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Sakctomits    i:?^'   ins     baj-a^^ck. 


THE 


CODE 


OF 


HEALTH  AND  LONGEVITY; 

OR, 

A  CONCISE  VIEW, 

OF  THE  PRINCIPLES 

CALCULATED  FOR 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  HEALTH, 

AND 

THE  ATTAINMENT  OF  LONG  LIFE. 

BEING  AN  ATTEMPT  TO  PROVE  THE  PRACTICABILITY,  OF  CONDENS- 
ING, WITHIN  A  NARROW  COMPASS,   THE  MOST  MATERIAL 
INFORMATION  HITHERTO  ACCUMULATED,  REGARD- 
ING THE  DIFFERENT  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES,  OR 
ANY  PARTICULAR  BRANCH  THEREOF. 

BY 

SIR  JOHN  SINCLAIR,  BART. 

VOL.    III. 


Neque  enim  ulla  alia  re  homines  propius  ad  Deos  acceclunty  quam  salutem 
hominlbus  </fl;j</c?.— Cicero,  pro  ligario,  c.  3f^. 


EDINBURGH: 

MIINTEO  FOR  ARCH.  CONSTABLE  &  CO.;    AND  T*  CADILL  ATS^D 
Wi   DAVIES^   AND*  J»    MVRRAyj    LONDON.. 

1807. 


Edinburgh  r 
]print«d  hf  MundeU,  Doig,  &  Stevenson. 


CONTENTS 


OF 


VOL.    III. 


ata 


?ART    II. 


d^it  Account  of  the  Foteign  Authors^  who  have 
written  on  Health  and  Longevity,  with  extracts 
from  their  works,  illustrating  the  opinions  they 
have  entertained  regarding  these  interesting  sub-- 
jectJi. 

No.  Pag. 

I.  Regimen  Sanitatis  Salerni:  or  the  regiment  of  healthy 

containing  direSlions  for  the  life  of  many        -         3 
IL   CornarOf ,  and   the  authors  who  immediately  pre^^ 

ceded  him^  •  •  .  ^y 

Preliminary  obfervations^  -  ib. 

I  •  Marcilius  Facinus,  <-  «       .  ib. 

2.  Antonius  GaztuSf  -  *-       48 

3.  Platina  Cremonenjis^  -  ib. 
Atreatije  on  afoher  life ,  by  Lewis  CornarOf  51 
A  compendium  of  afoher  life,  -  83 
An  eatnejl  exhortation,            *               "95 


Vi  CONTENTS. 

No.  Pag. 

III.  of  the  authors  who  hav§  written  on  health  and 

longevity  from  the  time  of  Cornaro  to  that  of 

SanBoriusj                -             -              -  IXS 

I.  Tbomais  Philologus  of  Ravenna^       -  ii6 
a.  f^dus  FtdiuSf                 •*                  -  ib. 

3.  Hieronimus  Cardanus^                -  117 

4.  Alexander  Trajanus  Petroniust         -  1 19 

5.  Levinuf  Lemnius,             -             -  ib. 

6.  Jafon  Pratenfis,               -              -  120 

7.  Antonius  Fumanellus  Veronenjis^         m  ib. 

8.  Johannes  Valverdus  de  Hamufco^  ib. 

9.  Gulielmus  Gratarolus^               -  121 
10.  H^nricus  Ran%omus             -             -  ib. 

II.  Mmilius  Dufus,             -               -  ib, 
12.  Ferdinandus  EuflatiuSy               *  ib. 

IV.  Sanfforius,  -  -  -  l»2 

Medicina  Statica^  or  rufes  of  healthy  in 
eight  fiBions  or  apborifms^  originalfy  writm. 
ten  by  SanBorius,  chief  profejfor  of  phyfig 

at  Padua^                  -                       -  ^^3 

SanBorius  to  the  reader^               -  ib. 

An  account  of  the  weighing  chair ^  I  %$ 
Seft.  I.  Of  infenjihle perfpiration^  andtheexaSf 

weight  thereof f             -              -  127 

2.  Of  air  and  water S9       ,           -  M^ 
Jphorifms  added  by  the  author^         -  153 

3,  Of  meat  and  drink.          -             -  ib* 
Aphorifms  added  by  the  author y         -  1 63 

4-  Of  fleep  and  vigilance^  -  166 

Aphorifms  added  by  the  author ^        -       173 

Sefl:.  $•  Of  exercise  andrejl^  -  '74 

Aphorifms  addedby  the  author^        -       17* 


J^*-  Pag. 

tV» '      6.  De  viherei            .            »            -  1 79 

'  Additi  ab  auiiorey             -              ,  lg« 

7i  Of  the  affections  of  the  mindy         .  184 

8.'  To  thejlaticofhujlrix^                .  1^0 

V.  Modern  difcoveries  regarding  perfpiration,  193 

Aff.  Alernethy^s  experiments^            -  ipr 
VI.  ^  rf^  foreign  authbr^  who  wrote  concerning 
health,  from  the  time  of  SariSlorius,    till  the 

treaty  of  Utrecht,               .                 .  20Y 

t.  Rodericus  a  jtonjeca,            ^'          ^  jj,^ 

!•  AureliAs  jinfelmus,             -             .  ^qj 

3.  Trancifcus  Rancbintis,                 .  jl,^ 

/(*  Rodtlphus  Gocleriiiis^         -             •  ib 

5.  Clattdins  Diodatus ,              .              .  2^^ 

6.  Johannes  Jo'nflonus,               -             -  ib 

7.  Bernariin'  Rama%%ini,                ^  210 
Vn.  STAtf  flf*Jf  of  medicine  among  the  Chinefe,  212 

Chan  Seng :  or,  the  art  of  procuring  health 

and  long  life,           -            .           -  214 

The  regulatiofi  of  the  heart  and  its  affeBums,  2 1 6 

Tie  reguiiatdTt  of  diet,             .             .  222 

Tie  regulation  of  the  a&ions  of  the  day,  229 

The  regulations  for  reft  at  night,          .  236 

The  mearis  of  happtnefsf             -             -  24 1 

Caufes  of  long  life,             -               .  ^^^ 

An  encomiufh  upon  temperance,             .  242 

VHI.  Kanr  on  the  art  of  preventing  difeafes,       -  24c 

Prittciple  of  dietetics,            .             .  248 

Ofhypocoridriafs,             •                 .  251 

Ofjleep,                 -                  .                  .  25a 

Of  eating  and  drinJlifig,        -        ^  ^^4 


TIU  CpNTEKTS.. 

VHI.        Of  ike  i^npleafantfinfation  produced^  hy  inopm  . 

portune  meditation^  -  •  25? 

Of  alleviating  and  preventing  dijeajes  hy 

determination  in  breathings  -  256 

Conclufion,  -  «  ^       ,258 

IX.  ^  treatife  on  health,  hy  Halle,  -  2(Jo 

Definition^  objeBy  and  divifion  of  the  Hygiene,  %6i 
Hijory  of  Hygiene^  -  -  263 

Hiflory  of  public  Hygiene^  -         -         265 

Of  legi/lation,  manners,  a^dpolice^  an^opg 
ancient  nations,  relative  to  Hygiene,         ib. 
Phyfical  legi/lation,   or  legiflative  Hygiene 

among  the  nations  of  antiquity,         «         26g^ 
Fhy/ical  legi/lation,    or  public   Hygiene 
among  the  Hebrews,  -  -        ib. 

Legijlative  Hygiene  of  Lycurgus^  and  of  the 

Greeis  in  general^  -  -  274 

Phyfical  code  of  Pythagoras  and  of  PlatOj,       28^ 
Zegifiative  Hygiene  of  the  Perfians,  to  the 

period  of  the  infancy  of  Cyrus  the  Great,    287 
Concerning  the  manners  and  cufioms  of  tha 

ancients,  relative  to  Hygiene,  -  289 

Concerning  the  gymnaflic  art,  -  290 

Concerning  baths  and  repafis^  in  their  rela^ 

ti&n  to  the  gymnaftic  art,  7  296 

Concerning  the   regulations  conneQiid  with 

public  police  among  the  ancients y  -         302 

Public  Hygiene  of  the  modern  nations,       -      307 

Legi/lation,  .  .  -  ib. 

Manners  and  cuftoms,  -  -  308 

The  ^mnqftic  art^  and  batis,  and  re^imen^    ib* 


CONTEKTS*  IX 

N0t  Pag. 

ISL*  Police  relat foe  to pmUie  beafiif.  «.  ^^i 

JLazarettos,  hojfita/s,  and  prophaylaSiic 

meqfures^  -  -  -  ib. 

Concerning prifons  and  workboufet^  327 

Concerning    the     bealibfulnefs    of  cities^ 
of  camps y  ofjbips  ;  concerning  colonies,  ' 
draining^  %^c.  -  .  ^2^ 

Hiflory  of  private  Hygiene^  -  .  ^^. 

Concerning  Hygiene^   before  the  era  of 
Hippocrates^  -  .  y^^ 

Biftory  of  Hygiene,    arranged  into  four 

principal  epocbSf  -  .  ,^2 

Firjl  epoch^^tbat  of  Hippocrates,        .        3^5 
Different  periods  of  tbis  epocb^  -  ij,^ 

Firfl  period  of  tbefirjl  epocb,  from  tbe  age 

of  Hippocrates  to  tbat  of  Galen,        -         3^0 
fiiocles,  Caryjlius,  «  .  ^-g 

P^lfi*^*             ^             •             .  .          ib, 

Plutarcbj  Agathinus,             -  .           ^^5^ 

Second  period  of  tbefrfl  epocb^  «             o^jg 

Galen,             -              ,  .                 jj,^ 

Pqrpbyry,             .             .  .            ^79 

Oribqfius,  and  tbe  ancient  Greets,  tvbo  foU 

lowed  Galen,             .             ,.  .         ^g^ 

^bird  period  of  tbe  frjl  epocb,  -  ag- 

I*  Arabian  febool,  «  «  j||^ 

"2,.  Scbool  of  tbe  modern  Greeks,  .      og^ 

3 .  Scbool  ofSalernum^  ondEuropeanpby^ 

Jicians,  to  tbe  revival  of  literature,         303 

Fourtb  period  of  tbe  Jirft  epocb,—from  tbe 
revival  of  literature  to  tbe  time  of  Sancr- 
forius,  .  -  .  .     3p8 


'  > 


IX*  Second  epocb^-^ilmi  9f  San^orims^        *        405 

nird    efoeb^r-RivivsJ  ef    At  phyjical 
fciences^  -  -  •411 

Concermng  tbt  pbUofifhf  rf  ari^  anitf  phi^ 
lofcp^nccl  fiudy^  •  -  414 

Trogrefs  of  tie  nfftyral  and  experimental 
fciencesj  mojl  ufefuJ  to  the  knowledge  of 
man  dvring  the  eourfe  of  the  third  epochs  420 

Progrefs  if  Hygiene  in  the  eourfe  of  the 
third  epochs  •  •  •         429 

Traces  of  this  progrefs  in  ihe  principal  works 
which  have  coniriluted  to  improve  the  dif* 
ferent  branches  of  Hyg:eiU^  •  43* 

General  treallfes^  -  ib. 

T articular  trsatifes, — Pro^efs  of  Hygiene 

.  in  the  phyjical  in&wledge  <f  man^    of 

his  relations  to  cl^maie,  of  the  varieties  of 

^  bis  phyfical  confiitutiofT  or  of  his  temper* 
aments^  -  -  -  433 

Progrefs  of  Hygiend  in  ihe  ^dy  of  thofe 
thiiJgs  which  coTicern-  hsalthy  -  437 

Progrefs  of  Hygiene  in  the  theory  tf  regimen^  445 

Fourth  epochs — diftinguifhed  hy  the  dif 
covery  of  the  aeriform  Jl::ids^  and  hy  the 
renovation  of  the  chemical  fciencesy  449 

jlfL  hiflorical  abridgment  of  the  difcoveries 
which  concern  man^  which  contribute  to 
improve  the  knowledge  of  his  phyjical 
constiiution^  and  to  ajjtfl  ar  in  comprcm 
bending  tlh>  phenomena  of  his  organi* 
%aii<m^>  n  n  n  450 


CONTENTS.  XI 

No,  Pag. 

IX»  ConJeSures  relative  to  the  advantages  which 
the  phyKcaHnowledge  of  man  and  of  Hy» 
giene  may  derive  from  the  difcoveriei  al* 
ready  made,    during   the   courfe  of  the 
fourth  epochs         •  -  •  458 

Mtxpofition  of  a  plan  of  a  complete  treatife 
on  Hygiene^  •  -  -       463 

X«  On  Longevity^  by  Lucian^  -  47^ 


PART  II. 


AN 

ACCOUNT 

OF  THE 

FOREIGN  AUTHORS 

WHO  HAVE  WRITTEN  ON 

HEALTH   AND  LONGEVITY, 

WITH 

EXTRACrS  FROM  THEIR  WORKS, 

*  * 

XI.I.U8TRATING  THE  OPINIONS  THEY  HATE  ENTERTAINED 
REGARDING  THESE  INTERESTING  SUBJECTS. 


Vol.  hi; 


I    .*  '•-* 


# 

u 


ACCOUNT 

op 
THE  FOREIGN  AUTHORS 

WHO  BATE  JVRJtrMN  ON  HEALTH  AND  LONGEVITT. 


NUMBER  I. 

AEGIMEN  SANITATIS  SALEBNI  : 

Oft 

■    \ 

THE  REGIMENT  OF  HEALTH,  CONTAINING  DIRECTIONS 

FOR  THE  LIFE  OF  MAN. 


A  MONG  the  foreign  books  which  have  been  printed  on 
the  fubje£t  of  health,  pofterior  to  the  deftrufbion  of 
the  Roman  power  and  empire,  a  work  in  verfe^  written 
about  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century,  for  the  ufe  of 
Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  or  of  his  father^  WIU 
11am  the  Conqueror,  deferves  firft  to  be  mentioned*  It 
is  true  that  two  Jewifli  phyficians  had  previoufly  drawn 
up,  at  the  defire  of  Charles  the  Great,  a  treatife  called 
Tacuiny  or  l!ahles  rf  Healthy  which  is  publifhed  under  the 

_  ^^^  1 

name  oiEiluchafem  EUtnithar.  This  book,  as  M^Kenzie  in 
his  Hiftory  of  Health  obferves,  is  rarely  to  be  met  with, 
except  in  public  libraries,  which  is  no  great  lofs,  being 

A  % 


4  REGIMEN  SANITATIS  SALERKI. 

but  a  mean,  perplexed,  and  whimfical,  performance,  and 
fcarce  worth  taking  notice  of,  but  only  becaufe  it  hap- 
pens to  be  fometimes  quoted  by  the  learned« 

The  dodlrines  however  of  the  univerfity  of  Salerne,  are 
entitled  to  more  notice  ^  for,  though  it  is  dangerous,  as 
has  been  juftly  remarked,  to  prefcribe  rules  iniFcrfe,  on 
Aich  a  delicate  fubje£);  as  health,  becaufe  the  mufe  may 
occafionally  elevate  the  poet  above  the  reach  of  falutary  pre- 
cepts, and  make  him  forget  the  ph^tcian  \  yet  there  are 
fome  ufeful  cfiredHons  in  that  work,  and  it  is  curious  to 
trace  the  progrefs  of  human  knowledge,  regarding  any 
important  art  or  fcience,  from  its  rude  beginnings,  tiR  it 
reaches  fome  degree  of  vigour  and  maturity. 

This  work  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  drawn  up  about  the 
year  1099,  by  Johannes  de  Mediolanus,  or  John  of  Milan, 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  other  phyficians  of  Salerne^ 
then  reckoned  the  moft  celebrated  fchool  for  medicine  in 
Europe.  It  was  formerly  in  fuch  high  efteem,  that  it  was  call- 
ed "  The  Flower  of  Phyfic  j"  *  and  Haller  enumerates  above 
twenty  editions  of  it  printed  at  different  times,  fomedmes 
with,  and  fometimes  without,  a  commentary.  It  has  been 
tranflated  into  various  languages.  Into  Englifh  by  Paynell, 
of  which  work  two  editions  were  printed  at  London  in  1579 
and  1 607.  But  the  belt  edition  of  it  in  the  Englifli  language 
is  by  Dr.  ?•  Holland,  who  tranflated,  at  the  fame  time,  the 
Commentary  of  Arnoldus  de  Villa  Nova,  which  is  too  vo- 
luminous, however,  to  be  reprinted  in  this  compilation,  nor 
does  it  feem  to  contain  any  very  important  obfervations. 

*  Hoc  opus  optatur  quod  flos.medicinib  vocatur. 


I 

^ 


REGIMEN  SANITATIS  SALERKI. 


TBI  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Angloruin  Regi  fcribit  fchola  tota 

Saleini : 
Si  vis  incolumem,  ii  tIs  te  reddere  fa- 

num, 
Curas  toUe  gravels,  irafd  crede  pro- 

fanum : 
Parce  mero,  coeoato  parutn ;  non  lie 

tlbi  vanum 
Surgere  poft  epulas,  fomnum  fuge 

meridianum, 
Ke  mi&iim  retine,   nee  comprime 

fortiter  anum. 
Hsc  bene  ii  fervet,  tu  loogo  tempore 

pTei. 


Da.  HOLLAND  S  TRAN$LATION. 

All    Salern    fchooi    thus  write  to 

Englands  king. 
And  for  mans  health  thefe  fit  advifet 

briog. 
shun  bufie  cares,  rjifib*  angers,  which 

difpleafe ; 
Light  fupping,  little  drink,  do  caufe 

great  eafe. 
Rife  after  meat,-,ileep  not  at  after. 

noon,  .y 

tVaterjand  natures  need,  expcli  them 

foon, 
Long  (halt  thou  live,  if  all  thefe  well 
I      be  done. 


Si  tibi  deficiant  medici,  medici  tibi 

fiant 
Haec  tria :  mens  hilaris,  requies,  mo- 

derata  dixta. 


When  phyfick  needs,  let  thefe  thy 

do<ftors  be, 
'Spare  dyet,  quiet  thoughts,   heart 

mirthful!  free. 


Lrnxuna  man<^,  manus  furgens  gelida 

Uvet  unda. 
Hie  iliac  modicum  pergat,  modicum 

fua  membra 
Extendat,  crines  pe<ftat,  dtntes  fri* 

cet,  ifta 
Confortant  cerebrum,  confortant  cae- 

tera  membra. 
Liote  cale,  ftapranfe,  vel  i,  frigefce 

auouti. 


Sleep  not  too  long  in  mornings,  early 

rife. 
And  with  coole  water  ^afh  both 

hands  and  eyes, 
Walke  gently  forth,  and  ftretch  out 

'  every  limbe. 
Combe  head,  rub  teeth,  to  make  them 

deane  and  trim. 
The  braine  and  every  member  elfe, 

thefe  do  relieve. 
And  to  all  parts  ccAitinuall  comfort 

give. 
Bathing,  keep  warm,  walk  after  food 

or  ftand. 
Complexions  cold,  do  gentle  warmth 

command. 

A3 


REGIMEN  SANITAtiS  SALEBNI, 


THE  OEIOXNAL  LATIN.  1      DE,  BOLtAND*!  TEANf LATIOH: 


Sit  brcf  18,  aut  nullas,  tibi  fomnus  me- 

ridianus. 
Fcbris,  pigritics,  capitis  dolor,  atque 

catarrhus, 
Hsc  tibi  proveniunt  ex  fomno  me* 

ridiano. 


Let  little  fleep,  or  none  at  allfuf- 

fice. 
At  afternoon,  but  waking  keep  thine 

eyes. 
Such  fleep  ingenders  feavers,  head* 

ache,  rheames, 
Dulnefle  of  foul,  and  belcbeth  up  ill 

fumes. 
From  forth  the  ftomach.    AU  thefc 

harmes  enfue, 
By  fleep  at  afternoons,  beleere  it 

true. 


Si  fluat  ad  pedlus,  dicatur  rheuma 

catarrhus : 
Si  ad  fauces,  bronchus :  fi  ad  nares, 

cflo  coryza. 


Rheumes  from  the  breaft,  afcending 

throu^  the  nofe : 
So9ie  call  catarrhes,  fome  tyfickyfome 

the  pofe. 


Quatuor  ex  vento  veniunt  in  ventre 

retento, 
Spafinus,  hydrops,  colica,  et  vertigo, 

hoc  res  probat  ipfa. 


When  wind  within  the  belly  you  re- 

ftrain. 
The  body  gets  by  four  difeafes  pain- 
Cramps,  dropiie,  collick,  giddinefsof 

brain* 


Xz  magna  coena,  ftomacht  fit  maxi- 
ma pcena. 

Ut  fis  node  levis,  fit  tibi  coena  bre- 
vis. 


Great  fuppers  pat  the  ftomack  to 

great  pain. 
Sup  lightly  if  good  reft  yon  mean  to 

gain. 


Tu  nunquam  comedas,  ftomachum 

ni  noveris  efle 
Purgatum,  vacuumque  cibo,   quern 

fumpferis  ante.  ' 


Thou  fliould'ft  not  eat  imtill  thy 

ftomack  (ay. 
The  meat's  digefted,  which  did  pafle 

that  way. 


HSGIMEK  SANITATIS  SALERNI. 


THl  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Zx  defielcrio  id  poteris  cognofcere 

ccrto. 
Hsbc  fint  figoa  tibi,  fubtilit  in  ore 

di«ta. 


DR. Holland's  translation. 

For  the  trnc  ufc  of  appetite  to  feed. 
Is  natures  dyct,  no  more  then  ihall 
need* 


Per  ilea,  pomai  pira,  &  lac,  cafeus,  & 

•caro  falfa, 
£t  caro  cervina,  &  leporina,  bovina, 

capriua, 
Atra  hzc  bile  nocent,  funtque  infir- 

mis  inimica. 


Ova  recentia,  vina  rubentia,  pinguia 

jura, 
Cum  fimila  para,  naturae  fitnt  vali. 

tun. 


Peares,  apples,  peaches,  cheefe,  and 

powdred  meat, 
VeoifoD,  hare,  goats  fleih,  and  beef 

to  eat. 
All  tllefe  breed  melancholly,  corrupt 

the  blood, 
Therefore  not  feeding  on  them,  I 

hold  good. 


Your  rtcw  layd  egs,  briflc,  cheei  fully 
coloured  wine, 

And  good  fat  broth  in  phifick  we 
define. 

To  be  fo  wholefome,  that  their  pu- 
rity, 

Doth  nourifli  nature  very  foveraign- 


Regula  prefbyteri  jubethoc  pro  lege 

teneri, 
'  Qu6d  bona  iint  ova,  Candida,  longaj 
nova. 


The  priefts  fair  daughter,  held  it  a 

law  moft  true, 
That  egs  be  beft,  when   they  are 

long,  white,  new. 


Hutrit  trlticum  A:  impinguat^  lac, 

cafeus  infans, 
Telliculi,    porcina  caro,  cerebella, 

medulUe, 
Dulcia  vina,  cibus  guflu  jucundior, 

ova 
Sorbiiia,  &  ficus  maturac,  uvzque  re^ 

centes. 


Bread  of  red  wheat,  milk,  and  new 
made  cheefe, 

Beafls  tefticles,  pork  marrow,  brain 
of  thefe. 

Sweet  wines,  delicious  meats,  egs 
that  are  rear,^ 

Over-ripe  figs  and  raifins,  thefe  ap- 
pear; 

To  make  the  body  fat,  and  nourilh 

nature, 

*  Procuring  corpulence,  and  growth 
of  (lature. 


RBGIMEir  SANITATIS  SALBRWI. 


THE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Vina  probantur  odore,  iapore,  nito- 

re,  colore, 
si  bona  vina  cvpis,  quinque  hstc  lau- 

dantur  in  illis : 
Fortia,  formofa,  &.  fragrantia,  frigrida9 

frifca. 


DR.  HOXLAND  8  TRANSLATION. 

Smell  favour,  colour,  chearfull,  fine, 
Thefe  are  the  beft  proofs  o£a  cop  oC 

lyine. 
In  choice  of  good  wine  thefe  are  erpr 

fpeaking. 
Strength,  beauty,  fragrance,  cool- 

neife,  fprightly  leaping. 


Corpora  plus  augent  tibi  dulcia,  Can- 
dida vina. 


The  fweet^ft  wines  da  mof|  of  all 

revive. 
And  cheer  the  fpirits,  being  nutria 

tive. 


Si  vinum  rubrum  nimium  quandoque 

bibatur, 
Venter  ilipatur,  vox  limpida  ttirbifi- 

-catur. 


^^en  too  much  red  wine  ttareleflj 

we  drink. 
It  bindes  the  belly,  m^ket  the  voice 

to  ihrink. 


Allia,  ruta,  pyra,  &  raphanus^  cum 
theriaca  nux,  ^ 

Praeftant  antidotum  contra  lethale 
venenum. 


I  reade,  from  garlicky  nuts,  hearbr 

grace,  or  rew. 
Pears,  radifh-rootS}  and  treacle  do 

enfue : 
Such  vertuous  qualities,  thai  they  all 

fcrye  ^ 
As  antidotes  againft  poyfop  tp.  prer 

ferve. 


Allia  qui  mane  jejunofumpferit  ore, 
Hun^  ignotarum  non  Ixdet  potus  a- 

quarum. 
Nee  diverforum  mutatio  fada  loco^ 

rum- 


He  that  takes  garlick  early  in  the 

morn. 
Needs  let  no  drink  by  hina  to  be  for^ 

born, 
Diveriity  of  countries  he  may  fee^ 
And  well  enabled  if  his  mind  fobee. 


fiB«IlC£N  SANITATIS  SiXBBNI. 

THB  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 


Lucidus  ac  mundus  fit  rite  habitabi- 

lis  a£r,  " 
Infe&us  ne^e  fit»  nee  (dens  fcetore 

cloacae. 


DR,  Holland's  TRANstATio^. 

Dwell  where  the  ayr  U  clears  fweeCi 

wholefome,  bright,  . 
Infeded  with  no  fames  that  hurt  the 

light: 
For  fweeteft  ayrs  do  nature  moil  de« 

light. 


$1  noduma  tibi  noceat  potatio  vini, 
Hoc  tn  mane  bibas  iterum,  &.  fuerit 
medicina. 


If  overmuch  wipe  hath  thy  brain  of- 
fended, 

Drink  early  next  morning  and  its 
mended.     . 


Gignit   &  humores  melius*  vinum 

meliores, 
Si  foerit  nigrum,  corpus  reddet  tibi 

pig^nmu 
Tinum  fit  clanunque,  vetus,  fubtile, 

maturum, 
Ac  bene  dilutum,  fallens,  modera- 

mine  fumpj^unu 


The  better  that  the  wines  In  good- 

neife  be, 
The  better  humours  they  beget  in 
•thee. 
If  wine  look  black,  it  makes  thy  body 

duU. 
If  it  be  cleer,  old,  fubtile,  ripe  and 

fuir. 

Well  qualified,  leaping,  drunk  dif- 

creetlyj 
Then  with  thy  body  it  agrees  moft 

fweetly. 


K^n  acidum  iapiat  cervifia,  fit  bend 

clara, 
ipt  granis  fit  cofta  bonis,  iatis  ac  tc- 

terata. 


For  drinking  beer  Or  ale,  thus  we 

advife. 
Not  to  be  iharp  or  fower  in  any 

wife, 
JLet  them  be  cleer,  well  boyl'd  com 

found  and  good. 
Stale,  and^  not  new ;  all  thefe  caufc 

hc^thfull  bloud. 


V'  • 


10 


REGIMEN  SAKIYATIS  8ALERKK 


TRS  ORIGINAL  LATINi 

Be  qua  potetur,  ftemaehns  nen  inde 
gntYCtur. 


OR.  BOLLAMd's  TAANSLATlOir. 

Of  whatfoere  you  driok,  fee  no  of- 
fence, 

Unto  the  ftomack  be  procured 
thence* 


Temporilms  veris  modicum  prandere 

jnberis, 
Sed  calor  abftatit  dapibos  notet  iffl- 

moderatia, 
Antumni  fruiftiucaYeas  nefinttibi 

De  menia  fume,  quantum  w  tempo* 
jrebnmve; 


The  fpring-time  doth  command  aor 
dinners  be, 

fiut  light  and  little,  fparihg  in  de- 
gree. 

The  fvmiiier  feafon  being  foultry 
hot. 

Immoderate  feeding  ihould  be  then 
forgot. 

The  fall  of  leaf  or  autumn  doth 
deny. 

Eating  much  fruit,  great  harm  en- 
fues  thereby. 

But  in  the  winter,  cold  doth  then 
require, 

Such  a  full  mealj  as  nature  can  de- 
fire. 


Salvia  cum  ruta  faciunt  tibi  pocula 

tuto, 
Adde  rofo  florem,  miattitque  poten- 

ter  amorem. 


If  in  your  drink,  waiht  (age  is  mixt 

with  rew. 
It  is  moft  wholefome  poyfon  to  fob- 

due: 
Adde  thereto  rofe  flowers  if  you 

feele  the  heat. 
Of  Venus  to  wax  wanton,  or  grow 

great. 


Nauiea  non  poterit  h«c  quern  vex-  i  Sea-water  drunk  with  wine  doth 
are,inarinam  well  defend  thee, 

Undam  cum  vino  mjxtar»  qui  fump^  If  on  the  fea,  cafting  chance  to  offend 
feritantc.  thee.  ^ 


KEGIMEN  SAl^ltATIS  SALERNI. 


11 


rat  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Salvia,  fal,  vinumi  piper,  aIiia,petro- 

felinum, 
£x  his  fac  falfath,  ne  fit  commixtio 

falla. 


DR.  Holland's  translation. 

Sage,  fait,  and  wiife,  pepper  there- 
with applyed, 

Garlick  and  parfley,  thcfc  have  well 
bin  tryed : 

To  make  good  fauce  for  any  kind  of 
meat, 

Procuring  appetite  when  men  would 
eat. 


Lotio  poft  menfam  tibi  confert  mu- 

nera  bina, 
Mnndificat  palmas,  &  lumiQa  reddit 

acuta. 
Si  fore  vit  (anus,  abloc  fspe  manus. 


If  thou  wilt  walk  in  health,  let  the 
advife. 

Oft  walk  thy  hands,  chiefly  when 
thou  doeft  rife, 

From  feeding  at  the  table ;  for  there- 
by, 

Thou  gain'ft  two  benefits,  it  clears 

the  eye. 
Gives  comfort  to  the  palmes,  both 

which  well  tended. 
Our  health  (thereby)  the  better  it 

be-friendcd. 


]Pani8  non  calidus,  nee  fit  uimis  in- 

vetcratus, 
Sed  fermentatuique,  oculatus,  fit  be- 

nd  coSus, 
£t  falfus  modici,  ex  granis  validis 

ele^us. 
Ne  comedas  craftam,  choleram  i|uia 

gignit  adoftam. 
£c  panis  falfus,  fermentatus,  ben^ 

co^us. 
purns  fit  fanus,  non  t^lis  fit  tibi  va- 

pus. 


Not  over  cold  not  hot  let  be  thy 
bread, 

HoUow  and  light,  but  cafily  leaven- 
ed, 

Sparingly  faked,  and  of  the  pureft 

wheat, 
And  £ee  that  crafts  thou  de  forbear 

to  eat.  / 

Becaufe  that  angry  choller  they  be- 
get. 

Thy  bread  well  bak't,  light  faltcd, 

found  of  grain : 
AH  thefe  pbfcrv'd,  thou  doft  not  cat 
in  vail. 


12 


nSGIMEK  SANITATIS  SALXRNI. 


THE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Eft  porcina  caro  fine  vino  pejor  ov» 

ina. 
Si  tribuas  vinuxn,  fiierit  cibui  ac  me« 

dicina. 


DR.  Holland's  translatxom. 

To  feed  on  pork,  whether  we  fop  or 
dine,  -        ^ 

Is  worfe  than  mutton,  if  we  have  no 
wine: 

But  drinking  wine, therewith,  it  ii 
found  food. 

And  phyfick  for  the  body  very  good* 


Bu  porcorum  bona  funt,  mala  funt 
reliquorum* 


The  tripes  or  inwards  of  the  hog  ii 

bcft. 
And  better  then  of  any  other  beaft. 


Impedit  urinam  muftum,  folvit  citd 
ventrem, 

Bepatis  emphraximi  iplenis  gene- 
rat  lapidem^ue. 


Sweet  wine  to  urine  is^  a  ftop^  or 

ftay, 
To  loofenefle  in  the  belly,  it  makes 

way. 
It  harmeth  both  the  Hver  and  the 

fpleen, 
Caufing  the  ftone,  as  hath  by  proof 

bin  feen. 


Fotus  aqusfumptus  comedenti  in- 

commoda  przftat. 
Hinc  friget  ftomacfaus,  cmdus  &  in- 

de  cibut. 


He  that  drinks  water  when  he  feeds 
on  meat. 

Doth  divers  harms  unto  himfelf  be- 
get: 

It  cooles  the  ftomack  with  a  crude 
infefting. 

And  voids  the  meat  again  without 
digefting. 


1 

font  nutritlvx  multvm  cames  vitu-  I  Flelh  of  young  cales,  or  veal  is  very 


^«. 


good. 

Quick  in  digeftioa  nouriflung  the 
blood. 


BE6IMEIT  SAKITATIS  SALEHNr. 


13 


THI  OKIOINAL  LAT^K. 

Sunt  bona  gallina,  &  capo,  turtur, 

ftarna,  columba. 
Qoifcula,  phafiades,   merale,  fixnul 

ortygometra, 
Perdix,  frigellufque,  Otis,  tremuluf- 

que,  amarcUus. 


D&.  BOLLAMO'S  TRAWtLATION,  . 

The  hen,  the  capon,  turtle  and  the 

dare. 
The  ringnlove,  quaile,  lark,  owfeQ 

fat  and  fair. 
The  partridge,  robin  red-breaft,  cock 

of  the  Wood, 
The  pheafant,  heath-cock,  moreheng 

all  are  good, 
So  the  wild  mallard  and  green  p]oo> 

ver  too. 
Eaten  with  wifdome  as  we  ought  to 

da 


Si  pifces  moUes  funt,  magno  corpore 

tolles. 
Si  pifces  duri,  parvi  funt  plas  vali- 

turi. 


The  fi(h  of  foft  and  biggeft  bodj 

take. 
If  hard  and  little  do  not  them  for-, 

fake. 


Xiucitts  &  perca,  &  faxatilis,  albica, 
tencha, 

Comus,  plagitia,  &  cum  carpa,  gal- 
bio,  truta. 


Pike,  pearch,  and  fole,  stre  knowm 

for  dainty  fifh. 
The  whiting  alfo  is  a  courtly  difli  s 
Tench,  gurnard,  and  aweU-growB 

plaice  in  May, 
Carp,  rochet,  trout,  thefe  are  good 

meat  I  fay. 


Luciui  eft  pifcis  rex  atque ;  tyrannus 
aquarum. 


Among  our  fi(h,  the  pike  is  king  of 

aU, 
In  water  none  is  more  tyrannicall 


Vocibus,  anguilUe  prayae  funt,  fi  co- 

medaacur. 
Qui  phyficen  non  ignorant,  hsc  tef- 

tificantur. 


Who  knowea  not  phyfick,  (hould  he 

nice  and  choice. 
In  eating  eclcs,  becaufe  they  hurt  the 


f  oice : 


14 


BEGIMBN  SANITATIS  SAI.BRNI. 


TUB  OKiaiNAL  LATIN. 

Cafeos  ang^uxUs,  niinis  obfunt,  fi  co- 

medantur, 
Mi  ttt  Dsepi  bibasy  &  rcbibendo  bibas. 


DR,  BOXiLANp't  TRANSLATIOIT. 

Both  eeles  and  cheeie  without  goo4 

(lore  of  wine» 
Weil  drunk  with  them,  offends  at 
.  any  time. 


Inter  prandendnm  fit  faepe  parumque 
bibendum. 

^  fumas  ovum,  molle  fit,  atque  no- 
vum. 


In  feeding  at  our  meala  fome  dodora 

think. 
Oft-times,  and  yet  but  little,  we 

fliould  drink. 
In  eating  egges,  chufe  them  are  fo£t 

and  new. 
For  otherwife,  great  perils  may  en- 

fttC« 


Pifum  laudandum  nunc  fumpiimus 

ac  reprobandum. 
Eft  inflativum  cum  pellibus  atque 

nocivum, 
Pellibus  ablatis  funt  bona  pifa  fatis. 


Peafe  may  be  praysM,  and  difcom* 

mended  too. 
According  as  their  nature  is  to  do. 
The  huikes  avoyded  then  the  pulfe 

is  good, 
Weil  nouriihing  not  hurtfull  to  the 

blood. 
But  in  the  bulks  they  are  gnawing 

meat. 
And  in  the  ftomack  caufe  inflations 

great. 


Lac    phthifikois  faQum  caprinum, 

poftque  cameli, 
Ac  nutritivum  plus  omnibus  eiib  afi- 

ninum. 
Plus  nutritivum  vaccinum  iit,*quoque 

ovinum. 
Adfit  fi  febris,  caput  &  doleat,  fugi- 

cndum  eft. 


Goats  milk,  nor  camels  milk,  to  drink 

is  good. 
When  agues  or  confumptions  touch 

the  bloud. 
They  nourifh  welL     But  (beyond 

all)  feme  fay. 
Milk  of  an  aiTe  doth  nourilh  more 

then  they. 
Yet  when  as  head-ach,  or  hot  fevers 

fall,. 
The  milk  of  kine  and  iheep  are  beft 

ofaU. 


RSOIMSN  SANITATI6  SALSRNI. 


1^ 


TBI  OftlOIHAL  lATIir. 

l,enit,  k.  humedat,  foliiit  fine  febre 
butyrum. 


D&.  Holland's  T&AHftLATMN. 

Butter  doth  fofteo,    moiften   aod 

make  loofc  beiide, 
Thofe  bodies  where  no  ftver  doth 

abide. 


laciditque,  lavat,  penetrat,  tnundat 
42uoque  feruni. 


Whey  i«  inciiiTe  wiihing  piercing 

too, 
Cleaniing,  and  purging  where  it  it 

fit  to  do. 


Cafcus  eft  gelidus,  ftipans,  craOiis, 

quoque  durus, 
Cafcus  &  panii  funt  optima  fercula 

fanis. 
Si  noo  funt  fani^  tunc  hunc  ne  jun- 

gito  pani. 


I 


Cheefe  is  by  nature  cold,  ftnlBng, 

grofle  and  hard : 
Yet  good  with  bread,  where  ficknel^ 

it  debar'd, 
When  being  found  in  health,  for 

them  it*8  good, 
But  if  not  joynd  with  bread,  «b» 

whokfome  food. 


Ignari  medici  me  dicunt  effe  noci- 

vum, 
£t  tamen  ignorant  cur  nocumenta 

feram, 
Ezpertis  reor  efle  ratum,  quia  com« 

moditate 
JLangucnti    fiomacho   ca(eu8   addit 

•pem. 
Cafeus  ante  cibu  coofert,  fi  defluat 

alvus: 
Si  conftipetur,  termixiet  ille  dapes. 
Qui  phyficen  non  ignorant,  hasc  tef« 

iijicantur. 


Cheefe  doth  apology  his  owa  dm^ 

fence, 
When  they  (unikild  in  phyfick)  uige 

pretence 
That  is  hurtfoll,  yet  through  igno- 
rance: 
Know  not  whereby  his  hurtfulnefie 

doth  chance. 
The  ftomack  languiihing,  cheefe  doth 

releeve. 
And  (after  ftuffing  cates)  great  eafe 

doth,  give, 
A  modicum  thereof,  after  all  other 

food, 
By  beil  phyiicians,  ii  allowed  he 

good. 


16 


RSOIMEN  SANITATIS  SALHRKU 


■'    THE  ORICtNAL  LATIN. 

later  prandenduin  fit  fspe  parum^ae 

bibendam. 
Ut  minus  aegrotef ,  non  inter  fercula 

potei. 


DR.  BOLLAMd's  translation. 

Often,  yet  little,   drink  in  dinner 

time. 
But  between  meals,  you  muft  from 

ilrink  decline ; 
That  ficknefle  may  in  power  lefie 

prevail. 
Which  elfe  (through  drinking}  (harp- 

ly  doth  afiayL 


Vt  Vites  p«Bnam  de  potibus  incipe 
ccenam. 


I 


Phyficians  much  contend  about  this 

text,  , 
If  that  with  ficknefle  thou  wouldd 

not  be  vext. 
With  drink  begin  thy  fupperi  Others 

fay, 
Till  thou  have  eaten  firft,  keep  drink 

away. 
The  comment  therefore  yeelds  the 

bed  diredion 
Of  drinking,  when  we  go  to  our  re- 

fedion. 


Poft  pifces  nux  fit,  pofi  cames  cafeus 

adfit. 
Unicanux  prodeftt  nocet  altera :  ter- 

tia  mors  efl;. 
Singula  poll  ova,  pocula  fume  nova. 


A  new  laid  egge  craves  a  good  cup 
of  wine, 

Drunk  after  it,  it  will  the  blood  re- 
fine. 

Nuts  after  fifli,  cheefe  after  flefli,  is 
beft. 

In  both  thfifc,^  they  are  helpfull  to 

digeft. 
One  nut  doth  well,  the  fecond  doth 

offend, 
'Beware  the  third,  it  brings  a  deadly 

end. 


SBGIMXir  SAKITAflS  BAI.BRHI. 


17 


TBS  ORIOXMAL  LATIN. 

Addc  pyro  potum,  sax  eft  mcdlciiia 

veneno. 
Wtrt  pyra  noftra  pyrns,  fine  vino  fnot 

pyra  vims. 
Si  pyra  funt  virus,  fit  malcdida  py* 

roB. 
Dnmcoquis,  antidotum  pyra  funt: 

fed  cnida  Tcnenum. 
Cruda  gravaot  ftomachtun,  relevant 

fed  C(H^  gravatum. 
I^oft  pyra  da  potum,  poft  pomum 

vade  cacatum. 


DR»  II0LLAN»*8  TRAKtLATXOlL 

When  we  eat  pears,  boldly  we  may 
drink  wine. 

Nuts  againft  poyfon  arc  a  taiedicine. 

Pears  eaten  (without  wine)  are  pe- 
rilous, 

Becaufe  raw  pears  are  counted  ve« 
nemous. 

Being  boyPd  or  bak*t,  weak  ftomacks 
they  do  chear, 

Becaufe  reftoratives  they  then  ap. 
peare. 

By  being  raw,  the  fiomack  they  of- 
fend. 

But .  comfort  (otherwife)  doth  them 
attend,    v 

Drink  after  pears,  and  after  apples, 
ufe 

The  courfe  that  nature  no  way  can 
refufe. 


Si    cerafum    comedas,  txbt  confert 

grandia  dona. 
JExporgat  ftomachnm,  nucleus  lapi- 

dem  tibi  tollit. 
Hinc  mdipr  toto  corpore  fanguis  in- 

eft. 


By  eating  cheries,  great  good  doth 

arife, 
To  fuch  as  ufe  them,  for  the  learned 

wife 
Say,  that  they  purge  the  ftomack, 

and  befidc, 
The  broken  ftones  and  kernels  have 

been  tried, 
To  break  the  bladder  done,  breed 

wholefome  bloud. 
To  fat  and  feed  the  body  they  be 

good. 


frrigida  funt,lazint,mttkum  pr^unt 
tibi  pruna.  ^ 


Prunes  cooVand  loofe  the  body  very 

kindly, 
No  way  offenfiye,  but  to  health  ar/e 
J     friendly. 


18 


HEOIMEN  SANITATIS  SALEKNI. 


T^B  OKXeiNAI.  LATIN. 

Perflca  cam  mufto  vobis  (jatur  ordine 
jufto 

Siunere,  fie  eft  tnoi  nacibus  focian- 
do  rac^mos. 

Paflbla  non  fpleni,  tuffi  valet, -^ft  bo- 
na reni. 


DR.  HOLLAND*!  TKANSLATIOk. 

Mud  or  fweet  wine,  with  peaches  we 

ihould  drink, 
Elfe  harm  will  happen  by  them*  aa 

moft  think. 
And  ihew  good  reafons  why  it  ihoulci 

1)C  fo. 
With  dry  old  nuts  a  r^fin  Aill  mull; 

go; 

Becaiffe  in  cooling  ithey  are  dull  and 
flow.. 

Yet  raifinfrhprt  the  fple^  by  opsla« 
tioh: 

As  nuts  are  divers,  and  caufe  inflam- 
mation. 


Scropha,  tumor,  glandes,  ficus  cata- 

plaijquti  cedunt, 
lange  papaver  ei,  confrada  foris  tra- 
'  hitofla. 


The  evill  that  is  tearmed  by  the 

fwine, 
Under  the  chin  doth  to  the  throat  enr 

cllne; 
Swellings,  boyls,  kernels,  all  thefe 

holpen  are. 
If  you  a  plaifter  made  of  figs  ju'epare. 
But  if  the  fame  with  poppy  mtng]e4 

be. 
Broke-bones  it  knit«  and  ftr^gthcnt 
•   perfectly. 


Vermiculos  veneremque  facit,  Ted 
coilibet  obftat. 


Both  lice  and  laft  by  figs  engender* 

ed  are. 
Of  thofe  corrupting  humours  they 

prepare. 


Kf  altiplicant  miAumi  ventrem  dant 

mefpila  ftridlum, 
Afefpila  dura  placent,  fed  molliaihnt 

meliora. 


Medlars  ^dp~  bring  Tery  much  in- 

creafe,  ^ 

And  looihefie  in  the  belly  makes  ta 

ceafe:  ' 

The  hardeft  medlars  therein  you  may 

ufe. 
But  get  to  nourifli :  then  the  ibftell 

chufe.    . 


BE6IMEN  SANITATIS  SALGRNIi 


19 


THE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Provocat  urinam  nuftum,  ci td-fiv 

« 

luic,  &  inflat. 


CraiTos  humores  nutrit  cervifia,  vires 

Praeftat,  &  augmentat  carnem,  ge- 
seratque  cruorem. 

Provocat  urinam,  ventrem  qiioque 
moUtt,  &  inflat. 

Frigidat  8c  modicam.  Sed  plus  de- 
ficcat  acetam. 

Frigidat,  emaceracque,  melanchoUam 
dat,  fperma  minorat, 

Sicco^  infeilat  nervos,  &  pinguaa  fic- 
cat. 


DK.  Holland's  translation. 

Muil  doth  provoke  much  urine,  and 

fome  fay, 
It  doth  inflate,  and  quickly  fcours 

away. 


By  drinking  ale  or  beer  grofle  hu- 
mors grow, 

Strength  is  augmented,  bloud  and 
flefli  alfo 

Encreafeth  dayly,  urine  they  do  pro- 
cure, 

Enflate  the  beUy,  as  the  learn'd  af- 
fure. 

And  furthermore,  of  vinegar,  they 
fay, 

Although  it  drieth,  yet  it  cools  his 
way 

In  palfage,  and  it  makes  one  lean 

Being  received  failing,  fo  I  mean. 

It  caufeth  melancholy,  harms  the 
feed 

Of  generation,  and  doth  ihaking 
breed. 

Lean  folk  it  hurteth,  drying  up  their 
bloud. 

And  unto  fat  folks,  greatly  doth  no 
good. 


Rapa  juvat  ftomachum,  novit  produ- 

cere  ventum, 
Provocat    urinam,     praeftatque   in 

dente  ruinam. 
Si  maid  co^a  datur,  tibi  torOo  lie 

generatur.  , 


Ventum  fope  rapis,  fi  tu  vis  vivere 
fapii. 


Turncps  dohurt^he  {lomack,breadeth 

wind, 
Provoketh  urine,  as  by  proof  we  find. 
They  comfort  (ight,  but  yet  the  teeth 

offend, 
And  gripes  into  the  belly  they  do 

fend. 


Rapes  are  the  befl  to  nourifli,  fo 
fome  fay,  ^  ' 

And  for  our  urine  they  do  clenfe  the 
way. 

B2 


20 


BEGIMSN  SANITATIS  SAlEBNI. 


TBE  ORIGINAL  LATIIf. 

£geriCTir  tardd  cor,  concoqoitor  qao- 

que  diir^. 
Sic  qooque  ventriculiu,  tamen  extc- 

rion  probantur. 
Reddit  liogna  l]ibnum  nntrimentum 

medicinac 
CoDcoStu  fecilis  polmo  eft,  cit6  labi- 

tur  ipfe. 
£ft  melius  cerebrum  gallinse,  qnam 

reliquonun. 


DR.  Holland's  trakslation. 

Prefcriptions  foo  the  inwards  of  ss 

beaft, 
Tbe  heart  is  held  but  hardly  to  di* 

gett. 
The  maw  is  of  like  nature,  flow'^in 

defcent. 
And  therefore  is  no  wholefom  nutri« 

ment. 
The  tongue  is  faid  to  be  of  good  di* 

geftion. 
And  therefore  is  allow'd  in  our  ie>» 
I     feAioo. 
The  like  opinion  of  the  lights  we 

hold. 
Though  nature  is  fometime  by  diem 

control'd. 
Of  brains,  a  hen's  is  befl  of  all  to  emt. 
And  thofe  of  chickens  are  moft  whole- 

fom  meat. 


Semen  fceniculi  pellit  fpitKiila  cuh'« 


Of  fenell-feed,  our  learned  phyfitiant 

fey. 
For  breaking  wind,  it  makes  a  ready 

way. 


Bis  duo  dat  marathrum,  fcbres  fugat,  i  Four  vertues  in  the  fenell  are  al« 


atque  venenum, 
Et  pnrgat  ftomachum,  lumen  quoque 
reddit  acttum. 


low'd, 
It  quails  the  ague,  when  it  growes  to 

proud, 
^oyfon  it  foon  expels,  the  ftomack 

cheareth. 
Sharpens  the  fight,  and  comfortably 

cleareth. 


KEeiMBIf.  S AN ITATIS  SALEJUTI. 


11 


*rHS  OmOIMAL  LATIN. 

fimendat  vifain,  fiomachum  confor- 

tat  anifum- 
Copia  dttlcoris  anifi  fit  meliorii. 


BR4  BOtLAWD's  TIAWSLATION. 

Anni-feeds  for  the  ftomack  whole* 

fom  are. 
And  quickoefie  of  the  eye-fight  they 

prepare. 
In   fweecn^fie,  goodneiTe,  look  how 

they  exceed, 
The  better  bloud,  and  humours  fiill 

they  breed. 


Si  criipr  emanat^  fpod^um  fumptum 
dt6  fanat. 


If  flux  of  bloud  at  any  time  abound, 
Spodium  doth  inftantly  that  flux  con- 
found. 


Gandet  hepar  fpodio,  mace  cor,  ce.re. 

brum  quoqpe  mofcho, 
Pulmo  liquiritb,  fplen,  caput  fioma- 

chufque  galanga. 
Vas  condimenti  praeponi  debet  eden- 

ti. 
Sal  virus  refugat,  reSd  infipidumque 

faporat. 
Non  fapit  efca    prob^^  que   datur 

abfque  fale. 
Urunt  res  falfx  vifum,  femenque  mi- 

noranty 
£t  gcnerant  fcabiem,  pruritum,  five 

vigorem. 


Spodium  the'  liver   worthily  doth 

pleafe, 
And  mace  the  heart,  if  ought  do  it 

•  difcafe. 
Muik  is  a  wondrous  comfort  to  the 

brain. 
And  lycoris  keeps  the  lights  from  any 

pain. 
Gallingale  helps  the  fiomack,  capers 

the  fpleen, 
All^thefe  are  wholefome  phyfick,  as 

I  ween.  ' 

Concerning  fauce  that  doth  our  table 

fit, 
Salt  is  commended  bell  by  men  of 

wit. 
Poyfon  it  doth  refill,  makes  favoury 

meat. 
Whets  on  the  ilkomackwi^h  defire  te 

eat ; 
For  without  fait,  our  food  can  yeeld 

no  tad, 
Yet  bver-ialted,  meats  are  bad  re- 

pad. 
They  inflate  the  f<ice,  diminifh  na^^ 

turcs  feed, 
Itch,  fcabs,  and  pulhes,  they  do  d4ily 

breed. 

B3 


'      I 


22 


ItEGlMBN  SANITATIS  SAL1R.NI. 


THE  OJtIGINAL  LATIN. 

Sal  primd  poni  debet,  primoque  re- 

poni, 
Non  bene  menf^  tlbi  ponitur  stbfqae 

falc. 


DR.  HOLLAND*!  TKANSLATIOW. 

Salt  ihoukl  be  firil  upon  the  tMt 

fet, 
And  laft  tan'e  off,  when  we  have 

done  with  meat. 


Hi  fervore  vigent  tres,  falfus,  ama- 

rns,  acutus. 
Alget  acetofus,  iic  fiipans,  ponticus 

atque 
Un(5lu%&  iniipidus,  dulcb  dat  tcmpe- 

ramentum. 


Three  kind  of  tails  do  foon    the 

body  heaty 
Salt,  bitter,  iharp,  and  divers  harms 

beget. 
Three  other  favours  cool  in  mode* 

rate  kind, 
Tart,  flipticall,  and  pontick,  as  I 

find. 
Three  more,    unfavory,    unduous, 

and  fweet^ 
Nor  heat,  nor  c6ol,  and  therefore 

held  moft  meet. 


Bis  duo  vippa  facit,  mundat  dentes, 

dat  acotum 
Vifum :  quod  minus  ell  implet,  mi* 

nuit  quod  abundat. 


'  ; 


Four  benefits  come  by  our  fops  in 

wine. 
They  purge  the  teeth,  they  make 

them  clean  and  fine. 
They  fharp  the  fight,  caufe  good  di- 

geilion. 
Remove    fuperfluous    things,    that 

breed  infedion. 


/ 


Omnibus  adfuetam  jubeo  fervore  diae- 

tam. 
Quod  fie  efie  probo,  ni  fit  mutare 

necefie..  * 

Hippocrates  teilis,  quoniam  feqnitur 

mala  peilis. 


To  keep  a  coftomary  dyet,  is  the  beft. 

Both  for  our  health,  and  for  mild  na- 
tures reft. 

Cuftome  obfervM,  we  may  not  light- 
ly leave, 

A  dietarie  cuftome  will  receive 


REOIMEN  SANITATIS  SALERNI. 


23 


TOE  ORIGINAL  XUITIN. 

Fortior  hsec  meta  eft  medicinx,  certa 

diaeta, 
Quam  fi  Don  cures,  fatuc  regis,  & 
-male  curas. 


DK.  HOLLAND*S  TKAM8LATI0N. 

No  giddy  imperfe&ion.    Grave  Hy- 

pocrates 

Gives  good  advice,  for  health  and 
natures  eafe. 

It  is  a  better  way  to  cure  by  dyet, 

Then  lavifhneiTc,  which  brings  all 

out  of  quiet. 

He  that  is  carelefie  for  his  proper  good. 

By  fuch  a  one,  no  danger  is  withftood. 


Quale,  quid,  &  quando,  quantum, 

quoties,  ubi,  redla 
Debent  haec  medico  in  villus  ratione 

notari, 
Ne  male  conveniens  ingrediatur  iter. 


Six  diings  in  dyet  fhould  obfervedbe, 
Firft,  to  rtCpc^t  the  food  in  quality. 
Next,  what  it  is  in  fubftance;  and 

withall, 
What  time  for  mmiftration  beft  doth 

fall. 
Fourthly,    the  quantity  requires  a 

care; 
Fifthly,  how  oft  we  Ihould  the  fame 

prepare. 
Laftly,  the   place  is  not  amifle  to 

know. 
And  where  fuch  dyet  beft  we  may 

beftow. 


Jus  caulis  foluit,  cujos  fubftantia  ftrin- 

git. 

IJtraque  quando  datur,  venter  lazare 

paratur. 


Broth  made  of  cole- worts  doth  both 
loofe  and  bind,  ^ 

According  as  their  nature  is  InclinM : 

Yet  if  the  broth  and  fubftance  both 
you  take« 

Digeftion  the  more  ibllid  they  will 
make. 


I 

^ 


Dixerunt  maluam  veteres,.  qu6d  mol. 

liat  aluum. 
Hujus  radices  rafx  foluunt  tibi  feces* 
Vuluam  movcfunt,  &  fluzum  fzpe 

Sederunt. 


Malowes  the  belly  much  do  molUfie, 
And  their  roots  ihaven,  phyiick  doth 

apply: 
For  found  purgation;  hereof  I  am  fure, 
The  menftrnous  flux  in  women  they 

procure* 


24 


BBGIMEN  SANIXATI8  SALERKI. 


TBI  ORIOINAIt  LATIN, 

McBtttur  mentha,  fi  fit  depeliere  len. 

ta. 
Ventrift  lombricos»  ftomachi  Termef- 

^ue  Dochroi. 


DR.  BOLLANO  8  TRANSLATION.' 

Mint  were  bely'd,  if  it  ihoBld  wmr 

the  might. 
The  ftomack,  wimbw,  and  bcUy  t» 

kill  -quite. 
A«  worm-wood  juyce,  it  works  ia 

operation,  - 
And  it  to  health  a  Ibveraign  prefer* 

▼ation. 


Cor  morlatur  homo,  euifalTia  creldti 
in  horto  i 

Contra  vim  mortis  non  eft  medico- 
men  in  hortis. 

Salvia  conforut  nerves,  manuiimque 
tremorem 

ToUit,  Sc  ejus  ope  febris  acuU  fngit. 

Salvia,  caftortmnque,  hiveadula»  pri* 
mula  Tens. 

Naftnrtium  Athanafia  lupc  fanant 
paralytica  membra. 

Salvia  falvatrix  naturs^eonciliatrix* 


•  c 


Why  fliould  man  dy  (fa  doth  the 

fentenee  fay,) 
When  fage  grows  in  his  garden  day 

by  day  ? 
And  yet  all  garden-phifick  not  pre* 

vailes. 
When  deaths  ftem  power  our  chiefefk 

health  aliails. 
Sage  comforteth   the    nerves  both 

fweet  and  kindly. 
The  palfie-fliaking  >  hands  it  helpeth 

friendly.  ' 

His  power  is  foveraign  gainft  an  ague 

fit, 
Sage  and  the  beaver  (lone,  by  learn* 

ed  writ. 
Lavender  and  the  prioie-rofe  of  the- 

fpring, 
Tanfey    and  water-creiTcs  comfort 

bring, 
To  all  fuch  members  aa  the  palfie 

ihake. 
When  in  the  verygreateft  kind  they 

quake. . 
Sage  doth  both  councell  and  keep  na- 
ture found. 
Where  jage  then  groweth ,  happy  ia 
I     the  ground. 


KSGIMSir  SAXITATIS  SALERin. 


25 


TSS  OKIGINAL  LATIN. 


DX.   aOLLAKA'c   TBANSLATION. 


NobiUtat  ruts-  h«c,  quid  loffiina  I  Ne«dt  raaft  we  call  rew  noble,  by 


reddat  acuta. 
Aiudlio  rutoB  vir  quippi  videbis  acu- 

ti, 
Cruda  comefta  recens  oculos  caliginc 

purgat.  ' 

Ruta  viris  minuit  veoerem,  tnulieri- 

bus  addit. 
Huta  hcit  caftuai,  dat  lumen,  &  in- 

gerit  aftum. 
Coda  &  ruta  £acit  de  pulidbus  loca 

tuta. 

V 


due  right, 
Becaufe  it  cleari  and  pef  fcdeth  the 

fight. 
Carnall  defires  (in  men)  it  doth  ap- 

peafe. 
But  yet  to  women  giveth  no  fuch 

eafe. 
Rew-water  fprinkled  in  the  houfe, 

kills  all  the  fleas, 
Rew,  as  it  caufeth  chaftity,  it  wheta 

the  wit. 
And  for  the  eye-fight  always  counted 

fit. 


De  cepis  medici  non  canfentire  vi- 

dentur, 
Fellitis  non  efle  bonas,  ait  ipfe  Gale- 

nus, 
Phlegmaticis  verb  multum  putat  efle 

falubreis. 
Kon  modicum  fanas  Afdepius  adferit 

illas, 
Przfertim  ilomacho/  pulchnimque 

creare  colorem. 
Contritis  cepis  loca  denudata  caplllis 
S«pe  fricans,  capitis  poteris  reparare 

decorem. 


Onyons  (in  phyfick)  winneth  no  con- 
fent, 

To  cholerick  folke,  they  are  no  nutri- 
ment ' 

By  Galens  rule.  Such  as  flegmatick 
are, 

A  ftomack  good  in  them  they  do  pre- 
pare. ' 

Weak  appetites  they  comfort;  and 
the  fate, 

With  cheerfull  colour  evermore  they 
grace.^ 

And  when  the  head  is  naked  left  of 
hair,    ■ 

Onyons  (being  fod  or  ftamp*d)  again 
repair. 


^pofitas  pethibent  morfus  curare 

caninos. 
Si  tritx  cum  mcUe  prius  fuerint  et 

aceto. 


A  mad  dogs  bytingf  may  recured  be, 
With  onyons,  hony,  vinegar,  thefe 
three. 


26 


BSGIMEN  SANITATIS  SAL£RNI. 


TBI  OKXOINAL  LATIN. 

£ft  modicum  granum,  G/ccum,  cali- 

dumque  iinapi, 
Pat  lachrymas,  purgatque  caput,  tol- 

litque  vencnuip. 


DK.  HOtLAMO  8  TRAMILATION. 

Though  muftaxd-feed  is  held  the 

(inalleft  grain, 
His  powerf oil  heat  and  ftrengtlritoot 

in  vain. 
^7  cauii^g  tears,  it  purges  well  the 

brain, 
And  takes^way  infeding  peyfonous 

pain. 


Crapula  difcutitur,  capitis  dolor,  at- 

que  graTedo, 
Purpuream  violam  dicunt  curare  ca- 

ducoi. 


The  heavy  head-ach,  and  that  irk- 

fome  pain. 
Which  drunken  furfeiting  doth  much 

eonflrain : 
The  fmcU  of  violets  doth  foon  allay. 
And  cures  the  falling-ficknefle,  as 

fome  fay. 


JEgrls  dat  fomnum,  vomitum  quo- 

que  tollit  &  ufum. 
Illius  femen  colicis  cum  melle  mede- 

tur,  * 

£t  tuifim  veterem  curat  H  fspe  biba- 

<UTZ 

Frigus  pulmonis  pellit,  ventrifque  tu- 

morem. 
Omnibus  &  morbis  ea  fubvenit  arti- 

culorum. 


The  nettle  foveraign  is  in  his  degree. 
It  caufeth  ileep  in  bodies  iick  that 

be. 
Cafling  or  vomiting  it  dears  away. 
And  flegme  that  hurteth  nature  day 

by  day. 

An*  ancient  cough  it  quickly  doth 

prevent, 
For  flegme  thereby  is  foon  difpatcht 

^     and  fpent. 

It  cures  the  chollick,  a  moft  cruell 
pain, 

Difeafes  in  the  joynts  it  doth  te- 
rrain. 

Cold  in  the  lights,  the  bellies  tu- 
mors too. 

And  other  harms  the  nettle  doth  un- 

^  do. 

Some  fay  beiide,  that  it  doth  cure 
the  gout, 

I  Though  divers  do&ors  thereof  make 
fome  doubt. 

3 


HBOIMBIT  SANITATIS  SALEBMI. 


a? 


THE  OKIOINAL  LATIN. 

HfffopU9  purgans  herl>a  eft  2  ped^ore 

.  phlegma, 

Ad  pulmonis  opus  cum  melle  co- 

quenda  jugata. 
VuUibus  eziiqium  fertur   prxftare 

celorem. 


, 


DR.  Holland's  translation. 

Hyfop  a  purging  herb  is  held  to  be, 

And  flegme  from  forth  die  breaft 
it  fendeth  free. 

Being  'fod  with  honey,  then  it  com- 
fort fends     * 

The  ftomack,  a|;id  the  lungs  it  much 
befriends. 

Purgeth  the  lights  from  flegme,  and 
addes  a  grace, 

Bj  a  moft  clear  complexion  to  the 
face. 


Appoiltum  cancr^s  tritum  cum  melle 

medetor. 
Cum  vino  potum  lateris  fedare  dolo- 

rtm  ^ 

Sacpe  folet,  tritam  ii  nedis  defuper 

herbam, 
S»pe  folet  Tomitum,  ventremque  te- 

xere  folutum. 


Chervill  or  cinquefoyl,  call  it  which 

you  will. 
Being  fteept  with  honey  doth  a  can- 
,   ker  kills- 
Drink  it  with  wine,  the  belly-ach  it 

healeth, 
And  doth  affwage  inflation  where  it 

fwelleth. 
Laftly,  when  laik  os  vomit  (hall  op. 

preiTe, 
The  power  thereof  doth  heat,  and 

makes  to  cea^. 


£nula  campana  reddxt  prxcordia  fa- 

na« 
Cum  fucco  ratx  fuccus  G.  fumltur 

ejus, 
AflBrmant  ruptis  quod  prodt  potio 

talis. 


Of  enula  campana  thus  we  fay. 

It. cheers  the  heart,  expelling  grief 

away. 
The  juyce  of  rew,  and  this  fo  well 

agree. 
That  they  are  good  for  fuch  as  bur- 

ften  be. 
Wine  made    thereof    doth    clearljy 

clenfe  the  breft, 
Expelleth  wind,  and  helps  well  to  di- 

gcft. ' 


28 


RBGIMEN  SANITATIS  SALERKf. 


THE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Cum  vino  nigrun  choleram  pptata 
repellif, 

Appolitani  vctcrem  dicunfr    fedare 
podagram. 


dr.bolland's  translatiow. 
Hill-wort,   or   peneriall    fieept   in 


wme. 


Purgeth  black  chollcr,  asrthc  learn'd 

divine. 
Befide,  our  elders  fay,  and  make  no 

doubt, 
That  it  melts  flegme,    and  cleerly 
I      cures  the  gowt.. 


lUius  fuccus  crines  retinere  fliientes 
Illitus  adferitur,  dentifque  levare  do- 
lorem. 

Lichenas  4\]ccus  purgat  cum  melle 
perundus. 


Of  water- crefles,  moft  opinions  fay. 
Hair  they  retain,  when  it  doth  fall 
away. 

The  tooth-ach  that  tormenteth  grie- 

voufly. 
They  give  thereto  a  prefent  remedy.- 
They  cleanfe  all  Ikales  that  cleave 
,  unto  the  &in,      ' 
If  honey  to  the  oyntment  you  put  in. 


CKcatis  pullis  hac  lumina  mater  hi- 

rundo 
(Plinius  ut  fcripfit)  quamvit  fint  cni- 

ta,  reddic. 


I 


Young  iwallows  that  are  blind,  and 

lack  their  fight, 
The  damme  (by  celendine)  doth  give 

them  light. 
Therefore    (with  Plinie)   we    may 

boldly  fay, 
Celendine'  for  the  fight  is  good  al* 

way. 


Auribus  inftifus  vermes  fuccus  nccat  I  The  juyce  of  willow  put  into  the  car. 

Doth  kill  the  worms  which  are  en« 

gendred  there. 
,The  rind  of  willow  fod  in  vinegar. 
For  taking  warts  away,  the  moft  pre- 
fer. 
Let    teeming-women   caft  willow- 

flowrs  away, 
Bccaufe  they  hinder  child-birth  witb 
delay. 


ejus. 
Cortex  verrucas  in  aceto  coda  refol- 

vit.  X 

Hujus  flos  fumptus  in  aqua  frigef- 

i^cre  cogit 
Inftlndus  veneHs  cundos  acres  fti- 

mulantes. 
£t  fie  deficcat,  ut  nulla  creatio  fiat. 


REOm&K  SA9ITATIS  SALBRKI.  29 

DR.  Holland's  translation. 


TBS  OmOXNAL  LATIN. 

Confortare  crocttm  dixcmnt  ezhlla- 

rando, 
Artus  defedos  reficitque,  hepar  re- 

paratqne* 


Saffron  doth  glad  the  heart  being 

lick  and  ill, 
But  yet  too  much  endafl^ereth  to 

kUl, 
DefcAlve  members  it  doth  comfort 

kindly: 
And  next,  rcilores  the  liver  very 

friendly. 


Reddit  facundus  manfum  per  fcpe 

puellas, 
Manantemqud  potes  naris  retinere 

cTuorem, 
Ungas'li  nares  intus   medicamitie 

tali. 


Leeks  if  their  property  is  not  belyde: 
To  make  young  women   fruitful^ 

hath  been  tryde. 
Befide,  they  Hint  the  bleedllig  at  the 

nofes 
In  greateft.  violence,  as  fome  fuppofe. 


rtM*^. 


Qnod  piper  eft  nigrum,  non  eft  dif- 

folvere  pigrum. 
Phlegmata  purgabit,  concodlricem- 

que  juvabit. 
Leucopiper  ftomacho  prodeft,  tuffi- 

que,  dolorique 
Utile,  praBvcnict  motum,  fcbtif^ds 

rigorem. 


Black  pepper  in  diflblving  is  not  flow, 
But  quickly    purgeth     flcgm,    as 

many  know, 
Befide,  t*i8  very  good  to  help  digei^ 

tion, 
When  other  things  may  fail  that  are 

in  queftion. 
White  pepper,  to  £he  (lomick  corh* 

fort  fends, ' 
And  many  wayes  it  from  the  cough 

defends. 
For  divers  griefes  it  yeeldeth  good 

prevention. 
And  with  a  feaver  ftandt  in  ftout 

contention. 


30 


RBGIMEN  SANXTATIS  SALEHKI* 


.    THK  ORIGIKAX.  LATIN. 

£t  mox  poft  efcam  dormire,  iiiJtQifi|ue 
movcri, 

liba  gravase  foknt  auditss,  ebrietaf- 
que. 


'      DK.  H0tLAHD*8  TJtANSLATIONT. 

If  after  meat  we  fall  to  fudden  flecp. 
Our  food  from  all  digeflion  it  dotk 

keep. 
Over-much  moving  is  hurtful  too. 
And  dnxnkenneiTe  doth  moft  of  ali 

undo. 
In  ^U  thefe,  let  us  ufe  difcreet  for* 

bearing. 

Being  enemies  that  do  offend  oar 
hearing. 


Motui^  iooga  famet)  VMnitus,  percuf- 
fio,  cafus, 

Xbaetas,  frigus,  tinnitum  caufiit  in 
aurf*     . 


Long-fafting,  vomiting,  and  fuddeft 
fear,  ♦ 

Are  hurtfnll  to  the  organ  of  the  ear. 

Blowes,  lalles,  and  drunkennefle  are 
even  as  ill,      ■  ^ 

And  is  fo  cold,beleeve  me  if  yov  will. 

Such  as  would  noifes  in  the  ear  pre- 
vent, 

To  (hun  all  thefe,  think  it  good  do- 
cument. 


Balnea,  vina,  Venus,  vei^tus,  piper, 

allia,  fumus, 
Tonum  cum  cepis,  faba,  lens,  fletuf- 

^ue,linapi. 


i 


Bathing,  wine,  women,  boyftrous 

wind. 
To  harm  the  eye-fight  always  are 

inclin'd. 

The  like  doth  p^per,  garlick,  dufl- 

» 

ing  finoak,        '     •  * 


Leeks,  onyons,  lentils,  dray  the  fight 

aflope, 
Apd  dims  it  as  beans  do.  Such  as  ufe 
•  weeping, 
I  would  not  have  mine  eyes  in  their 

moift  keeping. 
Muilard,  and  gazing  much  againft 

the  fun. 
The  fight  thereby  is  utterly  undone. 


KBGIMBN  SANITATIS  SALBBNI. 


31 


TBI  OUXQINAL  LATIN. 

Sol,  coituique,  ignis,-  labor  x^us,  acu* 

mina,  pulvis, 
lila  no^ent  oculisy  fed  vi^are  magis. 


DK.  HOLLAND  8  TKANflLATION. 

# 

The  violence  of  liift  in  hot  defire, 
Spoyles  them  outright,  and  looking 

on  the 'fire. 
Extremity  of  labour  hurts  the  eye, 
And  the  leaft  blows,  bloqd-fhot  it  in- 

Aantly. 
Tart  and  fharp  fauces  needs  offend 

thelh  muft. 
As  alfo  walking  in  a  windie  dufi. 
The  laft  is  too  much  watching ;  thefe» 

believe  me, 
Avoyd/and  then  thine  eye-iight  will 

not  grieve  thee. 


Foenxculns,  verbena,  rofa,  &  chelido- 

nia,  ruta, 
Sobvepiunt  oculis  dira  caligine  pref* 

fis. 
Nam  ex  itth  aqua  fit,  qus  lumina 

reddit  acuta/ 


Of  fenell,  vervein,  rofes,  celendine. 
With  rew  among  them,  water  ilillcd 

fine, 
They  are  mod  wholefomc  for  to  clear 

the  eyem 


Sic  d^ntes  ferva,.  porrornm  collige 
grana. 

Ure  cum  hyofcyamo  fimul,  utere  ju- 
re decenti. 

Per  fie  chonion  &fumum  cape  dente 
remptuin. 


,• 


To  cure  the  tooth-iich,  take  the, feed 

of  leeks. 
When  chat  fell  pain  annoyes  Mid 

fwels  the  cheeks: 
But  feed  of  hen-bane  mud  be  mixfc 

among. 
And  bum  them  both  to  make  die 

fmoke  more  ftrong. 
Hold  thy  mouth  ore,  and  fo  receive 

the  fiime. 
The  pain  it  fiakes,  and  worms  ia 

teeth  confume. 
If  through  a  tunnell  you  the  Hmoltj^ 

aiTume. 


34 


R:t:OIMBN  &ANXTATIS  SAURNX. 


THE  OKiOJNAX.  LATIN. 

Nux,  oleum«  frig^  capitifqae,  ao- 

guilUque,  potus, 
Ac  pomum  crudum  faciunt  homincm 

fere  raucufn* 


.DR.  HOLLAND  8  TJIANSLATION. 

'  Nuts,  oyl,  aod  cold,  which  ilrikes  in- 
to the  head, 

Eeles,  and  raw  apples,  drinking  late 
towards  bed ; 

By  all  thefe  hoarfeneCe  in  the  voyce 
is  bred. 


Jejuna,  vigila,  caleas  dape,  tuque  la- 
bora, 

infpira  calidum,  modicum  bibe,  corn- 
prime  flatum. 

Hsc  bene  tu  ifcrva,  fi  vis  depellcre 
rheuma. 

Si  fluat  ad  pedlut,  dicatur  rheuma  ca- 
tarrhus: 

6i  ad  fauces,  branchos,  fi  ad  nareis 
^o  coryza. 


Ufe  fafting,  watchings,  if  the  rheum 

poffeiTe  thee. 
Hot  meats  and  drinks  avoyd,  they 

not  redrefle  thee, 
Labour  tliy  body',  and  thy  breath  re- 

fbain, 
Infpire  warm  air,  if  the  catharre  do 

pain; 
Beware  of  drinking  much,  it  doth 

offend, 
^hefe  (gainft  all  rheumes)  to  thee  I 

do  commend. 
To  know  thefe  rheumes,  this  is  an 
obfervatioD, 

If  to  the  breft  they  flow  in  exalta- 
tion. 
Th*are  calPd  catharrs.  But  running 

through  the  nofe. 
Its  called  coriia :  others  fay,  the  pofe. 
When  by  the  neck  it  doth  it  felf  con- 

vay, 

I  They  tearm  it  branchus,  ai  phyii« 
tians.fiiy. 


Auripigmentum,  fulphur  mifcere  me- 
mento, 


Auripigmentum,  whiclf  fome  arfe« 

nick  call. 
Remember  to  mize  brimftone  the^e* 

withall. 


t  « 


teKGXMBN  SANITATIS  9A£1BRNI» 


S3 


.   THB- ORIGINAL  X.ATIK. 

iih  decet  apponi  calcem,  conjugcik' 

poni, 
Qoatuor  haec  mifcct  commiztis    ua- 

tnor  iilit. 
Fiftula  curatur,  qtoter  ex  hi*  fi  re- 

pleatnr. 


Dl.   HOLLAND^  TEAMSLATION. 

White  lime  aiid  fope;  thefe  four  by 

Svayof  plaifter, 
Are  able  any  fiftula  to  mai(ler« 
Obferve  thefe  four   then,  if   thou 

wouldft  be  car*dy 
Many  (thereby)  of  help  have  been 
.    afliir'd.- 


bfl^bus  ex  denis,  bis  centenifque  no- 

Tcnis, 
Conftat  homo,  denis  bis  dentibiis  Be 

duodeois, 
tx  terceotenis  decies  fezquinqueque 


The  bones,  the  teeth,  and  veyns  that 

are  in  man. 
The  author  here  doth  nifmber^  as  he 

can.. 
Two  hundred  nineteen  bones  agree 

foine  men, 
Two  hundred  Jorty-eight,  faith  aU- 

cen. 
KtunWing  the  teethj  fome^  two  and 

thirty  hold, 
Yet  four  Of  them  by  othef  s  are  coa- 

trold. 
'Bcc$utt  fome  kck  thofe  teeth  ftasd 
.  iaft  behind 
In  child-hood.     Othen   till    their 

greateft  age  they  find. 
The  grmders,  and  duales,  quadrupli. 
And  diem  above,  beneath  called  Ca« 

nini, 
That  grind,  that  cut,  and  hardeft 

things  do  break. 
And  thofe  cal'd  Senfus.  Nature  theib 

befpeak 
To  griflft  man*  food.    The  veyns  id 

man  we  count, 
Three  hundred  fixty-five,  which  few 

ifurmouAt. 


Vol.  tri. 


8* 


im^^l^^itiir  ftAi»t'A;i4&  I^al^^i^* 


Q^aEiidr  liumores  m  humaflo  torpore 

conftant, 
Sanguis  cumtbQFlera,|s1iIcgtna  melaD- 

cholia. 
Terra  melanchoHtis,  aqua  comfertur 

pitartae, 
i^r  fangaineis,  ignea  vis  ckolerde. 


DR.  BOLi-AJfO^S  TkA1f»i.A!ridw« 

Four  littlRoan  in  tnafis  body  alway* 

are, 
filottd;  dieter,  fl^gttie^  inelatitMjr- 

And  compare 
Thefe,  unto  thofe  four  feverall  ^- 

ments. 
Whereof  they  are  continuall  •  prefi- 

dentt. 
To    earth    melancholy,    to   water 
.  fiegme, 
The  ayr  to  bloud,  choler  to  fire  ck* 

treain. 


Humidus  dl-faoguis,  calet  &  vis  acris 

iUi. 
Alget  phlegma,  humetq^s,  iUific  co- 

pia  aquofa  eft. 
Sicca  cakt^olo^,  ts  fie  igni  fit  finfi. 

lata. 
Wngetis  ficea  ftieUnchdUa  eft,  terjse 

^dfimilata^. 


The  bloud  is  hot  and  moyft,  like  ta 

the  ayr,  ' 

And  therefore  therewith  carryetb 

^eft  compare. 
Fiegme  cold  and  moyft,  even  in  his 

chiefeft  matter. 
Bearing  his  beft  refemblance  with 

the  water. 
Sullen  is  melancholy,  ^hi  and  dry. 
And  to  the  earth  it  felf  doth  beft  apply. 
But  choler  being  hot  and  dry,  defires 
To  meet  (he  xares  not)  with  how 

many  fires. 


•Ba«*i 


Kanira  pingucs  ifti  fimt  atque  jocan- 
,  tes. 
Rumorefque  novos   cuplunt  aiidire 

frequenter. 
Hos  Venus  &  Bacchus  deledant,  fer- 

cttla^  rifut. 


To  fanguihe  men,  iSature  hath  much 

commended. 
Fir  ft,  with  a  jocond  fpirit  they  aire 
.  attended. 

Defirous  to  hear  tales  and  novelties* 
Women,  nor  wine,  they  gladly  net 

defpife. 


/ ' 


BieiMElT  8ANI1>ATI8  tAX.t«irt. 


si 


^    r 


rm  MlOINAL  LATIW.  j  I       ,».  BOtlAim't  TAAKfttATlON. 

l«  fecft  hot  hilaits;  ft  dulcia  verba  J  Their  looks  arc  chcarfuU  and  their 

lo^ueates.  1     language  fweet, 

OmnilHM  hi  ft«dt^i  habiks  funt,  &    For  any  ftndy  they  arc  prone  anil 


znagis  apti. 
<2w>'9>et  ex  cBttfa  non  hos  facild  exci. 

tat  ira. 
LargM,  amans,  hilaris,  ridens/rubei- 

que  colons. 
Catifans,  carnofas,  Tatii  audax^  atque 

benignus.    , 


I 


meet. 
No  common  matter  kindles  anger's' 

fire, 

Contentious  company  they  not  de* 

fire. 
They  are  liberall  loving  mirthful!: 

«nd  benighe, 
Flefhy  and  fat,  capring  and  apt  to 

fingi 
No  muddy  countenance,  but  (iniling 

chear, 
And  bold  enough,  as  caufes  may  ap« 
pear. 


Phlegma  dabit  vires  modicas,  latof- 

que,  farevefque. 
Fhlegttia  facit  pingueis,  fanguia  red> 

dit  medtocret. 
Ocia  non  ftudio  traduni,  fed  corpora 

fomno. 
Senfos  faebes,  .tardoa  metna  pigritia 

fomnus. 
Hicfomnoknttts,  piger,  ftfpiitamine: 

plenus.    ' 
Sft  hnic  fenfus  hebes,  pingsm*  f»ac 

cplor  albu^. 


Men  that  be  flcgmatick,  are  weak  of 

iMtttte, 
Moft  commonly  of  thick  and  ftubbed 

ftature. 
And  fatnefle  overtaketh  them  amain^ 
For  they  are  flotbfoU,  and  can  taktf 

no  pain. 
Their  teoea  are  b«t  didl,  fhallov 

and  dow. 
Much  given  to  fleep,  whence  can  no 

goodnefs  grow. 
They  often  fpei :  yet  najurca  kind 

direction, 
HaMx  bleft  them  with  a  competent 

complexion. 


JL£t  humor  cholera?,  qui  competit  im- 
petnofis, 


Hoc   genus  eft   homiftua  cupiciV       fires, 


t>neccUere  cundis* 


Choler,  is  fuch  an  humor  as  afpires. 
With  moft  impetuous,  infolent  de^ 


Hft  coveu  to  excell  all  other  men, 

Ca 


96 


REGIMEN  SANITATI5  SAXERJW* 


TBB  OUGINAL  LATIV. 

Hi  leviter  difcunt,  multum  come- 
dunt,  cit6  crefcunt. 

Inde  &  magDanimi  fuht,  largi,  fam- 
ma  petentes. 

Hirfutus,  fallaz,  iraicens,  prodigus, 
audax. 

Aflurus,  gracilis,  ficcus^croceiq^ue  co- 
lons. 


an,*  Holland's  tkamjlatioit. 

His  miijid  outfteps  beyond  a  kin^  f 

domes  ken. 
Lightljr  he  learns,  eats  much,  and 

foon  grows  tall, 
Magnanimous,  and  fomewhat  prodi- 

galL 
Soon  movM  to  .anger  though  upon 

no  caufe, 
His  own  will  is  his  leafons  kirgefb 

laws.  I 

Subtile  and  crafty,  felddme  fpeakin^ 

fair, 
A  wafling  unthrift,  overgrown  with 

hair. 
Bold-fpirited,  and  yet  but  lean  and 

His  ikin  moft  ufual  of  a  faffi'on  die«. 


Reftat  adhuc  triftis  choleras  fubflan- 

tia  tiigra, 
QusB  reddit  pravos,  pertriftes,  pauca 

ioquentes. 

Hi  vigilant  ftu^is,  nee  mens  eft  de- 
dita  fomno,  \ 

Servant  propoiitum,  fibi  nil  reputant 
fore  tutuffl. 

iBvidtts,  &  triftifl^  cuptdus,  dextrsque 
tenacis» 


Where  mehncholly  bears  the  power^ 

fuli  fway. 
To  defperation  it  xnclinea  sdway. 
The  melancholy  fpirit  is  dark  and^ 

lad,     . 
SuUcn,  talks  little,  and  his  fleeps  are 

bad. 
For  dreadfttll  dreamy  do  very  much 
.    affright  them, 
Start  out  of  deep,  and  nothing  ca» 

delight  them. 

Their  memory  is  good,  and  purpoiie- 
fure. 

All  folitary  walks  they  heft  endure* 

Becaufe  to  ftudy  they  are  ftill  in»- 
clin'd. 

And  being  alone,  it  fitteth  beft  their 
mind« 

Simple,  and  ytt  deceitful!,  not  boun- 
teous. , 

But  very  fparing,  doubtfull,  fu^i- 
tious,    ' 


hegimen  sanitatis  salbrni. 

THE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 


37 


Mon  expers  fraudisi  timidus,  lateiqae 
colcfris. 


DR.  Holland's  translation. 

Earthly  and  heavy  looks  t    By  all 
opinion. 

Here  melanchoUy  holds  his  fole  do* 
minion. 


Hi  funt  humores,  qui  prxflant  cui- 

que  colores. 
Omnibus  in  rebus  ez  phlegmate  fie 

color  albus. 
Sanguine  fit  rubeus,  cholera  rubea 

quoque  rufus. 
Si  peccet  fanguis,  fiacies  mbet,  eztac 

ocellus, 
Inflantur  geiue,  corpus  nimiulhqjie 

gravatur. 

Eft  pulfusque  frequens,  plenus,  mol- 
lis, dolor  ingens, 

Inprimis  frontis,  fit  conftipatio  ven. ' 
tris, 

Siccaq€e  lingua,  fitis,  funt  foijnnia 
-plena  nibore, 

Dulcor  adeft  fputi,  funt  acria  dulcia 
quxque,    '  ' 


The  humours  tl^at  coosplexion  do 

extend,        ' 
And  colour  in  our  bodies,  thus  ^ey 

lend. 
I'o  him  is  phlegtnatick,  a  colour 

white : 
Brownifh.  and  tawnie,  under  cholers 

might. 
The  melancholy  man  is  pale  as  earth, 
The  fanguine  ruddy,  ever  full  of 

mirth, 
Yet  where  the  fanguine  doth  too 

much  exceed, 

Thefe    inconveniences    thereby   do 
breed. 

The  bloud  afcends  too  proudly  to  the 

/ace, ' 
Shoots  forth  the  eyes  beyond  their 

wonted  pl^e. 
And  makes  them  fweU.    The  body 

luAipifli  growes. 
The  pulft  beats  thick,  by  vapours 

them  inclofe, 

The  head  will  ^e,  and  coftiTeneife 

enfues. 
The  tongue  is  dry  and  rough,  cam 

tell  no  news. 
Extremity  of  thirft,  caus'd  through 

great  hejsit. 
And.  bloody  coloured  dreams,  which 

make  men  fweat. 

C3 


«8 


JUBGIMEX  SJtXITAXXS  SALEHII. 


TBS  OKKMVAL  ILATIIT. 

jfLcca&t  chn\enm  dextr^s  dolor,  afpe- 

ra  lingua,     «r 
Tiiaiitus,  v(miitiif<|ue  fre^ucns,  Tigi- 

lantia  multa. 
*  Molta  litis,  pinguisqiie  tgctAo,  tor« 

mina  ventris. 
Naufea  fit,  moriiis  cordis,  languelcit 

orexiB. 
pnlfus  adeft  gracilis,  durus,  velozqiie, 

cabfcesi. 
^ret,  amarefcitqf^e,  incendla  feamia 

fiigtt. 


DR.  SOlCAND't  TRAVSLATiaNT. 

Whare  cfaoler  riiies  too  arach,  tltdai 

figns  will  (hew. 
The  tongue  grows  iharp  and  rougli* 

in  fpeaking  ilo^. 
More  wakefulnefs  then  needs,  tSng« 

lings  in  the  ear, 
Ijnwonted  Tomits,  hatefoll  they  ap» 

pear*    , 
Great  thirft,  the  excrements  do  qnldc« 

ly  Toid, 
The  ftomack  is  too  nice,  as  o^r-doid* 
The  heart  i»  fiiQ  of  gripes,  and  ez- 

tream  heat 
Compels  the  puHe  impadentif  to 

beat. 
Bitter  wd  four  our  %ittle  dten  y^Sl 

be. 
And  in  our  dreams,^  (t^aage  fires  i|e 

feeth  to  fee. 


^hlegma  fupergredieos  proprias  in 

cOrpore  leges, 
Os  facit  iniipidum,  faAidia  crebra, 

fali'^s. 
C^flarum,  ftomachi,  fimui  occipUif- 

que  dolores. 
Pulfus  adeft  ram;   tardus,  mollis, 

i^uoque  indtoMy 
]Pratcedit  fallax  phaatafmata  fomnus 

a^oofa. 


Where  flegme  fuperabonods,  thefe 

figos  will  tell. 
The  mouth  diftaftful,  nothing  can  rel- 

Hfli  weU, 
And  2et  with  moyfture  over^floweth 

ftill. 
Which  makes  the  ftomack  very  fick 

and  ill. 
The^fides  will  ake,  as  if  theyhealen 

were» 
Loathfome  will  all  our  meat  to  nt 

appear. 
The  pulfe  beats  feldom.  The  fto« 

mack  and  the  head. 
With  gripes  and  pangues  do  feem  at 

they  were  dead.. 
Oar  fleeps  are  troublous,  and  when 

we  dream, 
Of  brooks  and  waters,  then  we  fee 

the  ftream. 


B8«m9H  SAKITAXiS  SA](.f  A^X. 


^ 


l^umof  api  pk;Bp  diua  to  i&  corpo* 

re  regnat, 
Wgr^  ^ttt>*%  dnras  pnlfai*  teDiiirq,ue  [ 

urina. 
SoIUdtudo,  timor,  triftitia»  foixmia 

tetra. 
^oacefcvnt  radni,  fapor  &  fputamir 

X<evaque  prascipui  tixinit,Tel  iibilat 
aorii. 


DR.  BOI^LANfi's  TRAKBI^AXION. 

Whf &  mcUncboUjnin  the  bodyraigosi 
It  doth  indanger  many  dreadful  pains. 
,It  fills  it  with  corrupting  filthinefle, 
Makes  the  ikin  look  of  blackiih  ful« 

fomnes. 
The  pulfe  beats  hard,  the  urin  weak 
.    and  thin, 
Sollicitade,  fear,  fadnefle,   fleep  it 

drowneth  in, 
It  raifes  bitter  bekhes,  breeds  much 

rheum, 
And  in  the  eare  oft  breeds  a  ting^ 
I     ling  tune. 


f>afMi«i!cpt«niiB  yix  phlcbbotomon  pe- 
tit aoBus. 

SpiritUB  uberiorque  exit  per  phlebbo- 
tomiao, 

Spiritus  ex  potu  vini  mpx  multiplica- 

Humorumque  cibo  damnum  leote  rc> 

piffatur. 
jLumina  clarificat,  fyncerat  pKUbbo. 

ioBiia 
Rentes  &  cerebrum,  calidas  facir 

Vifccra  purgabit,  ilomachum,  v^n- 

tronque  coercct, 
^oros  dat  fenfus,  dat  fomnum^  tapdia 

tQlUt.    , 


I 


A  feventeea  years  of  age,  fafeJy  yjft 

may. 
Let  youthful!  bodies  bloud,  the  lcaiQ-> 

cd  fay. 
The  fpirits  are  reftored  by  letting 

blottd, 
And  to  encreaie  them,  drinking  wind 

is  good. 
After  blood-letting,  little  good  they ' 

gain 
By  prefent  eating  meat,  that  is  but 

vain. 
Phlebothomy  doth  purge  and  dear 

the  fight.     ' 
Cleanfeth  the  brain,  and  makes  the 

marrow  right. 
The  fiomack  and  the  belly  it  doth 

dear, 
And  purge  the  entrails  ^roughly, 

every  year. 
It  (harpens  wit,  and  doth  indue  e  to 

deep. 

And  from  the  heart  all  painfull  grief 
doth  keep.  ^    . 

4   . 


40 


.   BfiGIMEN  SAKITATIS  SALERNI* 


mX  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

Auditns,  Yocem,  Tires  produdt  & 
auget.  ' 


DK.  HOLLAND*!  TAANSLATXOK. 

It  comforts  hearing,  and  relieves  thp 

voice, 
Augmenting  ftrength,  ^herein  the| 

■  moft  rejoyce. 


Tres  infunt  iiUs,  Malas,  September, 
.  Aprilis, 

%*funt  lunares,  funt  velut  hydra 
dies.  , 

Prima  dies  primi,  poftremaque  pofte- 
rionim, 

Nee  languisminui,  nee  carplbus  anfe- 
ris  uti. 

Sit  fenium  atque  inventa  licet,  ii  faa^ 

'   guis  abundat, 

Omni  menfe  probe  confert  incifio  ve- 
nae. 

Hi  funt  tres  menfes,  Maius,  Septem- 
ber, Aprilis,^ 

In  quibiis  eininttas,  ut  longo  tempore 
'vivas. 


Three  fpeciall  moneths,  our  te^t  doth 

here  remember. 
For  letting-bloud,  Aprill,  May,  an4 

September. 
The  moon  rules  moft  thcfe  moneths, 

yet  certain  days, 
S5me  do  deny,  and  other  fome  dif- 

praife 
The  firft  of  May,  a^d  the  laft  of 

Aprill, 
As  alfo  of  September  they  hold  ilL 
Days  of  thefe  moneths  they  do  forbid 

to  bleed. 
And  think  it  dangerous  on  a  goofe  to 

feed. 
But  this  is  idle,  for  thefe  moneths  are 

good. 
And  for  our  health  in  thefe  to  let  pur 

bloud. 
For  old  or  young  if  blond  abouttdiDfj^ 

be. 
All  moneths  it  maybe  done  advifed- 

ly. 
If  length  of  days  and  health  you  do 

d'elire, 
Thefe  are  the  moneths  that  bleeding 
I    beft  require. 


Frigida  natura,  $c  frigens  rcgio,  dolor  ♦  A  cold  complexJon,  and  a  chiUy  ayr. 


mgens, 


Aches,  or  ingreams  tha£  to  inflame 
prepare, 


imeiMGK  SANITA7I8  8ALSRNI. 


4t 


TBI  O&IOINAI.  LATIN. 

JBalnea  poft  coitum,  minor  stas,  at- 

^ue  fcnilis, 
J^orbus  proluca*,  repletia  potus  & 

efcae, 
$2  fragilis,  Tel  fubtilia  fenfus  ftoma- 

.  chifit. 
3^t  f^ftiditi  tibi  non  fimt  phlebboto- 

mandi. 


DK.  UOLLANip's  TRAMtLATIOW* 

Bathing,  and  wantiiig  dallying  i* 

thac  fport. 
Where  Yenu9  moil  delighu(h  to  ff 

fort,'  I 

Too  young,  or  elfe  too  old,  a  loo{ 

difeafe, ' 
Eating  ^  drinking,  nature  to  dif^ 

pleafe. 
Sea-fick  feeling,  when  the  ftomacka 

weak. 
And  empty  v^yns,  that  loathingly  dm 

fpeak* 
All  thefe  forbid  bloud-lettjng,  and 

advife, 
Not  then  to  deal  therewith  in  any 

wife* 


time  fedenda  tlbi,'quando  irif  phleb- 

botomari, 
Vel  quando  minuis,  fueris  vel  quan- 

do  minutus. 
Un^o,  five  lavaf  rum,  &  potus,  faf- 

cia,  motus, 
Pebent  non  fragili  tjbi  fingula  men- 

te  teneri. 


What  Ihoald  we  do  when  we  t« 

bleeding  go, 
Thcfe    few   inftni&ions   fbUowing 

will  ihow. 
Before  aind  after,  undion  will  do  well^ 
Left  the  incifion,  or  the  Teyn  fhoul^ 

fwcU. 
Yet  un^on  (without  wln^  is  not 

fo  good. 
It  prevents  fowniog,  and  begets  new 

bloud* 
Bathing  is  wholefome,  in  divers  times 

obferved. 
And  linnen  cloths  ought  well  to  be 

referved. 
After  bloud-letting,  be  difcreet  in' 

walking, 
And  trouble  not  the  brain  with  tot 

much  talking. 


4» 


»ailfJ|K  SAIilITATI$  SAJU«V?|. 


tC9 

He  fiat 


Oftioutaft  LATiir. 

triiles,  iratos  placat  amin- 

^kkbbotomi^  hck. 


BR.  BOLLAMD  •  TEAWtftATIOlf. 

< 

BiccdiDg^  rciBOTCt  ntd  notioiia  °  froQ^ 

the  hearty 
Aflwageth  anger»  being  too  malle* 

part» 
A^id  thofe  (fiftempered  fits  procar*d 

by  love, 
Bloud-letting  gently  doth  them  all 

reoiove. 


■W"  »        ' 


F«(  plagaii)  largvo  aKdiocriter,  ut  « The  orifice  (or  as  fome  fiiy)  iocifion. 


cit6  fumus 
l^at  ubeiiiu^Iiheiiiilque  cnjor. 


When  as  for  bleeding  you  do  make 

provifibn. 
Ought  to  b^  large,  the  better  to  con- 

▼ay 
Gro^e  bloud,  and  fumes  whi^  ifluc 

forth  that  wayw 
Grofle  humors  and  grofle  blond  mnft 

needs  have  vent. 
In  cold  or  liotteft  times  by  good  oqam 
^  fent. 


Sa^nine  fu^n^o,  fc^i  horis  eft  vi- 
gilandum* 

life  fomni  fumus  k^dat  Ceofibile  cor- 
pus. 

^e  i^eryom  W4i»  Qon  Qt  tibi  plaga 
profunda. 

$anguijie  purgatos  nee  carps  proti- 
9tts  efcas. 


When  bloud  Is  come  away,  ye  moB; 

be  fvre, 
Six  hours  after  watdifull  to  endure  r 

■ 

Leaft  fleep  raife  fumes,  or  turning  oi^    , 

that  arm, 
Impoftumes  breed,  by  doing  it  }eaft 

harm. 
The  nerves,  and  finews,  arterios  aUb, 
Offend  not,  if  in  health  you.  mean  to- 

go. 
The  bloud  thus  purg*d,  you  inilantlj^ 

may  eat :        , 
So  that  the  humors  be  in  quiet  fet^ 


«fonfSir  sAni'S^Tss  «AUttiii. 


4« 


^^«kBia  de  bd«  TkaUt  riU  oumtus. 
Bt  vitet  potmn  phUbbolQaiatVf  ho- 
mo. 
IFrigida  Titftbit,  quia  font  inimiu  mi- 

Xnterdidut  eritque  tniautis  wbslo8 

apr, 
Spiricus  czultatque  xninutU  luce  per 

auras. 
Omnibus  apta  quies,  &4B0CUS  fiepe 

nooTos. 


DK.  m%thAVm*9  TRAMfIi4cTIOH. 

SIhui  i&Uk  aad  wkke  mnH$,  -mhm 

we  are  let  blood, 
BecanCe  (at   ibch  tioiM}  ^bttf  w 

never  good4 
And  drinking    ^en    pciiprce   we 

ihottld  refrain, , 
With  ondi^efted  drink  ne*re  fill  • 

Cold  and  cold  ayr,  with  all'coI4 
things  befide, 

Are  then  6ur  enemiei,  by  proof  well 
tryed.  • 

Cloudy  and  troubled  ayrs  are  like- 
wife  ill. 

With  melancholy  bloud  the  veyns 
they  £11, 

Too  iUrriipg^  motion,  or  ezcefliTe  la- 
bour. 

Avoid,  and  with  foft  cafe  the  bod^ 
favxMur* 


m 


Frincipi^  minuM  in  watis,  perpcr  I  In  thebeginmnf  of  a  (harp  difcafe, 
*  •^nti«^  Then  letting  bloud  is  good,  if  you  fa 

pleafe. 


acutis, 
^utis  medix  multum  de  (anguine 

*  toiler 
Sit  puer  atque  fencx  toUet  utcrquc 

parum. 
Vcr  tollat  duplnm,  reliquum  tempus 

tibi  fimpliun. 


? 


The  middle  age  doth  favour  bleeding 

beft, 
Children  and  aged  folks  may  let  it 

reft, 
Or  take  but  little  from  them.  In  the 

fpring, 
A  double  lofs  of  bloud  so  hurtful! 

thiiig. 
At  other  times,  to  take  but  indiffer« 

ently. 
And  ft  ill  let  good  advic^  keep  com» 

pany* 


tPp' 


&B61MEK  SANITATIS  SALERITK 


YBt  OXIOINAL  LATIN.  - 

_  ft 

▼er,  fltftas  dextras  autumbus  hyemf- 

que  finiilras. 
<^atisor  hdsc  membra,  hcpat*,  pes, 

eepha,  cor,  evacuanda. 
JEilas  hepa?  habec,  Tcr,  cor,  ficq6e 

ifriao  iequetur. 


DR.BOLLAND't  TRANStATlON. 

Spring-time  and  fmnmer,  if  we  iff* 

t^nd  to  bleed. 
Veins  on  the  right  fide  do  require  as 

need. 
Autumn  and  winter,  they  the  left 

fidhe  crave,      ^ 

In  arm,  or  foot,  as  they  beft  like  to 

have. 
The  head,  heart,  foot,  and  Uver«  all 

theie  four,. 
Emptying  require  themfclyes  beft  to 

reftorc. 
The  heart  calls  for  the  fpring,  fum- 

mer  the  liver, ' 
Order  unto  the  reft  is  a  doe  giver. 


M*ii 


JRx  falvatella  tibi  plurima  dona  mi- 

nutst, 
ftplen^m,  hepar,  pectus,  vocem,  prx- 

cordia  purgat. 
laoaturalem  tollit  de  corde  dolorenu 


SalvateUa,  the  opening  of  that  veyD» 

In  any  man  five  benefits  doth  gain. 

The  liver  it  doth  purge  from  all  of- 
fence. 

And  from  the  fplene  commands  an- 
noyance thence. 

Preferves  the  floniacks  mouth,  and 
clears  the  breft, 

And  keeps  the  voyce  from  being  by 
harms  pppreftr 


^  capitis  dolor  eft  ex  pQtu,  lympha 

bibatur, 
jEx  portu   nimio  nam  febris  acuta 

creatur. 
Si  vertex  capias,  vel  frons  sftu  tribu- 

lemur, 
Tempora,  'fronfque  fimul  moderate 

fsepe  fricentur, 
Morella  coda  'necnon  calidaque  la- 

^CBtur». 


If  head-ach  come  by  drinking  too 

.  much  wine, 

Or  any  other  drink  that  mayTcfign', 

The  bodies  danger  to  an  ague  fit, 

Ingroffing  fiimes  that  much  perplcrz 
the  wit. 

To  drink  cold  water  let  him  not  re- 
frain, , 

Becaufe  it  hinders  all  that  hurts  the 
brain. 

Crown  of  the  head,or  fore«-headbeiQg 
vext» 

And  with  extremity  of  boat  perplext : 


T^EOIMEN  SANITATIS  ^ALERtfl. 


4S 


TIE  ORIGINAL  LATIN. 

I&ud  enim.  credunt  capitis  prodefle 
cblori. 


DR.  Holland's  TRANSLATioir 

Chafe  then  the  temples  with  miU 

moderation, 
And  wafli  them  with  warm  water  im 

good  iafiiion. 
But  feething  motherwort  therein  i» 

beft, 
Becaufe  it  gently  cools,' and  caulet 

reft. ' 


Temporis  asftivi  jejunia  corpora  fic- 

cant.  I 

Quolibet  in  menfe  &  confertvomi- 

tiis,  quoque  purgat 
Humores  nocuo8,(lomachu8  quos  con- 

tinet  intus. 
Ver,  autumn  us,  hyems,  xftas  domi- 

nantur  in  anno. 
Tempore  Ternali  caHdufque  aer,  ma- 

didufque, 
Et  nullum  tempus  melius  eft  phle- 

botomiz. 
Ufus  tunc  homini  veneris  confert 

modcratus, 
Corporis  &  motus,  ventrifque  folutio, 

fudor. 
Balnea,  purgentur  tunc  corpora  per 

medicinas. 
JBftas  more  caiet  ficca,  ik  nofcatur 

in  ilia 
Tunc  quoque  praecipud  choleram  ru- 

bram  dominari, 
Hnmida,  frigida  fercvla  dentur,  fit 
'  Venus,  eitra^ 


In  fummer  fcafop,  fafting  is  not  good, 
Becaufe  it  dries  the  body  and  the' 

bloud. 
To  vomit  once  a  month   wholfom 

fome  hold. 
For  hurtfull  humors  thereby  are  con^ 

trold. 
And  voided  quite  away.    The  fto- 

mack  clear, 
.Beware  what  next  annoyance  comelSi 

there. 
Spring,  autumn,  winter,  fummer  rule 

the  year. 
And  all  their  Icverall  hours  in  them 

appear. 
The  vernall  feafon  is  both  moyft  and 

hot. 
And  for  bloud-letting  no  time  bet*- 
.   ter  got. 

Let  men  with  Venus  meddle  mo- 
derately. 
For  then  they  beft  may  fpaie  fuc^h 

company. 
Then  temperate  motion,  laik,  nor 

fweat  offends. 
To  purge  by  bathing,  phifick  then 

commends. 
Summer  is  hot  and  dry,  red  chdler 

then 
Encreafeth,  and  dries  all  tbate  mdift 

in  men. 


«» 


B80lM£H  SAKXTATI8  SAlA&HX; 


TBB'OSlOUtAI.  LAVm. 

lUoea  IM>B  profimu  fint-zarae  phlc- 

botomue, 
Vtiliseft  ra^iief,  £t  €fitti  aMdcxami- 


MeatcB  aiotft  and  cool,  ^  beft  be. 

cooSe  that  feafon. 
And  wlmtoDtQg  with  women  (hews 

ihuLll  reafoo. 
Bath  Dot  at  all,  and  feldome  open  a 

▼em, 
Ufc  little  motion,'  labouring  much  re. 

fraio, 
And  drink  bvt  little^  kaft  ii  prove  t# 

pain* 


NUMBEk  II. 

CORNARO, 

AUD  YHB  AUTHOftS  WHO  IMMEDIATiSLt  ^HECBOtD  HtM. 

~*  tflli    1    Mil 


Preliminary  Obfervatiom. 

TNtli^'dark  {>)5riod  which  intervened^  from  thf  time  when 
thfe  Rtghien  SMitaiif  SaUmi  was  written,  till  the 
Era  when  Goraaro  lived,  there  are  hardly  any  woilcs,  ex- 
cepting thoft  attributed  to  iFmr  &acon,  ax  all  comief^ 
with  the  prefent  inquiry,  whidi  merit  any  particular  at* 
tention. 

Among  the  foreign  authors  who  wrote  during  tlhat  pe« 
riod  on  health  and  longevity,  there  are  three,  however, 
who  may  be  mentioned,  more  with  a  view  of  tracing  the 
progrefs  that  had  been  made  in  diofe  inquiries,  than  from 
any  advantage,  to  be  derived  from  the  dofbrinee  which  they 
have  inculcated. 

I.  Marcilius  Ficinus,  who  tranflated  the  works  of  Plato, 
was  the  firfl:  phyfician,  after  the  revival  of  learning  in 
the  weftern  parts  of  Europe,-  who  wrote  concerning  health* 
He  was  born  in  Florence,  and  educated  in  the  family  off 
the  great  Cofmo  de  Medicis,  who  appointed  him  preceptor 
to  his  fons,  and  beftowed  a  handfome  eftate  upon  him* 
Among  his  other  voluminous  works,  he  publiflied  a  treatise 
concerning  health  and  long  life.  In  his  dedicationtto  Lau- 
rentius,  gr^ndfon  of  Cofmus,  he  calls  Galen  the  phyfician 
of  the  body,  and  Plato  the  phyfician  of  the  foul.  In  his 
book  he  accordingly  mixes  a  great  deal  of  the  fubtilties  of 

Plato 


a  A  TRiSATIsiE  ON  A  so:^£R  Lim 

Plato  and  Plotinus,  with  fome  ufeful  rules,  copied  moftly 
from  Galen.  To  thefe,  however,  he  adds  federal  ridicu« 
lous  and  fuperftitious  precepts  of  his  own,  that  ftill  (hew 
the  darknefs  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived** 

2.  Antonius  Gazius  of  Padua,  wrote  a  book  concerning 
health  and  hng  life^  which  was  publifhed  anno  1491,  by 
the  title  of  Corona' Florida  ;  but  this  work  is  little  known^ 
and  is  n6t  to  be  tntt  with  in  any  of  our  public  libcaries.f 

3d.  Platina  Cremonenfis  addrefled  a  fiiort  tteatife  on 
health  to  Cardinal  Rover ellaj  anno  15^9*  He  was  no 
phyfician^  but  copied  prineipally  frdm  Celfus  all  that  he 
recommends;  It  is  proper  tb  mention  him,  he  being  pro^ 
bably  the  firft  who  advifes  delicate  people  to  chew  their 
food  well,  if  they  expe£t  that  the  ftomach  (hould  digeft  it; 
for  how  is  it  poflible,  fay&  hci  '^  that  thofe  who  fwallow 
their  meat  whole,  (hould  efcape  crudities  aiid  eru&a« 
tions."$ 

Several  other  anthers  are  contained  In  the  catalogues 
of  Haller  and  of  Ploucquet,  who  are  not  taken  notice 
of  in  Af'Kenzie's  Hiftory  of  health,  and  whofe  wprks  are 
not  known  to  the  learned,  in  this  iiland  ;  but  the  treatifes 
written  by  Cornaro,  have  obtained  a  celebrity  beyond  ak 


*  For  inftance^  i,  he  ^dmoniflies  people  to  confult  t  good  tftrologer  at 
CTCry  feptenaial  period  of  their  lively  and  when  they  fliall  leai:n.from  him 
the  dangen  which  haog  over  their  heads,  they  may  then  go  to  the  phyiiciaii 
to  prevent  thofe  dangers ;  and  4,  He  recommends  the  ibtemal  ufe  of  gold 
A-ankincenfe,  and  myrrh,  to  old  people,  in  imitation  of  the  wife  men,  who 
•fPered  thefe  three  to  the  creator  of  the  ftars,  in  order  to  obtain  from  him 
the  beni^  influence  of  the  three  lords  of  the  planets;  viz.  Sol,  Jupiter, 
and  Saturn.    See  M'K.enzie's  Hiftory  of  health,  p,  22p* 

f  M*Kenzie*8  Hiftory  of  health,  p.  334. 

%  M^Keozie's  Hiftory  of  health,  p.  i^i' 

moft 


J 


A  TREATISE  ONA'SOBER  LIFE.  49 

mod  any  publication  of  the  fort;  the  good  intentions  of  the 
author,  the  fimplicity  and  unafFefted  manner  in  which  the 
work  is  drawn  up,  the  garrulity  with  which  it  is  written,  fo 
natural  to  an  old  man,  the  good  fenfe  of  many  of  the  doc« 
trines  which  it  inculcates,  and  the  author  having  not  only 
carried  his  own  precepts  into  pra£bice,  but  fo  fuccefsfully, 
as  thereby  to  have  preferved  his  health  till  he  had  reached 
about  loo  years  of  age, — all  thefe  circumftances  combined, 
have  tended  to  render  his  little  volume  a  general  favourite. 

But  though  fobriety  and  temperance  are  certainly  to  be 
recommended,  yet  to  carry  it  to  fuch  an  extreme,  as  to 
weigh  one's  food,  or  to  meafure  one's  drink,  may  b^  prac- 
tifed  by  a  few  individuals,  for  thfe  fake  of  experiment,  but 
would  never  do  for  mankind  at  large.  Twelve  ounces  of 
folid  food,  and  fourteen  ounces  of  liquids,  may  carry  on  a 
vegetative  kind  of  life  for  many  years  j  but  few  would 
wifli  to  continue  fo  lifelefs  and  uncomfortable  a  date  of 
cxiftence.  Cornaro  tells  us,  that,  in  order  to  prefervc 
his  health,  he  not  only  refolved  to  reftrift  himfelf  to  the 
quantities  above  mentioned,  but  was  alfo  obliged  to  be 
careful  to  avoid  heat,  cold,  fatigue,  grief,  watchings,  and 
every  other  excefs  that  could  hurt  his  health.*  How  could 
the  bufinefs.  of  the  world  be  carried  on,  if  every  man,  like 
Cornaro,  were  to  begin  to  follow  fuch  a  fyftem  at  the 
fortieth  year  of  his  age  ?         ' 

Though  Cornaro,  however,  has  canied  his  precepts  and 
his  praftice  to  an  extreme  that  cannot  be  generally  adopt- 
ed, yet  he  has  certainly  great  merit  j  i,  For  the  good 
fenfe  of  many  of  his  doftrines  ;  2,  For  his  perfeverance  in 
praftifing  ihem  ;:  and  3,  For  publiftiing  to  the  world  the 
refuit  of  his  experiments.  We  (hall  now  proceed,  therefore^ 
to  lay  before  the  reader  the  treatifes  in  queftion,  accord- 

•  S«t  p.  59^. 

Vol.  III.  ^  ing 


ing  to  the  beft  tranflation  of  them  that  has  hitherto  beefti* 
printed  in  the  Englifh  language.* 

It 


*  The  heft  tranflation  is  certainly  the  one  printed  at  London,  for  Ben- 
jamin Whyte,  £leet  ftreet,  anno  z.779.  The  following  preface  i»  pr^xftd 
to  it. 

Lewis  Cornaro  was  defcended  from  one  ol  the  mod  illuftrlous  families 
in  Venice,  but,  by  the  ill  condu^  of  fome  of  his  relations,  had  the  misfor. 
tune  to  be  deprived  of  the  dignity  of  a  nobleman^  and  excloded  from  all 
honours  and  public  employmetits  in  the  ftate.  Chagrined  »t  this  unmerit. 
od  di%racc,  he  retired  to  Padua,  and  married  a  lady  of  the  family  of  Spil- 
teipberg,  whofe  name  was  Veronica.    Being  in  pofieflion  of  a  good  eilate^. 
he  watery  defirous  of  having  children ;  and  after  a  long  ezpe(ftation  ef 
this  happinels,  his  wife  was  delivered  of  a  daughter,  to  whom  he  gave  the 
name  of  Glara.    This  was  his  only  child,  who  afterwards  wta  married  to 
John,  the  ion  of  Faotini  Cornaro,  x>f  a  rich  family  in  Cyprus,  while  that 
afland  belonged  to  the  republic  of  Venice.    Though  he  was  hr  advanced' 
in  life  when  his  daughter  Clara  came  into  the  world,  yet  he  lived  to  fee- 
her  very  old,  and  the  mother  of  eight  Tons  and  three  daughters.    He 
was  a  man  of  found  nnderftanding,  determined  courage  and  refolutioa. 
In  bis  younger  days  he  had  coatradled   infirmities  by  intemperance, 
and    by  indulging    his    too    great  propeniity   to  anger;    but  when 
l;ie    perceived  the  ill  confe^uence  of  his  ^irregularities,  he  had    com- 
mand enougfi  of  himfelf  to  fubdue  his  paflion  and  inoidiliate  appetites. 
By  means  of  great  fobriety,  and  a  ftri^  regimen  in  his  diet,  he  recovered 
his  health  and  vigour,  which  he  preferved  to  an  eitreme  old  age.    -At' 
avery  advanced^ftage  of- life  he  vfrrote  the  following  difcourfes,  wherein 
he  acquaints  us  with  the  irreg^ularity  of  his  youth,  his  reformation  of  man- 
ners, and  the  hopes  he-  entertained  of  living  a  long  time.    Nor  was  he  . 
miftaken  in  his  expectation,  fof  :he  refigncd  his  laft  breath  without  any 
agony,  fitting  in  an  elbow  chair,  being  above  100  years  old.    This  hap- 
pened at  Padua,  the  2dth  of  April  1566.    His  lady,  almoft  as  old  as  him- 
felf, furvived  him  but  a  (hort  time,  and  died  an  eafy  death.    They  were 
both  interred  in  St.  Antony's  chufch,  without  any  pomp,  purfnant  to  their 
teftametttary  diredions.  • 

Thefe  difcourfes,  though  written  in  Cornaro's  old  age^  were  penned  at 
different  times,  and  publiflied  feparately :  the  firft,  which  he  wrote  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three,  is  entitled,  A  Treatife  on  a  fober  life,  in  which  he 
declarei  war.againft  every  kind  of  intemperance  ;|  axid  his  vigorous  old. ' 

ag«af 


(     51     ) 

A   TREATISE    ON  A   SOBER  LlJPfi; 

By  Lewis  CornarOf  a  noble  Pienetian" 

> 

It  is  a  thing  paft  all  doubti  that  cuftonii  by  time,  be* 
Gomes  a  fecond  nature,  forcing  men  to  ufe  that,  whether 
gopd  ot  bad,  to  which  they  have  been  habituated :  nay,  we 
fee  habit,  in  many  things,  get  the  better  of  reafon.  This 
ib  fo  undeniably  true,  that  virtuous  men,  by  converfing 

with 

age  fpeaks  in  favour  of  his  precepts.  The  fecond  treatife  he  c^mpofcd 
at  the  age  of  eighty-fix :  it  contains  fatther  encomiums  on  foblriety,  and 
points  out  the  means  of  mending,  a  bad  conilitution.  He  fays  that  he 
came  into  the  world  with  a  choleric  difpoiition,  but  that  his  temperate 
Way  of  life  had  enabled  him  to  fubdue  it.  The  third,  which  he  wrote  at 
the  age  of  ninety-one,  is  entitled,  An  Earneft  ezhottation  to  a  fober  life  : 
here  he  ufes  the  ibrongeft  arguments  to  perfuade  mankind  to  embrace  a 
temperate  life,  as  the  means  of  attaining  a  healthy  and  vigorous  old  age. 
The  fourth  and  laft,  is  a  letter  to  Barbaro,  patriarch  of  Aguileia,  written 
at  the  age  of  ninety- five  :  it  contains  a  lively  defcription  of  the  health,  vi- 
gour, and  perfed  ule  of  all  his  faculties,  which  he  had  the  happinefs  of 
enjoying  at  that  advanced  period  of  life.  * 

This  ufeful  work  \^as  tranflated  fome  years  ago  into  Englifh,  under  the 
title  of  Sure  and  certain  methods  ef  Ifttaimng  a  long  and  healthy  Ufe*  The 
tranflator  feems  rather  to  have  made  ufe  of  a  French  verfion  than  of  the 
Italian  original :  he  has  likewife  odaitted  feveral  pafTages  of  the  Italian; 
and  the  whole  is  rather  a  paraphrafe  than  a  tranflation. '  This  has  induced' 
us  to  give  the  public  an  ezadl  and  faithful  verfiun  of  that  excellent  per- 
formance, from  the  Venice  edition  in  Svo,  in  the  ye&r  i<i2o;*  and  as  a 
proof  of  the  merit  and  authenticity  of  the  wbrk,  we  beg  leave  to  quote 
Mr.  Addifon*s  recommendation  of  it,Spedlator,  vol.  iii,  N^.  195. 

*•  The  moft  remarkable  inftance  of  the  efficacy  of  temperance,  to- 
**  wards  the  procuring  long  life,  \i  what  v^e  meet 'with  id  a  little  book 
publiflied  by  Le\^is  Cornaro  the  Venetian ;  which  I  the  rather  mentiou, 
becaufe  it  is  of  undoubted  credit,  as  the  late  Venetian  ambaflador,  who 
was  of  the  fame  family,,  atteftcd  more  than  once  in    conv«rfation, 

it  Tbe  flrft  edition  -frM  pubUlhed  by  the  aaUi*r  at  Padu*,  U  4to  A«  D«  1 538. 

^  .    D  »  ««  when 


«4 


52 


^  TREATISE  Ol^  A  SOBER  LIFE. 


with  the  wicked,  very  often  fall  into  the  fame  vicious 
courfe  of  life.  The  contrary,  likewife,  we  fee  fometimes 
happen  ;  viz.  that,  as  good  morals  eafily  change  to  bad,  fo 
bad  morals  change  again  to  good.  For  inftance,  let  a 
wicked  man  who  was  once  virtuous,  keep  company  with  a 
virtuous  man,  and  he  will  again  become  virtuous;  and  this 
alteration  can  be  attributed  to  nothing  but  the  force  of 
habit,  which  is,  indeed,  very  great.  Seeing  many  examples 
of  this ;  and  befides,  confidering  that,  in  confequence  of 
this  great  force  of  habit,  three  bad  cuiloms  have  got  foot- 
ing in  Italy  within  a  few  years,  even  within  my  own  me- 
mory ;  the  fir  ft  flattery  and  ceremonioufnefs  ;  the  fecond 
Lutheranifm,*  which  fome  have  moft  prepofteroufly  em- 
braced ;  the  third  intemperance ;  and  that  thefe  three 
vices,  like  fo  many  cruel  monilers,  leagued,  as  indeed  they 
are,  againfl  mankind,  have  gradually  prevailed  fo  far,  as  to 

rob 


« 


«« 


"  when  he  redded  in  England.  Cornaro,  who  was  the  author  of  the  little 
treatife  I  am  mentioning,  was  of  an  infirm  conftitution,  till  about  forty, 
when,  bf  obftinately  perfifting  in  an  exadl  CQ;irfe  of  temperance,  he  rc- 
•*  covered  a  perfedl  ftate  of  health,;  infomuch,  that  *t  fourfcore  he  publilh- 
**  ed  his  book,  which  has  been  tranflated  into  Englifh  under  the  title  of, 
**  Sure  and  certain  methods  of  attaining  a  long  and  healthy  life.  He  lived  to 
give  a  third  or  fourth  edition  of  it,  and  after  having  paiTed  his  hundredth 
year,  died  without, pain  or  agony,  and  like  one  who  falls  afleep.  The 
**  treatife  I  mention  has  been  taken  notice  of  by  feveral  eminent  authors, 
»*  and  is  written  with  fuch  a  fpirit  of  cheerfulnefs,  religion,  and  good 
**  fenfe,  as  are   the  natural  concomitants  of  temperance  and  fobriety* 


«« 


t( 


<*  The  mixture  of  the  old  man  in  it,  is  rather  a  reconvnendation  th&n  a 
«•  difcredit  to  it," 

*  The  author  writes  with  the  prejudice  of  a  sscalous  Romaii  Catholic 
againft  the  do^rine  of  the  reformation,  which  he  here  diftinguifhes  by  the 
name  of  Lutheranifm.  This  was  owing  to  the  artifices  of  the  Romiih 
clergy  in  thofe  days,  by  whom  the  reformed  religion  was  mifreprefented» 
a%  introdudlive  of  licentioufnefs  and  debauchery. 


A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE.  53 

rob  civil  life  of  its  fincerity,  the  foul  of  its  piety,  and  the 
body  of  its  health ;  I  have  refolved  to  treat  of  the  laft  of 
thefe  vices,  and  prove  that  it  is  an  abufe,  in  order  to  ex- 
tirpate it,  if  poffible.  As  to  the  fecond,  Luthera\iifm,  apd 
tlie  firft,  flattery,  I  am  certain,  that  fome  great  genius  or 
another  will  foon  undertake  the  tafk  of  expofing  their  de- 
formity, and  efFe£lually  fupprelling  them.  Therefore,  I 
firmly  hope  that,  before  I  die,  I  fhall  fee  thefe  three  abufes 
conquered  and  driven  out  of  Italy ;  and  this  country  of 
courfe  reftored  to  its  former  laudable  and  virtuous  cuf- 
toms. 

To  come  then  to  that  abufe,  of  which  I  have  propofed 
to  fpeak,  namely,  intemperance  ;  I  fay,  -  that  it  is  a  great 
pity  it  (hould  have  prevailed  fo  much,  as  entirely  to  banifli 
fobriety.     Though  all  are  agreed,  that  intemperance  is  the 
offspring  of  gluttony,  and  fober  living  of  abftemioufnefs  j 
the  former,  neverthelefs,  is  confidered  as  a  virtue  and  a 
mark  of  diftinftion,  and  the  latter,  as  difhonourable  and 
the  badge  of  ^avarice.     Such  miftaken  notions  are  entirely 
owing  to  the  power  of  cuftom,  eftabliftied  by  our  fenfes 
and  irregular  appetites;  thefe  have  blinded  and  befotted 
men  to  fuch  a  degree,  that,  leaving  the  paths  of  virtucf 
they  have  followed  thofe  of  vice,  which  lead  them  before 
their  time  to  an  old  age,  burthened  with  ftrange  and  mor- 
tal infirmities,  fo  as-  to  render  them  quite  decrepid  before 
forty,  contrary  to  the  eflFefts  of  fobriety,  which,  before  it 
was  banifhed  by  this  deftruftive   intemperance,    ufed  to 
j^eep  men  found  and  hearty  to  the  age  of  eighty  and  up- 
wards.    O  wretched  and  unhappy  Italy  !  do  not  you  fee, 
that  intemperance  murders  every  year  more  of  your  fub- 
jeds,  than  you  could  lofe  by  the  moft  cruel  plague,  or  by 
fire  ahd  fvyord  in  many  battles  ?   Thofe  truly  (hameful 
ezR,s,  now  fo  much  in  fafhion,  and  fo  intolerably  profufe, 

D  3  that 


£4  A  TBEATISE  ON  A  8OBEK  LIFE. 

that  no  tables  are  large  enough  to  hold  the  diihes,  which 
renders  it  neceflary  to  hea^  them  one  upon  another  ^  thofe 
feaftsi  I  fay,  are  fo  many  battles ;  and  hotir  is  it  pof&ble  to 
fupport  nature  by  fuch  a  variety  of  contrary  and  unwholc- 
fome  foods  ?  Put, a  ftop.to  this  abufe,  for  God's  fakc,»  for 
there  is  not,  I  dm  certain  of  it»  a  vice  more  abominable 
than  this  in  the  eyes  of  the  divine  majefty.  Drive  away 
this  new  kind  of  death,  as  you  have  banifhed  the4)lague, 
which,  though  it  formerly  ufed  to  make  fuch  havoc,  now 
does  little  or  no  mifchief,  owing  to  the  laudable  pra£lice  of 
attending  more  to  the  goodnefs  of  the  proyifions  brought 
to  our  markets.  There  are  means  ftiii  left  to  baniih  in* 
temperance,  and  fuch  means  too,,  that  every  man  may  have 
rccourfe  to  them  without  any  ailiftance.  Nothing  more 
is  requifite  for  this  purpofe,  than  to  live  up  to  thefimpli- 
city  di&ated  by  nature,  which  teaches  us  to  be  content 
with  little,  to  purfue  the  medium  of  holy  abftemioufnefs 
and  divine  reafon,  and  to  accuftom  ourfelves  to  eat  no  more 
than  is  abfolutely  necefiary  to  fupport  life ;  confidering  that 
what  exceeds  this,  is  difeafe  and  death,  and  merely  gives 
the  palate  a  fatisfa£i:ion,  which,  though  but  momentary, 
brings  on  the  body  a  long  and  lafting  train  of  dtfagreeable 
fenfations  and  difeafes,  and  at  length  deftroys  it  along  with' 
the  foul.  How  many  friends  of  mine,  men  of  the  fined 
underflanding,  and  moft  amiable  difpofitioh,  have  I  feen  ' 
carried  off  by  this  plague  in  the  flower  of  their  youth  ? 
who,  were  they  now  living,  would  be  an  ornament  to  the 
public,  and  whofe  company  I  fliould  enjoy  with  as  much 
pleafure  as  I  now  feel  concern  at  their  k>fs. 

In  order,  therefore,  to  put  a  ftop  to  fo  great  an  evil,  I 
have,  refolved,  by  this  (hort  difcourfe,  to  demonftrate,  that 
intemperance  is  an  abufe  which  may  be  eafily  removed, 
and  that  the  good  old  fpber  living  may  be  fubftituted  in  its 

.  ,  .    '       ^  ftcad; 


A Tj^MJkfTlSZ  ON  A  SOBER  U7S..  SS 

Head ;  and  diis  (  undertake  the  more  readily,  as  many 
young  men  of  the  befl:  underftanding,  knowing  that  it  is  a. 
^ice,  have  requefted  it  of  me,  mored  thereto  by  fedog 
their  fathers  drop  off*  in  the  flower  of  their  youth,  and  me 
{q  {aund  and  hearty  at  ihe  age  of  eighty-one.  They  ex* 
prefled  a  defire  to  reach  the  fame  term,  nature  not  forbid* 
ding  tts  to  wifii  for  longevity ;  and  old  age  being,  in  fa&, 
that  time  of  life  in  which  prudence  can  be  bed  exercifed, 
and  the  fruits  of  all  the  other  virtues  enjoyed  with  lefs  op- 
pofition,  the  paffions  being  then  fo  fubdued,  that  man  gives 
himfelf  up  entirely  to  reafon*  They  befeecned  me  to  let 
them  know  the  method  purfued  by  me  to  attain  it ;  and 
then  finding  them  intent  on  fo  laudable  a  pursuit,  I  have 
refdvedto  tiieat  of  that  method,  in  order  to  be  of  fervice 
tiot  only  to  them,  but  to  all  thofe  who  may  be  willing  to 
perufe  this  difcourfe.  I  ihall,  therefore,  give  my  reafons 
for  renouncing  intemperance,  and  betaking  myfelf  to  a  fo- 
ber  courfeof  life;  declare  freely  the  method  purfued  by 
^me  for  that  purpofe,  and  then  fet  forth  the  effedis  of  fo 
good  a  habit  upon  me  \  whence  it  may  be  clearly  gathered, 
how  eafy  it  is  to  remove  the  abufe  of  intemperance*  X 
ihall  conclude^  by  (hewing  how  many  conveniencies  and 
-Ueffings  are  the  confequences  of  a  fober  life. 

I  fay  then,  that  the  heavy  train  of  infirmities,  which  had 
not  only  invaded^  but  even  made  great  inroads  in  my  coa.« 
ftitution,  were  my  motives  for  renouncing  intemperance^ 
to  which  i  had  been  gteatly  addi&ed ;  fo  that,  in  confe- 
quence  of  it,  and  the  badnefs  of  mj  conftitutioti,  my  ftp- 
mach  b^ing  exceedingly  cold  and  moid,  I  was  fallen  into 
•tiifFerient  kinds  of  diforders,  fuch  as  pains  in  my  ftomach^ 
and  often  ftitches,  and  fpecies  of  the  gout ;  attended  by 
what  was  ftill  worfe,  an  almoft  continual  flow  fever,  a 
j^njach  generally  out  of  order,  and  a  perpetual  thirft* 
"         .  D  4  from 


56  A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFI. 

From  thefc  natqral  and  acquired  difordcrs  the  beft  delivery 
I  had  to  hope  for,  was  death,  to  put  an  end  to  the  pains 
and  miferies  of  life ;  a  period  very  remote  in  the  regular 
courfe  of  nature,  though  I  had  haflened  it  by  my  irregular 
manner  of  living.     Finding  myfelf,  therefore,  in  fuch  un- 
happy circumftances  between  my  thirty-fifth  and  fortieth 
year,  every  thing  that  could  be  thought  of  having  been 
tried  to  no  purpofe  to  relieve  me,  the  phyficians  gave  me 
to  underftand,  that  there  was  but  one  method  left  to  get 
the  better  of  my  complaints,  provided  I  would  refolve  to 
ufe  it,  and  patiently  perfevere  in  it.     This  was  a  fober  and 
regular  life,  which  they  affured  me  would  be  ftill  of  the 
greateft  fervice  to  me,  and  would  be  as  powerful  in  its  ef- 
fe£^s»  as  the  intemperate  and  irregular  one  had  been,  in 
reducing  me  to  the  prefent  low  condition:  and  that  I  might 
be  fully  fatisficd  of  its  falutary  cflfcflts,  for  though  by  my 
irregularities  I  was  become  infirm,  I  was*  not  reduced  -fo 
low,  but  that  a  temperate  liftt,  the.dppoCte  in  every  refpef^ 
to  an  intemperate  one,  might   ftill  entirely  recover  me« 
And,  befides,  it  in  fa£^  appears,  fuch  a  regular  life,  whilft 
obferved,  preferves  men  of  a  bad  conftitution,  and  far  gone 
in  years,  juft  as  ^  contrary  courfe  has  the  power  to  deftroy 
thofe  of  the  beft  conftitution,  and  in  their  prime  ;  for  this 
plain  reafon,  that  different  modes  of  life  are  attended  by 
different  effefls ;  art  following,  even  herein,  the  fteps  of 
nature,  with  equal  power  to  correA  natural  vices  and  im-> 
perfe£):ibn$.    This  is  obvious  in  huft)andry  and  the  like. 
They  added,  that  if  I  did  not  immediately  have  recourfe  to 
fuch  a  regimen,  I  could  receive  no  benefit  from  it  in  a  few 
months^  and  that  in  a  few  more  I  muft  refign  myfelf  to 
death.  x 

Thefe  folid  and  convincing  arguments  made  fuch  an  im- 
prefiion  on  me,  that,  mortified  as  I  was  befides>  by  the 

thoughts 


A  TKEATISX  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE. 


57 


thoughts  of  dying  in  the  prime  of  ^life,  and  at  the  fame 
time  perpetually  tormented  by  varions  difeafes,  I  immedi- 
ately concluded,  that  the  foregoing  contrary  efFefts  could 
not  be  produced  but  by  contrary  modes  of  living;  a^d, 
therefore,  full  of  hopes;  refolved,  in  order  to  avoid  at  once 
both  death  and,  difeafe,  to  betake  myfelf  to  a  regular  courfe 
of  life.  Having,  upon  this,  inquired  of  them  what  rules 
I  (hould  follow,  they  told  me,  that  I  muft  not  ufe  any 
ioodp  folid  or  liquid,  but  fuch  as,  being  generally  prefcrib- 
ed  to  (ick  perfons,  is,  for  that  reafon,  called  diet,. and  both 
•  very  fparingly.  Thefe  dire£tions,  to  fay  the  truth,  they 
had  before  given  me ;  but  it  was  at  a  time  of  life  when, 
impatient  of  fuch  reftraint,  and  finding  myfelf  fatiated,  as 
it  were,  with  fuch  food,  I  could  not  put  up  with  it,  and 
therefore  eat  freely  of  every  thing  I  liked  beft ;  and  like- 
wife,  feeling  jnyfelf  in  a  manner  parched  up  byth^  heat  of  my 
difeafe,  made  no  fcruple  of  drinking,  and  in  large  quantities, 
the  wines  that  beft  pleafed  my  palate.  This,  indeed,  like 
all  other  patients,  I  kept  a  fecret  from  my  phylicians.^  But, 
when  I  had  once  refolved  to  live  fparingly,  and  according 
to  the  di^lates  of  reafon,  feeing  that  it  was  no^  difficult 
matter,  nay,  that  it  was  my  duty  as  a  man  fo  to  do,  I  en^ 
tered  with  fo  much  refolution  upon  this  new  courfe  of  life, 
that  nothing  has  been  fince  able  to  divert  me  from  it^ 
The  confequencQ  was,  that  in  a  few  days  I  began  to  per* 
ceive,  that  fuch  a  courfe  agreed  with  me  very  well ;  and 
by  purfuing  it,  in  lefs  th^n  a  year,  I  found  myfelf  (fome 
perfons,  perhaps,  will  not  believe  it)  entirely  freed  from  aU 
my  complaints; 

Having  thus  recovered  my  health,  I  began  feriouily  to 

confider  the  power  of  temperance,  and  fay  to  myfelf,  that 

if  this  virtue  had  efficacy  enough  to  fubdue  fuch  grievous 

^iforders  as  mine,  it  muft  have  ftill  greater  to  preferve  me 

'  '         •  in 


58  A  THEATJiSE  OU  A  80B£R  LlTt. 

in  healthy  to  help  my  bad  conftitutionj  and  comfort  my 
very  weak  ftomach.  I  therefore  apphed  myfelf  diligently 
to  difcoTer  what  kinds  of  food  fuited  me  beft.  But,  fitft^ 
I  refolved  ta  try,  whether  thofe,  which  pleafed  my  palate, 

'  agreed  or  difagreed  with  my  ftomach,  in  order  to  judge 
for  myfelf  of  the  truth  of  that  proverb,  which  I  once  held 
for  true,  and  is  univerfaliy  held  as  fiach  in  the  highcfl:  de- 
gree, ihfomuch  that  epicures,  who  give  a  loofe  to  their  ap- 
petites, lay  it  down  as  a  fundamental  maxim.  This  pro* 
verb  IS)  that  whatever  pleafes  the  palate,  muft  agree  with 
the  ftomach  and  nourifh  the  body  ;  or  whatever  is  palat* 
able  muft  be  equally  wholefome  and  nourifhing.  The  ifliie 
was,  that  I  found  it  to  be  falfe :  for,  though  rough  and 
very  cold  wines,  as  likewife  melons  and  other  fruits,  fallad, 
fifl),  and  pork,  tarts,  garden- ft ufF,  paftry,  and  the  like,  were 
very  pleafing  to  my  palate,  they  difagreed  with  me  npt- 
withftanding.  Having  thus  convinced  myfelf  that  the  pro- 
verb in  queftion  was  falie,  I  looked  upon  it  as  fuch  ;  and, 
taught  by  experience,  I  gave  over  the  ufe  of  fuch  meats 
and  wines,  and  likewife  of  ice  ;  chofe  wine  fuited  to  my 
ftomach,  drinking  of.  it  but  the  quantity  I .  knew  I  could 
dtgeft.  I  did  the  fame  by  mj  meat,  as  well  in  regard  to 
quantity  as  to  quality,  accuftoming  myfelf  never  to  cloy 
my  ftomach  with  eating  or  drinking  j  but  conftantly  rife 
from  table  with  a  difpofitron  to  eat  and  drink  ftill  more* 
In  this  I  conformed  to  the  proverb,  which  fays,  that  a 

*  man,  to  confult  his  health,  muft  check  his  appetite.  Hav- 
ing in  this  manner,  and  for  thefe  reafons,  conq^uered  in« 
temperance  and  irregularity,  I  betook  myfelf  entirely  to  a 
temperate  and  regular  life  ;  which  eflfefted  in  me  the  al- 
teration already  mentioned,  that  is,  in  lefs  than  a  year  it 
fid  me  of  all  thofe  diforders,  which  had  taken  fo  deep  a  root 
ipe  ^  nay,  as  I  have  already  obferved^  had  niade  fuch  a 

progrefS| 


A  TREATISt  ON   A   SOBER.  LlFS.  59 

ftrogrefa  as  to  be  in  a  'manner  incurable.  It  had  likewife 
this  other  good  cScGt,  that  I  no  longer  experienced  thofe 
annual  fits  of  ficknefs  with  which  I  ufed  to  be  afflifhed 
while  I  followed'^  difierenr,  that  is^  a  fenfual,  courfe  of  life ; 
for  then  I  ufed  fo  be  attacked  every  year  with  a  ftrange 
kind  of  fever,  which  fometimes  brought  me  to  death's  door. 
From  this  difeafe,  then»  I  alfo  freed  myfelf,  and  became  ex- 
ceeding healthy,  as  I  have  continued  «{rom  that  tinie  for« 
ward. to  this  very  day  ^  and  for  no  other  reafon  than  that  I 
never  trefpafied  againft  regularity,  which,  by  its  infinite  ef- 
ficacy, has  been  the  caufe  .that  the  meat  I  cpnlbintly  eat, 
and  the  wine  I  conftantly  drank,  being  fuch  as  agree  with 
my  conftitution,  and,  taken  in  proper  quantities,  imparted 
all  their  virtue  to  my  body,  and  then  left  it  without  diffi- 
culty, and  without  engendering  in  it  any  bad  humours. 

In  confequence^  therefore,  of  my  taking  fuch  methods,  I 
have  always  enjoyed,  and  (God  be  praifed)  actually  enjoy, 
the  beft  of  healths.  It  is  true,  indeed,  that,  befides  the 
two  foregoing  mod  important  rules  relative  to  eating  and 
drinking,  which  I  have  ever  been  very  fcrupulous  to  ob-< 
ferve,  that  is,  not  to  take^of  any  thing  but  as  much  as  my  * 
ilomach  can  eafily  digeft^  and  to  ufe  thofe  things  only  which 
agree  with  me ;  I  have  carefully  avoided  heat,  cold,  and  ex- 
traordinary fatigue,  interruption  of  my  ufual  hours  of  reft, 
exceifive  venery,  making  any  ftay  in  bad  air,  and  expoGng 
myfelf  to  the  wind  and  fun  ;  for  thefe,  too,  occafion  great 
diforders.  But  then,  fortunately,  there  is  no  grea^t  difficulty 
in  avoiding  them,  the  love  of  life  and  health  having  more 
fway  over  men  of  underftanding,  than  any  fatisfaftion  they 
could  find  in  doing  what  muft  be  extremely  hurtful  to  their 
conftitution.  I  have  likewife  done  all  that  lay  in  my  power 
to  avoid  thofe  evils  which  vre  do  not  find  fo  eafy  to  remove* 
Thefe  arc  melancholy,  hatred,  and  other  violent  paffions, 

yhicH 


60  ,    A   TREATISE   ON    A   SOBER   LIFB. 

which  appear  to  have  the  greateft  influence  over  our 
bodied.  However,  I  have  not  been  able  to  guard  fo  well 
againft  either  one  or  the  other  kind  of  thofe  diforders,  as 
not  to  fufFer  myfelf  now  and  then  to  be  hurried  away  by 
many,  hot  to  fay  all,  *of  them;  but  I  have  reaped  the 
benefit  of,  knowing  by  experience  that  thefe  paffions  have, 
in  the  main,  no  great  influence  over  bodies  governed  by 
the  two  foregoing  rules  of  eating  and  drinking,  and 
therefore  can  do  them  but  very  little  harm ;  fo  that  it 
may,  with  great  truth,  be  affirmed,  that  whoever  obferves 
thefe  two  capital  rules  is  liable,  to  very  little  inconveniency 
from  any  other  excefl!es.  This  Galen,  who  was  an  eminent 
phyfician,  obferved  before  me.  He  affirms,  that,  fo  long  as 
he  followed  thefe  rules  relative  to  eating  and  drinking, 
he  fuffered  but  little  from  other  diforders,  fo  little,  that 
they  never  gave  him  above  a  day's  uneafinefs.  That  what 
he  fays  is  true  I  am  a  living  witnefs,  and  fo  are  many 
others  who  know  me,  and  have  feen  how  often  I  have  been 
expofed  to  heats  and  colds,  .and  fuch  other  difagreeable 
changes  of  weather  s  and  have  likewife  feen  me  (owing  to 
various  misfortunes  which  have  more  than  once  befallen 
me)  greatly  difturbed  in  mind.  For  they  cannot  only  fay 
of  me,  that  fuch  difturbance  of  mind  has.  done  me  very 
little  harm,  but  they  can  aver  of  many  Qthers,  who  did  not 
lead  a  fober  and  regular  life,  that  it  proved  very  prejudicial 
to  them,  amongft  whom  was  a  brother  of  my  own,  and 
othe/s  of  my  family,  who,  truding  to  the  goodnefs  of 
their  confti^ution,  did  not  follow  my  way  of  living.  The  ^ 
confequence  hereof  was  a  great  misfortune  to  them,  the 
perturbations  of  the  mind  having  thereby  acquired  an  ex- 
traordinary influence  over  their  bodies.  Such,  in  a  word, 
was  their  grief  and  dejeftion  at  feeing  me  involved  in  ex« 
penfive  law^fuits^  commenced  againff  me  by  great  and 
3  powerful 


A  TREATISE  OM  A  SOBER  LIFE. 


61 


powerful  men,  that,  fearing  I  (hould  be  caft,  they  were 
feized  with  that  melancholy  humour  with  which  intempe- 
rate bodie$  always  abound ;  and  thefe  humours  had  fuch 
an  influence  over  them,  and  increafed  to  Aich  a  degree,  as  to 
carry  them  off  before  their  time ;  whereas  I  fufFered  no*' 
thing  on  the  occafion,  as  I  had  in  me  no  fuperfluous  hu- 
mours of  that  kind.  Nay,  in  order  to  keep  up  my  fpirits^ 
I  brought  myfelf  to  think  that  God  had  raifed  up  thefe 
fuits  againft  me,  in  order  to  make  me  more  fenfiUe  of  my 
ftrength  of  body  and  mind,  and  that  I  (hould  get  the  bet- 
ter of  therh  with  honour  and  advantage,  as  it  in  fa£):  came 
to  pafs  :  for,  at  laft,  I  obtained  a  decree  exceeding  favour- 
able to  my  fortune  and  my  chara&er,  which,  though  it  gave 
me  the  higheft  pleafure,  had  not  the  power  to  do  me  any 
harm  in  other  refpedts.  Thus  it  is  plain,  that  neither,  me- 
lancholy, nor  any  other  aflFeSion  of  the  mind,  clan  hurt  bo- 
dies governed  with  temperance  and  regularity. 

