trends in overage output for the coal industry
in Illinois and the United States

1 1 I 1 r

1968 1972

Fig. 6 - Because many of the smaller mines in Illinois have been closed, the average out-
put per mine in Illinois has increased markedly, far more dramatically than the
average for the United States as a whole. (Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines Miner-
als Yearbooks. )

- IT -

0

50 to 99
I I to 49

Number of Employees
More than 1000
500 to 999
100 to 499

20 40

Miles

Fig. 7 - Pattern of employment in the Illinois coal industry, by counties, 1972.
(Source: Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals 1972 Coal Report.)

- 18 -

TABLE 5— PROJECTED DEMAND FOE U.S. COAL BY POWER-CONSUMING SECTORS*

(millions of tons)

Coal supply

1971+

1975

1980

1985

2000

Household and commercial

14.6

12

11

4

—

Industrial

164.6

I69

175

190

247

Electrical generation

331.6

384

460

613

755

Synthetic gas

—

—

19

86

308

Export

Total

58.0
568.8

636

_I5_
740

_8J
980

108
1,418

* Source: Dupree and West, 1972.
t Actual figures.

tons of coal in 1985 and almost 1^ "billion tons in 2000. U.S. production in
1971 was only 569 million tons; in 1972 it was 595 million tons.

In 1972 more than 32 million tons of coal, 25 million from Illinois,
were consumed in Illinois for the generation of electrical energy (tables 6
and 7)» almost 77 percent of all coal used in the state. The amount is pro-
jected to increase substantially as the demand for electrical energy continues
to soar (Risser, 1970). Much of the increased demand for electricity will be
met by electricity generated by nuclear energy, but, even if the development
of nuclear capacity progresses as hoped, a substantial increase in coal con-
sumption will still be needed.

At present, two principal sources supply steam coal for Illinois
power plants, the Illinois Basin mines (including those of Indiana and western
Kentucky) and the western subbituminous mining area in Wyoming and Montana,
from which about six million tons are reportedly coming into the Chicago area
annually. The western coal is low-sulfur coal, and, although of lower heating
value than midwestern or eastern coals, is becoming increasingly important in
the central part of the United States. Several new power plants will be using
this coal in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and other states.

A large percentage of low-sulfur coal produced in Illinois is used
by steel companies for blending with higher rank coals to produce metallurgi-
cal coke. The coal with the lowest sulfur content produced from the relatively
low-sulfur coal mines is generally committed to this market.

SOME COAL-RELATED PROBLEMS

Sulfur Emission

Illinois faces several problems related to its most abundant energy
resource (Risser, 1973a,b). One immediate problem is that present and proposed

- 19 -

state and Federal regulations on emissions of sulfur dioxide prohibit the use
of most Illinois coal unless most of the sulfur it contains is removed.

Although the Illinois Geological Survey has done extensive research
to determine the possibility of reducing the sulfur content of coal and has
achieved substantial reductions in total sulfur, no methods have been devised
to lower the sulfur to the level that proposed regulations require (Helfinstine
et al. , 1971 and in press; Deurbrouck, 1972). Pyritic sulfur, which makes up
about 60 percent of the total sulfur in our coals, is the most amenable to re-
duction by conventional gravity techniques of coal cleaning, but, even when the
coal is reduced to relatively fine sizes (minus three-eighths of an inch) , gen-
erally only about half of the pyritic sulfur is removable (about one-third or
less of the total sulfur in the coal). There is some variation in the "clean-
ability" of Illinois coals, but, since a significant portion of total sulfur is
organic, only a very small portion of Illinois coal can be cleaned to 0.7 per-
cent total sulfur — the approximate level that regulations will require.

Extensive research has been conducted throughout the country on methods
of removing sulfur dioxide and cleaning stack gases from large units, such as
those found in power plants. Some processes are currently undergoing full-scale
plant tests in Illinois, as well as in a number of other states.