But  I  muft  go  a  ftep  farther,  and  fay,  that  even  misfor- 
tunes themfelves  can  do  but  very  little  mifchief,  or  caufe 
but  very  little  pain,  to  fuch  bodies  *,  and  that  this  is  true 
I  have  myfelf  experienced  at  the  age  of  feventy.  I  hap- 
pened, as  is  often  the  cafe,  to  be  m  a  coach,  whicb^ 
going  at  a  pretty  fmart  rate,  was  overfet,  and,  in  that  condi- 
tion, drawn  a  confiderable  way  by  the  horfes  before  means 
could  be  found  to  ftop  them ;  whence  I  received  fo  many 
fhocks  and  bruifes,*  that  I  was  taken  out  with  my  head  and 
all  the  reft  of  my  body  terribly  battered,  and  a  diflocated 
leg  and  arm.  When  I  was  brought  home,  the  family  im- 
mediately fent  for  the  phyficians,  who,  on  their  arrival,  fee- 
ing me  in  fo  bad  a  plight,  concluded  that  within  three  days 
I  ihould  die ;  neverthelefs,  they  would  try  what  good  two 
things  would  do  me }  one  was  to  bleed  me,  the  other  to 
purge  me  $  and  thereby  prevent  my  humours  altering,  afs 

they 


V 


63  A  TRKATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE* 

they  every  moment  exp^dled,  to  fuch  a  degree  a$  to  hx^ 
xnent  greatlyi  and  bring  on  a  high  fever.  But  I,  on  the  coo- 
ttary,  who  knew  that  the  fober  life  I  had  led  for  many 
years  paft  had  fo  well  united,  harmonized,  and  difpofed,  my 
humours,  as  not  to  leave  it  in  their  power  to  ferment  to 
fuch  a  degree,  refufed  to  be  either  bled  or  purged*  I  juft 
caufed  my  leg  .and  arm  to  be  fet^  and  fufFered  myfelf  to  be 
rubbed  with  fome  oils,  which  they^faid  were  proper  on  the 
pccafion*  Thus,  without  ufing  any  other  kind  of  remedy, 
I  Recovered,  as  I  thought  I  fhouid,  without  feeling  the 
leaft  alteration  in  myfelf,  or  any  other  bad  effe&s  from 
this  accident  \  a  thing  which  appeared  miraculous  even  in 
the  eyes  of  the  phyficians.  Hence  wfc  are  to  inferj  that 
whoever  leads  a  fober  and  regular  life,  and  commits  no  ex*^ 
cefs  in  his  diet,  can  fuffer  but  very  little  from  diforders  of 
any  other  kind,  or  external  accidents.  On  the  contrary, Icon-* 
dude,  efpecially  from  the  late  trial  I  have  had,  that  ex^efles 
in  eating  and  drinking  are  fatal.  Of  this  I  convinced  my-> 
felf  four  years  ago,  when,  by  the  advice  of  my  phyficians^ 
the  inftigation  of  my  friends,  and  the  importunity  of  my 
own  family)  I  confented  tQ  fuch  an  excefs,  which,  as  it  will 
appear  hereafter,  was  attended  with  far  worfe  confequences 
than  could  naturally  be  expe£ked.  This  excefs  con£fted  in 
increafing  the  quantity  of  food  I  generally  made  ufe  of  }• 
which  increafe  alone  brought  on  me  a  moil  cruel  fit  of  fick* 
nefs.  And,  as  it  is  a  cafe  fo  much  in  point  to  the  fubje£t 
in  hand,  and  the  knowledge  of  it  m^y  be  ufeful  to  fome  of 
my  readers,  I  (hall  take  the  trouble  to  relate  it. 

I  fay  then,  that  my  deareil  friends  and  relations,  a£luit-'  * 
ed  by  the  warm  and  laudable  aiFedion  and  regard  they 
have  for  me,  feeing  how  little  I  eat,  reprefented  to  me,  in 
conjundlion  with  my  phyficians,  that  the  fuftenance  I  toob 
could  not  be  fufficient  to  fupport  one  fo  far  advaiqced  inf 
^  ycarsy 


A  f  RSATiSE   O^   A   SOBER  LtFE,  63 

J^rSy  when  it  was  become  neceflary  not  only  to  preferve 
nature^  but  to  increafe  its  vigour.  That,  as  this  could  not 
be  done  without  foodj.  it  was  abfolutely  incumbent  upon 
me  to  eat  a  little  more  plentifully.  I,  on  the  other  hand^' 
produced  my  reafons  for  not  complying  with  their  d^- 
fires*  Thefe  were,  that  nature  is  content  with  littlei  and 
that  with  this  little  I  had  preferved  myfelf  i%  many  years  f 
and  that,  to  me^  the  habit  of  it  was  become  a  fecond  na- 
ture \  and  that  it  was  more  agreeable  to  reafon,  that,  as  I 
advanced  in  years^  and  loft  my  ftrength,  I  fhould  rather 
kfien  than  increafe  the  quantity  of  my  food ;  farther,  that 
It  was  but  natural  to  think  that  the  powers  of  the  ftomach 
grew  weaker  from  day  to  day  \  on  which  account  I  could 
fee  .no  reafon  to  make  fuch  an  addition.  To  corroborate 
sny  arguments,  I  alleged  thofe  two  natural  and  very  true 
proverbs ;  one,  that  he  who  has  a  mind  to  eat  a  great 
deal  muft  eat  but  little ;  which  is  faid  f6r  no  other  reafba 
than  this,  that  eating  little  makes  a  man  live  very  long  ^ 
and  living  very  long  he  muft  eat  a  great  deah  The  othev 
proverb  was,  that  what  we  leave  after  making  a  htzttf 
meal  does  us  more  good  than  what  we  have  eat^  But  nei- 
ther thefc  proverbs,  nor  any  other  arguments  I  could  think 
of,  were  able  to  prevent  their  teazing  me  more  than  ever. 
Wherefore,  not  to  appear  obftinate^  or  affe£t  to  know  more 
than  the  phyficians  themfelves ;  but,  above  all,  to  pleafe 
my  family,  who  very  earneftly  defired  it^  from  a  perfuafion 
that  fuch  an  addition  to  my  ufual  allowance  would  pre« 
ferve  my  ftrength,  I  confented  to  increafe  the  <)uahtity 
of  food,  but  with  two  ounces  only.  So  that,  as  before^- 
what  with  bread,  meat,  the  yolk  of  an  egg,  and  foup,  I  eat 
as  much  as  weighed  in  all  twelve  ounces,  neither  more  nor 
fefs ;  I  now  increafed  it  to  fourteen  *,  and,  as  before  I  drank 
kut  fourteen  ounces  of  wiAe»  I  now  increafed  it  to  (ixteen^ 

This^ 


64  A   TREIATISE   ON    A    SOBER    LIM. 

Tliis  incrcafe  and  irregularity  had,  in  dght  days  time,  fuch 
an  efFe£l  upon  me,  that,  from  being  cheerful  and  brifk,  I 
began  to  be  peevifli  and  melancholy,  fo  that  nothing  could 
pleafe  me,  and  was  conftantly  fo  ftrangely  difpofed,  that  I 
neither  knew  what  to  fay  to  others,  nor  what  to  ^o  with  my- 
felf.  On'  the  twelfth  day  I  was  attacked  with  a  moft  violent 
pain  in  my  fidft,  which  held  me  twenty^two  hours,  and  was 
fucceeded  by  a  terrible  fever,  which  continued  thirty- five 
days  and  as  many  nights,  without  giving  me  a  moment's 
rcfpite,  though,  to  fay  the  truth,  it  began  to  abate  gradual- 
ly on  the  fifteenth  ;  but,  notwithftanding  fuch  abatement, 
I  could  not,  during  the  whole  time,  fleep  half  a  quarter  of 
^n  hour  together,  infomuch  that  every  one  looked  upon  me 
as  a  dead  man.  But,  God  be  praifed,  I  recovered,  merely 
by»my  former  regular  courfe  of  life,  though  then  in  my 
feventy-eighth  year,  and  in  the  coldcft  feafon  of  a  very  cold 
year,  and  reduced  to  a  mere  fkeleton  ;  and  I  am  ppfitive 
that  it  was  the  great,,regularity  I  had  oBferved  for  fo  many 
years,  and  that  only,  which  refcued  me  from  the  jaws  of 
death*  In  all  that  time  I  never  knew  what  (icknefs  was, 
unlefs  I  may  call  by  that  name  fome  fligh^ndifpofitions  of 
a  day  or  two's  continuance  -,  the  tegular  life  I  had  led,  as  I 
have  already  taken  notice,  for  fo  many  years,  Hot  having 
permitted  any  fuperfluous  or  bad  humours  to  breed  in  me  ; 
or  if  they  did,  to  acquire  fuch  ftrength  and  malignity,  as 
they  generally  acquire  in  the  fuperannuatcd  bodies  of  thofe 
who  live  without  rule.  And  as  there  was  not  any  old' 
malignity  in  my  humours,  (which  is  the  thing  that  kills 
people),  but  only  that  which  my  new  irregularity  had  oc- 
caConed,  this  fit  of  ficknels,  though  exceeding  violent,  h^d 
not  ftrength  enough  to  deftroy  me.  This  it  was,  and  no- 
thing elfe,  that  fived  my  life;  vi hence  may  be  gathered, 
how  great  is  the  power  and  efficacy  of  regularity  ^   and 

'  how 


A  TKEATISE   ON  A  BOBSB  L^FS.  ^S 

I  \ 

t 

how  great,  Hkewife^  is  that  of  irregularity,  which  in  ft 
few  days  conid  bring  on  me  fo  terrible  a  fit  of  ficknefs^ 
jaft  as  regularity  had  prefervcd  me  in  healdi  for  fo  many  * 
years. 

And  it  appears  to  me  a  no  weak  argument)  that,  fince  Ae 
^wrorld,  eonfifting  of  the  four  elen^ents,  16  upHcM  by  order, 
Md  oar  life,  a»  to  the  body,  \&  no  other  &an  a  Wmonious^ 
combination  «f  the  fame  four  elements,  fo  it  ftiould  be  pre- 
ferred and  maintained  by  the  very  fame  order;  aiidj  on  At 
other  hand,  it  mwft  be  worn  out  by  fieknefs,  or  deft* royed  by 
death,  which  arc  produced  by  the  contrary  etfefls*  By  order 
the  arts  are  more  eafily  learned ;  by  order  araiies  are  itnder** 
ed  Tt&orious ;  by  order,  in  a  word,  families,  cities,  and  even 
ftates,  are  maintained.  Hence  I  concluded,  that  orderly 
Urittg  is  no  other  than  a  moft  certain  caufe  and  foundation 
6f  health  and  long  life ;  nay,  I  cannot  help  faying,  that  it 
is  the  only  and  true  medicine }  and  whoever  weighs  the 

^  natter  well,  m\ift  alfo  conclude  that  this  is  redly  the 
cafe.  Hence  it  is,  that  when  a  phylician  comes  to  vifit 
.  a  patient,  the  firft  thing  he  prefcribes  is  to  live  regu« 
lady. '  In  like  manner,  when  a  phyfician  takes  leave  of  a 
patient  on  his  being  recovered,  he  advifes  him,  as  he  ten« 
ders  his  health,  to  lea ^  a  regular  life.  And  it  is  not  to  ht 
dcii]d)ted,  tbat^  were  a  patient  fo  recovetcd  to  live  in  that 
manner,  he  could  never  be  fick  again,  as  it  removes  every 
caufe  of  illnefs ;  and  fo,  for  the  fnture,  would  never  want 
eidier  phyfician  or  phyfic.  Nay,  by  attending  duly  to  what 
I  have  faid,  he  would  become  his  own  phyfician,  and,  in- 
:daBd,  the  heft  he  could  have ;  fince,  in  fa£k:,  no  man  can  be 
a  perfed  phyfician  to  any  one  but  himielf.  The  reafon  of 
which  is,  that  any  man  may,  by  repeated  trials,  acquire  a 

.  perfeA'  knowledge  of  his  own  conftitution^  and  the  moft 

hidden  qualities  of  his  bpdyy  and  what  wine  and  food  agree 

Vol.  III.  E  with 


I 

1      I 

1 


66  A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE*     , 

With  his  ftomach.  NoW|  it  is  fo  far  from  being  ?^n  carfjf 
matter  to  know  thefc  things  perfeftly  of  another,  that  wcj 
cannot,  without  much  trouble,  difcover  them  in  ourfclfcs* 
fince  a  great  deal  of  time  and  repeated  trials  are  requifite 
for  that  purpofe. 

Thefe  trials  are,  indeed  (if  I  may  fay  it),  more  than  nc- 

ceflary,  as  there  is  a  greater  variety  in  the  natures  and  cbn* 

ftitutions  of  different  men  than  in  their  perfons.  Who  could 

believe  that  old  wine,  wine  that  had  paffcd  its  firft  year^ 

ihould  difagree  with  my  ftomach,  and  new  wine  agree  with 

it?  and  that  pepper,  which  is  looked  upon  as  a  warm  fpice, 

Ihould  not  have  a  warm  effefk  upon  me,  infqmuch  that  I 

find  myfelf  more  warmed  and  comforted  by  cinnamon  2 

'  Where  is  the  phyfician  that  could,  have  informed  me  of 

thefe  two  latent  qualities,  fince  I  myfelf,  even  by  a  loi^ 

courfe  of  obfervation,  could  fcarce  difcover  them  ?  From  all 

thefe  reafons  it  follows,  that  it  is  impoffible  to  be  a  perfe£k 

hyfician  to  another.    Since,  therefore,  a  man  cannot  have 

a  better  phyfician  than  himfelf,  nor  any  phyfic  better  than 

a  regular  life,  a  regular  life  he  ought  to  embrace*^ 

I  do  not,  however,  mean  that,  for  the  knowledge  and 
cure  of  fuch  diforders  as  often  befal  thofe  who  do  not  live 
regularly,  there  is  no  occaiion  for  a  phyfician,^  and  that  his 
afliftance  ought  to  be  flighted.  For,  if  we  are  apt  to  re- 
ceive fuch  great  comfort  from  friends  who  come  to  vifit 
us  in  our  illnefs,  though  they  do  no  more  than  teftify  their 
concern  for  us,  and  bid  us  be  of  good  cheer,  how -muck 
more  regard  ought  we  to  have  for  the  phyfician,  who  is  a 
friend  that  comes  to  fee  us  in  order  to  relieve  us,  and  pro» 
mifes  us  a  cure  i  But,  for  the  bare  purpofe  of  keeping  our«- 
felves  in  good  health,  I  am  of  opinion,  that  we  ihould  con- 
fider  as  a  phyfician  this  regular  life,  which,  as  we  have  feen^ 
^  is  our  natural  and  proper  phyfic,  fince  it  preferves  men^ 

cvea 


A  TREATISE  ONT  A  SOBER  LIFE,  67 

(Even  thofe  of  a  bad  conftitution,  in  health ;  makes  them  live 
found  and  hearty  to  the  age  of  one  hundred  and  upwards ; 
and  prevents  their  dying  of  ficknefs,  or  through  a  corrup- 
tion of  their  humours,  but  merely  by  a  diiflblution  of  their 
radical  moifture,  when  quite  exhaufted ;  all  which  efFefts 
feveral  wife  men  have  attributed  to  potable  gold,  and  the 
elixir,  fought  for  by  many,  but  difcovered  by  few.     How- 
ever, to  confefs  the  truth,  men,  for  the  moft  part,  are  very 
fenfu^l  and  intemperate,  ^nd  love  to  fatisfy  their  appetites^ 
and  to  commit  every  cxcefs  •,  therefore,  feeing  that  they 
cannot  avoid  being  greatly  injured  by  fuch  excefs,  as  often 
as  they  are  guilty  of  it,  they,  by  way  of  apologizing  for 
their  condu£t,  fay,  that  it  is  better  to  live  ten  jears  lefs,  and 
enjoy  themfelves ;  not  conddering  of  what  importance  are 
ten  years  more  of  life,  efpecially  a  healthy  life,  and  at  a  ma- 
turer  age,  when  men  become  fenfible  of  their  progrcfs  in 
knowledge  and  virtue,  which  cannot  attain  to  any  degree 
of  perfedlion  before  this  period  of  life. 
*  Not  to  fpeak,  at  prefent,  of  many  other  advantages,  I 
(hall  barely  mention   that,  in  regard  to  letters  and   the 
fciences,  £ar  the  greateft  number  of  the  beft  and  moft  cc- 
lebrated  books  extant  were  written  during  that  period  of 
life,  and  thofe  ten  years,  which  fome  make  it  their  buG- 
nefs  to  undervalue,  in  order  to  give  a  loofe  to  their  appe- 
tites.    Be  that  as  it  will,  I  would  not  a£t  like  them  ;  I  ra- 
ther coveted  to  five  thefe  ten  years,  and,  had  I  not  done  fo, 
r  fhould  never  have  finifhed  thofe  trafts,  which  I  have 
compofed  in  confequence  of  my  having  been  found  and 
hearty  thefe  ten  years  paft,  and  which  I  have  the  pleafurc 
to  think  will  be  of  fervice  to  others.  Thefe  fenfualifts  add, 
that  a  regular  life  is  fuch  as  no  man  can  lead.    To  this  I 
anfwer,  Galen,  who  was  fo  great  a  phyfician,  led  fuch  a 
IJfe,-  and  thofe  it  as  the  beft  phyfic  ;  the  fame  did  Plato, 

E  2  Cicero, 


66,  A  TREATIES  OK  A  SOBER  hlSJU 

Cicero^  Ifixrates^  and  many  other  great  men  of  fermti; 
times,  whom,  not  to  tire  the  reader,  I  fhall  forbear  naming  » 
and,  in  our  pwn  days,  Pope  Paul  Famefe  led  it,  and  Cardi* 
nal  Bembo  ;  and  it  was  for  diat  reafon  they  lived  fo  long  z 
likewife  our  two  doges,  Lando  and  Donato;  befides  manff 
otfiers  of  meaner  condition^  and  thofe  who  Ktc  not  onlf; 
in  cities,  bnt  alfo  in  difierent  parts  of  the  country,  who  all 
found  great  benefit  by  conforming  to  this  regularity.  There- 
fore, fince  many  hare-  led  this  life,  and  many  a^iually  lead 
it,  it  is  not  fuch  a  life  but  that  mry  one  may  conform  toit^ 
and  the  more  fo,  as  no  great  difficulty  attends  it  ^  nothings 
indeed,  being  requifite  but  to  begin  in  good  escmeft,  as  the 
aboTC-mentioned  Qcno  affirms,  and  all  thofe  who  now  ^ 
live  in  this  manner*  Plato,  you  will  fay,  though  he  hhxi'* 
felf  fired  very  regularly,  affirms,  notwitl^anding^that  in  re-, 
publics  men  cannot  do  to,  being  often  obliged  to'  expo£e 
themfelves  to,  heat,  cold,' and  fereral  other  kinds  of  hard** 
flup,  and  other  tlungs,  which  are  all  fo  many  diforders,  and. 
incompatible  with  a  regular  fife.  I  anfwer^  as  I  have  al- 
ready obfenred,  that  thefe  are  not  diforders  attended  with 
any  bad  confequence,  or  which  aiFed.  dther  health  or  life,, 
when  the  man  who  undergoes  them^  ^bferves  the  rules  of 
fobriely,  and  commits  no  excefs  in  the  two  pomts.  concenw 
ing  diet,  which  a  republican  may  very  well  avoid ;  nay,*  it 
is  requifite  he  fhoW  avoid ;  becaufe  by  fa  doing,  he  mzy 
be  fure  either  to  efcape  thofe  diforders,  which  otherwife  it 
would  be  no  eafy  matter  for  him  to  efcape  while  expoied 
to  thefe  hardfiiips,  or>  in  cafe  he  fhould  net  efcape  them, 
he  may  more  eafily  and  fpeedily  prevent  their  bad  eftfls* 

Here  it  may  be  obje&ed^  and  fome  afiually  obj|e£k,  that 
he  who  leads  a  regular  life,  having  conftantly,  when  well^ 
made  ufe  of  food  fit  for  the  fick,  Snd  in  fmall  quantities^ 
has  no  rpfource  left  in  cafe  of  iUnefs^    To  this.  I  might,  ia 

the 


die  firft  place^  anTw*er,  that  nature,  defirous  to  preferre 
nan  in  ^ood  health  as  lofig  as  .poffible»  informs  him,  her*^ 
ftif,  fnomht  is  to  aft  in  time  of  iUnefs^  for  fhe  immedi- 
ately deprives  him,  lehen  fick,  of  his  appetite,  in  order 
diat  he  Aiay  eat  but  Stde;  becaufe  nature  (as  I  have  faid 
mheady)  is  fatisfied  with  little ;  wher^fcnre,  it  is  requifite 
diat  a  ihi^i  vtrhen  fick,  whether  be  has  been  a  regular  or 
irregular  liver,  lhotild>ufe  no  meats^  but  fuch  as  are  fuited 
to  his  diforder ;  and  of  thefe  even  in  a  much  fmaller 
i^tianthy  tJlah  he  was  wont  to  do  when  in  health.  For 
were  he  to  eat  as  much  i»  he  ufed  to  do,  he  would  die  by 
it ;  becaufe  it  would  be  only  adding  to  the  burden  \vitfa 
which  natuit  was  already  opprefled,  by  giving  her  a  great- 
er quantky  of  food  than  flie  can  in  fuch  circumftances 
fupport ;  and  this,  I  imagine,  would  be  a  fufficient  cau^ 
tioH  to  any  fick  perfon.  But,  mdependent  of  ail  this,  I 
'might  anfwer  fome  odiers,  and  ftiS  better,  that  whoever 
leads  a  regular  life  eaniM  be  fick,  ust  at  leaft  but  feip- 
dom,  and  for  a  fliort  time ;  becaufe,  by  living  regularly^ 
he  extirpated  every  feed  of  fickitefs ;  and  thus,  by  remov- 
ing the  caufe,  prevents  the^efi;  %  to  that  he,  who  purfues 
a  regular  courfe  of  life,  need  not  be  apprehenfive  of  iUneb, 
as  he  need  not  be  afraid  of  the  efafib  who  has  guarded 
againft  the  caufe. 

Sinte  it  therefore  appears  that  a  regular  Ufe  is  ib  profit- 
able and  virtuous,  fo  lovely  and  fo  holy,'  it  ought  to  be 
ttniverfally  followed  and  embraced ;  and  the  more  fo^  as  it 
does  not  dafli  with  the  means  or  dUti(^  of  any  ftatiooi 
but  is  eaiy  to  aB ;  becaufe,  to  lead  it,  a  man  need  not 
tie  Umfelf  down  to  eat  fo  little  as  i  do,  or  tiot  to  eat  fruity 
fifli,  and  other  things  of  that  kind,  from  which  I  abftain^ 
who  eat  little,  becaufe  it  is  fufficient  for  my  puny  and 
irea):  ftoroach  i  and  fruit,  fifli,  and  other  things  of  that 

E  3  kind^ 


J 


70  A  TBEATI8S  0N:  A  80BBK  LIFB. 

kind,  difapee  with  me,  which  is  my  reaibn  for  not  tQU^<* 

ing  them,   Thofei  however,  with  whom  fuch  things  agree* 

may,  and  ought  to  eat  of  them ;  lince  they  are  npt  by  any 

means  forbid  fhe  ufe  of  fuch  (uftenanc^.     But  then,  botI\ 

they,  and  all  others,  are  forbid  to  eat  a  greater  quantity  of 

any  kind  of  food,  eyen  of  .tha(  which  agrees  with  them, 

than  what  their  ftomach$  can  eafily  digeft  ;  the  fame  is  to 

be  underftood  of  drink.  Hence  it  is  that  thofe,  with  whon^ 

nothing  difagrecs,  ^rq  not  bound  to  pbferve  any  rule  buf 

that  relating  to  the  quantity,  ^nd  not  to  the  quality,  of 

^eir  food ;  a  rule  viFhicb  they  may,  witboi^t  the  lead  di£* 

culty  in  the  world,  comply  with. 

Let  nobody  tell  me,  that  there  are  ntimbersi-who,  though 

they  live  moft  irregularly*  live  in  health  and  fpirits,  tQ 

tiiots  remote  periods  of  life,  attained  by  the  moft  fober  | 

for,  this  argument  being  grounded  on  a  cafe  full  of  uncer-^ 

tainty  and  hazard^  s^nd  which)  ^fides,  fo  feldoni  oqcurs  as 

to  look  more  like  a  miracle  than  the  work  of  nature,  men 

ihould  not  fuffer  them&lyes  to  be  thereby  perfuaded  to  live 

irregularly,  nature  having  been  too  liberal  to  thofe  who 

did  fo  without  fufieringrby  it ;  a.  favour  which  very  few 

have  any  right  to  expe&.   Whoever,  trufting  to  his  youth, 

or  the  ^rength  of  bis  conftitution,  or  the  goodnefs  of  his 

ftomach,  flights  thefe  obfervations,  muft  exped  to  fufier 

greatly  by  fo' doing,  and  live  in  conftant  danger  of  difeafe 

and  death.     I  therefore. affirm,  that  an  old  man,  even  of  a 

bad  qonilitution,  who  pleads  a  regular  and  fober  life,   is 

Turer  of  a  long  one,  than  a  youngs  man  of  the  beft  confti- 

tution,  who  leads  a  djforderly  life.  It  is  not.  to  be  doubted, 

however^  that  a  man  blefled  with  a  good  confiitution  may, 

by  living  temperately,  expedl  to  live  longer  than  one  whofe 

conftitution  is  not  fo  good  ;  and  that  God  and  nature  can 

difpofe  matters  fo,  that  a  man  (hall  bring  into  the  worl^ 

with 


A  TKBATISS  ON  A  SOBER  I.IFE.  71 

nrith  hiai  fo  found  a  conftitution  as  to  lire  long  and 
iicalthy,  without  obfeiving  fuch  AriQ:  rules ;  and  then  die 
an  a  very  advanced  age^  through,  a  mere  diflblution  of  his 
elementary  parts ;  as  was  the  cafe  in  Venice^  of  the  pro* 
curator  Thomas  Contarini ;  and  in  Padua,  of  the  cavalier 
Antonio  Capo  di  Vaccsu  But  it  is  not  one  man  in  a  hun- 
dred thoufand  that  fo  much  can  be  faid  of.  If  others  have 
a  mind  to  live  long  and  healthy,  and  die  without  (icknefs 
of  body  or  mind,  but  by  mere  diifolution,  they  muft  fub- 
mit  to  live  regularly,  fmce  they  cannot  otherwife  expe£i:  to 
enjoy  the  fruits  of  fuch  a  life,  which  are  almoft  infinite  in 
number,  and  each  of  them,  in  particular,  of  infinite  value. 
For,  as  fuch  regularity  keeps  the  humours  of  the  body 
cleanfed  and  purified,  it  fuffers  no  vapours  to  afcend  from 
the  ftomach  to  the  head  ;  hence  the  brain  of  him,  who 
lives  in  that  manner,  ^enjoys  fuch  a  conftant  ferenity  that 
he  is  always  pcrfedlly  mailer  of  himfelf.  He,  therefore, 
eafily  foars  above  the  low  and  groveling  concerns  of  this 
life,  to  the  exalted  and  beautiful  contemplation  of  heavenly 
things,  to  his  exceeding  great  comfort  and  fatisfadlion  9 
becaufe  he,  by  this  means,  comes  to  confider,  know,  and 
underftand,  that  which  otherwife  he  would  never  have 
^onfidered,  known,  or  undexftood ;  that  is,  how  great  is 
the  power,  wifdom,  and  goodnefs,  of  the  Deity,  He  then 
defcends  to  nature,  and  acknowledges  her  for  the  daughter 
of  God,  and  fees,  and  eve^  feels  with  his  hands,  that,  which 
in  any  other  age,  or  with  a  perception  lefs  clear,  he  could 
.pever  have  feen  or  felt.  He  then  truly  difcerns  the  bru- 
tality of  that  vice  into  which  they  fall  who  know  not  how 
to  fubdue  their  paiTions,  and  thofe  three  importunate  lufts, 
which,  one  would  imagine,  came  altogether  into  the  world 
with  us,  in  order  to  keep  us  in  perpetual  anxiety  and  dif- 
f urb^ncc,  '  Thefc  are,  the  lull  of  the  flefh,  the  lull  of  ho- 

£  4  nour8| 


fi  4  TREAfidB  ON   A  SOBER  1!FX. 

noUTSi  and  the  loft  of  riches ;  which  are  apt  to  mcseaft 
nirith  years  in  iuch  old  perfons  as  do  not  lead  a  regular  life  \ 
becaufe,  in  their  paflage  dirough  the  ftage  of  mailhoodj^ 
they  did  not»  as  they  ought^  renounce  fenfuaiity  and  thete 
paffions,  and  tdkt  np  with  fobriety  and  reafon;  virtuei{ 
which  men  of  a  regular  life  did  not  neglc£l  wheii  they 
pafTed  through  the  above-mentioned  ftage.  Fort  knowing 
fuch  paifions  and  fuch  lufts  to  be  inconfiftent  witH  reafoHn 
by  which  they  are  entirely  goyertied,  they  at  once  brobs 
loofe  from  all  temptations  to  vicej  and,  inftead  of  being 
flaves  to  their  inordinate  appetites^  they  applied  tbemfelyei 
to  virtue  and  good  works ;  and,  by  thefe  means^  they  alter- 
ed their  condu£l,  and  becatne  men  of  good  and  fbber  lives. 
When,  therefore,  in  procefs  of  time,  they  fee  thdmfelvei 
brought  by  a  long  feries  of  years  to  their  diflblution,  ccti«- 
fcious  that,  through  the  fingulat  mercy  of  God,  they  ha4 
fb  fincerelf  retinquiflied  the  paths  of  vice  as  tiever  after- 
wards to  enter  themi  and  moreover  hoping,^  through  thd 
iberits  of  our  Saviour  Jefus  Chrift,  to  die  in  his  favour^ 
they  do  not  fuflPer  themfelves  to  be  caft  down  at  the 
thoughts"  of  death,  knowing  that  they  muff  die.  This  is 
pslrticularly  the  cafe,  when,  loaded  with  honour,  and  fated 
with  life,  the/  fee  themfelves  arrived  at  that  age  Whicl| 
not  one  in  many  thoufands  of  thofe  who  live  otherwifd 
ever  attains*  They  have  ftill  the  greater  reafon  not  to  b^ 
deje£ted  at  the  thoughts  of  death,  as  it  does  tiot  attack 
them  violently  and  by  furprize,  with  a  bitter  and  painfUl 
turn  of  thdr  humoursf,  with  fei^erifli  fen&tions,  and  Ihar^ 
pains,  but  fteals  upon  them  infenfibly,  and  vifi^ti  the  great- 
eft  ^afe  and  gentlenefs :  fuch  an  end  proceeding  entirely 
fl'om  an  exhauftion  of  the  radical  moifture,  which  decayiit 
by  degrees,  like  the  oil  of  a  lamj^,  fo  diat  they  pafs  gently, 

without 


^tfaottt  diiy  fickncfti  from  this  terreftrtal  and  mortal  to  a 
eeleftial  and  ^tctnal  life. 

O  holy  and  truly  happy  regularity  !  How  holy  and  hap« 
fj  {bould  men,  in  fa£l,  deem  thee,  fince  the  oppofite  ha- 
bit is  die  caufe  of  fncb  guilt  and  mifery,  as  endeittly  ap« 
pears  to  thofe  who  confider  the  oppofite  efFe£ls  of  both ! 
fo  that  men  fhould  know  thee  by  thy  voice  alone,  and  thy 
lovely  name ;  for  what  a  glorious  name,  what  a  noUe 
thing,  is  an  orderly  and  fober  life  !  as,  on  the  contrary,  the 
bare  mention  of  diforder  and  intemperance  is  offenfive  to 
our  aars.  Nay,  there  is  the  fame  difieretice  between  the 
mentioning  thefe  two  things  as  between  the  uttering  of 
the  words  angel  and  devil. 

Thus  I  have  affigned  my  reafons  for  abandoning  intem- 
perance, and  betaking  myfelf  entirely  to  a  fober  life ;  with 
the  method  J .  purfued  in  doing  fo,,  and  what  was  the  con. 
fequence  of  it ;  and,  finally,  the  advantages  and  bleffings 
which  a  fober  life  confers  upon  thofe  who  embrace  it* 
3ome  fenfual  inconfiderate  perfons  affirm,  that  a  long  life 
|s  no  blefiing ;  an4  that  the  ftate  of  a  man,  who  has  paflTed 
his  feventy-fifth  year,  cannot  really  be  called  life,  but 
death  s  but  this  is  a  great  miftake,  as  I  (hall  fully  prove : 
and  it  is  my  fincere  wi(h,  that  all  men  would  endeavour  to 
attain  my  age,  in  order  that  they  too  may  enjoy  that  period 
of  life  which  of  all  others  is  the  moft  defirable. 

I  will  therefore  give  an  account  of  my  recreations,  and 
the  relifl^  which  I  find  iat  this  ftage  of  life,  in  order  to  con* 
vince  the  public  (which  may  likewife  be  done  by  all  tliofe 
who  know  me)  that  the  ftate  I  have  now  attained  to  is  by 
no  means  death,  but  real  life }  fuch  a  life  as  by  many  i6 
deemed  happy,  fince  it  abounds  with  all  the  felicity  that 
can  be  enjoyed  in  this  world.  And  this  teftimony  they 
iriil  givo,  in  the  ferft  plsice^  becaufe  diey  (be,  and  not  witb-^ 

out 


74  A    TREATISE   ON   A   SOBER   LllBp. 

out  the  gr^atefl:  amazement,  the  good  ftate  of  health  and 
fpirits  1  enjoy  ^  how  I  mount  my  horfe  without  any  aflift* 
ance,  or  advantage  of  (ittiation  ^  and  ho\N;  I  not  only  af- 
cend  a  fingle  flight  of  ftairs,  but  climb  up  a  hill  from  bbt-* 
torn  to  top9  afooty  and  with  the  greateft  eafe  and  unconr 
cem  i  then  how  gay^  pleafant,  and  good-humoured,  I  aa\ ; 
how  free  from  every  perturbation  of  mind,  and  every  dif- 
agreeable  thought;  in  lieu  of  which,  joy  and  peace  have 
fo. firmly  fixed  their  refidence  in  my  bofom  as  never  to  de^ 
part  from  it.     Moreover,  they  know  in  what  manner  I 
pafs  my  time,  fo  as  npt  to  find  life  a  burden  ;  feeing  I  can 
contrive  to  fpend  every  hour  of  it  with  the  greateft  delight 
and  pleafure,  having  frequent  opportunities  of  converfing 
with  many  honourable  gentlemen,  men  valuable  for  their 
good  fenfe  and  manners,  their  acquaintance  with  letters, 
and  everj  other  good  quality.   Then,  when  I  cannot  enjoy 
their  converfatipn,  I  betake  myfelf  to  the  reading  of  fome 
^ood  book.   When  I  have  read  as  much  as  I  like,  I  write; 
endeavouring  in  this,  as  in  every  thing  elfe,  to  be  of  fer- 
vice  to  others,  to  the  utmoft  of  my  power.    And  all 
thcfe  things  I  do  with  the  greateft  eafe  to  mjfelf,  at  their 
proper  feafons,  and  in  my  own  houfe ;  .which,  befides  be- 
ing fituated  in  the  moft  beautiful  quarter  of  this  noble 
and  learned  city  of  Padua,  is,  in  itfelf  really  convenient 
and  handfome,  fuch,  in  a  word,  as.it  is  no  longer  th^ 
fafliion  to  build  ;  for,  in  one  part  of  it,  I  can  (helter  my- 
felf from  extreme  heat,  and,  in  the  other,  from  extreme 
cold,  having  contrived  the  apartments  according  to  the 
rules  of  architedure,  which  teach  us  what  is  to  be  ob- 
ferved  in  praftice. 

Befides  this  houfe,  I  have  my  feveral  gardens  fupplied 
with  running  waters,  and  in  which  I  always  find  fbme-^ 
thing  to  do  that  amufes  me.    I  have  another  way  of  di- 
verting 


A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFHt  fSi 

^nttipg  myfelf,  which  is,  going  fvtry  April  and  May, 
9od  likewife  cycry  Septcnabcr  and  Oftober,  fpr  fomQ 
4ay9*  to  enjoy  an  eminence  belonging  to  me  in  the  Euga- 
pean  mounuins»  and  in  the  moft  beautiful  part  of  them, 
horned  with  ibuatains  and  gardens ;  and,  above  all,  a 
convenient  and  handfon^e  lodge,  in  which  place  I  like- 
ivife  now  and  then  make  one  in  fome  hunting  party 
fuitable  to  my  tafte  and  age.  Then  I  enjoy  fpr  as  many 
jiays  my  villa  in  the  plain,  which  is  laid  out  in  regular 
llreets,  all  terminating  in  s|  large  fquare,  in  the  middle 
of  which  (lands  the  churqh,  fuited  to  the  condition  of  the 
place*  This  villa  is  divided  by  a  wide  and  rapid  bi^anch 
of  the  rivei:  Brenta,  on  both  fides  of  which  there  isf  a  con- 
fiderable  extent  of  country,  confiding  entirely  of  fertile 
and  well  cultivated  fields.  Befides,  this  diftrid):  is  now, 
Qod  be  praifed,  exceedingly  well  inhabited,  which  it  was| 
pot  at  firil,  but  rather  the  reverCe ;  for  it  was  marihy, 
and  the  s^lr  fo  unwholefome  as  to  make  it  a  refidence  fit« 
ter  for  fnakjss  than  men.  But,  on  my  draining  off  jthe 
waters,  the  air  mended,  and  pQople  Teforted  |o  it  fo  faft, 
and  inpreafed  to  fuch  a-  decree,  that  it  ibon  acquired  the 
perfi^ioh  in  wbioh  it  npw  appears :  hence  I  may  fay 
with  truth,  that  I  have  offered  in  this  place  an  altar  and 
a  temple  to  God,  with  fouls  to  adore  him :  thefe  are 
things  which  affpr^  me  infinite  pleafure,  comfort,  and  fa- 
tisfadion,  as  often  as, I  go  to  fee  and  enjoy  them. 

At  the  fame  feafons,  every  year,  I  revifi^t  fome  of  tho 
neighbouring  cities,  and  enjoy  fuch  of  my  friends  as  live 
there,  taking  the  greateft  pleafure  in  their  company  and 
converfation  ;  and  by  their  means  I  alfp  enjoy  the  con-« 
yerfation  of  other  men  of  part's,  who  live  in  the  fame 
places ;  fuch  as  archite&s,  painters,  fculptprs,  muficians, 

and 


76  A  THEATllI  ^N  A  SC^Btll  UPB. 

and  h«fl>&adm6n,  with  ivhom  this  age  moft  cettailily 
T^hmmis.  I  vifit  their  new  works ;  I  revifit  their  form* 
er  4>n€a ;  and  I  always  learn  fomething  which  giTes  me 
fatisfaftioa.  I  fee  the  palaees,  gardensi  ami^ities ;  aadl 
with  thefe  the  fqu^res  aad  other  public  places,  the 
churches,  the  fortifications,  leading  nothing  unobferved^ 
from  whence  I  may  reap  either  isntertftinmedC  or  infirac- 
tion.  Btft  what  delights  me  moft  is^  in  my  joumtes 
backwards  and  forwards,  to  contemplate  the  fituation  and 
other  beauties  of  the  places  I  pafs  through  f  fome  in  the 
plain,  others  on  hills,  adjoining  to  rivers  ot  fonntaitis  ; 
with  &  great  many  fine  houfes  and  gardens.  Nor  are  my 
recreations  rendered  lefs  agreeable  and  entertaining  by 
my.  not  feeing  well,  or  not  hearing  readily  every  thing 
that  is  faid  to  me,  or  by  any  other  of  my  faculties  ttot 
being  perfed  ,  for  they  are  all,  thank  God,  in  the  higheft 
perfedion ;  particularly  my  palate,  whi<!:h  now  reliflie^ 
better  the  fimple  fare  I  eat,  wherever  I  happen  to  bCj^ 
than  it  formerly  did  the  moft  delicate  di&es,  when  t  led 
an  irregular  life.  Nor  does  the  change  of  beds  give  tot 
any  uneafinefs,  fo  that  I  fleep  everywhere  foundly  and 
quietly,  without  experiencing  the  leaft  difturbaaoe  ;  and 
all  my  dreams  are  pleafant  and  delightful* 

It  is  likewife  with  tfafe  greatefl:  pleafure  and  fatisftfttoa 
I  behold  the  fuccefs  of  an  undertaking  £b  important  to  thii 
ftate, — I  mean  that  of  draining  and  improving  fo  many 
uncultivated  pieces  of  ground,  an  undertaking  begun 
within  my  memory,  and  which  I  never  thought  I  (hould 
liye  to  fee  completed,  knowing  how  flow  repablics  are 
apt  to  proceed  in  enterprifes  of  great  importance.  No* 
verthelefs,  I  have  lived  to  fee  it,  and  was  even  in  per* 
(on  in  thefe  marffay  places  ^ong  with  tfaofe  appointed 

ta 


A  TigSATISX  ON  A  SOBS&  I.I».  77 

to  fijperintend- the  draining  of  dicm,  for  two  months  to^* 
gether^  during  the  greateft  heats  of  fummery  without  ever 
finding  myfelf  the  wor&  for  the  fatigues  or  inconveniences 
I  fuSfered ;  o£  fo  much  efficacy  is  that'  orderly  life  which 
I.  everywhere  conftantly  lead. 

What  is  more,  I  am  in  the  greateft  hopes^  or  rather 
fure^  to  fee  the  beginning  and  completion  of  another  un* 
dertaking  of  no  lefs  importance,  which  is  that  of  preferv- 
ing  our  eftuary  or  port,  that  laft  and  wonderful  bulwark 
of  my  deaf  country,  the  prefervation  of  which  (it  is  not 
to  flatter  my  vanity  I  fay  it,  but  merely  to  do  juftice 
to  truth)  has  been  more  than  once  recommended  by 
me  to  this  republic,  by  word  of  mouth,  and  in  writ* 
ings  which  coft  me  many  nights  ftudy.  And  to  this  dear 
country  of  mine,  as  I  am  bound  by  the  laws  of  nature  ta 
do  every  thing  from  which  it  may  reap  any  benefit,  for 
*I  mod  .ardently  wifh  perpetual  duration,  and  a  long  fuc- 
ceffion  o[  every  kind  of  profperity*  Such  are  my  gienuine 
and  no  trifling  fatisfafbions  ;  fuch  are  the  recreations  and 
diverfions  of  my  old  age,  which  is  fo  much  the  more  to  .be 
valued  than  the  old  age,  or  even  youth,  of  other  men,  be- 
cau£e  being  freed,  by  God's  grace,  from  the  perturbations 
of  the  mind,  and  the  infirmities  of  the  body,  it  no  longer 
experiences  any  of  tfaofe  contrary  emotions  which  tor- 
ment a.  number  of  young  men,  and  many  old  ones  defti- 
tute  of  ftrength  and  health,  and  every  other  bleffing. 

And  if  it  be  lawful  to  compare  little  matters,  and  fuch  aa 
•  are  efteemed  trifling,  to  affairs  of  importance,  I  will  further 
venture  to  fay^  that  fuch  are  the  effeds^  of  this  fober  life, 
that,  at  my  prefent  age  of  eighty- three,  I  have  'been  able 
to.  write  a  very  entertaining  comedy,  abounding  with  in- 
nocent mirth  and  pleafant  jefts.  This  fpecies  of  compq. 
iition^  is  generally  the  child  and  ofl[spring  of  youth,  as  tra-- 

gcdy 


^8  A  THE  ATI  SE  0^  A  SOBER  XrlB-E.' 

gedjr  is  that  of  old  age  ;  the  former  being,  bj  its  facetiotli 
and  'fprightlj  turn,  fuited  to  the  bloom  of  life,  and  th^ 
latter,  by  its  gravity,  adapted  to  riper  years.  Now,  if 
that  good  old  man*,  a  Grecian  by  birth,  and  a  poet,  wad 
fo  ranch  extolled  for  having  written  a  tragedy  at  the  age 
of  feventy- three,  and,  on  that  account  alone,  reputed  of 
found  memory  and  underhand  in  g,  though  tragedy  be  a 
grave  and  melancholy  poem,  why  fbould  I  be  deemed 
lefs  happy,  and  to  have  a  fmaller  ihare  of  memory  and 
underftanding,  who  have,  at  an  age,  ten  years  more  ad« 
vanced  than  his,  written  a  comedy,  which,  as  every  one 
knows,  is  a  merry  and  pleafant  kind  of  compofition  ? 
And,  indeed,  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  be  an  impartial 
judge  in  my  own  caufe,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  I  am 
now  of  founder  metoory  and  underftanding,  and  heartier, 
than  he  was  when  ten  years  younger. 

And,  that  no  comfort  might  be  wanting  to  the  fulnefs  of 
my  years,  whereby  my  great  age  may  be  rendered  lefs  irk- 
fomej  or  rather  the  number  of  my  enjoyments  increafed,  I 
have  the  additional  comfort  of  feeing  a  kind  of  immortality 
in  a  fuccellion  of  defcendants.  For,  as  often  as  I  return  home, 
I  find  there,  before  me,  not  one  or  two,  but  eleven,  grands 
children,  the  old  eft  of  them  eighteen,  and  the  youngeft 
two  i   all    the    offspring    of  one   father   and    one    mo- 
ther ;  all  blefled  with   the  beft:  health ;   and,    by'  what 
as  yet  appears,  fond  of  learning,  and  of  good  parts  and^ 
morals.    Some  of  the  yotingeft  I  always  play  with,  and> 
indeed,  children  from  three  to  five  are  only  fit  for  play. 
Thofe  above  that  age  I  make  companions  of ;  and,  as  na« 
ture  has  beftowed  very  fine  voices  upon  them,  I  amufe  my- 
felf,  beGdes,  with  feeing  and  hearing  them  fing,  and  play  on 

various' 

*  Sophodesi 


A  TREATISE    ON   A   SOBER   LIFE.  ^§ 

V4rious  iofiniaients.  Naj,  I  iing  myfelf,  as  I  have  a 
better  -voice  now,  and  a  clearer  and  louder  pipe,  than  at 
any  other  period  of  life.  Such  are  the  recreations  of  mj 
old  age* 

Whence  it  appears,  that  the  life  I  lead  is  cheerful,  and 
Dot  gloonoj,  as  fome  perfons  pretend,  who  know  no  bet- 
ter ;  to  whom,  in  order  that  it  may  appear  what  value  I 
fet  on  every  other  kind  of  life,  I  muil  declare,  that  I 
would  not  exchange  my  manner  of  living  or  my  grey 
hairs  with  any  of  thofe  young  men,  even  of  the  beft  con« 
ftitution,  iR^ho  give  way  to  their  appetites ;  knowing,  as 
I  do,  that  fudi  are  daily,  nay,  hourly,  fubjed,  as  I  have 
already  obferved^  to  a  thoufand  kinds  of  ailments  and 
deaths.  This  is,  in  faft,  fo  obvious,  as  to  require  no 
proof.  Nay,  I  remember  perffeftly  well  how  I  ufed  to 
behave  at  that  time  of  life*  I  know  how  inconfiderately 
that  age  is  apt  to  ad,  and  how  foolhardy  young  men, 
hurried  en  by  the  heat  of  their  Uood,  are  wont  to  be  ; 
how  apt  they  are  to  prefume  too  mudi  on  their  own 
ftrength  in  all  their  aSions ;  and  how  fanguine  they  are 
in  their  expeftations  ;  as  well  on  account  of  the  little  ex- 
perience they  have  had  for  the  time  pad,  as  by  reafon  of 
the  power  they  enjoy  in  their  own  imaginations  over  the 
time  to  come.  Hence  they  expofe  themfelves  rafhly  to 
every  kind  of  danger;  and,  banifhing  reafon,  and  bowing 
their  necks  to  the  yoke  of  concupifcence,  endeavour  to 
gratify  all  their  appetites,  not  minding,  fools  as  they  are, 
that  they  thereby  haften,  as  I  have  feveral  times  obferv- 
ed,  the  approach  of  what  they  would  moil  willingly 
avoid, — ^I  mean  ficknefs  and  d^ath.  Of  thefe  two  evils 
one  is  troublefome  aqd  painful,  the  other,  above  all  things, 
dreadful  and. infupportable;  infupportable  to  every  man 
who  has  given  himfelf  up  to  his  fenfual  appetites;  and 
X  .         to 


80  A  tR£A':i^ISE  OK  A  SOBER  LIFE. 

to  yottfig.  men  in  particular^  to  whom  it  appears  a  hard-' 
ifaip  to  die  an  early  death  ;  dreadful  to  thofe  nHto  refie£l 
oa  the  errors  to  whkh  this  mortal  life  is  fabjeft,  and  oa 
the  vengeance  which  the  jaftice  of  God  is  wont  to  take 
oa  finaersy  bj  condemning  them  to  everhiUng  puniih- 
ment.  On  the  other  hand,  I^  ia  mj  dd  s^,,  (praife  to 
the  Almightj)  am  exempt  from  both  lihefe  apprehend 
^ns ;  from  the  one»  becanfe  I  am  fmre  and  certam  that  I 
cannot  fall  fick^  baring  removed  all  the  caufcs  of  illpie& 
bj  mj  divine  medicine ;  from  the  other,,  tifaot  o£  deaiA^ 
becaufis  from  fo  many  years  experience  I  have  learned 
to  obfey  rea&n  ;  whence  I  not  only  think  it  a  great  pieced 
q{  folly  to  fear  that  which  cannot  be  avoided,  but  lik&» 
wife  firmly  ezpeA  iome  confolation  from  the  grace  of 
Jefos  Chrift  when  I  ihall  arrive  aft  that  period. 

Befides,  though  I  am  Cenfible  that  I  muft,  like  othecsy 
reach  that  term,  it  is  yet  at  fo  great  a  diftaacc  that  I 
cannot  difcern  it,  becanfe  I  know  I  fhall  not  die  except* 
bymere  diflblntion,  having  already,  by  my  regular  conrfo 
of  life,  {hot  up  aU  the  other  avenues  of  death,  and  there-i 
by  prevented  the  humours  of  my  body  from  making  an/ 
other  war  upon  me  than  that  which  I  mnft  expeA  fron^ 
the  elements  employed  in  the  con^>ofition  of  this  mortal 
frame.  I  am  not  fo  fimple  as  not  to  know,  that,  as  I  war 
born,  fo  I  muft  die*  But  that  is  a  defiraUie  death  which 
nature  brings  on  us  by  way  of  diiiblution.  For  nature^ 
having  herfelf  formed  the  union  between  our  body  and 
foul,  knows  beft  in  what  manneir  it  may  be  moft  eafily^ 
diflblved,  and  grants  us  a  longer  day  to  do  it  thaa*  we 
could  exped  from  ficknefs,  ^htch. is  violent;  This  ia  the 
death,  which,  without  fpeaking  like  a  poet,  I  nuy  call 
not  death,  but  life.  Nor  can  it  be  odierwife.  Soeh-  m 
death  does  not  overtake  one  till  «ftei^  a>  very  lon|(  cdnrfor 
I  oC 


A  TB£ATISS  OK  A  80BE&  IIFE.  81 

of  yearsi  and  in  confequcnce  of  aa  extreme  weakneCs;  it 
being  only  by  flow  degrees  that  men  grow  too  feeble  to 
walk,  and  unable  to  reafon,  becoming  blind*  and  deaf,  de* 
crepid,  and  full  of  every  other  kiud  of  inirmity.  Now 
I,  by  God's  biei&ng,  may  be  quite  fnre  that  I  am  at  a 
very  great  diftance  from  fuch  a  period.  Nay,  J  have 
reafon  to  think,  that  my  foul,  haying  fo  agreeable  a  dwelU 
ing  in  my  body,  as  not  to  meet  with  any  thing  in  it  but 
peace,  love,  and  harmony,  not  only  between  its  humours^ 
but  between  my  reafon  and  the  fenfes,  is  exceedingly 
content  and  well  pleafed  with  her  prefent  fituation  :  and 
of  courfe,  that  a  great  length  of  time  and  many  years  muft 
be  requifite  to  diflodge  her*  Whence  it  muft  be  conclud- 
ed for  certain,  that  I  have  ftill  a  feries  of  years  to  live  ia 
health  and  fpirits,  and  enjoy  this  beautiful  world,  which  is 
indeed  beautiful  to  thofe  who  know  how  to  make  it  fo, 
as  I  have  done,  and  likewife  cxptSt  to  be  able  to  do,  with 
God's  afUftance,  in  the  next ;  and  all,  ^y  the  means  oif 
virtue,  and  that  divine  regularity  of  life,  which  I  have 
adopted,  concluding  an  alliance  with  my  reafon,  and 
declaring  wai:  againi^  my  fenfual  appetites ;  a  thing  which 
every  man  may  da  who  de&res  to  live  as  he  ought. 

Now,  if  this  fober  life  be  fo  happy ;  if  its  dame  be  fo 
defirable  and  delightful  j  if  the  poflfeffion  of  the  bleflings 
which  attend  it  be  fo  ftable  and  permanent^  all  I  have  ftill 
left  to  do  is  to  befeech  (fince  I  cannot  compafs  my  defirea 
by  the  powers  of  oratory)  every  man  of  a  liberal  difpofi* 
tion,  and  found  underftandiog,  to  embrace  with  open 
arms  this  moft  valuable  treafure  of  a  long  and  healthy 
life ;  a  treafure,  which,  as  it  exceeds  all  the  other  riches 
and  bleffings  of  this  world,  fo  it  deferves  above  all  things 
to  be  cherilhed,  fought  after,  and  carefully  preferved^ 
This  is  that  divine  fobriety,  agreeable  to  tl^e  deity,  the 

VoL^in^  F  friend 


62  A  TBEATISE  ON  A  SOBEB  LIFE# 

friend  of  natare,  the  daughter  of  reafon,  the  fifter  of  zSL 
•the  virtnesi  the  compaoion  of  temperate  living,  modefl^ 
courteous,  ccHitent  with  little,  regular^  and  perfect  miC- 
trefs  of  all  her  operations.     From  her,  a&  from  their  pro- 
per root,  fpring  life,  health,  cheerfalnefs,  induftrj,  learn-- 
ing,  and  ail  thofe  a&ions  and  emplojinents   worthy  of 
noble  and  generous  minds.     The  laws  of  God  and  maa 
are  all  in  her  farour.  Repletion,  excefs,  intemperance,  fu^- 
j)erfiaous  hurnours,'  difeafes,.  fevers,,  pains,  and  the  daiv- 
gers  of  death,  vanithtn-her  prefe:  ce,  like  clouds  before 
th-2   fun.     Her  connelinefs    ravifhes   every  well-difpofed    . 
mind.     Her  iniiuence  is  fo  fure,   as  to  promife  to  all  a 
very  long  and  agreeable  exiftence  :  the  facility  of  acquir-. 
isg  her  i^  fucli  as  ought  tu  induce  every  one  to  look  for 
her,  and   (hare   in  her  vidorics."     And,  laftly,  ihe  pro- 
•mifes  to  be  a  miid  and  agreeable  guardian  of  life ;  as  well 
of  the  rich  as  of  the  poor ;  of  the  male,,  as  of  the  female 
fex;  the  old  as  of  the  young :  being  that  which  teacheth  the    , 
rich  modedy;  the  poor  frugality;  men  continence;  womea 
<^aftity  ;  the  old  how  to  ward  off  the  attacks  of  death  ;  and 
beftows  on  youth  firmer  and  fecurer  hopes  of  life.  Sobriety 
renders  the  fenfes  clear,  the  body  light,  the  underftandiog 
lively,  the  foul  briffc,  the  memory  tenacious,  our  mo- 
tious  free,  and  all  our  aSions  regular  and  eafy.      By 
means  of  fobriety,  the  foul,  delivered,  as  it  were,  of  her 
.earthly  burthen^  experiences  a  great  deal  of  her  natural 
liberty :  the  fpiriss  circulate  gently  through  the  arteries; 
the  blood  runs  freely  through  the  veins  ^  the  heat  of  the 
body  kept  mild  and   temperate,  has  mild  and  temper- 
ate effeds  :   and,^  lailly,  our  faculties  being  under  a  per- 

'fe£l  regulation,  preferve*  a  pleafing  and  agreeable  bar- 

« 
.  'inony. 

O  moft  iunoeent  and  holy  Sobriety,  the  fole  refreihmeiit 


A  THfiATISH  ON  A  dOBBR  lI9£.  8S 

t>f  mature,  tbe  nurfing  mother  of  human  lifet  the  trutt 
phjfic  of  foul  as  well  as  of  body  !  How  ought  men  to 
praife  thee,  and  thank  thee  for  thy  princely  gifts  !  Since 
thou  beuoweft  on  them  the  means  of  preferving  tUis 
bleffing,  I  mean  life  and  health,  than  which  it  has  pot 
pleafed  God  we  (hould  enjoy  a  greater  on  this  fide  of 
the  grave,  life  and  exiftence  being  a  thing  fo  naturally  co« 
veted,  and  willingly  preferved,  by  every  liying  creature* 
Bilty  as  I  do  not  intend  to  write  a  panegjrric  on  this  rare 
and  excellent  virtue,  I  {ball  put  an  end  to  this  difcourfe* 
left  I  ihould  be  guilty  of  excefs  in  dwelling  fo  long  on  fo 
pleafing  a  fubjed  :  yet  as  numberlefs  things  may  ftiU 
be  faid  of  it,  I  leave  off  with  an  intention  of  fetting  forth 
the  reft  of  its  praifes  at  a  more  convenient  opportunity • ' 


A  C0M1»EN1)IUM  OF  A  SOBlER  LIFE. 

AiIy  Treatife  on  a  fober  life  has  begun  to  anfwer  my  de« 
fite,  in  being  of  fervice  to  many  perfons  born  with  a  weak 
conftitution,  who,  everjr  time  they  committed  the  leaft  ex« 
"ccfs,  found  themfelves  greatly  indifpofed,  a  thing  which,  it 
mud  be  allowed,  does  not  happen  to  robuft  people.  Several 
of  thefe  perfons  of  weak  conftitutions,  on  feeing  the  fore- 
going  treatife,  have  betaken  themfelves  to  a  regular  cburfe 
of  life,  convinced  by  experience  of  its  utility.  In  like 
manner,'  I  ihould  be  glad  to  be  of  fervice  to  thofe  who  are 
born  with  a  good  conftitution,  and,  prefuming  upon  it, 
lead  a  diforderly  life  ;  whence  it  comes  to  pafs,  that,  oh 
their  attaining  the  age  of  fixty,  or  thereabouts,  they  are 

F  2  attacked 


84  A   Ta£ATI82  ON  A  HOBER  LlfZ. 

attacked  with  varioHS  pains  and  difeafes  ;  fome  wbh  tbe 
gout,  fome  with  pains  in  the  fide,  and  others  with  pains  in 
the  ftomach,  and  the  like,  to  which  they  would  not  be  fal>- 
jed  were  thej  to  embrace  a  fober  life  ;  and  as  moftof  theoi 
di^  before  thejr  attain  their  eightieth  year,  they  would  lire 
to  a  hundred,  the  time  allowed  to  man  by  God  and  nature* 
And  it  is  but  reafonable  to  belieye,  that  the  intention  of 
this  our  mother  is,  that  we  fhould  all  attain  that  term,  in 
order  that  we  might  all  tafte  the  fweets  of  every  ftate  of 
life.  But,  as  our  birth  is  fubjeA  to  the  revolutions  of 
the  heavens,  thefe  have  great  influence  over  it,  eipecially 
in  rendering  our  conftitutions  roboft  or  infirm ;  a  thing 
which  nature  cannot  ward  againft  ;  -for  if  (he  could,  we 
ihould  all  bring  a  good  conftitution  with  us  into  the  world. 
But  then  {he  hopes,  that  man,  being  endowed  with  reaton 
and  underftanding,  may  of  himfelf  compenfate,  by  dint  of 
art,  the  want  of  that  which  the  heavens  have  denied  hioi; 
and,  by  means  of  a  fober  life,  contrive  to  mend  his  infirai 
conftitution,  live  to  a  great  age,  and  always  epjoy  good 
health. 

For  man,  it  is  not  io  be  doubtedt  may,  by  art,  exempt 
himfelf  in  part  from  the  influence  of  the  heavens ;  it  be« 
ing  the  common  opinion,,  that  the  heavens  give  an  inclia- 
ation,  but  do  not  impel  us  ;  for  which  reafon  the  learo« 
ed  fay,  that  a  wife  man  rules  the  flars.  I  was  bom  with 
a  very  choleric  difpofition,  infomuch  that  there  was  no 
living,  with  me  ;  but  I  took  notice  of  it,  and  confidered^ 
that  a  perfon  fwayed  by  his  paf&on  muft,  at  certain  times, 
be  no  better  than  a  madman ;  I  mean  at  thbfe  times 
when  he  fufiers  his  pailions  to  predominate,  becaufe  he 
then  renounces  his  reafon  and  underftanding.  I,  there- 
fore, refolved  to  niake  my  choleric  difpofitxon  give  wajr 
to  reafon  ^  fo  that  now,  though  born  cholerici  I  never 

fttflfer 


A  TBBATI8E  ON  A  SOBBB  LIFE*  85 

faffer  anger  entirely  to  overcome  me.  The  man  who  is  na- 
turallj  of  a  bad  conftitutioa  may,  in  like  manner,  by  dint 
of  reafony  and  a  fober  life,  live  to  a  great  age,  and  in 
good  health,  as  I  have  done,  who  had  naturally  the  word, 
fo  that  it  was  impoffible  I  (hould  live  above  forty  years, 
whereas  I  now  find  myfelf  found  and  hearty  at  the  age 
of  eighty-fix  $  and  were  it  not  for  the  long  and  violent 
fits  of  illnefs  which  I  experienced  in  my  youth,  to  fuch  a 
degree  that  the  phyficians  gave  me  over,  and  which  rob* 
bed  me  of  vqjy  radical  moiflure,  a  lofs  abfolutely  irre«* 
parable,  I  might  expeft  to  attain  the  above-mentioned 
term  of  one  hundred.  But  1  know  £dr  good  reafons  that 
it  is  imj^offible  j  and,  therefore,  do  not  think  of  it.  It  is 
enough  for  me  that  I  have  lived  forty^fix  years  beyond 
the  term  I  had  a  right  to  expe&;,and  that,  during  this 
fo  long  a  refpite,  all  my  fenfes  have  continued  perfled,  and 
even  my  teeth,  my  voice,  my  memory,  and  my  ftrenj^h  ; 
bat  what  is  fiill  more,  my  brain  is  more  itfelf  now  than 
ever  it  was  ;  nor  do  any  of  thefe  powers  abate  as  I  ad* 
Tance  in  years ;  and  this  becaufe,  as  I  grow  older,  I  lefiTen 
the  quantity  of  my  folid  food* 

This  retrenchment  is  necefiary,  nor  can  it  be  avoided, 
fioce  it  is  impofiible  for  a  man  to  live  for  ever  ;  and  as 
he  draws  qear  his  end,  he  is  reduced  fo  low  as  to  be 
no  longer  able  to  take  any  nouriihment,  unlefs  it  be  to 
fwallow,  and  that  too  with  difficulty,  the  yolk  of  an  egg 
in  the  fonr-and-twenty  hours,  and  thus  end  by  mere  dif- 
folution,  without  any  pain  or  ficknefs,  as  I  exped  will 
be  my  cafe.  This  is  a  blefllng  of  great  importance ;  yet 
may  be  expefted  by  all  thofe  who  fliall  lead  a  fober  life» 
of  whatever  degree  or  condition,  whether  high,  or  middl- 
ing, or  low  'y  for  we  are  all  of  the  fame  fpecfies,  and 
compofed  of  the  fame  four  elements :  and,  fince  a  long 

F  3  and 


86  A  TREATISE  OK  A  SOBER  LIFE. 

* 

and  healthy  life  ought  to  be  greatly  coyeted  by  everj 
man,  as  I  fball  prefently  fhew,  I  conclude,  that  every  man 
is  bound  in  duty  to  exert  himCelf  to  obtain  longevity,  and 
that  he  cannot  promife  himfelf  fuch  a  bleiEng  ^without 
temperance  and  fobriety.         ' 

Some  allege  that  many,  without  leading  fuch  a  liFe^ 
have  lived  to  an  hundreds  and  that  in  conftant  health* 
though  they  ate  a  great  deal,  and  ufed  indifcriminatelj 
every  kind  of  viands  and  wine ;  and  therefore  flatter 
themfelves  that  they  (hall  be  equally  fortunate.  But  in  this  . 
they  are  guilty  of  two  miftakes  \  the  firil  is,  that  it  is  not 
one  in  a  hundred  thoufand  that  ever  attains  that  happi« 
nefs  ;  the  other  millake  k,  that  fuch,  in  the  ebd,  mod  af- 
furedly  contraf):  fome  illnefs,  which  carrier  them  oS*': 
nor  can' they  ever  be  fure  of  ending  their  days  otherwife: 
fo  that  the  fafeil  way  to  obtain  a  long  and  healthy  life  is^ 
at  leaft  after  forty,  to  embrace  fobriety.  This  is  no  fuch 
difficult  affair,  fince  hiftory  informs  us  of  fo  many,  who^ 
in  former  times,  lived  with  the  greateft  temperance ;  and 
I  know  that  the  prefent  age  furniflies  us  with  many  fuch 
inftances,  reckoning  myfelf  one  of  the  number :  we  are 
all  human  beings,  and  endowed  with  reafon,  confequentljr 
we  are  matters  of  all  our  adions. 

This  fobriety  is  reduced  to  two  things,  quality  and 
quantity.  The  firft^  namely  quality,  confifts  in  nothing 
but  not  eating  food,  or  drinking  wines,  prejudicial  to  the 
ftomach.  The  fecond,  which  is  quantity,  con&fts  in  not 
eating  or  drinking  more  than  the  (lomach  can  eafily  di« 
geft  \  which  quantity  and  quality  every  man  fliould  be  a 
perfeA  judge  of  by  the  time  he  is  forty  or  fifty,  or  fixty  ; 
and  whoever  obferves  thefe  two  rules,  may  be  faid  to 
live  a  regular  and  fober  life.  This  is  of  fo  much  virtue 
l^^d  efficacy,  tl^at  the  humours  of  fuch  a  man's  body  be*. 

''  come 


A   TREATISE    ON   A   SOBER   LIFE.  8? 

memt  inoft  homogeneous,  harmoniousy  and  perfect ;  and, 
'when  thus  improved,  are  no  longer  liable  to  be  corrupted 
-^r  difturbed  bj  anj  other  diforders  whatfoevjer,  fuch  as 
iuffering  ezceflive  heat  or  cold,  too  much  fatigue,  want  of 
matural  reft^  and  the  like,  unlefs  in  the  laft  degree  of  ez- 
cefs.  Wherefore,  fioce  the  humQurs  of  perfons  who  ob- 
ferve  thefe  two  rjiles  relative  to  eating  and  drinKing  can* 
'  not  poflibly  be  jcorrupted^  and  engender  acute  difeafes, 
the  foufces  of  an  untimely  death,  every  man  is  bound  to 
comply  with  them  $  for  whoever  afts  otherw>ie,  living  a 
diforderlj  inftead  of  a  regular  life,  is  conftantly  expofed 
todifeafe  and  mortality,  as  well  in  confequence  ot  fuch  dif« 
orders,  as  of  others  without  number,  each  of  ,which  is 
capable  of  producing  the  fame  deftruftive  efFeA. 

It  is,  indeed,  true,  that  even  thofe  who  obferve  the 
two  rules  xelaJting  to  diet,  the  obfervance  of  which  con«- 
Ititutes  a  fober  life,  may,  by  committing  any  one  of  the 
ether  irregularities,  find  himfelf  the  worlefor  Lt  a  day  or 
two,  but  not  fo  as  to  bi:eed  a  fever.  He  may  like  wife  be 
9ffe&ed  by  the  rpvoliition  of  the  heavenb ;  but  neither  the 
heavens  nor  thofe  irregularities  are  capable  of  corrupting 
the  humours  of  a  temperate  perlon  4  and  it  is  .ut  rea- 
ibnabie  and  natural  \f,  ihould  be  fO|  as  .the  two  irregulari- 
ties pf  diet  ar^  interior,  ar.d  the  others  exterior. 

But  as  th^ve  are  fome  peifons  Itrickea  in  years,  who 
^re,  notwithft^nding,  very  gLttono^s  and  a  lege,  that  nei- 
ther the  quantity  Qor  quality  of  their  diet  makes  aCiy  im- 
'prejQion  upon  them,  an>i  there  ore  eat  a  great  deal,  and 
f}£  every  thing  without  diftinfkion,  ai;d  inaulge  them- 
selves equally  in  point  of  drmking,  becr.ufc  they  do  tiit 
Jluow  in  what  part  of  their  bodies  their  itotnichs  are  iiiu- 
^te;  fuch,  no' doubt,  are  beyond  ^11  mealure  lenfual,  and 
41aves  to  gluttony :  to  thefe  1  anfwer,  that  what  liiey  f<»j 

F  4  > 


88  A  T&EA.TIS1E  ON  A  SOBER  LIFB< 

i§^  impoffible  in  the  nature  of  things,  bedaufe  it  is  impof- 
fible  that  every  man  who  ^omes  into  the  world  flionld 
not  bring  with  him  a  hot,  a  cold,  or  a  temperate,  confti- 
ttttion ;  and  that  hot  foods  fhould  agree  fvith  hot  confii- 
tutions,  cold  with  cold  ones,  and  things  that  ar^  not  of  a 
temperate  nature  with  temperate  ones,  is  likewife  impof^ 
fible  in  nature.  After  all,  thefe  epicures  muft  allow, 
that  they  ate  now  and  then  out  of  order,  and  that  they 
eure  themfelves  by  taking  evacuating  medicines*  and  6b- 
ferving  a  ftrid  4ict ;  whence  it  appears,  that  their  being 
out  of  ^order  is  owing  to  their  eating  too  much,  and  of 
fhings  difagrceing  with  their  ftomach. 

There  are  other  old  gluttons,  who  fay,  that  it  is  nacef- 
fary  they  ihould  eat  and  drink  a  great  deal  to  keep  up 
their  natural  heat,   which  is  conftantly  diminifliing   as 
they  advance  in  years  ;  and  that  it  is  therefore  necefiary 
to  eat  heartily,   and  of  fuch  things  as  pleafe  their  pa- 
late, be  they  hot,  cold,  or  temperate ;  and  that,  were 
they  to  lead  ,a  fober  life  it  would  be,  a  {hort  one?   To  thefe 
I  anfwer,  that  our  kind  mother  Nature,  in  order  that  old 
men  may  live  ftill  to'  a  greater  age,  has  contrived  matters 
fo,  that  they  ihould  be  able  to  fubfift  on  little,  as  I  do  $ 
for  large  quantities  of  food  cannot  be  digefted  by  old  and 
feeble  {tomachs.     Nor  >  ihould  fuch  perfons  be  afraid  of 
^orteniifg  their  days  by  eating  too  little,  iince,  when  they 
happen  to  be  indifpofed,  they  recover  by  leiTening  the 
quantity  of  theit  food^  for  it  is  a  trifle  they  eat,  when  con- 
fined to  a  regimen,  by  obferving  which  they  get  rid  of 
their  diforder.      Now,  i  if  by  reducing  themfelves  to  « 
very  (mall  quantity  of  food,  they  recover  from  the  jaw$ 
0f  death,  how  can  they  doubt  but  that,  with  an  increaie 
of  diet,  ilill  coniiilent,  however,  with  fobriety,  they  will 
1^  able  to  fupport  nature  when  in  perfeft  health  i 

Others 


A  TREATISE  ON  A  ftOBSB  LITE.  89 

Others  fay,  that  it  is  better  for  a  maa  to  fuSer  every 
year  three  or  four  returns  of  his  ufual  diforders,  fuch  as 
the  gout)  pains  in  the  fide,  and  the  like,  than  be  tormented 
the  whole  year  by  not  indulging  his  appetite,  and  eating 
every  thing  his  palate  likes  beft  ;  fiitce,  by  a  good  regit 
men  alone^  he  is  fure  to  get  the  better  of  fuch  attacks; 
Xo  this  I  anfweri  that  our  natural  heat  growing  lefs  and 
lefsy  as  we  advance  in  years,  no  regimen  can  retain  vit« 
tue  fufficient  to  conquer  the  malignity  with  which  difor- 
ders  of  repletion  are  ever  attended ;  fo  that  he  mud  die 
sLt  lad  of  thefe  periodical  diforders,  becaufe  they  abridge 
life,  as  health  prolongs  iu 

Others  pretend,  that  it  is  much  better  to  live  ten  years 
le(s,  than  not  indulge  one*s  appetite.  To  this  I  an- 
fwer,  that  longevity  ought  to  be  highly  valued  by  men 
of  part?}  as  to  others,  it  is  nq  great  matter,  if  it  is 
not  duly  prized  by  them,  fince  they  are  a  difgrace  to 
mankind,  fo  that  their  death  is  rather  of  fervice  to  the 
public.  But  it  is  a  great  misfortune  that  niien  of  bright 
parts  {hould  be  cut  off  in  that  manner,  fince  he,  who  is 
already  a  cardinal,  might,  perhaps,  by  living  to  eighty, 
attain  the  papal  crown  ;  and  in  the  ftate,  many,  by  living 
fome  years  extraordinary,  may  acquire  the  ducal  digni- 
ty i  and  fo  in  regard  to  letters,  by  which  a  man. may  rife 
fo  as  to  be  confidered  as  a  god  upon  earth  ;  and  the  like 
ja  every  other  profeiGon* 

There  are  others,  who,  though  their  flomachs  become 
weaker  and  weaker  with  refpedt  to  digeftion,  as  they  ad- 
vance in  years,  cannot,  however,  be  brought  to  retrench  the 
quantity  of  their  food,  nay,  they  rather  increafe  it.  Aad| 
becaufe  they  find  themfelves  unable  to  digeft  the  great 
quantity  of  food  with  which  they  muft  load  their  ft<Miiachs^ 
\>r  eating  twice  in  the  four-and-twenty  hours,  they  make 


go  A  TREATISE  bN   A   SOBER   LIFE. 

I 

a  refoltttien  to  eat  but  once,  that  the-long  interval  between 
one  meal  and  the  other  maj  enable  .them  to  eat  at  one  fit- 
ting as  much  as  they  ufed  to  do  in  two  :  thu3  thej  eat  till 
their  Itomachs,  overburthened  with  much  food,  psdl,  and 
ficken,  and  change  the  fuperfiuous  food  into  bad  humours> 
which  kill  a  man  before  his  time.  I  never  knew  any  perfon 
who  led  that  kind  of  life  live  to  be  very  old.  All  thefe 
old  men  I  have  been/pead&ing  of  would  live  long,  if,  as 
they  advanced  in  years,. they  lefiened  the  quantity  of  their 
food,  and  eat  oftener,  but  little  at  a  time  ;  for  old  fto- 
,  machs  cannot  digeft  large  quantities  of  food ;  old  mea 
ctiai^ging,  in  that  refpeft,  to  children,  who  eat  feveral 
times  in  the  four*and-twenty  hours*  . 

Others  fay,  that  temperance  may,  indeed,  keep  a  man 
in  health,  but  that  it  cannot  prolong  his  life.  To  this  I  • 
anfwer,  that  experience  proves  the  contrary  ;  and  that  I 
myfelf  am  a  living  inflance  of  it*  It  cannot, be  faid,  that 
Sobriety  is  apt  to  {bprten  one*s  days,  as  ficknefs  does  i 
and  that  the  latter  abbreviates  life  is  moft  certain. 
Moreover,  a  conftant  fucceffion  of  good  health  is  prefefable 
tp  frequent  ficknefs,  as  the  radical  moiflure  is  thereby 
preCerved.  Hence  it  may  be  fairly  concluded,  that  holy 
fobriety  is  the  true  parent  of  health  and  longevity. 

O  thrice  holy  Sobriety,  fo  ufeful  to  man,  by  the  fer« 
vices  thou  rendereft  him  !  thou,  prolonged  his  days,  by 
which  means  he  greatly  improves  his  underftanding,  and 
by  fuch  improvement  he  avoids  the  bitter  fruits  of  fen« 
(uality,  which  are  an  enemy  to  reafon,  man's  peculiar  pri**" 
vilest :  tnofe  bitter  fruits  are  the  pafiions  and  perturba<- 
tio;is  of  the  mind.  Thou,  moreover,  freed  him  froxn  the 
dreadful  thoughts  of  death.  How  greatly  is  thy  faithful 
^ifcij^k  indebted  to  thee,  fince,  by  thy  aififiance,  be  im- 


A  TRSAtlSK  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE.  Ql 

joys  this  beautiful  expanfe  of  the  vifible  world,  which  is 
really  be^otiful  to  fuch  as  know  how' to  yiew  it  with  ^ 
philofophic  eye,  as  thou  haft  enabled  me  to  do  !  nor  could  • 
ly  at  any  other  time  of  life,  even  when  I  was  J'oung,  but 
altogether  debauched  by  an  iitegular  life,  perceive  its 
beauti^s^  though  I  fpared  no  pains  or  expence  to  enjoy 
every  feafon  of  life,     Bnt  I  found  that  all  the  pleafures 
of  that  age  had  their  alloy ;  fo  that  I  never  knew,  till  I 
grew  old,  that  the  world'  was  beautiful.     O  truly  happy 
life !  which,  over  and  above  all  thefe  favours  conferred  on 
thine  old  nran,  haft  fo  imprj^ved  and  perfeded  his  fto« 
B>ach,  that  he  has  now  a  better  relifli  for  his  dry  bread 
than  he  had  formerly,  and  in  his  youth,  for  the  moft  ex« 
quifite  dainties :  and  all  this  he  has  c6mpa{red  by  aft» 
iDg  rationally,  knowing,  that  bread  is,  above  all  things, 
man's  proper  food,  when  fsafoned  by  a  good  appetite ;  and, 
whilft  a  man  leads  a  fober  life,  he  may  be  fure  of  never 
wanting  that  natural  fauce;  becaufe,  by  always  eating 
little,  the  ftomach  not  being  much  burthen ed,  need  not 
wait  long  to  have,  an  appetite.     It  is  for  this  reafon  that 
dry  bread  reliflies  fo  well  with  me  ;  and  I  know  it  from 
experience,  and  can  with  truth  afiirm,  I  find  fuch  fweet^ 
nefs  in  it,  that  I  (ho'uld  be  afraid  of  finning  againft  tem- 
perance, were  it  not  for  my  beiog  convinced  of  the  abfo- 
lute  neceffity  of  eating  of  it,  and  that  we  cannot  make  ufe 
of  a  more  natural  food.     And  thou,  kind  parent  Nature, 
who  a)3eft  fo  lovingly  by  thy  aged  offspring,  in  order  to 
prolong  his  days,  haft  contrived  matters  fo  in  his  favour^ 
that  he  can  live  upon  very  little ;  and,  in  order  to  add  to 
the  tavour,  andrdo  him  ftill  greater  fervice,  haft  made  him 
ftitfible,  that,  as  in  his  youtn  he  iifed  to  eat  twice  a-day, 
^hen  he  arrived  at  old  age  he  Ought  to  divide  that  food^ 
^  which  he  was  accuftomed  before  to  make  bi\t  two. 

faealS| 


g2  A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBSK.  LlffX* 

iineals^  into  four ;  becaufe,  thus  divided,  ic  will  be  more 
ea£Ijr  digefted ;  and,  as  in  his  yottth  he  made  but  two 
meals  in  the  daj,  he  ihould,  in  his  old  age,  make  four^ 
provided,  however,  he  leflens  the  quantity  as  his  yeara 
increafe.  And  this  is  what  I  do,  agreeably  to  my  owa 
experience ;  and,  therefore,  my  fpirits,  not  opprefled  by 
much  food,  but  barely  kept  up,  are  always  briik,  efpecU 
ally  after  eating,  fo  that  I  am  accuftomed  then  to  fing  a 
fong,  and  afterwards  to  write. 

Nor  do  I  ever  find  myfelf  the  worfe  for  writing  imme- 
diately after  meals;  nor  is  my  underftanding  ever  clearer; 
nor  am  I  apt  to  be  drowfy ;  the  food  I  take  bein^in  too 
fmall  a  quantity  to  fend  up  any  fumes  to  the  brain.  O 
how  advantageous  it  is  to  an  old  man  to  eat  but  little  ! 
Accordingly  I,  who  know  it,  eat  but  juft  enough  to  keep 
body  and  foul  together  ;  and  the  things  I  eat  areas  follow. 
Firfl,  bread,  panado,  fome  broth  with  an  egg  in  it,  or  fuch 
other  good  kinds  of  foup  or  fpoon-meat.  Of  flefli  meat  I 
eat  vea.1,  kid,  and  mutton.  I  eat  poultry  of  every  kind.  I 
eat  partridges,  and  other  birds,  fuch  as  thrufhes.  I  like<« 
wife  eat  fi(h;  for  inftance,  the  goldney  and  the  like, 
amongfl:  fea-jiih ;  and  the  pike,  and  fuch  like  amongft 
freih-water  fifh.  AH  thefe  things  are  fit  for  an  old  man, 
and,  therefore,  he  ouj^ht  to  be  content  with  them  ;  and, 
confidering  their  number  and  variety,  not  hanker  after 
others*  Such  old  men  as  are  too  poor  to  allow  them« 
felves  provifions  of  this  kind,  may  do  very  well  with 
bread,  panado,  and  eggs ;  things  which  no  poor  man  can 
want,  unlefs  it  be  common  beggars,  and,  as  we  call  them, 
vagabonds,  about  whom  we  are  not  bound  to  make  our« 
felves  uneafy,  fince  they  have  brought  themfelves  to  that 
pafs  by  their  indolence,  and  had  better  be  dead  than  alive; 
for  they  are  a  difgrace  to  human  nature*    But^though  a 

4  poor 


A  TBBATISE  ON  A  SOBSB  Z.IFE. 


fiS 


poor  man  (bovld  eat  nothing  but  bread,  panado,  and  eggs, 
there  is  no  neceffity  for  his  eating  more  than  his  ftomach 
can  digeft.  And,  whoever  does  not  trefpafs  in  point  of 
^Cfaer  quantity  or  quality^  cannot  die  but  by  mere  diflb*- 
Jntion*  O  what  a  difference  there  is  between  a  regular 
and  an  irregular  life  !  One  gives  longevity  and  health,  the 
other  produces  difeafes  and  untimely  deaths. 

O  unhappy,  wretched  Life,  my  fworn  enemy,  who  art 
gpod  for  nothing  but  to  murder  thofe  who  follow  thee  ! 
How  many  of  my  deareft  relations  and  friends  haft  thoa 
robbed  me  of^  in  oonfequence  of  their  not  giving  credit 
to  me  !  relations  and  friends  whom  I  (hould  now  enjoy. 
But  thou  haft  not  been'  able  to  d^ftroy  me,  according  to 
thy  wicked  intent  and  purpofe.  I  am  ftill  alive  in  fpite 
of  thee,  and  have  attained  to  fuch  an  age,  as  to  fee  around 
aae  eleven  grandchildren,  all  of  fine  underftanding,  and 
mmiable  difpofition  ;  all  given  to  learning  and  virtue ;  all 
beautiful  in  their  perions,  and  lovely  in  their  maoners  ; 
iRriiom,  bad  I  obeyed  thy  diftateg,  I  fliould  never  have 
beheld*  Nor  ihould  I  enjoy  thofe  beautiful  and  conveni- 
ent apartments  which  I  have  built  from  the  ground  with 
fuch  a  variety  of  gardens,  as  required  no  fmall  tiqie  to 
attain  their  prefent  degree  of  perfedion.  No  !  thy  na- 
ture is  to  deftroy  thofe  who  follow*  thee  before  they  can 
fee  their  hou&s  or  gardens  fo  much  as  finiflied ;  whereas 
X  to  thy  no  fmall  confufion,  have  already  enjoyed  mine 
£or  a  great  number  of  years.  But,  fince  thou  art  U>  pef- 
-tikfitial  a  vice  as  to  polbn  and  deftroy  the  whole  world, 
mad  I  am  determined  to  ufe  my  utmoft  endeavours. to  ex- 
tirpate, thee,  at  leaft  in  part,  I  have  refolved  to  countera^ 
-f  hee  fo,  that  my  eleven  grandchildren  (hall  take  pattern  af- 
ter me,  and  thereby  eatpofe  thee  for  what  thou  really  art, 

a 


04  A  TIUSATISE  OX  A  S0S£IL  LIF^^ 

a  mofl:  wicked,  defperate,  and  qiortal,  enemy  of  the  child^ 
xen  of  men. 

. '  I  Ttdlly  canaot  help  admiring,  that  men  of  fine  parttf^ 
and  fuch  there  are,  who  have  attained  a  fuperior  rank  in 
letters,  or  any  other  profeffion,  ihould  not  betake  them* 
.  ttlves  to  a  regular  life,  when,  they  are  arrived  at  the  age 
of  fifty  or  fixty,  or  as  foon  as  they  find  themfelves  at- 
tacked by  any  of  the  foregoing  diforders,  of  which  they 
might  eafily  recover  ;  whereas,  by  being  permitted  to  get 
a-heady  they  become  incurable.  As  to  young  men,  I  am 
no  way  furprifed  at  them,  fince  the  paffions  being  ftrong 
at  that  age,  they  are  of  courfe  the  more  eafily  overpow- 
ered >y  their  baleful  influence.  But  after  fifty,  our  lives 
ihouldy  in  every  thing,  be  governed  by  reafon,  which 
teaches  us,  that  the  confequences  of  gratifying  our  palate 
and  our  appetite  are  difeafe  and  death.  Were  this  plea- 
fure  of  the  palate  lafting,  it  would  be  fome  excufe ;  but 
it  is  fo  momentary,  that  there  is  fcarce  any  diftinguiihing 
between  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  it  i  whereas  the 
difeafes  it  produces  are  very  durable.  But  it  muft  be  a 
great  contentment  to  a  man  of  fober  life  to  be  able  to  re- 
fleft  thaty  in  the  manner  be  lives,  he  is  fure  that  what 
he  eats  will  keep^him  in  good  health,  and  be  productive 
•f  no  difeafe  or  infirmity. 

Now,  I  was  willing  to  make  this  fhort  addition  to  my 
treatife,  founded  on  new  reafons ;  few  perfons  caring  to 
perufe  long  winded  difcourfes;  whereas  (liort  tra&s  have 
a  chance  of  being  read  by  many  ^  and  I  wifh  that  many 
may  fee  this  addition,  to  the  end  that  its  utility  may  be 
more  extenfive. 

An 


(    95    ) 


AN  BARKEST  EXHORTATIdN, 

• 

Wherein  the  author  ufes  the  ftrongeft  arguments  to  per« 
foade  all  men  to  embrace  a  regular  and  fober  life,  in 
order  to  attain  old  age,  in  vrhich  they  may  enjoj  all 
the  favours  and  bleffings  that  God,  in  his  goodncfs, 
vouch£ifes  to  beftow  upon  mortals. 

JNoT  to  be  wanting  to  my  duty,  that  duty  incuoibent 
upon  every  man,  and  not  to  loofe,  at  ^he  fame  time,  the 
fatisfadign  I  feel  in  being  ufeful  to  others,  I  have  relblv- 
ed  to  take  up  my  pen^  and  inform  thofe  who,  for  want  of 
converfing  with  me,  are  ftrangers  to  what  thofe  know 
and  fee  with  whom  I  have  the  pleafure  of  being  acquaint- 
ed* But,  as  certain  things  may  appear  to  fome  perfons 
fcarce  credible,  nay,  impoflible,  though  aftually  fa£l,  I 
(hall  not  fail  to  relate  them  for  the  benefit  of  the  public. 
Wherefore,  I  fay,  being  (God  be  praifcd!)  arrived  at  m^ 
ninety-fifth  year,  and  flill  finding  mjfelf  found  and  hearty, 
content  and  cheerful,  I  never  ceafe  thanking  the  divine 
majefly  for  fo  great  a  bleiling,  confidering  the  ufual  fate 
of  other  old  men.  Thefe  fcarce  attain  the  age  of  feventy 
without  lofing  their  health  and  fpirits,  growing  melan* 
choly  and  peevi(h,  and  continually  haunted  by  the 
thoughts  of  death  ;  apprehending  their  laft  hour  from 
one  day  to  another,  fo  that  if  is  impoi&ble  to  drive  fuqh 
'thoughts  out  of  thtir  mind ;  whereas  fuch  things  give  me 
not  the  leaft.uneafinefs ;  for,  indeed^  I  cannot  at  all  make 
them  the  object  of  my  attrntion,  as  I  (hall  hertafter  more 
plainly  relate.  I  (hall,  bofides,  demonftrate  the  certainty 
I  have  of  living  to  a  hundred.  But,  to  render  this  dif- 
fertatioa  more  methodical,  I  fhall  begin  by  confidering 

man 


06  A  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIFE*  . 

man  at  his   birth  $   and  from   thence  accompanj  him 
through  every  ftage  of  life  to  his  grave. 

I  therefore  faj,  that  fome  come  into  the  world  with 
the  ftamina  of  life  fo  weak,  that  they  live  but  a  few  dajs^ 
or  months,  or  years ;  .and  it  cannot  be  clearly  known  to 
what  fuch  (hortnefs  <of  }ife  is  owing ;  whether  to  fome 
iitiA  n  the  father  or  the  mother  in  begetting  them,  or 
to  the  revolutions  of  the  heavens,  or  to  the  defeft  ^of  na« 
ture«  fnbje^  as  (he  is  to  the  celeftial  influence.  For  I  could 
never  bring  myfelf  to  believe  that  nature,  the  common 
parent  of  all,  ihould  be  partial  to  any  of  her  children* 
Therefore,  as  we  cannot  affign  the  caufes,  we  mud  be 
content  with  reafoning  from  the  effe£ls,  fuch  as  they  daily 
appear  to  our  view. 

Others  are  born  found,  indeed,  and  full  of  fpirlts,  but 
sotwithftanding,  with  a  poor  weakly  conftitution ;  and  of 
thcfe  fome  live  to  the  age  of  ten,  others  to  twenty,  others 
to  thirty  and  forty;  yet  they  do  not  live  to  eztrepie  old  age. 
Others  again  bring  into  the  world,  a  perfe^  conftitution, 
and  live  to  old  age,  but  it  is  generally,  as  I  have  already  faid, 
an  old  age  full  of  ficknefs  and  lorrow,.  for  which  t;hey  are 
to  thank  themfelves  ;  becaufe  they  moft  unreafonably  pre- 
fume  on  the  goodnefs  of  their  conftitution,  and  cannot  by 
any  msans  be  brought  to  depart,  when  grown  old,  from 
the  mode  of  life  they  purfued  in  their  younger  days,  as  if 
they  ftill  retained  all  their  primitive  vigour.  Nay,  they 
intend  to  live  as  irregularly  when  paft  the  meridian  of  life 
as  they  did  all  the  time  of  their  youth;  thinking  they 
ihall  never  grow  old,  nor  their  conftitution  be  ever  im- 
paired.  Neither  do  they  conftder  that  their  ftomach  has 
loft  its  natural  heat,  and  that  they  ihould,  on  that  account^ 
pay  a  greater  regard  to  the  quality  of  what  they  eat,  and 
what  wines  they  drink  ^  and  likewife  to  the  quantity  of 

each. 


I 

A  TKBATISB   ON   A.  80BSS.  LIFE.  QJ 

each,  whicb  tbejr  ought  to  leflen :  whereas,  on  the  con* 
trary,  diey  aire  for  incfcafing  itf  fajing,  that,  as  we  lofe  our 
health  and  ^vigour  by  jgrowiog  old,  we  ihould  endeavour  to 
repair  the  lols  by  iflcreafing  the.  quantity  of  our  food,  iinoe 
ic  18  by  fuftenance  that  man  is  preferved. 

In  this,  neverthekisythey  are  greatly  miftaken,  fisce, 
88  the  natural  heat  leffens  as  a  man  grows  in  years,  he 
ihould  diminiih  the  qttahtity  of  his  meat  and  drink;  nature, 
efpeciaUy  at  that  period,  being  content  with  little.  Nay, 
though  they  have,  all  the  reafon  to  bejiieve  this  to  be  the 
cafe,  they  are  fb  obftinate  as  to  think  otherwife ;  and  ftili 
follow  their  lifual  difofderiylife.  But  were  they  to  re« 
linquifli  it  in  due  time,  and  betake  themfelves  to  a  regu- 
lar and  fober  courfe,  they  would  not  grow  infirm  in  their 
old  age,  but  would  continue,  as  I  am,  ftrong  and  hearty, 
ccnfidering  how  good  and  perfeA  a  confiitution  it  has 
pleafed  the  Almighty  to  beftow  upon  them,  and  would 
live  to  the  age'  of  one  hundred  and  twenty.  This  has 
been  the  cafe  of  others,  who,  as  we  read  in  many  authors, 
have  lived  a  fober  live,  and,  of  courfe,  were  born  with 
this  perfeA  conftitntion  ;  and  had  it  been  my  lot  to  enjoy 
fuch  a  conftitntion,  I  ihould  make  no  doubt  of  attaining 
the  fime  age.  But,  as  I  was  bora  with  feeble  ftamina, 
I  am  afraid  I  (hall  not  outlive  an  hundred.  Were  others, 
too,  who  are  alfo  born  with  an  infirm  confiitution,  to  be- 
take themfelves  to  a  regular  life,  as  I  have  done,  they 
would  attain  the  age  of  one  hundred  and  upwards,  as  will 
be  my  cafe. 

And  this  certainty  of  being  able  to  live  a  .great  age  is, 
in  my  opinion,  a  great  advantage,  and  highly  to  be  va- 
lued ;  none  being  fure  to  live  even  a  fingle  hour  except 
fuch  as  adhere  to  the  rules  of  temperance.  This  fecuricy 
of  life  is  built  on  good  and  true  natural  reafons,  which  can 

Vol.  III.  G  never 


98  A  TRSATISft  Oil  ▲  aOBUL  Jdlf  £# 

wfcr  fitUi  it  hmg  impcAlte,  xn  the  mtoift  cC  thitga^ 
that  he  who  leads  a  fober  aad  regufaur  life  Ao«M  breed 
enyficksefst  or  dieof  an  unmtiind  deaths  before  the  time 
ft  which  it  it  abfehifeijr  iaapofihie  he  flmiM  livcb  Bat 
fooner  he  cannot  die,  as  a  fobee  life  has  the  Yiftne  e» 
leanore  aU  tM  nfeal  caofes  of  fiekaefii»  and  fiqkaefs  can- 
not happen  withoal  a  caafe  }  wfaidi  caafe  faatng  xemore^ 
fioiDftcfi  is  likewife  reaunml ;  and  fiokads  being  temoi^ 
ed,  en  anrimdy  and  rioient  death  nmft  be  preveiMd* 

And  there  is  no  dbabt  that  temperance  has  the  irirtse 
end  eficacy  ta  remoire  facb  caufee ;  for  feice  health  aadU 
fidBLaefe,  life  and  deaths  depend  on  the  goad  or  bed  qmU^ 
tjr  of  the  hnmoota,  teaperaace  correftstheir  Tieioos  ten* 
,  deades  and  readers  tbea  pcrfeft,  being  poAfled  of  the  an* 
tard  power  of  making  then  unite  and  hold  together*  fo  as 
re  render  thenji  iafeparaUr,  and  incapable  of  alteration  or 
fetttenting  }  ctroumftanoes  irhich  engender  ccael  fetreci| 
and  end  in  death.    It  is  traCy.  indeed*  and  it  wettld  be  a 
felly  fee  deny  it,  that*  let  oar  hamoure  be  originaUjr  ever 
fo  good,  time,  whidi  coafames  every  thtag,  cannot  hSL  to 
eoafttme  and  exhauft  them ;  and  diet  man*  as  foan  ae 
diat  happeas,  nmft  die  of  a  natnial  death ;  bat  yet  with« 
0ut  fidtn^,  ae  will  be  aay  cafe,  who  ihall  die  at  ay  ap- 
pointed ttade,  when  thefe  hamours  fliall  be  coafiuaed, 
which  diey  are  not  at  prefent.    Nay,  they  «re  iMU  per* 
h6t  $  nor  is  it  pofiUe  jtbey  fitonld  be  otherwifo  in  mj 
prcfent  eoaditton,  whea  I  find  myibif  hearty  and  content^ 
eating  with  a  good  appetite,  and  fleeping  fonndly-  More* 
over,  all  my  fecaltiee  are  as  good  a^  ever,  and  in  the  high« 
eft  perfeftion ;  my  underftandiag  dearer  and  brighter 
than  ever,  ray  judgment  'found,  my  memory^  tenacions, 
iny  fptrits  good,  and  my  voice,  the  firft  thing  which  is  apt 
Co  fell  others,  grown  fe  ftrong  aad  fonoroas,  that  2  cannot 

help 


A  TRBATitE  OH  A  BQVU,  UF£.  ^ 

ieftfiftd  of  whifpsriog  sod  fnutterinc  them  to  fnyfelf,  9$ 
vn$  formerly  my  cuflom. 

And  thHt »»  ftU  fo  manf  true  apd  fore  fig09  tnd 
tokens  tkai  my  humours  aw  good,  and  cannot  wafte  but 
witk  fbntf  as  aU  dioie  who  coaverfa  vrith  ne  coi^ndcu 
O  hqw  glorions  this  life  of  minn  is  like  to  be,  replace 
^ith  all  the  felicities  which  nan  ean  enjoy  on  thb  fide  of 
the  grave^  aad  even  exempt  from  that  fisafnal  birntaHt j 
which  age  has  enabled  my  better  reafiso  to  baniih !  be«- 
cattfty  where  risafon  refides,  there  is  no  room  for  fenfttalt»> 
ty»  nor  for  its  bitter  firuitSt  the  pi^ons  and  perturbations 
^  the  mindf  with  a  train  of  difagr«eebie  apprehenQoBs* 
ffor  yet  oan  fhe  thoi^ghts  of  death  find^oofi  in  my  mind, 
as  I  baTf  no  feafuality  to  nourifli  fuch  thoughts*  )*fet» 
cfaer  can  the  death  of  grandchildren,  and  other  tdatipns 
maai  frieads,  mal^e  any  impr^ifion  on  me  b«t  fpf  a  mi^ 
aaent  or  two,  and  then  it  i«  o*rer.  Still  lefs  aa>  I  liable  to 
be  caft  down  by  loifes  in  point  of  fortwe,  (as  many  hvf^ 
feen  to  their  no  fmall  furpr ifc^.  And  this  is  |i  bappinels 
not  eo  be  expend  by  any  but  fueh  as  attain  old  age  by  (e« 
bricty,  and  not  in  eonfequence  of  a  ftneng  oonfliltttioii  ( 
and  foeh  baay,  moreover,  expeft  to  fpend  cfaeir  days  bap« 
pily  as  I  do  mine,  in  a  perpetual  round  of  amufeeaent  ant 
pleafure.  And  bow  is  it  poflible  a  man  fliould  not  enjey 
hinofelf,  who  meets  with  no  crofles  or  difappointments,in 
his  old  age,  fuch  as  youth  Is  confiantly  plagued  witH,  and 
firom  which,  as  I  fliaU  prefently  fliew,  I  have  the  hap* 
pinefs  of  being  exempt. 

The  firft  of  thefe  is  to  do  fervice  to  my  country.  O 
what  a  glorious  amufement  {  in  which  I  find  infinite  de- 
light, as  I  thereby  (hew  her  the  means  of  improving  her 
important  eftuary  or  harbour  beyond  the  pof&biUty  of  its 

G  a  filling 


160  A  TBEATISE  OK  A  SOB£B  Lift. 

filling  for  thoufands  of  years  to  come  ;  fo  as  to  fecure  t6 
Venice  her  furprifing  and  miraculous  title  of  a  maiden 
city,  as  flie  really  is,  and  the  only  one  in  the  whole  world : 
flie  will,  moreover,  thereby  add  to  the  luftre  of  her  great  and 
excellent  furname  of  Queen  of  the  fea.    Such  is  my  amufe- 
ment;  and  nothing  is  wanting  to  make  it  complete.  Another 
amufement  of  mine  is  that  of  ihewing  this  maid  and  queen 
in  what  manner  fhe  may  abound  with  provifions,  by  im- 
proving  large  tra£ts  of  lands,  as  well  marlhes  as  barren 
fands,  to  great  profit.     A  third  amufement,  and  an  amufe- 
'ment  too  without  any  alloy,  is  the  fbewirig  how  Venice, 
though  already  fo  ftrong  as  to  be  in  a  manner  impregn- 
able, may  be  rendered  ftill  fttonger  5  and  though  iextremejy 
beautiful,  may  ftill  increafe  in  beauty ;  though  rich*  may 
acquire  more  wealth ;  and  may  be  made  to  enjoy  better 
air,  though  her  air  is  excellent.    Thefe  three  amufements, 
all  arifing'  from  the  idea  of  public  utility,  I  enjoy  in  the 
iiigb^ft  degree.     And  who  can  fay  that  they  admit  of  any 
alloy,  as  in  fad  they  do  not  ?  Another  comfort  I  enjoy  is, 
that,  havit^  loft  a  confi^erable  part  of  my  income,  of  which 
my  grandc^ldren  had  been  unfortunately  robbed,  I,  by 
mere  dint  of  thought,  which  never  fleeps,  and  without  any 
fatigue  of  body,  and  very  little  of  mind,  have  found  a  true 
and  infallible  method  of  repairing  fuch  lofs  more  than 
double^^  by   the  means   of    that  moft  commendable  of 
arts,  agriculture.     Another  comfort  I  ftill  enjoy  is»  to 
think  that  my  treatifp  on  temperance,  which  I  wrote  in  or- 
der to  be  ufeful  to  others,  is  reallj  fo,  as  many.affure  me 
by  word  of  mouth,  mentioning  that  it  has  proved  extreme- 
ly ufeful  to  them,  as  it  in  fa£t  appears  to  have  been  -,  whilft 
others  inform  me  by  letter,  that,  under  God,  they  are  in- 
debted to  me  for  life*     Still  another  comfort  I  enjoy  is, 
that  of  being  able  to  write  with  my  own  hand ;  for  I  write 

RADCUFFE  enough 


K  TItBATISE  ON  A  SOBER  LIEK..  lOl 

"esough  to  be  of  fervlce  to  others^  both  on  archite£ture  and 
agricultuife.  I  likewife  enjoy  another  fatisfaftion,  which 
is  that  of  converfing  with  men  of  bright  parts  and  fu- 
perior  underftandingy  from  whom,  even  at  this  advanced 
period  of  life,  I  learn  fomething«  What  a  comfort  is  this^ 
that,  old  as  t  am,  I  ihould  be  able,  without  the  lead  fatigue^ 
to  ftudy  the  mod  important,  fublime,  and  difficult,  fub* 
jcSs ! 

I  mud  farther  add,  though  it  may  appear  impoffible  to 
fome,  and  may  be  fo  in  fome  meafure,  that,  at  this  age,  I  ' 
enjoy  at  once  two  lives  ;  one  terreftrial,  which  I  poflefs  in 
fad;  the  other  celedial,  which  I  poflefs  in  thought;  and  this 
thought  is  equal  to  aftual  enjoyment,  when  founded  upon 
things  we  are  fure  to  attain,  as  I  am  fue  to  attain  that  celeftial 
life,  through  the  infinite  goodnefs  and  mercy  of  God.  Thus  I 
enjoy  this  terreftrial  life,  in  confequence  of  my  fobriety  and 
temperance,  ^rtues  fo  agreeable  to  the  deity ;  and  I  enjoy, 
by  the  grace  of  the  fame  divine  majefty^  the  celeftial,  which. 
he  makes  me  anticipate  in  thought ;  a  thought  fo  lively  as 
to  fix  me  entirely  on  this  objciSi,  the  enjoyment  of  which  I 
hold  and  affirm  to  be  of  the  utmoft  certainty.    And  I 
hold  that  dying,  in  the  manner  I  expe£l,  is  not  really 
death,  but  a  paiTage  of  the  foul  from  this  earthly  life  to  a 
celeftial,  immortal,  and  infinitely  perfe£l,  exiftence.  Neither 
can  it  be.  btberwife  :  and  this  thought  is  fo  fuperlatively 
fublime,  that  it  cao  no  lodger  ftoop  to  low  and  worldly  ob- 
jects, fuch  as  the  death  of  this  body,  being  entirely  taken* 
up  with  the  happinefs  of  Uving  a  celeftial  and  divine  life ; 
-whence  it  is  that  I  enjoy  two  lives.     Nor  can  .the  termin- 
ating of  fo  high  a  gratification  which  I.  enjoy  in  this  life 
give  me  any  concern  ;  it  rather  affi>rds  me  infinite  pleafure, 
as  it  will  be  only  to  make  room  for  another  glorious  and 
immortal  life, 

G  3  Now, 


10^  A  ¥tlEAtli«  Oft  A  MitfL  %lft^. 

Now,  is  it  po&hh  that  any  one  ihould  grdw  tired  of  fe 
great  a  C0fnf6rc  and  bleffing  as  this  trfaidtl  I  really  enjoyy 
and  which  every  one  elfe  might  enjoy,  by  leading  the  Ufe 
I  have  led  ?  ati  example  which  every  one  has  it  in  hi^  powe^ 
to  follow:  for  I  am  but  a  mere  man,  and  no  iaint ;  a 
feftantof*  God,  to  whom  fo  regular  a  life  16  extremely 
agreeabfe. 

And  whereas  many  embrace  a  fpiritual  and  contemp^- 
ti  ve  life,  whieh  is  holy  and  commendable,  the  chief  employ- 
ment  of  thofe  who  lesd  it  being  to  eeldbrate  the  praif<^  df 
God  i  O  that  they  would  likewife  betake  tbemfeltres  en- 
tirely to  a  regular  and  fober  life !  how  much  more  agree- 
iible  would  ^y  tender  themfelveB  in  the  Aght  of  Cod ! 
What  4  mu^h  greater  honour  and  ornament  would  they  be^ 
to  the  World !  Iliey  would  then  be  confidei^  as  Mtiti  in- 
deed upon  earth,  as  thofe  primidve  chtiftiatis  were  heM  who 
joined  fobriety  to  fo  reelufe  a  life.  By  living,  like  ihefiii  to. 
the  4ge  of  one  hundred  and  twenry,  they  might,  like  theiH, 
expert,  by  die  power  of  God)  to  work  niimbedefs  mir^eles ;: 
ahd  they  wouid,  befidesj  enjoy  conftani  health  ^nd  fpirits, 
Tiiid  be  always  happy  within  themfelve^ ;  whereas  they  are 
now,  foi  the  shoft  part,  infirm,  melancholy,  and  diflatiBfied. 
Now,  8S  fome  of  thefe  people  think  that  thefe  are  txith  fent 
them  by  God  Almighty,  with  a  view  of  promoting  their  fd- 
v^tron,  that  they  may  do  penance  in  thid  Ufe  for  their  paft 
errors^  t  cannot  help  laying  that,  in  my  opinion,  the^  are 
greatly  miftaken.  For  I  can  by  no  means  believe  that  it  k 
agteeiible  to  the  deity  that  ntan,  his  favptirite  creatttte, 
ihoiild  live  inlvm,  melancholy,  and  diflatisfied  %  but  rather 
enjoy  good  health  and  fpirits^  and  be  always  content  with* 
in  himfelf.  In  this  manner  did  the  holy  fathers  iivCi^  and 
by  fuch  condttft  did  they  daily  render  themfelves  more  ^-^ 
ceptable  to  the  divine  majefty,  fo  as  to  w6rk  the  great  and 

furprifiDg 


_  t 


A  TUULTia  OSr  a  SOBU  lAVJSk  '  lOS 


fbrpnfing  mincfet  we  read  in  hiftorf.  How  beaatlfiil« 
liow  gferkntty  a  fcene  ibiKiU  we  then  behold  I  far  more 
toaumfal  than  in  diofe  ancient  times,  becaufe  we  now 
abound  with  fo  many  religions  orders  and  monafteriea, 
whidi  iUL  not  then  exift  s  and  were  the  membecB  of  tfaefe 
communities  to  lead  a  terapente  Hfe,  we  JhouU  then  be* 
hold  fnch  a  nnmber  of  venendrie  old  men  as  would  cieate 
iai|iriie.  Nor  would  they  trefpafitagamft  their  ru)es|  they 
wpuid  firther  improv«  upon  them  ;  Snce  every  religiotts 
omnmuiiitf  allows  its  fubjefb  bread,  wine,  and  femetimes 
c^s,  (fi»nie  of  them  albw  meat),  befides  tbups  made  with 
vegetables,  (allads,  fruit,  and  cakes,  things  which  often  di& 
agree  with  them,  and  even  (horten  their  lives.  But  as  they 
are  allowed  fuch  things  by  their  rules,  they  freely  make 
ufe  of  them,  thinking,  perhaps,  that  it  would  be  wrdng  to 
abftain  from  them ;  whereas  it  would  not.  It  would  ra- 
ther be  commendable,  if,  after  the  age  of  thirty,  they  ab« 
ftained  from  fuch  food,  and  confined  themfelves  to  bread^ 
iKone,  broths,  and  eggs :  for  this  is  the  true  method  of  pre- 
ienring  men  of  a  bad  conftitutioh ;  and  it  is  a  life  of  more 
aiidelgenoe  than  that  led  by  the  holy  iatfaezs  of  the  defert, 
^who  Ibbfifted  entiicly  pn  wild  fruits  and  roots,  and  drad: 
daothiog  but  pure  watery  anad,  nevertheleis,  lived,  as  I  have 
already  mentioned,  in  ^ood  health  and  fpirits,  and  always 
Jbappy  within  diemfelves.  Were  thofe  of  our  days  to  do 
the  ^fiune,  ifce'y  would^  like  tfaem^  find  the  road  to  heaven 
tnuch  eafiet  j  for  it  is  always  open  to  every  faithful  chrit 
feba,  asanrfamour  Jefus  Chrift  left  it,  when  he  came 
dowsi  fifooL  earth  to  Ibod  bis  precious  blood,  in  order  to 
jddiver  us  from  the  ityraanical  fervitude  of  the  devil  i  and 
all  through  his  immenfe  goodnefis. 

So  that,  to  sake  an  end  of  tins  difcoude,  I  fay^  that 
fince  leagth  of  days .  abomds  with  fo  many  iavours  and 

G  4  bleffings. 


104  ▲  TRSATISE  BN  A  SOBBB.  I<IFE» 

bleflings,  and  I  happen  io  be  one  of  thofe  who  are.  armed 
at  that  ftate,  I  cannot  (as  I  would  not  wiUingly  want 
charity)  bat  give  teftimony  in  favour  of  it,  and  folemnly 
aifure  all  mankind,  that  I  really  enjoy  a  great  deal  more 
than  what  I  now  mention  ;  and  that  I  have  no  other  rea- 
fon  for  writing  but  that  of  demonftratiag  the  great  advan- 
tages which  arife  from  longevity,  to  the  end  that  their  own 
conviction  may  induce  them  to  obferve  thofe  excellent  rules 
of  temperance  and  fobriety.  And  therefore  I  never  ceaie 
to  raife  my  voice,  crying  out  to  you,  my  frietids,  may  your 
days  be  long^  that  you  maj  be  the  better  ferv^nts  to  tbc 
Almightj. 


LETTER    FHQM     SIGNOR     l^SWIS     CO^NARO,    TO    THE     RIGHT 
REVEREND  BARBARO, PATRIARCH  ELECT  OF  AQUILEIA. 


• 


MY  LORD, 

The  human  underftanding  muft  certainly  have  fomething 
divine  in  its  conftitutioh  and  frame.  How  divine  the  in- 
vention of  coriverfing  with  an  abfent  friend  by  the  help  of 
writing  !  How  divinely  Is  it  contrived  by  nature,  that  men, 
though  at  a  gireat  diftance,  ffiould  fee  one  another  with  the 
intclle£l;ual  eye,  as  Inow  fee  your  lordfhip  1  By  means  of 
this  contrivance,  1  fiiall  endeavour  to  entertain  you  with 
frtatters  of  the  greateft  moment.  Jt  "is  true>  that  I  ihall 
fpeak  of  nothing  but  what  I  have  already  mentioned  ;  but 
it  was  not  at  the  age  df  ninfety-one,  to  which  I  have  now 
attained,  a  thing  I  cannot-hclp  takitog  notice  of,  becaufe, 
as  I  advance,  in  years,  th^  (bunder  and  heartier  I  growi  to 
flie  amazement  of  alt  tlie  'world.    I,  "who  can  account  for 

^       ■  It, 


A  TRBATI8E  ON  A  SOBER  BIP£»  lOol 

it^  am  bound  to  fliewi  that  a  man  may  enjoy  a  terreftrial 
paradife.aft^r  eighty,  which  I  enjoy;  but  it  is  not  to  be 
dbtained  except  by  temperance  and  fobrie^ty,  virtues  fo  ac- 
ceptable to  the  Almighty^  becaufe  they  are  enemies  to  fen-^ 
fuality,  and  friend$  to  reafop. 

^  Now,  my  lotd,  to  begin,  I  mull  tell  you,  that,  within 
thefe  few  days  paft,  I  have  been  viCted  by  many  of  the 
learned  dof^oss  of  this  univerfity,  as  well  phyGcians  at 
philofophers,  who  were  well  acquainted  with  my  age,  my 
life,  and  manners ;  knowing  how  ilout,  hearty,  and  gay,  I 
was  ;  and  in  whs^  perfe£lion  all  my  faculties  ftill  continued ; 
likewife  my  memory,  fprrits,  and  underftanding,  and  even 
my  voice  and  teet^*  They  knew,  befides,  .that  I  conftantly 
employed  eight  hours  every  day  in  writing  treatifes,  with 
my  own  hand,  on  fubjefts  ufeful  to  mankind,  and  fpent 
many  hours  in  walking  and  finging.  O,  my  lord,  how  me- 
lodious my  voice  is  grown!  Were  you  to  hear  me  chant  my 
prayers,  and  that  to  my  lyre,  after  the  example  of  David^ 
I  am  certain  it  would  give  you  gre^t  pleafure,  my  voice  is 
fo  muficaU  Now,  when  they  told  nie  that  they  had  been 
sdready  acquainted  with  all  thefe  particulars,  they  added, 
(hat  it  was,  indeed,  next  to  a  miracle,  how  I  could  write 
fo  much,  and  upon  fubje^s  that  required  both  judgment 
smd  fpirit.  And,  indeed,  my  lord,  it  is  incredible,  what 
fatisfaftion  and  pleafure  I  have  in  thefe  compofitions. 
l^ut,  ^s  I  write  to  be  ufeful,  your  lordfhip  may  eaGly  con- 
ceive whatv pleafure  I  enjoy.  They '  concluded  by  telling 
me,  that  I  ought  not  to  hp  looked  upon  as  a  perfon  ad- 
vanced in  years,  fince  all  my  occupations  were  thofe  of  a 
young  man,  and  by  no  means  like  thofe  of  other  aged  per-* 
foQS,  who^  when  they  have  reached  eighty,  are  reckonecf 
(kcrepid.  Such  moreover,  are  fubjeA,  fome  to  the  gout, 
fo(ne  to  the  {ciatlca,  and  fome  to  other  complaints,  to  be 

relieved 


tt^&f^i  from  which  they  tnuft  undergo  fuch  a  tmoiber  of 
pabfiil  operations)  as  cannot  hut  refldar  li&  eitremely  dif« 
agfeeable*  Andy  if  by  chance,  one  of  them  happens  co 
e£ea|)e  a  Umij;  iUne6,  bia  faculties  ate  impaffed>  andfae  can* 
not  fee  or  hear  fo  well ;  orelfe  fails  in  feme  one  or  other  of 
ike  corporeal  facolties)  he  cannot  wiAk,  or  his^ads  ihake^ 
and  fttppofiag  him  exempt  from  ibefe  bodSy  infinnides,  hm 
mtmotjf  his  fpirits,  or  his  underfhinding,  ML  him ;  he  is 
not  cheeifttl^  pleafant^  and  bappy>  withia  bknfdf,  as  i 


Befides  all  Aefe  bleffings,  t  mentioned  ssiodier,  ^tch  I 
enjoyed)  and  ib  great  a  blelBiig,  that  they  wer;:  all  aniaaed 
at  it,  fittce  it  is  altogether  befidef  d^  ufual  conrfeof  nature. 
This  bteffing  is,  that  I  had  akeady  iived  fifty  yean  m' 
^te  of  a  moft  powerfai  agd  VMtA  enemyi  wluch.  I 
can  by  no  means  conquer,  becaafe  it  is  natora!,  or  an  oc« 
oak  quality  implanted  in  my  body  by^  nature ;  and  ^his  is, 
diat  efery  year,  fr6m  the  beginning  of  July  titt  die  end  «f 
Augttft  I  cannot  drink  any  wine  of  whatever  kind  or 
Country;  for,  befides  being,  during  thefe  two  months, 
qnite  dilgtiftfttl  to  my  palate,  it  diTagrees  ^mh  my  itomadi. 
Thus  lofing  my  milk,  for  wine  is,  indeed,  the  milk  of  old 
a^,  and  having  notinng  to  drbik,  for  no  change  or  pre- 
paration of  waters  can  have  the  virtue  of  wme,  ftor,  ^ 
eoorfe,  do  me  any  good ;  hating  nothing,  I  Iky,  to  driiaki 
afd  my  ftomsfch  being  thereby  diferdered,  I  can  eat  %«t 
very  little ;  and  this  fpare  -diet,  widi  &e  want  <rf  wine^  n> . 
duipes  me,  by  the  middle  of  Augttft,  extiemely  tow ;  M^ 
is  tbc  ftrongeft  capon  brotiv  ^  ?^y  ^3th6r  remedy,  of  fer«-. 
vifCe  to  me,  ib  that  {  am  ready,  thnough  mete  weaknefs>  to 
fink  into  the  grave.  Hence  they  inferred,  that  ^re  not , 
the  nelft^wine,  for  I  always  take  care  iso  haf#e  fome. ready 
by  the  beginning  of  Septen^ber,  lo  come  an  fo  Ibon,  ( 

fliould 


A^TH&Atl^K  ON  A  S6B£ll  l1»%»  109 

ihould  be  a  dead  man*  But  vrhdt  furprifed  them  iUU  mote 
was,  that  this  new  wme  Ihould  have  po\rer  efficient  Co  te^ 
ftore  me,  in  two  or  three  days,  to  diat  degree  of  health  and 
firength,  of  which  the  old  wine  had  robbed  me ;  a  ftnQ, 
they  themfelves  have  been  eye-^witnefleS  of  within  thefe 
fbw  days,  and  which  a  man  muft  f«e  to  believe  it ;  infiw 
much  that  they  could  not  hdp  trying  out,  *<  Many  of  fis 
'*  who  are  phyficians  have  vifited  him  annually  for  Several 
^  years  paft ;  and  ten  years  ago  judged  it  impoffible  for  him 
<^  to  live  a  year  or  two  longer,  coniidering  what  a  mortal 
^  enemy  he  carried  about  him,  and  his  advanced  age ;  yet 
^  we  do  not  find  him  fo  weak  atprefentashe  u(bd  to  be.^ 
lUs  Angularity,  and  the  many  other  bkffings  they  fee  m& 
enjoy,  obliged  them  to  confefs,  that  the  joining  of  fuch  & 
aumber  of  favours  was,  with  f egard  to  me',  a  Q)eeia!  grace 
conforred  on  me  at  my  birth  by  natune^  oi*  by  the  ftats  ; 
and  to  prorre  this  to  be  a  good  coticteiion,  whieh  it  redlf 
is  not,  (becaufe  not  grounded  on  ftrong  and  fufficient  reafonsi 
but  merely  on  Aeir  own  opinions),  t^ey  found  themfelves 
under  a  neceffity  to  difplay  their  elo(|ueiiee,  and  to  fay  i 
great  many  very  £ne  things*  Certain  it  is,  mry  lord,  that 
eloquent^  in  men  of  bright  ^atts,  has  great  power ;  fo 
great  as  to  induce  people  to  believe  things  which  have 
neither  a&ifal  nor  poffibte  ekiftence.  I  had,  however^ 
great  pleafuipe  and  fatisfadion  in  hearing  them  (for  it  muft, 
tio^  doubt^  be  a  hi^  entertainment  10  hear  fuch  men  talk  im 
that  tkianner* 

Atiodier  ^tisfaflion,  withoat  the  leaft  mixture  of  aHof^ 
]  at  the  fame  time  enjoyed,  was  to  tliink,  that  age  and  ex« 
^erience  aire  Sufficient  to  make  a  man  learned,  who  without 
ihem  would  know  nothing ;  nOr  is  it  furprifing  they  {houjd« 
fince  length  of  days  is  the  foundation  of  true  knowledge* 
^ccordingty,  it  was  by  means  of  it  alone  I  dilcovered  their 

conclufioQ 


^J08  X  TREATISE  ON  A  SOBER  WFE. 

conclufion  to  he  falfe.  ThUs,  you  fee,  my  lord,  hoiv.apt 
xn€a  arc  to  deceive  themfelves  in  their  judgraerit  of  thiogs, 
when  fuch  judgment  is  not  built  upon  a  folld  foundation* 
And,  therefore,  to  undeceive  them,  and  fet  them  right,  I 
made  anfwer,  tliat  their  conclufion'  was  falfe,  as  I  fliould 
a^lually  convince  them,  by  proving,  that  the  happinefs  I 
esjoyed  was  not  confined  to  me,  but  common  to  all  man- 
kind, and  that  every  man  might  equally  enjoy  it ;  fince  I 
was  but  a  mere  mortal,  compofed,  like  all  otliers^  of  the 
four  eletments;  and  endued,  b^Gdes  exiftence  and  life* 
with  rational  and  inteUefkual  faculties,  which  are  commorr 
to  all  men.  For  it  has  pleafed  the  Almighty  to  beftow  on 
his  favourite  creature,  man,  thefe  extraordinary  blefiings  and 
favours  above  other  animals,  which  enjoy,  only  the » fen- 
fible  perceptions,  in  order  that  fuch  bleilings  and  favours 
may  be  the  means  of  keeping  him  loDg  in  good  health;  fo 
that  length  of  days  is  an  univerfal  favour  granted  by  the 
Deity,  and  not  by  nature  and  the  ftars. 

But  man  being  in  his  youthful  days  moi^  of  the  fenfual 
than  of  the  rational  animal,  is  apt  to  yield,  ito  fenfual  im- 
preflions;  and,  when  he  afterwards  arrives  at  the  age  of  forty 
'  or  iifty>  he  ought  to  confidcT,  that  he  has  attained  the  noon 
of  life  by  the  vigour  of  youth,  and  a  good  tone  of  ftomach  -, 
natural  Uei&ngs,  wl^ch  favpured  him  in  afcending  the  hill ; 
but  that  be  muft  now  think  of  going  down,  and  approach^ 
\pg  the  grave  with  a  heavy  weight  of.  years  on  his  back  , 
and  that  old  age  is  the  reverfe  of  youth,  as  much  as  order 
is  xhe  reverfe  of  difpr^er.  Hefuce  it  is  requifite  he  (hould 
alfer  his  mode  of  life  in  regard  to  the  articles  of  eating  and 
prinking,  on  which  heakh  and  longevity  depend.  And 
as  the  firfl  part  of  his  life  was  fenfii^l  and  irregular, 
the  fecond  fliould  be  tlpie  reverfe,  fince  nothing, can  fub- 
Cft  without  order,  efpecially  the  life  of  man,  irregularity 

being 


J 


A  TKEATISE  ON  A  SOBXK  hUE.  lOf 

being  without  all  doubt  prejudicial^  aod  regularity  advan- 
tageous, to  the  htthvui  fpecies/ 

Belides,  it  is  impofTiblc  in  the  nature  of  things^  that  the  man 
who  is  bent  on  indulging  his  palate  and  his  appetite  ihould 
jiot  be  guilty  of  irregularity*  Hence  it  was  that,  to  avoid- 
this  vice, as foon  as  I  foundmyfelf  af rived  at  maturer  yeaca^ 
I  embraced  a  regular  and  fobcr  life.  It  is  no  doubt,  ti^n^ 
^hat  I  found  fome  difficulty  in  compaffing  it ;.  but,  in  out* 
der  to  conquer  this  difficulty,  1  befieeched  the  Aknighty  C9 
grant  me  the  virtue  of  fobriety;  well  knowing. that  he 
would. gracioufly  hear  my  prayer.  Then,  confidesinjg,  that 
when  a  man  is  about  to  undertake  any  thing  of  impdttance^ 
which  he  knows  he  can  cconpafs,  though  not  without  dij^ 
ficulty,  he  may  make  it  much  eafier  to  himfelf  by  being 
fleady  in  his  purpofe ;  I  purfued.the  fame  courfe.  I  en« 
deavoured  gradually  to  relinquiih  a  diforderly  life>  and  to  ao 
cuftom  myfelf  infenfibly  to  the  rules  of  temperance:  and  tfaui 
it  came  to  pafs  that  a  fober  and  regular  Ufe  no  longer  prov'* 
ed  uneafy  or  difagreeable ;  though,  on  account  of  the 
weaknefs  of  my  conftitutipn,  I  tied  myfelf  down  to  fuch 
.Rxi&,  rules  in  regard  to  the  quantity  and  quality  of  what  I 
eat  and  drink. 

.  But  others,  who  happen  to  be  blefled  with  a  ftronger 
temperament,  may  eat  many  other  kinds  of  food^  and  in 
greater  quantities i  and  fo  of  wines;  whereas,  though 
their  lives  may  ftill  be  fober,  they  will  not  be  fo  confined 
as  mine,  but  much  more  free.  Now,  on  hearing  thefe  ar- 
guments, and  examining  the  reafons  on  which  they  were 
founded,  they  all  agreed  that  I  had  advanced  nothing  but 
what  was  true.  Indeed  the  youngeft  of  them  faid,  diat 
though  he  could  not  but  allow  the  favour  or  advantages  I 
had  been  fpeaking  of  to  be  common  to  all  mankind,  yet  I 
enjoyed  the  fpeciaU  grace  of  being  able  to  relinquish  with 

ea£e 


1 10  A.  TAEATI9X  ON  A  SdEBS  UWlk 

€afis  on«  kind  of  li/e,  a^d  embrsio^  smetbcT ;  a  diing  wMdl 
he  knew  by  experience  to  be  DeaQUe^  but  as  dlQcnlc  to 
Kbn  as  it  bad  proved  eafj  to  me* 

>   To  thu  I  ceplied^  that^  beiag  a  OMrtal  like  himleif^   I 
lakewife  found  it  z  difficult  taf|c ;  but  it  did  not  become  a 
ipcribn  t6  flinnk  horn  a  gleirious  bot  pra&ieable  iindertalb*^ 
iag  OQ  account  of  the  difficulties  attending  it,  becauici  w 
pcopbrtidi^  tpthefe  dii^culties,  is  the  honour  he  acquires  by 
it  in  the  eye  of  man,  and  the  merit  in  the  i^t  of  Goci. 
Our  beneficent  Creator  is  defirous,  that  as  he  brigiaallj  £a^ 
90ur^  human  nature  with  Ipngjevity,  we  ihould  gU  enjoy 
the  full  :|dvanrage  of  his  intentions }  knowing  that,  when  m 
man  has  pafled  eighty,  he  is  entirely  exempt  from  the  biev» 
ter  fruits  of  fenfual  enjoyments,  and  is  entirely  governed 
by.  the  diftaces  of  reafoa*    Vice  and  immorsility  muft  then 
leave  him  i  hence  God  is  willing  he  (huuid  live  to  a  fiUI 
maturity  of  years ;.  and  has  ordained  that  whoever  readicu 
his  natural  term,  fliould  end  his  days  widiout  fickneis  by 
mere  diflUution,  the  natural  way  of  quitting  this  mortal 
life  to  enter  upon  immortality,  as  wUl  be  my  cafe.    For 
I  am  Aire  to  die  chanting  my  prayers  ;  npr  do  the  dread* 
ful  thoughts  of  death  give  me  the  leafl;  unea&nefs,  though, 
coD&dering  my  great  age,  it  cannot  be  fiir  diftant,  know- 
ing, as  J  do,  that  I  was  bom  to  die,  and  refledtag  that 
fuch  numbers  hare  departed  this  life  without  rta^hiag  mf 
age. 

Nor  does  that  other  thought,  in&parable  from  the  foro* 
er,  namely  the  fear  of  thofe  tormcuts  to  which  wicked 
men  are  hereafter  liable,  gire  roe  any  unealEnc£i ;  beeaulb 
I  am  a  good  chriftiao,  and  bound  to  believe,  that  I  fliafli 
be  &yed  by  the  virtue  of  the  moft  iacred  blood  of  CSbrift^ 
which  he  has  vouchfiifeJ  to  flied,  in  order  to.lkee  us  ftom 
dio£c  tonqents.    Hqw  bpnttiful  the  life  I  load  I  hour  h^* 

py 


4 


4  TltSATIȣ  OK  A  $OBBB  &IFB.  It  I 

^  my  end^  To  this,  the  young  genricman,  my  antago*- 
iiift)  had  noliiing  to  reply,  but  that  he  was  risfolved  to 
^mbvace  a  fober  life,  in  oider  to  follow  my  exaxaple ;  and 
that  he  bad  taken  another  more  important  refolutioh, 
which  was,  that,  as  he  had  been  always  very  defirous 
to  live  to  be  old,  fo  he  was  now  equally  impatient  to 
reach  that  period,  the  fooner  to  enjoy  the  felicity  of  old 
age.  ' 

The  great  defire  I  bad,  my  lord,  to  converfe  with  yoa 
at  this  dlftaiice  has  forced  me  to  be  prolix,  and  ftiU  obliges 
tne  to  proceed^  though  not  much  farther.  There  are 
many  fenfualifts,  my  lord,  who  fay,  that  I  have  thrown 
away  my  time  and  trouble  in  writing  a  treatife  on  temper- 
ance, and  other  difcourfes  on  the  fame  fubje£):,  to  induce 
men  to  lead  a  regular  life  j  alleging,  that  it  is  impoffible 
to  conform  to  it,  fo  that  my  treatife  muft  anfwer  as  little 
purpofe  as  that  of  Hato  on  government,  who  took  a  great 
deal  of  pains  to  recommend  a  thing  impra£licable ;  whence 
they  inferred  that,  as  his  treatife  was  of  no  ufe,  mine  will 
fliare  the  fame  fate.  Now  this  furprifes  me  the  more,  as 
they  may  fee  by  my  treatife,  that  I  had  led  a  fober  life  for 
many  years  before  I  had  compofed  it ;  and  that  J  (hould 
never  have  compofed  it,  had  I  not  previoufly  been  con- 
vinced that  it  was  fuch  a  life  as  a  man  might  lead ;  zni, 
being  a  virtuous  life,  would  be  of  great  fervice  to  him ;  fo 
that  I  thought  myfelf  under  an  obligation  to  reprefent  it 
in  a  true  light.  I  have  the  fatisfa£lion  now  to  hear,  that 
numbers,  on  feeing  my  treatife,  have  embraced  fuch  a  li£e^ 
and  Ihave  read,  that  many,  in  times  paft,  have  a£tually  led  it ; 
fi>  that  the  objeflion  to  which  Plato's  tceatife  on  government 
is  liable  can  be  of  no  force  againft  mine.-  But  fuch  fen- 
fualifts, enemies  to  reafon,^  and  flavts  to  their  paffion% 

^  ought 


«  < 


1}2  A  TBEATISS  OX  A  SOBER  UFJiU 

ot^t  to  think  tbemfelves  well  pff,  if,  whilft^thej  ftudy  to 
indulge  their-  palate  and  their  appedte,  they  do  aot  coi^- 
tr&£l:long  aod  punful  difeafes^  and  are  notiznany  of  them^ 
overtaken  by  an  untimely  death*  - 


Leonardus  LefliuSi  a  learned  jefuit  of  Lotivaine,  who 
lived  about  the  end  of  the  fixteenth  century,  was  fo  much 
pleafed  with  Cornarp's  Treatife  on  fobriety,  that,  purely  to 
recommend  it^  he  has  written  a  book,  entitled  Hygiafticon, 
or  the  True  method  of  preferving  life  and  health  to  extreme 
old  age.  In  this  book  he  praifes  a  fober  life  as  the  principal 
means  of  health.  By  a  fober  life,  he  underftands,  that  we 
fiiould  neither  eat  nor  drink  more,  than  what  is  neceffary  for 
our  rcfpeftive  conftitutions,in  order  to  perform  the  fun£tions 
of  the  mind  with  eafe.  Or,  to  be  more  particular,  he  fays, 
that  the  proper  meafure  of  meat  and  drink  for  every  indi- 
vidual is  fuch  a  quantity  as  his  Aomach  will  be  able  to  di- 
gell  perfe£ily  well,  and  will  be  fufficieht  to  fupport  him 
under  the  employment  of  body  or  mind  that  Providence  has 
appointed  for  him.  But  to  prevent  miftakes  with  regard 
to  what  the  ftomach  may  be  perfe£tly  able  to  digefl,  and 
to  what  may  be  thought  fufficient  to  fupport  men  under 
their  refpeftive  occupations,  he  recommends  the  following 
rules ;  ^ 

Fir/l,  He  who  eats  or  drinks  fuch  a  quantity  as  renders 
him  unfit  for  any  exertion  of  the  mind  to  which  his  pro- 
'fe0ion  calls  hirti,  has  certainly  exceeded,  and  ought  to  re- 
trench. And  he,  who  in  bodily  labour  or  exercife,  was 
adive  and  nimble  before  meals,  if  he  becomes  heavy  and 
dull  after  meals,  has  certainly  tranfgrefled  5  for  the  true 
*cnd  of  eating  and  drinking  is  to  refrefh,  and  not  to  opprefs, 
the  body. 

Second, 


'^ 


Spc00d,  tboiigh  there  caatiot  be .«  oertem  fttl4  iovacU 
Uble  ^e^fure  ptefcribed  lo  all  pfHfons^  beccufe  of  ihp 
d^ecence  ef  Hges,  conftitad6o8^  fui4  oecupfttions^  yet^ 
generally  fpeaking^  to  tbofe  who  ttt  oid#  or  of  a  tender  con- 
.fiittttioiii  and  live  a  fedehtary  Ufe,  twelve,  thirteen,  ot 
fourteen^  ounces  of  folid  food»  including  breads  flefii,  fifli, 
and  egg3»  together  with  an  equal  ^  quantity  of  drink,  will 
be  fuffident.  And  this  rule  has  been  Verified  by  the 
experience  chiefly  of  thofe  ifrhofe  proper  employment  has 
been  ftudy  and  meditsltion. 

Tlnrdf  the  quality  f  of  people's  food  and  drink  is  litde 
^  be  regarded,  if  it  is  but  pkioi  and  fitch  as  common 
nfehis  Recommended,  and  does  not  particularly  difa^ree 
tvitH  him  who  u&s  it>. provided  the  quantity  be  ptoperl/ 
adjufted. 

Fourth,  td  cure  J^oii  bf  ybiir  fondnefs  for  high-liv- 
ing, confider  thefe  delicacies  you  fit  down  to,  not  as  they 
iappear  on  the  table,  but  ad  they  will  be  quickly  alteted 
after  you  have  eat  them  ;  for  the  richer  their  flavour  and 
tafle  is  boW,  the  mote  corrupted  and  acrimonious  thej 
vvill  bbcoihe  in  your  body^  and  the  more  hurtful  will  be 
their  confe^uences. 

Our  author,  in  the  iqft  place^  proves  the  advantages  of 
JTobriety  by  the  expisrience  of  fuch  as  made  trial  of  it } 
fome  of  whoih  lived  in  the  dfefettsj  on  bi'e^d,  dates^  fal« 
lad,  and  watery  to  a  hundred  years  and  upwards.  Paul^ 
ttie  hermit,  fays  he,  died  at  the  age  of  ixj  years;  of 


•  In  this  he  U  miftaken^  f(£  the  quantity  of  drink  Ihould  dccted  that 

bf  the  folid  foodi  ia  ahnoft  all  cifcttmftances  of  life. 

♦  "^ 

t  This  rule  is  calculated  for  ptrfons  of  a  fttODg  coqftitutito  onlfihut 
sot  for  the  puny  or  delicatet  .^ 

Vou  Uh  .       H  t^bich 


114 


A  TBBATISB  ON  A  SOBER  LIF]^« 


which  he  fpent  near  a  hundred  in  the  defert,  living,  for 
the  firft  forty,  on  dates  and  water  onlj,  and  for  the  rcf- 
maining  time,  on  bread  and  water^  as  Jerom  teftifies.  St. 
Anthony  lived  to  lej,  of  which  he  pafled  more  than 
eighty  in  the  wildernefs  on  bread  and  water,  with  the 
addition,  at  latl^  of  a  little  fallad,  according  to  Athanafitis. 
Arfenius,  the  preoeptor  of  the  emperor  Arcadius,  lived 
to  1 20,  of  which  he  fpent  the  firft  iixty-five  in  the  focisd 
world,  and  the  other  fifty-five  in  the  defert,  with  great 
abftemioufnefs.  And  E^iphanius  lived  with  equal  au- 
fterity  to  almoft  115. 

But  the  moft  recent  example,  and  the  moft  to  bis  pur- 
pofe,  was  that  of  Lewis  Cornaro,  wbo  died  at  Padua, 
when  he  was  above  a  handred  years  old,  anno  1566. 


Number 


M    .1  #       • 


NUMBER  III: 


OF  THE  Authors  who  ha^e  written  on  health  anI) 

iONGEVlTY  from   TIIE  TIME  OF  CCtRNARO  TO  TtiAT  OF 
SANCTORIUS. 

X  HE  author  of  the  Hiftory  of  health  ha^  given  us  a 
fhort  account  of  fome  of  the  authors  who  wrote  on  healtfai 
and  longevity,  between  the  age  of  Oornaro  and  that  of 
Saa£iorius  ;  and  as  their  works  are  either  too  volumin- 
ous  or  too  infigniHcant  to  be  inferted  in  this  coUedion,  I 
ihall  therefore  tranlcribe  the  fhort  meitoorandums  which 
M^Kenzie  has  given  of  them.     The  ohlj  book  thereia 

*  •  •        .  ' 

mentioned,  entitled  to  any  particular  attention,  is  the 
one  by  Cardan.  The  great  Boerhaave  has  fo.  ftrongly 
fecommended  it,  that  I  was  induced  to  examine  it  with, 
fome  attention,  aqd  to  propofe  giving  an  analyfis  of 
it;  but,  upon  an  examination,  it  turned  out  to  be  about 
300  pages  folio,  drawn  t^ip  m  fo  diftin£t  and  roethodi-^ 
tdl  a  manner,  and  Containing  fo  many  judicious  obferva- 
tions,  that,  inflead  of  an  abftradfc  or  analyfis,  if  thefe 
inquiries  ate  to  be  profectlted,  I  ihould  think  a  tranflation 
of  the  whole  advifable.  In  the  interim,  the  general  vieW 
which  M^Kenzte  has  given  of  Cardan's  book,  and^  the 
other  works  publiihed  about  the  fame  time^  may  be  con- 
fidered  as  fufficient, 

H  a  Thomaa 


316  TH03M»\S  PHlLOLOGtrS,  &C 

Thomas  Pbilologus  of  Ravenna  addrefled  to  Pope  Julias 
III.  a  treatife,  **  De  vita  ultra  annos*  no  protrahenda,'^ 
which  he  profefiies  to  have  coUeded  with  great  labour 
sknd  afliduitj,  from  the  writings  of  the  learaed.  He 
complains  that  voluptuoufnefs  and  avarice  had  ihort- 
ened  the  lives  of  the  noble  Venetians  to  fach  a  degree^ 
that  whereas^  formerly  feveral  fenators  every  one  at 
leaft  an  hundred  years  old,  ufed  to  appear  in  the  ftreets 
together,  venerable  by  their  white  locks  and  rich  robes, 
there  was  not  one  to  be  feen  in  our  aathor*a  tinpc  who 
had  reached  ninety:  he  therefore  reoom.mend^  temper- 
ance and  purity  df  manners  as  the  principal  means,  to 
promote  longevity.  He  recommends  likewife,  a  pure  air 
to  thofe  who  defire  length  of  days^'  and  is  thefirft  phyfician, 
1  know  ofy  who  ceQfures  the  pernicious  cuftom  of  having 
public  burying  places  in  populous  cities,  which  taint  the 
atmofphere  with  cadaverous  fteams,  aiid  frequently  Qcca- 
fidn  fatal  diflempers.  ''  I  am  aftoniihed/'  continues  he, 
**  that  the  moderns  fliould  approve  of  a  praftice  ^hich 
''  the  wifeft  nations  of  antiejuity  prohibited  by  the  moil 
**  folemn  laws." 

About  the  middle  of  the  fizteenth  century,  Vidus  Vi« 
dius,  a  Florentiise,  publifhed  a  large  volume  on  the  pre- 
fervation  of  the  health  of  the  body  in  general,*  and  of 
every  member  in  particular,  cleared  (as  he  pretends) 
from  all  the  errors  both  of  the  Greeks  and  the  Arabians. 
He  bad  been  invited  to  Paris  by  Francis  f,  and  taught 
phyfic  thiere,  during  the  life  of  that  auguft  and  munificent 
patron  of  learning;  and,  after  hia  death,  was  called 
home  anno  1557,  and  highly  encouraged  by  Cofmus,.duke 
ofTufcany. 

I*  ■  I     ll.l  ■  <l.ll.        II    I  i  ■  I  .»!       ■      II         ■■  I  I  ■■ 

*  I>e  tncnda  valctudine  generacim  libri  lex,  mtmbntim  Hbri  qnatndr- 
4ecisu 

*  lo 


'  '   HISROKIMUS  CAUOANUS.  117 

I 

y 

fir  tfiis  performance  concerning  health,  Vidlus  has  (o 
cicffefy  adhered  to  the  theory  of  Galen,  *^  without  one  zn« 
'*  ftance  from  his  praftke  to  enliven  It,"  and  is  fo  fnll 
of  the  enSieSs  diftinftioQS  and  dirifions  of  Avicenna,  that 
titere  »  not  one  new  or  entertaining  precept  to  be  met 
with  in  his  whole  worl:,  though  he  was  undonlkedlj  a 
man  of  great  literature. 

The  famous  Hieronhnrus  Cardanus  is  aiiother  of  ourvo* 
lafninotzs  writers  on  the  fubjed  of  health,  b^tbas  not  add- 
ed many  rule?  df  great  importance,  to  thofe  mentioned  bjr 
former  phjrficians*  He  was  defcended  from  a  noble  familj 
inlKffian,  and  born  at  Pa  via  (whither  his  mother  fled  from 
the  phlgce)  anno  1500*  He  is  magnified  by  fome,  for 
bis  eztfenfive  knowledge  in  the  (ciences  j  and  wa^  fent  for 
£rom  Italy,  as  fiir  as  Scotland,  to  cijire  the  arcbbiihop  of 
St*  Andrews,  which  he^  did  of  a  dangerous  illnefs :  but 
others  hold  him  in  fmaU  efteem.  His  book  on  health  and 
long  life  is  rec&oned  one  «f  his  beft  performances  ^  but  he 
is  8  very  unequal  writer.  Jtte  tad^es  upon  him  to  Waxne 
Hippocrates  and  Qalen,  in  things  wherein  all  the  world 
think  them  %o  be  right,  except  himfelf.  He  exclaims. 
for  example,  againft  u&Qg  any  exercife  that  can  fatigue  a 
man  in  the  fmalfeft  degree,  or  throw  him  into  the  moll 
gentle  fwibar,  pr  in  the  leaft  accelerate  his  refpiration  i 
and  gravely  obferves,  that  ttees  live  longer  than  animals, 
becaufe  th^y  never  ftir  from  their  places  :  he  maintains 
that  Gsden^s  treatife  on  health  is  full  of  miftakes ;'  and, 
as  a  proof  of  this,  obferves,  that  Galen  himfelf  died  aj: 
feVeiHy.feven,  which  cannot  properly  be  called  old  age. 

•*  Poor  Catdan  did  not  then  forefee  that  this  objcaioii 
•*  (fuppolb  it  to  have  any  weight)  might  one  day  be 
*♦  urged  more  jalUy  againft  himfelf,  who  died  at  fevei^ 
'*  ty.five.»*  • 

But,  to  do  him  juftice,  he  was  the  firil  who  g^ve  us 

H  3  marks 


118  ^1E  ROMMUS  CARD  ANUS* 

xparks  or  tymptoms  of  longevity,  whiich,  when  thej  n»e|et 
in  the  faiqe  perfon,  are,  for  'the  mod;  part,  true  indicaui 
tlons  of  long  life,  viz.  iji,  to  be  defceqded  from  a  long 
lived  family,  at  leaft  by  one  of  the  parents  ;  2iUy,  to  be 
of  a  cheerful,  eafj,  difpofition,  undifturbed  by  any  irl;:- 
fpme  care,  or  difc^uietude  of  n^ind  ;  anj*  3^»  to  be  na- 
turally a  long  and  found^  fleeper. 

'ipie  quantity  of  aliment  which  he  recommen4s  is  very 
ffnall,  aft^r  the  n^anner  of  Corna^ro^  whom  he  sulmires 
much :  and,  though  the  abftemioufnefs  which  he  enjoins^ 
would  ill  agree  with  perfons  of  an  aAive  and  laborious 
life,  and  foon  ezhauft  their  ftrength,  and  render  thena 
iifelefs,  yet  to  people  of  a  delicate  conftitution,  full  of 
care  s^id  dif<}uiet^des,  or  con^ned  to  a  fedentary  life, 
the  meafure  of  aliment  which  he  allows,  under  the  re* 
flri£lions  annexed  to  it,  is  perl^aps  the  bed  ru|e  of  health 
in  his  book. 

"  Thp  true  meafurp  of  eating  an4  drinking,'*  fays  he, 
**  is,  that  a  man  fliallfel  no  fulnefs  or  weight  in  his  fto- 
'*  mach,  hilt  ihall  be  able  to  \f alk  or  Write  itnmediatelj 
^'  after  meals,  in  cafe  either  (bould  be  neceflary ;  that  his 
**  ileep  (hall  not  be  difturbed  or  (hortened  by  his  fupper  ; 
<*  that  he  ihall  have  neither  headach,  nor  bad  tafie  in  his 
*'  mouth  next  morning  ;  and  that  he  ihall  awake  refreOi- 
**  ed  and  cheerfal  after  bis  night's  rcil.*' 

His  fourth  book,  on  old  age,  is  the  mod  entertaining 
part  of  the  whole  performance.  Who  can  forbear  being 
pleafed  with  his  cheerful  and  fecial  difpofition  at  feventy- 
three,  and  with  his  lively  hope,  which  he  ftretches  beyond 
the  grave  ?  **  For  my  part,"' fays  he,,  **  I  am  more  joyful 
V  now  than  ever  I  was  in  my  youth  j  I  fhall  die*,  *tis  true^ 

and  leave  niy  friends  behind  me,  but  I  {hall  find  others 

where  I  go;  ^ndl  know  that  thofe  who  are  left  behind 

**  will  quigkly  follow  me." 

''    '-N^    '-        '       •     .    '  '     Sooq 


cc 


al:i;kand£r  traiAnus.  119 

{Soon  after  the  death  of  Cardan^  Alescander  Trajanus  ' 
Petronius  publiibed  his  book  concerning  the  aliment  o£  ' 
the  Romans,  and  the  prefervatipn  of  their  health,  'which  ' 
he  dedicates  to  Pope  Gregory  XIIL     In  it  he  treats  of 
the  fituation,  ur,  winds,  waters,  and  healthj  feafons,  of 
Itpme  ;  an4  alfo  of  the  food,  folemn  fafts,  and  epidemical 
ailments,  of  the  I^omans.    This  book  is  written  with 
great  judgment  and  accuracy,  and  is  an  excellent  model 
for  any  phyfician  who  inclines  totdo  the  fame  good  office 
to  the  city  in  which  he  refides. 

Several  authors,  befides  thofe.  already  named,  have 
written  upon  the  confervation  of  health  in  the  iixteenth  * 
century,  Jbefore  the  celebrated  Sanftorius.  I  (hall  men- 
tion the  moil  eminent  among  them,  for  the  fake  of  the 
curiotis,  who  may  have  a  mind  to  confult  them,  but  (hall 
net  dwell  long  upon  their  works;  and  perhaps  there 
have  been  but  few  *  improvenients  or  variations  in  this 
branch  of  phyfic,  from  the  times  of  the  Greeks  and  Ara- 
bians down  to  San&orius,  who  ^ourilhed  in  the  clofe  of 
tWs  century, 

Theff^  authors  {land  in  order  of  time  as  follows  : 

Levinus  Lemnius  Mras  born  in  Zeland  anno  1 50  j,  and 
prafiifed  phyfic  for  feveral  years  with  good  fuccefs  ;  but, 
halving  had  the  piisfortune  to  loTe  his  wife,  entered  into 
holy  orders;  Jn  confequepce  of  which,  his  writings  p&rtake 
bath  of  mprality  and  phyfic.  His  exhortatioa  to  lead  a 
virtuous  life,  in  order  to  fecure  the  health  both  of  body 
and  mind,  fets  forth,  that  "  health  is  preferved  by  tfc'xhper- 
•*  ance  in  eating  and  drinking,  wherein  e::cefs  is  indecent 


•  LiC»  regies  pour  Ja  confervation  de  ia  fame,  et  cp  qu*il  y  a  i  dire  fur 
1«  qualitez  et  le  choix  des  allmens,  etant  un  fujet  ou  il  y  a  le  moins  de 
yariationa  depuis  les  tems  les  plus  anciens  jufqu'  au  notrc.  Le  Clcrc  Plan 
<lc  rhiftorie  dc  la  medicine,  pag.  3.  '      '  , 

H  4  "  a$ 


€1 
•f 


ISO  JABQrtf  fVtATtiH^lB* 

'*  as  well  as  pernieioiiSy  a4d  hj  a  4i0ieratipa  in  «K  ill 
'^  other  articles  ^hich  Galea  *  fnills  the  pvcferrafeites  of 
'*  heahhy  but  modern?  call  %he  fii^  noo^imtiitaky  not  thai 
^*  they  are  by  aoj  means  umiataraU  but  becaofe  ttej 

are  not  within  the  body  like  our  blood  and  htmiofnrsj^ 

though  thej  have  inflaence  enough  to  hurt  or  d^ftroy 
'^  it,  when  a  bad  u£b  is  inade  of  fbem.'' 

Jafon  Pratenfisy  a  Zelander,  likewife  wrote  a  (reatife 
Pe  tuenda  famtate^  a^o  1538.  He  regreta  that  hifi  manj 
ayocations,  and  a  nine  month 'S  illnefe,  didnotpemortt  hiai 
to  write  np  to  the  idea  whtdi  he  had  of  his  £ubje8^  He  k, 
neverthekiV,  a  Uvely  writer,  and  a  good  daflkal  fcholar, 
which  makes  his  book  vety  entertaining,  though  h  hw 
little  or  nothing  new  with  refpeft  to  health- 

Antouius  Fnmanellus  Yeronenfis  wrot^  Jit- ftnftm  tt'? 
gimfie,  ofmo  15409  whcrdn  he  declares,  '*  that  h#  follows 
**  tKe  fentiments  of  Hippocrates  and  Gakin*'' 

Joajines  Valverdus  de  Hamufco»  a  Spaniard,  publHbed 
his  treatife,  De  amm  et  corporis  fa^iit^e  ad.  Hierommum  Vom 
rallum  CariinaUm^  anno  155a,  It  is  Ihort,  but  written  with 
a  great  0eid  of  good  fenfe;  and  as  the  author  had  an  0ppot« 
tunity  ^f  ttavelling  into  dtffant  oountrie^,  his  obfei^valiods 
enabled  him  to  add  this  new  rule  to  th^  tAA  oiiesi  vi%^  Huit 
it  is  necefiary  to  diveriify  'pur  method  of  living  according 
to  the  nature  pi  the  climrate  in  which  we  m^y  ehanoe  t^ 
refide.  1<  When  I  was  in  Scotland  f  (feys  he)  I  oouU 
**  not  forbfear  eating  more  frequently  than  I  ufed  to  dq 
f*  in  vof  own  country.'* 


■■■>4- 


*  Lemnlus  did  not  advert,  that  Galen  washimfelf  the  perfonwho  intro- 
duced the  appellation  non-natural. 

f  Cum  ego,  qui  meridionalem  magis  xncolo  regionem,  apud  Sco^o; 
Bgerem^  nox^  poteram  me  contiiiere«  quin  pluribiis  vicibus  cibum  ailume- 
^em,  quam  antea  elTem  confuetus. 

Guillehnus 


y 


tS^UILIELMUS  GRATAROLU^k 


321 


Guilielmtis  GratarolnSi  a  Fiedmontefe,  publi(hed  his 
book,  De  litiratorumi  ei  eorum  qui  magi/tratum  ggrttnt, 
cofffervanda  valetudine,  a)7«o  1555,  ^^  inculcates  a  mo-* 
deration  in  the  five  following  articles  i  namely,  eating, 
drinking,^  labour,  deep,  ttd  concubinage ;  and  affirms 
fhattbofe  great  fathers  of  phjfic,. Hippocrates  and  Galen, 
tiave  recommended  the  fame  moderation,  as  the  principal 
means  to  fecure  health. 

Henricus  Ranzovius,  a  Dapifli  nobleman,  wrote  De  eon* 
/ervnuda  vahtudine  in  privatum  liherorum  fuorum  ufum^ 
anno  1573*  The  firft  and  moft  valuable  precept  in  his 
book,  is,  to  worfliip  and  ferve  God,  and  to  pray  to  him  for 
healtbK"  iot  (conddues  he)  though  the  ftar)  have  their 
f ^  tnfiBClncc,  it  wiU  be  always  true,"  ^t 

iEmilius  Dufus  eompofed  his  beok,  J)e  iuendavakindi^ 
ne  (ul  Car  Jam  Skifaudis  Ducem^  anno  15&2  j  but  copies' 
Gsden  in  every  tbiiig  that  is  material, 

lidftly^  Ferdinaaduo  Eoftatiii S|  fon  to  the  famous  anato* 
mift  Bartholomseus  Euftachius,  wrote  J9r  9fW  hnrname 
faeidt^tt  m^iBca  frorogaHmff  dedicated  ko  Pope  Shctus  T. 
anwo  si^  This  author  has  indeed  refuted  many  axtgu- 
ments,  i&ged  to  prove  diat  the  medical  art  is  of  no  tife  in 
ptohmgpng  fife}  but  is  quite  filent  as  to  the  means  by 
which  that  end  may  be  attained* 

It  would  make  this  compilation  too  tedious  to  take  no* 

tice  hefe  of  all  thefe  authors  that  have  advanced  fome  fan-i 

cifui  fpeoulations  on  the  dilferent  proportions  of  food  at 

difibrei^  meals,  which  they  imagined  to  be  of  great  im- 

^  portadce  to  health  \  &i€b,  iet  inftStnce,  as  Oddi  de  Oddis, 

whc^  ia  hisrtveati£B  i)^  e^mB  ei  prandii ffortionf,  pubUffaed 

/»//«•  1570,  affcrts,  that  people  (hould  make  fupper  their 

fqlleft  and  dinner  their  lighteft  meaL 

Number 


NUMBER  IV. 


SANCTORIUS.. 

MAHCTORius  Sanctorius  was  bom  in  Iftria,  a  territory  m 
Italy,  belonging  to  the  Venetians,  and  ftudied  at  Padua, 
where  he  afterwards  became  a  c<slebrated  profieflbr.  He.was 
frpm  thence  invited  to  pra£kife  phyfic  at  Venice,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  citizens ;  and  though  he  left  the  univerfity, 
yet  the  republic,  as  a  niark  of  efteem,  c6ntinued  his  falary 
to  his  death,  which  happened  anno  16^69  in  the  feventj- 
fifth  year  of  his  age. 

He  opened  a  new  fcene  in  phyfic,  to  which  phyficians 
and  philofophers  were  in  a  great  meafure  ftrangers  before 
his  time,  and  upon  experiments  made  with  amazing  dili- 
gence and  affiduity,  foy'thirty  years,  he  has  eft^faKlhed  feveral 
laws  of  infenfible  perfpiration,  a  knowledge  of  which  is  lb 
ufeful  for  the  prefervation  of  health. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  be  more  fully  matter  of 
this  fubjeft,  it  is  propofed,  in  the  ^firfi  place,  to  give  a 
tranflation  of  the  work  which  Sandorius  called  Medicina 
Sfaticay  or  Rules  of thealth,  and  afterwards  to  give  a  (hort 
account  of  the  difcoveries  which  have  fince  been  made  re* 
garding  infenfible  peripiratioi). 

Medicin^ 


(     12»    ) 


MEDICINA  STAIICA,  OR  RULES  OF  HEALTH, 


IM    BIGRT  SBCTIPMS  OF  ArHOKiSMS,  ORIOIMALLT  WRITTKM 
BT  SANCTORIUS,  CHIEF  PROFESSOR  OF  FHYSIC  AT  FADVA, 
BITGLISBED   BT   J.  D.  ORIGINALLY  PRINTED,  AT    LONDON, 
.  AlfHO  1676* 


$ANCT0RIU3  TO  THE  READEIU 

I 

\ 

*T  is  a  thing  new,  and  not  before  heafd  of  in  medicine, 
that  any  one  (hould  be  able  to  find  out  the  exa£l  weight  o^ 
infenfible  perfpiration,  nor  has  any  one  of  th):  philofopher^ 
or  phyficians  attempted  the  doing  of  any  thing  in  that  part 
of  the  medical  faculty.  I  am  the  firft  that  bas  efiayed  it, 
and  (if  I  am  not  miftaken),  brought  the  art  to  perfedJion^ 
by  reafon  and  the  experience  of  thirty  years.  I  have 
thought  it  fitter  to  deliver  it  in  an  aphoriftical,  than  a  diex- 
odical  method,  for  fevcral  reafons  :  ^^Jirflf  that  fo  I  mighf 
imitate  our  great  diftator^  whofe  fteps  I  have  always  thought 
it  an  honour  to  follow.  Secondly^  I  was  in  a  manner  ne- 
ceffitated  to  do  fo,  in  regard  that  the  experiments  them- 
fclvcs,  wherein  I  had  fpent  many  years,  did  naturally  fo  lead 
'  me  to  this  aphoriftjca/  way  of  doflrine,  as  that  I  have  di- 
gcfted  the  aphorifms,  e^ccellpntly  well  connefled  amongfl: 
ihemfelves,  in  this  wonderful  order,  as  bees  having  fir{( 
gathered  the  honey  from  a  great  variety  of  flowers,  do  af- 
terwards. 


I 
I 


124  MSmClNA  STiTXCA# 

tCTRrai'dS)  in  aa  excellent  order  and  economy,  dtfpofe  it, 
wrought  up  to  perfe&ion,  into  the  little  receptacles  of  their 
honey-combs. 

M  to  tli0  adirantageis  of  i^  aft^  I  ft»S  fajs  Mdto^  6nce 
it  is  known  to  all,  of  hpw  great  concern  in  the  medical  fa- 
culty, the  knowledge  of  infenfible  perfpiration  is*  Only  I 
would  have  ^  t^«^  kind^  reader  tak«(  ^iiisr  oa^  a4¥efl^f^9^efi#> 
that  fince  thd  ft»^  t>f .  hHunan  ifciRiirs  is  fuoh  that  wsn  are 
moxci  ^  favieufiy  to*  oppofes^  thm  ftudioufly  to  psomotc^ 
the  advancement  (^  new  defighs,  I  know  th^t  manyi.  not 
^onlj  among  the  vulgar,  but  alfo  among  the  learned,  not 
condtt£led  by  a  love  of  the  truth,-  but  hurraed  away  by  am- 
bition^ or  the  vain  letchery  of  contradi&ion,  or  pure  envy» 
wUl  rilie  up  againfl;  this  new  art,  and  will  heavily  inveigh 
againft  it,  though  tbey  sire  not  fo  nm^li  as  acquainted  with 
the  very  name  of  it«  But  if  they  are  defirous  to  be  followers 
of  die  truth,^  I  (hall  fo  far  fatisfy  them  all,  as  that  they  flutt 
not  only  apprehend  the  pure  refined  trutli  in  their  minds 
and  undetftandings,  but  they  fliall  fee  it  with  their  eyes^ 
and  feel  it  with  their  hands,  if  they  ihall  but  ftri£Uy  ex- 
amine»  by  the  balance,  all  thofe  things  which  I  hay^  de- 
livered in  this,  book,  concerning  tt»  ponderation  of  infen- 
fible perfpiration,  its  caufes,  time,  advantages,  and  difad^ 
vantages,  exceis  and  defe£i,  as  alfq  of  the  air,  fneatS| 
drinks,  and  the  other  fix  non-natural  things^  by  which  per- 
fpiration is  obftru£);ed,  or  advanced. 

Let  them  not  therefore,  with  a^iupercillouaf  arrogance, 
make  a  light  account  of  this  balance,  or,  like  fmatterers  in 
knowledge,  calumniate  this  moft  excellent  art,  inasmuch  as 
I  fliail  not  think  they  deferve  any  other  ahfwer,  than  that 
fmart  raillery  of  the  poet  Pejrlius  j  when  blmding  them- 
felvcs  like  the  Andabatse,  aqd  being  obilinatc  truth-hatcrs, 

they 


they  di&sov^  to  all  ^  world,  tlmt  Uiey  are  fM)t  only  dril 
£ul>06an€  and  Cordubanst  in  the  perception  of  the  tnt(b» 
but  alfo  moft  frivolous  Afiftarchofei  and  crilici  in 
cepfure^  of  it«  ' 


AN  ACCOUNT  «F  THE  W£]OHIN«  CHAIR. 

X  H£,aphorifm8  comprehended  in  our  book  oijlatic  nieJL 
ciMp  publiflbed  fome  years  fince,  are  found  to  be  true,  by 
the  ufe  of  the  chair  placed  at  the  frontifpiece. 

From  which  ehalt  we  gain  two  advantages ;  the  former 
by  finding  out  Ute  daily  infenfible  perfpiration  of  our  bodies^ 
which  perfpiration  not  well  confidered,  medicine  proves 
for  the  mod  part  vain  and  jneffedual :  for  all  indifpofitions 
almoft  are  the  productions  of  a  lei^r  or  larger  perfpira* 
tion  than  is  requi&te« 

The  latter,  in  that,  having  feated  ourfelves  in  this  dbair,* 
we  perceive,  during  our  refe£lion^  when  we  are  come  to 
that  juft  proportion  of'  meat  and  drink,  beyond  whidi,  or 
ihort  of  which,  we  are  prejudiced. 

The  chai^sis  fet  as  it  is  reprefented  in  the  aforefaid  figure 
wherein  the  bc^  is  fattened  to  the  rafters,  at  a  fecret  place» 
in  a  room  above  that  where  you  take  refedlion,  becaufe  it 
would  be  fomewhat  unfightly  in  the  fame  room  ;  as  alfo  by- 
reafon  of  the  unlearned,  to  whom  all  things  that  are  un« 
ufual  feem  ridiculous.  Now  the  chair,  being  a  fingei^* 
breadth  diftaot  from  the  floor,  ftands  firm,  fo  as  that  k  can- 
not eafily  be  (haken# 

When,  therefore,  by  reafon  of  the  refcftiott  we  have 
taken,  we  are  come  to  the  juft  weight  and  meafure  before  , 
prefcribed,  then  the  remote  part  of  the  beam  is  a  Uttle  elo» 


I2d  MEmctNA  StATICA. 

▼ated,  and  the  chair  withal  immediately  defcends  a  litilei 
That  defcent  of  the  chair  tells  the  perfon  fitting  in  it,  that 
lie  has  taken  the  requifite  quantity  of  his  refeftion. 

Now,  what  quantity  or  weight  of  wholefome  meats  it 
convenient  for  every  one,  and  how  much  the  infenfiUe 
perfpiration  ought  to  be  in  their  refpe&ive  bodies,  to-wit, 
that  perfpiration  which  is  commodioufly  weighed  by  the 
chair,  any  one  may  eafily  underftand  by  our  book  otjatic 
fnedicine* 


THE   SECTIONS* 

!•  Of  the  Ponder ation  o/inJenfibU  Perfpitaiiom 
a.  Of  Air  and  WcUers. 
3.  Of  Meat  and  Drink* 
4*  Of  Sleep  and  Vigilance, 

5.  Of  Exercife  and  ReJI. 

6.  OfVtnery. 

7.  Of  the  AffeSlions  of  the  Mind. 

8.  An  Anfwer  to  the  Stdficomqftixm 


Ikiilti 


1ft£i)ICINA  STATICA  1^^ 


&ULES  OF  HEALTH. 


THE  FIRST  SECTION. 

/ 


OF    IXlSEXIIBLS  rBRSriRAtlOlTy  AND    THE    EXACf    WilGfif 

THBEfOF. 

I.  If  the  addition  of  thofe  things  that  are  deficient,  and 
the  fubtradion  of  thofe  that  are  exuberant,  be  dailj  oiade^ 
as  ta  quantitj  and  qualitj,  fuch  as  it  ought  to  be«  loft 
health  would  be  recovered,  and  the  prefent  alwajs  pre* 
ferved.  .   ,  ^  * 

II. .  If  the  phyfician,  who  has  the  overfight  of  other 
mens*  healthy  be  capable  of  judging  ovlj  of  the  feqfible 
addition,  and  evacuation,  and  knows  not  the  quantitj  of 
their  dailj  infenfible  perfpiration,  he  does  not  cure,  but 
deceive  them. 

III.  He  onlj,  who  knows  to  what  quantity,  and  wben^ 
the  fecret  perfpiration  of  a  man's  bodjr  amounts  to  more 
or  lefs,  fhall  find  out  how  much,  and  when  any  thing 
ought  to  be  added  or  fubtraded,  in  order  to  the  preferva* 
tion  or  recovery  of  his  health. 

IV.  Infenfible  perfpiration  alone  is  commonly  wont  to 
exceed  all  the  fenfible  perfpirations  put  together. 

V.  Infenfible  perfpiration  is  made  either  by  the  pores 
of  the  body,  which  is  tranfpirable  in  all  its  parts,  and  is 
inclofed  in  tse  ikin  as  it  were  in  a  net;  or  by  refpiratioa 
performed  by  the  mouth,  which^  in  one  day,  commonly 
amounts  to  about  half  a  pound  :  for  that  may  be  difcover- 
ed  by  the  dewy  drops  upon  a  looking»glafsj  if  it  be  fet 
tllQfe  to  the  mouth* 

^  VI- 


128  MEDtCIWA  STATiiiA* 

vr.  If  the  meat  and  drink  taken  in  one  dij  amotitit  to 
the  weight  of  e^ght  pfHin&h  the  iofeofible  tranfpiratioa 
ordinarily  amounts  to  five  pounds,  or  thereabouts. 

VII.  The  quantity  of  infenfible  tranfpiration  admits  of 
fome  variety,  according  to  the  diverfity  of  nature,  climate, 
feafons,  age,  difeafes,  alimeitt^  and  other  things,  that  are 
non-natural. 

vni»  It  may  be  eafily  ccm^puted  what  was  the  ^uanti-^ 
ty  of  the  no&urnal  perfpiration,  and  that  of  the  fenfibk 
excrements*  by  weighing  the  body  in  the  mornings  before 
and  lifter  fenfiUe  excretion. 

IX.  If  the  weight  of  the  body  begin  td  be  ahgmented 
Hiotethim  k  is  wont^  vnthout  any  greater  addition  of 
meat,  and  drink,  or  a  retention  of  the  fenfible  excreiiients, 
there  edfues  «  difficulty  of  breathing. 

X.  The  body  is  pceferved  in  the  fame  ilate  of  health 
lurhen  it  returns  to  the  fame  weight,  without  any  unufual 
ftoGfale  evacuation  t  but  if  it  be  tedpced  to  the  fame 
weight,  by  a  more  than  ordinary  evacuation,  by  urines 
MT  ftool,  it  begins  io  recede  from  its  former  healths 

XI.  H  it  be  perteived  by  ponderation,  that  there  hath 
been  any  obftrufiion  c£  the  perfpiration,  there  iiirill  fuc- 
eeed,  in  the  fubfequent  days,  eithet  a  more  plentiful  per-^ 
fpitation,  or  fome  more  abundant  fenfible  evacuation^  of 
ibme  fymptom  of  an  evil  habit  of  the  body,  or  a  fliver. 

Xiu  Much  perfpiration,  and  a  plentiful  and  more  thad 
Hfind  fenfible  evacuation,  are  not  confiftei^t  together, 

Xiit.  If  any  one  does  fenfibly  evacuate  more  than  is  re- 
^pufite,  his  perfpiration  is  lefs  than  is  requifite. 
,  xrir.  It  is  an  ill  fign,  when  a  man  goes  to  ftool,  urinesi 
^  fweats,  more  thitn  is  requifirei  and  perfpires  lels  tfaaot 
be  flK>old  do. 


MBDIOIKA  STATICA. 


12d 


4 

actr.  If'  the  body  be  daily  reduced  to  tbe  fame  weigb^ 
without  any  alteration  in  the  evacuation  of  thofe  things 
that  are  perfpirable,  it  will  need  no  crifis^  and  will  be 
coatiniied  in  a  found  pofture. 

zvi*  When  the  .body  is  one  day  of  one  [weiglrt,  and 
an<)fther  day  of  another,  it  argues  ah  introdu&ion  of  evil 
^uatitiss  into  it* 

xrn.  That  weighty  which  to  any  one  is  fuch  as*  thatt 
when  he  goes  up  foiiie  fteepy  place,  he  feels  himfelf 
lighter  than  he  is  wont,  is  the  exaft  ftandard  of  good 
health. 

xviit.  Evil  qualities  are  the  produftions  of  ezcefs,^  but 
we  mnft  not  affirm  the  contrary,  to* wit,  that  good  quali- 
ties  are  the'  produftions  of  defeiSt. 

*  icix.  Not  only  the  weight,  bat  the  ejtcefs  alfo,  is  di* 
minifhed,  either  by  the  evacuation  of  the  fenfible  or  in« 
fenfible  crude  ihatter,  or  by  that  of  the  fenfible  of  i&i- 
fenfible  conceded  matter.  The  latter  conduces  to  health, 
the  former  takes  away  the  «zcef$,  but  leaves  the  iU  qua- 
lity behind. 

r 

XX.  There  are  two  kinds  of  infenfible  tranfpiration  :  the 
one  is  immediately  made  after  fleeping,  upon  the  complet- 
ing of  the  concoflion,  and  after  this  there  is  an  augmentatioh 
of  a  man's  ftrength ;  the  other  in  the  time  of  vigilance*;  and  ^ 
this  latter  is  occafioned  by  crude  humours^  and. by  reafon 
thereof  the  ftrength  is  impaired :  for  it  is  performed 
with  more  or  lefs  violence,  anfwerably  to  the  greater  or 
lefs  motion  of  the  vigilance. 

xxz.  That  perfpiration  which  cafes  the -body  of  a  great^ 
aikd  that  an  unprofitable,  burthen,  is  not  ^at  which  is  at- 
tended with  fweating,  but  that  invifible  perfpiration  or 
breathing,  fuch  as  is  that  which,  in  the  fpace  of  four-and- 

VoL  III.  I  twenty 


130  MEDICIKA  STATtCA. 

twenty  hours,  in  the  winter  time,  may  ezhde  fifty  ounces, 
or  more*  %  "* 

XXII.  Invifible  perfpiratjon  becomes  vifiblei  either 
when  there  is  an  excefs  of  nutriment,  or  when  there  is  a 
xemiffion  of  heat,  or  by  reafon  of  violent  motion.   . 

XXIII.  Infenlible  perfpiratioo,  attended  by  fweating,  is 
not  good;  becaufe  fweating  abates  the  ftrength  of  the 
£bres.  Yet  fometimes  it  is  accounted  good,  becaafo  it 
occafions  a  diverfion  from  a  greater  evil. 

XXIV.  The  more  fubtile  and  free  from  motfture  the  in- 
'  vifible  perfpiration  is,  the  more  healthy  it  is. 

^  XXV.  All  the  liquid  ex-crements  are  the  more  weighty, 
and  fall  down  to  the  bottom  ;  the  thick  are  lighter,  aod 
keep  up  on  the  top,  fuch  as  are  hard  and  thick  dreg% 
fpittle^,  aod  others  of  that  kind. 

XXVI.  Liquid  excrements,  allowing  an  equality  as 
to  quantity,  take  off  a  greater  burthen  from  the  boijf 
than  the  hard  and  confiftent. 

XXVII.  Liquid  meats  are  aUb  the  more  weighty,  and  the 
foKd  the  more  liglit ;  bread  and  fleih  are  light,  wine  and 
broaths  are  heavy.  A  cup  of  wine  is  of  equivalent  weight 
to  a  piece  of  bread,  though  above  thrice  as  big  as  it  in 
bulk. 

xxviii.  When  the  body  feems  to  be  more  burthenfome 
•to  a  man,  when  it  is  not  really  fo,  he  is  in. a,  worfe  con- 
dition than  if  it  feem  and  is  felt  to  be  fuch,  when  it  is 
really  fuch. 

xxrx*-  The  weight  of  an  animal  may  be  confidered  two 
»wayS|  for  thefe  two  things  are  confiftent,  to- wit,  that  the 
^body  may  be  more  weighty  than  ufual,  and  yet  the  per- 
fon  fancy  himfelf  lighter ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  that  the 
body  may  be  lighter  than  ufual,  yet  the  party  feel  him- 
felf heavier. 

XXX. 


Mkdicina  statica*  151 

.  XKX.  If  tbefe  two  things  coacar,' to* wit,  that  amaa 
feel  himfelf  lighter  than  he  is,  and  yet  is  not  really  fO)  it 
13  an  argameiitof  a  moil  healthful  conftitution. 

XXXI.  That  body  which  is  reduced  to  a  le&  weight, 
than  is  proportionable  to  the  juft  computation  of  its 
healthful  date,  is  in  a  worfe  condition  than  that  which 
acquires  a  greater  weight  than  is*  proportionable  to  its 
healthfulnefs. 

XXXII.  When  the  body,  by  reafon  of  any  exercife  of 
itfelf,  or  of  the  mind,  becomes  of  lefs  weighty  there  im^ 
mediately  enfues  a  diminution  of  its  vigour ;  which  doed 
not  happen  if  it  becomes  of  lefs  weight  after  fleep,  when 
there  is  a  perfeA  conco&ion. 

XXXIII.  If  without  any  precedent  violence  there  be  a 
diminution  of  the  weight,  and  an  impairing  of  the  vi« 
gour,  the  reafon  is,  becaufe  there  is  not  fo  much  reftor- 
e4  as  had  been  loft. 

XXXIV.  There  are  but  three  ways  whereby  an  animal 
is  weakened,  either  while  the  weight  of  the  body  is  aug-* 
xpented,  without  any  impairing  of  its  vigour ;  when  the 
vigour  is  diminifhed,  the  fame  weight  of  the  body  ftill 
remaining  }  or,  laftly,  when  both  vijgour  and  weight  ad-< 
xnit  of  diminution.        '  ^ 

XXXV.  That  wearinefs  which  enfues  upon  the  body'^ 
becoming  lefs  ftrong,  and  of.  lefs  weight,  is  more  dan- 
gerous than  any  other ;  for  pondetofity  is  a  kind  of 
ftrength. 

XXXVI.  The  weight  of  the  body  communicates  ftrength 
to*  us,  when  w6  either  draw  any  thing  dovi^nwards,  or 
carry,  turn,  or  thruft,  it^ 

.  XXXVII*  The  ftrength  of  an  old  man  does  many  times 
depend  more  on  the  weighty  than  the  vigour,  of  his  body  : 


/ 


1 92  Ml^MCmA  BTt  kttCA^ 

an  old  aainml  of  little  weiglit  nrajr  live  a  long  time,  iHit 
cannot  be  ftrong. 

XXXVIII.  Ify  after  fleeping,  the  body  be  tednced  to  its 
Yifual' weighty  without  feeling  anj  croufale,  it  is  well ;  for 
it  argues  perfeft  concoftion  ;  but  if  with  trouble,  it  is 
iH.  ^ 

xxxix;  The  bodj  does  not  fall  into  any  difeafe  upon 
external  mifcarriages,  unlefs  it  hare  fome  of  the  entrails 
prepared  for  it :  that  preparation  is  difeovered  by  the 
more  or  lefs  than  ufual  weight,  occafioned  no^  without 
fome  precedent  difturbance. 

XL.  If  nature  be  obftruded  while  (he  is  eudployed  in  - 
the  office  of  perfpiration,  ihe  becomes  prefemly  defeftive 
in  divers  others. 

JtLT.  When  the  head  aches,  the  body  receives  tt  fodden 
check  in  perfpiration,  and  becomes  more  ponderous. 
XLii.  The  firft  feeds  of  difeafes'  are  more  certainly  dif-* 
.  covered  by  the  alteration  of  the  uhufual  perfpiratida^ 
than  by  the  obftrudion  of  the  offices. 

XLni.  If,  by  ponderation^  thou  fiialt  find  that  the  taaU 
ter  of  ufual  perfpiration  is  retained  in  the  body,  and  that 
the  party  does  neither  fweat  nor  urine  for  fome  days  a& 
ter,  infer  thence  that  the  retained  niatter  prognofticates 
future  corruption. 

XLiV.  But  if  by  ponderatxon  thou  {halt  find,  that  upofr 
fome  violent  cau£e,  the  petfpirable  matter  is  mere  thaii 
ufually  emitted  out  of  the  body,  be  afliiredi  that  the 
place  where  the  perfpirable  matters  had  been  lodged,  and 
whence  they  were  violently  evacuated,  is  filled  with         I 
crudities,  which  are  crowded  ioto  the  fmalleft  pafiages. 
XLV.  Yet  if  thoTe  crudities  which  fo  force  their  way 
id,  could,  as  to  all  parts,  be\rendered  fluid  and  perfpir^ 
able,  it  were  wdl  $  but  if  not,  the  part  wherein  they  are 

contained 


VESflCJKA  STATICAL 


133 


cootabed  firft  becomes  hard,  like  leather,  and  m  laft 
fcbirroa8« 

XLVi.  If  that  which  is  perfpirable  (hould  oot  be  diffi^ 
pated^  either  hy  nature,  or  fome  feverifli  heat,  the  body 
ivottld  be  immediately  prepared  for  a  malignant  fever. 

XLWii.  Such  as  are  in  fevers  are  as  likely  to  grow  worfe 
And  worCe,  if  their  perfpiration  be  diverted  by  the  excef- 
£ve  applications  of  medicines  from  an  nnftiilfulphyfician^as 
it  might  be  if  diverted  by  the  mifearriages  of  the  patients 
iJbem&Ives^    ^ 

ZLViif •  A  fmall  i^uantity  of  ca^ffia  does  not  divert  per«« 
ipiratioo,  does  not  impair  the  (Irength,  but  only  eafes  the 
body  of  a  fuperfluous  veight :  but  other  medicines  con- 
tribute more  to  evacuation,  are  diffufed  to  the  more  r&- 
zxiote  parts,  and  render  the  body  lighter;  and  yet  the 
neat  and  drink  which  is  reci^ved  afterwards  fill  op  the 
evacuated  pafTages;  thence  the  belly  and  bladder  are  ex- 
^ccated»  and  fpon  after  the  body  commonly  becomes  more 
ponderous. 

XLix*  Any  pain  o{;  grief  of  the  body  obftrufls  the 
pafiage  of  that  perfpirable  matter  which  is  concoded. 

L.  Any  cold,  even  the  leaft  that  we  feel  in  the  night 
.ivhile  we  are  afleep,  obftrufts  perfpiration. 

LI.  One  of  the  xnoft  frequent  caufes  that  hinder  per- 
ipiration  in  the  fummer  time  is  the  often  turning  of  our 
bodies  in  bed. 

xu*  There  are  three  internal  cau&s  of  the  obftruftion  of 
perfpiration,  nature's  being  otherwife  emplo/ed,  diver- 
^on,  and  want  of  ftrength. 

iin.  Hence  it  appears  by  a  ftatical  ponderation,'  that 

on  the  day  a  man  takes  phyfic^  and  during  the  fpace  of 

(hree  hpurs  after  refeftioui  there  is  little  peripiration : 

•  I  3  flpr 


134 


MEDICIMA  STATICA. 


\ 


for  on  fuch  day  of  taking  phjfic  nature  is  bulled  about 
fenfible  evacuation ;  and  after  meat  (he  is  intent  on  the 
firft  qonco&ion. 

Liv.  In  fluxes  and  vomiting  perfpiration  is  obftrufted, 
becaufe  it  is  diverted. 

LV.  A  burthenfome  weight  of  garments  is  a  hinderance 
to  perfpiration*  becaufe  they  abate  a  man's  ftrength. 

LVi.  The  body  does  not  perfpire  every  hour  after  the 
fame  rate,  in  regard  that  after  refeftion,  in  the  fpace  of 
five  hours,  it  is  commonly  wont  to  exhale  a  pound,  or 
thereabouts  ;  from  the  fifth  hour  to  the  twelfth,  about 
three  pound ;  from  the  twelfth  to  the  fixteenth  (at 
which  time  we  are  to  take  refedion,  or  phyfic)  hardly 
half  a  pound. 

LVII.  He  who  takes  his  refeflion,  or  is  evacuated  by 
phyfic,  during  the  hours  of  greateft  perfpiration,  fuch  as 
are,  for  the  moft  part,  thofe  of  the  morning,  is  highly  in- 
jured ;  bedaufe,  prefently  after  meat,  as  alfo  after  phyfic, 
perfpiration  is  extremely  diverted. 

LViii.  The  fccret,and  infenfibla  perfpiration  eafes  us 
more  than  all  the  feifible  ones  put  together;  for,  after 
fleep,  before  there  be  any  evacuation  of  the  fenfible  ex- 
crements, every  one  feels  himfelf  lighter,  becaufe  he  is 
really  become  lighter,  by  three  pound,  or  thereabouts. 

Lix,  In  the  fpace  of  one  night,  there  are  commonly 
evacuated,  of  urine,. fixteen  ounces,  more  orlefs  ;  of  con« 
co^ed  excrements,  by  ftool,  four  ounces  ;  and  by  occult 
perfpiration,  forty,  and  above* 

LX.  There  are  niany,  who,  in  the  fpace  of  four- 
and-twenty  hours  evacuate  as  much,  by  infenfible  per- 
fpiration,  as  they  do  by  ilool  in  the  fpace  of  fifteen  days. 

LXi.  How  comes  it  then,  that  moft  of  our  country- 
xntUj^  in  all  difeafesi  mind  only  the  evacuation  by  ftool 

or 


MEDICINA  STATICA.  135 

«r  urlne^  and  hardlj  ever  think  of  infenfible  perfpira- 
tion? 

uai.  If  in  the  night  thou  haft  perfpired  more  than 
Ttfaalljv  but  without  fweating  or  any  difturbance,  be  af- 
fared  of  th j  being  in  perfed:  health. 

LXixr.  Then  are  we  at  the  greateft  diftance  from  any 
'difeafe^  when  we  are  conae  to  the  mean  propoction  of  the 
latitude  of  healthy  ponderatton,  not  through  fpontaneous 
fenfible  evacuation,  or  that  prefcribed  by  the  phyiician, 
or  yet  by  fafting,  but  by  the  infeniible  perfpiration  which 
comes  by  fleep^  after  per  fed  concoction. 

» 

XXXV.  What  quantity  of  perfpiration  is  convenient  for 
•every  one,  in  order  to  his  continuance  in  a  mod  health- 
ful conftittttion  of  body,  you  will  thus  find  out.  Obferve 
in  the  morning,  after  a  fomewhat  plentiful  f upper  over 
night,  that  fort  of  greater  perfpiration,  which  may  be 
completed  in  thyfelf  in  the  fpace  of  twelve  hours  ;  grant  ' 
it  to  have  amounted  to  fifty  ounces,  foiiie  other  morning 
after  fafting  over  night,  yet  with  this  provifo,  that,  thou 
didft  not  exceed  at  thy  dinner  the  day  before,  make  the 
lame  obfervation ;  let  us  admit  the  perfpiration  to  have 
amounted  to  twenty  ounces  :  this  foreknown,  pitch  upon 
•that  moderate  proportion  of  meat  and  oiber  non- natural 
caufes,  which  will  be  likely  to  reduce  thee  daily  to  the 
mean  between  fifty  and  twenty  ounces  ;  and  that  mean 
•will  be  thirty-five  ounces.  .Thus  mayeft.thou  live  a 
long  and  healthful  life,  nay,  haply  arrive  to  that  of  a 
hundred  years.  •  ' 

Lxv.  The  healthful  bodie,s  of  men,  and  fuch  as  are 
xnoft  moderate  in  their  diet,  become  every  month  more 
than  ufually  ponderous,  to-wit,  by  obe  poupd  or  two,  .and 
are  reduced  to  the  ufual  weight  about  the  month's  end, 

I  4  as. 


196  hamciixA  tTxncA. 

•s  it  hft^iis  to  women^  but  after  a  crifis  m^debjra 
more  plentiful  or  more  muddy  emiflion  of  urine. 

txwu  Before  the  faid  menftruftl  xniBs  made  foo&*atfter 
4ecp«  either  thefe  is  fek  4  drowfinefs  of  the  head^  or 
wearinefs  of  the  bodj,  and  afterwaids,  by  a  more  plen- 
tiful eyacttktioirof  urifie,  all  thitigs  are  quieted. 

Lxvii.  The  external  caafes  which  ordinarily  obftraft 
perfptrati^n  are  a-cold  troubled*  and  moift,  air  ;  fwim- 
ming  in  cold  water ;  grofs  and  vifeous  meats  ;  the  iatef- 
miiSon  of  corporeal  exercife^  or  that  of  the  mind»  and,  ia 
robuft  perfonSy  over  much  abftineace  from  venery. 

LXTiii.  Bxt^rnai  cold  oMruds  perfptratioa  in  a  wea^ 
body,  becaufe  its  heat  is  diffipated  i  but  in  a  robuft  per- 
fon,  it  augments  it :  for  the  h^t  is  forced  to  the  bottom, 
iand  re-doplicated»  and  thereupon  nature  is  corroborated, 
'lahd  upon  that  the  wbight  of  ^e  perfpirable  matter  tha^ 
is  retained  being  by  her  confumed,  the  body  becomes  and 
13  felt  lighter, 

LXiX.  The  health  of  that  body  is  more  firm  and  of 
longer  continuance,  whofe  weight,  in  the  procefs  of  tkanf 
years,  is  neither  augmented  nor  dimimflsed*  than  that  of 
a  body  whofe  weight  is  altered  every  year. 

Lxx.  For  a  body  to  be  reduced  to  its  nfual  pooderofi- 
ty^  by  the  acceffion  of  crude  humours,  is  ill ;  but  if  it  be 
by  the  addition  of  fuch  as  are  tion^od^ed^  it  ismoft  wbole- 
fome.        / 

LXXT.  It  is  an  ill  Cgn,  when  a  healthy  perfon  becomes 
of  lefs  weight  than  ufual,  it  being  fuppofed  iris  courfe  of 
life  be  the  fame  as  before^  for  there  is  not  any  r^fufion  of 
that  wholefome  matter  which  had  been  loft« 
•*  LKxn.  The  concoftcd  excremaits  of  the  bcUy  arc  of 
great  bulk,but  little  weight ;  they  fwim  on  the  furfaee, 
Ify  reafon  of  the  air  contsiined  in  them,  and  whatever 


I  ■ 


Jtt£DICIKA  STATICAf      '  1ST 


|M]r  be  jSTacttfted*  at  one  uA  the  fame  time,  nferer  ez« 
cecds  the  third  part  of  a  pound. 

Itxxiiit  If  it  hH>pefi  that  in  paie  day's  fpace,  throogh 
jbme  mifcaniftge  or  other,  ''there  he  fo.  great  a  retcotioii 
of  perfpiration  as  maj  amooiit  to  a  pound,  nature  is  coiii« 
monlj  three  days  emplojed  in  the  infeafible  exporgatioi| 
p£  chat  which  had  been  retatxfefl, 

Lxxiv.  Then  does  nature  make  a  great  infenfibk  eva» 
Otttion,  when  (he  radoaTours  to  ^oid  peripirable  matterj^ 
setained  bjr  jraivniags  and  extepfioo^  of  the  joiDtSf 

i^xxv*  The  perfpiraUe  matter  confi^  of  two  parts,  to- 
wit,  a  Hgbt,  and  .a  pondeious* 

LffYU  The  ponderous  part  is^fo  exuberant  that  living 
creatures  are  generated  of,  it,  as  poaaizefi,,  Uce,  and  the 
Uke. 

hxxvn.  From  the  more  ponderous  part  of  perfpiration 
do  proceed  the  contagious  iofe&ions  of  fuch  as  lie  toge- 
ther:' for  the  light  part  raniflies,  but  the  more  ponder- 
ous, being  adbefive,  does  infefi. 

LXXYiii.  The^  who  in  the  fcorchiog  heats  of  fummer 
are  obftruded  in  the  exhalation  of  the  perfpirable  mat- 
ter, are  incommodated  by  heat  ;  but  to  thofe  who  have 
an  abfolute  freedom  of  perfpiration  the  heat  is  not 
trou'blefome. 

Lxxiz.  A  greater  weight  diflfers  from  a  leffer  equal 
healthful,  becaufe  the  greater  does  the  more  accelerate 
old  age.  Be  it  fuppofed,  that  fome  perfon  hath  his  health 
as  well  when  he  weighs  two  hundred  weight/  as  at  two 
hundred  and  6ve  pound  ^  we  have  obferved  that  the 
excels  of  thofe  five  poutids  did  more  accelerate  dd  age. 

LXXX.  Why  does  animated  flefli  live,  and  not  putriijr, 
as  a  carcafe  docs  ?  becaufe  it  is  daily  renewed.  Why 
are  children  in  a  capacity  of  living  longer  than  old  men  ? 

becaufe 


138  MEDIC mA'  STATICA. 

biBcaufe  thej  may  be  more  often  renewed,  fince  thej  begii) 
from  the  lowed  weight  of  the  whole  latitade,  and  fo  pro* 
ceed  to  the  highell :  for  they  are  capable  of  moft  of  the 
healthful  weights.  Why  is  there  a  n^ceifitj  that  old 
men  fliould  die  ?  becanfe  they  are  capable  only  of  the 
lafl  proportions  of  weight*  But  why  only  of  thofe  ?  b&- 
caufe  ,their  fibres  are  hard,  and^  as  fuch^  cannot  be  any 
more  renewed,  whence  death  enfues* 

Lxxxi.  Why  are  they  cured  who  are  fnrprifed  by  fome 
dangerous  difeafe  i  becaufe  they  are  capable  0i  feveral 
forts  of  healthy  weights :  for  fuch  difeafes  take  away 
thirty  pounds  from  men's  bodies,  more  or  lefs  as  the  bo« 
^ies  ar^  more  or  lefs  replete,  and  as  the  difeafe  is  more 
or  JeCs  ho(^  and  according  to  its  continuancf  • 


APHPRISMB  ADDED  BY  THE  AUTHOR^ 

Lxxxii.  Old  men  prolong  their  lives  by  f request. fpit- 
tings  ;  for  tbefe  being  retained  within  the  body,  as  being 
incapable  of  co£lion  or  digeftion,  hinder  perfpiration ; 
the  cpnfequences  whereof  are  fuSbcation  and  death. 

Lxxxiii.  Old  age  is  indeed  a  difeafe,  but  may  laft  a 
long  time,  if  the  body  be  made  eaQly  perfpirable. 

LZxxiv.  Venery,  aftual  frigidity  of  the  body,  over- 
plentiful  drinking,  fuppiog  as  young  men  do,  to  be  angry 
more  than  heeds,  and  much  e^iiercife,  all  thefe  (horten 
the  lives  of  old  men. 

Lxxxv.  Old  men  reach  not  decrepid  age  by  reafon  of 
the  weaknefs  of  their  expulfive  faculties.  Thence  it 
comes  to,  pafs ;  that  wh^n  they  drink  more  than  it  was 
requifite  they  Ihould^  they  urine  lefs,  and  perfpire  lefsi 

than 


MEDICINA  STATICA. 


isa 


than  they  are  wont.    The  remedy  is,  that  the  fubtradioa 
be  equivalent  to  the  addition. 

Lxxxvi.  Infenfible  perfpiration  being  quite  obilrufted, 
does  not  only  deprive  the  chiefeft  pacts  of  life,  bat  alfa 
one  ignoble  part.  It  deprives  the  chiefeft,  when  there  is 
an  apoplexy  in  the  brain,  palpitation  in  the  heart,  an  ex** 
cefs  of  blood  in  the  liver,  and  a  faffbcation  in  the  matrixs 
it  deprives  the  ignoble  part  by  gangrene/ 

Lxxxvir.  That  women  are  troubled  with  the  fuffoca* 
tion  does  not  proceed  from  the  womb's  compref&ng  the 
midriiF,  but  from  the  frigidity  of  the  corrupted  feed, 
which  does  not  want  perfpiration. 

Lxxxviii.  The  humours  of  perfons  troubled  with  the 
gout,  though  they  are  moft  grofs,  are  diflblved  only  hji 
way  of  vapour. 

Lxxxix.  Vomiting  diverts  tirine  iand  perfpiration. 

xc.  The  frequent  turning  of  the  body  in  bed,  fince  the 
doing  of  it  requires  the  afliftance  of  all  the  mufcles,  does 
Weaken  and  obflrud;  conco£lion  and  perfpiration.  The 
temedy  is,  for  one  to  be  obftinately  refolved  to  lie  in  ono 
and  the  fame  pofture. 

xci.  While  the  knees  are  kept  aSually  warm,  the  feet 
are  not  chilled  ;  fnch  perfons  flcej)  well,  they  perfpire 
more,  and  urine  lefs. 

xcii,  Loofenefs  of  the  belly  is  taken  away  by  thofe 
things  which  augment  perfpiration,  of  which  kind  bath- 
ing is  one. 

xciii.  As  the  loadftone  is  better  preferved  where  there 
is  much  iron,  and  wine  better  kept  in  a  great  veffel 
than  a  little  one,  fo  fuch  bodies  as  are  more  ponderous, 
yet  healthy  withal,  do  better  prefcrve  ftrength  than 
fuch  as  abate  in  their  weight,  through  want  of  aliment. 
4  -  xciv. 


140  MEDICI VA  S'TATICA. 

xcTv.  Tfaej  who  urine  more  than  thejr  driak»  do  per* 
fpire  little,  or  nothing  at  all. 

:rc7.  Why  19  there  an  obftruAion  of  infeofible  per- 
fpiratioti  in  intermittent  finrers  ?  bcomfe  the  peccant  h9« 
aonr  it  in  the  ctrcamference  of  the  body. 

xcri>  {n  the  dropfy,  the. water  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
belly  is  not  HEolvedp  becapfe  its  drought  find  |iardne& 
hinder  perfpiration. 

zGVii.  Hot  humours  being  got  together  into  any  part 
»re_  to  be  entertained  with  hot  digeftiyes^  in.  order  to  their 
^iflblution  by  iofenfible  perfpirs^tion. 

xcviii.  Why  is  fainting  or  fwooning  beneficial  in  high 
fevers  i  1>ecaufe  it  caufes  fweating  and  a  flrong  perlpira- 

zcix^  If  the  piicking  of  a  nerve  be  clo£ed  up  with 
milk,  meal>  or  any  fiH^h 'thing,  ^he  retained  ichor  becomes 
fo  {harp  and  corrodingi  that  the  patients  die  of  convnl- 
fions,  if  the  wound  be  not  opened  with  oiL 

c.  Perfpiration  is  beneficial  in  tuxnours,  if  it  be  pro- 
cured by  thugs  aftually  and  potentially  n3f>ift ;  other* 
wife  they  turn  to  a  fcirrhus,  by  diflblving  the  tenuious 
humour,  and  leaving  the  grpfs. 

C|.  If  any  part  of  the  body  be  full  of  U<)od,  or  ibme 
other  humour,  as  it  is  obferved  in  tumours,  and  in  the 
pleurify  itfelf,  it  is  npt  to  be  refrigerated  3  becaufe,  the 
matter  being  evacuated,  it  is  refrigerated  of  itfelf. 

cii.  Hypochondriacal  perfons  are  recovered  of  their 
diftemper,  if  their  bodies  be  made  perfpirable  by  frequent 
bathings,  smd  be  kept  to  moift  diet. 

cui.  Infenfible  perfpiration,  procured  by  fomentations, 
in  an  uapurged  body,  attrafts  more  humours  ^lan  it  dif- 
folves,  as  appeared  in  Simon's  cafe. 

cnr.  Thofe  bodies  which  infenfibly  perfpire  much,  are 
fieither  purged  nor  blooded^  as  ^t  is  naanifeft  in  children. 

CT. 


MSBICIKA  n'ikTlCA. 


141 


Ct.  How  cotM  lice  to  be  generated  ?  beeaub  tli^  per- 
fpiration  of  the  malignant  ichor,  or  thin  matter,  i»  ob« 
ftruAed. 

GTi«  A  gangrene  is  presented  by  thofe  things  that  pfro» 
mote  perfpiration ;  hj  thofe  that  promote  fuppuracioo, 
it  becomes  a  fphaceltts»'that  is,  when  an/  part  is  motdfied 
bj  inflammation. 

GTii.  Whj  does  the  part  affefted  with  a  gangrene  die  i 
becaufe  the  little  arteries,  by  reafon  of  the  redundancy 
of  blood,  are  not  raifed  up.  It  is  remedied  by  fenfible 
and  infenfible  perfpiration. 

GViii.  The  mod  clammy  humours  in  robuft  bodies 
make  their  way  out  through  the  narrowed  pafTages,  at 
it  is  manifeft  by  the  fatnefs  voided  by  urine^  tfs  alfo  by 
a  mixture  of  water  and  honey  injeded  into  a  wounded 
breafi  ^  and  copfequently  they  muft  make  their  way 
through  the  inienfible  paflages. 

cix.  By  difflation,  as  Well  the  beneficial  as  the  fuper- 
fluous  matter  is  evacuated  i  but  if  after  fleep  ftrength  and 
vigour  be  acqwred,  the  fuperfiuous  matter  only  is  for  the 
moft  part  evacuated. 

ex.  That  difflation  which  h  not  fenfibly  perceived,  i$ 
natural,  and  is  an  argument  of  ftrength  ^  but  fweating 
argues  the  contrary. 

CXI.  If,  in  the  winter  time,  any  part  6f  the  body  be 
very;  cold,  the  whole  does  fo  far  fympathife  with  it,  that 
the  concodion  and  perfpiration  of  the  whole  is  thereby 
leflened. 

cxix.  Swimming  is  more  fafe  towards  the  evening  :  id 
the  morning  the  pores  are  flopped  by  the  coldnefs  of  the 
water,  whence  there  is  feme  danger  of  a  fever.     , 

cxiii.  If,  in  the  fummer  time,  the  body  lie  uncovered, 
the  perfpiration  is  obftrufted  i  whereupon  enfue  a  drow- 

finels 


\ 


142  MEDICINA  STATICA. 

finefs  and  beavinefs  of  the  head,  and  a  bruifed  unwatldi** 
nefs.of  the  body. 

cxiv.  If  the  weight  of  the  body  be  augmented  in  the 
fpace  of  five  or  (ix  days,  it  i9  not  to  be  taken  off  of  a 
fuddco,  but  bj  degrees  ;  for  abftinence  from  food,  if  it 
be  extraordinary,  hurts  the.ftomaph^  the  brain,  and  the 
hearty  and,  after  a  while,  the  whole  body. 
.  '  cxv.  In  autumn,  the  weight  of  the  body  is  augment- 
ed ;  which,  if  it  exceed  the  ftandard  of  the  healthy  latii 
tude,  tertians,  and.  other  putrid  feyers,  are  apt  to.be  the 
confequences  thereof. 

cxyi.  Things  that  are  extreme  cold  in  a  violent  fever, 
if  they  be  not  heated,  prove  ix\or*^?J,  by  reafon  of  the  dif< 
ficulty  of  tranfpiration 

cxvii.  Nothing  is  moi^e  hurtful  to  malignant  ulcers, 
*  than  thofe  things  that  hinder  perfpiration»  as  fatnefs^  oil, 

wax. 

Cxviii.  Of  all  the  intermittent  fevers,  the  quotidian 

only  is  not  without  danger ;  for  flegm  is  one  pf  (he  chief? 
eft  things  that  obftrud  perfpiration. 
'      cxix.  If  the  perfpiration  be  ftopped  in  the  neck,  the 
fenfe  of  the  pericranium  is  ftupiSed,  as  may  be  obferv- 
ed  in  perfons  walking  in  the  wind  and  rain. 

cxx.  Nothing  is  more  apt  to  take  away  putr€;fa&ion, 
than  for  one  to  ufe  >  much  ventilation^  not  only  that 
which  is  procured  by  what  is  drawn  in,  but  alfo  by  what 
is  evacuated  through  the  infenfible  paiTages. 

cxxi.  Refrigerations  in  acute  difeafes  are  fymptoms 
of  death,  as  in  Hermocrates  fpr  they  take  away  per- 
fpiration. 

cxxii.  After  bathing,  the  pore's  of  the  fkin  are  con- 
deufed  with  oil,  to  the  end,  that  the  alimental  n^oifture 

bcin 


MEDICIMA  STATICA.  148 

Wing  attraded  may  not  be  diflblved.  In  dangerous  cafes 
therefore,  ufe  oil  to  clofe  and  not  to  open  the  pores. 

cxxiii.  And  ytt  that  courfe  of  diet,  which  we  leail  re« 
gard,  brings  us  to  an  old  age  great  as  that  of  Philip. 

cxxxv.  The  diaphragma,  or  midriff*,  b j  contrafling  it« 
felf  to  its  principle,  dilates  the  breail;  by  that  dilatation  is 
infpiration  wrought.  And  by  dilating  itfelf,  it  contra£ls 
the  bread,  and  by  that  contradion  expiration  is  wrought. 

cxxv.  But*  the  fpin&er,  or  the  mufcle  that  Ihuts  the 
bladder,  by  contraAing  itfelf  to  its  principle,  clofes  the 
bladder,  and  keeps  in  the  urine  ;  by  fpreadbg  itfelf^  it 
slilates  the  bladder,  and  emits  the  urine. 


OP  THE  PESTILENCE. 

cxxvi.  1  HING5  infe&ed  with  the  plague  communicate 
the  lAfeAion  as  long  as  the. next  and  remote  caufes  re« 
main;  but  any  one  of  thofe  failing,  the  poifon  ceafes, 
like  the  motion  of  a  clock,  when,  upon  the  breaking  of 
a  tooth  in  any  one  wheel,  it  is  at  a  ftand. 

cxxvii.  We  are  not  infefted  with  the  plague  by  cen- 
•  tad,  but  by  drawing  in  the  peftiferous  air,  or  the  vapours 
arlfing  from  infe£led  goods.  It  happens  thus :  the  vital 
fpirit  is  infefted  by  the  air,  by  fuch  infeftion  of  the 
fpirit  the  blood  is  congealed,  which  lad  being  forced  out* 
wards  raifes  carbuncles,  black  fpots,  and  buboes :  if  it 
remain  within,  it  caufes  death  ;  if  it  be  quite  expelled, 
-we  are  paft  all  danger. 

cxxviii.  If  the  whole  infeftion  be  forced  out  into  car- 
buncles  and  buboes,  it  is  a  good  fign ;  if  not  it  is  mortal. 

cxxix.  We  are  not  of  ourfelves  infeded  with .  the 
plague,  but  it  is  brought  to  us  bj  others.    This  is  mani. 

ftft 


144  MEDlCIKA  STATICA. 

Ceft  \ij  the  experiment  of  fuch  as  are  ibttt  op  m  ntifi^ 
neries. 

cxxx.  Not  ally  but  much  abont  the  third  part^  of  man- 
kind dies  of  the  peftilence*  That  it  is  fo,  maj  be  feen 
\ff  the  experiment  of  thofe  whofe  office  it  \%  to  view  the 

dead. 

cxxxi.  They  who  conceive  the  blacknefs  of  the  i^o^ 
to  be  a  fign  of  aduftion,  are  miftaken  ;  for  manj  times 
sged  meo,  being  internally  and  externally  cold,  without 
any  fever,  depart  this  life  in  two  days  time,  with  the 
fame  blacknefs,  but  proceeding  from  a  thrombus,  or  clots 
of  blood. 

cxxxii.  If  a  fmall  quantity  of  blood,  by  reafon  of  the 

■ 

vital  ipirit's  being ^infeSed,  becomes  a  clot  of  blood,  and 
this  laft  be  wholly  tbruft  out  by  buboes  and  carbundes, 
they  are  cured  ;  if  it  be  not  wholly  forced  out,  they  die, 
ad  in  the  black  fpots. 

cxxxiii.  Confequent  to  this  is -it,  tfaatthey,  who  hate 
their  ulcers  and  buboes  opened,  if  the  internal  infe&ios 
be  wholly  come  out,  recover ;  if  not,  they  die« 

cxxxiv.  There  are  two  ways  to  pt|t'  a  itop  to  the 
plague  ;  to- wit,  that  the  Cbund  be  feparated,  and  that  the 
infe£ted  may  have  place  enough  to  air  therofelves. 
There  are  two  ways  to  do  the  latter ;  to- wit,  that  they 
be  not  fent  to  places  they  abhor  to  come  into  ;  and  that 
their  houfehold  fluff  be  not  burnt. 

cxxxv.  They  whi^fe  lungs  are  thhii  are  eaiily  in£edcd 
with  the  plague  ;  the  contrary  is  to  be  affirmed  of  thofe 
whofe  lungs  are  thick.  It  argues  the  ^thimiefs  of  the 
lungs,  when  any  one  drawingin  his  breath  as  much  as  he 
can,  thatfingle  ftroke  of  thepulfcis^iomewbat  weaker,  er 
more  gentle.    , 

€XXXV|« 


'    *   1- 


ii&BieiHA  sVATitAi  14/3 

C^jpcvi.  Tile  pltgue  is  not  to  be  compared  to  fire,  which 
incteafes  upon  the  addition  of  fuel  $  but  the  former  de-« 
creafesy  though  the  fuel  of  it  rifitlaxn  in  the  fanie  pofture. 

citTtxvit.  The  rays  of  the  plagUe  are  removed  from 
one  place  to  another  bj  the  wind  j  but  Hot  by  any  vio« 
lence  of  a  lucid  body. 

cxxxviu.  They  who  prefcribef  any  other  renicdy  for 
the  fliunning  of  the  plague,  befides  that  of  flying  from  it, 
are  either  ignorant  men,  or  cheating  .quacks. 

Gxxxix.  Hence  it  eomes  to  pafs,  that  of  perfotis  of  qua- 
lity none  almoft  are  cured  by  remedies  $  but  ^ery  many 
of  the  meaner  fort  of  people  without  them. 

CXL.  Wky  does  the  plague  continue  long?  Becaufe^ 
Habile  it  rages,  they  air  things  that  are  infefted,  which^ 
while  they  are  cleanings  thieves  fieal  and  featter  up  and 
down  ;  after  the  plague  is  at  a  ftand,  they  do  ndt  itlfeft^ 
otherwife  the  plague  would  be  perpetual. 

Becaufe  fbme  amoog  the  infefted  perfons,  when  they 
are  forced  but  of  the  city^  do  not  air  themfelves  as  they 
ihottld  do,  by  which  means  the  infedion  increafes. 

Becaufe  they  do  not  prohibit  the  people's  afTembling  id 
churches.  Divine  fervice  at  fuch  timies  ihbuld  be  pc|r-i 
formed  in  the  open  air. 

Becaufe  men  make  ufe  of  chif urgeons  that  are  flrang« 

» 

ers,  or  foreigners^  who  are  the  better  pleafed  the  greater 
the  plague  is^ 

Becaufe  they  do  not  feparate  the  found  into  other 
houfes  from  the  infe&edw 

Becaufe  they  ufe  internal  remediefs  s^gainft  the  plague^ 
when  none  can  be  adniiniflered  but  what  are  hnrtft^I. 

Becaufe  they  admit  poultry  to  be  brought  tq  the  mar- 
ket, which  the  found  coqiiqig  to  handle,  ^fcfr  thfy  h^ 

Voirf  HL  K  beeiK 


i 

y* 


I46  MEDIC  IN  A  8TATICA# 

been  handled  by  the  infefted,  are  afterwards  thcrebj  iiH 
fefled. 


OF  AIR  AND  WATERS. 
SeSiion  IL 

« 

U  A  COLD  air  and  cold  bathings  put  ftrong  bodies  into 
a  heat»  and,  by  taking  away  what  is  fuperfluous,  mal^e  them 
lighter  ;  but  they  refrigerate  weak  bodies,  and,  by  mafier- 
ing  the  heat,  make  them  more  ponderous. 

II.  Warm  air  and  baths  aftually  warm,  if  crudities  do 
not  obftru^,  do  alfo  promote  perfpiration,  refr^fli  the.  in- 
ward  parts,  and  render  men's  bodies  lighter.. 

III.  An  external  air,  penetrating  into  the  inn^rmoft  parts 
of  the  body,  through  the  trunks  of  the  arteries,  may  make 
the  body  more  or  lefs  ponderous  ;  lefs,  if  it  befubtile,  and 
warm  -,  more,  if  it  be  thick,  and  moift. 

.  IV..  How  great  the  ponderoufnefs  of  the.  air  is,  may,  in 
the  jff>?  place,  be  gathered  from  the  greater  or  lefler  weight 
of  the  dregs  of  alum  dried  before  in  the  fun,  and  afterwards 
cxpofed  to  the  air  in  the  night  tipae.  .  Secondly,  from  our 
ifeeling  a  greater  cold  than  what  is  obferyable'  in  the  wea- 
ther-glafs,  for  the  moiilure  or  ponderoufnefs  of  the  air  is 
to  us  the  meafure  of  its  coldnefe.  Thirdly^  from  the  great- 
er or  lefler  bending  of  a  very  thin  board,  efpecially  if  it 
be  of  pear  tre<.  Fourthly^  from  the  contraction  of  the 
ftrings  of  a  lute,  or  from  hemp. 

V.  How  gre^t  the  ponderoufnefs  of  water  is,  may  eafily  be 
underilood,  if  fome  heavy  thing  be  fuppofed  appendant  in 
the  watert  For  that  water  is  lighter,  and  confequcntly  the 

more 


MEDICmA  STATICA*  1*7 

ttiott  wkolefbm^,  wherein  the  heavy  thing  does  the  mote 
gravitate ;  but  that  wherein  it  does  Ids  gravitate,  is  thci 
xtiore  ponderous  arid  the  more  unvirholefonie* 

vt« .  Th^t  water  which  is  more  heavy^  and  the  air  that  is 
more  muddy,  and  more  ponderous,  convert  the  invifible 
perfpiration  into  aii  ichor  (or  thin  matter)  Which  being 
pent  in,  and  afterwards  not  dlflblved,'  does  for  the  moll 
part  caufe  a  cachexy,  or  evil  difpofition  of  the  body. 

vii;  In  a  cold  healthful  air  perfpltation  is  alfo  ob{trud:-« 
ed,  the  pores  ate  cpftdenfated,  but  the  fibres  are  c6rto« 
borated,  and  the  weight  of  that  perfpirable  matter  which 
U  rl^tain^d  neithcfr  htirtS  nor  is  feit. 

viil.  In  a  thick  foggy  air  perfpiration  is  obftrufted,  thd 
pafiTages  are  filled,  but  not  condenfed,  the  fibres  are  loofened^ 
not  ftrengthendd,  and  the  weight  of  the  perfpirable  mat^ 
ter  unevacuated  hurts,  and  is  felt« 

IX.  If  cold  weather  fuceeed  a  warm  air«  fueh  as  that  in 
fummer  time,  it  (hall,  that  day  (it  being  fuppofed  that  % 
man  takes  the  fame  liberty'  of  drinking),  hinder  about  a 
third  part  of  the  perfpiration,  which  if  it  be  not  made  fen-> 
fible,  is  apt  to  difpofe  the  body  to  putrefaAion,  or  fomd 
evil  habit.  ,    -         » 

X.  The  hindrance  of  perfpiration,  occafioned  by  tinex« 
pe£ted  cold,  is  more  hurtful  to  weak  bodies  than  that 
which  is  hindered  by  degrees^ 

XI.  He  who  is  furprifed  unclothed  at  fuch  time  as  a 
cool  air  fucceeds  a  precedent  heat,  is  w6nt  to  perfpire  lefs 
by  about  two  pounds  In  one  day's  fpace,  yet  without  any 
fenfible  inconvenience  to  him. 

XII.  A  pleafant  and  fomewhat  cool  breeze  is  niore  pre« 
judicial  to  bodies  well  warmed,  than  the  cold  of  air  and  wa^ 
ter  in  an  exceffive  degree ;  for  the  former  doesf  not  render' 
the  body  lighter,  but  obftrufts  and  loofens  it ;  but  the  lat*' 

#  K  3  icr 


im 


MBOIOIMA  fiTATICA* 


ter  obftnid»  and  corroborates  it,  and  dienee  h  eoaias  t&at 
t&e  bodies  are  left  ponderoii?* 

xin.  When  the  tinwfaokfome  qualities  of  die  air  and 
water  dtfpofe  bodies  to  a  malignant  putrefaAion,  their 
weight  (or  the  moft  part  is  but  little  heeded  ^  as  if  tiiis 
ihottld  be  die  reafen  cS  it,  that  bf  their  cotmplion  the 
nenres  becooM  ftiotiger,  as  it  is  obiisrved  ta  diftra£ked  per* 

fens. 

xtT.  To  fwim  in  cold  water  after  violmt  esercEe  is  ex- 
tmnely  pleafant^  but  mortal :  for  theie  is  nothing  mere 
ptermcbi»  than  <>ppofite  motions. 

XT»  That  which  treachennsfiy  difpofes  the  entrails  to  in« 
&pofidbit,  does  not  manjt  times  feem  to  be  either  heayj 
orttnpka&nt^ 

im.  A  pleafime  gale  of  wind  from  the  fouth  furprifing 
a  man  at  a  iriolent  exercife,  is  many  times  mortal ;.  for  the 
gale  ocea&ons  a  difficuliy  of  breathing,  and  from  die  exer- 
eife  pfoeeeds  acrimony  ,^ 

sfcm.  It  happens  to  thofe  who^  after  fuppcF^  are  delir- 
ous  of  having  a  c6ofer  gale  of  wind  than  is  reqtftfite^  that 
the  perl|>iralion  of  that  part  which  is  not  well  clothed  h 
dbftrufied  v  but  that  night  or  the  next  day,  moft  of  them 
are  fnbjefl  to  a  great  a^^hing  of  the  head* 

n^m.  If  bodies  be  fuddenly  (hifted  out  of  a  warm  air 
into  a  coofi  they  are  injured  ;  becaufe  tjicy  are  rendered  of 
greater  weig|it  than  is-  requifite, '  If  remold  out  of  a  cold 
air  into  a  warm,  they  are  alfo  endamaged,  becaufe  ibcj 
becoiAe  lefs  ftrong. 

XIX.  Perfons  of  weak  conftitutions  make  a  greater  con- 
terfion  of  the  pevfpirable  matter  retained  into  urine,  in  the 
winter  time ;  robuft  perfons  do  the  fame  in  the  fummer. 

XX.  Fanning  obftru^s  perfpiration,  and  makes  dte  head 
more  ponderous>  and  more  hot.- 


ivtu  The  wind,  aft  it  h  colder  than  the  ftin,  To  is  k  ev«r 
cbftnidWe  and  hurtful  tp  k,  but  «&ore  than  any  part  to  the 
bead^  becaufe  it  is  moft  expofed. 

txiv  In  ail  feafons  of  the  year  (generally  dry  weather  is 
more  healthy  than  condnual  rains,  for  it  renders  men's  bo* 
^ies  lighter. 

jntiii.  In  the  ftimmer  time,  temperate  bodies  are  lefs 
{ponderous  than  they  are  in  winter,  by  about  three  pounds. 

Xxiv^  tn  the  fummer  time  men  are  fub]e&  to  wearineis^ 
tiot  becaufe  the  body  is  move  ponderous,  but  becaufe  it  i« 
]efs  ftrong. 

Xicr.  In  a  warm  air,  the  body  is  of  lefs  ftrength,  as  well 
by  reafon  that  with  the  perfpiration  there  is  fomewhat  of 
the  bettt^r  fpirits  edialed,  as  b^aufe  the  warmth  it  not 
concentrated. 

zxvi.  There  ia  always  bj  a  warm  air  fomewhat  difperiL 
ed  thtough  the  whole  flcin,  which  Carries  away  widi  it 
fomewhat  of  the  internal  food  humour* 

scxviL  In  the  (umnser  time  we  are  troubled  with  heat, 
not  principally  t)roceeding  from  the  warmth  of  the  air,  for 
jcvery  part  of  Ac  body  is  Warmer  than  the  fummer  air,  but 
becaufe  there  is  not  fo  much  coMnefs  In  the  fiimmer  air,  as 
that  the  n|tt«iral  heat  ttmy  be  ftifficieatly  concentrated. 
Whence  it  oomes  |o  pafs,  tbat^  being  fo  diffufed,  it  caifinot 
iAfenfibly  eyaouate  that  ped^rable  mattter  which  isof  its  owa 
nature  hot:  which  matter  being  )^pt  in  becomes  fliarp^ 
and  is  die  caufe  of  curbing  troublodv^h  much  heat. 

tfvtiu  When  mtn^s  botftes,^  m  the  hotteft  feafetis,  upon 
Seeping  in  the  night  or  day  time,  petfpire  abundantly,  or 
fweat^  they  become  li^er,  and  are  not  that  day  troubled 
with  any  heat. 

XXSL^  If  a  coM  air  immediatety  fucceed  the  fummer  heat, 

K  3  there 


150  .    MEPICINA  STATIC  A. 

r 

there  will  be  dccafionedj  for  the  rooft  part,  that  dayj  the 
retention  of  about  a  pound  of  the  infenfible  excrements. 

XXX.  If  the  fummer  prove  like  the  fpring,  fp  as  that 
men's  bodies  may  be  reduced  to  the  weight  anfwerable  to 
the  fummer,  it  muil.  be  the  effeQ:  of  fweating, 

XXXI.  At  the  beginning  of  fummer,  if  intenfe  heat  come 
of  a  fudden,  weatinefs-  and  faintnefs  enfue,  which  do  not 
continue  long  though  the  fultrinefs  be  increafed  for  fom^ 
d^ys  after,  becaufe  the  weight  of  the  perfpirab}e  body  is 
abated, 

XXXII.  The  fame  vigour  is  not  fo  much  concerned  ii| 
firuggling  with  a  lefier,  as  it  is  with  a  greater,  weight  of  the 
body. 

xxxm.  Perfpiration,  procured  by  the  force  of  warm  air 
or  water,  is  hurtful,  unlefs  the  malignancy  of  it  be  not  ba^ 
lanced  by  fome  greater  benefit,  .   . 

xxxiv.  Robuft  bodies  perfpire  more  in  the  fummet 
time  by  day,  in  the  winter  by  night. 

xxxVt  That  impediment  of  refpiration  which  in  the 
fummer  time  is  apt  to  be  introdudory  to  a  malignant 
fever,  does  hardly  in  the  winter  time  caufe  the  leaft  al- 
teration ;  for,  in  the  fummer,  men's  bodies  are  filled  with 
ft  perfpirable  matter  pf  a  fharper  nature  than  they  are  ia 
winter^ 

XXXVI.  To  fleep  in  the  fummer  time  with  the  body  un- 
covered, or  abroad  in  the  open  air,  does  for  the  mod  part 
difpofe  it  to  putrefafjion,  by  hindering  the  perfpiration. 

xxxvii.  The  difficulty  of  refpiration  does  not  heat  the 
entrails,  unlefs  the'  perfpirable  matter  become  fharp  by 
reafon  of  its  retention}  or  upon  the  ac9ount  of  external 
lieat,  or  violent  motion. 

xxxviii.  In  the  fumir.er.'time  when  cold  doea  of  a  fi|d- 
den  iucciicd  Ixcat,  the*  incpnvfhience  of  exceffive  venery  is 

hardly 


IfEDICIKA  STATIC  A.  151 

hardly  perceived :  but  if  the  air  re-alTume  its  former  warmth, 
men  are  very  fenfible  of  the  injury  they  have  received  by 
the  precedent  mifcanriage. 

XXXIX.  The  injury  men  receive  by  the  not  immoderate 
exercife  of  venery  is  commonly  balanced  by  an  equal  be- 
nefit) if  the  heat  be  concentrated  by  the  cool  air. 

XL.  In  the  fummer  nights  men's  bodies  are  moft  dif- 
pofed  to  fevers,  by  reafon  of  the  viciffitudeof  the  air,  for  at 
the  beginning  of  the  night,  the  air  is  inflamed,  but  about 
midnight  it  is  more  temperate,  and  in  the  morning  cool ; 
whence  it  comes  to  pafs/  that  the  ufual  perfpirable  matter' 
18  not  evacuated  in  fuch  as  fleep  with  'the  bed-clothes  off, 
and  their  bodies  are  more  ponderous;  which  happens  not' 
io  winter. 

XLi«  From  the  autumnal  equinox  to  the  winter  folfticcj 
we  perfpire  every  day  much  about  a  pound :  from  thence 
to  the  fpring  equinox  we  begin  to  perfpire  more  freely. 

XLli.  Autumn  is  an  unhealthy  feafon,  as  well  bj  rea- ' 
fon  that  the  perfpiration  is  obftruded  by  the  cold  then ' 
coming  in,  as  for  that  wl^at  is  not  perfpired  becomes  (harp 
and  corroding. 

XLiii.    Autumnal    indifpofitions    are   avoided,   if   the 
body  be  not  of  greater  weight  in  autumn  than  it  had  been  ' 
in  fummer. 

XLiv.  That  weight  which  is  augmented  by  degrees  is 
to  be  abated  by  degrees. 

XLV.  The  more  than  ufual  weight  of  the  body  is  not  to 
be  taken  off  in  the  fpring,  but  in  autumn;  for  the  cold 
air  then  coming  in  is  a  greater  enemy  to  the  weight, 

XLVI.  Thou  wilt  not  be  troubled  with  any  difeafe  in 
autumn,  if  the  cold  weather  then  coming  in  find  thee  well 
furniihed  with  clothes,  if  thou  ufe  diuretics,  and  wilt  be 
kept  in  the  fame  weight  as  before,  •     ^ 

K  4  XLvir. 


xLVil*  He  vho  is  well  clothed  perfpirei  the  hsHtt  for 
itj  a^d  is  rendered  of  lefs  i^t^eight* 

XLvni.  They  who  in  the  winter  tim^^  are  commonlf 
troubled  with  difeafes  proceeding  firom  the  abundance  of 
humours^  are  to  be  purged  in  autnmiiy  and  hot  in  the 
fpring,  and  ought  to  be  teduced  to  the  K^eight  they  w^e 
of  at  the  beginning  of  fummer^ 

XLix.  But  if  the  difeafes  proceed  Irem  fome  linalignant 
quality,  the  bodies  dre  to  be  purged  in  the  fpring,  and  not 
in  autumn  ^  for  the  malignancy  of  the  quality  is  piore  au^ 
mented  in  fumquer  thta  in  winter* 

t»  Tliey  who  at  the  beginning  of  the  fpring  diveft  tbem« 
felves  too  fqon»  and  in  autumn  are  backward  in  putting  on 
their  winter  garn^ents,  are,  in  fummer,  apt  to  fall  into 
fevers,  and  in  winter  tp  be  troublt^d  with  diftillatipns, 

LI.  The  retention  of  the  perfptrable  matter^  as  it  has  a 
Iharp  quality^  caufes  feyers,  and  eryfipelafes}  as  to  its -re- 

» 

^undancyi  it  caufes  apoftenls^  difttUatioos,  or  an  evil  habit 
of  the  body^ 

Lir.  External  cold,  by  concentrating  the  hfcat,  makes  na* 
ture  fo  mcfch  the  ftronger|  by  how  much  it  is  the  mor^ 
^ble  to  bear  about  two  pouiids  of  perfpirable  matter  un- 
f  vacuated  over  and  abpve  its  oi^dinary  weight. 

JJIU  ^t  the  beginning  of  wint^r^  men's  bodies  are  eaC- 
ly  reduced  to  their  fiftu|l  weight  ^  but  in  the  beginning  d 
fummer  it  ib  with  muqh  sido  thaf  they  ast  reduced  to  die 
fummer  weight. 

LIT.  There  would  be  s||i  Yinipterrupt^d  fcealdifuihe&i 
even  to  the  e^tre^ty  of  age^  if  men^s  bodies  ii^ere  kept  in 
an  equal  weight  during  the  four  leafons  of  the  year. 

Ly»  T^fe  bodi^  whofp. weights  are  much  augmented 
and  diminiihed  in  the  fp^ce  pf  a  y^j  are'iti  great  dao- 


MBDICINA  STATICA,  153 

wu  Tl^e  greater  Yariety  there  is  of  tiie  'vseight  of  any 
body  in  the.fpace  of  a  year,  and  the  greater  the  augment- 
ation or  diminution  of  the  blood  is,  fo  nmch  die  worfe  is 
the  condition  of  that  body. 

LVii.  The  augmentation  of  the  weight  happens  at  the 
beginning  of  autumn,  the  diminution  at  the  beginning  of 
fummer.      ^ 

Lviii.  Thofe  bodies  whofe  weight  is  augmented,  are  in 
a  more  dangerous  condition  than  thofe  whofe  weight  is 
diminiQied* 


APHOmSMS  ADDED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 

Lix.  1  HOSE  parts  of  the  body  which  are  covered  do 
healthfully  perfpire  ;  but  if.th^y  be  found  undovered  after 
fleep,  their  pores  are  condenfated  by  even  the  warm  eft 
air,"'. 

LX.  That  air  which  is  oVer  cool,  moift,  ot  whldy;  ob- 
ftrufls  perfpiration  :  whence  it  happens,  that  such  as  keep 
withindoors,  as,  for  example,  women,  are  not  troubled  with 
coughsi  catarrhs,  or  inflammations  of  the  lungs. 

Lxi.  The  city  air  is  worfe  than  that  of  the  country ;  be- 
caufe  it  is  more  thick,  and,  not  rarified  by  the  wind,  takes 
away  the  appetite. 


OF  MEAT  AND  DRINK. 

SeSion  HI. 

!?r|.  X^  ^^  ftom^chji  filled  with  noeat^  does,  while  the  body 
fleepa,  complete  the  firft  concodion,  the  perfpiration  of  that 

night 


154  MEDICIKA  STAtlGA. 

« 

night  does  commonly  amount  to  forty  ounces ;  if  it  does 
not  complete  it,  it  comes  to  but  about  eighteen. 

u.  If  the  ftomach  be  quite  empty  and  f%fttng«  though 
the  party  fleep,  he  does  not  perfpire  above  eighteen 
ounces. 

Ill*  A  full  body  that  does  not  concoct,  perfpires  much 
about  the  fame  rate  as  one  in  a  manner  fading,  that  has 
not  any  thing  to  conco^):. 

ir*  Meats  that  arc  very  nouri(hing,  mutton  only  except- 
ed, from  fupper  over  night  to  dinner  the  next  day,  do  not 
ufually  perfpire  above  eighteen  ounces. 

V  Many  who  feed  plentifully  on  meats  of  little  nourifli- 
ment,  may,  in  the  fpace  of  one  night,  perfpire  above  forty 
ounces* 

VI.  Thofe  aliments  which  continue  bodies  in  their  ufual 
weight  are  cither  thofe  of  very  much  nouriflimcntt  or  fuch 
as  caufe  obllinate  crudities* 

Tii.  Thofe  which  continue  them  in  their  ufual  Hghfc- 
nefs  are  fuch  as  they  are  accuftomed  to,  and  eafily  eva- 
poratedf 

yiii.  Mutton  is  eafily  conco£ked,  and  vaporous  j  for  in 
a  night's  fpace  it  perfpires  one  third  part  of  a  pound 
more  than  other  meats,  and  fuch  as  a  man  js  accuftomed 
to# 

IX.  The  meats  which  are  made  of  leavened  pafte  do  not 
make  bodies  more  ponderous,  for  they  perfpire  more  eafily 
than  turnips* 

X.  A  healthy  pcrfon  does  infenfibly  exhale  as  much  in 
the  fpace  of  one  day  as  he  docs  by  ftool  in  a  fortnight; 
nay,  though  he  once  every  day  evacuate  the  concofted  and 
confiftent  fseces. 

XI.  The  full  ftomach,  and  the  empty,  diminifli  the  per- 

.     - .     fpiration; 


MEDICINA  STA'TldA  15S 

fpiration  ;  the  full  ftomach  diverts  it,  fey  tHe  cortuptiori  of 
meats;  the  empty  attrafts  it,  that  it  may  be  filled; 

XII.  Wheii  the  fiill  ftomach  does  not  complete,  the'fcon- 
cofUon  is  difcovered  by  the  weight ;  for  then  tht  body 
perfpires  lefs  j  but  the  empty  ftomach  is  filled  with  wind. 

XIII.  Windinefs  is  nothing  elfe  but  an  imperfeft  kind 
of  perfpirable  matter.         '        ' 

XIV.  The  robuft  perfon  confumes  his  plentiful  feedlhg 
by  infenfible  perfpiration ;  one  lefs  rbbaft; 'by   urfiie^  a 

'  weak  perfon,  for  the  moft  part,  by*  the  c6rruption  of  the 
chyle.  ^  '  '     '  ^ 

XV.  When  a  man  forbears  fupping,  the  ftoniach  being 
empty,  and  no  paroxyfm  prefling  upon  a  man,  thefc  iS  a 
retention  of  the  perfpirable  matter,  and  that  being  retained^ 
becomes  fliarp,  and  thereupon  the  body  is  prepared  for  hot 
diftempers.  '"  ^     •'.*•..  , 

XVI.  That  abftinence  from  meat  which  reduces  men's 
bodies  to  a  IdfTer  weight,  but  withal  filch '  as  is  unufiial  to 
them  is  hurtful.  ,    ' 

xviL  Why  arc  there  fome  that  die  of  hunger,  if  there- 
be  never  any  defe£l  of  blood  in  the  living  creature  ?  Be« 
caufe  the  blood,  making  to  the  empty  part  of  the  belly,  for- 
fakes  the  heart. 

XVIII.  Undigefted  meat,  not  only  as  to  its  quantity, 
but  alfo  as  to  its  quality,  makes  the  body  more  ponderous, 
inafmuch  as  it  hinders  per fpiratron.  ^    ' 

XIX.  When  any  one  feenis  to  himfelf-lighter  than  he  is,' 
and  yet  is  not  fo,  it  is  a  very  good  fign ;  for  this  proceeds* 
frdm  the'juices  of  the  three  concoftioris  exadily  digeft- 
ed. 

.  XX.  When  there  is  a  Hghtnefs  and  agility  of  the  body 
felt  for  a  whole  day  tog.clicrf  k  argues  there  preceded  a 

conco£tion 


iS%  HSDtCXNA  8TATICA, 

toiiGo£l!oa  of  the  ch^^e  and  Mood,  and  thit  the  dregj,  a$ 
it  were,  of  the  third  concoftion  are  almoft  emcuated. 

anci.  Undigefted  meaty  the  more  full  of  nouiiihmem  it 
Ut  is  fo  much  the  worfe,  either  becaufe  it  caufes  a  |;reater 
weight  or  a  worfe  coAruptiotit  . 

XXii.  The  bodjr  is  tendered  teoft  light  by  the  corrup- 
tion of  meat  |  for  aU  the  lix^iiid  e^cranfots  ace  at  great 
weight. 

laaiu  The  ufif  of  fwi^e's  flefli  and  mnfhronnns  is  hnrt* 
ful^  as  well  becaufe  tbefe  do  not  perfpire,  as  becaufe  they 
fuffer  not  other  meats  eaten* with  them  to  perfpire* 

XJLVt.  IJpon  the  eating  of  /wine's  fleih  and  ijhuQiroom^ 
the  body  commonly  |>erf|^iQe#  leG^  ^)ian  it  is  wont  by  a  thir4 
part  of  a  pounds 

tsv.  Melons  perfpifijB  (b  Httk,  that  they  abaje  about  a 
fourth  part  of  the  ufual  perfpiration, 

xm.  That  retention  of  the  perfpiracicm  cauftd  by  me* 
lonb  is  evacuated  by  nirine  or  fweating. 

xxvii.  Grapes  and  green  figs  perfpireVbut  Cttk,  and 
Ibmewhat  hinder  the  perfpiratton  of  other  meats  '^  haply 
becaufe  they  are  fenfibly  evacuated, 
,  sdcviii.  That  kind  of  food  does  petijpire  beft  6{  all,  and 
convenienily  nourifhes,  wbofe  weight  is  nbt  felt  in  di6 
belly. 

9:xi)c.  Plentiful  feeding  is  more  hurtful  in  a  Iblehitsry 
and  idle  perfon,  than  in  ont*  that  is  employed  |  for  die  ea*. 
txsuk  are  inade  leaVy  by  teft>  but  vat  ^fed  of  thdr  weight 
by  exercife. 

^xlat.  The  body  p^fpires  beft  after  that  meat  wbofe 
fasces  are  emitted  in  a  certain  confiftency. 

kitxi.  Chicken's  flefli  fliall  be  of  lefs  nourifli^tfi^t  tiian 
a  ltttic6>  if  a  man  eat  fo  pknttfiAll;  theienf  as  ^t  it  catu* 

4  not 


HMneiRA  9rAmoJk0 


liJt 


not  be  evacuated  otbenmfe  than  by  tbe  way  ef 
faces. 

itvSH.  By  pendetatioa  ycnt  vifl  find  om  when  fading 
eonduees  to  your  keakl^,  aiad  when  it  does  not :  it  w31  be 
heahbfiit,  if  them  be  any  thing  o!  die  pveeedent  day's  re* 
fe£Hon  left  to  be  {lerfptred,  if  theie  be  not^  it  will  be  nn- 
healthful. 

ncxm.  When  the  body  is  reduced  by  ^et  to  a  weight 
below  the  kflbr  ftandard  of  its  healthy  weighty  what  it 
1oAb«  of  its  ftrength  is  irrecoverable.  But  that  there  is  a 
lefo  and  greater  weight  in  reference  to  health,  you  win 
find  by  the  64th  aphorifin  of  the  firft  ieftion|.and  by  the 
tfotli  of  this  third. 

acxxnr.  If  thoo  canft  but  find  out  every  day  what  quan- 
tity o(meat  is  convenient  for  thee,  thou  wilt  know  how  to 
preferve  thy  vigour  and  life  a  long  time,  and  that  thou  wilt 
difcover  by  the  fame  aphorifm. 

xxxT.  The  ftrength  of  nature  is  not  a  little  impaired, 
when  a  man's  fuppcr  amounts  fometimes  to  four  pound, 
fonaietimcs  to  fix. 

zxxvx.  That  is  the  moft  healthful  proportion  of  meat, 
when  after  eating  the  body  performs  whatever  it  has  to  do 
with  the  fame  agility,  as  if  it  were  fading. 

xxzTn.   The  body  alfo  is  much  more  burthened  by 

dght  pounds  of  meat  eaten  in  a  day  at  one  meal,  than  by 

ten  pounds  takjen  in  the  fame  fpaceof  time  at  three  feveral 

meals. 

xxxvm.  That  quantity  of  meat  is  the  moft  wholefome 

for  every  man,  which  may  without  any  trouble  be' over- 
come by  t^e  conco'flive  faculty ;  and  that  is  done,  if  fo 
much  be  confumed  as  is  received  into  the  body  i  for  thefe 
things  will  be  difcovered  by  ponderation. 


/ 


fS8  MEIWWA  STATICAL 

:  xxxix.  Thatqiiiamit^f  pf  ;meait  b  po  be  received  iiit6  the 
body  which  nature  is  able  to  concoft,  digeft,  and  perfpire. 
.  XL.  If  nature  could  digeft  a  hundred  pound  weight  of 
mea^^  and  there  be  given  but  ninety-nine  pqundsi  the.  ani- 
mal would  upon  that  accoiwit  be  deftroycd  in.proce&of 
time.  .  '     • 

XLT.  Then  will  meats  of  good  nutriment  and  juice  pro- 
mife  thee  a  long  connnuance  of  health,  when  the  quantity 
of  perfpiration  is  in  the  mean,  between  excefs  and  defed  2 
the  excefs,  after  a  plentiful  fupper  of  meats  of  eafy  per- 
fpiration commonly,  amounts,,  in  the  fpace  of  one  nighti 
to  forty  ounces  or  thcreabautff,  the  def^ft  but  to. fourteen. 
That  proportion  therefore  of  meat,  which  will  bring  thee 
to  two-and-twenty  ounces,  which. i$  tbe  mean  between  the 
other  two,  will  pron^ife  thee  .infallible  health  and  long 
life. 

XLii.  The  opinion  of  Celfus  is  not  fafo  for  all  per&ns, 
to-wit,  that  in  the  ufe  of  the  fix  not  n^ttjral  things,  men 
ought  fometimes  to  be  fparing,  and  fometimes  to  exceed. 

XLiii.  Bodies  are  with  lefs  trouble  reduced  to  their  ufu- 
al  weight,  if  men  take  four  pounds  of  meat  at  dinner,  and 
four  at  fupper,  pbferving  ^  convenient  intcry^U,  than  if  they 
take  fix  at  dinner  and  two  at  fupper. 

XLiv.  That  perfon  deftroys  himfelf  by  degjpces,  who  eats 
once  a-day  bcfides  his  ordinary  mealsj  .whether  he  eat  lit- 
tle or  much. 

XLV.  The  body  is  made  toore  ponderous  by  four  ounces 
of  meat  that  is  of  much  nutriment,  fuch  as  pork,  eels,  and 
and  all  fat  things,  than  by  fix  ounces  of  meat  that  is  of 
little  nouriihmcnt,  fuch  as  are  fniall  fiflics,  chickens,  finall 
birds,  and  the  like, 

XLVI.  If  there  be  any  difficulty  in  the  concoftion  of 

meat  which  is  of  little  nourifliment,  it  will  happen  only  in 

the 


Mbdicina  statica;  159 

the  firft  conco£lion ;  but  if  there  be  a  difficulty  in  the  con- 
coAion  of  meat  of  much  nutriment^  it  ^ill  happen  in  all 
the  concoAions* 

XL VII.  Meat  of  little^nutdment  moiftensand  loofens  the 
bellyi  is  foon  digefted,  and  readily  promotes  the  perfpira- 
tion  of  men  whether  flecping  or  waking. 

XLViii.  Meat  of  much  nutriment  binds  the  belly,  if  it 
be  not  corrupted,  is  of  difficult  concoftion,  and  perfpires 
little. 

xtix.  Where  there  is  a  difficulty  of  concodlion,  there  is 
but  a  flow  perfpiration. 

L.  Not  that  meat  which  is  fluid,  but  that  which  is  of 
better  jujce  ought  to  be  eaten  firft,  for  the  pylorus  or 
ftomach-gut,  is  not  at  the  bottoms  in  men,  as  it  is  in  dogs* 

XL  Three  inconveniences  are  confequent  to  men's  feedr- 
ing  on  variety  of  meats;  there  is  an  excefs  of  eating,  the 
coQCoAion  is  lefs,  ai^d  the  perfpiration  lefs. 

Lii.  The  time  of  leaft  perfpiration  is,  when  the  ftpmack 
is  fuU,  efpecialiy.with  variety  of  meats*. 

1.111.  They  who  vomit  up  their  fupper  do  immediately 
jemove  the  pain  of  their  ftomach,  but  th^  next  morning 
they  feel  their  bodies  i^ore  ponderous :  for  vomiting  di- 
verts perfpiration,  by  attra£ting  the  perfpirable  .matter  to 
.the  inward  parts }  which  matter^  upon  the  fcore  of.  its  be- 
ing (harp  caufes  laffitude  and  heat,  upon  that  of,  its  redun^ 
dancy,  it  caufes  heavinefs. 

Liv.  That  perfon,  who  eats  more  thaa  is  requifite^  is 
nouriffied  lefs  than  is  requifite. 

.  Lv*  They  who  in  their  youth  are  immoderate  in  their 
diet,  make  the  (lomach  larger  than  it  ihould  be,  whence  it 
.comes  tq  pafs,  that  it  proves  a  hard  matter  to  reduce;  them 
afterwards  to  a  moderate  diet. 

4  LVI. 


LVi.  If  any  one  be  deCfous  to  be  reduced  to  a  modente 
diet,  let  liim  ufe  food  of  Httle  niUfiment,  and  ib  the  fto- 
mach  foon  difburtbening  itfelf  of  it^  will  be  eontra^d^ 
and  reduced  to  a  lefs  oapaoky. 

x^TU.  Ydu  will  find  wKat  quantity  of  meat  you  (boulci 
eat,  if  for  feveral  days  together  you  obferve  that  the  body 
after  fleep  is  without  any  trouble  reduced  to  the  fame 
veight« 

Lviii.  If  after  a  plentiful  fupper  the  body  be  of  lefs 
weight  the  next  day,  |t  happens  either  byreafoajof  the 
corruption  of  the  meat,  or  becaufa  nature  is  ftirred  up  to 
jocpel  that  whioh  is  beneficial,  which  is  extremely:  hurtful: 
^r  the  ^y  is  ptepared  lor  difeafes  wh^ii  diofe.  thisgs 
which  are  beneficial  aae  evacuated,  and  cruditiea  kept 
widiin  the  body. 

zvf^  If  a  man's  fupper  amount  to  eight  pouhds,  v^ 
what  he  has  eaten  be  corrupteyi  in  the  ftomach,  t&e  ntit 
jday  the  body  will  be  of  le6  yireigbl,  than  if  tho  (upper  had 
been  of  three  pounds,  and  the  moat  had  not  beeo  corrupt 

Lie.  Thofe  meats  that  Bte  moft  eonducirc  to  ^rfym* 
tion  are  not  c(»Tupted  ;  nay,  after  watching  whole  nights, 
they  keep, a  man  from  wearinefs  and  heavinefs* 

i.aci.  Meats  net  apt  to  perfpire  are  wont  to  caufe  d^- 
•flaruSlons,  corruptiofis,  hffitude,  penfirenefe,  and  p6n« 
derofity. 

IrXiu  Then  Is  a  li^ring  creature  in  the  wotft  condition, 
when  after  the  conco£lion  is  completed,  the  body  feeffis 
to  be  more  borthenfome  than  ordinary,  while  yet  it  is  of 
le&  weight. 

uun.  if  any  one  has  been  exceffiye  in  eating  or  drink- 
ing, and  ther^  enfue  thereupon  fuch  fenfible  eracuations  as 

arc 


MEDICINA  STATICA.  '  161 

t  ^ 

iive  greater  than  ufaal^  the  body  is,  next  day,  lighter  than 
ufuaL 

LXiv-  Liquid  meats,  fuppofing  an  equality  as  to  quanti- 
ty, are  more  ponderous  than  the  folid ;  the  liquids  go  to 
the  bottom,  the  folid  keep  on  the  top  :  a  cup  of  wine,  oV 
mefs  of  broth,  is  of  more  weight  than  a  whole  loaf, 

Lxv.  If  excefs  in  drinking  make  the  eyes,  as  it  were,  full 

•  »         •      ■  .■  , » 

of  tears,  it  is  a  fign  the  body  has  not  perfpired  as  much  as 

it  fhould  have  done. 

LXVi.  If  after  much  drinking  you  fweat  or  urine  much^ 

it  is  an  argument  of  either  great  ftrength  or  great  weak* 

nefs. 

Lxvii.  The  drinking  of  cold  water  obftruQs  infenfibld 

pcrfpiration,  but  augments  the  fenfible. 

Lxviii.  In  thefe  our  days,  drinking,  even  in  temperate 
perfons,  is  difproportionate :  for  men  eat  commonly  after 
ihe  rate  of  twelve  ounces,  but  drink  after  that  of  forty; 
and  above. 

LXix.  In  a  man  of  moderate  diet,  the  no£l:urnal  per- 
fplration  fometimes  amounts  to  three  pound  ;  in  a  perfon 
who  feeds  plentifully,  the  flomach  being  empty  before^i 
and  ftrong,  it  may  arndunt  to  five  pounds. 

LXX.  If  a  body  be  in  its  ftandard  of  greater  weight,  fad- 
ing is  beneficial  to  it,  if  in  its  mean,  it  is  hurtful,  if  in  its 
iefler  weight,  it  is  much  more  hurtful. 

LXxi.  If  after  long  fading  the  body  be  plentifully  fed, 
the  perfpiration  amounts  to  a  pound  more  than  it  ufually 
does. 

LXXII.  To  eat  immediately  after  irnmoderate  exercife  of 
body  or  mind  is  hurtful  5  for  the  wearied  body  pcrfpires 
•with  fome  difficulty, 

LXXiTi.  When  fober  perfons,  and  fucTi  as  are  moderate 
ift  their  diet,  die  betimes,  their  friends  wonder  at  the  ftrange- 

VoL.  IK.  L  ncfs 


162  M2DICIKA  STATICA. 

nefs  of  it»  becaufe  diey  know  noduttg  of  infenfibl6  per- 
fpiration. 

Lxxiv.  Excefs  of  meat  and  drink  does  not  only  k6ep 
the  acrimoiiy  bf  the  perfpirable  matter  which  is  tetained 
lutking  in  the  body,  but  alfo  the  depraved  affe£Hon6  6f  the 
parts,  efpecially  of  thofe  that  are  not  the  principal,  and 
that  for  a  long  time  ;  which  aSeftions,  when  the  bodies  are 
purged,  or  brought  low  by  'much  fading,  break  forth  of  a 
fudden,  and  turn  into  violent  diftempers. 

LXXV.  That  phyfician  who  is  to  regulate  the  diet  of 
princes,  if  he  be  ignorant  how  much,  and  when,  they  daily 
perfpire,  deludes  apd  does  not  cure  them»  and  if  he  do 
them  any  good,  it  is  by  chance* 

Lxxvi*  For  about  the  fp^ce  of  four  hours  after  meat 
mod  people  do  hardly  perfpire  a  pound,  thence  to  the  ninth 
hour  two  pound,  from  the  ninth  to  die  fixteenth  hardly  a 
pound. 

Lxxvii.  Then  is  it  the  proper  time  to  take  refefliony 
when  the  body  (hall  be  reduced  to  that  weight,  yet  healths 
ful,  which  it  was  of  a  little  before  the  party  had  eaten  the 
day  before.  And  this  only  ApoUo  himfelf  fliall  find  out 
without  the  balance. 

Lxxvni.  But  if  the  unufual  weight  of  the  over-night's 
drinking  be  not  taken  off,  either  by  the  ftrength  of  the 
conco£live  faculty,  or  by  corruption  the  next  day,  take  the 
advice  of  thefe  two  verfes. 

Si  n9Burnatibi  mceatpotatU  vtni. 

Hoc  tu  mane  bibas  iterum,  \ifuerit  medicina. 

If  over  night  thou  taPJl  a  dofe^ 

AndJind^Jl  thyftlf  amifs^ 
Thou  mujl  ne^t  morfi  another  take-: 

No  remedy  lih  this. 

LXXIX. 


LXXiX.  If  the  healthftil  weight  of  the  bodj,  after  fup« 
^er,  amount  to  two  hundred  pound  weight,  the  bodj  be« 
ing  rendered  lets  healthful  by  immoderate  venery  (hall 
Weigh  about  a  hundred  ninety-ei^^t  pounds,  becaufe 
that  remiifion  of  vigour  is  the  hindrance  i^hy  two 
pounds  of  the  aliments  tannot,  at  leaft  without  fome 
trouble  or  anguifli,  be  converted  into  the  healthful 
weight. 

Lxzz.  Meat  of  eafy  petfj^ratioh  does  more  eafily ,  and 
with  muchlefs  trouble,  recruit  the  wafted  ftrength  of  thofe 
who  ufe  venery^  than  does  that  of  difficult  perfpiration^ 
or  of  much  nutriment. 

i«xzxi/New  wine,  though  fomewhat  muddy,  if  it  be 
conceded  in  ^he  ftomach,  does  not  only  perfpire  itfelf, 
but  very  much  promotes  tht  perfpiration  of  odier  meats. 
This  quality  alfo  have  thofe  hot  things  that  are  flatulent. 

L.:ianin.  Onions,  garlic,  mutton,  pfaeafants^  but  above 
all,  the  cyrenaic  juice,  promote  the  perfpiration  of  meats 
not  eafily  perfpirable. 


APHOlltSMS  AbDl^D  BY  THJS  AUTHOIt. 

Lxtxxxi.  A  VERT  fmall  quantity  of  food  is  not  em- 
braced by  the  ftomach.  Thence  S>me8  it,  that  it  is  not 
concoded,  it  dot%  ftot  nounfli,  it  does  nOt  pfstfpire. 

Lxx^iv.  Infehfible  perfpiration  is  an  excitement  bf  the 
third  concoction ;  if  therefore  the  firft  concodion  be  not 
performed  neither  will  the  third. 

Lxxicv.  If  that  quantity  of  food  whkh  amounts  to 
about  four  pound  be  hrutful,  taken  all  at  once  in  a  day, 
the  fame  quantity,  divided  into  two  or  three  meals,  may 

La  te 


164 


MSDICINA  STATICA. 


be  healthful  r  the  repletion  of  the  ^elly  diverts  infeofible 
evacuation. 

Ixxxvx.  The  inconveniences  attending  extraordinary 
fading  are  thefe,  the  head  is  filled  with,  humours,  the 
temples  beat^  the  hjpochQndnes^re  dilated,  and  a  t^eari- 
nefs  of  the  arms  and  thighs. 

Lxxxvii.  That .  emptinefs  of  the  (lomach  which  is  oc- 
cafioned  by  the  fcantinefs  of  meat  is  greater  than  that 
which  is  Qccailoned  by  phyfic ;  which  latter  does  indeed 
excite  fenfible  evacuation,  but  diverts  the  iufenfible. 

.  Lxxxviii.  In  flegmatic  confiitutions,  if  the  flomacb 
be  empty  in  the  morning,  by  reafon  of  their  not  having 
Tapped  the  night  before,  dry  food  is  very  beneficial,  fach 
as  bifcuit. 

Lxxxix,  No  mail  will  fall  into  any  difeafe,  if  he  care- 
fully provide  that  he  be  not  troubled  with  crudities. 

xc.  It  is'fafer  for  aged  jperfons  to  take  their  refedion 
thrice  in  a  day,  as  Antiochus  did,  than  twice,  or  to  eat 
much  at  once ;  for  it  much  obilrufls  perfpiration. 

xci.  Why  did  not  Antiochus  eat  fifli  at  fupper?  Bc- 
caufe  they  hinder  perfpiration  :  after  ileep  perfpiration  is 
very  good,  which  not  performed,  there  is  a  remiffion  w 
flrength  and  vigour. 

.  xcii.  The  coldnefs  and  clammincft  of  the  juice  of  cu- 
cumbers is  kept  in  the  veins,  nay,  other  unwholefome 
juices,  though  of  eafy  conco£lion,  by  obftruAing  the 
perfpiration,  caufe  malignant  fevers. 

XCII  I*  Why  does  the  corruption-  of  meat  caufe  wean- 
nefs  ?  ^Becaufe  it  diverts  perfpiration.  But  how?  Be- 
caufe  is  caufes  the  coeliac  difeafe.  But^why  does  the 
coeliac  difeafe  caufe  wearinefs  ?  Becaufe  there  comes  oat 
along  with  the  excrements  fomewhat  of  the  former  well 

conco&ed  meal.  • 

xciv. 


MEDICINA  STATIC  A.  165 

xciv.  If  any  ones  goes  with  a  tired  body  to  fupper,  or 
to  wafli  himfelfy  thcr«  enfues,  immediately  after  fleep,  a 
certain  chtllnefs  over  the  body,  aod  weariaefs  ;  yet  about 
twelve  hours 'after  fupper  all  is  well  again;  becaufe 
dien  the  concodion  and  perfpiration  is  good. 

xcv.  Meat  after  violent  exercife  is  hurtful,  as  well  by 
reafon  it  is  not  einbraced,  as  that  it  diverts  perfpiration. 

xcvi.  He  who  goes  to  fupper  with  a  diilurbed  mind, 
digeils  much  lefs  than  another,  who  is  undifturbed  and 
cheerful. 

2CVII.  Drinking  between  dinnef  and  fupper  is  hurt* 
ful :  but  if  we  drink  fo  much  the  lefs  at  fupper  the  hurt- 
fulnefs  is  taken  off. 

Xcvui.  Vomiting  after  fupper  weakens  a  man,  not  only 
upon  this  fcore,  that  it  voids  the  aliment,  but  alfo  becaufe 
it  diverts  per^iration. 

xciz.  If  a  mam  exceed  in  meat  and  drink  once  or  twice 
an  a  month,  though  he  does  not  fenfibly  evacuate  the  next 
day,  yet  he  weighs  lefs  than  ufual. 

c.  He  who 'confines  himfelf  to  a  regular  diet,  wants 
the  conveniences  of  thofe  perfons  who  exceed  once  or 
twice  a-month  :  for  the  expulfive  faculty  being  ftirred  up 
by  redundancy  excites  fo  great  a  perfpiration,  as  without 
ftatics  nobody  would  believe. 

CI.  In  a  cold  body  honey  is  good,  becaufe  it  nourifiies 
amd  perfpires  ;  in  a  hot  it  isrhuitful,  becaufe  it  turns  into 
choler. 

cii.  Nothing  more  obftruAs  perfpiration,  than  for  a 
man  tor  drink  while  the  chyle  is  preparing. 

cm.  The  liver  does  not  attra£l  the  chyle,  by  reafon  of 
its  ooolnefs,  much  lefs  does  k  expel  the  perfpirable  mat* 
Jer. 

'     L  3  CIV. 


)6ie  MEDICINA  STAOTICA*^ 

cur.  la  a  healthy  nuuBy  if  the  belly  be  loole,  it  dther 
happens  through  foine  defcft  ip  the  concoftioii,  or  the 
diftribodon  of  the  chylct  bj  reafon  of  the  obftroAioii  of 
perfpiration. 

CT.  There  ^e  two  thhigs  extremely  prc^odidal  to 
good  health,  Ti^B;.  to  give  np  the  bodj  wholly  to  a  floA- 
f  ul  repofei  and  to  eat  before  tl^e  coocoftioa  of  what  ^ 
been  eaten  before* 


OF  SLEEP  AND  VIGILANCE^ 

Seaion  IF. 

I.  Unbisturseb  flieep  is  fo  great  a  pronutfer  of  pe»r 
{piration,  that,  in  the  fpace  of  feven  hoars,  fifty  ounces 
of  the  oonco&ed  perfpirable  natter  do  commonly  exhale 
ont  of  llrong  bodies. 

II.  A  man  fleeping  the  fpace  of  ieven  hovrs  is  went, 
infenfibly,  healthfully,  and  without  any  Tiolence,  to  per- 
fpire  twice  Sfs  much  as  one  awake. 

lit.  That  perfpiration  of  a  fleeping  perfon  whii:h  is  sU 
tended  with  mnch  fweating,  is  not  more  plentiful  than 
any  kind  of  infenfible  perfpir ation  without  fweating. 

IT.  After  a  good  night's  reft  the  body  is  felt  of  kb 
weight,  as  well  ^y  reafon  of  the  augmentation  of  ftreagth 
as  by  that  of  the  exhalation  of  at  the^  leaft  about  three 
pounds  of  excrements. 

V.  Difiurbed  fieep  does  commonly  obftruA  one  third 
part  of  a  pound  of  the  ufual  perfpiration. 

▼I.  In  undifturbed  reft,  the,  perfpiration  is  fometimes 
greater,  allowing  the  fame  proportion  of  time,  than  in 
yiolent  exercife. 

TH. 


lISmCXNA  $TAT|CA*  167 

Til.  lo:  the  morniog  fl^pi  but  after  the  comfletiag  of 
the  firft  Gonco^Oi  a  pound  aS  the  perfpiraUe  excrements 
do  cooimonlj  exhale  in  tbefpace  of  one  hour^  but  if  it  be 
not  completed,  there  is  not  a  fourth  part  exhaled* 

VIII.  Thofe  thin^  which  hinder  fleeping  do  alfo  ob* 
ftnift  ttie  perfpiratiou  of  the  conco&ed  perfpirable  mat*^ 
ter. 

IX.  Short  fleeping  proceeds  from  the  acrimony  of  the 
perfpirable  matter,  which  is  not  evacuated  ;  hut  the  re<* 
teotion  of  the  perfpirable  matter  is  commonlj  occafioned 
by  nature's  being  more  than  ufually  employed  about 
focne  other  internal  fun^ione. 

X.  The  acrimony  of  the  perfpirable  matter  which  is 
retained,  very  often  afcends  up  to  the  head,  difturbs  fleep^ 
and  diverts  the  perfpiration  of  the  fuperior  parts. 

XI.  If  any  one,  after  ileep,  &els  a  kind  of  pain  in  his 
arms,  or  imagines  them  more  than  ufually  wearied,  it  is 
an  argument  that  the  body  is  of  greater  weight  than  na« 
ture  can  long  endure. 

3ai.  They  who  fleep  with  their  feet  and  legs  uncovered, 
are  deprived  of  as  much  perfpiration  as  may  amount  to 
a  pound  in  the  fpace  of  one  night. 

XIII*  A  continual  agitation  of  the  body  in  bed  is  more 
di^turbant  than  fwift  running  $  for  in  the  motion  of  a 
perfon  running,  the  mufdea  only  of  the  inferior  parts  are 
moved,  in  that  of  a  perfon  lying  along,  the  mufcles  of  the 
wbole  body  in  a  manner  are  in  motion. 

ziv.  Perfpiration  is  more  obftruded  in  perfoos  fleep* 
ing  by  a  cool  foutherly  gale  of  wind,  than  it  is  in  per* 
(bns  awake  by  a  great  cold. 

XV.  If  the  ntght^s  reft  be  lefs  than  uiiial,  there  is  a  di« 
ipinution  in  the  exhalation  of  the  concocted  perfpirable 
matter,  but  the  perfpiration  of  crudities  is  augmented. 

L  4  xvr. 


168  MEDICINA    STATIC^. 

XVI.  A^fter  meats  of  eafy  perfpiration  men's  bodies  are 
rendered  rather  weak  than  weighty  ;  but  after  thofe  of 
difficult  perfpiration  thej  become  both  weak  and 
weighty. 

XVII.  The  perfpiratioq  o^cafioned  by  fleep  differs  in 
fpecies  from  that  which  comes  by  vigilance ;  the  former 
implies  the  evacuation  of  concoAed  perfpirables  without 
acrimony,  and  with  a  recruiting  of  the  ftrength  ;  the  lat- 
ter, that  of  crudities,  and  is  (harp,  violent,  and  with  feme 
difficulty. 

XVIII.  A  perfon  fleeping  perfpires  twice  as  much  as 
one  waking.  Thence  came  that  remarkable  faying,  twt 
hours  of  reft  in  a  perfon  awake  are  but  equivalent  to  ooe 
of  fleep. 

XIX.  I  have  found,  by  experience,  that  in  the  fpace  of 
:^ven  hours  the  infenfible  perfpiration  in  a  perfon  fleep- 
ing, as  to  many,  amounted  to  about  forty  ounces ;  in  one 
awake  but  to  twenty. 

XX.  He  who  goes  to  bed  with  an  empty  ftomach  per- 
,  fpires  that  night  about  a  third  part  lefs  than  he  is  wont 

to  do. 

XXI.  Ferfons  of  a  choleric  confiitution,  who  go  to  bed 
with  a  ftomach  quite  empty,  have  thefe  inconveniences ; 
the  belly  and  head  are  filled  with  crudities,  their  teoaples 
beat,  their  fleih  waftes  away,  they  are  trouUed  with 
vehement  flretchings  about  the  arms  and  hands,  fometimes 
a  heart-butning,  or  corrofion  of  the  mouth  of  the  ilo- 
macby  vertigoes  and  epilepfies  j  as  it  happened  to  Diodo- 

TUS. 

X'Xii.  After  a  perfpiration  greater  than  we  are  wont 
to  have,  a  more  plentiful  fupper  promifes  a  longer  and 
founder  fleep.. 


MEDICINA  STATIC  A.  16$ 

XXIII.  A  lefs  than  the  ufual  perfpiration  is  the  foretell. 
cr  of  difturbed  fleep,  and  a  troublefome  night. 

XXIV.  If,  after  a  fliort  and  unquiet  fleep,  the  flefli  be 
found  cold,  and  that  thereupon  a  feverifli  fit  fucceed^,  in 
weak  perfons  it  commonly  preiignifies  death,  in  ftrong  a 
long  continuance  of  ficknefs. 

XXV.  Bj  change  of  lodging  fleep  is  difturbed,  and  the 
perfpiration  is  lefs.  For  unwonted  things,  thotfgh  better, 
are  prejudicial  to  body  and  mind. 

XXVI.  Men  dream  more  in  a  bed  they  are  not  accuf- 
toined  to  than  in  that  they  conftantly  lie  in*     - 

XXVII.  They  who  fleep  and  do  not  dream  perfpite  well^ 
and  fe  on  the  contrary. 

XXVIII.  Sleep  about  four  hours  after  meat  is  beft  ;  for 
then  nature  is  leaft  employed  about  the  firft  concodion, 
it  better  recruits  what  was  loft,  and  more  promotes  per- 
fpiration. 

XXIX.  If  about  five  hours  after  fupper  you  weigh  a 
perfon  juft  awaked  out  of  his  fleep  you  will  find  that  he 
hardly  perfpired  a  pound  ;  if  it  be  done  eight  hours  afteii 
fleep,  you  will  find  that  he  has  perfpired  three  ^ound. 

XXX*  If  a  man's  fleep  be  fliorter  than  it  is  wont  to  be, 
there  is  fomewhat  of  the  perfpiration  obftruded,  which  if 
'it  be  tiot- repaired  in  the  fubfequent  days  by  a  more  plen- 
tiful perfpiration,  there  is  fome  danger  of  a  fever. 

XXXI.  If  there  be  a  retention  of  any  part  of  the  ufual 
perfpiration,  the  next  day,  or  after  dinner,  we  are  over* 
come  with  fleep,  and  in  an  hoar's  fpace  perfpire  abou^  a 
pound  :  or  the  night  following,  our  fleep  is  fo  much  the 
longer,  the  more  expedient  it  was  that  we  fiiould*per- 
fpire  more  than  ufually ;  otherwifc  we  fall  into  a  fen- 
fible  crifis,  or  into  a  difeafe. 

?:xxii. 


17^  HCEDIcmA  STATICA. 

xxiai.  OfcitatioD,  and  the  flretching  of  the  joints  af- 
ter fleep  denote  that  the  body  has  perfpired  very  well^  a^ 
it  is  related  of  cocks,  fxniting  themfelves  with  their 
wings  before  thej  crow. 

xxxiii.  The  ofcitations  and  eztenfions  of  the  joiots 
and  limbs^  which  happen  immediately  after  fleep,  are 
raifed  out  of  the  plenty  of  perfpirablesi  excellently  well 
prepared  for  evacuation. 

xxxiVt  Men's  bodies  perfpire  more  in  half  an  hour's 
fpace,  by  yawning,  gaping,  and  il  retching  out  of  the  bo- 
dyt  than  in  three  hours  of  any  other  time. 

XXXV.  They  who  adminifter  fyrupSf  or  other  medicines^ 
to  fick  perfons  during  the  time  of  their  heft  perfpiratiooi 
which  is  commonly  for  the  fpace  of  two  hours  after  fleep, 
injure  them  ;  but  in  the-  fubfeqoent  hours  they  ^o  them 
good. 

XXXVI.  In  paroxyfms,  or  any  great  fits  of  iicknefs,  ga{><; 
ing  and  ftretching  of  the  body  figoify  the  concentration 
of  the  heat,  but  the  evacuation  of  a  great  quantity  oC 
Itcrxmcmious  perfpirable  matter  that  had  been  r^taine^. 

XXXVII.  In  ap  hour's  fleep  at  noon,  after  meat,  mea's 
bodies  commonly  evacuate  fometimes  a  pound,  Ibtnetiines 
half  a  pound,  of  excrements  infenfiUy  perfyirable ;  a 
pound,  if  there  be  ought  retained  of  the  precedent  day's 
perfpirauon ;  h^if  ^  pound,  if  nothing, 

XXXVIII.  }f  ought  of  the  precedent  clay's  perfpirajtioB 
|»e  retained,  and  that  it  be  nol;  evacuated  by  ile^eping  at 
noon,  immediately  after  fleep  there  is  feU  a  great  heayi- 
nefs  of  the  head,  and  a  very  affli^ive  pain, 

XXXIX.  If  within  four  hours  after  fleep  the  meat  a  man 
has  eaten  be  corrupted,  immediately  thefe  two  incoave* 
niences  mutually  confequent  one  to  the  other  wiU  foUow^ 
to«i|fit,  an  obftruflbion  of  perfpiration,  and  watching. 

\  Xt. 


MEDIOINA  STATICAL  171 

3^L.  Thftce  is  no  caufe  does  more  frequently  interrupt 
Aeep  than  the  corruption  of  a  man*s  meat.  This  is 
caufed  by  the  fympatby  there  is  between  the  ftomacb  and 
the  brain. 

XLt,  Sleep  is  better  in  winter  than  in  fummer,  not 
becanfe  men's  bellies  are  hotter,  or  their  deep  longer,  but 
I^ecanfe  before  day«>light  their  bodies  are  a&uallj  hotter^ 
and  as  fuch  are  apt  .to^perfpire  very  much,  whereas  in 
fammer  they  are  more  cold, 

XLII*  Purity  of  difcourfe,  and  agility  of  body  after 
fleepy4U'e  indications  that  the  body  has  perfpired  that  night 
commonly  at  lead  three  pounds. 

XXJIU  (jightoefs  of  the  head  after  deep  at  noon  de- 
notes that  there  had  not  been  any  thing  retained  of  the 
precedent  day's  perfpiration. 

XLXV.  Sleep  moiftens  all  the  external  and  internal  parts, 
becaafe  it  attenuates  the  peri'pirable  matter,  and  being 
fo  mtteanated  it  difperfea  it  into  all  the  members* 

XLT.  Vigilance  ftirs  from  the  centre  to  the  cir^um-* 
flerence  thit  blood  wh^ch  is  lefs  prepared  for  perfpiration 
than  it  is  in  fuch  as  are  afleep. 

XLYi.  By  fleep  the  humours  are  concentrated,  the  in- 
flncnt  heat  is  united  to  the  innate,  tbirft  is  taken  away» 
xmlefs  eholer  be  predominantt  there  is  a  converfion  made 
of  the  blood  into  the  fecond  mQifturesi  and  the  bodies  be* 
come  lighter. 

XLYii.  By  fleep  the  animal  fpirits  languiih  j  by  Tigil* 
ance  the  vital  at  d  natural  fpirits  languiih. 

XL VIII.  By  vigilance  the  animal  fpirits  [are  corrobor- 
ated, but  the  vital  and  natural  languiflu 

xux.  By  fleep  the  internal  parts  are  more  heated,  and 
are  alfo  made  more  light,  hy  vigilance  the  external 
pt^ts  are  made  more  hot,  and  alfo  t^ore  light. 


1Y2  MEDICINA  STATICA, 

L.  By  too  much  fleep  the  internal  and  external  psrts 
grow  cold^  the  humours  are  forcibly  crowded  in,  and 
made  imperfpirablej  and  the  bodies  are  rendered  more 
ponderous. 

LI.  Choleric  bodies  are  extremely  prejudiced  by  ex- 
ceffive  fleeping,  not  becaufe  the  excrements  of  the  third 
concodion  are  made  imperfpirable,  but  becaufe  ihey  be- 
come extreme  fliarp,  and  are  afterwards  noxious  to  the 
head  and  other  entrails. 

Lii.  In  perfons  fleeping  with  the  bed-clothes  caft  off, 
perfpiration  is  more  obfti  ufled  than  it  is  in  perfons  awake, 
who  have  no  clothes  on .;  as  well  by  reafon  of  the  quiet 
pofture  of  ,fuch  as  are  afleep,  as  alfo  for  that  the  heat  of 
the  external  parts  retreats  inward. 

Liii.  A  more  than  ufual  watching  renders  men's  bo- 
dies, during  the  firft  fubfequeiit  days  after  k,  more  pon- 
derous, and  more  weak.  They  are  more  ponderous,  be- 
caufe,  after  tlie  evacuation  of  the  perfpirable  excreraentfi, 
there  is  left  behind  a  certain  juice,  which,  of  itfelf,  is 
ippude,  and,  by  accident,  ponderous  *;  they  afe  weaker, 
becalifb  where  there  is  any  crudity,  there  is  noconveifion 
made,  and  confequently  the  (Irength  is  impaired. 

LIT.  If  after  immoderate  watching  a  man  fleep  fevek 
hours,  the  perfpiration  will  be  more  than  ui'ual,  by  about 
SL  pound* 

LV.  Continued  watching-  renders  men's  bodies  more 
ponderous,  not  by  reafon  of  the  greater  perfpiration,  or 
fenfible  evacuation,  but  becaufe  the  recruit  of  fat  an4 
flefli  is  not  anfwerable  to  what  had  been  wafted. 

L.VI.  In  the  morning  the  body  both  is,  and  is  felt  lefs 
ponderous  ;  it  is  fo,  becaufe  by  the  precedent  fleep  three 
pound  of  perfpirable  excrements  were  evacuated  ;  it  is  fa 
felt,  not  only  becaufe  it  is  lighter^  but  alfo  in  regard  that 

by 


MEDICINA  STATICA,  173 

hj  the  concoftion  of  the,  meats  that  were  eaiily  perfpir« 
able  there  is  an  augmentation  of  ftrength. 

LYii.  A  man's  bodj  may  become  more  ponderous  bj 
unufual  watching,  if  the  meat^  wherewith  it  is  fed,  be 
unfit  for  perfpiration. 

L.YIII.  There  isfo  plentiful  an  exhalation  of  the  bodj  in 
perfoQs  ileepingi  that  not  only  the  fick  lying  with  the 
found,  but  alfo  the  found  among  themfelves  do  mutually 
communicate  their  good  oi'evil  difpofitions. 


APHORISMS  AI>DED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 

iiix.  xV.FT£R  meat  fleep ;  after  fieep  conco£tion  -,  after 
concodiion^  tranfpiration  is  beft. 

liX.  Diacydonium,  or  marmalet,  not  taken  immedi« 
ately. after  fupper  but  after  the  firll  fleepi  excites  fleep, 
provided  there  be  nothing  drunk  after  it. 

JLXI.  Diacydoniuni,  or  marmalet,  taken  with  a  little 
cinnamon,  ilrengtheneth  the  ftomach ;  and  that  being 
flrengthened,  fleep  always  follows. 

Lxii.  A  fmall  quantity  of  generous  wine  and  garlic 
caufe  fleep  and  perfpiration,  but  if  a  man  take  more  than  ^ 
is  requifite  they  obftru£l  both;  however  they  convert 
the  perfpirable  matter  into  fweating. 

I4XIII.  That  man  will  doubtlefs  come  to  a  great  age 
who  does  daily  conco£l  and  digeft  well ;  concoflion  is 
caufed  by  fleep  and  reft  i  digeftion  by  vigilance  and  ex- 
ercife. 

Lxiv.  If  the  wearincfs  enfuing  after  fleep  be  taken  ofF 
by  ufual  exercife,  the  defe£):  was  in  the  digeftion>  and  not 
in  the  conco£Uon.  1 

LXV. 


174  MEDtCINA  StAtlCA4 

txv.  When  we  rife  from  deep  with  oar  ufuftl  weightt 
t>ut  with  greater  unweildinefs,  if  it  be  not  taken  oKhf 
our  accuftomed  exercife,  it  fignifies  an  accumulation  of 
crudities,  corruption  of  meat,  or  immoderate  coition. 

ixvu  Unufual  ileeping  at  noon  is  hurtful  to  all  the  td* 
trails,  and  checks  perfptratiott* 

i^xvii.  Wearinefs  or  unweildine&  after  deep  is  taken 
ofFby  thofe  things  which  facilitate  perfpiration :  thefe  are 
abilioence,  exercife,  vigilance,  and  anger. 

i/sviii.  If  the  body  lie  loofe  and  dat,  fleep  is  hurtful ; 
if  it  be  contraded)  it  is  good :  the  entrails  lying  clofe  and 
compaded  together  having  eafj  concoftlon,  but  when 
they  are  loofe,  by  one's  lying  at  length,  they  haire  a  diffi- 
cult concofiion. 

LXix.  If  in  found  perfons,  a  cold  fweat  enfue  af^er 
fleep  it  argues  they  perfpire  lefs  than  i^ey  ihould  do, 
and  in  procefs  of  timci  if  the  fame  thing  happens,  they 
are  troubled  with  the  gout. 

isx.  By  immoderate  fleep,  and  exceffive  drinkitig  of 
wine,  the  ftrength  is  fufibcated }  by  exceffive  vigilance  and 
exercife,  it  is  diflblved  I  all  thefe  diminifli  concodion,  and 
thkt  diminiihed,  there  is  a  floppage  of  reguifite  peN 
fpiratioQ* 


d^  £±££CIS£  Al^D  BEST. 


Se&ion  t^. 

I.  X  HE  occult  perfpiration  of  a  man'tf  body  is  lels  ia 
violent  motion,  than  it  ia  in  the  morning,  nine  or  tea 
hours  from  the  time  he  had  fupped« 


IL 


Mkdicika  statica#  175 

Ii«  thkt  idiich  is  evacuated  in  violent  motion  by  the 
pores  h  fweat,  and  an  occult  perfpirable  matter :  but,  as 
it  is  violent,  it  is  raifcd  for  the  mod  part  out  of  uncbncofted 
juices :  ,for  it  feldom  happens  that  there  (hould  be  fo  great 
t.  coUe£lion  of  concodied  perfpirable  matter  in  the  body  as 
ts  evacuated  by  violence. 

III.  Sweating  always  proceeds  from  a  violent  caufe,  and 
as  fuch  (as  ftatical  experiments  make  it  appear)  it  obftru^ 
the  occult  evacuation  of  conco£led  perfpirable  matter. 

IV.  The  body  perfpires  much  more  lying  quietly  in  bed 
than  turning  from  one  fide  to  another  by  frequent  agita* 
tion. 

V.  Cheerful  and  angry  perfons  are  lefs  wearied  by  long 
travelling  than  the  fearful  and  penfive:  for  the  former 
{>erfpire  more  healthfully,  but  the  other  lefs. 

VI.  Thofe  bodies  which  are  admitted  to  refe£Hen^  after 
immoderate  exercife^  receive  much  prejudice  i  becaufe,  as 
they  are  wearied  and  burthened  with  meat^  they  perfpjre 
lefs. 

VII-  Exercife  from  the  feventh  hour  to  the  twelfth  after 
refedion,  does  infenGbly  diflblve'more  in  the  fpace  of  one 
hour  than  it  does  in  three  honors  at  any  other  time* 

Till.  Infenfible  evacuation  after  violent  exercife  ob« 
{bru£ls  the  fuccei&ve  recruiting  of  that  which  is  wafted : 
nay,  if  the  fame  violence  Ihould  continue,  the  body  will 
be  rendered  fo  light,  that  in  many  there  would  be  fome 
danger  of  a  future  confumption* 

IX.  By  exercife  men's  bodies  are  made  lighter :  for  all 
the  parts,  efpecially  the  mufcles  and  ligaments,  are  cleanfed 
from  excrements  by  motion,  the  perfpirable  matter  is  pre- 
pared for  exhalation,  and  the  fpirits  are  made  more  tenuis 
eus,  or  fubtile. 


176  MEDICINA  STATICAL 

X.  Motion  prepares  bodies  for  the  evacuation  of  fen- 
Cble  and  infenfible  excrements  ;  reft  does  it  rather  for  that 
of  the  infenfible  onfy. 

XI.  If  the  body  lie  quietly  in  the  bed  after  fupper  for 
the  fpace  of  ten  hours,  it  fnall  perfpire  excellently  well  :  if 
It  reft  there  yet^  fomewhat  longer,  there  follows  immedi- 
ately a  diminution  of  both  fenfible  and  infenfible  eyacua« 
tion, 

XII.  Long  reft  renders  indifpofed  bodies  more  weighty^ 
as  well  in  regard  the  perfpirable  excrements  are  prepared 
for  evacuation  by  motion,  as  alfo  for  that  the  meat  and 
drink,  if  fuch  as  the  patient  is  not  accuftomed  to,  or  more 
in  quantity  than  is  requifite,  are  not  digefted  ;  and  thence 
proceed  all  inconveniences,  and  many  times  death. 

XIII.  If  a  perfon  who  has  kept  his  bed  long  be  troubled 
with  pain  in  the  feet,  the  remedy  is  walking ;  if  one  that 
is  upon  a  journey  be  fo  troubled,  the  remedy  is  reft. 

XIV.  There  are  two  kin4».of  exercifes,.  one  of  the  body, 
the  other  of  the  mind  :  that  of  the  body  evacuates  the  fen^ 
fible  excrements ;  that  of  the  mind  the  infenfible  rather, 
and  efpecially  thofe  of  the  heart  and  brain,  where  the  mind 
is  feated. 

x\.  An  exceflive  reft  of  the  mind  does  more  obftrufit 
perfpiration  than  that  of  the  body. 

XVI.  The  exercifes  of  the  mind  which  moft  conduce  to 
the  cheering  up  of  the  fpirits,  are  anger,  fudden  joy,  fear^ 
and  forrow. 

XVII.  Men's  bodies  refting  in  bed,  and  agitated  with  a 
vehement  motion  of  the  mind,  for  the  moft  part  becooic 
more  faint,  and  lefs  ponderous,  than  if  there  be  a  tranquil- 
lity of  mind,  with  a  violent  motion  of  the  body,  as  it  hap- 
pens at  tennis,  or  any  game  at  ball. 

4  XVIII. 


MEDI6INA  STATIC  A.  177 

I 
/ 

Stviii.  Bj  immoderate  exercife  the  excrements  of  the 
firft  and  fecond  conco<^ion  are  for  the  moft  part  difperfed 
through  the  compafs  of  the  whole  body,  and  therefore 
the  belly  is  hardened ;  yet  are  the  bodies  made  lighter^ 
becaufe  the  infenfible  evacuation  is  much  greater  than 
the  excretion  of  the  fenfible  excrements  -  made  by  the 
belly. 

XIX.  Violent  exercife  of  mind  and  body  renders  bodies 
of  lighter  weight,  haftens  old  age,  and  threatens  untimely 
death:  for,  according  to  the  philofopher,  thofe  perfons 
that  are  exercifed  die  fooner  than  fuch  as  are  not. 

XX.  Violent  exercife  takes  off  from  a  body  filled  with 
meat  or  crude  humours  a  lefs  than  ufual  weight  of  the 
fenfible  excrements ;  of  the  infenfible,  almoft  nothing  at 
all. 

.  XXI.  By  exercife  the  body  peffpires  lefs,  by  fleep,  more^ 
and  the  belly  is  more  loofened. 

XXII.  Fri£lions  and  cupping-glafies,  in  bodies  full  of 
crudities,  obftru£l  perfpiration. 

xxiii.  Then  is  exercife  moft  wholefome ;  when,  after 
the  completing  of  the  firft  and  fecond  cohco£lion,  the 
body  is  reduced  twice  in  a  day,  before  meat,  to  its  ufiial 
weight. 

XXIV.  Swimming  immediately  after  violent  exercife,  is 
hurtful ;  for  it  very  much  obftru3s  perfpiration. 

XXV.  Violent  exercife  in  a  place  where  the  wind  blows 
is  hurtful. 

XXVI.  From  the  wind  proceeds  a  difficulty  of  refpira- 
tion,  from  the  motion,  acrimony. 

XXVII.  Riding  relates  more  to  the  peripirable  matter  of 
the  parts  of  the  body  from  the  waift  upwards,  than  down- 
wards :  but  in  riding,  the  amble  is  the  moft  wholefome, 
the  trot  the  moft  unwholefome,  pace,. 

Vol.  III.  M  xxvnr. 


O 


178  MEDICmA  8TAtlGA« 

XXVII7.  Waftage  in  fedan  or  horfe  litter,  as  alfo  gpktg 
by  water,  does  not  fo  much  difpofe  bodies  to  due  perfpira- 
tion,  as  walking. 

XXIX.  The  motion  of  a  boat  and  litter,  if  it  be  continued 
long,  is  moft  wholefome ;  for  thetl  only  it  does  wonder* 
fully  difpofe  the  body  to  due  perfpiration. 

XXX.  Riding  in  a  coach  or  chariot  is  the  moft  violent 
of  any  way :  for  it  does  not  only  caufe  the  unconco£led 
perfpirable  matter  to  exhale  out  of  the  body,  but  alfo  of.« 
fends  the  folid  parts  of  the  body^  and  particularly  the 
reins. 

XXXI.  Leaping  dx)es  at  firft  attrad:  the  ftrength  inwards, 
then  impetuouily  forces  it  to  the  external  parts,  and  with 
a  certain  violence  expels  the  concofked  matter,  together 
with  the  unconco£led. 

'  Xxxii.  The  ex<etcife  of  the  top,  confifting  of  moderate 
and  violent  motion,  to-wit,  walking  and  the  agitation  of 
the  arms,  promotes  perfplratioQ. 

XXXIII.  Moderate  dancing,  without  any  capering  or 
jumping,  comes  near  the  comme'ndation  of  moderate  walk- 
ing ;  for  it  moderately  expels  the  conGo£ted  perfpirable 
matter. ' 


APHORISMS  ADDED  BY  THJf  AtJTHOR. 

XXXIV.  WThen  there  is  a  defe£t  of  perfpiration  in  fottndl. 
bodies,  it  is  remedied  by  exercife. 

XXXV.  By  immoderate  exercife  the  fibres  are  hardened) 
whence  follows  old  age,  which  is  an  univerfal  hardnefs 
of  the  fibres :  this  hardnefs,  by  condenfating  the  palTagess 

obftruas 


lliBDICIKA  STATiCA*  179 

bbftrufis  the  heat ;  foftnefs,  by  keeping  thetn  open,  caufes 
length  of  life. 

xxlyi.  He  who  would  have  a  youthful  face  long,  let 
him  avoid  fWeating^  or  perfpiring  too  much  through  heat* 


DE  ventre/ 

Sectio  Sexta^ 

t.  JNiMiA  abflinentia  a  coitu,  et  nimiiis  ufus,  impediun^ 
perfpirationemf  fed  nimius  ufus  magis. 

II.  Pod  coitum  imnioderatum  quarta  pars  folitse  per- 
fpirationis  in  plutribus  prohiberi  folet. 

III.  Mala  a  njmio  coitu  orta  mediate  a  prohibita  per^ 
fpiratione,  immediate  I  laefis  conco&ricibus  dependent. 

IV.  Cognofcitur  coitum  profeciiTe,  G  a  fequenti  fomno 
nulla  fentiatur  laffitudO|  nee  uUa  corporis  mutatio  faAa  fit 
in  gravitate,  vel  levitate. 

V.  Diuturnae  venpreorum  cogitationes,  modo  gravius,  et 
modo  levius  efEciunt  corpus;  gravius  fi  plfno,  levius  & 
vaQuo  fiant  ftomacho. 

VI.  Pod  nimium  coitum  cum  muliere,  quam  maximd 
concupita,  non  fentltur  illico  lafiitudo :  animi  enim  con- 
folalio  juvat  tunc  perfpirationem  cordis,  et  auget  ejus  ro« 
buTj  unde  in  ipfo  quod  amittitur,  prbmptius  remittitur* 

M  1  ni. 


>  The  clafiGical  reader,  will  eafily  perceive  why  this  chapter  is  not  tranilated, 


180  MBDICIKA  &TATIGA. 

viu  Fropenfi  ad  coitum  fi  texnperent  libidinemi  iltico 
fuccedit  corporis  agilltas,  quia  tales  melius  perfpirant. 

VIII.  Immoderatus  coitus  facit  perfpirare  cruda,  quae 
deinde  carnes  frigidas  efficiunt. 

IX.  Coitum  non  nocuiiTe,  hsec  indicant :  urina  aeque 
co£la  ut  ante,  corporis  agilitas,  refpiratio  facilior,  et  idem 
fere  corporis  pondus  perfi^vcr^ns  ;  eadem  tamea  fervata 
eorum  qux  ingeruntur  quantitate  et  qualitato. 

X.  Prxfens  vulnus  immoderati  coitus  eft  ftomachi  re- 
frigeratio :  ftiturum,  prohibita  perfpiratioj  unde  facile  fiunt 
palpitationcsin  fuperciliis  et  artubus^  et  deinde  in  membris 
obtinentibus  principatum,  , 

XI.  Coitus  in  xftate  magis  nocet :  non  quia  corpus  ma- 
gis  perfpirat,  fed  quia  codlioi  cum  fit  minor,  deperditum 
difficilius  refarcitur* 

XII.  In  a£tu  venefeo  multum  crudi  perfpiratur,  et  fi  dia 
duretf  cruda  transfer untur  a  centro  ad  corporis  ambitum, 
fiunt  obftru£lioneSj  et  inde  alvus  fupprimitur. 

Xiiu  Quanto  quis  majori  coeundi  cupiditate  conflagrati 
tasto  ejus  ufus  immoderatus  minus  laedit. 

XIV.  Coitus  immoderati  detrimentum  praecipue  man!- 
feftatur  poft  fomnum  fequentem ;  tunc  enim  ex  Staticis 
experimbntis  cognofcitur  perfpirationem  effe  impeditami  et 
cibum  efle  male  digeftum,  nee  non  ftomachum  valde  te- 
fum. 

XV.  Coitus  laedere  folet  primam  co£lionem,  prime  di- 
minuendo perfpirationis  proptitudinemi^  deinde  in  crudam 
qualitatem'conv^rtendo  cibiim. 

xyi.  Qui  ooitu  utit\ir,  et  fperma  non  emittit,  minus  dc- 
bilitatur.  Itidem  fi  die  fequenti  utatur,  et  emittat  quod 
die  precedenti  fuit  praeparatu^^  minus  debilitatur. 

XVII.  lUi  qui  coeuodo  fperma  ex  ftudio  son  emittunt,  ia 

tumordm 


MEDICINA  STATICA.  181 

tumorem  tefticulorum  facile  incidunt:   fperma  cnim  eft 
imperfpirabile. 

xyizi.  Coitus  immoderatus  poft  ftomachom  Isedit  magis 
oculos. 

XIX.  Coitus  immoderatus  Ixdlt  Tifionem^  quia  ab  oculis 
fubducit  maximam  (pirituum  copiam  ;  inde  tunicae  oculo- 
rum  prxdurse  et  rugofae,  nee  non  meatus  minus  pervii  red- 
duntur. 

XX.  A  diminuta  perfpiratione  fibrae  tunicarum  oculoruni 
opaciores ;  inde  vifio  fit  per  fpatia  perexigun,  tjualia  funt 
in  cancellis :  Specilla  uniuBt  obje£la  in  cufgideniy  ut  dif* 
tinde  per  unum  folum  fpatium  videatur* 

XXI.  A  coitu  immoderato  difliinuitur  calor  naturalis  ;  a 
diminuto  calore  diminuta  perfpiratio  ^  a  dkninuta  perfpira- 
tione flatus  et  palpitatio.  ^ 

xzxx.  Coitus  immoderatus  pollulat  cibos  paucos,  et  boni 
nutriment!. 

XXIII.  Coitus  calefacit  jecur  et  renes,  quia  excitatus 
calor  minus  exhalat :  refrigerat  vero  ftomachum,  cerebrum 
et  cor,  quia  per  meatus  patentiorcs  excitatus  omnino,  et 
proprius  aliqua  ex  parte  propterea  refolvitur. 

XXIV.  Hinc  coitus  immoderatus  in  hcpate   bilem,   in 
renibus  nephriticum  afFeftum,  in  ftomacho  crudum  fuc-  • 
cum,  in  cerebro  catarrhum,  et  in  corde  palpitationem  et 
fyncopen. 

XXV.  Edulia'poft  nimium  coitum  fi  flatus  gignant^  ut 
oftreacea  et  muHum,  perniciofa :  impediunt  enim  ne  ad 
confuetum  pondus  corpora  reducantur. 

XXVI.  Macilentis  magis  nocet  coitus,  quia  magis  cale« 
fiunt,  et  magis  refrigerantur. 

xxyii.  Coitus  immgderatus  illico  maxime  leve  eSiclt 
corpus,  quamvis  deinde  pcrfpirationem  prohibeat :  eft 
enim  vehemens  corporis  et  animi  mot  us  ^  corporis,  quia 

M  3  omnia 


182  3IBDICINA  STATICA. 

omnia  membra  conquaflantur :  animi,  quia  refolvitar  quod 
colligat  animum  corpori,  fpiritus  fcilicet  vitalis. 

XXVIII.  Si  poft  coitum  fomnus  laborem  £acit,  ex  coitu 
major  fa£la  eft  ablatio^  quam  ex  fomno  fa£la  fit  vitalis  fpi« 
ritus  additio. 

XXIX.  Foft  nimium  coitus  ufum»  fomnus  trahit  cruda 
ad  cor ;  unde  languor,  prohibita  perfpiratio,  et  ponderis 
augmentum.   ^ 

XXX.  Senes  ex  ufu  moderati  coitus  fiunt  poQderofiores 
et  frigidiores :  jurenes  veto  leviores  et  calidiores. 