TABLE 6— ILLINOIS CONSUMPTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL FROM ALL
PRODUCING DISTRICTS, INCLUDING ILLINOIS, IN THE UNITED STATES*

(net tons)

Commercial

Electric

Coke

and

Industrial

Year

utilities

plants

domestic

and misc.

Total

I960

19.13^,000

2,948,000

6,570,000

10,053,000

38,705,000

1961

19,182,000

2 , 774 , 000

5,696,000

9,827,000

37,479,000

1962

20,380,000

2,874,000

5,803,000

10,202,000

39,259.000

1963

20,924,000

2,798,000

5,288,000

10,076,000

39,086,000

1964

22,995,000

3,309,000

4,809,000

10,353,000

41,466,000

1965

25,180,000

3,608,000

4,558,000

11,010,000

44,356,000

1966

27,808,000

3,626,000

4,263,000

10,685,000

46,382,000

1967

29,497,000

3,449,000

4 , 074 , 000

9,690,000

46,710,000

1968

28,221,000

3,069,000

3,312,000

8,863,000

43,465,000

1969

30,393,000

3,713,000

3,077,000

8,061,000

45,244,000

1970

29,453,000

3,688,000

2,591,000

6,579,000

42,311,000

1971

27,930,000

3,347,000

1,871,000

5,141,000

38,289,000

1972

32,294,000

3,243,000

1,415,000

5,076,000

42,028,000

* Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Industry Surveys, Annual and Quarterly
Distribution Reports.

- 20 -

TABLE T— ILLINOIS CONSUMPTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL FROM ILLINOIS MINES*

(net tons)

Commercial

Electric

Coke

and

Industrial

Year

utilities

plants

domestic

and misc.

Total

i960

14 , 97^ , 000

499,000

3,078,000

8,289,000

26,840,000

1961

16,439.

ooot

2,526,000

8,082,000

27,047,000

1962

16,720,000

755 . 000

2,558,000

8,437,000

28,470,000

1963

17,670,000

801,000

2,316,000

8,513,000

29,300,000

1964

19,706,000

922,000

2,203,000

8,565,000

31,396,000

1965

22,115,000

1,170,000

1,959,000

8,903,000

34,147,000

1966

25,058,000

1,513,000

1,889,000

9,113,000

37,573,000

1967

26,825,000

1,468,000

1,831,000

8,386,000

38,510,000

1968

25,539,000

1,200,000

1,362,000

7,618,000

35,719,000

1969

26,622,000

1,538,000

1,141,000

7,102,000

3 6,403,000

1970

25,688,000

1,618,000

1,015,000

5,657,000

33,978,000

1971

22,204,000

1,424,000

723,000

4,189,000

28,540,000

1972

25,329,000

1,288,000

630,000

4,084,000

31,331,000

* Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Industry Surveys, Annual and Quarterly

Distribution Reports.
t Mineral Industry Distribution Report for 1961 combines utilities coal

consumption with coke and gas plant consumption.

The National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council, stud-
ied and reported on the abatement of sulfur oxide emissions from stationary-
sources in 1970. The report stated "...contrary to widely held belief, com-
mercially proven technology for control of sulfur oxides from combustion pro-
cesses does not exist [on a scale considered for demonstration or larger]."
A recent report prepared for the Federal Interagency Committee on Evaluation
of State Air Implementation Plans by the Sulfur Oxide Control Technology As-
sessment Panel (S0CTAP, 1973) indicated that technological problems in con-
trolling sulfur dioxide emission would be solved sometime in 1974. However,
not all task force members agreed with that optimistic projection.

Despite claims made by some manufacturers, prior to and since the
NAE/NRC study, that their equipment could effectively remove sulfur dioxide,
we feel the conclusion of the committee is still true. The level of work on
this problem is such, however, that one or more successful processes for re-
moving sulfur dioxide from flue gases will be developed soon. One process in
Japan has been in successful operation on a full-scale plant for about a year.
Various technical observers have reported that this operation does not meet
U.S. needs, but some qualified observers have indicated the process could be
applied. Close analysis of the scrubbing agent used, the nature of load, oper-
ation at full capacity, disposal of wastes, and costs will determine if the
process can be used in the United States.

- 21 -

Whether the cost of any of the promising techniques will prevent
their acceptance will be determined after technical feasibility has been
demonstrated. It is unlikely that any single process will be applicable to
all installations, and time will be required to design, manufacture, and in-
stall any device in the wide variety of plants to which it may be applicable.

Liquefaction and Gasification

Another major area of research in the past 10 years has been the
liquefaction and gasification of coal. Extensive efforts on pilot-plant
scale are being planned and conducted to produce gas of pipeline quality
(about 1000 Btu per cubic foot). The relatively good mining conditions, the
extensive reserves of relatively thick coals, the moderate water potential,
the availability of pipelines, and the presence of underground gas storage
facilities suggest that Illinois would be an ideal location for such devel-
opments. However, such gas, which is essentially sulfur free, will probably
not be available much before 1980. Furthermore, the gas probably will be too
expensive for electric power generation.

Conversion of coal to low-Btu gas at a power plant for on-site use
is being planned in the United States. As the process would include the re-
moval of sulfur from the gas, its successful development holds much promise
for installations that could employ this technique, providing economics prove
favorable .

Manpower

Many have recognized that if demands for coal to meet utility needs
and to serve as a raw material for gas and liquid fuels increase greatly, the
nation will find it difficult to obtain and train the highly skilled manpower
required for modern coal mine operations, particularly for underground mining.
The largest part of our Illinois reserves, as noted previously, must be mined
by underground methods.

Because of the potential of this valuable resource for meeting future
energy requirements, it is important that the trained manpower force we now have
should not be allowed to disperse. The present trained corps of miners will be
an essential nucleus for the much larger work force that will certainly be re-
quired before the end of the decade.

New Mines

One considerable problem related to obtaining fuel resources to meet
our energy needs is the time factor involved in the planning, exploration, de-
sign, and construction of the new mines that will be needed. There appears to
be a reluctance to invest in the opening of new mines in areas such as Illinois
where permission to use high-sulfur coal may not be forthcoming in the near fu-
ture. Lead times of at least from 2 to h years are required for construction
of large strip mines , and 3 to 5 years are needed for construction of large un-
derground mines. This required lead time and the present hesitancy to begin new
mines will have an adverse effect on potential coal production in the next sev-
eral years.

- 22 -

Alternate Strategies

An unpublished report of the Task Force for Sulfur Dioxide Control
Technology, prepared in 1971 for the Illinois Institute for Environmental
Quality, suggested strategies for improving ambient air quality in the imme-
diate future, in case sufficient low-sulfur fuels are not available and until
various sulfur dioxide control processes have been perfected. The procedures
include :

1. Stock piling of available low-sulfur fuels for use only
when meteorological conditions are adverse, and use of
available higher sulfur fuels during periods when weather
conditions permit wide dissemination of gases.

2. Shut-downs or reduced operations of plants for which low-
sulfur fuels may not be available, even on emergency basis,
when meteorological conditions are adverse.

3. Use of tall stacks, which, while not reducing total emis-
sions, can reduce level of concentration in ambient air.

k. Shift of power generation from stations where meteoro-
logical conditions are adverse to other stations that
have favorable conditions.

In closing, we cannot ignore the place of other fuel resources, in-
cluding oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy. It is our firm belief, however,
that future competition among fuels will be relative to where each fuel will
be used, rather than what fuel will be displaced. In the near- and long-term
future, we shall need to draw on all of our available fuel resources. While
nuclear energy will be used increasingly for generation of electricity, we
agree with others that there will also be a greatly increasing demand for coal,
at least to the end of the century.

We have vital energy resources in Illinois. It is hoped that we can
use them wisely and well.