XXXI.  Coitus  in  juvenibus,  animalem,  vitalem,  et  na- 
ti;iralem  facultatem  roborat :  animal^m  per  ipotum  expur- 
gate et  fopitaih  excitat ;  naturalem  per  evacuationem  fupeu 
flui ;  et  vitaleni  per  laptitiam. 

XXXII.  Cibu^  copiofior  folito,  poft  immoderatum  coU 
turn,  interimeritj  nifi  fuccederet  aliquae  ciborum  corrup- 
tela. 

XXXIII.  Dum  eft  coeundum,  parum  vel  nihil  come- 
dendum :  dum  eft  comedendum^  parum  yel  nihil  coeun- 
dum. 

XXXIV.  Si  poft  coitus  exceilTum  nulla  perfentitur  lafli- 
tudo,  malum  :  id  perinde  ac  in  phreneticis  fit  ab  incenfis 
fpiritibuSj^  qui  exiccando,  brevi  fpatio,  roborant  nervos  ct 
tendines,  fed  paulo  poft  imminuitur  fpirituum  generatio  j 
Ct  vires  derepcnte  caduntit 


ilpDITi 


MSDICIVA.  STATIC  A.  183 


ADDITI  AB  AUCTORE. 

xxxv«  Coitus  juvat  excitatus  a  natura :  a  mente  men* 
tern  et  memoriam  Isedit* 

XXXVI.  In  debili  ob  coitum  augetur  corporis  pondus : . 
quia  minus  perfpirat. 

XXXVII.  Coitus  importunus  impedit  perrpir^tum,  quia 
dinunuit  vires :  unde  corpus  fit  majoris  ponderis,  nifi  fe- 
quatur  alvi  fluor. 

XXXVIII.  Nimius  coitus  calefaciendo  et  cxficcando  mag- 
nam  jaduram  facit :  fi  vero  infenfibili  perfpiratione  remit- 
tatur  caliditas,  et  alimento  ficcitas,  nullam. 

XXXIX.  Corporis  agitatio  in  coeundo,  inftar  canum,  ma- 
gis  nocet^  quam  feminis  emiilio :  haec  folum  yifcerai  ilia 
omnes  nervos  et  vifcera  defatigat. 

XL.  Ufu8  coitus  k  cibo,  ^t  ftando,  Iscdit  a  cibo,  vlfce- 
rum  officia  divertit;  ftandoj  mufculos  et  eorum  utilem 
perfpiratum  diminuit. 

XLi.  Poft  motum,  coitus  infalubris^  poft  cibum,  non 
ita ;  poft  fomnum,  (aluberrimus. 

XLii.  Coitus  calefacit  jecur,  et  refrigerat  fiomachum ; 
a  ftomacho,  crudus  fuccus ;  i,  jecore,  bilis  :  unde  poracea, 
et  oris  moxfus*  Hemedio  eft  villus  tenuis  et  libera  per- 
fpiratio* 


M  4  ?> 


a 


184  MEDICIKA  STATICAL 


OP  THB  AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  MIND, 

Semon  VIL 

\.  Amongst  the  affefiions  of  die  mind,  anger  and  ala- 
crity render  men's  bodies  lighter,  fear  and  fadnefs,  more 
ponderous  \  and  the  reft  of  the  afiedion^  operate  anfwer- 
ably  to  their  participation  of  thefe, 

II.  In  grief  and  fear  that  which  is  lighter  perfpires,  but 
uphat  is  more  ponderous  is  left  behind ;  in  gladnefs  and 
anger  there  is  a  perfpiration  af  both^ 

III.  Hence  it  coipes  to  pafs  that  fuch  as  are  fubjed  to 
fear  and  grief  are  apt  to  be  troubled  with  obftru&ionsj 
hardnefs  of  the  parts,  and  hypochondriacal  afiedlions. 

•  IV.  Such  as  are  angry  or  joyful  feel  no  wearinefs  in 
travelling ;  for  their  bodies  eaftly  perfpire  the  grofs  matter; 
which  happens  npt  when  they  are  troubled  with  grief  or 
fear. 

V.  The  ponderous  part  of  perfpirable  matter  being  more 
than  ufually  retained  in  the  body,  difpofes  a  man  to  fadnefs 
and  fear}  but  the  light  part  difpofes  him  to  gladnefs  and 
anger. 

VI.  Nothing  contributes  more  to  freedom  of  refpiration 
than  £atisfa6iion  and  confolation  of  mind. 

VII.  By  fadnefs  and  fear  the  members  moft  full  of  rnoif* 
ture  are  eafily  indurated. 

VIII.  Grief  and  fear'  obftruft  the  perfpiration  of  the 

rrofs  perfpirable  e:(crement$  \  and  the  obfirufiion  of  per- 
"  fpiration, 


1< 


» 


MEDICIMA  STATICA.  185 

fpiration,  from  what  caufe  foever  it  proceeds^  caufcs  grief 
and  fear. 

IX.  Grief,  if  it  continue  long,  brings  a  coldnefs  on  the 
flefli  i  for  it  hinders  the  exhalation  of  the  grofs  portion  of 
the  perfpirable  matter. 

X.  Hence  it  comes,  that  that  fever  which  a  man  falls 
into  after  much  grief,  difcovers  itfelf  in  cold  fweats,  and 
thofe  many  times  mortal, 

XI.  The  acrimony  of  the  perfpirable  matter  which  is  re- 
tained by  the  means  of  grief,  is  conveniently  taken  off  by 
alacrity  i  for  pleafant  humours  are  thereby  difFufed 
through  the  body,  and  thereupon  ponderofity  and  acrimony 
arc  taken  off  from  it. 

XII.  Anger  and  hope  take  away  fear,  and  joy  taketh 
away  fadnefs  :  for  a  paffion  of  the  mind  is  overcome,  not 
by  medicines,  but  by  fome  contrary  paflion ;    (or  contra-      j^ 
ries  are  under  the  fame  genus. 

XIII.  It  does  not  imply  any  contradidlion  to  affirm, 
that  the  retention  of  the  perfpirable  matter  in  melancholy 
petfons  is  cold  and  acrimonious,  or  hot:  fuch  are  the 
livers  of  hydropical  perfons  who  are  in  fevers  5  to-wit, 
they  are  cold  in  r^fpefl  of  the  natural  heat,  and  hot  in  re- 
fpeft  of  the  adventitious. 

xiT.  Difeafes  proceeding  from  melancholy  and  a  clofe 
muddy  air,  agree  in  this,  that  they  are  immediately  occafi- 
oned  by  the  groffnefs  of  the  perfpirable  matter  which  is 
retained :  for  grief  does  intrinfically  obftruA  the  excre- 
tion of  the  grofs  matter,  and  the  muddy  air  does  it  extrin. 
(ically. 

XV.  They  who  carry  grief  along  with  them  to  their  beds,         0 
pcrfpire  fo  much  the  Icfs  that  night  •,    and  the  next  day 
their  bodies  continue  more  than  ufually  ponderous.  ^ 

xvi^  In  yenerous  meditations,  the  grofs  part  of  the  per- 
fpirable 


♦♦ 


X86  lifEDICIKA  STATIC A« 

fpirablc  excrements,  is  with  grief  retaing^J ;  which  part, 
upon  the  evaporation  of  the  fubtile,  becomes  yet  more  grofs 
and  more  cold :  if  this  be  pent  up  together,  it  caufes  an 
almoft  invincible  coldnefs  in  the  head,  and  a  hardly  curable 
palpitation  in  the  heart,  or  other  members. 

XVII.  Melancholy  is  two  ways  overcome,  either  by  a 
free  perfpiration,  or  fome  continual  fatisfa£lion  of  the 
mind. 

XVIII.  If  mens  bodies  become  lighter  after  grief  than 
after  joy,  it  muft  of  neceflity  happen  either  by  reafon  of  a 
lefs  quantity  of  meat,  or  by  that  of  their  more  tranfpirable 
quality, 

XIX.  The  confolation  of  the  mind,  from  whatfoever 
caufe  it  proceeds,  opens  the  pafiagesi  and  very  much  pro- 

^        motes  perfpiration. 

V  XX.  If,  after  anger,  there  immediately  enfue  fome  con- 

folation of  the  mind  ^  or  the  contrary  happen,  men's  bodies, 
allowing  an  equal  proportion  of  aliment,  are  lighter  the 
next  day,  than  they  would  be  if  only  anger  or  joy  had  con- 
tinued. 

XXI.  As  there  is  a  fudden  period  put  to  fome  great 
pleafure  by  a  fmall  evacuation  of  feed :  fo  all  other  immo- 
derate afieflxons  of  the  mind  may  be  abated  and  taken  off, 
by  fome  evacuation  of  the  perfpirable  matter. 

XXII.  Fear  and  grief,  as  we  find  by  ftatical  experimentSi 
^       I      are  taken  oflF  by  the  evacuation  of  the  grofs  perfpirable  ex- 
crements ;  anger  and  alacrity  by  that  of  the  tenuious. 

^^  '^  XXIII.  If  any  one  find  himfelf  in  a  merry  jocund  hu- 

mour, without  any  caufe,  it  proceeds  from  a  greater  free- 
dom of  perfpiration,  and  his  body  will  be  found  the  next 
day  of  lefs  weight. 
XXIV.  Moderate  joy  infenfiby  evacuates  what  is  fuper- 

fluouss 


% 


MEDICINA  STATICA.  18^^ 

fluous;  immoderate  joy,  both  what  is  fuperfluous  and 
i/irhat  is  beneficial. 

XXT.  Moderate  joy  aiEfts  the  conco&ive  faculties ;  for 
nature,  not  being  burthened  with  that  which  is  fuperflipuSf 
does  much  better  perform  her  fun£lions. 

XXVI*  Unexpe&ed  joy  is  more  hurtful  than  that  which 
18  looked  for :  for  it  does  not  only  excite  the  evacuation  of 
the  excrements  of  the  third  conco£tion,  but  alfo  the  ex- 
halation of  the  vital  fpirits ;  but  the  expe£ted  joy  promotes 
only  that  of  the  excrements. 

XXVII.  Joy  and  anger  take  off  from  the  body  what 
makes  it  more  ponderous,  and  what  renders  it  more  light ; 
grief  and  fear  take  av/ay  only  what  makes  it  more  lightj^ 
but  what  makes  it  more  ponderous  is  left  behipd. 

XXVIII.  A  continual  gladnefs  for  many  days  together 
hinders  fleep,  and  renders  a  man  weaker. 

XXIX.  If  any  one,  after  moderate  joy,  finds  himfelf  lighter, 
it  does  not  proceed  principally  from  the  evacuation  of  the 
whole  body,  but  from  that  of  the  heart  and  brain,  whence 
what  is  evacuated  is  lead  of  all,  as  to  quantity,  and  greateft, 
as  to  virtue. 

XXX.  Thofi;  aliments  which  <^en  and  facilitate  perfpir- 
ation  produce  joy,  thofe  that  obftrufi:  it,  grief. 

XXXI.  Parfley,  and  other  aliments  that  are  opening,  in- 
duce joy  5  pulfe,  fat  meat,  and  other  things  which  incraf- 
fate,  and  prefently  fill  the  cavities  of  the  paffages,  Cftufe 
grief. 

XXXII.  If  the  cavities  of  the  paffages  be  evacuated,  and 
afterwards  prefently  filled,  it  was  rightly  faid  of  Hippocra- 
tes, that  evil  paffions  of  the  mind  are  generated. 

XXXIII.  To  thofe  who  are  fubjeft  to  anger,  immoderate 
cxercife  is  very  hurtful  j  for  their  paffages  are  immediately 
emptied,  and  with  much  violence  are  filled  up  again  5 

whence 


18ft  MEDICINA  sYATICA, 

whence  it  came  that  Hippcrcrates  forbade  choloric  perfonft 
to  ufe  fri6lions  and.wreftling. 

xxiciv.  In  a  perfon  who  ufes  no  exercife  of  body  or 
mi4!||  the  paflages  are  not  emptied,  nor  are  there  any  evil 
pafFions  of  the  mind  contra£led. 

%XXT.  A  body  lying  all  along  does  perfpire  more  and 
becomes  of  lefs  weightj  if  the  mind  be  vehemently  adive, 
than  if  the  body  were  in  a  very  fwift  motion,  and  the  mind 
were  idle.  • 

xxxvi.  The  fliifting  of  the  body  from  one  place  to 
another  makes  a  longer  alteration  of  the  body  than  of  the 
mind  itfelf. 

XXXVII.  The  paflions  of  the  mind  are  concerned  about 
the  internal  fubjeft,  which  rather. moves,  than  is  moved: 
inafmuch,  as  it  is  leaft  as  to  quantity,  and  greateft  as  to 
virtue,  like  the  fperm  of  man  ;^nd  by  the  difpofal  thereof, 
in  feveral  manners,  is  the  origin  of  perfpiration,  or  pondcr- 
oGty,  and  lightnefs. 

xxxviii.  Thofc  *^odies  which  perfpire  more  than  tifually, 
not  occafioned  by  any  motion  of  the  body,  but  through 
fome  vehement  agitation  of  the  mind,  are  with  greater  dif- 
ficulty reduced  to  their  ufual  and  healthy  perfpiration. 

XXXIX.  An  immoderate  afFeflion  of  the  mind  is  more 
hurtful  than  an  immoderate  motion  of  the  body.. 

XL.  Thibody  would  pine  away,  and  be  deftroyed  through 
idlenefs,  were  it  not  for  the  motion  of  the  mind  \  but  the 
contrary  cannot  b^  affirmed. 

XLi,  A  vehement  motion  of  the  mind  differs  from  a 
vehement  motion  of  the  body;  the  latter  is  taken  off  by 
reft  and  fleep ;  the  former  by  neither  reft  nor  fleep. 

XLii.  Let  thofe  forbear  gaming  whofe  thoughts  are  al- 
tpgether  upon  winning ;  becaufe  if  they  always  have  good 

fortune, 


\H 


MBBICINA  StATlCA.  ib^ 

fottunei  out  of  exceflire  joy,  they  will  hardly  flccp  in  the 
xiighti  and,  in  time,  will  find  the  want  of  the  exhalation 
of  the  conco£i:ed  perfptrable  matter. 

xLiii.  A  moderate  vi£tory  is.  more  wholefome  tb|n  2 
glorious  one. 

XLiv.  Study  is  longer  endured  in  a  viciiTitude  of  ibe 
aiFeflions  of  the  mind,  than  if  it  be  without  affedion,  or 
without  any  change  of  aiFedions  \  for  perfpiration  becomes 
more  moderate  and  more  wholefome. 

ZLV.  Study,  without  any  afie£kion,  hardly  endures  an 
hour  \  with  any  one  afie£tion,  hardly  four  hours ;  with 
viciilitude  of  affe&ions,  as  at  dice,  at  which  kind  of  gam- 
ing men  feel,  one  while  the  joy  for  winning,  another,  fad- 
nefs  for  lofing,  it  may  continue  night  and  day. 

XLVi.  In  all  ftudy  continual  fadnefs  difturbs  the  good 
conilitution  of  the  heart,  and  excefs  of  gladnefs  hinders 
flecp  y  for  every  excefs  is  deftruftive  to  nature. 

XLVii.  They  who  are  fometimes  merry,  fometimes  fad| 
fometimes  angry,  fometimes  timorous,  hay6  a  more  health- 
ful perfpiration  than  they  who  continue  in  one  and  the 
fame,  though  that  a  conftantly-good  a£Ee£lion. 

XLvni.  Gladnefs  makes  the  diaftole  and  the  fyftole  more 
eafy  j  grief  and  fadnefs  render  them  more  difficult. 


TO 


<. 


t 


1 90  MEDIC  INA  STATIC  A* 


TO  THE  STATtCOMASTlX* 


Seawn  Fill. 


I.  1  HE  ftaticomaftix,  while  he  attributes  the  cure  of 
difeafes  to  the  pofition  of  the  heavens,  paralogifes,  by  affign- 
ing  a  more  common  caufe  than  he  needed  to  have  done. 

II.  The  fool  firft  denies,  yet  afterwards  admits,  ftatics 
or  ponderatlon,  affirming  that  there  is  a  diverfity  of  weight 
in  a  guilty  perfon,  and  an  innocent.  In  like  manner,  he 
firft  denies  that  the  fpirits  of  fwine  arc  light ;  and  after- 
wards he  would  have  their  getting  up  to  any  place  to  pro- 
ceed from  the  lightnefs  of  their  fpirits. 

III.  He  who  is  experienced  in  ftatics,  knows  tlie  weight 
of  the  excrements,  though  he  neither  fee  them,  nor  weigh 
them.  He  weighs  the  body  before,  and  agaiq,  after  all 
evacuation  ;  what  is  deficient  is  their  weight :  and  fo  it  is 
no  unfeemly  thing  to  weigh  the  excrements,  as  the  trifler 
affirms. 

IV.  No  ftudent  in  phyfic,  befides  the  fool  himfelf,  but 
knows,  that  the  vital  faculty  is  dliFufed  into  the  arteries, 
and  the  animal  into  the  nerves,  by  rays,  and  iiot  by  fpirits; 
as  he  imagines^ 

V.  The  fool  thinks  that  lightnefs,  as  to  the  balance,  iti 
living  bodies,  proceeds  from  the  plenty  of  fpirits  J  it  feems 
he  never  knew  that  dead  bodies  are  lighter  than  the  living, 
and  that  living  bodies,  after  coition,  weigh  lefs. 

VI.  He  belies  the  author,  affirming  that  the  faculty  of 
moving  bodies  upwards  is  no  other  than  the  fpirits  thein- 
felves  ;  whereas  the  author  affirms,  that  the  fpirits  «re  ina- 
nimate, and  that  they  gravitate  more  tha»  5|ir« 


vn. 


* 


MkDICIKA  STATICA.  191 

VII.  He  is  out  again,  when  he  affirms  that  fhen's  bodies 
are  colder  in  the  night  time ;  therefore  they  perfpire  little 
or  nothing.  Nor  did  he  ever  obferve,  that  the  pulfe  and 
noAurnal  perfpiration  are  figns  of  a  more  hot  body* 

VIII.  The  fool  thinks  that  living  bodies  are  lighter  than 
the  dead ;  never  having  taken  notice,  that  butchers,  fifli- 
mongers,  and  fuch  as  deal  in  fwine,  when  they  fell  the 
living,  make  a  deduction  of  ten  pounds  in  the  hundred 
weight* 

IX.  The  extravagant  man  never  thinks  of  the  difference 
there  is  between  one's  being  light,  if  weighed  in  the  balance^ 
and  the  fame  perfon's  feeling  himfelf  lighter.  A  man  may 
be  fenfible  of  his  being  very  ponderous,  and  yet  be  lighter 
in  the  balance. 

X.  We  know  the  weight  of  the  body  by  mcafurc,  not  by 
imagination,  as  our  inconfiderate  fool  does,  who  imagines 
that  flegm  is  mote  ponderous  than  blood,  yet  never  obferv- 
ed,  that  the  former  does  fwim  on  the  top ;  and  that  by 
rerfon  of  flegm  the  body  is  not  really,  but  is  felt,  of  greater 
weight.     But  why  ?  becaufe  it  obftrufts  perfpirati(Mi. 

XI.  He  charges  the  author  with  a  falfity  in  making  him 
affirm  that  infenfible  perfpiration  is  a  difflation  of  the  flefli, 
when  he  affirms  no  fuch  thing.  In  the  winter-time,  there 
are  about  fixty  ounces  perfpired  in  the  fpace  of  one  day 
with  eafe  9  if  that  perfpiration  were  of  flefh,  ^  man's  body 
would  be  deftroyed. 

XII.  Gal^n  made  no  mention  of  ftatic  medicine,  there-' 
fore  it  is  a  v^ilx  fcience.  He  is  doubly  miftaken  ;  firft,  ber 
caufe  he-«evef  read  his  fix  books  I)e  Tuenda,  Slc.  Second- 
ly, it  does  not  follow,  Galen  faid  nothing  of  it,'  therefore 
it  is  vain  :  we  have  found  out  many  inilruments,  and  thofc 
not  contemptiblci  which  were  not  known  before  our  times. 

4  XIII. 


r- 


« 


192  MEDICIKA  STATICA* 

.XI II.  Thefamousauthor  of  the  Commentary  od  the  1 2tb 
of  the  firfl:  fe£tion  of  apborifms,  affirms,  that  the  meat  is 
proportioned  to  the  difflation,  and,  Com.  i^th,  that  thert 
is  a  greater  difflation  in  the  winter-time,  therefore  it  is  re* 
quiGte  there  fhould  be  more  meat  eaten  ;  it  is  therefore  r6- 
quifite  the  weight  fliould  be  known ;  all  which  the  trifling 
ftaticomaftix  denies. 

xiT.  The  fool,  making  no  esTperiments  himfelff  denies 
thofe  things  that  others  have  found  true  by  experience* 
He  boldly  adds  this  aflertion,— if  thirty-fix  ounces  be  per- 
fpired  in  the  fpace  of  one  night,  there  will  be  thirty-two 
of  flefli,  and  four  of  excrements. 

XV.  The  trifling  anfwerer  puts  the  lie  on  all  authors, 
affirming  that  the  fpirits  are  more  tenuious  than  the  air. 
Are  they  not  made  of  the  blood  and  air  ?  does  not  the  air 
pafs  through  the  whole  body  ?  but  the  fpirits  remain  in- 
clofed  in  vcflels. 

XVI.  He  affirms  that  a  plentiful  perfpiration  dpes  not 
ttike  away  from  the  body  one  ounce  of  its  weight.  Tljerc 
is  no  temerity  deferves\  greater  punijQiment,  than  fuch  a 
man's,  as  makes  no  account  of  experience,  yet  oppofes  ex- 
perience. We  have  found  it  certainly  true,  that  in  the 
fpace  of  a  night,  the  body  weighs  lef$  by  three  pounds,  and 
that  after  coition,  men's  bo<^  are  lighter,  a»  to  the  ba- 
lance.    Therefore  the  fool  is  chargeable  with  a  lie.- 

XVII.  He  affirms,  that  after  an  immoderate  purgation  of 
the  termes,  bodies  are  more  ponderous;  after  an  extraordi- 
nary retention  of  them,  more  light.  A  fatal  error  to  the 
inconfiderate  man,  who  does  not  diftinguifh  between  being 
heavy,  in  reference  to  the  balance^  and  one's  fe^ng  him- 
felf  heavy.  4 


NtJMBER  V. 


MbDEKN  DISCOVERIES    REGARDING  FERSPIRATION. 

Oanctorius  deferves  .great  commendatipu  for  the  pro- 
digious pains  he  took  in  fo  nicely  and  minutely  obferving^ 
for  fo  long  a  fpace  of  time,  the  diiFerent  changes  of  the 
quantity  of  perfpiration  upon  different  ocgaGons. 

But  is  it  not  amazing,  that  in  thirty  years  fpace,  he 
fhould  never  once  have  thought  on  inhalation,  or  reforp- 
tion  from  without  ?  If  inhalation  or  reforption  is  not  con- 
Cdered,  it  is  plain,  that  only  the  apparent,  not  the  real, 
quantity  of  perfpiration  can  be  found  by  ftatical  experi- 
ments. If,  for  example,  the  body,  after  ten  hours,  is 
found  lighter  than  it  was  by  ten  ounces,  without  any 
fenfible  difcharge,  it  doth  not  follow,  that  juft  ten 
ounces,  and  no  more^  are  exhaled  during  that  fpace,  be- 
caufe  two  ot  three  ounces  might  have  been  gained  in  the 
fame  time  by  the  way  of  reforption  j  in  which  cafe,  the 
real  quantity  of  perfpiration  is  not  teii,  but  twelve  or  thir- 
teen, ounces ;  fo  that  weighing  the  body  fhews  only  the  ex- 
cefs  of  the  latter  above  the  former,  as  Dr.  Arbuthnot  hath> 
and  I  believe  the  firft,  diftin£lly  and  explicitly  taught.    ' 

A  lad,  at  Newmarket,  having  been  almoft  ftarved,  in  or- 
der that  he  might  be  reduced  to  a  proper  weight  for  riding 
a  nxatch,  was  Weighed  at  nine  o'clock  in  thii  morning,  and 
again  at  ten  o'clock,  and  he  was  found  to  have  gained  near 
30  ounces  in  the  courfe  of  an  hour,  though  he  had  only 

N  ounces. 


194      MODERN  DISCOVERIES  ON  PERSPIRATION. 

drank  half  a  glafs  of  wine  in  the  interval.^  A  gentleman 
in  the  city  was  lately  weighed  before  dinner,  and  was  high- 
ly offended  to  find  from  his  weight,  not  long  after  dinner, 
that  he  muft  have  eat,  unlefs  fome  deceit  was  played  on 
him,  above  two  pounds  of  beejF-ftcaks,  fo  ipucb  had  he  in- 
creafed  in  weight. 

In  the  year  1779,  Dr.  Ingenhouz  difcovered  that  the 
animal  body  threw  out  azotic  and  fixed  airs.  In  the  very 
fame  year,  Mr.  Cruickfhanks,  the  celebrated  author  of  a 
work  on  the  abforbent  fyftem,  and  ledurer  on  anatomy  in 
London,  publifhed  a  fimilar  difcovery  y  and  in  juftice  to 
both  charafiersi  I  muft  obferve,  as  I  heard  from  Dr.  Ing- 
enhouz, that  their  refpe£tive  works  were  in  the  prefs  at 
the  fame  time.  This  however  is  not  the  only  inftance  of 
two  perfons,  ignorant  of  each  others  purfuits,  happening 
to  hit  upon  the  fame  thing.  Nothing  was  more  fimple 
than  the  experiment  of  thefe  philofophcrs  5  the  hand  was' 
immerfed  under  quickfilver  and  the  bubbles  of  air  coIle£l^ 
ed,  and  it  was  difcovered,  that  the  diicharge  from  the  fur- 
face  of  the  body  was,- 

1.  Two  parts  ^xed  air* 

2.  One  part  azotic  air. 

3.  A  quantity  of  aqueous  fiuidy  which  contained  the  dif- 
ferent falls  of  the  body. 

To  thefe  difcoveties,  confirmed  by  Mr.  Abernethy,  lec- 
turer on  anatomy  at  Bartholomew's  hofpital,  was  added 
an  important  faft,  that  the  abforbents  had  the  power  of 
feparating  the  oxygen  air  from  the  azotic,  that  is,  of  de- 
compoGng  our  atmofpnere,  as  alfo  of  abforbing  fisted  and 
other  airs. 

EXPERIMENT 


f  From  Dr.  Witibn's  Chemical  Eflajs. 


MR.  ABERNEfHV's  SXP£EIM£NTS.  195 


EXPERIMENT  1. 

Thtrmometer  between  50®  and  6o**« 

I  filled  arid  inverted,  fays  Mr.  Abernethy,  a  jar  in  quick^ 
filvcr,  and  threw  up  into  it  one  meafure  of  atmofpheric 
air,  which  could  contain  feven  ounces  of  water  The 
iquickfilver  was  deprefTed  two  inches  and  a  half  from  th6 
top  of  the  jar.  After  moving  my  hand  ten  minutes  be- 
neath the  furface  of  the  quickfilver,  to  detach  any  common 
air  which  hiight  adhere  to  it,  I  put  it  up  into  the  air  in 
the  jar,  and  there  retained  it  for  the  fpace  cf  an  hour* 
Before  I  withdrew  mj  hand,  I  deprefled  it  beneath  the 
furface  of  the  quickfilver,  ftill  keeping  it  within  the  glafs> 
and  agitated  it  in  this  fituation,  for  ten  minutes :  this  was 
done  that  I  might  not  remove  any  of  the  air,  which  was 
the  fubjedl  of  the  experiment.  The  fame  conduft  was 
purfued  in  ail  the  fi:bfcfquent  experiments  *  After  five 
hours  expofure  of  the  hand  to  this  air^  the  quantity  in  the 
glafs  was  diminijhed  about  half  an  ounce.  It  might  have 
been  expe<fied  that  the  perfpiration  would  have  increafed 
the  bulk  of  the  air^  but  in  this  experiment,  the  abforption 
feemed  to  furpafa  in  quantity  the  fecretion; 

I  now  threw  up  into  the  jar  lime  water,  by  which  nearly 
an  «>unce  of  air  was  rapidly  abforbed,  and  the  lime  was 
precipitated ;  the  remaining  air  being  examined  by  the  ad« 
dition  of  nitrous  gas,  was  found  to  contain  nearly'  one 
Qxth  lefs  of  oxygen  gas,  than  it  did  before  the  experiment. 

In  another  fimilar  experiment,  after  the  hand  had  con- 
tinued nine  hours  in  the  air,  I  found  more  than  one  ounce 
meafure  of  Carbonic  gas,  or  fixed  air,  had  been  produced, 
and  the  remaining  air  being  examined  by  the  eudiometer, 

N 1  contained 


196 


MR.  AB£RT?£THY's  ^XPUBIMEKTB^ 


contained  one  fourth  lefs  of  oxygen  than  before  the  experi- 
ment. 

It  might,  perhaps,  here  be  inquired,  does  the  oxygenous 
gas  of  the  atmofphere  contribute  to  the  formation  of  the 
carbonic  gas  ? — ^Both  reafon  and  experiment  reply  that  it 
does  not  i  for  if  oxygenous  gaa  combined  with  carbon  on 
the  furface  of  the  (kin,  much  heat  fliould  be  produced  at 
the  time  of  their  combination  ^  but  this  produdlion  of  heat 
is  not  found  to  take  place.  Experiments  alfo  (hew  that 
carbonic  gas  is  perfpired  from  the  veffels  j  for  into  what- 
ever air  the  hand  be  immerfed,  the  quantity  of  carbonic 
gas  given  out  will  be  nearly  the  fame.  This  is  a  point 
which  I  have  determined  by  careful  experiment- 

expehiment  II ► 

Having  filled  and  inverted  :i  jar  in  quickfilver,  I  put  up 
Into  it  a  feven- ounce  meafure  of  abiotic  gas*  I  purfued 
the  plan  related  in  the  former  experiment,  to  avoid  adding 
to,  or  abftrafting  from,  this  air.  After  two  hours  expof- 
ure'  of  the  hand,  on  throwing  up  lime  water,  a  rapid  and 
conCderable  diminution  of  air  followed ;  fo  that  rather 
more  than  an  ounce  of  carbonic  gas  was  produced,  when 
no  oxygen  was  prefent.  The  increafe  of  the  quantity  of 
tarbonic  gas  is  accounted  for  in  this  experiment,  b)"  the 
heat  of  the  atmofphere  being  greater,  which  difpofed  the 
(kin  to  more  copious  perfpiration. 

I'  made  fimilar  experiments  with  the  hydrogenous  and 
nitrous  gafes  :  in  thefe  an  equal  quantity  of  carbonic  gas 
was  produced ;  and  when  the  hand  was  furrounded  .by 
oxygen,  the  quantity  of  carbonic  gas  was  not  much  greater. 


EXPEEIMEXT 


MR.  AB£DN£THY's  BX:P£RIM£NTS.  197 

£XP£RIMGNT   III. 

thermometer  ahput  Jo**. 

1  next  wiflied  to  difcover  what  efFe£l  the  a&ion  of  the 
hand  would  produce  on  carbonic  gas. 

Into  a  glafs  jar  filled  with,  an4  inverted  in,  quickfilver,  I 
introduced  fix  ounces  of  carbonic  gas,  and  expofed  my 
hand  to  it,  for  the  fpace  of  nine  hours,  in  the  manner,  and 
with  the  precautions,  before  related.  In  that  time  the  air 
was  reduced  in  quantity  to  lefs  than  three  ounces.  A  por- 
tion of  the  carbonic  gas  was  examined,  by  the  addition  of 
lim.e  water,  before  the  experiment,  when  it  was  almoft 
wholly  abforbed,  an  unexaminable  bubble  only  rernained. 
When  the  rerriaining  gas  was  examined  by  lime  water,  af- 
ter the  experiment,  a  confiderable  quantity  of  azotic  gas, 
which  doubtlefs  exhaled  from  the  haild,  was  found  mixed 
with  It. 

I   twice  repeated  this  experiment,  with  fimilar  events, 
though  with  rather  lefs  diminution  in  the  quantity  of  car- 
bonic gas :  it  was  however  fufficiently  evident,  that  the  ' 
abforption  of  this  gas  by  the  fkin  was  very  copious  and 
rapid; 

EXPERIMENT   IV. 

Thermometer  8o^* 

TTie  abforption  of  carbonic  gas  makes  it  difficult  to  af- 
certain  precifely  the  quantity  perfpired,  fince  that  gas  whicli 
is  thrown  out  from  the  body  by  fecretion,  will  probably  be 
re-admitted  by  abforption :  I  therefore  wifhed  to  difcovgj. 
the  quantity  of  carbonic  gas  perfpired  in  one  hour. 

The  hand  being  retained  one  hour  in  five  ounces  of  ni- 
trous gas,  ao  afcent  nor  deprefllon  of  the  quickfilver  was 

N  3  jremarked* 


198  MR.  ABERNETHY-S  EXFEHIMENTS. 

remarked.     On  the  introduflion  of  lime  water  into  the 
glafS)  Jix  drams  of  carbonic  gas  were  abforbed. 

In  a  fimilar  experiment  with  atmofpheric  air,  after  the 
expiration  of  an  bour,  the  quickfilver  had  rather  rifen,  and 
three  drams  of  carbonic  gas  were  difcovered  by  Hme  water. 
In  another  experiment,  iii  which  hydrogenous  gas  was  em- 
ployed,yb«r  drams  of  carbonic  gas  were  found  at  the  ter* 
mination  of  an  hour. 

All  the  laft  related  experiments  were  performed  in  very 
hot  weather.  If  two  draniS  pf  carbonic  gas  were  emitted 
in  an  hour,  as  the  quantity  ufually  obtained  in  five  hours 
was  but  one  ounce,  it  would  be  a  fufficient  demonftration 
of  the  abforption  of  a  part  of  the  air  perfpired.  Neither 
are  thefe  experiments  conclufive  as  to  the  precife  quantity 
of  air  emitted  \  for  even  in  an  hour  part  of  tliat  which  is 
exhaled  will  be  again  imbibed.  When  I  firft  attempted 
the  experiments  with  carbonic  gas,  I  fuppofed  that  the  ab- 
forbents  would  receive  it  relu£lantly  \  iot  I  thought  tliat 
matter  which  was  thrown  out  from  the  Ikin  in  fuch  quan- 
tities, could  neither  be  requifi^e  nor  falutary  to  the  body. 
The  experiment  proved  that  I  was  miftaken,  and  there  are 
reafons  to  fliew  the  falubrity  of  this  gas.  When  it  is  ad- 
mitted into  the  ftomach,  it  is  generally  found  beneficial 
When  employed  as  a  local  application,  its  ftimulus  is  ufe^ 
ful,  and  when  in  combination  with  the  blood,  it  probablv 
produces  ec^uallj^  ferviceable  efiectSt 

Thermometer  between  60®.  and'jo^^ 

The    experiments  that  have  been  related,  indiftinftly 
(hew/  that  g  (mall  quantity  of  one  kind  of  air,  when  mix^ 

•'     e4 


MB.  ABBRNETHY*S  EXPERIMENTS.  199 

ed  with  a  larger  proportion  of  another,  can  be  abftraAed 
from  it  by  the  adion  of  the  animal  body.  This  circum- 
ftance  will  be  hereafter  fully  proved.  I  will  now  relate 
an  experiment  that  was  made  in  fupport  of  this  opinion, 
as  it  was  performed  beneath  quickfilver,  and  in  the  fame 
manner  with  thofe  which  immediately  precede  it. 

Into  a  jar,  filled  with,  and  inverted  over,  quickfilver, 
three  meafures  of  a^Qtie  gas  and  three  of  carbonic  were 
introduced  \  the  two  airs  deprefied  the  quickfilver  two 
inches  and  a  half,  and  occupied  the  fpace  of  feven  ounces 
of  water«  After  five  hours  expofure  of  the  hand,  the  air 
contained  in  the  jar  filled  the  fpace  of  only  five  ounces  and 
a  half  of  water  \  on  putting  up  lime  water  to  this  air^  it 
was  diminiflied  to  three  ounces.  In  this  experiment  one 
ounce  and  a  half  of  carbonic  gas  appears  to  have  been  re- 
moved, and  half  an  ounce  of  azot ;  but  if  you  admit  that 
one  ounce  of  carbonic  gas  was  per fpired  during  this  ex- 
periment, and  one  third  of  an  ounce  of  azotic,  the  quanti«* 
ty  of  air  eftimated  to  be  abforbed  is  increafed,  but  the 
proportions  -remain  unaltered* 

EXPERIMENT   VI* 

Thermometer  6o^j 

In  the  experiments  with  common  air,  I  have  mentioned 
that  it  contained  lefs  oxygen  after  it  had  undergone  the 
operation  of  the  hand,  than  before  it  became  the  fubje£b 
of  experiment.  A  qiieftion  here  occurs,  does  this  variation 
proportionably  arife  from  the  addition  of  the  one  gas,  or  the 
removal  of  the  other  ?  That  it  is  owing  to  abforption  will, 
1  believe,  .be  evident,  from  the  following  cxperiments«-r^ 

JM"  4  Although 


2D0  JfJl.  ABBRKETHV  S  £XP£AIM£NT8« 

Although  the  addition  made  to  any  kind  of  air  cannot  be 
accurately  afeertained  when  water  is  employed,  yet,  if  the 
hand  removes  any  portion  of  air,  that  removal  will  be 
afcert'cdne  J  by  exaniinatioii  j  neither  does  the  eoiperiment 
appear  liable  to  deception.  In  the  e:jiperiments  next  re« 
latcd,  the  air  was  confined  by  water ;  this  gave  me  an  op- 
portunity of  ttfing  larger  veflels,  and  expofing  a  greaier 
extent  of  furface  of  the^  fkin  to  the  conta^  of  the  air.  I 
forbore  particularly  to- remark  the  quantity  of  air  abforbed 
in  tlie  foregoing  experiments ;  for  thoug.h  it  correfpoodecl 
to  thofc  which  I  (hall  next  relate,  yet  the  correfpio^defice 
was  not  uniform,  ,and  the  degree  of  abforption  was  lefs 

evident.  RADCLIFFB 

I  filled  and  inverted  a  jar  in  Water,  and  put  up  into  i{ 
twenty-four  ounces,  by  meafure,  of  ^tmofj>herie  air ;  to 
this  the  hand  was  expofed  for  twelve  hours,  the  fame  pre- 
cautions being  ufed  to  avoid  adding  to,  or  taking  from,  the 
air  contained  in  the  jar.  The  water  had  rifcn  in  the  vef- 
fel,'  and  about  two  ounces  and  a  half  of  the  air  were  re- 
moved ;  that  whiph  remained  was  examined  by  the  eudi- 
ometer, when  two  meafures  of  it,  and  one  of  nitrous  gas, 
filled  ihe  fpace  of  nearly  two  meafures,  and  one  third  of 
another :  it  therefore  follows,  that  about  one  half  of  the 
^fual  quantity  of  oxygenous  gas  was  removed  from  the 
other  part  of  the  atmofphei^e.  That  there  could  be  no 
addition  of  nitrogenous  gas  capable  of  fo  greatly  altering 
the  proportions  of  thefe  gafes,  muft,  I  think,  be  too  evi- 
dent to  need  argument  for  its  proof.  Similar  experiments 
were  afterwards  made  with  correfpondent  events.  In  the 
experiments  made  under  quickfilver,  the  abilrafiion  of 
oxygen  wiih  equally  evident  and  confiderable  \  it  therefore 
appears,  that  the  animal  body  is  capable  of  taking  away  the 

oxygen 


-  .   »  V 


MR.  abebnetht's  experiments.  201 

oxygen,  when  in  intimate  mixturci  with  a  piuch  greater 
quantity  qf  a2ot»  The  atidity  with  which  oxygen  h  ab- 
forbed,  will  be  made  ftiil  more  confpicuoiifly  evident  hf 
the  foUowing  comparative  experiment. 

EXPERIMEJfT    VII. 

I  filled  and  inverted  two  jars  in  water,  into  one  I  put 
twenty-four  ounces,  by  meafuiey  of  axotic  gas,  intos  the 
pther  the  like  quantity  of  oxygen.  The  hand  was  put  into  . 
thefe  airs  alternately,  and  retained  there  for  an  hour  each 
time :  after  it  had  been  expofed  to  each  for  eight  hours, 
the  water  rofe  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  the  bottle  contain- 
ing the  azotic  gas,  and  nearly  a  whole  inch  in  that  con-^ 
taihing  the  oxygen.  On  cftimating  the  quantity  removed, 
by  weighing  the  water  which  filled  the  bottles  to  the  dif^ 
ferent  marks,  it  appeared  that  one  twentittb  part  only  of  the 
abiotic  gas  was  removed,  but  one  third  of  the  oxygenous  gai 
was  gone.  The  remaining  oxygenous  gas  was  found  to 
contain  one  eight  more  of  azotic  gas  than  before  the 
experiment.  I  next  examined  the  degree  of  celerity  with 
which  other  gafes  would  be  imbibed. 

EXPERIMENT   VIII. 

Having  filled  and  inverted  a  jar  in  water,  and  put  into 
it  thirteen  ounces  of  nitrous  gas^  I  retained  my  hand  in 
fhis  air,  at  different  times,  five  hours,  in  which  time  three 
ounces  were  abforbed.  My  hand  being  retained  for  as 
many  hours  in  a  like  quantity  of  hydrogen  gasy  not  more 
than  one  ounce  and  a  half  was  removed. 

The  removal  of  a  quantity  of  oxygen  gas  from  common 
air,  is  furely  a  curious  circumllance  5  if  this  be  the  efFe£l 

of 


202  MB.  AB£RNETHY*S  EXPERIMENTS. 

of  an  adion  in  the  abforbing  veflels,  it  muft  much  exalt  our 
ideas  of  their  fubtility,  and  their  aptitude,  or  difpofitioo, 
to  admit  one  fpecies  of  matter,  and  to  rtjeOt  another.  That 
the  abftradion  of  one  air,  in  preference  to  another,  de- 
pends upon  this  caufe,  I  believe  will  not,  on  reflexion,  be 
doubted;  it  might  indeed  be  fafpe&ed^  that  oxygenous, 
gas  was  feparated  from  the  atmofphere  by  the  ikin,  as  it  is 
in  the  lungs  by  chemical  attraction  :  but  it  has  been 
proved  that  carbonic  gas  is  removed  with  equal  celerity ; 
and  experiments  on  animal  fubftance  fiiew  in  them  a  dif- 
poCtion  rather  to  part  with,  than  to  imbibe,  carbonic 
gas.  The  removal  of  this  air  is  therefore  not  likely  to  be 
the  effcSt  of  chemical  affinity.  The  different  degrees  of 
celerity  with  which  odier  gafes  are  admitted,  feem  to  efta- 
blifh  the  opinion,  that  the  removal  of  one  kind  of  air  in 
preference  to  another  is  the  eSc6k  of  an  aftive  fiUBing 
power  in  the  abforbing  veflels* 

The  experiments  which  have  been  related  fatisfadorily 
provii  the  quality  of  the  aerifor|n  perfpiration ;  perhaps 
the  proportions  may  occaGonally  vary,  but,  as  nearly  as  I 
can  determine,  it  conGfts  of  rather  more  than  iivo  parts  of 
cariomc,  with  the  remainder  of  azotic  gas.  The  quantity 
of  the  matter  perfpired  is  with  lefs  certainty  afcertained ; 
'in  one  hour  I  obtained  Jiwr  drams  of  carbonic  gas  :  but  it 
fhould  be  remembered,  that  thefe  experiments  were  made 
in  very  hot  weather  i  and  it  alfo  defer ves  notice,  that  the 
quantity  of  the  cutaneous  perfpiration  is  fubjed  to  great 
variety*  In  every  experiment  abforption  was  found  to  be 
equal  to  perfpiration,  in  many  it  was  much  more  copious; 
efpecially  when  the  air  to  which  the  (kin  was  expofed  was 
falutary  to  the  conftit  ution.  The  oxygenous  and  carbonic  gafes 
are  very  readily  imbibed ;  whilft  the  nitrous^  hydrogenous^ 
4  and 


MB*  AlkERNETHY's  EXPERIMENTS,  203 

and  axotic  gafesi  tardily  gain  admittance  into  the  abforbing 
veflels.  In  experiment  v.  from  about  half  of  the  furface  of 
the  hand  two  ounces  and  a  half  of  carbonic  gas  were  abforb^ 
ed  in  five  hours  \  in  other  experimentSi  from  the  hand  and 
wriftj  there  was  imbibed, 

In  eight  hours  8  ounces  of  oxygenous  gas. 

In  five  hours  3     do.     —  nitrous  gas. 

In  five  hours  i^    do.     — hydrogenous  gas» 

|n  eight  hours  |     do*     —  azotic  gas. 

EXPERIMENT   IX, 

Thermometer  65  ^ . 

J  next  endeavoured  to  afcertain  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  aqueous  perfpiratipn« 

I  introduced  my  hand  and  fore  arm  into  a  glafs  jar  cover, 
ed  with  bladder  \  an  aperture  was  left  in  tl>e  bladder,  to 
admit  my  arm,  round  which  the  bladder  was  tied  \  fo  that 
the  afcent  of  any  vapour  was  prevented.  In  (ix  hours  I 
procured  nearly  three  drams  of  limpid  taftelefs  water.  The 
quantity  colle£led  correfponds  with  the  refult  of  Mr. 
Cruikfhank's  experiments,  who  obtained  the  water  of  per. 
fpiration  in  the  fame  manner.  Half  of  this  liquid  v/as  eva- 
porated by  a  gentle  heat  \  there  remained  a  fmall  refidue 
on  the  glafs,  which  had  a  very  flight  taftc  of  fait.  The 
other  half  was  fufFered  to  fland  many  days,  in  which  time 
no  change  appeared :  it  did  not  then  alter  the  colour  of 
the  vegetable  blue.  Into  one  portion  of  this  watery  liquor 
inarine  acid  was  dropped,  which  caufed  no  coagulation  or 
precipitation  of  animal  matter;  into  the  other  fome  cauftifc 
alkali  was  poured>  which  produced  lio  vifible  efFed.     I 

therefore 


therefore  concluded  that  the  water  of  perfpiration  in  a  date 
of  health,  contains  little  or  any  thing,  except  a  very  fmall 
portion  of  fait. 

Peifpiration  is  generally  faid  to  be  fenfible,or  infenfible; 
perhaps  it  may  be  better  diftinguiflied  by  curiform  or 
watery.  It  may  be  expeded,  that  a  general  edimate  of 
the  quantity  of  this  fecretion  (hould  be  attempted  ;  but  the 
difficulties  which  oppofe  any  accuracy  of  (latement  are 
conGderable.  In  thefe  experiments  the  procefs  was  not 
continued  under  its  ufual  circumftances ;  th«  arm  was  fur- 
rounded  by  water,  or  quickfilver ;  and  when  in  the  latter 
fluid,  the  circulation  was  in  fome  degree  interrupted  by  its 
afcenfion  and  prefTure  againft  the  edge  of  the  jar.  For 
the  uncertainty  which  thefe  circumftances  occaGon,  allow- 
ance mufl;  be  made  \  but  before  an  eftimate  of  the  quantity 
of  perfpiration  be  attempted,  the  extent  of  the  furface  of 
the  body  iliould  be  known.  Mr.  Cruickfliank  fuppofes 
the  extend  of  the  hand  to  be  to  that  of  the  body  as  one  to 
fixty;  it  is  much  more,  according  to  my  computation. 
After  ineflFedually  endeavouring  in  different  ways  to  mea- 
fure  the  furface  of  the  body,  I  concluded  that  I  fhould  ap- 
proach neareft  to  its  true  extent  by  meafuring  the  circum- 
ference of  the  trunk  and  limbs  at  different  parts  ;  and  hav- 
ing thus  obtained  the  mean  circumference,  I  could  thea 
calculate  the  extent  of  their  furface,  as  if  they  were  cylin- 
ders, the  dimenfions  of  which  were  afcertained.  The  fur- 
face of  the  head,  hand,  and  foot,  I  computed,  by  applying 
paper,  cut  as  the  occafion  required,  over  thefe  parts ;  af- 
terwards placing  the  feparate  pieces  of  paper  fo  as,to  form 
an  extended  plane,  I  meafured  its  extent.  I  fhall  mention 
thefe  meafurments,  that  the  reader  may  correct  them  if  he 
(hould  think  them  in  the  leaft  erroneous.    If  a  man  be  five 

feet 


feet  fix  inches  high,  I  will  fuppofe  the  mean  circumference 
of  the  trunk  of  his  body  to  be  thirty-three  inches,  and  its 
length,  from  the  top  of  the  ({emum  to  about  the  hip, 
twenty- two  inches. 

Square  mdies^ 
The  extent  of  furface  of  the  trunk  w31  there- 
fore be        •         .         •  /'     •         •         •         •         726 
The  circumference  of  the  neck  13  mche8»it»  length 

from  the  fternum  to  the  chin  3  inches  •  39 

The  furfacC  of  the  head».  and  back  of  the  neck  286 

The  mean  circumference  of  the  arm  10  inches,  its 

length  12.     Surface  of  both  arms         .         ..  240 

The  mean  circumference  of  the  fore  arm  8  inches, 

its  length  xo.     Surface  of  both  fore  arms       .  160 

The  furface  of  the  hands  and  wrifts  meafuring  to 

,the  extremities  of  the  bones  of  the  fore  arm  140 

•The  mean  circumference  of  the  thigh  17  inches,  its 

length  16.    Surface  of  both  thighs         »         »        544 
The  mean  circumfercnde  of  the  leg  1 1  inches^  its 

length  14.     Surface  of  both  legs       .  .  .  308 

Surface  of  both  feet         .         .  .         -  •  iBz^ 

Allow  for  folds  of  the  fkin,  inequalities  of  the  fur- 

face,  3cc.  .         •  •         .        •         •  i75 

The  extent  of  the  furface  of  the  body  will  be        .       2700 

The  fuperficial  extent  of  the  hand  and  wrift,  according 
to  this  calculation,  is  to  that  of  the  body  as  one  to  about 
thirty-eight  and  a  half. 

In  experiment  iv.  the  leaft  quantity  of  carbonic  gap 
emitted  from  the  hand,  in  one  hour,  was  three  dran^s  by 
meafure  5  it  may  be  fuppofed  that  the  heat  of  the  weather 
increafed  the  fccretion  from  the  ikin ;  let  us  therefore  con- 
fider  two  drams  as  the  ordinary  quantity.  If  then  the  per- 
fpiration  of  all  parts  were  equal,  ft'OiTUy-fev^n  dram  mea^ 

fures 


206  MR.  abernethy's  experiments* 

funs  iff  carbonic  gas  and  one  third  of  that  quantity  of  as^ 
otic  guSi  would  be  emitted  from  the  bodjr  in  the  fpace  of 
one  hour.     If  we  alfo  fuppofe  pefpiratioii  to  be  at  all  times 
equal|  nearly  three  gallons  of  air  would  be  thrown  out  from 
the  body  in  the  courfe  of  one  day.     Although  the  quantity 
of  air  pcrrpired  is  fo  large,  yet  the  weight  of  the  body  will 
not  be  n:iuch  altered  by  its  lofs ;  it  is  the  aqueous  per/pira-^ 
tion  by  which  this  will  be  principally  diminiftied.     When 
the  thermometer  was  between  60*^  and  70°,  I  obtained 
about  thirty  grains  oi  fluid  from  my  haftd  and  part  of  the 
fore  arm  in  an  hojir  j  the  furface  from  which  this  fecretion 
was  made  I  compute  to  be  ontf  twenty-fifth  part  of  the  ex- 
tent of  the  body.     The  fuppofition  being  allowed,  that 
perfpiration  is  at  all  times,  and  in  every  part,  equal,  about 
two  pounds  and  a  half'ts  the  lofs  of  water  which  the  body 
would  in  one  hot  day  fuftain.    In  moft  of  the  experiments 
which  I  have  made,  the  ahforption  of  air  was  equal  to  the 
perfpiration;  in  many  it  was  much  greater,  cfpecially  if 
the  air  was  falubrious^  to  which  the  Ikin  was  expofed. 
Experiment  ri.  makes  is  appcar^probable,  that  if  the  naked 
body  was  expofed  to  fre(h  currents  of  the  atmofphere,  that 
only  the  oxygenous  parts  would  be  abforbed ;  the  decompofi- 
tion  of  which,  in  the  body,  -would  produce  an  increafe  of 
animal  heat,  which  might  in  fome  degree  make  up  the  lofs 
fuftained  by  the  cxpofure.     Our  clothing  probably  pre- 
vents very  much  this  eflba,  and  perhaps  makes  it  Icfs  ne- 
ceflary.     If  the  perfpired  carbonic  gas  be  confined  by  our 
garments,  it  feems  likely  that  it  will  be  rtakcn  up  again  by 
the  abforbents.    Whether  the  body  does  ufually  imbibe 
water  from  the  atmofphere,  adequate  to  thfc  lofs  fuftained 
by  aqueous  perfpiration,  is  uncertain.     But  I  am  inclined 
to  fuppofe,  that  the  abforption  of  air  from  the  flcin  is  near- 
ly equal  to  the  fecretion. 


NUMBER  VI. 


1> 


OF    THE    FOREIGK    AUTHORS    WHO    WROTE    CONCERNING 

* 

HEALTH,   FROM  THE  TIME  OF    SANCTORIUS,    TjLLL  THE 
TREATY  OF  UTRECHT,* 

An  attempt  to  analyfe  the  numerous  foreign  authors  who 
wrote  regarding  health  and  longevity)  from  the  time  of 
SanftoriuSi  till  the  peace  of  Utrecht)  would  be  in4eed  a 
laborious  undertaking  \  but  the  author  of  the  Hiftory  of 
Health  having  given  a  fliort  account  of  fome  of  the  mod 
remarkable  amongfl  them,  it  may  be  fufficient  to  extrafk. 
from  his  work  the  particulars  which  he  mentions* 

He  begins  with  remarking  the  great  advantage  which  • 
phyficians  derive  from,  a  knowledge  of  the  nature  and 
quantity  of  infeniible  perfpiration^  afcertained  by  SanAori- 
us  i  and  the  glorious  difcovery  of  the  circulation  of  the 
bloody  which  the  immortal  Harvey  publifhed  about  th^ 
year  i6a8.  Some  of  the  following  authors,  .however^ 
could  not  avail  themfelves  of  thefe  important  dxfcovcries« 
being  made  pofterior  to  their  time. 

Rodericus  a  Fonfecai  a  Portuguefe  of  Lifbon,  principal 
profeflbr  of  phyfic  in  the  univerfity  of  Pifa,  and  afterwards 
of  Padua,  publi&edy  anno  1602,  a  treatife  De  tuinda  vale* 

tudiftf 

*  Eztradled  from  M*Kenzie*8  Hiftory  of  Health,  page  291. 


20S  AURELIUS  Al4s£LMXTS,  &C« 

tmStu  it  ptoducenda  vUof  ai  Ferdinandtnn  MeJRcem  magmm 
Heirurut  dueem  i  in  which  he  {ffopofec  to  ddndttct  the 
inlirm  as  well  as  the  robuft,  to  a  healthy  old  age.  He  de* 
dates  that  he  colleAed  his  rules  from  the  Greeks  atid  the 
AraMitiSf  hot  move  {>artictthrly  firom  Galen's  fix  books  of 
Pirefenring  health.  The  fix  things  neceflary  to  human  lifey 
ate  hf  ham  calkd  the  fix  inftruments  *  by  which  health  is 
maintatned.  He  was  undoubtedly  a  man  of  learning  and 
good  fenfe,  and  has  made  a  judicious  colledHon  of  ufeftd 
iNcoepts  from  the  ancients. 

Attveliiis  Anfelmus  of  Mantua  publiihed  his  Gemo^ 
mka  fiv€  de  fetmm  regimine^  anm  l6o6*  He  was  chief 
phyfidan  to  the  duke  of  Mantua^  though  but  a  young  man, 
asd  dedares^  that  he  writes  concerning  old  age,  becaufe  it 
is  die  ofoly  period  of  life,  in  which  a  man  may  be  properly 
fiid  to  livet  as  it  exceb  all  other  periods  in  underftandittg 
•nd  prudence.  '^  CMd  people  are  much  oUiged  to  him  for 
^  his*  good  opinion  of  them  \  bur  it  is  obrious  that  his  rules 
"  to  diie£k  ^m  muft  be  grounded  upon  the  experience  of 
«<  oAera.**    To  him  (hall  be  fiibjoined, 

FhmdfettS  Ranehinus,  profeflbr  at  Montpelier,  who  alfii 
poMiihed  a  Geroeomice  de  femsm  cof^ervaiione^  et  fitdBum 
morhrum  atrmtione^  anno  1625.  It  is  a  Tery  judicious  per- 
formance, and  (hews  the  anther  to  have  been  a  man  of 
erudition  and  good  undetftanding* 

Rodolphtts  Goclentus,  a  German  pfayfician,  dedicated  a 
tfcadfe,  De  vita  proroganda^  to  Frederi^  count  palatine  of 
the  Rhine,  and  Odu>  landgtwre  of  Heflfe,  tmm  i6o8.    He 


•  laftmaHmta  ilk»  cub  fvibaftftrvttur  hatmh  dififester  expUcisdi 
flnt :  luic  Tcro  font  niiaier#  iot  aSr,^bii«»feC9fk  Icfr 


CLAUDIUS  DIODATUS,   &C.  209 

€dlle£ked  his  materials  from  feveral  hiilorians,  philofophersj 
andphyficians,  ancient  and  modern  \  and  has  illuftrated 
his  medical  precepts  with  hiftorical  fadis^  which  renders 
them  both  ufeful  and  entertaining. 

Claudius  Diodatus^  phyfician  to  the  bifhop  of  Ba(il, 
pi^bliihed,  anno  1628,  his  Pantheon  Hygiajlicon  HtppO'" 
cratic^m  Hernkticum^  de  hominis  vita  ad  centum  et  viginti 
anfios  falubriter  producenda*  But  notwithftanding  the 
great* expectation  which  he  raifes  by  this  high  titlej  his 
book  (full  of  the  vain  .]|oJfts  of  the  chymi{ls)H0i;calcuIatld 
xather  tq  obtrude  particular  noftrums  than  to  give  prudent 
rules  fpr  the  goveyunent  of  health. 

Johannes  Jo^ftonus,   a  Polifh*  phyfician,  of  good  rc^ 
putation,  addreffed  to  a  m)bleman  of  that  country  a  treatifc  ' 
called  Jj^  Hygieines  recetijita^  anno  1661.     He  difcourfes 
of  the  ^9c  tt^riMkents  of  health,  and  recites  the  common 
Tulesin  a  neat  Roman  ftyle.  *  «      ^ 

Some  authors  of  this  period  have  taken  the  trouble  to 
write  againft  particular  for^of  fopd  in  comjjnoa  ufe.  To 
give  but  one  inftanfce,  Joannes  P.etrus  Lotichius  publiihed 
a  difllertation  againft  cheefe,  anno  1643,  cn^i^^^^  Tm^a^ 
tus  medicus  phihkgicus  novus  de  casei  nequitia,  which  fecms 
to  be  rather  ludicrous  than  ferious  or  valuable. 

I  (hall  take  notice  of  one  foreign  performance  more,  con- 
cerning health,  beqaufe  it  is  fomewhat  different  from  any 
that  we  have  hitherto  mentioned. 

In 


.  *  I  thought,  hf  his  B«me,  that  he  wa«  a  Scotsman,  but  Xtiund  my 
miftake  in  the  foUowiog  paragraph  :  *'  N«>o  iogiratuui  tibi  et  rciiqux  no- 
**  hilitati  futurum,  fi  nic  patriiB  laribus  icllitucrem,  rcddita  tandem,  per 
**  Sueci  regis  mortem ,  pace.'  * 

Fa.  III.  o 


4 


910  MRNAi^PIN,HAMAZZINI^; 


N   »    - 


Iiithve  year  171.0,  Bernardin  H^^g^fLUii*  prioeif)^  ^fOf 
feffor  of  phyiic  in  the  univerGty  of  Padua,  piki»il^e4  ^}^f^ 
itix  the  ufc  of  Kaynald^  duke  of  Mo4en^.ei^trtled»jP^  ^i«-  ^ 
dpum  vaktudine  iuenda  cor^mentatifh]  .IThe^.J^e^t^/p^r^ 
gQod  .prince,  fays  W;  is  the  greateft  Wefljag^agjiij^yfjt? 
the  public*^  Andthjs  he.  oonfimis  by. the  ei^ai^j^e  cif  the 
Romans,  who  ftlUnto  the  utmqft  gri<:f  aci^^^^^A^^^^H^ 
upon  hearing  that  Germanicus  was  <iaiigeroufly  iUat^.j* 
tiochj  aii^,|>I«fi?ot.lyA  ufMU  a  fuddeir Tcport  that;  he^ew 
.  better,  ra^|^tb  exceb  of  jqj  intj^  the  C^pito],  .burftii^ithfi    ? 

'^.doofSj  and  crying  out,  *•  Rome  is  faie,  our  country  13  hajjiy,* 
«'  Gei^a^icus  lives !"  But  foon  after,  when  thej  wcreaffgjed 
that  ie  wa»  dead,  gave  way  to  their  fur^  l>roke  dgwn  the 

••-  temples  of  the  godsj  overturned  their  altars,  and,  thre^^Ae 
guardian  deities  of  Rome  into  th^ftrects.  ,  ^■ 

A  prince  who  regards  his  health,  conjpues  h^  ilfoa}^ 
permit  his  phyGcian  to  remind  him  of  the  following^g^ti- 
culars. —  '.    , 

I,  He  fliould  be  put  in  mind  of  the  annual ^h^get  of 

,the  feafons,^inat.hls  clothes,  palace,  f urnitu^e,^  ^pd  .^^^^^^^^ 

of  living,  may  be  adapted  to  them.,  ,.    . ,._  \   \ 

2»  Hd.£hould  be  adveitifed  when  any  epid^ical  diQ^- 

per  begins  to  fpread,  tlipt.hb  may  remove  in^.^^^ippxp 

healthy  air.  ,     .    j..^^,,,  .^ 

3,  As  the, variety  of  delicacies,  jwhic|%  cov^^thf.t^les 
of  princes,  is  a  great  temptation  to  excefs,  they  ihould  be 
exhorted  to  partake  of  a  moderate  quantity  of  fuch  things 
only  as  they  know  by  experience  to  agree  with  their  con- 

■  ftitution.  ...  :..'-    •    -  y.  .■  ' 

4,  Princes  fliould  not  be  fatigued  With  bufineis  foon  af- 
.  ter  dinner,  nor  with  any  bufmefs  at  all  after  Xupj)er,^  iuJt 

Ihould  follow  the  exatnple  of  AuguAus  CsdEar^t.wha would 

<  isei^ 


f    m  .f 


*#■ 


BfiUNARDIN  RAMAZZI KI.  81 1 

Mither  read  nor  write  letters  after  fupper,  left  they  {hould 
difturb  his  fleep. 

5y  It  is  ihameful  in  a  prince  to  be  a  drunkard,  and 
thereby  become  the  jeft  of  the  mob ;-  as  Claudius  Tiberius 
]S[ero  wasy  in  derifioni  called  Caldius  Biberius  Mero.  Let 
princes  imitate  Julius  Caefar,  who,  as  Suetonius  informs 
us,  vim  parcijimus  fuit  s  and  AuguftuSy  who  rarely  drank 
aboTC  three  glafles  after  fupper. 

6,  Manly  exercifes,  fuitable  to  their  high  rank^  according 
to  the  cuftom  of  the  country,  and  efpeciaDy  riciiqg  on  horfe- 
back,  fhould  be  recommended  to  princes.  They  ihould  alfo' 
indulge  themfelv^  in  other  innocent  and  genteel  recrea- 
tions, and  nevgr  Fail  to  admit  young  people  to  partake  of 
their  diverfions* 

7,  The  conftitution  of  the  prince  Ihould  be  carefully 
ftudied/  and  well  underftood  by  his  phyfician :  and  his 
diet,  exercife,  and  evacuations,  ought  to  be  regul^fed  ac- 
cordingly. 

8,  No  man  is  ignorant  of  the  bad  efle£ts  which  violent 
paffions  produce  in  the  human  body.  Anger,  fear,  griefy 
and  even  exceflive  joy,  have  been  the  caufes  of  death  to 
many.  And  princes  are  fo  far  from  having  any  right  of 
exemption  from  thefe  paflions,  that  they  are  generally  more 
expofed  to  them  than  any  of  their  fubje£is.  *<  Let  a  man 
''  read  (fays  our  author)  the  forty*fifth*  chapter  of  the 

O  a  **  feventh 


*  Pliny  there  mentions  the  Vexations  Auguftas  met  with  from  his 
worthlefs  iflbciates,  Lepidus  and  Mark  Antony.— The  neceflity  of 
concealing  himfelf  for  three  days  in  a  ditch,  after  a  defeat ;  feditions  an4 
mutinies  in  the  army ;  hatred  of  baniihed  citizens ;  ihares  laid  to  take  hit 
life  away;  treachery  and  wickednefs  of  his  own  £unily  and  friends; 
peftilence  and  famine  in  Italy ;  a  fixed  refolution  to  die,  in  confequence  of 
which  he  fafted  four  days,  whereby  he  was  brought  to  death's  door ; 
and,  at  laft,  the  mortification  of  leaving  the  fon  of  ^his  enemy  his  heir  and 
fttcceflbr  to  the  empire. 


212 


BERKARDIN  RAMAZZINI. 


"  feventh  book  of  Pliny's  Natural  hiftory,  and  when  he  has 
'*  confidered  the  many  misfortunes,  dangers,  terrors,  and 
^  real  calamities  which  Auguftus  encountered,  let  him  ho* 
**  neftly  declare  whether  or  not  he  envies  that  exalted  ruler 
«  of  the  tvorld."  It  fhould,  therefore,  be  the  phyfician's 
ftudy  to  know  what  paflions  his  prince  is  mod  prone  to, 
that,  in  the  favourable  moments  of  good  humour,  he  may 
refpeftfuUy  recommend  a  diet  and  regimen  proper  to  fub- 
due  thofe  enormities. 


213 


NtJMBER  Vlt 

THS  AjELT  OF  JiiEPICINS  AMONG  THE  CHINESE. 


It  cannot  be  faid  dutt  medicine  has  been  negle£ied  among 
the  CfainefC)  for  they  have  a  great  number  of  ancient  au« 
tbors  .who  treat  of  it,  having  applied  themfelves  thereto 
from  the  fonndatiijfi  of  the  empire. 

But  as  they  were  very  littled  Verfed  in  natural  philofo* 
phy,  and  not  at  all  in  anatomy,  fo  that  they  fcarce  knew 
the  ufes  of  the  parts  of  the  human  body^  and  confequently 
were  unacquainted  wiA  the  caufes  of  distempers^  depend- 
ing on  a  doubtful  fyftem  of  the  ftrufkure  of  the  human 
frame,  it  is  no  wonder  they  have  not  made  the  fame  pro- 
grefs  in  this  fcience  as  our  phyficians  in  Europe. 

However,  the  ftudy  of  medicine  has  always  been  great- 
ly eftcemed  by  this  nation :  not  only  becaufe  it  is  ufeful  for 
the  prefervation  of  life,  and  the  recovery  of  health,  but  be« 
caufe  they  believe  there  is  a  clofe  conneflion  between  it 
and  the  motions  of  the  heavens* 

There  were  formerly  imperial  fchools  for  the  improve- 
ment of  medicine;  but  the  phyficians  at  prefent  in  greateft 
etteem,  are  thofe  whofe  anceftors  were  phyficians  before 
them,  and  transmitted  thdr  kpowledge  from  father  to  fon* 

But  the  only  particulars  mentioned  by  Du  Halde,  cbn- 
ne&ed  with  our  prefent  fubje£l,  are  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing eytraClSi 

O  3  CHAN 


214         THE  ART  OP  MBDICIXA 


CHAN  SENG!  OR,  THE  ART  01?.  PROCURING! 
HEALTH  AND  LONG  LIFE. 


Though  Tycn  hath  numbered  our  days,  and  is  the'maf- 
ter  of  thenii  yet  if  taken  rightly,  it  may  be  faid  he  Hath 
left  them  in  our  own  difpofal  \  for  the  fupreme  Tyen  is  no 
refpe£ler  of  pcrfons :  ndthing  moves  him  but.  virtue  5  and 
whofocver  pra£tifeth  it,  hatb  within  himfelf  a  fure  evidence 
of  his  friendfhip^  They  then  who  would  prolong  their  life 
muft  immediately  iludy  to  be  virtuous.  A  regular  care  o{ 
the  body,  fupported  by  the  conftant  prs^ice  of  virttte,  will 
make  that  conftitution  hail  and  ilrong,  from  whence  will 
follow  a  long  and  happy  life*  Give  me  leave  in  this  place 
to  relate  what  happened  to  myfelf. 

The  blind  fondnefs  of  a  mother,  who  had  not  the  rcfo 
lution  to  contradi£t  me  in  my  infancy,  but  indulged  my 
appetite  in  every  thing,  entirely  ruined  my  conftitution, 
and  loaded  me  with  infirmities.  My  father,  who  had  already 
loft  my  two  elder  brothers^  and  who  in  an  advanced  age 
had  no  child  but  me,  was  inconfolable.  He  had  applied 
to  the  moft  able  phyficians*,  but  their  medicines  only  is-^ 
creafed  my  diforden  When  there  were  no  hopes  of  my 
recovery,  my  fathci  faid  within  himfelf,  there  is  but  one 
way  left  to  fave  my  fon,  and  that  is  to  do  works  of  cha- 
rity, which  move  the  heart  of  Tyen :  from  that  time  he  fet 
himfelf  upon  building  bridges,  "repairing  highways,  giving 
clothes  to  the  poor,  tea  to  travellers,  and  fending  vi&uals 
to  the  pKfoners,  fo  that  in  one  year's  time  he  was  at  a  con- 
f7.derable  expence  in  thefe  charitable  works  \  nor  was  this 
in  vain  5  it  was  vifible  that,  without  ufing  any  phyfic,  I  by 
little  and  little  regained  an  bealthy  look>  my  ftomach  and 

nay 


I       AMONG    THf  CHINESE.  215 

f 

my  ftrength  returned,  and  mj  father  found  me  in  a  condi- 
tion fit  to  applj  myfclf  to  lludy  ;  he  provided  me  an  able 
mailer^  and  of  a  very  mild  temj)er  fuitaWe  to  my  delicate 
conftitution  \  but  my  application  to  reading  at  length  occa- 
(ionec^a  very  dangerous  relapfe^  out  of  which  I  with  great 
dii&culty  efcaped.   Then  my  father  made  me  a  choice  col- 
leflion  of  more  tnan  one  hundred  books  of^hyfic,  and  gave 
me  orders  to  confine  my  ftudy  to  thjit  fcience.  *This/  faid  he, 
'  will  do  you  fervice,  and  make  you  helpful  to  others.*  I  read 
thofe  long  treatifes,  but  fo^  far  from  learning  to  recover  my 
ftrength  thereby,  that  I  perceived  it  grow  lefs  every  day ;  fo 
I  gave  over  phyGc,  and  bent  my  thoughts  fincerely  to  practice 
virtue  :  I  confulteJivith  able  perfons,  I  peruf<5d  alfo  fome 
books  proper  to  my  defign,  and  adding  my  own  refleftions 
to  what  I  had  learner  I  framed  for  myfelf  a  regimen  of 
life,  which  hath  fucceeded  perfeftly  .well  with  me  •,   for 
from  a  lean  and  infirm  ftatc,  I  in  a  few  years  found  my- 
felf plump  and  found  j  and  for  one  of  my  age  I  have  a  frcfli 
colour,  a  body  ftrong, '  and  free  from  all  indifpofition,  afid 
fee  myfelf  the  head  of  a  numerous  family,   which  enjoy 
perfedi  health. 

In  fliort,  among  the  many  maxims  which  have  been 
communicated  to  me  in  converfation,  or  which  I  have  found 
in  books,  fome  not  fufficiently  warranted  I  rejefted,  otlier^ 
which  were  fcarce  intelligible  I  cleared  up,  •  and  out  of  all 
I  have  formed  to  myfelf  a  plan  of  life,  which  hath  eftablifli- 
cd  me  in  my  prefent  happy  ftate:  however  confined  my 
obfervations  may  be,  yet  I  believe  the  world  will  be  obli- 
ged to  me  for  making  them  public,  becaufe  they  may  be 
of  ufe  to  preferve  men  from  the  infirmities  fo  common  in 
life,  and  to  procure  them,  as  I  have  done,  an  agreeable 
old  age,  without  having  my  hearing,  fight,  or  any  other  of 
my  fciifcs,  impaired  thereby. 

0*4.  Thefe 


% 

A 


it 

4t 


21&  THE  ART  OF  MIDICINE  \ 

Thefe  maxims  may  be  reduced  to  four  heads,  which  con- 
iift  in  the  regulation  of,  !•  The  heart  and  its  afie61ions; 
2.  The  ufe  of  diet ;  3.  Tfie  bufinefs  of  the  day  ;  4.  Rcet 
at  night. 


THE   RKGULATION   OF   THE   HEARl;  AND  ITS 

AFFECTIONS. 


1  HE  heart  is  in  man  what  the  roots  are  to  the  tree,  and 
the  fpring  to  the  river ;  it  prefideS  over  the  whole  man,  atid 
as  foon  as  the  art  of  governing  it  is  known,  tHe  faculties  of 
the  foul  and  the  five  fenfes  are  likewi^  under  command  ^ 
it  ought  therefore  to  be  our  firft  care  to  keep  a  guard  over 
the  defires  and  afFe£l:ions  of  the  heart ;  and  that  your  care 
may  be  attended  with  fuccefs — 

I .  Employ  not  yhurfelf  in  any  thoughts  and  dejigns  but 
ivhat  lead  to  virtue.  The  principal  duties  of  fociety  are 
th^, — fidelity  to  the  fupreme  magiftrate,  obedience  to  pa- 
rents, moderation  and  equity.  Upon  the  pradlice  of  thefe 
virtues  every  one  fliould,  when  he  retires  in  order  to  make 
his  evening  reflexions,  ferioufly  examine  himfelf.  Limit 
not  your  endeavours  only  to  the  perfefting  yourfelf,  but 
ftri^e  moreover  to  make  your  virtue  beneficial  and  ufeful. 
Comes  there  then  any  thought  into  your  head  ?  are  you  about 
to  fay  any  thing  ?  do  you  form  any  fcheme  in  your  mind  ? 
refleft  upon  it  before  hand,  and  afk  yourfelf  thefe  quef- 
tions  : — Is  what  I  think,  wha%I  am  about  to  fay  or  do,  be- 
neficial or  injurious  to  others  ?  If  it  be  beneficial,  fpcak  or 
adl,  notwithftanding  the  difficulties  that  difcourage  you ; 
if  it  be  injurious,  never  allow  yourfelf  in  fuch  views,  dif- 
courfes  or  attempts. 

Further,  that  you  may  keep  from  b^ing  furprifed  into 
the  committing  what  is  wrong,  watch  every  nr.o.nent  over 

^o^r 


AMONG  irH£  CHp}£SS.  HlJ 

i 

your  hearty  defcend  often  into  yourfeli^  and  pardon  your- 

felf  no  fault.  It  is  only  by  vigorous  endeavourS)  efpeckdiy 
dt  the  beginning,  that  we  imptort  in  virtue*  A  man  thus 
attentive  and  watchful  over  himfeif,  though  he  muft,  ac- 
cording to  die  courfe  of  human  affairs,  be  expofed  to  va- 
rious accidents,  yet  he  will  find  by  experience  the  cSk&s 
of  a  fecret  protefiiion,  whidi  by  unknown  ways  will  pre* 
ferve  him  from  every  misfortune. 

Q.  Keep  pake  in  your  hearts  When  a  man's  heart  is 
filled  with  agreeable  views,  and  fuch  as  are  agreeable  for 
maintaining  union  in  civil  fooiety,  his  thoughts  (hine  forth 
in  his  countenance;  his  inward  joy  and  (erenit^yof  mind 
fparkle  in  all  the  ^mter  man,  and  every  one  perceives  the 
true  and  folid  fweetnefs  and  fatisfaflion  which  he  taftes  in 
the  inmoft  recedes  of  his  foul.  This  Is  what  the  ancients 
would  have  us  underftand  by  thefe  figurative  expreifions: 
a  fereneiky,  a  fine  fun,  a  gentle  zephyr,  charming  clouds, 
infpire  men,  and  even  birds,  with  joy ;  on  die  other  hand, 
gloomy  weather,  boifterous  wind,  heavy  rain,  violent  thuur 
der,  and  continual  lightnings,  terrify  the  very  birds,  who 
fly  for  ibelter  to  the  thickeft  woods.  A  wife  man  therefore 
fiiould  always  appear  with  a  countenance  breathing  that 
peace  and  tranquillity  which  he  enjoys  within  himfelf. 

It  is  a  maxim,  that  violent  paiSons,  fuch  as  hatred,  an« 
ger,  forrow,  rend  the  heart.  As  it  is  no  eafy  matter  to  live 
in  fociety  without  frequent  fubje&s  of  difpute  and  unea- 
finefs,  we  ought  to  take  prudent  meafures,  and  be  upon 
our  guard,  againft  thefe  enemies  of  our  peace.  Am  I 
threatened  with  a  troubkfome  affair,  I  meet  the  ftorm 
with  a  compofed  mind,  and  endeavour  to  quell  it.  Am  I 
involved  in.it  againft  my  will,  I  labour  to  furmount  it^ 
without  loSng  any  thing  of  my  ufual  freedom  of  temper. 
Have  I  taken  wrong  meafues,  I  am  not  obftinate  in  jufti- 
%  fying 


a?0  THE  AfiT  OF  Jid^EPJiCJN»* 

are  In  mourning  for  the  death  of  their  neareft  rektionsi  or 
undone  by  a  fire,  or  fome  other  like  accident  ^  and  whilft 
many  others  feek  to  end  their  miferies  with  their  UveSj  bj 
violent  means.  When  I  .compare  my  felf  with  thefe  un« 
I^ippy  perfonsy  and  fee  myfelf  free  from  t)ie  evils  with 
which  they  are  furrounded,  cannot  I  he  content  with  mj 
lot? 

He  who  qe:iK)r.met  with  croiles  knows  not  the  value  of 
z  quiet  life.  Thofe  which  I  have  e^cperienced  axe  now  of 
great  ufe  to  me  ^  for  befides  the  two  great  fits  of  Ccknefs 
abeady  mentioned,  which  had  brought  me  through  much 
pain  to  the  gates  of  death,  I  yery  narrowly  efcaped  itiip- 
vreck.  Whep.  a  difappointm^t  befals  ixie,  I  make  myfelf 
eafy  by  thus  realoQing  with  myfelf.— Is  there  any  thing  ia 
this  affiiir  cospparable  to  any  one  of  thofe  trials  which  I  have 
alre^4y  .gone  throHgh  i  Pid  we  recur  to  thfi  fsa^  renpued j 
in  aiiii£Uoa^  we  ihould  learn  from  our  ow;p  experience) 
that  it  is  in  our  .power,  with  a  little  reflexion,  tp  make  a 
good  ufe  of  that  portion  of  hs^pinefs  wh^ch  Tyep  hath 
given  us.  Qn  the  contrary,  he  who  (ets^io  hounds  to  hU 
defires,  were  he  to  acquire  the  riches  and  glpry  of  an  .em- 
pire, would  ftill  tlunk  he  ws^ted  eyery  th^lg»  Let  as 
conGder  that  our  powers  are  limited  9  let  ;iot  then  -our  de- 
fireft  be  unbounded ;  let  us  take  things  as  they  come ;  and 
<;fpCQialIy  be  careful  nqt  to  giye  up  oucfelves  to  continaal 
folicitude  and  anxiety,  which  will  rob  u^  of  ;t^  mqft  v^alu- 
able  moments  .of  life. 

The  celebtated  Yen,  my  countr^tmen,  had  a  fine  maxim 
— « If,"  faid  he,  «*  your  date  of  life  be  mended,  think  kb 
upon  .what  you  huve  not  than  upon  .what  you  have ;  odier- 
wife  you  will  be  always  defiring,  and  will  never  fee  your 
defires  iatisfied*  If  you  fall  belpw  your  former  condition, 
lay  thus  tp  yourfelf  t  what  is  left  isfufficient  -,  my  fuhAance 

S  may 


may  ht  taken  from  me,  but  none  £ball  rob  me  6f  fhe  tran« 
quitlity  of  my  heart,  which  is  the  grcateft  of  all  goods.** 
with  fuch  fehtiments,  notwithftanding  the  decreafe  of  your 
fortune,  you  t^ill  be  richer  than  you  imaging.  This  is  the 
moral  of  that  ancient  fable.  Seeing  a  gentleman  before 
me  on  a  fine  horfe,  while  I  was  mounted  upon  an  afs ;— Ah  ! 
faid  I  to  myfelf,  hqw  different  is  my  conditioii  from  his ! 
but,  upon  turning  my  head,  I  faw  a  good  likely  country- 
man  driving  a  heavy  wheelbarrow :  O  then  !  faid  I,  if  I  am 
hot  his  equal  who  goes  before  me,  at  lead  I  am  much  hid 
better  who  follows  me.  This  fable  is  fufficient,  on  fome 
occafions,  to  revive  my  (pirits.  I  have  wrote  it  on  a  fcroll, 
and  fet  it  up  in  my  ftudy,  that  I  may  ftiH  ^all  it  to  mind* 

IV.  When  you  enjoy  a  good  ftatc  of  health,  know  the 
value  of  it,  and  ftudy  to  preferve  it.  Difeafes  and  infir- 
mities are  the  lot  of  man,  and  it  is  difficult  for  him  to  be 
entirely  free  from  them.  The  flighter  ones  embitter  life, 
by  thtir  variety  and  continuance ;  the  greater  are  attended 
with  fears  and  apprehenfions.  Every  part  of  life  is  fubjedJ: 
to  mifery.  Infancy  is,  if  I  may  fo  exprefs  myfelf,  con- 
demned to  cries  and  wailings ;  manhood  and  old  age  arte 
expofed  to  the  long  abfence  of  a  family,  to  changes  of  for* 
tune,  and  to  grievous  diftempers.  We  fee  others  who  have 
much  more  reafon  to  complain  ;  fuch  as  are  born  or  be- 
come d^af,  blind,  dumb,  half  paralytic,  cripples,^  and  thofe 
who  have  loft  the  ufe  of  all  their  Kmbt,  I  have  already 
told  you  what  I  fufFered  from  a  complication  of  diftempers. 
X  have  rid  myfelf  of  them,  and  now  enjoy  a  found  and  vi- 
gorous health ;  I  have  my  hearing  quick,  my  fight  clear,  a 
good  appetite,  and  a  cheerful  temper.  Another  may  acquire 
firm  health  as  well  as  I ;  but  when  it  is  once  obtained^  he 
|bould  know  how  to  prefenre  it. 
'  Oae 


22i 


THB  ART  OP  MEDICIKS 


One  of  the  beR  means  is,  to  refift  that  natural  propendty 
which  we  have  to  fenfual  pkafuresi  and  to  ufe  very  mo- 
derately even  the  allowable.  An  old  man,  wlio  feels  him» 
felf  as  lively  and  eager  after  pleafures  as  if  he  was  in  the 
vigour  of  his  age^  fliould  l^arn  to  reftrain  himfelf  by  the 
following  refie£tions  ;—* After  the  fiftieth  year,  man  is  in 
his  decline  i  the  blood  begins  to  run  weak,  the  fpidts  fail, 
and  feeble  old  age  is  not  far  off«  Though  a  mjui  could 
promife  himfelf  to  live  an  hundred  years,  is  that  fc  long 
a  term  ?  and  will  he  not  foon  be  at  the  end  of  that  race  I 
But  are  there  maqy  who  arrive  at  an  hundred  years  ?  Our 
life  is  fo  ihort,  that  we  ought  to  avoid  every  excefs  that 
may  make  it  yet  £borter«  Do  we  not  perceive  that  our 
^nd  draws  nigh,  when^  in  reading,  the  eyes  are  fubje£b  to 
daz2lings;  when  the  feet  ftagger  with  walking;  when, 
after  meals,  the  nouriihment  loads  the  ftomach;  whenj 
after  having  fpoke  fome  time  together,  we  find  ourfdves 
out  of  breath  ?  does  not  all  this  teach  us,  that  w^  are  not 
young,  and  that  we  mud  bid  adieu  to  pleafures,  which 
will  quickly  confume  the  weak  remains  of  health,  which 
it  is  of  fo  great  moment  to  hufband  for  the  prefervation  of 
life  I  The  lamp,  fays  the  proverb,  goes  out  when  the  oil 
is  fpent : .  more  oil  may  be  added  to  the  lamp,  as  the  fiamq 
wafles  it ;  but  if  the  radical  moifture  of  the  body  be  once 
confumed,  have  we  any  means  to  repair  that  lofs  ^  This 
ftquires  ferious  refledion. 


THB 


AMONG  TUB  CHJN£S£.  223 


THE  REGULATION  OP  DIET, 

J^S  muR  eat  and  drink  to  fupport  the  body.  The 
noui^thment  which  we  take,  if  it  be  well  regulated|  keeps 
the  ftomach  in  a  (ituation  agreeable  to  it.  The  ftomach  is 
the  conco£ter  and  digefter  of  food,  the  firft  fource  of  the 
blood,  vital  fpirits,  juices  and  humours  difperfdd  into  the  dif<« 
ferent  parts  of  the  body,  to  maintain  their  natural. vigour. 
He,  therefore,  who  regards  his  health,  ought  to  be  very 
exa£t  in  obferving  certain  rules  relating  to  eating  and 
drinking* 

I.  Let  hunger f  and  the  want  you  feel  within^  regulate  your 
Joodi  and  take  great  care  that  you  do  not  offend  in  quantity^ 
£xcei!ive  eating  hurts  the  vital  fpirits,  and  fatigues  the  ilo« 
mach.  The  vitiated  chyle,  carried  into  the  mafs  of  blood, 
makes  it  thick,  and  unapt  to  a  fpiritous  fermentation.  For 
the  fame  reafon,  never  think  of  drinking  but  when  you 
.are  dry ;  quench  your  third  without  excefs.  Too  much 
drink  damages  the  blood,  and  fills  the  ftomach  with  wind^ 
by  precipitating  the  indigefied  chyle  \  ropy  wine  occafions 
wind  in  the  fermentation,  whence  follows  an  inflation. 

n.  Breahfqfl  early.  The  air  is  drawn  in  by  the  noftrils, 
and  the  juices  of  the  earth  by  the  mouth,  the  exhalations 
of  which  we  take  in.  It  greatly  concerns  us  never  to  go 
out  of  doors  fafting ;  this  caution  is  efpecially  neceflary  in 
epidemical  difte^pers,  or  in  going  among  (ick  people.  In 
winter,  a  glafs  or  two  of  wine  is  an  excellent  prcfervative 
againft  unwholefome  air.  It  is  good  to  take  fome  food^ 
but  in  a  fmall  quantity,  which,  ferves  to  employ  and  fettle  the 
ftomach,  and  is  a  fort  of  cordial.  In  fuipmer,  it  prevents 
injuries  from  bad  air,  and  keeps  off  colics,  vomitings, 
^yfenteries,  ^c.    In  winter^  it  fortifies  againft  fevere  cold 


* 

r 


324  T1BB  ART  OF  MSmCINB 

and  noifome  fogs.  In  fpring,  it  is  of  great  virtue  againft 
high  winds^  the  ferein,  (an  nnwholelbme  vapour  that  falls 
after  funfet  in  hot  countries),  and  dews,  fo  frequent  and 
plentiful  in  that  feafon. 

I  rife  very  early  \  and  before  I  have  either  waihed  my 
face,  or  cleanfed  my  mouthj  I  fwallow  a  porringer  of  rice 
gruel,  taking  a  little  of  the  rice.  Barley  or  rice  gruel  are 
agreeable  to  the  ftomach,  and  to  very  good  purpofe  moiilen 
,  the  ferment  inclofed  in  it.  For  want  of  rice  gruel,  I  ufe 
warm  water,  fveeetened  with  a  little  powdered  fugar. 

III.  Make  an  hearty  meal  about  no^n,  on  the  plainell 
meats,  which  are  moft  wholefome  and  nouriihing.  Suffer 
not  fome  forts  of  ragouts,  which  are  invented  only  to  pro- 
voke or  pleafe  the  appetite,  to  come  on  your  table.  There 
arc  five  forts  of  'high  fauces,  and  each  of  them»  if  fre- 
quently ttfed,  hath  unwholefome  qualities :  Meats  too  ialt 
offend  the  heart ;  too  four,  the  ftomach  ;  too  bitter,  the 
lungs;  too  poignant,  the  liver,  by  their  tartnefs;  too  fweet. 
the  reins.  But  what  is  moft  to  be  avoided  in  feafoiung»  is 
too  much  fait*  Salt  flackens  the  motion  of  the  blood,  and 
occaiions  a  difficulty  of  breathing.  Salted  water  flung  into 
the  blood  of  a  creature  juft  killed,  immediately  curdles  it. 
Hence,  they  whofe  common  food  is  fait  meats,  have  a 
pale  complexion,  a  flow  pulfe,  and  are  full  of  corrupt 
humours* 

Accuftom  yourfelf  therefore  to  the  fimpleft  food;  it  will 
preferve  you  from  many  difeafes,  anyd  keep  you  in  perfefl 
health*  But  take  care  .to  eat  .your  meat  hot;  never  eat  cold 
meat,  efpecially  when  it  is  fat.  This  fort  of  food,  bj 
fiaying  too  k>ng  in  the  ftomach,  will  produce  crudities, 
which  occafioa  grimes,  a  diarrboeai  and  fuch  1  ike  dif* 
orders. 


AMONG  TH£  CHINESE*  225 

IT,  Eat  JloHulfy  and  chetti  your  meat  well, 

I.  This  flow  chewing  breaks  the  food  in  pieces,  ihixes 
it  with  the  faliva,  reduces  it  to  a  proper  finenefs,  which  is 
the  firft  dififolution,  and  fits  it  for  the  ferment.atIon  of  the 
ftomach. 

a.  The  digeftion  thus  begun  by  the  teeth,  and  by  the 
help  of  the  faliva,  is  eafily  perfe£ted  by  the  ferment  of  the 
flomach. 

3.  Thus  we  efcape  many  accidents,  which  befal  fuch  as 
eat  haflily ;  fuch  as  coughs,  hiccups,  and  the  itfi^  that  is, 
an  irritation  of  the  gullet^  which  is  fometimes  mortal. 

What  can  be  at  once  more  difagreeable  and  ridiculous, 
than  to  fee  a  man  catch  his  meat  as  a  tiger  feizes  his  prey, 
to  eat  in  a  hurry,  cramming  his  mouth  inccflTantly  with  both 
hands,  as  if  he  was  fighting  for  it,  or  feared  it  ihould  be 
thatched  from  him  ? 

V.  D^  »&tfo  fat  gratify  your  appetite^  as  t9  rife  from  tatle 
quite  faiiated,  A  large  quantity  of  food  difturbs  the  fto* 
mach,  and  hurts  digeftion.  Though  you  have,  at  the 
fame  time,  a  ftrong  ftomach,  and  which  eafily  digefts  its 
food,  do  not  employ  its  whole  ftrength,  but  keep  fome  of 
it  in  referve.  I  will  explain  my  meaning  by  a  fimilitude : 
A  man  who  can  lift  or  carry  an  hundred  weight,  if  loaded 
with  only  fourfcore,  is  not  much  fatigued }  but  lay  on  him 
a  load  much  heavier,  his  too-extended  nerves  will  feel  the 
weight,  his  bones  will  not  bear  up  under  it,  and,  after  a 
few  fteps,  he  will  ftagger  and  fall  backwards.  The  appli* 
cation  is  eafy.  When  we  are  accuftomed  to  a  fober  life, 
the  ufe  of  meats  is  much  more  beneficial.  In  ihort,  it  ia 
by  long  fuficring  of  hunger  and  thirft  that  we  (hould  learn 
moderation.  The  fatisfyin^  to  the  full  the  demands  of 
either,  is  th«  ready  way  to  cxpofe  u?  to  certain  ficknefs; 

Vol  III.  P 


2i6  THE  ART  OF  MEDICINE 

becaufe  neither  the  anitaal  nor  vital  fpirits  will  be  fufficient 
for  their  fun£iions. 

VI.  Sup  betimes,  andjpdringly.  It  is  better  to  eat  oftener^ 
if  there  be  a  neceffity*  It  is  ufual,  in  fummer,  in  the  fifth 
and  fizth  moons,  when  the  days  are  longeft,  to  make  four 
meals ;  the  firft  at  early  rifing,  the  fecond  at  eleven,  the 
tlurd  towards  funfet,  and  the  fourth  juft  before  bedtime. 
In  the  other  feafons  of  the  year,  three  meals  are  enough. 
I  would  have  every  one  determine,  as  hear  as  tnay  be,  the 
quantity  of  rice  and  other  food  to  be  taken  at  one  meal^ 
agreeably  to  his  conftitution  and  way  of  life ;  and  that  he 
ihould  keep  to  that  rule,  making  it  a  law  to  himfelf  never 
to  tranfgrefs  it,  unless  on  fome  occafions,  when  the  victuals 
pleafe  th^  palate,  and  give  an  inclination  to  take  more  than 
Ordinary ;  but  this  temperance  is  mod  neceflary  at  fupper, 
which  ought  to  be  very  light. 

Generally  fpeaking,  eat  no  meats  which  are  iiard  of 
digeftion^  fuch  as  thofe  whofe  fubftaneie  is  glewy'and 
Vifcous.  Abftain  from  meats  half  raw  or  very  fat ;  thofe 
that  are  cooked  up  with  rich  fauces ;  from  high  feafoned 
ragouts^  which  carry  fire  into  the  bowels;  from  new  com, 
which  men  are  fond  of  eating  at  its  firft  coming,  and 
wUch  is  not  wholefome  till  it  is  come  to  maturity,  by  in* 
fenfible  fermentation,  and  evaporating  its  plenteous  volatile 
and  pungent  falts^  This  advice  chiefly  tegards  old  perfons, 
and  thofe  of  a  weak  ftomach. 

•  vn.  Tate  care  that  your  f^d  he  tender,  and  thoroughly 
Jireffedi  for  if  it  be  hard,  and  not  eafily  chewed,  the  fio- 
mach  will  with  difficulty  digeft  it.  Fle(h  that  is  tougb^ 
fibrous,  or  half  dreffed,  is  very  hard  of  digeftion.  When 
a  man  is  in  the  firength  and  Vigour  of  his  age,  when  the 
blood  hatK  all  its  fire,  and  the  ftomach  is  Arong,  he  will 
fufitr  lefs  inconvenience  from  fuch  kind  of  food;  but  it 

wfll 


<» 


AMONG  THE  CHINESE^  227 

« 
IV ill  Infallibly  make  him  Cck,  if  he  be  of  a  weak  ftomach, 

or  advanced  in  years.     As  for  my  own  part,  I  give  orders 

that  the  rice,  flefli,  fiih,  rootSj  herbs,  and  in  general  every 

thing  that  is  brought  to  my  table,  be  thoroughly  done,  and 

very  tender^  otherwife  I  would  not  touch  it- 

VIII.  Sleep  not  till  two  hours  after  yoar  meals.  The  food 
which  paffes  by  the  gullet  into  the  ftomach  fliould  be 
ground  and  diffolved  there,  that  it  may  be  able  to  circulate, 
be  filtratedj  and  affimilated.  Sleep  taken  immediately  after 
fupper  deprives  the  ftomach  of  the  liberty  of  afting  updn  the 
aliments,  which  not  being  fufficiently  attennuated,  ftagnatc 
there^  caufing  crudities,  four  belehings,  and  often  a  lien- 
tery,  and  confirmed  diarrhosa.  If  this  continues  for  fome 
time,  there  appears  a  wannefs  in  the  face,  and  the  body 
becomes  languifhing,  feeble,  and  bloated.  The  digeftion 
being  thus  hindered  by  unfeafonable  fleep,  chylification'  is 
obftru£l;ed,  and  the  vitiated  chyle  being  difperfed,  by  the 
circular  motion,  into  all  the  bowels,  and  ftopt  there  by  its 
thicknefs,  becomes  more  and  more  coagulated  by  its  de- 
praved acid,  which  is  the  fource  of  a  multitude  of  diftem- 
pers,  from  the  obftruftions  which  happen  in  the  glands. 
I  advife,  then,  walking  a  while  after  meals.  This  gentle 
motion  facilitates  digeftion.  Take  care,  alfo,  that  you  do 
not  eat  immediately  after  a  violent  fit  of  anger.  Anger 
caufes  an  effervefcence  in  the  juices  that  are  ftrained 
through  the  falivary  glatids ;  the  faliva,  with  its  noxious 
ferment,  goes  into  the  ftomach^  infefts  the  chyle,  and  cor- 
rupts the  mafs  of  blood. 

IX.  Begtti  your  meal  with  drinitng  a  little  tea.  It  moiftens 
the  throat  and 'ftomach,  and  preferves  jthe  radical  heat  and 
moifture  from  rude  attacks.  Clofe  alfo  your  meal  with  a 
cup  of  tea,  to  wafh  your  mouth  and  teeth  ;  it  is  a  method 
which  will^faften  them,  and  prcferve  them  even  to  old 

P  2  age. 


228 


THE  ART  OF  MEDICINE. 


age.  I  do  not  advife  drinking  much  either  of  tea'  of  any 
other  liquor.  The  ftomach  does  not  like  to  be  too  moift} 
a  little  drynefs  and  beat  put  it  in  a  condition  moft  fuitable 
to  its  fun£tions.  I  freely  own  I  do  not  love  tea  \  and 
when  I  ^m  obliged  to  drink  it«  I  perceive  my  ftomach 
naufeates  it.  The  weaknefs  of  my  conftitution  in  youth 
may  have  contributed  to  this  averfion.  I  do  not  diftin- 
guiih  even  the  heft  tea  from  the  worfl.  This  fometimes 
draws  upon  me' the  raillery  of  my  friends  ;  but  I  in  my 
turn  hiugh  at  their  nicenefs,  and  pleafe  myfelf  with  my 
infenfibility. 

But  it  is  a  common  faying^/  he  who  does  not  love  tes, 
covets  wine.  (The  Ghinefe,  as  I  have  obferved,  make 
their  wine  of  diftilled  rice,  and  it  is  very  ftrong.)  I  do 
indeed  drink  wine  ;  but  P  never  take  more  than  four  or 
five  fmall  gl^es :  more  than  that  would  give  ihorthefs 
of  breath,  a  dizzinefs,  ficknefs  at  ftomach,  and  next 
day  I  ftiould  be  like  one  ezpediing  a  fit  of  ficknefs. 
Wine,  moderately  taken,  refreflies  drooping  nature,  re- 
vives its  forces,  and  gives  to  the  blood  and  pulfe  their 
natural  vivacity ;  but  drunk  to  excefs,  it  produces 
windy  fermentations,  obftru£lions  in  the  reins,  and  fouls 
the  ftomach. 

Nothing  appears  to  me  either  more  (hameful,  or  more 
unwdrthy  reafonable  men,  than  the  contending  at  a  feaft 
who  ftiall  drink  moft  bumpers,  or  ftiall  fooneft  empty  his 
bottle.  For  my  part,,  when  I  entertain  my  friends,  I  invite 
them  cheerfully  to  drink  two  or  three  glafles  to  put  them 
in  good  humour ;  but  I  ftop  there,  without  preffing  them 
farther,  or  infifting  on  compliances  which  would  deftroy 
their  health  :  thefe  are  my  maxims  in  diet ;  they  are  eafy^ 
and  if  they  arc  praftifed,  I  am  fure  they  will  be  found  be- 
neficial. 

The. 


AMONS  THE  CHINESE^  229 


TJHE  KBaUJ^,ATlON  OF  THE  ACTIONS  OF  THE  DAY. 

'In  the  common  aflions  of  life,  wc  are  attentive  enough  to 
great  matters,  which  give  a  vifible  blow  to  health ;  but 
there  are  many  fmall  ones  which  are  looked  upon  as  trifles, 
and  thought  below  notice ;  and  yet  due  care  with  regard 
to  thefe  trifles  may  keep  us  from  many  inconveniencies* 
and  a -contrary  condu£l  ihorten  the  term  of  years  which 
Tycn  defigned  us. 

In  general,  our  life  depends  upon  the  regular  motion  of 
the  fpirits :  of  thefe  there  are  three  forts^  the  vital  which 
we  call  tjing:  the  animal,  which  we  call  hi;  and  a  third 
degree  of  fpirits,  much  more  noble,  more  free  from  mat- 
ter, and  to  which  the  name  of  fpirit  does  much  better 
agree,  which  are  called  shin. 

The  vital  fpirits  produce  the  animal,  and  of  both  thefe 
18  begotten  a  third  degree  of  fpirits  defigned  for  inteUeftual 
operations.  If  the  vital  fpirits  happen  to  fail,  the  animal 
muft  unavoidably  droop ;  and  this  fecond  fort  of  fpirit  be- 
ing exhaufted,  the  third  cannot  fubfifl,  and  the  man  mull 
die.  It  concerns!  us  therefore  not  idly  to  wafte  thefe  three 
principles  of  life,  either  by  an  immoderate  ufe  of  f(^fual 
pleafures;  or  by  violent  labour,  or  by  too  intenfe  and  conftant 

application  of  the  mind.* 

I.  The 


•  What  the  Chincfe  author  here  fays,  agrees  well  enough  with  the 
fentinients  of  a  modern  writer.  Thus  the  latter  ezpreflies  himfelf,  and  it 
will  ferve  as  an  illuftration.  <  AH  the  fprings*  fays  he  <  of  a  human  body 
would  be  ufelefs  and  una&ive,  if  (^od  had  not  produced  and  appointed  tjie 
irital  fpirits,  to  make  them  a^,  and  to  imprint  on  them  a  lively  motion ; 
and  the  animal  fpirits  to  put  the  internal  and  external  fenfes  in  exercife : 
Sq  he  has  difpofcd,  a»  the  general  inftrument  of  the  vegetative  foul  in  the 

P  '7  animal 


330  THE  ART  OF  MEDICINE 

I.  Ttie  moft  important  advice,  which  I  can  give,  for 
maintaining  the  bodj  in  a  due  temperament,  is  to  be 
very  moderate  in  the  ufe  of  the  pleafures  of  fenfe ;  for  all 
ezcefs  weakens  the  fpirlts.  Do  not  labour  to  difcover 
what  is  out  of  the  reach  of  your  fight,  and  you  will  pre- 
ferve  the  liver  in  good  order }  liearken  not  after  any  thing 
with  a  too  earned  attentivenefs,  and  your  kidnies  will 
be  found  ;  abfiain  from  too  naucb  and  too  frequent  fpit- 
ting  and  fpawling,  and  your  limgs  will  be  well ;  under^ 
take  not  very  curious  and  fine  works,  and  the  heart  will 
keep  its  force  and  vigour :  when  you  have  fuffered  hunger, 
don't  immediately  eat  much  ;  and  above  all,  keep  from 

food 


animal,  the  arterial  blood,  which  is  alfo  called  the  vital  fpirit,  when  it  hath 
been  wanned  and  purified  in  the  heart.  The  animal  fpirits  are  much  fa- 
perior  to  the  vital,  as  they  are  the  inflrument  of  a  more  noble  life.  i. 
The  particles  which  compofe  the  animah  fpirits  are  much  (mailer,  and 
)3iore  fubtle,  than  thofe  which  compofe  tbe  vital  ^.  The  particles  of  the 
animal  fpirits  move  in  every  fenfe  feparately  as  the  particles  of  air ;  thi$ 
is  the  Chinefe  i/.  The  particles  of  the  vital  fpirits  keep  gliding  one  over 
another  as  the  parts  of  water  ;  this  is  the  Chinefe  t/tng.  3.  The  particles 
of  the  animal  fpirits  are  fo  rapid,  that  they  are  imperceptible  to  all  the 
fenfes ;  and  the  fineiib  part  of  thefe  (pif its  is  called  s&Im.  The  operations 
pf  growth,  nouriihment,  &c,  are  vit^l  operations,  and  afcribed  to  the  Chi- 
nefe tfifig.  Thofe  of  perception,  both  by  t^ie  internal  and  external  fenfes. 
^^-e  animal  operations.  The  animal  fpirits,  according  to  the  ancients,  are 
nothing  but  a  fubtle  air,  a  very  fine  breath  J  exactly  anfwering  to  the  i/. 
It  is  a  compofition  pf  fmall  bodies,  in  a  l^rifk  and  continual  motion,  like 
*thofe  particles  which  make  the  flame  of  a  lighted  torch,  thefe  fpirits  ac- 
cording to  the  moderns,  are  nothing  bu^  a  fubtle  humour,  which  flows 
from  the  brain  into  the  nerves  wi^h  fuch  impetuous  force,  that,  if  «peo- 
cd,  they  are  very  difficult  to  be  ftcpt.*  The  author  I  quote,  means  by  the 
animal  fpirits,  a  pure  and  fubtle  breath,  which  anfwers  to  the  Chinefe 
Jki;  and,  moreover,  a  flame  finer  than  that  of  aquavitx,  which  istheChi^ 


AMONG  THE  CHINESE.  2S1 

food  of  a  crude  and  cold  nature,  left  the  ftomach  ihould 
fa£&r  by  it:  this  regards  the  internal  parts. 

As  to  external  aflioi^s  ;  walk  not  too  long  at  oncOi  for 
your  nerves  will  be  fatigued  by  it ;  ftand  not  for  hours 
together  in  one  pofture,  for  the  bones  will  hardly  fupport 
you ;  fit  not  too  long,  the  flefh  will  fuffer  by  it ;  lie  not 
down  more  than  is  neceflary,  for  thereby  the  blood  will 
be  lefs  fluid,  and  it  will  have  more  difficulty  to  pafs 
through  the  veins. 

In  different  feafons  there  are  alfo  rules  to  be  obferved 
to  defimd  yourfelf  from  too  great  heats  and  colds  :  in  win-* 
ter  keep  not  yourfelf  too  hot,  ndr  in   fummer  too  cold; 
My  maxim  is  to  prevent  in  time  all  forts  of  diftempers^, 
and  to  take  precautiqns  againft  their  weakeft  attacks. 

n.  As  foon  as  you  are  awake,  rub  over  your  breaft> 
where  the  heart  lies,  yrith  your  hand  feveral  times,  left, 
coming  warm  out  of  bed,  the  cool  air  ihould  feii&e  you  on 
a  fudden,  and  flop  the  pores  of  t|)e  body,  which,  would 
occafion  jheums,  and  other  inconveniencies ;  whereas  a 
few  frictions  with  the  palm  of  the  hand  put  the  blood  in 
motion  at  its  fource,  and  prevent  from  many  accidents : 
in  wa(hing  your  face,  as  foon  as  you  are  out  of  bed, 
keep  your  eyes  (hut,  left  the  falts  of  the  gum  of  the  eyes, 
and  the  fweat,  entering  with  the  water  there,  fret,  and  at 
length  produce  a  ferous  inflammation. 

III.  As  of  all  the  palfions  whicti  ruffle  us,  anger  does 
the  moft  mifchief,  fo  of  all  the  unwholefome  affeftions  of 
the  air,  wind  is  the  moft  dangerous,  efpecially  when  it 
\omes  through  any  narrow  paflage,  is  cold  and  piercing, 
and  furprifes  us  unawares ;  it  iniinuates  into  the  body, 
penetrates  the  nerves  and  arteries,  and  often  caufes 
the  torturing  pains  of  the  gout,  palfy,  and  fuch  like 
grievous  difeafes.    <  The  ancient  proverb,  therefore;  -adr 

P  4  ^  vifc% 


233  THE  ART  OF  MEDICINE 

vifes  us  to  avoid  a  blaft  of  wind  as  carefallj  as  the 
point  of  an  arrow,  Likemfe,  after  hot  bathing,  or  hard 
labour,  when  the  body  is  in  a  fweat,  bj  no  meaoi  leave 
of  any  of  your  clothes,  nor  expofe  yottrfelf  to  the  fcefli 
air ;  for  this  light  refirelhment  may  cqU  yes  d«ar«  The 
eold  air  clofes  the  pores,  and  theoee  comes  a  gathering  of 
ill  humours,  which  would  have  foand  vent  this  way, 
eitherby  fenfiblefweat,or  infenfiblo  perf|nration,efpeciaHy 
at  the  feet,  the  back,  and  belly,  which  (bould  not  feel  the 
cold.  Therefore,  even  in  fummer,  when  we  wear  very 
thin  cloaths,  it  is  proper  to  covet  the  lower  -belly  with  a 
large  cotton  cloth,  to  pteferve  it  ftbm  colical  difotders, 
which  fuddeo  cold  would  occafioii  there*  '  I  know  the  re- 
medy in  this  cafe  is  fndorifics ;  but  though  they  <^re  the 
prefent  diforder,  they  weaken  the  ma&  of  blood,  and 
alter  its  fermentation,  vyhen  fimilar  and  heterogeneoas 
particles  are  evacuated  promlfcuoufly* 

iVw  In  the  fourth  and  fifth  moons,  May  and  June,  if 
there  be  long  and  continued  rains,  as  it  happens-  in  fome 
fouthern  provinces,  the  dampnefs  of  houfes  fhonld  be  re- 
medied by  burning  odoriferous  herbs  in  them,  or  wood 
well  dried,  and  which  makes  a  clear  fire.  Ht  who  fits 
or  lies  down  in  a  moid  place  is  in  danger  of  a-fit  of  the 
palfy,  or  at  lead  a  very  obftinate  flux.  In  fultry  w^thef, 
when  you  fweat  much,  fhift  your  linen  frequently,  hot 
do  not  put  on  what  hath  been  jufi  dried  in  the  fun. 

V.  When  the  juice  is  fqueezed  out  of  the  canes,  don't 
burn  the  wood  and  hufks  under  your  eyes,  that  fort 
of  fire  having  the  malignant  quality  of  clouding  the  fight. 
You  will  find  the  famie  inconvenience  by  burning  train 
oil  inflead  of  common  oil.  Muik,  and  the  blofiToms  of 
young  oranges,  contain  imperceptible  infefts  ;  therefore  do 

i)Ot  put  your  nofe  to  them,  left  thcfe  fmall  vermin  get  up 

j»         ■  .  •  ...  • 

to 


AMONG  THE  CHINESE.  233 

Co  the  brttn.  The  air  is  fall  of  imperceptible  eggs  of 
TariouB  CmvAl  infeds,  which  we  fuck  into  the  ftoquach 
with  our  breath  ;  but  thej  cannot  be  hatched  there,  fo^ 
ivant  of  a  fit  medium ;  whereas  the  infcAs  which  lay  their 

*  • 

little  eggs  in  the  xneallj  cup  of  flowers,  maj  be  drawn  up 
hj  the  nofe,  with  a  ferment  proper  to  hatch  them. 

yi.  During  the  jthree  fpring  months,  when  nature  i^ 
on  all  fides  in  a  ferment,  we  fliould  conform  ourfelves  to 
it:  to  this  end,  we  ihould  ftir  about,  and  walk,  that  the 
Jimbs  maj  be  more  pliant ;  for  a  fedentar j  and  unaSive 
life  are  at  this  feafon  dire^llj  contrary  to  health.  If  there 
ihould  be  fome  warm  days,  don't  leave  off  your  wintqr 
clothes  too  foon,  nor  all  at  once,  but  by  degrees,  left  you 
ihould  be  furprifed  with  fuddeti  cold  weather,  which  ii^ 
that  feafon  very  commonly  fucceeds  heat* 

VII.  In  fummer,  the  fpirits  in  the  body  are  much  fpent, 
the  reins  are  weakened,  the  radical  moifture  is  wafted, 
and,  if  I  may  nfe  the  exprefiion,  evaporates  in  water 
and  fweat.  At  this  time,  w^  ought  to  take  our  ipeat  a 
little  warm,  and  adapted  to  procure  a  moderate  heat 
within. ,  If,  after  violent  exercife,  you  drink  what  is 
warm,  and  capably  of  raifing  a  fweat,  let  it  take  its 
courfe,  and  be  not  fo  ill  advifed  as  to  ftop  it,  by  throwing 
off  your  clothes,  much  lefs  by  wiping  it  off"  as  faft  as  it 
rifes,  or  with  a  wet  cloth  j  nor  is  it  good  while  you  fweat 
to  fan  yourfelf. 

VIII.  During  the  three  winter  months,  when  the  wa- 
ters have  not  their  free  courfe,  the  blood  in  our  veins 
becomes  flow,  heavy,  and  apt  to  turn  four.  The  vefllli 
being  too  full  for  want  of  perfpiration,  this  fuUnefs  hin- 
ders the  free  motion  of  the  fluids,  and  makes  it  tou  ilow ; 
befides,  the  air  being  full  of  nitre,  which  is  drawn  in  by 
the  breath,  carries  into  the  mafs  of  blood  ftimulat.i».g  par- 

I  tielos. 


234  THE  ART  OF  M£DICIN£ 

ticlesy'bj  which  the  chyle  is  clogged,  and  contrafts  aa 
acidity.  It  is  tlrerefore  neceflary  to  redouble  your  care 
to  maintain  the  natural  heat,  and  vital  fpirits ;  do  not 
then,  during  that  feafoo,  ftir  out  of  doors,  but  upon  great 
necefl^ty ;  keep  yourfelf  warm  within,  and  rife  not  too 
early,  left  you  be'  pinphed  by  the  firft  cold  of  the  white 
frofts*  W^ar  clothes  fit  to  keep  you  warm,  but  do  not 
load  yourfelf  with  fur.  Don't  hover  continually  over  a 
a  fire,  which  may  caufe  a  violent  inward  fermentatioD, 
.enough  to  give  you  a  fever*  Efpecially,  be  advifed  to 
wear  a  double  girdle,  about  four  or  five  inches  broad;  for 
the  heat  which  that  keeps  up  in  the  reins,  warms  the  reft 
of  the  bodyt . 

IX.  In  travelling,  if  jou  go  by  water,  as  it  is  not  eafj 
to  provide,  rife  in  the  morning,  furnilh  yourfelf  before- 
hand with  fome  pills  of  ti  whangs,  and  as  foon  as  you 
awake  fwallow  three  or  four  drams  of  them  in  a  cup  of 
warm  water.  Thefe  pills  are  called  ti  whangs  becaufe 
the  ti  whang  is  the  principal  of  its  five  fmfdl  ingredients  \ 
but  for  want  of  thefe  pills  you  may  take  the  ti  wbang  by 
itfelf. 

If,  in  travelling  by  land,  you  crofs  mountains  burnt 
up  by  the  fun,  though  ever  fo  dry,  do  not  drink  of 
fpring  or  river  water  on  which  the  fun  ihines  ;  for,  be- 
fides  that  it  hath  at  that  time  pernicious  qualities,  it  is 
often  full  of  the  fpawn  of  innumerable  infeds. 

If  you  travel  in  the  midfl:  of  winter,  and  your  feet  are 
frozen,  as  foon  as  you  come  into  your  inn,  order  fome 
water  to  be  brought  juit  lukewarm,  and  bathe  your  feet 
and  hands  with  it,  rubbing  them  gently  to  foften  them, 
and  to  recal  the  natural  heat  into  the  veins  and  arteries. 
After  that  firit  operation,  you  run  no  rifle  in  wafliing  them 
in  ever  fo  hot  water  ;  but  if,  neglecting  that  precaudoo, 

you 


AMONG   THE   CHINSSB.  ,'        285 

you  plunge  your  feet  all  at  once  into  boiling  water,  the 
frozen  blood  coagulates,  the  nerves  and  arteries  will  be 
Jjurt  by  it,  and  you  are  in  danger  of  being  lame  ever 
after.  In  like  manner,  when  you  come  in  benumbed 
ivith  cold,  it  is  not  wholefome  prefendy  to  drink  any 
(bing  hot,  but  ftay  h^f  an  hour  before  you  drink,* 

THE 


*  The  t$  tvbang  is  apthing  elfe  b^t  the  root  of  the  great  comfrey.  Th<; 
beft  grows  in  the  proyince  of  Ho  w^/r,  about  the  city  of  IVhay  kingy  whence 
it  is  called  vfbay  king  ti  xuBtnig,  Thefe  roots,  when  dry,  arc  as  big  af 
one's  thumb,  and  a  great  deal  longer.  This  root  has  excellent  properties; 
inuch  is  afcribed  to  its  virtues  in  Europe,  much  mere  In  Cbina,  A  Chinefe 
phyfician,  who  is  a  chriflian,  afiirms,  that  the  richer  fort,  who  regar4 
their  health,  take  every  morning  fome  fmall  pills  of  iJ  wbangy  jufb  as 
we  fee  many  in  Europe  drink  coffee  or  chocolate.  Some  cut  this  root  into 
little  ilices,  and  boil  it,  or  elfe  diftil  it  in  6alnto  maria\  others  bruife 
it,  make  it  up  into  a  bolus,  and  fwallow  it  in  warm  water.  It  is  ufuall|' 
compounded  with  five  ingredients,  vix.  aromatics,  cordials,  diuretics,  gentle 
fudorifics,  and  weak  acifds,  the  better  to  quicken  and  convey  to  the  vifcera 
the  virtue  of  the  //  whang,  which  always  predominates  in  thefe  pills.  0£ 
thefe  ingredient^  the  principal  is  fu  iin.  You  muft  not  confouad  this 
^oot  with  the  tu  fu  Hn,  v^hich  is  the  efquina  ov  China  root.  The  tu  f» 
iin  is  very  common  in  China,  and  exceeding  cheap.  The  /u  lin,  which  is 
very  much  elleemed,  and  is  very  dear,  tafles  fweet,  is  of  a  temperate 
quality,  and  has  nothing  hurtful  in  it^  or  that  needs  a  corre<5^ive.  It  is  a 
good  remedy  in  difeafes  pf  the  liver  and  ftomach,  in  the  dropfy  and 
^hma.  What  there  is  of  heat  in  it  helps  to  cut  the  phlegm  that  annoys 
the  mouth  and  throat,  and  difperfe  windinefs  in  the  ftomach  ^and  fides; 
moreover,  it  appeafes  grief  of  heart,  and  the  violent  diforders  which 
Strife  in  the  mind  by  ^  excefs  of  forrow  or  fear ;  it  relieves  the  great 
drynefs  of  the  i?iout|i  and  tongue ;  it  hath  the  double  virtue  of  curing  a 
violent  flux  and  a  flpppage  of  urine;  it  flays  immoderate  vomitiings 
and  convulfipns  in  children ;  a.nd,  by  flrengthening  the  kidnies,  difpofes 
women  with  child  for  an  eafy  labpur.  No  vjpegar  nor  acid  meats  mufl  be 
taken  while  this  medicine  is  ufed.  It  may  perhaps  be  afked,  what  fort  of 
(hnib  grows  from  the  fu  iin,  of  what  figure  arc  its  leaves,  flower,  and 

friiit?    The  Chinefe  herbal^fl,  wh^  never  fails  to  take  notice  of  thefe 

.  •  ■       *        ■ .  ■■  •      •  . 

particulars 


236  THE  ART  OF  li^EPIGINB 


THE  REGULATIONS  FOR  REST  AT  NIGHT. 

1  SHALL  take  notice  of  particulars,  ivhich  maj  appeal 
of  little  importance,  and  pe^rhaps  be  treated  as  trifles  $ 


but 


particulars  in  treating  of  plants,  ^oes  not  afcribe  t6  ihtfii  lim  eitker  (bft, 
or  leaves,  or  flowers ;  which  gives  room  to  conjeffture  that  it  Ctnght  to  be 
placed  in  the  clafs  of  troffles.    There  is  ^ood  fu  Hh  to  be  met  with  ii 
the  province  of  Shen  Ji\  and  .there  is  iince  found  better  in  the  province  oC 
Tun  noHy  which  only  is  uf^pd  at  court,  where  a  pound  of  it  is  fold  for  a 
taeL    A  merchant,  fays  Father DentrecoUes,  brought  me  one  of  thefe  rooti 
a  foot  long,  but  not  fo  thick  in  proportion,  and  as  broad  as  one's  haodi 
which  weighed  three  pounds :  I  believe  that  the  reddifli  bark  which  covered 
the  white  fubflaiice  confiderably  increafed  t^e  weight  tA  it.    The  fn  Ik 
grows  alfo  in  the  province  of  Cbe  iyangy  and  is  ufed  in  the  fouthero 
provinces,  where  it  bears  a  good  price  \  but  is  not  comparable  to  that  of 
Tun  nan,     A  learned  phyfician  gives  this  reafon  for  it,  vM.  the  /k  /m  of 
Cbe  kyang^  being  of  a  fpungy  fubftance,  hath  lefs  body  and  ftrength  than 
that  of  Tun  nan,  and  cannot  refill  the  Iharp  and  nitrous  air  of  Pe^bitig; 
on  the  contrary,  the  /u  lin  of  Tun  nan  and  SBen  Ji  is  folid,  has  few  porei, 
and  is  very  ponderous.    This  difference  of  texture,  according  to  the  re- 
marks of  a  Cbinefe  author,  comes  from  hence,  that  the  mountain  pinet, 
fuch  as  thofe  of  Sh^n  Ji  and  Tun  nan^  are  of  a  more  folid  fubftance  than 
thofe  which  grow  by  or  near  the  lea.    But  it  may  be  faid,  to  what  pi^rpofe 
do  you  lie  e  fpeak  of  pines  ?     This  is  the  reafon  of  it,  and  it  confirms  the 
conje£lure  already  made  concerning  the  nature  of  the  fu  lin :  the  Chinefe 
herbalilb,  fays  Father  Den trecolles,  affirms,"!.  That  the  good/W  lin  is  found 
tinder  ground,  upon  mountains  or  in  valleys,  near  thofe  places  where  old 
pines  have  been  cut :    2i  That  it  is  formed  and  receives  its  growth  from 
a  very  fpiritous  fubftance  communicated  from  thofe  pines,  and  fpreadiog 
in  the  foil ;  upon  which  account  I  have  been  of  opinion,  that  the  fu  lin 
might  be  formed  and  grow  in  the  fame  manner  as  truffles,  which  are 
not  faHened  to  the  earth  by  any  perceptible  root.    .Perhaps  the  fii  tin  a 
a  fort  of  funguS;  from  the  great  roots  of  pines  which  have  been  cut,  whofe 
Butricious  juiee^  kept  in  the  earth,  runs  to  a  mafs,  and  produces  chat  fob- 

ftaooQ; 


AMONG  THE  CHINESE.  2^/ 

^itt  experience  has  convinced  me,  that  thefe  very  things, 
infignificaat  as  they  feem,  are  not  to  be  negleded ;  fince, 
bj  obferving  them,  thej  contribute  to  the  prefervation  of 
health. 

I.  As  there  remains,  in  the  evening,  in  the  mouth  and 
between  the  teeth,  an  imwhblefome  filth  from  the  food 
of  the  daji  or  foul  vapours  from  the  ehtraiU,  before  you 

go 


fbmce,  vrhicfa  is  at  firft  foft,  and  more  ot  lefi  fpongry  in  proportion'  to 
the  fatnefs  of  the  pine.  The  fit  lin^  which  I  have  had  in  my  hands, 
feemed  to  me  to  hare  had  no  roots  to  conned  it  to  thofe  of  the  pine; 
and  books<iay  nothing  of  them.  Now,,  did  it  firmly  cohere  to  the  root» 
•f  the  felled  pine,  it  might  be  confidered  as  a  fort  of  mifsletoe  of  tfiofe 
roots,  just  as  the  pine  hath  mifsletoe  on  the  outfide,  which  is  not  faftened 
to  it  by  any  fibre,  though  it  be  nourilhed  by  it.  Theie  are  the  €onjedure» 
of  this  father,  which  will  perhaps  put  ils  on  fearching  in  Eur^pt  after  the 
fu  lin^  on  the  mountains  whence  pines  have  been  long  fince  cut.  The 
fame  phyfician,  adds  Father  DentrecoUes,  having  affured  me  that  the/if  Um 
18  planted  and  cultivated,  I  then  thought  myfetf  miftaken  in  my  conjedure 
of  placing  it  in  the  dafs  of  Truffles ;  but  when  he  told  me  that  he  did 
Aot  think  it  had  a  ftalk  and  leaves  when  planted,  I  returned  to  my  ia9t 
•pinion ;  for  having  read  in  the  didionary  of  the  academy,  that  there 
are  places  whither  they  tranfplant  fmall  truffles,  to  make  them  larger, 
and  that,  being  tranfplanted,  they  flioot  neither  flalk,  branches,  nor  leaves, 
it  feemed  to  me  pofflble  to  be  thus  with  the  planted  and  cultivated 
fu  Uh,  Here  are  two  obfervations  to  be  made,  which  I  ought  not  to 
omit;  the  firft  is,  that  the  fu  I'm  is  prepared  for  ufe,  by  taking  off  the 
rind,  which  is  ufelefs,  and  flightly  boiling  the  inner  fuftance;  the  fecond 
29,  that,  according  to  the  Chinefe  herbaHft,  to  find  the  good/«  /in,  whofe 
fubftance  is  folid  and  dofe,  fuch  as  comes  from  Tun  natty  you  muft  fearch 
for  it  about  fix  foot  round  the  great  pines,  digging  fix  or  feven  feet 
deep.  It  is  pretended,  that  from  the  place  where  it  is  £ound,  there  arifes 
a  fine  vapour,  which  the  ikilful  diftinguiih  by  the  eye.  The  good  /»  //« 
has  this  property  peculiar  to  itfelf,  that  it  lies  in  the  ground  without 
rotting,  or  damage  by  worms ;  and  the  longer  it  lies,  the  more  it  grows^ 
and  the  better  it  is. 


fi3&  THE  ART  OF  MEDIC IN'E 

go  to  bed,  rinfe  your  mouth  well  with  water,  or  with  tti^ 
lukewarm,  and  rub  yctir  teeth  with  a  foft  pliant  bruflt, 
to  keep  them  clean.  You  will  then  ffecl,  in  the  mouth 
and  upon  the  tongue,  an  agreeable  frelhnefs*  This  prac- 
tice will  fe€m  a  little  troublefonie,  but  It  will  be  only  at 
iirft ;  for  after  a  felv  days  you  will  find  pleafure  in  if, 
and  if,  by  forge tfulnefs;  or  any  other  accident,  you  omit 
it,  you  will  not  be  tafy. 

II.  The  middle  of  the  fole  of  the  foot  is  as  the  outlet  ani 
opening  of  a  great  many  fources  of  the  fpirits  difperfed  aU 
over  the  body ;  the  veins  and  arteries  which  end  therei 
are  like  the  inouths  of  rivers,  which  muft  be  kepf  ttpen, 
otherwife  they  are  opprefled  and  overflow.  The  fiiligi- 
nou^  vapours  of  the  blood  are  carried  ofi'  by  infenfible 
perfpiration ;  and  as  viciotis  humours  di£charg«  thedi- 
felves  upon  the  legs,  fome  way  muft  be  opened  to  fatDi^ 
tate  that  perfpiration.  It  is  a  healthy  cuflotn,  when  you 
are  undrefTed,  and  ready  for  the  bed,  to  take  your  foot  ia 
one  hand,  and  with  the  o^her  fmartly  rub  the  bottom  of 
it  as  long  as  ycu  can,  and  till  you  feel  there  a  great  heat) 
then  rub  feparately  every  toe  till  you  are  weary.  This  is 
an  eSedual  method  for  preferving  and  repairing  the  vital 
and  animal  fpirits.* 

in. 


*  What  is  here  recommend^,  I  have  feen  pradifed,  fays  P.  Dcntrecollcs, 
fcy  an  Englifh  gentleman,  ph  board  whofe  (hip  I  was.  He  ufcd  every 
night  to  have  his  feet  rubbed  by  one  of  his  fervants,  following  probably 
an  Englifh  prcfcription,  which  in  t'  is  agrees  with  our  author's  maxim. 
The  European  phyficians  advife  plaiftcrs  to  the  folcs  of  the  feet,  to  allay 
burnings  of  a  fever  attended  with  dilirioufnefs,  and  to  mitigate  the  iharp, 
pains  of  the  cholic.  This  makes  it  credible,  that  the  pradice  recom- 
mended by  our  Chinefe  author  might  be  ufeful  to  fuch  as  would  fubmit 
to  it. 


r 


AMONG  THB  CHINESE,  23^ 

f  lit.  Before  you  He  down,  do  not  amufe  yourfclf  with 
things  that  fliock  the  imagination,  and  leave  impreiSons 
"which  may  difturb  your  reft;  fuch  as  apparitions  of  fpirits, 
nxonftrous  births,  ftrange  feats  of  legerdemain,  or  tragical 
fiories. ,  Thefe  render  your  fleep  unquiet,  which  will  in- 
terrupt the  elaboration  of  the  fpirits,  and  ftop  perfpira- 
tion,  fo  necefiary  to  health. 

IV.  As  foon'as  you  are  in  bed,  you  fhould  lull  the  heart 
to  ileep ;  I  mean,  you  fliould  compofe  it,  and  caft  afide 
every  thought  which  may  banifli  fleep.  Lie  upon  either 
fide,  bend  your  knees  a  little,  and  fleep  in  that  pofture, 
-which  wUl  prevent  the  diffipation  of  the  vital  and  animal 
fpirits,  and  keep  the  heart  in  goo4  cafe.  Every  time 
you  awake,  ftretch  yourfelf  in  bed.  This  will  render 
the  courfe  of  the  fpirits,  and  the  circulation  of  the  bloody 
more  free.  Sleep  not  in  the  pofture  of  a  dead  man,  fays 
Confii^us ;  that  is,  lie  not  on  your  back.  Let  not  your 
hands  reft  upon  your  breaft  or  heart,  and  then  you  will 
have  no  frightful  dreams,  or  fancy  that  fome  yen^  or  evil 
fpirit,  opprefles  you,  and  hold$  you,  as  it  were,  benumbed^ 
fo  that  you  cannot  help  yourfelf,  by  fliaking  or  changing 
pofture. 

V.  When  once  you  are  in  bed,  keep  filence,  and  re« 
frain  from  all  talking.  Of  the  internals,  the  lungs  ar6 
the  tendereft,  which  are  placed  above  the  others,  and 
ferve  for  refpiration,  and  formation  of  the  voice :  when, 
therefore,  you  are  laid  down  in  a  proper  pofture,  they 
incline  to  and  reft  upon  the  lide ;  whereas,  if  you  talk, 
you  force  the  lungs  to  raife  themfelves  in  part,  and,  by 
ftrongly  heaving,  they  fliake  all  the  other  noble  internal 
parts.  A  comparifon  Will  help  to  make  you  underftand 
me. — The  voice,  which  comes  from  the  lungs,  is  like  the 
found  from  a  bell ;  if  the  bell  be  not  hung,  you  damage 

It 


•» 


•** 


240  THE  ART  OF  MEDICINE- 

it  by  ftriking  it  to  make  it  found.  It  is  faid,  that  Con- 
fucius made  it  a  law  to  bimfelf  not  to  fpeak  after  he  was 
in  bed,  no  doubt  for  this  reafon.*. 

Ti.  Sleep  with  your  head  waA  face  uncovered^  that  you 
may  breathe  more  purely  and  freely.  Accuftom  yonxfdf 
to  fleep  with  the  mouth  fliut ;  nothing  tends  more  to 
pireferVe  the  radical  moifture,  ^hich  vaniihes  and  eva- 
porates through  an  open  mouth.  The  leM^  incoave- 
nience  that  can  happen  from  it,  is  an  eaiij  lo&  of 
teeth ;  for  the  air,  by  continually  paf&ng  in  and  out  be* 
tween  them,  hurts,  and  by  degrees  loofens  them.  Be- 
fides,  one  is  liable  to  draw  in  grofs  particles  or  malignant 
influences ji  whichj  paffing  through  the  mouth,  iniinuate 
into  the  body,  infed  the  blood,  and  give  riiie  to  various 
diHempers. 

VII.  Sleep  not  oa  the  ikins  of  tigers  or  leopards.  If 
the  hairs  of  thefe  creatures  enter  never  fo  little  into  the 
flelh,  you  will  find  how  venomous  they  are.  Neither 
fleep  in.  the  air,  on  the  dew,  upoa ,  cold  ftooes,  or  in 
a  damp  place,  nor  even  upon  beds  or  chairs  that  arc 
vamifhed.  Such  indifcretion  will  occafion  palfies,  riog- 
worms,  and  cold  diilempers.     It  is   alfo  dangerous  to 

reft 


*  This  author  reafons  according  to  his  flender  notions  ot  Boanomf;  for 
it  is  plain  he  knew  but  tittle  of  the  ftrudure  of  the  lungB,  the  iepanttioi^ 
of  its  lobes,  and  how  eafy  it  changes  its  figure.  He  is  ignorant  alio  of 
the  offific  of  the  midriff,  which  is  the  a^ve  inftrument  of  refpiration; 
Ikicey  by  contradling  its  mufdes,  it  admits  the  air  into  the  langs,  and 
expels  it,  by  relaxing  them.  Would  he  hav%  thofe  dumb  who,  by  mere 
weaknefs,  or  in  extreme  eld  age,  are  confined  to  their  beds  for  whole 
years  ?  He  feeks  too  muck  for  myilery  in  the  filence  which  Confii^a» 
kept  at  night:  he  then  forbore  to  talk  with  his  difciples,  probably 
becaufe  he  had  difcourfed  enough  with  them  in  the  day,  and  wasted 
refi. 


e 


••  I 


It'* 


"[^  Al«0NO  THE  CHINESE.  241 

reft  ones  felf  in  chairs,  or  on  Hones,  heated  bj  the  fun. 
A  malignant  heat  might  infinuate  into  the  bodj,.  fix 
the /humours  in.  fome  one  place,  and  caufe  an  abfcefs 
there.  *  •'  . 

Thus  you  have  a  fummary  of -the  precepts,  which  the 
Chinefe  phyfician  gives  to  preCerve  health,  and  to  pro- 
long life  to  extreme-  old  age.  We  may  no  ■  doubt  be 
furprised  to  find  the  Cidnefe  (who  are  fo  little  verfed 
in  the  fcience  of  anatomy,  which  is  the  moft  important 
part  of  phyfic,  fof  difcovering  the  caufes  of  difeafes) 
reafoning  as  if  they  underflood  it.  They  fupply  what  is 
wanting  in  this  part  by  experience, ,  and  by  their  fkill  in 
determining  by  the  pulfe  the  difpofition  of  the  inward 
parts,  in  order  to  reilore  them  to  their  natural  (late  by- 
proper  medicines*  And,  when  all  is  done,  no  more  fick 
perfons  die  under  their  hands,  than  do  under  thofe  of  the 
moft  able  phyficians  in  Europe. 

Upon  the  whole,  the  perfonal  experience  of  a  phyfician, 
who  knew  how  to  recover  his  own  health,  which  was 
ruined  in  his  childhood,  ought,  methinks,  to  give  weight 
to  thofe  means  which  he  tried.  Yet  I  doubt  whether  the 
rules  he  prefcribes  will  be  as  well  approved  in  Emrope 
as  they  are  in  Ghina« 

THE  MEANS  OF  HAPPINESS. 

The  way  to  live  happy,  is  not  to  be  perplexed  with  too 
many  cares }  and  happinefs  in  one's  ftation  is  the  way  to 
enjoy  a  long  life.  One  man,  by  too  much  adivity,  lofcs 
what  another  gains  by  being  entirely  maftcr  of  himfelf. 

Fol.  Ill  .  Q^ 


242  THE  ART  OF  MEDIClNii  • 


CAUSES  OF  LONG  LIFE. 

1  HE  care  of  inculcating  virtue  upon  your  children  will 
recommend  you  and  your  family  a  great  deal  more  than 
the  fined  buildings  can.  It  is  a  common^  but  an  ill  founded, 
opinion,  that  the  northern  climate  is  a  great  deal  better  than 
the  fouthern  provinces,  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  for- 
mer live  much  longer^,  and  in  greater  plenty,  than  ihofe 
of  the  latter.  This  long  and  happy  life  ought  not  to  be 
attributed  to  the  goodnefs  of  the  climate,  but  to  the  wife 
conduft  of  the  inhabitants. 

To  convince  you  of  this,  let  us  enter  into  a  fmall  detail. 
In  the  northern  provinces,  the  richeft  ladies  give  fuck  to 
their  own  children  themfclves,  and  don't  feek  for  any  nurfcs 
upon  whom  they  may  devolve  that  care ;  but  in  the  fouth- 
ern provinces,  women  of  the  mbft  ordinary  r^nk  hire 
ftrange  nurfes,  at  a  very  dear  rate.  In  the  northern  pror 
vinces,  they  who  have  lands,  cultivate  them  with  tlieir  own 
hands ;  or  at  leaft  they  look  over  the  cultivation  of  them, 
fparing  neither  fatigue  nor  care.  In  the  hot  countries, 
tney  farm  tHeir  lands  out,  and  live  quietly  upon  their  rents, 
breeding  up  their  children  in  fo .  much  idlenefs,  that  they 
don^t  fo  much  as  know  a  waggon,  and  can  fcarce  diftinguifli 
the  five  forts  of  grain  neceffary  to  the'  fubGftence  of  life. 
In  the  north,  wives  and  maids  -are  at  no  exp^nce  for  paint, 
which  they  fcldom  or  never  uf? ;  their  clothes  are  of  home- 
fpun  (lufF,  and  the  ornaments  of  their  heads  are  very  mo- 
deft.  It  is  otherwife  with  the  fouthern  countries,  where 
the  women  muft  have  gold,  pearls,  and  bodkins  for  their 
hair,  fet  with  diamonds,  in  order  to  drefs  themfelves.  If 
in  one  family  there  are  wives,  daughters,  daughters  and 
(ifters-in-law,  what  expence  does  this  Cngle  article  require ' 

*  ^  If 


Ali^ONG  THE  CHINESt:.  243 

If  an  entertainment  is  prepared  in  the  northern  countries, 
it  coniifts  of  pigs»  flieep,  pullets,  ducks,  pulfe,  and  fruits 
growing  upon  the  fpot ;  and  thefe  entertainments  are  very 
ft^ldom  made,  and  never  but  upon  extraordinary  occafions. 
But  in  the  fouthern  provinces,  they  are  treating  their  friends 
every  moment  with  thefe  kinds  of  entertainments,  and  the. 
houfe  refounds  with  the  noife  of  the  mufic  and  the  founds 
of  the  inilruments.  An  hundred  forts  of  precious  furni- 
ture arc  expofed  to  the  eyes  of  the  gueft  ;  and  the  fervices 
are.compofed  of  the  fruits  of  the  four  feafons,  and  the 
meat  of  every  proyince. 

AN  ENCOMIUM  UPON  TEMPERANCE. 

Our  longeft-lived  emperors  were  *  Han  vu  ti,  Lyang 
vu  ti,  and  Song  kau  tfong ;  the  firft  living  70,  and  the 
other  two  upwards  of  80  years.  The  maxim  of  Han  vu  ti 
was,  that  temperance  was  the  beft  phyfic.  Lyang  vfi  ti 
faid  of  himfelf,  that  he  had  lain  thirtj  years  in  an  apart- 
ment feparate  from  his  wives.  As  for  Song  kau  tfong, 
though  he  was  naturallj  of  a  ftrong  conditution,  jet  he 
was  always  very  moderate  in  his  ufe  of  pleafures,  and 
xnafter  of  his  paiSons. 

UPON  THE  SAME  SUBJECT. 

Li  king  ta,  though  capable  of  the  greateft  pofts,  would 
never  enter  into  them.  He  retired  to  the  mountains 
Ki  chew,  that  he  might  fludy  the  dodrine  of  the  philo- 
fophers  Lan  and  Chwang.     Many  years  after  he  retired, 

Qj^    \  Wang 

*  HaDg,  Lyang,  Song,  are  the  names  of  three  dynattiei. 


244'  THE  ART  OF  MEDXCiNJ?,  &C, 

Wang  Shew  Ching,  Lyn  Chongi  and  others,  paid  him  ^ 
vifit,  and  alked  him  for  the  fecret  of  preferving  life  and 
health.  What  are  our  bodies,  anfwered  he,  but  a  eom- 
pofition  of  blood  and  animal  fpirits  ?  That  pretended 
iniraculous  ftone  which  people  talk  of,  is  only  a  com- 
pound of  vegetables,  flones,  and  nietals.  How  abfurd  is 
it  to  believe,  that  this  compofition  can^  ever  prefcrve  or 
reioftate  the  blood  and  the  fpirits  in  their  vigour  and  due 
circulation  !  To  live  always  frugally,  without  buftle,  in 
quiet,  and,  above  all,  in  a  great  abflraftion  of  heart  and 
mind,  is  the  great  medicine,  and  the  precious  ilone,  whofe 
virtues  are  fo  rare. 


t 


A^ 


J> 


>.. 


■      *i 


I 


NUMBER  Vllt. 


&ANT  ON  THE  ABT  OF  PREVENTING  JDISEASfiSt 


>  ■    ♦. 


IJ^TRODUCTION. 

It  is  no  eafy  matter  to  gee  an'  Engliih  coat  fitted  on 
the  German  philofoplier.  This  will  account  for  the  un«. 
couthnefs  and  irregularity  in  the  following  paper.  Aa 
elegant  tranflation  of  any  of  the  works  of  the  celebrated 
Kant  is  a  mere  impol]ibility«-^At  one  time  grave  and 
deeply  metaphyfical,  at  another  jocdfe  and  indirefily 
fatirical ;  hi^  language  and  arguments  are  now  meafured 
and  precife,  now  irregular  and  difllife.  This  is^peculi-^ 
arly  charafteriftic  of  fuch  of  his  works  as  were  written 
at  an  fidvantfed  period  of  his  life*  Add  to  thi^^  that 
when  he  onde  gets  involved  in  metaphyfical  tranfcen* 
dentalitks^  his  eacpreffions  are  fo  profoundly  myftical  ad 
to  be  fcarcely  Goo^preheniible,  even  to  his  own  country* 
iBeUk  .  ' 

But)  even  with  all  thefe  defeSs,  his  works  certainly 
contain  a  great  deal  of  fterling  matter ;  <  and  the  mofl 
trifling  compolition  of  a  man  who  has  pf  odaced  fuch  a 
fenfation  on, the  philofophical'wo^ldy  by  fubmitting  a  cd&e 
tinued  fyftem  of  ideas^  cannot  be  altogether  unworthy  of 
notice*  .  .         * 


246  KANT  ON  THE  POWER  OF 

In  tranflating  his  Treatife  on  the  art  of  preventing 
difeafes,  I  have  endeavoured  to  flick  as  clofe  as  pofliblc 
to  my  original ;  conceiving,  that  every  facrifice  ought  to 
be  made  in  order  to  preferve  the  plain  mj^aning  of  the 
author. 


[This  TreaCife  bears  the  following  title :  Fou  der  'Mack  Ja 
Gemulh*s  durch  den  hlojfen  Vorfat%  feiner  hrankbaften  Gefibk 
Meifter  %u  feln.  Englifh,  On  the  Power  of  the  Mind  m  over' 
coming  unpleafunt  Senfatlons  by  mere  Refolution.'] 

» 
Tratjflatcdby  ^(fhn  C.  Colquhouny  Efq. 

1  HE  univerfal  means  propofed  at  the  outfet,  regards 
;  only  the  fcience  of  Dietetics;  that  is,  it  is  merely  of 
qjegative  effed,  confidered  a*s  the  art  of  preventing  dif- 
eafes. 

But  fuch  an  ;art  prefuppofes  ^  certain  |fower  .of  the 
mind,  which  philofophy  alone,  or  the  fpirit  of  philofophj, 
can  produce  ;  and  to  this  power  merely  does  the  dietetic 
proportion  announced  in  the  title  refer. 

As  I  cannot  illuftrate  this  propofition  by  examples 
drawn  from  the  experience  of  others,  I  inuft  neceffarily 
confult  my  own;  and  when  I  have  made  known  tne  re- 
fult,  I  may  then  put  the  ijuellion  to  others, — Whether  or 
not  they  have  made  fimilar  obfervations  ? 