- 23 -

REFERENCES

Cady, G. H. , 1935 » Classification and selection of Illinois coals: Illinois Geol. Survey-
Bull. 62, 354 P.

Cady, G. H., et al . , 1952, Minable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Bull.
78, 138 p.

Clegg, K. E., 196l, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System —
Sangamon, Macon, Menard, and parts of Christian and Logan Counties, Illinois:
Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 312, 28 p.

Clegg, K. E., 1972, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in
De Witt, McLean, and Piatt Counties, Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 473,
25 P.

Damberger, H. H. , 1971j Coalif ication pattern of the Illinois Basin: Econ. Geology, v. 66,
no. 3, p. 488-4911.

Deurbrouck, A. W., 1972, Sulfur reduction potential of the coals of the United States:
U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 7633, 289 p.

Dupree, W. G., Jr., and J. A. West, 1972, United States energy through 2000: U.S. Dept.
Interior, 80 p.

Gluskoter, H. J., and J. A. Simon, 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois Geol. Survey
Circ. 432, 28 p.

Helfinstine, R. J., N. P. Shimp, J. A. Simon, and M. E. Hopkins, 1971» Sulfur reduction
of Illinois coals — washability studies. Part 1: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 462,
44 p.

Helfinstine, R. J., N. F. Shimp, M. E. Hopkins, and J. A. Simon, in press, Sulfur reduc-
tion of Illinois coals— washability studies. Part 2: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ.

Hopkins, M. E., 1968, Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal reserves of southeastern Illinois: Illinois
Geol. Survey Circ. 431, 25 p.

National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council, 1970, Abatement of sulfur

oxide emissions from stationary combustion sources: NAE/NRC , Washington, D. C,
75 P-

National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1969. Control techniques for sulfur oxide
pollutants: U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare, NAPCA Publication AP-52.

Reinertsen, D. L., 1964, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 4 — Adams, Brown,
Calhoun, Hancock, McDonough, Pike, Schuyler, and the southern parts of Henderson
and Warren Counties: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 374, 32 p.

Risser, H. E., i960, Coal in the future energy market: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 310,
15 P.

Risser, H. E., 1970» Power and the environment — A potential crisis in energy supply:
Illinois Geol. Survey Environmental Geology Note 40, 47 p.

- 24 -

Risser, H. E., 1973, Energy supply problems for the 1970s and beyond: Illinois Geol.
Survey Environmental Geology Note 62, 12 p.

Risser, H. E., 1973, The U.S. energy dilemma: The gap between today's requirements and
tomorrow's potential: Illinois Geol. Survey Environmental Geology Note 64, 64 p.

Searight, T. K. , and W. H. Smith, 19^9» Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 5B —
Mercer, Rock Island, Warren, and parts of Henderson and Henry Counties: Illinois
Geol. Survey Circ. 439, 22 p.

Simon, J. A., 1970. Comments on fuel resources and pollution in the power generation in-
dustry: Unpubl. information testimony for Illinois Commerce Commission, Docket
No. 55321, 46 p.

Smith, W. H. , 1957, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part I — Gallatin, Hardin,

Johnson, Pope, Saline, and Williamson Counties: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 228,

39 P.

Smith, W. H. , 1958, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 2 — Jackson, Monroe,

Perry, Randolph, and St. Clair Counties: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 260, 35 p.

Smith, W. H. , 1961, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 3— Madison, Macoupin,

Jersey, Greene, Scott, Morgan, and Cass Counties: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 311,

40 p.

Smith, W. H. , 1968, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 6 — La Salle, Livingston,
Grundy, Kankakee, Will, Putnam, and parts of Bureau and Marshall Counties: Illi-
nois Geol. Survey Circ. 419, 29 p.