There  are  twa  wiihes  which  are  entertained  by  the 
generality  of  mankind,  Viz.  health  and'  long  life.    But 

the 


RESOLUTION   OVER  DISEASE.  247 

the  former  wifti  Is  not  the  neccffary  condition  of  the  latter  j 
it  is  quite  unconditional.  The  poor  wretch,  who  has  been 
for  years  lying  in  the  hofpital,  in  a  (late  of  (icknefs  and 
debility,  is  often  heard  to  exprefs  the  wifh  that  death  might 
foon  deliver  him  from  fuffering.  But  this  wifh  is  not  ut- 
tered from  the  heart.  It  is  i-ndeed  di£l:ated  by  reafon ;  but 
oppofed  by  a  ftronger  principle, — ^that  of  natural  inftinft. 
£ven  when  he  hails  death  as  his  deliverer,  he  (till  demands 
a  (hort  delay ;  he  continually  finds  fome  pretext  for  the 
procraflination  of  his  peremptory  decree.  The  fanatic  re- 
folution  of  the  fuicide  to  put  a  period  to  his  exidence 
forms  no  exception  from  this  general  obferv^tion ;  becaufe 
it  mud  be  regarded  merely  as  the  cfFefl:  of  a  momentary 
phrenzy. 

With  regard  to  health  as  the  fecond  natural  wifli,  it  is 
not  fo  eafily  afcertained.  One  may  conceive  himfelf  to  be 
in  perfeft  health,  (he  may  judge  of  the  agreeable  feel- 
ings of  life),  and  yet  be  ignorant  whether  he  is  fo  in 
reality. 

Every  caufe  of  natural  death  is  difcafe,  whether  it  is 
perceived  or  not.  There  are  many  perfons  of  whom  we 
fay,  without  wifhing  to  ridicule  them,  that  they  are  always 
flckly,  yet  never  fick  5  whofe  diet  is  a  continual  alternate 
departure  from,  and  recurrence  to,  a  particular  mode  of 
living  ;  and  who,  notwithftanding,  live  to  a  good  old  age ; 
although,  perhaps,  they  may  not  have  made  any  great  ex- 
ertion of  their  powers.  But  how  many  of  my  friends  and 
acqaintances  have  I  furvived^  who,  having  adopted  a 
regular  mod^  of  living,  and  perfevcr  i  in  it,  boafted  of 
the  enjoyment  of  pcrfeft  health,  while,  in  the  meantime, 
the  feeds  of  death  (difeafe),  which  hy  in  them  unper- 
ceivcd,  were  rapidly  proceeding  towards  their  develope- 
ment,  although  the  perfons  themfelves  were  inconfcious  of 

0^4  any 


248  KANT  ON  TH£  POVTEIE  OF 

any  malady.  Every  caufe  of  natural  death,  as  was  faid 
above,  is  difeafe  ^  but  the  connection  between  the  caufe 
and  its  tWcSt  we  cannot  poi&bly  feel;  the  underilandiog 
alone  can  perceive  it,  wl^ofe  judgment  may  be  erroneous  v 
but  our  fenfations  do  not  deceive  us ',  and^  for  thcs  reafon, 
we  generally  believe  ourfelves  to  be  in  a  ftate  of  health, 
unlefs  our  feelings  inform  us  of  the  contrary.  But  the 
abfence  of  thefe  feelkigs  adrnits  of  no  other  expreffions 
for  the  ftate  of  the  frame,  than  that  it  is  ap|)arentl]r 
healthy. 

PBINC^PLB  OF  DIETETICS. 

1  HE  dodrine  of  dietetics  muft  not  proceed  upon  the 
notion  of  eafe ;  for  this  faving  of  bur  powers  and  fe^ingSr 
brings  on  weaknefs  and  imbecility,  and  a  gradual  decay  of 
our  viul  powers,  from  the  want  of  exetcife,  as  a  too  fre« 
quent  and  too  violent  exertion  exhaufts  them^  The  doc- 
trine of  the  Aoics^/tf/lme  et  abjline^  ass  principle  of  dietetics^ 
belongs  not  only  to  practical  philofophy,  conlidered  as 
moral  fcience)  but  like  wife  when  regarded  as  «r9  medica- 
irix.  This  art  aflumes  then  the  form  of  philofophy,  when 
the  mere  power  of  reafon  in  mankind,  in  overcoming 
fenfations  by  a  governing  principle,  determines  their  man- 
ner of  living.  On  the  other  hand,  when  it  endeavours  to 
excite  or  avert  thefe  fe^fations,  by  external  corporeal 
means,  the  art  becomes  merely  empiric  and  mechanical. 

An  exo^fs  of  warnnftl^  of  fleep,  and  the  tender  treaf- 
ment  of  a  healthy  perfon,  are  to  be  confidered  as  evil  ha« 
bits,  which  originate  from  the  notion  of  eafe.' 

I.  In  confulting  my  own  experience,  T  can  by  no  means 
fubfcribe  the  prefcriptioq — *  One  ought  to  keep  his  head 
*  and  feet  warm**    I  have  found  it,  on  the  contrary,  much 


^ 


L"> 


RESOLUTION  OVER  DISEASE, 


249 


niore  conducive  to  health  to  keep  both  cold ;  .to  which  the. 
Ruffians  add  the  bread ;  and  my  reafon  for  this  is,  that  by 
following  this  ma^im,  one  is  not  fo  liable  to  catch  cold. 
It  is  indeed  much  more  comfortable  to  wafli  the.  feet,  in 
-winter,  with  warm  water,  than  with  coldj  but  we  are 
thereby  expofed  to  the  danger  of  tdrpidity  in  the  blood- 
vefTels,  which,  in. old  age,  often  produces  an  incurable 
difeafe  in  the  feet.  .  To  keep  the  belly  warm  in  cold  wea- 
ther might,  however,  be  laid  down  as  a  dietetic  prc- 
fcription,  on  account  of  the  bowels  it  contains,  with 
the  nature  of  whi{:h  a  confiderable  degree  of  heat  is  con- 
genial. 

II.  To  fleep  much  at  a  time,  or  at  intervals,  is  a  method 
of  avoiding  thofe  cares  to  which  we  are  expofed,  when 
awake.  But  it  is  indeed  fingular,  that  mankind  ihotild 
defire  long  life,  in  order  to  confume  the  greater  part  of  it 
in  fleep.  This  notion  of  eafe,  however,  as  a  means  of 
promoting  longevity,  contradicts  itfelf  in.  the  end.  For 
the  habit  of  awaking,  and  again  falling  afleep,  alternately, 
in  long  winter  nights,  is  hurtful  and  deftruftive  to  the  whole 
nervous  fyftem,.  and,  in  deceitful  reft,  in  the  higheft  degree , 
debilitating  >  and  this  facrifice  to  cafe  is  therefore  a  caufe  of 
the  ihortnefs  of  life. 

The  couch  is  the  neft  of  numberlefs  difeafes. 

III.  To  beftow  upon  ourfelves  a  careful  and  delicate 
treatment,  in  old  age,  merely  for  the  fake  of  fparing  our 
powers,  by  avoiding  inconveniences,  as,  for  example^  to 
avoid  going  abroad  in  bad  weather,  or,  in  general,  to  de- 
legate that  labour  to  others  which  we  ourfelves  might  un* 
dertake,  and  to  hope  for  longevity  by  this  means,  is  like- 
wife  contradi£lory .  to  its  end,  and  rather  tends  to  produce 
what  we  wiih  to  avoid— a  fpeedy  old  age  and  (hortnefs  of 
life.  '    '  ■ 

It  has  often  been  a  fubje£):  of  diipute,  whether  or  not 


r 


\ 

t  1  < 


250  KANT  ON  THE  POWER  OF 

the  ftate  of  marriage  contributes  to  promote  longevity.  I 
have  indeed  obferved,  that  unmarried  perfons,  or  thofe 
who  were  early  left  in  a  ftate  of  widowhood^  prefervej  for 
the  moft  part,  longer  a  youthful  appearance  than  married 
perfons  ;  which  feems  to  indicate  long  life.  Perhaps  the 
latter  betray,  in- their  harftier  features,  the  marks  of  a  con- 
jugal ftate }  which  leads  us  to  fuppofe  them  fhorter  lived. 
But  in  examining  this  principle,  I  have,  under  the  conduA 
of  experience,  difcovered  a  fa£l,  which  feems  to  be  de- 
cifive  to  the  contrary.  I  found,  in.the  whole  lift  of  perfons 
who  had  lived  to  an  extraordinary  age  (iao*i6o),  not  a 
fingle  one  unmarried;  nay,  they  had  all  been  married 
feveral  times,  and  moft  of  them  again  in  the  laft  days  of 
their  lives*  In  fome  families,  longevity  is  hereditary ;  and  a 
connection  formed  with  fuch  a  family  might  perhaps  lay 
the  foundation  of  another. 

A  habit  of  philofophiGng,  without  perhaps  being  really 
a  philofopher,  is  likewife  a  means  of  averting  many  un- 
pleafant  fenfations,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  the  intereft  we 
feel  in  the  employment,  produces  a  certain  aftivity  of  mind, 
which  renders  us  in  a  manner  independent  of  external  ac- 
cidents ;  and  although  it  is  a  mere  play,  ftill  it  is  powerful 
in  its  effefts,  by  preventing  the  vital  powers  from  becoming 
torpid  from  the  want  of  exertion. 

True  philofophy,  on  the  other  hand,  which  finds  an  in- 
tereft in  the  whole  of  the  obje£b  of  reafon,  produces  a 
feeling  of  power  which  can,  in  a  certain  degree,  alleviate 
the  bodily  infirmities  of  age,  by  a  reafonable  appreciation 
of  the  value  of  life.  But  new  opening  profpe£ls  in  the 
enlargement' of  our  ideas,  although  they  may  not  properly 
belong  to  philofophy,  are  produftive  of  the  famci  or  a 
fimilar  efte£): ;  and  the  mathematician^  who  has  an  imme- 
diate intereft  in  the  fcience,  is,  in  fo  far,  likewife  a  philo- 

pher, 


RESOLUTION  OVER.  DISEASE.  S51 

pher^  and  enjoys  the  beneficial  confequences  of  fuch  an 
exertion  of  his  powersi  in  a%  freih  and  unexhaufted  old 

age? 

Mere  trifles,  in  a  ftate  void  of  anxiety,  produce  alfo,  to 

thofe  of  more  limited  capacities,  almoft  the  fame  efFe£i:; 

and  thofe  who,  with  nothing  to  do,  are  ftill  continually 

employed  about  fomething,  generally  attain  a  good  age* 

A  certain  man,  pretty  much  advanced  in  life,  was  greatly 

intereAed  in  bringing  all  the  clocks  in  his  room  to  ftrike  * 

the  one  after  the  other,  and  no  two  ^t  the  fame  time  5 

which  labour  gave  himfelf  and  the  watchmaker  occupation 

enough  during  the  whole  day.     Another  fouitd  fu£Scient 

employmfr^  in  the  care  and  feeding  of  his  finging  birds, 

in  order  to  fill  tip  the  time  between  his  own  meals  and 

fleep.     An  old  woman  of  fortune,  who  occupied  herfelf 

the  whole  day  wtth  her  fpinning  wheel,  intermingling  her 

labour  with  infignificant  converfation,  complained,,  ab  a 

very  advanced  age,  as  one  would  upon  thelofs  of  an 

agreeable  company,  that,  as  (he  could  no  longer  feel  the 

thread  between-her  fingers,  ihe  was  in  danger  of  dying  for 

innuu  , 

OF    HYPOCONDRIASIS. 

JL  HE  weaknefs  of  allowing  ourfclves  to  become  the  prey 
of  difagreeable  feiifations,  which  have  no  determinate  ob- 
jeft,  without  attempting  to  overcome  them — the  hypocondria 
vaga^  a  difeafe  which  does  not  originate  from  any  bodily 
indifpofition,  but  is,  in  fad,  a  mere  creature  of  the  ima- 
gination, by  which  the  patient  fancies  himfelf  afBi£):ed 
with  all  manner  of  difeafes  of  which  he  has  read  or  heard 
— this  is  the  dire£l  reverfe  of  that  power  of  the  mind  by 
which  we  are  enabled  to  overcome  unpleafant  fenfations.' 

It 


tt 


252  KANT  OK  THE  POWER  OF 

It  is  the  terror  of  evils  whieh  might  affliA  mankind^  with-^ 
out  their  being  able  to  oppofe  them,  were  they  reAy  lo 
take  place ;  a  fort  of  phrenzy,  which  may  indeed  proceed 
from  fome  difeafed  matter  not  immediately  falling  under 
the  cognizance  of  the  fenfesi  but  is  merely  reprefented  by 
the  imagination  as  9n  evil  which  awaits  us.  In  this  cafe» 
the  felf^tormentor  {heauttmtimoruminos\  without  calling 
his  own  courage  into  exertion,  in  vain  demands  the  aid  of 
the  phyfician ;  whilft  himfelf  alone^  by  a  proper  regimen 
of  his  own  thoughts,  can  do  away  thofe  oppreflive  rq>re- 
fentations  of  evils,  which  might  perhaps  be  incurable  wero 
they  really  to  take  place. 

On  account  of  my  flat  and  narrow  cheft,  which  leaves 
little  room  for  the  motion  of  the  heart  and  lungs,  I  have 
always  had  a  natural  difpofition  towards  hypocondriafis  \ 
which,  in  my  earlier  year^,  rendered  me  even  diigufted 
with  life*  But  the  confideration,  that  the  caufe  of  this 
obftruflion  was  perhaps  nxerely  mechanical,  and  could  not 
be  removed  foon,  led  me  to  pay  little  attention  to  it ;  and 
whilft  I  felt  my  breaft  heavy  and  full>  my  head  was  not- 
withftanding  clear  and  cheerful  \  which  cheerfulneis  did 
not  fail  to  communicate  itfelf  in  foctety,  not  by  fits  and 
ftarts,  as  is  ufual  with  hypocondriac  perfons,  but  naturally 
and  defignedly. 

/  The  obftru&ion  ft  ill  remains ;  for  the  caufe  of  it  lies  in 
my  bodily  frame.  But  I  have  overcome  its  influence  on 
my  thoughts  and  anions,  by  turning  my  attention  afide 
from  this  feelingi  as  if  I  had  nothing  to  do  with  it. 

OF  SLEEP. 

Among  the  unpleafant  fenfations,   may  be  reckoned 
that  of  being  unable  to  fleep  at  our  accuftomed  time^  or 
i  to 


&SSOLUTION  6V£R  DISEASE.  253 

to  keep  ourfclves  awake ;  but  particularly  the  former.  To 
chafe  away  all  thought  is,  indeed,  the  ufual  advice  given 
by  the  phyfician  in  a  cafe  of  this  kind  ;  but  ftill  the  fame 
thoughts  recur,  or  others  in  their  ftead.  Here,  however, 
there  is  no  other  dietetic  counfel  than,  upon  the  confciouf* 
nefs  of  any  rifing  thought,  to  turn  the  attention  immediately 
from  it,  when,  by  the  interruption  of  that  one  thought,  a 
gradual  confufion  of  ideas  arifes,  by  which  theconfcioufnefs 
of  our  external  fituation  is  removed,  and  a  quite  difierent 
order  takes  place;  an. involuntary  play  of  the  imagination, 
in  which,  by  means  of  a  wonderful  artifice  of  the  animal 
organization;  the  body  becomes  incapable  of  external  mo«. 
tion,  while  it  is  ftill  alive  to,  and  extremely  agitated  by,  the 
internal  or  vital  motion. 

This  agitation  is  caufed  by  dreams,  which,  .  although 
when  awake  we  may  not  be  able  to  recal  them  to  our  re- 
colle&ion,  muflb  have  taken  place ;  becaufe  in  the  cafe  of  a 
total  want  of  them-*-if  the  nervous  powers,  which  proceed 
from  the  brain,  the  feat  of  our  reprefentations,  did  not 
woric  in  combination  with  the  mufcular  powers  of  the 
bowels*— life  could  not  be  for  a  moment  fuftained.  For 
this  reafon,  it  is  probable  that  all  animals  dream  when  they 
ileep. 

Every  perfon,  however,  who  has  gone  to  bed,  and  pre« 
pared  himfelf  for  ileep,  will  fometimes  find  his  endeavours 
to  procure  it,  by  thus  averting  his  attention  from  his  ruling 
thoughts,  unfuccefsful.  In  this  cafe,  he  will  feel  fo;ne- 
thing  fpaftic  in  the  brain  $  which  circumftance  coincides 
with  the  obfervation,  that  a  man  is  always,  immediately 
^lipon  awaking,  about  half  an  inch  taller  than  if  he  had  re^ 
piained  in  bed  awake. 

As  want  of  fleep  is  a  common  complaint  of  infirm  old 
f ^e,  I  have  felt,  for  about  a  year  paft,  attacks  fomething 

^fimila? 


254  KANT  ON  THE  POWER  OF 

£milar  to  the  cramp,  accompanied  with  very  acute  pain, 
although  with  none  of  that  real  and  Tifibk  motion  of  the 
parts  aflFed^edi  as  generally  attend  cramps*  Thefe  paios  I 
fuppofed  to  be  fits  of  the  gout,  according  to  the  defcription 
others  gave  me  of  that  difeafe :  I  therefore  had  recourfe  to 
the  phyfician. 

But,  in  the  meattttme,  becoming  rather  impatient  at 
finding  myfelf  prevented  from  fleepingi  I  fummonedup 
my  ftoic  principles,  and  tamed  my  thoughts  with  eameft- 
nefs  towards  fome  indifferent  obje£l^  (as,-  for  exam^e,  to- 
wards the  comprehenfive  name  of  Cicero)  in  order  to  avert 
my  attention  from  thefe  fenfations ;  by  which  means  they 
very  foon  became  blunted,  and  werie  finally  overcome  hj 
drowfinefs.  And  this  remedy  I  can  at  all  times  repeat 
with  equal  fuccefs,  whenever  my  fleep  is  interrupted  by 
attacks  of  this  kind.  But  to  convince  me  that  thefe  pains 
were  not  merely  imaginary,  I  perceived,  in  the  morning, 
that  the  toes  of  my  left  foot  wefe  very  much  inflamed.  I 
am  perfuaded,  that  many  attacks  of  the  gout,  cramps,  and 
epileptic  fits,  and  even  the  podagra,  which  has  been  fo 
long  held  incurable,  might  be  alleviated,  and  perhaps  by 
degrees  totally  removed,  by  means  of  this  firm^refolution 
at  every  new  attack ;  provided  that  our  fenfual  regimen  did 
not  oppofe  the  cure.  , 


QW  BATING   AN0   BBINKING. 

"pOK  thofe  who  are  young,  and  in  a  ftate  of  pcrfeS  health, 
it  is  certainly  the  mod  judicious  plan  to  confult  merely  the 
appetite  with  regard  to  their  diet,  both  as  to  the  time  and 
the  quantity.  But  in  infirm  age,  a  certain  habitual,  ap- 
proved, and  wholefome,  mode  of  living  ought  to  be  adopt- 
ed 


RESOLUTION   OVER   DISEASE.  255 

ed  and  followed  out  from  day  to  day ;  provided  the  necef- 
fary  exceptions  are  made  for  the  want  of  appetite.  In  old 
age,  for  example,  the  appetite  rejefts  a  quantity  of  liquid 
(foup  or  water),  and  requires  more  fubflantial  food,  and 
more  irritating  beveridge,  in  order  to  promote  the  motion 
of  the  bowels  and  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  In  aged 
people,  water  requires  a  longer  period  of  time  before  it  is 
received  into  the  blood,  if  it  does  not  contain  liquid  par- 
ticles aflimilated  with  the  blood  (fuch  as  wine).  The  de- 
fire  which  the  appetite  feels  towards  drinking  water— 
thirft  is,  for  the  moft  part,  a  mere  habit,  and  can  be  over- 
come by  the  firm  refolution  not  to  yield  to  it ;  and  by  this 
means  the  defire  is  brought  within  the  meafure  of  the  na- 
tural want.  The  drinking  a  quantity  of  water  is  likewifc 
prejudicial  to  fleep,  becaufc  the  warmth  of  the  blood  15 
thereby  leffencd. 

« 

OP    THE    UNPLEASANT   SENSATION   PRODUCED   BY 
INOPPORTUNE  MEDITATION. 

1  HOUGHT  is  to  the  philofopher  a  means  of  nouriihmenty 
without  which  he  could  not  live  when  alone  and  awake. 
But  to  employ  ourfelves  in  deep  meditation  over  a  certain 
determined  objefb,  when  engaged  in  eating  or  walking, 
produces,  in  rhe  firft  cafe,  hypochondriacs,  in  the  fecond, 
giddinefs*  In  order,  therefore^  to  avoid  thefe  unpleafant 
fenfations,  by  means  of  a  dietetic  principle^  it  is  only  requi- 
fite  to  devote  a  certain  portion  of  time  to  their  different 
employments  alternately,  and  during  the  period  allotted  to 
recreation,  to  fet  afide  all  ferious  meditation,  and,  to  allow 
full  fcope  to  the  more  mechanical  play  of  the  imagination. 
Unpleafant  fenfations  of  t^is  kind  often  take  place  when, 
at  ufual  times,  being  without  fociety,  we  employ  ourfelves, 

2  at 


1 


236  KANT   ON   THE   POWER  OF 

at  the  fame  time^  in  reading  or  meditation ;  becaufe  the 
vital  power  is,  by  this  labour  of  the  head,  drawn  away 
from  the  ftomach,  which  we  are  loading. 

I^  have  found  by  my  own  experience,  and  heard  from 
others  whom  I  have  confulted  on  the  fubje£l,  that  ferious 
thinking,  when  walking,  very  foon  fatigues  lus ;  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  if  we  give  ourfelves  up  to  the  full  play  of 
*the  imagination,  the  motion  is  reftorative. 

This  fatigue  is  ftill  fooner  brought  on  when,  with  the 
motion  and  meditation,  is  joined  converfation  with  axi" 
other.  In  this  cafe,  we  very  foon  find  ourfelves  compelled 
to  fit  downi  in  order  to  purfue  the  fubje£fc  of  difcuifion. 
Walking  in  the  open  air,  by  prefenting  to  the  vi<^w  a  con* 
tinual  change  of-  obje£ts,  has  the  eSc(k  of  preventing  the 
'  attention  from  being  entirely  abforbed  by  any  one  indi* 
•  vidually.   .    »•  ' 

' .  ■ 

OF  ALLEVIATING    AND    PBEVEKTING  DISEASES   BT 
DETERMINATION  IN  BREATHING. 

SouE  years  ago,  I  was  at  times  affii£ied  witli  cold  io  my 

headj  and  a  cough,  which  became  fo  much  the  more  un- 

*   pleafant,  as  they  generally  made  their  appearance  at  night 

when  I  went  to  bed. 

Having  become  impatient  at  being  thus  prevented  from 

'    lleeping,  I  refolved,  in  order  if  pofiible  to  remedy  the  for- 

mer  difeafe,  to  draw  breath  through  the  nofe  with  my  lips 

clofed.    This  I  did  at  fir  ft  with  fome, difficulty,  but  by  per- 

feverance  the  pipe  became  always  clearer,  and  at  lad  I  fuc« 

ceeded  in  performing  this  operation  with  perfeft  eafe^  and 

immediately  fell  afleep. 

In  order  to  put  a  ftop  to  the  cough,  which  is  occafioned 
by  the  irritation  produced  by  the  air  we  breathe  through 

the 


RESOLUTION  OVER  DISEASE.  257 

the  mouth  upon  the  top  of  the  windpipe,  it  was  neceflaiy 
to  have  recourfe  to  feme  immediate  operation  of  the  mind, 
and  not  taany  medianical  means;  viz.  to  avert  the  atten- 
tion entirely  from  this  irritation,  and  to  fix  it  upon  fome 
other  objeA,  (as  mentioned  above  in  the  cafe  of  fits  of  the 
cramp).  By  this  means  the  preflure  of  the  air  was  oppofed : 
The  exerdon,  however,  drove  the  blood  to  my  face,  as  I 
plainly  felt ;  but  the  faliva  produced  by  the  fame  irritation 
prevented  its  ufual  efie£is,  and  I  was  aeceflarily  obliged  to 
fwallow  the  moifture.  This  operation  of  the  mind  requlrest 
indeed,  a  very  ftrong  degree  of  refolution,  which  is,  how- 
ever, well  rewarded  by  the  beneficial  tStCts  it  produces. — 
It  is  certainly  a  very  important  dietetic  prefcription  to  en- 
deavour to  acquire  a  habit  of  drawing  breath  through  the 
nofe,  fo  as  to  perform  this  operation  in  the  fame  manner 
even  in  the  moft  profound  fleep.     One  who  has  acquired 
this  cuftom,  will  awake  immediately,  as  foon  as  he  opens 
his  mouth;  at  firft  a  Kttle  frightened,  as  was  the  cafe  with 
myfelf,  before  I  became  properly  habituated.    When  one 
is  obliged  to  walk  faft,  or  to  move  up  hill,  a  ftill  greater 
degree  of  refolution  is  requifite ;  but  in  every  cafe  it  would 
be  better  to  moderate  the  exertion  than  to  make  an  excep- 
lion  from  the  rule.    This  principle  may,  in  like  manner, 
be  applied  to  every  kind  of  fevere  exercife. 

My  young  friends  and  pupils  have  praifed  this  dieteti<i 
maxim  as  approved  and  falutaty ;  nor  have  they  treated  it 
as  one  of  thofe  trifling  domefiic  remedies,  which  are  intro- 
duced for  ^he  purpofe  of  fuperfeding  the  (kill  of  the  phyfi- 
cian.  It  deferves  notice,  that,  although,  in  fpeaking  for 
any  length  of  time,  thf  z&.  of  breathing  would  appear  to 
be  performed  through  the  mouth,  which  is  fo  often  open-  ^ . 
ed ;  and,  of  courfe,  this  rule  tranfgrefled  with  impunity ; 
yet  this  is  by  no  means  the  cafe.    The  operation  is  per- 

VoL.  III.  R  formed 


USA  KANT  OK  THE  90WBR  M" 

» 

fonqcd  UkewUb  through  tb«  nofe  ^  foTj  were  the  nofe  ftu& 
e4  at  the  tii9e»  we  ihovtd  %  of  the  orator — ^<  be  fpeaks 
*^  through  the  nofe;"  wherea^^  in  reality^  he  does  not; 
a9d»  on  the  other  hand)  if  the  aofe  i»  ckar,  we  fay  **  he 
^  does  not  fpeah  through  the  nofe,"  whiles  in  fa£i„  be 
doe8 :  A.fii^la»  eontradiAion  in  terms,  indeed,  as  Ptofef* 
for  Lichtenbeig  huikK>roufly,  but  very  juftly,  ot^efves. 

Many  otber  beneScial  eonfefueiiccs  might  be  enumeiat- 
ed,  as  preceding  from  tbia  habit  of  breathing  through  the 
nofe*  lt$  e  Ada  in  the  c^k  of  cough  have  already  htVEt 
mentioned^  I  have  libewife  found 'that,,  when  very  thirfty, 
and  haying  no  othti  means  of  quencMng  my  tbtrft  at  haad, 
I  have  been  aiMe  to  allay  this  unpleafimt  (enfation  by  means 
of  ftveral  ftrong  draughca  of  breath  through  the  nok. 

C0NC£.Uai0H« 

Thofe  difeafea,  which  can  be  oyercome  by  the  meie  le- 
folution  of  man,  aie  aU  of  the  ^fiic  kmd  $  but  k  eaanot 
be  faid  that,  via  vwfa^  all  difeafes  of  tlua  kitid  can  be  over- 
come by  refolut»in»  For  fome  of  thefe  at«  of  fueh  a  nature, 
that  our  endeavours  to  fubje^  them  to  our  deterestnatioB 
tend  ouly  to  increafe  the  complaint.  This  is,  indeed,  the 
cafe  with  myfelf*  I  have  been  for  iwit,  time  affiled  with 
that  malady^  which,  about  a  year  ago,t  was  defciibed  in 
the  Copenhagen  Gazette  as  <^  an  epidemical  catarrh,  ac- 
<^  cdmpanied  with  oppreflion  of  the  head/*— a  difealie 
which  has  in  a  manner  dilbiganiaed  my  intelk^Eual  frame, 
and  rendered  me  incapable  c^  undertaking  any  fort  of  fe- 
vere  merital  labouf :  and,  as  this  oppreflion  has  thrown 
itfislf  upon  the  natural  infirmity  of  old  age,  it  will  probably 
end  only  with  liie* 

To 


*<         '■    I  ■"-  iWilH"       >■»■!    I^y«— »0*— i— ■ 


a  T^is  treatife  was  imritteB  in  1797. 


HBSbLTJTION  OVER  DISEASE,  959 

To  this,  then,  does  the  art  of  prolonging  life  bring  as  at 
laft ;  that  we  are  merely  tolerated  among  the  living,  a  fitu- 
ation  certainly  not  the  moft  defirable.  But  for  this.I  have 
myfelf  to  blame.  For  why  (hould  I  not  give  place  to  the 
rifing  generation  ?  Why  fhould  I  rejeA  the  common  en* 
joyments  of  life,  in  order  to  protrad  my  exiftence  to  an 
unufual  length,  and  bring  the  death-lifts  into  confufion  by 
my  example?  Why  fhould  I  attempt  to  fubjeA  to  my 
own  determination  that  which  was  formerly  denominated 
late,— to  which  mankind  were  wont  to  bow  in  bunulity 
and  devQtioni — ^by  propofing  dietetic  maxims,  which  are 
not  likely  to  become  general,  or  to  fuperfede  the  theia*^ 
peutic  prefcriptions  of  the  apothecary  ? 


&^ 


NUMBER  IX. 


A  TBEATISE  ON  HEALTH,  BY  HALLE. 

Translated  horn  the  Eneyciope£e  MethoJBfiu ;  Sujet,  Mtictne 
Tome  7.  P^  I.  Livraison  65.    Voce  Hygiene* 


Considerable  progrefs  had  been  made  in  printing  this 
volume,  containing  the  do£lTine8  of  foreign  authors  on  die 
fu6je£l  of  healthy  before  I  had  an  opportunity  of  perufing 
-what  the  authors  of  the  French  Encyclopedia  had  publilhed 
regarding  it|  and  upon  examining  that  great  worki  I  was 
much  pleafed  to  find  that  the  celebrated  Hall^  had  been 
employed  in  that  department,  and  had  written  a  treatife 
under  the  word  or  title  Hygiene^  which  is  extremely  method* 
ical,  and  ably  drawn  up,  and  to  which  there  is  annexed  die 
plan  of  a  complete  work  upon  the  fubjeA. 

Tet  various  reafons  have  induced  me  to  tranflate  this  work, 
and  to  lay  before  the^reader  the  annexed  plan  to  it.  In  the 
firft  place,  diough  the  treatife  was  intended  merely  as  a 
iketch,  yet  it  is  one  of  the  beft  works  on  health  that  has 
hitherto  appeared,  and  therefore  merits  every  poffible  atten- 
tion.   In  the  fecond  place^  it  contains  the  fulleft  inform- 

atioHi 


HYOlltNE,  BT  HALLb/  261 

ation^  that  can  be  laid  before  the  reader,  of  the  nore  recent 
dodrined  of  the  moft  intelligent  men  on  the  continent,  re- 
garding  health.  And  in  the  third  place,  the  EncjcbpeJie 
Jfeiiodique  is  fo  vaft  a'work,  that  few  perfons  in  this  country 
have  accefe  to  it.  And  conlequently  »  tranflation  of  any 
paper  which  it  contains,  fo  ably  drawn  up,  is.  peculiarly 
deHrable. 

Ther^  was  alfo  an  additional  inducement  to  tranilate  it^ 
from  the  liberality  with  whieh  the  author  does  juftice  to  the 
works  on  health  which  have  been  written  in  diis  country. 

Upon  comparing  die  plan  of  a  complete  tireatife  on  heahh 
drawn,  up  by  Halli,  with  die  fyftem  which  I  hare  purfoed^ 
it  will  be  feen  that  die  faoie  objedls  may  <  be  obtained,  by  a 
^fierent  arrangement,  and  yet  that  no.  material  point  may 
be  omitted  in  either:  die  former  plan  feems,  on  the  whole^ 
to  be  beft  calculated  for  a  fcientific,  the  latter  for  a  popular 
work.  Indeed,  in- the  plan  adopted  by  Hall^  diere  are  too* 
many  divUions  and  fiibdivifions  for  a  treaiife  at  all  intended 
for  the  ufe  of  the  bulk  of  mankind—^f  that,  howerer,  die 
reader  will  be  the  better  enabled  to  judge  by  examining  bodu 


PEFIiriTION,  OBJECT,    AND  DIVISION  OJP  T^E  HYGIENE. 

HwQKiAj  or  HYQMENSy  IS  that  department  of  medicine^ 
the  obje^  of  which  is  the  prefervation  of  health. 

Medicine  may  with  propriety  be  divided  into  (wo  great 
departments:  one  of  which  embraces  every  circumftance  j 
interefting  to  man  in  a  ftate.of  health  i  this  is  the  dodlrine 
of  Hfgeia  or  Hfgtene^  in  the  moft  exteoiive  import  of  that 
term :  the  other  has '  for  its  obje&,  all  that  concerns  him 
in  a  ftate  of  difeafc}  this  is  the  art  of  healing,  Fiatriqut, 
{from  the  Mf/uut  /ano,  I  heal),  or,  if  .the  reader  prefer  the 

R  3  exprellipn 


BBS  MJaiMVtf  BTrfJALLB. 

nqpneffion  iht^aptutiei^  taking  lint  #ord;  as  ire  iialrc  done 
the  tena  Hfgimc^  in  its  moft  eattfofive  «ece|fta|i(m. 

Sack  of  thdk  two  divifions  fiippK^f<^  Ijif9>die  i^atomieal 
ftid  dsemlcal  knowledge  of  man  s  the  firft  Oodfiderixi^  bim 
in  a  ftatt  o£  licalth^  add  the  Xecopd  lA  a  fta/fce  of  difeafe: 
iMbi  The  phyfiologieal  knowledge  of  ht»  fuiiiQioa$>  and  of 
their  phenomena;  the  former  department  ftill  i^ardiif 
Jhim  in  the  eojo^eot  of  li$  hedithf  the  latter  o¥enakea  bj 
difeafe:  pbf  An  abqnaintadce  with  thofe  influonces  to 
which  he  is  eapiofed  in  eadi.  of  thefe  eondkions,  whether 
iutesSzAjt  or  in  eon^equeoce  of  his  Jieceffitie8»  and  of  the 
|hri  of  hk  nature :  hjtty^  The  advantages  which  taxf 
llf  d^bred  'from  thefe  inflnences,  either  for  the  prefetraticn 
^rhss.  heakh,  or  for  renonng  his  difbifes, 
,  '  Bst,  gener9ily»  in  treating  of  Hygiinty  or  the  daffriae  tf 
JkiMkbi  we  fFT^ceed'opon  the  fiippo06on»  that  the  reader 
has  already-  aequhled  the  knowlcc^e  of  anatomy  and  of 
vcfaeraiftry  f  it  is  ai£b  taken  for  granted  that  he  is  acquaint- 
ed with  the  phenomena  of  heafab  and  dF  life  eomptefaend* 
•ed  under  the  term  pbyfioAogy* 

The  knowledge  of  thofe  influeneesi  to  whofe  aftton  man 

while  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  health  is  expofed,  and  of  the 

advantages  which  may  be  derirect  from  them  for  his  pro- 

^  tefiion  from  difeafes,  ftill  remains  to  be  confidered ;  and  the 

*^  Moft  compf ehienfive  treatifes  on  hygSine  are  generally  Mnit- 

/  ed  to  the  inveftigation  of  this  part  of  the  fubjeA, 

But  even  when  cireufnfci9)ed  within  thefe  bounds,  die 
dodrine  of 'heahh  embraces  obje6h  of  a  taft  extent :  for  it 
is  neceflary  to  underftand,  iim^  The  various  condidons 
which  a  healthy  ntah  m^y  experieiicc  in  refpe&  to  the  in- 
fluences to  wluch  he  is  expofed  \  this  is  the  ftudy  of  tem- 
peramtnts  and  f>f  conftkuthm :  2eb,  The  caufes»  the  nature, 
ffnd  the  efledis  of  thefe  infldtnces }  this  is  what  has  been 

very 


* 

rtTj  prepofte^9ully  termed  the  ncn-naturats :  ^ttd.  The  me- 
thod of  regulating  or  of  modifying  thefe  influences,  fo  as 
to  render  ^tm  conducive  to  the  prefervation  of  health; 
this  department  of  the  fubjed  has  been  properly  denomin* 
mted  regimen  or  dietetic* 

The  three  trads  afcribed  to  Hippocrates  and  Intitled,  Be 
lii£ta^(X\%^t  AfdrnfX  fumUh  lis  with  an  example^  with  ati 
imperfed  one  indeed,  of  this  triple  divifion ;  but  the  exe- 
xmtion  of  at  is  very  defeOive ;  and  of  thefe  three  books,  the 
fecond  is  ^at  which  has  accomplilhed  its  objed  with  the 
jpreateft  exadnefs* 

In  this  article,  I  (hall  content  myfelf  with  exhibiting  a 
general  table-  of  the  luftory  of  hygi^ne^  whether  public  or 
private.  I  teferve  for  a  preliminary  difcoUife  on  this  fub*- 
jed;,  the  complete  detail  of  the  plan,  according  to  which, 
in  my  opinion,  this  department  of  medicine  ought  tp  be 
created. 

HISTORY  OF  HYGIENB. 

The  firil  obfervations  of  man  neceflarily  had  for  their 
obje£l  the  el(e£ts  of  regimea.  It  is  alfo  extxemely  probable, 
that  before  men  fought  a  remedy  for  their  difeafes  in  jnedi- 
ctnal  fubftances,  they  began  with  moderating  the  ufe  pi 
aliments;  and  that  diet,  whether  fuggefted  by  nature  or 
dired^ed  in  confequence  of  obfervation,  became  their  firft 
refource  in  the  treatment  of  their  maladies.  It  is,  however 
temarkable,  that  Hippocrates,  claiming  the  invention  as  his 
own,  congratulates  himfelf  for  having  determined  the  juft 
proportion  of  diet,  relative  to  temperaments,  to  circum<- 
itances,  and  to  different  periods  of  difeafe.  ,  We  may  ac- 
<:ount  for  this  faft  by  confidering,  that  among  men,  art 
il^nning  its  career  by  a  fmall  number  of  obfervations,  at 

R4  firft 


264  .  HYGIXKE,  BY  HAXXJE. 

firft  extended  its  progrefs  by  annlogjfj  and  ended  in  a  rou- 
tine. Men  of  ardent  and  impatient  mi^ds  have  l)y  reafoning 
generalized  fome  portions  of  experience,  and  framed  fyftems 
of  rules,  to  which  fome  of  their  difciples  ftriftly  adhere,  and 
which  are  neglefled  by  the  vulgar :  ,but  the  taik  of  reducing 
this  routine  of  pra£lices  to  principles,  and  of  fubftituting  a 
fyftem  of  obfervation$,  an4  of  laws  conrefponding  to  the 
intentions  of  nature,  in  tbe.place  of  a  confufed  experience, 
fupported  by  the  credit  of  the  example,  and  of  the  tradi- 
tion of  their  Others,  has  been  referved  for  ^en  of  great 
genius  and  of  real  obfervation. 

This  progrefs  pf  the  human  mind  is  evidently  delineated 
to  us  in  the  page  of  hiftory.      . 

Hipi>ocrates  in  his  ^excellent  treatife  concerning  aricmt 
tnedicinef  (nt^t  ft^yfiua^  hr^wnOp  exhibits  to  us  the  reprefent- 
ation  of  the  firft  attempts  to  illuftrate  the  nature  q£  ifygiene 
or  of  regimen.  It  is  from  thefe  attempts,  as  he  informs  us, 
that  medicine  dates  its  origin }  and  it  is  to  them  that  he 
refers  us,  with  the  view  of  demonftrating  the  folid  found- 
ation of  an  art,  which  he  undertook  to  defend  againft  the 
aflaults  of  its  defamers. 

In  this  manner,  as  he  remarks,  the  choice,  the  prepar- 
ation, and  the  admixture  of  aliments,  have  given  birth  to  the 
art  of  medicine,  and  are  themfelves  the  offspring  of  obferv- 
ation. This  fame  obfervation  has  alfo  fliewn,  that  thefe 
preparations,  this  fele£tion,  and  mixture,  muft  have  become 
more  heceflary  according  to  the  difference  of  temperaments  \ 
that  man,  whole  conftltutlon  began  to  be  undermined  by 
difeafe,  could  not  make  ufe  of  the  fame  food  adopted  by 
him  who  enjoyed  a  perfefi:  ftate  of  health.  Hence  proceed- 
ed rules  and  regimen ;  and  ^hat  name  could  be  given  tofuch 
an  invention  more  charaBerifiic  of  its  nature  than  that  ofmedl* 
cine?  (fays Hippocrates),  Jince  its  ohjeB  had  been^  by  changing 

the 


Jti 


HYOIBKE,  BY  HALLE.  265 

the  regwun  'vMcb  produced  hvth  hisfufftringt  und  Ifh  dtfeafes^ 
to  fecurey  thefupfOrty  the  healtit  <»»d  th  prefervatwn  oj  man^ 
TS  h  tv^futrt  ri  «y  try  iuf/Ui  imm^tt^w  Siv  rts  9r(«9ifx«9  ^AAw 

Ob(et?atioi)  foon  fubjoined  to  the  regulated  quantity  of 
aUmenty  the  meafure  and  projpiortion  of  exerci&.and  of  reft, 
2iB  well  as  pf  ileep  and  of  watchfulneCs ;  and  the  fecond 
ftep  of  tbe.art  has  been  the  introdu^ion  oC  gymnaJUcs^  to 
•which  the  ufe  of  baths  muft  be  added^  which»  efpeciklly  in 
hot  climat^Sf  have  become  one  of  the  daily  necefiaries  of 
maOf  as  well  as  an  obje^  of  pleafure  and  of  luxury. 


HISTORY  OF  PUBLIC  HYGIENE. 


OF  LEGISLATION,  MANNERS,  ANt>  POLICE,  AMONG  ANCIENT 
NATIONS,  RELATIVE  TO  HYGlEJfE* 

The  influence  of  thefe  firft  obfervations,  upon  the  hap- 
pinefs,'  the  prefervation,  the  nu)ral  and  phyfical  perfeditoii 
of  man,  and  the  advantage  refulting  from  political  aflbcia- 
tions,  foon  ftruck  men  of  fuperior  minds,  deftined  to  give 
an  impulfe  to  the  age  in  which  they  lived. 

Thus  do  we  perceive  that  the  firft  founders  of  fociety, 
philofophers,  and  legiflators,  have  eftabliOied  upon  thefe 
important  obje^is,  the  foundation  of  their  phyfical  inftitu- 
tion,  and  an  eflential  part  of  their  legiflation  \  andl  whilft 
they  made  the  divinity,  the  principle  of  truth,  the  feeling 
of  necei&ty,  as  v^ell  as  the  force  of  example  to  interpofe, 
for  the  purpbfe  of  infuring  a  greater  degree  of  reverence 
to  their  laws,  they  alfo  introduced  thefe  ufeful  cuftoms ;  in- 
fomuchi  that  men  were  prompted  to  felf-prefervation,^and 

to 


S^  HYOIBKS^  BY  HAJL1.E. 

to  ac<^lerate  their  progrefft  to  perfedioii,  by  the  linked  ia- 
flueiice  of  reafoa,  of  authority^  c£  habit)  and  of  fuperffi- 
tioii-. 

Hence  arofe  a  diftin^Hon  between  puHic  and  frhaie  by- 
pine  i  a  difthi£lion  of  great  importanee,  and  which  never 
conftituted  a  part  of  the  law  or  government  of  any  nafioB, 
but  in  agea  the  moft  remote.  The  legi&tWB  of  modem 
timea  have  negleAed  diis  dt|>artmeAt  of  the  ancient  code, 
whiehy  by  wife  regnhtions,  ptepared  gener^idns  heal% 
and  Tigoroaa.  Widiout  doabt,  the  tnoients  we^  more 
conwiced  than  the  modems  of  the  mnf  oal  depenibnce  be- 
tween the  phyfical  «nd  moral  mtneSf  and  of  the  neceffity 
of  uniling  the  laws  which  e»^n  tempflrmoeand  wiidom 
to  tbofe  winch  are  ena&ed  to  check  excefiea  and  to  pttnifli 
crimes.  Perhaps  they  thought  diat  great  empires  were  lels 
Circulated  for  thofe  whoiefome  rules  than  fmaU  republics: 
perhaps  die  modem  fyftems  of  military  tai£H£s,  rendering 
^die  ftrength  of  die  inditidual  of  left  importance  for  fucceis 
in  war,  have  occafioned  this  unfortunate  indifierence. 

The  Chaldeans,  and  above  all  the  Eg^^ttanSf  who  were 
in  die  habit  of  uniting  all  die  vfefal  fcienoes  and  aU  poUtc 
inftitutions  to  their  reli^ovs  myfteries,  were  die  firft,  as 
far  as  our  knowledge  extends^  who  joined  thele  two  dqpart- 
ments  of  medicine  and  of  legiflation.  We  ought  not,  at 
leafti  to  afcribe  this  honour  to  the  inhalntants  of  India,  to 
whom  fome  piulof<^hers  have  allowed  a  priority  of  claim 
over  the  natives  of  Egypt  and  of  Chddea. 

It  will  be  oniveifally  admitted,  that  the  Hebrews  and 
the  Greeks  borrowed  tl^  greateft  part  of  their  cuftoms 
ffMi  the  Egyptiane.  Mofes  has  copied  them  more  exa^ilyi 
bj  impreffing  upon  his  laws,  refpeAkig  r^;imen,  a  myf- 
terious  ai)d  a  religious  charader.  This  folemn  charader 
was  the  only  reftraint  which  could  bind  an  ignorant  and 

fuperftitiou^ 


J^YGUII^B)  BY  HALLS.  267 

fupaHftU^oiM  xBfiliittxlef  the  pMn  d^u^ltions  oE  reafim 
would  bave  ne«ef  fecured  tbdr  obedience  to  a  code  of  re- 
g««laK  ceremo^Sj  the  aim  of  which  ^a$  the  prefervatioa 
of  their  beptkh  and  exifteocei  but  the  aegieA  of  whieh 
would  not  hate  been  jiioduAive  of  an  cffefk  fuffickotljr 
inftantapeeus  ix>  Jn^rktf  i^on  their  miodi  the  feeling  of 
fear  and  pf  terror. 

Pythag^iis  addrefled  hitnf^If  to  pupils  who  liftened  to 
him  wkh  emhuGaftn ;  but  bis  kiftradions  extended  oqc 
beyond  the  precin£ls  of  his  own  fchool. 

Lyctt^gua  and  Minos  incorporated  their  precepts  with 
the  lofe  of  their  oountry»  and  the  io^Hreffion  of  their  virtue 
which  they  left  behind  them>  co-operatii^  with  national 
pride^  cci|iented  their  tenets»  in  which  their  fellow  citizens 
acquiefced  wilh  all  the  reference  due  to  laws. 

The  public  gamesj  and  the  prizes  ofiisred  to  the  fuccef^ 
fill  comp<^Qr  in  the  difiereot  exercifes  io  Greece^  refulted 
from  tbofis  political  inftitutions  defigned  to  form  the  body^ 
and  to  import  to  it  a  fuperior  degree  of  vigour  and  ftrength. 
The  moft  iUuftrious  citizens  were  emulous  pf  the  glory  to 
be  reaped  in  thefe  fields  of  conteft )  and  the  gymnafia 
were  the  firft  fchopls  in  which  dM  youth  were  trained  up 
for  all  kinds  of  triumj^ 

Anwing  the  Romaas  thefe  inftitutions  loft  much  of  their 
utility }  the  glory  refultingl  from  the  public  games  was 
abandoned  to  flavdi  and  gladiators  i  and  inftead  of  thofe 
pacific  and  honourable  contefts,  which  charmed  the  en- 
lightened inhabitants  of  Geeece,  bloodthirfty  Rome  facri- 
ficcd  human  vijliias  od  the  altars  of  her  pleafures.  Certain 
tranfient  modes  of  fafliionf  which  in  the  age  of  the  em- 
perors, introduced  again  fome  dtftinguiflied  perfonages  up- 
on the  public  (UgCy  do  not  merit  any  (hare  of  our  attention 
ifi  this  place^  Thefe  whims  originated  rathec  in  a  deprav- 
ation 


!26S  HYGIENE^  BY  HALL& 

ation  of  moraby  and  in  die  negleft  of  erery  fpecies  of  d^ 
corum,  than  in  any  national  eftablifhment  for  the  purpofe^ 
and  the  glery  of  having  completely  fubdned  modefty,  was 
the  only  triumph  which  accrued  to  both  fexes  from  thefe 
ibameful  excefles.  It  was  not'thiis  that  the  Spartan  women 
prcfented  themfehres  to  the  light  of  their  (iellow  citizens ; 
the  idea  entertained  of  their  virtue  fuppKed  the  plaKie  of 
garments,  whilfi  it  commanded  the  refpe£b  of  the  fpeftators^ 
and  their  utmoft  ambition  was  to  ihew  themfelves  worthy 
of  fupplying  the  country  with  heroes. 

The  gymnafia,  however,  were  kept  up  among  die  Romans^ 
and  the  defcription  of  the  builditigs  allotted  to  thefe  pue- 
pofesy  which  has  been  handed  down  to  us,  proves  that  they 
attached  great  importance  to  the  gymnaftic  art ;  and  diat 
they  included  it  among  the  principal  departments  of  the 
education  of  youth. 

Public  baths  were  conftru&ed  at  Rome  on  a  fcale  of  the 
greateft  magnificence  j  but  the  pra€Uce  of  them  could  only 
be  regarded  either  as  an  objeft  of  fenfuality  or  of  health  to 
individuals,  fince  it  was  not  united  with  the  gymnaftic  art; 
it  is  when  thus  aflbciated  alone,  that  baths  can  be  ranked 
among  public  and  national  inftttuti<m6. 

To  the  account  of  public  Hygiene,  mud  be  placed  the 
care,  with  which,  among  the  Romans,  the  ediles  attended 
to  the  cleanlinefs  of  cities.  Thejexpences  devoted  to  die 
repair  of  fewers,  and  to  the  purpofe  of  procuring  an  abun- 
dant fupply  of  water  to  a  great  city,  ard  attefted  to  us  hj 
monuments,  which  time  has  refpe&ed,  and  of  which  tl^ 
indolence  of  the  modern  Romans  ftill  avails  itfelf.  In  gen- 
eral, we  may  fearch  for  the  materials  from  which  the  hit- 
tory  of  public  Hygiene  among  the  ancients  may  be  oom- 
pofed,  itm,  In  their  legiflation ;  2<&,  In  their  cuftoms  and 

» 

^  mannors; 


HYOXENB,  BY  HALLE.  269 

maimers ;  j^,  In  their  regulations  reading  tbe  public 
polioe. 

Ij  YHTSICAL   LEGISLATION,   OR  LEGISLATIVE  HY- 
GIENE AMONG  THE  NATIONS  OF  ANTIGUITY. 

PHYSICAL  LEGISLATIOHr,   OR  PUBLIC  HYGIENE  AMONG 

THE  HEBREWS. 

A  bird's  eye  view  of  what  the  legiflators  of  antiquity 
have  accomplifhed  for  the  prefenration  of  bealtbf  will  not 
be  devoid  of  utility  in  this  place ;  and  the  circumftances  of 
our  pre&nt  fituation  beftow  a  new  intereft  on  this  fub- 

I  do  not  cpnCder  what  Mofes  has  left  us  on  this  topic 
as  deferring  of  any  very  ample  detail  All  the  meafures 
•  whi(^  he  adopted  for  the  prefenration  of  health,  are  refer- 
able to  three  principal  obje£b«  The  prohibition  of  certain 
kinds  of  food,  ablutions  prefcribed  for  legal  uncleannefles, 
and  the  feclufion  of  certain  diftempers  regarded  contagious, 
efpedaUy  leprofy. 

Some  writers  affign  a  regard  to  health  as  the  origin  of 
die  rite  of  circumcifion  ^  but  I  do  not  find  it  ftated  in  any 
work,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Arabia  and  of  Syria  had  been 
fubjeded  to  any  topical  afiedion  in  the  parts  removed  by 
circumcifion.  The  pra£tice  of  this  operation  in  the  ifland 
of  Madagafcar,  among  nations  who  in  other  refpeAs  do  not 
appear  to  have  any  notion  of  Judaifm,  or  of  Mahomedifm, 
do  not  tend  to  give  additional  confirmation  to  this  opi- 
nion. ' 

In  refpe£t  to  the  legal  prohibition  of  certain  articles  of 
food,  it  is,  in  my  opinion,  very  difficult  to  affign  a  reafon 
why  fo  many  fpccies  of  animals  were  pi^ofcribed  among  the 

Hebrews* 


Hebrews.  It  hawvret  has  hetn  imagined^  thiat  the  \efnlff 
being  a  very  common  difeafe  among  them,  and  fwine  bring 
fubje£t  to  a  certain  kind  of  derangement  of  the  adipofc 
membrane,  very  andogoas  to  leprous  defdrnnity,  tlierc  was 
groand  for  the  belief,  that. the  nfe  of  the  flefli  of  diis  ani. 
mal  was  apt  to  commanicate  a  predifpofition  to  leprofy.^ 
However  improbable  fuch  an  opinion  may  be,  it  aflumed 
fome  afcendency  over  the  minds  of  men  at  a  period  when 
onr  knowledge  of  animal  pbyfics  was  limited  to  a  few 
weak  analogies^  and  it  is  to  thefe  analogies  that  the  pr6- 
icription  of  all  diefe  animals,  which  were  regarded  at  ooo- 
ftitoting  one  individiia)  clafs,  is  to  be  afeftt>ed,  becavfie  one 
of  thefe  animals,  upon  fome  fimilar  reafon,  appeared  fo^i- 
dous.  The  hog  appearing  at  fifft  figfaf  entitled  to  be  rack* . 
cd  among  thofe  animals  who  bave  the  hoof  cl^t,  and  yet 
being  remarkable  on  aeeoimt  of  its  inability  to  chew  die 
cnd^  which  is  a  fwaS&cxi  common  to  almeft  adl  die  animals 
of  diis  clafs,  it  follows  from  thoscisGumftaace,  that  die 
imion  of  the  power  of  rumination  with  the  diarafker  of  a 
forked  hoof,  appeared  an  efiential  attribute  of  diofe  animalst 
wbofe  flefli  is  to  be  regarded  as  £dubrious  food*  Coofider- 
ing  the  matter  m  this  light,  it  was  coaclnded,  that  two 
clafis  of  animals  ought  to  be  excloded  from  the  ardde  of 
diet;  iftj  that  compofed  of  the  ruminating  animals  diat 
are  not  eloign  footed ;  7dy  that  of  cloven  footed  animals 
wl^ch  are  not  endowed  widi  the  faculty  of  mmmadbn. 

MomoveTf 


*  The  flefh  of  bogs  is  well  known  to  be  ubwholefome  in  £gjpt|  and 
•ther  countries  of  the  eaft,  where  they  are  fed  differently  from  what  they 
are  In  Europe ;  and,  it  is  probable,  experience  of  this  fort  induced  the 
taftem  Iq^iilaters,  Mofes  and  Mahomet,  t«  forbid  \tt  vfe  by  m  articl*  it 
their  fcfp«4tive  codes  of  laws.  TaAiis&ATot. 


•  « 


HYGlBKEy  BY  »AJLL2.  271 

Moreover^  tbofe  animals  whoCe  feet  have  toes  havp  been 
arranged  in  the  fame  clafs  with  fuch  as  have  the  feet  un-^ 
forked  i  fo  that  thofe  among  them  that  chew  the  cud  have 
been  excluded  from  the  number  of  thofe  articles  of  food» 
the  ufe  of  which  has  been  permitted  by  the  law.' 

This  precept  refulted  in  a  greater  uniformity  in  ihe  regi- 
men  of  this  people  ^  for  the  kinds  of  animal  food  author* 
ized  by  their  law  were  reduced  to  a  fmall  number,  fioce 
among  the  birds  and  £(hes»  dbete  were  fimilar  prohibitiona 
which  eiclttded  from  the  range  of  falutary  food,  numerous 
tribes  of  winged  fowls^  of  fifliesy  and  of  amphibious  am* 
mals. 

This  unifornuty  in  their  regimen,  rendered  neceflary  by 
the  prohibitions  fanftioned  by  their  religion,  joined  to  the 
abfolute  interdi&ion  of  foreign  alliances,  and  eten  of  one^ 
tribe  with  another,  muft  have  preferved  among  the  indivi- 
duals  of  the  Jewi(b  nation,  a  peculiar  analogy  with  refpeft 
to  thofe  features  and  phyfical  cbaradlers  whidi  conftitute 
national  refemblances.  It  has  thus  been  alleged  that  the 
race  of  the  Jews  is  fenfibly  diftinguiflied  in  the  various  dU 
mates,  and  in  the  midft  of  thofe  very  different  nations^ 
among  wh6m  this  people  is  fcattered«  I  know  not,  how- 
ever, whether  it  would  be  an  eafy  taflc,  to  analyfe  the  linea* 
mentsof  thb  rpiemblancei  and  with  regard  to  myfelf,  I 
never  could  explain  them  with  fuch  precifion  as  to  fatisfy 
my  own  mind. 

It  is  a  more  eafy  taik  to  comprehend  the  chjt€t  for  which 
legal  purifications  were  inftituted,  in  warm  climates,  where 
the  rapid  putrefa£lion  of  animal  fubftances,  the  profufe 
perfpiration,  and  the  odour  of  that  excretion,  efpecially 
among  individuals  of  a  red  complexion,  a  colour  which  is 
abundantly  common  in  thefe  countries,  are  fo  many  caufea 
•f  unhcalrhinefs,  which  ablutions  counterafl;.    The  Arabs* 

who 


272  HVGtIKEy  BY  HAXLE. 

who  ate  defcended  from  the  patriarchsi  the  anceftors  of 
the  Hebrews,  and  from  whom  have  fprung  the  firft  Maf- 
fttlm'ans,  fcrupuloufly  adhere  to  the  fame  prafiices.  Maho- 
met found  them  prevalent  in  that  country,  and  prefcribed 
them  to  his  followers.  It  is  well  known  that,  in  thofe 
countries  fo  often  ravaged  by  the  plague  in  our  times,  the 
bed  piophylaftic  againft  this  contagion,  is  the  immerfion 
in  water  of  all  thofe*  bodies  that  are  capable  of  communis 
eating  it.  Thefe  remarks  enable  us  to  ai&gn  a  reafonable 
motive  for  the  purifications  prefcribed  in  the  law  of  Mofes. 
This  Icgiflator  invefted  cleanlinefs  with  the  authority  of  a 
religious  precept ;  and  chofe  rather  to  carry  the  pra&ice  of 
this  virtue  to  the  moft  fcrupulous  minutenefs,  than  to  run 
|he  rijOc  of  fufiering  it  to  be  neglected  in  circumftances  of 
importance*  It  is  a  very  fingular  fad,  that  this  people,' 
who  have  been  able  to  preferve  fo  many  phyfical  traces  of 
the  firft  diftinguiihing  charafters  of  their  anceftors,  ihould 
be  almoft  everywhere  remarkable  for  an  exceflive  degree 
of  flovenlinefs,  wherever  the  individuals  of  it  are  found 
united  together  within  the  fame  limited  fpace ;  as  is  ob- 
fervable  in  Rome,  in  certain  cities  of  Germany,  and  in  all 
riiofe  places  where  there  is  a  particular  ward  or  quarter 
appropriated  to  this  nation.  If  we  may  take  it  for  granted,  that 
this  propenfity  to  uncleanlinefs  is  hereditary,  this  fuppofition 
furniihes  a  ftili  more  fatisfadory  reafon  why  their  legiila- 
tor  has  taken  fo  much  care  to  render  cleanlinefs  obligatory 
on  a  nation,  whom  he  knew  to  be  little  inclined  to  the 
pradice  of  this  domeftic  virtue. 

With  refped  to  the  fecluiion  of  certain  difeafes  deemed 
contagious,  and  efpecially  the  leprofy,  the  Mofaic  code  ex- 
hibits the  fame  chara£teriftic  features,  that  is,  an  exceiEve 
degree  of  precaution.  We  are  ignorant  of  the  nature  of 
the  leprofy,  of  the  walls,  and  of  the  buildings ;  but  we 

everywhere 


everywhere  obferve  the  ilioft  ftttdioi»  care  to  deftroy  even 
the  (hadow  of  contagion.  The  leprofy  of  the  HebteWs  ap« 
pears  to  have  been  the  difieafe  denominated  elephatitii^s  in 
modern  prafibice ;  and  the  dtfcrepandes  which  the  defcrip* 
tion  given  of  it  by  the  Hebrew  bwgivery  feems  at  firft 
fight  to  prefent,  diiappear,  as  the  citizen  Chamferu  has 
remarked,  when  we  confult  the  context,  and  obferve,  that 
the  expreiBons  from  which  the  tranflators  have  inferred, 
that  the  leprofy  produced  pits,  or  depreffions  of  the  (kin, 
inftead  of  forming  piojediing  tttbercles,  only  fignify,  that 
this  derangement  of  the  ikin  penetrated  below  its  furface, 
and  extended  through  its  thicknefs,  fo  that  the  expreffion, 
pit  or  depreffion,  has  been  fnbftttuted  £br  that  ci  dep^  or 
penetra^on.  We  know  that  the  terms  of  die  Hebtew  Ian« 
guage  lead  to  fimikr  miftakes,  from  the  number  of  figmfi- 
cations  of  which  the  fame  word  is  fofcepttUe.  This  pofi- 
tion  being  admitted,  and  the  leprofy  and  elephantiaGs  being 
alfo  the  fame  difeafe,  it  might  excite  our  aftoniftment,  that 
perfons  labouring  under  this  diften^r,  which  in  our  cii« 
mate  is  in  no  inftance  infe£tiou8,  and  whofe  contagious 
nature  is  ^ven  very  problematical  in  warm  regions,  fliould 
be  fo  rigorouily  exduded  from  the  community  among  the 
Hebrews,  if  an  exoei&ve  degree  of  precaution  in  every  other 
point  refpe£bing  health,  had  not  been  one  Of  the  diftin- 
guifbing  chara&eriftics  of  the  ceremonial  code  of  this  peo- 
ple.* It  may,  moreover,  be  obferved,  that  the  hideous  and 
Vol.  III.  S  difgufting 


*  The  contagious  nature  of  lef^y  8|)pesr8  to  be  pitfved  from  tiie  me* 
dical  liiftories  of  the  French  army  in  Sgypt.  Thefe  accounts  do  not  aii«r 
thorize  us  to  identify  leprofy  with  elephantiafis,  and  this  latter  difeafe  is 
not  infcdious.  See  Xelatkn  ChhurgUak^  \^e,  par  D,  I-arrey,  Doaeur< 
&c,  8vo.  Paris,  1^04,  translator. 


274  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

dUgttfting  afpcA  of  perfons  attacked  by  this  fnghtfol  ma- 
ladyi  mail  hare  infpiied  this  averfion,  and  countenamied 
the  prejudices,  of  thoife  who  regarded  it  as  contagious.  It 
is  perhaps  to  this  frightful  appearance  alone,  that  the  cur- 
rency whidi  the  fame  opinion  has  obtained  in  our  American 
colonies^  where  lepers  are  with  die  fame  care  excluded 
^m  focietjT)  is  to  be  traced. 


« 


LEGISLATIVE  HTGXfiliE  OF  LTCURCOS  AMD  OF  THB  GREEKS 

IN  GENERAL. 

All  the  d>ferFances  applicable  to  the  prefenration  of 
heaiA  contained  in  the  ceremonial  inftitutes  of  the  He* 
brews  are  limited  to  thefe  points  alone.  For  we  do  not 
obfenre  any  traces  of  a  public  iaftttution  authorized  by  thdr 
law»  which  had  for  its  objeft  to  promote  the  phyfical  per* 
it&ioa  of  man.  The  £rft  bws  in  ancient  hiftory  wluch  fur- 
nifli  us  with  examples  of  fuch  an  eftabliihment  are  thofe  of 
Lycurgus.  It  b,  indeed,  true,  that  the  laws  of  Crete  had 
ahready  prefcribed  public  education  and  eating  in  common. 
But  what  the  Cretans  had  done  in  this  refpe£l:,  the  Spar- 
tans executed  with  ftill  greater  efficiency,  fince  Lycurgus 
occupied  himfelf  with  the  taik  of  eftablifliing  the  empire 
of  the  laws  upon  the  foundation  of  public  manners,  which 
he  framed  and  prepared  by  inftitutions  ftill  ntore  power, 
f ul  than  the  laws  themfelves* 

It  is  proper  to  remark  in  this  place,  as  fug^fting  con« 
fideratiohs  which  are  by  no  means  foreign  to  the  phyfical 
knowledge  of  man,  that  the  art  of  forming  his  manners,  is 
perhaps  of  much  greater  importance  than  the  art  of  pre- 
fcribing  him  laws  5  quid  leges  Jine  mmbus  vana  proficiuni^ 

Manners 


MYGlfiNE,  BY  HALLE.  275 

Manners  are  a  fpecies  of  habit,  by  which  man  is  carried 
along,  as  it  were  infenGbly  and  contrary  to  his  inclinations, 
^hich  gives  an  uniform  direfiion  to  all  his  adlions  and  to 
all  his  ideas.  The  tendency  of  this  dire£tion  ought  always 
to  be  to  urge  him  on  to  what  is  right,  but  lefs  by  precepts 
than  by  an  irrefiftible  impulfe.  It  is  by  addreffing  his  fenfes 
through  the  medium  of  external  obje£b,  by  inftitations^ 
monuments,  feafts,  and  public  folemnities ;  that  man,  al- 
ways prone  to  imitation,  always  difpofed  to  accommodate 
himfelf  to  the  objedis  with  which  he  is  furrounded,  is 
prompted  to  a£bion.  It  is  therefore  a  point  of  great  im« 
portance,  when  we  wi(h  to  change  the  manners  of  a  nation, 
to  erafe  every  trace  of  its  ancient  habits,  and  to  delineate 
everywhere  the  image  of  thofe  which  we  arc  inclined  to 
fubftitute  in  their  place.  In  general,  laws  addrefs  the 
underftanding ;  and  manners  fubjugate  man  through  the 
inftrumefntality  of  the  fenfes.  No  people  underftood  better 
the  influence  of  manners  than  the  Greeks;  and  no  legifla- 
tor  availed  himfelf  more  of  this  influence  than  Lycurgus.^ 
But  however  nearly  allied  thefe  confideratioiis  may  be  to 
the  phyfical  hiftbry  of  man,  we  muft  Itinit  our  inquiries,' 
in  this  place,  to  that  department  of  that  eminent  man's- 
legiflation,  which  has  for'  its  objed:  the  prefervation  of 
health,  or  the  perfe£Hon  of  our  fpecies. 

In  ftudying  the  legiflation  of  ancient  nations,  we  muft 
sever  forget  that  their  chief  aim  was  to  furniOi  the  ftatc 
with  hardy  citizens  and  able  defenders.  Every  citizen  was 
afoldier;  and  every  private  confideration  was  invariably 
facrificed  to  the  interefts  of  the  republic.  It  is  in  this 
order  of  things  that  we  muft  fometimes  feek  for  the  origin 
of  cuftoms,  which  in  our  own  times  appear  barbarous  and 
inhuman. 

Sa  ft 


# 


S76  HYGIJ&KS,  BY  BAJLLX. 

It  was  an  eftaUUhed  cuftom  at  Spartas  as  amoog  die 
moft  aocient  ftates  of  Gre€Qe»  as  well  as  at  a  latter  period 
amoi^  tbe  Romass,  to  decide  upon  the  fate  of  every  in&nt 
at  its  Urdi  \  and  according  to  its  ftieng^»  and  the  tndica- 
dons  which  it  gave  of  a  found  conftitutibn»  to  receive  it 
into  die  nundier  of  the  llvtng»  or  to  exchide  it  from  this 
privilc^  when  its  condition  authorized  the  prefunptioB 
that,  in  its  luture  life»  it  would  only  become  afeetde  beingi 
detttute  of  ability  to  ferre  its  country. 

Among  all  other. nationsy  die  parents  themfehres  were 
the. arbiters  who  gave  judgment  in  this  eafe^  atSparta» 
diey  were  the  elders  of  the  tribe^  who  decided  fblemnly 
upon  it  in  the  name  of  the  rqpuUic.  The  Spartans  un- 
doubtedly were  of  opinion^  that  the  poffibiltty  of  ftrengtb* 
ening  a  feeble  conftitudon  ought  to  be  deemed  a  haaard 
too  difadvantageous,  and  did  not  imagine  that  men,  lb  little 
befriended  by  nature^  would  indemnify  tbetc  country  for 
the  debility  of  their  oigans»  by  the  extent  of  their  know- 
le4ge,  or  the  eminence  of  their  virtues. 

The  Thebans  did  not  admire  this  barbarous  cuftom ;  aad 
perhaps  the  recpUedion  of  the  fate  of  CBdipus,  wass  among 
tUs  people,  the  cade  of  an  exception,  fo  accordant  to  the 
dilates  of  humanity. 

We  muft  not,  however,  eftimate  the  lofs  which  I^acede- 
mon  muft  have  fuftained  from»  a  proferipdon  of  diis  nature, 
by  that  which  the  lame  law  would  have  occafioned  among 
ourlelves.  The  licendoulhels  of  parents,  their  debaucfaeryt 
their  e0eminacy,  their  weakn/QiSi  fuperinduced  by  a  wretch* 
ed  fyftem  of  educadon,  muft  among  modem  nations  have 
greatly  multiplied  thole  feeble  beings,  whom  death  feems 
td  claim  from  the  firft  ftage  of  their  infancy,  and  who  can 
only  be  refcued  from  his  grafp  by  dint  (tf  attention  and  of 

vigilance. 


MYGIil^E,  BY  HALLE.  277 

vigilance.  Independent  of  all  this,  Lycnrgus  had  turned 
his  attention  to  the  great  objed  of  preparing  vigoions  ila* 
mina,  and  fought^  in  the  education  of  th:  Spartan  women^ 
the  ingredient  of  that  ftrength  of  body,  which, '  combined 
with  energy  of  fool,  was  to  form  the  heroes  whom  he  wi(h- 
ed  to  give  to  his  country. 

It  was  with  the  view  of  accomplifhing  this  important 
purpofe,  that  until  the  time  of  marriage,  the  Spartan  wch* 
men,  trained  up  to  the  fame  exercifes  with  the  men,  derit^ 
ed  from  a  mafcuKne  and  fevere  education  that  ftrength 
wluch  they  were  to  tranfmit  to  their  children. 

At  the  period  of  their  marriage,  they  ceafed  to  frequent 
the  gymnafium,  and  devoted  themfelves  to  the  difcharge  of 
thofe  important  dudes,  which  the  honourable  Ctuation  of 
wives  and  of  mothers  impofed  upon  them. 

It  is  a  very  ancient  opinion  or  prejudice/  that  fomething 
is  conveyed  to  the  child  from  the  external  impreffions  with 
which  the  mother  is  afie&ed  during  pregnancy.  While 
this  period  lafted,  the  eyes  of  a  Spartan  vToman  vi^ere  con- 
ftantly  feafted  with  images,  which  recalled  the  idea  of 
beauty  combined  with  ftrength.  Thus  careful  were  this 
people,  that  every  circumftance  concurred  to  prepare  a  race 
of  heroes ;  and  prior  even  to  his  birth,'  a  Spartan  was  not 
to  be  regarded  as  an  ordinary  mortal. 

Scarcely  had  he  appeared  in  the  world,  when  the  eyes 
of  his  country  were  fixed  upon  him^  and  his  education 
became  the  moft  important  concern  of  the  ftate.  It  was  a 
cuftom  among  the  ancient  Greeks,  of  which  the  hiftory  of 
Achilles  furhiflies  us  with  an  example,  to  immerfe  the  new* 
bom  infant  in  cold  water  at  the  moment  of  its  birth.  Other 
nations  made  their  children  pafs  through  the  fire.  Le  Clerc^ 
(Hift.  of  Medicine,  Bopk  I,  c.  xiv,)  after  having  extrafted 

S  3  from 


27S  HYGIENE,  BY  HAILE. 

from  Plato  all  that  this  philofo^er  has  urged  againft  He* 
rodicusy  and  agunft  gymnaftic  mediciney  quotes  the  ex- 
ample of  the  Lacedemonians,  who  plunged  their  children 
in  wine  immediately  on  their  birth.  He  addsy  that  thefe 
republicans  concerned  themfelves  little  about  the  accidents 
which  might  refult  from  this  meafurcy  being  perfuaded 
that  thofe  to  whom  it  proved  fataiy  would  have  never  be- 
come robuft  and  hardy  citizens*  He  obfenresy  without 
quoting  bis  authorityy  that  the  children  thus  treated  fre- 
quently died  of  an  attack  of  epilepfj.  Le  Clerc  and  his. 
author  have  undoubtedlyy  in  this  placey  miftaken  epilepfy 
for  ietanuSf  or  locked  jawy  which  is  frequently  induced  in 
new  bom  infantSy  by  cold  and  moift  temperature ;  and,  in 
generaly  by  every  kind  of  irritatiouy  efpecially  in  warm 
countries. 

.  The  young  Spartansy  in  earJy  infancy  aloncy  were  intruft- 
ed  to  the  care  of  their  parents.  This  period  extended  to 
the  age  of  feven  years ;  and  during  this  timCy  fo  favour- 
able  for  the  developement  of  their  organs,  all  their  phyfical 
and  moral  faculties  unfolded  themfelves  in  perfed^  liberty. 
Their  limbs  were  not  (hackled  with  ftrait  bondsy  their 
minds  were  not  enflaved  by  the  harfhnefs  of  a  premature 
feverity. 

When  they  reached  the  feventh  year  of  their  age,  they 
became  the  children  of  the  ftatej'and  from  this  period 
they  began  to  inure  themfelves  to  fatigues  proportionate  to 
their  age.  Their  fports,  always  performed  in  public,  as 
well  as  their  exercifesy  were  conftantly  direfked  to  the  fame 
end  \  that  of  hardening  their  bodies  gradually  againft  ez^ 
ternal  impreilions,  of  bracing  their  limbs,  and  of  carrying 
their  motions  to  the  higheft  pitch  of  improvement.  When 
they  attained  to  the  age  of  twelve,  they  began  to  lay  afide 

their 


HYOIENE,  BY  HALLE.  279 

their  loofe  flowing  hair,  and  the  long  dref8  of  infancy ; 
they  dripped  themfelves  even  of  their  coat,  ftockings,  and 
ihoes,  and  clothed  with  a  fimple  cloak,  and  fpending  almoft 
the  whole  day  in  the  gymnafium,  by  the  moft  rigid  mode 
of*  living,  by  the  moft  violent  ezercifes,  and  by  the  ftri£left 
temperance,  they  were  trained  up  to  a  military  life,  which, 
in  the  ancient  fyftems  of  education,  was  the  moft  indifpeni^ 
ible  of  all  acquirements,  fince  every  citizen  was  a  foldier. 
Forthe  fpirit  of  conqueft  and  of  fway  uncea/Ingly  torment* 
ed  thefe  reftlefs  nations,  who  have  bequeathed  to  pofterity 
the  fineft  models  of  wifdom  and  of  humanity  combined 
with  the  moft  deplorable  examples  of  ferocious  war. 

The  Spartans  were  lefi»  accuftomcd  to  the  u(e  of  baths 
than  the  other  ftates  of  Greece.  !I?hey  appear  to  have 
been  familiar  with  the  ufe  of  the  dry  ftove,  fince  in  the 
public  baths  of  Rome,  that  department  of  the  building  ap- 
propriated to  this  kind  of  ftove  was  denominated  the  Laco^ 
nicum*  But  they  were  habituated  to  bathing  ot  immerfion 
in  the  flowing  ftream  of  their  rivers. 

In  the  Spartan  fyftem  of  education,  there  was  a  cuftom 
which  merits  particular  notice  in  this  place,  on  account  of 
the  diverfity  of  its  efieds  upon  the  morals  of  the  different 
ftates  of  Greece.  In  fad,  fuch  an  ufage  fuits  a  nation  d|f- 
tinguiflied  for  its  wifdom  and  for  the  ftri^inefs  of  its  morals^ 
and  ferves  to  carry  its  virtue  to  a  ftill  higher  pitch,  which, 
on  the  contrary,  can  only  increafe  licentioufneis  and  difli- 
pation  in  ftates  abandoned  to  pleafure,  and  corrupted  by 
effeminate  luxury.  Thefe  obfervations  are  applicable  to  the 
cuftom  eftabliflied  at  Sparta,  and  which  I^ycurgus  had  bor* 
rowed  from  the  Cretans,  of  cementing  tender  attachments 
among  the  youth,  by  means  of  which,  friends  infeparably 
united,  interefted  in  the  glory  and  honour  of  their  affociates, 

S  4  became 


380  HYOIBKB,  B^  HALL£. 

became  mutual  snilni£bor8y  whofc  Aiperintetideiiee  refoked 
in  more  advantageous  confequeneeS)  than  all  the  feveritj 
exercifed  hj  thor  mafters.  The  puUicky  of  their  inter- 
coorfe  was  the  fecurit  j  of  their  virtues ;  anil  we  may  more- 
over place  the  utmpA  confidence  in  the  purity  of  an 
inftttution  of  this  nature,  among  a  people,  whofe  women 
impreiled  upon  their  contemporaries,  and  handed  down  to 
pofterity,  an  Mgh  opinion  of  theii  virtues  and  of  their  mO' 
4efty  ;  alt&pugh  they  fcomed,  even  in  the  eyes  of  the  pub- 
lic, the  nfe  of  thofe  veils  which  are  rather  to  be  con&dered 
as  the  emblems  of  virtues  than  as  its  guardians. 

On  the  contrary,  it  is  well  known  into  what  profligacy 
of  cendu£l  tbefe  intimate  i^nriations  degenerated  among 
Ae  Athenianst  among  whom  even  the  virtues  of  a  Socrates 
were  not  exempt  from  fufpicion,  and  appeared  debafed  fay 
the  devote<d  attachment  wUch  the  yolmg  AlciUades  pro* 
fe&d  for  hiiku  It  may  veadily  be  conceived,  that  the  infti< 
tutions  €»f  Sparta  could  not  })e  natundifed  at  Athens  widi 
facility  J  atyd  among  nations  addiAed  to  this  fpecies  of  de- 
bauchery, a  (^generated  and  enfeebled  race  muft  needs 
have  fufimd  tl^  puni(hment  due  to  thofe  injuries  com- 
ixutted  on  the  moft  facred  laws  of  nature* 

To  the  exereifes  by  which  their  early  infancy  was  invi- 
gorated, fueceeded'a  feries  of  real  contefts  among  the  Spar- 
tan yc^th*  who  had  attained  the  age  of  eighteen.  They 
were  taught  to  deipife  and  reiift  pbin  upon  every  occafion; 
they  enpountered  that  feeling  in  a  more  formidable  (hape 
in  the  midft  of  their  pleafures  than  in  the  field  of  battle. 
{nftead'of  being  abandoned  to  dtemfelves,  in  an  age  in 
which  the  turbulent  pai&ons  predominate,  they  were  at 
this  period  ftirnifhed  with  new  incentives  to  their  courage, 
and  all  their  paSions  controuled  or  abfbrbed  by  the  love  of 

their 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLS.  281 

.3ieir  conntryy  kindled  in  their  fouls  exquifite  enjoyments^ 
and  delivered  them  up  to  a  ^ecies  of  intoxication^  unac« 
companied  by  pleafure. 

Senfualtty  experienced  every  difcour^gement;  and  the 
black  hroth  of  Sparta,  which  gratified  an  appetite  excited 
by  violent  exercife,  was  undoubtedly  a  diflx  which  a  Spar- 
tan alone  could  reliih.  The  artSi  the  ofispring  of  imag{n« 
ation,  and  which  aiibrd  it  fo  agreeable  an  exercife,  werer 
enly  rendered  familiar  to  the  Spartans  as  far  as  they  infpir* 
ed  noble  and  manly  fentiments*  To  the  art  of  oratory  this 
people  were  ftrangers ;  their  eloquence  confifted  in  ftrength 
and  precifion  of  ideas ;  their  poetry  was  pregnant  with  fire 
and  enthufiafm ;  and  their  mufic  admitted  only  of  grand 
and  forcible  modulations,  calculated  to  prompt  to  daring 
and  courageous  enterprises. 

Time  impairs  the  noblefl:  inftitutions ;  but  it  is  remark* 
able,  that  the  vices^  which  at  firft  changed  thofe  of  Lycur* 
gus,  were  the  very  oppofite  to  thofe  which  generally  under- 
mine and  enfeeble  the  primitive^  virtues  of  infant  dates* 
Such  was  the  nature  of  the  impulfe  communicated  to  the 
Spartans  by  their  firft  inftitutions,  that,  inftead  of  ten^i^ 
to  enfeeble  the  fentiments  with  which  they  infpired  them^ 
they  tranfgrefled  the  limits  which  the  legiflator  prefcribed 
to  them ;  firmnefs  and  courage  .were  converted  into  fero- 
city and  barbarity  i  the  pride  of  the  ftem  virtues  extinguifh* 
ed  the  very  fentiments  of  humanity  ^  and  inftead  of  refting 
fatisfied  with  rendering  their  bodies  hardy  and  vigoroust 
they  fubjeded  them  with  a  favage  joy  to  the  moft  unavail- 
ing punifhments.  The  fteadinefs  with  which  the  Spartana 
per  fevered  in  the  firft  track  which  Lycurgus  pointed  out  to 
them,  evidently  refulted  from  the  care  exercifed  by  that 
legiflator  to  prcferve  them  from  all  commixture  with  foreign 

nations. 


2g8  avOUKE)  BY  HAtLE* 

nations.  He  ladier  chofe  to  dqprive  them  at  the  «rt8,  the 
offspring  of  luxury  and  of  commerce,  provided.they  remsun* 
ed  ftranger^  to  the  corruption  which  followed  in  their  tram } 
and  it  was  perhaps  a  more  advantageous  alternative  for 
them  to  preferve  all  the  roughnefs  of  a  firft  impreffioiH 
than  to  fufier  its  original  traces  to  be  edaced»  in  aHbciatioos 
which  never  introduce  degance,  of  manners  without  its 
^ncomitant  vices. 

In  fine,  the  greateft  eulo^m  which  can  be  pafied  upon 
the  phyfical  tnftitutions  qf  Lacedemon  is^  that  in  no  other 
diftrift  of  Greece  could  man  lay  claim  to  purer  and  noUef 

»  _ 

blood  than  circulated  in  the  veins  of  the  S^partans.  (Sec 
Travels  of  the  young  Anacharfis.) 

PHYSICAL  CODE  OF  FTTHAGOlLAS  AND  OF  PtATO.. 

It  was  not  under  the  formal  fan£iion  of  laws,  that  the 
other  ftates  of  Greece  received  fuch  of  their  pra£):ice$  as 
are  conneSed  with  the  prefervation  of  public  healths  and| 
in  general,  thefe  objects  are  far  from  being  fo  nearly  allied 
tc  Irgifiative  ena£l:ments  as  to  the  manners  aod  cuftoms  q{ 
narions. 

There  are,  however,  two  men  who  merit  a  place  in  the 
rank  of  lawgivers ;  and  whofe  precepts,  confidered  in  their 
relation  to  public  hygiene^  may  be  compared  with  the  code 
of  LycurgUs.  Thefe  arc  Pythagoras  and  Plato.  The  former, 
with  no  other  defign  than  that  of  eftablifhing  a  fchool  of 
philofophy,  became  almoft  the  legiflator  of  a  nation ;  and 
the  latter,  in  devifing  a  fyftem  of  laws  fpr  ftates,  was  fimply 
denominated  a  philofopher* 

Sobriety  and  temperance  were  the  original  bafis  of  the 
dUetetic  laws  of  Pythagoras  \  and  abftinence  from  certain 

fubftances. 


HYGIENJS,  BY  HALL^.  $85 

fttbfianceS}  as  well  as  a  vegetable  regimen^  were  only  ccmk 
clttitons  deduced  from  a  firft  principle;  the  objed  of  which 
was  to  procure,  in  conjunAion.with  bodily  health,  the  per- 
fe&ion  of  the  intdleflual  fun&iotis.  Certain  prohibitions 
could  not  be  confidered  as  ftri&  and  rigorous  precispts,  ex« 
cept  for  his  difciples  alone,  who,  like  all  the  ibllowers  of* 
religious  or  philofophical  fchools,  .always  take  merit  to 
themfislTes,  in  increafing  the  feverity  of  obfervances,  whiift 
they  not  unfrequently  lofe  (ight  of  the  end  for  which  they 
were  inftituted,  viz.  the  phyfical  and  moral  perfediion  of 
man.  The  man  who  iheds  the  blood  of  an  oz  or  of  a 
(beep,  will  be  habituated  more  eafily  than  another  to  wit- 
nefs  the  effiifion  of  that  of  his  fellow  creature ;  inhumanity^ 
takes  pofieffion  of  his  foul  \  and  the  profei&ons,  whofe  ob« 
]c6l  is  to  facrifice  animals  for  the  purpofe  of  fupplying  the 
neceffities  of  men,  impart  to  thofe  who  exercife  them  a 
ferocity,  which  their  relative  conne&ipns  with  fociety  but 
imperfe^ly  ferve  to  mitigate.  Would  it  be  a  true  infers* 
ence  from  thefe  premifes,  that  the  tbirft  of  blood  is  one  of 
thofe  depravities  to  which  the  human  fpecies  abandon 
themfelves  with  the  leaft  relu£lance  ?  and  ought  men  to 
be  compared  with  thofe  carnivorous  animals,  among  which 
the  colour,  or  the  fmell,  or  the  tafte  of  bloody  awaken  a 
terrible  inftin^l,  which  prompts  them  to  forget  even  the 
very  mafter  whom  they  formerly  car^fled,  and  from  whom 
they  received  their  nourifliment  i 

There  is  another  obfervation  which  I  equally  refer  to  the 
phyfical  organization  of  man,  and  which  owes  its  origin  to 
that  kind  of  religious  fchool  eftabliihed  by  Pythagoras.  It 
relates  to  the  influence  of  fymbols  and  of  fymbolical  obferv« 
ances,  in  engraving  the  maxims  of  morality  upon  the  human 
mind.    He  had  learned  this  method  among  the  Egyptian 

4  priefts ; 


284  HVOICKS,  BV  HALL£« 

ptiefts ;  but  he  hsd  not  confidered  that  man,  faperftttioizs 
ftom  his  birth,  loon  attaches  himfelf  to  the  type,  winlft  he 
everlooks  the  idea  of  which  ii  is  the  emblem,  lays  hold  of 
the  image  to  fubftitute  it  in  the  place  of  the  thing  repre- 
felted,  and  by  diis  means  becomes  more  refigions  without 
improving  his  condu£i*  There  is  little  rea(bn  to  donbe, 
diat  idolatry  and  fnperftition  bad  their  origin  in  fymboUcal 
and  myfterious  language,  which,  covering  truth  w^  a 
ve9|  exUbited  her  only  under  emblematical  appearances* 
But  this  inquiry  is  le&  immediately  conneded  with  die 
ioBrine  ofbedhhy  than  with  th^  nature  of  man. 

We  may  obfenre  here,  as  one  of  the  circumftanccs  which 
tnoft  decidedly  contribute  to  bodily  health,  the  care  ezercif* 
cd  by  the  Pythagoreans  in  regulating  all  the  emottiuis  of 
Ac  foul,  not  only  by  the  ftudy  of  philofoi^  and  of  the 
l|)ecttlative  fciencesi  not  only  by  the  precepts  and  pra£Hces 
of  the  mildeft  morality,  but,  moreover,  by  the  ule  of  mufici 
by^the  peaceable  profpeA  of  agreeable  folitudes,  in  general} 
by  all  thofe  means,  which  dxffiifing  ferenity  over  our  exter- 
nal fenfes,  tranfmit  into  our  f9ttls  the  placid  afle^Kons  of 
our  eyes  and  of  our  ears. 

I  have  not  thought  it  fuperfiuou^  to  dwell  for  a  moment 
upon  thefe  confidertions ;  fince  the  fyftem  of  Pythagoras 
was  not  confined  within  the  linuts  of  his  owi)  fchpol,  but 
became,  during  a  certain  period,  the  law  of  a  Grecian  co*. 
lony  eftabliflied  at  Crotona,  which  was  deftroyed  only  by 
the  jealoufy  of  certain  perfons,  who,  on  account  of  their 
viceS}  were  refufed  admiffion  into  this  fociety.  A  nation 
of  j^lofophers,  governed  by  the  mildeft  laws,  among 
whom  the  pallions  kept  in  perpetual  fubjefiion  to  the  do- 
minion of  reafon,  would  have  never  interrupted  peace, 

union,  and  equality,  would  undoubtedly  have  been  a  noble 

fpcftacle, 


XrrOIEMEy  BY  HAJUIOU  885 

{pc&tck,  and  "k  rich  fource  of  obferrationt  for  all  tbofi: 
who  devote  themfelvea  to  the  ftudy  of  the  phyfical  audi 
moral  qualities  of  man — a  chimerical  &bric }  but  whick 
it  was  an  honourable  attempt  to  have  reared  to  a  cotaia 
he^htt  in  fpite  of  the  inevitable  deftru&ion  which  humaft 
depravity  prepared  for  it.  The  phyfical  t&Qt  of  an  tuAi- 
tution  of  this  nature  upon  fucceifive  generationSf  in  one  cf 
the  fineft  clifl»tes  in  the  worid,  is  unfortunately  a  problena 
which  has  not  yet  been  folved,  which  ofiers  itfelf  to  our 
meditation^  but  vdiich  will  fumiih  few  pages  in  die  luftorj" 
of  public  bfg&nim 

The  fine  chimera  which  oceuned  to  the  mind  of  Plato» 
whik  orgaaiai^g  his  ideal  republic^  a^rds  little  new  ma** 
teriab  adapted  to  our  purpoft^  and  the  divtfion  of  the 
education  of  die  claCi  of  warriors^  between  the  gy mnaftic 
art  and  mufici  is  the  only  circuoidlance  which  we  deem 
worthy  of  obfarvation  in  thi$  place.  It  merits  our  attentioa^ 
both  becaufe  this  department  of  Plato's  plan  is  fiippocled 
upon  the  experience  of  the  ftates  of  Greece,  and  becanfe 
the  kpflator^s  ohjed  was  to  counterbalance  the  phyficai 
effi^  of  one  of  thefe  inftitutions  by  dx>fe  of  the  odier : 
ii^bpuch  that  mufic  cured  the  foul  of  that  rudeneb  and 
f|iv^  di^fltioQ  with  which  the  ezerciCes  of  die  gymaa* 
(ium  infeAed  it|  whilft  thefe,  on  the  other  hand,  in  inri*^ 
gorating  die  body,  and  in  accuftoming  it  to  endure  the 
m<^  fisvere  laboim,  guarded  die  body  agatnft  diat  eflfemi* 
nacy  and  want  of  energy  wluch  reCiilied  from  die  eficde 
of  mufic.  We  may,  however,  remark  in  this  place,  that  by 
die  term  mufic,  Omtvws),  Phto  and  the  ancients  uadetftooA 
alfii  every  (iibje^  comprehended  under  the  jurifdiftion  o£ 
the  mufissi  that  is,  all  the  i^ulative  fiaeaces.  It  is  neverw 
thelefs  certain,  that  mufic,  properly  fo  called,  occupied  a 

confplcuous 


286 


HYGIENH,  BY  HALLE. 


confpicQOtts  place  among  the  inftitutioni  of  Greece*  They 
fegarded  it  as  poflefling  extenfive  influence,  both  phyfical 
and  moral,  over  the  minds  of  men ;  (ince  the  kings  and 
the  ephori  enaAed  a  difhonourable  decree  againft  an  Ionian 
muiician  who  had  juft  introduced  into  Sparta  innovationsi 
vhich,  by  beftowing  more  voluptuous  modulations  on  mu- 
fic»  appeared  to  them  calculated  to  corrupt  the  youth.  In 
ether  countries  of  Greece,  feveral  laws  prefcribed  the 
number  of  ftrings  which  the  lyre  (hbuM  pofiefs,  and  pro- 
Ubited  any  additioil  to  this  number  under  the  fevereft 
penalties*  Plato  himfelf  confiders  the  changes  introduced 
into  mufic  as  fymptomatic  of  depravity  of  monds,  and  as 
a  prefage  ominous  to  the  community.  He  prefcribed  to  the 
pupils  of  his  republic  the  Dorian  and  Phrygian  modulations; 
of  which,  the  former  was  energetic  and  manly,  die  latter 
Irfty  and  noble.  But  he  prohibited  the  Lydian  meafurei 
calculated  to  introduce  languiihing  plaintivenefs  ^  and  the 
Ionian,  which  breathed  fc^  voluptuou&tefs.  Whatever 
may  be  in  this,  one  expreffion  of  this  great  mvi,  inftruds 
Its  as  to  the  objefi  which  be  had  in  view  when  he  com* 
pofed  his  fyftem  of  public  education-^*'  When  you  arrive 
^  in  a  city/'  he  obferves,  <*  you  wiQ  perceive  that  educa^ 
**  Hon  is  negle£ked,  if  there  be  a  want  of  phyficians  and 
**  of  judges.'^ 

I  do  not  examine  here  in  detaB  what  Ariftotk  has  ad* 
vanced  after  Plato,  and  the  affiftance  which  many  other 
phiiofophers  of  antiquity  have  been  abk  to  afford,  eidier 
by  their  a£fcions  or  by  their  writings,  in  advancing  the  per- 
k&ion  of  the  fpecies.  There  are  few  things  deferring  of 
attention  in  thefe,  which  ought  not  to  be  referred  to  the 
remarks  juft  now  made,  and  which  have  not  been  borrow- 
ed 


HYOIHNE,  BY  HALLE.  287 

ti  from  the  examples  quoted  in  the  preceding  difquiG- 
Uons« 

LEGISLATIVE  HYGIENE  OF  THE  PERSIANS,  TO  THE  PERIOD 
OE  THE  INFANCY  OF  CYRUS  TI^E  GREAT. 

It  18  near  the  time  of  Pythagorasi  that  is,  in  the  fixtli 
century  before  the  Chriftian  era,  that  we  muft  fix  the 
epocha  at  which  Xenophon  reprefents  Cyrus  leaving  the 
feyere  feminary  of  the  Perfians,  and  exhibiting  at  the  court 
of  Aftya^ges,  an  example  *of  a  manly  education,  of  a  fobriety,, 
a  wifiiom,  and  an  abftemioufnefs,  which  appeared  an  incom- 
prehenfible  phenomenon  to  the  voluptuous  courtiers  of  the 
emperor  of  the  Medes. 

Let  not  the  Cyropaedia  be  regarded  merely  as  an  ingeni- 
ous romance;  this  romance,  at  leaft,  cannot  be  coniidered 
as  bttUt  upon  a  foundation  entirely  fabulous.  •  Is  it  to  be 
imagined  that  Xenophon  would  have  placed  before  the  eyes 
of  his  fellow  citizens  fo  fine  a  pl£lure  of  a  foreign  anrl  a 
rival  nation  of  the  Greeks,  had  he  not  entertained  a  fettled 
opinion  upon  this  point,  efpecially  at  a  period  when,  dege- 
nerated from  its  real  fplendour,  and  debafed  by  luxury  and 
efleminacy,  the  Perfian  nation  no  longer  furnifhed  any 
traces  of  that  unchangeable  glory  which  is  the  infeparable 
and  exclufive  xrompanion  of  virtue  ? 

Among  the  Perfians,  of  whofe  manners,  before  the  era 
at  which  this  nation  was  blended  with  the  Medes,  Xeno« 
phon  has  left  us  fo  exquifite  a  flcetch,  the  education  of 
children  was  not  intruded  to  their  parents.  The  chfLi  was 
the  property  of  the  natbn ;  and  from  the  age  of  fix  or  fe ven 
years,  was  under  the  fuperintendance  of  magiftrates,  fe- 
le£ttd  ircr-  among  the  elders,  and  who  we-^e  chofen  for 
the  ipeciai  purpofe  of  prefiding  over  the  education  ( f   he 

youth. 


S8S  HYGIENE)  BY  HAJLLS* 

jouth.  During  the  period  of  ten  years,  they  were  inured 
to  every  fpecies  d  exercife  ^  they  rofe  at  break  of  day,  ate 
io  common,  not  in  the  houfes  of  their  parents,  but  in  thofe 
of  the  mafters  to  whofe  charge  they  were  con6ded.  They 
were  there  accuftomed  to  endure  hunger  and  thirft,  and  to 
reft  fatbfied  with  a  frugal  repaft.  Their  drink  was  water.; 
bread  and  eardamon  (is«^3«^y,  which  tnmflators  interpret 
by  the  term  nqfturtiump  or  water^crijffis)  conftituted  their 
food  ;  and  their  exercife  confifted  in  bendbg  tke  bow  and 
in  throwing  the  javelin* 

When  arrived  at  the  age  of  puberty,  (till  leverer  exsiciies 
were  allotted  to  them ;  and  until  they  reached  their  twenty* 
fifth  year,  they  ferved  an  apprenticelhip  to  war,  in  all  its 
various  forms.  They  flept  in  the  open  air,  under  arms; 
they  accompanied  to  the  chace  the  chief  of  the  nation,  fuf« 
tained  in  this  exercife  the  reprefentation  of  hofiile  conflifb, 
endured  cold,  and  every  fpecies  of  inclemency  of  weather; 
ate  only  once  in  the  day,  and  fed  upon  the  game  taken  by 
the  hunters ;  on  all  other  occafions  they  were  fatisfied  widi 
the  fimple  eardamon  added  to  their  bread.  Such  of  them 
as  did  not  participate  in  the  fatigue  of  the  chace,  engaged 
in  exercife  among  themfelves,  and  contended  with  one  an* 
other  for  the  prize  and  glory  of  dexterity  and  ftrength* 

They  attsuned  their  twenty- fifth  year  befoit  they  aflbciat* 
ed  with  the  full  grown  men.  This  people  were  not  anxious 
to  gather  the  fruits  of  maturity  in  the  age  of  expectation ; 
and  they  did  not  prematurely  exhauft  the  refources  of  the 
ftate.  Every  adult  carried  arms  for  the  fpace  of  twenty- 
five  years.  At  the  age  of  fifty,  he  was  inrolled  in  the  clals 
of  old  men  $  and  from  this  period  he  never  engaged  in 
warfare,  except  in  thofe  confii£ts  which  were  maintained^ 
in  defence  of  his  own  habitation  and  of  the  national  terri- 
tones*  Such  was  the  order  of  the  laws  refpeding  the  edo* 

*  cation 


HVOIBNK,  BY  HALLE.  289 

cation  and  employment  of  men  in  a  warlike  and  invincible 
nation,  which  did  not  fink  under  the  efibrts  of  the  Greeks, 
until  a  period  when  incorporated  with  the  Medes,  and  enerv- 
ated by  luxury,  and  by  the  riches  acquired  from  the  nations 
which  it  conquered,  it  extended  its  dominion  far  beyond  its 
proper  limits,— and  whofe  defendants  firmly  fuftained  all 
the  weight  of  the  pride  and*  of  the  power  of  Rome. 

One  remark  ftill  remains  to  be  made  on  this  people, 
which  is  not  foreign  to  the  fubje£);  under  difcuflion.  The 
laws  prohibited  them  frohi  blowing  their  nofes  and  from 
fpitting  in  public,  as  well  as  from  retiring  from  their  exer- 
ctfes  for  the  purpofe  of  fatisfying  the  calls  of  nature.  This 
fingular  prohibition,  as  Xenophon  obferves,  would  be  in- 
explicable, did  we  not  confider,  that  the  excefliTe  temperance 
of  this  people  in  limiting  the  ufe  of  food  to  what  was  in- 
difpenfably  neceflary,  from  this  circumftance  alone,  render- 
ed evacuations  lefs  preffing  and  lefs  frequent,  the  copiouf- 
tiefs  of  which  is  in  general  proportioned  to  the  fuper- 
aibundance  of  floidSi  and  to  the  imperfe£Hon  of  digeftion. 

CONCERNING  THE  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  OF  THE 
ANCIENTS^  RELATIVE  TO  HYGIENE. 

There  is  an  authority  paramount  to  that  of  the  laws  i  it 
is  the  authority  of  manners.  By  mannersi  I  underftand  in 
this  article,  all  that  is  univerfally  eftablifhed  among  men  by 
the  nearly  irrefiftible  influence  of  habit  and  of  imitation. 
This  is  the  precife  import  of  the  Latin  expreflion  tnoSf  mores. 
We  violate  laws,  but  we  never  violate  manners ;  or  at  leaft 
ibis  violation  is  never  committed  by  the  vulgar;  and  the 
Fulgar  conftitute  the  bulk  of  nations.  Manners,  then,  are 
.ane  of  the  moft  important  obje£ts  of  inquiry^  both  in  » 

VoL.jn.  -  T  one 


1  / 

pbjrfic^l  and  to  a  moral  point  of  view-^  laws  give  us  an 
ideapftbelcfg^atoT'aabilitiCii  maimars indicate Uieftreiigth 
of  aatiomt 

« 

COHCEEMING  THE  CfTMN4STIC  ART. 

The  next  important  confideration  on  the  fubje£l  of  hj- 
gihte^  with  whicb  the  manners  of  ancient  nations  fumifb 
usi  is  the  gymaaftic  art.  This  at  firft  eonftitut^d  the  na- 
tural cxercife  of  ibldiers ;  and  Homer,  in  certain  parts  of 
the  Hiadi  gives  us  a  lively  defcripdon  of  real  military  gym* 
.naftics.  The  prizes  offered  to  dexterity  and  ftrength  in 
thefe  innocent  wreftlingsy  and  the  intereft  which  they  ex- 
cited both  aniong  the  fpefiators  and  among  the  competitorsj 
ibon  converted  thcfe  warlike  inftitutioas  into  pleafant  ihew]^ 
which  decorated  the  leifnre  intervals  of  peace,  and  mingled 
with  the  public  feafts.  Hercules  and  Pelops  inftituted 
^ames  of  this  kind  \  and  Iphitus,^  king  of  Elis,  after  dieir 
example,  revived  them  at  the  eftablifliment  of  the  Olym* 
pic  games.  Philofophers  and  phyGcians  footi  perceived, 
how  greatly  conducive  thefe  exercifes  we^re  to  health  and 
ftrengthi  to  what  perfeAion  a  young  man  attained  by  the 
habitual  ufe  of  them,  how  many  ailments  vanifhed  in  the 
midft  of  thofe  various  and  complicated  motions  which  they 
rendered  neceflary,  and  what  enei^y  thefe  motions  impart- 
ed to  the  preferving  and  depurating  fun£lions»  They  ob- 
fervedi  that  even  convalefcents,  in  adjufting  the  ufe  of  thefe 
exercifes  to  their  refpe£kive  degrees  of  ftrength,  recovered 
more  expeditiouily  from  a  long  and  painful  train  of  mala- 
dies. They  communicated  their  obfervations  to  their  fellow 
citizens,  and  the  practice  of  gymnaftic  exercifes  was  foon 
more  extended.  Buildings  were  conftrufted  with  the  view 
of  giving  countenance  to  this  eftabliihment,  and  of  uniting 

m 

It 


HVGlSNlty  BY  HAhhJt.  S9l 

it  with  other  inftitutions  which  compofed  the  echicatioa  of 
youth  i  and  it  is  obvious  how  much  the  gyoinaftic  art  coo- 
tributed  to  the  peifedion  and  prefervation  of  man* 

It  is  ftom  confidering  the  relation  betwedi  its  pra£):Ice 
and  the  prefervation  of  healthi  that  the  invention  of  this 
art  has  been  afcribed  to  Herodicus^  although  before  his 
time  Iccius  bad  delivered  Xome  precepu  refpe£ting  it.  It 
has  been  faid  of  Herodicus,  that  he  preferved  his  life,  and 
attained  to  a  great  age,  in  fpite  of  a  (ickly  conftitution,  by 
the  ufe  of  gymoaftic  exercifes ;  and  it  was  on  account  of 
this  care  of  his  health,  that  Plato  regarded  his  condu£i  as 
f  eprehenfible  *,  fince  this  philofopher  was  of  opinion,*  that  an 
infirm  conftitution  eftranges  man  from  the  public  intereft, 
and  confines  his  attention  entirely  to  himfelf ;  and  that  to  pro* 
long  fuch  lives,  is  equally  injurious  to  the  republic  and  to 
tbofe  unfovtiuiate  individuals,  whofe  evidence  is  for  a  long 
period  protra£ied  in  the  midft  of  their  infirmities.  Whence 
happened  it  that  a  man  of  Plato's  penetration  had  not  re- 
marked, that  many  individuals  of  infirm  conftitntions  have 
been  gifted  with  great  perfpicacity  of  underftanding,  and 
by  their  wifdom  and  counfel  have  proved  infinitely  ufeful, 
both  in  refpe^l  to  their  own  private  concerns  and  to  the 
public  weal  ? 

But  let  us  return  to  thq  confideration  of  gymnaftic  in- 
ftitutions.  We  have  feen  that  the  .ancient  Perfians  made 
great  ufe  of  thefe  in  the  time  of  Cyrus.  The  progrefs  of 
this  art  accounts  for  the  diftin£lioh  which  Plato,  Ariftotle,  , 
and  Galen  made,  between  military  gymnaftics^  the  moft  an- 
cient of  all,  atU^ic,  or,  in  the  language  of  Galen,  ixceftiot^ 
ahh  gymnqftics^  and  medical  gymfiqfiics,  or  real  gymnaftics ; 

Ta  the 


•  See  the  Third  Book  of  hii  RepubUc 


392  HTGIBKE,  BY  HALLE. 


die  objeft  of  which  was  the  prefervation  of  healthy  and  the 
peifeftum  of  the  fpecies.  This  laft  fort  conftituted  an  ef- 
fential  department  of  the  education  of  youth.  Vano  * 
remariuy  that  whilft  the  Romans  employed  themfelves  in 
agricttltufe,  and  derived  from  the  purity  of  their  moralsi 
and  from  the  labours  of  the  field,  that  ftrength  and  vigour 
which  picferve  health,  they  remained  ignorant  of  the  gym- 
naftic  art.  This  fpecies  of  exercife  became  necefiary,  when 
they  quitted  their  fields,  to  furrender  themfelves  to  the  te- 
dious floth  of  their  cities  and  to  fatal  ina^vity.  Phyficians, 
from  the  time  of  Varro  to  die  fall  of  the  empire,  care&dly 
inculcated  this  pradice,  for  the  cure  of  difeafes,  and  for 
the  prefervation  of  health.  And  Plutarch  informs  us,  diat 
in  his  time,  thefe  ufirful  exercifes  were  univerfally  pra^ 
ed.f  We  have  already  adverted  to  die  excefles  of  which 
this  people  were  guilty  in  this  refpeA  linder  the  emper« 
ors* 

Medicinal  or  true  gymnaftics,  that  fpecies,  viz.  which  was 
comprehended  in  the  education  of  youth,  and  to  which 
meh  in  all  ages  have  had  recourfe  for  the  prefervation  of 
their  health,  differed  from  the  athletic,  not  ftriAly  by  the 
nature  of  the  exercifes,  but  by  the  degree  in  which  tbey 
were  pra^lifed.  In  reality,  the  ohjtdt  of  the  athletic  fpecies 
was,  not  to  impart  to  the  body  all  the  permanency  of  a 
vigorous  fl:ate  of  health,  but  all  the  ftrength  which  it  coold 
poiBbly  acquire.  Whence  refulted^an  exceiEve  ftrength  of 
conftitution,  which  was  denominated  athletic  ;  and  of  which 
certain  ancient  ftatues  gives  us  an  idea,  for  fuch  men  aie 
very  rarely  obferved  in  our  times.  All  the  ancients  repro- 
bate 

•  De  re  Raft.  lib.  ii.  Proem. 

f  See  Mercurial  de  Arte  Gymmtfi.  JJb»  i»  eaf»  f. 


/ 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  ^289 

bate  this  ezceffiTe  degree  of  bodily  vigour;  they  regard  it  as 
furpaffing  the  boundaries  of  nature,  as  injurious  to  the 
mental  fun£lions»  and  even  to  the  ftability  of  health. 

It  is  to  the  athletic,  at  lead  to  the  abufe  of  the  gymnaftie 
art,  improperly  underftood,  and  carried  to  an  immoderate 
length,  that  the  following  aphorifin  of  Hippocrates,  which 
the  ordinary  copies  give  us  in  thefe  terms,  muft  undoubt-^ 
edly  be  applied :  £y  r^^  yvftft&ruuHn  m  Ur  Sut^f  fvi{^»  ^f «• 

XHxtrm  «ry  he}  ii  )C^^^»  inttutv  v»  Afticm  m  tvt^ui*  Avny  (v^w^i^ 
fii  fi^tHiffy  Tm  MAf»  i^hf  ttnt$^i^  AiiCii  ti  Wtf^,  &c.  That 
^A  <*^  gymnafiic  exercifes^  it  is  dangerous  to  attain  to  the  bigbeft 
degree  of  vigour^  if  this  vigour  hepufbed  to  the  lajl  extremity  to 
which  it  can  arrive.  InfaSt^  tlnsflate  of  the  body  cannot  aU 
ways  remain  at  the  fame  pointy  or  maintmn  its  potion  without 
variations*  Since  then  it  cannot  thus  permanently  fu^ort  itfelfi 
and  that  neverthelrfs  it  is  not  fufeeptible  of  any  amelioration^  it 
muft  necejfarily  grow  woffi.  It  is  on  this  account  that  it  is 
u/^  to  reduce  ^hout  delay  this^  eucefs  of  vigour,  that  the 
body  may  recruit  itfelfapartf  i^c. 

Viltebrune  is  not  inclined  to  underftand  this  aphorifm 
as  referring  to  athletic  gymnaftics,  but  only  to  medicinal 
gymnaftics ;  and  inftead  of  yv^MruMiVo,  ingymnaftica  de£tisp 
he  fubftitutes  «0«W0-<  {k  fv4<n'),  in  Hs  qua  ad  bonum  haiitum 
exercentur*  Lorry  espfaim  this  paflage  difierently,  and 
applies  it  to  thofe  who  make  the  gymnaftic  art  their  prin- 
cipal occupation,  as  for  example,  the  athletes,  and  to  thofe 
who  were  ambitious  of  attaimng  to  that  degree  of  ftrength 
which  chara£kerized  that  race.  This  is  alfo  the  opinion  of 
Bofquillon^  and  ouny  reafons,  which  it  were  ufelefs  to 
fpecify  in  this  place,  induce  me  to  prefer  their  opinion  to 
that  of  ViUebrune.  But  be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  eafy  to  con* 

T  3  ceive, 


\  i 

294  HTCIENE^  BY  HAIL£» 

ceivCi  that  thofe  who  devoted  themfelireai  whether  from 
tafte  or  from  their  particuliar  fitaatioti  in  focietyi  to  At 
conftant  pradice  of  gymnallic  exercifesj  arriving  graduaDy 
at  a  point  vrhich  is  the  excefs  of  bodily  ftrength  and  vigour, 
could  not  continue  their  ordinary  etercifcs,  without  being 
expofed  to  danger;  and  that,  in  order  to  refume  dietn  with- 
out inconveniences,  the  ftrength  ttius  acquired  and  carried 
to  excefii  muft  of  neceffity  be  diminiflied,  {thtOiitif  x\mf  fti 
fi^ttii^i),  in  ordef  to  reftore  to  the  invigorating  aftlon  of 
the  gymnaftic  art,  the  requifite  (i)acc  of  time  for  produdng 
its  eflfefts  without  breaking  the  fprlngs  of  the  body,  (7i* 
.^dxtf  «g;^»  ifa$^^a'i6i  xdifi  tl  trS^).  And,  in  this  fenfe,  the 
exprcffion  Jtmt^i'^a-ta^^  fi/larathn,  is  at  leaft  as  intdligiblc  as 
the  word  «>«««v^<©j,  rip^/e^  which  Villcbtune  fubftitutes  in 
its  place. 

The  authority  of  Galen,  who  himfelf  witneffed  the  cf- 
fctfts '  of  gymnaftics,  the  authority  upon  which  the  vulgar 
text  refts,  will  appear  on  this  point  equivalent  to  that  of 
the  manufcripts  quoted  in  the  reli)eaable  work  of  Ms 
learned  critic.  Still  farther,  the  word  Jifx6ii^(rio$  appears  to 
correfpond  much  better  than  die  other  to  the  remarkable 
expreffion  Aw^f  rif  wi|/ijf  ^h  fi^c^^^,  tar  ttduce  quickly  tfm  ex* 
ctffive  vigour  i  which  fignifies,  to  remove  it  by  cnfeeblhig 
remedies,  that  fubftitute  in  its  place  an  artificial  and  ad- 
vantageous debility.  This  is  the  import  of  the  word  |t;^- 
^inn^  Jinking^  confidentut^  which  Hijf  pbctates  aftcfrwards 
adopts  to  cxprcfs  the  change  that  muft  be  cflfeacd,  for  the 
purpofc  of  preventing  the  refults  of  this  excelfive  ftrength; 
a  change,  in  accomplilhfaig  which,  he  alfo  direfts  the  ap- 
plication of  a  wife  moderation,  and  which  he  wMhes  to  b6 
adjufted  to  the  temperament  of  the  patient. .  And  foon  af- 
ter, he  ufes  the  word  %%mtrm^  evacuations,  to  which  he 
again  contrafts  the  term  m/^^f^nt,  rejorOtions^  or,  accord- 

in|; 


HVOlEKfi,  BY  ttALLJ,  295 

Ing  to  Villebranei  enm^ttv&tti.  And,  6n  ^11  occafions,  he 
recommends  raeafures  and  proportions  fuited  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  perfon  who  is  brought  back  by  thefe  changes  t<> 
a  moderate  degree  of  ftrength  and  vigour. 

From  this  difcuffion  ii  feems  evident,  that  in  this  ftate  of 
preternatural  vigour,  fuperinduced  by  the  immoderate  ufe 
of  gymnaftic  exercifesi  phyfieians  were  obliged  to  weaken, 
and,  if  the  expreffion  may  be  ufed,  to  fiik,  or  reduce,  by 
means  of  proper  evacuations,  the  perfon  who  had  attained 
this  excefs  of  ftrength ;  and  afterwards  to  reftore  him  by  a 
WcH  concerted  plan  of  recovery  to  that  moderate  or  middle 
ftate,  which  alode  is  compatible  with  a  permanent  ftate  of 
health.  Hippocrates,  in  fa£t,  fpeaks  exprefsly  to  the  fame 
purpofe,  in  the  fubfequent  part  of  the  paffage  quoted  above, 
and  in  the  fame  aphorifm :  (Anil  ri^  %vuvlv(n»q  U  t^  t^mr^f 

which  figniiies — we  muji  not  pu/h  this  debilitating  procefs  too 
far^  for  that  nvould  he  dangerous  ;  hut  it  muJi  he  accommodated 
to  the  conftitutiort  of  the  perfon  upon  whom  the  experiment  is 
performed*  For  thefe  precautions  are  equally  applicable  to  eva^ 
cuationSf  which,  carried  to  an  extreme  lengthy  are  produffive  of 
dangerous  eJfeBs.  And  again,  the  procefs  of  refioration,  if  car- 
ried afrefb  to  an  excefjive  degree,  would  alfo  be  attended  with 
danger. 

Galen  alfo  informs  us,  that  wreftlers  were  fubjcft  to 
fudden  accidents,  as  burfting  of  blood-veflels,  and  haemor- 
rhages \  and  Mercurialis  quotes  St.  Jerome,  wfio  affirms, 
that  they  never  attained  to  a  advanced  age  \  and  who  cor* 
roborates  on  this  point  the  authority  of  Hippocrates  and  of 
Galen^i'  adduced  above.    The  explanation  of  this  remark- 

•  »  ■  - 

able  aphorifm  was  certainly  not  a  point  of  trivial  import- 

T  4  ance 


296  BYG1KN£»  BY  UAtLB. 

aace  to'  the  medical  hiftory  of  the  gynmaftic  aft«  I  (ha& 
not  here  enter  into  any  practical  details  relati?e  to  this  art^ 
fo  much  n^leAed  in  thefe  days*  One  of  my  coUeagues 
wiH  without  doubt  have  in  this  refpcdl  gratified  the  CTpe£l- 
ations  of  his  readers  in  the  article  gjmnafiics* 

COMCBRMXNG  BATHS  AMD  BBPASTS,  IN  THBIR  RELATION 

TO  THE  GTMNASTXC  ART. 

The  pradice  of  bathing  was  too  nearly  connected  with 
'the  general  fyftem  of  ezercifes,  not  to  include  places  appro- 
priated to  both  the  one  and  the  other^  in  the  £u&e  efitaUifh- 
ments  ^  an  important  department  of  the  Gymnafium  was 
a£Bgned  to  baths  and  ftoves.  Among  the  Romans  efpe- 
cially,  much  more  than  among  the  Greeksj  the  edifices 
reared  for  the  pra£Uce  of  bathing  were  €onftru£led  with 
tafte  and  magnificence  \  and  yet  public  baths  were  not*  till 
a  very  late  periodj|  eftabliihed  at  Rome.  The  people  were 
admitted  into  thefe  baths  upon  paying  a  very  moderate 
fum ;  aad  the  hours  in  which  admiifion  was  granted  were 
regulated  by  the  laws.  Arrangements  of  police  maintain- 
ed decorum  in  thofe  places  %  and  it  was  not  till  the  period 
of  degeneracy  and  corruption,  which  prevailed  under  the 
infamous  emperors^  that  the  fexes  were  obferved  promif- 
cuouily  mixed  together.  So  predominant  over  the  manners 
of  nations,  efpecially  in  corrupting  them,  is  the  influence 
of  thofe  by  whom  they  are  governed  I  The  peQple  imitate 
and  defpife  their  rulers* 

The  hot  and  tepid  batjbs,  the  moift  and  dry  ftoves,  (/0O0- 
fiicum),  the  cold  bath,  and  above  all,  bafons  in  which 
fwimming  might  be  pradifed,  were  the  principal  depart- 
ments of  the  public  baths  i  infomuch  that  they  ferved  either 
for  the  purpofc  of  deanlinefs ',  and,  in  this  point  of  view^ 

"^  the 


I 


HYOI£N£9  BY  HALLE.  99? 

ilie  exercifes'themfelyes  rendered  their  ufe  in<UfpeDfable ; 
either  to  reftore  to  the  body  the  flexibility,  to  the  fluids  the 
li<p)id]ty5  and  ta  the  pores  of  the  ikin  the  permeability,  of 
wUch  violent  exercifes  had  deprived  them :  or  to  f umifli  a 
new  field  of  ezercife,  equally  adapted  with  all  the  reft  to 
ftrengthen  the  body,  without  exhaufting  it,  and  to  put  all 
its  limbs  in  motion.  I  fpeak  not  here  of  any  accommoda- 
tions which  fenfiudity  foperadded  to  all  thefe  ufeful  objeds 
of  attention :  the  gymnaftic  art  did  not  authorize  thefe  ef- 
feminate conveniences^  more  calculated  to  enervate  man, 
than  to  advance  his  progrefs  to  perfeAion. 

Alternation  of  heat  and  cold,  produced  either  by  fuccef- 
five  immerfions  in  baths  of  difierent  temperature,  or  by  the 
affttfion  of  cold  water  upon  a  body,  which  had  juft  quitted 
the  hot  bath,  [oalida  lavatiff)^  was  one  of  the  pradiices  in 
moft  conunon  ufe  amoi^  the  anciepts.  Hippocrates,  when 
fpeaking  of  regimen  in  difeafes,  and  even  in  acute  diforders, 
adverts  to  the  precautions  which  the  afiiifion  of  cold  water 
to  coming  out  of  the  bath  demanded,  according  to  the  dif- 
ferent  kinds  of  afie&ions,  to  which  the  body  had  been 
expofed :  and  Galen  treats  of  the  fame  fubje^.*  There 
was  alfo  a  period  at  which  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath  was  in 
general  vogue  s  and  Antonius  Mufa,  the  phyficiao  of  Au-i 
gufttts,  appears  to  have  been  the  perfon  who  introduced  it« 
Augufttts,  according  to  report,  had  been  cured  of  a  difeafe 
by  this  pra£^ice«  This  &(hion  continued  i  and  the  inha- 
bitants of  Rome  boafted  of  the  hardihood  with  which  thej| 
immerfed  their  bodies  in  the  coldeft  water.  Seneca  makes 
k  a  fubjedi  of  exultation,  and  fays  of  himfelf,  t  We  tan^ 
tus  PfjcbnbtteSf  qui  kalendis  Januariis  in  Euriputn  falor 
ham.    Plutarch  and  Galen  remonftrated  againft  the  ufe 

of 

m 

*  GaL  Comm.  iii,  la  Ub.  de  vi^u  in  ftciitit»<«  449  cd.  de  Chartief. 
t  Epift,  S3. 


298  HYdI£K£,  hV  HALL«. 

of  c(M  water,  as  I  fhall  hare  occafion  to  dbfetre  in  Ac 
fequd. 

Swimming  alfo  was  peculiarly  regarded  as  an  eflendal 
part  of  the  education  of  youth ;  and  the  fame  importance 
was  attached  to  it,  as  to  reading  or  the  knowledge  of  letters. 
(Neque  literal  dididt,  nee  natare^  ftitt  vhit,  feftry^ftMim  ttti* 
vetrtcf)  — ^^  has  learned  neither  to  read  nor  toftmm^  was  the 
eharader  given  of  a  perfon  whom  they  wiflied  to  ftigmaltee 
as  grofsly  ignorant. 

The  pradices  which  followed  or  accompanied  the  ufe 
of  baths  were  not  attended  to  with  lefs  care  thftn  the  baths 
themfelves.  Frictions,  frequent  manipulations,  pre#ure 
upon  the  mufcular  parts  and  upon  the  joints,  die  form  and 
the  materials  of  the  inftruments  appointed^  to  remote  firom 
the  furface  of  the  (kin  the  fubftances  which  a^kered  \o  it 
after  the  bath  (JMgiles)^  brufhes,  epilateires^  8tc.  were  ob- 
je£ls  of  attention  which  phyficians  themfelves  did  iMH  over* 
look.  And  Galen,  Oribafius,  ^ius,  ice.  have  not  negtei^- 
ed  to  defcribe  the  greater  part  of  thefe  prad^cea  in  iSI^ 
works.  09y  inunAions,  whether  fimple  or  perfumed,  oc« 
cttpied  a  diftinguiflied  place  among  thefe  praAices;  and 
even  abftrafied  from  their  application,  both  during  exercife 
and  in  the  bath,  the  ufe  of  them  was  kabitual  among  many 
perfons  in  all  conditions.  Every  perfon  knows  the  veceran 
Ibldier's  reply  to  Auguftus,  when  he  queftioned  him  coa« 
ceming  the  meafures  which  he  adopted  for  the  prefervation 
#f  his  health  during  fo  long  a  fife ;  [extus  oko^  intus  mulfi;) 
hf  the  external  afplicdtiffn  of  ^/,  aid  by  the  internal  tfi  ^ 
Pweet  wine,  or  mu/l,  faicf  he :  wifiiing  to  be  underftood  as 
afcribing  his  protraded  Kfe^  and  his  exceflent  health,  to  die 
ufe  of  external  inun£lions,  which  rendered  him  independent 
of  the  influence  of  viciffitudes  of  temperature  or  perfpir* 

.  . .  atiQOf 


atton^  and  to  a  laxative  ftate  of  his  bovrelsi  maintaioed  by 
the  ufe  of  the  juice  of  the  grape. 

The  conjttit^lion  of  the  various  kinds  of  exetdfes  iitrith 
the  bathS)  regulated  the  proportioti  and  the  hour  of  dieir 
repafts ;  infomuch  that  the  confidenition  of  the  gymnaftic 
art  a!otie  compivhends  almoft  the  whole  {vhjtfk  of  bygiifte* 
It  is  in  {ti&  to  the  life  of  baths  genei^Uy  eftabliflied  among 
the  Romans^  and  adopted  by  alntoft  every  dafs  of  citizensi 
that  the  cuftom  of  making  the  /upper,  or  the  repaft  of  th« 
evening,  the  principal  diet;  and  that  of  being  reclined  on 
couches,  during  the  time  employed  in  this  repaft,  muft  be 
afcribed.  The  other  diets  could  only  be  light  for  men  who 
divided  the  day  between  their  neeeflkry  avocations^  exereife 
and  thebath,  and  v;ho  were  alfo  to  bathe  in  the  evenings 
Confidered  in  its  relation  to  health,  the  hour  of  fupper  was 
equally  remarkable.  It  correfponded,  on  the  one  hand,  to 
the  termination  of  bufinefs,  that  is,  to  the  moment  when 
man,  fatigued  with  the  motions  of  the  day,  had  refi'efhed 
himfelf  in  the  bath,  where  all  the  expedients  to  which  he 
then  had  recourfe,  had  facilitated  and  completed  the  cuta- 
neous evacuations,  and  confequently  fintlhed  the  daily  elu« 
triation  of  the  body ;  in  (hort,  at  the  moment  when  both 
foul  and  body  enjoyed  the  greateft  degree  of  liberty  of 
which  they  are  fufceptible.  At  this  period  a  reafonable 
forgetfulnefs  of  the  cares  of  the  day  perntitted  a  pure  gaiety 
to  exhilerate  all  their  enjoyments,  and  to  embellifli  their 
focial  intercourfe  with  all  the  charms  that  can  refult  front 
a  complete  exoneration  from  anxiety.  On  the  other  hand^ 
the  fupper  was  followed  by  a  long  ceflation  from  labour, 
and  by  fleep  during  the  night.  Thus  does  it  appear^  that 
in  this  order  of  afllairs,  every  thing  promoted  the  digeftbn 
of  ihe  aliment^  and  confpired  to  efFe£t  a  complete  repar* 
ation  ot  the  lofs  fuftained  by  the  body  throughout  the  day. 

The 


i 


aOd^OQ.         HYGIBNE,  BY  HALLE. 

The  repsiftfl  takeftMuring  the  day  feemed  only  intended  to 
haften  with  greater  facility  the  hour  of  fupper.  They  did 
not  interrupt  the  ufual  bufineft^  and  abftemious  people  did 
not  paufe  or  fit  down  to  table  on  their  account.  Auguftusy 
according  to  Suetonius,  dined  in  his  litter  on  a  morfel  of 
bresld  and  a  little  fruit.  Wbil^  returning  hmefr^m  the  palace 
in  my  fedan^  I  ate  an  ounce  tf  breads  nmtb  a  few  grapes^ 
at  Duradna :  Dum  leStica  ex  regui  domum  redio  panis  unciam 
cumpaucis  acines  uva  Duradna  comedu^  And  Seneca,  /peak- 
ing of  his  dinner  if  makes  ufe  of  thefe  expreffions:  Pams  de* 
indejiccus^  etjitie  menfa  prandium^  pofl  qu9d  nonfunt  Idvands 
manus:  1  then  take  fotne  dry  breads  and  dine  withwt  Jitting 
down  t9  table  J  after  which  there  is  no  neceffityfor  wajbing  my 
bands.  After  all,  we  may  believe  that  every  Roman  did 
xx>t  reftridi  himfelf  to  this  degree  of  fobriety ;  it  is  never^ 
thelefs  certain,  that  the  dinn^r^  prandium^  was  but  a  light 
repaft  \  and  as  they  did  not  dine  on  coming  out  of  the  bath, 
during  this  diet  they  did  not  refume  the  reclined  pofture. 

The  order  of  the  dilhes  during  the  repaft  was  alfo,  as 
among  us,  regulated  according  to  cuftom  \  and  this  cuftom 
was  not  perhaps  the  moft  confonant  to  the  principles  upon 
Vhich  the  do£irine  of  health  ought  to  be  eftabUflied.  Cel- 
fus  condemns  the  cuftom  of  his  own  time,  at  leaft  in  as  far 
as  people  of  delicate  ftomachs  were  concerned ;  and  there 
is  a  pretty  ftrong  analogy  between  the  divifion  of  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  a  repaft  in  that  time,  and  the  difierent  courfes 
upon  our  tables.  The  ancients,  or  at  leaft  the  Romans, 
divided  their  repaft  into  firft  and  fecond  tables  or  courfes, 
{prima  etfecunda  rnenfg.)  The  firft  courfe  was  compofed 
of  animal  food  and  other  very  nutritive  fare ;  and  the  fecond 
was  made  up  of  fruits  and  delicacies.  It  is  of  this  latter 
part  of  the  repaft  that  Celfus  fpeaks :  {Secunda  menfa  iwo 

Jlomac1» 

*  Suet,  Odav.  j  lb.  ep.  85. 


RYOIENS)  BY  HALLE.  SOI 

JtwMcbo  mMnoeety  in  imbeeUh  coacefcits  Ji  quis  itaque  hoc 
forum  valet f  palmulaSf  pwnaque  et  JimiRa  melius  primo  cih 
affumit) :  The  feamd  courfe  is  not  detrimental  to  a  foutid 
Jltmachy  hut  it  is  i^t  to  cau/e  acidity  in  a  weak  one ;  Jhfuld 
any  one  there/ore  lahur  under  a  debility  of  this  organ,  he 
nvill  db  better  to  begin  vnth  dates,  apples,  andjimilar  articles* 
Celfus,  a  little  before^  had  alfo  obfenred,  that  it  is  a  more 
eligible  plan  to  begin  the  repaft  with  articles  of  food  feafon- 
ed  with  fait,  and  with  pot-herbsi  and  the  like.  Cibus  afaU 
famentis,  oleribus,Jimilibufque  rebus,  melius  incipit.  And  in  an- 
other place,  the  fame  author  remarks,  imbecilHma  materia  ejl 
omne  olut;  Pot-herbs  are  of  all  articles  of  food  the  leafl  nutria 
tive.  He  condemns  then  the  cuftom  of  ending  the  repaft 
with  light  aliments,  the  fole  advantage  of  which  is  to  ex- 
cite appetite,  or  to  gratify  the  palate. 

Without  inquiring  in  this  place,  how  far  this  opinion  is 
founded  in  truth,  it  is  ftill  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  art 
of  prefenting  to  men  fatiated  with  ibod,  and  already  fuffi- 
ciently  nouriihed,  viands  which  awaken  eztinguiflied  appe« 
tite,  and  excite  pleafure  and  defire  without  necei&ty,  is^ 
treacherous  and  dedrudive.  This  art  was  cultivated  among 
the  ancients,  as  among  ourfelves :  it  was  even  carried  to  a 
degree  of  criminal  perfe£]lion;  as  it  appears  that  their  fe- 
cond  courfes  had  a  confiderable  refemblance  to  our  own 
fricafiees  and  deicrts.  However  fimple  and  light  fuch  food 
may  be,  yet  if  it  be  taken  often,  the  concofting  faculties 
are  cloyed  j  it  muft  undergo  in  the  ftomach  an  alter- 
ation, very  different  from  that  which  proper  digeftion 
would  have  produced.  It  is  this  morbid  change  which 
Celfus  points  out  by  the  expreflion  coacefcit ;  to  which 
muft  be  fubjoined  the  alteration  which  Hippocrates 
designated  by  the  word  x»vc-tiiu,  an  expreflion  which  in 
my  opinion  ought  to  be  underftood  as  defcriptive  of  cer- 
tain articles  of  food,  liable  to  excite  burning  eruSations, 

as 


aOS  HYSZSHBt  S¥  HiXl.1. 

as  I  think  I  hare  fufficirody  piOTed  under  iim  article  All* 
went* 

An  inveftigation  refpeAing  the  modes  of  clothings  and 
birad-drefies,  ufed  among  .the  ancients^  equally  appertains 
to  their  cuftoms  and  manners,  and  is  no  leik  conne^d 
with  medicine^  confidered  in  its  relation  to  the  do£trine  of 
health ;  but  I  (hall  have  occafion  tp  ofier  fome  reflections 
on  this  fubje^t  iti  treating  of  the  manners  aqd  cuftoms 
eonne£led  with  this  do£krine  prevalent  in  modern  times, 
and  when  I  come  to  inftitute  a  comparifon  between  the 
various  modes  of  dr^fs  adopted  by  different  nations. 

I  might  extend  to  a  much  greater  length  this  difquifition, 
lefpeding  the  medical  and  phyGcal  hiftory  of  manners  and 
cttftoms  among  the  ancients  9  but  many  of  the  topics  which 
might  be  fubjoined  h^re  would  have  no  necefiary  connec- 
tion widi  public  hygilne^  and  will  fall  to  be  treated  of  with 
more  advantage  and  convenience  in  other  articles  of  this 
Oi£tionary. 

III.     CONCERNING  THE  RECfULATIWS  CONNECTBD  WITH 
FUBUC  POLICE  AMONG  THE  ANCIENTS. 

-    The  only  department  of  public  police  which  ought  to 

be  the  fubjefl;  of  difcuffion  in  this  place,  is  that  which 

relates  to  the  healthfulnefs  of  dwellings,  and,  in  generali 

to  the  health  of  men,  colle£led  in  cities,  in  camps,  in  (hipS| 

fcc. 

The  fituation  of  cities,  the  dire£%ion  of  their  buildings, 

and  the  order  in  which  the  ftreets  (hould  be  divided,  the 

arrangements  favourable  to  their  cleanlinefs,  are  the  prin- 

cijpal  objeds  which  claim  the  attention  of  men  invefted 

with  public  offices. 

Andent 

*  Ch.  i,  §  a. 


Ancient  hiftory  affords  us  a  memorable  inftance  of  »  citj 
which  recovered  its  healthfulnefs  on  changing  its  po&tion* 
This  was  the  city  of  Salapia,  now  called  Sa/p^.  Vitruvius 
inibrms  us^  that  fituated  at  firft  on  the  north«weft  fide  of 
a  marlh  called  Sahpina  palus^  the  ibuth*eaft  winds  convey* 
ed  to  it  noxious  effluvia  from  this  fwamp.  They  removed 
it  four  miles  from  its  former  fituation,  to  the  fouth-eaft  V^ 
the  marih :  befidesi  M.  Hoftilius  opened  up  a  drain  from 
the  morafs,  towards  the  £ea »  in  confequence  of  which,  all 
the  infalubrity  which  proved  fatal  to  the  inhabitants  of  this 
^ity  entirely  difappeared. 

Hippocrates  has  devoted  a  great  portioid  of  his  treatifc 
on,  air f  vHUer^  and  JUuation^  to  obfervatiqns  calculated  to 
throw  light  on  this  department  of  public  h^ine.  In  a{cer<- 
taining  what  muft  be  the  refult  of  difierent  expofures  to 
'the  windS|  and  that  of  fituations  relative  to  the  foil  and 
wateri  he  has  neceffarily  furniihed  us  with  the  elements  of 
public  hygt^ne^  and  laid  the  foundation  upoa  which  the  rules 
or  meafures  of  police,  refpe^ng  the  mod  unexceptionable 
plan  of  arranging  houfes,  ought  to  be  eftabliflied* 

Vitruvius,  who  wrote  in  Italy,  and  who  was  one  of  thofe 
artifts  who  ftudied  arcbite£lure  with  the  deepeft  attention, 
not  only  in  regard  to  the  fufficienCy  of  the  buildings,  but 
(till  more  in  refpedt  to  their  healthfulnefs,  has  left  us  fome 
dire£tions  relative  to  the  proper  Situation  of  cities.  He  ad- 
vifes  that  they  (hould  be  built  on  elevated  ground,  at  a 
diftance  from  morafies.  If  they  are  fituated  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  fea,  he  difapproves  of  their  facing  the  fouth  or  the 
weft,  or  of  their  being  expofed  to  the  influence  of  hot 
windst  He  recommends  that  cellars  and  public  granaries 
(hould  be  placed  towards  the  north,  and  obferves,  that  a 
fouthern  expofure  is  not  fai[ourable  to  th^ir  utility  as  ftore* 
houfes  for  prQvifion» 

The 


S04  HTGIBKE,  BY  HALLE. 

The  infpedion  of  the  entrails  of  animalsi  a  monument 
of  the  moft  abfurd  fuperftition,  ceafcs  to  be  contemptible 
when  it  is  appKed  to  the*  purpoCe  of  afcertaining  the  in* 
fluence  of  air,  water,  and  fituation,  upon  living  creatures* 
Vitruvius  informs  us,  that  the  ancients  infpeAed  the  liver 
of  animals,  in  order  to  judge  of  the  nature  of  the  water  of 
a  country,  and  of  the  falubrity  of  its  nutritive  productions. 
From  this  fource  they  derived  inftrufiion  refpefiing  the 
choice  of  the  moft  advantageous  fituations  for  building 
cities.  The  fize  and  difeafed  condition  of  the  liver,  is  in 
faA  a  pretty  fure  indication  of  the  unhealthtneis  of  paftute 
grounds,  and  of  the  deleterious  quality  of  the  water,  which, 
efpecially  when  it  is  ftagnant,  produces  in  cows,  and  par- 
ticularly in  (heep,  fatal  difeafes,  that  have  often  their  feat 
in  the  liver;  as  for  inftance,  die  rot,  which  frequently  de- 
Uroys  whole  flocks  in  marfhy  countries^  The  fple^n  is  alfo 
a  yifcus,  very  apt  to  be  aflFefied  by  thefe  qualities;  and  ob- 
ftru&ions  of  this  organ  are  very  common  in  that  diftrift  of 
Italy  in  which  Vitruvius  wrote.  He  mentions  two  cities, 
fituated  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  one  another,  Gnojits 
and  Ccriyna,  which  were  yet  charaderized  by  the  fdlow* 
ing  remarkable  difierence.  In  the  territory  of  Cortjtta, 
animals  had  a  very  fmall  fpleen,  which,  on  the  con- 
trary, acquired  an  aftoniihing  fize  in  the  domains  of 
Gnojfus* 

Farther,  in  the  cafes  in  which  the  vicinity  of  a  morafs 

could  not  be  avoided,  Vitruvius  obferves,  that  if  the  morafs 

be  near  the  fea,  or  If  it  be  fituated  on  the  north  or  the 

north-eaft  of  the  city,  it.  is  much  lefs  hurtful,  either  on 

account  of  the  faltnefs  of  the  water  of  the  fea,  which  com* 

municates  with  it,  and  retards  the  putrefadion  of  animal 

and  vegetable  fubftances;  or  on  account  of  the  nature  of 

the  winds,  which  carry  off  its  exhalationsi  and  corred 

1 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE«  .  S05 

their  dcleteriotts  efie&i  by  the  greater  degree  of  coldnefs 
and  drynefs  of  the  air  confequent  on  their  blowing.  Hi 
alfo  remarks*  that  marihes  (ituated  near  the  fea*  but  raifed 
above  its  level,  are  lefs  to  be  dreaded  than  others ;  becaufe 
they  can  be  remedied  by  an  outlet  into  the  fea,  which  can 

■ 

eafily  be  effected.  ,Now  it  is  a  reniarkable  circumftance^ 
that  Vitruvius  obfervesi  that  for  thefe  reafons  the  vicinity 
of  morafles  had  not  rendered  Aquileia*  Altinaj  or  Ravenna* 
infalubrious  {)laces  of  refidence ;  and  yet  Lancifi,  in  the 
beginning  of  this  (laft)  century,  informs  us,  that  Aquileia  in 
ancient  times  fo  flourifhing,  fo  popular,  and  fo  renowned, 
had  been  entirely  deftroyed,  and  that  the  peftilential  miafms 
of  the  marflies  which  had  depopulated  it,  were  the  only 
caufes  to  which  its  deftiru^tion  could  be  afcribed.  t^  noftro 
mvo  reViquias  aiium  et  veterisfcrtuna  vejilgta  retinet,  nullis  aiiis 
armts  everfa^  quam  corrupto  ex  aquls  harentlbus  a&e  .*  This  is  not 
the  only  example  which  Italy  affords  us  of  a  phyfical  change 
in  its  foil ;  and  the  fame  Lancifi  obferves,  that  the  marihes 
of  Italy  are  now  furpriCngly  increa&d  in  point  of  number 
from  what  they  were  in  paft  ages  \  infomuch  that  cities, 
celebrated  in  ancient  times,  have  been  overwhel^ied  by 
their  waters.  Nos  autem  in  eo  agimus  feculof  in  quo  enomnter 
auSla  funt  paludes^  et  eoufque  excreverunt^  ut  celeberrimg  quon^ 
dam  idries  primttm  innataniihus  aquis  obruta^  dein  longa  oHivione 
fepulta^  vix  ac  ne  vix  quidem  notnen  ferudverunt  pofteris  me" 
morandum.^ 

We  are  all  acquainted  with  the  care  which  the  Roman 
en^perors,  Julius  Caefar  and  Auguftus,  took  to  drain  the 
Pontine  marihes,  and  with  the  very  fhort  duration  of  the 
fuccefs  that  attended  their  labours.  For  it  appears,  that 
their  efforts  at  leaft  effe£ted  a  temporary  completion  of 

Vol.  III.     ,  tr  their 

*  De  Nos.  Paiud.  Effluviis,  Lib.  i,  p.  i>  c  3. 

f  lb.  de  Sy Iva  Cifterna  et  Senninetse,  non  nifl  per  partes  excidenda.  {  aj . 


S06  KYGXENEf  BY  VLAhLZ* 

their  objed,  as  die  foUowiag  paflage  from  Horace's  Art 
pf  Poetry  prores : ' 

Sterilifjue  £u  pabii^  aptaque  remh 
Vicinas  urbes  aHt^  ft  grave fintii  earatrum. , 

But  tbeir  works  have  bcciv  deftroyed  by  the  incrcafc  of 
the  waters,  as  has  fince  been  the  fate  of  the  works  under- 
taken  at  the  command  of  Quintus  tbe  Sixth ;  and  I  know 
not  whether  thefc  dire£led  by  Pius  tb?  Sixth,  in  our  own 
days,  hare  been  attended  with  more  complete  fuccefst  But 
be  this  as  it  may,  this  objeA  is  affiiredly  one  of  the  moft 
important  which  appertain  to  public  bygiinei  and  it  is 
one  of  thpfe  in  which  tbe  induftry  of  medeni  times  b  in 
no  refpedl  inferior  to  the  labours  of  the  ancients* 

The  refpeA  which  the  Ediles  enjoyed  among  the  Romans, 
the  nature  of  their  funftions,  the  abundatoce  of  water  con- 
veyed into  the  city  by  the  aquedu£bs,  the  remains  ftill  ex* 
iiting  of  the  fewers  appropriated  to  the  prefervation  of 
cleanlinefs,  the  cemeteries  everywhere  fituated  without  die 
walls  of  the  eitieS|  Caefar^s  attention  in  creating  particular 
Ediles,  denominated  C«rM/<x,  whofe  province  was  to  watch 
over  the  prefervation  of  corn,  and  the  reparadon  of  public 
granaries,  may  be  adduced  as  fp  many  proofs  of  the  care 
exercifed  by  the  anciepts  about  every  thing  which  CQul4 
contribute  to  the  prefervation  pf  ^ealtbt 

The  health  of  men  afiembled  in  camps,  and  in  (hipsi  and 
of  aroiies  on  their  march,  equally  excited  the  public  atten- 
tion, yfc  ]cnow  that  among  the  provifioh  which  a  foldier 
carried^  was  included,  befides  a  quantity  of  rice,  a  bottle  fiill 
of  yinegari  intended  to  be  mixed  with  their  water,  for  die 
purpofeof  comppfing  a  falubrious  and  antifcepri^  drink, 
which  the  Romans  denominated  Po/ca.  This  regimen  muft 
certainly  have  contributed  to  maintain  good  h^th  among 

•the 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  307 

ihe  troqps^  but  there,  can  be  no  doubt,  that  independ- 
ent of  military  difcipKnje,  the  ftri£t  obfervance  of  which 
was  foxonducive  to  die  fu(;ceft  of  their  arma,  a  rigorous 
police  of  health  wa^  alfo  eftabliflied  iii  thetrfcamps.  How 
caiv  the  fa£t  othqrwife  be  accounted  for,  that  in  a  fteat 
number  of  diftant  expeditions,  of  long  duration,  and  fome 
of  them  chequered  with  viciilitudes  of  good  and  bad  for- 
tune, the  Roman  armies  had  not  been  vifited  with  many 
more  fignal  examples  of  deftruflive  epidemics  ?  . 

l»UBLI^  HTQ^ENE  OF  THE  MODERN  KATJOMfi. 

LEGISJ.ATION. 

The  labours  of  the  modems  to  fupport  eftablifliments  of 
public  hygihte^  are  not  to  be  found  in  their  codes  of  laws  ; 
if  we  except  the  inhabitants  of  the  eaft,  among  whom  legal 
ablutions,  a  xtViBt  of  Hebrew  legiflation,  combined  with 
the  peculiar  obfervances  of  the  Mahometan  religion,  accord 
with  the  exigencies  which  refult  from  the  heat  of  the  cli-^ 
mate,  and  are  in  truth  important  provifions  for  the  prefenr- 
ation  of  health.  The  legal  prohibitions  of  certain  articles 
of  food  correfpond  in  a  great  me^fure  to  thofe  of  Mofes ; 
and  the  .profcription  of  wine,  a  degree  of  perfection  aimed 
at  by  one  fe£l,  only  among  the  Jews,  that  of  die  Nazareens, 
is  truly  a  ftatutory  prohibition  among  thd^foHowers  of  Maho* 
mtu  It  is,  moreover,  fo  ill-contrived,  that  it  is  sdmoft  um« 
verfally  evaded ;  and  it  has  given  rife  to  another  abufe,  that 
of  opiumy  the  dangers  of  whi<jh  gi;eady  exceed  in  magni* 
tude  thole  which  could  ever  refult  even  from  the  exceffive 
ufe  of  fermented  liquors. 

The  laws  of  the  Chriftian  church  ought  not  to  be  review- 
ed in  this  place  \  )heir  fole  objeA  is  to  conduA  man  to  • 
degree  of  moral  perfe^ion  by  the  aid  of  fenfible  objeds^ 

Ua  iin^ 


908  HTGI£KB,  BY  HALLE. 

and  to  itftram  bim  from  excefles  by  abftinence  and  teoi- 
perance.  The  excefles  indulged  in,  at  table  efpecially^  ap- 
peared to  the  chufch  the  caufe  of  almoft  aH  others;  and 
this  conclttfion  is  lanAioned  by  feafon.  Many  of  the  par<p 
ticiilar  inftittttiona  of  the  church  bear  a  refemblance  to 
ihofe  of  Pythagoras ;  bat  it  has  been  the  fate  both  of  the 
former  and  of  the  latter,  that  men,  haraig  their  attention 
often  more  engrofled  with  their  ftrift  execution  than  widi 
the  end  to  the  attainment  of  which  they  are  fi&lervient^ 
and  being  at  the  fame  time  lefs  religious  than  fuperftitbos* 
bare  expofed  them  to  the  derifion  of  tfaofe  who  form  thdr 
judgment  from  a  fiiperficial  view  of  things,  and  even  to  the 
contempt  of  certain  philofophers«  It  muft  alfo  be  allowed, 
that  many  of  die  dietetic  cuftoms  in|3roduced  into  £he  Chrif- 
ti^p  church,  have  nqt  been  devifed  with  due  attention  to 
tlM?  £dubrity  of  /pertain  kinds  of  food,  wd  move  efpecially 
ave  not  calculated  for  all  climates.  We  Audi  dwell  ftill  lels 
fipon  mpnaftic  inftitotions,  many  of  which  have  rather 
ain^^d^  at  painful  privations  ttian  at  vUeful  obfenances. 
The  heft  pf  them  are  afluredly  thofe  Vf ho  have  banifbed 
indolf  nce>  and  modified  meditation  by  means  of  exerdfes, 
manual  labour,  andf  above  all,  the  cultivation  of  the  toll. 
It  is;imox]£  them  at  lea^  that  purity  of  m»iners  has  been 
Ipngeft  preferved. 

It  is  not  then  i%  the  legiflation  of  fnodem  nations  that 
we  niuft  feek  for  the  rudiments  of  public  hygSne. 

MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 

''  •  . 

THE  GYMNASTIC  ART,  AND  BATHS,  AND  RBGIMSN. 

^  With  regard  to  eftabliOied  inftitutbns,^  topra^ces^and 
to  cuftoms,  we  find  nothing  among  modem  ftates  whid^ 

^orrefpond^ 


HTOIBNBy  BY  HALLB*  .     309 

cor^efponds  to  the  gymhkftic  fchools  of  the  ancients.  Oar 
ikiilttary  gymnaftics  tfaemfelves  do  not  admit  of  a  compari- 
ibn  with  them.  In  thefe,  men  are  calculated  upon  as  the 
different  points  of  the  furface  and  foliditjr  of  a  body,  geo- 
metrically  confidered.  They  are  difaiplined  to  preferve  in 
this  body  a  complete  order  and  uniformity,  to  a£t  in  obe« 
dience  to,  and  as  it  were  by  the  impulfe  of  a  Ijpring,  which 
communicates  to  all  the  parts  an  ifoohronoos  movement. 
'  But  no  attention  is  paid  either  to  their  fafety,  or  ftrength, 
.  or  perfeAion,  as  individuals ;  at  leaft,  there  is  no  eftablifli* 
ed  pra&ice,  no  exifting  hw,^  which  has  this  obje£l  for  its 
end^  and  the  folicitude  of  a  few  military  men,  more  en- 
lightened  and  more  attentive  than  their  brethern,  the  writ- 
ings of  Ibme  phyficians,  friends  to  humanity,  are  all  the 
monitments  Which  prove  that  the  fate  of  thefe  human  vic- 
tims, deftined  to  be  facrificed  to  the  pride  and  caprice  of 
the  rulers  of  this  earth,  has  erer  ekcited  any  (hare  of  in- 
tereft* 

It  muft  however  be  granted,  that  before  the  invention  of 
gunpowder^and  the  new  fyftem  of  military  ta£kics,  in  which 
the  ttfe  of  gunpowder  has  refulted,  the  touinaments  of  chi- 
valry, and  a  number  of  feudal  extravagances,  conftituted 
a  fpceies  of  military  gymnaftics,  really  prodii Aive  of  advan- 
tageous efie^s.  The  knights^  pf  chivalry>  animated  by  two 
-very  powerful  motives^  glory  and  love,  fx^rctfed  themfelves 
in  combats,  where  ftrength  and  agility  at  once  triumphant, 
formed  them- for  courageous  enterprizes,  and  trained  up  for 
the  ftate  brave  vrarrioits  and  intrepid  defenders.  But  could 
k  be  believed  that  the  only  place  in  Europe  at  this  moment, 
where  the  elements  of  a  tolerable  phyfical  inftitution  of 
this  nature  are  to  be  found,  is  the  feraglio  of  the  Grand 
Sultan,  in  the  education  of  the  young  Icoglans,  who  are 

deftined  to  compofe  his  life  guards  ? 

U3  It 


Sra  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLS. 

It  were  neverthelefs  an  z€t  of  injuftice  to  exclude,  from 
the  number  of  gymnaftie  practices,  die  games  common  in 
our  colleges.  Thofe  of  the  hand-ball,  of  teanist  of  the  foot- 
ball, e{ prifoiibars^ and  many  othets,' as  they  ftimulate  felf- 
h>ve,  by  the  honour  of  a  vidory  due  at  once,  to  ftrengtfa, 
to  agility,  and  to  adroitnefs,  wer^  invented  with  perfe£l 
propriety  for  die  putpofe  of  developing  the  ^M^le  mufcular 
power  of  the  body,  of  perfe£ling  the  external  fenfe^,  hj 
incveafilig  th^ir  accuiracy  and  precifion,  and  of  imfokUng  ib 
the  youth  the  germs  of  move  than  one  fort  of  ufeful  induf- 
Ory.  The  tennis  refembles  in  many  refpe£b'die  game  which 
Gaien  fo  much  extols  under  the  name  of  the  /mail  ioH, 

The  eftabli(hment  of  public  badis,  and  the  praxes  re- 
fpe£ling  them  have  not  been  handed  down  to  us  from' and- 
quity^  The  Ruffians  amd  the  Turks  are  the  only  European 
nations  ariiong  whom-  there  are  public  buildings  appropriat- 
ed to  baths.  In  both  thefe  nations  vapoor  baths  are  chiefiy 
ufed.  Among  the  former,  they  flog  the  nahed  body  in  the 
badi  with  branches  of  trees  9  and  in;  coming  out  of  it,  they 
frequendy  roll  themfelves  in  the  (now,  or  immerfe  their 
bodies  in  cold  and  congealed  water*  The  Turks  foak  and 
knead,  as  it  were,  their  limbs;  to  inoreafe  thdr  flexibilityr 
The  obfervadons  ftatjed  above  concmiing  immerfions  or  af^ 
fufions  of  cold  water  on  coming  out  of  the  hot  bath,  or 
from  ihz  Spartan  (dry)  ftove,  are  fuflkiently  applicable  to 
the  cuiloms  eftabltflied  among  the  Ruffians.  This  altem^ 
ation  muft  both  harden  and  ftrengthen  the  body,  and, 
above  aU,  render  it  independent  of  the  moft  noxious  eSkS^ 
of  viciffitudes  oi  temperature. 

This  pradice  brings  to  our  recolledion  a  cuftom  preva- 
lent aniong  certain  northern  nadons,  of  immerfing  thek 
new-born  infants  in  cold  water  or  in  fnow.  The  nadons 
%  *  who 


HYGIENE)  BY  HALLB.  Sl  1 

who  inhabit  a  milder  climate,  hare  been  inclined  to  imitate 
this  example  \  the  moft  robuft  infants^  have  refifted  its  ef- 
fe£ls,  perhaps  derived  advantage  from  it;  but  the  moft 
feeble  have  funk  under  it.  It  ought,  moreover,  to  be  con- 
fideredi  that  the  utility  of  this  prance  to  children^  who 
are  to  pafs  their  lives  in  a  warm  or  temperate  climate  and 
atmofphere^  and  in  the  midft  of  welWegulated  cities,  can*' 
not  be  the  fame  ^ith  what  accrues  from  it  to  thofe  who 
muft  live  like  favages,  or  endure  almoft  the  fame  degree  of 
hardfhip  in  a  fro2en  atmofphefe,  furrounded  with  fogs. 
The  fafeft  pra£lice  is,  to  enable  &em  by  degrees  to  endure 
the  viciffituded  of  the  atmofphefe,  and  bathing  with  cold 
water,  but  not  to  plunge  them  into  it  at  the  moment  of  their 
birth ;  that  is,  at  the  infant  Ulrhen  they  cotte  out  of  abath,  the 
temperature  of  which  always  amounts  to  30  degrees,  Reaum. 
We  know  Itkewife  that  the  (kme  danger  arifing  from  the 
cold  vtciffitudes  of  the  atmofphere^  is  fo  much  the  greater, 
in  proportion  to  the  heat  of  the  climate  which  we  inhabit ; 
fince^  in  America,  the  impreffion  communicated  by  cold 
and  moift  air,  and  more  efpecially  the  air  of  the  fea,  cooled 
by  the  breezes,  is  one  of  the  moft  firequent  caufes  of  tetanus 
or  locked  jaw,  which  fo  often  attacks  new4xim  infants  dur-*. 
ing  the  firft  weeks  fubfequent  to  their  birdi,  and  againft 
which  the  ouly  prophyla£lic  means  are  to  enable  them  to 
endure  thefe  viciffitudes.* 

The  unfrequent  ufe  ^hich  modem  nations  have  hithertcr 
made  of  batho,  has  eftabliihed  a  remarkable  difierence  be- 
tween their  repafts,  the  hours  appropriated  to  them,  the 
rtfpeftive  quantities  of  food  confumed,  and  the  mode  pf 
conduft  adopted  on  thefe  occafions,  and  the  cuftoms  of 
the  ancients  in  this  refpedl.    It  ixrould  be  a  difficult  taik  to 

U  4  point 


•  See  Dazllk^s  Direafei  of  th%Nfcpoet,  and  hif  tratUe  so  Tctanuv 


312  RTGIEN£»  BY  HALLE. 

4 

point  out  the  advantages  or  difadvantages  refulting  from 
this  difiereoce*  Habit  has  became  a  law ;  and  the  greatefl: 
lots  which  we  have  in  reality  fuftained  in  this  cafe»  confifts 
in  the  proportion  of  exercifes  and  the  utility  of  baths. 

I  do  not  intend  to  difcourfe  in  this  place  concerning 
the  choice  of  aliments,  or  the  art  of  feafoning  them. 
In  the  degree  of  fimplicity  attained  in  tins  refpefl,  the  mo- 
dems appear  tp  have  the  advantage  over  the  ancients;  if 
we  compare  the  ftate  of  copkery  in  France  with  that  of 
which  Appius  has  left  us  fuch  fp^cimens»  as  fupprefs  every 
defire  of  iqiitation.  Habit,  moreovett  converts  into  a  deli- 
cate morfel  what  would  excite,  the  ftrohgefl  naufea  in  a 
ftomach  unaccuftomed  to  certain  feafonings.  We  might 
quote  a  thoufand  inftances  of  this  truth  in  all  countries 
and  in  all  nations*  What  European  would  imagine  that  he 
could  ever  bear  the  cauftic  tafte  of  pimento,  to  which 
neverthelefs  he  becomes  habituated  after  he  has  lived  fome 
time  in  our  colonies,  or  in  the  Indies  ?  Who  will  believe 
that  the  Perfians  caii  en,duj:e  the  habitual  ufe  of  affa-fcttiJa, 
more  efpecially  when  he  (hall  be  informed  that  this  fetid 
gum  as  it  comes  to  us»  by  no  means  approaches  in  point  of 
fmell  or  tafte  to  what  it  poflefies  in  the  country  in  which 
it  is  colle£led  ?  What  apparently  merits  a  greater  (hare  of 
our  attention  is,  the  change  which  it  feems  mufl;  have  been 
the  eile£t  either  of  certain  kinds  of  aliments  umverfal)y 
adopted,  or  of  other  fubftances,  the  ufe  of  which  has  been 
introduced  inta  common  life  at  different  periods.  Among 
thefe  may  be  reckoned  fermented  liquors,  didilled  fpiritSj 
tea,  coffee,  chocolate,  fugar.  We  may  inftance  alfo  in  the 
ufe  of  tobacco,  fo  univerfally  eft^bliihed  for  more  than  a 
century,  and  known  aUnoft  for  two  centuries..  We  are 
perfcaiy  aware  of  the  general  effefts  which  thefe  fub- 
Itances  ptoduce  on  individuals;  but  it  is  impoi&ble  to 
^  *  afcertain 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE,  313 

afeertain  the  changes  experienced  by  the  fpecies  in  confe- 
quence  of  their  ufe ;  and  whether  the  lives  of  men  have 
been  prolonged  or  (hortenedy  whether  their  health  has  been 
more  or  lefs  perma^ent^  fince  the  introdudion  of  thefe  ar- 
ticles into  common  ufe.  Nothing  very  remarkable  has  been 
'  obferved  relative  to  thefe  points^  if  we  except  the_fa£%)  that 
the  very  general  ufe  of  coffee^  has  certainly  diminifhed  the 
exceffive  indulgence  in  fermented  liquors  among  a  numer- 
ous  clafs  of  the  community. 

With  regard  to  the  particular  examination  of  different 
forts  of  aliments  or  of  feafonings,  thefe  are  detailed  at  du9 
length  under  their  refpeftive  artfcles.  *  We  ought  alfo  to 
attend  to  topography  in  our  inquiries  concerning  the  regi- 
men adopted  by  different  nationsi  which^  in  this  refpeft,  are 
regulated  either  by  local  circumftancesi  or  ftil}  more  by  the 
Uifluence  of  climate ;  the  effeds  of  which  diverfifying  the 
neceffities  of  the  inhabitants}  contribute  to  render  more 
general  the  ufe  of  certain  fubftances  lefs  univcrfally  em* 
ployed  among  other  natiotfs.  The  complicated  difquifition 
into  which  this  view  of  the  fubjefi  would  lead  us^  would 
extend  this  article  to  too  great  a  length. 

'In  fpeaking  of  the  cuftoms  prevalent  aifiong  the  ancients, 
I  have  not  mentioned  their  vedments  or  drefs ;  it  is  in  fafb 
among  the  modem  cuftoms  that,  in  this  refpedl,  we  meet 
with  pra£iices  x^ry  replicant  to  the  order  of  nature,  and 
the  eile£ls  of  which  have  a  remarkable  influence  both  upon 
health  and  life.  The  only  circumftance  relative  to 'the 
mode  of  drefs  adopted  by  the  ancients  which  deferves  our 
notice,  is,  the  difierence  between  the  coftumesof  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  weft  and  north,  and  thofe  of  the  fouthem 
and  oriental  nations,  as  well  as  between  the  drefs  ufed  in 
war,  and  that  worn  in  the  time  of  peace.    A  long  loofe 

tohcp 


m^ 


*  See  Alimentt,  &c 


314  ttVGI£K£,  BY  HALL£. 

lobe,  and  only  held  together  by  a  girdle, -was  the  tiabif 
worn  in  peace,  among  all  the  nations  of  the  eaft  and  of  the 
fouthi  even  in  Europe.  It  is  (till  in  ufe  among  the  Turks, 
and  the  Ruffians  themfdves  have  continued  to  adopt  this 
kind  of  drefs*  The  drefs  ufed  in  war  was  always  (horter 
and  lighter,  for  the  purpofe  of  being  better  accommodated 
to  promptitude  of  a£iion,  and  to  celerity  of  motion*  On 
the  contrary,  this  (hort  drefs,  with  fome  (light  difierenees, 
has  always  been  adopted  in  peace  and  war  among  the 
northern,  nations,  as,  for  example,  among  the  Gauls,  the 
Germans,  and  the  Scythians,  a  reftlefs,  admire,  and  warlike 
race.  In  all  countries,  hpwever,  the  women  wore  a  long 
habit ;  and  we  know  that  among  the  Scythians,  the  men, 
when  afie£ted  with  a  certain  diftemper,  which  induced  im- 
potency,  (5iiAm«  wth^  femimnus  morbus)^  quitted  the  habit 
of  their  fex,  and,  aiTuming  a  long  drefs,  ailbciated  with  th6 
women,  participating  at  the  fame  time  in  their  labours  and 
employments. 

One  important  obfervation,  however,  ftiU  remains  tela** 
five  to  the  veftments  of  women.  Although  a  long  habit 
was  generally  adopted  by  them,  as  chara&eriftic  of  cheir 
fex,  a  Angular  di&rence  ftill  Hiftinguifhed  the  garments 
worn  by  the  females  of  the  north  from  the  drefs  .adopted 
by  thofe  of  the  eaft  and  fouth.  The  ihape  of  the  latter 
was -always  fuch,  that  fixed  to  and  refting  upon  the  ihoul- 
ders,  it  fell  in  a  waving  manner  over  the  re(t  of  the  body; 
and  was  held  together  only  by  girdles,  tied  either  unde^ 
the  breaft  or  above  the  haunches.  On  the  contrary,  the 
habit  worn  in  the  north,  had  always  been  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  one  covering  the  inferior  half  of  the  body,  ex* 
tending  to  the  feet,  and  tied  above  the  haunches,  forming 
what  is  now  denominated  a  petticoat;  the  other,  fixed  above 
the  (boulders,  fupplying  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree  the  place 

of 


H^6lEiJZy  BIT  HALLE.  Sl^ 

t(  a  watficoati  as  far  as  the  girdle,  and  then  defcending 
fomewhat  lowet  above  the  petticoat.  The  petticoat  efpe- 
daily  is  the  diftinguifhing  chara3eriftic  of  the  drefs  tif ofn 
in  the  north  and  weft;  and  this  circnmftance  is  what  coi^ 
fers  lAiportanfce  on  the  prededing  remarks. 

The  wonten,  tying  their  j^ticoait  above  the  haunches^ 
mud  have  held  it  fomewhaf  tight  to  prevent  its  getting 
loofe  and  falling.  The  cold  forqed  then!i  to  wear  many  of 
thefe  at  the  fam^  time ;  and  their  haunches  appeared  bulky 
both  by  the  number  of  petticoats^  and  by  the  thicknefs 
which  their  folds  Colleded  about  the  waift^  neceflfarily  oc- 
cafioned  in  that  part  of  the  body.  This  thicknefs  contraft*- 
ed  with  the  flender  form  of  the  body  to  the  waift,  has  fug« 
gefted  the  advantages  and  pretended  charms  of  a  fine  thin 
ihape.  Thefe  advantages  becoming  more  ftriking  by  being 
oppofed  to  the  extraordinary  fwelling  of  the  hannchesy  the 
women  have  endeavoured  to  improve  the  beauty  of  their 
fiiape  by  ^carrying  thefe  contrafta  beyond  aH  bounds.  They 
have  iioi  only  ridicutoufly  overloaded  and  fwelled  their 
haunches;  they  have  tigbteiKd  and  fqueezed  beyond  mea-' 
fure  that  part  of  the  body  which  join9  them.  Hence,  bodies 
of  every  fort  o£  fliapci  in  other  words^  thofe  narrow  moulds 
in  which  they  endeavour  to  caft  the  breaft  and  the  abdo- 
meuy  by  compreffing  the  bones  of  the  thorax,  and  making 
them  aflume,  inftead  of  thdr  natnral  form^  widened  at  the 
bafis^  the  fliape  of  an  inverted  cone.  Hence  compreffion 
of  the  vifeera,  and  a  thoufand  other  evils,  which  will  be 
confidered  under  other  articles  of  this  Diftionary. 

The  bodies  of  infants  were  foon  fubje£led  to  thefe  ab' 
furd  and  pernicious  experiments,  their  parents  being  folici- 
tous  that  their  delicate  breads  ihould  grow  in  moulds 
which  would  have  imparted  to  them  forms  difavdwed  by 
nature.    People  thus  perfuaded  tbemfelves  that  the  body 

of 


^Sl  6  HYGIBKB,  BY  BAhLZ. 

of  an  iafapt  required  thefe  preternatural  fupports,  and  <le* 
ceived  by  the  weaknefe  which  their  children  co]itra£led 
from  the  ufe  of  thefe  fatal  machiiiesj  mothers  have  accufed 
nature,  conceived  that  they  might  re&ify  her  errors^  en* 
fibebled  her  refources,  for  the  purpofe  of  enjoying  the  un- 
fortunate privilege  of  fupplying  them.  No  creature,  how- 
everi  enjoys  a  greater  degree  of  ftreiigth  and  of  firmnefs 
than  the  infant  whofe  powers  of  body  are  permitted  to  un- 
fold themfelves  without  reftriAion  or  conftraint.  All  his 
mufcles  exercifed  in  balancing  his  body,  and  in  maintain- 
ing an  equilibrium,  early  acquire  the  neceflary  bulk,  and 
that  habit  of  aftion  by  which  they  are  ftrengthened.  Whilft 
in  the  infant,  conftahtly  propt  and  kept  in  an  inflexible 
fheathi  the  fame  mufcles  remaining  in  a  date  *^of  preter- 
natural  inafiion^  acquire  neither  the  ftrength  nor  the  yo- 
Itime  which  they  ought  to  poflefs,  and  the  infant  bends  and 
totters  whenever  he  ceafes  to  be  thus  fupported.  We  have 
been  of  opihion,  that  thefe  fatal  precautions  muft  have  im* 
mediately  imrolved  their  abettors  in  a  fucceffive  train  of 
errors :  and  the  clothes  in  which  the  new  born  infants  were 
fwathed,  have  rendered  them  a  fpecies  of  immovable  mum- 
mies from  the  moment  of  tfieir  birth,  whofe  piercing  and 
woful  cries  in  vain  proteft  agatiift  the  injuries  inflifted  on 
nature.  It  was  in  vain,  that  when  it  became  necefiary  to 
relieve  them  from  thefe  ihackles  for  the  purpofe  pf  remov- 
ing  their  ordure,  they  teftified  by  their  joy  and  tranquilUty 
the  horror  with  which  this  barbarous  cufiom  infptred  them. 
PrejudicCi  equally  infenfitile  to  the  expreffion  of  their  plea- 
fure  as  to  that  of  their  fuiFerings,  haftened  to  abridge  their 
happinefs,  by  conHgning  them  again  immediately  to  thefe 
painful  bonds.  They  fliiSled  their  renovated  cries  by  rock- 
ing their  cradles ;  and  fleep  induced  by  the  uniformity  of 
motion,  or  filcnce  rendered  neceffary  by  the  inutility  of 

.    complaint. 


BYGIENB.  BY  HALLE.  5 17 

complaint,  impofed  at  laft  upon  the  mother,  under  the  falfe 
appearance  of  a  deceitful  calm» 

Pbyficians  to  no  purpofe  expoftulated  againft  thefe 
abufes.  It  Mras  neceiFary  that  they  fliould.be  aflailed  by  th6 
aUtlioritative  voice  of  a  man,  who  could  clothe  the  cold  de^ 
dudlions  of  reafon  in  new  language,  whofe  energetic  re« 
proaches  put  ftupidicy  itfelf  to  the  blufh ;  and  who  knew 
to  confound  man  by  contrafting  his  conduct  with  the  dic« 
tateg  of  nature.  Lefs  anxious  than  phyGcians  to  inculcate, 
to  demonftrate,  and  to  convince,  RoufTeau  knew  to  com« 
mand  and  to  infure  obedience.  He  was  moreover  acquaint- 
ed with  the  method  of  reftoring  women  to  a  juft  fenfc  of 
that  very  zStOxag  duty,  which  they  had  almoft  invariably 
intruiled  to  mercenary  nurfes,  by  demonfttating  to  them 
what  real  charms  adorn  a  mother  who  opens  her  bofom  to 
her  infant,  and  who  does  not  deprive  him  of  that  aliment 
which  nature  prepares  for  him.  He  thus  reftored  our  bodies 
to  their  liberty,  and  motliers  to  their  duty.  Philofophj 
triumphed  over  vanity.  Let  it,  however,  be  obferved,  ta 
the  glory  of  his  eloquence,  but  to  the  fliame  of  humanity^ 
that  for  thia  triumph  flie  is  more  indebted  to  enthufiafm 
tKan  tq  reafon. 

In  truth,  the  Frenchman^  too  lively  to  paufe  imme* 
diately  on  obtaining  his  end,  too*  headfirong  to  recognize 
the  measures  qf  wiidom  with  fufficient  promptitude,  has 
exaggerated  (and,  alas!  what  has  he  not  exaggerated!)  the 
precepts  of  the  philofopher.  Miftaking  the  force  of  the 
impulfe,  which  it  was  neceiTary  to  communicate  to  him, 
for  the  purpofe  of  making  him  defert  efiablilhed  habits,  he 
abandoned  himfeif  to  the  contrary  excefles  without  rtftrainr. 
He  believed  that  a  young  and  tender  infant,  ftili  warm  and 
moift  from  his  mother's  womb,  might  be  treated  like  a 
hardy  foldier,  inured  to  the  frofts  of  winter,  and  to  the 

fcorching 


818  HYGIBNE,  BY  HALLB.     . 

fcorcbing  rays  of  a  fummer's  fun :  in  this  tdfyt&y  he  eres 
forgot  the  inftrudlions  communicated  by  the  brute  creatioa 
itfelf.  He  was  equally  miftakien  both  in  rc^;ard  to  his  mind 
and  body ;  he  confooaded  licentiourneft  with  liberty  %  he 
abandoned  his  pupil  inftead  of  directing  him;  and  above 
allf  he  was  not  aware  that  a  chitd,  prone  to  imitation^  re^ 
<eives  the  rudimeaits  of  his  education  from  example  9  and 
Aat  we  muft  not  exped  that  the  perfon  who  is  a  conftant 
eye*witnei8  of  every  error  and  of  every  vice,  fhould  make 
any  progrefs  in  virtue  or  in  wifdom.  This  celebrated  revo* 
Jution  has  at  lead  refolted  in  one  confolatory  truth }  we 
learn  froisi  it  ithat  the  roots  of  prejudices  are  not  ^w^s  fo 
4eep]y  fiited  ^s  is  apprehended* 

In  refpeS:  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  eaft  and  of  the  weft, 
<3/[  the  north  and  of  the  fouth,  the  coverings  of  the  head 
exhibin  differences  fufficiently  remarbablci  and  accoirdant 
with  the  differences  obferved  between  their  refpefiive 
drefles.  The  natives  of  the  foutb  and  of  the  eaft  of  Earope, 
and  of  Afia^  in  generali  have  had  and  ftill  have  the  head 
habitually  qpvered..  They  even  proceed  the  length  of  cut- 
ting-off  the  hair  with  which  nature  fumiflied  them^  for  the 
purpofe  of  fubftituting  in  its  place  caps  and  turbans.  Thofc 
x)f  the  north  and  eaft  hasre  either  had  the  head  j^ncovered, 
or  hare  covered  it  only  occafionally^  Qur  hats^  wfaieb  fa- 
ihton  had  introduccfl  a  long  period  befoce  we  availed  our- 
felves  of  their  ufe,  are  now  worn  only  occafionally,  and,  in 
general,  we  lay  them  afide  in  the  houfe.  The  Turk&  and 
Arabs,  on  the  contrary,  wear  their  head«drefs  without  in- 
termiflion.  The  .tidra  and  mitre  of  the  Medes,  were  alfo 
habitually  worn  a^iong  the  ancients,  although  thefe  nations 
had  preferved  their  hair.  The  Phry^n  .cap  continued  al- 
3)vays  m  vogue,  whilft  the  Grecians  went  with  the  heads 
^covered.    Among(t  the  Romans^  the  inhabitants  of  the 

city, 


\  4 

HYOZ^NE,  BY  HALLE.  ,  819 

cUy,  even  under  the  moft  fcorching  rays  of  the  fani  cover- 
ed their  heads  only  with  a  flappet  of  their  clothes  ^  the 
peafants  alone  ufed  a  head-drefs}  and  in  the  city,  the  cap, 
which  among  us  has  become  the  emblem  of  liberty,  was  at 
Rome  the  diftinguifhing  badge  of  flavery.  Ferhap&  th<} 
very  pra£iice  of  placing  a  cap  upon  the  head  of  a  pike,  to 
fignalize  the  epocha  of  national  deliverance,  in  reality  r^ 
prefents  Only  the  trophy,  of  recovered  freedom,  and  was 
invented  for  the  folc  purpofc  of  reprefenting  the  deftruc- 
tion  o^  flavery,  the  fymbol  of  which  was  the  cap,,  by  the 
courage  and  power  of  arms,  denoted  by  the  pike. 

In  indicuting  a  comparifon  between  the  Greeks  and  Ro* 
mans,  the  founders  of  the  liberty  of  Europe,  and  nations 
living  under  the  yoke  of  defpotifm,  they  pretended  to  cha* 
ra£^erize  the  difference  botween  their  governments,  by  the 
moft  marked  di(lin£)ions  between  their  fafiiions  and'  cus- 
toms. But,  independent  of  political  confiderations,  it  ap« 
pears  that,  in  general,  men  have  experienced  a  more  ur- 
gent neceflity  of  prote£ling  the  head  from  the  rays  of  a 
burning  fun,  than  from  the  tmpreflions  of  cold  and  froil;. 
This  difference  is  alfo  to  be  obferved  in  the  contraft  which 
Xenophon  draws  between  the  cuftoms  ofthe  Medes  in  this 
refped,  and  tbofe  of  the  Perfiaps,  who  inhabited  a  wild 
and  mountainous  country.  With  regard  to  the  effe£ls 
which  the  difference  pf  thefe  cuftoms  muft  have  produced 
on  the  body,  and  particularly  on  (be  head,  this  U  not  the 
place  to  give  a  full  eftimate  of  them*  The  remark  of  Hip- 
pocrates  upon  the  difference  obferved  between  the  flcuUs  of 
the  Egyptians,  and  thofe  of  the  Perfians,  flait^  in  a  battle, 
is  well  known.  The  heads  of  the  Egyptians,  accuftomed 
from  their  infancy  to  endure  the  heat  of  the  fun  with  their 
heads  naked  and  ihaven,  prefented  harder  and  thicker  fkulla* 

tbaq 


[ 


320  HYOIBNE^  BY  HALLE. 

dian  the  heads  of  the  PerfianSi  habituated  to  hare  £hat  part 
of  the  body  defended  with  thick  toverings. 

Hie  euftom  of  iharixig  the  head,  in  the  mod  confider- 
able  number  of  tbefe  countriesy  in  which  they  are  in  the 
habit  of  decking  it  with  a  fplendid  apparatus  of  coveringSi 
is  periiap^  to  be  afcribed  to  cleanlinefs,  and  to  the  defire  of 
&Ting  trouble,  thah  to  any  other  caufe,  among  nations  ex- 
tremely attentive  to  their  beard;  whilfl:  among  the  nations 
of  Europe,  the  interefts  of  the  beard  have  been  gecerally 
facrificed  to  thofe  of  the  hair. 

We  might  indulge  here  iri  a  (hort  diicuffion  concerning 
die  remnant  of  a  cuftomi  for  a  long  period  adopted  by  the 
Europeans,  viz.  that  of  kneading  the  hair  with  mutton  fuet 
and  ftarcfay  formed  into  an  impervious  mafs,  with  which 
they  covered  the  hairy  fcalp.  A  defcription  of  this  nature 
appears  applicable  only  to  the  Hottentots  \  and  yet  this  is 
what  all  of  us  have  obfervcd  upon  the  heads  of  our  fathers 
and  even  upon  our  own.  We  are  (till  converts  to  the 
utility  of  befmearing  our  hair  with  tallow,  and  of  powder- 
ing it  with  ftarch;  and  the  thick  layer  of  it  which  is  col- 
ledled  in  their  interftices,  appears  to  us  an  aliment  adapted 
to  promote  theif  growth  and  prefervation.  The  copious 
perfpiration  which  exhales  from  the  head,  throughout  the 
whole  extent  of  the  hairs,  is  doubtlefs  conGdered  as  an 
ufelefs  evacuation ;  and  as  (by  a  law  of  our  organization^ 
and  by  the  fupplies  which  provident  nature,  appears  to  have 
prepared  for  the  purpofe  of  indemnifying  our  errors)  hobic 
leflens  th&  inconveniencies  arifing  from  any  cuftom,  wc 
believe  that  nature  has  willed  the  neceffities  which  we  our- 
felves  h&ve  occaGoned.  We  do  not  conGder  that  neither 
the  ancients^  nor  the  inhabitants  of  the  eaft,  ever  adopted 
this  cuftom ;  although  their  women  were  equally  careful 
^f  their  hair,  as  conftituting  one  of  the  ornaments  mod 

conducive 


'  J 


kVdlEi^B,  BV  HAiLB.  SH 

« 

conducive  to  thdr  beauty.  Their  moft  induftrious  refearch 
led  only  to  the  ufe  of  perf umeS)  and  to  the  application  of 
volatile  oikj  in  order  to  give  pliancy  to  their  hair,  never  to 
the  kneading  of  it  with  un£iuou8  fubftahces.  In  our  days^ 
however,  diofe  abfurd  cufloms  begin  to  go  iiltd  defuetude) 
thanks  to  the  predominant  influence  of  faihion :  for  let  us 
not  deceive  ourfelvesi  but  candidly  acknowledge,  that  to 
fathioli  reafon  is  frequently  indebted  for  her  triumphs. 

POLICE,  RELATIVE  TO  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

The  attention  with  which  governments  watch  over  dif« 
ferent  ol^afls  conneded  with  public  healthy  is  perhaps  one 
of  thofe  pcHntsi  relative  to  which  modem  nations  can  bear 
the  moft  advantageous  comparifon  with  the  ancients. 

LAZAEEtTOES,  HOSPITALS,  AND  PEOPHTLACTIC  MEASURES* 

One  of  the  moft  important  ardcles  of  public  police  is  to 
guard  againft  die  introdu£tion  of  contagious  difeafes.  Ilie 
lasarettoes  eftabliflied  in  the  fea-*ports  of  the  Meditenanean^ 
for  fubje£ling  merchantmen  to  the  tefts  of  a  quarantine, 
have  protected  Europe  from  a  plague  which  periodically 
tages  on  the  <eaft  and  fouth  coafts  of  that,  fea ;  and  the 
contagious  attacks  of  which  have,  on  difterent  occafions^ 
depopulated  Marfeilles,  Medina,  Naples,  and  Rome.  The 
quarter  of  the  Franks  at  Conftaatinople  is,  by  a  ftxvBt  pro* 
liibition  of  intercourik  with  the  infeded,  very  generally 
prefenred  from  this  difaftxous  malady;  whilft  the  Turk> 
lulled  into  a  falfe  fecurity  by  his  belief  in  the  do£lrine  of 
predeftination,  fuiFers  his  brethren  to  be  cut  otf,  and  dies 
himfelf^  the  vi£tim  of  his  blindnefs.  It  thus  appears,  that 
fequefttatlon  or  feclufion  of  the  infe^ed,  is  the  only  pre- 

V^UUL*  X  fervatin 


S22  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

fervative  meafure  to  which  the  public  police  can  have  f e- 
coarfe,  to  ward  off  peftilential  contagion.  The  managers 
of  jtfae  lazaretto  of  Marfeilles  have  publiflied  a  det»l  of 
their  labonrs^.to  accomplifh  this  purpofe.  In  the  17th 
century.  Cardinal  Gafiddt  printed  a  voluminous  work 
on  the  means  employed  at  Rome  to  arreft  the  progrefa  of 
the  plague  in  1656}  which,  imported  from  Sardinia  into 
Italy,  fpread  its  ravages  to  Naples,  to  Civita-Vecchia,  and 
to  Rome.  This  curious  and  interefting  work,  concerning 
public  police,  is  ihtitled,  Hieronym.:Cardinali$  GafiaUL,. 
traSlatus  ie  avertenda  et  profliganda  pefle^  poUtico-ltgaUsy  e^ 
lueuhratus  tempore  qua  ipfe  lamocomhrum  prmio,  omx/amtaiis 
comtntj/arius  generalis  fuit^  p(/te  urbem  invadenie  anno  1656-7, 
ae  nuperrime  Goritmm  depopulante,  typis  commiffusJ*  This 
work  is  now  fcarce,  and  defenres  to  be  confulted,  both  be- 
caufe  the  plague,  wnich  the  author  defcribes,  has  not  found 
a  place  in  the  colle£lion  concerning  the  plague  of  Marfeilksii 
publiflied  by  Chicoyneau^  and  becaufe  it  alfo  contains  a 
more '  complete  enumeration  of  the  contagious  difeafes, 
which  in  different  ages  have  ravaged  die  earth,  and  have 
been  charaderized  under  the  name  of  plagues,  .than  this 
laft  performance.  The  collection  of  Cbicoyneau  is  alfo  a 
body  of  information  on  public  police.  The  fecond  part  of 
it  comprehends  the  principles,  illuftrated  at  confiderable 
length.  When  we  confider  how  feldom  the  plague  has 
invaded  chriftian  Europe  fince  1720,  compared  widitbe 
frequency  of  its  vifits  previous  to  that  epocha,  we  muft 
admit  the  importance  and  fuccefs  of  this  department  of 
public  police,  and  acquiefce  in  the  utility  of  lazarettoes,  built 
for  the  purpofe  of  defence  againft  the  inroads  of  conta^on. 
The  eftablifliments,  which  have  for  their  objed  fiecu- 
rity  agaiflft  the  plague,  much  too  modem,  if  we  con- 
fider 

«  In  foL  BQDooui  1684,  e  Camersdi  ty]pognplM  maooleffiaftS. 


4 


I^GIENB^  BY  HALLE.  323 

fider  the  number  of  contagious  diftempers  of  this  kind 
which  have  *defolated  Europe,  and  the  univerfe  in  gen* 
ei^l,  bring  to  our  recoUefiion  a  more  ancient  inftit^U'* 
tion,  of  which  no  traces  now  remain,  becaufe  the  plague 
agabft  which  it  was  direded  has  difappeared  in  Europe ; 
that  of  hofpitalsi  for  the  reception  of  patients  affliAed 
with  the  leprofy.  The  crufades  had  introduced  leprofy 
into  Europe ;  and  the  prejudice  concerfling  the  contagious 
nature  of  the  difeafe,  induced  tl\e  cuftom  of  fecluding 
thofe. unfortunate  perfons  who  had  been  attacked  by  it, 
and  of  aflembling  them  together  in  hofpitals  built  for  that 
purpofe.  This  malady  has  difappeared,  more  perhaps  be- 
caufe the  climate  was  not  favourable  to  its  generation, 
than  in  confeqtience  of  the  precautions  employed  for  reCft- 
ing  its  propagation.  In  fafi,  it  is  well  known  that,  in  our 
climate  at  leaft,  this  difeafe  is  in  no  inftance  contagious,  t 
But  be  this  as  it  may,  this  inftitution  of  hofpitals,  for  the 
reception  of  lepers,  has  partly,  at  leaft,  given  birth  to  our 
modem  hofpitals  ^  concerning  the  utility  of  which*  no 
i^fonaUe  doubt  could  ever  have  exifted,  if  it  had  fortunate- 
ly occurred  to  their  founders,  that  the  more  extenfive  thefe 
eftaUifbments  are,  the  more  odious  they  in  reality  appear ; 
and  if  the  ambition  of  exhibiting  to  the  view  of  fuperficial 
travellers  an  enormous  mafs,  bearing  the  refemblance  of 
national  benevolence,  had  not  made  them  lofe  fight  of  the 
true  method  of  rendering  them  ufeful,  and  of  carrying 
their  adminiftration  to  perfeflion.  Thefe  defeats  are  how- 
ever perceived;  and  the  meafures  already  fu|;gefted  in 
every  part  by  able  phyficians,  will  without  doubt  be  car- 
ried into  immediate  execution. 
Thefe  great  hofpitals  will  be  divided^  houfcs  of  recep- 

Xa  tion 

f  See  foot-note,  p.  273.    txanIi 


\  i 

324!  HYGIENE)  BY  HAIXE. 

tion  will  be  formed,  and  as  many  as  pof&ble  of  the  defti- 
tute  fick  will  be  accommodated  in  private  habitations. 
The  former  will  be  built  upon  a  fcale  only  fufficiently  ex- 
tenfive  to  afford  falutary  accommodation  to  the  poor  be- 
longing to  each  diftrift,  or  to  thofe  who  labour  under 
difeafes,  the  treatment  of  which  requires  means  of  reliefi 
which  can  only  be  adminiftered  in  public  eftabltfliments: 
the  latter,  appropriated  to  the  poor,  wfaofe  hsdAtatiom  are 
too  unhealthy,  or  too  incommodious,  will  be  prep(»tioned 
to  the  population  of  thoie  limited  wards  or  departments  to 
•which  they  fiiall  be  deitined.  In  ihort,  all  the  poor  who 
can  be  relieved  or  attended  to  in  thefe,  will  be  fent  neither 
to  the  hofpitals  nor  to  the  houfes  of  reception.  We  ifaall 
then  be  enabled  to  organize  a  fyftem  for  the  relief  of  the 
poor,  which  will  be  truly  conducive  to  the  prefervation  of 
their  health,  and  of  fubjeding  it  to  an  admimftration 
planned  upon  principles  of  real  utility.  Whatever  apparent 
profufioh  the  greateft  number  of  the  hofpitals  eftablifhcd 
in  this  country  may  indicate,  there  is  fcar^ely  any  of  ^em 
which  is  not  extremely  defe£Hye  in  regard  to  economical 
management,  to  the  adminiftration  of  remedies,  and  <tf  the 
means  of  relief,  or  to  the  falubrity  of  their  local  fitoa- 
lions. 

In  Italy,  above  all  in  Spain,  all  thefe  accommodation 
are  united,  and,  it  may  even  be  a,flBrmed,  carried  to  an 
unreafonable  degree  of  fuperfluity.  In  thefe  places,  lazy 
indigence  finds  an  afylum,  whicb  is  favourable  to  its  ufe- 
leiTnefs.  The  hofpitals  in  Vienna,  and  libove  all  thofe 
cftabliflied  in  England,  have  been  highly  celebrated.  The 
day  will  undoubtedly  come  when  we  Ihall  have  nothing  to 
envy  them  on  this  account.  Ahready,  as  far  as  houfes  of 
reception  and  lodgments  for  the  poor  are  concerned,  ufe- 
ful  and  valuable  eftablifhments  have  been  erefled,  and 
.    s  ftand 


HYCajBKE^  BY  HALL£.  325 

* 

ftand  as  bonouf  a^le  monuments  of  the  humanity  o£ 
Frenchmen.  The  fuccefa  with  which  the  labours  of  a  rery; 
refpe^iable  and  interefting  focietyi  long  known  under  the 
name  of  CbariU  fnaternelle^  have  been  (;rowned)  is  well 
known :  could  it  again  be  eftabliflied  among  us,  the  bonds 
of  the  moft  facred  of  connexions  n^ight  then  be  ftraiten- 
ed ;  .atld  by  foothing  the  forrows  of  the  mothers,  and  ren- 
dering their  fruitf ulnefs  a  bleHi^g  to  tbem»  citizens,  might 
be  preferred  for  the  country. 

This  rpfpe£table  aflbciatipn  |iad  the  merit  of  .faying  a 
great  number  of  infants,  whom  corruption  of,  morals,  mis* 
fortune,  or  (hame,  had  accumulated  in  the  foundling  hofpi- 
tals,  and  almoft  all  of  whom  were  there  expofed  to  it^evitablo 
death.  It  was  during  the  fame  period  that  the  vigilance 
of  our  magiftrates  was  occupied  on  a  grand  experiment, 
the  refuk  of  which,  although  unfavourable,  taught  us  at 
leaft  this  important  UFuth,  that  the  rearing  of  infants 
by  fpoon-meat,  or  artiiicisd  nurfii^,  isj  upon  a  great 
eftabliihment,  impra£licable ;  fincp .  the  condition  moft 
eflendal  to  the  fuccefs  of  this  difficult  operation  is  want. 
ing,  the  inmiediate  communication,  bet  ween  the  mother 
and  her  child,  and  that  fpecies  of  incubation,  which 
fuppKes  a  portion  of  animal  heat,  neceflary  to  the  new- 
born child  in  the  earlieft  ftages  of  the  a£iion  of  its  pul« 
monary  organs.  This  truly  patriotic  experiment  has  taught 
us  the  d£9erence  between  artificial  nurfing,  fuccefsfully 
pra&ifed  in  private  houfes,  in  the  hands,  upon  the  knees, 
and  even  in  the  bofoms  of  parents,  and  the  fame  mode  of 
nurCng,  inefie£tuaUy  attempted,  although  apparently  un- 
der all.  the  conditions  neceflary  to  its  fuccefs,  upon  child- 
ren coUeded  together,  committed  to  the  charge  of  women, 
all  whofe  care  and  attention  were  neceflarily  limited  folely 
to  the  object  of  watching  the  infants  in  their  cradles,  and 

X  3  .         .  of 


826  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

0f  diftributing  to  them,  with'  preciflon  and  regolarity,  the 
food  confidered  moft  fuitable  to  their  age.  How  ought 
this  fa£l  to  gire  doable  force  to  our  gratitude,  to  the 
founders  of  a  fociety,  which  hzd  for  its  obje£l  to  proteft 
the  virtues  of  mothers,  and  the  lives  of  their  children. 

It  was  alfo  during  the -fame  period  that  eftabliOmaents 
were  formed  for  the  treatment  of  children  who  were  fup» 
pofed  to  be  born  tnfe£led  with  the  confequences  of  a 
crime,  which  ought  not  at  leaft  to  involve  innocence  in  dif» 
grace.  It  was  an  pbjed  ^well  worthy  of  the  curiofity  of 
men  vrho  devoted  their  time  to  the  prefervation  andreftov- 
ation  of  health,  that  the  experiment  made  on  a  grand  ficale, 
proves  the  poffibility  of  conveying  both  die  alimdie  and 
the  remedy  at  the  fame  time  from  the  bread  erf  an  iii£e£l- 
ed  nurfe  to  the  body  of  a  difeafed  child. 

In  fnch  enterprizes,  the  failure  of  fuceels  does  not  £me- 
rion  reproach,  and  ought  not  to  datnp  our  aeal.  It  is  only 
among  thofe  who  meditate  much  upon  the  interefts  of  hu- 
manity, that  its  real  benefidors  are  to  be  fbuild. 

But  this  age,  in  difputing  with  diofe  that  are  paft  die 
palm  of  difi[x>veries  ufeful  to  the  ^eferration  of  man, 
will  be  able  to  record  in  the  catalogue  of  its  own,  the  art 
of  preferving  whole  generations  from  one  of  the  moft  de- 
ftrU6iire  feourges  of  population,  that  of  the  fmalL^poi. 
Inocuhtwn^  pra£itfed  from  a  remote  period  for  the  prefer?* 
ation  of  beauty,  among  i  barbarous  nation,  with  whom 
beauty  was  an  article  of  commerce,  foon  appeared  worthy 
of  the  attention  of  philofophers,  and  of  the  invefttgation  of 
phyficians.  A  woman  of  real  courage,  and  whofe  genius  and 
chara£ter  were  even  fuperior  to  her  charms.  Lady  WoriUy 
Montague^hziitM^  fubmitted  tp  the  experiment :t  her  chDd> 

ren 

f  Thisaflcition  is  oot  well  founded.    Lady  Mary'Wortley  Montagoe 
kerfclf  fubmitted  to  no  fuch  expcriiQcm.    translatok. 


HYGIEKE,  BV  HALLE.  827 

ren  followed  her  example.  She  perceired,  in  the  fuccefe 
confequeat  on  her  trial,  the  iafety  of  her  own  country, 
and  the  advantages  refalting  to  the  whole  of  Europe.  One 
fortunate  experiment  ftruck  widi  aftonilhment  the  minds 
of  all  her  contemporaries,  furmounted  every  objedion,  and 
filenced  every  prejudice,  dup^  frmnafaBi.  Other  writers 
will  fttfficiently  unfdd,  and  with  much  greater  ability  than 
I  pollefs,  the  hiftoty  of  this  celebrated  experimefit.  They 
will  fpeak  ^f  the  eftaUtfliment  of  an  hofpital  for  inoculate 
ing  the  poor  in  Londim  s^out  the  year  1750 ;  of  the  intro» 
d4i£lion  of  inoculation  into  the  foundling  hofpital  of  the 
fame  city,  of  the  meafunss  adopted  in  the  military  fchool 
of  France  for  inoculatii^  the  pu  ils :  they  will  record  the 
rules  of  the  inoculating  foctety  of  Chefter  \  they  will  cele- 
brate this  operation  pra£lifiBd  on  many  thoufand  individuals 
in  entire  vUages  of  Fnincbe*Comt^,  by  the  courageous 
Girod,  whom  the  inhabitants  of  dat  country,  refcued  for 
a  long  period  from  the  fcourge  of  the  fmall  pox,  ftill  re- 
gret and  revere  as  their  common  father.  And  while 
they  render  thanks  to  heaven,  that  free  and  enlightened 
nations  vofaintarily  embrace  this  voluntary  pra&ice,  they . 
will  aUb  ext<ri[  the  happy  exercife  of  an  abfolute  fovereignty 
over  nations  ftill  funk  in  ignorance  and  ftupidity,  byre- 
cording  the  means  employed  by  Catherine  II,  for  the  pur- 
pole  of  conferring  this  iaeftimaUe  benefit  upon  the  nations 
fubjedied  to  her  fway.  The  fceptre  of  defpotifm  wielded 
by  beneficent  hands,  fometimes  ceafes  to  be  the  fcourge  of 
humanity. 

CONCERNING  t»&ISONS  ANP  WORKHOUSES. 

Prisons,  as  well  as  hofpitals,  in  colledlihg  together  a 
great  number  of  men,  colle£l  alfo  and  eVoIve  moft  zdtivc 
caufes  of  mortality.    The  ftory  of  the  ajizes  at  Oxford^ 

X  4  and 


9S8  HYOIEKBy  BY  HALLEt 

and  of  the  bhel  bok  at  Cak^a,  has  h€tn  retordfid  a  thou* 
iand  times.  And  z  (hort  time  before  the  era  of  the  leroki- 
tion,.  we  wimefled  fimilar  difafters  in  the  prsfon  of  the 
fmugglers  mthetity  tf  Orkanu.  The  neceflary  atteotieQ 
to  the  prefervation  of  heal^  \^%  tbcr efoiei  a  debt  dixe  from 
fiocietyi  not  lefs  to  the  man  accnfed  or  guilty,  than  to  Um 
who  is  infirm  and  indtgentt  Prifptis  and  hofpkak  have 
excited  the  active  folicitude  of  one  of  the  moft  cdebiated 
friends  of  humanity^  of  one  of  the  firft  citizens  of  the 
world,  of  the  refpeAable  and  tenerable  Hmwaird.  The 
only  man,  perhaps,  fince  the  b^innii^  of  time,  who  tsa* 
veiled,  not  to  withdraw  his  atfeention  from  die.eares  of 
life,  not  to  admire  the  monuments  of  art,  or  to  csjoy  the 
contempbtion  of  nature  in  her  diverfified  atttie^  not  to 
jlttdy  governments,  or  to  pry  into  their  fecret  tranfad^ions, 
not  to  eibtain  any  peiifonal  intetefk  or  advanu^^i  but  lole« 
ly  for  the  benefit  of  humamty,  to  vifit  the  abodes  of.  aiiicf 
tion  and  of  mifery,.  and  to  place  before  .the  eyes  of  men  a 
pi£lure  of  the  various  nieans  by  which  they  have  mnhi* 
plied  the  calamities  of  their  fellow^csealiices,  «id  of  the 
meafures  which  they  ought  to  h^e  adopted  for  the  pun? 
pofe  of  increafing  their  happineis..  What  a  noble  example 
given  by  one  man  to  the  nniverfe  I  The  ffftem  of  prifiMis 
is  ftill  more  remote  from  perfe£iion  than  tiut  of  bo^itab* 
Societies  of  learned  men  amoi^  us  have  however  pid>lifl»* 
ed  to  the  world  excellent  refleflions  .relative  to  both  tfaefe 
departments,  which,  were  it  not  for  the  onhafqiy  a^peft 
of  the  times,  would,  undoubtedly  have  enlightened  the 
folicitude  of  governments. 

More  fortunate  than  Hti^ari^  and  not  lefs  the  fSriend  of 
humanity,  the  refpe£lable  fienfamin  Thmfm  (CwtU  Rum' 
ford\  has  witnefi^d  charitable  eftajblifliments,  formed  un- 
der his  eye  in  Bavaria,  the  ofispriflf  of  his  cai^e  and  atlen* 

tion. 


\  / 


^  # 

HYOIEKE,  BY  HAI^1»  889 

6on,  in  which  cfetj  thing  dial  €an  render  nien>  In^PTt 
and  healthy^  and  good)  ia  fiibmitttd  to  tht  ftridwft  ^alcii« 
lation)  and  to  die  teft  of  the  moft  dftmonftradf  e  experienOKi 
Tfaere»  in  one  of  the  conntriee  of  Europe^  mhat  mendtdtjr 
debafed  and  degraded  man  to  the  lowdl.  pitdi  of  depravity, 
both  with  reiped'tohis  moral  difpofilions  and  tohispfayGcal 
i:on(licmion ;  be  devifed  means  of  reftmog  the  idle,  to 
labour^  the  man  funk  in  depravity  to  virtuei  the  indigent 
to  the  cbnvenienciea.  of  ii£s  and  to^  hs^^pinefs.  There  the 
beggar,  reficoed  from  floth,  from  irflctefihds,.  frdm  £kfa^ 
from  Tico,  and  from  contempti  bk&s  his  beneBuSlor>  hap-* 
py  in  the  ^nfoymeot  of  life,  in  being  indebted  far  it  to  Us 
labour,  aiid  in 'receiving  falotafyfoodi^'vi^^U^ttt  hi|niiKaiioi|| 
wA  without  remorfe. 

iCONeERKING  THE  HBALTBWtn^NBSS  69  GtTIfiSy  Of  cikM»S« 
OF'SHIPS;  COKCERMtHO.ijBOLOI^B,  P&A^INIMG^  &C. 

Whbrbver  men  are  coUe&ed  together,  it  is  neeefiarf 
to  fuperintend  the  bealthfttlnefe  of  the  indnTures  withm 
which  thfiy  are  afiembled.  PuUic  pla<^,  temples,  apait- 
mcnts  for  public  fbows^  c^mps,  fliips»  ^es,  ought  at  all 
times  to  excite  this  watchful  attentioiu  Halfs  gave  th^ 
firft  model  of  ventibtors,  adapted  to  renew  the  current  49( 
the  air  by  accelerating  its  modons.  Thefe  ii^fuments 
have  been  emplojfcd  both  on  board  of  (hips,  and  qn  difier^ 
ent  other  4>ccafioas.  They  have  aifo  been  conftruffced  in 
yariotts  ways*  But  the  theory  of  fire,  now  better  under- 
ftood>  ha^  furniflied  ftiU  more  efficacious  means  of  accom* 
IpfUfliing  the  fame  end  ^  and  in  exhanftiag  the  virulent  ef- 
feds  of  ^Ith,  either  in  public  iewers  or  in  private  habit« 
adons^  the  joint  operatioii  of  thefe  two  agents  has  proved 
adyantageous  in  obviating  the  danger  of  noxious  exfaal* 

ationst 


S90  HYOXXNE,  BY  HALLS. 


atiaof ;  aad  the  oSso&fcotb  of  an  m£ei£liou8  odour*  Bat 
the  Ulpbatf  of  faniidti^  chiefly  depends  upon  the  art  of 
cooftrttAiiig  tlieaiy  fi>  as  to  afibrd  to  the  air  accefs  and 
cgi€&  without  obftni^on*  The  healthfiiliiefs  of  great 
cities  muft  aUb  frequently  reftdt  lirom  the  art  of  arrangii^ 
the.cMn&ion  of  the  ftreetS)  of  fixtog  the  fitnatum  of  places 
of  public  refefty  and  of  majntaaiing  a  free  circolation  of 

Let  us  not  hefitafee  to  rendor  juftide  to  men  to  .iriiom  we 
^se  indebted  (or  the  prectons  gift  of  pure  and  free  aar,  at 
tfaooghf  yiddtng  to  the  force  of  circumftances^  they  have 
fed  from  their  agitated  country.  Let  us  never  ibrget  that 
we  owe  to  the  Barm  de  BnUuil  the  liberty  of  bridges  and 
quayss  upon  a  river  which  conveys  fetriltty  and.abundana 
into  one  of  the  fineft  cities  in  Euiope ;  that  it  was  under 
Ins  admittiftratbn,  fruitful  in  gyand  and  ufeful  uodevtak- 
ing8»  that  the  mnifier  cf  f^i^^  converted  under  our  eyes, 
a  foul  cemetery,  a  loathfome  chamel  hourfe,  teemii^ 
with  ail  the  affliftive  attributes  of  deftrufiiony  into  a  fpa- 
cious  placC)  acceffiUe  to  an  a&ive  intercourfe)  and  ezpofed 
to  a  falttbrious  atmofphere ;  diat  in  fpite  of  the  ^pprehea- 
fions  and  rempnftrances  of  the  prgudiced)  fo  mai^  thou- 
&nds  of  dead  bodies  were  dug  up,  without  accident)  witb* 
out  tumult)  and  with  the  greateft  decency ;,  that  the  mo- 
tion^  of  a  great  population  were  not  interrupted  by  it)  or 
their  eyesofiended  with  any  affli£ling  fped:acle)  nor  the  public 
health  threatened  with  any  alarming  difafter;  and  that,  in 
the  midft  of  this  irUome  labour,  the  eye  of  the  curious 
obfisfver  could  ftill  with  fecurity  penetrate  the  myfteries  of 
natmre,  in  the  flow  deftru&ion  of  beings,  and  could  draw 
from  thence  interefting  knowledge  concermng  thofe  trans- 
mutations, whofe  produdls  will  perhapSf  at  a  future  pcv 
riod,  pave  the  way  to  ufefjul  difcpvcries^ 

The 


RYOI£N£,  BY  HALLE.  SSI 

Itie  health  of  foldiers  coUefled  in  campsi  of  failors  a(^ 
^bled  in  (hipsi  has  given  birth  to  many  ufefu!  works; 
and  the  obienrations  of  Pringle  on  this  fubje£b  have  acquir* 
ed  very  great  celebrity.  ^  Lind^  Prijpmmir^  znd  PtwgU, 
have  enlightened  navigators  bj  their  obfervations  and  die- 
oxies,  conc^ning  the  regimen  of  failors ;  whilft  the  im» 
mortal  CotA  has  experimentally  proved  what  fuceeft  may 
refult  from  diefe  rules,  pra£iifed  withunderftanding;  and^ 
in  this  re^>eA,  has  exhibited  to  Europe  a  new  example,  by 
bringing  back,  from  a  long  and  perilous  voyage,  the  whole 
crews  of  three  (hips,  with  the  lofs  only  of  one  man,  whom 
the  unconfirmed  ftate  of  his  health,  at  his  departure,  had 
already  threatened  with  the  near  approach  of  death* 

Refpe&able  works  have  inftrufted  the  Europeans  coa* 
cerning  the  method  of  efcaping  the  dangers'  which  await 
them  in  their  colonies,  fituated  in  thofe  burning  climates^ 
where  die  thirft  of  gold  has  prompted  them  to  endure  the 
influences  of  an  unfriendly  acmofphere.  The  terror  infpir« 
ed  by  the  moft  deftru£tive  maladies,  would  have  expelled 
diem  from  thefe  countries  on  their  firft  eftablifliment  in 
them,  if  avarice  had  not  been  infenfible  to  the  fear  of 
death.  But  more  efpecialiy  was  it  nedeffary  to  inftrufl 
tjiem  in  the  art  of  preferring  the  health  of  thofe  unfor- 
tunate flaves,  whom  they  condemn  to  moiften,  with  dietr 
fweat,  a  foreign  land,  fertilized  by  their  labours  6nly  for 
their  mafters.  Le  C.  Dazille  is  one  o£  thofe  who  have 
executed  this  laft  tafc  with  the  greateft  fuccefs,  in  his  ob- 
fervations on  tetanus,  and  the  difeafes  of  negroes :  and  the 
colonies  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  prefervadon  of  many 
of  their  inhabitants.  But  all  thefe  labours  reflet  more 
honour  upon  the  fpirit  of  humanity,  and  upon  the  talents 
of  fome  refpe^lable  individuals,  than  upon  the  rigilant 
attention  of  governments.    It  is  only  public  works,  and 

ufeful 


sn 


JIYOlilf B,  BV  HALIuBf 


libM  ads  of  legiflatiaE^  foch  as  thefej  that  can  covfer 
b^noiir  oo  admiiiiftratioiu 

The  ▼ok€  of  phSoibrphj  and  <tf  learned  meiii  was  for  a 
Umg  pttiod  heard»  in  almoft  every  country,  before*  the  bene^ 
ficeni  hands  of  their  rulers  were  obferved  pouring  confola« 
tka  into  the  bofom  of  the  wretched.  The  works  ofLancjfi 
had  esnfted  for  a  long  time  before  the  reft  of  Europe  had 
eoaceived  the  vaft  utility  of  removing  from  the  environs  of 
citiesy  and  pf  populous  pbces  of  abode^  thofe  foci  of  dao* 
geioos  emanations^  whencse  fpring  nudignant  intermUtem 
fivers^  a  clals  of  difeafes  almoin  as  deftruftive,  peibai^ 
more  inCdious,  than  the  plague  kfelff  It  was  however  at 
the  folicitation  of  the  Italian  gpvernsoenti  that  this  cele« 
btated  phyfieian  compofed  Ua  treatifes,  colleOred  tpgedier 
vnder  the  title  oi  Dt  Nfxiispaludum  ^uvibi  and  his  re- 
markable diftrtatkm  Defflva  S^mimia  non  n^  per  partu 
0SfiadenJa^  Th^  operatiims  in  the  Pontine  marihes  direct- 
ed by  Sextus  V,  and  the  work  of  Cardinal  Gaftaldi,  already 
quoted,  alfo  prove,  that  it  was  in  Italy  that  works  of  this 
nature,  fo  eflentially  conned^ed  with  the  health  of  the  cid- 
tmh  fi^  became  objeds  of  fpedal  attention  to  government. 
|t  is^  however,  only  in  our  own  days  th^t  the  works  no- 
ce£iry  lo  change  the  influence  and  (emperature  of  a 
f  otintry,  which  for  a  long  period  had  remained,  ttphealdiy» 
;md  overfpread  with  fwamps,  have  been  executed  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Rochefort}  and  Europe,  aa  well  as 
France,  ftill  exhibit  great  trails  of  country  covered  widi 
noxiotts  and  ufdefs  moraiTes.  In  Piedmont  and  in  the 
Milanefe,  government  framed  laws  for  removing  the 
rice  fields  from  the  great  cities,  juftly  apprehenfive  that 
their  exhalations  prove  injurious*  to  the  inhabitants  of 
thefe  cities }  and  ftruck  with  the  difmal  fpedacle  of  the 
difeafes^  which  jprulb,  the  unfprtunate  cul^yators  of  rice^ 

and 


HVGI^NE)  SV  HALLE.  883 

and  cut  them  off  in  the  meridian  of  Iife|  it  <^durred  to 
the  rulers  of  that  country  to  eiatninCi  whether  there 
be  any  means  of  multiplying  this  taluable  food  at  lefs  ex* 
pence,  and  without  facriScing  fiorty  years  of  the  lites  df  a 
numerous  population  to  the  obje£t  of  rearing  it  to  mwas* 
ity,  and  of  houfing  it. 

It  is  on  your  account,  ye  inhabitants  of  cities,  that 
fttch  facrifices  are  made !  It  is  around  you  that  all  the 
folicitudes  of  governments  rally,  to  avert  from  you  etery 
fpecies  of  noxious  influence!  It  is  for  you  that  fo  much 
labour  is  beftowed  on  the  improvement  of  the  public  roads; 
it  is  for  your  convenience  that  fpacious  and  fSdubrtous 
walks  are  formed ;  and  that  thofe  deep  refervoirs  in  whidi 
your  inanimate  remains  fufier  decompofition,  are  removed 
from  your  fight.  It  is  moreover  for  your  ufe,  that  artificial 
fewers,  more  commodious  than  the  but  t>f  the  poor,  are 
dug ;  and  that  pipes,  deftined  to  pour  forth  ialubrious  wa« 
ter,  are  ere£led  at  a  vaft  expence,  whether  yon  aie  indebt* 
cd  for  their  conftru£tion  to  the  vigilance  of  your  magif* 
trates,  or  to  the  a£tive  induftry  of  your  fellow  citizens. 
In  ihort,  it  is  in  the  midft  of  you  that  the  fiibjefl  tXtfygtha 
is  in  reality  ftudied  and  reduced  to  pradice ;  and  yet,  widi 
this  difference,  to  which  we  are  no  longer  permitted  to 
4rfcribe  the  defers  of  an  oblblete  regimen  \  with  this  dif-- 
ference,  I  fay,  diat  the  diftrids  where  the  groans  of  mifery 
are  heard,  or  to  which  painful  and*  laborious  induftry  t«* 
ibrts  for  flielter,  feem  forgotten  and  abandoned,  whiHt  the 
moft  fuper fluous  afliduities  accumulate  round  opulence  and 
efieminacy.  In  vain  have  we  witneffed  the  moft  unezped- 
ed  inftances  of  the  vicifiitttdes  of  fortune.  Every  thii^ 
around  us  has  experienced  a  change,  except  our  infenfibi-* 
lity  to  the  diftrefles  of  the  unhappy.  Let  the  indigent  thea 
avail  themfelves  of  their  liberty,  not  to  abandon  themfelves 

to 


SS4  HTGZBNE^  BY  HALLl. 

to  the  blind  and  tttmultnous  exceffes  of  an  unprofitable' 
iiiry ;  not  to  aVenge  tfacmfdres  of  the  negle&  which  they 
fn^fer,  by  fpreading  rain  around  them  \  but  in  a  manly  and 
lofty  tone,  to  claim  that  care  and  attention  which  are  due 
to  them;  to  point  out  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fumptuous  edi- 
fices of  an  opulent  city,  the  nuifance  of  a  muddy  turUd 
river,*  which  circulates  in  the  midft  of  thm  afylums,  and 
'Whofe  courfe  might  be  ufefuUy  altered,  its  pure  water,  and 
the  advantages  derived  from  it,  not  contaminated  by  noxious 
mialms  \  and  without  any  odier  trouble  than  that  of  appro- 
priating to  diis  ufefttl  objefl,  treafures,  fo  often  pro£- 
gaily  fquandered  for  the  accompliihment  of  culpable  pur- 
fofes* 


aSTORY  OF  PRIVATE  HTGIBNE, 

CONCERNING  HYGIENE  BEFORE  THE  ERA  OF 

HIPPOCRATES. 

Private  hygOtie  is  that  which  afcertains,  by  means  of 
tules  deduced  from  obfervation,  how  far  a  man,  anrious 
to  preferve  his  health,  ought,  according  to  his  age,  his 
conftitution,  and  the  circumftances  in  which  he  is  placed, 
to  avail  lumfelf  of  the  ufe  of  thofe  obje£ls  with  which  he 
is  fnrrounded,  and  of  his  appropriate  powers,  whether  for  the 
purpofe  of  fupplying  his  wants,  or  of  gratifying  his  plea- 
fures* 

Thcfc 


*  The  Sievre  at  Paris  is  in  the  Ibdlions  of  the  Gobelins,  and  of  the  bo- 
tanic garden.  The  'Society  of  Medicine  has  compofed  a  treatife  an  tbis 
fobjed,  in  the  iequel  of  its  memoirs  for  17S9. 


HYGIBNB,  BY  HALLE.  33S 

Thefe  rules  are  either  general  and  deduced  from  the 
univerfal  laws  of  the  animal  economy,  and  of  its  reladons 
with  furrounding  obje£ts ;  or  particular  and  referabiei  a^ 
ther  to  the  different  conftitutions  of  individualss  or  to  the. 
diverfity  of  things  accommodated  to  their  ufe* 

In  the  hiftory  of  this  branch  of  iygihiet  I  do  not  propofe 
to  give  a  fuller  or  lefs  complete  lift  of  the  authors  who 
have  treated  of  it  j  my  fole  objed  is  to  delineate  a  ikeldi 
of  the  progrefs  which  the  fcience  has  gradually  made  by 
the  aid  of  obfervation.  The  general  hiftory  of  medicine^ 
configned  to  an  abler  pen  than  mine,  will  exhibit,-  under 
the  chronology  of  authors,  a  table,  of  which  any  that  I 
could  offer  in  this  place  would  be  only  an  extra£l. 

It  is  in  the  woAs  of  Hippocrates,  or  in  thofe  which  are 
afcribed  to  him,  and  whofe  authors  were  cither  contempo- 
rary with,  or  flouriflied  a  very  (hort  time  prior  or  pofterior 
to,  the  father  of  medicine,  that  we  recognize  the  firft 
rudiments  and  firft  precepts  of  the  art  of  preferving 
health. 

But  before  the  eziftence  of  the  art,  men  had  been  in<^ 
ftruAed  by  the  progrefs  of  obfervation ;  and  tins  piogitfs 
is  attefted  to  us  in  the  writings  of  ancient  authors. 

Mofes,  in  his  hiftory  of  the  world,  has  defcribed  the  dif<* 
ferent  fubftances  which  man  fucceffivtly  included  in  the 
range  of  alimentary  matter.  He  rcprefents  him  as  at  firft 
faithful  to  reafon,  then  tranfgreffing  the  rules  which  it  pre* 
fcribes  i  obedient  to  the  laws  of  neceffity,  but  yielding  to 
the  charms  of  pleafure  with  too  faint  a  refiftence  s  fatisfy- 
ing  his  hunger  wi^th  the  fruits  with  which  the  trees  in  a 
happy  climate  abundantly  fupplied  him;  then  with  the 
herbs  and  corn  which  he  obtained  from  a  more  avaricious 
earth  as  the  reward  of  his  labours,  with  the  milk  of  his 
flocksi  and,  finally,  with  their  fleih  (  fubje^ing  alfo  the 

juices 


SS6  HYOIENE,  BY  HALLX. 

juices  of  vegetables  to  the  procefs  of  fermentatioBj  and  ei- 
tnik'mg  {torn  them  liquorsi  which  recruit  his  ezhaufied 
ftreogth,  but  which>  when  indulged  in  to  excefs^  intoxicate 
and  deprive  him  of  his  reafon*  He  exhibits  to  us  the  dur* 
ation  of  his  life^  dafmaifliilig  in  proportion  as  he  created  to 
himfelf  new  wants  i  and  the  necel&ty  of  having  recourfe 
to  a  mixture  of  aliments,  derived  from  both  the  vegetable 
and  animal  kingdoms,  and  to  a  more  numerous  clafs  of 
difierent  fubflances  for  his  fuppGort,  becdme  more  urgent, 
whilft  his  vital  powers  decteafe  dailj  in  vigour.  Hei  points 
0ut  to  us  his  conftitutioh  at  once  undermined  bf  his  ciimesi 
perpetuating  an  hereditary  debility  in  his  race,  and  the  ex* 
cefies  of  fathers  affixing  the  feal  of  definition  even  to 
their  pofterity.  In  truth,  the  longevity  of  certain  hermits, 
vtho  recurring  to  a  vegetable  diet,  and  to  the  (tri^beft  tern* 
perance^  have  exceeded  the  ordinary  term  of  human  life; 
^nd  the  example  of  the  celebrated  Cornaro,  feem  to  de- 
lnonftrate«  that  by  tranTgrefling  the  boundaries  of  real 
want,  and  yielding  to  the  fblicitations  of  pleafure,  man  has 
aSually  abridged  the  duration  of  his  life. 

Kature  has  attached  pleafure  to  want;  but  tibe  fofrmerof 
thefe  guides  afaaoft  always  decoys  her  followers  to  a  greater 
diftatice  from  the  right  path  than  the  latter.  Reafon  has 
been  given  us  for  the  purpofe  of  adjufting  the  quarrel  be* 
tween  them;  but  man,  who  has  once  acknowledged  the 
fiipremacy  of  pleafure,  recognizes  with  difficulty  the  exa£l 
province  of  neafon :  be  has  deferted  the  tree  of  life,  and 
he  is  no  longer  permitted  to  gather  its  fruits. 

The  hieroglyphics  of  £gypt,  where  Mofes  was  brought 
%ip  and  educated^  and  the  fables  of  Greece,  foggeft  to  us 
die  idea  of  their  common  origin,  and  of  the  fimpleft  veget^t 
able  diet  always  charaAeriftic  of  the  earlieft  ages  of  the 
world;  of  different  preparations  perverting,  in  the  courfe 

of 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALL12.  337 

of  time,  the  fimplicity  of  the  primeval  modes  of  living; 
and  finally,  of  man  afiailing  the  lives  of  the  lower  animals, 
and  devouring  their  flefh  for  the  purpofe  of  fupporting  his 
own  ekiftence^ 

According  ta  Dr.  Mackenzie,*  the  different  fpecies  of 
aliments  were 'introduced  into  ufe  in  the  following  order 
of  fuccei&on:  fruits,  corns,  culinary  plants,  bread,  milk, 
fifh,  flefh,  wine,  beer.  This  lafl  beverage,  according  to 
Herodotus,  was  invented  by  the  Egyptians ;  and  it  feems 
to  have  been  defcribed  by  Mofes  attan  earlier  period,  fince 
in  many  pafiages  of  Leviticus  f  and  of  Numbers,  j:  this  le-< 
giflator  makes  mention  of  other  intoxicating  liquors  beGdes 
wine,  which  are  exprefled  in  .the  Greek  text  of  the  Sep* 
tuagint  by  the  word  ^<M(tf,  the  root  of  which  is  Hebraic, 
and  fignifies  /«  intopiicate^  To  thefe  kinds  of  aliments  mufl 
be  fubjoined,  butter,  honey,  olive  oil,  eggs,  and  cheefe. 

Thefe  early  inventions  were  foon  followed  by  more  com- 
plicated preparations,  according  as  fenfuality  awakened,  or  as 
necefBty  obliged  mankind,  to  meafure  the  refiftance  of  the 
food  which  was  to  undergo  the  afEmilating  procefs,  by  the 
diminifhed  a&ivity  of  their  enfeebled  organs.  In  this  man- 
ner does  Hippocrates,  with  an  able  and  corre£l  pencil, 
{ketch  in  his  treatife  concerning  the  ancient  flate  of  medi* 
cine,  (vf(i  it%xtuiii  mi(n.^)i  the  hiftory  of  the  improvements 
fuccefBvely  beftowed  upon  aliments ;  and  points  out  to  his 
readers,  man,  taught  as  nmch  by  pain  as  by  pleafure,  to 
choofe,  to  prepare,  and  to  transform  the  different  fub- 
fiances  which  ferve  him  for  nourifhment,  and  thus  dete£t- 
ing,  in  his  experience,  the  &rft  elements  of  the  do£trine  of 
health  and  of  medicine*    In  fa£);,  if  with  Mofes  we  admit 

Vol.  III.  Y  the 


•  Hlttory  of  Health,  ch.  3. 
t  Ch.  XV,  9.  X  Ch.  vi,  3. 


9S8  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

the. hereditary  debilitj  of  the  human  body  from  the  abufe 
of  enjoyments,  we  may  conceiTe,  that  a  nourUhment,  at 
firft  falutary,  afterwards  became  too  courfe  for  his  deUUtat- 
ed  organs ;  an  uneafy  fenfation  thus  became  inftrumental 
in  afcertaining  the  meafure  and  modifications  of  regimen. 
Eor^  obferves  Hippocrates,-  jou  cannot  find  any  meafure^  anj 
balance^  mr  any  other  calculation^  to  whicb  you  may  appeal  nvith 
tnore  certainty^ .than  to  the fenfations  themfelves  which  the  iody 
experiences.  -^fiir^$9  )f,  Hi  r«^/Miy,  »3s  «(<lf««y,  SHuu  «AA#ir  9^<n 

If  thefe  fenfations  had  been  fufficient  to  eftablifli  the 
roles  of  regimen,  there  would  have  been  no  occafionfor 
the  interference  of  art.  For,  as  Hippocrates  again  remarks, 
where  no  perfon  is  ignorant,  and  where  every  perfon  isinfiruS^ 
ed  either  by  cti/hm  or  by  necejfity^  no  perfon  can  with  prcprietj 
be  defignated  an  artifi.f  The  wants,  the  errors,  and  the  in- 
firmities of  men,  however  increafing,  obfervations  accumu- 
lating, and  tradition  becoming  inadequate  to  ihe  talk  of 
colle£ting  and  tranfnditting  them  to  pofterity,  art  arofe,  and 
its  neceffity  was  recognized.  In  proof  of  its  reality,  Hip- 
pocrates quotes  the  cafe  of  the  gymnaftic  phyficians;  wb9 
daily,  he  obferves,  make  new  obfervations  on  the  aliment  and 
drink f  which  procure  to  the  body  an  increafe  tfjlrength  and  of 
vigour^X 

The  ftudy  of  regimen  had  been  earned  to  an  exceflive 
degree  of  refinement  prior  to  the  era  of  Hippocrates,  fince 
Herodotus  obferves  of  the  Egyptians,  that  having  believed 
themfelves  to  have  deteSfed,  that  the  greatefl  number  ofdifeefes 
originate  in  the  abufe  of  aliment ;  they  took  care  every  month  to 

devote 


*  L.  C.  edit,  de  Van-der-Linden,  {  x6. 
t  lb.  J  9.  4  lb. 


devote  three  fucctjtve  days  to  vomiting  and  purging  thett^ehMs^ 
hj  the  ufe  (fclyjkrs^  in  ftrder  to  preferve  their  health.  — 'Xt^j- 

This  pradice  6f  vottiking,  which  was  denominated  ^r- 
fnaijkj  {rv^fMt^fi6t)y  lAr&s  introduced  Atttfttg  thfc  Romans; 
but  ralhcr  ftoAi  the  view  of  its  fubfcriiency  to  the  gfatifi* 
cations  of  the  table,  than  from  its  tendency  to  promote 
health.  Aiid  it  appear^  firom  many  paflages  of  HippocrateS) 
that,  in  hb  tiAie,  the  Oreeks  had  occafional  recourfe  to 
gentle  means  of  exciting  von^iting,  and  of  evacuating  the 
ftomach.  But  Herodotus,  like  a  man  of  found  judgment, 
aftet'  having  obfenred  that  the  Egyptian^  w^re  the  healthieft 
mtfi  in'  Africa,  afcribes  this  ad? atitag6  lets  to  thefe  prac- 
tices, than  to  the  unifcrrnfiity  of  temperature  i!n  theit  cli- 
mates, xl(^here,  he  obferres,  the  feafotis  are  not  fubj6£t  to 
any  viciffitudes.  Independent  of  all  this,  and  although  th6 
regimen  introduced  by  Pythagoras,  and  the  inftitutions  of 
Lycurgus,  had  preceded,  the  age  of  Hippocrates  and  of 
Plato  by  a  long  feries  of  years ;  although  Iccus,  a  phylician 
of  Tarcntum,  had,  fome  years  before,  recomAiendcd  the 
union  of  the  gymnaftic  art  with  the  moft  temperate  regi- 
men, for  the  prefervation  of  health;  although  this  laft 
phyfician  acquired  fuSlcient  reputation  to  render  the  diet  of 
Iccus  a  proverbial  expreffion,  to  fignify  a  very  temperate 
and  fimple  repaft,*  Plato  dill  afcribes  the  invention  6f  medi^ 
cinal  gynraaftics  to  Herodicus ;  and  Hippocrates  aflumes 
to  himfelf  the  honour  of  having  determined  with  precifion, 
the  proportions  of  reginlcn,  cith^  for  invalids  or  for  people 

T2  in 


g  Euterpe,  Glafgow  edit.  {  77^ 

*  See  Steph.of  Byzant  *  quoted  by  Mackenzie  ia  his  HHlory  of  Health « 


940  Hygiene^  by  halle. 

in  the  foil  enjoyment  of  health.  Hippocrates'claim  to  this 
improvement  may  be  found  aflerted  in  the  firft  and  third 
books  of  his  treatife  on  the,  Regitnen  of  People  in  Health  ; 
and  in  that  intitled,  concermng  the  Regimen  in  acute  Dif" 
eafes. 

In  this  latter  performancei  Hippocrates  exprefsly  ob- 
ferves,  that  the  ancients  left  nothing  in  writing  on  diet  which 
deferves  being  mentioned  s  and'  that  they  have  paffed  over  this 
important  article  injilence*  — «t«(  lil  wi^)  «ii$  imhm  «?  «^mm 
iuny^cti^Mf,  iiif  «!<•»  A«yy,  xmr^t  fMy»  vvr*  wa^mcmt.     In  the 

firft  book  on  diet,  the  author  of  that  book  begins  by  point- 
ing out  how  many  dejiderata  the  works  of  the  ancients 
leave  unfupplied  on  this  fubje£t ;  and  he  adds  at  the  end 
of  his  preface^  IJhall  explain  what  none  of  my  predecejfors 
have  attempted  to  demoitftrate-  — mmw  %  (luil  lw%%H^itn  fuHtH 
rm  w^Tt^Sf  inXStguh  *y*f  I«-i9m|w,  luii  rttvrm  mmi«  sri.  He 
afterwards  more  particularly  afliimes  to  himfelf,  the  merit 
of  having  determined  the  times,  and  the  fj^mptoms, 
wluch  precede  derangement  of  healdi,  and  the  means 
of  preventing  the  confequences  by  the  refpe&ive  propor- 
tion of  food  and  of  exercife.t  He  conftantly  reprefents 
himfelf  as  the  author  of  thofe  invcQtions  in  the  third  bode, 
where  fpeaking  of  the  combination  of  exercifes  with  ali- 
ment)  and  of  their  utility  for  preventing  difeafes,  in  thofe 
cafes  in  which  health  becomes  precarious,  he  adds,  in  thoft 
cafes^  our  ohjeEt  muji  not  be  to  preferve  health  by  the  agency  cf 
remedies;  and  I  my/elf  am  the  perf&n  who  in  thefe  dijcoveries 
has  made  the  nearefi  approach  to  the  true  end:  but  none  has 
yet  exaSlly  attained  it.  — &■#  J*  «cv*  iS*  w«  rm  ^m^fuuuiit  Urn' 
T4M  vyutZfi^tu.  n  fih  if  }v9«r«i>  9!u^itlnvtu  ifytr»  rS  o'^v  fftt  ul^^rrtu, 
TO  ^6  «e»^<Cf;  iiiiH,%    And,  in  the  fequel  of  the  fame  book* 

while 
'         ■  ■III-' 

•f  Ibid.  §  iv,  cd.  de  Van-der •Linden. 

t  Lib.  de  Dicta,  $  i. 


HVgIENB,  by  HALLE.  34l 

while  proceeding  to  the  fecond  part  of  his  fubjef):,  fpeak* 
ing  of  the  fame  difcoveriesi  he  farther  obferves,  tvith  regard 
to  this  invention  /  honourable  to  me  who  am  its  author^  hM^^ 
for  thofe  who  are  inJhruSfed  in  it^  and  to  which  none  of  my 
predecejffhrs  have  even  attempted  to  afpire^  I  conjider  it  as  the 
tnoft  important  of  all.  - — rl  it  to  l^tv^fMt  KxXh  fin  if/ui  rf  h5^«»t<, 

ffVvBeivttiy  0  v^og  UwMfrx  ri^  «AA«  IroAAv  x^tvct  ilfveu  k%i9Tt,  || 

This  coincidence  between  the  three  books,  concerning 
regimen,  and  that  concerning  regimen  in  acute  complaints,  of* 
which  Hippocrates  is  univerfally  regarded  as  the  author, 
gives  fome  confirmation  to  Dr.  Mackenzit^s  opinion,  who 
thinks  that  this  celebrated  phyfician  is  alfo  the  author  of 
the  three  other  book?,  although  Leclerc  afcribes  them  to 
Herodicus.  The  writer  of  the  article  gymna/lics  (old  Ency- 
clopedie),  adduces  as  proof,  that  thefe  books  are  not  the 
compofition  of  Hippocrates,  the  contempt  which,  in  his 
opinion,  the  minute  information  concerning  the  gymnailic 
art  contained  in  them  merits.  This  argument  appears  to 
me  of  little  force,  refpedling  an  ait 'which  we  never  prac- 
tifed,  which  was  fo  familiar  to  the  Greeks,  and  fo  import- 
ant in  the  eftimation  of  that  people ;  and  of  which  the 
author  of  that  book  could  fpeak  with  fome  precifion,  with- 
out appearing  tedious  or  unimportant  to  his  contemporaries. 
If  any  thing,  however^  csn  render  the  opinion  of  thofe  who 
afcribe  thefe  books  to  Ji^rodicus,  more  probable,  it  is  that 
the  third  appears  to  correfpond  in  many  refpe£ts  with  the 
very  fevere  criticifm  of  Plato  on  Herodicus,^  fince,  in  this 
book,  the  author  generally  treats  of  perfons  who  experience 
fome  change  in  their  health,  or  fome  debility  in  the  exer- 
cife  of  their  fund:ions,  and  lays  down  rules  of  regimen 

Y  3  fuitable 

■  I  '■ "     I  ■  I   I  I     III  I  I— 1— ■— M<p».— .— — 

!l  lb.  f  xx» 


%  s 

342  HYGJEUE^  BY  liAL;.£« 

fuiuble  to  thefe  dcrangetp^ntSj  vith  t^e  intention  of  ob- 
viating their  confoqu^ncos*  And  CYenflalo's  critiqifiii  it&If 
hei^  at  bottpfPy  to  be  r^^arded  as  a  ^^w^jnxi  upon  ihs  au- 
tbor»  fince  he  reproaches  him  en  the  fcore  of  lus  fvccdft 
alone }  our  philofc^her  being  averfe  from  prolonging  a  Ufct 
which  be  regards  as  burdcQ^bnie.to  the  iodividlKd»  and  nifi- 
lefs  to  the  ftafe. 

Thus  is  it,  that  the  prigiiuof  the  fcience^  thgt  is,  .of  bj* 
giefie,  reduced  to  fixed  principles,  by  the  refults  of  ohfenr- 
ation,  cannot  be  traced  far  beyond  the  era  of  Hippocrates^ 
and  oi  Herqdicus  Us  m^fter;  and  if  any  one  Cbould  de^ 
iiderate  more  e^^tended  details,  concerning  the  naonumentd 
of  anterior  date,  relatiye  to  this  fubje^>  \\t  cannot  read  a 
more  fatisfa^ory  tre^tiCe,.  in  this  refpe^»  than  the  hiftory  ^ 
which  Dr.  James  Maqk^nzk  gives  of  thcfe  remote  times, 
in  his  wprk  in  titled,  tbe  Hi/lor^  QfHeabb^  and  the  Art  ^ 
pre/erving  it!*  I  ought  to.  apprise  the  reader,  that  I  my- 
felf  fliall  borrow  msny  pafl^ges  from  this  work,  which  I 
{hall  take  care  to  quote,  whenever  an  qppQrtvnity  offi?rs  it« 
felf  of  transferring  th^m  to  this  article. 

,    HISTORT  PF  NrGJSUf, 
4%RANGSp  INTO  FODR  VRINCIjP^^  EPOCHS. 

In  reducing  the  hiftory  pf  ao  art  tP  certain  epochs, 
there  is  an  effential  difference  between  the  wethod  of  at 
fuming,  as  rallying  ppipta,  the  period?  at  which  celebrated 
men  have  acquired  fpme  reputation  in  it  by  their  works, 
and  that  of  rcftriaing  our  inquiries  tP  thofc  epochs  alone, 
in  which  the  art  has  been  really  progreffire*  ,  ThisJaft  fyt 
tem,  which  alone  is  truly  interefting,  is  very  barren  in  re* 

fpea 

*  Second  edit.  Ediiv  1769. 


HYGIENE)  BY  HALtS*  S43 

fyeSt  to  reynarksJ^le  eras :  the  other  fyftein»  is  that  which 
alffloft  all  medical  hiftorians  have  followed. 

Aceordiiig  to  the  fecond  fyftem,  we  can  only  enumerate 
four  priocipal  epochft  in  the  hiftory  of  hygiine.  The  firf^  « 
is  that  iia.  which  the  artj  reduced  for  the  firft  time  to  pre^ 
cepts,  foumi^^i  pn  regular  o^fervationi  has  given  birth  to 
works  which.baFC  lived  in  the  efteem  of  pofterity.  This 
epoch  is  that  of.  mppoeraUs^  with  whom  muft  be  aflbciat- 
ed  his  mafter.  Herodicus^  and  Polyiius,  his  fon-in-law  and 
pupil.  Its  commencement  may  be  dated  from  the  birth 
of  HippocrattSy  that  is,  from  the  460th  year  before  the 
cfariftian  era.  The  great  number  of  ages  which  we  QiaU 
comptifip.  between  the  fixft  epoch  and  the  fecond,  ought 
not  to  excite  the  reader's,  aftoniihment,  when  he  confiders 
that  during  this  period^  of  confiderable  duration,  nothing 
really  new  has  been  Gonftru&ed  on  the  baits  eftabliQied  by 
Hippocrates ;  and  that  his  principles  had  been  only  more 
or  lefs  developed^,  in  proportion  as  the  fpirit  of  obferv^tion 
had,  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  extended  its  influence 
among  pfayficians.  For,  with  refpe&  to  the  (budy  of  .ana- 
tomy, cultivated  fuccefsfully  after  his  time  by  Hexoghilus 
and  ErafiftiAtus,  its  effeds  in  accelerating  thd  progrdklof 
hygihie  were,  at  that  period,  very  inconfiderable ;  and  I  do 
not  deem  thofe  times,  in  which  its  motion  was  rather  re* 
trograde  than  progreifive,  better  intitled  to  be  indadedt  in 
the  number  of  the  epochs  of  theart;  as.  for  iiiftance, 
when  it  was  perverted  by  the  introduction  bF  iubtie^  iitm 
quifitions  concerning  the  degrees  ofi&Ai/and  of  #W%  of  4&3M0^ 
and  of  tmifiure^  whidi  infeded  the  laffc  perbds  of  Ae 
Arabian  fchool ;  or  whea  the  extravagant  feoleiSesof  the 
aibpts  decoyed>phyfician€  from  the  path  of  true  obfinrvtition, 
to  dire£t  their  attention  to  the  inveftigatioti  of  th9fe  diie^ 
mical  fecrets,  the  poflefTprs  of  v^hibhinibring  the  gifroPd 

Y  4  fort 


344  HYOIfeNBy  BY  HALLE. 

tort  of  immoitality  to  others,  were  ignorant  of  the  means 
of  appropriating  it  to  themOslVes. 

2(bf  I  pisice  the  feeond  epoch  of  the  2tn  at  the  period 
at  which  the  celebrated  San^ofittf  difcovered  the  pheno- 
metaa  of  infenfiUe  perfpiration^  and  their  conne£Hon  with 
all  the  f an£lions  of  the  animal  e<!onoi»f ,  efj^ially  with 
the  inequalities  of  regimen,  and  with  the  variatioas  of  the 
atmofphere.  SanBmus  was  bom  in  I57i.  We  muft  then 
fix  the  epoch,  the  honour  of  which  is  exclufiveljr  due  to 
him,  towards  the  end  of  the  fixteenth  centmy. 

3^10,  The  renovation  of  phyfics*  before  the  middle  oC  &6 
feventeenth  century,  by  the  experiments  of  TorricMi  and 
oi  Pafiah  the  difcovecy  of  the  weight  of  the  air,  and  of 
its  aAion  on  bodies  by  reafon  of  that  wei^t;  the  circolar 
tion  of  the  blood)  already  demonftrated  by  Harvey^  in  the 
beginning  of  that  century  ^  the  labours  of  Mdpbigi^  of 
Hahs^  and  of  fo  many  other  celi^brated  natural  piulofophers, 
whO|  devoting  their  time  to  the  inv'eftigation  of  animal  phy- 
fics,  have  thrown  a  new  light  on  every  departnient  of  medi- 
cine. They  paved  the  way  for  the  entire  revolution  which 
it  expeiieciced  in  the  renowned  fchool  of  B^erbaawi  and 
whatever  movements  the  glory  of  this  celebrated  epoch 
may  have  received  from  them,  we  may  affinn,  that  the 
phyfical  fciences  are  indebted  to  it  for  all  the  preciGon  to 
which  they  have  attained  fince  tl^tt.  period.  It  is  a  fingolar 
fa&,  that  of  the  men  who  diftinguiihed  thoaafelves  in  this 
noble  xsvolution^  if  we  excelpt  thofe  who  devoted  themfelves 
^moft  texcluGvely  to  the  mathematical  fciences^  a  very  con- 
fiderable  numl^er  were  phyficians.  This  reyoludon  has  laid 
the  foundation  of  all  that  has  been  accompliihed  during 
the  greateft  half  of  the  fixteenth,  and  during  three  fourths 
of  the:prefent  (laft)  century.  We  alfo  owe  to  this  great 
in^puifirt  communicated  to  the  phyfical. fciencesi  all  the 

changes 


HTOIBKE9  ^Y  HALLE.  845 

cfaai^es  which  Stahlf  Baerbaave^  and,  fmce  tfaor  tinoC)  the 
Barons^  the  RoueUes^  the  MdcguerSf  have  introduced  into 
chennfiftrjf!,  and.  the  light  which  the  fct(ince  of  medicine  has 
derived  from  the  fame  foiirce. 

'  I  have  thought  it  proper  to  feparate  this  latter  epoch 
from  that  of  SanSorius^  although  they  are  fo  neatly  con* 
tiguoua ;  becaufe  Sanfforius  had  it  fcarcely  in  his  power 
to  derive  any  afliftance  firom  the'fources  of  which  his  fuc* 
ceflbrsavaUed  themfidves;. becaufe  in  a  period  when  the 
wifeft  phyficians  were  thofe;  who  fccupuloufly  traced  the 
footfteps  of  the  ancient  Greek8>  who  confined  themfelves 
to  the  ftudy  of  their  works,  and  were  occupied  in.oonfii^m- 
ing  the  precepts  of  their  mailers  by  new  obfervations,  he 
alone  had  the  courage  to  extend  the  range  of  his  inquiries, 
which  they  feemed  to  have  drcumfcribed  j  who  opened 
.up  for  hi^felf  a  new  path,  and  pointed  out  to.hisfuc- 
ceffbrs  a  method,  hi^erto  ttti.knowfl»  of  penetrating  the^fe* 
crets  of  nature. 

4/0,  I  do  not  hefitate  to  fix  the  fourth  and  laft  epoch  at 
the  immediate  opening  pf  the  brilliant  career,  upon  which 
Prieftleyi  Blacky  LavojfieTf  as  well  as  many  of  our  phyficians, 
who,  either  by  fertile  inventions,  or  by  their  zeal  to  pro- 
pagate knowledge  by  the  method  of  inftru£tion,  have  fo 
wipll  deferved  of  the  arts,  of  the  fciences,  and  of  medi- 
cine,  entered  with  fuch  diftinguiflied  fuccefs.  This  epoch, 
remarkable  for  the  difcovery  of  the  gafeous  fluids,  of  the 
chemical  a£lion  pf  air  on  bodies,  and  by  that  of  the  com- 
pofition  and  decompofition  of  water,  has  put  into  our  hands 
many  of  the  keys  which  open  the  fan£tuary  of  nature.  Let 
us  hail  the  fuccefs  which  has  already  iiluftrated  this  era, 
and  which  fumiihes  indications  of  ftill  more  profperous 
events  in  future  times.  Phyficians  will  henceforth  be  able 
to  flatter  themfelves,  with  the  hope  of  deriving  from  che- 
3  miftry 


«  i 

M6  HVOXBKK,  BV  HALX.B. 

miftry  more  certain  knowledge,  and  left  hfpotibetiGal  exw 
planatioDS  of  the  pmcipai  phenomena  of  the  antn^ai  ecx^ 
nomy  \  &nd  cbemiftry,  that  noble  fcience,  afafolutely  un- 
known to  the  ancients,  will  amply  expiate  thofe  errors  widi 
wUch  its  infancy  debafed  our  art.  We  &all  moreoTer  wit- 
nefe  another  feiiilt  of  that  fortunate  aUtaaee,  contsaAed  m 
our  own  time,  between  the  experimental  and  mathematical 
fciences^  I  mean,  that  medicine,  enriched  with  a  ftiil  greater 
iiumber  of  acquired  fa^ls,  will  be  able  to  appfoach  with 
aocelorated  pace  towards  that  exaA  and  demo&ftiative 
courfe,  which  they  fo  frequently  aceule  her  of  having 
abandoned,  and  without  which  fiic  cannot  flatter  hcr&If 
with  the  hope  of  obtaining  any  (hare  of  real  fuccefs,  or  of 
permanent  glory. 

I  proceed,  meanwhile,  to  refume  the  hiftory  of  hj^m^ 
and  to  give  an  outline  of  its  revolutions  till  die  prefect 
time,  and  of  the  changes  which,  in  future,  we  may  fuppofe 
it  deftined  to  experience. 

FIRST  EPOCH, 
THAT  OF  HIPPOCRATES. 

DIFFEaSNT  PERIODS  OF  THIS  EPOCH. 

The  birth  of  Hippocrates  has  been  fixed  about  the  460th 
year  before  the  chriftian  era.  Pythagoras,  refpe£ling  whom 
every  circumftance  which  anfwers  my  purpofe  in  this  article, 
has  been  recorded  in  the  hiftory  of  public  hygiene^  was  bora 
about  the  (Jodth  year  before  the  fame  era.*  Tlie  period 
in  which  he  flouriihed,  then,  was  140  years  prior  to  the 

age 


*  Traveis  ^f  Anacharfisy  Vol.  ir.  Table  •£  epochs  of  the  Ciedan  hif- 
tory. 


I|YQl£K£»  BY  HA{^L^»  S4f 

age  of  Hippocrates.  It  was  during  the  epodi  of  Pytha* 
gosaSi  that  medicine  and  philofophy,  combined  tcigetber^ 
werei  according  to  the  ot^fenr^tipn  of  {ieclerc>  pra^iifed  ^ 
the  feme  individual^* 

Hippocrates,  the  fame  author  ftiU  farther  ^bfenrei,  iipM 
tl\e  authprity  o£  Celfus,  was  the  fylli  p^rfon  who  feparated 
tl^efe  branches  of  knowledge*  .  T)^  (^^araiion  wfis  not^ 
l^owever^  a  divorce}  and  phyficiaqs  ne«^  <:eal^d to  be  con- 
yerfant  in  pbilofophy.  $ttt  this  divifiqn  refulted  in  a  double 
advantage ;  {^,  the  exercife  of  ^fe  twd  profe^gns  becom* 
ing  daily  more  extenfiye,  medicine^  in  order  to  b«;  pt^iML 
with  advantage,  required  that  the  fame  individual  ihouU 
confecrate  all  his  time  to  this  ible  obje^ :  ^4»  Philofpphy 
devoted  herfdf  to  fyftematic  explications  of  all  the  pheno- 
mena of  the  umverfe }  foxi  after  that  of  feeing,  the  6rQ;  defir^ 
which  man  feels  is  to  comprehend,  and  his  impatient  n^ind 
fcarcely  perceives  efie&s,  when  itjprings  forwards  towards 
their  caufes,.  without  conCderii^  at  how  great  a  diftance 
they  are  removed  from  it,  and  th^t  this  diftance  q^n  be 
overtaken  only  by  obfervation.  This  fpirit  of  fyftem  was 
peculiarly  calculated  to  injure  medicine ',  which,  unfortu- 
nately, fince  ■  that  period,  has  been  but  too  much  enQaved 
by  its  influence.  I  thus  enumerate  the  feparatioa  of  fyf*- 
tematic  philofophy  from  medicine,  an^ong  the  firft  progref* 
five  fteps  made  by  the  art.  Hippocrates  not  only  refrained 
from*iUuftrating  the  theory  of  ifiedicine  upon  the  principles 
of  the  philofophy  of  his  age;  he  was  moreover  unwilling 
that  this  faculty  of  interpreting  the  phenomena  of  nature 
on  theoretical  principles  Ihould  be  abufed  in  its  application 
to  obje£ts,  the  explication  of  which  fliould  be  entirely  the 
refuU  of  obfervation  and  experience.  This  opinion  is  ob- 
vioufly  maintained  in  the  treatife  concerning  thejlate  ofmedi^ 
cine  among  the  aacient^f  (arf^ic^pgdW  I«t^«$)«     The  author 

3  of 


848  HYGIEKC,  BY  HALLE. 

of  this  traAi  whom  Boerhaave,  in  oppofition  to  Gaien^ 
and  to  fome  other  writers,  belieres  to  have  been  Hippocrates, 
oppofes  with  remarkable  fofidity  of  argument,  and  by  an 
appeal  to  fadis,  a  fyftem  common  in  his  time.  Tbtfe^ 
tobferves  he,  in  the  beginning  of  his  treatife,  have  very  much 
deceived  iiemfelves  in  their  fnultifariotss  reafwingfj  whs,  being 
incHned  tojpeak  or  U  nmite  cencerning  medicine^  have  affumed  as 
the  bcfis  of  their  explanatioffff  heat,  or  cold,  or  drynefs,  or  two^' 
ture.  Or  any  other  doBrine  niohich  they  have  been  pleafedto  adopt, 
narrowing,  as  it  wA^e,  the  ioundarieif  (k  fi^x^  «y>m$)  oythe 
art,  and,  attributing  to  the  agency  of  one  or  two  caufes,  by  <k 
Imf  of  which  theypretefid  to  explain  every  thing,  the  principal 
eaufe  ofdifeafes,andofdeatb\  He  confiders  this  fyftem  as 
an  innovation  introduced  in  his  time,  when  he  fays,  bat  my 
defign  is  to  recur  again  to  the  con/ideration  of  thofe,  who  have 
fflatK/bed  a  new  method  of  cultivating  our  art,  by  building  it  upon 
hyp^heiieal  fuppofitiom.k  And  he  afterwards  adverts  to 
the  phyfical  and  evident  efFefis  of  aliment  on  our  bodies, 
and  fliews  their  incompatibiltty  with  the  do£irxne  \i^ch 
he  combats. 

The  other  books  in  which  Hippocrates  appears  to  found 
the  theories,  both  of  internal  caufes  and  of  regimen,  as 
well  as  certain  modes  of  treatment  in  difeafes,  upon  the 
qualities  againft  which^  he  has  juft  now  argued,  confidcred 
as  prinaples  of  the  faculties  of  our  bodies,  are  acknow- 
ledged to  be  fpurious.  We  ought  not  then  to  deduce  from 
their  authority  any  argument  for  denying  his  being  the 
author  of  the  former  dofbine,  which  in  every  other  refped 
is  abundantly  rational.  The'opinion,  that  experience  is  para- 
mount to  every  other  conGderation  in  medicine,  that  every 
procefs  of  reafoning  muft  be  condu£l;e!a  in  conformity  to 

its 

§  Van-der-LiDd6ii>  lb.  }  aa. 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  349 

its  dictates,  and  that  the  mi^d  muft  be  guarded  againft  the 
infanity  of  attempting  to  comprehend  every  thing,  is,  there- 
fore, to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  firft  fteps  of  progreffive 
improvement  at  which  phyficians  arrived  after  the  birth 
of  philofophy.  For^  obferves  Hippocrates  in  his  precejfts, 
(«r«^«fyiA«flM),  in  order  to  praBife  nudicine^  we  muft  not  atfijl 
occupy  ourfehes  in  firming  proceffes  ofreafming  chthed  nvitb 
Jome^probaUUty^  but  diduce  our  reqfonings  firom  ob/ervation* 
-— }m  yi  fihu»^  A^pyia-jMdf  «-(«n^«y  ^t^tntS^v^eet^^fla  Inr^vetft  «XA« 

r^iCi  furci  htyu.  This  much,  then»  Hippocrates  accom- 
plifhed,  by  feparating  medicine  from  philofophy. 

I  conceive  it  neceflary  to  begin  this  branch  of  my  fubjeflr, 
by  giving  this  explanation  of  the  meaning  which  ought  to 
be  affixed  to  the  poiition,  that  medicine  was  feparated  from 
philofophy ;  and  of  the  idea  which  we  ought  to  entertain 
of  this  primary  charaSer  of  the  epoch  of  Hippocratej  afcrib- 
ed  to  it  by  Leclerc. 

This  epoch  ought  to  be  divided  into  different  periods ; 
and  the  firft  of  thefe  periods  may  be  extended  from  the 
time  of  Hippocrates  to  that  of  Galen.  The  fecond  will 
comprehend  Galen,  and  the  ancient  Greeks  who  followed 
him.  The  third  will  embrace  the  Arabia[n  fchool,  from 
which  that  of  the  modern  Greeks,  among  whom  Aftua« 
rius  was  the  only  phyfician,  who  merits  any  particular 
attention,  can  fcarcely  be  diftinguiihed.-  During  the- fame 
period  arofe  the  fchool  of  Salernum,  more  famous  than 
praifeworthy ;  and  yet,  till  the  revival  of  letters,  after  the 
facking  of  Conftantinople,  there  appeared  in  Europe  many 
i^markable  and  eminent  men,  independent  of  the  chemifts, 
who  adhered  to  the  fyftem  of'  medicine  laid  down  in  its 
conceited  jargon.  Laftly,  a  fourth  divifioit  of  this  epoch 
will  correfpond  to  the  period  elapfed  between  the  revival 

of 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

of  learning  and  of  the  Greek  dpftrine,  and  the  *epoch  of 
Saniforius, 

* 

FIUST  PERIOD  OF  THE  FIRST  EPOCH, 
^ROM  THE  AGE  OF  HIPPOCRATES  TO  THAT  OF  GALEN. 

The  works  of  Hippocrates,  whether  confidered  as  relat- 
ing to  hygiene f  or  as  connefied  with  the  other  departntents 
of  medicine,  are  charaAerized  by  the  following  remarkable 
peculiarity,  that  to  the  moment  at  which  natural  philofophy 
and  chenuftry  diffiifed  new  light  upon  medicine,  they  were 
always,  regarded  as  a  common  text -book,  on  which  the  moft 
valuable  medical  performances  could  only  be  confidered  as 
commentaries. 

The  breyity  and  concifenefs  of  the^  text  have  rendered 
illuftrations  necefiary ;'  accumulated  experience  of  the  dif- 
ferent influences  to  which  man  is  naturally  fubjefi,  or 
voluntarily  fubmits  himfelf,  has  added  new  force  to  thofe 
previoufly  obferved ,  but  almoft  all  the  original  ideas  are 
to  be  found  in  thefe  primitive  works.  Whether  we  afcribe 
to  Hippocrates  the  invention  of  thefe  elements  of  the  art, 
or  whether  he  is  only  to  be  regarded  as  the  able  digefter 
of  the  dofirine  eftabliibed  in  the  fchool  of  G>s  previous 
to  his  time,  the  treatifes  which  he  has  left  us  are  always 
to  be  confidered  as  one  of  the  fineft  monuments  of  anti- 
quity. 

The  Books  concerning  Hygiene  attributed  to  Hippocrates* 

imo,  The  excellent  treatife  concerning  a/r,  water,  and 
Jituation,  («%$<  H^m^  iSittrmy  9^  rlzrm,)  This  is  univerfally 
regarded  as  the  work  of  Hippocrates.  In  this  traft,  he 
difcourfes  of  the  various  efiFe^  which  are  the  fenfible 
indications  of  the  different  qualities  of  the  acmofphere,  of 

winds. 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  351 

windd)  of  water,  of  the  fituation  of  cities  relative  to  thefe 
obje&Si  of  their  expofure  to  different  points  of  the  horizon, 
and  of  the  chara£kera  of  falubrity  and  infalubrity  which 
refult  from  ftich  an  expofure,  as  well  as  of  the  phyCcal 
and  moral  (fconfiitiitioti  of  the  people  who  are  expofed  to 
thefe  influences.  He  alfo  mentions  the  different  feafomt 
of  the  year,  and  their  effe£ls  upon  the  human  body.  Finally, 
he  fubjoins  to  thefe  general  obfervations  particular  remarks, 
charadieriftic  of  the  moral  and  phyfical  habits  of  the  Afiatic 
and  European  nations.  Among  the  former,  he  diftinguifhes 
thofe  of  the  eaft  apd  thofe  of  the  Mreft,  m  the  number  of 
whom  he  includes  the  African  ftates  known  in  his  time, 
that  is,  the  inhabitants  of  Egypt  and  of  Lybia.  Among 
the  European  nations,  he  expatiates  at  very  great  length 
on  the  Scythians^  on  the  Sauromates ;  and  compares  the 
ftates  of  Europe  in  general  with  thofe  of  Afia.  The  in- 
fluence of  government  on  the  moral  and  phyfical  qualities 
of  a  people  alfo  appeared  to  him  an  ohjtdt  worthy  of  great 
attention;  and  it  is  as  a  republican  that  he  traces  the 
criteria  which  diftinguifh  free  nations  from  thofe  fubjed- 
cd  to  the  yoke  of  an  arbitrary  power.  Thefe  criteria 
appeared  to  him  imprefied  in  a  fenfible  manner  both  upon 
their  moral  and  phyfical  conftitution. 

ado,  The  treatife  on  food,  («^/  Tg«^?«)»  is  like  the  preced- 
ing, in  the  judgment  of  almoft  all  the  critics,  a  genuine 
produ£%ion  of  Hippocrates.  This  piece  is  chara£lerized 
by  lefs  order  and  method ;  but  we  find  in  it  marks  of  pro- 
found meditation,  and  of  truly  philofophical  views.  The 
author  treats  of  the  peculiar  nature  of  alimentary  fub- 
ftances,  of  their  proportions,  with  the  age  and  tempera- 
Qients  of  individuals,  of  their  varieties,  and  of  the  me- 
chafaifm  of  their  application.  The  abruptnefs  of  the  lan- 
guage 


352  HYGIBKS,  BY  HALLE. 

guage  often  gives  an  air  of  obfcurity  to  the  difcourfei 
I  have  given  a  iketch  of  the  univerfal  topics  difcufled  in 
this  book,  at  the  beginning  of  the  article  Aliment. 

3/w,  The  treatife  concerning  tbefalubrity  ^  regimen^  (««fi 
iuurm  vf^m^  is  written  chiefly  for  the  inftruAion  of  men 
who»  living  in  a  ftate  of  privacy  and  ^fengagement  from 
a£l:ive  buGnefs,  can  apply  themfelves  mth  fome  detail  to 
the  care  of  their  health.  Such  are  thofe  whom  the  author 
denominates  iit^raU  privati  homines*  The  author  of  this 
txzSti  in  the  opinion  of  a  great  number  of  critics,  was 
Polybius,  the  fon-in-taw  of  Hippocrates.  The  qualities  o£ 
ieat  and  of  cold,  of  drjne/s  and  of  moifture^  are  the  priBcipal 
indications  which  he  fpecifies^  with  the  view  of  regulating 
the  diet,  according  to  the  feafons,  the  age,  fez,  and  tem- 
perament of  the  individual.  Upon  this  fubjed,  it  is  proper 
to  obferve,  that  the  author  of  the  book  cvncerning  ihejlate 
of  medicine  among  the  ancients^  has  not  rejedied  thefe  confi- 
derations,  but  difapproved  of  the  ufe  which  was  made  of 
them,  by  regarding  them  as  explanatory  of  all  the  pheno- 
mena of  health  and  of  difeafes,  and  of  all  the  efieds  of 
aliment  and  of  medicine.  The  author  of  this  book,  alfo, 
lays  down  fome  rules  to  facilitate  the  extenuation  of  too 
corpulent  people,  and  to  reftore  to  a  good  plight  fuch  as 
are  emaciated.  The  bafis  of  his  regimen  turns  principally 
upon  the  choice  of  aliments  and  drinks;  upon  exercife, 
baths,  inun£tions,  and  the  means  of  exciting  vomiting, 
according  to  circumftances,  and  to  different  temperaments. 
A  more  complete  idea  of  the  contents  of  this  beok  will 
undoubtedly  be  given  under  the  article  of  Regimen. 

The  three  books  on  diet,  (wt^i  h«umg)t  which  Leclerc>  as 
I  have  already  obferved,  afcribes  to  Herodicus,  have  been 
alfo  attributed  by  different  critics  to  other  phyGcians,  fome 
of  whom  lived  prior  to  Hippocrates.     Galen  attaches  little 

value 


HYGISKEi  BY  HALLE.  953 

Talue  to  the  firft^  in  which  a  few  excellent  remarks  are 
interfperfed  among  a  farrago  of  obfcure  illuftrations^  re- 
fpeding  the  nature  of  things^  and  the  generation  of  man. 
On  the  contrary,  he,  as  well  as  Celfus,  confiders  the  fecond 
and  third  worthy  of  the  father  of  medicine ;  more  efpe- 
cially  the  fecond,  in  which  the  qualities  and  varieties  of 
aliment  are  explained  at  great  length.  It  is,  however,  evi- 
dent, that  the  firft  and  third,  at  leaft,  are  the  compofition 
of  the  fame  author;  not  only  becaufe  in  each  of  thefe  the 
author  claims  to  himfelf  the  invention  of  regimen,  as  was 
dated  above,  but,  becaufe  in  the  firft,  the  writer  premifes, 
that  he  will  fpecify  the  fymptoms -which  are  the  harbingers 
of  difeafe;  and  by  the  afliftance  of  which,  we  can  pre- 
fcribe  the  regimen  calculated  to  avert  their  confequences, 
and  executes  his  promife  in  the  third  book;  which  is  alfo 
one  of  the  inventions  of  which  he  boafts. 

In  the  firft  book,  he  exprefles  himfelf  in  the  following 
manner :  /  have  alfo  found  out  the  means  of  previoufly  afcer- 
tainingf  and  before  man  is  attacked  by  them^  {v^  tS  KUfinr  rot 
i¥^^mwnf..,w^timx^ita^i),  the  difeafes  which  mUft  originate  in 
both  kinds  ofexcefs^  (of  aliment  and  of  exercife).  For  thefe 
difeafes  are  notfuddenly  generated^  their  elements  gradually  ac'^ 
£umulate^  and  tbiy  at  laji  appear  when  thefe  are  united^  {tt^^tt^ 
ftt^tuffltu),  J  have  then  afcertained  the  derangements  which 
man  eptperiences  before  his  health  is  dejiroyed  by  difeafe%  and  the 
means  of  reftoring  him  to  a  found  ftate  of  health  J^  In  the 
third  book,  at  the  commencement  of  the  firft  part  of  that 
book,  he  makes  ufe  of  the  following  expreffions:  Ihave 
however  deteBed  the  prognoftic  ftgns  (s-^efy^mf)  of  thofe  things 
ivhicb  predominate  in  the  body^  wbethff  aliment  prevails  over 

Vol.  III.  Z  exercife^ 

*  Lib.  J}  de  Diseta,  ed.  Van-der-Liodeny  ^  zii. 


t 


iitetc^f  6r  ipc&c^  ffidmintiUs  o^)if  ofUmfHtf  at  'tudl  as  ibs 
tnHbod  rf  fimedying  each  <ifthefi.etKeeffis^  ani  ^  Jtadjmg  and 
conifnhinding^  hefsrehand^  {w^  luetet^aUntmi^  ihi  Jkte  of 
healthy  in  order  to  preifiHt  difeafes  i  at  U<^^  to  guard  agaitp 
indulging  m  too  great  and  too  frequMt  exeejfes^  fit  then  ^e 
ifnufi  have  recourfe  to  ttmedieSi  &C.'f  In  prbceediDg  to  the 
jecondpart,  he  thus  eiprefles  himfelf:  Notp^  tny  ifpifention 
con^s^  firfty  in  difcerning  thefymftoms  ivhicb  precede  an  at- 
tack of  diferfe^  (fW  a  v^eidftsi^if  fdif  «(«*  t^  xdft^ttf),  tlxn  in 
perceiving  the  changes  which  bodiis  es^erience,  wbnher  the 
quantity  offiod  eitceids  the  digfie  ofacercifey  or  the  iegree 
of  exercife  futpaffes  the  quantity  of  foods  or  Hjohetbet  both 
one  and  the  other  mutually  maintain  a  juji  proportion. 
For  the  eucefs  cf  Athir  gerietOtii  Sfiafes^  and  boahb  tefidn 
from  their  mutual  agreement.X 

We  fee,  then,  that  the  fame  fyfteih  guides  the  author  of 
thefe  two  bookd  $  that  the  idead  and  the  expifeflions  are  the 
fame,  and,  confequently,  that  they  came  frddk  the  £une 
pen.  The  firft  book,  which  ha»  been  imprbp^siiy  divided 
into  two,  begins  by  hying  it  down  a$  a  priheiplex  diat  die 
equilibrium  of  health  depends  upon  a  juft  pfoportimi  be- 
tween food  and  exercife.  Our  author  th^n  pfoeeeds  to 
explain  the  nature  of  man,  which  he  ^ftabliChes  %tpw  Ae 
tmioxi  of  the  tmro  principles  of  w&tet  atid  of  fini,  from 
which  are  deriiTed  the  £t>ur  prinlary  ({ilalitied.  This  ffahi 
of  reafoning  fufficiently  prdf  es  that  At  atith^  Of  this  book 
is  a  dtfiereht  perfon  from  the  waiter  of  the  treatife  con* 
ceming  the  ftate  of  ancient  medicine.  This  book  cootaim 
fome  curious  pstflages  illtiftratii^e  of  A6  philofbphy  of  die 
ancients.    The  fedbnd  bo6k,  much  ti^ie  h^f^otf  on 

the 

* 
"  •  %  ■ 

t  lb.  Lib.  St,  f  I.  t  lb.  $  19. 


HYGIENBy  BY  HAJ^LJB*  $S5 

the  (vbjtGt  of  our  inquiriesj  and  replete  with  excellent 
cbfervationsi  contains,  in  the  fir  ft  place,  remarks  on  the 
cffe£ts  of  the  different  regions  of  the  atmofpherei  and  of 
the  winds:  the  author  then  difcufies  the  qualities  and 
varieties  of  aliments.  I  have  given  a  pretty  full  account 
of  this- part  in  the  article  Aliment,  p.  710,  and  following, 
of  this  Di£i;ionary}  and  I  flatter  myfelf  that  I  have  in 
fome  sefpe£ts  contributed  to  render  certain  capital  terms 
of  the  Greek  text  more  intelligible.  This  book  Is  then 
concluded  with  fome  obfervations  on  the  different  ingre- 
dients of  iS^^g:^/?^,  and  efpecially  on  baths,  dietetic  yomitSu 
and,  above  all,,  on  the  different  kinds  of  gymnaftic  exer* 
cifes. 

The  obje£):  of  the  third  book,  is  to  determine  the  rules 
and  meafures  of  all  things,  the  ufe  of  which  contributes  to 
the  fupport  of  Ufe  and  health.  It  is  divided  into  two  prin- 
cipal parts  ^  of  thefe,  one  is  appropriated  to  thofe  '<  who 
compofe  the  ftro/i  numerous  clafi  of  men^  {run  'tr^kXurt  rSt 
av^^MWf)^  who  live  upon  fuch  aliments  as  opportunity  fup- 
plios,  who  are  forced  to  labour^  who  are  obliged  to  pafii 
theur  lives  in  travelling,  or  depend  for  their  fubfiftence  on 
maritime  commerce."  Food,  drink,  the  principal  kinds  of 
exercifes,  baths,  dietetic  vomitings,  methodical  direfliions, 
according  to  dircumftances  and  to  the  temperature  of  the 
(eafons,  conftitute  the  obje£t  of  the  precepts  given  by  the 
author  in  the  firft  part  of  the  fecond  book. 

But,  after  having  given  this  feries  of  general  precepts, 
which  he  conliders  as  applicable  to  the  greateft  proportion 
of  the  human  race,  who  caiinot  pay  any  particular  atten- 
tion to  the  prefervation  of  their  health,  {rS  ntxi^et  rSf  M^i* 
vAif),  he  paffes  on  to  the  expofition  of  particulars  which 
fuit  the  condition  of  thefe,  who,,  leading  a  more  ina£tive 
)ife|  do  not  experience,  any  real  enjoyment  without  thepojjef* 

Z  2  /ton 


856  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

J!on  of  health  g  and  whofe  leifure  affords  them  time  to  ajh 
ply  themfelves  to  all  the  inquiries  necefiary  for  its  preferf- 
ation.  It  is  in  this  part  of  his  book^  that  he  UnGtlj  invef- 
tigates  the  diftinguifhing  marks  which  predi£l  alterations 
of  health,  and  the  manner  in  which  health  vacillates  to- 
wards different  indifpofitionsi  which  he  regards  as  the 
germs  of  difeafes.  The  degree  of  importance  which  he  at- 
taches to  each  of  thefe  alterations,  that  the  generality  of 
mankind  negledl,  fuggefts  to  him  the  proportion  of  dietetic 
means,  by  which  hp  refifts  their  progrefs.  We  here  per- 
ceive, that  that  fcrupulous  attention  to  his  own  cafe,  by 
which  the  author  is  conftantly  occupied,  has  incurred  the 
juft  cenfure  of  Plato,  and  of  all  the  philofophers,  who  are 
perfiiaded  that  man  lives  not  exclufively  for  his  own  in- 
tereft.  After  all,  this  part,  as  well  as  the  firft,  contains 
many  interefting  particulars,  and  curious  obferrations. 

5/0,  The  book  concerning  dreams^  {jn(t  itvmmy,  principal- 
ly fuggefts  obfervations  relative  to  the  conne£iion  of  dreamsi 
with  variations  of  regimen,  and  to  the  precautions  which 
they  point  out  for  the  prefervation  of  health.  Many  con- 
fider  this  book  as  the  fequel  of  the  third  book,  on  diet. 
This  opmion  is  not  deftitute  of  foundation.  There  is,  in 
fad,  a  very  obvious  connexion  between  the  topics  difcuS- 
ed  in  this  book,  and  thofe  illuftrated  in  the  fecond  part  of 
the  third  book  on  diet,  where  all  the  effefts  of  plethon, 
and  of  errors  in  regimen,  are  conGdered.  Thefe  errors  arc 
the  caufes  of  the  greateft  part  or  thofe  difquietudes  which 
difturb  reft  and  fleep.  And  it  is  eafy  to  perceive  that  the 
iame  hand  executed  both  of  thefe  works. 

6t0i  The  treatife  on  the  regimen  in  acute  difeafes^  (tn^<  Jwk- 
riK  «{uvO>  ^s  generally  divided  into  four  books ;  but  the  regi- 
men which  (hould  be  prefcribed  to  the  fick  is  handled  in  ^ 
three  firft  alone  \  the  fourth^  which  is  not  confidered  as  the 

compofition 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLB.  857 

Cbmpofition  of  Hippocrates,  contains  only  the  hiftory  of  dif- 
ferent difeafesj  and  their  diagnoftic  and  prognbftic  fymptoms, 
as  well  as  the  method  of  cure.  Thefefirft  three  books,  univer- 
fally  afcribed  to  Hippocrates^  and  confidered  as  one  of  his 
Qiofl:  important  produflions,  have  no  very  clofe  connexion 
with  the  fubje£l:  oi  hygiene.  The  author,  however,  adverts  to 
feveral  of  its  principles,  by  comparing  the  habits  of  a  per- 
fon  in  a  found  ftate  of  health  with  the  exigences  of  a  iiate 
of  difeafe ;  and  by  contrafting  the  eife£i$  of  aliments,  of 
drinks,  of  baths,  as  well  as  of  the  different  kinds  of  regi- 
men, upon  man,  confidered  both  in  a  ftate  of  health  and 
of  difeafe.  The  firft  book  is  intitled,  efpecially  in  fome 
editions,  concerning //^»,  that  is,  the  decodlion  of  barley, 
(zn^i  vlKrdim)  \  and  its  principal  obje£l  in  reality  is  to  ex- 
plain the  efFefks  of  this  article  of  food,  particularly  appro- 
priated to  the  fupport  of  patients  during  the  courfe  of  acute 
difeafes. 

7»i©,  The  book  concerning  the  ufe  of  liquids^  {vt^t  tif^St 
;^|iiV<(^),  is  alfo  limited  to  the  confideration  of  morbific  af- 
fediions^  both  internal  and  external ;  but  we  likewife  find 
in  it  fome  refle£tions  which  are  not  foreign  to  the  preferv- 
ation  of  health  5  as  aye  alfo  to  be  found  fcattered  in  differ- 
ent other  treatifes,  fuch  as  that  concerning  the  different  re* 
gions  inhabited  by  man,  (^n^i  rl-^m  rtiv  kmt  iv^^u-jm)  \  concern^ 
ing  winds f  (nt^i  ^vo-m*)  ;  concerning  thejlate  of  medicine  in  anm 
dent  times ^  («•«{«  «^;c«f«j$  m^wnCi^  &c. 

In  refpeft  to  Polybius,  the  fon-in-law  of  Hippocrates, 
and  his  fucceffor  in  the  fchool,  which  he  had  eftablifhed, 
we  have  mentioned  every  thing  that  came  to  our  know- 
ledge, when  treating  of  the  book  afcribed  to  him  by  Galen, 
that,  viz.  concerning  healthy  regimen. 

Z  3  moGLfi^ 


359  BVCI£NK,  BV  HALL1Z< 


DIOCLBS  CARTSTIU3. 

l}iocLES  Carysti'us,  wbo  lias  been  called  the  fecond 
Hippocratesj  i3  only  knovm  to  us  by  the  ktter  which  he 
wrote  to  Antigonus,  one  of  Alexander's  facceflbrsj  and 
which  we  find  preferved  in  the  editions  of  Paulus  Egineta^ 
at  the  end  of  the  firft  book^  ch.  loo,  under  the  title  of 
Prophyla^ic  eptftle  of  Diodes^  (AioxA£»$  Ixt^tXn  '3f^c^v}uckIixK' 
It  is  of  the  fame  purport  with  the  third  book  on  diet.  Dio- 
clesj  in  this  letter,  fpecifies  the  fighs  which  precede  di& 
eafesy  and  the  pfbphylaftic  means  to  be  adopted,  when 
the(e  fymptoms  make  their  appearance.  He  divides  di£- 
eafes  into  thofe  of  the  head,  of  the  bread,  of  the  abdomen, 
andpf  the  bladder.  The  author  then  proceeds  to  treat  of 
the  prefervative  meafures  which  correfpond  to  the  changes 
induced  in  out  bodies,  by  the  influence  of  the  feafons ;  and 
obfervations  of  this  nature  conclude  the  letter.    The  topics 

* 

difcufled  in  this  morfel  of  antiquity  are  necefiarily  rery 
vagucs  2nd  do  not  convey  to  us  the  idea  of  any  remark- 
able progrefs  of  the  fcience.  The  author  of  the  artide 
Ancient  PhyJicianSy  (Di^ionaire  Encychpedique  de  Medicine)^ 
places  the  age  in  which  Diodes  flourilhed,  at  the  diftance 
of  72  years  from  the  era  of  Hippocrates. 

\ 

CELSUS. 

Cmlsus^  {Aurelius  Cornelius  Celfus\  according  to  the  {ame 
author,  wrote  in  the  30th  year  of  our  era>  and  mull  have 
been  born  about  the  nth  year  before  the  commencement  of 
the  chriftian  difpenfation.  More  frequently  the  elegant  and 
judicious  tranflator  of  Hippocrates,  than  an  original,  we 
recognize  more  order  and  method  in  his  works  than  iu 
thofe  ^  his  mafter.  His  age  is  beyond  queftion  much  in- 
debted to  turn;  but  he  did  not  greatly  accelerate  the  pro- 

grcfe 


gveis  df  the  art.  IThc  G^ft  book  of  hU  wo^ks  contains  the 
precepts  reU^^^e  to  Jicalth.  He  begins  by  ^n  expofition  of 
the  regim^sn  adapted  to  ftrp^  healthy,  and  robuft  people; 
and  then.giv«3'|he  rules  fuitable  to  thofeof  a  weakly  con* 
(iitjition,  aiid.^o.iny,9lids;  andj  iinally^  the  precej^ts^  the 
obfetvance^i^f  ,wbi<^h  is  rendered  nectary  by  the  feafonsi 
or  wihich ^x<  u(efiil  in  the  different circ^ff^ancespf  life* 

In  his  firA.vchapfii^rt  be^  l^ys  down  two  renii^^^jble  n^es;. 
His.  fitfi  general  ina»m  is»  that  a  ntian  of  a  good  ^o];iftit]a- 
tion>  and  an  the  full  enjoyment  of  besdth^  ought  not  to 
conficte  btmfelf  to  ^ny  invariable  law.  A  very  wife  pre- 
cept, from  .which.rj8fMlt3  a  not^bje  propofitipn,  iinproperiy 
cenfured  by  fome  aiitbors,  wbp  hgve  npt  e^itered  in^o  its 
geaeralfpirit.  Of  he  proppCtiopi  is  the  -foJiPiWing :  jftq^  plut 
ji^j ^moJo fion  amplius  cffUnur^ s  Jmifii^fs  to  ^f^ceedJtb^Jfri^ 
meafure  of  necejjtty^  fometimes  to  cpf^fi^iOHl^^V^.^  ^^^  <?/ 
hounds.  :  This. is  certainly  the  true  imp^J:.  of^tfee  ej^pyc^on 
.fujio.^'  zndoSe^zius  has  not altc;n4ed  to^ jtsprppef  jlpgQifiqa^ 
tiolii  .when  he  reploaches  Celfus  as  tb^,  advocate. pf.glii|>. 
tony  a»d  drti^kennefs.  It  is  certain,  fh^t  t^e  ftri£l  and 
precifc.hj4r.jrf.neceflity  is  not  calculated  for  t^9fe,who«9- 
joy  a.  Vigorous  ftftte.  pf  bealthj  hut  for  thofe  ii\9j»e  w|io  ^rp 
pbliged  jto  watch  over  tbemfelyes  with  a  rig9i^us  attentic^ 
ztki  nheti  Sanftonus  has  made  thefoUow^Qg^  r4fl(B^i5)p, 
Ceffi  /mknfid  ,twfi  ompiius  tuta  eji^  ^he  Im  ii^  :iiothi;)g 
which  the  avKbor  himft^f  had  npt  a4Y^.9«ed  in  the  fubfe- 
quent  chapter.  £!elfus,  moreover,  deduces  from.  $hej(9^e 
ptopofitian  .ati  inference  relative  to  .the  f^uftoms  pf  bis  own 
time,  and  to  ^e  ufe  wbifh.ii^as  n^ade  of  the  gyinn^(tic 
art.  Thi^  inlerence  confoms  wjhat  I  haye  li^  in  the  fii^ 
part  of. Uus  article,  concerning  the  true  f(^fe  of  an  .aphpr- 

Z  4  ifm 


*.S9i^,3,  ^p|i..45». 


360  HYGIEl^S^  BY  HALLE. 

ifm  of  Hippocrate8.f  The  text  of  Celfus  is  as  follows; 
Sed  ut  bujus  generis  exercitationes  cibique  necejfarii  funt  Jk 
atbletid  fupervacui.  Nam  et  iniermtjjus  propter  aUquas  ctvUes 
fieceffitates  ordo  exercitationis  corpus  affigit ;  et  ea  corpora  que 
mere  eorum  repleta  funt^  celerrime  et  fenefcunt^  et  egrotant. 
But  as  this  kind  of  exercife  and  of  food  is  necejfary^  Jo  violent 
epeercifes  are  fuperfluous  ;  for  both  the  order  of  exercife  being 
interrupted  on  account  of  fome  neceffary  avocations ^  injures  the 
hody^  and  thofe  bodies  which  afttr  the  manner  of  the  athletics 
have  become  lu/lyf  very  quickly  both  grow  old  andjlcklj, 

A  fccond  very  remarkable  and  very  important  propoii- 
tion,  to  whichj  in  my  opinion^  the  abufe  of  antidotes^  in 
certain  inftances,  is  attributable,  is  the  following :  Cavefi' 
dumque  ne  -  in  fecunda  valetudine^  adverta  prafidia  confuman" 
tur.  -^and  we  muji  take  care  lefty  in  good  healthy  our  refources 
inftchneftjbould  be  nimfied. 

'  Farther,  the  precepts  of  Celfus  chiefly  relate  to  regimen, 
and  to  the  choice  of  aliments  and  of  drinks,  lo  the  ufe  of 
baths,  the  proportions  and  mutual  relations  of  diet  and  of 
labour;  to  dietetic  voniitings  or  fyrmaifm,  and  to  gym- 
naftic  ezercifes.  The  part  of  his  work  in  which  the  regi- 
men adapted  to  people  of  weak  and  delicate  conditutions  is 
confidered,'  is  replete  with  judicious  obferVations.  For  thefe 
we  are  indebted  to  this  author ;  or  he  was -at  leaft  the  firft, 
as  far  as  we  knew,  who  explained  them,  with  a  method 
aiid  perfpicuity  which  we  do  not  find  in  the  works  of  Hip- 
pocrates. We  here  perceive,  either  that  himf<^lf  was  die 
fubje£l:  of  his  OMrn  obfervations,  or  at  leaft'  that  he  has  de- 
rived his  precepts  immediately  from  the  ftudy  of  nature. 
In' the  number  of  pedple  of  weak  conftitutions,  he  includes 
the  greateft  part  of  men  of  letters,  and  of  the  inhabitants 

of 


f  Sc<5);.  i|  aph.  3. 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE*  361 

^i  cities,   ^uo  in  nutnero  magna  pars  urbanorum^  wnnefque  pern 
tupldi  liter  arum  f tint. 

After  this  dircuiSonj  Celfus  proceeds  to  the  variations  of 
regimen,  which  different  conftitutionsi  different  periods  of 
life,  fex,  and  the  feafons,  render  nec^ffary. .  He  afterwards 
explains  the  regimen  adapted  to  perfons  labouring  under 
different  infirmities,  and  that  which  is  nioft  proper  to  avert 
the  effefts  of  peftilential  contagions*  In  the  fecond  bookj 
from  the  beginning  of  chapter  iSth,  he  explains  the  pro- 
perties and  qualities  of  aliments  and  of  drinks.  We  here 
find  many  of  the  obfervations  of  Hippocrates  interfper&d 
among  thofe  which  are  peculiar  to  our  author ;  and,  un^ 
fortunately,  we  alfo  meet  with  claflifications  very  much  at 
variance  with  found  phyfics,  of  fubftanices  eflentially  dif-* 
ferent  in  their  nature,  arranged  under  the  fame  order,  and 
with  contradi£l:ions  which  feem  inexplicable..  We  ihall 
find  in  this  book,  cucumber  included  in  the  order  of  fub- 
fiances,  which  Celfus  defignates  by  the  expreSion  qu^  ioni 
fucci/unt,  which  afford  good  juices  $  and  the  fame  vege* 
table,  in  the  fubfequent  chapter,  claffed  witli. thofe  ^qu4f 
tnalifuccifuni)  which  yield  bad  juices.  This  divifion  itfelf 
prefents  us  with  nothing  that  is  perfpicuous  or  intelligible ; 
and,  in  the  order  of  cooling  fubftancesy  we  find  coriander 
aflbciated  with  cucumts,  &c.  But,  notwithftanding  thefe 
inconfiilencies,  Celfus  is  one, of  the  authors  in  the  Hippo* 
cratic  era,  from  whom,  thofe  who  think  for  themfelves 
derive  moil  profit,  and  by  the  perufal  of  whofe  works  they 
will  beft  inform  themfelves  concerning  the  ilate  of  medi« 
cine  among  the  ancients. 

Dr.  Mackenzie,  in  his  work,  elucidates  in  ample  detail 
the  moft  remarkable  precepts  of  this  phyfician,  as  well  as 
thofe  of  moft  of  the  other  writers.  I  ihall  not  enlarge  fo 
much  upon  them  in  this  place,  becaufe  fuch  a  defcriptioq 

would 


woaM  extend  this  article  to  too  great  a  letq^fli.;  and  he^ 
caafe  it  is  more  natural  to  referve  the  full  confideration  of 
Ae^fubjcfiyiiar  the  article  of  Recxj^en^  to  which  I  hope  to 
give  my  moft  ferious  attention. 

•  •  •  -        « 

PLUTARCH^  illSATHmUS. 

PtUTAfiCHt  who  was  not  a  phyfician,  has  left  us  an  ex- 
cellent  treatifci  intitled^  ilyiwim  wct^mfyixftcmc,  — frectptsfot 
tie  prefervatim.  of  health.  Tltts  treattfe  contains  no  ncv 
ideas;  but  anewiHuftratibn  of  ideas^  with  which  phjfi* 
ckns  Jiad  been  previouily  famiHar.  And  in  the  hiftory  of 
oiitr  arty  it-  it^  proper  to  diftingm&the  epochs  at  which  the 
intermixture  of  philofe^y  has  inhanced  the  value  of  medi^' 
cine,  iind  exiiended  its  empire  over  the  minds  of  man.  The 

9 

fliew  "of  fcience,  a!nd  of  accurate  denftonftrationsj  makes 
little  impreffion  upon^he  rulgar.    Plutarch^  wttlh  a  loofer 
chain  ef  reafoning,  but  with  ftriking  coniparifotis,  and  «i 
enchanting  ftyie,  adorned  the  precepts  of  the  art^  and  con- 
ciliated to  them  the  afiedions  of  his  readers.  His  precepts 
were  reduced  to  practice  byhimfelf;  and  a  long  Mfe^  a 
vigorous  health,  the  ^nrefbrvation  cf  all  hi^  faciidties  un- 
impaired till  a  very  advianoed  age,  confimved  the  trudi  of 
what  he  had  written.    Among  odier  kinds  of  exercifes,  he 
highly  eftimated  reading  with  a  loud  voice ;  and  we  fee 
that  this  ctifliom  was  generally  regarded  by  the  ancients  as 
produdive  of  the  moft  falutary  confequences.  He  attadies 
little  value  to  fyrmatfm  or  dietetic  vomitings,  fo  often  prac- 
tifed  among  the  ancients.    He  confiders  them  as  an  inven- 
tion favourable  to  gluttony^  but  contrary  to  nature,  and  hurt- 
ful  to  health.  The  little  importance  which  Plutarch  attaches 
to  cold  bathings  fo  univerfally  prevalent  in  his  time,  is  a 
faft  no  Icfs  remarkable.  On  this  fubjefk  he  exprefle^  Km- 
felf  in  the  following  manner :  p^vr^f  x^fr^^h  "^^x^?  'f^^»  ^'' 


HirOI£K£,l%lr  HALLE*  SSS 

iH$cltHh  9^  futfixh  ju«Xx^9  S  iSymvw  tr<.  '^^hi  habit  tf  plunging 
9ne'sf iff  into  the  cold  bath  after  fuerttfesy  is  rather  the  imcon* 
fiderate  aSi  of  a  young  htan^  than  a  falutary  cufiom.  He 
confidcrS)  that,  hamiening  if  the  body^  and  that  infenfibility  tp 
theinfiwncss  tfeMtemal  (Aje^^  (itMr^uiSiat  k^s  rtt  eS^mj^  <nt)^ 
^oT«r«  -!«  9<6fMr^);  -i^hich,  he  obferres,  to  rebilt  from  the 
ufe  of  the  cold  bath^  as  noxioua  to  tlie  ixiteriMl  fun£lions^ 
and  unfriendly  to^erfpiration.  He  fobfomstliefe  confider- 
ations:  That  the  petfons  who  orp  acetf/lomed  to  ihe  ufe  of£oUt 
lathsy  neceffarilyreiapft'imo  ibeit  pi^emfien  and  fprupdous  r^- 
guhnty  ofr£gimen^  whitAfin-hiyepimon^  engit  to  be  M^oided, 
iaving  their  attention  rclways  'occupied  in  guarding  again^ 
iraffgrejing  the 'Jiriil  rules 'rf  this  regimm$  infotimehf  as  tht 
leafl  error  ^ouM  fobn  be  punned  hy  feitdl  codfeq^nces, .  he 
refpeBtt)the  warm  bath,  hfTiiAsy  you  may  much  more  fre^ 
quently  tranf^refs  againjl  it  ^Jhimfltsnity*  hi  ^itruth,  a$^  di* 
tnination  oftoite  and  vf  ^vigour ^-which  the  badyinayfi^akn  from 
its  tfe,  is  of  far  lefs  moment  than  the  advantages  derivfdfrom 
ity  on  itcctnmt  rf  properties  fo  favourMe  and  vonducpoe.  to  the 
procefs  of  dig^ion,*  ...  r        .  . 

This  is  not  the  ^lace  to  itiireftigSite  either  the  crudi  or  the 
falfehood  of  this  opinidn'^f  Fkitavcfh^  Itis  oniy  poroper 
to  otferve,  that  the'Romatis  adopted  the- ufe  dF^  the  cold 
bath,  efpedaliy  from  the  reign  of«  Atiguftus,  whofe  life^  as 
has  been'faid,  Antonius  Mtfa  faved^  bj  its  application ;  that 
they  had  even  carried  this  pra£Hce  to  the  verge  of  tnfanity, 
and  perhaps  to  exceib;  Seneta^boafls'of  hb  vigour  in  this 
rcfpedr  Tantus  itgo  pj^cbrotutes^!  t  Finally^  that  Plutarch 
wrote  this'treatife  nearly -about  die  time  when  AgathimuSf 
a  celebrated  phyfician  who  pra£Hfed  at  Rome,  extolled  in 

the 

■  ■   .  .        ■    — - — — 

*  Plut.  L  c.  ed.  of  Hen.  Steph,  757},  in  Svo,  Grxcb  p.  %%'Jt  Lat«  aa6. 


4364  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

the  higheft  degree  the  habitual  ufe  of  the  cold  bath,  fot 
men  as  well  as  for  children*  But  Agathinus  recommended 
the  ufe  of  the  cold  b^th  only  after  moderate  exercifci  at 
the  moment  when  one  feels  his  body  a^tirCi  and  before  he 
takes  food.  He  direded  frequent  and  fudden  immerfions, 
intermixing  dry  fridlionsi  and  adding  the  exercife  of  fwim- 
ing/  He  did  not  wifli  that  the  temperature  of  the  water 
(hould  be  reduced  to  the  freezing  point ;  and  he  did  not 
believe,  that  with  thefe  precautionsi  any  great  danger 
might  be  apprehended,  in  very,  hot  weather,  from  bathing 
even  after  fupper.  It  does  not  appear  that  he  advifed  the 
ufe  of  the  cold  bath  in  the  firft  ftage  of  infancy ;  but  he 
condemned  the  application  of  the  hot  bath,  at  this  age,  as 
moft  prejudicial  to  health..  This  fpecies  of  the  bath  he 
regarded  as  ufeful  only  to  men  who  had  been  fatigued,  or 
whofe  bowels  were  tardy  and  conftipated.*  Galen  quotes 
Jgathtnus  in  many  places }  but  is  filent  as  to  his  opmions 
relative  to  hygiene* 

The  truth  is,  that  Plutarch  had  certainly  gone^too  far  in 
exaggerating  the  limitations  which  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath 
requires,  and  that  its  advantages  have  always  been  recog- 
nized by  found  obfervers,  if  on  every  occafion  we  avoid 
the  raihneb  which  mighjt  render  its  ufe  dangerous,  and  do  not 
contrad  a  habit  in  this  refped,  the  afcendency  of  which 
would  fooner  or  latter  become  troublefome.  I  do  not 
fpeak  here  of  Plutarch's  two  difcourfes,  concerning  die 
ufe  of  animal  food,  (yn^l  eic^u^»YUf)f  in  which  he  expoftu- 
lates  againft  this  cuftom,  more  by  philofophical  reafonings 
ihan  from  confiderations  of  its  effe£ts  on  health.  For  oar 
author  himfeif,  as  Mackenzie  obferves,  did  not  abftain  from 

the 


t  See  OriJ)af.  qoU.  lib.  x,  -cap.  ;, 

9 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE*  S65 

the  ufe  of  this  kind  of  food ;  and  he  appears  to  have  com* 
pofed  thefe  difcourfes,  rather  with  the  view  of  fubmitting 
to  the  public  fome  ingenious  opinions  entertained  by  him^ 
than  of  introducing  a  reform  in  the  cuftoms  of  his  time. 