Smith, W. H. , and D. J. Berggren, 1963, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 5A —
Fulton, Henry, Knox, Peoria, Stark, Tazewell, and parts of Bureau, Marshall, Mer-
cer, and Warren Counties: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 348, 59 P»

Sulfur Oxide Control Technology Assessment Panel (SOCTAP), 1973, Final report on projected
utilization of stack-gas cleaning systems by steam-electric plants: Washington,
D. C, April 15, 93 p.

Task Force for Sulfur Dioxide Control Technology, 1971, Report on abatement strategies
for sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources: Unpubl. rept. to Illinois
Inst, for Environmental Quality, submitted September 1971, 86 p.

SELECTED LIST OF SURVEY PUBLICATIONS

MINERAL ECONOMICS BRIEFS SERIES

5. Summary of Illinois Mineral Production in 1961. 1962.

11. Shipments of Illinois Crushed Stone, 1954-1964. 1966.

12. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the East St. Louis Region, Illinois. 1966.

13. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Extreme Southern Illinois Region. 1966.
17. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Springfield Region, Illinois. 1967.

19. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Western Illinois Region. 1967.

20. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northwestern Illinois Region. 1967.

21. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1966. 1968.

22. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northeastern Illinois Region. 1968.

26. Evaluation of Fuels — Long-Term Factors and Considerations. 19&9-

27. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1968. 1970.
29. Directory of Illinois Mineral Producers. 1971 .

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS NOTES SERIES

13. Summary of Illinois Mineral Industry, 1951-1959. 1961.

17. Pelletizing Illinois Fluorspar. 1963.

19. Binding Materials Used in Making Pellets and Briquets. 1964.

20. Chemical Composition of Some Deep Limestones and Dolomites in Livingston County, Illinois. 1$

21. Illinois Natural Resources — An Industrial Development Asset. 1964.

23. Limestone Resources of Jefferson and Marion Counties, Illinois. 1965.

24. Thermal Expansion of Certain Illinois Limestones. 1966.

26. Binders for Fluorspar Pellets. 1966.

27. High-Purity Limestones in Illinois. 1966.

29. Clay and Shale Resources of Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Effingham, Jasper,

and Vermilion Counties. 1967*

30. Lightweight Bricks Made with Clay and Expanded Plastic. 1967.

31. Clays as Binding Materials. 1967.

32. Silica Sand Briquets and Pellets as a Replacement for Quartzite. 1968.

34. Neutron Activation Analysis at the Illinois State Geological Survey. 1968.

35. Computer-Calculated Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Tables for Illinois (7-5-Minute

Intersections). 1968.

36. Beneficiation of Kaolinite Clay from Silica Sand Washings. 1968.

37. Peat and Humus in Illinois. 1969.

38. Kankakee Dune Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1969*

39- Alumina Content of Carbonate Rocks as an Index to Sodium Sulfate Soundness. 1969»
10. Colloidal-Size Silica Produced from Southern Illinois Tripoli. 1970.

41. Two-Dimensional Shape of Sand Made by Crushing Illinois Limestones of Different Textures.

1970.

42. An Investigation of Sands on the Uplands Adjacent to the Sangamon River Floodplain:

Possibilities as a "Blend Sand" Resource. 1970.

43. Lower Mississippi River Terrace Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1970*

44. Analyses of Some Illinois Rocks for Gold. 1970.

45. Clay and Shale Resources of Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Counties, Illinois. 1971»

46. Sideritic Concretions in Illinois Shale, Gravel, and Till. 1972.

47. Selected and Annotated List of Industrial Minerals Publications of the Illinois State

Geological Survey. 1972.

ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTES SERIES
(The Illinois Minerals Notes Series continues the Industrial Minerals Notes
Series and incorporates the Mineral Economics Briefs Series)

48. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1970. 1972.

49. Clay and Shale Resources of Peoria and Tazewell Counties, Illinois. 1973.

50. By-Product Gypsum in Illinois — A New Resource? 1973.

51. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1971. 1973.

52. Fuels and Energy Situation in the Midwest Industrial Market. 1973.