To  the  authors  who  have  written  on  hygiene^  during  the 
period  now  under  confideration,  we  may  add  thofe  who 
have  treated  on  aliments.  Galen  mentions  Xenocrates, 
who  lived  under  the  reign  of  Tiberius»  and  had  written  a 
treatife  on  fiihes,  included  in  the  colleflion  of  Photius ; 
but  which,  as  Mackenzie  remarks,  comprehends  little  that 
is  really  ufeful.  Diofcorides,  who  flouriihed  under  Nero, 
has  inferted  in  his  work  different  articles  concerning  ali-« 
ments;  their  feafonings  and  qualities,  among  the  medicines 
which  compofe  its  principal  fubje£b.  Thefe  articles  are 
efpecially  to  be  found  in  the  fecond  and  fifth  books,  and 
in  general  they  poiTefs  but  a  moderate  (hare  of  merit. 
We  muft  not  clafs  Calius  Apicius  in  the  number  of  the 
authors  who  have  written  on  hygiene^  although  he  collect- 
ed all  the  receipts  on  cookery  extant  in  his  time.  He  lived 
under  the  reign  of  Trajan,  But  Pliny,  the  naturalift,  who 
flourifhed  under  Vefpafian  and  Titus,  furnifhes  all  that 
curiofity  can  defire,  concerning  the  natural  hiftory  of  ali- 
mentary fubftances,  concerning  the  properties  attributed 
to  them,  and  concerning  the  p^adiices  of  the  Romans  in 
his  age :  and  the  charms  of  his  ftyle,  the  profound  and 
philofophical  reflexions  with  which  his  work  is  complete, 
comjpenfate  for  the  errors  and  credulity  which  we  are 
obliged  too  frequently  to  lay  to  his  charge. 

While  fpeaking  of  the  j)hilofophers  who,  in  this  agc,i 
employed  themfclves  in  difquiGtions  connedied  with  the 
prefervation  and  phyfical  perfeAion  of  the  human  race,  it 
would  be  an  unjuft  omiffion  to  pafs  over  the  name  of 
Aulus  Ge/lius.    In  the  twelfth  book,  ch.  i,  of  the  Attic 

Nights^ 


S66  HYGIENE,  BY  HALUn. 

I 

HighiSi  NoBes  Attic^^  of  this  author,  we  find  a  paffage 
wcMTthy  of  notice*  concerning  the  fackling  of  infants  hf 
their  mothers,  and  the  inconveniency  of  mercenary  nurles^ 
who  in  Rome  were  generally  fele£led  from  among  the 
Saves.  It  is  Faverittuiy,  a  celebrated  philofopher  of  ffiat 
peitody  born  at  Aries,  who  is  fuppo&d  to  addrefs  himfetf 
to  the  mother  of  a  Roman  lady.. 

^mem  tnaterpuella parcmdum  ei iffe  diceret^.aAibendaf^ 
fue  puero  mttrices,  iic..*^Oro  te  inquitj  muUer,.m.Sine  earn 
Mam  mtegram  ejpt  matrem  JUu  fm....'BUreeque  ifim  prodf- 
giofae  multeres  ftmtem  ilium  fanBiJ/tmum  corporis^  geatru 
kimani  eifucatorem,  arefacere  et  extinguere,  cam  periada 
fttoque  (tfoerji  carruptiqui  la&ts^  laborant}  tanquam  pulm 
gbr^udinii  Jibi  infignia  ekveHtf/let.**.Non  idem' faaguu  efi 
mmc  in  uherihmt^  qui  in  uterofuit  f  Nonnt  hoc  qnoqu$  m 
rr  folertia  natura  evident  e/l,  quad  pq/lquam  fangm  iUe 
9pifex  in  penetralihus  ftdi  omne  eorptfs  bominis^Jlnxitf  ai* 
i^entante  Jam  partus  tempore ^  in  fupernas  fe  partes  prof ent^ 
ad  fovenda  vitee  ac  lucis  rudiment'a  prerjtd  efl^  e^  recens 
natis  notum  etfamiliarem  viBum  offert  /  ^uamohrem  mm 
Jruftra  creditum  ejl^  Je  intus  valeat^  adjingendat  corporis 
atque  animi  Jimilitudines  vis  et  natures  feminis^  nonjicuf 
ad  eandem  rem  laBis  quoque  ingenia  et  proprietaies  vakre. 
Neque  in  bominibus  id  folum^  fed  in  pecudihus  animadvert 
fum;  nam  ft  ovium  laSie  beecK^  aut  caprarum  agni  aloH^ 
tur^  cohjlat  ferme  in  his  lanam^  duriorem,  in  iHis  capiUam 
gigni  teneriorem..»»^U£ef  mahm^  igiturratitf  ejl,  nobiRta- 
tem  iftam  modo  nati  bominis^  corpufque  et  animum  bene  in* 
geniatis  primordiis  tncboatum^  infitivo  degeneriqae  alimetita 
la&is  alieni  c'orrumpere ?..,Si preefertim^  ijta  quamadpra^ 
hendum  laBe  adbibehitis^  aut  ferva^  aut  fervilis  efi^  et,  ut 
plfvumquefolet,  externa  atque  harbara  natianis  ;Ji  improla^ 
Ji  informisf  Ji  impudica^  Ji  temulenta  ejl. 

«  When 


<^  When  t}ie  y6atig  ^$Hmiygtl%  mother  faid  that  (be  muft 
he  fpa^e<i,  and  m^rfes  provided  for  the  ichitdv  I  intreat  you, 
womatt/'  fold'  he,  "  al4b\r  her  to  be  tJic  fole  and  enthrc 
mother  of  litr  6#tt:fon...Manf  unnatural  women  endeavout 
to  diif^y  up  ^d  e^K^ngCiifh  that  facred  fountain  of  the  body 
and  nouriihment  qf  man,  with  grea4rha2faFd,  turning  and 
corrupting  the  channel  of  their  milk,  le(l  it  fhould  render 
the  diftin£l:ions  of  their  beauty  lefs  attradiive ...  Is  not. 
that  blood  wfkieh  id  now  in  die  breaft,  the  fame  which 
was  in  the  womb?     Is  not  the  wifdom  of  nature   evi- 
dent dfo  in  this  inftance,   that  as  foon   as   the  blood, 
which  is  the  arti&ery  hais  formed  tiie  Eotiy  wkhin  its  pehe- 
tr^fia^  it  rifes  into  the  upper  parts,  whe^  the  period  of  pan- 
titritbn'  approkches,  to  dierifii  the  firfl:  principles'  of  fife 
and  light,  fupplying  known  and  fomiUar  food  to  the  new* 
born  infants  ?  Wherefore  it  is  not  without  reafon  believec^ 
that  as  the  power  and.quality  of  the  femen  avail  to  form 
likenefies  of  the  body  itiA  miitd^  in  the  fame  degree  alfe 
the  nature  and  properties  of  the  mi&  avail  toward  afie3ili|r 
the  feme  purpofe.  Nor  b  this  confined  to  th^  human  race, 
btrt  is  obferved  alfo  in  beads.    For,  if  kids  are  i»rought  up 
by  the  milk  of  a  (heep,  or  lambs  with  that  of  goats,  ir  is 
plain  by  experience,  that  in  the  latter  is  produced  a  coarfer 
fort  of  wool,  and  in  the  former  a'fofter  fpecies  of  hair.«, 
What,.  I  would  afk,  can  be  the  reafon,  that  you  fhouU 
corrupt  the  dignity  of  a  new*bom  human  being,  formed  ia 
body  and  mind  upon  principles  of  diftinguiflied  excellence, 
by  the  foreign  and  degenerate  nouriihment  of  another's 
milk  ?...Particularly  if  ihe,  whom  you  hire  for  the  purpoie 
of  the  fupplying  the  milk,  be  ai  flave,  or  of  a  fervile  condi^ 
tion,  or,  as  it  often  happens,  of  a  foreign  and  barbarous 
nation,  or  if  ihe  be  difhoneft,  or  defotmedi  or  unchafte, 
or  ^  drunkard.'^ 

I  only 


V  i 

568  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLS. 

I  only  extra&  from  this  eloquent  piece»  fuch  claufes  as 
contain  ideas,  and  reafonings  moft  intimately  allied  to  the 
phyfical  knowledge  of  man.  The  whole  paflage  merits  a 
perufal  in  the  original*  Favorinui,  whom  jJulusGelUus 
makes  the  principal  character  in  this  dramatic  fcene^  liTe4 
in  the  reign  of  Adrian. 


SECOND  PERIOD  OF  THE  FIRST  EPOCH. 

GALEN. 

Galen,  bom  at  Pergamos,  a  city  of  AGa  Minor,  in  tlie 
130th  year  of  the  Chriftian  era,  was  the  perfon  who  (after 
Hippocrates)  moft  ably  elucidated  the  art  of  medicine,  by 
the  extent  of  his  knowledge,  and  by  the  excellence  of  his 
writings.  Having  deeply  imbibed  the  Hippocratic  fpirit  by 
repeated  perufal  of  the  Coan  fages^  works,  he  has  analyfed 
his  writings,  and  enriched  his  dodrine,  by  happy  applica- 
tions :  and  anatomy,  which  in  his  time  had  already  made 
great  progrefs,  eminently  contributed  to  give  a  greater  de- 
gree of  preciiion  to  his  ideas.  Thefe  advantages,  it  mnSL 
be  confefled,  are  counterbalanced  by  fome  defedls,  by  a 
copioufnefs  which  is  often  diffiife,  and  by  a  degree  of 
minute  fubtility.  He  it  was,  who,  independently  of  the 
little  folidity  of  the  famous  doftrine  of  heat  and  of  cold, 
of  moifture  and  of  drynefs,  which  he  embraced,  fubjoined 
to  it  the  extreme  and  ufelefs  fubtility  of  the  four  degrees, 
into  which  he  divided  each  of  thefe  imaginary  qualities* 
It  was  by  means  of  thefe  divifions,  purely  hypothetical, 
that  he  pretended  to  claffify  and  to  define  the  difierent 
properties  of  aliments  and  of  medicines.  This  dodirine 
was  afterwards  diffufed,  and  had  great  fuccefs,  in  the  Ara- 
'bian  fchool.     It  conftituted  a  great  part  of  the  knowledge 

of 


HYOIENS^  BY  HALLE.  369 

of  phyficians  of  Europe,  during  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries,  who  were  acquainted  with  Arabian  wri- 
ters dlone,  andj  with  Galen,  through  the  medium  of  the 
Arabian  fchool.  This  dodirinc  reigned  until  the  learned 
men  of  the  Greek  empire  were  fpread  over  Europe,  and, 
Mrith  their  manufcripts,  carried  thither  the  tafte  of  anti- 
quity. From  that  time,  the  works  of  Hippocrates  became 
the  abfolute  ftandard  of  the  fchools,  as  well  in  Italy,  as  in 
France,  and  in  England. 

It  is  very  aftonifhing,  that  fo  fine  a  genius  as  Galen^ 
fhould  have  attached  fo  much  importance  to  fpeculations, 
fo  little  fufceptible  of  accurate  demonftration }  and  that  a 
knan,  who  in  other  refpe£ks  fcattered  fo  much  philofophy 
through  his  writings,  who  has  compofed  the  admirable  trea« 
tife  de  ufu  partium^  (hould  be  the  very  perfon  who  indulged 
himfelf  in  fuch  frivolities.  We  meanwhile  fee,  that  full  of 
Teneration  for  Hippocrates,  he  was  averfe  from  afcribing 
to  him  the  treatife  intitled  C$ncerning  the  Jlate  of  tuediane 
among  the  ancients^  ijn^}  tt^x^^  <irr^<«ii()>  the  author  of 
which  oppofes  this  very  dofkrine,  already  become  faihion- 
able  in  his  time,  revived  afterwards  and  amplified  by 
Galen  ;  and,  for  the  purpofe  of  overturning  it,  makes  ufe 
of  the  moft  folid  reafonings,  dilated  by  the  fimpleft  ob* 
fervation. 

With  refpe£b  to  the  do£krine  of  hygiene^  Galen  ought  tp 
be  confidered,  either  as  an  original  author,  or  as  comment- 
ator on  Hippocrates. 

The  original  works  of  Galen  are,  fix  books  on  the  Prefetv* 
ation  of  healthy  (JtyHmf) :  a  book  containing  a  difquifition 
on  this  queftion,  //  hygiine  (rl  vynuv)  dependent  on  medicine, 
or  on  the  gymnafiic  art  f  another  book  having  this  title,  Con* 
cermng  the  beft  complexion  {KarM%tu)i)  of  the  body,  the  means  by 
which  it  may  be  known  and  defended  from  the  caufes  which  can 

Vol.  III.  '  A  a  dejlroy 


370  HYGIEKE,  BY  HALLE. 

dejlrv^  it :  another,  treating  of  the  conftitutiony  of  a  good  cart' 
JUtution^  &c.  (£'£<$»  iv$/«,)  and  of  the  difference  between  it  and 
an  athletic  conjiitution :  three  books,  concerning  the  properties 
of  aliments ;  oqe  upon  the  aliments^  which  form  good  or  had 
juices^  (*^C'  ^^Xfl^'^t  ^  fteuco^vfutcg  r^e^«ly);  another  on  atte* 
nuating  diet,  {9%^}  Mwlvv^mg  iiximif) ;  another  on  the  exerci/e 
defignated  that  of' the  fmall  ball^  {fMx^nf  ^tU^«^\  a  fpecies  of 
game  analogous  to  that  of  the  hand  ball.   To  the  books  of 
Galen  on  hygiene^  is  ordinarily  joined  the  treatife  intitled, 
on  the  method  of  recognizing^  and  of/nsringf  the  pqffions  of  the 
fouly  that  is,  the  excefles  which  refult  from  their  indulg- 
ence.    To  this  piece,  Chartier  adds  another,  which  has 
nearly  a  Gmilar  title,  and  contains  analogous  precepts,  un« 
lefs,  that  in  the  former  of  thefe  titles,  he  makes  ufe  of  the 
expreffion,  rmv  %»  rjf  4v;tji  w«^An»,  — (fthe  pafftons  of  the  foul ; 
and,  in  the  latter,  of  the  term  rm  \»  r*).  ^x^  «!jt«i^«f£ftTiiv, 
^'^fthe  errors  of  the  foul.     But,  in  both  books,  the  text  of 
Galen,  exhibits  on  each  occafion  the  laft  term  Hfut^^unti, 
faults  or  errors. 

It  is  afliiredly  a  very  wife  and  a  very  juft  idea,  to  clafs 
the  precepts  of  philofophy  with  the  means  'mod  condacire 
to  the  prefervation  of  health.  Laftly,  a  fubjefl  of  great 
importance,  and  worthy  of  deicp  conGderation,  is  that  of 
which  Galen  treats  in  his  book  on  habits,  {vt^i  rm  Um^,) 
Different  fragments,  and  certain  other  treatifes,  afcribed  to 
Galen,  might  be  fubjoined  5  but  they  add  nothing  to  what  is 
contained  in  the  above :  and  the  fpirit  as  ^ell  as  do&inc 
of  Galen  will  be  fuflkiently  comprehended  by  the  pcrufal 
of  thofe  which  have  juft  now  been  quoted.  If  we  fubjoin 
to  thefe  his  three  commentaries  on  the  treatife  of  Hippo- 
crates, concerning  air,  water,  and  ftuatton  ;  a  commentary 
on  the  book  attributed  to  Polybius,  concerning  the  falubrity 
of  the  regimen  of  individuals ;  and  four  commentaries  on  Ac 

book 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALlE.  371 

book  intltled  de  alimenio ;  we  (hall  have  all  that  Galen  has 
left  us  of  any  importance  on  hygiene.  The  abridgment  of 
LacuHa^  intitled  epitome  Galeni  operum^  and  publiflied  at 
Lyons  in  1643,  gives  a  pretty  complete  account  of  the  works 
of  Galen ;  the  prolixity  of  which  required  this  afliftance. 
It  alfo  enables  us  to  turn  over  the  original  text  without  lofs 
of  time,  whenever  we  have  occafion  to  confult  it. 

Mackenzie  gives  a  very  good  idea  of  all  that  Galen  has 
added  to  the  knowledge  communicated  by  his  predeceiTors 
on  the  doftrine  of  hygiene, 

**  In  order  to  adapt  his  rules  concerning  hygiene  to  perfons 
under  all  circumftances,  Galen  divides  mankind  into  three 
claifes.  In  the  firft,  he  reckons  thofe  who  are  naturally 
found  and  ftrong,  and  at  liberty,  from  their  affluence,  ta 
beftow  what  time  and  care  they  pleafe  on  their  health. 
In  the  fecond,  he  places  fuch  as  are  of  a  delicate  and  infirm 
conflitution.  And  his  third  clafs,  contains  thofe  whofe 
neceflary  occupations,  in  public  or  private  life,  will  not 
permit  them  to  eat^  fleep,  or  ufe  exercife,  at  regular 
hours. ^' 

**  As  to  the  firft  clafs,  he  obferves,  that  to  preferve  health 
and  life,  as  long  as  is  confiilent  with  the  life  of  man,  it  is 
neceffary  that  the  ftamina  of  the  organs  (hould  be  naturally 
good.  For  fome,"  he  fays,  "  are  fo  crazy,  that  Efculapius 
himfelf  could fcafce  prolong  their  lives  beyond  three/core*  This 
clafs  he  divides  into  four  periods ;  viz.  infancy,  youth, 
manhood,  and  old  age.  Two  of  thefe  periods,  namely, 
infancy  and  old  age,  had  been  touched  upon  but  flightly 
before  his  time*  But  as  to  youth  and  manhood,  whether 
of  robuft  or  tender  conflitutions,  the  general  rules  cftablifh- 
cd  by  Hippocrates  and  Others,  for  preferving  health,  arc, 
for  the  mod  part,  the  fame  which  Galen  alfo  recommends, 
and  therefore  need  not  be  repeated  here/* 

A  a  2  To 


V  4 

372  HYOIBKE,  BY  HALJiS. 

<'  To  be  briefj  there  are  four  articles  with  regard  to  the 
prefcrvation  of  health,  which  Galea  has  confidered  more 
attentively  than  any  that  went  before  him,  viz.  i,  infancy; 
2,  old  age;  3,  the  difierence  of  temperaments ;  and  4,  the 
care  neceflary  to  be  taken  by  thofe  whofe  time  is  not  in 
their  own  power,  &c." 

Dr.  Mackenzie  afterwards  enters  into  a  fuccindl  detail 
concerning  the  moft  important  rules,  which  Galen  gives 
for  pteferving  ^e  lives  and  health  of  men,  in  thefe  four 
periods  of  life.  I  fliall  not  follow  him  in  the  difquifition, 
which  belongs  rather  to  the  article  of  regimen,  than  to  an 
hiftorical  article.  I  (hall  content  myfelf  with  enlarging 
upon  three  objefts,  which  are  more  immediately  conne6\- 
ed  with  the  hiftory  of  the  art :  thefe  are, 

1,  The  oAgivi  of  the  term  non^naturals^  to  fignify  the 
objefis  which  appertain  to  hygiine. 

2,  The  hiftory  of  cold  baths^  efpecially  in  their  appKca- 
tion  to  infants. 

3,  The  eftabliihmem  of  the  do£trine  of  the  four  tem- 
peraments, and  of  their  four  degrees,  which,  notwitbftand- 
ing  its  abfurdity,  for  fo  long  a  period,  kept  pofieifion  of  the 
fchools* 

I,  ^^  The  epithet  of  n^iMMhtrals^  applied  to  the  thbogs 
moft  efiential  to  the  fupport  of  human  life>  appears  extreme- 
ly (hockmg  and  contradi^ory,**  as  Mackenzie  has  ob£:T?ed: 
xior  does  it  feem  lefs  extraordinary/'  lay9  he,  *^  that  the  ofe 
of  an  expreifion,  fo  iU-fancied>  which  arofe  merely  £rom  the 
jargon  of  the  peripatetic  fcbools,  &ould  fov  fo  long  a  pe- 
riod have  continued  current  among  phyficians.  The  origin 
of  it  appears  to  be  derived  from  a  paiTage^  wfaeve  •  Galea 
divides  things  relatii^  to  the  kumaot  body  into  three  dafies. 
The  firft,  confifting  of  tho(e  things  which  are  naiural  to  it; 
the  fecondi  of  things  which  are  mthmiurai,  that  is>  beyond 

•«  die 


HYGIENE,   BV  HALLE.  $7S 

<'  the  pale  of  its  nature ;  the  third,  of  things  which  are 
extra-natural^  that  is,  of  things  different  from  the  ordinary 
courfe  of  nature.  The  following  are  the  words  of  Galen, 
copied  from  the  Latin  verfion  of  the  book  de  Qculis^  afcrib- 
ed  to  him :  *  Qui  fanitatetn  vult  reJHtuere  decenter^  debet 
invefligare  feptem  XES  NATUXJLESf  qua/unt,  elementa,  com' 
flexsonesy  hutfiores^  membra^  virtutes^Jpiritus,  et  operationes. — 
Et  R£S  NON'NATURALESf  qua  funt  fex^  aer^  ciius,  potuSy 
inanitio  et  repletio,  motus  et  quies^  fomnus  et  vigilia,  et  acck 
dentia  animi,  Et  RMS  EXTRA- N4TU RAM ^  qua  funt  tres^ 
morbus,  caufa  morbi^  et  accidentia  morbum  comitantia.  From 
this  fantaftical  diftin£lion,  the  epithet  of  non-naturals  firft 
arofe,  and  has  been  retained  in  common  ufe  to  this  day  $ 
though  it  cannot  be  underftood  without  a  commentary. 
Hoffman,  for  example,  when  he  applies  this  epithet  to  air 
and  aliment,  accompanies  it  with  the  following  explan- 
ation ;  *  A  veteribus  ha  J^ES  NON-NATURALES  appellantur, . 
quoniam  extra  corpsris  ejentiam  conftituta  funt.^  t  This  ex« 
planation.  of  Hoffman  applies  extremely  well  to  air  and  to 
aliment ;  but  how  can  it  be  transfened  to  evacuations,  to 
'  fleep  and  to  watchfulnefs,  to  motion  find  to  reft,  and  to  the 
affe^aions  of  the  fdul  ?" 

II,  We  hare  feen  that  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath  had 
been  introduced  by  Antonius  Mufa ;  extolled  by  Agathinus, 
and  condemned  hyP/utarch,  by  very  inconclufive  arguments. 

Galen  was  far  from  adopting  the  opinion  of  AgathinuSi 
refpe£ting  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath.     In  whatever  eftima- 

A  a  3  tion 

■!■■■»'    ■        ■■■     I    ■-■■.■■■      I.     I  I..,         ■  I 

♦  It  is  found  in  Chattier's  edition,  torn,  x,  $  3,  c.  a,  p.  510.  The 
Qreek  text  has  not  reached  our  timet.  Mackenzie's  quotation,  in  which 
he  does  not  mention  the  edition,  (pecifies  Clafs  vm,  lib.  de  O^ulis,  parte 
tenia,  cap.  a. 

t  DilT.  3.  Dccad.    See  Mackenzie's  Hift.  &c.  Introdudtionj  p,  4,  note; 


' 


8Y4  rttGIENK,  BY  HALLE. 

tion  it  may  be  heldj  on  account  of  its  ftrengthening  eSeQf 
he  did  not  wifh  that  it  £hould  be  applied  before  the  grovti^ 
of  the  body  was  completed.  The  age  at  which  he  fixed 
the  comniencement  of  its  ufe,  was  the  middle  of  the  fourth 
feptennary,  that  is,  about  the  twenty-fourth  year.  He 
farther  direded,  that  the  young  man  who  had  recourfe  to 
cold  bathing,  fliould  have  a  good  conftitution,  and  enjoy 
an  uninterrupted  ftate  of  good  health;  that  his  temper 
(hould  be  chearful  and  open,  that  is,  that  he  Qiould  have 
no  predifpofition  to  melancholy,  or  hypochondriafis.  He 
advifed,  that  the  beginning  of  fummer  fhould  be  chofen 
for  acquiring  this  habit,  that  there  might  be  fufiicient  time 
for  being  inured  to  it  before  the  return  of  winter :  that 
the  day  fele£led  for  commencing  this  praflice  {hould  be 
calm,  and  as  warm  as  poilible  for  the  feafon ;  that  the 
hotteft  time  of  the  day  (hould  alfo  be  chofen  for  immer- 
fion  into  the  cold  water ;  and  that  the  gymna/terium,  or  the 
place  where  the  people  ftripped  themfelves,  fliould  be  of  a 
proper  degree  of  temperature.  According  to- Galen,  alio, 
cold  bathing  fliould  be  preceded  by  frictions,  quicker  and 
harder  than  ufual  ^  and  after  the  cuftomary  unQions,  the 
young  man  ought  to  engage  in  the  moil  violent  exercifes. 
After  thefe  preliminary  practices,  *^  let  him  plunge  in,"  fays 
Galen,  ^^  quickly ;  becaufe  nothing  can  bring  on  a  greater 
degree  of  fliivering,  than  entering  gradually  into  cold  water, 
infomuch,  that  every  part  of  the  body  is  affefled  in  fucceflion. 
Let  not  the  water  into  which  he  immerges  be  either  lukewarm 
or  frozen.'*  "  If  tepid  water,^*  obfcrves  this  great  phyiician, 
•  has  not  the  advantage  of  exciting  the  flux  and  reflux  ofbeaJLf 
(»  wcieiTBH  Bf^fctic'Mi  IzrXecvuKXnc-i fy)  water  nuhofe  temperature  is 
dimini/hed  to  the  point  of  freezings  takes  too  fafl  a  hold  of 
thofe  who  are  not  accu/lomed  to  it^  and  the  cold  aJfeBs  the 
vital  parts ^^    The  young  man,  he  adds,  will  be  able -by  de- 

jf  pecs 


/ 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  875 

grees  to  accuftom  himfelf  to  endure  water  of  the  freezing 
temperature ;  but,  in  his  firft  attempts,  he  muft  not  expofe 
hinacfelf  to  w^ier  which  is  too  cold,  Sec* 

Before  entering  on  thefe  details,  Galen  obferves,  *  a  nvell 
formed  healthy  body^  ought  not  to  be  tva/hed  in  cold  water 
during  the  progrefs  of  its  growth ^  UJl  this  progrefs  Jhould  be 
retardfid,^\  But  it  is  chiefly  in  refpe£b  to  the  moft  tender 
age,  that  he  ftrenuoufly  oppofes  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath. 
•*  Let  us  leave,"  fays  he,  **  this  cuftom  to  the  Germans,  the 
Scythians,  and  other  barbarous  nation?,  as  alfo  to  the  wild 
boars  and  bears,  never  advifing  any  perfon  to  run  the  ha« 
zard  of  infli£t:ing  a  fudden  death  on  a  new-born  infant,  in 
the  hope  of  (Irengthening  and  rendering  him  hardy,  if  he 
dies  not  in  courfe  of  this  dangerous  experiment."!  There 
is  certainly  fome  truth  in  this  ftatement ;  but  it  is  a  falfe 
afiertion,  that  the  ufe  of  the  cold  bath  is  naturally  a  caufe 
capable  of  retarding  the  growth  of  the  body ;  and  between 
the  praflice  of  plunging  a  new-born  infant  in  water  of  the 
temperature  of  ice,  and  the  entire  profcription  of  cold 
bathing  till  the  age  of  twenty^four  years,  there  are  certain- 
ly a  great  number  of  intermediate  gradations.  We  confider 
Dr.  Mackenzie's  refleftions  on  this  fubjcft  deferving  of 
being  quoted  in  this  place;  inafmuch  as  they  were  fuggeft- 
ed  to  him  by  this  paflage  of  Galen,  in  a  very  pertinent  nptc, 
and  are  very  worthy  of  being  known. 

He  obferves,  in  the  context,  that  the  pra£lice  recom- 
mended by  Galen  of  rubbing  the  body  of  the  new-born 
infant  with  fait,  has  for  a  long  time  gone  into  defuetude, 
and  has  been  advantageoully  fuperfeded  by  that  of  cold 

A  a  4  bathing, 

«  De  Saniut.  tuend.  lib.  ili,  c.  4,  ed.  de  Ghartier. 
|>  lb.  %  lb.  libr  i,  c.  10. 


376  HYGIENE^  BY  HALLE. 

bathing,  employed  nvith  proper  precautions.  He  then  ftatcs 
in  a  note,  *'  that  the  cold  bath,  by  ftrengthening  the  folid$, 
and  promoting  a  free  perfpiratton,  gives  livelinefsj  warmthi 
and  vigour^  to  infants ;  highly  conducive  to  prevent  ricketSi 
broken  bellies,  fcrophulous  difbrders,  and  coughs,  to  which 
children  are  extremely  obnoxious  in  fome  countries.  And 
nature  herfelf  feems  to  have  pointed  out  this  remedy  to 
men,  both  in  the  ancient  and  new  world.  Virgil  informs 
us,  that  it  was  a  cuftom  in  Italy,  long  before,  the  building 
of  Rome,  to  plunge  their  new-bom  infants  in  the  coldefl 
ftreams. 

Durum  ajlirpe  genus y  natos  adflumina  primum, 
Deferimusy  ftvoqUe  gelu  duramus  et  undis** 

*'  And  William  Pen,  in  his  letter  to  Dr.  Bainard^f  has 
the  following  words  i  ^  I  am  ajfured  that  the  American  In* 
dians  wa/h  their  young  infants  in  coldjlnatfu^  asfoon  at  born^ 
in  allfeafons  of  the  year! 

'<  With  regard  to  infants  of  a  ftrong  conftitution,  there 
can  be  no  obje£tion  to  the  ufe  of  cold  bathing,  efpecially  if 
(to  avoid  a  fudden  tranfition  from  the  warmth  in  which  a 
foetus  was  formed  to  an  oppofite  extreme)  parents  would 
defer  it  to  the  next  fummer  after  the  child  is  bom.  But 
to  guard  againfl:  any  poffibility  of  danger  to  the  infant  from 
this  daily  and  quick  immerfion  of  the  whole  body,  let  tbe 
nurfe  obferve  whether  he  becomes  warm  and  lively  imme- 
diately upon  his  being  taken  out  of  the  water,  or  foon  after 
he  is  rubbed  dry  and  drefled  \  if  fo,  the  cold  water  will 
undoubtedly  prove  of  fervice  to  him :  but  if,  oa  the  con- 
trary, 

•  Msa,  lib.  ix,  603. 

f  Hiftory  ef  cold  Baths,  part  ii,  p.  dpi. 


HYGIEKE,  BY  HALLE,  377 

traryi  the  child  becomes  chilly  and  pale,  and  efpecially  if 
any  of  bis  limbs  (hould  be  contra£ted  or  benumbed  with 
the  cold,  and  continue  fo  for  fome  time  after  he  is  rubbed 
dry  and  drefled,  the  ufe  of  the.  bath  muft  be  intermitted 
for  a  few  days,  and  tried  again  when  the  child  is  brifker  j 
or,  in  cafe  the  fame  fymptoms  (hould  return,  it  muft  be 
quite  laid  afide." 

If  it  (hould  be  replied  to  thefe  teftimonies,  that  the  prac- 
tice of  the  cold  bath  is  not  neceffary  to  render  infants  ftrong 
and  vigorous,  I  (hall  very  readily  acquiefce  in  the  truth  of 
the  aflertion:  but  the  oppofer  of  this  cuftom  muft  alfo 
grant,  that  it  is  not  (b  prejudicial  as  has  been  believed  ; 
that  it  muft  nece(rarily  contribute  to  fortify  young  children 
againft  the  inclemencies  of  the  feafons;  and,  above  all 
againft  the  varieties  of  temperature,  fo  often  hurtful  to 
thofe  who  are  clothed  with  fo  much  care,  and  are  feclud- 
ed  with  fo  much  folicitudie  from  all  atmofpherical  impref- 
fions. 

in,  I  proceed  to  the  doftrinc  of  heat  and  of  cold,  of 
drynefs  and  of  moifture,  and  of  the  four  degrees  into  which 
Galen  has  divided  thofe  qualities  of  bodies.  He  does  not 
apply  thefe  diftinftions  to  aliments,  but  to  medicines.  The 
fubftance  of  his  obfervations  on  this  fubjeft  is  as  follows. 
I  fay  the.  fubftance,  becaufe  the  diffufe  ftylc  of  this  writer 
does  not  permit  me  to  infert  in  this  place  an  entire  trans- 
lation of  the  paffage.  "  Whatever  may  be  the  quality  of  a 
medicine^  'whether  heaty  csld,  dryneff^  or  moifture^  we  muft  re^ 
fer  it  to  a  middle  Jtate^  which  cotiftitutes  what  may  be  called 
the  perfeB  temperament^  (ri  ftx^«r«y,  ri  i«fiw).  Having  ajfum^ 
ed  this  for  thefubjeB  of  our  eomparifon^  a  body^  whatever  may 
be  its  nature f  whofe  condition  may  be  conftdered  as  tempered^  in 
proportion  as  medicinal fubfances  are  removed  from  the  tempera^ 
thent  of  this  hody^  they  become^  in  refpeB  to  it,  more  or  lefs  hot^ 

cold. 


878  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  . 

coldi  Jf'yt  or  moifi\  fome  to  ihefirjl  degree^  others  to  thefecondf 
thirds  fourth.  Thus  is  it,  he  adds,  that  the  oil  ef  rofes,  [ri 
fiitff\  being  in  the  firft  degree  of  cold^  the  fourth  degree,  mil 
be  filled  with  hemlock,  the  Juice  of  poppy ,  tnandrake,  and  ben- 
bane  :  and  dill,  at  wellasfenu'-greeif  being  in  thefirjl  degree 
of  heat  i  the  fourth  will  be  poffeffed  by  canflic  fuhflances.  We 
may  reckon  in  the  fame  manner  with  regard  to  drynefs  and 
woi/lurf.  Jt  is  of  confequence,  he  fays,  net  to  confound  tbefe 
degrees •  I prepofe  to  my f elf  to  execute  this  claj^ftcatumf  not- 
by  the  aid  of  probabilities  and  conjeSiures,  but  by  precife  and 
accurate  experiments  :  a  work  abounding  with  difficulties,  but 
calculated  to  confirm  and  infure  the  progrefs  of  medicine.  This 
will  be  the  eye  by  whofe  affi/lance  truth  will  be  recognized  and 
ejlabli/hed.\ 

Such  are  the  eulogies  which  Galen  pafTes  upon  this  {]{- 
tern  of  cla0ification,  of  which  he  was  not  the  inventor,  bat 
which  he  boafts  of  haying  carried  to  a  great  degree  of  per- 
feflion.  The  middle  term  is  man  in  general,  and  each 
individu?il  in  particular ;  and  in  each  individual,  the  organ 
of  touch,  or  the  fl^in  efpecially.  This  arrangement  he  ac- 
companies with  the  following  obfervation :  that  as  the  con- 
ftitution  of  each  individual  is  different,  what  may  be  claff- 
^d  in  the  number  of  hot  fubftances  for  one,  will  be  fome- 
times  fqund  in  the  number  of  cold  fubftances  for  another, 
&c. 

Whatever  truth  may  be  in  this  theory  when  ftripped  of 
its  hypothetical  garb,  I  fhall  reft  fatisfied  with  having  ad- 
verted to  it  in  this  place,  as  more  worthy  of  occupying  a 
diftinguiihed  place  in  the  hiftory  of  errors  than  in  that  of 
the  progrefs  of  the  art.    ^^d  I  (hall  remind  my  readers, 

that 

T! — — ^« 

•  t  Lib.  iU,  de  Medicam.  (unp.facttlt.  ed.  Ghartieri  cap,  13. 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  8*19 

that  the  fame  man,  fpeaking  of  the  qualities  of  aliments^ 
a  wor]c  replete,  with  excellent  obffsrvations,  obfervest 
that  he  {hall  have  recourfe  to  experience  alone  in  order  to 
determine  them;  and  not  to  any  procefs  of  reafoning 
founded  upon  the  fuppofitious  propierties  of  thefe  fub- 
(lances.  He  has  alfo  given  us  fgme  very  ufeful  remarks,  in 
the  three  books  written  by  him  on  this  fubjecl.  I  have 
bad  occalion  to  give  a  fuccin£);  account  of  this  performance 
under  the  article  Aliment. 

I  (hall  clofe  this  article,  as  Mackenzie  has  done,  by  quot- 
ing a  remarkable  paflage  of  Galen,  extracted  from  his  Trea- 
tife  on  the  prpfervatipn  pf  health,  ^^  I  befeech  all  perfons, 
fays  he,  '^  who  ihall  read  this  treatife,  not  to  degrade  them* 
felves  to  a  level  with  the  brutes,  or  the  rabble,  by  gratify-* 
ing  their  floth,.or  by  eating  and  drinking  promifcuoufly 
whatever  pleafes  their  palates ;  or  by  indulging  their  appe- 
tites of  every  kind.  But  whether  tbey  underftand  phyGc 
or  not,  let  them  confult  their  reafon,  and  obferve  what 
agrees,  and  what  difagrees, ' with  them;  that,  like  wife 
men,  they  may  adhere  to  the  i|fe  of  fuch  things  as  are  con- 
ducive to  their  health,  ajid  forbear  every  thing  which,  by 
their  own  experience,  they  find  to  do  them  hurt ;  and  let 
them  be  afiured,  that,  by  a  diligent  obfervation  and  practice 
of  this  rule,  they  may  enjoy  a  good  fliate  of  health,  an4 
feldom  (land  in  need  of  phyfic  or  phyficians." 


PORPHYRY. 


BpTw^EN  Galen  and  Oribafius,  who,  after  Galen,  was 
the  firft  of  the  Greek  phyficians  whofe  wri^ngs  have  come 
down  to  us,  an  interval  of  two  centuries  elapfed.  In  this 
fpace  of  time  we  ought  not  to  forget  the  celebrated  Por- 
phyry;  the  pupil  of  Plotinus  and  Longinus,  men  of'flill 

greater 


580  HYGIEHE,  BY  HALLE. 

greater  celebrity.  He  was  one  of  thofe  extraordinary  inen| 
who,  lefs  occupied  with  the  harmonious  proportions  of  na- 
ture, than  with  fpeculations  fuggefted  by  their  own  genius, 
and  fearching  for  virtue  beyond  the  boundaries  of  human 
nature,  and  not  as  an  inmate  of  the  human  breaft  itfelf, 
regard  it  as  an  inflexible  rule,  to  the  obfervance  of  which 
man  mud  be  bound  down ;  and  to  which  maft  be  facrific- 
ed,  not  only  his  prejudices  and  h^s  habits,  but  even  his  fa- 
culties and  his  organs. 

Porphyry  was  a  native  of  Tyre  $  he  lived  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  third  century,  and  wifhed  to  reftore  the  abfte- 
mious  fyftem  of  the  Pythagoreans.  Plotinus,  his  mafter, 
a  Pythagorean  philofopher,  had  acquired  great  refpe£l  on 
account  of  his  virtues.  He  was  the  oracle  of  Iiis  umei 
and  the  firft  families  in  Rome  intruited  to  him  the  inftruc- 
tion  and  education  of  their  children.  It  appears  that  Por- 
phyry, who  fucceeded  to  his  fchool,  wifhed  to  avail  him« 
felf  of  the  advantages  of  his  fituation,  for  the  purpofe  of 
reviving  a  fe£(,  whofe  fevere  virtues  and  peculiar  pradiifes 
were  congenial  to  his  own  difpofition,  and  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  of  adling  a  confpicuous  part  after  Plotinus  had 
difapp^ared  from  the  fcene.  He  wrote  a  book  on  abftinence 
from  animal  food,  of  which  Bourigny  has  given  us  a  trans- 
lation. This  book  is  addreifed  to  Firmus  Caftrkius^  an 
apoftate  from  his  fchool,  to  whom  he  recounts  the  advan- 
tages accruing  from  the  regimen  which  he  had  abandoned, 
and  how  much  it  contributed,  not  only  to  bodily  health, 
but  to  the  perfcftion  of  the  foul.  He  eftablifhes  his  fyf- 
tem  upon  thefe  two  fundamental  propofitions ;  ifi,  "  That 
a  conqueft  over  the  appetites  and  paflions  will  greatly  con- 
tribute to  prcferve  health,  and  to  remove  diftempers :"  2^^ 
*'  That  a  fimple  vegetable  food,  being  eafUy  procured  and 

eafily 


HYC^iEKE,  BY  HALLE.  381 

eafily  digefted,  is  a  mighty  help  towards  obtaining  this  con- 
iqueft  over  ourfelves.$ 

In  fupport  of  his  firft  propolltionj  he  adduces  the  ex- 
ample  of  fome  of  his  friends^  who,  for  a  long  period,  were 
tormented  with  the  gout  both  in  their  feet  and  hands ;  in- 
fomuch,  that  they  were  under  the  neceflity  of  being  car« 
ried  about  from  place  to  place,  for  eight  years  fucceffivelyy 
without  ever  obtaining  any  relief,  yet  were  perfeftly  cared^ 
by  divefting  themfelves  of  the  care  of  amailing  riches,  and 
by  turning  their  thoughts  to  philofophy  j  and  at  once 
got  rid  of  their  mental  torments,  and  of  their  bodily  fufer* 
ingsl  He  then  afks,  whether  animal  diet,  rich  and  furnp*. 
tuous>  does  not  require  more  expence,  and,  at  the  fame 
time,  more  incite  to  irregular  paffions  and  appetitesi  than 
a  diet  compofed  of  flmple  vegetables  ?  From  thefe  pre« 
mifes,  he  deduces  conclulions  of  a  very  comprehenfive 
nature  i  and  which,  in  Dr.  Mackenzie's  opinion,  <'  favour 
more  of  the  rant  of  an  enthufiaft,  or  of  the  mortification  of 
a 'hermit,,  than  of  the  found  mind  of  a  well  inftru£);ed 
natural  philofopheri" 

I  {hall  fay  nothing  farther 'of  a  perfon,  who,  perhaps^ 
had  (tronger  pretenfions  to  the  chara£ter  of  a  whimfica) 
man,  than  of  a  rational  being ;  and  whofe  writings  have 
added  nothing  to  our  ftock  of  knowledge^ 

ORIBASIUS,  AND  TH£  AMCIENT  GREEKS^  WHO  FOLLOWEP 

GALfiM< 

Ojhijsasivs,  and  the  Greek  phyCcIans,  denominated  the 
ancient  Greets f  and  the  laft  of  whom  was  Paulus  Mgineta^ 
have  borrowed  all  their  obfervations  on  hygiene  from  Galen, 

and 


tt^tfmlttmimtti 


X  See  Mackenzie}  b.  lit 


482  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

and  other  writers  who  appeared  earlier  than  thcmfclvej, 
and  of  many  of  whom  we  are  entirely  ignorant.  Alexandet 
efTralles^  the  moft  original  among  them,  has  left  us  no- 
thing on  the  prefervation  of  health.  According  to  Freind, 
Oribajtus  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  fourth  century,  towards  the 
year  360 ;  and  Paulus  Mgineta  in  the  middle  of  the  feventh 
century,  about  the  year  640.  Mackenzie  obfenres,  that 
Oribafius  was  the  firfl  of  the  ancient  phyGcians  who  ez- 
prefsly  recommended  exercife  on  horfeback,  for  the  fake  of 
health*  ^^  This  exercife,  above  all  others,  ftrengthens  the 
body  and  ftomach,  clears  the  organs  of  the  fenfes,  and  whets 
their  a£livity.''  He  adds,  what  in  the  prefent  times  will 
fcarcely  be  believed,  but  what  is  neverthelefs  true  in  cer- 
tain ctrcumftances,  ^<  that  this  exercife  is  very  hurtful  to  the 
bread.'*  *  Mackenzie  goes  too  far  in  afcribing  thcfe  pre- 
cepts to  Oribafius.  That  phyfician  only  colle£led  what 
many  authors  before  him  had  written ;  and  this  paflage  in 
partic\ilar,  as  Oribafius  himfelf  acknowledges,  is  eztrad- 
ed  from  the  thirtieth  book  of  Antillus.  Oribafius  had  un- 
dertaken thefe  colle£tions  (tnedidna  colieBanea)  by  the  order 
of  the  emperor  Julian^  who  had  formed  the  defign  of  bar- 
ing all  that  wae  really  ufeful  extracted  from  the  writings 
of  the  phyficians,  already  become  too  voluminous,  and  col- 
le£led  together  into  a  complete  body  of  medicine. 

Mackenzie  notwithftanding,  in  attributing  to  OribaGus 
the  firft  direflions  relative  to  the  utility  of  exercife  on 
horfeback,  obferves,  that  Galen  diftinguiihes  two  kinds  of 
cxercifes.f  ABive  epcercife^  in  which  the  body  moves  itfclf 
fpontaneoufly ;  pa/Jive  exercife^  in  which  the  body  is  moved 

*  Colled.  Med.  lib.  vi,  c.  24. 
\  De  Sanitac.  tuend.  lib.  ii,  c.  11. 


UY^tENE,  BY  HAlLI.  Sl8S 

by  a  foreign  impulfe :  and  that  he  remarks,  that  exercife 
on  horfeback  is  a  mixed  kind  of  exercife,  participating  of 
each.  Mackenzie  moreover  obferves,  that  the  ancients 
being  unacquainted  with  the  ufe  of  ftirrups,  this  exercife 
was  ftill  more  fatiguing  to  them  than  to  us.  He  adds,  that 
many  ages  before  OribafiuSf  the  Greeks  reckoned  riding 
on  horfeback  healthful ;  and  quotes,  on  this  fubje£t,  a  very 
remarkable  pafiage  from  a  work  of  Xenophon,  intitled,  •<- 
KCf»fMxii^  ^on  dome/tic  econofny*X  This  paflage  is  to  be  found 
in  the  dialogue  between  Ifchomachus  and  Socrates,  Ifcho^ 
machus  having  related  to  Socrates  the  exercife  which  he  per- 
formed on  horfebackj  to  infpe£l;  the  labour  carried  on  in 
the  country :  Socrates  highly  approves  of  this  mode  of  ex- 
ercife; "  which/'  fays  he,  "  gives  you  at  the  fame  time 
both  health  and  (trength  of  body/'  — w  yytettw  n»i  rnf 

jSetius^  born  in  the  city  of  Amida,  in  Mefopotamia,  is 
placed  by  Freind  at  the  beginning  of  the  fixth  century.  He 
has  added  little  to  what  Galen  advanced  relative  to  hygiene. 
He  treats  of  this  fubje£t  particularly  in  the  fourth  book  of 
the  firfl:  Tetrabible.  He  is  fomewhat  more  particular  than 
Galen  in  his  remarks,  on  the  health  of  infants,  the  choice 

§ 

of  nurfes,  &c.  In  the  third  book,  he  defcants  at  large  on 
the  ufe  of  exercifes,  fri£tions,  and  baths,  and  yet  advances 
nothing  new  upon  the  fubjefl:.  But  in  the  preface  to  his 
firft  book,  he  fpeaks  of  the  changes  which  the  fenfible 

qualities 


I  Mackensie's  quotation  correfpouds  to  an  edition  whick  he  has  not 
fpecified.  He  only  fays  (Xenophon  in  his  economics,  lib.  ii,  {3).  The 
book  intitled  Eeenomics,  is  not  divided  into  two  in  the/o//o  edition  of  Paris, 
1725.  This  book  makes  the  fifth  of  thofe  called  atrtfAvnfAtMvfAdrM,  orMf 
morahilia ;  and  the  paflase  in  queftioq  is  to  be  found  there,  pp.  850,  £,  and 
%Si%  A  and  B. 


9S4f  HYGIJBk£»  fiV  HALLB* 

qtlalities  of  fpirits,  in  their  progreb  to  maturity!  ezperiencei 
and  of  the  different  properties  in  which  thefe  changes  re- 
fult.  Thofe  who  will  perufe  this  diflertation,  ought  not  to 
fuSer  themfelves  to  be  difgufted  by  a  phrafeology^  wluch 
the  accuracy  of  modern  phyfics  and  chemiftry  may  conCdcr 
as  reprehenfibk.  Amid  the  exceptionable  theories  of  tbele 
times,  they  will  be  able  to  recognize  obfervationsi  which 
evince  that  the  author  was  habitttted  to  the  ftudy  of  nature. 
i^rry  highly  eftimates  this  piece  of  Actms ;  and  we  may 
here,  with  propriety,  en  pajfant^  caution  thofe  who  wi(h  to 
derive  any  advantage  from  reading  the  ancients,  to  attend 
lefs  to  their  manner  of  explaining  the  phenomena  of  nature, 
and  to  their  modes  of  exprefflon,  than  to  the  folidity  of 
their  ideasi  and  to  the  firm  bafis  upon  which  thefe  explan- 
ations are  built.  By  adopting  tins  plan,  we  may  find  in 
the  writings  of  the  ancients,  fome  valuable  remarks,  fome 
important  fa^s,  and  even  the  elements  of  ibme  modern 
difcoveries ;  of  which,  it  may  excite  our  aftonifliment  that 
they  fhould  ever  have  z  gltmpfe,  furniflied  as  they  were 
with  ftieh  fcanty  means  of  affiftance. 

Oribq/ius  and  Aetius  have  adopted  and  extended  the 
Galenical  do£kriae  concerning  the  degrees  of  heat  and  oE 
cold,  but  they  ftill  limited  its  application  to  medicine. 

Pm$d  of  M^neta  is  poflefled  of  as  few  claims  to  ori^- 
ality>  as  an  author,  as  thofe  who  have  jnft  now  been  men- 
tioned. His  firft  book  contains  the  whole  of  his  difqui&* 
tions  on  fubje£):s  relative  to  the  prefervatioti  of  health) 
and  all  the  informatioa  which  we  receive  from  him  is  to 
be  found  in  the  works  of  his  predeceflbrs.  With  this  au« 
thor,  we  clofe  all  the  obfenrations  which  we  have  to  offer 
concerning  the  fecond  period  of  the  firft  epoch.  We  per- 
ceive, that,  after  Galen,  all  th^e  writers  who  belong  to  this 
period,  with  the  exception  oiAhpcander  TraUius^  who  wrote 

nothing 


X  9 

HVOIENE,  by  HALLE.  38£ 

nothing  on  the  doftrine  of  hygiene^  have  left  us  almoft  no- 
thing which  they  had  not  derived  from  foreign  fources. 
We  are  neverthelefs  indebted  to  them  for  the  prefervation 
of  a  variety  of  details,  relative  to  the  cuftoms  of  their  times, 
and  efpecially  to  the  gymnaftic  art,  to  the  ufe  of  baths,  of 
exercifesy  and  of  fridlions ;  and  we  moreover  derive  from 
them  very  full  and  accurate  information  refpe£ling  the 
data  of  medicine^  in  the  ages  which  preceded  their  own. 

THIRD  PERIOD  OF  THE  FIRST  EPOCH. 
'  I|  ARABIAN  SCHOOL. 

The  third  period,  of  which  I  am  going  to  exhibit  a  very 
rapid  (ketch,  offers  to  us,  if  I  am  permitted  fo  to  expreft 
myfelf,  three  dynafties  almoit  contempQrary ;  but  among 
which,  that  of  the  Arabians  acquired  a  decifive  afcendency, 
and  imprefled  its  charafter  upon  the  two  others  by  an  ob- 
vious preponderancy. 

Thefe  three  dynafties,  or  rather  thefe  three  fchools,  are 
the  Arabian  fchooly  the  fchool  of  the  modern  Greeks ^  and 
that  of  Italy f  or  ihc/ciool  of  Salernum.  The  Arabian  fphool 
has  the  priority  in  point  of  time. 

Freind  points  out  to  us  two  principal  epochs,  at  which 
the  Grecian  medicine  had  been  able  to  penetrate  into  the 
eaftern  parts  of  Afia.  The  firft  was  the  alliance  of  Sapor, 
king  of  Perfia,  wich  the  emperor  Aurelian,  whofe  daughter 
he  married.  The  emperor  commiffioned  a  number  of  phy- 
ficians  to  accompany  his  daughter,  aod  thefe  probably  efta- 
blifhed  themfelves  at  Nibur,  or  Nifabury  the  capital  of 
Chorazas,  built  by  Sapor  in  272,  in  honour  of  his  quecQ. 
Schools,  and  generations  of  phyficians,  were  confequently 
formed  in  that  city;  as  we  have  feen  that  the  race  of  the 

Vol.  III.  B  b  Afclepiade« 


S86  HTeiENE,  BY  HALLE. 

Afclepiades  hereditarilf  pradifed  medicine  in  Greece. 
Hence  it  is,  obfenres  Freind,  that  the  moft  celebrated  Ara- 
bian phyficians  were  educated  in  the  oriental  regtofrs^  and 
there  acqmred  their  knowledge  of  literature  and  of  medi- 
cine. 

It  is  neverthelefs  certain^from  what  the  fame  author^inhis 
eflay  on  the  hiftory  of  medicine,  under  the  article  oiUranm^ 
has  obferved,  that  the  Arabians  had  not  made  any  very  dif- 
tinguiflied  progrefs  in  this  art,  previous  to  the  fecond  epochi 
that  is,  before  Altxandna  pms  taken  in  64a.  It  is  believed 
that,  on  that  memorable  event,  the  Saracens,  who  attached 
great  importance  to  medicine,  in  which  Mahomet  himfeif 
pretended  to  be  very  learned,  muft  have  faved,  from  the 
general  wreck  of  the  Alexandrian  library,  thofe  books  alone 
to  which  they  alcribed  fome  merit  in  this  rdpe£b.  But, 
although  this  fuppofition  ihottld  be  gro«ndlefs,  it  is  affui;- 
edly  very  natural  to  conclude,  that  from  an  intercoide 
with  thofe  learned  men,  who  at  that  period  refided  in 
Alexandria,  and  to  whom,  as  is  well  known.  Antrum  the 
general  of  the  caliph  Omar's  forces,  was  very  favourably 
inclined,  the  Arabs  might  have  imbibed  a  fpecies  of  know- 
ledge, analogous  in  other  refpefis  to  their  tafte ;  and  thus 
have  diffufed  over  the  eaft  the  principles  of  the  Greek 
medicine; 

Freind  obferves,  that  the  firfl:  tranflation  of  the  works  of 
the  Greek  phyficians  in  the  eaft,  had  been  made  into  the 
Syriac  language,  by  Aaron  in  622;  at  which  period 
Paulus  j£gineta  alfo  lived.  And  confequently  the  origin 
of  the 'well-known  Arabian  fchool  can  be  traced  back  to 
the  age  of  the  laft  furvivor  of  the  ancient  Greek  phjG- 
cians. 

The  Arabian  writers  whofe  works  have  come  down  to 
us,  ought  to  be  divided  into  two  fchools,  that  of  the  eaft, 

and 


HYG12VB,  BY  HALLE.  SB? 

and  that  of  the  weft.  The  eafit$n  fcbool  is  confidenUf 
older  than  the  other,  tmrapkn  and  Rhaz^Sj  however, 
who  were  the  mod  ancient  of  thofe  whofe  writings  have 
reached  our  time,  lived,  the  former,  about  the  end  of  the 
ninth,  and  the  latter  at  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century. 
And  the  laft  writer  of  this  fchool,  whofe  name  de£iprves  to 
be  mentioned,  is  Avicenna,  who  lived  in  the  end  of  the 
tenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century.  But,  prior 
to  thefe,  there  were  many  other  celebrated  writers,  whofe 
works  have  perifhed  in  the  wreck  of  ages ;  but  whofe  mc«* 
mory  has  been  handed  down  to  pofterity  by  HaUy  Aikas. 
Among  thefe  were  Aar^n^  M&ferjavye^  the  family  of  the 
Bachtifua^  Hanatn,  Ifaae  the  fon  of  Hwdin^  and  the  elder 
MefuL  To  thefe  fucceeded  iirapum  and  Rba%ts ;  and 
this  latter  phyfician  was  followed  by  H^iy  Aibas^  whofe 
work  is  attributed  by  fome  critics  to  I/aac,  furnamed  die 
Ifraelitey  an  author  prior  to  Rhazes,  but  none  of  whofe 
writings  now  remain.  This  work,  intitled  JPiutttchni^  or 
the  whole  eflence  of  the  art,  is  an  abftraA  of  all  the  pre« 
ceding  writers,  ahnoft  all  of  whom  have  been  copied  them- 
felves,  or  have  copied  the  Ghreeks,  and  who  yet  have  left 
us  excellent  obfervations,  and  very  accurate  defcriptions  of 
difeafes  unknown  to,  or  imperfefbly  d>ferved  by,  the  an* 
cients.  Avicenna  fucceeded  Haly,  fince  he  was  bom  in  the 
fame  period  at  which  the  latter  publiflied  his  work,  that  is 
in  980. 

We  may  trace  back  the  origin  of  the  weftcrn  Ichool  to 
the  era  at  which  Abdarhaman  defcended  from  the  family 
of  the  OmmiaJes,  whom  the  Abaffidis  had  deprived  of  the 
caliphate,  fled  to  the  weft,  and  was  received  in  Spain, 
where  the  Saracens,  who  had  already  been  eftaUiihed  in 
that  kingdom  fince  the  year  7 1 1  of  our  era,  acknowledged 
him  as  their  legitimate  caliph.  This  event  took  place  about 

Bb2  the 


388  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

the  year  756,  or  the  139  of  the  hegira.  At  that  period, 
jiimanzor  reigned  in  the  eaft,  and  patronifed  the  arts  and 
fciences.  The  caliphs  of  the  w^ft  dAfcovered  themfelyes 
emulous  of  the  fame  glory  ^  until  the  Moorifh  kings  of 
Morocco  feized  upon  their  throne  towards  the  year  1030, 
or  the  420  or  42 1  of  the  begira^  and  difpkyed  the  fame 
attachment  to  the  arts.  Neverthelefs,  the  firft  known 
writer  upon  medicine,  whom  the  wcftern  fchool  produced, 
was  Avenzoar^  a  contemporary  of  AvUenna.  We  ieam 
from  his  authority,  that  celebrate  fchools  were  eftabliihed 
in  Spain,  and  efpecially  at  Toledo,  previous  to  his  owa 
time;  but  it  alfo  spears  that,  till  the  age  oi Averrboes^ 
a  native  of  Cordova,  and  who  died  in  Morocco  in  1 198, 
or  595th  year  of  the  hegira,  the  writers  of  the  eaftem  fchool 
were  little  known  in  that  of  the  weft,  either  from  the  ef- 
f e£l  of  wars,  or  pn  account  of  the  hatred  which  the  houfe 
of  the  Omaiades  harboured  againft  that  of  the  Abajjidti, 
Avenzoar  might  have  been-  a  contemporary  of  Avicenna; 
and,  at  the  fame  ttme»  his  life  flight  have  been  nearly  pro- 
longed to  the  time  of  Averrbqes,  if  it  be  true,  as  hiftorians 
afiure  us,  that  he  lived  to  the  age  of  135  years.  They  add, 
that  he  clofed  this  very  long  life,  without  experiencing  any 
infirmity  throughout  its  whole  courfe.  After  AverrboeSi 
Freind  places  Alhucafist  whom  he  conCders  as  the  £une 
per fon  with  Alzaharavmsy  and  who  is  the  lafl:  writer  of  the 
weftern  fchool  deferving  of  any  confideration.  The  period 
in  which  he  lived  is  confequently  fixed  near  the  thirteenth 
century. 

There  is  another  clafs  of  phyficians,  who  may  be  con- 
fiilered  as  appertaining  to  the  Arabian  fchools.  This  clafs 
is  compofed  of  the  Jews,  They  praAifed  medicine,  both 
in  the  eaft  and  weft.  Freind  remarks,  that  they  had  an 
academy  in  Afia,  from  the  ^04th  year  of  our  era^  and 

that 


1 


HYOIENE,  BY  HALLE.  389 

that  they  had  a  (hare  in  the  nfiedical  eftabfifhments  of  the  ' 
Moors  in  Spain  in  714;  that)  efpeciatty  ab6ut  the  end  of 
the  tenth  century,  tliey  were  throughout  Europe  generally 
the  teftanftrufted  in'  the  fdiencci  Guhivated  by  the  Ara- 
bians, atid  that  they'were  ordinarily  itivitfed'ds  phyficians 
to  the  coKifts  of  the  caliphs,  the  kings,  artd  cteh  of  the 
popes.  At  the  commcnceiAent  *  of'  the  nift'th  century,  the 
Je^  Farragut^ 'AViA^ Bnbahtlyd  t<«erc-  pfiij'ficiaris  to  Charles' 
magne's  sfnd  deeded  the  tiiWes  cM&^'Taceuni /anitatis,  or 
tables ''of  hcakli.  Tlicfe  tabids  wtfre  tfce  faffte'l^Ith  thofe 
publiihed  under  the  name-  <^'  !BiMiffem<MtfMkar,  or,  at 
lead,  iftFremd's  ophfibn^'**  fSfihef  had  thte^'ircateft  re- 
femblance  td  HWe  tafter.    ^ -' '^f         ''      -     -   -.^i. 

Thcfe  fcHodfe  have  contriliiit^d  very  litWe-t'a  the  dbarihe 
of  hygiene.  RhazeV'-tinA'' A^eeitnit  ^xtraglcd  frdm  Gilen 
all  that  they  ha?6  Hi^itteii  -ori  this  fubjefkl'  Among  the 
books  dedicated  by-lthaies -to^'-Ahnanzor;  pl^ince  of  Cho* 
rn'^ln,  there  is  one  mt\i\tA-€in'Ae  Prffhrvaticn  of  Health  i' 
a\id  Ai)ieennd%  writings  <rfi  ^Ws  .filbjcfl:  are  ftill  lefs  deferv- 
ihg  of  th&  attention'  '^i  tbotd  who  have  peruJTed  the'  ancient 
Greeki.'  .  . ;    *.  .';i  ••         :  .     ♦ 

On  this  fubjed  many^  obfervations  may  be  made  with 
advantage.'  -    .v  .  * 

iwj(?,  Gymnaftic'exercifci  were  per^rtcd  and  infcnfibly 
abandoned,  in  proportion  as  the  Roman  <?mpirc  lofl  its 
fplendour.  "  It  does  not  appear- that,  after'thc  era  of  the 
Arabians,  any  part  of  the  ancient  gymnaftic  art  was  prac- 
tifed,  if  we  except  -bathing^  public  eftablifhments  of  which 
were  prefervtd  in  the  eafti  ^    '   . 

idoy  Two  great  errors  cHept  into  the  fpeculations  of  phy- 
ficians  concerning  the  dodrine  of  hygiene;  the  firft  was 
that  of  the  influence  of  the  celeftial  bodies  on  the  health, 
the  lifci  and  the  fate  of  man ;  and  the  abfurd  pretenfion  of 

B  b  3  reading 


390  HYGIENE^  BY  HALLEi. 

readitig  their  ddkinies  in  the  ret okttotift  of  the  planeu. 
The  fecQpd  wa«  thai  of  fearcbiiig  ia  pardcubor  medicines 
fat  antidotes  agaiiift  difeafesi  and  of  afcribing  te  thefe  die 
excliifiTe  virtue  of  prefermg  the  health  of  the  body.  The 
imagination  of  the  Arabsj  fondly  attached  to  the  manrei- 
loua,  was  better  fuited  to  rtfearches  of  this  natiur<;9  (deili- 
tute  as  they  were  of  foiiadatioa,  and  incapable  of  being 
defended  by  any  rational  firoof^  than  to  the  ilow  progrefs 
of  obfenratfon^  whieh  proceeds  only  ftep  by  ftep,  which 
never  haft^iy  overleaf  any  interval,  and  which  places  faith 
in  any  dik^m^,  only  in  ptt)porti»n  as  the  conne&iop  of 
fads  fubfifting  between  them  deqionft^ee  their  ag^reemcnti 
and  eftabliflies  their  truth.  It  was  alfo  a  very  acc^table 
^ifcovery  to  find  in  VLp0n4um  the  means  of  prokmgiag  life 
without  renouncing  cmy  of  ^  fenfuaji  enjoymeotS}  tod 
without  being  obliged  to  have  re^urlia  to  the  true  antidote 
againft  the  evils  by  which  it  is  abridged*  tim  i8»  to  pro- 
dence  and  temperance*  Gakn  informs  us^  that  from  the 
time  of  Herophihis,  1^34  ycM  tbeiore  our  erai  accordiDg 
to  the  author  of  article  Aii€i£iiT.PitTsl^iAKs^)e(M(QpcfitioaS| 
to  which  great  efficacy  in  the  prefervation  of  health  was 
attached,  were  known  under  th^  pompous  title  of  the 
hands  of  the  gods.  Pliny  alfo  fpeaks  of  certain  pasuuias^ 
much  celebrated  in  Us  time,  ^hat  virtues  have  not  been 
afcribed  to  the  tbma^  oi  Anirmmiehif  The  Anibiaiis 
invented  different  forts  (rf.  this  drug.  R»ger  BacQn^  Ltrd 
Verulam,  die  great  Bacon  hiqifelft  attached  o^edit  to  thefe 
abfurd  premilies  ^  and  the  cbemifts»  htftly«  filled  up  the 
meafure  of  thefe  extravagancies, .  which  htiotc  their  time 
required  only  to  be  afibciated  to  the  ridiculous  pretenfion 
of  making  gold. 

pio,  The  do^ine  of  the  four  degrees,  pafled  from  the 
Greeks  who  fucceeded  Galea  to  the  Arabiimt.    Among 

thefci 


HY0IBNB9  BY  HALLE*  S91 

thefe  there  were  however  feme  who  rejed[ed  it;  and 
Frehid  remarks,  that  Averrioef  accufes  AHind^  author  of  a 
work  concerning  the  degrees  of  medicinal  fubftances,  of 
having  carried  the  niceties  of  thefe  diftindiions  too  far,  and 
of  having  attempted  to  form  the  fcale  of  the  properties 
upon  the  model  of  the  fcale  of  mufical  tones,  and  of  arith- 
metical pro^reffions.  He  reproadies  him  with  having  mif- 
underftood  the  fenfe  <^  Galen,  in  what  he  advanced  on 
this  fubje^.'  Mod  of  the  authors  of  this  defcription  haVe 
limited  the  application  ^f  this  fyftem  to  medicine  alone ; 
but  Charlemagne's  phy&ians,  Farragtit  and  BuhaUlya^  ex- 
tended this  dodrine  to  aliments^  and  to  all  the  fubftances 
which,  after  lAe  example  of  Galtn,  thofe  phyficians  de- 
nominated mn^iiotura/f*  The  woi4c  intided  Tuceuni  Sanim 
Mhy  and  puUtflied  in  the  name  of  EUucitf^m  Elfsmii0r,  a 
phyfician  of  Bagdad;  is  afcribed  to  them.  All,  the  aliment- 
ary fubftances  to  which  Aeirienoiriedgeexteiukd,  and  all 
the  cb^t&s  conne£ked  with  iygiene  are  arranged  in  thefe 
tables  caUed  taecum.  Thefe  taUes  ave  divided  into  compart* 
ments,  called  dbmus  ot  houfes^  appropriated  to  the  difftirent 
kinds  of  obfervations  relative  to  each  fubjeSk.  In  the  fourth 
column  or  houfe,  are  anranged  the  degrees  of  heat,  of  cold, 
of  moi'fture,  or  of  drynefs,  which  in  their  opiniiMi  conref- 
ponded  to  each  obje6i.  John  Scboti  has  publiflied  an  edi- 
tion of  this  MTork,  with  that  of  Aibengu^  and  Alkind^  as 
well  AS  of  the  tieatife  of  Bubahylia^  concerning  iimilar  dzU 
fifications  of  dtfeafes,  under  the  title  ci  tacmni  ngritudinufn. 
He  has  Cubjoined  figures  which  reprefeat  each  fort  of  ali- 
ment, and  every  thing  charaderiftic  of  the  fix  objedls 
termed  mn^naturals.  This  edition  appeared  in  Strafburg 
in  153 1  •  One  would  blufh  to  dwell  for  a  moment  on  thefe 
abfurdities,  if  they  did  not  eflentiidly  belong  to  the  hiftory 
of  the  art,  and  if  they  had  not  ferioufly  occupied  the  atten- 

B  b  4  tioD 


I 
d»4  HYOIEN«,BV  HALLE. 

tion  of  the  fchools  from  the  time  of  Gilcn.  to  the  revival  of 
letters  in  Europe ;  a  fpace  which  comptdicnds  thnteen-ceo* 
tories :  what  a  fpace,  and  what  a  void  ! 

IX,  SCHOOL  Ot  THE  MODERN  GREEItS. 

I'he  modern  Greeka  will  not  gfibrd  us  any  very  cxtcn- 
iive  field  for  obfervations.  Frcind  concludes  the  laft  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  with  Paulus  Mginetd.  Falladius^  Tbch- 
pbilus^  and  Stephen  of  ByzanHum$  although  the  age  in  which 
ihey  lived  be  very  uncertain,  arp  placed  by  him  at  the  hcaA 
of  the  modern  Greeks ;  and*  moreover,  their  works  coatam 
nothing  conncfted  with  the  fubjeft  of  which  I  am  treating. 
The  others,  alfo,  fona  aperies  very  barren  of  information 
adapted,  to. our  p\irpo&.  They  extend  from  the  tenth  to 
the  thirteenth  century,  th$.t  i$i  from,  tortus  to  .Myreffus. 
In  ^his  catalogue,  ftill  lefs  r^maxd^s^ie  than  numerous.  Si- 
fftficp  Seikiy/d^  tranfcriber  of  Miffi.  Ffelfus^  le/t  us  foqie  re- 
marks on  the  iiature  of  aliment,  and  dedicated  this  treatife 
to  the  emperor  Michel  Ducas.  Qut  the  moft  remarkable 
perfon  of  this  feries  is  Aiiuarius.  His  works  include  many 
. objcfls  deferving  of  attention;  and  are  very  inftrudlve 
concerning  the  .(late  of  medicine  in  his  own  tinae,  and  in 
thofe  which  preceded  him :  befides  this,  they  pp^is  the 
.merit  of  being  well  written ;  a  charadier  to  which  the  au- 
thors of  this  age  are  little  entitled ;  but  they  contain  kw 
remarks  relative  to  hygiene.  The  third  book»  pt)  the  method 
of  curing  difeafes^  contains  fome  hints  concejrning  the  pre*> 
fervation  of  health,  concerning  r^imen,  the  choice  of  ali- 
ments, the  ufe  of  baths,  and  of  exercife.  Of  thefe  objeSs 
we  have  a  fummary  view  from  the  ninth  to  the  twelfth 
chapter  \  but  no  new  information  is  to  ^be  derived  from  this 
difquifition.     It  is  remarkable^  that  in  the  fixth  chapter  of 

the 


%  # 

HYGlBNBs.QT  HALLE.  89S 

die  fifth  booki  ^aqiid  a  group  df  antidotes,  the  compoGticm 
of  which  was  knoi^n  to  Aftuatiusi  he  defcribe^'one  which 
he  denominates  famt^ts^  and  of  which  he  affures  us,  that  a 
dofe  of  the  fize.of  a.  lentil,  .taken  daily  in  wine,  would 
defend  the  perfon  to  whom  it  v/a$  adminiHeTed  from  aU 
kinds  of  infirmities  and  difeafes  throughout  the  whole 
period  of  his  life.  The  defci:<ption  of  this  nofirwn  atone 
gives  us  »n  idea  of  the  author's  charaAer^  aod  of  the 
knowledge  prevalent  in  his  -time,  without ,  being  under 
-the  neceifity  of  fubjom^ng  that  this  fame  r«^  was  alfo 
endowed  with  the  property  o^  expjdling  deptons  and  evil 
fpirits. 

*  211^   SCHOCTL  OF  SALERMUM,  AND  EUROPEAK  PHTSICI^^I 
TO  THE  REVIVAL  OF  LITERATURE.  .   ' 

Salernum  had  already  been  celebrated  from  the  middle 
of  the  feventh  century,  for  the  cultivati<Mi  of  letters ;  and 
the  Hebrew,  -Arabic,  and  Latin  languages,  were  pubHcly 
taught  in  that  city.  Such  was  the  reputation  of  Salernum 
in  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  that  in  the  year  802,  this 
emperor  founded  a  college  in  it;  therfirft,  obferves Frdnd, 
which  had  been  eftabliftied  in  Europe :  at  leaft  we  (hall 
not  with  fome  authors  contend  that  the  fchools  of  Bologto 
and  of  Paris  were  inftituted  prior  to  that  of;  Salernum. 
We  may  leave  thefe  refearches  to  th^'  vanity  of  focieties, 
who  fometiihes  feem  to  glory  more,  in  dates  buried  i»  the 
recefie^  of  ages,  which  infure  them  the  merit  of  ancient 
ufeleflhefs,  than  in  the  number  of  their  works  and  labours^ 
by  which  they  ought  to  have  proved  ibeir  exiftekice. 

The  firft  diftinguUhed  perfon  whom  this  fchool  produced 
was  Coriftantine  of  Carthage,  fumamed  the  African.  He 
was  mafter  of  all  languages  9  and  was  in  all  appearance, 

fays 


fiiys  IVeiiidj  die  &ft  who  imported  iftto  Italy  die  know* 
ledge  ef  tbe  Gred:  Md  Ambian  medidiie»  He  iirei  to^ 
■wMds  die  end  of  the  elevemii  eetitttry.  The  date  aA^pteA 
\>Y  Freitnl  is  i^d»  He  was  iavked  to  Salemum  by  Robot 
Guifeafd.  But  we  eannot  ^uote  him  among  the  aathois 
who  imptt)ved  the  dofikrine  of  hygiene. 

Hie  fthoet  of  $alemttm  had  ibon  become  cetebtated,  by 
a  worfc  for  which  it  was  indebted  for  almoft  the  whole  cf 
its  reputation.  It  was  that  eompofed  by  John  rfMUan^ 
and  addreflbd,  in  nanoe  of  the  whok  fchool,  to  Robert 
4iike  of  Nonnandy,  the  fon  of  Witiiam,  at  that  period  the 
titular  king  of  England,  although  he  afterwards  dedined 
that  throne,  who  pafled  through  Saiernum  in  his  way  from 
the  Ht^y  land»  h  is  on  this  account  that  the  wodc  in  qaefr 
tion  begins  with  this  verfe^ 

Jtnglorum  regi  fcrtbtt  jchola  iQta  Salerni, 

.  Robert  had  been  wounded  in  the  arm,  in  which  a  fiftu- 
lotts  ttker  remsuiiedf  that  required  the  advice  of  the  phyfi- 
cians  of  Salemum*  The  work  of  thefe  gendemen  is  entire^ 
ly  deroted  to  precepts  refpedUng  the  dodlrine  of  tygi^$ 
with  the  exception  of  one  chapter  concerning  the  nicer, 
and  fome  others  on  die  practice  of  bkmd-letting,  and  cer- 
tain other  remedies.  They  dwell  chiefly  on  aliments,  and 
their  ttfe  *,  but  are  very  fcanty  in  their  obfenratioas  on  die 
0rher  departments  of  iygihte.  But  the  only  remarkable  and 
aftonidiing  eircumftance  refpe£ting  this  performance,  once 
fo  very  cek^rated,  is  the  reputation  which  it  had  acqiured, 
and  the  number  of  commentators  who  had  been  at  the 
pains  to  make  it  the  bafis  and  theme  of  their  refiefHons. 
Among  thefe  are  Ammtd  dd  VUla-tiovaj  Curim^  CnBha, 
C^fiflffHfbn,  Ren/  M^reau  ;*  and,  in  our  own  time,  a  phy- 
£eian  of  die   faculty  of  Paris,  Lfvachet  de  la  Ftutrk. 

Mereatl% 


mm^ 


t  See  Rend  Moreau*8  own  work. 


HYGIEKE,  BY  HALLE.  395 

JHoriat/s  work  contains  many  interefting  obfer?ationsi 
and  in  the  commentaries  of  Arnaud  de  Villa-nova^  there 
are  alfo  many  remarks  which  merit  attention,  and  are  wor* 
thy  of  another  vehicle.  Lommius,  in  the  dedicatory  epiftle 
of  his  commentary  on  the  firft  book  of  CelfuSj  intitled^ 
de  Samtate  tuenda^  gives  a  very  appoCte  character  of  the 
phyficians  of  Salernum's  work,  when  he  fays  of  this  pro« 
du£lion,  *'  qud  vix/cio,  an  quicquam  in  Uteris  medii^um  in* 
elegantius  ftty  aut  indo^ius.**  Ii\  this  letter  he  witl^  fS^^^ 
propriety  exprefles  his  aftoniihment  to  fee  phyfi^cians  ne« 
gleding  to  read  the  ancients,  efpecially  Celfus,  fpr.  die 
purpofe  of  devoting  themfelves  to  meditations  on  fo  verf 
miferable  a  performance. 

Mackenzie  having  occaiion,  when  treating  of  the  ScMa 

Salernitanay  to  advert  to  thofe  phyficians  who  employbi 

themfelves  in  writing  verfes,  places  Cqftor  Durante^  phy-« 

fician  to  Pope  Sextus  Quintus,  firft  in  order  after  Join  of 

Milan,    He  forgot  Eobanus  of  HeflTci  who  wrote  with,  at 

lead,  an  equal  degree  of  elegance,  and  lived  about  the  end 

of  the  fifteenth  and  beginning  of  the  fixteenth  centurf. 

He  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  poems,  infomuch  that 

fome  of  his  contemporaries  (tiled  him  the  Homer,  and 

others  the  Ovid,  of  his  time.     He  (rompilcd  a  poem  Dm 

tueada  bona  valetudine,  divided  into  three  parts :  the  firft 

comprehends  the  elements,  the  (ecolid  the  general  preceptt 

of  iygi^ne^  the  third  fome  reflections  upon  the  properties 

of  medicines.    There  is  fubjoined  to  it  a  fmall  poem  of 

y.  B.  Fiera  of  Mantua,  intitled  Qxnek^  and  dedicated  to 

Raphael  Rearins.     Mereau  fpeaks  with  commendation  of 

the  works  both  of  Eobanus  and  Durante,    But  Mackenzie 

confiders  Dr.  Armjlronf^s  Art  ofprrferving  Healthy  as  by 

far  the  bed  poetical  perforntance  on  this  fubjed.    As  to 

myfelf,  I  fhall  join  to  it  a  Latin  poem,  full  of  imagination, 

c»  of 


398  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

of  1>eauttes^  and  of  elegance,  which  Citizen  Geofiroy  has^ 
puUiihed  in  our  own  time,  intitled  Hygiene^  and  where  the 
jdence  of  found  phyfics  appears  to  acquire  new  eclat  front 
being  clothed  with  the  charms  of  poetry.  Had  it  been  my 
intention  to  quote  every  remarkable  performance  of  this 
kind,  I  would  have  mentioned  the  Padotrophiaj  or  the  art 
of  fackling  children,  of  Scavola  de  Sainte  Martbe  :  and  the 
CixlRpadiay  or  the  education  of  childreni  by  Claude  ^il/et, 
(Caividtus  Latus)^  of  which  there  have  been  two  editions 
very  diffeifent  in  refpeft  to  the  following  circum fiance :  in 
fte  fitft  Mqzarin  is  treated  with  all  the  feverity  of  fatirc; 
but  ih  the  fecond,  being  bribed  by  the  douceurs  of  that 
minifler  to  alter  his  opinion,  the  author  ha^  made  him  the 
ffib}e£t  of  a  fulfome  panegyric :  a  melancholy  example,  and 
but  too  frequently  copied,  of  the  venality  of  men  of  letters! 
But  it  would  be  a  long  and  ufelefs  labour  to  give  a  com- 
plete catalogue  of  all  the  poetical  works  on  hygiene^  ^fpe« 
ctally  if  we  credit  Ren^  Moreauy  who  reckoned  upwards 
a  140  that  had  written  on  this  fubje£l  befbre  his  time; 
(he  lived  in  the  time  of  Cardinal  Richelieu).  My  objefi, 
liowever,  is  not  fo  much  to  give  a  lift  of  authors,  as  to 
trace  with  all  the  ability  of  which  I  am  poflefl^d,  the  rife 
and  pfOgrefs  of  the  art.  In  truth,  it  is  not  with  the  hiftory 
of  individuals,  or  with  the  number  of  artifts,  that  we  arc 
chiefly  concerned  \  but  only  with  the  acceffions  which  they 
have  made  to  the  labout*s  of  their  predeceflbrs,  and  with 
the  new  rays  of  light,  which  their  writings  have  thrown 
on  the  fcience  of  man  and  on  the  art  of  his  preferr- 
ation. 

The  Schola  Salermtatta,  which  occafioned  this  fhort  <fi- 
grefiion,  or  at  leaft  the  work  to  which  its  name  has  been 
affixed,  aj^eared  in  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century, 
that  is^  after  the  year  1 100.    This  fchoolj  as  well  as  thof« 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  397 

of  Paris  and  Bologna,  have  conferred  on  mankind  a  ftill 
greater  obligation)  by  diffufing  over  Europe  a  tafte  for 
ftudy :  and  from  that  moment,  a  multitude  of  univerfities 
and  of  colleges  were  founded  in  Italy,  in  France,  in  Ger- 
manyi  and  in  England.  The  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  four^ 
teenth  centuries  were  the  eras  of  the  births  of  almoft  al! 
th^  univeriities ;  the  firft  foci  of  learning  in  times  of  igno- 
rance ;  and  fince,  the  nu>numents  of  Grothicifm  in  times  of 
learning, 

Roger  Bacon^  Arnaud  de  FiHa^novat  Peter  de  Albano,  3rc. 
appeared  in  England,  in  France,  and  in  Italy,  towards  the 
end  of  the  thirteenth  and  at  the  commencement  of  the 
fourteenth  centuries,  before  the  revival  of  Grecian  litera- 
ture. They  diftinguifhed  themfelves  above  all  their  con- 
temporaries by  talents,  which,  in  another  period,  would 
have  greatly  forwarded  the  progrefs  of  the  art.  Aftrology 
and  the  folly  of  alchymy  infed:ed  moil  of  the  celebrated 
mtn  of  thofe  times.  Artiaud  de  Villa^nova  was  the  only 
writer  whofe  labours  contributed  in  any  remarkable  degree 
to  illuftrate  the  do£^rine  of  health.  He  compofed  a  trea- 
tife  De  reginiine  Sanitatis :  another  oq  the  fame  fubje£l:,ad- 
drefled  to  the  king  of  Arragon  \  a  treatife  De  confervanda 
juventute  et  retardanda  JeneBute ;  and  a  commentary  on  a 
part  of  the  work  of  the  phyficians  of  Salernum.  Thefe 
treatifes  contain  excellent  refie£lk>ns;  and  in  different 
parts  of  them  the  author  fpeaks  of  the  choice  of  air, 
relative  to  the  expofure  of  houfes,  and  to  habitations  ia 
general. 


EOuaTH 


400  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 


wants,  and  that  requifitcto  gratify  our  pleafutes;  how 
much  we  are  the  dupes  of  our  own  peculiar  fenfations; 
above  all,  fince  the  art  of  perverting  the  gifts  of  nature, 
has  created  us  artificial  wants  and  factious  appetites,  and 
taught  us  to  call  every  feeling  by  the  name  of  hunger  which 
is  not  blunted  by  fatiety. 

Lewis  Cornaro,  who  died,,  at  the  age  of  more  than  loo 
years,  in  1566,  wrote  four  treatifes  on  the  advantages  of  a 
fober  life.  He  was  ^3  years  when  he  wrote  the  firfl>  S6 
when  he  publifhed  the  fecond ;  the  third  appeared  after 
he  had  completed  his  91ft  year  \  and  the  laft  was  compof- 
ed  in  the  95th  year  of  his  age.  From  the  age  of  35  to  40, 
he  faw  himfelf  attacked  with  a  multiplicity  of  difeafes, 
which  feemed  to  threaten  him  with  a  fpeedy  diiTolution. 
Thofe  complaints  were  pains  of  the  ftomach  and  of  the 
loins,  with  attacks  of  colic,  fits  of  the  gout,  and  an  infati- 
able  third  accompanied  with  fever.  Remedies  were  of  no 
avail.  His  phyficians  declared  to  him,  that  the  only  re- 
maining refource  confided  in  a  regimen  of  extreme  fobriety 
and  regularity :  he  refdved  to  adopt  it :  he  foon  perceived 
the  utility  of  thehr  advice :  the  quantity  of  food  which  be 
daily  confumed  was  reduced  to  twelve  ounces  of  foUd 
nouriihment,  compofed  of  bread,  of  the  yolk  of  eggs,  of 
fledi,  fifli,  &c. ;  and  the  quantity  of  liquid  (the  Italian 
text  mentions  qfvnne)  amounted  to  fourteen  ounces. 

Cornaro  has  made  many  other  obfervations  worthy  of 
remark.  The  fird  is,  that  adhering  to  fo  rigid  and  fo  ttn£k, 
2L  regimen,  he  found  himfelf  wonderfully  little  afiedled  by 
the  events  and  accidents  which  are  productive  of  fatal  con- 
fequences  to  thofe  who  do  not  live  with  the  fame  regular- 
ity;* an  advantage  which  he  experienced  on  two  contin- 
gencies. One  of  thefe  occafions  was,  when  a  terrible  legal 
procefs,  carried  on  principally  againd  himfelf,  yet  coft  his 

^  brother 


HVoHeME,  br  tlAtLE. 


401 


btother  ahd  many  of  his  relations  their  livesi  had  no  inju- 
rious ct^cBt  whatever  on  his  health.  The  other,  when 
overturned  in  his  carriagei  and  having  his  head  and  whole 
body  bruifed,  his  foot  and  his  arm  diflocatedi  he  recovered 
without  the  aid  of  any  of  thofe  means  which  are  con&der- 
ed  as  indifpenfable  to  cScGt  a  cure  in  fimilar  cafes^ 

Another  obfervation,  equally  deferving  of  attention,  re- 
fpe£ls  the  obligations  which  habit  impofes  on  ust  Cornaro^ 
accuftomed  to  live  upon  twelve  ounces  of  folid  food,  and 
fourteen  of  liquids,  or  of  wine,  {omie  quatordici  di  vifto)$ 
fuflered  himfelf  to  be  perfuaded,  at  the  age  of  78  years,  to 
increafe  this  proportion  to  fourteen  of  the  former,  and  fix- 
teen  of  the  latter.  His  ilomach  became  difordered;  he  fell 
into  ennui  and  melancholy,  and  was  feized  with  a  fever^ 
which  continued  thirty-five  days ;  and  from  which  he  re-^ 
covered  only  by  returning  to  his  former  proportions. 

We  may  give  the  hiftory  of  Cornaro  a  place  among  the 
fine  experiments  which  have  been  made  on  the  fubje£l  of 
hygiine;  and  which  confequently  have  contributed  to  fix 
the  principles,  and  to  accelerate  the  progrefs,  of  the  art. 

Leonardus  LeJiuSf  a  celebrated  jefuit,  who  lived  about  the 
end  of  the  fixteenth  century,  before  the  death  of  Comaro^ 
(truck  with  the  beauty  of  this  example,  wrote  a  work  on 
this  fubje£t:,  which  he  clofes  with  a  lift  of  diftinguiihed 
men,  whom  the  fobriety  of  their  lives  carried  beyond  the 
ordinary  period  of  human  life.  This  book  is  intitled  Hy» 
giqfticon^feu  vera  ratio  valetudinis  bona;  and  the  firft  edition 
was  publifhed  in  1563,  at  Anvers.  Lefiius  was  not  the 
only  perfon  whom  the  example  of  Cornaro  had  determined 
to  write  on  the  prcfervation  of  health.  Thomas  PhlMogus 
of  Ravenna  had  already  written  a  treatifc,  intitled  De  Vita 
ultra  annos  120  protrahenda^  printed  at  Venice  1553.  He 
alludes  to  one  period  at  which  Venice  witneflcd  many  of 

Vol.  III.  C  c  her 


40a  tlYGIfKBa  BV  HAJuLJU 

her  fenators  at  the  age  of  i  oo  years  appearing  in  publici 
{unrounded  with  the  veneration  which  their  age,  their  dig* 
nitiesy  and  their  virtues,  procured  to  them  \  and  afcribes  to 
debauchery,  and  to  the  want  of  fobriety,  the  paucity  of 
fimilar  examples  in  his  own  time.  He  was  the  firft,  ob« 
ferves  Mackenzie,  who  cenfured  the  cftablifliment  of  ce- 
meteries in  the  miAtt  of  cities.  Cardanus,  a  man  whofe 
ufefulnefs  to  fcience  would  have  been  infinitely  greater, 
bad  his  judgment  equalled  his  genius  and  erudition^  alfo 
wrote  four  books-  on  the  prefervation  of  health.  In  the 
three  firft  he  treats  of  aliment,  and  in  the  fourth  of  old 
age.  The  example  of  Cornaro  is  the  theme  of  his  admir- 
ation, and  conftitutea  tl^e  foundation  of  his  precepts.  He 
cenfures  Galen }  and  alleges,  in  proof  of  the  juftice  of  his 
reproaches,  that  that  celebrated  phyficiaji  died  at  the  age 
of  77  years :  but  Cardanus  was  fully  perfuaded  that  hixn- 
felf  would  not  furvive  his  75  th  year.  Another  proof  of 
this  extraordinary  genius's  want  of  candour  and  accuracy 
is,  that  he  condemns  exercife  as  injurious  to  health ;  and 
that  comparing  the  longevity  of  trees  to  the  common  dur- 
ation of  the  lives  of  animals,  he  attributes  the  long  life  of 
the  former  to  their  being  deftitute  of  locomotion. 

Among  the  produ£tions  of  this  age,  the  laft  place  ought 
not  to  be  ailigned  to  Jerome  Mercurialises  treatife  on  the 
gymnaftic  art,  in  fix  books :  the  three  firft  books  treat  of 
different  objedls  relitive  to  exercife,  and  to  the  different 
kinds  of  exercifes  praftifed  among  the  ancients ;  the  three 
laft  treat  of  the  cfieds  of  thefe  exercifes,  and  of  their  uti- 
lity to  ftrengthen  the  body,  and  to  preferve  its  health.  It 
would  be  difficult  to  unite  a  founder  judgment  and  a  greater 
(hare  of  erudition,  than  this  excellent  author  exhibits. 
Haller,  however,  accufes  him  of  fuch  a  prepofiei&on  in 
favour  of  the  ancients,  that  he  is  not  only  entirely  filent  on 

the 


flVoiENE,   BV  HALLE.  403 

the  iubjeflt  of  tfee  feiertifes  in  ufe  among  the  moderns,  but 
even  conderiiils  riding,  aid  ptodu£live  of  inconveniencies  in- 
jurious to  health  :  without  doubt,  obferves  Haller,  becaufe 
this  cxercJfe  was  not  one  of  thofe  in  which  the  ancients 
delighted  to  engage.  With  regard  to  this  fifft  reproach 
caft  on  our  author,  we  ought  in  fom.e  meafure  to  rtflridl  its 
applicatioh.  It  muil  however  be  allowed,  that  although 
Mercurialis  has,  in  imitation  of  the  ancients,  praifed  ridiAg 
in  the  ninth  chapter  of  his  third  book ;  although,  in  the 
eighth  chapter  of  the  Hxth  book,  he  fpeaks  of  it  as  a  fpecies 
of  exercif^  highly  calculated  to  maintain  the  health  of  thofe 
who  do  not  labour  under  any  difeafe,  and  ufeful  even  in 
imp6ffe£t  digeilioti :  in  his  laft  chapter,  he  defcants  at  fui- 
ficient  length  upon  the  inconveniencies  of  hard  trotting  or 
galloppilig  in  difeates ;  and  repeats,  with  fome  degree  of 
complacency,  the  reproaches  with  which  Hippocrates  and 
fome  others  have  loaded  riding,  efpecially  hard  riding  or 
cantering,  iihputing  to  this  kind  of  cicrcifc,  wlien  conti- 
nued  for  a  long  time,  dif^afes  of  the  inferior  extremities, 
and  impotence,  brought  oh  by  long  pfeiTute  on  the  tefticles. 
This  difeafe  was  common  among  the  Scythians*  But  we 
ought  to  add,  as  has  already  been  obferved,  that  the  an« 
cients,  unacquainted  with  the  ufe  6f  (linrups,  mufl:  have 
felt  in  a  ftill  greater  degree  thefe  inconveniencies.  With 
regard  to  ambling,  or  a  broken'  pace,  {equitatio  in  afiurcom" 
bus  vel  toluiariis\  he  prefers  it  to  every  other  fpecies  of 
riding,  on  account  of  its  e'afinefs  and  fprigHtlinefs.  I'n 
refpeft:  to  the  other  accufation  brought  againft  Mercurialis^ 
of  having  filehtly  pafTed  over  the  exercifes  pra£tifed  by  the 
moderns,  there  is  alfo  fome  foundation  for  it.  There  is 
however  little  difficulty  iii  excufing  him,  when  we  confider 
that  fince  the  revolution  of  chriftianity,  and  that  which 
the  Arabs  had  introduced  into  Europe,  gymnaftic  exercifes 

C  c  2  had 


404  HVGIEKE,  BY  HALLB. 

had  gone  into  abfolute  defuetude  i  and  thati  properly  fpeak* 
ing,  he  had  no  reafon  to  make  any  farther  mention  of  the 
gymnaftic  art. 

The  date  of  the  treatife  written  by  Bacon,  intitled  Hif- 
ioria  Vita  et  Mortis^  fliould  be  fixed  about  the  end  of  the 
period  and  epoch  of  which  I  am  now  fpeaking.  The  au- 
thor^s  obje£l  is  to  inveftigate  the  caufes  of  natural  death, 
and,  in  this  way,  to  afcertain  the  means  of  protracting,  as 
far  as  is  confident  with  the  laws  of  human  nature,  the 
ordinary  term  of  life.  The  living  man  fuftains  a  continual 
lofs  of  the  energies  of  life,  and  his  loffes  are  continually 
repaired ;  but  this  reftoring  faculty  is  at  length  exhaufted, 
and  man  dies.  Human  life  would  be  protracted  as  long  as 
the  organization  of  our  bodies  permits,  by  diminifhing  the 
adivity  of  chofe  caufes,  which  diflipate,  weaken,  anddefboy, 
and  by  maintaining  the  energy  of  that  power  which  repairs, 
foftens,  and  renders  flexible,  the  parts  whofe  induration 
refills  the  efieQs  of  the  reftoring  faculty.  It  was  upon  thefe 
fimple  ideas,  that  the  illuftrious  Bacon  eftablifhed  plans  of 
refearches,  worthy  of  being  deeply  confidered,  and  which  even 
at  prefent  can  furnifli  great  and  important  materials  forre- 
fledlion.  In  moft  of  the  fubjeCis  of  which  he  treats.  Bacon 
himfelf  has  rarely  put  his  finifliing  hand  to  the  work;  but 
he  always  prefcnted  vaft  views,  plans  of  refearches  preg- 
nant with  important  confequences,  a  ftriking  renunciatioa 
of  prejudices,  and  of  ideas  accredited  from  habit j  a  con- 
tinual appeal  to  experiment,  a  conftant  endeavour  to  adhere 
ftri£l]y  to  nature;  and  to  aflume  her  for  his  fole  and  en- 
tire guide.  Bmcon  was  truly  a  great  man,  and  placed,  ac- 
cording to  the  order  of  time,  between  the  era  of  the  revival 
of  literature  and  that  of  the  firit  progreifive  fteps  of  the 
phyGcal  fciences.  He  feems  to  have  appeared  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  terminating  the  barren  admiration  of  the  ancients, 

which 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  405 

which  pervaded  the  minds  of  men,  of  making  the  ftudy  o^ 
nature  follow  in  fucceffion  the  ftudy  of  books^  and  of  add* 
ing  to  the  riches  accumulated  by  the  patient  inveftigators 
of  antiquity,  the  (till  more  fertile  produce  of  an  a£tive  and 
pf  an  indefatigable  experience. 


SECOND  EPOCH, 
THAT  OF  SANCTORIUS. 

The  circulation  of  the  blood  bad  not  yet  been  difcover* 
ed ;  philofophers  had  not  learned  to  eftimate  the  weight  of 
the  air,  and  were  ftill  ftrangers  to  the  phenomena  of  the 
barometer ;  the  thermometer  had  not  been  invented ;  and 
the  means  of  obfervation,  hitherto  imperfe£t  and  inaccurate, 
left  to  man,  curious  to  ftudy  nature  and  to  appreciate  her 
phenomena,  only  the  hope  of  guei&ng  pretty  nearly  refpeft*^ 
ing  them,  and  no  appearance  of  being  able  to  calculate  the 
amount  of  his  own  obfervations. 

SanSorius  appeared,  and  had  already  entertained  the 
firft  idea  of  a  thermometer,  that  of  a  fixed  point,  from 
which  its  graduation  could  commence,  and  of  the  appli- 
cation of  this  inftrument  to  examine  the  degree  of  febrile 
heat.  But  what  confers  immortality  on  his  name,  is  his 
fine  fuit  of  experiments  on  inlbnfible  perfpiration,  which 
he  conceived  with  a  degree  of  genius  equal  to  the  patience 
exercifed  in  carrying  them  into  execution.  He  conceived 
the  defign  of  comparing  the  food  confumed  with  the  qu^.n- 
tity  of  excretions  evacuated  from  the  body,  and  of  weigh- 
ing them  comparatively;  of  weighing  the  body  itfelf  in  the 
dxiFerent  circumftances,  connected  with  diet  and  evacua- 
tions ;  and  by  this  means  he  -ormed  a  ftri£t  eftimate  of  the 
quantity  of  ingredients  which  efcape  from  the  body  through 

C  c  3  the 


406     ^  HYGIENE,  BY  HA^-t-?. 

the  pe^rfpiratory  pores.    He  accompliibed  (lill  p:iore :  he 
obferyed  with  great  fagacitj  the  differept  rejatios^s  and  va* 
riations  of  this  eqi:cretionj  of  ivhich  no  thepry  had  been  of- 
fered previous  to  his  time.     He  knew  the  n^odifications 
which  it  experienced  from  all  the  caufes  >rhich  affeft  the 
body,  in  what  proportion  it  is  augmented,  diminiihed,  ac- 
celerated, retarded ;  the  connediion  of  its  variations  widi 
the  condition  of  the  body,  s^nd  with  the  fenfations  of  un- 
eafinefs  and  of  comfort,  of  levity  and  of  weight,  which 
affe£l;  us  in  the  different  circumftances  of  life.    The  whole 
do£hine  of  hea|tl^  ijs  mimately  popne^ed  with  this  fyftem 
pf  obfervation,  infpmuch,  that  the  work  of  SanSorius  is 
itfelf  a  real  treatife  on  hygiene*    And  to  whatever  degree 
pf  perfieAion  many  learned  men,  Qnce  bis  time,  may  have 
carried  refearches  of  this:  nature,  ttie  glory  refulting  from 
their  labours  has  no  more  obfcur^d  his  reputation  tha;i;i  the 
lucubrations  of  ancient  and  modeip  phylicians  have  efiaced 
from  our  minds  the  recoUe£lion  of  ^  the  ii^Ork$  of  Hippo- 
prates.  The  ^eld  is  always  vaft  \  it  app^^rs  ev^  to  incicafe 
in  extent  at  the  prefent  time  \  but  thf;  Ipace  ov^r  wl^ch  the 
iirft  invei^tor  travelled,  (till  exhihifs  the  pofts.  which  he 
eftabliihed  in  the  courfe,  and  up^  ^hicb  are  conf^ntly 
fixed  the  eyes  of  his  fucce^s  and  riysds. 

Neverthelefs,  eyep  before  t)ie  time  of  S<m3qptfy  another 
perfon  had  firft  conceived  the  idea  which  this  phyCdan  fo 
ably  developed  and  executed.  This  perfon,  Nicolas  it  Cufa^ 
wrot^  a  dialogue  concerning  ftatical  expenm^n^j  and  the 
advantages  v^hich  phyficians  mig^  d,^rive  from  their  appli- 
cation to  the  human  body,  fq;  the  purpofe  of  afcertainiDg 
tl)e  proportion  of  fenfi,bile  and  infen£i|^e  evacuations.  But 
men  of  genius  had  not  made  any  progress  in  a  career  which 
^e  h,ad  only  pointed  out,  and  upon  which  none  had  entered 
before  San^orius.    Nicolas  was  born  "at  Cufa.  a  fmall  town 

of 


HYOIEKS9  BY  HALLE.  407 

of  the  eledorate  of  TreveSj  and  lived  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. San3orius  was  bom  at  Ci^  d^Iffriaf  in  the  gulf  of 
Triefte,  and  appeared  towards  the  end  of  the  fixteendi 
century. 

The  body  perfpiresj  and  the  evacuation  from  the  whole 
furface  of  the  ikin,  and  from  the  lungs,  although  almofl: 
infenfible,  is  not  on  that  account  the  lefs  copious.  It  ex- 
ceedsj  according  to  SanEhrius^  the  quantity  of  all  the  other 
evacuations  taken  together.  This  evacuation  chiefly  takes 
place,  and  is  more  abundant  in  the  morning,  after  the  ter- 
mination of  ikep.  Then  the  body,  which  has  thrown  off 
all  its  iuperfluities,  returns  to  the  fame  weight  which  it' 
pofTefled  at  the^fame  hour  on  the  preceding  day.  The 
furplus  of  weight  which  the  food  and  drink  confumed  had 
added  to  it,  difappears,  partly  by  the  nutrition  whicl|^  re« 
pairs  the  lob  it  fuftained,  and  partly  by  excrementitious 
evacuations.    Such  is  the  order  of  nature. 

» 

If  perfpiration  be  dindniflied,  and  the  k>fs  be  not  indem- 
nified by  other  fenfible  evacuations,  the  body  increafes  in 
weight,  and  fooner  or  later  becomes  difeafed ;  or  it  is  ul- 
timately untoaded  by  a  more  abundant  perfpiration^  and 
then  returns  to  its  former  weight. 

But  the  term  weight  of  the  body  has  two  vpry  difierent 
iignifications.  In  one  fenfe,  we  underftand  by  it  the  weight 
which  the  balance  afcertains;  in  the  other,  the  weight 
which  is  indicated  by  fenfation.  The  weight  pointed  out 
by  the  balance  is  an  augmentation  of  volume ;  that  iadrcat* 
ed  by  fenfatton,  is  an  additional  load,  which  refults  from  a 
difpropcHTticm  between  the  mafs  of  the  body  and  the  activity 
of  its  powers.  A  body  may  be  heavier  to  the  balance,  and 
yet  lighter  to  the  fenfation  ;  this  is  fymptomatic  of  a  great 
increafe  of  its  a^ivity  and  vigour.  It  can  be  lighter  to  the 
balance,  and  heavier  to  the  fenfation ;   this  is  a  fign  of  a 

great  , 


408  HTGIBKE,  BY  HAI.L2. 

great  diminutioii  of  its  powers,  and  of  its  natural  a&i?it]F. 
The  body  may  be  light  in  both  thefe  fenfed ;  it  is  then 
fimply  a  diminution  of  fubftance.  It  can  alfo  be  heavier 
in  each  of  thefe  meanings ;  this  is  a  proof  of  its  being  over- 
loaded. 

The  diminution  of  perfpiration,  demonftrated  by  the 
-balance,  is  fymptomatic  of  indifpofition ;  and  reciprocally, 
pains,  iufferings,  and  all  bodily  diforders,  as  well  as  men- 
tal difquietudes,  leflen  the  quantity  of  perfpiration. 

Ezcefs  of  perfpiration,  excited  by  violence,  is  equally 
produ£iive  of  difordera  which  affed  the  health ;  and  die 
body  can  only  recover  its  found  ftate  by  returning  to  regu* 
larity,  and  to  the  natural  meafure  of  perfpiration. 

An  mcreafe  of  all  the  other  evacuations,  points  out,  or 
produces,  a  diminution  of  perfpiratioHi  and  fupplies  its 
.  place.  But  perfpiration  is  ^e  evacuation  of  robuft  people; 
evacuations  by  ftod  and  urine  efpecially,  counterbalances 
it,  and  fupplies  its  place,  in  weaker  conftitutions ;  and  fiJi- 
vation  in  old  men. 

Perfyiration  is  retarded  or  dimimihed  by  pains  of  body 
and  difquietudes  of  mind,  cold  during  fleep,  exceiBve  heat, 
when  it  caufes  toffing  of  the  body  in  bed,  the  proceft  of 
ifigeftion,  the  efied  of  a  meiictne,  the  fenfible  evacuations 
^ugmeuiDcdrtgo  great  a  load  of  clothes  and  coverings,  which 
fat^e  die  body. 

Partial  cold  has  greater  influence  on  the  procefs  of  per- 
fpiration, than  die  cold  which  afiefbs  the  whole  body. 

Cold  augments  the  perfpiration  of  thofe  ^ho  enjoy  a 
vigorous  ftate  of  health ;  but  diminiflies  this  evacuation  in 
people  of  feeble  conftitutions.  The  heat  which,  in  the 
hotteft  time  of  fummer,  excites  painful  fenfations,  inter- 
fttpts  perfpiration;  that,  on  the  contrary,  which  fuflfers 

the 


\  I 

HYOIENE,  BY  HAtLB^.  409 

the  perfpirable  matter  to  efcape  freely,  is  produ&ive  of  no 
fatigue. 

After  taking  foodt  the  body  perfpires  only  one  pound 
during  the  fpace  of  five  hours  i  in  the  feven  following 
hours,  the  quantity  perfpired  amounts  to  three  pounds; 
and  during  the  four  fubfequent  hours,  it  perfpires  fcarcelf 
half  a  pound.  This  is  the  time  in  which  we  ought  to 
have  recourfe  to  a  fupply  of  food :  it  is  alfo  the  period 
which  fliould  be  feleded  for  the  adminiftration  of  medi«- 
cines. 

Petfpiration  alone  imparts  a  greater  degree  of  relief  than 
all  the  other  evacuations  taken  together :  the  perfpiration 
which  follows  fleep  eafes  the  body  before  any  other  fenfibte 
evacuation  is  experienced. 

Nature  is  three  days  in  re-eftabltfliing  the  proportioa 
diflblved  by  the  retention  of  only  one  pound  of  perfpirable 
matter,  in  oppofition  to  her  laws. 

In  the  fpace  of  a  month  an  increafe  of  wieight  generally 
fupervenes  in  the  human  body,  which  difappears'at  tbr 
end  of  the  month  by  a  crifis  ^  this  crifis  is  induced  by 
means  of  a  copious  difcharge  of  turbid  uriiie.  It  difcovers 
itfelf  by  a  degree  of  laffitude,  and  heavinefs  of  the  heady 
and  appears  to  fupply  the  place  of  the  periodical  evacM9« 
tions  of  the  female  fex. 

Would  you  wi(h,  by  an  examination  of  ^he  infenfible 
perfpiration,  to  fix  the  proportions  favourable  to  the  pro« 
longation  of  health,  and  of  life,  to  an  extreme  old  age  f 
obferve,  after  a  pretty  liberal  repaft,  what  quantity  of  per* 
fpirable  matter  will  be  evacuated  at  the  end  of  twelve  hours. 
Suppofe,  if  you  pleafe,  this  to  amount  to  fifty  ounces :  ckh 
ferve  then,  after  a  day  of  fading  or  of  abftinence,  which 
ihall  not  have  been  preceded  by  any  excefs,  the  lo&  which 
you  ihall  have  fuftained.  Let  us  fuppofe  this  to  be  twenty 

ounces : 


410  '      KYGIEKE,  BY  RAI.L.S* 

ottoces :  take  a  middle  term  between  thefe  proportions  of 
regimeni  and  yen  (hall  obtain,  fays  SanBoriusj  a  meafure 
whkh  will  produce  a  perfpiration  of  thirty-five  ouaces: 
this  will  be  the  meafure  required. 

The  means  of  prolonging  the  exiftence  of  old  meiii 
would  be  to  maintain  the  flexibility  of  their  organs,  and  a 
fkee  perfpiration. 

Sudi  are  the  principal  pofitions  which  SanBorius  has 
eftabhflied  concerning  the  general  fyftem  of  infenf^ble  per- 
fpiration. He  has  not  publiihed  his  experiments  in  deisili 
but  recorded  only  the  refults.  Accurate  ob&nrations 
hare  fince  dcmonftrated,  that  thefe  refults  are  not  ail  of 
them  equally  exadl ;  allowance,  however,  ought  to  be  made 
fox  the  variations  of  which  difference,  of  climate  and  of 
temperature  are  neceflarily  productive ;  for  it  muft  not  be 
forgotten  that  SanBorius  made  his  obfervations  in  Italy 
and  that  the  refults  obtained  by  Dodart  in  France,  Xeil  in 
England,  Gorter  in  Holland,  Rolnnfon  in  Dublin,  Rye 
IB  Cork  in  Ireland,  and  Linings  in  South  Carolina,  have 
demonftrated,  that  upon  the  fuppofition  of  the  general  in- 
fluence deduced  by  SanBorius  from  his  experiments  beii^ 
perfectly  well-founded,  the  proportion  of  infl:aotaneous  per- 
fpiration muft  neverthelefs  vary  from  diflFerence  of  temper- 
ature, whatever  in  other  refpefis  may  have  been  the 
ftrength  and  vigour  of  the  temperaments  of  the  fubjeds 
upon  whom  the  experiments  are  performed. 

Thefe  firft  principles,  laid  dctwn  by  SanBorius^  are  col- 
leAed  together  in  the  firft  fe£kion  of  his  work :  in  di£ 
fubfequent  fe£iions  he  examines  the  influence  of  the  at- 
mofphere,  of  baths,  of  the  feafons,  and  of  the  different 
hours  of  the  day,  &c. ;  that  of  folid/ood  iind  drink,  both 
in  refpe£b  to  their  quantity  and  quality ;  the  effed  of  fleep 
and  of  watchfttlne(S|  of  ezercife^  of  venery ;  and,  finallf) 

he 


be  afcert^ins  the  derangements  which  the  p^iSon^  of  the; 
foul  occaGpn  in  the  fundiion  of  the  perfpiratory  organ, 

§anfiorms  b?id  no  fooner  opened  this  pafT^ge  to  fam^^ 
than  jealoufyi  inimical  to  eyei^y  fpecies  of  glory,  and  mor« 
efpecially  to  that  which  is  founded  on  the  moft  foJid  bafist 
bufied  itfelf  in  uwlermining  his  reputation.  That  reproach 
by  which  (lupi4ity  is  fo  deeply  alarmed^  the  reproach  of 
innovatm  r  appe^  to  eftabliihed  pr^£licesj  that  power  fo 
victorious  over  i^othful  fpirks  \  that  pretendedy  that  indo* 
len(  refpe£t  for  antiquity  \  fo  little  creditable  to  it|  and  fo 
fatal  to  the  progrefs  of  the  fciences,  were  all  combined  for 
the  purpofe  of  rendering  abortive  the  ^bfbrvatioiis  of  a  man 
who  had  been  willing  to  make  fome  additions  to  tb^  labours 
of  the  ancients:  The  inquifition  however  was  not  appeal* 
ed  to^  but  one  Obiciu*  publiihed  a  work  againft  hinij  under 
the  infolent  title  of  Staticornqfty^c^  that  iSy  the  Scatirge  ff 
Jlatics.  It  is  of  no  confeqnence  to  obfervci  tbat  thi$  man 
had  his  partizans }  but  his  x^^wfi  has  been  prefe;rved  to  pos- 
terity by  that  of  San^^orius,  as  the  fai^e  of  Homer  h^  tranf- 
mitted  to  us  the  name  of  ZjoUus* 


THIRD  EPOCH. 
BEVIVAL  OF  THE  PHYSICAL  SCIENCES. 

The  date  of  the  phyGcal  and  mathematicaLfQ^epces  is 
not  an  inquiry  foreign  to  the  hiAory  of  medicine*  Slower 
in  her  prpgrefa  th^n  the  es^riq^qnt^  fciencea>  becaufe  (be 
is  almoft  entirely  confined  to  contemplative, obferyation^ 
and  becaufe  fhe  is  not  permitted  to  avail  herfclf  of  the  aid. 
of  experiment,  but  under  the  greateft  rejdridionst  medicine 
is  illuminated  by  the  reflefi:ion  of  the  light  diffufed  over  the 
'Other  departments  of  the  ft^dy  of  n^tuxe-     Qf  all  the 

branches 


412  HTGIBK2,  BY  HALLS. 

branches  which  compofe  our  art,  tygihu  is  that  which  has 
the  moft  erident  conne£lioii  with  the  other  phyfical  fciences. 
We  are  therefore  the  more  authorized  in  this  place  to  re- 
view the  grand  epochs,  diftinguiihed  by  the  moft  remark- 
able cfibrts  of  the  human  mind« 

During  the  fifteenth  and  fixteenth  centuries,  the  ftudy 
of  the  daffies  had  gradually  re-eftabli(hed  true  principles, 
die  refults  of  obfenration.  It  performed  a  (lill  more  eminent 
ferrice;  it  infptred  a£Hve  minds  with  the  hopes  of  elevat- 
ing themfelves  to  the  level  of  the  ancients,  of  participating 
in  their  glory,  of  meriting  in  conjunflion  with  them  die 
honour  of  inftrufling  and  enlightening  mankind,  and  of 
cultivating  the  fi^ld  of  nature,  while  engaged  in  the  fearch 
of  truth, 

Aftronomers  had  already  fubje£ted  the  opinions  of  the 
ancients  to  a  new  ordeal  of  examination.    Nearly  a  cen- 
tury before,  Copermcus  had  announced,  that  the  fun  is  in 
the  focu^  of  the  planetary  fyftem,  and  that  the  earth  is 
carried  round  it,  like  Mercury,  and  Venus,  and  Mars,  and 
Jupiter,  and  Saturn.    This  innovation  of  do£^rine  had  not 
roufed  the  attention  of  the  fchools,  or  awakened  the  jca* 
loufy  of  the  ecclefiaftical  inquifition.    The  honour  of  this 
perfecution  was  referved  for  Galileo,    The  polarity  of  the 
loadftone  was  known;  and  the  compafs,  invented  many  years 
before,  ferved  to  'guide  the  path  of  the  mariner.  Kepler  had 
juit  calculated  the  orbits  of  the  planets,  and  determined  the 
laws  of  motion  to  which  they  are  obedient.     He  was  the 
firft  perfon  who  illuftrated  phyfics  by  the  aid  of  mathema- 
tics.   Gefner^  Rondelet^  Mathiolus^  Doddenr^  Qe/alpinus^  AU 
drovanduSf  Pro/per  jilpinus^  had  already  enriched  natural 
hiftory  by  their  refearches.    The  Bauhins  had  lately  dif- 
fufed  over  botany  the  firft  rays  of  fyftematic  obfervation ; 
s(nd  this  besiutiful  department  of  natural  hiftory  began  to 

afiiime 


HYOIBNE,  BY  HALLB.  418 

aflume  the  (hape  of  a  fcience.  Chemiftry,  (till  enveloped 
in  myftery  and  enigma»  was  however  indebted  for  many 
remarkable  iz€t%  to  the  labours  oiR^ger  Bacon,  of  Raymond 
Lullyi  and  of  Paracelfusi  and  anatomy  had  already  been 
cultivated  with  great  fuccefs  by  FaUopiuSj  Fejaliusy  Bota/uSf 
Rioian,  and  Dulaurens. 

The  feventeenth  century  comnaenced  its  career  with 
great  efibrts  and  with  great  fuccefs.  Galileo  confirmed  the 
doArine  of  Copernicus^  invented  the  telefcope;  and  his 
pupil  Torricelli  demonftrated  the  gravity  of  the  air; 
whofe  progrefiive  diminution,  according  to  the  different 
heights  of  the  atmofphere,  was  foon  calculated  by  PafcbaL 
This  latter  philofopher,  at  the  fame  period,  folved  the  prin« 
cipal  problems  of  the  equilibrium  of  fluids.  Harvey  proved^ 
by  inconteftible  experiments,  the  whole  fyftem  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood.  Afellius  difcovered  the  ladieal  veins. 
Endowed  with  lefs  folid,  but  more  ardent,  genius,  VanheU 
mont  (hook  off  the  yoke  of  antiquity ;  and  with  whatever 
juftice  he  may  have  incurred  the  reproaches  of  the  fage 
friends  of  nature,  the  fire  of  his  enthufiafm  undoubtedly 
haftened  the  birth  of  chemiftry,  and  prepared  her  for  ex- 
hibiting her  wonders.  In  this  manner  was  propo(ed  an 
honourable  ftruggle  bcftween  the  ancients  and  the  moderns* 
Defcartes  opened  the  field  of  combat  and  of  vifiory.  He 
taught  natural  philofophers  to  calculate  and  to  doubt ; 
and  in  his  method,  prepared  that  inftrument  which,  in  a 
fubfequent  age,  was  to  overturn  the  edifice  reared  by  him- 
felf.  It  appeared  that  the  fchools  wiflied  to  have  their 
oracles.  Ariftotle,  worthy  of  another  fpecies  of  wor(hfp, 
had  been  the  idol  of  the  univerfities ;  and  Defcartes  became 
the  obje£k  of  adoration  in  his  time» 

COKCERHIN6 


I 


414  ftVOI^^V  :»t  HALii. 


CONCERNING  THE  fHtLOSOPHt  6T  AKt,  AA6  O* 
fHILOS^HlCiL  STUDY. 

ArrERbftvkigtraeed^wHh  all  the  abilitf  whidhi  could  exert, 
the  unequal  progrefs  of  the  human  mmd)  fohittfanes  mote 
.  tzfid  and  ibmetiities  more  ilow,  and  fometimes  letTOgiadei 
in  the  read  of  obfefvation;  having  now  reached  an  epochi 
vhen  ks  accekfated  nKirch  tS|  if  I  may  itfe  the  ezpreffion, 
precipitated  towards  every  point  of  the  ftudy  of  nature : 
let  me  be  permitted  to  paufe^  and  to  examine  what  gmdes 
k  had  fek£ted  in  this  route  $  how  it  has  bad  fofl&eient  dif- 
cernment  to  find  caufes  in  their  effeds,  and,  mtdtiplying 
obfenratioii  by  e^^rimentf  to  foar  by  t!he  aid  of  reafdn  to 
the  knowk(^e  of  principled ;  to  what  laws  it  muft  be  obe- 
dient to  pretent  its  going  aftray  in  thi^  career  ;  how  medi- 
(dtte  and  hygiene  have  been  able  to  fliare  iii  the  general 
movement  $  and  how  it  (hall  be  competent  for  them  in  fu- 
ture ages  to  def ive  from  if  ftill  greater  advantages. 

The  art  of  making  progrefs  in  the  fearch  of  truths  is  pro- 
perly what  we  now  underftand  by  th<S  term  phihfipbf. 
Whatever  may  be  the  end  which  man  wiflies  to  attstini 
whatever  may  be  the  nature  of  the  fcience  which  he  pro- 
pofes  to  acquire  v  let  him  inveftigate  the  connedHons  and 
relations  of  objefi:s  with  one  anotjier,  for  the  purpofe  of 
arranging  them  into  a  whde^  which  facilitates  their  ftudy 
and  the  acquiGtion  of  the  knowledge  of  them  :  let  him  ob» 
ferve  the  different  properties  of  their  mafles>  and  the  man- 
ner in  which  they  ad  upon  each  other,  counterbalance! 
interferci  or  participate  in  each  other's  motions,  that  he 
may  be  enabled  to  appreciate  and  calculate  tiie  laws  to 
which  their  maffes  are  fubje£k :  let  him  explore  their  com- 
ponent ingredients  with  an  attentive  eye^  and  obferve  their 

element 


JtYGiJBNB,  BY  HAI^tB.  41£ 

etemeat  falling  afunder  or  entering  into  union,  and  form* 
tog  by  their  concoarfe  perpetual  changes :  let  hiiki.  thus 
daily  increafe  his  information  refpeding  the  myfterious 
transformations  of  nature  i  or  let  him  confider  this  eternal 
principle  of  motion  and  of  adion  in  all  liying  beings,  in. 
ereafiag  and  reproducing  itfelf,  this  (ioigular  faculty  of  per- 
ceptioa  and  of  fenfatfon,  which  is  confideFed  to  be  the  ex* 
clufive  appurtenance  of  animals ;  and  attempt  tor  afcertain 
the  direftion  which  thefetwopowers^featedintbe  intemdl 
parts  of  ovgamxed  bodies,  gbe  to  the  laws  of  their  masflesy 
and.  to  the  combinations  of  their  elements.  In  fliovt,  con^- 
irerfant  in  all  theSb  matters,  from  deep  meditation  on  thttm^ 
and  fiximg  his  eyes  fometimes  6n  himielf  and  his  feliow* 
creatures^  fometimes  the  patient  and  docile  pupil  of  naCuse^ 
fometimes  emboldened  to  become  her  interpreter,  to-  folicit 
and  importune  her  to  reveal  her  fecrets  i  fometimes  believ- 
ing that  he  has  acquired  the  a&endency  over  her,  and  can 
force  her  to  dsv»c&  from  her  uficalcourfe,  and  purfue  a 
new  one,,  let  him  congratulate  bimfelf  in  being  able  to 
prevent  or  repair  the  diforders  which  threaten  his  exiib- 
ence.  In  a  word^:  whether  he  attaches  him&lf  to  natural 
hiftory  or  to  phyfics,  wfaediev  he  be  a  chemift,  a  pfayfiolo^ 
gift,,  or  a  phyfician,  he  muft  in  one  and  all  of  thefe  puP* 
fuitsbe  zphiiof^heti  that  is  to  fay^  whilet  engaged  in  tjie 
ftudy  of  fadis,  in.  arranging  them  according  to  thofe  rela- 
tions which  enabk  him  to  perceive  and  to  feize  on  their 
connexions  and  their  confequeaces,  he  muft  know  how  to 
metliodiae  his  obfervations>  and  to  nq^late  his  experiments, 
and  ftill  more  to  appreciate  them,  to  deduce  from  them  all 
the  conclufions  o£  which  they  admit,  and  no  inference 
whidi  they  do.  not  legitimately  fanftion*  It  is  noceflary^ 
that  having  his  imagination  and  enthufiafm  under  complete 
fubje£tion,  in  the  midft  of  all  this  intelleAuai  exercife,  he 

3  may 


416  Ht^OIENS,  BV  ifAtUf. 

may  be  able  to  fonn  a  proper  judgment  bpth  of  himfelf 
and.  of  otheirsy  to  feparate  what  he  clearly  perceives  from 
that  of  which  he  has  only  obtained  a  glimpfe  ^  to  eftaUifli 
a  diftin£i  boundary  between  the  field  over  which  he  has 
travelledi  and  the  deceitful  profpeA  that  frequently  unfolds 
itfelf  to  his  view.j  to  eftimate  the  value  of  theories,  and  to 
diftinguiih  tbofe  which  are  the  complete  and  neceflary  re- 
fult  of  h£kSf  from  thofe  that  are  only  the  bond  of  connec- 
tion between  them^  and  merit  only  the  name  of  methods  s 
to  avail  himfelf  of  thefe  provifionally^  and  only  as  oiAri" 
adnis  thread,  not  only  to  enable  him  to  penetrate  into  the 
labyrinth,  but  alfo  to  dire£l  him  to  find  the  way  out  of  it. 
And  thus  let  him  proceed  fometimes  flowly,  and  fometimes 
with  rapidity,  always  with  caution,  without  lofing  ligiit  of 
the  true  road  which  leads  to  the  temple  of  truth. 

To  fupply  all  thefe  conditions,  and  to  enable  him  to  at- 
tain to  the  knowledge  of  truth,  the  philofopher  has  three 
guides,  reafottingy  exferiment^  and  £alcuUtion.  Hence  arife 
three  modes  of  operation.  One  is  the  art  of  deducing  ac- 
curate inferences  from  eftablifhed  premifes,  fuch,  for  in- 
ftance,  are  fundamental  truths:  this  is  what  conftitutes 
rational  philofophy.  The  fecond  is,  that  of  proving  thefe 
principles,  and  of  confirming  the  inferences,  by  demon- 
ftrating  them  to  the  fenfes  by  means  of  experiment :  this 
is  what  forms  experimental  philofophy.  Laftly,  the  third  is 
the  art  of  meafuring,  of  appreciating,  and  of  verifying  the 
fenfible  refults  of  experiment  by  the  aid  of  calculation: 
this  is  termed  mathematical  pbilofophji.  From  the  combin- 
ation of  thefe  methods  of  inveftigation  refult  the  complete 
demonftration  of  the  truths  which  are  the  objed  of  our 
inquiry.  They  reciprocally  affift  each  other.  Reafon  folicits 
the  aid  of  experiment  to  eftablifh  her  principles ;  and  the 
inaccuracy  of  our  fenfes  requires  the  precifion  of  calcu- 
3  lation 


\  t 

Hygiene,  by  halle*  417 

ration  to  meafure  the  extent  and  value  of  the  produfls 
which  refult  from  experiment.  It  is  not  however  always 
poflible  to  avail  ourfelves  at  the  fame  time  of  the  combin* 
cd  affiftance  of  all  thefe  methods.  But  we  may  conftantly 
affirm^  that  a  Ccience  has  reached  the  acme  of  improve- 
ment when  it  can  build  its  reafoning  upon  the  bafis  of  ex- 
periment, and  confirm  experiment  by  means  of  calculation. 
It  is  on  this  account  that  the  knowledge  of  gafeous  fluids, 
and  the  new  methods  of  meafuring  caloric,  by  rendering 
almoft  all  the  elements  of  bodies,  of  which  fo  great  a 
number  cfcaped  without  the  knowledge  of  the  ancient  che- 
niifts,  appreciable  and  fufceptible  of  calculation,  have  en- 
abled modern  chemiftry  to  take  fo  brilliant  a  flight.  And 
when  flie  fhall  afcertain  the  proportions  both  of  light  and 
of  eleffriciiyf  which  aft  fo  confpicuous  a  part  on  many  of 
her  operations,  what  degree  of  accuracy  will  (he  not  im- 
part to  the  precifion  at  which  (he  has  already  arrived  ?  It 
is  undoubtedly  from  our  inability  to  feparate  from  the  air, 
to  confine,  and  to  calculate,  all  the  emanations,  whether 
odorous  or  inodorous,  which  change  its  properties,  that  eu- 
diometry  is  (till  fo  treacherous  and  deceitful.  It  is,  in  fine, 
by  that  beautiful  and  enchanting  harmony  between  reafon, 
experiment,  and  calculation,  that  the  admirable  experiments 
of  Coulomb f  his  excellent  eleftrometer  and  his  magnetometer, 
will  always  conftitute  a  memorable  era  in  the  hiftory  of 
magnetifm  and  eleftricity.  Medicine  and phyjtology  ftill,  un- 
fortunately, prefent  us  with  elements  equally  unfufceptible 
of  calculation  and  certainty,  and  confequently  with  experi- 
ments too  frequently  inaccurate,  uncertain,  and  deceitful. 
May  the  methods  of  availing  ourfelves  of  the  aid  of  the 
fenfitive  and  nervous  organ,  and  of  afcertaining  the  degree 
of  its  influence  over  the  moving  and  contrafting  fibre,  with 
which  we  have  been  fupplied,  enable  us  to  approach  nearer 
Vol.  III.  ITd  to 


41S  HTGI£f^E»  BY  HALLB. 

to  the  point  of  perfe&ion  which  we  ftill  obferve  at  Co  yaS 
a  dtftance I 

If,  after  haring  explained  the  refources  by  which  the 
human  mind  can  attain  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truths  we 
wifh  to  fatisfy  ourfelves  in  refpe£):  to  the  ufe  it  has  made 
of  the  means  thus  put  in  its  power,  we  ihall  fee  that  the 
moft  memorable  era  of  the  rational phihfopby  afcends  to  the 
period  at  \9\i\c\i  Ariftotle  publifhed  his  hgic^  a  truly  admir- 
able  performance,  containing  a  mafterly  analyfis  oi  the 
human  underftanding,  where,  by  the  relation  of  two  de- 
monftrated  propofi'tions,  which  z6t  the  part  dl  things  Imwn^ 
he  teaches  the  art  of  deducing  from  them  a  third ;  that  is» 
of  finding  out  an  unknown  truths  whofe  exiftence  is  a  con^ 
fequence  neceflariiy  refulting  from  the  truth  of  the  two 
former  propofitions.  From  this  fource  fpring  comUnationss 
which,  by  their  fecundity,  link  fome  truths  to  others,  wliofe 
pedigree  embraces  every  propofition  which  the  mind  of 
man  can  compafs  or  afcertain.  This  art,  carried  to  per- 
fedion  by  the  meditations  of  the  fineft  genius  of  antiquity, 
this  geometrical  method,  transferred  fi'om  the  abftrad 
fciences  to  other  fpeculations  of  the  human  mind,  has 
neverthelefs,  like  all  other  excellent  things,  been  egregixmf* 
]y  abufed ;  and  what  ought  tp  have  been  the  touchftone  of 
truth,  and  one  of  the  moft  precious  inftruments  of  its  rc- 
fcarch,  has  become  the  means  of  clothing  error  with  the 
external  fcrhblancc  of  what  is  right.  Apparently^  for  a 
long  period »  the  vehicle  of  all  the  nonfenfe  and  puerilities 
of  the  fchools,  fyllogifm,  in  the  eftimation  of  fome  modem 
phtlofophers,  deferves  to  be  laid  afide  as  a  dangerous  wea- 
pon. But  whatever  care  may  have  been  taken  to  difguife  its 
forms,  or  to  narrow  its  limits,  whenever  inferences  are  de- 
duced without  comparing  them  with  their  premifes^or  with* 
out  giving  a  full  deinonftratioA  of  the  latter,  our  procefs  of 

reafoaing 


HYGIBN£|  JJY  HALLE.  419 

reafoning  mud  necefTarily  be  falfe  and  illogical.  Authority 
has  for  a  long  time  ufurpcd  the  place  of  demonfliration, 
not  lefs  in  medicine  than  in  every  other  branch  of  fcience ; 
and  prejudices  mud  be  the  offspring  of  authority,  when 
unfupported  by  obfervation. 

Bacon  and  Defcartes  flood  forth  as  the  opponents  of 
authority ;  and,  from  the  time  of  this  laft  philofopber,  a 
prddilefiion  for  experiment  began  to  overturn  many  opi- 
nions which  had  obtained  a  currency  on  the  faith  of  the 
^  ancients.     We  ihall  therefore  refer  the  moft  memorable 
epoch  of  the  experimental  philofophyy  not  lefs  to  him  than  to 
the  age  in  which  he  lived ;  and  if,  in  our  profeiTion,  any 
individual  could  claim  the  honour  of  having  created  this 
fpecies  of  philofophy,  this  perfon,  as  has  already  been  ob* 
ferved,  would  be  San^orius.     But  experiment,   while  it 
makes  an  impreflion  upon  our  fenfes,  does  not  always  en- 
able them  to  comprehend  the  phenomena  which  it  prefents 
to  them.     By  deducing  confequences  more  comprehenfive 
than  the  hSts  which  are  their  premifes^  by  generalizing 
partial  relations,  by  laying  hold  of  one  only  more  promi- 
nent and  fenfible  than  the  reft,  from  amidft  an  affemblage 
of  qaufes,  fplendcd  theories  have  been  engendered,  which 
feemed  to  have  experiment  for  their  bafis,  and  which  ex^- 
periment  has  overturned.   '  To  this  fubje£t,  the  remarkable 
expreifion  of  Hippocrates,  **  experiment  is  deceitfuiy  and  to 
form  a  judgment  of  it  is  a  difficult  {or  dangerous)  task^  — nh 
vH^at  (r<p»Xi^ii,  nT%  K^trk  jc^xwh^**  is  very  applicable.     And 
what  art  has  given  more  indubitable  proofs  of  the  truth  of 
this  affertion  than  the  art  of  medicine  ? 

We  muft  then  have  recourfe  to  calculation  for  the  pur- 
pofe{  of  appreciating  the  value  of  experiment.  And  it  is  at 
the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century^  at  tl^e  epoch 
when  Newton  demonftrated  the  power  of  calculation,  in 

D  d  2  unfolding 


420  HYGIENE^  BY  HALLE. 

unfolding  the  theories  of  attrafkion,'  of  light,  and  of 
colours,  that  I  place  the  moft  brilliant  period  of  the  ma<' 
tbematical  phiiofophy.  It  was  this  philofophy  which  enabled 
him,  not  only  to  afBrm,  but  alfo  to  predi£l,  long  before- 
hand, the  reiults  of  experiment,  when  he  announced  the 
combuftibiHtj  of  the  diamond^  and  the  cempojition  of  voter. 
Since  that  period,  philofophers  have  become  more  and 
more  cautious,  in  deducing  their  confequences,  and  in 
forming  their  theories ;  and  the  afpe£i  of  the  fciences  has 
changed  in  proportion  as  they  have  become  more  com- 
pletely fufcepcible  of  calculation. 

Such,  in  my  opinion,  is  the  ide*a  which  we  ought  to  form 
to  ourfelves,  of  the  influence  of  the  fpirit  of  philofophy  oa- 
every  department  of  the  ftudy  of  nature. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATURAL  AND  EXPERIMENTAL  SCIENCES, 
MOST  USEFUL  TO  THE  KNOWLEDGE  OF  MAN,  DURING 
THE  COURSE  OF  THE  THIRD  EPOCH. 

All  the  fciences  fo  fuccefsfuUy  cultivated  in  the  coaxfe 
of  this  era,  have  participated  more  and  more  of  the  impref- 
iion  of  this  fpirit.  The  methods  of  the  ftudy  and  clafiiG- 
cation  of  fubfiances  had  already  begun  to  fmooth  the  field 
of  natural  hijloryy  when  Tournefort  publiQied  his  fyftem,  to 
which  we  owe  the  fuccefs  of  Linnaus,  wiio  has  affixed  his 
feal  to  every  department  of  this  beautiful  fcience,  and  of 
whom  fo  many  celebrated  naturalifts  boaft  as  their  common 
preceptor.  The  Jujfiens^  for  their  part,  had  prepared  them- 
felves,  during  a  long  period,  to  explore  a  new  route  in  the 
fame  career;  and  the  phyQcian  finds  the  virtues,  the  prin- 
ciples, and  the  organic  chara£ters  of  plants,  united  in  a 

truly 


HYOIENfi,  BY  HALLE.  421 

truly  admirable  manner,  in  the  analogies,  a  table  of  which 
they  have  delineated  to  us. 

The  natural  philofopher  poffeffing  in  fucceflion  the  ther- 
mometer, the  firft  idea  of  which  is  due  to  San3orius^*  the 
barometer,  the  pendulum,  the  air-pump,  optical  inftru- 
mcnts,  and  all  the  machines  of  experimental  pbyfics, 
weighed  the  air,  examined  its  pKyHcal  properties,  ftudied 
the  phenomena  of  a  vacuuhi,  thofe  of  the  percuilion  and 
of  the  fall  of  bodies,  received  froin  Newton  the  knowledge 
of  light,  of  the  colours  which  compofe  it,  of  the  different 
relations  of  its  refra£lion,  and  in  the  fyttem  of  attradion, 
bad  a  tranfient  view  of  the  univerfality  of  that  powerful 
law  by  which  bodies  a£t  upon  each  other  in  the  invcrfe 
ratio  of  the  fquare  of  their  refpcftive  diftances,  and  from 
which  almoft  all  the  motions  of  the  univerfe  proceed ;  a 
new  and  powerful  agent  univerfally  difFufed,  and  almoft 
univerfally  unknown,  obeyed  the  voice  of  Dufay^  of  NolUt^ 
and  of  Franklin^  and  voluntarily  rufhed  forth  from  all  the 
bodies  of  nature.  Air  and  water  combined,  prefented  to 
the  attentive  obferver's  eye,  the  phenomena  of  alternate 
fblution  and  precipitation,  which  e;(plaineil  a  multiplicity 
of  atmofpheric  meteors ;  and  the  bafis  of  the  hygrometrical 
theory,  eftabliUhed  by  L^roy^  received  frefh  acceffions  of 

D  d  3  improvement 


*  Sanfforius  demohftrated  his  thermometer  to  his  pupils,  id  his  ledluKs, 
thirtecB  years  before  the  defcription  of  it  was  publiflied  in  his  commenta- 
ries on  Avieenna,  (qucftion  fixth),  printed  in  1615;  confequeptly  fix  years 
before  J)rdM  hcd  explained  his  own  in  x6i8.  He  had  alfo  fuggeftcd  the 
idea  of  a  computing  pendulum,  before  that  inftmment  had  been  invented 
by  GaliUp,  and  applied  to  clock-making  by  Hvygbetu^  (queftion  fifty  fix). 
SanSorius  had  intended  his  thermometer  to  mcdlutc  the  temperature  of 
patienu  in  fever,  and  in  the  diflTcrent  condiiions  in  which  the  natural  hcac 
appeared  changed. 


422  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE* 

improvement  and  utility  in  the  hands  of  Deluc  and  of 
Saujfure.  In  ftiort,  man  immcrfed  into  the  atmofphere 
was  no  longer  fiirrounded  with  a  world  of  enigmas,  and 
ceafed  to  contemplate  with  a  blind  aftonifliment  the  me- 
teors with  which  he  was  encompafled. 

Medicine,  while  (he  recollcfts  the  errors  and  deceitful 
promifcs  of  the  pupils  of  Paracelfus^  will  not  forget  that 
to  the  VanhelmoniSy  already  endowed  with  a  better  genius, 
fucceeded  in  chemiftry,  men  juftly  celebrated  for  their 
knowledge  of  the  art  of  healing.     Whatever  may  have 
been  the  fate  of  the  theory  founded  on  the  imaginary  prin- 
ciple of  phlogifton,  it  will  preferve  with  veneration  the 
names  of  Beccher,  of  Siahli  of  Boerhadve^  and  of  H^man» 
It  will  recal  to  our  remembrance  that  we  are  chiefly  in- 
debted to  Stahli  for  having  baniflied  from  the  fciencc  the 
reveries  of  alchymy,  and  the  follies  of  the  univerfal  reme- 
dy ;  and  in  the  works  of  the-  two  latter,  it  will  difcover 
that  if  fuch  men  have  not  derived  from  the  chemical  art 
other  refources  for  that  of  healing  difeafes,  and  preferving 
the  life  of  man,  it  was  becaufe  in  all  probability  an  immut- 
able law,  referves  the  mod  powerful  efforts  of  the  human 
mind  for  certain  eras ;   and  becaufe,  for  the  improrement 
of  individuals,  a&  well  as  for  the  developement  of  their 
phyfical  and  moral  powers,  there  are  ages  and  periods  in 
which  thofe  powers  nluft  remain  ftationary.     Theories  of 
fermentation,  ftill  imperfcfl:  indeed,  were  neverthelcfs  pro- 
pofed,  and  were  ready  to  receive  a  greater  degree  of  perfec- 
tion from  the  knowledge  of  the  gafeous  fluids.    The  theory 
of  affinity,  explained  by  Geoffroy^  threw  new  light  on  the 
changes  and  transformations  which  take  place  in  chemiftry, 
and  was  afterwards  to  iwrm&i' Scheele  and  Bergman  with 
powerful  inftruments  of  analyfis.     f^enel,  in  the  midft  of 
this  (laft)  century,  and  B/ack  after  hidi,  recognifed  the 

nature 


i 
HYGIENS)  BY  HAX,Lfi4  423 

aatuft  of  the  principle  which  charadierizes  the  acidulous 
fftitietal  watcfBi  and  paved  the  road  for  the  diCcoveries  of 
the  prefent  day.  Macbride  and  PrifigU  applied  the  fame 
principie,  .which  is  evolved  during  effi^rvefcence  and  fer- 
mentation, to  medical  ufe,  and  deteded  its  antifceptic  pro« 
perty.  Bedcori  analyfed  or  feparatcd  the  two  principles 
which  coimpoCs  the  farina  of  wheat  \  and  RouelU  difcover* 
«d,  in  altndft  all  vQgtt^bks^  that  glutinous  matter,  whofe 
ftriking  analogy  with  animal  fubftances  he  had  already, 
aiinwnceiii.  Car/A^i^r  excited  the  diftruft  of  chemifts 
withrefp^  to  the  nature  of  the  produ£ls  of  analyGs  hj 
fire,  fub(titttte4  in  its  place  an  analyfis  which  is  aceompliih* 
ed  with  %ieu^  accuracy,  by  means  of  water  and  alcohol, 
^tyi  applied  it  with  feme  f uccels  to  the  knowledge  of  medi« 
cisftl;  fubftances*  Thus  chemiilry  began  to  (how  itfelf 
capable  jOf.eftablifliingy  upqn  a  more  folid  foundation,  the 
hop^  of  fttpniibing  new  light  to  the  knowledge  of  man,  and 
had  already  afforded  the  mod  efficacious  afliftance  to  medir 
cttie. 

The  ftudy  of  anatomy  no  longer  confined  its  range  to  a 
barren  ctmtemplation  of  lifelefs  organs.  The  circulation 
difcovered  by  Harvey^  and  the  ceurfe  of  the  la£teal  veins 
obfenled  by  ^Jellius^  eftabliOied  in  the  midil.  of  this  inert 
mafs  a  principle  of  motion,  and  canals  of  reparation.  The 
ledures  of  Rudheci^  and  of  Bartholine^  brought  to  view  dif- 
ferent  parts  of  the  lymphatic  iyftem,  which,  at  a  much 
latter  period,  were  to  be  formed  into  a  curious  and  vaft 
whole,  by  the  refearches  of  Hen»fon^  of  Hunter^  of  Sheldon^ 
and  of  Mqfcafnt.  The  art  of  inje£ting  mbtltiplied  ad  infi* 
nitum  the  vifible  branches  of  the  vafcular  fyftem^  and 
Ruyjch  excited  a  doubt,  whether  any  other  fubftance  but 
veflels  entered  into  the  fl:ru£lure  of  the  body.  Leuwenhoeck^ 
caUsBg  the  power  .of  the  microfcope  to  the  affiftance  of  ana- 

D  d  4  tomy, 


424  HYGIENE,  fiy  HAL.LB. 

tomj,  difcovered  a  world,  where  it  had  been  believed  that 
the  organization  of  living  beings  terminated.  Afaipiigr, 
Duvemeyf  WinfioWf  Rrreifi,  Cowpfr^  Attinus^  Valfaha^ 
Mtnrgagnij  Sec*  explained  with  greater  precifion  the  ana* 
tomy  of  the  organs  of  Jenfe,  of  the  vifcera,  of  the  muf- 
ctthr  fyftcmi  and  die  di£ferent  organical  difocders,  which 
induce,  follow,  or  accompany  different  difeafes. .  Wiiiis 
and  Vieuffens  had,  before  their  time,  faccefsfully  begun  an 
expofitiott  of  the  nervous  fyftem,  and  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  brain;  our  acquaintance  with  which  organs,  has,  in 
the  prefent  age,  been  fo  greatly  extended  by  the  labours  of 
MecheU  of  Wdier^  of  Scarpa,  and  of  Vicq-d^azyr. 

To  thefe  efforts,  to  advance  the  fcience  of  the  anatomy 
of  the  human  body,  were  added  the  knowledge  borrowed 
from  comparative  anatomy.  Perrault^MolphigiiDeGfaaf, 
Grew,  and  Snoammerdam,  opened  a  career,  in  which,  not- 
witbilanding  the  excellent  works  of  Z)40iM<0ii' •cm  quadru- 
peds, and  Hunttf^^  refearches,  a  complete  performance  is 
ftill  a  defideratum.  Vicq-'tPaxyr  taught  us  to  conceive  the 
poffibility  and  the  advantages  of  fqch  a  performance ;  and 
we  now  obferve  the  execution  of  this  ufeful  prcjedl  advancr 
ing,  under  the  happieft  aufpioes,  by  the  anatomical  re* 
fearches  of  our  colleague  Cuvier,  already  multiplied  to  fo 
great  an  extent.  Thus  does  the  bond  of  connexion  be- 
tween anatomy,  phyfiology,  and  the  ftudy  of  organized 
bodies,  become  daily  (Ironger  and  clofer.  It  is  by  the  aid 
of  this  union  that  the  principal  fun&ions  of  the  body  ha?e 
been  examined  with  a  degree  of  fuccefs,  which,  perhaps, 
at  a  future  period,  will  a£brd  medicine,  and  the  do£lrine 
of  bygienCf  juft  caufe  of  felf-congratulation. 

The  phenomena  of  generatiofiy  and  thofe  of  the  Jeveltpe^ 
ment  cfthefatuSf  which  had  firft  been  inveftigated  in  birds 
and  quadrupeds  hy-Fairicitis  and  Harvey,  were  afterwards 

illuftrated 


t 

HYGIENE,  BY  HALLe;  425 

illuflrated  in  the  chick  by  Haller^  and  fince  by  Manduyi 
and  Vicq-d'azyr ;  whilft  the  celebrated  Hunter  traced  the 
progrefs  of  tho  foetus  in  man»  almoft  from  the  moment  of 
conception  to  its  complete  evolution.  Vail/ant^  at  the  be- 
ginning of  this  (laft)  century,  while  engaged  in  developing 
the  mechanifm  of  generation  in  plants,  removed  the  bound- 
ary wluch  appeared  to  feparate  the  vegetable  from  the  ani- 
mal kangdom,  and  thus  fixed  the  bafis  of  the  fexual  fyftem 
of  Lifmeus.  Perfpiration^  whofe  phenomena  had  been  fo 
admirably*  illuftrated  by  SanBorius  in  Italy,  was  brought  to 
the  teft  of  the  fame  experiments  by  Dodart  in  Paris,  by 
Ke'tl  in  England,  by  GorUr  in  Holland,  by  Robinfon  and 
Rye  in  Ireland,  by  Linings  in  Carolina :  and  Gorter,  efpe- 
cially,  beftowed  on  this  doftrine  a  new  degree  of  precifion; 
whilft  the  celebrated  Hales,  by  inftituting  a  comparifon 
with  refpeiQ:  to  this  fun£tion,  common  to  all  beings  who 
live  in  gir^  between  vegetables  and  animals,  multiplied  the 
relations  which  unite  the  two  organized  kingdoms.  Du 
gefiion,  for  a  long  period,  explained  upon  mechanical  prin- 
ciples, or  upon  different  hypothefis  of  fermentation,  at  that 
period  equally  remote  from  being  properly  underftood  with 
digeftion  itfelf,  was  ultimately  fubje£ied  to  accurate  experi- 
ments by  Reaumur^  whofe  trials  have  fince  been  repeated 
with  equal  fuccefs  ;  and  this  fun£tion  placed  in  a  new  point 
pf  view  by  the  jibbe  SpaUanzani. 

But  one  of  the  moft  illuftrious  epochs  in  phyfiology,  one 
of  thofe  which  have  had  the  moft  decided  influence  on  the 
fcience  of  medicine,  is  that  when  Holler,  penetrating  into 
the  fan£iuary  of  nature,  demanded  from  her  the  fecret 
concerning  the  fources  of  a£lion  and  of  fenfation,  and  un- 
folded, by  a  long  feries  of  ingenious  experiments,  his  the- 
ory of  irritability^  and  of  the  relations  between  the  nervous 
and  mufcular  fyftems.  Whence  happened  it,  that  the  phe- 
nomena, 


426  HYQIENEy  BY  HALLS, 

someuaf  whick  now  fo  generally  occupy  the  atCentioti  of 
phyfiologiftsy  did  not  then  prefcnt  themfelvcs  to  the  care« 
f ttl  eye  of  fuch  aa  obferver  ?  Be  this  as  it  may,  from  that 
momcfnti  all  the  theories  concerning  the  animal  fan£lioi» 
jiflttmed  a  new  dire£lion«  FinaUji  offificatvm  and  its  pro* 
gre&s  firft  obferved  by  Duhamel  and  Herijfani^  haive  ofiered 
to  phyfiologifts  a  very  interefting  fpe^acle;  whiift  the 
pra6lical  obfervations  of  Ihvid^  on  Jpontaneous  necr^fit^  and 
the  ingenious  eiperiments  of  TCroja^  on  artificial  lutr^fist 
snd  tbejr4prqdu£fii»n  ofhmeSf  have  developed  this  intercftidg 
department  of  the  myftery  of  nutrkioa»  and  placed  the  ob* 
ferver  in  the  footfteps  of  nature^  in  one  of  her  mod  curious 
operations.  Thus  has  obfervation  gradually  occupied  the 
province  of  c(Hije£lures ;  human  and  comparative  pbjfio* 
logy  oes^d  to  be  a  field,  opened  to  the  excurlions  of  ima* 
gination  alone;  and  theories»  experiencing  a  more  &Ud 
fupportj  foon  afiumed  the  fhape  which  they  (hould  always 
pofiefsi  and  appeared  to  be  the  refult  of  fads  compartd 
together,  and  of  inferences  Reduced  from  the  obfenratioo 
of  their  relations. 

In  the  midft  of  all  thefe  labours,  medicinej  leaning  upon 
the  traditions  of  paft  ages,  proceeded  with  a  timid  ftep  in 
the  path  of  experience.  Continually  occupied  in  compar* 
ing  the  phenomena  which  obfervation  affords  to  her  viewi 
with  what  the'  ancients  have  advanced  upon  the  fobrjed  \ 
and  difcovering  perhaps  too  much  anxiety  to  find  in  the 
works  of  the  ancients,  what  (be  ought  to  perceive  in  die 
refult  of  obfervation ;  contemplating  with  a  curious  and 
eager  eye,  and  taking  an  a&ive  part  in  the  xnvcft^tions 
ci  the  natural  and  experimental  fciences,  and  neverthelefs 
receiving  the  light  imparted  by  them  with  the  diftruft  and 
referve  natural  to  tbofe  who  have  been  long  deceived; 
(baking  off  the  yoke  of  prejudices  with  teludlance,  but 

once 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  427 

once  extricated  from  their  trammelsj  abandoning  them  for 
ever ;  not  having  the  command  of  the  time  whidi  nature 
has  reckdnecf,  and  which  ought  to  be  feized,  becaufe  it  it 
on  the  wing;  and  yet  refponfible  for  the  refolt  of  her  trials^ 
(he  advjinced  fiowljTi  and  refembled^  in  her  dilquietudee^  a 
fteward  whd  is  accountable  for  a  precious  depofit  intrufted 
to  his  care.  Powerful  inftromentSi  unknown  to  the  an- 
cients, mercury  and  cinchona j  ict*  have  notwithftanding 
placed  her  in  a  condition  to  contend  with  advantage  againft 
nature  herfelf,  in  the  cure  of  fome  defperate  difeafes.  She 
can  alio  affift  nature  in  her  falutary  tendencies,  by  the 
mod  efficacious  means,  among  which  muft  afluredly  be 
reckoned  ete^ricity :  and  her  movement,  bolder  and  more 
certain  in  the  treatment  of  external  maladies,  has  enabled 
her  to  make  great  additions  to  the  knowledge  and  fuccefs 
of  former  times.  But  if  we  confider  medicine  in  her  tout 
enfemhky  and  in  her  conneftion  with  the  philofophy  of  the 
art,  we  obferve  her  efforts  to  arrive  at  perfe£):ion,  charac- 
terized by  the  different  kinds  of  trials. 

\mo^  The  critical doBrine  of  the  ancients  in  acute  difeafes, 
built  upon  the  theory  of  concoBion^  and  of  obedience  to  the 
motions  of  nature,  received  a  greater  degree  of  precifion, 
by  more  extenfive  obfervation  concerning  crifes,  and  by  the 
more  minute,  if  not  more  philofophical,  ftudy  of  their  prog- 
noftic  fymptoms. 

^do^  The  progrefs  oi  praBical  obfervers^  gradually  liberals 
ed  from  the  power  of  prejudices,  and  fubjed:iDg  their  fyf- 
tem  to  the  teft  of  experience,  has  been  dir6£ked  by  Syden* 
ham^  Meadf  Freindy  Tortiy  Huxam^  de  Haen,  and  Stoll. 

^tioy  Modern  theories^  attempting  to  conne^  all  the  phe^ 
nomena  with  a  fmatl  number  of  principles,  all  incomplete 
when  confidered  as  a  whole,  but  almoft  ail  of  them  true 
in  fome  of  their  parts,  ufeful  if  they  are  regarded  asthc 

means 


428  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE. 

means  of  fimplifying  ftudy,  and  of  conneding  a  number 
of  fa£ts,  by  enabling  the  fludent  to  feize  upon  their  moil 
prominent  relations  \  hurtful  or  perniciousi  if  we  exdoiive- 
ly  view  them  as  a  faithful  reprefenration  of  nature,  aod 
as  the  law  of  the  art,  but  generally  difappearing  at  the 
patient's  bed* fide ;  exhibit  to  us  in  turn  the  fuccefs  of  the 
fchools  of  &tably  of  Boerhaave^  of  Hoffman^  of  QuUtn^  and, 
in  the  prefent  day,  of  Brown. 

Lafi^y^  ^he  methodical  fpirit^  and  that  important  art 
of  deicribii^  with  precifion,  and  of  claffifying  with  fao 
cefsy  of  throwing  individuals  into  groupes,  and  of  ar- 
ranging  fpecies  together  into  orders,  of  delineating  the 
great  outlines  of  their  general  charaders,  and  of  blending 
with  precifion  their  ihades  of  difference ;  a  valuabk  art, 
fprung  up  in  the  bofom  of  the  natural  fciences,  aod  tranf- 
mitted  through  them  to  medicine^  has  given  birdi  to  n0/^ 
hgioal  methods  /  among  which  muft  pre-eminently  be  dit 
tinguiihed  the  nofologies  of  Sauvagei^  of  f^ogelf  of  Culltn^ 
and  the  pyretology  of  Selle.  Nor  ought  we  at  the  fame  time 
to  forget,  that  the  illuftrious  Linnaus  occupied  himfelf  in 
this  field  of  labour,  to  which  phyficians  are  indebted,  f(» 
at  lead  a  degree  of  precifioi^i  till  this  period,  unknown  in 
medical  language. 

If  we  fubjoin  to  all  thefe  improvements,  that  degree  of 
perfeAion  to  which  the  moral  and  intellectual  knowledge 
of  man  fo  intimately  allied  to  the  ftudy  of  bis  pbjiicai 
faculties,  the  iipprovement  which  the  analyfis  of  hisfenl*' 
tions  and  ideas,  that  of  the  underftanding  and  of  the  pai- 
fions,  fo  accurately  delineated,  before  this  epoch,  by  Msi^ 
Uigne  2XxA  by  Bacon^  have  received  from  the  woibofir 
ccurtcs^  of  Mftlebr^ncbes  of  Nieol^  and  of  the  philofophenof 
Fort'Toyaif  of  Loch,  of  Leibnitz,  of  RouffeaUt  of  &/»^M 
and  o£  the  firltedkors  of  the  Encychpedie;  we  (hall  have  a 

ftctch 


.  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  429 

(ketch  of  all  the  elements  fubfervient  to  the  phyfical  know- 
ledge of  man,  to  the  art  of  preferving  his  health,  and  of 
advancing  the  perfeftion  of  his  nature,  which  the  fciences 
enlightened  by  the  fpiric  of  philofophy,  and,  above  all,  by 
the  experimental  philofophy,  have  f urniflied. 

«  * 

PROGRESS  OF  HYGIENE  IN  THE  COURSE  OF  THE  THIRD 

EPOCH. 

Ik  this  epoch,  hygiene  was  far  from  having  reaped  all 
the  advantages  which  it  might  have  derived  from  fo  many 
fources  of  aililtance.  I  fpeak  hera  of  hygi^m^  coactM«led 
and  reduced  into  theory  and  precepts  by  men  who  feri* 
oufly  applied  themfelves  to  the  talk.  Although  I  have  al« 
ready  given  a  favourable  reprefentation  of  many  writers, 
and  others  are  ftill  entitled  to  the  fame  juftice,  it  may,  in 
general,  be  obferved,  that  this  branch  occupied  a  very  in« 
confiderable  place  in  the  plans  of  iludy  and  of  infttudion. 
I  confider  it,  however,  as  the  bads  of  the  medical  know- 
ledge of  man,  and,  in  many  refpe£ts,  as  the  key  to  the  art 
of  healing.  This  indifference,  as  I  have  afferted  in  an« 
other  place,*  appears  to  me  to  originate  from  two  caufes : 
"  imo^  From  the  circumftance  that  men,  little  attentive  to 
whatever  affe£ts  them  when  in  the  fall  enjoyment  of  their 
healthy  are  injBnitely  more  impatient  to  obtain  deliverance 
from,  the  fufferings  which  annoy  them;  phyficians  on  this 
account  have  refdved,  in  preference,  to  devote  their 'atten- 
tion to  that  depaitmenc  of-  their  art;  froih  which  they  de- 
rive a  greater  proportion  6f  praife  dnd'bf  confidence,  and 
which  is  more  conducifl^e  to  their  perfonal  kitereft^  without 
confidering  that  fuccefs,  inthii  branch  of  the  profc«ffion, 

can 


■fum— ^1,1    ii  ,»      ,1      ■•«  ■  »      >■  ■     II  ^1  II     ■      I    «     ,«i        I  <ii»^— .aJh. 


*  Jbourcroy's  Journal,  entitled  MttUcint  iclairett  &c.  torn,  iv,  p.  326. 


430  HYGIENE,  BY  HALJL.C. 

can  acquire  true  foUdity^  only  from  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  circumftanoes,  connedled  with  a  itate  of  health. 
2do,  Another  caufe  dl  this  indifference  to  the  ftady  of  iy- 
giine  is,  tbt  modern  govemmenta,  much  Jefs  occupied  than 
the  ancient  governments  with  the  taik  of  endowing  men 
with  ftrong  and  vigorous  conftitutions,  have  much  more 
generally  depended  on  the  art  of  profiting  by  their  vices 
and  defe&s,  and  of  calculating  their  produce^  than  on  the 
art  of  improving  their  phyfical  and  moral  education :  from 
thefe  mercenary  viewa»  they  have  generally  been  indaced 
to  abandon  a  fyftem  which  conftituted  the  glory  and  die 
fuccefs  of  the  ancient  ftates^  and  which  gave  true  philo- 
fophers  great  influence  over  the  perfection  and  happinefs 
of  nations/' 

Down  to  the  end  of  the  feventeenth  centuryi  all  the 
works  which  treat  of  hygiene  are  limited — i^,  to  trealifes 
concerning  the  do£lrine  of  perfpiration,  which  was  a  very 
favourite  topic  of  inveftigation  with  men  poflefied  of  real 
ability:  2^,  to  commentaries  on  that  futile  produdioSi 
known  by  the  name  of  Scioia  Ssierrtitanat  and  which  Rem 
Moreau  adorned  with  illuftrations  worthy  of  another  text : 
3^,  to  compilations  more  or  lefs  ufeful  from  the  works  of 
the  ancients,  fuch>  for  indance,  is  \ht  work  of  Gonthier  of 
Roanno^  (intitled  Ei^ercitationes  hygM/ik^)^  in  which  we  find 
feme  pniTages  worthy  of  remark,  relative  to  the  pra£tices 
of  his  time ;  and  the  treatifc  of  ifomws,  intitled  De  re  ci^ 
baria*  Towards  the  middie  and  the  end  9f  that  century, 
and  about  the  ccmimencement  of  the  eighteenths  the  phy- 
fical  theoiy  of  atmofpheri):  air  began  to  be  applied,  to  ufe- 
ful purpof<^.  MayoWf  afterwards  f^  £pr  long  a^posiod  for- 
gotteuj  appjcars  to  have  conjjsQm^d.  it$  ti?ue.effi$£\$>  in  re- 
fpiration  and  combuftion.  Boyle^  and  afterwards  li^UeSy 
invcftigated  the  changes  which  deprtrmi.M^io£*Jk%.l«e(pir* 

ability 


HVOIENE,  BY  HALLE,  4Sl 

zmiitjf  without  being  able  to  afcertain  them.  Hales  and 
Suttpft  occupiecl  themfelves  in  improving  the  means  of  re- 
novating it.  Arbuthnot  published  bi$  treatifes  on  air  and 
alimenti  and  propofed  to  himfelfi  in  this  manner,  to  fub* 
jefk  to  a  new  examination,  all  the  branches  of  the  do^rine 
^hecdtb. 

Locke  wrote  upon  education,  and  upbraided  the  mothers . 
and  teachers  of  his  time,  for  the  care  they  took  to  deprive 
their  children  and  their  pupils  of  the  falutary  impreflion  of 
cold  air,  and  for  training  them  up  in  effeminacy,  and  in 
ftudied  delicacy ;  of  real  detriment  to  their  heahh,  inftead 
of  ftrengthening  and  rendering  them  hardy^   by  a  manly 
fyftem  of  education,  equally  advantageous  to  tliclr  body 
and  to  their  mind.  Ramazzini  devoted  himfelf  to  inquiries 
concerning  the  health  of  artifans,  and  the  difeafes  to  which 
they  are  obnoxious.     Winjlow  demonftrated  the  injurious 
eSeds  of  whalebone  days  on  the  conftitukion  of  females 
and  of  children.     But  neither  Locke  nor  Winjkw  contri- 
buted to  reform  the  manners  of  their  contemporaries.     It 
was  about  the  middle  of  this  (laft)  century,  that  Rouffeau 
finally  fubverted  all  the  ancient  opinions  on  thefe  fubjefis. 
His  leflbns  were  repeated  by  a  crowd  of  authors.  During 
the  fame  period,  multiplied  obfervations  concerning  the 
proper  regimen  in  inoculation,  and  the  treatment  of  fmall- 
poz,  demonftrated  that  the  influence  of  frefh  and  renovat- 
ed air,  far  from  being  prejudicial  in  thefe  eruptive  difeafes, 
was  often  of  advantage  in  them,  and  even  necefiary;  and 
that  the  regimen  fuited  to  inoculated  patients,  ihould  not 
be  exclufivcly  regarded  as  a  hot  regimen.     Thefe  fafts 
completely  changed  the  method  of  regimen,  both  with  re- 
fpeft  to  medicine  and  hygiene^  as  well  as  the  theory  of  the 
education  of  children  j  not  without  occafioning  them  to 
degenerate  into  many  exceiles  and  exaggerations. 

»  Laftly, 


432  HYGIENE^  BY  HALL]g. 

Laftly,  works  worthy  of  the  pablic  efteem,  and  of  ttvU 
OU8  conGderation^  have  attached  the  name  of  Ttjoi  to  fome 
branches  of  the  do  ferine  of  hygiine  /  in  which  he  has  sdm- 
ed  at  preferving  the  health  of  the  people,  of  young  perfons, 
and  of  fome  clafles  of  citizens  particularly  ezpofed  to  dif- 
eafes  which  refult  from  dtfierent  occupations  in  life.  But 
thefe  performances,  as  well  as  many  others  equally  refpcd- 
able,  have  not  by  any  means  introduced  thefe  changes  into 
lygiene,  that  might  be  expe£ied  from  the  ftate  of  the  phy- 
fical  fciences,  down  to  the  fourth  epoch. 

TRACES  OF  THIS  PROGRESS  IN  THE  PRINCIPAL  WORKS 
WHICH  HAVE  CONTRIBUTED  TO  IMPROVE  THE  DIFFER- 
ENT BRANCHES  OF  HYGIENE. 

To  give  a  more  accurate  and  ufeful  account  of  the  fu\>- 
je£l  of  which  we  treat,  we  proceed  to  give  as  ample  an 
explanation  as  is  poffible  in  a  rapid  (ketch  of  the  difierent 
branches  of  prefervative  medicine ;  and,  after  a  review  of 
the  works  moft  diftinguiflied  either  by  their  fuccefs  or  by 
their  merit,  to  conGder  what  advantages  have  accrued  to 
each  of  thefe  branches,  from  the  ftate  of  the  fciences  dur- 
ing the  epoch,  the  hiftory  of  which  we  have  detailed. 

GENERAL  TREATISES. 

If  wc  conGder  the  general  treatifes  written  on  hygihte 
during  this  epoch,  we  find  them  included  in  the  ancient 
divifion,  for  the  fir  ft  idea  of  which  we  are  indebted  to 
Galco.  This  divifion  embraces  the  whole.  Thefe  treatifes 
are  to  be  found  in  the  complete  fyftems  of  medicine  of 
Sinmrtm  and  of  Riverius^  &c.  and  in  the  colle£lion  of 

works 


tttCt£l7£,  BY  HALJL&4  4BS 

Wotks  in  ^hich  ytatckr  has  developed  the  ntedical  htllory 
of  his  mafter  Sidhl.  I  have  already  mentioned  the  ^ork 
inticled  Exercitationes  hygid/Hc^t  of  Cdhthier^  and  the  coin«* 
mentaties  of  Rene  Menau  on  the  Schold  Satfrnitam*  Geerp 
Cheyne  often  differed  from  all  hU  contemporaries  m  tefpeA 
to  the  opinions  and  pra£lices  adopted  in  his  treatifei  intitled 
De  ir^mtoruth  vaietudihe  tuinia.  In  that  t{ra&  he  preached 
up  the  do£^rine  of  an  almoft  exclufive  vegetable  diet.  It 
appears  to  have  been  his  intention  in  this  petfofmaace  to 
revive  the  tenets  of  Pythdgoras.  and  of  Porphyry  g  and»  Ukli 
the  ancients,  he  recommends  the  practice  of  dietetic  vomit- 
ings. In  other  refpeftsi  this  author  is  diftinguiflied  by  a 
great  {hare  of  genius  and  of  knowledge.  Finally,  one  of 
the  moft  refpefkful  and  (diitofophically  written  wprksf  al- 
though very  concife,  is  that  which  conftitutes  the  commen<- 
laries  of  Lirry  on  the  ftatics  of  SafiB&rius. 

PARTtCULAR  TftEATtSlS* 

P&OCRESS  O^  ffYGIENE  IN  THE  PHVSICAL  KNOWLEDGE 
OF  MAN,  Ot  HIS  RELATIOKS  TO  CLIMATE,  OF  THE  VA- 
RIETIES Of  mis  PHYSICAL  CONSTITUTION,  OR  OF  HtS 
TEMPERAMENTS. 

On&  of  the  principal  foundations  of  the  phyfical  ftudy 
of  man  is  the  influence  of  climates  on  his  conftitution. 
This  ftudy  is  founded  upon  the  aggregate  of  geological 
and  phyGcal  knowledge,  and,  ^above  all,  upon  the  theory 
of  the  atmospheres  upon  the  natural  fciences,  and  upon 
the  inveftigation  of  the  dif&rent  ahimal^^  vegetable,  and 
mineral  produ£tions,  both  in  their  coniie£lion  virith  the 
climate,  and  as  they  indicate  the  hature  of  the  foil,  and  of 
its  influence  on  the  creatures  by  whom  it  is  inhabited. 
Laftly,  it  is  aUb  founded  upon  the  mathematical  means  ot 
.  Vol.  IIL  Ee  determ 


434  HYGIENE^  BY  HALJLB. 

detenniniiig  the  fcale  of  populattODi  and  of  appfecia&ig 
the  caufes  which  make  its  proportions  to  vary,  according 
to  the  relation  of  tbefe  proportions,  with  the  circumftances 
that  ztkGt  its  lalubrity,  with  political  events,  with  epi- 
demics, &c.  Thus  all  the  phyfical  and  natural  Iciences, 
contribute  to  the  improvement  of  this  branch,  which  alfo 
reqiures  an  acqu^tance  with  travels,  the  muldplicitjr  of 
which,  during  this  epoch,  has  fumiihed  ample  fubje^l  for 
refle£lion  to  the  phyfician,  who  wifhes  to  afcertain  with 
feme  precifion  the  ftrength  of  thofe  bonds  that  connect 
the  conilittttion  of  man  with  the  country  which  he  bhabits. 
Zimmerman  and  Bergman  hzve  given  us  ftri&ures  on  phy- 
fical geography  in  general ;  and  the  former*  has  defcribed, 
in  a  very  ingenious  manner,  the  rdations  of  men  and  of 
animals  with  the  climates  and  regions  of  the  earth.  Prof- 
fer ji/pinui,f  about  the  end  of  the  fixteenth  and  begimung 
of  the  feventeenth  centuries,  wrote  his  obfervations  on  the 
Egyptians,  and  on  the  date  of  medicine  in  Egypt ;  and  his 
treatifes  contain  a  topography  of  that  country,  delineated 
by  the  hand  of  a  mafter.  Pj/on^  Marcgraff^  and  Bmtiui^X 
have  defcribed,  with  almoft  an  equal  degree  9f  ability,  the 
'  topography  of  Brazil,  and  of  fome  parts  of  South  America. 
Certain  treatifes,  and  fome  particular  memoirs,  delineate 
the  hiftory  6f  different  other  regions.  Biit  few,  works  pre- 
fent  a  more  accurate  table,  or  a  more  perfe&  model  of  this 
fpecies  of  writing  than  the  .memoir  upon  the  topography  of 

MarfeUks^ 


*  Spenwun  Z9^ogUige9grapbUm-    Zimmernum. 

"t*  Hifiorh  MMt,  JBgypt.  et  de  mttSeuia  JBgy^orum* 

%  GulUL  PifinU  th  Indim  utrwfq^e  re  naturale  et  meduiMa ;  to  nvhlch  is  an- 
nexed the  natural  hiftory  of  Chili,  bj  Marcgraff,  and  ths  treatife  dt  me^ 
<»«  iMrnov  of  Bbmittfk 


HVgIENE,  BV  HALtife.  idS 

ifarfesllesy  by  Dr.  Raymond^  inferted  in  the  fecond  volume 
of  the  memoirs  of  the  Society  of  Medicine.  This  fociety 
have  undertaken  to  draw  up  a  defcription  of  France,  con- 
fidered  under  the  view  of  the  medical  knowledge  of  cli- 
mates ;  and  a  great  number  of  materials  have  been  already 
colle£ied  for  the  execution  of  this  defign. 

The  knowledge  of  the  varieties  which  the  phyfical  con^ 
'ftitution  of  man  prefents,  and  of  the  temperaments  in 
which  it  refuItS)  is  one  of  the  moft  important  of  all  the  ful>- 
je£)s,  the  ftudy  of  which'contributes  to  the  full  illuftration  of 
the  dofkrine  of  health.  It  is  very  aftonifhing)  that  with  all 
the  affiftance  derived  from  tlxe  prefent  advanced  date  of 
anatomy,  our  progrefs  in  this  department  of  knowledge 
fliould  have  bjeen  fo  inconfiderable.  This  interefting  fub- 
je£):  of  inquiry  has  been  almoft  exclufively  intruded  to  the 
habit  of  obfervation.  Scarcely  has  any, one  attempted  to 
reduce  experience  to  theory.  We  repeat  what  the  ancients 
have  left  us  on  this  fubjeAi  without  giving  ourfelves  the 
trouble  of  appreciating  its  imports  Their  priitiitive  qualities 
reduced  to  the  four  principal  temperaments,  whofe  deno^ 
hiinations  are  derived  from  real  or  fuppofed  humours,  ftill 
conftitute  the  amount  of  what  the  great  Boerhaave  has 
prefented  to  the  public  on  this  fubjed,  in  his  Inftitutions 
of  Medicine.  This  do£trine,  which  has  now  become  obfo« 
lete,  and  which  no  perfon  has  lately  been  at  the  trouble  to 
revive,  has  yet  received  a  great  modification,  more  in  the 
minds  than  in  the  works  of  phyficians,  from  the  knowledge 
of  irritability,  and  fyftems  of  medicine  built  upon  that 
knowledge.  We  find,  in  the  preliminary  obfervations  to 
the  fecond  volume  of  Lorrfs  treatife  on  Aliment,*  a  ftate- 

>      £  e  2  ment 


mmm 


«  Page  X  to  89. 


436  .  HYOIBMEt  BY  KALJUJ^ 

meat  of  the  authors'  ideas  upon  the  j^jfical  (ources  of  tEe 
differences  among  men,  in  which-  he  fi^gefts  fome  Terf 
ingenious  eonliderations  i  but  as  thej  ave  oitfj  fubor^ate 
to  his  principal  yiewi  they  are  not  fo  developed,  or  fo  pce- 
eife,  as  a  treatife  on  temperaments  would  reqjaife. 

With  regard  to  works  eicpreftly  written  on  this  fubjefi, 
one  might  almpft  affirm,  that  the  beft  which  we  are  in 
poficllionof  atthisday,  isftiU  the  treatile  written  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  feventeenth  centurft  bj  Uminui  Itemmut, 
mtithd  De  oon^btd^mbw^  where  the  tbcoreticSil  dirifions 
of  temperaments,  although  founded  upon  the  ancienl  hj-^ 
pothefesy  are  brought  together  by  ^  method  fuffidestlf  re^- 
mote  from  obfenration  and  the  pfaftical  ftudy  of  man» 
The  pen  drops  from  the  hand  whik  we  contemplate  fnch 
an  expofition  of  fuch  a  fubje^l  I  The  re^^?e  rdarions 
of  all  the  fyftems  pf  the  parts  which  .enter  into  tfa^  com- 
po&tion  of  man,  of  ^  lymphatic  fyflem  to  the  iangui- 
ferous  fyftem,  of  the  nervous  fyftem  to  the  mufcular  fyf« 
tem^  of  the  cellular  fyftem  to  the  yafeular  fyftem,  of  fenfi- 
bility  to  ftrength,  the  mutual  relations  pf  the  vifcera  to  one 
another,  and  the  refpediive  propottions  of  the  difierent 
parts  of  the  general  fyftem^,  confidered  in  the  difierent 
regions  in  which  they  are  diftributed}  of  the  cerebral 
region  to  the  pulmonary  and  abdominal  regions  s  of  die 
trunk  to  the  extremities;  of  the  centres  to  the  fur&ces; 
all  thefe  relations,  fo  true,  fo  poQtive,  fo  important,  fo  fuf- 
eeptible  of.  being  ea^y  verified,  both  firom  the  fenfiUe 
differences  ^mpng  meur  and  by  the  phenomena  which  ac- 
eompany  the  fiiccefiive  periods  of  life :  Were  thefe  then 
confiderations  fo  frivolous,  fb  ufelefs,  or  (b  fupetficial,  as 
not  to  reward  the  labour  of  colle£ling  together  all  the 
fcattered  ideas  refpefting  them  into  a  con^lete  work  upon 

the 


Ae  fabjed  ?    But  tliis  is  not  the  place  to  extend  this  dif- 
cuflion. 


^PROGRESS  OF  HYGIENE  IN  THE  STUDY  OF  THOSE  THINGS 

WHICH  CONCERN  HEALTH. 

After  thefe  prelimmary  remarks^  heceflary  to  eftabliih 
the  knowledge  of  man,  and  of  men,  or  of  xhtfulyiQ  ofhy* 
gtene^  the  principal  obje£t  of  our  reflexions  is  the.  tnflu<n 
•ences  to  which  he  is  expofed.  Phyficians  hav«  always 
arranged  thisftudy  under  the  ancient  divifion,  known  by 
the  title  of  the^;v  non^naiurals.  I  have  alreiidy  afcertained 
the  import  of  this  ftrange  term ;  and  it  appears  to  me  that 
the  phrafe^  matter  of  hygi^ne^  might  with  propriety  be  fub- 
ftituted  in  its  place>  fince  thofe  things,. and  the  proportion 
in  which  their  ufe  is  limited,  are  in  reality  the  inftruments 
and  the  means  of  which  we  avail  oiirfelyes  for  the  purpofe 
of  obtaining  the  prefenration  of  health. 

The  knowledge  of  atmofpheric  air,  and  of  its  influence 
upon  man,  has  more  efpecially  received  great  accefiions 
from  the  progrefs  of  phyfics  throughout  the  whole  extent 
of  this  epoch.  The  thertnotnetery  although  its  fenfible  phe- 
nomena do  not  indicate  any  accurate  proportion  of  the 
quantities  of  caloric,  correfpondent  to  its  degrees ;  the  ba- 
rometer, pointing  out  the  changes  in  the  weight  of  the 
atmofpherical  column,  and  agreeing,  although  imperfe£tly, 
with  the  diflferent  conditions  of  the  water  diflblved  in  the 
air;  the  hygrometer,  fufceptible  without  doubt  (^  a  new 
degree  of  improvement ;  but  already  accordant  with  me* 
teors  intimately  conne£l'ed  with  health  j  the  proper  means 
of  afcertaining  the  ftate  of  atmofpherical  eleBricityy  to  which 
freih  ac^eflions  of  knowledge  wilt  undoubtedly  add  a  new 
degree  of  precifion,-  are,  important  inftruments  which  me- 

E  6  3  dical 


438  BVGIEN£,  BY  HAIXB* 

'  dical  meteorology  and  bygihe  have  advantageoafly  employ* 
cd.  The  experiments  of  Duhamel  and  of  TtUet^  tfaofe  of 
Fordyce^  oi  Banks  ^  and  of  Blagden,  on  the  degree  of  heat 
to  which  man  can  be  expofed  confident  with  fafety  \  the 
knowledge  acquired  by  thefe  experiments  of  the  property 
by  which  the  body  in  all  temperatures  maintains  its  peca- 

\^  liar  degree  of  heat^  have  overturned  the  prejudices  acqai- 

efced  in  on  the  authority  of  the  great  Boerhaave. 

Arbuthmfs  treatife  on  air,  notwithftanding,  ftill  remain- 
ed the  moft  complete  of  all  thofe  whicb^  in  courfe  of  this 
epoch)  had  been  particularly  appropriated  to  the  inveftiga- 
tion  of  hygiene  i  and  yet  elefkncitj  was  not  known  at  the 
time  in  which  Arbuthmt  wrote.  To  this  treatife  we  are 
therefore  obliged  to  fubjoin  thofe  of  the  natifral  philofcphers 
who  wrote  on  eleftricity^  hygrometry^  and  tnetcorok^. 
We  muft  add  to  thefe  the  p^rufal  of  the  writings  of  the 

V  phyficians  who  have  treated  of  epidemic  difeafes^  and  who 

have  attended  to  their  agreement  with  the  variations  of  die 
atmofphere:  fuch  are  Sydenham^  Huxham,  Lind,  Hillary^ 
and|  in  our  own  country,  a  great  number  of  excellent  ob- 
fervers ;  to  whom  may  now  be  added,  all  the  works'  upon 
epidemical  conftitutions  of  the  atmofphere,  brought  fcsr- 
ward  by  the  eftablifiimeht  of  the  medical  fociety,  or  col- 
le£ted  in  their  memoirs.  The  works  publiflied  on  the 
danger  of  burying  in  cities,  on  the  mepLitifm  of  privies; 
thofe  to  which  the  vaft  exhumations,  attempted,  propofd, 
or  executed^  at  different  times,  have  given  rife,  and  die 
moft  important  of  which  are  the  compofition  of  Vicq-d*Azyr 
and  of  Tbourets  ought  to  occupy  here  a  place  more  confpi* 
cuous,  in  proportion  as  they  exhibit  ftriklng' praAical 
proofs,  added  to  thofe  adduced  of  the  1  theory,  and  rel^ore 
to  their  due  degree  of  importance,  propofitions  fometimes 
eftabliflied  upon  a  b^is  whofe  folidity  was  not  fufficiendy 

appreciated* 


HYGIENE,  B7  HALLE.  439 

I 

appredated.    But  tfaefe  works  bear  the  impreffion  of  the 
fourth  epoch,  to  which  thejr  belong. 

To  the  reflexions  of  Locke^  to  the  obfervation  of  Win* 
slow  and  of  Bujon^s  to  the  impreffive  remonftrances  of 
Rouff^u^  upon  the  clothing  of  infants,  repeated  in  a  thou* 
fand  fhapes  by  phyfictans  and'by  authors,  'who  have  writ- 
ten on  education,  fcarcely  any  thing  can  be  added.    A 
treatife  ptt|)lifhed  on  drefs,  by  citizen  Alphmfo  le  Roy^  al-' 
though  it  contains  fome  ingenious  remarks,  is  aflliredly.far 
from  conveying  a  fufficieht  degree  of  information  in  the 
prefent  ftate  of  things.    And  even  long  before  the  era  in 
which  we  live,  a  great  many  hints,  applicable  to  this  fuh- 
je£t,  could  have  facilitated. its  developement*    In  truth> 
whether  we  cohfider  garments  as  having  an  influence  on 
mufcular  powers,  determining  either  their  dire^on,  or  the 
relations,  of  their  fi^ed  to  their  movable  attachments,  and 
thus  entering  into  a  combination  with  the  theory,  of  the 
gymnaftic  art ;  or  whether  we  regard  them  as  defending 
the  body  from  the  influence  of  the  atmofphere,  the  know** 
iedge .  acquired  concerning  ^ni^ial  mechanifm,  and  the 
views  already  fuggefted  by  FrankUn,  and  feveral  other 
natural  philofophers,  concerning  the  conducing  properties 
of  bodies  for  heat,  might  have  afibrded  room  for  a  ^  much 
greater  number  of  ufeful  refle£lions  upon  their  materials 
and  their  form.    In  the  prefent  day,  this  objefi .  might  be 
ftill  more  fatisfadiorily.accompliflied. 

If  we  except  the  defcriptions  v/hich  either  phyficians  or 
naturalifts  and  travellers  have  given  us  of  the  public  bathsy 
frequent  in  Rui&a,  in  Finland,  in  the  countries  inhabited 
by  the  Turks,  and  in  the  Ea(t  Indies,  the  moderns  have 
made  no  addition  to  the  knowledge .  left  us  by  the  ancients 
concerning  iatbs  /  and  almoft  all  bur  modern  writer^  have 
treated  of  them  more. in  their  relation  to  medicine  than  ia 

E  e  4  their 


440  HYGIEN^B,  BY  HALVSt. 

their  conneAioti  with  the  doBrine  of  iiokL  We  fisdj 
'however,  in  Lwry^s  ccnnmentariea  <m  SattSorius^  theeJe- 
ments  of  many  ufcf  al  confidenuions  on  this  Aibjed^  wmthy 
of  bemg  phiced  in  new  points  of  view  in  the  prefeot 
day,  CqfmeHor%  and  aU  ihi^  o/flkatknimaik  U  the  skin, 
whether  for  preferring  ^ckanlioefe,  or  fo^  b^htening  the 
l^lendonr  of  its  beauty,  ar^  in  the  very  fame  predicament. 
And  a  work  in  which  the  aiitbpf  embeUiflied  his  precepts 
with  all  the  gvaces  of  an  ingenious  fifiion,  under  the  name 
of  AidikiTy  cannot  now  be  regarded  as  anfwering  com- 
pktely  the  objeA  of  bygiim^ 

The  ftibjed  of  aliment  has  been  treated  more  folly  and 
more  fecceftfully  than  any  other  in  the  courfe  oi  this 
epoch.  In  this  reipeA,  however,  the  era  under  review 
muft  be  divided  into  two  periods.  The  firft  teraunates 
wiA  Afiuthna  3  and  the  work  of  that  phyfician  on  a&ment 
may  be  regarded  as  its  completion.  Dusing  Ais  period, 
certain  authors  publifhctd  vesy  voluminous  perfommnces, 
more  replete  with  true  erodinon  than  with  tme  phyfics. 
Such  are  the  treatifes  of  fi/and/i,  of  Nomatfs,  and  of  Jdd^ 
cbior  Sibimsy  on  aliments.  They  are  very  valuable,  fince 
they  biing  together  into  one  point  of  view,  the  labours  of 
the  ancients,  and  enable  us  thoroughly  to  comprdkad 
their  do£lrine  on  the  fubje£l  in  queftioo.  Others,  anumg 
whicb^  may  b^  reckoned  Arkujimffs  treatife,  dtfplayiog  z 
kfs  prolix  erudition,  ofkr  an  application,  too  frequendy 
ittufory  indeed,  of  the  chemical  knowledge  of  the  draes, 
iuid  more  efpecially  of  analyfis  by  fire;  but  we  find  in 
them  a  more  philoibphical  order,  and  pra£lical  obfervatioos, 
well  arranged,  and  which  indicate  a  correft  underftanding 
and  a  found  judgment. 

•In  the  fecond  period,  chemiftry,  unfolding  the  means  of 
« inore  fimpk  analyfis,  has  in  a  greater  degree  faeifitated  the 

examination 


V  i 

HYOUNE,   BY  HALLE.  441 

examination  of  animal  and  vegetable  fubftance8»  and  the 
comparifon  of  their  charafkeriftic  qualities^  The  analyfi^ 
of  the  faf  ina  of  wheat,  by  fimple  wa(hing  in  cold  water, 
performed  in  Italy  by  Biccari^  and  in  Germany  by  Keffd' 
Meyer  i  its  feparation  into  zjlarcby  matter  and  a  glutinoos 
fubfiance^  awakened  the  attention  of  all  chemifts  and  phy« 
ficians.  The  labours  of  Reuelle  added  to  thefe  firfl:  views 
of  the  fubjefl,  all  the  knowledge  that  could  be  acquired 
from  the  ufe  of  the  inftruments,  of  which,  at  that  period, 
he  had  it  in  his  power  to  avail  himfetf.  The  C^parate  con- 
fideration  of  the  glutinous  fubftancei  and  its  infolubility 
in  the  greateft  number  of  menftrua,  excited  many  doubts: 
with  regard  to  the  falubrity  of  the  farina  of  whey,  em-^ 
ployed  as  nourifhment  for  infants, ,  and  afforded  a  handle 
for  many  exaggerations,  which  I  have  endeavoured  ^o  e(li« 
mate  under  the  article  Aliment.  The  analyfis,  although 
ftill  imperfed  of  milk,  of  albi^men,  of  the  yolk  of  an  egg, 
and  of  the  blood,  have  already  thrown  great  iight  on  the 
effential  chara£iers  of  the  nutritious  matter.  More  pro* 
found  inveftigatioii  of  the  produ£^s  of  vinous  fermentation 
has  conduced  to  die  knowledge  of  fermented  liquors,  and 
enabled  us  to  form  more  accurate  ideas  of  the  effc€t« 
which  refult  from  their  ufe.  - 

All  the  moft  accunte  knowledge  which  at  that,  period 
could  be  obtained,  with  regard  to  the  peculiar  nature  of 
the  alimentary  fubftance,  to  the  varieties  of  alimenf  in 
which  it^.is  contained  \  with  refped);  to  the  nat^r^  of  mu<« 
cous  bodies^  whether  found  in  mucilages,  in  facch^rine 
fubilances,  in  fermentible  juices,  pr  in  gelatinous  fub- 
ftances,  both  animal  and  vegetable,  has  been  condenfed 
with  equal  fagacity  and  erudition,  by  the  celebrated  Lorry ^ 
in  his  treatife  on  aliments  i  which  I  confider  as  the  befl: 
fummary  of  all  the  information  acquired  on  this  fubjefl,  at 

the 


442  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE* 

the  end  of  this  epoch.  I  have  given  a  very  comptehenfive 
view  of  this  treatife  in  the  article  devoted  to  this  objefi. 
Cullifif  m  the  beginning  of  his  Materia  Medu(h  bsallb. 
given  excellent  obfervations  on  the  dtfierent  parts  of  tbe 
nutritious  matter. 

Laftlys  it  would  be  highly  unjuft  to  omit  quoting  here 
among  the  number  of  men  whgfe  wor)cs  have  chiefljr  coo" 
tributed  to  the  improvement  of  this  branch  of  the  art,  the 
xefpe£kable  name  of  Parmentier^  whofe  labours^  conftandj 
dire£led  to  public  utility,  have  difcovered  the  nature  of 
many  nutritive  fubftanceS}  particularly  of  farinaceous  fub- 
ftances,  and  vindicated  from  unmerited  contempt  the/o/o* 
ioe^  ong  of  the  mod  abundant  and  moft  ufeful  (pedes  of 
aliment.    This  worthy,  citizen  has  acquired  a  ilronger  title 
to  our  gratitude,  inafmuch  as  we  are  perhaps  at  this  day 
indebted  to  him  for  our  efcape  from  all  the  horrors  oi  a 
terrible  famine,  with  which  we  were  threatened  by  the 
wicked  machinations  of  men,  notwithfbanding  of  the  fer- 
tility of  our  foil,  and  of  the  multiplied  gifts  of  nature. 
.  Botany,  by  the  accuracy  of  its  defcriptions,  has  taoght 
us  to  diftinguilh  the  ufeful  aliment  and  agreeable  feafoQ- 
ing,  from  the  fatal  poifoxi,  in  a  clafs  of  aliment,  at  prefent 
in  too  great  requeft ;  and  the  obfervations  of  Paidit  and  of 
BuUiard  on  mulhrooms  and  poifonous  plants,  ought  not  to 
be  paiTed  over  in  this  place  without  praife  and  acknowledge 
ment.  Let  us  be  equally  attentive  to  beftow  a  (hare  of  the 
glory  due  to  thefe  learned  men,  upon  thofe  who  have  en- 
lightened the  citizens  with  refped  to  the  danger  by  which 
they  are  too  frequently  threatened,  and  at  whofe  inftiga- 
tion  laws  have  been  promulgated,  prohibiting  the  ufe  of 
veflels  and  uteniils  of  copper  and  lead  in  thofe  cafes  in 
which  thefe  metals  can  be  attacked  by  folid  food  and 
liquids,  and  can  convey  into  our  bodies  the  germs  of  de* 

ftruftion, 


^ 
> 


%  t 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE.  443 

ftrudtODi  in  the  deceitful  garb  of  falubrious  nouriflimetity 
and  lurking  under  the  charms  of  an  agreeable  liquor* 
Navier^s  effays  efpecially  merit  a  particular  attention  on  the 
part  oi  chemical  phyfician^>  by  multiplying  the  means  of 
deteAing  and  deftroying  this  perfidious  enemy. 

Gorietf  by  determining  with  ftill  greater  accuracy  than 
SanBerius  the  moment  of  moft  copious  peripiration  which 
follows  fleepi  by  proving^  that  till  the  very  moment  of  our 
wakening,  thi^,  like  the  other  evacuations,  is  almoft  entire- 
ly inipeded ;  that  it  is  in  the  moments  immediately  fub- 
fequent  to  our  awaking  from  fleep,  that  this,  as  well  as  all 
the  other  excretions,  burft  forth  with  greater  impetuoCty 
and  profu£on,  prepared  by  reft,  and  excited  by  all  the 
moving  powers,  which  at  this  period  refume  a  new  degree 
of  adivity ;  by  thus  aiEfting  us  in  incorporating  together 
the  theory  of  aliments,  of  evacuations,  of  fleep,  of  repofe, 
and  of  exercifes,  Garter  has  fumiihed  the  do£lrine  of 
hygiene  with  a  bafis,  upon  which  important  conGdenu 
tions,  fubfervient  to  the  prefervation  of  man,  can  reft  with 
greater  folidity. 

The  more  accurate  analyfis  of  the  bilci  made  by  modem 
chemifts;  the  different  fta,tes  of  the  phofphoric  acid  in 
urine,  afcertained  by  them  with  a  greater  degree  of  preci* 
fion  than  by  their  predeceflbrs ;  the  univerfality  of  this  acid 
recognifed  in  the  animal  economy,  in  the  bafe  of  bones, 
and  even  in  the  gaftric  juices,  have  placed  the  agents  and 
produAs  of  digeftion  in  a  new  point  of  .view,  have  author- 
ized us  to  take  for  granted  the  bond  of  connection  between 
the  different  conditions  of  the  fubftances  evacuated,  with 
the  order  and  derangement  of  this  funAion,  as  well  as 
with  the  ord^r  and  derangement  of  oi&fication,  and  have 
paved  the  way  to  new  and  important  views  of  thefe  pro- 
ceffes,  and  to  the  ufeful  labours  of  Berthokt^  of  Fauquelin^ 

and 


444  RVeiBNE,  BY  HAl^Lfir 

and  of  Fourcr^yf  on  gouty  difeafes^  en  ^he  ^flfereaees  he^ 
twecn  the  phyfiology  of  man,  and  of  the  lower  aftnub, 
and  on  the  chara&eriftic  features  of  thofe  changes  wUck 
take  place  m  the  fucceffive  periods  of  life. 

Of  the  knowledge  of  mufcttlar  motion  and  of  animd 
mechantfmi  tnveftigated  afrefli  by  certain  anatomifts,  fob* 
jeCtei  to  calculation  by  the  celebrated  B^relHi  in  Us  trea- 
tife  De  matu  ammaliumf  thefe  authors  could  not  form  m 
accurate  eftimate,  becaufe|  although  they  bare  gifcn  an 
eza&  meafurement  of  the  inftrument,  they  could  not  pot 
fibly  fubjedl  the  power  itfelf  to  pfecife  eakulation.  Never- 
thelefsi  if  they  have  not  been  aUe  to  difcover  tk-total 
amount  of  die  force  and  of  the  Tariable  adion  whicb  it 
exercifeSy  they  have  atlcaft  afcertained  with  predfiofltk 
diflerent  elements  of  ^i^hidi  it  confiffs;  and  die  ufefd 
views  which  they  have  propofedj  undefervedly  overlooked 
fince  their  time,  ought  not  to  be  entitely  loft  on  thdr  k- 
ceffors.  T)ie  ftudy  of  the  gymnaftic  art^  now  for  a  loo; 
period  abandoned ;  that  of  its  influence  upon  die  deve* 
lopement  of  the  corporeal  organs,  and  upon  the  art  of  pre- 
venting diftortion,  more  by  natural  than  by  artificial  means, 
which  ought  to  be  rcfcrvcd  for  the  cure  of  difeafcs,  dcfcrvtt 
at  length  to  receive  more  efficacious  afliftanee  from  aDunal 
phyiics,  too  much  negleded  on  the  frivolous  pretext  of 
their  infufficicncy.  Phyficians  have  too  frequently  repeat* 
edt  and  in  the  prefent  day  ftill  too  frequently  repeat,  tbtt 
the  calculation  of  phyfics,  and  the  produfts  of  chemiftryt 
are  always  too  remote  from  the  refults  of  nature.  The 
works  of  nature  is  a  probtem  compofed  of  what  is  known 
and  conftant,  taken  in  conjanflion  with  what  is  unknown 
and  fubjed  to  change.  Shall  they  always  thus  continue  to 
perfuade  us,  either  that  the  investigation  of  tfcis  problcffl 

muft  be  abandoned  j  or  that,  in  order  to  enable  us  to  efti- 
mate 


1 


AYGIEKB,  BY  HALJLB*  44tS 

Ibaee  ^hat  is  unkoowai  and  to  6x  the  ftudy  of  what  b 
variable)  we  ought  to  negled  the  conftant  and  calculable 
^meats  of  the  problem  in  queftion  i 

Laftly,  the  influence  which  the  moral  part  ot  man 
poflefles  over  his  phyfical  natnrc}  the  power  which  our 
fen&s,  our  paflion6»  and  the  inceUedual  part  of  our  confti* 
tiitioii,  exercile  over  the  fundions  which  preferve  our  ex« 
iftence,  whatever  gfiiftance  pbyficians  may  have  received 
from  philofephers  on  thefe  fubjedsy  have  been  explained 
by  the  fomier  in  a  very  vague  manner^  The  phenomena 
of  the  comparative  developement  of  our  phyfical^  moral, 
and  inteUe&aal  facuhiesA  of  their  derangement,  and  6(  the 
relations  between  them,  demonftrated  by  the  accideats  of 
health  and  difeaie$  have,  however^  placed  in  the  hands  of 
pbyficians  moft  multifarious  means  of  accompliihing  this 
delicate  analyfis.  They  ought  confequently  to  have  beea 
able,  with  greater  ability  than  other  inqutrets,  to  follow 
nature  in  the  interefting  details  of  this  kind  <rfobfervations$ 
and  they  ought  to  .have  put  themieives  in  a  condition  of 
furnishing  more  useful  lefibns,  and  more  aecurate  confider^ 
ations  to  phHofophers.  . 

PROGItBSS  OF  HYGIENE  IN  THE  THEORY  OF  REGIMEN. 

The  idea  of  the  improvement  of  regimen  neceflfarily  re« 
fults  from  the  improved  knowledge  of  man,  and  from  the 
knowledge  of  the  things  to  wfaofe  influence  he  is  espofed. 
The  former  is  the  eondufion  of  a  problem,  of  which  the 
latter  are  the  data.  We  have  prefented  to  th^  reader  a 
flcetch  of  the  hiftory  of  public  hjphu  z  with  regard  to  pri* 
vate  bygi^9  and  to  the  generad  details  of  regimen,  they  are 
particularly  to  be  found  in  general  treatifes,  and  in  thofe 
which  coilccm  aliments  r    -The  fecond  vciume  of  Lorrf^ 

work. 


work^  Arbutbmfs  performance  before  his  time;  and  at  i 
more  ancient  period,  Lommiu/s  excellent  commentary  oA 
the  firft  book  of  Ceifas,  in  titled  De  tuenda  vaietudim;  i^ 
unfortunate  Bennefs  inveftigations  concerning  the  regimen 
beft  adapted  to  the  preferration  of  fuch  as  are  tbreatencd 
with  pulmonary  afie£lionS|  colle£led  together  in  his  trea- 
tife  called  Theairum  taUdorum^  comprehend  the  beft  ob- 
fervations  which  can  be  compiled  on  the  theory  of  regi* 
.men,  whether  calculated  for  thofe  who  enjoy  a  permanent 
ftate  of  health,  or  for  thofe  whofe  exiftence  is  feeble  and 
precarious. 

I  ha?e  already  mentioned  what  regards  the  education 
and  regimen  of  infants,  and  the  revolution  wUch  on  this 
fubje£i,  has  taken  place  amongft  us,  eftabliflied  opoo  ob* 
fenrationS)  for  a  long  period  forgotten  by  the  tiflfi^ty  of 
mothers  and  of  teachers,  but  efientially  true  and  ufehl. 
The  confequences  deduced  ffom  thefe  obferrations,  how* 
ever,  fometimes  pufhed  too  far^  compel  u^  to  repeat  to 
thofe  men  whofe  judgment  is  overpowered  by  improper 
ideas ;  who  are  acquainted  with  a  few  principles  onlfi 
without  any  inclination  t6  perceive  their  ftades.of  dife- 
encc ;  who  contemplate  all  men  with  the  fame  eye,  allcir- 
cumftances  under  the  fame  point  of  view;  who  appKciate 
the  powers  of  nature  by  their  own  preconceived  opinionsn* 
ther  than  their  own  opinions  by  the  laws  of  nature;  compel 
ttS)  I  fay,  to  repeat  to  them,  that  every  thuig  beyond  the 
bofindaries  ol  truth  is  error^  that  every  general  inference 
deduced  from  one  fa£l,  or  from  many  fa&Si  andapplie<l 
to  every  cafe  without  diftin£bion, .  neceffarily  exceeds  thefe 
boundaries;  that  the  fuccefs  of  a  rafli  experiment  fioelT 
demonftrates  the  extent  of  nature's  refources,  bat  does  not 
authorize  them  to  expofe  themfelves  to  the  charge  of  hxf* 
ing  furpafled  her  limits.    In  (hort,  to  bring  to  their  ^' 


HYGIENE,   BY  HALL«.  447 

lediion  the  obfervation  of  the  excelleiit  Horace^  an  obferv- 
ation  fo  often  verified  among  all  mankind,  Dum  vitanffiulU 
vitiaf  in  contraria  currunU  One  of  the  works  which  has 
met  with  the  moft*  favourable  reception  amongft  us,  fince 
the  time  of  Rouffeau^  19  the  fmall  treatife  of  Jl/.  deFourcrvj^ 
counfellor  to  the  bailliwick  of  Clermont,  intitled  Children 
educated  according  to  the  order  of  nature.  It  is  now  in  the 
hand  of  every  mother;  and  although  it  had  only  this  merits 
it  would  be  worthy  of  great  attention.  The  precepts  which 
it  lays  down  are  juft  and  ufeful ;  but  their  import  efpecial- 
ly  reiquires  to  be  appreciated  with  difcemment,  and  to  be 
underftood  with  <he  reftridions,  which  circumftances,  the 
ftrength  or  the  weaknefs,  and  the  fufceptibility  of  indivi* 
duals,  render  indifpenfably  neceflary. 

As  to  what  remains,  on  this  fubje£t,  if  the  writings  of 
philofophers  little  converfant  in  medical  fcience,  have,  on 
this  account,  the  difadvantage  of  not  being  applicable  in 
every  cafe,  we  ought  to  find  this  error  re£):ified  ii¥  the 
works  of  phyficians  on  the  fame  fubjed.  The  knowledge 
of  the  difeafes  of  children,  /the  habit  of  perceiving  their 
approach,  of  preventing  and  of  treating  them,  gives  to 
their  precefits  a  greater  variety,  and  a  more  extenGve  ap- 
plication.  Without  mentioning  the  works  ezclufively  con- 
fined to  the  treatment  of  difeafes,  there  are  others  which 
treat  of  phyfieal  education  in  general;  and  of  thefe,  al- 
though the  epochs  at  which  they  were  publifiied  ftamp 
upon  them  different  impreflions  according  to  the  opinions 
prevalent  at  the  time,  there  have  at  different  periods  been 
diftinguiflied  in  our  own  country,  tbofe  of  Brouzet^  of  Rau* 
liny  of  DefefsartSy  and  of  little  treatife  of  citizen  Saucerotte, 
xemarkable^-fbr.  its  brevity,  Jts  fimplicity  and  pcrfpicuity. 
I  do  not  confider  it  tjiecefiaryi  upon  a  fubje£t  on  which  fo 

'  ■  ^      .  little 


I 

4M  HVOIEKE^  by  HALLb 

fittle  new  has  been  adYaiiced^  to  reootd  tbertml&eRNis  ihjriti 
of  foreigners* 

We  are  fat  ftom  bebg  in  pofleffien  of  Co  toasyirorb 
on  the  health  of  old  men,  as  on  that  of  chflArm.  IfaS) 
however  feeble 'and  tottering  at  the*  two  CMmkies  rf 
ttfe»  has  equal  need  of  fupport»  and  the  aged  Mdes  r^ 
qnire  confolation.  This  M^eSt  engaged  Galen'i  altentioD; 
and  there  exifts  a  treatife)  of  the  eommeaccment  of  the 
feventeenth  eentoiy»  mtitfed  ./A^iif£i.«6tfyvfOffl»0.  This  a* 
ample  has  not  had  many  imitatAa.  It  has  beenderml 
fixr  our  age>  to  liquidate  the  debt  iacurted  by  the  prt* 
ceding,  and  to  fill  up  with  advantage  this  bmdi  iff  ovr 
art. 

I  have  ranked  in  the  nund>er  of  the  works  wiuch  hx^ 
contributed  to  the  imfMKwement  of  bfgihie^  hmm^ 
treatifes  on  the  difeafes  of  artifts.  In  fad,  it  is  truly  in 
the  ftudy  of  thefe  difeafes^  that  the  phyfician  ought  to  fedt 
for  the  leflbns  of  experience^  as  to  what  is  condacive  to 
the  prefervation  of  fo  nnny  ufeful  nien»  to  whom  (ocietj 
•owes  its  enjoymrnts*  So  important  a  confideratioD  vobM 
it  be,  to  remove  them  from  thofe  influences,  oftcii  danpr* 
ous  and  fometimes  fatal,  by  which  they  are  furrottQ<le'l 
and  yet  a  hygiene  of  artifts  is  (till  a  defideratum  in  the  me* 
dical  art.  The  Society  of  Medicine  intended  to  attempt » 
work  of  this  kind,  which  ought  to  conftitute  ad  eiTentia] 
part  of  the  coUeAion  of  arts  and  tra6is  publiOied  by  ^ 
Academy  of  Sciences*  Citizen  Pajot  des  Charm  has  al- 
ready enriched  it  with  valuable  obfcrvations,  made  in  tic 
midft  of  workhoufes.  But  the  zeal  and  the  knowledge  rf 
this  rcfpeftable  obfervcr  were  unaccompanied  with  ttot 
acquaintance  with  medicine  which  was  rcquifitctoglve'"^ 
remarks  all  the  utility  aftd  all  the  extent  of  which  they  a^ 

fufceptible. 

Ilball 


J 


t  AmU  ^t^  ccp^t  bere  wlia^  b;a$  ^Jifcady  beep  advfua^ed 
t;0ii^rqu9g  pipy gcis^u  ^1|0  h^Vf  wxi^en  on  due  h^k  of 
the  ppQT)  pf  tbe  poq^^  o^  n^a  of  l^ttess,  of  max  of 
U^Qaioth  pf  <9)4ie^»  qf  f^^oq^  of  Europciin^  who  travel  to 
irppi^al  cjinuite^f  9xjA  of  tbp  io^^bit^Qts  <Qf  our  colomey. 
ABusf  the  mmes  of  Plm^m^  of  Poriius^  and  of  Ramazzim^ 
vrbu^b  ai4pc(?  tbe  feiepteeptji  cejRtuty ;  o»r  own  (Jaft)  ri^- 
gifteffSy  with  gF9^&l  ac^noji^dgmentSy  the  names  of 
Privgff^  of  ZM|tf»  of  HUhry^  of  Jdu^mclf  of  P$t/f9Mni^r 
De/pfrrmesr^  of  |)ie  illuftiiplis  Co^it,  of  the  venerable  7j^/t 
iind  of  Daxilie^  aljre^dy  q^ote4>  M<1  wOisthy  of  having  thek 
names  afato  i;e{ieat^» 


fO'^^RTH  £90C|f f 

DISTINGUISHED  BT  THE  DISCOVERT  OF  TQB  AERIFORM 
FLUIDS*  AND  BT  THE  RENOVATION  OF  THE  CHEHflCAL 

SCIENCES. 

Without  daring  to  flatter  myfelf,  that  I  have  unfolded 
to  an  extent  worthy  of  the  fubjedl,  the  hiftory  of  that 
epoch*  whofe  prindpal  features  have  now  been  traced*  I 
believe  that  I  have  given  a  pretty  exaf):  view  of  the  changes 
which  the  ^xx  of  prefenrio^  hegkh  has  experienced  during 
its  coAtiutt^tiQni  and  of  the  ^principal  points  to  which  its 
progxeis  qi^n  be  refeijed* 

In  the  .epoch  which  jemains  for  us  to  examine*  we 
ought  to  confine  ourfi^Iyes  lefs  to  the  works  already  pub^ 
liihcd  on  hygi^ne^  than  to  the  means  which  we  enjoy  of 
attempting  works  of  this  nature  with  greater  fuccefs.  We 
are  in  ppfleflion  of  new  and  powerful  fources  of  aflxftanee  $ 
we  can  confequently  pherifh  greater  expeAations. 

VoL-lIL  Ff  Not 


4Sd  HYOlEirE,  BT  HALliT* 

•  •  ■        •  ft  . 

Not  only  has  it  happened,-  that  certaiti  works  c»f  dift 

tini have  appeared  hot  a  fevir "years  ago-,  bat  itmhy,  ffom* 
the' 4»a tare  of*  tlieir  fubje£hi>'  aM  of  the  details  into  ^AiA' 
Aetr  authors  have  entered,  afe  efientiaUy  connefked  «ith 
thofe  whieh  ware  given  to  the  pubUcdadag  the  tMtt 
epoch;  do  not  differ  from  them  by  any  efiential  chara&er, 
and  h^ve^been  aflbciated  with' them  in' the  taUe  of  which 
we^etchecf  the  outline.  The  reports  mslde  to  miatfters 
by  the  Society  of  Medicine,  concerning  the  regimes  of 
failors ;  and  tb^  works  of  the  competitors  for  itspfizes^  on 
the  fub{e£l  of  tnilkarf  hy^hre^  which  will  be  paUibol 
without  any  unneceiiary  delay,  maybe  arranged  is  die 
fame  clafs ;  and  in  refpeA  to  general  treatifes,  the  work  of 
chi^en  ^oifttelh  has  lately  been  diftinguiflied  ^moMg  'onr- 
feltes;  and  in  Germany^  the^works  publiflied  at  }en%  by 
Dr.  Chri^opher  Hit  am  Hufeland:  I  fatisfy  myfeU  with  flU- 
Itiding  to  thefe  in  this  place,  in  order  to  confine  my  i^age 
at  prefent  to  the  examination  of  thofe  means  oi  improve- 
ment pointed  out  to  us  by  the  progrefs  which  the  phyfical 
and  ehemical  fdences  have  made  in  the  pbje&  applicable 
to  the  knowledge  of  man^  and  to  the  prefervadon  of 
health. 


AN  HISTORICAL  ABRIDGMEN'f  OF  TMfe  DISCOVERIES 
WHICH  CONCERN  MAN,  WHICH  CQNTRIBUTE  .TO  IH- 
PROYE  THE  KNOWLEDCfB  OF  HIS  PflTSICAL  CONSTITO* 
^lON,  AND  TO  ASSIST  US  IN  COMPREHENDING  TBC 
PHENOMENA  OF  HIS  ORGANIZATION. 

The  fourth  epoch,  which  now  occupies  oUr  attention,  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  the  difcoveries  of  gafeous  fluids,  and 
•f  the  compofitioa  of  water^  i^nd^  by  the  theory  of  pxygen ; 

•  bv 


HYCJIftKE,  BY  HALLE.  451 

hy  the  theory  of  calcnric,  and  hf  the  new  meins  of  ap|)re- 
'dalfng  attd  of  calealaritig  its  e}u^ntiKcif*by  the  imprbved 
"Ifireory  dif 'dearicity;  arid  by  the  accutaty  of  theiftftrtis. 
•Thetits  cbntrived  to  calculate  it^  fttertgthi  or  to  det^eft  i^ 
¥airfteft 'kppe^rahces ;  by  the  difcbvery  of  the  phenomena 
of  galvanifm ;  by  the  progrefs  of  comparative  anatdmy  r  ih 
fine, 'by  the  precifibtf  gi^n  to  the  hhguage  of  fcifeface, 
throtrgh  the  iiiftrunlcfntMity  of  the  new  fyftcta  of  nomeir- 
clatnre.  '•   '  '      •'•....... 

An  abler  Ipen  has  ttticfed,  in  the  DlBiona^  ofChemiftf^^ 
^helftftory  of  the  difcovery  of  claftic  fltiids  *,  of  which  the 
geniiis  of  Vanheirrtont  had  obtained  a  glihipfe  at  the  begin! 
niiig  t>f  the  fevcnteenth  century ;  'v/hofe  phenomena  in 
tonibtrflion  and  fefpira*tion  had  been  briefly  deKncated  by 
Mayow  in  1669— a  difcorery  Which  Bo^le  and  Hdles  had 
afterwards  improved  by  experiments,  whofe  refults  they  had 
not  antiiiipated ;  which  Black  and  Vehtt  have?  alfo  forefcen 
in  thtii'  works,  u[jon  the  principle  which  renders  Waters  acid-*^ 
vXo^y  and  which  yet  efcaped  the  perception  of  every  eye,  till 
Prieftky  glorionfly  opened  the  career,  the  palnos  of  which 
were  referved  for  Lavoi/iei'.  * 

Ffa  Th^ 

-         -• 

*  Tke  tiifcovery  of  oxygen  ga9,  that  great  fource  of  animal  life  and  o^ 
animal  heat,  of  which  the  very  ingenious  Dr.  Mayow,  as  appears  from  hi^ 
©flays  on  the  Nitro-aerial  and  Fiery  Spirit,  had  but  a  faint  and  conjeAural 
glidiple^  obfcured  by  much  (infatisfa€lory  reafoning  add  inadmiffible  hy- 
pothcfi8,JN»8  4xruitil7  firil  ckkibited-byDr.Prieftky,  aii^,abimt  the  fame 
.tiaie,  (unknown  however  to  each  other),  by  the  immortal  Mr.  Scheele  of 
Stockholm,  although  Hall^  aflerts  in  the  text  that  the  palm  of  this  difco^ 
very  is  due  to  Lavoifier.  Dr.  Prieftly  obtained  oxygen  gas,  or,  as  he  term, 
ed  it,  dephlogifticated  au",  ih  June  or  July  1774,  from  the  red  oxyd  of 
sxercury,  orifprecipitate  ^ei^y^ ;  and  from  minium,  or  the  rcdt>xydof  lead. 
This  fadk  he  publicly  mentioned,  at  Lavoificr's  table  at  Paris,  in  the 
prcfence  of  that  great  and  unfortunate  "philolbplicr  ahd  of  his  lady, 
who  had  no  pretibus  knowledge  of  this  interdftiD]^  fluiti,  and  expreflki 
ed  their  furprife  at  the  pheDomtna  related   by  Pri^ilhy,  in  tift  mbnt^ 


•M.» 

€ 
4 


4^2  k^QlZ^^^YJlAXJ^. 

The  jQipx^  of  ,9jtiiH>fyheric  .^  on  <mhlfi(fi^  i^i^jit^ 
combinations  ,with  Kor^  zifi  fifdrffftiB^  xbei  fpcinat(<|p  ^ 
ofjdV^  apd  the  phfifiooipa  of  (^  qn&foCtiw  9t>d  4ceooBr 
gofkion  of  W^»  itfc  oot  defti](ie4  £oir  tbe  fi:^  Wm^fif 
exciting  a.  bancn  admimticio ;  'vf  t))e&  jquqi  ^necogs^f^^ 

lecrct  of  bi$  own  e^uftence. 

»•.■"•  - 

.  The  comf^im  pffhfi  aim^h^:^,  and  the  prt>po|ttiaiu«p£ 
its  component  parts*  haire  at  laft  diiccifered  the  Qa|Wfi4i|F 
the  air  in  which  we  lift.  Bat  yet  the  tfrt  gf  eu^omfi% 
and  all  the  means.  ei9plo]i:ed  for  carq^ing  it  to  ^akS^n, 
have  only  proved  the  T^ieticaof  thei^ picoporiioasi  ao^k 
is  in  vain  that  we,  have  Utherto  expelled  fkom  endionctty 
fatisfa£tory  j)^ oofs  of  its  degree  ojf  ialubxity.  In  order  to 
obtain  certain  knowledge  on  tjus  poii)t^  we  xnuft  ha»^.,,r&- 
courfe  to  the  examination  of  its  effe^  .vqpon  die  a)9Jin9i^ 
wUch  refpire  it>  to  ^e  alterations  iqdUiced  by  thrnyi^^ffit 
which  contaminate  itj  and  to  the  phenqmeoja  of  a^ijfms, 
Vft  are  at  lead:  already  well  aware,,  ^at  of  all  the  pcniims 
which  infe£l  the  atmofpbece,  the  tcioft  virulent  knoiniy 
among  thofe  by  whofe  cau&s  we  are  commonly  farsQ^i^ 
ed,  are  the  combinations  which  form  carbonic  add^  <ar^f9fl» 
fited  hjgrogen^  and Julphurated  hjdrogtn. 

The  identity  of  the  produ&s  of  comhiftim  and  rt^rti6m% 
the  fimilar  changes  which  the  sdr  experiences  at  the  fame 
dme  in  the  lungs,  and  on  the  furface  of  the  9va^  the  new 
qualities  which  th^  blood  acqmres  in  paffiog  throvg^.tbe 
pulmonary  vefiels,  exhibit,  under  a  new  pointcf  view,  the 

rdadpns 


of  Q6kober  of  tiie  fame  year.  About  thfi  iaf^c  time,  he  ispeatfif  tbe  ex« 
pcriment9  which  had  formezly  procuird  him  his  49h]o|^iUcf^fd  airn  la 
the  prefetice  of  many  of  the  fcientlfic  chemifts'of  I'aris,  at  th;  cttehratei 

M.  1fx«dai&e^«(     TKAlltLATOK. 


HtMtM,  BIT  HALL]^«  4S$ 

i^flu^tfft  tf  man  tidth'  the  aSr  Wlflcli  he  lire^tliedy  atid  with 
thb  atmol^ere  in  ^l&ch  he  is  immetfed.  Trom  that  pe- 
tUA f  &ic  ^/Mgjtit  anid  dafticity  of  the  air  have  ceafeti  to 
aifl:  thit'moft  promineAt  part  in  the  thbofy  of  its  uies  m^ 
refpfraWon.  *  To**c  phyfiologSfs  eye,  thelife  of  irian,  aV 
wel]  as  that  of  the  lower  animafsj  has  become  the  refult  of 
the  ctfmbitiations  bf  a  fluid  deftined  to  efie£i:' a  contitiual 
renovation  of  the  futface  of  the  globe,  iri  all  thoft?  points 
WHkh  are  fttbmitted  to  its  afiion.  But  is'  this  vaft  fouti- 
tain  of  IHe  inezhattftible ;  and  in  the  itiidft  of  its  continual 
ioffi^sf^  and  of  its  perpetual  atterations,  how  can  it  recover^ 
Its  flrcngthj  or  recruit  its  ezhanfted  energy  ?' 

Hie  fine  experiments  of  IngenJ)oufz  oa  vegetables^  Teem 
to  unvdl  this  myftery  of  aatui^.  The  property  which  light 
appears  to  excite  into  aftion  in  vegetables,  of  pouring  a 
ftream  of  pune  air  into  the  bofom  of  the  a'tmofphere,  efpe-' 
cially  of  difcharging  it  in  the  greateft  abundance,  when  in 
contaft  vi^th  water,  and'  with  carbonic  acid,  announces  to 
us  tbfkt  being  vefted  with  a  (undion,  which  is  the  exa£fc 
counterpart  of  the  refpiration  of  animals  ;  and  points  out' 
to  us  animated  beings  mutually  furnifliing  therofelves  with 
the  materials  of  life,  and  nature  alternately  reftoring  to 
both  the  reqnifite  proportions  of  atmofphere,  always  chang- 
able,  antf  always  capable  of  being  repaired. 

In  iHt  midft  of  theft  combinations  and  transformations 
of  belies,  one*  fugitive  fubftance  appears  and  difappears, 
efcapes  the  notice  of  ourfenfbs,  declines  to  fubje£l  itfelf 
to  the  teft  of  the  balance,  incalculable  in  its  mafs,  undefin- 
able  in  its  nature.  Caloric ^  which  the  thermometer  points 
out  to  ns  withdttt  inftfu6ilng  us  in  its  proportions,  ul-* 
timately  fufiers  itfelf  to  be  arreftcd.  One  of  its  moft  con- 
ilant  efied:s  becomes  the  meafufe  of  its  quantity }  and-  a^ 
portion  of  thi3  fubftaiDce^  formerly  inappreciable  in  the 

F  f  3  centre 


centre  of.  the  caknrimeterii  no  longec(eY9to  the.OiUailjtflool' 
of  Lasaufier  and  oli. Laplace.     In  thf  procf;&  of  vs^taikuiA 
the  ajotmal  fufl^: a  great  prqpoctioinx)f .this,  fi^aace  la 
eXcape.     This,pjcxq>ottion|  goib pared  with  the  qnanti^of 
i;grboniq  acid^  formed,  with  that  of  t^e  oxygen  gai  of 
which  the  atmofphere  is  deprived^  ieems  ta  fnbftaathitg 
atfiQther.pr.odQ£k  of.  vefpiratipn  \  'and*  this  prodii&  corse- 
fpondfl  to .  the  w^ter  that  efeapes  inuhe  form  of  Taposr 
from  the  veficles  of  •  the  lungs.     Caloric  united  to.  arterial 
blood,  and  tranfmitted  with  it  to  the  di&rent  paits  oft&e 
body,  pardy,  at  leaft,  unfold  to  os.the  fcwet  of  ammal 
temperature^  and  of  the  means  employed  l;)y  natorc  iave- 
pairing  itsJofies.    . 

With  this  theory  is  conneAed  that  of  the  frmnfimffim^ 
cahfic  through  the  different  bodies  of  nature^  by  the  iitter- 
▼ention  of  their  condu£iing  properties.  A  gfieat  vamty 
of  phenomena,  till  lately  very  little  known,  ehicidated  by 
.Benjdtnin  ^hmnjm^  Count  Rumford,  difisover  to  ns  the 
manner  in  .which  this  principle  is  tranfmitted  dnoogh 
elaftic  flnids  and  Itqijdidsj  and.  the  art  of  prop^pting,  of 
confining,  of  prefervingy  and  of  diftributing  heat,  coniri* 
butes  to  improve  thofe  of  conftra&iag  our  hahitadoii%  of 
clothiflg  our  bodies,  and  of  preparmg  pur  aliments. 

New  inftruments  of  analffis^  funoffaed  hy  the  combia- 
^tions  of  that  a£liv«,  univerfal,  transfonaing  principle,  :ths 
hafe  of  oxygen  gas,  difoover  to  us,  inthcanidft  of 'gnmd 
analogies  ft r iking  differenees .  between  ^  the .  principal,  wge- 
taUe  and  animal  ft4hjiances»  Both.of.tkmn  ace  convened 
into  oxalic  acid.  But  the  azotic  jaf,^«rhich»tbe  lattgr<emits 
in  fuch  abundance,  proves  that  thevce(emblancs>.betsFeen 
tbem  is  not  in  every  infbmoe  entirdy  09aipi(tf(>;>,3Hko<z>m- 
4)c>fition  of  ammonia,  formed  of  the  f^me  chara£teriftrc  prin« 
ciple  of  animal  fubftances,  yim^Axoijdro^m'gttsi  revealed 
/ifi  the  hands  of  Bertbokt  a  fecre^  which  the  chemi(tS| 


£ar  fe  long  a^  pesiod,f  h^d  jdemandpd  of  :natoief  aiid  fiofxifo 

iong  a  .period  received  a;  fief  ufal.  Two  cbfies^  o£  .fu]aiBaxu:e» 

are  faond  diftin£lly  fonaed<^.  vegetables  .anil<Qnijaal%;a3fift 

the  tkeorj)  of  animaltzation  is.  iketcbed  ojituf  .     .      > .   -itt 

.  One  of  the'  moft  fiiigular.prQdtt£t&  of  anisial^ovg^Mdzaji^. 

tioixy  pi^hotwsf'  and. the  fj3$fpboric  acid,  in  which4lt  reiultsi 

akoadyi  wiell  known  in  the  bafia  of  bone^  and  in'  the  anfanftl 

iibf Of'  have  been  traced  in  the  aliments^  in  the  excxementidr 

tious  fluidsi  in  the, formation  of  thethairy  ofthe  Jiocasfand 

of  the  ikin  of  animals,  in  the  gaftric  juices,  in  the  noteitl^ 

tious  iiuids,  and  in  that  which  is  confeorated  to.  reprodus* 

tion.    Bertboletf  Foutcro^  and  ^^Mfw^ffi,  have,  •examined 

iheir  relations  and  differences,  in  gouty  difea&s,  in  the 

compariipn  of  people  of  different  ages^  in  that  i^A  men 

with. the  lower  animals;  and  if  we  are  ftilli uoaciluaintod 

with  the  method  of  its  formation,  we  at  leaft  ohtainLft 

glimpfe  of  its  conne£tion  with  the  phafes  of  life^:  and  with 

the  derangements  of  the  animal  economy,  in.moft.oftfaie 

difeafes  which  affliA  hunlanity.  i.      ,   m  -i. 

Lavoifigr  and  Seguin  have  alfo  endeavoured  to  infcorm 

themfdves  of  the  phenomena  oi perfpiration^  and  to  fubje£t 

it  to  experiments,  whofe  apcuracy  leav^  nothing  to  defiare 

upon  this  fubje£b*     Others  are  .doubtlefs. invited  to  finidi 

the  labours  which  they  left  incomplete;  as  for  us,  kt  us 

refrab  in. this  place  from fuperadding. to. immortal. regrets^ 

ihamefol.and  deplorable  recollections. 

While  modem  chemiftry  has  acquired  ib  many  elaiina 

upon  oor  acknowkdgments,  Goukmb  has  fubje&ed  ele£kri« 

jcity  to  calculation  \  he  has  meafuned  its  xxnnutefl;' pvo^wc- 

tions,  and.detennined  the  progredions,  ^whicb^jitfoibiiis 

tpthe  different  .points  of  the  fnrfacesof  hooltes«.M  Inrfioe, 

.'     >  -        .F  f  4    .     .      *i  V.)   <  i  i^hifi 

^ .  "      '  '     '■ lii     '  .'     Ji  :;.uij';j    1.    "jf.lT 

•         the  article  Ahmxnt,  ch.  i,  fe^.  3.    ^  ,,■   .  , 


in  iMMMMf  iimi  cwoiwy  pcnuitt  tnBU^  w  ^n^imoif  «mic 
'^Mtforeii^  and  AeMtanoeapptecBMsaft  the  dsgiftt.W 
•it*  a6Hon.  nte  ac«MMlitoi  andnDdfaiw  k-m kfait««« 
im^i  tkf  dtudfkr  9f  deBrickff  iorealsd^  «nd  imptaMd 'fay 
JbiiMr,  JDiir«i*iy  JffiUfl^ftN^  ttid  Rudt  ftscnm^  c«Bcft  te 
'iiiMtfft  tMOCBtf  ftttttcfcdl  dmuffli  die  ntmifahiKr,  atuiMtti 
4fa  flAMtain  die  akeredbnt  whitib  it  MfauMttuMafiea^ 
liencBSf  fiont  tkie  iel|iiraiien  of  aiBmalta 

Ab  wMQipcAed  prodigy  u  jirepavingyanA  ttflMMm^ 
^«Uek'  iHUIr  amid  i»  many  e^Mrinfento  aad  nbtaikm 
fcad  iM-pcioeiired,  corner  as  k  were,  ifoaiaM^^ 
it&tf  tD  SakrnnPs  attention.    That  combined  AMpWitM  ^ 
vecfee  andvf  mufiBles^'witliirhick  nature  gememtMmetoMs 
lbs  whx^  idwibiillemi  of  moti4n»ifirigtedfotti'lbe'yMiMg 
Iti^pdd^  madi¥e»  and»  in  i^peaattiGe,compleidf  depftftd  «f 
Wk^    it  fmesEpcAediy  re^ea,  at  the  iidbiai  of  ioppfe 
coataft^  eflBUiCbed  or  fareken  beewa^e*  th^  fAHfei  ef  die 
cisde  of  condudiors  upon  "vlueh  k  tefts.    O*^  tbe-^iie 
kand,  the  rapidity  of  «oaimiiiricatioa»  and  the  ^mtsmf^of 
the  eonda&tf8|  feen^.to  eftaldtfli  1ictt«reen  tfaefe.|db^Qo* 
mena^  and  thofe  eC  deftrieiitfi  ftrodg*  ansdogies^  wlack 
other  obfmations  appeaMo  deftiof*    Oo  dio  <fth^  faao^ 
the  fteadinefs  of  rthe  pfacitomwH<a»  i^deyefijient  of  the  U^ 
ttre  of  the  necveB^  iiidepeiadeiift.of  the  conipiete  iSsTecadoii 
ef  vtfaeir  trunks  andepeadent  of  die.  didhna^  either  of  die 
jnatBior  of  the.  mdividitidlftom* which  they  are  taken^  pra- 
ted diat  the  parts  fepanrted  heddfBr96t)dgitoai,  or  cenip 
miinaatg  hff  oocanaof  profi^r  intermediat  ieems  to  {oAH 
o^raffimiladQg  itB  cawTe  lo  diatiMfhjlch-.ia  the  Imng  body 
fiippoTts  the  iO^tural  iaflaence  of  i^  nsrvpaa  or  the  aonf- 
oiiar  £fAeiii3«    »WhajC  wiU  be  the  confeqa^nces  of  the  dif- 
covery  of  a  prppeity  fo  very  ftorprigng  I  ij|p%,w^  p;faia 
irom  giving  a  decifion  on  this  point.. 


wmaxm^  by  aAiJ».  .447 

KnaUyy  thettBilMliii's  eye  fui^oya  ia  fueoiffitiO:.^Uitiie 
lb#er  ttiiMky  Md  ^Mfpekce^  th«ir  ftiiiAiirM  m^^hiiK^ 
tfiai^he  lui6  Aavvn^a  imiiAd'  bftwotn  att  tte  ^fftemft 
«Udi€«mpofeited{y^iimei»fiGM«ft^  IFtoOimM 

tDinfeAs^  Qm«0^  imeiigatttt  jiHd  4M)tap«»^l^ 
of  die  Tifoera  ;  and  the  difpofitions  of  >die  aamaus  ,^d  die 
mofeular  iyftdtts.  He  (hews  in  whait  orderft  of  sniittals;ltbie 
ckyk  dtttthtea  fay  Ae  iidiaence  of  a  contMSHlelieaM  atld 
of  arterial  veflels,  and  is  carried  frtitn  de  eentre  to  thoes- 
cremhiea  and  (iir&cea,  to  be  afte^nrayds  ttcondnffaed  to- 
wank  llie  centre :  hi  what  other  ordet^  the  fame  tvH^  on* 
ly  efl^fed  into  tlie  intervals  between  the  Tifeera»  fi>akB  thofe 
pans  ^iiAoch  it  appears  to  nourifli^  only  by  watering  Aem. 
He  unfolds  in  each  of  them  tfie  ftru&ure  rf  thofe  organs 
by  wfitch  the  atitiofphere  or  cSrcnmambient.  fluid  is-  fUb- 
mittcd  to*  the  mechanifin  of  a  true  re^icarion,  whellicg  the 
inBi  be^  that  this  atmofphere,  whatever  be  its  natttre^  recdv- 
ed  ihto  hitigs  properly  formed^  diere  finds  a  nutHtidbs  fluid 
tarried  thither  by  pulmonary  treflels;  whether  the  fans 
atmo(|>taTe,  cohwyed  by  appropriate  vefibls,  appears  to  gb 
in  qiiefl:  of  the  liuttitiou^'  flifid  as  far  t»  the  heart ;  whether 
being  diflemlhated^throbghottt  the  tx>dy  by  means  of  hs  re- 
fplratoify  pores,  it  everywhere  comes  into  eontaA  with  the 
juice  poured  out  iH  the  w4iole  esmnt  of  the  animal's  body. 
Cwier  points  out  to  tfs  the  ttniverfality  of  this  funfiion  of 
refpiration,  fiij^aridr  dven  td  that  i»f  the  circulation,  and  at 
ways  maintaining  a  cohftdht  affitiity  with  the  reftorinj^ 
fluid,  and  ctf Afe(|uedtiy  widl  Itutriiion.    Thus  do  we  ob- 
ferrci,  that  fhe  fi^ft  eiid  i}f  the  tfrganlaatkMi  of  animated 
beings,  thefup^tt-c^lifcf  however  complicated  or^fimple 
may  be  its  hfecK2Uli<ia¥;  is  aliA^ys  f efolved  into  otferptoblem 
alone,  that  of  eiUblUMng  it  pirpetttat  relation  bet^^eadie 
circitmambient  fluid  and  the ilbiieiiraty  juicel^     i.  r-^     v 


MS  HYOIElTEy  BY  KAI^ll^ 

:r   .  '   ,  .  .       ■     r  •.•  • 

:     TBM'  PHTOCAl*  l^NOWLFQGE,  OF  MAN.  4W  OF  £rm0£ 

c      DU&UiG  THIt  COURSE  OV  THi^  FOU«.TH  BfiOCH. 

:  .  •:  •  .  .       .  ^ 

.  go  nunjr  fuccefsfal  U\>.Qup  appear  to  ^nlaige  the  bori- 
zon  of  nature  to  our  fight ;  and  it  is  only  by  a  retrpfpedivc 
yj^w  of  pad  age9>  and  by  refled^ing  on  h'ow  many  illulions 
t^nthttfiafm  has  frequently  introduced  into  oitr  theories;  that 
we  are  Xaught  to  paufe  and  to  fay^.  o/je  plaufible  error  done 
auf^  during  many  ageSf  exclude  us  from  tJx  path  tl^at  coniuBi 
io^  truth.  But  if  we  ought  to  fpeculate  with  caution,  we 
pught  not  at  leaft  to  relinquifli  hope,  while  we  indulge  in 
the  contemplation  of  the  confequences  announced  to  us  bj 
tbefe  premifes. 

One  foUtary  truth,  clearly  demonftrated,  can  fonn  a 
bond  of  conDe£lion  between  all  the  branches  of  hjfetie, 

*  ^  ^  ft 

Let  the  changes  which  the  air.  experiences,  and  which  it 
operates  in  our  organs^  and  in  our  fluids,  be  equally  well 
e^lained  throughout  the  animal  economy,  as  in  thefoi- 
xnonary  f un£bions :  let  us  attajn  to  an  equal  degree  of  cer- 
tainty refpeding  the  effeds  of  the  atmofpherical.flui(l>  Id 
all  the  parts  in  which  it  enters  into  feme  combination  with 
t}ie  nutritious  matter:  in  the  ftomach  and  intedines,  vitli 
the  alimentary  mafs,  or  with  the  aliment  V^hich  tfiip^^ 
to  afford  nourijhment^  and  is  about  to  be.  ,CQ|??(S'^^'^  '^^^ 
chyle  J  in  the  lungs,  with  the  aliment  wbicii  is  redi  u 
,j^art  imth  its  nutritious  matter^  md  which  jrefents  itfelf  to 
its  aftion  in  the  chyle  completely  formed,  and  in  the  Wood 
jrnmediatcly  after  its  reccpQon  j  .at  tbjs  fijrface  of  the  fcn 
with  the  alin;ient  which  is  about  to  be  veM  with  nutriitoia 

Jjroperties,  and  whicl^,^  under  the  form,  gf  lypR^^i  g.diftuicfl 

ft 

•  i 


mnarmBj  by  kajlls*  4SB§ 

in  the  lymplnlic  fyftem,  and  in  the  fubcutaneous  cellular 
webs,  MvJth  the  fame  lymph  united'with  the  fat,  and  chatig* 
ed  Into  milk  in  the  mammury  organs,'  where^lt  dbeysfo 
<<quidi:ly  ^d'fo'  obvionfly  the  infloence  of  atmpfphertcal 
contaA,  in  what  females  diftingai&iby^he  name  ^  tBe 
cfant^rfthe  mUk;  and  we  (hall  have  a  more  complete  and 
a  lefs  conjeflural  theory  of  the  relations  of  the  a£lion*  <^ 
the  air  with  nutrition. 

.  .To  this,  let  us  fubjoin  a  more  perfe£):  knowledjge  of  the 
relations  which  unite  the  excretory  fan£lions,  and  their 
produ£bs,  with^the  different  changes  which  the  food  under-^ 
goes  in  the  body.  Let  us  fuffer  ourfelves  to  be  perfuaded 
that  the  carbonic  acid,  and  the  aqueous  vapour,  formed  in 
the  lungs ;  that  the  fame  produ£t;s  formed  in  the  perfpir- 
atory  organs ;  that  the  water,  which  is  freqiiehtly  precipi- 
tated with  fuch  rapidity,  efpecially  in  the  firft  moments  of 
digeftion,  towards  the  urinary  canals;  that  the  different 
gafeous  fluids  evolved  in  the  inteftinal  paffages ;  in  fiiort, 
that  the  bile  which  filters  through  the  Miliary  pores,  fituat* 
ed  near  the  vafcular  fyftem  of  the  vena  portse,  are  only 
different  refults  of  the  fame  means  which  nature  employs 
in  different  parts  of  the  body,  and  of  the  circulation  to  de- 
prive the  blood  and  the  alimentary  juice  of  a  part  of  their 
carbon  and  hydrogen.  We  (hall  then  have  a  pofitive  proof, 
as  well  as  an  explanation,  of  that  important  obfervation,  fo 
much  extolled  by  medical  phyfiplogifts,  that  all  the  evacu- 
ationS)  whether  in  their  natural  order,  or  in  a  ftate  of  dif- 
ea(e,  are  partly  deftiiied  mutually  to  fupply  each  other^  and 
ought  to  be  regarded  as  fubordinate  parts  of  ons  individual 
univerfal  operation.  ' 

In  refpe£l;  to  that  other  produ£l«  e^ally  important,* 
which  is  evolved  in. the  midft  of  all  thefe  proceffes,  caloric^ 
yi^  {>y  iXKaa3  of  experin^nt,  we  (ball  onie  day  fatisfy  ouf^ 

felvcs 


4ift  WXUBMIU  By  Hf^rMilh 

iSrimia  .-thtt  it  ia  iwt  only  diieii(ag6d  iiidK;friaoiiaif€f» 
gf^M^k  ia  tbe  vpfoponUoM  wkieh  arfwcf  tolhe^caMbittiiw 
a£^«4vdit  ovygctt  gas  fiunifiieB  tke  hafisf  tmtllttkjtiiBilb 
iofaifd'by  analogMM  meti»  at  die  ffMtfaee  tf  thslBn} 
Aai-il  is  pcrhapsi  aUb  estricaled.  m  other  pmpoitMii^  bf 
tlpa  tsaMformatiaQS  foiled  iftAe  biliary,  mtefthal}  »i 
unsary  paffiges^  fuperadding  to:  thta.die  knoMPiedgtiofibi 
CQoftant  and  eren  tectprocal  lelatjoiis  bctwcen.tte  intaifiqf 
of  animal  heat  ai|d  the  degree  of  fiifcepdfaility  in  the  mt^ 
om.  and  m^idar  carganss  we  fltatl,  in  the  firftplace,  ob* 
tain  a  ftill  more  compveheofif e  idea  ef  dbe  ittooa  tf 
nature  to  generate  animal  temperature;  «e  flidi  better 
perceire  ih^  advantages  of  a  cold  and  denfe  air  over  tht 
which  i^  warm  and  ratified,  toproaroeeihofecomkiBBdaiiri 
of  which  tbi&heat  is  a  produft^  and  we  ftall  bcfofefM 
of  a  theory  of  the  ajUon  of  firee  and  venovatol  sv  tipoo 
the  cntaneous  orgaqa  in  children,  in  nurfas,  eod  in  fteoi 
who  take  exercife  in  open  air,  end  in  empdvc  complamis* 
We  Ihali  alfi)  be  able  to  account  for  die  diffirreoceiiduch 
are  perceptible  in  the  flsini  and  in  the  whole  cattuKOA 
lymphatic  fyftemj  between  men  bnnight  np  in  die  ohfctf- 
ity  of  dties,  and  in  low  moift  fituadons,  and  dioft  vb 
are  enveloped  in  the  circulating  air  ef .plains,  and  iriu  Bve 
in  dry  and  dcfated  fitnations*  We  (hall  Ou/tsik  be  aUe 
ta  explain  the  varietica  of  animal  -heat  daMg  digeAioai 
and  in  the  difietent  periods  which  ibace  m  Ac  ynmii 
that  proceft.  Finally* .  we  ftttU  ftiil  fardatr/bsffe  it  in  out 
l^wer  to  (ketch  the  ibeoryvofi febrile} heM^  or  ef^eold,  in 
pnie^onary ,.  inteftinal,  and  biHom^  maMJM 

If  to  thefe  refults  we  fubjoin  the  tbeofjhiif^dweBikivA- 
ing  powers  rf  calpricrConfiderM  ip  tn^Qbt»iiht  tffoo* 
fafaftaaces  with  which  we  ,are.  im94ni^if:t»^^'^^ 
wUt^h  art.«flp%d,tB  <Hl^  JMi^i  or  wtteir  fittft W»»«*^- 


mmaifty^r  UA^h-k  ill' 

nmtMi  tSa^'Acmy  of  the  produahm  wi  mli  li)r%r^i^ 

evtta  «xtenu%  sf{)plied,  poffdKs  #f  ^^ck^ng  smd  velii^'' 
iDgy^Mdcdd  of  %kiii«lfig  and  impedhfg'lhe  fiifi€):i&fi§  <$f 
the  nCiVMS  mnd  Urmfetfiftr  lyfteaVB :  -tf  we  fttfo  dl^tettnbli^ 
in  11V hat  degree  tbefe  phetiODnetia  f^fk^iny  either  iti  gevteHll' 
or  in  the  |Mtftie«l«r  «afe»  •iif  indhldmfos  )f  k  bt  ernipi^mii' 
for  lie  to  afdertsrtn  a%  w4iCH:  pefnt  eit«m«I  cdld,  aecardMg^ 
to  age,  temperafiRentei  and  circumftances,  promotes -^^ft' 
combinatiena  whkh  gentfratis  airimal  he^tvat  wkftt  Mj^^' 
0ii  the  oof^rary^'  ought  the  point  fe  be  pheedi  at  Ti(1ik%^ 
this  oatoral  heat  is  fe  f ar  furpaffbd  fey  the  ealternal  c^sKI'/' 
that  it^eftilts  in  tite  diminotfon  or  extinftion  of  the  mov- 
ing! powers:   we  <Aiall  then   be  pofleffed  of  a  complete 
theory  of  the  utSity^iid  dailgefs  ef  coM  or  of  heat,  rdai 
tive  to  the  efie^  of  the  air,  batte,  and  drefs ;  and  wefh^H 
a][fo  obtain  dK  folallon  of  fo  many  queftions,  fe  often  d!f« 
cufled  and  fo  erroneoufly  decided,  i^htive  ti}  edocatibn,  to 
the  ireatment  of  cutaneous  dife'afes,  to  the  tegimeh  of 
niirfes,  of  children,  of  adults,  and  of  old  men*  ' 

It  is  not  neceffary  for  me  to  etitei^  fsirther  on  thefe 
ob}e&s,  or  to  fubfom  other  examples,  in  order  tolhew 
how  fertile  in  eonfequehees,  one  felttary  faft,  (uHy  per^^ 
ceiired,  may  boeome ;  how  mueh  the  progi*efi^  of  'the  phf^  ' 
fic^ftl  aaid  chemical  feiebe^s,  aided  by  -the  dHikbteries  of  ' 
cdnparatlvee  ahaMmyi  ttHift  c^iicerndiiMe  who'derote  their' 
tiais  to:  the  ftsdy  ^t^kj^e,  itid  edotnbnte  (o  the  foltrtidiit 
ofifo  many'grfat  aild^iitlponant'^fMltl^n^V  how,'' m  ihor^ii^'^ 
all  the  theories  ^re^tfAbig  ^KMafef^,  'teMjyetaments,'  JH'J'^ 
drefs^  aliBieiiis,^e«areiiMs,'''ex^(fe;'atW  (^d#&queh(ly  iddt}« 
cation  8ndTegsine»|t«tt]r  fbiriA  thMSWy  l^ueftiohs  ixilvi^^! 
fivdy,  whicb-havie  Juft  wii*»  \mn  'iri^po(M?  '  '        '    '  '*^*^* 

How^libie  wmM  k>  bti'^^rim  W  Hi^  im^aht  'i^t' 

valuable 


4M  RYGIBKEy  BY  flAlsOL. 

valuable  art^  to  which  I  wiOi  ufef uUy  to  cotifecrate  mf 
labours  and  my  life»  the  perfediion  of  a  language  whofe 
ezpreffions  would  be  ids  borrowed  from  theories  wUch 
dcftroy  each  etiier  in  faeeeffion,  and  mlbte  enumerathre  <£ 
£sifib  wluch  aie  unmntable;  whofe  comfdund' words  em* 
vsyang  A  jnft  idea  of  what  they  expvefs,  might  form  a  hn* 
gmge'  clear  and  coneife ;  and  whofe  influence  over  our  ideas 
WiQiild  no  longer  refult  in  the  inevitable  effe£k  of  an  em* 
bkmaticali  metaphovical,  and  inaccurate  language^  the  in- 
Mwenience,  viz.  of  leading  us  to  miftake  the  terms  of  a 
ODnvcotion  for  the.  voice  of  nature^  cOuM  be  fupofadded  to 
vhut  has  been  advanced  {  * 

Heve  I  clofe  thiis  diicourfe,  whofe  objeA  has  been  to 
ftnriew  the  htftory  of  the  arjt  and  its  refources ;  the  progrefs 
^Rrhich  it  has  a£i:ually  made»  and  that  which  it  might  have 
Inade;  the  connection  of  this  art  with  {all  the  other 
fciences,  and  the  neceiGty  under  which  the  man  who  de- 
votes himfelf  to  its  ftudy  labours,  of  cultivating  and  be- 
coming acquainted  with  them.  It  was. not  my  intention 
to  quote  all  the  works  worthy  of  being  noticed^  and  to 
Iketch  a  plan  of  a  library  of  bygi^m,  I  have  confidered  not 
men  in  particular,  but  the  human  mind  in  general,  as  a 
beipg  whofe  life  is  conq)ofed  of  a  fuccei&on  of  ages,  and  is 
divided  by  unequal  intervals,  between  the  attempts  of  in- 
fancy, its  fimple  and  ingenious  fpirit,  and  the  hopes  whidi 
it  teaches  us  to  entertain,  the  frivolous  porfuits,  the  pie- 
ji^dices,  and  the  incredulity- of  the  fecond  period;  the  ebaU 
lition,  the  imaginat4<Ki9- and*  the  ert<9rs  of  youth;  finally, 
the  firm  confidence  which  experience  communicates  in 
mature  age,  and  the  great  efibrts  which:  iti-OB  capable  oi 
ij^aking  when  it  afcertainsc  its  force$^  and  dbte  diftance  o£ 
the  end  which  it  wiibcs  to  reach.    . 

'      -  •    •  ^  :«  *  ^     •••'(I'suBjonr 


nrhitit^^  BY  ifALLr.'  H^ 


i  .'   f    .  .  .   *       ^'      -  '  t         '  li*    .  »''  "■  •      '     •  •  '     ' 

CluuBjroiKlicre  a  plan  of  a  treadfe  xxa  Aj^iMe»  ahnoft  liaik 
^f^:tQ  what  Lfaspre  iaferted  in  thie  fourth  roianu^  p«  ajfjf^ 
.  .of  die  Journal  pabli&ed  by.  Gitizen  Aiifrtv/f  tindor  <cho 

(.title  of  Medi^itti  iUaftrat^d  by  tlutpbjficdlfaiwnces^  •  I  git^ 
.  fit  withojfft  adding  in  this  place  any  elttctdations  ofiwhidr 
;.^it  may  be  fulceptible^.becaxire  J  hope  to  leaUae  itia- 
'f  one  of  the.  preliminary  difeonrfiMoafterward^.to  be  pn^r 

.fixed,. to }the  whole  Didionary  of  ^Medicine,  wher«  I. 
iball  prefcntit  to. the  pablid  wkh fome impravementtf^ 

the.n^ceffity  of  which  experience,  has  already  tau|ht» 

tut  whidi  require)  to  be  farther  premeditated*]         .   . 


.'» 


»      f 


EXPOSITION  OF  A  PI*AN  OF  A  COMPLETE  TREA-. 

TI3E  ON  HrGJf-BiViJ. 

.^  Htoiene^  as  well  a»  the  art  of  healing,  is  only  the  rc- 
fttic  of  patttcttlar  obfervations  compofed  and  generalized. 
Tbcie^obfervatidnshave  been  colleftcd  from  the  experience 
€)f  kH  ageS)  and  of  atl  countries ;  they  have  varied  accord* 

m 

in^  to  the  circumftances  of  the  timtsf,  and  to  thefituation 
of  places ;  to'their  analogies'  and  difierences  the  art  is  in^* 
dobted'for  its  exiftence. 

t-^*  It  is  on  diitf  account*  that  Thave  deemed  it  ufefurtd 

premife,  by  way  of  introdu£)ii6n  to  hjgi^tiff  imoi  phyj^id 

,  and  medical  geography ;   2doy  pbyjiiid  and  medical  knoivled^e 

^^hiftory :  itfaefe  are^fo  to  fpeak^  the  patterns  which  we  imi-^ 

tate 


«M  mwi^tM^  »r  «4l«|.^ 


tate ;  they  aibertain  the  pra&ical  and  pofittve  department 
upon  which  the  tiieoredcal  and  general  braneh  of  the  art 
is  eftablifbed* 

^  flM  Ai^et  «f  dM  tbfiOKtieal  mil  general  iiiai6eii, 
"whieh  itfaiitMiee  the  ckmeata  of  the  ast,  it  to  piofofe 
ndes  oondttcifc  to  Ae  pMfei¥»ddii  of  he^lih>  Tfidk  fKm 
cepl9  have  fiof  their  €«d  to  aJKiAttii  the  ofii  of  thofe  thiogt 
lehidiiiiixafter to oov fieeeflkioB  atid  tqi  ow .eojoymeots ; 
and  even  to  feitle  ilie  meaflorr  whifshin  ihe  esaici^  of  our 
monil  ond  phyfieal  iMokies»  ieadeptod  to  dye  AuAitoton 
erf  man,  to  the  civeamftaqeea  in  sfuchheis  fdecedf  and*  of 
oowfeqpienee,  oeoefiMry  to  hie  pBcferaation,  Xbia  oaeafiMre, 
on  the  one  hood,  eom^onds  to  ftho  netuce  of  jmn;  and, 
on4he  other,  to  the  mmufxc  of  things,  and  to  dhdo^inflMOce 
upon  our  organs  and  our  conftitutions. 

^^  Thus  the  ftudy  of  ifgiine  is  necefiarily  divided  into 
three  parts. 

<<  The  firft  includes  the  knowledge  of  the  healthy  many 
in  ail  thofe  conditions,  which  dhrerfify  his  wants  and  facol* 
ties.  The  fecond.has  for  its  objeft  the  knowledge  of  the 
things  which  he  ufos  and  enjoys,  and  of  thdr  eSc6t»  upon 
his  conftitution  and  organs.  The  third  comprehends  the 
laws  deduced  from  thefe  fomxiips  of  lQao)9rli:dgt^  wd  jdeterfi. 
mioes  the  bounds  widuA  whu^h  his  oyoymeJMs  muft  be 
liimted>  if  be  wbquU  V9<b  Ao  ^v^y  <»  »confirff>f4  ftafip  si 
health* 

^  In  the  laneiiaflte  of  ithe  fchoQl&«  thefe  thiee  Kranrligg 
may  be  denominaud  Ae  jf^i^^th^  fi[^(<^^  jml  dM?  m^nr 
of  hjg^mm 

**  SftttibeKe  <3  a  iemod  diyifipn  ^  ifae  iiiib^^  of|;seat 
iynpoitance  in  thii9{ibqs,  mi  'Of  which  I  phfenrje  fpw  oc. 
amides  in  the  worb  of  thofe  who  have  ^Uiieated  of  ijigH^ : 
fltbpugh  I  Ml  far  ^m  aUqgiAg  4iat  ^ey  ^avqjlovedaokied 

thi& 


HYGIEKE,  BY  HALLB«  465 

this  diftin£bion|  it  x3  that  of  ptMic  hygiene  and  of  private 
hygihte^  according  as  man  is  confidcred^*  coUedikivdy)  or  in 
fociety,  or  in  his  individual  capacity.  It  is  in  puiUc  hygiene 
that  the  philofophical  phyfician  becomes  the  legiflator's 
foul  and  advifer  \  and,  in  this  refpe£b|  many  fine  examplea 
have  been  handed  down  to  us  from  antiquity. 

'<  A  complete  treatife  on  hygiene  OBght,  in  my  opinion, 
to  be  clofed  with  what  I  confider  an  import^mt  inquiry^ 
the  confideration  of  the  light  which  hygiene  re^&s  on  the 
art  of  healing.  In  truths  the  different  (hades  of  the  date 
of  health  conduS:  us  to  die  difierent  difpolitions  which 
render  us  obnoxious  to  difeafe.  The  varied  effe£is  which 
the  things  that  man  ufes  and  enjoys  produce  upon  his  con- 
ftitution,  lead  us  to  the  caufes  which  derange  and  difturb 
his  healthy  and  the  difference  of  the  meafures  within 
which  his  enjoyments  ought  to  be  confined,  according  to 
the  diverfitaes  of  his  conftitution,  places  us  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  variations  of  regimen,  fuited  to  the 
different  conditions  of  the  man  who  labours  under  dif- 
eafe. 

*<  The  connexion  of  public  hygiene  with  the  meafures 
rendered  neceflary  by  epidemic  plagues,  completes  the  table 
of  thefe  relations. 

<<  Such,  then,  are  my  motives ;  and  fuch  the  bafis  upon 
which  !  have  conftrufted  the  plan  of  which  I  here  exhibit 
the  firft  fkctch.  I  have  given  fome  idea  of  the  manner  in 
which  it  fhould  be  executed,  in  the  arti(cles  AJri^a^  ^g^Sf 
or  different  periods  of  life ^  (regimen  of),  JJfeiHons  of  the  foul ^ 
(hygiene),  jiir^  Atmofpberey  jiliments^  Europe^  &c.  of  Ency- 
clopedical D  ftionary  of  Medicine." 

Vol  .III.  G  g  ffyoiWE^ 


.46^  .HTGUNE,  BT  BALLS. 


HYGIENE. 

INTRODUCTION. 

I,  Natural  Hiftory  of  Man,  in  difierestt  climates ;  or,  Pfy 

Jical  and  Medical  G^graphy. 

II,  Natural  Hiftory  of  Man,  in  difFerent  ages^  or,  fhj^cd 

and  Midkal  Kmfvledge  af'Hiftory.  . 

DiviGon  of  Hygiene  into  Three  Parts. 
PART  FIRST. 

SubjeB  of  Hygiene  : 

Or  the  knowledge  of  Man,  in  a  finind  State  of  Health> 
in  his  Relations,  and*  in  his  Differences;  that  Is  to 
fay,  infoeiety^  or  in  his  individual  cc^cUj* 

PART  SECOND. 

Matter  of  Hygiene : 

Or  the  knowledge  of  thofc  things  wbidi  Man  \k  or 
enjoys,  improperly  denominated  NofMaturalh  ^^ 
of  their  Influence  upon  our  Conftkution  and  our 
Organs. 

PART  THIRD.     '   , 

Mearjf  or  Rules  ^Hygiene  ;  •    >  '-,  ,'    i 

Or  Rules  which  determine  th^  meafure  t^ithin  which 
the  ufe  of  the  things  called  Non-naturals  ottg^t  ^o 
be  reftrained  for  the  prefervationof'Mani  confiJcr- 
ed  either  as  a  member  of  fociety^  or  in  his  coHeftw^ 
capacity,  or  as  an  individual. 

PART 


HYGIENE^  BY  HALLE.  467 

PART  FIRST. 

m 

SUBJECT  OF  HYGIENE. 

Dlvifton  of  this  Firft  Part  into  Two  SeSiionr, 

Sect*  I.    Knowledge  of  Man  in  a  found  State  of  Healtfai 
confidered  in  Society  or  in  his  relative  Capacity. 

i»  Relations  refulting  from  Climates  and  Situations* 
2,  ■■ from  Afibciations  in  common 

Habitations  or  Places  of  Abode. 
2,  — '     ■  from  Uniformity  in  the  Mode 

of  Living  v^ith  regard  to  Occupations^  with  (e*- 

gard  to  the  common  ufe  of  Air,  of  Food,  5cc. 
4,  '  I'  from  Uniformity  in  Cuftoms  and 

Manners^  Laws,  Governments,  &c. 

Sect.  IL   Knowledge  of  Man,  confidered  individually,  or 
in  his  Peculiarities. 

1,  Peculiarities  relative  to  different  Periods  of  Life. 

2,  I   !■  to  the  Sexes. 

3,  ".1,1  to  Temperaments.* 

4,  ■  to  Habits. 

5, . to  Profeffions. 

6,  to  different  Circumftances  of 

Life  5  Poverty,  Convalefcence,  Travels,  &c. 

G  g  2  PART 


•I hope  to  give  in  one  of  the  articles  of  this  Di»ftionary  fome  ideas  con- 
icerning  a  new  claifification  of  confutations  and  of  temperaments. 


468  HYGIENE,  BY  HALLB. 

PART  SECOND. 

MATTER  OF  JEtTGMBNE, 

Divifton  of  the  Second  Part  into  Six  ClaJisA 

CLASS  I.  Circumfufa : 

Or  things  with  which  wc  are  farroQnded> 

II.  Applicata: 

Or  things  applied  to  the  Surface  of  the  Body. 

III.  Ingefta: 

Or  things  deftined  to  be  introduced  into  the 
Body  by  the  primary  Paflages. 

IV.  £Mrr//<s,  Excretions : 

Or  things  ^c&ined  to  be  expelled  firotn  the 
Body. 

V.  Gejlof  Adions : 

Or  Funflions  which  arc  excrcifcd  by  the  to* 
luntary  Motion  of  the  Mufcles  and  OrgaoS' 

VI.  P^rc///4)  Perceptions; 

Or  Fundiions  and  Impreffions  wiuch  depend 
upon  the  3enfibilky  and  Organization  of 

the  Nerves. 

CLASS 


f  One  part  of  this  claffification  is  borrowed  from  the  divifiooof  tbe 
occaiioi^al  caufes  of  difeafes,  adopted  by  the  ancients,  and  ftated  by  Bao' 
hoove  in  his  Inititutions  of  Medicine,  paragraph  744.  This  diviiioB  isii* 
mited  to  four  principal  articles;  circumfufa^  ingefta^  excretOt  tig^^i  ^^ 
the  ancients  thus  expreffed,  ra  V^u  *ft  in^ijm,  guit  actui  auU^l  '* 
irf0r^f0fu$m,  qum  apfaumttur;  t«  «twv^>«,  qu*  ewutumtun  <•  ''^'^^  ' 
qus  geruntur.  The  dfvifion  which  I  propofe  appears  to  mc  more  coinpK  - 
and  more  applicable  to  hygiene. 


CLASS  I. 
CiRcUMFUSJ^  divided  into  Two  Orders* 

m 

Order  I.  Atmofphere, 

I,  Air,  and  Subftance8  which  are  diflblved 

in  it,  mixed  or  combined  with  it. 
2>  Solar  Heat  and  Light ;  artificial  Heat  and 

Light. 

3,  Electricity. 

4,  Magnetifm,  and  Influences. 

5,  Natural  Changes  of  the  Atmofphere ;  Suc- 

ceffion  of  the  Seafbns  \  Temperatures ; 
Meteors,  &c. 

Order  II.  Land^  Situation,  and  Water. 

1,  Climates. 

2,  £xpofures» 

3,  Soil. 

4,  Natural  Changes  of  the  Globe,  Earth- 

quakes, Inundations,  &c. 

5,  Artificial  Changes  of  Places,  Culture, 

Habitations,  fcc. 


CLASS  n. 

AppicatAj  divided  into  Five  Orders* 

OgDER  I.  Drefs  i  Garments,  Ligatures,  Machines,  Beds, 

Coverings. 

II.  Cofmetics  /  Attention  to  the  Hair,  to  the  Beard^ 
to  the  Skin,  Faints,  Perfumes. 

G  g  3  Okber 


!*>'» 


470  HtGIEKE,  BY  HALITE. 

Ordbr  IIL  Cieanlinefs  /  Baths,  Lotions,  Stoves,  &c. 

IV.  FriBiws  and  UnSions^  (pra£iifed  among  (lie 
Ancients). 

V.  Medicinal  jlpplicationt ;  as  Amulets,  && 

CLASS  lU. 

Ingest  J  y  divided  into  Tine  Orders, 

Order  L  Aliments. % 

1,  Simple  Aliments;  Vegetable,  Animal, fa. 

2,  Compound  Aliments. 

3,  Seafonings. 

4,  Preparation  of  Aliments,  Cookery. 

Order  U.  Drinks. 

1,  Water. 

2,  Aqueous  Juices  of  Vegetables  and  of 

Animals. 

3,  Infufions  and  Blixtures  In  Water. 

4,  Fermented  Liquors,  and  Infufions  in  thcfe 

Liquors. 

5,  Alcoholic  Liquors,  and  Infufions  in  thefe 

Liquors. 

Order  III.  Non^evacuants,  preventive  Remedies^  Vc' 

'  CLASS 


X  See  the  plan  %i  the  diviiion  of  aliments,  conformable  to  vegetabloai»I 
animal  analyiis,  of  which  I  have  given  a  iketch  in  this  Didionarf)  ^^^ 
Aliment,  art.  t.  paragr,  3. 


HYOIBK£»  BY  UALhU^  47 1 

quASs  IV. 

ExcRETJj  dividid  into  Tfvo  Orders • 

Order  I.  Natural  Evacuations. 

1 1  Conti&uai* 
2)  Daily.  . 
39  Periodical* 

4,  Extraordinary  a&d  irregular;  Lochia^ 
feminal  £vacuati(m$* 

Order  IL  Artificial  Evacuations. 

ii  Sanguineous. 
.  'df  Ulcerous. 

3i  Medigiiial>  Tobacco,  Enemasi  FurgativeS| 
Emetics^ 


CLASS  V. 
Gestj^  divided  into  Four  Orders^ 

Order  I.  Watching. 

Order  II .  Sleep. 

Order  IIL  Motion  and  Locomotion. 

X,  General  Motion ;  imprefled,  fpontanlousj 

mixed. 
2,  Partial  y  of  the  Limbs,  of  the  Organs  of 
the  V<Hce,  of  Speech,  &c« 

OrdeH  IV.  R^. 

I,  Abfolute,  or  Inaftion. 
2i  With  a£tive  Difpolition,  without  Loco« 
modon  i  FofitioD,  Station,  Efforts. 

CLASS 


472  HYOIBNE,  BY  HAJLIS* 

CLASS  VI. 

PmRCEPTAj  divided  into  Four  Orders* 

Order  I.  Senfationt. 

I,  The  external  Senfes. 

2i  Hunger^  Thirft ;  and  the  Senfadonof  all 

our  phyfical^  morale  intdieflual}  and 

habitual  Wants. 
3i  Phyficat  Love. 
4,  Sympathy  and  Antipathy. 

Order  II.  FunSions  of  the  S&ul.% 

1,  Faffive  AffeAions  \  agfeeable^  painful. 

2,  A£lm  Afie£tion8;  AttachmentiATofion. 

Order  III.  FunBions  of  the  Mind. 

1 1  Intelligence. 
2|  Imagination. 
3»  Memory. 

Order  IV.  Debility ^  or  Privation  rf  Perceptim* 

If  Of  the  Senfes ;  Apathy. 
2)  Of  the  Soul  $  Indifference. 

3,  Of  the  Mindi  Inaftivity. 

4}  £anui ;  Reftleffnefs^  IJmffin^s  of  Mid 

PART 


■^■i"*" 


f  See  conceiBiflg  this  important  claffification,  tbcv^diAtc^^^ 
ihs  Soul  {bygient)  of  this  Di^onary. 


HYOIENBy  BY  HALLE.  4711 


PART  THIRD. 


MEANS  OF  HYGIENE  : 


Or  Rules  for  the  Prefenration  of  Man,  by  the  well-regulated 

Ufe  of  the  Things  called  Non^naturah. 

* 

Arrangement  of  this  Third  Part  into  Two  Divtfions* 

DIVISION  I.  Public  Hygiene: 

Or  Rules  for  the  Prefervatlon  of  Man, 
confidered  as  a  Member  of  Society,  or 
in  his  coIk£tiTe  Capacity. 

II.  Private  Hygihe : 

Or  Rules  for  the  Prefenration  of  Man^ 
confidered  as  an  Individual. 


DIVISION  I. 
Public  Hygiene^  arranged  into  Four  SeBions. 

Sect.  L  Rules  of  Publie  Hygiene  relajtive 
To  Climates  and  Situations. 

11.      To  common  Places  of  Abode  or  Habitations. 

III.  To  the  common  Mode  of  Living ;  in  refped  to 

common  Occupations,  to  the  common  Ufe 
of  Air,  of  Aliments,  &c. 

IV.  To  Cuftoms,  to  Manners,  to  Laws,  &c. 

DIVISION 


474  HYGI£KE,  BY  HALlsUf 

DIVISION  11. 
Prifjte  HYGiENEy  TH  Three  SeSions. 

Sect.  I.  Genera/  Princes  of  Regimen. 

II.  Rules  relative  to  ^he  Nature  of  Air,  of  AUmestSi 
&c.)  ox  xkkQ.G^neralities  rf Regimen. 

Ill*  Rules  relative  to  the  Differences  among' Indivi- 
duals 5  or  the  ParticuUrkies  o/Rfgitm* 

Section  L 
General  Principles  of  Regimen^  Four  Orders. 

Ckp.  I,  In  the  Manner;  Ufe,  Abufc. 

2,  In  the  Meetfure ,-  Exccfs,  Privation. 

3,  In  the  Order;  Regularity,  Irregularity. 

4»  In  the  Duratioety  ox  Continuity;  Habits,  Changes- 

Section  II. 
Generalities  of  Regimen: 
Divided  into  Six  Orders,  according  to  the  Divifion  of  the 
Second  Part  of  Hygiene  into  Six  Clafles.    (^f  ^^ 
Dtvifion*} 

i 

Section  IIL 
Particularities  of  Regimen:  Divided  into  Six  Orders. 

Ord.  r,  Regimen  in  difereat  Fieriod^  of  Jiife. 

2,  '  of  Sexes. 

3 1  of  Temperaments. 

4,  relative  to  Habits. 

j^  — ; relative  to  Profeffions. 

6,  — relative  to  Circumftances  of  Life;  Pover- 
ty, Travels,  Convalefcence,  &c# 

Consequences 


HYGIENE,  BY  HALLE,  475 


Consequences  of  HYGIENE^  or  its  Connections 

with  the  Art  of  Healing. 

I.  Species  of  G>nne&ions:  concerning  the  Differences  of 
Man  in  a  found  State  of  Health,  with  the  predifpof- 
ing  Caufes  to  Difeafes* 

1 1  Of  Man  in  his  focial  Capacity )  epidemical  and 
endemial  Difpolltions. 

2}  Of  Man  confidered  as  an  Individual  \  individual 
Difpofitions  toDifeafes,  according  to  the  Pe- 
riod of  LifCji  Sex,  Temperament,  &c« 

II.  Species  of  Conne£tionS|  concerning  the  Knowledge  of  the 

things  called  Non-naturals,  with  the  occqfional  Caufes 
of  Difeafes  dependent  on  the  State  of  the  Air,  &c. 

III.  Species  of  Connections,  concerning  the prophyta^ic  Rules 

of  Hygiene i  with  prefervative  and  curative  Precept s* 

1,  Of  epidemic  and  endemial  Difeafes. 

2,  Of  fporadic  Difeafes. 


*    t 


NUMBERS. 


ON   LONGEVITY. 


This  little  piece  of  Lucian's  is  (to  speak  in  the  language  of 
painters),  in  his  vorst  manner ;  being  nothing  more  ikn 
an  enumeration  of  persons  who  were  remarkable  for  tiie 
length  of  their  lives.  It. was  customary,  it  seems,  attkt 
time,  on  the  birth.days  of  great  men,  for  poets,  orators, 
and  all  the  herd  of  flatterers,  to  send  ihem  compliments 
on  the  occasion.  '  This  is  one  which  our  orator  seat  to 
Quintillus,  who,  with  his  brother,  was  pnefect  of  Greece, 
under  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius,  whom  he  likewise 
takes  the  opportunity  of  paying  his  court  to.  ThougB 
there  is  not  much  wit  or  humour  in  this  treatise  on  Lon- 
gevity, I  would  recommend  it  to  those  amongst  my  readers 
who  use  spectacles,  to  whom  it  may  probably  afford  s6ine 
consolation. 


Accept,  moft  excellent  QuintilluSi  as  a  fmall  tribute,  my 
lift  of  long-livers,  which  I  was  admoniflicd  to  prtfcflt  to 
you  by  a  dream,  that  I  had  on  that  night  when  you  gave 
a  name  to  your  fecond  fon,  when  I  prayed  to  the  gods  that 
both  you  and  your  children  might  live  a  long  and  bappi 
life,  wc}l  knowing  that  length  of  days  to  you  would  prove 

abklEag 


ON  LONGEVITY,  BY  LXJCIAN.  4*77 

a  blefling  to  all  mankind,  and  particularly  to  me  and  mine: 
for  to  me  alfo  the  dream  feemed  to  prefage  fomething  good: 
as  It  appeared,  therefore,  to  be  the  will  of  the  gods  that  I 
ihould  offer  to  you  fomething  in  my  own  way,  and  fuitable 
to  my  profeffion,  on  this  aufpicious  day,  the  day  of  youc 
birth,  I  here  fend  you  an  account  of  all  thofe  who  were 
remarkable  for  having  lived  long,  and  enjoyed  health  of 
body  and  mind  $  whence  you  may  reap  the  double  advaii- 
tage,  firft,  that  of  a  cheerful  and  well-founded  hope  that 
you  may  yourfelf  arrive  at  a  good  old  age,  and  fecondly, 
the  convi£lion  you  will  receive  from  the  examples  which  I 
will  produce,  that  thofe  only  can  enjoy  perfe£i;  health  and 
long  life,  who  take  the  greateft  care  both  of  mind  and 
body. 

The  life  of  Neftor,  the  wifeft  of  the  Greeks,  was,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  extended  to  three  times  the  natural  age 
of  man,  and  he  is  defcribed  as  the  model  of  xnduftry  and 
application.  TireGas  alfo,  as  the  tragedians  inform  us^ 
lived  more  than  fix  ages  j  and  moft  probable  it  mud  be, 
that  a  man  dedicated,  as  he  was,  to  the  fervice  of  the  gods, 
and  inured  to  temperance  and  fobriety,  (hould  attain  to 
length  of  days.  Whole  nations  of  men  are  celebrated  for 
their  longevity,  on  account  of  their  manner  of  living,  as 
the  Egyptians,  who  were  called  facred  fcribes }  *  the  AjQy- 
rians  and  Arabians,  interpreters  of  myfteries ;  the  Indian 
Brachmans,  deeply  (killed  in  philofophy;  thofe  who  are 
called  the  Magi,  prophets  and  holy  men  amongft  the  Per- 
fiajQs^.  Parthians,  Ba£brians,  Choramians,  Saoians,  Medes^ 
with^many  other  barbarians;  thefe  were  all  remarkably 
long-lived  and  healthy,  owing  moft  probably  to  that  tern* 

peranoe 

•  See  Diodoft  Sic*  €■  zvi.  n.  t6.  --     - 


4T8  OW  LONGEVITY,  BY  LUCIAX. 

perance  and  abftinence  which  their  ftudies  obliged  tbem 
to.  Eren  at  this  time  there  are  whole  nations  that  lire 
much  longer  than  others ;  the  Seres  in  partxcular^  who  are 
faid  to  extend  life  even  to  three  hundred  years ;  fome  at- 
tribute this  longevity  to  the  air,  others  to  the  foil,  and 
Others  to  their  manner  of  living,  for  they  drink,  it  is  faid, 
nothing  but  water.  Hiftory  telb  us  that  the  Athotes*  alfo, 
frequently  live  to  a  hundred  and  thirty,  and  the.  Chaldeans 
to  above  a  hundred,  feeding  on  barley  bread,  which 
ftrengthens  the  fight,  and  makes  their  fenfes  quicker  and 
more  powerful  than  thofe  of  other  men. 

But  I  have  fpoken  hitherto  only  of  thofe  people  who, 
we  are  toW,  lived  longer  than  others,  either  from  the  tern- 
pcrature  of  the  air,  their  manner  of  living,  or  both  toge- 
ther; it  is  neceffary  I  (hould  alfo  add,  for  your  future  hope 
and  comfort,  that  in  every  climate,  and  in  every  air,  men 
have  frequently  enjoyed  long  life,  by  the  means  of  proper 
exercife,  and  ufing  that  diet  which  conduced  moft  to  health 
and  ftrength. 

I  fhall  divide  my  narrative  into  feveral  parts,  according 
to  the  feveral  ranks  of  men,  beginning  with  kings  and 
leaders ;  happy  to  number  amongfl:  them  our  own  augud 
and  pious  emperor,  whofe  life  is  the  glory  and  happinefs 
of  his  people :  thefe  illuftrious  examples  you  may  yourfeif 
hope  to  imitate,  and  by  pra£lifing  their  temperance,  inherit 
their  longevity.  Numa  Pompilius,  the  moft  profpefous  and 
happy  of  Roman  kings,  and  who  made  the  worlhip  of  the 
gods  his  peculiar  care,  is  faid  to  have  lived  to  fourfcore  and 
upwards  ^  and  Servius  TuUius,  another  king  of  the  Romans, 
to  the  fame  age ;  and  Tarquin,  their  laft  fovereign,  after 
his  banifliment  to  Cumae,  enjoyed  life  in  perfeft  health  for 

more 

—  ------     -  -^ 

*  The  ialiabitants  of  mount  Acbos. 


,• 


ON  WNGEVITY,  BY  LUCIAK.  479 

more  than  ninety  years.  I  could  mention  many  other  kings, 
as  well  as  the  Roman,  together  with  fereral  perlbns  of  in- 
ferior rank,  both  at  Rome  and  in  other  parts  of  Italy,  who 
lived  to  a  great  age.     We  mud  call  in  hiftory  to  refute 
the  opinion  of  thofe  who  find  fault  with  our  air  as  un- 
wholefome,  and  which  flatters  us  with  the  pleafing  hope 
that  our  prayers  will  be  crowned  with  fuccefs,  and  that 
the  lord  of  the  earth  and  feas,*"  who  is  already  far  advanc- 
ed, will  long  rule,  over  this  land,  and  attain  to  a  great  and 
happy  old  age.     Arganthonius,  king  of  the  Tarteilians, 
lived  a  hundred  and  fifty  years,  as  we  learn  from  Herod- 
otus the  hiftorian,  and  the  poet  Anacreon;  though  by  ibme 
the  account  i&  deemed  fabulous.  Demochares  and  Timaeus 
tell  us,  that  Agathocles,  king  of  Sicily,  died  at  ninety-five ; 
we  are  informed'  likewife  by  Demetrius  and  others,  that 
Hiero  lived  to  ninety-two,  after  a  reign  of  feventy  years. 
Ameas,  king  of  Scythia,  died  at  ninety,  fighting  againfl: 
Philip,  on  the  banks  of  the  Ifther.  And  Bardylis,  fovereign 
of  the  Illyrians,  is  faid  to  have  fought  on  horfeback  at  the 
fame  age ;   and  Teres,  king  of  the  Odryfians,  as  Theo- 
pompus  f  tells  us,  died  at  ninety-two.     Antigonus^  Codes, 
king  of  Macedonia,  and  fon  of  Philip,  fell  in  the  battle 
with  Seleucus  and  LyiGimachus,  covered  with  wounds,  when 
he  was  eighty-one  years  old,  as  we  are  informed  by  Hiero- 
nymus,  who  accompanied  him  in  that  expedition,  and  who 
tells  us  alfo,  that  Lyfimachus,  king  of  the  Macedonians, 
fell  in  the  war  ag^nft  Seleucus,  when  he  was  juft  four- 
fcore.     Antigonus,  fon  of  Demetrius,  and  nephew  of  the 

one-eyed 


iWka 


*  A  pretty  high  ftrained  compliment ;  but  we  muft  reaember  it  wjis 
paid  to  an  emperor, 
t  The  celebrated  hiftorian* 


480  .  ON  LONGEVITY,  BY  LUCIAJT. 

one-eyed  Antigonus,  ruled  over  Macedon  four*and-forty 
,  years^  and  lived  to  eighty,  according  to  Medius  and  other 
writers;  and  Antipater,  the  fon  of  lolausi  a  man  of  gieat 
f>ower  and  authority,  who  was  governor  to  many  of  the 
lings  of  Macedon,  died  upwards  of  eighty.     Ptolemy  oi 
Lagus,  the  mod  profperous  prince  of  his  time,  poilefled  the 
kingdom  of  Egypt  to  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age«  an<i^ 
two  years  before  he  died,  refigned  it  to  his  fon  Ptolemy 
Phi]adelphus,  the  only  child  who  furvived  him.     Philo- 
taurus^  the  eunuch;  the  firft  who  acquired  the  kingdom  of 
Pergamus,  held  it  for  a  long  time,  and  died  at  fourfcote ; 
and  Attalus,  furnamed  Philadelphus,  another  king  of  the 
fame  place,  who  was  vifited  by  Scipio  the  Roman  general, 
lived  to  the  age  of  eighty-two.     Mithridates,  king  of  Pdn- 
tus,  furnamed  the  Builder,  died^  after  his  flight  firom  Anti-- 
^onus,  at  eighty-four,  as  Hieronymus  and  other  writers  in- 
form us.     The  fame  hiftorian  fays  that  Ariarathes,  king  of 
the  Cappadocians,  lived  eighty-two  years,  and  might  pro- 
bably have  furvived  many  more,  if  he  had  not  been  taken 
prifoner  in  the  battle  againft  Perdiccas,  and  condemned  to 
the  crofs.    The  Elder  Cyrus,  king  of  Perfia,  according  to 
the  monumental  infcriptions,  (and  this  is  confirmed  by 
Oneiicritus,  who  wrote  the  life  of  Alexander),  when  he 
was  a  hundred  years  old,  meeting  with  one  of  his  friends, 
whom  he  had  been  long  in  fearch  of,  and  hearing  from  Mm 
that  many  perfons  had  been  put  to  death  by  his  fon  Cam- 
byfes,  who  reported  that  it  was  done  by  order  of  his  father, 
partly  on  account  of  his  fon's  cruelty,  and  partly  becaufe 
he  had  been  himfelf  accufed  of  conniving  with  him,  died 
of  grief.     Artazerxes,  furnamed  Mnemon,  on  account  of 
Jiis  extraordinary  memory,  whom  the  Younger  Cyrus  wa- 
ged war  with,  died  at  eighty-fix,  Dinon  fays  ninety-four. 
Another  king  of  Perfia  of  the  fame  name,  who,  as  Udorus 


OK  LONOEVITY,  BY  LUCiAK.  481 

die  hiftorian  teports,  reigned  in  his  time,  was  cut  off  by 
^reafon  at  the  age  of  ninety-three,  his  brother  Go(tthres 
<:6nfpiri^  agarnft  him.  Sinarthocles,  king  of  the  Par- 
^hiansi  on  his  return  from  Scythia,  took  pofTei&on  of  his 
Jcingdom  at  fourfcore,  and  reigned  feven  years  :  and  Tl- 
granes,  king  of  Armenia,  who  weti^t  to  war  with  Lucut- 
lus,  was  eighty*fi[ve  when  be  died.  Hyfpafines,  who  ruled 
over  the  Characians  and  other  people  bordering  on  the  Red 
fea,  tiYed  to  the  fame  age;  and  Tiiaeus,  the  third  king  from 
him,  Was  carried  off  by  a  difeafe  at  ninety-two.  Artabazus, 
the  feventh  fovereign  from  Terasus,  was  brought  into  the 
kingdom  by  the  Parthians  at  eighty- fix,  when  he  began  his 
reign.  Mnaiires,  likewife,  another  king  of  that  nation, 
•lived  to  ninety^ X.  .Mafiniffa,  king  of  Numidia,  arrived 
at  his  ninetieth  year.  • '  That  Afander,  whom  Augudus 
made  governor  of  the  Bofphoriis,  fought  both  on  foot  and 
horfebsick  at  the  age  of  ninety,  and  was  inferior  to  none  ; 
•  three  years  after  he  ftarved  Mmfelf  to  death,  being  piqued 
at  the  citizens  for  deferting  him,  and  going  over  to  Scri- 
bonius.  Ifidorus,  the  Caracenian,  tells  us,  that  Goefius, 
who  was  his  contemporary,  and  king  of  the  Omanians>  in 
Arabia  Felix,  lived  to  a  hundred  and  fifteen  :  thefe<  are  all 
the  princes  whom  hiilory  has  celebrated  for  their  lon- 
gevity. 

But  as  many^philofophers,  and  men  of  letters,  who  take 
more  care  of  themfelve^s,  have  alfo  lived  to  a  great  igtf  I 
ihali  endeavour,  as  far  as  any  records  will  fupply  us  wilJi 
informaiiion,  to  eiHimerate  thefn.  And  firft,  for  the  phito- 
fophers  :  Demoofitus  of  Abdera,  was  turned  of  a  hundred 
and  four,  when  he  voluntarily  abftained  from  all  food,  and 
died*.  Xeiiophilus^  the  muGcian,.  and  remarkable  fpr  bis 
perfefb  knowledge  of  the  Pythagorean  fyftem,  lived  at 
Athens,  to  the  age  of  a  hundred  and  five,  and  upwards^  as 

VcL.  III.  Hh  we 


481  ON  JLONGEVITY,  5V  I^UCU.N. 

^e  are  told  by  ^riftoxenus.  SoloO)  Thalesi  ^nd  Pktacus, 
three  of  the  feven  wife  meni  were  each  of  them  at  lead  a 
hundred  years  old.  Zeno,  the  priqce  of  ftcic  plulofephers, 
at  die  age  of  ninety-eight,  as  he  was  coming  into  the 
fchooli  ftumbled,  we  are  told,  and  immediately  cried  out, 
<<  Doft  thou  call  me  ?"  *  he  then  returned  home^  refufed 
all  manner  of  fuftenanqe*  and  died.  Cl^anthes^  his  dif- 
ciple  and  fucceflbr,  had  an  impoftume  in  his  lip  when  he 
was  ninety-nine,  and  refolvcd  to  die  in  the  feme  manner; 
but  receiving  letters  from  his  friends,  requefting  him  to  do 
fomething  for  them,  he  took  a  little  fuftenance^  performed 
what  they  required,  then  ftarved  himfelf,  and  died*  Xeno- 
phanes,  the  fon  of  Deji^inusi  a  djliciple  of  Ardielous,  the 
naturalift,  lived  to  the  ag^  of  nii^ety-pne.  ^enocrates,  a 
fcholar  of  Plato's,  to,eighty-fQur..  Carneades,  pdncipal 
of  the  New  Academy,  to  eighty-five ;  QiryCppus,  fourfcore-, 
. and  Diogenes,  the  Seleuci^n,  a  ftpic  phiiofppjlier,  eighty- 
eight.  Fofidonius,  the  philofopher  and  hiftorian,  a  native 
of  Aparhea  in  Syria,  but  afterwards  made  9  citiatea  of  Rhodes, 
died  at  eighty-four;  and  Critolaus,  the  peripatetic,  at  eighty- 
twp  and  upwards.  The  divine  Plato  lived  to  ei^y-one. 
Athenodorus,  of  Tbarfus,  who  was  tutor  to  Auguftus,  and 
prevailed  en  him  to.  exempt  that'  city  frotn  all  taxes,  for 
which  theTharilans  paid  him  annual  worfhip  as  one  of  thdr 
heroes,  died,  in  his  native  country,  at  <igi^-two ;  and  KeP* 
tor^  the  ftoic,  of  the. fame  pUc^,  precep^tpt  to  Tiberius,  at 
.  ninety-two.  Xenophon,  aUb,  the  fon  .of  Qr7ttu$,  lived  to 
upwar<ib  of  n'^ety.  .Thefe  were  the  iJMnous  fhibCophers, 
who  \i?ei:e  remarkable  for  their  longevity*  ..r 

.  Amongft 


**Tl 


«  SjpeakiDg  to  Uie  earth. 


AtxUmgfi'  tbe;  faiftdrians,  the  rmoft  s^xtraofdiilary  in  tfai$ 
refpe£l:  was  Etefibius,  who  is  faid  to  have  dropped  down 
dead  as  he  was  walking,  at  the  age  of  a  hundred  and  twenty- 
four,  accorffng  to  Apollbdorus.     Hiefdnymus,  d  hrabus 
wairrior,  irfer  receiving  innumerable  wounds,  add 'a  life!  of 
labour,  'lived* to  upwards  of  a'hufidfed  and  ^iai*;*  '^i^'Ag^- 
thatcMdes  informs  us,  in  hitf  nirith  book  of  the  Hiftc/ry  o^ 
Afia,  where' Re  eXpfeflis  his  admifatioti  of  a  man  >Vhil*\^as 
able  to  perform  all  the  offices  of  it,  and  had  the  tife  6f  his 
fcnies,*  and  Was  iw  pcrfeft  health,  to  the  very  laft  mbihefit. 
Hdlailicus,^tJheLefblan,  Hved  to  eighty-five;  ahd  iPhere- 
cyd^^  Syrus'to  eiadly  the  fame  age.    TicfiaeUs,  t^e  Tau- 
romenian  to  hincty-iix.     Arifllobtllu^Si  of  Caffaridra,  is  faid 
to  have  lived  tiil  ninety,  havm^  begunrta  write  his  hiftory 
when  he 'was  cightyi-^6ttr,  as  he  teMs  ns'hitnffelf  in  the  pre-' 
face  to  It.' "  PMybnis;  Ton  of  Lyiiotttas,  the'Me^d6j)o1itart, 
as  he  wa^  cortiing  out  of  the'  countt'y,"feli  from  his?  hbtfe, 
and!  ctttitraftcd  af  diforder  which  catHed  hith^off  juft  oh  the 
dayfhzrt  corripfeted  his  eighty-fecohdyear;  tmdHypfictates, 
the  Amyceniah,  a  writer,  anda'hianof  the  deepefl  erudi- 
tk)n,  lived  to  the'age  of  tiineiy-two'k' 

Amongft  rhe  oratori,Gorgia^i  byfome  called  the  fophift,' 
died,  by  a  voluntary  abdinence  frbih  alT  food,  at  a  hundred 
and  eight :  ^hen  he  was  afltecl  What  could  be  the  caufc  of 
hi^  Kving  fo  long,  and  ret^nfitg*his'  health  and' fenfes  jto 
Tuch  an  extraordinary  old  age,  he'  ufed  to  fay,  it  was  owing 
t©  his  flaying  At  home,  and  Tiot  indulging  at  otSeV  men's 
tabW^  Ifocrates  wrote  his  famous  panegyric  'af  ninety-fix  j 
and  in  his  ninety-ninth  year,  when  he  was  told  that  Philip 
had  beateh  the  Athenians  at  Chaeronaea,  he  repeated,  in  a 

H.  mournful 


aiMirfiful  4one^  thia  verfe  of  Euripides,  applying  it  Icrinm- 

iUfr:  ♦      '  '  ^- 

•  *  When  Cadmus  erd  his  much  lov*d  3i4on  left/    . 

U\d  th^n.acl4in^  th^t  Greece  heocefortb  wf>uid:be  red«c- 
ed  to  flavery,  he  expired.  ApQ.llo4oni5»'  of  FcrgamnB^  the 
rhetor JQian  and  preceptor.toAuguftuaCse&ry. together;  with 
Athj^nodorusy  the  philofopher^  of  Tarfus»  Uyed  to  the^acne 
?g^  9^  eighty-two  i  and  Ppjtamont  am  oiator.  of  fome  tiolc, 
to  ninety.  ^  '; 

.  Aoioogfl;  the  poet$»  Sophocles^  the  fainous  tragic  writer, 
died  at  ninety-five,  being  choked  with  a  grape-ftoae:  to- 
wards the  clofe  of  his  life,  his  fon  lophon  accufed  him 
publicly  of  being  out  of  his  fenfesi  when  he  produced  be- 
fore the  judges  his  (EdipusColoneus;f  a  fufBcient  proof  of 
the  foundnefs  of  his  mind,  infomuchthat  the  court  beftow- 
cd  the  higheft  encomiums  on  him,  and  condeained  the  fon 
as  a  madman,  in  fuppoGng  his  father  to  be  fo.  Cratinus, 
the  comic  poet,  lived  to  upwards  of  ninety,  having  juft  be- 
fore gained  the  prize  by  his  Pytine.  Philemon  alfo,  ano- 
ther comic  writer,  laid  himfelf  down  quietly  on  his  bed,  at 
the  age  of  ninety-feven^  and  perceiving  an  afs  devouring 
the  figs  which  hgd  been,  brought  for  his  own  dinner,  he 
called  his  fervant,  and  ordered  him  to  bring  the  afs  fome 
wine,  then  burft  into  a  Iqud  laugh,  which  choked  1dm, 
and  he  died.  Epijcharraus,  likewife,  another  comic  writer, 
is  faid  to  have  lived  to  the  fame  age.  Anacreon,  the  writer 
of  fongs,  was  eighty-five  when  he  died ;  and  SteCcfaorus, 
the  ode-maker,  of  the  fame  age*  Simonides,  the  Cxan,  was 
above  ninety. 

Amongd 


♦  From  the  Phryxut  of  Euripides,    The  line  it  ftill  extant  in  tbe  fng- 
fnems,  as  pnblifhed  bx^Barnesj  itis  siuotcdM^hfJkaitofltunnm 
\  See  Cl|^o4«  St^^sfikwU.i^^Bhq^tngj  i^iaKwifevtaM-By  Val.  l^jsmw 


ON  WNQfiVITY,  BY  LUCIAK.  485 

Amongft  ibe  grammariansy  Eiatoftheaes*  the  Cyreottant 
fpn  of  AgiauSy  who  is  mentioned  hj  fome,  not  only  as  a 
grammarian,  but  a  poet,  a  geometrician,  and  a  philofopher, 
alfo  liv«d  ta  eighty-two^  Lycurgui,  the  legiflator  of  Sparta, 
is  laid  tp^liave  been  eighty-ifive* 

Thefe  arettUtbe'pdnces^tid  learned  men  whom  I  have 
been  Mt  to  coUeA.  I  promiibd  to  give  you  an  account  of 
fome  Romans  and  italiaas  Kkewife,^  who  were  rematrkably 
long-lived;  but  thefe,  by  divine  permiffion,*  I  propofi^ 
moft  venerable  QgintiUus,  to  mention  in  another  triadfe  on 
thisfubje£k. 


«Gr.  Bun  ^x^fufm.  Dm  vltntikuty  or,  as  the  carriert  iky,  God  williof. 


/ 


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r-    r   -, 


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c 


♦  T 

,     .  .  .         ,  I     .  .  r     •    •  . «/ 


The  following  mlfprlnti  hainng  iiiifortiiiiatet)^  triipt-iiitcr  thcrl^ttatire^^ 

Pag^  300  line  9,  for  aiitu*  xtd^fuinhi  ^   >i^ -, 

i-.  319  n&d  ^7,  fof  mpf^rdies  read  T* •  -  -  ^"  -  J 


360  line  5«  for  mere  read  ffror^.   . 


d  I 


Jfift^  }ine  14,  fof  tBteri-ftetread 'aMrJ%,  » -  ♦ '  ' '  ^  ^  ^  ^ 
?7rr 5|ia line  jWy  for  influknu  read  it^e/rmcHv  .  .j  ;  Q  '^  1 . 
~"  433*  liote,  for  naiuraic  read  naturalu